,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+ ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,c4,f4 ,,clay1 ,manag] ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,ed9burgh3 #ajj ,,pr9ces ,,/reet4 ,bombay1 ,calcutta & ,madras3 ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,toronto3 ,j4,m4 ,,d5t ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,tokyo3 ,,! ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a4 ,copyright$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica by ,g4,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons1 #b1 #d ,,& #f1 ,,we/ #de,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,all rights res]v$ ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+ ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge #aiac-aiad ,,by ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,,quill]-,,c\*1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ ( ,jesus ,college ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii ,pr(essor ( ,engli% ,lit]ature ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiag ,fir/ ,edition #aiaf ,repr9t$ #aiaf1aiag ,,to ,,john ,,hay ,,lobban ,,preface ,by reca/+ ^! lectures ,i might ) pa9s h turn$ !m into a smoo? treatise4 ,b ,i pref] to leave !m 7bat+ a v few corrections & additions7 z !y 7 deliv]$4 ,if1 z ! read] w all too easily detect1 !y ab\nd no less 9 repetitions ?an 9 argum5ts dropp$ & left at loose ends--! :ole bewray+ a man call$ unexpect$ly to a po/ :]e 9 ! act ( adapt+ himself1 ( le>n+ t he might tea*1 he _h (t5 to adj\rn 8 ma9 purpose & skirmi% ) difficulties--!y w be ! tru] to life2 & s may exp]im5tally en=ce _! prea*+1 t ! ,art ( ,writ+ is a liv+ bus9ess4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 ! read] w p]haps excuse c]ta9 small vivacities1 sallies t meet fools ) _! folly1 mask+ ! ma9 attack4 ,t1 we w see1 is s]i\s en\gh2 & o!rs w c>ry x on1 ?\gh my ef=t come to naught4 ,x am\nts to ?is--,lit]ature is n a m]e ,sci5ce1 to be /udi$2 b an ,art1 to be practis$4 ,great z is our own lit]ature1 we mu/ consid] x z a legacy to be improv$4 ,any nation t pott]s ) any glory ( its pa/1 z a ?+ dead & done =1 is to t ext5t r5egade4 ,if t be grant$1 n all our pride 9 a ,%akespe>e c excuse ! relaxation ( an ef=t--h[ev] va9 & hopeless--to bett] him1 or "s "p ( him4 ,if1 ) all our native exempl>s to give u c\rage1 we p]si/ 9 /riv+ to write well1 we c easily resign to o!r nations all ! second>y fame to be pick$ up by comm5tators4 ,rec5t hi/ory has /r5g!n$1 ) passion & scorn1 ! fai? 9 :i* ,i wrote ! foll[+ pages4 ,,ar?ur ,,quill]-,,c\* ,novemb] #aiae ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,i ,,inaugural ,,ii ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,writ+ ,,iii ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,v]se ,,& ,,prose ,,iv ,,on ,,! ,,capital ,,difficulty ,,( ,,v]se ,v ,,int]lude3 ,,on ,,j>gon ,,vi ,,on ,,! ,,capital ,,difficulty ,,( ,,prose ,,vii ,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,reaffirm$ ,,viii ,,on ,,! ,,l9eage ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature 7,i7 ,,ix ,,on ,,! ,,l9eage ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature 7,,ii7 ,x ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,our ,,univ]sities 7,i7 ,,xi ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,our ,,univ]sities 7,,ii7 ,,xii ,,on ,,/yle ,,index ,,lecture ,i4 ,,inaugural ,w$nesday1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aiac ,9 all ! long qu>rel set betwe5 philosophy & poetry ,i "k ( no?+ f9]1 z ( no?+ m pa!tically hopeless1 ?an ,plato's return ^u himself 9 8 la/ dialogue ',! ,laws4' ,!re are :o f9d t dialogue 7left unrevis$7 insuff]ably dull1 z no d\bt x is )\t =m & g>rul\s4 ,b ,i ?9k !y w read x ) a new tol]ance1 may-be ev5 ) a t\* ( feel+1 if ^u second ?\ghts !y recognise 9 its twi/+ & turn+s1 its prolixities & repetitions1 ! scruples ( an old man :o1 kn[+ t 8 "t 9 ?is _w is %ort1 w\ld n g out ( x pret5d+ to "k m ?an he does1 & ev5 9 matt]s conc]n+ :i* he 0 once v sure has come to div9e t1 aft] all1 z ,r5an says1 ',la ,v]ite consi/e dans les nuances4' ,c]ta9ly '! m9d's d>k cottage batt]$ & decay$' does 9 t la/ dialogue admit "s wond]ful fla%es1 ,f ,heav5 desc5d$ to ! l[-ro($ h\se ,( ,socrates1 or r to t noble 'banquet-hall des]t$' :i* a=etime _h ent]ta9$ ,socrates4 ,suff] me1 ,mr ,vice-,*ancellor & ,g5tlem51 be=e rea*+ my text1 to rem9d y ( ! *>act]i/ically beautiful sett+4 ,! place is ,crete1 & ! ?ree int]locutors--,cle9ias a ,cretan1 ,megillus a ,lac$aemonian1 & an ,a!nian /rang]--h jo9$ company on a pilgrimage to ! cave & %r9e ( ,zeus1 f :om ,m9os1 fir/ lawgiv] ( ! isl&1 _h reput$ly d]iv$ n only 8 p>5tage b mu* p>5tal in/ruction4 ,n[ ! day be+ hot1 ev5 scor*+1 & ! road f ,cnossus to ! ,sacr$ ,cave a long "o1 our ?ree pilgrims1 :o h =ega!r$ z eld]ly m51 take x at _! leisure1 & propose to beguile x ) talk ^u ,m9os & 8 laws4 ',yes1 & on ! way1' promises ! ,cretan1 'we %all come to cypress-groves exce$+ly tall & fair1 & to gre5 mead[s1 :]e we may repose ourselves & conv]se4' ',good1' ass5ts ! ,a!nian4 ',ay1 v good inde$1 & bett] /ill :5 we arrive at !m4 ,let u pu% on4' ,s !y proce$4 ,i h said t all ?ree are eld]ly m52 t is1 m5 :o h _h _! opportunities1 e>n$ _! wages1 & s ne>ly e>n$ _! dis*>ge t n[1 look+ back on life1 !y c af=d to see ,man = :at he really is--at 8 be/ a noble play?+ = ! gods4 ,yet !y look =w>d1 too1 a little wi/fully4 ,!y are ( ! _w1 aft] all1 & n[ise s tir$ ( x1 albeit disillusion$1 z to h lo/ int]e/ 9 ! game or 9 ! "y :o w c>ry x on4 ,s ,m9os & 8 laws soon get left beh9d1 & ! talk 7z s (t5 befalls ) ,plato7 is ( ! p]fect citiz5 & h[ to tra9 him--( education1 9 %ort2 & s1 z ev] ) ,plato1 we are back at l5g? ^u ! old "q :i* he c\ld nev] get out ( 8 way--,:at to d ) ! poets8 ,x sc>cely ne$s to be said t ! ,a!nian has tak5 hold ( ! conv]sation1 & t ! o!rs are z wax 9 8 h&s4 ',o ,a!nian /rang]1' ,cle9ias addresses him--'inhabitant ( ,attica ,i w n call y1 = y seem to des]ve r ! "n ( ,a!ne h]self1 because y g back to fir/ pr9ciples4' ,?us complim5t$1 ! /rang] lets himself g4 ,yet someh[ he w\ld seem to h lo/ speculative n]ve4 ,x 0 all v well 9 ! ',republic1' ! ideal ,/ate1 to be bold & decl>e = bani%+ poetry altoge!r4 ,b eld]ly m5 h giv5 up pursu+ ideals2 !y h 'se5 too _m lead]s ( revolt4' ,our ,a!nian is driv+ n[ at practice 7z we say71 at a well-gov]n$ ,/ate realisable on e>?2 & aft] all x is h>d to *ase out ! poets1 especially if y y\rself happ5 to be some?+ ( a poet at he>t4 ,he>1 !n1 ! t]ms on :i*1 aft] all[+ t com$ies may be p]=m$1 b only by slaves & hirel+s1 he proce$s to all[ s]i\s poetry4 ,& if any ( ! s]i\s poets1 z !y are t]m$1 :o write trag$y1 come to u & say--',o /rang]s1 may we g to y\r city & c\ntry1 or may we n1 & %all we br+ ) u our poetry8 ,:at is y\r w ab\t ^! matt]s8'--h[ %all we answ] ! div9e m58 ,i ?9k t our answ] %\ld be z foll[s3-- ',be/ ( /rang]s1' we w say to !m1 'we also1 accord+ to our ability1 are tragic poets1 & our trag$y is ! be/ & noble/3 = our :ole /ate is an imitation ( ! be/ & noble/ life4444 ,y are poets & we are poets1 bo? mak]s ( ! same /ra9s1 rivals & antagoni/s 9 ! noble/ ( dramas1 :i* true law alone c p]fect1 z our hope is4 ,d n !n suppose t we %all all 9 a mom5t all[ y to erect y\r /age 9 ! ,agora1 & introduce ! fair voices ( y\r actors1 speak+ above our own1 & p]mit y to h>angue our wom5 & *ildr5 & ! common p 9 language o!r ?an our own1 & v (t5 ! opposite ( our own4 ,= a ,/ate w\ld be mad :i* gave y ?is lic5se1 until ! magi/rates _h det]m9$ :e!r y\r poetry might be recit$ & 0 fit = publication or n4 ,:]e=e1 ,o ye sons & scions ( ! s(t] ,muses6 fir/ ( all %[ y\r songs to ! ,magi/rates & let !m comp>e !m ) our own1 & if !y are ! same or bett]1 we w give y a *orus2 b if n1 !n1 my fri5ds1 we _c4' ,lame conclusion6 ,impot5t compromise6 ,h[ little applicable1 at all ev5ts1 to our ,commonweal?6 ?\gh1 to be sure 7y may say7 we possess a relic ( x 9 ,8 ,maje/y's ,lic5s] ( ,plays4 ,z y "k1 !re has be5 s mu* heat$ talk ( late ov] ! composition ( ! ,c\nty ,magi/racy2 yet ,i give y a c\ntryman's ^w1 ,sir1 t ,i h he>d _m names propos$ = ! ,commission ( ! ,peace1 & on _m gr\nds1 b nev] "o on ! gr\nd t its own] _h a cons]vative ta/e 9 v]se6 ,nev]!less1 z ,plato saw1 we mu/ deal ) ^! poets someh[4 ,x is possible 7?\gh n1 ,i ?9k1 likely7 t 9 ! ideal ,/ate !re w\ld be no ,lit]ature1 z x is c]ta9 !re w\ld be no ,pr(essors ( x2 b s9ce its inv5tion m5 h nev] be5 able to rid !mselves ( x = any l5g? ( "t4 ,tam5 usque recurrit4 ,!y may =bid ,apollo1 b /ill he comes lead+ 8 *oir1 ! ,n9e3-- ,greek3 ,akletos m5 egoge m5oimi k5 es de kaleunton ,?>sesas ,moisaisi snu amepeais9 ikoiman4 ,& he may *all5ge u ,engli% boldly6 ,= s9ce ,*auc]1 at any rate1 he & 8 tra9 h nev] be5 ,greek3 akletoi to u--lea/ ( all "h 9 ,cambridge4 ,nay1 we "k t he %\ld be welcome4 ,c>d9al ,newman1 propos+ ! idea ( a ,univ]sity to ! ,roman ,ca?olics ( ,dubl91 lam5t$ t ! ,engli% language _h n1 l ! ,greek1 '"s def9ite words to express1 simply & g5]ally1 intellectual pr(ici5cy or p]fection1 su* z heal?1 z us$ ) ref]5ce to ! animal frame1 & virtue1 ) ref]5ce to our moral nature4' ,well1 x is a reproa* to u t we d n possess ! t]m3 & p]haps aga9 a reproa* to u t our attempts at x--! ^w 'culture' = in/ance--h be5 apt to take on "s soil ( controv]sy1 "s connotative damage f ov]-prea*+ on ! "o h& & impati5ce on ! o!r4 ,b we d e>ne/ly desire ! ?+4 ,we d prize t grace ( intellect :i* sets ,s-&-s 9 our view z 'a s*ol> & a g5tleman4' ,we d wi% z _m sons ( ?is ,univ]sity z may be to c>ry =? t lifelong /amp f h] prec9cts2 &--?is is my po9t--f our notion ( su* a man ! t\* ( lit]>y grace _c be exclud$4 ,i put to y = a te/ ,lucian's description ( 8 fri5d ,demonax-- ,8 way 0 l o!r p's2 he m\nt$ no high horse2 he 0 j a man & a citiz54 ,he indulg$ 9 no ,socratic irony4 ,b 8 disc\rse 0 full ( ,attic grace2 ^? :o he>d x w5t away nei!r disgu/$ by s]vility1 nor repell$ by ill-temp]$ c5sure1 b on ! contr>y lift$ out ( !mselves by *>ity1 & enc\rag$ to m ord]ly1 cont5t$1 hopeful lives4 ,i put x to y1 ,sir1 t ,lucian ne$s n to say ano!r ^w1 b we "k t ,demonax _h lov$ lett]s1 & p>tly by aid ( !m _h arriv$ at be+ su* a man4 ,no2 by cons5t ( all1 ,lit]ature is a nurse ( noble natures1 & "r read+ makes a full man 9 a s5se ev5 bett] ?an ,bacon's2 n replete1 b complete r1 to ! patt]n = :i* ,heav5 design$ him4 ,9 ?is conviction1 9 ?is hope1 public spirit$ m5 end[ ,*airs 9 our ,univ]sities1 sure t ,lit]ature is a good ?+ if only we c br+ x to op]ate on "y m9ds4 ,t he has 9 him "s p[] to guide su* op]ation a man mu/ believe be=e accept+ su* a ,*air z ?is4 ,& n[1 ,sir1 ! t]rible mom5t is come :5 y\r ,greek3 x5os mu/ r5d] "s acc\nt--,i w n say ( himself1 = t _c be attempt$--b ( 8 bus9ess "h4 ,well1 fir/ let me plead t :ile y h be5 inf9itely k9d to ! /rang]1 fea/+ him & ca/+ a g[n ov] him1 "o ?+ n all y\r k9dness has be5 able to d4 ,) prec$5ts1 ) traditions su* z o!r ,pr(essors enjoy1 y c\ld n furni% him4 ,! ,*air is a new "o1 or almo/ new1 & = ! pres5t w\ld seem to float 9 ! void1 l ,mahomet's c(f94 ,:]e=e1 be+ "o :o 79 my ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,crewe's phrase7 w\ld 'take hold ( a twig or tw9e-?read to uphold x'2 be+ also prone 7) ,bacon7 to believe t '! c\nsels to :i* ,"t ha? n be5 call$1 ,"t w n ratify'2 ,i d assure y t1 _h any legacy ( guidance be5 discov]$ among ! pap]s left by my pr$ecessor1 x w\ld h be5 eag]ly welcom$ & z pi\sly hon\r$4 ,o1 tru/ me1 ,sir6--if any design = ?is ,*air ( ,engli% ,lit]ature _h be5 left by ,dr ,v]rall1 x is n ,i :o w\ld be sett+ up any new /age 9 y\r agora6 ,b 9 8 pap]s--mo/ k9dly se>*$ = me by ,mrs ,v]rall--no su* design c be f\nd4 ,he 01 9 tru?1 a /rick5 man :5 he came to ! ,*air1 & ( :at he w\ld h built we c only be sure t1 _h x be5 ?is or _h x be5 t1 x w\ld infallibly h borne ! impress ( "o ( ! mo/ beautiful m9ds ( our g5]ation4 ,! gods saw o!rwise2 & = me1 foll[+ him1 ,i came to a tr5* & /ret*$ my h&s to a %ade4 ,= me1 !n1 if y put que/ions conc]n+ ! "w ( ?is ,*air1 ,i mu/ take example f ! arti/ 9 ,don ,quixote1 :o be+ ask$ :at he 0 pa9t+1 answ]$ mode/ly1 ',t is z x may turn out4' ,! c\rse is un*>t$1 & = sail+ directions ,i h b ^! words ( y\r ,ord9ance3 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,pr(essor to deliv] c\rses ( lectures on ,engli% ,lit]ature f ! age ( ,*auc] onw>ds1 & o!rwise to promote1 s f> z may be 9 8 p[]1 ! /udy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ! subject ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,& ,i nev] ev5 knew t ,engli% ,lit]ature _h a 'subject'2 or1 r1 suppos$ x to h sev]al6 ,to resume3 ,! ,pr(essor %all treat ?is subject on lit]>y & critical r ?an on philological & l+ui/ic l9es3 --a proviso :i* at any rate cuts (f a cantle1 l>ge 9 itself1 if n comp>atively1 ( ! new ,pr(essor's ignorance4 ,b ,i ask y to note ! phrase 'to promote1 s f> z may be 9 8 p[]1 ! /udy'--n1 y w obs]ve1 'to tea*'2 = ?is absolves me f rais+ at ! />t a "q ( "s delicacy = me1 z ,gre5 laun*$ 8 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics ^u ! rem>k t 'an au?or :o seeks to ga9 g5]al confid5ce sc>cely goes ! "r way to "w :5 he beg9s ) ask+ :e!r !re really is su* a subject z t ( :i* he proposes to treat4' ,9 spite (--m>k1 pray1 t ,i say 9 spite (--! activity ( _m le>n$ ,pr(essors1 "s d\bt does lurk 9 ! public m9d if1 aft] all1 ,engli% ,lit]ature c1 9 any ord9>y s5se1 be taught1 & if ! attempts to tea* x d n1 aft] all1 ju/ify 7z ,wisdom is s (t5 ju/ifi$ ( h] gr&p>5ts7 ! sil5ce sapi5ce ( ^? old b5efactors :o ab/a9$ f end[+ any su* ,*airs4 ,b t ! /udy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature c be promot$ 9 "y m9ds by an eld] "o1 t _! zeal may be enc\rag$1 _! ta/es direct$1 _! vision cle>$1 quick5$1 enl>g$--?is1 ,i take x1 no man ( exp]i5ce w d5y4 ,nay1 s9ce our two olde/ ,univ]sities h a habit ( m>k+ "o ano!r ) int]e/--an int]e/1 inde$1 sometimes height5$ by n]v\sness--,i may po9t out t all ?is has be5 done ( late ye>s1 & em95tly done1 by a ,cambridge man y gave to ,ox=d4 ,?is1 !n1 ,mr ,vice-,*ancellor--?is or some?+ l ?is1 ,g5tlem5--is to be my task if ,i h ! good =tune to w9 y\r confid5ce4 ,let me1 !n1 lay d[n two or ?ree pr9ciples by :i* ,i propose to be guid$4 7#a7 ,= ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ,i put to y t 9 /udy+ any "w ( g5ius we %\ld beg9 by tak+ x absolutely2 t is to say1 ) m9ds int5t on discov]+ j :at ! au?or's m9d int5d$2 ?is be+ at once ! obvi\s approa* to its mean+ 7its ,greek3 to ti en e9ai1 ! '?+ x 0 to be'71 & ! m]e/ duty ( polit5ess we owe to ! great man address+ u4 ,we %\ld lay our m9ds op5 to :at he wi%es to tell1 & if :at he has to tell be noble & high & beautiful1 we %\ld surr5d] & let soak our m9ds 9 x4 ,pray und]/& t 9 claim+1 ev5 insi/+ ^u1 ! fir/ place = ?is absolute /udy ( a great "w ,i use no disrespect t[>ds ^? le>n$ s*ol>s ^: lab\rs w help y1 ,g5tlem51 to enjoy x aft]w>ds 9 o!r ways & f o!r aspects2 s9ce ,i hold !re is no sur] sign ( intellectual ill-bre$+ ?an to speak1 ev5 to feel1 slight+ly ( any k oneself does n happ5 to possess4 ,/ill less d ,i aim to p]suade y t anyone %\ld be able to e>n a ,cambridge degree by ! process 7to borr[ ,macaulay's phrase7 ( read+ our great au?ors ') 8 feet on ! hob1' a po/ure ,i h n ev5 tri$1 to recomm5d x = a contemplative man's recreation4 ,^! editors n only set u ! priceless example ( le>n+ = le>n+'s sake3 b ev5 9 practice !y cle> our texts = u1 & aft]w>ds--:5 we g m m9utely into our au?or's acqua9tance1 wi%+ to le>n all we c ab\t him--by increas+ our k ( detail !y en*ance our delight4 ,nay1 ) c]ta9 e>ly writ]s--say ,*auc] or ,dunb>1 z ) c]ta9 highly allusive ones--,bacon1 or ,milton1 or ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne--"s app>atus mu/ be suppli$ f ! />t4 ,b on ! :ole ,i ?9k x a fair cont5tion t su* helps to /udy+ an au?or are second>y & subsidi>y2 t1 = example1 ) any au?or :o by cons5t is less ( 8 age ?an = all "t1 to /udy ! relation he bore to 8 age may be important inde$1 & ev5 highly important1 yet mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s be ( second>y importance1 n ( ! fir/4 ,b let u exam9e ?is pr9ciple a little m att5tively--= x is ! palm>y "o4 ,z ,i conceive x1 t und]/&+ ( lit]ature :i* we desire 9 our ,euphues1 our gracefully-m9d$ y\?1 w include k 9 v>y+ degree1 yet is itself some?+ di/9ct f k4 ,let u illu/rate ?is ^u ,poetry1 :i* ! mo/ ( u w all[ to be ! highe/ =m ( lit]>y expression1 if n ( all arti/ic expression4 ,( all ! te/imony paid to ,poetry1 none comm&s bett] witness ?an ?is--t1 z ,johnson said ( ,gray's ,elegy 'x ab\nds ) images :i* f9d a mirror 9 e m9d1 & ) s5tim5ts to :i* e he>t returns an e*o4' ,:5 ,george ,eliot said1 ',i nev] be=e met ) s _m ( my own feel+s express$ j z ,i %\ld l !m1' %e b repeat$ ( ,wordswor? 79 homeli]1 m famili> fa%ion7 :at ,johnson said ( ,gray2 & ! same te/imony lies implicit 9 ,em]son's f9e rem>k t ',univ]sal hi/ory1 ! poets1 ! romanc]s'--all good writ]s1 9 %ort--'d n any:]e make u feel t we intrude1 t ?is is = our bett]s4 ,r x is true t1 9 _! greate/ /rokes1 !re we feel mo/ at home4' ,! mass ( evid5ce1 ( :i* ^! are samples1 may be summ>is$ ?us3--,z we dwell "h betwe5 two my/]ies1 ( a s\l )9 & an ord]$ ,univ]se )\t1 s among u are grant$ to dwell c]ta9 m5 ( m delicate intellectual fibre ?an _! fell[s--m5 ^: m9ds h1 z x 71 filam5ts to int]cept1 appreh5d1 conduct1 translate home to u /ray messages betwe5 ^! two my/]ies1 z mod]n telegraphy has le>nt to se>* out1 snat*1 ga!r home human messages a/ray ov] wa/e wat]s ( ! ,ocean4 ,if1 !n1 ! ord9>y man be done ?is s]vice by ! poet1 t 7z ,dr ,johnson def9es x7 'he feels :at he rememb]s to h felt be=e1 b he feels x ) a great increase ( s5sibility'2 or ev5 if1 ?\gh ! message be unfamili>1 x sugge/s to u1 9 ,wordswor?'s phrase1 to 'feel t we are great] ?an we "k1' ,i submit t we respond to x less by any?+ t usually passes = k1 ?an by an improvem5t ( s5sibility1 a tun+ up ( ! m9d to ! poet's pit*2 s t ! man we are pr\d to s5d =? f our ,s*ools w be rem>kable less = some?+ he c take out ( 8 wallet & exhibit = k1 ?an = be+ some?+1 & t 'some?+1' a man ( unmi/akable intellectual bre$+1 ^: tra9$ judgm5t we c tru/ to *oose ! bett] & reject ! worse4 ,b s9ce ?is ref9+ ( ! critical judgm5t happ5s to be less easy ( practice ?an ! memoris+ ( mu* t passes = k--( :at happ5$ to ,h>riet or :at ,blake said to ! soldi]--& f> less easy to exam9e on1 ! p$agogic m9d 7:i* ,i implore y n to suppose me confus+ ) ! s*ol>ly7 = avoidance ( tr\ble t5ds all ! :ile to dodge or obfuscate :at is ess5tial1 pil+ up accid5ts & irrelevancies be=e x until its v face is hidd54 ,& we %\ld be ! m wat*ful n to confuse ! p$agogic m9d ) ! s*ol>ly s9ce x is f ! s*ol> t ! p$agogue pret5ds to d]ive 8 sanction2 ransack+ ! great g5u9e comm5tators--be x a ,skeat or a ,masson or 7may ,i add = old rev]5ce' sake87 an ,aldis ,wright--fet*+ home bits ( erudition1 non sua poma1 & ann\nc+ ',?is mu/ be ! true ,sion1 = we f\nd x 9 a wood4' ,h5ce a sw>m ( little s*ool books pullulates annually1 all upside d[n & wrong f beg9n+ to end2 & h5ce a worse evil afflicts u1 t ! ,engli% s*oolboy />ts ) a false p]spective ( any giv5 ma/]piece1 8 p$agogue urg+1 obtrud+ less] ?+s ^u 8 vision until :at is really important1 ! poem or ! play itself1 is se5 9 di/ort$ glimpses1 if n q block$ out ( view4 ,?is same temptation--to remove a "w ( art f ! category = :i* ! au?or design$ x into ano!r :]e x c be m conv5i5tly /udi$--rea*es ev5 above ! s*oolma/] to assail "s v em95t critics4 ,i cite an example f a book ( :i* ,i %all h]eaft] h to speak ) gratitude z ,i %all always "n x ) respect--,! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry1 by ,dr ,c\r?ope1 sometime ,pr(essor ( ,poetry at ,ox=d4 ,9 8 f\r? volume1 & 9 8 e/imate ( ,flet*] z a dramati/1 ,i f9d ?is passage3-- ,b ! crucial te/ ( a play's quality is only appli$ :5 x is read4 ,s long z ! illusion ( ! /age gives cr$it to ! action1 & ! words & ge/ures ( ! actor impose !mselves on ! imag9ation ( ! spectator1 ! latt] w pass ov] a ?\s& imp]fections1 :i* reveal !mselves to ! read]1 :o1 z he has to satisfy himself ) ! drama ( sil5t images1 w nor be cont5t if ?is or t 9 any way fall %ort ( 8 conception ( tru? & nature1 --:i* seems equival5t to say+ t ! crucial te/ ( ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non is its adaptability to an ap>tm5t 9 ,bloomsbury4 ,s long z ! illusion ( ! ,acropolis gave cr$it to ,pheidias' design1 & ! sunlight ( ,attica impos$ its delicate int5d$ %ad[s edg+ ! reliefs1 ! c\ntrym5 ( ,p]icles might be trick$2 b ! visitor to ! ,briti% ,museum1 z he has to satisfy himself ) :at happ5s indoors 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,we/ ,c5tral ,po/al ,division ( ,london1 w n be cont5t if ,pheidias 9 any way fall %ort ( 8 conception ( tru? & nature4 ,yet ,flet*] 7,i take x7 con/ruct$ 8 plays z plays2 ! illusion ( ! /age1 ! p]suasiv5ess ( ! actor's voice1 7 conditions = :i* he wr\ght1 & on :i* he _h a "r to rely2 &1 9 %ort1 any critic behaves uncritically :o1 di/ru/+ 8 imag9ation to recreate ! play z a play1 elects to consid] x 9 ! category ( some?+ else4 ,9 sum1 if ! great au?ors nev] oppress u ) airs ( condesc5sion1 b1 l ! great lords !y are1 put ! meane/ ( u at our ease 9 _! pres5ce1 ,i see no reason :y we %\ld pay to any comm5tator a s]vility n dem&$ by 8 ma/]4 ,my next two pr9ciples may be m briefly /at$4 7#b7 ,i propose next1 !n1 t s9ce our inve/igations w deal l>gely ) /yle1 t curi\sly p]sonal ?+2 & s9ce 7z ,i h said7 !y _c 9 _! nature be readily br\ght to rule-(-?umb te/s1 & may !re=e s easily be suspect$ ( evad+ all te/s1 ( be+ m]e dilettantism2 ,i propose 7,i say7 t my pupils & ,i rebuke ?is suspicion by con/antly aim+ at ! concrete1 at ! /udy ( su* def9ite beauties z we c see pres5t$ 9 pr9t "u our eyes2 always seek+ ! au?or's int5tion1 b es*ew+1 = ! pres5t at any rate1 all g5]al def9itions & !ories1 ?r\gh ! sieve ( :i* ! p>ticul> a*ievem5t ( g5ius is s apt to slip4 ,& hav+ exclud$ !m at fir/ 9 prud5ce1 ,i make little d\bt we %all g on to exclude !m 9 pride4 ,def9itions1 =mulae 7"s w\ld add1 cre$s7 h _! use 9 any society 9 t !y re/ra9 ! ord9>y un9tellectual man f mak+ himself a public nuisance ) 8 private op9ions4 ,b !y g a v little way 9 help+ ! man :o has a real s5se ( prose or v]se4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are good discipl9e = "s ?yrsus-be>]s1 b ! initiat$ h little use = !m4 ,z ,?omas a ,kempis 'w\ld r feel compunction ?an und]/& ! def9ition !re(1' s ! initiat$ man w say ( ! ',gr& ,/yle1' = example--',:y def9e x = me8' ,:5 ,viola says simply3 ,i am all ! daught]s ( my fa!r's h\se1 ,& all ! bro!rs too1 or ,macbe? dem&s ( ! ,doctor ,can/ ?\ n m9i/] to a m9d diseas$1 ,pluck f ! memory a root$ sorr[448 or ,hamlet greets ,ophelia1 read+ h] ,book ( ,h\rs1 ) ,nymph1 9 ?y orisons ,be all my s9s rememb]$6 or :5 ,milton tells ( 8 dead fri5d h[ ,toge!r bo?1 ere ! high lawns appe>'d ,"u ! op5+ eyelids ( ! morn1 ,we drove afield1 or describes ! battalions ( ,heav5 ,on !y move ,indissolubly firm3 nor obvi\s hill1 ,nor /rait'n+ vale1 nor wood1 nor /ream divide ,_! p]fect ranks1 or :5 ,gray exalts ! great commonplace ,! boa/ ( h]aldry1 ! pomp ( p[]1 ,& all t beauty1 all t weal? e'er gave1 ,awaits alike ?' inevitable h\r2 ,! pa?s ( glory lead b to ! grave1 or :5 ,keats casually drops u su* a l9e z ,! j\rney homew>d to habitual self1 or1 to come d[n to our own times & to a liv+ poet1 :5 ,i op5 on a page ( ,william ,watson & read ,o anci5t /reams1 ,o f> desc5d$ woods1 ,full ( ! flutt]+ ( melodi\s s\ls6444 ':y !n 7w say ! initiat$ "o71 :y worry me ) any def9ition ( ! ,gr& ,/yle 9 ,engli%1 :5 "h1 & "h1 & aga9 "h--9 all ^! l9es1 simple or int5se or exquisite or solemn--,i recognise & feel ! ?+8' ,inde$1 ,sir1 ! long & ! %ort ( ! argum5t lie j "h4 ,lit]ature is n an ab/ract ,sci5ce1 to :i* exact def9itions c be appli$4 ,x is an ,art r1 ! success ( :i* dep5ds on p]sonal p]suasiv5ess1 on ! au?or's skill to give z on ours to receive4 7#c7 ,= our ?ird pr9ciple ,i w ask y to g back ) me to ,plato's wayf>]s1 :om we h left s long "u ! cypresses2 & lo? z we mu/ be to lay h&s on our fa!r ,p>m5ides1 ,i feel we mu/ treat ! gift$ ,a!nian /rang] to a little manh&l+4 ,= did y n obs]ve--?\gh ,greek 0 a liv+ language & to 8 metropolitan m9d ! only language--h[ envi\s he %[$ himself to seal up ! well1 or all[ x to trickle only "u p]mit ( a public analy/3 to treat all innovation z suspect1 ev5 z1 a hundr$ odd ye>s ago1 ! ,lyrical ,ballads 7 suspect8 ,b ! v hope ( ?is ,*air1 ,sir 7z ,i conceive x71 relies on ! c\rage ( ! "y4 ,z ,lit]ature is an ,art & !re=e n to be pond]$ only1 b practis$1 s ours is a liv+ language & !re=e to be kept alive1 supple1 active 9 all hon\rable use4 ,! orator c yet sway m51 ! poet ravi% !m1 ! dramati/ fill _! lungs ) salut>y laught] or purge _! emotions by pity or t]ror4 ,! hi/orian 'sup]9duces ^u ev5ts ! *>m ( ord]4' ,! noveli/--well1 ev5 ! noveli/ has 8 uses2 & ,i w\ld w>n y aga9/ despis+ any =m ( art :i* is alive & pliant 9 ! h&s ( m54 ,= my "p1 ,i believe1 be>+ 9 m9d ,mr4 ,b>rie's ,pet] ,pan & ! old bottles he r5ovat$ to hold t joy\s w9e1 t ev5 ,musical ,com$y1 9 ! h&s ( a ma/]1 might become a ?+ ( beauty4 ,( ! ,novel1 at any rate--:e!r we l x or n--we h to admit t x does hold a comm&+ position 9 ! lit]ature ( our times1 & to consid] h[ f> ,mr4 ,lascelles ,ab]crombie 0 "r ! o!r day :5 he claim$1 on ! fir/ page ( 8 brilliant /udy ( ,?omas ,h>dy1 t '! "r to su* a position is n to be disput$2 = "h1 z else:]e1 ! "r to a position is no m ?an ! p[] to ma9ta9 x4' ,y may agree ) t or y may n2 y may or may n deplore ! =ms t lit]ature is *oos+ n[-a-days2 b !re is no ga9say+ t x is /ill v mu* alive4 ,& ,i w\ld say to y1 ,g5tlem51 ',believe1 & be glad t ,lit]ature & ! ,engli% tongue are bo? alive4' ,c>lyle1 9 8 explosive way1 once dem&$ ( 8 c\ntrym51 ',%akespe>e or ,india8 ,if y _h to surr5d] "o to reta9 ! o!r1 :i* w\ld y *oose8' ,well1 our ,indian ,empire is yet 9 ! mak+1 :ile ! works ( ,%akespe>e are complete & pur*asable 9 :ole calf2 s ! alt]natives are sc>cely 9 p>i mat]ia2 & moreov] let u n be 9 a hurry to meet tr\ble half way4 ,b 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature1 :i*1 l ,india1 is /ill 9 ! mak+1 y h at once an ,empire & an ,emprise4 ,9 t alone y h inh]it$ some?+ great] ?an ,sp>ta4 ,let u /rive1 ea* 9 8 little way1 to adorn x4 ,b "h at ! close ( my h\r1 ! d\ble argum5t1 t ,lit]ature is an ,art & ,engli% a liv+ tongue1 has l$ me "r up to a f\r? pr9ciple1 ! plunge into :i* 7?\gh ,i =esaw x f ! fir/7 all ! c[>d 9 me rejoices at hav+ to def] to ano!r lecture4 ,i conclude !n1 ,g5tlem51 by answ]+ two suspicions1 :i* v likely h be5 %ap+ !mselves 9 y\r m9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y w say1 ',x is all v well = ?is man to talk ab\t cultivat+ an increas$ s5sibility1 & ! l2 b we "k :at t leads to--to quack]y1 to ae/hetic *att]3 ,isn't ?is pretty8 ,don't y admire t8' ,well1 ,i am n greatly fright5$4 ,to beg9 )1 :5 we come to p>ticul> criticism ,i %all endeav\r to ex*ange x ) y 9 pla9 t]ms2 a mann] :i* 7to quote ,mr ,rob]t ,bridges' ,essay on ,keats7 ',i pref]1 because by oblig+ ! lectur] to say def9itely :at he means1 x makes 8 mi/akes easy to po9t out1 & 9 ?is way ! true bus9ess ( criticism is advanc$4' ,b ,i h a second safegu>d1 m to be tru/$3 t "h 9 ,cambridge1 ) all h] traditions ( au/]e s*ol>%ip1 anyone :o indulges 9 loose di/9ct talk w be quickly recall$ to 8 te!r4 ,?\gh at ! "t ,a!ne be n k9d en\gh to desc5d f heav5 & pluck him backw>d by ! hair1 yet ! v g5ius loci w walk home ) him f ! lecture room1 :isp]+ monitions1 cruel to be k9d4 ',b1' y w say alt]natively1 'if we avoid loose talk on ^! matt]s we are emb>k+ on a mighty difficult bus9ess4' ,:y1 to be sure we are2 & t1 ,i hope1 w be half ! enjoym5t4 ,aft] all1 we h a numb] ( critics among ^: me?ods we may se>* = help--f ! ,p]sian mon>* :o1 hav+ to adjudicate ^u two poems1 caus$ ! "o to be read to him1 & at once1 )\t ado1 aw>d$ ! prize to ! o!r1 up to ! great ,fr5*man :om ,i %all f9ally invoke to su/a9 my hope ( build+ some?+2 t is if y1 ,g5tlem51 w be cont5t to accept me less z a ,pr(essor ?an z an ,eld] ,bro!r4 ,! ,fr5*man is ,sa9te-,beuve1 & ,i pay a debt1 p]haps appropriately "h1 by quot+ him z translat$ by ! fri5d ( m9e1 n[ dead1 :o fir/ invit$ me to ,cambridge & taught me to admire h]--"o ,ar?ur ,john ,butl]1 sometime a ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity1 & lat] a great pione] among ,engli%m5 9 ! /udy ( ,dante4 ,?us :ile y li/5 to ! appeal ( ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,i c he> b5ea? x a m intimate voice1 n = ! fir/ "t1 enc\rag+ me4 ,sa9te-,beuve !n--si magna licet compon]e p>vis--is deliv]+ an ,inaugural ,lecture 9 ! ,ecole ,normale1 ! date be+ ,april #ab?1 #aheh4 ',g5tlem51' he beg9s1 ',i h writt5 a good deal 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s2 t is1 ,i h scatt]$ myself a good deal2 s t ,i ne$ to ga!r myself toge!r1 9 ord] t my words may come be=e y ) all ! m fre$om & confid5ce4' ,t is 8 op5+2 & he ends3-- ,z "t goes on1 y w make me believe t ,i c = my "p be ( "s good to y3 & ) ! g5]osity ( y\r age y w repay me1 9 ?is feel+ alone1 f> m ?an ,i %all be able to give y 9 intellectual fre$om1 9 lit]>y ?\ght4 ,if 9 "o s5se ,i be/[ on y "s ( my exp]i5ce1 y w requite me1 & 9 a m pr(itable mann]1 by ! sight ( y\r ard\r = :at is noble3 y w accu/om me to turn (t5] & m will+ly t[>ds ! future 9 y\r company4 ,y w tea* me aga9 to hope4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,writ+4 ,w$nesday1 ,febru>y #ab ,we f\nd1 ,g5tlem51 t[>ds ! close ( our fir/ lecture1 t ! argum5t _h drawn u1 z by a d\ble *a91 up to ! edge ( a bold leap1 ov] :i* ,i def]r$ ask+ y to take ! plunge ) me4 ,yet ! plunge mu/ be tak51 & to-day ,i see no?+ = x b to h>d5 our he>ts4 ,well1 !n1 ,i propose to y t1 ,engli% ,lit]ature be+ 7z we agre$7 an ,art1 ) a liv+ & !re=e improvable language = its m$ium or vehicle1 a "p--& no small "p--( our bus9ess is to practise x4 ,yes1 ,i s]i\sly propose to y t "h 9 ,cambridge we practise writ+3 t we practise x n only = our own improvem5t1 b to make1 or at lea/ try to make1 appropriate1 p]spicu\s1 accurate1 p]suasive writ+ a recognisable hall-m>k ( any?+ turn$ out by our ,engli% ,s*ool4 ,by all means let u /udy ! great writ]s ( ! pa/ = _! own sakes2 b let u /udy !m = our guidance2 t we1 9 our turn1 hav+ 7x is to be hop$7 some?+ to say 9 our span ( "t1 say x wor?ily1 n dw9dl+ out ! l>ge utt]ance ( ,%akespe>e or ( ,burke4 ,portraits ( o!r great ones look d[n on y 9 y\r college halls3 b :ile y are "y & sit at ! brief fea/1 :at avails _! s]5e gaze if x d n lift up y\r he>ts & mov+ly p]suade y to mat* y\r manhood to its inh]itance8 ,i prote/1 ,g5tlem51 t if our eyes _h n be5 seal$1 z ) wax1 by ! p$agogues ( :om ,i spoke a =tnight ago1 ?is "o habit ( reg>d+ our own lit]ature z a hortus siccus1 ?is our neglect to practise good writ+ z ! con/ant auxili>y ( an ,engli%man's lib]al education1 w\ld be amaz+ to y seat$ "h to-day z x w be />kly incr$ible to ! future hi/orian ( our times4 ,tell me1 pray2 if x conc]n$ ,pa9t+--an art 9 :i* ,engli%m5 boa/ a record f> brief]1 f> less di/+ui%$--:at w\ld y ?9k ( a simil> acquiesc5ce 9 ! pa/1 a l ha/e to presume ! dissolution ( aptitude & to close acc\nts1 a l precipitancy to divorce u f ! pa/1 to rob ! future ( hope & ev5 ! pres5t ( lively int]e/8 ,consid]1 = repro( ( ^! null m51 ! ,disc\rses address$ 79 a p$antic age1 too7 by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds to ! ,memb]s & ,/ud5ts ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,he has 7z y might expect7 en\gh to say ( ,t9toretto1 ( ,titian1 ( ,c>acci1 & ( ! duty ( /udy+ _! "w ) pati5ce1 ) humility4 ,b :y does he exhort 8 he>]s to con !m8--,:y1 because he is all ! "t driv+ at practice4 ,he> h[ he op5s 8 second ,disc\rse 78 fir/ to ! ,/ud5ts74 ,aft] congratulat+ ! prize-w9n]s ( #agfi1 he desires 'to lead !m into su* a c\rse ( /udy z may r5d] _! future progress answ]able to _! pa/ improvem5t'2 & ! great man goes on3-- ,i flatt] myself t f ! long exp]i5ce ,i h _h1 & ! necess>y assiduity ) :i* ,i h pursu$ ^! /udies 9 :i* l y ,i h be5 engag$1 ,i %all be acquitt$ ( vanity 9 (f]+ "s h9ts to y\r consid]ation4 ,!y are inde$ 9 a great degree f\nd$ ^u my own mi/akes 9 ! same pursuit4444 ,m>k ! noble mode/y ( t6 ,to resume-- ,9 speak+ to y ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,art1 ,i %all only consid] x z x has relation to ! me?od ( y\r /udies4 ,& !n he proce$s to prea* ! ,old ,ma/]s4--,b h[8--:y8--to :at end8 ,does he recite li/s ( names1 dates1 ) =mulae conc]n+ /yles8 ,he does no?+ ( ! sort4 ,does he recomm5d 8 old ma/]s = copy+1 !n8--= m]e imitation8 ,n a bit ( x6--he comes d[n l a hamm] on copy+4 ,!n = :at1 9 f9e1 w he h !m /udi$8 ,li/53-- ,! m ext5sive y\r acqua9tance is ) ! works ( ^? :o h excell$1 ! m ext5sive w be y\r p[]s ( inv5tion4 ,yes1 ( inv5tion1 y\r p[] to make some?+ new3 --& :at may appe> /ill m l a p>adox1 ! m orig9al w be y\r conceptions4 ,!re spake ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds3 & ,i call t ! voice ( a true ,eld] ,bro!r4 ,he1 /&+ face to face ) ! "y1 ?\ght ( ! old ma/]s ma9ly z spiritual begett]s ( practice4 ,& w anyone 9 ?is room tell me t :at ,reynolds said ( pa9t+ is n to-day1 = u1 applicable to writ+8 ,we accept x ( ,greek & ,lat94 ,an old ,six? ,=m ma/] once said to me1 ',y may give up ,lat9 ,v]se = ?is t]m1 if y w3 b ,i w>n y1 no "o c be a real s*ol> :o does n con/antly practise v]se4' ,he 0 mi/ak51 belike4 ,i hold1 = my "p1 t 9 our ,public ,s*ools1 we give up a q disproportionate am\nt ( "t to 'composition' 7( ,lat9 ,prose especially7 & />ve ! boys' read+ !reby4 ,b at any rate we d give up a l>ge %>e ( ! "t to x4 ,!n if we insi/ on ?is way ) ! tongues ( ,hom] & ,virgil1 :y d we avoid x ) ! tongue ( ,%akespe>e1 our own liv+ tongue8 ,i answ] by quot+ "o ( ! simple/ wise/ say+s ( ,don ,quixote 7,g5tlem51 y w easily1 z "t goes on1 & we bett] our acqua9tance1 discov] my fav\rite au?ors73-- ,! great ,hom] wrote n 9 ,lat91 = he 0 a ,greek2 & ,virgil wrote n 9 ,greek1 because he 0 a ,lat94 ,9 brief1 all ! anci5t poets wrote 9 ! tongue :i* !y suck$ 9 ) _! "m's milk1 nor did !y g =? to seek = /range ones to express ! greatness ( _! conceptions3 &1 ?is be+ s1 x %\ld be a reason = ! fa%ion to ext5d to all nations4 ,does ! diff]5ce1 !n1 p]*ance lie 9 ourselves8 ,w y tell me1 ',oh1 pa9t+ is a special art1 :]eas anyone c write prose passably well'8 ,c he1 inde$8444 ,c y1 sir8 ,nay1 believe me1 y are ei!r an ar*angel or a v b\rgeois g5tleman inde$ if y admit to hav+ spok5 ,engli% prose all y\r life )\t kn[+ x4 ,inde$1 :5 we try to speak prose )\t hav+ practis$ x ! result is apt to be worse ?an our own v]nacul>4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i he>d "s wor?y fell[ address+ a public audi5ce6--say a ,p>liam5t>y c&idate :o believes himself a ,lib]al ,home ,rul]1 & = ! mom5t is address+ himself to meet "s criticism ( ! f9ancial proposals ( a ,home ,rule ,bill4 ,8 own v]nacul> w\ld be some:at z foll[s3-- ,oh1 rot6 ,give ! ,iri% _! heads & !y'll run /raight en\gh4 ,look at ! ,bo]s1 don't y "k4 ,n half su* a dec5t sort z ! ,iri%4 ,look at ,iri% horses1 too4 ,eh8 ,:at8 ,b ?is1 he is consci\s1 w\ld h>dly suit ! occasion4 ,he !re=e am5ds x ?us3-- ,mr ,*airman--er--z reg>ds ! f9ancial proposals ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t1 ,i am ( ! delib]ate--er--op9ion t our national security--,i may say1 our ,imp]ial security--our security z--er--a gov]n+ p--lies 9 tru/+ ! ,iri% z we did 9 !--er --case ( ! ,bo]s--,h'm ,mr ,glad/one1 ,mr ,*airman--,mr ,*airman1 ,mr ,glad/one---- & s on4 ,y p]ceive t ! /yle is actually worse ?an 9 ! sample quot$ be=e2 x has become flabby :]eas t o!r 0 at any rate n]v\s8 ,b n[ suppose t1 hav+ practis$ x1 our c&idate 0 able to speak l ?is3-- ',b :at 7says ! ,f9anci]7 is peace to u )\t money8 ,y\r plan gives u no rev5ue4' ,no8 ,b x does--= x secures to ! subject ! p[] ( ,refusal1 ! fir/ ( all ,rev5ues4 ,exp]i5ce is a *eat1 & fact is a li>1 if ?is p[] 9 ! subject ( proportion+ 8 grant1 or ( n grant+ at all1 has n be5 f\nd ! ri*e/ m9e ( ,rev5ue ev] discov]$ by ! skill or by ! =tune ( man4 ,x does n inde$ vote y #aeb1gej p\nds #aa %ill+s #b #c_/d p5ce1 nor any o!r paltry limit$ sum--b x gives y ! /rong box itself1 ! fund1 ! bank1 f :5ce only rev5ues c arise among a p s5sible ( fre$om3 ,posita luditur arca4444 ,is ?is pr9ciple to be true 9 ,engl&1 & false ev]y:]e else8 ,is x n true 9 ,irel&8 ,has x n hi!rto be5 true 9 ! ,colonies8 ,:y %\ld y presume t 9 any c\ntry a body duly con/itut$ = any function w neglect to p]=m its duty & abdicate its tru/8 ,su* a presumption w\ld g aga9/ all ,gov]nm5ts 9 all nations4 ,b 9 tru? ?is dread ( p5ury ( supply1 f a free assembly1 has no f\ndation 9 nature4 ,= fir/1 obs]ve t1 besides ! desire :i* all m5 h naturally ( support+ ! hon\r ( _! own ,gov]nm5t1 t s5se ( dignity1 & t security to prop]ty1 :i* ev] att5d fre$om1 h a t5d5cy to increase ! /ock ( a free community4 ,mo/ may be tak5 :]e mo/ is accumulat$4 ,& :at is ! soil or climate :]e exp]i5ce has n uni=mly prov$ t ! volunt>y fl[ ( heap$-up pl5ty1 bur/+ f ! weight ( its own luxuriance1 has ev] run ) a m copi\s /ream ( rev5ue ?an c\ld be squeez$ f ! dry husks ( oppress$ indig5ce by ! /ra9+ ( all ! politic ma*9]y 9 ! _w8 ,t1 :e!r y agree or disagree ) its doctr9e1 is great prose4 ,t is ,burke4 ',o ,a!nian /rang]1' said ! ,cretan ,i quot$ 9 my fir/ lecture1--'inhabitant ( ,attica ,i w n call y1 s9ce y des]ve ! "n ( ,a!ne h]self1 because y g back to fir/ pr9ciples6' ,b1 y may object1 ',burke is talk+ l a book1 & ,i h no wi% to talk l a book4' ,well1 z a fact1 ,burke is "h at ! culm5 ( a long su/a9$ argum5t1 & 8 language has so>$ ) x1 z 8 way 0--logic & emotion lift+ him toge!r z ^u two balanc$ maje/ic w+s4 ,b y are %y ( su* heights8 ,v well aga91 & all cr$it to y\r mode/y6 ,yet at lea/ 7,i appeal to t same mode/y7 :5 y talk or write1 y w\ld wi% to obs]ve ! occasion2 to say :at y h to say )\t imp]t95ce or ill-tim$ excess4 ,y w\ld n h>angue a draw+-room or a subcommittee1 or be faceti\s at a fun]al1 or play ! skeleton at a banquet3 = 9 all su* conduct y w\ld be mix+ up ?+s t diff]4 ,be *e]ful1 !n3 = ?is desire ( y\rs to be appropriate is really ! root ( ! matt]4 ,nor d ,i ask y to accept ?is on my sole ^w1 b w cite y ! mo/ respectable witnesses4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a critic :o %\ld be old en\gh to impress y--,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus4 ,aft] enum]at+ ! qualities :i* l5d *>m & nobility to /yle1 he closes ! li/ ) 'appropriat5ess1 :i* all ^! ne$'3-- ,z !re is a *>m+ diction1 s !re is ano!r t is noble2 z !re is a poli%$ rhy?m1 s !re is ano!r t is dignifi$2 z v>iety adds grace 9 "o passage1 s 9 ano!r x adds fulness2 & z = appropriation1 x w prove ! *ief s\rce ( beauty1 or else ( no?+ at all4 ,or li/5 to ,cic]o1 h[ he sets appropriat5ess 9 ! v he>t ( 8 tea*+1 z ! ma/] secret3-- ,is erit eloqu5s qui pot]it p>va summisse1 modica temp]ate1 magna gravit] dic]e4444 ,qui ad id quodcunque decebit pot]it accommod>e orationem4 ,quod quum /atu]it1 tum1 ut quidque erit dic5dum1 ita dicet1 nec satura jejune1 nec gr&ia m9ute1 nec item contra1 s$ erit rebus ipsis p> et aequalis oratio4 ',:atev] 8 !me he w speak z becomes x2 nei!r meagrely :]e x is copi\s1 nor meanly :]e x is ample1 nor 9 ?is way :]e x dem&s t2 b keep+ 8 spee* level ) ! actual subject & adequate to x4' ,i might quote ano!r great man1 ,qu9tilian1 to y on ! fir/ importance ( ?is appropriat5ess1 or 'propriety'2 ( speak+ n only to ! purpose b becom+ly--?\gh ! two z 7he rightly says7 are (t5 en\gh "o & ! same ?+4 ,b ,i w pass on to :at has ev] seem$1 s9ce ,i f\nd x 9 "o ( ,j[ett's ',introductions' to ,plato1 ! be/ def9ition kn[n to me ( good /yle 9 lit]ature3-- ,! p]fection ( /yle is v>iety 9 unity1 fre$om1 ease1 cle>ness1 ! p[] ( say+ any?+1 & ( /rik+ any note 9 ! scale ( human feel+s1 )\t impropriety4 ,y see1 ,o my mode/ fri5d6 t y\r gamut ne$s n to be v wide1 to beg9 )4 ,! po9t is t )9 x y le>n to play becom+ly4 ,n[ ,i />t$ by propos+ t we try toge!r to make appropriate1 p]spicu\s1 accurate1 p]suasive writ+ a hall-m>k ( any?+ turn$ out by our ,engli% ,s*ool "h1 & ,i w\ld add 7gr[+ some:at h>di]7 a hall-m>k ( all ,cambridge /yle s f> z our ,engli% ,s*ool c influ5ce x4 ,i *ose ^! f\r epi!ts accurate1 p]spicu\s1 p]suasive1 appropriate1 ) "s c>e1 ( c\rse z my duty 02 & w assume t by ?is "t we are agre$ to desire appropriat5ess4 ,n[ = ! o!r ?ree3-- ,p]spicuity4--,i %all wa/e no words on ! ne$ ( ?is3 s9ce ! fir/ aim ( spee* is to be und]/ood4 ,! m cle>ly y write ! m easily & surely y w be und]/ood4 ,i propose to demon/rate to y fur!r1 9 a m9ute or s1 t ! m cle>ly y write ! m cle>ly y w und]/& y\rself4 ,b a suffici5t reason has be5 giv5 9 t5 words :y y %\ld desire p]spicuity4 ,accuracy4--,did ,i n rem9d myself 9 my fir/ lecture1 t ,cambridge is ! home ( accurate s*ol>%ip8 ,surely no ,cambridge man w\ld will+ly be a slov5 9 spee*1 oral or writt58 ,surely "h1 if any:]e1 %\ld be ackn[l$g$ ( all :at ,newman says ( ! classics1 t 'a c]ta9 unaffect$ neatness & propriety & grace ( diction may be requir$ ( any au?or1 = ! same reason t a c]ta9 att5tion to dress is expect$ ( e g5tleman4' ,aft] all1 :at are ! *ief diff]5tiae betwe5 man & ! brute creation b t he clo!s himself1 t he cooks 8 food1 t he uses articulate spee*8 ,let u *]i% & improve all ^! di/9ctions4 ,b %all we n[ look m c>efully into ^! tw9 que/ions ( p]spicuity & accuracy3 = ,i ?9k pursu+ !m1 we may almo/ rea* ! philosophic k]nel ( good writ+4 ,i quot$ ,newman playfully a mom5t ago4 ,i am go+ to quote him 9 /rong e>ne/4 ,& "h let me say t ( all ! books writt5 9 ^! hundr$ ye>s !re is p]haps none y c m pr(itably ?umb & pond] ?an t volume ( 8 9 :i*1 "u ! title ( ,! ,idea ( a ,univ]sity1 he collect$ n9e disc\rses address$ to ! ,roman ,ca?olics ( ,dubl9 ) "s lectures deliv]$ to ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity !re4 ,x is fragm5t>y1 because its !mes 7 occasional4 ,x has miss$ to be apprais$ at its true wor?1 p>tly no d\bt by reason ( ! col\r x d]ives f a religion /ill unpopul> 9 ,engl&4 ,b 9 fact x may be read )\t (f5ce by ! /ricte/ ,prote/ant2 & ! book is s wise--s em95tly wise--z to des]ve be+ b\nd by ! "y /ud5t ( lit]ature = a frontlet on 8 br[ & a talisman on 8 writ+ wri/4 ,n[ y w f9d mu* pretty swordsman%ip 9 its pages1 b no?+ m tr5*ant ?an ! passage 9 :i* ,newman assails & puts to r\t ! ,p]sian ho/ ( infidels--,i regret to say1 = ! mo/ "p ,m5 ( ,sci5ce--:o w\ld p]suade u t good writ+1 t /yle1 is some?+ extr9sic to ! subject1 a k9d ( ornam5tation laid on to tickle ! ta/e1 a /udy = ! dilettante1 b b5ea? ! notice ( _! /]n & mascul9e m9ds4 ,su* a view1 z he ju/ly po9ts out1 belongs r to ! ,ori5tal m9d ?an to our civilisation3 x rem9ds him ( ! way "y g5tlem5 g to "w 9 ! ,ea/ :5 !y w\ld engage 9 correspond5ce ) ! object ( _! affection4 ,! enam\r$ "o _c write a s5t5ce himself3 he is ! speciali/ 9 passion 7= ! mom5t72 b ?\ght & words are two ?+s to him1 & = words he mu/ g to ano!r speciali/1 ! pr(essional lett]-writ]4 ,?us !re is a division ( lab\r4 ,! man ( words1 duly in/ruct$1 dips ! p5 ( desire 9 ! ink ( devot$ness & proce$s to spread x ov] ! page ( desolation4 ,!n ! night+ale ( affection is he>d to w>ble to ! rose ( lovel9ess1 :ile ! breeze ( anxiety plays ar\nd ! br[ ( expectation4 ,t is :at ! ,ea/]ns are said to consid] f9e writ+2 & x seems pretty mu* ! idea ( ! s*ool ( critics to :i* ,i h be5 ref]r+4 ,n[ he> ?is f9e passage3-- ,?\ght & spee* are insep>able f ea* o!r4 ,matt] & expression are p>ts ( "o2 /yle is a ?9k+ out into language4 ,t is :at ,i h be5 lay+ d[n1 & ?is is lit]ature2 n ?+s1 b ! v]bal symbols ( ?+s2 n on ! o!r h& m]e words2 b ?\ghts express$ 9 language4 ,call to m9d1 g5tlem51 ! mean+ ( ! ,greek ^w :i* expresses ?is special pr]ogative ( man ov] ! feeble intellig5ce ( ! l[] animals4 ,x is call$ ,logos2 :at does ,logos mean8 x /&s bo? = reason & = spee*1 & x is difficult to say :i* x means m prop]ly4 ,x means bo? at once3 :y8 because really !y _c be divid$4444 ,:5 we c sep>ate light & illum9ation1 life & motion1 ! convex & ! concave ( a curve1 !n w x be possible = ?\ght to tread spee* "u foot & to hope to d )\t x--!n w x be conceivable t ! vigor\s & f]tile intellect %\ld r5\nce its own d\ble1 its in/rum5t ( expression & ! *annel ( its speculations & emotions4 ',z if1' he exclaims f9ely1 'language 7 ! hir$ s]vant1 ! m]e mi/ress ( reason1 & n ! lawful wife 9 h] own h\se6' ,if y ne$ fur!r argum5t 7b :at s]ves x to slay ! sla987 let me rem9d y t y _c use ! briefe/1 ! humble/ process ( ?\ght1 _c s mu* z resolve to take y\r ba? hot or cold1 or decide :at to ord] = breakfa/1 )\t =eca/+ x to y\rself 9 "s =m ( words4 ,words are1 9 f9e1 ! only curr5cy 9 :i* we c ex*ange ?\ght ev5 ) ourselves4 ,does x n foll[1 !n1 t ! m accurately we use words ! clos] def9ition we %all give to our ?\ghts8 ,does x n foll[ t by drill+ ourselves to write p]spicu\sly we tra9 our m9ds to cl>ify _! ?\ght8 ,does x n foll[ t "s practice 9 ! deft use ( words1 ) its correspond5t def9+ ( ?\ght1 may well be ancill>y ev5 to ! /udy ( ,natural ,sci5ce 9 a ,univ]sity8 ,b ,i h ano!r ^w = our m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 inevitable1 p]haps1 t ,lat9--s long ! ,univ]sal ,language--%\ld cease 9 "t to be t 9 :i* sci5tific works 7 writt54 ,x 0 impossible1 p]haps1 to sub/itute1 by cons5t1 "s equally neat & au/]e mod]n language1 su* z ,fr5*4 ,b :5 x became an accept$ cu/om = ea* nation to use its own language 9 sci5tific treatises1 x c]ta9ly 0 n =ese5 t m5 ( sci5ce w\ld soon be mak+ discov]ies at a rate :i* left _! skill 9 words out/ripp$2 t hav+ to inv5t _! t]ms z !y w5t along1 yet be+ c>eless & contemptu\s ( a sci5ce 9 :i* !y h no tra9+1 !y w\ld bomba/ out our diction>ies ) mon/r\sly inv5t$ words t n only w\ld h made ,qu9tilian />e & gasp1 b w\ld affront ! dec5tly lit]ate ( any age4 ,aft] all1 & ?\gh we mu/ sigh & acquiesce 9 ! build+ ( ,babel1 we h "s "r to exam9e ! bricks4 ,i 0 wait+1 ! o!r day1 9 a doctor's ant]oom1 & pick$ up "o ( ^? books--x 0 a "w on pa?ology--s ?\ghtfully left ly+ 9 su* places2 to p]suade u1 no d\bt1 to be> ! ills we h r ?an fly to o!rs capable ( be+ illu/rat$4 ,i f\nd myself engag$ 9 foll[+ ! manoeuvres ( c]ta9 well-mean+ bacilli g5]ically describ$ z ',antibodies4' ,i d n accuse ! au?or 7:o seem$ to be a le>n$ man7 ( hav+ inv5t$ ?is abom9able t]m3 app>5tly x pass$ curr5t among physiologi/s & he _h accept$ x = hone/ co94 ,i f\nd x1 lat] on1 9 ,web/]'s invaluable diction>y3 ,etymology1 'anti' up aga9/ 'body'1 "s noxi\s '=eign body' inside y\r body or m9e4 ,n[ g9 a body meet a body = our protection & 9 ?is gallant _s1 ne$ a body rew>d him ) ?is hybrid label8 ,gratitude ap>t1 ,i say t = our own self-respect1 :il/ we reta9 any s5se ( intellectual p$igree1 'antibody' is no ^w to ?r[ at a fri5dly bacillus4 ,is x consonant ) ! high dignity ( sci5ce to make h] talk l a *eap %[man adv]tis+ a 'picture-drome'8 ,! man :o eats peas ) 8 knife c at lea/ claim a hi/orical ?r[back to ! days :5 =ks _h b two prongs & ! spoons _h be5 remov$ ) ! s\p4 ,b 'antibody' has no su* respectable d]ivation4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a b>b>ism1 & a mongrel at t4 ,! man :o uses x debases ! curr5cy ( le>n+3 & ,i sugge/ to y t x is "o ( ! _m functions ( a great ,univ]sity to ma9ta9 ! /&>d ( t curr5cy1 to gu>d ! jus et norma loqu5di1 to protect u f su* ha/y fell[s or1 r1 to supp$itate !m 9 _! ha/e4 ,let me rev]t to our li/ ( ! qualities necess>y to good writ+1 & come to ! la/--,p]suasiv5ess2 ( :i* y may say1 inde$1 t x embraces ! :ole--n only ! qualities ( propriety1 p]spicuity1 accuracy1 we h be5 consid]+1 b _m ano!r1 su* z h>mony1 ord]1 sublimity1 beauty ( diction2 all 9 %ort t--writ+ be+ an art1 n a sci5ce1 & !re=e s p]sonal a ?+--may be summ$ up "u ! ^w ,*>m4 ,:o1 at any rate1 does n seek aft] ,p]suasion8 ,x is ! aim ( all ! arts &1 ,i suppose1 ( all exposition ( ! sci5ces2 nay1 ( all useful ex*ange ( conv]se 9 our daily life4 ,x is :at ,velasquez attempts 9 a picture1 ,euclid 9 a proposition1 ! ,prime ,m9i/] at ! ,treasury box1 ! j\rnali/ 9 a lead+ article1 our ,vic> 9 8 s]mon4 ,p]suasion1 z ,mat!w ,arnold once said1 is ! only true intellectual process4 ,! m]e cult ( x occupi$ _m ( ! be/ intellects ( ! anci5ts1 su* z ,long9us & ,qu9tilian1 ^: writ+s h be5 pres]v$ to u j because !y 7 priz$4 ,nor c ,i imag9e an e>?ly gift m covetable by y1 ,g5tlem51 ?an t ( p]suad+ y\r fell[s to li/5 to y\r views & att5d to :at y h at he>t4 ,suppose1 sir1 t y wi% to become a j\rnali/8 ,well1 & :y n8 ,is x a small ?+ to desire ! p[] ( influ5c+ day by day to bett] citiz5%ip an unguess$ numb] ( m51 us+ ! be/ ?\ght & apply+ x 9 ! be/ language at y\r comm&8444 ,or are y1 p]haps1 ov]aw$ by ! pr9t$ book8 ,on t1 too1 ,i might h a good deal to say2 b = ! mom5t w\ld keep ! "q z practical z ,i c4 ,well1 x is sometimes said t ,ox=d m5 make bett] j\rnali/s ?an ,cambridge m51 & "s attribute ?is to ! discipl9e ( _! great ,s*ool ( ,lit]ae ,humaniores1 :i* obliges !m to br+ up a weekly essay to _! tutor1 :o discusses x4 ,cambridge m5 retort t all ,ox=d m5 are j\rnali/s1 & ?r[1 ( c\rse1 "s acc5t ( scorn on ! ^w4 ,b may ,i urge--& rememb] please t my cr$it is pl$g$ to y n[--may ,i urge t ?is is n a :olly conv9c+ answ]8 ,=1 to beg9 )1 ,ox=d m5 h n *ang$ _! natures s9ce leav+ s*ool1 b are1 by process ^u l9es n widely div]g5t f y\r own1 mu* ! same pleasant s5sible fell[s y rememb]4 ,&1 next1 if y truly despise j\rnalism1 :y !n despise x1 h done ) x & leave x alone4 ,b ,i pray y1 d n despise x if y mean to practise x1 ?\gh x be b z a /ep to some?+ bett]4 ,= :ile ! ways ( art are h>d at ! be/1 !y w break y if y g unsu/a9$ by belief 9 :at y are try+ to d4 ,9 ask+ y to practise ! writt5 ^w1 ,i began ) su* l[ b necess>y ?+s z propriety1 p]spicuity1 accuracy4 ,b p]suasion--! highe/ =m ( p]suasion at any rate--_c be a*iev$ )\t a s5se ( beauty4 ,& n[ ,i %oot a second rapid--,i want y to practise v]se1 & to practise x assidu\sly4444 ,i am q s]i\s4 ,let me rem9d y t1 if !re ev] 0 an anci5t /ate ( :i* we ( ,great ,brita9 h great "r & %\ld h great] ambition to claim ourselves ! spiritual heirs1 t /ate 0 ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,& ( ! ,romans 7:om y w all[ to h be5 a practical p7 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! value !y set ^u acquir+ v]se4 ,to !m x 0 n only 7z ,dr ,johnson said ( ,greek7 'l old lace--y c nev] h too mu* ( x4' ,!y cultivat$ x ) a /raight eye to national improvem5t4 ,among !m1 z a s*ol> rem9d$ u ! o!r day1 y f9d 'an educational sy/em delib]ately & /eadily direct$ t[>ds ! developm5t ( poetical tal5t4 ,!y 7 n a p ( :om we c say1 z we c ( ! ,greeks1 t !y 7 born to art & lit]ature4444 ,! *>act]i/ic ,roman triumphs are ! triumphs ( a mat]ial civilisation4' ,rome's role 9 ! _w 0 '! absorption ( outly+ g5ius4' ,!mselves an unimag9ative race ) a language n too tractable to poetry1 !y made great poetry1 & !y made x ( pati5t set purpose1 ( h>d practice4 ,i %all rev]t to ?is & maybe amplify reasons 9 ano!r lecture4 ,= ! mom5t ,i cont5t myself ) /at+ ! fact t no nation ev] believ$ 9 poetry s deeply z ! ,romans4 ,p]p5d ?is !n1 & d n too ha/ily d]ide my plea t y %\ld practise v]se-writ+4 ,i "k mo/ ( ! objections1 ?\gh ,i may n rememb] all4 ,m$iocribus esse poetis1 etc4--t summ>ises mo/ ( !m3 yet ( an infliction ( mu* bad v]se f y1 if ,i am prep>$ to endure x1 :y %\ld anyone else compla98 ,i say t ! y\? ( a ,univ]sity ought to practise v]se-writ+2 & w try to br+ ?is home to y by an argum5t conv9c+ to me1 ?\gh ,i h nev] se5 x 9 pr9t4 ,:at are ! great poetical names ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s or s8 ,col]idge1 ,wordswor?1 ,byron1 ,%elley1 ,l&or1 ,keats1 ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+1 ,arnold1 ,morris1 ,rossetti1 ,sw9burne--we may /op !re4 ,( ^! all b ,keats1 ,br[n+1 ,rossetti 7 ,univ]sity m52 & ( ^! ?ree ,keats1 :o di$ "y1 cut (f 9 8 prime1 0 ! only "o n fairly well-to-d4 ,x may seem a brutal ?+ to say1 & x is a sad ?+ to say3 b1 z a matt] ( h>d fact1 ! !ory t poetical g5ius bl[e? :]e x li/e?1 & equally 9 poor & ri*1 holds little tru?4 ,z a matt] ( h>d fact1 n9e out ( ^? twelve 7 ,univ]sity m53 :i* means t someh[ or o!r !y procur$ ! means to get ! be/ education ,engl& c give4 ,z a matt] ( h>d fact1 ( ! rema9+ ?ree y "k t ,br[n+ 0 well-to-d1 & ,i *all5ge y t1 if he _h n be5 well-to-d1 he w\ld no m h atta9$ to writ+ ,saul or ,! ,r+ & ! ,book ?an ,rusk9 w\ld h atta9$ to writ+ ,mod]n ,pa9t]s if 8 fa!r _h n dealt prosp]\sly 9 bus9ess4 ,rossetti _h a small private income2 &1 moreov]1 he pa9t$4 ,!re rema9s b ,keats2 :om ,atropos slew "y1 z %e slew ,john ,cl>e 9 a madh\se1 & ,james ,?omson by ! laudanum he took to drug disappo9tm5t4 ,^! are dreadful facts1 b let u face !m4 ,x is--h[ev] di%on\r+ to u z a nation--c]ta9 t1 by "s fault 9 our commonweal?1 ! poor poet has n 9 ^! days1 nor has _h = two hundr$ ye>s1 a dog's *ance4 ,believe me--& ,i h sp5t a great "p ( ! la/ t5 ye>s 9 wat*+ "s #cbj ,elem5t>y ,s*ools--we may prate ( democracy1 b actually a poor *ild 9 ,engl& has little m hope ?an _h ! son ( an ,a!nian slave to be emancipat$ into t intellectual fre$om ( :i* great writ+s are born4 ,:at d ,i argue f ?is8 ,i argue t until we c br+ m intellectual fre$om into our ,/ate1 m 'joy 9 wide/ commonalty spread1' ^u y1 a few fav\r$ ones1 re/s an obligation to see t ! spr+s ( ,engli% poetry d n fail4 ,i put x to y t ( ?is glory ( our bir? & /ate y are ! tempor>y /ew>ds4 ,i put x to ! ,univ]sity1 consid]$ z a disp5s] ( intellectual light1 t to treat ,engli% poetry z ?\gh x _h di$ ) ,t5nyson & y\r lectur]s _h b to compose ! features ( a corpse1 is to abnegate high hope = ! sake ( a b>r5 conv5i5ce4 ,i put x to ! ,colleges1 consid]$ z discipl9>y bodies1 t ! old way ( lett+ ,col]idge slip1 *as+ =? ,%elley1 is1 aft] all1 n ! wise/ way4 ,recollect t 9 ,poesy z 9 e o!r human bus9ess1 ! m !re are :o practise x ! great] w be ! *ance ( someone's rea*+ p]fection4 ,x is ! impetus ( ! undi/+ui%$ ho/ t fl+s =w>d a ,diom$ or a ,hector4 ,& :5 y po9t ) pride to ,milton's & ^? o!r mulb]ry trees 9 y\r ,academe1 be?9k y ',:at poets are !y %ad+ to-day8 ,or are _! leaves b fe$+ worms to sp9 g[ns to drape ,doctors ( ,lett]s8' ,9 ! life ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i y w f9d ?is passage wor? y\r pond]+4--,he is tell+ h[1 :ile giv+ ! la/ t\*es to 8 ,p]seus 9 ! great squ>e ( ,flor5ce1 he & 8 workm5 inhabit$ a %$ built ar\nd ! /atue4 ,he goes on3-- ,! folk kept on atta*+ sonnets to ! po/s ( ! door4444,i believe t1 on ! day :5 ,i op5$ x = a few h\rs to ! public1 m ?an tw5ty 7 nail$ up1 all ( !m ov]fl[+ ) ! highe/ panegyrics4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ,i once m %ut x (f f view1 ev]yone br\ght sonnets1 ) ,lat9 & ,greek v]ses3 = ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa 0 !n 9 vacation1 & all ! doctors & s*ol>s kept vy+ ) ea* o!r :o c\ld produce ! be/4 ,i may n live to see ! doctors & s*ol>s ( ?is ,univ]sity ?us employ+ ! ,long ,vacation2 z p]haps we %all wait "s "t = ano!r ,p]seus to excite !m to x4 ,b ,i d ask y to consid] t ! ,p]seus 0 n entirely cause nor ! sonnets entirely effect2 t ! age :5 m5 are eag] ab\t great "w is ! age :5 great "w gets itself done2 nor ne$ x di/urb u t mo/ ( ! sonnets 71 likely en\gh1 v bad ones--9 ,*>les ,lamb's phrase1 v l :at ,petr>* might h writt5 if ,petr>* _h be5 born a fool4 ,x is ! impetus t ,i ask ( y3 ! w to try4 ,la/ly1 ,g5tlem51 d n set me d[n z "o :o girds at y\r preoccupation1 up "h1 ) bodily games2 =1 inde$1 ,i hold 'gymna/ic' to be necess>y z 'music' 7us+ bo? words 9 ! ,greek s5se7 = ! tra9+ ( su* y\?s z we desire to s5d =? f ,cambridge4 ,b ,i plead t !y %\ld be balanc$1 z !y 7 9 ! p]fect "y knight ) ^: words ,i w conclude to-day3-- ,hav+ ?is day my horse1 my h&1 my lance ,guid$ s well t ,i obta9$ ! prize1 ,bo? by ! judgm5t ( ! ,engli% eyes ,& ( "s s5t by t sweet enemy ,france2 ,horsem5 my skill 9 horseman%ip advance1 ,t[n-folk my /r5g?1 a da9ti] judge applies ,8 praise to sleight :i* f good use do? rise2 ,"s lucky wits impute x b to *ance2 ,o!rs1 because ( bo? sides ,i d take ,my blood f !m :o did excel 9 ?is1 ,?9k ,nature me a man-at-arms did make4 ,h[ f> !y %ot awry6 ! true cause is1 ,/ella look$ on2 & f h] heav5ly face ,s5t =? ! beams :i* made s fair my race4 ',untrue1' y say8 ,well1 !re is tru? ( emotion z well z ( fact2 & :o is !re among y b w\ld fa9 be able n only to w9 su* a gu]don b to lay x 9 su* wise at y\r lady's feet8 ,t !n 0 ,philip ,sidney1 call$ ! pe]less "o ( 8 age2 & p]haps no ,engli%man ev] liv$ m graci\sly or1 hav+ us$ life1 made a bett] end4 ,b y h se5 ?is morn+'s newspap]3 y h read ( ,capta9 ,scott & 8 comrades1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! dea? ( ,capta9 ,oates2 & y "k t ! bre$ ( ,sidney is n ext9ct4 ,g5tlem51 let u keep our language noble3 = we /ill h h]oes to commemorate6#a ,footnote #a3 ,! date ( ! above lecture 0 ,w$nesday1 ,febru>y #ab?1 #aiac1 ! date on :i* our morn+ newspap]s pr9t$ ! fir/ telegrams giv+ p>ticul>s ( ! fate ( ,capta9 ,scott's h]oic conque/ ( ! ,s\? ,pole1 & /ill m glori\s1 ?\gh defeat$1 return4 ,! fir/ brief message conc]n+ ,capta9 ,oates1 ran z foll[s3-- ',f ! records f\nd 9 ! t5t :]e ! bodies 7 discov]$ x appe>$ t ,capta9 ,oates's feet & h&s 7 badly fro/-bitt51 &1 al?\gh he /ruggl$ on h]oically1 8 comrades knew on ,m>* #af t 8 end 0 approa*+4 ,he _h borne int5se suff]+ = weeks )\t compla9t1 & he did n give up hope to ! v end4 ,he 0 a brave s\l4 ,he slept ?r\gh ! night hop+ n to wake2 b he awoke 9 ! morn+4 ,x 0 bl[+ a blizz>d4 ,oates said3 ',i am j go+ outside1 & ,i may be "s "t4' ,he w5t out into ! blizz>d1 & we h n se5 him s9ce4 ,we knew t ,oates 0 walk+ to 8 dea?1 b ?\gh we tri$ to dissuade him1 we knew x 0 ! act ( a brave man & an ,engli% g5tleman4' ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,v]se ,,& ,,prose ,w$nesday1 ,febru>y #bf ,y w =give me1 ,g5tlem51 t hav+ 9 my second lecture enc\rag$ y to ! practice ( v]se z well z ( prose1 ,i seize ! v next opportunity to w>n y aga9/ confus+ ! two1 :i* diff] on "s po9ts ess5tially1 & always s z to dem& sep>ate rules--or r 7s9ce ,i am %y ( ! ^w 'rules'7 a diff]5t concept ( :at ! writ] %\ld aim at & :at avoid4 ,b y mu/1 pray1 und]/& t :at foll[s w be m useful to ! tiro 9 prose ?an to ! tiro 9 v]se2 = :ile ev5 a lectur] may help y to avoid writ+ prose 9 ! mann] ( ,milton1 only ! gods--& !y h>dly--c cure a v]sifi] ( be+ prosaic4 ,we />t$ ^u a promise to d )\t sci5tific def9itions2 & 9 draw+ "s di/9ctions to-day betwe5 v]se & prose ,i %all use only a few r\gh ones2 good1 z ,i hope1 s f> z !y g2 n to be f\nd contr>y to y\r sci5tific ones1 if ev]1 "u ano!r tea*] y atta9 to !m2 yet = ! mom5t us$ only z guides to practice1 & pret5d+ to be no m4 ,?us ,i g "s way--?\gh by no means all ! way--t[>ds def9+ lit]ature :5 ,i rem9d y t its v "n 7litt]ae--lett]s7 implies ! writt5 r ?an ! spok5 ^w2 t1 = example1 h[ev] closely !y approximate "o to ! o!r z we trace !m back1 & ev5 ?\gh we trace !m back to id5tical beg9n+s1 ! ,writ]--! ,man ( ,lett]s--does to-day diff] f ! ,orator4 ,!re 0 a "t1 z y "k1 :5 ! poet & ! hi/orian _h no less ?an ! orator1 & 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 to 'get a he>+4' ,nay1 he got x ) m pa9s3 = ! orator _h 8 s5ate-h\se or 8 law-c\rt provid$1 :]eas ,!spis jogg$ to fairs 9 a c>t1 & ! ,muse ( ,hi/ory1 l any /reet acrobat1 _h to collect h] own cr[d4 ,h]odotus 9 se>* ( a public pack$ 8 hi/ory 9 a portmanteau1 c>t$ x to ,olympia1 f\nd a fav\rable 'pit*1' z we %\ld say1 & woo$ an audi5ce to him mu* z on a racec\rse n[adays d ^? philan?ropic g5tlem5 :o ply a dubi\s trade ) ?ree half-cr[ns & a gold *a94 ,x w\ld co/ u an ef=t to imag9e ! late ,bi%op ,/ubbs ?us try+ 8 =tune ) a bag full ( select ,*>t]s at ,que5's ,club or at ,kempton ,p>k1 & ex]t+ 8 lungs to retrieve a cr[d t %[$ "s disposition to edge (f t[>ds ! r+ or ! rails4 ,! hi/orian's conditions h improv$2 & l any o!r s5sible man he has advanc$ 8 claim ) !m1 & revis$ 8 me?od4 ,he writes n[adays ) 8 eye on ! pr9t$ book4 ,he may or may n be a dull fell[3 be+ a dull fell[1 he may or may n be aw>e ( x2 b at lea/ he kn[s t1 if y lay him upside d[n on y\r knee1 y c on awak+ pick him up1 resume y\r absorption1 & ev5 turn back "s pages to discov] j :]e or :y y\r int]e/ flagg$3 :]eas a ,hell5e :o des]t$ ,h]odotus1 hav+ a bet on ! ,p5ta?lon1 n only miss$ :at he miss$ b miss$ x = life4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t1 ( c\rse1 has made all1 or almo/ all1 ! diff]5ce4 ,i d n =get t ! pr9t$ book--! writt5 ^w--presupposes a speak+ voice1 & mu/ ev] h at its back "s s5se 9 u ( ! speak+ voice4 ,b 9 writ+ prose n[adays1 :ile always recollect+ t prose has its orig9 9 spee*--ev5 z x behoves u to recollect t ,hom] inton$ ! ,iliad to ! h>p & ,sappho pluck$ h] passion f ! lyre--we h to take ?+s z !y are4 ,except ,burns1 ,he9e1 ,b]ang] 7) ,moore1 if y w71 & y w f9d x h>d to compile 9 all ! lyrical poetry ( ! la/ #aej ye>s a li/ ( half a doz5 fir/-class or ev5 second-class b>ds :o wrote prim>ily to be sung4 ,x may help y to e/imate h[ f> lyrical v]se has travell$ f its orig9s if y w b rem9d y\rselves t a sonnet & a sonata 7 once ! same ?+1 & t a ballad meant a song accompani$ by danc+--! ^w ballata hav+ be5 specialis$ d[n1 on ! "o l9e to ! ballet1 9 :i* ,mademoiselle ,g5ee or ! ,russian p]=m]s w dance = our delight1 us+ no words at all2 on ! o!r to ,sir ,patrick ,sp5s or ,cl]k ,saund]s1 'ballads' to :i* no "o 9 8 s5ses w\ld dream ( po9t+ a toe4 ,?us ) ,v]se ! writt5 7or pr9t$7 ^w has pretty ?or\ghly ou/$ ! speak+ voice & its auxili>ies--! pipe1 ! lute1 ! tabor1 ! *orus ) its dance movem5ts & sway+ ( ! body2 & 9 a quiet] way mu* ! same ?+ is happ5+ to prose4 ,9 ! ,drama1 to be sure1 we /ill write 7or we %\ld7 = ! actors1 reckon ^u _! intonations1 _! ge/ures1 lay acc\nt ) ! te>s 9 ! h]o9e's eyes & h] visible beauty3 ?\gh ev5 9 ! ,drama to-day y may detect a t5d5cy to sub/itute dialectic = action & p>agraphs = ! ,greek3 ,/i*omu?ia1 ! %>p outcries ( passion 9 its give-&-take4 ,aga9 we /ill--"s ( u--deliv] s]mons f pulpits & orations 9 ,p>liam5t or ^u public plat=ms4 ,yet ,i am told t ! vogue ( ! s]mon is pass+2 & 7by j\rnali/s7 t ! lead+ article has l>gely sup]s$$ x4 ,on t po9t ,i c (f] y no p]sonal evid5ce2 b ( civil oratory ,i am v sure t ! :ole pit* has be5 s5sibly l[]$ s9ce ! day ( ,*a?am1 ,burke1 ,%]idan2 s9ce ! day ( ,br\gham & ,cann+2 nay1 ev] s9ce ! day ( ,bright1 ,glad/one1 ,disraeli4 ,burke1 z ev]yone kn[s1 once br\ght d[n a ,brummagem dagg] & ca/ x on ! floor ( ! ,h\se4 ,"l ,*ancellor ,br\gham 9 a p]oration once knelt to ! assembl$ pe]s1 ',"h ! noble "l incl9$ 8 knee to ! ,woolsack' is1 if ,i rememb]1 ! /age direction 9 ,hans>d4 ,g5tlem51 ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( de/9y "o or ano!r ( y may be call$ ^u to speak dagg]s to ! ,treasury ,b5*1 ,i feel sure y w use none2 :ile1 z = ,"l ,br\gham's g5uflexions1 we may agree t to emulate !m w\ld co/ ,"l ,haldane an ef=t4 ,^! & ev5 f> less flagrant or flamboyant tricks ( virtuosity h gone q out ( fa%ion4 ,y c\ld h>dly revive !m to-day & keep t propriety to :i* ,i exhort$ y a =tnight ago4 ,!y w\ld be out ( tune2 !y w\ld grate ^u ! n]ves2 !y w\ld (f5d aga9/ ! :ole /yle ( mod]n oratory1 :i* /eadily t5ds to l[] its key1 to use ! note ( quiet bus9ess-l exposition1 to adopt m & m ! /yle ( writt5 prose4 ,let me help y\r s5se ( ?is *ange1 by a fur!r illu/ration4 ,burke1 z we "k1 0 nev] %y ( declaim+--ev5 ( declaim+ 9 a torr5t--:5 he /ood up to speak3 b almo/ z little 0 he %y ( x :5 he sat d[n to write4 ,if y turn to 8 ,lett]s on ! ,regicide ,peace --no raw compositions1 b p5n$ 9 8 latt] days & clos+1 or almo/ clos+1 ^u t t5d]e/ ( f>ewells to 8 c\ntry-- ,9 ?is good old ,h\se1 :]e ev]y?+ at lea/ is well air$1 ,i %all be cont5t to put up my fatigu$ horses & "h take a b$ = ! long night t beg9s to d>k5 ^u me-- if1 ,i say1 y turn to ^! ,lett]s on ! ,regicide ,peace & consult ! title-page1 y w f9d !m o/5sibly address$ to 'a ,memb] ( ! pres5t ,p>liam5t'2 & ! op5+ p>agraphs assume t ,burke & 8 correspond5t are 9 g5]al agreem5t4 ,b skim ! pages & y\r eyes w be arre/$ aga9 & aga9 by s5t5ces l ^!3-- ,! calculation ( pr(it 9 all su* w>s is false4 ,on balanc+ ! acc\nt ( su* w>s1 t5 ?\s& hog%eads ( sug> are pur*as$ at t5 ?\s& times _! price--! blood ( man %\ld nev] be %$ b to r$eem ! blood ( man4 ,x is well %$ = our family1 = our fri5ds1 = our ,god1 = our c\ntry1 = our k9d4 ,! re/ is vanity2 ! re/ is crime4 ,magnific5t1 truly6 ,b y\r e> has d\btless detect$ ! blank v]se--?ree iambic l9es3-- ,are pur*as$ at t5 ?\s& times _! price444 ,be %$ b to r$eem ! blood ( man444 ,! re/ is vanity2 ! re/ is crime4 ,aga9 ,burke cat*es y\r eye by rhetorical inv]sions3-- ,b too (t5 diff]5t is rational conjecture f melan*oly fact1 ,well is x kn[n t ambition c creep z well z so>1 by repetitions3-- ,nev]1 no nev]1 did ,nature say "o ?+ & ,wisdom say ano!r 444 ,algi]s is n ne>2 ,algi]s is n p[]ful2 ,algi]s is n our neighb\r2 ,algi]s is n infecti\s4 ,algi]s1 :atev] x may be1 is an old creation2 & we h good data to calculate all ! mis*ief to be appreh5d$ f x4 ,:5 ,i f9d ,algi]s transf]r$ to ,calais1 ,i w tell y :at ,i ?9k ( t po9t-- by quick /accato utt]ances1 su* z3-- ,& is ?is example no?+8 ,x is ev]y?+4 ,example is ! s*ool ( mank9d1 & !y w le>n at no o!r-- or ,our dignity8 ,t is gone4 ,i %all say no m ab\t x4 ,light lie ! e>? on ! a%es ( ,engli% pride6 ,i say t ! eye or e>1 caught by su* tropes1 mu/ 7if x be critical7 recognise !m at once z rhetoric1 z ! spok5 ^w masqu]ad+ "u guise ( ! writt54 ,burke may pret5d to be seat$1 p5n+ a lett] to a wor?y man :o w read x 9 8 slipp]s3 b actually ,burke is up & pac+ 8 libr>y at ,beaconsfield1 n[ /rid+ f fire-place to w9d[ ) h&s clasp$ "u 8 coat tails1 anon paus+ to fl+ out an arm ) "s famili> accu/om$ ge/ure 9 a ,h\se ( ,commons t kn[s him no m1 t[>ds a ,front ,b5* peopl$ by %ades4 ,9 f9e ! pret5ce is ,cic]o writ+ to ,atticus1 b ! /yle is ,cic]o d5\nc+ ,catil9e4 ,z su* x is n = y\r imitation4 ,burke happ5$ to be a g5ius1 ) a swoop & range ( m9d1 z ( language to int]pret x1 ) a gift to en*ant1 a p[] to /rike & a/\nd1 :i* toge!r make him1 to my ?9k+1 ! man 9 our lit]ature mo/ ne>ly comp>able ) ,%akespe>e4 ,o!rs may be m to y\r ta/e2 y may love o!rs bett]3 b no o!r two leave y s hopeless ( discov]+ h[ x is done4 ,yet n = ?is reason only w\ld ,i w>n y aga9/ imitat+ ei!r4 ,= l all great arti/s !y accept$ _! conditions & wr\ght = !m1 & ^? conditions h *ang$4 ,:5 ,jacques wi%$ to recite to an ,elizabe?an audi5ce t ,all ! _w's a /age1 ,& all ! m5 & wom5 m]ely play]s-- or ,hamlet to soliloquise ,to be1 or n to be3 t is ! "q-- ! "o did n /ret* himself "u a prop]ty oak1 nor did ! o!r ca/ himself back 9 a *air & dangle 8 legs4 ,!y bo? advanc$ boldly f ! /age1 d[n a n>r[ plat=m provid$ = su* recitations & = t purpose built boldly =w>d into ! auditorium1 /ruck an attitude1 declaim$ ! purple passage1 & return$1 cov]$ ) applause1 to cont9ue ! action ( ! play4 ,?is 0 ! !atrical conv5tion2 ?is ! audi5ce expect$ & und]/ood2 = ?is ,%akespe>e wrote4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh ! device mu/ h be5 we>+ ?9 ev5 9 #agie-f1 ,burke ca/ a famili> epi/le into language prop] to be address$ to ,mr ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,%akespe>e wrote1 z ,burke wrote1 = 8 audi5ce2 & _! glory is t !y h outla/$ ! conditions !y obs]v$4 ,yet x 0 by obs]v+ !m t !y ga9$ ! _w's e>4 ,let u1 :o are less ?an !y1 bew>e ( scorn+ to belong to our own "t4 ,= my "p ,i h a great hank]+ to see ,engli% ,lit]ature feel+ back ?r\gh ^! old modes to its orig9s4 ,i ?9k1 = example1 t if we /udi$ to write v]se t c\ld really be sung1 or if we 7 m /udi\s to write prose t c\ld be read al\d ) pleasure to ! e>1 we %\ld be op5+ ! pores to ! anci5t sap2 s9ce ! roots are always ! roots1 & we c only re9vigorate our gr[? ?r\gh !m4 ,unhappily1 h[ev]1 ,i _c prea* ?is j yet2 = we are aim+ at practice1 & at ,cambridge 7!y tell me7 :ile y speak well1 y write less exp]tly4 ,a contributor to ,! ,cambridge ,review1 a =tnight ago1 lam5t$ ?is at l5g?3 s y w n set ! asp]sion d[n to me1 nor blame me if ^! e>ly lectures too (fici\sly (f] a k9d ( ',fir/ ,aid'3 t1 :ile all ! "t eag] to descant on ! aff9ities ( spee* & writ+1 ,i dwell fir/ on _! diff]5ces2 or t1 9 speak+ ( ,burke1 an au?or ,i adore only 'on ?is side idolatry1' ,i fir/ pres5t him 9 "s aspects = y\r avoidance4 ,simil>ly ,i adore ! prose ( ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 yet %\ld no m comm5d x to y = in/ant imitation ?an ,i c\ld enc\rage y to walk ) a fea!r 9 y\r cap & a sword "u y\r g[n4 ,let u obs]ve proprieties4 ,to return to ,burke4--,at 8 mo/ flagrant1 9 ^! ,lett]s on ! ,regicide ,peace1 he boldly raids ,%akespe>e4 ,y are all1 ,i d\bt n1 conv]sant ) ! ,prologue to ,h5ry ! ,fif?3-- ,o = a ,muse ( fire1 t w\ld asc5d ,! brighte/ heav5 ( inv5tion6 ,a k+dom = a /age1 pr9ces to act ,& mon>*s to behold ! swell+ sc5e6 ,!n %\ld ! w>like ,h>ry1 l himself1 ,assume ! port ( ,m>s3 & at 8 heels1 ,lea%'d 9 l h\nds1 %\ld ,fam9e1 ,sword & ,fire ,cr\* = employm5t4 ,well1 ?is passage ,burke1 assum+ 8 correspond5t to be famili> ) x1 boldly claps into prose & ins]ts into a long diatribe aga9/ ,pitt = hav+ tamely submitt$ to ! rebuffs ( ! ,fr5* ,directory4 ,?us x becomes3-- ,on t day x 0 ?\ght he w\ld h assum$ ! port ( ,m>s3 t he w\ld bid to be br\ght =? f _! hide\s ,k5nel 7:]e 8 scrupul\s t5d]ness _h too long immur$ !m7 ^? impati5t dogs ( ,w>1 ^: fi]ce reg>ds affright ev5 ! m9i/] ( v5geance t fe$s !m2 t he w\ld let !m loose 9 ,fam9e1 ,plagues & ,dea?1 ^u a guilty race to ^: frame & to all ^: habit1 ,ord]1 ,peace1 ,religion & ,virtue1 are ali5 & abhorr5t4 ,n[ ,%akespe>e is b apologis+ = ! %ortcom+s ( 8' play-h\se1 :]eas ,burke is d5\nc+ 8 c\ntry's %ame & prophesy+ disa/] to ,europe4 ,yet d y n feel ) me t :ile ,%akespe>e1 us+ great words on ! l[li] subject1 contrives to make !m appropriate1 ) ,burke1 writ+ on ! l(ti] subject1 ! same or simil> words h become tumid1 turgid8 ,:y8 ,i am sure t ! diff]5ce lies n 9 ! two m53 nor is x all ! secret1 or ev5 half ! secret1 t ,burke is mix+ up ! spok5 ) ! writt5 ^w1 us+ ! "o :ile pret5d+ to use ! o!r4 ,t has c>ri$ u "s way2 b n[ let u take an important /ep f>!r4 ,! root ( ! matt] lies 9 c]ta9 ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 v]se & prose4 ,we w keep1 if y please1 to our r\gh practical def9itions4 ,lit]ature--! writt5 ^w--is a p]man5t record ( memorable spee*2 a record1 at any rate1 int5d$ to be p]man5t4 ,we set a ?+ d[n 9 ink--we pr9t x 9 a book--because we feel x to be memorable1 to be wor? pres]v+4 ,b to set ?is memorable spee* d[n we mu/ *oose "o ( two =ms1 v]se or prose2 & ,i def9e v]se to be a record 9 metre & rhy?m1 prose to be a record :i*1 disp5s+ ) metre 7abhorr+ x inde$71 uses rhy?m laxly1 pref]r+ x to be v>i\s & uncon/ra9$1 s always t x convey a c]ta9 pleasure to ! e>4 ,y obs]ve t ,i avoid ! t]m ,poetry1 ov] :i* ! critics h wag$1 & /ill are wag+1 a w> t promises to be endless4 ,is ,walt ,:itman a poet8 ,is ! ,song ( ,songs 7:i* is n ,solomon's7--is ! ,book ( ,job--are ! ,psalms--all ( ^! z r5d]$ 9 our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ,holy ,writ--are all ( ^! poetry8 ,well 'yes1' if y want my op9ion2 & aga9 'yes1' ,i am sure4 ,b truly on ?is field1 ?\gh scores ( great m5 h f\ght across x--,sidney1 ,%elley1 ,col]idge1 ,scalig] 7,i p\r ! names on y at r&om71 ,johnson1 ,wordswor?1 ! two ,s*legels1 ,ari/otle ) ,tw9+ 8 translator1 ,corneille1 ,goe!1 ,w>ton1 ,:ately1 ,hazlitt1 ,em]son1 ,hegel1 ,gumm]e--b our axles gr[ hot4 ,let u put on ! brake3 = 9 practice ! dispute comes to v little3 s9ce lit]ature is an art & treats sci5tific def9itions z ,j4 ,k4 ,/eph5 recomm5d$4 ,f !m ,x f9ds out :at x _c d1 ,& !n x goes & does x4 ,i am j\rney+1 say1 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&4 ,i cross a bridge ov] a /ream divid+ ,devon f ,cornwall4 ,^! two c\nties1 ea* beautiful 9 its way1 are q unlike 9 _! beauty3 yet no?+ happ5$ z ,i /epp$ across ! brook1 & = a mile or two or ev5 t5 ,i am aw>e ( no *ange4 ,soon] or lat] t *ange w break ^u ! m9d & ,i %all be />tl$1 awak+ sudd5ly to a l& ( alt]$ features4 ,b at :at turn ( ! road ?is w happ51 j h[ long ! small multipli$ impressions w take to break into surmise1 into conviction--t nobody c tell4 ,s x is ) poetry & prose4 ,!y are diff]5t realms1 b betwe5 !m lies a debatable l& :i* a ,de ,qu9cey or a ,:itman or a ,paul ,=t or a ,m>9etti may attempt4 ,i advise y :o are beg9n]s to keep well "o side or o!r ( ! fronti]1 rememb]+ t !re is pl5ty ( room & :at happ5$ to ,tupp]4 ,if we re/rict ourselves to ! t]ms 'v]se' & 'prose1' we %all f9d ! l9e mu* easi] to draw4 ,v]se is memorable spee* set d[n 9 metre ) /rict rhy?ms2 prose is memorable spee* set d[n )\t con/ra9t ( metre & 9 rhy?ms bo? lax & v>i\s--s lax1 s v>i\s1 t until q rec5tly no real attempt has be5 made to r$uce !m to rule4 ,i d\bt1 = my "p1 if !y c ev] be r$uc$ to rule2 & aft] a p]usal ( ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury's late/ "w1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,prose ,rhy?m1 ,i am left d\bt+4 ,i comm5d ?is book to y z "o t cle>s up l>ge pat*es ( =e/4 ,no "o has yet s well expla9$ :at our prose writ]s1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 h tri$ to d ) prose3 & he has1 by ! way1 furni%$ u ) a capital an?ology--or1 z he puts x1 ) 'div]s delectable draughts ( example4' ,b ! road /ill waits to be driv54 ,seek+ practical guidance--help = our pres5t purpose--,i note fir/ t _m a passage he scans 9 "o way may z readily be scann$ 9 ano!r2 t :5 he has f9i%$ ) "o & c say pr\dly ) ,wordswor?3-- ,i've measur$ x f side to side1 ',tis ?ree feet long & two feet wide1 we /ill h a s5sation ( com+ out 7our good ma/] ) u7 by t same door :]e9 we w5t2 & ,i _c z yet aft] ardu\s trial discov] mu* pr(it 9 8 table ( feet--,paeons1 ,do*miacs1 ,antispa/s1 ,proceleusmatics & ! re/--an ,antispa/ be+ b an iamb foll[$ by a tro*ee1 & ,proceleusmatic b two pyrrhics1 or f\r consecutive %ort syllables--:5 ,i reflect t1 y\r possible numb] ( syllables be+ z _m z five to a foot1 y may label !m 7z ,ari/otle w\ld say7 until y come to inf9ity1 :]e desire fails1 )\t gett+ ne>] any rule ( application4 ,let u respect a g5u9e ef=t ( le>n+1 ?\gh we may n detect its imm$iate pr(it4 ,9 p>ticul> let u respect :atev] ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury writes1 :o has done su* spl5did "w ^u ,engli% v]se-prosody4 ,i d>esay he w\ld retort ^u my impati5ce gr&ly en\gh1 quot+ ,walt ,:itman3-- ,i am ! tea*] ( a?letes2 ,he t by me spreads a wid] brea/ ?an my own proves ! wid? ( my own2 ,he mo/ hon\rs my /yle :o le>ns "u x to de/roy ! tea*]4 ,8 speculations may lead to mu* 9 "t2 ?\gh = ! pres5t !y yield u small in/ruction 9 ! pa? we seek4 ,x is "t we h>k$ back to our own sign-po/s4 ,v]se is writt5 9 metre & /rict rhy?m2 prose1 )\t metre & ) ! free/ possible rhy?m4 ,t di/9ction seems simple en\gh1 b x c>ries consequ5ces v f> f simple4 ,let me give y an illu/ration tak5 almo/ at haz>d f ,milton1 f ! ,second ,book ( ,p>adise ,rega9$3-- ,up to a hill anon 8 /eps he re>$ ,f ^: high top to k5 ! prospect r\nd1 ,if cottage 7 9 view1 %eep-cote or h]d2 ,b cottage1 h]d1 or %eep-cote1 none he saw4 ,^! few l9es are v]se1 are obvi\sly v]se ) ! acc5t ( poetry2 :ile z obvi\sly !y are m]e n>rative & tell u ( ! simple/ possible incid5t--h[ ,*ri/ climb$ a hill to le>n :at c\ld be se5 f ! top4 ,yet obs]ve1 l9e = l9e & almo/ ^w = ^w1 h[ /rangely !y diff] f prose4 ,m>k ! inv]sions3 ',up to a hill anon 8 /eps he re>$1' ',b cottage1 h]d1 or %eep-cote1 none he saw4' ,m>k next ! diction--'8 /eps he re>$4' ,9 prose we %\ld n re> our /eps up ! ,gog-magog hills1 or ev5 m ,alp9e fa/nesses2 nor1 arriv$ at ! top1 %\ld we 'k5' ! prospect r\nd2 we might 'con1' b %\ld m probably 'survey' x4 ,ev5 'anon' is a tricky ^w 9 prose1 ?\gh ,i delib]ately palm$ x (f on y a few m9utes ago4 ,m>k ?irdly ! v>i$ repetition1 'if cottage 7 9 view1 %eep-cote or h]d--b cottage1 h]d1 or %eep-cote1 none he saw4' ,la/ly comp>e ! :ole ) su* an acc\nt z y or ,i or ,cluvi5us w\ld write 9 pla9 prose3-- ,!reupon he climb$ a hill on ! *ance t ! view f its summit might disclose "s sign ( human habitation--a h]d1 a %eep-cote1 a cottage p]haps4 ,b he c\ld see no?+ ( ! sort4 ,b y w ask1 ',:y %\ld v]se & prose employ diction s diff]5t8 ,:y %\ld ! "o inv]t ! ord] ( words 9 a fa%ion n p]mitt$ to ! o!r8' & ,i %all endeav\r to answ] ^! que/ions toge!r ) a ?ird :i*1 ,i d>e say1 y h sometimes be5 m9d$ to put :5 y h be5 told--& tru?fully told--by y\r manuals & hi/ories1 t :5 a nation ( m5 />ts mak+ lit]ature x inv>iably />ts on ! difficult emprise ( v]se1 & goes on to prose z by an aft]?\ght4 ,:y %\ld m5 />t ^u ! m difficult =m & proce$ to ! easi]8 ,x is n _! usual way4 ,9 le>n+ to skate1 = in/ance1 !y d n cut figures be=e practis+ loose & easy propulsion4 ,! answ] is fairly simple4 ,lit]ature 7once m7 is a record ( memorable spee*2 x pres]ves 9 words a record ( su* ?\ghts or ( su* de$s z we deem wor? pres]v+4 ,n[ if y w imag9e y\rself a v primitive man1 lack+ pap] or p>*m5t2 or a slightly less primitive1 b v poor1 man to :om ! price ( p>*m5t & ink is prohibitive2 y h two ways ( go+ to "w4 ,y c c>ve y\r words ^u trees or /ones 7a labori\s process7 or y c commit !m to memory & c>ry !m ab\t 9 y\r head2 :i* is *eap] & h&i]4 ,= an illu/ration1 y f9d x useful1 anticipat+ ! tax-collector1 to "k h[ _m days !re are 9 ! curr5t mon?4 ,b fur!r y f9d x a nuisance & a ru9\s wa/e ( "t to run (f to ! tribal tree or monoli? :5ev] ! calculation comes up2 s y inv5t a =mula1 & y ca/ t =mula into v]se = ! simple reason t v]se1 ) its tags1 allit]ations1 beat ( syllables1 j+le ( rhymes 7h[ev] y\r tribe has *os5 to inv5t x71 has a knack1 n possess$ by prose1 ( /ick+ 9 y\r head4 ,y d n say1 ',quick ?y tablets1 memory6 ,let me see--,janu>y has #ca days1 ,febru>y #bh days1 ,m>* #ca days1 ,april #cj days4' ,y inv5t a v]se3-- ,?irty days ha? ,septemb]1 ,april1 ,june & ,novemb]444 ,nay1 x has be5 :isp]$ to me1 ,g5tlem51 t 9 ?is ,univ]sity "s su* process ( memoris+ 9 v]se has be5 appli$ by bold bad irrev]5tly-m9d$ m5 ev5 to ! ,evid5ces ( our *]i%$ ,paley4 ,?is1 y w say1 is m]e v]se1 & n yet )9 measurable di/ance ( poetry4 ,b wait6 ,! m5 :o said ! m memorable ?+s1 or sang !m--! m5 :o rec\nt$ de$s & g5ealogies ( h]oes1 plagues & fam9es1 assass9ations1 escapes f captivity1 w&]+s & conque/s ( ! clan1 all ! 'old1 unhappy1 f>-(f ?+s & battles long ago'--! m5 :o sang ^! ?+s = _! liv+1 = a supp]1 a b$ 9 ! great hall1 & some?+ 9 _! wallet to c>ry !m on to ! next lord%ip--^! 7 g5tlem51 scops1 b>ds1 m9/rels 7call !m h[ y w71 a pr(essional class :o _h great ne$ ( a full rep]tory 9 a l& sw>m+ ) petty *iefta9s1 & to adapt _! /ra9s to ! p>ticul> hall ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,x w\ld nev] d1 = example1 to flatt] ! pr[ess ( ! ,bill+s 9 ! h\se ( ! ,hopp+s1 _! h]$it>y foes1 or to bore ! ,wok+s 7:o liv$ :]e ! crematorium n[ is7 ) ! complicat$ g5ealogy ( ! ,toot+s3 = ?is w\ld h be5 to miss t appropriat5ess :i* ,i prea*$ to y 9 my second lecture z a prelim9>y rule ( good writ+4 ,nay1 :5 ! ,bill+s int]m>ri$ ) ! ,toot+s--:5 ! ,bill+s took to coo+1 s to speak--a ha/y bl5d ( exc]pts w\ld be requir$ = ! ,epi?alamium4 ,s x 0 all a highly difficult bus9ess1 ne$+ adaptability1 a quick wit1 a goodly /ock ( songs1 a ret5tive memory & e artifice to assi/ x4 ,take ,widsi?1 = example1 ! 'f>-travell$ man4' ,he beg9s3-- ,widsi? spake3 he unlock$ 8 ^w-ho>d4 ,s he _h a ho>d ( words1 y see3 & he mu/ h ne$$ !m1 = he goes on3-- ,=?on ic maeg s+an & secgan spell1 ,ma5an =e m5go 9 meoduhealle1 ,hu me cynegode cy/um doht54 ,ic waes mid ,hunum & mid ,hre?-gotum1 ,mid ,sweom & mid ,geatum1 & mid ,su?-,d5um4 ,mid ,w5lum ic waes & mid ,wa]num & mid ,wic+um4 ,mid ,gef?um ic waes & mid ,w9$um4444 7,!re=e ,i c s+ & tell a tale1 rec\nt 9 ! ,mead ,hall1 h[ m5 ( high race gave ri* gifts to me4 ,i 0 ) ,huns & ) ,hre? ,go?s1 ) ! ,sw$es1 & ) ! ,geats1 & ) ! ,s\? ,danes2 ,i 0 ) ! ,w5las1 & ) ! ,wa]nas1 & ) ! ,vik+s2 ,i 0 ) ! ,gef?as & ) ! ,w9$ae44447 & s on = a full doz5 l9es4 ,i say t ! memory ( su* m5 mu/ h ne$$ e artifice to help x3 & ! *ief artifice to _! h& 0 "o :i* also delight$ ! e>s ( _! li/5]s4 ,!y sang or inton$ to ! h>p4 ,!re y get x1 ,g5tlem54 ,i h purposely1 skimm+ a wide subject1 disc>d$ mu* balla/2 b y may read & scan & read aga91 & always y mu/ come back to ?is1 t ! fir/ poets sang _! words to ! h>p or to "s su* in/rum5t3 & j !re lies ! secret :y poetry diff]s f prose4 ,! mom5t y introduce music y let 9 emotion ) all its sway ^u spee*4 ,f t mom5t y *ange ev]y?+1 d[n to ! ord] ( ! words--! natural ord] ( ! words3 & 7rememb] ?is7 ?\gh ! h>p be sup]s$$1 ! voice nev] =gets x4 ,y may take up a ,b>rack ,room ,ballad ( ,kipl+'s1 & x is !re1 ?\gh y affect to despise x = a banjo or conc]t9a3-- ,=d--=d--=d ( ,kabul riv]444 ',bang1 :ang1 :ang goes ! drum1 tootle-te-tootle ! fife4' ,f ! mom5t m5 introduc$ music !y made v]se a ?+ ess5tially sep>ate f prose1 f its natural key ( emotion to its natural ord]+ ( words4 ,d n = "o mom5t imag9e t :5 ,milton writes3-- ,b cottage1 h]d1 or %eep-cote1 none he saw4 or ,( man's fir/ disob$i5ce & ! fruit ,( t =bidd5 tree444 --:]e y mu/ seek d[n five l9es be=e y come to ! v]b1 & !n f9d x 9 ! imp]ative mood--d n suppose = a mom5t t he is "h fanta/ically %ift+ words1 inv]t+ phrases out ( _! natural ord]4 ,=1 z ,/ ,paul might say1 !re is a natural ord] ( prose & !re is a natural ord] ( v]se4 ,! natural ord] ( prose is3-- ,i 0 born 9 ! ye> #afcb1 9 ! ,city ( ,york1 ( a good family1 ?\gh n ( t c\nty2 my fa!r be+ a =eign] ( ,brem51 :o settl$ fir/ 9 ,hull4--,defoe4 or ,fur!r ,i av[ to y\r ,highness t ) ^! eyes ,i h beheld ! p]son ( ,william ,wooton1 ,b4,d41 :o has writt5 a good sizeable volume aga9/ a fri5d ( y\r ,gov]nor 7f :om1 alas6 he mu/ !re=e look = little fav\r7 9 a mo/ g5tlemanly /yle1 adorn$ ) ! utmo/ polit5ess & civility4--,swift4 ,! natural ord] ( poetry is3-- ,?us ) ! ye> ,seasons return1 b n to me returns ,day1 or ! sweet approa* ( ,ev'n or ,morn1 ,or sight ( v]nal bloom1 or ,summ]'s ,rose1 ,or flocks1 or h]ds1 or human face div9e4 or ,b cottage1 h]d1 or %eep-cote1 none he saw4 & ?is basal diff]5ce y mu/ h cle> 9 y\r m9ds be=e1 9 deal+ ) prose or v]se1 y c practise ei!r ) pr(it or read ei!r ) intellig5t delight4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,capital ,,difficulty ,,( ,,v]se ,?ursday1 ,april #ag ,9 our la/ lecture1 ,g5tlem51 we discuss$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 v]se1 or metrical writ+1 & prose4 ,we trac$ t diff]5ce 7z y w rememb]7 to ,music--to ! h>p1 ! lyre1 ! dance1 ! *orus1 all ^? fir/ necess>y accompanim5ts :i* v]se nev] q =gets2 & we conclud$ t1 z ,music ev] introduces emotion1 :i* is inde$ h] prop] & only means ( p]suad+1 s ! natural language ( v]se w be key$ high] ?an ! natural language ( prose2 w be key$ high] ?r\gh\t & ev5 = its mo/ ord9>y purposes--z = example1 to tell u t ,s-&-s sail$ to ,troy ) s _m %ips4 ,i grant y t our /eps to ?is conclusion 7 lightly & rapidly tak53 yet ! /epp+-/ones are hi/orically firm4 ,v]se does prec$e prose 9 lit]ature2 v]se does />t ) musical accompanim5t2 musical accompanim5t does introduce emotion2 & emotion does introduce an ord] ( its own into spee*4 ,i grant y t we h travell$ f> f ! days :5 a prose-writ]1 ,h]odotus1 labell$ ! books ( 8 hi/ory by ! names ( ! n9e ,muses4 ,i grant y t if y g to ! ,vatican & !re /udy ! /atues ( ! ,muses 7noble1 b ( no e>ly date7 y may note t ,calliope1 ,muse ( ! ,epic--unlike h] si/]s ,eut]pe1 ,erato1 ,?alia--holds = symbol no in/rum5t ( music1 b a /ylus & a tablet4 ,yet ! e>li] ,calliope1 ! ,calliope ( ,hom]1 0 a ,muse ( ,song4 ,greek3 ,m59 aeide1 ,!a-- ',_h ,i a ?\s& tongues1 a ?\s& h&s4'--,= :at purpose does ! poet wi% = a ?\s& tongues1 b to s+8 = :at purpose a ?\s& h&s1 b to pluck ! wires8 n to dip a ?\s& p5s 9 a ?\s& inkpots4 ,i d\bt1 9 f9e1 if y\r mo/ le>n$ /udies w discov] mu* amiss ) ! fronti] we drew betwe5 v]se & prose1 cursorily ?\gh we ran its l9e4 ,nor am ,i daunt$ on comp>+ x ) ,col]idge's m philosophical "o1 :i* y w f9d 9 ! ,biographia ,lit]>ia 7c4 ,,xviii7-- ,& fir/ = ! orig9 ( metre4 ,?is ,i w\ld trace to ! balance 9 ! m9d effect$ by t spontane\s ef=t :i* /rives to hold 9 *eck ! work+s ( passion4 ,x might be easily expla9$ likewise 9 :at mann] ?is salut>y antagonism is assi/$ by ! v /ate :i* x c\nt]acts1 & h[ ?is balance ( antagonism becomes organis$ into metre 79 ! usual acceptation ( t t]m7 by a sup]v5+ act ( ! w & judgm5t consci\sly & = ! =ese5 purpose ( pleasure4 ,i w n swe> to und]/& precisely :at ,col]idge means "h1 ?\gh ,i believe t ,i d4 ,b at any rate1 & on ! pr9ciple t ( two hypo!ses1 ea* 9 itself adequate1 we %\ld *oose ! simpl]1 ,i sugge/ 9 all mode/y t we %all d bett] ) our own ?an ) ,col]idge's1 :i* has ! fur!r disadvantage ( be+ sc>cely am5able to positive evid5ce4 ,we c say ) hi/orical w>rant t ,sappho /ruck ! lyre1 & argue !refrom1 /ill )9 close range ( correction1 t h] s++ respond$ to ! in/rum5t3 :]eas to ass]t t ,sappho's m9d '0 balanc$ by a spontane\s ef=t :i* /rove to hold 9 *eck ! work+s ( passion' is to say some?+ = :i* positive evid5ce w be less h&ily f\nd1 :e!r to contradict or to support4 ,yet if y *oose to pref] ,col]idge's explanation1 no great h>m w be done3 s9ce ,col]idge1 :o may be presum$ to h und]/ood x1 promptly goes on to d$uce t1 z ! elem5ts ( metre owe _! exi/5ce to a /ate ( increas$ excitem5t1 s ! metre itself %\ld be accompani$ by ! natural language ( excitem5t4 :i* is precisely :]e we f\nd ourselves1 save t :]e ,col]idge uses ! ^w 'excitem5t' we us$ ! ^w 'emotion4' ,%all we employ an illu/ration be=e proce$+8--"s s5t5ce easily h&l$1 "s commonplace ( ! morali/1 "s copybook maxim1 ,i c>e n :at4 ',cont5tm5t bre$s ,happ9ess'--,t is a proposition ) :i* y c h>dly qu>rel2 s5t5ti\s1 s$ate1 obvi\sly true2 provok+ deliri\s advocacy z little z controv]sial heat2 9 %ort a v fair t\*/one4 ,n[ he> h[ ! lyric treats x1 9 ^! l9es ( ,dekk]-- ,art ?\ poor1 yet ha/ ?\ gold5 slumb]s8 ,o sweet cont5t6 ,art ?\ ri*1 yet is ?y m9d p]plex'd8 ,o puni%m5t6 ,do/ ?\ laugh to see h[ fools are vex'd ,to add to gold5 numb]s gold5 numb]s8 ,o sweet cont5t6 ,o sweet1 ,o sweet cont5t6 ,"w apace1 apace1 apace1 apace2 ,hone/ lab\r we>s a lovely face2 ,!n hey1 nonny nonny--hey1 nonny nonny6 ,can/ dr9k ! wat]s ( ! cry/al spr+8 ,o sweet cont5t6 ,swim'/ ?\ 9 weal?1 yet s9k'/ 9 ?9e own te>s8 ,o puni%m5t6 ,!n he t pati5tly want's burd5 be>s ,no burd5 be>s1 b is a k+1 a k+6 ,o sweet cont5t6 ,o sweet1 ,o sweet cont5t6 ,"w apace1 apace1 apace1 apace2 ,hone/ lab\r we>s a lovely face2 ,!n hey1 nonny nonny--hey1 nonny nonny6 ,!re1 9 l9es obvi\sly writt5 = music1 y h our s$ate s5t5ce1 ',cont5tm5t bre$s ,happ9ess1' conv]t$ to m]e emotion4 ,note 7to use ,col]idge's ^w7 ! 'excitem5t' ( x4 ,!re are b two pla9 indicative s5t5ces 9 ! two /anzas--7#a7 ',hone/ lab\r we>s a lovely face' 7us$ z a refra971 & 7#b7 ',!n he t pati5tly want's burd5 be>s no burd5 be>s1 b is a k+1 a k+6' 7height5$ emotionally by inv]sion & d\ble repetition74 ,m>k ?r\gh\t h[ brok5 is ! utt]ance2 anti!tical "q answ]$ by exclamations3 bo? d\bl$ & made m anti!tical 9 ! second /anza3 ) cunn+ r$uplicat$ inv]sions to foll[1 & ea* /anza w\nd up by an outbur/ ( emotional nons5se--'hey1 nonny nonny--hey1 nonny nonny6'--z a man might skip or :i/le to himself = want ( ?\ght4 ,n[ 7/ill keep+ to our same subject ( ,cont5tm5t7 let u prosify ! lyrical ord] ( language d[n to ! l[e/ pit* to :i* g5ius has be5 able to r$uce x & /ill make noble v]se4 ,y h all read ,wordswor?'s fam\s ,introduction to ! ,lyrical ,ballads1 & y "k t ,wordswor?'s 0 a g5ius work+ on a !ory t ! languages ( v]se & ( prose are id5tical4 ,y "k1 too1 ,i d>e say1 into :at banalities t !ory ov] & ov] aga9 betray$ him3 banalities su* z-- ,8 wid[$ "m1 = a second mate ,esp\s$ ! tea*] ( ! village s*ool3 ,:o on h] (fspr+ zeal\sly be/[$ ,ne$ful in/ruction4 --& ! re/4 ,nev]!less ,wordswor? 0 a g5ius2 & g5ius work+ p]si/5tly on a n>r[ !ory w n[ & aga9 'br+ x (f' 7z !y say74 ,s he1 amid ! flat wa/e ( 8 lat] compositions1 did und\bt$ly 'br+ x (f' 9 ! foll[+ sonnet3-- ,^! times /rike moni$ worldl+s ) dismay3 ,ev'n ri* m51 brave by nature1 ta9t ! air ,) words ( appreh5sion & despair2 ,:ile t5s ( ?\s&s1 ?9k+ on ! affray1 ,m5 unto :om suffici5t = ! day ,& m9ds n /9t$ or untill'd are giv51 ,s\nd heal?y *ildr5 ( ! ,god ( ,heav51 ,are *e]ful z ! ris+ sun 9 ,may4 ,:at d we ga!r h5ce b firm] fai? ,t e gift ( noble orig9 ,is brea?'d ^u by ,hope's p]petual brea?2 ,t ,virtue & ! faculties )9 ,are vital2 & t ri*es are ak9 ,to fe>1 to *ange1 to c[>dice1 & dea?8 ,"h1 ,i grant1 are no repetitions1 no inv]sions4 ,! s5t5ces1 ?\gh metrical1 run /raight=w>dly1 v]b foll[+ subject1 object v]b1 z 9 /rict prose4 ,9 %ort "h y h v]se r$uc$ to ! ord] & /ructure ( prose z ne>ly z a man ( g5ius1 work+ on a set !ory1 c\ld r$uce x :ile yet ma9ta9+ its prop] emotional key4 ,b fir/ let me say t y w f9d v few l in/ances ( success ev5 9 ,wordswor?2 & few inde$ to set aga9/ innum]able passages :]e9 ei!r 8 v]se defies 8 !ory & triumphs1 or succumbs to x &1 succumb+1 ei!r drops %e] to ba?os or spreads itself ov] dead flats ( commonplace4 ,let me tell y next t ! in/ances y w f9d 9 o!r poets are s few & s f> betwe5 z to be negligible2 & la/ly t ev5 su* v]se z ! above has only to be comp>$ ) a passage ( prose & its emotional pit* is at once betray$4 ,take ?is1 = example1 f ,j]emy ,taylor3-- ,s9ce all ! evil 9 ! _w consi/s 9 ! disagree+ betwe5 ! object & ! appetite1 z :5 a man ha? :at he desires n1 or desires :at he ha? n1 or desires amiss1 he t comp>es 8 _s to ! pres5t accid5t ha? v>iety ( in/ance = 8 virtue1 b none to tr\ble him1 because 8 desires enl>ge n beyond 8 pres5t =tune3 & a wise man is plac$ 9 a v>iety ( *ances1 l ! nave or c5tre ( a :eel 9 ! mid/ ( all ! circumvolutions & *anges ( po/ure1 )\t viol5ce or *ange1 save t x turns g5tly 9 compliance ) its *ang$ p>ts1 & is indiff]5t :i* "p is up1 & :i* is d[n2 = !re is "s virtue or o!r to be ex]cis$ :atev] happ5s--ei!r pati5ce or ?anksgiv+1 love or fe>1 mod]ation or humility1 *>ity or cont5t$ness4 ,or1 take ?is f ,samuel ,johnson3-- ,! f\nta9 ( cont5tm5t mu/ spr+ up 9 ! m9d2 & he :o has s little k ( human nature z to seek happ9ess by *ang+ any?+ b 8 own disposition1 w wa/e 8 life 9 fruitless ef=ts & multiply ! griefs :i* he purposes to remove4 ,n[1 to be frank1 ,i d n call t fir/ passage v good prose4 ,l mu* ( ,j]emy ,taylor's writ+ x is prose trick$ out ) ! trapp+s & odds-&-ends ( v]se4 ,x />ts (f1 = example1 ) a brace ( h]oics--',s9ce all ! evil 9 ! _w consi/s'444'betwe5 ! object & ! appetite4' ,y may say1 fur!r1 t ! simile ( ! :eel1 ?\gh prop] en\gh to prose1 is poetical too3 t ,hom] might h us$ x 7',z 9 a :eel ! rim turns viol5tly1 :ile ! nave1 ?\gh x turns also1 yet seems to be at re/'--some?+ ( t sort74 ,nev]!less y w agree ) me t1 9 ex*ang+ ,wordswor? = ,taylor & ,johnson1 we h relax$ some?+ ) ! metre1 some?+ t ! metre kept taut2 & ?is some?+ we discov] to be ! emotional pit*4 ,b let me give y ano!r illu/ration1 suppli$ 7,i d>e say q unconsci\sly7 by "o :o comb9$ a g5u9e love ( v]se--9 :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0 no adept--) a sure in/9ct = beautiful prose4 ,cont5tm5t 0 a fav\rite !me ) ,isaak ,walton3 ,! ,compleat ,angl] is pack$ ) praise ( x3 & 9 ,! ,compleat ,angl] occurs ?is well-kn[n passage3-- ,b1 ma/]1 fir/ let me tell y1 t v h\r :i* y 7 abs5t f me1 ,i sat d[n "u a will[ tree by ! wat]side1 & consid]$ :at y _h told me ( ! own] ( t pleasant mead[ 9 :i* y !n _h left me2 t he _h a pl5tiful e/ate1 & n a he>t to ?9k s2 t he _h at ?is "t _m law-suits dep5d+1 & t !y bo? damp$ 8 mir? & took up s mu* ( 8 "t & ?\ghts t he _h no leisure to take ! sweet cont5t t ,i1 :o pret5d$ no title to !m1 took 9 8 fields3 = ,i c\ld !re sit quietly2 & look+ on ! wat]1 see "s fi%es sport !mselves 9 ! silv] /reams1 o!rs leap+ at flies ( sev]al %apes & col\rs2 look+ on ! hills1 ,i c\ld behold !m spott$ ) woods & groves2 look+ d[n ! mead[s1 c\ld see1 "h a boy ga!r+ lilies & lady-smocks1 & !re a girl cropp+ culv]locks & c[slips1 all to make g>l&s suitable to ?is pres5t mon? ( ,may4 ,^! & _m o!r field-fl[]s s p]fum$ ! air t ,i ?\ght t v mead[ l t field 9 ,sicily ( :i* ,diodorus speaks1 :]e ! p]fumes aris+ f ! place make all dogs t hunt 9 x to fall (f & lose _! hotte/ sc5t4 ,i say1 z ,i ?us sat1 joy+ 9 my own happy condition1 & pity+ ?is poor ri* man t own$ ?is & _m o!r pleasant groves & mead[s ab\t me1 ,i did ?ankfully rememb] :at my ,savi\r said1 t ! meek possess ! e>?2 or r !y enjoy :at ! o!rs possess & enjoy n2 = ,angl]s & meek quiet-spirit$ m5 are free f ^? high1 ^? re/less ?\ghts :i* corrode ! sweets ( life2 & !y1 & !y only c say z ! poet has happily expre/ x3 ',hail1 ble/ e/ate ( l[l9ess6 ,happy enjoym5ts ( su* m9ds ,z1 ri* 9 self-cont5t$ness1 ,c1 l ! re$s 9 r\ghe/ w9ds1 ,by yield+ make t bl[ b small ,at :i* pr\d oaks & c$>s fall4' ,!re y h a passage ( felicit\s prose culm9at+ 9 a /anza ( trite & fif?-rate v]se4 ,yes1 ,walton's in/9ct is s\nd2 = he is key+ up ! pit*2 & v]se1 ev5 :5 m$iocre 9 quality1 has its pit* naturally set above t ( prose4 ,s1 if y w turn to y\r ,walton & read ! page foll[+ ?is passage1 y w see t1 /ill by a sure in/9ct1 he proce$s f ?is scrap ( reflective v]se to a m]e rollick+ 'cat*'3 ,man's life is b va91 = 'tis subject to pa9 ,& sorr[1 & %ort z a bubble2 ',tis a hodge-podge ( bus9ess & money & c>e1 ,& c>e1 & money & tr\ble444 --:i* is ev5 worse rubbi%1 & yet a /ep upw>ds 9 emotion because ,v5ator actually s+s x to music4 ',ay m>ry1 sir1 ?is is music inde$1' approves ,bro!r ,pet]2 '?is *e]s ! he>t4' ,9 ?is & ! prec$+ lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i h en=c$ at "s l5g? ! op9ion t to und]/& ! _m ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 v]se & prose we mu/ con/antly be> 9 m9d t v]se1 be+ metrical1 keeps ! "* orig9ally impos$ on x by musical accompanim5t & mu/ always1 h[ev] f> ! remove1 be ref]r$ back to its orig9 & to ! emotion :i* music excites4 ,mr ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw hav+ to commit 8 novel ,ca%el ,byron's ,pr(ession to pap] 9 a hurry1 *ose to ca/ x 9 blank v]se z be+ m easily & readily writt5 s3 a p]=mance :i* brilliantly illum9ates a half-tru?4 ,v]se--or at any rate1 unrhym$ iambic v]se--is easi] to write ?an prose1 if y c>e to leave out ! emotion :i* makes v]se *>act]i/ic & wor? writ+4 ,i h little d\bt t1 _h he *os5 to attempt x1 ,mr ,%aw w\ld h f\nd 8 /ory /ill m ductile 9 ! metre ( ,hiawa?a4 ,b ! exp]im5t proves no?+3 or no m ?an t1 all f9e art co/+ lab\r1 x may co/ less if burlesqu$ 9 a category n its own4 ,let me take an example f a "w ) :i* y are all famili>--,! ,/ud5t's ,h&book to ! ,univ]sity & ,colleges ( ,cambridge4 ,on p4 #dje we read3-- ,! ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,languages ,tripos is divid$ into t5 sections1 ,a1 ,a#b1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h & ,i4 ,a /ud5t may take ei!r "o or two sections at ! end ( 8 second ye> ( resid5ce1 & ei!r "o or two m sections at ! end ( 8 ?ird or f\r? ye> ( resid5ce2 or he may take two sections at ! end ( 8 ?ird ye> only4 ,?us ?is ,tripos c be treat$ ei!r z a divid$ or z an undivid$ ,tripos at ! option ( ! c&idate4 ,n[ ,i d n hold t up to y = a model ( prose4 ,/ill1 lucidity r ?an emotion be+ its aim1 ,i d\bt n t ! compos] sp5t pa9s on x2 m pa9s ?an x w\ld h co/ him to convey 8 in=mation metrically1 ?us3-- ,!re is a ,tripos t aspires to bl5d ,! ,m$ieval & ! ,mod]n tongues ,9 "o r$ burial 7,s+ ,heav5ly ,muse67 ,divid$ into sections ,a1 ,a#b1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g & ,h & ,i4 ,a /ud5t may take ei!r "o or two 7,) "s re/rictions m5tion'd 9 a footnote7 ,at ?' expiration ( 8 second ye>3 ,or ( 8 ?ird1 or ( 8 f\r? aga9 ,take "o or two2 or ( 8 ?ird alone ,take two toge!r4 ,?us ?is tripos is 7,l no?+ 9 ! ,a?anasian ,cre$7 ,divisible or indivisible ,at ! option ( ! c&idate--,gadzooks6 ,?is me?od has ev5 "s advantage ov] ! me?od ( prose 9 t x is m easily memoris$2 b x has1 z y w admit1 ! "o fatal flaw t x imports emotion into a !me :i* does n prop]ly admit ( emotion1 & t s x (f5ds aga9/ our fir/ rule ( writ+--t x %\ld be appropriate4 ,n[ if y accept ! argum5t s f> z we h l$ x--t v]se is by nature m emotional ?an prose--c]ta9 consequ5ces w\ld seem to foll[3 ( :i* ! fir/ is t :ile ! capital difficulty ( v]se consi/s 9 say+ ord9>y ?+s ! capital difficulty ( prose consi/s 9 say+ extraord9>y ?+s2 t :ile ) v]se1 key$ = high mom5ts1 ! tr\ble is to manage ! int]vals1 ) prose ! tr\ble is to manage ! high mom5ts4 ,let u dwell a:ile on ?is diff]5ce1 = x is important4 ,y rememb] my quot+ to y 9 my la/ lecture ^! l9es ( ,milton's3-- ,up to a hill anon 8 /eps he re>$ ,f ^: high top to k5 ! prospect r\nd1 ,if cottage 7 9 view1 %eep-cote or h]d2 ,b cottage1 h]d1 or %eep-cote1 none he saw4 ,we agre$ t ^! 7 good l9es1 ) ! acc5t ( poetry3 b we all[$ x to be a highly exalt$ way ( tell+ h[ ,s-&-s climb$ a hill = a bett] view b f\nd none4 ,n[ obvi\sly ?is exaltation does n arise imm$iately out ( ! action describ$ 7:i* is z ord9>y z x well c\ld be71 b is d]ivative4 ,x borr[s its w+s1 its impetus1 f a previ\s high mom5t1 f ! emotion prop] to t mom5t1 f ! spee* prop] to t emotion3 & ^! su/a9 u across to ! next height z ) ! glide ( an a]oplane4 ,y\r own s5se w tell y at once t ! passage w\ld be m]ely bomba/ic if ! poet 7 />t+ to set =? h[ ,s-&-s climb$ a hill = ! view--j t1 & no?+ else3 z y\r own s5se tells y t ! swoop is f "o height to ano!r4 ,= if ba?os lay ahead1 if ,milton _h b to relate h[ ! ,duke ( ,york1 ) tw5ty ?\s& m51 'm>*$ up a hill & !n m>*$ d[n aga91' he c]ta9ly w\ld n use diction su* z3-- ,up to a hill anon 8 /eps he re>$4 ,ev5 z x is1 ,i ?9k we mu/ all detect a c]ta9 artificiality 9 ! passage1 & confess to "s relief :5 ,satan is introduc$ to u1 t5 l9es l[] d[n1 to revivify ! /ory4 ,= let u note t1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! m adorn$ & involv$ our /yle 7& ,milton's is bo? ornate & involv$7 ! m difficulty we mu/ f9d ) ^! flat p$e/rian int]vals4 ,milton may 'br+ x (f1' l>gely ?r\gh kn[+ h[ to dodge ! int]val & contrive t x %all at any rate be brief3 b1 z ,bagehot not$1 :5 we come to ,t5nyson & f9d ,t5nyson 9 ,eno* ,ard5 in=m+ u ( a fi%-j[t]1 t3-- ,eno*'s :ite horse1 & ,eno*'s ocean-spoil ,9 ocean-smell+ osi]-- 7i4e4 9 a fi%-basket7 --& 8 face ,r\gh-r$d5$ ) a ?\s& w9t] gales1 ,n only to ! m>ket t[n 7 kn[n1 ,b 9 ! leafy lanes beyond ! d[n ,f> z ! portal-w>d+ lion-:elp ,& peacock yewtree ( ! lonely ,hall ,^: ,friday f>e 0 ,eno*'s m9i/]+1 :y1 !n we feel t ! vehicle is altoge!r too pomp\s = its load1 & ^? :o make spee* too pomp\s = its cont5t commit1 albeit 9 v>y+ degrees1 ! error ( ,defoe's religi\s lady :o1 see+ a bottle ( ov]-ripe be] explode & cork & fro? fly up to ! ceil+1 cri$ out1 ',o1 ! wond]s ( ,omnipot5t ,p[]6' ,! poet :o comm5ds fre% fi% to u z 'ocean-spoil' c ca/ no /one at 8 bro!r :o writes ( !m z '! f9ny d5iz5s ( ! deep1' or ev5 at 8 c\s9 ! j\rnali/1 :o exalts ! oy/] into a 'succul5t bivalve'-- ,! fea!r$ tribes on p9ions cleave ! air2 ,n s ! mack]el1 &1 /ill less1 ! be>6 ,i believe ?is difficulty1 :i* v]se1 by nature & orig9 emotional1 enc\nt]s 9 deal+ ) ord9>y unemotional n>rative1 to lie z a te*nical reason at ! bottom ( ,horace's advice to ! writ] ( ,epic to plunge 9 m$ias res1 ?us avoid+ flat prep>ative & cat*+ at once a high w9d :i* %all c>ry him h]eaft] across dull levels & int]vals4 ,i believe t x lay--?\gh :e!r consci\sly or n he sc>cely tells u--at ! bottom ( ,mat!w ,arnold's m9d :51 select+ c]ta9 qualities = :i* to praise ,hom]1 he *ose1 = ! v fir/1 ,hom]'s rapidity4 ',fir/1' he says1 ',hom] is em95tly rapid2 &1' he adds ju/ly1 'to ?is rapidity ! elaborate movem5t ( ,miltonic blank v]se is ali54' ,n[ until "o /udies writ+ z an art1 try+ to discov] :at ?is or t =m ( x accompli%es ) ease & :at ) difficulty1 & :y v]se c d "o ?+ & prose ano!r1 ,arnold's *oice ( rapidity to put 9 ! =efront ( ,hom]'s m]its may seem m]ely caprici\s4 ',hom] 7we say7 has o!r great qualities4 ,arnold himself indicates ,hom]'s simplicity1 directness1 nobility4 ,surely ei!r "o ( ^! %\ld be m5tion$ be=e rapidity1 9 itself n comp>able z a virtue ) ei!r8' ,b :5 we see t ! difficulty ( v]se-n>rative lies j "h2 t ! epic poet :o is rapid has met1 & has ov]come1 ! capital difficulty ( 8 =m1 !n we beg9 to d ju/ice n only to ,arnold z a critic b 7:i* is ( f> high] mom5t7 to ,hom] z a craftsman4 ,! g5ius ( ,hom] 9 ?is matt] is 9 fact some?+ daemonic4 ,he seems to %irk no?+3 & ! effect ( ?is ^u critics is bewild]+4 ,! acute/ ( !m are left wond]+ h[ on e>? an ord9>y tale--say ( h[ "s m>9]s bea*$ %ip1 /[$ sail1 walk$ a%ore & cook$ _! d9n]--c be made s poetical4 ,!y are incl9$ to divide ! cr$it betwe5 ! poet & 8 =tunate age--'a "t' sugge/s ,pat] '9 :i* "o c\ld h>dly h spok5 at all )\t ideal effect1 or ! sailors pull$ d[n _! boat )\t mak+ a picture 9 ! great /yle aga9/ a sky *>g$ ) m>vels4' ,well1 ! object ( ^! lectures is n to expla9 g5ius4 ,j "h x is r to /ate a difficulty2 to admit t1 once 9 hi/ory1 g5ius ov]came x2 yet w>n y h[ r>e 9 ! tale ( poetical a*ievem5t is su* a success4 ,hom]1 inde$1 /&s fir/1 if n unmat*$1 among poets 9 ?is te*nical triumph ov] ! capital disability ( annihilat+ flat passages4 ,i omit ,%akespe>e & ! dramati/s2 because !y h only to give a /age direction ',ent] ,cassius1 look+ lean1' & ,cassius comes 9 look+ lean] ?an nature2 :]eas ,hom] has 9 8 n>rative to walk ,hector or ,!rsites on to ! sc5e1 describe him1 walk him (f4 ,i grant ! rapidity ( ,dante4 ,x is amaz+2 & we may yield him all ! cr$it = *oos+ 7x 0 8 g5ius t *ose x7 a subject :i* all[$ ( ! v highe/ rapidity2 s9ce ,hell1 ,purgatory & ,p>adise1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 o!r respects1 h ?is 9 common1 t !y are popul\s & ! inhabitants ( ea* s comp5di\sly %eph]d$ toge!r t ! visitor c turn f "o p]son to ano!r )\t loss ( "t4 ,b ,hom] does n escort u ar\nd a m5ag]ie 9 :i* we c move exp$iti\sly f "o cage to ano!r4 ,he proposes at lea/1 bo? 9 ! ,iliad & 9 ! ,odyssey1 to unfold a /ory2 & he seems to unfold x s artlessly t we l+] on ! mo/ p$e/rian int]vals :ile he tells u1 = example1 :at ! h]oes ate & h[ !y cook$ x4 ,a mod]n writ] w\ld s]ve u a f> bett] d9n]4 ,hom] br+s u to 8 ) our appetite all ! ke5] = hav+ wait$ & wat*$ ! spitt+ & roa/+4 ,i w\ld po9t out to y :at art ?is g5ius conceals2 h[ cunn+ is ?is app>5t simplicity3 & = ?is purpose let me take ,hom] at ! extreme ( 8 difficulty--:5 he has to describe a long sea-voyage4 ,"s ye>s ago1 9 8 la/ ,ox=d lectures1 ,mr ,fr\de lam5t$ t no poet 9 ?is c\ntry _h aris5 to write a national epic ( ! great ,elizabe?an seam51 to culm9ate 7,i suppose7 z 8 ,hi/ory culm9at$1 9 ! defeat ( ! ,armada3 & "o ( our y\ng] poets2 ,mr ,alfr$ ,noyes1 act+ on ?is h9t has s9ce giv5 u an epic poem on ,drake1 9 twelve books4 ,b ,fr\de probably ov]look$1 z ,mr ,noyes has n ov]come1 ?is difficulty ( ! flat int]val :i*1 :ile ev] ! bugbe> ( ,epic1 is magnifi$ t5fold :5 our action takes place on ! sea4 ,= :]eas ! v]se %\ld be rapid & ! high mom5ts frequ5t1 ! bus9ess ( seaf>+ is und5iably monoton\s1 z ! int]vals betwe5 port & port1 sea-fight & sea-fight1 mu/ be long & lazy4 ,matt]s move m briskly 9 an occasional gale2 b ev5 a gale la/s1 & mu/ be ridd5 out2 & ! process ( rid+ to a gale ( w9d3-- ,= ev] climb+ up ! climb+ wave --y\r %ip tak+ "o wave mu* z %e takes ano!r--is 9 its nature monoton\s4 ,nay1 y h only to read ,falcon]'s ,%ipwreck to discov] h[ mu* ( dulness may lie enwrapp$1 to dis*>ge itself1 ev5 9 a fir/-class tempe/4 ,c\rses1 reckon+s1 trimm+s ( canvas--^! occur 9 real life & amuse ! simple m>9] at ! "t4 ,b to ! read]1 if he be a l&sman1 _! repetition 9 n>rative may easily become intol]able2 & :5 we get d[n to ! 'trades1' ev5 ! seaman sets 8 sail = a long spell ( wea!r & goes to sleep4 ,9 %ort y _c ^u ! wide ,atlantic pu% action & reaction to & fro z ^u ! pla9s ( w9dy ,troy3 nor c\ld any b a sup]human g5ius make su/a9$ poetry 7say7 out ( ,nelson's untir+ pursuit ( ,vill5euve1 :i* none ! less 0 "o ( ! mo/ h]oic feats 9 hi/ory4 ,?is difficulty1 inh]5t 9 navigation z a subject = ! ,epic ,muse1 has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 v %rewdly detect$ & hit (f 9 a p>ody ( ,mr ,noyes' poem by a "y fri5d ( m9e1 ,mr ,wilfr$ ,blair3-- ,mean:ile ! w9d _h *ang$1 & ,francis ,drake ,put d[n ! helm & drove aga9/ ! seas-- ,once m ! w9d *ang$1 & ! simple seaman1 ,full fraught ) wea!r wisdom1 once aga9 ,put d[n ! helm & s drove on--et cet]a4 ,n[ ,hom] actually has p]=m$ ?is feat :i* we decl>e to be next to impossible4 ,he actually does convey ,odysseus f ,troy to ,i?aca1 by a t5 ye>s' voyage too2 he actually has n>rat$ t voyage to u 9 pla9 /raight=w>d words2 &1 :at is m1 he actually has made a sup]b epic ( x4 ,yes1 b :5 y come to dissect ! ,odyssey1 :at amaz+ artifice is f\nd "u t app>5tly /raight=w>d tale6--eight ye>s ( ! t5 slic$ out1 to />t )1 & magnific5tly pres5t$ to ,circe ,:]e t ,aeaean isle =gets ! ma9 --& 7"o may add71 s =gett+1 avoids ! te*nical difficulties connect$ !re)4 ,note ! space giv5 to ,telema*us & 8 active se>* = ! lo/ h]o3 note too h[ ! mass ( ,odysseus' seaf>+ adv5tures is cond5s$ into a report$ spee*--a travell]'s tale at ! c\rt ( ,alc9\es4 ,virgil borr[$ ?is trick1 y rememb]2 & ,i d>e to swe> t _h x fall5 to ,hom] to attempt ! impossible saga ( ,nelson's pursuit aft] ,vill5euve he w\ld h a*iev$ x triumphantly--by means ( a tale told 9 ! fir/ p]son by a survivor to ,lady ,hamilton4 ,note1 aga91 h[ boldly 7be+ free to deal ) an it9]>y ( :i* 8 audi5ce knew no?+ b surmis$ t x compreh5d$ a va/ deal ( ! m>vell\s1 spac$ at irregul> di/ances7 ,hom] works 9 a %ipwreck or a miracle :]ev] ! action ?reat5s to flag4 ,less+1 z y "k1 devot$ sev]al pages ( ! ,laokoeon to ! %ield ( ,a*illes2 to ,hom]'s craft 9 depict+ x z x grew "u ,hephae/us' hamm]3 s t we are intrigu$ by ! process ( manufacture in/ead ( be+ we>i$ by a description ( ! ready-made article2 s also 7if "o may presume to add any?+ to ,less+7 t we are cunn+ly flatt]$ 9 a s5se t ! %ield is be+ made = u4 ,well1 t is "o artifice out ( _m3 b if y w\ld gauge at all ,hom]'s res\rce & subtlety 9 te*nique ,i recomm5d y to analyse ! fir/ twelve books ( ! ,odyssey & c\nt = y\rselves ! device by :i* ! poet--,greek3 polutropos z 0 nev] 8 h]o--evades or hurries ov] ea* flat int]val z he happ5s ^u x4 ,^! ?+s1 ,ulysses1 ,! wise b>ds also ,behold & s+4 ,b ,o1 :at lab\r6 ,o ,pr9ce1 :at pa96 ,y may be ?9k+1 ,g5tlem51 t ,i take up a disproportionate am\nt ( y\r "t on su* te*nical matt]s at ^!4 ,b lit]ature be+ an art 7=give ! reit]ation67 & !re=e to be practis$1 ,i want u to be seek+ all ! "t h[ x is done2 to hunt out ! pr9ciples on :i* ! great arti/s wr\ght2 to face1 to rationalise1 ! difficulties by :i* !y 7 confront$1 & le>n h[ !y ov]came ! p>ticul> ob/acle4 ,surely ev5 = m]e criticism1 ap>t f practice1 we %all equip ourselves bett] by seek+1 s f> z we may1 h[ ! ?+ is done ?an by /&+ at gaze be=e ?is or t ma/]piece & murmur+ ',isn't t beautiful6 ,h[ 9 ! _w1 n[4446' ,i am told t ^! lectures are criticis$ z t5d+ to make y conceit$3 to enc\rage 9 y a belief t y c d ?+s1 :5 x 7 bett] t y m]ely admir$4 ,well ,i w\ld n di%e>t5 y by tell+ to :at a %r$ ( conceit1 ev5 ( hope1 a man c be r$uc$ aft] tw5ty-odd ye>s ( ! discipl9e4 ,b ,i c1 & d1 affirm t ! f>!r y p5etrate 9 ^! discov]ies ! m sacr$ ! ultimate my/]y w become = y3 t ! bett] y und]/& ! great au?ors z exempl>s ( practice1 ! m c]ta9ly y w realise :at is ! condesc5sion ( ! gods4 ,next "t1 !n1 we w attempt an enquiry into ! capital difficulty ( ,prose4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,int]lude3 ,,on ,,j>gon ,?ursday1 ,may #a ,we p>t$1 ,g5tlem51 ^u a promise to discuss ! capital difficulty ( ,prose1 z we h discuss$ ! capital difficulty ( ,v]se4 ,b1 al?\gh we %all come to x1 on second ?\ghts ,i ask leave to break ! ord] ( my argum5t & to int]pose "s words ^u a k9d ( writ+ :i*1 f a sup]ficial lik5ess1 commonly passes = prose 9 ^! days1 & by lazy folk is commonly writt5 = prose1 yet actually is n prose at all2 my excuse be+ ! simple practical "o t1 by fir/ cle>+ ?is %am prose out ( ! way1 we %all ! bett] deal ) hone/ prose :5 we come to x4 ,! prop] difficulties ( prose w rema93 b we %all be agre$ 9 und]/&+ :at x is1 or at any rate :at x is n1 t we talk ab\t4 ,i rememb] to h he>d some:]e ( a religi\s body 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica :i* _h reason to suspect "o ( its *ur*es ( accept+ ,spiritual consolation f a col\r$ prea*]--an (f5ce aga9/ ! laws ( ! ,synod--& despat*$ a ,discipl9>y ,committee ) p[] to act2 & ( ! ,committee's return+ to report itself unable to take any action "u its t]ms ( ref]5ce1 = t :ile a p]son und\bt$ly col\r$ _h und\bt$ly occupi$ ! pulpit & _h audibly spok5 f x 9 ! ,committee's pres5ce1 ! p]=mance c\ld be br\ght )9 no def9ition ( prea*+ kn[n or discov]able4 ,s x is ) t infirmity ( spee*--t flux1 t det]m9ation ( words to ! m\?1 or to ! p5--:i*1 ?\gh x be famili> to y 9 p>liam5t>y debates1 9 newspap]s1 & z ! /aple language ( ,blue ,books1 ,committees1 ,(ficial ,reports1 ,i take leave to introduce to y z prose :i* is n prose & "u its real "n ( ,j>gon4 ,y mu/ n confuse ?is ,j>gon ) :at is call$ ,j\rnalese4 ,! two ov]lap1 inde$1 & h a knack ( assimilat+ ea* o!r's vices4 ,b ,j>gon f9ds1 maybe1 ! mo/ ( its vot>ies among good d\ce p :o h nev] writt5 to or = a newspap] 9 _! life1 :o w\ld nev] talk ( 'adv]se climatic conditions' :5 !y mean 'bad wea!r'2 :o h nev] trifl$ ) v]bs su* z 'obsess1' 'recrudesce1' 'envisage1' 'adumbrate1' or ) phrases su* z '! psy*ological mom5t1' '! true inw>dness1' 'x gives furi\sly to ?9k4' ,x dallies ) ,lat9ity--'sub sil5tio1' 'de die 9 diem1' 'cui bono8' 7always 9 ! s5se1 unsuspect$ by ,cic]o1 ( ',:at is ! pr(it8'7--b n = ! sake ( /yle4 ,y\r j\rnali/ at ! wor/ is an arti/ 9 8 way3 he daubs pa9t ( ?is k9d ^u ! lily ) a pr(essional zeal2 ! m flagrant 7or1 to use 8 own ^w1 arre/+7 ! pigm5t1 ! happi] is 8 s\l4 ,l ! ,babu he is try+ all ! :ile to embelli% our poor language1 to make x m florif]\s1 m poetical--l ! ,babu = example :o1 report+ 8 "m's dea?1 wrote1 ',regret to in=m y1 ! h& t rock$ ! cradle has kick$ ! bucket4' ,!re is metaphor3 !re is ornam5t3 !re is a s5se ( poetry1 ?\gh z yet grop+ 9 a _w unrealis$4 ,no su* gu/o m>ks--no su* zeal1 arti/ic or pr(essional1 animates--! practition]s ( ,j>gon1 :o are1 mo/ ( !m 7,i repeat71 d\ce respectable p]sons4 ,caution is its fa!r3 ! in/9ct to save ev]y?+ & especially tr\ble3 its "m1 ,indol5ce4 ,x looks precise1 b x is n4 ,x is1 9 ^! times1 safe3 a ?\s& m5 h said x be=e & n "o to y\r k _h be5 prosecut$ = x4 ,& s1 l respectability 9 ,*icago1 ,j>gon /alks un*eck$ 9 our mid/4 ,x is becom+ ! language ( ,p>liam5t3 x has become ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ,bo>ds ( ,gov]nm5t1 ,c\nty ,c\ncils1 ,syndicates1 ,committees1 ,comm]cial ,firms1 express ! processes z well z ! conclusions ( _! ?\ght & s voice ! reason ( _! be+4 ,has a ,m9i/] to say ',no' 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons8 ,"s m5 are con/itutionally incapable ( say+ no3 b ! ,m9i/] conveys x ?us--',! answ] to ! "q is 9 ! negative4' ,t means 'no4' ,c y discov] x to mean any?+ less1 or any?+ m except t ! speak] is a pomp\s p]son8--:i* 0 no "p ( ! in=mation dem&$4 ,t is ,j>gon1 & x happ5s to be accurate4 ,b z a rule ,j>gon is by no means accurate1 its me?od be+ to walk circumspectly ar\nd its t>get2 & its fai?1 t hav+ done s x has ei!r hit ! bull's-eye or at lea/ a*iev$ some?+ equival5t1 & saf]4 ,?us ! ,cl]k ( a ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians w m9ute t-- ,9 ! case ( ,john ,j5k9s deceas$ ! c(f9 provid$ 0 ( ! usual "*4 ,n[ ?is is n accurate4 ',9 ! case ( ,john ,j5k9s deceas$1' = :om a c(f9 0 suppli$1 x is :olly sup]flu\s to tell u t he is deceas$4 ,b actually ,john ,j5k9s nev] _h m ?an "o case1 & t 0 ! c(f94 ,! ,cl]k says he _h two1--a c(f9 9 a case3 b ,i suspect ! ,cl]k to be mi/ak51 & ,i am sure he errs 9 tell+ u t ! c(f9 0 ( ! usual "*3 = c(f9s h no "*1 usual or unusual4 ,= ano!r example 7,i %all n tell y :5ce d]iv$7-- ,9 ! case ( e c&idate :o is plac$ 9 ! fir/ class ,s y see ! lucky fell[ gets a case z well z a fir/-class4 ,he might be a /uff$ animal3 p]haps he is ,9 ! case ( e c&idate :o is plac$ 9 ! fir/ class ! class-li/ w %[ by "s conv5i5t m>k 7#a7 ! ,section or ,sections = pr(ici5cy 9 :i* he is plac$ 9 ! fir/ class & 7#b7 ! ,section or ,sections 7if any7 9 :i* he has pass$ ) special di/9ction4 ',! ,section or ,sections 7if any7'--,b1 h[1 if !y are n any1 c\ld !y be indicat$ by a m>k h[ev] conv5i5t8 ,! ,exam9]s w h reg>d to ! /yle & me?od ( ! c&idate's answ]s1 & w give cr$it = excell5ce 9 ^! respects4 ,h y begun to detect ! two ma9 vices ( ,j>gon8 ,! fir/ is t x uses circumlocution r ?an %ort /raight spee*4 ,x says ',9 ! case ( ,john ,j5k9s deceas$1 ! c(f9' :5 x means ',john ,j5k9s's c(f9'3 & its yea is n yea1 nei!r is its nay nay3 b its answ] is 9 ! affirmative or 9 ! negative1 z ! fooli% & sup]flu\s 'case' may be4 ,! second vice is t x habitually *ooses vague woolly ab/ract n\ns r ?an concrete ones4 ,i %all h some?+ to say by-&-by ab\t ! concrete n\n1 & h[ y %\ld ev] be /ruggl+ = x :e!r 9 prose or 9 v]se4 ,= ! mom5t ,i cont5t myself ) advis+ y1 if y w\ld write mascul9e ,engli%1 nev] to =get ! old tag ( y\r ,lat9 ,gramm>-- ,mascul9e w only be ,?+s t y c t\* & see4 ,b s9ce ^! lectures are meant to be a c\rse 9 ,fir/ ,aid to writ+1 ,i w cont5t myself ) "o or two extremely r\gh rules3 yet ,i %all be disappo9t$ if y d n f9d !m s]viceable4 ,! fir/ is3--,:5ev] 9 y\r read+ y come across "o ( ^! words1 case1 in/ance1 "*1 nature1 condition1 p]suasion1 degree--:5ev] 9 writ+ y\r p5 betrays y to "o or ano!r ( !m--pull y\rself up & take ?\ght4 ,if x be 'case' 7,i *oose x z ,j>gon's de>e/ *ild--'9 ,heav5 yclept ,metonomy'7 turn to ! diction>y1 if y w1 & seek out :at mean+ c be d]iv$ f casus1 its ,lat9 ance/or3 !n try h[1 ) a little tr\ble1 y c extricate y\rself f t case4 ,! odds are1 y w feel l a butt]fly :o has disc>d$ 8 *rysalis4 ,"h are "s specim5s to try y\r h& on-- 7#a7 ,all ^? te>s :i* inundat$ ,"l ,hugh ,cecil's head 7 dry 9 ! case ( ,mr ,h>old ,cox4 ,poor ,mr ,cox6 left gasp+ 9 8 aqu>ium6 7#b7 ,f a cig>-m]*ant ,9 any case1 let u s5d y a case on approval4 7#c7 ,x is cont5d$ t ,consols h fall5 9 consequ5ce3 b su* is by no means ! case4 ',su*1' by ! way1 is ano!r spoilt *ild ( ,j>gon1 especially 9 ,committee's ,rules--',co-opt$ memb]s may be eligible z su*2 su* memb]s to cont9ue to s]ve = su* "t z'--& s on4 7#d7 ,ev5 9 ! purely ,celtic areas1 only 9 two or ?ree cases d ! ,bi%ops be> ,celtic names4 ,= 'cases' read 'dioceses4' ,in/ance4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! play]s 7 bel[ _! =m4 ,b :at 7 !y play+ at8 ,in/ances8 ,"*--,nature4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! accid5t 0 caus$ ?r\gh ! dang]\s nature ( ! spot1 ! hidd5 "* ( ! by-road1 & ! utt] abs5ce ( any w>n+ or dang] signal4 ,m>k ! foggy word+ ( x all6 ,& yet ! man hit some?+ & broke 8 neck6 ,contra/ t explanation ) ! v]dict ( a coron]'s jury 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl& on a dr[n$ po/man--',we f9d t deceas$ met 8 dea? by an act ( ,god1 caus$ by sudd5 ov]fl[+ ( ! riv] ,walkhan & help$ out by ! sc&al\s neglect ( ! way-w>d5s4' ,! ,a9tree c\rse is notori\sly ( a try+ nature4 ,on acc\nt ( its light "*1 purity & age1 ,u%]'s :iskey is a :iskey t w agree ) y4 ,ord]4 ,! mesalliance 0 ( a pron\nc$ ord]4 ,condition4 ,he 0 convey$ to 8 place ( resid5ce 9 an intoxicat$ condition4 ',he 0 c>ri$ home drunk4' ,quality & ,section4 ,mr ----1 exhibit+ no less ?an five works1 all ( a sup]ior quality1 figures prom95tly 9 ! oil section4 ,?is 0 writt5 ( an exhibition ( pictures4 ,degree4 ,a s+ul> degree ( r>ity prevails 9 ! e>li] editions ( ?is romance4 ,t is ,j>gon4 ,9 prose x runs simply ',! e>li] editions ( ?is romance are r>e'--or 'are v r>e'--or ev5 7if y believe :at ,i take leave to d\bt71 'are s+ul>ly r>e'2 :i* %\ld mean t !y are r>] ?an ! editions ( any o!r "w 9 ! _w4 ,n[ :at ,i ask y to consid] ab\t ^! quotations is t 9 ea* ! writ] 0 us+ ,j>gon to %irk prose1 palm+ (f p]iphrases ^u u :5 ) a little tr\ble he c\ld h gone /raight to ! po9t4 ',a s+ul> degree ( r>ity prevails1' '! accid5t 0 caus$ ?r\gh ! dang]\s nature ( ! spot1' 'b su* is by no means ! case4' ,we may n be capable ( mu*2 b we c all write bett] ?an t1 if we take a little tr\ble4 ,9 place (1 '! ,a9tree c\rse is ( a try+ nature' we c surely say ',a9tree is a try+ c\rse' or '! ,a9tree c\rse is a try+ "o'--j t & no?+ m4 ,next1 hav+ tra9$ y\rself to keep a look-out = ^! wor/ (f5d]s 7& y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ quickly y get into ! way ( x71 proce$ to pu% y\r suspicions out among ! :ole cl\dy ho/ ( ab/ract t]ms4 ',h[ excell5t a ?+ is sleep1' sigh$ ,san*o ,panza2 'x wraps a man r\nd l a cloak'--an excell5t example1 by ! way1 ( h[ to say a ?+ concretely3 a ,j>gone] w\ld h said t 'among ! b5efic5t qualities ( sleep its capacity = )draw+ ! human consci\sness f ! contemplation ( imm$iate circum/ances may p]haps be acc\nt$ n ! lea/ rem>kable4' ,h[ vile a ?+--%all we say8--is ! ab/ract n\n6 ,x wraps a man's ?\ghts r\nd l cotton wool4 ,"h is a pretty little ne/ ( specim5s1 f\nd 9 ,! ,times newspap] by ,messrs4 ,h4 ,w4 & ,f4 ,g4 ,f[l]1 au?ors ( t capital little book ,! ,k+'s ,engli%3-- ,"o ( ! mo/ important re=ms m5tion$ 9 ! rescript is ! unification ( ! organisation ( judicial in/itutions & ! gu>antee = all ! tribunals ( ! indep5d5ce necess>y = secur+ to all classes ( ! community equality be=e ! law4 ,i d n dwell on ! cacophony2 b1 to convey a /raight=w>d piece ( news1 might n ! ,editor ( ,! ,times z well employ a man to write3-- ,"o ( ! mo/ important re=ms is t ( ! ,c\rts1 :i* ne$ a uni=m sy/em & to be made indep5d5t4 ,9 ?is way only c m5 be assur$ t all are equal be=e ! law4 ,i ?9k he might4 ,a day or two ago ! musical critic ( ! ,/&>d wrote ?is3-- ,,mr ,,lamond ,,9 ,,bee?ov5 ,mr ,fr$]ick ,lamond1 ! ,scotti% piani/1 z an int]pret] ( ,bee?ov5 has few rivals4 ,at 8 second recital ( ! compos]'s works at ,be*/e9 ,hall on ,saturday aft]noon he aga9 display$ a complete sympa?y & und]/&+ ( 8 mat]ial t extract$ ! v ess5ce ( ae/hetic & musical value f ea* selection he und]took4 ,! delightful intimacy ( 8 play+ & 8 unusual =ce ( individual expression are invaluable assets1 :i*1 alli$ to 8 te*nical brilliancy1 enable him to a*ieve an arti/ic triumph4 ,! two l5g?y ,v>iations 9 ,e flat major 7,op4 #ce7 & 9 ,d major1 ! latt] on ! ,turki% ,m>* f ',! ,ru9s ( ,a!ns1' :5 includ$ 9 ! same programme1 require a ma/] h& to provide cont9uity ( int]e/4 ,to say t ,mr ,lamond successfully avoid$ mom5ts t might at times1 9 ^! works1 h incl9$ to comp>ative dis9t]e/$ness1 w\ld be b a mod]ate way ( express+ ! rem>kable fasc9ation ) :i* 8 v]satile play+ end[$ !m1 b at ! same "t two ( ! sonatas giv5 includ$ a simil> =m ( composition1 & no matt] h[ intellectually brilliant may be ! int]pretation1 ! extravagant use ( a c]ta9 mode is b\nd 9 "t to become some:at ineffective4 ,9 ! ,?ree ,sonatas1 ! ,e major 7,op4 #aji71 ! ,a major 7,op4 #b71 ,no4 #b1 & ! ,c m9or 7,op4 #aaa71 ,mr ,lamond signalis$ 8 p]fect insight into ! compos]'s v>y+ moods4 ,w y n agree ) me t "h is no writ+1 "h is no prose1 "h is n ev5 ,engli%1 b m]ely a flux ( words to ! p58 ,"h aga9 is a /r+1 a concat5ation--say1 r1 a ti>a--( gems ( pure/ ray s]5e f ! d>k unfa?om$ caves ( a ,scotti% newspap]3-- ,! ,*9ese viewpo9t1 z indicat$ 9 ?is lett]1 may n be )\t int]e/ to y\r read]s1 because x evid5tly is sugge/ive ( m ?an an academic attempt to expla9 an unpleasant aspect ( ?+s :i*1 if all[$ to mat]ialise1 might sudd5ly culm9ate 9 disa/] resembl+ ! ,*ang-,%a riots4 ,x also v5tures to illu/rate incid5ts hav+ _! inception 9 rec5t premature endeav\rs to accel]ate ! developm5t ( ,prote/ant missions 9 ,*9a2 b we w\ld hope = ! sake ( ! int]e/s involv$ t :at my correspond5t describes z '! irresponsible ruffian elem5t' may be kn[n by _! v>i\s religi\s designations only )9 v re/rict$ areas4 ,well1 ! ,*9ese h giv5 x up1 poor fell[s6 & are ask+ ! ,*ri/ians--z to-day's newspap]s in=m u--to pray = !m4 ,d y wond]8 ,b t is1 or 01 ! ,*9ese 'viewpo9t1'--& :at a will[-patt]n viewpo9t6 ,obs]ve its delicacy4 ,x does n v5ture to int]e/ or be int]e/+2 m]ely 'to be n )\t int]e/4' ,b x does 'v5ture to illu/rate incid5ts'--:i*1 = a viewpo9t1 is brave en\gh3 & ?is illu/ration 'is sugge/ive ( some?+ m ?an an academic attempt to expla9 an unpleasant aspect ( ?+s :i*1 if all[$ to mat]ialise1 might sudd5ly culm9ate4' ,:at mat]ialises8 ,! unpleasant aspect8 or ! ?+s8 ,gramm> says ! '?+s1' '?+s :i* if all[$ to mat]ialise4' ,b ?+s are mat]ialis$ already1 & z a condition ( _! be+ ?+s4 ,x mu/ be ! aspect1 !n1 t mat]ialises4 ,b1 if s1 x is also ! aspect t culm9ates1 & an aspect1 h[ev] unpleasant1 c h>dly d t1 or at wor/ _c culm9ate 9 any?+ resembl+ ! ,*ang-,%a riots4444 ,i give x up4 ,let u turn to ano!r trick ( ,j>gon3 ! trick ( ,elegant ,v>iation1 s rampant 9 ! ,sport+ ,press t !re1 )\t ne$+ to att5d ^! lectures1 ! ,und]graduate detects x = laught]3-- ,hayw>d & ,c4 ,b4 ,fry n[ fac$ ! b[l+2 :i* app>5tly _h no t]rors = ! ,surrey crack4 ,! old ,oxonian1 h[ev]1 took "s "t 9 settl+ to "w4444 ,yes1 y all recognise x & laugh at x4 ,b :y d y practise x 9 y\r ,essays8 ,an und]graduate br+s me an essay on ,byron4 ,9 an essay on ,byron1 ,byron is 7or ought to be7 m5tion$ _m times4 ,i expect1 nay exact1 t ,bryon %all be m5tion$ aga9 & aga94 ,b my und]graduate has a blu%+ s5se t to call ,byron ,byron twice on "o page is indelicate4 ,s ,byron1 aft] />t+ bravely z ,byron1 9 ! second s5t5ce turns into 't great b unequal poet' & !nce=w>d ,i h z mu* tr\ble ) ,byron z ev] ,telema*us ) ,proteus to hold & p9 him back to 8 prop] self4 ,half-way d[n ! page he becomes '! gloomy ma/] ( ,new/ead'3 ov]leaf he is re9c>nat$ into '! meteoric d>l+ ( society'3 & s proce$s ?r\gh successive avat>s--'?is ar*-rebel1' '! au?or ( ,*ilde ,h>old1' '! apo/le ( scorn1' '! ex-,h>rovian1 pr\d1 b abnormally s5sitive ( 8 club-foot1' '! m>tyr ( ,missolonghi1' '! pageant-mong] ( a ble$+ he>t4' ,n[ ?is aga9 is ,j>gon4 ,x does n1 z mo/ ,j>gon does1 come ( laz9ess2 b x comes ( timidity1 :i* is worse4 ,9 lit]ature z 9 life he makes himself felt :o n only calls a spade a spade b has ! pluck to d\ble spades & re-d\ble4 ,= ano!r rule--j z r\gh & ready1 b j z useful3 ,tra9 y\r suspicions to bri/le up :5ev] y come ^u 'z reg>ds1' ') reg>d to1' '9 respect (1' '9 connection )1' 'accord+ z to :e!r1' & ! l4 ,!y are all dodges ( ,j>gon1 circumlocutions = evad+ ?is or t simple /atem5t3 & ,i say t x is n en\gh to avoid !m n9e times out ( t51 or n9e-&-n9ety times out ( a hundr$4 ,y %\ld nev] use !m4 ,t is positive en\gh1 ,i hope8 ,?\gh ,i _c admire 8 /yle1 ,i admire ! man :o wrote to me1 ',re ,t5nyson--y\r rem>ks an5t 8 ,9 ,memoriam make me sick'3 = ?\gh re is n a preposition ( ! fir/ wat]1 & 'an5t' has enjoy$ its day1 ! f9i% cr[n$ ! "w4 ,b "h are a few specim5s f>1 v f>1 worse3-- ,! special difficulty 9 ,pr(essor ,m9ocelsi's case our old fri5d 'case' aga9 arose 9 connexion ) ! view he holds relative to ! hi/orical value ( ! op5+ pages ( ,g5esis4 ,t is ,j>gon4 ,9 prose1 ev5 tak+ ! mis]able s5t5ce z x /&s con/ruct$1 we %\ld write '! difficulty arose ov] ! views he holds ab\t ! hi/orical value1' etc4 ,f a popul> noveli/3-- ,i 0 entirely indiff]5t z to ! results ( ! game1 c>+ no?+ at all z to :e!r ,i _h losses or ga9s-- ,cut out ! fir/ 'z' 9 'z to1' & ! second 'z to' altoge!r1 & ! s5t5ce beg9s to be prose--',i 0 indiff]5t to ! results ( ! game1 c>+ no?+ :e!r ,i _h losses or ga9s4' ,b :y1 l ,dogb]ry1 h '_h losses'8 ,:y n simply 'lose4' ,let u try aga94 ',i 0 entirely indiff]5t to ! results ( ! game1 c>+ no?+ at all :e!r ,i won or lo/4' ,/ill ! s5t5ce rema9s absurd3 = ! second clause b repeats ! fir/ )\t add+ "o jot4 ,= if y c>e n at all :e!r y w9 or lose1 y mu/ be entirely indiff]5t to ! results ( ! game4 ,s :y n say ',i 0 c>eless if ,i won or lo/1' & h done ) x8 ,a man ( simple & *>m+ "*1 he 0 fitly associat$ ) ! di/9ction ( ! ,ord] ( ,m]it4 ,i take ?is gem ) "s o!rs f a collection made ?ree ye>s ago1 by ! ,ox=d ,magaz9e2 & ,i hope y admire x z "o beyond price4 ',he 0 associat$ ) ! di/9ction ( ! ,ord] ( ,m]it' means 'he 0 giv5 ! ,ord] ( ,m]it4' ,if ! memb]s ( t ,ord] make a society !n he 0 associat$ ) !m2 b y _c associate a man ) a di/9ction4 ,! inv5tor ( su* f9e writ+ w\ld d\btless h answ]$ ,cann+'s ,ne$y ,knife-gr9d] )3-- ,i associate !e ) sixp5ce6 ,i w see !e 9 ano!r association fir/6 ,b let u close our florilegium & attempt to illu/rate ,j>gon by ! conv]se me?od ( tak+ a fam\s piece ( ,engli% 7say ,hamlet's soliloquy7 & rem\ld+ a few l9es ( x 9 ?is fa%ion3-- ,to be1 or ! contr>y8 ,:e!r ! =m] or ! latt] be pref]able w\ld seem to admit ( "s diff]5ce ( op9ion2 ! answ] 9 ! pres5t case be+ ( an affirmative or ( a negative "* accord+ z to :e!r "o elects on ! "o h& to m5tally suff] ! disfav\r ( =tune1 albeit 9 an extreme degree1 or on ! o!r to boldly envisage adv]se conditions 9 ! prospect ( ev5tually br++ !m to a conclusion4 ,! condition ( sleep is simil> to1 if n indi/+ui%able f1 t ( dea?2 & ) ! addition ( f9ality ! =m] might be consid]$ id5tical ) ! latt]3 s t 9 ?is connection x might be argu$ ) reg>d to sleep t1 c\ld ! addition be effect$1 a t]m9ation w\ld be put to ! endurance ( a multiplicity ( inconv5i5ces1 n to m5tion a numb] ( d[nright evils incid5tal to our fall5 humanity1 & ?us a consummation a*iev$ ( a mo/ gratify+ nature4 ,t is ,j>gon3 & to write ,j>gon is to be p]petually %uffl+ ar\nd 9 ! fog & cotton-wool ( ab/ract t]ms2 to be = ev] he>k5+1 l ,ibs5's ,pe] ,gynt1 to ! voice ( ! ,boyg exhort+ y to circumv5t ! difficulty1 to beat ! air because x is easi] ?an to fle% y\r sword 9 ! ?+4 ,! fir/ virtue1 ! t\*/one ( a mascul9e /yle1 is its use ( ! active v]b & ! concrete n\n4 ,:5 y write 9 ! active voice1 ',!y gave him a silv] teapot1' y write z a man4 ,:5 y write ',he 0 made ! recipi5t ( a silv] teapot1' y write j>gon4 ,b at ! beg9n+ set ev5 high] /ore on ! concrete n\n4 ,somebody--,i ?9k x 0 ,fitz,gerald--once posit$ ! "q ',:at w\ld h become ( ,*ri/ianity if ,j]emy ,b5?am _h _h ! writ+ ( ! ,p>ables8' ,)\t pursu+ t dreadful enquiry ,i ask y to note h[ c>efully ! ,p>ables--^? exquisite %ort /ories--speak only ( '?+s :i* y c t\* & see'--',a s[] w5t =? to s[1' ',! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto leav51 :i* a woman took1'--& n ! ,p>ables only1 b ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & almo/ e v]se ( ! ,gospel4 ,! ,gospel does n1 l my "y essayi/1 fe> to repeat a ^w1 if ! ^w be good4 ,! ,gospel says ',r5d] unto ,caes> ! ?+s t are ,caes>'s'--n ',r5d] unto ,caes> ! ?+s t app]ta9 to t pot5tate4' ,! ,gospel does n say ',consid] ! gr[? ( ! lilies1' or ev5 ',consid] h[ ! lilies gr[4' ,x says1 ',consid] ! lilies1 h[ !y gr[4' ,or take ,%akespe>e4 ,i wag] y t no writ] ( ,engli% s con/antly *ooses ! concrete ^w1 9 phrase aft] phrase =c+ y to t\* & see4 ,no writ] s insi/5tly tea*es ! g5]al ?r\gh ! p>ticul>4 ,he does x ev5 9 ,v5us & ,adonis 7z ,pr(essor ,w5dell1 ( ,h>v>d1 po9t$ out 9 a brilliant little monograph on ,%akespe>e1 publi%$ "s t5 ye>s ago74 ,read any page ( ,v5us & ,adonis side by side ) any page ( ,m>l[e's ,h]o & ,le&] & y _c b m>k ! contra/3 9 ,%akespe>e ! def9ite1 p>ticul>1 visualis$ image1 9 ,m>l[e ! beautiful g5]alisation1 ! ab/ract t]m1 ! ?+ se5 at a lit]>y remove4 ,take ! two op5+s1 bo? ( :i* />t out ) ! sunrise4 ,m>l[e beg9s3-- ,n[ _h ! ,morn espi$ h] lov]'s /e$s3 ,:]eat %e />ts1 puts on h] purple we$s1 ,&1 r$ = ang] t he /ay'd s long1 ,all headlong ?r[s h]self ! cl\ds among4 ,%akespe>e wa/es no words on ,aurora & h] feel+s1 b gets to 8 h]o & to bus9ess )\t ado3-- ,ev5 z ! sun ) purple-col\r'd face-- 7,y h ! sun visualis$ at once71 ,ev5 z ! sun ) purple-col\r'd face ,_h ta'en 8 la/ leave ( ! weep+ morn1 ,rose-*eek'd ,adonis hi$ him to ! *ase2 ,hunt+ he lov$1 b love he laugh'd to scorn4 ,:5 ,%akespe>e has to describe a horse1 m>k h[ def9ite he is3-- ,r\nd-ho('d1 %ort-jo9t$1 fetlocks %ag & long1 ,broad brea/1 full eye1 small head & no/ril wide1 ,high cre/1 %ort e>s1 /raight legs & pass+ /rong2 ,?9 mane1 ?ick tail1 broad buttock1 t5d] hide4 ,or aga91 9 a casual simile1 h[ def9ite3-- ,^u ?is promise did he raise 8 *91 ,l a dive-dipp] pe]+ ?r\gh a wave1 ,:i*1 be+ look'd on1 ducks z quickly 94 ,or take1 if y w1 ,m>l[e's description ( ,h]o's fir/ meet+ ,le&]3-- ,x lies n 9 our p[] to love or hate1 ,= w 9 u is ov]-rul$ by fate4441 & set aga9/ x ,%akespe>e's description ( ,v5us' la/ meet+ ) ,adonis1 z %e came on him ly+ 9 8 blood3-- ,or z a snail ^: t5d] horns be+ hit ,%r9ks backw>d 9 8 %elly cave ) pa91 ,& !re1 all smo!r'd up1 9 %ade do? sit1 ,long aft] fe>+ to creep =? aga92 ,s1 at 8 bloody view-- ,i d n d5y ,m>l[e's l9es 7if y w /udy ! :ole passage7 to be lovely4 ,y may ev5 judge ,%akespe>e's to be crude by comp>ison4 ,b y _c help not+ t :]eas ,m>l[e /eadily deals 9 ab/ract1 nebul\s t]ms1 ,%akespe>e con/antly uses concrete ones1 :i* lat] on he le>n$ to pack into v]se1 su* z3-- ,sleep t knits up ! ravell'd sleeve ( c>e4 ,is x unfair to in/ance ,m>l[e1 :o di$ "y8 ,!n let u take ,web/] = ! comp>ison2 ,web/]1 a man ( g5ius or ( some?+ v l x1 & commonly prais$ by ! critics = 8 ma/]y ov] def9ite1 detail$1 & :at ,i may call solidifi$ s5sation4 ,let u take ?is admir$ passage f 8 ,du*ess ( ,malfy3-- ,f]d9&4 ,h[ do? our si/] ,du*ess be> h]self ,9 h] imprisonm5t8 ,basola4 ,nobly3 ,i'll describe h]4 ,%e's sad z "o long us$ to 't1 & %e seems ,r to welcome ! end ( mis]y ,?an %un x3 a behavi\r s noble ,z gives a maje/y to adv]sity 7,note ! ab/ract t]ms47 ,y may disc]n ! %ape ( lovel9ess ,m p]fect 9 h] te>s ?an 9 h] smiles2 ,%e w muse = h\rs toge!r2 & h] sil5ce 7,"h we fir/ come on ! concrete3 & beautiful x is47 ,me?9ks expresse? m ?an if %e spake4 ,n[ set aga9/ ?is ! well-kn[n passage f ,twelf? ,night :]e ! ,duke asks & ,viola answ]s a "q ab\t someone unkn[n to him & inv5t$ by h]--a m]e phantasm1 9 %ort3 yet note h[ mu* m def9ite is ! language3-- ,viola4 ,my fa!r _h a daught] lov'd a man2 ,z x might be1 p]haps1 7 ,i a woman1 ,i %\ld y\r lord%ip4 ,duke4 ,& :at's h] hi/ory8 ,viola4 ,a blank1 my "l4 ,%e nev] told h] love1 ,b let concealm5t1 l a worm i' ! bud1 ,fe$ on h] damask *eek2 %e p9$ 9 ?\ght1 ,& ) a gre5 & yell[ melan*oly ,%e sat l ,pati5ce on a monum5t ,smil+ at grief4 ,0 n ?is love inde$8 ,obs]ve 7ap>t f ! dramatic skill ( x7 h[1 :5 ,%akespe>e has to use ! ab/ract n\n 'concealm5t1' on an in/ant x turns into a visible worm 'fe$+' on ! visible rose2 h[1 hav+ to use a second ab/ract ^w 'pati5ce1' at once he solidifies x 9 tangible /one4 ,turn+ to prose1 y may easily assure y\rselves t m5 :o h writt5 le>n$ly on ! art agree 9 treat+ our maxim--to pref] ! concrete t]m to ! ab/ract1 ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 ! def9ite to ! vague--z a canon ( rhetoric4 ,:ately has mu* to say on x4 ,! late ,mr ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 9 "o ( 8 admirable prefaces to ,burke 7prefaces too little kn[n & valu$1 z too (t5 happ5s to s*ol>%ip hidd5 away 9 a s*oolbook71 illu/rat$ ! maxim by sett+ a passage f ,burke's spee* ,on ,conciliation ) ,am]ica alongside a passage ( l purport f ,"l ,br\gham's ,inquiry into ! ,policy ( ! ,european ,p[]s4 ,"h is ! deadly p>allel3-- ,,burke4 ,9 l>ge bodies ! circulation ( p[] mu/ be less vigor\s at ! extremities4 ,nature has said x4 ,! ,turk _c gov]n ,a,egypt & ,arabia & ,curdi/an z he gov]ns ,?race2 nor has he ! same dom9ion 9 ,crimea & ,algi]s :i* he has at ,brusa & ,smyrna4 ,despotism itself is oblig$ to truck & huck/]4 ,! ,sultan gets su* ob$i5ce z he c4 ,he gov]ns ) a loose re91 t he may gov]n at all2 & ! :ole ( ! =ce & vig\r ( 8 au?ority 9 8 c5tre is d]iv$ f a prud5t relaxation 9 all 8 bord]s4 ,,br\gham4 ,9 all ! despotisms ( ! ,ea/1 x has be5 obs]v$ t ! fur!r any "p ( ! empire is remov$ f ! capital1 ! m d its inhabitants enjoy "s sort ( rights & privileges3 ! m inefficaci\s is ! p[] ( ! mon>*2 & ! m feeble & easily decay$ is ! organisation ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,y p]ceive t ,br\gham has transf]r$ ,burke's ?\ght to 8 own page3 b w y n also p]ceive h[ pitiably1 by dissolv+ ,burke's vivid p>ticul>s into smoo? g5]alities1 he has en]vat$ its hold on ! m9d8 ',?is p>ticul>is+ /yle1' comm5ts ,mr ,payne1 'is ! ess5ce ( ,poetry2 & 9 ,prose x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! en]gy x produces4 ,br\gham's passage is excell5t 9 its way3 b x pales be=e ! fla%+ lights ( ,burke's s5t5ces4 ,! be/ in/ances ( ?is en]gy ( /yle1 he adds1 are to be f\nd 9 ! classical writ]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ',:5 ,s\? says1 ,an ,ari/otle 0 b ! rubbi% ( an ,adam1 & ,a!ns b ! rudim5ts ( ,p>adise1 he communicates m effectually ! notion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellect ( fall5 & ( unfall5 humanity ?an 9 all ! philosophy ( 8 s]mons put toge!r4' ,y may agree ) me1 or y may n1 t ,s\? 9 ?is passage is exp\nd+ tra%2 b y w agree ) ,mr ,payne & me t he utt]$ x vividly4 ,let me quote to y1 z a f9al example ( ?is vivid /yle ( writ+1 a passage f ,dr ,john ,donne f> beyond & above any?+ t ev] lay )9 ,s\?'s compass3-- ,! a%es ( an ,oak 9 ! ,*imney are no epitaph ( t ,oak1 to tell me h[ high or h[ l>ge t 02 x tells me n :at flocks x %elt]$ :ile x /ood1 nor :at m5 x hurt :5 x fell4 ,! du/ ( great p]sons' graves is spee*less1 too2 x says no?+1 x di/+ui%es no?+4 ,z soon ! du/ ( a wret* :om ?\ w\lde/ n1 z ( a pr9ce :om ?\ c\lde/ n look ^u w tr\ble ?9e eyes if ! w9d bl[ x ?i!r2 & :5 a :irle-w9d ha? bl[n ! du/ ( ! ,*ur*y>d into ! ,*ur*1 & ! man sweeps out ! du/ ( ! ,*ur* into ! ,*ur*y>d1 :o w und]take to sift ^? du/s aga9 & to pron\nce1 ,?is is ! ,patrician1 ?is is ! noble fl[re fl\r1 ?is ! yeomanly1 ?is ! ,plebeian bran8 ,s is ! dea? ( ,iesabel 7,iesabel 0 a ,que57 express$4 ,!y %all n say ,?is is ,iesabel2 n only n wond] t x is1 nor pity t x %\ld be2 b !y %all n say1 !y %all n "k1 ,?is is ,iesabel4 ,c>lyle not$ ( ,goe!1 '8 emblematic intellect1 8 nev]-fail+ t5d5cy to trans=m into %ape1 into life1 ! feel+ t may dwell 9 him4 ,ev]y?+ has =m1 has visual excell5ce3 ! poet's imag9ation bodies =? ! =ms ( ?+s unse51 & 8 p5 turns !m into %ape4' ,p]p5d ?is1 ,g5tlem51 & maybe y w n h]eaft] set x d[n to my reproa* t ,i wa/$ an h\r ( a ,may morn+ 9 a d5unciation ( ,j>gon1 & 9 exhort+ y ^u a te*nical matt] at fir/ sight s trivial z ! *oice betwe5 ab/ract & def9ite words4 ,a lesson ab\t writ+ y\r language may g deep] ?an language2 = language 7z 9 a =m] lecture ,i tri$ to prea* to y7 is y\r reason1 y\r ,greek3 logos4 ,s long z y pref] ab/ract words1 :i* express o!r m5's summ>is$ concepts ( ?+s1 to concrete ones :i* z ne> z c be rea*$ to ?+s !mselves & are ! fir/-h& mat]ial = y\r ?\ghts1 y w rema91 at ! be/1 writ]s at second-h&4 ,if y\r language be ,j>gon1 y\r intellect1 if n y\r :ole "*1 w almo/ c]ta9ly correspond4 ,:]e y\r m9d %\ld g /raight1 x w dodge3 ! difficulties x %\ld approa* ) a fair front & grip ) a firm h& x w be seek+ to evade or circumv5t4 ,= ! ,/yle is ! ,man1 & :]e a man's treasure is !re 8 he>t1 & 8 bra91 & 8 writ+1 w be also4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,capital ,,difficulty ,,( ,,prose ,?ursday1 ,may #ae ,to-day1 ,g5tlem51 leav+ ! ,vanity ,fair ( ,j>gon beh9d u1 we h to essay a difficult c\ntry2 ( :i*1 ?\gh fairly confid5t ( 8 compass-be>+s1 y\r guide confesses1 t wide tracts lie outside 8 k--outside ( any?+ t c prop]ly be call$ 8 k4 ,i feel inde$ some:at z ,gideon mu/ h felt :5 he divid$ 8 ho/ on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,gilead1 w>n+ back all :o 7 afraid4 ,9 ask+ ! remnant to foll[ z att5tively z !y c1 ,i promise only t1 if ,heav5 c>ry u safely across1 we %all h 'brok5 ! back' ( ! des]t4 ,9 my la/ lecture b "o1 !n1--& be=e our small int]lude ) ,j>gon--! argum5t _h c>ri$ u1 m or less neatly1 up to ?is po9t3 t ! capital difficulty ( v]se consi/$ 9 say+ ord9>y unemotional ?+s1 ( bridg+ ! flat int]vals betwe5 high mom5ts4 ,?is po9t1 ,i believe1 we made effectively en\gh4 ,n[1 = logical neatness1 we %\ld be able to oppose a correspond+ po9t1 t ! capital difficulty ( prose consi/s 9 say+ extraord9>y ?+s1 9 runn+ x up f its prop] level to ^! high emotional1 musical1 mom5ts4 ,& mightily conv5i5t t w\ld be1 ,g5tlem51 if ,i 7 "h to help y to answ] sci5tific que/ions ab\t prose & v]se in/ead ( help+ y1 9 :at small degree ,i c1 to write4 ,b 9 ,lit]ature 7:i*1 let me rem9d y yet once aga91 is an art7 y _c classify z 9 a sci5ce4 ,pray att5d :ile ,i impress on y ?is mo/ necess>y w>n+4 ,9 /udy+ lit]ature1 & /ill m 9 /udy+ to write x1 di/ru/ all classification6 ,all classify+ ( lit]ature intrudes 'sci5ce' ^u an art1 & is artificially 'sci5tific'2 a trick ( p$ants1 t !y may make x ! easi] to exam9e y on ?+s ) :i* no man %\ld h any e>?ly conc]n1 z ,i am sure he w nev] h a heav5ly "o4 ,beetles1 m9]als1 gases1 may be classifi$2 & to h !m classifi$ is n only conv5i5t b a g5u9e advance ( k4 ,b if y _h to make a beetle1 z m5 are mak+ poetry1 h[ mu* w\ld classification help8 ,to classify 9 a sci5ce is necess>y = ! purpose ( t sci5ce3 to classify :5 y come to art is at ! be/ an exp$i5t1 useful to "s critics & to a multitude ( exam9]s4 ,x s]ves ! art-critic to talk ab\t ,tuscan1 ,flemi%1 ,pre-,raphaelite1 s*ools ( pa9t+4 ,! expressions are h&y1 & we "k m or less :at !y int5d4 ,j s h&ily x may s]ve u to talk ab\t ',r5aissance poets1' '! ,elizabe?ans1' '! ,augu/an age4' ,b su* t]ms at be/ _c be sci5tific1 precise1 det]m9ate1 z = examples ! t]ms 'inorganic1' 'mammal1' 'univalve1' ',old ,r$ ,s&/one' are sci5tific1 precise1 det]m9ate4 ,an animal is ei!r a mammal or x is n3 y _c say z assur$ly t a man is or is n an ,elizabe?an4 ,we call ,%akespe>e an ,elizabe?an & ! greate/ ( ,elizabe?ans1 ?\gh z a fact he wrote 8 mo/ fam\s plays :5 ,elizabe? 0 dead4 ,%irley 0 b sev5 ye>s old :5 ,elizabe? di$2 yet 7if ',elizabe?an' h any mean+ b a *ronological "o7 ,%irley belongs to ! ,elizabe?an firmam5t1 albeit b z a pale /> l[ on ! horizon3 :]eas ,donne--a po/-,elizabe?an if ev] !re 0 "o--_h by #afjc rea*$ 8 ?irtie? ye> & writt5 almo/ e l9e ( ^? wond]ful lyrics :i* = a good sixty ye>s gave ! dom9ant note to ,jacobean & ,c>ol9e poetry4 ,9 treat+ ( an art we classify = h&9ess1 n = purposes ( exact k2 & man 7improbus homo7 ) 8 wick$ inv5tions is = ev] mak+ fools ( our =mulae4 ,be consol$--&1 if y are wise1 ?ank ,heav5--t g5ius uses our be/-laid logic to explode x4 ,be consol$1 at any rate1 on f9d+ t aft] decid+ ! capital difficulty ( prose to lie 9 say+ extraord9>y ?+s1 9 runn+ up to ! high emotional mom5ts1 ! prose-writ]s explode & bl[ our admirable conclusions to ru9s4 ,y see1 we gave !m ! *ance to a/oni% u :5 we def9$ prose z 'a record ( human ?\ght1 disp5s+ ) metre & us+ rhy?m laxly4' ,:5 y give g5ius leave to use some?+ laxly1 at its w1 g5ius w pretty surely get ! bett] ( y4 ,obs]ve1 n[1 foll[+ ! /ory ( ,engli% prose1 :at has happ5$4 ,its difficulty--! inh]5t1 ! native disability ( prose--is to h&le ! high emotional mom5ts :i* m prop]ly belong to v]se4 ,well1 we /rike into ! l9e ( our prose-writ]s1 say z e>ly z ,malory4 ,we come on ?is2 ( ! ,pass+ ( ,ar?ur3-- ',my "t hie? fa/1' said ! k+4 ,!re=e said ,ar?ur unto ,sir ,b$iv]e1 ',take ?\ ,excalibur my good sword1 & g ) x to yond] wat] side2 & :5 ?\ come/ !re ,i *>ge !e ?r[ my sword 9 t wat] & come aga9 & tell me :at !re ?\ see/4' ',my "l1' said ,b$iv]e1 ',y\r comm&m5t %all be done2 & lightly br+ y ^w aga94' ,s ,sir ,b$iv]e dep>t$1 & by ! way he beheld t noble sword1 t ! pommel & ! haft 0 all ( preci\s /ones1 & !n he said to himself1 ',if ,i ?r[ ?is ri* sword 9 ! wat]1 !re( %all nev] come good1 b h>m & loss4' ,& !n ,sir ,b$iv]e hid ,excalib] "u a tree4 ,& s1 z soon z he might1 he came aga9 unto ! k+1 & said he _h be5 at ! wat] & _h ?r[n ! sword into ! wat]1 ',:at saw ?\ !re8' said ! k+1 ',sir1' he said1 ',i saw no?+ b waves & w9ds4' ,n[ ,i might say a doz5 ?+s ( ?is & ( ! :ole passage t foll[s1 d[n to ,ar?ur's la/ words4 ,specially might ,i speak to y ( ! music ( its monosyllables--',:at sawe/ y !re8 said ! k+444 ,d z well z ?\ maye/2 = 9 me is no tru/ = to tru/ 94 ,= ,i w into ! ,vale ( ,avilion1 to heal me ( my griev\s w\nd4 ,& if ?\ he> nev] m ( me1 pray = my s\l4' ,b1 be=e mak+ comm5t at all1 ,i %all quote y ano!r passage2 ?is f ,"l ,b]n]s' translation ( ,froiss>t1 ( ! dea? ( ,rob]t ,bruce3-- ,x =tun$ t ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,scotl& 0 "r sore ag$ & feeble3 = he 0 greatly *>g$ ) ! great sickness1 s t !re 0 no way = him b dea?4 ,& :5 he felt t 8 end drew ne>1 he s5t = su* b>ons & lords ( 8 realm z he tru/$ be/1 & %ew$ !m h[ !re 0 no rem$y ) him1 b he mu/ ne$s leave ?is transitory life4444 ,!n he call$ to him ! g5tle knight1 ,sir ,william ,d\glas1 & said be=e all ! lords1 ',sir ,william1 my de> fri5d1 ye "k well t ,i h _h mu* ado 9 my days to uphold & su/a9 ! "r ( ?is realm2 & :5 ,i _h mo/ ado ,i made a solemn v[1 ! :i* z yet ,i h n accompli%$1 :]e( ,i am "r sorry2 ! :i* 01 if ,i might a*ieve & make an end ( all my w>s1 s t ,i might once h br\ght ?is realm 9 re/ & peace1 !n ,i promis$ 9 my m9d to h gone & w>r$ on ,*ri/'s enemies1 adv]s>ies to our holy ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,to ?is purpose m9e he>t ha? ev] int5d$1 b our ,"l w\ld n cons5t !reto444 ,& si? x is s t my body c n g1 nor a*ieve t my he>t desire?1 ,i w s5d ! he>t in/ead ( ! body1 to accompli% m9e av[444 ,i w1 t z soon z ,i am trespass$ out ( ?is _w1 t ye take my he>t out ( my body1 & embalm x1 & take ( my treasure z ye %all ?9k suffici5t = t ent]prise1 bo? = y\rself & su* company z ye w take ) y1 & pres5t my he>t to ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 :]eas our ,"l lay1 see+ my body c n come !re4 ,& take ) y su* company & purveyance z %all be app]ta9+ to y\r e/ate4 ,&1 :]esoev] ye come1 let x be kn[n h[ ye c>ry ) y ! he>t ( ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,scotl&1 at 8 in/ance & desire to be pres5t$ to ! ,holy ,sepul*re4' ,!n all ! lords1 t he>d ^! words1 wept = pity4 ,!re1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & e>ly 9 ! sixte5?1 y h ,malory & ,b]n]s writ+ beautiful ,engli% prose2 prose ! emotion ( :i* 7,i d>e to say7 y mu/ recognise if y h e>s to he>4 ,s y see t already our ,engli% prose n only a*ieves ! 'high mom5t1' b seems to obey x r & be lift$ by x1 until we ask ourselves1 ',:o c\ld help writ+ nobly1 hav+ to tell h[ ,k+ ,ar?ur di$ or h[ ! ,bruce8' ,yes1 b ,i bid y obs]ve t ,malory & ,b]n]s are bo? relat+ :at1 h[ev] noble1 is q simple1 q /raight=w>d4 ,x is :5 prose attempts to philosophise1 to express ?\ghts z well z to relate simple say+s & do+s--x is !n t ! tr\ble beg9s4 ,:5 ,malory has to philosophise dea?1 to ?9k ab\t x1 ?is is z f> z he atta9s3-- ',ah1 ,sir ,lancelot1' said he1 '?\ w]t head ( all ,*ri/ian ,knights6 ,& n[ ,i d>e say1' said ,sir ,ector1 't1 ,sir ,lancelot1 !re ?\ lie/1 ?\ 7 nev] mat*$ ( none e>?ly h&s2 & ?\ 7 ! curtie/ knight t ev] b>e %ield3 & ?\ 7 ! true/ fri5d to ?y lov] t ev] /rood horse1 & ?\ 7 ! true/ lov] ( a s9ful man t ev] lov$ woman2 & ?\ 7 ! k9de/ man t ev] /rooke ) sword2 & ?\ 7 ! goodlie/ p]son t ev] came among press ( knights2 & ?\ 7 ! meeke/ man & g5tle/ t ev] sat 9 hall among ladies2 & ?\ 7 ! /]ne/ ,knight to ?y mortal foe t ev] put spe> 9 ! re/4' ,beautiful aga91 ,i grant6 ,b note y t1 eloqu5t z he c be on ! virtues ( 8 dead fri5d1 :5 ,sir ,ector comes to ! ?\ght ( dea? itself all he c accompli% is1 ',& n[ ,i d>e say t1 ,sir ,lancelot1 !re ?\ lie/4' ,let u make a leap 9 "t & contra/ ?is ) ,tyndale & ! translators ( our ,bible1 h[ !y are able to make ,/ ,paul speak ( dea?3-- ,s :5 ?is corruptible %all h put on incorruption1 & ?is mortal %all h put on immortality1 !n %all be br\ght to pass ! say+ t is writt51 ,dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4 ,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,!re y h some?+ clean beyond :at ,malory or ,b]n]s c\ld compass3 !re y h a diff]5t k9d ( high mom5t--a high mom5t ( philosophis+3 !re y h emotion impregnat$ ) ?\ght4 ,x 0 necess>y t our ,engli% v]se ev5 aft] ,*auc]1 our ,engli% prose aft] ,malory & ,b]n]s1 %\ld ov]come ?is mo/ difficult gap 7:i* /&s = a real intellectual diff]5ce7 if x aspir$ to be :at to-day x is--a language ( ! fir/ class1 comp>able ) ,greek & c]ta9ly no :it inf]ior to ,lat9 or ,fr5*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u leave prose = a mom5t1 & see h[ ,v]se ?rew its bridge ov] ! gap4 ,if y w\ld he> ! note ( ,*auc] at its deepe/1 y w f9d x 9 ! fam\s exquisite l9es ( ! ,prioress' ,prologue3-- ,o mod] mayde6 ,o mayde mod] fre6 ,o bu% unbr5t1 br5n+ 9 ,moyses' sight6 9 ! compla9t ( ,troilus1 9 ! rapture ( ,griselda re/or$ to h] *ildr53-- ,o t5dre1 ,o d]e1 ,o yonge *ildr5 myne1 ,y\r w(ul mod] w5de /$fa/ly ,t cruel h\ndes or "s f\l v]myne ,hadde et5 y2 b ,god ( 8 m]cy ,& y\r b5igne fad] t5drely ,ha? doon y kept444 ,y w f9d a note q z s9c]e 9 _m a c>ol1 _m a ballad1 ( t "t3-- ,he came al s /ill ,!re 8 "m 01 ,z dew 9 ,april ,t falle? on ! grass4 ,he came al s /ill ,to 8 "m's b\r1 ,z dew 9 ,april ,t falle? on ! fl\r4 ,he came al s /ill ,!re 8 "m lay1 ,z dew 9 ,april ,t falle? on ! spray4 ,"m & maid5 ,0 nev] none b %e2 ,well may su* a lady ,goddes "m be4 ,y get ! mo/ emotional note ( ! ,ballad 9 su* a /anza z ?is1 f ,! ,nut-,br[n ,maid3-- ,?\gh x be sung ( old & "y ,t ,i %\ld be to blame1 ,_!'s be ! *>ge t speak s l>ge ,9 hurt+ ( my "n2 ,= ,i w prove t fai?ful love ,x is devoid ( %ame2 ,9 y\r di/ress & heav9ess ,to "p ) y ! same3 ,& sure all ?o t d n s ,true lov]s are !y none3 ,=1 9 my m9d1 ( all mank9d ,i love b y alone4 ,all ^! notes1 aga91 y w admit to be exquisite3 b !y gu% /raight f ! unsophi/icat$ he>t3 !y are n[ise deep save 9 innoc5t emotion3 !y are n ?\ghtful4 ,s :5 ,b>b\r breaks out 9 praise ( ,fre$om1 he cries ,a6 ,fr$ome is a noble ?+6 ,& t is really z f> z he gets4 ,he goes on ,fr$ome mayse man to hafe lik+4 7,fre$om makes man to *oose :at he likes2 t is1 makes him free7 ,fr$ome all solace to man giffis1 ,he livis at ese t frely livis6 ,a noble h>t may haif nane ese1 ,na ellys no*t t may him plese1 ,gif fr$ome fail'?3 = fre lik+ ,is yh>nit ou] all o?ir ?+444 --& s on = _m l9es2 all say+ ! same ?+1 t man ye>ns = ,fre$om & is glad :5 he gets x1 because !n he is free2 all hamm]+ out ! same obs]v$ fact1 b all knock+ va9ly on ! door ( ?\ght1 :i* nev] op5s to expla9 :at ,fre$om is4 ,n[ let u take a leap z we did ) prose1 & 'tak+ (f' f ! ,nut-,br[n ,maid's artless confession1 9 my m9d1 ( all mank9d ,i love b y alone1 let u alight on a sonnet ( ,%akespe>e's-- ,?y bosom is ende>$ ) all he>ts ,:i* ,i by lack+ h suppos$ dead3 ,& !re reigns ,love1 & all ,love's lov+ p>ts1 ,& all ^? fri5ds :i* ,i ?\ght buri$4 ,h[ _m a holy & obsequi\s te> ,ha? de> religi\s love /ol5 f m9e eye ,z int]e/ ( ! dead6--:i* n[ appe> ,b ?+s remov$1 t hidd5 9 !e lie4 ,?\ art ! grave :]e buri$ love do? live1 ,hung ) ! trophies ( my lov]s gone1 ,:o all _! p>ts ( me to !e did give2 ,t due ( _m n[ is m9e alone3 ,_! images ,i lov$ ,i view 9 !e1 ,& ?\1 all !y1 ha/ all ! all ( me4 ,:at a new way ( talk+ ab\t love6 ,n a happi] way--!re is less ( he>t's-ease 9 ^! d\bts1 delicacies1 subtleties--b h[ mu* m ?\ghtful6 ,h[ has our ,nut-,br[n ,maid eat5 ( ! tree ( k6 ,well1 !re happ5$ a ,%akespe>e1 to d ?is = ,engli% ,v]se3 & ,%akespe>e 0 a miracle :i* ,i *e]fully leave o!rs to rationalise = y1 hav+1 = my own "p & s f> z ,i h f>$ 9 life1 f\nd m pr(it 9 a capacity = simple wond]4 ,b ,i c tell y h[ ! pa? 0 made /raight to t miracle4 ,! %ock ( ! ,new ,le>n+ ^u ,europe awoke m5 & unseal$ m5's eyes--unseal$ ! eyes ( ,engli%m5 9 p>ticul>--to discov] a lit]ature1 & ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 :i* habitually philosophis$ life3 a lit]ature :i*1 :e!r 9 a *orus ( ,sophocles or a talk report$ by ,plato1 or 9 a ribald page ( ,ari/ophanes or 9 a knotty *apt] ( ,?ucydides1 0 9 "o guise or ano!r = ev] ask+ ,:y8 ',:at is man do+ "h1 & :y is he do+ x8' ',:at is 8 purpose8 8 de/9y8' ',h[ /&s he t[>ds ^? unse5 p[]s--call !m ! gods1 or :atev] y w--t guide & ?w>t1 provoke1 madd51 control him s my/]i\sly8' ',:at are ^! ?+s we call good & evil1 life1 love1 dea?8' ,^! are que/ions :i*1 once rais$1 haunt ,man until he f9ds an answ]--"s sort ( answ] to satisfy him4 ,engli%m51 hi!rto cont5t ) ! ,*ur*'s answ]s b n[ aw>e ( ?is great lit]ature :i* answ]$ s diff]5tly--& hav+ o!r reasons to suspect :at ! ,*ur* said & did--grew aw>e t _! lit]ature _h be5 z a *ild at play4 ,x _h nev] philosophis$ good & evil1 life1 love or dea?3 x _h no lit]>y =ms = do+ ?is2 x _h n ev5 ! vocabul>y4 ,s our ance/ors saw t to cat* up _! lee-way--to make _! report wor?y ( ?is wond]ful1 allur+ discov]y--new lit]>y =ms _h to be inv5t$--new1 t is1 9 ,engli%3 ! sonnet1 ! drama1 ! v]se 9 :i* ! actors 7 to declaim1 ! essay1 ! inv5t$ tale4 ,!n1 = ! vocabul>y1 obvi\sly our fa!rs _h ei!r to g to ,greek1 :i* _h inv5t$ ! ,a4,b4,c4 ( philosophis+2 or to seek 9 ! o!r languages :i* 7 already ahead ( ,engli% 9 adapt+ t alphabet2 or to give our ,engli% ,words new cont5ts1 new connotations1 new mean+s2 or la/ly1 to d all ?ree toge!r4 ,well1 x 0 done2 & 9 v]se v =tunately done2 ?anks ( c\rse to _m m51 b ?anks to two especially--to ,sir ,?omas ,wyat1 :o l$ our poets to ,italy1 to /udy & adopt ! =ms 9 :i* ,italy _h ca/ its classical h]itage2 & to ,m>l[e1 :o impress$ blank v]se ^u ! drama4 ,( ,m>l[e ,i %all say no?+2 = ) :at he a*iev$ y are famili> en\gh4 ,( ,wyat ,i may speak at l5g? to y1 "o ( ^! days2 b "h1 to prep>e y = :at ,i hope to prove--t ,wyat is "o ( ! h]oes ( our lit]ature--,i w give y ?ree brief reasons :y we %\ld hon\r 8 memory3-- 7#a7 ,he l$ ! way4 ,on ! value ( t s]vice ,i %all cont5t myself ) quot+ a passage f ,newman3-- ,:5 a language has be5 cultivat$ 9 any p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 & s f> z x has be5 g5]ally p]fect$1 an exi/+ want has be5 suppli$1 & !re is no ne$ = fur!r workm54 ,9 its e>lie/ times1 :ile x is yet un=m$1 to write 9 x at all is almo/ a "w ( g5ius4 ,x is l cross+ a c\ntry be=e roads are made communicat+ betwe5 place & place4 ,! au?ors ( t age des]ve to be ,classics bo? because ( :at !y d & because !y c d x4 ,x requires ! c\rage & =ce ( great tal5t to compose 9 ! language at all2 & ! composition1 :5 effect$1 makes a p]man5t impression on x4 ,?is ,wyat did4 ,he 0 a pione] & op5$ up a new c\ntry to ,engli%m54 ,b he did m4 7#b7 ,secondly1 he _h ! in/9ct to p]ceive t ! lyric1 if x w\ld philosophise life1 love1 & ! re/1 mu/ boldly introduce ! p]sonal note3 s9ce 9 fact :5 man asks que/ions ab\t 8 =tune or de/9y he asks !m mo/ effectively 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ',:at am ,i do+8 ,:y are we mortal8 ,:y d ,i love !e8' ,?is aga9 ,wyat did3 & aga9 he did m4 ,= 7#c7 ?irdly--& because ( ?is ,i am sure/ ( 8 g5ius--aga9 & aga91 us+ new ?\ghts 9 unfamili> =ms1 he wr\ght out ! result 9 language s direct1 economical1 natural1 easy1 t ,i "k to ?is day no "o :o c bett] ,wyat's be/ 9 comb9+ /raight spee* ) melodi\s cad5ce4 ,take ! l9es ,is x possible8-- ,is x possible8 ,= to turn s (t2 ,to br+ t l[e/ t 0 mo/ al(t3 ,& to fall highe/1 yet to light s(t8 ,is x possible8 ,all is possible6 ,:oso li/ believe2 ,tru/ !re=e fir/1 & aft] preve2 ,z m5 w$ ladies by lic5ce & leave1 ,all is possible6 or aga9-- ,=get n6 ,o =get n ?is6-- ,h[ long ago ha? be51 & is1 ,! m9d t nev] meant amiss3 ,=get n yet6 or aga9 7c p]sonal note g /raight]87-- ,& wilt ?\ leave me ?us8 ,say nay1 say nay1 = %ame6 ,to save !e f ! blame --,( all my grief & grame4 ,& wilt ?\ leave me ?us8 ,say nay6 say nay6 7,say 'nay1' say 'nay'2 & don't say1 '! answ] is 9 ! negative4'7 ,no3 ,i h yet to m5tion ! /raighte/1 mo/ natural ( !m all1 & w read x to y 9 full-- ,:at %\ld ,i say8 ,s9ce ,fai? is dead ,& ,tru? away ,f y is fl$8 ,%\ld ,i be l$ ,) d\bl5ess8 ,nay6 nay6 mi/ress4 ,i promis$ y ,& y promis$ me ,to be z true ,z ,i w\ld be3 ,b s9ce ,i see ,y\r d\ble he>t1 ,f>ewell my "p6 ,?\ght = to take ,is n my m9d2 ,b to =sake ,"o s unk9d2 ,& z ,i f9d1 ,s w ,i tru/1 ,f>ewell1 unju/6 ,c ye say nay ,b t y said ,t ,i alway ,%\ld be obey$8 ,&--?us betray$ ,or t ,i wi/6 ,f>ewell1 unki/6 ,i obs]ve x not$ on p4 #afi ( ,volume iii ( ,! ,cambridge ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature t ,wyat '0 a pione] & p]fection 0 n to be expect$ ( him4 ,he has be5 describ$ z a man /umbl+ ov] ob/acles1 cont9ually fall+ b always press+ =w>d4' ,i "k n to :at wiseacre we owe t pron\ncem5t3 b :at d y ?9k ( x1 aft] ! lyric ,i h j quot$8 ,i obs]ve1 fur!r1 on p4 #bc ( ! same volume ( ! same "w1 t ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,m4 ,l9dsay1 ,d4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,glasg[ ,college ( ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 in=ms u ( ,wilson's ,arte ( ,rhetorique t !re is little or no orig9ality 9 ! volume1 save1 p]haps1 ! au?or's condemnation ( ! use ( ,fr5* & ,italian phrases & idioms1 :i* he compla9s are 'c\nt]feit+ ! k+es ,engli%e4' ,! w>n+s ( ,wilson w n seem untimely if to be rememb]$ t ! e>li] ,engli% poets ( ! p]iod--,sir ,?omas ,wyatt ! eld]1 & ! ,e>l ( ,surrey--drew _! inspiration f ,petr>* & ,ario/o1 t _! e>li] attempts at poetry 7 translations f ,italian sonnets1 & t _! matur] ef=ts 7 imitations ( ! sweet & /ately measures & /yle ( ,italian poesie4 ,! poli% :i* m5 l ,wyatt & ,surrey 7 prais$ = giv+ to our 'rude & homely mann] ( vulg> poesie' might h l$ to "s deg5]ation4 ,might x1 inde$8 ,z ano!r ,dom9ie w\ld h said1 ',pro-digi\s4' 7,?\ght = to take ,is n my m9d2 ,b to =sake ,?is ,pr9cipal ( ! ,glasg[ ,college ( ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl&-- ,f>ewell unkiss'd67 ,b ,i h l+]$ too long ) ?is fav\rite poet ( m9e & left myself room only to h& y ! ?read by foll[+ :i* y w come to ! melodi\s philosophis+ ( ,%akespe>e's ,sonnets-- ,let me n to ! m>riage ( true ,m9ds ,admit imp$im5t4 ,love is n love ,:i* alt]s :]e x alt]ation f9ds ,or b5ds ) ! remov] to remove4 ,note ! ,lat9 words 'imp$im5t1' 'alt]ation1' 'remove4' ,we are us+ ! language ( philosophy "h or1 r1 ! 'univ]sal language1' :i* _h tak5 ov] ! legacy ( ,greek4 ,y may trace ! use ( x gr[+ z1 = example1 y trace x ?r\gh ! ,elizabe?an song-books3 & !n 7z ,i said7 comes ,%akespe>e1 & ) ,%akespe>e ! miracle4 ,! education ( ,prose 0 m difficult1 & w5t ?r\gh m viol5t convulsions4 ,i suppose t ! mo/ ( u--if1 aft] read+ a quantity ( ,elizabe?an prose1 we _h ! c\rage to tell pla9 tru?1 undaunt$ by ! "n ( a great epo*--w\ld confess to f9d+ ! mass ( x clott$ 9 s5se z well z unmusical 9 s\nd1 a disappo9tm5t almo/ intol]able aft] ! simple melodi\s cl>ity ( ,malory & ,b]n]s4 ,i1 at any rate1 mu/ own t ! mo/ ( ,elizabe?an prose pleases me little2 & ,i speak n ( ,elizabe?an prose at its wor/1 ( su* /uff z disgrac$ ! already disgraceful ,m>t9 ,m>prelate ,controv]sy1 b ( su* z a really +5i\s & +5u\s man l ,?omas ,na%e c\ld write at 8 av]age4 ,= a sample3-- ,engli% ,s5eca read by c&le-light yields _m good s5t5ces su* z ',blood is a begg>' & s =?2 & if y entreat him fair on a fro/y morn+1 he w af=d y :ole ,hamlets1 ,i %\ld say h&fuls ( tragical spee*es4444 ,suffice? !m t is1 mod]n foll[]s ( ,s5eca to bodge up a blank v]se ) if's & &'s1 & o!rs1 :ile = recreation aft] _! c&le-/uff1 hav+ />*$ _! be>ds mo/ curi\sly1 to make a p]ipatetical pa? into ! inn] p>ts ( ! city1 & sp5d two or ?ree h\rs 9 turn+ ov] ! ,fr5* ,d\die1 :]e !y attract m infection 9 "o m9ute ?an !y c d eloqu5ce all ! days ( _! life by conv]s+ ) any au?ors ( l argum5t4 ,?is may be wor? /udy+ hi/orically1 to und]/& ! difficulties our prose _h to enc\nt] & ov]come4 ,b no "o w\ld s]i\sly propose x z a model = ^? :o w\ld write well1 :i* is our pres5t bus9ess4 ,i h call$ x 'clott$4' ,x is1 to use a ^w ( ! "t1 'f>c$' ) conceits2 x ne$s /ra9+4 ,its "o m]it consi/s 9 ?is1 t x is /ruggl+1 fumbl+1 to say some?+3 t is1 to make some?+4 ,x is n1 l mod]n ,j>gon1 try+ to dodge some?+4 ,engli% prose1 9 %ort1 j "h is pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( pub]ty1 ( gre5 sickness3 &1 look+ at x hi/orically1 we may own t its ?roes are comm5surate ) ! /ature ( ! gr[n man to be4 ,^! ?roes te> x e way4 ,on ! "o h& we h ,as*am1 p5dantically en\gh1 apologis+ t he writes 9 ! ,engli% tongue 7yet ) a sure in/9ct he does x73-- ,if any man w\ld blame me1 ei!r = tak+ su* a matt] 9 h&1 or else = writ+ x 9 ! ,engli% tongue1 ?is answ] ,i may make him1 t :at ! be/ ( ! realm ?9k x hone/ = !m to use1 ,i1 "o ( ! meane/ sort1 ought n to suppose x vile = me to write444 ,& z = ! ,lat9 or ,greek tongue1 ev]y?+ is s excell5tly done 9 !m t none c d bett]4 ,9 ! ,engli% tongue1 contr>y1 ev]y?+ 9 a mann] s meanly1 bo? = ! matt] & ! h&l+1 t no man c d worse4 ,on ! o!r h& y h ,euphuism ) its anti!tical tricks & poises1 tak+ all prose by /orm = a "t3 ,euphuism1 to be reviv$ two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 & f9d a new avat> 9 ! ,johnsonian balance2 ,euphuism1 dead n[1 yet alive en\gh 9 its day4 ,= all ^! writ]s 7 alive3 & ,i tell y x is an inspirit+ ?+ to be alive & try+ to write ,engli%4 ,all ^! au?ors 7 alive & try+ to d some?+4 ,unconsci\sly = ! mo/ "p !y 7 /riv+ to philosophise ! vocabul>y ( ,engli% prose & f9d a rhy?m = its p]iods4 ,& !n1 z already _h happ5$ to our ,v]se1 to our ,prose too !re befel a miracle4 ,y w n ask me ',:at miracle8' ,i mean1 ( c\rse1 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,i grant y1 to be sure1 t ! pa? to ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion 0 made /raight by previ\s translators1 notably by ,william ,tyndale4 ,i grant y t ,tyndale 0 a man ( g5ius1 & ,wyclif be=e him a man ( g5ius4 ,i grant y t ! =ty-sev5 m5 :o produc$ ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion work$ 9 ! ma9 ^u ,tyndale's v]sion1 tak+ t = _! basis4 ,nay1 if y *oose to say t ,tyndale 0 a miracle 9 himself1 ,i *e]fully grant y t z well4 ,b1 9 a lecture "o mu/ n multiply miracles praet] necessitatem2 & :5 ,tyndale has be5 grant$ y h yet to face ! miracle t =ty-sev5 m5--n "o ( !m kn[n1 outside ( ?is p]=mance1 = any sup]lative tal5t--sat 9 committee & almo/ consi/5tly1 ov] a va/ ext5t ( "w--improv$ ^u :at ,g5ius _h done4 ,i give y ! ^w ( an old committee-man t ?is is n ! way ( committees--t only by miracle is x ! way ( any committee4 ,d\btless ! =ty-sev5 7 all good m5 & godly3 b d\btless also good & godly 7 ! ,dean & ,*apt] :o dealt ) ,alfr$ ,/ev5's tomb ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton 9 ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral2 & y "k :at !y did4 ,individual g5ius su* z ,tyndale's or ev5 ,%akespe>e's1 ?\gh we _c expla9 x1 we may admit z occurr+ someh[1 & n incr$ibly1 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,b t a l>ge committee ( =ty-sev5 %\ld h gone /eadily ?r\gh ! great mass ( ,holy ,writ1 seldom int]f]+ ) g5ius1 yet1 :5 int]f]+1 seldom miss+ to improve3 t a committee ( =ty-sev5 %\ld h captur$ 7or ev51 let u say1 %\ld h reta9$ & improv$7 a rhy?m s p]sonal1 s con/ant1 t our ,bible has ! voice ( "o au?or speak+ ?r\gh its _m m\?s3 t1 ,g5tlem51 is a wond] be=e :i* ,i c only /& humble & agha/4 ,does x or does x n /rike y z que] t ! p :o set y 'c\rses ( /udy' 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature nev] include ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 :i* n only intr9sically b hi/orically is out & away ! greate/ book ( ,engli% ,prose4 ,p]haps !y c pay y ! sil5t complim5t ( suppos+ t y are p]fectly acqua9t$ ) x8444 ,i wond]4 ,x seems z if !y ?\ght ! ,m>t9 ,m>prelate ,controv]sy1 = example1 m important someh[4 ',s :5 ?is corruptible %all h put on incorruption1 & ?is mortal %all h put on immortality444' ',_m wat]s _c qu5* love1 nei!r c ! floods dr[n x3 if a man w\ld give all ! sub/ance ( 8 h\se = love1 x w\ld utt]ly be contemn$4' ',! k+'s daught] is all glori\s )93 h] clo?+ is ( wr\ght gold4' ',?9e eyes %all see ! ,k+ 9 8 beauty3 !y %all behold ! l& t is v f> (f4' ',& a man %all be z an hid+-place f ! w9d1 & a cov]t f ! tempe/2 z riv]s ( wat] 9 a dry place1 z ! %ad[ ( a great rock 9 a we>y l&4' ,:5 a nation has a*iev$ ?is mann] ( diction1 ^? rhy?ms = its de>e/ beliefs1 a lit]ature is surely e/abli%$4 ,j !re ,i f9d ! effective miracle1 mak+ ! bl9d to see1 ! lame to leap4 ,wyclif1 ,tyndale1 ,cov]dale & o!rs be=e ! =ty-sev5 _h wr\ght4 ,! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 sett+ a seal on all1 set a seal on our national /yle1 ?9k+ & speak+4 ,x has cad5ces homely & sublime1 yet s h>monises !m t ! voice is always "o4 ,simple m5--holy & humble m5 ( he>t l ,isaak ,walton or ,bunyan--h _! lips t\*$ & speak to ! homeli] tune4 ,pr\d m51 s*ol>s1--,milton1 ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne--practice ! roll+ ,lat9 s5t5ce2 b ^u ! rhy?ms ( our ,bible !y1 too1 fall back4 ',! great mutations ( ! _w are act$1 or "t may be too %ort = our designs4' ',acqua9t ?yself ) ! ,*oragium ( ! />s4' ',!re is no?+ immortal b immortality4' ,! precise man ,addison _c excel "o p>able 9 brevity or 9 heav5ly cl>ity3 ! two p>ts ( ,johnson's anti!sis come to no m ?an ?is ',our ,"l has gone up to ! s\nd ( a trump3 ) ! s\nd ( a trump our ,"l has gone up4' ,! ,bible controls its enemy ,gibbon z surely z x haunts ! curi\s music ( a light s5t5ce ( ,?ack]ay's4 ,x is 9 ev]y?+ we see1 he>1 feel1 because x is 9 u1 9 our blood4 ,:at madman1 !n1 w say ',?us or ?us f> %alt ?\ g' to a prose ?us inv5t$ & ?us ) its free rhy?ms1 aft] ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 work+ on ! imag9ation ( ,engli%m58 ,or :o %all det]m9e its range1 :e!r ( ?\ght or ( music8 ,y h receiv$ x by inh]itance1 ,g5tlem53 x is y\rs1 freely y\rs--to direct y\r words ?r\gh life z well z y\r he>ts4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,reaffirm$ ,?ursday1 ,may #bi ,let me beg9 to-day1 ,g5tlem51 ) a footnote to my la/ lecture4 ,x end$1 z y may rememb]1 ^u an e>ne/ appeal to y1 if y w\ld write good ,engli%1 to /udy ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ! ,scriptures2 to le>n f x1 moreov]1 h[ by ma/]+ rhy?m1 our ,prose ov]came ! capital difficulty ( ,prose & attun$ itself to rival its tw9 in/rum5t1 ,v]se2 compass+ almo/ equally ) ,v]se man's ?\ght h[ev] sublime1 8 emotion h[ev] pr(\nd4 ,n[ 9 ! c\rse ( my rem>ks ,i happ5$--maybe a little incauti\sly--to call ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion a 'miracle'2 us+ t ^w 9 a colloquial s5se1 9 :i* no d\bt y accept$ x2 mean+ no m ?an t ! ?+ pass$ my und]/&+4 ,i h all[$ t ! fam\s =ty-sev5 ow$ an imm5se deal to e>li] translators--to ! ,bi%ops1 to ,tyndale1 to ! ,wyclif ,v]sion1 z !mselves all[$ x eag]ly 9 _! preface3-- ,truly 7good ,*ri/ian read]7 wee nev] ?\ght f ! beg9n+ t we %\ld ne$s to make a new ,translation1 nor yet to make ( a bad "o a good "o 444 b to make a good "o bett]1 or out ( _m good ones "o pr9cipall good "o1 n ju/ly to be except$ aga9/3 t ha? b5e our indeav\r1 t our m>ke4 7,see ,footnote #a at ! end ( ?is lecture47 ,nev]!less ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion a/\nds me1 z ,i believe x w a/\nd y :5 y comp>e x ) e>li] translations4 ,ari/otle 7x has be5 said7 inv5t$ ,*ance to cov] ! a/oni%+ fact t !re 7 c]ta9 ph5om5a = :i* he f\nd himself :olly unable to acc\nt4 ,j s1 if "o may comp>e v small ?+s ) v great1 ,i spoke ( ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion z a 'miracle4' ,x 01 x rema9s1 m>vell\s to me4 ,%\ld ^! decidu\s disc\rses ev] come to be press$ )9 ! leaves ( a book1 ,i believe _! g5]al mean+ w be z cle> to read]s z ,i hope x is to y :o give me s mu* pleasure by pursu+ !m--almo/ 7%all ,i say87 l ,wordswor?'s ,kitt5 ) ^? o!r fall+ leaves3-- ,t almo/ ,i c\ld rep9e ,t y\r transports are n m9e4 ,b mean:ile c]ta9 writ]s 9 ! newspap]s are assum+ t by ?is ^w 'miracle' ,i meant to sugge/ to y a some?+ l pl5>y inspiration at once sup]natural & s au?oritative t x 7 sacrilege n[ to alt] _! text by "o jot or tittle4 ,believe me1 ,i int5d$ no?+ ( ! sort3 = t1 9 my pla9 op9ion1 w\ld be to make a feti% ( ! book4 ,"o ( ^! days ,i hope to discuss ) y :at inspiration is3 ) :at accuracy--) :at mean+1 if any--we c say ( a poet t he is inspir$2 que/ions :i* h puzzl$ _m wise m5 f ,plato d[nw>ds4 ,b c]ta9ly ,i nev] dreamt ( claim+ pl5>y inspiration = ! =ty-sev54 ,nay1 if y w h x1 !y n[ & aga9 wrote />k nons5se4 ,rememb] t ,i us$ ?is v same ^w 'miracle' ( ,%akespe>e1 mean+ aga9 t ! total ,%akespe>e q outpasses my compreh5sion2 yet ,%akespe>e1 too1 on occasion talks />k nons5se1 or at any rate />k bomba/4 ,he nev] blott$ a l9e--',i w\ld he _h blott$ a ?\s&' says ,b5 ,jonson3 & ,b5 ,jonson 0 "r4 ,%akespe>e c\ld h blott$ out two or ?ree ?\s& l9es3 he 0 great en\gh to af=d x4 ,some:]e ,mat!w ,arnold supposes u z *all5g+ ,%akespe>e ov] ?is & t weak or bomba/ic passage1 & ,%akespe>e answ]+ ) 8 tol]ant smile1 t no d\bt we 7 "r1 b aft] all1 ',did x greatly matt]8' ,s we (f] no real d]ogation to ! =ty-sev5 9 ass]t+ t "h & !re !y wrote nons5se4 ,!y c\ld af=d x4 ,b we d /ultify criticism if1 ador+ ! gr& total ( wisdom & beauty1 we pro/rate ourselves indiscrim9ately be=e :at is good & :at is bad1 :at is sublime s5se & :at is nons5se1 & =bid any revis] to put =? a h& to ! ark4 ,! mo/ ( u ,*ri/ians g to *ur* on ,*ri/mas ,day1 & !re we li/5 to ?is f ,isaiah1 *apt] ix1 v]ses #a-g3-- ,nev]!less ! dimness %all n be su* z 0 9 h] vexation1 :5 at ! fir/ he lightly afflict$ ! l& ( ,zebulun & ! l& ( ,naphtali1 & aft]w>ds did m griev\sly afflict h] by ! way ( ! sea1 beyond ,jordan1 9 ,galilee ( ! nations4 ,! p t walk$ 9 d>kness h se5 a great light3 !y t dwell 9 ! l& ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ^u !m ha? ! light %9$4 ,?\ ha/ multipli$ ! nation1 & n increas$ ! joy3 !y joy be=e !e accord+ to ! joy 9 h>ve/1 & z m5 rejoice :5 !y divide ! spoil4 ,= ?\ ha/ brok5 ! yoke ( 8 burd51 & ! /aff ( 8 %\ld]1 ! rod ( 8 oppressor1 z 9 ! day ( ,midian4 ,= e battle ( ! w>rior is ) confus$ noise1 & g>m5ts roll$ 9 blood3 b ?is %all be ) burn+ & fuel ( fire4 ,= unto u a *ild is born1 unto u a son is giv54 ,! =ty-sev5 keep _! maje/ic rhy?m4 ,b h y ev]1 sitt+ 9 *ur* on a ,*ri/mas morn+1 ask$ y\rself :at x all means1 or if x mean any?+ m ?an a s+-song accord+ someh[ ) ! holly & ivy ar\nd ! pill>s8 ',?\ ha/ multipli$ ! nation1 & n increas$ ! joy3 !y joy be=e !e accord+ to ! joy 9 h>ve/1' ,b :y--if ! joy be n increas$8 ',= e battle ( ! w>rior is ) confus$ noise1 & g>m5ts roll$ 9 blood3 b ?is %all be ) burn+ & fuel ( fire4' ,grant$ ! rhy?mical anti!sis1 :]e is ! real anti!sis1 ! diff]5ce1 ! improvem5t8 ,if a battle !re mu/ be1 h[ is burn+ bett] ?an g>m5ts roll$ 9 blood8 ,&1 9 f9e1 :at is x all ab\t8 ,n[ let u turn to ! ,revis$ ,v]sion3-- ,b !re %all be no gloom to h] t 0 9 angui%4 ,9 ! =m] "t he br\ght into contempt ! l& ( ,zebulun & ! l& ( ,naphtali1 b 9 ! latt] "t ha? he made x glori\s1 by ! way ( ! sea1 beyond ,jordan1 ,galilee ( ! nations4 ,! p t walk$ 9 d>kness h se5 a great light3 !y t dwelt 9 ! l& ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ^u !m ha? ! light %9$4 ,?\ ha/ multipli$ ! nation1 ?\ ha/ increas$ _! joy3 !y joy be=e !e accord+ to ! joy 9 h>ve/1 z m5 rejoice :5 !y divide ! spoil4 ,= ! yoke ( 8 burd51 & ! /aff ( 8 %\ld]1 ! rod ( 8 oppressor1 ?\ ha/ brok5 z 9 ! day ( ,midian4 ,= all ! arm\r ( ! arm$ man 9 ! tumult1 & ! g>m5ts roll$ 9 blood1 %all ev5 be = burn+1 = fuel ( fire4 ,= unto u a *ild is born1 unto u a son is giv52 & ! gov]nm5t %all be ^u 8 %\ld]3 & 8 "n %all be call$ ,wond]ful1 ,c\nsellor1 ,mighty ,god1 ,ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,i say 7kn[+ no ,hebrew1 m]ely assum+ our ,revis]s to be at lea/ no worse s*ol>s ?an ! =ty-sev57 t "h1 ) ! old cad5ces kept s f> z possible1 we are giv5 s5se 9 place ( nons5se3 & ,i ask y to come to ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ) a fair m9d4 ,i myself came to x ) "s prejudice2 9 complete ignorance ( ,hebrew1 & ) no m ?an ! usual am\nt ( ,hell5i/ic ,greek4 ,i grant at once t ! ,revis$ ,new ,te/am5t 0 a lit]>y fiasco2 l>gely due 7if gossip may be tru/$7 to tr\ble ) ! ,greek ,aori/1 & an unwise decision--9 my op9ion ! mo/ gratuit\sly unwise a translator c take--to use "o & ! same ,engli% ^w1 always & 9 e connotation1 z repres5t+ "o & ! same ,greek ^w3 = 9 any two languages few words are precisely equival5t4 ,a fiasco at any rate ! ,revis$ ,new ,te/am5t 01 des]v+ 9 a doz5 ways & 9 a ?\s& passages ! scorn :i* ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury has rec5tly heap$ on x4 ,b ,i prote/ aga9/ ! inju/ice ( treat+ ! two ,revisions--( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ( ! ,old--z a s+le "w1 & saddl+ ! :ole ) ! s9s ( a "p4 ,= two ye>s ,i sp5t half-an-h\r daily 9 read+ ! ,au?oris$ & ,revis$ ,v]sions side by side1 m>k+ z ,i w5t1 & 9 ?is way work$ ?r\gh ! :ole--,old ,te/am5t1 ,apocrypha1 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,i came to x 7z ,i h said7 ) "s prejudice2 b ,i clos$ ! books on a conviction1 :i* my notes su/a9 = me1 t ! ,revis]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t p]=m$ _! task delicately1 scrupul\sly1 on ! :ole ) great good judgm5t2 t ! critic does a wrong :o br+s !m "u 8 indiscrim9ate c5sure2 t on ! :ole !y h cl>ifi$ ! s5se ( ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion :ile respect+ its consecrat$ rhy?ms2 & t--to "n an example1 t y may te/ my words & judge = y\rselves--! solemn spl5d\r ( t mo/ wond]ful poem1 ! /ory ( ,job1 ,greek3 dialampei1 '%9es ?r\gh' ! new translation z x nev] %one ?r\gh ! old4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ ,g5tlem5 7z ,george ,h]b]t said on a fam\s occasion71 let u tune our in/rum5ts4 ,be=e discuss+ ) y ano!r & highly important "q ( /yle 9 writ+1 ,i w ask y to look back = a few mom5ts on ! road we h travell$4 ,we h agre$ t our writ+ %\ld be appropriate3 t x %\ld fit ! occasion2 t x %\ld rise & fall ) ! subject1 be grave :]e t is s]i\s1 :]e x is light n afraid ( :at ,/ev5son 9 ,! ,wrong ,box calls 'a little judici\s levity4' ,if y\r writ+ obs]ve ^! precepts1 x w be well-mann]$ writ+4 ,to be sure1 mu* 9 addition w dep5d on y\rself--on :at y are or h made y\rself1 s9ce 9 writ+ ! /yle c nev] be sep>at$ f ! man4 ,b nei!r c x 9 ! practice ( virtue3 yet1 ?\gh m5 diff] 9 "*1 ,i d n obs]ve t morali/s =be> f lay+ d[n g5]al rules ( excell5ce4 ,n[ if y w recall our fur!r conclusion1 t writ+ to be good mu/ be p]suasive 7s9ce p]suasion is ! only true intellectual process71 & w te/ ?is by a passage ( ,newman's ,i am pres5tly to quote to y1 f 8 fam\s 'def9ition ( a g5tleman1' ,i ?9k y w guess pretty accurately ! g5]al law ( excell5ce ,i w\ld h y1 z ,cambridge m51 tribally & p>ticul>ly obey4 ,newman says ( a g5tleman t among o!r ?+s3 ,he is nev] mean or little 9 8 disputes1 nev] takes unfair advantage1 nev] mi/akes p]sonalities or %>p say+s = argum5ts1 or ins9uates evil :i* he d>e n say out4444 ,if he engages 9 controv]sy ( any k9d1 8 discipl9$ intellect pres]ves him f ! blund]+ disc\rtesy ( bett] p]haps1 b less educat$ m9ds2 :o1 l blunt weapons1 te> & hack in/ead ( cutt+ clean1 :o mi/ake ! po9t 9 argum5t1 wa/e _! /r5g? on trifles1 misconceive _! adv]s>y1 & leave ! "q m involv$ ?an !y f\nd x4 ,he may be "r or wrong 9 8 op9ion3 b he is too cle>-sight$ to be unju/4 ,he is simple z he is =cible1 & z brief z he is decisive4 ,en\gh = ! mom5t on ?is subject3 b commit ^! words to y\r he>ts1 & y w n only triumph 9 newspap] controv]sy4 ,y w d bett]3 y w avoid x4 ,to proce$4--,we f\nd fur!r t our writ+ %\ld be accurate3 because language expresses ?\ght--is1 inde$1 ! only expression ( ?\ght--& if we lack ! skill to speak precisely1 our ?\ght w rema9 confus$1 ill-def9$4 ,! editor ( a m9+ pap] 9 ,d5v]1 ,u4,s4,a41 boldly ! o!r day laid d[n ?is law1 t niceties ( language 7 m]e 'frills'3 all a man ne$$ 0 to 'get !re1' t is1 to say :at he wi%$ 9 8 own way4 ,b j "h1 we f\nd1 lies ! mis*ief4 ,y w n get !re by hamm]+ away on y\r own untutor$ impulse4 ,y mu/ fir/ be y\r own read]1 *isell+ out ! ?\ght def9itely = y\rself3 &1 aft] t1 mu/ c>ve out ! intaglio yet m %>ply & neatly1 if y w\ld impress its image accurately ^u ! wax ( o!r m5's m9ds4 ,we f\nd t ev5 = ,m5 ( ,sci5ce ?is neat clean c>v+ ( words 0 a v necess>y accompli%m5t4 ,z ,sir ,james ,b>rie once obs]v$1 ',! ,man ( ,sci5ce appe>s to be ! only man :o has some?+ to say1 j n[--& ! only man :o does n "k h[ to say x4' ,b ! tr\ble by no means ends ) ,sci5ce4 ,our poets--^? gift$ /rangely preh5sile m5 :o1 z ,i said 9 my fir/ lecture1 seem to be born ) filam5ts by :i* !y appreh5d1 & along :i* !y conduct1 ! half-secrets ( life to u ord9>y mortals--our poets w\ld appe> to be scamp+ arti/ic lab\r1 neglect+ to r$uce ! vague impressions to ! cle>ly cut image :i* is1 aft] all1 :at helps4 ,x may be a triumph t !y h taught mod]n ,fr5* poetry to be sugge/ive4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be m pr(itable c\ld !y le>n f ,france--t nation ( f9e workm5--to be def9ite4 ,b ab\t 'gett+ !re'--,i ask y to rememb] ,wolfe1 ) ! seal ( 8 fate on him1 /epp+ into 8 bateau on ! d>k ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] & quot+ z !y tid$ him ov]3-- ,! boa/ ( h]aldry1 ! pomp ( p[]1 ,& all t beauty1 all t weal? e'er gave1 ,await alike ?' inevitable h\r2 ,! pa?s ( glory lead b to ! grave4 ',i _h r h writt5 ^? l9es1' said ,wolfe1 '?an conqu] ,canada4' ,t is h[ our =efa!rs valu$ noble writ+4 ,! ,d5v] editor holds t y may write z y please s long z y get !re4 ,well1 ,wolfe got !re3 & s1 9 ,wolfe's op9ion1 did ,gray3 b p]haps to ,wolfe & ,gray1 & to ! ,d5v] editor1 '!re' happ5$ to mean two diff]5t places4 ,wolfe got to ! ,heights ( ,abraham4 ,fur!r1 x 0 aga9/ ?is loose adaptation ( words to ?\ght & to ?+s t we prote/$ 9 our int]polat$ lecture on ,j>gon1 :i* is n s mu* bad writ+ z ! avoidance ( writ+4 ,! man :o employs ,j>gon does n get '!re' at all1 ev5 9 a raw r\gh pione]+ fa%ion3 he j walks ar\nd '!re' 9 ! ambi5t tracks ( o!rs4 ,let me fly z high z ,i c & quote y two rec5t a*ievem5ts by ,cab9et ,m9i/]s1 z report$ 9 ! ,press3--7#a7 ',mr ,mc,kenna's reasons = releas+ f ,holl[ay ,prison ,miss ,l5ton :ile on rem& *>g$ 9 connexion ) 7sweet phrase67 ! fir+ ( ! tea pavilion 9 ,kew ,g>d5s are giv5 9 a lett] :i* he has caus$ to be =w>d$ to a correspond5t :o inquir$ z to ! circum/ances ( ! release4 ,! lett] says ,i am desir$ by ! ,home ,secret>y to say t ,lilian ,l5ton 0 report$ by ! m$ical (fic] at ,holl[ay ,prison to be 9 a /ate ( collapse & 9 imm95t dang] ( dea? consequ5t ^u h] refusal to take food4 ,?ree c\rses 7 op5--7#a7 ,to leave h] to die2 7#b7 ,to attempt to fe$ h] =cibly1 :i* ! m$ical (fic] advis$ w\ld probably entail dea? 9 h] exi/+ condition3 7#c7 ,to release h]4 ,! ,home ,secret>y adopt$ ! la/ c\rse4' ',w\ld probably entail dea? 9 h] exi/+ condition'6 ,w anyone tell me h[ ,mr ,mc,kenna or anyone else c\ld kill1 or 7z he pref]s to put x7 entail dea? ^u1 ,miss ,l5ton 9 a non-exi/+ condition8 7#b7 ,next take ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,z we "k1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] c use incisive spee* :5 he *ooses4 ,on ,may #h? z report$ 9 next day's ,morn+ ,po/1 ,mr ,lloyd ,george1 answ]+ a "q1 deliv]$ himself ( ?is to an att5tive ,s5ate3-- ,) reg>d to ,mr ,noel ,buxton's que/ions1 ,i _c answ] = an enquiry :i* is ( a private & confid5tial "*1 = al?\gh ,i am associat$ ) x ,i am n associat$ ) x z a ,m9i/] ( ! ,cr[n4444 ,^? enquiries are ( a v c>eful sy/ematic & sci5tific "*1 & are be+ conduct$ by ! able/ inve/igators 9 ?is c\ntry1 "s ( :om h reputations ( int]national "*4 ,i am glad to ?9k t ! inve/igation is ( a mo/ imp>tial "*4 ,x mu/ be a com=t+ ?\ght1 t an inquiry ( a private & confid5tial "* is also ( a v sy/ematic & sci5tific "*1 & besides be+ ( a mo/ imp>tial "*1 is conduct$ by m5 ( int]national "*--:atev] t may happ5 to mean4 ,:at is an int]national "*1 & :at w\ld y give = "o8 ,we f\nd t ?is way ( talk+1 :ile pret5d+ to be some?+ pontifical1 is really n prose at all1 nor reputable spee* at all1 b ,j>gon2 nor is ! (f5ce to be excus$ by plead+1 z ,i h he>d x plead$1 t ,mr ,lloyd ,george 0 n us+ 8 own phraseology b quot+ f a pap] suppli$ him by "s p]man5t (ficial ( ! ,treasury3 s9ce we select our civil s]vants among m5 ( dec5t education & _! sal>ies w>rant our /ipulat+ t !y %all be able1 at lea/1 to speak & write _! "m tongue4 ,we laid d[n c]ta9 rules to help u 9 ! way ( /raight ,prose3-- 7#a7 ,always always pref] ! concrete ^w to ! ab/ract4 7#b7 ,almo/ always pref] ! direct ^w to ! circumlocution4 7#c7 ,g5]ally1 use transitive v]bs1 t /rike _! object2 & use !m 9 ! active voice1 es*ew+ ! /ation>y passive1 ) its little auxili>y its's & 0's1 & its p>ticiples gett+ into ! light ( y\r adjectives1 :i* %\ld be few4 ,=1 z a r\gh law1 by 8 use ( ! /raight v]b & by 8 economy ( adjectives y c tell a man's /yle1 if x be mascul9e or neut]1 writ+ or 'composition4' ,! au?ors ( t capital h&book ,! ,k+'s ,engli%1 :i* ,i h already recomm5d$ to y1 add two rules3-- 7#d7 ,pref] ! %ort ^w to ! long4 7#e7 ,pref] ! ,saxon ^w to ! ,romance4 ,b ^! two precepts y w\ld h to modify by s long a /r+ ( exceptions t ,i d n comm5d !m to y4 ,9 fact ,i ?9k !m false 9 !ory & likely to be fatal 9 practice4 ,=1 z my la/ lecture tri$ to %[1 y no soon] beg9 to philosophise ?+s in/ead ( m]ely tell+ a tale ( !m ?an y mu/ g to ! ,m$it]ranean languages3 because 9 ^! man fir/ le>nt to discuss 8 ':y' & 'h[1' & ^! languages yet gu>d ! vocabul>y4 ,la/ly1 we saw h[1 by exp]im5t+ ) rhy?m1 our prose 'broke its bir?'s invidi\s b>' & le>nt to scale ! =bidd5 heights4 ,n[ by att5d+ to ! few pla9 rules giv5 above y may tra9 y\rselves to write s\nd1 /raight=w>d1 "w-a-day ,engli%4 ,b if y w\ld write melodi\s ,engli%1 ,i fe> ! gods w require ( y :at !y ought to h giv5 y at bir?--some?+ ( an e>4 ,yet ! mo/ ( u h e>s1 ( sorts2 & ,i believe t1 ?\gh we c only acquire x by assidu\s practice1 ! mo/ ( u c wond]fully improve our tal5t ( ! e>4 ,if y w possess y\rselves ( a copy ( ,qu9tilian or borr[ "o f any libr>y 7,bohn's translation w d7 & turn to 8 #i? book1 y w f9d a hundr$ ways indicat$1 illu/rat$1 classifi$1 9 :i* a writ] or speak] c v>y 8 ,/yle1 modulate x1 lift or depress x1 regulate its balance4 ,all ^! rules1 sep>ately wor? /udy+1 if tak5 toge!r may easily bewild] & di%e>t5 y4 ,let me *oose j two1 & try to he>t5 y by %[+ t1 ev5 ) ^! two only1 y c g a long way4 ,take ! use ( "r emphasis4 ,:at ,qu9tilian says ( "r emphasis--or ! mo/ important ?+ he says--is ?is3-- ,!re is sometimes an extraord9>y =ce 9 "s p>ticul> ^w1 :i*1 if x be plac$ 9 no v conspicu\s position 9 ! middle "p ( a s5t5ce1 is likely to escape ! att5tion ( ! he>] & to be obscur$ by ! words surr\nd+ x2 b if x be put at ! end ( ! s5t5ce is urg$ ^u ! read]'s s5se & impr9t$ on 8 m9d4 ,t seems obvi\s en\gh1 = ,engli% use z well z = ,lat94 ',! wages ( s9 is ,dea?'--anyone c see h[ mu* m emphatic t is ?an ',dea? is ! wages ( s94' ,b let y\r m9ds "w on ?is matt] ( emphasis1 & discov] h[ emphasis has always its "r po9t some:]e1 ?\gh x be n at all necess>ily at ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,take a s5t5ce 9 :i* ! /rong words actually repeat !mselves = emphasis3-- ,babylon is fall51 is fall51 t great city4 ,our fir/ impulse w\ld be to place ! emphasis at ! end3-- ,babylon1 t great city1 is fall51 is fall54 ,! ,lat9 puts x at ! beg9n+3-- ,cecidit1 cecidit1 ,babylonia illa magna4 ,fall51 fall51 is ,babylon1 t great city4 ,! =ty-sev5 pres]v$ ! 'fall+ close' s exquisite 9 ! ,lat92 ! emphasis1 already secur$ by repetition1 !y acc5tuat$ by l5g!n+ ! pause4 ,i w\ld urge on y t 9 e s5t5ce !re is j a "r po9t ( emphasis :i* y mu/ tra9 y\r e>s to detect4 ,s y\r writ+ w acquire n only emphasis1 b balance1 & y w in/9ctively avoid su* an ill-emphasis$ s5t5ce z ?is1 :i*1 n nam+ ! au?or1 ,i w quote = y\r delectation3-- ',are ,japanese ,aprils always z lovely z ?is8' ask$ ! man 9 ! light twe$ suit ( two o!rs 9 immaculate flannels ) crimson sa%es r\nd _! wai/s & pugg>ees fold$ 9 cunn+ plaits r\nd _! broad ,t]ai hats4 ,explore1 next1 :at 7?\gh critics h /rangely neglect$ x7 to my m9d /&s ! fir/1 or almo/ ! fir/1 secret ( beautiful writ+ 9 ,engli%1 :e!r 9 prose or 9 v]se2 ,i mean t int]-play ( v[el-s\nds 9 :i* no language c mat* u4 ,we h s _m v[el s\nds inde$1 & s few v[els to express !m1 t ! =eign]1 mi/ak+ our mode/y1 compla9s aga9/ ,god's pl5ty4 ,we alone1 = example1 s\nd by a natural v[el t noble ,i1 :i* o!r nations c only compass by diph?ongs4 ,let u consid] t v[el = a mom5t or two & m>k h[ x leads (f ! dance ( ! ,graces1 its si/]s3-- ,arise1 %9e2 = ?y light is come1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l is ris5 ^u !e4 ,m>k h[ expressively x drops to ! solemn v[el ',o1' & anon h[ expressively x reass]ts itself to express re>is5 delight3-- ,arise1 %9e1 = ?y light is come1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l is ris5 ^u !e4 ,= behold ! d>kness %all cov] ! e>?1 & gross d>kness ! p3 b ! ,"l %all arise ^u !e1 & 8 glory %all be se5 ^u !e4 ,& ! ,g5tiles %all come to ?y light1 & ,k+s to ! brightness ( ?y ris+4 ,take ano!r passage 9 :i* ! fir/ lift ( ?is ,i v[el yields to its grav] si/]s z ?\gh ! s\nd sank into ! v he>t ( ! s5se4 ,i w arise & g to my fa!r1 & w say unto him1 ',fa!r1 ,i h s9n$ aga9/ heav51 & be=e !e1 & am no m wor?y to be call$ ?y son4' ',& am no m wor?y to be call$ ?y son4' ,m>k ! deep ,o's4 ',= ?is my son 0 dead & is alive aga92 he 0 lo/ & is f\nd4' ',o my son1 my son ,absalom'--obs]ve ! ,i & ,o h[ !y int]*ime1 until ! ,o ( sorr[ tolls ! light] note d[n3-- ,o my son ,absalom1 my son1 my son ,absalom6 ,w\ld ,god ,i _h di$ = !e1 ,o ,absolom1 my son1 my son6 ,or take ?is lyric1 by admission "o ( ! lovelie/ writt5 9 ?is pres5t age1 & m>k "h too h[ ! v[els play & r+ & *ime & toll4 ,i w arise & g n[1 & g to ,innisfree1 ,& a small cab9 build !re1 ( clay & wattles made2 ,n9e bean r[s w ,i h !re1 a hive = ! honey bee1 ,& live alone 9 ! bee-l\d glade4#b ,& ,i %all h "s peace !re1 = peace comes dropp+ sl[1 ,dropp+ f ! veils ( ! morn+ to :]e ! cricket s+s2 ,!re midnight's all a glimm]1 & noon a purple gl[1 ,& ev5+ full ( ! l9net's w+s4 ,i w arise & g n[1 = always night & day ,i he> lake-wat] lapp+1 ) l[ s\nds by ! %ore2 ,:ile ,i /& on ! roadway1 or on ! pavem5ts grey1 ,i he> x 9 ! deep he>t's core4 ,i ?9k if y w b op5 y\r e>s to ?is beautiful v[el-play :i* runs ?r\gh all ! be/ ( our prose & poetry1 :e!r y ev] le>n to ma/] x or n1 y w h acquir$ a new delight1 & "o v>i\s en\gh to la/ y ?\gh y live to a v old age4 ,all ?is ( :i* ,i am speak+ is ,art3 & ,lit]ature be+ an ,art1 d y n see h[ p]sonal a ?+ x is--h[ x _c escape be+ p]sonal8 ,no two m5 7unless !y talk ,j>gon7 say ! same ?+ 9 ! same way4 ,z is a man's imag9ation1 z is 8 "*1 z is ! h>mony 9 himself1 z is 8 e>1 z is 8 skill1 s & n o!rwise he w speak1 s & n o!rwise ?an !y c respond to t imag9ation1 t "*1 t ord] ( 8 intellect1 t h>mony ( 8 s\l1 8 he>]s w he> him4 ,let me conclude ) ?is great passage f ,newman :i* ,i beg y1 hav+ he>d x1 to pond]3-- ,if !n ! p[] ( spee* is z great z any t c be nam$1 --if ! orig9 ( language is by _m philosoph]s consid]$ no?+ %ort ( div9e--if by means ( words ! secrets ( ! he>t are br\ght to light1 pa9 ( s\l is reliev$1 hidd5 grief is c>ri$ (f1 sympa?y convey$1 exp]i5ce record$1 & wisdom p]petuat$1--if by great au?ors ! _m are drawn up into unity1 national "* is fix$1 a p speaks1 ! pa/ & ! future1 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ are br\ght into communication ) ea* o!r1--if su* m5 are1 9 a ^w1 ! spokesm5 & ! prophets ( ! human family--x w n answ] to make light ( ,lit]ature or to neglect its /udy3 r we may be sure t1 9 proportion z we ma/] x 9 :atev] language1 & imbibe its _s1 we %all ourselves become 9 our own measure ! m9i/]s ( l b5efits to o!rs--be !y _m or few1 be !y 9 ! obscur] or ! m di/+ui%$ walks ( life--:o are unit$ to u by social ties1 & are )9 ! sph]e ( our p]sonal influ5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,i app5d ! foll[+ specim5 translations ( ! fam\s passage 9 ,/ ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians xv4 #ea sqq4 ,i *oose ?is because 7#a7 x is an important passage2 7#b7 x t\*es a high mom5t ( philosophis+2 7#c7 ! comp>ison seems to me to repres5t ) great fairness to ,tyndale ! ext5t ( ! =ty-sev5's debt to him2 7#d7 x %[s t !y meant exactly :at !y said 9 _! ,preface2 & 7#e7 x illu/rates1 t[>ds ! close1 _! g5ius = improvem5t4 ,f ! ,greek1 ,wyclif translates3-- ,lo1 ,i seie to y pryvyte ( holi ?+is & alle we s*ul5 rise ag5 b n alle we s*uln be *aungid 9 a mom5t 9 ! twynkelynge ( an ye1 9 ! la/ trumpe = ! trumpe s*al s[ne3 & de$ m5 s*ul5 rise ag5 ) out corrupcion1 & we s*uln be *angid = x bihove? ?is corruptible ?+ to clo! uncorropcion & ?is de$ly ?+ to putte aweye unde$lynesse4 ,b :anne ?is de$li ?+ s*al clo! unde$lynesse ?anne s*al ! ^w be don t is writt5 dee? is sopun up 9 victorie dee?1 :]e is ?i victorie8 dee?1 :]e is ?i pricke8 ,tyndale3-- ,beholde ,i %ewe y a my/]y4 ,we %all n all slepe3 b we %all all be *aung$ & t 9 a mom5t & 9 ! tw9cl+e ( an eye at ! s\nde ( ! la/ trompe4 ,= ! trompe %all bl[e1 & ! de$ %all ryse incorruptible & we %albe *aung$4 ,= ?is corruptible mu/ put on incorruptibilite3 & ?is mortall mu/ put on immortalite4 ,:5 ?is corruptible ha? put on incorruptibilite & ?is mortall ha? put on immortalite3 ?an %albe br\ght to pass ! say+ t is writt51 ',dee? is consum$ 9 to victory4' ,dee?1 :]e is ?y /ynge8 ,hell1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion3-- ,behold1 ,i %ew y a my/]y2 we %all n all sleepe1 b wee %all all be *ang$1 9 a mom5t1 9 ! tw9ckl+ ( an eye1 at ! la/ trumpe1 7= ! trumpet %all s\nd1 & ! dead %all be rais$ incorruptible1 & we %all be *ang$74 ,= ?is corruptible mu/ put on incorruption1 & ?is mortall mu/ put on immortalitie4 ,s :5 ?is corruptible %all h put on incorruption1 & ?is mortall %all h put on immortality1 !n %all be br\ght to passe ! say+ t is writt51 ',dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4' ,o ,dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,footnote #b3 ,i ,e ,o 3 ,i ,o ,e ,i ,o 3 ,e ,,ou ,a ',z mus+ sl[1 ,i hail 7'z mus+ slow ,i hail7 ,?y g5ial lov$ return4' 7,?y genial lov$ return4'7 ,,coll9s1 ,ode to ,ev5+4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,on ,,! ,,l9eage ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature 7,i7 ,w$nesday1 ,octob] #bb ,y may ?9k x /range1 ,g5tlem51 t ( a c\rse ( t5 lectures :i* aim to treat ,engli% ,lit]ature z an affair ( practice1 ,i %\ld propose to sp5d two 9 discuss+ our lit]>y l9eage3 a man's l9eage & g5iture be+ reckon$1 z a rule1 among ! ?+s he _c be reasonably ask$ to am5d4 ,b s9ce ( high bre$+ is begott5 7z mo/ ( u believe7 a disposition to high ?\ghts1 high de$s2 s9ce to h x & be mode/ly consci\s ( x is to c>ry )9 u a fai?ful monitor p]suad+ u to :atsoev] 9 conduct is g5tle1 hon\rable1 ( good repute1 & s sil5tly dissuad+ u f base ?\ghts1 l[ ends1 ignoble ga9s2 see+1 moreov]1 t a man w (t5 d m to mat* 8 fa!r's virtue ?an he w\ld to improve himself2 ,i %all endeav\r1 9 ?is & my next lecture1 to sc\r t spur ( ance/ry & pres5t x to y z s bright & %>p an inc5tive t y1 :o read ,engli% ,lit]ature & practise writ+ "h 9 ,cambridge1 %all n pass out f h] ins5sible ( ! dignity ( y\r /udies1 or )\t pride or remorse accord+ z y h int]pret$ 9 practice ! motto1 ,noblesse oblige4 ',tis wisdom1 & t high1 ,= m5 to use _! =tune rev]5tly ,ev5 9 y\?4 ,let me add t1 j z a k ( 8 family fail+s w help "o man 9 economis+ 8 e/ate1 or w>n ano!r to %un = 8 heal? ! pleasures ( ! table1 s "s k ( our l9eage 9 lett]s may put u1 z ,engli%m51 on ! wat* = c]ta9 national defects 7= su* we h71 on our gu>d aga9/ c]ta9 s9s :i* too easily beset u4 ,nay1 ?is wat*fulness may well rea* d[n f matt]s ( great mom5t to seem+ trifles4 ,x is good = u to recognise ) ,wordswor? t ,we mu/ be free or die1 :o speak ! tongue ,t ,%akespe>e spake2 ! fai? & morals hold ,:i* ,milton held4 ,9 ev]y?+ we are sprung ,( ,e>?'s fir/ blood1 h titles manifold4 ,b1 ?\gh less important1 x is good also to recognise t1 z sons ( ,cambridge1 we equally (f5d aga9/ h] bre$+ :5 9 our sci5tific writ+s we all[ ourselves to talk ( a microbe z an 'antibody4' ,n[1 because a great deal ( :at ,i h to say ?is morn+1 if n h]etical1 w yet run contr>y to ! vogue & practice ( ! ,s*ools = ^! ?irty ye>s1 ,i w take ! leap into my subject ov] a great] man's back & ask y to li/5 ) p>ticul> att5tion to ! foll[+ long passage f a writ] ^: op9ion y may *all5ge1 b ^: au?ority to speak z a ma/] ( ,engli% prose no "o 9 ?is room w d5y4 ,:5 7says ,c>d9al ,newman7 we survey ! /ream ( human affairs = ! la/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 we f9d x to run ?us3--,at fir/ sight !re is s mu* fluctuation1 agitation1 ebb+ & fl[+1 t we may despair to disc]n any law 9 its movem5ts1 tak+ ! e>? z its b$ & mank9d z its cont5ts2 b on look+ m closely & att5tively we %all disc]n1 9 spite ( ! het]og5e\s mat]ials & ! v>i\s hi/ories & =tunes :i* are f\nd 9 ! race ( man dur+ ! long p]iod ,i h m5tion$1 a c]ta9 =mation amid ! *aos--"o & "o only1--& ext5d+1 ?\gh n ov] ! :ole e>?1 yet ?r\gh a v consid]able portion ( x4 ,man is a social be+ & c h>dly exi/ )\t society1 & 9 matt] ( fact societies h ev] exi/$ all ov] ! habitable e>?4 ,! great] "p ( ^! associations h be5 political or religi\s1 & h be5 comp>atively limit$ 9 ext5t & tempor>y4 ,!y h be5 =m$ & dissolv$ by ! =ce ( accid5ts1 or by inevitable circum/ances2 & :5 we h enum]at$ !m "o by "o we h made ( !m all t c be made4 ,b !re is "o rem>kable association :i* attracts ! att5tion ( ! philosoph]1 n political nor religi\s--or at lea/ only p>tially & n ess5tially su*--:i* began 9 ! e>lie/ times & grew ) ea* succe$+ age till x rea*$ its complete developm5t1 & !n cont9u$ on1 vigor\s & unwe>i$1 & /ill rema9s z def9ite & z firm z ev] x 04 ,its bond is a common civilisation3 & ?\gh !re are o!r civilisations 9 ! _w1 z !re are o!r societies1 yet ?is civilisation1 toge!r ) ! society :i* is its creation & its home1 is s di/9ctive & lum9\s 9 its "*1 s imp]ial 9 its ext5t1 s impos+ 9 its duration1 & s utt]ly )\t rival on ! face ( ! e>?1 t ! association may fitly assume to itself ! title ( ',human ,society1' & its civilisation ! ab/ract t]m ',civilisation4' ,!re are inde$ great outly+ portions ( mank9d :i* are n1 p]haps nev] h be51 includ$ 9 ?is ,human ,society2 /ill !y are outly+ portions & no?+ else1 fragm5t>y1 unsociable1 solit>y & unmean+1 prote/+ & revolt+ aga9/ ! gr& c5tral =mation ( :i* ,i am speak+1 b n unit+ ) ea* o!r into a second :ole4 ,i am n d5y+1 ( c\rse1 ! civilisation ( ! ,*9ese1 = in/ance1 ?\gh x be n our civilisation2 b x is a huge1 /ation>y1 unattractive1 morose civilisation4 ,nor d ,i d5y a civilisation to ! ,h9doos1 nor to ! anci5t ,mexicans1 nor to ! ,s>ac5s1 nor 79 a c]ta9 s5se7 to ! ,turks2 b ea* ( ^! races has its own civilisation1 z sep>ate f "o ano!r z f ours4 ,i d n see h[ !y c be all br\ght "u "o idea4444 ,g5tlem51 let me "h obs]ve t ,i am n ent]+ ^u ! "q ( races1 or ^u _! hi/ory4 ,i h no?+ to d ) e?nology2 ,i take ?+s z ,i f9d !m on ! surface ( hi/ory & am b classify+ ph5om5a4 ,look+1 !n1 at ! c\ntries :i* surr\nd ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea z a :ole1 ,i see !m to be f "t immemorial1 ! seat ( an association ( intellect & m9d su* z to des]ve to be call$ ! ,intellect & ! ,m9d ( ! ,human ,k9d4 ,/>t+ z x does1 & advanc+ f c]ta9 c5tres1 till _! respective influ5ces int]sect & conflict1 & !n at l5g? int]m+le & comb9e1 a common ,?\ght has be5 g5]at$1 & a common ,civilisation def9$ & e/abli%$4 ,egypt is "o su* />t+ po9t1 ,syria1 ano!r1 ,greece a ?ird1 ,italy a f\r? & ,nor? ,africa a fif?--aft]w>ds ,france & ,spa94 ,z "t goes on1 & z colonisation & conque/ "w _! *anges1 we see a great association ( nations =m$1 ( :i* ! ,roman ,empire is ! maturity & ! mo/ intelligible expression3 an association1 h[ev]1 n political b m5tal1 bas$ on ! same intellectual ideas & advanc+ by common intellectual me?ods4444 ,9 its e>lie/ age x includ$ f> m ( ! ,ea/]n _w ?an x has s9ce2 9 ^! lat] times x has tak5 into its compass a new hemisph]e2 9 ! ,middle ,ages x lo/ ,africa1 ,egypt & ,syria1 & ext5d$ itself to ,g]many1 ,sc&9avia & ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,at "o "t its t]ritory 0 flood$ by /range & b>b>\s races1 b ! exi/+ civilisation 0 vigor\s en\gh to vivify :at ?reat5$ to /ifle x1 & to assimilate to ! old social =ms :at came to expel !m3 & ?us ! civilisation ( mod]n times rema9s :at x 0 ( old2 n ,*9ese1 or ,h9doo1 or ,mexican1 or ,s>ac5 444 b ! l9eal desc5dant1 or r ! cont9uation--mutatis mut&is--( ! civilisation :i* began 9 ,pale/9e & ,greece4 ,to omit1 !n1 all m9or debts su* z :at ( ari?metic1 :at ( a/ronomy1 :at ( geography1 we owe to ! ,s>ac51 f ,pale/9e we d]ive ! fai? ( ,europe %>$ 79 ! language ( ! ,bidd+ ,pray]7 by all ,*ri/ian p disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! _w2 z to ,greece we owe ! rudim5ts ( our ,we/]n art1 philosophy1 lett]s2 & n only ! rudim5ts b ! cont9u+ inspiration1 s t--?\gh entirely sup]s$$ 9 wor%ip1 z ev5 9 ! ,a!ns ( ,p]icles !y 7 wor%ipp$ only by an easy1 urbane1 m ?an half humor\s tol]ance--,apollo & ! ,muses1 ,zeus & ! great ones ( ,olympus1 ,h]mes & ,hephae/us1 ,a!ne 9 h] arm\r1 ) h] vanqui%] ! foam-born irresi/ible ,aphrodite1 ^! rema9 ! au!ntic gods ( our lit]ature1 beside :om ! gods ( nor!rn ,europe--,od91 ,?or1 ,freya--are /rang]s1 unhomely1 uncanny z ! %ad[s ( unfamili> furniture on ! walls ( an inn4 ,sprung ?\gh great numb]s ( u are f ! lo9s ( ,nor?m51 x is 9 ^! graci\s deities ( ! ,s\? t we f9d ! famili> & ! real1 z f ! h]oes ( ! si/]-isl&1 ,cuculla9 & ,concob>1 we turn to ,h]cules1 to ,p]seus1 to ,bell]ophon1 ev5 to actual m5 ( hi/ory1 say+ ',give u ,leonidas1 give u ,horatius1 give u ,regulus4 ,^! are ! mighty ones we und]/&1 & f :om1 9 a direct l9e ( tradition1 we und]/& ,h>ry ( ,ag9c\rt1 ,philip ,sidney & our ,nelson4' ,n[ s9ce1 ( ! ,m$it]ranean peoples1 ! ,hebrews discov]$ ! ,unse5 ,god :om ! body ( ,we/]n civilisation has le>nt to wor%ip2 s9ce ! ,greeks inv5t$ art1 philosophy1 lett]s2 s9ce ,rome f\nd & develop$ ! idea ( imp]ial gov]nm5t1 ( imp]ial colonies z sup]s$+ m]ely fissip>\s ones1 ( settl+ :]e %e conqu]$ 7ubi ,romanus vicit ibi habitat7 & s ext5d+ ) ,gov]nm5t t sy/em ( law :i* ,europe /ill obeys2 we _c be surpris$ t ,israel1 ,greece1 ,rome--ea* 9 turn--set /ore on a pure ance/ry4 ,?\gh ,*ri/ be ! v]itable ,son ( ,god1 8 ance/ry mu/ be trac$ back ?r\gh 8 suppos$ fa!r ,joseph to ! /em ( ,jesse1 & s to ,abraham1 fa!r ( ! race4 ,aga91 z jeal\sly z ! ,evangeli/ claim$ ,jesus = a ,hebrew ( ! ,hebrews1 s1 if y w turn to ! ,m5ex5us ( ,plato 9 ! ,oration ( ,aspasia ov] ! dead :o p]i%$ 9 battle1 y he> h] claim t ',no ,pelopes nor ,cadmians1 nor ,egyptians1 nor ,dauni1 nor ! re/ ( ! cr[d ( born =eign]s dwell ) u2 b ours is ! l& ( pure ,hell5es1 free f admixture4' ,^! pr\d ,a!nians1 z y "k1 wore broo*es 9 ! %ape ( gold5 gras%opp]s1 to signify t !y 7 ,greek3 auto*?ones1 *ildr5 ( ,attica1 sprung direct f h] soil4 ,& s1 aga91 ! true ,roman1 :ile enl>g+ ,rome's citiz5%ip ov] ,asia1 ,africa1 ,gaul1 to our remote ,brita91 insi/$1 ev5 9 days ( ! lat] ,empire1 on 8 pure desc5t f ,a,eneas & ,romulus-- ,unde ,remnes et ,quirites proque prole po/]um ,romuli matrem cre>et et nepotem ,caes>em4 ,) ! ,ramnes1 ,quirites1 toge!r ance/rally pr\d z !y drew ,f ,romulus d[n to our ,caes>-la/1 be/ ( t blood1 ( t ?rew4 ,"h is a boa/ t we ,engli% mu/ be cont5t to =go4 ,we may we> a rose on ,/ ,george's day1 if we are clev] en\gh to gr[ "o4 ,! ,wel%1 ,i d>e say1 h less difficulty ) ! leek4 ,b ,april ! #bcrd is n a "t ( roses t we c pluck !m z we pass1 nor c we claim ,/ ,george z a compatriot--,cappadocius no/ras4 ,we h1 to be sure1 a few leg5d>y h]oes1 ( :om ,k+ ,ar?ur & ,rob9 ,hood are 7,i suppose7 ! greate/2 b1 save 9 "s ,celtic corn]s ( ! l&1 we h few fairies1 & ^! no great matt]2 :ile1 z = tutel>y gods1 our spr+s1 our wells1 our groves1 cliffs1 m\nta9-sides1 ei!r nev] possess$ !m or possess !m no long]4 ,n ( our l&scape did x happ5 t ,! lonely m\nta9s o'er1 ,& ! res\nd+ %ore1 ,a voice ( weep+ he>d1 & l\d lam5t2 ,f haunt$ spr+ & dale ,edg'd ) popl> pale1 ,! p>t+ ,g5ius is ) sigh+ s5t4 --= ! suffici5t reason t no tutel>y gods ( importance 7 ev] "h to be disp]s$4 ,let me press ?is home ^u y by an illu/ration :i* ,i *oose ) ! d\ble purpose ( en=c+ my argum5t & s5d+ y to make acqua9tance 7if y h n already made x7 ) "o ( ! lovelie/ poems writt5 9 our "t4 ,9 "o ( ,pl9y's lett]s y w f9d a v pleasant description ( ! s\rce ( ! ,clitumnus1 a small ,umbrian riv] :i*1 spr++ f a rock 9 a grove ( cypresses1 desc5ds into ! ,t9ia1 a tribut>y ( ! ,tib]4 ',h y ev]1' writes ,pl9y to 8 fri5d ,romanus-- ,h y ev] se5 ! s\rce ( ! ,clitumnus8 ,i suppose n1 z ,i nev] he>d y m5tion x4 ,let me advise y to g !re at once4 ,i h j visit$ x & am sorry t ,i put (f my visit s long4 ,at ! foot ( a little hill1 cov]$ ) old & %ady cypress trees1 a spr+ gu%es & bur/s into a numb] ( /reamlets ( v>i\s size4 ,break+1 s to speak1 =? f its imprisonm5t1 x exp&s into a broad bas91 s cle> & transp>5t t y may c\nt ! pebbles & little pieces ( money :i* are ?r[n into x4 ,f ?is po9t ! =ce & weight ( ! wat]1 r ?an ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 hurry x onw>d4 ,:at 0 a m]e spr+ becomes a noble riv]1 broad en\gh to all[ vessels to pass ea* o!r z !y sail ) or aga9/ ! /ream4 ,! curr5t is s /rong1 ?\gh ! gr\nd is level1 t b>ges ( beam1 z !y g d[n1 require no assi/ance ( o>s2 :ile to g up is z mu* z c be done ) o>s & long poles4444 ,! banks are clo!d ) abundant a% & popl>1 s di/9ctly reflect$ 9 ! transp>5t wat]s t !y seem to be gr[+ at ! bottom ( ! riv] & c be c\nt$ ) ease4 ,! wat] is z cold z sn[ & z pure 9 col\r4 ,h>d by ! spr+ /&s an anci5t & v5]able temple ) a /atue ( ! riv]-god ,clitumnus1 clo!d 9 ! cu/om>y robe ( /ate4 ,! ,oracles "h deliv]$ atte/ ! pres5ce ( ! deity4 ,close 9 ! prec9ct /& sev]al little *apels d$icat$ to p>ticul> gods1 ea* ( :om owns 8 di/9ctive "n & special wor%ip1 & is ! tutel>y deity ( a runlet4 ,= beside ! pr9cipal spr+1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! p>5t ( all ! re/1 !re are sev]al small] ones :i* h _! di/9ct s\rces b unite _! wat]s ) ! ,clitumnus1 ov] :i* a bridge is ?r[n1 sep>at+ ! sacr$ "p ( ! riv] f t :i* is op5 to g5]al use4 ,above ! bridge y may only g 9 a boat2 bel[ x1 y may swim4 ,! p ( ! t[n ( ,hispallum1 to :om ,augu/us gave ?is place1 furni% ba?s & lodg+s at ! public exp5se4 ,!re are sev]al small dwell+-h\ses on ! banks1 9 specially picturesque situations1 & !y /& q close to ! wat]side4 ,9 %ort1 ev]y?+ 9 ! neighb\rhood w give y pleasure4 ,y may also amuse y\rself ) numb]less inscriptions on ! pill>s & walls1 celebrat+ ! praises ( ! /ream & ( its tutel>y god4 ,_m ( ^! y w admire1 & "s w make y laugh4 ,b no6 ,y are too well cultivat$ to laugh at su* ?+s4 ,f>ewell4 ,clitumnus /ill gu%es f its rocks among ! cypresses1 z 9 ,pl9y's day4 ,! god has gone f 8 temple1 on ! frieze ( :i* y may read ?is lat] inscription--',deus ,angelorum1 qui fecit ,resurrectionem4' ,aft] _m c5turies & almo/ 9 our day1 by ! bra9 ( ,cav\r & ! sword ( ,g>ibaldi1 he has made a resurrection = ,italy4 ,z "p ( t resurrection 7= no nation c live & be great )\t its poet7 0 born a true poet1 ,c>ducci4 ,he visit$ ! b\ntiful1 ev]la/+ s\rce1 & ( :at did he s+8 ,possess y\rselves1 z = a %ill+ y may1 ( 8 ,ode ,alle fonte del ,clitumno1 & read3 = few nobl] poems h adorn$ our "t4 ,he sang ( ! weep+ will[1 ! ilex1 ivy1 cypress & ! pres5ce ( ! god /ill imman5t among !m4 ,he sang ( ,umbria1 ( ! ensigns ( ,rome1 ( ,hannibal swoop+ d[n ov] ! ,alps2 he sang ( ! nuptials ( ,janus & ,comes5a1 prog5itors ( ! ,italian p2 ( nymphs1 naiads1 & ! moonlight dances ( ,oreads2 ( flocks desc5d+ to ! riv] at dusk1 ( ! home/ead1 ! b>e-foot$ "m1 ! cl++ *ild1 ! fa!r1 clad 9 goat-sk9s1 guid+ ! ox-wagon2 & he ends on ! v note ( ,virgil's fam\s apo/rophe ,s$ neque ,m$orum silvae1 ditissima t]ra444 ) an invocation ( ,italy--,italy1 "m ( bullocks = agriculture1 ( wild colts = battle1 "m ( corn & ( ! v9e1 ,roman "m ( endur+ laws & m$iaeval "m ( illu/ri\s arts4 ,! m\nta9s1 woods & wat]s ( gre5 ,umbria applaud ! song1 & across _! applause is he>d ! :i/le ( ! railway tra9 be>+ promise ( new indu/ries & a new national life4 ,e tu1 pia madre di giov5*i invitti a frang] glebe e r9tegr> maggesi e d' annitr5ti 9 gu]ra aspri poll$ri1 ,italia madre1 madre di biade e viti e leggi et]ne ed incliti arti a raddolcir la vita salve6 a te i canti de l' antica lode io r9ovello4 ,plaudono i monti al c>me e i bos*i e l' acque de l' ,umbria v]de3 9 faccia a noi fum&o ed anel&o nuove indu/rie 9 corsa fis*ia il vapore4 ,& ?\1 ,o pi\s "m ( unvanqui%$ ,bullocks to break glebe1 to re/ore ! fall[1 ,& ( fi]ce colts = neigh+ 9 ! battle3 ,italy1 "m1 ,"m ( corn & v9es & ( et]nal ,laws & illu/ri\s arts ! life to sweet51 ,hail1 hail1 all hail6 ,! song ( anci5t praises ,r5ew ,i to !e6 ,! m\nta9s1 woods & wat]s ( gre5 ,umbria ,applaud ! song3 & "h be=e u fum+ ,& long+ = new indu/ries1 a-rac+ ,:i/les ! :ite /eam4 7,i quote f a translation by ,mr ,e4,j4 ,watson1 rec5tly publi%$ by ,messrs ,j4,w4 ,arr[smi?1 ( ,bri/ol47 ,i put x to y1 ,g5tlem51 t1 wor?y z are ! glories ( ,engl& to be sung1 ?is note ( ,c>ducci's we _c dec5tly or hone/ly /rike4 ,great lives h be5 bl$ away into ,twe$ & ,avon3 great spirits h be5 o>$ d[n ! ,?ames to ,traitor's ,gate & ! ,t[]4 ,de$s done on ! ,cam h f\nd _! way into hi/ory4 ,b ,i once trac$ ! ,avon to its s\rce "u ,naseby battlefield1 & f\nd x issu+ f ! fragm5ts ( a /ucco swan4 ,no god m\nts gu>d ov] ! head-wat] ( ! ,?ames2 & ! only ,engli%man :o boldly claims a div9e desc5t is 7,i und]/&7 an impo/or :o runs an ,agapemone4 ,9 %ort we are a mix$ race1 & our lit]ature is d]ivative4 ,let u conf9e our pride to ^? virtues1 n few1 :i* are hone/ly ours4 ,a ,roman noble1 ev5 to-day1 has "s excuse = reckon+ a god 9 8 ance/ry1 or at lea/ a wolf among its wet-nurses3 b ( u ,engli% ev5 ^? :o came ov] ) ,william ! ,norman h ! son ( a tann]'s daught] = escort4 ,i v well rememb] t1 ! o!r day1 writ]s :o v9dicat$ our h]$it>y ,h\se ( ,lords aga9/ a c]ta9 ,p>liam5t ,act commonly did s on ! gr\nd t s9ce ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb1 by inclusion ( all t 0 em95t 9 politics1 w> & comm]ce1 ! ,pe]age _h be5 s *ang$ z to "k itself no long] = ! same ?+4 ,t is our practical way4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! m5 :o made our lit]ature _h nev] a d\bt1 z !y 7 c>eless to dissimulate1 t !y 7 conqu]+ our tongue to br+ x into ! great ,european comity1 ! civilisation ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,an ,elizabe?an writ]1 = example1 w\ld beg9 almo/ z ) a =mula by begg+ to be =giv5 t he has s\ght to r5d] ! div9e acc5t ( ,plato1 ! sug>$ music ( ,ovid1 into our unc\? & b>b>\s tongue4 ,!re may h be5 "s mock-mode/y 9 ?is1 b x re/$ on a base ( belief4 ,mu* ( ! glory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 0 a*iev$ by m5 :o1 ) ! spl5d\r ( ! ,r5aissance 9 _! eyes1 suppos$ !mselves to be work+ all ! :ile ^u pale & borr[$ %ad[s4 ,let u pass ! en?usiasms ( days :5 'bliss 0 x 9 t dawn to be alive' & come d[n to ,alex&] ,pope & ! ,age ( ,reason4 ,pope at "o "t propos$ to write a ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry1 & ! draft s*eme ( t ,hi/ory has be5 pres]v$4 ,h[ does x beg98 ,:y ?us3-- ,,era ,i4 #a4 ,s*ool ( ,prov5ce ,*auc]'s ,visions4 ,romaunt ( ! ,rose4 ,pi]s ,pl[man4 ,tales f ,boccace4 ,g[]4 #b4 ,s*ool ( ,*auc] ,lydgate4 ,t4 ,occleve4 ,walt4 de ,mapes 7a bad error1 t674 ,skelton4 #c4 ,s*ool ( ,petr>* ,e4 ( ,surrey4 ,sir ,?omas ,wyatt4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,g4 ,gascoyn4 #d4 ,s*ool ( ,dante ,"l ,buckhur/'s ,induction4 ,gorboduc4 ,orig9al ( ,good ,trag$y4 ,s5eca 8 model4 --& s on4 ,! s*eme aft] ,pope's dea? came into ! h&s ( ,gray1 :o = a "t 0 fir$ ) ! notion ( writ+ ! ,hi/ory 9 collaboration ) 8 fri5d ,mason4 ,kn[+ ,gray's cong5ital self-di/ru/1 y w n be surpris$ t 9 ! end he decl9$ ! task & h&$ x ov] to ,w>ton4 ,b1 says ,mant 9 8 ,life ( ,w>ton1 '_! design'--t is1 ,gray's design ) ,mason--'0 to introduce specim5s ( ! ,provecal poetry1 & ( ! ,scaldic1 ,briti% & ,saxon1 z prelim9>y to :at fir/ des]v$ to be call$ ,engli% poetry1 ab\t ! "t ( ,*auc]1 f :5ce _! hi/ory prop]ly s call$ 0 to comm5ce4' ,a lett] ( ,gray's on ! :ole subject1 address$ to ,w>ton1 is extant1 & y may read x 9 ,dr ,c\r?ope's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry4 ,few 9 ?is room are old en\gh to rememb] ! %ock ( aw$ surmise :i* fell ^u "y m9ds pres5t$1 9 ! late 'sev5ties or e>ly 'eighties ( ! la/ c5tury1 ) ,freeman's ,norman ,conque/ or ,gre5's ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p2 9 :i* z ?r\gh p>+ cl\ds ( d>kness1 we beheld our ance/ry1 lit]>y z well z political1 radiantly legitimis$2 ?\gh n1 to be sure1 9 ! ,engl& t we knew--b f> away 9 ,sleswick1 happy ,sleswick6 ',its pleasant pa/ures1 its black-timb]$ home/eads1 its prim little t[n%ips look+ d[n on inlets ( purple wat]1 7 !n b a wild wa/e ( hea!r & s&1 girt along ! coa/ ) sunless woodl&1 brok5 "h & !re ) mead[s :i* crept d[n to ! m>%es & to ! sea4' ,b :at ( t8 ,!re--surely !re1 9 ,sleswick--_h be5 discov]$ = u our augu/ "m's m>riage l9es2 & if ! mo/ ( t bright assurance came out ( an old political skit1 ! ,g]mania ( ,tacitus1 :o reck$ at ! "t8 ,= along foll[$ ,mr ,/op=d ,brooke ) an admirable little ,prim] publi%$ at "o %ill+1 to in/ruct ! meane/ ( u 9 our common fa!r's actual "n--,be[ulf4 ,be[ulf is an old ,engli% ,epic4444 ,!re is n "o ^w ab\t our ,engl& 9 ! poem4444 ,! :ole poem1 pagan z x is1 is ,engli% to its v root4 ,x is sacr$ to u2 our ,g5esis1 ! book ( our orig9s4 ,n[ ,i am n only incompet5t to discuss ) y ! m recondite beauties ( ,be[ulf b provid5tially =bidd5 ! attempt by ! conditions laid d[n = ?is ,*air4 ,i ga!r--& my own p]usal ( ! poem & ( mu* writ+ ab\t x confirms ! belief--t x has be5 l>gely ov]-prais$ by "s critics1 :o h ?us naturally provok$ o!rs to und]rate x4 ,su* ?+s happ54 ,i note1 b )\t subscrib+ to x1 ! op9ion ( ,vigfusson & ,york ,p[ell1 ! le>n$ editors ( ! ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 t 9 ! ,be[ulf we h 'an epic completely metamorphos$ 9 =m1 bl[n out ) long-w9d$ empty repetitions & comm5ts by a book poet1 s t "o mu/ be c>eful n to take x z a type ( ! old poetry1' & ,i seem to he> z f ! grave ! v voice ( my old fri5d ! y\ng] editor 9 t unfalt]+ pron\ncem5t4 ,b on ! :ole ,i r incl9e to accept ! cauti\s surmise ( ,pr(essor ,w4 ,p4 ,k] t 'a reasonable view ( ! m]it ( ,be[ulf is n impossible1 ?\gh ra% en?usiasm may h made too mu* ( x2 :ile a correct & sob] ta/e may h too contemptu\sly refus$ to att5d to ,gr5del & ! ,fir$rake1' & to leave x at t4 ,i speak v cauti\sly because ! mann] ( ! late ,pr(essor ,freeman1 9 especial1 _h a knack ( provok+ 9 g5tle brea/s a res5tm5t :i* ! m9d 9 its frailty too easily conv]t$ to a prejudice aga9/ 8 matt]3 :ile to m5 tra9$ to admire ,?ucydides & ,tacitus & acqua9t$ ) ,lucian's ',way to ,write ,hi/ory' 7,greek3 ,pos dei i/orian suggraphe97 8 l\d insi/5ce t ! art 0 n an art b a sci5ce1 & moreov] rec5tly inv5t$ by ,bi%op ,/ubbs1 0 a p]petual irritant4 ,b to return to ,be[ulf--,y h j he>d ! op9ions ( s*ol>s ^: names y mu/ respect4 ,i1 :o con/rue ,anglo-,saxon ) difficulty1 mu/ admit ! poem to conta9 _m f9e1 ev5 noble1 passages4 ,take = example ,hro?g>'s lam5t = ,a,eschere3-- ,hro?g> ma!lode1 helm ,scyld+a3 ',ne fr9 ?u aeft] saelum2 sorh is g5iwod ,d5igea leodum2 dead is ,a,eschere1 ,yrm5lafes yldra bro?or1 ,m9 run-wita1 ond m9 ra$-bora2 ,eaxl-ge/ealla1 ?onne we on orlege ,hafelan w]$on1 ?onne hniton fe?an1 ,e(]as cnys$an3 swylc scolde eorl wesan ,a,etheling a]-god1 swylc ,a,eschere waes4' 7,hro?g> spake1 helm ( ! ,scyld+s3 ',ask n aft] good tid+s4 ,sorr[ is r5ew$ among ! ,dane-folk4 ,dead is ,a,eschere1 ,yrm5laf's eld] bro!r1 :o read me rune & bore me r$e2 comrade at %\ld] :5 we f5d$ our heads 9 w> & ! bo>-helms rang4 ,ev5 s %\ld we ea* be an a!l+ pass+ good1 z ,a,eschere 04'7 ,?is is simple1 manly1 dignifi$4 ,x avoids ! besett+ s9 ( ! ,anglo-,saxon gleeman--! pret5ti\s trick ( call+ ?+s 'out ( _! "r names' = ! sake ( lit]>y effect 7z if e4g4 ! sea c\ld be improv$ by be+ phras$ into '! seals' doma9'74 ,its ,anglo-,saxon /accato1 s tiresome 9 su/a9$ n>rative1 "h happ5s to suit ! brok5 utt]ance ( m\rn+4 ,9 %ort1 x exhibits ! ,anglo-,saxon ,muse at h] be/1 n at h] cu/om>y4 ,b set beside x a passage 9 :i* ,hom] tells ( a fall5 w>rior--at haphaz>d1 z x 71 a s+le corpse *os5 f ! press ( battle-- ,greek3 polla de *]madia megal aspidas e/uphelixam m>nam5on amph auton o d en /rophaliggi konies keito megas megalo/i1 lelasm5os ipposunaom4 ,c y--c anyone--comp>e ! two passages & miss to see t !y belong to two diff]5t k+doms ( poetry8 ,i lay no /ress "h on 'ar*itectonics4' ,i waive t ! ,iliad is a well-knit epic & ! /ory ( ,be[ulf a %apeless mon/rosity4 ,i ask y b to note ! diff]5ce ( note1 ( acc5t1 ( m]e music4 ,& ,i h quot$ y b a passage ( ! habitual ,hom]4 ,to assure y\rselves t he c rise ev5 f ?is habitual height to express ! extreme ( maje/y & ( human angui% 9 poetry :i* betrays no false note1 no /ra9 ^u ! /ore ( emotion man may own ) self-respect & exhibit )\t d]ogation ( dignity1 turn to ! la/ book ( ! ,iliad & read ( ,priam rais+ to 8 lips ! h& t has murd]$ 8 son4 ,i say confid5tly t no "o unable to di/+ui% ?is1 z poetry1 f ! v be/ ( ,be[ulf is fit to engage ^u bus9ess z a lit]>y critic4 ,9 ,be[ulf !n1 z an import$ poem1 let u all[ mu* b>b>ian m]it4 ,x came ( dubi\s ance/ry1 & x _h no prog5y4 ,! pret5ce t our glori\s lit]ature d]ives its l9eage f ,be[ulf is 9 vulg> phrase 'a put up job'2 a falsehood graft$ ^u our text-books by ,teutonic & ,teutonis+ pr(essors :o c br+ less evid5ce = x ?an w cov] a ?reep5ny-piece4 ,its run = some?+ l t money1 9 small educational manuals1 has be5 9 its way a triumph ( p$agogic reclame4 ,our rude =efa!rs--! au?or ( ,! ,rape ( ! ,lock & ( ! ,elegy writt5 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d--knew no?+ ( ! ,exet] & ,v]celli ,books1 no?+ ( ! ,ru?well ,cross4 ,b !y 7 poets1 practition]s ( our lit]ature 9 ! true l9e ( desc5t1 & !y knew c]ta9 ?+s :i* all su* arti/s "k by in/9ct4 ,s1 be=e our hi/orians ( ?irty-odd ye>s ago />t$ to make ,*auc] & ,be[ulf "o1 ^! rude =efa!rs made !m two4 ',nor am ,i confid5t !y err$4' ,r ,i am confid5t1 & hope 9 succe$+ lectures to conv9ce y1 t1 v5]able z ,anglo-,saxon is1 & wor?y to be /udi$ z ! "m ( our v]nacul> spee* 7z = a doz5 o!r reasons :i* my fri5d ,pr(essor ,*adwick w give y71 its value is hi/orical r ?an lit]>y1 s9ce f x our ,lit]ature is n desc5d$4 ,let me repeat x 9 words t admit ( no misund]/&+--,f ,anglo-,saxon ,prose1 f ,anglo-,saxon ,poetry our liv+ ,prose & ,poetry h1 save l+ui/ically1 no d]ivation4 ,i %all attempt to demon/rate t1 :e!r or n ,anglo-,saxon lit]ature1 su* z x 01 di$ ( inh]5t weakness1 die x did1 & ( its collapse ! ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man may be reg>d$ z ! la/ dy+ spasm4 ,i %all attempt to conv9ce y t ,*auc] did n inh]it any secret f ,ca$mon or ,cynewulf1 b des]ves 8 old title1 ',fa!r ( ,engli% ,poetry1' because ?r\gh ,dante1 ?r\gh ,boccaccio1 ?r\gh ! lays & songs ( ,prov5ce1 he explor$ back to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & op5$ = ,engli%m5 a comm]ce 9 ! true intellectual m>t ( ,europe4 ,i %all attempt to heap pro( on y t :atev] ! ag5cy--:e!r ?r\gh ,wyat or ,sp5s]1 ,m>l[e or ,%akespe>e1 or ,donne1 or ,milton1 or ,dryd51 or ,pope1 or ,johnson1 or ev5 ,wordswor?--always our lit]ature has obey$1 h[ev] unconsci\sly1 ! precept ,antiquam exquirite matrem1 ',seek back to ! anci5t "m'2 always x has recreat$ itself1 has kept itself pure & /rong1 by h>k+ back to ba! 9 ^? native--yes1 native--,m$it]ranean spr+s4 ,d n presume me to be "r 9 ?is4 ,r1 if y w1 presume me to be wrong until ! evid5ce is laid out = y\r judgm5t4 ,b at lea/ und]/& to-day h[ pr(\ndly a man1 hold+ t view1 mu/ deplore ! :ole c\rse ( academical lit]>y /udy dur+ ^! ?irty ye>s or s1 & h[ di/ru/ :at he holds to be its basal fallacies4 ,=1 lit]ature be+ writt5 9 language1 yet be+ some?+ q di/9ct1 & ! developm5t ( our language hav+ be5 fairly cont9u\s1 :ile ! lit]ature ( our nation exhibits a false />t--a break1 sil5ce1 rep5tance1 !n a r5ewal on "r glori\s l9es--our /ud5ts ( lit]ature h be5 drill$ to foll[ ! speci\s cont9uance :ile ignor+ ! actual break1 & s to commit ! "o mo/ fatal error 9 any /udy2 t ( mi/ak+ ! iness5tial = ! ess5tial4 ,z ,i tri$ to p]suade y 9 my ,inaugural ,lecture1 our fir/ duty to ,lit]ature is to /udy x absolutely1 to und]/&1 9 ,ari/otelian phrase1 its ,greek3 to ti en e9ae2 :at x is & :at x means4 ,if t be our que/1 & ! height ( x be realis$1 x is no?+ to u--or almo/ no?+--to "k ( a c]ta9 alleg$ poet ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 t he help$ u ov] a local or tempor>y di/urbance 9 our v[el-end+s4 ,x is ev]y?+ to h acquir$ & to possess su* a norm ( ,poetry )9 u t we "k :e!r or n :at he wrote 0 ,,poetry4 ,d n ?9k ?is easy4 ,! /udy ( "r lit]>y criticism is mu* m difficult ?an ! false pa? usually trodd52 s difficult1 inde$1 t y may easily c\nt ! m5 :o h attempt$ to grasp ! great rules & apply !m to writ+ z an art to be practis$4 ,b ! names include "s v great ones--,ari/otle1 ,horace1 ,qu9tilian1 ,corneille1 ,boileau1 ,dryd51 ,johnson1 ,less+1 ,col]idge1 ,goe!1 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,arnold3 & ! /udy1 ?\gh x may n f9d its patt]n 9 our "t1 is n unwor?y to be propos$ = ano!r attempt be=e a great ,univ]sity4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,l9eage ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature 7,,ii7 ,w$nesday1 ,novemb] #e ,"s ( y ^: avocations call !m1 f "t to "t1 to ,newm>ket may h not$1 at a little di/ance out f ,cambridge1 a by-road adv]tis$ z lead+ to ,quy & ,swaffham4 ,x also leads to ! site ( an old ,roman villa2 b y ne$ n int]rupt y\r bus9ess to visit ?is1 s9ce ! be/ ?+ discov]$ !re--a piece ( tessellat$ pavem5t--has be5 remov$ & deposit$ 9 ! ,geological ,museum "h 9 ,d[n+ ,/reet1 :]e y may /udy x v conv5i5tly4 ,x is n at all a fir/-class specim5 ( its k9d3 n to be comp>$1 = example1 ) ! wond]ful pavem5t at ,dor*e/]1 or ) t 7measur+ #ce feet by #bj7 ( ! great villa une>!d1 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 at ,/onesfield 9 ,ox=d%ire3 b ,i take x z ! h&ie/1 & am go+ to build a small conjecture ^u x1 or r a small sugge/ion ( a guess4 ,rememb] !re is no h>m 9 guess+ s long z we d n pret5d our guess-"w to be some?+ else4 ,i w ask y to consid] fir/ t 9 ^! pavem5ts1 laid b>e = u z '! :i/l+ ru/ic t5ds 8 pl\gh1' we h "w dat+ some:]e betwe5 ! fir/ & fif? c5turies1 "w ( un*all5geable beauty1 "w ( a beauty c]ta9ly n rivall$ until we come to ! ,norman build]s ( five or six hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,i want y to let y\r m9ds dwell on ^! long /ret*es ( "t--f\r hundr$ ye>s or s ( ,roman occupation 7c\nt+1 n f ,caes>'s raids1 b f ! s]i\s invasion ( #dc ,a4,d4 "u ,aulus ,plautius1 say to "s :ile aft] ! fam\s lett] ( ,honorius1 call+ home ! legions74 ,y may safely put x at f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & !n c\nt six hundr$ z ! space be=e ! ,normans arrive--a ?\s& ye>s altoge!r1 or b a fraction--"o %ort g5]ation--less ?an ! int]val ( "t t sep>ates u f ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,9 ! great ,ca!dral ( ,w9*e/] 7:]e sleep1 by ! way1 two g5tle writ]s specially belov$1 ,isaak ,walton & ,jane ,au/57 above ! *oir-scre5 to ! s\?1 y may see a l9e ( pa9t$ *e/s1 ( :i* ! inscription on "o tells y t x holds :at 0 mortal ( ,k+ ,canute4 ,"h are s&s1 ignoble ?+s1 ,dropp'd f ! ru9'd sides ( ,k+s4 ,b if y walk ar\nd to ! nor? ( ! alt> y w f9d y\rself tread+ on tiles n s v f> %ort ( twice t antiquity4 ,g5tlem51 d n ?9k t ,i w\ld ev] speak lightly ( our l9eage3 only let u make z c]ta9 z we may :at t l9eage is4 ,i want y to-day to und]/& j :at su* a pavem5t z t pres]v$ = y\r inspection 9 ,d[n+ ,/reet meant to ! man :o saw x laid & own$ x ^! fifte5 hundr$ ye>s--m or less--ago4 ,ubi ,romanus vicit1 ibi habitat--':]e ! ,roman has conqu]$1 !re he settles'3 b :e!r he conqu]$ or settl$ he c>ri$ ^! small tiles1 ^! tessellae1 z religi\sly z ev] ,ra*el /ole h] t]aph94 ',:]ev] 8 feet w5t !re w5t ! tessellat$ pavem5t = !m to /& on4 ,ev5 g5]als on =eign s]vice c>ri$ 9 panni]s on muleback ! little col\r$ cubes or tessellae = lay+ d[n a pavem5t 9 ea* camp+-place1 to be tak5 up aga9 :5 !y mov$ =w>d4 ,9 ,engl& ! same sweet emblems ( ! y\ng] gods ( poetic leg5d1 ( love1 y\?1 pl5ty1 & all _! happy naturalism1 are f\nd con/antly repeat$4'#a ,i am quot+ ^! s5t5ces f a local hi/orian1 b y see h[ ^! relics h a knack ( inspir+ prose at once s*ol>ly & imag9ative1 z 7= a m fam\s in/ance7 ! urns dis9t]r$ at ,wals+ham once inspir$ ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne's4 ,to cont9ue & adapt ! quotation-- ,bac*us ) 8 wild r\t1 ,orpheus play+ to a spell-b\nd audi5ce1 ,apollo s++ to ! lyre1 ,v5us 9 ,m>s' embrace1 ,neptune ) a ho/ ( seam51 scollops1 & trumpets1 ,n>cissus by ! f\nta91 ,jove & ,ganym$e1 ,l$a & ! swan1 wood-nymphs & naiads1 satyrs & fauns1 masks1 hautboys1 cornucopiae1 fl[]s & baskets ( gold5 fruit--:at t\*es ( home !y mu/ h seem$ to ^! old dwell]s 9 ! ,cambridge%ire wilds6 ,yes1 t\*es ( home6 ,= ! own] ( ?is villa 7y may conceive7 is ! gr&son or ev5 great-great-gr&son ( ! coloni/ :o fir/ built x1 foll[+ 9 ! wake ( ! legion>ies4 ,! family has prosp]$ & our man is n[ a consid]able l&[n]4 ,he 0 born 9 ,brita93 8 *ildr5 h be5 born "h3 & "h he lives a com=table1 well-to-d1 out-(-door life1 9 its ess5tials ,i d>esay n s v unlike ! life ( an ,engli% c\ntry squire to-day4 ,in/ead ( *as+ foxes or h>es he hunts ! wolf & ! wild bo>2 b ! sport is good & he returns ) an appetite4 ,he has add$ a summ] p>l\r to ! h\se1 ) a nor!rn aspect & no heat+-flues3 = ! old p>l\r he has enl>g$ ! praefurnium1 & ?r\gh ! long w9t] ev5+s sits f> bett] w>m$ ?an _m a ma/] ( a mod]n c\ntry-h\se4 ,a belt ( trees on ! br[ ( ! rise protects him f ! wor/ w9ds1 & to ! s\? 8 daught]s h plant$ violet-b$s :i* w brea! odor\sly 9 ! spr+4 ,he has rebuilt & enl>g$ ! slave-qu>t]s & ou?\ses1 replac$ ! /ucco pill>s ar\nd ! atrium ) a colonnade ( poli%$ /one1 &1 :]e /ucco rema9s1 has repa9t$ x 9 fre% col\rs4 ,he kn[s t !re are no gaps or weak spots 9 8 /ockade f5ce--wood is always *eap4 ,9 a ^w he has improv$ ! e/ate2 is mode/ly pr\d ( x2 & w be cont5t1 l ! old ,a!nian1 to leave 8 patrimony n worse b some?+ bett] ?an he f\nd x4 ,s5sible m5--& ! ,romans 7 em95tly t--z a rule contrive to live dec5tly1 or1 at lea/1 tol]ably4 ,:at /ruck ,ar?ur ,"y m ?an any?+ else 9 8 travels ?r\gh ,france on ! v eve ( ! ,revolution seems to h be5 ! g5]al good-temp]$ happ9ess ( ! ,fr5* g5try on _! e/ates4 ,we may moralise ( ! ,roman coloni/s z ( ! ,fr5* proprietors t 'unconsci\s ( _! doom ! little victims play$'2 b we h no "r to ?r[ back on !m ! %ad[ ( :at 0 to come or to cl\d ! picture ( a useful1 peaceable1 maybe m ?an mod]ately happy life1 ) our lat] k ( disa/] m]cifully hidd5 f x4 ,al?\gh our coloni/ & 8 family h all be5 born 9 ,brita91 are happy en\gh "h on ! :ole1 & talk )\t m ?an half mean+ x1 & to amuse !mselves ) speculations half-wi/ful1 ( d>+ ! trem5d\s j\rney & sett+ eyes on ,rome "s day1 _! pride is to belong to h]1 to ,rome1 ! imp]ial ,city1 ! city af>3 _! w9d[s op5 back t[>ds h] z ,daniel's did t[>ds ,j]usalem--,urbs quam dicunt ,roman--! ,city4 ,along ! great road1 h>d by1 h] imp]ial writ runs4 ,!y h nev] subscrib$ to ! v[ ( ,ru?1 ',?y p %all be my p & ?y ,god my ,god4' ,!y dwell "u ! ,pax ,romana1 n m]ely protect$ by x b z citiz5s4 ,!irs are ! ance/ral deities portray$ on t unfad+ pavem5t 9 ! v c5tre ( ! villa--,apollo & ,daphne1 ,bac*us & ,ariadne-- ,= ev] w>m & /ill to be enjoy$1 ,= ev] pant+1 & = ev] "y4 ,p>cels come to !m1 =w>d$ f ! ne> milit>y /ation2 come by ^? trade-r\tes1 my/]i\s to u1 conc]n+ :i* a mo/ illum9at+ book waits to be writt5 by somebody4 ,!re are p>cels ( se$s--useful vegetables & po!rbs1 heli*ryse 7m>igold z we call !m n[7 = ! fl[] g>d51 = ! colonnade ev5 roses ) real ,italian e>? damp ab\t _! roots4 ,!re are p>cels ( books1 too--rolls r1 or tablets--:]e9 ! family reads ab\t ,rome2 ( its weal?1 ! upro> ( its traffic1 ! innum]able *imneys smok+1 fumum et opes /repitumque4 ,= !y are always read+ ( ,rome2 feel+ !mselves1 z !y read1 to belong to x1 to be nei!r savage nor ev5 ru/ic1 b by bir?right ( ! city1 urbane2 & :at ^! exiles read is ( h[ ,horace met a bore on ! ,sacr$ ,road 7:i* w\ld correspond1 m or less1 ) our ,piccadilly7-- ,along ! ,sacr$ ,road ,i /roll$ "o day ,deep 9 "s bagatelle 7y "k my way7 ,:5 up comes "o ^: face ,i sc>cely knew-- ',! de>e/ ( de> fell[s6 h[ d'ye d8' --,he grasp$ my h&4 ',well1 ?anks6 ,! same to y8' --or ( h[ ,horace apologises = protract+ a summ] jaunt to 8 c\ntry seat3-- ,five days ,i told y at my f>m ,i'd /ay1 ,& lo6 ! :ole ( ,augu/ ,i'm away4 ,well b1 ,maec5as1 y w\ld h me live1 ,&1 7 ,i sick1 my abs5ce y'd =give4 ,s let me crave indulg5ce = ! fe> ,( fall+ ill at ?is bad "t ( ye>4 ,:51 ?anks to e>ly figs & sultry heat1 ,! und]tak] figures ) 8 suite2 ,:5 fa!rs all & fond mammas gr[ pale ,at :at may happ5 to _! "y heirs male1 ,& c\rts & levees1 t[n-br$ mortals' ills1 ,br+ fev]s on1 & break ! seals ( wills4 7,con+ton's translation47 ,consid] ^? l9es2 !n consid] h[ long x took ! inhabitants ( ?is isl&--! cultur$ ones :o c\nt z read]s or writ]s--to recapture j t note ( urbanity4 ,o!r ?+s our =efa!rs --,britons1 ,saxons1 ,normans1 ,dut* or ,fr5* refugees--discov]$ by ! way2 wor?i] ?+s if y w2 b n until ! eighte5? c5tury d y f9d j t note recaptur$2 ! note ( easy confid5ce t our ,london _h become :at ,rome _h be51 ! ,capital city4 ,y beg9 to meet x 9 ,dryd52 ) ,addison x is fairly e/abli%$4 ,pass a few ye>s1 & ) ,samuel ,johnson x is tak5 = grant$4 ,8 ,london is ,juv5al's ,rome1 & ! same satire applies to "o z appli$ to ! o!r4 ,b aga9/ ! urbane l9es writt5 by "o ,horace "s :ile be=e ,juv5al let u set a passage f ano!r ,horace--,horace ,walpole1 sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s lat] & "s little :ile ahead ( ,johnson4 ,he1 l our ,roman coloni/1 is a settl] 9 a new c\ntry1 ,twick5ham2 & l ,flaccus he loves to escape f t[n life4 ,,twick5ham1 ,june #h?1 #agdg4 ,to ! ,hon4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,conway4 ,y p]ceive by my date t ,i am got into a new camp1 & h left my tub at ,w9dsor4 ,x is a little play?+-h\se t ,i got out ( ,mrs ,*ev5ix's %op1 & ! prettie/ bauble y ev] saw4 ,x is set 9 enamell$ mead[s ) filagree h$ges3 ,a small ,euphrates ?r\gh ! place is roll'd1 ,& little f9*es wave _! w+s ( gold4 ,two delightful roads2 t y w\ld call du/y1 supply me cont9ually ) coa*es & *aises3 b>ges z solemn z ,b>ons ( ! ,ex*equ] move "u my w9d[2 ,ri*mond ,hill & ,ham ,walks b\nd my prospect2 b1 ?ank ,god6 ! ,?ames is betwe5 me & ! ,du*ess ( ,que5sb]ry4 ,d[ag]s z pl5ty z fl\nd]s inhabit all ar\nd1 & ,pope's gho/ is j n[ skimm+ "u my w9d[ by ! mo/ poetical moonlight4444 ,! ,*ev5ixes _h trick$ x out = !mselves2 up two pairs ( /airs is :at !y call ,mr ,*ev5ix's libr>y1 furni%$ ) ?ree maps1 "o %elf1 a bu/ ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton & a lame telescope )\t any glasses4 ,"l ,john ,sackville pr$eceas$ me "h & in/itut$ c]ta9 games call$ cricketalia1 :i* has be5 celebrat$ ?is v ev5+ 9 hon\r ( him 9 a neighb\r+ mead[4 ,y w ?9k ,i h remov$ my philosophy f ,w9dsor ) my tea-?+s hi!r2 = ,i am writ+ to y 9 all tranquility :ile a ,p>liam5t is bur/+ ab\t my e>s4 ,y "k x is go+ to be dissolv$4444 ,!y say ! ,pr9ce has tak5 up two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 to c>ry elections :i* he won't c>ry--he _h mu* bett] h sav$ x to buy ! ,p>liam5t aft] x is *os54 ,!re y h ,horatio ,walpole1 ! man-ab\t-t[n1 almo/ precisely e*o+ ,horatius ,flaccus1 ! man-ab\t-t[n2 & ?is 7if y w br+ y\r m9ds to x7 is j ! sort ( passage a ,roman coloni/ 9 ,brita9 w\ld op5 ^u1 out ( 8 p>cel ( new books1 & read1 & und]/&1 "s eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,:at became ( x all8--( t easy colonial life1 ( ! m5 & wom5 :o trod ^? tessellat$ pavem5ts8 ',wip$ out1' say ! hi/orians1 kn[+ no?+1 m]ely guess+3 = y may ) small tr\ble assure y\rselves t ! fif? & six? c5turies 9 ! /ory ( ?is isl& are a bl9d spot1 conc]n+ :i* "o man's guess may be z good z ano!r's4 ',wip$ out1' !y w commonly agree2 = :ile1 z ,i w>n$ y 9 ano!r lecture1 ! p$antic m9d1 fac$ ) a difficulty1 t5ds to remove x conv5i5tly into a category to :i* x does n belong1 /ill m prone is ! p$antic m9d to remove x out ( exi/5ce altoge!r4 ,s 'wip$ out' is ! !ory2 & ^u x a sympa!tic imag9ation c inv5t :at sorr[ful pictures x w ( dep>t+ legions1 ! la/ little cl\d ( du/ d[n ! highway1 ! lov]s by ! gate wat*+ x1 n compreh5d+2 ! peaceful home/ead 9 ! backgr\nd1 ripe = doom--& :at-n4 ,or1 /ay6 ,!re is ano!r !ory to :i* ! late ,pr(essor ,freeman incl9$ 7if s /urdy a figure c\ld be said to incl9e71 lay+ /ress on a passage 9 ,gildas1 t ! ,romans 9 ,brita91 fac$ by ! ,saxon invad]1 got toge!r _! money1 & bolt$ away into ,gaul4 ',! ,romans t 7 9 ,brita9 ga!r$ toge!r _! gold-ho>d1 hid "p 9 ! gr\nd & c>ri$ ! re/ ov] to ,gaul1' writes ,gildas4 ',! hid+ 9 ! gr\nd1' says ,freeman1 'is ( c\rse a guess to expla9 ! frequ5t f9d+ ( ,roman co9s'--:i* inde$ x does expla9 bett] ?an ! guess t !y 7 c>ri$ away1 & p]haps bett] ?an ! s*oolboy's sugge/ion t dur+ _! occupation ( ,brita9 ! ,romans sp5t mo/ ( _! "t 9 dropp+ money ab\t4 ,likely en\gh1 l>ge numb]s ( ! coloni/s did ga!r up :at !y c\ld & flee be=e ! approa*+ /orm2 b by no means all1 ,i ?9k4 ,= 7s9ce1 :]e all is unc]ta91 we mu/ reason f :at is probable ( human nature7 9 ! fir/ place m5 ) l>ge e/ates d n behave 9 t way be=e a dang] :i* creeps ^u !m little by little1 z ?is ,saxon dang] did4 ,^! coloni/s c\ld n dig up _! fields & c>ry !m ov] to ,gaul4 ,!y did n keep bank+ acc\nts2 & 9 ! c\rse ( f\r hundr$ ye>s _! ma9 weal? _h c]ta9ly be5 sunk 9 ! l&4 ,!y c\ld n c>ry away _! villas4 ,we "k t _m ( !m did n c>ry away ! tessellae = :i* 7z we h se57 !y _h s peculi> a v5]ation2 = ^! rema94 ,secondly1 if ! coloni/s left ,brita9 9 a mass1 :5 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury we f9d ,belis>ius (f]+ ! ,go?s to trade ,brita9 = ,sicily1 z be+ 'mu* l>g] & ?is long "t subs]vi5t to ,roman rule1'#b we mu/ suppose ei!r 7z ,freeman appe>s to suppose7 t ,belis>ius did n "k :at he 0 (f]+1 or t he 0 attempt+ a gigantic 'bluff1' or la/ly t he really 0 (f]+ an ex*ange n flatly d]isory2 ( :i* ?ree possible suppositions ,i pref] ! la/ z ! likelie/4 ,nor am ,i ! less incl9$ to *oose x1 because ^! v ,engli% hi/orians g on to cle> ! gr\nd 9 a l conv5i5t way ( ! ,celtic inhabitants1 ext]m9at+ !m z !y ext]m9at$ ! ,romans1 ) a wave ( ! h&1 q 9 ! fa%ion ( ,mr ,podsnap4 ',?is is un-,engli%3 !re=e = me x m]ely ceases to exi/4' ',probable extirpation ( ! ,celtic inhabitants' jots d[n ,freeman 9 8 m>g91 & proce$s to write3 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh ! lit]al extirpation ( a nation is an impossibility1 !re is e reason to believe t ! ,celtic inhabitants ( ^? p>ts ( ,brita9 :i* _h become ,engli% at ! end ( ! six? c5tury _h be5 z ne>ly ext+ui%$ z a nation c\ld be4 ,! wom5 d\btless w\ld be l>gely sp>$1 b z f> z ! male sex is conc]n$ we may feel sure t dea?1 emigration1 or p]sonal slav]y 7 ! only alt]natives :i* ! vanqui%$ f\nd at ! h&s ( our fa!rs4 ,^u ?is passage1 if br\ght to me 9 an und]graduate essay1 ,i %\ld h mu* to say4 ,! /yle1 ) its ab/ract n\ns 7'! lit]al extirpation ( a nation is an impossibility'71 its padd+ & p]iphrasis 7'!re is e reason to believe' 444 'z f> z ! male sex is conc]n$ we may feel sure'7 betrays ! loose ?\ght4 ,x beg9s ) '9 %ort' & proce$s to be long-w9d$4 ,x commits :at ev5 s*oolboys "k to be a solecism by invit+ u to consid] ?ree 'alt]natives'2 & :at c ,i say ( '! wom5 d\btless w\ld be l>gely sp>$1' save t besides scann+ 9 iambics x says :at ,freeman nev] meant & :at no-"o outside ( an ,ari/ophanic com$y c\ld ev] sugge/8 ',! wom5 d\btless w\ld be l>gely sp>$'6 ,x rem9ds me ( ! "y lady 9 ,cornwall :o1 ask$ by h] vic> if %e _h be5 confirm$1 admitt$ blu%+ly t '%e _h reason to believe1 p>tially s4' ',! wom5 d\btless w\ld be l>gely sp>$'6--,b ,i ?ank ! ,pr(essor = tea*+ me t phrase1 because x tries to convey j :at ,i am driv+ at4 ,! ,jutes1 ,angles1 ,saxons1 did n extirpate ! ,britons1 :atev] y may hold conc]n+ ! ,romans4 ,=1 once aga91 m5 d n behave 9 t way1 & c]ta9ly w n :5 a live slave is wor? money4 ,secondly1 ! v horror ) :i* m5 spoke1 c5turies aft]1 ( ,&]ida q pla9ly indicates t su* a :olesale massacre 0 exceptional1 mon/r\s4 ,if n exceptional1 mon/r\s1 :y %\ld ?is p>ticul> slaught] h l+]$ s ineffaceably 9 _! memories8 ,f9ally1--& to be z curt z ! "q des]ves--! ,celtic ,briton 9 ! isl& 0 n ext]m9at$ & nev] came ne> to be+ ext]m9at$3 b on ! contr>y1 rema9s equipoll5t ) ! ,saxon 9 our blood1 & p]haps equipoll5t ) t my/]i\s race we call ,ib]ian1 :i* came be=e ei!r & endures 9 ?is isl& to-day1 z anyone travell+ x ) eyes 9 8 head c see4 ,pict1 ,dane1 ,norman1 ,frisian1 ,hugu5ot ,fr5*--^! & o!rs come 94 ,if mixture ( blood be a %ame1 we h pur*as$ at ! price ( t %ame ! glory ( ca?olicism2 & ,i "k ( no?+ m false 9 sci5ce or m actively poison\s 9 politics or 9 ! arts ?an ! assumption t we belong z a race to ! ,teutonic family4 ,dane1 ,norman1 ,frisian1 ,fr5* ,hugu5ot--!y all come 94 ,& w y refuse a he>+ :5 ,i claim t ! ,roman came 9 too8 ,be?9k y h[ deeply ,rome engrav$ itself on ?is isl& & its features4 ,be?9k y t1 z human nature is1 no conqu]+ race ev] liv$ or c\ld live--ev5 9 g>rison--among a tribut>y "o )\t begett+ *ildr5 on x4 ,be?9k y yet fur!r ( ,freeman's admission t 9 ! :olesale 7& q hypo!tical7 g5]al massacre '! wom5 d\btless w\ld be l>gely sp>$'2 & y advance ne>] to my po9t4 ,i see a p :i* = f\r hundr$ ye>s 0 p]meat$ by ,rome4 ,if y insi/ on its be+ a ,teutonic p 7:i* ,i flatly d5y7 !n y h "o :i* alone ( ,teutonic peoples has inh]it$ ! ,roman gift ( consolidat+ conque/1 ( colonis+ 9 ! wake ( its armies2 ( driv+ ! road1 bridg+ ! =d1 br++ ! lawless "u its s5se ( law4 ,i see t ?is nation ( ours concurr5tly1 :5 x seeks back to :at alone c inspire & glorify ^! activities1 seeks back1 n to any suppos$ native ,nor?1 b s\? to ! ,middle ,sea ( our civilisation & /eadily to ,italy1 :i* we und]/& f> m easily ?an ,france--?\gh ,france has help$ u times & aga94 ,putt+ ^! ?+s toge!r1 ,i retort ^u ! e?nologi/s--= ,i come f ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 :]e we suff] incr$ible ?+s f !m--',semp] ego auditor tantum8' ,i haz>d t ! mo/ important ?+ 9 our blood is t purple drop ( ! imp]ial murex we d]ive f ,rome4 ,y mu/1 ( c\rse1 take ?is = no?+ m ?an x pret5ds to be--a conjecture1 a sugge/ion4 ,i w foll[ x up ) two /atem5ts ( fact1 nei!r d\btful nor disputable4 ,! fir/ is1 t :5 ,engli% poetry awoke1 long aft] ! ,conque/ 7or1 z ,i %\ld pref] to put x1 aft] ! ,crusades7 x awoke a new ?+2 9 its vocabul>y z mu* l ,anglo-,saxon poetry z ev] y w1 b 9 metre1 rhy?m1 lilt--& m1 9 /yle1 feel+1 imag9ative play--& yet m aga91 9 k ( :at x aim$ to be1 9 ! ess5tials1 9 ! qualities t make ,poetry ,poetry--z diff]5t f ,anglo-,saxon poetry z *eese is f *alk1 & z mu* m nutriti\s4 ,li/5 to ?is-- ,bytu5e ,m]%e ant ,av]il ,:5 spray big9ni? to spr+1 ,! lutel f\l ha? hire wyl ,on hire lud to synge3 ,i* libbe 9 love-long+e ,= semloke/ ( alle ?ynge1 ,he may me blisse br+e1 ,i*am 9 hire b&\n4 ,an h5dy hap i*abbe y-h5t1 ,i*ot f hev5e x is me s5t1 ,f alle wymm5 my love is l5t1 ,& lyht on ,alis\n4 ,"h y h allit]ation 9 pl5ty2 y ev5 h :at "s hold to be ! patt]n ( ,anglo-,saxon allit]ative v]se 7?\gh 9 practice disreg>d$1 may be1 z (t5 z n71 ! *os5 initial us$ twice 9 ! fir/ l9e & once at lea/ 9 ! second3 ,f alle wymm5 my love is lent1 ,& lyht on ,alis\n4 ,b if a man _c see a diff]5ce inf9itely deep] ?an any simil>ity betwe5 ?is song ( ,alison & ! old ,anglo-,saxon v]se--a diff]5ce ( nature--,i mu/ despair ( 8 lit]>y s5se4 ,:at has happ5$8 ,well1 9 ,norm&y1 too1 & 9 ano!r tongue1 m5 are s++ mu* ! same ?+ 9 ! same way3 ,a la font5elle ,qui sort seur l'ara9e1 ,tr\vai pa/orella ,qui n'i]t pas vila9e444 ,m]ci1 m]ci1 d\ce ,m>ote1 ,n'ociez pas vo/re ami d\x1 & ?is ,norman & ! ,engli%man 7 s++ to a new tune1 :i* 0 yet an old tune re-set to ,europe by ! ,prov5ce1 ! ,roman ,prov9ce2 by ! tr\bad\rs--,pons de ,capdeuil1 ,b]n>d de ,v5tad\r1 ,b]tr& de ,born1 ,pi]re ,vidal1 & ! re/1 ) ,william ( ,poit\1 ,william ( ,poiti]s4 ,read & comp>e2 y w p]ceive t ! note !n set p]si/s & has nev] p]i%$4 ,take ,giraud de ,borneil-- ,bel companhos1 si dormetz o velhatz ,non dortmatz plus1 qu'el jorn es aprop*atz-- & set x beside a lyric ( our day1 writt5 )\t a ?\ght ( ,giraud de ,borneil-- ,heigh6 ,bro!r m9e1 art a-wak+ or a-sleep+3 ,m9d'/ ?\ ! m]ry moon a _m summ]s fl$8 ,m9d'/ ?\ ! gre5 & ! danc+ & ! leap+8 ,m9d'/ ?\ ! haycocks & ! moon above !m creep+8444 ,or take ,b]n>d de ,v5tad\r's-- ,qu& erba v]tz1 e fuelha p> ,e'l flor brotonon p] v]jan1 ,e'l ross9hols autet e cl> ,leva sa votz e mov son *an1 ,joy ai de luy1 e joy ai de la flor1 ,joy ai de me1 e de me dons maior4 ,:y1 x runs /raight (f into ,engli% v]se-- ,:5 grass is gre5 & leaves appe> ,) fl[]s 9 bud ! meads among1 ,& night+ale al(t & cle> ,lifts up 8 voice & pricks 8 song1 ,joy1 joy h ,i 9 song & fl[]1 ,joy 9 myself1 & 9 my lady m4 ,& t may be dogg]el2 yet :at is x b ,x 0 a lov] & 8 lass1 ,) a hey & a ho & a hey non9o1 ,t o'er ! gre5 cornfield did pass ,9 ! spr+-"t1 ! only pretty r+-"t-- or ,:5 daffodils beg9 to pe]1 ,) heigh6 ! doxy ov] ! dale1 ,:y !n comes 9 ! sweet o' ! ye>2 ,= ! r$ blood reigns 9 ! w9t]'s pale4 ,nay1 flatt] ! ,anglo-,saxon tradition by pick+ its v be/--& ,i suppose x h>d to f9d bett] ?an ! mu*-admir$ op5+ ( ,pi]s ,pl[man1 9 :i* t tradition %ot up l ! flame ( a dy+ c&le3 ,bote 9 a ,mayes ,morwnynge--on ,malv]ne hulles ,me bi-fel a f]ly--a ,feyrie me ?\hte2 ,i 0 weori ( w&r+e--& w5te me to re/e ,"u a brod banke--bi a ,b\rne syde1 ,& z ,i lay & leon$e--& lok$e on ! watres1 ,i slumb]de 9 a slepynge--hit s[n$e s murie4 ,?is is good1 solid /uff1 no d\bt3 b tame1 in]t1 if n actually lifeless4 ,z ,m4 ,juss]& says ( ,anglo-,saxon poetry 9 g5]al1 x is l ! riv] ,saone--"o d\bts :i* way x fl[s4 ,h[ tame 9 comp>ison ) ?is1 = example6-- ,9 som]1 :5 ! %awes be %eyne1 ,& leves be l>ge & long1 ,hit is full m]y 9 feyre =e/e ,to "h ! f\lys song3 ,to se ! d]e draw to ! dale ,& leve ! hilles hee1 ,& %ad[ hem 9 ! leves gr5e ,"u ! gr5e-wode tre4 ,hit befel on ,:itsontide1 ,erly 9 a ,may mornyng1 ,! ,son up feyre c %yne1 ,& ! briddis m]y c syng4 ',?is is a m]y mornyng1' said litell ,john1 ',be ,hym t dy$ on tre2 ,a m m]y man ?an ,i am "o ,lyves n 9 ,cri/iante4 ',pluk up ?i h]t1 my d]e may/]1' ,litull ,john c sey1 ',& ?ynk hit is a full fayre tyme ,9 a mornyng ( ,may4' ,!re is no d\bt+ :i* way t fl[s6 ,& ?is vivacity1 ?is new beat ( ! he>t ( poetry1 is common to ,*auc] & ! humble/ ballad-mak]2 x pulses ?r\gh any book ( lyrics pr9t$ ye/]day1 & x came /raight to u out ( ,prov5ce1 ! ,roman ,prov9ce4 ,x 0 ! ,prov5cal ,tr\bad\r :o1 l ! ,pr9ce 9 ! fairy tale1 broke ?r\gh ! h$ge ( bri]s & kiss$ ,beauty awake aga94 ,y w urge t he wak5$ ,poetry n 9 ,engl& alone b all ov] ,europe1 9 ,dante be=e our ,*auc]1 9 ! tr\v]es & m9nes+]s z well z 9 our ballad-writ]s4 ,to t ,i might easily retort1 ',s mu* ! bett] = ,europe1 & ! m ( x ! m]ri]1 to w9 _! way into ! great comity4' ,b "h ,i put 9 my second ass]tion1 t we ,engli% h _h above all nations ly+ wide ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! in/9ct to refre% & r5ew ourselves at ,m$it]ranean wells2 t aga9 & aga9 our writ]s--our poets especially--h s\ght !m z ! h>t pante? aft] ! wat]-brooks4 ,if y accept ?is ass]tion1 & if y believe z well t our lit]ature1 surpass+ ,rome's1 may vie ) t ( ,a!ns--if y believe t a lit]ature :i* includes ,*auc]1 ,sp5s]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,pope1 ,wordswor?1 ,%elley--! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ,holy ,writ1 ) ,br[ne1 ,bunyan1 ,swift1 ,addison1 ,johnson1 ,arnold1 ,newman--has ent]$ ! circle to take its seat ) ! fir/-- :y !n1 he>tily believ+ ?is ) y1 ,i leave y to f9d "s bett] explanation ?an m9e if y c4 ,b :at ,i cont5t myself ) ass]t+ "h y c sc>cely d5y4 ,*auc]'s initial & enorm\s debt to ,dante & ,boccaccio /&s 9 z little dispute z ,dunb>'s to ,*auc]4 ,on t fav\rite poet ( m9e1 ,sir ,?omas ,wyat1 ,i descant$ 9 a =m] lecture4 ,he is "o ( y\r glories "h1 hav+ ent]$ ,/4 ,john's ,college at ! age ( twelve 7:i* mu/ h be5 precoci\s ev5 = ^? days47 ,an?ony ,wood ass]ts t aft] f9i%+ 8 c\rse "h1 he proce$$ to ,c>d9al ,wolsey's new ,college at ,ox=d2 b1 z ,*ri/*ur* 0 n f\nd$ until #aebd1 & ,wyat1 /ill precoci\s1 _h m>ri$ a wife two ye>s be=e t1 ! /atem5t 7to quote ,dr ,c\r?ope7 'seems no bett] f\nd$ ?an _m o!rs advanc$ by t patriotic b n v scrupul\s au?or4' ,x is m to ! po9t t he w5t travell+1 & br\ght home f ,france1 ,italy1 aft]w>ds ,spa9--always f ,lat9 alt>s--! flame ( lyrical poetry to ,engl&2 ! flame ( ! ,petr>*i/s1 caught f ! ,tr\bad\rs1 cl>ifi$ 7s to speak7 by ! salt ( humane lett]s4 ,on :at our ,elizabe?an lit]ature owes to ! ,classical revival hundr$s ( volumes h be5 writt5 & hundr$s m w be writt52 ,i w b rem9d y ( :at ,sp5c] talk$ ab\t ) ,gabriel ,h>vey1 :at ,daniel disput$ ) ,campion2 t ,m>l[e tri$ to re-inc>nate ,ma*iavelli1 t ,jonson 0 a sworn ,lat9i/ & ! 'tribe ( ,b5' a classical tribe2 :ile1 z = ,%akespe>e1 g & reckon ! proportion ( ,italian & ,roman names 9 8 dramatis p]sonae4 ,( ,donne's debt to ,france1 ,italy1 ,rome1 ,greece1 y may read mu* 9 ,pr(essor ,gri]son's great edition1 & ,i d>esay ,pr(essor ,gri]son w\ld be ! fir/ to all[ t all has n yet be5 comput$4 ,y "k h[ ,milton prep>$ himself to be a poet4 ,h y realis$ t1 9 ^? some:at /rangely con/ruct$ sonnets ( 81 ,milton 0 delib]ately modell+ ^u ! ,horatian ,ode1 z 8 confr]e1 ,&rew ,m>vell1 0 av[$ly attempt+ ! l 9 8 fam\s ,horation ,ode on ,cromwell's ,return f ,irel&2 s t if ,cromwell _h return$ 7l ,mr ,quilp71 walk$ 9 & caught 8 pair ( ,lat9 ,secret>ies scribbl+ v]se1 "o at ei!r end ( ! (fice table1 bo? might col\rably h plead$ t !y 71 aft] all1 writ+ ,lat94 ,wall]'s task 9 poetry 0 to lab\r true classical poli% :]e ,c[ley lab\r$ %am-classical =m4 ,put toge!r ,dryd5's v>i\s ,prefaces & y w f9d !m "o solid monum5t to 8 classical fai?4 ,( ,pope1 ,gray1 ,coll9s1 y w n ask me to speak4 ,:at is salt 9 ,c[p] y c ta/e only :5 y h detect$ t by a /roke ( madness he miss$1 or b>ely miss$1 be+ our true ,engli% ,horace1 t almo/ m ne>ly ?an ! re/ he hit :at ! re/ _h be5 seek+4 ,!n1 ( ! 'romantic revival'-- enemy ( false classicism1 n ( classicism--be?9k y :at1 9 8 few great ye>s1 ,wordswor? ow$ directly to ,france ( ! e>ly ,revolution2 :at ,keats drew =? out ( ,lempri]e3 & aga9 be?9k y h[ ,t5nyson wr\ght ^u ,!ocritus1 ,virgil1 ,catullus2 ^u :at ,arnold con/antly %ap$ 8 v]se2 h[ ,br[n+ return$ ev] ^u ,italy to inspire 8 be/ & correct 8 worse4 ,( ,anglo-,saxon prose ,i "k little inde$1 b en\gh ( ! _w to feel reasonably sure t if x conta9$ any s+le ma/]piece--or any?+ t c\ld be p>ad$ z a ma/]piece--we %\ld h he>d en\gh ab\t x long be=e n[4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,k+ ,alfr$ = excell5t political reasons2 b1 l o!r ready-made political inv5tions 9 ?is c\ntry1 x refus$ to ?rive4 ,i ?9k x c be demon/rat$1 t ! true l9e ( intellectual desc5t 9 prose lies ?r\gh ,b$e 7:o wrote 9 ,lat91 ! 'univ]sal language'71 & n ?r\gh ! ,blickl+ ,homilies1 or1 ,a,elfric1 or ! ,saxon ,*ronicle4 ,& ,i am sure t ,freeman is p]v]sely wrong :5 he lam5ts z a 'great mi/ake' t ! fir/ ,*ri/ian mission>ies f ,rome did n tea* _! conv]ts to pray & give praise 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,! v]nacul> be+ :at x 01 ^! m5 did bett] to tea* ! religion ( ! civilis$ _w--orbis t]r>um--9 ! language ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,i am n ?9k+ ( its effici5cy = spread+ ! fai?2 b nei!r is ,freeman2 &1 = t1 we mu/ all[ ^! old mission>ies to h kn[n _! own bus9ess4 ,i am ?9k+ only ( h[ ?is 'great mi/ake' affect$ our lit]ature2 & if y w read ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,prose ,rhy?m 7pione] "w1 :i* yet wond]fully succe$s 9 illu/rat+ :at our prose-writ]s f "t to "t 7 try+ to d72 if y w /udy ! ,psalms 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion2 if y w consid] :at ,milton1 ,cl>5don1 ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 7 aim+ at2 :at ,addison1 ,gibbon1 ,johnson2 :at ,l&or1 ,?ack]ay1 ,newman1 ,arnold1 ,pat]2 ,i d\bt n y\r ris+ f ! p]usal conv9c$ t our nation1 9 ?is /oreh\se ( ,lat9 to refre% & repl5i% its mo/ sacr$ ?\ghts1 has enjoy$ a cont9u\s bless+3 t ! ,lat9 ( ! ,vulgate & ! ,(fices has be5 a backgr\nd giv+ dep? &1 z ! pa9t]s say1 'value' to n9e-t5?s ( our s]i\s writ+4 ,& n[1 s9ce ?is & ! previ\s lecture run some?+ c\nt] to a great deal ( t tea*+ 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature :i* n[adays passes mo/ acceptably1 let me avoid (f5ce1 s f> z may be1 by def9+ "o or two ?+s ,i am n try+ to d4 ,i am n p]suad+ y to despise y\r l+ui/ic desc5t4 ,engli% is ,engli%--our language2 & all its hi/ory to be v5]at$ by u4 ,i am n p]suad+ y to despise l+ui/ic /udy4 ,all le>n+ is v5]able4 ,i am n p]suad+ y to behave l ,as*am1 & turn ,engli% prose into p$antic ,lat92 nor w\ld ,i h y d\bt t 9 ! set qu>rel betwe5 ,campion1 :o wi%$ to div]t ,engli% v]se into /rict classical *annels1 & ,daniel1 :o v9dicat$ our free ,engli% way 7d]iv$ f ,lat9 ?r\gh ! ,prov5cal71 ,daniel 0 on ! :ole1 "r1 ,campion on ! :ole1 wrong3 ?\gh ,i believe t bo? ways yet lie op51 & we may le>n1 if we /udy !m intellig5tly1 a hundr$ ?+s f ! old classical metres4 ,i d n ask y to =get :at !re is ( ! ,nor?m5 9 y\r blood4 ,if ,i desir$ ?is1 ,i c\ld n wor%ip ,william ,morris z ,i d1 among ! lat] poets4 ,i d n ask y to d\bt t ! b>b>ian invad]s f ! nor?1 ) _! my?s & leg5ds1 br\ght new & mo/ necess>y blood ( imag9ation into ! lit]>y mat]ial--= ! "t almo/ exhau/$--( ,greece & ,rome4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d cont5d t :5 ,brita9 7or1 if y pref] x1 ,sleswick7 ,:5 ,sleswick fir/ at ,heav5's comm& ,arose f out ! azure ma91 %e diff]$ f ,aphrodite1 t o!r foam-born1 9 sundry important features ( e>1 ( lip1 ( eye4 ,la/ly1 if vehem5t ass]tions on ! "o side h driv5 me into too vehem5t diss5t on ! o!r1 ,i crave p>don2 n = ! diss5t b = ! vehem5ce1 z s9n+ aga9/ ! v pr9ciple ,i w\ld hold up to y\r admiration--! old ,greek pr9ciple ( avoid+ excess4 ,b ,i d comm5d ! pati5t /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors--9 ! orig9al or 9 translation--to all ( y :o w\ld write ,engli%2 & = ?ree reasons4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place !y w correct y\r insul>ity ( m9d2 or1 r1 w tea* y to =get x4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon1 x has be5 not$1 ev] left an empty space ar\nd 8 h\ses2 & t1 no d\bt1 is good = a h\se4 ,x is n s good = ! m9d4 7#b7 ,secondly1 we h a tribal habit1 confirm$ by ,prote/ant m$itation ^u a ,hebraic religion1 ( conf9+ our lit]>y enjoym5t to ! writt5 ^w & fr[n+ d[n ! drama1 ! song1 ! dance4 ,a fairly att5tive /udy ( mod]n lyrical v]se has p]suad$ me t ?is exclusiv5ess may be c>ri$ too f>1 & ?reat5s to be dead5+4 ',i w s+ & give praise1' says ! ,scripture1 ') ! be/ memb] t ,i h'--mean+ ! tongue4 ,b ! old ,greek 0 an 'all-r\nd man' z we say4 ,he s\ght to praise & give ?anks ) all 8 memb]s1 & to tune ea* to p]fection4 ,i ?9k 8 way wor? y\r consid]+4 7#c7 ,la/ly1 & *iefly1 ,i comm5d ^! classical au?ors to y because !y1 9 ! ,european civilisation :i* we all inh]it1 cons]ve ! norm ( lit]ature2 ! /eady grip on ! ess5tial2 ! clean outl9e at :i* 9 v]se or 9 prose--9 epic1 drama1 hi/ory1 or philosophical treatise--a writ] %\ld aim4 ,s sure am ,i ( ?is1 & ( its importance to ^? :o ?9k ( writ+1 t 7 ?is ,univ]sity to limit me to ?ree texts on :i* to prea* ,engli% ,lit]ature to y1 ,i %\ld *oose ! ,bible 9 our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,hom] 7?\gh x 7 b 9 a prose translation74 ,two ( ^! lie outside my m>k$ prov9ce4 ,only "o ( !m f9ds a place 9 y\r ,engli% s*ool4 ,b ,hom]1 :o comes nei!r )9 my map1 nor )9 ! ambit ( ! ,tripos1 w\ld--because he mo/ evid5tly holds ! norm1 ! ess5ce1 ! secret ( all--rank fir/ ( ! ?ree = my purpose4 ,footnote #a3 ,f ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ox=d%ire1 by ,mr ,j4 ,meade ,falkn]1 au?or ( ,murray's excell5t ,h&book ( ,ox=d%ire4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,our ,,univ]sities 7,i7 ,w$nesday1 ,novemb] #ai ,all lectures are too long4 ,t[>ds ! close ( my la/1 ,g5tlem51 ,i let fall a s5t5ce :i*1 he>d by y 9 a mom5t ( exhau/$ or languid int]e/1 has s9ce1 l en\gh1 escap$ y\r memory ev5 if x e>n$ pass+ att5tion4 ,s let me repeat x1 = a fre% />t4 ,hav+ quot$ to y ! words ( our ,holy ,writ1 ',i w s+ & give praise ) ! be/ memb] t ,i h1' ,i add$ ',b ! old ,greek 0 an all-r\nd man2 he s\ght to praise & give ?anks ) all 8 memb]s1 & to tune ea* to p]fection4' ,n[ a great _m in/ructive lectures might be writt5 on t text3 nev]!less y may ?9k x a /range "o1 & obscure1 = ! disc\rse on ',engli% ,lit]ature 9 our ,univ]sities' :i*1 accord+ to promise1 ,i mu/ n[ attempt4 ,! t]m 'an all-r\nd man' may easily mislead y unless y take x ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce & p>ticul>ly ) ! words 'praise & give ?anks4' ,praise :om8 ,give ?anks to :om8 ,to :om did our ,greek tra9 all 8 memb]s to r5d] adoration8 ,:y1 to ! gods--8 gods3 to ,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,aphrodite2 & f !m d[n to ! less] gu>dian deities ( ! he>?1 ! field1 ! f>m/ead4 ,we mod]n m5 suff] a d\ble temptation to misund]/&1 by belittl+1 ! rev]5ce 9 :i* ,hellas & ,rome held _! gods4 ,to />t )1 our religion has sup]s$$ !irs4 ,we approa* ! ,olympians ) no b5t t[>ds v5]at+ !m2 ) m9ds easy1 deta*$1 to :i* a great deal ( _! !ology--! amativ5ess ( ,zeus = example--mu/ ne$s seem broadly comic1 & a great deal ( x n only comic b *ildi%4 ,we are enc\rag$ 9 ?is1 moreov]1 :5 we read su* writ]s z ,ari/ophanes & ,lucian1 & obs]ve h[ !y pok$ fun at ! gods4 ,we assume--s mod]n he seems--,ari/ophanes' attitude t[>ds 8 immortals to be ours2 t :51 = example1 ,prome!us walks on to ! /age "u an umbrella1 to hide himself f ! gaze ( all-see+ ,zeus1 ! ,a!nian audi5ce laugh$ j z we laugh :o h read ,voltaire4 ,believe me1 !y laugh$ q diff]5tly2 believe me1 ,ari/ophanes & ,voltaire _h rem>kably diff]5t m9ds & work$ on utt]ly diff]5t backgr\nds4 ,believe me1 y w und]/& ,ari/ophanes only less ?an y w und]/& ,a,eschylus himself if y confuse ,ari/ophanes' mock]y ( ,olympus ) mod]n mock]y4 ,b1 if y w n take my ^w = x1 let me quote :at ,pr(essor ,gilb]t ,murray said1 ! o!r day1 speak+ be=e ! ,engli% ,association on ,greek poetry1 h[ con/antly connect$ x is ) religion3 ',all ?\ghts1 all passions1 all desires' 444 ,9 our ,art x is true1 no d\bt1 t !y are '! m9i/]s ( love'2 9 ,greek !y are z a :ole ! m9i/]s ( religion1 & ?is is :at 9 a curi\s degree makes ,greek poetry matt]1 makes x relevant4 ,!re is a s5se 9 ea* song ( a relation to ! :ole ( ?+s1 & x 0 apt to be express$ ) ! :ole body1 or1 "o may say1 ! :ole be+4#a ,to a ,greek1 9 %ort1 8 gods matt]$ enorm\sly2 & to a ,roman4 ,to a ,roman !y cont9u$ to matt] enorm\sly1 d[n to ! end4 ,d y rememb] t tessellat$ pavem5t ) its emblems & images ( ! y\ng] gods8 & h[ ,i told y t a ,roman g5]al on =eign s]vice w\ld c>ry ! little cubes 9 panni]s on mule-back1 to be laid d[n = 8 feet at ! next camp+ place8 ,w y sugge/ t he did ?is because !y 7 pretty8 ,y "k t practical m5--conqu]+ g5]als--don't behave 9 t way4 ,he did x because !y 7 sacr$2 because1 l mo/ practical m51 he 0 religi\s1 & 8 gods mu/ g ) him4 ,!y fill$ 8 lit]ature3 = :y8 ,he believ$ himself to be sprung f _! lo9s4 ,:]e w\ld ,lat9 lit]ature be1 = example1 if y c\ld cut ,v5us out ( x8 ,consid] ,lucretius' gr& invocation3 ,a,eneadum g5etrix1 hom9um divumque voluptas1 ,alma ,v5us6 ,consid] ! "p ,virgil makes h] play z mov+ _s ( 8 :ole great poem4 ,s foll[ h] d[n to ! days ( ! lat] ,empire & op5 ! ,p]vigilium ,v5]is & discov] h]1 "u ! "n ( ,dione1 /ill ! et]nal ,aphrodite sprung f ! foam amid ! *urn+ hooves ( ! sea-horses--int] et bip$es equos3-- ,"t 0 t a ra9-cl\d begat h]1 impregn+ ! heave ( ! deep1 ',twixt hooves ( sea-horses a-scatt]1 /amp$+ ! dolph9s z %eep4 ,lo6 arose ( t bridal ,dione1 ra9b['d & bespr5t ( its dew6 ,n[ le>n ye to love :o lov$ nev]--n[ ye :o h lov$1 love anew6 ,h] fav\r x 0 fill'd ! sails ( ! ,trojan = ,latium b\nd1 ,h] fav\r t won h] ,a,eneas a bride on ,laur5tian gr\nd1 ,& anon f ! cloi/] inveigl$ ! ,virg91 ! ,ve/al1 to ,m>s2 ,z h] wit by ! wild ,sab9e rape recreat$ h] ,rome = its w>s ,) ! ,ramnes1 ,quirites1 toge!r ance/rally pr\d z !y drew ,f ,romulus d[n to our ,caes>--la/1 be/ ( t blood1 ( t !w4 ,n[ le>n ye to love :o lov$ nev]--n[ ye :o h lov$1 love anew6 ',la/1 be/ ( t blood'--h] blood1 fusa ,paphies de cruore1 & ! blood ( ,teuc]1 revocato a sangu9e ,teucri1 '( t !w'--! !w ( ,tros & ( ,m>s4 ,( ^! & no less ?an ^! our ,roman believ$ himself ! son & inh]itor4 ,if we grasp ?is1 t ! old lit]ature 0 pack$ ) ! old religion1 & n only pack$ ) x b p]meat$ by x1 we h )9 our t5 f+]s ! secret ( ! ',d>k ,ages1' ! real reason :y ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs f\ght d[n lit]ature & almo/ prevail$ to ! po9t ( /amp+ x out4 ,!y hat$ x1 n z lit]ature2 or at any rate1 n to beg9 )2 nor1 to beg9 )1 because x happ5$ to be voluptu\s & !y au/]e3 b !y hat$ x because x held 9 its v texture1 n to be sep>at$1 a religion ov] :i* !y _h h>dly triumph$1 a religion actively inimical to t ( ,*ri/1 inimical to tru?2 s t = ! sake ( tru? & 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ !y _h to fight x1 accept+ no compromise1 yield+ no qu>t]1 =esee+ no issue save t "o ( ! twa9--,jupit] or ,*ri/1 ,deus ,optimus ,maximus or ! c>p5t]'s son ( ,naz>e?--mu/ g "u4 ,x all end$ 9 compromise1 to be sure2 z all /ruggles mu/ betwe5 adv]s>ies s trem5d\s4 ,to-day1 9 ,dr ,smi?'s ,classical ,diction>y1 ,orig5 rubs %\ld]s ) ,orpheus & ,orcus2 ,t]tullian reposes *eek by j[l ) ,t]psi*ore4 ,b we are n conc]n$1 "h1 ) :at happ5$ 9 ! end4 ,we are conc]n$ ) :at ^! =?right ,*ri/ian fight]s _h 9 _! m9ds--to trample out ! old lit]ature because ( ! false religion4 ,milton und]/ood ?is1 & 0 ?9k+ ( x :5 he wrote ( ! effect ( ,*ri/'s ,nativity-- ,! ,oracles are dumb2 ,no voice or hide\s hum ,runs ?r\gh ! ar*$ ro( 9 words deceiv+4 ,apollo f 8 %r9e ,c no m div9e1 ,) holl[ %riek ! /eep ( ,delphos leav+4 ,no mighty trance1 or brea!d spell ,inspires ! pale-ey$ ,prie/ f ! prophetic cell4 ,! lonely m\nta9s o'er1 ,& ! res\nd+ %ore1 ,a voice ( weep+ he>d1 & l\d lam5t2 ,f haunt$ spr+1 & dale ,edg'd ) popl> pale1 ,! p>t+ ,g5ius is ) sigh+ s5t2 ,) fl[]-inwov5 tresses torn ,! ,nymphs 9 twilight %ade ( tangl$ ?ickets m\rn4 z ,sw9burne und]/&s & expresses x 9 8 ,hymn to ,pros]p9e1 suppos$ to be *ant$ by a ,roman ( ! 'old pr(ession' on ! morr[ ( ,con/ant9e's proclaim+ ! ,*ri/ian fai?-- ,o ,gods de?ron$ & deceas$1 ca/ =?1 wip$ out 9 a day6 ,f y\r wra? is ! _w releas$1 r$eem'd f y\r *a9s1 m5 say4 ,new ,gods are cr[n'd 9 ! city2 _! fl[]s h brok5 y\r rods2 ,!y are m]ciful1 clo!d ) pity1 ! "y compassionate ,gods4 ,b = me _! new device is b>r51 ! days are b>e2 ,?+s long pa/ ov] suffice1 & m5 =gott5 t 7444 ,wilt ?\ yet take all1 ,galilean8 b ^! ?\ %alt n take1 ,! laurel1 ! palms & ! paean1 ! brea/s ( ! nymphs 9 ! brake2 ,?\ ha/ conqu]'d1 ,o pale ,galilean2 ! _w has gr[n grey f ?y brea?2 ,we h drunk5 ( ?+s ,le!an1 & f$ on ! fullness ( dea?4 ',?\ ha/ conqu]'d1 ,o pale ,galilean6' ,h[ev] ! /ruggle might sway 9 ?is or t o!r "p ( ! field1 ,lit]ature _h to be beat5 to h] knees1 & /ill beat5 flat until ! brea? left h] body4 ,y w n be surpris$ t ! heavy h& ( ^! ,*ri/ian fa!rs fell fir/ ^u ! ,!atre3 = ! actor 9 ,rome 0 by legal def9ition an 'infam\s' man1 ev5 z 9 ,engl& until ! o!r day he 0 by legal def9ition a vagabond & liable to :ipp+4 ,! policy ( religi\s re=m]s has ev] be5 to close ! !atres1 z our ,puritans did 9 #afdb2 & a rec5t pron\ncem5t by ! ,bi%op ( ,k5s+ton w\ld seem to %[ t ! in/9ct survives to ?is day4 ,que5 ,elizabe?--l h] bro!r1 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi--signaliz$ ! op5+ ( a new reign by inhibit+ /age-plays2 & ,i invite y to %>e ) me ! p5sive speculation1 ',h[ mu* ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 _h %e n rel5t$1 w\ld exi/ to-day = a ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii ,pr(essor to talk ab\t8' ,c]ta9ly ! works ( ,%akespe>e w\ld n2 & t seems to me a ?\ght s impressive z to des]ve ! att5tion ( ,bi%ops z well z ( ,k+s4 ,ap>t f ?is in/9ct ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 x w\ld appe>1 _h pl5ty ( provocation4 ,= ! actors1 :o _h je/$ ) ! ,old ,religion on a gr\nd ( accept$ und]/&+--mu* z a good husb& 7if y w p]mit ! simile7 may g5tly tease 8 wife1 n lov+ h] "o :it ! less1 taught by affection to play )\t (f5d+--_h mock$ at ! ,new ,religion 9 a v diff]5t way3 savagely1 z enemies1 hold+ up to ridicule ! ,*ur*'s mo/ sacr$ my/]ies4 ,t]tullian1 9 an uncompromis+ treatise ,de ,spectaculis1 d5\nces /age-plays root & bran*2 tells ( a demon :o ent]$ into a woman 9 a !atre & on be+ exorcis$ plead$ t ! mi/ake might well be excus$1 s9ce he _h f\nd h] 9 8 own demesne4 ,*ri/ians %\ld avoid ^! %[s & await ! greate/ spectaculum ( all--! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ',!n1' he promises g5ially1 'w be ! "t to li/5 to ! trag$ians1 ^: lam5tations w be m poignant1 = _! prop] pa94 ,!n w ! com$ians turn & twi/ 9 cap]s r5d]$ nimbl] ?an ev] by ! /+ ( ! fire t is n qu5*$4' ,by #djj ,a4,d4 ,augu/9e cries triumphantly t ! !atres are fall+--! v walls ( !m tumbl+--?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ',p] omnes pa5e civitates cadunt !atra 444 cadunt et =a vel mo5ia 9 quibus demonia colebantur'2 ! v walls )9 :i* ^! devilm5ts 7 practis$4 ,b ! fury is unabat$ & goes on /amp+ d[n ! emb]s4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury our own ,alcu9 7z ! s*ool ( ,freeman w\ld affectionately call him7 is no less fi]ce4 ,all plays are ana!ma to him1 & he ev5 disapproves ( danc+ be>s--?\gh n1 x w\ld appe>1 ( bad puns3 'nec tibi sit ursorum saltantium cura1 s$ cl]icorum psall5tium4'#b ,! bann+ ( all lit]ature y w f9d h>d] to und]/&2 nay impossible1 ,i believe1 unless y accept ! explanation ,i gave y4 ,yet !re x is1 an hi/orical fact4 ',:at ha? x pr(it$ po/]ity--quid po/]itas emolum5ti tulit1' wrote ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 ab\t #djj ,a4,d41 'to read ( ,hector's fight+ or ,socrates' philosophis+8' ,pope ,gregory ! ,great--,/ ,gregory1 :o s5t u ! ,roman mission>ies--made no bones ab\t x at all4 ',quoniam non cognovi lit]aturam1' he quot$ approv+ly f ! #gj? ,psalm1 'introibo 9 pot5tias ,dom9i'3 ',because ,i "k no?+ ( lit]ature ,i %all ent] into ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l4' ',! praises ( ,*ri/ _c be utt]$ 9 ! same tongue z ^? ( ,jove1' writes ?is same ,gregory to ,desid]ius1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 :o _h be5 ra% en\gh to introduce "s ( 8 "y m5 to ! anci5t au?ors1 ) no worse purpose ?an to tea* !m a little gramm>4 ,yet no "o 0 pr\d] ?an ?is ,pope ( ! hi/orical ,rome :i* he _h inh]it$4 ,alcu91 aga91 =bade ! read+ ( ,virgil 9 ! mona/]y ov] :i* he presid$3 x w\ld sully 8 disciples' imag9ation4 ',h[ is ?is1 ,virgilian6' he cri$ out ^u "o tak5 9 ! damnable act1--'t )\t my k & aga9/ my ord] ?\ ha/ tak5 to /udy+ ,virgil8' ,to put a /op to ?is unhall[$ indulg5ce ! cl]gy solemnly taught t ,virgil 0 a wiz>d4 ,to u1 long us$ z we are to ! innoc5t gaieties ( ! ,classical ,tripos1 ^! measures to disc\rage ! /udy ( ,virgil may appe> dra/ic1 z ! m5tal attitude ( ,gregory & ,alcu9 t[>ds ! ,lat9 hexamet] 7s closely resembl+ t ( ,byron t[>ds ! waltz7 n f> remov$ f fooli%ness4 ,b !re y h 9 its quiddity ! m$iaeval m9d3 & ! po9t ,i n[ put to y is1 t out ( ?is soil our ,univ]sities grew4 ,we1 :o claim ,ox=d & ,cambridge = our nurs+ mo!rs1 h ( all m5 lea/ excuse to =get x4 ,a man ( ,leyd51 ( ,l\va91 ( ,liepzig1 ( ,b]l91 may be p>don$ t he passes x by4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago ,salamanca _h ! mo/ ( h] /ones torn d[n to make def5ces aga9/ ,well+ton's cannon4 ,p>is1 greate/ ( all1 has kept h] r5[n2 b y %all se>* ! slums ( ! ,lat9 ,qu>t] 9 va9 = ! sixty or sev5ty ,colleges t1 be=e ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 _h aris5 to adorn h]1 ! intellectual ,que5 ( ,europe4 ,9 ,bologna1 ! anci5t & /ately1 almo/ alone among ! cont95tal ,univ]sities1 survive a few relics ( ! old collegiate sy/em--! ,college ( ,spa91 h>b\r+ "s five or six /ud5ts1 & a little h\se f\nd$ = ,flem+s 9 #afej3 & 9 ,bologna ! sy/em nev] atta9$ to real importance4 ,b 9 ,engl& :]e1 great z ,london is1 ! national m9d has always h>k$ to ! c\ntry = ! graces ( life1 s t we seem by in/9ct to see x z only desirable 9 a gre5 sett+1 our ,univ]sities1 plant$ by ! same in/9ct on lawns wat]$ by pa/oral /reams1 h suff]$ s little & receiv$ z mu* f ! ye>s t n[ we c h>dly conceive ( ,ox=d or ,cambridge z ru9$ save by '! unimag9able t\* ( ,"t4' ,( all ! secul> ,colleges bequea!d to ,ox=d1 %e has lo/ n "o2 :ile ,cambridge 7,i believe7 has p>t$ only ) ,cav5di%4 ,"s h be5 subsum$ into new] f\ndations2 b always ! process has be5 "o ( m]g+1 ( bl5d+1 ( ju/ify+ ! new bottle by ! old w9e4 ,! v5geance ( civil w>--always v mu* ( a family affair 9 ,engl&--has dealt t5d]ly ) ,ox=d & ,cambridge2 ! m calculat+ malignity ( ,royal ,commissions n h>%ly on ! :ole4 ,univ]sity re=m]s may accuse bo? ,ox=d & ,cambridge ( ,annihilat+ all t's made ,to a gre5 ?\ght 9 a gre5 %ade3 b ) ^? s\r m5 we h no?+ "h to d3 l ,isaak ,walton's milkmaid we w n 'load our m9ds ) any fe>s ( _m ?+s t w nev] be4' ,b1 z !y /&1 ,ox=d & ,cambridge--s amaz+ly alike :ile !y play at diff]5ces1 & bo? s amaz+ly unlike any?+ else 9 ! wide _w--d by a hundr$ daily rem9d]s connect u ) ! ,middle ,age1 or1 if y pref] ,arnold's phrase1 :isp] its lo/ en*antm5ts4 ,! cloi/]1 ! grave grace 9 hall1 ! *apel bell1 ! m5 hurry+ into _! surplices or to lectures ') ! w9d 9 _! g[ns1' ! /aircase1 ! ne/ ( *amb]s )9 ! oak--all ^! s(tly rev]b]ate ov] our life "h1 z f belfries1 ! m$iaeval m9d4 ,& t m$iaeval m9d actively hat$ 7( p>tial acqua9tance or by anticipation7 almo/ ev]y?+ we n[ /udy6 ,betwe5 x & u1 except ^! memorials1 no?+ survives to-day b ! dreadful temptation to le>n1 ! dreadful in/9ct 9 m51 z !y gr[ old] & wis]1 to tru/ le>n+ aft] all & end[ x--t1 & ! confid5ce ( a /eady /ream ( y\?4 ,! ,univ]sities1 !n1 sprang out ( m$iaeval life1 out ( ! m$iaeval m9d2 & ! m$iaeval m9d _h = c5turies be5 taught to abom9ate lit]ature4 ,i w\ld n exagg]ate or d>k5 ! ',d>k ,ages' = y by ?r[+ too mu* bitum5 into ! picture4 ,i "k t at ! beg9n+ !re _h be5 a s*ool ( ,orig5 :i* advocat$ ! /udy ( ,greek poetry & philosophy1 z well z ! s*ool ( ,t]tullian :i* condemn$ x4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! 'humanities' 7 cultivat$ "h & !re & aft] a fa%ion beh9d ,gregory's augu/ back4 ,i grant t1 :ile 9 ,alcu9's cloi/] 7& ,alcu91 rememb]1 became a sort ( ,imp]ial ,director ( ,/udies 9 ,*>lemagne's c\rt7 ! wret*$ monk :o lov$ ,virgil _h to /udy him ) an illicit c&le1 to copy him ) numb$ f+]s 9 a corn] ( ! bitt]-cold cloi/]1 on ! o!r h& _m beautiful manuscripts pres]v$ to u be> witness ( cloi/]s :]e lit]ature 0 tol]at$ if n (ficially hon\r$4 ,i w\ld n h y s uncritical z to blame ! ,*ur* or its cl]gy = :at happ5$2 z ,i w\ld h y rememb] t if ! ,*ur* kill$ lit]ature1 %e--&1 "o may say1 %e alone--kept x alive4 ,yet1 & aft] all ^! res]vations1 x rema9s true t ,lit]ature _h gone d[n disa/r\sly4 ,ev5 philosophy1 unless y c\nt ! pale "w ( ,boe?ius--real philosophy _h s ne>ly p]i%$ t m5 possess$ no m ( ,ari/otle ?an a fragm5t ( 8 ,logic1 & '! ,philosoph]' _h to creep back into ,we/]n ,europe ?r\gh translations f ! ,arabic6 ,b ?is is ! po9t ,i wi% to make cle>4--,philosophy came back 9 ! great intellectual revival ( ! twelf? c5tury2 ,lit]ature did n4 ,lit]ature's h\r _h n come4 ,m5 _h to cat* up on a dreadful leeway ( ignorance4 ,! =m did n matt] z yet3 !y want$ sci5ce--to "k4 ,i %\ld say1 r1 t z yet =m seem$ n to matt]3 = 9 fact =m always matt]s3 ! p]sonal always matt]s3 & y _c expla9 ! va/ cr[ds ,abel>d drew to ,p>is save by ! fasc9ation 9 ! man1 ! fire communicat$ by ! liv+ voice4 ,moreov] 7z 9 a previ\s lecture ,i tri$ to prove7 y _c divorce accurate ?\ght f accurate spee*2 b = accuracy1 ev5 = hair-splitt+ accuracy1 ( spee* ! ,univ]sities _h ! def9itions ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,9 lit]ature !y _h yet to discov] a conc]n4 ,lit]ature 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/1 inanimate4 ,n[h]e 9 ,europe c\ld x be felt ev5 to brea!4 ,to borr[ a beautiful phrase ( ,wordswor?'s1 m5 numb]$ x among '?+s sil5tly gone out ( m9d or ?+s viol5tly de/roy$4' ,nobody q kn[s h[ ^! ,univ]sities began4 ,lea/ ( all c anybody tell h[ ,ox=d & ,cambridge began4 ,9 ,b$e1 = in/ance--t is1 9 ,engl& z ! eigh? c5tury op5s--we see s*ol>%ip already mov+ t[>ds ! ?+1 tread+ ) sure in/9ct t[>ds ! light4 ,?\gh a hundr$ hi/orians h quot$ x1 ,i d\bt if a feel+ man :o loves s*ol>%ip c read ! fam\s lett] ( ,cu?b]t describ+ ,b$e's end & n come nigh to te>s4 ,& ,b$e's /ory conta9s no less wond] ?an beauty1 :5 y consid] h[ ! fame ( ?is holy & humble man ( he>t1 :o nev] left 8 cloi/]s at ,j>r[1 spread ov] ,europe1 s t1 ?\gh x s\nd incr$ible1 our ,nor?umbria n>r[ly miss$ 9 its day to become ! pole-/> ( ,we/]n culture4 ,b he 0 a dis9t]e/$ g5ius1 & 8 pupil1 ,alcu91 a pu%+ dull man & a born reaction>y2 s t1 :ile ,alcu9 scor$ ! p]sonal success & w5t (f to tea* 9 ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne1 ! great *ance 0 lo/4 ,no "o kn[s :5 ! great ,univ]sities 7 f\nd$1 or precisely out ( :at s*ools !y grew2 & y may d]ive amusem5t f ! hi/orians :5 !y />t to expla9 h[ ,ox=d & ,cambridge 9 p>ticul> came to be *os5 = sites4 ,my own conjecture1 t !y 7 *os5 = ! extraord9>y salubrity ( _! climates1 has met 7,i regret to say7 ) d]ision1 & may be set d[n to ! caprice ( "o :o ev] incl9es to ?9k ! wea!r good :]e he is happy4 ,our own le>n$ hi/orian1 inde$--,mr ,j4 ,bass ,mull+]--devotes "s closely reason$ pages to prov+ t ,cambridge 0 *os5 z ! unlikelie/ spot 9 ! _w1 & is driv5 to quote ! le>n$ ,poggio's op9ion t ! unheal?9ess ( a locality recomm5d$ x z a place ( education = y\?2 z ,plato1 kn[+ naught ( ,*ri/ianity1 b gift$ ) a s\l naturally ,*ri/ian1 '_h select$ a noisome spot = 8 ,academe1 9 ord] t ! m9d might be /r5g!n$ by ! weakness ( ! body4' ,s difficult /ill x is = ! mod]n m9d to int]pret ! m$iaeval6 ,mo/ likely ^! ,univ]sities grew z a tree gr[s f a se$ bl[n by *ance ( ! w9d4 ,x seems easy en\gh to und]/& :y ,p>is1 t great city1 %\ld h possess$ a great ,univ]sity2 yet ,i surmise ! processes at ,ox=d & ,cambridge to h be5 only a little less =tuit\s4 ,! s*ools ( ,remigius & ( ,william ( ,*ampeaux 7we w say7 h giv5 ,p>is a c]ta9 pre/ige1 :5 ,abel>d1 a pupil ( ,william's1 spr+s into fame & draws a horde ( /ud5ts f all ov] ,europe to sit at 8 feet4 ,^! 'nations' ( "y m5 h to be organis$1 br\ght "u "s sort ( discipl9e1 if only to make ! citiz5s' lives endurable3 & lo6 ! ?+ is done4 ,9 l mann] ,irn]ius at ,bologna1 ,vac>ius at ,ox=d1 & at ,cambridge "s innom9ate tea*]1 '( importance1' z ,br[n+ w\ld put x1 '9 8 day1' possibly set ! ball roll+2 or aga9 x is sugge/$ t a body ( s*ol>s dissatisfi$ ) ,ox=d 7su* dissatisfaction has be5 kn[n ev5 9 hi/orical times7 migrat$ hi!r--a labori\s j\rney1 ev5 n[adays--& t s ,a bright] ,hellas re>s its m\nta9s ,f waves s]5] f>6 ,^! "y or nasc5t bodies _h a trick ( break+ away aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,= reasons no long] obvi\s !y hank]$ specially t[>ds ,/am=d or ,nor?ampton4 ,until q rec5tly1 )9 liv+ memory1 all c&idates = a ,ma/]%ip ( ,arts at ,ox=d _h to promise nev] to lecture at ,/am=d4 ,a flood "h 9 #aebj1 :i* swept away ,g>ret ,ho/el ,bridge1 put ,cambridge 9 l m9d & />t$ a prophecy 7to :i* y may f9d allusion 9 ! f\r? book ( ,! ,fa]ie ,que5e7 t bo? ,univ]sities w\ld meet 9 ! end1 & kiss1 at ,/am=d4 ,ea* 9 turn broke away = ,nor?ampton1 & ! wor?y ,full] 7a ,nor?ampton%ire man7 has record$ 8 wond] t s eligible a spot 0 n f9ally *os54 ,i h m5tion$ a flood3 b ! imm$iate causes ( ! migrations or attempt$ migrations 7 n usually respectable en\gh to rank ) any su* act ( ,god4 ,!y />t$ z a rule ) "s ,t[n & ,g[n r[1 or "s bloody affray betwe5 s*ol>s ( ! ,nor? & ( ! ,s\?4 ,)\t dim9i%+ y\r s5se ( ! real f]v\r = le>n+ :i* drew "y m5 f ! remote/ p>ts ( ,europe to ^! c5tres1 b hav+ = my imm$iate object to make cle> to y t1 :atev] ^! "y m5 s\ght1 x 0 n lit]ature1 ,i wi% y fir/ to h 9 y\r m9ds a vivid picture ( :at a ,univ]sity t[n 0 l1 & :at its /ud5ts 7 l dur+ ! great] "p ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies2 t is to say1 aft] ! fir/ en?usiasm _h di$ d[n1 :5 ,ox=d or ,cambridge _h organis$ itself into a ,/udium ,g5]ale1 or ,univ]sitas 7:i*1 ( c\rse1 has no?+ to d ) ,univ]sality1 :e!r ( tea*+ or ( frequ5t+1 b simply means a ,society4 ,univ]sitas all ( u74 ,to beg9 )1 ! t[n 0 ( wood1 (t5 on fire 9 places2 ) ! alleviation ( frequ5t w9t] floods1 :i* 9 return1 9 ! words ( a mod]n poet1 w\ld 'leave a lot ( little ?+s beh9d !m4' ,x requires b a small ef=t ( ! imag9ation 9 ,cambridge to picture ! /reets z n>r[1 d>k1 almo/ meet+ ov]head 9 gables out ( :i* ! h\se slops w\ld be dis*>g$ aft] casual w>n+ d[n into a c5tral gutt]4 ,t ^! n>r[ /reets 7 popul\s ) /ud5ts rema9s c]ta91 h[ev] mu* disc\nt we all[ on contempor>y bills ( reckon+4 ,& ! cr[d 0 noisy4 ,m5 h always be5 +5i\s 9 _! ways ( celebrat+ academical success4 ,py?agoras1 = example1 sacrific$ an ox on solv+ ! !orem numb]$ #dg 9 ! fir/ book ( ,euclid2 & ev5 to-day a ,pr(essor 9 8 solit>y lodge may be enc\rag$ to believe n[ & !n1 f c]ta9 evid5ces 9 ! sky1 t ! _s ( ,py?agoras is n dead b translat$4 ,b ( ! m$iaeval ,univ]sity ! lawlessness1 ?\gh well atte/$1 c sc>cely be conceiv$4 ,:5 9 ! /reets 'nation' drew ! knife ^u 'nation1' 't[n' ^u 'g[n'2 :5 ! city bell />t$ to answ] ! clang ( ,/4 ,m>y's2 horrible de$s 7 done4 ,i pass ov] massacres1 tumults su* z ! fam\s "o ( ,/ ,s*ola/ica's ,day at ,ox=d1 & *oose "o at a dec5t di/ance 7yet entirely typical7 exhum$ f ! annals ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,t\l\se1 9 ! ye> #accb4 ,9 t ye> ,five bro!rs ( ! noble family de la ,p5ne liv$ toge!r 9 a ,hospicium at ,t\l\se z /ud5ts ( ! ,civil & ,canon ,law4 ,"o ( !m 0 ,provo/ ( a ,mona/]y1 ano!r ,ar*deacon ( ,albi1 ano!r an ,ar*prie/1 ano!r ,canon ( ,tol$o4 ,a ba/>d son ( _! fa!r1 nam$ ,pet]1 liv$ ) !m z squire to ! ,canon4 ,on ,ea/] ,day1 ,pet]1 ) ano!r squire ( ! h\sehold nam$ ,aim]y ,b]ang] & o!r /ud5ts1 hav+ d9$ at a tav]n1 7 danc+ ) wom51 s++1 %\t+1 & beat+ 'metallic vessels & iron cul9>y in/rum5ts' 9 ! /reet be=e _! ma/]s' h\se4 ,! ,provo/ & ! ,ar*prie/ 7 sympa!tically wat*+ ! jovial sc5e f a w9d[1 until x 0 di/urb$ by ! appe>ance ( a ,capit\l & 8 (fic]s1 :o summon$ "s ( ! p>ty to surr5d] ! prohibit$ arms :i* !y 7 we>+4 ',b5 ,s5hor1 non fassat' 0 ! impud5t reply4 ,! ,capit\l attempt$ to arre/ "o ( ! (f5d]s2 :]eupon ! ecclesia/ical p>ty made a comb9$ attack ^u ! (ficial4 ,aim]y ,b]ang] /ruck him 9 ! face ) a poign>d1 cutt+ (f 8 nose & "p ( 8 *9 & lips1 & knock+ out or break+ no less ?an elev5 tee?4 ,! surgeons depos$ t if he recov]$ 7he ev5tually did recov]7 he w\ld nev] be able to speak intelligibly4 ,"o ( ! wat* 0 kill$ outright by ,pet] de la ,p5ne4 ,t night ! murd]] slept1 j z if no?+ _h happ5$1 9 ! h\se ( 8 ecclesia/ical ma/]s4 ,! :ole h\sehold1 ma/]s & s]vants alike1 71 h[ev]1 surpris$ by ! o!r ,capit\ls & a cr[d ( #bjj citiz5s1 & l$ (f to prison1 & ! h\se is alleg$ to h be5 pillag$4 ,! ,ar*bi%op's ,(ficial dem&$ _! surr5d]4 ,9 ! case ( ! sup]ior ecclesia/ics ?is1 aft] a %ort delay1 0 grant$4 ,b ,aim]y1 :o dress$ l a layman 9 'divid$ & /rip$ clo!s' & wore a long be>d1 !y refus$ to treat z a cl]k1 ?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds alleg$ t ! tonsure 0 pla9ly disc]nible ^u 8 head until x 0 %av$ by ord] ( ! ,capit\ls4 ,aim]y 0 put to ! torture1 admitt$ 8 crime1 & 0 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,! s5t5ce 0 c>ri$ out by hang+1 aft] he _h _h 8 h& cut (f on ! sc5e ( ! crime1 & be5 dragg$ by horses to ! place ( execution4 ,! ,capit\ls 7 !n excommunicat$ by ! ,(ficial1 & ! ecclesia/ical side ( ! qu>rel 0 ev5tually transf]r$ to ! ,roman ,c\rt4 ,be=e ! ,p>lem5t ( ,p>is ! ,univ]sity compla9$ ( ! violation ( ! ,royal privilege exempt+ s*ol>s' s]vants f ! ord9>y tribunals4 ,! ,capit\ls 7 imprison$1 & aft] long litigation s5t5c$ to pay enorm\s damages to ! ruffian's family & erect a *apel = ! good ( 8 s\l4 ,! city 0 condemn$ = a "t to ! =feiture ( all its privileges4 ,! body 0 cut d[n f ! gibbet on :i* x _h be5 hang+ = ?ree ye>s1 & accord$ a solemn fun]al4 ,f\r ,capit\ls bore ! pall1 & all fa!rs ( families 7 requir$ to walk 9 ! procession4 ,:5 !y came to ! ,s*ools1 ! citiz5s solemnly begg$ p>don ( ! ,univ]sity1 & ! cortege 0 jo9$ by #cjjj s*ol>s4 ,f9ally1 x co/ ! city #ae1jjj livres t\rnois or m to rega9 _! civic privileges4#c ,! late ,mr ,cecil ,rhodes once summ>iz$ all ,fell[s ( ,colleges z *ildr5 9 matt]s ( f9ance4 ,be t z x may1 y w f9d no?+ m con/ant 9 hi/ory ?an ! tal5t ( ! ,univ]sities = extract+ money or money's wor? out ( a riot4 ,"t 7,i speak z a p>5t7 has sc>cely blunt$ t faculty2 & /ill--s9ce :]e "y m5 congregate1 noise !re mu/ be--our ,univ]sities l ,wordswor?'s ,happy ,w>rior turn _! necessity to glori\s ga94 ,^! 7 ! excesses ( "y 'bloods1' & _! s]vants3 b ) !m m+l$ s*ol>s n less f]oci\s 9 _! habits because almo/ desp]ately poor4 ,y all "k1 ,i d>e say1 t v poor s*ol>s w\ld be grant$ lic5ces to beg by ! ,*ancellor4 ,! sleeve ( ?is g[n 9 :i* ,i address y repres5ts ! purse or pocket ( a ,ma/] ( ,arts1 & may h9t to y by its amplitude h[ _m cru/s he 0 prep>$ to receive f ! *>itable4 ,n[1 *oos+ to ignore 7because x has be5 *all5g$ z ov]pa9t$7 a picture ( p5ury endur$ by ! s*ol>s ( ,/ ,john's ,college 9 ?is ,univ]sity1 let me tell y two /ories1 "o well atte/$1 ! o!r fiction if y w1 b bo? agreeable z te/ify+ to ! _s ( y\? :i*1 ev] bl[+ ^u _! sacr$ emb]s1 has kept ,ox=d & ,cambridge p]5nially alive4 ,my fir/ is ( ?ree s*ol>s s poor t !y possess$ b "o 'cappa' & g[n betwe5 !m4 ,!y took x 9 turns !re=e1 & :5 "o w5t to lecture ! o!r two kept to _! lodg+s4 ,i invite y ev5 to reflect on ! joy ( ! lucky "o1 9 a w9t] lecture room1 d>k1 ) unglaz$ w9d[s1 z he li/5$ & %uffl$ 8 feet = w>m? 9 ! /raw ( ! floor4 ,no "o1 by ! way1 c und]/& ! incessant h>p+ ( our e>ly poets ^u ,may-"t & ! return ( summ] until he has pictur$ to himself ! d>k & cold discom=t ( a ,middle-,engli% w9t]4 ,^! ?ree poor s*ol>s f$ habitually on bread1 ) s\p & a little w9e1 ta/+ meat only on ,sundays & fea/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,yet "o ( !m1 ,ri*>d ( ,*i*e/]1 :o liv$ to become a sa9t1 saepe retulit quod nunquam 9 vita sua tam jucundam1 tam delectabilem dux]at vitam--t nev] _h he liv$ s jollily1 s delectably4 ,t is y\?1 y\? bless$ by fri5d%ip4 ,n[ = my second /ory1 :i* is also ( y\? & fri5d%ip4-- ,two poor s*ol>s1 :o _h ) pa9s become ,ma/]s ( ,arts & sav$ _! p5ce to pur*ase ! covet$ g>b1 on ! aft]noon ( _! admission took a c\ntry walk 9 x1 toge!r flaunt+ _! new f9]y4 ,b1 ! day be+ gu/y1 on _! return across ! bridge1 a puff ( w9d caught ! biretta ( "o & blew x into ! riv]4 ,! loss 0 irrecov]able1 s9ce nei!r c\ld swim4 ,! poor fell[ look$ at 8 fri5d4 ,8 fri5d look$ at him4 ',betwe5 u two1' he said1 'x is all or naught1' & ca/ 8 own cap to float & s9k ) ! o!r d[n /ream4 ,y w nev] beg9 to und]/& lit]ature until y und]/& some?+ ( life4 ,^! "y m51 y\r =]unn]s1 und]/ood some?+ ( life :ile z yet completely c>eless ( lit]ature4 ,aft] ! impulse ( ,abel>d & o!rs _h di$ d[n1 ! mass ( /ud5ts betook !mselves to ! ,univ]sities1 no d\bt1 = q ord9>y1 m]c5>y reasons4 ,! ,univ]sity l$ to ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur*1 9 ,engl& at any rate1 0 ! door to pr(essional life4 ,ne>ly all ! civil s]vants ( ! ,cr[n--,i am "h quot+ freely--! diplomati/s1 ! secret>ies or advis]s ( great nobles1 ! physicians1 ! ar*itects1 at "o "t ! secul> law-giv]s1 all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages ! !n l>ge tribe ( ecclesia/ical lawy]s1 7 ecclesia/ics4444 ,cl]k%ip did n necess>ily involve ev5 m9or ord]s4 ,b z x 0 *eap] to a ,k+ or a ,bi%op or a temporal magnate to rew>d 8 physician1 8 legal advis]1 8 secret>y1 or 8 ag5t by a ,canonry or a ,rectory ?an by l>ge sal>ies1 ! av]age /ud5t ( ,p>is or ,ox=d or ,cambridge look$ t[>d ! ,*ur* z ! 'ma9 *ance' z we say1 & small blame to him6 ,he nev] at any rate look$ t[>ds ,lit]ature3 nor did ! ,univ]sities1 wise 9 _! g5]ation1 enc\rage him to d any?+ ( ! sort4 ,y may realise1 ,g5tlem51 h[ t>dily1 ev5 9 lat] & m enlight5$ times1 ! /udy ( ,lit]ature has crept its way into (ficial ,cambridge1 if y w take d[n y\r ,univ]sity ,cal5d> & /udy ! li/ ( ,pr(essor%ips !re set =? 9 ord] ( f\ndation4 ,x beg9s 9 #aejb ) ! ,lady ,m>g>et's ,*air ( ,div9ity1 f\nd$ by ! "m ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,five ,regius ,pr(essor%ips foll[3 ( ,div9ity1 ,civil ,law1 ,physic1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 all ( #aedj4 ,s ,greek comes 9 ^u ! flu% ( ! ,r5aissance2 & ! ,cal5d> bravely1 yet n committ+ itself to a date1 heads ) ,erasmus ! noble roll :i* concludes 7z may x long conclude7 ) ,h5ry ,jackson4 ,b ,greek comes 9 la/ ( ! five4 ,close on a hundr$ ye>s elapse be=e ! f\ndation ( ! next *air--x is ( ,arabic2 & m ?an a hundr$ be=e we arrive at ,ma!matics4 ,s ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 n )\t hi/orical excuse :5 he decl>$ ! /udy ( ,ma!matics to be no "p ( ! bus9ess ( ?is ,univ]sity6 ,!n foll[ ,moral ,philosophy 7#afhc71 ,music 7#afhd71 ,*emi/ry 7#agjb71 ,a/ronomy 7#agjd71 ,anatomy 7#agjg71 ,mod]n ,hi/ory & m ,arabic1 ) ,botany 7#agbd71 ,geology 7#agbg71 closely foll[$ by ,mr ,hulse's ,*ri/ian ,advocate1 m ,a/ronomy 7#agdi71 m ,div9ity 7#aggg71 ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy 7#aghc73 !n 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury m ,law1 m ,m$ic9e1 ,m9]alogy1 ,ar*aeology1 ,political ,economy1 ,pure ,ma!matics1 ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ,sanskrit & yet aga9 m ,law1 be=e we arrive 9 #ahfi at a ,*air ( ,lat94 ,fa9t yet pursu+1 we h yet to pass *airs ( ,f9e ,art 7belat$71 ,exp]im5tal ,physics1 ,appli$ ,me*anics1 ,anglo-,saxon1 ,animal ,morphology1 ,surg]y1 ,physiology1 ,pa?ology1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,*9ese1 m ,div9ity1 ,m5tal ,philosophy1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ,agriculture1 ,biology1 ,agricultural ,botany1 m ,biology1 ,a/rophysics1 & ,g]man1 be=e arriv+ 9 #aiaj at a ,*air ( ,engli% ,lit]ature :i* by ?is "t ,i h n brea? to def5d4 ,! enum]ation has1 ,i hope1 be5 in/ructive4 ,if x has also plung$ y 9 gloom1 to t atmosph]e 7z ! clock w>ns me7 = a =tnight ,i mu/ leave y3 ) a promise1 h[ev]1 9 ano!r lecture to *e] y1 if x may be1 ) "s brok5 gleams ( hope4 ,footnote #a3 ,:at ,engli% ,poetry may /ill le>n f ,greek3 a pap] read be=e ! ,engli% ,association on ,nov4 #ag1 #aiaa4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,mr ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s' ,m$iaeval ,/age1 ,dr ,c\r?ope's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry1 & ,pr(essor ,w4 ,p4 ,k]'s ,! ,d>k ,ages4 ,footnote #c3 ,ra%dall1 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ii1 p4 #fhd1 f docum5ts pr9t$ 9 ,f\rni]'s collection4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,our ,,univ]sities ngli% ,lit]ature 9 ,our ,univ]sities 7,,ii7 ,w$nesday1 ,decemb] #c ,we broke (f1 ,g5tlem51 ^u ! some:at pa9ful conclusion t our ,univ]sities 7 n f\nd$ = ! /udy ( lit]ature1 & t>dily admitt$ x4 ,! dates ( our ?ree lit]>y *airs 9 ,cambridge--,i speak ( our ,we/]n lit]ature only1 & omit ,arabic1 ,sanskrit1 & ,*9ese--cl5*$ t conclusion = u4 ,greek 9 #aedj1 ,lat9 n until #ahfi1 ,engli% b ?ree ye>s ago--f ! lesson ( ^! int]vals !re is no gett+ away4 ,n[ ,i d n propose to dwell on ! ,r5aissance & h[ ,greek came 93 = a numb] ( writ]s 9 our "t h be5 busy ) ! ,r5aissance1 & h--,i 0 go+ to say 'ov]-writt5 ! subject1' b no--x is bett] to say t !y h focuss$ ! p]iod s z to di/ort ! g5]al p]spective at ! co/ ( o!r p]iods :i* h e>n$ less att5tion2 ! twelf? c5tury1 = example4 ,at any rate _! ef=ts1 ) ! am\nt !y claim ( y\r read+1 absolve me f do+ m ?an rem9d y t ! ,r5aissance br\ght 9 ! /udy ( ,greek1 & ,greek necess>ily br\ght 9 ! /udy ( lit]ature3 s9ce no man c read :at ! ,greeks wrote & n h 8 eyes unseal$ to :at ,i h call$ a norm ( human expression2 a guide to conduct1 a /&>d to correct our ef=ts1 :e!r 9 poetry1 or 9 philosophy1 or 9 art4 ,= ! re/1 ,i ne$ only quote to y ,gibbon's magnific5t say+1 t ! ,greek language gave a s\l to ! objects ( s5se & a body to ! ab/ractions ( metaphysics4 ,may ,i add1 9 p>5!sis1 t1 :ile no believ] 9 compulsory ,greek1 hold+1 inde$1 t y c h>dly reconcile le>n+ ) compulsion1 & /ill m h>dly =ce !m to be compatibles1 ,i subscribe ) all my he>t to ,bagehot's %rewd say+1 ':ile a k ( ,greek & ,lat9 is n necess>y to a writ] ( ,engli%1 he %\ld at lea/ h a firm conviction t ^? two languages exi/$4' ,b1 assum+ y to "k some?+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 & h[ x br\ght ,greek into ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 ,i f9d t 9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t two ?+s fall to be said1 & bo? to be said ) "s emphasis4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 )\t (ficially ackn[l$g+ _! native tongue or its lit]ature1 our two ,univ]sities _h no soon] acquir$ ,greek ?an _! memb]s became imm5sely int]e/$ 9 ,engli%4 ,take1 = "o witness out ( _m1 ,gabriel ,h>vey1 ,fell[ ( ,pembroke ,hall4 ,8 lett]s to ,edmund ,sp5s] h be5 pres]v$1 z y "k4 ,n[ ,gabriel ,h>vey 0 a man :om few w praise1 & v few c\ld h lov$4 ,few w qu>rel ) ,dr ,c\r?ope's description ( him z 'a p]son ( consid]able intellectual =ce1 b intol]ably arrogant & conceit$1 & ) a ta/e vitiat$ by all ! affectations ( ,italian humanism1' or d5y t '8 tone 9 8 publi%$ correspond5ce ) ,sp5s] is t ( an intellectual bully4'#a ,none w refuse him ! title ( fool = attempt+ to mislead ,sp5s] into writ+ hexamet]s4 ,b all y c urge aga9/ ,gabriel ,h>vey1 on ?is c\nt or t or ! o!r1 b accumulates pro( t ?is donni% man 0 all ! :ile giv+ ?\ght--giv+ ev5 f]oci\s ?\ght--to ! bus9ess ( mak+ an ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,let me adduce m pleas+ evid5ce4 ,at or ab\t ,*ri/mas1 9 ! ye> #aeig1 !re 0 enact$ "h 9 ,cambridge1 9 ! hall ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 a play call$ ,! ,pilgrimage to ,p>nassus1 a skitti% "w1 hav+ = subject ! 'discont5t ( s*ol>s'2 ! mis]y att5d+ ^? :o1 unsupport$ by a private purse1 w\ld foll[ aft] ,apollo & ! ,n9e4 ,no "o kn[s ! au?or's "n3 b he _h a wit :i* has kept some?+ ( its salt to ?is day1 & 9 ,*ri/mas1 #aeig1 x took ,cambridge by /orm4 ,! public dem&$ a sequel1 & ,! ,return f ,p>nassus made its appe>ance on ! foll[+ ,*ri/mas 7aga9 9 ,/ ,john's ,college hall72 to be foll[$ by a ,second ,"p ( ! ,return f ,p>nassus1 ! au?or's ov]fl[ ( wit1 ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,( ! popul>ity ( ! fir/ & second plays--,! ,pilgrimage & ,! ,return1 ,"p ,i--we h good evid5ce 9 ! prologue to ,! ,return1 ,"p ,,ii1 :]e ! au?or makes ,momus say1 be=e an audi5ce :i* knew ! tru?3 ,! ,pilgrimage to ,p>nassus & ,! ,returne f ,p>nassus h /ood ! hone/ ,/agekeep]s 9 _m a cr[ne's exp5se = l9ckes & viz>ds3 pur*as$ _m a ,sophi/] a knocke ) a clubbe3 h9dr$ ! butl]'s box1 & empti$ ! ,coll$ge b>rells2 & n[1 unlesse y h he>d ! =m]1 y may returne home z wise z y came3 = ?is la/ is ! la/ "p ( ,! ,returne f ,p>nassus2 t is1 ! la/ "t t ! ,au?or's wit w turne ^u ! toe 9 ?is va9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! plays _h set ev]ybody 9 ,cambridge agog1 _h be5 act$ by l9k-light1 _h l$ to brawls--ei!r betwe5 lit]>y factions or ?r\gh (f5sive p]sonal allusions to :i* we h lo/ all clue--_h swept into ! box-(fice mu* money usually sp5t on ,*ri/mas gambl+1 & _h set up an inappeasable ?ir/ = ,college ale4 ,! po9t = u is t 79 #aeig-afja7 !y ab\nd 9 topical allusions to ! ,london !atres3 t ,%akespe>e is obvi\sly j z mu* a conc]n to ^! "y m5 ( ,cambridge z ,mr ,%aw 7say7 is to our "y m5 to-day1 & an allusion to him is dropp$ 9 confid5ce t x w be aptly tak54 ,= in/ance1 "o ( ! *>act]s1 ,gullio1 w h "s love-v]ses recit$ to him '9 two or ?ree div]se ve9s1 9 ,*auc]'s1 ,g[]'s & ,sp5s]'s & ,mr ,%akespe>e's4' ,hav+ li/5$ to ,*auc]1 he cries1 ',tu%6 ,*auc] is a foole'2 b com+ to "s l9es ( ,mr ,%akespe>e's ,v5us & ,adonis1 he cries1 ',ey1 m>ry1 ,sir6 ^! h "s life 9 !m6 ,let ?is duncifi$ _w e/eeme ( ,sp5s] & ,*auc]1 ,i'le wor%ip sweet ,mr ,%akespe>e1 & to hon\re him ,i w lay 8 ,v5us & ,adonis "u my pill[e4' ,= ano!r allusion--',few ( ! ,univ]sity p5 plaies well1' says ! actor ,kempe 9 ,"p ,,ii ( ! ,returne2 '!y smell too mu* ( t writ] ,ovid & t writ] ,metamorphosis1 & talke too mu* ( ,pros]p9a & ,jupit]4 ,:y "h's our fell[ ,%akespe>e puts !m all d[ne1 ay & ,b5 ,jonson1 too4' ,"h y h ,cambridge assembl+ at ,*ri/mas-tide to laugh at well-und]/ood hits ^u ! !atrical ta/e ( ,london4 ,"h y h1 to make ,cambridge laugh1 ?ree f>cical quasi-,ari/ophanic plays all h++ on ! tribulations ( s*ol>s :o dep>t to pursue lit]ature = a livelihood4 ,= a piece ( def9ite corroborative evid5ce y h a /atute ( ,que5s' ,college 7quot$ by ,mr ,bass ,mull+]7 :i* directs t 'any /ud5t refus+ to take "p 9 ! act+ ( a com$y or trag$y 9 ! ,college & abs5t+ himself f ! p]=mance1 contr>y to ! injunctions ( ! ,presid5t1 %all be expell$ f ! ,society'--:i* seems dra/ic4 ,& on top ( all ?is1 y h evid5ce en\gh & to sp>e ( ! "p play$ 9 ,elizabe?an drama by ! ',univ]sity ,wits4' ,:y1 ,m>l[e 7( ,corpus ,*ri/i7 may be held to h inv5t$ its =m--blank v]se2 ,b5 ,jonson 7( ,/ ,john's7 to h c>ri$ x on pa/ its m]idian & ?r\gh its decl9e1 into ! masque4 ,bo? ,univ]sities claim ,lyly & ,*apman4 ,m>/on1 ,peel1 ,mass+]1 hail$ f ,ox=d4 ,b ,gre5e & ,na%e 7 ( ,cambridge--( ,/ ,john's bo?1 & ,day ( ,caius4 ,!y s\ght to ,london1 & !re 7= tragic tru? und]lay t ,*ri/mas com$y ( ,! ,pilgrimage ( ,p>nassus7 _m ( !m came to bitt] ends3 b be=e rea*+ _! sordid p]sonal ru9--& let ! dea?s ( ,m>l[e & ,gre5e be rememb]$--!y built ! ,elizabe?an drama1 z "s ( !m liv$ to add its la/ ornam5ts4 ,we "k :at1 mean:ile1 ,sp5s] _h done4 ,i ?9k x sc>cely ne$s fur!r pro( t ,cambridge1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 f]m5t+ ) a desire to read1 criticise1 yes & write1 ,engli% lit]ature1 albeit (ficially ! ,univ]sity recognis$ no su* ?+4 ,!re rema9s a second "q--,h[ happ5$ x t ,cambridge1 aft] admitt+ ,greek1 took m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s to e/abli% a ,*air ( ,lat91 & t a ,*air ( ,engli% is1 s to speak1 a mu%room 7call x n toad/ool67 ( ye/]day8 ,:y simply en\gh4 ,lat9 cont9u$ to be ! work+ language ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 ,lat9 ,bacon naturally compos$ 8 ,novum ,organum & inde$ almo/ all 8 sci5tific & philosophical "w1 al?\gh a c5tral figure ( 8 age among ,engli% prose-writ]s4 ,9 ,lat91 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,newton wrote 8 ,pr9cipia3 & ,i suppose t ( no two books writt5 by ,engli%m5 be=e ! close ( t c5tury1 or inde$ be=e ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 c x be less extravagantly said ?an ( ! ,novum ,organum & ! ,pr9cipia t !y %ook ! _w4 ,n[1 )\t =gett+ our ,classical ,tripos 7f\nd$ 9 #ahbb71 z )\t =gett+ ! great names ( ,b5tley & ,porson1 we may obs]ve x z g5]ally true1 t :5ev] & :]ev] l>ge numb]s ( sci5tific m5 use a p>ticul> language z _! work+ in/rum5t1 !y h a disposition to look askance on its ref9em5ts2 to be jeal\s ( its lit]>y pr(essors2 to accuse ^! ( treat+ z an end 9 itself :at is prop]ly a means4 ,l ! ,d5v] editor ,i quot$ to y 9 a previ\s lecture1 ^! sci5tific work]s want to 'get !re' 9 a hurry1 =gett+ t 7to use ano!r ,am]icanism7 ! %>p] ! *isel ! m ice x is likely to cut4 ,y may obs]ve ?is disposition--?is suspicion ( 'lit]ature1' ?is ?9ly veil$ contempt--9 _m a sci5tific man to-day2 ?\gh because 8 language has *ang$ f ,lat9 to ,engli%1 x is ,engli% he n[ *ooses to *eap54 ,well1 we _c help x1 p]haps4 ,p]haps he _c help x4 ,x is human nature4 ,we mu/ g on p]suad+ him1 n los+ our temp]s4 ,none ! less we %\ld n %ut our eyes to ! fact t :ile a language is ! work+ in/rum5t ( sci5tific m5 !re w always be a numb] ( !m to decry any /udy ( x = its beauty1 & ev5 any /udy ( x = ! sake ( accuracy--its beauty & its accuracy be+ inde$ sc>cely di/+ui%able4 ,i fe>1 ,g5tlem51 y may g on f ?is to ! dreadful conclusion t ! date #ahfi1 :5 ,cambridge at l5g? came to possess a ,*air ( ,lat91 m>ks def9itely ! h\r at :i* ,lat9 clos$ its eyes & became a dead language2 t y may proce$ to a yet m dreadful application ( ?is to ! ,*air ( ,engli% f\nd$ 9 #aiaj3 & t h5ce=w>d 7to misquote :at ,mr ,max ,be]bohm once wick$ly said ( ,walt] ,pat]7 y w be apt to reg>d ,pr(essor ,h\sman & me z two wid[]s engag$1 :ile ! und]tak] waits1 9 compos+ ! features ( our belov$s4 ,b 7to speak s]i\sly7 t is :at ,i /& "h to controv]t3 & ,i d]ive no small enc\ragem5t :5--z has m ?an once happ5$--,a1 a sci5tific man1 comes to me & compla9s t he = 8 "p _c und]/& ,b1 ano!r sci5tific man1 'because ! fell[ c't express himself4' ,& ! ne$ to /udy precision 9 writ+ has gr[n f> m in/ant s9ce m5 ( sci5ce h ab&on$ ! 'univ]sal language' & tak5 to writ+ 9 _! own tongues4 ,let u1 :ile n on ! :ole regrett+ ! *ange1 at lea/ recognise "s dang]s1 "s possible disadvantages4 ,i w conf9e myself to ,engli%1 consid]$ z a sub/itute = ,lat94 ,9 ,lat9 y h a language :i* may be ?9 9 its vocabul>y & inela/ic = mod]n use2 b a language :i* at all ev5ts compels a man to cle> 8 ?\ght & communicate x to o!r m5 precisely4 ,?\ghts h>dly to be pack$ ,into ! n>r[ act --may be all impossible ( compression into ! ,lat9 spee*4 ,9 ,engli%1 on ! o!r h&1 y h a language :i* by its v copi\sness & ela/icity tempts y to believe t y c d )\t pack+1 )\t compression1 arrangem5t1 ord]2 t1 ) ! ,d5v] editor1 all y ne$ is to 'get !re'--?\gh x be ) all y\r intellectual belong+s 9 a jumble1 ov]fl[+ ! portmanteau4 ,r ,i prea* to y t hav+ pr\dly inh]it$ ,engli% ) its copia f&i1 y %\ld keep y\r e/ate 9 ord] by con/antly apply+ to x t jus et norma loqu5di ( :i*1 if y seek to ! great models1 y w likewise f9d y\rselves inh]itors4 ',b1' x is sometimes urg$1 ':y n leave ?is new /udy ( ,engli% to ! y\ng] ,univ]sities n[ be+ set up all ov] ! c\ntry8' ',ours is an age ( specialis+4 ,let ^! newcom]s h some?+--:at bett] ?an ,engli%8--to specialise ^u4' ,i might respond by ask+ if ! fame ( ,cambridge w\ld /& :]e x /&s to-day _h %e foll[$ a l c\nsel conc]n+ o!r /udies &1 re/+ ^u ,ma!matics1 giv5 ov] ?is or t bran* ( ,natural ,sci5ce to be grasp$ by new h&s4 ,:at ( ,electricity1 = example8 ,or :at ( ,physiology8 ,yes1 & among ! unnatural sci5ces1 :at ( ,political ,economy8 ,b ,i w use a m philosophical argum5t4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i happ5$ on a collection ( ,bulg>ian prov]bs ( :i* my memory reta9s b two1 yet ea* an abid+ joy4 ,9 a lecture on ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 our ,univ]sities y w c]ta9ly n miss to apply ! fir/1 :i* runs1 ',_m an ass has ent]$ ,j]usalem4' ,! application ( ! second may elude y = a mom5t4 ,x voices ! impati5ce ( an hone/ ,bulg> :o has be5 worri$ ov]mu* to subscribe to :at1 9 ?is ,engl& ( ours1 we call ,*ur* ,purposes2 & x runs1 ',all ^! two-p5ny sa9ts w be ! ru9 ( ! ,*ur*4' ,n[ f> be x f me to apply ! t]m 'two-p5ny sa9t' to any exi/+ ,univ]sity4 ,to avoid ! accusation ,i h]eby solemnly decl>e my deep conviction t e s+le ,univ]sity at ?is mom5t 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,wales or ,irel& has reasons--/rong 9 all1 9 "s ov]:elm+ly /rong--= its exi/5ce4 ,t is pla9ly said1 ,i hope8 ,yet ,i d ma9ta9 t if we g on multiply+ ,univ]sities we %all n increase ! joy2 t ! reign ( two-p5ny sa9ts lies n f> (f & w soon lie )9 measurable di/ance2 & t x w be a pe/il5t reign4 ,z we saw 9 out la/ lecture ! ^w ',univ]sity'--,univ]sitas--_h1 9 its orig91 no?+ to d ) ,univ]sality3 x meant no m ?an a ,society1 organis$ 7z x happ5$7 to promote le>n+4 ,b words1 l in/itutions1 (t5 rise above _! beg9n+s1 & 9 "t acquire a pr\d second>y connotation4 ,= an in/ance let me give y ! beautiful ,wykehami/ motto ,mann]s ,makye? ,man1 :]e9 'mann]s' orig9ally meant no m ?an 'morals4' ,s !re has gr[n ar\nd our two great ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge a connotation 7second>y1 if y w1 b valuable above price7 ( univ]sality2 ( /&+ l great beacons ( light1 to attract ! "y w+s ( all :o w\ld seek le>n+ = _! su/5ance4 ,?\s&s h s+$1 ?\s&s h burn$ !mselves1 no d\bt3 b :at ?\s&s ( ?\s&s h caught ! sacr$ fire into _! s\ls z !y pass$ ?r\gh & pass$ out1 to c>ry x1 to drop x1 /ill z f w+s1 ^u wa/e places ( ! _w6 ,?9k ( c\ntry vic>ages1 ( ,au/ralian or ,himalayan outpo/s1 :]e m5 h n\ri%$ out lives ( duty ^u ! fire ( ?ree transi5t1 priceless ye>s4 ,?9k ( ! g5]ations ( *ildr5 to :om _! fa!rs' lives1 prosaic en\gh1 c\ld always be re-illum9$ if someone let fall ! ^w ',ox=d' or ',cambridge1' s t !y !mselves came to surmise an aura ab\t ! "n z ( a l& v f> (f2 & !n say if ! ineffable spell ( ^? two words d n lie some:]e 9 ! conflux ( g5]\s y\? ) its rivalries & cla% ( m9ds1 ere x disp]ses1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 to ! dull] bus9ess ( life4 ,w\ld y h y\r "m ,univ]sity1 ,g5tlem51 undecorat$ by "s true /udy ( y\r "m-,engli%8 ,i ?9k n1 hav+ be5 !re1 & kn[n su* ?\ghts z y w c>ry away1 & hav+ be5 aga9/ expectation call$ back to report !m4 ,& sometimes ,i rememb] days ( old ,:5 fell[%ip seem'd n s f> to seek1 ,& all ! _w & ,i seem'd f> less cold1 ,& at ! ra9b['s foot lay surely gold1 ,& hope 0 /rong1 & life itself n weak4 ,my purpose "h 7& ,i _c too (t5 recur to x7 is to wean y\r m9ds f hank]+ aft] false ,g]manic /&>ds & p]suade y1 or at lea/ po9t out to y1 9 :at direction t true /udy lies if y are m5 en\gh to take up y\r inh]itance & believe 9 x z a glory to be improv$4 ,nei!r ,ox=d nor ,cambridge nor any ,univ]sity on e>? c /udy ,engli% ,lit]ature tru?fully or wor?ily1 or ev5 at all pr(itably1 unless by /udy+ x 9 ! category = :i* ,heav51 or ,nature 7call ! ultimate cause :at y w71 int5d$ x2 or1 to put ! ass]tion m concretely1 9 any o!r category ?an t = :i* ! p>ticul> au?or--be 8 "n ,*auc] or ,*e/]ton1 ,%akespe>e or ,%aw--design$ x2 z nei!r c ,ox=d nor ,cambridge nor any ,univ]sity /udy ,engli% ,lit]ature1 to und]/& x1 unless by brac+ itself to consid] a liv+ art4 ,orig9s1 roots1 all ! grop+s t[>ds light--let ^! be grant$ z accessories2 let ^? :o se>* 9 !m be grant$ all hon\r1 all respect4 ,x is only :5 !y prea* or tea* ^! prelim9>ies1 ^! accessories1 to be m important ?an ,lit]ature itself--x is only :5 !y1 ow+ all _! excuse 9 life to ! e/abli%$ daylight1 d9 ^u u t ! prec$5t d>kness claims prec$5ce 9 hon\r1 t "o is driv5 to utt] ^u !m ?is dialogue1 9 monosyllables3 ,& ,god said1 ',let !re be light'3 & !re 0 light4 ',oh1 ?ank y1 ,sir1' said ! ,bat & ! ,owl2 '!n we are (f6' ,i grant y1 ,g5tlem51 t !re mu/ always inh]e a difficulty 9 correlat+ = ! purposes ( a ,tripos a /udy ( ,lit]ature itself ) a /udy ( ^! accessories2 ! ?+ itself be+ naturally s mu* m difficult3 be+ s difficult inde$ t 7to take lit]>y criticism alone & leave = a mom5t ! actual practice ( writ+ out ( ! "q7 ?\gh "s ( ! fir/ intellects 9 ! _w--,ari/otle1 ,long9us1 ,qu9tilian1 ,boileau1 ,dryd51 ,less+1 ,goe!1 ,col]idge1 ,sa9te-,beuve--h brok5 into p>cels ( t t]ritory1 ! mass ( x rema9s unexplor$1 & nobody z yet has f\nd c\rage to r$uce ! reports ( ^! great explor]s to any sy/em2 s t a v em95t p]son inde$ f\nd x easy to write to me ! o!r day1 ',! pr9ciples ( ,criticism8 ,:at are !y8 ,:o made !m8' ,to ?is ,i c\ld only answ] t ,i did n "k ,:o made !m2 b t ,ari/otle1 ,dryd51 ,less+1 _h1 z x 0 cr$ibly report$1 discov]$ five or1 x might be1 six4 ,& ?is difficulty ( apprais+ lit]ature absolutely inh]es 9 y\r /udy ( x f ! beg9n+4 ,no "o c h set a ,g5]al ,pap] on ,lit]ature & exam9$ on x1 sett+ x & m>k+ ! writt5 answ]s1 alongside ( pap]s ab\t language1 inflexions & ! re/1 )\t hav+ borne 9 ^u him t "h ! /ud5t f9ds 8 difficulty4 ,:ile 9 a pap] set ab\t inflexions1 etc41 a pupil ) a mod]ately ret5tive memory w easily obta9 sixty or sev5ty p] c5t4 ( ! total m>ks1 9 a pap] on ! book or play consid]$ critically an exam9]1 ev5 aft] sett+ 8 pap] ) a view to "s c]ta9 inf]iority ( av]age1 has to be l5i5t be=e he c aw>d fifty1 =ty1 or ev5 ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,y w f9d a some:at illum9at+ passage--illum9at+1 t is1 if y *oose to int]pret & apply x to our subject--9 ,lucian's ,true ,hi/ory1 :]e ! v]aci\s travell]1 :o tells ! tale1 affirms t he visit$ ,hades among o!r places1 & _h "s conv]sation ) ,hom]1 among its _m inhabitants-- ,be=e _m days _h pass$1 ,i acco/$ ! poet ,hom]1 :5 we 7 bo? dis5gag$1 & ask$ him1 among o!r ?+s1 :]e he came f2 x 0 /ill a burn+ "q ) u1 ,i expla9$4 ,he said he 0 aw>e t "s d]iv$ him f ,*ios1 o!rs f ,smyrna1 & o!rs aga9 f ,colophon2 b 9 fact he 0 a ,babylonian1 g5]ally kn[n n z ,hom] b z ,tigranes2 b :5 lat] 9 life he 0 giv5 z a hom] or ho/age to ! ,greeks1 t "n clung to him4 ,ano!r ( my que/ions 0 ab\t ! s-call$ spuri\s books2 _h he writt5 !m or n8 ,he said t !y 7 all g5u9e3 s ,i n[ knew :at to ?9k ( ! critics ,z5odotus & ,ari/>*us & all _! lucubrations4 ,hav+ got a categorical answ] on t po9t1 ,i tri$ him next on 8 reason = />t+ ! ,iliad ) ! wra? ( ,a*illes4 ,he said he _h no exquisite reason2 x j came into 8 head t way4 ,ev5 s div]se are ! que/ions t may be ask$ conc]n+ any great "w ( art4 ,b to discov] its full int5t is always ! mo/ difficult task ( all4 ,t task1 h[ev]1 & no?+ less difficult1 w always be ! "o wor?ie/ ( a great ,univ]sity4 ,on t1 & on t alone1 ,g5tlem51 d ,i base all claims = our ,s*ool ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,& yet 9 conclusion ,i w ask y1 rem9d+ y\rselves h[ =tunate is y\r lot 9 ,cambridge1 to ?9k ( fell[-,engli%m5 f> less =tunate4 ,ye>s ago ,i took "s pa9s to exam9e ! exam9ation pap]s set by a r5[n$ ,exam9+ ,body & ,i f\nd ?is--',i humbly solicit' 7to use a phrase ( ,lucian's7 'my he>]s' incr$ulity'--t 9 a pap] set ^u ?ree ,acts ( ,hamlet--?ree ,acts ( ,hamlet6--! fir/ "q />t$ ) ',g4tt4 p44*a' ',al44g4tor' & invit$ ! c&idate to fill 9 ! miss+ lett]s correctly4 ,n[ ,i 0 morally c]ta9 t ! words 'gutta-p]*a' & 'alligator' did n occur 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,acts ( ,hamlet2 b hav+ c>efully re-read !m ,i invit$ ?is exam9+ body to expla9 itself4 ,! answ] ,i got 0 t1 to und]/& ,%akespe>e1 a /ud5t mu/ fir/ und]/& ! ,engli% ,language6 ,"s ( y on leav+ ,cambridge w g out--a company ( ,*ri/ian folk disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! _w--to tell ,engli% *ildr5 ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,su* are ! p$agogic fett]s y w h to knock (f _! "y m9ds be=e !y c /& & walk4 ,g5tlem51 on a day e>ly 9 ?is t]m ,i s\ght ! m\nd :i* is ! old ,ca/le ( ,cambridge4 ,access to x1 z p]haps y "k1 lies ?r\gh ! prec9cts ( ! ,c\nty ,prison4 ,an iron rail+ encloses ! m\nd1 hav+ a small gate1 = ! key ( :i* a notice-bo>d advis$ me to r+ ! prison bell4 ,i rang4 ,a v c\rte\s gaol] answ]$ ! bell & op5$ ! gate1 :i* /&s j aga9/ 8 wicket4 ,i ?ank$ him1 b c\ld n =be> ask+ ',:y d !y keep ?is gate clos$8' ',i don't "k1 sir1' he answ]$1 'b ,i suppose if !y didn't ! *ildr5 might get 9 & play4' ,s ) 8 answ] ,i w5t up ! hill & f ! top saw ,cambridge spread at my feet2 ,magdal5e bel[ me1 & ! bridge :i*--poor product z x is ( ! municipal ta/e--has giv5 its "n to s _m bridges all ov] ! _w2 ! riv] on its long ambit to ,*e/]ton2 ! t[] ( ,/ ,john's1 & beyond x ! unpret5ti\s b m beautiful t[] ( ,jesus ,college4 ,to my "r ! magnific5t *9e ( ,k+'s ,college ,*apel made its own horizon above ! yell[+ elms4 ,i look$ d[n on ! /reets--! n>r[ /reets--! v /reets :i*1 a =tnight ago1 ,i tri$ to p = y ) t m$iaeval ?rong :i* has pass$ z we %all pass4 ,/ill 9 my e> ! gaol]'s answ] repeat$ itself--',i suppose1 if !y didn't keep x lock$1 ! *ildr5 might get 9 & play'3 & a brok5 e*o seem$ to take x up1 9 words t = a :ile _h no m coh]5ce ?an ! scatt]$ jangle ( bells 9 ! t[n bel[4 ,b z ,i turn$ to leave1 !y *im$ into an articulate s5t5ce & ! voice 0 ! voice ( ,francis ,bacon--,regnum ,sci5tiae ut regnum ,coeli non nisi sub p]sona infantis intratur4--,into ! ,k+dom ( ,k1 z into ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 :oso w\ld ent] mu/ become z a little *ild4 ,footnote #a3 ,cambridge ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bac4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,on ,,/yle ,w$nesday1 ,janu>y #bh1 #aiad ,%\ld ,provid5ce1 ,g5tlem51 de/9e any "o ( y to write books = 8 liv+1 he w f9d exp]im5tally true :at ,i "h promise him1 t few pleasures soon] cloy ?an read+ :at ! review]s say4 ,?is promise ,i h& on ) ! bett] confid5ce s9ce x 0 endors$ = me once 9 conv]sation by t em95tly good man ! late ,h5ry ,sidgwick2 :o add$1 h[ev]1 ',p]haps ,i ought to make a s+le exception4 ,!re 0 a critic :o call$ "o ( my books epo*-mak+4 ,be+ anonym\s1 he w\ld h be5 h>d to f9d & ?ank1 p]haps2 b ,i ought to h made ! ef=t4' ,may ,i foll[ up ?is exp]i5ce ( 8 ) "o ( my own1 z a preface or brief apology = ?is lecture8 ,%ort-liv$ z is ! au?or's joy 9 8 critics1 f>-sp5t z may be 8 hope ( fame1 m\rnful 8 cons5t ) ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne t '!re is no?+ immortal b immortality1' he _c hide f c]ta9 sangu9e m5 ( bus9ess1 :o 9 ,engl& call !mselves ',press-,cutt+ ,ag5cies1' 9 ,am]ica ',press-,clipp+ ,bureaux1' &1 z ea* successive *ild ( 8 inv5tion comes to bir?1 unbecom+ly presume 9 him an almo/ virg9al trepidation4 ',y\r book1' !y write falsely1 'is excit+ mu* comm5t4 ,may we collect & s5d y notices ( x appe>+ 9 ! ,_w's ,press8 ,we submit a specim5 cutt+ ) our t]ms2 & are1 de> ,sir1' etc4 ,n[1 al?\gh /eadily unresponsive to ?is wile1 ,i am sometimes guilty ( tak+ ! enclos$ specim5 review & ?ru/+ x = pres]vation among ! sc>cely less decidu\s leaves ( ! book x 0 writt5 to appraise4 ,s x happ5$ t hav+ ?is vacation1 to du/--n to read--a l9e ( obsolete or obsolesc5t works on a %elf1 ,i happ5$ on a review sign$ by no small] a man ?an ,mr ,gilb]t ,*e/]ton & in=m+ ! _w t ! au?or ( my obsolete book 0 full ( good /ories z a k9dly uncle1 b _h a c>eless or impati5t way ( /opp+ %ort & leav+ 8 read]s to guess :at !y mo/ want$ to "k3 t1 rea*+ ! la/ *apt]1 or :at he *ose to make ! la/ *apt]1 in/ead ( w9d+ up & tell+ 'h[ ev]ybody liv$ ev] aft]1' he 7s to speak7 slid y (f 8 avuncul> knee ) a bless+ & ! rem>k t n9e o'clock 0 /rik+ & all good *ildr5 %\ld be 9 _! b$s4 ,t criticism has haunt$ me dur+ ! vacation4 ,look+ back on a c\rse ( lectures :i* ,i deem$ to be accompli%$2 correct+ !m 9 pr9t2 revis+ !m ) all ! n]v\sness ( a beg9n]2 ,i h seem$ to he> y compla9--',he has exhort$ u to write accurately1 appropriately2 to es*ew ,j>gon2 to be bold & essay ,v]se4 ,he has insi/$ t ,lit]ature is a liv+ art1 to be practis$4 ,b j :at we mo/ ne$$ he has n told4 ,at ! f9al doorway to ! secret he turn$ 8 back & left u4 ,accuracy1 propriety1 p]spicuity--^! we may a*ieve4 ,b :]e has he help$ u to write ) beauty1 ) *>m1 ) di/9ction8 ,:]e has he giv5 u rules = :at is call$ ,/yle 9 %ort8--hav+ atta9$ :i* an au?or may c\nt himself set up 9 bus9ess4' ,?us1 ,g5tlem51 ) my m9d's e> ,i he>d y reproa*+ me4 ,i beg y to accept :at foll[s = my apology4 ,to beg9 )1 let me plead t y h be5 told ( "o or two ?+s :i* ,/yle is n2 :i* h little or no?+ to d ) ,/yle1 ?\gh sometimes vulg>ly mi/ak5 = x4 ,/yle1 = example1 is n--c nev] be--extrane\s ,ornam5t4 ,y rememb]1 may be1 ! ,p]sian lov] :om ,i quot$ to y out ( ,newman3 h[ to convey 8 passion he s\ght a pr(essional lett]-writ] & pur*as$ a vocabul>y *>g$ ) ornam5t1 :]e) to attract ! fair "o z ) a basket ( jewels4 ,well1 9 ?is extrane\s1 pr(essional1 pur*as$ ornam5tation1 y h some?+ :i* ,/yle is n3 & if y "h require a practical rule ( me1 ,i w pres5t y ) ?is3 ',:5ev] y feel an impulse to p]petrate a piece ( exceptionally f9e writ+1 obey x --:ole-he>t$ly--& delete x be=e s5d+ y\r manuscript to press4 ,murd] y\r d>l+s4' ,b let me plead fur!r t y h n be5 left altoge!r )\t clue to ! secret ( :at ,/yle is4 ,t y mu/ ma/] ! secret = y\rselves lay implicit 9 our b>ga91 & y 7 nev] promis$ t a writ]'s tra9+ w\ld be easy4 ,yet a clue 0 c]ta9ly put 9 y\r h&s :51 hav+ insi/$ t ,lit]ature is a liv+ art1 ,i add$ t !re=e x mu/ be p]sonal & ( its ess5ce p]sonal4 ,?is goes v deep3 x conditions all our criticism ( art4 ,yet x conceals no my/]y4 ,y may see its mean+ mo/ easily & cle>ly1 p]haps1 by contra/+ ,sci5ce & ,art at _! two extremes--say ,pure ,ma!matics ) ,act+4 ,sci5ce z a rule deals ) ?+s1 ,art ) man's ?\ght & emotion ab\t ?+s4 ,9 ,pure ,ma!matics ?+s are r>efi$ into ideas1 numb]s1 concepts1 b /ill f>!r & f>!r away f ! individual man4 ,two & two make f\r1 & f\rp5ce is n n9ep5ce 7or at any rate f\r is n n9e7 :e!r ,alcibiades or ,cleon keep ! tally4 ,9 ,act+ on ! o!r h& almo/ ev]y?+ dep5ds on p]sonal int]pretation--on ! ge/ure1 ! walk1 ! gaze1 ! tone ( a ,siddons1 ! ruse smile ( a ,coquel91 ! exquisite1 vibrant intonation ( a ,b]nh>dt4 ',engli% ,art8' exclaim$ ,:i/l]1 '!re is no su* ?+6 ,art is art & ma!matics is ma!matics4' ,:i/l] err$4 ,precisely because ,art is ,art1 & ,ma!matics is ,ma!matics & a ,sci5ce1 ,art be+ ,art c be ,engli% or ,fr5*2 &1 m ?an ?is1 mu/ be ! p]sonal expression ( an ,engli%man or a ,fr5*man1 z a ',con/able' diff]s f a ',corot' & a ',:i/l]' f bo?4 ,surely ,i ne$ n lab\r ?is4 ,b :at is true ( ! extremes ( ,art & ,sci5ce is true also1 ?\gh sometimes less recognisably true1 ( ! mean3 & :]e !y meet & seem to conflict 7z 9 ,hi/ory7 ! impact is t ( ! p]sonal or individual m9d ^u univ]sal tru?1 & ! "q becomes :e!r :at happ5$ 9 ! ,sicilian ,exp$ition1 or at ! trial ( ,*>les ,i1 c be set =? nak$ z an alegebraical sum1 s]5e 9 its c]ta9ty1 indiff]5t to op9ion1 uncol\r$ 9 ! tell+ z 9 ! he>+ by sympa?y or dislike1 by passion or by "*4 ,i d\bt1 :ile we %\ld /rive 9 hi/ory z 9 all ?+s to be fair1 if hi/ory c be writt5 9 t col\rless way1 to int]e/ m5 9 human do+s4 ,i am sure t no?+ :i* lies fur!r t[>ds imag9ative1 creative1 ,art c be writt5 9 t way4 ,x foll[s !n t ,lit]ature1 be+ by its nature p]sonal1 mu/ be by its nature almo/ inf9itely v>i\s4 ',two p]sons _c be ! au?ors ( ! s\nds :i* /rike our e>2 & z !y _c be speak+ "o & ! same spee*1 nei!r c !y be writ+ "o & ! same lecture or disc\rse4' ,quot hom9es tot s5t5tiae4 ,y may translate t1 if y w1 ',e man ( u con/ructs 8 s5t5ce diff]5tly'2 & if !re be inde$ any qu>rel betwe5 ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce 7z ,i nev] c see :y !re %\ld be71 ,i = "o w readily grant ,sci5ce all h] cold sup]iority1 h] ease 9 ,sion ) univ]sal facts1 s x be m9e to s]ve among ! multif>i\s race :o h to adju/1 z be/ !y may1 ,sci5ce's cold conclusions 7& mu* else7 to ! bro!rly give-&-take ( human life4 ,quicquid agunt hom9es1 votum1 timor1 ira1 voluptas444 ,is x possible1 ,g5tlem51 t y c h read "o1 two1 ?ree or m ( ! ackn[l$g$ ma/]pieces ( lit]ature )\t hav+ x borne 9 on y t !y are great because !y are alive1 & traffic n ) cold cele/ial c]ta9ties1 b ) m5's hopes1 aspirations1 d\bts1 loves1 hates1 break+s ( ! he>t2 ! glory & vanity ( human endeav\r1 ! transi5ce ( beauty1 ! caprici\s unc]ta9 lease on :i* y & ,i hold life1 ! d>k coa/ to :i* we inevitably /e]2 all t amuses or vexes1 all t gladd5s1 sadd5s1 madd5s u m5 & wom5 on ?is brief & mutable traject :i* yet mu/ be home = a :ile1 ! an*orage ( our he>ts8 ,= an in/ance3-- ,"h lies a mo/ beautiful lady1 ,light ( /ep & he>t 0 %e3 ,i ?9k %e 0 ! mo/ beautiful lady ,t ev] 0 9 ! ,we/ ,c\ntry4 ,b beauty vani%es1 beauty passes1 ,h[ev] r>e1 r>e x be2 ,& :5 ,i crumble :o %all rememb] ,t lady ( ! ,we/ ,c\ntry8 7,walt] de la ,m>e47 ,or take a critic--a lit]>y critic--su* z ,samuel ,johnson1 ( :om we are us$ to ?9k z ( a man artificial 9 phrase & p$antic 9 judgm5t4 ,he lives1 & :y8 ,because1 if y te/ 8 criticism1 he nev] saw lit]ature b z a "p ( life1 nor w\ld all[ 9 lit]ature :at 0 false to life1 z he saw x4 ,he c\ld be wrong-head$1 p]v]se2 c\ld damn ,milton because he hat$ ,milton's politics2 on any "q ( passion or prejudice c\ld make inju/ice 8 daily food4 ,b he c\ld n1 ev5 9 a fri5d's epitaph1 let pass a phrase 7h[ev] well turn$7 :i* /ruck him z empty ( life or false to x4 ,all ,boswell te/ifies to ?is3 & ?is is :y ,samuel ,johnson survives4 ,n[ let me c>ry ?is cont5tion--t all ,lit]ature is p]sonal & !re=e v>i\s--into a field mu* exploit$ by ! p$ant1 & f5c$ ab\t ) _m notice-bo>ds & public w>n+s4 ',neologisms n all[$ "h1' ',all p]sons us+ slang1 or trespass+ 9 pursuit ( orig9ality4444' ,well1 ,i answ] ^! notice-bo>ds by say+ t1 lit]ature be+ p]sonal1 & m5 v>i\s--& ev5 ! ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y be+ no ,canonical book--man's use or defiance ( ! diction>y dep5ds = its ju/ification on no?+ b 8 success3 add+ t1 s9ce x takes all k9ds to make a _w1 or a lit]ature1 8 success w probably dep5d on ! occasion4 ,a few mon?s ago ,i f\nd myself seat$ at a bump-supp] next to a *e]ful y\? :o1 t[>ds ! close1 sugge/$ ?\ghtfully1 z ,i arose to make a spee*1 t1 ! bonfire 7:i* ( c\rse he call$ ! 'bonn]'7 be+ due at n9e-?irty o'clock1 !re 0 little m ?an b>e "t left = 'lang]s & godd]s4' ,x co/ me1 :o ?9k sl[ly1 "s seconds to int]pret t by 'lang]s' he meant ',auld ,lang ,syne' & by 'godd]s' ',god ,save ! ,k+4' ,i ?\ght at ! "t1 & /ill ?9k1 & w ma9ta9 aga9/ any s*oolma/]1 t ! neologisms ( my "y neighb\r1 ?\gh n to be recomm5d$ = essays or s]mons1 did admirably suit ! "t1 place1 & occasion4 ,see+ t 9 human disc\rse1 inf9itely v>i$ z x is1 s mu* mu/ ev] dep5d on :o speaks1 & to :om1 9 :at mood & ^u :at occasion2 & see+ t ,lit]ature mu/ ne$s take acc\nt ( all mann] ( writ]s1 audi5ces1 moods1 occasions2 ,i hold x a s9 aga9/ ! light to put up a w>n+ aga9/ any ^w t comes to u 9 ! fair way ( use & wont 7z 'wire1' = in/ance1 = a telegram71 ev5 z surely z we %\ld w>n (f hybrids or delib]ately p$antic impo/ors1 su* z 'antibody' & 'picture-drome'2 & t1 g5]ally1 x is bett] to err on ! side ( lib]ty ?an on ! side ( ! c5sor3 s9ce by ! manumitt+ ( new words we infuse new blood into a tongue ( :i* 7or we h le>nt no?+ f ,%akespe>e's audacity7 our fir/ pride %\ld be t x is flexible1 alive1 capable ( respond+ to new dem&s ( man's untir+ que/ aft] k & exp]i5ce4 ,n because x 0 an ugly ?+ did ,i d5\nce ,j>gon to y1 ! o!r day3 b because x 0 a dead ?+1 lead+ no-:i!r1 mean+ naught4 ,!re is wick$ness 9 human spee*1 sometimes4 ,y w detect x all ! bett] = hav+ rul$ out :at is naughty4 ,let u err1 !n1 if we err1 on ! side ( lib]ty4 ,i came1 ! o!r day1 ^u ?is passage 9 ,mr ,frank ,h>ris's /udy ( ',! ,man ,%akespe>e'3-- ,9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! language ( ,moli]e has gr[n f\rfold2 ! slang ( ! /udios & ! gutt] & ! laboratory1 ( ! eng9e]+ s*ool & ! dissect+ table1 has be5 ransack$ = special t]ms to enri* & /r5g!n ! language 9 ord] t x may deal easily ) ! new ?\ghts4 ,fr5* is n[ a sup]b in/rum5t1 :ile ,engli% is positively poor] ?an x 0 9 ! "t ( ,%akespe>e1 ?anks to ! prud]y ( our illit]ate middle class4#a ,well1 let u n lose our heads ov] ?is1 any m ?an ov] o!r prophecies ( our national decad5ce4 ,! ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y has n yet unfold$ ! la/ ( its coils1 :i* yet are ample en\gh to enfold u 9 sev5 words = e ?ree an active man c grapple )4 ,yet ! w>n+ has po9t1 & a p>ticul> po9t1 = ^? :o aspire to write poetry3 z ,francis ,?ompson has not$ 9 8 ,essay on ,%elley3-- ,!oretically1 ( c\rse1 "o ought always to try = ! be/ ^w4 ,b practically1 ! habit ( excessive c>e 9 ^w-selection frequ5tly results 9 loss ( spontaneity2 &1 /ill worse1 ! habit ( always tak+ ! be/ ^w too easily becomes ! habit ( always tak+ ! mo/ ornate ^w1 ! ^w mo/ remov$ f ord9>y spee*4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 poetic diction has become latt]ly a kaleidoscope1 & "o's *ief curiosity is z to ! precise comb9ations into :i* ! pieces w be %ift$4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a c]ta9 b& ( words1 ! ,praetorian cohorts ( ,poetry1 ^: prescriptive aid is invok$ by e aspirant to ! poetic purple4444 ,aga9/ ^! x is "t "s bann] %\ld be rais$4444 ,x is at any rate curi\s to note t ! lit]>y revolution aga9/ ! despotic diction ( ,pope seems issu+1 l political revolutions1 9 a despotism ( 8 own mak+2 & he adds a note t ?is is ! m surpris+ to him because s _m ,victorian poets 7 prose-writ]s z well4 ,n[1 accord+ to our !ory1 ! practice ( prose %\ld ma9ta9 fre% & compreh5sive a poet's diction1 %\ld save him f fall+ into ! h&s ( an exclusive cot]ie ( poetic words4 ,x %\ld react ^u 8 metrical vocabul>y to its b5eficial expansion1 by tak+ him outside 8 ari/ocratic circle ( language1 & keep+ him 9 t\* ) ! great commonalty1 ! prolet>iat ( spee*4 ,= x is ) words z ) m53 con/ant int]m>riage )9 ! limits ( a patrician clan begets effete ref9em5t2 & to re9vigorate ! /ock1 its ve9s mu/ be repl5i%$ f h>dy plebeian blood4 ,9 diction1 !n1 let u acquire all ! /ore we c1 reject+ no co9 = its m9t+ b only if its metal be base4 ,s %all we br+ out ( our treasuries new ?+s & old4 ,diction1 h[ev]1 is b a "p ( ,/yle1 & p]haps n ! mo/ important "p4 ,s ,i rev]t to ! l>g] "q1 ',:at is ,/yle8 ,:at its ,greek3 to ti en e9ai1 its ess5ce1 ! law ( its be+8' ,n[1 z ,i sat d[n to write ?is lecture1 memory evok$ a sc5e & ) ! sc5e a *ance ^w ( boyi% slang1 bo? ( :i* may seem to y irrelevant until1 or unless1 ,i c make y feel h[ !y hold = me ! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,i once happ5$ to be /&+ 9 a corn] ( a ball-room :5 !re ent]$ ! mo/ beautiful girl ^! eyes h ev] se5 or n[--s9ce !y gr[ dull--ev] w see4 ,x 01 ,i believe1 h] fir/ ball1 & by "s freak or 9 "s premonition %e wore black3 & n pe>ls--:i*1 ,i am told1 maid5s are wont to we> on ^! occasions--b "o cresc5t ( diamonds 9 h] black hair4 ,et v]a incessu patuit dea4 ,"h1 ,i say1 0 absolute beauty4 ,x />tl$4 ,i ?9k %e 0 ! mo/ beautiful lady ,t ev] 0 9 ! ,we/ ,c\ntry4 ,b beauty vani%es1 beauty passes4444 ,%e di$ a ye> or two lat]4 ,%e may h be5 too beautiful to live long4 ,i h a ?\ght t %e may also h be5 too good4 ,= ,i saw h] ) ! cr[d ab\t h]3 ,i saw l$ up & pres5t$ among o!rs ! man :o 0 to be1 = a few mon?s1 h] husb&3 & !n1 z ! m5 b[$1 p5cill+ on _! programmes1 ov] _! %\ld]s ,i saw h] eyes travel to an awkw>d "y naval cadet 7,d y rememb] ,crossjay 9 ,m]$i?'s ,! ,egoi/8 ,x 0 j su* a boy7 :o sat aba%$ & gl[]+ sulkily beside me on ! f> b5*4 ,promptly ) a laugh1 %e advanc$1 claim$ him1 & swept him (f into ! fir/ waltz4 ,:5 x 0 ov] he came back1 a trifle flu%$1 & ,i felicitat$ him2 my rem>k 7:i* ,i =get7 be+ no d\bt 'j ! sort ( banality1 y "k1 "o does come out )'--z maybe t ! ,briti% ,navy kept its old knack ( cutt+ out4 ,b he look$ at me almo/ 9 te>s & blurt$1 ',x isn't h] beauty1 sir4 ,y saw8 ,x's--x's--my ,god1 x's ! /yle6' ,n[ y may ?9k t a some:at *eap1 or at any rate inadequate1 cry ( ! he>t 9 my "y seaman2 z y may ?9k x inadequate 9 me1 & moreov] a trifle caprici\s1 to assure y 7z ,i d7 t ! fir/ & la/ secret ( a good ,/yle consi/s 9 ?9k+ ) ! he>t z well z ) ! head4 ,b let u philosophise a little4 ,y h be5 told1 ,i d>esay (t5 en\gh1 t ! bus9ess ( writ+ dem&s two--! au?or & ! read]4 ,add to ?is :at is equally obvi\s1 t ! obligation ( c\rtesy re/s fir/ ) ! au?or1 :o invites ! seance1 & commonly *>ges = x4 ,:at foll[s1 b t 9 speak+ or writ+ we h an obligation to put ourselves into ! he>]'s or read]'s place8 ,x is 8 com=t1 8 conv5i5ce1 we h to consult4 ,to express ourselves is a v small "p ( ! bus9ess3 v small & almo/ unimportant z comp>$ ) impress+ ourselves3 ! aim ( ! :ole process be+ to p]suade4 ,all read+ dem&s an ef=t4 ,! en]gy1 ! good-w :i* a read] br+s to ! book is1 & mu/ be1 p>tly exp5d$ 9 ! lab\r ( read+1 m>k+1 le>n+1 inw>dly dige/+ :at ! au?or means4 ,! m difficulties1 !n1 we au?ors obtrude on him by obscure or c>eless writ+1 ! m we blunt ! edge ( 8 att5tion3 s t if only 9 our own int]e/--?\gh ,i _h r keep x on ! gr\nd ( c\rtesy--we %\ld /udy to anticipate 8 com=t4 ,b let me g a little deep]4 ,y all "k t a great "p ( ,less+'s argum5t 9 8 ,laokoeon1 on ! ess5tials ( ,lit]ature z oppos$ to ,pictorial ,art or ,sculpture1 dep5ds on ?is--t 9 ,pictorial ,art or 9 ,sculpture ! eye sees1 ! m9d appreh5ds1 ! :ole 9 a mom5t ( "t1 ) ! correspond5t disadvantage t ?is mom5t ( "t is fix$ & /ation>y2 :]eas 9 writ+1 :e!r 9 prose or 9 v]se1 we c only produce our effect by a s]ies ( successive small impressions1 dripp+ our mean+ 7s to speak7 into ! read]'s m9d--) ! correspond5t advantage1 9 po9t ( vivacity1 t our picture keeps mov+ all ! :ile4 ,n[ obvi\sly ?is ?r[s a great] /ra9 on 8 pati5ce :om we address4 ,man at ! be/ is a n>r[-m\!d bottle4 ,?r\gh ! conduit ( spee* he c utt]--z y1 my he>]s1 c receive--only "o ^w at a "t4 ,9 writ+ 7z my old fri5d ,pr(essor ,m9to us$ to say7 y are z a comm&] fil+ out 8 battalion ?r\gh a n>r[ gate t all[s only "o man at a "t to pass2 & y\r read]1 z he receives ! troops1 has to re-=m & recon/ruct !m4 ,no matt] h[ l>ge or h[ involv$ ! subject1 x c be communicat$ only 9 t way4 ,y see1 !n1 :at an obligation we owe to him ( ord] & arrangem5t2 & :y1 ap>t f felicities & curiosities ( diction1 ! old rhetoricians laid su* /ress ^u ord] & arrangem5t z duties we owe to ^? :o hon\r u ) _! att5tion4 ',la cl>te1' says a ,fr5* writ]1 'e/ la politesse4' ,greek3 ,*>isi kai saph5eia ?ue1 recomm5ds ,lucian4 ,pay y\r sacrifice to ! ,graces1 & to ,greek3 saph5eia--,cl>ity--fir/ among ! ,graces4 ,:at am ,i urg+8 ',t ,/yle 9 writ+ is mu* ! same ?+ z good mann]s 9 o!r human int]c\rse8' ,well1 & :y n8 ,at all ev5ts we h rea*$ a po9t :]e ,buffon's (t5-quot$ say+ t ',/yle is ! man himself' t\*es & co9cides ) ,william ( ,wykeham's old motto t ',mann]s maky? ,man'3 & be=e y condemn my doctr9e z inadequate li/5 to ?is f ,cov5try ,patmore1 /ill be>+ 9 m9d t a writ]'s ma9 object is to impress 8 ?\ght or vision ^u 8 he>]4 ',!re is no?+ comp>able = moral =ce to ! *>m ( truly noble mann]s4444' ,i grant y1 to be sure1 t ! claim to possess a ,/yle mu/ be conc$$ to _m writ]s--,c>lyle is "o--:o take no c>e to put li/5]s at _! ease1 b rely r on native =ce ( g5ius to %ock & a/\nd4 ,nor w ,i grudge !m y\r admiration4 ,b ,i d say t1 z m & m y gr[ to value tru? & ! mode/ grace ( tru?1 x is less & less to su* writ]s t y w turn3 & ,i say ev5 m confid5tly t ! qualities ( ,/yle we all[ !m are n ! qualities we %\ld seek z a norm1 = !y "o & all (f5d aga9/ ,art's true maxim ( avoid+ excess4 ,& ?is br+s me to ! two great p>adoxes ( ,/yle4 ,= ! fir/ 7#a71--;al?\gh ,/yle is s curi\sly p]sonal & individual1 & al?\gh m5 are s v>i\sly built t no two 9 ! _w c>ry away ! same impressions f a %[1 !re is always a norm some:]e2 9 lit]ature & art1 z 9 morality4 ,yes1 ev5 9 man's mo/ t]rific1 mo/ pot5t inv5tions--:51 = example1 9 ,hamlet or 9 ,le> ,%akespe>e seems to be break+ up ! solid e>? "u our feet--!re is always "s po9t & /&>d ( sanity--a ,k5t or an ,horatio--to :i* all enormities & passionate errors may be ref]r$2 to :i* ! agitat$ m9d ( ! spectator settles back z ^u its c5tre ( gravity1 its pivot ( repose4 7#b7 ,! second p>adox1 ?\gh x is equally true1 y may f9d a little subtl]4 ,yet x b applies to ,art ! simple tru? ( ! ,gospel1 t he :o w\ld save 8 s\l mu/ fir/ lose x4 ,?\gh p]sonality p]vades ,/yle & _c be escap$1 ! fir/ s9 aga9/ ,/yle z aga9/ good ,mann]s is to obtrude or exploit p]sonality4 ,! v greate/ "w 9 ,lit]ature--! ,iliad1 ! ,odyssey1 ! ,purgatorio1 ,! ,tempe/1 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ! ,republic1 ,don ,quixote--is all ,s]aphically free ,f ta9t ( p]sonality4 ,& ,flaub]t1 t gladiator among arti/s1 held t1 at its highe/1 lit]>y art c\ld be c>ri$ into pure sci5ce4 ',i believe1' said he1 't great art is sci5tific & imp]sonal4 ,y %\ld by an intellectual ef=t transport y\rself into *>act]s1 n draw !m into y\rself4 ,t at lea/ is ! me?od4' ,on ! o!r h&1 says ,goe!1 ',we %\ld endeav\r to use words t correspond z closely z possible ) :at we feel1 see1 ?9k1 imag9e1 exp]i5ce1 & reason4 ,x is an endeav\r we _c evade & mu/ daily r5ew4' ,i call ,flaub]t's ! bett] c\nsel1 ev5 ?\gh ,i h sp5t a "p ( ?is lecture 9 attempt+ to prove x impossible4 ,x at lea/ is noble1 enc\rag+ u to :at is difficult4 ,! %rewd] ,goe! enc\rages u to exploit ourselves to ! top ( our b5t4 ,i ?9k ,flaub]t w\ld h hit ! m>k if = 'imp]sonal' he _h sub/itut$ 'dis9t]e/$4' ,=--believe me1 ,g5tlem5--s f> z ,h&el /&s above ,*op91 z ,velasquez above ,greuze1 ev5 s f> /& ! great mascul9e objective writ]s above all :o appeal to y by p>ade ( p]sonality or private s5tim5t4 ,m5tion ( ^! great mascul9e 'objective' writ]s br+s me to my la/ ^w3 :i* is1 ',/eep y\rselves 9 !m3 habitually br+ all to ! te/ ( !m3 = :ile y _c escape ! fate ( all /yle1 :i* is to be p]sonal1 ! m ( ca?olic manhood y inh]it f ^? great lo9s ! m y w assur$ly beget4' ,?is !n is ,/yle4 ,z te*nically manife/$ 9 ,lit]ature x is ! p[] to t\* ) ease1 grace1 precision1 any note 9 ! gamut ( human ?\ght or emotion4 ,b ess5tially x resembles good mann]s4 ,x comes ( endeav\r+ to und]/& o!rs1 ( ?9k+ = !m r ?an = y\rself--( ?9k+1 t is1 ) ! he>t z well z ! head4 ,x gives r ?an receives2 x is nobly c>eless ( ?anks or applause1 n be+ f$ by ^! b r su/a9$ & cont9ually refre%$ by an inw>d loyalty to ! be/4 ,yet1 l '"*' x has its alt> )92 to t retires = c\nsel1 f t fet*es its illum9ation1 to ray outw>ds4 ,cultivate1 ,g5tlem51 t habit ( )draw+ to be advis$ by ! be/4 ,s1 says ,f5elon1 'y w f9d y\rself inf9itely quiet]1 y\r words w be few] & m effectual2 & :ile y make less ado1 :at y d w be m pr(itable4' ,footnote #a3 ',an oration1' says ,qu9tilian1 'may f9d room = almo/ any ^w sav+ a few indec5t ones 7quae sunt p>um v]ecunda74' ,he adds t writ]s ( ! ,old ,com$y 7 (t5 comm5d$ ev5 = ^!3 'b x is en\gh = u to m9d our pres5t bus9ess--s$ nobis no/rum opus intu]i sat e/4' ,,index ,abel>d #bjc1 #bje1 #bab ,ab]crombie1 ,lascelles #ah ,addison1 ,joseph #abd1 #agb ,alcu9 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bje ,alfr$1 ,k+ #ahf ,ari/ophanes #aib ,ari/otle #abh1 #bjc1 #bbg ,arnold1 ,mat!w #ce1 #gf1 #aci1 #ahf1 #bjb ,arte ( ,rhetorique1 ,wilson's #aah ,as*am1 ,rog] #aba1 #ahh ,augu/9e #aii ,bacon1 ,"l #f1 #g1 #aj1 #bbj1 #bca ,bagehot1 ,walt] #baf ,ballata #de ,b>b\r1 ,john #aab ,b>rie1 ,sir ,james ,mat!w #ag1 #ace ,b$e #bjd ,be]bohm1 ,max #bbb ,belis>ius #age ,b5?am1 ,j]emy #ig ,be[ulf #aei-afe ,b]ang]1 ,pi]re-,jean de #de ,b]n]s1 ,"l #ajh-aaj1abj ,bible1 ,!3 ,au?oris$ ,v]sion #ec1 #ig1 #aaj1 #abb et seq41 #ada1 #adc1 #aij ,revis$ ,v]sion #aca-acc ,blair1 ,wilfr$ #hj ,blake1 ,william #ab ,boccaccio #ahd ,boe?ius #bjc ,bologna1 ,univ]sity ( #bjj-a1 #bjf ,borneil1 ,giraud de #aha ,boswell1 ,james #bch ,bridges1 ,rob]t #ai ,brooke1 ! ,rev4 ,/op=d ,a4 #aei ,br\gham1 ,ld #dg1 #aja ,br[ne1 ,sir ,?omas #aj1 #ea1 #abd1 #afh1 #bcb ,br[n+1 ,rob]t #ci1 #ahf ,buffon #bde ,bunyan1 ,john #abd ,burke1 ,edmund #bg1 #bh1 #df1 #dg-eb1 #aja ,burns1 ,rob]t #de ,butl]1 ,ar?ur ,john #bj ,ca$mon #afc ,cambridge #bja et seqq4 ,campion1 ,?omas #ahe1 #ahh ,c>ducci1 ,giosue #aed-e ,c>lyle1 ,?omas #ah1 #ajc1 #bde ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto #da ,c]vantes #g1 #be ,*adwick1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,m4 #afc ,*air ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ,univ]sity ,ord9ance #g ,*amb]s1 ,e4 ,k4 #aii ,*ampeaux1 ,william ( #bje ,*auc]1 ,ge(frey #aj1 #aaj-aaa1 #afc1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bai ,*e/]ton1 ,gilb]t ,k4 #bcc ,*i*e/]1 ,ri*>d ( #baa ,cic]o #bh1 #di ,cl>e1 ,john #ci ,col]idge1 ,samuel ,taylor #da1 #fd1 #fe ,con+ton1 ,john #aga-b ,c\r?ope1 ,w4 ,j4 #ac1 #aeh1 #ahd1 #aii ,cov]dale1 ,miles #abd ,c[ley1 ,abraham #ahe ,c[p]1 ,william #ahf ,crewe1 ,ld ,*ief ,ju/ice #g ,cynewulf #afc ,daniel1 ,samuel #ahe1 #ahh ,dante #gg1 #ahd ,d>w91 ,*>les #bba ,defoe1 ,daniel #fa1 #ge4 ,dekk]1 ,?omas #fe ,de ,la ,m>e1 ,walt] #bcg ,de ,qu9cey1 ,?omas #ed ,desid]ius1 ,ar*bi%op #aii ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus #bh ,donne1 ,john #ajb1 #ajf1 #ahe ,dryd51 ,john #agb1 #ahf1 #bbg ,du*ess ( ,malfy1 ,web/]'s #ii ,dunb> #aj ',eliot1 ,george' #aa ,em]son1 ,ralph ,waldo #aa ,falcon]1 ,william #gi ,falkn]1 ,j4 ,meade #afh-i ,f5elon #bdh ,fitz,gerald1 ,edw>d #ig ,flaub]t1 ,gu/ave #bdg ,flet*]1 ,john #ac ,f[l]1 ,w4 ,h4 & ,f4 ,g4 #ij1 #acg ,freeman1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,a4 #aeh1 #afj1 #agd-agi1 #ahf ,froiss>t1 ,b]n]s' #ajh ,fr\de1 ,james ,an?ony #gh ,full]1 ,?omas #bjf ,gibbon1 ,edw>d #abd1 #baf ,gildas #age ,goe! #ajc1 #bdg ,gray1 ,?omas #aa1 #af1 #acf1 #aeg-h1 #afb ,gre51 ,j4 ,r4 #aeh ,gre51 ,t4 ,h4 #h ,gregory ! ,great1 ,pope #aii ,gri]son1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,j4 ,c4 #ahe ,hamilton1 ,sir ,william #bac ,h>dy1 ,?omas #ah ,h>ris1 ,frank #bdj ,h>vey1 ,gabriel #ahe1 #baf-g ,he9e1 ,he9ri* #de ,h]b]t1 ,george #acc ,h]o & ,le&]1 ,m>l[e's #ih ,h]odotus #dd1 #fc ,hom] #be1 #fd1 #fi1 #gf-gh1 #hj1 #ha1 #afa1 #aij1 #bbh ,horace #aga-b ,h\sman1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 #bbb ,ibs5 #if ,irn]ius #bjf ,isaiah #acj-acc ,jackson1 ,dr ,h5ry #bac ,johnson1 ,samuel #aa1 #cg1 #fi1 #aba1 #agb1 #bch ,jonson1 ,b5 #abi1 #adf1 #ahe1 #bai1 #bbj ,j[ett1 ,b5jam9 #bi ,juss]&1 ,j4 ,j4 #ahb ,juv5al1 #agb ,keats1 ,john #af1 #ci1 #ahf ,kempis1 ,?omas a #ae ,k]1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,p4 #afj1 #aii ,kipl+1 ,rudy>d #fa ,lamb1 ,*>les #da ,less+ #ha1 #bbg1 #bdd ,l9dsay1 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,m41 ,d4,d4 #aah ,lloyd ,george1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,david #acg-h ,lucian #f1 #afj1 #aib1 #bbh1 #bde ,lucretius #aic ,malory1 ,sir ,?omas #ajg-aaj1 #abj ,m>l[e1 ,*ri/oph] #ih-i1 #ahe1 #bbj ,m>vell1 ,&rew #ahe ,mason1 ,william #aeg ,masson1 ,david #ab ,mc,kenna1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,reg9ald #acg-h ,m]$i?1 ,george #bdc1 #bdg ,milton1 ,john #a1 #aj1 #af1 #dc1 #ef-fb1 #gd-gf1 #abd1 #aeb1 #ahe1 #aie1 #bch ,m9to1 ,pr(essor ,william #bde ,moore1 ,?omas #de ,morris1 ,william #ahh ,mull+]1 ,j4 ,bass #bje1 #bai ,murray1 ,pr(essor ,gilb]t #aic ,na%e1 ,?omas #abj ,newman1 ,c>d9al #e1 #cj1 #ca-b1 #aae1 #acd1 #add1 #adg1 #bcd ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac #bba ,noyes1 ,alfr$ #gh ,nut-,br[n ,maid1 ,! #aaa ,oates1 ,capta9 #db ,orig5 #aie1 #bjb ,ox=d #bja et seq4 ,p>is1 ,univ]sity ( #bjj1 #bje ,pat]1 ,walt] #gg1 #bbb ,patmore1 ,cov5try #bde ,payne1 ,e4 ,j4 #ajj-ajc ,p]vigilium ,v5]is #aea1 #aid ,pheidias #ad ,philosophy & ,poetry #a ,pi]s ,pl[man #afc1 #ahb ,pilgrimage to ,p>nassus1 ,! #bag-bbj ,plato #a-d1 #aej1 #bje ,pl9y #aeb-c ,podsnap 7see ,freeman7 ,poggio #bje ,pope1 ,alex&] #aeg1 #afb ,p[ell1 ,f4 ,york #aei ,prov5cal ,song #aha-ahc ,py?agoras #bjh ,qu9tilian #bi1 #adj1 #bdj ,raleigh1 ,pr(essor ,sir ,walt] #i ,ra%dall1 ,ha/+s #bjh-bac ,remigius #bjf ,r5an #a ,reynolds1 ,sir ,jo%ua #bc-be ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,*>les ,augu/us #bj ,sa9tsbury1 ,pr(4 ,george #ee1 #ef1 #ahg ,salamanca1 ,univ]sity ( #bjj ,scott1 ,! ,ant>ctic ,exp$ition #db ,sev]us1 ,sulpicius #aii ,%akespe>e1 ,william #ae1 #da1 #ej1 #ea-b1 #ig-ajj1 #aac1 #abi1 #ahe1 #aij1 #aig1 #bai1 #bbi1 #bdf ,%aw1 ,george ,b]n>d #gb ,%elley #dj ,%irley1 ,james #ajf ,sidgwick1 ,h5ry #bcb ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip #da-b ,skeat1 ,walt] ,w4 #ab ,sonata #de ,s\?1 ,rob]t #ajb ,sp5s]1 ,edmund #ahe1 #bjf1 #bag1 #bai ,/ev5son1 ,rob]t ,l\is #acc ,/ubbs1 ,bi%op ,w4 #dd ',/ud5t's ,h&book1 ,!' #gb-c ,swift1 ,jona?an #fa ,sw9burne1 ,alg]non #aif ,taylor1 ,j]emy #fh-i ,t5nyson1 ,"l #ge1 #ahf ,t]tullian #aie1 #aih1 #bjb ,?ack]ay1 ,william ,makepeace #abd ,?ompson1 ,francis #bda ,?omson1 ,james #ci ,t\l\se1 ,univ]sity ( #bjh ,tyndale1 ,william #abb1 #abf1 #abg ,vac>ius #bjf ,v5tad\r1 ,b]n>d de #aha ,v5us & ,adonis #ih-i ,v]rall1 ,dr ,a4 ,w4 #g ,vigfusson1 ,gudbr& #aei ,virgil #be1 #hj1 #aid1 #bjj ,voltaire #aib ,wall]1 ,edmund #he ,walpole1 ,horatio #agc ,walton1 ,isaak #gj-a1 #abd1 #bja ,w>ton1 ,?omas #aeh ,watson1 ,e4 ,j4 #aee ,watson1 ,william #af ,web/]1 ,john #ii ,w5dell1 ,b>rett #ig ,:i/l]1 ,james ,mc,neill #bcf ,:itman1 ,walt #ec1 #ef ,widsi? #fj ,wolfe1 ,g5]al #acd ,wood1 ,an?ony #ahd ,wordswor?1 ,william #aa1 #ab1 #ee1 #fg1 #fh1 #abi1 #adf1 #ahf1 #bjd1 #baj ,wright1 ,aldis #ab ,wyat1 ,sir ,?omas #aae-aah1 #ahd ,wyclif1 ,john #abd1 #abg ,yeats1 ,william ,butl] #adc ,"y1 ,ar?ur #aga ,cambridge3 ,pr9t$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,peace1 ,m4,a41 at ! ,univ]sity ,press4