,frontispiece3 ,,r$ ,,rid+ ,,hood ,f !  
picture by ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 9 ! ,birm+ham
 ,art ,gall]y ,page #aig     ,,! ,,book 
,,( ,,art ,,= ,,"y ,,p   ,,by ,,agnes   
,,e!l ,,conway ,,& ,,sir ,,m>t9 ,,conway
   ,,) ,,sixte5 ,,full-,,page           
,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,col\r     ,a4  ,c4 
,,black1 ,,ltd4 #d1 #e  #f ,,soho       
,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4#a   ,fir/ publi%$
 ,septemb] #aiji z ,! ,*ildr5's ,book ( 
,art ,repr9t$ 9 #aiad1 #aibg1 & #aice   
,made 9 ,great ,brita94 ,pr9t$ by ,r4   
,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4        
,,to ,,my ,,little ,,fri5ds ,,agnes ,,& 
,,rosanne     ,,note  ,my ?anks are due 
& are cordially r5d]$ to ! ,e>l (       
,y>bor\gh1 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,cook1 & !     
au?orities ( ,tr9ity ,college1          
,cambridge1 = p]mission to reproduce _! 
pictures2 to ,lady ,alfr$ ,d\glas & ,mr4
 ,h5ry ,newbolt = leave to quote f _!   
poems2 to ,mr4 ,ev]>d ,gre51 ,som]set   
,h]ald1 = all t is new 9 ! int]pretation
 ( ! ,wilton dipty*2 to ,miss ,k4 ,k4   
,rad=d = ! translation 9 ,*apt] ,,viii41

 & to all ! fri5ds :o h help$ me )      
criticism & sugge/ions4  ,a4 ,e4 ,c4    
,,cont5ts   ,,*ap4                      
,,page     ,i ,,introductory  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #a    ,,ii ,,!      
,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,,9 ,,europe  4 4 4 4
  #ad   ,,iii ,,ri*>d ,,ii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #bi    ,,iv ,,! ,,van
 ,,eycks 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    
#df     ,v ,,! ,,r5aissance 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #fc    ,,vi ,,raphael 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #gh     
,,vii ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,v5ice 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4  #ic  ,,viii ,,! ,,r5aissance
 ,,9 ,,! ,,nor?  4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajd       
,,ix ,,rembr&t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 #aaf     ,x ,,pet] ,,de ,,hoogh  
,,& ,,cuyp 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acc       
,,xi ,,van ,,dyck  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 #adc   ,,xii ,,velasquez 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aec  ,,xiii
 ,,reynolds ,,& ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury 
4 4 4 #afe   ,,xiv ,,turn]  4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agf    ,,xv ,,!  
,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   

#ahh  ,,index  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aii     ,,li/ ,,(       
,,illu/rations  ,,9 ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,!
 ,,orig9al ,,pa9t+s   ,r$ ,rid+hood 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts          
,frontispiece  ,ri*>d ,,ii4 be=e !      
,virg9                                  
,,page     & ,*ild  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #cc  ,! ,?ree  
,m>ies 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,h4 ,van ,eyck 
4 4 4 4 4  #dh  ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 /udy  4 4
 4 4 4 ,antonello da ,mess9a   #fe  ,!  
,nativity 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,s&ro   
,botticelli 4 4  #gf  ,! ,knight's      
,dream 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,raphael 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4  #he  ,! ,gold5 ,age 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 ,giorgione 4 4 4 4 4 4  #if  ,/4 
,george de/roy+ ! ,dragon 4 ,t9toret  4 
4 4 4 4 4 #ajb  ,edw>d1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1
     aft]w>ds ,edw>d ,,vi4  4 4 4 4     
,holbe9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaa  ,a ,man 9   
,arm\r  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,rembr&t 4 4 4
 4 4 4 #abf  ,an ,int]ior  4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 ,p4 de ,hoogh 4 4 4 4 4 #acd   
,l&scape ) ,cattle  4 4 4 4 4 4 ,cuyp  4

 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ada  ,william ,,ii4 (   
,orange  4 4 4 4 4 4 ,van ,dyck  4 4 4 4
 4 4 #adf  ,don ,bal?az> ,c>los 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 ,velasquez 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afa  ,!   
,duke ( ,gl\ce/] 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,sir ,j4   
,reynolds 4 4 4 #agj  ,! ,fight+        
,tem]aire 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,turn]  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 #agg     ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,book ,,( 
,,art     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,introductory    
,almo/ ! pleasante/ ?+ 9 ! _w is to be  
told a spl5did /ory by a really nice    
p]son4 ,!re is n ! lea/ occasion = !    
/ory to be true2 inde$ ,i ?9k ! untrue  
/ories are ! be/--^? 9 :i* we meet      
delightful bea/s & ?+s t talk tw5ty     
times bett] ?an mo/ human be+s ev] d1 & 
:]e extraord9>y ev5ts happ5 9 ! k9d (   
places t are n at all l our _w ( e day4 
,x is s f9e to be tak5 into a c\ntry :]e
 x is always summ]1 & ! birds are always
 s++ & ! fl[]s always bl[+1 & :]e p get 
:at !y want by j wi%+ = x1 & are n told 
t ?is or t isn't good = !m1 & t !y'll "k
 bett] ?an to want x :5 !y're gr[n up1 &
 all t k9d ( ?+ :i* is s annoy+ & s (t5 

happ5+ 9 ?is ob/9ate criss-cross _w1 :]e
 ! days come & g 9 su* an ord9>y fa%ion4
  ,b if ,i might *oose ! p]son to tell  
me ! k9d ( /ory ,i l to li/5 to1 & he>  
told to me ov] & ov] aga91 x w\ld be "s 
"o :o c\ld draw pictures = me :ile      
talk+--pictures l ^? ( ,t5niel 9 ,alice 
9 ,wond]l& & ,?r\gh ! ,look+-,glass4 ,h[
 mu* bett] we "k ,alice h]self & ! ,:ite
 ,knight & ! ,mad ,hatt] & all ! re/ (  
!m f ! pictures ?an ev5 f ! /ory itself4
 ,b my /ory-tell] %\ld n only draw !    
pictures :ile he talk$1 b he %\ld pa9t  
!m too4 ,i want to see ! sky blue & !   
grass gre51 & ,i want r$ cloaks & blue  
bonnets & p9k *eeks & all ! bright      
col\rs1 & "s gold & silv] too1 & n m]ely
 black & :ite--?\gh black & :ite draw+s 
w\ld be bett] ?an no?+1 s long z !y %[$ 
me :at ! p & bea/s & dragons & ?+s 7 l4 
,i c\ld put up ) ev5 r bad draw+s if    
only !y 7 vivid4 ,don't y "k h[ good a  
bad draw+ sometimes seems8 ,i h a fri5d 
:o c make ! lovelie/ folks & ! funnie/  
bea/s & ! qua9te/ h\ses & trees1 & he   

really c't draw a bit2 & ! curi\s ?+ is1
 t if he c\ld draw bett] ,i %\ld n l 8  
folks & bea/s half z mu* z ,i d !       
lop-sid$1 crook-legg$1 crazy-look+ p he 
produces4 ,& !n he has su* qua9t ?+s to 
tell ab\t !m1 & :ile he talks he seems  
to make !m live1 s t ,i c h>dly believe 
!y are n real p = all _! unlik5ess to   
any "o y ev] saw4  ,n[1 ! old pictures y
 see 9 ! picture gall]ies are j l t1    
only ! p t pa9t$ !m didn't inv5t !      
/ories b m]ely illu/rat$ /ories :i*1 at 
! "t ^? pa9t]s liv$1 e "o knew4 ,"s ( ! 
/ories 7 true & "s 7 j a k9d ( fairy    
tale1 & x didn't matt] to ! pa9t]s1 & x 
doesn't matt] to u1 :i* 0 true & :i*    
wasn't4 ,! only ?+ t matt]s is :e!r !   
/ory is a good "o & :e!r ! picture is a 
nice "o4 ,!re is a delightful old       
picture pa9t$ on a wall away (f at      
,assisi1 9 ,italy1 :i* %[s ,/4 ,francis 
prea*+ to a lot ( birds1 & ! birds are  
all li/5+ to him & look+ pleas$--! way  
birds d look pleas$ :5 !y f9d a good fat
 worm or fre% crumbs4 ,n[1 ,/4 ,francis 

0 a real man & su* a de> p]son too1 b ,i
 don't suppose half ! /ories told ab\t  
him 7 really true1 yet we c pret5d !y 7 
& t's j :at ! pa9t] helps u to d4 ,don't
 y "k all ! games t beg9 ) ',let's      
pret5d'8--well1 t's art4 ,art is        
pret5d+1 or mo/ ( x is4 ,pictures take u
 into a _w ( make-believe1 a _w (       
imag9ation1 :]e ev]y?+ is or %\ld be 9 !
 "r place & 9 ! "r light & ( ! "r col\r1
 :]e all ! p are nicely dress$ to mat*  
"o ano!r1 & are n /&+ 9 "o ano!r's way1 
& n int]rupt+ "o ano!r or =gett+ to help
 play ! game4 ,t's ! diff]5ce betwe5    
pictures & photographs4 ,a photograph is
 almo/ always wrong some:]e4 ,some?+ is 
out ( place1 or some?+ is !re :i* ought 
to be away1 or ! light is wrong2 or1 if 
x's col\r$1 ! col\rs are j n 9 keep+ )  
"o ano!r4 ,if x's a l&scape ! trees are 
:]e we don't want !m2 !y hide :at we    
want to see1 or !y don't hide ! v ?+ we 
want hidd54 ,!n ! cl\ds are 9 ! wrong   
place1 & a w9d ruffles ! wat] j :]e we  
want to see some?+ reflect$4 ,t's ! way 

?+s actually happ5 9 ! real _w4 ,b 9 !  
_w ( ',let's pret5d1' 9 ! _w ( art1 !y  
don't happ5 s4 ,!re ev]y?+ happ5s "r1 & 
ev]ybody does1 n s mu* :at !y %\ld 7t   
might sometimes be dull71 b exactly :at 
we want !m to d--:i* is s v mu* bett]4  
,t is ! _w ( y\r art & my art4          
,un=tunately all ! pictures 9 ! gall]ies
 w]5't pa9t$ j = y & me2 b y'll f9d1 if 
y look = !m1 pl5ty t 71 & ! re/ don't   
matt]4 ,^? 7 pa9t$1 no d\bt1 = "s "o    
else4 ,b if y c\ld f9d ! "s "o else =   
:om !y 7 pa9t$1 ! "s "o else ^: _w (    
',let's pret5d' 0 j ^! pictures t don't 
belong to y\r _w1 & if !y c\ld tell y   
ab\t _! _w ( ',let's pret5d1' t5 to "o  
y'd f9d x j z good a _w z y\r own1 & y'd
 soon le>n to 'pret5d' t way too4       
,well1 ! purpose ( ?is book is to take y
 into a numb] ( worlds ( ',let's        
pret5d1' mo/ ( :i* ,i d>esay w be new to
 y1 & p]haps y w f9d "s ( !m q          
delightful places4 ,i'm sure y c't help 
lik+ ,/4 ,j]ome's ,cell :5 y come to x4 
,x's n a bit l any room we c f9d any:]e 

9 ! _w to-day1 b w\ldn't x be joyful if 
we c\ld8 ,:at a good "t we c\ld h !re ) 
! tame lion 7n a bit l any lion 9 !     
,zoo1 b none ! worse = t7 & ! jolly     
bird1 & all ,/4 ,j]ome's little ?+s4 ,i 
%\ld l to climb on to 8 plat=m & sit 9 8
 *air & turn ov] 8 books1 ?\gh ,i don't 
believe !y'd be int]e/+ to read1 b !y'd 
c]ta9ly be pretty to look at4 ,if y & ,i
 7 !re1 ?\gh1 we %\ld soon be out away  
beh9d1 look+ r\nd ! corn]1 & f9d+ all   
sorts ( odd places t un=tunately c't all
 get into ! picture1 only we "k !y're   
!re1 d[n yond] corridor1 & f :at ! pa9t]
 %[s u we c inv5t ! re/ = ourselves4    
,"o ( ! tr\bles ( a pa9t] is t he c't   
pa9t e detail ( ?+s z !y are 9 nature4  
,a primrose1 :5 y fir/ see x1 is j a    
little yell[ spot4 ,:5 y hold x 9 y\r h&
 y f9d x made up ( petals r\nd a t9y    
c5tre ) little ?+s 9 x4 ,if y take a    
magnify+ glass y c see all its details  
multipli$4 ,if y put a t9y bit ( x "u a 
microscope1 t5 ?\s& m little details    
come out1 & s x might g on z long z y   

w5t on magnify+4 ,n[ a picture c't be l 
t4 ,x j has to %[ y ! g5]al look ( ?+s z
 y see !m f an ord9>y di/ance4 ,b !re   
comes 9 ano!r k9d ( tr\ble4 ,h[ d y see 
?+s8 ,we don't all see ! same ?+s 9 !   
same way4 ,y\r "m's face looks v diff]5t
 to y f its look to a m]e p]son pass+ 9 
! /reet4 ,y\r own room has a totally    
diff]5t aspect to y f :at x be>s to a   
casual visitor4 ,! ?+s y specially love 
h a way ( /&+ out & seem+ prom95t to y1 
b n1 ( c\rse1 to any "o else4 ,!n !re   
are o!r diff]5ces 9 ! look ( ! same ?+s 
to diff]5t p :i* y h p]haps notic$4 ,"s 
p are m s5sitive to col\rs ?an o!rs4 ,"s
 are mu* m s5sitive to brightness &     
%ad[4 ,"s w notice "o k9d ( object 9 a  
view1 or "s detail 9 a face f> m        
emphatically ?an o!rs4 ,girls are quick]
 to take note ( ! col\r ( eyes1 hair1   
sk91 clo!s1 & s =? ?an boys4 ,a woman :o
 m]ely sees ano!r woman = a mom5t w be  
able to describe h] & h] dress f> m     
accurately ?an a man4 ,a man w be notic+
 o!r ?+s4 ,8 picture1 if he pa9t$ "o1   

w\ld make ^? o!r ?+s prom95t4  ,s x is )
 ev]y?+ t we see4 ,none ( u sees m ?an  
c]ta9 features 9 :at ! eye re/s ^u1 & if
 we are arti/s x is only ^? features t  
we %\ld pa9t4 ,we c't possibly pa9t e   
detail ( ev]y?+ t comes into ! picture4 
,we mu/ make a *oice1 & ( c\rse we *oose
 ! features & details t please u be/4   
,n[1 ! purpose ( pa9t+ any?+ at all is  
to pa9t ! beauty ( ! ?+4 ,if y see      
some?+ t /rikes y z ugly1 y don't       
in/9ctively want to pa9t x2 b :5 y see  
an effect ( beauty1 y feel t x w\ld be v
 nice inde$ to h a picture %[+ t beauty4
 ,s a picture is n really !             
repres5tation ( a ?+1 b ! repres5tation 
( ! beauty ( ! ?+4  ,"s p c see beauty  
almo/ ev]y:]e2 !y are consci\s ( beauty 
all day long4 ,!y want to surr\nd       
!mselves ) beauty1 to make all _! acts  
beautiful1 to %$ beauty all ab\t !m4 ,^?
 are ! really arti/ic s\ls4 ,! gift (   
su* p]fect in/9ct = beauty comes by     
nature to a few4 ,x c be cultivat$ by   
almo/ all4 ,t cultivation ( all sorts ( 

beauty 9 life is :at _m p call          
civilization--! real art ( liv+4 ,to see
 beauty ev]y:]e 9 nature is n s v       
difficult4 ,x is all ab\t u :]e ! "w (  
unciviliz$ man has n come 9 to de/roy x4
 ,arti/s are p :o by nature & by        
education h acquir$ ! p[] to see beauty 
9 :at !y look at1 & !n to set x d[n on  
pap] or canvas1 or 9 "s o!r mat]ial1 s t
 o!r p c see x too4  ,x seems /range t  
at "o "t ! beauty ( natural l&scape 0   
h>dly p]ceiv$ by any "o at all4 ,p liv$ 
9 ! beautiful c\ntry & sc>cely knew t x 
0 beautiful4 ,!n came ! "t :5 ! beauty (
 l&scape began to be felt by ! nice/ p4 
,!y began to put x into _! poetry1 & to 
talk & write ab\t x1 & to display x 9   
l&scape pictures4 ,x 0 ?r\gh poems &    
pictures1 :i* !y read & saw1 t ! g5]al  
run ( folks fir/ le>n$ to look = beauty 
9 nature4 ,i h no d\bt t ,turn]'s       
wond]ful sunsets made pl5ty ( p look at 
sunsets & rejoice 9 ! intricacy &       
spl5d\r ( _! glory = ! fir/ "t 9 _!     
lives4 ,well1 :at ,turn] & o!r pa9t]s ( 

8 g5]ation did = l&scape1 _h _h to be   
done = m5 & wom5 9 e>li] days by e>li]  
g5]ations ( arti/s4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! fir/1
 9 _! sculpture1 to %[ ! wond]ful beauty
 ( ! human =m2 till _! day p _h n       
recognis$ :at to u n[ seems obvi\s4 ,no 
d\bt !y _h ?\ght "o p]son pretty & ano!r
 h&some1 b !y _h n kn[n t ! human figure
 0 ess5tially a glori\s ?+ till ! ,greek
 sculptors %[$ !m4 ,ano!r ?+ pa9t]s h   
taught ! _w is ! beauty ( atmosph]e4    
,=m]ly no "o seems to h notic$ h[       
atmosph]e affects e object t is se5     
?r\gh x4 ,! pa9t]s _h to %[ u t x is s4 
,aft] we _h se5 ! effect ( atmosph]e 9  
pictures we began to be able to see =   
ourselves 9 nature1 & ?us a :ole gr\p ( 
new pleasures 9 views ( nature 0 op5$ up
 to u4  ,away back 9 ! ,middle ,ages1   
six hundr$ & m ye>s ago1 folks _h f>    
less educat$ eyes ?an we possess to-day4
 ,!y look$ at nature m simply ?an we d &
 saw less 9 x4 ,s !y 7 satisfi$ )       
pictures t omitt$ a great _m features we
 _c d )\t4  ,b pa9t+ does n only conc]n 

itself ) repres5t+ ! _w we actually see 
& ! p t our eyes actually behold4 ,x    
conc]ns itself q z mu* ) ! _w ( fancy1 (
 make-believe4 ,inde$1 mo/ pa9t]s :5 !y 
look at an actual sc5e let _! fancy play
 ab\t x1 s t pres5tly :at !y see & :at  
!y fancy get mix$ up toge!r1 & _!       
pictures are a mixture ( fancy & ( fact1
 & no "o c tell :]e ! "o ends & ! o!r   
beg9s4 ,! fancies ( p are v diff]5t at  
diff]5t times1 & y c't und]/& ! pictures
 ( old days unless y c %>e ! fancies ( !
 old pa9t]s4 ,to d t y mu/ "k some?+    
ab\t ! way !y liv$ & ! ?+s !y believ$1 &
 :at !y hop$ = & :at !y 7 afraid (4     
,"h1 = in/ance1 is a v funny fact       
solemnly record$ 9 an old acc\nt book4  
,a c]ta9 ,c\nt ( ,savoy own$ ! beautiful
 ,ca/le ( ,*illon1 :i* y h p]haps se51  
on ! %ores ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,b he    
c\ld n be happy1 because he & ! p ab\t  
him ?\ght t 9 a hole 9 ! rock "u "o ( ! 
cell>s a basilisk liv$--a v t]rible     
dragon--& !y all w5t 9 fe> ( x4 ,s !    
,c\nt paid a brave mason a l>ge sum (   

money 7& ! paym5t is solemnly set d[n 9 
8 acc\nt book7 to break a way into ?is  
hole & turn ! basilisk out2 & ,i h no   
d\bt t he & 8 p 7 greatly pleas$ :5 !   
hole 0 made & no basilisk 0 f\nd4 ,folks
 :o believ$ 9 dragons z s9c]ely z t1 mu/
 h gone 9 t]ror 9 _m places :]e we %\ld 
g ) no p>ticul> emotion4 ,a picture ( a 
dragon to !m w\ld mean mu* m ?an x w\ld 
to u4 ,s if we are really to und]/& old 
pictures1 we mu/ beg9 by und]/&+ !      
fancies ( ! arti/s :o pa9t$ !m1 & ( ! p 
!y 7 pa9t$ =4 ,y see h[ mu* /udy t means
 = any "o :o wants to und]/& all ! art (
 all ! _w4  ,we %all n pret5d to lead y 
on any su* great que/ z t1 b ask y to   
look at j a few old pictures t h be5    
f\nd *>m+ by a great _m p ( sev]al      
g5]ations1 & to try & see :e!r !y d n   
*>m y z well4 ,y mu/ nev]1 ( c\rse1     
pret5d to l :at y don't l--t is too     
silly4 ,we c't all l ! same ?+s4 ,/ill  
!re are c]ta9 pictures t mo/ nice p l4  
,a few ( ^! we h select$ to be reproduc$
 9 ?is book = y to look at4 ,& to help y

 realize :o pa9t$ !m & ! k9d ( p !y 7   
pa9t$ =1 my daught] has writt5 ! *apt]s 
t foll[4 ,i hope y w f9d !m ent]ta9+1 & 
/ill m t y w l ! pictures1 & s le>n to  
enjoy ! _m o!rs t h come d[n to u f !   
pa/1 & are among ! _w's mo/ preci\s     
possessions to-day4     ,,*apt] ,,ii    
,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,,9 ,,europe     
,be=e we give our :ole att5tion to !    
fir/ picture1 ( :i* ! orig9al 0 pa9t$ 9 
,engl& 9 #acgg1 let u imag9e ourselves 9
 ! ye> #abjj mak+ a rapid t\r ?r\gh !   
*ief c\ntries ( ,europe to see =        
ourselves h[ ! p liv$4 ,! fir/ ?+ t w   
/rike u on our j\rney is ! contra/      
betwe5 ! gr&eur ( ! *ur*es & public     
build+s & ! insignificance ( mo/ ( !    
h\ses4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ *ur*es 9 ,engl&1    
built 9 ! /yle ( ar*itecture call$      
',norman1' "o or m ( :i* y may h se51   
date be=e ! ye> #abjj1 z = example1     
,durham ,ca!dral1 & ! naves ( ,norwi*1  
,ely1 & ,pet]bor\gh ,ca!drals4 ,! great 
*ur*es abroad 7 also beautiful & m      
elaborately decorat$1 9 ! ,nor? )       

sculpture & pa9t+1 9 ! ,s\? ) m>ble &   
mosaic4 ,! t[ns compet$ "o ) ano!r 9    
erect+ !m f9] & l>g]1 & 9 decorat+ !m z 
magnific5tly z !y c\ld4 ,?is 0 done     
because ! *ur* 0 a place :i* ! p us$ =  
_m o!r purposes besides ,sunday s]vices4
 ,9 ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 & f\rte5?        
c5turies1 ! p>i% *ur*1 on week-days z   
well z on ,sundays1 0 a v useful &      
agreeable place to mo/ ( ! p>i%ion]s4 ,!
 'holy' days1 or sa9ts' days1 'holidays'
 inde$1 7 times ( rejoic+ & fe/ivity1 & 
! ,*ur* processions & s]vices 7 pleasant
 ev5ts 9 ! lives ( _m :o _h few         
ent]ta9m5ts1 & :o = ! mo/ "p c\ld nei!r 
read nor write4 ,pr9t+ 0 n yet inv5t$1  
at lea/ n 9 ,europe1 & z e book _h to be
 writt5 out by h&1 copies ( books 7 r>e 
& only own$ by ! few :o c\ld read !m1 s 
t /ories 7 mo/ly h&$ d[n by ^w ( m\?1 ! 
same be+ told by "m to *ild = _m        
g5]ations4  ,! fav\rites 7 /ories ( !   
sa9ts & m>tyrs ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 = (  
c\rse we are speak+ n[ ( times long be=e
 ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t /ories &

 all ! /ories ( ! life ( ,*ri/ & ,8     
,apo/les 7 well kn[n too1 & j z we nev] 
tire ( read+ our fav\rite books ov] &   
ov] aga91 our =efa!rs ( #abjj want$ to  
see on ! walls ( _! *ur*es              
repres5tations ( ! /ories :i* !y c\ld n 
read4 ,_! daily ?\ghts 7 m occupi$ ) !  
,infant ,*ri/1 ! sa9ts1 & ! angels1 ?an 
ours g5]ally are4 ,!y ?\ght ( !mselves z
 "u ! protection ( "s sa9t1 :o w\ld     
plead ) ,god ! ,fa!r = !m if !y ask$    
him1 = ,god ,himself seem$ too high or  
remote to be appeal$ to always directly4
 ,he 0 approa*$ ) awe2 ! sa9ts1 !       
,virg91 & ! ,infant ,*ri/1 ) love4  ,we 
mu/ realise ?is diff]5ce be=e we c well 
und]/& a picture pa9t$ 9 ! twelf?1      
?irte5?1 or f\rte5? c5turies1 nor c we  
look at "o )\t feel+ t ! arti/ & ! p =  
:om he pa9t$1 s lov$ ! holy p]sonages4  
,!y ?\ght ab\t !m always1 n only at /at$
 times & on ,sundays1 & nev] tir$ (     
look+ at pictures ( !m & _! do+s4 ,x is 
sometimes said t only ,ca?olics c und]/&
 m$ieval art1 because !y feel t[>ds !   

sa9ts z ! old pa9t]s did4 ,b x is       
possible = any "o to realize h[ 9 ^?    
f>-(f days ! p felt1 & x is ?is t we mu/
 try to d4 ,! religi\s f]v\r ( ! ,middle
 ,ages 0 n a sign ( great virtue among  
all ! p4 ,"s 7 f> m cruel1 savage1 &    
unre/ra9$ ?an we are to-day4 ,v wick$ m5
 ev5 became p[]ful dignit>ies 9 ! ,*ur*4
 ,b x 0 ! ,*ur* t fo/]$ ! impulses (    
pity & *>ity 9 a fi]ce age1 & "s ( !    
sa9ts ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1   
su* z ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi & ,/4      
,ca?>9e ( ,si5a1 are /ill held to be    
among ! mo/ beautiful *>act]s ! _w has  
ev] kn[n4  ,! *ur*es ( ! elev5? & twelf?
 c5turies 9 ,flor5ce 7 l9$ ) m>ble1 & a 
great picture frequ5tly /ood above !    
alt>4 ,x is difficult to realize to-day 
t ! processes :i* we call oil &         
wat]-col\r pa9t+ 7 n !n inv5t$1 & t no  
%ops exi/$ to sell canvases & pa9ts     
ready = use4 ,! arti/ pa9t$ ^u a wood5  
panel1 :i* he _h himself to make1 plane 
flat1 & cut to ! size he ne$$4 ,9 ord]  
to get a surface ^u :i* he c\ld pa9t1 he

 cov]$ ! panel ) a ?9 coat+ ( pla/] :i* 
x 0 difficult to lay on absolutely flat4
 ,^u ! pla/] he drew ! outl9e ( !       
figures he 0 go+ to pa9t1 & fill$ 9 !   
backgr\nd ) a ?9 lay] ( gold leaf1 su* z
 is to-day us$ = gild+ frames4 ,aft] !  
backgr\nd _h be5 put 91 x 0 impossible  
to correct ! outl9e ( ! figures1 & !    
lab\r ( prep>+ ! wood5 panel & ( lay+ ! 
gold 0 s great t an arti/ w\ld naturally
 n make risky attempts t[>ds some?+ new1
 le/ he %\ld spoil 8 "w4 ,9 ! ,j]usalem 
,*amb] ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey !re is a       
?irte5?-c5tury alt>-piece ( ?is k9d1 & y
 c see ! /rips ( vellum t 7 us$ to cov] 
! jo9s ( ! diff]5t pieces ( wood =m+ !  
panel1 b5ea? ! lay] ( pla/]1 :i* has n[ 
to a great ext5t peel$ (f4  ,! p lik$ to
 see _! ,old ,te/am5t /ories & ! /ories 
f ! ,life ( ,*ri/ pa9t$ ov] & ov] aga94 
,!y _h become fond ( ! v]sions ( ! tales
 :i* !y _h kn[n & se5 pa9t$ :5 !y 7 "y1 
& did n wi% !m *ang$1 s t ! range (     
subjects 0 n l>ge4 ,! same 7 repeat$1 & 
because ( ! pa9t]'s fe> ( mak+ mi/akes x

 0 natural t ! same figures %\ld be     
repeat$ too4 ,?us1 :atev] ! subject     
pictur$1 a tradition 0 =m$ 9 ea*        
locality = ! gr\p+ & g5]al arrangem5t ( 
! figures1 & ! mo/ au?oritative         
tradition = su* typical gr\p+s 0 pres]v$
 9 ,con/ant9ople or ,byzantium1 f :i*   
city ! ',byzant9e' s*ool ( pa9t+ takes  
its "n4  ,be=e #abjj1 ,byzantium _h be5 
a c5tre ( resid5ce & ! civiliz+ influ5ce
 ( trade = eighte5 c5turies4 ,x _h be5 !
 capital ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & less     
civiliz$ peoples f ! nor? _h nev]       
conqu]$ ! t[n1 de/roy+ ! ,greek & ,roman
 traditions1 z happ5$ else:]e 9 ,europe4
 ,y h read h[ ! ,romans _h to )draw _!  
armies f ,engl& to def5d ,rome aga9/ !  
attacks ( ! ,go?s f ! nor?1 & !n h[     
,brita9 0 settl$ by ,angles1 ,saxons1   
,jutes1 & ,danes1 :o de/roy$ mo/ ( !    
,roman civilization4 ,a simil> ?\gh mu* 
less complete de/ruction took place 9   
,italy a little lat]1 :5 ,go?s &        
,lomb>ds1 :o 7 remotely ak9 to ! ,angles
 & ,saxons1 ov]:elm$ ,roman culture4 ,b 

next to ,con/ant9ople1 ,rome _h ! be/   
cont9u\s tradition ( art1 = ! f9e       
monum5ts ( ! great imp]ial days /ill    
exi/$ 9 ! city4 ,9 ,byzantium ! orig9al 
,greek population /ruggl$ on1 & cont9u$ 
to pa9t1 & make mosaics1 & erect f9e    
build+s1 till ! ,turks conqu]$ !m 9     
#adec4 ,! ,byzant9es 7 weal?y & made    
exquisite objects 9 gold1 preci\s /ones1
 & ivory4 ,:ile !y 7 pa9t+ bett] ?an any
 o!r p 9 ,europe1 !y too reproduc$ !    
same subjects & ! same figures ov] & ov]
 aga91 only ! figures 7 m graceful ?an  
^? ( ! local ,italian1 ,engli%1 & ,fr5* 
arti/s1 :o 9 v>y+ degrees at diff]5t    
times tri$ to pa9t l ! ,byzant9e or     
,greek arti/s1 b )\t q ! same success4  
,s long z !re 0 no ne$ = an arti/ to    
pa9t any?+ b ! old well-e/abli%$        
subjects1 & s long z p desir$ !m to be  
pa9t$ 9 ! old conv5tional mann]1 !re 0  
little reason :y any pa9t] %\ld try to  
be orig9al & pa9t :at 0 n want$4 ,b 9 ! 
?irte5? c5tury a great *ange took place4
  ,let u "h refre% our memories ( :at we

 may h read ( t delightful sa9t1        
,francis ( ,assisi4 ,he 0 born 9 #aahb1 
! son ( a well-to-d nobleman1 9 ! little
 t[n ( ,assisi 9 ,umbria1 & z a lad     
became inflam$ ) ! ideal ( ! religi\s   
life4 ,b in/ead ( ent]+ "o ( ! exi/+    
mona/ic ord]s1 :]e he w\ld h be5        
protect$1 he gave away e possession he  
_h 9 ! _w & adopt$ 'pov]ty' z 8         
wat*word4 ,clad 9 an old br[n habit1 he 
walk$ f place to place prea*+ *>ity1    
ob$i5ce1 & r5unciation ( all worldly    
goods4 ,he liv$ on :at 0 giv5 to him to 
eat f day to day2 he nurs$ ! lep]s & !  
sick4 ,ev] describ$ z a mo/ lovable     
p]son1 he won by 8 prea*+ ! he>ts ( p ( 
all classes1 f ! ,k+ ( ,france to !     
humble/ peasant4 ,he wrote beautiful    
hymns 9 praise ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s1
 & _h a great love = e liv+ ?+4 ,! birds
 7 said to h flock$ ar\nd him because !y
 lov$ him1 & we read t he talk$ to !m & 
call$ !m 8 'little si/]s4' ,an old writ]
 tells ?is /ory 9 good fai?3  ,:5 ,/4   
,francis spake words to !m1 ! birds     

began all ( !m to op5 _! beaks & spread 
_! w+s & rev]5tly b5d _! heads d[n to ! 
gr\nd1 & by _! acts & by _! songs did %[
 t ! holy ,fa!r gave !m joy exce$+      
great4  ,:]ev] he prea*$ he made conv]ts
 :o 'm>ri$ ,holy ,pov]ty1' z ,/4        
,francis express$ x1 gave up ev]y?+ !y  
_h1 & liv$ 8 prea*+ & roam+ life4 ,/4   
,francis himself _h no idea ( =m+ a     
mona/ic ord]4 ,he wi%$ to live a holy   
life 9 ! _w & %[ o!rs h[ to d ! same1 & 
= ye>s he & 8 companions work$ among !  
poor1 e>n+ _! daily bread :5 !y c\ld1 & 
:5 !y c\ld n1 begg+ = x4 ,gradually1    
h[ev]1 ambition /irr$ 9 ! he>ts ( "s ( !
 foll[]s ( ,francis1 & aga9/ ! w ( _!   
lead] !y made !mselves into ! ,ord] (   
,franciscan ,fri>s1 collect$ gifts (    
money1 & began to build *ur*es & mona/ic
 build+s4 ,at fir/ ! build+s 7 said to  
belong to ! ,pope1 :o all[$ !           
,franciscans to use !m1 s9ce !y might n 
own prop]ty2 b aft] ! dea? ( ,/4        
,francis1 ! ,ord] built *ur*es ?r\gh\t !
 l5g? & bread? ( ,italy1 n ( m>ble &    

mosaic b ( brick1 s9ce brick 0 *eap]2 b 
! brick walls 7 pla/]$1 & ^u ! wet pla/]
 !re 7 pa9t$ sc5es f ! life ( ,/4       
,francis1 side by side ) ! old ,*ri/ian 
& sa9tly leg5ds4 ,?is sudd5 dem& = pa9t$
 *ur*es ) pa9t+s ( new subjects1 /irr$ !
 pa9t]s ( ! day to alt] _! old /yle4 ,:5
 an arti/ 0 ask$ to pa9t a l>ge picture 
( ,/4 ,francis prea*+ to ! birds1 he _h 
to look at real birds & he _h to /udy a 
real man 9 ! attitude ( prea*+4 ,!re 0  
no sc5e t _h ev] be5 pa9t$ f ! life (   
,*ri/ or ( any sa9t 9 :i* a man prea*$  
to a bird1 s t ! arti/ 0 driv5 to pa9t f
 nature in/ead ( copy+ =m] pictures4    
,let u n[ read :at a pa9t] :o liv$ 9 !  
sixte5? c5tury1 ,vas>i by "n1 wrote ab\t
 ! rise ( pa9t+ 9 8 native city4 ,"s    
le>n$ p n[adays say t ,vas>i 0 wrong 9  
_m ( ! /ories he told1 b aft] all he    
liv$ mu* ne>] ?an we d to ! times he    
wrote ab\t1 & x is saf] to believe :at  
he tells u ?an :at mod]n /ud5ts surmise1
 except :5 !y are able to cite o!r old  
au?orities to :i* ,vas>i did n h access4

  ,! endless flood ( mis=tunes :i*      
ov]:elm$ unhappy ,italy n only ru9$     
ev]y?+ wor?y ( ! "n ( a build+1 b       
completely ext+ui%$ ! race ( arti/s1 a  
f> m s]i\s matt]4 ,!n1 z x pleas$ ,god1 
!re 0 born 9 ! ye> #abdj1 9 ! city (    
,flor5ce1 ,giovanni1 surnam$ ,cimabue1  
to %$ ! fir/ light on ! art ( pa9t+4    
,in/ead ( pay+ att5tion to 8 lessons1   
,cimabue sp5t ! :ole day draw+ m51      
horses1 h\ses1 & v>i\s o!r fancies on 8 
books & odd %eets1 l "o :o felt himself 
compell$ to d s by nature4 ,=tune prov$ 
fav\rable to 8 natural incl9ation1 = "s 
,greek arti/s 7 summon$ to ,flor5ce by !
 gov]nm5t ( ! city = no o!r purpose ?an 
! revival ( pa9t+ 9 _! mid/1 s9ce ! art 
0 n s mu* debas$ z altoge!r lo/4 ,9 ?is 
way ,cimabue made a beg9n+ 9 ! art :i*  
attract$ him1 = he (t5 play$ ! truant & 
sp5t ! :ole day 9 wat*+ ! ma/]s "w4 ,?us
 x came ab\t t 8 fa!r & ! arti/s        
consid]$ him s fitt$ to be a pa9t] t if 
he devot$ himself to ! pr(ession he     
might look = hon\rable success 9 x1 & to

 8 great satisfaction 8 fa!r procur$ him
 employm5t ) ! pa9t]s4 ,?us by d9t (    
cont9ual practice & ) ! assi/ance ( 8   
natural tal5t he f> surpass$ ! mann] ( 8
 tea*]s4 ,= !y _h nev] c>$ to make any  
progress & _h execut$ _! works1 n 9 !   
good mann] ( anci5t ,greece1 b 9 ! rude 
mod]n /yle ( t "t4 ,cimabue drew f      
nature to ! be/ ( 8 p[]s1 al?\gh x 0 a  
novelty to d s 9 ^? days1 & he made !   
drap]ies1 g>m5ts1 & o!r ?+s some:at m   
life-l1 natural1 & s(t ?an ! ,greeks _h 
done1 :o _h taught "o ano!r a r\gh1     
awkw>d1 & commonplace /yle = a great    
numb] ( ye>s1 n by means ( /udy b z a   
matt] ( cu/om1 )\t ev] dream+ ( improv+ 
_! designs by beauty ( col\r+ or by any 
inv5tion ( wor?4  ,if y 7 to see a      
picture by ,cimabue 7!re is "o 9 !      
,national ,gall]y :i* resembles 8 "w s  
closely t x is sometimes said to be 871 
y w\ld ?9k less highly ?an ,vas>i ( !   
life-l quality ( 8 art1 ?\gh !re is     
some?+ dignifi$ & /ately 9 ! picture ( !
 ,virg9 & ,*ild ) angels t he pa9t$ = ! 

,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francis at ,assisi4 ,ano!r 
/ory is told by ,vas>i ( a picture by   
,cimabue1 :i* tradition ass]ts to be !  
great ,madonna1 /ill 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa 
,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce4  ,cimabue   
pa9t$ a picture ( ,our ,lady = ! *ur* ( 
,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,! figure 0 ( a  
l>g] size ?an any :i* _h be5 execut$ up 
to t "t1 & ! p ( t day :o _h nev] se5   
any?+ bett]1 consid]$ ! "w s m>vell\s t 
!y c>ri$ x to ! *ur* f ,cimabue's h\se 9
 a /ately procession ) great rejoic+ &  
bl[+ ( trumpets1 :ile ,cimabue himself 0
 highly rew>d$ & hon\r$4 ,x is report$1 
& "s records ( ! old pa9t]s relate1 t   
:ile ,cimabue 0 pa9t+ ?is picture 9 "s  
g>d5s ne> ! gate ( ,s4 ,pi]o1 ! old ,k+ 
,*>les ( ,anj\ pass$ ?r\gh ,flor5ce4    
,among ! _m ent]ta9m5ts prep>$ = him by 
! m5 ( ! city1 !y br\ght him to see !   
picture ( ,cimabue4 ,z x _h n !n be5 se5
 by any "o1 all ! m5 & wom5 ( ,flor5ce  
flock$ ?i!r 9 a cr[d ) ! greate/        
rejoic+s1 s t ^? :o liv$ 9 !            
neighb\rhood call$ ! place ! ',joyful   

,suburb' because ( ! rejoic+ !re4 ,?is  
"n x ev] aft]w>ds reta9$1 be+ 9 ! c\rse 
( "t enclos$ )9 ! walls ( ! city4  ,=   
?is /ory we may ?ank ,vas>i1 because x  
helps u to realize ! love ! p ( ,flor5ce
 felt = ! pictures 9 _! *ur*es1 & !     
rev]5ce 9 :i* !y held an arti/ :o c\ld  
pa9t a m beautiful picture ( ! ,virg9 & 
,*ild ?an any !y _h se5 be=e4 ,x is     
difficult to ?9k ( ! population ( a t[n 
to-day walk+ 9 procession to hon\r !    
pa9t] ( a f9e picture2 b a picture ( !  
,madonna 0 a v preci\s ?+ inde$ to a    
,flor5t9e ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & we may  
try to imag9e ourselves walk+ joyfully 9
 t ,flor5t9e procession s z ! bett] to  
und]/& ,flor5t9e ,art4  ,i h repeat$ ?is
 leg5d ab\t ,cimabue1 because he 0 !    
ma/] ( ,giotto1 :o is call$ ! ,fa!r (   
,mod]n ,pa9t+4 ,! /ory is t ,cimabue "o 
day came ^u ! boy ,giotto1 :o 0 a       
%eph]d1 & f\nd him draw+ a %eep ) a     
po9t$ piece ( /one ^u a smoo? surface ( 
rock4 ,he 0 s mu* /ruck ) ! draw+ t he  
took ! boy home & taught him1 & soon he 

9 8 turn f> surpass$ 8 ma/]4 ,9 ord] to 
appreciate ,giotto we ne$ to g to       
,assisi1 ,flor5ce1 or ,padua1 = 9 ea*   
place he has pa9t$ a s]ies (            
wall-pa9t+s4 ,9 ! great d\ble *ur* (    
,assisi1 built by ! ,franciscans ov] !  
grave ( ,/4 ,francis )9 a few ye>s ( 8  
dea?1 ,giotto has illu/rat$ ! :ole /ory 
( 8 life4 ,an isolat$ reproduction ( "o 
sc5e w\ld give y no idea ( _! p[]4 ,9 _m
 respects he 0 an innovator1 & by ! end 
( 8 life _h brok5 away completely f !   
,byzant9e s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,he compos$ ea*
 "o ( ! sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,francis 9 
an orig9al & dramatic mann]1 & s vividly
 t a p]son unacqua9t$ ) ! /ory w\ld "k  
:at 0 go+ on4 ,/&+ 9 ! nave ( ! ,upp]   
,*ur*1 y are able to contra/ ^! speak+  
sc5es ( ! lives ( p ^u e>?1 ) ! fad$    
glories ( great-w+$ angels & noble      
,madonnas ) ,greek faces1 t 7 pa9t$ 9 ! 
,byzant9e /yle :5 ! *ur* 0 at its newe/1
 be=e ,giotto 0 born4 ,^! look d[n ^u u 
/ill f ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*4  ,giotto di$ 
9 #accg1 & = ! next fifty ye>s pa9t]s 9 

,italy did little b imitate him4 ,sc5es 
f ! life ( ,/4 ,francis & incid5ts f !  
leg5ds ( o!r sa9ts rema9$ 9 vogue1 b !y 
7 n treat$ 9 orig9al fa%ion by succe$+  
arti/s4 ,! new m5 only tri$ to pa9t z   
,giotto might h pa9t$1 & s f> f surpass+
 him1 he 0 nev] ev5 equall$ by 8        
foll[]s4  ,we ne$ n burd5 our memories )
 ! names ( ^! ',giottesque' arti/s2 &   
n[1 aft] ?is glimpse ( an almo/ vani%$  
_w1 we w turn our att5tion to ,engl& &  
to ! fir/ picture ( our *oice4          
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,ri*>d ,,ii4   ,our fir/
 picture is a portrait ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 on
 8 coronation day 9 ! ye> #acgg1 :5 he 0
 t5 ye>s old4 ,x is ! e>lie/ "o select$1
 & ! eyes ( ^? :o see x = ! fir/ "t w   
surely look surpris$4 ,! jewel-l effect 
( ! sapphire-w+$ angels & coral-rob$    
,ri*>d aga9/ ! gold5 backgr\nd is n at  
all :at we are accu/om$ to see4 ,n[adays
 x may take "s "t & a little pati5ce    
be=e we c ca/ ourselves back to ! ye>   
#acgg & look at ! picture ) ! eyes ( !  
p]son :o pa9t$ x4 ,let u beg9 ) a se>* =

 8 purpose & mean+ at lea/4  ,! picture 
is a dipty*--t is to say1 x is a pa9t+  
done ^u two w+s or %utt]s h+$1 s z to   
all[ ( _! be+ clos$ toge!r4 ,y h no d\bt
 be5 wond]+ :y ,i call$ x a portrait1 = 
! picture is f> f be+ :at to-day w\ld   
commonly be describ$ z su*4 ,ri*>d      
himself is n ev5 ! mo/ conspicu\s       
figure2 & he is kneel+ & pray+ to !     
,virg94 ,:at %\ld we ?9k if any liv+    
sov]eign1 ord]+ a /ate portrait1 _h     
himself portray$ surr\nd$ on "o side by 
8 pr$ecessors on ! ?rone1 & on ! o!r    
side by ! ,virg9 & ,*ild & angels8 ,b1 9
 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x 0 no?+ /range t !  
,virg9 & ,*ild1 ! angels1 ,john !       
,bapti/1 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ,edmund ! 
,m>tyr1 & ,ri*>d ,,ii4 %\ld be ?us      
depict$4 ,:5 we h realiz$ t x 0 usual = 
a royal patron to comm& & an arti/ to   
pa9t su* an assemblage ( p]sonages1 z   
?\gh all ( !m 7 !n liv+ & 9 "o ano!r's  
pres5ce1 we h le>nt some?+ significant &
 impressive ab\t a way ( ?9k+ 9 !       
,middle ,ages4 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ?\ght (     

himself z ! successor ( a long l9e (    
k+s1 appo9t$ by ! ,div9e ,p[] to rule a 
small portion ( ! ,div9e ,t]ritories1 s 
:at m natural ?an t he1 z ! newly reign+
 sov]eign1 %\ld h 8 portrait pa9t$1     
surr\nd$ by 8 holie/ pr$ecessors ^u !   
?rone1 & 9 ! act ( d$icat+ 8 k+dom to ! 
,virg9 ,m>y8  ,9 an acc\nt giv5 ( 8     
coronation we read t1 aft] ! c]emony 9  
,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,ri*>d w5t to ! %r9e ( 
,our ,lady at ,pewe1 ne> by1 :]e he made
 a special (f]+ to ,our ,lady ( elev5   
angels1 ea* we>+ ! ,k+'s badge1 "o = ea*
 ( ! elev5 ye>s ( 8 "y life4 ,:at =m ?is
 (f]+ ( angels took1 we "k n2 !y may h  
be5 little wood5 figures1 or co9s ) an  
angel /amp$ ^u !m2 b x is reasonable to 
connect ! (f]+ ) ?is v picture ( ,our   
,lady & ! angels4 ,! ,k+'s special      
badges 7 ! ,:ite ,h>t & ! ,coll> (      
,broom-pods :i* y see embroid]$ all ov] 
8 magnific5t r$ robe4 ,! ,:ite ,h>t is  
p9n$ 9 ! =m ( a jewel b5ea? 8 coll>1 &  
ea* ( ! elev5 angels be>s ! badge ^u h] 
%\ld] & ! ,coll> ( ,broom-pods r\nd h]  

neck4 ,"o ( ! ,k+'s angels gives !      
,royal ,/&>d ( ,engl& ) ! ,cross ( ,/4  
,george on x to ! ,infant ,*ri/ 9 tok5 (
 ,ri*>d's d$ication ( 8 k+dom to !      
,virg9 & ,*ild4  ,edw>d ,,iii4 di$ at   
,midsumm] #acgg & ,ri*>d succe$$ him 9 8
 elev5? ye>1 hav+ be5 born on ,janu>y   
#f1 #acfg4 ,x is necess>y to note !     
exact day ( ! ye> :5 ^! ev5ts took      
place1 = x c h importance 9 det]m9+ !   
sa9t :om a p]sonage *iefly hon\r$ z     
patron & protector4 ,9 ?is in/ance ,/4  
,john ! ,bapti/1 ^: fea/ occurs on ,june
 #bc1 ne> to ! day ( ,ri*>d's accession1
 obvi\sly /&s z patron sa9t ( ! "y ,k+4 
,next to him is ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,confessor1
 ! f\nd] ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :o 0        
canoniz$ = 8 sanctity & :o po9ts to     
,ri*>d ,,ii4 z 8 spiritual successor ^u 
! ?rone4 ,9 m$ieval art ! sa9ts are     
di/+ui%$ by _! emblems1 :i* (t5 h an    
association ) ! grim way 9 :i* !y met _!
 dea?1 or ) "s o!r prom95t feature 9 _! 
leg5d4 ,"h ,edw>d holds up a r+1 :]e( a 
pretty /ory is told4 ,edw>d once took x 

(f 8 f+] to give x to a begg>1 because  
he _h no money ) him4 ,b ! begg> 0 no   
o!r ?an ,john ! ,evangeli/ 9 disguise1 &
 two ye>s lat] he s5t ! r+ back to ! ,k+
 ) ! message t 9 six mon?s ,edw>d w\ld  
be 9 ! joy ( heav5 ) him4 ,william      
,caxton1 ! fir/ ,engli% pr9t]1 relates 9
 8 life ( ,k+ ,edw>d t :5 he he>d !     
message he 0 full ( joy & let fall te>s 
f 8 eyes1 giv+ praise & ?anksgiv+ to    
,almighty ,god4  ,illu/ration3 ,,ri*>d  
,,ii4 ,,be=e ,,! ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild ,f a
 picture by an unkn[n arti/ 9 ! ,wilton 
,h\se ,collection  ,/4 ,edmund1 :o /&s  
next to ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 is ! o!r   
sa9tly ,k+ ( ,engl&2 aft] :om ! t[n (   
,bury ,/4 ,edmunds takes its "n4 ,he 0  
%ot to dea? ) arr[s by ! ,danes because 
he w\ld n give up ,*ri/ianity4 ,if ,i   
c\ld %[ y sev]al suitably *os5 pictures 
at once1 y w\ld recognize 9 ! arrangem5t
 ( ! ?ree ,k+s "h 7two /&+1 "o kneel+   
be=e ! ,virg9 & ,*ild7 a pla9           
resemblance to ! typical treatm5t ( a   
well-kn[n subject--! ,adoration ( !     

,magi4 ,y rememb] h[ :5 ! ?ree ,wise ,m5
 ( ! ,ea/--always ?\ght ( 9 ! ,middle   
,ages z ,k+s--_h foll[$ ! /> :i* l$ !m  
to ! mang] :]e ,*ri/ 0 born1 !y br\ght  
,him gold & frank9c5se & myrrh z (f]+s4 
,?is beautiful /ory 0 a fav\rite "o 9 ! 
,middle ,ages1 (t5 repres5t$ 9 sculpture
 & pa9t+4 ,"o ,k+ always kneels be=e !  
,virg9 & ,*ild1 pres5t+ 8 gift1 :il/ !  
o!r two /& beh9d ) !irs 9 _! h&s4 ,! /&+
 ,k+s & ! kneel+ ,ri*>d 9 our picture1  
are gr\p$ 9 j ! same relation to ! div9e
 ,infant z ! ?ree ,magi4 ,! imitation ( 
! type is cle>4 ,!re 0 a special reason 
= ?is1 9 t ! bir?day ( ,ri*>d fell ^u   
,janu>y #f1 ! fea/ ( ! ,epiphany1 :5 !  
,wise ,m5 did homage to ! ,babe4 ,!     
picture1 by rem9d+ u ( ! ?ree ,wise ,m51
 commemorat$ ! bir?day ( ! ,k+ z well z 
8 coronation1 ! two *ief dates ( 8 life4
  ,y h "s idea n[ ( ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i*  
?is f\rte5?-c5tury pa9t] endeav\r$ to   
express 9 8 picture commemorative ( !   
coronation ( a ,k+4 ,a m$ieval          
coronation 0 a v solemn c]emony inde$1 &

 ! picture _h to be a s]i\s expression (
 ! great traditions ( ! ?rone ( ,engl&1 
sugge/$ by ! figures ( ,/4 ,edw>d & ,/4 
,edmund1 & ( hope = future good to !    
realm1 to ensue f ! bless+s ( ! ,virg9 &
 ,*ild ^u ! "y ,k+4 ,religi\s feel+ is  
dom9ant 9 ?is picture1 & if f x y c\ld  
turn to o!rs ( l date1 y w\ld f9d ! same
 to be true4 ,! mean+ 0 ! ma9 ?+ ?\ght  
(4 ,:5 ,giotto pa9t$ 8 sc5es f ! life ( 
,/4 ,francis1 8 fir/ aim 0 t ! /ories   
%\ld be well told & easily grasp$ by all
 :o look$ at !m4 ,_! beauty 0 ( less    
importance4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! aim (
 art 9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 our own day  
is fundam5tal4 ,if y beg9 by pick+ to   
pieces ! pictures ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? 
c5turies because ! draw+ is bad1 !      
col\r+ crude1 & ! gr\p+ unnatural1 y    
might z well nev] look at !m at all4    
,putt+ faults & old fa%ions aside to ?9k
 ( ! mean+ ( ! picture1 we %all (t5 be  
rew>d$ by f9d+ a s\l )91 & ! "w may     
affect u p[]fully1 not)/&+ its simple   
=ms & few /rong col\rs4  ,nev]!less1    

aft] ! pa9t] _h plann$ 8 picture s z to 
convey its message & mean+1 he did try  
to make x beautiful to look ^u1 & he (t5
 succe$$4 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5?        
c5turies x 0 beauty ( outl9e & a        
pleasant pat*+ toge!r ( bright col\rs = 
:i* ! pa9t]s /rove1 bo? 9 pictures & 9  
manuscripts4 ,if y ?9k ( ?is picture = a
 mom5t z a col\r$ patt]n1 y w see h[    
pretty x is4 ,! blue w+s aga9/ ! gold   
backgr\nd make a h$ge = ! angel faces & 
look extremely well4 ,if ! figure (     
,ri*>d ,,ii4 seems flat1 if y feel z    
?\gh he 7 cut out ( c>dbo>d & _h no     
?ickness1 !n turn y\r m9d to consid]    
only ! outl9e ( ! figure4 ,x is v       
graceful4 ,arti/s 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury    
sometimes made _! figures ov]-long if !y
 ?\ght t a sweep ( graceful l9e w\ld    
look well 9 a c]ta9 position 9 _!       
picture2 ! drap]y 0 b5t into impossible 
curves if s !y fell into a pretty       
patt]n4  ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 beauty (  
outl9es /ill prevail$1 ev5 :5 !y conta9$
 pla9 masses ( brilliant col\r s pure & 

gem-l t ! pictures almo/ came to look l 
/a9$-glass w9d[s4 ,9 fact probably !    
con/ant sight ( /a9$-glass w9d[s 9 !    
*ur*es greatly influ5c$ ! pa9t]s' way ( 
"w4 ,! contra/ ( div]s col\rs plac$ next
 "o ano!r 0 m />tl+ ?an we f9d 9 lat]   
pa9t+1 :il/ an ef=t 0 made to f9i% e    
detail z ?\gh x 7 to be look$ at ?r\gh a
 magnify+ glass4  ,9 ?is picture :i* we 
are n[ le>n+ h[ to see1 ! ,virg9 0 to be
 %[n /&+ 9 a mead[ ( fl[]s4 ,a mod]n    
arti/ kn[s h[ to pa9t ! g5]al effect (  
_m fl[]s gr[+ out ( grass1 b ! m$ieval  
pa9t] _h n ! skill to d t4 ,he _h n     
le>nt to look at ! effect ( a mass (    
fl[]s z a :ole1 nor c\ld he h r5d]$ su* 
an effect ) ! col\rs & processes he     
possess$4 ,he knew :at "o fl[] look$ l1 
& ?\ght t _m mu/ be a cont9u$ repetition
 ( "o4 ,b x 0 impossible to pa9t a great
 numb] ( fl[]s close toge!r1 ea* f9i%$ 9
 detail1 s he *ose in/ead to pa9t a few 
z completely z he c\ld1 & leave ! re/ to
 ! imag9ation ( ! spectator4 ,t 0 8 way 
( mak+ a selection f nature2 ?us he hop$

 to sugge/ ! idea ( a fl[]y mead[1 s9ce 
he c\ld n hope to r5d] ! look ( x4      
,likewise1 all ! details ( ! dresses are
 m9utely pa9t$4 ,! robes ( ,ri*>d & (   
,edmund ! ,m>tyr are beautiful examples 
( ! c>eful & pa9/ak+ "w *>act]i/ic ( !  
,middle ,ages4 ,no m$ieval pa9t] sp>$   
himself tr\ble4 ,al?\gh he _h n ma/]$ ! 
art ( draw+ ! figure1 he _h le>nt h[ to 
pa9t jewell]y & /uffs beautifully1 &    
delight$ 9 do+ x4 ,! draw+ ( ! figures y
 c see to be imp]fect1 yet no?+ c\ld be 
sweet] 9 feel+ ?an ! bevy ( girl angels 
) roses 9 _! hair surr\nd+ ! ,virg94    
,mo/ ( !m are n unlike ,engli% girls ( !
 pres5t day1 & ! critics :o say t ?is   
picture mu/ h be5 pa9t$ by a ,fr5*man   
may be ask$ :]e he is likely to h f\nd  
^! ,engli% models = 8 angels4  ,possibly
 ! face ( ,ri*>d himself may h be5 pa9t$
 f life1 = ! features correspond closely
 en\gh ) ! l>ge full-face portrait ( him
 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & ) ! sculptur$     
figure ^u 8 tomb4 ,he c]ta9ly does n    
look l a *ild ( t51 = 8 /ate robes &    

cr[n give him a gr[n-up appe>ance4 ,b if
 y reg>d ! face c>efully y c see t x is 
/ill t ( a *ild4  ,! gold backgr\nd 9 ! 
orig9al %9es out brilliantly1 = aft] !  
gold 0 laid on1 x 0 poli%$ ) an agate1  
:i* gives x a burni%$ effect1 & !n !    
little patt]ns 7 c>efully pun*$ s z n to
 pi]ce ! gold & !reby expose ! :ite     
gr\nd b5ea?4 ,!re is a jewel-l quality 9
 ! col\r su* z y c see 9 manuscripts ( !
 "t1 & x is possible t ! pa9t] may h    
le>n$ 8 art z an illum9ator (           
manuscripts4 ,arti/s 9 ^? days seldom   
conf9$ !mselves to "o k9d ( "w4 ,we d n 
"k ?is man's "n1 & are n ev5 c]ta9 :e!r 
he 0 ,fr5* or ,engli%4  ,be=e1 z 9 ! "t 
( ,ri*>d1 pa9t+ _h be5 ma9ly a          
decorative art1 & ! object ( mak+       
pictures 0 to adorn ! pages ( a book1 or
 ! walls & vaults ( a build+4 ,! mo/    
vital arti/ic en]gies ( ,we/]n ,europe 9
 ! ?irte5? c5tury _h gone into ! build+ 
( ! great ca!drals & abbeys1 :i* are    
to-day ! glory ( t p]iod4 ,mo/ m$ieval  
pa9t+s t /ill exi/ 9 ,engl& are         

decorative wall-pa9t+s ( ?is k9d1 & only
 traces ( a few rema94 ,9 _m c\ntry     
places y c see poor & fad$ ve/iges (    
pa9t+ :i* adorn$ *ur* walls 9 ! ?irte5? 
c5tury1 & occasionally y may come ^u a  
bit by "s *ance bett] pres]v$4 ,^! old  
wall-pa9t+s 7 done ^u ! dry pla/]4 ,!   
discov]y1 or r ! revival1 ( 'fresco'    
pa9t+ 7t is1 ( pa9t+ done ^u ! wet      
surface ( fre%ly pla/]$ walls1 a m      
durable process7 0 made 9 ,italy & did n
 p5etrate to ,engl&4  ,ri*>d ,,ii4 0 n !
 only art-lov+ ,k+ ( 8 "t4 ,y h read (  
,john1 ,k+ ( ,france1 :o 0 tak5 prison] 
at ! ,battle ( ,poiti]s by ! ,black     
,pr9ce1 fa!r ( ,ri*>d4 ,dur+ 8 captivity
 he liv$ 9 consid]able /ate 9 ,london at
 ! ,savoy ,palace1 :i* occupi$ ! site ( 
! pres5t ,savoy ,hotel 9 ! ,/r&2 he     
br\ght 8 own pa9t] f ,france ) him1 :o  
pa9t$ 8 portrait :i* /ill exi/s 9 ,p>is4
 ,?is ,k+ ,john 0 ! fa!r ( f\r rem>kable
 sons1 ,*>les ,v41 ,k+ ( ,france1 ) :om 
,edw>d ,,iii4 & ! ,black ,pr9ce f\ght ! 
latt] "p ( ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>2 ,philip

 ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy2 ,john1     
,duke ( ,b]ry2 & ,l\is1 ,duke ( ,anj\4  
,9 ?is li/1 all are names ( rem>kable m5
 & great art-patrons1 ab\t :om y may "s 
day read int]e/+ ?+s4 ,num]\s lovely    
objects /ill 9 exi/5ce 7 made = !m1 &   
w\ld n h be5 made at all if !y _h n be5 
! m5 !y 74 ,x 0 only j becom+ possible 9
 ! f\rte5? c5tury = a pr9ce to be an    
art-patron4 ,t requir$ money1 & hi!rto  
ev5 pr9ces _h r>ely be5 ri*4 ,! increas+
 weal? ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,fl&]s at   
?is "t 0 bas$ ^u ! wool indu/ry & !     
manufacture & comm]ce to :i* x gave     
rise4 ,! ,"l ,*ancellor 9 ! ,h\se (     
,lords to ?is day sits on a woolsack1   
:i* is a rem9d] ( ! "t :5 ! woolsacks ( 
,engl& 7 ! *ief s\rce ( ! weal? (       
,engli% trad]s4  ,aft] ! ,black ,dea?1  
an awful plague t swept ?r\gh ,europe 9 
#acdi1 a l>ge "p ( ! l& ( ,engl& 0 giv5 
up to %eep graz+1 because ! population  
_h dim9i%$1 & x took few] p to look aft]
 %eep ?an x did to till ! soil4 ,al?\gh 
?is _h be5 an evil 9 ! beg9n+1 x became 

aft]w>ds a b5efit1 = ,engli% wool 0 sold
 at an excell5t price to ! m]*ants (    
,fl&]s1 :o work$ x up into clo?1 & 9 _! 
turn sold t all ov] ,europe ) big       
pr(its4 ,! l>g] m]*ants :o regulat$ !   
wool traffic 7 prosp]\s1 & s too !      
l&[n]s & pr9ces ^: prop]ty ?us increas$ 
9 value4 ,! f\r sons ( ,k+ ,john became 
v weal?y m54 ,philip ! ,bold1 ,duke (   
,burgundy1 by m>ry+ ! heiress ( ! ,c\nt 
( ,fl&]s acquir$ ! ,flemi% t]ritory & ! 
weal? obta9$ f ! wool trade &           
manufacture !re4 ,b]ry & ,anj\ 7 great  
prov9ces 9 ,france yield+ a l>ge rev5ue 
to _! two ,dukes4 ,ea* ( ^! pr9ces      
employ$ sev]al arti/s to illum9ate books
 = him 9 ! mo/ spl5did way2 !y built    
magnific5t *ateaux1 & _h tape/ries &    
pa9t+s made to decorate _! walls4 ,!y   
employ$ _m sculptors & goldsmi?s1 & all 
gave ea* o!r z pres5ts works ( art      
execut$ by _! fav\rite arti/s4 ,9 !     
,briti% ,museum !re is a spl5did gold & 
enamel cup t ,john1 ,duke ( ,b]ry1 caus$
 to be made = 8 bro!r ,k+ ,*>les ,v42 to

 see x w\ld give y a good idea ( !      
co/l9ess & elaboration ( ! f9e/ "w ( t  
day4 ,! c\rts ( ^! f\r bro!rs 7 c5tres (
 arti/ic production 9 all               
k9ds--sculpture1 metal-"w1 tape/ries1   
illum9at$ manuscripts & pictures1 & !re 
0 a /rong _s ( rivalry among ! arti/s to
 see :o c\ld make ! lovelie/ ?+s1 &     
among ! patrons z to :i* c\ld secure !  
be/ arti/s 9 8 s]vice4  ,^! f\r pr9ces  
gave an important impulse to !          
production ( beautiful ?+s 9 ,france1   
,burgundy1 & ,fl&]s1 b x is ne$less to  
burd5 y ) ! arti/s' names4  ,9 ! f\rte5?
 c5tury an arti/ 0 a workman :o exi/$ to
 d well ! "w t 0 desir$ ( him4 ,he 0 n  
an indep5d5t man ) ideas ( 8 own1 :o    
attempt$ to make a liv+ by pa9t+ :at he 
?\ght beautiful1 )\t ref]5ce to ! ideas 
( a buy]4 ,( c\rse1 if p pref] & buy    
good ?+s :5 !y see !m1 good ?+s w be    
likely to be made1 b if ^? ) money to   
sp5d h no ta/e & buy bad ?+s or ord]    
ugly ?+s to be made1 !n ! m5 :o _h x 9  
!m to be great arti/s may die unnotic$1 

because ! beautiful ?+s !y c\ld h made  
are n call$ =4 ,to-day _m p sp5d some?+ 
^u art & a few sp5d a great deal4 ,let u
 hope we may n see too mu* ( ! money    
sp5t 9 creat+ a dem& = :at is bad r ?an 
= :at is beautiful4  ,x 0 n unusual 9 ! 
f\rte5? c5tury = a man to be at "o & !  
same "t pa9t]1 illum9ator1 sculptor1    
metal-work]1 & design] ( any object t   
might be call$ =4 ,"o ( ^! _m gift$ m51 
,&re ,beauneveu ( ,val5ci5nes1 a good   
sculptor & a pa9t] ( "s exquisite       
m9iatures1 is sometimes suppos$ to h be5
 ! pa9t] ( our picture ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,9
 ! abs5ce ( any signature or any def9ite
 record x is impossible to say :o pa9t$ 
x1 b x is unnecess>y to assume t x mu/ h
 be5 pa9t$ by a ,fr5* arti/1 s9ce we "k 
t at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 7 v   
good pa9t]s 9 ,engl&4  ,x 0 by no means 
an exception n to sign a picture 9 ^?   
days1 = ! arti/s _h n begun to ?9k (    
!mselves z individuals entitl$ to public
 fame4 ,h&-work]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury    
mo/ly belong$ to a corporation or guild 

compos$ ( all ! o!r work]s at ! same    
trade 9 ! same t[n1 & to ?is rule arti/s
 7 no exception4 ,ea* man receiv$ a     
recogniz$ price = 8 "w1 & ! (fic]s ( !  
guild saw to x t he obta9$ t price & t  
he work$ ) good & durable mat]ials4 ,!re
 7 c]ta9 advantages 9 ?is1 b x involv$  
"s loss ( fre$om 9 ! arti/1 s9ce all _h 
to con=m to ! rules ( ! guild4 ,! sy/em 
0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & arose 
f ! fact t 9 ^? tr\bl\s times e isolat$ 
p]son ne$$ protection & 0 cont5t to m]ge
 8 individuality 9 "s society 9 ord] to 
obta9 x4 ,! guilds made = peace &       
dim9i%$ competition1 s t a guildsman may
 h be5 less tempt$ to hurry ov] or scamp
 8 task4 ,! result 0 mu* hone/1 c>eful  
"w su* z y see 9 ! orig9al ( ?is        
picture4 ,we are told by ^? :o "k be/ t 
!re has nev] be5 a "t :5 ! actual       
workman%ip ( ! g5]al run ( craftsm5 0   
bett] ?an 9 ! ,middle ,ages4  ,?is      
picture ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 has n fad$ or    
crack$ or fall5 (f ! panel1 & x seems z 
?\gh we may hope x nev] w1 = x 0 well   

made &1 :at is ev5 m important1 x seems 
always to h be5 well c>$ =4 ,if only !  
nice ?+s t are produc$ 7 all well c>$ =1
 h[ _m m ( !m !re w\ld be 9 ! _w6       
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,! ,,van ,,eycks   ,be=e 
pass+ to ,hub]t van ,eyck1 ! pa9t] ( !  
orig9al ( our next picture1 please      
comp>e c>efully ! picture ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4
 & ?is ( ! ,?ree ,m>ies1 look+ fir/ at  
"o & !n at ! o!r4 ,! subject ( ! visit (
 ! ,m>ies to ! ,sepul*re is1 ( c\rse1   
well kn[n to y1 b let u read ! beautiful
 passage f ,/4 ,mat!w tell+ ( x1 t we   
may see h[ fai?fully 9 e detail x 0     
foll[$ by ,hub]t van ,eyck4  ,9 ! end ( 
! ,sabba?1 z x began to dawn t[>d ! fir/
 day ( ! week1 came ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ! 
o!r ,m>y1 to see ! ,sepul*re4 ,&1       
behold1 !re 0 a great e>?quake3 = !     
,angel ( ! ,"l desc5d$ f ,heav51 & came 
& roll$ back ! /one f ! door1 & sat ^u  
x4 ,8 c\nt5ance 0 l lightn+1 & 8 raim5t 
:ite z sn[3 ,& = fe> ( him ! keep]s did 
%ake1 & became z dead m54  ,surely ?is  
w\ld be ?\ght a beautiful picture _h x  

be5 pa9t$ at any "t1 b :5 y comp>e x ) !
 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 dipty* does x n seem to y 
z ?\gh a long era divid$ ! two8 ,yet "o 
0 pa9t$ less ?an fifty ye>s aft] ! o!r4 
,x is ! attitude ( m9d ( ! pa9t] t makes
 ! diff]5ce4  ,9 ! dipty*1 al?\gh !     
portrait ( ,ri*>d himself 0 a lik5ess1 !
 sett+ 0 imag9>y & symbolic4 ,! arti/   
wi%$ to tell 9 8 picture h[ all ! ,k+s  
:o succe$ "o ano!r ^u ! ?rone ( ,engl&  
alike dep5d ^u ! protection ( ,heav51 & 
h[ ,ri*>d 9 8 turn ackn[l$g$ t dep5d5ce1
 & pl$g$ 8 loyalty to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 &
 h] ,holy ,*ild4 ,t picture 0 int5d$ to 
take ! m9d ( ! spectator away f !       
ev]yday _w & sugge/ grave ?\ght1 & su* 0
 likewise 9 ! ma9 ! purpose ( all pa9t+s
 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b we are n[ leav+ !
 ,middle ,ages beh9d & approa*+ a new _w
 ne>] to our own4  ,hub]t van ,eyck1 9  
attempt+ to depict ! ev5t at ! ,sepul*re
 z x might actually h occurr$ outside ! 
walls ( ! ,city ( ,j]usalem1 0 do+      
some?+ q novel 9 8 day4 ,8 picture might
 almo/ be call$ a ,bible illu/ration4 ,x

 is at lea/ pa9t$ 9 ! same practical _s 
z t ( a man pa9t+ an illu/ration = any  
o!r book4 ,x is n a picture meant to    
help "o to pray1 or m$itate4 ,x does n  
express any religi\s idea4 ,x 0 int5d$  
to be ! v]aci\s repres5tation ( an      
actual ev5t1 %[n z1 & :51 & h[ x happ5$1
 true to ! facts s f> z ,hub]t knew !m4 
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?ree ,,m>ies ,f !   
picture by ,hub]t van ,eyck1 9 ,sir     
,fr$]ick ,cook's ,collection1 ,ri*mond  
,he has dress$ ! ,m>ies 9 robes ) wr\ght
 bord]s ( ,hebrew *>act]s1 imitat$ f    
embroid]$ /uffs1 su* z at t "t 7 import$
 into ,europe f ! ,ea/4 ,! dresses are n
 accurate copies ( ea/]n dresses2 ,hub]t
 w\ld sc>cely h kn[n :at ^? 7 l1 b 0 do+
 8 be/ to pa9t co/umes t %\ld look      
ori5tal4 ,m>y ,magdal5 we>s a turban1 & 
! keep] on ! "r has a /range peak$ cap )
 ,hebrew lett]s on x4 ,hebrew s*ol>s h  
done _! be/ to read ! inscriptions on ^!
 clo!s1 b we mu/ inf] t ,hub]t only     
copi$ ! lett]s )\t kn[+ :at !y meant1   
s9ce x has n be5 possible to make any   

s5se ( !m4 ,9 ! =egr\nd are masses (    
fl[]s mo/ c>efully pa9t$1 & s accurately
 drawn t botani/s h be5 able to id5tify 
!m all2 sev]al d n gr[ 9 ! nor? (       
,europe4 ,! t[n at ! back is some?+ l   
,j]usalem z x look$ 9 ,hub]t van ,eyck's
 own day4 ,a few ( ! build+s c be       
id5tifi$ /ill1 & a g5]al view (         
,j]usalem tak5 9 #adhf1 sixty ye>s aft] 
! dea? ( ,hub]t1 be>s "s resemblance to 
! t[n 9 ?is picture4 ,! city is pa9t$ 9 
m9iature1 mu* z x w\ld look if y saw x f
 ne> at h&4 ,e t[]1 h\se1 & w9d[ is !re4
 ,y c ev5 c\nt ! battlem5ts4 ,! great   
build+ ) ! dome 9 ! middle ( ! picture1 
is ! ,mosque ( ,om>1 :i* occupies !     
suppos$ site ( ,solomon's ,temple4  ,"s 
p h ?\ght t p]haps ,hub]t van ,eyck1 & 8
 bro!r ,john1 actually w5t to ! ,ea/4   
,_m m5 made pilgrimages 9 ^? days1 &    
almo/ e ye> p>ties ( ,*ri/ian pilgrims  
w5t to ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 a r\gh & ev5 a   
dang]\s j\rney1 b n at all impossible = 
a pati5t travell]4 ,dr4 ,hul91 :o has   
made wond]ful discov]ies ab\t ! e>ly    

,flemi% pa9t]s1 f\nd a m5tion1 9 an old 
sixte5?-c5tury li/1 ( a ',portrait ( a  
,moori% ,k+ or ,pr9ce' by ,van ,eyck1   
pa9t$ 9 #adad or p]haps #adah4 ,if he   
pa9t$ a portrait ( an ori5tal pr9ce1 he 
may h visit$ "o ori5tal c\ntry at lea/1 
or at any rate ! s\? ( ,spa94 ,probably 
en\gh dur+ t j\rney he made /udies ( !  
cypress1 /one-p9e1 date-palm1 olive1    
orange1 & palmetto1 :i* occur 9 8       
pictures4 ,!y gr[ 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 & o!r 
,m$it]ranean regions1 b n 9 ! cold nor? 
:]e ,hub]t sp5t mo/ ( 8 days4  ,x is    
difficult at fir/ to realize :at an     
innovation x 0 = ,hub]t van ,eyck to    
pa9t su* a l&scape4 ,9 ! ,ri*>d ,,ii4   
dipty* !re is j a sugge/ion ( br[n e>? =
 ! sa9ts to /& ^u1 b ! re/ ( ! backgr\nd
 is ( gold1 z 0 ! common practice at !  
"t4 ,! great innovator1 ,giotto1 9 "s ( 
8 pictures _h attempt$ to pa9t l&scape  
backgr\nds4 ,9 8 fresco ( ,/4 ,francis  
prea*+ to ! birds !re is a tree = !m to 
p]* on1 b x seems m l a g>d5 vegetable  
?an a tree4 ,ev5 8 build+s look z ?\gh  

!y might fall toge!r any mom5t l a pack 
( c>ds4 ,hub]t n only gives l&scape a   
l>g] place ?an x ev] _h 9 any great     
picture be=e1 b he pa9ts x ) su* skill &
 app>5t confid5ce t we %\ld nev] dream  
he 0 do+ x almo/ = ! fir/ "t4  ,/4      
,mat!w says3 ',z x began to dawn t[>ds !
 fir/ day ( ! week1 came ,m>y ,magdal5e1
 & ! o!r ,m>y1 to see ! ,sepul*re4' ,ev5
 9 ?is po9t ,hub]t wi%$ to be accurate4 
,! ris+ sun is hidd5 beh9d ! rocks on ! 
left side ( ! picture1 = x 0 n until    
ye>s lat] t any pa9t] v5tur$ to pa9t !  
sun 9 ! heav5s4 ,b ! rays f ! hidd5 orb 
/rike ! ca/les on ! hills ) %afts (     
light4 ,! t[n rema9s 9 %ad[1 :ile ! sky 
is lit up ) floods ( glory4 ,an effect  
su* z ?is mu/ h be5 v c>efully /udi$ f  
nature4 ,hub]t 0 evid5tly "o :o look$ at
 ! _w ) obs]vant eyes & f\nd x          
beautiful4 ,:5 he _h fl[]s to pa9t1 he  
pa9t$ ! :ole plant accurately1 n !      
blossoms individually1 l ! pa9t] (      
,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,he lik$ f9e /uffs1        
embroid]ies1 jewels1 & glitt]+ arm\r4   

,he 0 no vision>y try+ to free himself f
 ! e>? & live 9 contemplation ( ! angels
 & sa9ts 9 ,p>adise1 l s _m ( ! ?irte5? 
& f\rte5? c5tury arti/s4  ,9 ?is new    
delightful int]e/ 9 ! _w z x is1 he     
reflect$ ! t5d5cy ( 8 day4 ,! fifty ye>s
 t _h elaps$ betwe5 ! pa9t+ ( ,ri*>d    
,,ii4's portrait & ! "w ( ! ,van ,eycks1
 _h se5 a great developm5t ( trade &    
indu/ry 9 ,fl&]s4 ,hub]t 0 born1 p]haps 
ab\t #acfe1 at ,maas ,eyck1 f :i* he    
takes 8 "n4 ,maas ,eyck 0 a little t[n  
on ! banks ( ! riv] ,maas1 ne> ! fronti]
 ( ! pres5t ,holl& & ,belgium4 ,he may h
 sp5t mo/ ( 8 life 9 ,gh5t1 ! t[n       
(ficials ( :i* city paid him a visit 9  
#adbe to see 8 "w1 & gave six groats to 
8 appr5tices 9 memory ( _! visit4 ,:]e  
he le>nt 8 art1 :]e he work$ be=e he    
came to ,gh5t1 we d n "k = c]ta91 b !re 
is reason to ?9k t he 0 employ$ = a :ile
 9 ,holl& by ! ,c\nt4  ,john1 8 bro!r1  
conc]n+ :om m facts h be5 ga!r$1 is said
 to h be5 tw5ty ye>s y\ng] ?an ,hub]t4  
,he 0 a pa9t] too1 & work$ 9 ! employ ( 

,philip ! ,good1 ,duke ( ,burgundy &    
,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 ! gr&son ( ,philip !    
,bold1 :o 0 "o ( ^? f\r sons ( ,k+ ,john
 ( ,france m5tion$ 9 our la/ *apt]4     
,philip ! ,good cont9u$ ! traditions ( 8
 family & 0 9 8 "t a great art-patron4  
,8 gr&fa!r _h fo/]$ an important s*ool (
 sculpture 9 ,fl&]s & ,burgundy1 :i*    
culm9at$ 9 ! sup]b /atues /ill exi/+ at 
,dijon4 ,l 8 bro!r ! ,duke ( ,b]ry1 he  
_h giv5 "w to a numb] ( m9iature pa9t]s4
 ,! ,c\nt ( ,holl& also employ$ "s      
wond]ful m9iature pa9t]s to beautify a  
manuscript = him4 ,?is manuscript & "o  
made = ! ,duke ( ,b]ry 7 among ! f9e/   
ev] pa9t$ s f> z ! pictures 9 !m are    
conc]n$4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,holl&'s book us$ to
 be 9 ! libr>y at ,tur91 :]e x 0 burnt a
 few ye>s ago1 s we c see x no m4 ,b !  
=tunate ones :o did see x ?\ght t !     
pictures 9 x 7 actually pa9t$ by ! ,van 
,eycks :5 !y 7 "y4 ,! ,duke ( ,b]ry's   
f9e/ book is at ,*antilly & is well     
kn[n4 ,bo? ?is & ! ,tur9 book conta9$ ! 
lovelie/ e>ly l&scapes1 a little e>li] 9

 date ?an ?is l&scape 9 ! ',?ree ,m>ies'
 picture4 ,s y see :y x is said t !     
illum9ators fir/ inv5t$ beautiful       
l&scape pa9t+1 & t l&scapes 7 pa9t$ 9   
books be=e !y 7 pa9t$ z pictures to hang
 on walls4  ,! practical _s 9 :i* ,hub]t
 van ,eyck work$ exactly mat*$ !        
s5sible1 matt]-(-fact ,flemi% "*4 ,!    
,flem+s1 ev5 9 pictures ( ! ,madonna1   
want$ ! ,virg9 to we> a g[n made ( !    
ri*e/ /uff t c\ld be wov51 tru?fully    
pa9t$1 ) jewels ( ! f9e/ ,flemi%        
workman%ip1 & !y lik$ to see a l&scape  
beh9d h] /udi$ f _! own native          
surr\nd+s4  ,no man c\ld try to pa9t ?+s
 z !y look$1 9 ! way ,hub]t did1 )\t    
mak+ great progress 9 draw+4 ,if y      
comp>e ! draw+ ( ! angel appe>+ to !    
,m>ies ) any ( ! angels we>+ ! badge (  
,ri*>d ,,ii41 y w see h[ mu* m life-l is
 ! angel ( ,hub]t4 ,! pa9t] ( ,ri*>d    
,,ii4 0 n happy ) 8 figures unless !y 7 
/&+ up or kneel+ 9 pr(ile1 b ,hub]t van 
,eyck c draw !m ) tol]able success ly+  
d[n1 or sitt+ huddl$4 ,he c also comb9e 

a gr\p 9 a natural mann]4 ,! abs5ce (   
=mal arrangem5t 9 ! picture ( ! ,m>ies  
is q new 9 m$ieval art4  ,! pa9t] (     
,ri*>d ,,ii4 _h kn[n v little ab\t      
p]spective4 ,! sci5ce ( draw+ ?+s z !y  
look f "o po9t ( view has no d\bt be5   
taught to all ( y4 ,y "k c]ta9 rules    
ab\t vani%+ po9ts & c apply !m 9 y\r    
draw+4 ,b y w\ld h f\nd x v h>d to inv5t
 p]spective )\t be+ taught4 ,i c rememb]
 draw+ a mat*box by ! light ( nature1 & 
v que] x contriv$ to become4 ,m$ieval   
arti/s 7 9 exactly t same case4 ,!      
arti/s ( ! anci5t _w _h discov]$ "s ( ! 
laws ( p]spective1 b ! secret 0 lo/1 &  
arti/s 9 ! ,middle ,ages _h to discov]  
!m all ov] aga94 ,hub]t van ,eyck made a
 great /ride t[>d ! atta9m5t ( ?is k4   
,:5 y look at ! picture ! p]spective    
does n /rike y z gl>+ly wrong1 ?\gh !re 
0 /ill mu* t rema9$ to be discov]$ by   
lat] m51 z we %all see 9 our next *apt]4
  ,! bro!rs ,van ,eyck 71 fir/ & =emo/1 
good workm54 ,few o!r pa9t]s 9 ! :ole ( 
! _w's hi/ory h aim$ at any?+ l ! same  

f9i% ( detail4 ,9 ! orig9al ( ?is       
picture ! ori5tal pot :i* ! gre5 ,m>y   
holds 9 h] h& is a p]fect m>vel (       
workman%ip4 ,!re is no detail s small b 
t :5 y look into x y discov] "s fre%    
wond]4 ,a /ory is told ( h[ ,hub]t van  
,eyck pa9t$ a picture ^u :i* he _h      
lavi%$ 8 usual pa9/ak+ c>e4 ,b :5 he put
 x 9 ! sun to dry1 ! panel crack$ d[n ! 
middle4 ,aft] ?is disappo9tm5t ,hub]t   
w5t to "w & inv5t$ a new sub/ance ) :i* 
col\rs are made liquid1 a 'm$ium' z x is
 call$1 :i* :5 mix$ ) col\r dri$ h>d &  
quickly4 ,x 0 possible to pa9t ) ! new  
m$ium 9 f9] detail ?an be=e1 & ! ,flemi%
 arti/s univ]sally adopt$ x4 ,:ile v    
little 0 rememb]$ ab\t ! facts ( ,hub]t 
van ,eyck's life1 8 "n 0 always         
associat$ ) ! discov]y ( a new me?od (  
pa9t+1 & on t acc\nt held 9 great hon\r4
  ,! ',?ree ,m>ies' is 9 _m respects !  
mo/ attractive ( ! pictures ascrib$ to  
,hub]t1 b 8 mo/ fam\s "w 0 a l>g]       
picture1 or assemblage ( pictures fram$ 
toge!r1 ! ',adoration ( ! ,lamb1' 9 ,/4 

,bavon's ,*ur* at ,gh5t4 ,x is an       
alt>-piece--a pa9t+ set up ov] an alt> 9
 a *ur* or *apel to aid ! devotions ( ^?
 wor%ipp+ !re4 ,_m ( ! panels ( ! ,gh5t 
alt>-piece are n[ 9 ! ,museums ( ,b]l9 &
 ,brussels4 ,!y belong$ to ! w+s or     
%utt]s :i* 7 made to close ov] ! c5tral 
p>ts1 & :i* us$ also to be pa9t$ outside
 & inside ) devotional or relat$        
subjects4 ,! f\r great c5tral panels on 
:i* ^! %utt]s us$ to close are /ill at  
,gh5t4 ,! subject ( ! ',adoration ( !   
,lamb' 0 tak5 f ,revelations1 :]e be=e !
 ,lamb has op5$ ! seals ( ! book1 ,/4   
,john says3  ,& e creature :i* is 9     
heav51 & on ! e>?1 & "u ! e>?1 & su* z  
are 9 ! sea1 & all t are 9 !m1 he>d ,i  
say+1 ,bless+1 & hon\r1 & glory1 & p[]1 
be unto him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 & unto 
! ,lamb = ev] & ev]4  ,hub]t has figur$ 
?is v]se by assembl+1 z 9 "o "t & place1
 repres5tatives ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,!y :o     
wor%ip are ! prophets1 apo/les1 popes1  
m>tyrs1 & virg9s4 ,on ea* side ( !      
c5tral panel ! j judges1 ! soldi]s (    

,*ri/1 ! h]mits1 & ! pilgrims1 advance  
to jo9 ! ?rong ar\nd ! ,lamb4 ,mo/      
beautiful ( all is ! cr[d ( virg9 m>tyrs
 be>+ palms1 mov+ ov] ! gre5 grass      
c>pet$ ) fl[]s1 to adore ! ,lamb ( ,god1
 ! ,r$eem] ( ! ,_w4 ,above1 ,god !      
,fa!r1 ! ,virg9 ,"m1 & ,/4 ,john !      
,bapti/1 ) cr[ns ( wond]ful workman%ip1 
are ?ron$ amid *oirs ( s++ & play+      
angels on ei!r h&4  ,! picture does n   
illu/rate ! description ( ! ,adoration (
 ! ,lamb 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ,revelations s
 fai?fully z ! picture ( ! ',?ree       
,m>ies' illu/rat$ ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! ,lamb  
has n sev5 horns & sev5 eyes1 & ! f\r   
bea/s & tw5ty-f\r eld]s are n fall+ d[n 
be=e x & ador+4 ,! ,lamb is an ord9>y   
%eep1 & ! picture is a symbolic         
expression ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 f\nd$ ^u a
 biblical text1 b n :at c\ld be describ$
 z 'a ,bible illu/ration4' ,p 9 !       
,middle ,ages lik$ to embody _! fai? 9 a
 visible =m1 & we are told t !ologians  
frequ5tly drew up s*emes ( doctr9e :i*  
pa9t]s did _! be/ to translate into     

pictures1 & sculptors into sculpture4   
,su* works ( art 7 = in/ruction r ?an   
beauty1 ?\gh "s also s]v$ well ! purpose
 ( decoration4  ,josse ,vyt1 :o ord]$ ! 
picture1 & ^: portrait1 ) t ( 8 wife1 is
 pa9t$ on ! %utt]s1 no d\bt expla9$     
exactly :at he want$1 & ,hub]t s\ght to 
please him4#a ,b al?\gh ! design ( !    
c5tral panel 0 old-fa%ion$ & symbolic1  
,hub]t 0 able to d :at he lik$ ) !      
l&scape1 & ) ! individual figures4 ,!y  
are real m5 & wom5 ) v>ieties (         
expression su* z _h n be5 pa9t$ be=e1 & 
! l&scape is ev5 m beautiful ?an ! "o at
 ! back ( ! ',?ree ,m>ies4' ,sn[ m\nta9s
 rise 9 ! di/ance1 & beautiful cypresses
 & palms ( all k9ds clo! ! gre5 slopes  
beh9d ! ,lamb4 ,!re are fl[]s 9 ! grass 
& jewels = pebbles 9 ! brook4 ,beh9d1 y 
c see ! ,ca!drals ( ,utre*t & ,cologne1 
,/4 ,john's ( ,mae/ri*t1 & m *ur*es &   
h\ses besides1 & ! walls ( a t[n1 & wide
 /ret*es ( gre5 c\ntry4  ,footnote #a3  
,!re are reasons = ?9k+ t ! picture may 
h be5 ord]$ by "s pr9ce :o di$ be=e x 0 

f9i%$1 & t ,vyt only acquir$ x lat]1 9  
"t to h 8 own & 8 wife's portraits add$ 
on ! %utt]s4  ,hub]t van ,eyck di$ 9    
#adbf1 & ! picture 0 f9i%$ by 8 y\ng]   
bro!r ,john1 ( ^: life1 ?\gh m is kn[n  
?an ( ,hub]t's1 we ne$ n "h repeat      
details4 ,_m ( 8 pictures /ill exi/1 & !
 mo/ delightful ( !m = u are 8          
portraits4 ,he 0 n ! fir/ man to pa9t   
good portraits1 b few arti/s h ev] pa9t$
 bett] lik5esses4 ,x seems evid5t t ! p 
9 8 pictures are 'z l z !y c />e1' ) no 
wr9kle or scrat* left out4 ,portraits 9 
e>li] days ?an ^! 7 seldom pa9t$ = _!   
own sake alone4 ,a pi\s man :o want$ to 
pres5t an alt>-piece or a /a9$-glass    
w9d[ to a *ur* w\ld mode/ly h 8 own     
image introduc$ 9 a corn]4 ,by degrees  
su* portraits grew 9 size & scale1 & !  
neighb\r+ sa9ts dim9i%$1 till at la/ !  
sa9ts 7 left out & ! portrait /ood      
alone4 ,!n x came ab\t t su* a picture 0
 hung 9 its own]'s h\se r ?an 9 a *ur*4 
,"o ( ! be/ portraits ,john van ,eyck   
ev] pa9t$ is at ,bruges--! lik5ess ( 8  

wife4 ,! panel 0 discov]$ ab\t fifty    
ye>s ago 9 ! m>ket-place ( ,bruges1 :]e 
an old woman 0 us+ ! back ( x to sk9    
eels on2 b s s\ndly _h ! picture be5    
pa9t$ t ev5 ?is ill-usage did n ru9 x4  
,! lady 0 a v pla9 ,flemi% woman ) no   
beauty ( feature or expression1 b ,john 
has reveal$ h] "* s vividly t to look at
 h] lik5ess is to "k h]4 ,x is inde$ a  
long leap f ! ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ( fifty ye>s 
be=e1 ) its repres5tation ( ! outl9e ( a
 y\?1 to ?is ample realization ( a      
mature woman's "*4  ,john liv$ till     
#adda1 & _h "s pupils & _m imitators4   
,"o ( ^!1 ,rog] van d] ,weyd5 by "n1    
spread 8 influ5ce f> & wide ?r\gh\t !   
:ole ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,france1 & ,g]many4  
,h[ important ?is influ5ce 0 9 ! hi/ory 
( art we %all see lat]4 ,_m ( !         
imitators ( ,john le>nt 8 accuracy &    
?or\ghness ( workman%ip1 b none ( !m    
atta9$ 8 deep insight into "*4  ,dur+ ! 
next fifty ye>s _m & beautiful 7 !      
pictures produc$ ?r\gh\t ,fl&]s4 ,all ( 
!m h a jewel-l brilliance ( col\r1      

approa*+ 9 brightness ! hues ( ! ,ri*>d 
,,ii4 dipty*4 ,! l&scape backgr\nds are 
*>m+ m9iatures ( t[ns by ! side ( riv]s 
) spann+ bridges4 ,! pa9t+ ( textures is
 exquisite4 ,b ! ,flemi% face1 placid1  
plump1 & fair-hair$1 prevails ?r\gh\t4  
,9 ! pictures ( ,p>adise1 :]e ! sa9ts & 
angels play ) ! ,infant ,*ri/1 we /ill  
feel *a9$ to ! e>?1 because ! figures & 
faces are ! unidealiz$ images ( ^? "o   
might h met 9 ! /reets ( ,bruges &      
,gh5t4 ,?is is n a criticism on !       
arti/s4 ,! m]it ( _! "w is un*all5g$2 & 
h[ c\ld !y pa9t physical beauty by !m   
sc>ce ev] se58 ,yet :5 all has be5 said 
9 praise ( ! ,flemi% ,s*ool1 ! bro!rs   
,van ,eyck1 ! f\nd]s ( x1 rema9 its     
greate/ repres5tatives1 & _! "w is /ill 
reg>d$ ) t high & almo/ univ]sal        
v5]ation :i* is ! tribute ( ! greate/   
a*ievem5t4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,!          
,,r5aissance   ,:o is ?is old g5tleman 9
 our next picture read+ s quietly &     
/eadily8 ,does he n look absorb$ 9 8    
book8 ,c]ta9ly ! peacock1 ! bird1 & !   

cat d n worry him or ea* o!r1 & !re is  
/ill ano!r animal 9 ! di/ance--a lion6  
,c y see him8 ,he is walk+ d[n ! cloi/] 
pavem5t on ! "r1 ) 8 foot lift$ z ?\gh x
 7 hurt4 ,! /ory is t ?is p>ticul> lion 
limp$ into ! mona/]y 9 :i* ?is old man  
liv$1 & :ile all ! o!r monks fl$ 9      
t]ror1 ?is monk saw t ! lion's =e-paw 0 
hurt4 ,he rais$ x up1 f\nd :at 0 !      
matt]1 & pull$ out ! ?orn2 & ev]        
aft]w>ds ! lion liv$ peacefully 9 !     
mona/]y ) him4 ,n[1 :5ev] y see a lion 9
 a picture ) an old monk1 him y w "k to 
be ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,he 0 a le>n$ ,*ri/ian   
fa!r :o liv$ "s fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 
yet 8 works are /ill read1 spok51 & he>d
 e day ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,he x 0 :o made !  
/&>d ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,scriptures4 ,!   
s]vices 9 ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es 9 all  
c\ntries are held 9 ,lat9 to ?is day1 & 
,/4 ,j]ome's translation ( ! ,bible1    
call$ ! ,vulgate1 is ! v]sion /ill 9    
use4  ,"h y see ,/4 ,j]ome depict$ sitt+
 9 8 own /udy1 read+ to prep>e himself =
 8 great und]tak+2 & :at a /udy x is6 ,y

 mu/ g to ! ,national ,gall]y to enjoy  
all ! details1 = ! orig9al pa9t+ is only
 #ah in*es high by #ad in*es broad1 & ! 
books & writ+ mat]ials are s t9y t "s   
are inevitably lo/ 9 ?is beautiful      
photograph4 ,! /udy is really a "p ( a  
mona/]y assign$ to ,/4 ,j]ome himself1 8
 books1 manuscripts1 & o!r su*          
possessions4 ,he has a pot ( fl[]s & a  
dw>f tree1 & a t[el to dry 8 h&s on1 & a
 beautiful *air at 8 desk4 ,he has tak5 
(f 8 du/y %oes & left !m at ! foot ( !  
/eps4  ,! pa9t] ( ?is picture1 mu/ h _h 
9 8 m9d a v happy idea ( ,/4 ,j]ome4    
,o!rs h sometimes pa9t$ him z !y ?\ght  
he look$ :5 liv+ 9 a horrible des]t1 z  
he did = f\r ye>s4 ,b at ! "t ?is       
picture 0 pa9t$1 ab\t ! ye> #adgj1 ,/4  
,j]ome 9 8 /udy 0 a m usual subject =   
pa9t]s ?an ,/4 ,j]ome 9 ! des]t4 ,"o    
reason ( ?is 0 t 9 ,italy1 9 ! latt]    
half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,/4 ,j]ome 0   
consid]$ ! patron sa9t ( s*ol>s1 & = !  
fir/ "t s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 
s*ol>s 7 p]haps ! mo/ influ5tial p ( !  

day4  ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,j]ome ,,9 ,,8
 ,,/udy ,f ! picture by ,antonello da   
,mess9a1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london 
,( c\rse y all "k some?+ ab\t !         
rem>kable revival ( le>n+ 9 ! fifte5?   
c5tury1 :i* />t$ 9 ,italy1 spread       
nor?w>d1 & rea*$ ,engl& 9 ! reign (     
,h5ry ,,viii4 ,be=e ! fifte5? c5tury1   
,italians seem to h be5 indiff]5t to !  
monum5ts ar\nd !m ( anci5t civilization4
 ,sudd5ly !y 7 fir$ ) a passion =       
antiquity4 ,!y le>nt ,greek & began to  
take a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( ! ,greeks &
 ,romans1 :o 9 _m ways _h liv$ a life s 
f> sup]ior to _! own4 ,arti/s /udi$ !   
old /atues1 :i* taught !m ! beauty ( !  
human figure4 ,! reacquir$ wisdom ( !   
anci5ts by degrees broke d[n ! m$ieval  
b>ri]s4 ,!re 0 born a _s ( ent]prise    
into ! _w ( ?\ght z well z into ! _w (  
fact1 :i* revolutioniz$ life & art4 ,!  
p]iod :i* witness$ ?is great m5tal *ange
 is well kn[n z ! ,r5aissance or        
'rebir?4'  ,:5 y fir/ look$ at ?is      
picture y mu/ h ?\ght x v diff]5t f !   

two e>li] ones4 ,su* a subject c\ld only
 h be5 pa9t$ ?us 9 an age :5 m5 admir$ !
 s*ol>'s life4 ,?\gh ! figure is call$ t
 ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 !re is really no?+       
typically sa9tly ab\t him2 he is only   
s]i\s4 ,! subjects *os5 by pa9t]s ( !   
,r5aissance 7 no long] almo/ solely     
religi\s1 b began to be select$ f ! _w (
 ev]yday life2 ev5 :5 ! subject 0 tak5 f
 ,*ri/ian leg5d1 x 0 n[ g5]ally treat$ z
 an ev5t happ5+ 9 ! actual _w ( !       
pa9t]'s own day4  ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is    
picture is pa9t$ is /ill m sugge/ive (  
*ange ?an ! subject itself4 ,our arti/  
knew a great deal ab\t ! new sci5ce (   
p]spective1 = in/ance4 ,"o might almo/  
?9k t1 pleas$ ) 8 new k1 he _h multipli$
 ! numb] ( objects on ! %elves s z to %[
 h[ well he c\ld =e%ort5 !m4 ,m$ieval   
pa9t]s _h n tr\bl$ ab\t p]spective1 & 7 
m conc]n$1 z we h se51 to make a pretty 
patt]n ( %apes & col\rs = _! pictures4  
,! ,van ,eycks1 z we not$1 only acquir$ 
! beg9n+s ( an und]/&+ ( x1 & 7 v pr\d (
 _! new k4 ,x 0 9 ,italy t all ! rules 7

 at la/ br\ght to light4  ,! ,r5aissance
 ,p]iod 9 ,italy may be consid]$ z la/+ 
f #adjj to #aeej4 ,! pione] arti/s :o   
ma/]$ p]spective & work$ at ! human     
figure till !y c\ld draw x correctly 9  
any attitude1 liv$ 9 ! fir/ sev5ty-five 
ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 ! break]s
 ( /one & hew]s ( wood :o prep>$ ! way =
 ! great] arti/s ( ! end ( ! c5tury1 b 9
 ! process ( le>n+1 _m ( !m pa9t$ v     
lovely ?+s4  ,! pa9t] ( our picture liv$
 )9 ^? sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,he 01         
probably1 a c]ta9 ,antonello (          
,mess9a--t same t[n 9 ,sicily rec5tly   
wreck$ by e>?quakes4 ,( 8 life little is
 kn[n4 ,he seems to h work$ *iefly 9    
,v5ice :]e !re 0 a f9e s*ool ( pa9t+    
dur+ ! ,r5aissance ,p]iod2 8 s5ior      
,giovanni ,bell9i1 "o ( ! e>ly great    
pa9t]s ( ,v5ice1 "s ( ^: pictures are 9 
! ,national ,gall]y1 taught him mu*4 ,x 
is also said t ,antonello w5t to !      
,ne!rl&s & !re le>nt ! me?od ( lay+ pa9t
 on panel inv5t$ by ! ,van ,eycks4      
,mod]n /ud5ts say he did n1 b t he pick$

 up 8 way ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,c]ta9ly he 
& o!r ,v5etians & ,italians ab\t ?is "t 
improv$ _! te*nical me?ods z ! ,van     
,eycks _h done1 & ?is picture is an e>ly
 example ( t m brilliant fa%ion ( pa9t+4
 ,!re is "h a ,flemi% love ( detail4 ,! 
,italian pa9t]s _h be5 m accu/om$ to    
pa9t+ ^u walls ?an ! ,flem+s1 = ! latt] 
_h soon discov]$ t a damp nor!rn climate
 0 n fav\rable to ! pres]vation (       
wall-pa9t+s4 ,fresco does n admit ( mu* 
detail1 z ea* day's "w has to be f9i%$ 9
 ! day1 be=e ! pla/] dries4 ,?us1 a long
 tradition ( fresco pa9t+ _h accu/om$ ! 
,italian pa9t]s to a broad me?od (      
treatm5t1 :i* !y ma9ta9$ to a c]ta9     
ext5t ev5 9 _! panel pictures4 ,b 9 our 
,/4 ,j]ome we see a weal? ( detail      
unsurpass$ ev5 by ,john van ,eyck4  ,"o 
ne$s a magnify+-glass to see ev]y?+ !re 
is to be se5 9 ! l&scape ?r\gh ! w9d[ on
 ! left4 ,besides ! city ) its t[]s &   
walls & ! m\nta9s beh9d1 !re is a riv] 9
 ! =egr\nd :]e two little p are sitt+ 9 
a boat4 ,obs]ve e t9y /one 9 ! pavem5t1 

& e op5 page ( ! books on ! %elves4 ,"h1
 too1 is bread? 9 ! h&l+4 ,hold ! book  
f> away f y1 s t ! detail ( ! picture   
vani%es & only ! broad masses ( !       
composition /& out4 ,y /ill h :at is    
ess5tial4 ,! picture is "o 9 :i*        
,italian feel+ & s5tim5t bl5d ) ,flemi% 
te*nique & love ( little ?+s4 ,!re has  
always be5 some?+ ( a my/]y ab\t !      
picture1 & y mu/ n be surpris$ "s day if
 y he> x ass]t$ t ,antonello did n pa9t 
x at all4 ,su* *anges 9 ! attributions (
 unsign$ pa9t+s are n uncommon4  ,"o ( !
 greate/ pione] arti/s ( ! fifte5?      
c5tury 0 ,&rea ,mantegna ( ,padua 9 !   
nor? ( ,italy4 ,m ?an any o!r pa9t] ( 8 
day1 he devot$ himself to ! /udy (      
anci5t sculpture1 ev5 to ! ext5t (      
sometimes pa9t+ 9 mono*rome to imitate !
 actual m>ble4 ,pa9t+s by him1 :i* look 
l sculptur$ reliefs1 are 9 ! ,national  
,gall]y2 & at ,hampton ,c\rt is a s]ies 
( c>toons repres5t+ ! ,triumph ( ,julius
 ,caes>1 9 :i* ! conception & ! h&l+ are
 ?r\gh\t inspir$ by old ,roman          

bas-reliefs4 ,9 o!r pictures ( 81 !     
figures look z ?\gh ca/ ( bronze1 = he 0
 likewise influ5c$ by ! sculptors ( 8   
own day1 p>ticul>ly by ! ,flor5t9e      
,donatello1 "o ( ! g5iuses ( ! e>ly     
,r5aissance4 ,mantegna's /udies ( =m 9  
sculpture made him an excell5t          
draughtsman4 ,/rangely en\gh1 x 0 ?is v 
sev]e arti/ :o 01 p]haps1 ! fir/ to     
depict ! *>m ( babyhood4 ,(t5 he draws 8
 babes wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s1 ) _!     
little f+]s 9 _! m\?s1 or else 9 ! act (
 cry+1 ) _! eyes screw$ up tight1 & _!  
m\?s wide op54 ,su* a comb9ation ( h>d  
sculpturesque modell+ ) extreme t5d]ness
 ( feel+ has a *>m ( its own4  ,we h n[ 
j "o m picture ( a sacr$ subject to look
 at1 "o ( ! la/ t /ill reta9s mu* ( !   
old beautiful religi\s _s ( ! ,middle   
,ages4 ,! pa9t] ( x1 ,s&ro ,botticelli1 
a ,flor5t9e1 9 :om 7 bl5d$ ! piety ( !  
,middle ,ages & ! intellectual life ( ! 
,r5aissance1 0 a v int]e/+ man1 ^: l we 
%all n f9d among ! pa9t]s ( 8 own or    
lat] days4 ,he 0 born 9 #addf1 9        

,flor5ce1 ! city 9 ,italy mo/ alive to !
 new ideas & ! new le>n+4 ,its gov]n+   
family1 ! ,m$ici1 ( :om y h d\btless    
read1 surr\nd$ !mselves ) a brilliant   
society ( accompli%$ m51 & adorn$ _!    
palaces ) ! f9e/ works ( art t c\ld be  
produc$ 9 _! "t4 ,! be/ arti/s f !      
surr\nd+ c\ntry 7 attract$ to ,flor5ce 9
 ! hope ( work+ = ! family1 :o 7 ev]    
ready to employ a man ( arti/ic gifts4  
,9 su* an atmosph]e an orig9al & al]t   
p]son l ,botticelli c\ld n fail to keep 
/ep ) ! =emo/ ( 8 day4 ,8 f]tile fancy 0
 *>m$ by ! reviv$ /ories ( ,greek       
,my?ology1 & = a "t he gave himself up  
to ! pa9t+ ( pagan subjects su* z !     
,bir? ( ,v5us f ! ,sea1 & ! lovely      
allegory ( ,spr+ ) ,v5us1 ,cupid1 & !   
,?ree ,graces4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>ly arti/s 
to break ?r\gh ! old wall ( religi\s    
conv5tion1 pa9t+ frankly my?ological    
subjects1 & he did !m 9 an exquisite    
mann] all 8 own4  ,! true _s ( beauty   
dwelt )9 him1 & all t he pa9t$ & design$
 0 graceful 9 =m & beautiful 9 col\r4   

,if1 = in/ance1 y look closely into !   
designs ( ! necks ( dresses 9 8         
pictures1 y w f9d !m delightful to copy 
& f> sup]ior to ! ord9>y designs = su*  
?+s made to-day4 ,9 8 love ( beauty & 8 
ke5 appreciation ( ! new possibilities (
 pa9t+ he 0 a true *ild ( ! ,r5aissance1
 ?\gh he _h n ! joy\s nature s          
*>act]i/ic ( ! "t4 ,moreov]1 z ,i h     
said1 he reta9$ ! old sweet religi\s _s1
 & clo!d x ) new =ms ( beauty 9 8 sacr$ 
pa9t+s4 ,!re is some?+ pa!tic ab\t _m ( 
^!--! ,virg91 :ile %e nurses ! ,infant  
,*ri/1 seems to =esee all ! sorr[ 9 /ore
 = h]1 & b little ( ! joy4 ,! girl      
angels :o ne/le ar\nd h] 9 s _m ( 8     
pictures1 h faces ( exquisite beauty1 b 
9 mo/ ( !m1 not)/&+ ! fact t !y are     
evid5tly pa9t$ f ,flor5t9e girls ( ! "t1
 ,botticelli has infus$ 8 own p]sonal   
note ( sadness4  ,at ! end ( ! fifte5?  
c5tury1 :5 ,botticelli 0 beg9n+ to gr[  
old1 great ev5ts took place 9 ,flor5ce4 
,despite ! revival ( le>n+1 we are told 
by hi/orians t ! ,*ur* 0 becom+ corrupt 

& ! p m pleasure-lov+ & less int]e/$ 9 !
 religi\s life4 ,!n x 0 t ,savon>ola1 a 
fri> 9 "o ( ! conv5ts ( ,flor5ce1 all on
 fire ) en?usiasm = purity & goodness1  
began to awak5 ! he>ts ( ! p ) 8 burn+  
eloqu5ce1 & 8 d5unciations ( _!         
worldl9ess & ! deadness ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he  
prophesi$ a great outp\r+ ( ! wra? (    
,god1 & 9 p>ticul> t ! ,*ur* w\ld be    
purifi$ & r5ew$ aft] a quick & t]rible  
puni%m5t4 ,! passion1 ! conviction1 !   
eloqu5ce ( ,savon>ola = a "t c>ri$ ! p (
 ,flor5ce away1 & ,botticelli ) !m1 s t 
he became "o ( ! 'm\rn]s' z ! prea*]'s  
foll[]s 7 call$4  ,at ?is "t _m p]sons  
burnt 9 great 'bonfires ( vanities' all 
! pretty tr9kets t !y possess$4 ,b :5 ! 
prophecies did n lit]ally come true1 & !
 p began to be we>y ( ,savon>ola's      
vehem5ce1 we read t a reaction set 91   
:i* af=d$ a *ance = 8 enemies )9 !      
,*ur*1 :om he _h la%$ ) 8 tongue f !    
pulpit ( ! ca!dral4 ,!y contriv$ to h   
him tri$ = h]esy & burnt 9 ! m>ket-place
 ( ,flor5ce1 9 ! mid/ ( ! p :o s %ortly 

be=e _h hung on e ^w t fell f 8 lips4   
,?is trag$y entirely ov]:elm$           
,botticelli1 :o !nce=w>d almo/ ab&on$   
pa9t+1 & gave up 8 la/ ye>s to !        
practices ( ! religi\s life4 ,x 0 at ?is
 "t1 says ,mr4 ,horne1 & "u ! influ5ce (
 ^! emotions1 9 ! ye> #aejj1 :5 he 0    
sixty ye>s ( age1 t he pa9t$ ! picture  
"h reproduc$1 z an illu/ration to !     
prophecies ( ,savon>ola1 & a tribute to 
8 memory4 ,savon>ola _h be5 wont to use 
! descriptions1 9 ! ,book (             
,revelations1 ( ! woes t 7 to fall ^u ! 
e>? be=e ! build+ ( ! new ,j]usalem1 to 
illu/rate 8 prophecy ( ! sc\rge t 0 to  
come ^u ,italy1 be=e ! ,*ur* became     
purifi$ f ! wick$ness ( ! times4 ,at !  
top ( ! picture is writt5 9 ,greek3  ,i1
 ,s&ro1 pa9t$ ?is picture at ! end ( !  
ye> #aejj1 dur+ ! tr\bles ( ,italy1 9 ! 
half ye> aft] ! fir/ ye> ( ! loos+ ( !  
,devil = #c-a_/b ye>s1 9 accordance ) ! 
fulfilm5t ( ! #aa? *apt] ( !            
,revelations ( ,/4 ,john4 ,!n %all !    
,devil be *a9$1 accord+ to ! #ab? *apt]1

 & we %all see him trodd5 d[n z 9 !     
picture4  ,! ,devil :i* 0 loos$ = ?ree &
 a half ye>s /ood = ! /age ( wick$ness  
?r\gh :i* ,botticelli believ$ t ,flor5ce
 0 pass+ 9 #aejj4 ,9 ! bottom corn]s ( !
 picture y c see m9ute little devils    
runn+ away discomfit$2 o!rwise all is   
pure joy & peace1 symbolic ( ! gladness 
to come ^u ,italy :5 ! ,*ur* _h be5     
purifi$3    ,:5 ,life is difficult1 ,i  
dream   ,( h[ ! angels dance 9 ,heav54  
,( h[ ! angels dance & s+   ,9 g>d5s (  
et]nal spr+1   ,because _! s9s h be5    
=giv54444   ,& nev] m = !m %all be   ,! 
t]rors ( mortality4   ,:5 life is       
difficult1 ,i dream   ,( h[ ! angels    
dance 9 ,heav54444#b  ,footnote #b3 ,by 
,lady ,alfr$ ,d\glas4  ,t is :at        
,botticelli dream$4 ,he saw ! beautiful 
angels 9 gre51 :ite1 & r$ danc+ ) joy1  
because ( ! bir? ( _! ,savi\r1 & into _!
 h&s he put scrolls1 ^u :i* 7           
writt53--',glory to ,god 9 ! ,highe/4'  
,! re/ ( ! v]se1 ',peace & goodwill     
t[>ds m5' is on ! scrolls ( ! %eph]ds1  

br\ght by ! angel to behold ! ,babe ly+ 
9 ! mang]4 ,! ?ree m51 embrac$ ) su*    
eag]ness & joy by ! ?ree angels 9 !     
=egr\nd1 are ,savon>ola & 8 two *ief    
companions1 burnt ) him1 :o1 aft] _!    
long suff]+ ^u e>?1 h f\nd rew>d &      
happ9ess 9 heav54  ,illu/ration3 ,,!    
,,nativity ,f ! picture by ,s&ro        
,botticelli1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1     
,london  ,su* is ! mean+ ( ?is beautiful
 little picture1 z spiritual 9 idea z   
any ( ! pa9t+s ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5?    
c5turies4 ,b :ile ! e>li] pa9t]s _h     
/riv5 ) inadequate p[]s to express !    
religi\s feel+ t 0 9 !m1 ,botticelli's  
skill mat*$ 8 ?\ght4 ,8 draw+ ( ! angels
 9 _! ,greek dresses is v lovely1 & "o  
sc>ce kn[s 9 any picture a gr\p surpass+
 t ( ! ?ree little ones ^u ! ro( ( !    
mang]1 nor w y soon see a loveli]       
,virg9's face ?an h]s4 ,botticelli _h   
great p[] ( %[+ ! expression 9 a face1 &
 ! movem5t 9 a figure4 ,"h ! movem5ts   
may seem ov]/ra9$1 a fault :i* grew ^u  
him 9 8 old age2 ! angel1 ) ! two       

%eph]ds on ! "r1 has come skimm+ ov] !  
gr\nd & po9ts emphatically at ! ,babe1 &
 ! angel 9 front embraces ,savon>ola )  
vehem5ce4 ,! arti/s ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance
 _h le>nt ) s mu* tr\ble to draw figures
 9 motion t _! pleasure 9 _! newly      
acquir$ skill sometimes made !m err by  
exagg]ation z _! pr$ecessors by         
/iffness4  ,! way 9 :i* ,botticelli     
treat$ ?is subject ( ! ,nativity (      
,*ri/1 is1 z y see1 v diff]5t f ! way 9 
:i* ,hub]t van ,eyck pa9t$ ! ,?ree      
,m>ies at ! ,sepul*re4 ,we saw h[ !     
latt] pictur$ ! ev5t z actually tak+    
place outside ,j]usalem4 ,to ,botticelli
 ! ,nativity ( ,*ri/ 0 emblematic ( a   
new & happi] life = p 9 ,flor5ce1 ) !   
,*ur* reg5]at$ & purifi$1 z ,*ri/ w\ld h
 wi%$ x to be4 ,to him ! ,nativity 0 a  
symbol ( purity1 s he pa9t$ ! picture z 
a comm5t>y on ! ev5t1 n z an illu/ration
 ( ! ,biblical text4  ,! angels rejoice 
9 heav5 z ! %eph]ds ^u e>?1 ! devils    
flee away discomfit$1 & ,savon>ola & 8  
companions obta9 peace aft] !           

tribulations ( life4 ,su* 0 ! message ( 
,botticelli 9 ! picture "h reproduc$4   
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,raphael   ,! orig9al (  
our next picture is v small1 only sev5  
in*es squ>e1 yet ,i hope x w in/antly   
appeal to y4 ,! "n ( ! arti/1 ,raphael1 
is p]haps ! mo/ famili> ( all ! names ( 
! ,old ,ma/]s1 ma9ly1 x may be1 because 
he 0 ! pa9t] ( ! ,si/9e ,madonna1 ! be/ 
kn[n & be/ lov$ ( ,madonnas4  ,:5       
,raphael drew & pa9t$ ?is picture ( !   
',knight's ,dream1' ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 he
 0 himself l a "y knight1 at ! outset ( 
8 %ort & brilliant c>e]4 ,z a boy he 0  
h&some1 gift$1 *>m+4 ,8 nature is said  
to h be5 z lovely z 8 gifts 7 great1 &  
he pass$ 8 %ort life 9 a triumphant     
progress f city to city & c\rt to c\rt1 
always work+ h>d & always pa9t+ s       
beautifully t he won ! admiration (     
arti/s1 pr9ces1 & popes4 ,8 fa!r1       
,giovanni ,santi1 0 a pa9t] liv+ 9 ! t[n
 ( ,urb9o1 9 ,c5tral ,italy1 b ,raphael 
:5 q "y w5t to ,p]ugia to /udy ) ! pa9t]
 ,p]ug9o1 a native ( t t[n4  ,p]ugia /&s

 ^u a high hill1 l ! hill 9 ! backgr\nd 
( ! picture ( ! ',knight's ,dream1' only
 high]1 = f x y c ov]look ! wide        
,umbrian pla9 z f> z ,assisi--! home (  
,/4 ,francis--:i* lies on ! slope ( !   
next m\nta94 ,t beautiful ,umbrian      
l&scape1 9 :i* all ! t[ns look l ca/les 
p]*$ ^u ! top ( /eep hills1 ) wide      
undulat+ gr\nd betwe51 occurs frequ5tly 
9 ! pictures ( ,p]ug9o1 & (t5 9 ^? ( 8  
pupil ,raphael4 ,if y h once se5 ! view 
f ,p]ugia = y\rself1 y w realize h[     
/rongly x took hold ( ! imag9ation ( !  
"y pa9t]4 ,raphael _h a mo/             
impressionable m9d4 ,x 0 "p ( 8 g5ius t1
 f e pa9t] ) :om he came 9 contact he   
imbib$ ! be/1 almo/ )\t kn[+ x4 ,!      
arti/s ( 8 day1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,leon>do  
da ,v9ci1 & ! o!r great m51 7 ea*       
sev]ally employ$ 9 work+ out once & =   
all "s p>ticul> problem 9 connection )  
_! art4 ,mi*elangelo1 a giant 9         
intellect1 pa9t]1 sculptor1 ar*itect1 & 
poet1 /udi$ ! human body z x _h n be5   
/udi$ s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,greece4 ,8  

sculptur$ figures on ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici 
9 ,flor5ce rank second only to ^? ( !   
greate/ ,greek sculptors1 & 8 ceil+ 9 ! 
,si/9e ,*apel is compos$ ( a s]ies (    
ma/]pieces ( figure-pa9t+4 ,he devot$   
himself l>gely 9 8 sculpture & 8 pa9t+  
to ! repres5tation ( ! nak$ human body1 
& made x futile 9 8 successors to plead 
ignorance z an excuse = bad draw+4 ,z a 
col\ri/ he 0 n pre-em95t1 & 8 few panel 
pictures are = ! mo/ "p unf9i%$4        
,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ! old] contempor>y ( 
,raphael1 fir/ 9 ,flor5ce & aft]w>ds 9 !
 nor? ( ,italy1 left a colossal         
reputation & b few pictures1 = 9 8 se>* 
aft] p]fection he became dissatisfi$ )  
:at he _h done & is said to h de/roy$ "o
 ma/]piece aft] ano!r4 ,= him ! great   
int]e/ 9 ! aspect ( man & woman 0 n s   
mu* ! =m ( ! body z ! expression ( !    
face4 ,:at 0 fanta/ic & weird fasc9at$  
him4 ,at ,w9dsor are designs he made = !
 con/ruction ( an imag9>y bea/ )        
gigantic claws4 ,he once own$ a liz>d1 &
 made w+s = x ) quicksilv] inside !m1 s 

t !y quiv]$ :5 ! liz>d crawl$4 ,he put a
 dragon's mask ov] its head1 & ! result 
0 gha/ly4 ,! tale gives u a side light  
on ?is extraord9>y p]sonage4 ,:5 y are  
l$ to read m ab\t him y w feel !        
fasc9ation ( 8 /rong1 yet p]plex+       
p]sonality4 ,! faces 9 8 pictures are   
wond]ful faces1 ) a fugitive mock+ smile
 & a seem+ burd5 ( /range ?\ght4 ,by    
ma/]y ( ! mo/ subtle gradations ( light1
 8 heads h an appe>ance ( solidity new 9
 pa9t+1 till ,raphael & "s ( 8          
contempor>ies le>nt ! secret f ,leon>do4
 ,h]et(ore1 ,italian pa9t]s _h be5      
cont5t$ to ba! _! pictures 9 a flood (  
diffus$ light1 b he exp]im5t$ also )    
effects ( /rong light & %ade on ! face4 
,8 l&scape backgr\nds are an almo/      
une>?ly cold grey1 & include ! /range/  
=ms ( rock & m\nta94 ,8 inve/igations   
into sev]al ( ! sci5tific problems      
connect$ ) art l$ to results :i* affect$
 9 an important degree ! "w ( _m lat]   
arti/s4  ,if ,raphael _h less orig9ality
 ?an ,mi*elangelo or ,leon>do1 if       

,leon>do 0 ! fir/ arti/ to obta9        
complete ma/]y ov] ! expression ( ! face
 & ,mi*elangelo ov] ! draw+ ( ! figure1 
,raphael 0 able to pr(it at once by     
:atev] !y accompli%$4 ,yet nev] 0 he a  
m]e imitator1 = all t he absorb$ became 
t+$ ) a magical *>m 9 8 f]tile bra91 a  
*>m s p]sonal t 8 "w c h>dly be mi/ak5 =
 t ( any o!r arti/4  ,our picture ( a   
',knight's ,dream' 0 probably pa9t$ :ile
 ,raphael 0 "u ! influ5ce ( a ma/] nam$ 
,timoteo ,viti1 ^: works y are n likely 
to "k1 or mu* c>e ab\t :5 y see !m4 ,x 0
 j aft] he _h pa9t$ x t he came into    
,p]ug9o's h&s4  ,al?\gh ! ',knight's    
,dream' is s small1 & ,raphael 0 b a boy
 :5 he pa9t$ x1 ! picture has ! true    
romantic air1 *>act]i/ic ( ! joyful ye>s
 ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,he does n seem  
to h felt ! conflict betwe5 ! old       
religi\s ideal & ! new pursuit ( worldly
 beauty z ,botticelli felt x4 ,yet he   
*ose ! competition ( ^! two ideals z !  
subject ( ?is picture4 ,! ,knight1 clo!d
 9 bright arm\r & gay raim5t1 be>+ no   

relation at all to ! clo!s worn 9 #aejj1
 re/s ^u 8 %ield b5ea? ! slight %ade ( a
 v sl5d] tree4 ,9 8 dream !re appe> to  
him two figures1 bo? ( :om claim 8      
knightly allegiance = life3 "o1 a "y &  
lovely girl 9 a bright col\r$ dress )   
fl[]s 9 h] hair1 tempts him to embrace a
 life ( mir?1 (    ,je/ & y\?ful        
,jollity1   ,quips & ,cranks & wanton   
,wiles1   ,nods & ,becks & wrea!d       
,smiles4  ,! o!r resembles ! same poet's
    ,p5sive ,nun1 dev\t & pure1   ,sob]1
 /eadfa/1 & demure4  ,%e holds sword &  
book1 symbols ( /]n action & wise       
accompli%m5t4 ,:i* ! knight w *oose we  
are n told1 p]haps because ,raphael     
himself nev] _h to make ! *oice4 ,he 0  
too gift$ & too fond ( "w to be tempt$ f
 x by any?+ :atev]4 ,always joy\s &     
always successful1 he 0 able to pa9t any
 subject1 sacr$1 pr(ane1 anci5t1 or     
mod]n1 s long z x 0 a happy "o4 ,he 0   
too busy & too gay to feel pa9 & sorr[1 
z ,botticelli felt !m1 & to pa9t sad    
subjects4 ,to him ! visible _w 0 good & 

beautiful1 & ! invisible _w lovely &    
happy likewise4 ,8 ,madonnas are placid 
or smil+ mo!rs4 ,! fat & d>l+ babies !y 
hold are inde$ div9e b n awesome4 ,yet !
 extraord9>y sweetness ( expression1    
nobility ( =m1 & beauty ( col\r+ 9 !    
,madonnas make y almo/ hold y\r brea? :5
 y look at !m4  ,9 ! ',knight's ,dream' 
!re is a simple beauty 9 ! pose & gr\p+ 
( ! figures4 ,y c h>dly fancy ?ree      
figures bett] arrang$ = ! purpose ( !   
subject4 ,!re is some?+ inevitable ab\t 
!m1 :i* is ! highe/ praise due to a     
ma/]y ( design 9 ! art ( composition4   
,raphael's surpass+ gift 0 9 fitt+      
beautiful figures into any giv5 space1 s
 t x seems z ?\gh ! space _h be5 made to
 fit ! figures1 in/ead ( ! figures to   
fit ! space4 ,y c\ld nev] put 8 r\nd    
,madonnas into a squ>e frame4 ,! figures
 w\ld look z wrong z 9 a r\nd frame !y  
look "r4 ,if y 7 to cut (f a bit ( !    
=egr\nd 9 any ( 8 pictures & add ! extra
 piece to ! sky1 y w\ld make ! :ole look
 wrong1 :]eas p]haps y might add on a   

piece ( sky to ,hub]t van ,eyck's ',?ree
 ,m>ies' )\t spoil+ ! effect4           
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,knight',s ,,dream ,f
 ! picture by ,raphael1 9 ! ,national   
,gall]y1 ,london  ,! col\r+ ( ! picture1
 too1 is jewel-l & lovely1 b ! uncol\r$ 
draw+ is itself full ( *>m4 ,! grace (  
l9e1 :i* 0 to di/+ui% all ! works ( 8   
mature ye>s1 is already manife/ 9 ?is   
ef=t ( 8 boyhood4 ,x seems to =etell !  
sweep ( ! ,virg9's drap]y 9 ! ,si/9e    
,madonna1 & ! delightful maze ( curves  
fl[+ toge!r & away aga9 & return+ ^u    
!mselves :i* outl9e ! face1 ! arms1 h&s1
 & drap]ies ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 9 ! ,national 
,gall]y4 ,y w f9d x well wor? a little  
tr\ble to look long & closely at "o (   
,raphael's well-kn[n ,madonnas till y   
cle>ly see h[ ! composition ( all ! p>ts
 ( x is =m$ by ! play ( long & graceful 
curves4  ,y c see f ! draw+ ( !         
',knight's ,dream1' :i* is hung q ne> ! 
pa9t+ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 h[ c>efully
 ,raphael ?\ght out ! detail ( ! picture
 be=e he began to pa9t4 ,he seems ev5 to

 h be5 afraid t he might n be able to   
draw x aga9 s p]fectly2 !re=e he plac$ !
 draw+ ov] ! panel & prick$ x ?r\gh4 ,! 
m>ks ( ! p9 are q cle>1 & x br+s "o ne>]
 ?is great arti/ to foll[ closely !     
process ( 8 "w4 ,x makes ! "y boy g5ius 
( #aejj almo/ seem ak9 to ! /ruggl+ boy 
& girl arti/s ( ! pres5t "t4  ,f ,p]ugia
 ,raphael w5t to ,flor5ce1 :]e he pa9t$ 
a numb] ( 8 mo/ beautiful ,madonnas4    
,!n1 9 #aejh1 he 0 call$ to ,rome by    
,pope ,julius ,,ii4 to decorate "s rooms
 9 ! ,vatican ,palace4 ,! ,r5aissance   
popes 7 possess$ ( s great weal?1 & sp5t
 x to su* purpose1 t its sp5d+ influ5c$ 
! art ( _! age4 ,_m ( ! rooms 9 !       
,vatican _h be5 decorat$ by ,botticelli 
& o!r good arti/s ( ! previ\s           
half-c5tury1 b already ! new pope       
consid]$ _! "w out ( date & ord]$ x to  
be replac$ by ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael4  
,= n9e ye>s ,raphael work$ at !         
decoration ( ! palace1 always be+       
press$1 hurri$1 & ev5 worri$ by two     
successive popes :o employ$ him4 ,! wall

 spaces :i* he _h to fill 7 (t5 awkw>dly
 brok5 up ) w9d[s & doors1 b he easily  
ov]came :atev] difficulties 7 enc\nt]$4 
,to succe$ app>5tly )\t /ruggle 0 a     
peculi> gift grant$ to ,raphael above   
any o!r arti/ ( 8 day4 ,! frescoes pa9t$
 by him 9 ! ,vatican illu/rat$ subjects 
f ,greek philosophy & m$ieval ,*ur*     
hi/ory1 z well z f ! ,old & ,new        
,te/am5t4 ,z an illu/rator ( sacr$ writ 
he nev] attempt$ t v]isimilitude 9      
,ea/]n surr\nd+s to :i* ,hub]t van ,eyck
 lean$1 nei!r 0 he satisfi$ ) ! dress ( 
8 own day 9 :i* o!r pa9t]s 7 wont to    
clo! _! sacr$ *>act]s4 ,! hi/orical     
s5se1 :i* has driv5 "s mod]n arti/s to  
mu* antiqu>ian rese>* to discov] exactly
 :at ,pet] & ,paul mu/ h worn1 did n    
exi/ be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,raphael    
felt1 nev]!less1 t ! clo!s ( !          
,r5aissance 7 h>dly suitable = ,noah &  
,abraham1 s he inv5t$ a co/ume ( 8 own1 
f\nd$ ^u ,roman dress1 b diff]5t f      
ori5tal or contempor>y clo!s4 ,!        
,scripture illu/rations ( ,raphael mo/  

famili> to y may probably be 8 c>toon   
designs = tape/ry 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton     
,museum1 :i* 7 b\ght by ,*>les ,i4 ,9 ^!
 y c see :at is meant ab\t ! clo!s1 b y 
w n be surpris$ at !m1 because ! same h 
be5 adopt$ by ! majority ( ,bible       
illu/rators ev] s9ce ! days ( ,raphael4 
,8 pictures became s popul> t x 0 ?\ght 
:atev] he did mu/ be "r4 ,! dress 0 a   
m]e detail 9 8 "w1 b x 0 easy to copy & 
has be5 copi$ p]si/5tly f t day to ?is4 
,x is curi\s to ?9k t ! long :ite robes1
 :i* ,*ri/ we>s 9 ! illu/rations ( our  
pres5t-day ,sunday ,s*ool books & o!r   
religi\s publications1 are all due to   
imitation ( ,raphael's designs4  ,! fir/
 room he f9i%$ = ,julius ,,ii4 0 s ri* 9
 effect & beautiful 9 col\r t ! ,pope   
c\ld sc>cely wait = m rooms z f9e4      
,raphael _h to call 9 a l>ge numb] (    
assi/ants to enable him to cov] ! walls 
fa/ en\gh to please ! ,pope1 & ! quality
 ( ! "w began to det]iorate4 ,! unev5   
m]it ( 8 frescoes =etold ! consequ5ce ( 
ov]work despite 8 mat*less facility &   

p[]4 ,b 9 8 panel pictures1 :5 he 0 n   
hurri$1 8 "w cont9u$ to improve until he
 rea*$ 8 cr[n+ a*ievem5t 9 ! ,si/9e     
,madonna pa9t$ ?ree ye>s be=e 8 dea?4   
,raphael 0 ?irty-sev5 :5 he di$ 9 #aebj1
 & v f> f com+ to ! end ( 8 p[]s (      
le>n+4 ,ea* picture t he pa9t$ reveal$  
to him new difficulties to conqu]1 & new
 exp]im5ts to try1 9 8 art4 ,we seem    
compell$ to ?9k t _h he liv$ & lab\r$ = 
ano!r score ( ye>s1 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9  
,italy might h be5 diff]5t4 ,9 ,rome &  
,flor5ce no successor attempt$ to       
improve ^u 8 "w4 ,8 pupils & assi/ants 7
 m num]\s ?an ^? ( any o!r pa9t]1 b :5  
!y _h obta9$ "s ( 8 facility ( draw+ &  
pa9t+ !y 7 cont5t$4 ,none ( !m _h       
,raphael's g5ius1 yet all wi%$ to pa9t l
 him2 s t = ! foll[+ fifty ye>s ,rome & 
,flor5ce & ,s\!rn ,italy 7 flood$ )     
inf]ior ,raphaelesque pa9t+s1 :i* t5d$  
to become m slip-%od 9 execution z "t   
w5t on1 & m devoid ( any p]sonal note4  
,x 0 j z ?\gh 8 imitators _h le>nt to   
write beautifully & !n _h _h little to  

say4  ,leon>do da ,v9ci di$ a few mon?s 
be=e ,raphael4 ,sev]al ( 8 pupils 7     
arti/s ( ability1 & liv$ to c>ry on 8   
traditions ( pa9t+ 9 ! nor? ( ,italy4   
,leon>do himself _h be5 s erratic1      
produc$ s little1 & s few ( 8 pictures  
survive1 t _m "k him be/ 9 8 pupils' "w1
 or ?r\gh copies & engrav+s ( 8 great   
',la/ ,supp]'--a picture t became an    
almo/ total wreck ^u ! walls ( !        
,refectory 9 ,milan1 = :i* x 0 pa9t$4 ,8
 influ5ce ^u 8 contempor>ies at ,milan 0
 v great1 s t dur+ "s ye>s h>dly a      
picture 0 pa9t$ !re :i* did n %[ a      
lik5ess to ! "w ( ,leon>do4 ,he _h      
creat$ a type ( female beauty all 8 own4
 ,! face w impress itself ^u y\r memory 
! fir/ "t y see x1 :e!r 9 a picture by  
,leon>do or 9 "o by a pupil4 ,y c see x 
9 ! ,national ,gall]y 9 ! great         
',madonna ( ! ,rocks1' & 9 ! magnific5t 
draw+ at ,burl+ton ,h\se4 ,x is n a v   
beautiful face1 b x haunts ! memory1 & !
 ,milanese arti/s ( ,leon>do's day nev] 
?rew (f _! recollection ( x4  ,) f> less

 p[] ?an ,leon>do1 "o ( 8 imitators1    
,b]n>d9o ,lu9i1 pa9t$ pictures ( su* *>m
 & simplicity t almo/ ev]yone f9ds !m   
delightful4 ,if y c\ld see 8 picture ( !
 angels be>+ ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 rob$ 9 r$1    
?r\gh ! air to h] la/ re/+-place ^u !   
hill1 y w\ld feel ! beauty & peace ( 8  
g5tle nature reveal$ 9 8 art4 ,b ! spell
 ( ,leon>do vani%$ ) ! dea? ( ^? :o _h  
kn[n him 9 life4 ,! la/ ( 8 pupils di$ 9
 #aeej1 & ) him ! ,leon>do s*ool ( pa9t+
 came to an end4  ,!re is "o m pa9t]    
belong+ to ! full ,r5aissance too fam\s 
to rema9 entirely unm5tion$4 ,?is is    
,correggio1 a pa9t] affect$ also by !   
pictures ( ,raphael & ,leon>do1 b       
individual 9 8 vision & 8 "w4 ,he pass$ 
8 life 9 ,p>ma1 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1      
inh]it+ a ,nor? ,italian tradition1 &   
he>+ only e*oes ( ! _w beyond4 ,8       
canvases are ?rong$ ) fair %apes1 pretty
 wom5 & danc+ *ildr51 e!really s(t &    
lovely4 ,b x is 9 8 native t[n t !      
angels so> al(t ) ! ,virg9 9 ! dome ( ! 
ca!dral1 & ! *ildr5 frolic on ! walls ( 

! conv5t4 ,^! are 8 ma/]pieces y w\ld l 
be/4  ,9 #aeej ! impetus giv5 to pa9t+ 9
 ,italy by ! ,r5aissance 0 draw+ to an  
end4 ,! great c5tral epo* may be said to
 h t]m9at$ 9 ,tuscany a few ye>s aft] ! 
dea?s ( ,leon>do & ,raphael 9 #aebj4 ,b 
we h said no?+ yet ( ,v5ice1 :]e1 9     
#aebj1 arti/s ^: visions & ^: record (  
!m 7 to be z wond]ful z ^? ( ,botticelli
 & ,raphael1 7 z yet sleep+ 9 _!        
cradles4     ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,!         
,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,v5ice   ,a visit to  
,v5ice is "o ( ! joys :i* p]haps few ( u
 h yet exp]i5c$4 ,b :e!r we h be5 !re or
 n1 we all "k t ! v s\nd ( h] "n is     
en*ant+ = ^? :o are fre% f h] magic--h] 
sunrises & sunsets unmat*$ = col\r1 & h]
 /reets = sil5ce4  ,! ,v5etians 7 a pr\d
 & successful p1 weal?i] by virtue ( _! 
great sea-trade ?an ! citiz5s ( ,flor5ce
 or ( any o!r t[n 9 ,italy2 _! =emo/ m5 
liv$ 9 great high-room$ palaces1 ri*ly  
furni%$1 & decorat$ ) pictures ( a      
sumptu\s pageantry4 ,b ! ,v5etians 7 n  
m]ely a luxuri\s p4 ,! poetry ( !       

lagoons1 & ! glory ( ! sunset skies1    
imp>t$ to _! lives ! weal? ( a r>e      
romance4 ,ev5 9 ,v5ice to-day1 n[ t !   
/eam]s h spoilt ! peace ( ! canals & !  
old orange-w+$ sail+-boats no long] cr[d
 aga9/ ! quays1 ! dreamy atmosph]e ( !  
city reta9s its spell4  ,few arti/s ev] 
felt & express$ ?is atmosph]e bett] ?an 
,giorgione1 ! pa9t] ( ! fir/ ( our      
,v5etian pictures4 ,he 0 "o ( ! great   
arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance :o di$ "y1 t5    
ye>s be=e ,raphael1 b _! greatness is   
sc>cely comp>able4 ,l ,raphael1         
,giorgione 0 precoci\s1 b unlike him he 
pa9t$ 9 a /yle ( 8 own t f ! v beg9n+   
ow$ little to any "o else4 ,he saw      
beauty 9 8 own way1 & 0 n impell$ to see
 x diff]5tly by com+ into contact ) o!r 
arti/s1 h[ev] great4 ,unlike ,raphael1  
he 0 n a great ma/] ( ! art (           
composition4 ,9 ! little picture be=e u 
! gr\p+ ( ! figures is n :at may be     
call$ inevitable1 l t 9 ! ',knight's    
,dream4' ,x seems z ?\gh "o day :5      
,giorgione 0 mus+ on ! beauties ( ! _w1 

& ! blemi%es ( life1 ev5 life 9 ,v5ice1 
he ?\ght ( "s f>-(f "t beyond ! dawn (  
hi/ory :5 all m5 liv$ 9 peace4 ,! anci5t
 ,greeks call$ ?is p]fect "t ! ',gold5  
,age' ( ! _w4 ,9 _m ways _! idea ( x    
tallies ) ! description ( ! ,g>d5 (     
,ed51 & !y 7 always contra/+ ) x !      
',iron ,age' 9 :i* !y ?\ght !y liv$1 z !
 ,hebrews contra/$ ! life ( ,adam & ,eve
 9 ! g>d5 ) _! own4 ,z ! fancy fla%$    
across ,giorgione's m9d1 p]*ance he saw 
"s j k+ ( :om 8 subjects felt no fe>    
seat$ ^u a ?rone l ?is4 ,a dreamy y\?   
plays s(t music to him1 & ano!r h&s him 
fl[]s & fruit4 ,books lie /rewn ^u !    
/eps1 & a *ild /&s 9 a rev]5t attitude  
be=e him4 ,wild & dome/ic animals live  
toge!r 9 h>mony2 ! gr\nd is c>pet$ )    
fl[]s2 all is peaceful4 ,su* a subject  
suit$ ! temp]am5t ( ,giorgione1 & he    
pa9t$ x 9 ! romantic mood 9 :i* x 0     
conceiv$4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ev]yday 
life ?an ?is little sc5e4 ,x has !      
unlab\r$ look t suits su* an improvis$  
subject4 ,( c\rse no "o kn[s = c]ta9 t  

?is is a picture ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 & y   
may make up any /ory y l ab\t x =       
y\rselves4 ,t is "o ( ! *>ms ( !        
picture4 ,x has be5 said t ! ?ron$ "o is
 celebrat+ 8 bir?day1 & t 8 little heir 
is recit+ him a bir?day ode accompani$  
by music4 ,y may believe ?is if y l1 b  
h[ d y !n acc\nt = ! leop>d & ! peacock 
liv+ 9 su* h>mony toge!r8  ,illu/ration3
 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age ,f ! picture by      
,giorgione1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1      
,london  ,giorgione pa9t$ a few sacr$   
pictures & _m my?ological sc5es1 besides
 sev]al v beautiful portraits (         
dreamy-look+ poets & noblem54 ,b ev5 :5 
he illu/rat$ "s well-kn[n tale1 he did n
 c>e to seize ^u ! dramatic mom5t t     
gives ! crisis ( ! /ory1 z ,giotto w\ld 
h done1 & z ! pa9t] ( our next picture  
does4 ,viol5t action did n attract him4 
,:atev] ! subject1 if x 7 possible to   
gr\p ! figures toge!r at a mom5t :5 !y 7
 beautifully do+ no?+1 he did s4 ,b he  
lik$ /ill m to pa9t ideal sc5es f 8 own 
fancy1 :]e "y p sit 9 easy attitudes ^u 

! grass1 conv]s+ = an in/ant 9 !        
int]vals ( ! music !y make ^u pipes &   
guit>4 ,he 0 ! fir/ arti/1 s f> z ,i "k1
 to pa9t ^! half real1 half imag9>y     
sc5es1 ( :i* our picture may be "o4 ,9  
all ( !m l&scape be>s an important "p1 &
 9 "s ! backgr\nd has become ! picture &
 completely subord9at$ ! figures4 ,9 ?is
 little ',gold5 ,age' ! l&scape is quiet
 9 tone1 t+$ ) melan*oly1 romantic1 to  
suit ! mood ( ! figures4 ,its col\r+1   
?\gh ri*1 is subdu$1 m l ! t9ts ( autumn
 ?an ! fre% hues ( spr+4 ,! ,v5etians   
excell$ 9 _! treatm5t ( col\r4 ,!y liv$ 
9 an uncommon _w ( x4 ,giorgione saw 8  
picture 9 8 m9d's eye z a blaze ( ri*   
col\r2 he did n see ! figures %>ply     
outl9$ aga9/ a remote backgr\nd1 z are !
 ?ree 9 ,raphael's ',knight's ,dream4'  
,t does n mean t ,raphael1 l ! arti/ ( !
 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 dipty*1 fail$ to make 8   
figures look solid1 b t he saw beauty   
mo/ 9 ! outl9es ( ! body & ! curves ( ! 
drap]y1 irrespective ( col\r1 :]eas to  
,giorgione's eye outl9e 0 no?+ )\t col\r

 & light & %ade4 ,! body ( ! ,k+ ^u !   
?rone 9 our picture is mass$ aga9/ !    
backgr\nd1 b !re is no def9ite outl9e to
 divide x f ! tree beh9d4 ,9 ?is respect
 ,giorgione 0 curi\sly mod]n = 8 date1 z
 we %all see 9 pictures ( a /ill lat]   
"t4  ,giorgione 0 only ?irty-?ree ye>s  
old :5 he di$ ( ! plague 9 #aeaj1 ! same
 ye> z ,botticelli4 ,8 ma/]1 ,giovanni  
,bell9i1 :o 0 born 9 #adbh1 outliv$ him 
by six ye>s1 & ! great ,titian1 8       
fell[-pupil 9 ! /udio ( ,bell9i1 liv$   
ano!r half-c5tury or m4  ,titian 9 _m   
ways summ$ up all t 0 greate/ 9 ,v5etian
 art4 ,8 pictures h less romance ?an ^? 
( ,giorgione1 except dur+ ! %ort space (
 "t :5 he pa9t$ "u ! spell ( 8 bro!r    
arti/4 ,x is extremely difficult to     
di/+ui% !n betwe5 ,titian's e>ly &      
,giorgione's late "w4 ,titian p]haps _h 
! great] intellect4 ,giorgione's        
pictures v>y accord+ to 8 mood1 :ile    
,titian's express a less *angeable      
p]sonality4 ,9 spite ( 8 y\?1 ,giorgione
 made a pr(\nd impression ^u all !      

arti/s ( 8 "t4 ,!y did n copy 8 designs1
 b ! beauty ( 8 pictures made !m look at
 ! _w ) 8 romantic eyes & pa9t 9 8      
dreamy mood4 ,x 0 almo/ z ?\gh          
,giorgione _h absorb$ ! romance ( ,v5ice
 into 8 pictures1 s t = a "t no ,v5etian
 pa9t] c\ld express ,v5etian romance    
except 9 ,giorgione's way4  ,b 9 #aeah1 
eight ye>s aft] ,giorgione's dea?1 ano!r
 great innovat+ ma/] 0 born at ,v5ice1  
,t9toret by "n1 :o 9 8 turn op5$ new    
visions ( ! _w to ! arti/s ( 8 day4     
,:ile pa9t+ 9 ! re/ ( ,italy 0 becom+   
mann]$ & s5tim5tal1 lack+ 9 p[] &       
orig9ality1 ,t9toret 9 ,v5ice 0 creat+  
ma/]pieces ) a v fury ( inv5tion & a    
correspond+ swiftness ( h&4 ,he 0 8 own 
*ief tea*]4 ,outside 8 /udio he wrote ^u
 a sign to in=m or attract pupils--',!  
design ( ,mi*elangelo & ! col\r+ (      
,titian4' ,pr(\nd /udy ( ! works ( ^!   
two ma/]s is manife/ 9 8 own4 ,l        
,mi*elangelo he work$ passionately r ?an
 ) ! sob] compet5ce ( ,titian4 ,8 ?rong+
 visions1 8 multitud9\s & (t5 va/       

canvases are a surpass+ record4         
,prolong$ /udy ( ! human =m _h giv5 to  
him1 z to ,mi*elangelo1 a wond]ful p[] (
 draw+ gr\ps ( figures4 ,8 m]e output 0 
m>vell\s1 & mu* ( x on a gr&iose scale4 
,he cov]$ hundr$s ( squ>e feet ( ceil+s 
& walls 9 ,v5ice ) pa9t+s ( subjects t  
_h be5 pa9t$ hundr$s ( times be=e2 b ea*
 z he treat$ x 0 a new ?+4 ,c5turies (  
tradition gov]n$ ! arrangem5t ( su*     
subjects z ! ,crucifixion & ! ,la/      
,judgm5t1 s t ev5 ! free pa9t]s ( !     
,r5aissance _h deviat$ b little f x4 ,9 
,t9toret ! fre$om ( ! ,r5aissance rea*$ 
its height4 ,= him tradition _h no      
fett]s4 ,:5 he pa9t$ a picture (        
,p>adise = ! ,doge's ,palace x measur$  
#hd by #cd feet1 & conta9$ lit]ally     
hundr$s ( figures4 ,8 imag9ation 0 s    
prolific t he seems nev] to h repeat$ a 
figure4 ,new =ms1 new po/ures1 new      
gr\p+s fl[$ f 8 bru% 9 exhau/less       
multitude4  ,x is necess>y to g to      
,v5ice to see ,t9toret's mo/ fam\s      
works1 /ill rema9+ ^u ! walls ( ! *ur*es

 & build+s = :i* !y 7 pa9t$1 or 9 :i* !y
 h be5 br\ght toge!r4 ,b ! ,national    
,gall]y is =tunate 9 possess+ "o        
relatively small canvas ( 8 :i* %[s "s (
 8 f9e/ qualities4 ,! subject ( ,/4     
,george slay+ ! dragon 0 n a new "o4 ,x 
_h be5 pa9t$ by ,raphael & by sev]al ( !
 e>li] ,v5etian pa9t]s1 b ,t9toret's    
treatm5t ( x 0 all 8 own4 ,9 ! e>li]    
pictures1 ! pr9cess1 = ^: sake ,/4      
,george fights ! dragon1 0 a little     
figure 9 ! backgr\nd flee+ 9 t]ror4 ,/4 
,george occupi$ ! *ief place1 z he does 
^u ! back ( our gold sov]eigns1 :]e !   
pr9cess has be5 left out altoge!r4      
,t9toret makes h] flee1 b %e is runn+   
t[>ds ! spectator1 & s1 9 h] flight1 /&s
 out ! mo/ conspicu\s figure4 ,"o ( !   
victims t ! dragon has sla9 lies beh9d  
h]4 ,9 ! di/ance ,/4 ,george fights )   
all 8 might aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil1 :il/ '!
 spl5d\r ( ,god' blazes 9 ! sky4 ,!re is
 a vividness & p[] ab\t ! picture t     
proclaims ! h& ( ,t9toret4 ,9 contra/ to
 ,giorgione he lik$ to pa9t figures 9   

motion1 yet he 0 z typical an outcome ( 
,v5etian romance z ! e>li] pa9t]4 ,no?+ 
c\ld be m l a fairy-tale ?an ?is        
picture4 ,x 0 no li/less dream] t pa9t$ 
x1 b "o ) a gorge\s imag9ation & yet a  
full k ( ! _w1 enabl+ him to give       
sub/ance to 8 visions4 ,t9toret's /ormy 
l&scapes are z beautiful 9 _! way z     
,giorgione's dreamy ones1 & ea* c>ries  
out ! mood ( ! re/ ( ! picture4 ,?is "o 
is full ( p[]1 my/]y1 & romance4        
,t9toret _h modell$ 8 col\r+ ^u ,titian 
& 0 by nature a great col\ri/1 b too (t5
 he us$ bad mat]ials t h turn$ black ) !
 lapse ( ye>s4 ,9 ?is picture y see 8   
col\r z x 0 meant to be1 ri*1 & boldly  
h>moni\s4 ,! vivid r$ & blue ( !        
pr9cess's clo!s are a d>+ comb9ation ) !
 brilliant gre5 ( ! l&scape1 b ,t9toret 
knew :at he 0 do+1 & ! result is sup]b4 
,) 8 dea? 9 #aeid ! be/ ( ,v5etian pa9t+
 came to an end4  ,illu/ration3 ,,/4    
,,george ,,de/roy+ ,,! ,,dragon ,f !    
picture by ,t9toretto1 9 ! ,national    
,gall]y1 ,london  ,!re 7 z _m excell5t  

pa9t]s 9 ! fairy city z !re _h be5 9    
,flor5ce2 contempor>ies ( ,giovanni     
,bell9i 7:o1 9 8 e>ly ye>s1 work$ 9     
close companion%ip ) ,mantegna1 8       
bro!r-9-law71 z well z contempor>ies (  
,titian & ,t9toret4 ,! pa9t] ,v]onese1 =
 in/ance1 di$ a few ye>s be=e ,t9toret4 
,= pomp & pageantry 8 great canvases are
 em95t4 ,/&+ 9 "s room ( ! ,doge's      
,palace1 decorat$ entirely by 8 h&1 we  
are c>ri$ back to ! "t :5 ,v5ice 0 ,que5
 ( ! ,seas1 unrivall$ = magnific5ce &   
weal?4 ,he 0 ! ,ma/] ( ,c]emonies1 be=e 
:om o!r pa9t]s ( pomps & vanities pale4 
,gorge\s col\r+ is :at all ^! ,v5etian  
pa9t]s _h 9 common4 ,we see x 9 ! e>ly  
days :5 ,v5etian art 0 /ruggl+ into     
exi/5ce4 ,9 h] art1 z 9 h] skies &      
wat]s1 we are ov]:elm$ by a vision (    
col\r unsurpass$4  ,we h n[ t\*$ on a   
few prom95t po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9  
,italy f its e>ly rise 9 ,flor5ce )     
,giotto2 ?r\gh its p]iod ( widespread   
excell5ce 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5?    
c5tury1 :5 ,raphael1 ,giorgione1        

,mi*elangelo1 & ,leon>do 7 all pa9t+    
ma/]pieces 9 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 ,rome1 & 
,milan at ! same mom5t2 to its f9al     
blaze ( sunset gr&eur 9 ,v5ice4 ,x is "t
 to return to ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,9 !    
next *apt] we w try to ga9 a few        
glimpses ( ! progress ( pa9t+ 9 ,g]many1
 ,holl&1 ,fl&]s1 & our own c\ntry4      
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,!
 ,,nor?   ,! ,r5aissance involv$ a *ange
 ( outlook t[>ds ! :ole _w :i* c\ld n   
long rema9 conf9$ to ,italy4 ,!re 7 !n1 
z n[1 roads ov] ! passes ( ! ,alps by   
:i* m]*ants & s*ol>s 7 cont9ually       
travell+ f ,italy ?r\gh ,g]many & ,fl&]s
 to ,engl&1 communicat+ to ! nor!rn     
c\ntries :atev] *anges ( ?\ght /irr$ 9 !
 s\?4  ,9 ,g]many1 z 9 ,italy1 m5       
spe$ily awoke to ! new life1 b ! awak5+ 
took a diff]5t =m4 ,we f9d a diff]5t    
quality 9 ! art ( ! nor?4 ,italian      
spontaneity & *ild-l joy is abs5t2 s1   
too1 ! s5se ( physical beauty1 univ]sal 
9 ,italy4 ,y rememb] h[ ! successors ( !
 ,van ,eycks 9 ,fl&]s pa9t$ excell5t    

portraits & small c>efully /udi$        
pictures ( scriptural ev5ts 9 wond]ful  
detail4 ,!y 7 a /rictly practical p ^:  
pa9t+ ( /uffs1 furs1 jewell]y1 &        
ar*itecture 0 m>vell\sly m9ute &        
v]aci\s4 ,b !y 7 n a h&some race1 & _!  
models = sa9ts & virg9s seem to h be5 ! 
p t came h&ie/ & by no means ! be/      
look+4 ,?us ! figures 9 _! pictures lack
 p]sonal *>m1 ?\gh ! pa9t+ is usually   
full ( vig\r1 tru?1 & skill4  ,:5       
,flem+s began to make t\rs 9 ,italy &   
saw ! pictures ( ,raphael1 9 :om grace 0
 native1 !y fell 9 love ) 8 "w & return$
 to ,fl&]s to try & pa9t z he did4 ,b to
 !m grace 0 n ,god-giv51 & 9 _! attempt 
to a*ieve x1 _! pictures became         
s5tim5tal & po/ur$1 & ! naive simplicity
 & ev]yday tru?1 s attractive 9 ! works 
( ! e>li] s*ool1 p]i%$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! 
,van ,eycks _h n be5 conf9$ to ,fl&]s4  
,arti/s 9 ,g]many _h be5 pr(\ndly       
affect$4 ,!y le>nt ! new te*nique (     
pa9t+ f ! pupils ( ! ,van ,eycks 9 !    
fifte5? c5tury4 ,l !m1 too1 !y disc>d$  

gold backgr\nds & tri$ to pa9t m5 & wom5
 z !y really look$1 in/ead ( 9 ! old    
conv5tional fa%ion ( ! ,middle ,ages4   
,s*ools ( pa9t+ grew up 9 sev]al ( ! m  
important ,g]man t[ns1 till t[>ds ! end 
( ! fifte5? c5tury two ,g]man arti/s 7  
born1 ,alb]t ,dur] at ,nuremb]g 9 #adga1
 & ,hans ,holbe9 ! y\ng] at ,augsburg 9 
#adig1 :o des]ve to rank ) ! greate/    
pa9t]s ( ! "t 9 any c\ntry4  ,dur] is   
commonly reg>d$ z ! mo/ typically ,g]man
 ( arti/s1 ?\gh 8 fa!r 0 ,hung>ian1 & z 
a matt] ( fact he /&s v mu* alone4 ,8   
pictures & engrav+s are 'long1 long     
?\ghts4' ,e in* ( ! surface is weight$ )
 mean+4 ,8 ca/ ( m9d1 inde$1 0 m t ( a  
philosoph] ?an t ( an arti/4 ,9 a draw+ 
:i* ,dur] made ( himself 9 ! look+-glass
 at ! age ( ?irte51 we see a ?\ghtful   
little face gaz+ out ^u ! _w ) que/ion+ 
eyes4 ,already ! delicacy ( ! l9es is   
/rik+1 & ! hair s beautifully f9i%$ t we
 c anticipate ! lat] arti/ ^: pictures  
are rem>kable = s surpris+ a weal? (    
detail4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,flemi%      

,s*ool1 c>efulness ( workman%ip &       
indiff]5ce to ! physical beauty ( !     
model1 to :i* ! ,italians 7 s s5sitive1 
cont9u$ 9 8 "w4 ,= ?or\ghness 8         
portraits c be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,john van  
,eyck4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y 8 fa!r    
lives aga9 = u 9 a picture ( wond]ful   
p[] & insight4  ,dur] 0 ak9 to ,leon>do 
9 ! desire = m & yet m k4 ,l him he     
wrote treatises on =tifications1 human  
proportions1 geometry1 & p]spective1 &  
fill$ 8 sket*books ) /udies ( plants1   
animals1 & natural sc5]y4 ,8 eag] m9d   
employ$ itself ) ! :ys & :]e=es ( ?+s1 n
 satisfi$ ) ! simple pleasure t sight   
be/[s4 ,9 8 engrav+s1 ev5 m ?an 9 8     
pictures1 we pond] ! hidd5 mean+s2 we   
are n cont5t to look & rejoice 9 beauty1
 ?\gh !re is mu* to *>m ! eye4 ,8       
problems 7 ! problems ( life z well z ! 
problems ( art4  ,! o!r great arti/ (   
,g]many1 ,hans ,holbe9 ! y\ng]1 0 ! son 
( ,hans ,holbe9 ! eld]1 a mu* e/eem$    
pa9t] 9 ,augsburg4 ,?is t[n 0 on !      
pr9cipal trade r\te betwe5 ,nor!rn      

,italy & ! ,nor? ,sea1 s t ,v5etians &  
,milanese 7 con/antly pass+ ?r\gh & br++
 to x mu* weal? & news  ( ! luxury ( _! 
own s\!rn life4 ,z a result ! citiz5s ( 
,augsburg dress$ m exp5sively & decorat$
 _! h\ses m lavi%ly ?an did ! citiz5s ( 
any o!r t[n 9 ,g]many4 ,aft] a boyhood &
 y\? sp5t at ,augsburg1 ,holbe9 remov$  
to ,basle4 ,he 0 a design] (            
wood-engrav+s & goldsmi?s "w & (        
ar*itectural decoration1 besides be+ a  
pa9t]4 ,9 ^? days ( *ange 9 ,s\?        
,g]many1 arti/s _h to be will+ to turn  
_! h&s to any k9d ( "w !y c\ld get to d4
 ,nor? ( ! ,alps1 :]e ! ,re=mation 0    
upsett+ old habits1 an arti/'s life 0 f>
 f be+ easy4 ,re=m]s made bonfires (    
sacr$ pictures & sculptur$ wood5        
alt>-pieces4 ,inde$ ! ,re=mation 0 a    
cruel bl[ to arti/s1 = x took away ,*ur*
 patronage & made !m dep5d5t = employm5t
 ^u m]*ants & pr9ces4 ,except at c\rts  
or 9 great m]cantile t[ns !y f>$        
extremely ill4 ,alt>-pieces 7 r>ely     
want$1 & !re 7 no m leg5ds ( sa9ts to be

 pa9t$ ^u ! walls ( *ur*es4  ,! dem& =  
portraiture1 on ! o!r h&1 0 increas+1   
:il/ ! gr[? ( pr9t+ creat$ a new field =
 design 9 ! prep>ation ( woodcuts = !   
illu/ration ( books4 ,?us x came to pass
 t ! pr9t] ,frob51 at ,basle1 0 "o ( !  
"y ,holbe9's *ief patrons4 ,we f9d him  
design+ a wond]ful s]ies ( illu/rations 
( ,! ,dance ( ,dea?1 z well z draw+     
ano!r set to illu/rate ,! ,praise (     
,folly1 writt5 by ,erasmus1 :o 0 !n liv+
 9 ,basle & frequ5t+ ! h\se ( ,frob54   
,erasmus 0 a typical s*ol> ( ! sixte5?  
c5tury1 belong+ r to civiliz$ society z 
a :ole ?an to any "o c\ntry4 ,he mov$   
ab\t ,europe f "o c5tre ( le>n+ to      
ano!r1 alike at home 9 educat$ circles 9
 ,engl&1 ,fl&]s1 & ,g]many4 ,he _h liv$ 
= "s "t 9 ,engl& & knew t !re 7 m5 !re )
 weal? :o w\ld employ a good pa9t] to   
pa9t _! portraits if !y c\ld f9d "o4    
,erasmus himself sat to ,holbe91 & s5t !
 f9i%$ portrait z a pres5t to 8 fri5d   
,sir ,?omas ,m1 ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&4
  ,9 ,engl&1 ow+ to ! effects ( ! ,w>s (

 ! ,roses1 good pa9t]s no long] exi/$4  
,a c5tury ( neglect _h de/roy$ ,engli%  
pa9t+4 ,h5ry ,,viii41 !re=e1 _h to look 
to =eign l&s = 8 c\rt pa9t]1 & :]e 0 he 
to come f8 ,france 0 ! ne>e/ c\ntry1 b !
 ,fr5* ,k+ 0 9 ! same pr$icam5t z ,h5ry4
 ,he obta9$ 8 pa9t]s f ,italy1 & at "o  
"t secur$ ! s]vices ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci2
 b ,italy 0 a long way (f & x w\ld suit 
,h5ry bett] to get a pa9t] f ,fl&]s or  
,g]many if x 7 possible4 ,s ,erasmus    
advis$ ,holbe9 to g to ,engl&1 & gave   
him a lett] to ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,on ?is  
fir/ visit 9 #aebf1 he pa9t$ ! portraits
 ( ,m & 8 :ole family1 & ( _m o!r       
di/+ui%$ m52 b x 0 n till 8 second visit
 9 #aecb t he became ,h5ry ,,viii4's    
c\rt pa9t]4 ,9 ?is capacity he _h to    
decorate ! walls ( ! ,k+'s palaces1     
design ! pageantry ( ! ,royal           
processions1 & pa9t ! portraits ( !     
,k+'s family4 ,al?\gh ,holbe9 c\ld d &  
did d any?+ t 0 dem&$ ( him1 :at he lik$
 be/ 0 to pa9t portraits4 ,romantic     
subjects su* z ! fight ( ,/4 ,george & !

 dragon1 or an idyll ( ! ,gold5 ,age1   
little suit$ ! arti/ic lean+s ( a       
,g]man4 ,to a ,g]man or a ,flem+ ! _w ( 
facts meant m ?an ! _w ( imag9ation2 !  
pa9t+ ( m5 & wom5 z !y look$ 9 ev]yday  
life 0 m cong5ial to !m ?an ! pa9t+ (   
sa9ts & imag9>y pr9cesses4  ,b h[       
unimportant seems all talk ( contra/+   
imag9ation & reality :5 we see !m fus$  
toge!r 9 ?is *>m+ portrait ( ,edw>d1 !  
*ild ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,x belongs to !   
end ( ! ye> #aech1 :5 he 0 j fifte5     
mon?s old1 & ! imag9ation ( ,holbe9     
equipp$ him ) ! orb ( sov]eignty 9 !    
guise ( a baby's rattle4 ,x is 9 ! c\pl+
 ( di/ant k+%ip & pres5t babyhood t !   
pa9t] works 8 magic & reveals 8 *>m4    
,illu/ration3 ,,edw>d1 ,,pr9ce ,,(      
,,wales1 ,,aft]w>ds ,,edw>d ,,vi4 ,f !  
picture by ,holbe91 9 ! ,collection ( ! 
,e>l ( ,y>bor\gh1 ,london  ,if y recall 
= a mom5t :at y "k ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 8   
ma/]ful pride1 8 magnific5ce1 8         
det]m9ation to d & h exactly :at he     
want$1 y w und]/& t 8 dem&s ^u 8 c\rt   

pa9t] = a portrait ( 8 only son & heir  
mu/ h be5 high4 ,no "o c\ld say en\gh   
ab\t ?is wond]ful *ild to please ,h5ry1 
= all t 0 said 9 praise ( him r$\nd$ to 
! glory ( 8 fa!r4  ,! foll[+ is a       
translation ( ! ,lat9 poem b5ea? !      
picture3    ,*ild1 ( ?y ,fa!r's virtues 
be ?\ heir1   ,s9ce none on e>? ) him   
may well comp>e2   ,h>dly to him might  
,heav5 yield a son   ,by :om 8 fa!r's   
fame %\ld be out-done4   ,s1 if ?\ equal
 su* a mighty sire1   ,no high] c !     
hopes ( man aspire2   ,if ?\ surpass    
him1 ?\ %alt hon\r$ be   ,o'er all t    
rul$ be=e1 or %all rule aft] !e4#c      
,footnote #c3 ,translat$ by ,miss ,k4   
,k4 ,rad=d4  ,9 ju/ice be x said t !    
little ,edw>d ,,vi4 0 ( an extraord9>y  
precocity4 ,:5 he 0 eight ye>s old he   
wrote to ,ar*bi%op ,cranm] 9 ,lat94 ,:5 
he 0 n9e he knew f\r books ( ,cato by   
he>t z well z mu* ( ! ,bible4 ,to %[ y !
 way 9 :i* royal infants 7 treat$ 9 ^?  
days1--we read t at ! "t ?is picture 0  
pa9t$1 ! little pr9ce _h a h\sehold ( 8 

own1 consi/+ ( a lady-mi/ress1 a nurse1 
rock]s = 8 cradle1 a *amb]la91          
vice-*amb]la91 /ew>d1 comptroll]1       
almon]1 & dean4 ,x is h>d to believe t !
 *ild is only fifte5 mon?s old1 s erect 
is ! attitude1 s intellig5t ! face4 ,!  
clo!s are sumptu\s4 ,a piece ( /uff     
simil> 9 mat]ial & design to ! sleeve   
exi/s to-day 9 a museum 9 ,brussels4  ,9
 ! be/ s5se ,holbe9 0 ! mo/ ,italian ( !
 ,g]mans4 ,= 9 him1 z 9 ! gift$         
,italian1 grace 0 innate4 ,he may h paid
 a brief visit to ,italy1 b he nev] liv$
 !re = any l5g? ( "t1 nor did he try to 
pa9t l an ,italian z "s nor!rn arti/s   
unhappily tri$ to d4 ,! ,g]man m]its1   
solidity1 boldness1 detail$ f9i%1 &     
grasp ( "*1 he possess$ 9 a high degree1
 b he comb9$ ) !m a beauty ( l9e1       
delicacy ( modell+1 & ri*ness ( col\r   
almo/ s\!rn4 ,8 pictures appeal m to !  
eye & less to ! m9d ?an d ^? ( ,dur]4   
,:]e ,dur] s\ght to in/ruct1 ,holbe9 0  
cont5t to please4 ,b l a ,g]man he sp>$ 
no pa9s4 ,he pa9t$ ! /uff & ! necklace1 

! globe & ! fea!r1 ) ! f9i% ( an arti/  
:o 0 be=e all ?+s a good workman4       
,obs]ve h[ delicately ! *ubby little    
f+]s are drawn4 ,holbe9's detail$       
treatm5t ( ! accessories ( a portrait is
 only less ?an ! c>e exp5d$ 9 depict+ ! 
face4 ,he /udi$ faces1 & 8 portraits1 "o
 may almo/ say1 are at once images ( &  
comm5t>ies on ! p !y depict4 ,?us 8     
gall]y ( pictures ( ,h5ry & 8           
contempor>ies %[ u at once ! reflexion (
 !m z 9 a mirror1 & ! vision ( !m z     
beheld by a s+ul>ly disc]n+ & exp]i5c$  
eye t n only saw b compreh5d$4  ,?is is 
! m rem>kable because ,holbe9 0 n always
 able to pa9t & f9i% 8 portraits 9 !    
pres5ce ( ! liv+ model1 z pa9t]s insi/  
on do+ n[adays4 ,8 sitt]s 7 g5]ally busy
 m5 :o grant$ him b "o sitt+1 s t 8     
me?od 0 to make a draw+ ( ! head 9 r$   
*alk & to write ^u ! m>g9 notes ( any?+ 
he p>ticul>ly want$ to rememb]4         
,aft]w>ds he pa9t$ ! head f ! draw+1 b  
_h ! actual clo!s & jewels s5t him to "w
 f4  ,9 ! ,royal ,collection at ,w9dsor 

!re are a numb] ( ^! portrait draw+s (  
great int]e/ to u1 s9ce _m ( ! portraits
 pa9t$ f !m h be5 lo/4 ,z a record (    
rem>kable p ( t day !y are invaluable1 =
 9 a few p[]ful /rokes ,holbe9 c\ld set 
d[n ! lik5ess ( any face4 ,b :5 he came 
to pa9t ! portrait he 0 n satisfi$ ) a  
m]e lik5ess4 ,he pa9t$ too '8 habit z he
 liv$4' ,erasmus is %[n read+ 9 8 /udy1 
! m]*ant 9 8 (fice surr\nd$ by ! tok5s (
 8 bus9ess1 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 /&+ firmly )
 8 legs wide ap>t z if be/rid+ a        
hemisph]e4 ,b ,i ?9k t y w l ?is f9e    
portrait ( ! infant pr9ce be/ ( all1 & t
 is :y ,i h *os5 x 9 pref]5ce to a      
lik5ess ( any ( ! /atesm51 s*ol>s1      
que5s1 & c\rti]s :o play$ a great "p 9  
_! _w1 b are n half s *>m+ to look ^u z 
little ,pr9ce ,edw>d4     ,,*apt] ,,ix  
,,rembr&t   ,aft] ! dea? ( ,holbe91     
arti/s 9 ! nor? ( ,europe pass$ ?r\gh   
tr\bl\s times till ! end ( ! sixte5?    
c5tury4 ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s 7 deva/at$ 
by w>s4 ,y may rememb] t ! ,ne!rl&s _h  
belong$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury to ! ,dukes (

 ,burgundy8 ,?r\gh ! m>riage ( ! only   
daught] ( ! la/ ,duke1 ^! t]ritories    
pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa91
 :o rema9$ a ,ca?olic1 :il/ ! nor!rn    
portion ( ! ,ne!rl&s became /urdily     
,prote/ant4 ,_! /ruggle1 "u ! lead]%ip (
 ,william ! ,sil5t1 aga9/ ! yoke (      
,spa91 is "o ( ! /irr+ pages ( hi/ory4  
,by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 sev5 (
 ! nor!rn /ates ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ( :i*     
,holl& 0 ! *ief1 _h em]g$ z practically 
indep5d5t4 ,! s\!rn portion ( !         
,ne!rl&s1 includ+ ! old prov9ce (       
,fl&]s1 rema9$ ,ca?olic & 0 gov]n$ by a 
,spani% ,pr9ce :o held 8 c\rt at        
,brussels4  ,:5 peace came at la/1 !re 0
 a rem>kable outbur/ ( pa9t+ 9 ea* ( !  
two c\ntries4 ,rub5s 0 ! ma/] pa9t] 9   
,fl&]s4 ,( him & ( 8 pupil ,van ,dyck we
 %all he> m 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 ,holl&   
!re 0 a yet m wide-spread activity4     
,indomitable p]sev]ance _h be5 ne$$ = s 
small a c\ntry to ?r[ (f ! rule ( a     
great p[] l ,spa94 ,! long /ruggle seems
 to h call$ into be+ a k9dr$ _s manife/+

 itself 9 e bran* ( ! national life4    
,dut* m]*ants1 ,dut* fi%]m51 & ,dut*    
coloniz]s made !mselves felt z a =ce    
?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! _s by :i* ,dut*m5      
a*iev$ political success 0 pre-em95t 9 !
 qualities :i* br\ght !m to ! front rank
 9 art4 ,!re 7 lit]ally hundr$s ( pa9t]s
 9 ,holl&1 few ( !m bad4 ,t does n mean 
t all ,dut*m5 _h ! magical p[] ( vision 
belong+ to ! greate/ arti/s1 ! p[] t    
trans=ms ! objects ( daily view into ?+s
 ( r>e beauty1 or ! imag9ation ( a      
,t9toret t creates & depicts sc5es      
undreamt ( be=e by man4 ,_m pa9t$ ! ?+s 
ar\nd !m z !y look$ to a commonplace    
m9d1 ) no glam\r & no trans=m+ t\*4 ,:5 
we see _! pictures1 our eyes are n op5$ 
to new effects4 ,we cont9ue to see & to 
feel z we did be=e1 b we admire ! hone/ 
"w1 ! pleasant col\r1 & ! effici5cy ( ! 
pa9t]s4 ,9 default ( ,raphaels1         
,giorgiones1 & ,titians1 we %\ld be     
pleas$ to hang ^u our walls works su* z 
^?4 ,b t[]+ above ! o!r arti/s ( ,holl&1
 great & small1 0 "o ,dut*man1 ,rembr&t1

 :o holds 8 own ) ! greate/ ( ! _w4  ,he
 0 born 9 #afjf1 ! son ( a mill] at     
,leyd51 :o gave him ! be/ tea*+ !re to  
be _h4 ,soon he became a good pa9t] (   
lik5esses1 & ord]s = portraits began to 
/ream 9 ^u him f ! citiz5s ( 8 native   
t[n4 ,^! he execut$ well1 b 8 he>t 0 n  
wrapp$ up 9 ! portrayal ( "* z ,john    
,van ,eyck's _h be54 ,nei!r 0 x 9 !     
draw+ ( delicate & beautiful l9es t he  
wi%$ to excel1 z did ,holbe9 & ,raphael4
 ,he 0 ! dramati/ ( pa9t+1 a man :o w\ld
 r pa9t "s "o p]son t5 times ov] 9 ! "* 
( somebody else1 high prie/1 k+1 w>rior1
 or buffoon1 ?an once ?or\ghly 9 8 own4 
,b :5 p ord]$ portraits ( !mselves !y   
want$ good lik5esses1 & ,rembr&t 0 happy
 to supply !m4 ,at fir/ x 0 only :5 he 0
 work+ at home to please himself t he   
indulg$ 8 picturesque gift4 ,he pa9t$ 8 
fa!r1 8 "m1 & himself ov] & ov] aga91 b 
9 ea* picture he tri$ "s exp]im5t )     
expression1 or a new pose1 or a /range  
effect ( light+1 trans=m+ ! g5]al aspect
 ( ! orig9al4 ,8 own face did z well z  

any o!r to exp]im5t )2 none c\ld be     
(f5d$ ) ! result1 & x 0 always to be _h 
)\t pay+ a model's price = ! sitt+4 ,?us
 all ?r\gh 8 life1 f tw5ty-two to       
sixty-?ree1 we c foll[ ! gr[? ( 8 art ) 
! trans=mation ( 8 body1 9 ! long s]ies 
( pictures ( 8 s+le self4  ,m ?an any   
arti/ t _h gone be=e him1 ,rembr&t 0    
fasc9at$ by ! problem ( light4 ,!       
brighte/ pat* ( :ite on a canvas w look 
black if y hold x up aga9/ ! sky4 ,h[1  
!n1 c ! fire ( sun%9e be depict$ at all8
 ,exp]i5ce %[s t x c only be sugge/$ by 
contra/ ) %ad[s almo/ black4 ,b         
absolutely black %ad[s w\ld n be        
beautiful4 ,fancy a picture 9 :i* !     
%ad[s 7 z black z well-poli%$ boots6    
,rembr&t _h to f9d out h[ to make 8 d>k 
%ad[s ri*1 & h[ to make a picture1 9 :i*
 %ad[ pr$om9at$1 a beautiful ?+ 9       
itself1 a ?+ t w\ld decorate a wall z   
well z depict ! *os5 subject4 ,t 0 no   
easy problem1 & he _h to solve x =      
himself4 ,x 0 8 life's "w4 ,he appli$ 8 
new idea 9 ! pa9t+ ( portraits & 9      

subject pictures1 *iefly illu/rative (  
dramatic incid5ts 9 ,bible hi/ory1 = !  
same quality 9 him t made him love !    
fl>e ( light1 made him also love !      
dramatic 9 life4  ,rembr&t's "m 0 a     
,prote/ant1 :o br\ght up h] son ) a     
?or\gh k ( ! ,scripture /ories1 & x 0 ! 
,bible t rema9$ to ! end ( 8 life "o ( !
 few books he _h 9 8 h\se4 ,! dramatic  
situations t he lov$ 7 !re 9 pl5ty4 ,ov]
 & ov] aga9 he pa9t$ ! ,nativity (      
,*ri/4 ,sometimes ! ,baby is 9 a t9y    
,dut* cradle ) its face j peep+ out1 & !
 %eph]ds ador+ x by c&le-light4 ,(t5 he 
pa9t$ sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t2 su* z    
,isaac bless+ ,esau & ,jacob1 :o are %[n
 z two little ,dut* *ildr54 ,simeon     
receiv+ ! ,infant ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple is a
 fav\rite subject1 because ( ! v>i$     
effects t c\ld be produc$ by ! gloom ( !
 *ur* & ! light on ! figure ( ! ,high   
,prie/4 ,^!1 & _m o!r beautiful         
pictures1 7 /udies pa9t$ = ! increase ( 
! arti/'s own k1 n ord]s f citiz5s (    
,leyd51 or ( ,am/]dam1 to :i* capital he

 mov$ 9 #afcj4 ,at ! same "t he 0 com+ m
 & m into dem& z a portrait-pa9t]4 ,^! 7
 days 9 :i* he made money fa/1 & sp5t x 
fa/]4 ,he _h a crav+ to surr\nd himself 
) beautiful works ( art & beautiful     
objects ( all k9ds t %\ld take him away 
f ! dunes & canals into a _w ( romance  
)9 8 own h\se4 ,he dislik$ ! /iff ,dut* 
clo!s & ! great />*$ :ite ruffs worn by 
! wom5 ( ! day4 ,he _h to pa9t !m 9 8   
portraits2 b :5 he pa9t$ 8 beautiful    
wife1 ,saskia1 %e is deck$ 9 embroid]ies
 & s(t %imm]+ /uffs4 ,wond]ful clasps & 
broo*es fa/5 h] clo!s4 ,h] hair is      
dress$ ) gold *a9s1 & great /r+s ( pe>ls
 hang f h] neck & arms4 ,rembr&t makes !
 light sp>kle on ! diamonds & glimm] on 
! pe>ls4 ,sometimes he adorns h] ) fl[]s
 & pa9ts h] z ,flora4 ,aga91 %e is fa/5+
 a jewel 9 h] hair1 & ,rembr&t himself  
/&s by ) a rope ( pe>ls = h] to don4    
,all ^! jewels & ri* mat]ials belong$ to
 him4 ,he also b\ght antique m>bles1    
pictures by ,giorgione & ,titian1       
engrav+s by ,dur]1 & f\r volumes (      

,raphael's draw+s1 besides _m o!r       
beautiful works ( art4  ,^! 7 spl5did   
ye>s1 ye>s 9 :i* he 0 valu$ by 8        
contempor>ies = ! "w he did = !m1 & ye>s
 9 :i* e picture he pa9t$ = himself gave
 him fre% exp]i5ce4 ,a picture ( !      
anatomy class ( a fam\s physician _h be5
 among ! fir/ ) :i* ,rembr&t made a     
great public success4 ,e face 9 x--& !re
 7 eight liv+ faces--0 a ma/]piece (    
portraiture1 & all 7 fitly gr\p$ & unit$
 9 ! rapt att5tion ) :i* !y foll[$ !    
demon/ration ( _! tea*]4  ,9 #afdb he   
receiv$ an ord] to pa9t a l>ge picture (
 "o ( ! companies ( ! ,city ,gu>d (     
,am/]dam4 ,accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! day1  
ea* p]son portray$ 9 ! picture          
contribut$ 8 equal %>e t[>ds ! co/ ( !  
:ole1 & 9 return expect$ 8 place 9 x to 
be z conspicu\s z t ( anybody else4 ,su*
 gr\ps 7 common 9 ,holl& 9 ! sev5te5?   
c5tury4 ,! t[ns 7 pr\d ( _! newly won   
lib]ties1 & ! t[n dignit>ies lik$ to see
 !mselves pa9t$ 9 a gr\p to p]petuate   
remembrance ( _! t5ure ( (fice4 ,b      

,rembr&t knew t x 0 in>ti/ic to give ea*
 & e p]son 9 a l>ge gr\p an equal or    
ne>ly equal prom95ce1 al?\gh su* 0 !    
cu/om to :i* ev5 ,franz ,hals' bru% _h  
yield$ full compliance4 ,= 8 magnific5t 
picture ( ! ,city ,gu>d1 ,rembr&t *ose !
 mom5t :5 ! drums _h j be5 s\nd$ z an   
ord] = ! m5 to =m into l9e beh9d _! *ief
 (fic]s' m>*-=?4 ,!y are com+ out f a   
d>k build+ into ! full sun%9e ( ! /reet4
 ,all 9 a bu/le1 "s look at _!          
fire-arms1 "s lift _! lances1 & "s cock 
_! guns4 ,! sun%9e falls full ^u !      
capta9 & ! lieut5ant beside him1 b !    
backgr\nd is s d>k t sev]al ( ! sev5te5 
figures are almo/ lo/ to view4 ,a few ( 
! heads are turn$ 9 su* a way t only    
half ! face is se51 & no d\bt z         
lik5esses "s ( !m 7 defici5t4 ,rembr&t 0
 n ?9k+ ( ! sev5te5 m5 individually4 ,he
 conceiv$ ! picture z a :ole1 ) its     
/rong light & %ade1 ! picturesque cross+
 l9es ( ! lances1 & ! natural array ( ! 
figures4 ,by wiseacres1 ! picture 0 said
 to repres5t a sc5e at night1 lit by    

tor*-light1 & 0 actually call$ ! ',night
 ,wat*1' ?\gh ! %ad[ ( ! capta9's h& is 
( ! size ( ! h& itself1 & n great]1 be+ 
ca/ by ! sun4 ,lat] g5]ations h valu$ x 
z "o ( ! unsurpass$ pictures 9 ! _w2 b x
 is said t contempor>y ,dut* feel+ wax$ 
high aga9/ ,rembr&t = hav+ dealt 9 ?is  
supremely arti/ic mann] ) an ord] =     
sev5te5 portraits1 & t he suff]$ sev]ely
 9 consequ5ce4 ,c]ta9ly he _h few]      
ord]s4 ,! prosp]\s class ab&on$ him4 ,8 
pictures rema9$ unsold1 & 8 rev5ue      
dw9dl$4  ,rembr&t 0 ?irty-six ye>s ( age
 & at ! v height ( 8 p[]s1 at ! "t ( !  
failure ( ?is 8 greate/ picture4 ,8     
mature /yle ( pa9t+ cont9u$ to displease
 8 contempor>ies1 :o pref]r$ ! "w ( less
 innovat+ arti/s :o pa9t$ good lik5esses
 smoo?ly4 ,e ye> 8 treatm5t became r\gh]
 & bold]4 ,he trans=m$ portraits ( /olid
 ,dut* burgoma/]s into pictures (       
fanta/ic beauty2 b ! lik5ess suff]$1 & !
 burgoma/]s 7 dissatisfi$4 ,_!          
cons]vative ta/e pref]r$ ! smoo? surface
 & m9ute treatm5t ( detail :i* _h be5   

traditional 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries s9ce !    
days ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,ye> aft] ye> m ( 
_! patronage 0 transf]r$ to o!r pa9t]s1 
:o p&]$ to _! pref]5ces & _h less ( !   
g5ius t =c$ ,rembr&t to "w out 8 own    
ideal1 :e!r x br\ght him prosp]ity or   
ru94 ,^! pa9t]s fl\ri%$1 :ile ,rembr&t  
sank into ev] great] disrepute4  ,x is  
c]ta91 too1 t he _h be5 almo/ *ildi%ly  
reckless 9 exp5diture on arti/ic &      
beautiful ?+s :i* 7 unnecess>y to 8 art 
& beyond 8 means1 al?\gh ^? = a :ile _h 
be5 abundant4 ,at ! "t ( ! failure ( !  
',night ,wat*1' 8 wife ,saskia di$1     
leav+ him _! little son1 ,titus1 a      
beautiful *ild4 ,?r\gh ev]-d>k5+ days1 =
 ! next fifte5 ye>s1 he cont9u$ to pa9t 
) increas+ p[]4 ,x is to ?is lat] p]iod 
t our picture ( ! ',man 9 ,arm\r'       
belongs4  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,man ,,9    
,,arm\r ,f ! picture by ,rembr&t1 9 !   
,corporation ,art ,gall]y1 ,glasg[  ,!  
picture is n a portrait1 b r a /udy (   
light ^u arm\r4 ,no man came to ,rembr&t
 & ask$ to be pa9t$ l t2 b ,rembr&t saw 

9 8 m9d's eye a great effect--a f9e     
knightly face b5ea? a %ad[+ helmet & set
 (f aga9/ a sombre backgr\nd4 ,a picture
 su* z ?is is a "w ( ! imag9ation 9 !   
same s5se z ! ',sa9t ,george & !        
,dragon' ( ,t9toret4 ,x 0 an effect t   
only ,rembr&t c\ld see1 pa9t$ z only he 
c\ld pa9t x4 ,! /ronge/ light falls ^u !
 brea/plate1 ! next /ronge/ ^u ! helmet1
 & ! e>-r+ is !re to cat* ano!r gleam4  
,:5 y look at ! picture closely1 y c see
 t ! lights are laid on 7we might almo/ 
say 'butt]$ on'7 ) ?ick :ite pa9t4 ,m   
?an once ,rembr&t pa9t$ arm\r = ! sake (
 ! effects ( light4 ,9 "o ( ! portraits 
( himself he we>s a helmet1 & he pa9t$ 8
 bro!r simil>ly adorn$4 ,a picture ( a  
p]son we>+ ! same arm\r z 9 ! ,glasg[   
picture is 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 b ! figure 
is turn$ 9 a slightly diff]5t direction 
& reflects ! light diff]5tly4 ,x is     
call$ ',pallas ,a!ne1' & 0 no d\bt pa9t$
 at ! same "t z ours2 b ! p]son1 :e!r   
nam$ ,pallas ,a!ne or knight1 0 b a peg 
^u :i* to hang ! arm\r = ! sake ( !     

light %9+ on x4  ,rembr&t 0 a typical   
,dut* work] all 8 life4 ,besides ! great
 numb] ( pictures t h come d[n to u1 we 
h ab\t ?ree ?\s& ( 8 draw+s1 & 8 et*+s  
are v num]\s & f9e4  ,i wond] if y "k h[
 pr9ts are made8 ,!re are1 broadly      
speak+1 two diff]5t processes4 ,y c take
 a block ( wood & cut away ! sub/ance   
ar\nd ! l9es ( ! design4 ,!n :5 y cov] )
 ink ! rais$ surface ( wood t is left & 
press ! pap] ^u x1 ! design pr9ts (f 9  
black :]e ! ink is b ! pap] rema9s :ite 
:]e ! holl[s are4 ,?is is ! me?od call$ 
wood-cutt+1 :i* is /ill 9 use = book    
illu/rations4  ,9 ! o!r process1 !      
design is pl\gh$ into a metal plate1 !  
l9es be+ made deep en\gh to hold ink1 & 
v>y+ 9 wid? accord+ to ! /r5g? desir$ 9 
! pr9t4 ,y !n fill ! grooves ) ink1 wip+
 ! flat surface clean1 s t :5 ! pap] is 
press$ aga9/ ! plate & into ! furr[s1 ! 
l9es pr9t black1 out ( ! furr[s1 & ! re/
 rema9s :ite4  ,!re are sev]al ways (   
mak+ ^! furr[s 9 a metal plate1 b ! *ief
 are two4 ,! fir/ is to pl\gh into !    

metal ) a %>p /eel in/rum5t call$ a     
bur94 ,! second is to bite !m out ) an  
acid4 ,?is is ! process ( et*+ ) :i*    
,rembr&t did 8 mat*less "w4 ,he v>ni%$ a
 copp] plate ) black v>ni%4 ,) a ne$le  
he scrat*$ ^u x 8 design1 :i* look$     
light :]e ! ne$le _h reveal$ ! copp]4   
,!n ! :ole plate 0 put into a ba? (     
acid1 :i* ate away ! metal1 & s bit into
 ! l9es1 b _h no effect ^u ! v>ni%4 ,:5 
he want$ ! l9es to be black] 9 c]ta9    
places1 he _h to v>ni% ! :ole re/ ( !   
plate aga91 & put x back into ! ba? (   
acid4 ,! l9es t _h be5 subject$ to !    
second bit+ 7 deep] ?an ^? t _h be5     
bitt5 only once4  ,! numb] ( plates et*$
 by ,rembr&t 0 great1 at lea/ two       
hundr$2 "s say f\r hundr$4 ,_! subjects 
are v v>i\s--mom5t>y impressions (      
picturesque figures1 ,scriptural sc5es1 
portraits1 gr\ps ( common p1 l&scapes1 &
 :atev] happ5$ to engage ! arti/'s      
fancy1 = an et*+ c be v quickly done1 & 
is well suit$ to record a fleet+        
impression4 ,?\s&s ( ! pr9ts /ill exi/1 

& ev5 "s ( ! orig9al plates 9 a v       
worn-d[n condition4  ,9 spite ( !       
quantity & quality ( ,rembr&t's "w1 he 0
 unable to recov] 8 prosp]ity4 ,he _h   
mov$ into a f9e h\se :5 he m>ri$        
,saskia1 & 0 nev] able to pay (f ! debts
 contract$ at t "t4 ,?+s w5t f bad to   
worse1 until at la/1 9 #afef1 :5        
,rembr&t 0 fifty1 he 0 decl>$ bankrupt1 
& ev]y?+ he possess$ 9 ! _w 0 sold4 ,we 
h an inv5tory ( ! gorge\s pictures1 !   
arm\r1 ! sculptures1 & ! jewels &       
dresses t _h belong$ to ,saskia4 ,8 son 
,titus reta9$ a little ( 8 "m's money1 &
 set up z an art deal] 9 ord] to help 8 
fa!r4  ,x is a truly dre>y sc5e1 yet    
,rembr&t /ill cont9u$ to pa9t1 because  
pa9t+ 0 to him ! v brea? ( life4 ,he    
pa9t$ ,titus ov] & ov] aga9 look+ l a "y
 pr9ce4 ,9 ^! lat] ye>s ! portraits (   
himself increase 9 numb]1 z if because (
 ! lack ( o!r models4 ,:5 we see him    
old1 hagg>d1 & poor 9 8 worn br[n       
pa9t+-clo!s1 x h>dly seems possible t he
 c be ! same ,rembr&t z ! gay1 frolick+ 

man 9 a plum$ hat1 hold+ out ! pe>ls =  
,saskia4  ,9 8 old age he receiv$ "o m  
l>ge ord] f a gr\p ( six drap]s (       
,am/]dam = _! portraits4 ,x has be5 said
 t ! lesson ( ! miscall$ ',night ,wat*' 
_h be5 br&$ into 8 s\l by mis=tune4 ,:at
 is c]ta9 is t1 :ile 9 ?is picture he   
purposely return$ to ! triumphs (       
portraiture ( 8 y\?1 he did n give up ! 
arti/ic ideals ( 8 middle life4 ,he gave
 8 sitt]s an equal importance 9 position
 & light+1 & at ! same "t pa9t$ a       
picture arti/ically satisfy+4 ,n "o ( ! 
six m5 c\ld h _h any fault to f9d ) !   
way 9 :i* he 0 portray$4 ,ea* looks     
equally prom95t 9 vivid life4 ,yet !y   
are n a r[ ( six individual m51 b an    
organic gr\p held toge!r y h>dly "k h[4 
,at la/ y realize t all b "o are look+  
at y4 ,y are ! unify+ c5tre t br+s !    
:ole picture toge!r1 ! bond )\t :i*1    
metaphorically speak+1 x w\ld fall to   
pieces4  ,?is picture ( six m5 9 pla9   
black clo!s & black hats1 sitt+ ar\nd a 
table1 is by "s consid]$ ! culm9ation ( 

,rembr&t's art4 ,x %[s t1 9 spite (     
mis=tune & failure1 8 ard\r = new       
arti/ic a*ievem5t rema9$ ) him to ! end4
  ,9 #affb ,rembr&t seems to h paid a   
brief & unnotic$ visit to ,engl&4 ,if   
,*>les ,,ii4 _h he>d ( him & made him 8 
c\rt pa9t]1 we might h _h an unrivall$  
s]ies ( portraits ( c\rt beauties by 8  
h& in/ead ( by t ( ,sir ,pet] ,lely4 ,z 
x 01 a ha/y sket* ( old ,/4 ,paul's     
,ca!dral1 f\r ye>s be=e x 0 burnt d[n1  
is ! sole trace left ( 8 visit4  ,! /ory
 ( 8 old age is dre>y4 ,ev5 ,titus di$ a
 few mon?s be=e 8 fa!r1 leav+ him alone 
9 ! _w4 ,9 ! autumn ( #affi he himself  
pass$ away1 leav+ beh9d him 8           
pa9t+-clo!s1 8 pa9t-bru%es1 & no?+ else1
 save a "n de/9$ to an immortality :i* 8
 contempor>ies little =esaw4 ,all else  
_h gone3 8 wife1 8 *ild1 8 treasures1 & 
8 e>ly vogue among ! ,dut*m5 ( 8 "t4  ,!
 la/ picture ( all 0 a portrait (       
himself1 9 ! same attitude z 8 fir/1 b  
disillusion$ & tragic1 ) furr[$ l9es &  
:ite hair4 ,no "o c>$ :e!r he di$ or n1 

& x is record$ t aft] 8 dea? pictures by
 him c\ld be b\ght = sixp5ce4 ,?us end$ 
! life ( "o ( ! _w's supremely great    
pa9t]s4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,pet] ,,de     
,,hoogh ,,& ,,cuyp   ,let u n[ turn f ! 
spl5did gloom ( ,rembr&t's ',knight 9   
,arm\r1' to delight 9 ?is beautiful     
little int]ior ( a ,dut* h\se by ,pet]  
de ,hoogh4 ,/ill y see ! prepossession =
 light1 b = m temp]$ rays & s(t] %ad[s4 
,! sun%9e is diffus$ by ! yell[ curta9s 
?r\gh\t ! room4 ,! old lady ne$ n fe>   
its revelations1 to be sure1 = x is     
,holl&--%e kn[s t ! :ole h\se has be5   
duly scrubb$ ) soap & wat]4 ,du/ & dirt 
are bani%$4 ,x is a cl\dless day & dry  
"u foot1 o!rwise ! little boy w\ld h    
worn clogs ov] 8 %oes1 & y might see !m 
outside4 ,mud on ! poli%$ /ones ( !     
passage w\ld h ruffl$ ! h\sewife's calm4
 ,z x is1 we c see %e has _h no worries 
?is morn+4 ,%e has donn$ h] fre% r$     
dress & clean :ite apron1 & w soon be   
seat$ to prep>e ! vegetables & fruit t  
are be+ br\ght h]4 ,p]haps !y are a     

pres5t f ! old lady 9 ! h\se ov] ! way1 
:o f h] front door wat*es ! *ild deliv]+
 ! gift4  ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,int]ior  
,f ! picture by ,piet] de ,hoogh1 9 !   
,wallace ,collection1 ,london  ,x is a  
dome/ic sc5e t y might witness 9 any ( !
 old t[ns ( ,holl& to ?is day4 ,!       
insides & outsides ( ! h\ses are /ill   
scrubb$ ) soap & wat]2 r[s ( clogs /&   
outside ! front doors on muddy days2 !  
wom5 we> ! same bright col\r$ g[ns fully
 ga!r$ r\nd ! wai/1 ) ! cleane/ ( :ite  
aprons2 _! faces are placid & unruffl$ z
 !y pursue ! ev5 t5\r ( _! way4  ,?is   
atmosph]e ( ,dut* life1 peaceful1       
home-lov+1 & compet5t1 is r5d]$ by ,pet]
 de ,hoogh 9 mo/ ( 8 pictures4 ,x is n !
 atmosph]e ( ,rembr&t's art1 yet he nev]
 c\ld h pa9t$ ?us except = ,rembr&t4 ,! 
same love ( sunlight & %ad[s prevail$ ) 
,pet] de ,hoogh1 & x 0 no less ! aim ( 8
 art to atta9 ma/]y ov] ! pa9t+ ( light1
 b light diffus$ & reflect$4 ,he lov$ to
 %[ ! sunlight %9+ ?r\gh "s col\r$      
sub/ance1 su* z ?is yell[ curta91 :i*   

scatt]s its brightness & lets x fall m  
ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! room4 ,he nev] pa9t$ su*
 extreme contra/s z make manife/        
,rembr&t's p[]4 ,rembr&t's light _h be5 
s vivid t x seem$ to ov]:elm col\rs 9 a 
dazzl+ brilliancy4 ,pet] de ,hoogh's    
lights are j /rong en\gh to reveal !    
col\rs 9 a mild] illum9ation4 ,9 our    
picture ! sun%9e diffus$ by ! yell[     
curta9s m+les ) ! r$ ( ! woman's dress &
 creates a ri* orange4 ,little does %e  
"k h[ well h] dress looks4 ,b x 0 only  
aft] incessant /udy ( ! way 9 :i*       
,rembr&t _h ma/]$ ! :ole range f light  
to d>k1 t ,pet] de ,hoogh became able to
 pa9t z he did )9 8 n>r[] scale1 abridg$
 at bo? extremes4  ,beg9 ) ! room1 !n ! 
passage1 !n ! f>!r hall1 !n ! highway   
op5 to ! unse5 sky above1 !n !          
h\se-front beyond x1 & ! hall beyond !  
lady 9 ! neighb\r+ doorway2 !re are at  
lea/ f\r di/9ct di/ances 9 ?is picture  
ea* diff]5tly light$1 & ! sev]al effects
 work$ out ) scrupul\s pa9/ak+ fidelity4
 ,x is wor? y\r :ile1 ) y\r own eyes r  

?an ) _m words ( m9e1 to se>* out on !  
orig9al all ^! beautifully v>i$         
gradations4 ,9 _m ( 8 pictures "o "p is 
light$ f ! sunlit /reet1 & ano!r f a    
clos$ c\rt4 ,sometimes 8 figures /& 9 an
 op5 c\rty>d1 :il/ beh9d is a pav$      
passage lead+ into ! h\se4 ,all 8       
subjects are ( ! dome/ic ,dut* life ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury1 b ! arrangem5t 9 rooms1
 passages1 c\rty>ds1 & enclos$ g>d5s    
admitt$ ( mu* v>iation4 ,we nev] feel t 
! range ( subjects is limit$1 = ! light 
trans=ms ea* into a sc5e ( t poetic     
beauty :i* x 0 ,pet] de ,hoogh's great  
gift to disc]n1 enjoy1 & record4  ,!    
pa9t+ is delicate & f9i%$1 meant to be  
se5 f ne> at h&4 ,x is always ! room t  
int]e/s him1 z mu* z ! p 9 x4 ,! pa9t+ (
 ! w9d[ ) its little coats ( arms1      
transp>5t yet diffus+ ! light1 is       
exquisitely done4 ,a *air ) ! cu%ion ^u 
x1 j l t1 occurs aga9 & aga9 9 8        
pictures1 ! cu%ion be+ us$ z a welcome  
bit ( col\r 9 ! s*eme4 ,mo/ ( all1 !    
floors1 :e!r pav$ ) /one z 9 ?is        

picture1 or ) brick z 9 ! c\rty>ds1 are 
pa9t$ ) ! delightful precise c>e t !    
,van ,eycks gave to _! accessories4 ,9  
,pet] de ,hoogh's vision ( ! _w !re is !
 same appreciation ( ! objects ( daily  
use z 0 display$ by ! fifte5?-c5tury    
,flemi% pa9t]s :5ev] _! sacr$ subjects  
gave !m opportunity4 ,9 ! sev5te5?      
c5tury x 0 m cong5ial to ! ,flemi% &    
,dut* temp]am5t to pa9t _! own c\ntry1 &
 dome/ic sc5es f _! own lives1 ?an      
pictures ( devotion4  ,o!r arti/s       
besides ,pet] de ,hoogh pa9t$ p 9 _! own
 h\ses4 ,9 ! pictures ( ,t]bor* ladies 9
 sat9 dresses play ! sp9et & ! guit>4   
,jan ,/e5 depict$ peasants revell+ on _!
 holidays or 9 tav]ns4 ,pet] de ,hoogh 0
 ! pa9t] ( middle-class life1 & discov]$
 9 its circum/ances1 likewise1 ab\nd+   
romance4  ,! ,dut*man ( ! sev5te5?      
c5tury lov$ 8 h\se & 8 g>d51 & e in* ( !
 c\ntry 9 :i* he liv$1 rescu$ z x _h be5
 f invasions by armies & ! sea4 ,_m     
pa9t]s nev] left ,holl&1 & f\nd beauty  
en\gh !re to fill well-sp5t lives 9     

pa9t+ its flatness b5ea? ov]-ar*+ cle>  
or cl\d$ skies4 ,al?\gh ! e>li] ,flem+s 
_h _h a great love ( l&scape1 !y _h n   
conceiv$ x z a subject suitable = a :ole
 picture1 b only = a backgr\nd4 ,9 !    
sixte5? c5tury ! figures gradually get  
small] & less important1 & t[>ds ! end (
 ! c5tury disappe>4 ,z ! song says1 'a v
 diff]5t ?+ by f>' is pa9t+ a l&scape   
backgr\nd & pa9t+ a :ole l&scape        
picture4 ,be=e ! end ( ! c5tury ,rub5s  
pa9t$ "s wond]ful l&scapes1 & he 0 soon 
foll[$ by a great numb] ( v f9e l&scape 
pa9t]s 9 ,holl&4 ,cuyp 0 "o ( _m4  ,9 a 
,dut* l&scape we _c expect ! ri* col\r+ 
( ,italy4 ,! col\r+ ( ,holl& is l[ ton$1
 & t5d] gradations lead away to ! l[ &  
level horizon4 ,! canals are sluggi% &  
grey1 & ! cl\ds (t5 heavy & d>k4 ,we saw
 h[ ! brilliant skies & pe>ly build+s ( 
,v5ice made ,v5etian pa9t]s ! gaye/     
col\ri/s ( ! _w4 ,s ! ,dut* pa9t]s took 
_! sob] scale ( l&scape col\r+ z x 0    
dictat$ to !m by ! inf9itely v>i$ yet   
sombre lovel9ess ( _! own l&4 ,9 ! great

 flat expanses ( field1 int]sect$ by    
canals & dott$ ) w9dmills1 ! r$ brick   
ro( ( a wat]-mill may look 'l\d1' l an  
aggressive hat4 ,b ! %ad[s ca/ by !     
cl\ds *ange e mom5t1 & 9 flat c\ntry :]e
 !re is less to arre/ ! eye ! *anges (  
tone are m m>k$4  ,9 an et*+1 ,rembr&t  
c\ld leave a piece ( :ite pap] = ! spot 
( highe/ sunlight1 & c>ry out all !     
gradations ( tone 9 black & :ite1 until 
he rea*$ ! spot ( d>ke/ %ad[4 ,a pa9t$  
l&scape he indicat$ 9 ! same way by v>y+
 %ades ( dull br[n4 ,9 all ( !m y seem  
to feel ! int]position ( ! air betwe5 y 
& ! di/ant horizon at :i* y are look+4  
,:at else is !re8 ,at ea* po9t 9 !      
picture ! air modifies ! di/9ctness )   
:i* y c see ! objects4 ,?is consci\sness
 ( air 9 a picture ( l[ horizon is a v  
difficult ?+ to describe & expla94 ,we  
"k :5 x is !re & :5 x is n4 ,x has to be
 se51 to be enjoy$1 & record$4 ,holbe9  
pa9t$ ,edw>d ,,vi4 /&+1 s to speak1 9 a 
vacuum4 ,e l9e ( 8 face is %>ply def9$4 
,9 real life air s(t5s all l9es1 s t ev5

 ! edge ( a nose 9 pr(ile is n actually 
se5 z a %>p outl9e4 ,! figures 9 ,ri*>d 
,,ii4's picture /& 9 ! mo/ exhau/$      
vacuum1 b ,hub]t van ,eyck _h already   
begun to r5d] ! vision or illusion ( air
 9 8 ',?ree ,m>ies4' ,9 ?is respect he  
_h le>nt m ?an ! e>ly pa9t]s ( !        
,italian ,r5aissance2 b ,raphael & !    
,v5etians1 especially ,giorgione &      
,titian1 sometimes ba!d _! figures 9 a  
lum9\s gold5 atmosph]e ) ! sun %9+ ?r\gh
 x4  ,! ,dut* pa9t]s c>ri$ ?is /ill     
fur!r1 p>ticul>ly 9 _! pictures (       
int]iors & l&scapes4 ,x is ! atmosph]e 9
 ! rooms t makes ,pet] de ,hoogh's      
portrayal ( int]iors s wond]ful4 ,9 our 
little picture ! light com+ ?r\gh ! w9d[
 makes ! air almo/ gold54 ,:5 ?is pa9t+ 
( air & tone is set =? by ! exquisite   
col\r ( ,pet] de ,hoogh1 y see ?is k9d (
 ,dut* a*ievem5t at its be/4 ,cuyp's    
love ( sun%9e is r>e among ,dut* l&scape
 pa9t]s4 ,he suffuses 8 skies ) a gold5 
haze t ba!s 8 k9 & k9e alike 9 ev5+     
light4 ,9 our picture y c feel ! great  

height ( ! sky & ! dep? ( ! air betwe5 !
 =egr\nd & ! horizon4 ,! r5d]+ ( space  
is excell5t4 ,b ,cuyp has n be5 cont5t )
 ! features ( 8 native ,holl&4 ,he has  
put an imag9>y m\nta9 9 ! di/ance & a   
great hill 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,x is c]ta9ly n 
a view t ,cuyp ev] saw 9 ,holl& ) 8 own 
eyes4 ,he ?\ght t ! m\nta9's upright    
l9es 7 good to break ! flatness2 & !    
f9i%$ composition1 if beautiful1 is its 
own excuse = be+4  ,illu/ration3        
,,l&scape ,,) ,,cattle ,f ! picture by  
,cuyp1 9 ! ,dulwi* ,gall]y  ,rembr&t is 
an exception to all rules1 b mo/ ( !    
,dut* pa9t]s did n all[ !mselves ^!     
excursions )9 _! /udios to =eign sc5es4 
,!y fai?fully depict$ _! own flat c\ntry
 z !y saw x1 & add$ nei!r hills nor     
m\nta9s4 ,b !y v>i$ ! light+ to express 
_! own moods4 ,ruysdael's sombre tone   
befits ! man :o /ruggl$ ) pov]ty all 8  
life1 & di$ 9 a hospital p5niless4 ,cuyp
 is always sunny4 ,9 8 pictures1 cattle 
br[se at _! ease1 & %eph]ds l\nge       
cont5t$ on ! grass4 ,he 0 a pa9t] (     

portraits & ( figure subjects z well z (
 l&scapes1 & 8 little gr\ps ( m5 &      
cattle are always beautifully drawn4    
,ruysdael1 ,hobbema1 & _m o!rs 7 l&scape
 pa9t]s only1 & "s _h _! figures put 9  
by o!r arti/s4 ,(t5 !y did )\t !m1 b 9 !
 l&scapes ( ,cuyp1 c[s g5]ally occupy ! 
prom95t position4 ,! black & :ite c[ 9  
our picture is a f9e creature1 & no?+   
c\ld be m h>moni\s 9 col\r ?an ! br[n c[
 & ! br[n jacket ( ! h]dsman4  ,!re 7 "s
 pa9t]s 9 ,holl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury :o 
made animals _! *ief /udy4 ,!ret(ore x  
_h be5 r>e to introduce !m into         
pictures1 except z symbols1 l ! lion (  
,/4 ,j]ome1 or :]e ! /ory impli$ !m2 or 
9 allegorical pictures1 su* z ! ',gold5 
,age4' ,b at ?is lat] "t animals _h _!  
%>e 9 ! increas$ int]e/ t 0 tak5 9 ! ?+s
 ( daily life1 & !y 7 pa9t$ = _! h&some 
sakes1 z ,l&se] pa9t$ !m 9 ,engl& fifty 
ye>s ago4  ,?us ! sev5te5? c5tury 9     
,holl& %[s an enl>gem5t 9 ! scope (     
subjects = pa9t+4 ,devotional pictures 7
 becom+ r>e1 b illu/rations1 sacr$ &    

secul>1 portraits1 gr\ps1 int]iors1 &   
l&scapes1 7 produc$ 9 great numb]s4     
,dut* pa9t]s outnumb]$ ^? ( ,fl&]s1 b   
among ! latt] 7 at lea/ two ( ! highe/  
em95ce1 ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck1 & to ^! we 
w next direct our att5tion4     ,,*apt] 
,,xi  ,,van ,,dyck   ,! great pa9t]     
,rub5s liv$ at ,antw]p1 a t[n ab\t z ne>
 to ,am/]dam z ,dov] is to ,london4 ,yet
 despite ! proximity ( ,fl&]s & ,holl&1 
_! religion1 politics1 social life1 &   
art 7 v diff]5t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z  
we h already se54  ,rub5s 0 a pa9t] ( ! 
prosp]\s & rul+ classes4 ,he 0 employ$  
by 8 own sov]eign1 by ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 by 
,m>ie de ,m$icis1 ,que5 ( ,france1 & by 
,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl&4 ,8 rem>kable social
 & intellectual  gifts caus$ him to be  
employ$ also z an ambassador1 & he 0 s5t
 on a diplomatic err& to ,spa92 b ev5 !n
 8 leisure h\rs 7 occupi$ 9 copy+ ! f9e 
,titians 9 ! ,k+'s palace4  ,"o day he 0
 notic$ by a ,spani% noble1 :o said to  
him1 ',does my ,"l occupy 8 sp>e "t 9   
pa9t+8' ',no1' said ,rub5s2 '! pa9t]    

sometimes amuses himself ) diplomacy4'  
,9 8 life z 9 8 art he 0 exub]ant4 ,an  
absurd anecdote ( ! "t is good en\gh to 
%[ t4 ,"s p1 :o w5t to visit him 9 8    
/udio at ,antw]p1 wrote aft]w>ds t !y   
f\nd him h>d at "w at a picture1 :il/ at
 ! same "t he 0 dictat+ a lett]1 & "s "o
 else 0 read+ al\d a ,lat9 "w4 ,:5 !    
visitors arriv$ he answ]$ all _!        
que/ions )\t leav+ (f any ( ^? ?ree     
occupations6 ,we mu/ n all hope to mat* 
,rub5s4  ,rub5s's great c]emonial       
pa9t+s1 conta9+ num]\s figures &        
commemorat+ hi/orical sc5es 9 hon\r ( 8 
,royal patrons1 7 execut$ by 8 own h&s1 
or by ! h&s he taught & guid$1 ) great  
skill & spe$4 ,he pa9t$ also beautiful  
portraits ( 8 wife & family1 & pictures 
( 8 own m$ieval ca/le1 :i* he re/or$ &  
inhabit$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 )    
views ( ! c\ntry /ret*+ out 9 all       
directions4 ,he lik$ a com=table life & 
com=table-look+ p4 ,he pa9t$ 8 own wives
 z (t5 z ,rembr&t pa9t$ ,saskia2 bo? 7  
plump en\gh to make our memories recur )

 pleasure to ! sl5d]] figures pref]r$ by
 ,botticelli & ! pa9t]s ( 8 s*ool4  ,to 
accompli% ! great mass ( hi/oric1       
symbolic1 & c]emonial pa9t+ t /ill cr[ds
 ! walls ( ! gall]ies ( ,europe1 ,rub5s 
ne$$ _m assi/ants & pupils1 b only "o ( 
!m1 ,van ,dyck1 rose to ! highe/ rank z 
a pa9t]4  ,he 0 a ,flem+ by bir?1 &     
work$ 9 ! /udio at ,antw]p = sev]al ye>s
 z an assi/ant ( ,rub5s2 !n he w5t to   
,italy to le>n f ! great pictures ( !   
,italian ,r5aissance1 z s _m ,nor!rn    
arti/s wi%$ to d4 ,x has be5 said t !   
works ( ,titian influ5c$ 8 y\?ful m9d ! 
mo/4 ,van ,dyck sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 ,g5oa1 
:]e he 0 employ$ by ^? =emo/ 9 its life 
to pa9t _! portraits4 ,_m ( ^! sup]b    
canvases h be5 disp]s$ to enri* !       
gall]ies ( bo? hemisph]es1 public &     
private2 b ! pr\d1 h&some semblances (  
"s ( 8 sitt]s1 dress$ 9 ri* velvet1     
pe>ls1 & lace1 look d[n ^u u /ill f !   
b>e walls ( _! once magnific5t palaces1 
) t 'gr& air' = :i* ! eye & ! bru% (    
,van ,dyck h long rema9$ unrivall$4  ,:5

 he return$ to ,fl&]s f ,italy1 he _h   
atta9$ a /yle ( pa9t+ entirely 8 own & v
 diff]5t f t ( 8 great ma/]1 ,rub5s4 ,! 
,william ,,ii ( ,orange picture is an   
excell5t example ( ,van ,dyck's "w4 ,!  
*ild is a pr9ce3 we "k x z pla9ly z if  
,van ,dyck _h spok5 ! ^w be=e unveil+ 8 
canvas4 ,8 erect attitude1 8 dignifi$   
be>+1 8 p]fect self-possession & ease1  
%[ t he has be5 tra9$ 9 a high s*ool (  
mann]s4 ,b !re is also some?+ 9 !       
delicate oval ( ! face1 ! well-cut nose 
& m\?1 & ! graceful gr[? ( ! hair1 t    
speak ( ref9$ bre$+4 ,di/9ction is !    
key-note ( ! picture4  ,illu/ration3    
,,william ,,ii4 ,,( ,,orange ,f !       
picture by ,van ,dyck1 9 ! ,h]mitage    
,gall]y1 ,l5+rad  ,?is little ,pr9ce _h 
9 8 ve9s ! blood ( ,william ! ,sil5t1 & 
became ! fa!r ( our ,william ,,iii4     
,poor human nature is too easily envi\s1
 & "s d5y ! reality1 9 fact1 ( !        
di/9ction1 ! grace1 ( ,van ,dyck's      
portray$ m5 & wom54 ,nev]!less1 ,van    
,dyck's vision1 guid+ 8 bru%1 0 z r>e an

 end[m5t z envy is a common "o1 & has   
high] au?ority to %[ u :at to look =1 to
 see1 & to enjoy4  ,van ,dyck 0 ! fir/  
pa9t] :o taught p h[ !y ought to look1  
to befit an admir]'s view ( _!          
ari/ocratic rank4 ,8 portraits ?us      
express ! social position ( ! sitt] z   
well z ! individual "*4 ,al?\gh ?is has 
be5 an aim ( portrait-pa9t]s 9 mod]n    
times1 :5 !y h be5 pa9t+ p ( rank1 x 0  
less usual 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4  ,!re 0 
h>dly scope en\gh 9 ,antw]p = two great 
pa9t]s su* z ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck1 s 9   
#afcb ,van ,dyck left ,fl&]s & settl$   
p]man5tly 9 ,engl&1 z ,c\rt pa9t] to    
,*>les ,i4 ,all 8 life ,*>les _h be5 an 
en?usia/ic collector ( works ( art4     
,born ) a f9e natural ta/e1 he _h       
improv$ x by /udy1 until ,rub5s c\ld say
 ( him3 ',! ,pr9ce ( ,wales is ! be/    
amateur ( pa9t+ ( all ! pr9ces 9 ! _w4  
,he has dem&$ my portrait ) su* insi/5ce
 t he has ov]come my mode/y1 al?\gh x   
does n seem to me fitt+ to s5d x to a   
,pr9ce ( 8 importance4'  ,two ( our     

pictures1 ! ,ri*>d ,,ii4 dipty* & !     
,edw>d ,,vi4 ( ,holbe91 7 9 8           
collection1 besides _m we h m5tion$1 su*
 z ,holbe9's ',erasmus1' ,raphael's     
c>toons1 & ,mantegna's ',triumph (      
,caes>4' ,be=e ,*>les came to ! ?rone he
 _h gone to ,spa9 to woo ! daught] (    
,philip ,,iii4 ,! magnific5t ,titians 9 
! palace at ,madrid extort$ su*         
admiration f ! ,pr9ce t ,philip felt x  
incumb5t ^u him z a ho/ & a ,spani>d to 
(f] "s ( !m to ,*>les4 ,*>les s5t 8 own 
pa9t] to copy ! re/4 ,he kept ag5ts all 
ov] ,europe to buy = him1 & sp5t ?\s&s (
 p\nds 9 sal>ies & pres5ts to ! arti/s  
at 8 ,c\rt4 ,z 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41  
!re 7 /ill no fir/-rate ,engli% pa9t]s4 
,james ,i4 _h employ$ a ,flem+1 & an    
inf]ior ,dut*man1 :om ,*>les reta9$ 9 8 
s]vice = a "t4 ,!n he exp]im5t$ ) a     
second-rate ,italian arti/1 :o pa9t$ "s 
ceil+s :i* /ill exi/ at ,hampton ,c\rt4 
,rub5s 0 too mu* 9 dem& at o!r ,c\rts = 
,*>les to h 8 exclusive s]vice1 b !     
c\rtly ,van ,dyck 0 a pa9t] aft] 8 own  

he>t4 ,= ! fir/ "t he _h f\nd an arti/  
:o satisfi$ 8 ta/e1 & ,van ,dyck a ,c\rt
 9 :i* he c\ld pa9t di/9ction to 8      
he>t's cont5t4 ,*>les w\ld h squ&]$     
money on him if he _h !n _h x to squ&]4 
,z x 01 he paid him f> less ?an he _h   
paid 8 inf]ior pr$ecessors1 b ,van ,dyck
 cont9u$ to pa9t = him to ! end1 & by   
,heav5's m]cy di$ himself be=e ! cra%   
came1 :i* ov]?rew ,*>les & scatt]$ 8    
collection4  ,betwe5 ! ye>s #afcb &     
#afdb1 ,van ,dyck pa9t$ a great numb] ( 
portraits ( ! ,k+4 ,x is f ^! t we obta9
 our vivid idea ( ! fir/ ,*>les's       
g5tl5ess & ref9em5t4 ,he has a sad look1
 z ?\gh ! _w 7 too mu* = him & he _h    
fall5 ^u evil days4 ,we c see him ye> by
 ye> look+ sadd]1 b ,van ,dyck makes !  
sadness only emphasize ! di/9ction4     
,que5 ,h5rietta ,m>ia 0 pa9t$ ev5 m (t5 
?an ! ,k+4 ,%e is always dress$ 9 "s    
bright %imm]+ sat92 sometimes 9 yell[1 l
 ! sleeve ( ,william ,,ii4's dress1     
sometimes 9 ! pure/ :ite4 ,%e looks v   
lovely 9 ! pictures1 b loveli] /ill are 

! gr\ps ( h] *ildr54 ,ev5 ,james ,,ii4 0
 once a bewit*+ little creature 9 frocks
 ) a skull-cap on 8 head4 ,8 si/] ,m>y1 
ag$ six1 9 a lace dress1 ) h] h&s fold$ 
9 front ( h]1 looks v good & gr[n-up4   
,:5 %e became old]1 ?\gh n ev5 !n really
 gr[n-up1 %e m>ri$ ! ,william ( ,orange 
( our picture4 ,he came f ,holl& & /ay$ 
at ! ,engli% ,c\rt1 z a boy ( twelve1 & 
x 0 !n t ,van ,dyck pa9t$ ?is portrait (
 him4  ,lat] on1 :5 !y 7 m>ri$1 ,van    
,dyck pa9t$ !m toge!r1 b ,william 0 old]
 & look$ a little less beautiful1 & ,m>y
 _h lo/ ! *>m ( h] babyhood4 ,) all h]  
royal dignity & solemnity1 %e is a      
p]fect *ild 9 ^! pictures4 ,ref9$ p1    
lov+ art1 h gr[n s fond ( ! ,van ,dyck  
*ildr51 t (t5 :5 !y wi% _! own to look  
p>ticul>ly bewit*+ at "s fe/ivity1 !y   
dress !m 9 ! co/umes ( ! little ,m>y &  
,elizabe? ,/u>t1 & revive ! skull-caps &
 ! lace dresses = a fre% enjoym5t4  ,van
 ,dyck's patrons 9 ,engl&1 o!r ?an !    
,k+1 7 mo/ly noblem5 & c\rti]s4 ,!y liv$
 9 ! great h\ses1 :i* _h be5 built 9 _m 

p>ts ( ! c\ntry dur+ ! reigns (         
,elizabe? & h] successors4 ,! rooms 7   
spaci\s1 ) high walls t c\ld well hold !
 l>ge canvases ( ,van ,dyck4 ,sometimes 
a special gall]y 0 built to conta9 !    
family portraits1 & ,van ,dyck receiv$ a
 commission to pa9t !m all4 ,(t51 sev]al
 copies ( ! same picture 7 ord]$ at "o  
"t to be s5t z pres5ts to fri5ds &      
relations4 ,usually ! arti/ pa9t$ b "o  
himself2 ! re/ 7 copies by 8 assi/ants4 
,van ,dyck's portraits 7 design$ to suit
 great h\ses4 ,9 a small room1 :i* a    
portrait by ,holbe9 w\ld h decorat$     
nobly1 a canvas by ,van ,dyck w\ld h be5
 ov]p[]+4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t !         
expressions on ! faces are (t5 intimate 
& appeal+1 dome/icity is n ! m>k ( 8    
art4 ,9 ,van ,dyck's picture ( our 'heir
 ( fame1' ! :ite l951 ! yell[ sat91 & ! 
arm\r please u z befitt+ ! lovely face4 
,!re is a glimm] ( light on ! arm\r1 b y
 see h[ diff]5t is ,van ,dyck's treatm5t
 ( x f ,rembr&t's4 ,van ,dyck pa9t$ x z 
an article ( dress 9 due subord9ation to

 ! face1 n z an opportunity = reflect+  
light & becom+ ! mo/ important ?+ 9 !   
picture4  ,we h se5 h[ ,rembr&t1 ,pet]  
de ,hoogh1 ,cuyp1 ,rub5s1 & ,van ,dyck 7
 all contempor>ies1 born )9 an area (   
gr\nd small] f> ?an ,engl&4 ,yet ! range
 ( _! subjects 0 widely diff]5t1 & ea*  
pa9t] gave 8 individuality full play4 ,!
 desires ( ! public 7 n /]eotyp$ & fix$1
 z !y _h be5 :5 all alike want$ _!      
religi\s aspirations express$ 9 art4 ,! 
patrons ( t epo* _h v>i\s lik+s1 z we h 
to-day1 & ! pa9t] develop$ along ! l9es 
mo/ cong5ial to himself4 ,unless he c\ld
 make p l :at he enjoy$ pa9t+1 he c\ld n
 make a liv+4 ,if !y _h no eyes to le>n 
to see1 he might rema9 unappreciat$1 l  
,rembr&t1 until long aft] 8 dea?4 ,yet  
,van ,dyck's portraits 7 popul>4 ,p c\ld
 sc>cely help enjoy+ an art t %[$ !m (f 
to su* advantage4 ,hav+ f\nd a /yle t   
suit$ him1 he adh]$ to x consi/5tly1    
!nce=w>d mak+ b few exp]im5ts4 ,?is     
little picture be=e u is an admirable   
example ( ! g5tle poetic grace &        

ref9em5t always recall$ to ! memory by !
 "n ( ,van ,dyck4 ,s long z m5 prize !  
aspect ( di/9ction1 :i* he 0 ! fir/     
,nor!rn pa9t] to express 9 pa9t1 ,van   
,dyck's reputation w endure4     ,,*apt]
 ,,xii  ,,velasquez   ,dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i*
 ,van ,dyck 0 pa9t+ 8 beautiful         
portraits ( ! ,royal ,family ( ,engl&1  
ano!r pa9t]1 ,velasquez1 0 immortaliz+  
ano!r ,royal ,family 9 ! f>-away c\ntry 
( ,spa94 ,cut (f by ! great m\nta9s ( ! 
,pyr5ees f ! re/ ( ,europe1 ,spa9 did n 
rank among ! =emo/ p[]s until aft] !    
discov]y ( ,am]ica _h br\ght weal? to h]
 f ! gold m9es ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,9 !   
sixte5? c5tury ! ,k+ ( ,spa9's dom9ions1
 actual or virtual1 cov]$ a great "p (  
,we/]n ,europe1 except+ ,engl& &        
,france4 ,g]many1 ,spa91 ,italy1 & !    
,ne!rl&s1 own$ ! sov]eignty ( ! ,holy   
,roman ,emp]or1 ,*>les ,v4 ,8 son 0     
,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 ! husb& ( our    
,que5 ,m>y ( ,engl&1 & 8 great-gr&son 0 
,k+ ,philip ,,iv41 ! patron (           
,velasquez1 z ,*>les ,i4 0 ( ,van ,dyck4

  ,x is ! little son ( ,philip ,,iv41   
,don ,bal?az> ,c>los1 ^: portrait is    
be=e u--z manly & /urdy look+ a little  
fell[ z ev] be/rode a pony4 ,he 0 b six 
ye>s old :5 ,velasquez pa9t$ ! picture  
"h reproduc$4 ,c]ta9ly he 0 n fett]$ &  
cramp$ & prev5t$ f tak+ ex]cise l 8     
little si/]s4 ,! pr9cesses ( ,spa9 7    
dress$ 9 wide skirts1 spread out ov]    
hoops & hid+ _! feet1 f ! "t !y c\ld    
walk4 ,! tops ( ! dresses 7 z /iff z    
corselets1 & "o wond]s h[ ! little girls
 7 able to move at all4 ,z !y grew old] 
! hoops became wid] & wid]1 until 9 "o  
picture ( a gr[n-up pr9cess1 ! skirts   
are broad] ?an ! :ole height ( h] body4 
,/r+5t ,c\rt etiquette =bade a pr9cess  
to let h] feet be se51 b s odd may su*  
conv5tions be1 t x 0 nev]!less ?\ght    
correct = ! ,que5 to ride on horseback  
a/ride4  ,x is f ! canvases ( ,velasquez
 t we "k ! ,spani% ,royal ,family & !   
aspect ( ! ,c\rt ( ,philip ,,iv4 z ?\gh 
we _h liv$ !re ourselves4 ,! pa9t] 0    
born 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 9 ! same ye> z ,van

 ,dyck1 & sev5 ye>s e>li] ?an ,rembr&t4 
,to pa9t ! portrait ( 8 sov]eign 0 !    
ambition ( ! "y arti/4 ,:5 8 ye>s 7 b   
tw5ty-f\r ! opportunity arriv$1 &       
,philip 0 s pleas$ ) ! picture t he took
 ! "y man into 8 h\sehold1 & said t no  
"o else %\ld ev] be all[$ to pa9t 8     
portrait4 ,velasquez welcom$ ) gratifi$ 
joy ! prospect ( t life-long proximity1 
al?\gh nei!r 8 e>n+s nor 8 /ation at all
 mat*$ ! s]vice he r5d]$ to 8 sov]eign4 
,z ! ye>s w5t on he 0 paid a little     
bett]1 b 8 days & h\rs 7 m & m tak5 up )
 duties at ,c\rt1 & 8 sal>y 0 always 9  
arre>s4 ,he c\ld n ev5 res]ve 8 own     
private "t = 8 art1 b z he wax$ high] 9 
! e/imation ( ! ,k+1 ! sup]vision (     
,c\rt c]emonies1 entru/$ to him z an    
hon\r1 depriv$ him ( leisure1 & at la/  
br\ght 8 life prematurely to a close4   
,f ! "t :5 ,velasquez ent]$ ! s]vice ( !
 ,k+1 he pa9t$ exclusively = ! ,c\rt4   
,we h eight portraits by him ( ,philip  
,,iv41 & five ( ! little ,don ,c>los1   
besides _m o!rs ( ! que5s & pr9cesses4  

,we c foll[ ! gr[? ( 8 art 9 ! portraits
 ( ,philip ,,iv41 z we c foll[ t (      
,rembr&t 9 portraits ( himself4 ,b :ile 
,rembr&t might make ( ! same p]son1     
himself1 or ano!r model1 a doz5 diff]5t 
p1 s t x matt]$ little :o ! model 01    
,velasquez 0 conc]n$ ) a diff]5t        
problem4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury almo/ any 
good pa9t] c\ld draw 8 models correctly1
 b ,velasquez reproduc$ ! liv+ aspect ( 
a man z no "o else _h done4 ,we h       
already spok5 ( ! feel+ ( atmosph]e t   
,cuyp & ,pet] de ,hoogh 7 able to br+   
into _! pictures4 ,velasquez1 kn[+      
little or no?+ ( ! contempor>y ,dut*m51 
work$ at ! same art problems all 8 life1
 & at la/ ma/]$ ! atmosph]e problem     
completely1 :e!r x 0 ! air ( a clos$    
room 9 ! d>k palace ( ,philip1 or ! air 
( ! op5 c\ntry1 z 9 our picture4 ,9 ?is 
!re is no bright light except ^u ! face 
( ! little pr9ce4 ,x is d>k & gloomy    
wea!r1 b if on su* a day y 7 to see !   
canvas 9 ! op5 air x w\ld almo/ seem "p 
( ! c\ntry itself1 z ,velasquez's       

picture ( a room seems "p ( ! gall]y 9  
:i* x hangs4  ,x 0 only by degrees t he 
atta9$ ?is quality 9 8 "w4 ,he _h _h !  
ord9>y tea*+ ( a pa9t] 9 ,spa91 b !     
level ( art !re at ! "t 0 n s high z 9  
,holl& or ,italy4 ,l ,rembr&t he 0 to a 
great ext5t 8 own ma/]4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s  
he pa9t$ pictures ( middle-class life1 9
 :i* ea* figure is tru?fully depict$1 z 
7 ! e>ly heads 9 ,rembr&t's ',anatomy4' 
,l ,rembr&t 9 8 y\?1 he look$ at ea*    
head sep>ately & pa9t$ x z fai?fully z  
he c\ld4 ,! high] art ( compos+ into !  
unity ( a gr\p all its p>ts1 & keep+ _! 
p]fections )9 su* limits z be/ co-op]ate
 9 ! transc5d5t p]fection ( ! :ole--?is 
0 ! lab\r & ! cr[n ( bo? _! lives4      
,velasquez's be/ & greate/ gr\ps are su*
 a realiz$ vision ( life t !y h rema9$ !
 despair ( arti/s to ?is day4           
,velasquez came to ,c\rt 9 ! ye> 9 :i*  
,*>les ,i41 z ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 w5t to   
,madrid to woo ! si/] ( ,philip ,,iv4   
,he pa9t$ h] portrait twice1 & made an  
unf9i%$ sket* ( ,*>les1 :i* has         

un=tunately be5 lo/4 ,five ye>s aft]w>ds
 ,rub5s 0 a visitor at ! ,spani% ,c\rt  
on a diplomatic err&4 ,! pa9t]s took a  
fancy to "o ano!r1 & correspond$ = !    
rema9d] ( _! lives4 ,!y mu/ h talk$ long
 ab\t _! art1 & ! eld] pa9t]1 ,rub5s1 is
 ?\ght to h promot$ 9 ,velasquez a      
desire to see ! great treasures (       
,italy4 ,at all ev5ts we f9d t 9 ! next 
ye> he has obta9$ p]mission & money f   
,philip to und]take ! j\rney1 :i* kept  
him away f ,spa9 = two ye>s4  ,!re is an
 amus+ page1 9 dogg]el v]se1 :i* ,i     
rememb] to h read "s ye>s ago4 ,i tru/ !
 translator w p>don ! lib]ty ,i am tak+ 
9 quot+ x4 ,x reports a p]haps imag9>y  
conv]sation betwe5 ,velasquez & an      
,italian pa9t] 9 ,rome4 ',! ,ma/]' 9 ?is
 rhyme is ,velasquez4    ,! ,ma/] /iffly
 b[$ 8 figure tall   ,& said1 ',=       
,raphael1 to speak ! tru?1   --,i always
 0 pla9-spok5 f my y\?1--   ,i _c say ,i
 l 8 works at all4'    ',well1' said !  
o!r1 'if y c run d[n   ,s great a man1  
,i really _c see   ,:at y c f9d to l 9  

,italy2   ,to him we all agree to give !
 cr[n4'    ,velasquez answ]$ ?us3 ',i   
saw 9 ,v5ice   ,! true te/ ( ! good &   
beautiful2   ,fir/1 9 my judgm5t1 ev]   
/&s t s*ool1   ,& ,titian fir/ ( all    
,italian m5 is4'  ,velasquez 9 ,rome 0  
already a rip5+ arti/1 ^: vision ( ! _w 
0 q uncol\r$ & un%ap$ by ! m$ieval      
tradition4 ,raphael's pictures ) _!     
sup]humanly lovely sa9ts1 _! unworldly  
feel+1 & _! sup]naturally cle> light1   
d\btless imp>t$ pleasure1 b n a         
sympa!tic inspiration4 ,t9toret's imm5se
 creative p[] & ! col\rs ( ,titian's    
pa9t+ :i* inspir$ ,t9toret's ambition1 z
 we rememb]--^! 7 ! effective influ5ces 
,velasquez exp]i5c$ 9 ,italy4 ,8        
pur*ases & 8 own lat] canvases af=d t   
inf]5ce4 ,on 8 return f ,italy he pa9t$ 
a c]emonial picture z wall decoration = 
"o ( ! palaces ( ,philip1 & 9 x we c    
trace ! influ5ce ( ! great c]emonial    
pa9t+s ( ! ,v5etians4 ,! picture        
commemorates ! surr5d] ( ,br$a 9 ,nor?  
,brabant1 :5 ! fam\s ,g5]al ,sp9ola     

receiv$ its keys = ,philip ,,iv4 ,x is  
f> m ?an a s]ies ( sep>ate figures4 ,two
 armies1 (fic]s & m51 are gr\p$ 9 "o    
transaction1 9 "o ne> & f> l&scape4 ,x  
is a picture 9 :i* ! =egr\nd & !        
di/ances1 ) ! lances ( ! soldi]s & !    
smoke ( battle1 are z indisp5sable to ! 
:ole z are ! c5tral figures ( ! ,dut*man
 9 front h&+ ! city keys to ! c\rtly    
,spani% g5]al4  ,don ,bal?az> ,c>los 0  
born :ile ,velasquez 0 9 ,italy4 ,on 8  
return he pa9t$ 8 fir/ portrait ( him at
 ! age ( two4 ,! little pr9ce is dress$ 
9 a ri*ly-brocad$ frock ) a sa% ti$ r\nd
 8 %\ld]4 ,8 hair has only j begun to   
gr[1 b he has ! same look ( det]m9ation 
^u 8 face t we see f\r ye>s lat] 9 !    
eque/rian portrait4 ,a dw>f ab\t 8 own  
height /&s a /ep l[] ?an he does1 s z   
aga9 to give him prom95ce4 ,ano!r       
picture ( ,don ,bal?az> a little old] is
 9 ! ,wallace ,collection 9 ,london4    
,velasquez's p[] ) 8 bru% lay 9 depict+ 
vividly a sc5e t he saw2 ?us 9          
portraiture he 0 at 8 be/4 ,he knew h[  

to pose 8 figures to p]fection1 s z to  
make ! expression ( _! "* a true        
pictorial subject4 ,9 our picture x is  
on high gr\nd t ! ho(s ( ! pony ( ,don  
,bal?az> ,c>los tread4 ,s to raise !    
little ,pr9ce above ! eye ( ! spectator 
0 a good /roke1 sugge/+ an importance 9 
! gallant "y rid]4 ,! boy's erect       
figure1 too1 firmly hold+ 8 baton z a k+
 might hold a sceptre1 & ! well-/irrup$ 
foot1 are all p]fect pos+4 ,velasquez   
does n give him di/9ction 9 ! mann] (   
,van ,dyck1 by delicate draw+ & g5tle   
grace1 b 9 a /urdi] fa%ion1 ) spe$ &    
pose & a flutt]+ sa% 9 ! w9d4 ,all !    
portraits ( ?is lad are full ( *>m4 ,he 
0 heir to ! ?rone1 b di$ 9 boyhood4     
,illu/ration3 ,,don ,,bal?az> ,,c>los ,f
 ! picture by ,velasquez1 9 ! ,prado    
,museum1 ,madrid  ,velasquez paid ano!r 
visit to ,italy1 tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 fir/1
 = ! purpose ( buy+ m pictures to adorn 
,philip's palaces4 ,aga9 we f9d him 9   
,v5ice1 :]e he b\ght two ,t9torets & a  
,v]onese1 & aga9 he made a long /ay 9   

,rome1 ?is "t to pa9t ! portrait ( !    
,pope4 ,:5 he return$ to ,spa9 9 #afea  
he _h /ill n9e ye>s ( "w be=e him4 ,!re 
7 portraits ( ,philip's new ,que5 to be 
pa9t$--a "y girl 9 a mo/ uncom=table    
dress--& portraits ( h] *ild1 ! ,infanta
 ,m>gu]ita4 ,bewit*+ are ! pictures (   
?is little pr9cess at ! ages ( ?ree1 (  
f\r1 & ( sev51 ) h] fair hair ti$ 9 a b[
 at ! side ( h] head1 & volum9\s skirts 
( p9k & silv]4 ,b sweete/ ( all is !    
picture call$ ',! ,maids ( ,hon\r'      
7',les ,m59as'71 9 :i* ! pr9cess1 ag$   
ab\t six1 is be+ pos$ = h] portrait4 ,%e
 is petulant & tir$1 & two ( h] h&maid5s
 are cajol+ h] to /& /ill4 ,h] two dw>fs
 & a big dog h be5 br\ght to amuse h]1 &
 ! ,k+ & ,que51 reflect$ 9 a mirror at !
 end ( ! room1 /& wat*+ ! sc5e4         
,velasquez himself1 ) 8 easel & bru%es1 
is at ! side1 pa9t+4 ,! picture         
p]petuates = c5turies a mom5t ( palace  
life4 ,9 t transitory in/ant1 ,velasquez
 took 8 vivid impression ( ! sc5e1 & has
 translat$ 8 impression into pa9t4      

,ev]y?+ is simple & natural z c be4 ,!  
ord9>y light ( day falls ^u ! pr9cess1 b
 does n p5etrate to ! ceil+ ( ! l(ty    
room1 :i* is /ill 9 %ad[4 ,all seem to h
 come toge!r haphaz>d )\t be+ fitt$ into
 ! canvas4 ,!re is little detail1 & !   
:ole effect seems produc$ by ! simple/  
means2 yet 9 reality ! skill involv$ is 
s great t arti/s to-day sp5d weeks copy+
 ! picture1 9 ! endeav\r to le>n some?+ 
( ! secret ( ,velasquez4  ,! be/ judges 
are among ^? :o rank him highe/1 s t he 
is call$ pre-em95tly '! pa9t]'s pa9t]4' 
,x is impossible = any "o b a pa9t] to  
und]/& h[ he us$ pa9t4 ,f ne> at h& x   
looks a smudge1 b at ! prop] di/ance e  
/roke takes its "r place4 ,su* fre$om 0 
! result ( ye>s ( c>eful pa9t+ ( detail1
 & is n to be atta9$ by any royal road4 
,velasquez seldom seems to h made       
prelim9>y draw+s1 b ( t we _c be sure4  
,c]ta9ly he _h le>n$ to conceive 8      
vision z a :ole1 & we may fancy at lea/ 
t he drew x s ^u ! canvas--alt]+ ! l9es 
z he w5t--work+ at all ! p>ts ( !       

picture at once1 keep+ ! due relation ( 
"p to "p2 n z if he f9i%$ "o bit at a   
"t1 or ?\ght ( "o "p ( a figure z di/9ct
 f ! re/4 ,to h drawn sep>ate /udies =  
legs & arms w\ld h be5 =eign to 8 me?od 
( work+4  ,! pictures pa9t$ 9 ?is 8     
late/ /yle are few1 = ! c\rt duties     
heap$ ^u him left too little "t4 ,m>ia  
,!resa1 ! si/] ( ,don ,bal?az> ,c>los1 0
 engag$ to be m>ri$ to ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,k+
 ( ,france4 ,! m>riage took place on !  
bord] ( ,france & ,spa91 & ,velasquez 0 
9 *>ge ( all ! c]emonies4 ,! ,pr9cess   
travell$ ) a cavalcade eighte5 miles    
long1 & we c imag9e :at "w all !        
arrangem5ts involv$4 ,! m>riage ov]1 !  
ev] loyal ,velasquez return$ to ,madrid1
 b he return$ only to die4     ,,*apt]  
,,xiii  ,,reynolds ,,& ,,! ,,eighte5?   
,,c5tury   ,hi!rto we h travell$ f> &   
wide 9 our se>* = typical examples ( !  
beautiful 9 pa9t+4 ,we w5t f ,fl&]s to  
,italy1 f ,italy to ,g]many1 back to    
,holl&1 & !nce to ,spa94 ,x is true t we
 began 9 ,engl& ) our fir/ picture1 & t 

we h return$ twice1 once ) ,holbe91 &   
aga9 ) ,van ,dyck1 bo? =eign born &     
tra9$ arti/s4 ,we w f9i% ) examples (   
truly native ,engli% art4  ,9 ! eighte5?
 c5tury ,engl& = ! fir/ "t ga9$ a =emo/ 
place 9 pa9t+1 ?\gh ! p ( ! day sc>cely 
realiz$ t x 0 s4 ,ev5 ! poet ,gray1     
writ+ 9 #agfc1 c\ld say3  ,:y ?is nation
 has made no advance hi!rto 9 pa9t+ &   
sculpture1 x is h>d to say4444 ,y are   
g5]\s en\gh to wi%1 & sangu9e en\gh to  
=esee1 t art %all "o day fl\ri% 9       
,engl&4 ,i1 too1 mu* wi%1 b c h>dly     
ext5d my hopes s f>4  ,yet 9 #agfc      
,reynolds 0 =ty ye>s ( age & ,ga9sbor\gh
 b f\r ye>s y\ng]4 ,hog>? 0 ev5         
sixty-six1 & at "w ^u 8 la/ plate4      
,al?\gh1 hi!rto1 ! be/ pa9t+ 9 ,engl& _h
 be5 done by =eign arti/s su* z ,holbe9 
& ,van ,dyck1 yet !re _h always be5     
,engli%m5 ( praisewor?y tal5t :o _h     
pa9t$ pleas+ portraits4 ,hog>? c>ri$ ?is
 native tradition to a high po9t (      
excell5ce4 ,he pa9t$ pla91              
good-natur$-look+ p 9 an unaffect$ &    

/raight=w>d way4 ,b he 0 a hum\ri/ 9    
pa9t1 & z great a /ud5t ( human nature z
 he 0 ( art4 ,8 insight into "* & 8     
great skill ) ! bru%1 comb9$ ) 8        
s5sitiv5ess to fun1 make him 9 c]ta9    
respects a unique pa9t]4 ,9 ! ,national 
,gall]y !re is a picture ( ! heads ( 8  
six s]vants 9 a d\ble r[4 ,!y might all 
be *>act]s f ,dick5s1 s vividly &       
sympa!tically humor\s is ea*4  ,9 8     
engrav+s ,hog>? satiris$ ! lives ( all  
classes ( ! society ( 8 day4 ,:5 we look
 at !m we live aga9 9 eighte5?-c5tury   
,london1 & walk 9 /reets kn[n to fame   
?\gh n[ de/roy$1 ?rong$ ) m5 & wom51    
true to life4  ,z an arti/1 ,hog>?      
occupies a position betwe5 !            
sev5te5?-c5tury ,dut* pa9t]s ( l[ life &
 ! ,engli% pa9t]s t succe$$ him1 :o     
express$ ! ideals ( a ref9$ society4 ,8 
portraits h some?+ ( ! /r5g? (          
,rembr&t's4 ,8 /reet & tav]n sc5es rival
 ,jan ,/e5's2 b beh9d ! m]e             
repres5tation ( brutality1 vice1 crime1 
& mis]y we p]ceive n m]ely a skill$     

craftsman b a moral be+1 :om contact )  
mis]y deeply /irs & ! sight ( wick$ness 
moves to indignation4  ,aft] #agbj a    
succession ( di/+ui%$ pa9t]s 7 born 9   
,engl&4 ,_m ( !m fir/ saw ! light 9     
obscure villages 9 ! dep?s ( ! c\ntry4  
,reynolds came f ,devon%ire1 ,ga9sbor\gh
 f ,suffolk1 ,romney f ! ,lake c\ntry4  
,! eighte5? c5tury 0 a "t :5 politicians
 & m5 ( lett]s _h ! habit ( ga!r+ 9 !   
c(fee-h\ses ( ,london--=]unn]s ( ! clubs
 ( to-day4 ,conv]sation 0 valu$ z "o (  
life's be/ enjoym5ts1 & ! v>i$ society (
 actors1 au?ors1 & politicians1 9 :i* x 
fl\ri%$ be/1 c\ld only be obta9$ 9 !    
t[n4 ,to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ circle ( t k9d 9
 ,london1 our pa9t] ,reynolds belong$4  
,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 society _h also   
begun to divide its "t 9 mod]n fa%ion   
betwe5 t[n & c\ntry4 ,_m ( ! l>ge c\ntry
 h\ses ( to-day1 & ne>ly all !          
l&scape-g>d5$ p>ks1 belong to t date4   
,nev]!less x 0 a "t ( great             
artificiality ( life4 ,! ladies _h no   
%ort c\ntry skirts1 & none ( ! fre$om to

 :i* we are accu/om$4 ,9 ,london !y wore
 long p[d]$ curls & r\g$1 & 9 ! c\ntry  
too !y did n escape f ! artificiality ( 
fa%ion4 ,inde$1 _! great desire seems to
 h be5 to get away f ev]y?+ natural &   
spontane\s4 ,! artificial poetry ( t "t 
deals ) ! pat*-boxes & p[d]-puffs ( !   
fa%ionable dames ( ! t[n1 & ) nymphs &  
,dresd5 *9a %eph]desses 9 ! c\ntry4     
,ev5 on ,reynolds' canvases ! desire to 
improve ^u nature is app>5t4 ,9 8 "y    
days he pa9t$ ! local p]sonages (       
,devon%ire4 ,!n he made a j\rney abroad 
& sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 ,rome & ,v5ice4 ,on 8
 return he settl$ 9 ,london1 & ! mo/    
di/+ui%$ m5 & wom5 ( ! day & _! *ildr5  
sat to him4 ,x seems t he w\ld h lik$ 8 
lords & ladies to look z h]oic or       
sublime z ! h]oes or gods (             
,mi*elangelo4 ,in/ead ( pa9t+ !m 9 !    
surr\nd+s t belong$ to !m1 z ,holbe9 or 
,velasquez w\ld h done1 he dress$ 8     
ladies 9 :at he call$ :ite 'drap]y1' a  
volum9\s mat]ial1 nei!r silk1 sat91     
wooll51 nor cotton1 & pa9t$ !m sail+    

?r\gh ! woods4 ,! ladies !mselves lik$  
to look l nymphs1 *>act]less & pretty1 s
 ! fa%ion ( pa9t+ portraits 9 ?is way   
became common4  ,! pictures are pleas+  
to look at1 al?\gh s artificial1 & aft] 
all x 0 only full-l5g? portraits (      
ladies t ,reynolds treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,!y
 7 a small "p ( 8 :ole output4 ,b he &  
,velasquez work$ 9 a totally diff]5t _s4
 ,velasquez made ! subject be=e him1    
h[ev] unpromis+1 /rik+ because ( its    
tru?4 ,reynolds lik$ to *ange x on      
occasion into some?+ q diff]5t1 = ! sake
 ( mak+ a picture pretty4 ,nev]!less1 8 
/r5g? lay 9 /raight=w>d portraiture1 & 9
 ! r5d]+ ( "*4 ,8 portraits ( m51 unlike
 ^? ( wom51 are dignifi$1 simple1 &     
re/ra9$4 ,8 art 0 "o long developm5t    
till bl9dness prev5t$ him f work+4 ,e   
ye> he atta9$ m fre$om & naturalness 9 8
 pose & develop$ m p[] 9 8 use ( col\r4 
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,gl\ce/]  
,f ! picture by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 9
 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge  ,_m w\ld 
say t 8 lovelie/ a*ievem5ts 7 portraits 

( *ildr51 yet he did n atta9 ! same     
fre$om 9 8 *ild poses till late 9 life4 
,y h all se5 photographs1 at any rate1 (
 ! ',age ( ,innoc5ce' & ! ',heads (     
,angels1' b ?is little picture ( ! ,duke
 ( ,gl\ce/]1 nephew ( ,george ,,iii41 w 
n be s famili>4 ,i wond] :e!r x rem9ds y
 ( any?+ y "k8 ,x rem9ds me ( ,van      
,dyck4 ,! little duke /&s ) an air (    
importance ^u ! hillside1 :i* is rais$  
above ! eye ( ! spectator z ,velasquez  
rais$ ! gr\nd b5ea? ! pony ( ,don       
,bal?az> ,c>los4 ,!re is no mi/ake ab\t 
! *ild be+ a simple ,engli% boy1 ) a    
nice *ubby face & ord9>y /raight fair   
hair4 ,b he is a pr9ce & kn[s x4 ,= !   
sake ( hav+ 8 picture pa9t$1 he poses ) 
an air ( consci\s dignity beyond 8 ye>s4
 ,he sweeps 8 cloak ar\nd him l any     
gr[n-up cavali]1 & holds out a plum$ hat
 & walk+ /ick 9 a lordly fa%ion4 ,! *ild
 is consci\sly act+ ! "p ( a gr[n-up    
p]son1 :i* only emphasizes 8 *ildhood4  
,b ! air ( ref9em5t & di/9ction 9 !     
picture comes /raight f ,van ,dyck4 ,z y

 look at ! portraits ( ! ,duke (        
,gl\ce/] & ,william ,,ii4 ( ,orange side
 by side1 x may puzzle y to say :i* is !
 m attractive4 ,van ,dyck has pa9t$ !   
clo!s 9 m detail4 ,a c5tury lat]        
,reynolds has le>nt to pa9t ) da%1 ?\gh 
n ) ! ma/]y ( ,velasquez4 ,! effect ( ! 
cloak ( ! little ,duke1 its %imm]+ %ades
 ( mauve & p9k1 is inimitable4 ,x tones 
beautifully ) ! backgr\nd1 v>y+ f dull  
gre5 to brighte/ yell[4 ,! backgr\nd    
happ5s to be sky1 b x might z well h be5
 a curta91 z long z its bit ( col\r s   
set (f ! clo!s ( ! little ,duke4  ,:5   
,reynolds pa9t$ *ildr5 he delight$ 9    
mak+ !m act p>ts4 ,ev5 9 ! ',age (      
,innoc5ce' ! little girl is look+ h[ v v
 innoc5t4 ,he pa9t$ "o picture ( a small
 boy1 ,ma/] ,crewe1 dress$ to look l    
,h5ry ,,viii4 9 ! /yle ( ,holbe94 ,)    
broad %\ld]s & a ri* dress1 he /&s on 8 
/urdy legs q ! figure ( ,h5ry4 ,b ! face
 is "o beam ( boyi% laught]1 & on ! top 
( ! little replica ( ! body ( ! corpul5t
 mon>* ! effect ( ! *ildi% face is mo/  

ent]ta9+4  ,:5 ,reynolds puts away 8    
ideas ( ! gr& /yle ( ,mi*elangelo to    
pa9t pictures su* z ^!1 he is entirely  
delightful4 ,he sometimes pa9t$ ,holy   
,families & classical subjects1 b ! m ! 
_s ( m$ieval sacr$ art has sunk into u1 
! less c we admire mod]n v]sions ( ! old
 subjects4 ,! sacr$ pa9t+s ( ! ,middle  
,ages owe "s ( _! *>m to ! fact t !y d n
 make ^u u ! impression ( life4 ,9      
,reynolds' ,holy ,families1 ! ,"m &     
,*ild are pa9t$ ) all ! skill ( a mod]n 
arti/ & look z human z 8 portraits ( !  
,du*ess ( ,devon%ire & h] baby4 ,x is no
 long] possible to ?9k ( !m z any?+ b   
portraits ( ! models :om ,reynolds      
employ$ = 8 picture4  ,ano!r me?od t    
mod]n arti/s h sometimes adopt$ 9 pa9t+ 
sacr$ subjects1 is to imitate ! faulty  
draw+ & incomplete repres5tation ( life 
:i* are pres5t 9 ! art ( ! ,old ,ma/]s4 
,b ?is consci\s imitation ( bygone      
ignorance beguiles no "o :o has once    
felt ! *>m ( ! pa9t]s be=e ,raphael4    
,reynolds' great contempor>y1           

,ga9sbor\gh1 has be5 call$ 'a *ild (    
nature4' ,he w\ld h lik$ to live 9 !    
c\ntry always & pa9t l&scapes4 ,he did  
pa9t _m ( 8 native ,suffolk1 b 9 8 day  
l&scapes 7 unsaleable1 s he 0 driv5 to !
 t[n & to portrait pa9t+ to make a liv+4
 ,less ?an ,reynolds a pa9t] ( "*1      
,ga9sbor\gh reproduc$ ! sup]ficial      
expression ( 8 sitt]s4 ,b he _h s       
natural an eye = grace & beauty1 t 8    
portraits always please4 ,he did n      
attempt ,reynolds' wide range ( subjects
 or ! same difficulties ( pose4 ,(      
,reynolds he said3 ',h[ v>i\s he is1' b 
8 admiration did n make him /ray f 8    
natural pa? to attempt ! v>iety ( ano!r4
 ,reynolds1 equally admir+1 said ( him3 
',i _c make out h[ he produces 8        
effects4' ,p]haps ,ga9sbor\gh did n "k  
ei!r4 ,he does seem to pa9t by in/9ct1 &
 successive pictures became m pleas+4   
,buoyant 9 8 life z 9 8 art1 8 la/ words
 73 ',we are all go+ to ,heav51 & ,van  
,dyck is ( ! company4'  ,ano!r great    
contempor>y pa9t] 0 ,romney1 ^:         

portraits ( ladies are delightful4      
,figur$ z nymphs too1 !y are s buoyant )
 bright expressions & wayw>d locks1 t "o
 wi%es he _h depict$ 9 _! faces a s\l4  
,all ov] ,engl& & ,scotl& portrait      
pa9t]s fl\ri%$ at ?is "t4 ,!re 7 s _m   
,engli% arti/s t 9 #agfh ! ,royal       
,academy 0 f\nd$1 ) ,sir ,jo%ua         
,reynolds z its fir/ presid5t4 ,x 0 to !
 /ud5ts ( ! ,royal ,academy t he deliv]$
 8 ,disc\rses ^u ,art1 sett+ =? !       
pr9ciples :i* he judg$ to be s\nd4 ,he 0
 an indefatigably h>d work] until )9 two
 ye>s ( 8 dea? 9 #agib4 ,all classes (  
m5 e/eem$ & regrett$ him1 cl\d$ ?\gh 8  
int]c\rse ) !m _h be5 by ! deafness f   
:i* he suff]$ dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life4
  ,goldsmi?1 ! au?or ( ! ,vic> (        
,wakefield1 wrote ?is "* 'epitaph' =    
him3    ,"h ,reynolds is laid1 & to tell
 y my m9d1   ,he has n left a wis] or   
bett] beh9d4   ,8 p5cil 0 /rik+1        
resi/less & gr&2   ,8 mann]s 7 g5tle1   
comply+ & bl&2   ,/ill born to improve u
 9 e "p1   ,8 p5cil our faces1 8 mann]s 

our he>t4   ,to coxcombs av]se1 yet mo/ 
civilly /e]+   ,:5 !y judg$ )\t skill1  
he 0 /ill h>d ( he>+4   ,:5 !y talk$ (  
_! ,raphaels1 ,correggios & /uff1   ,he 
%ift$ 8 trumpet & only took snuff4   ,by
 flatt]y unspoil$ 444  ,! end is miss+1 
= :ile ,goldsmi? 0 v]sify+ s feel+ly    
ab\t 8 fri5d1 dea? ov]took ! writ]1     
eighte5 ye>s be=e ! subject ( ! epitaph4
     ,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,turn]   ,i wond]  
:i* ( y1 if see+ ?is picture = ! fir/   
"t1 w realize t y are look+ at ! old    
famili> ,?ames8 ,x w\ld seem r to be "s 
place unkn[n except 9 dreams1 "s        
phantasy ( ! human _s t we ourselves    
c\ld nev] hope to see4 ,& yet1 9 fact1  
?is is :at ,turn] actually did see "o   
ev5+ z he 0 sail+ d[n ! ,?ames to       
,gre5wi* ) a p>ty ( fri5ds4 ,sudd5ly !re
 loom$ up be=e 8 eyes ! great hull ( !  
,tem]aire1 fam\s 9 ! fight aga9/ ! fleet
 ( ,napoleon at ,trafalg>1 & s full (   
memories ( glori\s battle1 t x 0 always 
spok5 ( by sailors z ! ,fight+          
,tem]aire4 ,at la/1 its "w ov] z a      

battle%ip1 or ev5 z a tra9+-%ip =       
cadets1 dragg$ by a d\ghty little       
/eam-tug1 x 0 head$ = its la/ re/+-place
 9 ! ,?ames1 to be brok5 up = old timb]4
 ,z ! ,tem]aire hove 9 sight ?r\gh !    
mi/1 a fell[-pa9t] said to ,turn]3 ',ah1
 :at a subject = a picture6' & s inde$ x
 prov$4 ,! vet]an %ip1 = ,turn]1 _h a   
pa?os l ! pass+ ( a vet]an w>rior to 8  
grave4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fight+      
,,tem]aire ,f ! picture by ,turn]1 9 !  
,national ,gall]y1 ,london  ,turn] lov$ 
! sea1 & 0 v s5sitive to its            
associations ) ! toils & triumphs (     
mank9d4 ,born beside ! ,?ames1 he grew  
up among boats & frat]niz$ ) sailors all
 8 life4 ,x 0 impossible = him to be !  
behold] ( su* a sc5e z ! ,tem]aire's    
approa* to h] la/ moor+s1 save z a      
poet-pa9t]2 & /irr$ to ! putt+ =? ( all 
8 p[]s1 ?is ,fight+ ,tem]aire is 8      
surpass+ poem4  ,x 0 9 #agge1 :ile      
,reynolds 0 at ! height ( 8 fame1 t     
,turn] saw ! light1 born ( obscure p>5ts
 9 an obscure h\se1 b ) a gift ( vision 

t compell$ him to ! palette & ! p5cil 8 
:ole life long4 ,yet1 :5 he 0 appr5tic$ 
to an ar*itect to le>n ar*itectural     
draw+1 he _h to be dismiss$ aft] two    
p]iods ( probation because ( 8 absolute 
inability to le>n ! !ory ( p]spective or
 ev5 ! elem5ts ( geometry4 ,b ! "t 0 n  
f> (f :5 he 0 to become 9 8 turn        
,pr(essor ( ,p]spective at ! ,royal     
,academy4  ,! popul> di/a/e1 or unborn  
ta/e1 = l&scape1 :i* _h prev5t$         
,ga9sbor\gh f foll[+ 8 natural b5t1 0   
*ang+ at la/4 ,! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury
 saw ! beg9n+ ( a return to nature 9 art
 z well z 9 poetry4 ,"s arti/s 9 ! ea/]n
 c\nties1 old] ?an ,turn]1 7 already    
sp5d+ _! lives 9 ! n too lucrative pa9t+
 ( l&scape4 ,^! m5 took = _! ma/]s !    
sev5te5?-c5tury pa9t]s ( ,holl&4 ,old   
,crome1 s call$ to di/+ui% him f 8 son1 
f\nd$ 8 art ^u t ( ,hobbema1 & came s   
close to him 9 8 e>ly ye>s t x is       
difficult to di/+ui% _! pictures4 ,9 !  
works ( ?is ',norwi* ,s*ool' ! wide     
horizons ( ! ,dut* arti/s (t5 occur4 ,b 

!re is a bright] col\r1 a fre%] gre51   
recall+ ,engl& r ?an ,holl&4 ,turn] nev]
 felt ! influ5ce ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s s     
/rongly z ^! arti/s did4 ,l ,ga9sbor\gh1
 & _m ano!r arti/ be=e him & s9ce1      
,turn] 0 to be dom9at$ by ! necessity ( 
mak+ a liv+4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury a dem&
 arose = ',topographical ,collections1' 
( views ( places1 select$ & arrang$     
accord+ to _! neighb\rhood4 ,^! 7 n     
necess>ily f9e works ( art1 b !y 7      
requir$ to be fai?ful records ( places4 
,topographical pa9t+s1 draw+s1 & pr9ts  
took ! place n[ fill$ by ! photograph & 
! po/c>d4 ,turn] f\nd employm5t en\gh   
mak+ wat]-col\r sket*es to be engrav$ = 
su* topographical publications4 ,b      
sket*es t might be m]e hack-"w became "u
 8 f+]s magically lovely4 ,we may foll[ 
him to _m a corn] ( ,engl&1 ,wales1 &   
,scotl&1 sket*+ ar*itecture1 m\nta91    
moor1 mi/s1 & lakes4 ,8 e>lie/ sket*es  
are r /iff & precise4 ,b he develop$ )  
rapidity1 & soon pa9t$ !m 9 tones ( blue
 & grey1 s s(t t ! />s & ! horizons m]ge

 into "o lovely indef9it5ess4 ,n till   
mu* lat] is !re a t\* ( bright] col\r 9 
!m su* z fires ! ',tem]aire1' b 9 all   
!re is ! same _s ( poetry4 ,turn] long$ 
to be a poet1 al?\gh he c\ld h>dly write
 a correct s5t5ce ev5 9 prose4 ,b he 0 a
 poet 9 8 outlook ^u life2 he seldom    
pa9t$ a sc5e exactly z he saw x1 b      
transfus$ x by an imag9ative t\* into   
:at on r>e occasions1 ) p]fect          
conjuncture ( mi/ & wea!r1 x might      
possibly become4 ,he gave extra height  
to *ur* spires1 or made precipices /eep]
 ?an !y 71 ?us to r5d] ! impression ( ! 
place m explicit ?an by /rict copy+ ( ! 
facts4 ,yet he c\ld be m9utely accurate 
9 8 r5d]+ ( all effects ( sky1 cl\d1 &  
atmosph]e :5 he *ose4  ,o!r l&scape     
pa9t]s h g5]ally succe$$ be/ ) "s       
p>ticul> aspect ( nature1 & h conf9$    
!mselves to t4 ,cuyp excell$ 9 pa9t+ !  
gold5 haze ( sun%9e1 & ,con/able 9      
effects ( /orm & ra94 ,b ,turn] attempt$
 all4 ,sunset1 sunrise1 moonlight1      
morn+1 sea1 /orm1 sun%9e3 ! :ole        

pageantry ( ! sky4 ,he nev] made a      
repetition ( ! gold5 hazes ( ,cuyp1 :o 9
 8 p>ticul> field /&s alone2 b x 0 a    
small field comp>$ ) t ( ,turn]1 :o held
 ! mirror up to ,nature 9 h] e mood4    
,lat] 9 life1 ,turn] travell$ 9 ,france1
 ,g]many1 & ,italy4 ,9 ,v5ice 8 eyes 7  
gladd5$ by ! gorge\s col\rs above h]    
lagoons4 ,h5ce=? he makes 8 pictures    
blaze ) hues sc>cely d>$ by pa9t] be=e4 
,b s great 0 8 previ\s ma/]y ( ! pal]   
%ades1 t a few t\*es ( brilliant col\r  
c\ld set 8 :ole canvas aflame4 ,ev5 9 ! 
',tem]aire1' ! sunset occupies less ?an 
half ! picture4 ,! cold col\rs ( night h
 already fall5 on ! %ip1 & !re rema9s b 
a t\* ( r$ f ! smoke ( ! tug4  ,z ,v5ice
 enri*$ 8 vision ( col\r1 ,rome /imulat$
 him to pa9t new subjects sugge/$ by    
anci5t hi/ory & my?ology4 ,he knew      
little ( ,roman hi/ory or classical     
lit]ature1 yet en\gh to k9dle 8         
imag9ation2 witness 8 ',rise & ,fall ( !
 ,c>?ag9ian ,empire' 9 ! ,national      
,gall]y4 ,9 ^! ! figures are ( no       

importance4 ,! pictures /ill are        
l&scapes1 b fre$ f ! necessity ( be+ l  
any p>ticul> place4 ,9 "w su* z ?is1    
,turn] _h b "o pr$ecessor1 ! ,fr5*      
,claude ,lorra9e4 ,:ile ! ,dut*m5 ( !   
sev5te5? c5tury 7 pa9t+ _! own c\ntry   
beautifully1 ,claude 0 liv+ 9 ,rome1    
creat+ imag9>y l&scapes4 ,he call$ 8    
pictures by ! names ( ,scriptural       
incid5ts1 & plac$ figures 9 ! =egr\nd z 
small & uness5tial z ^? ( ,turn]4 ,^!   
classical l&scapes1 ) _! palaces & great
 flights ( /eps lead+ d[n to "s riv]'s  
edge1 & ! sea 9 ! di/ance cov]$ ) boats 
c>ry+ fanta/ic sails1 nev] = a mom5t    
make ! impression ( reality4 ,b !y are  
beautiful compositions1 design$ to      
please ! eye & /imulate ! fancy1 & are  
ev5 attractive by virtue ( _! novel     
alo(ness f ! actual _w4  ,turn] set     
himself to rival ,claude 9 8 ideal      
l&scapes1 f\nd$ ^u ! /ories ( ! anci5t  
_w4 ,9 8 picture ( ',dido build+        
,c>?age1' he pa9t$ imag9>y palaces1     
riv]s1 & /ately %ips1 9 ! same cool     

col\r+ z ,claude1 & bequea!d 8 picture  
to ! ,national ,gall]y1 on condition t x
 %\ld hang = ev] betwe5 two pictures by 
,claude to *all5ge _! sup]iority4       
,op9ions are divid$ z to ! rank (       
,turn]'s ',c>?age1' s :5 y g to !       
,national ,gall]y1 y mu/ look at !m bo? 
& prep>e to =m a pref]5ce4  ,turn] 0    
incit$ to ?is rivalry ) ,claude by !    
popul>ity t pa9t] enjoy$ among ,engli%  
collectors ( ! day1 :o 7 less eag] to   
buy ,turn]'s great oil-pa9t+s ?an ^? ( 8
 pr$ecessor4 ,incid5tally ?is rivalry 0 
! orig9 ( ! great s]ies ( et*+s execut$ 
by or = him1 kn[n z ,! ,book ( ,/udies  
7,lib] ,/udiorum74 ,?is book 0 sugge/$  
by ,claude's ,libri di ,v]ita1 six      
volumes ( 8 own draw+s 7( pictures he   
himself _h pa9t$ & sold7 made 9 ord] to 
id5tify 8 own1 & detect spuri\s1        
productions4 ,b ,turn]'s book 0 design$ 
to %[ 8 p[] 9 ! :ole range ( l&scape    
art4 ,! draw+s 7 c>efully f9i%$         
productions1 "w by :i* he 0 will+ to be 
judg$1 & _m ( !m he et*$ ) 8 own h&s4 ,8

 fav\rite haunts1 ! abbeys ( ,scotl& &  
,york%ire1 ! h>b\rs ( ,k5t1 ! m\nta9s ( 
,switz]l&1 ! lo*s ( ,scotl&1 & ! ,riv]  
,wye1 he *ose z illu/rat+ 8 be/ p[] ov] 
ar*itecture1 sea1 m\nta91 & riv]4 ,he   
repeat$ sev]al ( ! same subjects lat] 9 
oils1 su* z ! pe>ly hazy ',norham       
,ca/le' 9 ! ,tate ,gall]y4  ,turn] pa9t$
 /ill ano!r k9d ( imag9>y l&scape1 n 9  
rivalry ) any "o1 b to please himself4  
,( c\rse y all "k ! /ory ( ,ulysses & ! 
"o-ey$ giant1 ,polyphemus1 9 ! ,odyssey 
( ,hom]8 ,turn] *ose = 8 picture ! mom5t
 :5 ,ulysses has escap$ f ! clut*es (   
,polyphemus1 & sail+ away 9 8 boat1     
taunts ! giant1 :o /&s by ! wat]'s edge1
 curs+ ,ulysses & bemoan+ ! loss ( 8    
sight4 ,turn] has us$ ?is my?ical sc5e z
 an opportunity = creat+ /up5d\s rocks  
nev] se5 by a pair ( mortal eyes1 & a   
galley wor?y ( h]oes or gods4 ,! picture
 is ! pure/ phantasy1 ev5 m l a         
fairy-tale ?an ! /ory x illu/rates4 ,he 
has made ! :ole sc5e burn 9 ! r$ light (
 a flam+ sunrise1 r$d] by f> ?an !      

sunset ( ! old ',tem]aire4'  ,! /ory is 
told ( a g5tleman :o1 look+ at a picture
 ( ,turn]'s1 said to him1 ',i nev] saw a
 sunset l t4' ',no1 b don't y wi% y     
c\ld8' repli$ ,turn]4 ,t is :at we feel 
ab\t ! sunrise 9 ! picture ( ,ulysses & 
,polyphemus4 ,next to x 9 ! ,national   
,gall]y hangs ano!r picture call$ ',ra91
 ,/eam1 & ,spe$'--! ,great ,we/]n       
,railway4 ,f ! realm ( ! my?ical1 ?is   
takes u back to ! class ( sc5es ( :i* ! 
',fight+ ,tem]aire' is "o1 actually     
beheld by ,turn]1 b magically           
transfigur$ by 8 bru%4 ,a tra9 is com+  
t[>ds u ov] a bridge1 prosaic subject   
en\gh1 especially 9 #ahdd1 :5 railways 7
 suppos$ to be ru9+ ! aspect ( ! c\ntry 
& 7 hat$ by beauty-lov+ p4 ,b ,turn] saw
 romance 9 ! swift passage ( a tra91 &  
pa9t$ a picture 9 :i* smoke & ra91 cl\d 
& sunset1 riv] & bridge1 boats & trees1 
are all fus$ 9 a mi/1 pe>ly & gold5 z   
well z smutty & grey4 ,:5 y look at x1 y
 mu/ /& away & look long1 till gradually
 ! vision ( ,turn] %apes itself be=e y\r

 eyes & ! sc5e z he beheld x lives aga9 
= y4  ,we saw h[ ,v5ice op5$ 8 eyes to  
flam+ col\r4 ,9 8 pictures ( ,v5ice1 h] 
magic beauty is reveal$ by a delicate   
sympa?y1 t re-creates ! fairy city 9 h] 
day ( glory4 ,nev] tir$ ( pa9t+ h] 9 all
 h] aspects1 at morn+1 at ev51 9 pomp1 &
 at peace1 a sight ( 8 pictures is /ill 
! be/ sub/itute = a visit to ! city     
itself4  ,o!r arti/s h int]pret$ sc5]y  
beautifully1 & a few h pa9t$ ideal      
l&scapes1 b :o besides ,turn] has ev]   
unit$ su* div]sities ( p[]8 ,he cont9u$ 
to pa9t wat]-col\r sket*es to ! end ( 8 
life1 = ^! 7 appreciat$ by a public t   
did n und]/&1 & neglect$ to buy1 8      
oil-pa9t+s4 ,he sket*$ ?r\gh\t ,france &
 ,switz]l& = v>i\s publications z he _h 
sket*$ 9 ,engl&4 ,"t has n damag$ ^!    
draw+s1 z x has ! pictures 9 oil1 = to !
 end ( 8 life ,turn] sometimes us$ bad  
mat]ials4 ,ev5 ! sky ( ! ',fight+       
,tem]aire' has fad$ consid]ably s9ce x 0
 pa9t$1 & o!rs ( 8 oil-pictures are m]e 
%ad[s ( _! =m] selves4 ,x is pa!tic to  

look ^u ! wreck ( "w n a c5tury old & to
 wond] h[ mu* ( x w be pres]v$ = future 
g5]ations4  ,turn] himself deem$ !      
',tem]aire' "o ( 8 be/ pictures1 & f !  
beg9n+ int5d$ to bequea? x to !         
,national ,gall]y1 refus+ to sell x =   
any price :atev]4    ,!re's a f> bell   
r++1   ,at ! sett+ ( ! sun1   ,& a      
phantom voice is s++   ,( ! great days  
done4   ,!re's a f> bell r++1   ,& a    
phantom voice is s++   ,( r5[n = ev]    
cl++   ,to ! great days done4    ,n[ !  
sunset breezes %iv]1   ,tem]aire6       
,tem]aire6   ,& %e's fad+ d[n ! riv]1   
,tem]aire6 ,tem]aire6   ,n[ ! sunset    
breezes %iv]1   ,& %e's fad+ d[n ! riv]1
   ,b 9 ,engl&'s song = ev]   ,%e's !   
',fight+ ,tem]aire4'#d  ,footnote #d3 ,!
 ,fight+ ,tem]aire4 ,h5ry ,newbolt4     
,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury    
,s9ce we began our voyag+s toge!r among 
! vision>y worlds ( ! great pa9t]s1 five
 hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago1 at ! accession
 ( ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,ii41 we h j\rney$ f> &  
wide1 trudg+ f ! rock :]e ,cimabue f\nd 

! boy ,giotto draw+ 8 %eep's lik5ess4 ,!
 battle%ip ( ,turn] has n[ br\ght u to !
 mid-n9ete5? c5tury1 a "t )9 ! memories 
( liv+ m51 & /ill our j\rney is n end$4 
,hi!rto we h be5 guid$ 9 our g5]al      
pref]5ce = c]ta9 arti/s & c]ta9 pictures
 by ! concurr+ op9ion ( ! be/ judges (  
_m successive g5]ations4 ,b :ile we are 
look+ at mod]n pa9t+s1 we _c say1 z "s  
"o did1 t 9 our op9ion1 ':i* is !       
correct "o1' su* & su* a picture is     
wor?y to rank ) ,titian4 ,! ta/e ( "o   
age is n ! ta/e ( ano!r4 ,:o c surely   
pron\nce ! cons5sus ( op9ion to-day8 ,:o
 c guess if x w concur ) t ( future     
decades--( future c5turies8 ,we c b hope
 t le>n+ to see & enjoy ! recogniz$     
ma/]pieces ( ! pa/ w tea* u :at to l be/
 among ! ma/]pieces ( ! pres5t4  ,a     
great love ( ! ,old ,ma/]s inspir$ ! "w 
( a gr\p ( "y arti/s1 :o1 ab\t ! ye>    
#ahej1 b&$ !mselves toge!r into a       
society :i* !y call$ ! ,pre-,raphaelite 
,bro!rhood4 ,! title indicates _! aim1  
:i* 0 to draw ! inspiration ( _! art f !

 fifte5?-c5tury pa9t]s ( ,italy4 ,!     
sweetness ( feel+ 9 a picture su* z     
,botticelli's ',nativity1' ! delicacy ( 
workman%ip & beautiful pa9t+ ( detail 9 
,antonello's ',/4 ,j]ome' & o!r pictures
 ( t date1 _h an irresi/ible fasc9ation 
= !m4 ,!y fanci$ & felt t ^! arti/s _h  
atta9$ to ! highe/ ( :i* art 0 capable1 
s t ! be/ c\ld only aga9 be produc$ by a
 fai?ful /udy ( _! me?ods4 ,! aims ( !  
,bro!rhood 7 n imitation ( ! arti/s b ( 
! me?ods ( ! pa/4 ,!y held t e pa9t$    
object1 & e pa9t$ figure %\ld be z true 
z x c\ld be made to ! object z x        
actually exi/$1 r ?an to ! effect       
produc$ ^u ! eye1 see+ x 9 conjunction )
 o!r objects4  ,^! m5 h]ald$ a          
widespread m$ieval revival1 b all ! /udy
 9 ! _w c\ld n make !m pa9t l born      
arti/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,yet !re are 
^? :o ?9k t mu* ( ! _s ( beauty1 :i* _h 
dwelt 9 ! s\l ( ,botticelli & 8         
contempor>ies1 0 born aga9 9 ,rossetti &
 ,burne-,jones4 ,_! feel+ = beauty ( =m 
& purity ( col\r1 & _! alo(ness f !     

mod]n _w1 imp>t to _! "w an atmosph]e t 
may rem9d u ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?\gh !  
fifte5? c5tury c\ld nev] h produc$ x4   
,rossetti & ,burne-,jones1 inde$1 nev]  
=mally jo9$ ! ,bro!rhood1 ?\gh !y 7     
influ5c$ by its ideals & pursu$ ! same  
/rict fidelity to nature 9 all !        
accessories ( a picture4 ,millais &     
,holman ,hunt1 orig9al memb]s ( !       
,bro!rhood1 pa9t$ m5 & wom5 ( !         
mid-,victorian epo* ) e detail ( _!     
peak$ bonnets & plaid %awls1 & 7        
comp>atively indiff]5t to beauty ( =m & 
face4 ,b ,rossetti & ,burne-,jones      
creat$ a type ( ideal beauty :i* !y     
employ$ on _! canvases ) p]si/5t        
repetition4 ,burne-,jones f\nd$ 8 type  
^u ! angels ( ,botticelli1 & 8 drap]y is
 l t ( ! r+ ( danc]s 9 ! sky 9 our      
picture ( ! ',nativity4' ,y are probably
 famili> ) "s ( 8 pictures & p]haps h   
felt ! spell ( 8 pure gem-l col\r+ &    
pale1 haunt+ faces4 ,x 0 ! p ( _! m9ds' 
eye :o sat beside _! easels4 ,rossetti  
liv$ & work$ 9 ! romantic mood ( a      

,giorgione1 b in/ead ( express+ !       
atmosph]e ( 8 fairy city ( ,v5ice1 he   
creat$ "o z f> z possible remov$ f 8 own
 mid-,victorian surr\nd+s4 ,8 imag9>y _w
 0 peopl$ by wom5 ) pale faces &        
luxuriant auburn hair1 pond]+ ^u !      
my/]ies ( ! univ]se4 ,l ,rossetti's     
',bless$ ,damozel1' !y look out f ! gold
 b> ( heav5 ) eyes f :i* ! wond] is n   
yet gone4  ,"o ( ! be/ ,pre-,raphaelite 
l&scapes is ! ',/ray$ ,%eep' ( ,holman  
,hunt4 ,! %eep are w&]+ ov] a grass     
hillside ( ! vivide/ gre51 %ot ) spr+   
fl[]s1 & e %eep is pa9t$ ) ! detail ( ! 
c5tral %eep 9 ,hub]t van ,eyck's        
',adoration ( ! ,lamb4' ,! col\r+ is    
almo/ z bright & jewel-l z t ( !        
fifte5?-c5tury pa9t]s1 = "o ( ! !ories (
 ! ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood 0 t grass
 %\ld be pa9t$ z gre5 z ! s+le blade--n 
! col\r ( ! :ole field se5 imm]s$ 9     
light & atmosph]e1 :i* c make gre5 grass
 seem gray or ev5 blue4  ,9 ,brett's    
',val d',ao/a1' ano!r ,pre-,raphaelite  
l&scape1 we look f a hill ^u a great    

expanse ( valley ) m\nta9s ris+ beh9d4  
,e field ( corn & e grassy mead[ is     
outl9$ z cle>ly z x w\ld be ^u a map4 ,e
 /ick c be c\nt$ 9 ! f5ces betwe5 !     
fields & e tree 9 ! h$ge-r[s4 ,:5 we    
look at ! picture we involunt>ily w&]   
ov] ! face ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re is no tak+ 9
 ! view at a glance2 we mu/ walk ?r\gh e
 field & along e pa?4  ,aft] see+ ^!    
,pre-,raphaelite l&scapes1 let u imag9e 
ourselves /raightway turn+ to "o ( !    
num]\s sc5es by ,:i/l] ( ! ,?ames at    
twilight1 ) its glimm]+ lights & gho/ly 
%apes ( bridges & hulks ( /eam]s4 ,no?+ 
is outl9$1 no?+ is cle>ly def9$1 b !    
my/]y ( ,london's riv] is caught &      
pictur$ = ev]4 ,let u look1 too1 at 8   
',valp>aiso1' ba!d 9 a brilliant ,s\?   
,am]ican sun%9e1 :]e all is pe>ly &     
radiant ) s\!rn light4 ,ev5 "h !        
impression is n giv5 by ! p[] ( ! sun   
reveal+ e detail4 ,!re are few t\*es1 b 
l ,velasquez1 he has made e t\* tell4   
,z ! ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood k9dl$  
_! inspiration by ! vision ( !          

fifte5?-c5tury pa9t]s ( ,italy1 s ,:i/l]
 & _m o!r mod]n arti/s h turn$ to       
,velasquez = guidance4 ,till ! la/ half 
( ! la/ c5tury 8 "n _h be5 almo/ =gott5 
outside ,spa94 ,n[1 among ! mod]n       
'impressioni/s' s-call$1 he is p]haps m 
/udi$ ?an any o!r pa9t]4 ,:5 we 7 look+ 
at ! pictures ( ?is great man1 we saw h[
 he & ,rembr&t 7 among ! e>lie/ to le>n 
! value ( subord9at+ detail 9 ! p>ts to 
! bett] g5]al effect ( ! :ole1 s z to   
pres5t no m ?an ! eye c\ld grasp 9 a    
compreh5sive glance4 ,e tree & /ick 9   
,brett's ',val d',ao/a' is tru?fully    
pa9t$1 b ! picture z a :ole does n give 
! spectator ! impression ( tru?1 = !    
simple reason t ! eye c nev] see at once
 :at ,brett has tri$ to make x see4 ,all
 ! wond]fully v]aci\s detail 9 ! "w ( ! 
,pre-,raphaelite does n give !          
impression ( life4 ,m5 l ,holman ,hunt1 
on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r h& ,:i/l]1 liv+ &
 work+ at ! same "t1 exhibit+ _! works 9
 ! same gall]ies1 diff] ev5 m 9 _!      
ideals ?an ,velasquez diff]$ f !        

fifte5?-c5tury pa9t]s ( ,italy4  ,facts 
su* z ^! make ! /udy ( mod]n art        
difficult4 ,be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1      
pictures ( ! same date 9 ! same c\ntry 7
 pa9t$ 9 approximately ! same /yle4 ,b  
dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s _m /yles h reign$ 
toge!r4 ,at "o & ! same "t pa9t]s h be5 
inspir$ by ! ,greek & ,roman sculptors1 
by ,botticelli1 ,mantegna1 ,titian1     
,t9toret1 ,velasquez1 ,rembr&t1         
,reynolds1 & ,turn]1 & ! "w ( ea* is1   
not)/&+1 unmi/akably n9ete5? c5tury1 &  
c\ld nev] h be5 produc$ at any o!r date4
 ,e arti/ f9ds a problem ( 8 own to     
solve1 & attacks x 9 8 own way4 ,:5     
,:i/l] pa9t$ a portrait he endeav\r$ to 
express "* 9 ! g5]al aspect ( ! figure1 
r ?an 9 ! face4 ,! picture ( 8 "m is a  
wond]ful expression ( ! sweetness &     
peace ( old age1 giv5 by ! sev]e l9es ( 
h] black dress & ! simplicity & nobility
 ( h] pose4  ,! great pa9t] ,watts1 :o  
by ! face *iefly s\ght to express ! man1
 nev] pa9t$ a full-l5g? figure portrait4
 ,8 long life1 cov]+ ne>ly ! :ole ( !   

c5tury1 enabl$ him to portray _m ( !    
=emo/ m5 ( ! age--/atesm51 poets1       
musicians1 & m5 ( lett]s4 ,9 8 portrait 
gall]y _! f9e spirits /ill meet "o ano!r
 face to face4 ,b 8 portraits1 9 & ?r\gh
 lik5esses ( ! m51 are made to express !
 ess5ce ( t p>ticul> art ( :i* ! man 0 a
 spokesman4 ,9 8 portrait ( ,t5nyson1 ! 
b>d ) 8 laurel wrea? is less ,t5nyson ! 
man1 if "o may say s1 ?an ,t5nyson !    
poet4 ,! picture might be call$         
'poetry1' z t ( ,joa*im c\ld be call$   
'music1' = ! viol9i/ ) 8 dreamy         
beautiful face1 play+ 8 he>t out1 looks 
! s\l ( music's self4  ,watts 0 nev] a  
,pre-,raphaelite1 clo?+ anew 8 dreams ( 
m$ieval beauty2 nor a seek] aft] !      
glories ( ,greece & ,rome1 l ,leighton &
 ,alma ,tadema2 nor a /ud5t ( ! in/ant's
 impression1 l ,:i/l]4 ,to p5etrate     
b5ea? ! se5 to ! unse5 0 ! aim ( 8 art4 
,he wre/l$ to express ?\ghts 9 pa9t t   
seem inexpressible4 ,:5 we g to ! ,tate 
,gall]y 9 ,london1 to ! room fill$ ) mo/
 preci\s works ( ,watts1 we feel almo/  

ov]aw$ by ! l(t9ess ( 8 ideas1 ?\gh !y  
may seem to /ra9 ! la/ res\rces ( !     
pa9t]'s art4 ,"o ( !m is a picture (    
',*aos' be=e ! creation ( ! _w4         
,half-=m$ m5 & wom5 /ruggle f ! e>? to  
=ce !mselves into life1 z ! half-wr\ght 
/atues ( ,mi*elangelo f ! m>ble t       
conf9es !m4 ,ne> by is a picture ( !    
',all-p]vad+1' ! _s ( good t p5etrates !
 _w1 symboliz$ z a woman gaz+ long into 
a globe held ^u h] knee4 ,opposite is ! 
',dwell] 9 ! ,inn]mo/1' ) deep1         
unse>*able eyes4 ,^! are pictures t     
con/ra9 ?\ght r ?an *>m ! eye4 ,:5 !    
?\ght is less obscure1 x is bett] suit$ 
to pictorial utt]ance1 & ,watts         
sometimes pa9t$ pictures z simple z ^!  
are difficult4  ,!re is no?+ obscure 9  
our frontispiece picture ( ',r$         
,rid+hood4' ,x sets be=e u a *ild's     
v]sion & vision ( a *ild's fable t is   
imp]i%able1 & z su* makes an imm$iate   
appeal to ! eye4 ,%e is n act+ a "p or  
pos+ z a pr9cess1 b is simply a c[]+    
little girl1 fright5$ at ! wolf & eag]  

to protect h] basket4 ,9 h] fre%ness &  
simplicity1 a cottage maid5 ) anxi\s    
blue eyes1 mo/ innoc5t & *ildi% (       
*ildr51 %e ne$ n %un proximity to ,ri*>d
 ,,ii41 ,edw>d ,,vi41 ,william (        
,orange1 ,don ,bal?az> ,c>los1 & ! ,duke
 ( ,gl\ce/]4  ,& ?us we conclude our    
procession ( royal *ildr5 ) a *ild ( !  
p4 ,beg9n+ ) ,ri*>d ,,ii41 a portrait ( 
a k+ r ?an a *ild1 we end ) a picture 9 
:i* *ildhood m]ely1 )\t ! gift (        
di/9ction or ! glam\r ( royalty1        
suffices to *>m a great pa9t]'s eye &   
inspire 8 ?\ght4 ,) ! sweetness & grace 
( mod]n *ildhood fill+ our eyes1 may we 
n well close ?is *ildr5's book8         
,,index   ',adoration ( ! ,lamb1' #ef-ei
  ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 treatm5t (1 #cc 
',age ( ,innoc5ce1' #aga  ,alice 9      
,wond]l&1 #b  ',all-p]vad+1' !1 #aif    
,animals1 pa9t+ (1 #adb  ,antonello (   
,mess9a1 #fg-fi  ,art1 def9ition (1 #d  
,atmosph]e1 #aj   treatm5t ( by ,dut*   
,s*ool1 #aci1 #adj   by ,holbe91 #aci   
by ,velasquez1 #aef   ,beauneveu1 ,&re1 

( ,val5ci5nes1 #dc  ,bell9i1 ,giovanni1 
#ih1 #ajb  ,black ,dea?1 influ5ce (1 #da
  ,botticelli1 #gj-gg1 #ade   influ5ce  
(1 on ,burne-,jones1 #aia  ,brett's     
',val d',ao/a1' #aib et seq4            
,burne-,jones1 #aij et seq4  ,byzantium1
 influ5ce (1 #ai   ,turki% conque/ (1   
#bj   ',*aos1' #aif  ,*>les ,i4 employs 
,rub5s1 #adc   employs ,van ,dyck1 #adg 
pa9t$ by ,velasquez1 #aeg  ,*>les ,,ii41
 #aca  ,*>les ,v41 ,k+ ( ,france1 #dj   
,*>les ,v41 ,emp]or1 #aec  ,*illon1     
,ca/le (1 #aa  ,*ur*es1 m$ieval gr&eur  
(1 #ad  ,cimabue1 ,vas>i's acc\nt (1 #bd
   picture 9 ,national ,gall]y1 #be     
picture 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 #be    
tra9+ ( ,giotto1 #bg  ,civilization1    
def9ition (1 #i  ,claude ,lorra9e1      
#aha-ahc  ,con/able1 #ahj  ,correggio1  
#ia  ,crome1 ,old1 #agh  ,cuyp1         
#ach-adb1 #ahj   ',dido build+ ,c>?age1'
 #ahb  ,don ,bal?az> ,c>los1 #aed et    
seq41 #afj et seq4  ,d\glas1 ,lady      
,alfr$1 #ge  ,dragons1 fe> (1 #ab  ,duke
 ( ,gl\ce/]1 #agj-aga  ,dur]1 #ajf-ajg  

comp>$ ) ,holbe91 #aac  ,dut* expansion 
9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #aag  ',dwell] 9 ! 
,inn]mo/1' #aif   ,edw>d ! ,confessor1  
/ory (1 #cb  ,edw>d ,pr9ce ( ,wales1    
#aaa-aae  ,eighte5? c5tury1             
artificiality (1 #afh  ,erasmus1        
#aji-aaj   portrait (1 #aad  ,et*+1     
process (1 #abg   ,fight+ ,tem]aire1    
#agf et seq4  ,francis ( ,assisi1 life  
(1 #ag1 #ba  ,franciscans1 f\ndation ( !
 ord] (1 #bb  ',fresco' pa9t+1 #ci      
,ga9sbor\gh1 #agc et seq4  ,g>d5 ( ,ed51
 #ie  ,giorgione1 #id-ih1 #adj  ,giotto1
 #bg1 #bh1 #ce1 #ej  ',gold5 ,age1'     
#ie-ih1 #adb  ,goldsmi?1 #agd  ,greeks1 
influ5ce (1 #aj1 #fe   ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 
#adi  ,h5ry ,,viii41 #aji et seq4       
employs ,holbe91 #aaj   portrait (1 #aad
  ,hobbema1 #ada1 #agh  ,hog>?1 #aff et 
seq4  ,holbe91 #ajb-aae1 #aci1 #aea     
',erasmus' 9 collection ( ,*>les ,i41   
#adg  ,holman ,hunt1 #aij1 #aia  ,horne1
 ,h]b]t ,p41 #gd  ,hub]t van ,eyck1 #df 
et seq41 #adj  ,hul91 ,dr41 #di   ,il   
,p5s]oso1 #hc  ,impressionism1 beg9n+ (1

 #afb  ,infanta ,m>gu]ita1 #afa et seq4 
,james ,,ii41 #adi  ,j]usalem ,*amb]1   
#ah   view (1 tak5 9 #adhf1 #di         
,joa*im1 portrait (1 #aie  ,john1 ,duke 
( ,b]ry1 #dj1 #db1 #ec  ,john1 ,k+ (    
,france1 #dj  ,john van ,eyck1 #fj      
comp>$ ) ,dur]1 #ajg  ,josse ,vyt1 #eh  
,julius ,,ii41 ,pope1 #hh   ',knight's  
,dream1' #gh1 #hb-hf   ,l',allegro1 #hc 
,l&scape pa9t+1 beg9n+ (1 #ej  ,lely1   
,sir ,pet]1 #aca  ,leon>do da ,v9ci1    
#hj-ha1 #hi-ij1 #aaj   comp>$ ) ,dur]1  
#ajg  ',les ,m59as1' #afb  ,lib]        
,/udiorum1 #ahc  ,l\is1 ,duke ( ,anj\1  
#dj  ,lu9i1 ,b]n>d9o1 #ij-ia   ',madonna
 ( ! ,rocks1' #ij  ',man 9 ,arm\r1'     
#abf-abg  ,mantegna1 #fi1 #gj1 #ajb     
',triumphs ( ,caes>1' #adh  ,m>ia       
,!resa1 #afc  ,m>ie de ,m$icis1 #adc    
,m>y ,/u>t1 #adi-aej  ,m$ieval detail1  
#cg   coronation1 solemnity (1 #cd      
guilds1 #dd  ,mi*elangelo1 #hj          
influ5ce on ,reynolds1 #afi1 #agb       
influ5ce on ,t9toret1 #ii  ,millais1    
#aij  ,milton1 #hc  ,m1 ,sir ,?omas1    

#aji1 #aaj  ,mosque ( ,om>1 #di         
,newbolt1 ,h5ry1 #ahg  ',night ,wat*1'  
,rembr&t's1 #abc-abd  ',norham ,ca/le1' 
#ahc  ',norwi* ,s*ool1' #agh   ',pallas 
,a!ne1' #abg  ,p]spective1 #ff   abs5ce 
(1 #ee   ,hub]t's improvem5t 91 #ee     
ma/]y (1 9 ,r5aissance1 #fg  ,p]ug9o1   
#gi  ,pet] de ,hoogh1 #acc-acf  ,philip 
,,iv41 #aed1 #aee  ,philip ! ,bold1 #dj1
 #da  ,philip ! ,good1 #eb  ,photographs
 & pictures1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 #d   
,portraiture1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 gr[?  
(1 #fj  ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood1    
#ahi et seq4   ',ra91 ,/eam1 & ,spe$1'  
#ahd  ,raphael1 #gh-hi1 #adj   c>toons1 
9 collection ( ,*>les ,i41 #adg         
comp>ison ) ,giorgione1 #id1 #ig        
influ5ce on ,velasquez1 #aei  ',r$      
,rid+hood1' #aig  ,re=mation1 effect (  
on art1 #ajh  ,rembr&t1 #aah-acb1 #ace  
',anatomy1' #abb1 #aeg   comp>$ ) ,pet] 
de ,hoogh1 #acd   comp>$ ) ,van ,dyck1  
#aea   comp>$ ) ,velasquez1 #aef        
l&scapes (1 #aci   ,syndics1 #acj       
,revelations1 #eg1 #gd  ,revival (      

le>n+1 #fe  ,reynolds1 #afi-age  ,ri*>d 
,,ii41 portrait (1 #bi et seq4   dipty*1
 #dg1 #ej1 #aci1 #aig   dipty* 9        
collection ( ,*>les ,i41 #adg  ,rog] van
 d] ,weyd51 #fa  ,rome1 influ5ce on     
,turn]1 #aha  ,rossetti1 #aij et seq4   
,royal ,academy1 #agd  ,rub5s1 #ach1    
#adc-ade   fri5d%ip ) ,velasquez1 #aeg  
on ,*>les ,i41 #adg  ,ruysdael1 #ada    
,santi1 ,giovanni1 #gi  ,/4 ,ca!r9e1    
,raphael's1 #he   burial (1 #ij  ,/4    
,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 #ag  ,/4 ,edmund1 #cc  
,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 #ag1 #ba        
prea*+ to ! birds1 #d1 #bc1 #ej  ,/4    
,george slay+ ! dragon1 #ajj-ajb  ,/4   
,j]ome's cell1 #f1 #fc-fi   lion (1 #adb
  ,/4 ,mat!w1 #df  ,saskia1 #aba1 #abb  
et seq4  ,savon>ola1 #gc-gf  ,si/9e     
,madonna1 #he  ,spa91 greatness (1 9    
sixte5? c5tury1 #aec  ,/a9$-glass w9d[s1
 influ5ce ( 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 #cf     
,/e51 ,jan1 #acg1 #afg  ',/ray$ ,%eep1' 
#aia  ',surr5d] ( ,br$a1' #aei          
,t5niel1 #b  ,t5nyson1 portrait (1 #aie 
,t]bor*1 #acg  ',?ree ,m>ies1' #df-ei   

comp>$ ) ,botticelli's ',nativity1' #gg 
comp>$ ) ,raphael's ',knight's ,dream1' 
#he   treatm5t ( atmosph]e 91 #adj      
,timoteo ,viti1 #hb  ,t9toret1 #ii-ajb  
influ5ce on ,velasquez1 #aei  ,titian1  
#ih1 #ii1 #adj1 #aei  ,turn]1 #agf-ahg  
sunsets (1 #i   ',ulysses d]id+         
,polyphemus1' #ahd  ,umbrian l&scape1   
beauty (1 #gi   ',valp>aiso1' #aic  ,van
 ,dyck1 #ade-aeb   comp>$ ) ,reynolds1  
#agj et seq4   comp>ison ) ,velasquez1  
#afa  ,van ,eyck's influ5ce 9 ,g]many1  
#aje  ,vas>i1 #bc1 #be  ,velasquez1     
#aec-afd   comp>$ ) ,reynolds1 #afi     
influ5ce (1 #aic  ,v5ice1 influ5ce on   
,turn]1 #ahj1 #ahe   influ5ce ( on      
,v5etian arti/s1 #ic et seq4  ,v]onese1 
#ajb   ,watts1 #aie-aig  ,:i/l]1 #aib et
 seq41 #aic  ,william ! ,sil5t1 #aaf1   
#adf  ,william ,,ii4 ( ,orange1 #adf-aeb
  ,william ,,iii41 #adf  ,wood-cutt+1   
process (1 #abg  ,wool indu/ry1         
importance (1 #da     ,,! ,,end         
,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,r  ,r4      
,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4     ,,uni=m

 ,,) ,,?is ,,volume   ,,ea* #es4 ,,net  
,,aesop',s ,,fables ,,&]s5',s ,,fairy   
,,tales ,,arabian ,,nights ,,bunyan',s  
,,pilgrim',s ,,progress ,,grimm',s      
,,fairy ,,tales ,,swiss ,,family        
,,rob9son ,,tales ,,f ,,! ,,e>?ly       
,,p>adise ,,john ,,halifax1 ,,g5tleman  
,,c\nt ,,( ,,monte ,,cri/o ,,uncle      
,,tom',s ,,cab9 ,,book ,,( ,,celtic     
,,/ories ,,book ,,( ,,ed9burgh ,,mr4    
,,mid%ipman ,,easy ,,book ,,( ,,london  
,,book ,,( ,,! ,,railway   ,,ea* #fs4   
,,net  ,,tales ,,( ,,engli% ,,ca/les ,,&
 ,,manors ,,tales ,,( ,,! ,,cov5ant]s   
,,scott',s ,,tales ,,( ,a ,,gr&fa!r     
7,,abridg$7 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,scotl& ,,! 
,,book ,,( ,,/>s ,,) ,,commodore ,,anson
   ,a4  ,c4 ,,black1 ,,ltd41 #d1 #e1  #f
 ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4#a  ,new  
,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company         
,melb\rne ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press
  ,cape ,t[n ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity     
,,press  ,toronto ,,! ,,macmillan       
,,company ,,( ,,canada  ,bombay         
,calcutta ,madras ,,macmillan ,,&       

,,company1 ,,ltd4     ,,h[ ,,to ,,enjoy 
,,pictures  ,by ,j4 ,,littlejohns1      
,r4,i41 ,r4,b4,a41 ,r4,c4,a41 ,r4,b4,c41
 ,r4,w4,a4  ,) #h full-page illu/rations
 9 col\r1 "o 9 black & :ite1 & #dc      
con/ructional draw+s 9 ! text4  ,small  
,cr[n #dto4  #f_/- net  7,by po/1 #f_/f7
  ,mr4 ,littlejohns expla9s v simply &  
pleasantly a me?od ( approa* to pictures
 int5d$ = ^? :o h no k ( !m & no tra9$  
s5sibility4#a ,! book deals simply &    
briefly ) _m ( ! consid]ations involv$ 9
 compos+ a picture1 & gives an analysis1
 illu/rat$ by diagrams1 ( n9e well-kn[n 
ma/]pieces4 ,! au?or does 8 "w v well1 &
 no "o :o reads c>efully :at he says &  
c>ries out 8 in/ructions c fail to f9d  
add$ int]e/ if n also ke5] enjoym5t 9 ! 
contemplation ( pictures4#b  ,mr4       
,littlejohns writes1 n only ) ! arti/'s 
intuition1 b ) ! cle>ness & simplicity  
d]iv$ f 8 exp]i5ces z a tea*] (         
*ildr54#c ,! col\r reproductions are    
excell5t & c\ld n be b\ght sep>ately = !
 price ( ! :ole book4#d  ,footnote #a3  

,! ,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t4  ,footnote
 #b3 ,scotti% ,educational ,j\rnal4     
,footnote #c3 ,! ,*ur* ,times4          
,footnote #d3 ,mon?ly ,notes ( !        
,national ,society ( ,art ,ma/]s4       
,,black',s ,,diction>y ,,( ,,pictures ,a
 ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,be/ ,,"w ,,( ,,!    
,,be/ ,,pa9t]s  ,,edit$ ,,by ,,r&all    
,,davies  ,demy #hvo4  #c_/f net  7,by  
po/1 #d_/-7  ,?is book conta9s          
descriptive acc\nts1 ) full & accurate  
p>ticul>s1 ( ne>ly #ajjj ( ! mo/        
important pictures 9 public gall]ies 9  
?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t4 ,!y h be5   
select$ out ( ! imm5se numb] ( exhibit$ 
works z be+ ^? :i*1 9 view ( ! op9ions (
 ! be/ critics1 or 9 "s cases by popul> 
suffrage1 are su* z practically ev]ybody
 :o c>es ab\t pictures ought1 or w\ld l1
 to "k some?+ ab\t4  ,a4  ,c4 ,,black1  
,,ltd41 #d1 #e ,,& #f ,,soho ,,squ>e1   
,,london1 ,w4#a     ,,reproductions ,,( 
,,great ,,ma/]s ,,facsimile             
,,reproductions ,,9 ,,col\r ,,( ,,!     
,,orig9als  ,l>ge ,m\nt$ ,pr9ts1 ,s]ies 

#a-df4 ,av]age size ( pr9t$ surface1    
#ag-a_/b x #ad-a_/b ins4 ,ea* #aj_/-    
net1 m\nt$2 9 black frame1 unglaz$1 b ) 
picture v>ni%$1 price #ag_/f net ea*2 9 
n>r[ antique gold frame1 price #ba_/-   
net ea*2 or 9 ducat gold frame1 price   
#be_/- net ea*4   #a4 ,! ,age (         
,innoc5ce                    ,reynolds  
#b4 ,william ,,ii41 ,pr9ce (            
,orange-,nassau    ,van ,dyck  #c4 ,lady
 ,hamilton z a ,bac*ante                
,romney  #d4 ,! ,laugh+ ,cavali]        
,franz ,hals  #e4 ,/udy ( ,grief        
,greuze  #f4 ,portrait ( ,mrs4 ,siddons 
,ga9sbor\gh  #g4 ,nelly ,o',bri5        
,reynolds  #h4 ,portrait ( ! ,doge      
,leon>do ,lor$ano  ,bell9i  #i4         
,portrait ( an old ,lady                
,rembr&t #aj4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild         
,botticelli #aa4 ,! ,hay ,wa9           
,con/able #ab4 ,madame ,le ,brun & ,h]  
,daught]         ,le ,brun #ac4 ,!      
,brok5 ,pit*]                           
,greuze #ad4 ,! ,p>son's ,daught]       
,romney #ae4 ,! ,milkmaid               

,greuze #af4 ,portrait ( ,miss ,b[les   
,reynolds #ag4 ,la ,gioconda            
,leon>do da ,v9ci #ah4 ,ulysses d]id+   
,polyphemus             ,turn] #ai4     
,*apeau de ,paille                      
,rub5s #bj4 ,portrait ( ,mrs4 ,siddons  
,sir ,t4 ,lawr5ce #ba4 ,head ( a ,girl  
,greuze #bb4 ,! ,san ,si/o ,madonna     
,raphael #bc4 ,! ,dead ,bird            
,greuze #bd4 ,pr9cess ,m>g>ita ,m>la    
,velasquez #be4 ,! ,tribute ,money      
,titian #bf4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott         
,raeburn #bg4 ,rob]t ,burns             
,nasmy? #bh4 ,! ,sw+                    
,fragon>d #bi4 ,inside ( a ,/able       
,george ,morl& #cj4 ,head ( a ,girl     
,rembr&t #ca4 ,emb>k+ = ,cy!ra          
,watteau #cb4 ,anne ( ,cleves           
,holbe9 #cc4 ,! ,av5ue1 ,middleh>nis1   
,holl&       ,hobbema #cd4 ,int]ior ( a 
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