----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,transcrib]'s ,note3                    
,a numb] ( obvi\s typographical errors h
 be5             correct$ 9 ?is text4 ,=
 a complete li/1 please            see !
 bottom ( ?is docum5t4                  
,corrections li/$ 9 ! exi/+ ,errata at !
               end ( ?is book h be5     
appli$ to ! text4                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------     ,! ,practice &    
,!ory ( ,bol%evism    ,b]tr& ,russell   
,,london3 ,,george ,,all5  ,,unw9 ,,ltd4
 ,,rusk9 ,,h\se1 #dj ,,museum ,,/reet1  
,w4,c4 #a     ,fir/ publi%$ ,novemb]    
#aibj ,repr9t$     ,febru>y #aiba       
7,all rights res]v$7     ,,preface   ,! 
,russian ,revolution is "o ( ! great    
h]oic ev5ts ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x is      
natural to comp>e x to ! ,fr5*          
,revolution1 b x is 9 fact some?+ ( ev5 
m importance4 ,x does m to *ange daily  
life & ! /ructure ( society3 x also does
 m to *ange m5's beliefs4 ,! diff]5ce is

 exemplifi$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,m>x & 
,r\sseau3 ! latt] s5tim5tal & s(t1      
appeal+ to emotion1 oblit]at+ %>p       
outl9es2 ! =m] sy/ematic l ,hegel1 full 
( h>d intellectual cont5t1 appeal+ to   
hi/oric necessity & ! te*nical          
developm5t ( indu/ry1 sugge/+ a view (  
human be+s z puppets 9 ! grip (         
omnipot5t mat]ial =ces4 ,bol%evism      
comb9es ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,fr5*         
,revolution ) ^? ( ! rise ( ,islam2 & ! 
result is some?+ radically new1 :i* c   
only be und]/ood by a pati5t &          
passionate ef=t ( imag9ation4  ,be=e    
ent]+ ^u any detail1 ,i wi% to /ate1 z  
cle>ly & unambigu\sly z ,i c1 my own    
attitude t[>ds ?is new ?+4  ,by f> ! mo/
 important aspect ( ! ,russian          
,revolution is z an attempt to realize  
,communism4 ,i believe t ,communism is  
necess>y to ! _w1 & ,i believe t !      
h]oism ( ,russia has fir$ m5's hopes 9 a
 way :i* 0 ess5tial to ! realization (  
,communism 9 ! future4 ,reg>d$ z a      
spl5did attempt1 )\t :i* ultimate       

success w\ld h be5 v improbable1        
,bol%evism des]ves ! gratitude &        
admiration ( all ! progressive "p (     
mank9d4  ,b ! me?od by :i* ,mosc[ aims  
at e/abli%+ ,communism is a pione]      
me?od1 r\gh & dang]\s1 too h]oic to c\nt
 ! co/ ( ! opposition x ar\ses4 ,i d n  
believe t by ?is me?od a /able or       
desirable =m ( ,communism c be e/abli%$4
 ,?ree issues seem to me possible f !   
pres5t situation4 ,! fir/ is ! ultimate 
defeat ( ,bol%evism by ! =ces (         
capitalism4 ,! second is ! victory ( !  
,bol%evi/s accompani$ by a complete loss
 ( _! ideals & a rgime ( ,napoleonic    
imp]ialism4 ,! ?ird is a prolong$ _w-w>1
 9 :i* civilization w g "u1 & all its   
manife/ations 7includ+ ,communism7 w be 
=gott54  ,x is because ,i d n believe t 
! me?ods ( ! ,?ird ,int]national c lead 
to ! desir$ goal t ,i h ?\ght x wor?    
:ile to po9t out :at seem to me         
undesirable features 9 ! pres5t /ate (  
,russia4 ,i ?9k !re are lessons to be   
le>nt :i* mu/ be le>nt if ! _w is ev] to

 a*ieve :at is desir$ by ^? 9 ! ,we/ :o 
h sympa?y ) ! orig9al aims ( !          
,bol%eviks4 ,i d n ?9k ^! lessons c be  
le>nt except by fac+ frankly & fully    
:atev] elem5ts ( failure !re are 9      
,russia4 ,i ?9k ^! elem5ts ( failure are
 less attributable to faults ( detail   
?an to an impati5t philosophy1 :i* aims 
at creat+ a new _w )\t suffici5t        
prep>ation 9 ! op9ions & feel+s ( ord9>y
 m5 & wom54  ,b al?\gh ,i d n believe t 
,communism c be realiz$ imm$iately by ! 
spread ( ,bol%evism1 ,i d believe t1 if 
,bol%evism falls1 x w h contribut$ a    
leg5d & a h]oic attempt )\t :i* ultimate
 success might nev] h come4 ,a          
fundam5tal economic recon/ruction1 br++ 
) x v f>-rea*+ *anges 9 ways ( ?9k+ &   
feel+1 9 philosophy & art & private     
relations1 seems absolutely necess>y if 
indu/rialism is to become ! s]vant ( man
 in/ead ( 8 ma/]4 ,9 all ?is1 ,i am at  
"o ) ! ,bol%eviks2 politically1 ,i      
criticize !m only :5 _! me?ods seem to  
involve a dep>ture f _! own ideals4     

,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r aspect (          
,bol%evism f :i* ,i diff] m             
fundam5tally4 ,bol%evism is n m]ely a   
political doctr9e2 x is also a religion1
 ) elaborate dogmas & inspir$           
scriptures4 ,:5 ,l59 wi%es to prove "s  
proposition1 he does s1 if possible1 by 
quot+ texts f ,m>x & ,engels4 ,a        
full-fl$g$ ,communi/ is n m]ely a man :o
 believes t l& & capital %\ld be held 9 
common1 & _! produce di/ribut$ z ne>ly  
equally z possible4 ,he is a man :o     
ent]ta9s a numb] ( elaborate & dogmatic 
beliefs--su* z philosophic mat]ialism1 =
 example--:i* may be true1 b are n1 to a
 sci5tific temp]1 capable ( be+ kn[n to 
be true ) any c]ta9ty4 ,?is habit1 (    
militant c]ta9ty ab\t objectively       
d\btful matt]s1 is "o f :i*1 s9ce !     
,r5aissance1 ! _w has be5 gradually     
em]g+1 into t temp] ( con/ructive &     
fruitful scepticism :i* con/itutes !    
sci5tific outlook4 ,i believe !         
sci5tific outlook to be immeasurably    
important to ! human race4 ,if a m j    

economic sy/em 7 only atta9able by clos+
 m5's m9ds aga9/ free inquiry1 & plung+ 
!m back into ! intellectual prison ( !  
middle ages1 ,i %\ld consid] ! price too
 high4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 ov] any %ort    
p]iod ( "t1 dogmatic belief is a help 9 
fight+4 ,if all ,communi/s become       
religi\s fanatics1 :ile support]s (     
capitalism reta9 a sceptical temp]1 x   
may be assum$ t ! ,communi/s w w91 :ile 
9 ! contr>y case ! capitali/s w\ld w94  
,x seems evid5t1 f ! attitude ( !       
capitali/ _w to ,soviet ,russia1 ( !    
,ent5te to ! ,c5tral ,empires1 & (      
,engl& to ,irel& & ,india1 t !re is no  
dep? ( cruelty1 p]fidy or brutality f   
:i* ! pres5t hold]s ( p[] w %r9k :5 !y  
feel !mselves ?reat5$4 ,if1 9 ord] to   
ou/ !m1 no?+ %ort ( religi\s fanaticism 
w s]ve1 x is !y :o are ! prime s\rces ( 
! resultant evil4 ,& x is p]missible to 
hope t1 :5 !y h be5 dispossess$1        
fanaticism w fade1 z o!r fanaticisms h  
fad$ 9 ! pa/4  ,! pres5t hold]s ( p[]   
are evil m51 & ! pres5t mann] ( life is 

doom$4 ,to make ! transition ) a m9imum 
( blood%$1 ) a maximum ( pres]vation (  
:atev] has value 9 our exi/+            
civilization1 is a difficult problem4 ,x
 is ?is problem :i* has *iefly occupi$  
my m9d 9 writ+ ! foll[+ pages4 ,i wi% ,i
 c\ld ?9k t its solution w\ld be        
facilitat$ by "s slight degree (        
mod]ation & humane feel+ on ! "p ( ^? :o
 enjoy unju/ privileges 9 ! _w z x is4  
,! pres5t "w is ! outcome ( a visit to  
,russia1 supplem5t$ by mu* read+ &      
discussion bo? be=e & aft]4 ,i h ?\ght x
 be/ to record :at ,i saw sep>ately f   
!oretical consid]ations1 & ,i h         
endeav\r$ to /ate my impressions )\t any
 bias = or aga9/ ! ,bol%eviks4 ,i       
receiv$ at _! h&s ! greate/ k9dness &   
c\rtesy1 & ,i owe !m a debt ( gratitude 
= ! p]fect fre$om :i* !y all[$ me 9 my  
inve/igations4 ,i am consci\s t ,i 0 too
 %ort a "t 9 ,russia to be able to =m   
really reliable judgm5ts2 h[ev]1 ,i %>e 
?is drawback ) mo/ o!r we/]n]s :o h     
writt5 on ,russia s9ce ! ,octob]        

,revolution4 ,i feel t ,bol%evism is a  
matt] ( su* importance t x is necess>y1 
= almo/ e political "q1 to def9e "o's   
attitude 9 reg>d to x2 & ,i h hopes t ,i
 may help o!rs to def9e _! attitude1 ev5
 if only by way ( opposition to :at ,i h
 writt54  ,i h receiv$ invaluable       
assi/ance f my secret>y1 ,miss ,d4,w4   
,black1 :o 0 9 ,russia %ortly aft] ,i _h
 left4 ,! *apt] on ,art & ,education is 
writt5 by h] ?r\gh\t4 ,nei!r is         
responsible = ! o!r's op9ions4          
,,b]tr& ,,russell    ,septemb]1 #aibj4  
,,cont5ts                               
,,page ,,preface                        
#e   ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,pres5t ,,condition   
,,( ,,russia     ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,hop$  
,,f ,,bol%evism                         
#ae    ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics      
#bd   ,,iii4 ,,l591 ,,trotsky ,,&       
,,gorky                            #cf  
,,iv4 ,,art ,,& ,,education             
#de     ,v4 ,,communism ,,& ,,! ,,soviet
 ,,con/itution               #gb        
,,vi4 ,,! ,,failure ,,( ,,russian       

,,indu/ry                     #ha       
,,vii4 ,,daily ,,life ,,9 ,,mosc[       
#ib  ,,viii4 ,,t[n ,,& ,,c\ntry         
#ii    ,,ix4 ,,int]national ,,policy    
#ajf   ,,"p ,,ii ,,bol%evik ,,!ory      
,i4 ,,! ,,mat]iali/ic ,,!ory ,,(        
,,hi/ory                #aai    ,,ii4   
,,decid+ ,,=ces ,,9 ,,politics          
#abh   ,,iii4 ,,bol%evik ,,criticism ,,(
 ,,democracy                   #acd     
,,iv4 ,,revolution ,,& ,,dictator%ip    
#adf     ,v4 ,,me*anism ,,& ,,!         
,,individual                       #aeg 
,,vi4 ,,:y ,,russian ,,communism ,,has  
,,fail$                   #afe   ,,vii4 
,,conditions ,,= ,,! ,,success ,,(      
,,communism            #agh     ,,"p ,i 
,,! ,,pres5t ,,condition ,,( ,,russia   
,i  ,,:at ,,is ,,hop$ ,,f ,,bol%evism   
,to und]/& ,bol%evism x is n suffici5t  
to "k facts2 x is necess>y also to ent] 
) sympa?y or imag9ation into a new _s4  
,! *ief ?+ t ! ,bol%eviks h done is to  
create a hope1 or at any rate to make   
/rong & widespread a hope :i* 0 =m]ly   

conf9$ to a few4 ,?is aspect ( ! movem5t
 is z easy to grasp at a di/ance z x is 
9 ,russia--p]haps ev5 easi]1 because 9  
,russia pres5t circum/ances t5d to      
obscure ! view ( ! di/ant future4 ,b !  
actual situation 9 ,russia c only be    
und]/ood sup]ficially if we =get ! hope 
:i* is ! motive p[] ( ! :ole4 ,"o might 
z well describe ! ,!baid )\t m5tion+ t !
 h]mits expect$ et]nal bliss z ! rew>d (
 _! sacrifices "h on e>?4  ,i _c %>e !  
hopes ( ! ,bol%eviks any m ?an ^? ( !   
,egyptian an*orites2 ,i reg>d bo? z     
tragic delusions1 de/9$ to br+ ^u ! _w  
c5turies ( d>kness & futile viol5ce4 ,! 
pr9ciples ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt are     
admirable1 b _! effect ^u av]age human  
nature 0 v diff]5t f :at 0 int5d$4 ,^?  
:o foll[$ ,*ri/ did n le>n to love _!   
enemies or to turn ! o!r *eek4 ,!y le>n$
 in/ead to use ! ,inquisition & ! /ake1 
to subject ! human intellect to ! yoke (
 an ignorant & intol]ant prie/hood1 to  
degrade art & ext+ui% sci5ce = a ?\s&   
ye>s4 ,^! 7 ! inevitable results1 n ( ! 

tea*+1 b ( fanatical belief 9 ! tea*+4  
,! hopes :i* inspire ,communism are1 9 !
 ma91 z admirable z ^? in/ill$ by !     
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 b !y are held z      
fanatically1 & are likely to d z mu*    
h>m4 ,cruelty lurks 9 our in/9cts1 &    
fanaticism is a cam\flage = cruelty4    
,fanatics are seldom g5u9ely humane1 &  
^? :o s9c]ely dread cruelty w be sl[ to 
adopt a fanatical cre$4 ,i d n "k :e!r  
,bol%evism c be prev5t$ f acquir+       
univ]sal p[]4 ,b ev5 if x _c1 ,i am     
p]suad$ t ^? :o /& out aga9/ x1 n f love
 ( anci5t inju/ice1 b 9 ! "n ( ! free _s
 ( ,man1 w be ! be>]s ( ! se$s (        
progress1 f :i*1 :5 ! _w's ge/ation is  
accompli%$1 new life w be born4  ,! w>  
has left ?r\gh\t ,europe a mood (       
disillusionm5t & despair :i* calls al\d 
= a new religion1 z ! only =ce capable (
 giv+ m5 ! en]gy to live vigor\sly4     
,bol%evism has suppli$ ! new religion4  
,x promises glori\s ?+s3 an end ( !     
inju/ice ( ri* & poor1 an end ( economic
 slav]y1 an end ( w>4 ,x promises an end

 ( ! disunion ( classes :i* poisons     
political life & ?reat5s our indu/rial  
sy/em ) de/ruction4 ,x promises an end  
to comm]cialism1 t subtle falsehood t   
leads m5 to appraise ev]y?+ by its money
 value1 & to det]m9e money value (t5    
m]ely by ! caprices ( idle plutocrats4  
,x promises a _w :]e all m5 & wom5 %all 
be kept sane by "w1 & :]e all "w %all be
 ( value to ! community1 n only to a few
 weal?y vampires4 ,x is to sweep away   
li/lessness & pessimism & we>9ess & all 
! complicat$ mis]ies ( ^? ^:            
circum/ances all[ idl5ess & ^: en]gies  
are n suffici5t to =ce activity4 ,9     
place ( palaces & hovels1 futile vice & 
useless mis]y1 !re is to be :olesome "w1
 en\gh b n too mu*1 all ( x useful1     
p]=m$ by m5 & wom5 :o h no "t =         
pessimism & no occasion = despair4  ,!  
exi/+ capitali/ sy/em is doom$4 ,its    
inju/ice is s gl>+ t only ignorance &   
tradition c\ld lead wage-e>n]s to       
tol]ate x4 ,z ignorance dim9i%es1       
tradition becomes weak5$1 & ! w> de/roy$

 ! hold ^u m5's m9ds ( ev]y?+ m]ely     
traditional4 ,x may be t1 ?r\gh !       
influ5ce ( ,am]ica1 ! capitali/ sy/em w 
l+] = ano!r fifty ye>s2 b x w gr[       
cont9ually weak]1 & c nev] recov] !     
position ( easy dom9ance :i* x held 9 ! 
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to attempt to bol/] x  
up is a useless div]sion ( en]gies :i*  
might be exp5d$ ^u build+ some?+ new4   
,:e!r ! new ?+ w be ,bol%evism or some?+
 else1 ,i d n "k2 :e!r x w be bett] or  
worse ?an capitalism1 ,i d n "k4 ,b t a 
radically new ord] ( society w em]ge1 ,i
 feel no d\bt4 ,& ,i also feel no d\bt t
 ! new ord] w be ei!r "s =m ( ,socialism
 or a rev]sion to b>b>ism & petty w> su*
 z occurr$ dur+ ! b>b>ian invasion4 ,if 
,bol%evism rema9s ! only vigor\s &      
effective competitor ( capitalism1 ,i   
believe t no =m ( ,socialism w be       
realiz$1 b only *aos & de/ruction4 ,?is 
belief1 = :i* ,i %all give reasons lat]1
 is "o ( ! gr\nds ^u :i* ,i oppose      
,bol%evism4 ,b to oppose x f ! po9t (   
view ( a support] ( capitalism w\ld be1 

to my m9d1 utt]ly futile & aga9/ !      
movem5t ( hi/ory 9 ! pres5t age4  ,!    
effect ( ,bol%evism z a revolution>y    
hope is great] outside ,russia ?an )9 ! 
,soviet ,republic4 ,grim realities h    
done mu* to kill hope among ^? :o are   
subject to ! dictator%ip ( ,mosc[4 ,yet 
ev5 )9 ,russia1 ! ,communi/ p>ty1 9 ^:  
h&s all political p[] is conc5trat$1    
/ill lives by hope1 ?\gh ! pressure (   
ev5ts has made ! hope sev]e & /]n &     
some:at remote4 ,x is ?is hope t leads  
to conc5tration ^u ! ris+ g5]ation4     
,russian ,communi/s (t5 av[ t !re is    
little hope = ^? :o are already adult1 &
 t happ9ess c only come to ! *ildr5 :o h
 gr[n up "u ! new rgime & be5 m\ld$ f ! 
fir/ to ! gr\p-m5tality t ,communism    
requires4 ,x is only aft] ! lapse ( a   
g5]ation t !y hope to create a ,russia t
 %all realize _! vision4  ,9 ! ,we/]n   
,_w1 ! hope inspir$ by ,bol%evism is m  
imm$iate1 less %ot ?r\gh ) trag$y4      
,we/]n ,sociali/s :o h visit$ ,russia h 
se5 fit to suppress ! h>%] features ( ! 

pres5t rgime1 & h dissem9at$ a belief   
among _! foll[]s t ! mill5nium w\ld be  
quickly realiz$ !re if !re 7 no w> & no 
blockade4 ,ev5 ^? ,sociali/s :o are n   
,bol%eviks = _! own c\ntry h mo/ly done 
v little to help m5 9 apprais+ ! m]its  
or dem]its ( ,bol%evik me?ods4 ,by ?is  
lack ( c\rage !y h expos$ ,we/]n        
,socialism to ! dang] ( becom+ ,bol%evik
 ?r\gh ignorance ( ! price t has to be  
paid & ( ! unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ! desir$ 
goal w be rea*$ 9 ! end4 ,i believe t ! 
,we/ is capable ( adopt+ less pa9ful & m
 c]ta9 me?ods ( rea*+ ,socialism ?an ^? 
t h seem$ necess>y 9 ,russia4 ,& ,i     
believe t :ile "s =ms ( ,socialism are  
immeasurably bett] ?an capitalism1 o!rs 
are ev5 worse4 ,among ^? t are worse ,i 
reckon ! =m :i* is be+ a*iev$ 9 ,russia1
 n only 9 itself1 b z a m insup]able    
b>ri] to fur!r progress4  ,9 judg+ (    
,bol%evism f :at is to be se5 9 ,russia 
at pres5t1 x is necess>y to dis5tangle  
v>i\s factors :i* contribute to a s+le  
result4 ,to beg9 )1 ,russia is "o ( !   

nations t 7 defeat$ 9 ! w>2 ?is has     
produc$ a set ( circum/ances resembl+ ^?
 f\nd 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,! food      
problem1 = example1 appe>s to be        
ess5tially simil> 9 all ?ree c\ntries4  
,9 ord] to arrive at :at is specifically
 ,bol%evik1 we mu/ fir/ elim9ate :at is 
m]ely *>act]i/ic ( a c\ntry :i* has     
suff]$ milit>y disa/]4 ,next we come to 
factors :i* are ,russian1 :i* ,russian  
,communi/s %>e ) o!r ,russians1 b n )   
o!r ,communi/s4 ,!re is1 = example1 a   
great deal ( disord] & *aos & wa/e1 :i* 
%ocks ,we/]n]s 7especially ,g]mans7 ev5 
:5 !y are 9 close political sympa?y ) ! 
,bol%eviks4 ,my own belief is t1 al?\gh1
 ) ! exception ( a few v able m51 !     
,russian ,gov]nm5t is less effici5t 9   
organization ?an ! ,g]mans or !         
,am]icans w\ld be 9 simil> circum/ances1
 yet x repres5ts :at is mo/ effici5t 9  
,russia1 & does m to prev5t *aos ?an any
 possible alt]native gov]nm5t w\ld d4   
,aga91 ! intol]ance & lack ( lib]ty :i* 
has be5 inh]it$ f ! ,ts>i/ rgime is     

probably to be reg>d$ z ,russian r ?an  
,communi/4 ,if a ,communi/ ,p>ty 7 to   
acquire p[] 9 ,engl&1 x w\ld probably be
 met by a less irresponsible opposition1
 & w\ld be able to %[ itself f> m       
tol]ant ?an any gov]nm5t c hope to be 9 
,russia if x is to escape assass9ation4 
,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( degree4 ,a    
great "p ( ! despotism :i* *>act]izes ! 
,bol%eviks belongs to ! ess5ce ( _!     
social philosophy1 & w\ld h to be       
reproduc$1 ev5 if 9 a mild] =m1 :]ev] t 
philosophy became dom9ant4  ,x is       
cu/om>y among ! apologi/s ( ,bol%evism 9
 ! ,we/ to excuse its h>%ness on ! gr\nd
 t x has be5 produc$ by ! necessity (   
fight+ ! ,ent5te & its m]c5>ies4        
,und\bt$ly x is true t ?is necessity has
 produc$ _m ( ! wor/ elem5ts 9 ! pres5t 
/ate ( affairs4 ,und\bt$ly1 also1 !     
,ent5te has incurr$ a heavy load ( guilt
 by its peevi% & futile opposition4 ,b !
 expectation ( su* opposition 0 always  
"p ( ,bol%evik !ory4 ,a g5]al ho/ility  
to ! fir/ ,communi/ ,/ate 0 bo? =ese5 & 

provok$ by ! doctr9e ( ! class w>4 ,^?  
:o adopt ! ,bol%evik /&po9t mu/ reckon )
 ! embitt]$ ho/ility ( capitali/ ,/ates2
 x is n wor? :ile to adopt ,bol%evik    
me?ods unless !y c lead to good 9 spite 
( ?is ho/ility4 ,to say t capitali/s are
 wick$ & we h no responsibility = _!    
acts is unsci5tific2 x is1 9 p>ticul>1  
contr>y to ! ,m>xian doctr9e ( economic 
det]m9ism4 ,! evils produc$ 9 ,russia by
 ! enmity ( ! ,ent5te are !re=e to be   
reckon$ z ess5tial 9 ! ,bol%evik me?od (
 transition to ,communism1 n z specially
 ,russian4 ,i am n sure t we _c ev5 g a 
/ep fur!r4 ,! exhau/ion & mis]y caus$ by
 unsuccessful w> 7 necess>y to ! success
 ( ! ,bol%eviks2 a prosp]\s population w
 n emb>k by su* me?ods ^u a fundam5tal  
economic recon/ruction4 ,"o c imag9e    
,engl& becom+ ,bol%evik aft] an         
unsuccessful w> involv+ ! loss (        
,india--no improbable cont+5cy 9 ! next 
few ye>s4 ,b at pres5t ! av]age         
wage-e>n] 9 ,engl& w n risk :at he has =
 ! d\btful ga9 ( a revolution4 ,a       

condition ( widespread mis]y may1 !re=e1
 be tak5 z indisp5sable to !            
inauguration ( ,communism1 unless1      
inde$1 x 7 possible to e/abli%          
,communism m or less peacefully1 by     
me?ods :i* w\ld n1 ev5 tempor>ily1      
de/roy ! economic life ( ! c\ntry4 ,if !
 hopes :i* inspir$ ,communism at ! />t1 
& :i* /ill inspire its ,we/]n advocates1
 are ev] to be realiz$1 ! problem (     
m9imiz+ viol5ce 9 ! transition mu/ be   
fac$4 ,un=tunately1 viol5ce is 9 itself 
delightful to mo/ really vigor\s        
revolution>ies1 & !y feel no int]e/ 9 ! 
problem ( avoid+ x z f> z possible4     
,hatr$ ( enemies is easi] & m int5se ?an
 love ( fri5ds4 ,b f m5 :o are m anxi\s 
to injure oppon5ts ?an to b5efit ! _w at
 l>ge no great good is to be expect$4   
,,ii  ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics   ,i ent]$  
,soviet ,russia on ,may #aa? & recross$ 
! fronti] on ,june #af?4 ,! ,russian    
au?orities only admitt$ me on ! express 
condition t ,i %\ld travel ) ! ,briti%  
,lab\r ,delegation1 a condition ) :i* ,i

 0 naturally v will+ to comply1 & :i* t 
,delegation k9dly all[$ me to fulfil4   
,we 7 convey$ f ! fronti] to ,petrograd1
 z well z on subsequ5t j\rneys1 9 a     
special tra9 de luxe2 cov]$ ) mottoes   
ab\t ! ,social ,revolution & !          
,prolet>iat ( all c\ntries2 we 7 receiv$
 ev]y:]e by regim5ts ( soldi]s1 ) !     
,int]nationale be+ play$ on ! regim5tal 
b& :ile civilians /ood b>e-head$ &      
soldi]s at ! salute2 congratulatory     
orations 7 made by local lead]s & answ]$
 by prom95t ,communi/s :o accompani$ u2 
! entrances to ! c>riages 7 gu>d$ by    
magnific5t ,ba%kir cavalry-m5 9         
respl5d5t uni=ms2 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ 0 done 
to make u feel l ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4     
,innum]able functions 7 arrang$ = u3    
banquets1 public meet+s1 milit>y        
reviews1 etc4  ,! assumption 0 t we _h  
come to te/ify to ! solid>ity ( ,briti% 
,lab\r ) ,russian ,communism1 & on t    
assumption ! utmo/ possible use 0 made (
 u = ,bol%evik propag&a4 ,we1 on ! o!r  
h&1 desir$ to asc]ta9 :at we c\ld (     

,russian conditions & ,russian me?ods ( 
gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 impossible 9 ! atmosph]e
 ( a royal progress4 ,h5ce arose an     
amicable conte/1 deg5]at+ at times into 
a game ( hide & seek3 :ile !y assur$ u  
h[ spl5did ! banquet or p>ade 0 go+ to  
be1 we tri$ to expla9 h[ mu* we %\ld    
pref] a quiet walk 9 ! /reets4 ,i1 n be+
 a memb] ( ! ,delegation1 felt less     
obligation ?an my companions did to     
att5d at propag&a meet+s :]e "o knew !  
spee*es by he>t be=eh&4 ,9 ?is way1 ,i 0
 able1 by ! help ( neutral int]pret]s1  
mo/ly ,engli% or ,am]ican1 to h _m      
conv]sations ) casual p :om ,i met 9 !  
/reets or on village gre5s1 & to f9d out
 h[ ! :ole sy/em appe>s to ! ord9>y     
non-political man & woman4 ,! fir/ five 
days we sp5t 9 ,petrograd1 ! next elev5 
9 ,mosc[4 ,dur+ ?is "t we 7 liv+ 9 daily
 contact ) important m5 9 ! ,gov]nm5t1 s
 t we le>n$ ! (ficial po9t ( view )\t   
difficulty4 ,i saw also :at ,i c\ld ( ! 
intellectuals 9 bo? places4 ,we 7 all   
all[$ complete fre$om to see politicians

 ( opposition p>ties1 & we naturally    
made full use ( ?is fre$om4 ,we saw     
,m5%eviks1 ,social ,revolution>ies (    
diff]5t gr\ps1 & ,an>*i/s2 we saw !m )\t
 ! pres5ce ( any ,bol%eviks1 & !y spoke 
freely aft] !y _h ov]come _! initial    
fe>s4 ,i _h an h\r's talk ) ,l591       
virtually tte--tte2 ,i met ,trotsky1    
?\gh only 9 company2 ,i sp5t a night 9 !
 c\ntry ) ,kam5ev2 & ,i saw a great deal
 ( o!r m5 :o1 ?\gh less kn[n outside    
,russia1 are ( consid]able importance 9 
! ,gov]nm5t4  ,at ! end ( our "t 9      
,mosc[ we all felt a desire to see      
some?+ ( ! c\ntry1 & to get 9 t\* ) !   
peasants1 s9ce !y =m ab\t #he p] c5t1 ( 
! population4 ,! ,gov]nm5t %[$ ! greate/
 k9dness 9 meet+ our wi%es1 & x 0 decid$
 t we %\ld travel d[n ! ,volga f ,nijni 
,novgorod to ,s>atov1 /opp+ at _m       
places1 l>ge & small1 & talk+ freely ) !
 inhabitants4 ,i f\nd ?is "p ( ! "t     
extraord9>ily in/ructive4 ,i le>n$ to "k
 m ?an ,i %\ld h ?\ght possible ( ! life
 & outlook ( peasants1 village          

s*oolma/]s1 small ,jew trad]s1 & all    
k9ds ( p4 ,un=tunately1 my fri5d1       
,clif=d ,all51 fell ill1 & my "t 0 mu*  
tak5 up ) him4 ,?is _h1 h[ev]1 "o good  
result1 namely1 t ,i 0 able to g on ) ! 
boat to ,a/rakhan1 z he 0 too ill to be 
mov$ (f x4 ,?is n only gave me fur!r k (
 ! c\ntry1 b made me acqua9t$ )         
,sv]dlov1 ,act+ ,m9i/] ( ,transport1 :o 
0 travell+ on ! boat to organize !      
movem5t ( oil f ,baku up ! ,volga1 & :o 
0 "o ( ! able/ z well z k9de/ p :om ,i  
met 9 ,russia4  ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t ,i   
discov]$ aft] pass+ ! ,r$ ,flag :i* m>ks
 ! fronti] ( ,soviet ,russia1 amid a    
desolate region ( m>%1 p9e wood1 & b>b$ 
wire entanglem5ts1 0 ! pr(\nd diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! !ories ( actual ,bol%eviks & ! 
v]sion ( ^? !ories curr5t among advanc$ 
,sociali/s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,fri5ds (      
,russia "h ?9k ( ! dictator%ip ( !      
prolet>iat z m]ely a new =m (           
repres5tative gov]nm5t1 9 :i* only work+
 m5 & wom5 h votes1 & ! con/itu5cies are
 p>tly occupational1 n geographical4 ,!y

 ?9k t prolet>iat means prolet>iat1 b   
dictator%ip does n q mean dictator%ip4  
,?is is ! opposite ( ! tru?4 ,:5 a      
,russian ,communi/ speaks ( dictator%ip1
 he means ! ^w lit]ally1 b :5 he speaks 
( ! prolet>iat1 he means ! ^w 9 a       
,pickwickian s5se4 ,he means !          
class-consci\s "p ( ! prolet>iat1 i4e41 
! ,communi/ ,p>ty4#a ,he includes p by  
no means prolet>ian 7su* z ,l59 &       
,t*i*]97 :o h ! "r op9ions1 & he        
excludes su* wage-e>n]s z h n ! "r      
op9ions1 :om he classifies z lackeys ( !
 b\rgeoisie4 ,! ,communi/ :o s9c]ely    
believes ! p>ty cre$ is conv9c$ t       
private prop]ty is ! root ( all evil2 he
 is s c]ta9 ( ?is t he %r9ks f no       
measures1 h[ev] h>%1 :i* seem necess>y =
 con/ruct+ & pres]v+ ! ,communi/ ,/ate4 
,he sp>es himself z little z he sp>es   
o!rs4 ,he works sixte5 h\rs a day1 &    
=egoes 8 ,saturday half-holiday4 ,he    
volunte]s = any difficult or dang]\s "w 
:i* ne$s to be done1 su* z cle>+ away   
piles ( infect$ corpses left by ,kol*ak 

or ,d5ik94 ,9 spite ( 8 position ( p[] &
 8 control ( supplies1 he lives an au/]e
 life4 ,he is n pursu+ p]sonal ends1 b  
aim+ at ! creation ( a new social ord]4 
,! same motives1 h[ev]1 :i* make him    
au/]e make him also ru?less4 ,m>x has   
taught t ,communism is fatally pr$e/9$  
to come ab\t2 ?is fits 9 ) ! ,ori5tal   
traits 9 ! ,russian "*1 & produces a    
/ate ( m9d n unlike t ( ! e>ly          
successors ( ,mahomet4 ,opposition is   
cru%$ )\t m]cy1 & )\t %r9k+ f ! me?ods (
 ! ,ts>i/ police1 _m ( :om are /ill     
employ$ at _! old "w4 ,s9ce all evils   
are due to private prop]ty1 ! evils ( ! 
,bol%evik rgime :ile x has to fight     
private prop]ty w automatically cease z 
soon z x has succe$$4  ,^! views are !  
famili> consequ5ces ( fanatical belief4 
,to an ,engli% m9d !y re9=ce !          
conviction ^u :i* ,engli% life has be5  
bas$ ev] s9ce #afhh1 t k9dl9ess &       
tol]ance are wor? all ! cre$s 9 ! _w--a 
view :i*1 x is true1 we d n apply to o!r
 nations or to subject races4  ,9 a v   

novel society x is natural to seek =    
hi/orical p>allels4 ,! bas] side ( !    
pres5t ,russian ,gov]nm5t is mo/ ne>ly  
p>allel$ by ! ,directoire 9 ,france1 b  
on its bett] side x is closely analog\s 
to ! rule ( ,cromwell4 ,! s9c]e         
,communi/s 7& all ! old] memb]s ( ! p>ty
 h prov$ _! s9c]ity by ye>s (           
p]secution7 are n unlike ! ,puritan     
soldi]s 9 _! /]n politico-moral purpose4
 ,cromwell's deal+s ) ,p>liam5t are n   
unlike ,l59's ) ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 
,bo?1 />t+ f a comb9ation ( democracy & 
religi\s fai?1 7 driv5 to sacrifice     
democracy to religion en=c$ by milit>y  
dictator%ip4 ,bo? tri$ to compel _!     
c\ntries to live at a high] level (     
morality & ef=t ?an ! population f\nd   
tol]able4 ,life 9 mod]n ,russia1 z 9    
,puritan ,engl&1 is 9 _m ways contr>y to
 in/9ct4 ,& if ! ,bol%eviks ultimately  
fall1 x w be = ! reason = :i* !         
,puritans fell3 because !re comes a po9t
 at :i* m5 feel t amusem5t & ease are   
wor? m ?an all o!r goods put toge!r4    

,f> clos] ?an any actual hi/orical      
p>allel is ! p>allel ( ,plato's         
,republic4 ,! ,communi/ ,p>ty           
corresponds to ! gu>dians2 ! soldi]s h  
ab\t ! same /atus 9 bo?2 !re is 9       
,russia an attempt to deal ) family life
 m or less z ,plato sugge/$4 ,i suppose 
x may be assum$ t e tea*] ( ,plato      
?r\gh\t ! _w abhors ,bol%evism1 & t e   
,bol%evik reg>ds ,plato z an antiquat$  
b\rgeois4 ,nev]!less1 ! p>allel is      
extraord9>ily exact betwe5 ,plato's     
,republic & ! rgime :i* ! bett]         
,bol%eviks are endeav\r+ to create4     
,bol%evism is int]nally ari/ocratic &   
ext]nally militant4 ,! ,communi/s 9 _m  
ways resemble ! ,briti% public-s*ool    
type3 !y h all ! good & bad traits ( an 
ari/ocracy :i* is "y & vital4 ,!y are   
c\rage\s1 en]getic1 capable ( comm&1    
always ready to s]ve ! ,/ate2 on ! o!r  
h&1 !y are dictatorial1 lack+ 9 ord9>y  
consid]ation = ! plebs4 ,!y are         
practically ! sole possessors ( p[]1 &  
!y enjoy innum]able advantages 9        

consequ5ce4 ,mo/ ( !m1 ?\gh f> f        
luxuri\s1 h bett] food ?an o!r p4 ,only 
p ( "s political importance c obta9     
motor-c>s or telephones4 ,p]mits =      
railway j\rneys1 = mak+ pur*ases at !   
,soviet /ores 7:]e prices are ab\t      
"o-fiftie? ( :at !y are 9 ! m>ket71 =   
go+ to ! !atre1 & s on1 are1 ( c\rse1   
easi] to obta9 = ! fri5ds ( ^? 9 p[] ?an
 = ord9>y mortals4 ,9 a ?\s& ways1 !    
,communi/s h a life :i* is happi] ?an t 
( ! re/ ( ! community4 ,above all1 !y   
are less expos$ to ! unwelcome att5tions
 ( ! police & ! extraord9>y commission4 
,! ,communi/ !ory ( int]national affairs
 is exce$+ly simple4 ,! revolution      
=etold by ,m>x1 :i* is to aboli%        
capitalism ?r\gh\t ! _w1 happ5$ to beg9 
9 ,russia1 ?\gh ,m>xian !ory w\ld seem  
to dem& t x %\ld beg9 9 ,am]ica4 ,9     
c\ntries :]e ! revolution has n yet     
brok5 out1 ! sole duty ( a ,communi/ is 
to ha/5 its adv5t4 ,agreem5ts )         
capitali/ ,/ates c only be make-%ifts1 &
 c nev] am\nt on ei!r side to a s9c]e   

peace4 ,no real good c come to any      
c\ntry )\t a bloody revolution3 ,engli% 
,lab\r m5 may fancy t a peaceful        
evolution is possible1 b !y w f9d _!    
mi/ake4 ,l59 told me t he hopes to see a
 ,lab\r ,gov]nm5t 9 ,engl&1 & w\ld wi% 8
 support]s to "w = x1 b solely 9 ord] t 
! futility ( ,p>liam5t>ism may be       
conclusively demon/rat$ to ! ,briti%    
work+ man4 ,no?+ w d any real good      
except ! arm+ ( ! prolet>iat & ! dis>m+ 
( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,^? :o prea* any?+ else 
are social traitors or delud$ fools4  ,=
 my "p1 aft] weigh+ ?is !ory c>efully1 &
 aft] admitt+ ! :ole ( its indictm5t (  
b\rgeois capitalism1 ,i f9d myself      
def9itely & /rongly oppos$ to x4 ,!     
,?ird ,int]national is an organization  
:i* exi/s to promote ! class-w> & to    
ha/5 ! adv5t ( revolution ev]y:]e4 ,my  
objection is n t capitalism is less bad 
?an ! ,bol%eviks believe1 b t ,socialism
 is less good1 n 9 its be/ =m1 b 9 !    
only =m :i* is likely to be br\ght ab\t 
by w>4 ,! evils ( w>1 especially ( civil

 w>1 are c]ta9 & v great2 ! ga9s to be  
a*iev$ by victory are problematical4 ,9 
! c\rse ( a desp]ate /ruggle1 ! h]itage 
( civilization is likely to be lo/1 :ile
 hatr$1 suspicion1 & cruelty become     
normal 9 ! relations ( human be+s4 ,9   
ord] to succe$ 9 w>1 a conc5tration (   
p[] is necess>y1 & f conc5tration ( p[] 
! v same evils fl[ z f ! capitali/      
conc5tration ( weal?4 ,= ^! reasons     
*iefly1 ,i _c support any movem5t :i*   
aims at _w revolution4 ,! damage to     
civilization done by revolution 9 "o    
c\ntry may be repair$ by ! influ5ce (   
ano!r 9 :i* !re has be5 no revolution2 b
 9 a univ]sal cataclysm civilization    
might g "u = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,b :ile ,i _c 
advocate _w revolution1 ,i _c escape f !
 conclusion t ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! lead+    
capitali/ c\ntries are do+ ev]y?+ to br+
 x ab\t4 ,abuse ( our p[] aga9/ ,g]many1
 ,russia1 & ,india 7to say no?+ ( any   
o!r c\ntries7 may well br+ ab\t our     
d[nfall1 & produce ^? v evils :i* !     
enemies ( ,bol%evism mo/ dread4  ,! true

 ,communi/ is ?or\ghly int]national4    
,l591 = example1 s f> z ,i c\ld judge1  
is n m conc]n$ ) ! int]e/s ( ,russia ?an
 ) ^? ( o!r c\ntries2 ,russia is1 at !  
mom5t1 ! protagoni/ ( ! social          
revolution1 &1 z su*1 valuable to ! _w1 
b ,l59 w\ld sacrifice ,russia r ?an !   
revolution1 if ! alt]native %\ld ev]    
arise4 ,?is is ! or?odox attitude1 & is 
no d\bt g5u9e 9 _m ( ! lead]s4 ,b       
nationalism is natural & in/9ctive2     
?r\gh pride 9 ! revolution1 x gr[s aga9 
ev5 9 ! brea/s ( ,communi/s4 ,?r\gh !   
,poli% w>1 ! ,bol%eviks h acquir$ !     
support ( national feel+1 & _! position 
9 ! c\ntry has be5 imm5sely /r5g!n$4  ,!
 only "t ,i saw ,trotsky 0 at ! ,op]a 9 
,mosc[4 ,! ,briti% ,lab\r ,delegation 7 
occupy+ :at _h be5 ! ,ts>'s box4 ,aft]  
speak+ ) u 9 ! ante-*amb]1 he /epp$ to !
 front ( ! box & /ood ) fold$ arms :ile 
! h\se *e]$ itself ho>se4 ,!n he spoke a
 few s5t5ces1 %ort & %>p1 ) milit>y     
precision1 w9d+ up by call+ = ?ree *e]s 
= our brave fell[s at ! front1 to :i* ! 

audi5ce respond$ z a ,london audi5ce    
w\ld h respond$ 9 ! autumn ( #aiad4     
,trotsky & ! ,r$ ,army und\bt$ly n[ h   
beh9d !m a great body ( nationali/      
s5tim5t4 ,! reconque/ ( ,asiatic ,russia
 has ev5 reviv$ :at is ess5tially an    
imp]iali/ way ( feel+1 ?\gh ?is w\ld be 
indignantly repudiat$ by _m ( ^? 9 :om  
,i seem$ to detect x4 ,exp]i5ce ( p[] is
 inevitably alt]+ ,communi/ !ories1 & m5
 :o control a va/ gov]nm5tal ma*9e c    
h>dly h q ! same outlook on life z !y _h
 :5 !y 7 hunt$ fugitives4 ,if !         
,bol%eviks rema9 9 p[]1 x is mu* to be  
fe>$ t _! ,communism w fade1 & t !y w   
increas+ly resemble any o!r ,asiatic    
,gov]nm5t--= example1 our own ,gov]nm5t 
9 ,india4  ,,footnotes3  #a ,see !      
article ,on ! rle ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty 9 
! ,prolet>ian ,revolution1 9 ,!ses      
pres5t$ to ! ,second ,congress ( !      
,communi/ ,int]national1                
,petrograd-,mosc[1 #ah ,july1 #aibj--;a 
valuable "w :i* ,i possess only 9 ,fr5*4
     ,,iii  ,,l591 ,,trotsky ,,& ,,gorky

   ,soon aft] my arrival 9 ,mosc[ ,i _h 
an h\r's conv]sation ) ,l59 9 ,engli%1  
:i* he speaks fairly well4 ,an int]pret]
 0 pres5t1 b 8 s]vices 7 sc>cely        
requir$4 ,l59's room is v b>e2 x conta9s
 a big desk1 "s maps on ! walls1 two    
book-cases1 & "o com=table *air =       
visitors 9 addition to two or ?ree h>d  
*airs4 ,x is obvi\s t he has no love (  
luxury or ev5 com=t4 ,he is v fri5dly1 &
 app>5tly simple1 entirely )\t a trace (
 hauteur4 ,if "o met him )\t kn[+ :o he 
01 "o w\ld n guess t he is possess$ (   
great p[] or ev5 t he is 9 any way      
em95t4 ,i h nev] met a p]sonage s       
de/itute ( self-importance4 ,he looks at
 8 visitors v closely1 & screws up "o   
eye1 :i* seems to increase al>m+ly !    
p5etrat+ p[] ( ! o!r4 ,he laughs a great
 deal2 at fir/ 8 laugh seems m]ely      
fri5dly & jolly1 b gradually ,i came to 
feel x r grim4 ,he is dictatorial1 calm1
 incapable ( fe>1 extraord9>ily devoid (
 self-seek+1 an embodi$ !ory4 ,!        
mat]iali/ conception ( hi/ory1 "o feels1

 is 8 life-blood4 ,he resembles a       
pr(essor 9 8 desire to h ! !ory und]/ood
 & 9 8 fury ) ^? :o misund]/& or        
disagree1 z also 9 8 love ( exp\nd+1 ,i 
got ! impression t he despises a great  
_m p & is an intellectual ari/ocrat4  ,!
 fir/ "q ,i ask$ him 0 z to h[ f> he    
recogniz$ ! peculi>ity ( ,engli%        
economic & political conditions8 ,i 0   
anxi\s to "k :e!r advocacy ( viol5t     
revolution is an indisp5sable condition 
( jo9+ ! ,?ird ,int]national1 al?\gh ,i 
did n put ?is "q directly because o!rs 7
 ask+ x (ficially4 ,8 answ] 0           
unsatisfactory to me4 ,he admitt$ t !re 
is little *ance ( revolution 9 ,engl&   
n[1 & t ! work+ man is n yet disgu/$ )  
,p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t4 ,b he hopes t ?is 
result may be br\ght ab\t by a ,lab\r   
,m9i/ry4 ,he ?9ks t1 if ,mr4 ,h5d]son1 =
 in/ance1 7 to become ,prime ,m9i/]1    
no?+ ( importance w\ld be done2 organiz$
 ,lab\r w\ld !n1 s he hopes & believes1 
turn to revolution4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 he   
wi%es 8 support]s 9 ?is c\ntry to d     

ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to secure a ,lab\r      
majority 9 ,p>liam5t2 he does n advocate
 ab/5tion f ,p>liam5t>y conte/s1 b      
p>ticipation ) a view to mak+ ,p>liam5t 
obvi\sly contemptible4 ,! reasons :i*   
make attempts at viol5t revolution seem 
to mo/ ( u bo? improbable & undesirable 
9 ?is c\ntry c>ry no weight ) him1 &    
seem to him m]e b\rgeois prejudices4 ,:5
 ,i sugge/$ t :atev] is possible 9      
,engl& c be a*iev$ )\t blood%$1 he wav$ 
aside ! sugge/ion z fanta/ic4 ,i got    
little impression ( k or psy*ological   
imag9ation z reg>ds ,great ,brita94     
,inde$ ! :ole t5d5cy ( ,m>xianism is    
aga9/ psy*ological imag9ation1 s9ce x   
attributes ev]y?+ 9 politics to purely  
mat]ial causes4  ,i ask$ him next :e!r  
he ?\ght x possible to e/abli%          
,communism firmly & fully 9 a c\ntry    
conta9+ su* a l>ge majority ( peasants4 
,he admitt$ t x 0 difficult1 & laugh$   
ov] ! ex*ange ! peasant is compell$ to  
make1 ( food = pap]2 ! wor?lessness (   
,russian pap] /ruck him z comic4 ,b he  

said--:at is no d\bt true--t ?+s w "r   
!mselves :5 !re are goods to (f] to !   
peasant4 ,= ?is he looks p>tly to       
electrification 9 indu/ry1 :i*1 he says1
 is a te*nical necessity 9 ,russia1 b w 
take t5 ye>s to complete4#b ,he spoke ) 
en?usiasm1 z !y all d1 ( ! great s*eme =
 g5]at+ electrical p[] by means ( peat4 
,( c\rse he looks to ! rais+ ( !        
blockade z ! only radical cure2 b he 0 n
 v hopeful ( ?is be+ a*iev$ ?or\ghly or 
p]man5tly except ?r\gh revolutions 9 o!r
 c\ntries4 ,peace betwe5 ,bol%evik      
,russia & capitali/ c\ntries1 he said1  
mu/ always be insecure2 ! ,ent5te might 
be l$ by we>9ess & mutual diss5sions to 
conclude peace1 b he felt conv9c$ t !   
peace w\ld be ( brief duration4 ,i f\nd 
9 him1 z 9 almo/ all lead+ ,communi/s1  
mu* less eag]ness ?an exi/$ 9 our       
delegation = peace & ! rais+ ( !        
blockade4 ,he believes t no?+ ( real    
value c be a*iev$ except ?r\gh _w       
revolution & ! abolition ( capitalism2  
,i felt t he reg>d$ ! resumption ( trade

 ) capitali/ c\ntries z a m]e palliative
 ( d\btful value4  ,he describ$ !       
division betwe5 ri* & poor peasants1 & !
 ,gov]nm5t propag&a among ! latt] aga9/ 
! =m]1 lead+ to acts ( viol5ce :i* he   
seem$ to f9d amus+4 ,he spoke z ?\gh !  
dictator%ip ov] ! peasant w\ld h to     
cont9ue a long "t1 because ( ! peasant's
 desire = free trade4 ,he said he knew f
 /ati/ics 7:at ,i c well believe7 t !   
peasants h _h m to eat ^! la/ two ye>s  
?an !y ev] _h be=e1 & yet !y are aga9/  
u1 he add$ a little wi/fully4 ,i ask$   
him :at to reply to critics :o say t 9 !
 c\ntry he has m]ely creat$ peasant     
proprietor%ip1 n ,communism2 he repli$ t
 t is n q ! tru?1 b he did n say :at !  
tru? is4#c  ,! la/ "q ,i ask$ him 0 :e!r
 resumption ( trade ) capitali/         
c\ntries1 if x took place1 w\ld n create
 c5tres ( capitali/ influ5ce1 & make !  
pres]vation ( ,communism m difficult8 ,x
 _h seem$ to me t ! m ard5t ,communi/s  
might well dread comm]cial int]c\rse ) !
 out] _w1 z lead+ to an infiltration (  

h]esy1 & mak+ ! rigidity ( ! pres5t     
sy/em almo/ impossible4 ,i wi%$ to "k   
:e!r he _h su* a feel+4 ,he admitt$ t   
trade w\ld create difficulties1 b said  
!y w\ld be less ?an ^? ( ! w>4 ,he said 
t two ye>s ago nei!r he nor 8 colleagues
 ?\ght !y c\ld survive aga9/ ! ho/ility 
( ! _w4 ,he attributes _! survival to ! 
jeal\sies & div]g5t int]e/s ( ! diff]5t 
capitali/ nations2 also to ! p[] (      
,bol%evik propag&a4 ,he said ! ,g]mans  
_h laugh$ :5 ! ,bol%eviks propos$ to    
combat guns ) leaflets1 b t ! ev5t _h   
prov$ ! leaflets q z p[]ful4 ,i d n ?9k 
he recognizes t ! ,lab\r & ,sociali/    
p>ties h _h any "p 9 ! matt]4 ,he does n
 seem to "k t ! attitude ( ,briti%      
,lab\r has done a great deal to make a  
fir/-class w> aga9/ ,russia impossible1 
s9ce x has conf9$ ! ,gov]nm5t to :at    
c\ld be done 9 a hole-&-corn] way1 &    
d5i$ )\t a too blatant m5dacity4  ,he   
?or\ghly enjoys ! attacks ( ,"l         
,nor?cliffe1 to :om he wi%es to s5d a   
m$al = ,bol%evik propag&a4 ,accusations 

( spoliation1 he rem>k$1 may %ock !     
b\rgeois1 b h an opposite effect ^u !   
prolet>ian4  ,i ?9k if ,i _h met him )\t
 kn[+ :o he 01 ,i %\ld n h guess$ t he 0
 a great man2 he /ruck me z too         
op9ionat$ & n>r[ly or?odox4 ,8 /r5g?    
comes1 ,i imag9e1 f 8 hone/y1 c\rage1 & 
unwav]+ fai?--religi\s fai? 9 ! ,m>xian 
gospel1 :i* takes ! place ( ! ,*ri/ian  
m>tyr's hopes ( ,p>adise1 except t x is 
less egoti/ical4 ,he has z little love (
 lib]ty z ! ,*ri/ians :o suff]$ "u      
,diocletian1 & retaliat$ :5 !y acquir$  
p[]4 ,p]haps love ( lib]ty is           
incompatible ) :ole-he>t$ belief 9 a    
panacea = all human ills4 ,if s1 ,i _c b
 rejoice 9 ! sceptical temp] ( ! ,we/]n 
_w4 ,i w5t to ,russia a ,communi/2 b    
contact ) ^? :o h no d\bts has int5sifi$
 a ?\s&fold my own d\bts1 n z to        
,communism 9 itself1 b z to ! wisdom (  
hold+ a cre$ s firmly t = its sake m5   
are will+ to inflict widespread mis]y4  
,trotsky1 :om ! ,communi/s d n by any   
means reg>d z ,l59's equal1 made m      

impression ^u me f ! po9t ( view (      
intellig5ce & p]sonality1 ?\gh n ( "*4  
,i saw too little ( him1 h[ev]1 to h m  
?an a v sup]ficial impression4 ,he has  
bright eyes1 milit>y be>+1 lightn+      
intellig5ce & magnetic p]sonality4 ,he  
is v good-look+1 ) admirable wavy hair2 
"o feels he w\ld be irresi/ible to wom54
 ,i felt 9 him a ve9 ( gay good hum\r1 s
 long z he 0 n cross$ 9 any way4 ,i     
?\ght1 p]haps wrongly1 t 8 vanity 0 ev5 
great] ?an 8 love ( p[]--! sort ( vanity
 t "o associates ) an arti/ or actor4 ,!
 comp>ison ) ,napoleon 0 =c$ ^u "o4 ,b  
,i _h no means ( e/imat+ ! /r5g? ( 8    
,communi/ conviction1 :i* may be v s9c]e
 & pr(\nd4  ,an extraord9>y contra/ to  
bo? ^! m5 0 ,gorky1 ) :om ,i _h a brief 
int]view 9 ,petrograd4 ,he 0 9 b$1      
app>5tly v ill & obvi\sly he>t-brok54   
,he begg$ me1 9 any?+ ,i might say ab\t 
,russia1 always to emphasize :at ,russia
 has suff]$4 ,he supports ! ,gov]nm5t--z
 ,i %\ld d1 if ,i 7 a ,russian--n       
because he ?9ks x faultless1 b because !

 possible alt]natives are worse4 ,"o    
felt 9 him a love ( ! ,russian p :i*    
makes _! pres5t m>tyrdom almo/          
unbe>able1 & prev5ts ! fanatical fai? by
 :i* ! pure ,m>xians are upheld4 ,i felt
 him ! mo/ lovable1 & to me ! mo/       
sympa!tic1 ( all ! ,russians ,i saw4 ,i 
wi%$ = m k ( 8 outlook1 b he spoke )    
difficulty & 0 con/antly int]rupt$ by   
t]rible fits ( c\gh+1 s t ,i c\ld n /ay4
 ,all ! intellectuals :om ,i met--a     
class :o h suff]$ t]ribly--express$ _!  
gratitude to him = :at he has done on _!
 behalf4 ,! mat]iali/ic conception (    
hi/ory is all v well1 b "s c>e = ! high]
 ?+s ( civilization is a relief4 ,!     
,bol%eviks are sometimes said to h done 
great ?+s = art1 b ,i c\ld n discov] t  
!y _h done m ?an pres]ve some?+ ( :at   
exi/$ be=e4 ,:5 ,i que/ion$ "o ( !m on !
 subject1 he grew impati5t1 & said3 ,we 
hav5't "t = a new art1 any m ?an = a new
 religion4 ,unavoidably1 al?\gh !       
,gov]nm5t fav\rs art z mu* z x c1 !     
atmosph]e is "o 9 :i* art _c fl\ri%1    

because art is an>*ic & resi/ant to     
organization4 ,gorky has done all t "o  
man c\ld to pres]ve ! intellectual &    
arti/ic life ( ,russia4 ,i fe>$ t he 0  
dy+1 & t1 p]haps1 x 0 dy+ too4 ,b he    
recov]$1 & ,i hope x w recov] also4     
,,footnotes3  #b ,electrification is    
desir$ n m]ely = reorganiz+ indu/ry1 b 9
 ord] to indu/rialize agriculture4 ,9   
,!ses pres5t$ to ! ,second ,congress ( !
 ,communi/ ,int]national 7an in/ructive 
little book1 :i* ,i %all quote z ,!ses71
 x is said 9 an article on ! ,agr>ian "q
 t ,socialism w n be secure till indu/ry
 is reorganiz$ on a new basis ) g5]al   
application ( electric en]gy 9 all      
bran*es ( agriculture & rural economy1  
:i* alone c give to ! t[ns ! possibility
 ( (f]+ to backw>d rural di/ricts a     
te*nical & social aid capable ( det]m9+ 
an extraord9>y increase ( productivity (
 agricultural & rural lab\r1 & ( engag+ 
! small cultivators1 9 _! own int]e/1 to
 pass progressively to a collectivi/    
me*anical cultivation 7p4 #cf ( ,fr5*   

edition74  #c ,9 ,!ses 7p4 #cd7 x is    
said3 ,x w\ld be an irrep>able error 444
 n to admit ! gratuit\s grant ( "p ( !  
expropriat$ l&s to poor & ev5 well-to-d 
peasants4     ,,iv  ,,art ,,&           
,,education   ,x has (t5 be5 said t1    
:atev] ! inadequacy ( ,bol%evik         
organization 9 o!r fields1 9 art & 9    
education at lea/ !y h made great       
progress4  ,to take fir/ ( all art3 x is
 true t !y began by recogniz+1 z p]haps 
no o!r revolution>y gov]nm5t w\ld1 !    
importance & spontaneity ( ! arti/ic    
impulse1 & !re=e :ile !y controll$ or   
de/roy$ ! c\nt]-revolution>y 9 all o!r  
social activities1 !y all[$ ! arti/1    
:atev] 8 political cre$1 complete fre$om
 to cont9ue 8 "w4 ,moreov]1 z reg>ds    
clo?+ & rations !y treat$ him especially
 well4 ,?is1 & ! c>e devot$ to ! upkeep 
( *ur*es1 public monum5ts1 & museums1   
are well-kn[n facts1 to :i* !re has     
already be5 ample te/imony4  ,!         
pres]vation ( ! old arti/ic community   
practically intact 0 ! m rem>kable 9    

view ( ! pron\nc$ sympa?y ( mo/ ( !m ) !
 old rgime4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 0 t art &   
politics belong$ to two sep>ate realms2 
b great hon\r w\ld ( c\rse be ! portion 
( ^? arti/s :o w\ld be inspir$ by !     
revolution4  ,?ree ye>s' exp]i5ce1      
h[ev]1 h prov$ ! falsity ( ?is doctr9e &
 l$ to a divorce betwe5 art & popul>    
feel+ :i* a s5sitive obs]v] _c fail to  
rem>k4 ,x is gl>+ly app>5t 9 ! hi!rto   
mo/ vital ( all ,russian arts1 ! !atre4 
,! arti/s h cont9u$ to p]=m ! old       
classics 9 trag$y or com$y1 & ! old-/yle
 op]ette4 ,! !atre programmes h rema9$ !
 same = ! la/ two ye>s1 &1 b = ! high]  
/&>d ( arti/ic p]=mance1 might belong to
 ! !atres ( ,p>is or ,london4 ,z "o sits
 9 ! !atre1 "o is s acutely consci\s ( !
 discrepancy betwe5 ! daily life ( !    
audi5ce & t depict$ 9 ! play t ! latt]  
seems utt]ly dead & mean+less4 ,to "s ( 
! m fi]y ,communi/s x appe>s t a mi/ake 
has be5 made4 ,!y compla9 t b\rgeois art
 is be+ pres]v$ long aft] its "t1 !y    
accuse ! arti/s ( %[+ contempt = _!     

public1 ( be+ z unt\*$ by ! revolution>y
 mood z an eld]ly b\rgeoise bewail+ !   
loss ( h] p]sonal com=t2 !y w\ld l to   
see only ! revolution>y mood embodi$ 9  
art1 & to a*ieve ?is w\ld make a clean  
sweep1 en=c+ ! writ+ & p]=mance ( no?+ b
 revolution>y plays & ! pa9t+ (         
revolution>y pictures4 ,nor c x be argu$
 t !y are wrong z to ! facts3 x is pla9 
t ! pres]vation ( ! old arti/ic         
tradition has s]v$ v little purpose2 b  
on ! o!r h& x is equally pla9 t an arti/
 _c be drill$ l a milit>y recruit4 ,!re 
is1 =tunately1 no sign t ^! tactics w be
 directly adopt$1 b 9 an indirect fa%ion
 !y are already be+ appli$4 ,an arti/ is
 n to blame if 8 temp]am5t leads him to 
draw c>toons ( lead+ ,bol%eviks1 or     
satirize ! v>i\s comical aspects--& !y  
are _m--( ! ,soviet rgime4 ,to =ce su* a
 man1 h[ev]1 to turn 8 tal5t only aga9/ 
,d5ik91 ,yud5it* & ,kol*ak1 or ! lead]s 
( ! ,ent5te1 is mom5t>ily good =        
,communism1 b x is disc\rag+ to ! arti/1
 & may prove 9 ! long run bad = art1 &  

possibly = ,communism also4 ,x is pla9 f
 ! religi\s nature ( ,communism 9       
,russia1 t su* controll+ ( ! impulse to 
arti/ic creation is inevitable1 & t     
propag&a art alone c fl\ri% 9 su* an    
atmosph]e4 ,= example1 no poetry or     
lit]ature t is n or?odox w rea* ! pr9t+ 
press4 ,x is s easy to make ! excuse (  
lack ( pap] & ! urg5t ne$ = manife/oes4 
,?us !re may well come to be a          
repetition ( ! attitude ( ! m$ival ,*ur*
 to ! sagas & leg5ds ( ! p1 except t1 9 
?is case1 x is ! folk tales :i* w be    
pres]v$1 & ! m s5sitive & civiliz$      
products bann$4 ,! only poet :o seems to
 be mu* spok5 ( at pres5t 9 ,russia is  
"o :o writes r\gh popul> songs4 ,!re are
 revolution>y odes1 b "o may haz>d a    
guess t !y resemble our patriotic w>    
poetry4  ,i said t ?is /ate ( affairs   
may 9 ! long run be bad = art1 b !      
contr>y may equally well prove to be !  
tru?4 ,x is ( c\rse disc\rag+ & p>alys+ 
to ! old-/yle arti/1 & x is dea? to !   
old individual art :i* dep5d$ on        

subtlety & oddity ( temp]am5t1 & arose v
 l>gely f ! complicat$ psy*ology ( !    
idle4 ,!re x /&s1 ?is old art1 ! pure/  
monum5t to ! nullity ( !                
art-=-art's-sake doctr9e1 l a ri* exotic
 plant ( exquisite beauty1 /ill app>5tly
 9 its glory1 till "o p]ceives t ! roots
 are cut1 & t leaf by leaf x is         
gradually fad+ away4  ,b1 unlike !      
,puritans 9 ?is respect1 ! ,bol%eviks h 
n s\ght to dig up ! roots1 & !re are    
signs t ! p>alysis is m]ely tempor>y4   
,moreov]1 individual art is n ! only =m1
 & 9 p>ticul> ! pla/ic arts h %[n t !y c
 live by mass action1 & fl\ri% "u an    
intol]ant fai?4 ,communi/ arti/s ( !    
future may erect public build+s surpass+
 9 beauty ! m$ival *ur*es1 !y may pa9t  
frescoes1 organize pageants1 make       
,hom]ic songs ab\t _! h]oes4 ,communi/  
art w beg91 & is beg9n+ n[1 9 ! propag&a
 pictures1 & /ories su* z ^? design$ =  
peasants & *ildr54 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a
 k9d ( ,rake's ,progress or ,h[ %e      
became a ,communi/1 9 :i* ! ,ent5te     

lead]s make a sorry & grotesque         
appe>ance4 ,l59 & ,trotsky already      
figure 9 woodcuts z ,moses & ,a>on1     
deliv]]s ( _! p1 :ile ! "m & *ild :o    
illu/rate ! /ati/ics ( ! mat]nity       
exhibition h ! grace & beauty ( m$ival  
madonnas4 ,russia is only n[ em]g+ f !  
middle ages1 & ! ,*ur* tradition 9 pa9t+
 is pass+ ) incr$ible smoo?ness into !  
s]vice ( ,communi/ doctr9e4 ,^! pictures
 h1 too1 an ori5tal flav\r3 !re are br[n
 ,madonnas 9 ! ,russian *ur*es1 & su* an
 "o illu/rates ! /ati/ics ( infant      
mortality 9 ,india1 :ile ! ,russian "m1 
broad-foot$1 9 gay petticoat & k]*ief1  
sits 9 a />ry mead[ suckl+ h] baby f a v
 ample :ite brea/4 ,i ?9k t ?is movem5t 
t[>ds ! ,*ur* tradition may be          
unconsci\s & in/9ctive1 & w\ld p]haps be
 deplor$ by _m ,communi/s1 = :om gr&iose
 bad ,rod9 /atu>y & ! crudity ( cubism  
bett] express :at !y mean by revolution4
 ,b ?is revolution is ,russian & n      
,fr5*1 & its art1 if all goes well1 %\ld
 inevitably be> ! popul> ,russian /amp4 

,x is w\ld-be primitive & popul> art t  
is vulg>4 ,su* at lea/ is ! reflection  
eng5d]$ by an inspection ( ,russian     
peasant "w z comp>$ ) ! _s ( ,*ildr5's  
,tales4  ,! ,russian peasant's arti/ic  
impulse is no leg5d4 ,besides ! c>v+ &  
embroid]y :i* speak eloqu5tly to peasant
 skill1 "o obs]ves _m in/ances 9 daily  
life4 ,he w climb d[n1 :5 8 sl[ly-mov+  
tra9 /ops by ! wayside1 to ga!r bran*es 
& fl[]s ) :i* he w decorate ! railway   
c>riage bo? inside & out1 he w "w       
will+ly at any task :i* has beauty = its
 object1 & 0 all too prone "u ! old     
rgime to wa/e 8 "t & 8 employ]'s mat]ial
 9 fa%ion+ small metal or wood5 objects 
) 8 h&s4  ,if ! b\rgeois tradition !n w 
n s]ve1 !re is a popul> tradition :i* is
 /ill live & passionate & :i* may p]haps
 p]si/4 ,unhappily x has a =midable     
enemy 9 ! organization & developm5t (   
indu/ry1 :i* is f> m dang]\s to art ?an 
,communi/ doctr9e4 ,inde$1 indu/ry 9 its
 e>ly /ages seems ev]y:]e doom$ to be ! 
enemy ( beauty & in/9ctive life4 ,"o    

might hope t ?is w\ld n prove to be s 9 
,russia1 ! fir/ ,sociali/ ,/ate1 z yet  
un9du/rial1 able to draw on ! indu/rial 
exp]i5ce ( ! :ole _w1 7 x n t "o        
discov]s ) a c]ta9 misgiv+ 9 ! ,bol%evik
 lead]s ! rasp+ arid temp]am5t ( ^? to  
:om ! indu/rial ma*9e is an end 9       
itself1 &1 9 addition1 reflects t ^!    
indu/rially m9d$ m5 h z yet no practical
 exp]i5ce1 nor d !re exi/ m5 ( goodwill 
to help !m4 ,x does n seem reasonable to
 hope t ,russia c pass ?r\gh ! p]iod (  
indu/rialization )\t a good deal (      
mismanagem5t1 involv+ wa/e result+ 9 too
 long h\rs1 *ild lab\r & o!r evils ) :i*
 ! ,we/ is all too famili>4 ,:at !      
,bol%eviks w\ld n !re=e will+ly d to    
art1 ! ,jugg]naut :i* !y are b5t on     
sett+ 9 motion may accompli% = !m4  ,!  
next g5]ation 9 ,russia w h to consi/ ( 
practical h>d-work+ m51 ! old-/yle      
arti/s w die (f & successors w n readily
 arise4 ,a ,/ate :i* is /ruggl+ )       
economic difficulties is b\nd to be sl[ 
to admit an arti/ic vocation1 s9ce ?is  

involves exemption f practical "w4      
,moreov] ! majority ( m9ds always turn  
in/9ctively to ! real ne$ ( ! mom5t4 ,a 
man !re=e :o is adapt$ by tal5t &       
temp]am5t to becom+ an op]a s+]1 w "u ! 
pressure ( ,communi/ en?usiasm &        
,gov]nm5t enc\ragem5t turn 8 att5tion to
 economics4 7,i am "h quot+ an actual   
in/ance47 ,! :ole ,russian p at ?is /age
 9 _! developm5t /rike "o z be+ =c$ by !
 logic ( _! situation to make a simil>  
*oice4  ,x may be all to ! good t !re   
%\ld be few] pr(essional arti/s1 s9ce "s
 ( ! f9e/ "w has be5 done by m5 & gr\ps 
( m5 to :om arti/ic expression 0 only a 
pa/ime4 ,!y 7 n hamp]$ by ! solemnity & 
rev]5ce = art :i* too (t5 de/roy !      
spontaneity ( ! pr(essional4 ,inde$ a   
revival ( ?is attitude to art is "o ( ! 
good results :i* may be hop$ = f a      
,communi/ revolution 9 a m advanc$      
indu/rial community4 ,!re ! problem (   
education w be to /imulate ! creative   
impulses t[>ds art & sci5ce s t m5 may  
"k h[ to employ _! leisure h\rs4 ,"w 9 !

 factory c nev] be made to provide an   
adequate outlet4 ,! only hope1 if m5 are
 to rema9 human be+s "u indu/rialism1 is
 to r$uce h\rs to ! m9imum4 ,b ?is is   
only possible :5 production &           
organization are highly effici5t1 :i* w 
n be ! case = a long "t 9 ,russia4 ,h5ce
 n only does x appe> t ! numb] ( arti/s 
w gr[ less1 b t ! numb] ( p undamag$ 9  
_! arti/ic impulses & on t acc\nt able  
to create or appreciate z amateurs is   
likely to be deplorably small4 ,x is 9  
?is damag+ effect ( indu/ry on human    
in/9ct t ! imm$iate dang] to art 9      
,russia lies4  ,! effect ( indu/ry on ! 
crafts is q obvi\s4 ,a craftsman :o is  
accu/om$ to "w ) 8 h&s1 foll[+ !        
tradition develop$ by 8 ance/ors1 is    
useless :5 br\ght face to face ) a      
ma*9e4 ,& ! man :o c h&le ! ma*9e w only
 be conc]n$ ) quantity & utility 9 !    
fir/ in/ance4 ,only gradually d ! claims
 ( beauty come to be recogniz$4 ,comp>e 
! mod]n motor c> ) ! fir/ ( its species1
 or ev51 s9ce ! same law seems to op]ate

 9 nature1 ! prehi/oric animal ) its    
mod]n desc5dant4 ,! same relation exi/s 
betwe5 !m z betwe5 man & ! ape1 or !    
horse & ! hipp>ion4 ,! movem5t ( life   
seems to be t[>ds ev] great] delicacy & 
complexity1 & man c>ries x =w>d 9 !     
articles t he makes & ! society t he    
develops4 ,indu/ry is a new tool1       
difficult to h&le1 b x w produce j z    
beautiful objects z did ! m$ival build] 
& craftsman1 ?\gh n until x has be5 9   
be+ = a long "t & belongs to tradition4 
,"o may expect1 !re=e1 t :ile ! crafts 9
 ,russia w lose 9 arti/ic value1 !      
drama1 sculpture & pa9t+ & all ^? arts  
:i* h no?+ to d ) ! ma*9e & dep5d       
entirely ^u m5tal & spiritual           
inspiration w receive an impetus f !    
,communi/ fai?4 ,:e!r ! fl[]+ p]iod w be
 long or %ort dep5ds p>tly on !         
political situation1 b *iefly on !      
rapidity ( indu/rial developm5t4 ,x may 
be t ! ma*9e w ultimately conqu] !      
,communi/ fai? & gr9d out ! human       
impulses1 & ,russia become dur+ ?is     

transition p]iod z in>ti/ic & s\lless z 
0 ,am]ica until q rec5t ye>s4 ,"o w\ld l
 to hope t me*anical progress w be swift
 & social idealism suffici5tly /rong to 
reta9 control4 ,b ! practical           
difficulties are almo/ insup]able4  ,su*
 signs ( ! progress ( art z x is        
possible to notice at ?is e>ly /age w\ld
 seem to be> out ! above argum5t4 ,=    
in/ance1 an attempt is be+ made to fo/] 
! cont9uation ( peasant embroid]y1 c>v+1
 c41 9 ! t[ns4 ,x is done by p :o h     
evid5tly lo/ ! tradition already4 ,!y   
are taught to copy ! models :i* are     
plac$ 9 ! ,peasant ,museum1 b !re is no 
comp>ison betwe5 ! live little wood5    
lady :o smiles b5ea? ! glass case1 & !  
s\lless />+-ey$ creature :o is (f]$ =   
sale1 nor betwe5 ! q ord9>y c>v$ f[l "o 
may buy & ! amus+ life-l figure "o may  
m]ely gaze at4  ,b :5 "o comes to art   
directly inspir$ by ,communism x is a   
diff]5t /ory4 ,ap>t f ! propag&a        
pictures already ref]r$ to1 !re are     
propag&a plays p]=m$ by ! ,r$ ,army 9   

its sp>e mom5ts1 & !re are ! mass       
pageant plays p]=m$ on ,/ate occasions4 
,i _h ! good =tune to witness "o ( ea*  
k9d4  ,! play 0 call$ ,z>evo 7,! ,dawn71
 & 0 p]=m$ on a ,saturday night on a    
small /age 9 a small hall 9 an entirely 
amateur fa%ion4 ,x repres5t$ ,russian   
life j be=e ! revolution4 ,x 0 int5se & 
tragic & passionately act$4 ,dramatic   
tal5t is n r>e 9 ,russia4 ,almo/ ! only 
comic relief 0 provid$ by ! ,ts>i/      
police1 :o made "o appe>ance t[>ds !    
end1 got up l comic milit>y *>act]s 9 a 
musical com$y--j z1 9 m$ival miracle    
plays1 ! comic "* 0 ,satan4 ,! play's   
int5tion 0 to %[ a typical ,russian     
work+-class family4 ,!re 7 ! old fa!r1  
con/antly drunk on vodka1 alt]nately    
maudl9 & scold+2 ! old "m2 two sons1 !  
"o a ,communi/ & ! o!r an ,an>*i/2 !    
wife ( ! ,communi/1 :o did dressmak+2 h]
 si/]1 a pro/itute2 & a "y girl (       
b\rgeois family1 also a ,communi/1      
involv$ 9 a plot ) ! ,communi/ son1 :o 0
 ( c\rse ! h]o ( ! play4  ,! fir/ act   

reveal$ ! /]n & h]oic ,communi/ ma9ta9+ 
8 views despite ! reproa*es ( fa!r & "m 
& ! nagg+ ( 8 wife4 ,x %[$ also !       
,an>*i/ bro!r 7z might be expect$ f !   
,bol%evik ho/ility to ,an>*ism7 z an    
unruly1 lazy1 ne'er-d-well1 ) a         
passionate love = ,sonia1 ! "y          
b\rgeoise1 :i* 0 likely to become       
dang]\s if n return$4 ,%e1 on ! o!r h&1 
obvi\sly pref]r$ ! ,communi/4 ,x 0 cle> 
t he return$ h] love1 b x 0 n q cle> t  
he w\ld wi% ! relation to be any?+ m ?an
 platonic comrade%ip 9 ! s]vice ( _!    
common ideal4 ,an unsuccessful /rike1   
br++ want & dang] f ! police1 toge!r )  
increas+ jeal\sy on ! "p ( ! ,an>*i/1 l$
 up to ! tragic dn\em5t4 ,i 0 n q       
def9ite z to h[ ?is 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,all 
viol5t action 0 p]=m$ (f ! /age1 & ?is  
made ! plot at times difficult to foll[4
 ,b x seem$ t ! ,an>*i/ 9 a jeal\s rage 
=g$ a lett] f 8 bro!r to br+ ,sonia to a
 r5dezv\s1 & !re murd]$ h]1 at ! same "t
 betray+ 8 bro!r to ! police4 ,:5 !     
latt] came to effect 8 arre/1 & accuse  

him also1 z ! mo/ likely p]son1 ( !     
murd]1 ! ,an>*i/ 0 seiz$ ) remorse &    
confess$4 ,bo? 7 !re=e l$ away toge!r4  
,once ! plot is sket*$1 ! play calls =  
no comm5t4 ,x _h n great m]it1 ?\gh x is
 unwise to haz>d a judgm5t on a play ^: 
dialogue 0 n fully int]pret$1 b x 0     
c]ta9ly real1 & ! l9k betwe5 audi5ce &  
p]=m]s 0 e/abli%$ z x nev] seem$ to be 9
 ! pr(essional !atre4 ,aft] ! p]=mance1 
! floor 0 cle>$ = danc+1 & ! audi5ce 7 9
 a mood ( ?or\gh enjoym5t4  ,! pageant (
 ! ,_w ,commune1 :i* 0 p]=m$ at ! op5+ (
 ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress 9      
,petrograd1 0 a /ill m important &      
significant ph5om5on4 ,i d n suppose t  
any?+ ( ! k9d has be5 /ag$ s9ce ! days (
 ! m$ival my/]y plays4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a  
my/]y play design$ by ! ,high ,prie/s ( 
! ,communi/ fai? to in/ruct ! p4 ,x 0   
play$ on ! /eps ( an imm5se :ite build+ 
t 0 once ! ,/ock ,ex*ange1 a build+ ) a 
classical colonnade on ?ree sides ( x1 )
 a va/ flight ( /eps 9 front1 t did n   
ext5d ! :ole wid? ( ! build+ b left at  

ea* side a plat=m t 0 level ) ! floor ( 
! colonnade4 ,9 front ( ?is build+ a    
wide road ran f a bridge ov] "o arm ( ! 
riv] to a bridge ov] ! o!r1 s t !       
/ret*es ( wat] & sky on ei!r side seem$ 
to ! eye ( imag9ation l ! pa9t$ w+s ( a 
gigantic /age4 ,two batt]$ r$ columns ( 
fanta/ic design1 t 7 once light t[]s to 
guide %ips1 /ood on ei!r side midway    
betwe5 ! extremities ( ! build+ & !     
wat]1 b on ! opposite side ( ! road4 ,^!
 two t[]s 7 beflagg$ & illum9at$ & c>ri$
 ! limelight1 & betwe5 & beh9d !m 0     
ga!r$ a d5sely pack$ audi5ce ( =ty or   
fifty ?\s& p4 ,! play began at sund[n1  
:ile ! sky 0 /ill r$ away to ! "r & !   
palaces on ! f> bank to ! left /ill agl[
 ) ! sett+ sun1 & x cont9u$ "u ! magic (
 ! d>k5+ sky4 ,at fir/ ! beauty & gr&eur
 ( ! sett+ drew ! att5tion away f !     
p]=m]s1 b gradually "o became aw>e t on 
! plat=m be=e ! columns k+s & que5s &   
c\rti]s 9 sumptu\s conv5tional robes1 & 
att5d$ by soldi]s1 7 conv]s+ 9 dumb %[ )
 "o ano!r4 ,a few climb$ ! /eps ( a     

small wood5 plat=m t 0 set up 9 !       
middle1 & "o indicat$ by a lift$ h& t "h
 %\ld be built a monum5t to ! p[] (     
capitalism ov] ! e>?4 ,all gave signs ( 
delight4 ,s5tim5tal music 0 he>d1 & !   
gay company fell to waltz+ away ! h\rs4 
,mean:ile1 f bel[ on ! road level1 !re  
/ream$ out ( ! d>kness on ei!r side ( ! 
build+ & up ! half-lit /eps1 _! fett]s  
r++ 9 h>mony ) ! music1 ! enslav$ &     
toil+ masses com+ 9 response to comm& to
 build ! monum5t = _! ma/]s4 ,x is      
impossible to describe ! exquisite      
beauty ( ! sl[ movem5t ( ^? d>k figures 
aslant ! broad flight ( /eps2 individual
 expressions 7 ( c\rse indi/+ui%able1 & 
yet ! movem5t & attitude ( ! gr\ps      
convey$ pa?os & pati5t endurance z well 
z any individual spee* or ge/ure 9 !    
ord9>y !atre4 ,"s gr\ps c>ri$ hamm] &   
anvil1 & o!rs /agg]$ "u enorm\s blocks (
 /one4 ,love = ! ballet has p]haps made 
! ,russians und]/& ! art ( mov+ gr\ps ( 
actors 9 unison4 ,z ,i wat*$ ^!         
processions climb+ ! /eps 9 app>5tly    

c>eless & spontane\s fa%ion1 & yet      
produc+ s graceful a result1 ,i rememb]$
 ! mad leap ( ! ar*]s d[n ! /age 9      
,pr9ce ,igor1 :i* is also app>5tly      
c>eless & spontane\s & full ( wild &    
irregul> beauty1 yet nev] v>ies a       
hair-bread? f "o p]=mance to ! next4  ,=
 a "t ! work]s toil$ 9 ! %ad[ 9 _! e>?ly
 _w1 & danc+ cont9u$ 9 ! light$ p>adise 
( ! rul]s above1 until pres5tly1 9 sign 
t ! monum5t 0 complete1 a l>ge yell[    
disc 0 hoi/$ amid acclamation above !   
highe/ plat=m betwe5 ! columns4 ,b at ! 
same mom5t a bann] 0 uplift$ among/ ! p1
 & a small figure 0 se5 ge/iculat+4     
,angry fi/s 7 %ak5 & ! bann] & speak]   
disappe>$1 only to reappe> almo/        
imm$iately 9 ano!r "p ( ! d5se cr[d4    
,aga9 ho/ility1 until f9ally among !    
,fr5* work]s away up on ! "r1 ! fir/    
,communi/ manife/o f\nd fav\r4 ,rally+  
ar\nd _! bann] ! commun>ds ran %\t+ d[n 
! /eps1 ga!r+ support]s z !y came4      
,above1 all is confusion1 k+s & que5s   
scuttl+ 9 unroyal fa%ion ) fly+ velvet  

robes to safe citadels "r & left1 :ile !
 army prep>es to def5d ! ma9 citadel (  
capitalism ) its gold5 disc ( p[]4 ,!   
commun>ds scale ! /eps to ! =tress :i*  
!y f9ally capture1 haul d[n ! disc & set
 _! bann] 9 its place4 ,! m]ry music ( !
 ,c>magnole is he>d1 & ! victors are se5
 express+ _! delight by danc+ fir/ on "o
 foot & !n on ! o!r1 l m>ionettes4      
,bel[1 ! masses dance ) !m 9 a fr5zy (  
joy4 ,b a pomp\s procession ( ,prussian 
legions is se5 approa*+1 &1 amid %rieks 
& wails ( despair1 ! p are driv5 back1 &
 _! lead]s set 9 a r[ & %ot4 ,!reaft]   
came "o ( ! mo/ mov+ sc5es 9 ! drama4   
,sev]al d>k-clad wom5 appe>$ c>ry+ a    
black pall support$ on /icks1 :i* !y set
 9 front ( ! bodies ( ! lead]s s t x    
/ood out1 an irregul> po9t$ black %ape  
aga9/ ! :ite columns beh9d4 ,b = ?is    
melan*oly monum5t ! /age 0 n[ empty4    
,?ick cl\ds ( black smoke arose f       
brazi]s on ei!r side & obscur$ ! /eps & 
! plat=m4 ,?r\gh ! smoke came ! di/ant  
s\nd ( ,*op9's ,m>*e ,funbre1 & z ! air 

became cle>] :ite figures c\ld be dimly 
se5 mov+ ar\nd ! black pall 9 a solemn  
dance ( m\rn+4 ,beh9d !m ! columns %one 
gho/ly & unreal aga9/ ! glimm]+ mauve   
rays ( an unc]ta9 & wat]y dawn4  ,!     
second "p ( ! pageant op5$ 9 ,july      
#aiad4 ,once aga9 ! rul]s 7 fea/+ & !   
work]s at toil1 b ! sc5e 0 enliv5$ by ! 
pres5ce ( ! lead]s ( ! ,second          
,int]national1 a gr\p ( decrepit        
pr(essorial old m51 :o waddl$ 9 9 solemn
 procession c>ry+ tomes full (          
int]national le>n+4 ,!y sat 9 a r[      
betwe5 ! rul]s & ! p1 deep 9 /udy1      
spectacles on nose4 ,! call to w> 0 !   
signal = a dramatic appeal f ! work]s to
 ^! lead]s1 :o refus$ to accept ! ,r$   
,flag1 b weakly receiv$ patriotic flags 
f _! respective gov]nm5ts4 ,jaurs1      
elevat$ to be ! symbol ( prote/1 t[]$   
above ! p1 cry+ 9 a l\d voice1 b fell   
back imm$iately z ! assass9's %ot rang  
out4 ,!n ! p divid$ into _! national    
gr\ps & ! w> began4 ,x 0 at ?is po9t t  
,god ,save ! ,k+ 0 play$ z ! ,engli%    

soldi]s m>*$ out1 9 a comic mann] :i*   
made "o ?9k ( x z ,gawd save ! ,k+4 ,o!r
 national an!ms 7 burlesqu$ 9 a simil>  
fa%ion1 b none q s successfully4 ,a     
ridicul\s effigy ( ! ,ts> ) a kn\t 9 8  
h& n[ occupi$ ! symbolic position &     
dom9at$ ! sc5e4 ,! incid5ts ( ! w> :i*  
affect$ ,russia 7 !n play$4 ,spectacul> 
cavalry *>ges on ! road1 m>*+ soldi]s1  
batt]ies ( artill]y1 a pa!tic procession
 ( cripples & nurses1 & o!r sc5es too   
num]\s to describe1 made up t "p ( !    
pageant devot$ to ! w>4  ,!n came !     
,russian ,revolution 9 all its /ages4   
,c>s da%$ by full ( arm$ m51 r$ flags   
appe>$ ev]y:]e1 ! p /orm$ ! citadel &   
haul$ d[n ! effigy ( ! ,ts>4 ,! ,k]5sky 
,gov]nm5t assum$ control & drove !m =?  
to w> aga91 b soon !y return$ to ! *>ge1
 de/roy$ ! ,provisional ,gov]nm5t1 &    
hoi/$ all ! emblems ( ! ,russian ,soviet
 ,republic4 ,! ,ent5te lead]s1 h[ev]1 7 
se5 prep>+ _! troops = battle1 & !      
pageant w5t on to %[ ! =mation ( ! ,r$  
,army "u its emblem ! ,r$ ,/>4 ,:ite    

figures ) gold5 trumpets appe>$ =etell+ 
victory = ! prolet>iat4 ,! la/ sc5e1 !  
,_w ,commune1 is describ$ 9 ! words ( ! 
ab/ract1 tak5 f a ,russian newspap]1 z  
foll[s3--      ,cannon %ots ann\nce !   
break+ ( ! blockade aga9/     ,soviet   
,russia1 & ! victory ( ! ,_w            
,prolet>iat4 ,!     ,r$ ,army returns f 
! front1 & passes 9 triumphant          
review be=e ! lead]s ( ! ,revolution4   
,at _! feet lie     ! cr[ns ( k+s & !   
gold ( ! bank]s4 ,%ips drap$     ) flags
 are se5 c>ry+ work]s f ! we/4 ,!       
work]s ( ! :ole _w1 ) ! emblems ( lab\r1
 ga!r     = ! celebration ( ! ,_w       
,commune4 ,9 ! heav5s     lum9\s        
inscriptions 9 diff]5t languages appe>1 
greet+     ! ,congress3 ,long live !    
,?ird ,int]national6 ,work]s (     ! _w1
 unite6 ,triumph to ! s\nds ( ! hymn ( !
     ,_w ,commune1 ! ',int]national'4   
,ev5 s gl[+ an acc\nt1 h[ev]1 h>dly does
 x ju/ice4 ,x _h ! pomp & maje/y ( !    
,day ( ,judgm5t itself4 ,rockets climb$ 
! skies & pepp]$ !m ) a ?\s& />s1       

fireworks blaz$ on all sides1 g>l&$ &   
beflagg$ %ips mov$ up & d[n ! riv]1     
*>iots be>+ ! emblems ( prosp]ity1      
grapes & corn1 travell$ sl[ly along !   
road4 ,! ,ea/]n peoples came c>ry+ gifts
 & emblems4 ,! actors1 mass$ ^u ! /eps1 
wav$ triumphant h&s1 trumpets s\nd$1 & !
 song ( ! ,int]national f t5 ?\s& ?roats
 rose l a mighty wave engulf+ ! :ole4   
,?\gh ! end ( ?is drama may h err$ on ! 
side ( ! gr&iose1 ?is may p]haps be     
=giv5 ! organiz]s 9 view ( ! occasion = 
:i* !y prep>$ x4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld     
detract f ! beauty & dramatic p[] ( !   
op5+ & ( _m ( ! sc5es4 ,moreov]1 !      
effects obta9$ by movem5t 9 ! mass 7    
almo/ intoxicat+4 ,! fir/ entrance ( !  
masses gave a s5se ( dumb & pati5t =ce t
 0 mov+ 9 ! extreme1 & ! fr5zi$ delight 
( ! danc+ cr[d at ! victory ( ! ,fr5*   
commun>ds /irr$ "o to ec/asy4 ,! pageant
 la/$ = five h\rs or m1 & 0 z exhau/+   
emotionally z ! ,passion ,play is said  
to be4 ,i _h ! vision ( a great p]iod ( 
,communi/ art1 m especially ( su*       

op5-air spectacles1 :i* %\ld h ! gr&eur 
& scope & et]nal mean+ ( ! plays (      
anci5t ,greece1 ! m$ival my/]ies1 or !  
,%akespe>ean !atre4 ,9 build+1 writ+1   
act+1 ev5 9 pa9t+1 "w w\ld be done1 z x 
once 01 by gr\ps1 n by "o h& or m9d1 &  
evolution w\ld proce$ sl[ly until once  
aga9 ! individual em]g$ f ! mass4  ,9   
consid]+ ,education "u ! ,bol%evik      
rgime1 ! same two factors :i* ,i h      
already dealt ) 9 discuss+ art1 namely  
indu/rial developm5t & ! communi/       
doctr9e1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4       
,indu/rial developm5t is 9 reality "o ( 
! t5ets ( ,communism1 b z x is "o :i* 9 
,russia is likely to endang] ! doctr9e z
 a :ole ,i h ?\ght x bett] to consid] x 
z a sep>ate item4  ,z 9 ! matt] ( art1 s
 9 education1 ^? :o h giv5 unqualifi$   
praise seem to h tak5 ! %ort &          
sup]ficial view4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to
 laun* into descriptions ( ! cr*es1     
c\ntry homes or palaces = *ildr51 :]e   
,montessori me?ods prevail1 :]e ! pupils
 cultivate _! little g>d5s1 model 9     

pla/ic9e1 draw & s+ & act1 & dance _!   
,eury?mic dances b>efoot on floors once 
sacr$ to ! tread ( ! nobility4 ,i saw a 
reception & di/ribut+ h\se 9 ,petrograd 
) :i* no fault c\ld be f\nd f ! po9t (  
view ( sci5tific organization4 ,! *ildr5
 7 bright-ey$ & m]ry1 & ! rooms airy &  
clean4 ,i saw1 too1 a p]=mance by s*ool 
*ildr5 9 ,mosc[ :i* includ$ "s q        
wond]ful ,eury?mic danc+1 9 p>ticul> an 
int]pretation ( ,grieg's ,tanz 9 d]     
,halle des ,b]gknigs by ! ,dalcroze     
me?od1 b ) a col\r & w>m? :i* 7         
,russian1 & 9 odd contra/ to !          
ma!matical precision associat$ ) mo/    
,dalcroze p]=mances4  ,b 9 spite ( !    
obvi\s m]it ( su* in/itutions z exi/1   
misgiv+s w\ld arise4 ,to beg9 )1 x mu/  
be rememb]$ t x is necess>y fir/ to     
admit t *ildr5 %\ld be deliv]$ up almo/ 
entirely to ! ,/ate4 ,nom9ally1 ! "m    
/ill comes to see h] *ild 9 ^! s*ools1 b
 9 actual fact1 ! draft+ ( *ildr5 to !  
c\ntry mu/ int]v5e1 & ! :ole temp] ( !  
au?orities seem$ to be direct$ t[>ds    

break+ ! l9k betwe5 "m & *ild4 ,to "s   
?is w seem an advantage1 & x is a po9t  
:i* admits ( l5g?y discussion1 b z x    
belongs r to ! "q ( wom5 & ! family "u  
,communism1 ,i c d no m ?an m5tion x "h4
  ,!n1 aga91 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !      
tactics ( ! ,bol%eviks t[>ds su* s*ools 
z exi/$ "u ! old rgime 9 prov9cial t[ns 
& villages1 h n be5 ! same z _! tactics 
t[>ds ! !atres4 ,! great] numb] ( ^!    
s*ools are clos$1 9 "p1 x w\ld seem1 f  
lack ( p]sonnel1 & 9 "p f fe> (         
c\nt]-revolution>y propag&a4 ,! result  
is t1 ?\gh ^? s*ools :i* !y h creat$ are
 good & organiz$ on mod]n l9es1 on !    
:ole !re w\ld seem to be less diffusion 
( *ild education ?an be=e4 ,9 ?is1 z 9  
mo/ o!r dep>tm5ts1 ! ,bol%eviks %[      
!mselves loa? to attempt any?+ :i* _c be
 done on a l>ge scale & impregnat$ )    
,communi/ doctr9e4 ,x goes )\t say+ t   
,communi/ doctr9e is taught 9 s*ools1 z 
,*ri/ianity has be5 taught hi!rto1      
moreov] ! ,communi/ tea*]s %[ bitt]     
ho/ility to o!r tea*]s :o d n accept !  

doctr9e4 ,at ! *ildr5's ent]ta9m5t      
allud$ to above1 ! dances & poems p]=m$ 
_h ne>ly all "s close relation to       
,communism1 & a tea*] address$ ! *ildr5 
= some?+ l an h\r & a half on ! duties (
 ,communi/s & ! errors ( ,an>*ism4  ,?is
 tea*+ ( ,communism1 h[ev] necess>y x   
may appe> = ! build+ ( ! ,communi/ /ate 
( ! future1 does seem to me to be an    
evil 9 t x is done emotionally &        
fanatically1 ) an appeal to hate &      
militant ard\r r ?an to con/ructive     
reason4 ,x b9ds ! free intellect &      
de/roys initiative4 ,an indu/rial /ate  
ne$s n only ob$i5t & pati5t work]s &    
arti/s1 x ne$s also m5 & wom5 )         
initiative 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,x is    
idle to provide *annels = sci5tific     
rese>* lat] if x is to be *ok$ at !     
s\rce4 ,t s\rce is an enquir+ & free    
intellect unhamp]$ by iron dogma4       
,b5eficial to arti/ic & emotional       
developm5t !re=e1 ! tea*+ ( ,communism z
 a fai? may well be mo/ p]nici\s to !   
sci5tific & intellectual side (         

education1 & w lead direct to !         
pragmati/ view ( k & sci5tific rese>*   
:i* ! ,*ur* & ! capitali/ already f9d x 
s conv5i5t to adopt4  ,b to come to !   
*ief & mo/ practical "q1 ! relation (   
education to indu/ry4 ,soon] or lat]    
education 9 ,russia mu/ become          
subord9ate to ! ne$s ( indu/rial        
developm5t4 ,t ! ,bol%eviks already     
realize ?is is prov$ by ! articles (    
,luna*>sky :i* rec5tly appe>$ 9 ,le     
,ph>e 7,g5eva74 ,x 0 ! spectre ( indu/ry
 t haunt$ me ?r\gh\t ! consid]ation (   
education z 9 ! consid]ation ( art1 &   
:at ,i h said above ( its dang]s to !   
latt] seems to me also to apply "h4     
,montessori s*ools belong1 9 my view1 to
 t /age 9 indu/rial developm5t :5       
education is direct$ z mu* t[>ds leisure
 occupations z t[>ds prep>ation =       
pr(essional life4 ,possibly ! f9e fl[] (
 useless sci5tific enquiry belongs to   
?is /age also4 ,nobody 9 ,russia is     
likely to h mu* leisure = a good _m ye>s
 to come1 if ! ,bol%evik programme (    

indu/rial developm5t is effici5tly c>ri$
 out4 ,& !re seem$ to me to be some?+   
pa!tic & almo/ cruel 9 ?is v>i$ &       
agreeable education ( ! *ild1 :5 "o     
reflect$ on ! long h\rs ( gr9d+ toil to 
:i* he 0 soon to be subject 9 work%op or
 factory4 ,= ,i repeat t ,i d n believe 
indu/rial "w 9 ! e>ly days ( indu/ry c  
be made tol]able to ! work]4 ,once aga9 
,i exp]i5c$ ! dread ( see+ ! ideals ( ! 
,russian revolution>ies g d[n be=e !    
logic ( necessity4 ,!y are beg9n+ to    
pride !mselves on be+ h>d1 practical m51
 & x seems q reasonable to fe> t !y %\ld
 come to reg>d ?is full & humane        
developm5t ( ! *ild z a m]e luxury &    
ultimately neglect x4 ,worse /ill1 ! few
 ( ^! s*ools :i* already exi/ may p]haps
 become exclusive to ! ,communi/s & _!  
*ildr51 or t company ( ,samurai :i* is  
to leav5 & gov]n ! mass ( ! p4 ,if s1 !y
 w soon come to resemble our public     
s*ools1 9 t !y w prep>e1 9 an artificial
 play atmosph]e1 m5 :o w pass /raight to
 ! position ( lead]s1 :ile ! portion ( !

 prolet>iat :o s]ve "u !m w be read+ &  
writ+1 j s mu* te*nical tra9+ z is      
necess>y1 & ,communi/ doctr9e4  ,?is is 
a nightm>e hypo!sis1 b ! difficulties ( 
! practical problem seem to w>rant its  
ent]ta9m5t4 ,! numb] ( p 9 ,russia :o c 
ev5 read & write is extremely small1 !  
ne$ to get !m employ$ indu/rially z     
rapidly z possible is v great1 h5ce !   
sy/em ( education :i* develops out ( ?is
 situation _c be v ambiti\s or          
enlight5$4 ,fur!r x w h to cont9ue ov] a
 suffici5tly long p]iod ( "t to all[ ( !
 risk ( its becom+ /able & traditional4 
,9 adult education already ! pupil comes
 = a %ort p]iod1 le>ns ,communism1 read+
 & writ+--!re is h>dly "t to give him   
mu* m--& returns to leav5 ! army or 8   
native village4 ,9 a*iev+ ?is !         
,bol%eviks are already do+ a v important
 & valuable "w1 b !y _c hope = a long   
:ile to become ! model ( public         
in/ruction :i* !y h hi!rto be5 repres5t$
 to be4 ,& ! conditions ( _! becom+ s   
ultimately are adh]5ce to _! ideals     

?r\gh a v long p]iod ( /ress1 & a less5+
 ( fanaticism 9 _! ,communi/ tea*+1     
conditions :i*1 unhappily1 seem to be   
mutually incompatible4  ,! :ole ( !     
argum5t set out 9 ?is *apt] may be summ$
 up 9 ! /atem5t ( "o fact :i* ! m]e     
ideali/ is prone to ov]look1 namely t   
,russia is a c\ntry at a /age 9 economic
 developm5t n mu* m advanc$ ?an ,am]ica 
9 ! pione] days4 ,! old civilization 0  
ari/ocratic & exotic2 x c\ld n survive 9
 ! mod]n _w4 ,x is true t x produc$     
great m51 b its f\ndations 7 rott54 ,!  
new civilization may1 = ! mom5t1 be less
 productive ( individual works ( g5ius1 
b x has a new solidity & gives promise (
 a new unity4 ,x may be t ,i h tak5 too 
hopeful a view & t ! future evolution ( 
,russia w h z little connection ) ! life
 & tradition ( its pres5t population z  
mod]n ,am]ica ) ! life ( ! ,r$ ,indian  
tribes4 ,! fact t !re exi/s 9 ,russia a 
population at a f> high] /age ( culture1
 :i* w be indu/rially educat$1 n        
ext]m9at$1 militates aga9/ ?is hypo!sis1

 b ! ne$ = education may make progress  
sl[] ?an x 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,"o    
w\ld n h look$ = ! mill5nium (          
,communism1 nor ev5 = valuable art &    
educational exp]im5t 9 ! ,am]ica ( e>ly 
railroad+ & f>m+ days4 ,nor mu/ "o look 
= su* ?+s f ,russia yet4 ,x may be t    
dur+ ! next hundr$ ye>s !re1 economic   
evolution w obscure ,communi/ ideals1   
until f9ally1 9 a c\ntry t has rea*$ !  
/age ( pres5t-day ,am]ica1 ! battle w be
 f\ght out aga9 to a victori\s & /able  
issue4 ,unless1 inde$1 ! ,m>xian        
scripture prove to be n infallible1 &   
fai? & h]oic devotion %[ !mselves       
capable ( triumph+ ov] economic         
necessity4     ,v  ,,communism ,,& ,,!  
,,soviet ,,con/itution   ,be=e ,i w5t to
 ,russia ,i imag9$ t ,i 0 go+ to see an 
int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 a new =m (           
repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,i did see an   
int]e/+ exp]im5t1 b n 9 repres5tative   
gov]nm5t4 ,e "o :o is int]e/$ 9         
,bol%evism kn[s ! s]ies ( elections1 f !
 village meet+ to ! ,all-,russian       

,soviet1 by :i* ! p's commiss>ies are   
suppos$ to d]ive _! p[]4 ,we 7 told t1  
by ! recall1 ! occupational             
con/itu5cies1 & s on1 a new & f> m      
p]fect ma*9]y _h be5 devis$ = asc]ta9+ &
 regi/]+ ! popul> w4 ,"o ( ! ?+s we hop$
 to /udy 0 ! "q :e!r ! ,soviet sy/em is 
really sup]ior to ,p>liam5t>ism 9 ?is   
respect4  ,we 7 n able to make any su*  
/udy1 because ! ,soviet sy/em is        
moribund4#d ,no conceivable sy/em ( free
 election w\ld give majorities to !     
,communi/s1 ei!r 9 t[n or c\ntry4 ,v>i\s
 me?ods are !re=e adopt$ = giv+ !       
victory to ,gov]nm5t c&idates4 ,9 ! fir/
 place1 ! vot+ is by %[ ( h&s1 s t all  
:o vote aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t are m>k$ m54  
,9 ! second place1 no c&idate :o is n a 
,communi/ c h any pr9t+ done1 ! pr9t+   
works be+ all 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 !   
?ird place1 he _c address any meet+s1   
because ! halls all belong to ! ,/ate4  
,! :ole ( ! press is1 ( c\rse1 (ficial2 
no indep5d5t daily is p]mitt$4 ,9 spite 
( all ^! ob/acles1 ! ,m5%eviks h succe$$

 9 w9n+ ab\t #dj seats out ( #a1ejj on !
 ,mosc[ ,soviet1 by be+ kn[n 9 c]ta9    
l>ge factories :]e ! electoral campaign 
c\ld be conduct$ by ^w ( m\?4 ,!y won1 9
 fact1 e seat t !y conte/$4  ,b al?\gh !
 ,mosc[ ,soviet is nom9ally sov]eign 9  
,mosc[1 x is really only a body (       
electors :o *oose ! executive committee 
( =ty1 out ( :i*1 9 turn1 is *os5 !     
,presidium1 consi/+ ( n9e m5 :o h all ! 
p[]4 ,! ,mosc[ ,soviet1 z a :ole1 meets 
r>ely2 ! ,executive ,committee is       
suppos$ to meet once a week1 b did n    
meet :ile we 7 9 ,mosc[4 ,! ,presidium1 
on ! contr>y1 meets daily4 ,( c\rse1 x  
is easy = ! ,gov]nm5t to ex]cise        
pressure ov] ! election ( ! executive   
committee1 & aga9 ov] ! election ( !    
,presidium4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t        
effective prote/ is impossible1 ow+ to !
 absolutely complete suppression ( free 
spee* & free ,press4 ,! result is t !   
,presidium ( ! ,mosc[ ,soviet consi/s   
only ( or?odox ,communi/s4  ,kam5ev1 !  
,presid5t ( ! ,mosc[ ,soviet1 in=m$ u t 

! recall is v frequ5tly employ$2 he said
 t 9 ,mosc[ !re are1 on an av]age1 ?irty
 recalls a mon?4 ,i ask$ him :at 7 !    
pr9cipal reasons = ! recall1 & he       
m5tion$ f\r3 dr9k+1 go+ to ! front 7&   
be+1 !re=e1 incapable ( p]=m+ ! duties71
 *ange ( politics on ! "p ( ! electors1 
& failure to make a report to ! electors
 once a =tnight1 :i* all memb]s ( !     
,soviet are expect$ to d4 ,x is evid5t t
 ! recall af=ds opportunities =         
gov]nm5tal pressure1 b ,i _h no *ance ( 
f9d+ out :e!r x is us$ = ?is purpose4   
,9 c\ntry di/ricts ! me?od employ$ is   
some:at diff]5t4 ,x is impossible to    
secure t ! village ,soviet %all consi/ (
 ,communi/s1 because1 z a rule1 at any  
rate 9 ! villages ,i saw1 !re are no    
,communi/s4 ,b :5 ,i ask$ 9 ! villages  
h[ !y 7 repres5t$ on ! ,volo/ 7! next   
l>g] area7 or ! ,gub]nia1 ,i 0 met      
always ) ! reply t !y 7 n repres5t$ at  
all4 ,i c\ld n v]ify ?is1 & x is        
probably an ov]/atem5t1 b all concurr$ 9
 ! ass]tion t if !y elect$ a            

non-,communi/ repres5tative he c\ld n   
obta9 a pass on ! railway &1 !re=e1 c\ld
 n att5d ! ,volo/ or ,gub]nia ,soviet4  
,i saw a meet+ ( ! ,gub]nia ,soviet (   
,s>atov4 ,! repres5tation is s arrang$ t
 ! t[n work]s h an enorm\s prepond]ance 
ov] ! surr\nd+ peasants2 b ev5 all[+ =  
?is1 ! proportion ( peasants seem$      
a/oni%+ly small = ! c5tre ( a v         
important agricultural area4  ,!        
,all-,russian ,soviet1 :i* is           
con/itutionally ! supreme body1 to :i* !
 ,p's ,commiss>ies are responsible1     
meets seldom1 & has become increas+ly   
=mal4 ,its sole function at pres5t1 s f>
 z ,i c\ld discov]1 is to ratify1 )\t   
discussion1 previ\s decisions ( !       
,communi/ ,p>ty on matt]s 7especially   
conc]n+ =eign policy7 ^u :i* !          
con/itution requires its decision4  ,all
 real p[] is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,communi/      
,p>ty1 :o numb] ab\t #fjj1jjj 9 a       
population ( ab\t #abj millions4 ,i nev]
 came across a ,communi/ by *ance3 ! p  
:om ,i met 9 ! /reets or 9 ! villages1  

:5 ,i c\ld get into conv]sation ) !m1   
almo/ inv>iably said !y 7 ( no p>ty4 ,! 
only o!r answ] ,i ev] _h 0 f "s ( !     
peasants1 :o op5ly /at$ t !y 7 ,ts>i/s4 
,x mu/ be said t ! peasants' reasons =  
dislik+ ! ,bol%eviks are v inadequate4  
,x is said--& all ,i saw confirm$ !     
ass]tion--t ! peasants are bett] (f ?an 
!y ev] 7 be=e4 ,i saw no "o--man1 woman1
 or *ild--:o look$ und]f$ 9 ! villages4 
,! big l&[n]s are dispossess$1 & !      
peasants h pr(it$4 ,b ! t[ns & ! army   
/ill ne$ n\ri%+1 & ! ,gov]nm5t has no?+ 
to give ! peasants 9 return = food      
except pap]1 :i* ! peasants res5t hav+  
to take4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ,ts>i/    
r\bles are wor? t5 times z mu* z ,soviet
 r\bles1 & are mu* common] 9 ! c\ntry4  
,al?\gh !y are illegal1 pocket-books    
full ( !m are op5ly display$ 9 ! m>ket  
places4 ,i d n ?9k x %\ld be inf]r$ t ! 
peasants expect a ,ts>i/ re/oration3 !y 
are m]ely actuat$ by cu/om & dislike (  
novelty4 ,!y h nev] he>d ( ! blockade2  
consequ5tly !y _c und]/& :y ! ,gov]nm5t 

is unable to give !m ! clo!s &          
agricultural implem5ts t !y ne$4 ,hav+  
got _! l&1 & be+ ignorant ( affairs     
outside _! own neighb\rhood1 !y wi% _!  
own village to be indep5d5t1 & w\ld     
res5t ! dem&s ( any ,gov]nm5t :atev]4   
,)9 ! ,communi/ ,p>ty !re are1 ( c\rse1 
z always 9 a bureaucracy1 diff]5t       
factions1 ?\gh hi!rto ! ext]nal pressure
 has prev5t$ disunion4 ,x seem$ to me t 
! p]sonnel ( ! bureaucracy c\ld be      
divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,!re are fir/ 
! old revolutioni/s1 te/$ by ye>s (     
p]secution4 ,^! m5 h mo/ ( ! highe/     
po/s4 ,prison & exile h made !m t\gh &  
fanatical & r out ( t\* ) _! own c\ntry4
 ,!y are hone/ m51 ) a pr(\nd belief t  
,communism w reg5]ate ! _w4 ,!y ?9k     
!mselves utt]ly free f s5tim5t1 b1 9    
fact1 !y are s5tim5tal ab\t ,communism &
 ab\t ! rgime t !y are creat+2 !y _c    
face ! fact t :at !y are creat+ is n    
complete ,communism1 & t ,communism is  
ana!ma to ! peasant1 :o wants 8 own l& &
 no?+ else4 ,!y are pitiless 9 puni%+   

corruption or drunk5ness :5 !y f9d ei!r 
among (ficials2 b !y h built up a sy/em 
9 :i* ! temptations to petty corruption 
are trem5d\s1 & _! own mat]iali/ic !ory 
%\ld p]suade !m t "u su* a sy/em        
corruption mu/ be rampant4  ,! second   
class 9 ! bureaucracy1 among :om are to 
be f\nd mo/ ( ! m5 occupy+ political    
po/s j bel[ ! top1 consi/s ( arrivi/es1 
:o are en?usia/ic ,bol%eviks because ( !
 mat]ial success ( ,bol%evism4 ,) !m mu/
 be reckon$ ! army ( policem51 spies1 & 
secret ag5ts1 l>gely inh]it$ f ! ,ts>i/ 
times1 :o make _! pr(it out ( ! fact t  
no "o c live except by break+ ! law4    
,?is aspect ( ,bol%evism is exemplifi$  
by ! ,extraord9>y ,commission1 a body   
practically indep5d5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t1    
possess+ its own regim5ts1 :o are bett] 
f$ ?an ! ,r$ ,army4 ,?is body has ! p[] 
( imprison+ any man or woman )\t trial  
on su* *>ges z speculation or           
c\nt]-revolution>y activity4 ,x has %ot 
?\s&s )\t prop] trial1 & ?\gh n[ x has  
nom9ally lo/ ! p[] ( inflict+ ! dea?    

p5alty1 x is by no means c]ta9 t x has  
altoge!r lo/ x 9 fact4 ,x has spies     
ev]y:]e1 & ord9>y mortals live 9 t]ror (
 x4  ,! ?ird class 9 ! bureaucracy      
consi/s ( m5 :o are n ard5t ,communi/s1 
:o h ralli$ to ! ,gov]nm5t s9ce x has   
prov$ itself /able1 & :o "w = x ei!r out
 ( patriotism or because !y enjoy !     
opportunity ( develop+ _! ideas freely  
)\t ! ob/acle ( traditional in/itutions4
 ,among ?is class are to be f\nd m5 ( ! 
type ( ! successful bus9ess man1 m5 ) ! 
same sort ( ability z is f\nd 9 !       
,am]ican self-made ,tru/ magnate1 b     
work+ = success & p[]1 n = money4 ,!re  
is no d\bt t ! ,bol%eviks are           
successfully solv+ ! problem ( enli/+   
?is k9d ( ability 9 ! public s]vice1 )\t
 p]mitt+ x to amass weal? z x does 9    
capitali/ communities4 ,?is is p]haps _!
 greate/ success s f>1 outside ! doma9 (
 w>4 ,x makes x possible to suppose t1  
if ,russia is all[$ to h peace1 an amaz+
 indu/rial developm5t may take place1   
mak+ ,russia a rival ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 

,! ,bol%eviks are indu/riali/s 9 all _! 
aims2 !y love ev]y?+ 9 mod]n indu/ry    
except ! excessive rew>ds ( !           
capitali/s4 ,& ! h>% discipl9e to :i* !y
 are subject+ ! work]s is calculat$1 if 
any?+ c1 to give !m ! habits ( indu/ry &
 hone/y :i* h hi!rto be5 lack+1 & ! lack
 ( :i* alone prev5ts ,russia f be+ "o ( 
! =emo/ indu/rial c\ntries4             
,,footnotes3  #d ,9 ,!ses 7p4 #f ( ,fr5*
 edition7 x is said3 ,! anci5t classic  
subdivision ( ! ,lab\r movem5t into ?ree
 =ms 7p>ties1 trade unions1 &           
co-op]atives7 has s]v$ its "t4 ,!       
prolet>ian revolution has rais$ up 9    
,russia ! ess5tial =m ( prolet>ian      
dictator%ip1 ! soviets4 ,b ! "w 9 !     
,soviets1 z 9 ! indu/rial trade unions  
:i* h become revolution>y1 mu/ be       
inv>iably & sy/ematically direct$ by !  
p>ty ( ! prolet>iat1 i4e4 ! ,communi/   
,p>ty4 ,z ! organiz$ advanc$ gu>d ( !   
work+ class1 ! ,communi/ ,p>ty answ]s   
equally to ! economic1 political &      
spiritual ne$s ( ! entire work+ class4  

,x mu/ be ! s\l ( ! trade unions1 !     
soviets1 & all o!r prolet>ian           
organizations4  ,! appe>ance ( !        
,soviets1 ! pr9cipal hi/orical =m ( !   
dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat1 9 no way    
dim9i%es ! direct+ rle ( ! p>ty 9 !     
prolet>ian revolution4 ,:5 ! ,g]man     
,communi/s ( ! ',left' 444 decl>e t '!  
p>ty itself mu/ also adapt itself m & m 
to ! ,soviet idea & prolet>ianize       
itself1' we see !re only an ins9uat+    
expression ( ! idea t ! ,communi/ ,p>ty 
mu/ dissolve itself into ! ,soviets1 s t
 ! ,soviets c replace x4  ,?is idea is  
pr(\ndly errone\s & reaction>y4  ,!     
hi/ory ( ! ,russian ,revolution %[s u1  
at a c]ta9 mom5t1 ! ,soviets go+ aga9/ !
 prolet>ian p>ty & help+ ! ag5ts ( !    
b\rgeoisie4444  ,9 ord] t ! ,soviets may
 fulfil _! hi/oric mission1 ! exi/5ce ( 
a ,communi/ ,p>ty1 /rong en\gh n to     
'adapt' itself to ! ,soviets b to       
ex]cise on !m a decisive influ5ce1 to   
=ce !m n to adapt !mselves to !         
b\rgeoisie & (ficial social democracy1  

444 is on ! contr>y necess>y4     ,,vi  
,,! ,,failure ,,( ,,russian ,,indu/ry   
,at fir/ sight x is surpris+ t ,russian 
indu/ry %\ld h collaps$ z badly z x has 
done1 & /ill m surpris+ t ! ef=ts ( !   
,communi/s h n be5 m successful 9 reviv+
 x4 ,z ,i believe t ! cont9u$ effici5cy 
( indu/ry is ! ma9 condition = success 9
 ! transition to a ,communi/ ,/ate1 ,i  
%all endeav\r to analyse ! causes ( !   
collapse1 ) a view to ! discov]y ( ways 
by :i* x c be avoid$ else:]e4  ,( ! fact
 ( ! collapse !re c be no d\bt4 ,! ,n9? 
,congress ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty           
7,m>*-,april1 #aibj7 speaks ( !         
incr$ible cata/rophes ( public economy1 
& 9 connection ) transport1 :i* is "o ( 
! vital elem5ts ( ! problem1 x          
ackn[l$ges ! t]rible collapse ( !       
transport & ! railway sy/em1 & urges !  
introduction ( measures :i* _c be delay$
 & :i* are to obviate ! complete        
p>alysis ( ! railway sy/em &1 toge!r )  
?is1 ! ru9 ( ! ,soviet ,republic4 ,almo/
 all ^? :o h visit$ ,russia w\ld confirm

 ?is view ( ! gravity ( ! situation4 ,9 
! factories1 9 great works l ^? (       
,putilov & ,sornovo1 v little except w> 
"w is be+ done2 ma*9]y /&s idle & plant 
is becom+ unusable4 ,"o sees h>dly any  
new manufactur$ articles 9 ,russia1     
beyond a c]ta9 v inadequate quantity (  
clo!s & boots--always except+ :at is    
ne$$ = ! army4 ,& ! difficulty ( obta9+ 
food is conclusive evid5ce ( ! abs5ce ( 
goods su* z are ne$$ by ! peasants4  ,h[
 has ?is /ate ( affairs aris58 ,& :y    
does x cont9ue8  ,a great deal (        
disorganization occurr$ be=e ! fir/     
revolution & "u ,k]5sky4 ,russian       
indu/ry 0 p>tly dep5d5t on ,pol&2 ! w> 0
 conduct$ by me?ods ( reckless          
extravagance1 especially z reg>ds       
roll+-/ock2 "u ,k]5sky !re 0 a t5d5cy to
 univ]sal holiday1 "u ! impression t    
fre$om _h remov$ ! necessity = "w4 ,b :5
 all ?is is admitt$ to ! full1 x rema9s 
true t ! /ate ( indu/ry "u ! ,bol%eviks 
is mu* worse ?an ev5 "u ,k]5sky4  ,!    
fir/ & mo/ obvi\s reason = ?is is t     

,russia 0 q unusually dep5d5t ^u =eign  
assi/ance4 ,n only did ! ma*9]y 9 !     
factories & ! locomotives on ! railways 
come f abroad1 b ! organiz+ & te*nical  
bra9s 9 indu/ry 7 ma9ly =eign4 ,:5 !    
,ent5te became ho/ile to ,russia1 !     
=eign]s 9 ,russian indu/ry ei!r left !  
c\ntry or assi/$ c\nt]-revolution4 ,ev5 
^? :o 7 9 fact loyal naturally became   
suspect1 & c\ld n well be employ$ 9     
responsible po/s1 any m ?an ,g]mans c\ld
 9 ,engl& dur+ ! w>4 ,! native ,russians
 :o _h te*nical or bus9ess skill 7      
little bett]2 !y almo/ all practis$     
sabotage 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,bol%evik   
rgime4 ,"o he>s amus+ /ories ( common   
sailors frantically /ruggl+ ) complicat$
 acc\nts1 because no compet5t acc\ntant 
w\ld "w = ! ,bol%eviks4  ,b ^? days     
pass$4 ,:5 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 se5 to be      
/able1 a great _m ( ^? :o _h =m]ly      
sabotag$ x became will+ to accept po/s  
"u x1 & are n[ 9 fact s employ$1 (t5 at 
q exceptional sal>ies4 ,_! importance is
 ?or\ghly realiz$4 ,"o resolution at !  

above-m5tion$ ,congress says 7,i quote  
v]bally ! un$it$ docum5t :i* 0 giv5 to u
 9 ,mosc[73      ,be+ ( op9ion t )\t a  
sci5tific organization (     indu/ry1   
ev5 ! wide/ application ( compulsory    
lab\r     s]vice1 z ! great lab\r h]oism
 ( ! work+ class1     w n only fail to  
secure ! e/abli%m5t ( a p[]ful          
sociali/ production1 b w also fail to   
assi/ ! c\ntry     to free itself f !   
clut*es ( pov]ty--! ,congress           
consid]s x imp]ative to regi/] all able 
speciali/s (     ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts (    
public economy & widely to     utilize  
!m = ! purpose ( indu/rial organization4
      ,! ,congress consid]s !           
elucidation = ! wide masses (     !     
work]s ( ! trem5d\s "* ( ! economic     
problems ( ! c\ntry to be "o ( ! *ief   
problems (     indu/rial & g5]al        
political agitation & propag&a2 &     ( 
equal importance to ?is1 te*nical       
education1 &     adm9i/rative &         
sci5tific te*nical exp]i5ce4 ,!         
,congress makes x obligatory on all !   

memb]s ( ! p>ty     m]cilessly to fight 
t p>ticul> obnoxi\s =m1 !     ignorant  
conceit :i* deems ! work+ class capable 
(     solv+ all problems )\t ! assi/ance
 9 ! mo/     responsible cases (        
speciali/s ( ! b\rgeois s*ool1 !        
managem5t4 ,demagogic elem5ts :o        
speculate on ?is k9d (     prejudice 9 !
 m backw>d section ( our work+ classes1 
c h no place 9 ! ranks ( ! p>ty (       
,sci5tific     ,socialism4  ,b ,russia  
alone is unable to supply ! am\nt (     
skill requir$1 & is v defici5t 9        
te*nical in/ructors1 z well z 9 skill$  
workm54 ,"o 0 told1 ov] & ov] aga91 t ! 
fir/ /ep 9 improvem5t w\ld be ! obta9+ (
 sp>e p>ts = locomotives4 ,x seems      
/range t ^! c\ld n be manufactur$ 9     
,russia4 ,to "s ext5t !y c be1 & we 7   
%[n locomotives :i* _h be5 repair$ on   
,communi/ ,saturdays4 ,b 9 ! ma9 !      
ma*9]y = mak+ sp>e p>ts is lack+ & !    
skill requir$ = its manufacture does n  
exi/4 ,?us dep5d5ce on ! outside _w     
p]si/s1 & ! blockade cont9ues to d its  

deadly "w ( spread+ hung]1              
demoralization & despair4  ,! food "q is
 intimately b\nd up ) ! "q ( indu/ry4   
,!re is a vici\s circle1 = n only does !
 abs5ce ( manufactur$ goods cause a food
 %ortage 9 ! t[ns1 b ! food %ortage1 9  
turn1 dim9i%es ! /r5g? ( ! work]s &     
makes !m less able to produce goods4 ,i 
_c b ?9k t !re has be5 "s mismanagem5t z
 reg>ds ! food "q4 ,= example1 9        
,petrograd _m work]s h allotm5ts & (t5  
"w 9 !m = eight h\rs aft] an eight h\rs'
 day 9 _! regul> employm5t4 ,b ! food   
produc$ 9 ! allotm5ts is tak5 = g5]al   
consumption1 n left to ea* individual   
produc]4 ,?is is 9 accordance )         
,communi/ !ory1 b ( c\rse greatly       
dim9i%es ! inc5tive to "w1 & increases !
 r$ tape & adm9i/rative ma*9]y4  ,lack (
 fuel has be5 ano!r v grave s\rce (     
tr\ble4 ,be=e ! w> coal came mo/ly f    
,pol& & ! ,donetz ,bas94 ,pol& is lo/ to
 ,russia1 & ! ,donetz ,bas9 0 9 ! h&s ( 
,d5ik91 :o s de/roy$ ! m9es be=e        
retreat+ t !y are /ill n 9 work+ ord]4  

,! result is a practically complete     
abs5ce ( coal4 ,oil1 :i* is equally     
important 9 ,russia1 0 also lack+ until 
! rec5t recov]y ( ,baku4 ,all t ,i saw  
on ! ,volga made me believe t real      
effici5cy has be5 %[n 9 reorganiz+ !    
transport ( oil1 & d\btless ?is w d     
some?+ to revive indu/ry4 ,b ! oil us$  
to be work$ v l>gely by ,engli%m51 &    
,engli% ma*9]y is mu* ne$$ = ref9+ x4 ,9
 ! meantime1 ,russia has _h to dep5d ^u 
wood1 :i* involves imm5se lab\r4 ,mo/ ( 
! h\ses are n w>m$ 9 w9t]1 s t p live 9 
a temp]ature bel[ freez+-po9t4 ,ano!r   
consequ5ce ( lack ( fuel 0 ! bur/+ (    
wat]-pipes1 s t p 9 ,petrograd1 = ! mo/ 
"p1 h to g d[n to ! ,neva to fet* _!    
wat]--a consid]able addition to ! lab\r 
( an already ov]work$ day4  ,i f9d x    
difficult to believe t1 if great]       
effici5cy _h exi/$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! food
 & fuel difficulties c\ld n h be5       
consid]ably alleviat$4 ,9 spite ( ! ne$s
 ( ! army1 !re are /ill _m horses 9     
,russia2 ,i saw troops ( ?\s&s ( horses 

on ! ,volga1 :i* app>5tly belong$ to    
,kalmuk tribes4 ,by ! help ( c>ts &     
sl$ges1 x ought to be possible1 )\t m   
lab\r ?an is w>rant$ by ! importance ( !
 problem1 to br+ food & timb] into      
,mosc[ & ,petrograd4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 
t bo? cities are surr\nd$ by =e/s1 &    
,mosc[ at lea/ is surr\nd$ by good      
agricultural l&4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has devot$
 all its be/ en]gies hi!rto to ! two    
tasks ( w> & propag&a1 :ile indu/ry & ! 
food problem h be5 left to a less]      
degree ( en]gy & intellig5ce4 ,x is no  
d\bt probable t1 if peace is secur$1 !  
economic problems w receive m att5tion  
?an hi!rto4 ,b ! ,russian "* seems less 
adapt$ to /eady "w ( an unexcit+ nature 
?an to h]oic ef=ts on great occasions2 x
 has imm5se passive endurance1 b n mu*  
active t5acity4 ,:e!r1 ) ! m5ace ( =eign
 invasion remov$1 en\gh day-by-day      
detail$ en]gy w\ld exi/ = !             
reorganization ( indu/ry1 is a d\btful  
"q1 z to :i* only "t c decide4  ,?is    
leads to ! conclusion--:i* ,i ?9k is    

adopt$ by mo/ ( ! lead+ m5 9 ,russia--t 
x w be v difficult inde$ to save !      
revolution )\t outside economic         
assi/ance4 ,outside assi/ance f         
capitali/ c\ntries is dang]\s to !      
pr9ciples ( ,communism1 z well z        
prec>i\s f ! likelihood ( fre% causes ( 
qu>rel4 ,b ! ne$ ( help is urg5t1 & if !
 policy ( promot+ revolution else:]e 7  
to succe$1 x w\ld probably r5d] !       
nations conc]n$ tempor>ily incapable (  
supply+ ,russian ne$s4 ,x is1 !re=e1    
necess>y = ,russia to accept ! risks &  
unc]ta9ties involv$ 9 attempt+ to make  
peace ) ! ,ent5te & to trade ) ,am]ica4 
,by cont9u+ w>1 ,russia c d inf9ite     
damage to u1 especially 9 ,asia1 b _c   
hope1 = _m ye>s1 to a*ieve any degree ( 
int]nal prosp]ity4 ,! situation1 !re=e1 
is "o 9 :i*1 ev5 f ! n>r[e/ po9t ( view1
 peace is to ! int]e/ ( bo? p>ties4  ,x 
is difficult = an outsid] ) only        
sup]ficial k to judge ( ! ef=ts :i* h   
be5 made to reorganize indu/ry )\t      
outside help4 ,^! ef=ts h *iefly tak5 ! 

=m ( indu/rial conscription4 ,work]s 9  
t[ns seek to escape to ! c\ntry1 9 ord] 
to h en\gh to eat2 b ?is is illegal &   
sev]ely puni%$4 ,! same ,communi/       
,report f :i* ,i h already quot$ speaks 
on ?is subject z foll[s3      ,lab\r    
,des]tion4--,ow+ to ! fact t a          
consid]able     "p ( ! work]s ei!r 9    
se>* ( bett] food conditions     or (t5 
= ! purposes ( speculation1 volunt>ily  
leave     _! places ( employm5t or *ange
 f place to place1     :i* inevitably   
h>ms production & det]iorates ! g5]al   
position ( ! work+ class1 ! ,congress   
consid]s "o (     ! mo/ urg5t problems (
 ,soviet ,gov]nm5t & ( ! ,trade         
,union organization to be e/abli%$ z !  
firm1 sy/ematic     & insi/5t /ruggle ) 
lab\r des]tion1 ,! way to fight     ?is 
is to publi% a li/ ( des]tion f9es1 !   
creation (     a lab\r ,deta*m5t (      
,des]t]s "u f9e1 &1 f9ally1     int]nm5t
 9 conc5tration camps4  ,x is hop$ to   
ext5d ! sy/em to ! peasantry3      ,!   
defeat ( ! ,:ite ,armies & ! problems ( 

peaceful     con/ruction 9 connection ) 
! incr$ible cata/rophes (     public    
economy dem& an extraord9>y ef=t ( all !
     p[]s ( ! prolet>iat & ! draft+ into
 ! process (     public lab\r ( ! wide  
masses ( ! peasantry4  ,on ! vital      
subject ( transport1 9 a passage ( :i*  
,i h already quot$ a fragm5t1 !         
,communi/ ,p>ty decl>es3      ,= ! mo/  
imm$iate future transport rema9s ! c5tre
 (     ! att5tion & ! ef=ts ( ! ,soviet 
,gov]nm5t4 ,!     improvem5t ( transport
 is ! indisp5sable basis ^u :i*     ev5 
! mo/ mod]ate success 9 all o!r sph]es (
     production & fir/ ( all 9 !        
provision "q c be     ga9$4      ,! *ief
 difficulty ) reg>d to ! improvem5t (   
transport is ! weakness ( ! ,transport  
,trade ,union1 :i*     is due 9 ! fir/  
case to ! het]og5eity ( ! p]sonnel     (
 ! railways1 among/ :om !re are /ill a  
numb] (     ^? :o belong to ! p]iod (   
disorganization1 &1     secondly1 to !  
fact t ! mo/ class-consci\s & be/       
elem5ts ( ! railway prolet>iat 7 at !   

v>i\s fronts     ( ! civil w>4          
,consid]+ wide ,trade ,union assi/ance  
to ! railway work]s     to be "o ( !    
pr9cipal tasks ( ! ,p>ty1 & z ! only    
condition "u :i* transport c be rais$ to
 its height1     ! ,congress at ! same  
"t recognizes ! inflexible     necessity
 ( employ+ exclusive & extraord9>y      
measures     7m>tial law1 & s =?74 ,su* 
necessity is ! result (     ! t]rible   
collapse ( ! transport & ! railroad     
sy/em     & is to introduce measures :i*
 _c be delay$ & :i*     are to obviate !
 complete p>alysis ( ! railway sy/em    
&1 toge!r ) ?is1 ! ru9 ( ! ,soviet      
,republic4  ,! g5]al attitude to !      
milit>ization ( lab\r is /at$ 9 !       
,resolution ) :i* ?is section ( !       
,proce$+s beg9s3      ,! n9? ,congress  
approves ( ! decision ( ! ,c5tral       
,committee ( ! ,russian ,communi/ ,p>ty 
on ! mobilization     ( ! indu/rial     
prolet>iat1 compulsory lab\r s]vice1    
milit>ization ( production & !          
application ( milit>y     deta*m5ts to  

economic ne$s4      ,9 connection ) !   
above1 ! ,congress decrees t !     ,p>ty
 organization %\ld 9 e way assi/ !      
,trade ,unions     & ! ,lab\r ,sections 
9 regi/]+ all skill$ work]s     ) a view
 ( employ+ !m 9 ! v>i\s bran*es (       
production ) ! same consi/5cy &         
/rictness z 0     done1 & is be+ c>ri$  
out at ! pres5t "t1 9     relation to ! 
comm&+ /aff = army ne$s4      ,e skill$ 
work] is to return to 8 p>ticul> trade  
,exceptions1 i4e4 ! ret5tion ( ! skill$ 
work] 9 any     o!r bran* ( ,soviet     
s]vice1 is all[$ only ) !     sanction (
 ! correspond+ c5tral & local           
au?orities4  ,x is1 ( c\rse1 evid5t t 9 
^! measures ! ,bol%eviks h be5 compell$ 
to travel a long way f ! ideals :i*     
orig9ally inspir$ ! revolution4 ,b !    
situation is s desp]ate t !y c\ld n be  
blam$ if _! measures 7 successful4 ,9 a 
%ipwreck all h&s mu/ turn to1 & x w\ld  
be ridicul\s to prate ( individual      
lib]ty4 ,! mo/ di/ress+ feature ( !     
situation is t ^! /]n laws seem to h    

produc$ s little effect4 ,p]haps 9 !    
c\rse ( ye>s ,russia might become       
self-support+ )\t help f ! outside _w1 b
 ! suff]+ meantime w\ld be t]rible4 ,!  
e>ly hopes ( ! revolution w\ld fade m & 
m4 ,e failure ( indu/ry1 e tyrann\s     
regulation br\ght ab\t by ! desp]ate    
situation1 is us$ by ! ,ent5te z a      
ju/ification ( its policy4 ,if a man is 
depriv$ ( food & dr9k1 he w gr[ weak1   
lose 8 reason1 & f9ally die4 ,?is is n  
usually consid]$ a good reason =        
inflict+ dea? by />vation4 ,b :]e       
nations are conc]n$1 ! weakness &       
/ruggles are reg>d$ z morally culpable1 
& are held to ju/ify fur!r puni%m5t4 ,s 
at lea/ x has be5 9 ! case ( ,russia4   
,no?+ produc$ a d\bt 9 our gov]n+ m9ds z
 to ! rightness ( our policy except !   
/r5g? ( ! ,r$ ,army & ! fe> ( revolution
 9 ,asia4 ,is x surpris+ t pr(essions ( 
humanit>ian feel+ on ! "p ( ,engli% p   
are some:at coldly receiv$ 9 ,soviet    
,russia8     ,,vii  ,,daily ,,life ,,9  
,,mosc[   ,daily life 9 ,mosc[1 s f> z  

,i c\ld discov]1 has nei!r ! horrors    
depict$ by ! ,nor?cliffe ,press nor !   
delights imag9$ by ! m ard5t ( our y\ng]
 ,sociali/s4  ,on ! "o h&1 !re is no    
disord]1 v little crime1 n mu*          
insecurity = ^? :o keep cle> ( politics4
 ,ev]ybody works h>d2 ! educat$ p h1 by 
?is "t1 mo/ly f\nd _! way into ,gov]nm5t
 (fices or tea*+ or "s o!r adm9i/rative 
pr(ession 9 :i* _! education is useful4 
,! !atres1 ! op]a & ! ballet cont9ue z  
be=e1 & are q admirable2 "s ( ! seats   
are paid =1 o!rs are giv5 free to memb]s
 ( trade unions4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no   
drunk5ness1 or at any rate s little t   
none ( u ev] saw a sign ( x4 ,!re is v  
little pro/itution1 inf9itely less ?an 9
 any o!r capital4 ,wom5 are saf] f      
mole/ation ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,!   
:ole impression is "o ( virtu\s1        
well-ord]$ activity4  ,on ! o!r h&1 life
 is v h>d = all except m5 9 good po/s4  
,x is h>d1 fir/ ( all1 ow+ to ! food    
%ortage4 ,?is is famili> to all :o h    
int]e/$ !mselves 9 ,russia1 & x is      

unnecess>y to dwell ^u x4 ,:at is less  
realiz$ is t mo/ p "w mu* long] h\rs ?an
 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! eight-h\r day 0       
introduc$ ) a fl\ri% ( trumpets2 !n1 ow+
 to ! pressure ( ! w>1 x 0 ext5d$ to t5 
h\rs 9 c]ta9 trades4 ,b no provision    
exi/s aga9/ extra "w at o!r jobs1 & v _m
 p d extra "w1 because ! (ficial rates d
 n af=d a liv+ wage4 ,?is is n ! fault (
 ! ,gov]nm5t1 at any rate z reg>ds !    
major "p2 x is due *iefly to w> &       
blockade4 ,:5 ! day's "w is ov]1 a great
 deal ( "t has to be sp5t 9 fet*+ food &
 wat] & o!r necess>ies ( life4 ,! sight 
( ! work]s go+ to & fro1 %abbily clad1 )
 ! inevitable bundle 9 "o h& & t9 c 9 ! 
o!r1 ?r\gh /reets almo/ entirely empty (
 traffic1 produces ! effect ( life 9 "s 
va/ village1 r ?an 9 an important       
capital city4  ,holidays1 su* z are     
common ?r\gh\t all b ! v poore/ class 9 
?is c\ntry1 are v difficult 9 ,russia4  
,a tra9 j\rney requires a p]mit1 :i* is 
only grant$ on good reasons be+ %[n2 ) !
 pres5t %ortage ( transport1 ?is        

regulation is q unavoidable4 ,railway   
queues are a common feature 9 ,mosc[2 x 
(t5 takes sev]al days to get a p]mit4   
,!n1 :5 x has be5 obta9$1 x may take    
sev]al m days to get a seat 9 a tra94 ,!
 ord9>y tra9s are inconceivably cr[d$1  
f> m s1 ?\gh t seems impossible1 ?an    
,london tra9s at ! busie/ h\r4 ,on !    
%ort] j\rneys1 pass5g]s are ev5 kn[n to 
ride on ! ro( & buff]s1 or cl+ l flies  
to ! sides ( ! waggons4 ,p 9 ,mosc[     
travel to ! c\ntry :5ev] !y c af=d ! "t 
& get a p]mit1 because 9 ! c\ntry !re is
 en\gh to eat4 ,!y g to /ay )           
relations--mo/ p 9 ,mosc[1 9 all        
classes1 b especially among manual      
work]s1 h relations 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"o _c1 
( c\rse1 g to an hotel z "o w\ld 9 o!r  
c\ntries4 ,hotels h be5 tak5 ov] by !   
,/ate1 & ! rooms 9 !m 7:5 !y are /ill   
us$7 are allocat$ by ! police to p ^:   
bus9ess is recogniz$ z important by !   
au?orities4 ,casual travel is !re=e     
impossible ev5 on a holiday4  ,j\rneys h
 vexations 9 addition to ! sl[ness &    

ov]cr[d+ ( ! tra9s4 ,police se>* !      
travell]s = evid5ces ( speculation1     
especially = food4 ,! police play1      
altoge!r1 a mu* great] "p 9 daily life  
?an !y d 9 o!r c\ntries--mu* great] ?an 
!y did1 = example1 9 ,prussia tw5ty-five
 ye>s ago1 :5 !re 0 a vigor\s campaign  
aga9/ ,socialism4 ,ev]ybody breaks ! law
 almo/ daily1 & no "o kn[s :i* among 8  
acqua9tances is a spy ( ! ,extraord9>y  
,commission4 ,ev5 9 ! prisons1 among    
prison]s1 !re are spies1 :o are all[$   
c]ta9 privileges b n _! lib]ty4         
,newspap]s are n tak5 91 except by v few
 p1 b !y are /uck up 9 public places1   
:]e pass]s-by occasionally glance at    
!m4#e ,!re is v little to read2 ow+ to  
pap] %ortage1 books are r>e1 & money to 
buy !m is /ill r>]4 ,"o does n see p    
read+1 z "o does "h 9 ! ,und]gr\nd =    
example4 ,!re is practically no social  
life1 p>tly because ( ! food %ortage1   
p>tly because1 :5 anybody is arre/$1 !  
police are apt to arre/ ev]ybody :om !y 
f9d 9 8 company1 or :o comes to visit   

him4 ,& once arre/$1 a man or woman1    
h[ev] innoc5t1 may rema9 = mon?s 9      
prison )\t trial4 ,:ile we 7 9 ,mosc[1  
=ty social revolution>ies & ,an>*i/s 7  
hung]-/rik+ to en=ce _! dem& to be tri$ 
& to be all[$ visits4 ,i 0 told t on !  
eigh? day ( ! /rike ! ,gov]nm5t cons5t$ 
to try !m1 & t few c\ld be prov$ guilty 
( any crime2 b ,i _h no means ( v]ify+  
?is4  ,indu/rial conscription is1 (     
c\rse1 rigidly en=c$4 ,e man & woman has
 to "w1 & slack+ is sev]ely puni%$1 by  
prison or a p5al settlem5t4 ,/rikes are 
illegal1 ?\gh !y sometimes occur4 ,by   
proclaim+ itself ! fri5d ( ! prolet>ian1
 ! ,gov]nm5t has be5 enabl$ to e/abli%  
an iron discipl9e1 beyond ! wilde/      
dreams ( ! mo/ autocratic ,am]ican      
magnate4 ,& by ! same pr(essions !      
,gov]nm5t has l$ ,sociali/s f o!r       
c\ntries to ab/a9 f report+ unpleasant  
features 9 :at !y h se54  ,! ,tol/oyans1
 ( :om ,i saw ! lead]s1 are oblig$ by _!
 cre$ to resi/ e =m ( conscription1 ?\gh
 "s h f\nd ways ( compromis+4 ,! law    

conc]n+ consci5ti\s objectors to milit>y
 s]vice is practically ! same z ours1 & 
its work+ dep5ds ^u ! temp] ( ! tribunal
 be=e :i* a man comes4 ,"s consci5ti\s  
objectors h be5 %ot2 on ! o!r h&1 "s h  
obta9$ absolute exemption4  ,life 9     
,mosc[1 z comp>$ to life 9 ,london1 is  
drab1 monoton\s1 & depress$4 ,i am n1 ( 
c\rse1 comp>+ life !re ) t ( ! ri* "h1 b
 ) t ( ! av]age work+-class family4 ,:5 
x is realiz$ t ! highe/ wages are ab\t  
fifte5 %ill+s a mon?1 ?is is n surpris+4
 ,i d n ?9k t life c\ld1 "u any sy/em1  
be v *e]ful 9 a c\ntry s exhau/$ by w> z
 ,russia1 s ,i am n say+ ?is z a        
criticism ( ! ,bol%eviks4 ,b ,i d ?9k   
!re might be less police int]f]5ce1 less
 vexati\s regulation1 & m fre$om =      
spontane\s impulses t[>ds h>mless       
enjoym5ts4  ,religion is /ill v /rong4  
,i w5t into _m *ur*es1 :]e ,i saw       
obvi\sly fami%$ prie/s 9 gorge\s        
ve/m5ts1 & a congregation enorm\sly     
dev\t4 ,g5]ally m ?an half !            
congregation 7 m51 & among ! m5 _m 7    

soldi]s4 ,?is applies to ! t[ns z well z
 to ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,mosc[ ,i con/antly saw
 p 9 ! /reets cross+ !mselves4  ,!re is 
a !ory t ! ,mosc[ work+ man feels       
himself free f capitali/ dom9ation1 &   
!re=e be>s h>d%ips gladly4 ,?is is no   
d\bt true ( ! m9ority :o are active     
,communi/s1 b ,i d n ?9k x has any tru? 
= ! o!rs4 ,! av]age work+ man1 to judge 
by a r ha/y impression1 feels himself ! 
slave ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & has no s5se      
:atev] ( hav+ be5 lib]at$ f a tyranny4  
,i recognize to ! full ! reasons = ! bad
 /ate ( affairs1 9 ! pa/ hi/ory (       
,russia & ! rec5t policy ( ! ,ent5te4 ,b
 ,i h ?\ght x bett] to record           
impressions frankly1 tru/+ ! read]s to  
rememb] t ! ,bol%eviks h only a v limit$
 %>e ( responsibility = ! evils f :i*   
,russia is suff]+4  ,,footnotes3  #e ,! 
n9? ,communi/ ,congress 7,m>*-,april1   
#aibj7 says on ?is subject3 ,9 view ( ! 
fact t ! fir/ condition ( ! success ( ! 
,soviet ,republic 9 all dep>tm5ts1      
includ+ ! economic1 is *iefly sy/ematic 

pr9t$ agitation1 ! ,congress draws !    
att5tion ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t to !     
deplorable /ate 9 :i* our pap] & pr9t+  
indu/ries f9d !mselves4 ,! ev] decreas+ 
numb] ( newspap]s fail to rea* n only ! 
peasants b ev5 ! work]s1 9 addition to  
:i* our poor te*nical means r5d] ! pap]s
 h>dly readable4 ,! ,congress /rongly   
appeals to ! ,supreme ,c\ncil ( ,public 
,economy1 to ! correspond+ ,trade       
,unions & o!r int]e/$ in/itutions1 to   
apply all ef=ts to raise ! quantity1 to 
introduce g5]al sy/em & ord] 9 ! pr9t+  
bus9ess1 & s secure = ! work] & peasant 
9 ,russia a supply ( ,sociali/ pr9t$    
matt]4     ,,viii  ,,t[n ,,& ,,c\ntry   
,! problem ( induc+ ! peasants to fe$ ! 
t[ns is "o :i* ,russia %>es ) ,c5tral   
,europe1 & f :at "o he>s ,russia has be5
 less unsuccessful ?an "s o!r c\ntries 9
 deal+ ) ?is problem4 ,= ! ,soviet      
,gov]nm5t1 ! problem is ma9ly conc5trat$
 9 ,mosc[ & ,petrograd2 ! o!r t[ns are n
 v l>ge1 & are mo/ly 9 ! c5tre ( ri*    
agricultural di/ricts4 ,x is true t 9 ! 

,nor? ev5 ! rural population normally   
dep5ds ^u food f m s\!rly di/ricts2 b ! 
nor!rn population is small4 ,x is       
commonly said t ! problem ( fe$+ ,mosc[ 
& ,petrograd is a transport problem1 b  
,i ?9k ?is is only p>tially true4 ,!re  
is1 ( c\rse1 a grave defici5cy (        
roll+-/ock1 especially ( locomotives 9  
good repair4 ,b ,mosc[ is surr\nd$ by v 
good l&4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a day's motor+ 9 !
 neighb\rhood1 ,i saw en\gh c[s to      
supply milk to ! :ole *ild population ( 
,mosc[1 al?\gh :at ,i _h come to see 0  
*ildr5's sanatoria1 n f>ms4 ,all k9ds ( 
food c be b\ght 9 ! m>ket at high       
prices4 ,i travell$ ov] a consid]able   
ext5t ( ,russian railways1 & saw a fair 
numb] ( goods tra9s4 ,= all ^! reasons1 
,i feel conv9c$ t ! %>e ( ! transport   
problem 9 ! food difficulties has be5   
exagg]at$4 ,( c\rse transport plays a   
l>g] "p 9 ! %ortage 9 ,petrograd ?an 9  
,mosc[1 because food comes ma9ly f s\? (
 ,mosc[4 ,9 ,petrograd1 mo/ ( ! p "o    
sees 9 ! /reets %[ obvi\s signs (       

"u-fe$+4 ,9 ,mosc[1 ! visible signs are 
mu* less frequ5t1 b !re is no d\bt t    
"u-fe$+1 ?\gh n actual />vation1 is     
ne>ly univ]sal4  ,! ,gov]nm5t supplies  
rations to e "o :o works 9 ! t[ns at a v
 l[ fix$ price4 ,! (ficial !ory is t !  
,gov]nm5t has a monopoly ( ! food & t ! 
rations are suffici5t to su/a9 life4 ,! 
fact is t ! rations are n suffici5t1 & t
 !y are only a portion ( ! food supply (
 ,mosc[4 ,moreov]1 p compla91 ,i d n "k 
h[ truly1 t ! rations are deliv]$       
irregul>ly2 "s say1 ab\t e o!r day4 ,"u 
^! circum/ances1 almo/ ev]ybody1 ri* or 
poor1 buys food 9 ! m>ket1 :]e x co/s   
ab\t fifty times ! fix$ ,gov]nm5t price4
 ,a p\nd ( butt] co/s ab\t a mon?'s     
wages4 ,9 ord] to be able to af=d extra 
food1 p adopt v>i\s exp$i5ts4 ,"s d     
additional "w1 at extra rates1 aft] _!  
(ficial day's "w is ov]4 ,=1 ?\gh !re is
 suppos$ to be by law an eight-h\rs day1
 ext5d$ to t5 9 c]ta9 vital indu/ries1 !
 wage paid = x is n a liv+ wage1 & !re  
is no?+ to prev5t a man f und]tak+ o!r  

"w 9 8 sp>e "t4 ,b ! usual res\rce is   
:at is call$ speculation1 i4e41 buy+ &  
sell+4 ,"s p]son =m]ly ri* sells clo!s  
or furniture or jewell]y 9 return =     
food2 ! buy] sells aga9 at an enhanc$   
price1 & s on ?r\gh p]haps tw5ty h&s1   
until a f9al pur*as] is f\nd 9 "s       
well-to-d peasant or n\veau ri*e        
speculator4 ,aga91 mo/ p h relations 9 !
 c\ntry1 :om !y visit f "t to "t1 br++  
back ) !m great bags ( fl\r4 ,x is      
illegal = private p]sons to br+ food    
into ,mosc[1 & ! tra9s are se>*$2 b1 by 
corruption or cunn+1 exp]i5c$ p c elude 
! se>*4 ,! food m>ket is illegal1 & is  
raid$ occasionally2 b z a rule x is w9k$
 at4 ,?us ! attempt to suppress private 
comm]ce has result$ 9 an am\nt (        
unpr(essional buy+ & sell+ :i* f> exce$s
 :at happ5s 9 capitali/ c\ntries4 ,x    
takes up a great deal ( "t t might be m 
pr(itably employ$2 &1 be+ illegal1 x    
places practically ! :ole population (  
,mosc[ at ! m]cy ( ! police4 ,moreov]1 x
 dep5ds l>gely ^u ! /ores ( goods       

belong+ to ^? :o 7 =m]ly ri*1 & :5 ^!   
are exp5d$ ! :ole sy/em mu/ collapse1   
unless indu/ry has mean:ile be5         
re-e/abli%$ on a s\nd basis4  ,x is cle>
 t ! /ate ( affairs is unsatisfactory1  
b1 f ! ,gov]nm5t's po9t ( view1 x is n  
easy to see :at ought to be done4 ,!    
urban & indu/rial population is ma9ly   
conc]n$ 9 c>ry+ on ! "w ( gov]nm5t &    
supply+ munitions to ! army4 ,^! are v  
necess>y tasks1 ! co/ ( :i* ought to be 
defray$ out ( taxation4 ,a mod]ate tax 9
 k9d on ! peasants w\ld easily fe$      
,mosc[ & ,petrograd4 ,b ! peasants take 
no int]e/ 9 w> or gov]nm5t4 ,russia is s
 va/ t invasion ( "o "p does n t\* ano!r
 "p2 & ! peasants are too ignorant to h 
any national consci\sness1 su* z "o     
takes = grant$ 9 ,engl& or ,france or   
,g]many4 ,! peasants w n will+ly "p ) a 
portion ( _! produce m]ely = purposes ( 
national def5ce1 b only = ! goods !y    
ne$--clo!s1 agricultural implem5ts1     
c4--:i* ! ,gov]nm5t1 ow+ to ! w> & !    
blockade1 is n 9 a position to supply4  

,:5 ! food %ortage 0 at its wor/1 !     
,gov]nm5t antagoniz$ ! peasants by =c$  
requisitions1 c>ri$ out ) great h>%ness 
by ! ,r$ ,army4 ,?is me?od has be5      
modifi$1 b ! peasants /ill "p unwill+ly 
) _! food1 z is natural 9 view ( !      
uselessness ( pap] & ! enorm\sly high]  
prices (f]$ by private buy]s4  ,! food  
problem is ! ma9 cause ( popul>         
opposition to ! ,bol%eviks1 yet ,i _c   
see h[ any popul> policy c\ld h be5     
adopt$4 ,! ,bol%eviks are dislik$ by !  
peasants because !y take s mu* food2 !y 
are dislik$ 9 ! t[ns because !y take s  
little4 ,:at ! peasants want is :at is  
call$ free trade1 i4e41 de-control (    
agricultural produce4 ,if ?is policy 7  
adopt$1 ! t[ns w\ld be fac$ by utt]     
/>vation1 n m]ely by hung] & h>d%ip4 ,x 
is an entire misconception to suppose t 
! peasants *]i% any ho/ility to !       
,ent5te4 ,! ,daily ,news ( ,july #ac?1 9
 an o!rwise excell5t lead+ article1     
speaks ( ! gr[+ hatr$ ( ! ,russian      
peasant1 :o is nei!r a ,communi/ nor a  

,bol%evik1 = ! ,allies g5]ally & ?is    
c\ntry 9 p>ticul>4 ,! typical ,russian  
peasant has nev] he>d ( ! ,allies or (  
?is c\ntry2 he does n "k t !re is a     
blockade2 all he kn[s is t he us$ to h  
six c[s b ! ,gov]nm5t r$uc$ him to "o = 
! sake ( poor] peasants1 & t x takes 8  
corn 7except :at is ne$$ = 8 own family7
 at a v l[ price4 ,! reasons = ^!       
actions d n int]e/ him1 s9ce 8 horizon  
is b\nd$ by 8 own village4 ,to a        
rem>kable ext5t1 ea* village is an      
indep5d5t unit4 ,s long z ! ,gov]nm5t   
obta9s ! food & soldi]s t x requires1 x 
does n int]f]e1 & leaves unt\*$ ! old   
village communism1 :i* is extraord9>ily 
unlike ,bol%evism & entirely dep5d5t ^u 
a v primitive /age ( culture4  ,!       
,gov]nm5t repres5ts ! int]e/s ( ! urban 
& indu/rial population1 & is1 z x 71    
encamp$ amid a peasant nation1 ) :om its
 relations are r diplomatic & milit>y   
?an gov]nm5tal 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,!      
economic situation1 z 9 ,c5tral ,europe1
 is fav\rable to ! c\ntry & unfav\rable 

to ! t[ns4 ,if ,russia 7 gov]n$         
democratically1 accord+ to ! w ( !      
majority1 ! inhabitants ( ,mosc[ &      
,petrograd w\ld die ( />vation4 ,z x is1
 ,mosc[ & ,petrograd j manage to live1  
by hav+ ! :ole civil & milit>y p[] ( !  
,/ate devot$ to _! ne$s4 ,russia af=ds !
 curi\s spectacle ( a va/ & p[]ful      
,empire1 prosp]\s at ! p]iph]y1 b fac$ )
 dire want at ! c5tre4 ,^? :o h lea/    
prosp]ity h mo/ p[]2 & x is only ?r\gh  
_! excess ( p[] t !y are enabl$ to live 
at all4 ,! situation is due at bottom to
 two facts3 t almo/ ! :ole indu/rial    
en]gies ( ! population h _h to be devot$
 to w>1 & t ! peasants d n appreciate ! 
importance ( ! w> or ! fact ( !         
blockade4  ,x is futile to blame !      
,bol%eviks = an unpleasant & difficult  
situation :i* x has be5 impossible = !m 
to avoid4 ,_! problem is only soluble 9 
"o ( two ways3 by ! cessation ( ! w> & !
 blockade1 :i* w\ld enable !m to supply 
! peasants ) ! goods !y ne$ 9 ex*ange = 
food2 or by ! gradual developm5t ( an   

indep5d5t ,russian indu/ry4 ,?is latt]  
me?od w\ld be sl[1 & w\ld involve       
t]rible h>d%ips1 b "s ( ! able/ m5 9 !  
,gov]nm5t believe x to be possible if   
peace _c be a*iev$4 ,if we =ce ?is me?od
 ^u ,russia by ! refusal ( peace &      
trade1 we %all =feit ! only inducem5t we
 c hold out = fri5dly relations2 we %all
 r5d] ! ,soviet ,/ate unassailable &    
completely free to pursue ! policy (    
promot+ revolution ev]y:]e4 ,b !        
indu/rial problem is a l>ge subject1 :i*
 has be5 already discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4
     ,,ix  ,,int]national ,,policy   ,9 
! c\rse ( ^! *apt]s1 ,i h _h occasion to
 m5tion disagreeable features ( !       
,bol%evik rgime4 ,b x mu/ always be     
rememb]$ t ^! are *iefly due to ! fact t
 ! indu/rial life ( ,russia has be5     
p>alys$ except z m9i/]+ to ! wants ( !  
,army1 & t ! ,gov]nm5t has _h to wage a 
bitt] & d\btful civil & ext]nal w>1     
involv+ ! con/ant m5ace ( dome/ic       
enemies4 ,h>%ness1 espionage1 & a       
curtailm5t ( lib]ty result unavoidably f

 ^! difficulties4 ,i h no d\bt :atev] t 
! sole cure = ! evils f :i* ,russia is  
suff]+ is peace & trade4 ,peace & trade 
w\ld put an end to ! ho/ility ( !       
peasants1 & w\ld at once enable !       
,gov]nm5t to dep5d ^u popul>ity r ?an   
=ce4 ,! "* ( ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld alt]      
rapidly "u su* conditions4 ,indu/rial   
conscription1 :i* is n[ rigidly en=c$1  
w\ld become unnecess>y4 ,^? :o desire a 
m lib]al _s w\ld be able to make _!     
voices he>d )\t ! feel+ t !y 7 assi/+   
reaction & ! national enemies4 ,! food  
difficulties w\ld cease1 & ) !m ! ne$ = 
an autocratic sy/em 9 ! t[ns4  ,x mu/ n 
be assum$1 z is common ) oppon5ts (     
,bol%evism1 t any o!r ,gov]nm5t c\ld    
easily be e/abli%$ 9 ,russia4 ,i ?9k e  
"o :o has be5 9 ,russia rec5tly is      
conv9c$ t ! exi/+ ,gov]nm5t is /able4 ,x
 may und]go int]nal developm5ts1 & might
 easily1 b = ,l591 become a ,bonap>ti/  
milit>y autocracy4 ,b ?is w\ld be a     
*ange f )9--n p]haps a v great *ange--& 
w\ld probably d little to alt] !        

economic sy/em4 ,f :at ,i saw ( !       
,russian "* & ( ! opposition p>ties1 ,i 
became p]suad$ t ,russia is n ready =   
any =m ( democracy1 & ne$s a /rong      
,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,bol%eviks repres5t       
!mselves z ! ,allies ( ,we/]n advanc$   
,socialism1 & f ?is po9t ( view !y are  
op5 to grave criticism4 ,= _!           
int]national programme !re is1 to my    
m9d1 no?+ to be said4 ,b z a national   
,gov]nm5t1 /ripp$ ( _! cam\flage1 reg>d$
 z ! successors ( ,pet] ! ,great1 !y are
 p]=m+ a necess>y ?\gh unamiable task4  
,!y are introduc+1 z f> z !y c1 ,am]ican
 effici5cy among a lazy & undiscipl9$   
population4 ,!y are prep>+ to develop ! 
natural res\rces ( _! c\ntry by ! me?ods
 ( ,/ate ,socialism1 = :i*1 9 ,russia1  
!re is mu* to be said4 ,9 ! ,army !y are
 aboli%+ illit]acy1 & if !y _h peace !y 
w\ld d great ?+s = education ev]y:]e4   
,b if we cont9ue to refuse peace &      
trade1 ,i d n ?9k ! ,bol%eviks w g "u4  
,russia w endure great h>d%ips1 9 ! ye>s
 to come z be=e4 ,b ! ,russians are     

inur$ to mis]y z no ,we/]n nation is2 !y
 c live & "w "u conditions :i* we %\ld  
f9d intol]able4 ,! ,gov]nm5t w be driv5 
m & m1 f m]e self-pres]vation1 into a   
policy ( imp]ialism4 ,! ,ent5te has be5 
do+ ev]y?+ to expose ,g]many to a       
,russian invasion ( arms & leaflets1 by 
all[+ ,pol& to engage 9 w> & compell+   
,g]many to dis>m4 ,all ,asia lies op5 to
 ,bol%evik ambitions4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! 
=m] ,russian ,empire 9 ,asia is q firmly
 9 _! grasp4 ,tra9s are runn+ at a      
reasonable spe$ to ,turke/an1 & ,i saw  
cotton f !re be+ load$ on to ,volga     
/eam]s4 ,9 ,p]sia & ,turkey1 revolts are
 tak+ place1 ) ,bol%evik support4 ,x is 
only a "q ( a few ye>s be=e ,india w be 
9 t\* ) ! ,r$ ,army4 ,if we cont9ue to  
antagonize ! ,bol%eviks1 ,i d n see :at 
=ce exi/s t c prev5t !m f acquir+ ! :ole
 ( ,asia )9 t5 ye>s4  ,! ,russian       
,gov]nm5t is n yet def9itely imp]iali/ic
 9 _s1 & w\ld /ill pref] peace to       
conque/4 ,! c\ntry is we>y ( w> & d5ud$ 
( goods4 ,b if ! ,we/]n ,p[]s insi/ ^u  

w>1 ano!r _s1 :i* is already beg9n+ to  
%[ itself1 w become dom9ant4 ,conque/ w 
be ! only alt]native to submission4     
,asiatic conque/ w n be difficult4 ,b = 
u1 f ! imp]iali/ /&po9t1 x w mean utt]  
ru94 ,& = ! ,cont95t x w mean           
revolutions1 civil w>s1 economic        
cataclysms4 ,! policy ( cru%+ ,bol%evism
 by =ce 0 always fooli% & crim9al2 x has
 n[ become impossible & fraught )       
disa/]4 ,our own ,gov]nm5t1 x w\ld seem1
 h begun to realize ! dang]s1 b app>5tly
 !y d n realize !m suffici5tly to en=ce 
_! view aga9/ opposition4  ,9 ! ,!ses   
pres5t$ to ! ,second ,congress ( ! ,?ird
 ,int]national 7,july #aibj71 !re is a v
 int]e/+ article by ,l59 call$ ,fir/    
,sket* ( ! ,!ses on ,national &         
,colonial ,que/ions 7,!ses1 pp4 #dj-dg74
 ,! foll[+ passages seem$ to me         
p>ticul>ly illum9at+3--      ,! pres5t  
_w-situation 9 politics places on ! ord]
 (     ! day ! dictator%ip ( !          
prolet>iat2 & all !     ev5ts ( _w      
politics are inevitably conc5trat$ r\nd 

"o     c5tre ( gravity3 ! /ruggle ( !   
int]national     b\rgeoisie aga9/ !     
,soviet ,republic1 :i* inevitably       
gr\ps r\nd x1 on ! "o h& ! ,sovieti/    
movem5ts (     ! advanc$ work+ m5 ( all 
c\ntries1 on ! o!r h&     all ! national
 movem5ts ( emancipation ( colonies &   
oppress$ nations :i* h be5 conv9c$ by a 
bitt]     exp]i5ce t !re is no salvation
 = !m except 9 !     victory ( ! ,soviet
 ,gov]nm5t ov] _w-imp]ialism4      ,we  
_c !re=e any long] conf9e ourselves to  
recogniz+ & proclaim+ ! union ( ! work]s
 ( all     c\ntries4 ,x is h5ce=?       
necess>y to pursue !     realization ( !
 /ricte/ union ( all ! national &       
colonial movem5ts ( emancipation )      
,soviet ,russia1 by     giv+ to ?is     
union =ms correspond+ to ! degree (     
evolution ( ! prolet>ian movem5t among !
 prolet>iat (     ea* c\ntry1 or ( !    
democratic-b\rgeois movem5t (           
emancipation among ! work]s & peasants (
 backw>d     c\ntries or backw>d        
nationalities4      ,! f$]al pr9ciple   

appe>s to u z a transitory =m     t[>ds 
! complete unity ( ! work]s ( all       
c\ntries4  ,?is is ! =mula = co-op]ation
 ) ,s9n ,fe9 or ) ,egyptian & ,indian   
nationalism4 ,x is fur!r def9$ lat]4 ,9 
reg>d to backw>d c\ntries1 ,l59 says1 we
 mu/ h 9 view3--      ,! necessity ( !  
co-op]ation ( all ,communi/s 9 !        
democratic-b\rgeois movem5t (           
emancipation 9 ^?     c\ntries4  ,aga93 
,! ,communi/ ,int]national mu/ conclude 
tempor>y alliances     ) ! b\rgeois     
democracy ( backw>d c\ntries1 b mu/     
nev] fuse ) x4 ,! class-consci\s        
prolet>iat mu/     %[ itself p>ticul>ly 
circumspect t[>ds ! survivals (         
national s5tim5t 9 c\ntries long        
oppress$1 & mu/     cons5t to c]ta9     
useful concessions4  ,! ,asiatic policy 
( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 0 adopt$ z a move
 aga9/ ! ,briti% ,empire1 & z a me?od ( 
induc+ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to make      
peace4 ,x plays a l>g] "p 9 ! s*emes ( !
 lead+ ,bol%eviks ?an is realiz$ by !   
,lab\r ,p>ty 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its me?od is

 n1 = ! pres5t1 to prea* ,communism1    
s9ce ! ,p]sians & ,h9doos are consid]$  
sc>cely ripe = ! doctr9es ( ,m>x4 ,x is 
nationali/ movem5ts t are support$ by   
money & agitators f ,mosc[4 ,! me?od (  
quasi-indep5d5t /ates "u ,bol%evik      
protection is well und]/ood4 ,x is      
obvi\s t ?is policy af=ds opportunities 
= imp]ialism1 "u ! cov] ( propag&a1 &   
!re is no d\bt t "s among ! ,bol%eviks  
are fasc9at$ by its imp]iali/ aspect4 ,!
 importance (ficially atta*$ to ! ,ea/]n
 policy is illu/rat$ by ! fact t x 0 !  
subject ( ! conclud+ portion ( ,l59's   
spee* to ! rec5t ,congress ( ! ,?ird    
,int]national 7,july #aibj74            
,bol%evism1 l ev]y?+ ,russian1 is p>tly 
,asiatic 9 "*4 ,"o may di/+ui% two      
di/9ct tr5ds1 develop+ into two di/9ct  
policies4 ,on ! "o side are ! practical 
m51 :o wi% to develop ,russia           
indu/rially1 to secure ! ga9s ( !       
,revolution nationally1 to trade ) !    
,we/1 & gradually settle d[n into a m or
 less ord9>y ,/ate4 ,^! m5 h on _! side 

! fact ( ! economic exhau/ion ( ,russia1
 ! dang] ( ultimate revolt aga9/        
,bol%evism if life cont9ues to be z     
pa9ful z x is at pres5t1 & ! natural    
s5tim5t ( humanity t wi%es to relieve ! 
suff]+s ( ! p2 also ! fact t1 if        
revolutions else:]e produce a simil>    
collapse ( indu/ry1 !y w make x         
impossible = ,russia to receive !       
outside help :i* is urg5tly ne$$4 ,9 !  
e>ly days1 :5 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 weak1 !y _h 
un*all5g$ control ( policy1 b success   
has made _! position less secure4  ,on !
 o!r side !re is a bl5d ( two q diff]5t 
aims3 fir/1 ! desire to promote         
revolution 9 ! ,we/]n nations1 :i* is 9 
l9e ) ,communi/ !ory1 & is also ?\ght to
 be ! only way ( obta9+ a really secure 
peace2 secondly1 ! desire = ,asiatic    
dom9ion1 :i* is probably accompani$ 9 ! 
m9ds ( "s ) dreams ( sapphires & rubies 
& gold5 ?rones & all ! glories ( _!     
=efa!r ,solomon4 ,?is desire produces an
 unwill+ness to ab&on ! ,ea/]n policy1  
al?\gh x is realiz$ t1 until x is       

ab&on$1 peace ) capitali/ ,engl& is     
impossible4 ,i d n "k :e!r !re are "s to
 :om ! ?\ght occurs t if ,engl& 7 to    
emb>k on revolution we %\ld become will+
 to ab&on ,india to ! ,russians4 ,b ,i  
am c]ta9 t ! conv]se ?\ght occurs1      
namely t1 if ,india c\ld be tak5 f u1 ! 
bl[ to imp]iali/ feel+ might lead u to  
revolution4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! two         
policies1 ( revolution 9 ! ,we/ &       
conque/ 7disguis$ z lib]ation ( oppress$
 peoples7 9 ! ,ea/1 "w 9 toge!r1 &      
dovetail into a /rongly coh]5t :ole4    
,bol%evism z a social ph5om5on is to be 
reckon$ z a religion1 n z an ord9>y     
political movem5t4 ,! important &       
effective m5tal attitudes to ! _w may be
 broadly divid$ into ! religi\s & !     
sci5tific4 ,! sci5tific attitude is     
t5tative & piecemeal1 believ+ :at x f9ds
 evid5ce =1 & no m4 ,s9ce ,galileo1 !   
sci5tific attitude has prov$ itself     
increas+ly capable ( asc]ta9+ important 
facts & laws1 :i* are ackn[l$g$ by all  
compet5t p reg>dless ( temp]am5t or     

self-int]e/ or political pressure4      
,almo/ all ! progress 9 ! _w f ! e>lie/ 
times is attributable to sci5ce & !     
sci5tific temp]2 almo/ all ! major ills 
are attributable to religion4  ,by a    
religion ,i mean a set ( beliefs held z 
dogmas1 dom9at+ ! conduct ( life1 go+   
beyond or contr>y to evid5ce1 &         
inculcat$ by me?ods :i* are emotional or
 au?orit>ian1 n intellectual4 ,by ?is   
def9ition1 ,bol%evism is a religion3 t  
its dogmas g beyond or contr>y to       
evid5ce1 ,i %all try to prove 9 :at     
foll[s4 ,^? :o accept ,bol%evism become 
imp]vi\s to sci5tific evid5ce1 & commit 
intellectual suicide4 ,ev5 if all !     
doctr9es ( ,bol%evism 7 true1 ?is w\ld  
/ill be ! case1 s9ce no unbias$         
exam9ation ( !m is tol]at$4 ,"o :o      
believes1 z ,i d1 t ! free intellect is 
! *ief eng9e ( human progress1 _c b be  
fundam5tally oppos$ to ,bol%evism1 z mu*
 z to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4  ,among          
religions1 ,bol%evism is to be reckon$ )
 ,mohamm$anism r ?an ) ,*ri/ianity &    

,buddhism4 ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism are  
prim>ily p]sonal religions1 ) my/ical   
doctr9es & a love ( contemplation4      
,mohamm$anism & ,bol%evism are          
practical1 social1 unspiritual1 conc]n$ 
to w9 ! empire ( ?is _w4 ,_! f\nd]s w\ld
 n h resi/$ ! ?ird ( ! temptations 9 !  
wild]ness4 ,:at ,mohamm$anism did = !   
,arabs1 ,bol%evism may d = ! ,russians4 
,z ,ali w5t d[n be=e ! politicians :o   
only ralli$ to ! ,prophet aft] 8        
success1 s ! g5u9e ,communi/s may g d[n 
be=e ^? :o are n[ rally+ to ! ranks ( ! 
,bol%eviks4 ,if s1 ,asiatic empire ) all
 its pomps & spl5d\rs may well be ! next
 /age ( developm5t1 & ,communism may    
seem1 9 hi/orical retrospect1 z small a 
"p ( ,bol%evism z ab/95ce f alcohol is (
 ,mohamm$anism4 ,x is true t1 z a _w    
=ce1 :e!r = revolution or = empire1     
,bol%evism mu/ soon] or lat] be br\ght  
by success into a desp]ate conflict )   
,am]ica2 & ,am]ica is m solid & /rong1 z
 yet1 ?an any?+ t ,mohamm$'s foll[]s _h 
to face4 ,b ! doctr9es ( ,communism are 

almo/ c]ta91 9 ! long run1 to make      
progress among ,am]ican wage-e>n]s1 & ! 
opposition ( ,am]ica is !re=e n likely  
to be et]nal4 ,bol%evism may g "u 9     
,russia1 b ev5 if x does x w spr+ up    
aga9 else:]e1 s9ce x is ideally suit$ to
 an indu/rial population 9 di/ress4 ,:at
 is evil 9 x is ma9ly due to ! fact t x 
has its orig9 9 di/ress2 ! problem is to
 dis5tangle ! good f ! evil1 & induce ! 
adoption ( ! good 9 c\ntries n goad$    
into f]ocity by despair4  ,russia is a  
backw>d c\ntry1 n yet ready = ! me?ods (
 equal co-op]ation :i* ! ,we/ is seek+  
to sub/itute = arbitr>y p[] 9 politics &
 indu/ry4 ,9 ,russia1 ! me?ods ( !      
,bol%eviks are probably m or less       
unavoidable2 at any rate1 ,i am n prep>$
 to criticize !m 9 _! broad l9es4 ,b !y 
are n ! me?ods appropriate to m advanc$ 
c\ntries1 & our ,sociali/s w be         
unnecess>ily retrograde if !y all[ !    
pre/ige ( ! ,bol%eviks to lead !m into  
slavi% imitation4 ,x w be a f> less     
excusable error 9 our reaction>ies if1  

by _! untea*abl5ess1 !y compel !        
adoption ( viol5t me?ods4 ,we h a       
h]itage ( civilization & mutual tol]ance
 :i* is important to ourselves & to !   
_w4 ,life 9 ,russia has always be5 fi]ce
 & cruel1 to a f> great] degree ?an ) u1
 & out ( ! w> has come a dang] t ?is    
fi]c5ess & cruelty may become univ]sal4 
,i h hopes t 9 ,engl& ?is may be avoid$ 
?r\gh ! mod]ation ( bo? sides4 ,b x is  
ess5tial to a happy issue t melodrama   
%\ld no long] det]m9e our views ( !     
,bol%eviks3 !y are nei!r angels to be   
wor%ipp$ nor devils to be ext]m9at$1 b  
m]ely bold & able m5 attempt+ ) great   
skill an almo/ impossible task4     ,,"p
 ,,ii  ,,bol%evik ,,!ory     ,i  ,,!    
,,mat]iali/ic ,,!ory ,,( ,,hi/ory   ,!  
mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory1 z x is 
call$1 is due to ,m>x1 & und]lies ! :ole
 ,communi/ philosophy4 ,i d n mean1 (   
c\rse1 t a man c\ld n be a ,communi/ )\t
 accept+ x1 b t 9 fact x is accept$ by !
 ,communi/ ,p>ty1 & t x pr(\ndly        
influ5ces _! views z to politics &      

tactics4 ,! "n does n convey at all     
accurately :at is meant by ! !ory4 ,x   
means t all ! mass-ph5om5a ( hi/ory are 
det]m9$ by economic motives4 ,?is view  
has no ess5tial connection ) mat]ialism 
9 ! philosophic s5se4 ,mat]ialism 9 !   
philosophic s5se may be def9$ z ! !ory t
 all app>5tly m5tal occurr5ces ei!r are 
really physical1 or at any rate h purely
 physical causes4 ,mat]ialism 9 ?is s5se
 also 0 prea*$ by ,m>x1 & is accept$ by 
all or?odox ,m>xians4 ,! argum5ts = &   
aga9/ x are long & complicat$1 & ne$ n  
conc]n u1 s9ce1 9 fact1 its tru? or     
falsehood has little or no be>+ on      
politics4  ,9 p>ticul>1 philosophic     
mat]ialism does n prove t economic      
causes are fundam5tal 9 politics4 ,!    
view ( ,buckle1 = example1 accord+ to   
:i* climate is "o ( ! decisive factors1 
is equally compatible ) mat]ialism4 ,s  
is ! ,freudian view1 :i* traces ev]y?+  
to sex4 ,!re are innum]able ways ( view+
 hi/ory :i* are mat]iali/ic 9 !         
philosophic s5se )\t be+ economic or    

fall+ )9 ! ,m>xian =mula4 ,?us !        
mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory may be  
false ev5 if mat]ialism 9 ! philosophic 
s5se %\ld be true4  ,on ! o!r h&1       
economic causes might be at ! bottom (  
all political ev5ts ev5 if philosophic  
mat]ialism 7 false4 ,economic causes    
op]ate ?r\gh m5's desire = possessions1 
& w\ld be supreme if ?is desire 7       
supreme1 ev5 if desire c\ld n1 f a      
philosophic po9t ( view1 be expla9$ 9   
mat]iali/ic t]ms4  ,!re is1 !re=e1 no   
logical connection ei!r way betwe5      
philosophic mat]ialism & :at is call$ ! 
mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory4  ,x is 
( "s mom5t to realize su* facts z ?is1  
because o!rwise political !ories are bo?
 support$ & oppos$ = q irrelevant       
reasons1 & argum5ts ( !oretical         
philosophy are employ$ to det]m9e       
que/ions :i* dep5d ^u concrete facts (  
human nature4 ,?is mixture damages bo?  
philosophy & politics1 & is !re=e       
important to avoid4  ,= ano!r reason1   
also1 ! attempt to base a political !ory

 ^u a philosophical doctr9e is          
undesirable4 ,! philosophical doctr9e ( 
mat]ialism1 if true at all1 is true     
ev]y:]e & always2 we _c expect          
exceptions to x1 say1 9 ,buddhism or 9 !
 ,hussite movem5t4 ,& s x comes ab\t t p
 ^: politics are suppos$ to be a        
consequ5ce ( _! metaphysics gr[ absolute
 & sweep+1 unable to admit t a g5]al    
!ory ( hi/ory is likely1 at be/1 to be  
only true on ! :ole & 9 ! ma94 ,!       
dogmatic "* ( ,m>xian ,communism f9ds   
support 9 ! suppos$ philosophic basis ( 
! doctr9e2 x has ! fix$ c]ta9ty (       
,ca?olic !ology1 n ! *ang+ fluidity &   
sceptical practicality ( mod]n sci5ce4  
,treat$ z a practical approximation1 n z
 an exact metaphysical law1 !           
mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory has a v 
l>ge measure ( tru?4 ,take1 z an in/ance
 ( its tru?1 ! influ5ce ( indu/rialism  
^u ideas4 ,x is indu/rialism1 r ?an !   
argum5ts ( ,d>w9ians & ,biblical        
critics1 t has l$ to ! decay ( religi\s 
belief 9 ! urban work+ class4 ,at ! same

 "t1 indu/rialism has reviv$ religi\s   
belief among ! ri*4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury
 ,fr5* ari/ocrats mo/ly became          
free-?9k]s2 n[ _! desc5dants are mo/ly  
,ca?olics1 because x has become necess>y
 = all ! =ces ( reaction to unite aga9/ 
! revolution>y prolet>iat4 ,take1 aga91 
! emancipation ( wom54 ,plato1 ,m>y     
,wol/onecraft1 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill      
produc$ admirable argum5ts1 b influ5c$  
only a few impot5t ideali/s4 ,! w> came1
 lead+ to ! employm5t ( wom5 9 indu/ry  
on a l>ge scale1 & in/antly ! argum5ts 9
 fav\r ( votes = wom5 7 se5 to be       
irresi/ible4 ,m ?an t1 traditional      
sexual morality collaps$1 because its   
:ole basis 0 ! economic dep5d5ce ( wom5 
^u _! fa!rs & husb&s4 ,*anges 9 su* a   
matt] z sexual morality br+ ) !m pr(\nd 
alt]ations 9 ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( ord9>y 
m5 & wom52 !y modify law1 lit]ature1    
art1 & all k9ds ( in/itutions t seem    
remote f economics4  ,su* facts z ^!    
ju/ify ,m>xians 9 speak+1 z !y d1 (     
b\rgeois ideology1 mean+ t k9d (        

morality :i* has be5 impos$ ^u ! _w by !
 possessors ( capital4 ,cont5tm5t ) "o's
 lot may be tak5 z typical ( ! virtues  
prea*$ by ! ri* to ! poor4 ,!y hone/ly  
believe x is a virtue--at any rate !y   
did =m]ly4 ,! m religi\s among ! poor   
also believ$ x1 p>tly f ! influ5ce (    
au?ority1 p>tly f an impulse to         
submission1 :at ,mac,dougall calls      
negative self-feel+1 :i* is common] ?an 
"s p ?9k4 ,simil>ly m5 prea*$ ! virtue (
 female *a/ity1 & wom5 usually accept$  
_! tea*+2 bo? really believ$ ! doctr9e1 
b its p]si/5ce 0 only possible ?r\gh !  
economic p[] ( m54 ,?is l$ err+ wom5 to 
puni%m5t "h on e>?1 :i* made fur!r      
puni%m5t h]eaft] seem probable4 ,:5 !   
economic p5alty ceas$1 ! conviction (   
s9fulness gradually decay$4 ,9 su*      
*anges we see ! collapse ( b\rgeois     
ideology4  ,b 9 spite ( ! fundam5tal    
importance ( economic facts 9 det]m9+ ! 
politics & beliefs ( an age or nation1  
,i d n ?9k t non-economic factors c be  
neglect$ )\t risks ( errors :i* may be  

fatal 9 practice4  ,! mo/ obvi\s        
non-economic factor1 & ! "o ! neglect ( 
:i* has l$ ,sociali/s mo/ a/ray1 is     
nationalism4 ,( c\rse a nation1 once    
=m$1 has economic int]e/s :i* l>gely    
det]m9e its politics2 b x is n1 z a     
rule1 economic motives t decide :at gr\p
 ( human be+s %all =m a nation4 ,trie/e1
 be=e ! w>1 consid]$ itself ,italian1   
al?\gh its :ole prosp]ity z a port      
dep5d$ ^u its belong+ to ,au/ria4 ,no   
economic motive c acc\nt = ! opposition 
betwe5 ,ul/] & ! re/ ( ,irel&4 ,9 ,ea/]n
 ,europe1 ! ,balkanization produc$ by   
self-det]m9ation has be5 obvi\sly       
disa/r\s f an economic po9t ( view1 & 0 
dem&$ = reasons :i* 7 9 ess5ce          
s5tim5tal4 ,?r\gh\t ! w> wage-e>n]s1 )  
only a few exceptions1 all[$ !mselves to
 be gov]n$ by nationali/ feel+1 & ignor$
 ! traditional ,communi/ exhortation3   
,work]s ( ! _w1 unite4 ,accord+ to      
,m>xian or?odoxy1 !y 7 misl$ by cunn+   
capitali/s1 :o made _! pr(it out ( !    
slaught]4 ,b to any "o capable ( obs]v+ 

psy*ological facts1 x is obvi\s t ?is is
 l>gely a my?4 ,imm5se numb]s (         
capitali/s 7 ru9$ by ! w>2 ^? :o 7 "y 7 
j z liable to be kill$ z ! prolet>ians  
74 ,no d\bt comm]cial rivalry betwe5    
,engl& & ,g]many _h a great deal to d ) 
caus+ ! w>2 b rivalry is a diff]5t ?+ f 
pr(it-seek+4 ,probably by comb9ation    
,engli% & ,g]man capitali/s c\ld h made 
m ?an !y did out ( rivalry1 b ! rivalry 
0 in/9ctive1 & its economic =m 0        
accid5tal4 ,! capitali/s 7 9 ! grip (   
nationali/ in/9ct z mu* z _! prolet>ian 
dupes4 ,9 bo? classes "s h ga9$ by ! w>2
 b ! univ]sal w to w> 0 n produc$ by !  
hope ( ga94 ,x 0 produc$ by a diff]5t   
set ( in/9cts1 & "o :i* ,m>xian         
psy*ology fails to recognize adequately4
  ,! ,m>xian assumes t a man's h]d1 f ! 
po9t ( view ( h]d-in/9ct1 is 8 class1 & 
t he w comb9e ) ^? ^: economic          
class-int]e/ is ! same z 84 ,?is is only
 v p>tially true 9 fact4 ,religion has  
be5 ! mo/ decisive factor 9 det]m9+ a   
man's h]d ?r\gh\t long p]iods ( ! _w's  

hi/ory4 ,ev5 n[ a ,ca?olic work+ man w  
vote = a ,ca?olic capitali/ r ?an = an  
unbeliev+ ,sociali/4 ,9 ,am]ica !       
divisions 9 local elections are ma9ly on
 religi\s l9es4 ,?is is no d\bt conv5i5t
 = ! capitali/s1 & t5ds to make !m      
religi\s m52 b ! capitali/s alone c\ld n
 produce ! result4 ,! result is produc$ 
by ! fact t _m work+ m5 pref] !         
advancem5t ( _! cre$ to ! improvem5t (  
_! livelihood4 ,h[ev] deplorable su* a  
/ate ( m9d may be1 x is n necess>ily due
 to capitali/ lies4  ,all politics are  
gov]n$ by human desires4 ,! mat]iali/   
!ory ( hi/ory1 9 ! la/ analysis1        
requires ! assumption t e politically   
consci\s p]son is gov]n$ by "o s+le     
desire--! desire to increase 8 own %>e (
 commodities2 &1 fur!r1 t 8 me?od (     
a*iev+ ?is desire w usually be to seek  
to increase ! %>e ( 8 class1 n only 8   
own individual %>e4 ,b ?is assumption is
 v f> f ! tru?4 ,m5 desire p[]1 !y      
desire satisfactions = _! pride & _!    
self-respect4 ,!y desire victory ov]    

rivals s pr(\ndly t !y w inv5t a rivalry
 = ! unconsci\s purpose ( mak+ a victory
 possible4 ,all ^! motives cut across ! 
pure economic motive 9 ways t are       
practically important4  ,!re is ne$ ( a 
treatm5t ( political motives by ! me?ods
 ( psy*o-analysis4 ,9 politics1 z 9     
private life1 m5 inv5t my?s to          
rationalize _! conduct4 ,if a man ?9ks t
 ! only reasonable motive 9 politics is 
economic self-advancem5t1 he w p]suade  
himself t ! ?+s he wi%es to d w make him
 ri*4 ,:5 he wants to fight ! ,g]mans1  
he tells himself t _! competition is    
ru9+ 8 trade4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he is an
 ideali/1 :o holds t 8 politics %\ld aim
 at ! advancem5t ( ! human race1 he w   
tell himself t ! crimes ( ! ,g]mans dem&
 _! humiliation4 ,! ,m>xian sees ?r\gh  
?is latt] cam\flage1 b n ?r\gh ! =m]4   
,to desire "o's own economic advancem5t 
is comp>atively reasonable2 to ,m>x1 :o 
inh]it$ eighte5?-c5tury rationali/      
psy*ology f ! ,briti% or?odox economi/s1
 self-enri*m5t seem$ ! natural aim ( a  

man's political actions4 ,b mod]n       
psy*ology has div$ mu* deep] into !     
ocean ( insanity ^u :i* ! little b>que (
 human reason insecurely floats4 ,!     
intellectual optimism ( a bygone age is 
no long] possible to ! mod]n /ud5t (    
human nature4 ,yet x l+]s 9 ,m>xism1    
mak+ ,m>xians rigid & ,procru/ean 9 _!  
treatm5t ( ! life ( in/9ct4 ,( ?is      
rigidity ! mat]iali/ic conception (     
hi/ory is a prom95t in/ance4  ,9 ! next 
*apt] ,i %all attempt to outl9e a       
political psy*ology :i* seems to me m   
ne>ly true ?an t ( ,m>x4     ,,ii       
,,decid+ ,,=ces ,,9 ,,politics   ,! l>g]
 ev5ts 9 ! political life ( ! _w are    
det]m9$ by ! int]action ( mat]ial       
conditions & human passions4 ,! op]ation
 ( ! passions on ! mat]ial conditions is
 modifi$ by intellig5ce4 ,! passions    
!mselves may be modifi$ by ali5         
intellig5ce guid$ by ali5 passions4 ,s  
f>1 su* modification has be5 :olly      
unsci5tific1 b x may 9 "t become z      
precise z eng9e]+4  ,! classification ( 

! passions :i* is mo/ conv5i5t 9        
political !ory is some:at diff]5t f t   
:i* w\ld be adopt$ 9 psy*ology4  ,we may
 beg9 ) desires = ! necess>ies ( life3  
food1 dr9k1 sex1 & 79 cold climates7    
clo?+ & h\s+4 ,:5 ^! are ?reat5$1 !re is
 no limit to ! activity & viol5ce t m5 w
 display4  ,plant$ ^u ^! primitive      
desires are a numb] ( second>y desires4 
,love ( prop]ty1 ( :i* ! fundam5tal     
political importance is obvi\s1 may be  
d]iv$ hi/orically & psy*ologically f !  
ho>d+ in/9ct4 ,love ( ! good op9ion (   
o!rs 7:i* we may call vanity7 is a      
desire :i* man %>es ) _m animals2 x is  
p]haps d]ivable f c\rt%ip1 b has great  
survival value1 among greg>i\s animals1 
9 reg>d to o!rs besides possible mates4 
,rivalry & love ( p[] are p]haps        
developm5ts ( jeal\sy2 !y are ak91 b n  
id5tical4  ,^! f\r                      
passions--acquisitiv5ess1 vanity1       
rivalry1 & love ( p[]--are1 aft] ! basic
 in/9cts1 ! prime mov]s ( almo/ all t   
happ5s 9 politics4 ,_! op]ation is      

int5sifi$ & regul>iz$ by h]d in/9ct4 ,b 
h]d in/9ct1 by its v nature1 _c be a    
prime mov]1 s9ce x m]ely causes ! h]d to
 act 9 unison1 )\t det]m9+ :at ! unit$  
action is to be4 ,among m51 z among o!r 
greg>i\s animals1 ! unit$ action1 9 any 
giv5 circum/ances1 is det]m9$ p>tly by !
 common passions ( ! h]d1 p>tly by      
imitation ( lead]s4 ,! art ( politics   
consi/s 9 caus+ ! latt] to prevail ov] !
 =m]4  ,( ! f\r passions we h enum]at$1 
only "o1 namely acquisitiv5ess1 is      
conc]n$ at all directly ) m5's relations
 to _! mat]ial conditions4 ,! o!r       
?ree--vanity1 rivalry1 & love ( p[]--are
 conc]n$ ) social relations4 ,i ?9k ?is 
is ! s\rce ( :at is errone\s 9 ! ,m>xian
 int]pretation ( hi/ory1 :i* tacitly    
assumes t acquisitiv5ess is ! s\rce (   
all political actions4 ,x is cle> t _m  
m5 will+ly =ego weal? = ! sake ( p[] &  
glory1 & t nations habitually sacrifice 
ri*es to rivalry ) o!r nations4 ,!      
desire = "s =m ( sup]iority is common to
 almo/ all en]getic m54 ,no social sy/em

 :i* attempts to ?w>t x c be /able1 s9ce
 ! lazy majority w nev] be a mat* = !   
en]getic m9ority4  ,:at is call$ virtue 
is an (f%oot ( vanity3 x is ! habit (   
act+ 9 a mann] :i* o!rs praise4  ,!     
op]ation ( mat]ial conditions may be    
illu/rat$ by ! /atem5t 7,my]s's ,dawn ( 
,hi/ory7 t f\r ( ! greate/ movem5ts (   
conque/ h be5 due to dr\ght 9 ,arabia1  
caus+ ! nomads ( t c\ntry to migrate    
into regions already inhabit$4 ,! la/ ( 
^! f\r movem5ts 0 ! rise ( ,islam4 ,9 ^!
 f\r cases1 ! primal ne$ ( food & dr9k 0
 en\gh to set ev5ts 9 motion2 b z ?is   
ne$ c\ld only be satisfi$ by conque/1 ! 
f\r second>y passions mu/ h v soon come 
into play4 ,9 ! conque/s ( mod]n        
indu/rialism1 ! second>y passions h be5 
almo/ :olly dom9ant1 s9ce ^? :o direct$ 
!m _h no ne$ to fe> hung] or ?ir/4 ,x is
 ! pot5cy ( vanity & love ( p[] t gives 
hope = ! indu/rial future ( ,soviet     
,russia1 s9ce x enables ! ,communi/     
,/ate to enli/ 9 its s]vice m5 ^:       
abilities might give !m va/ weal? 9 a   

capitali/ic society4  ,intellig5ce      
modifies pr(\ndly ! op]ation ( mat]ial  
conditions4 ,:5 ,am]ica 0 fir/ discov]$1
 m5 only desir$ gold & silv]2           
consequ5tly ! portions fir/ settl$ 7 n  
^? t are n[ mo/ pr(itable4 ,! ,bessem]  
process creat$ ! ,g]man iron & /eel     
indu/ry2 inv5tions requir+ oil h creat$ 
a dem& = t commodity :i* is "o ( ! *ief 
influ5ces 9 int]national politics4  ,!  
intellig5ce :i* has ?is pr(\nd effect on
 politics is n political1 b sci5tific & 
te*nical3 x is ! k9d ( intellig5ce :i*  
discov]s h[ to make nature m9i/] to     
human passions4 ,tung/5 _h no value     
until x 0 f\nd to be useful 9 !         
manufacture ( %ells & electric light1 b 
n[ p w1 if necess>y1 kill ea* o!r 9 ord]
 to acquire tung/54 ,sci5tific          
intellig5ce is ! cause ( ?is *ange4  ,! 
progress or retrogression ( ! _w dep5ds1
 broadly speak+1 ^u ! balance betwe5    
acquisitiv5ess & rivalry4 ,! =m] makes =
 progress1 ! latt] = retrogression4 ,:5 
intellig5ce provides improv$ me?ods (   

production1 ^! may be employ$ to        
increase ! g5]al %>e ( goods1 or to set 
ap>t m ( ! lab\r p[] ( ! community = !  
bus9ess ( kill+ its rivals4 ,until      
#aiad1 acquisitiv5ess _h prevail$1 on ! 
:ole1 s9ce ! fall ( ,napoleon2 ! pa/ six
 ye>s h se5 a preval5ce ( ! in/9ct (    
rivalry4 ,sci5tific intellig5ce makes x 
possible to indulge ?is in/9ct m fully  
?an is possible = primitive peoples1    
s9ce x sets free m m5 f ! lab\r (       
produc+ necess>ies4 ,x is possible t    
sci5tific intellig5ce may1 9 "t1 rea* ! 
po9t :5 x w enable rivalry to ext]m9ate 
! human race4 ,?is is ! mo/ hopeful     
me?od ( br++ ab\t an end ( w>4  ,= ^? :o
 d n l ?is me?od1 !re is ano!r3 ! /udy (
 sci5tific psy*ology & physiology4 ,!   
physiological causes ( emotions h begun 
to be kn[n1 ?r\gh ! /udies ( su* m5 z   
,cannon 7,bodily ,*anges 9 ,pa91 ,hung]1
 ,fe> & ,rage74 ,9 "t1 x may become     
possible1 by physiological means1 to    
alt] ! :ole emotional nature ( a        
population4 ,x w !n dep5d ^u ! passions 

( ! rul]s h[ ?is p[] is us$4 ,success w 
come to ! ,/ate :i* discov]s h[ to      
promote pugnacity to ! ext5t requir$ =  
ext]nal w>1 b n to ! ext5t :i* w\ld lead
 to dome/ic diss5sions4 ,!re is no me?od
 by :i* x c be insur$ t rul]s %all      
desire ! good ( mank9d1 & !re=e !re is  
no reason to suppose t ! p[] to modify  
m5's emotional nature w\ld cause        
progress4  ,if m5 desir$ to dim9i%      
rivalry1 !re is an obvi\s me?od4 ,habits
 ( p[] int5sify ! passion ( rivalry2    
!re=e a ,/ate 9 :i* p[] is conc5trat$ w1
 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 be m bellicose ?an  
"o 9 :i* p[] is diffus$4 ,= ^? :o       
dislike w>s1 ?is is an additional       
argum5t aga9/ all =ms ( dictator%ip4 ,b 
dislike ( w> is f> less common ?an we   
us$ to suppose2 & ^? :o l w> c use !    
same argum5t to support dictator%ip4    
,,iii  ,,bol%evik ,,criticism ,,(       
,,democracy   ,! ,bol%evik argum5t aga9/
 ,p>liam5t>y democracy z a me?od (      
a*iev+ ,socialism is a p[]ful "o4 ,my   
answ] to x lies r 9 po9t+ out :at ,i    

believe to be fallacies 9 ! ,bol%evik   
me?od1 f :i* ,i conclude t no swift     
me?od exi/s ( e/abli%+ any desirable =m 
( ,socialism4 ,b let u fir/ see :at !   
,bol%evik argum5t is4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 
x assumes t ^? to :om x is address$ are 
absolutely c]ta9 t ,communism is        
desirable1 s c]ta9 t !y are will+1 if   
necess>y1 to =ce x ^u an unwill+        
population at ! po9t ( ! bayonet4 ,x !n 
proce$s to argue t1 :ile capitalism     
reta9s its hold ov] propag&a & its means
 ( corruption1 ,p>liam5t>y me?ods are v 
unlikely to give a majority = ,communism
 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 or to lead to    
effective action by su* a majority ev5  
if x exi/$4 ,communi/s po9t out h[ ! p  
are deceiv$1 & h[ _! *os5 lead]s h aga9 
& aga9 betray$ !m4 ,f ?is !y argue t !  
de/ruction ( capitalism mu/ be sudd5 &  
cata/rophic2 t x mu/ be ! "w ( a        
m9ority2 & t x _c be effect$            
con/itutionally or )\t viol5ce4 ,x is   
!re=e1 9 _! view1 ! duty ( ! ,communi/  
p>ty 9 a capitali/ c\ntry to prep>e =   

arm$ conflict1 & to take all possible   
measure = dis>m+ ! b\rgeoisie & arm+ t  
"p ( ! prolet>iat :i* is will+ to       
support ! ,communi/s4  ,!re is an air ( 
realism & disillusionm5t ab\t ?is       
position1 :i* makes x attractive to ^?  
ideali/s :o wi% to ?9k !mselves cynics4 
,b ,i ?9k !re are v>i\s po9ts 9 :i* x   
fails to be z reali/ic z x pret5ds4  ,9 
! fir/ place1 x makes mu* ( ! trea*]y ( 
,lab\r lead]s 9 con/itutional movem5ts1 
b does n consid] ! possibility ( !      
trea*]y ( ,communi/ lead]s 9 a          
revolution4 ,to ?is ! ,m>xian w\ld reply
 t 9 con/itutional movem5ts m5 are      
b\ght1 directly or indirectly1 by !     
money ( ! capitali/s1 b t revolution>y  
,communism w\ld leave ! capitali/s no   
money ) :i* to attempt corruption4 ,?is 
has be5 a*iev$ 9 ,russia1 & c\ld be     
a*iev$ else:]e4 ,b sell+ oneself to !   
capitali/s is n ! only possible =m (    
trea*]y4 ,x is also possible1 hav+      
acquir$ p[]1 to use x = "o's own ends   
in/ead ( = ! p4 ,?is is :at ,i believe  

to be likely to happ5 9 ,russia3 !      
e/abli%m5t ( a bureaucratic ari/ocracy1 
conc5trat+ au?ority 9 its own h&s1 &    
creat+ a rgime j z oppressive & cruel z 
t ( capitalism4 ,m>xians nev]           
suffici5tly recognize t love ( p[] is q 
z /rong a motive1 & q z great a s\rce ( 
inju/ice1 z love ( money2 yet ?is mu/ be
 obvi\s to any unbias$ /ud5t ( politics4
 ,x is also obvi\s t ! me?od ( viol5t   
revolution lead+ to a m9ority           
dictator%ip is "o peculi>ly calculat$ to
 create habits ( despotism :i* w\ld     
survive ! crisis by :i* !y 7 g5]at$4    
,communi/ politicians are likely to     
become j l ! politicians ( o!r p>ties3 a
 few w be hone/1 b ! great majority w   
m]ely cultivate ! art ( tell+ a         
plausible tale ) a view to trick+ ! p   
into entru/+ !m ) p[]4 ,! only possible 
way by :i* politicians z a class c be   
improv$ is ! political & psy*ological   
education ( ! p1 s t !y may le>n to     
detect a humbug4 ,9 ,engl& m5 h rea*$ ! 
po9t ( suspect+ a good speak]1 b if a   

man speaks badly !y ?9k he mu/ be hone/4
 ,un=tunately1 virtue is n s widely     
diffus$ z ?is !ory w\ld imply4  ,9 !    
second place1 x is assum$ by ! ,communi/
 argum5t t1 al?\gh capitali/ propag&a c 
prev5t ! majority f becom+ ,communi/s1  
yet capitali/ laws & police =ces _c     
prev5t ! ,communi/s1 :ile /ill a        
m9ority1 f acquir+ a supremacy ( milit>y
 p[]4 ,x is ?\ght t secret propag&a c   
und]m9e ! army & navy1 al?\gh x is      
admitt$ly impossible to get ! majority  
to vote at elections = ! programme ( !  
,bol%eviks4 ,?is view is bas$ ^u        
,russian exp]i5ce1 :]e ! army & navy _h 
suff]$ defeat & _h be5 brutally ill us$ 
by incompet5t ,ts>i/ au?orities4 ,!     
argum5t has no application to m effici5t
 & successful ,/ates4 ,among ! ,g]mans1 
ev5 9 defeat1 x 0 ! civilian population 
t began ! revolution4  ,!re is a fur!r  
assumption 9 ! ,bol%evik argum5t :i*    
seems to me q unw>rantable4 ,x is assum$
 t ! capitali/ gov]nm5ts w h le>n$ no?+ 
f ! exp]i5ce ( ,russia4 ,be=e ! ,russian

 ,revolution1 gov]nm5ts _h n /udi$      
,bol%evik !ory4 ,& defeat 9 w> creat$ a 
revolution>y mood ?r\gh\t ,c5tral &     
,ea/]n ,europe4 ,b n[ ! hold]s ( p[] are
 on _! gu>d4 ,!re seems no reason :atev]
 to suppose t !y w sup9ely p]mit a      
prepond]ance ( arm$ =ce to pass into !  
h&s ( ^? :o wi% to ov]?r[ !m1 :ile1     
accord+ to ! ,bol%evik !ory1 !y are /ill
 suffici5tly popul> to be support$ by a 
majority at ! polls4 ,is x n z cle> z   
noonday t 9 a democratic c\ntry x is m  
difficult = ! prolet>iat to de/roy !    
,gov]nm5t by arms ?an to defeat x 9 a   
g5]al election8 ,see+ ! imm5se          
advantages ( a ,gov]nm5t 9 deal+ )      
rebels1 x seems cle> t rebellion c\ld h 
little hope ( success unless a v l>ge   
majority support$ x4 ,( c\rse1 if ! army
 & navy 7 specially revolution>y1 !y    
might effect an unpopul> revolution2 b  
?is situation1 ?\gh some?+ l x occurr$ 9
 ,russia1 is h>dly to be expect$ 9 !    
,we/]n nations4 ,?is :ole ,bol%evik !ory
 ( revolution by a m9ority is "o :i*    

might j conceivably h succe$$ z a secret
 plot1 b becomes impossible z soon z x  
is op5ly av[$ & advocat$4  ,b p]haps x w
 be said t ,i am c>icatur+ ! ,bol%evik  
doctr9e ( revolution4 ,x is urg$ by     
advocates ( ?is doctr9e1 q truly1 t all 
political ev5ts are br\ght ab\t by      
m9orities1 s9ce ! majority are indiff]5t
 to politics4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce      
betwe5 a m9ority 9 :i* ! indiff]5t      
acquiesce1 & a m9ority s hat$ z to />tle
 ! indiff]5t into belat$ action4 ,to    
make ! ,bol%evik doctr9e reasonable1 x  
is necess>y to suppose t !y believe !   
majority c be induc$ to acquiesce1 at   
lea/ tempor>ily1 9 ! revolution made by 
! class-consci\s m9ority4 ,?is1 aga91 is
 bas$ ^u ,russian exp]i5ce3 desire =    
peace & l& l$ to a widespread support ( 
! ,bol%eviks 9 ,novemb] #aiag on ! "p ( 
p :o h subsequ5tly %[n no love =        
,communism4  ,i ?9k we come "h to an    
ess5tial "p ( ,bol%evik philosophy4 ,9 !
 mom5t ( revolution1 ,communi/s are to h
 "s popul> cry by :i* !y w9 m support   

?an m]e ,communism c\ld w94 ,hav+ ?us   
acquir$ ! ,/ate ma*9e1 !y are to use x =
 _! own ends4 ,b ?is1 aga91 is a me?od  
:i* c only be practis$ successfully s   
long z x is n av[$4 ,x is to "s ext5t   
habitual 9 politics4 ,! ,unioni/s 9     
#aijj won a majority on ! ,bo] ,w>1 &   
us$ x to end[ brew]s & ,*ur* s*ools4 ,! 
,lib]als 9 #aijf won a majority on      
,*9ese lab\r1 & us$ x to cem5t ! secret 
alliance ) ,france & to make an alliance
 ) ,ts>i/ ,russia4 ,presid5t ,wilson1 9 
#aiaf1 won 8 majority on neutrality1 &  
us$ x to come into ! w>4 ,?is me?od is  
"p ( ! /ock-9-trade ( democracy4 ,b its 
success dep5ds ^u repudiat+ x until !   
mom5t comes to practise x4 ,^? :o1 l !  
,bol%eviks1 h ! hone/y to proclaim 9    
advance _! int5tion ( us+ p[] = o!r ends
 ?an ^? = :i* x 0 giv5 !m1 are n likely 
to h a *ance ( c>ry+ out _! designs4    
,:at seems to me to em]ge f ^!          
consid]ations is ?is3 ,t 9 a democratic 
& politically educat$ c\ntry1 arm$      
revolution 9 fav\r ( ,communism w\ld h  

no *ance ( succe$+ unless x 7 support$  
by a l>g] majority ?an w\ld be requir$ =
 ! election ( a ,communi/ ,gov]nm5t by  
con/itutional me?ods4 ,x is possible t1 
if su* a ,gov]nm5t came into exi/5ce1 & 
proce$$ to c>ry out its programme1 x    
w\ld be met by arm$ resi/ance on ! "p ( 
capital1 includ+ a l>ge proportion ( !  
(fic]s 9 ! army & navy4 ,b 9 subdu+ ?is 
resi/ance x w\ld h ! support ( t great  
body ( op9ion :i* believes 9 legality & 
upholds ! con/itution4 ,moreov]1 hav+1  
by hypo!sis1 conv]t$ a majority ( !     
nation1 a ,communi/ ,gov]nm5t c\ld be   
sure ( loyal help f imm5se numb]s (     
work]s1 & w\ld n be =c$1 z ! ,bol%eviks 
are 9 ,russia1 to suspect trea*]y       
ev]y:]e4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,i believe
 t ! resi/ance ( ! capitali/s c\ld be   
quell$ )\t mu* difficulty1 & w\ld       
receive little support f mod]ate p4     
,:]eas1 9 a m9ority revolt ( ,communi/s 
aga9/ a capitali/ ,gov]nm5t1 all mod]ate
 op9ion w\ld be on ! side ( capitalism4 
,! cont5tion t capitali/ propag&a is :at

 prev5ts ! adoption ( ,communism by     
wage-e>n]s is only v p>tially true4     
,capitali/ propag&a has nev] be5 able to
 prev5t ! ,iri% f vot+ aga9/ ! ,engli%1 
?\gh x has be5 appli$ to ?is object )   
great vig\r4 ,x has prov$ itself        
p[]less1 ov] & ov] aga91 9 oppos+       
nationali/ movem5ts :i* _h almo/ no     
money$ support4 ,x has be5 unable to    
cope ) religi\s feel+4 ,& ^? indu/rial  
populations :i* w\ld mo/ obvi\sly b5efit
 by ,socialism h1 9 ! ma91 adopt$ x1 9  
spite ( ! opposition ( employ]s4 ,! pla9
 tru? is t ,socialism does n ar\se !    
same passionate int]e/ 9 ! av]age citiz5
 z is r\s$ by nationality & us$ to be   
r\s$ by religion4 ,x is n unlikely t ?+s
 may *ange 9 ?is respect3 we may be     
approa*+ a p]iod ( economic civil w>s   
comp>able to t ( ! religi\s civil w>s t 
foll[$ ! ,re=mation4 ,9 su* a p]iod1    
nationalism is subm]g$ by p>ty3 ,briti% 
& ,g]man ,sociali/s1 or ,briti% & ,g]man
 capitali/s1 w feel m k9%ip ) ea* o!r   
?an ) compatriots ( ! opposite political

 camp4 ,b :5 t day comes1 !re w be no   
difficulty1 9 highly indu/rial c\ntries1
 9 secur+ ,sociali/ majorities2 if      
,socialism is n !n c>ri$ )\t blood%$1 x 
w be due to ! uncon/itutional action ( !
 ri*1 n to ! ne$ ( revolution>y viol5ce 
on ! "p ( ! advocates ( ! prolet>iat4   
,:e!r su* a /ate ( op9ion gr[s up or n  
dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! /ubbornness or        
conciliator9ess ( ! possess+ classes1 &1
 conv]sely1 ^u ! mod]ation or viol5ce ( 
^? :o desire fundam5tal economic *ange4 
,! majority :i* ,bol%eviks reg>d z      
unatta9able is *iefly prev5t$ by !      
ru?lessness ( _! own tactics4  ,ap>t f  
all argum5ts ( detail1 !re are two broad
 objections to viol5t revolution 9 a    
democratic community4 ,! fir/ is t1 :5  
once ! pr9ciple ( respect+ majorities z 
express$ at ! ballot-box is ab&on$1 !re 
is no reason to suppose t victory w be  
secur$ by ! p>ticul> m9ority to :i* "o  
happ5s to belong4 ,!re are _m m9orities 
besides ,communi/s3 religi\s m9orities1 
teetotal m9orities1 milit>i/ m9orities1 

capitali/ m9orities4 ,any "o ( ^! c\ld  
adopt ! me?od ( obta9+ p[] advocat$ by !
 ,bol%eviks1 & any "o w\ld be j z likely
 to succe$ z !y are4 ,:at re/ra9s ^!    
m9orities1 m or less1 at pres5t1 is     
respect = ! law & ! con/itution4        
,bol%eviks tacitly assume t e o!r p>ty w
 pres]ve ?is respect :ile !y !mselves1  
unh9d]$1 prep>e ! revolution4 ,b if _!  
philosophy ( viol5ce becomes popul>1 !re
 is n ! slighte/ reason to suppose t !y 
w be its b5efici>ies4 ,!y believe t     
,communism is = ! good ( ! majority2 !y 
ought to believe t !y c p]suade !       
majority on ?is "q1 & to h ! pati5ce to 
set ab\t ! task ( w9n+ by propag&a4  ,! 
second argum5t ( pr9ciple aga9/ ! me?od 
( m9ority viol5ce is t ab&onm5t ( law1  
:5 x becomes widespread1 lets loose !   
wild bea/1 & gives a free re9 to !      
primitive lu/s & egoisms :i*            
civilization 9 "s degree curbs4 ,e /ud5t
 ( m$ival ?\ght mu/ h be5 /ruck by !    
extraord9>ily high value plac$ ^u law 9 
t p]iod4 ,! reason 0 t1 9 c\ntries      

infe/$ by robb] b>ons1 law 0 ! fir/     
requisite ( progress4 ,we1 9 ! mod]n _w1
 take x = grant$ t mo/ p w be law-abid+1
 & we h>dly realize :at c5turies ( ef=t 
h gone to mak+ su* an assumption        
possible4 ,we =get h[ _m ( ! good ?+s t 
we unque/ionably expect w\ld disappe>   
out ( life if murd]1 rape1 & robb]y )   
viol5ce became common4 ,& we =get ev5 m 
h[ v easily ?is might happ54 ,! univ]sal
 class-w> =e%ad[$ by ! ,?ird            
,int]national1 foll[+ ^u ! loos5+ (     
re/ra9ts produc$ by ! late w>1 & comb9$ 
) a delib]ate inculcation ( disrespect =
 law & con/itutional gov]nm5t1 might1 & 
,i believe w\ld1 produce a /ate (       
affairs 9 :i* x w\ld be habitual to     
murd] m5 = a cru/ ( bread1 & 9 :i* wom5 
w\ld only be safe :ile arm$ m5 protect$ 
!m4 ,! civiliz$ nations h accept$       
democratic gov]nm5t z a me?od ( settl+  
int]nal disputes )\t viol5ce4           
,democratic gov]nm5t may h all ! faults 
attribut$ to x1 b x has ! "o great m]it 
t p are1 on ! :ole1 will+ to accept x z 

a sub/itute = civil w> 9 political      
disputes4 ,:oev] sets to "w to weak5 ?is
 acceptance1 :e!r 9 ,ul/] or 9 ,mosc[1  
is tak+ a fe>ful responsibility4        
,civilization is n s /able t x _c be    
brok5 up2 & a condition ( lawless       
viol5ce is n "o out ( :i* any good ?+ is
 likely to em]ge4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no
 o!r1 revolution>y viol5ce 9 a democracy
 is inf9itely dang]\s4     ,,iv         
,,revolution ,,& ,,dictator%ip   ,!     
,bol%eviks h a v def9ite programme =    
a*iev+ ,communism--a programme :i* has  
be5 set =? by ,l59 repeat$ly1 & q       
rec5tly 9 ! reply ( ! ,?ird             
,int]national to ! que/ionnaire submitt$
 by ! ,indep5d5t ,lab\r ,p>ty4          
,capitali/s1 we are assur$1 w /ick at   
no?+ 9 def5ce ( _! privileges4 ,x is !  
nature ( man1 9 s f> z he is politically
 consci\s1 to fight = ! int]e/s ( 8     
class s long z classes exi/4 ,:5 !      
conflict is n pu%$ to extremes1 me?ods (
 conciliation & political deception may 
be pref]able to actual physical w>f>e2 b

 z soon z ! prolet>iat make a really    
vital attack ^u ! capitali/s1 !y w be   
met by guns & bayonets4 ,?is be+ c]ta9 &
 inevitable1 x is z well to be prep>$ = 
x1 & to conduct propag&a accord+ly4 ,^? 
:o pret5d t pacific me?ods c lead to !  
realization ( ,communism are false      
fri5ds to ! wage-e>n]s2 int5tionally or 
un9t5tionally1 !y are cov]t allies ( !  
b\rgeoisie4  ,!re mu/1 !n1 accord+ to   
,bol%evik !ory1 be arm$ conflict soon]  
or lat]1 if ! inju/ices ( ! pres5t      
economic sy/em are ev] to be rem$i$4 ,n 
only d !y assume arm$ conflict3 !y h a  
fairly def9ite conception ( ! way 9 :i* 
x is to be conduct$4 ,?is conception has
 be5 c>ri$ out 9 ,russia1 & is to be    
c>ri$ out1 be=e v long1 9 e civiliz$    
c\ntry4 ,! ,communi/s1 :o repres5t !    
class-consci\s wage-e>n]s1 wait = "s    
propiti\s mom5t :5 ev5ts h caus$ a mood 
( revolution>y discont5t ) ! exi/+      
,gov]nm5t4 ,!y !n put !mselves at ! head
 ( ! discont5t1 c>ry ?r\gh a successful 
revolution1 & 9 s do+ acquire ! arms1 ! 

railways1 ! ,/ate treasure1 & all ! o!r 
res\rces ^u :i* ! p[] ( mod]n ,gov]nm5ts
 is built4 ,!y !n conf9e political p[]  
to ,communi/s1 h[ev] small a m9ority !y 
may be ( ! :ole nation4 ,!y set to "w to
 increase _! numb] by propag&a & !      
control ( education4 ,& mean:ile1 !y    
introduce ,communism into e dep>tm5t (  
economic life z quickly z possible4     
,ultimately1 aft] a long] or %ort]      
p]iod1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ! nation
 w be conv]t$ to ,communism1 ! relics ( 
capitali/ in/itutions w h be5 oblit]at$1
 & x w be possible to re/ore fre$om4 ,b 
! political conflicts to :i* we are     
accu/om$ w n reappe>4 ,all ! burn+      
political que/ions ( our "t1 accord+ to 
! ,communi/s1 are que/ions ( class      
conflict1 & w disappe> :5 ! division (  
classes disappe>s4 ,accord+ly ! ,/ate w 
no long] be requir$1 s9ce ! ,/ate is    
ess5tially an eng9e ( p[] design$ to    
give ! victory to "o side 9 ! class     
conflict4 ,ord9>y ,/ates are design$ to 
give ! victory to ! capitali/s2 !       

prolet>ian ,/ate 7,soviet ,russia7 is   
design$ to give ! victory to !          
wage-e>n]s4 ,z soon z ! community       
conta9s only wage-e>n]s1 ! ,/ate w cease
 to h any functions4 ,& s1 ?r\gh a p]iod
 ( dictator%ip1 we %all f9ally arrive at
 a condition v simil> to t aim$ at by   
,an>*i/ ,communism4  ,?ree que/ions     
arise 9 reg>d to ?is me?od ( rea*+      
,utopia4 ,fir/1 w\ld ! ultimate /ate    
=e%ad[$ by ! ,bol%eviks be desirable 9  
itself8 ,secondly1 w\ld ! conflict      
involv$ 9 a*iev+ x by ! ,bol%evik me?od 
be s bitt] & prolong$ t its evils w\ld  
outweigh ! ultimate good8 ,?irdly1 is   
?is me?od likely to lead1 9 ! end1 to ! 
/ate :i* ! ,bol%eviks desire1 or w x    
fail at "s po9t & arrive at a q diff]5t 
result8 ,if we are to be ,bol%eviks1 we 
mu/ answ] all ^! que/ions 9 a s5se      
fav\rable to _! programme4  ,z reg>ds ! 
fir/ "q1 ,i h no hesitation 9 answ]+ x 9
 a mann] fav\rable to ,communism4 ,x is 
cle> t ! pres5t inequalities ( weal? are
 unju/4 ,9 "p1 !y may be def5d$ z af=d+ 

an inc5tive to useful indu/ry1 b ,i d n 
?9k ?is def5ce w c>ry u v f>4 ,h[ev]1 ,i
 h argu$ ?is "q be=e 9 my book on ,roads
 to ,fre$om1 & ,i w n sp5d "t ^u x n[4  
,on ?is matt]1 ,i conc$e ! ,bol%evik    
case4 ,x is ! o!r two que/ions t ,i wi% 
to discuss4  ,our second "q 03 ,is !    
ultimate good aim$ at by ! ,bol%eviks   
suffici5tly great to be wor? ! price t1 
accord+ to _! own !ory1 w h to be paid =
 a*iev+ x8  ,if any?+ human 7 absolutely
 c]ta91 we might answ] ?is "q           
affirmatively ) "s confid5ce4 ,! b5efits
 ( ,communism1 if x 7 once a*iev$1 might
 be expect$ to be la/+2 we might        
legitimately hope t fur!r *ange w\ld be 
t[>ds some?+ /ill bett]1 n t[>ds a      
revival ( anci5t evils4 ,b if we admit1 
z we mu/ d1 t ! outcome ( ! ,communi/   
revolution is 9 "s degree unc]ta91 x    
becomes necess>y to c\nt ! co/2 = a     
great "p ( ! co/ is all b c]ta94  ,s9ce 
! revolution ( ,octob]1 #aiag1 ! ,soviet
 ,gov]nm5t has be5 at w> ) almo/ all !  
_w1 & has _h at ! same "t to face civil 

w> at home4 ,?is is n to be reg>d$ z    
accid5tal1 or z a mis=tune :i* c\ld n be
 =ese54 ,accord+ to ,m>xian !ory1 :at   
has happ5$ 0 b\nd to happ54 ,inde$1     
,russia has be5 wond]fully =tunate 9 n  
hav+ to face an ev5 m desp]ate          
situation4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 ! _w 0 exhau/$
 by ! w>1 & 9 no mood = milit>y         
adv5tures4 ,next1 ! ,ts>i/ rgime 0 !    
wor/ 9 ,europe1 & !re=e ralli$ less     
support ?an w\ld be secur$ by any o!r   
capitali/ ,gov]nm5t4 ,aga91 ,russia is  
va/ & agricultural1 mak+ x capable (    
resi/+ bo? invasion & blockade bett] ?an
 ,great ,brita9 or ,france or ,g]many4  
,! only o!r c\ntry t c\ld h resi/$ )    
equal success is ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is
 at pres5t v f> remov$ f a prolet>ian   
revolution1 & likely long to rema9 !    
*ief bulw>k ( ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,x is  
evid5t t ,great ,brita91 attempt+ a     
simil> revolution1 w\ld be =c$ by       
/>vation to yield )9 a few mon?s1       
provid$ ,am]ica l$ a policy ( blockade4 
,! same is true1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 (

 cont95tal c\ntries4 ,!re=e1 unless &   
until an int]national ,communi/         
revolution becomes possible1 we mu/     
expect t any o!r nation foll[+ ,russia's
 example w h to pay an ev5 high] price  
?an ,russia has _h to pay4  ,n[ ! price 
t ,russia is hav+ to pay is v great4 ,! 
almo/ univ]sal pov]ty might be ?\ght to 
be a small evil 9 comp>ison ) ! ultimate
 ga91 b x br+s ) x o!r evils ( :i* !    
magnitude w\ld be ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ^? :o
 h nev] kn[n pov]ty & !re=e make light (
 x4 ,hung] br+s an absorption 9 ! "q (  
food1 :i*1 to mo/ p1 makes life almo/   
purely animal4 ,! g5]al %ortage makes p 
fi]ce1 & reacts ^u ! political          
atmosph]e4 ,! necessity ( inculcat+     
,communism produces a hot-h\se          
condition1 :]e e brea? ( fre% air mu/ be
 exclud$3 p are to be taught to ?9k 9 a 
c]ta9 way1 & all free intellig5ce       
becomes taboo4 ,! c\ntry comes to       
resemble an imm5sely magnifi$ ,jesuit   
,college4 ,e k9d ( lib]ty is bann$ z be+
 b\rgeois2 b x rema9s a fact t          

intellig5ce langui%es :]e ?\ght is n    
free4  ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 accord+ to !    
lead]s ( ! ,?ird ,int]national1 is only 
a small beg9n+ ( ! /ruggle1 :i* mu/     
become _w-wide be=e x a*ieves victory4  
,9 _! reply to ! ,indep5d5t ,lab\r ,p>ty
 !y say3      ,x is probable t ^u ! ?r[+
 (f ( ! *a9s ( !     capitali/          
,gov]nm5ts1 ! revolution>y prolet>iat ( 
,europe w meet ! resi/ance (            
,anglo-,saxon capital 9 !     p]sons (  
,briti% & ,am]ican capitali/s :o w      
attempt     to blockade x4 ,x is !n     
possible t ! revolution>y     prolet>iat
 ( ,europe w rise 9 union ) ! peoples ( 
! ,ea/ & comm5ce a revolution>y /ruggle1
 ! sc5e (     :i* w be ! entire _w1 to  
deal a f9al bl[ to     ,briti% &        
,am]ican capitalism 7,! ,times1 ,july   
#cj1 #aibj74  ,! w> "h prophesi$1 if x  
ev] takes place1 w be "o comp>$ to :i* !
 late w> w come to seem a m]e affair (  
outpo/s4 ,^? :o realize ! de/ructiv5ess 
( ! late w>1 ! deva/ation & impov]i%m5t1
 ! l[]+ ( ! level ( civilization ?r\gh\t

 va/ areas1 ! g5]al increase ( hatr$ &  
savag]y1 ! lett+ loose ( be/ial in/9cts 
:i* _h be5 curb$ dur+ peace--^? :o      
realize all ?is w hesitate to incur     
inconceivably great] horrors1 ev5 if !y 
believe firmly t ,communism 9 itself is 
mu* to be desir$4 ,an economic sy/em _c 
be consid]$ ap>t f ! population :i* is  
to c>ry x out2 & ! population result+ f 
su* a _w-w> z ,mosc[ calmly contemplates
 w\ld be savage1 blood?ir/y & ru?less to
 an ext5t t mu/ make any sy/em a m]e    
eng9e ( oppression & cruelty4  ,?is br+s
 u to our ?ird "q3 ,is ! sy/em :i*      
,communi/s reg>d z _! goal likely to    
result f ! adoption ( _! me?ods8 ,?is is
 really ! mo/ vital "q ( ! ?ree4        
,advocacy ( ,communism by ^? :o believe 
9 ,bol%evik me?ods re/s ^u ! assumption 
t !re is no slav]y except economic      
slav]y1 & t :5 all goods are held 9     
common !re mu/ be p]fect lib]ty4 ,i fe> 
?is is a delusion4  ,!re mu/ be         
adm9i/ration1 !re mu/ be (ficials :o    
control di/ribution4 ,^! m51 9 a        

,communi/ ,/ate1 are ! repositories (   
p[]4 ,s long z !y control ! army1 !y are
 able1 z 9 ,russia at ?is mom5t1 to     
wield despotic p[] ev5 if !y are a small
 m9ority4 ,! fact t !re is              
,communism--to a c]ta9 ext5t--does n    
mean t !re is lib]ty4 ,if ! ,communism 7
 m complete1 x w\ld n necess>ily mean m 
fre$om2 !re w\ld /ill be c]ta9 (ficials 
9 control ( ! food supply1 & ^! (ficials
 c\ld gov]n z !y pleas$ s long z !y     
reta9$ ! support ( ! soldi]s4 ,?is is n 
m]e !ory3 x is ! pat5t lesson ( ! pres5t
 condition ( ,russia4 ,! ,bol%evik !ory 
is t a small m9ority are to seize p[]1 &
 are to hold x until ,communism is      
accept$ practically univ]sally1 :i*1 !y 
admit1 may take a long "t4 ,b p[] is    
sweet1 & few m5 surr5d] x volunt>ily4 ,x
 is especially sweet to ^? :o h ! habit 
( x1 & ! habit becomes mo/ +ra9$ 9 ^? :o
 h gov]n$ by bayonets1 )\t popul>       
support4 ,is x n almo/ inevitable t m5  
plac$ z ! ,bol%eviks are plac$ 9        
,russia1 & z !y ma9ta9 t ! ,communi/s   

mu/ place !mselves :]ev] ! social       
revolution succe$s1 w be loa? to        
rel9qui% _! monopoly ( p[]1 & w f9d     
reasons = rema9+ until "s new revolution
 ou/s !m8 ,w\ld x n be fatally easy =   
!m1 )\t alt]+ economic /ructure1 to     
decree l>ge sal>ies = high ,gov]nm5t    
(ficials1 & s re9troduce ! old          
inequalities ( weal?8 ,:at motive w\ld  
!y h = n do+ s8 ,:at motive is possible 
except idealism1 love ( mank9d1         
non-economic motives ( ! sort t         
,bol%eviks decry8 ,! sy/em creat$ by    
viol5ce & ! =cible rule ( a m9ority mu/ 
necess>ily all[ ( tyranny &             
exploitation2 & if human nature is :at  
,m>xians ass]t x to be1 :y %\ld ! rul]s 
neglect su* opportunities ( selfi%      
advantage8  ,x is %e] nons5se to pret5d 
t ! rul]s ( a great empire su* z ,soviet
 ,russia1 :5 !y h become accu/om$ to    
p[]1 reta9 ! prolet>ian psy*ology1 &    
feel t _! class-int]e/ is ! same z t ( !
 ord9>y work+ man4 ,?is is n ! case 9   
fact 9 ,russia n[1 h[ev] ! tru? may be  

conceal$ by f9e phrases4 ,! ,gov]nm5t   
has a class-consci\sness & a            
class-int]e/ q di/9ct f ^? ( ! g5u9e    
prolet>ian1 :o is n to be conf\nd$ ) !  
pap] prolet>ian ( ! ,m>xian s*ema4 ,9 a 
capitali/ /ate1 ! ,gov]nm5t & !         
capitali/s on ! :ole hang toge!r1 & =m  
"o class2 9 ,soviet ,russia1 ! ,gov]nm5t
 has absorb$ ! capitali/ m5tality toge!r
 ) ! gov]nm5tal1 & ! fusion has giv5    
increas$ /r5g? to ! upp] class4 ,b ,i   
see no reason :atev] to expect equality 
or fre$om to result f su* a sy/em1      
except reasons d]iv$ f a false psy*ology
 & a mi/ak5 analysis ( ! s\rces (       
political p[]4  ,i am compell$ to reject
 ,bol%evism = two reasons3 ,fir/1       
because ! price mank9d mu/ pay to a*ieve
 ,communism by ,bol%evik me?ods is too  
t]rible2 & secondly because1 ev5 aft]   
pay+ ! price1 ,i d n believe ! result   
w\ld be :at ! ,bol%eviks pr(ess to      
desire4  ,b if _! me?ods are reject$1 h[
 are we ev] to arrive at a bett]        
economic sy/em8 ,?is is n an easy "q1 & 

,i %all treat x 9 a sep>ate *apt]4      
,v  ,,me*anism ,,& ,,! ,,individual     
,is x possible to effect a fundam5tal   
re=m ( ! exi/+ economic sy/em by any o!r
 me?od ?an t ( ,bol%evism8 ,! difficulty
 ( answ]+ ?is "q is :at *iefly attracts 
ideali/s to ! dictator%ip ( !           
prolet>iat4 ,if1 z ,i h argu$1 ! me?od (
 viol5t revolution & ,communi/ rule is n
 likely to h ! results :i* ideali/s     
desire1 we are r$uc$ to despair unless  
we c see hope 9 o!r me?ods4 ,! ,bol%evik
 argum5ts aga9/ all o!r me?ods are      
p[]ful4 ,i confess t1 :5 ! spectacle (  
pres5t-day ,russia =c$ me to disbelieve 
9 ,bol%evik me?ods1 ,i 0 at fir/ unable 
to see any way ( cur+ ! ess5tial evils (
 capitalism4 ,my fir/ impulse 0 to ab&on
 political ?9k+ z a bad job1 & to       
conclude t ! /rong & ru?less mu/ always 
exploit ! weak] & k9dli] sections ( !   
population4 ,b ?is is n an attitude t c 
be long ma9ta9$ by any vigor\s &        
temp]am5tally hopeful p]son4 ,( c\rse1  
if x 7 ! tru?1 "o w\ld h to acquiesce4  

,"s p believe t by liv+ on s\r milk "o c
 a*ieve immortality4 ,su* optimi/s are  
answ]$ by a m]e refutation2 x is n      
necess>y to g on & po9t out "s o!r way (
 escap+ dea?4 ,simil>ly an argum5t t    
,bol%evism w n lead to ! mill5nium w\ld 
rema9 valid ev5 if x c\ld be %[n t !    
mill5nium _c be rea*$ by any o!r road4  
,b ! tru? 9 social que/ions is n q l    
tru? 9 physiology or physics1 s9ce x    
dep5ds ^u m5's beliefs4 ,optimism t5ds  
to v]ify itself by mak+ p impati5t (    
avoidable evils2 :ile despair1 on ! o!r 
h&1 makes ! _w z bad z x believes x to  
be4 ,x is !re=e imp]ative = ^? :o d n   
believe 9 ,bol%evism to put "s o!r hope 
9 its place4  ,i ?9k !re are two ?+s t  
mu/ be admitt$3 fir/1 t _m ( ! wor/     
evils ( capitalism might survive "u     
,communism2 secondly1 t ! cure = ^!     
evils _c be sudd51 s9ce x requires      
*anges 9 ! av]age m5tality4  ,:at are ! 
*ief evils ( ! pres5t sy/em8 ,i d n ?9k 
t m]e inequality ( weal?1 9 itself1 is a
 v grave evil4 ,if ev]ybody _h en\gh1 ! 

fact t "s h m ?an en\gh w\ld be         
unimportant4 ,) a v mod]ate improvem5t 9
 me?ods ( production1 x w\ld be easy to 
ensure t ev]ybody %\ld h en\gh1 ev5 "u  
capitalism1 if w>s & prep>ations = w>s 7
 aboli%$4 ,! problem ( pov]ty is by no  
means insoluble )9 ! exi/+ sy/em1 except
 :5 acc\nt is tak5 ( psy*ological       
factors & ! unev5 di/ribution ( p[]4  ,!
 grav] evils ( ! capitali/ sy/em all    
arise f its unev5 di/ribution ( p[]4 ,! 
possessors ( capital wield an influ5ce q
 out ( proportion to _! numb]s or _!    
s]vices to ! community4 ,!y control     
almo/ ! :ole ( education & ! press2 !y  
decide :at ! av]age man %all "k or n "k2
 ! c9ema has giv5 !m a new me?od (      
propag&a1 by :i* !y enli/ ! support ( ^?
 :o are too frivol\s ev5 = illu/rat$    
pap]s4 ,v little ( ! intellig5ce ( ! _w 
is really free3 mo/ ( x is1 directly or 
indirectly1 9 ! pay ( bus9ess ent]prises
 or weal?y philan?ropi/s4 ,to satisfy   
capitali/ int]e/s1 m5 are compell$ to "w
 mu* h>d] & m monoton\sly ?an !y ought  

to "w1 & _! education is scamp$4 ,:]ev]1
 z 9 b>b>\s or semi-civiliz$ c\ntries1  
lab\r is too weak or too disorganiz$ to 
protect itself1 appall+ cruelties are   
practis$ = private pr(it4 ,economic &   
political organizations become m & m    
va/1 leav+ less & less room = individual
 developm5t & initiative4 ,x is ?is     
sacrifice ( ! individual to ! ma*9e t is
 ! fundam5tal evil ( ! mod]n _w4  ,to   
cure ?is evil is n easy1 because        
effici5cy is promot$1 at any giv5 mom5t1
 ?\gh n 9 ! long run1 by sacrific+ !    
individual to ! smoo? work+ ( a va/     
organization1 :e!r milit>y or indu/rial4
 ,9 w> & 9 comm]cial competition1 x is  
necess>y to control individual impulses1
 to treat m5 z s _m bayonets or sabres  
or h&s1 n z a society ( sep>ate p )     
sep>ate ta/es & capacities4 ,"s         
sacrifice ( individual impulses is1 (   
c\rse1 ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( an ord]$ 
community1 & ?is degree ( sacrifice is1 
z a rule1 n regretable ev5 f !          
individual's po9t ( view4 ,b :at is     

dem&$ 9 a highly milit>iz$ or           
indu/rializ$ nation goes f> beyond ?is v
 mod]ate degree4 ,a society :i* is to   
all[ mu* fre$om to ! individual mu/ be  
/rong en\gh to be n anxi\s ab\t home    
def5ce1 mod]ate en\gh to refra9 f       
difficult ext]nal conque/s1 & ri* en\gh 
to value leisure & a civiliz$ exi/5ce m 
?an an increase ( consumable            
commodities4  ,b :]e ! mat]ial          
conditions = su* a /ate ( affairs exi/1 
! psy*ological conditions are n likely  
to exi/ unless p[] is v widely diffus$  
?r\gh\t ! community4 ,:]e p[] is        
conc5trat$ 9 a few1 x w happ51 unless ^?
 few are v exceptional p1 t !y w value  
tangible a*ievem5ts 9 ! way ( increase 9
 trade or empire m ?an ! sl[ & less     
obvi\s improvem5ts t w\ld result f bett]
 education comb9$ ) m leisure4 ,! joys (
 victory are especially great to !      
hold]s ( p[]1 :ile ! evils ( a me*anical
 organization fall almo/ exclusively ^u 
! less influ5tial4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i d n
 believe t any community 9 :i* p[] is   

mu* conc5trat$ w long refra9 f conflicts
 ( ! k9d involv+ a sacrifice ( :at is   
mo/ valuable 9 ! individual4 ,9 ,russia 
at ?is mom5t1 ! sacrifice ( ! individual
 is l>gely inevitable1 because ( !      
sev]ity ( ! economic & milit>y /ruggle4 
,b ,i did n feel1 9 ! ,bol%eviks1 any   
consci\sness ( ! magnitude ( ?is        
mis=tune1 or any realization ( !        
importance ( ! individual z aga9/ !     
,/ate4 ,nor d ,i believe t m5 :o d      
realize ?is are likely to succe$1 or to 
come to ! top1 9 times :5 ev]y?+ has to 
be done aga9/ p]sonal lib]ty4 ,!        
,bol%evik !ory requires t e c\ntry1     
soon] or lat]1 %\ld g ?r\gh :at ,russia 
is go+ ?r\gh n[4 ,& 9 e c\ntry 9 su* a  
condition we may expect to f9d !        
gov]nm5t fall+ into ! h&s ( ru?less m51 
:o h n by nature any love = fre$om1 & :o
 w see little importance 9 ha/5+ !      
transition f dictator%ip to fre$om4 ,x  
is f> m likely t su* m5 w be tempt$ to  
emb>k ^u new ent]prises1 requir+ fur!r  
conc5tration ( =ces1 & po/pon+          

indef9itely ! lib]ation ( ! populations 
:i* !y use z _! mat]ial4  ,= ^! reasons1
 equalization ( weal? )\t equalization (
 p[] seems to me a r small & un/able    
a*ievem5t4 ,b equalization ( p[] is n a 
?+ t c be a*iev$ 9 a day4 ,x requires a 
consid]able level ( moral1 intellectual1
 & te*nical education4 ,x requires a    
long p]iod )\t extreme crises1 9 ord] t 
habits ( tol]ance & good nature may     
become common4 ,x requires vig\r on ! "p
 ( ^? :o are acquir+ p[]1 )\t a too     
desp]ate resi/ance on ! "p ( ^? ^: %>e  
is dim9i%+4 ,?is is only possible if ^? 
:o are acquir+ p[] are n v fi]ce1 & d n 
t]rify _! oppon5ts by ?reats ( ru9 &    
dea?4 ,x _c be done quickly1 because    
quick me?ods require t v me*anism &     
subord9ation ( ! individual :i* we %\ld 
/ruggle to prev5t4  ,b ev5 equalization 
( p[] is n ! :ole ( :at is ne$$         
politically4 ,! "r gr\p+ ( m5 = diff]5t 
purposes is also ess5tial4              
,self-gov]nm5t 9 indu/ry1 = example1 is 
an indisp5sable condition ( a good      

society4 ,^? acts ( an individual or a  
gr\p :i* h no v great importance =      
outsid]s ought to be freely decid$ by t 
individual or gr\p4 ,?is is recogniz$ z 
reg>ds religion1 b ought to be recogniz$
 ov] a mu* wid] field4  ,bol%evik !ory  
seems to me to err by conc5trat+ its    
att5tion ^u "o evil1 namely inequality (
 weal?1 :i* x believes to be at ! bottom
 ( all o!rs4 ,i d n believe any "o evil 
c be ?us isolat$1 b if ,i _h to select  
"o z ! greate/ ( political evils1 ,i    
%\ld select inequality ( p[]4 ,& ,i %\ld
 d5y t ?is is likely to be cur$ by !    
class-w> & ! dictator%ip ( ! ,communi/  
p>ty4 ,only peace & a long p]iod (      
gradual improvem5t c br+ x ab\t4  ,good 
relations betwe5 individuals1 fre$om f  
hatr$ & viol5ce & oppression1 g5]al     
diffusion ( education1 leisure          
rationally employ$1 ! progress ( art &  
sci5ce--^! seem to me among ! mo/       
important ends t a political !ory ought 
to h 9 view4 ,i d n believe t !y c be   
fur!r$1 except v r>ely1 by revolution & 

w>2 & ,i am conv9c$ t at ! pres5t mom5t 
!y c only be promot$ by a dim9ution 9 ! 
_s ( ru?lessness g5]at$ by ! w>4 ,= ^!  
reasons1 :ile admitt+ ! necessity & ev5 
utility ( ,bol%evism 9 ,russia1 ,i d n  
wi% to see x spread1 or to enc\rage !   
adoption ( its philosophy by advanc$    
p>ties 9 ! ,we/]n nations4     ,,vi     
,,:y ,,russian ,,communism ,,has ,,fail$
   ,! civiliz$ _w seems almo/ c]ta91    
soon] or lat]1 to foll[ ! example (     
,russia 9 attempt+ a ,communi/          
organization ( society4 ,i believe t !  
attempt is ess5tial to ! progress &     
happ9ess ( mank9d dur+ ! next few       
c5turies1 b ,i believe also t !         
transition has appall+ dang]s4 ,i       
believe t1 if ! ,bol%evik !ory z to !   
me?od ( transition is adopt$ by         
,communi/s 9 ,we/]n nations1 ! result w 
be a prolong$ *aos1 lead+ nei!r to      
,communism nor to any o!r civiliz$      
sy/em1 b to a relapse into ! b>b>ism ( !
 ,d>k ,ages4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ,communism1 
no less ?an 9 ! int]e/s ( civilization1 

,i ?9k x imp]ative t ! ,russian failure 
%\ld be admitt$ & analys$4 ,= ?is       
reason1 if = no o!r1 ,i _c ent] into !  
conspiracy ( concealm5t :i* _m ,we/]n   
,sociali/s :o h visit$ ,russia consid]  
necess>y4  ,i %all try fir/ to          
recapitulate ! facts :i* make me reg>d !
 ,russian exp]im5t z a failure1 & !n to 
seek out ! causes ( failure4  ,! mo/    
elem5t>y failure 9 ,russia is 9 reg>d to
 food4 ,9 a c\ntry :i* =m]ly produc$ a  
va/ exportable surplus ( c]eals & o!r   
agricultural produce1 & 9 :i* !         
non-agricultural population is only #ae 
p] c5t4 ( ! total1 x ought to be        
possible1 )\t great difficulty1 to      
provide en\gh food = ! t[ns4 ,yet !     
,gov]nm5t has fail$ badly 9 ?is respect4
 ,! rations are inadequate & irregul>1 s
 t x is impossible to pres]ve heal? &   
vig\r )\t ! help ( food pur*as$         
illicitly 9 ! m>kets at speculative     
prices4 ,i h giv5 reasons = ?9k+ t !    
breakd[n ( transport1 ?\gh a            
contributory cause1 is n ! ma9 reason = 

! %ortage4 ,! ma9 reason is ! ho/ility (
 ! peasants1 :i*1 9 turn1 is due to !   
collapse ( indu/ry & to ! policy ( =c$  
requisitions4 ,9 reg>d to corn & fl\r1 !
 ,gov]nm5t requisitions all t ! peasant 
produces above a c]ta9 m9imum requir$ = 
himself & 8 family4 ,if1 in/ead1 x      
exact$ a fix$ am\nt z r5t1 x w\ld n     
de/roy 8 inc5tive to production1 & w\ld 
n provide ne>ly su* a /rong motive =    
concealm5t4 ,b ?is plan w\ld h enabl$ ! 
peasants to gr[ ri*1 & w\ld h involv$ a 
confess$ ab&onm5t ( ,communi/ !ory4 ,x  
has !re=e be5 ?\ght bett] to employ     
=cible me?ods1 :i* l$ to disa/]1 z !y 7 
b\nd to d4  ,! collapse ( indu/ry 0 !   
*ief cause ( ! food difficulties1 & has 
9 turn be5 aggravat$ by !m4 ,ow+ to !   
fact t !re is abundant food 9 ! c\ntry1 
indu/rial & urban work]s are p]petually 
attempt+ to ab&on _! employm5t =        
agriculture4 ,?is is illegal1 & is      
sev]ely puni%$1 by imprisonm5t or       
convict lab\r4 ,nev]!less x cont9ues1 & 
9 s va/ a c\ntry z ,russia x is n       

possible to prev5t x4 ,?us ! ranks (    
indu/ry become /ill fur!r deplet$4      
,except z reg>ds munitions ( w>1 !      
collapse ( indu/ry 9 ,russia is         
extraord9>ily complete4 ,! resolutions  
pass$ by ! ,n9? ,congress ( ! ,communi/ 
,p>ty 7,april1 #aibj7 speak ( !         
incr$ible cata/rophes ( public economy4 
,?is language is n too /rong1 ?\gh !    
recov]y ( ! ,baku oil has done some?+ to
 produce a revival along ! ,volga bas94 
,! failure ( ! :ole indu/rial side ( !  
national economy1 includ+ transport1 is 
at ! bottom ( ! o!r failures ( ! ,soviet
 ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is1 to beg9 )1 ! ma9     
cause ( ! unpopul>ity ( ! ,communi/s bo?
 9 t[n & c\ntry3 9 t[n1 because ! p are 
hungry2 9 ! c\ntry1 because food is tak5
 ) no return except pap]4 ,if indu/ry _h
 be5 prosp]\s1 ! peasants c\ld h _h     
clo!s & agricultural ma*9]y1 = :i* !y   
w\ld h will+ly p>t$ ) en\gh food = !    
ne$s ( ! t[ns4 ,! t[n population c\ld !n
 h subsi/$ 9 tol]able com=t2 disease    
c\ld h be5 cop$ )1 & ! g5]al l[]+ (     

vitality av]t$4 ,x w\ld n h be5         
necess>y1 z x has be5 9 _m cases1 = m5 (
 sci5tific or arti/ic capacity to ab&on 
! pursuits 9 :i* !y 7 skill$ = unskill$ 
manual lab\r4 ,! ,communi/ ,republic    
might h be5 agreeable to live 9--at lea/
 = ^? :o _h be5 v poor be=e4  ,!        
unpopul>ity ( ! ,bol%eviks1 :i* is      
prim>ily due to ! collapse ( indu/ry1   
has 9 turn be5 acc5tuat$ by ! measures  
:i* x has driv5 ! ,gov]nm5t to adopt4 ,9
 view ( ! fact t x 0 impossible to give 
adequate food to ! ord9>y population (  
,petrograd & ,mosc[1 ! ,gov]nm5t decid$ 
t at any rate ! m5 employ$ on important 
public "w %\ld be suffici5tly n\ri%$ to 
pres]ve _! effici5cy4 ,x is a gross     
libel to say t ! ,communi/s1 or ev5 !   
lead+ ,p's ,commiss>ies1 live luxuri\s  
lives accord+ to our /&>ds2 b x is a    
fact t !y are n expos$1 l _! subjects1  
to acute hung] & ! weak5+ ( en]gy t     
accompanies x4 ,no tone c blame !m =    
?is1 s9ce ! "w ( gov]nm5t mu/ be c>ri$  
on2 b x is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* class      

di/9ctions h reappe>$ :]e x 0 int5d$ t  
!y %\ld be bani%$4 ,i talk$ to an       
obvi\sly hungry work+ man 9 ,mosc[1 :o  
po9t$ to ! ,kreml9 & rem>k$3 ,9 !re !y h
 en\gh to eat4 ,he 0 express+ a         
widespread feel+ :i* is fatal to !      
ideali/ic appeal t ,communism attempts  
to make4  ,ow+ to unpopul>ity1 !        
,bol%eviks h _h to rely ^u ! army & !   
,extraord9>y ,commission1 & h be5       
compell$ to r$uce ! ,soviet sy/em to an 
empty =m4 ,m & m ! pret5ce ( repres5t+ !
 prolet>iat has gr[n ?readb>e4 ,amid    
(ficial demon/rations & processions &   
meet+s ! g5u9e prolet>ian looks on1     
apa!tic & disillusion$1 unless he is    
possess$ ( unusual en]gy & fire1 9 :i*  
case he looks to ! ideas ( syndicalism  
or ! ,i4,w4,w4 to lib]ate him f a slav]y
 f> m complete ?an t ( capitalism4 ,a   
sweat$ wage1 long h\rs1 indu/rial       
conscription1 prohibition ( /rikes1     
prison = slack]s1 dim9ution ( ! already 
insuffici5t rations 9 factories :]e !   
production falls bel[ :at ! au?orities  

expect1 an army ( spies ready to report 
any t5d5cy to political disaffection &  
to procure imprisonm5t = its            
promot]s--?is is ! reality ( a sy/em :i*
 /ill pr(esses to gov]n 9 ! "n ( !      
prolet>iat4  ,at ! same "t ! int]nal &  
ext]nal p]il has necessitat$ ! creation 
( a va/ army recruit$ by conscription1  
except z reg>ds a ,communi/ nucleus1 f  
among a population utt]ly we>y ( w>1 :o 
put ! ,bol%eviks 9 p[] because !y alone 
promis$ peace4 ,milit>ism has produc$   
its inevitable result 9 ! way ( a h>% & 
dictatorial _s3 ! m5 9 p[] g ?r\gh _!   
day's "w ) ! consci\sness t !y comm&    
?ree million arm$ m51 & t civilian      
opposition to _! w c be easily cru%$4   
,out ( all ?is has gr[n a sy/em pa9fully
 l ! old gov]nm5t ( ! ,ts>--a sy/em :i* 
is ,asiatic 9 its c5traliz$ bureaucracy1
 its secret s]vice1 its atmosph]e (     
gov]nm5tal my/]y & submissive t]ror4 ,9 
_m ways x resembles our ,gov]nm5t (     
,india4 ,l t ,gov]nm5t1 x /&s =         
civilization1 = education1 sanitation1 &

 ,we/]n ideas ( progress2 x is compos$ 9
 ! ma9 ( hone/ & h>d-work+ m51 :o       
despise ^? :om !y gov]n1 b believe      
!mselves possess$ ( some?+ valuable :i* 
!y mu/ communicate to ! population1     
h[ev] little x may be desir$4 ,l our    
,gov]nm5t 9 ,india1 !y live 9 t]ror (   
popul> ris+s1 & are compell$ to resort  
to cruel repressions 9 ord] to pres]ve  
_! p[]4 ,l x1 !y repres5t an ali5       
philosophy ( life1 :i* _c be =c$ ^u ! p 
)\t a *ange ( in/9ct1 habit1 & tradition
 s pr(\nd z to dry up ! vital spr+s (   
action1 produc+ li/lessness & despair   
among ! ignorant victims ( militant     
enlight5m5t4 ,x may be t ,russia ne$s   
/]nness & discipl9e m ?an any?+ else2 x 
may be t a revival ( ,pet] ! ,great's   
me?ods is ess5tial to progress4 ,f ?is  
po9t ( view1 mu* ( :at x is natural to  
criticize 9 ! ,bol%eviks becomes        
def5sible2 b ?is po9t ( view has little 
aff9ity to ,communism4 ,bol%evism may be
 def5d$1 possibly1 z a dire discipl9e   
?r\gh :i* a backw>d nation is to be     

rapidly indu/rializ$2 b z an exp]im5t 9 
,communism x has fail$4  ,!re are two   
?+s t a def5d] ( ! ,bol%eviks may say   
aga9/ ! argum5t t !y h fail$ because !  
pres5t /ate ( ,russia is bad4 ,x may be 
said t x is too soon to judge1 & x may  
be urg$ t :atev] failure !re has be5 is 
attributable to ! ho/ility ( ! outside  
_w4  ,z to ! cont5tion t x is too soon  
to judge1 t is ( c\rse und5iable 9 a    
s5se4 ,b 9 a s5se x is always too soon  
to judge ( any hi/orical movem5t1       
because its effects & developm5ts g on =
 ev]4 ,bol%evism has1 no d\bt1 great    
*anges ahead ( x4 ,b ! la/ ?ree ye>s h  
af=d$ mat]ial = "s judgm5ts1 ?\gh m     
def9itive judgm5ts w be possible lat]4  
,&1 = reasons :i* ,i h giv5 9 e>li]     
*apt]s1 ,i f9d x impossible to believe t
 lat] developm5ts w realize m fully !   
,communi/ ideal4 ,if trade is op5$ ) !  
out] _w1 !re w be an almo/ irresi/ible  
t5d5cy to resumption ( private          
ent]prise4 ,if trade is n re-op5$1 !    
plans ( ,asiatic conque/ w mature1 lead+

 to a revival ( ,y5ghis ,khan & ,timur4 
,9 nei!r case is ! purity ( ! ,communi/ 
fai? likely to survive4  ,z = ! ho/ility
 ( ! ,ent5te1 x is ( c\rse true t       
,bol%evism might h develop$ v diff]5tly 
if x _h be5 treat$ 9 a fri5dly _s4 ,b 9 
view ( its desire to promote            
_w-revolution1 no "o c\ld expect--& !   
,bol%eviks c]ta9ly did n expect--t      
capitali/ ,gov]nm5ts w\ld be fri5dly4   
,if ,g]many _h won ! w>1 ,g]many w\ld h 
%[n a ho/ility m effective ?an t ( !    
,ent5te4 ,h[ev] we may blame ,we/]n     
,gov]nm5ts = _! policy1 we mu/ realize  
t1 accord+ to ! det]m9i/ic economic !ory
 ( ! ,bol%eviks1 no o!r policy 0 to be  
expect$ f !m4 ,o!r m5 might h be5 excus$
 = n =esee+ ! attitude ( ,*ur*ill1      
,clem5ceau & ,mill]&2 b ,m>xians c\ld n 
be excus$1 s9ce ?is attitude 0 9 exact  
accord ) _! own =mula4  ,we h se5 !     
symptoms ( ,bol%evik failure2 ,i come n[
 to ! "q ( its pr(\nd] causes4  ,ev]y?+ 
t is wor/ 9 ,russia we f\nd traceable to
 ! collapse ( indu/ry4 ,:y has indu/ry  

collaps$ s utt]ly8 ,& w\ld x collapse   
equally if a ,communi/ revolution 7 to  
occur 9 a ,we/]n c\ntry8  ,russian      
indu/ry 0 nev] highly develop$1 & dep5d$
 always ^u outside aid = mu* ( its      
plant4 ,! ho/ility ( ! _w1 z embodi$ 9 !
 blockade1 left ,russia p[]less to      
replace ! ma*9]y & locomotives worn out 
dur+ ! w>4 ,! ne$ ( self-def5ce compell$
 ! ,bol%eviks to s5d _! be/ workm5 to ! 
front1 because !y 7 ! mo/ reliable      
,communi/s1 & ! loss ( !m r5d]$ _!      
factories ev5 m ineffici5t ?an !y 7 "u  
,k]5sky4 ,9 ?is respect1 & 9 ! laz9ess &
 incapacity ( ! ,russian workman1 !     
,bol%eviks h _h to face special         
difficulties :i* w\ld be less 9 o!r     
c\ntries4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h _h special 
advantages 9 ! fact t ,russia is        
self-support+ 9 ! matt] ( food2 no o!r  
c\ntry c\ld h endur$ ! collapse (       
indu/ry s long1 & no o!r ,great ,p[]    
except ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld h surviv$   
ye>s ( blockade4  ,! ho/ility ( ! _w 0 9
 no way a surprise to ^? :o made !      

,octob] revolution2 x 0 9 accordance )  
_! g5]al !ory1 & its consequ5ces %\ld h 
be5 tak5 into acc\nt 9 mak+ !           
revolution4  ,o!r ho/ilities besides ^? 
( ! outside _w h be5 incurr$ by !       
,bol%eviks ) op5 eyes1 notably !        
ho/ility ( ! peasants & t ( a great "p (
 ! indu/rial population4 ,!y h attempt$1
 9 accordance ) _! usual contempt =     
conciliatory me?ods1 to sub/itute t]ror 
= rew>d z ! inc5tive to "w4 ,"s amiable 
,sociali/s h imag9$ t1 :5 ! private     
capitali/ _h be5 elim9at$1 m5 w\ld "w f 
a s5se ( obligation to ! community4 ,!  
,bol%eviks w h none ( su* s5tim5talism4 
,9 "o ( ! resolutions ( ! n9? ,communi/ 
,congress !y say3      ,e social sy/em1 
:e!r bas$ on slav]y1 feudalism1 or      
capitalism1 _h its ways & means ( lab\r 
compulsion &     lab\r education 9 !    
int]e/s ( ! exploit]s4      ,! ,soviet  
sy/em is fac$ ) ! task ( develop+ its   
own me?ods ( lab\r compulsion to atta9  
an increase ( !     int5sity &          
:olesom5ess ( lab\r2 ?is me?od is to be 

bas$ on ! socialization ( public economy
 9 ! int]e/s     ( ! :ole nation4       
,9 addition to ! propag&a by :i* ! p are
 to be     influ5c$ & ! repressions :i* 
are to be appli$ to all     idl]s1      
p>asites & disorganiz]s :o /rive to     
und]m9e     public zeal--! pr9cipal     
me?od = ! increase (     production w   
become ! introduction ( ! sy/em (       
compulsory lab\r4      ,9 capitali/     
society rivalry assum$ ! "* (           
competition & l$ to ! exploitation ( man
 by man4 ,9 a     society :]e ! means ( 
production are nationaliz$1 lab\r       
rivalry is to increase ! products (     
lab\r )\t     infr++ its solid>ity4     
,rivalry betwe5 factories1 regions1     
guilds1 work%ops1 &     individual      
work]s %\ld become ! subject ( c>eful   
organization & ( close /udy on ! side ( 
! ,trade     ,unions & ! economic       
organs4      ,! sy/em ( premiums :i* is 
to be introduc$ %\ld become     "o ( !  
mo/ p[]ful means ( excit+ rivalry4 ,!   
sy/em     ( ration+ ( food supply is to 

get into l9e ) x2 s     long z ,soviet  
,russia suff]s f insuffici5cy (         
provisions1 x is only j t ! indu/ri\s & 
consci5ti\s work] receives m ?an !      
c>eless work]4  ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ev5
 ! indu/ri\s & consci5ti\s work]        
receives less food ?an is requir$ to    
ma9ta9 effici5cy4  ,ov] ! :ole          
developm5t ( ,russia & ( ,bol%evism s9ce
 ! ,octob] revolution !re broods a      
tragic fatality4 ,9 spite ( outw>d      
success ! inn] failure has proce$$ by   
inevitable /ages--/ages :i* c\ld1 by    
suffici5t acum51 h be5 =ese5 f ! fir/4  
,by provok+ ! ho/ility ( ! outside _w ! 
,bol%eviks 7 =c$ to provoke ! ho/ility (
 ! peasants1 & f9ally ! ho/ility or utt]
 apa?y ( ! urban & indu/rial population4
 ,^! v>i\s ho/ilities br\ght mat]ial    
disa/]1 & mat]ial disa/] br\ght         
spiritual collapse4 ,! ultimate s\rce ( 
! :ole tra9 ( evils lies 9 ! ,bol%evik  
outlook on life3 9 its dogmatism ( hatr$
 & its belief t human nature c be       
completely trans=m$ by =ce4 ,to injure  

capitali/s is n ! ultimate goal (       
,communism1 ?\gh among m5 dom9at$ by    
hatr$ x is ! "p t gives ze/ to _!       
activities4 ,to face ! ho/ility ( ! _w  
may %[ h]oism1 b x is a h]oism = :i* !  
c\ntry1 n its rul]s1 has to pay ! price4
 ,9 ! pr9ciples ( ,bol%evism !re is m   
desire to de/roy anci5t evils ?an to    
build up new goods2 x is = ?is reason t 
success 9 de/ruction has be5 s mu*      
great] ?an 9 con/ruction4 ,! desire to  
de/roy is inspir$ by hatr$1 :i* is n a  
con/ructive pr9ciple4 ,f ?is ess5tial   
*>act]i/ic ( ,bol%evik m5tality has     
sprung ! will+ness to subject ,russia to
 its pres5t m>tyrdom4 ,x is only out ( a
 q diff]5t m5tality t a happi] _w c be  
creat$4  ,& f ?is foll[s a fur!r        
conclusion4 ,! ,bol%evik outlook is !   
outcome ( ! cruelty ( ! ,ts>i/ rgime & !
 f]ocity ( ! ye>s ( ! ,great ,w>1 op]at+
 ^u a ru9$ & />v+ nation madd5$ into    
univ]sal hatr$4 ,if a diff]5t m5tality  
is ne$$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a successful   
,communism1 !n a q diff]5t conjuncture  

mu/ see its inauguration2 m5 mu/ be     
p]suad$ to ! attempt by hope1 n driv5 to
 x by despair4 ,to br+ ?is ab\t %\ld be 
! aim ( e ,communi/ :o desires !        
happ9ess ( mank9d m ?an ! puni%m5t (    
capitali/s & _! gov]nm5tal satellites4  
,,vii  ,,conditions ,,= ,,! ,,success   
,,( ,,communism   ,! fundam5tal ideas ( 
,communism are by no means              
impracticable1 & w\ld1 if realiz$1 add  
immeasurably to ! well-be+ ( mank9d4 ,! 
difficulties :i* h to be fac$ are n 9   
reg>d to ! fundam5tal ideas1 b 9 reg>d  
to ! transition f capitalism4 ,x mu/ be 
assum$ t ^? :o pr(it by ! exi/+ sy/em w 
fight to pres]ve x1 & _! fight may be   
suffici5tly sev]e to de/roy all t is be/
 9 ,communism dur+ ! /ruggle1 z well z  
ev]y?+ else t has value 9 mod]n         
civilization4 ,! s]i\sness ( ?is problem
 ( transition is illu/rat$ by ,russia1 &
 _c be met by ! me?ods ( ! ,?ird        
,int]national4 ,! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t1 at 
! pres5t mom5t1 is anxi\s to obta9      
manufactur$ goods f capitali/ c\ntries1 

b ! ,?ird ,int]national is mean:ile     
endeav\r+ to promote revolutions :i*1 if
 !y occurr$1 w\ld p>alyse ! indu/ries ( 
! c\ntries conc]n$1 & leave !m incapable
 ( supply+ ,russian ne$s4  ,! supreme   
condition ( success 9 a ,communi/       
revolution is t x %\ld n p>alyse        
indu/ry4 ,if indu/ry is p>alys$1 ! evils
 :i* exi/ 9 mod]n ,russia1 or o!rs j z  
great1 seem practically unavoidable4    
,!re w be ! problem ( t[n & c\ntry1 !re 
w be hung]1 !re w be fi]c5ess & revolts 
& milit>y tyranny4 ,all ^! ?+s foll[ 9 a
 fatal sequ5ce2 & ! end ( !m is almo/   
c]ta9 to be some?+ q diff]5t f :at g5u9e
 ,communi/s desire4  ,if indu/ry is to  
survive ?r\gh\t a ,communi/ revolution1 
a numb] ( conditions mu/ be fulfill$ :i*
 are n1 at pres5t1 fulfill$ any:]e4     
,consid]1 = ! sake ( def9it5ess1 :at    
w\ld happ5 if a ,communi/ revolution 7  
to occur 9 ,engl& to-morr[4 ,imm$iately 
,am]ica w\ld place an emb>go on all     
trade ) u4 ,! cotton indu/ry w\ld       
collapse1 leav+ ab\t five million ( !   

mo/ productive portion ( ! population   
idle4 ,! food supply w\ld become        
inadequate1 & w\ld fail disa/r\sly if1 z
 is to be expect$1 ! ,navy 7 ho/ile or  
disorganiz$ by ! sabotage ( ! (fic]s4 ,!
 result w\ld be t1 unless !re 7 a       
c\nt]-revolution1 ab\t half ! population
 w\ld die )9 ! fir/ twelve mon?s4 ,on   
su* a basis x w\ld evid5tly be          
impossible to erect a successful        
,communi/ ,/ate4  ,:at applies to ,engl&
 applies1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 to ! rema9+ 
c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,italian & ,g]man   
,sociali/s are1 _m ( !m1 9 a            
revolution>y frame ( m9d & c\ld1 if !y  
*ose1 raise =midable revolts4 ,!y are   
urg$ by ,mosc[ to d s1 b !y realize t1  
if !y did1 ,engl& & ,am]ica w\ld />ve   
!m4 ,france1 = _m reasons1 d>e n (f5d   
,engl& & ,am]ica beyond a po9t4 ,?us1 9 
e c\ntry except ,am]ica1 a successful   
,communi/ revolution is impossible =    
economico-political reasons4 ,am]ica1   
be+ self-conta9$ & /rong1 w\ld be       
capable1 s f> z mat]ial conditions g1 ( 

a*iev+ a successful revolution2 b 9     
,am]ica ! psy*ological conditions are z 
yet adv]se4 ,!re is no o!r civiliz$     
c\ntry :]e capitalism is s /rong &      
revolution>y ,socialism s weak z 9      
,am]ica4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 !re=e1 ?\gh
 x is by no means impossible t ,communi/
 revolutions may occur all ov] !        
,cont95t1 x is ne>ly c]ta9 t !y _c be   
successful 9 any real s5se4 ,!y w h to  
beg9 by a w> aga9/ ,am]ica1 & possibly  
,engl&1 by a p>alysis ( indu/ry1 by     
/>vation1 milit>ism & ! :ole att5dant   
tra9 ( evils ) :i* ,russia has made u   
famili>4  ,t ,communism1 :5ev] & :]ev] x
 is adopt$1 w h to beg9 by fight+ !     
b\rgeoisie1 is highly probable4 ,!      
important "q is n :e!r !re is to be     
fight+1 b h[ long & sev]e x is to be4 ,a
 %ort w>1 9 :i* ,communism won a rapid &
 easy victory1 w\ld d little h>m4 ,x is 
long1 bitt] & d\btful w>s t mu/ be      
avoid$ if any?+ ( :at makes ,communism  
desirable is to survive4  ,two practical
 consequ5ces fl[ f ?is conclusion3 fir/1

 t no?+ c succe$ until ,am]ica is ei!r  
conv]t$ to ,communism1 or at any rate   
will+ to rema9 neutral2 secondly1 t x is
 a mi/ake to attempt to inaugurate      
,communism 9 a c\ntry :]e ! majority are
 ho/ile1 or r1 :]e ! active oppon5ts are
 z /rong z ! active support]s1 because 9
 su* a /ate ( op9ion a v sev]e civil w> 
is likely to result4 ,x is necess>y to h
 a great body ( op9ion fav\rable to     
,communism1 & a r weak opposition1 be=e 
a really successful ,communi/ /ate c be 
introduc$ ei!r by revolution or by m or 
less con/itutional me?ods4  ,x may be   
assum$ t :5 ,communism is fir/          
introduc$1 ! high] te*nical & bus9ess   
/aff w side ) ! capitali/s & attempt    
sabotage unless !y h no hopes ( a       
c\nt]-revolution4 ,= ?is reason x is v  
necess>y t among wage-e>n]s !re %\ld be 
z wide a diffusion z possible ( te*nical
 & bus9ess education1 s t !y may be able
 imm$iately to take control ( big       
complex indu/ries4 ,9 ?is respect       
,russia 0 v badly (f1 :]eas ,engl& &    

,am]ica w\ld be mu* m =tunate4          
,self-gov]nm5t 9 indu/ry is1 ,i believe1
 ! road by :i* ,engl& c be/ approa*     
,communism4 ,i d n d\bt t ! railways & !
 m9es1 aft] a little practice1 c\ld be  
run m effici5tly by ! work]s1 f ! po9t (
 view ( production1 ?an !y are at pres5t
 by ! capitali/s4 ,! ,bol%eviks oppose  
self-gov]nm5t 9 indu/ry e :]e1 because x
 has fail$ 9 ,russia1 & _! national     
self-e/eem prev5ts !m f admitt+ t ?is is
 due to ! backw>dness ( ,russia4 ,?is is
 "o ( ! respects 9 :i* !y are misl$ by !
 assumption t ,russia mu/ be 9 all ways 
a model to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,i w\ld g s f> 
z to say t ! w9n+ ( self-gov]nm5t 9 su* 
indu/ries z railways & m9+ is an        
ess5tial prelim9>y to complete          
,communism4 ,9 ,engl&1 especially1 ?is  
is ! case4 ,! ,unions c comm& :atev]    
te*nical skill !y may require2 !y are   
politically p[]ful2 ! dem& =            
self-gov]nm5t is "o = :i* !re is        
widespread sympa?y1 & c\ld be mu* m )   
adequate propag&a2 moreov] 7:at is      

important ) ! ,briti% temp]am5t7        
self-gov]nm5t c be br\ght ab\t          
gradually1 by /ages 9 ea* trade1 & by   
ext5sion f "o trade to ano!r4           
,capitali/s value two ?+s1 _! p[] & _!  
money2 _m individuals among !m value    
only ! money4 ,x is wis] to conc5trate  
fir/ on ! p[]1 z is done by seek+       
self-gov]nm5t 9 indu/ry )\t confiscation
 ( capitali/ incomes4 ,by ?is means !   
capitali/s are gradually turn$ into     
obvi\s drones1 _! active functions 9    
indu/ry become nil1 & !y c be ultimately
 dispossess$ )\t dislocation & )\t !    
possibility ( any successful /ruggle on 
_! p>ts4  ,ano!r advantage ( proce$+ by 
way ( self-gov]nm5t is t x t5ds to      
prev5t ! ,communi/ rgime1 :5 x comes1 f 
hav+ t truly t]rible degree (           
c5tralization :i* n[ exi/s 9 ,russia4 ,!
 ,russians h be5 =c$ to c5tralize1 p>tly
 by ! problems ( ! w>1 b m by ! %ortage 
( all k9ds ( skill4 ,?is has compell$ ! 
few compet5t m5 to attempt ea* to d ! "w
 ( t5 m51 :i* has n prov$ satisfactory 9

 spite ( h]oic ef=ts4 ,! idea (         
democracy has become discr$it$ z !      
result fir/ ( syndicalism1 & !n (       
,bol%evism4 ,b !re are two diff]5t ?+s t
 may be meant by democracy3 we may mean 
! sy/em ( ,p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 or we   
may mean ! p>ticipation ( ! p 9 affairs4
 ,! discr$it ( ! =m] is l>gely des]v$1 &
 ,i h no desire to uphold ,p>liam5t z an
 ideal in/itution4 ,b x is a great      
mis=tune if1 f a confusion ( ideas1 m5  
come to ?9k t1 because ,p>liam5ts are   
imp]fect1 !re is no reason :y !re %\ld  
be self-gov]nm5t4 ,! gr\nds = advocat+  
self-gov]nm5t are v famili>3 fir/1 t no 
b5evol5t despot c be tru/$ to "k or     
pursue ! int]e/s ( 8 subjects2 second1 t
 ! practice ( self-gov]nm5t is ! only   
effective me?od ( political education2  
?ird1 t x t5ds to place ! prepond]ance (
 =ce on ! side ( ! con/itution1 & ?us to
 promote ord] & /able gov]nm5t4 ,o!r    
reasons c\ld be f\nd1 b ,i ?9k ^! are ! 
*ief4 ,9 ,russia self-gov]nm5t has      
disappe>$1 except )9 ! ,communi/ ,p>ty4 

,if x is n to disappe> else:]e dur+ a   
,communi/ revolution1 x is v desirable t
 !re %\ld exi/ already important        
indu/ries compet5tly adm9i/]$ by !      
work]s !mselves4  ,! ,bol%evik          
philosophy is promot$ v l>gely by       
despair ( m gradual me?ods4 ,b ?is      
despair is a m>k ( impati5ce1 & is n    
really w>rant$ by ! facts4 ,x is by no  
means impossible1 9 ! ne> future1 to    
secure self-gov]nm5t 9 ,briti% railways 
& m9es by con/itutional means4 ,?is is n
 ! sort ( measure :i* w\ld br+ into     
op]ation an ,am]ican blockade or a civil
 w> or any ( ! o!r cata/rophic dang]s t 
are to be fe>$ f a full-fl$g$ ,communi/ 
revolution 9 ! pres5t int]national      
situation4 ,self-gov]nm5t 9 indu/ry is  
feasible1 & w\ld be a great /ep t[>ds   
,communism4 ,x w\ld bo? af=d _m ( !     
advantages ( ,communism & also make !   
transition f> easi] )\t a te*nical      
break-d[n ( production4  ,!re is ano!r  
defect 9 ! me?ods advocat$ by ! ,?ird   
,int]national4 ,! sort ( revolution :i* 

is recomm5d$ is nev] practically        
feasible except 9 a "t ( national       
mis=tune2 9 fact1 defeat 9 w> seems to  
be an indisp5sable condition4           
,consequ5tly1 by ?is me?od1 ,communism w
 only be inaugurat$ :]e ! conditions (  
life are difficult1 :]e demoralization &
 disorganization make success almo/     
impossible1 & :]e m5 are 9 a mood (     
fi]ce despair v inimical to indu/rial   
con/ruction4 ,if ,communism is to h a   
fair *ance1 x mu/ be inaugurat$ 9 a     
prosp]\s c\ntry4 ,b a prosp]\s c\ntry w 
n be readily mov$ by ! argum5ts ( hatr$ 
& univ]sal upheaval :i* are employ$ by !
 ,?ird ,int]national4 ,x is necess>y1 9 
appeal+ to a prosp]\s c\ntry1 to lay    
/ress on hope r ?an despair1 & to %[ h[ 
! transition c be effect$ )\t a         
calamit\s loss ( prosp]ity4 ,all ?is    
requires less viol5ce & subv]siv5ess1 m 
pati5ce & con/ructive propag&a1 less    
appeal to ! arm$ might ( a det]m9$      
m9ority4  ,! attitude ( uncompromis+    
h]oism is attractive1 & appeals         

especially to ! dramatic in/9ct4 ,b !   
purpose ( ! s]i\s revolution>y is n     
p]sonal h]oism1 nor m>tyrdom1 b !       
creation ( a happi] _w4 ,^? :o h !      
happ9ess ( ! _w at he>t w %r9k f        
attitudes & ! facile hy/]ia ( no p>ley )
 ! enemy4 ,!y w n emb>k ^u ent]prises1  
h[ev] ardu\s & au/]e1 :i* are likely to 
involve ! m>tyrdom ( _! c\ntry & !      
discr$it+ ( _! ideals4 ,x is by sl[] &  
less %[y me?ods t ! new _w mu/ be built3
 by indu/rial ef=ts aft] self-gov]nm5t1 
by prolet>ian tra9+ 9 te*nique & bus9ess
 adm9i/ration1 by c>eful /udy ( !       
int]national situation1 by a prolong$ & 
devot$ propag&a ( ideas r ?an tactics1  
especially among ! wage-e>n]s ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates4 ,x is n true t no gradual      
approa*es to ,communism are possible3   
self-gov]nm5t 9 indu/ry is an important 
in/ance to ! contr>y4 ,x is n true t any
 isolat$ ,european c\ntry1 or ev5 ! :ole
 ( ! ,cont95t 9 unison1 c1 aft] !       
exhau/ion produc$ by ! w>1 introduce a  
successful =m ( ,communism at ! pres5t  

mom5t1 ow+ to ! ho/ility & economic     
supremacy ( ,am]ica4 ,to f9d fault ) ^? 
:o urge ^! consid]ations1 or to accuse  
!m ( fa9t-he>t$ness1 is m]e s5tim5tal   
self-indulg5ce1 sacrific+ ! good we c d 
to ! satisfaction ( our own emotions4   
,ev5 "u pres5t conditions 9 ,russia1 x  
is possible /ill to feel ! inspiration (
 ! ess5tial _s ( ,communism1 ! _s (     
creative hope1 seek+ to sweep away !    
incumbrances ( inju/ice & tyranny &     
rapacity :i* ob/ruct ! gr[? ( ! human   
_s1 to replace individual competition by
 collective action1 ! relation ( ma/] & 
slave by free co-op]ation4 ,?is hope has
 help$ ! be/ ( ! ,communi/s to be> ! h>%
 ye>s ?r\gh :i* ,russia has be5 pass+1 &
 has become an inspiration to ! _w4 ,!  
hope is n *im]ical1 b x c only be       
realiz$ ?r\gh a m pati5t lab\r1 a m     
objective /udy ( facts1 & above all a   
long] propag&a1 to make ! necessity ( ! 
transition obvi\s to ! great majority ( 
wage-e>n]s4 ,russian ,communism may fail
 & g "u1 b ,communism itself w n die4 ,&

 if hope r ?an hatr$ inspires its       
advocates1 x c be br\ght ab\t )\t !     
univ]sal cataclysm prea*$ by ,mosc[4 ,! 
w> & its sequel h prov$ ! de/ructiv5ess 
( capitalism2 let u see to x t ! next   
epo* does n prove ! /ill great]         
de/ructiv5ess ( ,communism1 b r its p[] 
to heal ! w\nds :i* ! old evil sy/em has
 inflict$ ^u ! human _s4       ,pr9t$ 9 
,great ,brita9 by   ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1    
,,limit$1 ,,! ,,gre%am ,,press1 ,,wok+  
,,& ,,london     ,,errata   ,p4 #bj1 l4 
#aa4 ,= tea*+ read rea*+  ,p4 #bc1      
betwe5 l4 #ah & l4 #ai4 ,ins]t viol5ce 9
 ! transition mu/ be fac$4 ,un=tunately1
  ,p4 #dc1 l4 #ab4 ,= dy+ read v ill    
,p4 #dd1 la/ s5t5ce4 ,sub/itute ,b he   
recov]$1 & ,i hope x w recov] also4     
7replac+3 ,i hope ,i 0 mi/ak5 9 bo?     
respects47  ,p4 #fj1 l4 #f f bel[4 ,=   
wav+ triumphant h&s & read express+ _!  
delight by  ,p4 #fa1 l4 #ba4 ,=         
pr(essional read pr(essorial  ,p4 #he1  
l4 #b4 ,= ,?is read ,?us  ,p4 #ia1 l4   
#h4 ,= losses read hopes  ,p4 #ajd1 l4  

#i4 ,= leave read leaves  ,p4 #aje1 la/ 
l9e4 ,sub/itute :i* has be5 already     
discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi 7replac+3 :i* is 
bett] res]v$ = a sep>ate *apt]47  ,p4   
#abj1 l4 #ai ,= desires read desire  ,p4
 #acb1 l4 #e f bel[4 ,= ,caunon read    
,cannon  ,p4 #adh1 l4 #e f bel[4 ,= by  
read 9  ,p4 #aee1 l4 #ac4 ,= s*eme read 
s*ema  ,p4 #agb1 l4 #ae4 ,= ,z5ghis read
 ,y5ghis  ,p4 #ahg1 l4 #ae4 ,delete     
comma4     ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or      
,,roads ,,to ,,fre$om  ,,pr9ciples ,,(  
,,social ,,recon/ruction  ,,introduction
 ,,to ,,ma!matical ,,philosophy  ,,!    
,,analysis ,,( ,,m9d          99        
99       99       99       99           
,typographical errors correct$ 9 text3  
page #ai3 happ9esss *ang$ to happ9ess   
page #afc3 g5]a to g5]al          99    
99       99       99       99