,,sophi/ ,by ,plato ,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,,introduction ,,& ,,analysis4 ,! dramatic p[] ( ! dialogues ( ,plato appe>s to dim9i% z ! metaphysical int]e/ ( !m increases 7comp>e ,introd4 to ! ,philebus74 ,!re are no descriptions ( "t1 place or p]sons1 9 ! ,sophi/ & ,/atesman1 b we are plung$ at once into philosophical discussions2 ! poetical *>m has disappe>$1 & ^? :o h no ta/e = ab/ruse metaphysics w greatly pref] ! e>li] dialogues to ! lat] ones4 ,plato is consci\s ( ! *ange1 & 9 ! ,/atesman expressly accuses himself ( a t$i\sness 9 ! two dialogues1 :i* he ascribes to 8 desire ( develop+ ! dialectical me?od4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! k9dr$ _s ( ,hegel seem$ to f9d 9 ! ,sophi/ ! cr[n & summit ( ! ,platonic philosophy--"h is ! place at :i* ,plato mo/ ne>ly approa*es to ! ,hegelian id5tity ( ,be+ & ,n-be+4 ,nor w ! great importance ( ! two dialogues be d\bt$ by any "o :o =ms a conception ( ! /ate ( m9d & op9ion :i* !y are int5d$ to meet4 ,! sophisms ( ! day 7 und]m9+ philosophy2 ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ,n-be+1 & ( ! connexion ( ideas1 0 mak+ tru? & falsehood equally impossible4 ,x has be5 said t ,plato w\ld h writt5 diff]5tly1 if he _h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle4 ,b c\ld ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle ev] h be5 writt5 unless ! ,sophi/ & ,/atesman _h prec$$8 ,! sw>m ( fallacies :i* arose 9 ! infancy ( m5tal sci5ce1 & :i* 0 born & br$ 9 ! decay ( ! pre-,socratic philosophies1 0 n dispell$ by ,ari/otle1 b by ,socrates & ,plato4 ,! summa g5]a ( ?\ght1 ! nature ( ! proposition1 ( def9ition1 ( g5]alization1 ( syn!sis & analysis1 ( division & cross-division1 are cle>ly describ$1 & ! processes ( induction & d$uction are con/antly employ$ 9 ! dialogues ( ,plato4 ,! 'slipp]y' nature ( comp>ison1 ! dang] ( putt+ words 9 ! place ( ?+s1 ! fallacy ( argu+ 'a dicto secundum1' & 9 a circle1 are frequ5tly indicat$ by him4 ,to all ^! processes ( tru? & error1 ,ari/otle1 9 ! next g5]ation1 gave di/9ctness2 he br\ght !m toge!r 9 a sep>ate sci5ce4 ,b he is n to be reg>d$ z ! orig9al inv5tor ( any ( ! great logical =ms1 ) ! exception ( ! syllogism4 ,!re is little wor?y ( rem>k 9 ! *>act]s ( ! ,sophi/4 ,! mo/ noticeable po9t is ! f9al retirem5t ( ,socrates f ! field ( argum5t1 & ! sub/itution = him ( an ,eleatic /rang]1 :o is describ$ z a pupil ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o1 & is suppos$ to h desc5d$ f a high] _w 9 ord] to convict ! ,socratic circle ( error4 ,z 9 ! ,timaeus1 ,plato seems to intimate by ! )drawal ( ,socrates t he is pass+ beyond ! limits ( 8 tea*+2 & 9 ! ,sophi/ & ,/atesman1 z well z 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 he probably means to imply t he is mak+ a clos] approa* to ! s*ools ( ,elea & ,meg>a4 ,he _h mu* 9 common ) !m1 b he mu/ fir/ submit _! ideas to criticism & revision4 ,he _h once ?\ght z he says1 speak+ by ! m\? ( ! ,eleatic1 t he und]/ood _! doctr9e ( ,n-be+2 b n[ he does n ev5 compreh5d ! nature ( ,be+4 ,! fri5ds ( ideas 7,soph47 are allud$ to by him z di/ant acqua9tances1 :om he criticizes ab extra2 we d n recognize at fir/ sight t he is criticiz+ himself4 ,! "* ( ! ,eleatic /rang] is col\rless2 he is to a c]ta9 ext5t ! reflection ( 8 fa!r & ma/]1 ,p>m5ides1 :o is ! protagoni/ 9 ! dialogue :i* is call$ by 8 "n4 ,!aetetus himself is n di/+ui%$ by ! rem>kable traits :i* are attribut$ to him 9 ! prec$+ dialogue4 ,he is no long] "u ! spell ( ,socrates1 or subject to ! op]ation ( 8 midwif]y1 ?\gh ! fiction ( "q & answ] is /ill ma9ta9$1 & ! necessity ( tak+ ,!aetetus along ) him is sev]al times insi/$ ^u by 8 p>tn] 9 ! discussion4 ,!re is a rem9isc5ce ( ! old ,!aetetus 9 8 rem>k t he w n tire ( ! argum5t1 & 9 8 conviction1 :i* ! ,eleatic ?9ks likely to be p]man5t1 t ! c\rse ( ev5ts is gov]n$ by ! w ( ,god4 ,?r\gh\t ! two dialogues ,socrates cont9ues a sil5t auditor1 9 ! ,/atesman j rem9d+ u ( 8 pres5ce1 at ! comm5cem5t1 by a *>act]i/ic je/ ab\t ! /atesman & ! philosoph]1 & by an allusion to 8 namesake1 ) :om on t gr\nd he claims relation%ip1 z he _h already claim$ an aff9ity ) ,!aetetus1 gr\nd$ on ! lik5ess ( 8 ugly face4 ,b 9 nei!r dialogue1 any m ?an 9 ! ,timaeus1 does he (f] any criticism on ! views :i* are prop\nd$ by ano!r4 ,! /yle1 ?\gh want+ 9 dramatic p[]1--9 ?is respect resembl+ ! ,philebus & ! ,laws1--is v cle> & accurate1 & has sev]al t\*es ( hum\r & satire4 ,! language is less fanciful & imag9ative ?an t ( ! e>li] dialogues2 & !re is m ( bitt]ness1 z 9 ! ,laws1 ?\gh traces ( a simil> temp] may also be obs]v$ 9 ! description ( ! 'great brute' 9 ! ,republic1 & 9 ! contra/ ( ! lawy] & philosoph] 9 ! ,!aetetus4 ,! foll[+ are *>act]i/ic passages3 ',! anci5t philosoph]s1 ( :om we may say1 )\t (f5ce1 t !y w5t on _! way r reg>dless ( :e!r we und]/ood !m or n2' ! picture ( ! mat]iali/s1 or e>?-born giants1 ':o grasp$ oaks & rocks 9 _! h&s1' & :o mu/ be improv$ be=e !y c be reason$ )2 & ! equally hum\r\s del9eation ( ! fri5ds ( ideas1 :o def5d !mselves f a fa/ness 9 ! invisible _w2 or ! comp>ison ( ! ,sophi/ to a pa9t] or mak] 7comp>e ,republic71 & ! hunt aft] him 9 ! ri* mead[-l&s ( y\? & weal?2 or1 aga91 ! light & graceful t\* ) :i* ! old] philosophies are pa9t$ 7',ionian & ,sicilian muses'71 ! comp>ison ( !m to my?ological tales1 & ! fe> ( ! ,eleatic t he w be c\nt$ a p>ricide if he v5tures to lay h&s on 8 fa!r ,p>m5ides2 or1 once m1 ! lik5+ ( ! ,eleatic /rang] to a god f heav54--,all ^! passages1 not)/&+ ! decl9e ( ! /yle1 reta9 ! impress ( ! great ma/] ( language4 ,b ! equably diffus$ grace is gone2 in/ead ( ! endless v>iety ( ! e>ly dialogues1 traces ( ! rhy?mical monoton\s cad5ce ( ! ,laws beg9 to appe>2 & already an approa* is made to ! te*nical language ( ,ari/otle1 9 ! frequ5t use ( ! words 'ess5ce1' 'p[]1' 'g5]ation1' 'motion1' 're/1' 'action1' 'passion1' & ! l4 ,! ,sophi/1 l ! ,pha$rus1 has a d\ble "*1 & unites two enquir]s1 :i* are only 9 a some:at =c$ mann] connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ is ! se>* aft] ! ,sophi/1 ! second is ! enquiry into ! nature ( ,n-be+1 :i* occupies ! middle "p ( ! "w4 ,= ',n-be+' is ! hole or division ( ! dialectical net 9 :i* ! ,sophi/ has hidd5 himself4 ,he is ! imag9>y imp]sonation ( false op9ion4 ,yet he d5ies ! possibility ( false op9ion2 = falsehood is t :i* is n1 & !re=e has no exi/5ce4 ,at l5g? ! difficulty is solv$2 ! answ]1 9 ! language ( ! ,republic1 appe>s 'tumbl+ out at our feet4' ,ackn[l$g+ t !re is a communion ( k9ds ) k9ds1 & n m]ely "o ,be+ or ,good hav+ diff]5t names1 or sev]al isolat$ ideas or classes incapable ( communion1 we discov] ',n-be+' to be ! o!r ( ',be+4' ,transf]r+ ?is to language & ?\ght1 we h no difficulty 9 appreh5d+ t a proposition may be false z well z true4 ,! ,sophi/1 drawn out ( ! %elt] :i* ,cynic & ,meg>ian p>adoxes h tempor>ily af=d$ him1 is prov$ to be a dissembl] & juggl] ) words4 ,! *ief po9ts ( int]e/ 9 ! dialogue are3 7,i7 ! "* attribut$ to ! ,sophi/3 7,,ii7 ! dialectical me?od3 7,,iii7 ! nature ( ! puzzle ab\t ',n-be+3' 7,,iv7 ! battle ( ! philosoph]s3 7,v7 ! relation ( ! ,sophi/ to o!r dialogues4 ,i4 ,! ,sophi/ 9 ,plato is ! ma/] ( ! art ( illusion2 ! *>latan1 ! =eign]1 ! pr9ce ( esprits-faux1 ! hirel+ :o is n a tea*]1 & :o1 f :atev] po9t ( view he is reg>d$1 is ! opposite ( ! true tea*]4 ,he is ! 'evil "o1' ! ideal repres5tative ( all t ,plato mo/ dislik$ 9 ! moral & intellectual t5d5cies ( 8 own age2 ! adv]s>y ( ! almo/ equally ideal ,socrates4 ,he seems to be always gr[+ 9 ! fancy ( ,plato1 n[ boa/ful1 n[ eri/ic1 n[ clo?+ himself 9 rags ( philosophy1 n[ m ak9 to ! rhetorician or lawy]1 n[ h>angu+1 n[ que/ion+1 until ! f9al appe>ance 9 ! ,politicus ( 8 dep>t+ %ad[ 9 ! disguise ( a /atesman4 ,we are n to suppose t ,plato int5d$ by su* a description to depict ,protagoras or ,gorgias1 or ev5 ,?rasyma*us1 :o all turn out to be 'v good sort ( p :5 we "k !m1' & all ( !m "p on good t]ms ) ,socrates4 ,b he is speak+ ( a be+ z imag9>y z ! wise man ( ! ,/oics1 & ^: "* v>ies 9 diff]5t dialogues4 ,l my?ology1 ,greek philosophy has a t5d5cy to p]sonify ideas4 ,& ! ,sophi/ is n m]ely a tea*] ( rhetoric = a fee ( "o or fifty dra*mae 7,crat471 b an ideal ( ,plato's 9 :i* ! falsehood ( all mank9d is reflect$4 ,a mild] tone is adopt$ t[>ds ! ,sophi/s 9 a well-kn[n passage ( ! ,republic1 :]e !y are describ$ z ! foll[]s r ?an ! lead]s ( ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,plato ridicules ! notion t any individuals c corrupt y\? to a degree wor? speak+ ( 9 comp>ison ) ! great] influ5ce ( public op9ion4 ,b !re is no real inconsi/5cy betwe5 ?is & o!r descriptions ( ! ,sophi/ :i* occur 9 ! ,platonic writ+s4 ,= ,plato is n ju/ify+ ! ,sophi/s 9 ! passage j quot$1 b only repres5t+ _! p[] to be contemptible2 !y are to be despis$ r ?an fe>$1 & are no worse ?an ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,b a tea*] or /atesman may be ju/ly condemn$1 :o is on a level ) mank9d :5 he ought to be above !m4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( view 9 :i* ?is passage %\ld also be consid]$4 ,! great enemy ( ,plato is ! _w1 n exactly 9 ! !ological s5se1 yet 9 "o n :olly diff]5t--! _w z ! hat] ( tru? & lov] ( appe>ance1 occupi$ 9 ! pursuit ( ga9 & pleasure r ?an ( k1 b&$ toge!r aga9/ ! few good & wise m51 & devoid ( true education4 ,?is creature has _m heads3 rhetoricians1 lawy]s1 /atesm51 poets1 sophi/s4 ,b ! ,sophi/ is ! ,proteus :o takes ! lik5ess ( all ( !m2 all o!r deceiv]s h a piece ( him 9 !m4 ,& sometimes he is repres5t$ z ! corrupt] ( ! _w2 & sometimes ! _w z ! corrupt] ( him & ( itself4 ,( late ye>s ! ,sophi/s h f\nd an en?usia/ic def5d] 9 ! di/+ui%$ hi/orian ( ,greece4 ,he appe>s to ma9ta9 7#a7 t ! t]m ',sophi/' is n ! "n ( a p>ticul> class1 & w\ld h be5 appli$ indiff]5tly to ,socrates & ,plato1 z well z to ,gorgias & ,protagoras2 7#b7 t ! bad s5se 0 impr9t$ on ! ^w by ! g5ius ( ,plato2 7#c7 t ! pr9cipal ,sophi/s 7 n ! corrupt]s ( y\? 7= ! ,a!nian y\? 7 no m corrupt$ 9 ! age ( ,demo/h5es ?an 9 ! age ( ,p]icles71 b hon\rable & e/imable p]sons1 :o suppli$ a tra9+ 9 lit]ature :i* 0 g5]ally want$ at ! "t4 ,we w briefly consid] h[ f> ^! /atem5ts appe> to be ju/ifi$ by facts3 &1 #a1 ab\t ! mean+ ( ! ^w !re arises an int]e/+ "q3-- ,_m words are us$ bo? 9 a g5]al & a specific s5se1 & ! two s5ses are n always cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,sometimes ! g5]ic mean+ has be5 n>r[$ to ! specific1 :ile 9 o!r cases ! specific mean+ has be5 enl>g$ or alt]$4 ,examples ( ! =m] class are furni%$ by "s ecclesia/ical t]ms3 apo/les1 prophets1 bi%ops1 eld]s1 ca?olics4 ,examples ( ! latt] class may also be f\nd 9 a simil> field3 jesuits1 puritans1 me?odi/s1 & ! l4 ,sometimes ! mean+ is bo? n>r[$ & enl>g$2 & a good or bad s5se w subsi/ side by side ) a neutral "o4 ,a curi\s effect is produc$ on ! mean+ ( a ^w :5 ! v t]m :i* is /igmatiz$ by ! _w 7e4g4 ,me?odi/s7 is adopt$ by ! obnoxi\s or d]id$ class2 ?is t5ds to def9e ! mean+4 ,or1 aga91 ! opposite result is produc$1 :5 ! _w refuses to all[ "s sect or body ( m5 ! possession ( an hon\rable "n :i* !y h assum$1 or applies x to !m only 9 mock]y or irony4 ,! t]m ',sophi/' is "o ( ^? words ( :i* ! mean+ has be5 bo? contract$ & enl>g$4 ,passages may be quot$ f ,h]odotus & ! trag$ians1 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ 9 a neutral s5se = a contriv] or devis] or inv5tor1 )\t includ+ any e?ical idea ( goodness or badness4 ,poets z well z philosoph]s 7 call$ ,sophi/s 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 ,plato himself ! t]m is appli$ 9 ! s5se ( a 'ma/] 9 art1' )\t any bad mean+ atta*+ to x 7,symp42 ,m5o74 ,9 ! lat] ,greek1 aga91 'sophi/' & 'philosoph]' became almo/ indi/+ui%able4 ,!re 0 no reproa* convey$ by ! ^w2 ! additional association1 if any1 0 only t ( rhetorician or tea*]4 ,philosophy _h become eclecticism & imitation3 9 ! decl9e ( ,greek ?\ght !re 0 no orig9al voice lift$ up ':i* rea*$ to a ?\s& ye>s because ( ! god4' ,h5ce ! two words1 l ! *>act]s repres5t$ by !m1 t5d$ to pass into "o ano!r4 ,yet ev5 "h "s diff]5ces appe>$2 = ! t]m ',sophi/' w\ld h>dly h be5 appli$ to ! great] names1 su* z ,plot9us1 & w\ld h be5 m (t5 us$ ( a pr(essor ( philosophy 9 g5]al ?an ( a ma9ta9] ( p>ticul> t5ets4 ,b ! real "q is1 n :e!r ! ^w ',sophi/' has all ^! s5ses1 b :e!r !re is n also a specific bad s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is appli$ to c]ta9 contempor>ies ( ,socrates4 ,w\ld an ,a!nian1 z ,mr4 ,grote supposes1 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 h includ$ ,socrates & ,plato1 z well z ,gorgias & ,protagoras1 "u ! specific class ( ,sophi/s8 ,to ?is "q we mu/ answ]1 ,no3 if ev] ! t]m is appli$ to ,socrates & ,plato1 ei!r ! application is made by an enemy out ( m]e spite1 or ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ is neutral4 ,plato1 ,x5ophon1 ,isocrates1 ,ari/otle1 all give a bad import to ! ^w2 & ! ,sophi/s are reg>d$ z a sep>ate class 9 all ( !m4 ,& 9 lat] ,greek lit]ature1 ! di/9ction is q m>k$ betwe5 ! succession ( philosoph]s f ,?ales to ,ari/otle1 & ! ,sophi/s ( ! age ( ,socrates1 :o appe>$ l meteors = a %ort "t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,greece4 ,= ! purposes ( com$y1 ,socrates may h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,sophi/s1 & he seems to compla9 ( ?is 9 ! ,apology4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t ,socrates1 diff]+ by s _m outw>d m>ks1 w\ld really h be5 conf\nd$ 9 ! m9d ( ,anytus1 or ,callicles1 or ( any intellig5t ,a!nian1 ) ! spl5did =eign]s :o f "t to "t visit$ ,a!ns1 or appe>$ at ! ,olympic games4 ,! man ( g5ius1 ! great orig9al ?9k]1 ! dis9t]e/$ seek] aft] tru?1 ! ma/] ( rep>tee :om no "o ev] defeat$ 9 an argum5t1 0 sep>at$1 ev5 9 ! m9d ( ! vulg> ,a!nian1 by an 'int]val :i* no geometry c express1' f ! balanc] ( s5t5ces1 ! int]pret] & recit] ( ! poets1 ! divid] ( ! mean+s ( words1 ! tea*] ( rhetoric1 ! pr(essor ( morals & mann]s4 #b4 ,! use ( ! t]m ',sophi/' 9 ! dialogues ( ,plato also %[s t ! bad s5se 0 n affix$ by 8 g5ius1 b already curr5t4 ,:5 ,protagoras says1 ',i confess t ,i am a ,sophi/1' he implies t ! art :i* he pr(esses has already a bad "n2 & ! words ( ! "y ,hippocrates1 :5 ) a blu% ^u 8 face :i* is j se5 by ! light ( dawn he admits t he is go+ to be made 'a ,sophi/1' w\ld lose _! po9t1 unless ! t]m _h be5 discr$it$4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ! ,sophi/s hav+ an evil "n2 t1 :e!r des]v$ or n1 0 a natural consequ5ce ( _! vocation4 ,t !y 7 =eign]s1 t !y made =tunes1 t !y taught novelties1 t !y excit$ ! m9ds ( y\?1 are q suffici5t reasons to acc\nt = ! opprobrium :i* atta*$ to !m4 ,! g5ius ( ,plato c\ld n h /amp$ ! ^w anew1 or h imp>t$ ! associations :i* occur 9 contempor>y writ]s1 su* z ,x5ophon & ,isocrates4 ,*anges 9 ! mean+ ( words c only be made ) great difficulty1 & n unless !y are support$ by a /rong curr5t ( popul> feel+4 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 suppos+ t ,plato may h ext5d$ & env5om$ ! mean+1 or t he may h done ! ,sophi/s ! same k9d ( diss]vice ) po/]ity :i* ,pascal did to ! ,jesuits4 ,b ! bad s5se ( ! ^w 0 n & c\ld n h be5 inv5t$ by him1 & is f\nd 9 8 e>li] dialogues1 e4g4 ! ,protagoras1 z well z 9 ! lat]4 #c4 ,!re is no gr\nd = disbeliev+ t ! pr9cipal ,sophi/s1 ,gorgias1 ,protagoras1 ,prodicus1 ,hippias1 7 good & hon\rable m54 ,! notion t !y 7 corrupt]s ( ! ,a!nian y\? has no real f\ndation1 & p>tly arises out ( ! use ( ! t]m ',sophi/' 9 mod]n times4 ,! tru? is1 t we "k little ab\t !m2 & ! witness ( ,plato 9 _! fav\r is probably n mu* m hi/orical ?an 8 witness aga9/ !m4 ,( t national decl9e ( g5ius1 unity1 political =ce1 :i* has be5 sometimes describ$ z ! corruption ( y\?1 ! ,sophi/s 7 "o among _m signs2--9 ^! respects ,a!ns may h deg5]at$2 b1 z ,mr4 ,grote rem>ks1 !re is no reason to suspect any great] moral corruption 9 ! age ( ,demo/h5es ?an 9 ! age ( ,p]icles4 ,! ,a!nian y\? 7 n corrupt$ 9 ?is s5se1 & !re=e ! ,sophi/s c\ld n h corrupt$ !m4 ,x is rem>kable1 & may be fairly set d[n to _! cr$it1 t ,plato n[h]e attributes to !m t peculi> ,greek sympa?y ) y\?1 :i* he ascribes to ,p>m5ides1 & :i* 0 evid5tly common 9 ! ,socratic circle4 ,plato delights to exhibit !m 9 a ludicr\s po9t ( view1 & to %[ !m always r at a disadvantage 9 ! company ( ,socrates4 ,b he has no qu>rel ) _! *>act]s1 & does n d5y t !y are respectable m54 ,! ,sophi/1 9 ! dialogue :i* is call$ aft] him1 is exhibit$ 9 _m diff]5t lights1 & appe>s & reappe>s 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,!re is "s want ( ! high] ,platonic art 9 ! ,eleatic ,/rang] elicit+ 8 true "* by a lab\ri\s process ( enquiry1 :5 he _h already admitt$ t he knew q well ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,sophi/ & ! ,philosoph]1 & _h (t5 he>d ! "q discuss$2--su* an anticipation w\ld h>dly h occurr$ 9 ! e>li] dialogues4 ,b ,plato c\ld n altoge!r give up 8 ,socratic me?od1 ( :i* ano!r trace may be ?\ght to be disc]n$ 9 8 adoption ( a common in/ance be=e he proce$s to ! great] matt] 9 h&4 ,yet ! example is also *os5 9 ord] to damage ! 'hook] ( m5' z mu* z possible2 ea* /ep 9 ! p$igree ( ! angl] sugge/s "s injuri\s reflection ab\t ! ,sophi/4 ,!y are bo? hunt]s aft] a liv+ prey1 ne>ly relat$ to tyrants & ?ieves1 & ! ,sophi/ is ! c\s9 ( ! p>asite & flatt]]4 ,! effect ( ?is is height5$ by ! accid5tal mann] 9 :i* ! discov]y is made1 z ! result ( a sci5tific division4 ,8 desc5t 9 ano!r bran* af=ds ! opportunity ( m 'unsav\ry comp>isons4' ,= he is a retail trad]1 & 8 w>es are ei!r import$ or home-made1 l ^? ( o!r retail trad]s2 8 art is ?us depriv$ ( ! "* ( a lib]al pr(ession4 ,b ! mo/ di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( him is1 t he is a disputant1 & higgles ov] an argum5t4 ,a feature ( ! ,eri/ic "h seems to bl5d ) ,plato's usual description ( ! ,sophi/s1 :o 9 ! e>ly dialogues1 & 9 ! ,republic1 are frequ5tly depict$ z endeav\r+ to save !mselves f disput+ ) ,socrates by mak+ long orations4 ,9 ?is "* he p>ts company f ! va9 & imp]t95t talk] 9 private life1 :o is a los] ( money1 :ile he is a mak] ( x4 ,b !re is ano!r g5]al division "u :i* 8 art may be also suppos$ to fall1 & t is purification2 & f purification is desc5d$ education1 & ! new pr9ciple ( education is to int]rogate m5 aft] ! mann] ( ,socrates1 & make !m tea* !mselves4 ,"h aga9 we cat* a glimpse r ( a ,socratic or ,eri/ic ?an ( a ,sophi/ 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,& ,plato does n on ?is gr\nd reject ! claim ( ! ,sophi/ to be ! true philosoph]4 ,"o m feature ( ! ,eri/ic r ?an ( ! ,sophi/ is ! t5d5cy ( ! tr\blesome animal to run away into ! d>kness ( ,n-be+4 ,^u ! :ole1 we detect 9 him a sort ( hybrid or d\ble nature1 ( :i*1 except p]haps 9 ! ,eu?ydemus ( ,plato1 we f9d no o!r trace 9 ,greek philosophy2 he comb9es ! tea*] ( virtue ) ! ,eri/ic2 :ile 9 8 omnisci5ce1 9 8 ignorance ( himself1 9 8 arts ( deception1 & 9 8 lawy]-l habit ( writ+ & speak+ ab\t all ?+s1 he is /ill ! anti!sis ( ,socrates & ( ! true tea*]4 ,,ii4 ,! "q has be5 ask$1 :e!r ! me?od ( 'abscissio inf9ti1' by :i* ! ,sophi/ is tak51 is a real & valuable logical process4 ,mod]n sci5ce feels t ?is1 l o!r processes ( =mal logic1 pres5ts a v inadequate conception ( ! actual complex proc$ure ( ! m9d by :i* sci5tific tru? is detect$ & v]ifi$4 ,plato himself seems to be aw>e t m]e division is an unsafe & unc]ta9 weapon1 fir/1 9 ! ,/atesman1 :5 he says t we %\ld divide 9 ! middle1 = 9 t way we are m likely to atta9 species2 secondly1 9 ! p>allel precept ( ! ,philebus1 t we %\ld n pass f ! mo/ g5]al notions to inf9ity1 b include all ! int]v5+ middle pr9ciples1 until1 z he also says 9 ! ,/atesman1 we arrive at ! infima species2 ?irdly1 9 ! ,pha$rus1 :5 he says t ! dialectician w c>ve ! limbs ( tru? )\t mangl+ !m2 & once m 9 ! ,/atesman1 if we _c bisect species1 we mu/ c>ve !m z well z we c4 ,no bett] image ( nature or tru?1 z an organic :ole1 c be conceiv$ ?an ?is4 ,s f> is ,plato f suppos+ t m]e division & subdivision ( g5]al notions w guide m5 into all tru?4 ,plato does n really mean to say t ! ,sophi/ or ! ,/atesman c be caught 9 ?is way4 ,b ^! divisions & subdivisions 7 fav\rite logical ex]cises ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$2 & :ile indulg+ 8 dialectical fancy1 & mak+ a contribution to logical me?od1 he delights also to transfix ! ,eri/ic ,sophi/ ) weapons borr[$ f 8 own arm\ry4 ,z we h already se51 ! division gives him ! opportunity ( mak+ ! mo/ damag+ reflections on ! ,sophi/ & all 8 ki? & k91 & to exhibit him 9 ! mo/ discr$itable light4 ,nor ne$ we s]i\sly consid] :e!r ,plato 0 "r 9 assum+ t an animal s v>i\s c\ld n be conf9$ )9 ! limits ( a s+le def9ition4 ,9 ! infancy ( logic1 m5 s\ght only to obta9 a def9ition ( an unkn[n or unc]ta9 t]m2 ! aft] reflection sc>cely occurr$ to !m t ! ^w might h sev]al s5ses1 :i* %ad$ (f into "o ano!r1 & 7 n capable ( be+ compreh5d$ 9 a s+le notion4 ,!re is no trace ( ?is reflection 9 ,plato4 ,b nei!r is !re any reason to ?9k1 ev5 if ! reflection _h occurr$ to him1 t he w\ld h be5 det]r$ f c>ry+ on ! w> ) weapons fair or unfair aga9/ ! outlaw ,sophi/4 ,,iii4 ,! puzzle ab\t ',n-be+' appe>s to u to be "o ( ! mo/ unreal difficulties ( anci5t philosophy4 ,we _c und]/& ! attitude ( m9d :i* c\ld imag9e t falsehood _h no exi/5ce1 if reality 0 d5i$ to ,n-be+3 ,h[ c\ld su* a "q arise at all1 mu* less become ( s]i\s importance8 ,! answ] to ?is1 & to ne>ly all o!r difficulties ( e>ly ,greek philosophy1 is to be s\ght = 9 ! hi/ory ( ideas1 & ! answ] is only unsatisfactory because our k is defective4 ,9 ! passage f ! _w ( s5se & imag9ation & common language to t ( op9ion & reflection ! human m9d 0 expos$ to _m dang]s1 & (t5 ',f\nd no end 9 w&]+ mazes lo/4' ,on ! o!r h&1 ! discov]y ( ab/ractions 0 ! great s\rce ( all m5tal improvem5t 9 aft] ages4 ,x 0 ! pu%+ aside ( ! old1 ! revelation ( ! new4 ,b ea* "o ( ! company ( ab/ractions1 if we may speak 9 ! metaphorical language ( ,plato1 became 9 turn ! tyrant ( ! m9d1 ! dom9ant idea1 :i* w\ld all[ no o!r to h a %>e 9 ! ?rone4 ,?is is especially true ( ! ,eleatic philosophy3 :ile ! absolut5ess ( ,be+ 0 ass]t$ 9 e =m ( language1 ! s5sible _w & all ! ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce 7 compreh5d$ "u ,n-be+4 ,nor 0 any difficulty or p]plexity ?us creat$1 s long z ! m9d1 lo/ 9 ! contemplation ( ,be+1 ask$ no m que/ions1 & nev] ?\ght ( apply+ ! categories ( ,be+ or ,n-be+ to m9d or op9ion or practical life4 ,b ! negative z well z ! positive idea _h sunk deep into ! intellect ( man4 ,! effect ( ! p>adoxes ( ,z5o ext5d$ f> beyond ! ,eleatic circle4 ,& n[ an un=ese5 consequ5ce began to arise4 ,if ! ,_m 7 n1 if all ?+s 7 names ( ! ,"o1 & no?+ c\ld be pr$icat$ ( any o!r ?+1 h[ c\ld tru? be di/+ui%$ f falsehood8 ,! ,eleatic philosoph] w\ld h repli$ t ,be+ is alone true4 ,b mank9d _h got beyond 8 b>r5 ab/ractions3 !y 7 beg9n+ to analyze1 to classify1 to def9e1 to ask :at is ! nature ( k1 op9ion1 s5sation4 ,/ill less c\ld !y be cont5t ) ! description :i* ,a*illes gives 9 ,hom] ( ! man :om 8 s\l hates-- os *i et]on m5 keu! eni phres91 allo de eipe4 ,= _! difficulty 0 n a practical b a metaphysical "o2 & _! conception ( falsehood 0 really impair$ & weak5$ by a metaphysical illusion4 ,! /r5g? ( ! illusion seems to lie 9 ! alt]native3 ,if we once admit ! exi/5ce ( ,be+ & ,n-be+1 z two sph]es :i* exclude ea* o!r1 no ,be+ or reality c be ascrib$ to ,n-be+1 & !re=e n to falsehood1 :i* is ! image or expression ( ,n-be+4 ,falsehood is :olly false2 & to speak ( true falsehood1 z ,!aetetus does 7,!aet471 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! fallacy to u is ridicul\s & transp>5t1--no bett] ?an ^? :i* ,plato satirizes 9 ! ,eu?ydemus4 ,x is a confusion ( falsehood & negation1 f :i* ,plato himself is n entirely free4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ',?is is n 9 accordance ) facts1' ',?is is prov$ by exp]i5ce to be false1' & f su* examples =m+ a g5]al notion ( falsehood1 ! m9d ( ! ,greek ?9k] 0 lo/ 9 ! mazes ( ! ,eleatic philosophy4 ,& ! great] importance :i* ,plato attributes to ?is fallacy1 comp>$ ) o!rs1 is due to ! influ5ce :i* ! ,eleatic philosophy ex]t$ ov] him4 ,he sees cle>ly to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b he has n yet atta9$ a complete ma/]y ov] ! ideas ( 8 pr$ecessors--!y are /ill ends to him1 & n m]e in/rum5ts ( ?\ght4 ,!y are too r\gh-hewn to be h>moniz$ 9 a s+le /ructure1 & may be comp>$ to rocks :i* project or ov]hang 9 "s anci5t city's walls4 ,!re are _m su* imp]fect syncretisms or eclecticisms 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,a mod]n philosoph]1 ?\gh emancipat$ f s*ola/ic notions ( ess5ce or sub/ance1 might /ill be s]i\sly affect$ by ! ab/ract idea ( necessity2 or ?\gh accu/om$1 l ,bacon1 to criticize ab/ract notions1 might n ext5d 8 criticism to ! syllogism4 ,! say+ or ?9k+ ! ?+ t is n1 w\ld be ! popul> def9ition ( falsehood or error4 ,if we 7 met by ! ,sophi/'s objection1 ! reply w\ld probably be an appeal to exp]i5ce4 ,t5 ?\s&s1 z ,hom] w\ld say 7mala murioi71 tell falsehoods & fall into errors4 ,& ?is is ,plato's reply1 bo? 9 ! ,cratylus & ,sophi/4 ',!aetetus is fly+1' is a s5t5ce 9 =m q z grammatical z ',!aetetus is sitt+'2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s5t5ces is1 t ! "o is true & ! o!r false4 ,b1 be=e mak+ ?is appeal to common s5se1 ,plato prop\nds = our consid]ation a !ory ( ! nature ( ! negative4 ,! !ory is1 t ,n-be+ is relation4 ,n-be+ is ! o!r ( ,be+1 & has z _m k9ds z !re are diff]5ces 9 ,be+4 ,?is doctr9e is ! simple conv]se ( ! fam\s proposition ( ,sp9oza1--n ',omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio1' b ',omnis negatio e/ det]m9atio'2--n1 ,all di/9ction is negation1 b1 ,all negation is di/9ction4 ,n-be+ is ! unfold+ or det]m9+ ( ,be+1 & is a necess>y elem5t 9 all o!r ?+s t are4 ,we %\ld be c>eful to obs]ve1 fir/1 t ,plato does n id5tify ,be+ ) ,n-be+2 he has no idea ( progression by antagonism1 or ( ! ,hegelian vibration ( mom5ts3 he w\ld n h said ) ,h]acleitus1 ',all ?+s are & are n1 & become & become n4' ,secondly1 he has lo/ sight altoge!r ( ! o!r s5se ( ,n-be+1 z ! negative ( ,be+2 al?\gh he aga9 & aga9 recognizes ! validity ( ! law ( contradiction4 ,?irdly1 he seems to confuse falsehood ) negation4 ,nor is he q consi/5t 9 reg>d+ ,n-be+ z "o class ( ,be+1 & yet z coext5sive ) ,be+ 9 g5]al4 ,be=e analyz+ fur!r ! topics ?us sugge/$1 we w endeav\r to trace ! mann] 9 :i* ,plato arriv$ at 8 conception ( ,n-be+4 ,9 all ! lat] dialogues ( ,plato1 ! idea ( m9d or intellig5ce becomes m & m prom95t4 ,t idea :i* ,anaxagoras employ$ inconsi/5tly 9 ! con/ruction ( ! _w1 ,plato1 9 ! ,philebus1 ! ,sophi/1 & ! ,laws1 ext5ds to all ?+s1 attribut+ to ,provid5ce a c>e1 inf9itesimal z well z inf9ite1 ( all creation4 ,! div9e m9d is ! lead+ religi\s ?\ght ( ! lat] works ( ,plato4 ,! human m9d is a sort ( reflection ( ?is1 hav+ ideas ( ,be+1 ,sam5ess1 & ! l4 ,at times !y seem to be p>t$ by a great gulf 7,p>m5ides72 at o!r times !y h a common nature1 & ! light ( a common intellig5ce4 ,b ?is ev]-gr[+ idea ( m9d is really irreconcilable ) ! ab/ract ,pan!ism ( ! ,eleatics4 ,to ! passionate language ( ,p>m5ides1 ,plato replies 9 a /ra9 equally passionate3--,:at6 has n ,be+ m9d8 & is n ,be+ capable ( be+ kn[n8 &1 if ?is is admitt$1 !n capable ( be+ affect$ or act$ ^u8--9 motion1 !n1 & yet n :olly incapable ( re/4 ,already we h be5 compell$ to attribute opposite det]m9ations to ,be+4 ,& ! answ] to ! difficulty ab\t ,be+ may be equally ! answ] to ! difficulty ab\t ,n-be+4 ,! answ] is1 t 9 ^! & all o!r det]m9ations ( any notion we are attribut+ to x ',n-be+4' ,we w5t 9 se>* ( ,n-be+ & seem$ to lose ,be+1 & n[ 9 ! hunt aft] ,be+ we recov] bo?4 ,n-be+ is a k9d ( ,be+1 & 9 a s5se co-ext5sive ) ,be+4 ,& !re are z _m divisions ( ,n-be+ z ( ,be+4 ,to e positive idea--'j1' 'beautiful1' & ! l1 !re is a correspond+ negative idea--'n-j1' 'n-beautiful1' & ! l4 ,a d\bt may be rais$ :e!r ?is acc\nt ( ! negative is really ! true "o4 ,! common logicians w\ld say t ! 'n-j1' 'n-beautiful1' are n really classes at all1 b are m]g$ 9 "o great class ( ! inf9ite or negative4 ,! conception ( ,plato1 9 ! days be=e logic1 seems to be m correct ?an ?is4 ,= ! ^w 'n' does n altoge!r annihilate ! positive mean+ ( ! ^w 'j'3 at lea/1 x does n prev5t our look+ = ! 'n-j' 9 or ab\t ! same class 9 :i* we might expect to f9d ! 'j4' ',n-j is n-hon\rable' is nei!r a false nor an unmean+ proposition4 ,! reason is t ! negative proposition has really pass$ into an undef9$ positive4 ,to say t 'n-j' has no m mean+ ?an 'n-hon\rable'--t is to say1 t ! two _c 9 any degree be di/+ui%$1 is cle>ly repugnant to ! common use ( language4 ,! ord9>y logic is also jeal\s ( ! explanation ( negation z relation1 because seem+ to take away ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,plato1 z f> z we "k1 is ! fir/ philosoph] :o di/9ctly enunciat$ ?is pr9ciple2 & ?\gh we ne$ n suppose him to h be5 always consi/5t ) himself1 !re is no real inconsi/5cy betwe5 8 explanation ( ! negative & ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,nei!r ! ,platonic notion ( ! negative z ! pr9ciple ( diff]5ce1 nor ! ,hegelian id5tity ( ,be+ & ,n-be+1 at all t\* ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,= :at is ass]t$ ab\t ,be+ & ,n-,be+ only relates to our mo/ ab/ract notions1 & 9 no way int]f]es ) ! pr9ciple ( contradiction employ$ 9 ! concrete4 ,because ,n-be+ is id5tifi$ ) ,o!r1 or ,be+ ) ,n-be+1 ?is does n make ! proposition ',"s h n eat5' any ! less a contradiction ( ',all h eat54' ,! explanation ( ! negative giv5 by ,plato 9 ! ,sophi/ is a true b p>tial "o2 = ! ^w 'n1' besides ! mean+ ( 'o!r1' may also imply 'opposition4' ,& diff]5ce or opposition may be ei!r total or p>tial3 ! n-beautiful may be o!r ?an ! beautiful1 or 9 no relation to ! beautiful1 or a specific class 9 v>i\s degrees oppos$ to ! beautiful4 ,& ! negative may be a negation ( fact or ( ?\ght 7ou & me74 ,la/ly1 !re are c]ta9 ideas1 su* z 'beg9n+1' 'becom+1' '! f9ite1' '! ab/ract1' 9 :i* ! negative _c be sep>at$ f ! positive1 & ',be+' & ',n-be+' are inextricably bl5d$4 ,plato re/ricts ! conception ( ,n-be+ to diff]5ce4 ,man is a rational animal1 & is n--z _m o!r ?+s z are n includ$ "u ?is def9ition4 ,he is & is n1 & is because he is n4 ,besides ! positive class to :i* he belongs1 !re are endless negative classes to :i* he may be ref]r$4 ,?is is c]ta9ly intelligible1 b useless4 ,to ref] a subject to a negative class is unmean+1 unless ! 'n' is a m]e modification ( ! positive1 z 9 ! example ( 'n hon\rable' & 'di%on\rable'2 or unless ! class is *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce r ?an ! pres5ce ( a p>ticul> quality4 ,nor is x easy to see h[ ,n-be+ any m ?an ,sam5ess or ,o!rness is "o ( ! classes ( ,be+4 ,!y are aspects r ?an classes ( ,be+4 ,n-be+ c only be includ$ 9 ,be+1 z ! d5ial ( "s p>ticul> class ( ,be+4 ,if we attempt to pursue su* airy phantoms at all1 ! ,hegelian id5tity ( ,be+ & ,n-be+ is a m apt & intelligible expression ( ! same m5tal ph5om5on4 ,= ,plato has n di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! ,be+ :i* is prior to ,n-be+1 & ! ,be+ :i* is ! negation ( ,n-be+ 7comp>e ,p>m474 ,b he is n ?9k+ ( ?is :5 he says t ,be+ compreh5ds ,n-be+4 ,aga91 we %\ld probably g back = ! true explanation to ! influ5ce :i* ! ,eleatic philosophy ex]cis$ ov] him4 ,"u ',n-be+' ! ,eleatic _h includ$ all ! realities ( ! s5sible _w4 ,l$ by ?is association & by ! common use ( language1 :i* has be5 already notic$1 we _c be mu* surpris$ t ,plato %\ld h made classes ( ,n-be+4 ,x is obs]vable t he does n absolutely d5y t !re is an opposite ( ,be+4 ,he is incl9$ to leave ! "q1 m]ely rem>k+ t ! opposition1 if admissible at all1 is n express$ by ! t]m ',n-be+4' ,on ! :ole1 we mu/ all[ t ! great s]vice r5d]$ by ,plato to metaphysics 9 ! ,sophi/1 is n 8 explanation ( ',n-be+' z diff]5ce4 ,) ?is he c]ta9ly laid ! gho/ ( ',n-be+'2 & we may attribute to him 9 a measure ! cr$it ( anticipat+ ,sp9oza & ,hegel4 ,b 8 conception is n cle> or consi/5t2 he does n recognize ! diff]5t s5ses ( ! negative1 & he confuses ! diff]5t classes ( ,n-be+ ) ! ab/ract notion4 ,z ! ,pre-,socratic philosoph] fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! univ]sal & ! true1 :ile he plac$ ! p>ticul>s ( s5se "u ! false & app>5t1 s ,plato appe>s to id5tify negation ) falsehood1 or is unable to di/+ui% !m4 ,! greate/ s]vice r5d]$ by him to m5tal sci5ce is ! recognition ( ! communion ( classes1 :i*1 al?\gh bas$ by him on 8 acc\nt ( ',n-be+1' is indep5d5t ( x4 ,he cle>ly saw t ! isolation ( ideas or classes is ! annihilation ( reason+4 ,?us1 aft] w&]+ 9 _m div]g+ pa?s1 we return to common s5se4 ,& = ?is reason we may be incl9$ to d less ?an ju/ice to ,plato1--because ! tru? :i* he atta9s by a real ef=t ( ?\ght is to u a famili> & unconsci\s truism1 :i* no "o w\ld any long] ?9k ei!r ( d\bt+ or exam9+4 ,,iv4 ,! lat] dialogues ( ,plato conta9 _m ref]5ces to contempor>y philosophy4 ,bo? 9 ! ,!aetetus & 9 ! ,sophi/ he recognizes t he is 9 ! mid/ ( a fray2 a huge irregul> battle ev]y:]e surr\nds him 7,!aet474 ,fir/1 !re are ! two great philosophies go+ back into cosmogony & poetry3 ! philosophy ( ,h]acleitus1 suppos$ to h a poetical orig9 9 ,hom]1 & t ( ! ,eleatics1 :i* 9 a simil> _s he conceives to be ev5 old] ?an ,x5ophanes 7comp>e ,protag474 ,/ill old] 7 !ories ( two & ?ree pr9ciples1 hot & cold1 moi/ & dry1 :i* 7 ev] m>ry+ & be+ giv5 9 m>riage3 9 speak+ ( ^!1 he is probably ref]r+ to ,ph]ecydes & ! e>ly ,ionians4 ,9 ! philosophy ( motion !re 7 diff]5t acc\nts ( ! relation ( plurality & unity1 :i* 7 suppos$ to be jo9$ & sev]$ by love & hate1 "s ma9ta9+ t ?is process 0 p]petually go+ on 7e4g4 ,h]acleitus72 o!rs 7e4g4 ,emp$ocles7 t !re 0 an alt]nation ( !m4 ,( ! ,py?agoreans or ( ,anaxagoras he makes no di/9ct m5tion4 ,8 *ief oppon5ts are1 fir/1 ,eri/ics or ,meg>ians2 secondly1 ! ,mat]iali/s4 ,! picture :i* he gives ( bo? ^! latt] s*ools is indi/9ct2 & he appe>s reluctant to m5tion ! names ( _! tea*]s4 ,nor c we easily det]m9e h[ mu* is to be assign$ to ! ,cynics1 h[ mu* to ! ,meg>ians1 or :e!r ! 'repell5t ,mat]iali/s' 7,!aet47 are ,cynics or ,atomi/s1 or repres5t "s unkn[n phase ( op9ion at ,a!ns4 ,to ! ,cynics & ,anti/h5es is commonly attribut$1 on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 ! d5ial ( pr$ication1 :ile ! ,meg>ians are said to h be5 ,nom9ali/s1 ass]t+ ! ,"o ,good "u _m names to be ! true ,be+ ( ,z5o & ! ,eleatics1 &1 l ,z5o1 employ+ _! negative dialectic 9 ! refutation ( oppon5ts4 ,b ! lat] ,meg>ians also d5i$ pr$ication2 & ?is t5et1 :i* is attribut$ to all ( !m by ,simplicius1 is c]ta9ly 9 accordance ) _! ov]-ref9+ philosophy4 ,! 'tyros "y & old1' ( :om ,plato speaks1 probably include bo?4 ,at any rate1 we %all be saf] 9 accept+ ! g5]al description ( !m :i* he has giv51 & 9 n attempt+ to draw a precise l9e betwe5 !m4 ,( ^! ,eri/ics1 :e!r ,cynics or ,meg>ians1 sev]al *>act]i/ics are f\nd 9 ,plato3-- #a4 ,!y pursue v]bal oppositions2 #b4 !y make reason+ impossible by _! ov]-accuracy 9 ! use ( language2 #c4 !y d5y pr$ication2 #d4 !y g f unity to plurality1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /ages2 #e4 !y refuse to attribute motion or p[] to ,be+2 #f4 !y are ! enemies ( s5se2--:e!r !y are ! 'fri5ds ( ideas1' :o c>ry on ! polemic aga9/ s5se1 is unc]ta92 probably "u ?is rem>kable expression ,plato designates ^? :o m ne>ly approa*$ himself1 & may be criticiz+ an e>li] =m ( 8 own doctr9es4 ,we may obs]ve 7#a7 t he pr(esses only to give u a few op9ions out ( _m :i* 7 at t "t curr5t 9 ,greece2 7#b7 t he n[h]e alludes to ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,cynics--unless ! argum5t 9 ! ,protagoras1 t ! virtues are "o & n _m1 may be suppos$ to conta9 a ref]5ce to _! views1 z well z to ^? ( ,socrates2 & unless !y are ! s*ool allud$ to 9 ! ,philebus1 :i* is describ$ z 'be+ v skilful 9 physics1 & z ma9ta9+ pleasure to be ! abs5ce ( pa94' ,t ,anti/h5es wrote a book call$ ',physicus1' is h>dly a suffici5t reason = describ+ !m z skilful 9 physics1 :i* appe> to h be5 v ali5 to ! t5d5cy ( ! ,cynics4 ,! ,idealism ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 9 ,greece1 z 9 o!r ages & c\ntries1 seems to h provok$ a reaction t[>ds ,mat]ialism4 ,! ma9ta9]s ( ?is doctr9e are describ$ 9 ! ,!aetetus z ob/9ate p]sons :o w believe 9 no?+ :i* !y _c hold 9 _! h&s1 & 9 ! ,sophi/ z incapable ( argum5t4 ,!y are probably ! same :o are said 9 ! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,laws to attribute ! c\rse ( ev5ts to nature1 art1 & *ance4 ,:o !y 71 we h no means ( det]m9+ except f ,plato's description ( !m4 ,8 sil5ce respect+ ! ,atomi/s might lead u to suppose t "h we h a trace ( !m4 ,b ! ,atomi/s 7 n ,mat]iali/s 9 ! gross] s5se ( ! t]m1 nor 7 !y incapable ( reason+2 & ,plato w\ld h>dly h describ$ a great g5ius l ,democritus 9 ! disda9ful t]ms :i* he uses ( ! ,mat]iali/s4 ,^u ! :ole1 we mu/ inf] t ! p]sons "h spok5 ( are unkn[n to u1 l ! _m o!r writ]s & talk]s at ,a!ns & else:]e1 ( ^: endless activity ( m9d ,ari/otle 9 8 ,metaphysics has pres]v$ an anonym\s memorial4 ,v4 ,! ,sophi/ is ! sequel ( ! ,!aetetus1 & is connect$ ) ! ,p>m5ides by a direct allusion 7comp>e ,introductions to ,!aetetus & ,p>m5ides74 ,9 ! ,!aetetus we s\ght to discov] ! nature ( k & false op9ion4 ,b ! nature ( false op9ion seem$ imp5etrable2 = we 7 unable to und]/& h[ !re c\ld be any reality 9 ,n-be+4 ,9 ! ,sophi/ ! "q is tak5 up aga92 ! nature ( ,n-be+ is detect$1 & !re is no long] any metaphysical imp$im5t 9 ! way ( admitt+ ! possibility ( falsehood4 ,to ! ,p>m5ides1 ! ,sophi/ /&s 9 a less def9$ & m remote relation4 ,!re human ?\ght is 9 process ( disorganization2 no absurdity or inconsi/5cy is too great to be elicit$ f ! analysis ( ! simple ideas ( ,unity or ,be+4 ,9 ! ,sophi/ ! same contradictions are pursu$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b only ) a view to _! resolution4 ,! aim ( ! dialogue is to %[ h[ ! few elem5tal conceptions ( ! human m9d admit ( a natural connexion 9 ?\ght & spee*1 :i* ,meg>ian or o!r sophi/ry va9ly attempts to d5y4 444 ,true to ! appo9tm5t ( ! previ\s day1 ,!odorus & ,!aetetus meet ,socrates at ! same spot1 br++ ) !m an ,eleatic ,/rang]1 :om ,!odorus introduces z a true philosoph]4 ,socrates1 half 9 je/1 half 9 e>ne/1 decl>es t he mu/ be a god 9 disguise1 :o1 z ,hom] w\ld say1 has come to e>? t he may visit ! good & evil among m51 & detect ! fooli%ness ( ,a!nian wisdom4 ,at any rate he is a div9e p]son1 "o ( a class :o are h>dly recogniz$ on e>?2 :o appe> 9 div]s =ms--n[ z /atesm51 n[ z sophi/s1 & are (t5 deem$ madm54 ',philosoph]1 /atesman1 sophi/1' says ,socrates1 repeat+ ! words--',i %\ld l to ask our ,eleatic fri5d :at 8 c\ntrym5 ?9k ( !m2 d !y reg>d !m z "o1 or ?ree8' ,! ,/rang] has be5 already ask$ ! same "q by ,!odorus & ,!aetetus2 & he at once replies t !y are ?\ght to be ?ree2 b to expla9 ! diff]5ce fully w\ld take "t4 ,he is press$ to give ?is full] explanation1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a spee* or ( "q & answ]4 ,he pref]s ! latt]1 & *ooses z 8 respond5t ,!aetetus1 :om he already kn[s1 & :o is recomm5d$ to him by ,socrates4 ,we are agre$1 he says1 ab\t ! "n ,sophi/1 b we may n be equally agre$ ab\t 8 nature4 ,great subjects %\ld be approa*$ ?r\gh famili> examples1 &1 consid]+ t he is a creature n easily caught1 ,i ?9k t1 be=e approa*+ him1 we %\ld try our h& ^u "s m obvi\s animal1 :o may be made ! subject ( logical exp]im5t2 %all we say an angl]8 ',v good4' ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! angl] is an arti/2 & !re are two k9ds ( art1--productive art1 :i* includes husb&ry1 manufactures1 imitations2 & acquisitive art1 :i* includes le>n+1 trad+1 fight+1 hunt+4 ,! angl]'s is an acquisitive art1 & acquisition may be effect$ ei!r by ex*ange or by conque/2 9 ! latt] case1 ei!r by =ce or craft4 ,conque/ by craft is call$ hunt+1 & ( hunt+ !re is "o k9d :i* pursues inanimate1 & ano!r :i* pursues animate objects2 & animate objects may be ei!r l& animals or wat] animals1 & wat] animals ei!r fly ov] ! wat] or live 9 ! wat]4 ,! hunt+ ( ! la/ is call$ fi%+2 & ( fi%+1 "o k9d uses enclosures1 cat*+ ! fi% 9 nets & baskets1 & ano!r k9d /rikes !m ei!r ) spe>s by night or ) b>b$ spe>s or b>b$ hooks by day2 ! b>b$ spe>s are impell$ f above1 ! b>b$ hooks are j]k$ into ! head & lips ( ! fi%1 :i* are !n drawn f bel[ upw>ds4 ,?us1 by a s]ies ( divisions1 we h arriv$ at ! def9ition ( ! angl]'s art4 ,& n[ by ! help ( ?is example we may proce$ to br+ to light ! nature ( ! ,sophi/4 ,l ! angl]1 he is an arti/1 & ! resemblance does n end "h4 ,= !y are bo? hunt]s1 & hunt]s ( animals2 ! "o ( wat]1 & ! o!r ( l& animals4 ,b at ?is po9t !y div]ge1 ! "o go+ to ! sea & ! riv]s1 & ! o!r to ! riv]s ( weal? & ri* mead[-l&s1 9 :i* g5]\s y\? abide4 ,on l& y may hunt tame animals1 or y may hunt wild animals4 ,& man is a tame animal1 & he may be hunt$ ei!r by =ce or p]suasion2--ei!r by ! pirate1 man-/eal]1 soldi]1 or by ! lawy]1 orator1 talk]4 ,! latt] use p]suasion1 & p]suasion is ei!r private or public4 ,( ! private practition]s ( ! art1 "s br+ gifts to ^? :om !y hunt3 ^! are lov]s4 ,& o!rs take hire2 & "s ( ^! flatt]1 & 9 return are f$2 o!rs pr(ess to tea* virtue & receive a r\nd sum4 ,& :o are ^! la/8 ,tell me :o8 ,h we n une>!d ! ,sophi/8 ,b he is a _m-sid$ creature1 & may /ill be trac$ 9 ano!r l9e ( desc5t4 ,! acquisitive art _h a bran* ( ex*ange z well z ( hunt+1 & ex*ange is ei!r giv+ or sell+2 & ! sell] is ei!r a manufactur] or a m]*ant2 & ! m]*ant ei!r retails or exports2 & ! export] may export ei!r food = ! body or food = ! m9d4 ,& ( ?is trad+ 9 food = ! m9d1 "o k9d may be t]m$ ! art ( display1 & ano!r ! art ( sell+ le>n+2 & le>n+ may be a le>n+ ( ! arts or ( virtue4 ,! sell] ( ! arts may be call$ an art-sell]2 ! sell] ( virtue1 a ,sophi/4 ,aga91 !re is a ?ird l9e1 9 :i* a ,sophi/ may be trac$4 ,= is he less a ,sophi/ :51 in/ead ( export+ 8 w>es to ano!r c\ntry1 he /ays at home1 & retails goods1 :i* he n only buys ( o!rs1 b manufactures himself8 ,or he may be desc5d$ f ! acquisitive art 9 ! combative l9e1 ?r\gh ! pugnaci\s1 ! controv]sial1 ! disputati\s arts2 & he w be f\nd at la/ 9 ! eri/ic section ( ! latt]1 & 9 t division ( x :i* disputes 9 private = ga9 ab\t ! g5]al pr9ciples ( "r & wrong4 ,& /ill !re is a track ( him :i* has n yet be5 foll[$ out by u4 ,d n our h\sehold s]vants talk ( sift+1 /ra9+1 w9n[+8 ,& !y also speak ( c>d+1 sp9n+1 & ! l4 ,all ^! are processes ( division2 & ( division !re are two k9ds1--"o 9 :i* l is divid$ f l1 & ano!r 9 :i* ! good is sep>at$ f ! bad4 ,! latt] ( ! two is t]m$ purification2 & aga91 ( purification1 !re are two sorts1--( animate bodies 7:i* may be int]nal or ext]nal71 & ( inanimate4 ,m$ic9e & gymna/ic are ! int]nal purifications ( ! animate1 & ba?+ ! ext]nal2 & ( ! inanimate1 full+ & clean+ & o!r humble processes1 "s ( :i* h ludicr\s names4 ,n t dialectic is a respect] ( names or p]sons1 or a despis] ( humble occupations2 nor does %e ?9k mu* ( ! great] or less b5efits conf]r$ by !m4 ,= h] aim is k2 %e wants to "k h[ ! arts are relat$ to "o ano!r1 & w\ld q z soon le>n ! nature ( hunt+ f ! v]m9-de/roy] z f ! g5]al4 ,& %e only desires to h a g5]al "n1 :i* %all di/+ui% purifications ( ! s\l f purifications ( ! body4 ,n[ purification is ! tak+ away ( evil2 & !re are two k9ds ( evil 9 ! s\l1--! "o answ]+ to disease 9 ! body1 & ! o!r to de=mity4 ,disease is ! discord or w> ( opposite pr9ciples 9 ! s\l2 & de=mity is ! want ( symmetry1 or failure 9 ! atta9m5t ( a m>k or measure4 ,! latt] arises f ignorance1 & no "o is volunt>ily ignorant2 ignorance is only ! ab]ration ( ! s\l mov+ t[>ds k4 ,& z m$ic9e cures ! diseases & gymna/ic ! de=mity ( ! body1 s correction cures ! inju/ice1 & education 7:i* diff]s among ! ,hell5es f m]e in/ruction 9 ! arts7 cures ! ignorance ( ! s\l4 ,aga91 ignorance is tw(old1 simple ignorance1 & ignorance hav+ ! conceit ( k4 ,& education is also tw(old3 !re is ! old-fa%ion$ moral tra9+ ( our =efa!rs1 :i* 0 v tr\blesome & n v successful2 & ano!r1 ( a m subtle nature1 :i* proce$s ^u a notion t all ignorance is involunt>y4 ,! latt] convicts a man out ( 8 own m\?1 by po9t+ out to him 8 inconsi/5cies & contradictions2 & ! consequ5ce is t he qu>rels ) himself1 in/ead ( qu>rell+ ) 8 neighb\rs1 & is cur$ ( prejudices & ob/ructions by a mode ( treatm5t :i* is equally ent]ta9+ & effectual4 ,! physician ( ! s\l is aw>e t 8 pati5t w receive no n\ri%m5t unless he has be5 clean$ out2 & ! s\l ( ! ,great ,k+ himself1 if he has n und]gone ?is purification1 is unclean & impure4 ,& :o are ! m9i/]s ( ! purification8 ,sophi/s ,i may n call !m4 ,yet !y be> ab\t ! same lik5ess to ,sophi/s z ! dog1 :o is ! g5tle/ ( animals1 does to ! wolf1 :o is ! fi]ce/4 ,comp>isons are slipp]y ?+s2 b = ! pres5t let u assume ! resemblance ( ! two1 :i* may probably be disall[$ h]eaft]4 ,& s1 f division comes purification2 & f ?is1 m5tal purification2 & f m5tal purification1 in/ruction2 & f in/ruction1 education2 & f education1 ! nobly-desc5d$ art ( ,sophi/ry1 :i* is engag$ 9 ! detection ( conceit4 ,i d n h[ev] ?9k t we h yet f\nd ! ,sophi/1 or t 8 w ultimately prove to be ! desir$ art ( education2 b nei!r d ,i ?9k t he c long escape me1 = e way is block$4 ,be=e we make ! f9al assault1 let u take brea?1 & reckon up ! _m =ms :i* he has assum$3 7#a7 he 0 ! paid hunt] ( weal? & bir?2 7#b7 he 0 ! trad] 9 ! goods ( ! s\l2 7#c7 he 0 ! retail] ( !m2 7#d7 he 0 ! manufactur] ( 8 own le>n$ w>es2 7#e7 he 0 ! disputant2 & 7#f7 he 0 ! purg] away ( prejudices--al?\gh ?is latt] po9t is admitt$ to be d\btful4 ,n[1 !re mu/ surely be some?+ wrong 9 ! pr(essor ( any art hav+ s _m names & k9ds ( k4 ,does n ! v numb] ( !m imply t ! nature ( 8 art is n und]/ood8 ,& t we may n be involv$ 9 ! misund]/&+1 let u obs]ve :i* ( 8 *>act]i/ics is ! mo/ prom95t4 ,above all ?+s he is a disputant4 ,he w dispute & tea* o!rs to dispute ab\t ?+s visible & invisible--ab\t man1 ab\t ! gods1 ab\t politics1 ab\t law1 ab\t wre/l+1 ab\t all ?+s4 ,b c he "k all ?+s8 ',he _c4' ,h[ !n c he dispute satisfactorily ) any "o :o kn[s8 ',impossible4' ,!n :at is ! trick ( 8 art1 & :y does he receive money f 8 admir]s8 ',because he is believ$ by !m to "k all ?+s4' ,y mean to say t he seems to h a k ( !m8 ',yes4' ,suppose a p]son 7 to say1 n t he w\ld dispute ab\t all ?+s1 b t he w\ld make all ?+s1 y & me1 & all o!r creatures1 ! e>? & ! heav5s & ! gods1 & w\ld sell !m all = a few p5ce--?is w\ld be a great je/2 b n great] ?an if he said t he knew all ?+s1 & c\ld tea* !m 9 a %ort "t1 & at a small co/4 ,= all imitation is a je/1 & ! mo/ graceful =m ( je/4 ,n[ ! pa9t] is a man :o pr(esses to make all ?+s1 & *ildr51 :o see 8 pictures at a di/ance1 sometimes take !m = realities3 & ! ,sophi/ pret5ds to "k all ?+s1 & he1 too1 c deceive "y m51 :o are /ill at a di/ance f ! tru?1 n ?r\gh _! eyes1 b ?r\gh _! e>s1 by ! mumm]y ( words1 & induce !m to believe him4 ,b z !y gr[ old]1 & come into contact ) realities1 !y le>n by exp]i5ce ! futility ( 8 pret5sions4 ,! ,sophi/1 !n1 has n real k2 he is only an imitator1 or image-mak]4 ,& n[1 hav+ got him 9 a corn] ( ! dialectical net1 let u divide & subdivide until we cat* him4 ,( image-mak+ !re are two k9ds1--! art ( mak+ lik5esses1 & ! art ( mak+ appe>ances4 ,! latt] may be illu/rat$ by sculpture & pa9t+1 :i* (t5 use illusions1 & alt] ! proportions ( figures1 9 ord] to adapt _! works to ! eye4 ,& ! ,sophi/ also uses illusions1 & 8 imitations are app>5t & n real4 ,b h[ c any?+ be an appe>ance only8 ,"h arises a difficulty :i* has always beset ! subject ( appe>ances4 ,= ! argum5t is ass]t+ ! exi/5ce ( n-be+4 ,& ?is is :at ! great ,p>m5ides 0 all 8 life d5y+ 9 prose & also 9 v]se4 ',y w nev] f9d1' he says1 't n-be+ is4' ,& ! words prove !mselves6 ,n-be+ _c be attribut$ to any be+2 = h[ c any be+ be :olly ab/ract$ f be+8 ,aga91 9 e pr$ication !re is an attribution ( s+ul> or plural4 ,b numb] is ! mo/ real ( all ?+s1 & _c be attribut$ to n-be+4 ,!re=e n-be+ _c be pr$icat$ or express$2 = h[ c we say 'is1' 'are n1' )\t numb]8 ,& n[ arises ! greate/ difficulty ( all4 ,if n-be+ is inconceivable1 h[ c n-be+ be refut$8 ,& am ,i n contradict+ myself at ?is mom5t1 9 speak+ ei!r 9 ! s+ul> or ! plural ( t to :i* ,i d5y bo? plurality & unity8 ,y1 ,!aetetus1 h ! might ( y\?1 & ,i conjure y to ex]t y\rself1 &1 if y c1 to f9d an expression = n-be+ :i* does n imply be+ & numb]4 ',b ,i _c4' ,!n ! ,sophi/ mu/ be left 9 8 hole4 ,we may call him an image-mak] if we please1 b he w only say1 ',& pray1 :at is an image8' ,& we %all reply1 ',a reflection 9 ! wat]1 or 9 a mirror'2 & he w say1 ',let u %ut our eyes & op5 our m9ds2 :at is ! common notion ( all images8' ',i %\ld answ]1 ,su* ano!r1 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! true4' ,real or n real8 ',n real2 at lea/1 n 9 a true s5se4' ,& ! real 'is1' & ! n-real 'is n'8 ',yes4' ,!n a lik5ess is really unreal1 & ess5tially n4 ,"h is a pretty complication ( be+ & n-be+1 9 :i* ! _m-head$ ,sophi/ has entangl$ u4 ,he w at once po9t out t he is compell+ u to contradict ourselves1 by affirm+ be+ ( n-be+4 ,i ?9k t we mu/ cease to look = him 9 ! class ( imitators4 ,b ought we to give him up8 ',i %\ld say1 c]ta9ly n4' ,!n ,i fe> t ,i mu/ lay h&s on my fa!r ,p>m5ides2 b d n call me a p>ricide2 = !re is no way out ( ! difficulty except to %[ t 9 "s s5se n-be+ is2 & if ?is is n admitt$1 no "o c speak ( falsehood1 or false op9ion1 or imitation1 )\t fall+ into a contradiction4 ,y obs]ve h[ unwill+ ,i am to und]take ! task2 = ,i "k t ,i am expos+ myself to ! *>ge ( inconsi/5cy 9 ass]t+ ! be+ ( n-be+4 ,b if ,i am to make ! attempt1 ,i ?9k t ,i _h bett] beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,lightly 9 ! days ( our y\?1 ,p>m5ides & o!rs told u tales ab\t ! orig9 ( ! univ]se3 "o spoke ( ?ree pr9ciples w>r+ & at peace aga91 m>ry+ & begett+ *ildr52 ano!r ( two pr9ciples1 hot & cold1 dry & moi/1 :i* also =m$ relation%ips4 ,!re 7 ! ,eleatics 9 our "p ( ! _w1 say+ t all ?+s are "o2 ^: doctr9e beg9s ) ,x5ophanes1 & is ev5 old]4 ,ionian1 &1 m rec5tly1 ,sicilian muses speak ( a "o & _m :i* are held toge!r by enmity & fri5d%ip1 ev] p>t+1 ev] meet+4 ,"s ( !m d n insi/ on ! p]petual /rife1 b adopt a g5tl] /ra91 & speak ( alt]nation only4 ,:e!r !y are "r or n1 :o c say8 ,b "o ?+ we c say--t !y w5t on _! way )\t mu* c>+ :e!r we und]/ood !m or n4 ,= tell me1 ,!aetetus1 d y und]/& :at !y mean by _! ass]tion ( unity1 or by _! comb9ations & sep>ations ( two or m pr9ciples8 ,i us$ to ?9k1 :5 ,i 0 "y1 t ,i knew all ab\t n-be+1 & n[ ,i am 9 great difficulties ev5 ab\t be+4 ,let u proce$ fir/ to ! exam9ation ( be+4 ,turn+ to ! duali/ philosoph]s1 we say to !m3 ,is be+ a ?ird elem5t besides hot & cold8 or d y id5tify "o or bo? ( ! two elem5ts ) be+8 ,at any rate1 y c h>dly avoid resolv+ !m into "o4 ,let u next int]rogate ! patrons ( ! "o4 ,to !m we say3 ,are be+ & "o two diff]5t names = ! same ?+8 ,b h[ c !re be two names :5 !re is no?+ b "o8 ,or y may id5tify !m2 b !n ! "n w be ei!r ! "n ( no?+ or ( itself1 i4e4 ( a "n4 ,aga91 ! notion ( be+ is conceiv$ ( z a :ole--9 ! words ( ,p>m5ides1 'l e way unto a r\nd$ sph]e4' ,& a :ole has p>ts2 b t :i* has p>ts is n "o1 = unity has no p>ts4 ,is be+1 !n1 "o1 because ! p>ts ( be+ are "o1 or %all we say t be+ is n a :ole8 ,9 ! =m] case1 "o is made up ( p>ts2 & 9 ! latt] !re is /ill plurality1 viz4 be+1 & a :ole :i* is ap>t f be+4 ,& be+1 if n all ?+s1 lacks some?+ ( ! nature ( be+1 & becomes n-be+4 ,nor c be+ ev] h come into exi/5ce1 = no?+ comes into exi/5ce except z a :ole2 nor c be+ h numb]1 = t :i* has numb] is a :ole or sum ( numb]4 ,^! are a few ( ! difficulties :i* are accumulat+ "o ^u ano!r 9 ! consid]ation ( be+4 ,we may proce$ n[ to ! less exact sort ( philosoph]s4 ,"s ( !m drag d[n ev]y?+ to e>?1 & c>ry on a w> l t ( ! giants1 grasp+ rocks & oaks 9 _! h&s4 ,_! adv]s>ies def5d !mselves w>ily f an invisible _w1 & r$uce ! sub/ances ( _! oppon5ts to ! m9ute/ fractions1 until !y are lo/ 9 g5]ation & flux4 ,! latt] sort are civil p en\gh2 b ! mat]iali/s are rude & ignorant ( dialectics2 !y mu/ be taught h[ to argue be=e !y c answ]4 ,yet1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 we may assume !m to be bett] ?an !y are1 & able to give an acc\nt ( !mselves4 ,!y admit ! exi/5ce ( a mortal liv+ creature1 :i* is a body conta9+ a s\l1 & to ?is !y w\ld n refuse to attribute qualities--wisdom1 folly1 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,! s\l1 z !y say1 has a k9d ( body1 b !y d n l to ass]t ( ^! qualities ( ! s\l1 ei!r t !y are corporeal1 or t !y h no exi/5ce2 at ?is po9t !y beg9 to make di/9ctions4 ',sons ( e>?1' we say to !m1 'if bo? visible & invisible qualities exi/1 :at is ! common nature :i* is attribut$ to !m by ! t]m be+ or exi/5ce8' ,&1 z !y are incapable ( answ]+ ?is "q1 we may z well reply = !m1 t be+ is ! p[] ( do+ or suff]+4 ,!n we turn to ! fri5ds ( ideas3 to !m we say1 ',y di/+ui% becom+ f be+8' ',yes1' !y w reply4 ',& 9 becom+ y p>ticipate ?r\gh ! bodily s5ses1 & 9 be+1 by ?\ght & ! m9d8' ',yes4' ,& y mean by ! ^w 'p>ticipation' a p[] ( do+ or suff]+8 ,to ?is !y answ]--,i am acqua9t$ ) !m1 ,!aetetus1 & "k _! ways bett] ?an y d--t be+ c nei!r d nor suff]1 ?\gh becom+ may4 ,& we rejo93 ,does n ! s\l "k8 ,& is n 'be+' kn[n8 ,& are n 'kn[+' & 'be+ kn[n' active & passive8 ,t :i* is kn[n is affect$ by k1 & !re=e is 9 motion4 ,&1 inde$1 h[ c we imag9e t p]fect be+ is a m]e ev]la/+ =m1 devoid ( motion & s\l8 = !re c be no ?\ght )\t s\l1 nor c s\l be devoid ( motion4 ,b nei!r c ?\ght or m9d be devoid ( "s pr9ciple ( re/ or /ability4 ,& z *ildr5 say entreat+ly1 ',give u bo?1' s ! philosoph] mu/ include bo? ! moveable & immoveable 9 8 idea ( be+4 ,& yet1 alas6 he & we are 9 ! same difficulty ) :i* we reproa*$ ! duali/s2 = motion & re/ are contradictions--h[ !n c !y bo? exi/8 ,does he :o affirms ?is mean to say t motion is re/1 or re/ motion8 ',no2 he means to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( "s ?ird ?+1 diff]5t f !m bo?1 :i* nei!r re/s nor moves4' ,b h[ c !re be any?+ :i* nei!r re/s nor moves8 ,"h is a second difficulty ab\t be+1 q z great z t ab\t n-be+4 ,& we may hope t any light :i* is ?r[n ^u ! "o may ext5d to ! o!r4 ,leav+ !m = ! pres5t1 let u enquire :at we mean by giv+ _m names to ! same ?+1 e4g4 :ite1 good1 tall1 to man2 out ( :i* tyros old & "y d]ive su* a fea/ ( amusem5t4 ,_! meagre m9ds refuse to pr$icate any?+ ( any?+2 !y say t good is good1 & man is man2 & t to affirm "o ( ! o!r w\ld be mak+ ! _m "o & ! "o _m4 ,let u place !m 9 a class ) our previ\s oppon5ts1 & int]rogate bo? ( !m at once4 ,%all we assume 7#a7 t be+ & re/ & motion1 & all o!r ?+s1 are incommunicable ) "o ano!r8 or 7#b7 t !y all h indiscrim9ate communion8 or 7#c7 t !re is communion ( "s & n ( o!rs8 ,& we w consid] ! fir/ hypo!sis fir/ ( all4 7#a7 ,if we suppose ! univ]sal sep>ation ( k9ds1 all !ories alike are swept away2 ! patrons ( a s+le pr9ciple ( re/ or ( motion1 or ( a plurality ( immutable ideas--all alike h ! gr\nd cut f "u !m2 & all creators ( ! univ]se by !ories ( composition & division1 :e!r out ( or into a f9ite or inf9ite numb] ( elem5tal =ms1 9 alt]nation or cont9uance1 %>e ! same fate4 ,mo/ ridicul\s is ! discomfiture :i* att5ds ! oppon5ts ( pr$ication1 :o1 l ! v5triloqui/ ,eurycles1 h ! voice t answ]s !m 9 _! own brea/4 ,= !y _c help us+ ! words 'is1' 'ap>t1' 'f o!rs1' & ! l2 & _! adv]s>ies are ?us sav$ ! tr\ble ( refut+ !m4 ,b 7#b7 if all ?+s h communion ) all ?+s1 motion w re/1 & re/ w move2 "h is a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,two out ( ! ?ree hypo!ses are ?us se5 to be false4 ,! ?ird 7#c7 rema9s1 :i* affirms t only c]ta9 ?+s communicate ) c]ta9 o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! alphabet & ! scale !re are "s lett]s & notes :i* comb9e ) o!rs1 & "s :i* d n2 & ! laws accord+ to :i* !y comb9e or are sep>at$ are kn[n to ! gramm>ian & musician4 ,& !re is a sci5ce :i* tea*es n only :at notes & lett]s1 b :at classes admit ( comb9ation ) "o ano!r1 & :at n4 ,?is is a noble sci5ce1 on :i* we h /umbl$ unaw>es2 9 seek+ aft] ! ,sophi/ we h f\nd ! philosoph]4 ,he is ! ma/] :o disc]ns "o :ole or =m p]vad+ a scatt]$ multitude1 & _m su* :oles comb9$ "u a high] "o1 & _m entirely ap>t--he is ! true dialectician4 ,l ! ,sophi/1 he is h>d to recognize1 ?\gh = ! opposite reasons2 ! ,sophi/ runs away into ! obscurity ( n-be+1 ! philosoph] is d>k f excess ( light4 ,& n[1 leav+ him1 we w return to our pursuit ( ! ,sophi/4 ,agree+ 9 ! tru? ( ! ?ird hypo!sis1 t "s ?+s h communion & o!rs n1 & t "s may h communion ) all1 let u exam9e ! mo/ important k9ds :i* are capable ( admixture2 & 9 ?is way we may p]haps f9d out a s5se 9 :i* n-be+ may be affirm$ to h be+4 ,n[ ! highe/ k9ds are be+1 re/1 motion2 & ( ^!1 re/ & motion exclude ea* o!r1 b bo? ( !m are includ$ 9 be+2 & aga91 !y are ! same ) !mselves & ! o!r ( ea* o!r4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! words1 'same' & 'o!r'8 ,are !re two m k9ds to be add$ to ! ?ree o!rs8 ,= sam5ess _c be ei!r re/ or motion1 because pr$icat$ bo? ( re/ & motion2 nor yet be+2 because if be+ 7 attribut$ to bo? ( !m we %\ld attribute sam5ess to bo? ( !m4 ,nor c o!r be id5tifi$ ) be+2 = !n o!r1 :i* is relative1 w\ld h ! absolut5ess ( be+4 ,!re=e we mu/ assume a fif? pr9ciple1 :i* is univ]sal1 & runs ?r\gh all ?+s1 = ea* ?+ is o!r ?an all o!r ?+s4 ,?us !re are five pr9ciples3 7#a7 be+1 7#b7 motion1 :i* is n 7#c7 re/1 & because p>ticipat+ bo? 9 ! same & o!r1 is & is n 7#d7 ! same ) itself1 & is & is n 7#e7 o!r ?an ! o!r4 ,& motion is n be+1 b p>takes ( be+1 & !re=e is & is n 9 ! mo/ absolute s5se4 ,?us we h discov]$ t n-be+ is ! pr9ciple ( ! o!r :i* runs ?r\gh all ?+s1 be+ n except$4 ,& 'be+' is "o ?+1 & 'n-be+' includes & is all o!r ?+s4 ,& n-be+ is n ! opposite ( be+1 b only ! o!r4 ,k has _m bran*es1 & ! o!r or diff]5ce has z _m1 ea* ( :i* is describ$ by prefix+ ! ^w 'n' to "s k9d ( k4 ,! n-beautiful is z real z ! beautiful1 ! n-j z ! j4 ,& ! ess5ce ( ! n-beautiful is to be sep>at$ f & oppos$ to a c]ta9 k9d ( exi/5ce :i* is t]m$ beautiful4 ,& ?is opposition & negation is ! n-be+ ( :i* we are 9 se>*1 & is "o k9d ( be+4 ,?us1 9 spite ( ,p>m5ides1 we h n only discov]$ ! exi/5ce1 b also ! nature ( n-be+--t nature we h f\nd to be relation4 ,9 ! communion ( diff]5t k9ds1 be+ & o!r mutually int]p5etrate2 o!r is1 b is o!r ?an be+1 & o!r ?an ea* & all ( ! rema9+ k9ds1 & !re=e 9 an inf9ity ( ways 'is n4' ,& ! argum5t has %[n t ! pursuit ( contradictions is *ildi% & useless1 & ! v opposite ( t high] _s :i* criticizes ! words ( ano!r accord+ to ! natural mean+ ( !m4 ,no?+ c be m unphilosophical ?an ! d5ial ( all communion ( k9ds4 ,& we are =tunate 9 hav+ e/abli%$ su* a communion = ano!r reason1 because 9 cont9u+ ! hunt aft] ! ,sophi/ we h to exam9e ! nature ( disc\rse1 & !re c\ld be no disc\rse if !re 7 no communion4 ,= ! ,sophi/1 al?\gh he c no long] d5y ! exi/5ce ( n-be+1 may /ill affirm t n-be+ _c ent] into disc\rse1 & z he 0 argu+ be=e t !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z falsehood1 because !re 0 no su* ?+ z n-be+1 he may cont9ue to argue t !re is no su* ?+ z ! art ( image-mak+ & phanta/ic1 because n-be+ has no place 9 language4 ,h5ce arises ! necessity ( exam9+ spee*1 op9ion1 & imag9ation4 ,& fir/ conc]n+ spee*2 let u ask ! same "q ab\t words :i* we h already answ]$ ab\t ! k9ds ( be+ & ! lett]s ( ! alphabet3 ,to :at ext5t d !y admit ( comb9ation8 ,"s words h a mean+ :5 comb9$1 & o!rs h no mean+4 ,"o class ( words describes action1 ano!r class ag5ts3 'walks1' 'runs1' 'sleeps' are examples ( ! fir/2 '/ag1' 'horse1' 'lion' ( ! second4 ,b no comb9ation ( words c be =m$ )\t a v]b & a n\n1 e4g4 ',a man le>ns'2 ! simple/ s5t5ce is compos$ ( two words1 & "o ( ^! mu/ be a subject4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce1 ',!aetetus sits1' :i* is n v long1 ',!aetetus' is ! subject1 & 9 ! s5t5ce ',!aetetus flies1' ',!aetetus' is aga9 ! subject4 ,b ! two s5t5ces diff] 9 quality1 = ! fir/ says ( y t :i* is true1 & ! second says ( y t :i* is n true1 or1 9 o!r words1 attributes to y ?+s :i* are n z ?\gh !y 74 ,"h is false disc\rse 9 ! %orte/ =m4 ,& ?us n only spee*1 b ?\ght & op9ion & imag9ation are prov$ to be bo? true & false4 ,= ?\ght is only ! process ( sil5t spee*1 & op9ion is only ! sil5t ass5t or d5ial :i* foll[s ?is1 & imag9ation is only ! expression ( ?is 9 "s =m ( s5se4 ,all ( !m are ak9 to spee*1 & !re=e1 l spee*1 admit ( true & false4 ,& we h discov]$ false op9ion1 :i* is an enc\rag+ sign ( our probable success 9 ! re/ ( ! enquiry4 ,!n n[ let u return to our old division ( lik5ess-mak+ & phanta/ic4 ,:5 we 7 go+ to place ! ,sophi/ 9 "o ( !m1 a d\bt arose :e!r !re c\ld be su* a ?+ z an appe>ance1 because !re 0 no su* ?+ z falsehood4 ,at l5g? falsehood has be5 discov]$ by u to exi/1 & we h ackn[l$g$ t ! ,sophi/ is to be f\nd 9 ! class ( imitators4 ,all art 0 divid$ orig9ally by u into two bran*es--productive & acquisitive4 ,& n[ we may divide bo? on a diff]5t pr9ciple into ! creations or imitations :i* are ( human1 & ^? :i* are ( div9e1 orig94 ,= we mu/ admit t ! _w & ourselves & ! animals did n come into exi/5ce by *ance1 or ! spontane\s work+ ( nature1 b by div9e reason & k4 ,& !re are n only div9e creations b div9e imitations1 su* z app>itions & %ad[s & reflections1 :i* are equally ! "w ( a div9e m9d4 ,& !re are human creations & human imitations too1--!re is ! actual h\se & ! draw+ ( x4 ,nor mu/ we =get t image-mak+ may be an imitation ( realities or an imitation ( appe>ances1 :i* la/ has be5 call$ by u phanta/ic4 ,& ?is phanta/ic may be aga9 divid$ into imitation by ! help ( in/rum5ts & imp]sonations4 ,& ! latt] may be ei!r dissembl+ or unconsci\s1 ei!r ) or )\t k4 ,a man _c imitate y1 ,!aetetus1 )\t kn[+ y1 b he c imitate ! =m ( ju/ice or virtue if he h a s5tim5t or op9ion ab\t !m4 ,n be+ well provid$ ) names1 ! =m] ,i w v5ture to call ! imitation ( sci5ce1 & ! latt] ! imitation ( op9ion4 ,! latt] is our pres5t conc]n1 = ! ,sophi/ has no claims to sci5ce or k4 ,n[ ! imitator1 :o has only op9ion1 may be ei!r ! simple imitator1 :o ?9ks t he kn[s1 or ! dissembl]1 :o is consci\s t he does n "k1 b disguises 8 ignorance4 ,& ! la/ may be ei!r a mak] ( long spee*es1 or ( %ort] spee*es :i* compel ! p]son conv]s+ to contradict himself4 ,! mak] ( long] spee*es is ! popul> orator2 ! mak] ( ! %ort] is ! ,sophi/1 ^: art may be trac$ z be+ ! _/ contradicti\s _/ dissembl+ _/ )\t k _/ human & n div9e _/ juggl+ ) words _/ phanta/ic or unreal _/ art ( image-mak+4 444 ,9 comm5t+ on ! dialogue 9 :i* ,plato mo/ ne>ly approa*es ! great mod]n ma/] ( metaphysics !re are sev]al po9ts :i* x w be useful to consid]1 su* z ! unity ( opposites1 ! conception ( ! ideas z causes1 & ! relation ( ! ,platonic & ,hegelian dialectic4 ,! unity ( opposites 0 ! crux ( anci5t ?9k]s 9 ! age ( ,plato3 ,h[ c\ld "o ?+ be or become ano!r8 ,t sub/ances h attributes 0 impli$ 9 common language2 t heat & cold1 day & night1 pass into "o ano!r 0 a matt] ( exp]i5ce 'on a level ) ! cobbl]'s und]/&+' 7,!at474 ,b h[ c\ld philosophy expla9 ! connexion ( ideas1 h[ ju/ify ! pass+ ( !m into "o ano!r8 ,! ab/ractions ( "o1 o!r1 be+1 n-be+1 re/1 motion1 individual1 univ]sal1 :i* successive g5]ations ( philosoph]s _h rec5tly discov]$1 seem$ to be beyond ! rea* ( human ?\ght1 l />s %9+ 9 a di/ant heav54 ,!y 7 ! symbols ( diff]5t s*ools ( philosophy3 b 9 :at relation did !y /& to "o ano!r & to ! _w ( s5se8 ,x 0 h>dly conceivable t "o c\ld be o!r1 or ! same diff]5t4 ,yet )\t "s reconciliation ( ^! elem5t>y ideas ?\ght 0 impossible4 ,!re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 betwe5 ! ,sophi/ & ! philosoph]4 ,ev]y?+ c\ld be pr$icat$ ( ev]y?+1 or no?+ ( any?+4 ,to ^! difficulties ,plato f9ds :at to u appe>s to be ! answ] ( common s5se--t ,n-be+ is ! relative or o!r ( ,be+1 ! def9+ & di/+ui%+ pr9ciple1 & t "s ideas comb9e ) o!rs1 b n all ) all4 ,x is rem>kable h[ev] t he (f]s ?is obvi\s reply only z ! result ( a long & t$i\s enquiry2 by a great ef=t he is able to look d[n z 'f a height' on ! 'fri5ds ( ! ideas' z well z on ! pre-,socratic philosophies4 ,yet he is m]ely ass]t+ pr9ciples :i* no "o :o c\ld be made to und]/& !m w\ld d5y4 ,! ,platonic unity ( diff]5ces or opposites is ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n view t all k is ( relations2 x also anticipates ! doctr9e ( ,sp9oza t all det]m9ation is negation4 ,plato takes or gives s mu* ( ei!r ( ^! !ories z 0 necess>y or possible 9 ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,9 ! ,sophi/1 z 9 ! ,cratylus1 he is oppos$ to ! ,h]acleitean flux & equally to ! ,meg>ian & ,cynic d5ial ( pr$ication1 because he reg>ds bo? ( !m z mak+ k impossible4 ,he does n ass]t t ev]y?+ is & is n1 or t ! same ?+ c be affect$ 9 ! same & 9 opposite ways at ! same "t & 9 respect ( ! same "p ( itself4 ,! law ( contradiction is z cle>ly laid d[n by him 9 ! ,republic1 z by ,ari/otle 9 8 ,organon4 ,yet he is aw>e t 9 ! negative !re is also a positive elem5t1 & t oppositions may be only diff]5ces4 ,& 9 ! ,p>m5ides he d$uces ! _m f ! "o & ,n-be+ f ,be+1 & yet %[s t ! _m are includ$ 9 ! "o1 & t ,n-be+ returns to ,be+4 ,9 sev]al ( ! lat] dialogues ,plato is occupi$ ) ! connexion ( ! sci5ces1 :i* 9 ! ,philebus he divides into two classes ( pure & appli$1 add+ to !m !re z else:]e 7,pha$r41 ,crat41 ,republic1 ,/ates47 a sup]9t5d+ sci5ce ( dialectic4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ,ari/otle's ,ar*itectonic1 :i* seems1 h[ev]1 to h pass$ into an imag9>y sci5ce ( ess5ce1 & no long] to reta9 any relation to o!r bran*es ( k4 ,( su* a sci5ce1 :e!r describ$ z 'philosophia prima1' ! sci5ce ( ousia1 logic or metaphysics1 philosoph]s h (t5 dream$4 ,b ev5 n[ ! "t has n arriv$ :5 ! anticipation ( ,plato c be realiz$4 ,?\gh _m a ?9k] has fram$ a 'hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces1' no "o has z yet f\nd ! high] sci5ce :i* arrays !m 9 h>moni\s ord]1 giv+ to ! organic & inorganic1 to ! physical & moral1 _! respective limits1 & %[+ h[ !y all "w toge!r 9 ! _w & 9 man4 ,plato arranges 9 ord] ! /ages ( k & ( exi/5ce4 ,!y are ! /eps or grades by :i* he rises f s5se & ! %ad[s ( s5se to ! idea ( beauty & good4 ,m9d is 9 motion z well z at re/ 7,soph472 & may be describ$ z a dialectical progress :i* passes f "o limit or det]m9ation ( ?\ght to ano!r & back aga9 to ! fir/4 ,?is is ! acc\nt ( dialectic giv5 by ,plato 9 ! ,six? ,book ( ! ,republic1 :i* reg>d$ "u ano!r aspect is ! my/icism ( ! ,symposium4 ,he does n d5y ! exi/5ce ( objects ( s5se1 b accord+ to him !y only receive _! true mean+ :5 !y are incorporat$ 9 a pr9ciple :i* is above !m 7,republic74 ,9 mod]n language !y might be said to come fir/ 9 ! ord] ( exp]i5ce1 la/ 9 ! ord] ( nature & reason4 ,!y are assum$1 z he is fond ( repeat+1 ^u ! condition t !y %all give an acc\nt ( !mselves & t ! tru? ( _! exi/5ce %all be h]eaft] prov$4 ,= philosophy mu/ beg9 some:]e & may beg9 any:]e1--) outw>d objects1 ) /atem5ts ( op9ion1 ) ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,b objects ( s5se mu/ lead u onw>d to ! ideas or univ]sals :i* are conta9$ 9 !m2 ! /atem5ts ( op9ion mu/ be v]ifi$2 ! ab/ract pr9ciples mu/ be fill$ up & connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ,plato we f9d1 z we might expect1 ! g]ms ( _m ?\ghts :i* h be5 fur!r develop$ by ! g5ius ( ,sp9oza & ,hegel4 ,b !re is a difficulty 9 sep>at+ ! g]m f ! fl[]1 or 9 draw+ ! l9e :i* divides anci5t f mod]n philosophy4 ,_m co9cid5ces :i* occur 9 !m are unconsci\s1 seem+ to %[ a natural t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d t[>ds c]ta9 ideas & =ms ( ?\ght4 ,& !re are _m speculations ( ,plato :i* w\ld h pass$ away unhe$$1 & _! mean+1 l t ( "s hi]oglyphic1 w\ld h rema9$ undeciph]$1 unless two ?\s& ye>s & m aft]w>ds an int]pret] _h aris5 ( a k9dr$ _s & ( ! same intellectual family4 ,= example1 9 ! ,sophi/ ,plato beg9s ) ! ab/ract & goes on to ! concrete1 n 9 ! l[] s5se ( return+ to outw>d objects1 b to ! ,hegelian concrete or unity ( ab/ractions4 ,9 ! int]v5+ p]iod h>dly any importance w\ld h be5 atta*$ to ! "q :i* is s full ( mean+ to ,plato & ,hegel4 ,!y diff] h[ev] 9 _! mann] ( reg>d+ ! "q4 ,= ,plato is answ]+ a difficulty2 he is seek+ to ju/ify ! use ( common language & ( ord9>y ?\ght into :i* philosophy _h introduc$ a pr9ciple ( d\bt & dissolution4 ,:]eas ,hegel tries to g beyond common ?\ght1 & to comb9e ab/ractions 9 a high] unity3 ! ord9>y me*anism ( language & logic is c>ri$ by him into ano!r region 9 :i* all oppositions are absorb$ & all contradictions affirm$1 only t !y may be done away )4 ,b ,plato1 unlike ,hegel1 n[h]e bases 8 sy/em on ! unity ( opposites1 al?\gh 9 ! ,p>m5ides he %[s an ,hegelian subtlety 9 ! analysis ( "o & ,be+4 ,x is difficult )9 ! compass ( a few pages to give ev5 a fa9t outl9e ( ! ,hegelian dialectic4 ,no philosophy :i* is wor? und]/&+ c be und]/ood 9 a mom5t2 common s5se w n tea* u metaphysics any m ?an ma!matics4 ,if all sci5ces dem& ( u protract$ /udy & att5tion1 ! highe/ ( all c h>dly be matt] ( imm$iate intuition4 ,nei!r c we appreciate a great sy/em )\t yield+ a half ass5t to x--l flies we are caught 9 ! spid]'s web2 & we c only judge ( x truly :5 we place ourselves at a di/ance f x4 ,( all philosophies ,hegelianism is ! mo/ obscure3 & ! difficulty inh]5t 9 ! subject is increas$ by ! use ( a te*nical language4 ,! say+ ( ,socrates respect+ ! writ+s ( ,h]acleitus--',noble is t :i* ,i und]/&1 & t :i* ,i d n und]/& may be z noble2 b ! /r5g? ( a ,delian div] is ne$$ to swim ?r\gh x'--expresses ! feel+ ) :i* ! read] rises f ! p]usal ( ,hegel4 ,we may truly apply to him ! words 9 :i* ,plato describes ! ,pre-,socratic philosoph]s3 ',he w5t on 8 way r reg>dless ( :e!r we und]/ood him or n'2 or1 z he is report$ himself to h said ( 8 own pupils3 ',!re is only "o ( y :o und]/&s me1 & he does ,,n und]/& me4' ,nev]!less ! consid]ation ( a few g5]al aspects ( ! ,hegelian philosophy may help to dispel "s errors & to awak5 an int]e/ ab\t x4 7i7 ,x is an ideal philosophy :i*1 9 popul> phraseology1 ma9ta9s n matt] b m9d to be ! tru? ( ?+s1 & ?is n by a m]e crude sub/itution ( "o ^w = ano!r1 b by %[+ ei!r ( !m to be ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,bo? are creations ( ?\ght1 & ! diff]5ce 9 k9d :i* seems to divide !m may also be reg>d$ z a diff]5ce ( degree4 ,"o is to ! o!r z ! real to ! ideal1 & bo? may be conceiv$ toge!r "u ! high] =m ( ! notion4 7ii7 ,"u ano!r aspect x views all ! =ms ( s5se & k z /ages ( ?\ght :i* h always exi/$ implicitly & unconsci\sly1 & to :i* ! m9d ( ! _w1 gradually dis5gag$ f s5se1 has become awak5$4 ,! pres5t has be5 ! pa/4 ,! succession 9 "t ( human ideas is also ! et]nal 'n['2 x is hi/orical & also a div9e ideal4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy /ripp$ ( p]sonality & ( ! o!r accid5ts ( "t & place is ga!r$ up into philosophy1 & aga9 philosophy clo!d 9 circum/ance exp&s into hi/ory4 7iii7 ,:e!r reg>d$ z pres5t or pa/1 "u ! =m ( "t or ( et]nity1 ! _s ( dialectic is always mov+ onw>ds f "o det]m9ation ( ?\ght to ano!r1 receiv+ ea* successive sy/em ( philosophy & subord9at+ x to t :i* foll[s--impell$ by an irresi/ible necessity f "o idea to ano!r until ! cycle ( human ?\ght & exi/5ce is complete4 ,x foll[s f ?is t all previ\s philosophies :i* are wor?y ( ! "n are n m]e op9ions or speculations1 b /ages or mom5ts ( ?\ght :i* h a necess>y place 9 ! _w ( m9d4 ,!y are no long] ! la/ ^w ( philosophy1 = ano!r & ano!r has succe$$ !m1 b !y /ill live & are mighty2 9 ! language ( ! ,greek poet1 ',!re is a great ,god 9 !m1 & he gr[s n old4' 7iv7 ,?is va/ ideal sy/em is suppos$ to be bas$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,at ea* /ep x pr(esses to c>ry ) x ! 'witness ( eyes & e>s' & ( common s5se1 z well z ! int]nal evid5ce ( its own consi/5cy2 x has a place = e sci5ce1 & affirms t no philosophy ( a n>r[] type is capable ( compreh5d+ all true facts4 ,! ,hegelian dialectic may be also describ$ z a movem5t f ! simple to ! complex4 ,beg9n+ ) ! g5]alizations ( s5se1 7#a7 pass+ ?r\gh ideas ( quality1 quantity1 measure1 numb]1 & ! l1 7#b7 asc5d+ f pres5tations1 t is pictorial =ms ( s5se1 to repres5tations 9 :i* ! picture vani%es & ! ess5ce is deta*$ 9 ?\ght f ! outw>d =m1 7#c7 comb9+ ! ,i & ! n-,i1 or ! subject & object1 ! natural ord] ( ?\ght is at la/ f\nd to include ! lead+ ideas ( ! sci5ces & to arrange !m 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,ab/ractions gr[ toge!r & aga9 become concrete 9 a new & high] s5se4 ,!y also admit ( developm5t f )9 _! own sph]es4 ,ev]y:]e !re is a movem5t ( attraction & repulsion go+ on--an attraction or repulsion ( ideas ( :i* ! physical ph5om5on describ$ "u a simil> "n is a figure4 ,fre$om & necessity1 m9d & matt]1 ! cont9u\s & ! discrete1 cause & effect1 are p]petually be+ sev]$ f "o ano!r 9 ?\ght1 only to be p]petually reunit$4 ,! f9ite & inf9ite1 ! absolute & relative are n really oppos$2 ! f9ite & ! negation ( ! f9ite are alike lo/ 9 a high] or positive inf9ity1 & ! absolute is ! sum or correlation ( all relatives4 ,:5 ?is reconciliation ( opposites is f9ally complet$ 9 all its /ages1 ! m9d may come back aga9 & review ! ?+s ( s5se1 ! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 ! /rife ( !ology & politics1 )\t be+ di/urb$ by !m4 ,:atev] is1 if n ! v be/--& :at is ! be/1 :o c tell8--is1 at any rate1 hi/orical & rational1 suitable to its own age1 unsuitable to any o!r4 ,nor c any ef=ts ( speculative ?9k]s or ( soldi]s & /atesm5 mat]ially quick5 ! 'process ( ! suns4' ,hegel 0 q s5sible h[ great w\ld be ! difficulty ( pres5t+ philosophy to mank9d "u ! =m ( opposites4 ,mo/ ( u live 9 ! "o-sid$ tru? :i* ! und]/&+ (f]s to u1 & if occasionally we come across difficulties l ! "t-hon\r$ controv]sy ( necessity & free-w1 or ! ,eleatic puzzle ( ,a*illes & ! tortoise1 we relegate "s ( !m to ! sph]e ( my/]y1 o!rs to ! book ( riddles1 & g on our way rejoic+4 ,mo/ m5 7l ,ari/otle7 h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d a contradiction 9 t]ms z ! end ( /rife2 to be told t contradiction is ! life & ma9spr+ ( ! intellectual _w is inde$ a p>adox to !m4 ,e ab/raction is at fir/ ! enemy ( e o!r1 yet !y are l9k$ toge!r1 ea* ) all1 9 ! *a9 ( ,be+4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is n conf9$ to ! animals1 b appe>s 9 ! k+dom ( ?\ght4 ,! divisions :i* arise 9 ?\ght betwe5 ! physical & moral & betwe5 ! moral & intellectual1 & ! l1 are deep5$ & wid5$ by ! =mal logic :i* elevates ! defects ( ! human faculties into ,laws ( ,?\ght2 !y become a "p ( ! m9d :i* makes !m & is also made up ( !m4 ,su* di/9ctions become s famili> to u t we reg>d ! ?+ signifi$ by !m z absolutely fix$ & def9$4 ,^! are "s ( ! illusions f :i* ,hegel deliv]s u by plac+ u above ourselves1 by tea*+ u to analyze ! gr[? ( ':at we are pleas$ to call our m9ds1' by rev]t+ to a "t :5 our pres5t di/9ctions ( ?\ght & language _h no exi/5ce4 ,( ! great dislike & *ildi% impati5ce ( 8 sy/em :i* w\ld be ar\s$ among 8 oppon5ts1 he 0 fully aw>e1 & w\ld (t5 anticipate ! je/s :i* ! re/ ( ! _w1 '9 ! sup]fluity ( _! wits1' 7 likely to make ^u him4 ,m5 are annoy$ at :at puzzles !m2 !y ?9k :at !y _c easily und]/& to be full ( dang]4 ,_m a sceptic has /ood1 z he suppos$1 firmly root$ 9 ! categories ( ! und]/&+ :i* ,hegel resolves into _! orig9al no?+ness4 ,=1 l ,plato1 he 'leaves no /one unturn$' 9 ! intellectual _w4 ,nor c we d5y t he is unnecess>ily difficult1 or t 8 own m9d1 l t ( all metaphysicians1 0 too mu* "u ! dom9ion ( 8 sy/em & unable to see beyond3 or t ! /udy ( philosophy1 if made a s]i\s bus9ess 7comp>e ,republic71 involves grave results to ! m9d & life ( ! /ud5t4 ,= x may encumb] him )\t enlight5+ 8 pa?2 & x may weak5 8 natural faculties ( ?\ght & expression )\t increas+ 8 philosophical p[]4 ,! m9d easily becomes entangl$ among ab/ractions1 & loses hold ( facts4 ,! glass :i* is adapt$ to di/ant objects takes away ! vision ( :at is ne> & pres5t to u4 ,to ,hegel1 z to ! anci5t ,greek ?9k]s1 philosophy 0 a religion1 a pr9ciple ( life z well z ( k1 l ! idea ( good 9 ! ,six? ,book ( ! ,republic1 a cause z well z an effect1 ! s\rce ( gr[? z well z ( light4 ,9 =ms ( ?\ght :i* by mo/ ( u are reg>d$ z m]e categories1 he saw or ?\ght t he saw a gradual revelation ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,he w\ld h be5 said by 8 oppon5ts to h confus$ ,god ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & to h be5 incapable ( di/+ui%+ ideas f facts4 ,& c]ta9ly we c sc>cely und]/& h[ a deep ?9k] l ,hegel c\ld h hop$ to revive or supplant ! old traditional fai? by an un9telligible ab/raction3 or h[ he c\ld h imag9$ t philosophy consi/$ only or *iefly 9 ! categories ( logic4 ,= ab/ractions1 ?\gh comb9$ by him 9 ! notion1 seem to be nev] really concrete2 !y are a metaphysical anatomy1 n a liv+ & ?9k+ sub/ance4 ,?\gh we are rem9d$ by him aga9 & aga9 t we are ga!r+ up ! _w 9 ideas1 we feel aft] all t we h n really spann$ ! gulf :i* sep>ates pha9om5a f onta4 ,hav+ 9 view "s ( ^! difficulties1 he seeks--& we may foll[ 8 example--to make ! und]/&+ ( 8 sy/em easi] 7a7 by illu/rations1 & 7b7 by po9t+ out ! co9cid5ce ( ! speculative idea & ! hi/orical ord] ( ?\ght4 7a7 ,if we ask h[ opposites c coexi/1 we are told t _m diff]5t qualities inh]e 9 a fl[] or a tree or 9 any o!r concrete object1 & t any conception ( space or matt] or "t involves ! two contradictory attributes ( divisibility & cont9u\sness4 ,we may pond] ov] ! ?\ght ( numb]1 rem9d+ ourselves t e unit bo? implies & d5ies ! exi/5ce ( e o!r1 & t ! "o is _m--a sum ( fractions1 & ! _m "o--a sum ( units4 ,we may be rem9d$ t 9 nature !re is a c5tripetal z well z a c5trifugal =ce1 a regulator z well z a spr+1 a law ( attraction z well z ( repulsion4 ,! way to ! ,we/ is ! way also to ! ,ea/2 ! nor? pole ( ! magnet _c be divid$ f ! s\? pole2 two m9us signs make a plus 9 ,ari?metic & ,algebra4 ,aga91 we may lik5 ! successive lay]s ( ?\ght to ! deposits ( geological /rata :i* 7 once fluid & are n[ solid1 :i* 7 at "o "t upp]mo/ 9 ! s]ies & are n[ hidd5 9 ! e>?2 or to ! successive r9ds or b>ks ( trees :i* ye> by ye> pass inw>d2 or to ! ripple ( wat] :i* appe>s & reappe>s 9 an ev]-wid5+ circle4 ,or our att5tion may be drawn to ideas :i* ! mom5t we analyze !m involve a contradiction1 su* z 'beg9n+' or 'becom+1' or to ! opposite poles1 z !y are sometimes t]m$1 ( necessity & fre$om1 ( idea & fact4 ,we may be told to obs]ve t e negative is a positive1 t diff]5ces ( k9d are resolvable into diff]5ces ( degree1 & t diff]5ces ( degree may be height5$ into diff]5ces ( k9d4 ,we may rememb] ! common rem>k t !re is mu* to be said on bo? sides ( a "q4 ,we may be recomm5d$ to look )9 & to expla9 h[ opposite ideas c coexi/ 9 our own m9ds2 & we may be told to imag9e ! m9ds ( all mank9d z "o m9d 9 :i* ! true ideas ( all ages & c\ntries inh]e4 ,9 our conception ( ,god 9 8 relation to man or ( any union ( ! div9e & human nature1 a contradiction appe>s to be unavoidable4 ,is n ! reconciliation ( m9d & body a necessity1 n only ( speculation b ( practical life8 ,reflections su* z ^! w furni% ! be/ prep>ation & give ! "r attitude ( m9d = und]/&+ ! ,hegelian philosophy4 7b7 ,hegel's treatm5t ( ! e>ly ,greek ?9k]s af=ds ! readie/ illu/ration ( 8 mean+ 9 conceiv+ all philosophy "u ! =m ( opposites4 ,! fir/ ab/raction is to him ! beg9n+ ( ?\ght4 ,hi!rto !re _h only exi/$ a tumultu\s *aos ( my?ological fancy1 b :5 ,?ales said ',all is wat]' a new era began to dawn ^u ! _w4 ,man 0 seek+ to grasp ! univ]se "u a s+le =m :i* 0 at fir/ simply a mat]ial elem5t1 ! mo/ equable & col\rless & univ]sal :i* c\ld be f\nd4 ,b soon ! human m9d became dissatisfi$ ) ! emblem1 & aft] r++ ! *anges on "o elem5t aft] ano!r1 dem&$ a m ab/ract & p]fect conception1 su* z "o or ,be+1 :i* 0 absolutely at re/4 ,b ! positive _h its negative1 ! conception ( ,be+ involv$ ,n-be+1 ! conception ( "o1 _m1 ! conception ( a :ole1 p>ts4 ,!n ! p5dulum swung to ! o!r side1 f re/ to motion1 f ,x5ophanes to ,h]acleitus4 ,! opposition ( ,be+ & ,n-be+ project$ into space became ! atoms & void ( ,leucippus & ,democritus4 ,until ! ,atomi/s1 ! ab/raction ( ! individual did n exi/2 9 ! philosophy ( ,anaxagoras ! idea ( m9d1 :e!r human or div9e1 0 beg9n+ to be realiz$4 ,! p5dulum gave ano!r sw+1 f ! individual to ! univ]sal1 f ! object to ! subject4 ,! ,sophi/ fir/ utt]$ ! ^w ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s1' :i* ,socrates pres5t$ 9 a new =m z ! /udy ( e?ics4 ,once m we return f m9d to ! object ( m9d1 :i* is k1 & out ( k ! v>i\s degrees or k9ds ( k m or less ab/ract 7 gradually develop$4 ,! ?reefold division ( logic1 physic1 & e?ics1 =e%ad[$ 9 ,plato1 0 f9ally e/abli%$ by ,ari/otle & ! ,/oics4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,hegel1 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t two c5turies by a process ( antagonism & negation ! lead+ ?\ghts ( philosophy 7 evolv$4 ,!re is no?+ l ?is progress ( opposites 9 ,plato1 :o 9 ! ,symposium d5ies ! possibility ( reconciliation until ! opposition has pass$ away4 ,9 8 own words1 !re is an absurdity 9 suppos+ t 'h>mony is discord2 = 9 reality h>mony consi/s ( notes ( a high] & l[] pit* :i* disagre$ once1 b are n[ reconcil$ by ! art ( music' 7,symp474 ,he does inde$ describe objects ( s5se z reg>d$ by u sometimes f "o po9t ( view & sometimes f ano!r4 ,z he says at ! end ( ! ,fif? ,book ( ! ,republic1 ',!re is no?+ light :i* is n heavy1 or great :i* is n small4' ,& he ext5ds ?is relativity to ! conceptions ( j & good1 z well z to great & small4 ,9 l mann] he ackn[l$ges t ! same numb] may be m or less 9 relation to o!r numb]s )\t any increase or dim9ution 7,!at474 ,b ! p]plexity only arises out ( ! confusion ( ! human faculties2 ! art ( measur+ %[s u :at is truly great & truly small4 ,?\gh ! j & good 9 p>ticul> in/ances may v>y1 ! ,,idea ( good is et]nal & un*angeable4 ,& ! ,,idea ( good is ! s\rce ( k & also ( ,be+1 9 :i* all ! /ages ( s5se & k are ga!r$ up & f be+ hypo!ses become realities4 ,leav+ ! comp>ison ) ,plato we may n[ consid] ! value ( ?is inv5tion ( ,hegel4 ,!re c be no "q ( ! importance ( %[+ t two contr>ies or contradictories may 9 c]ta9 cases be bo? true4 ,! sill9ess ( ! s-call$ laws ( ?\ght 7',all ,a ,a1' or1 9 ! negative =m1 ',no?+ c at ! same "t be bo? ,a1 & n ,a'7 has be5 well expos$ by ,hegel himself 7,wallace's ,hegel71 :o rem>ks t '! =m ( ! maxim is virtually self-contradictory1 = a proposition implies a di/9ction betwe5 subject & pr$icate1 :]eas ! maxim ( id5tity1 z x is call$1 ,a ,a1 does n fulfil :at its =m requires4 ,nor does any m9d ev] ?9k or =m conceptions 9 accordance ) ?is law1 nor does any exi/5ce con=m to x4' ,wisdom ( ?is sort is well p>odi$ 9 ,%akespe>e 7,twelf? ,night1 ',cl[n3 ,= z ! old h]mit ( ,prague1 t nev] saw p5 & ink1 v wittily said to a niece ( ,k+ ,gorboduc1 ,t t is is444= :at is t b t1 & is b is8'74 ,unless we are will+ to admit t two contradictories may be true1 _m que/ions :i* lie at ! ?re%old ( ma!matics & ( morals w be insoluble puzzles to u4 ,! influ5ce ( opposites is felt 9 practical life4 ,! und]/&+ sees "o side ( a "q only--! common s5se ( mank9d jo9s "o ( two p>ties 9 politics1 9 religion1 9 philosophy4 ,yet1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 tru? is n :olly ! possession ( ei!r4 ,b ! *>act]s ( m5 are "o-sid$ & accept ?is or t aspect ( ! tru?4 ,! und]/&+ is /rong 9 a s+le ab/ract pr9ciple & ) ?is lev] moves mank9d4 ,few atta9 to a balance ( pr9ciples or recognize truly h[ 9 all human ?+s !re is a !sis & anti!sis1 a law ( action & ( reaction4 ,9 politics we require ord] z well z lib]ty1 & h to consid] ! proportions 9 :i* "u giv5 circum/ances !y may be safely comb9$4 ,9 religion !re is a t5d5cy to lose sight ( morality1 to sep>ate goodness f ! love ( tru?1 to wor%ip ,god )\t attempt+ to "k him4 ,9 philosophy aga9 !re are two opposite pr9ciples1 ( imm$iate exp]i5ce & ( ^? g5]al or a priori tru?s :i* are suppos$ to transc5d exp]i5ce4 ,b ! common s5se or common op9ion ( mank9d is incapable ( appreh5d+ ^! opposite sides or views--m5 are det]m9$ by _! natural b5t to "o or o!r ( !m2 !y g /raight on = a "t 9 a s+le l9e1 & may be _m ?+s by turns b n at once4 ,h5ce ! importance ( famili>iz+ ! m9d ) =ms :i* w assi/ u 9 conceiv+ or express+ ! complex or contr>y aspects ( life & nature4 ,! dang] is t !y may be too mu* = u1 & obscure our appreciation ( facts4 ,z ! complexity ( me*anics _c be und]/ood )\t ma!matics1 s nei!r c ! _m-sid$ness ( ! m5tal & moral _w be truly appreh5d$ )\t ! assi/ance ( new =ms ( ?\ght4 ,"o ( ^! =ms is ! unity ( opposites4 ,ab/ractions h a great p[] ov] u1 b !y are apt to be p>tial & "o-sid$1 & only :5 modifi$ by o!r ab/ractions d !y make an approa* to ! tru?4 ,_m a man has become a fatali/ because he has fall5 "u ! dom9ion ( a s+le idea4 ,he says to himself1 = example1 t he mu/ be ei!r free or necess>y--he _c be bo?4 ,?us 9 ! anci5t _w :ole s*ools ( philosophy pass$ away 9 ! va9 attempt to solve ! problem ( ! cont9uity or divisibility ( matt]4 ,& 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 ?\gh 9 ! _s ( an anci5t philosoph]1 ,bi%op ,b]keley1 feel+ a simil> p]plexity1 is incl9$ to d5y ! tru? ( inf9itesimals 9 ma!matics4 ,_m difficulties arise 9 practical religion f ! impossibility ( conceiv+ body & m9d at once & 9 adju/+ _! movem5ts to "o ano!r4 ,!re is a bord] gr\nd betwe5 !m :i* seems to belong to bo?2 & !re is z mu* difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! body )\t ! s\l z ! s\l )\t ! body4 ,to ! 'ei!r' & 'or' philosophy 7',ev]y?+ is ei!r ,a or n ,a'7 %\ld at lea/ be add$ ! clause 'or nei!r1' 'or bo?4' ,! d\ble =m makes reflection easi] & m con=mable to exp]i5ce1 & also m compreh5sive4 ,b 9 ord] to avoid p>adox & ! dang] ( giv+ (f5ce to ! unmetaphysical "p ( mank9d1 we may speak ( x z due to ! imp]fection ( language or ! limitation ( human faculties4 ,x is nev]!less a discov]y :i*1 9 ,platonic language1 may be t]m$ a 'mo/ graci\s aid to ?\ght4' ,! doctr9e ( opposite mom5ts ( ?\ght or ( progression by antagonism1 fur!r assi/s u 9 fram+ a s*eme or sy/em ( ! sci5ces4 ,! negation ( "o gives bir? to ano!r ( !m4 ,! d\ble notions are ! jo9ts :i* hold !m toge!r4 ,! simple is develop$ into ! complex1 ! complex returns aga9 into ! simple4 ,beg9n+ ) ! highe/ notion ( m9d or ?\ght1 we may desc5d by a s]ies ( negations to ! fir/ g5]alizations ( s5se4 ,or aga9 we may beg9 ) ! simple/ elem5ts ( s5se & proce$ upw>ds to ! highe/ be+ or ?\ght4 ,metaphysic is ! negation or absorption ( physiology--physiology ( *emi/ry--*emi/ry ( me*anical philosophy4 ,simil>ly 9 me*anics1 :5 we c no fur!r g we arrive at *emi/ry--:5 *emi/ry becomes organic we arrive at physiology3 :5 we pass f ! outw>d & animal to ! inw>d nature ( man we arrive at moral & metaphysical philosophy4 ,^! sci5ces h ea* ( !m _! own me?ods & are pursu$ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,b to ! m9d ( ! ?9k] !y are all "o--lat5t 9 "o ano!r--develop$ out ( "o ano!r4 ,?is me?od ( opposites has suppli$ new in/rum5ts ( ?\ght = ! solution ( metaphysical problems1 & has ?r[n d[n _m ( ! walls )9 :i* ! human m9d 0 conf9$4 ,=m]ly :5 philosoph]s arriv$ at ! inf9ite & absolute1 !y seem$ to be lo/ 9 a region beyond human compreh5sion4 ,b ,hegel has %[n t ! absolute & inf9ite are no m true ?an ! relative & f9ite1 & t !y mu/ alike be negativ$ be=e we arrive at a true absolute or a true inf9ite4 ,! conceptions ( ! inf9ite & absolute z ord9>ily und]/ood are tiresome because !y are unmean+1 b !re is no peculi> sanctity or my/]y 9 !m4 ,we might z well make an inf9itesimal s]ies ( fractions or a p]petually recurr+ decimal ! object ( our wor%ip4 ,!y are ! wide/ & also ! ?9ne/ ( human ideas1 or1 9 ! language ( logicians1 !y h ! greate/ ext5sion & ! lea/ compreh5sion4 ,( all words !y may be truly said to be ! mo/ inflat$ ) a false mean+4 ,!y h be5 h&$ d[n f "o philosoph] to ano!r until !y h acquir$ a religi\s "*4 ,!y seem also to d]ive a sacr$ness f _! association ) ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,yet !y are ! poore/ ( ! pr$icates "u :i* we describe him--signify+ no m ?an ?is1 t he is n f9ite1 t he is n relative1 & t5d+ to obscure 8 high] attributes ( wisdom1 goodness1 tru?4 ,! sy/em ( ,hegel frees ! m9d f ! dom9ion ( ab/ract ideas4 ,we ackn[l$ge 8 orig9ality1 & "s ( u delight to w&] 9 ! mazes ( ?\ght :i* he has op5$ to u4 ,= ,hegel has f\nd admir]s 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& :5 8 popul>ity 9 ,g]many has dep>t$1 & he1 l ! philosoph]s :om he criticizes1 is ( ! pa/4 ,no o!r ?9k] has ev] dissect$ ! human m9d ) equal pati5ce & m9ut5ess4 ,he has light5$ ! burd5 ( ?\ght because he has %[n u t ! *a9s :i* we we> are ( our own =g+4 ,to be able to place ourselves n only above ! op9ions ( m5 b above _! modes ( ?9k+1 is a great height ( philosophy4 ,?is de>ly obta9$ fre$om1 h[ev]1 we are n dispos$ to "p )1 or to all[ him to build up 9 a new =m ! 'begg>ly elem5ts' ( s*ola/ic logic :i* he has ?r[n d[n4 ,s f> z !y are aids to reflection & expression1 =ms ( ?\ght are useful1 b no fur!r3--we may easily h too _m ( !m4 ,& :5 we are ask$ to believe ! ,hegelian to be ! sole or univ]sal logic1 we naturally reply t !re are o!r ways 9 :i* our ideas may be connect$4 ,! triplets ( ,hegel1 ! division into be+1 ess5ce1 & notion1 are n ! only or necess>y modes 9 :i* ! _w ( ?\ght c be conceiv$4 ,!re may be an evolution by degrees z well z by opposites4 ,! ^w 'cont9uity' sugge/s ! possibility ( resolv+ all diff]5ces into diff]5ces ( quantity4 ,aga91 ! opposites !mselves may v>y f ! lea/ degree ( div]sity up to contradictory opposition4 ,!y are n l numb]s & figures1 always & ev]y:]e ( ! same value4 ,& !re=e ! edifice :i* is con/ruct$ out ( !m has m]ely an imag9>y symmetry1 & is really irregul> & out ( proportion4 ,! _s ( ,hegelian criticism %\ld be appli$ to 8 own sy/em1 & ! t]ms ,be+1 ,n-be+1 exi/5ce1 ess5ce1 notion1 & ! l *all5g$ & def9$4 ,= if ,hegel introduces a great _m di/9ctions1 he oblit]ates a great _m o!rs by ! help ( ! univ]sal solv5t 'is n1' :i* appe>s to be ! simple/ ( negations1 & yet admits ( sev]al mean+s4 ,nei!r are we able to foll[ him 9 ! play ( metaphysical fancy :i* conducts him f "o det]m9ation ( ?\ght to ano!r4 ,b we beg9 to suspect t ?is va/ sy/em is n ,god )9 u1 or ,god imman5t 9 ! _w1 & may be only ! inv5tion ( an individual bra94 ,! 'beyond' is always com+ back ^u u h[ev] (t5 we expel x4 ,we d n easily believe t we h )9 ! compass ( ! m9d ! =m ( univ]sal k4 ,we r incl9e to ?9k t ! me?od ( k is insep>able f actual k1 & wait to see :at new =ms may be develop$ out ( our increas+ exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( man & nature4 ,we are consci\s ( a ,be+ :o is )\t u z well z )9 u4 ,ev5 if incl9$ to ,pan!ism we are unwill+ to imag9e t ! meagre categories ( ! und]/&+1 h[ev] +5i\sly arrang$ or display$1 are ! image ( ,god2--t :at all religions 7 seek+ aft] f ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,hegelian philosophy :i* has be5 reveal$ 9 ! latt] days4 ,! great metaphysician1 l a prophet ( old1 0 naturally incl9$ to believe t 8 own ?\ghts 7 div9e realities4 ,we may almo/ say t :atev] came into 8 head seem$ to him to be a necess>y tru?4 ,he nev] appe>s to h criticiz$ himself1 or to h subject$ 8 own ideas to ! process ( analysis :i* he applies to e o!r philosoph]4 ,hegel w\ld h insi/$ t 8 philosophy %\ld be accept$ z a :ole or n at all4 ,he w\ld h urg$ t ! p>ts d]iv$ _! mean+ f "o ano!r & f ! :ole4 ,he ?\ght t he _h suppli$ an outl9e l>ge en\gh to conta9 all future k1 & a me?od to :i* all future philosophies mu/ con=m4 ,8 metaphysical g5ius is especially %[n 9 ! con/ruction ( ! categories--a "w :i* 0 only begun by ,kant1 & elaborat$ to ! utmo/ by himself4 ,b is x really true t ! "p has no mean+ :5 sep>at$ f ! :ole1 or t k to be k at all mu/ be univ]sal8 ,d all ab/ractions %9e only by ! reflect$ light ( o!r ab/ractions8 ,may !y n also f9d a ne>] explanation 9 _! relation to ph5om5a8 ,if _m ( !m are correlatives !y are n all s1 & ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 !m v>y f a m]e association up to a necess>y connexion4 ,nor is x easy to det]m9e h[ f> ! unkn[n elem5t affects ! kn[n1 :e!r1 = example1 new discov]ies may n "o day sup]s$e our mo/ elem5t>y notions ab\t nature4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t all our k is conditional ^u :at may be kn[n 9 future ages ( ! _w4 ,we mu/ admit ?is hypo!tical elem5t1 :i* we _c get rid ( by an assumption t we h already discov]$ ! me?od to :i* all philosophy mu/ con=m4 ,hegel is "r 9 pref]r+ ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 9 sett+ actuality be=e possibility1 9 exclud+ f ! philosoph]'s vocabul>y ! ^w 'inconceivable4' ,b he is too well satisfi$ ) 8 own sy/em ev] to consid] ! effect ( :at is unkn[n on ! elem5t :i* is kn[n4 ,to ! ,hegelian all ?+s are pla9 & cle>1 :ile he :o is outside ! *>m$ circle is 9 ! mire ( ignorance & 'logical impurity'3 he :o is )9 is omnisci5t1 or at lea/ has all ! elem5ts ( k "u 8 h&4 ,hegelianism may be said to be a transc5d5tal def5ce ( ! _w z x is4 ,!re is no room = aspiration & no ne$ ( any3 ',:at is actual is rational1 :at is rational is actual4' ,b a good man w n readily acquiesce 9 ?is aphorism4 ,he kn[s ( c\rse t all ?+s proce$ accord+ to law :e!r = good or evil4 ,b :5 he sees ! mis]y & ignorance ( mank9d he is conv9c$ t )\t any int]ruption ( ! uni=mity ( nature ! condition ( ! _w may be indef9itely improv$ by human ef=t4 ,!re is also an adaptation ( p]sons to times & c\ntries1 b ?is is v f> f be+ ! fulfilm5t ( _! high] natures4 ,! man ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is unfitt$ = ! eighte5?1 & ! man ( ! eighte5? = ! n9ete5?1 & mo/ ( u w\ld be out ( place 9 ! _w ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,b all high] m9ds are mu* m ak9 ?an !y are diff]5t3 g5ius is ( all ages1 & !re is p]haps m uni=mity 9 excell5ce ?an 9 m$iocrity4 ,! sublim] intellig5ces ( mank9d--,plato1 ,dante1 ,sir ,?omas ,m--meet 9 a high] sph]e above ! ord9>y ways ( m52 !y und]/& "o ano!r f af>1 not)/&+ ! int]val :i* sep>ates !m4 ,!y are '! spectators ( all "t & ( all exi/5ce2' _! works live = ev]2 & !re is no?+ to prev5t ! =ce ( _! individuality break+ ?r\gh ! uni=mity :i* surr\nds !m4 ,b su* di/urb]s ( ! ord] ( ?\ght ,hegel is reluctant to ackn[l$ge4 ,! doctr9e ( ,hegel w to _m seem ! expression ( an indol5t cons]vatism1 & w at any rate be made an excuse = x4 ,! m9d ( ! patriot rebels :5 he is told t ! wor/ tyranny & oppression has a natural fitness3 he _c be p]suad$1 = example1 t ! conque/ ( ,prussia by ,napoleon ,i4 0 ei!r natural or necess>y1 or t any simil> calamity befall+ a nation %\ld be a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! poet or philosoph]4 ,we may ne$ su* a philosophy or religion to console u "u evils :i* are irrem$iable1 b we see t x is fatal to ! high] life ( man4 ,x seems to say to u1 ',! _w is a va/ sy/em or ma*9e :i* c be conceiv$ "u ! =ms ( logic1 b 9 :i* no s+le man c d any great good or any great h>m4 ,ev5 if x 7 a ?\s& times worse ?an x is1 x c\ld be arrang$ 9 categories & expla9$ by philosoph]s4 ,& :at m d we want8' ,! philosophy ( ,hegel appeals to an hi/orical crit]ion3 ! ideas ( m5 h a succession 9 "t z well z an ord] ( ?\ght4 ,b ! assumption t !re is a correspond5ce betwe5 ! succession ( ideas 9 hi/ory & ! natural ord] ( philosophy is h>dly true ev5 ( ! beg9n+s ( ?\ght4 ,& 9 lat] sy/ems =ms ( ?\ght are too num]\s & complex to admit ( our trac+ 9 !m a regul> succession4 ,!y seem also to be 9 "p reflections ( ! pa/1 & x is difficult to sep>ate 9 !m :at is orig9al & :at is borr[$4 ,d\btless !y h a relation to "o ano!r--! transition f ,desc>tes to ,sp9oza or f ,locke to ,b]keley is n a matt] ( *ance1 b x c h>dly be describ$ z an alt]nation ( opposites or figur$ to ! m9d by ! vibrations ( a p5dulum4 ,ev5 9 ,ari/otle & ,plato1 rightly und]/ood1 we _c trace ?is law ( action & reaction4 ,!y are bo? ideali/s1 al?\gh to ! "o ! idea is actual & imman5t1--to ! o!r only pot5tial & transc5d5t1 z ,hegel himself has po9t$ out 7,wallace's ,hegel74 ,! true mean+ ( ,ari/otle has be5 disguis$ f u by 8 own appeal to fact & ! op9ions ( mank9d 9 8 m popul> works1 & by ! use made ( 8 writ+s 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,no book1 except ! ,scriptures1 has be5 s mu* read1 & s little und]/ood4 ,! ,pre-,socratic philosophies are simpl]1 & we may obs]ve a progress 9 !m2 b is !re any regul> succession8 ,! ideas ( ,be+1 *ange1 numb]1 seem to h sprung up contemporane\sly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,greece & we h no difficulty 9 con/ruct+ !m out ( "o ano!r--we c see t ! union ( ,be+ & ,n-be+ gave bir? to ! idea ( *ange or ,becom+ & t "o might be ano!r aspect ( ,be+4 ,aga91 ! ,eleatics may be reg>d$ z develop+ 9 "o direction into ! ,meg>ian s*ool1 9 ! o!r into ! ,atomi/s1 b !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 !m4 ,nor is !re any indication t ! defici5cy :i* 0 felt 9 "o s*ool 0 supplem5t$ or comp5sat$ by ano!r4 ,!y 7 all ef=ts to supply ! want :i* ! ,greeks began to feel at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1--! want ( ab/ract ideas4 ,nor mu/ we =get ! unc]ta9ty ( *ronology2--if1 z ,ari/otle says1 !re 7 ,atomi/s be=e ,leucippus1 ,eleatics be=e ,x5ophanes1 & p]haps 'patrons ( ! flux' be=e ,h]acleitus1 ,hegel's ord] ( ?\ght 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy w\ld be z mu* dis>rang$ z 8 ord] ( religi\s ?\ght by rec5t discov]ies 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,hegel is fond ( repeat+ t all philosophies /ill live & t ! e>li] are pres]v$ 9 ! lat]2 !y are refut$1 & !y are n refut$1 by ^? :o succe$ !m4 ,once !y reign$ supreme1 n[ !y are subord9at$ to a p[] or idea great] or m compreh5sive ?an _! own4 ,! ?\ghts ( ,socrates & ,plato & ,ari/otle h c]ta9ly sunk deep into ! m9d ( ! _w1 & h ex]cis$ an influ5ce :i* w nev] pass away2 b c we say t !y h ! same mean+ 9 mod]n & anci5t philosophy8 ,"s ( !m1 z = example ! words ',be+1' 'ess5ce1' 'matt]1' '=m1' ei!r h become obsolete1 or are us$ 9 new s5ses1 :]eas 'individual1' 'cause1' 'motive1' h acquir$ an exagg]at$ importance4 ,is ! mann] 9 :i* ! logical det]m9ations ( ?\ght1 or 'categories' z !y may be t]m$1 h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 really diff]5t f t 9 :i* o!r words h come d[n to u8 ,h !y n be5 equally subject to accid5t1 & are !y n (t5 us$ by ,hegel himself 9 s5ses :i* w\ld h be5 q un9telligible to _! orig9al inv5tors--z = example1 :5 he speaks ( ! 'gr\nd' ( ,leibnitz 7',ev]y?+ has a suffici5t gr\nd'7 z id5tical ) 8 own doctr9e ( ! 'notion' 7,wallace's ,hegel71 or ! ',be+ & ,n-be+' ( ,h]acleitus z ! same ) 8 own ',becom+'8 ,z ! hi/orical ord] ( ?\ght has be5 adapt$ to ! logical1 s we h reason = suspect+ t ! ,hegelian logic has be5 9 "s degree adapt$ to ! ord] ( ?\ght 9 hi/ory4 ,!re is un=tunately no crit]ion to :i* ei!r ( !m c be subject$1 & n mu* =c+ 0 requir$ to br+ ei!r into ne> relations ) ! o!r4 ,we may fairly d\bt :e!r ! division ( ! fir/ & second p>ts ( logic 9 ! ,hegelian sy/em has n really aris5 f a desire to make !m accord ) ! fir/ & second /ages ( ! e>ly ,greek philosophy4 ,is !re any reason :y ! conception ( measure 9 ! fir/ "p1 :i* is =m$ by ! union ( quality & quantity1 %\ld n h be5 equally plac$ 9 ! second division ( m$iate or reflect$ ideas8 ,! m we analyze !m ! less exact does ! co9cid5ce ( philosophy & ! hi/ory ( philosophy appe>4 ,_m t]ms :i* 7 us$ absolutely 9 ! beg9n+ ( philosophy1 su* z ',be+1' 'matt]1' 'cause1' & ! l1 became relative 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,b ,hegel employs "s ( !m absolutely1 "s relatively1 seem+ly )\t any pr9ciple & )\t any reg>d to _! orig9al significance4 ,! divisions ( ! ,hegelian logic be> a sup]ficial resemblance to ! divisions ( ! s*ola/ic logic4 ,! fir/ "p answ]s to ! t]m1 ! second to ! proposition1 ! ?ird to ! syllogism4 ,^! are ! grades ( ?\ght "u :i* we conceive ! _w1 fir/1 9 ! g5]al t]ms ( quality1 quantity1 measure2 secondly1 "u ! relative =ms ( 'gr\nd' & exi/5ce1 sub/ance & accid5ts1 & ! l2 ?irdly 9 syllogi/ic =ms ( ! individual m$iat$ ) ! univ]sal by ! help ( ! p>ticul>4 ,( syllogisms !re are v>i\s k9ds1--qualitative1 quantitative1 inductive1 me*anical1 teleological1--:i* are develop$ out ( "o ano!r4 ,b is !re any mean+ 9 re9troduc+ ! =ms ( ! old logic8 ,:o ev] ?9ks ( ! _w z a syllogism8 ,:at connexion is !re betwe5 ! proposition & our ideas ( reciprocity1 cause & effect1 & simil> relations8 ,x is difficult en\gh to conceive all ! p[]s ( nature & m9d ga!r$ up 9 "o4 ,! difficulty is greatly increas$ :5 ! new is confus$ ) ! old1 & ! common logic is ! ,procru/es' b$ into :i* !y are =c$4 ,! ,hegelian philosophy claims1 z we h se51 to be bas$ ^u exp]i5ce3 x abrogates ! di/9ction ( a priori & a po/]iori tru?4 ,x also ackn[l$ges t _m diff]5ces ( k9d are resolvable into diff]5ces ( degree4 ,x is famili> ) ! t]ms 'evolution1' 'developm5t1' & ! l4 ,yet x c h>dly be said to h consid]$ ! =ms ( ?\ght :i* are be/ adapt$ = ! expression ( facts4 ,x has nev] appli$ ! categories to exp]i5ce2 x has n def9$ ! diff]5ces 9 our ideas ( opposition1 or developm5t1 or cause & effect1 9 ! diff]5t sci5ces :i* make use ( ^! t]ms4 ,x re/s on a k :i* is n ! result ( exact or s]i\s enquiry1 b is float+ 9 ! air2 ! m9d has be5 imp]ceptibly in=m$ ( "s ( ! me?ods requir$ 9 ! sci5ces4 ,hegel boa/s t ! movem5t ( dialectic is at once necess>y & spontane\s3 9 reality x goes beyond exp]i5ce & is unv]ifi$ by x4 ,fur!r1 ! ,hegelian philosophy1 :ile giv+ u ! p[] ( ?9k+ a great deal m ?an we are able to fill up1 seems to be want+ 9 "s det]m9ations ( ?\ght :i* we require4 ,we _c say t physical sci5ce1 :i* at pres5t occupies s l>ge a %>e ( popul> att5tion1 has be5 made easi] or m intelligible by ! di/9ctions ( ,hegel4 ,nor c we d5y t he has sometimes int]pret$ physics by metaphysics1 & confus$ 8 own philosophical fancies ) ! laws ( nature4 ,! v fre$om ( ! movem5t is n )\t suspicion1 seem+ to imply a /ate ( ! human m9d :i* has entirely lo/ sight ( facts4 ,nor c ! necessity :i* is attribut$ to x be v /r+5t1 see+ t ! successive categories or det]m9ations ( ?\ght 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 writ+s are arrang$ by ! philosoph] 9 diff]5t ways4 ,:at is t]m$ necess>y evolution seems to be only ! ord] 9 :i* a succession ( ideas pres5t$ !mselves to ! m9d ( ,hegel at a p>ticul> "t4 ,! nom5clature ( ,hegel has be5 made by himself out ( ! language ( common life4 ,he uses a few words only :i* are borr[$ f 8 pr$ecessors1 or f ! ,greek philosophy1 & ^! g5]ally 9 a s5se peculi> to himself4 ,! fir/ /age ( 8 philosophy answ]s to ! ^w 'is1' ! second to ! ^w 'has be51' ! ?ird to ! words 'has be5' & 'is' comb9$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fir/ sph]e is imm$iate1 ! second m$iat$ by reflection1 ! ?ird or highe/ returns into ! fir/1 & is bo? m$iate & imm$iate4 ,z ,lu!r's ,bible 0 writt5 9 ! language ( ! common p1 s ,hegel seems to h ?\ght t he gave 8 philosophy a truly ,g]man "* by ! use ( idiomatic ,g]man words4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! attempt has be5 successful4 ,fir/ because su* words z '9 si* seyn1' 'an si* seyn1' 'an und fur si* seyn1' ?\gh ! simple/ comb9ations ( n\ns & v]bs1 require a difficult & elaborate explanation4 ,! simplicity ( ! words contra/s ) ! h>dness ( _! mean+4 ,secondly1 ! use ( te*nical phraseology necess>ily sep>ates philosophy f g5]al lit]ature2 ! /ud5t has to le>n a new language ( unc]ta9 mean+ :i* he ) difficulty rememb]s4 ,no =m] philosoph] _h ev] c>ri$ ! use ( te*nical t]ms to ! same ext5t z ,hegel4 ,! language ( ,plato or ev5 ( ,ari/otle is b slightly remov$ f t ( common life1 & 0 introduc$ naturally by a s]ies ( ?9k]s3 ! language ( ! s*ola/ic logic has become te*nical to u1 b 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 ! v]nacul> ,lat9 ( prie/s & /ud5ts4 ,! high] _s ( philosophy1 ! _s ( ,plato & ,socrates1 rebels aga9/ ! ,hegelian use ( language z me*anical & te*nical4 ,hegel is fond ( etymologies & (t5 seems to trifle ) words4 ,he gives etymologies :i* are bad1 & nev] consid]s t ! mean+ ( a ^w may h no?+ to d ) its d]ivation4 ,he liv$ be=e ! days ( ,comp>ative ,philology or ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology & ,religion1 :i* w\ld h op5$ a new _w to him4 ,he makes no all[ance = ! elem5t ( *ance ei!r 9 language or ?\ght2 & p]haps !re is no great] defect 9 8 sy/em ?an ! want ( a s\nd !ory ( language4 ,he speaks z if ?\ght1 in/ead ( be+ id5tical ) language1 0 :olly indep5d5t ( x4 ,x is n ! actual gr[? ( ! m9d1 b ! imag9>y gr[? ( ! ,hegelian sy/em1 :i* is attractive to him4 ,nei!r are we able to say :y ( ! common =ms ( ?\ght "s are reject$ by him1 :ile o!rs h an undue prom95ce giv5 to !m4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z 'gr\nd' & 'exi/5ce1' h h>dly any basis ei!r 9 language or philosophy1 :ile o!rs1 su* z 'cause' & 'effect1' are b slightly consid]$4 ,all ab/ractions are suppos$ by ,hegel to d]ive _! mean+ f "o ano!r4 ,?is is true ( "s1 b n ( all1 & 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,!re is an explanation ( ab/ractions by ! ph5om5a :i* !y repres5t1 z well z by _! relation to o!r ab/ractions4 ,if ! k ( all 7 necess>y to ! k ( any "o ( !m1 ! m9d w\ld s9k "u ! load ( ?\ght4 ,aga91 9 e process ( reflection we seem to require a /&+ gr\nd1 & 9 ! attempt to obta9 a complete analysis we lose all fix$ness4 ,if1 = example1 ! m9d is view$ z ! complex ( ideas1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s & p]sons d5i$1 su* an analysis may be ju/ifi$ f ! po9t ( view ( ,hegel3 b we %all f9d t 9 ! attempt to criticize ?\ght we h lo/ ! p[] ( ?9k+1 &1 l ! ,h]acliteans ( old1 h no words 9 :i* our mean+ c be express$4 ,su* an analysis may be ( value z a corrective ( popul> language or ?\ght1 b %\ld /ill all[ u to reta9 ! fundam5tal di/9ctions ( philosophy4 ,9 ! ,hegelian sy/em ideas sup]s$e p]sons4 ,! _w ( ?\ght1 ?\gh sometimes describ$ z ,_s or ',gei/1' is really imp]sonal4 ,! m9ds ( m5 are to be reg>d$ z "o m9d1 or m correctly z a succession ( ideas4 ,any compreh5sive view ( ! _w mu/ necess>ily be g5]al1 & !re may be a use ) a view to compreh5siv5ess 9 dropp+ individuals & _! lives & actions4 ,9 all ?+s1 if we leave out details1 a c]ta9 degree ( ord] beg9s to appe>2 at any rate we c make an ord] :i*1 ) a little exagg]ation or disproportion 9 "s ( ! p>ts1 w cov] ! :ole field ( philosophy4 ,b are we !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ideas are ! causes ( ! great movem5t ( ! _w r ?an ! p]sonalities :i* conceiv$ !m8 ,! great man is ! expression ( 8 "t1 & !re may be peculi> difficulties 9 8 age :i* he _c ov]come4 ,he may be out ( h>mony ) 8 circum/ances1 too e>ly or too late1 & !n all 8 ?\ghts p]i%2 8 g5ius passes away unkn[n4 ,b n !re=e is he to be reg>d$ z a m]e waif or /ray 9 human hi/ory1 any m ?an he is ! m]e creature or expression ( ! age 9 :i* he lives4 ,8 ideas are insep>able f himself1 & w\ld h be5 no?+ )\t him4 ,?r\gh a ?\s& p]sonal influ5ces !y h be5 br\ght home to ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,he />ts f antec$5ts1 b he is great 9 proportion z he dis5gages himself f !m or absorbs himself 9 !m4 ,moreov] ! types ( greatness diff]2 :ile "o man is ! expression ( ! influ5ces ( 8 age1 ano!r is 9 antagonism to !m4 ,"o man is borne on ! surface ( ! wat]2 ano!r is c>ri$ =w>d by ! curr5t :i* fl[s b5ea?4 ,! "* ( an individual1 :e!r he be indep5d5t ( circum/ances or n1 inspires o!rs q z mu* z 8 words4 ,:at is ! tea*+ ( ,socrates ap>t f 8 p]sonal hi/ory1 or ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ ap>t f ! ,div9e life 9 :i* !y are embodi$8 ,has n ,hegel himself del9eat$ ! greatness ( ! life ( ,*ri/ z consi/+ 9 8 ',s*icksalslosigkeit' or indep5d5ce ( ! de/9y ( 8 race8 ,d n p]sons become ideas1 & is !re any di/9ction betwe5 !m8 ,take away ! five greate/ legislators1 ! five greate/ w>riors1 ! five greate/ poets1 ! five greate/ f\nd]s or tea*]s ( a religion1 ! five greate/ philosoph]s1 ! five greate/ inv5tors1--:]e w\ld h be5 all t we mo/ value 9 k or 9 life8 ,& c t be a true !ory ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy :i*1 9 ,hegel's own language1 'does n all[ ! individual to h 8 "r'8 ,once m1 :ile we readily admit t ! _w is relative to ! m9d1 & ! m9d to ! _w1 & t we mu/ suppose a common or correlative gr[? 9 !m1 we %r9k f say+ t ?is complex nature c conta91 ev5 9 outl9e1 all ! endless =ms ( ,be+ & k4 ,are we n 'seek+ ! liv+ among ! dead' & dignify+ a m]e logical skeleton ) ! "n ( philosophy & almo/ ( ,god8 ,:5 we look f> away into ! primeval s\rces ( ?\ght & belief1 d we suppose t ! m]e accid5t ( our be+ ! heirs ( ! ,greek philosoph]s c give u a "r to set ourselves up z hav+ ! true & only /&>d ( reason 9 ! _w8 ,or :5 we contemplate ! inf9ite worlds 9 ! expanse ( heav5 c we imag9e t a few meagre categories d]iv$ f language & inv5t$ by ! g5ius ( "o or two great ?9k]s conta9 ! secret ( ! univ]se8 ,or1 hav+ reg>d to ! ages dur+ :i* ! human race may yet endure1 d we suppose t we c anticipate ! proportions human k may atta9 ev5 )9 ! %ort space ( "o or two ?\s& ye>s8 ,aga91 we h a difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ideas c be causes1 :i* to u seems to be z mu* a figure ( spee* z ! old notion ( a creator arti/1 ':o makes ! _w by ! help ( ! demigods' 7,plato1 ,tim471 or ) 'a gold5 pair ( compasses' measures out ! circumf]5ce ( ! univ]se 7,milton1 ,p4,l474 ,we c und]/& h[ ! idea 9 ! m9d ( an inv5tor is ! cause ( ! "w :i* is produc$ by x2 & we c dimly imag9e h[ ?is univ]sal frame may be animat$ by a div9e intellig5ce4 ,b we _c conceive h[ all ! ?\ghts ( m5 t ev] 71 :i* are !mselves subject to s _m ext]nal conditions ( climate1 c\ntry1 & ! l1 ev5 if reg>d$ z ! s+le ?\ght ( a ,div9e ,be+1 c be suppos$ to h made ! _w4 ,we appe> to be only wrapp+ up ourselves 9 our own conceits--to be confus+ cause & effect--to be los+ ! di/9ction betwe5 reflection & action1 betwe5 ! human & div9e4 ,^! are "s ( ! d\bts & suspicions :i* arise 9 ! m9d ( a /ud5t ( ,hegel1 :51 aft] liv+ = a "t )9 ! *>m$ circle1 he removes to a little di/ance & looks back ^u :at he has le>nt1 f ! vantage-gr\nd ( hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,! en?usiasm ( 8 y\? has pass$ away1 ! au?ority ( ! ma/] no long] reta9s a hold ^u him4 ,b he does n regret ! "t sp5t 9 ! /udy ( him4 ,he f9ds t he has receiv$ f him a real enl>gem5t ( m9d1 & mu* ( ! true _s ( philosophy1 ev5 :5 he has ceas$ to believe 9 him4 ,he returns aga9 & aga9 to 8 writ+s z to ! recollections ( a fir/ love1 n undes]v+ ( 8 admiration /ill4 ,p]haps if he 7 ask$ h[ he c admire )\t believ+1 or :at value he c attribute to :at he kn[s to be errone\s1 he might answ] 9 "s su* mann] z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,t 9 ,hegel he f9ds glimpses ( ! g5ius ( ! poet & ( ! common s5se ( ! man ( ! _w4 ,8 sy/em is n ca/ 9 a poetic =m1 b nei!r has all ?is load ( logic ext+ui%$ 9 him ! feel+ ( poetry4 ,he is ! true c\ntryman ( 8 contempor>ies ,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,_m f9e expressions are scatt]$ up & d[n 9 8 writ+s1 z :5 he tells u t '! ,crusad]s w5t to ! ,sepul*re b f\nd x empty4' ,he delights to f9d ve/iges ( 8 own philosophy 9 ! old] ,g]man my/ics4 ,& ?\gh he c be sc>cely said to h mix$ mu* 9 ! affairs ( m51 =1 z 8 biograph] tells u1 'he liv$ = ?irty ye>s 9 a s+le room1' yet he is f> f be+ ignorant ( ! _w4 ,no "o c read 8 writ+s )\t acquir+ an insight into life4 ,he loves to t\* ) ! spe> ( logic ! follies & self-deceptions ( mank9d1 & make !m appe> 9 _! natural =m1 /ripp$ ( ! disguises ( language & cu/om4 ,he w n all[ m5 to def5d !mselves by an appeal to "o-sid$ or ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,9 ?is age ( reason any "o c too easily f9d a reason = do+ :at he likes 7,wallace74 ,he is suspici\s ( a di/9ction :i* is (t5 made betwe5 a p]son's "* & 8 conduct4 ,8 _s is ! opposite ( t ( ,jesuitism or casui/ry 7,wallace74 ,he af=ds an example ( a rem>k :i* has be5 (t5 made1 t 9 ord] to "k ! _w x is n necess>y to h _h a great exp]i5ce ( x4 #b4 ,hegel1 if n ! greate/ philosoph]1 is c]ta9ly ! greate/ critic ( philosophy :o ev] liv$4 ,no "o else has equally ma/]$ ! op9ions ( 8 pr$ecessors or trac$ ! connexion ( !m 9 ! same mann]4 ,no "o has equally rais$ ! human m9d above ! trivialities ( ! common logic & ! unmean+ness ( 'm]e' ab/ractions1 & above imag9>y possibilities1 :i*1 z he truly says1 h no place 9 philosophy4 ,no "o has won s mu* = ! k+dom ( ideas4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( 8 own sy/em x w h>dly be d5i$ t he has ov]?r[n ,locke1 ,kant1 ,hume1 & ! s-call$ philosophy ( common s5se4 ,he %[s u t only by ! /udy ( metaphysics c we get rid ( metaphysics1 & t ^? :o are 9 !ory mo/ oppos$ to !m are 9 fact mo/ entirely & hopelessly enslav$ by !m3 ',die re95 ,physik] s9d nur die ,?i]e4' ,! disciple ( ,hegel w h>dly become ! slave ( any o!r sy/em-mak]4 ,:at ,bacon seems to promise him he w f9d realiz$ 9 ! great ,g]man ?9k]1 an emancipation ne>ly complete f ! influ5ces ( ! s*ola/ic logic4 #c4 ,_m ( ^? :o are lea/ dispos$ to become ! vot>ies ( ,hegelianism nev]!less recognize 9 8 sy/em a new logic supply+ a v>iety ( in/rum5ts & me?ods hi!rto unemploy$4 ,we may n be able to agree ) him 9 assimilat+ ! natural ord] ( human ?\ght ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & /ill less 9 id5tify+ bo? ) ! div9e idea or nature4 ,b we may ackn[l$ge t ! great ?9k] has ?r[n a light on _m p>ts ( human k1 & has solv$ _m difficulties4 ,we _c receive 8 doctr9e ( opposites z ! la/ ^w ( philosophy1 b /ill we may reg>d x z a v important contribution to logic4 ,we _c affirm t words h no mean+ :5 tak5 out ( _! connexion 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,b we recognize t _! mean+ is to a great ext5t due to association1 & to _! correlation ) "o ano!r4 ,we see ! advantage ( view+ 9 ! concrete :at mank9d reg>d only 9 ! ab/ract4 ,!re is mu* to be said = 8 fai? or conviction1 t ,god is imman5t 9 ! _w1--)9 ! sph]e ( ! human m9d1 & n beyond x4 ,x 0 natural t he himself1 l a prophet ( old1 %\ld reg>d ! philosophy :i* he _h inv5t$ z ! voice ( ,god 9 man4 ,b ?is by no means implies t he conceiv$ himself z creat+ ,god 9 ?\ght4 ,he 0 ! s]vant ( 8 own ideas & n ! ma/] ( !m4 ,! philosophy ( hi/ory & ! hi/ory ( philosophy may be almo/ said to h be5 discov]$ by him4 ,he has done m to expla9 ,greek ?\ght ?an all o!r writ]s put toge!r4 ,_m ideas ( developm5t1 evolution1 reciprocity1 :i* h become ! symbols ( ano!r s*ool ( ?9k]s may be trac$ to 8 speculations4 ,9 ! !ology & philosophy ( ,engl& z well z ( ,g]many1 & also 9 ! light] lit]ature ( bo? c\ntries1 !re are always appe>+ 'fragm5ts ( ! great banquet' ( ,hegel4 ,,sophi/ ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,!odorus1 ,!aetetus1 ,socrates4 ,an ,eleatic ,/rang]1 :om ,!odorus & ,!aetetus br+ ) !m4 ,! y\ng] ,socrates1 :o is a sil5t auditor4 ,,!odorus3 ,"h we are1 ,socrates1 true to our agreem5t ( ye/]day2 & we br+ ) u a /rang] f ,elea1 :o is a disciple ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o1 & a true philosoph]4 ,,socrates3 ,is he n r a god1 ,!odorus1 :o comes to u 9 ! disguise ( a /rang]8 ,= ,hom] says t all ! gods1 & especially ! god ( /rang]s1 are companions ( ! meek & j1 & visit ! good & evil among m54 ,& may n y\r companion be "o ( ^? high] p[]s1 a cross-exam9+ deity1 :o has come to spy out our weakness 9 argum5t1 & to cross-exam9e u8 ,,!odorus3 ,nay1 ,socrates1 he is n "o ( ! disputati\s sort--he is too good = t4 ,&1 9 my op9ion1 he is n a god at all2 b div9e he c]ta9ly is1 = ?is is a title :i* ,i %\ld give to all philosoph]s4 ,,socrates3 ,capital1 my fri5d6 & ,i may add t !y are almo/ z h>d to be disc]n$ z ! gods4 ,= ! true philosoph]s1 & su* z are n m]ely made up = ! occasion1 appe> 9 v>i\s =ms unrecogniz$ by ! ignorance ( m51 & !y 'hov] ab\t cities1' z ,hom] decl>es1 look+ f above ^u human life2 & "s ?9k no?+ ( !m1 & o!rs c nev] ?9k en\gh2 & sometimes !y appe> z /atesm51 & sometimes z sophi/s2 & !n1 aga91 to _m !y seem to be no bett] ?an madm54 ,i %\ld l to ask our ,eleatic fri5d1 if he w\ld tell u1 :at is ?\ght ab\t !m 9 ,italy1 & to :om ! t]ms are appli$4 ,,!odorus3 ,:at t]ms8 ,,socrates3 ,sophi/1 /atesman1 philosoph]4 ,,!odorus3 ,:at is y\r difficulty ab\t !m1 & :at made y ask8 ,,socrates3 ,i want to "k :e!r by 8 c\ntrym5 !y are reg>d$ z "o or two2 or d !y1 z ! names are ?ree1 di/+ui% also ?ree k9ds1 & assign "o to ea* "n8 ,,!odorus3 ,i d>e say t ! ,/rang] w n object to discuss ! "q4 ,:at d y say1 ,/rang]8 ,,/rang]3 ,i am f> f object+1 ,!odorus1 nor h ,i any difficulty 9 reply+ t by u !y are reg>d$ z ?ree4 ,b to def9e precisely ! nature ( ea* ( !m is by no means a slight or easy task4 ,,!odorus3 ,y h happ5$ to light1 ,socrates1 almo/ on ! v "q :i* we 7 ask+ our fri5d be=e we came hi!r1 & he excus$ himself to u1 z he does n[ to y2 al?\gh he admitt$ t ! matt] _h be5 fully discuss$1 & t he rememb]$ ! answ]4 ,,socrates3 ,!n d n1 ,/rang]1 d5y u ! fir/ fav\r :i* we ask ( y3 ,i am sure t y w n1 & !re=e ,i %all only beg ( y to say :e!r y l & are accu/om$ to make a long oration on a subject :i* y want to expla9 to ano!r1 or to proce$ by ! me?od ( "q & answ]4 ,i rememb] he>+ a v noble discussion 9 :i* ,p>m5ides employ$ ! latt] ( ! two me?ods1 :5 ,i 0 a "y man1 & he 0 f> advanc$ 9 ye>s4 7,comp>e ,p>m47 ,,/rang]3 ,i pref] to talk ) ano!r :5 he responds pleasantly1 & is light 9 h&2 if n1 ,i w\ld r h my own say4 ,,socrates3 ,any "o ( ! pres5t company w respond k9dly to y1 & y c *oose :om y l ( !m2 ,i %\ld recomm5d y to take a "y p]son--,!aetetus1 = example--unless y h a pref]5ce = "s "o else4 ,,/rang]3 ,i feel a%am$1 ,socrates1 be+ a new-com] into y\r society1 in/ead ( talk+ a little & he>+ o!rs talk1 to be sp9n+ out a long soliloquy or address1 z if ,i want$ to %[ (f4 ,= ! true answ] w c]ta9ly be a v long "o1 a great deal long] ?an might be expect$ f su* a %ort & simple "q4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i fe> t ,i may seem rude & ungraci\s if ,i refuse y\r c\rte\s reque/1 especially aft] :at y h said4 ,= ,i c]ta9ly _c object to y\r proposal1 t ,!aetetus %\ld respond1 hav+ already conv]s$ ) him myself1 & be+ recomm5d$ by y to take him4 ,,!aetetus3 ,b are y sure1 ,/rang]1 t ?is w be q s acceptable to ! re/ ( ! company z ,socrates imag9es8 ,,/rang]3 ,y he> !m applaud+1 ,!aetetus2 aft] t1 !re is no?+ m to be said4 ,well !n1 ,i am to argue ) y1 & if y tire ( ! argum5t1 y may compla9 ( y\r fri5ds & n ( me4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n ?9k t ,i %all tire1 & if ,i d1 ,i %all get my fri5d "h1 "y ,socrates1 ! namesake ( ! eld] ,socrates1 to help2 he is ab\t my own age1 & my p>tn] at ! gymnasium1 & is con/antly accu/om$ to "w ) me4 ,,/rang]3 ,v good2 y c decide ab\t t = y\rself z we proce$4 ,mean:ile y & ,i w beg9 toge!r & enquire into ! nature ( ! ,sophi/1 fir/ ( ! ?ree3 ,i %\ld l y to make out :at he is & br+ him to light 9 a discussion2 = at pres5t we are only agre$ ab\t ! "n1 b ( ! ?+ to :i* we bo? apply ! "n possibly y h "o notion & ,i ano!r2 :]eas we ought always to come to an und]/&+ ab\t ! ?+ itself 9 t]ms ( a def9ition1 & n m]ely ab\t ! "n m9us ! def9ition4 ,n[ ! tribe ( ,sophi/s :i* we are inve/igat+ is n easily caught or def9$2 & ! _w has long ago agre$1 t if great subjects are to be adequately treat$1 !y mu/ be /udi$ 9 ! less] & easi] in/ances ( !m be=e we proce$ to ! greate/ ( all4 ,& z ,i "k t ! tribe ( ,sophi/s is tr\blesome & h>d to be caught1 ,i %\ld recomm5d t we practise be=eh& ! me?od :i* is to be appli$ to him on "s simple & small] ?+1 unless y c sugge/ a bett] way4 ,,!aetetus3 ,inde$ ,i _c4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n suppose t we "w out "s less] example :i* w be a patt]n ( ! great]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,good4 ,,/rang]3 ,:at is !re :i* is well kn[n & n great1 & is yet z susceptible ( def9ition z any l>g] ?+8 ,%all ,i say an angl]8 ,he is famili> to all ( u1 & n a v int]e/+ or important p]son4 ,,!aetetus3 ,he is n4 ,,/rang]3 ,yet ,i suspect t he w furni% u ) ! sort ( def9ition & l9e ( enquiry :i* we want4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u beg9 by ask+ :e!r he is a man hav+ art or n hav+ art1 b "s o!r p[]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,he is cle>ly a man ( art4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ( arts !re are two k9ds8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is agriculture1 & ! t5d+ ( mortal creatures1 & ! art ( con/ruct+ or m\ld+ vessels1 & !re is ! art ( imitation--all ^! may be appropriately call$ by a s+le "n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,& :at is ! "n8 ,,/rang]3 ,he :o br+s into exi/5ce some?+ t did n exi/ be=e is said to be a produc]1 & t :i* is br\ght into exi/5ce is said to be produc$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& all ! arts :i* 7 j n[ m5tion$ are *>act]iz$ by ?is p[] ( produc+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,!y are4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n let u sum !m up "u ! "n ( productive or creative art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,next foll[s ! :ole class ( le>n+ & cognition2 !n comes trade1 fight+1 hunt+4 ,& s9ce none ( ^! produces any?+1 b is only engag$ 9 conqu]+ by ^w or de$1 or 9 prev5t+ o!rs f conqu]+1 ?+s :i* exi/ & h be5 already produc$--9 ea* & all ( ^! bran*es !re appe>s to be an art :i* may be call$ acquisitive4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 t is ! prop] "n4 ,,/rang]3 ,see+1 !n1 t all arts are ei!r acquisitive or creative1 9 :i* class %all we place ! art ( ! angl]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly 9 ! acquisitive class4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! acquisitive may be subdivid$ into two p>ts3 !re is ex*ange1 :i* is volunt>y & is effect$ by gifts1 hire1 pur*ase2 & ! o!r "p ( acquisitive1 :i* takes by =ce ( ^w or de$1 may be t]m$ conque/8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is impli$ 9 :at has be5 said4 ,,/rang]3 ,& may n conque/ be aga9 subdivid$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[8 ,,/rang]3 ,op5 =ce may be call$ fight+1 & secret =ce may h ! g5]al "n ( hunt+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re is no reason :y ! art ( hunt+ %\ld n be fur!r divid$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ w\ld y make ! division8 ,,/rang]3 ,into ! hunt+ ( liv+ & ( lifeless prey4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 if bo? k9ds exi/4 ,,/rang]3 ,( c\rse !y exi/2 b ! hunt+ aft] lifeless ?+s hav+ no special "n1 except "s sorts ( div+1 & o!r small matt]s1 may be omitt$2 ! hunt+ aft] liv+ ?+s may be call$ animal hunt+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& animal hunt+ may be truly said to h two divisions1 l&-animal hunt+1 :i* has _m k9ds & names1 & wat]-animal hunt+1 or ! hunt+ aft] animals :o swim8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ( swimm+ animals1 "o class lives on ! w+ & ! o!r 9 ! wat]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,f[l+ is ! g5]al t]m "u :i* ! hunt+ ( all birds is includ$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,! hunt+ ( animals :o live 9 ! wat] has ! g5]al "n ( fi%+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ?is sort ( hunt+ may be fur!r divid$ also into two pr9cipal k9ds8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is "o k9d :i* takes !m 9 nets1 ano!r :i* takes !m by a bl[4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean1 & h[ d y di/+ui% !m8 ,,/rang]3 ,z to ! fir/ k9d--all t surr\nds & encloses any?+ to prev5t egress1 may be rightly call$ an enclosure4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,= :i* reason twig baskets1 ca/+-nets1 nooses1 creels1 & ! l may all be t]m$ 'enclosures'8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re=e ?is fir/ k9d ( capture may be call$ by u capture ) enclosures1 or some?+ ( t sort8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,! o!r k9d1 :i* is practis$ by a bl[ ) hooks & ?ree-prong$ spe>s1 :5 summ$ up "u "o "n1 may be call$ /rik+1 unless y1 ,!aetetus1 c f9d "s bett] "n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,nev] m9d ! "n--:at y sugge/ w d v well4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is "o mode ( /rik+1 :i* is done at night1 & by ! light ( a fire1 & is by ! hunt]s !mselves call$ fir+1 or spe>+ by firelight4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! fi%+ by day is call$ by ! g5]al "n ( b>b+1 because ! spe>s1 too1 are b>b$ at ! po9t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 t is ! t]m4 ,,/rang]3 ,( ?is b>b-fi%+1 t :i* /rikes ! fi% :o is bel[ f above is call$ spe>+1 because ?is is ! way 9 :i* ! ?ree-prong$ spe>s are mo/ly us$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 x is (t5 call$ s4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n n[ !re is only "o k9d rema9+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is t8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 a hook is us$1 & ! fi% is n /ruck 9 any *ance "p ( 8 body1 z he is ) ! spe>1 b only ab\t ! head & m\?1 & is !n drawn out f bel[ upw>ds ) re$s & rods3--,:at is ! "r "n ( t mode ( fi%+1 ,!aetetus8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i suspect t we h n[ discov]$ ! object ( our se>*4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n n[ y & ,i h come to an und]/&+ n only ab\t ! "n ( ! angl]'s art1 b ab\t ! def9ition ( ! ?+ itself4 ,"o half ( all art 0 acquisitive--half ( ! acquisitive art 0 conque/ or tak+ by =ce1 half ( ?is 0 hunt+1 & half ( hunt+ 0 hunt+ animals1 half ( ?is 0 hunt+ wat] animals--( ?is aga91 ! "u half 0 fi%+1 half ( fi%+ 0 /rik+2 a "p ( /rik+ 0 fi%+ ) a b>b1 & "o half ( ?is aga91 be+ ! k9d :i* /rikes ) a hook & draws ! fi% f bel[ upw>ds1 is ! art :i* we h be5 seek+1 & :i* f ! nature ( ! op]ation is d5ot$ angl+ or draw+ up 7aspalieutike1 anaspa/hai74 ,,!aetetus3 ,! result has be5 q satisfactorily br\ght out4 ,,/rang]3 ,& n[1 foll[+ ?is patt]n1 let u endeav\r to f9d out :at a ,sophi/ is4 ,,!aetetus3 ,by all means4 ,,/rang]3 ,! fir/ "q ab\t ! angl] 01 :e!r he 0 a skill$ arti/ or unskill$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& %all we call our new fri5d unskill$1 or a ?or\gh ma/] ( 8 craft8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n unskill$1 = 8 "n1 z1 inde$1 y imply1 mu/ surely express 8 nature4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n he mu/ be suppos$ to h "s art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at art8 ,,/rang]3 ,by heav51 !y are c\s9s6 x nev] occurr$ to u4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:o are c\s9s8 ,,/rang]3 ,! angl] & ! ,sophi/4 ,,!aetetus3 ,9 :at way are !y relat$8 ,,/rang]3 ,!y bo? appe> to me to be hunt]s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ ! ,sophi/8 ,( ! o!r we h spok54 ,,/rang]3 ,y rememb] our division ( hunt+1 into hunt+ aft] swimm+ animals & l& animals8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& y rememb] t we subdivid$ ! swimm+ & left ! l& animals1 say+ t !re 7 _m k9ds ( !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,?us f>1 !n1 ! ,sophi/ & ! angl]1 />t+ f ! art ( acquir+1 take ! same road8 ,,!aetetus3 ,s x w\ld appe>4 ,,/rang]3 ,_! pa?s div]ge :5 !y rea* ! art ( animal hunt+2 ! "o go+ to ! sea-%ore1 & to ! riv]s & to ! lakes1 & angl+ = ! animals :i* are 9 !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,:ile ! o!r goes to l& & wat] ( ano!r sort--riv]s ( weal? & broad mead[-l&s ( g5]\s y\?2 & he also is int5d+ to take ! animals :i* are 9 !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,( hunt+ on l& !re are two pr9cipal divisions4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,"o is ! hunt+ ( tame1 & ! o!r ( wild animals4 ,,!aetetus3 ,b are tame animals ev] hunt$8 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 if y include man "u tame animals4 ,b if y l y may say t !re are no tame animals1 or t1 if !re are1 man is n among !m2 or y may say t man is a tame animal b is n hunt$--y %all decide :i* ( ^! alt]natives y pref]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld say1 ,/rang]1 t man is a tame animal1 & ,i admit t he is hunt$4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n let u divide ! hunt+ ( tame animals into two p>ts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ %all we make ! division8 ,,/rang]3 ,let u def9e piracy1 man-/eal+1 tyranny1 ! :ole milit>y art1 by "o "n1 z hunt+ ) viol5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,b ! art ( ! lawy]1 ( ! popul> orator1 & ! art ( conv]sation may be call$ 9 "o ^w ! art ( p]suasion4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ( p]suasion1 !re may be said to be two k9ds8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,"o is private1 & ! o!r public4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 ea* ( !m =ms a class4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ( private hunt+1 "o sort receives hire1 & ! o!r br+s gifts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n und]/& y4 ,,/rang]3 ,y seem nev] to h obs]v$ ! mann] 9 :i* lov]s hunt4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to :at d y ref]8 ,,/rang]3 ,i mean t !y lavi% gifts on ^? :om !y hunt 9 addition to o!r inducem5ts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u admit ?is1 !n1 to be ! amatory art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,b t sort ( hirel+ ^: conv]sation is pleas+ & :o baits 8 hook only ) pleasure & exacts no?+ b 8 ma9t5ance 9 return1 we %\ld all1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 describe z possess+ flatt]y or an art ( mak+ ?+s pleasant4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& t sort1 :i* pr(esses to =m acqua9tances only = ! sake ( virtue1 & dem&s a rew>d 9 ! %ape ( money1 may be fairly call$ by ano!r "n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at is ! "n8 ,w y tell me8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x is obvi\s en\gh2 = ,i believe t we h discov]$ ! ,sophi/3 :i* is1 z ,i conceive1 ! prop] "n = ! class describ$4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n n[1 ,!aetetus1 8 art may be trac$ z a bran* ( ! appropriative1 acquisitive family--:i* hunts animals1--liv+--l&-- tame animals2 :i* hunts man1--privately--= hire1--tak+ money 9 ex*ange--hav+ ! semblance ( education2 & ?is is t]m$ ,sophi/ry1 & is a hunt aft] "y m5 ( weal? & rank--su* is ! conclusion4 ,,!aetetus3 ,j s4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u take ano!r bran* ( 8 g5ealogy2 = he is a pr(essor ( a great & _m-sid$ art2 & if we look back at :at has prec$$ we see t he pres5ts ano!r aspect1 besides t ( :i* we are speak+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,9 :at respect8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re 7 two sorts ( acquisitive art2 ! "o conc]n$ ) hunt+1 ! o!r ) ex*ange4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re 74 ,,/rang]3 ,& ( ! art ( ex*ange !re are two divisions1 ! "o ( giv+1 & ! o!r ( sell+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,let u assume t4 ,,/rang]3 ,next1 we w suppose ! art ( sell+ to be divid$ into two p>ts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is "o "p :i* is di/+ui%$ z ! sale ( a man's own productions2 ano!r1 :i* is ! ex*ange ( ! works ( o!rs4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& is n t "p ( ex*ange :i* takes place 9 ! city1 be+ ab\t half ( ! :ole1 t]m$ retail+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& t :i* ex*anges ! goods ( "o city = ^? ( ano!r by sell+ & buy+ is ! ex*ange ( ! m]*ant8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,/rang]3 ,& y are aw>e t ?is ex*ange ( ! m]*ant is ( two k9ds3 x is p>tly conc]n$ ) food = ! use ( ! body1 & p>tly ) ! food ( ! s\l :i* is b>t]$ & receiv$ 9 ex*ange = money4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,y want to "k :at is ! mean+ ( food = ! s\l2 ! o!r k9d y surely und]/&4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,take music 9 g5]al & pa9t+ & m>ionette play+ & _m o!r ?+s1 :i* are pur*as$ 9 "o city1 & c>ri$ away & sold 9 ano!r--w>es ( ! s\l :i* are hawk$ ab\t ei!r = ! sake ( in/ruction or amusem5t2--may n he :o takes !m ab\t & sells !m be q z truly call$ a m]*ant z he :o sells meats & dr9ks8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure he may4 ,,/rang]3 ,& w\ld y n call by ! same "n him :o buys up k & goes ab\t f city to city ex*ang+ 8 w>es = money8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld4 ,,/rang]3 ,( ?is m]*&ise ( ! s\l1 may n "o "p be fairly t]m$ ! art ( display8 ,& !re is ano!r "p :i* is c]ta9ly n less ridicul\s1 b be+ a trade 9 le>n+ mu/ be call$ by "s "n g]mane to ! matt]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,! latt] %\ld h two names1--"o descriptive ( ! sale ( ! k ( virtue1 & ! o!r ( ! sale ( o!r k9ds ( k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,! "n ( art-sell] corresponds well en\gh to ! latt]2 b y mu/ try & tell me ! "n ( ! o!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,he mu/ be ! ,sophi/1 :om we are seek+2 no o!r "n c possibly be "r4 ,,/rang]3 ,no o!r2 & s ?is trad] 9 virtue aga9 turns out to be our fri5d ! ,sophi/1 ^: art may n[ be trac$ f ! art ( acquisition ?r\gh ex*ange1 trade1 m]*&ise1 to a m]*&ise ( ! s\l :i* is conc]n$ ) spee* & ! k ( virtue4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re may be a ?ird reappe>ance ( him2--= he may h settl$ d[n 9 a city1 & may fabricate z well z buy ^! same w>es1 int5d+ to live by sell+ !m1 & he w\ld /ill be call$ a ,sophi/8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n t "p ( ! acquisitive art :i* ex*anges1 & ( ex*ange :i* ei!r sells a man's own productions or retails ^? ( o!rs1 z ! case may be1 & 9 ei!r way sells ! k ( virtue1 y w\ld aga9 t]m ,sophi/ry8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i mu/1 if ,i am to keep pace ) ! argum5t4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u consid] once m :e!r !re may n be yet ano!r aspect ( sophi/ry4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,9 ! acquisitive !re 0 a subdivision ( ! combative or fight+ art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re 04 ,,/rang]3 ,p]haps we _h bett] divide x4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at %all be ! divisions8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re %all be "o division ( ! competitive1 & ano!r ( ! pugnaci\s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,t "p ( ! pugnaci\s :i* is a conte/ ( bodily /r5g? may be prop]ly call$ by "s su* "n z viol5t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :5 ! w> is "o ( words1 x may be t]m$ controv]sy8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& controv]sy may be ( two k9ds4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 long spee*es are answ]$ by long spee*es1 & !re is public discussion ab\t ! j & unju/1 t is =5sic controv]sy4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re is a private sort ( controv]sy1 :i* is cut up into que/ions & answ]s1 & ?is is commonly call$ disputation8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 t is ! "n4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ( disputation1 t sort :i* is only a discussion ab\t contracts1 & is c>ri$ on at r&om1 & )\t rules ( art1 is recogniz$ by ! reason+ faculty to be a di/9ct class1 b has hi!rto _h no di/9ctive "n1 & does n des]ve to receive "o f u4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no2 = ! diff]5t sorts ( x are too m9ute & het]og5e\s4 ,,/rang]3 ,b t :i* proce$s by rules ( art to dispute ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice 9 _! own nature1 & ab\t ?+s 9 g5]al1 we h be5 accu/om$ to call argum5tation 7,eri/ic78 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ( argum5tation1 "o sort wa/es money1 & ! o!r makes money4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,suppose we try & give to ea* ( ^! two classes a "n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,let u d s4 ,,/rang]3 ,i %\ld say t ! habit :i* leads a man to neglect 8 own affairs = ! pleasure ( conv]sation1 ( :i* ! /yle is f> f be+ agreeable to ! majority ( 8 he>]s1 may be fairly t]m$ loquacity3 su* is my op9ion4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is ! common "n = x4 ,,/rang]3 ,b n[ :o ! o!r is1 :o makes money out ( private disputation1 x is y\r turn to say4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re is only "o true answ]3 he is ! wond]ful ,sophi/1 ( :om we are 9 pursuit1 & :o reappe>s aga9 = ! f\r? "t4 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 & ) a fre% p$igree1 = he is ! money-mak+ species ( ! ,eri/ic1 disputati\s1 controv]sial1 pugnaci\s1 combative1 acquisitive family1 z ! argum5t has already prov54 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,h[ true 0 ! obs]vation t he 0 a _m-sid$ animal1 & n to be caught ) "o h&1 z !y say6 ,,!aetetus3 ,!n y mu/ cat* him ) two4 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 we mu/1 if we c4 ,& !re=e let u try ano!r track 9 our pursuit ( him3 ,y are aw>e t !re are c]ta9 m5ial occupations :i* h names among s]vants8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 !re are _m su*2 :i* ( !m d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,i mean su* z sift+1 /ra9+1 w9n[+1 ?re%+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& besides ^! !re are a great _m m1 su* z c>d+1 sp9n+1 adju/+ ! w>p & ! wo(2 & ?\s&s ( simil> expressions are us$ 9 ! arts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( :at are !y to be patt]ns1 & :at are we go+ to d ) !m all8 ,,/rang]3 ,i ?9k t 9 all ( ^! !re is impli$ a notion ( division4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n if1 z ,i 0 say+1 !re is "o art :i* includes all ( !m1 ought n t art to h "o "n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,& :at is ! "n ( ! art8 ,,/rang]3 ,! art ( disc]n+ or discrim9at+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,?9k :e!r y _c divide ?is4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld h to ?9k a long :ile4 ,,/rang]3 ,9 all ! previ\sly nam$ processes ei!r l has be5 sep>at$ f l or ! bett] f ! worse4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i see n[ :at y mean4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is no "n = ! fir/ k9d ( sep>ation2 ( ! second1 :i* ?r[s away ! worse & pres]ves ! bett]1 ,i d "k a "n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,e disc]nm5t or discrim9ation ( t k9d1 z ,i h obs]v$1 is call$ a purification4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 t is ! usual expression4 ,,/rang]3 ,& any "o may see t purification is ( two k9ds4 ,,!aetetus3 ,p]haps s1 if he 7 all[$ "t to ?9k2 b ,i d n see at ?is mom5t4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re are _m purifications ( bodies :i* may ) propriety be compreh5d$ "u a s+le "n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y1 & :at is _! "n8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is ! purification ( liv+ bodies 9 _! inw>d & 9 _! outw>d p>ts1 ( :i* ! =m] is duly effect$ by m$ic9e & gymna/ic1 ! latt] by ! n v dignifi$ art ( ! ba?-man2 & !re is ! purification ( inanimate sub/ances--to ?is ! arts ( full+ & ( furbi%+ 9 g5]al att5d 9 a numb] ( m9ute p>ticul>s1 hav+ a v>iety ( names :i* are ?\ght ridicul\s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re c be no d\bt t !y are ?\ght ridicul\s1 ,!aetetus2 b !n ! dialectical art nev] consid]s :e!r ! b5efit to be d]iv$ f ! purge is great] or less ?an t to be d]iv$ f ! sponge1 & has n m int]e/ 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r2 h] endeav\r is to "k :at is & is n k9dr$ 9 all arts1 ) a view to ! acquisition ( intellig5ce2 & hav+ ?is 9 view1 %e hon\rs !m all alike1 & :5 %e makes comp>isons1 %e c\nts "o ( !m n a :it m ridicul\s ?an ano!r2 nor does %e e/eem him :o adduces z 8 example ( hunt+1 ! g5]al's art1 at all m decor\s ?an ano!r :o cites t ( ! v]m9-de/roy]1 b only z ! great] pret5d] ( ! two4 ,& z to y\r "q conc]n+ ! "n :i* 0 to compreh5d all ^! arts ( purification1 :e!r ( animate or inanimate bodies1 ! art ( dialectic is 9 no wise p>ticul> ab\t f9e words1 if %e may be only all[$ to h a g5]al "n = all o!r purifications1 b9d+ !m up toge!r & sep>at+ !m (f f ! purification ( ! s\l or intellect4 ,= ?is is ! purification at :i* %e wants to arrive1 & ?is we %\ld und]/& to be h] aim4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ,i und]/&2 & ,i agree t !re are two sorts ( purification1 & t "o ( !m is conc]n$ ) ! s\l1 & t !re is ano!r :i* is conc]n$ ) ! body4 ,,/rang]3 ,excell5t2 & n[ li/5 to :at ,i am go+ to say1 & try to divide fur!r ! fir/ ( ! two4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:atev] l9e ( division y sugge/1 ,i w endeav\r to assi/ y4 ,,/rang]3 ,d we admit t virtue is di/9ct f vice 9 ! s\l8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& purification 0 to leave ! good & to ca/ out :atev] is bad8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n any tak+ away ( evil f ! s\l may be prop]ly call$ purification8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& 9 ! s\l !re are two k9ds ( evil4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,! "o may be comp>$ to disease 9 ! body1 ! o!r to de=mity4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n und]/&4 ,,/rang]3 ,p]haps y h nev] reflect$ t disease & discord are ! same4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to ?is1 aga91 ,i "k n :at ,i %\ld reply4 ,,/rang]3 ,d y n conceive discord to be a dissolution ( k9dr$ elem5ts1 orig9at+ 9 "s disagreem5t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,j t4 ,,/rang]3 ,& is de=mity any?+ b ! want ( measure1 :i* is always unsightly8 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& d we n see t op9ion is oppos$ to desire1 pleasure to ang]1 reason to pa91 & t all ^! elem5ts are oppos$ to "o ano!r 9 ! s\ls ( bad m58 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& yet !y mu/ all be ak98 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we %all be "r 9 call+ vice a discord & disease ( ! s\l8 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :5 ?+s hav+ motion1 & aim+ at an appo9t$ m>k1 cont9ually miss _! aim & glance aside1 %all we say t ?is is ! effect ( symmetry among !m1 or ( ! want ( symmetry8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly ( ! want ( symmetry4 ,,/rang]3 ,b surely we "k t no s\l is volunt>ily ignorant ( any?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at is ignorance b ! ab]ration ( a m9d :i* is b5t on tru?1 & 9 :i* ! process ( und]/&+ is p]v]t$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we are to reg>d an un9tellig5t s\l z de=m$ & devoid ( symmetry8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n !re are ^! two k9ds ( evil 9 ! s\l--! "o :i* is g5]ally call$ vice1 & is obvi\sly a disease ( ! s\l444 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re is ! o!r1 :i* !y call ignorance1 & :i*1 because exi/+ only 9 ! s\l1 !y w n all[ to be vice4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i c]ta9ly admit :at ,i at fir/ disput$--t !re are two k9ds ( vice 9 ! s\l1 & t we ought to consid] c[>dice1 intemp]ance1 & inju/ice to be alike =ms ( disease 9 ! s\l1 & ignorance1 ( :i* !re are all sorts ( v>ieties1 to be de=mity4 ,,/rang]3 ,& 9 ! case ( ! body are !re n two arts :i* h to d ) ! two bodily /ates8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is gymna/ic1 :i* has to d ) de=mity1 & m$ic9e1 :i* has to d ) disease4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :]e !re is insol5ce & inju/ice & c[>dice1 is n *a/isem5t ! art :i* is mo/ requir$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t c]ta9ly appe>s to be ! op9ion ( mank9d4 ,,/rang]3 ,aga91 ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ignorance1 may n in/ruction be rightly said to be ! rem$y8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ( ! art ( in/ruction1 %all we say t !re is "o or _m k9ds8 ,at any rate !re are two pr9cipal ones4 ,?9k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i w4 ,,/rang]3 ,i believe t ,i c see h[ we %all soone/ arrive at ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[8 ,,/rang]3 ,if we c discov] a l9e :i* divides ignorance into two halves4 ,= a division ( ignorance into two p>ts w c]ta9ly imply t ! art ( in/ruction is also tw(old1 answ]+ to ! two divisions ( ignorance4 ,,!aetetus3 ,well1 & d y see :at y are look+ =8 ,,/rang]3 ,i d seem to myself to see "o v l>ge & bad sort ( ignorance :i* is q sep>ate1 & may be weigh$ 9 ! scale aga9/ all o!r sorts ( ignorance put toge!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 a p]son supposes t he kn[s1 & does n "k2 ?is appe>s to be ! great s\rce ( all ! errors ( ! intellect4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ?is1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is ! k9d ( ignorance :i* specially e>ns ! title ( /upidity4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,:at "n1 !n1 %all be giv5 to ! sort ( in/ruction :i* gets rid ( ?is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! in/ruction :i* y mean1 ,/rang]1 is1 ,i %\ld imag9e1 n ! tea*+ ( h&icraft arts1 b :at1 ?anks to u1 has be5 t]m$ education 9 ?is "p ! _w4 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 ,!aetetus1 & by ne>ly all ,hell5es4 ,b we h /ill to consid] :e!r education admits ( any fur!r division4 ,,!aetetus3 ,we h4 ,,/rang]3 ,i ?9k t !re is a po9t at :i* su* a division is possible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:]e8 ,,/rang]3 ,( education1 "o me?od appe>s to be r\gh]1 & ano!r smoo!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ are we to di/+ui% ! two8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is ! "t-hon\r$ mode :i* our fa!rs commonly practis$ t[>ds _! sons1 & :i* is /ill adopt$ by _m--ei!r ( r\ghly reprov+ _! errors1 or ( g5tly advis+ !m2 :i* v>ieties may be correctly includ$ "u ! g5]al t]m ( admonition4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b :]eas "s appe> to h arriv$ at ! conclusion t all ignorance is involunt>y1 & t no "o :o ?9ks himself wise is will+ to le>n any ( ^? ?+s 9 :i* he is consci\s ( 8 own clev]ness1 & t ! admonitory sort ( in/ruction gives mu* tr\ble & does little good-- ,,!aetetus3 ,!re !y are q "r4 ,,/rang]3 ,accord+ly1 !y set to "w to eradicate ! _s ( conceit 9 ano!r way4 ,,!aetetus3 ,9 :at way8 ,,/rang]3 ,!y cross-exam9e a man's words1 :5 he ?9ks t he is say+ some?+ & is really say+ no?+1 & easily convict him ( inconsi/5cies 9 8 op9ions2 ^! !y !n collect by ! dialectical process1 & plac+ !m side by side1 %[ t !y contradict "o ano!r ab\t ! same ?+s1 9 relation to ! same ?+s1 & 9 ! same respect4 ,he1 see+ ?is1 is angry ) himself1 & gr[s g5tle t[>ds o!rs1 & ?us is entirely deliv]$ f great prejudices & h>% notions1 9 a way :i* is mo/ amus+ to ! he>]1 & produces ! mo/ la/+ good effect on ! p]son :o is ! subject ( ! op]ation4 ,= z ! physician consid]s t ! body w receive no b5efit f tak+ food until ! int]nal ob/acles h be5 remov$1 s ! purifi] ( ! s\l is consci\s t 8 pati5t w receive no b5efit f ! application ( k until he is refut$1 & f refutation le>ns mode/y2 he mu/ be purg$ ( 8 prejudices fir/ & made to ?9k t he kn[s only :at he kn[s1 & no m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is c]ta9ly ! be/ & wise/ /ate ( m9d4 ,,/rang]3 ,= all ^! reasons1 ,!aetetus1 we mu/ admit t refutation is ! greate/ & *iefe/ ( purifications1 & he :o has n be5 refut$1 ?\gh he be ! ,great ,k+ himself1 is 9 an awful /ate ( impurity2 he is un9/ruct$ & de=m$ 9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* he :o w\ld be truly bless$ ought to be faire/ & pure/4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :o are ! m9i/]s ( ?is art8 ,i am afraid to say ! ,sophi/s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y8 ,,/rang]3 ,le/ we %\ld assign to !m too high a pr]ogative4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yet ! ,sophi/ has a c]ta9 lik5ess to our m9i/] ( purification4 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 ! same sort ( lik5ess :i* a wolf1 :o is ! fi]ce/ ( animals1 has to a dog1 :o is ! g5tle/4 ,b he :o w\ld n be f\nd tripp+1 ought to be v c>eful 9 ?is matt] ( comp>isons1 = !y are mo/ slipp]y ?+s4 ,nev]!less1 let u assume t ! ,sophi/s are ! m54 ,i say ?is provisionally1 = ,i ?9k t ! l9e :i* divides !m w be m>k$ en\gh if prop] c>e is tak54 ,,!aetetus3 ,likely en\gh4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u grant1 !n1 t f ! disc]n+ art comes purification1 & f purification let !re be sep>at$ (f a "p :i* is conc]n$ ) ! s\l2 ( ?is m5tal purification in/ruction is a portion1 & ( in/ruction education1 & ( education1 t refutation ( va9 conceit :i* has be5 discov]$ 9 ! pres5t argum5t2 & let ?is be call$ by y & me ! nobly-desc5d$ art ( ,sophi/ry4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v well2 & yet1 consid]+ ! numb] ( =ms 9 :i* he has pres5t$ himself1 ,i beg9 to d\bt h[ ,i c ) any tru? or confid5ce describe ! real nature ( ! ,sophi/4 ,,/rang]3 ,y naturally feel p]plex$2 & yet ,i ?9k t he mu/ be /ill m p]plex$ 9 8 attempt to escape u1 = z ! prov]b says1 :5 e way is block$1 !re is no escape2 n[1 !n1 is ! "t ( all o!rs to set ^u him4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,fir/ let u wait a mom5t & recov] brea?1 & :ile we are re/+1 we may reckon up 9 h[ _m =ms he has appe>$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he 0 discov]$ to be a paid hunt] aft] weal? & y\?4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,9 ! second place1 he 0 a m]*ant 9 ! goods ( ! s\l4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,9 ! ?ird place1 he has turn$ out to be a retail] ( ! same sort ( w>es4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 & 9 ! f\r? place1 he himself manufactur$ ! le>n$ w>es :i* he sold4 ,,/rang]3 ,q "r2 ,i w try & rememb] ! fif? myself4 ,he belong$ to ! fight+ class1 & 0 fur!r di/+ui%$ z a h]o ( debate1 :o pr(ess$ ! eri/ic art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,! six? po9t 0 d\btful1 & yet we at la/ agre$ t he 0 a purg] ( s\ls1 :o cle>$ away notions ob/ructive to k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,d y n see t :5 ! pr(essor ( any art has "o "n & _m k9ds ( k1 !re mu/ be some?+ wrong8 ,! multiplicity ( names :i* is appli$ to him %[s t ! common pr9ciple to :i* all ^! bran*es ( k are t5d+1 is n und]/ood4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld imag9e ?is to be ! case4 ,,/rang]3 ,at any rate we w und]/& him1 & no indol5ce %all prev5t u4 ,let u beg9 aga91 !n1 & re-exam9e "s ( our /atem5ts conc]n+ ! ,sophi/2 !re 0 "o ?+ :i* appe>$ to me especially *>act]i/ic ( him4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to :at are y ref]r+8 ,,/rang]3 ,we 7 say+ ( him1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t he 0 a disput]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,we 74 ,,/rang]3 ,& does he n also tea* o!rs ! art ( disputation8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly he does4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ab\t :at does he pr(ess t he tea*es m5 to dispute8 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+--,does he make !m able to dispute ab\t div9e ?+s1 :i* are invisible to m5 9 g5]al8 ,,!aetetus3 ,at any rate1 he is said to d s4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at d y say ( ! visible ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 & ! l8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly he disputes1 & tea*es to dispute ab\t !m4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 aga91 9 private conv]sation1 :5 any univ]sal ass]tion is made ab\t g5]ation & ess5ce1 we "k t su* p]sons are trem5d\s argufi]s1 & are able to imp>t _! own skill to o!rs4 ,,!aetetus3 ,und\bt$ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& d !y n pr(ess to make m5 able to dispute ab\t law & ab\t politics 9 g5]al8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y1 no "o w\ld h any?+ to say to !m1 if !y did n make ^! pr(essions4 ,,/rang]3 ,9 all & e art1 :at ! craftsman ought to say 9 answ] to any "q is writt5 d[n 9 a popul> =m1 & he :o likes may le>n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i suppose t y are ref]r+ to ! precepts ( ,protagoras ab\t wre/l+ & ! o!r arts8 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 my fri5d1 & ab\t a good _m o!r ?+s4 ,9 a ^w1 is n ! art ( disputation a p[] ( disput+ ab\t all ?+s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly2 !re does n seem to be mu* :i* is left out4 ,,/rang]3 ,b oh6 my de> y\?1 d y suppose ?is possible8 = p]haps y\r "y eyes may see ?+s :i* to our dull] sight d n appe>4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to :at are y allud+8 ,i d n ?9k t ,i und]/& y\r pres5t "q4 ,,/rang]3 ,i ask :e!r anybody c und]/& all ?+s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,happy w\ld mank9d be if su* a ?+ 7 possible6 ,,socrates3 ,b h[ c any "o :o is ignorant dispute 9 a rational mann] aga9/ him :o kn[s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,he _c4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n :y has ! sophi/ical art su* a my/]i\s p[]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to :at d y ref]8 ,,/rang]3 ,h[ d ! ,sophi/s make "y m5 believe 9 _! supreme & univ]sal wisdom8 ,= if !y nei!r disput$ nor 7 ?\ght to dispute rightly1 or be+ ?\ght to d s 7 deem$ no wis] = _! controv]sial skill1 !n1 to quote y\r own obs]vation1 no "o w\ld give !m money or be will+ to le>n _! art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!y c]ta9ly w\ld n4 ,,/rang]3 ,b !y are will+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 !y are4 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 & ! reason1 z ,i %\ld imag9e1 is t !y are suppos$ to h k ( ^? ?+s ab\t :i* !y dispute8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !y dispute ab\t all ?+s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re=e1 to _! disciples1 !y appe> to be all-wise8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,b !y are n2 = t 0 %[n to be impossible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,impossible1 ( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n ! ,sophi/ has be5 %[n to h a sort ( conjectural or app>5t k only ( all ?+s1 :i* is n ! tru?8 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly2 no bett] description ( him c\ld be giv54 ,,/rang]3 ,let u n[ take an illu/ration1 :i* w /ill m cle>ly expla9 8 nature4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,i w tell y1 & y %all answ] me1 giv+ y\r v close/ att5tion4 ,suppose t a p]son 7 to pr(ess1 n t he c\ld speak or dispute1 b t he knew h[ to make & d all ?+s1 by a s+le art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,all ?+s8 ,,/rang]3 ,i see t y d n und]/& ! fir/ ^w t ,i utt]1 = y d n und]/& ! mean+ ( 'all4' ,,!aetetus3 ,no1 ,i d n4 ,,/rang]3 ,"u all ?+s1 ,i include y & me1 & also animals & trees4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,suppose a p]son to say t he w make y & me1 & all creatures4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at w\ld he mean by 'mak+'8 ,he _c be a husb&man2--= y said t he is a mak] ( animals4 ,,/rang]3 ,yes2 & ,i say t he is also ! mak] ( ! sea1 & ! e>?1 & ! heav5s1 & ! gods1 & ( all o!r ?+s2 &1 fur!r1 t he c make !m 9 no "t1 & sell !m = a few p5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t mu/ be a je/4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :5 a man says t he kn[s all ?+s1 & c tea* !m to ano!r at a small co/1 & 9 a %ort "t1 is n t a je/8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& is !re any m arti/ic or graceful =m ( je/ ?an imitation8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n2 & imitation is a v compreh5sive t]m1 :i* includes "u "o class ! mo/ div]se sorts ( ?+s4 ,,/rang]3 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t he :o pr(esses by "o art to make all ?+s is really a pa9t]1 & by ! pa9t]'s art makes resemblances ( real ?+s :i* h ! same "n ) !m2 & he c deceive ! less intellig5t sort ( "y *ildr51 to :om he %[s 8 pictures at a di/ance1 into ! belief t he has ! absolute p[] ( mak+ :atev] he likes4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& may !re n be suppos$ to be an imitative art ( reason+8 ,is x n possible to en*ant ! he>ts ( "y m5 by words p\r$ ?r\gh _! e>s1 :5 !y are /ill at a di/ance f ! tru? ( facts1 by exhibit+ to !m fictiti\s argum5ts1 & mak+ !m ?9k t !y are true1 & t ! speak] is ! wise/ ( m5 9 all ?+s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 :y %\ld !re n be ano!r su* art8 ,,/rang]3 ,b z "t goes on1 & _! he>]s advance 9 ye>s1 & come into clos] contact ) realities1 & h le>nt by sad exp]i5ce to see & feel ! tru? ( ?+s1 are n ! great] "p ( !m compell$ to *ange _m op9ions :i* !y =m]ly ent]ta9$1 s t ! great appe>s small to !m1 & ! easy difficult1 & all _! dreamy speculations are ov]turn$ by ! facts ( life8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is my view1 z f> z ,i c judge1 al?\gh1 at my age1 ,i may be "o ( ^? :o see ?+s at a di/ance only4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! wi% ( all ( u1 :o are y\r fri5ds1 is & always w be to br+ y z ne> to ! tru? z we c )\t ! sad reality4 ,& n[ ,i %\ld l y to tell me1 :e!r ! ,sophi/ is n visibly a magician & imitator ( true be+2 or are we /ill dispos$ to ?9k t he may h a true k ( ! v>i\s matt]s ab\t :i* he disputes8 ,,!aetetus3 ,b h[ c he1 ,/rang]8 ,is !re any d\bt1 aft] :at has be5 said1 t he is to be locat$ 9 "o ( ! divisions ( *ildr5's play8 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we mu/ place him 9 ! class ( magicians & mimics4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly we mu/4 ,,/rang]3 ,& n[ our bus9ess is n to let ! animal out1 = we h got him 9 a sort ( dialectical net1 & !re is "o ?+ :i* he decid$ly w n escape4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is t8 ,,/rang]3 ,! inf]5ce t he is a juggl]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,precisely my own op9ion ( him4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 cle>ly1 we ought z soon z possible to divide ! image-mak+ art1 & g d[n into ! net1 &1 if ! ,sophi/ does n run away f u1 to seize him accord+ to ord]s & deliv] him ov] to reason1 :o is ! "l ( ! hunt1 & proclaim ! capture ( him2 & if he creeps into ! recesses ( ! imitative art1 & secretes himself 9 "o ( !m1 to divide aga9 & foll[ him up until 9 "s sub-section ( imitation he is caught4 ,= our me?od ( tackl+ ea* & all is "o :i* nei!r he nor any o!r creature w ev] escape 9 triumph4 ,,!aetetus3 ,well said2 & let u d z y propose4 ,,/rang]3 ,well1 !n1 pursu+ ! same analytic me?od z be=e1 ,i ?9k t ,i c disc]n two divisions ( ! imitative art1 b ,i am n z yet able to see 9 :i* ( !m ! desir$ =m is to be f\nd4 ,,!aetetus3 ,w y tell me fir/ :at are ! two divisions ( :i* y are speak+8 ,,/rang]3 ,"o is ! art ( lik5ess-mak+2--g5]ally a lik5ess ( any?+ is made by produc+ a copy :i* is execut$ accord+ to ! proportions ( ! orig9al1 simil> 9 l5g? & bread? & dep?1 ea* ?+ receiv+ also its appropriate col\r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,is n ?is always ! aim ( imitation8 ,,/rang]3 ,n always2 9 works ei!r ( sculpture or ( pa9t+1 :i* are ( any magnitude1 !re is a c]ta9 degree ( deception2 = arti/s 7 to give ! true proportions ( _! fair works1 ! upp] "p1 :i* is f>!r (f1 w\ld appe> to be out ( proportion 9 comp>ison ) ! l[]1 :i* is ne>]2 & s !y give up ! tru? 9 _! images & make only ! proportions :i* appe> to be beautiful1 disreg>d+ ! real ones4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& t :i* be+ o!r is also l1 may we n fairly call a lik5ess or image8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& may we n1 z ,i did j n[1 call t "p ( ! imitative art :i* is conc]n$ ) mak+ su* images ! art ( lik5ess-mak+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,let t be ! "n4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at %all we call ^? resemblances ( ! beautiful1 :i* appe> su* ow+ to ! unfav\rable position ( ! spectator1 :]eas if a p]son _h ! p[] ( gett+ a correct view ( works ( su* magnitude1 !y w\ld appe> n ev5 l t to :i* !y pr(ess to be l8 ,may we n call ^! 'appe>ances1' s9ce !y appe> only & are n really l8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is a great deal ( ?is k9d ( ?+ 9 pa9t+1 & 9 all imitation4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,& may we n fairly call ! sort ( art1 :i* produces an appe>ance & n an image1 phanta/ic art8 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ fairly4 ,,/rang]3 ,^! !n are ! two k9ds ( image-mak+--! art ( mak+ lik5esses1 & phanta/ic or ! art ( mak+ appe>ances8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,i 0 d\btful be=e 9 :i* ( !m ,i %\ld place ! ,sophi/1 nor am ,i ev5 n[ able to see cle>ly2 v]ily he is a wond]ful & inscrutable creature4 ,& n[ 9 ! clev]e/ mann] he has got into an impossible place4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 he has4 ,,/rang]3 ,d y speak advis$ly1 or are y c>ri$ away at ! mom5t by ! habit ( ass5t+ into giv+ a ha/y answ]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,may ,i ask to :at y are ref]r+8 ,,/rang]3 ,my de> fri5d1 we are engag$ 9 a v difficult speculation--!re c be no d\bt ( t2 = h[ a ?+ c appe> & seem1 & n be1 or h[ a man c say a ?+ :i* is n true1 has always be5 & /ill rema9s a v p]plex+ "q4 ,c any "o say or ?9k t falsehood really exi/s1 & avoid be+ caught 9 a contradiction8 ,inde$1 ,!aetetus1 ! task is a difficult "o4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y8 ,,/rang]3 ,he :o says t falsehood exi/s has ! audacity to ass]t ! be+ ( n-be+2 = ?is is impli$ 9 ! possibility ( falsehood4 ,b1 my boy1 9 ! days :5 ,i 0 a boy1 ! great ,p>m5ides prote/$ aga9/ ?is doctr9e1 & to ! end ( 8 life he cont9u$ to inculcate ! same lesson--always repeat+ bo? 9 v]se & out ( v]se3 ',keep y\r m9d f ?is way ( enquiry1 = nev] w y %[ t n-be+ is4' ,su* is 8 te/imony1 :i* is confirm$ by ! v expression :5 sift$ a little4 ,w\ld y object to beg9 ) ! consid]ation ( ! words !mselves8 ,,!aetetus3 ,nev] m9d ab\t me2 ,i am only desir\s t y %\ld c>ry on ! argum5t 9 ! be/ way1 & t y %\ld take me ) y4 ,,/rang]3 ,v good2 & n[ say1 d we v5ture to utt] ! =bidd5 ^w 'n-be+'8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly we d4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u be s]i\s !n1 & consid] ! "q nei!r 9 /rife nor play3 suppose t "o ( ! he>]s ( ,p>m5ides 0 ask$1 ',to :at is ! t]m n-be+ to be appli$8'--d y "k :at sort ( object he w\ld s+le out 9 reply1 & :at answ] he w\ld make to ! enquir]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is a difficult "q1 & "o n to be answ]$ at all by a p]son l myself4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is at any rate no difficulty 9 see+ t ! pr$icate 'n-be+' is n applicable to any be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,none1 c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& if n to be+1 !n n to some?+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse n4 ,,/rang]3 ,x is also pla91 t 9 speak+ ( some?+ we speak ( be+1 = to speak ( an ab/ract some?+ nak$ & isolat$ f all be+ is impossible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,impossible4 ,,/rang]3 ,y mean by ass5t+ to imply t he :o says some?+ mu/ say "s "o ?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,"s 9 ! s+ul> 7ti7 y w\ld say is ! sign ( "o1 "s 9 ! dual 7t9e7 ( two1 "s 9 ! plural 7t9es7 ( _m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n he :o says 'n some?+' mu/ say absolutely no?+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ assur$ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& z we _c admit t a man speaks & says no?+1 he :o says 'n-be+' does n speak at all4 ,,!aetetus3 ,! difficulty ( ! argum5t c no fur!r g4 ,,/rang]3 ,n yet1 my fri5d1 is ! "t = su* a ^w2 = !re /ill rema9s ( all p]plexities ! fir/ & greate/1 t\*+ ! v f\ndation ( ! matt]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,d n be afraid to speak4 ,,/rang]3 ,to t :i* is1 may be attribut$ "s o!r ?+ :i* is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,b c any?+ :i* is1 be attribut$ to t :i* is n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,impossible4 ,,/rang]3 ,& all numb] is to be reckon$ among ?+s :i* are8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 surely numb]1 if any?+1 has a real exi/5ce4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we mu/ n attempt to attribute to n-be+ numb] ei!r 9 ! s+ul> or plural8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! argum5t implies t we %\ld be wrong 9 do+ s4 ,,/rang]3 ,b h[ c a man ei!r express 9 words or ev5 conceive 9 ?\ght ?+s :i* are n or a ?+ :i* is n )\t numb]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ inde$8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 we speak ( ?+s :i* are n1 are we n attribut+ plurality to n-be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 we say ':at is n1' d we n attribute unity8 ,,!aetetus3 ,manife/ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,nev]!less1 we ma9ta9 t y may n & ought n to attribute be+ to n-be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ,d y see1 !n1 t n-be+ 9 itself c nei!r be spok51 utt]$1 or ?\ght1 b t x is un?9kable1 unutt]able1 unspeakable1 indescribable8 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b1 if s1 ,i 0 wrong 9 tell+ y j n[ t ! difficulty :i* 0 com+ is ! greate/ ( all4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at6 is !re a great] /ill beh9d8 ,,/rang]3 ,well1 ,i am surpris$1 aft] :at has be5 said already1 t y d n see ! difficulty 9 :i* he :o w\ld refute ! notion ( n-be+ is involv$4 ,= he is compell$ to contradict himself z soon z he makes ! attempt4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,speak m cle>ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,d n expect cle>ness f me4 ,= ,i1 :o ma9ta9 t n-be+ has no "p ei!r 9 ! "o or _m1 j n[ spoke & am /ill speak+ ( n-be+ z "o2 = ,i say 'n-be+4' ,d y und]/&8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& a little :ile ago ,i said t n-be+ is unutt]able1 unspeakable1 indescribable3 d y foll[8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d aft] a fa%ion4 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 ,i introduc$ ! ^w 'is1' did ,i n contradict :at ,i said be=e8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& 9 us+ ! s+ul> v]b1 did ,i n speak ( n-be+ z "o8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :5 ,i spoke ( n-be+ z indescribable & unspeakable & unutt]able1 9 us+ ea* ( ^! words 9 ! s+ul>1 did ,i n ref] to n-be+ z "o8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& yet we say t1 /rictly speak+1 x %\ld n be def9$ z "o or _m1 & %\ld n ev5 be call$ 'x1' = ! use ( ! ^w 'x' w\ld imply a =m ( unity4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,h[1 !n1 c any "o put any fai? 9 me8 ,= n[1 z always1 ,i am unequal to ! refutation ( n-be+4 ,& !re=e1 z ,i 0 say+1 d n look to me = ! "r way ( speak+ ab\t n-be+2 b come1 let u try ! exp]im5t ) y4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,make a noble ef=t1 z becomes y\?1 & endeav\r ) all y\r might to speak ( n-be+ 9 a "r mann]1 )\t introduc+ into x ei!r exi/5ce or unity or plurality4 ,,!aetetus3 ,x w\ld be a /range boldness 9 me :i* w\ld attempt ! task :5 ,i see y ?us discomfit$4 ,,/rang]3 ,say no m ( ourselves2 b until we f9d "s "o or o!r :o c speak ( n-be+ )\t numb]1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! ,sophi/ is a clev] rogue :o w n be got out ( 8 hole4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& if we say to him t he pr(esses an art ( mak+ appe>ances1 he w grapple ) u & retort our argum5t ^u ourselves2 & :5 we call him an image-mak] he w say1 ',pray :at d y mean at all by an image8'--& ,i %\ld l to "k1 ,!aetetus1 h[ we c possibly answ] ! y\nk]'s "q8 ,,!aetetus3 ,we %all d\btless tell him ( ! images :i* are reflect$ 9 wat] or 9 mirrors2 also ( sculptures1 pictures1 & o!r duplicates4 ,,/rang]3 ,i see1 ,!aetetus1 t y h nev] made ! acqua9tance ( ! ,sophi/4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y d y ?9k s8 ,,/rang]3 ,he w make believe to h 8 eyes %ut1 or to h none4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 y tell him ( some?+ exi/+ 9 a mirror1 or 9 sculpture1 & address him z ?\gh he _h eyes1 he w laugh y to scorn1 & w pret5d t he kn[s no?+ ( mirrors & /reams1 or ( sight at all2 he w say t he is ask+ ab\t an idea4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at c he mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,! common notion p]vad+ all ^! objects1 :i* y speak ( z _m1 & yet call by ! s+le "n ( image1 z ?\gh x 7 ! unity "u :i* !y 7 all includ$4 ,h[ w y ma9ta9 y\r gr\nd aga9/ him8 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[1 ,/rang]1 c ,i describe an image except z some?+ fa%ion$ 9 ! lik5ess ( ! true8 ,,/rang]3 ,& d y mean ?is some?+ to be "s o!r true ?+1 or :at d y mean8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n ano!r true ?+1 b only a resemblance4 ,,/rang]3 ,& y mean by true t :i* really is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! n true is t :i* is ! opposite ( ! true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,/rang]3 ,a resemblance1 !n1 is n really real1 if1 z y say1 n true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,nay1 b x is 9 a c]ta9 s5se4 ,,/rang]3 ,y mean to say1 n 9 a true s5se8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 x is 9 reality only an image4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n :at we call an image is 9 reality really unreal4 ,,!aetetus3 ,9 :at a /range complication ( be+ & n-be+ we are involv$6 ,,/rang]3 ,/range6 ,i %\ld ?9k s4 ,see h[1 by 8 reciprocation ( opposites1 ! _m-head$ ,sophi/ has compell$ u1 q aga9/ our w1 to admit ! exi/5ce ( n-be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 inde$1 ,i see4 ,,/rang]3 ,! difficulty is h[ to def9e 8 art )\t fall+ into a contradiction4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ d y mean8 ,& :]e does ! dang] lie8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 we say t he deceives u ) an illusion1 & t 8 art is illusory1 d we mean t our s\l is l$ by 8 art to ?9k falsely1 or :at d we mean8 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re is no?+ else to be said4 ,,/rang]3 ,aga91 false op9ion is t =m ( op9ion :i* ?9ks ! opposite ( ! tru?3--,y w\ld ass5t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,y mean to say t false op9ion ?9ks :at is n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,does false op9ion ?9k t ?+s :i* are n are n1 or t 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y are8 ,,!aetetus3 ,?+s t are n mu/ be imag9$ to exi/ 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 if any degree ( falsehood is to be possible4 ,,/rang]3 ,& does n false op9ion also ?9k t ?+s :i* mo/ c]ta9ly exi/ d n exi/ at all8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& "h1 aga91 is falsehood8 ,,!aetetus3 ,falsehood--yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& 9 l mann]1 a false proposition w be deem$ to be "o :i* ass]ts ! non-exi/5ce ( ?+s :i* are1 & ! exi/5ce ( ?+s :i* are n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re is no o!r way 9 :i* a false proposition c arise4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is n2 b ! ,sophi/ w d5y ^! /atem5ts4 ,& inde$ h[ c any rational man ass5t to !m1 :5 ! v expressions :i* we h j us$ 7 be=e ackn[l$g$ by u to be unutt]able1 unspeakable1 indescribable1 un?9kable8 ,d y see 8 po9t1 ,!aetetus8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse he w say t we are contradict+ ourselves :5 we haz>d ! ass]tion1 t falsehood exi/s 9 op9ion & 9 words2 = 9 ma9ta9+ ?is1 we are compell$ ov] & ov] aga9 to ass]t be+ ( n-be+1 :i* we admitt$ j n[ to be an utt] impossibility4 ,,/rang]3 ,h[ well y rememb]6 ,& n[ x is high "t to hold a consultation z to :at we ought to d ab\t ! ,sophi/2 = if we p]si/ 9 look+ = him 9 ! class ( false work]s & magicians1 y see t ! h&les = objection & ! difficulties :i* w arise are v num]\s & obvi\s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!y are inde$4 ,,/rang]3 ,we h gone ?r\gh b a v small portion ( !m1 & !y are really inf9ite4 ,,!aetetus3 ,if t is ! case1 we _c possibly cat* ! ,sophi/4 ,,/rang]3 ,%all we !n be s fa9t-he>t$ z to give him up8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i %\ld say1 if we c get ! slighte/ hold ^u him4 ,,/rang]3 ,w y !n =give me1 &1 z y\r words imply1 n be altoge!r displeas$ if ,i fl9* a little f ! grasp ( su* a /urdy argum5t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure ,i w4 ,,/rang]3 ,i h a yet m urg5t reque/ to make4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:i* is--8 ,,/rang]3 ,t y w promise n to reg>d me z a p>ricide4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& :y8 ,,/rang]3 ,because1 9 self-def5ce1 ,i mu/ te/ ! philosophy ( my fa!r ,p>m5ides1 & try to prove by ma9 =ce t 9 a c]ta9 s5se n-be+ is1 & t be+1 on ! o!r h&1 is n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,"s attempt ( ! k9d is cle>ly ne$$4 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 a bl9d man1 z !y say1 might see t1 &1 unless ^! que/ions are decid$ 9 "o way or ano!r1 no "o :5 he speaks ( false words1 or false op9ion1 or idols1 or images1 or imitations1 or appe>ances1 or ab\t ! arts :i* are conc]n$ ) !m2 c avoid fall+ into ridicul\s contradictions4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re=e ,i mu/ v5ture to lay h&s on my fa!r's argum5t2 = if ,i am to be ov]-scrupul\s1 ,i %all h to give ! matt] up4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no?+ 9 ! _w %\ld ev] induce u to d s4 ,,/rang]3 ,i h a ?ird little reque/ :i* ,i wi% to make4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,y he>d me say :at ,i h always felt & /ill feel--t ,i h no he>t = ?is argum5t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i did4 ,,/rang]3 ,i tremble at ! ?\ght ( :at ,i h said1 & expect t y w deem me mad1 :5 y he> ( my sudd5 *anges & %ift+s2 let me !re=e obs]ve1 t ,i am exam9+ ! "q entirely out ( reg>d = y4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re is no reason = y to fe> t ,i %all impute any impropriety to y1 if y attempt ?is refutation & pro(2 take he>t1 !re=e1 & proce$4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :]e %all ,i beg9 ! p]il\s ent]prise8 ,i ?9k t ! road :i* ,i mu/ take is-- ,,!aetetus3 ,:i*8--,let me he>4 ,,/rang]3 ,i ?9k t we _h bett]1 fir/ ( all1 consid] ! po9ts :i* at pres5t are reg>d$ z self-evid5t1 le/ we may h fall5 into "s confusion1 & be too ready to ass5t to "o ano!r1 fancy+ t we are q cle> ab\t !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,say m di/9ctly :at y mean4 ,,/rang]3 ,i ?9k t ,p>m5ides1 & all ev] yet und]took to det]m9e ! numb] & nature ( exi/5ces1 talk$ to u 9 r a light & easy /ra94 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[8 ,,/rang]3 ,z if we _h be5 *ildr51 to :om !y repeat$ ea* 8 own my?us or /ory2--"o said t !re 7 ?ree pr9ciples1 & t at "o "t !re 0 w> betwe5 c]ta9 ( !m2 & !n aga9 !re 0 peace1 & !y 7 m>ri$ & begat *ildr51 & br\ght !m up2 & ano!r spoke ( two pr9ciples1--a moi/ & a dry1 or a hot & a cold1 & made !m m>ry & cohabit4 ,! ,eleatics1 h[ev]1 9 our "p ( ! _w1 say t all ?+s are _m 9 "n1 b 9 nature "o2 ?is is _! my?us1 :i* goes back to ,x5ophanes1 & is ev5 old]4 ,!n !re are ,ionian1 & 9 m rec5t times ,sicilian muses1 :o h arriv$ at ! conclusion t to unite ! two pr9ciples is saf]1 & to say t be+ is "o & _m1 & t ^! are held toge!r by enmity & fri5d%ip1 ev] p>t+1 ev] meet+1 z ! sev]] ,muses ass]t1 :ile ! g5tl] ones d n insi/ on ! p]petual /rife & peace1 b admit a relaxation & alt]nation ( !m2 peace & unity sometimes prevail+ "u ! sway ( ,aphrodite1 & !n aga9 plurality & w>1 by reason ( a pr9ciple ( /rife4 ,:e!r any ( !m spoke ! tru? 9 all ?is is h>d to det]m9e2 besides1 antiquity & fam\s m5 %\ld h rev]5ce1 & n be liable to accusations s s]i\s4 ,yet "o ?+ may be said ( !m )\t (f5ce-- ,,!aetetus3 ,:at ?+8 ,,/rang]3 ,t !y w5t on _! sev]al ways disda9+ to notice p l ourselves2 !y did n c>e :e!r !y took u ) !m1 or left u beh9d !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,i mean to say1 t :5 !y talk ( "o1 two1 or m elem5ts1 :i* are or h become or are becom+1 or aga9 ( heat m+l+ ) cold1 assum+ 9 "s o!r "p ( _! works sep>ations & mixtures1--tell me1 ,!aetetus1 d y und]/& :at !y mean by ^! expressions8 ,:5 ,i 0 a y\ng] man1 ,i us$ to fancy t ,i und]/ood q well :at 0 meant by ! t]m 'n-be+1' :i* is our pres5t subject ( dispute2 & n[ y see 9 :at a fix we are ab\t x4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i see4 ,,/rang]3 ,& v likely we h be5 gett+ into ! same p]plexity ab\t 'be+1' & yet may fancy t :5 anybody utt]s ! ^w1 we und]/& him q easily1 al?\gh we d n "k ab\t n-be+4 ,b we may be2 equally ignorant ( bo?4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d>e say4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! same may be said ( all ! t]ms j m5tion$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,! consid]ation ( mo/ ( !m may be def]r$2 b we _h bett] n[ discuss ! *ief capta9 & lead] ( !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( :at are y speak+8 ,y cle>ly ?9k t we mu/ fir/ inve/igate :at p mean by ! ^w 'be+4' ,,/rang]3 ,y foll[ close at my heels1 ,!aetetus4 ,= ! "r me?od1 ,i conceive1 w be to call into our pres5ce ! duali/ic philosoph]s & to int]rogate !m4 ',come1' we w say1 ',ye1 :o affirm t hot & cold or any o!r two pr9ciples are ! univ]se1 :at is ?is t]m :i* y apply to bo? ( !m1 & :at d y mean :5 y say t bo? & ea* ( !m are8 ,h[ are we to und]/& ! ^w are8 ,^u y\r view1 are we to suppose t !re is a ?ird pr9ciple ov] & above ! o!r two1--?ree 9 all1 & n two8 ,= cle>ly y _c say t "o ( ! two pr9ciples is be+1 & yet attribute be+ equally to bo? ( !m2 =1 if y did1 :i*ev] ( ! two is id5tifi$ ) be+1 w compreh5d ! o!r2 & s !y w be "o & n two4' ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b p]haps y mean to give ! "n ( 'be+' to bo? ( !m toge!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,q likely4 ,,/rang]3 ',!n1 fri5ds1' we %all reply to !m1 '! answ] is pla9ly t ! two w /ill be resolv$ into "o4' ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ',s9ce1 !n1 we are 9 a difficulty1 please to tell u :at y mean1 :5 y speak ( be+2 = !re c be no d\bt t y always f ! fir/ und]/ood y\r own mean+1 :]eas we once ?\ght t we und]/ood y1 b n[ we are 9 a great /rait4 ,please to beg9 by expla9+ ?is matt] to u1 & let u no long] fancy t we und]/& y1 :5 we entirely misund]/& y4' ,!re w be no impropriety 9 our dem&+ an answ] to ?is "q1 ei!r ( ! duali/s or ( ! plurali/s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at ab\t ! ass]tors ( ! on5ess ( ! all--mu/ we n endeav\r to asc]ta9 f !m :at !y mean by 'be+'8 ,,!aetetus3 ,by all means4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n let !m answ] ?is "q3 ,"o1 y say1 alone is8 ',yes1' !y w reply4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re is some?+ :i* y call 'be+'8 ,,!aetetus3 ',yes4' ,,/rang]3 ,& is be+ ! same z "o1 & d y apply two names to ! same ?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at w be _! answ]1 ,/rang]8 ,,/rang]3 ,x is cle>1 ,!aetetus1 t he :o ass]ts ! unity ( be+ w f9d a difficulty 9 answ]+ ?is or any o!r "q4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y s8 ,,/rang]3 ,to admit ( two names1 & to affirm t !re is no?+ b unity1 is surely ridicul\s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& equally irrational to admit t a "n is any?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ s8 ,,/rang]3 ,to di/+ui% ! "n f ! ?+1 implies duality4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& yet he :o id5tifies ! "n ) ! ?+ w be compell$ to say t x is ! "n ( no?+1 or if he says t x is ! "n ( some?+1 ev5 !n ! "n w only be ! "n ( a "n1 & ( no?+ else4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! "o w turn out to be only "o ( "o1 & be+ absolute unity1 w repres5t a m]e "n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& w\ld !y say t ! :ole is o!r ?an ! "o t is1 or ! same ) x8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure !y w\ld1 & !y actually say s4 ,,/rang]3 ,if be+ is a :ole1 z ,p>m5ides s+s1-- ',e way l unto ! fullness ( a well-r\nd$ sph]e1 ,ev5ly balanc$ f ! c5tre on e side1 ,& mu/ ne$s be nei!r great] nor less 9 any way1 ,nei!r on ?is side nor on t--' !n be+ has a c5tre & extremes1 &1 hav+ ^!1 mu/ also h p>ts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,yet t :i* has p>ts may h ! attribute ( unity 9 all ! p>ts1 & 9 ?is way be+ all & a :ole1 may be "o8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,b t ( :i* ?is is ! condition _c be absolute unity8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y n8 ,,/rang]3 ,because1 accord+ to "r reason1 t :i* is truly "o mu/ be affirm$ to be absolutely indivisible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,b ?is indivisible1 if made up ( _m p>ts1 w contradict reason4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i und]/&4 ,,/rang]3 ,%all we say t be+ is "o & a :ole1 because x has ! attribute ( unity8 ,or %all we say t be+ is n a :ole at all8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is a h>d alt]native to (f]4 ,,/rang]3 ,mo/ true2 = be+1 hav+ 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! attribute ( "o1 is yet prov$ n to be ! same z "o1 & ! all is !re=e m ?an "o4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& yet if be+ be n a :ole1 ?r\gh hav+ ! attribute ( unity1 & !re be su* a ?+ z an absolute :ole1 be+ lacks some?+ ( its own nature8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,^u ?is view1 aga91 be+1 hav+ a defect ( be+1 w become n-be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,&1 aga91 ! all becomes m ?an "o1 = be+ & ! :ole w ea* h _! sep>ate nature4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,b if ! :ole does n exi/ at all1 all ! previ\s difficulties rema9 ! same1 & !re w be ! fur!r difficulty1 t besides hav+ no be+1 be+ c nev] h come into be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y s8 ,,/rang]3 ,because t :i* comes into be+ always comes into be+ z a :ole1 s t he :o does n give :ole a place among be+s1 _c speak ei!r ( ess5ce or g5]ation z exi/+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 t c]ta9ly appe>s to be true4 ,,/rang]3 ,aga92 h[ c t :i* is n a :ole h any quantity8 ,= t :i* is ( a c]ta9 quantity mu/ necess>ily be ! :ole ( t quantity4 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re w be innum]able o!r po9ts1 ea* ( !m caus+ inf9ite tr\ble to him :o says t be+ is ei!r "o or two4 ,,!aetetus3 ,! difficulties :i* are dawn+ ^u u prove ?is2 = "o objection connects ) ano!r1 & !y are always involv+ :at has prec$$ 9 a great] & worse p]plexity4 ,,/rang]3 ,we are f> f hav+ exhau/$ ! m exact ?9k]s :o treat ( be+ & n-be+4 ,b let u be cont5t to leave !m1 & proce$ to view ^? :o speak less precisely2 & we %all f9d z ! result ( all1 t ! nature ( be+ is q z difficult to compreh5d z t ( n-be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!n n[ we w g to ! o!rs4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re appe>s to be a sort ( w> ( ,giants & ,gods go+ on among/ !m2 !y are fight+ ) "o ano!r ab\t ! nature ( ess5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ is t8 ,,/rang]3 ,"s ( !m are dragg+ d[n all ?+s f heav5 & f ! unse5 to e>?1 & !y lit]ally grasp 9 _! h&s rocks & oaks2 ( ^! !y lay hold1 & ob/9ately ma9ta91 t ! ?+s only :i* c be t\*$ or h&l$ h be+ or ess5ce1 because !y def9e be+ & body z "o1 & if any "o else says t :at is n a body exi/s !y altoge!r despise him1 & w he> ( no?+ b body4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i h (t5 met ) su* m51 & t]rible fell[s !y are4 ,,/rang]3 ,& t is ! reason :y _! oppon5ts cauti\sly def5d !mselves f above1 out ( an unse5 _w1 mightily cont5d+ t true ess5ce consi/s ( c]ta9 intelligible & incorporeal ideas2 ! bodies ( ! mat]iali/s1 :i* by !m are ma9ta9$ to be ! v tru?1 !y break up into little bits by _! argum5ts1 & affirm !m to be1 n ess5ce1 b g5]ation & motion4 ,betwe5 ! two armies1 ,!aetetus1 !re is always an endless conflict rag+ conc]n+ ^! matt]s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u ask ea* p>ty 9 turn1 to give an acc\nt ( t :i* !y call ess5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ %all we get x out ( !m8 ,,/rang]3 ,) ^? :o make be+ to consi/ 9 ideas1 !re w be less difficulty1 = !y are civil p en\gh2 b !re w be v great difficulty1 or r an absolute impossibility1 9 gett+ an op9ion out ( ^? :o drag ev]y?+ d[n to matt]4 ,%all ,i tell y :at we mu/ d8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at8 ,,/rang]3 ,let u1 if we c1 really improve !m2 b if ?is is n possible1 let u imag9e !m to be bett] ?an !y are1 & m will+ to answ] 9 accordance ) ! rules ( argum5t1 & !n _! op9ion w be m wor? hav+2 = t :i* bett] m5 ackn[l$ge has m weight ?an t :i* is ackn[l$g$ by inf]ior m54 ,moreov] we are no respect]s ( p]sons1 b seek]s aft] tru?4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n n[1 on ! supposition t !y are improv$1 let u ask !m to /ate _! views1 & d y int]pret !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,agre$4 ,,/rang]3 ,let !m say :e!r !y w\ld admit t !re is su* a ?+ z a mortal animal4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse !y w\ld4 ,,/rang]3 ,& d !y n ackn[l$ge ?is to be a body hav+ a s\l8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly !y d4 ,,/rang]3 ,mean+ to say t ! s\l is some?+ :i* exi/s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& d !y n say t "o s\l is j1 & ano!r unju/1 & t "o s\l is wise1 & ano!r fooli%8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& t ! j & wise s\l becomes j & wise by ! possession ( ju/ice & wisdom1 & ! opposite "u opposite circum/ances8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 !y d4 ,,/rang]3 ,b surely t :i* may be pres5t or may be abs5t w be admitt$ by !m to exi/8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,&1 all[+ t ju/ice1 wisdom1 ! o!r virtues1 & _! opposites exi/1 z well z a s\l 9 :i* !y inh]e1 d !y affirm any ( !m to be visible & tangible1 or are !y all invisible8 ,,!aetetus3 ,!y w\ld say t h>dly any ( !m are visible4 ,,/rang]3 ,& w\ld !y say t !y are corporeal8 ,,!aetetus3 ,!y w\ld di/+ui%3 ! s\l w\ld be said by !m to h a body2 b z to ! o!r qualities ( ju/ice1 wisdom1 & ! l1 ab\t :i* y ask$1 !y w\ld n v5ture ei!r to d5y _! exi/5ce1 or to ma9ta9 t !y 7 all corporeal4 ,,/rang]3 ,v]ily1 ,!aetetus1 ,i p]ceive a great improvem5t 9 !m2 ! real aborig9es1 *ildr5 ( ! dragon's tee?1 w\ld h be5 det]r$ by no %ame at all1 b w\ld h ob/9ately ass]t$ t no?+ is :i* !y are n able to squeeze 9 _! h&s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is pretty mu* _! notion4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u pu% ! "q2 = if !y w admit t any1 ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( be+1 is incorporeal1 x is en\gh2 !y mu/ !n say :at t nature is :i* is common to bo? ! corporeal & incorporeal1 & :i* !y h 9 _! m9d's eye :5 !y say ( bo? ( !m t !y 'are4' ,p]haps !y may be 9 a difficulty2 & if ?is is ! case1 !re is a possibility t !y may accept a notion ( ours respect+ ! nature ( be+1 hav+ no?+ ( _! own to (f]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is ! notion8 ,tell me1 & we %all soon see4 ,,/rang]3 ,my notion w\ld be1 t any?+ :i* possesses any sort ( p[] to affect ano!r1 or to be affect$ by ano!r1 if only = a s+le mom5t1 h[ev] trifl+ ! cause & h[ev] slight ! effect1 has real exi/5ce2 & ,i hold t ! def9ition ( be+ is simply p[]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!y accept y\r sugge/ion1 hav+ no?+ bett] ( _! own to (f]4 ,,/rang]3 ,v good2 p]haps we1 z well z !y1 may "o day *ange our m9ds2 b1 = ! pres5t1 ?is may be reg>d$ z ! und]/&+ :i* is e/abli%$ ) !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,agre$4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u n[ g to ! fri5ds ( ideas2 ( _! op9ions1 too1 y %all be ! int]pret]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i w4 ,,/rang]3 ,to !m we say--,y w\ld di/+ui% ess5ce f g5]ation8 ,,!aetetus3 ',yes1' !y reply4 ,,/rang]3 ,& y w\ld all[ t we p>ticipate 9 g5]ation ) ! body1 & ?r\gh p]ception1 b we p>ticipate ) ! s\l ?r\gh ?\ght 9 true ess5ce2 & ess5ce y w\ld affirm to be always ! same & immutable1 :]eas g5]ation or becom+ v>ies8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 t is :at we %\ld affirm4 ,,/rang]3 ,well1 fair sirs1 we say to !m1 :at is ?is p>ticipation1 :i* y ass]t ( bo?8 ,d y agree ) our rec5t def9ition8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at def9ition8 ,,/rang]3 ,we said t be+ 0 an active or passive en]gy1 aris+ out ( a c]ta9 p[] :i* proce$s f elem5ts meet+ ) "o ano!r4 ,p]haps y\r e>s1 ,!aetetus1 may fail to cat* _! answ]1 :i* ,i recognize because ,i h be5 accu/om$ to he> x4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& :at is _! answ]8 ,,/rang]3 ,!y d5y ! tru? ( :at we 7 j n[ say+ to ! aborig9es ab\t exi/5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at 0 t8 ,,/rang]3 ,any p[] ( do+ or suff]+ 9 a degree h[ev] slight 0 held by u to be a suffici5t def9ition ( be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!y d5y ?is1 & say t ! p[] ( do+ or suff]+ is conf9$ to becom+1 & t nei!r p[] is applicable to be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& is !re n "s tru? 9 :at !y say8 ,,/rang]3 ,yes2 b our reply w be1 t we want to asc]ta9 f !m m di/9ctly1 :e!r !y fur!r admit t ! s\l kn[s1 & t be+ or ess5ce is kn[n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re c be no d\bt t !y say s4 ,,/rang]3 ,& is kn[+ & be+ kn[n do+ or suff]+1 or bo?1 or is ! "o do+ & ! o!r suff]+1 or has nei!r any %>e 9 ei!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly1 nei!r has any %>e 9 ei!r2 = if !y say any?+ else1 !y w contradict !mselves4 ,,/rang]3 ,i und]/&2 b !y w all[ t if to "k is active1 !n1 ( c\rse1 to be kn[n is passive4 ,& on ?is view be+1 9 s f> z x is kn[n1 is act$ ^u by k1 & is !re=e 9 motion2 = t :i* is 9 a /ate ( re/ _c be act$ ^u1 z we affirm4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,&1 ,o heav5s1 c we ev] be made to believe t motion & life & s\l & m9d are n pres5t ) p]fect be+8 ,c we imag9e t be+ is devoid ( life & m9d1 & exi/s 9 awful unmean+ness an ev]la/+ fixture8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t w\ld be a dreadful ?+ to admit1 ,/rang]4 ,,/rang]3 ,b %all we say t has m9d & n life8 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ is t possible8 ,,/rang]3 ,or %all we say t bo? inh]e 9 p]fect be+1 b t x has no s\l :i* conta9s !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,& 9 :at o!r way c x conta9 !m8 ,,/rang]3 ,or t be+ has m9d & life & s\l1 b al?\gh end[$ ) s\l rema9s absolutely unmov$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,all ?ree suppositions appe> to me to be irrational4 ,,/rang]3 ,"u be+1 !n1 we mu/ include motion1 & t :i* is mov$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 ,!aetetus1 our inf]5ce is1 t if !re is no motion1 nei!r is !re any m9d any:]e1 or ab\t any?+ or belong+ to any "o4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& yet ?is equally foll[s1 if we grant t all ?+s are 9 motion--^u ?is view too m9d has no exi/5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ s8 ,,/rang]3 ,d y ?9k t sam5ess ( condition & mode & subject c\ld ev] exi/ )\t a pr9ciple ( re/8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,/rang]3 ,c y see h[ )\t !m m9d c\ld exi/1 or come into exi/5ce any:]e8 ,,!aetetus3 ,no4 ,,/rang]3 ,& surely cont5d we mu/ 9 e possible way aga9/ him :o w\ld annihilate k & reason & m9d1 & yet v5tures to speak confid5tly ab\t any?+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ) all our might4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n ! philosoph]1 :o has ! true/ rev]5ce = ^! qualities1 _c possibly accept ! notion ( ^? :o say t ! :ole is at re/1 ei!r z unity or 9 _m =ms3 & he w be utt]ly deaf to ^? :o ass]t univ]sal motion4 ,z *ildr5 say entreat+ly ',give u bo?1' s he w include bo? ! moveable & immoveable 9 8 def9ition ( be+ & all4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& n[1 d we seem to h ga9$ a fair notion ( be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes truly4 ,,/rang]3 ,alas1 ,!aetetus1 me?9ks t we are n[ only beg9n+ to see ! real difficulty ( ! enquiry into ! nature ( x4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,o my fri5d1 d y n see t no?+ c exce$ our ignorance1 & yet we fancy t we are say+ some?+ good8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i c]ta9ly ?\ght t we 72 & ,i d n at all und]/& h[ we nev] f\nd out our desp]ate case4 ,,/rang]3 ,reflect3 aft] hav+ made ^! admissions1 may we n be ju/ly ask$ ! same que/ions :i* we ourselves 7 ask+ ( ^? :o said t all 0 hot & cold8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at 7 !y8 ,w y recall !m to my m9d8 ,,/rang]3 ,to be sure ,i w1 & ,i w rem9d y ( !m1 by putt+ ! same que/ions to y :i* ,i did to !m1 & !n we %all get on4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,w\ld y n say t re/ & motion are 9 ! mo/ entire opposition to "o ano!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,& yet y w\ld say t bo? & ei!r ( !m equally are8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :5 y admit t bo? or ei!r ( !m are1 d y mean to say t bo? or ei!r ( !m are 9 motion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,/rang]3 ,or d y wi% to imply t !y are bo? at re/1 :5 y say t !y are8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse n4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n y conceive ( be+ z "s ?ird & di/9ct nature1 "u :i* re/ & motion are alike includ$2 &1 obs]v+ t !y bo? p>ticipate 9 be+1 y decl>e t !y are4 ,,!aetetus3 ,truly we seem to h an intimation t be+ is "s ?ird ?+1 :5 we say t re/ & motion are4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n be+ is n ! comb9ation ( re/ & motion1 b some?+ diff]5t f !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,s x w\ld appe>4 ,,/rang]3 ,be+1 !n1 accord+ to its own nature1 is nei!r 9 motion nor at re/4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is v mu* ! tru?4 ,,/rang]3 ,:]e1 !n1 is a man to look = help :o w\ld h any cle> or fix$ notion ( be+ 9 8 m9d8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:]e1 inde$8 ,,/rang]3 ,i sc>cely ?9k t he c look any:]e2 = t :i* is n 9 motion mu/ be at re/1 & aga91 t :i* is n at re/ mu/ be 9 motion2 b be+ is plac$ outside ( bo? ^! classes4 ,is ?is possible8 ,,!aetetus3 ,utt]ly impossible4 ,,/rang]3 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r ?+ :i* we ought to be> 9 m9d4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 we 7 ask$ to :at we 7 to assign ! appellation ( n-be+1 we 7 9 ! greate/ difficulty3--d y rememb]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,/rang]3 ,& are we n n[ 9 z great a difficulty ab\t be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld say1 ,/rang]1 t we are 9 "o :i* is1 if possible1 ev5 great]4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n let u ackn[l$ge ! difficulty2 & z be+ & n-be+ are involv$ 9 ! same p]plexity1 !re is hope t :5 ! "o appe>s m or less di/9ctly1 ! o!r w equally appe>2 & if we are able to see nei!r1 !re may /ill be a *ance ( /e]+ our way 9 betwe5 !m1 )\t any great discr$it4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u enquire1 !n1 h[ we come to pr$icate _m names ( ! same ?+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,give an example4 ,,/rang]3 ,i mean t we speak ( man1 = example1 "u _m names--t we attribute to him col\rs & =ms & magnitudes & virtues & vices1 9 all ( :i* in/ances & 9 t5 ?\s& o!rs we n only speak ( him z a man1 b also z good1 & hav+ numb]less o!r attributes1 & 9 ! same way any?+ else :i* we orig9ally suppos$ to be "o is describ$ by u z _m1 & "u _m names4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ?us we provide a ri* fea/ = tyros1 :e!r "y or old2 = !re is no?+ easi] ?an to argue t ! "o _c be _m1 or ! _m "o2 & great is _! delight 9 d5y+ t a man is good2 = man1 !y insi/1 is man & good is good4 ,i d>e say t y h met ) p]sons :o take an int]e/ 9 su* matt]s--!y are (t5 eld]ly m51 ^: meagre s5se is ?r[n into amazem5t by ^! discov]ies ( !irs1 :i* !y believe to be ! height ( wisdom4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i h4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 n to exclude any "o :o has ev] speculat$ at all ^u ! nature ( be+1 let u put our que/ions to !m z well z to our =m] fri5ds4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at que/ions8 ,,/rang]3 ,%all we refuse to attribute be+ to motion & re/1 or any?+ to any?+1 & assume t !y d n m+le1 & are incapable ( p>ticipat+ 9 "o ano!r8 ,or %all we ga!r all into "o class ( ?+s communicable ) "o ano!r8 ,or are "s ?+s communicable & o!rs n8--,:i* ( ^! alt]natives1 ,!aetetus1 w !y pref]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i h no?+ to answ] on _! behalf4 ,suppose t y take all ^! hypo!ses 9 turn1 & see :at are ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ f ea* ( !m4 ,,/rang]3 ,v good1 & fir/ let u assume !m to say t no?+ is capable ( p>ticipat+ 9 any?+ else 9 any respect2 9 t case re/ & motion _c p>ticipate 9 be+ at all4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!y _c4 ,,/rang]3 ,b w\ld ei!r ( !m be if n p>ticipat+ 9 be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,no4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n by ?is admission ev]y?+ is in/antly ov]turn$1 z well ! doctr9e ( univ]sal motion z ( univ]sal re/1 & also ! doctr9e ( ^? :o di/ribute be+ into immutable & ev]la/+ k9ds2 = all ^! add on a notion ( be+1 "s affirm+ t ?+s 'are' truly 9 motion1 & o!rs t !y 'are' truly at re/4 ,,!aetetus3 ,j s4 ,,/rang]3 ,aga91 ^? :o w\ld at "o "t comp\nd1 & at ano!r resolve all ?+s1 :e!r mak+ !m into "o & out ( "o creat+ inf9ity1 or divid+ !m into f9ite elem5ts1 & =m+ comp\nds out ( ^!2 :e!r !y suppose ! processes ( creation to be successive or cont9u\s1 w\ld be talk+ nons5se 9 all ?is if !re 7 no admixture4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,mo/ ridicul\s ( all w ! m5 !mselves be :o want to c>ry out ! argum5t & yet =bid u to call any?+1 because p>ticipat+ 9 "s affection f ano!r1 by ! "n ( t o!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y s8 ,,/rang]3 ,:y1 because !y are compell$ to use ! words 'to be1' 'ap>t1' 'f o!rs1' '9 itself1' & t5 ?\s& m1 :i* !y _c give up1 b mu/ make ! connect+ l9ks ( disc\rse2 & !re=e !y d n require to be refut$ by o!rs1 b _! enemy1 z ! say+ is1 inhabits ! same h\se ) !m2 !y are always c>ry+ ab\t ) !m an adv]s>y1 l ! wond]ful v5triloqui/1 ,eurycles1 :o out ( _! own bellies audibly contradicts !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,precisely s2 a v true & exact illu/ration4 ,,/rang]3 ,& n[1 if we suppose t all ?+s h ! p[] ( communion ) "o ano!r--:at w foll[8 ,,!aetetus3 ,ev5 ,i c solve t riddle4 ,,/rang]3 ,h[8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y1 because motion itself w\ld be at re/1 & re/ aga9 9 motion1 if !y c\ld be attribut$ to "o ano!r4 ,,/rang]3 ,b ?is is utt]ly impossible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n only ! ?ird hypo!sis rema9s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,=1 surely1 ei!r all ?+s h communion ) all2 or no?+ ) any o!r ?+2 or "s ?+s communicate ) "s ?+s & o!rs n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& two out ( ^! ?ree suppositions h be5 f\nd to be impossible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,e "o !n1 :o desires to answ] truly1 w adopt ! ?ird & rema9+ hypo!sis ( ! communion ( "s ) "s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,?is communion ( "s ) "s may be illu/rat$ by ! case ( lett]s2 = "s lett]s d n fit ea* o!r1 :ile o!rs d4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! v[els1 especially1 are a sort ( bond :i* p]vades all ! o!r lett]s1 s t )\t a v[el "o consonant _c be jo9$ to ano!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b does e "o "k :at lett]s w unite ) :at8 ,or is art requir$ 9 ord] to d s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,art is requir$4 ,,/rang]3 ,:at art8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! art ( gramm>4 ,,/rang]3 ,& is n ?is also true ( s\nds high & l[8--,is n he :o has ! art to "k :at s\nds m+le1 a musician1 & he :o is ignorant1 n a musician8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& we %all f9d ?is to be g5]ally true ( art or ! abs5ce ( art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,& z classes are admitt$ by u 9 l mann] to be "s ( !m capable & o!rs incapable ( int]mixture1 mu/ n he :o w\ld rightly %[ :at k9ds w unite & :at w n1 proce$ by ! help ( sci5ce 9 ! pa? ( argum5t8 ,& w he n ask if ! connect+ l9ks are univ]sal1 & s capable ( int]mixture ) all ?+s2 & aga91 9 divisions1 :e!r !re are n o!r univ]sal classes1 :i* make !m possible8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure he w require sci5ce1 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! v greate/ ( all sci5ces4 ,,/rang]3 ,h[ are we to call x8 ,by ,zeus1 h we n light$ unwitt+ly ^u our free & noble sci5ce1 & 9 look+ = ! ,sophi/ h we n ent]ta9$ ! philosoph] unaw>es8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,%\ld we n say t ! division accord+ to classes1 :i* nei!r makes ! same o!r1 nor makes o!r ! same1 is ! bus9ess ( ! dialectical sci5ce8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is :at we %\ld say4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 surely1 he :o c divide rightly is able to see cle>ly "o =m p]vad+ a scatt]$ multitude1 & _m diff]5t =ms conta9$ "u "o high] =m2 & aga91 "o =m knit toge!r into a s+le :ole & p]vad+ _m su* :oles1 & _m =ms1 exi/+ only 9 sep>ation & isolation4 ,?is is ! k ( classes :i* det]m9es :]e !y c h communion ) "o ano!r & :]e n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! art ( dialectic w\ld be attribut$ by y only to ! philosoph] pure & true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:o b he c be wor?y8 ,,/rang]3 ,9 ?is region we %all always discov] ! philosoph]1 if we look = him2 l ! ,sophi/1 he is n easily discov]$1 b = a diff]5t reason4 ,,!aetetus3 ,= :at reason8 ,,/rang]3 ,because ! ,sophi/ runs away into ! d>kness ( n-be+1 9 :i* he has le>n$ by habit to feel ab\t1 & _c be discov]$ because ( ! d>kness ( ! place4 ,is n t true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x seems to be s4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! philosoph]1 always hold+ conv]se ?r\gh reason ) ! idea ( be+1 is also d>k f excess ( light2 = ! s\ls ( ! _m h no eye :i* c endure ! vision ( ! div9e4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 t seems to be q z true z ! o!r4 ,,/rang]3 ,well1 ! philosoph] may h]eaft] be m fully consid]$ by u1 if we are dispos$2 b ! ,sophi/ mu/ cle>ly n be all[$ to escape until we h _h a good look at him4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,s9ce1 !n1 we are agre$ t "s classes h a communion ) "o ano!r1 & o!rs n1 & "s h communion ) a few & o!rs ) _m1 & t !re is no reason :y "s %\ld n h univ]sal communion ) all1 let u n[ pursue ! enquiry1 z ! argum5t sugge/s1 n 9 relation to all ideas1 le/ ! multitude ( !m %\ld confuse u1 b let u select a few ( ^? :i* are reckon$ to be ! pr9cipal ones1 & consid] _! sev]al natures & _! capacity ( communion ) "o ano!r1 9 ord] t if we are n able to appreh5d ) p]fect cle>ness ! notions ( be+ & n-be+1 we may at lea/ n fall %ort 9 ! consid]ation ( !m1 s f> z !y come )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t enquiry1 if p]adv5ture we may be all[$ to ass]t ! reality ( n-be+1 & yet escape unsca!d4 ,,!aetetus3 ,we mu/ d s4 ,,/rang]3 ,! mo/ important ( all ! g5]a are ^? :i* we 7 j n[ m5tion+--be+ & re/ & motion4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 by f>4 ,,/rang]3 ,& two ( ^! are1 z we affirm1 incapable ( communion ) "o ano!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q incapable4 ,,/rang]3 ,:]eas be+ surely has communion ) bo? ( !m1 = bo? ( !m are8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,t makes up ?ree ( !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ea* ( !m is o!r ?an ! rema9+ two1 b ! same ) itself4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b !n1 :at is ! mean+ ( ^! two words1 'same' & 'o!r'8 ,are !y two new k9ds o!r ?an ! ?ree1 & yet always ( necessity int]m+l+ ) !m1 & are we to h five k9ds in/ead ( ?ree2 or :5 we speak ( ! same & o!r1 are we unconsci\sly speak+ ( "o ( ! ?ree fir/ k9ds8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v likely we are4 ,,/rang]3 ,b1 surely1 motion & re/ are nei!r ! o!r nor ! same4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ is t8 ,,/rang]3 ,:atev] we attribute to motion & re/ 9 common1 _c be ei!r ( !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y n8 ,,/rang]3 ,because motion w\ld be at re/ & re/ 9 motion1 = ei!r ( !m1 be+ pr$icat$ ( bo?1 w compel ! o!r to *ange into ! opposite ( its own nature1 because p>tak+ ( its opposite4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,yet !y surely bo? p>take ( ! same & ( ! o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we mu/ n ass]t t motion1 any m ?an re/1 is ei!r ! same or ! o!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no2 we mu/ n4 ,,/rang]3 ,b are we to conceive t be+ & ! same are id5tical8 ,,!aetetus3 ,possibly4 ,,/rang]3 ,b if !y are id5tical1 !n aga9 9 say+ t motion & re/ h be+1 we %\ld also be say+ t !y are ! same4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:i* surely _c be4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n be+ & ! same _c be "o4 ,,!aetetus3 ,sc>cely4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we may suppose ! same to be a f\r? class1 :i* is n[ to be add$ to ! ?ree o!rs4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& %all we call ! o!r a fif? class8 ,or %\ld we consid] be+ & o!r to be two names ( ! same class8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v likely4 ,,/rang]3 ,b y w\ld agree1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t exi/5ces are relative z well z absolute8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! o!r is always relative to o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b ?is w\ld n be ! case unless be+ & ! o!r entirely diff]$2 =1 if ! o!r1 l be+1 7 absolute z well z relative1 !n !re w\ld h be5 a k9d ( o!r :i* 0 n o!r ?an o!r4 ,& n[ we f9d t :at is o!r mu/ ( necessity be :at x is 9 relation to "s o!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we mu/ admit ! o!r z ! fif? ( our select$ classes4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! fif? class p]vades all classes1 = !y all diff] f "o ano!r1 n by reason ( _! own nature1 b because !y p>take ( ! idea ( ! o!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n let u n[ put ! case ) ref]5ce to ea* ( ! five4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[8 ,,/rang]3 ,fir/ !re is motion1 :i* we affirm to be absolutely 'o!r' ?an re/3 :at else c we say8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x is s4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re=e is n re/4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,/rang]3 ,& yet is1 because p>tak+ ( be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,aga91 motion is o!r ?an ! same8 ,,!aetetus3 ,j s4 ,,/rang]3 ,& is !re=e n ! same4 ,,!aetetus3 ,x is n4 ,,/rang]3 ,yet1 surely1 motion is ! same1 because all ?+s p>take ( ! same4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we mu/ admit1 & n object to say1 t motion is ! same & is n ! same1 = we d n apply ! t]ms 'same' & 'n ! same1' 9 ! same s5se2 b we call x ! 'same1' 9 relation to itself1 because p>tak+ ( ! same2 & n ! same1 because hav+ communion ) ! o!r1 x is !reby sev]$ f ! same1 & has become n t b o!r1 & is !re=e rightly spok5 ( z 'n ! same4' ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,/rang]3 ,& if absolute motion 9 any po9t ( view p>took ( re/1 !re w\ld be no absurdity 9 call+ motion /ation>y4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q "r1--t is1 on ! supposition t "s classes m+le ) "o ano!r1 & o!rs n4 ,,/rang]3 ,t su* a communion ( k9ds is accord+ to nature1 we _h already prov$ be=e we arriv$ at ?is "p ( our discussion4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u proce$1 !n4 ,may we n say t motion is o!r ?an ! o!r1 hav+ be5 also prov$ by u to be o!r ?an ! same & o!r ?an re/8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is c]ta94 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 accord+ to ?is view1 motion is o!r & also n o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,:at is ! next /ep8 ,%all we say t motion is o!r ?an ! ?ree & n o!r ?an ! f\r?1--= we agre$ t !re are five classes ab\t & 9 ! sph]e ( :i* we propos$ to make enquiry8 ,,!aetetus3 ,surely we _c admit t ! numb] is less ?an x appe>$ to be j n[4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we may )\t fe> cont5d t motion is o!r ?an be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,)\t ! lea/ fe>4 ,,/rang]3 ,! pla9 result is t motion1 s9ce x p>takes ( be+1 really is & also is n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,no?+ c be pla9]4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n n-be+ necess>ily exi/s 9 ! case ( motion & ( e class2 = ! nature ( ! o!r ent]+ into !m all1 makes ea* ( !m o!r ?an be+1 & s non-exi/5t2 & !re=e ( all ( !m1 9 l mann]1 we may truly say t !y are n2 & aga91 inasmu* z !y p>take ( be+1 t !y are & are exi/5t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,s we may assume4 ,,/rang]3 ,e class1 !n1 has plurality ( be+ & inf9ity ( n-be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,s we mu/ inf]4 ,,/rang]3 ,& be+ itself may be said to be o!r ?an ! o!r k9ds4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n we may inf] t be+ is n1 9 respect ( z _m o!r ?+s z !re are2 = n-be+ ^! x is itself "o1 & is n ! o!r ?+s1 :i* are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is n f> f ! tru?4 ,,/rang]3 ,& we mu/ n qu>rel ) ?is result1 s9ce x is ( ! nature ( classes to h communion ) "o ano!r2 & if any "o d5ies our pres5t /atem5t viz41 t be+ is n1 etc41 let him fir/ argue ) our =m] conclusion i4e41 respect+ ! communion ( ideas1 & !n he may proce$ to argue ) :at foll[s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no?+ c be fair]4 ,,/rang]3 ,let me ask y to consid] a fur!r "q4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at "q8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 we speak ( n-be+1 we speak1 ,i suppose1 n ( some?+ oppos$ to be+1 b only diff]5t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 we speak ( some?+ z n great1 does ! expression seem to y to imply :at is little any m ?an :at is equal8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,/rang]3 ,! negative p>ticles1 ou & me1 :5 prefix$ to words1 d n imply opposition1 b only diff]5ce f ! words1 or m correctly f ! ?+s repres5t$ by ! words1 :i* foll[ !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$1 if y d n object4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,! nature ( ! o!r appe>s to me to be divid$ into fractions l k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ s8 ,,/rang]3 ,k1 l ! o!r1 is "o2 & yet ! v>i\s p>ts ( k h ea* ( !m _! own p>ticul> "n1 & h5ce !re are _m arts & k9ds ( k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& is n ! case ! same ) ! p>ts ( ! o!r1 :i* is also "o8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v likely2 b w y tell me h[8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is "s "p ( ! o!r :i* is oppos$ to ! beautiful8 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re is4 ,,/rang]3 ,%all we say t ?is has or has n a "n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x has2 = :atev] we call n-beautiful is o!r ?an ! beautiful1 n ?an some?+ else4 ,,/rang]3 ,& n[ tell me ano!r ?+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at8 ,,/rang]3 ,is ! n-beautiful any?+ b ?is--an exi/5ce p>t$ (f f a c]ta9 k9d ( exi/5ce1 & aga9 f ano!r po9t ( view oppos$ to an exi/+ some?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n ! n-beautiful turns out to be ! opposition ( be+ to be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b ^u ?is view1 is ! beautiful a m real & ! n-beautiful a less real exi/5ce8 ,,!aetetus3 ,n at all4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! n-great may be said to exi/1 equally ) ! great8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,&1 9 ! same way1 ! j mu/ be plac$ 9 ! same category ) ! n-j--! "o _c be said to h any m exi/5ce ?an ! o!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,! same may be said ( o!r ?+s2 see+ t ! nature ( ! o!r has a real exi/5ce1 ! p>ts ( ?is nature mu/ equally be suppos$ to exi/4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 z w\ld appe>1 ! opposition ( a "p ( ! o!r1 & ( a "p ( be+1 to "o ano!r1 is1 if ,i may v5ture to say s1 z truly ess5ce z be+ itself1 & implies n ! opposite ( be+1 b only :at is o!r ?an be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,beyond "q4 ,,/rang]3 ,:at !n %all we call x8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly1 n-be+2 & ?is is ! v nature = :i* ! ,sophi/ compell$ u to se>*4 ,,/rang]3 ,& has n ?is1 z y 7 say+1 z real an exi/5ce z any o!r class8 ,may ,i n say ) confid5ce t n-be+ has an assur$ exi/5ce1 & a nature ( its own8 ,j z ! great 0 f\nd to be great & ! beautiful beautiful1 & ! n-great n-great1 & ! n-beautiful n-beautiful1 9 ! same mann] n-be+ has be5 f\nd to be & is n-be+1 & is to be reckon$ "o among ! _m classes ( be+4 ,d y1 ,!aetetus1 /ill feel any d\bt ( ?is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,none :atev]4 ,,/rang]3 ,d y obs]ve t our scepticism has c>ri$ u beyond ! range ( ,p>m5ides' prohibition8 ,,!aetetus3 ,9 :at8 ,,/rang]3 ,we h advanc$ to a fur!r po9t1 & %[n him m ?an he =bad u to inve/igate4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ is t8 ,,/rang]3 ,:y1 because he says-- ',n-be+ nev] is1 & d ?\ keep ?y ?\ghts f ?is way ( enquiry4' ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 he says s4 ,,/rang]3 ,:]eas1 we h n only prov$ t ?+s :i* are n are1 b we h %[n :at =m ( be+ n-be+ is2 = we h %[n t ! nature ( ! o!r is1 & is di/ribut$ ov] all ?+s 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 & :atev] "p ( ! o!r is contra/$ ) be+1 ?is is precisely :at we h v5tur$ to call n-be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& surely1 ,/rang]1 we 7 q "r4 ,,/rang]3 ,let n any "o say1 !n1 t :ile affirm+ ! opposition ( n-be+ to be+1 we /ill ass]t ! be+ ( n-be+2 = z to :e!r !re is an opposite ( be+1 to t enquiry we h long said good-bye--x may or may n be1 & may or may n be capable ( def9ition4 ,b z t\*+ our pres5t acc\nt ( n-be+1 let a man ei!r conv9ce u ( error1 or1 s long z he _c1 he too mu/ say1 z we are say+1 t !re is a communion ( classes1 & t be+1 & diff]5ce or o!r1 trav]se all ?+s & mutually int]p5etrate1 s t ! o!r p>takes ( be+1 & by reason ( ?is p>ticipation is1 & yet is n t ( :i* x p>takes1 b o!r1 & be+ o!r ?an be+1 x is cle>ly a necessity t n-be+ %\ld be4 ,& aga91 be+1 ?r\gh p>tak+ ( ! o!r1 becomes a class o!r ?an ! rema9+ classes1 & be+ o!r ?an all ( !m1 is n ea* "o ( !m1 & is n all ! re/1 s t und\bt$ly !re are ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( cases 9 :i* be+ is n1 & all o!r ?+s1 :e!r reg>d$ individually or collectively1 9 _m respects are1 & 9 _m respects are n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& he :o is sceptical ( ?is contradiction1 mu/ ?9k h[ he c f9d some?+ bett] to say2 or if he sees a puzzle1 & 8 pleasure is to drag words ?is way & t1 ! argum5t w prove to him1 t he is n mak+ a wor?y use ( 8 faculties2 = !re is no *>m 9 su* puzzles1 & !re is no difficulty 9 detect+ !m2 b we c tell him ( some?+ else ! pursuit ( :i* is noble & also difficult4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,a ?+ ( :i* ,i h already spok52--lett+ alone ^! puzzles z involv+ no difficulty1 he %\ld be able to foll[ & criticize 9 detail e argum5t1 & :5 a man says t ! same is 9 a mann] o!r1 or t o!r is ! same1 to und]/& & refute him f 8 own po9t ( view1 & 9 ! same respect 9 :i* he ass]ts ei!r ( ^! affections4 ,b to %[ t someh[ & 9 "s s5se ! same is o!r1 or ! o!r same1 or ! great small1 or ! l unlike2 & to delight 9 always br++ =w>d su* contradictions1 is no real refutation1 b is cle>ly ! new-born babe ( "s "o :o is only beg9n+ to approa* ! problem ( be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,/rang]3 ,= c]ta9ly1 my fri5d1 ! attempt to sep>ate all exi/5ces f "o ano!r is a b>b>ism & utt]ly unwor?y ( an educat$ or philosophical m9d4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y s8 ,,/rang]3 ,! attempt at univ]sal sep>ation is ! f9al annihilation ( all reason+2 = only by ! union ( conceptions ) "o ano!r d we atta9 to disc\rse ( reason4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,&1 obs]ve t we 7 only j 9 "t 9 mak+ a resi/ance to su* sep>ati/s1 & compell+ !m to admit t "o ?+ m+les ) ano!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y s8 ,,/rang]3 ,:y1 t we might be able to ass]t disc\rse to be a k9d ( be+2 = if we c\ld n1 ! wor/ ( all consequ5ces w\ld foll[2 we %\ld h no philosophy4 ,moreov]1 ! necessity = det]m9+ ! nature ( disc\rse presses ^u u at ?is mom5t2 if utt]ly depriv$ ( x1 we c\ld no m hold disc\rse2 & depriv$ ( x we %\ld be if we admitt$ t !re 0 no admixture ( natures at all4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,b ,i d n und]/& :y at ?is mom5t we mu/ det]m9e ! nature ( disc\rse4 ,,/rang]3 ,p]haps y w see m cle>ly by ! help ( ! foll[+ explanation4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at explanation8 ,,/rang]3 ,n-be+ has be5 ackn[l$g$ by u to be "o among _m classes diffus$ ov] all be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !nce arises ! "q1 :e!r n-be+ m+les ) op9ion & language4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ s8 ,,/rang]3 ,if n-be+ has no "p 9 ! proposition1 !n all ?+s mu/ be true2 b if n-be+ has a "p1 !n false op9ion & false spee* are possible1 = to ?9k or to say :at is n--is falsehood1 :i* ?us arises 9 ! region ( ?\ght & 9 spee*4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :]e !re is falsehood surely !re mu/ be deceit4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& if !re is deceit1 !n all ?+s mu/ be full ( idols & images & fancies4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,/rang]3 ,into t region ! ,sophi/1 z we said1 made 8 escape1 &1 :5 he _h got !re1 d5i$ ! v possibility ( falsehood2 no "o1 he argu$1 ei!r conceiv$ or utt]$ falsehood1 inasmu* z n-be+ did n 9 any way p>take ( be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& n[1 n-be+ has be5 %[n to p>take ( be+1 & !re=e he w n cont9ue fight+ 9 ?is direction1 b he w probably say t "s ideas p>take ( n-be+1 & "s n1 & t language & op9ion are ( ! non-p>tak+ class2 & he w /ill fight to ! dea? aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! image-mak+ & phanta/ic art1 9 :i* we h plac$ him1 because1 z he w say1 op9ion & language d n p>take ( n-be+1 & unless ?is p>ticipation exi/s1 !re c be no su* ?+ z falsehood4 ,&1 ) ! view ( meet+ ?is evasion1 we mu/ beg9 by enquir+ into ! nature ( language1 op9ion1 & imag9ation1 9 ord] t :5 we f9d !m we may f9d also t !y h communion ) n-be+1 &1 hav+ made out ! connexion ( !m1 may ?us prove t falsehood exi/s2 & !re9 we w imprison ! ,sophi/1 if he des]ves x1 or1 if n1 we w let him g aga9 & look = him 9 ano!r class4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,/rang]1 !re appe>s to be tru? 9 :at 0 said ab\t ! ,sophi/ at fir/1 t he 0 ( a class n easily caught1 = he seems to h abundance ( def5ces1 :i* he ?r[s up1 & :i* mu/ e "o ( !m be /orm$ be=e we c rea* ! man himself4 ,& ev5 n[1 we h ) difficulty got ?r\gh 8 fir/ def5ce1 :i* is ! n-be+ ( n-be+1 & lo6 "h is ano!r2 = we h /ill to %[ t falsehood exi/s 9 ! sph]e ( language & op9ion1 & !re w be ano!r & ano!r l9e ( def5ce )\t end4 ,,/rang]3 ,any "o1 ,!aetetus1 :o is able to advance ev5 a little ought to be ( good *e]1 = :at w\ld he :o is dispirit$ at a little progress d1 if he 7 mak+ none at all1 or ev5 und]go+ a repulse8 ,su* a fa9t he>t1 z ! prov]b says1 w nev] take a city3 b n[ t we h succe$$ ?us f>1 ! citadel is ours1 & :at rema9s is easi]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 z ,i 0 say+1 let u fir/ ( all obta9 a conception ( language & op9ion1 9 ord] t we may h cle>] gr\nds = det]m9+1 :e!r n-be+ has any conc]n ) !m1 or :e!r !y are bo? always true1 & nei!r ( !m ev] false4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 n[1 let u speak ( names1 z be=e we 7 speak+ ( ideas & lett]s2 = t is ! direction 9 :i* ! answ] may be expect$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& :at is ! "q at issue ab\t names8 ,,/rang]3 ,! "q at issue is :e!r all names may be connect$ ) "o ano!r1 or none1 or only "s ( !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly ! la/ is true4 ,,/rang]3 ,i und]/& y to say t words :i* h a mean+ :5 9 sequ5ce may be connect$1 b t words :i* h no mean+ :5 9 sequ5ce _c be connect$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are y say+8 ,,/rang]3 ,:at ,i ?\ght t y int5d$ :5 y gave y\r ass5t2 = !re are two sorts ( intimation ( be+ :i* are giv5 by ! voice4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,"o ( !m is call$ n\ns1 & ! o!r v]bs4 ,,!aetetus3 ,describe !m4 ,,/rang]3 ,t :i* d5otes action we call a v]b4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! o!r1 :i* is an articulate m>k set on ^? :o d ! actions1 we call a n\n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,a succession ( n\ns only is n a s5t5ce1 any m ?an ( v]bs )\t n\ns4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n und]/& y4 ,,/rang]3 ,i see t :5 y gave y\r ass5t y _h some?+ else 9 y\r m9d4 ,b :at ,i int5d$ to say 01 t a m]e succession ( n\ns or ( v]bs is n disc\rse4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,i mean t words l 'walks1' 'runs1' 'sleeps1' or any o!r words :i* d5ote action1 h[ev] _m ( !m y /r+ toge!r1 d n make disc\rse4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ c !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,or1 aga91 :5 y say 'lion1' '/ag1' 'horse1' or any o!r words :i* d5ote ag5ts--nei!r 9 ?is way ( /r++ words toge!r d y atta9 to disc\rse2 = !re is no expression ( action or inaction1 or ( ! exi/5ce ( exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce indicat$ by ! s\nds1 until v]bs are m+l$ ) n\ns2 !n ! words fit1 & ! smalle/ comb9ation ( !m =ms language1 & is ! simple/ & lea/ =m ( disc\rse4 ,,!aetetus3 ,aga9 ,i ask1 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 any "o says ',a man le>ns1' %\ld y n call ?is ! simple/ & lea/ ( s5t5ces8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,yes1 = he n[ arrives at ! po9t ( giv+ an intimation ab\t some?+ :i* is1 or is becom+1 or has become1 or w be4 ,& he n only names1 b he does some?+1 by connect+ v]bs ) n\ns2 & !re=e we say t he disc\rses1 & to ?is connexion ( words we give ! "n ( disc\rse4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& z !re are "s ?+s :i* fit "o ano!r1 & o!r ?+s :i* d n fit1 s !re are "s vocal signs :i* d1 & o!rs :i* d n1 comb9e & =m disc\rse4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is ano!r small matt]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,a s5t5ce mu/ & _c help hav+ a subject4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& mu/ be ( a c]ta9 quality4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& n[ let u m9d :at we are ab\t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,we mu/ d s4 ,,/rang]3 ,i w repeat a s5t5ce to y 9 :i* a ?+ & an action are comb9$1 by ! help ( a n\n & a v]b2 & y %all tell me ( :om ! s5t5ce speaks4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i w1 to ! be/ ( my p[]4 ,,/rang]3 ',!aetetus sits'--n a v long s5t5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,n v4 ,,/rang]3 ,( :om does ! s5t5ce speak1 & :o is ! subject8 t is :at y h to tell4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( me2 ,i am ! subject4 ,,/rang]3 ,or ?is s5t5ce1 aga9-- ,,!aetetus3 ,:at s5t5ce8 ,,/rang]3 ',!aetetus1 ) :om ,i am n[ speak+1 is fly+4' ,,!aetetus3 ,t also is a s5t5ce :i* w be admitt$ by e "o to speak ( me1 & to apply to me4 ,,/rang]3 ,we agre$ t e s5t5ce mu/ necess>ily h a c]ta9 quality4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at is ! quality ( ea* ( ^! two s5t5ces8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! "o1 z ,i imag9e1 is false1 & ! o!r true4 ,,/rang]3 ,! true says :at is true ab\t y8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! false says :at is o!r ?an true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re=e speaks ( ?+s :i* are n z if !y 78 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& say t ?+s are real ( y :i* are n2 =1 z we 7 say+1 9 reg>d to ea* ?+ or p]son1 !re is mu* t is & mu* t is n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,! second ( ! two s5t5ces :i* relat$ to y 0 fir/ ( all an example ( ! %orte/ =m consi/5t ) our def9ition4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ?is 0 impli$ 9 rec5t admission4 ,,/rang]3 ,&1 9 ! second place1 x relat$ to a subject8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,:o mu/ be y1 & c be nobody else8 ,,!aetetus3 ,unque/ionably4 ,,/rang]3 ,& x w\ld be no s5t5ce at all if !re 7 no subject1 =1 z we prov$1 a s5t5ce :i* has no subject is impossible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 o!r1 !n1 is ass]t$ ( y z ! same1 & n-be+ z be+1 su* a comb9ation ( n\ns & v]bs is really & truly false disc\rse4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re=e ?\ght1 op9ion1 & imag9ation are n[ prov$ to exi/ 9 our m9ds bo? z true & false4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ s8 ,,/rang]3 ,y w "k bett] if y fir/ ga9 a k ( :at !y are1 & 9 :at !y sev]ally diff] f "o ano!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,give me ! k :i* y w\ld wi% me to ga94 ,,/rang]3 ,are n ?\ght & spee* ! same1 ) ?is exception1 t :at is call$ ?\ght is ! unutt]$ conv]sation ( ! s\l ) h]self8 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b ! /ream ( ?\ght :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! lips & is audible is call$ spee*8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& we "k t !re exi/s 9 spee*444 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at exi/s8 ,,/rang]3 ,affirmation4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 we "k x4 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 ! affirmation or d5ial takes ,place 9 sil5ce & 9 ! m9d only1 h y any o!r "n by :i* to call x b op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re c be no o!r "n4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :5 op9ion is pres5t$1 n simply1 b 9 "s =m ( s5se1 w\ld y n call x imag9ation8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,& see+ t language is true & false1 & t ?\ght is ! conv]sation ( ! s\l ) h]self1 & op9ion is ! end ( ?9k+1 & imag9ation or phantasy is ! union ( s5se & op9ion1 ! inf]5ce is t "s ( !m1 s9ce !y are ak9 to language1 %\ld h an elem5t ( falsehood z well z ( tru?8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,/rang]3 ,d y p]ceive1 !n1 t false op9ion & spee* h be5 discov]$ soon] ?an we expect$8--,= j n[ we seem$ to be und]tak+ a task :i* w\ld nev] be accompli%$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i p]ceive4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n let u n be disc\rag$ ab\t ! future2 b n[ hav+ made ?is discov]y1 let u g back to our previ\s classification4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at classification8 ,,/rang]3 ,we divid$ image-mak+ into two sorts2 ! "o lik5ess-mak+1 ! o!r imag9ative or phanta/ic4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& we said t we 7 unc]ta9 9 :i* we %\ld place ! ,sophi/4 ,,!aetetus3 ,we did say s4 ,,/rang]3 ,& our heads began to g r\nd m & m :5 x 0 ass]t$ t !re is no su* ?+ z an image or idol or appe>ance1 because 9 no mann] or "t or place c !re ev] be su* a ?+ z falsehood4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& n[1 s9ce !re has be5 %[n to be false spee* & false op9ion1 !re may be imitations ( real exi/5ces1 & out ( ?is condition ( ! m9d an art ( deception may arise4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q possible4 ,,/rang]3 ,& we h already admitt$1 9 :at prec$$1 t ! ,sophi/ 0 lurk+ 9 "o ( ! divisions ( ! lik5ess-mak+ art8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u1 !n1 r5ew ! attempt1 & 9 divid+ any class1 always take ! "p to ! "r1 hold+ fa/ to t :i* holds ! ,sophi/1 until we h /ripp$ him ( all 8 common prop]ties1 & rea*$ 8 diff]5ce or peculi>4 ,!n we may exhibit him 9 8 true nature1 fir/ to ourselves & !n to k9dr$ dialectical spirits4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,y may rememb] t all art 0 orig9ally divid$ by u into creative & acquisitive4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ! ,sophi/ 0 flitt+ be=e u 9 ! acquisitive class1 9 ! subdivisions ( hunt+1 conte/s1 m]*&ize1 & ! l4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,b n[ t ! imitative art has enclos$ him1 x is cle> t we mu/ beg9 by divid+ ! art ( creation2 = imitation is a k9d ( creation--( images1 h[ev]1 z we affirm1 & n ( real ?+s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are two k9ds ( creation4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,"o ( !m is human & ! o!r div9e4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n foll[4 ,,/rang]3 ,e p[]1 z y may rememb] our say+ orig9ally1 :i* causes ?+s to exi/1 n previ\sly exi/+1 0 def9$ by u z creative4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i rememb]4 ,,/rang]3 ,look+1 n[1 at ! _w & all ! animals & plants1 at ?+s :i* gr[ ^u ! e>? f se$s & roots1 z well z at inanimate sub/ances :i* are =m$ )9 ! e>?1 fusile or non-fusile1 %all we say t !y come into exi/5ce--n hav+ exi/$ previ\sly--by ! creation ( ,god1 or %all we agree ) vulg> op9ion ab\t !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,/rang]3 ,! op9ion t nature br+s !m into be+ f "s spontane\s & un9tellig5t cause4 ,or %all we say t !y are creat$ by a div9e reason & a k :i* comes f ,god8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d>e say t1 ow+ to my y\?1 ,i may (t5 wav] 9 my view1 b n[ :5 ,i look at y & see t y incl9e to ref] !m to ,god1 ,i def] to y\r au?ority4 ,,/rang]3 ,nobly said1 ,!aetetus1 & if ,i ?\ght t y 7 "o ( ^? :o w\ld h]eaft] *ange y\r m9d1 ,i w\ld h g5tly argu$ ) y1 & =c$ y to ass5t2 b z ,i p]ceive t y w come ( y\rself & )\t any argum5t ( m9e1 to t belief :i*1 z y say1 attracts y1 ,i w n =e/all ! "w ( "t4 ,let me suppose1 !n1 t ?+s :i* are said to be made by nature are ! "w ( div9e art1 & t ?+s :i* are made by man out ( ^! are works ( human art4 ,& s !re are two k9ds ( mak+ & production1 ! "o human & ! o!r div9e4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 n[1 subdivide ea* ( ! two sections :i* we h already4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,i mean to say t y %\ld make a v]tical division ( production or inv5tion1 z y h already made a lat]al "o4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i h done s4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 n[1 !re are 9 all f\r p>ts or segm5ts--two ( !m h ref]5ce to u & are human1 & two ( !m h ref]5ce to ! gods & are div9e4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,&1 aga91 9 ! division :i* 0 suppos$ to be made 9 ! o!r way1 "o "p 9 ea* subdivision is ! mak+ ( ! ?+s !mselves1 b ! two rema9+ p>ts may be call$ ! mak+ ( lik5esses2 & s ! productive art is aga9 divid$ into two p>ts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,tell me ! divisions once m4 ,,/rang]3 ,i suppose t we1 & ! o!r animals1 & ! elem5ts out ( :i* ?+s are made--fire1 wat]1 & ! l--are kn[n by u to be ea* & all ! creation & "w ( ,god4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& !re are images ( !m1 :i* are n !m1 b :i* correspond to !m2 & ^! are also ! creation ( a wond]ful skill4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,/rang]3 ,! appe>ances :i* spr+ up ( !mselves 9 sleep or by day1 su* z a %ad[ :5 d>kness arises 9 a fire1 or ! reflection :i* is produc$ :5 ! light 9 bright & smoo? objects meets on _! surface ) an ext]nal light1 & creates a p]ception ! opposite ( our ord9>y sight4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 & ! images z well z ! creation are equally ! "w ( a div9e h&4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at %all we say ( human art8 ,d we n make "o h\se by ! art ( build+1 & ano!r by ! art ( draw+1 :i* is a sort ( dream creat$ by man = ^? :o are awake8 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& o!r products ( human creation are also tw(old & g 9 pairs2 !re is ! ?+1 ) :i* ! art ( mak+ ! ?+ is conc]n$1 & ! image1 ) :i* imitation is conc]n$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,n[ ,i beg9 to und]/&1 & am ready to ackn[l$ge t !re are two k9ds ( production1 & ea* ( !m tw(old2 9 ! lat]al division !re is bo? a div9e & a human production2 9 ! v]tical !re are realities & a creation ( a k9d ( similitudes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& let u n =get t ( ! imitative class ! "o "p 0 to h be5 lik5ess-mak+1 & ! o!r phanta/ic1 if x c\ld be %[n t falsehood is a reality & belongs to ! class ( real be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,& ?is appe>$ to be ! case2 & !re=e n[1 )\t hesitation1 we %all numb] ! diff]5t k9ds z two4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,!n1 n[1 let u aga9 divide ! phanta/ic art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:]e %all we make ! division8 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is "o k9d :i* is produc$ by an in/rum5t1 & ano!r 9 :i* ! creator ( ! appe>ance is himself ! in/rum5t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,/rang]3 ,:5 any "o makes himself appe> l ano!r 9 8 figure or 8 voice1 imitation is ! "n = ?is "p ( ! phanta/ic art4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,/rang]3 ,let ?is1 !n1 be nam$ ! art ( mimicry1 & ?is ! prov9ce assign$ to x2 z = ! o!r division1 we are we>y & w give t up1 leav+ to "s "o else ! duty ( mak+ ! class & giv+ x a suitable "n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,let u d z y say--assign a sph]e to ! "o & leave ! o!r4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re is a fur!r di/9ction1 ,!aetetus1 :i* is wor?y ( our consid]ation1 & = a reason :i* ,i w tell y4 ,,!aetetus3 ,let me he>4 ,,/rang]3 ,!re are "s :o imitate1 kn[+ :at !y imitate1 & "s :o d n "k4 ,& :at l9e ( di/9ction c !re possibly be great] ?an t :i* divides ignorance f k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re c be no great]4 ,,/rang]3 ,0 n ! sort ( imitation ( :i* we spoke j n[ ! imitation ( ^? :o "k8 ,= he :o w\ld imitate y w\ld surely "k y & y\r figure8 ,,!aetetus3 ,naturally4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! figure or =m ( ju/ice or ( virtue 9 g5]al8 ,are we n well aw>e t _m1 hav+ no k ( ei!r1 b only a sort ( op9ion1 d _! be/ to %[ t ?is op9ion is really ent]ta9$ by !m1 by express+ x1 z f> z !y c1 9 ^w & de$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 t is v common4 ,,/rang]3 ,& d !y always fail 9 _! attempt to be ?\ght j1 :5 !y are n8 ,or is n ! v opposite true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! v opposite4 ,,/rang]3 ,su* a "o1 !n1 %\ld be describ$ z an imitator--to be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r1 z he :o is ignorant is di/+ui%$ f him :o kn[s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,/rang]3 ,c we f9d a suitable "n = ea* ( !m8 ,?is is cle>ly n an easy task2 = among ! anci5ts !re 0 "s confusion ( ideas1 :i* prev5t$ !m f attempt+ to divide g5]a into species2 :]e=e !re is no great abundance ( names4 ,yet1 = ! sake ( di/9ctness1 ,i w make bold to call ! imitation :i* coexi/s ) op9ion1 ! imitation ( appe>ance--t :i* coexi/s ) sci5ce1 a sci5tific or le>n$ imitation4 ,,!aetetus3 ,grant$4 ,,/rang]3 ,! =m] is our pres5t conc]n1 = ! ,sophi/ 0 class$ ) imitators inde$1 b n among ^? :o h k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,/rang]3 ,let u1 !n1 exam9e our imitator ( appe>ance1 & see :e!r he is s\nd1 l a piece ( iron1 or :e!r !re is /ill "s crack 9 him4 ,,!aetetus3 ,let u exam9e him4 ,,/rang]3 ,inde$ !re is a v consid]able crack2 = if y look1 y f9d t "o ( ! two classes ( imitators is a simple creature1 :o ?9ks t he kn[s t :i* he only fancies2 ! o!r sort has knock$ ab\t among argum5ts1 until he suspects & fe>s t he is ignorant ( t :i* to ! _m he pret5ds to "k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re are c]ta9ly ! two k9ds :i* y describe4 ,,/rang]3 ,%all we reg>d "o z ! simple imitator--! o!r z ! dissembl+ or ironical imitator8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,/rang]3 ,& %all we fur!r speak ( ?is latt] class z hav+ "o or two divisions8 ,,!aetetus3 ,answ] y\rself4 ,,/rang]3 ,^u consid]ation1 !n1 !re appe> to me to be two2 !re is ! dissembl]1 :o h>angues a multitude 9 public 9 a long spee*1 & ! dissembl]1 :o 9 private & 9 %ort spee*es compels ! p]son :o is conv]s+ ) him to contradict himself4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at y say is mo/ true4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :o is ! mak] ( ! long] spee*es8 ,is he ! /atesman or ! popul> orator8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! latt]4 ,,/rang]3 ,& :at %all we call ! o!r8 ,is he ! philosoph] or ! ,sophi/8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! philosoph] he _c be1 = ^u our view he is ignorant2 b s9ce he is an imitator ( ! wise he w h a "n :i* is =m$ by an adaptation ( ! ^w sophos4 ,:at %all we "n him8 ,i am pretty sure t ,i _c be mi/ak5 9 t]m+ him ! true & v ,sophi/4 ,,/rang]3 ,%all we b9d up 8 "n z we did be=e1 mak+ a *a9 f "o end ( 8 g5ealogy to ! o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,by all means4 ,,/rang]3 ,he1 !n1 :o traces ! p$igree ( 8 art z foll[s--:o1 belong+ to ! consci\s or dissembl+ section ( ! art ( caus+ self-contradiction1 is an imitator ( appe>ance1 & is sep>at$ f ! class ( phanta/ic :i* is a bran* ( image-mak+ into t fur!r division ( creation1 ! juggl+ ( words1 a creation human1 & n div9e--any "o :o affirms ! real ,sophi/ to be ( ?is blood & l9eage w say ! v tru?4 ,,!aetetus3 ,und\bt$ly4