,,public ,,speak+ ,,by ,,cl>5ce ,,/ratton2 ,,ph4,d4 ,,director ,,( ,,engli% ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,clevel& ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibj ,,by ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,janu>y1 #aibd ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,spee* ,,ii4 ,,! ,,voice ,,iii4 ,,words ,,& ,,s5t5ces ,,iv4 ,,beg9n+ ,,! ,,spee* ,v4 ,,conclud+ ,,! ,,spee* ,,vi4 ,,gett+ ,,mat]ial ,,vii4 ,,plann+ ,,! ,,spee* ,,viii4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,outl9e ,,or ,,brief ,,ix4 ,,expla9+ ,x4 ,,prov+ ,,& ,,p]suad+ ,,xi4 ,,refut+ ,,xii4 ,,debat+ ,,xiii4 ,,speak+ ,,^u ,,special ,,occasions ,,xiv4 ,,dramatics ,,app5dix ,a ,,app5dix ,b ,,index ,to ,c4,c4,s4 ,,public ,,speak+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,spee* ,importance ( ,spee*4 ,!re nev] has be5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w a "t :5 ! spok5 ^w has be5 equal$ 9 value & importance by any o!r means ( communication4 ,if "o traces ! developm5t ( mank9d f :at he consid]s its e>lie/ /age he w f9d t ! w&]+ family ( savages dep5d$ entirely ^u :at its memb]s said to "o ano!r4 ,a little lat] :5 a gr\p ( families made a clan or tribe ! individuals /ill he>d ! comm&s ( ! lead]1 or 9 tribal c\ncil voic$ _! own op9ions4 ,! beg9n+s ( poetry %[ u ! b>d :o recit$ to 8 audi5ces4 ,drama1 9 all primitive societies a valuable spread] ( k1 ent]ta9m5t1 & religion1 is entirely oral4 ,9 s late & well-organiz$ communities z ! city republics ( ,greece all matt]s 7 discuss$ 9 op5 assemblies ( ! r small populations4 ,e great epo* ( ! _w's progress %[s ! supreme importance ( spee* ^u human action--individual & collective4 ,9 ! ,roman ,=um 7 made spee*es t affect$ ! entire anci5t _w4 ,r5aissance ,italy1 imp]ial ,spa91 unwieldy ,russia1 fre$om-lov+ ,engl&1 revolution>y ,france1 all exp]i5c$ p]iods :5 ! p[] ( c]ta9 m5 to speak /irr$ o!r m5 into tempe/u\s action4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates might almo/ be writt5 z ! cont9u\s record ( ! influ5ce ( great speak]s ^u o!rs4 ,! coloni/s 7 l$ to conc]t$ action by p]suasive spee*es4 ,! ,colonial ,congresses & ,con/itutional ,conv5tion 7 dom9at$ by p[]ful orators4 ,! hi/ory ( ! slav]y problem is ma9ly ! /ory ( fam\s spee*es & debates4 ,mo/ ( ! active repres5tative ,am]icans h be5 lead]s because ( _! ability to impress _! fell[s by _! p[] ( express+ s5tim5ts & en?usiasms :i* all w\ld voice if !y c\ld4 ,presid5ts h be5 nom9at$ & c&idates elect$ because ( ?is equipm5t4 ,dur+ ! ,great ,w> ! millions ( ! _w 7 z mu* conc]n$ ) :at "s ( _! lead]s 7 say+ z ) :at _! o!r lead]s 7 do+4#a ,spee* 9 ,mod]n ,life4 ,!re is no aspect ( mod]n life 9 :i* ! spok5 "w is n supreme 9 importance4 ,repres5tatives ( ! nations ( ! _w decid+ ^u a peace treaty & delib]at+ ^u a ,league ( ,nations sway & are sway$ by spee*4 ,national assemblies--f ! /rangely nam$ new ones ( infant nations to ! c5tury-old organizations--speak1 & li/5 to spee*es4 ,9 /ate legislatures1 municipal c\ncils1 law c\rts1 religi\s organizations1 !at]s1 lodges1 societies1 bo>ds ( directors1 /ockhold]s' meet+s1 bus9ess discussions1 classrooms1 d9n] p>ties1 social functions1 fri5dly calls--9 e human relation%ip :]e two p meet !re is communication by means ( spee*4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,great ,am]ican ,spee*es1 edit$ by ,cl>5ce ,/ratton1 ,lipp9cott & ,company4 ,sci5tific inv5tion keeps mov+ z rapidly z x c to take advantage ( ?is supreme importance4 ,great z 0 ! advance m>k$ by ! telegraph1 x 0 soon ov]tak5 & pass$ by ! conv5i5ce ( ! telephone4 ,! fir/ conveys messages at great di/ance1 b x fails to give ! answ] at once4 ,x fails to provide = ! rapid int]*ange ( ideas :i* ! second af=ds4 ,wireless telegraphy has already be5 foll[$ by wireless telephony4 ,! rapid intellig5t disposal ( ! complicat$ affairs ( our mod]n _w requires m ?an m]e writ+--x dem&s imm$iate int]*ange ( ideas by means ( spee*4 ,_m p :o 9 _! habitual occupations are popul>ly said to write a great deal d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,! millions ( typi/s 9 ! _w d no writ+ at all 9 ! real s5se ( t ^w2 !y m]ely reproduce :at "s "o else has actually compos$ & dictat$4 ,?is latt] p]son also does no actual writ+4 ,he speaks :at he wants to h put into writ+4 ,dictat+ is n an easily acquir$ accompli%m5t 9 bus9ess--z _m a man w te/ify4 ,mod]n (fice practice has int5sifi$ ! difficulty4 ,x may be r disconc]t+ to deliv] well-con/ruct$1 mean+ful s5t5ces to an unresponsive /5ograph]1 b at any rate ! receiv] is alive4 ,b to talk into ! metallic receiv] ( a me*anical dictaphone has an almo/ ridicul\s air4 ,m5 h to tra9 !mselves delib]ately to speak well :5 !y fir/ beg9 to use ^! "t-sav+ devices4 ,outside ( bus9ess1 a great deal ( ! mat]ial pr9t$ 9 p]iodicals & books--sometimes long novels--has be5 deliv]$ orally1 & n writt5 at all by its au?or4 ,7 any?+ m ne$$ to %[ h[ mu* spee* is us$ x w\ld be furni%$ by ! reports ( ! telephone companies4 ,9 "o table ! numb] ( daily connections 9 #ahie 0 #b1cea1dbj4 ,9 #aiah ?is item _h increas$ to #ca1bfc1faa4 ,9 tw5ty-?ree ye>s ! calls _h gr[n fifte5 times z num]\s4 ,9 #ahhb !re 7 #ajj1jjj subscrib] /ations4 ,9 #aiah ?is numb] _h swell$ to #aa1jjj1jjj4 ,subord9ates & executives 9 all =ms ( bus9ess c\ld save incalculable "t & annoyance by be+ able to pres5t _! mat]ial cle>ly & =cefully ov] ! telephone1 z well z 9 direct face-to-face int]c\rse4 ,! ,director ( high s*ools 9 a l>ge municipality address$ a circul> lett] to ! bus9ess firms ( ! city1 ask+ !m to /ate :at is mo/ necess>y 9 ord] to fit boys = success 9 bus9ess4 ,n9ety-n9e p] c5t laid /ress on ! advantage ( be+ able to write & speak ,engli% accurately & =cibly4 ,te/imony 9 support ( ! /atem5t t tra9+ 9 speak+ is ( p>am\nt importance 9 all c>e]s might be adduc$ f a score ( s\rces4 ,ev5 f ! seem+ly f>-remov$ phase ( milit>y lead]%ip comes ! same support4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph is "p ( a lett] issu$ by ! (fice ( ! ,adjutant-,g5]al dur+ ! e>ly mon?s ( ! p>ticipation ( ?is c\ntry 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,a great numb] ( m5 h fail$ at camp because ( inability to articulate cle>ly4 ,a man :o _c imp>t 8 idea to 8 comm& 9 cle> di/9ct language1 & ) suffici5t volume ( voice to be he>d reasonably f>1 is n qualifi$ to give comm& ^u :i* human life w dep5d4 ,_m m5 disqualifi$ by ?is h&icap might h become (fic]s "u _! c\ntry's flag _h !y be5 prop]ly tra9$ 9 s*ool & college4 ,x is to be hop$ !re=e t m emphasis w be plac$ ^u ! basic pr9ciples ( elocution 9 ! tra9+ ( our y\?4 ,ev5 )\t prescrib$ tra9+ 9 elocution a great improvem5t c\ld be wr\ght by ! in/ructors 9 our s*ools & colleges1 reg>dless ( ! subjects1 by insi/+ t all answ]s be giv5 9 a l\d1 cle>1 well r\nd$ voice :i*1 ( c\rse1 necessitates ! op5+ ( ! m\? & free movem5t ( ! lips4 ,x is rem>kable h[ _m excell5t m5 suff] f ?is h&icap1 & h[ almo/ impossible x is to correct ?is aft] ! =mative ye>s ( life4 ,p]haps ! mo/ concise summ>y ( ! relative values ( ex]cise 9 ! ?ree diff]5t =ms ( communication ?r\gh language 0 enunciat$ by ,francis ,bacon 9 8 essay entitl$ ,/udies1 publi%$ fir/ 9 #aeig3 ,read+ make? a full man2 conf]5ce a ready man2 & writ+ an exact man4 ,spee* & ,talk4 ,! high value "h plac$ ^u spee* mu/ n be transf]r$ to m]e talk4 ,! babbl] w always be ju/ly reg>d$ ) contempt4 ,)\t ideas1 op9ions1 in=mation1 talk becomes ! mo/ wa/eful product 9 ! _w1 wa/eful n only ( ! "t ( ! p]son :o insi/s ^u deliv]+ x1 b m woefully & unju/ifiably wa/eful ( ! "t & pati5ce ( ^? poor victims :o are =c$ to li/5 to x4 ,%akespe>e put a man ( ?is disposition into ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice & !n _h 8 disc\rse describ$ by ano!r4 ,gratiano speaks an inf9ite deal ( no?+1 m ?an any man 9 all ,v5ice4 ,8 reasons are z two gra9s ( :eat hid 9 two bu%els ( *aff3 y %all seek all day 'ere y f9d !m1 & :5 y h !m1 !y are n wor? ! se>*4 ,b ! man :o has ideas & c be/ express !m is a lead] ev]y:]e4 ,he does ! organiz+1 he makes & imp>ts ! plans1 he c>ries 8 own !ories & beliefs into execution1 he is ! intru/$ ag5t1 ! advanc$ executive4 ,he c act = himself4 ,he c influ5ce o!rs to significant & purposeful action4 ,! advantages t come to m5 :o c ?9k ^u _! feet1 :o c express extempore a c>efully consid]$ proposition1 :o c adapt _! conv]sation or argum5ts to e *ang+ condition1 _c be emphasiz$ too /rongly4 ,spee* an ,acquir$ ,ability4 ,we frequ5tly reg>d & discuss spee* z a p]fectly natural attribute ( all human be+s4 ,9 "s s5se x is4 ,yet an ,am]ican *ild left to ! c>e ( deaf-mutes1 nev] he>+ ! spee* ( 8 own k9d1 w\ld n develop into a speak] ( ! native language ( 8 p>5ts4 ,he d\btless w\ld be able to imitate e natural s\nd he might he>4 ,he c\ld reproduce ! cry or utt]ance ( e animal or bird he _h ev] he>d4 ,b he w\ld no m speak ,engli% naturally ?an he w\ld ,arabic4 ,9 ?is s5se1 language is n a natural attribute z is hung]4 ,x is an imitative accompli%m5t acquir$ only aft] long ye>s ( pati5t practice & ardu\s ef=t4 ,"s p nev] really atta9 a facile ma/]y ( ! means ( communication4 ,"s mature m5 & wom5 are no m advanc$ 9 ! use ( spee* ?an *ildr5 ( t5 or fifte54 ,! practice is life-long4 ,! ef=t is unceas+4 ,a *ild seems to be z well adapt$ to le>n+ "o language z ano!r4 ,!re may be c]ta9 physical =mations or p[]s inh]it$ f a race :i* pr$ispose ! easi] ma/]y ( a language1 b ev5 ^! h&icaps = le>n+ a diff]5t tongue c be ov]come by imitation1 /udy1 & practice4 ,any *ild c be taught an ali5 tongue ?r\gh con/ant companion%ip ( nurse or gov]ness4 ,! second g5]ation ( immigrants to ?is c\ntry le>ns our spee* ev5 :ile x may cont9ue ! tongue ( ! native l&4 ,! ?ird g5]ation--if x mix cont9u\sly ) speak]s ( ,engli%--rel9qui%es entirely ! ex]cise ( ! "m tongue4 ,! succe$+ g5]ation seldom c speak x1 frequ5tly _c ev5 und]/& x4 ,tra9+ to ,acquire ,spee* ,ability4 ,! me?ods by :i* old] p]sons may improve _! ability to speak are analog\s to ^? j sugge/$ z op]ative = *ildr51 except t ! m mature ! p]son ! wid] is 8 range ( models to imitate1 ( examples f :i* to make d$uctions2 ! m res\rces he has )9 himself & ab\t him = self-developm5t & improvem5t4 ,a *ild's vocabul>y increases rapidly ?r\gh new exp]i5ces4 ,a mature p]son c create new surr\nd+s4 ,he c delib]ately wid5 8 horizon ei!r by read+ or association4 ,! *ild is m5tally al]t4 ,a man c keep himself intellectually al]t4 ,a *ild delights 9 8 use ( 8 p[]s ( expression4 ,a man c easily make 8 int]c\rse a s\rce ( delight to himself & to all ) :om he comes 9 contact4 ,a *ild's imag9ation is kept /imulat$ cont9ually4 ,a man c consci\sly /imulate ei!r 8 imag9ation or 8 reason4 ,9 ! democracy ( *ildhood ! ability to impress companions dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! ability to speak4 ,!re is no necessity ( foll[+ ! p>allel any f>!r4 ,good speak]s1 !n1 are made1 n born4 ,tra9+ c\nts = z mu* z natural ability4 ,9 fact if a p]son consid]s c>efully ! c>e]s ( m5 ^: ability to speak has impress$ ! _w by its preem95ce he w incl9e to ! conclusion t ! majority ( !m 7 n to any signal ext5t born speak]s at all4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ( great speak]s :o h left records ( _! own progress 9 ?is p[]ful art _! te/imony is t )\t ! ef=t to improve1 )\t ! unceas+ practice !y w\ld h always rema9$ no m m>k$ = ?is s-call$ gift ?an all o!rs4 ,ov]com+ ,drawbacks4 ,accord+ to ! regul>ly repeat$ tradition ! great ,greek orator1 ,demo/h5es1 ov]came imp$im5ts t w\ld h daunt$ any ord9>y man4 ,8 voice 0 weak4 ,he lisp$1 & 8 mann] 0 awkw>d4 ,) pebbles 9 8 m\? he tri$ 8 lungs aga9/ ! noise ( ! da%+ waves4 ,?is /r5g!n$ 8 voice & gave him pres5ce ( m9d 9 case ( tumult among 8 li/5]s4 ,he declaim$ z he ran uphill4 ,:e!r ^! traditions be true or n1 _! basis mu/ be t x 0 only by rigor\s tra9+ t he did become a tol]able speak]4 ,! significant po9t1 h[ev]1 is t ) app>5t h&icaps he did develop 8 ability until he became great4 ,*>les ,james ,fox began 8 p>liam5t>y c>e] by be+ decid$ly awkw>d & fill+ 8 spee*es ) ne$less repetitions1 yet he became r5[n$ z "o ( ,great ,brita9's mo/ brilliant speak]s & /atesm54 ,h5ry ,clay cle>ly describes 8 own ex]cises 9 self-tra9+ :5 he 0 q a gr[n man4 ,i owe my success 9 life to "o s+le fact1 namely1 at ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 ,i comm5c$1 & cont9u$ = ye>s1 ! practice ( daily read+ & speak+ ^u ! cont5ts ( "s hi/orical or sci5tific book4 ,^! (fh& ef=ts 7 made sometimes 9 a corn field1 at o!rs 9 ! =e/s1 & n infrequ5tly 9 "s di/ant b>n ) ! horse & ox = my auditors4 ,x is to ?is e>ly practice 9 ! art ( all arts t ,i am indebt$ to ! prim>y & lead+ impulses t /imulat$ me =w>d1 & %ap$ & mold$ my entire de/9y4 ,abraham ,l9coln nev] let pass any opportunity to try to make a spee*4 ,8 e>ly employ]s1 :5 call$ ^u aft] 8 fame 0 won to describe 8 habits z a "y man1 admitt$ t !y might h be5 dispos$ to consid] him an idle fell[4 ,!y expla9$ t he 0 n only idle himself b ! cause ( idl5ess 9 o!rs4 ,unless closely wat*$1 he 0 likely to m\nt a /ump &1 to ! int5se delight ( 8 fell[ f>m h&s1 deliv] a side-splitt+ imitation ( "s it9]ant prea*] or a /irr+ political h>angue4 ,! ,am]ican ^: reputation = spee* is ! greate/ won x m ?r\gh tra9+ ?an by natural gift4 ,i c\ld n speak be=e ! s*ool1 said ,daniel ,web/]4 444 ,_m a piece did ,i commit to memory & rehe>se 9 my room ov] & ov] aga91 b :5 ! day came1 & ! s*oolma/] call$ my "n1 & ,i saw all eyes turn$ ^u my seat1 ,i c\ld n raise myself f x4444 ,mr4 ,buckm9/] always press$ & entreat$1 mo/ w9n+ly1 t ,i w\ld v5ture1 b ,i c\ld nev] comm& suffici5t resolution4 ,:5 ! occasion 0 ov] ,i w5t home & wept bitt] te>s ( mortification4 ,results ( ,tra9+4 ,! significance ( all ^! illu/rations is t no great speak] has come by 8 ability )\t c>eful & p]si/5t tra9+4 ,no mold] ( ! _w's de/9ies spr+s fully equipp$ f ! welt] ( promiscu\s ev5ts4 ,he has be5 tra9+ = a long "t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! mu* m practical lesson to be d]iv$ f ^! biographical exc]pts is t ^! m5 />t$ f ord9>y conditions to make !mselves into =ceful ?9k]s ) p[]s ( conv9c+ expression4 ,!y ov]came h&icaps4 ,!y /r5g!n$ _! voices4 ,!y le>n$ h[ to prep>e & arrange mat]ial4 ,!y made !mselves able to expla9 topics to o!rs4 ,!y knew s well ! reasons = _! own belief t !y c\ld conv9ce o!rs4 ,9 a small] way1 to a less] degree1 any p]son c d ! same ?+1 & by ! same or simil> me?ods4 ,b>r+ "s p :o h physical defects or n]v\s diseases1 any p]son :o has en\gh bra9s to grasp an idea1 to =m an op9ion1 or to produce a ?\ght1 c be made to speak well4 ,! prec$+ s5t5ce says b>r+ "s p :o h physical defects because n all s h&icapp$ at ! beg9n+ ne$ despair ( le>n+ to improve 9 speak+ ability4 ,by sy/ems 9 :i* ! results appe> almo/ miracul\s ! dumb are n[ taught to speak4 ,/utt]]s & /amm]]s become excell5t deliv]]s ( spee*es 9 public4 ,weak voices are /r5g!n$4 ,hesitant expressions are made coh]5t4 ,su* m>vels ( mod]n sci5ce belong1 h[ev]1 to special classes & in/itutions4 ,!y are cit$ "h to prove t 9 language tra9+ today practically no?+ is impossible to ! tea*] ) k & pati5ce 9 educat+ /ud5ts ) al]tness & p]si/5ce4 ,practical ,help4 ,?is book attempts to provide a guide = su* tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,x aims to be em95tly practical4 ,x is int5d$ to help /ud5ts to improve 9 spee*4 ,x assumes t ^? :o use x are able to speak _! language ) "s facility--at lea/ !y c pron\nce its usual words4 ,t & ! realization t "o is alive1 z indicat$ by a m5tal op5ness to ideas & an intellectual al]tness ab\t mo/ ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 are all t are absolutely requir$ ( a beg9n] :o tries to improve 9 speak+4 ,practically all else c be add$ unto him4 ,z ?is volume has a def9ite aim x has a simple practical basis4 ,x w n so> too f> above ! ess5tials4 ,x tries n to (f] an elaborate explanation ( an en?ymeme :5 ! embryonic speak]'s knees are knock+ toge!r s l\dly t he c n he> ! in/ructor's correct+ pronunciation ( ! "n4 ,x takes into acc\nt t :5 a beg9n] /&s be=e an audi5ce--& ?is is true n only ! fir/ "t--ev5 8 body is n "u 8 control4 ,lips gr[ cold & dry2 p]spiration gu%es f e pore ( ! br[ & runs d[n ! face2 legs gr[ weak2 eyes see no?+2 h&s swell to enorm\s proportions2 viol5t pa9s %oot across ! *e/2 ! brea? is conf9$ )9 ! lungs2 f ! clapp]-l tongue comes only a fa9t click4 ,is x any wond] t "u su* physical agonies ! m9d refuses to respond--r1 is incapable ( any action :atev]8 ,spee* ,bas$ on ,?\ght & ,language4 ,e spee* is a result ( ! comb9ation ( ?\ght & language1 ( mat]ial & expression4 ,x w\ld be q possible to beg9 ) consid]ations ( ! ?\ght cont5t ( spee*es--! mat]ial2 b ?is book beg9s ) ! o!r2--! language1 ! expression4 ,if ?is ord] h no o!r advantage1 x does possess ?is "o2--t dur+ ! in=mal discussions & expressions ( op9ion occasion$ by ! e>ly *apt]s & ex]cises1 memb]s ( ! class are atta9+ a feel+ ( ease 9 speak+ among !mselves :i* w lat] eradicate a great deal ( ! n]v\sness usually exp]i5c$ :5 speak+ be=e ! class4 ,9 addition1 "s att5tion to su* topics z voice1 tone1 pronunciation1 common errors1 use ( ! diction>y1 vocabul>y1 may in/il habits ( self-criticism & obs]vation :i* may save f d\bt & emb>rass+ mi/akes lat]4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,recall "s rec5t spee* y he>d4 ,9 p>allel columns make li/s ( its excell5ces & defici5cies4 #b4 ,give ! class an acc\nt ( ! occasion1 ! purpose ( ! speak]1 & 8 effect ^u 8 audi5ce1 or ^u y4 #c4 ,expla9 h[ *ildr5 le>n to speak4 #d4 ,f y\r obs]vation give ! class an acc\nt ( h[ "y *ildr5 enl>ge _! vocabul>ies4 #e4 ,us+ ! mat]ial ( ?is *apt] z ! basis ( y\r rem>ks1 %[ ! value ( public speak+4 #f4 ,( :at value is public speak+ to wom58 #g4 ,:at effects ^u spee*es by wom5 w univ]sal suffrage h8 #h4 ,*oose "s pr(ession--z law1 eng9e]+--& %[ h[ an ability to speak may be ( value 9 x4 #i4 ,*oose "s bus9ess position1 & %[ h[ an ability to speak is a decid$ advantage 9 x4 #aj4 ,:at is ! be/ me?od ( acquir+ a =eign language8 ,= example1 h[ %all ! ali5 le>n ,engli%8 #aa4 ,*oose "s great man :om y admire4 ,%[ h[ he became a speak]4 ,or give an acc\nt ( "o ( 8 spee*es4 #ab4 ,%[ ! value ( public speak+ to a girl--9 s*ool2 9 bus9ess2 9 o!r c>e]s4 #ac4 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( a dictaphone4 #ad4 ,h[ c tra9+ 9 public speak+ help an applicant = a position8 #ae4 ,expla9 ! s5t5ce quot$ f ,bacon's essay on /udies4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,voice ,organs ( ,spee*4 ,al?\gh ! effects produc$ by ! human voice are myriad 9 _! complexity1 ! app>atus involv$ 9 mak+ ! s\nds :i* con/itute spee* is extremely simple4 ,9 con/ruction x has be5 usually comp>$ to an organ pipe1 a comp>ison ju/ifiable = imp>t+ a non-te*nical und]/&+ ( its op]ation4 ,an organ pipe is a tube 9 :i* a curr5t ( air pass+ ov] ! edge ( a piece ( metal causes x to vibrate1 ?us putt+ into motion ! column ( air 9 ! pipe :i* !n produces a note4 ,! op]at+ air is =c$ across ! s\nd+ piece ( metal f a bell[s4 ,! tube 9 :i* ! ?9 s\nd+ plate & ! column ( air vibrate acts z a resonator4 ,! result+ s\nd dep5ds ^u v>i\s sizes ( ! produc+ p>ts4 ,if ! tube is q long ! s\nd is l[ 9 pit*4 ,if ! tube is %ort ! s\nd is high4 ,/opp+ ! end ( ! pipe or leav+ x op5 alt]s ! pit*4 ,a /opp$ pipe gives a note an octave l[] ?an an op5 pipe ( ! same l5g?4 ,! am\nt ( ! vibrat+ plate :i* is all[$ to move also det]m9es ! pit* ( a note4 ,if ! air is "u great pressure ! note is l\d4 ,if ! air is "u little pressure ! note is s(t4 ,x is q easy to transf] ?is explanation to ! voice-produc+ app>atus 9 ! human body4 ,to ! bell[s correspond ! lungs f :i* ! expell$ air is =c$ upw>ds ?r\gh ! w9dpipe4 ,! lungs are able to expel air regul>ly & g5tly1 ) no m exp5se ( en]gy ?an ord9>y brea?+ requires4 ,b ! lungs c also =ce air out ) trem5d\s p[]--p[] en\gh to c>ry s\nd ov] hundr$s ( y>ds4 ,9 ord9>y repose ! outw>d mov+ brea? produces no s\nd :atev]1 = x meets 9 its passage no ob/ruction4 ,produc+ ,tone4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! w9dpipe is a triangul> *amb]1 ! front angle ( :i* =ms ! ,adam's apple4 ,9 ?is are ! vocal cords4 ,^! cords are two tapes ( membrane :i* c be br\ght closely toge!r1 & by muscul> t5sion /ret*$ until pass+ air causes !m to vibrate4 ,!y 9 turn cause ! air above !m to vibrate1 mu* z ! air 9 an organ pipe vibrates4 ,?us tone is produc$4 ,! air above ! vocal cords may fill all ! op5 spaces above ! l>ynx--! ?roat1 ! m\?1 ! nasal cavity 9 ! head1 ! no/rils4 ,?is r l>ge am\nt ( air1 vibrat+ freely1 produces a s\nd l[ 9 pit*4 ,! l>g] ! cavities are made ! l[] ! pit*4 ,y c v]ify ?is by produc+ a note4 ,!n place y\r f+] ^u y\r ,adam's apple4 ,produce a s\nd l[] 9 pit*4 ,notice :at y\r l>ynx does4 ,s+ a few notes d[n ! scale or up to obs]ve ! same pr9ciple ( ! *ange ( pit* 9 ! human voice4 ,produc+ ,v[els4 ,if ! m\? be kept wide op5 & no o!r organ be all[$ to modify or int]rupt ! s\nd a v[el is produc$4 ,9 spee* e "p ( ! head t c be us$ is br\ght into action to modify ^! un9t]rupt$ vibrations ( vocal cords & air4 ,! lips1 ! *eeks1 ! tee?1 ! tongue1 ! h>d palate1 ! s(t palate1 ! nasal cavity1 all cop]ate to make articulate spee*4 ,z 9 its me*anism1 s 9 ! ess5ce ( its modifications1 ! human voice is a m>vel ( simplicity4 ,if ! m\? be op5$ naturally & ! tongue & lips be kept z mu* out ( ! way z 9 ord9>y brea?+1 & !n ! vocal cords be made to vibrate1 ! result+ s\nd w be ! v[el a z 9 fa!r4 ,if n[1 />t+ f t same position & ) t same v[el s\nd1 ! tongue be gradually rais$ ! s\nd w be modifi$4 ,try x4 ,! s\nd w pass ?r\gh o!r v[els4 ,ne> ! middle position x w s\nd l a 9 fate2 & :5 ! tongue gets q close to ! ro( ( ! m\? )\t t\*+ x ! v[el w be ! e ( feet4 ,o!rs--su* z ! i ( x--c be di/+ui%$ cle>ly4 ,/>t+ aga9 f t same op5 position & ) t same v[el s\nd1 ah1 if ! tongue be all[$ to lie flat1 b ! lips be gradually clos$ & at ! same "t r\nd$1 ! s\nd w pass f ah to ! o ( hope1 !n on to ! oo ( troop4 ,! oa ( broad & o!r v[els c be di/+ui%$ at v>i\s positions4 ,by mov+ lips & tongue at ! same "t an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( v[el s\nds c be made4 ,produc+ ,consonants4 ,9 ord] to produce consonant s\nds ! o!r p>ts ( ! speak+ app>atus are br\ght into op]ation4 ,ev]yone ( !m has "s function 9 ! =mation ( "s consonant by int]rupt+ or *eck+ ! brea?4 ,a /ud5t1 by obs]v+ or feel+ ! motions ( 8 m\? c easily in/ruct himself 9 ! importance ( ea* "p if he w c>efully pron\nce a few times all ! v>i\s consonant s\nds ( ! language4 ,! lips produce ! s\nds ( p1 b1 :1 & w4 ,! lips & tee? produce ! s\nds ( f1 v4 ,! tongue & tee? toge!r make ! s\nds ( ? & dh4 ,! tongue 9 conjunction ) ! =w>d portion ( ! h>d palate produces sev]al s\nds--t1 d1 s1 z1 r1 & l4 ,! tongue op]at+ aga9/ or ne> ! re> ( ! h>d palate pron\nces *1 j1 %1 zh1 & a diff]5t r4 ,to make ! consonant y ! tongue1 ! h>d palate1 & ! s(t palate op]ate4 ,! tongue & s(t palate make k & g4 ,a /rong brea?+ makes ! s\nd ( h4 ,by includ+ ! nasal passages 9 conjunction ) "s ( ! o!r p>ts "h li/$ ! s-call$ nasals1 m1 n1 & ng1 are made4 ,accord+ to ! organ involv$ our consonant s\nds are conv5i5tly gr\p$ z labials 7lips71 d5tals 7tee?71 l+uals 7tongue71 palatals 7palate71 & nasals 7nose74 ,! correct position & action ( ! vocal organs are ( supreme importance to all speak]s4 ,_m an invet]ate /amm]]1 /utt]]1 or repeat] c be reliev$1 if n cur$1 ( ! emb>rass+ imp$im5t by att5tion to ! position ( 8 spee* organs & by c>eful1 p]si/5t practice 9 _! manipulation4 ,9 fact e speak] mu/ be cognizant ( ! placem5t ( ^! p>ts if he desires to h control ov] 8 spee*4 ,frequ5tly x is su* correct placem5t r ?an l\d noise or =ce :i* c>ries expressions cle>ly to li/5]s4 ,:ile x is true t s++ w /r5g!n ! lungs & help 9 control ( brea?1 x is n always ! fact--z might be expect$--t s++ w develop ! speak+ voice4 ,n e p]son :o c s+ has a pleasant or =ceful voice 9 ord9>y disc\rse4 ,9 s++1 to secure purity ( musical tone1 ! v[els are likely to be disproportionately dwelt ^u4 ,?us we h ! endless la-la-la & ah-ah ( s _m vocal %[-pieces4 ,! same practice leads to ! repeat$ criticism t x makes no diff]5ce :e!r a song be 9 ,engli% or a =eign language--! li/5]s und]/& j z mu* 9 ei!r case4 ,9 speak+ effectively ! aim & me?od are ! exact opposite4 ,:5 a man speaks he wants to be li/5$ to = ! mean+ ( :at he is utt]+4 ,!re are s _m words 9 ! language ) ! same or simil> v[el s\nds t only ! %>pe/ discrim9ation by means ( consonants p]mits ( _! be+ intelligible4 ,! speak]1 !re=e1 w ex]cise ! greate/ c>e 9 pron\nc+ consonants di/9ctly4 ,z ^! s\nds usually beg9 & end words1 & z !y are produc$ by r sudd5 *ecks or int]ruptions1 !y c be made to produce a wave motion 9 ! air :i* w c>ry ! entire ^w safely & cle>ly beyond ! e> into ! und]/&+4 ,9 public speak+ no am\nt ( c>e & att5tion be/[$ ^u pron\nc+ consonants c be sp>$4 ,tone4 ,! mo/ m>k$ quality ( a p]son's voice is its tone4 ,x w be en\gh = ! purposes ( ?is manual to ass]t t ! tone %\ld be bo? cle> & agreeable4 ,9 public speak+ ! fir/ ( ^! is all important1 ?\gh an abs5ce ( ! second qualification may almo/ neutralize all ! advantages ( ! fir/4 ,cle>ness may be impair$ by sev]al causes4 ,! speak] may feel t 8 ?roat closes up1 t he becomes *ok$4 ,8 tongue may become /iff & cleave to ! ro( ( 8 m\?--z ! feel+ is popul>ly describ$4 ,he may brea! s en]getically t ! escap+ or ent]+ air makes m noise ?an ! words !mselves4 ,he may be m or less consci\s ( all ^!4 ,! o!rs he may n discov] = himself4 ,! in/ructor or memb]s ( ! class w in=m him ( _! pres5ce4 ,set jaws w prev5t him f op5+ 8 m\? wide en\gh & op]at+ 8 lips flexibly en\gh to speak ) a full tone4 ,a nasal quality results ma9ly f lack ( free resonance 9 ! head & nose passages4 ,ad5oids & colds 9 ! head produce ?is condition4 ,x %\ld be eradicat$ by advice & practice4 ,usually :atev] corrections w make ! tone cle>] w also make x m agreeable4 ,! nasal pessimi/ic :9e is n a pleasant recomm5dation ( p]sonality4 ,high1 =c$1 /rid5t tones produce n only irritation 9 ! li/5] b ?roat tr\ble = ! speak]4 ,articulate--t is1 connect$--spee* may be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to f\r elem5ts1 all ( :i* are con/antly pres5t 9 any spok5 disc\rse4 ,spe$4 ,fir/1 !re is ! spe$ ( deliv]y4 ,an angry woman c utt] m words 9 a m9ute ?an any "o wants to he>4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple und]ly+ all spee* deliv]y is t z ! audi5ce increases 9 numb] ! rapidity ( utt]ance %\ld be less5$4 ,^? :o are accu/om$ to address+ l>ge audi5ces1 or to speak+ 9 ! op5 air1 speak v sl[ly4 ,a second consid]ation is ! mat]ial be+ deliv]$4 ,easily grasp$ n>rative1 description1 & explanation1 simply phras$ & directly con/ruct$1 may be deliv]$ mu* m rapidly ?an involv$ explanation1 unfamili> phraseology1 long & intricate s5t5ce con/ructions1 unusual mat]ial1 ab/ract reason+1 & unwelcome s5tim5ts4 ,! beg9n+s ( spee*es move mu* m sl[ly ?an lat] p>ts4 ,a speak] :o int5ds to lead an audi5ce a long di/ance1 or to hold ! att5tion = a long "t1 w be extremely c>eful n to speak at ! beg9n+ s rapidly t he leaves !m f> beh9d4 ,?is does n mean t a speak] mu/ drawl 8 words4 ,"o ( our national *>act]i/ics is t we %ort5 our words 9 pron\nc+ !m--+ g5]ally loses ! g1 does n has become doesn't & q incorrectly don't1 yes is yeeh1 etc4 ,9 _m cases no?+ m is requir$ ?an ! re/oration ( ! ^w to its correct =m4 ,"s words c easily be l5g!n$ because ( ! significance ( _! mean+s4 ,o!rs mu/ be ext5d$ 9 ord] to c>ry4 ,! be/ me?od ( keep+ d[n ! rate ( deliv]y is by a judici\s use ( pauses4 ,pauses are to ! li/5] :at punctuation m>ks are to ! read]4 ,he is n consci\s ( _! pres5ce1 b he w\ld be left fl\nd]+ if !y 7 abs5t4 ,"s ( ! mo/ effective p>ts ( spee*es are ! pauses4 ,!y imp>t cle>ness to ideas1 z well z aid+ 9 emphasis & rhy?m4 ,pit*4 ,a second quality ( spee* is its pit*4 ,?is simply means its place 9 ! musical scale4 ,speak+ voices are high1 m$ium1 or l[4 ,un=tunate t5d5cies ( ,am]icans seem to be = wom5 to pit* _! voices too high1 ) resultant /ra9 & unpleasantness1 & = m5 to pit* _! voices too l[1 ) resultant gr[ls & gruffness4 ,! voices ( "y *ildr5 %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ 9 ?is respect2 s %\ld ! *ang+ voices ( gr[+ boys4 ,to secure a good pit* = ! speak+ voice ! normal natural pit* ( usual conv]sation %\ld be f\nd4 ,spee* 9 t same pit* %\ld be develop$ = l>g] audi5ces4 ,frequ5tly a bett] pit* c be secur$ by slightly l[]+ ! voice4 ,if ! natural pit* be too l[ = cle>ness or agreeabl5ess x %\ld be slightly rais$--nev] m ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,no connect$ gr\p ( words %\ld be deliv]$ 9 a monoton\sly level pit*4 ,! voice mu/ rise & fall4 ,^! *anges mu/ answ] intellig5tly to ! mean+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,su* v>iations are call$ inflections4 ,! mo/ disagreeable violations ( requir$ inflections are rais+ ! voice :]e x %\ld fall--z at ! completion ( an idea1 & lett+ x drop :]e x %\ld rema9 up--z be=e ! completion ( an idea1 frequ5tly answ]+ to a comma4 ,o!r v>iations ( pit* dep5d ^u emphasis4 ,emphasis4 ,emphasis is giv+ prom95ce to a ^w or phrase s t its importance is impress$ ^u a li/5]4 ,?is result is mo/ easily secur$ by contra/4 ,m =ce may be put into its deliv]y ?an ! re/ ( ! spee*4 ,! ^w may be made l\d] or n s l\d4 ,! voice may be pit*$ high] or l[]4 ,! ^w may be l5g!n$4 ,pauses w make x prom95t4 ,9 speak+1 comb9ations ( ^! are employ$ to produce emphasis4 ,:ile all qualities ( spee* are important1 emphasis is ( c>d9al value4 ,li/5]s w nev] recall ev]y?+ t a speak] has said4 ,by a skilful employm5t ( emphasis he w put into _! consci\sness ! ma9 !me ( 8 message1 ! sali5t argum5ts ( 8 cont5tion1 ! lead+ motives ( action4 ,"h aga9 is t close int]dep5d5ce ( mann] & mat]ial ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 lat] *apt]s w be discuss$ v>i\s me?ods ( det]m9+ & secur+ emphasis ( l>g] sections ?an m]e words & phrases4 ,phras+4 ,some:at relat$ to emphasis is phras+4 ,?is is ! gr\p+ toge!r ( words1 phrases1 clauses1 & o!r units s t _! mean+ & significance may be easily grasp$ by a li/5]4 ,z has be5 already said1 pauses s]ve z punctuation m>ks = ! he>]4 ,%ort pauses correspond to commas1 long] ones to colons & semi-colons1 m>k$ ones to p]iods4 ,speak]s c by pauses cle>ly indicate ! conclusions ( sections1 ! completion ( topics1 ! passage f "o "p ( ! mat]ial to ano!r1 ! transf] ( att5tion f "o subject to its opposite4 ,)9 small] range pauses c add delightful v>iety to deliv]y z !y c signally re9=ce ! int]pretation4 ,no speak] %\ld fall into ! habit ( monoton\sly lett+ 8 pauses m>k ! limit ( 8 brea? capacity1 nor %\ld he take any regul> phrase1 clause1 or s5t5ce l5g? to be indicat$ by pauses4 ,9 ?is z 9 all o!r aspects v>iety is ! *>m ( spee*4 ,enunciation4 ,no matt] :at h&icaps a p]son may h he may ov]come !m to secure a di/9ct1 agreeable enunciation4 ,c>e 9 enunciat+ words w enable a speak] to be he>d almo/ any:]e4 ,x is record$ t ,john ,fox1 a fam\s prea*] ( ,s\? ,place ,*apel1 ,london1 ^: voice 0 nei!r l\d nor /rong1 0 he>d 9 e "p ( ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre1 seat+ #cejj1 :5 he made anti-corn-law orations1 by ! cle>ness ) :i* he pron\nc$ ! f9al consonants ( ! words he spoke4 ,"o ( ! orators be/ kn[n to read]s is ,edmund ,burke1 ^: spee*es are /udi$ z models ( argum5tative arrangem5t & /yle4 ,yet 9 actual spee*-mak+ ,burke 0 m or less a failure because ( ! un=tunate me?od ( 8 deliv]y4 ,_m m5 m>k$ly inf]ior 9 capacity to ,burke ov]came disadvantage\s accid5ts1 b he 0 frequ5tly hurri$ & impetu\s4 ,?\gh 8 tones 7 naturally sonor\s1 !y 7 h>%2 & he nev] dive/$ 8 spee* ( a /rong ,iri% acc5t4 ,!n1 too1 8 ge/ures 7 clumsy4 ,^! facts w expla9 to u :o read & /udy leisurely ^! ma/]pieces :y !y fail$ ( _! purpose :5 pres5t$ by _! gift$ b ineffective au?or4 ,pronunciation4 ,enunciation dep5ds to a great degree ^u pronunciation4 ,! pronunciation ( a ^w is no fix$ & un*angeable ?+4 ,e di/rict ( a l& may h its peculi> local s\nds1 e succe$+ g5]ation may v>y ! mann] ( acc5t+ a ^w4 ,engli% p today pron\nce s*$ule ) a s(t * s\nd4 ,program has _h its acc5t %ift$ f ! la/ to ! fir/ syllable4 ,_m words h two regul>ly he>d pronunciations--nei!r1 adv]tisem5t1 ,elizabe?an1 rations1 oblique1 r\te1 qu99e1 etc4 ,fa%ions come & g 9 pronunciation z 9 all o!r human int]e/s4 ,"s s\nds /amp !mselves z c>elessnesses or p]v]sions at once & are nev] admitt$ into educat$1 cultur$ spee*4 ,o!rs ?rive & h _! day1 only to fade be=e "s m widely accept$ pronunciation4 ,! fir/ rule 9 pronunciation is to consult a good diction>y4 ,?is w help 9 mo/ cases b n 9 all1 = a diction>y m]ely records all accept$ s\nds2 only p>tly c x po9t out ! bett] ( disput$ s\nds by plac+ x fir/4 ,secondly1 spee* is a liv+1 gr[+1 *ang+ ?+4 ,diction>ies drop beh9d ! times surpris+ly rapidly4 ,! regul>ly accept$ s\nd may h come into g5]al use aft] ! diction>y 0 pr9t$4 ,new activities1 unusual phases ( life may ?r[ into g5]al conv]sation ?\s&s ( unus$1 unhe>d words4 ,?is 0 true ( ! rec5t ,great ,w>1 :5 ) little or no prep>ation ?\s&s ( milit>y1 indu/rial1 naval1 & a]onautical t]ms came into daily use4 ,discussions /ill flutt] mildly ar\nd cantonm5t & rations1 & a score ( o!rs4 ,next to au?oritative books1 ! be/ models are to be secur$ f ! spee* ( au?orities 9 ea* bran* to :i* ! t]m specifically belongs4 ,?us ! milit>y lead]s h made ! pronunciation ( oblique ) ! long i ! correct "o = all milit>y usages4 ,! accept$ s\nd ( cantonm5ts 0 fix$ by ! m5 :o built & controll$ !m4 ,z x is n always possible = ! ord9>y p]son to he> su* au?orities deliv] su* t]ms 9 disc\rse "o c m]ely say t a famili>ity ) correct pronunciation c be secur$ only l lib]ty--at ! price ( et]nal vigilance4 ,con/ant consultation ( ! diction>y & o!r books ( recogniz$ ref]5ce value1 close obs]vance ( ! spee* ( o!rs1 scrut9y ( "o's own pronunciation1 m5tal criticism ( o!rs' slips1 & det]m9ation to correct "o's own errors1 are ! v>i\s me?ods ( atta9+ c]ta9ty ( correct deliv]y ( ^w s\nds4 ,poise4 ,:5 a speak] /&s be=e an audi5ce to address its memb]s he %\ld be p]fectly at ease4 ,physical ease w produce an effect ^u ! li/5]s4 ,m5tal ease because ( ma/]y ( ! mat]ial w induce confid5ce 9 ! deliv]y4 ,bodily ecc5tricities & awkw>dness :i* detract f ! spee* itself %\ld be eradicat$ by /r5u\s practice4 ,pose & poise %\ld fir/ comm& respectful att5tion4 ,! body %\ld be erect1 b n /iff4 ,mo/ ( ! muscles %\ld be relax$4 ,! feet %\ld be naturally plac$1 n s f> ap>t z to sugge/ /raddl+1 n s close toge!r z to sugge/ ! milit>y /& at att5tion4 ,:at %\ld be done ) ! h&s8 ,no?+4 ,!y %\ld n be clasp$2 !y %\ld n be put beh9d ! back2 !y %\ld n be jamm$ into pockets2 ! arms %\ld n be held akimbo2 !y %\ld n be fold$4 ,m]ely let ! arms & h&s hang at ! sides naturally4 ,ge/ures4 ,%\ld a speak] make ge/ures8 ,c]ta9ly nev] if ! ge/ure detracts f ! =ce ( an expression1 z :5 a prea*] p\nds ! book s h>d t ! congregation _c he> 8 words4 ,c]ta9ly yes1 :5 ! feel+ ( ! speak] beh9d ! phrase makes him en=ce 8 mean+ by a suitable movem5t4 ,9 speak+ today few] ge/ures are indulg$ 9 ?an ye>s ago4 ,!re %\ld nev] be _m4 ,s5seless1 j]ky1 agitat$ pok+s & twit*+s %\ld be eradicat$ completely4 ,ins9c]e fl\ri%es %\ld be inhibit$4 ,beg9n]s %\ld bew>e ( ge/ures until !y become su* practis$ ma/]s ( _! m9ds & bodies t physical emphasis may be add$ to spok5 =ce4 ,a speak] %\ld feel p]fectly free to *ange 8 position or move 8 feet dur+ 8 rem>ks4 ,usually su* a *ange %\ld be made to correspond ) a pause 9 deliv]y4 ,9 ?is way x re9=ces ! indication ( progress or *ange ( topic1 already cit$ 9 discuss+ pauses4 ,deliv]y4 ,a speak] %\ld nev] beg9 to talk ! v in/ant he has tak5 8 place be=e 8 audi5ce4 ,he %\ld make a slight pause to collect ! att5tion be=e he utt]s 8 salutation 7to be consid]$ lat]7 & %\ld make ano!r %ort pause betwe5 x & ! op5+ s5t5ces ( 8 spee* prop]4 ,aft] he has spok5 ! la/ ^w he %\ld n fl+ away f 8 /ation to 8 seat4 ,?is always spoils ! effect ( an entire address by ru9+ ! impression t ! la/ phrase might h made4 ,z = ! spee* itself1 !re are five ways ( deliv]+ x3 #a4 ,to write x out 9 full & read x4 #b4 ,to write x out 9 full & commit x to memory4 #c4 ,to write out & memorize ! op5+ & clos+ s5t5ces & o!r especially important p>ts1 leav+ ! re/ = extempore deliv]y4 #d4 ,to use an outl9e or a brief :i* sugge/s ! head+s 9 logical ord]4 #e4 ,to speak )\t manuscript or notes4 ,read+ ! ,spee*4 ,! fir/ ( ^! me?ods--to read ! spee* f a prep>$ manuscript--really *anges ! spee* to a lecture or read+4 ,true1 x prev5ts ! au?or f say+ any?+ he w\ld n say 9 c>eful consid]ation ( 8 topic4 ,x assures him ( gett+ 9 all he wants to say4 ,x gives ! impression t all 8 utt]ances are ! result ( calm1 collect$ ?9k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s few p c read f a manuscript conv9c+ly t ! reproduction is likely to be a dull1 lifeless proce$+ 9 :i* almo/ any?+ might be said1 s little does ! mat]ial impress ! audi5ce4 ,?is me?od c h>dly be consid]$ spee*-mak+ at all4 ,memoriz+ ! ,spee*4 ,! second me?od--( repeat+ memoriz$ compositions--is bett]4 ,x at lea/ seems alive4 ,x has an appe>ance ( direct address4 ,x possesses ! o!r advantages ( ! fir/ me?od--def9ite reason+ & c>eful con/ruction4 ,b its dang]s are grave4 ,few p c recite memoriz$ passages ) ! p]sonal appeal & direct significance t effective spok5 disc\rse %\ld h4 ,emphasis is lack+4 ,v>iety is abs5t4 ,! tone becomes monoton\s4 ,! spee* is s well committ$ t x fl[s too easily4 ,if sev]al speak]s foll[ v>i\s me?ods1 almo/ any li/5] c un]r+ly pick ! memoriz$ ef=ts4 ,let ! speak] 9 deliv]y /rive = v>iety1 pauses1 emphasis2 let him be actor en\gh to simulate ! feel+ ( spontane\s composition z he talks1 yet no matt] h[ successful he may be 9 8 attempts !re w /ill be slight inconsi/5cies1 trifl+ incongruities1 :i* w di/urb a li/5] ev5 if he _c describe 8 m5tal reaction4 ,! secret lies 9 ! fact t writt5 & spok5 composition diff] 9 c]ta9 details :i* are pres5t 9 ea* =m 9 spite ( ! utmo/ c>e to we$ !m out4 ,memoriz+ ,p>ts4 ,! ?ird mann] c be made effective if ! speak] c make ! gap j describ$ betwe5 writt5 & spok5 disc\rse extremely n>r[4 ,if n1 8 spee* w appe> j :at x is--an incongru\s pat*work ( c>efully prep>$1 reconsid]$ writ+1 & m or less spontane\sly evolv$ speak+4 ,speak+ f ,outl9e or ,brief4 ,! f\r? me?od is by f> ! be/ = /ud5ts tra9+ !mselves to become public speak]s4 ,aft] a "t ! brief or outl9e c be reta9$ 9 ! m9d1 & ! speak] passes f ?is me?od to ! next4 ,a brief = an important law case 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt is a long & elaborate in/rum5t4 ,b a /ud5t speak]'s brief or outl9e ne$ n be long4 ,directions1 models1 & ex]cises = con/ruct+ & us+ outl9es w be giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! ,be/ ,me?od4 ,! la/ me?od is unque/ionably ! be/4 ,let a man s comm& all ! aspects ( a subject t he fe>s no breakd[n 9 8 ?\ghts1 let him be able to use language s t he ne$ nev] hesitate = ! be/ expression1 let him "k ! effect he wants to make ^u 8 audi5ce1 ! "t he has to d x 91 & he w "k by :at approa*es he c be/ rea* 8 important !me1 :at he may safely omit1 :at he mu/ include1 :at he may hurry ov]1 :at he mu/ sl[ly unfold1 :at he may h&le lightly1 :at he mu/ treat s]i\sly2 9 %ort1 he w make a great spee*4 ,?is mann] is ! ideal t[>ds :i* all /ud5ts1 all speak]s1 %\ld /rive4 ,attributes ( ! ,speak]4 ,attributes ( ! speak] himself w aid or m> 8 spee*4 ,among ^? :i* help are s9c]ity1 e>ne/ness1 simplicity1 fairness1 self-control1 s5se ( humor1 sympa?y4 ,all great speak]s h possess$ ^! traits4 ,reports ^u significant speak]s describ+ _! mann] emphasize !m4 ,john ,bright1 ! fam\s ,engli% p>liam5t>ian ( ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 is describ$ z foll[s3 ,8 /yle ( speak+ 0 exactly :at a conv5tional demagogue's ought n to be4 ,x 0 pure to au/]ity2 x 0 /ripp$ ( all sup]flu\s ornam5t4 ,x nev] gu%$ or foam$4 ,x nev] all[$ itself to be ma/]$ by passion4 ,! fir/ peculi>ity t /ruck ! li/5] 0 its sup]b self-re/ra9t4 ,! orator at 8 mo/ p[]ful passages appe>$ z if he 7 r keep+ 9 8 /r5g? ?an tax+ x ) ef=t4 ,,ju/9 ,,mcc>?y3 ,hi/ory ( ,our ,own ,"t ,9 ,am]ican hi/ory ! greate/ spee*es 7 made by ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,9 ,coop] ,union1 ,new ,york1 he made 9 #ahfj ! mo/ p[]ful spee* aga9/ ! slave p[]4 ,! ,new ,york ,tribune ! next day pr9t$ ?is description ( 8 mann]4 ,mr4 ,l9coln is "o ( nature's orators1 us+ 8 r>e p[]s solely to elucidate & conv9ce1 ?\gh _! inevitable effect is to delight & electrify z well4 ,we pres5t h]e) a v full & accurate report ( ?is spee*2 yet ! tones1 ! ge/ures1 ! k9dl+ eye1 & ! mir?-provok+ look defy ! report]'s skill4 ,! va/ assemblage frequ5tly rang ) *e]s & %\ts ( applause1 :i* 7 prolong$ & int5sifi$ at ! close4 ,no man ev] be=e made su* an impression on 8 fir/ appeal to a ,new ,york audi5ce4 ,%akespe>e's ,advice4 ,"s ( ! be/ advice = speak]s 0 writt5 by ,%akespe>e z long ago z j aft] #afjj1 & al?\gh x 0 int5d$ prim>ily = actors1 its precepts are j z applicable to almo/ any k9d ( deliv]$ disc\rse4 ,e s5t5ce ( x is full ( significance = a /ud5t ( speak+4 ,hamlet1 ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k1 is air+ 8 op9ions ab\t ! prop] mann] ( speak+ ^u ! /age4 ,,hamlet',s ,,spee* ,speak ! spee*1 ,i pray y1 z ,i pron\nc$ x to y1 tripp+ly on ! tongue2 b if y m\? x1 z _m ( y\r play]s d1 ,i _h z lief ! t[n-cri] spoke my l9es4 ,nor d n saw ! air too mu* ) y\r h&1 ?us1 b use all g5tly2 = 9 ! v torr5t1 tempe/1 &1 z ,i may say1 :irlw9d ( y\r passion1 y mu/ acquire & beget a temp]ance t may give x smoo?ness4 ,oh1 x (f5ds me to ! s\l to he> a robu/i\s p]iwig-pat$ fell[ te> a passion to tatt]s1 to v rags1 to split ! e>s ( ! gr\ndl+s1 :o = ! mo/ "p are capable ( no?+ b inexplicable dumb-%[s & noise4 ,i w\ld h su* a fell[ :ipp$ = o'erdo+ ,t]magant4 ,x out-h]ods ,h]od4 ,pray y1 avoid x4 ,be n too tame nei!r1 b let y\r own discretion be y\r tutor4 ,suit ! action to ! ^w1 ! ^w to ! action2 ) ?is special obs]vance1 t y o'er/ep n ! mode/y ( nature4 ,= any?+ s ov]done is f ! purpose ( play+1 ^: end1 bo? at ! fir/ & n[1 0 & is1 to hold1 z 't 71 ! mirror up to nature2 to %[ virtue h] own feature1 scorn h] own image1 & ! v age & body ( ! "t 8 =m & pressure4 ,n[ ?is ov]done1 or come t>dy (f1 ?\gh x make ! unskilful laugh1 _c b make ! judici\s grieve2 ! c5sure ( ! :i* "o mu/ 9 y\r all[ance o'erweigh a :ole !at] ( o!rs4 ,oh1 !re be play]s t ,i h se5 play1 & he>d o!rs praise1 & t highly1 n to speak x pr(anely1 t1 nei!r hav+ ! acc5t ( ,*ri/ians nor ! gait ( ,*ri/ian1 pagan1 nor man1 h s /rutt$ & bell[$ t ,i h ?\ght "s ( nature's j\rneym5 _h made m5 & n made !m well1 !y imitat$ humanity s abom9ably4 ,oh1 re=m x altoge!r4 ,& let ^? t play y\r cl[ns speak no m ?an is set d[n = !m2 = !re be ( !m t w !mselves laugh1 to set on "s quantity ( b>r5 spectators to laugh too1 ?\gh 9 ! meantime "s necess>y "q ( ! play be !n to be consid]$4 ,t's villa9\s1 & %[s a mo/ pitiful ambition 9 ! fool t uses x4 ,g make y ready4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ',nea? our feet broke ! brittle bright /ubble l *aff4 #b4 ,! fir/ sip ( love is pleasant2 ! second1 p]il\s2 ! ?ird1 pe/il5t4 #c4 ,our ardors are ord]$ by our en?usiasms4 #d4 ,%e's positively sick ( see+ h] soil$1 silk1 ,sunday dress4 #e4 ,! r\gh c\gh & hicc\gh pl[$ me ?r\gh4 #f4 ,%e /ood at ! gate welcom+ him 94 #g4 ,five miles me&]+ ) a mazy motion4 #h4 ,pet] ,pip] pick$ a peck ( pickl$ pepp]s3 if ,pet] ,pip] pick$ a peck ( pickl$ pepp]s1 :]e is ! peck ( pickl$ pepp]s t ,pet] ,pip] pick$8 #i4 ,!ophilus ,?i/le1 ! ?i/le-sift]1 sift$ a sieve ( unsift$ ?i/les4 ,if ,!ophilus ,?i/le1 ! ?i/le-sift]1 sift$ a sieve ( unsift$ ?i/les1 :]e is ! sieve ( unsift$ ?i/les t ,!ophilus ,?i/le1 ! ?i/le-sift]1 sift$8 #aj4 ,alone1 alone1 all1 all alone1 ,alone on a wide1 wide sea6 #aa4 ,! spl5dor falls on ca/le walls1 ,& sn[y summits old 9 /ory4 #ab4 ,tomorr[ & tomorr[ & tomorr[ ,creeps 9 ?is petty pace f day to day ,to ! la/ syllable ( record$ "t4 #ac4 ,! moan ( doves 9 immemorial elms1 ,& murmur+s ( innum]able bees4 #ad4 ,! ,ladies' ,aid ladies 7 talk+ ab\t a conv]sation !y _h ov]he>d1 be=e ! meet+1 betwe5 a man & 8 wife4 ,!y mu/ h be5 at ! ,zoo1 said ,mrs4 ,a42 because ,i he>d h] m5tion 'a tra9$ de]4' ,goodness me6 laugh$ ,mrs4 ,b4 ,:at que] he>+ y mu/ h6 ,!y 7 talk+ ab\t go+ away1 & %e said1 ',f9d out ab\t ! tra91 de>4' ,well1 did anybody ev]6 exclaim$ ,mrs4 ,c4 ,i am sure !y 7 talk+ ab\t musicians1 = %e said1 'a tra9$ e>1' z di/9ctly z c\ld be4 ,! discussion began to w>m up1 & 9 ! mid/ ( x ! lady h]self appe>$4 ,!y c>ri$ ! case to h] promptly1 & ask$ = a settlem5t4 ,well1 well1 y d beat all6 %e exclaim$1 aft] he>+ ea* "o4 ,i'd be5 out 9 ! c\ntry ov]night & 0 ask+ my husb& if x ra9$ "h la/ night4 #ae4 ,le>n+ condemns beyond ! rea* ( hope ,! c>eless lips t speak ( s7oap = soap2 ,h] edict exiles f h] fair abode ,! cl[ni% voice t utt]s r7oad = road2 ,less /]n to him :o calls 8 coat a c7oat1 ,& /e]s 8 boat believ+ x a b7oat4 ,%e p>don$ "o1 our classic city's boa/1 ,:o said at ,cambridge1 m7o/ in/ead ( mo/1 ,b knit h] br[s & /amp$ h] angry foot ,to he> a ,tea*] call a root a r7oot4 #af4 ,he> ! toll+ ( ! bells-- ,iron bells6 ,:at a _w ( solemn ?\ght _! monody compels6 ,9 ! sil5ce ( ! night1 ,h[ we %iv] ) affright ,at ! melan*oly m5ace ( _! tone6 ,= e s\nd t floats ,f ! ru/ )9 _! ?roats ,is a groan4 ,& ! p--ah1 ! p-- ,!y t dwell up 9 ! /eeple1 ,all alone1 ,& :o1 toll+1 toll+1 toll+1 ,9 t muffl$ monotone1 ,feel a glory 9 s roll+ ,on ! human he>t a /one-- ,!y are nei!r man nor woman-- ,!y are nei!r brute nor human-- ,!y are ,gh\ls3 ,& _! k+ x is :o tolls2 ,& he rolls1 rolls1 rolls1 ,rolls ,a ,paean f ! bells6 ,& 8 m]ry bosom swells ,) ! paean ( ! bells6 ,& he dances1 & he yells2 ,keep+ "t1 "t1 "t1 ,9 a sort ( ,runic rhyme1 ,to ! paean ( ! bells-- ,( ! bells4 #ag4 ,collect+1 project+1 ,rec$+ & spe$+1 ,& %ock+ & rock+1 ,& d>t+ & p>t+4 ,& ?read+ & spread+1 ,& :izz+ & hiss+1 ,& dripp+ & skipp+1 ,& hitt+ & splitt+1 ,& %9+ & tw9+1 ,& rattl+ & battl+1 ,& %ak+ & quak+1 ,& p\r+ & ro>+1 ,& wav+ & rav+1 ,& toss+ & cross+1 ,& fl[+ & go+1 ,& runn+ & /unn+1 ,& foam+ & roam+1 ,& d9n+ & sp9n+1 ,& dropp+ & hopp+1 ,& work+ & j]k+1 ,& guggl+ & /ruggl+1 ,& heav+ & cleav+1 ,& moan+ & groan+2 ,& glitt]+ & fritt]+1 ,& ga!r+ & fea!r+1 ,& :it5+ & bright5+1 ,& quiv]+ & %iv]+1 ,& hurry+ & skurry+1 ,& ?und]+ & fl\nd]+2 ,divid+ & glid+ & slid+1 ,& fall+ & brawl+ & sprawl+1 ,& driv+ & riv+ & /riv+1 ,& spr9kl+ & tw9kl+ & wr9kl+1 ,& s\nd+ & b\nd+ & r\nd+1 ,& bubbl+ & tr\bl+ & d\bl+1 ,& grumbl+ & rumbl+ & tumbl+1 ,& clatt]+ & batt]+ & %att]+2 ,retreat+ & beat+ & meet+ & %eet+1 ,delay+ & /ray+ & play+ & spray+1 ,advanc+ & pranc+ & glanc+ & danc+1 ,recoil+1 turmoil+ & toil+ & boil+1 ,& gleam+ & /ream+ & /eam+ & beam+1 ,& ru%+ & flu%+ & bru%+ & gu%+1 ,& flapp+ & rapp+ & clapp+ & slapp+1 ,& curl+ & :irl+ & purl+ & twirl+1 ,& ?ump+ & plump+ & bump+ & jump+1 ,& da%+ & fla%+ & spla%+ & cla%+2 ,& s nev] end+1 b always desc5d+1 ,s\nds & motions = ev] & ev] are bl5d+1 ,all at once & all o'er1 ) a mighty upro>2 ,& ?is way ! wat] comes d[n at ,lodore4 #ah4 ,si/] ,susie's sew+ %irts = soldi]s1 ,su* skill at sew+ %irts our %y "y ,si/] ,susie %[s4 ,"s soldi]s s5d epi/les ,say !y'd r sleep 9 ?i/les ,?an ! saucy1 s(t1 %ort %irts = soldi]s ,si/] ,susie sews4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,words ,,& ,,s5t5ces ,vocabul>ies4 ,! collection ( words a p]son c comm& ei!r 9 use or und]/&+ is a vocabul>y4 ,e p]son has ?ree di/9ct ones3 8 read+ vocabul>y1 8 writ+ vocabul>y1 8 speak+ vocabul>y4 ,( ^!1 ! read+ vocabul>y is ! l>ge/4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( words he recognizes 9 read+ & al?\gh he might n be able to con/ruct a diction>y def9ition = ev]yone1 he has a suffici5tly cle> idea to grasp ! mean+4 ,9 ?is rude approximation to s5se he is aid$ by ! context1 b = all practical purposes he und]/&s ! ^w4 ,if he 7 writ+1 c>efully tak+ "t to note exactly :at he 0 express+1 he might recall t ^w & s consci\sly put x into a s5t5ce4 ,he might use x 9 exactly ! same s5se 9 :i* he _h se5 x 9 pr9t4 ,b nev] 9 ! ru% ( ideas & words 9 spok5 disc\rse w\ld he risk us+ a ^w he knew s slightly4 ,if no?+ m1 he w\ld bew>e ( mispronunciation4 ,?us a p]son c\ld easily d$uce f 8 read+ t a hang> is a build+ to h\se airplanes4 ,he might--to avoid repeat+ ! ^w %$ too frequ5tly--use x 9 writ+4 ,b until he 0 absolutely c]ta9 ( its significance & its s\nd he w\ld h>dly v5ture to say x to o!r m54 ,spok5 disc\rse is s alive1 x moves s rapidly1 t x is nev] s precise1 s v>i$ 9 its *oice ( words1 z writt5 mat]ial4 ,! phraseology ( writt5 disc\rse s\nds slightly or m>k$ly /ilt$1 booki%1 if repeat$ by ! tongue4 ,?is diff]5ce--?\gh x may appe> almo/ trifl+--is app>5t to ev]yone4 ,its recognition c be p>tly illu/rat$ by ! fact t aft] ,presid5t ,l[ell & ,s5ator ,lodge _h debat$ on ! topic1 ! ,league ( ,nations1 9 ,bo/on & 7 %[n ! reports ( _! spee*es1 ea* made *anges 9 c]ta9 expressions4 ,! v]sion = pr9t & read+ is a little m =mal ?an ! deliv]$ s5t5ces4 ,! ,s5ator said1 ,i want b pref]r$ to write ,i wi%2 !n he *ang$ has got to be into mu/1 & no?+ to see into no?+ visible4 ,"o might say t all ?ree vocabul>ies %\ld correspond1 b !re is no real ne$ ( ?is4 ,s long z p read !y w meet ?\s&s ( words = :i* !y h no ne$ 9 speak+4 ,ev]ybody mu/ be able to und]/& ! ma/]pieces ( ! pa/ ) _! ar*aic 7old-fa%ion$7 words l eftsoons or halidom1 b no "o ne$ use su* expressions n[4 ,s !re is no discr$it 9 ! fact t "o's speak+ vocabul>y is m re/rict$ ?an 8 read+ vocabul>y4 ,new ,ideas1 ,new ,words4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t an educat$ p]son %\ld nev] re/ cont5t ) ! size ( 8 usable speak+ vocabul>y4 ,! addition ( e new ^w is likely to indicate ! grasp ( a new idea4 ,likewise1 e new idea is almo/ c]ta9 to require its individual t]ms = expression4 ,an enl>g+ vocabul>y is ! outw>d & visible sign ( an inw>d & intellectual gr[?4 ,no man's vocabul>y c equal ! size ( a diction>y1 ! late/ ( :i* 9 ,engli% is e/imat$ to conta9 "s #dej1jjj words4 ,life may be ma9ta9$ ^u a surpris+ly meag] gr\p ( words1 z travel]s 9 =eign l&s c te/ify4 ,%akespe>e's vocabul>y is said to h includ$ z _m z #ae1jjj words4 ,figures = t ( ! av]age p]son v>y consid]ably4 ,increas+ ! ,vocabul>y4 ,! me?od ( increas+ a vocabul>y is a q simple process4 ,its proc$ure is a fasc9at+ ex]cise4 ,x cov]s f\r /eps4 ,:5 a new ^w is enc\nt]$ x %\ld be notic$ ) ke5 att5tion4 ,if he>d1 its pronunciation w be fix$ ^u ! e>4 ,if se51 its spell+ %\ld be ma/]$ at once4 ,! next /ep is to consult a diction>y = ei!r spell+ or pronunciation4 ,!n all its mean+s %\ld be exam9$4 ,/ill ! ^w is n y\rs until y h us$ x exactly4 ,?is y %\ld d at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,if ! opportunity seems long 9 com+ make x = y\rself by discuss+ ) "s "o ! topic ) :i* x 0 us$ or frankly discuss ! ^w itself4 ,h[ _m unfamili> words h y he>d or se5 rec5tly8 ,h[ _m d y easily use n[ 9 y\r own rem>ks8 ,y might f9d x a good plan to take a l+ui/ic inv5tory e night4 ,a little practice 9 ?is w produce amaz+ly int]e/+ & pr(itable results 9 bo? use & und]/&+4 ,a ke5ness = words w be rapidly develop$4 ,^w-li/s ( all k9ds w take on entirely new mean+s4 ,a spontane\s receptivity w develop into p]man5t ret5tion ( words & phrases4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,tell ( "s new ^w y h add$ to y\r vocabul>y rec5tly4 ,expla9 :5 y met x1 h[ x happ5$ to impress y1 :at y le>n$ ( x4 #b4 ,9 /udy+ a =eign language h[ did y fix 9 y\r m9d ! words :i* p]man5tly /uck !re8 #c4 ,look ov] a page 9 a diction>y4 ,report to ! class on "s int]e/+ mat]ial y f9d4 #d4 ,make a li/ ( t5 slang or te*nical expressions4 ,expla9 !m 9 exact1 cle> language4 #e4 ,f9d & br+ to class a %ort pr9t$ passage1 :i* because ( ! words1 y _c und]/&4 ,unusual books1 wom5's fa%ion magaz9es1 te*nical j\rnals1 books ( rules = games1 f9ancial reports1 conta9 good examples4 #f4 ,h[ mu* d y "k ab\t any ( ! foll[+ words8 *assis fuselage or?odox sable comptomet] g]micide plebescite self-det]m9ation cov5ant layman purlo9 soviet e?iopian morale qu]ul\s v]s libre f>ce nect> r5egade zoom #g4 ,comm5t on ! words 9 ! foll[+ extracts3 ,( en*ant+ crimson brocade is ! slipov] bl\se :i* foll[s ! l9es ( ! ,fr5* cuirasse4 ,*>m+ly simple1 ?is bl\se1 q devoid ( trimm+1 a*ieves sm>tness by conceal+ ! wai/l9e ) five graceful folds4 ,! %ift bid consi/s 9 bidd+ a suit1 ( :i* y h little or no?+1 ) ! ultimate object ( transf]r+ lat] to ano!r decl>ation1 :i* is p]fectly s\nd4 ,! idea is to keep y\r adv]s>ies f lead+ ?is suit up to y\r h&1 :i* !y w likely avoid do+1 ?9k+ t y are /rong 9 x4 ,:ile s5tim5t is radically be>i% on corn !re is s little pressure on ! m>ket o!r ?an f %orts t a majority ( trad]s are incl9$ to g sl[ 9 press+ ! sell+ side on breaks until ! situation becomes m cle>ly def9$4 ,! weekly =eca/ = cool wea!r is reg>d$ z favorable = husk+ & %ell+1 & :ile !re 0 ev5+ up on ! "p ( ! pit op]ators = ! d\ble holiday1 "s ( ! l>g] local pr(essionals w5t home %ort expect+ a l[] op5+ ,tuesday4 #h4 ,make a li/ ( t5 new words y h le>n$ rec5tly4 ,suffixes & ,prefixes4 ,def9ite /eps = cont9u\s additions c be mapp$ out & cov]$4 ,c>eful att5tion to prefixes & suffixes w enl>ge ! vocabul>y4 ,,prefixes #a4 a on1 91 at1 to2 ab$1 abo>d1 afield1 afire #b4 ab 7a1 abs7 f1 away2 abs5t1 ab/ract1 abdicate #c4 ad1 etc4 to1 9 addition to2 adapt1 admit1 adduce #d4 ante be=e1 ant]oom1 antebellum #e4 anti aga9/1 opposite2 anticlimax1 antipodes1 antipa?y #f4 bi two2 bicycle1 bi5nial1 bip$1 biplane #g4 circum ar\nd1 ab\t2 circumnavigate1 circumscribe1 circumv5t #h4 con 7col1 com1 co1 cor1 etc47 )1 toge!r2 cons5t1 collect1 cord9ate1 composite1 conspiracy #i4 contra 7c\nt]7 aga9/2 contradict1 c\nt]act1 c\nt]m& #aj4 de d[n1 f1 away2 depose1 desi/1 decapitate1 d5atur$ #aa4 demi1 hemi1 semi half2 demi-tasse1 hemisph]e1 semiannual1 semitransp>5t #ab4 di 7dis7 twice1 d\ble2 dissyllable #ac4 dis 7di1 dif7 ap>t1 away1 n2 di/ract1 div]ge1 div]sion1 disp>age #ad4 en 7em7 91 on1 into2 engrave1 embody1 embrace #ae4 extra beyond2 extraord9>y1 extravagant #af4 hyp] above2 hyp]critical #ag4 9 7il1 im1 ir7 91 into1 n2 inclose1 illu/rate1 irrigate1 in=m1 illit]ate1 impi\s1 irregul> #ah4 ex 7e1 ec1 ef7 out (1 f1 beyond1 ?or\ghly1 =m]ly b n n[2 exclude1 excel1 ex-s5ator4 #ai4 int] betwe51 among2 int]c$e1 int]*ange1 int]f]e1 int]urban1 int]lude #bj4 mis wrongly1 badly2 miscalculate1 misspell1 misadv5ture #ba4 mono "o2 monoplane #bb4 p] ?r\gh1 ?or\ghly1 by2 p]*ance1 p]fect1 p]-adv5ture #bc4 poly _m2 polygon1 poly!ism #bd4 po/ beh9d1 aft]2 po/graduate1 po/-mortem1 po/lude1 po/script1 po/-m]idian 7,p4,m47 #be4 pre be=e 79 "t1 place1 or ord]72 prem95t1 pr$ict1 pref]1 prefix1 prejudge1 prejudice #bf4 pret] beyond2 pret]natural #bg4 pro be=e1 =?1 =w>d2 proce$1 prosecute #bh4 pro sid+ )2 pro-ally #bi4 re back1 aga92 recov]1 r5ew1 recall #cj4 sub1 etc4 "u2 subm]ge1 subscribe1 subt]ranean1 subt]fuge #ca4 sup] 7sur7 ov]1 above2 sup]9t5d1 sup]c>go #cb4 trans 7tra7 across2 translate1 transmit1 transf] #cc4 vice 7vis7 in/ead (2 vice-presid5t1 vice-admiral ,,suffixes #a4 ee1 er "o :o2 abs5tee1 pr(ite]1 m[] #b4 ard1 art t]m ( disp>agem5t2 drunk>d1 bragg>t #c4 esque l2 /atuesque #d4 ism /ate ( be+2 b>b>ism1 a!ism #e4 et1 let little2 brooklet1 bracelet1 eaglet #f4 l+ little1 "y2 duckl+1 gosl+ #g4 k9 little2 lambk91 ,pet]k9 #h4 /ead a place2 b$/ead1 home/ead1 in/ead #i4 wright a workman2 :eelwright ,!saurus4 ,besides frequ5tly consult+ a good mod]n diction>y a /ud5t speak] %\ld famili>ize himself ) a ,!saurus ( words & phrases4 ,?is is a peculi>ly useful compilation ( expressions accord+ to _! mean+ relations4 ,a diction>y li/s words1 !n gives _! mean+s4 ,a ,!saurus arranges mean+s1 !n gives ! words t express ^? ideas4 ,! value ( su* a book c be be/ illu/rat$ by expla9+ its use4 ,suppose a speak] is go+ to attack "s pr9ciple1 "s act1 "s p>ty4 ,he kn[s t 8 ma9 !me w be d5unciation ( some?+4 ,9 ! index ( a ,!saurus he looks "u d5unciation1 f9d+ two numb]s ( p>agraphs4 ,turn+ to ! fir/ he has "u 8 eye a gr\p ( words all express+ %ades ( ?is idea4 ,!re are fur!r ref]5ces to o!r relat$ t]ms4 ,let u look at ! fir/ gr\p1 tak5 f ,roget's ,!saurus4 ,,mal$icton1 curse1 imprecation1 d5unciation1 execration1 ana!ma1 ban1 proscription1 excommunication1 comm9ation1 fulm9ation4 ,curs+1 scold+1 rail+1 ,bill+sgate language4 ,v4 ,to curse1 accurse1 imprecate1 scold1 rail1 execrate4 ,to d5\nce1 proscribe1 excommunicate1 fulm9ate4 ,adj4 ,curs+1 c1 curs$1 c4 ,,?reat1 m5ace1 defiance1 abuse1 comm9ation1 intimidation4 ,v4 ,to ?reat51 m5ace1 defy1 fulm9ate2 to intimidate4 ,adj4 ,?reat5+1 m5ac+1 m9atory1 abusive4 ,! second ref]5ce leads u f>!r4 ,x pres5ts ! expressions deal+ ) ! me?ods & results ( d5unciation1 provid+ hundr$s ( words & phrases to use 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x does ev5 m1 = 9 a p>allel column x gives a li/ ( opposites = ! words indicat+ condemnation4 ,?is m ?an d\bles its value4 ,f9ally hav+ rea*$ ! ^w puni%m5t x li/s its cognates until ! idea p5alty is rea*$1 :]e x balances t idea ) rew>d & its synonyms4 ,a portion ( ?is section foll[s4 ,,lawsuit1 suit1 action1 cause1 trial1 litigation4 ,d5unciation1 citation1 arraignm5t1 p]secution1 indictm5t1 impea*m5t1 appreh5sion1 arre/1 committal1 imprisonm5t4 ,plead+s1 writ1 summons1 plea1 bill1 affidavit1 c4 ,v]dict1 s5t5ce1 judgm5t1 f9d+1 decree1 arbitram5t1 adjudication1 aw>d4 ,v4 ,to g to law2 to take ! law (2 to appeal to ! law2 to jo9 issue2 file a bill1 file a claim4 ,to d5\nce1 cite1 appreh5d1 arraign1 sue1 prosecute1 br+ to trial1 indict1 atta*1 di/ra91 to commit1 give 9 *>ge or cu/ody2 ?r[ into prison4 ,to try1 he> a cause1 sit 9 judgm5t4 ,to pron\nce1 f9d1 judge1 s5t5ce1 give judgm5t2 br+ 9 a v]dict2 doom1 to arbitrate1 adjudicate1 aw>d1 report4 ,,acquittal1 absolution1 see ,p>don1 #iah1 cle>ance1 dis*>ge1 release1 reprieve1 respite4 ,exemption f puni%m5t2 impunity4 ,v4 ,to acquit1 absolve1 cle>1 dis*>ge1 release1 reprieve1 respite4 ,adj4 ,acquitt$1 c4 ,uncondemn$1 unpuni%$1 un*a/is$4 ,,condemnation1 conviction1 proscription2 dea? w>rant4 ,atta9d]1 atta9m5t4 ,v4 ,to condemn1 convict1 ca/1 f9d guilty1 proscribe4 ,adj4 ,condemnatory1 c4 ,,puni%m5t1 *a/isem5t1 ca/igation1 correction1 *a/5+1 discipl9e1 infliction1 etc4 ,an obs]v] w see at once j h[ f> ^! li/s g & :at mu/ supplem5t !m4 ,!y d n def9e1 !y d n discrim9ate1 !y d n re/rict4 ,!y are miscellane\s collections4 ,a p]son mu/ consult ! diction>y or ref] to "s o!r au?ority to prev5t error or emb>rassm5t 9 use4 ,= in/ance1 "u ! entry newspap] occurs ! attractive ^w ephem]is4 ,b "o %\ld be c>eful ( h[ & :]e he uses t ^w4 ,ano!r ex]cise :i* w aid 9 fix+ bo? words & mean+s 9 ! m9d & also help 9 ! p[] ( recall+ !m = in/ant use is to make "s k9d ( ^w-li/ accord+ to "s pr9ciple or s*eme4 ,"o plan might be to collect all ! words deal+ ) ! idea ( book4 ,ano!r might be to take "s obvi\s ^w root & !n foll[ x & o!r roots add$ to x ?r\gh all its =ms1 mean+s1 & uses4 ,"o might *oose tel 7di/ant7 & graph 7record7 & />t ) telegraph4 ,telephone w introduce phone1 phonograph2 !y w lead on to dictaphone1 dictagraph2 ! fir/ half l9ks ) dictation2 t may lead z f> away z dictatorial4 ,9 fact !re is no limit to ! ext5t1 ! int]e/1 & ! value ( ^! v>i\s ex]cises4 ,! s+le aim ( all ( !m %\ld be1 ( c\rse1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! speak+ vocabul>y4 ,m]e curiosities1 curr5t slang1 f>-fet*$ metaphors1 pass+ =eign phrases1 ar*aisms1 obsolete & obsolesc5t t]ms1 too new co9ages1 atrocities1 %\ld be avoid$ z a plague4 ,consi/5t1 p]si/5t1 insi/5t ^w-/udy is ( ine/imable value to a speak]4 ,& s9ce all p speak1 x foll[s t x w\ld b5efit ev]ybody4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,expla9 :at is meant by ea* entry 9 ! =ego+ li/4 #b4 ,li/ "s v]bal curiosities y h met rec5tly4 ,examples3 ,mr4 ,h-x-y\r-own-way is ! be/ husb&4 ,he %[s a great deal ( /ick-to-x-iv5ess4 #c4 ,:at %\ld be ! only condition = us+ =eign expressions8 ,c y %[ h[ =eign words become naturaliz$8 ,cite "s =eign words us$ 9 spee*4 #d4 ,are ar*aic 7old-fa%ion$71 obsolete 7disc>d$71 & obsolesc5t 7rapidly disappe>+7 t]ms m common 9 spee* or books8 ,expla9 & illu/rate4 ,synonyms4 ,z has already be5 sugge/$1 a copi\s vocabul>y mu/ n be idle 9 a p]son's equipm5t4 ,he mu/ be able to use x4 ,he mu/ be able to discrim9ate z to mean+4 ,?is p[] ( *oos+ ! exact ^w results f a /udy ( synonyms4 ,x is a fact t no two words mean exactly ! same ?+4 ,no matt] h[ ne>ly alike ! two mean+s may appe> to be1 clos] consid]ation w unfail+ly %[ at lea/ a slight diff]5ce ( dignity1 if no?+ m--z r$ & crimson1 pure & unspott$4 ,synonyms1 !n1 are gr\ps ( words ^: mean+s are almo/ ! same4 ,^! are ! words :i* give s mu* tr\ble to le>n]s ( our language4 ,a =eign] is told t /upid means dull1 yet he is correct$ if he says a /upid knife4 ,_m :o le>n ,engli% z a native tongue fail to compreh5d ! _m delicate %ades ( diff]5ces among synonyms4 ,9 ?is matt]1 also1 a diction>y goes s f> z to li/ synonyms1 & 9 "s cases1 actually adds a discussion to def9e ! v>i\s limits4 ,= full]1 m c>eful discrim9ation a good book ( synonyms %\ld be consult$4 ,except = "s g5]al consid]ation ( words :i* ev]yone is c]ta9 to use or misuse1 x is bett] to consult a treatise on synonyms :5 ne$ arises ?an to /udy x consecutively4 ,9 consultation ! mat]ial w be fix$ by in/ant use4 ,9 /udy x may fade be=e be+ employ$2 x may nev] be requir$4 ,! subjo9$ p>agraphs %[ entries 9 two diff]5t volumes ^u synonyms3 ,adjac5t1 adjo9+1 contigu\s4 ,adjac5t1 9 ,lat91 adjici5s1 p>ticiple ( adjicio1 is comp\nd$ ( ad & jacio1 to lie ne>4 ,adjo9+1 z ! ^w implies1 signifies be+ jo9$ toge!r4 ,contigu\s1 9 ,fr5* contigu1 ,lat9 contiguus1 comes f cont+o1 or con & tango1 signify+ to t\* close4 ,:at is adjac5t may be sep>at$ altoge!r by ! int]v5tion ( "s ?ird object2 :at is adjo9+ mu/ t\* 9 "s "p2 & :at is contigu\s mu/ be fitt$ to t\* entirely on "o side4 ,l&s are adjac5t to a h\se or t[n2 fields are adjo9+ to ea* o!r2 & h\ses contigu\s to ea* o!r4 ,,crabbe3 ,engli% ,synonyms ,victory3 ,synonyms3 a*ievem5t1 advantage1 conque/1 ma/]y1 success1 supremacy1 triumph4 ,victory is ! /ate result+ f ! ov]com+ ( an oppon5t or oppon5ts 9 any conte/1 or f ! ov]com+ ( difficulties1 ob/acles1 evils1 etc41 consid]$ z oppon5ts or enemies4 ,9 ! latt] s5se any h>d-won a*ievem5t1 advantage1 or success may be t]m$ a victory4 ,9 conque/ & ma/]y !re is impli$ a p]man5ce ( /ate t is n impli$ 9 victory4 ,triumph1 orig9ally d5ot+ ! public rejoic+ 9 honor ( a victory1 has come to signify also a peculi>ly exultant1 complete1 & glori\s victory4 ,comp>e conqu]4 ,antonyms3 defeat1 de/ruction1 disappo9tm5t1 disa/]1 failure1 fru/ration1 misc>riage1 ov]?r[1 retreat1 r\t4 ,,f]nald3 ,engli% ,synonyms1 ,antonyms & ,prepositions ,antonyms4 ,notice t ?is second p>agraph adds a new ^w-li/--antonyms4 ,to re9=ce ! und]/&+ ( :at a ?+ is1 x is desirable to "k :at x is n1 or :at its opposite is4 ,?is k9d ( explanation or description is especially valuable to a speak]4 ,he c frequ5tly impress an audi5ce m def9itely by expla9+ ! opposite ( :at he wants !m to appreh5d4 ,at times ! t]m is n ! extreme opposite2 x is m]ely ! negative ( ! o!r4 ,logically ! o!r side ( :ite is n :ite1 :ile ! antonym is ! extreme black4 ,tra9$ speak]s use ) great effect ! pr9ciple und]ly+ su* gr\ps ( words4 ,:5 ,burke argu$ be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons = a plan to secure h>mony ) ! ,am]ican colonies he describ$ ! s*eme he consid]$ necess>y by %[+ :at x %\ld n be4 ,no p>tial1 n>r[1 contract$1 p9*$1 occasional sy/em w be at all suitable to su* an object4 ,describ+ ! peace he hop$ w\ld be secur$ he us$ ?is pr9ciple ( opposites4 ,n peace ?r\gh ! m$ium ( w>2 n peace to be hunt$ ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( intricate & endless negotiations1 n peace to arise out ( univ]sal discord1 fom5t$ f pr9ciple 9 all p>ts ( ! empire2 n peace to dep5d on ! juridical det]m9ation ( p]plex+ que/ions1 or ! precise m>k+ ! %ad[y b\nd>ies ( a complex gov]nm5t4 ,we are told by an inve/igator t "o ( ! reasons = a ,fr5*man's ke5 insight into ! capabilities ( 8 language is ! e>ly tra9+ receiv$ 9 s*ools cov]+ diff]5ces among words4 ,?is cont9ual weigh+ ( ! mean+ or ! suitability ( an expression is b\nd to result 9 a delicate appreciation ( its value z a means ( effective communication4 ,9 all m5tal action ! s5se ( contra/ is an especially lively "o4 ,9 a lat] *apt] ?is pr9ciple1 z appli$ to explanation & argum5t1 w be discuss$4 ,j "h1 ! po9t is t ! con/ant /udy ( contra/s w %>p5 ! language s5se & rapidly enl>ge ! vocabul>y4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,put d[n a gr\p ( five words hav+ simil> mean+s4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ces among !m4 #b4 ,*oose any ^w4 ,give its exact opposite4 #c4 ,f any %ort p>agraph copy all ! n\ns4 ,9 a p>allel column put opposites or contra/s4 #d4 ,d ! same = ! adjectives1 v]bs1 & adv]bs4 #e4 ,write d[n all ! common n\ns :i* correspond to a man1 a girl1 a lead]1 a h\se1 a co/ume1 a crime4 ,composition ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,turn+ n[ f ! means ( improv+ ! speak]'s language equipm5t let u pass to "s rem>ks ^u 8 use ( words4 ,! ,engli% language is ! l>ge/1 ! mo/ v>i$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,almo/ entirely free f difficulties ( inflection & conjugation1 ) a simplifi$ gramm>1 & a great fre$om ( con/ruction1 x suff]s f only two signal drawbacks--its spell+ & its pronunciation4 ,:ile x has pres]v$ to a great degree its orig9al ,anglo-,saxon gramm>1 x has enri*$ its vocabul>y by borr[+s f ev]y:]e4 ,its words h no di/9ctive =ms1 s e =eign ^w c usually be naturaliz$ by a m]e *ange ( s\nd4 ,no matt] :at _! orig91 all belong to "o family n[2 gnu is z mu* ,engli% z knew1 japan z pogrom1 fte z papoose1 batik z radii1 ohm z m>conigram1 macadamiz$ z zoom$4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n borr[+s--z j illu/rat$--7 to s]ve = new ?+s or ideas4 ,b !re 0 "o "t :5 a great r$uplication ( ! vocabul>y occurr$4 ,aft] ! ,fr5* conqu]$ ,engl& 9 #ajff1 ,engli% & ,norman-,fr5* 7 spok5 side by side4 ,! resultant tongue1 compos$ ( bo?1 (f]$ _m d\bles = ! same idea4 ,9 "s in/ances ! fa%ionable & ari/ocratic ,fr5* ^w m>k$ a diff]5ce ( mean+ z is cle>ly indicat$ by su* pairs z beef & ox1 veal & calf1 mutton & %eep1 pork & pig4 ,9 _m o!r cases words ( ,fr5* & ,engli% orig9 are sep>at$ by diff]5ces less di/9ct4 ,su* are love & affection1 wor%ip & adoration4 ,a speak] mu/ take ?\ght ( su* gr\ps1 & consci\sly endeavor to use ! m appropriate = 8 purpose4 ,anglo-,saxon & ,romance4 ,x may help him to rememb] t ! ,anglo-,saxon words are ! m homely1 ! clos] to our ev]yday feel+s & exp]i5ces1 ! expression ( our deepe/ ideas & s5tim5ts1 ! natural outspok5 response to ke5 emotion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,romance words--z !y are call$1 :e!r f ! ,fr5* or directly f ! ,lat9--are likely to be long]2 !y belong g5]ally to ! m complicat$ relation%ips ( society & gov]nm5t2 !y are m intellectual 9 ! s5se t !y repres5t ! op]ations ( ! bra9 r ?an ! impulses ( ! he>t4 ,!y deal ) m highly tra9$ wills1 ) m ab/ruse problems2 !y reason1 !y argue1 !y consid]2 !y are philosophical1 sci5tific1 legal1 hi/orical4 ,li/5 to a soldi] relate 8 w> exp]i5ces4 ,:at w 8 vocabul>y be8 ,li/5 to a diplomat expla9+ ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,:at w 8 vocabul>y be8 ,h y ev] he>d a speak] :o gave y ! impression t all 8 words end$ 9 tion8 ,?is 0 because 8 vocabul>y 0 l>gely ,romance4 ,! inf]5ces f ! =ego+ are p]fectly pla94 ,subject & audi5ce w det]m9e to a l>ge ext5t :at k9ds ( words a speak] w *oose4 ,! well-equipp$ speak] w be ma/] ( bo? k9ds2 he w draw f ei!r z occasion (f]s4 ,he w n insult "o audi5ce by talk+ bel[ _! intellig5ce1 nor w he bore ano!r by speak+ ov] _! heads4 ,g5]al & ,specific ,t]ms4 ,effective speak+ dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! inclusion ( specific t]ms z contra/$ ) g5]al t]ms4 ,glitt]+ g5]alities nev] make p li/54 ,!y mean no?+ because !y say too mu*4 ,/udy ! foll[+ selections to see h[ ! concrete phraseology us$ makes ! mat]ial m tell+1 h[ x en=ces ! mean+4 ,pick out ! be/ expressions & expla9 :y !y are bett] ?an m g5]al t]ms4 ,9 ! fir/1 note h[ ! la/ s5t5ce drives home ! mean+ ( ! fir/ two4 ,li/5]s may und]/& ! fir/ two1 !y rememb] ! la/4 ,civil & religi\s lib]ty 9 ?is c\ntry c be pres]v$ only ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( our political in/itutions4 ,b ^? in/itutions alone w n suffice4 ,x is n ! %ip s mu* z ! skilful sail+ t assures ! prosp]\s voyage4 ,,george ,,william ,,curtis3 ,! ,public ,duty ( ,educat$ ,m51 #ahgg ,describe ! significance ( ! be/ expressions 9 ! foll[+ spee* made 9 ,p>liam5t by ,?omas ,bab+ton ,macaulay4 ,all ^? fi]ce spirits :om y halloo$ on to h>ass u n[ turn r\nd & beg9 to worry y4 ,! ,orangeman raises 8 w>-:oop2 ,exet] ,hall sets up its bray2 ,mr4 ,macneill %udd]s to see m co/ly *e] ?an ev] provid$ = ! ,prie/ ( ,baal at ! table ( ! ,que52 & ! ,prote/ant op]atives ( ,dubl9 call = impea*m5ts 9 exce$+ly bad ,engli%4 ,b :at did y expect8 ,did y ?9k :51 to s]ve y\r turn1 y call$ ! devil up t x 0 z easy to lay him z to raise him8 ,did y ?9k :5 y w5t on1 session aft] session1 ?w>t+ & revil+ ^? :om y knew to be 9 ! "r1 & flatt]+ all ! wor/ passions ( ^? :om y knew to be 9 ! wrong1 t ! day ( reckon+ w\ld nev] come8 ,x has come4 ,!re y sit1 do+ p5ance = ! dis+5u\sness ( ye>s4 ,:y 0 ! /yle ( ! extract bel[ especially good = ! evid5t purpose & audi5ce8 ,:y did ! au?or use names = ! c&idates8 ,:5 an ,am]ican citiz5 is cont5t ) vot+ m]ely1 he cons5ts to accept :at is (t5 a d\btful alt]native4 ,8 fir/ duty is to help %ape ! alt]native4 ,?is1 :i* 0 =m]ly less necess>y1 is n[ indisp5sable4 ,9 a rural community su* z ?is c\ntry 0 a hundr$ ye>s-ago1 :oev] 0 nom9at$ = (fice 0 kn[n to 8 neighbors1 & ! consci\sness ( t k 0 a cons]vative influ5ce 9 det]m9+ nom9ations4 ,b 9 ! local elections ( ! great cities ( today1 elections t control taxation & exp5diture1 ! mass ( ! vot]s vote 9 absolute ignorance ( ! c&idates4 ,! citiz5 :o supposes t he does all 8 duty :5 he votes1 places a premium ^u political knav]y4 ,?ieves welcome him to ! polls & (f] him a *oice1 :i* he has done no?+ to prev5t1 betwe5 ,j]emy ,diddl] & ,dick ,turp94 ,! p>ty cries = :i* he is responsible are3 ,turp9 & ,hone/y1 ,diddl] & ,re=m4 ,& )9 a few ye>s1 z a result ( ?is indiff]5ce to ! details ( public duty1 ! mo/ p[]ful politicians 9 ! ,empire ,/ate ( ! ,union 0 ,jona?an ,wild1 ! ,great1 ! capta9 ( a b& ( plund]]s4 ,,george ,,william ,,curtis3 ,! ,public ,duty ( ,educat$ ,m51 #ahgg ,appropriate ,diction4 ,! f9al te/ ( any diction is its appropriat5ess4 ,! man :o talks ( dignifi$ ?+s z he w\ld ( a baseball game--unless he is do+ x delib]ately = humor1 c>icature1 or burlesque--is ru9+ 8 own cause4 ,! man :o discusses trifles 9 ! /yle ( philosophy makes himself an egregi\s bore4 ,z ,%akespe>e said1 ,suit ! action to ! ^w1 ! ^w to ! action2 ) ?is special obs]vance1 t y o'er/ep n ! mode/y ( nature4 ,bew>e ( ! fl[]y expression2 avoid metaphorical spee*2 flee f ! lure ( ! ov]wr\ght /yle4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is s old-fa%ion$ t audi5ces suspect x at once4 ,x fails to move !m4 ,x may plunge its us] into ridicul\s failure4 ,9 ! excitem5t ( spontane\s composition a man sometimes takes risks4 ,he may--z ,pitt is report$ to h said he did--?r[ himself into a s5t5ce & tru/ to ,god ,almighty to get him out4 ,b a beg9n] _h bett] walk be=e he tries to so>4 ,if he speaks surely r ?an amaz+ly 8 results w be bett]4 ,! temptation to leave ! gr\nd is ev] pres5t 9 speak+4 ,a ,p>liam5t>y debat] describ+ ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& w\nd up 9 a fl[]y conclusion ?us3 ,i see ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ris+ 9 ! l&1 ) "o foot firmly plant$ 9 ! soil1 ! o!r /ret*$ t[>d ,heav56 ,an ,am]ican orator discuss+ ! "* ( ,wa%+ton dis*>g$ ! foll[+4 ,! high] we rise 9 ! scale ( be+--mat]ial1 intellectual1 & moral--! m c]ta9ly we quit ! region ( ! brilliant ecc5tricities & dazzl+ contra/s :i* belong to a vulg> greatness4 ,ord] & proportion *>act]ize ! primordial con/itution ( ! t]re/rial sy/em2 ineffable h>mony rules ! heav5s4 ,all ! great et]nal =ces act 9 solemn sil5ce4 ,! brawl+ torr5t t dries up 9 summ] deaf5s y ) its ro>+ :irlpools 9 ,m>*2 :ile ! va/ e>? on :i* we dwell1 ) all its oceans & all its cont95ts & its ?\s& millions ( inhabitants1 revolves unhe>d ^u its s(t axle at ! rate ( a ?\s& miles an h\r1 & ru%es noiselessly on its orbit a million & a half miles a day4 ,two /orm-cl\ds encamp$ ^u opposite hills on a sultry summ]'s ev5+1 at ! exp5se ( no m electricity1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,f>aday1 ?an is evolv$ 9 ! decomposition ( a s+le drop ( wat]1 w %ake ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e ) _! ?und]s1 :i*1 l\dly z !y rattle on ! spot1 w yet n be he>d at ! di/ance ( tw5ty miles2 :ile ^? trem5d\s & unutt]able =ces :i* ev] issue f ! ?rone ( ,god1 & drag ! *>iot :eels ( ,uranus & ,neptune along ! utt]mo/ pa?-ways ( ! sol> sy/em1 p]vade ! illimitable univ]se 9 sil5ce4 ,( c\rse1 today1 nobody talks l t4 ,at lea/ no "o %\ld4 ,trite ,expressions4 ,less easily gu>d$ aga9/ is ! deliv]y ( trite expressions4 ,^! are phrases & clauses :i* at fir/ 7 s eloqu5t t once he>d !y /uck 9 p's m9ds1 :o !n 9 an endeavor !mselves to be emphatic ins]t$ cont9ually into _! spee*es ^! ov]work$1 done-to-dea? expressions1 :i* n[ hav+ be5 us$ too frequ5tly h no real mean+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5tly abus$ is ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p4 ,o!rs are words & phrases made popul> by ! w>4 ,_m are no m ?an j>gon--mean+less c\nt]feits in/ead ( ! legal t5d] ( real spee*4 ,x is amaz+ to notice h[ p]si/5tly "s ( !m recur 9 ! rem>ks ( app>5tly well-tra9$ m5 :o %\ld "k bett] ?an to ins]t !m4 ,! foll[+ 7 us$ by a prom95t ,unit$ ,/ates political lead] 9 a s+le spee*4 ,he c\ld2 easily h replac$ !m by liv+ mat]ial or disp5s$ ) !m entirely4 ,jot or tittle2 ! pla9 unv>ni%$ tru?2 ,god =bid2 ! jackal press2 t memorable occasion2 too? & nail2 ! ,god ( our fa!rs2 ! awful horrors ( ,valley ,=ge2 ! blood-/a9$ heights ( ,yorkt[n2 tell x n 9 ,ga?2 proclaim x n 9 ! /reets ( ,askalon2 peace ) honor2 ! ,arabian ,nights2 ,mun*aus52 ! fa!rs2 our globe-encircl+ doma92 ,i am a ,democrat2 ! pirates ( ! ,b>b>y ,coa/2 ,democratic gospel pure & undefil$2 ,janus-fac$ d\ble2 ,good ,"l1 good devil2 all ?+s to all m52 ,god-fe>+ patriots2 come :at may2 all ?+s are fair 9 love or w>2 ! silk5 b[/r+2 ! unw>y vot]2 bait to cat* gudgeons2 to live by or to die by2 ^! obsequi\s c\rti]s2 ,gutt5burg2 rubb] /amp2 at all haz>ds2 ! mo/ unk9de/ cut ( all4 ,) ! artificiality1 ! /ilt$ness ( ! =ego+ contra/ ! simplicity1 ! s9c]ity ( ^! two extracts f ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,& n[1 if !y w\ld li/5--z ,i suppose !y w n--,i w\ld address a few words to ! ,s\!rn p4 ,i w\ld say to !m3 ,y consid] y\rselves a reasonable & a j p2 & ,i consid] t 9 ! g5]al qualities ( reason & ju/ice y are n inf]ior to any o!r p4 ,/ill1 :5 y speak ( u ,republicans1 y d s only to d5\nce u z reptiles1 or1 at ! be/1 z no bett] ?an outlaws4 ,y w grant a he>+ to pirates or murd]]s1 b no?+ l x to ,black ,republicans4 ,9 all y\r cont5tions ) "o ano!r1 ea* ( y deems an unconditional condemnation ( ,black ,republicanism z ! fir/ ?+ to be att5d$ to4 ,inde$1 su* condemnation ( u seems to be an indisp5sable pr]equisite--lic5se1 s to speak--among y to be admitt$ or p]mitt$ to speak at all4 ,n[ c y or n be prevail$ ^u to pause & to consid] :e!r ?is is q j to u1 or ev5 to y\rselves8 ,br+ =w>d y\r *>ges & specifications1 & !n be pati5t long en\gh to he> u d5y or ju/ify4 ,coop] ,union ,spee*1 #ahfj ,my ,fri5ds3 ,no "o1 n 9 my situation1 c appreciate my feel+ ( sadness at ?is p>t+4 ,to ?is place1 & ! k9dness ( ^! p1 ,i owe ev]y?+4 ,"h ,i h liv$ a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & h pass$ f a "y to an old man4 ,"h my *ildr5 h be5 born1 & "o is buri$4 ,i n[ leave1 n kn[+ :5 or :e!r ev] ,i may return1 ) a task be=e me great] ?an t :i* re/$ ^u ,wa%+ton4 ,)\t ! assi/ance ( t ,div9e ,be+ :o ev] att5d$ him1 ,i _c succe$4 ,) t assi/ance ,i _c fail4 ,tru/+ 9 ,him :o c g ) me1 & rema9 ) y1 & be ev]y:]e = good1 let u confid5tly hope t all w yet be well4 ,to ,8 c>e comm5d+ y1 z ,i hope 9 y\r pray]s y w comm5d me1 ,i bid y an affectionate f>ewell4 ,f>ewell ,address at ,spr+field1 #ahfa ,k9ds ( ,s5t5ces4 ,:at k9ds ( s5t5ces %all a speak] con/ruct z he speaks8 ,t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ^? a p]son composes :5 he writes & ^? ! same p]son is likely to evolve :5 he speaks is realiz$ by ev]yone4 ,we he> t a speak] is booky1 or conv]sational1 t he is /ilt$ or lively1 t he is too =mal1 t 8 disc\rse is dull & flat4 ,to a great degree ^! criticisms are bas$ ^u ! s5t5ce /ructure4 ,! ,simple ,s5t5ce4 ,! simple s5t5ce conta9s only "o subject & "o pr$icate4 ,! complex s5t5ce conta9s "o indep5d5t clause & at lea/ "o subord9ate clause4 ,! comp\nd s5t5ce conta9s two or m indep5d5t clauses4 ,x w\ld be good advice to urge ! employm5t ( ! simple s5t5ce 7 x n = ! fact t a long succession ( s5t5ces con/ruct$ exactly alike1 mak+ ! same impression ( =m & s\nd & l5g?1 is likely to produce a deadly monotony ( emphasis & pause1 an impression ( immaturity on ! "p ( ! speak] & ( lack ( skill 9 mold+ 8 phrases4 ,yet1 9 ! ma91 ! simple s5t5ce is a valuable k9d to "k h[ to deliv]4 ,conta9+ b a s+le ?\ght x is likely to make a def9ite impression ^u a li/5]4 ,x (f]s him n too mu* to grasp4 ,x leads him a s+le /ep along ! way4 ,x speaks cle>ly1 concisely4 ,its advantages foll[ f its qualities4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( addresses x is especially effici5t 9 lead+ ! audi5ce at ! same rate--sl[ly1 x %\ld be--z ! speak]4 ,9 intricate explanation1 9 close reason+1 9 matt]s ( p>am\nt importance1 x %\ld be employ$4 ,managem5t ( ! %ort1 simple s5t5ce 9 writt5 prose is difficult4 ,9 spok5 disc\rse1 z well1 x is s easy to fall into ! ,fir/ ,prim] /yle t :ile ! advantages ( ! use ( ! simple s5t5ce are great1 ! ability to produce good s5t5ces 9 succession mu/ be develop$4 ,! ,complex ,s5t5ce4 ,! complex s5t5ce (f]s a good =m = introduc+ p]t95t1 m9or details1 :i* are necess>y1 yet :i* d n m]it inclusion 9 ! g5]al level ( ! spee*4 ,aid$ by prop] pit* & inflection ( ! voice1 !y c be skilfully subord9at$ to ma9 ideas1 yet introduc$ s adroitly t !y at times relieve att5tion1 at o!rs briefly expla91 at o!rs keep add+ up 9 a s]ies ! effect ( :i* is a l>ge total4 ,frequ5tly su* s5t5ces indicate cle>ly ! progress ( ! discussion4 ,a topic introduc$ 9 a subord9ate clause may lat] be rais$ to m importance )\t abruptness1 = he>]s are already famili> ) x4 ,a topic already treat$ may be recall$ by citation 9 a lat] clause4 ,s v>i\s p>ts ( a spee* may be closely knit toge!r to pres5t a coh]5t1 progressive1 unifi$ :ole4 ,9 easily grasp$ g5]al1 descriptive1 n>rative1 explanatory mat]ial1 complex s5t5ces w all[ ! cov]+ ( a wide field1 or a long "t1 9 %ort ord] by cond5s+ facts into ! few words ( subord9ate clauses4 ,! ,comp\nd ,s5t5ce4 ,some:at l ! use ( complex s5t5ces = g5]al mat]ial is ! use ( comp\nd ones = in=mal topics1 famili> disc\rse1 easy address1 light] mat]ial4 ,valuable1 too1 is ?is =m = ! speak] :o kn[s accurately ! mean+ ( conjunctions1 :o c avoid ! /r++ toge!r ( :at %\ld be simple s5t5ces by a doz5 s5seless &s4 ,a good rule = ! beg9n] is to all[ no &s 9 8 spee*es except ^? s imb$d$ 9 phrases--husb& & wife1 n[ & !n1 pr9cipal & int]e/--t he _c avoid !m4 ,let him nev] speak su* s5t5ces z1 ,i came to ?is meet+ & discov]$ only :5 ,i got "h t ,i 0 s*$ul$ to speak4 ,let him be c>eful ( beg9n+ s5t5ce's ) & aft] he has made a pause4 ,! ,exclamatory ,s5t5ce4 ,_m speak]s yield to ! temptation to /rive = effect by deliv]+ exclamatory s5t5ces--sometimes only clauses & phrases s enunciat$4 ,! disposition to d ?is is born ( ! desire to be emphatic4 ,/rong feel+ makes "o bur/ out 9 ejaculation4 ,us$ sp>+ly ?is =m may be extremely effective4 ,us$ too frequ5tly x r$uces a spee* to a m]e s]ies ( ejaculations ( little m value ?an a succession ( grunts1 groans1 & sobs4 ,exclamatory s5t5ces seldom convey mu* mean+4 ,!y indicate emotion4 ,b a spee*1 to be wor? li/5+ to1 mu/ convey ideas4 ,! ,int]rogative ,s5t5ce4 ,a second s5t5ce :i* may be class$ ) ! prec$+ is ! int]rogative4 ,!re is a disposition on ! "p ( speak]s to ask direct que/ions ( ! audi5ce4 ,frequ5tly ! rhetorical "q--:i* is "o ask$ because ! answ] is ! q app>5t fact ! speak] wants to impress ^u 8 he>]s--is an effective me?od ( mak+ a seem+ly p]sonal appeal to sluggi% intellects or lazy wills4 ,! int]rogative =m has ! same disadvantage z ! exclamatory4 ,except :5 its answ] is p]fectly pla9 x transf]s no mean+4 ,x w\ld be easily possible = a speak] ) no ideas at all1 no k ( a topic1 to engage "t & att5tion by m]ely con/ruct+ a s]ies ( que/ions4 ,at ! conclusion ! audi5ce w\ld wond] :y 9 ! _w he spoke1 = he _h s little to say4 ,long & ,%ort ,s5t5ces4 ,s f> z long & %ort s5t5ces are conc]n$ "s g5]al rules h already be5 h9t$ at 9 deal+ ) o!r k9ds4 ,! advantages ( ! %ort s5t5ce are ma9ly ^? ( cle>ness1 directness1 emphasis4 ,its dang]s are monotony1 b>5ess1 ov]-compactness4 ,! advantages ( ! long--t is1 q long--s5t5ce1 are r difficult to compreh5d4 ,a wordy s5t5ce is likely to defeat its own purpose4 ,in/ead ( guid+ x w lose its he>]4 ,some:at long s5t5ces--z already said--w s]ve 9 g5]al discussions1 9 rapidly mov+ descriptive & n>rative passages1 9 r simple explanation & argum5t4 ,no "o c /ate at j :at numb] ( words a %ort s5t5ce becomes m$ium1 & :5 ! division ( m$ium becomes long4 ,yet !re mu/ be "s limits4 ,a s5t5ce 9 ,les ,misrables includes ne>ly "o ?\s& words 9 bo? ,fr5* orig9al & ,engli% translation4 ,john ,milton produc$ "s extraord9>ily long s5t5ces4 ,b ^! are 9 writt5 disc\rse4 ,"s mod]n speak]s h come dang]\sly ne> ! limit4 ,9 "o pr9t$ spee* "o s5t5ce has f\r hundr$ t5 words 9 x2 a lat] "o goes to five hundr$ =ty4 ,?is second w\ld fill ab\t half a column ( ! usual newspap]4 ,surely ^! are mu* too long4 ,a speak] c frequ5tly make a long s5t5ce acceptable by break+ x up into %ort] elem5ts by s5sible pauses4 ,yet ! g5]al direction mu/ surely be3 avoid s5t5ces :i* are too long4 ,v>iety4 ,! p>am\nt rule ( s5t5ce /ructure 9 spee*-mak+ is c]ta9ly3 secure v>iety4 ,long1 m$ium1 %ort2 decl>ative1 exclamatory1 int]rogative2 simple1 loose1 p]iodic2 use !m all z mat]ial p]mits & economy ( "t & att5tion prescribes4 ,) ! m>vel\s v>iety possible 9 ,engli% s5t5ce /ructure1 no p]son ) ideas & language at comm& ne$ be a monoton\s speak]4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,criticize ?is selection = its diction & s5t5ce /ructure4 ,:at excell5ces has x8 ,:at c y f9d fault )8 ,does its date expla9 x8 ,! books 9 ! libr>y1 ! portraits1 ! table at :i* he wrote1 ! sci5tific culture ( ! l&1 ! c\rse ( agricultural occupation1 ! com+-9 ( h>ve/s1 fruit ( ! se$ 8 own h& _h scatt]$1 ! animals & implem5ts ( husb&ry1 ! trees plant$ by him 9 l9es1 9 copses1 9 or*>ds by ?\s&s1 ! seat "u ! noble elm on :i* he us$ to sit to feel ! s\?we/ w9d at ev5+1 or he> ! brea?+s ( ! sea1 or ! n less audible music ( ! />ry heav5s1 all seem$ at fir/ un*ang$4 ,! sun ( a bright day f :i*1 h[ev]1 some?+ ( ! f]vors ( midsumm] 7 want+1 fell temp]ately on !m all1 fill$ ! air on all sides ) ! utt]ances ( life1 & gleam$ on ! long l9e ( ocean4 ,"s ( ^? :om on e>? he lov$ be/1 /ill 7 !re4 ,! great m9d /ill seem$ to preside2 ! great pres5ce to be ) y2 y might expect to he> aga9 ! ri* & playful tones ( ! voice ( ! old hospitality4 ,yet a mom5t m1 & all ! sc5e took on ! aspect ( "o great monum5t1 inscrib$ ) 8 "n1 & sacr$ to 8 memory4 ,& su* x %all be 9 all ! future ( ,am]ica6 ,! s5sation ( desolat5ess1 & lonel9ess1 & d>kness1 ) :i* y see x n[1 w pass away2 ! %>p grief ( love & fri5d%ip w become soo!d2 m5 w repair ?i!r z !y are wont to commemorate ! great days ( hi/ory2 ! same glance %all take 91 & same emotions %all greet & bless1 ! ,h>bor ( ! ,pilgrims & ! ,tomb ( ,web/]4 ,,rufus ,,*oate3 ,a ,disc\rse ,commemorative ( ,daniel ,web/]1 #ahec #b4 ,:at is ! effect ( ! que/ions 9 ! foll[+8 ,are ! s5t5ces v>i$8 ,if ! occasion 0 mom5t\s1 :at is ! /yle8 ,& judg+ by ! pa/1 ,i wi% to "k :at !re has be5 9 ! conduct ( ! ,briti% m9i/ry = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 to ju/ify ^? hopes ) :i* g5tlem5 h be5 pleas$ to solace !mselves & ! h\se8 ,is x t insidi\s smile ) :i* our petition has be5 lately receiv$8 ,tru/ x n1 ,sir2 x w prove a sn>e to y\r feet4 ,suff] n y\rselves to be betray$ ) a kiss4 ,ask y\rselves h[ ?is graci\s reception ( our petition comports ) ^? w>like prep>ations :i* cov] our wat] & d>k5 our l&4 ,are fleets & armies necess>y to a "w ( love & reconciliation8 ,h we %[n ourselves s unwill+ to be reconcil$ t =ce mu/ be call$ 9 to w9 back our love8 ,,patrick ,,h5ry3 ,spee* 9 ! ,virg9ia ,conv5tion1 #agge #c4 ,li/ ! concrete details giv5 bel[4 ,:at effect h !y8 ,:at elem5ts give ! idea ( ! ext5t ( ! ,colonies' fi%]ies8 ,are ! s5t5ces long or %ort8 ,does _! success ju/ify !m8 ,look at ! mann] 9 :i* ! p ( ,new ,engl& h ( late c>ri$ on ! :ale fi%]y4 ,:il/ we foll[ !m among ! tumbl+ m\nta9s ( ice1 & behold !m p5etrat+ into ! deepe/ froz5 recess ( ,hudson's ,bay & ,davis' ,/raits1 :il/ we are look+ = !m b5ea? ! arctic circle1 we he> t !y h pi]c$ into ! opposite region ( pol> cold1 t !y are at ! antipodes1 & engag$ "u ! froz5 ,s]p5t ( ! ,s\?4 ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :i* seem$ too remote & romantic an object = ! grasp ( national ambition1 is b a /age & re/+-place 9 ! progress ( _! victori\s indu/ry4 ,nor is ! equ9octial heat m disc\rag+ to !m ?an ! accumulat$ w9t] ( bo? ! poles4 ,we "k t :il/ "s ( !m draw ! l9e & /rike ! h>poon on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 o!rs run ! longitude & pursue _! gigantic game along ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,no sea b :at is vex$ by _! fi%]ies2 no climate t is n witness to _! toil4 ,nei!r ! p]sev]ance ( ,holl&1 nor ! activity ( ,france1 nor ! dext]\s & firm sagacity ( ,engli% ent]prise ev] c>ri$ ?is mo/ p]il\s mode ( h>dy indu/ry to ! ext5t to :i* x has be5 pu%$ by1 ?is rec5t p2 a p :o are /ill1 z x 71 b 9 ! gri/le1 & n yet h>d5$ into ! bone ( manhood4 ,,edmund ,,burke3 ,conciliation ) ,am]ica1 #agge #d4 ,is ! foll[+ cle>8 ,:at k9d ( s5t5ce is x8 ,:at m9or phrase8 ,is ?is phrase important8 ,:y8 ,:y did ,l9coln repeat ?is s5t5ce1 practically ) no *ange1 twelve times 9 a s+le spee*8 ,! sum ( ! :ole is t ( our ?irty-n9e fa!rs :o fram$ ! orig9al ,con/itution1 tw5ty-"o--a cle> majority ( ! :ole--c]ta9ly und]/ood t no prop] division ( local f ,f$]al au?ority1 nor any "p ( ! ,con/itution1 =bade ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to control slav]y 9 ! ,f$]al ,t]ritories4 ,,abraham ,,l9coln3 ,coop] ,union ,spee*1 #ahfj #e4 ,is ! foll[+ well phras$8 ,:at makes x s8 ,is any expression too /rong8 ,d y object to any8 ,h[ _m ( ! words w\ld y be likely n to use8 ,x is b too true t !re are _m ^: :ole s*eme ( fre$om is made up ( pride1 p]v]s5ess1 & insol5ce4 ,!y feel !mselves 9 a /ate ( ?raldom2 !y imag9e t _! s\ls are coop$ & cab9$ 91 unless !y h "s man1 or "s body ( m51 dep5d5t on _! m]cy4 ,! desire ( hav+ "s "o bel[ !m desc5ds to ^? :o are ! v l[e/ ( all2 & a ,prote/ant cobbl]1 debas$ by 8 pov]ty1 b exalt$ by 8 %>e ( ! rul+ *ur*1 feels a pride 9 kn[+ x is by 8 g5]osity alone t ! pe]1 ^: footman's in/ep he measures1 is able to keep 8 *apla9 f a gaol4 ,?is disposition is ! true s\rce ( ! passion :i* _m m51 9 v humble life1 h tak5 to ! ,am]ican w>4 ,our subjects 9 ,am]ica2 our colonies2 our dep5d5ts4 ,?is lu/ ( p>ty p[] is ! lib]ty !y hung] & ?ir/ =2 & ?is ,sir5 song ( ambition has *>m$ e>s t we w\ld h ?\ght 7 nev] organiz$ to t sort ( music4 ,,edmund ,,burke3 ,spee* at ,bri/ol1 #aghj #f4 ,describe ! effects ( ! que/ions 9 ! next4 ,h[ is s5t5ce v>iety secur$8 ,:at effects h ! simple1 decl>ative s5t5ces8 ,& f :at h ^! consequ5ces sprung8 ,we h be5 involv$ 9 no w>4 ,we h be5 at peace ) all ! _w4 ,we h be5 visit$ ) no national calamity4 ,our p h be5 advanc+ 9 g5]al intellig5ce1 &1 ,i w add1 z great & al>m+ z has be5 ! advance ( political corruption among ! m]c5>y corps :o look to gov]nm5t = support1 ! morals & virtue ( ! community at l>ge h be5 advanc+ 9 improvem5t4 ,:at1 ,i aga9 repeat1 is ! cause8 ,,john ,c4 ,,calh\n3 ,spee* on ! ,=ce ,bill1 #ahcc #g4 ,:at quality pr$om9ates 9 ! foll[+8 ,does x l[] ! tone ( ! passage too mu*8 ,is ! int]rogative =m ( ! la/ s5t5ce bett] ?an ! decl>ative8 ,:y8 ,has ! la/ obs]vation any close connection ) ! prec$+ portion8 ,c x be ju/ifi$8 ,mode/y is a lovely trait1 :i* sets ! la/ seal to a truly great "*1 z ! blu% ( innoc5ce adds ! la/ *>m to y\?ful beauty4 ,:51 on 8 return f "o ( 8 ardu\s campaigns 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ! ,speak] ( ! ,virg9ia ,assembly1 by ord] ( ! ,h\se1 address$ ,colonel ,wa%+ton 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 s]vices1 ! y\?ful h]o rose to reply2 b humility *eck$ 8 utt]ance1 diffid5ce seal$ 8 lips4 ',sit d[n1 ,colonel ,wa%+ton1' said ! ,speak]2 '! ,h\se sees t y\r mode/y is equal to y\r m]it1 & t exce$s my p[] ( language to describe4' ,b :o ev] he>d ( a mode/ ,alex&] or a mode/ ,caes>1 or a mode/ h]o or /atesman ( ! pres5t day8--mu* z "s ( !m w\ld be improv$ by a measure ( t quality4 ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett3 ,"* ( ,wa%+ton1 #aheh #h4 ,look up ! mean+ ( e unfamili> expression 9 ?is extract4 ,is ! quotation at ! end 9 good ta/e8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 ,= :at k9ds ( audi5ces w\ld ?is spee* be fitt+8 ,! rem$y = ! con/ant excess ( p>ty _s lies1 & lies alone1 9 ! c\rage\s indep5d5ce ( ! individual citiz54 ,! only way1 = in/ance1 to procure ! p>ty nom9ation ( good m51 is = e self-respect+ vot] to refuse to vote = bad m54 ,9 ! m$ieval !ology ! devils fe>$ no?+ s mu* z ! drop ( holy wat] & ! sign ( ! cross1 by :i* !y 7 exorcis$4 ,! evil spirits ( p>ty fe> no?+ s mu* z bolt+ & scrat*+4 ,9 hoc signo v9ces4 ,if a f>m] w\ld reap a good crop1 he scrat*es ! we$s out ( 8 field4 ,if we w\ld h good m5 ^u ! ticket1 we mu/ scrat* bad m5 (f4 ,if ! scrat*+ breaks d[n ! p>ty1 let x break3 = ! success ( ! p>ty1 by su* means w\ld break d[n ! c\ntry4 ,! evil spirits mu/ be taught by means t !y c und]/&4 ',!m fell]s1' said ! capta9 ( a canal-boat ( 8 m51 ',!m fell]s nev] ?9k y mean a ?+ until y kick 'em4 ,!y feel t1 & und]/&4' ,,george ,,william ,,curtis3 ,! ,public ,duty ( ,educat$ ,m51 #ahgg #i4 ,describe ! quality ( ! next extract4 ,:at is its /yle8 ,are repetitions all[able8 ,:at !n ( v>iety8 ,po9t out contra/s ( words & phrases4 ,:at1 !n x is said1 w\ld y legislate 9 ha/e8 ,w\ld y legislate 9 times ( great excitem5t conc]n+ matt]s ( su* deep conc]n8 ,yes1 ,sir1 ,i w\ld2 & if any bad consequ5ces %\ld foll[ f ! ha/e & excitem5t1 let ^? be answ]able :o1 :5 !re 0 no ne$ to ha/e1 :5 !re exi/$ no excitem5t1 refus$ to li/5 to any project ( re=m2 nay1 made x an argum5t aga9/ re=m t ! public m9d 0 n excit$4444 ,i all[ t ha/y legislation is an evil4 ,b re=m]s are compell$ to legislate fa/1 j because bigots w n legislate e>ly4 ,re=m]s are compell$ to legislate 9 times ( excitem5t1 because bigots w n legislate 9 times ( tranquillity4 ,,?omas ,,bab+ton ,,macaulay3 ,on ! ,re=m ,bill1 #ahcb #aj4 ,describe ! diction ( ! next extract4 ,describe ! prevail+ k9d ( s5t5ces4 ,d y approve ( ^! 9 su* an in/ance8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,does x rem9d y--9 tone--( any o!r passage already quot$ 9 ?is book8 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ! /yle8 ,!re has be5 a *ange ( gov]nm5t4 ,x began two ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives became ,democratic by a decisive majority4 ,x has n[ be5 complet$4 ,! ,s5ate ab\t to assemble w also be ,democratic4 ,! (fices ( ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t h be5 put into ! h&s ( ,democrats4 ,:at does ! *ange mean8 ,t is ! "q t is upp]mo/ 9 our m9ds today4 ,t is ! "q ,i am go+ to try to answ] 9 ord]1 if ,i may1 to int]pret ! occasion4 ,?is is n a day ( triumph2 x is a day ( d$ication4 ,"h mu/]1 n ! =ces ( p>ty1 b ! =ces ( humanity4 ,m5's he>ts wait ^u u2 m5's lives hang 9 ! balance2 m5's hopes call ^u u to say :at we w d4 ,:o %all live up to ! great tru/8 ,:o d>es fail to try8 ,i summon all hone/ m51 all patriotic1 all =w>d-look+ m5 to my side4 ,god help+ me1 ,i w n fail !m1 if !y w b c\nsel & su/a9 me4 ,,woodr[ ,,wilson3 ,inaugural1 #aiah #aa4 ,consid] s5t5ce l5g? 9 ! foll[+3 ,:i* words are significant8 ,h[ is concret5ess secur$8 ,ours is a gov]nm5t ( lib]ty by1 ?r\gh1 & "u ! law4 ,no man is above x & no man is bel[ x4 ,! crime ( cunn+1 ! crime ( gre$1 ! crime ( viol5ce1 are all equally crimes1 & aga9/ !m all alike ! law mu/ set its face4 ,?is is n & nev] %all be a gov]nm5t ei!r ( plutocracy or ( a mob4 ,x is1 x has be51 & x w be a gov]nm5t ( ! p2 includ+ alike ! p ( great weal?1 ( mod]ate weal?1 ! p :o employ o!rs1 ! p :o are employ$1 ! wage work]1 ! lawy]1 ! me*anic1 ! bank]1 ! f>m]2 includ+ !m all1 protect+ ea* & ev]yone if he acts dec5tly & squ>ely1 & discrim9at+ aga9/ any "o ( !m1 no matt] f :at class he comes1 if he does n act squ>ely & fairly1 if he does n obey ! law4 ,:ile all p are fooli% if !y violate or rail aga9/ ! law1 wick$ z well z fooli%1 b all fooli%--yet ! mo/ fooli% man 9 ?is ,republic is ! man ( weal? :o compla9s because ! law is adm9i/]$ ) imp>tial ju/ice aga9/ or = him4 ,8 folly is great] ?an ! folly ( any o!r man :o s compla9s2 = he lives & moves & has 8 be+ because ! law does 9 fact protect him & 8 prop]ty4 ,,!odore ,,roosevelt at ,spokane1 #aijc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,beg9n+ ,,! ,,spee* ,spee*-mak+ a ,=mal ,matt]4 ,e spee* is m or less a =mal affair4 ,! speak] /&+ is sep>at$ f ! o!r p]sons pres5t by 8 prom95ce4 ,he is remov$ f !m by /&+ :ile !y sit1 by be+ fur!r away f !m ?an 9 ord9>y conv]sation4 ,! great] ! di/ance betwe5 him & 8 li/5]s ! m =mal ! proce$+ becomes4 ,:5 a p]son speaks f ! floor z x is call$1 t is1 by simply ris+ at 8 seat & speak+1 !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( 8 deliv]y & also 9 ! effect ^u ! audi5ce4 ,9 _m ga!r+s1 spee*es & discussions f ! floor are n all[$ at all1 9 o!rs ?is practice is ! regul> me?od ( conduct+ bus9ess4 ,ev5 9 ! s*oolroom :5 ! /ud5t speaks f 8 place he feels less responsibility ?an :5 he /&s at ! front ( ! room be=e 8 classmates4 ,z all =mal ex]cises h _! regul> rules ( proc$ure x w be well to li/ ! m usual =mulas = beg9n+s ( spee*es4 ,! ,salutation4 ,9 all cases :]e spee*es are made !re is "s p]son :o presides4 ,?is p]son may be ! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates presid+ ov] ! ,s5ate1 ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 ! presid5t ( a city bo>d ( ald]m51 ! judge ( a c\rt1 ! presid5t ( a corporation1 ( a lodge1 ( a *ur* society1 ( a club1 ! pa/or ( a *ur*1 ! *ancellor or provo/ or dean ( a college1 ! pr9cipal ( a s*ool1 ! *airman ( a committee1 ! toa/ma/] ( a banquet1 ! tea*] ( a class4 ,! fir/ rem>k ( a speak] mu/ always be ! recognition ( ?is presid+ (fic]4 ,!n !re are frequ5tly pres5t o!r p]sons :o are di/9ct f ! ord9>y memb]s ( ! audi5ce1 to :om "s c\rtesy %\ld be %[n 9 ?is salutation4 ,_! "r to recognition dep5ds ^u _! rank1 _! importance at ! "t1 "s special peculi> reason = sep>at+ !m f ! re/ ( ! audi5ce4 ,! speak] w h to decide = himself 9 mo/ cases z to h[ f> he w classify 8 he>]s4 ,9 "s in/ances !re is no difficulty4 ,debat]s mu/ recognize ! presid+ (fic]1 ! judges if !y be di/9ct f ! regul> audi5ce1 ! memb]s ( ! audi5ce itself4 ,lawy]s 9 c\rt mu/ recognize only ! judge & ! g5tlem5 ( ! jury4 ,9 a debate on ! fir/ draft = ! ,league ( ,nations presid$ ov] by ! ,gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts1 ,s5ator ,lodge's salutation 0 ,y\r ,excell5cy1 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51 ,my ,fell[ ,am]icans4 ,! la/ 0 add$ unque/ionably because patriotic feel+ 0 s /rong at ! "t t ref]5ce to our nationality 0 a decid$ly fitt+ complim5t1 & also p]haps1 because ! speak] realiz$ t 8 audi5ce might be slightly prejudic$ aga9/ ! view he 0 go+ to advance 9 criticiz+ ! ,league ,cov5ant4 ,at times a =mal salutation becomes q long to include all to :om recognition is due4 ,at a univ]sity comm5cem5t a speak] might beg93 ,mr4 ,*ancellor1 ,memb]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees1 ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,faculty1 ,c&idates = ,degrees1 ,ladies & ,g5tlem54 ,o!r salutations are ,y\r ,honor1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,mr4 ,speak]1 ,madame ,presid5t1 ,madame ,*airman1 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 ,sir1 ,mr4 ,toa/ma/]1 ,mr4 ,mod]ator1 ,honorable ,judges1 ,ladies1 ,g5tlem51 ,fell[ ,citiz5s1 ,classmates1 ,fell[ ,work]s1 ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,s5ate1 ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,congress1 ,pl5ipot5ti>ies ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 ,my ,"l ,mayor & ,citiz5s ( ,london2 ,mr4 ,mayor1 ,mr4 ,secret>y1 ,admiral ,flet*] & ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,fleet2 ,mr4 ,gr& ,ma/]1 ,gov]nor ,mc,millan1 ,mr4 ,mayor1 ,my ,bro!rs1 ,m5 & ,wom5 ( ,t5nessee4 ,! mo/ important ?+ ab\t ! salutation is t x %\ld nev] be omitt$4 ,to beg9 to speak )\t hav+ fir/ recogniz$ "s presid+ (fic] & ! audi5ce /amps "o imm$iately z ?\ghtless1 unpractis$1 or worse /ill--disc\rte\s4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ! propriety ( ! salutation ! speak] %\ld make a %ort pause be=e he proce$s to ! introduction ( 8 spee* prop]4 ,l5g? ( ! ,introduction4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 long elaborate introductions 7 ! rule1 & textbooks expla9$ 9 detail h[ to develop !m4 ,! ma9 assumption seems to h be5 t ! f>!r away f 8 topic ! speak] began1 ! long] & m indirect ! r\te by :i* he approa*$ x1 ! m sudd5 & surpris+ ! />t ) :i* x 0 disclos$ to ! audi5ce1 ! bett] ! spee*4 ,su* views are no long] held4 ,"o ( ! criticisms ( ! spee*es ( ! ,engli% /atesman1 ,burke1 is t in/ead ( com+ at once to ! important matt] "u consid]ation--& all 8 spee*es 7 ^u p>am\nt issues--he display$ 8 rhetorical skill & lit]>y ability be=e m5 impati5t to f9i% discussion & provide = action by ca/+ _! votes4 ,if a /ud5t w read ! beg9n+ ( ,burke's fam\s ,spee* on ,conciliation he w readily und]/& ! =ce ( ?is rem>k1 = in/ead ( br++ =w>d ! all-important topic ( arrang+ = colonial adju/m5t ,burke uses hundr$s ( words ^u ! flight ( a bill = ev]1 8 own pret5d$ sup]/iti\sness & belief 9 om5s4 ,s /rong is ! recognition ( ! opposite practice today t x is at times ass]t$ t spee*es %\ld disp5se ) introductions long] ?an a s+le s5t5ce4 ,purpose ( ! ,introduction4 ,s f> z ! mat]ial ( ! spee* is conc]n$ ! introduction has b "o purpose--to br+ ! topic ( ! succe$+ rem>ks cle>ly & arre/+ly be=e ! audi5ce4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly done1 s t !re %all be no misund]/&+ f ! beg9n+4 ,x %\ld be arre/+ly done1 s t ! att5tion %all be ar\s$ & held f ?is ann\ncem5t ev5 until ! end4 ,a man %\ld n decl>e t he is go+ to expla9 ! manufacture ( pap]-cutt]s1 & !n lat] proce$ to describe ! mak+ ( ^? frames into :i* rolls ( wrapp+ pap] are fitt$ und]nea? a long cutt+ blade1 because to mo/ p ! expression pap]-cutt]s means dull-edg$1 ornam5tal knives = desks & libr>y tables4 ,8 introduction w\ld n be cle>4 ,on ! o!r h& if a m9i/] 7 to /ate pla9ly t he 0 go+ to speak on ! tru? t x is m bless$ to give ?an to receive 8 congregation might turn its att5tion to its own affairs at once because ! topic promises no novelty4 ,b if he decl>es t he is go+ to make a def5se ( selfi%ness he w\ld surely />tle 8 he>]s into att5tion1 s t he c\ld g on to describe ! p]sonal satisfaction & peace ( m9d :i* comes to ! do]s ( good de$s4 ,a speak] c\ld arre/ att5tion by /at+ t he int5d$ to prove ! immorality ( ! pr9ciple t hone/y is ! be/ policy1 if he proce$$ to plead = t virtue n z a repay+ policy b z an innate guid+ pr9ciple ( "r1 no matt] :at ! consequ5ces4 ,9 humor\s1 half-je/+1 ironical mat]ial1 ( c\rse1 cle>ness may be ju/ifiably sacrific$ to pres]v+ int]e/4 ,! introduction may /ate ! exact opposite ( ! real topic4 ,:5 no?+ else except ! mat]ial ( ! introduction ne$ be consid]$1 x %\ld be %ort4 ,ev5 9 mom5t\s matt]s ?is is true4 ,notice ! brevity ( ! subjo9$ introduction ( a spee* ^u a deeply mov+ subject4 ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,congress3 ,! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,gov]nm5t on ! #ca/ day ( ,janu>y ann\nc$ to ?is ,gov]nm5t & to ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! o!r neutral nations t on & aft] ! #a/ day ( ,febru>y1 ! pres5t mon?1 x w\ld adopt a policy ) reg>d to ! use ( subm>9es aga9/ all %ipp+ seek+ to pass ?r\gh c]ta9 designat$ areas ( ! high seas1 to :i* x is cle>ly my duty to call y\r att5tion4 ,,woodr[ ,,wilson1 #aiag ,! foll[+1 ?\gh mu* long]1 aims to d ! same ?+--to ann\nce ! topic ( ! spee* cle>ly4 ,notice t 9 ord] to emphasize ?is endeavor to secure cle>ness ! speak] decl>es t he has repeat$ly tri$ to /ate 8 position 9 pla9 ,engli%4 ,he !n makes cle> t he is n oppos$ to a ,league ( ,nations2 he is m]ely oppos$ to ! t]ms already submitt$ = ! "o ab\t to be =m$4 ,?is position he makes q cle> 9 ! la/ s5t5ce "h quot$4 ,y\r ,excell5cy1 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51 ,my ,fell[ ,am]icans3 ,i am l>gely indebt$ to ,presid5t ,l[ell = ?is opportunity to address ?is great audi5ce4 ,he & ,i are fri5ds ( _m ye>s1 bo? ,republicans4 ,he is ! presid5t ( our great univ]sity1 "o ( ! mo/ important & influ5tial places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he is also an em95t /ud5t & hi/orian ( politics & gov]nm5t4 ,he & ,i may diff] z to me?ods 9 ?is great "q n[ be=e ! p1 b ,i am sure t 9 reg>d to ! security ( ! peace ( ! _w & ! welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates we d n diff] 9 purposes4 ,i am go+ to say a s+le ^w1 if y w p]mit me1 z to my own position4 ,i h tri$ to /ate x ov] & ov] aga94 ,i ?\ght ,i _h /at$ x 9 pla9 ,engli%4 ,b !re are ^? :o f9d 9 misrepres5tation a conv5i5t weapon = controv]sy1 & !re are o!rs1 mo/ excell5t p1 :o p]haps h n se5 :at ,i h said & :o possibly h misund]/ood me4 ,x has be5 said t ,i am aga9/ any ,league ( ,nations4 ,i am n2 f> f x4 ,i am anxi\s to h ! nations1 ! free nations ( ! _w1 unit$ 9 a league1 z we call x1 a society1 z ! ,fr5* call x1 b unit$1 to d all t c be done to secure ! future peace ( ! _w & to br+ ab\t a g5]al dis>mam5t4 ,,s5ator ,,h5ry ,,cabot ,,lodge 9 a debate 9 ,bo/on1 #aiai ,! ,introduction & ! ,audi5ce4 ,:5 we turn f ! mat]ial ( ! introduction or ! spee* we naturally consid] ! audi5ce4 ,j z ! salutations already li/$ 9 ?is *apt] indicate h[ c>eful speak]s are 9 adapt+ _! v fir/ words to ! special dem&s ( recognition = a s+le audi5ce1 s a /udy ( introductions to spee*es :i* h be5 deliv]$ w support ! same pr9ciple4 ,a spee* is made to affect a s+le audi5ce1 !re=e x mu/ be fitt$ z closely z possible to t audi5ce 9 ord] to be effective4 ,a city (ficial invit$ to a neighborhood ga!r+ to in/ruct citiz5s 9 ! me?od ( secur+ a *ildr5's playgr\nd 9 t di/rict is n only wa/+ "t b insult+ ! bra9s & dispositions ( 8 li/5]s if he drawls (f a long introduction %[+ ! value ( public playgr\nds 9 a cr[d$ city4 ,8 pres5ce be=e t gr\p ( p proves t !y accept all he c tell !m on t topic4 ,he is guilty ( mak+ a bad introduction :i* s]i\sly impairs ! value ( any?+ he may say lat] conc]n+ h[ ?is "p ( ! city c induce ! municipal gov]nm5t to set aside en\gh money to provide ! op5 space & ! app>atus4 ,yet ?is spee* 0 made 9 a l>ge ,am]ican city by an exp]t on playgr\nds4 ,p rememb]$ m vividly 8 wrong k9d ( op5+ rem>ks ?an !y did 8 advice conc]n+ a me?od ( proc$ure4 ,effect ( ! ,introduction ^u ! ,audi5ce4 ,_m c5turies ago a fam\s & successful ,roman orator /ipulat$ ! purpose ( an introduction ) respect to ! audi5ce4 ,cic]o /at$ t an introduction %\ld r5d] its he>]s b5evolos1 att5tos1 dociles2 t is1 k9dly dispos$ t[>ds ! speak] himself1 att5tive to 8 rem>ks1 & will+ to be in/ruct$ by 8 explanations or argum5ts4 ,n ev]yone has a pleas+ p]sonality b he c /rive to acquire "o4 ,he c1 p]haps1 n add _m attributes to (fset ^? nature has giv5 him1 b he c always r$uce1 eradicate1 or *ange ^? :i* int]f]e ) 8 reception by o!rs4 ,education & tra9+ w "w wond]s = p :o are n bless$ ) t elusive quality1 *>m1 or t w9n] ( consid]ation1 impressiv5ess4 ,self-exam9ation1 self-re/ra9t1 self-developm5t1 are prime elem5ts 9 su* a process4 ,great m5 h n be5 beyond criticism = su* qualities4 ,great m5 h recogniz$ _! value & /riv5 to rid !mselves ( h9drances & replace !m by helps4 ,e read] is famili> ) ,b5jam9 ,frankl9's acc\nt ( 8 own me?od z relat$ 9 8 ,autobiography1 yet x w be> quotation "h to illu/rate ?is po9t3 ,:ile ,i 0 int5t on improv+ my language1 ,i met ) an ,engli% ,gramm> 7,i ?9k x 0 ,gre5wood's71 at ! end ( :i* !re 7 two little sket*es ( ! arts ( rhetoric & logic1 ! latt] f9i%+ ) a specim5 ( a dispute 9 ! ,socratic me?od2 & soon aft] ,i procur$ ,x5ophon's ,memorable ,?+s ( ,socrates1 :]e9 !re are _m in/ances ( ! same me?od4 ,i 0 *>m$ ) x1 adopt$ x1 dropt my abrupt contradiction & positive argum5tation1 & put on ! humble inquir] & d\bt]4444 ,i f\nd ?is me?od safe/ = myself & v emb>rass+ to ^? aga9/ :om ,i us$ x2 !re=e ,i took a delight 9 x1 practis$ x cont9ually1 & grew v artful & exp]t 9 draw+ p1 ev5 ( sup]ior k1 into concessions1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* !y did n =esee1 entangl+ !m 9 difficulties out ( :i* !y c\ld n extricate !mselves1 & s obta9+ victories t nei!r myself nor my cause always des]v$4 ,i cont9u$ ?is me?od "s few ye>s1 b gradually left x1 reta9+ only ! habit ( express+ myself 9 t]ms ( mode/ diffid5ce2 nev] us+1 :5 ,i advanc$ any?+ t may possibly be disput$1 ! words ,c]ta9ly1 ,und\bt$ly1 or any o!rs t give ! air ( positiv5ess to an op9ion2 b r say1 ,i conceive or appreh5d a ?+ to be s & s2 x appe>s to me1 or ,i %\ld ?9k x s or s1 = su* & su* reasons2 or ,i imag9e x to be s2 or x is s if ,i am n mi/ak54 ,?is habit1 ,i believe1 has be5 ( great advantage to me :5 ,i h _h occasion to inculcate my op9ions1 & p]suade m5 into measures t ,i h be5 f "t to "t engag$ 9 promot+2 & z ! *ief ends ( conv]sation are to in=m or to be in=m$1 to please or to p]suade1 ,i wi% well-mean+1 s5sible m5 w\ld n less5 _! p[] ( do+ good by a positive1 assum+ mann]1 t seldom fails to disgu/1 t5ds to create opposition1 & to defeat ev]yone ( ^? purposes = :i* spee* 0 giv5 to u1 to wit1 giv+ or receiv+ in=mation or pleasure4 ,= if y w\ld in=m1 a positive & dogmatical mann] 9 advanc+ y\r s5tim5ts may provoke contradiction & prev5t a c&id att5tion4 ,if y wi% in=mation & improvem5t f ! k ( o!rs1 & yet at ! same "t express y\rself z firmly fix$ 9 y\r pres5t op9ions1 mode/1 s5sible m5 :o d n love disputation w probably leave y undi/urb$ 9 ! possession ( y\r error4 ,& by su* a mann] y c seldom hope to recomm5d y\rself 9 pleas+ y\r he>]s1 or to p]suade ^? ^: concurr5ce y desire4 ,pope says1 judici\sly3 ,m5 %\ld be taught z if y taught !m n1 ,& ?+s unkn[n propos'd z ?+s =got2 f>!r recomm5d+ to u ,to speak1 ?o' sure1 ) seem+ diffid5ce4 ,( c\rse an audi5ce mu/ be induc$ to li/54 ,! obligation is always ) ! speak]4 ,he is appeal+ = consid]ation1 he wants to affect ! he>]s1 !re=e he mu/ h at 8 comm& all ! res\rces ( secur+ _! respectful att5tion4 ,he mu/ be able to employ all ! legitimate means ( w9n+ _! att5tion4 ,a good speak] w n /oop to use any tricks or devices t are n legitimate4 ,a trick1 ev5 :5 x is successful1 is /ill no?+ b a trick1 & ?\gh x secure ! tempor>y att5tion ( ! l[] ord]s ( intellect x c nev] hold ! bett] m9ds ( an audi5ce4 ,surprises1 false al>ms1 spectacul> appeals1 may f9d _! def5d]s4 ,"o widely reput$ ,unit$ ,/ates lawy] 9 speak+ be=e audi5ces ( "y p us$ to advance !atrically to ! edge ( ! /age1 &1 !n1 po9t+ an accus+ f+] at "o "p ( ! audi5ce1 decl>e 9 l\d r++ tones1 ,y're a sneak6 ,x is que/ionable :e!r any attempt at ar\s+ int]e/ c\ld ju/ify su* a brusque approa*4 ,only 9 broadly comic or g5u9ely humor\s addresses c x be said t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,:5 ! audi5ce has be5 induc$ to li/51 ! re/ %\ld be easy = ! good speak]4 ,!n comes into action 8 skill at explanation1 8 ability to reason & conv9ce1 to p]suade & sway1 :i* is ! speak]'s peculi> art4 ,if !y w li/5 to him1 he %\ld be able to in/ruct !m4 ,! introduction mu/1 s f> z ?is la/ is conc]n$1 cle> ! way = ! rema9d] ( ! spee*4 ,! me?ods by :i* su* in/ruction1 reason+1 & p]suasion are effect$ be/ w be treat$ lat] 9 ?is book4 ,hav+ cov]$ ! prec$+ explanation ( ! aims & =ms ( introductions1 let u look at a few :i* h be5 deliv]$ by regul>ly practis+ spee*-mak]s be=e gr\ps ( m5 ^: int]e/1 conc]n1 & bus9ess x 0 to li/54 ,all m5 :o speak frequ5tly are extremely unev5 9 _! quality & j z irregul> 9 _! success4 ,"o ( ! be/ in/ances ( ?is unev5ness & irregul>ity 0 ,edmund ,burke1 ^: c>e] & practice are b\nd to af=d food = ?\ght & discussion to e /ud5t ( ! p[] & value ( ! spok5 ^w4 ,"s ( ,burke's spee*es are models = imitation & /udy1 o!rs are w>n+s = avoidance4 ,at "o "t :5 he felt p]sonally di/urb$ by ! actions ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 because he z a memb] ( ! m9ority c\ld n affect ! vot+1 he began a spee* exactly z no man %\ld "u any circum/ances4 ,no man 9 a delib]ative assembly c be excus$ = los+ control ( himself4 ,yet ,burke op5$ 8 rem>ks ) ^! pla9 words4 ,mr4 ,speak]6 ,i rise "u "s emb>rassm5t occasion$ by a feel+ ( delicacy t[>d "o-half ( ! ,h\se1 & ( sov]eign contempt = ! o!r half4 ,?is is *ildi%1 ( c\rse4 ,a man may n infrequ5tly be =c$ by circum/ances to speak be=e an audi5ce ^: s5tim5ts1 op9ions1 prejudices1 all place !m 9 a position antagoni/ic to 8 own4 ,h[ %all he make !m well-dispos$1 att5tive1 will+ to be in/ruct$8 ,! situation is n likely to surr\nd a beg9n+ speak]1 b m5 9 affairs1 9 bus9ess1 9 c\rts1 mu/ be prep>$ = su* circum/ances4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( a man :o attempt$ to speak be=e an antagoni/ic gr\p & yet by %e] p[] ( 8 art & language end$ by w9n+ !m to 8 own p>ty is 9 ,%akespe>e's ,julius ,caes> :5 ,m>k ,antony speaks ov] 8 dead fri5d's body4 ,brutus all[s x1 b insi/s on speak+ to ! p fir/ t he may expla9 :y he & 8 fell[ conspirators assass9at$ ! great lead]4 ,x 0 a mi/ake to all[ a p]son f ! opposite p>ty to h ! la/ ^w be=e ! populace1 b t is n ! po9t j "h4 ,brutus is able to expla9 :y a gr\p ( noble ,romans felt t = ! safety ( ! /ate & its inhabitants1 !y _h to kill ! ris+ favorite :o w\ld soon z ,k+ rule !m all4 ,:5 he ceases speak+1 ! citiz5s approve ! kill+4 ,m>k ,antony p]ceives t1 s at ! beg9n+ ( 8 spee* he seems to agree ) ! p4 ,caes> 0 8 fri5d1 yet ,brutus says he 0 ambiti\s1 & ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,?us ! skilful orator makes ! populace well-dispos$ t[>ds him1 !n att5tive4 ,hav+ secur$ ^? ?+s he proce$s sl[ly & unobtrusively to in/ruct !m4 ,x takes only a few l9es until he has made !m believe all he wants !m to2 be=e ! end ( 8 oration he has !m cry+ out ^u ! murd]]s ( _! belov$ ,caes>1 = ^: lives !y n[ ?ir/4 ,yet only t5 m9utes e>li] !y 7 l\dly acclaim+ !m z deliv]]s ( _! c\ntry4 ,! entire sc5e %\ld be analyz$ c>efully by ! /ud5t4 ,x is ! second sc5e ( ! ?ird act ( ! play4 ,9 actual life a man w\ld h>dly h to g s f> z seem+ly to agree ) su* opposite s5tim5ts z express$ 9 ?is situation f a /age trag$y4 ,x is g5]al k t dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> ,engl& sympa?iz$ ) ! s\!rn /ates1 ma9ly because ! effective blockade ma9ta9$ by ! ,nor? prev5t$ raw cotton f rea*+ ! ,briti% mills4 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] attempt$ to pres5t ! union cause to ! ,engli% 9 a s]ies ( addresses ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,:5 he appe>$ ^u ! plat=m 9 ,liv]pool ! audi5ce broke out into a riot ( noise :i* effectively dr[n$ all 8 words = m9utes4 ,! speak] wait$ until he c\ld get 9 a phrase4 ,f9ally he 0 all[$ to deliv] a few s5t5ces4 ,by 8 pati5ce1 8 appeal to _! ,engli% s5se ( fair play1 & to a l>ge degree by 8 tol]ant s5se ( humor1 he won _! att5tion4 ,8 mat]ial1 8 p[] z a speak] did all ! re/4 ,x is a matt] ( v little consequ5ce to me1 p]sonally1 :e!r ,i speak "h tonight or n4 ,laught] & *e]s4 ,b "o ?+ is v c]ta91 if y d p]mit me to speak "h tonight1 y w he> v pla9 talk+4 ,applause & hisses4 ,y w n f9d me to be a man t d>$ to speak ab\t ,great ,brita9 ?ree ?\s& miles (f1 & !n is afraid to speak to ,great ,brita9 :5 he /&s on h] %ores4 ,imm5se applause & hisses4 ,& if ,i d n mi/ake ! tone & temp] ( ,engli%m5 !y _h r h a man :o opposes !m 9 a manly way applause f all p>ts ( ! hall ?an a sneak t agrees ) !m 9 an unmanly way4 ,applause & ,bravo6 ,n[1 if ,i c c>ry y ) me by s\nd convictions1 ,i %all be imm5sely glad applause2 b if ,i _c c>ry y ) me by facts & s\nd argum5ts1 ,i d n wi% y to g ) me at all2 & all t ,i ask is simply fair play4 ,applause1 & a voice3 ,y %all h x too44 ,^? ( y :o are k9d en\gh to wi% to favor my speak+--& y w obs]ve t my voice is slightly husky1 f hav+ spok5 almo/ e night 9 succession = "s "t pa/--^? :o wi% to he> me w d me ! k9dness simply to sit /ill & to keep /ill2 & ,i & my fri5ds ! ,secessioni/s w make ! noise4 ,laught]4 ,,h5ry ,,w>d ,,bee*]1 9 spee* at ,liv]pool1 #ahfc ,! beg9n+ ( "o ( ,daniel ,web/]'s fam\s spee*es 0 a triumph ( ! deliv]]'s recognition ( ! mood ( an audi5ce4 ,9 ! ,s5ate 9 #ahcj feel+ _h be5 runn+ high ov] a resolution conc]n+ public l&s4 ,innoc5t en\gh 9 its appe>ance1 ?is resolution really cov]$ an attempt at ! ext5sion ( ! slav]y t]ritory4 ,bo? ,nor? & ,s\? wat*$ ! progress ( ! debate ^u ?is topic ) almo/ held brea?4 ,hayne ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a _h spok5 ^u x dur+ two days :5 ,web/] rose to reply to him4 ,! ,s5ate gall]ies 7 pack$1 ! memb]s !mselves 7 /irr$ up to ! highe/ pit* ( ke5 int5sity4 ,ne>ly ! entire effect ( ,web/]'s /atem5t & argum5t = ! ,nor? dep5d$ ^u ! effect he c\ld make ^u ! ,s5ators at ! v op5+ ( 8 spee*4 ,web/] began 9 a l[ voice1 ) a calm mann]1 to speak v sl[ly4 ,9 a second he _h soo!d ! emotional t5sion1 set all ! he>]s q at ease1 & by ! "t ! ,secret>y _h read ! resolution ask$ by ,web/]1 he _h !m 9 complete control4 ,8 task 0 to make !m att5tive1 b m especially1 ready to be in/ruct$4 ,mr4 ,presid5t3 ,:5 ! m>9] has be5 toss$ = _m days 9 ?ick wea!r & on an unkn[n sea1 he naturally avails himself ( ! fir/ pause 9 ! /orm1 ! e>lie/ glance ( ! sun1 to take 8 latitude & asc]ta9 h[ f> ! elem5ts h driv5 him f 8 true c\rse4 ,let u imitate ?is prud5ce2 &1 be=e we float f>!r on ! waves ( ?is debate1 ref] to ! po9t f :i* we dep>t$1 t we may1 at lea/1 be able to conjecture :]e we n[ are4 ,i ask = ! read+ ( ! resolution be=e ! ,s5ate4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,reply to ,hayne1 #ahcj ,l9k+ ! ,introduction to ,prec$+ ,spee*es4 ,s _m spee*es are replies to prec$+ addresses t _m introductions adapt !mselves to _! audi5ces by t\*+ ^u su* utt]ances4 ,9 debates1 9 pleas 9 c\rt1 9 delib]ative assemblies1 ?is is m usually ! circum/ance ?an n4 ,! foll[+ illu/rates h[ c\rte\sly ?is may be done1 ev5 :5 x s]ves m]ely to make all ! cle>] ! pres5t speak]'s position4 ,9 mom5ts ( t5se/ feel+ great speak]s skilfully move f any "o position or attitude to ano!r z ,patrick ,h5ry did4 ,:ile y are reg>d+ ^! p>agraphs z an example ( introduction d n ov]look _! vocabul>y & s5t5ces4 ,mr4 ,presid5t3 ,no man ?9ks m highly ?an ,i d ( ! patriotism1 z well z abilities1 ( ! v wor?y g5tlem5 :o h j address$ ! h\se4 ,b diff]5t m5 (t5 see ! same subject 9 diff]5t lights2 &1 !re=e1 ,i hope x w n be ?\ght disrespectful to ^? g5tlem51 if1 ent]ta9+ z ,i d op9ions ( a "* v opposite to !irs1 ,i %all speak =? my s5tim5ts freely1 & )\t res]ve4 ,?is is no "t = c]emony4 ,! "q be=e ! h\se is "o ( awful mom5t to ! c\ntry4 ,= my own "p1 ,i consid] x z no?+ less ?an a "q ( fre$om or slav]y4 ,& 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! subject ought to be ! fre$om ( ! debate4 ,x is only 9 ?is way t we c hope to arrive at tru?1 & fulfill ! great responsibility :i* we hold to ,god & our c\ntry4 ,%\ld ,i keep back my op9ions at su* a "t1 ?r\gh fe> ( giv+ (f5se1 ,i %\ld consid] myself z guilty ( treason t[>ds my c\ntry1 & ( an act ( disloyalty t[>d ! ,maje/y ( ,heav51 :i* ,i rev]e above all e>?ly ?+s4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 x is natural to man to indulge 9 ! illusions ( hope4 ,we are apt to %ut our eyes aga9/ a pa9ful tru?1 & li/5 to ! song ( t ,sir5 till %e trans=ms u into bea/s4 ,is ?is ! "p ( wise m51 engag$ 9 a great & ardu\s /ruggle = lib]ty8 ,are we dispos$ to be ( ! numb] ( ^? :o hav+ eyes see n1 & hav+ e>s he> n1 ! ?+s :i* s ne>ly conc]n _! temporal salvation8 ,= my "p1 :atev] angui% ( _s x may co/1 ,i am will+ to "k ! :ole tru?2 to "k ! wor/ & to provide = x4 ,,patrick ,,h5ry 9 ! ,virg9ia ,conv5tion1 #agge ,difficulties ( ,introductions4 ,p :o are s*$ul$ to make spee*es are he>d to decl>e t !y "k exactly :at !y want to say b !y d n "k h[ to beg94 ,ano!r way !y h ( express+ ?is is t !y d n "k h[ to br+ _! mat]ial be=e _! he>]s4 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ difficult p>ts ( spee*es are ! beg9n+s & conclusions4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,ii "o ( ! me?ods ( prep>+ = deliv]y recogniz$ ?is diff]5ce by record+ t "o way is to memorize ! beg9n+ & end+1 ! op5+ & clos+ s5t5ces4 ,practis$ speak]s are m likely n to fix too rigidly 9 _! m9ds any set way = />t+ to speak4 ,!y realize t a too c>efully prep>$ op5+ w smack ( ! /udy4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! spee* is actually deliv]$ may diff] s widely f ! anticipat$ surr\nd+s t a speak] %\ld be able to readju/ 8 ideas in/antly1 seize ^u any detail ( feel+1 rem>k1 action1 :i* w help him into clos] communication ) 8 audi5ce4 ,_m practis$ speak]s1 !re=e1 h at _! wits' ends a doz5 diff]5t mann]s1 s t _! appe>ance may fit 9 be/ ) ! circum/ances1 & _! rem>ks h t air ( easy spontaneity :i* ! be/ speak+ %\ld h4 ,?us1 sometimes1 ! exactly opposite advice ( ! me?od describ$ above & 9 ,*apt] ,,ii is giv54 ,a speak] w prep>e c>efully 8 spee* prop]1 b leave to circum/ances ! sugge/ion ( ! beg9n+ he w use4 ,?is does n mean t he w n be prep>$--x means t he w be all ! m ri*ly furni%$ ) exp$i5ts4 ,a speak] %\ld c>efully ?9k ov] all ! possibilities "u :i* 8 spee* w be br\ght =w>d1 !n prep>e ! be/ introduction to suit ea* set4 ,_s ( ! ,introduction4 ,! comb9ation ( circum/ances & mat]ial w det]m9e :at we %all call ! _s ( ! introduction4 ,9 :at _s is ! introduction treat$8 ,!re are z _m diff]5t treatm5ts z !re are human feel+s & s5tim5ts4 ,! _s may be s]i\s1 in=mative1 dignifi$1 sc(f+1 argum5tative1 conv]sational1 />tl+1 humor\s1 ironic4 ,! /ud5t %\ld l5g!n ?is li/ by add+ z _m o!r adjectives z he c4 ,! s]i\s treatm5t is always effective :5 x is suitable4 ,!re is a conviction ( e>ne/ness & s9c]ity ab\t ! spee* ( a man :o takes 8 subject s]i\sly4 ,)\t ar\s+ opposition by too great a claim ( importance = 8 topic he does impress its significance ^u li/5]s4 ,?is s]i\sness mu/ be ju/ifi$ by ! occasion4 ,x mu/ n be an attempt to bol/] up weakness ( ideas or commonplac5ess ( expression4 ,x mu/ be /raight=w>d1 manly1 womanly4 ,notice ! excell5t effect ( ! foll[+ :i* illu/rates ?is k9d ( treatm5t4 ,,may ,,x ,,please ,,y\r ,,honor3 ,i 0 desir$ by "o ( ! c\rt to look into ! books1 & consid] ! "q n[ be=e !m conc]n+ ,writs ( ,assi/ance4 ,i h accord+ly consid]$ x1 & appe> n only 9 ob$i5ce to y\r ord]1 b likewise 9 behalf ( ! inhabitants ( ?is t[n1 :o h pres5t$ ano!r petition1 & out ( reg>d to ! lib]ties ( ! subject4 ,& ,i take ?is opportunity to decl>e1 t :e!r "u a fee or n 7= 9 su* a cause z ?is ,i despise a fee7 ,i w to my dy+ day oppose ) all ! p[]s & faculties ,god has giv5 me1 all su* in/rum5ts ( slav]y on ! "o h& & villa9y on ! o!r1 z ?is ,writ ( ,assi/ance is4 ,x appe>s to me ! wor/ in/rum5t ( arbitr>y p[]1 ! mo/ de/ructive ( ,engli% lib]ty & ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( law1 t ev] 0 f\nd 9 an ,engli% law-book4 ,,james ,o,t,is3 ,on ,writs ( ,assi/ance1 #agfa ,in=mative & argum5tative introductions are q usual4 ,!y ab\nd 9 legislative bodies1 bus9ess organizations1 & c\rts ( law4 ,hav+ def9ite purposes to atta9 !y move =w>d z directly & cle>ly z !y c4 ,9 su* appe>ances a speak] %\ld "k h[ to lead to 8 topic quickly1 cle>ly1 conv9c+ly4 ,introductions %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum because "t is valuable4 ,ideas c\nt2 m]e talk is wor?less4 ,attempts at humor\s spee*es are only too (t5 ! sadde/ exhibitions ( life4 ,! m]e recital ( funny /ories 9 succession is 9 no s5se spee*-mak+1 al?\gh hundr$s ( misguid$ individuals act z ?\gh !y ?9k s4 ,nor is a good introduction ! "o t beg9s ) a comic incid5t suppos$ly ) a po9t pat to ! occasion or topic1 yet s (t5 miles wide ( bo?4 ,! funny /ory :i* misses its m>k is a boom]ang4 ,ev5 ! app>5tly sure-fire "o may deliv] a di/urb+ kick to its p]petrator4 ,! grave dang] is ! o'er done or come t>dy (f ( ,hamlet's advice to ! play]s4 ,humor mu/ be di/9ctly m>k$ (f f ! m]ely comic or witty1 & cle>ly recogniz$ z a wond]ful gift be/[$ on n too _m mortals 9 ?is _w4 ,! sc(f+1 ironic introduction may dep5d ^u wit & clev]ness born 9 ! head2 ! humor\s introduction dep5ds ^u a sympa!tic in/9ct treasur$ 9 ! he>t4 ,look back at ! rem>ks made by ,bee*] to 8 turbul5t di/urb]s 9 ,liv]pool4 ,did he help 8 cause by 8 g5ial appreciation ( _! s5tim5ts8 ,! /ud5t %\ld /udy sev]al introductions to spee*es 9 ! light ( all ! prec$+ discussions s t he may be able to prep>e 8 own & judge !m intellig5tly4 ,pr9t$ spee*es w provide mat]ial = /udy1 b bett] /ill are deliv]$ rem>ks4 ,if ! /ud5t c he> ! spee*1 !n see x 9 pr9t1 s mu* ! bett]1 = he c !n recall ! effect 9 s\nd ( ! phrases4 ,prep>+ & ,deliv]+ ,introductions4 ,actual practice 9 prep>ation & deliv]y ( introductions %\ld foll[4 ,^! %\ld be deliv]$ be=e ! class & %\ld proce$ no f>!r ?an ! adequate introduction to ! he>]s ( ! topic ( ! spee*4 ,!y ne$ n be s fragm5t>y z to occupy only ?ree seconds4 ,by suppos+ !m to be beg9n+s ( spee*es f six to fifte5 m9utes long ^! rem>ks may easily la/ f "o to two m9utes4 ,aside f ! me?od ( its deliv]y--pose1 voice1 spe$1 vocabul>y1 s5t5ces--ea* introduction %\ld be judg$ z an actual introduction to a real spee*4 ,ea* speak] %\ld keep 9 m9d ^! que/ions to apply dur+ 8 prep>ation4 ,ea* li/5] %\ld apply !m z he he>s ! introduction deliv]$4 ,is ! topic introduc$ gracefully8 ,is x introduc$ cle>ly8 ,is ! introduction too long8 ,does x beg9 too f> away f ! topic8 ,is x int]e/+8 ,has x any defects ( mat]ial8 ,has x any faults ( mann]8 ,c any ( x be omitt$8 ,d y want to he> ! entire spee*8 ,c y anticipate ! mat]ial8 ,is x adapt$ to its audi5ce8 ,is x above _! heads8 ,is x b5ea? _! intellig5ces8 ,topics = ^! ex]cises 9 deliv]+ introductions %\ld be furni%$ by ! int]e/s1 op9ions1 ideas1 exp]i5ces1 ambitions ( ! /ud5ts !mselves4 ,too _m beg9n+ speak]s cause endless worry = !mselves1 l[] ! quality ( _! spee*es1 bore _! li/5]s1 by hunt+ = ?+s to talk ab\t1 :5 ne> at h& 9 !mselves & _! activities lie ! v be/ ?+s to discuss4 ,! ov]-mode/ feel+ "s p h t !y "k no?+ to talk ab\t is usually a false impression4 ,9 ,elizabe?an ,engl& a "y poet1 ,sir ,phillip ,sidney1 decid$ to try to tell 8 swee!>t h[ mu* he lov$ h]4 ,s he s\ght fit words1 /udy+ inv5tions f9e1 turn+ o!rs' leaves1 to see if !nce w\ld fl[1 "s fre% & fruitful %[]s ^u my sunburnt bra94 ,b words came halt+ =? until he bit 8 truant p5 & almo/ beat himself = spite4 ,!n said ! ,muse to him1 ,fool1 look 9 ?y he>t & write4 ,& )\t t fir/ ^w1 ?is is ! advice t %\ld be giv5 to all speak]s4 ,look 9 y\r he>t1 m9d1 life1 exp]i5ces1 ideas1 ideals1 int]e/s1 en?usiasms1 & f !m draw ! mat]ial ( y\r spee*es--y\rs because no "o else c\ld make t spee*1 s ess5tially & peculi>ly is x y\r own4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z sugge/ions ( ! k9d ( topic to *oose & ! v>i\s me?ods ( approa*+ x4 ,!y are m]ely h9ts1 = ea* /ud5t mu/ adapt 8 own me?od & mat]ial4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,by a rapid hi/orical survey introduce ! discussion t wom5 w be all[$ to vote 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b4 ,by a hi/orical survey introduce ! topic t w> w cease ^u ! e>?4 #c4 ,us+ ! same me?od introduce ! opposite4 #d4 ,us+ "s hi/ory introduce ! topic t equality = all m5 is approa*+4 #e4 ,us+ ! same me?od introduce ! opposite4 #f4 ,/>t+ ) ! am\nt us$ introduce an explanation ( ! manufacture ( cotton goods4 ,any o!r manufactur$ article may be us$4 #g4 ,/>t+ ) an incid5t to illu/rate its novelty1 or spe$1 or conv5i5ce1 or unusualness1 lead up to ! description or explanation ( "s me*anical contrivance4 ,dictaphone ,add+ ma*9e ,comptomet] ,wireless telegraph ,knitt+ ma*9e ,mov+ picture cam]a ,mov+ picture ma*9e ,self-/>t] ,egg boil] ,newspap] pr9t+ press ,p[] *urn ,bottle-mak+ ma*9e ,vot+ ma*9e ,/orm 9 a play ,pneumatic tube ,p]iscope1 etc4 #h4 ,describe "s f9i%$ product 7z a cup ( tea1 a copp] c5t7 z introduction to an explanation ( its v>i\s processes ( developm5t4 #i4 ,/>t ) ! op9ion t read+ %\ld produce pleasure to introduce a recomm5dation ( a book4 #aj4 ,/>t ) ! op9ion t read+ %\ld imp>t in=mation to introduce a recomm5dation ( a book4 #aa4 ,/>t ) ! money return a bus9ess or pr(ession (f]s to introduce a discussion advis+ a p]son to foll[ x or n4 #ab4 ,beg9n+ ) ! rec5t w> lead up to ! topic t milit>y tra9+ %\ld be a "p ( all regul> education4 #ac4 ,beg9n+ f ! same po9t introduce ! opposite4 #ad4 ,beg9n+ ) an item--or a fictiti\s item--f a newspap] rec\nt+ an accid5t lead up to workm5's comp5sation laws1 or prev5tive protective measures 9 factories1 or "s simil> topic4 #ae4 ,us+ a p]sonal or kn[n exp]i5ce introduce "s topic deal+ ) ! survival ( sup]/itions4 #af4 ,*oos+ y\r own mat]ial & treatm5t introduce "s !me relat$ to ! gov]nm5t1 or bett]m5t ( y\r community4 #ag4 ,introduce a topic deal+ ) ! future policy ( y\r city1 c\nty1 /ate1 or nation4 #ah4 ,lead up to ! /atem5t ( a *ange y w\ld l to recomm5d /rongly = y\r s*ool4 #ai4 ,9 z int]e/+ a mann] z possible lead up to a /atem5t ( ! bus9ess or pr(ession y w\ld l to foll[4 #bj4 ,introduce a spee* 9 :i* y int5d to condemn some?+1 by deal+ ) y\r introductory mat]ial ironically4 #ba4 ,imag9e t y are presid+ at a meet+ ( "s club1 society1 or organization :i* has be5 call$ to discuss a def9ite topic4 ,*oose ! topic = discussion & deliv] ! spee* br++ x be=e ! session4 #bb4 ,y h receiv$ a lett] f a memb] ( "s organization :o sugge/s t a society to :i* y belong jo9 ) x 9 "s k9d ( conte/ or und]tak+4 ,pres5t ! sugge/ion to y\r society4 #bc4 ,y believe t soma memorial to ! memory ( "s p]son %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 y\r s*ool1 lodge1 *ur*1 club4 ,introduce ! subject to a gr\p ( memb]s s t !y may discuss x intellig5tly4 #bd4 ,introduce "s topic to ! class1 b s phrase y\r mat]ial t ! ann\ncem5t ( ! topic w be a complete surprise to ! memb]s4 ,try to lead !m away f ! topic1 yet s ^w y\r rem>ks t lat] !y w realize t ev]y?+ y said applies exactly to ! topic y introduce4 #be4 ,lead up to ! recital ( "s my/]y1 or gho/ly adv5ture4 #bf4 ,lead up to ^! facts4 ,= ea* #aj1jjj ,am]ican-born workm5 9 a /eel plant 9 eight ye>s1 #ba 7 kill$2 & = ea* non-,engli% speak+ =eign born1 #bf 7 kill$4 ,non-,engli% speak+ %[ #fe p]man5tly disabl$ z comp>$ ) #bh :o spoke ,engli%4 ,( tempor>ily disabl$ only #hef spoke ,engli% z comp>$ ) #bjce :o did n4 #bg4 ,introduce ! topic3 ,tra9+ 9 public speak+ is valuable = all m5 & wom54 #bh4 ,9 a g5ial mann] suitable to ! season's feel+s introduce "s /atem5t conc]n+ ,new ,ye>'s resolutions4 #bi4 ,frame "s /atem5t conc]n+ aviation4 ,introduce x4 #cj4 ,introduce topics or /atem5ts relat$ to ! foll[+3 ,! eight-h\r day4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,socialism4 ,legitimate me?ods ( conduct+ /rikes4 ,ext5d+ ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,/udy+ ! classics1 or mod]n languages4 ,private =tunes4 ,college education = girls4 ,direct presid5tial vote4 ,a good magaz9e4 ,"s great woman4 ,s5sible amusem5ts4 ,fa%ions4 ,agriculture4 ,bus9ess practice4 ,m9imum wages4 ,equal pay = m5 & wom54 ,,*apt] ,v ,,conclud+ ,,! ,,spee* ,prep>+ ! ,conclusion4 ,no ar*itect w\ld attempt to plan a build+ unless he knew ! purpose = :i* x 0 to be us$4 ,no writ] ( a /ory w\ld />t to put d[n words until he knew exactly h[ 8 /ory 0 to end4 ,he mu/ plan to br+ ab\t a c]ta9 conclusion4 ,! h]o & h]o9e mu/ be unit$ 9 m>riage4 ,! s*em+ villa9 mu/ be br\ght to ju/ice4 ,or if he scorn ! usual end+ ( ! liv$ happily ev] aft] k9d ( fiction1 he c plan to kill 8 h]o & h]o9e1 or bo?2 or he c decide = once t 8 /ory %all be m l real life ?an is usually ! case1 & h wick$ness triumph ov] virtue4 ,:atev] he elects to d at ! conclusion ( 8 /ory1 :e!r x be long or %ort1 ! pr9ciple ( 8 plann+ is ! same--he mu/ "k :at he is go+ to d & adequately prep>e = x dur+ ! c\rse (1 previ\s ev5ts4 ,"o o!r ?+ e writ] mu/ secure4 ,! end+ ( a book mu/ be ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( x4 ,x mu/ rise highe/ 9 int]e/4 ,x mu/ be sure/ ( appeal4 ,o!rwise ! au?or runs ! risk ( n hav+ p read 8 book ?r\gh to its conclusion1 & z e book is writt5 9 ! hope & expectation t x w be read ?r\gh1 a book :i* fails to hold ! att5tion ( its read]s defeats its own purpose4 ,! =ego+ /atem5ts are self-evid5t b !y are set d[n because _! und]ly+ pr9ciples c be transf]r$ to a consid]ation ( ! prep>ation ( conclusions = spee*es4 ,is a ,conclusion ,necess>y8 ,b be=e we use !m let u ask :e!r all spee*es require conclusions4 ,!re are "s p--?\ghtless1 if no?+ worse--:o habitually end lett]s by add+ "s su* expression z ,hav+ no?+ m to say1 ,i %all n[ close4 ,is !re any s5se 9 writ+ su* a s5t5ce8 ,if ! lett] comes only s f> & ! signature foll[s1 d n ^? items indicate t ! writ] has no?+ m to say & is actually clos+8 ,:y !n1 :5 a speak] has said all he has to say1 %\ld he n simply /op & sit d[n8 ,w t n indicate q cle>ly t he has f9i%$ 8 spee*8 ,:at effect w\ld su* an end+ h8 ,9 ! fir/ place ! speak] runs ! risk ( appe>+ at lea/ disc\rte\s1 if n actually rude1 to 8 audi5ce4 ,to fl+ 8 mat]ial at !m1 !n to leave x s1 w\ld impress m5 & wom5 mu* z ! brusque exit f a gr\p ( p 9 a room w\ld or ! slamm+ ( a door ( an (fice4 ,9 ! second place ! speak] runs ! grav] risk ( n mak+ cle> & emphatic ! purpose ( 8 spee*4 ,he may h be5 q pla9 & effective dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 explanation or argum5t b an audi5ce he>s a spee* only once4 ,c he tru/ to _! recollection ( :at he has tri$ to impress ^u !m8 ,w !y c>ry away exactly :at he wants !m to reta98 ,has he made ! ma9 topics1 ! *ief aim1 /& out prom95tly en\gh8 ,c he m]ely /op speak+8 ,^! are q important aspects ( a grave responsibility4 ,9 ! ?ird place--?\gh ?is may be consid]$ less important ?an ! prec$+--! speak] gives ! impression t he has n actually f9i%$ 8 spee*4 ,no "o c>es = unf9i%$ articles1 :e!r !y be di%es ( food1 pieces ( furniture1 poems1 or spee*es4 ,)\t unduly /ress+ ! fact t a spee* is a c>efully organiz$ & con/ruct$ product1 x may be /at$ t x is always a pr(itable ef=t to try to r\nd (f y\r rem>ks4 ,a good conclusion gives an impression ( complet5ess1 ( an effective product4 ,audi5ces are delicately susceptible to ^! impressions4 ,tw5ty-two c5turies ago ,ari/otle1 9 criticiz+ ,greek oratory1 decl>$ t ! fir/ purpose ( ! conclusion 0 to conciliate ! audi5ce 9 favor ( ! speak]4 ,z human nature has n *ang$ mu* 9 ! ages s9ce1 ! /atem5t /ill holds true4 ,speak]s1 !n1 %\ld provide conclusions = all _! spee*es4 ,al?\gh ! entire matt] ( plann+ ! spee* belongs to a lat] *apt] "s facts conc]n+ x z !y relate to ! conclusion mu/ be set d[n "h4 ,relation ( ! ,conclusion to ! ,spee*4 ,! conclusion %\ld reflect ! purpose ( ! spee*4 ,x %\ld en=ce ! reason = ! deliv]y ( ! spee*4 ,z x emphasizes ! purpose ( ! spee* x %\ld be 9 ! speak]'s m9d be=e he beg9s to plan ! developm5t ( 8 rem>ks4 ,x %\ld be kept con/antly 9 8 m9d z he deliv]s 8 mat]ial4 ,a tra9 f ,*icago b\nd = ,new ,york is n all[$ to turn (f on all ! swit*es x meets 9 its j\rney4 ,a speak] :o wants to secure f a jury a v]dict = damages f a traction company does n discuss presid5tial c&idates4 ,he works t[>ds 8 conclusion4 ,a legislator :o wants votes to pass a bill makes 8 conclusion & 8 spee* con=m to t purpose4 ,9 all likelihood1 8 conclusion pla9ly asks = ! votes he has be5 prov+ t 8 fell[ legislators %\ld ca/4 ,a s*ool pr9cipal plead+ ) boys to /op gambl+ kn[s t 8 conclusion is go+ to be a call = a %[+ ( h&s to pl$ge support ( 8 recomm5dations4 ,a labor agitator kn[s t 8 conclusion is go+ to be an appeal to a s5se ( class prejudice1 s he speaks ) t cont9ually 9 m9d4 ,an effici5cy exp]t 9 %op managem5t kn[s t 8 conclusion is go+ to en=ce ! sav+ 9 damages = injury by accid5t if a s*eme ( safety devices be in/all$1 s he speaks ) t conclusion con/antly 9 8 m9d4 ,9 c\rt ! prosecut+ attorney tells 9 8 introduction exactly :at he int5ds to prove4 ,8 conclusion %[s t he has prov$ :at he ann\nc$4 ,"o is tempt$ to say t ! te/ ( a good spee*1 a well-prep>$ spee*1 is its conclusion4 ,h[ _m times "o he>s a speak] fl\nd]+ along try+ to d some?+1 rambl+ ab\t1 mak+ no impression1 n advanc+ a pace1 & !n lat] receives f ! un=tunate ! confession1 ,i want$ to /op b ,i didn't "k h[ to d x4 ,no conclusion _h be5 prep>$ be=eh&4 ,x is q z di/urb+ to he> a speak] pass beyond ! place :]e he c\ld h made a good conclusion4 ,if he realizes ?is he slips into ! /ate ( ! fir/ speak] describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,if he does n realize :5 he rea*es a good conclusion he talks too long & weak5s ! effect by /opp+ on a l[] plane ?an he has already rea*$4 ,?is fault corresponds to ! /ory tell] ^: book drops 9 int]e/ at ! end4 ,! son ( a m9i/] 0 ask$ :e!r 8 fa!r's s]mon ! previ\s ,sunday _h-n _h "s good po9ts 9 x4 ,! boy repli$1 ,yes1 ?ree good po9ts :]e he %\ld h /opp$4 ,l5g? ( ! ,conclusion4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f any?+ "h /at$ conc]n+ ! importance ( ! conclusion t x ne$ be long4 ,a good rule = ! l5g? ( ! conclusion is ! same rule t applies to ! l5g? ( ! introduction4 ,x %\ld be j long en\gh to d be/ :at x is int5d$ to d4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! introduction1 s = ! conclusion1 ! %ort] ! bett]1 if consi/5t ) cle>ness & effect4 ,if ei!r introduction or conclusion mu/ delib]ately be r$uc$ ! conclusion w /& ! mo/ compression4 ,a conclusion w frequ5tly fail ( its effect if x is s long t ! audi5ce anticipates its ma9 po9ts4 ,x fails if x is s long t x adds no?+ ( cle>ness or emphasis to ! spee* itself4 ,x w end by bor+ if x is too long = ! importance ( its mat]ial4 ,x w (t5 produce a deep]1 m la/+ impression by its v concis5ess4 ,brevity is ! s\l ( m ?an m]e humor4 ,a brief rem>k w cut deep] ?an a long involv$ s5t5ce4 ,! speak] :o _h %[n t ! rec5t great w> fails unless ! recon/ruction to be accompli%$ is wor?y ne$$ no m involv$ conclusion ?an ! /atem5t1 ,x is :at we d tomorr[ t w ju/ify :at we did ye/]day4 ,c\pl$ ) ?is matt] ( effect is ! l5g? ( ! spee* itself4 ,%ort spee*es are likely to require only %ort conclusions4 ,long spee*es m naturally require long] conclusions4 ,consid] ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,comm5t ^u !m4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to try to decide ! l5g? ( ! spee*es f :i* !y are tak51 !n look at ! orig9als1 all ( :i* are easily procurable at libr>ies4 ,t is 9 sub/ance my !ory ( :at our =eign policy %\ld be4 ,let u n boa/1 n insult any "o1 b make up our m9ds coolly :at x is neces>y to say1 say x1 & !n /& to x1 :atev] ! consequ5ces may be4 ,,!odore ,,roosevelt at ,wauke%a1 #aijc ,! =ego+ is q matt]-(-fact4 ,x conta9s no emotional appeal at all4 ,yet ev5 a /rong emotional feel+ c be put into a %ort conclusion4 ,f ! date & ! circum/ances surr\nd+ ! next ! read] c easily picture = himself ! int5se emotion ( ! audi5ce :i* li/5$ to ^! words f ! lead] ( ! free /ates aga9/ ! ,s\?4 ,nei!r let u be sl&]$ f our duty by false accusations aga9/ u1 nor fright5$ f x by m5aces ( de/ruction to ! gov]nm5t1 nor ( dungeons to ourselves4 ,let u h fai? t "r makes might1 & 9 t fai? let u to ! end d>e to d our duty z we und]/& x4 ,,abraham ,,l9coln3 ,coop] ,union ,spee*1 #ahfj ,:ile ! /ud5t plann+ 8 own spee* mu/ det]m9e exactly :at he %all put into 8 conclusion--dep5d+ always ^u 8 mat]ial & 8 purpose--!re are a few g5]al h9ts :i* w help him4 ,! ,retrospective ,conclusion4 ,a conclusion may be entirely retrospective4 ,?is means m]ely t x may ref] back to ! rem>ks :i* h be5 deliv]$ 9 ! body ( ! spee*4 ,a speak] does ?is to emphasize some?+ he has already discuss$ by po9t+ out to 8 audi5ce t he wants !m to rememb] t f :at he has said4 ,conclusions ( ?is k9d usually h no emotional appeal4 ,!y are likely to be f\nd 9 explanatory addresses1 :]e ! cle>ness ( ! exposition %\ld make he>]s accept x z true4 ,if a man has prov5 a fact--z 9 a law c\rt--he does n h to make an appeal to feel+ to secure a v]dict4 ,juries are suppos$ to decide on ! facts alone4 ,?is k9d ( conclusion emphasizes1 repeats1 cl>ifies1 en=ces4 ,! fir/ ( ! foll[+ is a good illu/ration ( "o k9d ( conclusion :i* ref]s to ! rem>ks made 9 ! spee* prop]4 ,notice t x en=ces ! speak]'s op9ions by a calm explanation ( 8 s9c]ity4 ,i want y to ?9k ( :at ,i h said1 because x repres5ts all ( ! s9c]ity & e>ne/ness t ,i h1 & ,i say to y "h1 f ?is plat=m1 no?+ t ,i h n already /at$ 9 effect1 & no?+ ,i w\ld n say at a private table ) any ( ! bigge/ corporation manag]s 9 ! l&4 ,,!odore ,,roosevelt at ,fit*burg1 #aijb ,! next1 :ile x is exactly ! same k9d 9 mat]ial1 adds "s elem5ts ( /rong] feel+4 ,yet 9 ! ma9 x also en=ces ! speak]'s op9ion by a cle> explanation ( 8 action4 ,f ?is conclusion alone we "k exactly ! mat]ial & purpose ( ! entire spee*4 ,sir1 ,i w deta9 y no long]4 ,!re are "s p>ts ( ?is bill :i* ,i highly approve2 !re are o!rs 9 :i* ,i %\ld acquiesce2 b ^? to :i* ,i h n[ /at$ my objections appe> to me s de/itute ( all ju/ice1 s burd5some & s dang]\s to t int]e/ :i* has /eadily enri*$1 gallantly def5d$1 & pr\dly di/+ui%$ u1 t no?+ c prevail ^u me to give x my support4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,! ,t>iff1 #ahbd ,! ,anticipatory ,conclusion4 ,j z a conclusion may be retrospective1 s x may be anticipatory4 ,x may />t f ! position def9$ or expla9$ or rea*$ by ! spee* & look =w>d to :at may happ51 :at mu/ be done1 :at %\ld be in/itut$1 :at %\ld be *ang$1 :at votes %\ld be ca/1 :at puni%m5t %\ld be inflict$1 :at p>dons grant$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld make a li/ ( all possible ?+s 9 ! future :i* c\ld be anticipat$ 9 ! conclusions ( v>i\s spee*es4 ,if "o w ?9k ( ! purposes ( mo/ deliv]$ spee*es he w realize t ?is k9d ( conclusion is mu* m frequ5t ?an ! previ\s k9d z s _m spee*es anticipate future action or ev5ts4 ,deal+ ) entirely diff]5t topics ! ?ree foll[+ extracts illu/rate ?is k9d ( conclusion4 ,wa%+ton 0 argu+ aga9/ ! =mation ( p>ties 9 ! new nation1 try+ to av]t ! inevitable4 ,!re is an op9ion t p>ties 9 free c\ntries are useful *ecks ^u ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t1 & s]ve to keep alive ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,?is )9 c]ta9 limits is probably true2 & 9 gov]nm5ts ( a mon>*ical ca/1 patriotism may look ) indulg5ce if n ) favor ^u ! _s ( p>ty4 ,b 9 ^? ( ! popul> "*1 9 gov]nm5ts purely elective1 x is a _s n to be enc\rag$4 ,f _! natural t5d5cy x is c]ta9 !re w always be en\gh ( t _s = e salut>y purpose4 ,& !re be+ con/ant dang] ( excess1 ! ef=t ought to be by =ce ( public op9ion to mitigate & assuage x4 ,a fire n to be qu5*$1 x dem&s a uni=m vigilance to prev5t its bur/+ into a flame1 le/1 in/ead ( w>m+1 x %\ld consume4 ,,george ,,wa%+ton3 ,f>ewell ,address1 #agif ,) ! dignity & ! calmness ( ! prec$+1 contra/ ! ,biblical f]vor ( ! next--! magnanim\s program ( ! reunit] ( a divid$ p4 ,) malice t[>d none2 ) *>ity = all2 ) firmness 9 ! "r1 z ,god gives u to see ! "r1 let u /rive on to f9i% ! "w we are 92 to b9d up ! nation's w\nds2 to c>e = him :o %all h borne ! battle1 & = 8 wid[ & 8 orphan--to d all :i* may a*ieve & *]i% a j & la/+ peace among ourselves1 & ) all nations4 ,,abraham ,,l9coln3 ,second ,inaugural1 #ahfe ,9 totally diff]5t circum/ances ! next conclusion 0 deliv]$1 yet x be>s ! same aspect ( anticipation4 ,!re is n a s+le h9t 9 x ( ! mat]ial ( ! spee* :i* prec$$ x1 x takes no glance backw>d1 x looks =w>d only4 ,its effectiv5ess comes f ! elem5t ( lead]%ip1 t ge/ure ( po9t+ ! way = loyal ,am]icans to foll[4 ,no nation z great z ours c expect to escape ! p5alty ( greatness1 = greatness does n come )\t tr\ble & labor4 ,!re are problems ahead ( u at home & problems abroad1 because su* problems are incid5t to ! work+ out ( a great national c>e]4 ,we d n %r9k f !m4 ,scant is our pati5ce ) ^? :o prea* ! gospel ( crav5 weakness4 ,no nation "u ! sun ev] yet play$ a "p wor? play+ if x fe>$ its fate ov]mu*--if x did n h ! c\rage to be great4 ,we ( ,am]ica1 we1 ! sons ( a nation yet 9 ! pride ( its lu/y y\?1 spurn ! tea*+s ( di/ru/1 spurn ! cre$ ( failure & despair4 ,we "k t ! future is ours if we h 9 u ! manhood to grasp x1 & we ent] ! new c5tury gird+ our lo9s = ! conte/ be=e u1 rejoic+ 9 ! /ruggle1 & resolute s to be> ourselves t ! nation's future %all ev5 surpass h] glori\s pa/4 ,,!odore ,,roosevelt at ,philadelphia1 #aijb ,grave times always make m5 look into ! future4 ,all acts are judg$ & ju/ifi$ aft] !y are p]=m$4 ,all progress dep5ds ^u ?is /ra9+ ! vision into ! d>kness ( ! yet-to-be4 ,^u ! eve ( great /ruggles anticipation is always upp]mo/ 9 m5's m9ds4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! /rife x is man's hope4 ,9 ! next extract1 only "o s5t5ce glances backw>d4 ,= u !re is b "o *oice4 ,we h made x4 ,woe be to ! man or gr\p ( m5 t seeks to /& 9 our way 9 ?is day ( high resolution :5 e pr9ciple we hold de>e/ is to be v9dicat$ & made secure = ! salvation ( ! nations4 ,we are ready to plead at ! b> ( hi/ory1 & our flag %all we> a new lu/]4 ,once m we %all make good ) our lives & =tunes ! great fai? to :i* we 7 born1 & a new glory %all %9e 9 ! face ( our p4 ,,woodr[ ,,wilson3 ,flag ,day ,address1 #aiag ,retrospective & ,anticipatory ,conclusion4 ,:ile x does n occur s frequ5tly z ! two k9ds j illu/rat$ x is possible = a conclusion to be bo? retrospective & anticipatory--to look bo? backw>d & =w>d4 ,! conclusion may en=ce :at ! spee* has decl>$ or prov$1 !n us+ ?is position z a safe />t+ po9t = a new dep>ture1 look =w>d & indicate :at may foll[ or :at %\ld be done4 ,! only dang] 9 su* an attempt is t ! dual aspect may be difficult to make effective4 ,ei!r "o may neutralize ! o!r4 ,/ill1 a c>eful ?9k] & ma/] ( cle> language may be able to c>ry an audi5ce ) him 9 su* a treatm5t4 ,! division 9 ! conclusion betwe5 ! backw>d glance & ! =w>d vision ne$ n be equal4 ,"h aga9 ! effect to be made ^u ! audi5ce1 ! purpose ( ! spee*1 mu/ be ! det]m9+ factor4 ,notice h[ ! two are bl5d$ 9 ! foll[+ conclusion f a mu* read commemorative oration4 ,& n[1 fri5ds & fell[-citiz5s1 x is "t to br+ ?is disc\rse to a close4 ,we h indulg$ 9 gratify+ recollections ( ! pa/1 9 ! prosp]ity & pleasures ( ! pres5t1 & 9 high hopes = ! future4 ,b let u rememb] t we h duties & obligations to p]=m1 correspond+ to ! bless+s :i* we enjoy4 ,let u rememb] ! tru/1 ! sacr$ tru/1 atta*+ to ! ri* inh]itance :i* we h receiv$ f our fa!rs4 ,let u feel our p]sonal responsibility1 to ! full ext5t ( our p[] & influ5ce1 = ! pres]vation ( ! pr9ciples ( civil & religi\s lib]ty4 ,& let u rememb] t x is only religion1 & morals1 & k1 t c make m5 respectable1 "u any =m ( gov]nm5t4444 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,completion ( ,bunk] ,hill ,monum5t1 #ahdc ,conclusions are classifi$ 9 g5]al "u ?ree head+s3 #a4 ,recapitulation2 #b4 ,summ>y2 #c4 ,p]oration4 ,! ,recapitulation4 ,! fir/ ( ^!--recapitulation--is exactly def9$ by ! etymology ( ! ^w itself4 ,its root is ,lat9 caput1 head4 ,s recapitulation means ! repetition ( ! heads or ma9 topics ( a prec$+ discussion4 ,com+ at ! end ( an important spee* ( "s l5g?1 su* a conclusion is invaluable4 ,if ! speak] has expla9$ cle>ly or reason$ conv9c+ly 8 audi5ce w h be5 enlight5$ or conv9c$4 ,!n at ! end1 to assure !m !y are ju/ifi$ 9 _! k or conviction1 he repeats 9 easily rememb]$ sequ5ce ! heads :i* he has treat$ 9 8 ext5d$ rem>ks4 ,x is z ?\gh he *ose f 8 l>ge assortm5t a small package :i* he does up neatly = 8 audi5ce to c>ry away ) !m4 ,frequ5tly1 too1 ! recapitulation corresponds exactly to ! plan z ann\nc$ 9 ! introduction & foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! spee*4 ,?is firmly impresses ! ma9 po9ts ^u ! bra9s ( ! he>]s4 ,a lawy] 9 c\rt />ts by ann\nc+ t he w prove a c]ta9 numb] ( facts4 ,aft] 8 plea is f9i%$1 9 ! conclusion ( 8 spee*1 he recapitulates1 %[+ t he has prov$ ^! ?+s4 ,a m9i/]1 a political c&idate1 a bus9ess man1 a social work]--9 fact1 e speak] w f9d su* a cle>-cut li/+ an in=mative1 conv9c+ mann] ( con/ruct+ a conclusion4 ,?is extract %[s a cle>1 direct1 simple recapitulation4 ,to recapitulate :at has be5 said1 we ma9ta91 fir/1 t ! ,con/itution1 by its grants to ,congress & its prohibitions on ! /ates1 has s\ght to e/abli% "o uni=m /&>d ( value1 or m$ium ( paym5t4 ,second1 t1 by l means1 x has endeavor$ to provide = "o uni=m mode ( dis*>g+ debts1 :5 !y are to be dis*>g$ )\t paym5t4 ,?ird1 t ^! objects are connect$1 & t ! fir/ loses mu* ( its importance1 if ! la/1 also1 be n accompli%$4 ,f\r?1 t1 read+ ! grant to ,congress & ! prohibition on ! ,/ates toge!r1 ! inf]5ce is /rong t ! ,con/itution int5d$ to conf] an exclusive p[] to pass bankrupt laws on ,congress4 ,fif?1 t ! prohibition 9 ! t5? section rea*es to all contracts1 exi/+ or future1 9 ! same way t ! o!r prohibition1 9 ! same section1 ext5ds to all debts1 exi/+ or future4 ,six?1 t1 ^u any o!r con/ruction1 "o great political object ( ! ,con/itution w fail ( its accompli%m5t4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,ogd5 vs4 ,saund]s1 #ahbg ,! ,summ>y4 ,! second k9d--a summ>y--does some:at ! same ?+ t ! recapitulation does1 b x effects x 9 a diff]5t matt]4 ,note t ! recapitulation repeats ! ma9 head+s ( ! spee*2 x usually uses ! same or simil> phras+4 ,! summ>y does n d ?is4 ,! summ>y cond5ses ! entire mat]ial ( ! spee*1 s t x is pres5t$ to ! audi5ce 9 %ort5$1 g5]al /atem5ts1 suffici5t to recall to !m :at ! speak] has already pres5t$1 )\t actually repeat+ 8 previ\s /atem5ts4 ,?is k9d ( conclusion is p]haps m usual ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,x is kn[n by a v>iety ( t]ms--summ+ up1 resume1 epitome1 review1 precis1 cond5sation4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! subjo9$ illu/rations notice t ! words possible modes conta9 practically all ! spee* itself4 ,s ! f\r words at ! end1 faction1 corruption1 an>*y1 & despotism1 hold a great deal ( ! latt] "p ( ! spee*4 ,^! expressions d n repeat ! heads ( divisions2 !y cond5se long passages4 ,! extract is a summ>y4 ,i h ?us pres5t$ all possible modes 9 :i* a gov]nm5t f\nd$ ^u ! w ( an absolute majority w be modifi$2 & h demon/rat$ t1 9 all its =ms1 :e!r 9 a majority ( ! p1 z 9 a m]e democracy1 or 9 a majority ( _! repres5tatives1 )\t a con/itution1 to be int]pret$ z ! w ( ! majority1 ! result w be ! same3 two ho/ile int]e/s w inevitably be creat$ by ! action ( ! gov]nm5t1 to be foll[$ by ho/ile legislation1 & t by faction1 corruption1 an>*y1 & despotism4 ,,john ,c4 ,,calh\n3 ,spee* on ! ,=ce ,bill1 #ahcc ,f ! foll[+ pick out ! expressions :i* summ>ize long passages ( ! prec$+ spee*4 ,amplify !m to indicate :at !y might cov]4 ,i firmly believe 9 my c\ntrym51 & !re=e ,i believe t ! *ief ?+ necess>y 9 ord] t !y %all "w toge!r is t !y %all "k "o ano!r--t ! ,nor!rn] %all "k ! ,s\!rn]1 & ! man ( "o occupation "k ! man ( ano!r occupation2 ! man :o works 9 "o walk ( life "k ! man :o works 9 ano!r walk ( life1 s t we may realize t ! ?+s :i* divide u are sup]ficial1 are unimportant1 & t we are1 & mu/ ev] be1 knit toge!r into "o indissoluble mass by our common ,am]ican bro!rhood4 ,,!odore ,,roosevelt at ,*attanooga1 #aijb ,! ,p]oration4 ,a p]oration is a conclusion :i*--:atev] may be its mat]ial & treatm5t--has an appeal to ! feel+s1 to ! emotions4 ,x /rives to move ! audi5ce to act1 to ar\se !m to an expression ( _! wills1 to /ir !m to de$s4 ,x usually comes at ! end ( a spee* ( p]suasion4 ,x appeals to s5tim5ts ( "r1 ju/ice1 humanity1 religion4 ,x seldom m]ely concludes a spee*2 x looks =w>d to "s su* def9ite action z ca/+ a vote1 jo9+ an organization or movem5t1 contribut+ money1 go+ out on /rike1 return+ to "w1 pl$g+ support1 sign+ a petition4 ,^! purposes sugge/ its mat]ial4 ,x is usually a direct appeal1 p]sonal & collective1 to all ! he>]s4 ,int5se 9 feel+1 t+$ ) emotion1 x ju/ifies itself by its s9c]ity & hone/y alone4 ,its app>5t success is n ! measure ( its m]it4 ,too frequ5tly an appeal to l[ prejudices1 class s5tim5t & prejudice1 base motives1 mob in/9cts w c>ry a gr\p ( p 9 a c]ta9 direction ) z little s5se & reason z a flock ( %eep display4 ,e /ud5t c cite a doz5 in/ances ( su* unw>rant$ & unwor?y responses to skilful p]v]t$ p]orations4 ,answ]+ to its emotional tone ! /yle ( a p]oration is likely to rise above ! usual1 to become less simple1 less direct4 ,9 ?is temptation = ! speak] lies a second dang] q z grave z ! "o j indicat$4 ,9 an attempt to wax eloqu5t he is likely to become gr&iloqu5t1 bomba/ic1 ridicul\s4 ,_m an exp]i5c$ speak] makes an unwor?y exhibition ( himself "u su* circum/ances4 ,"o specim5 ( su* nons5se w s]ve z a w>n+4 ,:5 ! t]ms = ! use ( ! ,panama ,canal 7 drawn up !re arose a discussion z to c]ta9 k9ds ( %ips :i* might pass ?r\gh ! canal free ( tolls4 ,a treaty ) ,great ,brita9 prev5t$ tolls-exemption = privately own$ vessels4 ,9 a spee* 9 ,congress ^u ?is topic "o memb] deliv]$ ! foll[+ inflat$ & inconsequ5tial p]oration4 ,c any "o ) any sanity see any connection ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 ,jeff]son1 ,valley ,=ge1 ) a pla9 und]/&+ ( su* a bus9ess matt] z *>g+ tolls = ! use ( a wat]way8 ,to get ! full effect ( ?is piece ( /up5d\s folly--to quote ! speak]'s own words--! /ud5t %\ld declaim x al\d ) z mu* attempt at oratorical effect z its au?or exp5d$ ^u x4 ,n[1 may ! ,god ( our fa!rs1 :o n]v$ #c1jjj1jjj backwoods ,am]icans to fl+ _! gage ( battle into ! face ( ! mightie/ mon>* 9 ! _w1 :o guid$ ! h& ( ,jeff]son 9 writ+ ! *>t] ( lib]ty1 :o su/a9$ ,wa%+ton & 8 ragg$ & />v+ army amid ! awful horrors ( ,valley ,=ge1 & :o gave !m complete victory on ! blood-/a9$ heights ( ,yorkt[n1 may ,he lead memb]s to vote s z to prev5t ?is /up5d\s folly--?is unspeakable humiliation ( ! ,am]ican republic4 ,:5 ! circum/ances are grave en\gh to ju/ify impassion$ language a good speak] ne$ n fe> its effect4 ,if x be suitable1 hone/1 & s9c]e1 a p]oration may be z emotional z human feel+s dictate4 ,s-call$ fl[]y language seldom is ! m$ium ( deep feel+4 ,! /ronge/ emotions may be express$ 9 ! simple/ t]ms4 ,notice h[1 9 ! ?ree extracts "h quot$1 ! feel+ is m int5se 9 ea* succe$+ "o4 ,analyze ! /yle4 ,consid] ! words1 ! phrases1 ! s5t5ces 9 l5g? & /ructure4 ,expla9 ! close relation ( ! circum/ances & ! speak] ) ! mat]ial & ! /yle4 ,:at 0 ! purpose ( ea*8 ,sir1 let x be to ! honor ( ,congress t 9 ^! days ( political /rife & controv]sy1 we h laid aside = once ! s9 t mo/ easily besets u1 &1 ) unanimity ( c\nsel1 & ) s+l5ess ( he>t & ( purpose1 h accompli%$ = our c\ntry "o measure ( unque/ionable good4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,uni=m ,sy/em ( ,bankruptcy1 #ahdj ,"l ,*a?am address$ ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 prote/ aga9/ ! inhumanities ( "s ( ! e>ly ,briti% ef=ts to suppress ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,i call ^u t "r rev]5d b5*1 ^? holy m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel1 & pi\s pa/ors ( our ,*ur*--,i conjure !m to jo9 9 ! holy "w1 & v9dicate ! religion ( _! ,god4 ,i appeal to ! wisdom & law ( ?is le>n$ b5*1 to def5d & support ! ju/ice ( _! c\ntry4 ,i call ^u ! ,bi%ops to int]pose ! unsulli$ sanctity ( _! lawn2 ^u ! le>n$ ,judges1 to int]pose _! purity ^u ! honor ( y\r ,lord%ips1 to rev]5ce ! dignity ( y\r ance/ors & to ma9ta9 y\r own4 ,i call ^u ! _s & humanity ( my c\ntry1 to v9dicate ! national "*4 ,i invoke ! g5ius ( ! ,con/itution4 ,f ! tape/ry t adorns ^! walls ! immortal ance/or ( ?is noble ,"l fr[ns ) indignation at ! disgrace ( 8 c\ntry4444 ,i aga9 call ^u y\r ,lord%ips1 & ! unit$ p[]s ( ! /ate1 to exam9e x ?or\ghly & decisively1 & to /amp ^u x an indelible /igma ( ! public abhorr5ce4 ,& ,i aga9 implore ^? holy prelates ( our religion to d away ) ^! iniquities f among u6 ,let !m p]=m a lu/ration2 let !m purify ?is ,h\se1 & ?is c\ntry1 f ?is s94 ,my ,lords1 ,i am old & weak1 & at pres5t unable to say m2 b my feel+s & indignation 7 too /rong to h said less4 ,i c\ld n h slept ?is night 9 my b$1 nor repos$ my head on my pill[1 )\t giv+ v5t to my et]nal abhorr5ce ( su* prepo/]\s & enorm\s pr9ciples4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! same circum/ances evok$ sev]al fam\s spee*es1 "o ( :i* end$ ) ?is well-kn[n p]oration4 ,x is 9 va91 ,sir1 to ext5uate ! matt]4 ,g5tlem5 may cry1 ,peace1 ,peace--b !re is no peace4 ,! w> is actually begun6 ,! next gale t sweeps f ! ,nor? w br+ to our e>s ! cla% ( res\nd+ arms6 ,our bre?r5 are already 9 ! field6 ,:y /& we "h idle8 ,:at is x t g5tlem5 wi%8 ,:at w\ld !y h8 ,is life s de>1 or peace s sweet1 z to be pur*as$ at ! price ( *a9s & slav]y8 ,=bid x1 ,almighty ,god6 ,i "k n :at c\rse o!rs may take2 b z = me1 give me lib]ty or give me dea?6 ,,patrick ,,h5ry 9 ! ,virg9ia ,conv5tion1 #agge ,prep>+ & ,deliv]+ ,conclusions4 ,/ud5ts _c v well be ask$ to prep>e & deliv] conclusions to spee*es :i* d n yet exi/1 s !re is no way ( devis+ conclusions until lat]4 ,b /ud5ts %\ld report ^u conclusions to spee*es !y h rec5tly li/5$ to1 & expla9 to ! class _! op9ions conc]n+ _! mat]ial1 me?ods1 treatm5t1 deliv]y1 effect4 ,! foll[+ que/ions w help 9 judg+ & criticiz+3 ,0 ! conclusion too long8 ,0 x s %ort z to seem abrupt8 ,did x impress ! audi5ce8 ,h[ c\ld x h be5 improv$8 ,0 x recapitulation1 summ>y1 p]oration8 ,0 x retrospective1 anticipatory1 or bo?8 ,:at 0 its relation to ! ma9 "p ( ! spee*8 ,did x ref] to ! entire spee* or only a portion8 ,:at 0 its relation to ! introduction8 ,did ! spee* end :]e x began8 ,did x end z x began8 ,0 ! conclusion 9 bad ta/e8 ,:at 0 its /yle8 ,:at m]its _h x8 ,:at defects8 ,:at sugge/ions c\ld y (f] = its improvem5t8 ,) ref]5ce to ! e>li] p>ts ( ! spee*1 h[ 0 x deliv]$8 ,! foll[+ conclusions %\ld be /udi$ f all ! angles sugge/$ 9 ?is *apt] & previ\s ones4 ,an air ( reality w be secur$ if !y are memoriz$ & spok5 be=e ! class4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,!re are _m qualities :i* we ne$ alike 9 private citiz5 & 9 public man1 b ?ree above all--?ree = ! lack ( :i* no brilliancy & no g5ius c atone--& ^? ?ree are c\rage1 hone/y1 & common s5se4 ,,!odore ,,roosevelt at ,antietam1 #aijc #b4 ,poor ,sprat has p]i%$ despite 8 spl5did tomb 9 ! ,abbey4 ,johnson has only a crack$ /one & a worn-out inscription 7= ! ,h]cules 9 ,/4 ,paul's is unrecognizable7 b he dwells :]e he w\ld wi% to dwell--9 ! lov+ memory ( m54 ,,augu/9e ,,birrell3 ,transmission ( ,dr4 ,johnson's ,p]sonality1 #ahhd #c4 ,s1 my fell[ citiz5s1 ! reason ,i came away f ,wa%+ton is t ,i sometimes get lonely d[n !re4 ,!re are s _m p 9 ,wa%+ton :o "k ?+s t are n s1 & !re are s few p :o "k any?+ ab\t :at ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ?9k+ ab\t4 ,i h to come away & get rem9d$ ( ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,i h to come away & talk to m5 :o are up aga9/ ! real ?+ & say to !m1 ,i am ) y if y are ) me4 ,& ! only te/ ( be+ ) me is n to ?9k ab\t me p]sonally at all1 b m]ely to ?9k ( me z ! expression = ! "t be+ ( ! p[] & dignity & hope ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,woodr[ ,,wilson3 ,spee* to ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor1 #aiag #d4 ,b if1 ,sir ,h5ry1 9 gratitude = ?is beautiful tribute :i* ,i h j paid y1 y %\ld feel tempt$ to reciprocate by tak+ my horses f my c>riage & dragg+ me 9 triumph ?r\gh ! /reets1 ,i beg t y w re/ra9 y\rself = two reasons4 ,! fir/ reason is--,i h no horses2 ! second is--,i h no c>riage4 ,,simeon ,,=d3 ,me & ,sir ,h5ry 7,irv+71 #ahii #e4 ,lit]ature has its p]man5t m>ks4 ,x is a connect$ gr[? & its life hi/ory is unbrok54 ,ma/]pieces h nev] be5 produc$ by m5 :o h _h no ma/]s4 ,rev]5ce = good "w is ! f\ndation ( lit]>y "*4 ,! refusal to praise bad "w or to imitate x is an au?or's pr(essional *a/ity4 ,good "w is ! mo/ honorable & la/+ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,f\r elem5ts ent] into good "w 9 lit]ature3-- ,an orig9al impulse--n necess>ily a new idea1 b a new s5se ( ! value ( an idea4 ,a fir/-h& /udy ( ! subject & mat]ial4 ,a pati5t1 joyful1 unsp>+ labor = ! p]fection ( =m4 ,a human aim--to *e]1 console1 purify1 or ennoble ! life ( ! p4 ,)\t ?is aim lit]ature has nev] s5t an arr[ close to ! m>k4 ,x is only by good "w t m5 ( lett]s c ju/ify _! "r to a place 9 ! _w4 ,! fa!r ( ,?omas ,c>lyle 0 a /one-mason1 ^: walls /ood true & ne$$ no rebuild+4 ,c>lyle's pray] 03 ,let me write my books z he built 8 h\ses4 ,,h5ry ,,van ,,dyke3 ,books1 ,lit]ature & ! ,p1 #aijj #f4 ,all ?is1 ,i "k well en\gh1 w s\nd wild & *im]ical to ! pr(ane h]d ( ^? vulg> & me*anical politicians :o h no place among u--a sort ( p :o ?9k t no?+ exi/s b :at is gross & mat]ial2 & :o1 !re=e1 f> f be+ qualifi$ to be directors ( ! great movem5t ( empire1 are unfit to turn a :eel 9 ! ma*9e4 ,b to m5 truly initiat$ & rightly taught1 ^! rul+ & ma/] pr9ciples1 :i* 9 ! op9ion ( su* m5 z ,i h m5tion$ h no sub/antial exi/5ce1 are 9 tru? ev]y?+ & all 9 all4 ,magnanimity 9 politics is n seldom ! true/ wisdom3 & a great empire & little m9ds g ill toge!r4 ,if we are consci\s ( our /ation1 & gl[ ) zeal to fill our places z becomes our situation & ourselves1 we ought to auspicate all our public proce$+s on ,am]ica ) ! old w>n+ ( ! *ur*1 ,sursum corda6 ,we ought to elevate our m9ds to ! greatness ( t tru/ to :i* ! ord] ( ,provid5ce has call$ u4 ,by adv]t+ to ! dignity ( ?is high call+1 our ance/ors h turn$ a savage wild]ness into a glori\s empire2 & h made ! mo/ ext5sive1 & ! only honorable conque/s1 n by de/roy+1 b by promot+ ! weal?1 ! numb]1 ! happ9ess ( ! human race4 ,let u get an ,am]ican rev5ue z we h got an ,am]ican empire4 ,engli% privileges h made x all t x is2 ,engli% privileges alone w make x all x c be4 ,9 full confid5ce ( ?is unalt]able tru?1 ,i n[ 7quod felix fau/umque sit67 lay ! fir/ /one ( ! ,temple ( ,peace2 & ,i move y2-- ,t ! colonies & plantations ( ,great ,brita9 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 consi/+ ( f\rte5 sep>ate gov]nm5ts1 & conta9+ two millions & upw>ds ( free inhabitants1 h n _h ! lib]ty & privilege ( elect+ & s5d+ any knights & burgesses1 or o!rs1 to repres5t !m 9 ! high c\rt ( ,p>liam5t4 ,,edmund ,,burke3 ,conciliation ) ,am]ica1 #agge #g4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,speak]1 hav+ fully answ]$ all ! argum5ts ( my oppon5ts1 ,i w retire to ! cloak-room = a few mom5ts1 to receive ! congratulations ( admir+ m5ds4 ,,john ,,all5 9 a spee* 9 ,congress #h4 ,rely+ !n on ! patronage ( y\r good w1 ,i advance ) ob$i5ce to ! "w1 ready to retire f x :5ev] y become s5sible h[ mu* bett] *oice x is 9 y\r p[] to make4 ,& may t ,inf9ite ,p[] :i* rules ! de/9ies ( ! univ]se lead our c\ncils to :at is be/1 & give !m a favorable issue = y\r peace & prosp]ity4 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son1 ,fir/ ,inaugural1 #ahja #i4 ,my fri5ds1 ?is is :olly an unprep>$ spee*4 ,i did n expect to be call$ or to say a ^w :5 ,i came "h4 ,i suppos$ ,i 0 m]ely to d some?+ t[>d rais+ a flag4 ,i may1 !re=e1 h said some?+ indiscreet4 ,b ,i h said no?+ b :at ,i am will+ to live by1 &1 if x be ! pleasure ( ,almighty ,god1 to die by4 ,,abraham ,,l9coln at ,philadelphia1 #ahfa #aj4 ,i h spok5 pla9ly because ?is seems to me ! "t :5 x is mo/ necess>y to speak pla9ly1 9 ord] t all ! _w may "k t ev5 9 ! heat & ardor ( ! /ruggle & :5 our :ole ?\ght is ( c>ry+ ! w> ?r\gh to its end we h n =gott5 any ideal or pr9ciple = :i* ! "n ( ,am]ica has be5 held 9 honor among ! nations & = :i* x has be5 our glory to cont5d 9 ! great g5]ations t w5t be=e u4 ,a supreme mom5t ( hi/ory has come4 ,! eyes ( ! p h be5 op5$ & !y see4 ,! h& ( ,god is laid ^u ! nations4 ,he w %[ !m favor1 ,i dev\tly believe1 only if !y rise to ! cle> heights ( ,8 own ju/ice & m]cy4 ,,woodr[ ,,wilson 9 a spee* to ,congress1 #aiag #aa4 ,?is is :at ,i h to say--pond] x2 some?+ y w agree )1 some?+ y w disagree )2 b ?9k ab\t x1 if ,i am wrong1 ! soon] ! wrong is expos$ ! bett] = me--?is is :at ,i h to say3 ,god is br++ ! nations toge!r4 ,we mu/ e/abli% c\rts ( reason = ! settlem5t ( controv]sies betwe5 civiliz$ nations4 ,we mu/ ma9ta9 a =ce suffici5t to pres]ve law & ord] among b>b>ic nations2 & we h small ne$ ( an army = any o!r purpose4 ,we mu/ foll[ ! ma9t5ance ( law & ! e/abli%m5t ( ord] & ! f\ndations ( civilization ) ! vitaliz+ =ces t make = civilization4 ,& we mu/ con/antly direct our purpose & our policies to ! "t :5 ! :ole _w %all h become civiliz$2 :5 m51 families1 communities1 w yield to reason & to consci5ce4 ,& !n we w draw our sword ,excalibur f its %ea? & fl+ x out into ! sea1 rejoic+ t x is gone =ev]4 ,,lyman ,,abbott3 ,int]national ,bro!rhood1 #ahii #ab4 ,i give y1 g5tlem51 9 conclusion1 ?is s5tim5t3 ,! ,little ,c\rt-room at ,g5eva--:]e our royal "m ,engl&1 & h] pr\d ?\gh untitl$ daught]1 alike b5t _! heads to ! maje/y ( ,law & accept$ ,ju/ice z a great] & bett] arbit] ?an ,p[]4 ,,william ,m4 ,,ev>ts3 ,int]national ,arbitration1 #ahgb #ac4 ,y recollect ! old joke1 ,i ?9k x began ) ,pre/on ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 t ,bo/on export$ no articles ( native gr[? b granite & ice4 ,t 0 true !n1 b we h improv$ s9ce1 & to ^! exports we h add$ roses & cabbages4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 !y are good roses1 & good cabbages1 & ,i assure y t ! granite is excell5t h>d granite1 & ! ice is v cold ice4 ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett ,,hale3 ,bo/on1 #ahhj #ad4 ,long live ! ,republic ( ,wa%+ton6 ,respect$ by mank9d1 belov$ ( all its sons1 long may x be ! asylum ( ! poor & oppress$ ( all l&s & religions--long may x be ! citadel ( t lib]ty :i* writes b5ea? ! ,eagle's fold$ w+s1 ,we w sell to no man1 we w d5y to no man1 ,"r & ,ju/ice4 ,long live ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica6 ,fill$ ) ! free1 magnanim\s _s1 cr[n$ by ! wisdom1 bless$ by ! mod]ation1 hov]$ ov] by ! gu>dian angel ( ,wa%+ton's example2 may !y be ev] wor?y 9 all ?+s to be def5d$ by ! blood ( ! brave :o "k ! rights ( man & %r9k n f _! ass]tion--may !y be ea* a column1 & altoge!r1 "u ! ,con/itution1 a p]petual ,temple ( ,peace1 un%ad[$ by a ,caes>'s palace1 at ^: alt> may freely commune all :o seek ! union ( ,lib]ty & ,bro!rhood4 ,long live our ,c\ntry6 ,oh1 long ?r\gh ! undy+ ages may x /&1 f> remov$ 9 fact z 9 space f ! ,old ,_w's feuds & follies1 alone 9 its gr&eur & its glory1 itself ! immortal monum5t ( ,him :om ,provid5ce commission$ to tea* man ! p[] ( ,tru?1 & to prove to ! nations t _! ,r$eem] live?4 ,,john ,w4 ,,daniel3 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhe #ae4 ,:5 t great & g5]\s soldi]1 ,u4,s4 ,grant gave back to ,lee1 cru%$1 b ev] glori\s1 ! sword he _h surr5d]$ at ,appomattox1 t magnanim\s de$ said to ! p ( ! ,s\?3 ,y are our bro!rs4 ,b :5 ! pres5t rul] ( our gr& republic on awak5+ to ! condition ( w> t confront$ him1 ) 8 fir/ commission plac$ ! lead]'s sword 9 ! h&s ( ^? gallant ,conf$]ate comm&]s1 ,joe ,:eel] & ,fitzhugh ,lee1 he wrote betwe5 ! l9es 9 liv+ lett]s ( ev]la/+ light ! words3 ,!re is b "o p ( ?is ,union1 "o flag alone = all4 ,! ,s\?1 ,mr4 ,toa/ma/]1 w feel t h] sons h be5 well giv51 t h] blood has be5 well spill$1 if t s5tim5t is to be inde$ ! true inspiration ( our nation's future4 ,god grant x may be z ,i believe x w4 ,,cl>e ,,h[ell3 ,our ,reunit$ ,c\ntry1 #ahih #af4 ,two ye>s ago la/ autumn1 we walk$ on ! sea bea* toge!r1 & ) a /range & prophetic k9d ( poetry1 he lik5$ ! sc5e to 8 own fail+ heal?1 ! fall+ leaves1 ! )]$ sea-we$1 ! dy+ grass ^u ! %ore1 & ! ebb+ tide t 0 fa/ rec$+ f u4 ,he told me t he felt prep>$ to g1 = he _h =giv5 8 enemies1 & c\ld ev5 rejoice 9 _! happ9ess4 ,surely ?is 0 a gr& condition 9 :i* to /ep f ?is _w across ! ?re%old to ! next6 ,,joseph ,,jeff]son3 ,9 ,memory ( ,edw9 ,boo?1 #ahic #ag4 ,a public _s s l(ty is n conf9$ to o!r l&s4 ,y are consci\s ( its /irr+s 9 y\r s\l4 ,x calls y to c\rage\s s]vice1 & ,i am "h to bid y obey ! call4 ,su* patriotism may be y\rs4 ,let x be y\r p>t+ v[ t x %all be y\rs4 ,bol+broke describ$ a patriot k+ 9 ,engl&2 ,i c imag9e a patriot presid5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,i c see him inde$ ! *oice ( a p>ty1 & call$ to adm9i/] ! gov]nm5t :5 sectional jeal\sy is fi]ce/ & p>ty passion mo/ inflam$4 ,i c imag9e him see+ cle>ly :at ju/ice & humanity1 ! national law & ! national welf>e require him to d1 & resolv$ to d x4 ,i c imag9e him pati5tly endur+ n only ! mad cry ( p>ty hate1 ! taunt ( recreant & traitor1 ( r5egade & c[>d1 b :at is h>d] to be>1 ! amazem5t1 ! d\bt1 ! grief1 ! d5unciation1 ( ^? z s9c]ely devot$ z he to ! common welf>e4 ,i c imag9e him pu%+ firmly on1 tru/+ ! he>t1 ! intellig5ce1 ! consci5ce ( 8 c\ntrym51 heal+ angry w\nds1 correct+ misund]/&+s1 plant+ ju/ice on sur] f\ndations1 &1 :e!r 8 p>ty rise or fall1 lift+ 8 c\ntry heav5w>d to a m p]fect union1 prosp]ity1 & peace4 ,?is is ! _s ( a patriotism t girds ! commonweal? ) ! resi/less spl5dor ( ! moral law--! invuln]able panoply ( /ates1 ! cele/ial secret ( a great nation & a happy p4 ,,george ,,william ,,curtis3 ,! ,public ,duty ( ,educat$ ,m51 #ahgg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,gett+ ,,mat]ial ,! ,mat]ial ( ,spee*es4 ,s f> ?is book has dealt almo/ entirely ) ! mann] ( speak+4 ,n[ x comes to ! relatively m important consid]ation ( ! mat]ial ( spee*4 ,necess>y z x is t a speak] %all "k h[ to speak1 x is mu* m valuable t he %all "k :at to speak4 ,we frequ5tly he> x said ( a speak]1 ,x wasn't :at he said1 x 0 ! way he said x1 indicat+ cle>ly t ! /rik+ aspect ( ! deliv]y 0 8 mann]2 b ev5 :5 ?is rem>k is expla9$ x develops frequ5tly t !re 0 "s value 9 ! mat]ial1 z well z "s *>m or surprise or novelty 9 ! me?od ( expression4 ,9 ! la/ & close/ analysis a spee* is valuable = :at x conveys to its he>]s' m9ds1 :at x induces !m to d1 n :at tempor>y effects ( *>m & ent]ta9m5t x af=ds4 ,p]sons ( ke5 m9ds & cultivat$ und]/&+s h come away f ga!r+s address$ by m5 fam\s z good spee*-mak]s & confess$ to some?+ l ! foll[+3 ,i 0 held spellb\nd all ! "t he 0 talk+1 b = ! life ( me1 ,i c't tell y "o ?+ he said or "o idea he impress$ ^u me4 ,a /ud5t %\ld judge spee*es he he>s ) su* ?+s 9 m9d1 s t he c hold c]ta9 ones up z models1 & disc>d o!rs z horrible examples4 ,x %\ld be ! rule t be=e a man attempts to speak he %\ld h some?+ to say4 ,?is is app>5tly n always ! case4 ,_m a man tries to say some?+ :5 he simply has no?+ at all to say4 ,recall ! description ( ,gratiano's talk1 quot$ e>li] 9 ?is book4 ,a speak] !n mu/ h mat]ial4 ,he mu/ get mat]ial4 ,! cl]gyman kn[s t he mu/ deliv] ab\t a hundr$ s]mons a ye>4 ,! lawy] kn[s he mu/ g into c\rt on c]ta9 days4 ,! lectur] mu/ in/ruct 8 v>i\s audi5ces4 ,! bus9ess man mu/ address executive bo>ds1 committees1 conv5tions1 cu/om]s4 ,! /ud5t mu/ address classes1 societies4 ,! beg9n] 9 spee* tra9+ mu/ seize e opportunity to talk4 ,c]ta9ly ! natural res]ve /ock ( ideas & illu/rations w soon be exhau/$1 or x w gr[ s /ale t x w be deliv]$ ineffectively1 or x w be unsuitable to e occasion4 ,a celebrat$ ,fr5*man1 call$ ^u unexpect$ly to speak1 excus$ himself by decl>+1 ,:at is suitable to say ,i d n "k1 & :at ,i "k is n suitable4 ,gett+ ,mat]ial4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( gett+ mat]ial4 ,! fir/ is by obs]vation1 ! second by int]view1 ! ?ird by read+4 ,obs]vation4 ,! value ( secur+ mat]ial by obs]vation is app>5t at fir/ glance4 ,t :i* y h exp]i5c$ y "k4 ,t :i* y h se5 ) y\r own eyes y c report correctly4 ,t :i* has happ5$ to y y c relate ) ! aspect ( absolute tru?4 ,t :i* y h done y c tea* o!rs to d4 ,t :i* has t\*$ y y c expla9 correctly4 ,t :i* y "k to be ! fact is pro( aga9/ all attack4 ,^! are ! app>5t advantages ( k ga9$ at fir/ h&4 ,! faculty ( accurate obs]vation is "o ( ! mo/ satisfy+ t c ent] into a p]son's m5tal equipm5t4 ,x c be tra9$1 broad5$1 & made m & m accurate4 ,9 "s trades & pr(essions x is an indisp5sable "p ( "o's ev]yday ability4 ,! faculty may be easily develop$ by ex]cise & te/ = accuracy4 ,ev]yone ackn[l$ges ! weight & significance ( mat]ial ga9$ by obs]vation4 ,9 ,am]ica especially we accord att5tion & reg>d to ! reports & acc\nts made by m5 :o h done ?+s1 ! m5 :o h exp]i5c$ ! adv5tures !y relate4 ,!re is su* a vividness1 a reality1 a conviction ab\t ^! p]sonal utt]ances t we mu/ li/5 respectfully & applaud s9c]ely4 ,magaz9es & newspap]s (f] hundr$s ( su* articles = avid read]s4 ,hundr$s ( books ea* ye> are bas$ ^u su* mat]ial4 ,) all its _m advantages ! field ( obs]vation is limit$4 ,n e p]son c exp]i5ce or see all he is int]e/$ 9 & wants to talk ab\t4 ,we mu/ *oose presid5ts b we _c obs]ve ! c&idates !mselves & _! c>e]s4 ,we mu/ h op9ions ab\t ! ,league ( ,nations1 ! ,mexican situation1 ! radical labor movem5ts1 ! *ang+ taxes1 b we _c obs]ve all phases ( ^! absorb+ topics4 ,if we re/rict spee*es to only :at we c obs]ve we %all all be utt]+ m]ely trivial p]sonalities bas$ ^u no g5]al k & relat$ to none ( ! really important ?+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,nor is x always true t ! p]son :o does a ?+ c report x cle>ly & accurately4 ,ask a woman or girl h[ %e hem/it*es a h&k]*ief1 or a boy h[ he swims or ?r[s a curve1 & note ! involv$ & inaccurate acc\nts4 ,if y d\bt ?is1 expla9 "o ( ^! to ! class4 ,x is n easy to describe exactly :at "o has se51 ma9ly because p d n see accurately4 ,p usually see :at !y want to see1 :at !y are pr$ispos$ to see4 ,witnesses 9 c\rt1 te/ify+ ^u oa? conc]n+ an accid5t1 usually produce z _m diff]5t v]sions z !re are pairs ( eyes4 ,books ^u psy*ology report _m enlight5+ & amus+ cases ( ?is defect ( accurate obs]vation 9 p4#a ,! two negative aspects ( mat]ial secur$ 9 ?is fir/ mann]--#a1 limit$ range ( obs]vation1 #b1 inaccuracy ( obs]vation--plac$ beside ! advantages already li/$ w cle>ly indicate 9 :at subjects & circum/ances ?is me?od %\ld be reli$ ^u = secur+ mat]ial = spee*es4 ,footnote #a3 ,good cases are relat$ by ,swift1 ,e4,j43 ,psy*ology & ! ,day's ,"w4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make a li/ ( rec5t articles bas$ ^u obs]vation :i* y h se5 or read 9 newspap]s & magaz9es4 #b4 ,) :at k9d ( mat]ial does ea* deal8 #c4 ,:i* article is be/8 ,:y8 #d4 ,li/ f\r topics ^u :i* y\r obs]vation has giv5 y mat]ial :i* c\ld be us$ 9 a spee*4 #e4 ,:at k9d ( spee*8 ,a spee* = :at purpose8 #f4 ,consid] & weigh ! value ( y\r mat]ial4 #g4 ,:y is x good8 #h4 ,:at limits1 or drawbacks has x8 #i4 ,:at c\ld be said aga9/ x f ! o!r side8 ,int]view4 ,if a p]son _c himself exp]i5ce or obs]ve all he wants to use = mat]ial 8 fir/ impulse w be to int]view p :o h _h exp]i5ce !mselves4 ,9 ?is circum/ance ! speak] becomes ! report] ( details ( k furni%$ by o!rs4 ,! value ( ?is is app>5t at once4 ,next to fir/-h& k1 second-h& k w s]ve admirably4 ,e newspap] & magaz9e 9 ! _w uses ?is me?od because its read]s' fir/ qu]y1 m5tal or express$1 ( all its in=mative articles is ,is ?is true8 ,if ! au?or is m]ely repeat+ ! exp]i5ce ( an ackn[l$g$ exp]t 9 ! field "u discussion1 ! value ( ! int]view _c be que/ion$4 ,9 ?is case ! result+ report is almo/ z good z ! orig9al te/imony or /atem5t ( ! man :o kn[s4 ,! fir/ requisite1 !re=e1 ( mat]ial ga!r$ 9 su* a mann] is t x be reproduc$ exactly z fir/ deliv]$4 ,! man :o told a woman t a critic _h pron\nc$ h] s++ heav5ly _h good int5tions b he 0 n entirely accurate 9 *ang+ to t natt]+ t]m ! critic's actual adjective une>?ly4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* alleg$ /atem5ts publi%$ 9 ! daily press are contradict$ by ! suppos$ utt]]s indicates h[ usual su* misrepres5tation is1 ?\gh x may be hone/ly un9t5tional4 ,! speak] be=e an audi5ce mu/ be scrupul\sly correct 9 quot+4 ,?is accuracy is n assur$ unless a /5ographic transcript be tak5 at ! "t ! in=mation is giv51 or unless ! p]son quot$ reads ! s5tim5ts & /atem5ts cr$it$ to him & expresses 8 approval4 ,sign$ /atem5ts1 p]sonal lett]s1 pr9t$ records1 photographs1 c]tifi$ copies1 & o!r exhibits ( all k9ds are employ$ to sub/antiate mat]ial secur$ f int]views & (f]$ 9 spee*es4 ,if y notice newspap] acc\nts ( lectures1 political spee*es1 legislative proc$ure1 legal practice1 y w soon become famili> ) su* usages z are describ$ by ! expressions1 fil+ z "p ( ! record1 tak+ ( a deposition 9 "o city = use 9 a lawsuit 9 ano!r1 ,exhibit ,a1 photograph ( an acc\nt book1 /atem5t made 9 ! pres5ce ( a ?ird p>ty1 z record$ by a dictaphone1 etc4 ,! fir/ dang] 9 secur+ mat]ial by ! p]sonal int]view is ! natural error ( misund]/&+4 ,! second dang] is ! natural desire--n necess>ily false1 at t--to int]pret to ! us]'s b5efit1 ! mat]ial s secur$1 or to ! discr$it ( all views o!r ?an 8 own4 ,x is s easy1 s tempt+1 9 mak+ out a /rong case = "o's own op9ions to omit ! slight concession :i* may grant ev] s little %ade ( "r to o!r beliefs4 ,judici\s manipulation ( any mat]ial may deg5]ate into m]e juggl+ = support4 ,quotations & reports1 l /ati/ics1 c be made to prove any?+1 & ! g5]al intellectual di/ru/ ( m]e numb]s is clev]ly summ$ up 9 ! rem>k1 ,figures c't lie1 b li>s c figure4 ,to h ! mat]ial accept$ z ( any weight or value ! p]son f :om x is secur$ mu/ be recogniz$ z an au?ority4 ,he mu/ be ( su* em95ce 9 ! field = :i* 8 /atem5ts are quot$ z n only to be accept$ by ! speak] us+ 8 mat]ial b z unqualifi$ly recogniz$ by all ! oppon5ts ( ! speak]4 ,8 rem>ks mu/ h ! def9it5ess ( ! exp]t witness ^: te/imony 9 c\rt c>ries s mu* weight4 ,to secure due consid]ation1 ! speak] mu/ make p]fectly cle> to 8 audi5ce ! position ( 8 au?ority1 8 fitness to be quot$1 8 unque/ion$ k1 s9c]ity1 & hone/y4 ,k secur$ 9 ?is mann] may be us$ ) signal effect 9 a spee*1 ei!r to supply all ! mat]ial or to cov] c]ta9 portions4 ,if y li/5 to _m spee*es 7& y %\ld71 notice h[ (t5 a speak] introduces ! result ( 8 int]views--=mal or m]ely conv]sational--) p]sons ^: /atem5t he is c]ta9 w impress 8 audi5ce4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make a li/ ( five topics ( :i* y "k s little t y w\ld h to secure in=mation by int]views4 #b4 ,( ^! *oose two1 def9e y\r op9ion or feel+ 9 ea*1 & tell to :om y c\ld apply = mat]ial4 #c4 ,*oose "o deal+ ) "s topic ( curr5t int]e/ 9 y\r locality2 def9e y\r own op9ion or feel+1 & tell to :om y c\ld apply = mat]ial4 #d4 ,expla9 exactly :y y "n ?is p]son4 #e4 ,prep>e a set ( que/ions to br+ out mat]ial to support y\r position4 #f4 ,prep>e "s que/ions to draw out mat]ial to dispose ( o!r views4 #g4 ,int]view "s p]son ^u "o ( ! =ego+ topics or a diff]5t "o1 & 9 a spee* pres5t ?is mat]ial be=e ! class4 #h4 ,9 g5]al discussion comm5t on ! au?orities report$ & ! mat]ial pres5t$4 ,read+4 ,! be/ way & ! me?od mo/ employ$ = ga!r+ mat]ial is read+4 ,e us] ( mat]ial 9 spee*es mu/ dep5d ^u 8 read+ = ! greate/ am\nt ( 8 k4 ,! old expression read+ law %[s h[ mo/ legal /ud5ts secur$ ! in=mation ^u :i* _! lat] practice 0 bas$4 ,ne>ly all real /udy ( any k9d dep5ds ^u wide & c>eful read+4 ,read+1 9 ! s5se "h us$1 diff]s widely f ! ent]ta9+ p]usal ( curr5t magaz9es1 or ! sup]ficial skimm+ ?r\gh %ort /ories or novels4 ,read+ = mat]ial is done ) a m s]i\s purpose ?an m]ely kill+ "t1 & is regulat$ accord+ to c]ta9 me?ods :i* h be5 %[n to produce ! be/ results = ! ef=t & "t exp5d$4 ,! speak] reads = ! s+le purpose ( secur+ mat]ial to s]ve 8 ne$ 9 deliv]$ rem>ks4 ,he has a def9ite aim4 ,he mu/ "k h[ to s]ve t end4 ,n ev]yone :o c foll[ words ^u a pr9t$ page c read 9 ?is s5se4 ,he mu/ be able to read1 und]/&1 select1 & reta94 ,! direction is he>d 9 "s *ur*es to read1 m>k1 le>n1 & inw>dly dige/4 ,?is is a picturesque phras+ ( ! same pr9ciples4 ,y mu/ "k h[ to read4 ,h y (t5 9 y\r way ?r\gh a book sudd5ly realiz$ at ! bottom ( a page t y hav5't ! slighte/ recollection ( :at y\r eye has be5 ov]8 ,y may h felt ?is same way aft] f9i%+ a *apt]4 ,p (t5 read poetry 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is is n really read+4 ,! speak] :o reads = mat]ial mu/ conc5trate4 ,if he rea*es ! bottom ( a page )\t an idea1 he mu/ g back to get x4 ,x is bett] n to read too rapidly ! fir/ "t1 9 ord] to save ?is repetition4 ,! ability to read is tra9$ 9 exactly ! same way z any o!r ability4 ,accuracy fir/1 spe$ lat]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ preval5t fault ( /ud5ts ( all k9ds is lack ( conc5tration4 ,und]/&+4 ,aft] read+ comes und]/&+4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 poetry aga9 might be cit$1 = any "o c read poetry1 ?\gh _m decl>e !y _c und]/& x4 ,! simple/ look+ prose may be obscure to ! m9d :i* is sl[ 9 compreh5d+4 ,:5 we read we get g5]al ideas1 cursory impressions2 we cat* ! drift ( ! au?or's mean+4 ,read+ = mat]ial mu/ be m ?or\gh ?an t4 ,x mu/ n m]ely believe x und]/&s2 x mu/ preclude ! slighte/ possibility ( misund]/&+4 ,a read] :o f9ds 9 a pr9t$ spee* approval ( a sy/em ( repres5tation b a condemnation ( a sy/em ( repres5tatives mu/ grasp at once1 or mu/ "w out = himself1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two3 ! fir/ mean+ a relation%ip only1 ! second mean+ m5 s]v+ z delegates4 ,:5 he meets an unusual ^w l m&atory1 he mu/ n be cont5t to guess at its significance by l9k+ x ) comm& & m&ate1 = z us$ 9 int]national affairs x means some?+ q def9ite4 ,to secure ?is complete und]/&+ ( all 8 read+ he w consult consi/5tly e book ( ref]5ce4 ,he %\ld read ) a good diction>y at 8 elb[1 & an atlas & an encyclop$ia )9 easy rea*4 ,if he is able to talk ov] ) o!rs :at he reads1 expla9+ to !m :at is n cle>1 he w h an excell5t me?od ( te/+ 8 own und]/&+4 ,! old-fa%ion$ practice ( say+ lessons ov] at home contribut$ to ?is gr[? ( a pupil's und]/&+4 ,select+4 ,?ird1 ! read] = mat]ial mu/ "k h[ to select4 ,z he usually reads to secure in=mation or argum5ts = a c]ta9 def9ite purpose1 he w save "t by kn[+ quickly :at n to read4 ,all t engages 8 att5tion )\t directly contribut+ to 8 aim is wa/+ "t & en]gy4 ,he mu/ le>n h[ to use books4 ,if he _c h&le alphabetiz$ collections quickly he is wa/+ "t4 ,if he does n "k h[ mat]ial is arrang$ he w wa/e bo? "t & en]gy4 ,he mu/ "k books4 ,e pr9t$ production wor?y ( be+ call$ a book %\ld h an index4 ,is ! index ! same z ! table ( cont5ts8 ,! table ( cont5ts is pr9t$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! volume4 ,x is a synopsis1 by *apt] head+s or m detail$ topics1 ( ! plan ( ! book4 ,x gives a g5]al outl9e ( ! cont5ts ( ! book4 ,y are int]e/$ 9 public speak+4 ,y wond] :e!r a book conta9s a *apt] on debat+4 ,does ?is "o8 ,y notice t a speak] us$ a s]ies ( j]ky ge/iculations4 ,y wond] :e!r ?is book conta9s a *apt] ^u ge/ures4 ,does x8 ,! table ( cont5ts is valuable = ! purposes j indicat$4 ,x appe>s always at ! beg9n+ ( a "w4 ,if ! "w fills m ?an "o volume1 ! table ( cont5ts is sometimes giv5 = all ( !m 9 ! fir/2 sometimes x is divid$ among ! volumes2 sometimes bo? arrangem5ts are comb9$4 ,! table ( cont5ts is nev] s valuable z ! index4 ,?is always comes at ! end ( ! book4 ,if ! "w is 9 m ?an "o volume ! index comes at ! end ( ! la/ volume4 ,:at did y le>n ( ! topic ge/ures 9 ?is book f y\r ref]5ce to ! table ( cont5ts8 ,n[ look at ! index4 ,:at does ! index d = a topic8 ,if a topic is treat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( a long "w ! volumes are indicat$ by ,roman num]als1 ! pages by ord9>y num]als4 ,int]pret ?is entry tak5 f ! index ( ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,h4,w4 ,elson4 ,slav]y1 introduc$ into ,virg9ia1 i1 #ic2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #abb2 9 ,georgia1 #acc2 9 ,new ,engl&1 #bgf2 9 ! ,s\?1 #bgf2 dur+ colonial p]iod1 iii1 #fi1 #gj2 9 ,miss\ri1 #gb2 attack$ by ! ,abolitioni/s1 #adb-f2 exclud$ f ,cali=nia1 #ahd2 "* (1 9 ! ,s\?1 #bjh seq42 population1 iv1 #hb2 aboli%$ 9 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 9 new t]ritories1 #bjh2 aboli%$ by ,?irte5? ,am5dm5t1 #cbj1 #cba4 ,reta9+ ,k4 ,! only valid te/ ( ! read]'s real equipm5t is :at he reta9s & c use4 ,h[ mu* ( :at y read d y rememb]8 ,! answ] dep5ds ^u education1 tra9+ 9 ?is p>ticul> ex]cise1 & lapse ( "t4 ,:at me?od ( rememb]+ d y f9d mo/ effective 9 y\r own case8 ,to answ] ?is y %\ld give "s att5tion to y\r own m9d4 ,:at k9d ( m9d h y8 ,d y reta9 mo/ accurately :at y see8 ,c y reproduce ei!r exactly or 9 correct sub/ance :at y read to y\rself )\t any support+ aids to /imulate y\r memory8 ,if y h ?is k9d ( m9d develop x along t l9e4 ,d n weak5 its p[] by lett+ x lean on any supports at all4 ,if y f9d y c d )\t !m1 d n get into ! habit ( tak+ notes4 ,if y c rememb] to d ev]y?+ y %\ld d dur+ a trip d[nt[n don't make a li/ ( ! items be=e y g4 ,if y c reta9 f a s+le read+ ! mat]ial y are ga!r+1 don't make notes4 ,impress ?+s ^u y\r memory faculty4 ,develop t ability 9 y\rself4 ,h y a diff]5t k9d ( m9d1 ! k9d :i* rememb] be/ :at x tells1 :at x expla9s1 :at x does8 ,d y fix ?+s 9 y\r bra9 by p]=m+ !m8 ,does in=mation become root$ 9 y\r memory because y h imp>t$ x to o!rs8 ,if s y %\ld secure ! mat]ial y ga!r f y\r read+ by adapt+ "s me?od relat$ to ! =ego+4 ,y may talk x ov] ) "s "o else1 y may tell x al\d to y\rself1 y may imag9e y are be=e an audi5ce & practise impress+ !m ) :at y want to reta94 ,any device :i* successfully fixes k 9 y\r memory is legitimate4 ,y %\ld "k en\gh ab\t y\r own m5tal processes to f9d = y\rself ! be/ & quicke/ way4 ,x is (t5 said ( tea*]s t !y d n actually feel t !y "k a subject until !y h tri$ to tea* x to o!rs4 ,tak+ ,notes4 ,ano!r k9d ( m9d recalls or rememb]s mat]ial x has read :5 "s note or h9t sugge/s all ( x4 ,?is k9d ( m9d dep5ds ^u ! ine/imably valuable art ( note-tak+1 a me?od q z wor?y z ! two j consid]$ if its results ju/ify its employm5t4 ,note-tak+ does n mean a helt]-skelt] s]ies ( exclamatory jott+s4 ,x means a well-plann$1 regul>ly organiz$ s]ies ( entries s arrang$ t ref]5ce to any portion recalls vividly & exactly ! full mat]ial ( ! orig9al4 ,books & spee*es are well plann$4 ,!y foll[ a c]ta9 ord]4 ,notes bas$ ^u !m %\ld reproduce t plan & %[ ! relative value ( p>ts4 ,:5 complet$1 su* notes1 arrang$ 9 outl9e =m1 %\ld enable ! mak] to reproduce ! ext5d$ mat]ial f :i* !y 7 made4 ,if he _c d t1 8 read+ & 8 note-tak+ 7 to little purpose4 ,a speak] :o has c>efully writt5 out 8 full spee* & deliv]s x =m ! manuscript c use t spee* ov] & ov] aga94 ,b t does n indicate t he really kn[s mu* ab\t ! topic he is discuss+4 ,he did "k ab\t x once4 ,b ! man :o f a s]ies ( notes c recon/ruct mat]ial work$ up long be=e proves t he has reta9$ 8 k ( x4 ,besides1 ?is me?od gives him ! *ance to adapt 8 pres5tation to ! *ang+ conditions & ! new audi5ce4 ,9 us+ ?is me?od1 :5 a p>ticul>ly important bit ( in=mation is met1 x %\ld be set d[n v c>efully1 usually v]batim1 z x may be quot$ exactly 9 ! spee*4 ,?is copy may be made ^u ! pap] :]e ! regul> notes are be+ ent]$ s t x may be f\nd lat] embodi$ 9 ! mat]ial x supports4 ,or x may lat] be cut f ?is %eet to be %ift$ ab\t & f9ally fix$ :5 plann+ ! spee*1 or prep>+ ! outl9e 7discuss$ 9 ! next two *apt]s74 ,_m practis$ spee*-mak]s copy su* mat]ial ^u ! regul>ly siz$ libr>y catalog c>ds 7#c by #e in*es71 "s di/+ui%+ by ! colors ( c>ds ! v>i\s k9ds ( mat]ial1 su* z argum5ts support+ a position1 opposite argum5ts1 refutation1 /ati/ics1 c\rt judgm5ts1 etc4 ,! beg9n] w f9d = himself :at me?ods he c use be/4 ,( c\rse he mu/ nev] let 8 discrim9at+ sy/em become s elaborate t he consumes unju/ifiable "t & ?\ght 9 foll[+ its intricate plan4 ,9 all cases ( quotations--ei!r v]batim or 9 resume--! au?ority mu/ be not$4 ,au?or1 (ficial title or position1 title ( "w1 circum/ances1 date1 volume1 page1 etc41 %\ld be cle>ly set d[n4 ,9 law cases ! date is especially important z s frequ5tly ! late/ decision rev]ses all ! e>li] ones4 ,= conv5i5ce ( fil+ & h&l+ ^! items are plac$ at ! top ( ! c>d4 ,monroe ,doctr9e--,mean+ ,w4 ,wilson--,hi/4 ,am]4 ,p1 ,v1 #bde ,! ,u4,s4 _h n und]tak5 to ma9ta9 an actual =mal protectorate ov] ! ,s4 ,am]4 /ates1 b x did frankly und]take to act z _! ne>e/ fri5d 9 ! settlem5t ( controv]sies ) ,european nations1 & no ,presid5t1 :e!r ,rep4 or ,dem41 _h hesitat$ s9ce ?is critical dispute conc]n+ ! b\nd>ies ( ,brit4 ,guiana arose to urge its settlem5t ^u t]ms favorable to ,v5ezuela4 ,! foll[+ notes 7 made by a /ud5t 9 prep>ation = a spee* ^u ! opposition to ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,^! exc]pts are f ! notes ^u ! newspap] reports ( ! debate 9 ,bo/on 9 #aiai betwe5 ,s5ator ,lodge & ,presid5t ,l[ell ( ,h>v>d4 ,notice h[ accurately !y sugge/ ! mat]ial ( ! orig9al4 ,! numb]s repres5t ! p>agraph numb]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,monroe ,doctr9e4 #ce4 ,monroe ,doctr9e a f5ce t _c be ext5d$ by tak+ x d[n4 #cf4 ,monroe ,doctr9e a coroll>y ( ,wa%+ton's =eign policy4 #cg4 ,geographical consid]ations on :i* ,monroe ,doctr9e re/$ /ill obta94 #ch4 ,sy/ems ( morality & philosophy are n transi5t1 because !y re/ on v]ities4 #ci4 ,monroe ,doctr9e re/s on law ( self-pres]vation4 #dj4 ,(f]s a l>g] res]vation ( ,monroe ,doctr9e z ?ird con/ructive criticism4 ,,s5ator ,,lodge ,sid5ote3 ,:at a ,league %\ld provide4 #c4 ,wants to consid] :at su* a league mu/ conta94 #d4 ,mu/ h provision = obligatory arbitration4 #e4 ,obligation n to resort to w> mu/ be compulsory4 #f4 ,compulsion mu/ be su* t no nation w v5ture to incur x4 #g4 ,nation t does n submit to arbitration mu/ be treat$ z outlaw4 #h4 ,if decisions ( arbitrations are cle> & g5]ally consid]$ j1 a nation desir+ to wage w> %\ld be prev5t$4 #i4 ,po9ts ( contact are n po9ts ( friction except :5 made too infrequ5t4 #aj4 ,travel1 int]c\rse1 frequ5t meet+s help amicable adju/m5ts4 #aa4 ,league %\ld provide c\ncils :]e m5 c meet & talk ov] diff]5ces4 #ab4 ,p5alty = violat+ agreem5ts %\ld be automatic4 #ac4 ,all %\ld be oblig$ to make w> on attack+ nation4 ,,presid5t ,,l[ell4 ,us+ ! ,libr>y4 ,a read] mu/ "k h[ to use libr>ies4 ,?is means he mu/ be able to f9d books by means ( ! c>d catalogs4 ,^! are arrang$ by bo? au?ors & subjects4 ,if he kn[s ! au?or ( a book or its title he c easily f9d ! c>ds & h ! book h&$ to him4 ,v (t5 he w seek in=mation ^u topics entirely new to him4 ,9 ?is case he mu/ look "u ! entry ( ! topic = all ! books be>+ ^u 84 ,f ! titles1 ! brief descriptions1 & 7sometimes7 ! tables ( cont5ts ^u ! c>ds he c select intellig5tly ! books he ne$s4 ,= in/ance1 if he is se>*+ = argum5ts to support a new k9d ( city gov]nm5t he c\ld disc>d at once sev]al books catalog$ z foll[s1 :ile he c\ld pick un]r+ly ! f\r :i* might furni% him ! mat]ial he wants4 ,^! books are li/$ "u ! g5]al topic ,cities4 ,! ,_s ( ,y\? & ! ,city ,/reets4 ,old ,engli% ,t[ns4 ,municipal ,adm9i/ration4 ,! ,mod]n ,city & its ,problems4 ,p]sonality ( ,am]ican ,cities4 ,hi/oric ,t[ns ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,romantic ,g]many4 ,cities ( ,italy4 ,am]ican ,municipal ,progress4 ,cross ref]5ces are also valuable4 ,9 addition to books catalog$ "u ! topic consult$1 o!rs gr\p$ "u o!r subjects may conta9 relat$ in=mation4 ,"h are ?ree actual cross ref]5ces tak5 f a libr>y catalog4 ,l&3 ,own]%ip1 rights1 & r5t4 ,see also cons]vation1 production1 agriculture4 ,labor+ classes3 ,morals & habits4 ,see also e?ics1 amusem5ts1 ,sunday4 ,*ur*4 ,see also *ur* & /ate1 p]secutions4 ,! cont9ual use ( a libr>y w famili>ize a /ud5t ) c]ta9 classes ( books to :i* he may turn = in=mation4 ,if he is p]mitt$ to h&le ! books !mselves ^u ! %elves he w soon become skilful 9 us+ books4 ,_m a tra9$ speak] c run 8 eye ov] titles1 along tables ( cont5ts1 scan ! pages1 & un]r+ly pick ! he>t out ( a volume4 ,ne>ly all libr>ies n[ are arrang$ accord+ to "o g5]al plan1 s a visitor :o kn[s ?is s*eme c easily f9d ! class ( books he wants 9 almo/ any libr>y he uses4 ,?is arrangem5t is bas$ ^u ! foll[+ decimal numb]+ & gr\p+ ( subject matt]4 ,,libr>y ,,classification #jjj to #jij1 ,g5]al works4 ,bibliography4 ,libr>y economy4 ,cyclop$ias4 ,collections4 ,p]iodicals4 ,societies1 museums4 ,j\rnalism1 newspap]s4 ,special libr>ies1 polygraphy4 ,book r>ities4 #ajj to #aij1 ,philosophy4 ,metaphysics4 ,special topics4 ,m9d & body4 ,philosophic sy/ems4 ,m5tal faculties1 psy*ology4 ,logic1 dialectics4 ,e?ics4 ,anci5t philosoph]s4 ,mod]n4 #bjj to #bij1 ,religion4 ,natural ,!ology4 ,bible4 ,doctr9al dogmatics1 !ology4 ,devotional1 practical4 ,homiletic1 pa/oral1 p>o*ial4 ,*ur*1 in/itutions1 "w4 ,religi\s hi/ory4 ,*ri/ian *ur*es & sects4 ,e?nic1 non-*ri/ian4 #cjj to #cij1 ,sociology4 ,/ati/ics4 ,political sci5ce4 ,political economy4 ,law4 ,adm9i/ration4 ,associations1 in/itutions4 ,education4 ,comm]ce1 communication4 ,cu/oms1 co/umes1 folklore4 #djj to #dij1 ,philology4 ,comp>ative4 ,engli%4 ,g]man4 ,fr5*4 ,italian4 ,spani%4 ,lat94 ,greek4 ,m9or lit]atures4 #ejj to #eij1 ,natural sci5ce4 ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy4 ,physics4 ,*emi/ry4 ,geology4 ,paleontology4 ,biology4 ,botany4 ,zology4 #fjj to #fij1 ,useful arts4 ,m$ic9e4 ,eng9e]+4 ,agriculture4 ,dome/ic economy4 ,communication1 comm]ce4 ,*emic te*nology4 ,manufactures4 ,me*anic trades4 ,build+4 #gjj to #gij1 ,f9e arts4 ,l&scape g>d5+4 ,ar*itecture4 ,sculpture4 ,draw+1 decoration1 design4 ,pa9t+4 ,engrav+4 ,photography4 ,music4 ,amusem5ts4 #hjj to #hij1 ,lit]ature 7same ord] z "u ,philology1 #djj74 #ijj to #iij1 ,hi/ory4 ,geography & travels4 ,biography4 ,anci5t hi/ory4 ,mod]n ,europe4 ,asia4 ,africa4 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,oceanica & pol> regions4 ,m4 ,,dewey3 ,decimal ,classification ,us+ ,p]iodicals4 ,9 ! section on tak+ notes ! direction 0 giv5 t 9 cit+ legal decisions ! late/ %\ld be secur$4 ,:y8 ,t same pr9ciple applies to cit+ any k9d ( in=mation 9 a spee*4 ,sci5ce1 hi/ory1 politics1 gov]nm5t1 int]national que/ions1 *ange s rapidly 9 ^! times t ! fact ( ye/]day is ! fiction ( today1 & vice v]sa4 ,a speak] mu/ be up to date 9 8 k4 ,?is he c be only by consult+ curr5t p]iodicals4 ,he _c read !m all s he mu/ use ! aids provid$ = him4 ,! be/ ( ^! is ! ,read]'s ,guide to ,p]iodical ,lit]ature issu$ e mon? & kept 9 ! ref]5ce room ( all libr>ies4 ,9 x1 arrang$ "u bo? subject & au?or's "n1 are li/$ ! articles :i* h appe>$ 9 ! v>i\s magaz9es4 ,! ,decemb] issue conta9s ! entries = ! entire ye>4 ,a gr\p ( topics f a rec5t mon?ly issue w %[ its value to ! speak] secur+ mat]ial4 ,ea/]n ,"q4 ,briti% case 9 ! ,ea/4 ,h4 ,sidebo?am1 ,asia #ai3bfa-abfc ,mr '#ai4--;,engl& & h] ea/]n policy4 ,h4 ,sidebo?am4 ,asia1 #ai3aeh-afa4 ,f '#ai4--,khanates ( ! ,middle ,ea/4 ,ikbal ,ali ,%ah4 ,contemp4 #aae3ahc-ahg ,f '#ai4--,m secret treaties 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,l4 ,/odd>d4 ,maps4 ,_w's ,"w4 #cg3 #ehi-eia4 ,mr '#ai4--,"p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,r ( ,rs #ei3cje-cjf ,mr '#ai4--,%\ld ,am]ica act z tru/ee ( ! ,ne> ,ea/8 ,asia1 #ai3ada-add ,f'#ai4 ,by ?is "t ! /ud5t speak] w h t m5tal al]tness ref]r$ to e>ly 9 ?is book4 ,he w be read+ regul>ly "s magaz9e--n to pass ! "t pleasantly--b to keep himself po/$ on curr5t topics & que/ions ( g5]al int]e/1 9 :i* ! articles w direct him to o!r p]iodicals = full] treatm5t ( ! mat]ial he is ga!r+4 ,! nature ( "s ( ^! is sugge/$ "h4 ,! ,outlook1 ,an illu/rat$ weekly j\rnal ( curr5t ev5ts4 ,curr5t ,op9ion1 ,mon?ly4 ,review ( ! ,_w1 ,p]sons 9 ! ,=egr\nd1 ,music & ,drama1 ,sci5ce & ,discov]y1 ,religion & ,social ,e?ics1 ,lit]ature & ,art1 ,! ,indu/rial ,_w1 ,recon/ruction4 ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,weekly4 ,topics ( ! ,day1 ,=eign ,comm5t1 ,sci5ce & ,inv5tion1 ,lett]s & ,art1 ,religion & ,social ,s]vice1 ,curr5t ,poetry1 ,miscellane\s1 ,inve/m5ts & ,f9ance4 ,! ,indep5d5t1 an illu/rat$ weekly4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,describe to ! class ! cont5ts ( a rec5t issue ( a magaz9e4 ,conc5trate ^u important dep>tm5ts1 articles1 or policies1 s t y w n deliv] a m]e li/4 #b4 ,tell h[ an article 9 "s p]iodical l$ y to read m widely to secure full] in=mation4 #c4 ,expla9 :y y read a c]ta9 p]iodical regul>ly4 #d4 ,speak ^u "o ( ! foll[+ topics3 ,freak magaz9es4 ,my magaz9e4 ,policies ( magaz9es4 ,great ?+s magaz9es h done4 ,te*nical magaz9es4 ,adv5tures at a magaz9e c\nt]4 ,propag&a p]iodicals4 #e4 ,expla9 exactly h[ y /udy4 #f4 ,h[ w\ld y secure an int]view ) "s p]son ( prom95ce8 #g4 ,is ! cramm+ process ( /udy+ a good "o8 #h4 ,is x ev] ju/ifiable8 #i4 ,expla9 h[1 :y1 & :5 x may be us$ by m5 9 _! pr(ession4 #aj4 ,give ! class an idea ( ! mat]ial ( "s book y h read rec5tly4 #aa4 ,expla9 h[ read+ a publi%$ review or he>+ comm5ts on a book induc$ y to read a volume :i* prov$ ( value to y4 #ab4 ,c y ju/ify ! read+ ( ! la/ "p only ( a book8 ,consid] non-fiction4 #ac4 ,= pres]v+ clipp+s1 notes1 etc41 :i* me?od is bett]--c>ds fil$ 9 boxes or draw]s1 scrap-books1 or slips & clipp+s gr\p$ 9 envelopes8 #ad4 ,report to ! class "s in=mation ^u "o ( ! foll[+4 ,tell exactly h[ & :]e y secur$ y\r in=mation4 ,opium traffic 9 ,*9a4 ,morph9e habit 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,wom5 9 lit]ature4 ,a draft$ army z comp>$ ) a volunte] army4 ,orpheum z a !at] "n4 ,prom95t bus9ess wom54 ,w> "t influ5ce ( ,d',annunzio4 ,increas+ co/ ( liv+4 ,secret>ial c\rses4 ,! mo/ beautiful city ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,alfalfa4 ,wom5 surgeons4 ,! blimp4 ,democracy 9 ,great ,brita9 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! root ( ! ,mexican problem4 ,san ,m>9o4 ,illit]acy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ wom5 vote4 7,,note4--,! tea*] %\ld supply additions1 sub/itutes1 & modifications47 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,plann+ ,,! ,,spee* ,select+ ,mat]ial4 ,x c be assum$1 by ! "t y h rea*$ ?is po9t 9 ! /udy & practice ( mak+ spee*es1 t y h words to express y\r ?\ghts & "s fair skill ( deliv]y1 t y "k some?+ ab\t prep>+ v>i\s k9ds ( introductions & conclusions1 t y "k h[ y\r own m9d op]ates 9 reta9+ new in=mation1 & t y "k h[ to secure mat]ial = v>i\s purposes4 ,ei!r cle>ly assimilat$ 9 y\r bra9 or accurately not$ ^u pap] y h all ! ideas t are to appe> 9 y\r spee*4 ,! ,l5g? ( ! ,spee*4 ,look ov] ?is mat]ial aga94 ,consid] x c>efully 9 y\r ?\ghts1 m5tally decid+ h[ long a "t or h[ _m words y w devote to ea* topic or entry4 ,c y f su* a practical consid]ation det]m9e h[ long 9 "t y\r spee* w be8 ,are y limit$ by requirem5ts to a %ort "t z 7 ! ,f\r ,m9ute ,speak]s8 ,h y be5 allott$ a half h\r8 ,w y hold y\r audi5ce long]8 ,^! may appe> simple ?+s1 b !y cov] ! fir/ ess5tial ( plann+ any spee*4 ,x %\ld be j ! correct l5g?--nei!r too long nor too %ort4 ,_m beg9n]s--timid1 hesitant1 untra9$--w frequ5tly fill too %ort a "t1 s t !y mu/ drill !mselves into plann+ long] productions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be /at$1 z a g5]al criticism1 t _m speak]s talk too long4 ,a ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator1 9 ord] to block ! vote on a bill he 0 oppos+1 decid$ to speak until ,congress _h to adj\rn1 s he delib]ately plann$ to cov] a long "t4 ,he spoke = "s tw5ty-two h\rs4 ,( c\rse he did n say mu*1 nor did he talk cont9u\sly2 to get re/s1 he reque/$ ! cl]k to call ! roll1 & :ile ! li/ 0 be+ m>k$1 he ate & drank en\gh to su/a9 him4 ,te*nically 8 spee* 0 un9t]rupt$1 = he /ill _h ! floor4 ,?\gh we may n approve ( su* me?ods ( legislative proc$ure we mu/ see t = ?is spee* ! fir/ elem5t ( its plan 0 its l5g?4 ,keep ?is consid]ation ( "t always 9 m9d4 ,speak]s always ask h[ long !y are to speak1 or !y /ipulate h[ mu* "t !y require4 ,legislative bodies frequ5tly h limit+ rules4 ,c\rts sometimes all[ lawy]s s mu* "t4 ,a m9i/] mu/ fit 8 s]mon to ! l5g? ( ! s]vice4 ,a bus9ess man mu/ n wa/e 8 he>]s' "t4 ,a lectur] mu/ n tire 8 audi5ce4 ,9 ,congress memb]s mu/ be giv5 *ances to eat4 ,9 ,p>liam5t1 :i* meets 9 ! ev5+1 m5 gr[ anxi\s = b$4 ,mak+ ! ,spee* too ,long4 ,! rule is fundam5tal1 yet x is violat$ cont9ually4 ,i h kn[n ( in/ances :5 f\r m51 ask$ to pres5t mat]ial 9 a meet+ ann\nc$ mon?s 9 advance z la/+ two h\rs1 h totally disreg>d$ ?is fact1 & prep>$ en\gh mat]ial to consume ov] an h\r ea*4 ,9 su* cases ! presid+ (fic] %\ld /ate to ea* t he w be all[$ exactly ?irty m9utes & no m4 ,he may tap on ! table aft] tw5ty-five h elaps$ to w>n ! speak] to pass to 8 conclusion1 & at ! expiration ( ! "t make him br+ 8 rem>ks to a close & give way to ! next speak]4 ,!re is no unfairness 9 ?is4 ,! real (f5se is committ$ by ! speak] :o proves himself s inconsid]ate1 s disc\rte\s ( ! conditions t he places himself 9 su* an emb>rass+ circum/ance4 ,he des]ves only ju/ice temp]$ by no m]cy4 ,i h he>d ! fir/ ( two speak]s :o 7 to fill an h\r ( a commemorative s]vice 9 a *ur* talk on = an h\r & t5 m9utes1 bor+ ! congregation to fidgety re/lessness & completely prev5t+ ! second speak]--! m important--f deliv]+ a s+le ^w4 ,m>k ,twa9 tells h[ he w5t to *ur* "o hot night to he> a city mission work] describe 8 exp]i5ces among ! poor p ( ! cr[d$ di/ricts :o1 ?\gh !y ne$$ help1 7 too mode/ or pr\d to ask = x4 ,! speak] told ( ! suff]+ & brav]y he f\nd4 ,!n he po9t$ out t ! be/ gifts to *>ity are n ! adv]tis$ b\nties ( ! weal?y b ! small donations ( ! less =tunate4 ,8 appeals work$ ,m>k ,twa9 up to great en?usiasm & g5]osity4 ,he 0 ready to give all he _h ) him--f\r hundr$ doll>s--& borr[ m4 ,! entire congregation want$ to (f] all x _h4 ,b ! mission>y kept on talk+4 ,! audi5ce began to notice ! heat4 ,x became hott] & hott]4 ,!y grew m & m uncom=table4 ,m>k's g5]osity began to %r9k4 ,x dw9dl$ to less & less z ! spee* l5g!n$ until :5 ! plate did f9ally rea* him1 he /ole t5 c5ts f x4 ,he adds t ?is simply proves h[ a little ?+ l a long-w9d$ spee* c induce crime4 ,plan y\r spee* s t x w be ! prop] l5g?4 ,disc>d+ ,mat]ial4 ,?is fir/ consid]ation v likely indicates to y t y h mu* m mat]ial ?an y c use 9 ! "t all[$ or assign$ y4 ,y mu/ disc>d "s4 ,/range z x may seem1 ?is is "o ( ! mu/ difficult directions to c>ry out4 ,x seems su* a wa/e ( "t & mat]ial to select = actual pres5tation s small a "p ( all y h c>efully ga!r$4 ,!re is always ! temptation to get x all 9 someh[4 ,yet ! direction mu/ rema9 inflexible4 ,y c use only "p ( x4 ,y mu/ c>efully select :at w s]ve y\r purpose4 ,:at is ! purpose ( y\r spee*8 ,:at is ! "* ( y\r audi5ce8 ,^! two ?+s w det]m9e to a l>ge ext5t1 :at & h[ mu* y mu/ rel9qui%4 ,y\r f9i%$ spee* w be all ! bett] = ! we$+-out process4 ,bett] /ill1 9 all y\r prelim9>y /eps = subsequ5t spee*es y w become skilful 9 select+ :ile y are ga!r+ ! mat]ial itself4 ,f9ally y w become s practis$ t y w n burd5 y\rself ) wa/e1 al?\gh y w always secure en\gh to supply y ) a res]ve supply = assurance & em]g5cy4 ,relation ( ,mat]ial to ! ,purpose ( ! ,spee*4 ,a few examples w %[ ! wide application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,a boy :o has expla9$ to 8 fa!r ! s*ol>%ip rules ( 8 s*ool conc]n+ a?letes w disc>d a great deal ( t mat]ial :5 he addresses a /ud5t ga!r+4 ,a speak] on *ild labor 9 a /ate :]e wom5 h vot$ = a long "t w disc>d mu* ( ! mat]ial pres5t$ 9 a neighbor+ /ate :]e g5]al fran*ise has j be5 grant$4 ,if 9 a s]ies ( rem>ks y want to emphasize ! ?rill+ exp]i5ce y h _h ) a l>ge fi% :i* j]k$ y out ( a boat1 y w\ld n include su* mat]ial z ! trip on ! tra9 to ! lake :]e y _h y\r adv5ture4 ,:y n8 ,^! are humble in/ances1 b ! pr9ciple ( selection is ! same = all spee*es4 ,a man :o 0 ask$ to lecture on ,m>k ,twa9 knew ! cont5ts ( ! ?irty publi%$ volumes writt5 by him1 all ! biographies1 practically e article writt5 ab\t him2 he _h conv]s$ ) p :o _h kn[n him2 he _h visit$ sc5es ( 8 life2 yet :5 he plann$ to talk = an h\r he _h to reject ev]y?+ except two /rik+ p]iods ( 8 life ) _! effects ^u 8 writ+4 ,burke1 9 "o great ef=t1 decl>$ he _h no int5tion ( deal+ ) ! "r ( taxation2 he conf9$ himself m]ely to ! exp$i5cy ( ,great ,brita9's rev5ue laws = ,am]ica4 ,o!r great speak]s h--9 _! f9i%$ spee*es--j z cle>ly indicat$ ! plans !y h decid$ to foll[4 ,su* def9ite ann\ncem5ts det]m9e ! mat]ial ( _m introductions4 ,my task w be divid$ "u ?ree diff]5t heads3 fir/1 ,! ,crime ,aga9/ ,kansas1 9 its orig9 & ext5t2 secondly1 ,! ,apologies = ! ,crime2 &1 ?irdly1 ,! ,true ,rem$y4 ,,*>les ,,sumn]3 ,! ,crime aga9/ ,kansas1 #ahef ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,fell[ ,citiz5s ( ,new ,york3 ,! facts ) :i* ,i %all deal ?is ev5+ are ma9ly old & famili>2 nor is !re any?+ new 9 ! g5]al use ,i %all make ( !m4 ,if !re %all be any novelty1 x w be 9 ! mode ( pres5t+ ! facts1 & ! inf]5ces & obs]vations foll[+ t pres5tation4 ,9 8 spee* la/ autumn at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 z report$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,times1 ,s5ator ,d\glas said3 ,our fa!rs1 :5 !y fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live1 und]/ood ?is "q j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[4 ,i fully indorse ?is1 & ,i adopt x z a text = ?is disc\rse4 ,i s adopt x because x furni%es a precise & an agre$ />t+-po9t = a discussion betwe5 ,republicans & t w+ ( ! ,democracy head$ by ,s5ator ,d\glas4 ,x simply leaves ! inquiry3 ,:at 0 ! und]/&+ ^? fa!rs _h ( ! "q m5tion$8 ,,abraham ,,l9coln3 ,coop] ,union ,spee*1 #ahfj ,indicat+ ! ,plan 9 ! ,spee*4 ,9 "s f9i%$ & long spee*es p>ts ( ! plan are di/ribut$ to m>k ! divisions 9 ! progress ( ! developm5t4 ,! next quotation %[s su* an ins]tion4 ,& n[ sir1 aga9/ all ^! !ories & op9ions1 ,i ma9ta9-- #a4 ,t ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n a league1 conf$]acy1 or compact betwe5 ! p ( ! sev]al ,/ates 9 _! sov]eign capacities2 b a gov]nm5t prop]1 f\nd$ on ! adoption ( ! p1 & creat+ direct relations betwe5 itself & individuals4 #b4 ,t no ,/ate au?ority has p[] to dissolve ^! relations2 t no?+ c dissolve !m b revolution2 & t1 consequ5tly1 !re c be no su* ?+ z secession )\t revolution4 #c4 ,t !re is a supreme law1 consi/+ ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & acts ( ,congress pass$ 9 pursuance ( x1 & treaties2 & t1 9 cases n capable ( assum+ ! "* ( a suit 9 law or equity1 ,congress mu/ judge (1 & f9ally int]pret1 ?is supreme law s (t5 z x has occasion to pass acts ( legislation2 & 9 cases capable ( assum+1 & actually assum+1 ! "* ( a suit1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! f9al int]pret]4 #d4 ,t an attempt by a ,/ate to abrogate1 annul1 or nullify an act ( ,congress1 or to arre/ its op]ation )9 h] limits1 on ! gr\nd t1 9 h] op9ion1 su* law is uncon/itutional1 is a direct usurpation on ! j p[]s ( ! g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 & on ! equal rights ( o!r ,/ates2 a pla9 violation ( ! ,con/itution1 a proce$+ ess5tially revolution>y 9 its "* & t5d5cy4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,! ,con/itution ,n a ,compact betwe5 ,sov]eign ,/ates1 #ahcc ,su* a /atem5t to ! audi5ce is especially helpful :5 ! speak] is deal+ ) te*nical subjects1 or mat]ial ) :i* mo/ p are n usually & widely conv]sant4 ,sci5tific consid]ations always become cle>] :5 su* plans are simply con/ruct$1 cle>ly ann\nc$1 & pla9ly foll[$4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 !re are only ?ree hypo!ses :i* ev] h be5 ent]ta9$1 or :i* well c be ent]ta9$1 respect+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,nature4 ,i w1 9 ! fir/ place1 /ate ! hypo!ses1 & !n ,i w consid] :at evid5ce be>+ ^u !m is 9 our possession1 & by :at light ( criticism t evid5ce is to be int]pret$4 ,^u ! fir/ hypo!sis1 ! assumption is1 t ph5om5a ( ,nature simil> to ^? exhibit$ by ! pres5t _w h always exi/$2 9 o!r words1 t ! univ]se has exi/$ f all et]nity 9 :at may be broadly t]m$ its pres5t condition4 ,! second hypo!sis is1 t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s has _h only a limit$ duration2 & t1 at "s p]iod 9 ! pa/1 a condition ( ! _w1 ess5tially simil> to t :i* we n[ "k1 came into exi/5ce1 )\t any prec$5t condition f :i* x c\ld h naturally proce$$4 ,! assumption t successive /ates ( ,nature h aris51 ea* )\t any relation ( natural causation to an antec$5t /ate1 is a m]e modification ( ?is second hypo!sis4 ,! ?ird hypo!sis also assumes t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s has _h b a limit$ duration2 b x supposes t ?is /ate has be5 evolv$ by a natural process f an antec$5t /ate1 & t f ano!r1 & s on2 &1 on ?is hypo!sis1 ! attempt to assign any limit to ! s]ies ( pa/ *anges is1 usually1 giv5 up4 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley3 ,lectures on ,evolution1 #ahgf ,,ex]cises #a4 ,accord+ to :at me?ods are ! =ego+ plans arrang$8 ,:i* division 9 ,sumn]'s spee* 0 ! mo/ important8 ,0 he try+ to get 8 li/5]s to d any?+8 ,:at d y ?9k t object 08 #b4 ,9 ,l9coln's spee* d y ?9k he plann$ ! mat]ial *ronologically8 ,hi/orically8 ,:at reasons h y = y\r answ]8 #c4 ,:i* ( ,web/]'s f\r p>ts is ! mo/ important8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 #d4 ,:i* hypo!sis 7:at does ! ^w mean87 did ,huxley himself support8 ,:at induces y to ?9k ?us8 ,is ?is plan 9 any respect l ,sumn]'s8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 #e4 ,make a li/ ( ! ways 9 :i* mat]ial ( spee*es may be arrang$4 ,arrangem5t4 ,importance4 ,if y h sev]al topics to cov] 9 a s+le spee* :]e w\ld y put ! mo/ important8 ,fir/ or la/8 ,write ^u a piece ( pap] ! position y *oose4 ,y h giv5 ?is plan "s ?\ght s y d\btlessly put d[n ! correct position4 ,:at did y write8 ,fir/8 ,t is usually ! answ] ( n9e pupils out ( e t54 ,are y ) ! majority8 ,if y wrote t ! mo/ important topic %\ld be treat$ fir/1 y are wrong4 ,! spee* w\ld be badly plann$4 ,?9k = a mom5t4 ,:i* %\ld be ! mo/ important "p ( a /ory or a play8 ,! beg9n+ or ! end+8 ,if x is ! e>ly "p1 :y %\ld any "o read on to ! end or /ay = ! curta9 to come d[n ! la/ "t8 ,s 9 spee*es ! importance ( topics %\ld always increase z ! spee* proce$s4 ,?is1 !n1 is a pr9ciple ( plann+4 ,arrange y\r topics 9 an asc5d+ ord] ( importance4 ,"w up to :at is call$ ! climax4 ,! li/ y made 9 response to direction #e giv5 above %\ld n[ be pres5t$ to ! class & its cont5ts discuss$4 ,:at k9d ( mat]ial is likely to be arrang$ accord+ to ea* ( y\r pr9ciples8 ,y h put d[n ! *ronological ord]1 or ! ord] ( "t1 or "s simil> phrase4 ,j :at d y mean by t8 ,d y mean1 beg9 ) ! e>lie/ mat]ial & foll[ 9 *ronological ord] d[n to ! late/8 ,c\ld ! rev]se ord] ev] be us$8 ,c y cite "s in/ance8 ,is contra/ a good ord] to foll[ 9 plann+8 ,cite mat]ial :i* c\ld be s arrang$4 ,w\ld an arrangem5t f cause to effect be some:at l "o bas$ on "t8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,"u :at circum/ances d y ?9k ! opposite might be us$--f effect to cause8 ,:ile !re are almo/ c\ntless me?ods ( arrangem5ts--= any "o us$ 9 "o "p ( a spee* may be comb9$ ) any o!r 9 "s diff]5t portion--! plan %\ld always be det]m9$ by ?ree fundam5tal matt]s2 ! mat]ial itself1 ! audi5ce to :i* x is to be pres5t$1 & ! effect ! speak] wants to produce4 ,ev5 dur+ ?is prelim9>y plann+ ( ! spee* ! au?or mu/ be c>eful t :5 8 arrangem5t is decid$ ^u x possesses ! ?ree qualities necess>y to e good composition4 ,^! ?ree are unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 ,unity4 ,unity expla9s itself4 ,a spee* mu/ be ab\t "o s+le ?+4 ,a good spee* produces "o result4 ,x induces action ^u "o s+le po9t4 ,x all[s no turn+ aside f its ma9 !me4 ,x does n /ray f ! /raight & n>r[ road to pick fl[]s 9 ! adjac5t fields1 no matt] h[ entic+ ! temptation to loit] may be4 ,9 pla9 t]ms x does n admit z "p ( its mat]ial any?+ n closely & pla9ly connect$ ) x4 ,x does n /ep aside = ev]y?+ t crops into ! speak]'s m9d4 ,x advances /eadily1 ev5 :5 n rapidly4 ,x does n back wat]4 ,x goes some:]e4 ,to pres]ve unity ( impression a speak] mu/ ru?lessly disc>d all mat]ial except t :i* is closely associat$ ) 8 c5tral int5tion4 ,he mu/ use only t :i* contributes to 8 purpose4 ,! same temptation to keep unrelat$ mat]ial--if x be good 9 itself--w be felt n[ z :5 ! o!r unsuitable mat]ial 0 set aside4 ,?is does n prev5t v>iety & relief4 ,illu/rative & int]e/+ m9or sections may be1 at times mu/ be1 introduc$4 ,b ev5 by _! vividness & attractiv5ess !y mu/ help ! spee*1 n h9d] x4 ,! decorations & ornam5ts mu/ nev] be all[$ to detract f ! utility ( ! composition4 ,unity may be damag$ by admitt+ p>ts n 9 ! direct l9e ( ! !me4 ,x may be violat$ by lett+ m9or portions become too long4 ,! illu/ration may gr[ s l>ge by ! introduction ( ne$less details t x makes ! li/5]s =get ! po9t x 0 design$ to en=ce4 ,or x may be s f>-fet*$ z to be> no real relation to ! ?read ( developm5t4 ,"h lies ! pitfall ( ! ov]work$ funny1 /ory1 introduc$ by t rem9ds me4 ,too (t5 x is n humor\s en\gh to ju/ify repetition2 or--:at is worse--x does n fit into ! circum/ances4 ,ano!r fault ( _m speak]s is ov]-elaboration ( expression1 n only = non-ess5tials1 b 9 ! important passages z well4 ,involv$ language dem&s explanation4 ,! attempts to cle> up :at %\ld h be5 simply said at fir/ may lead a speak] to devote too _m words to a s+le po9t4 ,?is matt] ( unity mu/ n be misund]/ood z prohibit+ ! inclusion ( m ?an "o topic 9 a spee*4 ,a legislator 9 urg+ ! repeal ( a law might h sev]al topics1 su* z h[ ! law 0 pass$1 its fir/ op]ations1 its increas+ burd5s ^u p1 ! disappe>ance ( ! necessity = x1 bett] me?ods ( secur+ ! same or bett] results1 etc41 yet all gr\p$ ab\t ! motivat+ !me ( secur+ ! repeal ( ! law4 ,to emphasize ! greatness ( a man's c>e] a speak] might introduce su* topics z 8 obscure orig91 8 unm>k$ y\?1 ! spur t /imulat$ 8 ambition1 8 e>ly rev]ses1 provid$ t !y contribute to ! impression int5d$1 to make vivid 8 real a*ievem5ts4 ,9 e>ly attempts at deliv]+ spee*es don't be afraid to pause at c]ta9 places to consid] :e!r :at y are ab\t to say really contributes to ! unity or de/roys x4 ,aside f help+ y to ?9k ^u y\r feet1 ?is m5tal ex]cise w help y\r spee* by mak+ y pause at times--a feature ( speak+ (t5 entirely disreg>d$ by _m p]sons4 ,coh]5ce4 ,! second quality a f9i%$ composition %\ld h is coh]5ce4 ,if y "k :at coh]e & cohesion mean 7p]haps y h met ^! words 9 sci5ce /udy7 y h ! g]m ( ! t]m's mean+4 ,x means /ick-toge!r-itive-ness4 ,! p>ts ( a spee* %\ld be s int]relat$ t e "p leads up to all t foll[s4 ,likewise e "p develops naturally f all t goes be=e1 z well z :at imm$iately prec$es4 ,!re mu/ be a cont9uity runn+ /raight ?r\gh ! mat]ial f />t to f9i%4 ,p>ts %\ld be plac$ :]e !y fit be/4 ,ea* portion %\ld be s plac$--at lea/1 9 ?\ght--t all be=e leads naturally & consi/5tly up to x1 & x c>ries on ! ?read to :atev] foll[s4 ,?is prev5ts rude breaks 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,skilfully done1 x aids ! he>] to rememb]1 because s easily did ! ?\ght 9 ! spee* move f "o po9t to ano!r1 t he c c>ry ! l9e ( its progression ) him long aft]4 ,s ! atta9m5t ( coh]5ce 9 a spee* contributes directly to t desir$ end--a deep impression4 ,incoh]5t spee*es are s ma9ly because ( abs5ce ( plan1 :e!r !y be %ort or long1 conv]sational or =mal4 ,emphasis4 ,! ?ird quality a spee* %\ld h is emphasis4 ,appli$ to a connect$ sequ5ce ( words ?is means t :at is ( mo/ importance %all /& out mo/ =cefully2 t :at is n s important %all %[ its subord9ate relation by its position1 its connection ) :at goes be=e & aft]2 t :at is lea/ important %all receive no emphasis beyond its j due4 ,su* manipulation requires plann+ & re>rang+1 c>eful weigh+ ( ! relative importance ( all portions4 ,recall :at 0 said ( ! place ( ! mo/ important "p4 ,?r\gh\t ! spee* !re mu/ also be v>iety ( emphasis4 ,x w\ld n be fitt+ to h ev]y?+ ) a =ceful emphasis ^u x4 ,to secure v>iation 9 emphasis y mu/ rememb] t 9 spee*es ! be/ effects w be made ^u audi5ces by (f]+ !m slight relief f too close att5tion or too impressive effects4 ,if y obs]ve ! plans f9ally foll[$ by good speak]s y w be able to see t !y h obey$ ?is sugge/ion4 ,!y h ! p[] to d :at is describ$ z sway+ ! audi5ce4 ,9 its simple/ =m ?is dep5ds ^u v>y+ ! emphasis4 ,9 mak+ an appeal = funds = de/itute portions ( ,europe a tell+ topic w\ld surely be ! suff]+s ( ! ne$y4 ,w\ld x be wise to dwell ^u su* horrors only8 ,w\ld a humor\s anecdote ( ! happy gratitude ( a *ild = a ca/-(f toy be good to produce emphasis8 ,:i* w\ld make ! mo/ emphatic end+--! absolute de/itution1 ! am\nt to be suppli$1 ! relief af=d$1 or ! happ9ess to donors = %>+ 9 su* a wor?y *>ity8 ,y c see h[ a m]e m5tal plann+1 or a %uffl+ ( notes1 or a tempor>y numb]+ ( topics w help 9 cle>+ up ?is problem ( h[ to secure prop] & effective emphasis4 ,mak+ ! ,fir/ ,plan4 ,x w\ld be a helpful ?+ at ?is po9t 9 ! plann+ to make a p5cil li/ ( ! topics to be includ$4 ,?is is n a f9al outl9e b a m]e s]ies ( jott+s to be *ang$1 disc>d$1 & replac$ z ! au?or consid]s 8 mat]ial & 8 spee*4 ,x is h>dly m ?an an in=mal li/1 a scrap ( pap]4 ,9 work+ ) x1 don't be too c>eful ( appe>ances4 ,erase1 cross out1 int]l9e1 write 9 m>g9s1 draw l9es & arr[s to c>ry portions f "o place to ano!r1 cr[d 9 at "o place1 remove f ano!r1 cut ! pap] %eets1 pa/e 9 new p>ts1 or p9 slips toge!r4 ,manipulate y\r mat]ial4 ,mold x to suit y\r purposes4 ,make x foll[ y\r plan4 ,by ?is y w secure a good plan4 ,if ?is seems a great deal to d1 comp>e x ) ! "t & en]gy requir$ to le>n h[ to swim1 h[ to play a musical in/rum5t1 h[ to %oot 9 basketball1 h[ to act a "p 9 a play4 ,kn[+ h[ to speak well is wor? ! ef=t4 ,e "t y plan a spee* ^! /eps w m]ge into a cont9u\s process :ile y are ga!r+ ! mat]ial4 ,9 in=mal discussion ^u topics y are famili> )1 y w become able to arrange a plan :ile y are ris+ to y\r feet4 ,transitions4 ,z ?is prelim9>y plan takes its =m "u y\r c>eful consid]ation ( ! mat]ial y w decide t !re are places betwe5 topics or sections :i* w require bridg+ ov] 9 ord] to atta9 coh]5ce & emphasis4 ,^! places ( division %\ld be fill$ by transitions4 ,a transition is a passage :i* c>ries ov] ! mean+ f :at prec$es to :at foll[s4 ,x s]ves z a connect+ l9k4 ,x prev5ts ! mat]ial f fall+ ap>t4 ,x pres]ves ! cont9uity ( ideas4 ,a transition may be z %ort z a s+le ^w1 su* z h[ev]1 consequ5tly1 nev]!less4 ,x may be a s5t5ce4 ,x may gr[ into a p>agraph4 ,! purpose ( transitions--to l9k p>ts toge!r--may induce beg9n]s to consid] !m z ( little importance s9ce !y manife/ly add no new ideas to ! !me4 ,?is op9ion is entirely errone\s4 ,ev5 9 mat]ial = read+1 transitions are necess>y4 ,9 mat]ial to be receiv$ ?r\gh ! e> !y are ! mo/ valuable helps t c be suppli$ to h ! li/5] foll[ ! developm5t4 ,!y m>k ! divisions = him4 ,!y %[ t a c]ta9 section is complet$ & a new "o is ab\t to beg94 ,!y %[ ! relation 9 mean+ ( two portions4 ,! %ort] =ms ( transitions--words & phrases--belong r to ! expression1 ! language1 ( ! spee* ?an to ?is prelim9>y plann+4 ,a speak] %\ld nev] fail to use su* phrases z on ! o!r h&1 cont9u+ ! same l9e ( reason+1 pass+ to ! next po9t1 f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 because !y s cle>ly indicate ! relation ( two succe$+ passages ( a spee*4 ,9 plann+1 ! speak] frequ5tly has to consid] ! ins]tion ( long] transitions--p>agraphs or ev5 m ext5d$ passages4 ,j h[ su* l9ks appe> 9 f9i%$ spee*es ! foll[+ extracts %[4 ,9 ! fir/ selection ,wa%+ton :5 he plann$ 8 mat]ial realiz$ he _h rea*$ a place :]e he c\ld conclude4 ,he want$ to add m4 ,:at reason %\ld he (f] 8 audi5ce = violat+ ! pr9ciple discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on conclusions8 ,h[ c\ld he make cle> to !m 8 desire to cont9ue8 ,we _c ass]t t he actually did ?is1 b he might h jott$ d[n ^u ! pap] be>+ a fir/ s*eme ( 8 rem>ks ! phrase1 my solicitude = ! p4 ,t1 !n1 0 ! g]m ( 8 transition p>agraph4 ,notice h[ cle>ly ! mean+ is express$4 ,c\ld any he>] fail to compreh5d8 ,! transition also ann\nces pla9ly ! topic ( ! re/ ( ! spee*4 ,"h1 p]haps1 ,i ought to /op4 ,b a solicitude = y\r welf>e1 :i* _c end b ) my life1 & ! appreh5sion ( dang]1 natural to t solicitude1 urge me on an occasion l ! pres5t1 to (f] to y\r solemn contemplation1 & to recomm5d to y\r frequ5t review1 "s s5tim5ts :i* are ! result ( mu* reflection1 ( no inconsid]able obs]vation1 & :i* appe> to me all-important to ! p]man5cy ( y\r felicity z a p4 ,^! w be (f]$ to y ) ! m fre$om1 z y c only see 9 !m ! dis9t]e/$ w>n+s ( a p>t+ fri5d1 :o c possibly h no p]sonal motive to bias 8 c\nsels4 ,nor c ,i =get1 z an enc\ragem5t to x1 y\r indulg5t reception ( my s5tim5t on a =m] & n dissimil> occasion4 ,,george ,,wa%+ton3 ,f>ewell ,address1 #agif ,! next selection answ]s to a "p ( ! plan ann\nc$ 9 a passage already quot$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,notice h[ ?is transition looks bo? backw>d & =w>d3 x is bo? retrospective & anticipatory4 ,if y recall t repetition helps to emphasize facts1 y w readily und]/& :y a transition is especially valuable if x adh]es to ! same language z ! fir/ /atem5t ( ! plan4 ,9 a writt5 s*eme ?is might h appe>$ "u ! entry1 pass f #a to #b2 li/ #d apologies = crime4 ,?is sugge/s fully ! mat]ial ( ! passage4 ,& ) ?is exposure ,i take my leave ( ! ,crime aga9/ ,kansas4 ,em]g+ f all ! blackness ( ?is ,crime1 :]e we seem to h be5 lo/1 z 9 a savage wood1 & turn+ our backs ^u x1 z ^u desolation & dea?1 f :i*1 :ile o!rs h suff]$1 we h escap$1 ,i come n[ to ! ,apologies :i* ! ,crime has f\nd4444 ,!y are f\r 9 numb]1 & f\rfold 9 "*4 ,! fir/ is ! ,apology tyrannical2 ! second1 ! ,apology imbecile2 ! ?ird1 ! ,apology absurd2 & ! f\r?1 ! ,apology infam\s4 ,t is all4 ,tyranny1 imbecility1 absurdity1 & infamy all unite to dance1 l ! weird si/]s1 ab\t ?is ,crime4 ,! ,apology tyrannical is f\nd$ on ! mi/ak5 act ( ,gov]nor ,re$]1 9 au!nticat+ ! ,usurp+ ,legislature1 etc4 ,,*>les ,,sumn]3 ,! ,crime aga9/ ,kansas1 #ahef ,! beg9n+ speak] %\ld n hesitate to make 8 transitions p]fectly cle> to 8 audi5ce4 ,:5 !y add to ! m]ely bridg+ use ! additional value ( s]v+ z %ort summ>ies ( :at has gone be=e & z sign po/s ( :at is to foll[1 !y are trebly s]viceable4 ,! attempt to be cle> w seldom be wa/e ( "t or ef=t4 ,! obvi\s /atem5ts ( ! prec$+ selections1 ! use ( figures1 are excell5t models = speak]s to imitate4 ,) practice w come skill 9 mak+ transitions ( diff]5t k9ds1 9 :i* ! same purposes w be s]v$ 9 v>i\s o!r ways1 9 :at may be consid]$ m f9i%$ /yle4 ,! next extracts repres5t ?is k9d ( transition4 ,sir1 l mo/ que/ions ( civil prud5ce1 ?is is nei!r black nor :ite1 b gray4 ,! sy/em ( copyright has great advantages & great disadvantages2 & x is our bus9ess to asc]ta9 :at ^! are1 & !n to make an arrangem5t "u :i* ! advantages may be z f> z possible secur$1 & ! disadvantages z f> z possible exclud$4 ,! *>ge :i* ,i br+ aga9/ my honorable & le>n$ fri5d's bill is ?is1 t x leaves ! advantages ne>ly :at !y are at pres5t1 & increases ! disadvantages at lea/ f\rfold4 ,,?omas ,b4 ,,macaulay3 ,copyright ,bill1 #ahda ,"o-?ird ( ! population ( ! ,s\? is ( ! ,negro race4 ,no ent]prise seek+ ! mat]ial1 civil1 or moral welf>e ( ?is section c disreg>d ?is elem5t ( our population & rea* ! highe/ success4 ,i b convey to y1 ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,directors1 ! s5tim5t ( ! masses ( my race :5 ,i say t 9 no way h ! value & manhood ( ! ,am]ican ,negro be5 m fitt+ly & g5]\sly recogniz$ ?an by ! manag]s ( ?is magnific5t ,exposition at e /age ( its progress4 ,x is a recognition t w d m to cem5t ! fri5d%ip ( ! two races ?an any occurr5ce s9ce ! dawn ( our fre$om4 ,,book] ,t4 ,,wa%+ton 9 a spee* at ! ,atlanta ,exposition1 #ahie ,?9k+ be=e ,y ,speak4 ,:ile /ud5ts may feel t ! /eps outl9$ "h dem& a great deal ( prep>ation be=e ! f9al spee* is deliv]$1 ! explanation may be giv5 t aft] all1 ?is c>eful prep>ation m]ely c>ries out ! homely adage--?9k be=e y speak4 ,if !re 7 m ?9k+ !re w\ld be at once bett] speak+4 ,anybody c talk4 ,! purpose ( /udy+ is to make "o a bett] speak]4 ,! anticipation ( "s relief may be ent]ta9$1 = x is com=t+ to "k t aft] "o has foll[$ ! processes "h expla9$1 !y move m rapidly1 s t aft] a "t !y may become almo/ simultane\s up to ! completion ( ! "o j discuss$--plann+ ! spee*4 ,x is also wor? kn[+ t none ( ?is prelim9>y "w is actually lo/4 ,nor is x unse54 ,x appe>s 9 ! spee* itself4 ,! rew>d = all its app>5t sl[ness & exact+ delib]ation is 9 ! cle>ness1 ! significance ( ! spee*1 its reception by ! audi5ce1 its effect ^u !m1 & ! k by ! speak] himself t 8 ef=ts are produc+ results 9 8 accompli%m5ts4 ,all speak]s plan c>efully = spee*es long 9 advance4 ,a fam\s alumnus ( ,yale 0 invit$ to att5d a banquet ( ,h>v>d graduates4 ,w>n$ t he mu/ speak = 8 d9n] he prep>$ m ?an a doz5 possible beg9n+s n kn[+ ( c\rse1 9 :at mann] ! toa/ma/] w\ld call ^u him4 ,! rema9d] ( 8 spee* 0 z c>efully plann$1 al?\gh n ) s _m possible *oices4 ,note t f ea* possible op5+ to ! body ( ! spee* he _h to evolve a graceful transition4 ,edmund ,burke1 9 8 great spee* on conciliation ) ! ,am]ican colonies1 relat$ t "s "t be=e1 a fri5d _h urg$ him to speak ^u ?is matt]1 b he _h hesitat$4 ,true1 he _h gone s f> z to ?r[ my ?\ghts into a sort ( p>liam5t>y =m--t is1 he made a plan or an outl9e1 b ! passage ( a c]ta9 bill by ! ,h\se ( ,commons seem$ to h tak5 away =ev] ! *ance ( 8 us+ ! mat]ial4 ,! bill1 h[ev]1 0 return$ f ! ,h\se ( ,lords ) an am5dm5t & 9 ! result+ debate he deliv]$ ! spee* he _h already plann$4 ,daniel ,web/] said t 8 reply to ,hayne _h be5 ly+ 9 8 desk = mon?s already plann$1 m]ely wait+ ! opportunity or ne$ = its deliv]y4 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]1 ^: ne$ = prelim9>y prep>ation 0 r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms1 & :o himself 0 almo/ an in/antane\s extemporiz]1 recogniz$ ! ne$ = c>eful plann+ by "y speak]s & w>n$ !m aga9/ ! temptation to slov5l9ess 9 workman%ip1 to c>eless & inaccurate /atem5t1 to repetition1 to violation ( good ta/e4 ,slov5l9ess 9 plann+ is z bad z slov5l9ess 9 expression4 ,,ex]cises ,*oose any topic sugge/$ 9 ?is book4 ,make a %ort prelim9>y plan ( a spee* ^u x4 ,pres5t x to ! class4 ,consid] x f ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 #a4 ,does x %[ cle>ly its int5tion8 #b4 ,h[ long w ! spee* be8 #c4 ,too long8 ,too %ort8 #d4 ,= :at k9d ( audi5ce is x int5d$8 #e4 ,has x unity8 #f4 ,has x coh]5ce8 #g4 ,:]e are transitions mo/ cle>ly ne$$8 #h4 ,:at sugge/ions w\ld y make = re>rang+ any p>ts8 #i4 ,:at reasons h y = ^! *anges8 #aj4 ,is prop] emphasis secur$8 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,mak+ ,,! ,,outl9e ,,or ,,brief ,ord]ly ,arrangem5t4 ,a spee* %\ld h an ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,! effect ^u an audi5ce w be m easily made1 m deeply impress$1 m cle>ly reta9$1 if ! successive /eps ( ! developm5t are s well m>k$1 s pla9ly relat$1 t !y may be c>ri$ away 9 a he>]'s und]/&+4 ,x might be said t "o te/ ( a good spee* is ! vividness ) :i* its framework is disc]nible4 ,he>]s c repeat outl9es ( c]ta9 spee*es4 ,^? are ! be/4 ,( o!rs !y c give m]ely confus$ reports4 ,^! are ! badly con/ruct$ ones4 ,! way to secure 9 ! deliv]$ spee* ?is delight ( ord]ly arrangem5t is by mak+ an outl9e or brief4 ,mo/ pupils hate to make outl9es4 ,! reason = ?is repugnance is easily und]/ood4 ,a tea*] directs a pupil to make an outl9e be=e he writes a composition or deliv]s a spee*4 ,! pupil sp5ds h\rs on ! li/ ( entries1 !n submits 8 f9i%$ !me or address4 ,he feels t ! outl9e is disreg>d$ entirely4 ,sometimes he is n ev5 requir$ to h& x to ! in/ructor4 ,he consid]s ! "t he has sp5t ^u ! outl9e z wa/$4 ,x is almo/ impossible to make him feel t 8 f9i%$ product is all ! bett] because ( ?is ef=t sp5t ^u ! prelim9>y skeleton1 s t 9 reality 8 outl9e is n disreg>d$ at all1 b is judg$ & m>k$ z embodi$ 9 ! f9i%$ article4 ,mo/ /ud5ts c>ry ?is mi/ak5 feel+ ab\t outl9es to su* an ext5t t :5 requir$ to h& 9 bo? an outl9e & a f9i%$ composition !y w write 9 haphaz>d fa%ion ! composition fir/1 & !n f x try to prep>e ! outl9e1 in/ead ( do+ z !y are told1 & mak+ ! outl9e fir/4 ,x is easi]--?\gh n z educat+ or productive ( good results--to /r+ words toge!r ?an x is to d :at outl9e-mak+ dem&s--to ?9k4 ,pr(essional ,writ]s' ,use ( ,outl9es4 ,pr(essional writ]s realize ! helpfulness ( outl9e-mak+ & ! "t x saves4 ,_m a magaz9e article has be5 sold be=e a ^w ( ! f9i%$ manuscript 0 writt54 ,! contributor submitt$ an outl9e f :i* ! editor contract$ = ! f9i%$ production4 ,_m a play has be5 plac$ 9 ! same =m4 ,books are built up 9 ! same mann]4 ,! ubiquit\s mov+-picture sc5>io is seldom produc$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,macaulay advis$ a "y fri5d :o ask$ h[ to keep 8 bra9 active to read a c\ple ( solid books1 mak+ c>eful outl9es ( _! mat]ial at ! same "t4 ,"o ( ^! %\ld be--if possible--a "w 9 a =eign tongue1 s t ! /rang5ess ( ! language w\ld necessitate sl[1 c>eful read+ & close ?9k+4 ,all good /ud5ts "k t ! be/ way to prep>e = an exam9ation is to make outl9es ( all ! requir$ read+ & /udy4 ,x is j because ! mak+ ( ! outl9e dem&s su* c>eful ?9k+ t x is "o ( ! mo/ important /eps 9 ! production ( a spee*4 ,! ,outl9e 9 ! ,f9i%$ ,spee*4 ,if ! outl9e really %[s 9 ! f9i%$ spee*1 let u see if we c pick ! entries out f a portion ( "o4 ,edmund ,burke 9 #agge tri$ to prev5t ,great ,brita9 f us+ co]cive measures aga9/ ! re/ive ,am]ican colonies4 ,_m ,engli%m5 7 already clamor+ = w> :5 ,burke spoke 9 ,p>liam5t ^u conciliat+ ! ,colonies4 ,i am s5sible1 ,sir1 t all :i* ,i h ass]t$ 9 my detail1 is admitt$ 9 ! gross2 b t q a diff]5t conclusion is drawn f x4 ,am]ica1 g5tlem5 say1 is a noble object4 ,x is an object well wor? fight+ =4 ,c]ta9ly x is1 if fight+ a p be ! be/ way ( ga9+ !m4 ,g5tlem5 9 ?is respect w be l$ to _! *oice ( means by _! complexions & _! habits4 ,^? :o und]/& ! milit>y art1 w ( c\rse h "s pr$ilection = x4 ,^? :o wield ! ?und] ( ! /ate1 may h m confid5ce 9 ! efficacy ( arms4 ,b ,i confess1 possibly = want ( ?is k1 my op9ion is mu* m 9 favor ( prud5t managem5t1 ?an ( =ce2 consid]+ =ce n z an odi\s1 b a feeble in/rum5t1 = pres]v+ a p s num]\s1 s active1 s gr[+1 s spirit$ z ?is1 9 a pr(itable & subord9ate connexion ) u4 ,fir/1 ,sir1 p]mit me to obs]ve1 t ! use ( =ce alone is b tempor>y4 ,x may subdue = a mom5t2 b x does n remove ! necessity ( subdu+ aga92 & a nation is n gov]n$ :i* is p]petually to be conqu]$4 ,my next objection is its unc]ta9ty4 ,t]ror is n always ! effect ( =ce2 & an armam5t is n a victory4 ,if y d n succe$1 y are )\t res\rce2 =1 conciliation fail+1 =ce rema9s2 b1 =ce fail+1 no fur!r hope ( reconciliation is left4 ,p[] & au?ority are sometimes b\ght by k9dness2 b !y c nev] be begg$ z alms by an impov]i%$ & defeat$ viol5ce4 ,a fur!r objection to =ce is1 t y impair ! object by y\r v endeavors to pres]ve x4 ,! ?+ y f\ght = is n ! ?+ :i* y recov]2 b depreciat$1 sunk1 wa/$1 & consum$ 9 ! conte/4 ,no?+ less w cont5t me1 ?an :ole ,am]ica4 ,i d n *oose to consume its /r5g? along ) our own2 because 9 all p>ts x is ! ,briti% /r5g? t ,i consume4 ,i d n *oose to be caught by a =eign enemy at ! end ( ?is exhau/+ conflict1 & /ill less 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,i may escape2 b ,i c make no assurance aga9/ su* an ev5t4 ,let me add1 t ,i d n *oose :olly to break ! ,am]ican _s2 because x is ! _s t has made ! c\ntry4 ,la/ly1 we h no sort ( exp]i5ce 9 favor ( =ce z an in/rum5t 9 ! rule ( our colonies4 ,_! gr[? & _! utility has be5 ow+ to me?ods altoge!r diff]5t4 ,our anci5t indulg5ce has be5 said to be pursu$ to a fault4 ,x may be s4 ,b we "k if feel+ is evid5ce t our fault 0 m tol]able ?an our attempt to m5d x2 & our s9 f> m salut>y ?an our p5it5ce4 ,^!1 ,sir1 are my reasons = n ent]ta9+ t high op9ion ( untri$ =ce1 by :i* _m g5tlem51 = ^: s5tim5ts 9 o!r p>ticul>s ,i h great respect1 seem to be s greatly captivat$4 ,b !re is /ill beh9d a ?ird consid]ation conc]n+ ?is object1 :i* s]ves to det]m9e my op9ion on ! sort ( policy :i* ought to be pursu$ 9 ! managem5t ( ,am]ica1 ev5 m ?an its population & its comm]ce1 ,i mean its temp] & "*4 ,,edmund ,,burke3 ,conciliation ) ,am]ica1 #agge ,recon/ruct+ ! ,outl9e4 ,9 ! prelim9>y arrangem5t ,burke knew t he 0 go+ to give 8 reasons aga9/ ! use ( milit>y =ce4 ,9 8 fir/ plan he may n h decid$ j :]e he 0 go+ to place 8 f\r argum5ts4 ,s !y v likely appe>$ z f\r topic entries3 ,aga9/ use ( =ce4 #a4 tempor>y #b4 unc]ta9 #c4 damages ,am]ica #d4 no exp]i5ce ,notice t ^! are jott+s to sugge/ ! g]ms ( ! argum5ts4 ,:5 ,burke revis$ ?is section he may h *ang$ ! expression to indicate m c]ta9ty4 ,=ce %\ld n be us$ aga9/ ! colonies1 because3 #a4 x is only tempor>y #b4 x is unc]ta9 9 its results #c4 x w\ld damage ! weal? ( ! colonies #d4 x is bas$ on no exp]i5ce ( ,great ,brita9 ) colonies ,( c\rse1 a practis$ /atesman w\ld n h to analyze f>!r1 p]haps n s f>1 b to illu/rate = a /ud5t h[ he might build up 8 outl9e1 let u analyze "o degree f>!r4 ,j :at is meant by su* t]ms z tempor>y1 unc]ta98 ,"u ea* /atem5t1 !n1 might be add$ a detail$ explanation4 ,! f9i%$ "p ( ! outl9e w\ld !n appe> some:at l ?is4 ,=ce %\ld n be us$ aga9/ ! colonies1 because3 #a4 x is only tempor>y1 = a4 ?\gh x subdue = a "t1 x w\ld h to be us$ aga94 #b4 x is unc]ta9 9 its results1 = a4 ,great ,brita9 might n subdue ! colonies4 #c4 x w\ld damage ! weal? ( ! colonies1 = a4 we w\ld fight to reta9 a weal?y l&1 yet aft] ! w> we %\ld h a ru9$ "o4 #d4 x is bas$ on no exp]i5ce ( ,great ,brita9 ) colonies1 = a4 ,great ,brita9 has always be5 indulg5t r ?an sev]ely /rict4 ,speak+ or writ+ f su* a detail$ outl9e z ?is1 consid] h[ mu* ?9k+ has already be5 done4 ,) ^! entries "u 8 eye ! speak] ne$ ?9k only ( ! phras+ ( 8 rem>ks4 ,he w\ld feel p]fectly c]ta9 t he w\ld n w&] f 8 !me4 ,notice h[ ! ideas c be emphasiz$4 ,! sugge/ion ( damage c be express$ 9 impair ! object1 & 9 depreciat$1 sunk1 wa/$1 consum$4 ,s f> ?is outl9e--?\gh x cov]s all its own mat]ial--does n indicate ! place at :i* x %all be us$ 9 ! spee*4 ,x c\ld be us$ ne> ! conclusion :]e ,burke plann$ to answ] all ! support]s ( plans o!r ?an 8 own4 ,t w\ld be a good place = x4 ,b ,burke f\nd a bett] "o4 ,he sep>at$ ?is f 8 o!r rem>ks aga9/ 8 oppon5ts1 & br\ght x 9 mu* e>li]1 !reby l9k+ x ) :at x mo/ conc]n$1 emphasiz+ x1 & dispos+ ( x entirely s f> z 8 spee* 0 conc]n$4 ,he _h j enum]at$ ! weal? ( ! colonies z repres5t$ by _! comm]ce4 ,he knew t ! w> p>ty w\ld argue1 ,if ,am]ica is s weal?y1 x is wor? fight+ =4 ,t 0 ! place1 !n1 to refute !m4 ,to introduce 8 mat]ial he _h to make cle> ! transition f ! colonial weal? to 8 argum5ts4 ,notice h[ pla9ly ! fir/ p>agraph quot$ "h does ?is4 ,hav+ giv5 8 f\r reasons aga9/ ! use ( =ce1 notice t he mu/ br+ 8 audi5ce back to ! !me he has be5 discuss+4 ,! la/ p>agraph does ?is 9 a ma/]ly mann]4 ,he has cit$ two facts ab\t ! colonies4 ,to make und]/&+ d\bly c]ta9 he repeats !m--population & comm]ce--& passes to ! next1 pla9ly numb]+ x z ! ?ird4 ,?is recital ( ! process is n an acc\nt ( :at actually took place 9 ,burke's prep>ation1 b x w give to ! /ud5t ! me?od by :i* great speak]s may h proce$$2 we d "k t _m did foll[ su* a s*eme4 ,no amateur :o wants to make 8 spee*es wor? li/5+ to %\ld omit ?is helpful /ep ( outl9e or brief mak+4 ,:e!r he fir/ writes out 8 spee*es 9 full1 or composes !m ^u 8 feet1 e speak] %\ld prep>e an outl9e or brief ( 8 mat]ial4 ,?is is a s]ies ( entries1 s cond5s$ & arrang$ z to %[ ! relative significance ( all ! p>ts ( ! spee* 9 ! prop] ord] ( developm5t4 ,outl9e1 ,brief1 ,legal ,brief4 ,an outl9e conta9s entries :i* are m]ely topics1 n complet$ /atem5ts or s5t5ces4 ,a brief conta9s complet$ /atem5ts 7s5t5ces74 ,a legal brief is a =mally prep>$ docum5t 7(t5 pr9t$7 submitt$ to a c]ta9 c\rt be=e a case is tri$1 %[+ ! mat]ial ! lawy] int5ds to produce1 cit+ all 8 au?orities1 sugge/+ int]pretations ( laws & legal decisions to support 8 cont5tions1 & giv+ all 8 conclusions4 ,x is prep>$ = ! use ( ! c\rt1 to r$uce ! labor 9 exam9+ records1 etc4 ,practice 9 ! draw+ up ( su* briefs is an important phase ( legal /udy4 ,! ,outl9e4 ,an outl9e may recall to a p]son's m9d :at he already has le>n$1 b x is seldom def9ite & in=mative en\gh to be z helpful z a brief4 ,a good di/9ction ( ! two--besides ! "o respect+ ! =ms already giv5--is t ! outl9e repres5ts ! po9t ( view ( ! speak] :ile ! brief repres5ts t ( ! he>]4 ,consid] aga9 ! analyses ( ,burke 9 ?is *apt]4 ,notice t ! fir/ li/ does n give ne>ly s cle> an idea ( :at ,burke actually said z ! ?ird4 ,a p]son see+ only ! fir/ might guess at :at ! speak] int5d$ to decl>e4 ,a p]son :o look$ at ! ?ird c\ld n fail to "k exactly ! op9ions ( ! speak] & ! argum5ts support+ !m4 ,pupils frequ5tly make ?is k9d ( entry3 ,introduction--,"t ,place ,*>act]s ,! ma9 objections to su* an outl9e are t x tells no?+ def9ite1 & t x might fit a ?\s& compositions4 ,ev5 an outl9e %\ld say m ?an su* a li/ does4 ,9 "o edition ( ,burke's spee* ! page f :i* ! foll[+ is quot$ is head$ ,brief4 ,is x a brief8 ,"p ,,ii4 ,h[ to deal ) ,am]ica4 ,a4 ,introduction4 ,b4 ,fir/ alt]native & objections4 ,c4 ,second alt]native & objections4 ,d4 ,?ird alt]native4 ,e4 ,introduction4 ,f4 ,consid]ations4 #a4 ,"q "o ( policy1 n ( ab/ract "r4 #b4 ,trade laws4 #c4 ,con/itutional prec$5ts4 #d4 ,application ( ^!4 ,! ,brief4 ,"o ( ! %orte/ briefs on record 0 prep>$ by ,abraham ,l9coln = use 9 a suit to recov] #bjj = ! wid[ ( a ,revolution>y vet]an f an ag5t :o _h reta9$ x out ( #djj p5sion money belong+ to h]4 ,x =m$ ! basis ( 8 spee* 9 c\rt4 ,no contract4--,n pr(essional s]vices4--,unreasonable *>ge4--,money reta9$ by ,def't n giv5 to ,pl'ff4--,revolution>y ,w>4--,describe ,valley ,=ge privations4--,pl'ff's husb&4--,soldi] leav+ = army4--,sk9 ,def't4--,close4 ,! foll[+ w give "s idea ( ! =m & def9it5ess ( briefs = debate4 ,,capital ,,puni%m5t ,resolv$3 ,t capital puni%m5t %\ld be aboli%$4#a ,brief = ! ,affirmative ,i4 ,capital puni%m5t is inexp$i5t4 7a7 ,x is contr>y to ! t5d5cy ( civilization4 7b7 ,x fails to protect society4 7#a7 ,x does n prev5t murd]4 7#b7 ,new crimes foll[ h>d on executions4 7c7 ,x makes puni%m5t unc]ta94 7#a7 ,_m crim9als are acquitt$ :o w\ld be convict$ if ! p5alty 7 imprisonm5t4 7d7 ,x is n re=matory4 ,,ii4 ,capital puni%m5t is immoral4 7a7 ,x re/s on ! old idea ( retribution4 7b7 ,x t5ds to weak5 ! sacr$ness ( human life4 7c7 ,x endang]s ! lives ( innoc5t p4 7d7 ,executions & ! s5sational newspap] acc\nts :i* foll[ h a corrupt+ influ5ce4 ,,iii4 ,capital puni%m5t is unju/4 7a7 ,its mi/akes are irrem$iable4 7b7 ,_m m5 are crim9als f =ce ( circum/ances4 7#a7 ,f h]$ity4 7#b7 ,f environm5t4 7c7 ,inequalities 9 adm9i/ration are m>k$4 7#a7 ,9 "s /ates m5 are hung1 9 o!rs imprison$ = ! same crime4 ,footnote #a3 ,tak5 f ,brook+s & ,r+walt3 ,briefs = ,debate1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 & ,co41 :]e specific ref]5ces ( mat]ial = _m ( ! topics are giv51 z well z g5]al ref]5ces = ! entire subject4 7#b7 ,_m jurors h consci5ti\s scruples aga9/ condemn+ a man to dea?4 7#c7 ,m5 ( weal? & influ5ce are r>ely convict$4 ,,iv4 ,! abolition ( capital puni%m5t has be5 foll[$ by satisfactory results1 7a7 ,9 ,europe4 7#a7 ,russia4 7#b7 ,switz]l&4 7#c7 ,portugal4 7#d7 ,belgium4 7#e7 ,holl&4 7#f7 ,f9l&4 7b7 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#a7 ,mi*igan4 7#b7 ,rhode ,isl&4 7#c7 ,ma9e4 7#d7 ,wiscons94 ,brief = ! ,negative ,i4 ,capital puni%m5t is p]missible4 7a7 ,x has ! sanction ( ! ,bible4 7#a7 ,g5esis ix1 #b-f4 7b7 ,x has ! sanction ( hi/ory4 7#a7 ,x has be5 9 vogue s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 7c7 ,x has ! sanction ( reason4 7#a7 ,! mo/ fitt+ puni%m5t is "o equal & simil> to ! injury inflict$4 ,,ii4 ,capital puni%m5t is exp$i5t4 7a7 ,x is necess>y to protect society f an>*y & private rev5ge4 7#a7 ,dea? is ! /ronge/ prev5tative ( crime4 7b7 ,no suffici5t sub/itute has be5 (f]$4 7#a7 ,life imprisonm5t is a failure4 7#b7 ,few s]ve ! s5t5ce4 7c7 ,its abolition has n be5 successful4 7#a7 ,9 ,rhode ,isl&4 7#b7 ,9 ,mi*igan4 ,,iii4 ,! objections made to capital puni%m5t are n s\nd4 7a7 ,prisons are n re=matory4 7b7 ,! fact t crimes h decreas$ 9 "s places :]e executions h /opp$ is n a valid argum5t4 7#a7 ,all causes :i* increase ! moral well-be+ ( ! race decrease crime4 7c7 ,! objection t ! innoc5t suff] is n /rong4 7#a7 ,! numb] ( innoc5t ?us suff]+ is inconsid]able :5 comp>$ ) ! great numb] ( murd]s prev5t$4 7d7 ,! objection t ! p5alty is unc]ta9 may be ov]come by mak+ x c]ta94 ,a few p>agraphs back x 0 said t an outl9e or brief %[s ! relative significance ( all ! p>ts ( a spee*4 ,?is is done by a sy/ematic use ( m>g9s & symbols4 ,f ! quot$ =ms 9 ?is *apt] c]ta9 rules c easily be d$uc$4 ,m>g9s4 ,! spee* w naturally divide into a few ma9 p>ts4 ,^! c be designat$ by spaces & g5]al titles su* z introduction1 body1 developm5t1 ma9 argum5t1 answ] to oppos+ views1 conclusion4 ,o!r captions w be sugge/$ by v>i\s k9ds ( mat]ial4 ,ma9 topics next 9 importance are plac$ ! f>!/ to ! left1 mak+ ! fir/ m>g94 ,a read] c run 8 eye d[n ?is l9e & pick out all ! ma9 topics ( equal importance4 ,entries j subord9ate to ^! are put ea* on a sep>ate l9e1 />t+ slightly to ! "r4 ,?is sep>ation accord+ to connection & value is cont9u$ z long z ! mak] has any m9or p>ts to repres5t 9 ! brief4 ,x %\ld n be c>ri$ too f>1 h[ev]1 = ! purpose ( ! entries is to m>k cle>ness & accuracy4 ,if ! help+ sy/em becomes too elaborate & complicat$ x de/roys its own usefulness4 ,x is p]fectly pla9 t su* an outl9e might be made & be q cle>1 )\t ! addition ( any symbols at all1 especially if x 0 %ort4 ,discrim9ation 9 ! use ( words is secur$ by ,! /udy ( synonyms antonyms homonyms & c>e 9 employ+ !m4 ,symbols4 ,"s s*eme ( m>k+ ! entries is a great help4 ,!re is no fix$ sy/em4 ,e /ud5t may *oose f among ! _m us$4 ,if !re are _m ma9 topics x might be a mi/ake to use ,roman num]als 7,i1 ,,xviii7 z few p c read !m quickly en\gh to foll[ _! sequ5ce4 ,capital lett]s may s]ve bett] to m>k ! sequ5ces1 b !y d n indicate ! num]ical position4 ,= in/ance1 mo/ ( u d n "k our alphabets well en\gh to translate a ma9 topic m>k$ ,n into ! f\rte5? po9t4 ,by comb9ations ( ,roman num]als1 capitals1 usual 7,arabic7 num]als1 small lett]s1 p>5!ses1 en\gh v>iety to s]ve any /ud5t purpose c easily be arrang$4 ,! foll[+ are samples ( sy/ems us$4 ,specim5 #a ,introduction ,argum5t ,i-------------------------------------- ------------ ,a-------------------------------------- ---------- #a-------------------------------------- -------- a--------------------------------------- ----- b--------------------------------------- ----- c--------------------------------------- ----- 7#a7------------------------------------ ---- 7#b7------------------------------------ ---- 7#c7------------------------------------ ---- #b-------------------------------------- -------- ,b-------------------------------------- ---------- #a-------------------------------------- -------- #b-------------------------------------- -------- ,,ii------------------------------------ ------------- ,conclusion ,specim5 #b ,a-------------------------------------- ------------ ,i-------------------------------------- ---------- a--------------------------------------- ------- #a-------------------------------------- ------ #b-------------------------------------- ------ b--------------------------------------- ------- ,,ii------------------------------------ ----------- a--------------------------------------- ------- b--------------------------------------- ------- c--------------------------------------- ------- #a-------------------------------------- ------ #b-------------------------------------- ------ #c-------------------------------------- ------ ,specim5 #c #a-------------------------------------- ------------ #aa------------------------------------- --------- #ba------------------------------------- --------- a#a------------------------------------- ------- b#a------------------------------------- ------- c#a------------------------------------- ------- #b-------------------------------------- ------------ #ab------------------------------------- --------- #bb------------------------------------- --------- a#b------------------------------------- ------- b#b------------------------------------- ------- c#b------------------------------------- ------- #c-------------------------------------- ------------ #ac------------------------------------- --------- #bc------------------------------------- --------- ,tabulations4 ,) unusual k9ds ( mat]ial & = special purposes !re may be value 9 evolv+ o!r =ms ( outl9es4 ,a te*nically tra9$ p]son accu/om$ to read+ tabulat$ reports ) ho/s ( figures to int]pret might f9d a /ati/ical /atem5t at times bett] suit$ to 8 ne$s4 ,su* tabulations are n any easi] to prep>e ?an ! regul> brief4 ,9 fact to mo/ p !y are inf9itely m difficult to get into =m & almo/ beyond spe$y compreh5sion aft]w>ds4 ,! foll[+ is a good illu/ration ( a simple "o well adapt$ to ! speak]'s purpose--a report ( ! objections to ! fir/ publi%$ cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,he knew ! mat]ial ( 8 introduction & conclusion s well t he did n repres5t !m 9 8 c>efully arrang$ %eet4 ,! =m 0 submitt$ z regul> "w 9 a public speak+ class & 0 spok5 f dur+ m ?an =ty m9utes4 ,,criticisms ,,( ,,propos$ ,,cov5ant ,,( ,,league ,,( ,,nations #a4--;,draft indef9ite & loosely writt54 ,lg ,lo ,sp ,tt ,br ,hu #b4--,%\ld h clause-limit+ p[]s to ^? specifically grant$4 ,lo #c4--,proportion ( votes requir$ = action ( ,c\ncil n g5]ally /at$--%\ld be unanim\s4 ,lg ,sp ,tt ,hu #d4--,%\ld h clause res]v+ ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,lg ,lo ,sp ,tt ,br ,hu #e4--,%\ld /ate t no nation c be requir$ to become a m&atory )\t its cons5t4 ,lg ,lo ,br ,hu #f4--,%\ld h provision = )drawals4 ,lg ,lo ,sp ,tt ,hu #g4--;,jurisdiction ( ,league ov] int]nal affairs 7immigration1 t>iffs1 coa/wise trade7 %\ld be expressly exclud$4 ,lg ,br ,hu #h4--,t]ms ( admission ( o!r nations too /rict4 ,br #i4--;,basis ( repres5tation n fair4 ,br #aj4--,provision %\ld be made = expansion ( nations by peaceable means4 ,br #aa4--;,ea* nation %\ld h "r to decide :e!r x w foll[ advice ( ,c\ncil z to use ( =ce4 ,br #ab4--;,ea* nation %\ld h "r to det]m9e :e!r x w boycott del9qu5t nations4 ,br ,note3--items #aa & #ab are app>5tly direct$ aga9/ ,art4 ,,xvi conta9+ ! ,ipso ,facto clause & ,art4 ,x4 #ac4--,%\ld n gu>antee ! integrity & indep5d5ce ( all memb]s ( ! league4 ,lg ,hu ,above criticisms tak5 f publi%$ /atem5ts ( ,messrs4 ,lodge ,l[ell ,sp5c] ,taft ,bryan ,hughes 7d5ot$ respectively ,lg1 ,lo1 ,sp1 ,tt1 ,br & ,hu74 ,au?orities 9 ! ,brief4 ,au?orities = ! /atem5ts made 9 ! brief may be put into p>5!ses1 if !y are to be includ$4 ,su* fur!r devices w sugge/ !mselves to /ud5ts4 ,9 addition to su* m>k+s z "h li/$1 "s m5 :o use _m outl9es emphasize ^u !m details :i* !y may h to f9d quickly by und]l9+ ! symbol or fir/ ^w ) color$ p5cil4 ,su* a device is especially valuable to a te*nical exp]t ^: sy/em c\ld be uni=m ?r\gh ! outl9es ( all 8 reports1 etc4 ,or a lectur] ) s mu* "t to fill may m>k ^u ! outl9e #a_/d1 #a_/b1 #c_/d1 to indicate to himself t 8 mat]ial is be+ cov]$ at a prop] rate to correspond ) ! "t4 ,he might put 9 #ae m94 or #cj m94 or #de m94 if he 0 to speak = an h\r4 ,! fir/ division is ! bett]1 = he might be requir$ to cond5se a tw5ty-m9ute spee* to t54 ,selections = ,brief+4 ,be=e ! /ud5t makes _m briefs ( 8 own he %\ld "w 9 ! o!r direction by outl9+ mat]ial already 9 exi/5ce s t he c be assur$ he kn[s ma9 topics f m9or ones1 important issues f subord9ate reasons1 head+s f examples4 ,if all ! memb]s ( ! class outl9e ! same mat]ial ! result+ discussion w provide additional ex]cise 9 speak+ 9 explanation or support ( an int]pretation4 ,aft] ! tea*] & class toge!r h made "o1 ! /ud5ts %\ld "w indep5d5tly4 ,,ex]cises ,besides ! extracts quot$ "h o!rs %\ld be suppli$4 ,editorials f a s+le issue ( a newspap] c easily be secur$ by ! entire class = ?is "w4 ,a *apt] f a book may be assign$4 #a4 ,,incid5ts ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,trad+ ,an exp]t be=e ! ,presid5t's /reet railway commission ( inquiry te/ifi$ t he disapprov$ ( public own]%ip & op]ation !oretically1 b approv$ x practically1 because x 0 ! quicke/ & sure/ way ( mak+ p sick ( x4 ,o!rwise he ?\ght t education ( ! public out ( its favor = high co/s & l[ pr(its by public utilities w\ld require a g5]ation1 & ! pres5t em]g5cy calls = prompt relief4 ,new ,york ,city has j resolv$ to build ) its own funds a ,coney ,isl& ba?h\se1 & has on file an (f] to build x ) private money at a co/ ( #cjj1jjj1 ) a gu>antee ( #ae-;c5t ba?s4 ,accept+ no responsibility = ! m]its ( ! private bidd]'s proposal1 x does n appe> likely t ! city c supply *eap] ba?s or give m satisfaction to ba!rs ?an a managem5t ^: pr(its 7 relat$ to its ef=ts to please patrons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is sure t ! city's f9ancial emb>rassm5t is due to supply+ _m privileges at ! co/ ( ! taxpay]s1 :i* might h be5 suppli$ bo? m *eaply & bett] by private ent]prise ) pr(it ?an by ! city )\t pr(it1 & ) ! use ( ill-sp>$ public funds4 ,new ,york does n /& alone 9 ^! misadv5tures1 :i* are w>n+s aga9/ trad+ by ei!r local or national gov]nm5t4 ,take1 = example1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! army is dispos+ ( its surplus blankets1 z report$ f ,bo/on4 ,a ,*icago firm :i* wi%$ to bid 0 p]mitt$ to inspect ?ree samples ( v>y+ grades1 b a gu>antee t ! goods sold w\ld correspond to ! samples 0 refus$4 ,! bales c\ld nei!r be op5$ nor all[$ to be op5$1 nor w\ld in=mation be giv5 :e!r ! blankets 9 ! bales 7 cotton1 wool1 or mix$1 :e!r s+le or d\ble1 :e!r b$ blankets or regulation army blankets4 ,! likelihood t ! ,gov]nm5t w get ! wor? ( its blankets is small4 ,!re may be unkn[n reasons = su* uncomm]cial proc$ure1 b :at %all be said ( ! fact t at ! same "t t ^! blankets are be+ sold ! ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t is ask+ = bids to supply #aj1jjj blankets = ! ,indians8 ,! reason = buy+ m :5 !re is an emb>rass+ ov]-supply is t ! specifications call = ! words ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t to be wov5 into ! blankets4 ,to an outsid] x w\ld seem t ! words might be indelibly /amp$ on ! old blankets ( simil> description1 & t ! dep>ture f cu/om w\ld be bett] ?an ! loss on ! old blankets & ! increas$ exp5diture = ! new blankets4 ,! reason = m5tion+ su* incid5ts is t !re are s _m m ( :i* ! public nev] he>s4 ,_! comb9$ educative effect w\ld be great1 b x is wa/$ )\t publicity4 ,s9ce ! public is n unanim\s aga9/ public own]%ip & op]ation1 !re mu/ be a consid]able numb] ( p]sons :o are pro( aga9/ any?+ b a cata/rophe great] ?an ! pro/ration ( ! railway & utility indu/ries4 ,t is an expansive way ( education1 b p]haps ,dr4 ,cooley1 ,dean ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 is "r 9 8 view t ! me?od is necess>y to prev5t a great] calamity by p]si/5ce 9 ! error4 ,new ,york ,times1 ,july #ba1 #aiai #b4 ,f\rscore & sev5 ye>s ago our ,fa!rs br\ght =? on ?is cont95t a new nation1 conceiv$ 9 lib]ty1 & d$icat$ to ! proposition t all m5 are creat$ equal4 ,n[ we are engag$ 9 a great civil w>1 te/+ :e!r t nation or any nation s conceiv$ or s d$icat$1 c long endure4 ,we are met on a great battlefield ( t w>4 ,we h come to d$icate a portion ( t field z a f9al re/+ place = ^? :o "h gave _! lives t t nation might live4 ,x is altoge!r fitt+ & prop] t we %\ld d ?is4 ,b1 9 a l>g] s5se1 we _c d$icate--we _c consecrate--we _c hall[ ?is gr\nd4 ,! brave m51 liv+ & dead1 :o /ruggl$ "h1 h consecrat$ x f> above our poor p[] to add or detract4 ,! _w w little note nor long rememb] :at we say "h1 b x c nev] =get :at !y did "h4 ,x is = u1 ! liv+1 r1 to be "h d$icat$ to ! unf9i%$ "w :i* !y :o f\ght "h h ?us f> s nobly advanc$4 ,x is r = u to be "h d$icat$ to ! great task rema9+ be=e u--t f ^! honor$ dead we take increas$ devotion to t cause = :i* !y gave ! la/ full measure ( devotion2 t we "h highly resolve t ^! dead %all n h di$ 9 va92 t ?is nation1 "u ,god1 %all h a new bir? ( fre$om2 & t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p1 %all n p]i% f ! e>?4 ,,abraham ,,l9coln3 ,gettysburg ,address1 #ahfe #c4 ,e ?\ghtful & unprejudic$ m9d mu/ see t su* an evil z slav]y w yield only to ! mo/ radical treatm5t4 ,if y consid] ! "w we h to d1 y w n ?9k u ne$lessly aggressive1 or t we dig d[n unnecess>ily deep 9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( our ent]prise4 ,a money p[] ( two ?\s& millions ( doll>s1 z ! prices ( slaves n[ range1 held by a small body ( able & desp]ate m52 t body rais$ into a political ari/ocracy by special con/itutional provisions2 cotton1 ! product ( slave labor1 =m+ ! basis ( our :ole =eign comm]ce1 & ! comm]cial class ?us subsidiz$2 ! press b\ght up1 ! pulpit r$uc$ to vassalage1 ! he>t ( ! common p *ill$ by a bitt] prejudice aga9/ ! black race2 our lead+ m5 brib$1 by ambition1 ei!r to sil5ce or op5 ho/ility2--9 su* a l&1 on :at %all an ,abolitioni/ rely8 ,on a few cold pray]s1 m]e lip-s]vice1 & nev] f ! he>t8 ,on a *ur* resolution1 hidd5 (t5 9 its records1 & meant only z a dec5t cov] = s]vility 9 daily practice8 ,on political p>ties1 ) _! sup]ficial influ5ce at be/1 & seek+ ord9>ily only to use exi/+ prejudices to ! be/ advantage8 ,slav]y has deep] root "h ?an any ari/ocratic in/itution has 9 ,europe2 & politics is b ! common pulse-beat1 ( :i* revolution is ! fev]-spasm4 ,yet we h se5 ,european ari/ocracy survive /orms :i* seem$ to rea* d[n to ! primal /rata ( ,european life4 ,%all we1 !n1 tru/ to m]e politics1 :]e ev5 revolution has fail$8 ,h[ %all ! /ream rise above its f\nta98 ,:]e %all our *ur* organizations or p>ties get /r5g? to attack _! great p>5t & m\ld]1 ! slave p[]8 ,%all ! ?+ =m$ say to him t =m$ x1 ,:y ha/ ?\ made me ?us8 ,! old je/ ( "o :o tri$ to lift himself 9 8 own basket1 is b a tame picture ( ! man :o imag9es t1 by work+ solely ?r\gh exi/+ sects & p>ties1 he c de/roy slav]y4 ,me*anics say no?+1 b an e>?quake /rong en\gh to move all ,egypt c br+ d[n ! pyramids4 ,exp]i5ce has confirm$ ^! views4 ,! ,abolitioni/s :o h act$ on !m h a %ort me?od ) all unbeliev]s4 ,!y h b to po9t to _! own success1 9 contra/ ) e o!r man's failure4 ,to wak5 ! nation to its real /ate1 & *a9 x to ! consid]ation ( ?is "o duty1 is half ! "w4 ,s mu* h we done4 ,slav]y has be5 made ! "q ( ?is g5]ation4 ,to />tle ! ,s\? to madness1 s t e /ep %e takes1 9 h] bl9dness1 is "o /ep m t[>d ru91 is mu*4 ,?is we h done4 ,witness ,texas & ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law4 ,,w5dell ,,phillips3 ,! ,abolition ,movem5t1 #ahec #d4 ,until j a few ye>s ago fly+ 0 popul>ly reg>d$ z a dang]\s hobby & comp>atively few _h fai? 9 its practical purposes4 ,b ! ph5om5al evolutions ( ! aircraft indu/ry dur+ ! w> br\ght progress :i* w\ld o!rwise h requir$ a span ( ye>s4 ,) ! cessation ( ho/ilities consid]able att5tion has be5 div]t$ to ! comm]cial uses ( aircraft1 :i* may conv5i5tly be classifi$ z mail-& pass5g]-s]vice4 ,m5 :o fir/ v5tur$ ! pr$iction t po/al & express matt] w\ld "o day be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air 7 br&$ z dream]s4 ,p>ts ( t dream became a reality dur+ #aiah1 & a m ext5sive a]ial-mail program w be adopt$ ?is ye>4 ,! dispat* ) :i* important communications & p>cels are deliv]$ betwe5 l>ge cities has firmly e/abli%$ its ne$4 ,l>ge pass5g]-c>ry+ aircraft are n[ receiv+ pron\nc$ att5tion4 ,lately develop$ by ! ,navy is a fly+-boat hav+ a w+ area ( #b1djj squ>e feet1 equipp$ ) ?ree ,lib]ty motors & weigh+ #bb1jjj p\nds ) a full load4 ,x is ! l>ge/ seaplane 9 ! _w1 & on a rec5t te/-trip f ,virg9ia to ,new ,york c>ri$ fifty-"o pass5g]s4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! public is await+ ! ?rill+ details ( ! fir/ flight betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 :i* has j occurr$ z a result ( ! ke5 int]national rivalry involv$ betwe5 ! v>i\s entrants4 ,! ,briti% are n[ con/ruct+ a sup]-triplane fitt$ ) six #ejj horse-p[] eng9es4 ,orig9ally int5d$ to c>ry #aj1jjj p\nds ( bombs & a crew ( eight ov] a di/ance ( #a1bjj miles1 ! conv]t$ ma*9e is claim$ to be able to c>ry approximately "o hundr$ pass5g]s4 ,x has a w+ span ( #ada feet & a fuselage l5g? ( #he feet4 ,:at ab\t ! p[] plants ( ! future aircraft8 ,w ! int]nal-combu/ion eng9e cont9ue to reign supreme1 or w increas+ p[] dem&s ( ! huge planes to come lead to ! developm5t ( suitable /eam-eng9es8 ,w ! use ( petroleum cont9ue to be "o ( ! triumphs ( aviation1 or w ! "t come :5 sub/itutes may be successfully utiliz$8 ,= a]ial motive-p[]1 ! pr9cipal requirem5ts are3 great p[] = weight ) a fairly high factor ( safety1 compactness1 reliability ( op]ation "u fly+ conditions1 & safety f fire4 ,bulk & weight ( /eam-driv5 equipm5t app>5tly impose sev]e re/rictions ^u its practical developm5t = pres5t aircraft purposes1 b :o is will+ to classify its future use z an absurdity8 ,/eam op]ation 9 small model airplanes is no innovation4 ,langley1 9 #ahia-ahie1 built f\r model airplanes1 "o driv5 by c>bonic-acid gas & ?ree by /eam-eng9es4 ,"o ( ! /eam-driv5 models weigh$ ?irty p\nds1 & on "o occasion flew a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,9 #aiac an ,engli%man con/ruct$ a p[] plant weigh+ ab\t two p\nds :i* consi/$ ( a fla% boil] & s+le-act+ eng9e4 ,?is unit employ$ b5zol91 impure b5z9e1 z fuel1 & propell$ a model plane weigh+ five p\nds4 ,p[] ,plant ,eng9e]+1 ,*icago1 ,june #a1 #aiai ,mak+ a ,brief4 ,! next /ep aft] mak+ outl9es or briefs ( mat]ial already organiz$ is to make y\r own f mat]ial y ga!r4 ,spee*es y h already prep>$ or consid]$ z fit = pres5tation w supply y ) ideas if y _c "w up new mat]ial 9 a %ort "t4 ,at fir/ y w be m conc]n$ ) ! =m ?an ! mean+ ( ! entries1 b ev5 f ! fir/ y %\ld consid] ! facts or op9ions = :i* ea* topic or /atem5t /&s4 ,weigh its importance 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( details4 ,consid] c>efully its suitability = ! audi5ce :o may be suppos$ to he> ! f9i%$ spee*4 ,disc>d ! inappropriate4 ,replace ! weak4 ,improve ! indef9ite4 ,be sure y\r examples & illu/rations are apt4 ,be w>y ab\t /ati/ics4 ,9 li/5+ to an address _m p beg9 to di/ru/ z soon z figures are m5tion$4 ,/ati/ics w illu/rate & prove ass]tions1 b !y mu/ be us$ judici\sly4 ,d n use too _m /ati/ics4 ,nev] be too detail$4 ,9 a spee*1 #d1jjj1jjj s\nds m impressive ?an #d1bcb1aif4if4 ,use r\nd numb]s4 ,nev] let !m /& alone4 ,%[ _! relation%ip4 ,burke quotes exact am\nts to %[ ! gr[? ( ! comm]ce ( ,p5nsylvania1 b he adds t x _h increas$ fifty fold4 ,a he>] w =get ! numb]s2 he w rememb] ! fact4 ,simil> reasons w w>n y conc]n+ ! use ( too _m dates4 ,!y c be easily avoid$ by %[+ lapses ( "t--by say+1 fifty ye>s lat]1 or :5 he 0 =ty-six ye>s old1 or ?is condition 0 endur$ only a score ( mon?s4 ,! *apt]s on introductions1 conclusions1 & plann+ mat]ial w h sugge/$ c]ta9 ord]s = y\r briefs4 ,glance back at !m = h9ts be=e y attempt to make ! g5]al s*eme4 ,let two factors det]m9e y\r resultant developm5t--! nature ( ! mat]ial itself & ! effect y want to produce4 ,9 argum5tative spee*es a usual1 z well z excell5t1 ord] is ?is3 #a4 ,orig9 ( ! "q4 ,! imm$iate cause = discussion4 #b4 ,hi/ory ( ! "q4 #c4 ,def9ition ( t]ms4 #d4 ,ma9 argum5ts4 #e4 ,conclusion4 ,:y is ! proposition wor? discuss+ at ?is pres5t "t8 ,:y d y *oose x8 ,:y is x timely8 ,:at is its importance8 ,:y is a settlem5t ne$$8 ,any ( ^! w\ld fall "u ! fir/ head+4 ,has ! matt] engag$ att5tion prior to ! pres5t8 ,has x *ang$8 ,0 any settlem5t ev] attempt$8 ,:at 0 its result8 ,are any ( ! words & phrases us$ likely to be misund]/ood8 ,are any us$ 9 special s5ses8 ,d all p accept ! same mean+8 ,good illu/rations ( ?is la/ are ! ideas atta*$ to socialism1 an>*i/1 soviet1 union4 ,to illu/rate3 ! "q ( woman suffrage 0 br\ght into public int]e/ once m by ! advance woman has made 9 all walks ( life & by ! ne$s & lessons ( ! great w>4 ,to make cle> h[ its importance _h increas$ a speak] might trace its hi/ory f its fir/ inception4 ,z appli$ to wom51 :at does suffrage mean exactly--! "r to vote 9 all elections1 or only 9 c]ta9 ones8 ,does x c>ry ) x ! "r to hold (fice8 ,w\ld ! vot+ qualifications be ! same = wom5 z = m58 ,!n w\ld foll[ ! argum5ts4 ,h[ c\ld ?is s*eme be us$ = a discussion ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e8 ,= high] education8 ,= education = girls8 ,= *ild work+ laws8 ,= a league ( nations8 ,= admitt+ ,asiatic labor]s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,= advocat+ ! /udy ( ! sci5ces8 ,= urg+ m5 to become f>m]s8 ,= pr$ict+ a]ial pass5g] s]vice8 ,= a s*ol>%ip qualification 9 a?letics8 ,= aboli%+ railroad grade cross+s8 ,= equal wages = m5 & wom58 ,,ex]cises ,make ! complet$ brief = "o or m ( ! prec$+4 ,briefs %\ld be made = propositions select$ f ! foll[+ li/4 #a4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be elect$ by ! direct vote ( ! p4 #b4 ,! ,/ates %\ld limit ! "r ( suffrage to p]sons :o c read & write4 #c4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be elect$ = a t]m ( sev5 ye>s1 & be ineligible to relection4 #d4 ,a great nation %\ld be made ! m&atory ov] an inf]ior p4 #e4 ,/ud5ts %\ld be all[$ s*ool cr$it = outside read+ 9 connection ) assign$ "w1 or = edit+ ( s*ool pap]s1 or = p>ticipation 9 dramatic p]=mances4 #f4 ,?is /ate %\ld adopt ! %ort ballot4 #g4 ,! pres5t rules ( football are unsatisfactory4 #h4 ,coa*+ f ! b5* %\ld be =bidd5 9 baseball4 #i4 ,compulsory milit>y drill %\ld be introduc$ into all educational in/itutions4 #aj4 ,p>ticipation 9 a?letics l[]s ! s*ol>%ip ( /ud5ts4 #aa4 ,pupils %\ld receive cr$it 9 s*ool = music lessons outside4 #ab4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld ab&on ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 #ac4 ,9 jury trials1 a ?ree-f\r?s vote %\ld be en\gh = ! r5d]+ ( a v]dict4 #ad4 ,/rikes are unpr(itable4 #ae4 ,comm]cial c\rses %\ld be (f]$ 9 all high s*ools4 #af4 ,employ]s ( *ildr5 "u sixte5 %\ld be requir$ to provide at lea/ eight h\rs ( in/ruction a week = !m4 #ag4 ,curr5t ev5ts %\ld be /udi$ 9 all hi/ory or civics c\rses4 #ah4 ,! practice ( ,*ri/mas giv+ %\ld be discont9u$4 #ai4 ,s*ool build+s %\ld be us$ z social c5t]s4 #bj4 ,br+ to class an editorial & an outl9e ( x4 ,put ! outl9e ^u ! bo>d1 or read x to ! class4 ,!n read ! editorial4 ,speak+ f ! ,brief4 ,n[ t ! brief is f9i%$ s t x repres5ts exactly ! mat]ial & developm5t ( ! f9al spee*1 h[ %all x be us$8 ,to use x z ! basis ( a writt5 article to be memoriz$ is "o me?od4 ,_m speak]s h employ$ su* a me?od1 _m today d4 ,! drawbacks ( su* memoriz+ h already be5 h9t$ at 9 an e>ly *apt]4 ,if y want to gr[ 9 m5tal grasp1 al]tness1 & p[] z a result ( y\r spee* tra9+ avoid ?is me?od4 ,no matt] h[ halt+ y\r fir/ attempts may be1 d n get into ! seem+ly easy1 yet ret>d+ habit ( committ+ to memory4 ,memoriz+ has a decid$ value1 b = spee*-mak+ ! memory %\ld be tra9$ = l>g] matt]s ?an v]bal reproduction4 ,x %\ld be us$ = ! ret5tion ( facts :ile ! o!r bra9 faculties are engag$ 9 manipulat+ !m = ! be/ effect & f9d+ words to express !m =cefully4 ,memory is a helpful faculty4 ,x %\ld be cultivat$ 9 connection ) ! p[]s ( und]/&+ & expression1 b x is n economical to commit a spee* v]batim = deliv]y4 ,! rem>ks w lack flexibility1 spontaneity1 & (t5 direct appeal4 ,!re is a deta*$1 me*anical air ab\t a memoriz$ spee* :i* helps to ru9 x4 ,) ! outl9e be=e y1 g ov] x c>efully & sl[ly1 m5tally putt+ into words & s5t5ces ! entries y h ins]t$4 ,y may ev5 speak x half al\d to y\rself1 if t fixes ! treatm5t m firmly 9 y\r m9d4 ,!n place ! brief :]e y c rea* x ) y\r eye1 & speak ^u y\r feet4 ,"s tea*]s recomm5d do+ ?is be=e a mirror1 b ?is is n always any help1 unless y are consci\s ( awkw>d poses or ge/ures or movem5ts1 or facial contortions4 ,say ! spee* ov] ?us1 n only once b sev]al times1 improv+ ! phraseology ea* "t1 *ang+ :]e conv5i5t or necess>y1 ! emphasis1 ! am\nt ( "t1 = ea* portion4 ,self-criticism4 ,try to criticize y\rself4 ,?is is n easy at fir/1 b if y are consi/5t & p]si/5t 9 y\r ef=ts y w be able to judge y\rself 9 _m respects4 ,if y c induce "s fri5d ^: op9ion is wor? receiv+ ei!r to li/5 to y\r deliv]y or to talk ! :ole ?+ ov] ) y1 y w ga9 mu*4 ,9 conf]5ce ) ! tea*] be=e y\r deliv]y ( ! spee* su* help w be giv54 ,z y "w ov] y\r brief 9 ?is mann] y w be delight$ to discov] sudd5ly t y ne$ ref] to x less & less frequ5tly4 ,f9ally1 ! outl9e w be 9 y\r m9d1 & :5 y speak y c give y\r entire att5tion to ! deliv]y & ! audi5ce4 ,d n be disc\rag$ if y _c reta9 all ! outl9e ! fir/ times y try ?is me?od4 ,_m a speak] has ann\nc$ 9 8 introduction1 ,i %all pres5t f\r reasons1 & (t5 has sat d[n aft] discuss+ only ?ree4 ,until y c disp5se entirely ) ! brief keep x ne> y4 ,speak f x if y ne$ x4 ,portions :i* y want to quote exactly 7su* z quotations f au?orities7 may be memoriz$ or read4 ,9 read+ be sure y read rem>kably well4 ,few p c read int]e/+ly be=e a l>ge audi5ce4 ,keep y\r pap]s :]e y c get at !m easily4 ,be c>eful n to lose y\r place s t y w h to %uffle !m to get ! cue = cont9u+4 ,pauses are n dang]\s :5 !y are made delib]ately = effect1 b !y are ru9\s :5 !y betray to ! audi5ce =getfulness or emb>rassm5t on ! "p ( ! speak]4 ,anticipate y\r ne$4 ,get y\r help be=e y actually ne$ x1 s t y c cont9ue gracefully4 ,results4 ,?is me?od1 foll[$ = a few mon?s1 w develop speak+ ability4 ,x produces results suit$ to mod]n conditions ( all k9ds ( life4 ,x develops practically all ! m5tal faculties & p]sonal attributes4 ,x puts ! speak] directly 9 t\* ) 8 audi5ce4 ,x p]mits him to adapt 8 mat]ial to an occasion & audi5ce4 ,x gives him ! opportunity to sway 8 he>]s & us$ legitimately = wor?y ends1 ?is is ! mo/ wor?y purpose ( any spee*4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,expla9+ ,! "p :i* explanation plays 9 all phases ( life is too app>5t to ne$ any emphasis "h4 ,x is to a great ext5t ! basis ( all our daily int]c\rse1 f expla9+ to a tea*] :y a lesson has n be5 prep>$1 to pa9/ak+ly expla9+ to a m]*ant :y a bill has n be5 paid4 ,an in/ructor pati5tly expla9s a problem to a class1 & a m]*ant expla9s ! m]its ( an article or ! op]ation ( a device to 8 cu/om]s4 ,! politician expla9s :y he %\ld be elect$4 ,! f9anci] expla9s ! returns f /ock & bond pur*ases4 ,! ,presid5t expla9s to ! ,s5ate ! reason = treaty clauses4 ,! m9i/] expla9s ! tea*+s ( 8 fai? to 8 congregation4 ,y c make ?is li/ z long z ! v>i$ activities ( all life4 ,exposition4 ,?is k9d ( disc\rse1 ! purpose ( :i* is explanation1 is also call$ exposition4 ,has x any relation to ! und]ly+ idea ( ! t]m exposition z appli$ to a great exhibition or fair8 ,its purpose is pla9ly in=mation1 ! transmission ( k4 ,:ile description & n>ration exi/ prim>ily to ent]ta91 exposition exi/s to convey in=mation4 ,description & n>ration may be class$ z lit]ature ( ent]ta9m5t2 exposition z lit]ature ( k4 ,x answ]s su* que/ions z h[8 :y8 = :at purpose8 9 :at mann]8 by :at me?od8 ,x c sometimes be us$ to conv9ce a p]son ) oppos+ views1 = frequ5tly y he> a man to :om ! explanation ( a belief has be5 made1 exclaim1 ,oh1 if t's :at y mean1 ,i agree ) y entirely4 ,all in/ruction1 all directions ( "w1 all sci5tific lit]ature1 are 9 f\ndation expository4 ,9 its simple/1 mo/ disconnect$ =m1 exposition gives its value to t mo/ ess5tial volume1 ! diction>y4 ,make a li/ ( o!r k9ds ( books :i* are ma9ly or entirely expository 9 "*4 ,difficulties 9 ,exposition4 ,su* are ! purpose & use ( exposition4 ,! difficulty ( produc+ good exposition is evid5t f ^? two factors4 ,z x1 exi/s ev]y:]e1 z x purposes to in=m1 its fir/ requisite is cle>ness4 ,)\t t quality x is z no?+4 ,:5 y direct a /rang] h[ to rea* a c]ta9 build+ 9 y\r t[n1 ( :at value are y\r rem>ks unless !y are cle>8 ,:5 a sci5ti/ writes a treatise on ! topic ( ! immortality ( man1 ( :at value are 8 op9ions unless 8 /atem5ts are cle>8 ,all ! o!r qualities :i* prose may & %\ld possess s9k into subord9ate value 9 exposition :5 comp>$ ) cle>ness4 ,because ( all ?ree phases ( exposition--its univ]sal use1 its in=mative purpose1 its ess5tial cl>ity--exposition is an all-important topic = ! consid]ation & practice ( ! public speak]4 ,9 its dem& = cle>ness lies also its difficulty4 ,is x easy to tell ! exact tru?1 n z a moral ex]cise1 b m]ely z a matt] ( exactness8 ,:y d ! c>eless talk]s speak s (t5 ( a sort ( p9k or a k9d ( revolv+ %aft or tack on at ! end ( phrases ! mean+less some?+ or ev]y?+ except t ev5 9 _! un?9k+ m9ds !re is ! hazy impression--!y really nev] h a well-def9$ idea--t !y h n said exactly :at !y want to say8 ,cle> ,und]/&+4 ,"h !n is ! fir/ requisite = ! public speak]4 ,he mu/ h no hazy impressions1 no un?9k+ m9d1 no ill-def9$ ideas1 no inexactness4 ,he mu/ h a cle> und]/&+ ( all he tries to tell to o!rs4 ,)\t ?is ! words ( a speak] are z s\nd+ brass & t9kl+ cymbals4 ,or he may deliv] a great ro> ( words signify+ no?+4 ,?is is ! fault ) mo/ recitations ( pupils 9 s*ool--!y d n get a cle> und]/&+ ( ! mat]ial assign$ to !m = ma/]y4 ,z a te/ ( ! degree ( und]/&+1 ! recitation me?od s]ves admirably4 ,! lecture me?od ( in/ruction--cle> ?\gh ! pres5tation may be--(f]s no mann] ( f9d+ out1 until ! f9al exam9ation1 h[ mu* ! pupil actually und]/&s4 ,s f>1 9 public speak+1 ! only way ( le>n+ t ! /ud5t und]/&s ! pr9ciples & c apply !m is to h him speak frequ5tly to indicate 8 ability4 ,c y n "n among y\r associates & fri5ds ^? ^: explanations are lucid1 concise1 direct1 unconfus+1 & o!rs ^: attempts at exposition are jumbl$1 v]bose1 un5light5+8 ,h y n criticiz$ c]ta9 tea*]s by rem>k+ !y may "k _! own subjects all "r1 b !y c\ldn't imp>t _! k to ! class8 ,comm& ( ,language4 ,:at 0 lack+ 9 _! case8 ,c]ta9ly1 to be *>itable1 we _c say !y lack$ a cle> und]/&+ ( _! own topic4 ,x mu/ h be5 some?+ else4 ,t second elem5t1 :i* is at times almo/ entirely abs5t :5 ! fir/ is pres5t1 is ! comm& ( language4 ,_m a man kn[s a great deal b is incapable ( transmitt+ 8 k4 ,he lacks ! gift ( expression4 ,he has n cultivat$ x--= x c be cultivat$4 ,! man ^: desire or vocation =ces him to make ! ef=t to speak w tra9 himself 9 me?ods ( communication1 until he arrives at com=t & flu5cy4 ,! di/rict manag] ( a l>ge electric company relat$ t z he w\ld sit at a meet+ ( ! directors or committee ( a l>ge corporation & realiz$ t ! mom5t 0 approa*+ :5 he w\ld be call$ ^u to speak he w\ld feel 8 s5ses gr[ confus$1 a s9k+ feel+ am\nt+ almo/ to fa9tness w\ld sweep ov] him4 ,/rong 9 8 det]m9ation to d ! be/ he c\ld = 8 company he w\ld /eady 8 n]ves by say+ to himself1 ,y "k m ab\t ?is matt] ?an any ( ^! m54 ,t's :y y are "h4 ,tell !m :at y "k s pla9ly t !y w und]/& z well z y d4 ,!re 01 y see1 ! reassurance ( complete und]/&+ ( ! subject c\pl$ ) ! endeavor to express x cle>ly4 ,^! two elem5ts1 !n1 are ( supreme significance to ! public speak]4 ,ev5 to ! p]son :o desires to write well1 !y are all-important4 ,to ! speak] !y are omnipres5t4 ,! effect ( ^! two ^u ! intellectual developm5t is m>k$4 ,! desire = cle> und]/&+ w keep ! m9d /or$ ) mat]ial to assimilate & communicate4 ,x w induce ! m9d cont9ually to manipulate ?is mat]ial to secure cl>ity 9 pres5tation4 ,?is w result 9 develop+ a m5tal adroitness ( ine/imable value to ! speak]1 enabl+ him to seize ! be/ me?od in/antane\sly & apply x to 8 purposes4 ,at ! same "t1 keep+ always 9 view ! use ( ?is mat]ial z ! basis ( communicat+ in=mation or conv9c+ by mak+ explanations1 he w be solicit\s ab\t 8 language4 ,words w take on new values4 ,he w be cont9ually se>*+ = new ones to express ! exact diff]5ces ( ideas he wants to convey4 ,he w try diff]5t expressions1 v>i\s phrases1 *ang$ ^w ord]s1 to te/ _! efficacy & appropriat5ess 9 transf]r+ 8 mean+ to 8 he>]s4 ,sugge/ions (f]$ 9 ! *apt] ( ?is book on words & s5t5ces w nev] cease to op]ate 9 8 ?9k+ & speak+4 ,!re w be a direct result 9 8 ability z a speak] & a reflex result ^u 8 ability z a ?9k]4 ,:at is m enc\rag+1 he w realize & appreciate ^! results himself1 & 8 satisfaction 9 do+ bett] "w w be d\bl$ by ! delight 9 kn[+ exactly h[ he secur$ ! ends = :i* he /rove4 ,me?ods ( ,expla9+4 ,9 ord] to make a matt] cle>1 to convey in=mation1 a speak] has at 8 disposal _m helpful ways ( arrang+ 8 mat]ial4 ,n all topics c be treat$ 9 all or ev5 any c]ta9 "o ( ! foll[+ mann]s1 b if ! /ud5t is famili> ) c]ta9 processes he w ! m easily & surely *oose j t "o suit$ to ! topic he int5ds to expla9 & ! circum/ances ( 8 exposition4 ,division4 ,"o ( ^! me?ods is by division4 ,a speak] may sep>ate a topic or t]m into ! p>ts :i* comprise x4 ,= in/ance1 a sci5ti/ may h to li/ all ! k9ds ( electricity2 a ,r$ ,cross in/ructor may divide all b&ages into _! sev]al k9ds2 an a?letic coa* may h to expla9 all ! bran*es ( sports 9 ord] to induce m c&idates to appe> = c]ta9 ev5ts2 a bank] may h to divide f9ancial op]ations to make cle> an adv]tis+ pamphlet solicit+ new l9es ( bus9ess1 su* z draw+ up ( wills4 ,! ability to d ?is is a valuable m5tal accompli%m5t z well z an aid to speak+4 ,9 divid+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! sep>ations accord+ to "o pr9ciple = any "o class4 ,x w\ld n result 9 cle>ness to divide all m5 accord+ to height1 & at ! same "t accord+ to color4 ,?is w\ld result 9 confusion4 ,divide accord+ to height fir/1 !n divide ! classes s =m$ accord+ to color if ne$$--z might be done 9 milit>y =mation4 ,ea* gr\p1 !n1 mu/ be di/9ctly m>k$ (f f all o!r gr\ps4 ,9 sci5tific & te*nical matt]s su* division may be c>ri$ to ! extreme limit ( complet5ess4 ,complete division is call$ classification4 ,p>tition4 ,9 non-sci5tific compositions su* complet5ess is seldom necess>y4 ,x might ev5 defeat ! purpose by be+ too involv$1 by includ+ too _m entries1 & by becom+ difficult to rememb]4 ,speak]s seldom h ne$ ( classification1 b !y (t5 d h to make divisions = purposes ( explanation4 ,?is k9d ( gr\p+ is call$ p>tition4 ,x goes only s f> z is necess>y = ! purpose at ! "t4 ,x may /op any:]e %ort ( be+ complete & sci5tifically exact4 ,all memb]s ( ! l>ge class n divid$ & li/$ are frequ5tly lump$ toge!r "u a la/ head+ su* z all o!rs1 miscellane\s1 ! re/1 ^? n fall+ "u our pres5t exam9ation4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,classify games4 ,:i* pr9ciple w y use = y\r fir/ ma9 division--indoor & outdoor games1 or w9t] & summ] games1 or "s o!r8 #b4 ,classify ! races ( m54 ,:at pr9ciple w\ld y use8 #c4 ,h[ w\ld y arrange ! books 9 a private libr>y8 #d4 ,classify ! =ms ( !atrical ent]ta9m5ts4 ,is y\r li/ complete8 #e4 ,classify bran*es ( ma!matics4 ,! entries may total ov] a hundr$4 #f4 ,classify ! pupils 9 y\r s*ool4 #g4 ,classify ! p 9 y\r s*ool4 ,is !re any diff]5ce8 #h4 ,classify ! foll[+3 ,! political p>ties ( ! c\ntry4 ,me?ods ( transportation4 ,religions4 ,magaz9es4 ,! build+s 9 a city4 ,aircraft4 ,dess]ts4 ,cann$ goods4 ,skill 9 division is valuable n only z a me?od ( exposition b x is l9k$ closely ) an effective me?od ( prov+ to be expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]--! me?od ( residues4 ,c y recall any extracts giv5 9 ?is book 9 :i* "s =m ( division is us$8 ,is ?is =m ( mat]ial likely to be m important 9 prep>ation or 9 ! f9i%$ spee*8 ,expla9 y\r op9ion--9 o!r words1 pres5t a specim5 ( exposition4 ,def9ition4 ,"o ( ! simple/ ways ( expla9+ is to def9e a t]m4 ,diction>y def9itions are famili> to ev]yone4 ,9 a great _m in/ances ! diction>y def9ition is by means ( synonyms4 ,:ile ?is is a conv5i5t1 easy me?od x is seldom exact4 ,:y8 ,recall :at y le>n$ conc]n+ ! mean+s ( synonyms4 ,d !y ev] exactly reproduce "o ano!r's mean+s8 ,!re is always a slight degree ( inaccuracy 9 def9ition by synonym1 sometimes a l>ge m>g9 ( inexactness4 ,is ! foll[+ a good def9ition8 ,a visitor to a s*ool began 8 address3 ,?is morn+1 *ildr51 ,i propose to (f] y an epitome ( ! life ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x may be p]haps t !re are among y "s too "y to grasp ! mean+ ( ! ^w epitome4 ,epitome1 *ildr51 is 9 its signification synonym\s ) synopsis6 ,london ,tid-,bits ,logical ,def9ition4 ,an exact def9ition is suppli$ by ! logical def9ition4 ,9 ?is !re are ?ree p>ts--! t]m to be def9$1 ! class 7or g5us7 to :i* x belongs1 & ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics 7diff]5tia7 :i* m>k x (f f all ! o!r memb]s ( t same class4 ,y c repres5t ?is graphically by inclos+ ! ^w t]m 9 a small circle4 ,ar\nd ?is draw a l>g] circle 9 :i* y write ! ^w class4 ,n[ :at divides ! t]m f ! class 9 :i* x belongs8 ,indicate ! l9e ar\nd ! t]m z di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics1 & y w cle>ly see h[ accurate a logical def9ition is4 ,! class %\ld be j l>g] ?an ! t]m itself4 ,! ma9 difficulty is 9 f9d+ exact & satisfy+ di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,!re are "s t]ms :i* are s l>ge t no classes c be f\nd = !m4 ,o!rs _c be m>k$ by acceptable di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics1 s x is n possible to make logical def9itions = all t]ms4 ,consid] su* words z inf9ity1 electricity1 gravity1 man4 ,! words ( ! def9ition %\ld be simple1 m readily und]/ood ?an ! t]m to be def9$4 ,t]m ,class ,di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ,a biplane is an airplane ) two sets ( support+ surfaces4 ,a waitress is a woman :o s]ves meals4 ,n>ration is t =m ( disc\rse :i* relates ev5ts4 ,a ^w is a comb9ation ( sugge/+ an idea4 lett]s ,a diction>y is a book ( def9itions4 ,a corporal is an army (fic] j high] ?an a private4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make logical def9itions = ! foll[+3 ,a dynamo ,a circle ,a hamm] ,a curiosity ,lightn+ ,a trip-hamm] ,mov+ picture cam]a ,democracy ,a lady ,curiosity ,an an>*i/ ,a ,lady ,a door ,a sky-scrap] ,man #b4 ,analyze & comm5t on ! foll[+ def9itions3 ,man is a two-legg$ animal )\t fea!rs4 ,life is an epileptic fit betwe5 two no?+s4 ,g5ius is an inf9ite capacity = tak+ pa9s4 ,! picture writ+s ( ! anci5t ,egyptians are call$ hi]oglyphics4 ,a fly is an obnoxi\s insect t di/urbs y 9 ! morn+ :5 y want to sleep4 ,real brav]y is defeat$ c[>dice4 ,a brigant9e is a small1 two-ma/$ vessel1 squ>e rigg$ on bo? ma/s1 b ) a =e-&-aft ma9sail & ! ma9ma/ consid]ably long] ?an ! =ema/4 ,a mu%room is a cryptogamic plant ( ! class ,fungi2 p>ticul>ly ! ag>icoid fungi & especially ! edible =ms4 ,language is ! means ( conceal+ ?\ght4 ,a rectangle ( equal sides is a squ>e4 ,hyp]bole is a natural exagg]ation = ! purpose ( emphasis4 ,amplifi$ ,def9ition4 ,:ile su* def9itions are ! fir/ positions f :i* all int]pretations mu/ proce$1 9 actual spee*-mak+ explanations ( t]ms are consid]ably long]4 ,yet ! =m ( ! true logical def9ition is always imb$d$--9 g]m at lea/--9 ! amplifi$ /atem5t4 ,aga91 democracy w be1 9 a l>ge s5se1 individuali/ic4 ,t ideal ( society :i* seeks a discipl9$1 ob$i5t p1 submissive to gov]nm5t & unque/ion+ 9 its acceptance ( ord]s1 is n a democratic ideal4 ,y _c h an atmosph]e ( implicit ob$i5ce to au?ority & at ! same "t & 9 ! same place an atmosph]e ( democratic fre$om4 ,!re is only "o k9d ( discipl9e t is adequate to democracy & t is self-discipl9e4 ,an obs]vant =eign] has lately rem>k$1 some:at p>adoxically1 t ! ,am]icans seem$ to him ! be/ discipl9$ p 9 ! _w4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry does a l9e =m itself at a ticket (fice or at ! entrance to a place ( amusem5t ) s little disord]1 s little delay1 & s little help f a policeman4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry w\ld an appeal ( ! gov]nm5t = self-control 9 ! use ( food or fuel1 = a re/riction ( h\rs ( bus9ess1 = gas-less ,sundays1 h met ) s ready1 s g5]\s & s suffici5t a response4 ,our ,am]ican lads1 al]t1 adaptable1 swiftly-tra9$1 self-direct$1 h be5 q ! equal ( ! cont95tal soldi]s1 ) _! long] te*nical tra9+ & m rigor\s milit>y discipl9e4 ,9 ^! respects ! ,engli%1 & especially ! ,briti% colonial soldi]s h be5 mu* l our own4 ,democracy1 :e!r = peace or = w>1 9 ,am]ica or 9 ,engl&1 favors individuality4 ,indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & action on ! "p ( ! mass ( ! p are alike ! result ( democracy & ! condition ( its cont9uance & m complete developm5t1 & x is visibly gr[+ 9 ,engl& z ! trammels ( old political & social class control are be+ ?r[n (f4 ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,*eyney3 ,hi/orical ,te/s ( ,democracy ,:at is a con/itution8 ,c]ta9ly n a league1 compact1 or conf$]acy1 b a fundam5tal law4 ,t fundam5tal regulation :i* det]m9es ! mann] 9 :i* ! public au?ority is to be execut$1 is :at =ms ! con/itution ( a /ate4 ,^? prim>y rules :i* conc]n ! body itself1 & ! v be+ ( ! political society1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 & ! mann] 9 :i* p[] is to be ex]cis$--all1 9 a ^w1 :i* =m toge!r ! con/itution ( a /ate--^! are ! fundam5tal laws4 ,?is1 ,sir1 is ! language ( ! public writ]s4 ,b d we ne$ to be in=m$1 9 ?is c\ntry1 :at a con/itution is8 ,is x n an idea p]fectly famili>1 def9ite1 & well settl$8 ,we are at no loss to und]/& :at is meant by ! con/itution ( "o ( ! ,/ates2 & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates speaks ( itself z be+ an in/rum5t ( ! same nature4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,! ,con/itution ,n a ,compact betwe5 ,sov]eign ,/ates1 #ahcc ,p>ticul>s ( a ,g5]al ,/atem5t4 ,a g5]al /atem5t made at ! beg9n+ ( a p>agraph or section1 s]v+ z ! topic s5t5ce1 may !n be expla9$ by break+ ! g5]al idea up into details & p>ticul>s4 ,?is may p>take ( ! nature ( bo? def9ition & p>tition1 z ! t]ms may be expla9$ & _! compon5t p>ts li/$4 ,note t 9 ! foll[+ selection ! fir/ s5t5ces /ate ! topic ( ! passage :i* ! succe$+ s5t5ces expla9 by discuss+ ! phrase v>iety ( evils4 ,s likewise a passionate atta*m5t ( "o nation = ano!r produces a v>iety ( evils4 ,sympa?y = ! favorite nation1 facilitat+ ! illusion ( an imag9>y common int]e/1 9 cases :]e no real common int]e/ exi/s1 & infus+ into "o ! enmities ( ! o!r1 betrays ! =m] into a p>ticipation 9 ! qu>rels & w>s ( ! latt]1 )\t adequate inducem5t or ju/ification4 ,x leads also to concessions to ! favorite nation ( privileges d5i$ to o!rs1 :i* is apt d\bly to injure ! nation mak+ ! concessions2 by unnecess>ily p>t+ ) :at ought to h be5 reta9$1 & by excit+ jeal\sy1 ill-w1 & a disposition to retaliate1 9 ! p>ties f :om equal privileges are )held1 & x gives to ambiti\s1 corrupt$1 or delud$ citiz5s 7:o devote !mselves to ! favorite nation71 facility to betray1 or sacrifice ! int]e/s ( _! own c\ntry1 )\t odium1 sometimes ev5 ) popul>ity2 gild+ ) ! appe>ances ( a virtu\s s5se ( obligation1 a comm5dable def]5ce = public op9ion1 or a laudable zeal = public good1 ! base or fooli% compliances ( ambition1 corruption or infatuation4 ,,george ,,wa%+ton3 ,f>ewell ,address1 #agif ,examples4 ,a /atem5t may be expla9$ by giv+ examples4 ,! speak] mu/ be sure t 8 example fits ! case exactly2 t x is typical--t is1 x mu/ s]ve z a true in/ance ( all cases "u ! /atem5t1 n be m]ely an exception2 t x is p]fectly cle>2 t x impresses ! audi5ce z unansw]able4 ,! example may be ei!r actual or suppositi\s1 b x mu/ illu/rate cle>ly & accurately4 ,! use ( examples is a great aid 9 explanation4 ,john ,c4 ,calh\n express$ ! value v di/9ctly 9 "o ( 8 spee*es4 ,i "k h[ difficult x is to communicate di/9ct ideas on su* a subject1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( g5]al propositions1 )\t p>ticul> illu/ration2 & 9 ord] t ,i may be di/9ctly und]/ood1 ?\gh at ! haz>d ( be+ t$i\s1 ,i w illu/rate ! important pr9ciple :i* ,i h v5tur$ to advance1 by examples4 ,by ! use ( an example he does make himself di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,let u1 !n1 suppose a small community ( five p]sons1 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! _w2 &1 to make ! example /rong1 let u suppose !m all to be engag$ 9 ! same pursuit1 & to be ( equal weal?4 ,let u fur!r suppose t !y det]m9e to gov]n ! community by ! w ( a majority2 &1 to make ! case z /rong z possible1 let u suppose t ! majority1 9 ord] to meet ! exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t1 lay an equal tax1 say ( "o hundr$ doll>s on ea* individual ( ?is little community4 ,_! treasury w\ld conta9 five hundr$ doll>s4 ,?ree are a majority2 & !y1 by supposition1 h contribut$ ?ree hundr$ z _! portion1 & ! o!r two 7! m9ority71 two hundr$4 ,! ?ree h ! "r to make ! appropriations z !y may ?9k prop]4 ,! "q is1 ,h[ w\ld ! pr9ciple ( ! absolute & un*eck$ majority op]ate1 "u ^! circum/ances1 9 ?is little community8 ,,john ,c4 ,,calh\n3 ,spee* on ,! ,=ce ,bill1 #ahcc ,! example %\ld be tak5 f ! same phase ( life z ! proposition x expla9s4 ,z ,calh\n 0 discuss+ gov]nm5tal regulation he suppos$ an example f majority rule4 ,9 ! next ! topic is copyright1 s ! illu/ration is n tak5 f pat5ts4 ,9 introduc+ y\r own examples avoid ! trite1 amateuri% expression take1 = in/ance4 ,n[1 ?is is ! sort ( boon :i* my honorable & le>n$ fri5d holds out to au?ors4 ,consid]$ z a boon to !m1 x is a m]e nullity2 b1 consid]$ z an impo/ on ! public1 x is no nullity1 b a v s]i\s & p]nici\s reality4 ,i w take an example4 ,dr4 ,johnson di$ fifty-six ye>s ago4 ,if ! law 7 :at my honorable & le>n$ fri5d wi%es to make x1 somebody w\ld n[ h ! monopoly ( ,dr4 ,johnson's works4 ,:o t somebody w\ld be x is impossible to say2 b we may v5ture to guess4 ,i guess1 !n1 t x w\ld h be5 "s booksell]1 :o 0 ! assign ( ano!r booksell]1 :o 0 ! gr&son ( a ?ird booksell]1 :o _h b\ght ! copyright f ,black ,frank1 ! doctor's s]vant & residu>y legatee1 9 #aghe or #aghf4 ,n[1 w\ld ! k t ?is copyright w\ld exi/ 9 #ahda h be5 a s\rce ( gratification to ,johnson8 ,w\ld x h /imulat$ 8 ex]tions8 ,w\ld x h once drawn him out ( 8 b$ be=e noon8 ,w\ld x h once *e]$ him "u a fit ( ! sple58 ,w\ld x h induc$ him to give u "o m allegory1 "o m life ( a poet1 "o m imitation ( ,juv5al8 ,i firmly believe n4 ,i firmly believe t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 he 0 writ+ our debates = ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 he w\ld v mu* r h _h twop5ce to buy a plate ( %9 ( beef at a cook's %op und]gr\nd4 ,,?omas ,,bab+ton ,,macaulay3 ,copyright1 #ahda ,comp>ison4 ,unfamili> matt] may be made pla9 by %[+ h[ x resembles some?+ already cle>ly und]/ood by ! audi5ce4 ,?is is comp>ison4 ,x %[s h[ two ?+s are alike4 ,! old geographies us$ to /ate t ! e>? is an oblate sph]oid1 !n expla9 t t]m by comp>ison ) an orange1 po9t+ out ! ess5tial flatt5+ at ! poles4 ,9 any use ( comp>ison ! resemblance mu/ be real1 n assum$4 ,_m a speak] has be5 sev]ely criticiz$ = 8 facts because he ass]t$ 9 comp>ison simil>ities t did n exi/4 ,contra/4 ,:5 ! diff]5ces betwe5 two ?+s are c>efully enum]at$ ! process is t]m$ contra/4 ,?is is (t5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) comp>ison1 = no two ?+s are exactly alike4 ,!y may resemble ea* o!r 9 ne>ly all respects1 s comp>ison is possible & helpful up to a c]ta9 limit4 ,to give an exact idea ( ! rema9d] ! diff]5ces mu/ be po9t$ out2 t requires contra/4 ,9 contra/ ! oppos+ balance ( details does n h to dep5d necess>ily on a /&>d famili> to ! audi5ce4 ,x may be an arrangem5t ( opposite aspects ( ! same ?+ to br+ out m vividly ! und]/&+4 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 ,gre5 expla9s ! "* ( ,que5 ,elizabe? by %[+ ! contra/$ elem5ts %e inh]it$ f h] "m1 ,anne ,boleyn1 & h] fa!r1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,su* a me?od results n only 9 add$ cle>ness1 b also 9 emphasis4 ,! plan may call = half a p>agraph on "o side1 ! second half on ! o!r2 or x may cov] two p>agraphs or sections2 or x may alt]nate ) e detail--an affirmative balanc$ by a negative1 foll[$ at once by ano!r pair ( affirmative & negative1 or /atem5t & contra/1 & s on until ! end4 ,! speak] mu/ consid] su* possibilities ( contra/1 plan = 8 own1 & indicate x 9 8 brief4 ,ne>ly any spee* w provide illu/rations ( ! me?ods ( comp>ison & contra/4 ,burke's ,conciliation ) ,am]ica has sev]al passages ( ea*4 ,cause to ,effect4 ,explanations bas$ on progressions f cause to effect & ! rev]se are admirably suit$ to op]ations1 movem5ts1 *anges1 conditions1 elections4 ,an exposition ( a manufactur+ process might move f cause to effect4 ,a legislator try+ to secure ! passage ( a measure might expla9 its op]ation by beg9n+ ) ! law 7! cause7 & trac+ its results 7! effect74 ,s1 too1 a re=m] might plead = a *ang$ condition by foll[+ ! same me?od4 ,a speak] deal+ ) hi/ory or biography might use ?is same plan4 ,effect to ,cause4 ,9 actual ev5ts1 ! cause always prec$es ! effect1 b 9 discussion x is sometimes bett] n to foll[ natural or usual ord]s4 ,_m explanations ga9 9 cle>ness & effect by work+ backw>ds4 ,a vot] might beg9 by %[+ ! condition ( a set ( workm5 7an effect71 !n trace conditions backw>d until he w\ld end ) a plea = ! repeal ( a law 7! cause74 ,a /ud5t might expla9 a l[ m>k on 8 report by />t+ ) ! grad+ 7! effect7 & trac+ backw>ds all 8 /ruggles to an e>ly abs5ce by :i* he miss$ a necess>y explanation by ! tea*]4 ,a doctor might beg9 a report by /at+ ! illness ( sev]al p]sons ) typhus2 !n trace prec$+ conditions /ep by /ep until he rea*$ ! cause--oy/]s eat5 by !m 9 a hotel 7 kept cool by a deal]'s lett+ wat] run ov] !m4 ,?is wat] 9 its c\rse _h pick$ up ! disease g]ms--! cause4 ,_m crimes are solv$ by mov+ f effect to cause4 ,a lawy] 9 8 spee*es1 !re=e1 frequ5tly foll[s ?is me?od4 ,bo? ^! me?ods are s commonly employ$ t ! /ud5t c cite in/ances f _m spee*es he has he>d or books he has read4 ,"t ,ord]4 ,some:at simil> to ! two prec$+ arrangem5ts ( exposition are ! next two bas$ on "t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! natural "t ord]1 or *ronological ord]4 ,9 ?is ! details foll[ "o ano!r z ev5ts happ5$4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t n any gr\p ( succe$+ details w make a good exposition ( ?is sort4 ,! p>ts mu/ be closely relat$4 ,!y mu/ be n m]ely sequ5tial b consequ5tial4 ,diction>y def9itions w expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 mean+ ( ^? two words4 ,?is me?od is some:at l ! ord] f cause to effect1 b x is adapt$ to o!r k9ds ( topics & o!r purposes ( explanation4 ,x is excell5tly suit$ to hi/orical mat]ial1 or any relat$ k9d4 ,x is ! device usually employ$ 9 expla9+ me*anical or manufactur+ processes4 ,9 m]e frequ5cy ( occurr5ce x is d\btlessly ! mo/ common4 ,"t ,ord] ,rev]s$4 ,! /ud5t :o />ts to ca/ 8 expositions into ?is s*eme %\ld judge its fitness = 8 p>ticul> purpose at ! "t4 ,x w (t5 become app>5t ^u ?\ght t in/ead ( ! natural *ronological ord] ! exact opposite w suit bett]4 ,?is--"t ord] rev]s$--expla9s itself z ! arrangem5t f ! late/ occurr5ce back ?r\gh prec$+ ev5ts & details until ! e>lie/ "t is rea*$4 ,x is q l ! arrangem5t f effect back to cause4 ,x might be us$ to expla9 ! legal proc$ure ( a /ate or nation1 to expla9 treaty relations1 to expla9 ! giv+ up ( old laws4 ,! movem5ts ( a man accus$ ( crime might be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,an alibi = a p]son might be built up ?us4 ,! v>i\s v]sions ( "s popul> /ory told ov] & ov] aga9 ?r\gh a long p]iod ( ye>s might be expla9$ aft] su* a mann]4 ,al?\gh ! "t ord] rev]s$ is n s common z ! *ronological ord] x does occur _m times4 ,place4 ,c]ta9 mat]ial ( exposition dem&s ! ord] ( place4 ,?is means t ! details ( ! explanation are arrang$ accord+ to ! position ( objects4 ,if y h writt5 _m descriptions y are famili> ) ! problems br\ght up by su* an ord]4 ,a few illu/rations w make x cle>4 ,a man on ! /reet asks y h[ to rea* a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! city4 ,on :at plan d y arrange y\r directions8 ,accord+ to _! place8 ,y />t to expla9 to a fri5d ! g5]al lay-out ( ,new ,york1 or ,*icago1 or ,san ,francisco4 ,h[ d y arrange ! details ( y\r exposition8 ,y attempt to convey to ano!r p]son ! plan ( "s l>ge build+4 ,:at arrangem5t is inevitable8 ,h[ d books on sports expla9 ! baseball field1 ! football gridiron1 ! t5nis c\rt1 ! golf l9ks8 ,:5 specifications = a build+ are furni%$ to ! contractor1 :at pr9ciple ( arrangem5t is foll[$8 ,if an inv5tor gives in/ructions to a patt]n-mak] = ! con/ruction ( a model1 :at plan does he foll[8 ,w\ld a man discuss+ draw+s = a new h\se be likely to =mulate 8 explanations on ?is s*eme8 ,y see1 !n1 h[ well suit$ su* an arrangem5t is to a v>iety ( uses4 ,9 su* expository passages ! transition & connect+ words are ma9ly expressions ( place & relative position su* z to ! "r1 above1 bel[1 to ! re>1 ext5d+ upw>ds at an angle ( sixty degrees1 divid+ equally into ?ree sections4 ,su* indications mu/ nev] be slight$ 9 spok5 explanations4 ,!y keep ! mat]ial cle> & exact 9 ! he>]'s compreh5sion4 ,! speak]1 rememb]1 c nev] assume t 8 audi5ce is b\nd to und]/& him4 ,8 task is to be s cle> t no s+le individual c fail to und]/& him4 ,importance4 ,x has already be5 /at$--9 ! *apt] on plann+--t topics may be arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,?is same s*eme may be us$ 9 deliv]y ( expository matt]4 ,a he>] w foll[ ! explanation if he be l$ gradually up ! asc5t2 he w rememb] mo/ cle>ly ! latt] "p ( ! passage4 ,if ?is include ! prime factor ( ! in=mation he w reta9 x longe/ & mo/ cle>ly4 ,y %\ld li/5 to spee*es ( explanations critically to judge :e!r ! plans are good4 ,%\ld y make a li/ ( ! numb] ( times any ( ! plans "h set d[n appe>s y w be /ruck by ! fact t :ile o!r ord]s are q frequ5t1 ?is la/ pr9ciple ( lead+ up to ! mo/ important outranks all ! o!rs4 ,x may be simply a =m ( "o ( ! o!rs previ\sly enum]at$ 9 :i* "t ord]1 or contra/1 or cause to effect is foll[$ simply because t does br+ ! mo/ important la/ 9 ! discussion4 ,su* an arrangem5t answ]s be/ to ! response made to ideas by p 9 audi5ces4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( all attempts to in/ruct !m1 to appeal to !m1 to /imulate !m1 to move !m1 t ! successive /eps mu/ increase 9 significance & impressiv5ess until ! mo/ mov+ details be laid be=e !m4 ,analyze = y\rself or = ! class a few long explanations y h li/5$ to1 & report :e!r ?is pr9ciple 0 foll[$4 ,does x be> any relation to conclud+ a spee* ) a p]oration8 ,comb9ations ( ,me?ods4 ,:ile any "o ( ! =ego+ me?ods may be us$ = a s+le passage x is n usual 9 actual practice to f9d "o s*eme us$ ?r\gh\t all ! explanatory matt] ( ! spee*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce w\ld v likely become we>i$ by ! monotony ( su* a device4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! mat]ial "u explanation seem to require "o treatm5t1 o!r portions require diff]5t h&l+4 ,!re=e good speak]s usually comb9e two or m ( ^! plans4 ,p>tition c\ld h>dly be us$ ?r\gh\t an entire spee* )\t ru9+ its int]e/4 ,x occurs usually e>ly to map out ! g5]al field or scope4 ,def9ition also is likely to be necess>y at ! beg9n+ ( an explanation to />t ! audi5ce ) cle> ideas4 ,x may be resort$ to at v>i\s times lat] :5ev] a new t]m is introduc$ ) a mean+ ! audi5ce may n entirely und]/&4 ,bo? p>tition & def9ition are %ort1 s !y are comb9$ ) o!r =ms4 ,examples1 likewise1 may be introduc$ any:]e4 ,! two mo/ frequ5tly closely comb9$ are comp>ison & contra/4 ,ea* seems to require ! o!r4 ,hav+ %[n h[ two ?+s or ideas are alike1 ! speak] naturally passes on to secure m def9it5ess by %[+ t ) all _! lik5esses !y are n exactly ! same1 & t ! diff]5ces are z ess5tial to a cle> compreh5sion ( !m z ! simil>ities4 ,s usual are !y t _m p accept ! two words z mean+ almo/ ! same ?+1 ?\gh 9 ess5ce !y are opposites4 ,! o!r ord]s _c be us$ 9 su* close comb9ations b !y may be f\nd 9 v>y+ degrees 9 _m ext5d$ spee*es ( explanation z ! nature ( ! mat]ial l5ds itself to "o treatm5t or ano!r4 ,a twelve-hundr$ ^w discussion ( ,! ,future ( ,food uses examples1 contra/$ examples1 effect to cause1 cause to effect 7! phrase beg9n+ a p>agraph is !re is already evid5ce t ?is has result$ 9 a g5]al l[]+ 71 :ile ! succe$+ p>ts gr[ 9 significance until ! la/ is ! mo/ important4 ,a great ,engli% /atesman 9 a spee* la/+ "s ?ree h\rs on a policy ( gov]nm5t employ$ ! foll[+ diff]5t me?ods at v>i\s places :]e he introduc$ expository mat]ial--p>tition 7he claim$ x 0 classification1 b he li/$ = consid]ation only ?ree ( ! ess5tial five *oices71 contra/1 comp>ison1 "t1 example1 place1 cause to effect4 ,"s ( ^! me?ods ( arrang+ explanatory matt] 7 us$ sev]al times4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,expla9 a topic by giv+ ?ree examples4 ,! class %\ld comm5t ^u _! value4 #b4 ,expla9 to ! class "s me*anical op]ation or device4 ,! class aft] li/5+ %\ld decide :i* me?od ! speak] us$4 #c4 ,expla9 "s pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t or society foll[+ ! "t ord]4 #d4 ,) a simil> topic foll[ "t rev]s$4 #e4 ,) a simil> topic use comp>ison only4 #f4 ,foll[ an arrangem5t bas$ on contra/ only4 #g4 ,9 expla9+ a topic comb9e comp>ison & contra/4 #h4 ,expla9 "s prov]b1 text1 or quotation4 ,! class %\ld discuss ! arrangem5t4 #i4 ,*oose "s law or gov]nm5t regulation4 ,condemn or approve x 9 an explanation bas$ on cause to effect4 #aj4 ,) ! same or a simil> topic use effect to cause4 #aa4 ,expla9 to ! class ! plan ( "s l>ge build+ or gr\p ( build+s4 ,is y\r explanation easily und]/ood8 #ab4 ,expla9 :y a c]ta9 /udy fits "o = a p>ticul> vocation4 ,use ! ord] ( importance4 #ac4 ,give an idea ( two diff]5t magaz9es1 us+ comp>ison & contra/4 #ad4 ,expla9 "s game4 ,"t ord]8 #ae4 ,h[ is a jury trial conduct$8 #af4 ,expla9 ! pr9ciples ( "s political p>ty4 #ag4 ,speak = f\r m9utes ^u ex]cise 9 a gymnasium4 #ah4 ,tell h[ a s*ool pap]1 or daily newspap]1 or magaz9e is conduct$4 #ai4 ,:at is slang8 #bj4 ,expla9 "o ( y\r hobbies4 #ba4 ,classify & expla9 ! qualities ( a good speak]4 ,ord] ( importance8 #bb4 ,expla9 "s natural ph5om5on4 #bc4 ,expla9 ! be/ me?od = /udy+4 #bd4 ,contra/ bus9ess me?ods4 #be4 ,f "s bus9ess 7z /ock sell+7 or indu/ry 7z automobile manufactur+7 or new vocation 7z airplan+7 or art 7z act+7 or accompli%m5t 7z cook+7 *oose a gr\p ( special t]ms & expla9 !m 9 a connect$ s]ies ( rem>ks4 #bf4 ,:y is sup]/ition s preval5t8 ,! class %\ld discuss ! explanations pres5t$4 #bg4 ,! po9t t always p]plexes me is ?is3 ,i always feel t if all ! weal? 0 %>$ out1 x w\ld be all ! same aga9 9 a few ye>s' "t4 ,no "o has ev] expla9$ to me h[ y c get ov] t4 ,expla9 cle>ly "o ( ! two views sugge/$ "h4 #bh4 ,expla9 ! failure ( "s political movem5t1 or ! defeat ( "s nation4 #bi4 ,select a passage f "s book1 report1 or article1 c\*$ 9 intricate te*nical or specializ$ phraseology4 ,expla9 x cle>ly to ! class4 #cj4 ,b5 ,jonson1 a fri5d ( ,%akespe>e's1 wrote ( him1 ,he 0 n ( an age1 b = all "t4 ,:at did he mean8 ,,*apt] ,x ,,prov+ ,,& ,,p]suad+ ,:at ,argum5tation ,is4 ,x is an old say+ t !re are two sides to e "q4 ,any speak] :o supports "s op9ion be=e an audi5ce1 :o advances "s !ory1 :o urges p to d a c]ta9 ?+1 to vote a c]ta9 way1 to give money = *>itable purposes1 recognizes ! opposite side4 ,9 try+ to make p believe z he believes1 to induce !m to act z he advises1 he mu/ argue ) !m4 ,argum5tation1 z us$ 9 ?is book1 diff]s widely f ! in=mal ex*ange ( op9ions & views indulg$ 9 across ! d9n] table or on ! trolley c>4 ,x does n correspond ) ! usual mean+ ( argue & argum5t :i* bo? s frequ5tly sugge/ wrangl+ & bick]+ end+ 9 ill-temp]$ p]sonal attacks4 ,argum5tation is ! well-consid]$1 delib]ate means employ$ to conv9ce o!rs ( ! tru? or exp$i5cy ( ! views advocat$ by ! speak]4 ,its purpose is to c>ry conviction to ! consci\sness ( o!rs4 ,?is is its purpose4 ,its me?od is pro(4 ,pro( is ! body ( facts1 op9ions1 reasons1 illu/rations1 conclusions1 etc41 prop]ly arrang$ & effectively pres5t$ :i* makes o!rs accept z true or "r ! proposition advanc$ by ! speak]4 ,( c\rse1 argum5tation may exi/ 9 writ+ b z ?is volume is conc]n$ ) oral deliv]y1 ! ^w speak] is us$ 9 ! def9ition4 ,s mu* = ! purpose & nature ( argum5tation4 ,use ( ,argum5tation4 ,:]e is x us$8 ,ev]y:]e1 9 e =m ( human activity4 ,argum5tation is us$ by a y\ng/] try+ to induce a companion to g swimm+ & by a committee ( _w /atesm5 discuss+ ! allotm5t ( t]ritory4 ,9 bus9ess a man uses x f ! "t he successfully conv9ces a firm x %\ld employ him z an (fice boy until he secures ! acceptance ( 8 plans = a comb9ation ( int]e/s :i* w control ! _w m>ket4 ,lawy]s1 politicians1 /atesm51 cl]gym51 live by argum5tation4 ,9 ! life ( today1 :i* emphasizes s m>k$ly ! two ideas ( individuality & effici5cy1 argum5tation is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,any p]son c argue1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( /at+ op9ions & views1 9 s f> z any "o c conv]se4 ,b to produce good1 conv9c+ argum5tation is n s easy z t4 ,! expression ( p]sonal pref]5ces1 op9ions1 ideas1 is n argum5tation1 al?\gh "s p :o advance s f> z to become speak]s be=e audi5ces seem nev] to realize t tru?1 & display !mselves z pret5d+ to (f] argum5tation :5 !y are 9 reality do+ no m ?an recit+ p]sonal beliefs & sugge/ions4 ,cite in/ances ( speak]s :o h indulg$ 9 su* p]sonal op9ions :5 !y might or %\ld h (f]$ argum5ts4 ,:ile argum5tation is n s easily assembl$ z runn+ conv]sation is1 x may be made q z fasc9at+ z ! latt]1 & j z surely z a p]son c h 8 conv]sational ability develop$ s c a p]son h 8 argum5tative p[] /r5g!n$4 ,conviction4 ,:at %\ld be ! fir/ requisite ( a speak] ( argum5tation8 ,%\ld x be conviction 9 ! tru? or "r ( ! position he takes & ! proposition he supports8 ,at fir/ ?\ght "o w\ld answ] emphatically yes4 ,a great deal ( discr$it has be5 br\ght ^u ! /udy ( argum5tation by ! practice ( speak]s to pret5d to h op9ions :i* 9 reality !y d n s9c]ely believe4 ,! practical in/ance is ! will+ness ( paid lawy]s to def5d m5 ( ^: guilt !y mu/ be sure4 ,su* criticism does n apply to cases 9 :i* !re are reasonable *ances = oppos+ int]pretations1 nor to ^? cases 9 :i* our law decrees t e p]son accus$ ( crime %all be provid$ ) c\nsel1 b to ^? practices to :i* ,l9coln ref]r$ :5 he recomm5d$ ! lawy] n to c\rt litigation4 ,nor %\ld ?is criticism det] a /ud5t ( public speak+ f try+ 8 skill 9 def5se ( ! o!r side1 :5 he feels t su* practice w help him 9 weigh+ 8 own argum5ts4 ,9 e in/ance ( ?is highly comm5dable d\ble me?od ( prep>ation :i* ! au?or has se5 9 classrooms1 ! speak]1 aft] 8 spee* has be5 comm5t$ ^u1 has always decl>$ 8 real position & expla9$ :y he advocat$ ! opposite4 ,ev5 s*ool & college debat+ has be5 criticiz$ 9 ! same way = becom+ n an attempt to discov] or e/abli% ! tru? or "r ( a proposition1 b a m]e game ) =mal rules1 a set ( scor+ regulations1 & a victory or defeat ) consequ5t good or bad effects ^u ! :ole practice ( und]graduate debat+4 ,if su* conte/s are und]/ood 9 _! true significance1 z practice 9 tra9+1 & ! assumption ( conviction by a /ud5t is n cont9u$ aft] graduation s t he w 9 real life def5d & support op9ions he really does n believe1 ! dang] is n s great4 ,! man :o has no fix$ pr9ciples1 :o c argue equally glibly on any side ( a matt]1 ^: tal5ts are at any man's comm& ( s]vice1 is untru/wor?y4 ,convictions are wor?y elem5ts 9 life4 ,a man mu/ *ange 8 /& :5 8 convictions are argu$ away1 b ! man ^: op9ions %ift ) e new scrap ( in=mation or influ5ce is nei!r a safe lead] nor a dep5dable subord9ate4 ,= ! sake ( ! tra9+1 !n1 a /ud5t may pres5t argum5ts f attitudes o!r ?an 8 own s9c]e conviction1 b ! practice %\ld be no?+ m ?an a recogniz$ ex]cise4 ,because ( its tell+ influ5ce ^u ! op9ion ( o!rs let u1 )\t fur!r res]vation1 set d[n t ! fir/ ess5tial ( a good argum5t is ! ability to conv9ce o!rs4 ,aside f ! language & ! mann] ( deliv]y--two elem5ts :i* mu/ nev] be disreg>d$ 9 any spee*--?is ability to conv9ce o!rs dep5ds ^u ! pro( pres5t$ to !m 9 support ( a proposition4 ,! v>i\s k9ds & me?ods ( pro(1 ) matt]s closely relat$ to !m1 make up ! mat]ial ( ?is *apt]4 ,! ,proposition4 ,9 ord] to induce argum5t1 !re mu/ be a proposition4 ,a proposition 9 argum5t is a /atem5t--a decl>ative s5t5ce--conc]n+ ! tru? or exp$i5cy ( :i* !re may be two op9ions4 ,notice t n e decl>ative /atem5t is a proposition = argum5t4 ,! sun rises is n a /atem5t ab\t :i* !re c be any v>y+ op9ions4 ,x is n a proposition = argum5t4 ,b ,mission>ies %\ld n be s5t to ,*9a1 & ,john ,doe kill$ ,simon ,lee1 are /atem5ts admitt+ ( diff]5t op9ions & beliefs4 ,!y are propositions = argum5t4 ,no sane p]son w\ld argue ab\t su* a /atem5t z ,mission>ies are s5t to ,*9a1 nor w\ld any "o wa/e "t on su* a /atem5t z ,"s day a man nam$ ,john ,doe w kill a man nam$ ,simon ,lee4 ,al?\gh 9 common language we speak ( argu+ a "q ! /ud5t mu/ rememb] t su* a ?+ is impossible4 ,y _c argue ab\t a "q4 ,nor c y argue ab\t a subject or a topic4 ,! only expression ab\t :i* !re c be any argum5t is a proposition4 ,! "q mu/ be answ]$4 ,! result+ /atem5t is !n prov$ or disprov$4 ,! topic mu/ be giv5 "s def9ite expression 9 a decl>ative s5t5ce be=e any real argum5t is possible4 ,ev5 :5 ! matt] ( argum5t is incorrectly phras$ z a topic or "q y w f9d almo/ imm$iately 9 ! rem>ks ! proposition z a s5t5ce4 ,%\ld wom5 vote8 may be on ! po/]s ann\nc+ an address1 b ! speak] w soon decl>e1 ,wom5 %\ld vote 9 all elections 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^u ! same conditions t m5 d4 ,t is ! proposition be+ argu$2 ! "q has be5 answ]$4 ,k9ds ( ,propositions4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( propositions %\ld nev] be *os5 = argum5tation4 ,_m are incapable ( pro(1 s any spee* ^u !m w\ld result 9 ! m]e repetition ( p]sonal op9ions4 ,su* are3 ,! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword2 ,bus9ess m5 %\ld n read poetry2 ,e p]son %\ld play golf2 ,anci5t au?ors 7 great] ?an mod]n au?ors4 ,o!rs are ( no int]e/ to contempor>y audi5ces & = t reason %\ld n be pres5t$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages s*ol>s discuss$ su* matt]s z h[ _m angels c\ld /& on ! po9t ( a ne$le1 b today no "o c>es ab\t su* ?+s4 ,propositions ( ,fact4 ,propositions fall into ! two classes already illu/rat$ by ! /atem5ts ab\t mission>ies 9 ,*9a & ! kill+ ( ,simon ,lee4 ,! second--,john ,doe kill$ ,simon ,lee--is a proposition ( fact4 ,all argum5t ab\t x w\ld t5d to prove ei!r ! affirmative or ! negative4 ,"o argum5t w\ld /rive to prove ! /atem5t a fact4 ,! o!r argum5t w\ld try to prove its opposite ! actual fact4 ,facts are accompli%$ results or f9i%$ ev5ts4 ,!re=e propositions ( fact ref] to ! pa/4 ,!y are ! mat]ial ( argum5t 9 all cases at law1 be=e inve/igation committees1 & 9 simil> proce$+s4 ,l9coln argu$ a proposition ( fact :5 he took ,d\glas's /atem5t1 ,our fa!rs1 :5 !y fram$ ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live1 und]/ood ?is "q j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 ?an we d n[1 & !n prov$ by tell+ exactly h[ !y vot$ ^u e measure deal+ ) slav]y exactly :at ! ?irty-n9e sign]s ( ! ,con/itution did believe ab\t national control ( ! practice4 ,c\rts ( law dem& t plead+s %all set =? ) c]ta9ty & ) tru? ! matt]s ( fact or ( law1 ! tru? or falsity ( :i* mu/ be decid$ to decide ! case4 ,propositions ( ,policy4 ,notice t ! o!r proposition--,mission>ies %\ld n be s5t to ,*9a--is n conc]n$ ) a fact at all4 ,x deals ) some?+ :i* %\ld or %\ld n be done4 ,x deals ) future conduct4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! value ( ! results to be secur$4 ,x looks to ! future4 ,x deals ) "s pr9ciple ( action4 ,x is a "q ( exp$i5cy or policy4 ,x induces argum5t to %[ t "o me?od is ! be/ or n ! be/4 ,propositions ( exp$i5cy or policy are ^? :i* confront all ( u at e /ep 9 life4 ,:i* college %all a boy att5d8 ,:at k9d ( "w %all a woman ent]8 ,h[ l>ge %all taxes be next ye>8 ,:i* c&idate %all we elect8 ,h[ %all we bett] ! city gov]nm5t8 ,h[ %all ,i inve/ my money8 ,:at k9d ( automobile %all ,i buy8 ,:at k9d ( w %all ,i make8 ,! answ]s to all su* que/ions make propositions ( exp$i5cy or policy ^u :i* argum5ts are be+ compos$ & deliv]$ e day4 ,9 *oos+ propositions = argum5t avoid1 #a1 ^? :i* are obvi\sly tru?2 #b1 ^? 9 :i* "s ambigu\s ^w or t]m cov]s ! tru?2 #c1 ^? 9 :i* ! tru? or error is practically impossible ( pro(2 #d1 ^? involv+ m ?an "o ma9 issue2 #e1 ^? :i* d n int]e/ ! audi5ce4 ,word+ ! ,proposition4 ,! proposition %\ld be accurately word$4 ,9 law if ! ^w burgl>y is us$ 9 ! indictm5t1 ! def5se1 9 ord] to qua% ! *>ge1 ne$ %[ m]ely t a door 0 unlock$4 ,! phras+ %\ld be z simple & concise z possible4 ,! proposition %\ld n cov] too wide a field4 ,al?\gh ^! directions seem self-evid5t !y %\ld be kept 9 m9d cont9ually4 ,:5 ! proposition is satisfactory to ! mak] ( ! argum5t he is ready to beg9 to build 8 pro(4 ,9 actual spee*-mak+ few argum5ts c be made z conv9c+ z a geometrical demon/ration b a speak] c try to make 8 reason+ s s\nd1 8 developm5t s cog5t1 8 deliv]y s conv9c+1 t at ! end ( 8 spee*1 he c exclaim triumphantly1 ,quod erat demon/r&um4 ,burd5 ( ,pro(4 ,e argum5t presupposes ! opposite side4 ,ev5 :5 only "o speak] appe>s 8 rem>ks always indicate ! possibility ( opposite views 9 ! m9ds ( "s ( ! he>]s4 ,! affirmative & negative are always pres5t4 ,x is frequ5tly ass]t$ t ! burd5 ( pro( is on ! negative4 ,?is is no m correct ?an ! opposite /atem5t w\ld be4 ,! place ( ! burd5 ( pro( dep5ds entirely ^u ! word+ ( ! proposition & ! /atem5t x makes4 ,9 g5]al ! burd5 ( pro( is ^u ! side :i* proposes any *ange ( exi/+ conditions1 ! side :i* supports innovations1 :i* w\ld introduce new me?ods4 ,) ! passage ( "t ! burd5 ( pro( may %ift f "o side to ! o!r4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! burd5 ( pro( 0 ^u ! advocates ( woman suffrage2 today x is und\bt$ly ^u ! oppon5ts4 ,at "o p]iod ! oppon5ts ( ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek _h ! burd5 ( pro(1 n[ ! support]s ( su* /udy h x4 ,o!r topics ^u :i* ! burd5 ( pro( has %ift$ are popul> election ( ,s5ators1 prohibition1 ,league ( ,nations1 self-det]m9ation ( small nations1 ! /udy ( vocations1 civics1 & curr5t topics 9 s*ools1 an all-ye> s*ool t]m1 high] sal>ies = tea*]s1 ! b5efits ( labor unions1 ,am]icanization ( ! =eign born4 ,evid5ce4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways ( prov+ a /atem5t is by giv+ evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,evid5ce is made up ( facts :i* support any proposition4 ,9 c\rt a witness :5 giv+ te/imony 7evid5ce7 is n all[$ to give op9ions or beliefs--he is cont9ually w>n$ to (f] only :at he kn[s ( ! fact4 ,x is ^u ! facts m>%al$ be=e x t ! jury is *>g$ to r5d] its v]dict4 ,direct ,evid5ce4 ,evid5ce may be ( two k9ds--direct & indirect4 ,?is second1 especially 9 legal matt]s1 is t]m$ circum/antial evid5ce4 ,direct evid5ce consi/s ( facts t apply directly to ! proposition "u consid]ation4 ,if a man sees a /reet c> pass5g] take a wallet f ano!r man's pocket & has him arre/$ at once & ! wallet is f\nd 9 8 pocket1 t con/itutes direct evid5ce4 ,outside crim9al cases ! same k9d ( assur$ te/imony c be cit$ z direct evid5ce4 ,circum/antial ,evid5ce4 ,9 mo/ cases 9 c\rt su* direct evid5ce is ! exception r ?an ! rule1 = a man attempt+ crime w\ld %un circum/ances 9 :i* 8 crime w\ld be witness$4 ,indirect evid5ce--circum/antial evid5ce--is mu* m usual4 ,x lacks ! c]ta9ty ( direct evid5ce1 yet f ! kn[n facts pres5t$ x is (t5 possible to secure almo/ ! same c]ta9ty z f direct evid5ce4 ,9 s]i\s crimes1 su* z murd]1 juries are extremely cauti\s ab\t convict+ ^u circum/antial evid5ce4 ,!re are _m *ances ( error 9 mak+ *a9s ( evid5ce4 ,9 indirect evid5ce a gr\p ( facts is pres5t$ f :i* a conclusion is attempt$4 ,suppose a boy _h tr\ble ) a f>m] & _h be5 he>d to ?reat5 to get ev54 ,"o day ! man /ruck him ) a :ip z he pass$ on ! road4 ,t night ! f>m]'s b>n 0 set on fire4 ,neighbors decl>$ !y saw "s "o runn+ f ! sc5e4 ,next day ! boy told 8 companions he 0 glad ( ! loss4 ,circum/antial evid5ce po9ts to ! boy z ! culprit4 ,yet :at might ! facts be8 ,9 pres5t+ argum5ts get z mu* direct evid5ce z possible to prove y\r /atem5ts4 ,:5 direct evid5ce _c be secur$1 l9k y\r indirect evid5ce s closely t x pres5ts n a s+le weak l9k4 ,let ! conclusion y draw f x be ! only possible "o4 ,make c]ta9 no "o else c int]pret x 9 any o!r way4 ,:5 y pres5t evid5ce be sure x completely cov]s y\r cont5tion4 ,be sure x is cle>4 ,be sure x fits 9 ) all ! o!r facts & details pres5t$4 ,d n let x conflict ) usual human exp]i5ce4 ,consid] ! s\rces ( y\r evid5ce4 ,if y d n1 y c be c]ta9 y\r audi5ce w4 ,are y\r s\rces reliable8 ,is ! in=mation au?oritative8 ,is x fir/-h& mat]ial1 or m]ely he>say8 ,is x unprejudic$8 ,_m ( ! o!r facts = evid5ce h already be5 sugge/$ 9 ! *apt] on gett+ mat]ial4 ,two ,g5]al ,me?ods ( ,reason+4 ,frequ5tly ! evid5ce to be us$ 9 argum5tation mu/ be int]pret$ be=e x c be ( any value1 especially :5 deal+ ) propositions ( exp$i5cy or policy4 ,!re are two g5]al me?ods ( reason+4 ,"o is ! inductive me?od1 ! o!r ! d$uctive4 ,inductive ,reason+4 ,:5 we discov] t a c]ta9 op]ation repeat$ _m times always produces ! same result we feel ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t we c ann\nce x z a univ]sal law4 ,aft] ?\s&s ( fall+ bodies h be5 measur$ & always give ! same figures1 sci5ti/s feel t !y may /ate ! law t all fall+ bodies acquire an accel]ation ( #cb4b feet p] second4 ,?is illu/rates ! inductive me?od ( reason+4 ,9 ?is sy/em we reason f ! specific in/ance to ! g5]al law1 f ! p>ticul> exp]im5t to ! univ]sal !ory1 f ! concrete in/ance to ! wide pr9ciple4 ,all mod]n sci5ce is bas$ ^u ?is me?od--! exp]im5tal "o4 ,all g5]al !ories ( any k9d today mu/--to be accept$--be support$ by long & c>eful consid]ation ( all possible & probable circum/ances4 ,! !ory ( evolution z appli$ to ! liv+ ?+s ^u ! e>? is ! result ( c\ntless obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,ha/y ,g5]alization4 ,! speak] _c himself exam9e all ! specific in/ances1 he _c consid] all ! illu/rations :i* might support 8 position1 b he mu/ be c>eful ( a too ha/y g5]alization4 ,hav+ talk$ ) a doz5 return$ soldi]s he may n decl>e t all ,am]ican army m5 are glad to be out ( ,france1 = _h he inve/igat$ a little fur!r he might h f\nd an equal numb] :o regret ! return to ?is l&4 ,he mu/ base 8 g5]al /atem5t on s _m in/ances t 8 conclusion w conv9ce n only him1 b p dispos$ to oppose 8 view4 ,he mu/ be bett] prep>$ to %[ ! tru? ( 8 decl>ation ?an m]ely to dismiss an example :i* does n fit into 8 s*eme by glibly ass]t+ t exceptions prove ! rule4 ,he mu/ %[ t :at seems to contradict him is 9 nature an exception & !re=e has no?+ at all to d ) 8 rule4 ,beg9n+ speak]s are q prone to ?is fault ( too ha/y g5]alization4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,write d[n five g5]al !ories or /atem5ts :i* h be5 e/abli%$ by inductive reason+4 #b4 ,is !re any c]ta9ty t !y w /& un*ang$ =ev]8 #c4 ,"u :at circum/ances are su* *anges made8 #d4 ,c y cite any accept$ laws or !ories ( pa/ p]iods :i* h be5 ov]turn$8 ,d$uctive ,reason+4 ,aft] g5]al laws h be5 e/abli%$1 ei!r by human exp]i5ce or accept$ inductive reason+1 !y may be cit$ z apply+ to any p>ticul> case "u consid]ation4 ,?is pass+ f ! g5]al law to ! p>ticul> in/ance is d$uctive reason+4 ,d$uctive reason+ has a regul> =m call$ ! syllogism4 ,major premise4 ,all m5 are mortal4 ,m9or premise4 ,socrates is a man4 ,conclusion4 ,!re=e1 ,socrates is mortal4 ,if ! ?ree p>ts ( a syllogism are correct x has absolute conv9c+ p[]4 ,mo/ attempts to disprove its /atem5t attack ! fir/ two /atem5ts4 ,al?\gh x c>ries su* an air ( c]ta9ty x is likely to _m errors 9 use4 ,an error l ?is is common3 ,all horses are animals4 ,all c[s are animals4 ,!re=e1 all c[s are horses4 ,expla9 ! fallacy 9 ?is syllogism4 ,q z frequ5tly ! incorrect syllogism is ( ?is k9d4 ,! edge ( a /ream is a bank4 ,a bank is a f9ancial in/itution4 ,!re=e1 ! edge ( a /ream is a f9ancial in/itution4 ,y w comm5t ^u ?is t its evid5t sill9ess w\ld prev5t any speak] f us+ su* a =m 9 s]i\s argum5t4 ,b recall t 9 ! discussion ( any idea a t]m may get its mean+ slightly *ang$4 ,9 t slight *ange ( mean+ lurks ! error illu/rat$ "h1 ready to lead to false reason+ & weak5+ ( ! argum5t4 ,c]ta9 words ( common use are likely to su* %ift+ mean+s--republic1 equality1 repres5tative1 mon>*y1 sociali/ic4 ,any d\btful passage 9 :i* su* an error is suspect$ %\ld be r$uc$ to its syllogi/ic =m to be te/$ = accuracy4 ,a repres5tative ( ! p mu/ vote always z !y w\ld vote4 ,a ,congressman is a repres5tative ( ! p4 ,!re=e1 ,congressm5 mu/ vote always z ! p :o elect !m w\ld vote4 ,is n ! expression1 repres5tative ( ! p1 "h us$ 9 two diff]5t s5ses8 ,:5 an argum5t is deliv]$1 "o ( ! premises--be+ a /atem5t :i* ! speak] assumes ev]yone w admit z true--is sometimes omitt$4 ,?is %ort5$ =m is call$ an en?ymeme4 ,smi? w be a successful civil eng9e] = he is a sup]ior ma!matician4 ,supply ! miss+ premise4 ,:i* is x8 ,9 ! bald1 simple =ms "h set d[n1 ! syllogism & en?ymeme are h>dly suit$ to deliv]y 9 spee*es4 ,!y mu/ be amplifi$1 expla9$1 emphasiz$1 9 ord] to s]ve a real purpose4 ,! foll[+ repres5t bett] ! way a speak] uses d$uctive reason+4 ,! appo9t+ p[] is ve/$ 9 ! ,presid5t & ,s5ate2 ?is is ! g5]al rule ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! remov+ p[] is "p ( ! appo9t+ p[]2 x _c be sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,! ,appo9t+ & ,remov+ ,p[]1 #ahce ,!n ,daniel ,web/] /at$ 9 r ext5d$ =m ! conclusion t ! ,s5ate %\ld %>e 9 ! remov+ proce$+s4 ,sir1 ^? :o esp\se ! doctr9es ( nullification reject1 z x seems to me1 ! fir/ great pr9ciple ( all republican lib]ty2 t is1 t ! majority mu/ gov]n4 ,9 matt]s ( common conc]n1 ! judgm5t ( a majority mu/ /& z ! judgm5t ( ! :ole4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,reply to ,calh\n1 #ahec ,!n1 he argues1 z ^! rev5ue laws 7 pass$ by a majority1 !y mu/ be obey$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,me?ods ( ,pro(4 ,9 ext5d$ argum5ts1 j z 9 detail$ exposition1 _m diff]5t me?ods ( pro( may be employ$4 ,explanation4 ,(t5 a m]e cle> explanation w induce a li/5] to accept y\r view ( ! tru? ( a proposition4 ,y h he>d m5 say1 ,oh1 if t is :at y mean1 ,i agree ) y entirely4 ,i simply didn't und]/& y4 ,:5 y are ab\t to engage 9 argum5t consid] ?is me?od ( exposition to see if x w suffice4 ,9 all argum5t !re is a great deal ( =mal or incid5tal explanation4 ,au?ority4 ,:5 au?ority is cit$ to prove a /atem5t x mu/ be subject$ to ! same te/s 9 argum5t z 9 explanation4 ,is ! au?ority reliable8 ,is he unprejudic$8 ,does 8 te/imony fit 9 ) ! circum/ances "u consid]ation8 ,w 8 /atem5ts conv9ce a p]son likely to be on ! oppos+ side8 ,:y has s mu* s-call$ au?oritative in=mation conc]n+ conditions 9 ,europe be5 s disc\nt$8 ,is x n because ! report]s are likely to be prejudic$ & because :ile :at !y say may be true ( c]ta9 places & conditions x does n apply to all ! po9ts "u discussion8 ,! speak] :o wants ! support ( au?ority w te/ x z c>efully z ?\gh its influ5ce is to be us$ aga9/ him--z inde$1 x frequ5tly is4 ,examples4 ,:]e examples are us$ 9 argum5tation !y mu/ s]ve z m ?an m]e illu/rations4 ,9 exposition an illu/ration frequ5tly expla9s1 b t same example w\ld h no value 9 argum5t because :ile x illu/rates x does n prove4 ,a suppositi\s example may s]ve 9 explanation2 only a fact w s]ve z pro(4 ,! m inevitable its application1 ! m cl9*+ its effect1 ! bett] its argum5tative value4 ,notice h[ ! two examples giv5 bel[ prove t ! heirs ( a lit]>y man might be ! v wor/ p]sons to own ! copyrights ( 8 writ+s s9ce z own]s !y might suppress books :i* ! _w ( read]s %\ld be able to secure easily4 ,:ile ^! examples illu/rate1 d !y n also prove8 ,i rememb] ,ri*>dson's gr&son well2 he 0 a cl]gyman 9 ! city ( ,london2 he 0 a mo/ upright & excell5t man2 b he _h conceiv$ a /rong prejudice aga9/ works ( fiction4 ,he ?\ght all novel-read+ n only frivol\s b s9ful4 ,he said--?is ,i /ate on ! au?ority ( "o ( 8 cl]ical bre?r5 :o is n[ a bi%op--he said t he _h nev] ?\ght x "r to read "o ( 8 gr&fa!r's books4 ,i w give ano!r in/ance4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive1 int]e/+1 & delightful books 9 our language is ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t ,boswell's elde/ son consid]$ ?is book1 consid]$ ! :ole relation ( ,boswell to ,johnson1 z a blot 9 ! escut*eon ( ! family4 ,,?omas ,,bab+ton ,,macaulay3 ,copyright1 #ahda ,analogy4 ,9 argum5t by analogy ! speak] attempts to prove t because c]ta9 ?+s are kn[n to be true 9 some?+ t c be obs]v$ !y are likely to be true 9 some?+ else :i* 9 s f> z x c be obs]v$ is q l ! fir/4 ,we cont9ually argue by analogy 9 daily life4 ,l9coln 0 really us+ analogy :5 he repli$ to ! urg+ to *ange 8 army lead]s dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 t he didn't ?9k x wise to swap horses :ile cross+ a /ream4 ,sci5ti/s use ?is me?od to draw conclusions :5 x is impossible to secure f actual obs]vation or exp]im5t a c]ta9 la/ /ep 9 ! reason+4 ,! planet ,m>s & ! e>? are simil> 9 practically all obs]vable matt]s2 !y are ab\t ! same di/ance f ! sun1 !y h ! same surface conditions4 ,! e>? has liv+ creatures ^u x4 ,h5ce--s goes ! reason+ ( analogy--,m>s is probably inhabit$4 ,reason+ by analogy is us$ to prove t univ]sal suffrage is good = ! ,unit$ ,/ates because x has be5 good = "o p>ticul> /ate4 ,a /ud5t may argue by analogy t ! elective sy/em %\ld be introduc$ into all high s*ools1 because x has be5 foll[$ 9 colleges4 ,x may be ass]t$ t a lead+ bank presid5t w make a good univ]sity presid5t1 because he has manag$ "o complex in/itution4 ,! ess5ce ( all good reason+ by analogy is t ! two ?+s consid]$ mu/ be s ne>ly alike 9 all t is kn[n t ! presumption ( belief is t !y mu/ also be alike 9 ! "o po9t ! argu] is try+ to e/abli%4 ,?is is ! te/ he mu/ apply to 8 own analogy argum5ts4 ,our community fr[ns ) indignation ^u ! pr(an5ess ( ! duel1 hav+ its rise 9 ?is irrational po9t ( honor4 ,are y aw>e t y indulge ! same s5tim5t on a gigantic scale1 :5 y recognize ?is v po9t ( honor z a prop] apology = w>8 ,we h already se5 t ju/ice is 9 no respect promot$ by w>4 ,is true honor promot$ :]e ju/ice is n8 ,,*>les ,,sumn]3 ,! ,true ,gr&eur ( ,nations1 #ahde ,residues4 ,! me?od ( residues is frequ5tly employ$ :5 ! speak] is support+ a policy to be c>ri$ out1 a measure to be adopt$1 a *ange to be in/itut$1 or a law to be pass$4 ,grant+ ! assumption t some?+ mu/ be done he consid]s all ! v>i\s me?ods :i* may be employ$1 disposes ( !m "o by "o z illegal1 or unsuit$1 or clumsy1 or inexp$i5t1 leav+ only "o1 ! "o he wants adopt$1 z ! "o :i* mu/ be foll[$4 ,?is is a good practical me?od ( pro(1 provid$ ! speak] really consid]s all ! possible ways ( proce$+ & does %[ ! undesirability ( all except ! "o rema9+4 ,a speak] plead+ = ! in/allation ( a commission =m ( city control might li/ all ! possible ways ( city gov]nm5t1 a bus9ess manag]1 a mayor1 a commission4 ,by dispos+ completely ( ! fir/ two1 he w\ld h prov5 ! ne$ = ! la/4 ,a good speak] w aways g f>!r ?an m]ely to rea* ?is k9d ( conclusion4 ,he w1 9 addition to disprov+ ! unwor?y *oices1 /rongly support 8 residue1 ! measure he wants adopt$4 ,9 support+ am\nts ( taxes1 assessm5ts1 etc41 ?is me?od may be us$4 ,"o am\nt c be prov5 s l>ge z to cause unre/1 ano!r s small z to be insuffici5t1 a ?ird to produce a total j l>ge en\gh to meet all anticipat$ exp5ses ) no surplus = em]g5cies2 !re=e ! correct am\nt mu/ be j l>g] ?an ?is b n rea*+ an am\nt likely to produce ! result caus$ by ! fir/ consid]$4 ,us$ 9 trials ( crim9al cases x elim9ates motives until a s+le inevitable rema9d] _c be argu$ away4 ,?is may be ! clue to foll[1 or x may be ! la/ "o ( all suspect$ p]sons4 ,burke consid]$ sev]al possible ways ( deal+ ) ! ,am]ican colonies2 "o he dismiss$ z no m ?an a sally ( ang]1 a second c\ld n be op]at$ because ( ! di/ance1 a s*eme ( ,"l ,nor?'s he prov$ w\ld complicate r ?an settle matt]s1 to *ange ! _s ( ,am]ica 0 impossible1 to prosecute x z crim9al 0 inexp$i5t1 !re=e b "o way rema9$1 to conciliate ! _s ( discont5t by lett+ ! colonies vote _! own taxes4 ,x is int]e/+ t :at ,burke describ$ z ! sally ( ang] 0 ! way ! matt] 0 actually settl$--,great ,brita9 _h to give up ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,?is me?od is also call$ elim9ation4 ,cause to ,effect4 ,j z ! expla9] may pass f cause to effect s may ! argu]4 ,o!r names = ?is me?od are antec$5t probability & a priori argum5t4 ,9 argum5t f a kn[n cause an effect is prov5 z hav+ occurr$ or z likely to occur4 ,9 solv+ crime ?is is ! me?od :i* uses ! value ( ! motives = crime z kn[n to exi/ 9 ! feel+s or s5tim5ts ( a c]ta9 accus$ p]son4 ,a p]son try+ to secure ! passage ( a c]ta9 law w prove t x z ! cause w produce c]ta9 effects :i* make x desirable4 ,*ang$ conditions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be br\ght =w>d z ! cause to prove t ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t mu/ d ?+s nev] contemplat$ by ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution4 ,great milit>y organization z ! cause ( ! rec5t w> is us$ n[ 9 argum5t to c>ry on ! plea = ! secur+ ( peace by dis>mam5t4 ,! ma9 difficulty 9 reason+ f cause to effect is to make ! relation%ip s cle> & s close t "o ?+ w be accept$ by ev]ybody z ! undisput$ cause ( ! alleg$ effect4 ,effect to ,cause4 ,9 reason+ f effect to cause ! rev]se me?od is employ$4 ,?is is also t]m$ argum5t f sign or ! a po/]iori me?od4 ,9 x1 f "s kn[n effect ! reason+ proves t x is ! result ( a c]ta9 specifi$ cause4 ,/ati/ics indicat+ bus9ess prosp]ity might be us$ z ! effect f :i* ! argu] proves t !y are caus$ by a high protective t>iff4 ,a speak] %[s ! good effects ^u p to prove t c]ta9 laws--claim$ z ! causes--%\ld be ext5d$ 9 application4 ,argum5ts f effect to cause may be extremely f> rea*+2 z e effect leads to "s cause1 :i* is itself ! effect ( "s o!r cause1 & s on almo/ to inf9ity4 ,! good speak] w use j ^? basic causes :i* prove 8 proposition--no m4 ,9 actual practice ! two =ms ( reason+ f cause to effect & f effect to cause are frequ5tly comb9$ to make ! argum5ts all ! m conv9c+4 ,gr\p$ toge!r !y are t]m$ causal relations4 ,p]suasion4 ,:5 a speak] has conclusively prov5 :at he has /at$ 9 8 proposition1 is 8 spee* end$8 ,9 "s cases1 yes2 9 _m cases1 no4 ,m]e pro( appeals to ! intellect only2 x settles matt]s p]haps1 b leaves ! he>] cold & humanly inactive4 ,he may feel l say+1 ,well1 ev5 if :at y say is true1 :at are y go+ to d ab\t x8 ,ma!matical & sci5tific pro(s exi/ = m]e in=mation1 b mo/ argum5ts deliv]$ be=e audi5ces h a purpose4 ,!y try to make p d some?+4 ,a gr\p ( p %\ld be ar\s$ to "s det]m9ation ( purposeful ?\ght if n to a regi/]$ act at ! "t4 ,9 days ( great /ress ! appeal to action br\ght ! imm$iate response 9 milit>y enli/m5ts2 9 enrollm5t = w> "w2 9 pl$ges ( s]vice2 9 sign+ memb]%ip blanks & subscription blanks2 9 spontane\s giv+4 ,p]suasion ,produces a ,response4 ,! end ( mo/ argum5tative speak+ is to produce a response4 ,x may be ! ca/+ ( a vote1 ! jo9+ ( a society1 ! repudiation ( an unwor?y c&idate1 ! demon/rat+ ( ! solid>ity ( labor1 ! affiliat+ ) a religi\s sect1 ! *ang+ ( a mode ( proc$ure1 ! pur*as+ ( a new *ur* organ1 ! we>+ ( simpl] fa%ions1 or any ( ! ?\s& & "o ?+s a pati5t li/5] is urg$ to d 9 ! c\rse ( 8 usual life4 ,:5 ! speak] passes on f m]e conv9c+ to appeal+ = "s response he has pass$ f argum5tation to p]suasion4 ,ne>ly e argum5tative spee* deal+ ) a proposition ( policy %[s fir/ :at ought to be done1 !n tries to induce p to d x1 by appeal+ z /rongly z possible to _! practical1 e/hetic1 or moral int]e/s4 ,all su* int]e/s dep5d ^u :at we call s5tim5ts or feel+s to :i* wor?y--note ! ^w wor?y--appeals may legitimately be address$4 ,attempts to ar\se unwor?y motives by /irr+ up ignorance & prejudice are always to be mo/ h>%ly condemn$4 ,su* practices h br\ght c]ta9 k9ds ( s-call$ p]suasion into well-des]v$ contempt4 ,! high s\nd+ spell-b9d] ) 8 disgu/+ spread-eagleism _c be muzzl$ by law1 b he may be r5d]$ h>mless by vacant *airs & empty halls4 ,real eloqu5ce is n a ?+ ( noise & exagg]ation4 ,beg9n+ speak]s %\ld avoid ! tawdry imitation z !y w\ld a plague4 ,elem5ts ( ,p]suasion4 ,:at elem5ts may aid ! p]suasive p[] ( a spee*8 ,fir/ ( all1 ! occasion may be j ! "r "o4 ,! surr\nd+s may h prep>$ ! audi5ce = ! effect ! speak] %\ld make if he kn[s h[ to seize ^u ! opportunity = 8 own purpose4 ,! speak] mu/ "k h[ to adapt himself to ! circum/ances pres5t4 ,9 o!r cases1 he mu/ be able to d ! mu* m difficult ?+--adapt ! circum/ances to 8 purpose4 ,secondly1 ! subject matt] itself may prep>e = ! p]suasive treatm5t 9 p>ts4 ,ev]yone realizes ?is4 ,:5 emotional impulses are pres5t 9 ! mat]ial ! introduction ( p]suasion is inevitable & fitt+1 if n ov]done4 ,?irdly1 ! ess5ce ( p]suasion dep5ds ^u ! speak]4 ,all ! good *>act]i/ics ( good speak+ w contribute to ! effect ( 8 attempts at p]suasion4 ,a good speak] is s9c]e to ! po9t ( w9n+ respect ev5 :5 he does n c>ry conviction4 ,he is 9 e>ne/4 ,he is simple & unaffect$4 ,he has tact4 ,he is fair to e antagoni/ic attitude4 ,he has p]fect self-control4 ,he does n lose 8 temp]4 ,he c %[ a prop] s5se ( humor4 ,he has g5u9e sympa?y4 ,& f9ally--p]haps x includes all ! prec$+--he has p]sonal magnetism4 ,) su* qualities a speak] c make an effective appeal by means ( p]suasion4 ,if ^u self-criticism & self-exam9ation1 or f outside k9dly comm5t1 he concludes he is lack+ 9 any "o ( ^! qualities he %\ld try to develop x4 ,,ex]cises ,prep>e & deliv] spee*es ^u "s ( ! foll[+ or ^u propositions sugge/$ by !m4 ,if ! spee* is %ort1 try to employ only "o me?od ( pro(1 b make x conv9c+4 ,:]e suitable1 add p]suasive elem5ts4 #a4 ,make a proposition f "o ( ! foll[+ topics4 ,deliv] an argum5tative spee* ^u x4 ,! next election4 ,entrance to college4 ,*ild labor4 ,! /udy ( ! classics4 ,! /udy ( sci5ce4 #b4 ,recomm5d *anges :i* w b5efit y\r s*ool1 y\r club or society1 y\r *ur*1 y\r t[n1 y\r /ate4 #c4 ,! ,japanese %\ld be admitt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^u ! same conditions z o!r =eign]s4 #d4 ,m5 & wom5 %\ld receive ! same pay = ! same "w done4 #e4 ,all *ur* prop]ty %\ld be tax$4 #f4 ,all laws prohibit+ secul> employm5t on ,sunday %\ld be repeal$4 #g4 ,! purely protective t>iff %\ld be )drawn f goods ! manufacture ( :i* has be5 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 #h4 ,l>ge incomes %\ld be subject to a graduat$ income tax4 #i4 ,employ]s %\ld n be =c$ to recognize labor unions4 #aj4 ,immigration into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( p]sons :o _c read or write "s language %\ld be prohibit$1 except dep5d5ts ^u su* qualifi$ entrants4 #aa4 ,an am5dm5t %\ld be add$ to ! ,con/itution provid+ = uni=m m>riage & divorce laws ?r\gh\t ! entire c\ntry4 #ab4 ,a city is ! be/ place = a college4 #ac4 ,milit>y tra9+ %\ld be obligatory 9 all public s*ools4 #ad4 ,colleges & univ]sities %\ld r$uce ! att5tion paid to a?letics4 #ae4 ,! negro 9 ! ,s\? %\ld be disfran*is$4 #af4 ,! numb] ( ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress %\ld be r$uc$4 #ag4 ,mov+ pictures %\ld be us$ 9 s*ools4 #ah4 ,/reet c> sy/ems %\ld be own$ & op]at$ by municipalities4 #ai4 ,education %\ld be compulsory until ! completion ( high s*ool4 #bj4 ,a?letes ^: grade is bel[ #ge %\ld be deb>r$ f all p>ticipation until ! m>ks are rais$4 #ba4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld own & op]ate ! telegraph & telephone sy/ems4 #bb4 ,! /ate %\ld provide p5sions = indig5t mo!rs ( *ildr5 bel[ ! work+ age4 #bc4 ,! /udy ( algebra 7or "s o!r subject7 9 ! high s*ool %\ld be elective4 #bd ,! initiative %\ld be adopt$ 9 all /ates4 #be4 ,! ref]5dum %\ld be adopt$ 9 all /ates4 #bf4 ,all gov]nm5tal (ficials %\ld be subject to recall4 #bg4 ,! public %\ld support 9 all ways ! movem5t ( labor to secure ! clos$ %op sy/em4 #bh4 ,railroad cross+s %\ld be aboli%$4 #bi4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld pass laws controll+ all prices ( food/uffs4 #cj4 ,a trial be=e a gr\p ( compet5t judges %\ld be sub/itut$ = trial by jury4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,refut+ ,answ]+ ! ,o!r ,side4 ,x has be5 said already t ev5 9 a s+le argum5tative spee* "s acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! possibility among ! audi5ce ( ! belief 9 o!r views4 ,a speak] mu/ always assume t p w believe o!rwise ?an he does4 ,9 su* cases z debate or que/ion+ aft] a spee* is made1 ?is oppos+ side w v cle>ly be br\ght out1 s t any p]son tra9+ = any k9d ( public speak+ w give mu* att5tion to ! cont5tions ( o!rs 9 ord] to /r5g!n 8 own convictions z display$ 9 8 spee*es4 ,a s9c]e ?9k] may believe t trial be=e a gr\p ( compet5t judges is a bett] proc$ure ?an trial by jury4 ,7 he to speak ^u su* a proposition he w\ld realize t he w\ld meet at once ! solid opposition ( ! g5]al op9ion t jury trials1 sanction$ by long practice1 are 9 "s my/]i\s way symbolic ( ! lib]ty & equality ( mank9d4 ,be=e he c\ld expect to ar\se sympa!tic und]/&+ he w\ld h to answ] all ! possible objections & reasons aga9/ 8 new s*eme4 ,?is he w\ld d by refutation1 by disprov+ ! s\ndness ( ! argum5ts aga9/ 8 s*eme4 ,he c\ld cite ! evid5t & record$ inju/ices committ$ by juries4 ,he c\ld br+ be=e !m ! impossibility ( secur+ an intellig5t v]dict f a gr\p ( f>m]s1 anxi\s to get to _! f>ms = h>ve/1 sitt+ 9 a case ?r\gh ,july1 :ile ! days pass$ 9 l5g?y exam9ations ( witnesses--"o man 0 on ! /& eight days--& ! lawy]s b&i$ words & names l sociali/1 pagan1 bol%eviki1 an>*y1 ideal republic1 ,ari/otle1 ,plato1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,k>l ,m>x1 ,tol/oi1 ,jane ,addams1 ,l594 ,!n :5 he felt assur$ he _h remov$ all ! reasons = support+ ! pres5t jury sy/em he c\ld proce$ to advance 8 own sub/itute4 ,ne$ & ,value ( ,refutation4 ,9 all argum5tation1 !re=e1 refutation is valuable & necess>y4 ,by x oppos+ argum5ts are reason$ away1 _! real value is det]m9$1 or !y are answ]$ & demoli%$ if !y are false or faulty4 ,to acquire any read9ess z a speak] or debat] a p]son mu/ pay a great deal ( att5tion to refutation4 ,x has also an additional value4 ,x has be5 /at$ t e argum5tative speak] mu/ /udy ! o!r side ( e "q ^u :i* he is to speak4 ,"o great debat] decl>$ t if he _h "t to /udy only "o side ( a proposition or law case he w\ld devote t "t to ! o!r side4 ,/udy y\r own position f ! po9t ( view ( ! o!r side4 ,consid] c>efully :at argum5ts t side w naturally advance4 ,9 fact1 try to refute y\r own argum5ts exactly z "s oppon5t w\ld1 or get "s fri5d to try to refute y\r /atem5ts4 ,_m a speak] has ga9$ p[] 9 reason+ by hav+ 8 views attack$ by memb]s ( 8 family :o w\ld individually & collectively try to drive him into a corn]4 ,9 actual am\nt1 p]haps y w nev] deliv] z mu* refutation ( an oppon5t z y w conjure up 9 y\r m9d aga9/ y\r own spee*es4 ,p]haps1 also1 ?is great am\nt advanc$ by y 9 te/+ y\r own position w prev5t y\r oppon5ts f ev] f9d+ 9 y\r deliv]$ argum5ts mu* aga9/ :i* !y c pit _! own p[]s ( refutation4 ,9 judg+ y\r own production y w h to imag9e y\rself on ! o!r side1 s ! me?ods w be ! same = all purposes ( self-help or weak5+ ( an oppon5t's views4 ,contradiction ,is ,n ,refutation4 ,9 ! fir/ place contradiction is n refutation4 ,no unsupport$ fact or /atem5t has any value 9 argum5tation4 ,su* expressions z ,i don't believe1 ,i don't ?9k s1 ,i don't agree introduce n argum5ts1 b p]sonal op9ions4 ,y mu/1 to make y\r refutation valuable1 prove y\r position4 ,nev] all[ y\r attempts at refutation to desc5d to m]e d5ial or quibbl+4 ,be prep>$ to support1 to prove ev]y?+ y say4 ,?ree ,phases ( ,refutation4 ,9 g5]al1 refutation consi/s ( ?ree phases3 #a4 ,! analysis ( ! opposite side4 #b4 ,! classification ( ! argum5ts accord+ to importance4 #c4 ,! answ]+ ( only ! /ronge/ po9ts4 ,analysis ( ,oppos+ ,side = ,accuracy4 ,9 ! fir/ analysis1 y w probably exam9e ! oppos+ /atem5ts to te/ _! accuracy4 ,m]e slips1 s evid5t t !y deceive no "o1 y may disreg>d entirely1 b gross error ( fact or conclusion y %\ld note & correct 9 unmi/akably pla9 t]ms4 ,! k9d ( /atem5t :i* gives insuffici5t data %\ld be class$ 9 analysis ) ?is same k9d ( errone\s /atem5t4 ,a %oe deal] 9 argu+ = increas$ prices might quote correctly ! ris+ co/ ( mat]ials1 b if he /opp$ !re1 y 9 refutation %\ld be able to %[ t pr(its _h already ris5 to #eg1 & s turn 8 own figures aga9/ him4 ,ano!r class ( refutation simil> to ?is is ! que/ion+ ( au?orities4 ,some?+ conc]n+ ?is has already be5 said4 ,9 a rec5t trial a lawy] ca/ d\bt ^u ! value ( a passage read f a book by decl>+ its au?or c\ld nev] h writt5 su* a ?+4 ,9 refutation ! oppos+ lawy] said1 ,y w f9d t passage on page #bec ( 8 ,essays & ,lett]s4 ,public speak]s1 realiz+ t errors ( /atem5t are likely to be ! fir/ to be pick$ out = correction1 & recogniz+ ! damag+ effect ( su* conviction 9 error ( fact & te/imony1 are extremely c>eful n to r5d] !mselves liable to attack ^u su* po9ts4 ,yet !y may4 ,we are told by ,web/]'s biograph]s t 9 lat] p]iods ( 8 life he 0 detect$ 9 errors ( law 9 cases be+ argu$ be=e ! c\rt1 & refut$ 9 /atem5t4 ,to cat* su* slips requires two ?+s ( ! successful speak]4 ,he mu/ be 9 possession ( ! facts himself4 ,he mu/ be m5tally al]t to see ! falsity & "k h[ to answ] x4 ,begg+ ! ,"q4 ,! expression begg+ ! "q is (t5 he>d z a fallacy 9 argum5t4 ,9 its simple/ =m x is simil> to inaccurate /atem5t1 = x includes ass]tions introduc$ )\t pro(1 & ! /atem5t ( ?+s z tak5 = grant$ )\t attempt+ to prove !m1 yet us+ !m to prove o!r /atem5ts4 ,sometimes1 also1 a c>eless ?9k]1 ?r\gh an ext5d$ gr\p ( p>agraphs w end by tak+ z prov5 exactly ! proposition he />t$ out to prove1 :5 close analysis w %[ t n[h]e dur+ ! discussion does he actually prove x4 ,z ?is is frequ5t 9 amateur debates1 /ud5ts %\ld be on _! gu>d aga9/ x4 ,ignor+ ! ,"q4 ,! same k9d ( flimsy m5tal process results 9 ignor+ ! "q4 ,in/ead ( /ick+ closely to ! proposition to be prov$ ! speak] argues beside ! po9t1 prov+ n ! entire proposition b m]ely a portion ( x4 ,or 9 "s mann] he may %ift 8 gr\nd & em]ge1 hav+ prov5 ! wrong po9t or some?+ he did n />t out to consid]4 ,an amateur !atrical produc] ^: playh\se _h be5 clos$ by ! police = violat+ ! t]ms ( 8 lic5se />t$ out to def5d 8 action1 b end$ by prov+ t all m5 are equal4 ,9 fact he w\nd up by quot+ ! poem by ,burns1 ,a ,man's a ,man = ,a' ,t4 ,su* a %ift+ ( propositions is a frequ5t error ( speak]s4 ,x occurs s (t5 t "o might be dispos$ to t]m x a m]e trick to deceive1 or a clev] ?\gh unscrupul\s device to secure support = a weak claim4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ways = ! speak] to avoid x is to be able to recognize x :5 x occurs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ quot$ in/ances ( its effective unmask+ is ! foll[+ by ,macaulay4 ,! advocates ( ,*>les1 l ! advocates ( o!r malefactors aga9/ :om ov]:elm+ evid5ce is produc$1 g5]ally decl9e all controv]sy ab\t ! facts1 & cont5t !mselves ) call+ te/imony to "*4 ,he _h s _m private virtues6 ,& _h ,james ! ,second no private virtues6 ,0 ,oliv] ,cromwell1 8 bitt]e/ enemies !mselves be+ judges1 de/itute ( private virtues8 ,& :at1 aft] all1 are ! virtues ascrib$ to ,*>les8 ,a religi\s zeal1 n m s9c]e ?an t ( 8 son1 & fully z weak & n>r[-m9d$1 & a few ( ! ord9>y h\sehold dec5cies :i* half ! tomb/ones 9 ,engl& claim = ^? :o lie b5ea? !m4 ,a good fa!r6 ,a good husb&6 ,ample apologies inde$ = fifte5 ye>s ( p]secution1 tyranny1 & falsehood6 ,we *>ge him ) hav+ brok5 8 coronation oa?2 & we are told t he kept 8 m>riage v[6 ,we accuse him ( hav+ giv5 up 8 p to m]ciless inflictions ( ! mo/ hot-head$ & h>d-he>t$ ( prelates2 & ! def5ce is1 t he took 8 little son on 8 knee & kiss$ him6 ,we c5sure him = hav+ violat$ ! articles ( ! ,petition ( ,"r1 aft] hav+1 = good & valuable consid]ation1 promis$ to obs]ve !m2 & we are in=m$ t he 0 accu/om$ to he> pray]s at six o'clock 9 ! morn+6 ,x is to su* consid]ations z ^!1 toge!r ) 8 ,v&yke dress1 8 h&some face1 & 8 peak$ be>d1 t he owes1 we v]ily believe1 mo/ ( 8 popul>ity ) ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,appeal+ to ,prejudice or ,passions4 ,! "q is also ignor$ :5 ! speak] appeals to ! prejudices or passions ( 8 audi5ce 7argum5tum ad populum74 ,p]sons ( "s intellect res5t ?is z almo/ an insult if !y are 9 ! audi5ce1 yet x is (t5 resort$ to by speak]s :o w\ld r produce ! effect !y desire by ! use ( any me?ods1 "r or wrong4 ,its use 9 c\rt by unscrupul\s lawy]s to w9 decisions is *eck$ by attempts on ! "p ( judges to c\nt]act x 9 _! *>ges to ! jury1 b its influ5ce may /ill p]si/4 ,m>k ,antony 9 ,%akesp]e's play1 ,julius ,caes>1 us$ x 9 8 oration ov] ! dead body ( ,caes> to fur!r 8 own ends4 ,tak+ ,advantage ( ,ignorance4 ,j z a speak] may take advantage ( ! prejudices & passions ( an audi5ce1 s he may take advantage ( _! ignorance4 ,aga9/ ! blankness ( _! bra9s he may hurl unfamili> names to dazzle !m1 cite facts ( all k9ds to impress !m1 %[ a wide k ( all sorts ( ?+s1 play up to !m 9 e way1 until !y become s impress$ t !y are ready to accept z tru? any?+ he *ooses to tell !m4 ,any daily pap] w provide examples ( ! sad results ( ! p[] ( ?is k9d ( fallaci\s reason+4 ,! get-ri*-quick s*emes1 ! wor?less /ock deals1 ! pat5t m$ic9e quacks1 ! extravagantly word$ claims ( new religions & faddi/ movem5ts1 all te/ify to ! p[] ?is =m ( seem+ly conv9c+ argum5t has ov] ! great mass ( ! ignorant4 ,! ,fallacy ( ,tradition4 ,9 discuss+ ! burd5 ( pro( x 0 said t su* burd5 re/s ^u ! advocate ( *ange1 or novel introductions1 etc4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! p at l>ge to be r cons]vative 9 practice l9ks ) ! fallacy ( tradition1 ! belief t :atev] is1 is "r4 ,9 _m cases su* a fai? is worse ?an wrong1 x is p]nici\s4 ,_m ( ! que/ions conc]n+ relations ( mod]n society--z capital & labor--are bas$ ^u ?is fallacy4 ,h5ry ,clay 0 guilty ( x :5 he ann\nc$1 ,two hundr$ ye>s ( legislation h sanction$ & sanctifi$ negro slaves z prop]ty4 ,! successful way to dispose ( su* a fallacy is illu/rat$ by ,william ,ell]y ,*ann+'s treatm5t ( ?is /atem5t4 ,b ?is prop]ty1 we are told1 is n to be que/ion$ on acc\nt ( its long duration4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ( legislation h sanction$ & sanctifi$ negro slaves z prop]ty4 ,no?+ b respect = ! speak] c\ld repress criticism on ?is unhappy phraseology4 ,we w tru/ x escap$ him )\t ?\ght4 ,b to conf9e ourselves to ! argum5t f duration2 h[ obvi\s ! reply6 ,is inju/ice *ang$ into ju/ice by ! practice ( ! ages8 ,is my victim made a righte\s prey because ,i h b[$ him to ! e>? till he _c rise8 ,= m ?an two hundr$ ye>s h]etics 7 burn$1 & n by mobs1 n by lyn* law1 b by ! decrees ( ! c\ncils1 at ! in/igation ( !ologians1 & ) ! sanction ( ! laws & religions ( nations2 & 0 ?is a reason = keep+ up ! fires1 t !y _h burn$ two hundr$ ye>s8 ,9 ! ,ea/]n _w successive despots1 n = two hundr$ ye>s1 b = twice two ?\s& h claim$ ! "r ( life & dea? ov] millions1 &1 ) no law b _! own w1 h behead$1 b[/rung1 />v$1 tortur$ unhappy m5 )\t numb] :o h incurr$ _! wra?2 & does ! lapse ( s _m c5turies sanctify murd] & f]oci\s p[]8 ,attack+ a ,speak]'s ,"* or ,pr9ciples4 ,sometimes a speak] :o f9ds himself unable to attack ! tru? ( a proposition1 or ! argum5ts cit$ to support x1 *anges 8 tactics f ! subject-matt] to ! oppon5t himself & deliv]s an attack ^u 8 "*1 pr9ciples1 or =m] beliefs & /atem5ts4 ,?is is call$ ! argum5tum ad hom9em4 ,9 no s5se is x really argum5t2 x is irrelevant attack1 & %\ld be answ]$ 9 a cle> accurate demon/ration ( its unsuitability to ! topic "u consid]ation4 ,x is unwor?y1 ( c\rse1 b x is a tempt+ device = ! speak] :o c comb9e ) x an appeal to ! prejudices or passions ( 8 audi5ce4 ,! au?or has se5 ! entire population ( ,rome agitat$ because 9 a ,s5atorial debate "o speak] attack$ ! family reputation ( "o ( 8 oppon5ts--a matt] :i*1 ev5 if true1 c]ta9ly _h no?+ to d ) ! bill "u discussion4 ,political campaigns us$ to be disgrac$ by a preval5ce ( su* appeals = votes4 ,we may pride ourselves ^u an advance 9 su* matt]s1 b !re is /ill too mu* ( x to let u congratulate ourselves ^u our political good mann]s4 ,y _c ascribe bad fai? to a man :o argues n[ f a diff]5t attitude f ! "o he =m]ly support$4 ,*anges ( conviction are frequ5t 9 all matt]s4 ,a man mu/ be judg$ by ! reasons he gives = 8 position at any "o "t4 ,_m a p]son1 :o t5 ye>s ago w\ld h argu$ aga9/ x1 n[ believes a ,league ( ,nations possible & necess>y4 ,_m a p]son :o a few ye>s back c\ld see no advantage 9 labor organizations is anxi\s n[ to jo9 an affiliat$ union4 ,if y f9d ! sugge/ion ( su* an attack 9 any ( y\r own spee*es1 ca/ x out4 ,if x is ev] us$ aga9/ y1 refute x by ! /r5g? ( argum5ts y deliv] 9 support ( y\r position4 ,remove all ass]tions :i* d n relate to ! debat$ topic4 ,make y\r audi5ce sympa?ize ) y\r repudiation ( ! rem>ks ( y\r oppon5t1 ev5 ?\gh he has succe$$ 9 deliv]+ !m4 ,fallacies ( ,causal ,relation%ip4 ,! v>i\s fallacies t may be committ$ "u ! relation ( cause & effect are _m4 ,j because some?+ happ5$ prior to some?+ else 7! effect71 ! fir/ may be mi/ak5ly quot$ z ! cause4 ,or ! rev]se may be ! error--! second may be assum$ to be ! effect ( ! fir/4 ,! way to avoid ?is fallacy 0 sugge/$ 9 ! discussion ( explanation by means ( cause & effect :]e ! /atem5t 0 made t two ev5ts mu/ n be m]ely sequ5tial1 !y mu/ be consequ5tial4 ,9 argum5t ! slighte/ gap 9 ! app>5t relation%ip is likely to result 9 poor reason+1 & ! consequ5t fallacy may be embodi$ 9 ! spee*4 ,:5 p argue to prove t sup]/itions h come true1 d !y pres5t cle> reason+ to %[ conclusively t ! alleg$ cause--su* z sitt+ ?irte5 at table--actually produc$ ! effect ( a dea?8 ,d !y e/abli% a close causal relation%ip1 or d !y m]ely ass]t t aft] a gr\p ( ?irte5 _h sat at table "s "o did die8 ,ma!matically1 w\ld ! law ( *ance or probability n indicate t su* a ?+ w\ld happ5 a little less surely if ! numb] _h be5 twelve1 a little m surely if f\rte58 ,common s5se1 cle> head$ness1 logical reason+1 & a wide k ( all k9ds ( ?+s w enable a speak] to recognize ^! fallacies1 anticipate !m1 & successfully refute !m4 ,me?ods ( ,refut+4 ,hav+ f\nd ! fallacies 9 an argum5t y %\ld proce$ to refute !m4 ,j h[ y c be/ accompli% y\r purpose ( weak5+ y\r oppon5t's position1 ( dispos+ ( 8 argum5ts1 ( answ]+ 8 cont5tions1 mu/ dep5d always ^u ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! occasion1 ( ! mat]ial pres5t$1 ( ! attitude ( ! judges or audi5ce1 ( y\r oppon5t himself1 & ( ! purpose y are /riv+ to accompli%4 ,practice1 k1 skill1 w 9 su* cases all s]ve y\r end4 ,y %\ld be able to *oose1 & effectively use ! be/4 ,x is impossible to anticipate & provide = all ! possibilities1 b a few ( ! mo/ common probabilities & ! me?ods ( deal+ ) !m c be "h set d[n4 ,c\rte\s ,correction4 ,9 case ( app>5t error or ov]-sight y w d well to be c\rte\s r ?an ov]-be>+ & dictatorial 9 y\r correction4 ,nev] risk los+ an advantage by driv+ y\r audi5ce into sympa?y = y\r oppon5t by any mann] ( y\r own4 ,a newspap] discuss+ ! objections made to ! cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations po9ts out an ov]-sight 9 ?is way3 ,h[ did ,s5ator ,knox happ5 to ov]look ! fact t 8 plan = compulsory arbitration is embodi$ 9 ,article ,,xii ( ! propos$ cov5ant8 ,refut+ ,incorrect ,analogy4 ,! caution 0 giv5 t reason+ f analogy mu/ %[ ! complete correspond5ce 9 all po9ts possible ( ! kn[n f :i* ! reason+ proce$s to ! conclusion ab\t ! unkn[n1 :i* !n is to be accept$ z true4 ,unless t complete correspond5ce is e/abli%$ firmly ! speak] is likely to h 8 c>efully work$ out analogy demoli%$ be=e 8 eyes4 ,notice h[ su* refutation is cle>ly demon/rat$ 9 ! foll[+4 ,s x does2 b ! sophi/ry "h is pla9 en\gh1 al?\gh x is n always detect$4 ,great g5ius & =ce ( "* und\bt$ly make _! own c>e]4 ,b because ,walt] ,scott 0 dull at s*ool1 is a p>5t to see ) joy t 8 son is a dunce8 ,because ,"l ,*a?am 0 ( a t[]+ conceit1 mu/ we inf] t pomp\s vanity port5ds a compreh5sive /atesman%ip t w fill ! _w ) ! spl5dor ( its triumphs8 ,because ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole gambl$ & swore & booz$ at ,h\ghton1 are we to suppose t gross s5suality & co>se contempt ( human nature are ! ess5tial secrets ( a p[] t def5d$ lib]ty aga9/ tory intrigue & prie/ly politics8 ,0 x because ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 n college-br$ t he drew ! lightn+ f heav5 & tore ! scept] f ! tyrant8 ,0 x because ,abraham ,l9coln _h little s*ool+ t 8 great he>t beat true to ,god & man1 lift+ him to free a race & die = 8 c\ntry8 ,because m5 naturally great h done great s]vice 9 ! _w )\t advantages1 does x foll[ t lack ( advantage is ! secret ( success8 ,,george ,,william ,,curtis3 ,! ,public ,duty ( ,educat$ ,m51 #ahgg ,r$uc+ ,pro( to ,absurdity4 ,a v good way ( %[+ ! unreliability ( an oppos+ argum5t is to pret5d to accept x z valid1 !n c>ry+ x on to a logical conclusion1 to %[ t its end proves entirely too mu*1 or t x r$uces ! entire *a9 ( reason+ to absurdity4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 call$ r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,at times ! conclusion is s pla9ly go+ to be absurd t ! refut] ne$ n c>ry its successive /eps into actual deliv]y4 ,9 speak+ to l>ge gr\ps ( p no?+ is bett] ?an ?is = use z an effective weapon4 ,x gives ! he>]s ! feel+ t !y h assi/$ 9 ! damag+ demon/ration4 ,x almo/ seems z ?\gh ! speak] :o uses x 7 m]ely us+--z he really is--mat]ial k9dly pres5t$ to him by 8 oppon5t4 ,s ! two actually contribute 9 refut+ ! fir/ speak]'s position4 ,congress only c decl>e w>2 !re=e1 :5 "o ,/ate is at w> ) a =eign nation1 all mu/ be at w>4 ,! ,presid5t & ! ,s5ate only c make peace2 :5 peace is made = "o ,/ate1 !re=e1 x mu/ be made = all4 ,c any?+ be conceiv$ m prepo/]\s1 ?an t any ,/ate %\ld h p[] to nullify ! proce$+s ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t respect+ peace & w>8 ,:5 w> is decl>$ by a law ( ,congress1 c a s+le ,/ate nullify t law1 & rema9 at peace8 ,& yet %e may nullify t law z well z any o!r4 ,if ! ,presid5t & ,s5ate make peace1 may "o ,/ate1 nev]!less1 cont9ue ! w>8 ,& yet1 if %e c nullify a law1 %e may q z well nullify a treaty4 ,,daniel ,,web/]3 ,! ,con/itution ,n a ,compact betwe5 ,sov]eign ,/ates1 #ahcc ,l9coln c\ld always use ?is me?od ( r$uctio ad absurdum mo/ effectively because he seldom fail$ to acc5tuate ! absurdity by "s in/ance :i* made cle> to ! lea/ le>n$ ! =ce ( 8 argum5t4 ,_m ( 8 be/ rememb]$ qua9t & picturesque phrases 7 embodi$ 9 8 s]i\s demolition ( "s high-h&$ presumption ( a political lead]4 ,"u all ^! circum/ances1 d y really feel y\rselves ju/ifi$ to break up ?is gov]nm5t unless su* a c\rt decision z y\rs is %all be at once submitt$ to z a conclusive & f9al rule ( political action8 ,b y w n abide ! election ( a ,republican ,presid5t6 ,9 t suppos$ ev5t1 y say1 y w de/roy ! ,union2 & !n1 y say1 ! great crime ( hav+ de/roy$ x w be ^u u6 ,t is cool4 ,a highwayman holds a pi/ol to my e>1 & mutt]s ?r\gh 8 tee?1 ,/& & deliv]1 or ,i %all kill y1 & !n y w be a murd]]6 ,,abraham ,,l9coln3 ,coop] ,union ,spee*1 #ahfj ,amplify+ & ,dim9i%+4 ,f9ally a good me?od ( refut+ ! claim ( importance made = an oppos+ proposition is by amplify+ & dim9i%+4 ,9 pla9 t]ms ?is dep5ds ^u contra/ 9 :i* y r$uce ! value ( ! oppos+ idea & emphasize ! value ( y\r own4 ,an excell5t use = ?is is z a rapid summ>y at ! end ( y\r spee*1 :]e x w leave 9 ! he>]'s m9d an impression ( ! comp>ative value ( ! two views he has he>d discuss$1 ) an inevitable s5se ( ! unque/ion$ wor? ( "o above ! o!r4 ,burke sums up 8 ext5d$ refutations ( ,"l ,nor?'s plan = deal+ ) ,am]ica 9 ^! tell+ contra/s4 ,comp>e ! two4 ,?is ,i (f] to give y is pla9 & simple2 ! o!r full ( p]plex$ & intricate mazes4 ,?is is mild2 t h>%4 ,?is f\nd by exp]i5ce effectual = its purposes2 ! o!r is a new project4 ,?is is univ]sal2 ! o!r calculat$ = c]ta9 colonies only4 ,?is is imm$iate 9 its conciliatory op]ation2 ! o!r remote1 cont+5t1 full ( haz>d4 ,m9e is :at becomes ! dignity ( a rul+ p--gratuit\s1 unconditional--& n held out z a matt] ( b>ga9 & sale4 ,,edmund ,,burke3 ,conciliation ) ,am]ica1 #agge ,position ( ,refutation 9 ! ,spee*4 ,! position ( refutation 9 ! f9i%$ spee* w dep5d always ^u ! nature ( ! proposition1 ! exact me?od ( ! refutation1 & ! audi5ce4 ,if y are mak+ ! only spee* ^u ! proposition & y feel t ! audi5ce may h a slight prejudice aga9/ :at y are ab\t to urge1 y may ga9 adh]5ts at once by refut+ at ! beg9n+ ! possible argum5ts 9 _! m9ds4 ,by ?is proc$ure y w cle> ! field = y\r own op]ations4 ,to *ange ! figure ( spee*1 y erase f ! slate :at is already writt5 !re1 s t y may place ^u x y\r own spee* & its convictions4 ,if y are debat+ & ! speak] j be=e y has evid5tly made ! judges accept 8 argum5ts1 aga9 y might remove t conviction by refutation be=e y proce$ to build up y\r own side4 ,if y\r regul> argum5ts meet 8 squ>ely1 proce$ z y _h plann$1 b be sure :5 any reason+ y (f] nullifies any he has deliv]$1 t y call ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce to ! fact t y h wip$ out 8 score4 ,9 ?is way y\r con/ructive argum5t & refutation w proce$ toge!r4 ,y w save valuable "t4 ,con/ructive ,argum5t ,is ,m ,valuable ?an ,refutation4 ,(t5 ! rebuttal spee*es ( debate1 com+ at ! close ( ! regul> debate spee*es1 seem res]v$ = all ! refutation4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! place = mu* refutation1 c]ta9ly n all4 ,! la/ speak]s ( ! rebuttal spee*es %\ld nev] re/ cont5t ) leav+ only refutation 9 ! he>]s' m9ds4 ,if !y d1 ! debate may leave ! condition entirely :]e x 0 at ! beg9n+1 = !oretically e argum5t advanc$ by ei!r side has be5 demoli%$ by ! o!r4 ,aft] ! rebuttal ! la/ po9ts left ) ! judges %\ld be con/ructive argum5ts4 ,9 a s+le spee* ! refutation may be deliv]$ 9 sections z ! dem&s ( coh]5ce & ! opportunities = emphasis may sugge/4 ,"h aga91 always make ! la/ section a con/ructive "o ) argum5ts 9 support ( y\r proposition4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,debat+ ,! ,ideal ( ,debat+4 ,a long "t ago s admirable a man z ,william ,p5n /at$ ! high ideal ( all real debat+ :e!r practis$ 9 ! limit$ range ( s*ool int]e/s or 9 ! ext5d$ field ( life's activities4 ,9 all debates let tru? be ?y aim1 n victory1 or an unju/ int]e/2 & endeavor to ga91 r ?an to expose ?y antagoni/4 ,! quotation /ates exactly ! true aim ( all debat+--! conclusion ( ! "r1 ! tru? r ?an ! secur+ ( a decision ov] an oppon5t4 ,! same rules :i* animate ! true lov] ( sports1 ! cle> di/9ction :i* is in/ill$ into all p>ticipants ( amateur a?letics ( ! mean+s & significance ( ! two t]ms sportsman & sport1 c be c>ri$ ov] to apply to s*ool activities 9 debat+4 ,hone/ diff]5ces ( op9ion among p ^u c\ntless que/ions w always furni% en\gh mat]ial = regul> debat+ s t no "o ne$ ev] d viol5ce to 8 convictions4 ,value ( ,debate4 ,"o ( ! greate/ educational values ( practice 9 debate is t ! ability x develops c be appli$ in/antly 9 ! life beyond ! s*oolroom1 t x op]ates 9 e p]son's daily life4 ,!re are diff]5ces 9 ! mann] 9 :i* debat+ is c>ri$ on 9 ! two places1 b practice 9 ! e>li] w result 9 skill & self-confid5ce 9 ! second4 ,debate 9 ,actual ,life4 ,! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 debates 9 ! two phases ( life is ! diff]5ce ( =m4 ,9 academic circles debate is a well-regulat$ game betwe5 mat*$ sides4 ,9 actual life only 9 c]ta9 pr(essions are ! rules well def9$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! debat+ is disguis$ "u diff]5t =ms1 ?\gh ! ess5tial purposes & me?ods are ! same4 ,debate betwe5 lawy]s 9 c\rts--te*nically t]m$ plead+--is ! mo/ =mal ( all pr(essional debat+4 ,its regulations are f\nd 9 ! /abiliz$ c\rt proc$ure :i* e lawy] mu/ ma/] & obey4 ,mu* loos] ?an ! =mal debate ( ! c\rt room is ! spee*-mak+ ( ! legislative organization f ! l[e/ t[n%ip bo>d meet+ up to ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( c\rse ! memb]s ( su* bodies are regulat$ by c]ta9 re/rictions1 b ! spee*es are n likely to be curb$ 9 "t z are academic p]=mances1 nor are ! speak]s likely to foll[ a pre>rang$ ord]1 nor are !y always equally balanc$ 9 numb]1 nor d !y agree s c>efully ^u team "w4 ,sometimes 9 a legislative body ! fir/ speak] may be on ! negative side1 :i* is q contr>y to all ! rules ( regul>ly conduct$ debates4 ,all ! speak]s may also be on "o side ( a measure1 ! oppos+ side n deign+ to reply1 re/+ secure 9 ! k ( h[ _m votes !y c control :5 ! real te/ ( p[] comes4 ,mo/ in=mal ( all are ! g5]al discussions 9 :i* bus9ess matt]s are decid$4 ,9 ^! ! spee*es are nev] s set z 9 ! two prec$+ k9ds4 ,! m5 are less =mal 9 _! relations & addresses to "o ano!r4 ,! /eps are less m>k$ 9 _! *anges4 ,yet und]nea? ! seem+ lack ( regulation !re is ! framework ( debate1 = !re is always pres5t ! s5se ( two sides ^u e proposition1 :e!r x be ! pur*ase ( new (fice equipm5t = a di/ant ag5t1 an increase ( sal>y = employees1 or ! increase ( capitalization4 ,c]ta9 speak]s support "s proposition4 ,o!rs oppose x until !y are conv9c$ & won ov] to ! affirmative side1 or until !y are out-vot$4 ,two m5 seat$ 9 an (fice may !mselves be debat]s1 audi5ce1 & judges ( _! own argum5tative op9ions4 ,!y may 9 !mselves fill all ! requirem5ts ( a real debate4 ,!y deliv] ! spee*es on ! affirmative & negative sides4 ,ea* li/5s to ! argum5ts ( 8 oppon5t4 ,& f9ally1 ! pair toge!r give a decision ^u ! m]its ( ! argum5ts pres5t$4 ,on all su* occasions ! speak]s ne$ & use j ^? qualities :i* classroom tra9+ has develop$ 9 !m--k ( mat]ial1 plan ( pres5tation1 skill 9 expression1 conviction & p]suasion ( mann]1 graceful acceptance ( defeat4 ,debat+ ,dem&s a ,decision4 ,debat+ goes "o /ep f>!r ?an m]ely argum5tative speak+4 ,debat+ dem&s a decision ^u ! case1 x requires a judgm5t1 a regi/]$ action4 ,aga9 9 ?is respect x is l a game4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make a li/ ( propositions :i* h be5 debat$ or might be debat$ 9 a c\rtroom4 #b4 ,make ano!r li/ ( propositions :i* h be5 debat$ or might be debat$ 9 legislative bodies4 #c4 ,make a li/ ( propositions :i* might be debat$ 9 bus9ess4 #d4 ,z f> z is possible1 indicate ! decisions ^u !m4 #e4 ,*oose "s proposition on :i* !re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 ! class4 ,make a li/ ( ^? :o favor & ^? :o oppose4 ,speak ^u ! proposition1 alt]nat+ affirmative & negative4 #f4 ,discuss ! spee*es deliv]$ 9 ! fif? ex]cise4 ,p]sons ,involv$ 9 a ,debate4 ,:o are ! p]sons involv$ 9 a regul> debate8 ,!y are ! presid+ (fic]1 ! speak]s !mselves1 ! audi5ce1 ! judges4 ,! ,presid+ ,(fic]4 ,e debate has a presid+ (fic]4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,speak] is ! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,if y w ref] to ,*apt] ,,iv on ,beg9n+ ! ,spee* y w see sev]al o!r titles ( presid+ (fic]s4 ,9 s*ool debates ! head ( ! in/itution may act 9 t capacity1 or "s p]son ( note may be invit$ to preside4 ,9 regul> classroom "w ! in/ructor may s]ve z presid+ (fic]1 or "s memb] ( ! class may be *os5 or appo9t$4 ,! latt] me?od is ! be/--aft] ! in/ructor has %[n by example j :at ! duties ( su* a position are4 ,! presid+ (fic] %\ld ann\nce ! topic ( debate 9 a %ort introductory spee*4 ,he %\ld read ! names ( ! speak]s on ! affirmative & ^? on ! negative side4 ,he %\ld /ipulate ! t]ms ( ! debate--l5g? ( ea* spee*1 "t = rebuttal1 ord] ( rebuttal1 me?od ( keep+ speak]s )9 "t limits1 conditions ( judgm5t 7mat]ial1 pres5tation1 etc471 ann\nce ! judges1 & f9ally introduce ! fir/ speak]2 !n ! subsequ5t speak]s4 ,at ! close he might ref] to ! fact ( ! debate's be+ end$1 he might rehe>se ! conditions ( judgm5t1 & reque/ ! judges to retire to consid] _! decision4 ,practice v>ies z to :o %all deliv] ! decision ( ! judges to ! audi5ce4 ,sometimes ! *airman elect$ by ! judges ann\nces ! decision4 ,sometimes ! judges h& ! decision to ! presid+ (fic] :o ann\nces x4 ,! ,debat]s4 ,beyond say+ t ! speak]s mu/ d _! be/1 !re is no?+ to be add$ "h ab\t _! duty 9 ! debate except to issue "o w>n+ to !m 9 connection ) ! next p]sonal elem5t to be consid]$--! audi5ce4 ,! ,audi5ce4 ,debat]s mu/ rememb] t 9 practically no circum/ances outside legislative bodies are ! audi5ce & ! judges ev] ! same4 ,debat]s argue to conv9ce ! judges--n ! entire audi5ce1 :o are really z disconnect$ f ! decision ( ! debate z are ! /raggl+ spectators & li/5]s 9 a c\rtroom deta*$ f ! jury :o r5d] ! v]dict ( guilty or n guilty4 ,! debat] mu/ !re=e speak = ! judges1 n = 8 audi5ce4 ,_m a debat+ team has 9 ! c\rse ( its spee*es won all ! applause only to be bitt]ly disappo9t$ 9 ! end by he>+ ! decision aw>d$ to ! o!r side4 ,recall ! w>n+s giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt]s aga9/ ! tempt+ fallacies ( appeal+ to cr[d feel+s & prejudices4 ,9 classroom debates x is a good di/ribution ( responsibility to make all ! memb]s n p>ticipat+ 9 ! speak+ act z judges & ca/ votes 9 r5d]+ a decision4 ,?is makes ! judges & ! audi5ce "o4 ,moreov] x *anges ! m]e li/5] into a discrim9at+ judge4 ,if ! in/ructor c>es to c>ry ?is matt] ( responsibility "o /ep f>!r1 he c ask ! memb]s ( ! class to expla9 & ju/ify _! votes4 ,! audi5ce1 :5 x is also ! judge1 has ! responsibility ( c>eful att5tion1 analysis1 & comp>ison4 ,x is too mu* to expect usual g5]al audi5ces to refuse to be mov$ by unwor?y pleas & misrepres5tations1 to accord approval only to ! be/ speak]s & ! s\nde/ argum5ts4 ,b surely 9 a class ( public speak]s any su* tricks & s*emes %\ld be receiv$ ) /olid frigidity4 ,no?+ is s damag+ to appeals to prejudice1 spread-eagleism1 & fu/ian bomba/ z an impassive reception4 ,! ,judges4 ,9 any debate ! judges are ( supreme importance4 ,!y decide ! m]its ( ! speak]s !mselves4 ,! judges are ( inf9itely m importance ?an ! audi5ce4 ,9 int]s*ola/ic debates m5 ( "s prom95ce are invit$ to act z judges4 ,9 ! in/ructions to !m x %\ld be made cle> t !y are n to decide :i* side ( a proposition !y !mselves approve4 ,!y are to decide :i* gr\p ( speak]s does ! be/ "w4 ,!y %\ld try to be m]ely ! imp]sonal regi/]s ( comp>ative m]it4 ,!y %\ld s9k _! own feel+s z e tea*] mu/ :5 he he>s a good spee* f "o ( 8 own /ud5ts support+ some?+ to :i* ! in/ructor is oppos$4 ,good judges ( debates realize ?is & frequ5tly aw>d decisions to speak]s :o support opposite positions to _! p]sonal op9ions4 ,!y mu/ n be l ! judges 9 an int]s*ola/ic debate :o ann\nc$ _! decision ?us1 ,! judges h decid$ t ,*9a mu/ n be dismemb]$4 ,t 0 an int]e/+ fact p]haps1 b x _h no?+ to d ) _! duty z judges ( t debate4 ,9 bus9ess1 ! buy]1 ! head ( ! dep>tm5t1 ! bo>d ( directors1 con/itute ! judges :o r5d] ! decision4 ,9 legislative assemblies ! audi5ce & judges are practically id5tical1 = aft] ! debate ^u a measure is conclud$1 ^? :o h li/5$ to x r5d] individual v]dicts by ca/+ _! votes4 ,9 su* cases we frequ5tly see decisions r5d]$ n ^u ! m]its ( ! debate1 b accord+ to class prejudice1 p]sonal op9ion1 or p>ty l9es4 ,?is is :y s _m great argum5tative spee*es 7 acc\nt$ failures at ! "t ( _! deliv]y4 ,deliv]$ to secure majority votes !y fail$ to c>ry conviction to ! po9t ( *ang+ imm$iate action1 & s 9 ! small tempor>y s5se !y 7 failures4 ,9 legal trials ! jury is ! real judge1 al?\gh by our peculi> misapplication ( ! t]m a diff]5t p]son entirely is call$ judge4 ,9 c\rt ! judge is 9 reality m (t5 m]ely ! presid+ (fic]4 ,he ov]sees ! obs]vance ( all ! rules ( c\rt practice1 keeps lawy]s )9 ! regulations1 in/ructs ! jury1 receives ! decision f !m1 & !n applies ! law4 ,e lawy] speaks--n to conv9ce ! judge--b to conv9ce ! jury to r5d] a decision 9 8 favor4 ,s*ola/ic ,debat+4 ,*oos+ ! ,proposition4 ,9 s*ool debat+ ! proposition may be assign$ by ! in/ructor or x may be *os5 by him f a numb] submitt$ by ! class4 ,! class itself may *oose by vote a proposition = debate4 ,9 int]s*ola/ic debat+ ! practice n[ usually foll[$ is = "o s*ool to submit ! proposition & = ! second s*ool to decide :i* side x pref]s to support4 ,9 any me?od ! aim %\ld be to give nei!r side any advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,! speak]s ^u ! team may be select$ be=e ! "q ( debate is kn[n4 ,x seems bett]1 :5 possible1 to make ! subject kn[n fir/ & !n secure z speak]s ^u bo? sides1 /ud5ts :o h actual beliefs ^u ! topic4 ,su* p]sonal conviction always results 9 ke5] rivalry4 ,"t ,limits4 ,s9ce no debate ( ?is k9d mu/ la/ too long1 "t re/rictions mu/ be agre$ ^u4 ,9 e class1 conditions w det]m9e ^! t]ms4 ,?ree or f\r speak]s ^u ea* side make a good team4 ,if ea* is all[$ six m9utes ! debate %\ld come well )9 an h\r & /ill all[ "s "t = vot+ ^u ! pres5tations4 ,x %\ld be di/9ctly und]/ood t a "t limit ^u a speak] mu/ be obs]v$ by him or be en=c$ by ! presid+ (fic]4 ,! speak]s ^u "o side w arrange among !mselves ! ord] 9 :i* !y w speak b !re %\ld be a cle> und]/&+ be=eh& z to :e!r rebuttal spee*es are to be all[$4 ,rebuttal ,spee*es4 ,rebuttal spee*es are additional spee*es all[$ to "s or all ! speak]s ( a debat+ team aft] ! regul> argum5tative spee*es h be5 deliv]$4 ,9 an ext5d$ =mal debate all ! speak]s may ?us appe> a second "t4 ,9 less l5g?y discussions only "s ( !m may be p]mitt$ to appe> a second "t4 ,z ! la/ speak] has ! advantage ( mak+ ! f9al impression ^u ! judges x is usual to (fset ?is by rev]s+ ! ord] ( rebuttal4 ,9 ! fir/ spee*es ! negative always deliv]s ! la/ spee*4 ,sometimes ! fir/ affirmative speak] is all[$ to foll[ ) ! s+le spee* 9 rebuttal4 ,if ! team consi/ ( ?ree speak]s & all are all[$ to appe> 9 rebuttal ! entire ord] is z foll[s4 ,fir/ ,"p ,rebuttal ,fir/ affirmative ,fir/ negative ,fir/ negative ,fir/ affirmative ,second affirmative ,second negative ,second negative ,second affirmative ,?ird affirmative ,?ird negative ,?ird negative ,?ird affirmative ,if n all ! speak]s are to speak 9 rebuttal ! team itself decides :i* ( its memb]s %all speak = all4 ,prep>ation4 ,! proposition %\ld be decid$ on & ! teams select$ long en\gh 9 advance to all[ = adequate prep>ation4 ,e means %\ld be employ$ to secure suffici5t mat]ial 9 effective arrangem5t4 ,once con/itut$1 ! team %\ld consid] itself a unit4 ,"w %\ld be plann$ 9 conf]5ce & di/ribut$ among ! speak]s4 ,at frequ5t meet+s !y %\ld pres5t to ! side all !y are able to f9d4 ,!y %\ld lay out a compreh5sive plan ( support ( _! own side4 ,!y %\ld anticipate ! argum5ts likely to be advanc$ by ! o!r1 & %\ld provide = dispos+ ( !m if !y are important en\gh to require refut+4 ,x is a good rule = e memb] ( a debat+ team to "k all ! mat]ial on 8 side1 ev5 ?\gh "p ( x is def9itely assign$ to ano!r speak]4 ,?is prelim9>y plann+ %\ld be ^u a def9ite me?od4 ,a good outl9e to use1 al?\gh "s p>ts may be disc>d$ 9 ! debate itself1 is ! foll[+ simple "o4 ,i4 ,/ate ! proposition cle>ly4 #a4 ,def9e ! t]ms4 #b4 ,expla9 x z a :ole4 ,,ii4 ,give a hi/ory ( ! case4 #a4 ,%[ its pres5t be>+ or aspect4 ,,iii4 ,/ate ! issues4 ,,iv4 ,prove4 ,v4 ,refute4 ,,vi4 ,conclude4 ,f9d+ ! ,issues4 ,9 debat+1 s9ce "t is s valuable1 a speak] mu/ n w&] afield4 ,he mu/ use all 8 ability1 all 8 mat]ial to prove 8 cont5tion4 ,x w help him to reject mat]ial n relevant if he kn[s exactly :at is at issue betwe5 ! two sides4 ,x 0 avoid+ ! issue to answ] ! *>ge t ,*>les ,i 0 a tyrant by reply+ t he 0 a good husb&4 ,unless debat]s realize exactly :at mu/ be prov5 to make _! position secure1 !re w be really no debate1 = ! two sides w nev] meet 9 a cla% ( op9ion4 ,!y w pass ea* o!r )\t meet+1 & in/ead ( a debate !y w pres5t a s]ies ( argum5tative spee*es4 ,?is failure to /ate issues cle>ly & to support or refute !m conv9c+ly is "o ( ! mo/ common faults ( all debat+4 ,9 ord9>y conv]sation a frequ5tly he>d criticism ( a discussion or spee* or article is ,b t 0 n ! po9t at issue at all4 ,^! issues mu/ appe> 9 ! prelim9>y plans1 9 ! f9i%$ brief1 & 9 ! debate itself4 ,! only po9t 9 issue betwe5 u is1 h[ long aft] an au?or's dea? ! ,/ate %all recognize a copyright 9 8 repres5tatives & assigns2 & x c1 ,i ?9k1 h>dly be disput$ by any rational man t ?is is a po9t :i* ! legislature is free to det]m9e 9 ! way :i* may appe> to be mo/ conducive to ! g5]al good4 ,,?omas ,,bab+ton ,,macaulay3 ,copyright1 #ahda ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ! v fir/ "q t *all5ges our att5tion 9 ! matt] ( a league ( nations is ! "q ( :e!r a w> 9 ,europe is a matt] ( conc]n to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ultraoppon5ts ( any league ( nations ass]t t ,european qu>rels & ,european battles are no conc]n ( ours4 ,if t be true1 we may well pause be=e obligat+ ourselves to make !m our conc]n4 ,is x true8 ,,s5ator ,p4,j4 ,,mccumb]3 ,! ,league ( ,nations1 #aiai ,! be/ me?od ( f9d+ ! issues is to put d[n 9 two columns ! ma9 cont5tions ( bo? sides4 ,by elim9at+ ^? entries :i* are lea/ important & ^? :i* h lea/ be>+ ^u ! pres5t case ! issues may be r$uc$ to ^? :i* ! debate %\ld cov]4 ,any possible attempt to cl\d ! issues on ! "p ( ! oppos+ side c ?us be =e/all$4 ,all ! speak]s on "o side %\ld p>ticipate 9 ?is analysis ( ! proposition to f9d & /ate ! issues4 ,! ,new ,york ,tribune1 by p>allel columns1 br\ght out ^! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,p>is plan & ,s5ator ,knox's = ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,,! ,,knox ,,plan ,,! ,,p>is ,,plan ,league =m$ ( all1 n ,"u ,article ,,vii x is provid$ a portion1 ( ! nations ( t no /ate %all be ! _w4 admitt$ unless x is able to give gu>anties ( its int5tion to obs]ve its int]national obligations & con=m to ! pr9ciples prescrib$ by ! ,league 9 reg>d to x's naval & milit>y =ces & armam5ts4 ,w> to be decl>$ an ,article ,,xvi provides t int]national crime1 & any %\ld any ( ! high nation engag+ 9 w>1 except contract+ p>ties break 9 self-def5se :5 cov5ants "u ,article ,,xii actually attack$1 to be puni%$ 7relat+ to arbitration7 x by ! _w z an %all be deem$ to h committ$ int]national crim9al4 an act ( w> aga9/ ! ,league1 :i* und]takes to ex]cise economic pressure2 & x is to be ! duty ( ! executive c\ncil to recomm5d :at milit>y or naval =ce ! memb]s ( ! ,league %all contribute to be us$ to protect ! cov5ants ( ! ,league4 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e to ,none ( ^! matt]s is be safegu>d$2 also our m5tion$ specifically1 b immigration policy & our ,presid5t ,wilson has said "r to expel ali5s4 t ! ,league w ext5d ! ,monroe ,doctr9e to ! :ole _w & t dome/ic & int]nal que/ions are n a conc]n ( ! ,league4 ,our "r to ma9ta9 milit>y ,article ,,viii says3 ,! & naval e/abli%m5ts executive c\ncil %all also & coal+ /ations1 det]m9e = ! consid]ation & our "r to =tify ! & action ( ! sev]al ,panama ,canal & our gov]nm5ts :at milit>y fronti]s to be safegu>d$4 equipm5t & armam5t is fair & reasonable & 9 proportion to ! scale ( =ces laid d[n 9 ! program ( dis>mam5t1 & ^! limits :5 adopt$ %all n be exce$$ )\t ! p]mission ( ! executive c\ncil4 ,an int]national c\rt to ,article ,,xiv provides = be emp[]$ by ! ,league ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t to call ^u ! signatory c\rt ( int]national ,p[]s to en=ce its decrees ju/ice1 b its p[]s are aga9/ unwill+ /ates by limit$ to he>+ & det]m9+ =ce1 economic pressure1 or any matt] o!rwise4 ,! con/itution :i* ! p>ties recognize ( ! ,league to provide1 z suitable = submission to h[ev]1 t decrees aga9/ x = arbitration "u an ,am]ican ,p[] %all be ,article ,,xiii4 en=c$ by ! nations ( ?is hemisph]e1 & decrees aga9/ a c\ntry ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e by ! ,p[]s ( t hemisph]e4 ,team ,"w4 ,) ! plan agre$ ^u by ! speak]s1 ! brief made out1 & ! mat]ial di/ribut$1 ea* speak] c g to "w 9 e>ne/ to prep>e 8 s+le spee*4 ,! be/ me?od has be5 outl9$ 9 ?is book4 ,8 notes %\ld be accurate1 cle>1 easily manipulat$4 ,8 quotations %\ld be exact1 au?oritative4 ,by no means %\ld he memorize 8 spee*4 ,su* /ilt$ deliv]y w\ld result 9 a s]ies ( =mal declamations4 ,) 8 m9d /ock$ ) exactly :at 8 p>ticul> spee* is to cov]1 yet famili> en\gh ) ! mat]ial ( 8 colleagues to use x %\ld he ne$ x1 ! debat] is ready = ! conte/4 ,manipulat+ ,mat]ial4 ,! speak]s on a side %\ld keep all _! mat]ial accord+ to "s sy/em4 ,if c>ds are us$1 argum5ts to be us$ 9 ! ma9 debate might be arrang$ 9 "o place1 mat]ial = rebuttal 9 ano!r1 quotations & /ati/ics 9 /ill ano!r4 ,!n if ! o!r side introduces a po9t n anticipat$ x %\ld be easy to f9d ! refut+ or expla9+ mat]ial at once to c\nt]act its influ5ce 9 ! next spee*1 if x %\ld be dispos$ ( at once4 ,if slips ( pap] are us$1 diff]5t colors might indicate diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial4 ,books1 pap]s1 reports1 to be us$ %\ld always be )9 available di/ance4 ,:ile a speak] = ! o!r side is advanc+ argum5ts ! speak] :o w foll[ him %\ld be able to *ange1 if necess>y1 8 entire plan ( def5se or attack to meet ! manoeuv]4 ,he %\ld select f ! v>i\s divisions ^u ! table ! mat]ial he ne$s1 & laun* at once into a spee* :i* meets squ>ely all ! cont5tions advanc$ by 8 pr$ecessor4 ,?is in/antane\s comm&e]+ ( mat]ial is likely to be mo/ usual 9 rebuttal1 b a good debat] mu/ be able to resort to x at a second's notice4 ,! ,fir/ ,affirmative ,speak]4 ,! fir/ affirmative speak] mu/ deliv] "s k9d ( introduction to ! cont5tions :i* 8 side int5ds to advance4 ,x is 8 duty to be concise & cle> 9 ?is4 ,he mu/ n use too mu* "t4 ,if ! proposition ne$s def9+ & apply+ he mu/ n fail to d x4 ,he mu/ n give ! negative ! opportunity to expla9 & apply to its own purposes ! mean+ ( ! proposition4 ,he %\ld /ate 9 language :i* ! he>]s w rememb] exactly :at ! issues are4 ,he c help 8 own side by outl9+ exactly :at ! affirmative int5ds to prove4 ,he may indicate j :at portions w be treat$ by 8 colleagues4 ,he %\ld nev] /op ) m]ely introduc+ & outl9+4 ,e speak] mu/ advance pro(1 ! fir/ z well z ! o!rs4 ,if ! prelim9>y /atem5ts by ! fir/ affirmative speak] are cle>ly & conv9c+ly deliv]$1 & if he places a few /rong1 support+ reasons be=e ! judges1 he w h />t$ 8 side v well ^u its c\rse ( debat+4 ,! la/ s5t5ces ( 8 spee* %\ld drive home ! po9ts he has prov$4 ,! ,fir/ ,negative ,speak]4 ,! fir/ negative speak] ei!r agrees ) ! def9itions & application ( ! proposition z ann\nc$ by ! fir/ affirmative speak] or he disagrees ) !m4 ,if ! latt]1 ! m]e /atem5t ( 8 disagreem5t is n suffici5t4 ,contradiction is n pro(4 ,he mu/ refute ! def9ition & application ( ! proposition by /rong reason+ & ample pro(4 ,if 8 side does n admit ! issues z already pres5t$ he mu/ expla9 or prove !m away & e/abli% 9 _! place ! issues 8 side sees 9 ! discussion4 ,:5 ! two sides disagree conc]n+ ! issues !re is a second proposition erect$ = discussion at once & ! argum5t ^u ?is second matt] may cr[d out ! attempt$ argum5t ^u ! ma9 proposition4 ,to obviate su* %ift+ _m s*ools h ! sides ex*ange briefs or /atem5ts ( issues be=e ! debate s t "s agreem5t w be rea*$ ^u ess5tials4 ,9 addition to ! matt]s j enum]at$ ! fir/ negative speak] %\ld outl9e ! plan 8 side w foll[1 promis+ exactly :at ?+s w be e/abli%$ by 8 colleagues4 ,if he feels t ! fir/ affirmative speak] has advanc$ pro(s /rong en\gh to require in/ant refutation he %\ld be able to meet ^? po9ts at once & dispose ( !m4 ,if !y d n require imm$iate answ]+1 or if !y may safely be left = lat] refutation 9 ! regul> rebuttal1 he may cont5t himself ) simply ann\nc+ t !y w be answ]$4 ,he %\ld n all[ ! audi5ce to believe t 8 side _c meet !m4 ,he mu/ n give ! impression t he is evad+ !m4 ,if he has to admit _! tru?1 let him frankly say s1 %[+1 if possible1 h[ !y d n apply or d n prove all t is claim$ = !m1 or t ?\gh !y seem /rong 9 support ( ! affirmative ! negative side has /ill /rong] argum5ts :i* by comp>ison refute at lea/ _! effect4 ,! fir/ negative speak] %\ld n /op ) m]e refutation4 ,if ! fir/ affirmative has advanc$ pro(s1 & ! fir/ negative disposes ( !m1 ! debate is exactly :]e x 0 at ! beg9n+4 ,! negative speak] mu/ add conv9c+ argum5ts ( 8 own4 ,x is a good ?+ to />t ) "o ( ! /ronge/ negative argum5ts 9 ! mat]ial4 ,! ,second ,affirmative & ,second ,negative ,speak]s4 ,! second affirmative & ! second negative speak]s h v mu* ! same k9d ( spee* to make4 ,tak+ ! imm$iate cues f ! prec$+ speak] ea* may at fir/ pay "s att5tion to ! rem>ks ( 8 oppon5t4 ,"h aga9 !re mu/ be quickly decid$ ! "q already br\ght up by ! fir/ negative spee*--%all argum5ts be refut$ at once or res]v$ = su* treatm5t 9 rebuttal8 ,:5 ?is decision is made ! next duty ( ea* ( ^! second speak]s is to advance 8 side accord+ to ! plan laid d[n by 8 fir/ colleague4 ,he mu/ make good ! advance notice giv5 ( 8 team4 ,ea* position ( a debat] has its peculi> tasks4 ,! middle speak] mu/ n all[ ! int]e/ ar\s$ by ! fir/ to lag4 ,if any?+1 8 mat]ial & mann] mu/ indicate a rise ov] ! op5+ spee*4 ,he mu/ />t at ! place :]e ! fir/ speak] /opp$ & c>ry on ! cont5tion to ! place at :i* x has be5 agre$ he w deliv] x to ! conclud+ speak] = 8 side4 ,if ?is connection among all ! spee*es ( "o side is q pla9 to ! audi5ce an impression ( unity & coh]5ce w be made ^u !m4 ,?is w contribute to ! effect ( cog5t reason+4 ,!y w realize t in/ead ( li/5+ to a gr\p ( deta*$ utt]ances !y h be5 foll[+ a *a9 ( reason+ e l9k ( :i* is closely connect$ ) all t prec$es & foll[s4 ,! ,conclud+ ,affirmative ,speak]4 ,! conclud+ affirmative speak] mu/ n devote 8 entire spee* to a conclusion by giv+ an ext5sive summ>y or recapitulation4 ,he mu/ pres5t argum5ts4 ,realiz+ t ?is is ! la/ *ance = orig9al argum5t f 8 side he may be assign$ ! v /ronge/ argum5t ( all to deliv]1 = ! effect ( :at he says mu/ la/ beyond ! conclud+ spee* ( ! negative4 ,x w\ld likewise be a mi/ake = him to d no?+ m ?an argue 9 8 conclud+ spee*4 ,sev]al p]sons h int]v5$ s9ce 8 fir/ colleague outl9$ _! side & ann\nc$ :at !y w\ld prove4 ,x is 8 duty to %[ t ! affirmative has actually done :at x set out to d4 ,by amplify+ & dim9i%+ he may also %[ h[ ! negative _h n c>ri$ out its av[$ int5tion ( disprov+ ! affirmative's position & prov+ conclusively its own4 ,! conclud+ spee* = ! affirmative is an excell5t te/ ( a debat]'s ability to adapt himself to conditions :i* may h be5 entirely un=ese5 :5 ! debate began1 ( 8 ke5ness 9 analyz+ ! /r5g? ( ! affirmative & expos+ ! weakness ( ! negative1 ( 8 p[] 9 impress+ ! argum5ts ( 8 colleagues z well z 8 own ^u ! audi5ce1 & ( 8 skill 9 br++ to a well-r\nd$1 impressive conclusion 8 side's "p 9 ! debate4 ,! ,conclud+ ,negative ,speak]4 ,! conclud+ negative speak] mu/ judge :e!r 8 imm$iate pr$ecessor1 ! conclud+ affirmative speak]1 has be5 able to ga9 ! v]dict ( ! judges4 ,if he fe>s t he has1 he mu/ /rive to argue t conviction away4 ,he too mu/ advance pro( f9ally to /r5g!n ! negative side4 ,he mu/ make 8 spee* answ] to 8 fir/ colleague's ann\nc$ s*eme1 or if "s *ange 9 ! l9e ( developm5t has be5 necessitat$1 he mu/ make cle> :y ! fir/ 0 replac$ by ! "o ! debat]s h foll[$4 ,if ! argum5ts ( ! negative h prov$ :at x 0 decl>$ !y w\ld1 ! la/ speak] %\ld emphasize t fact beyond any "q 9 any "o's m9d4 ,f9ally he %\ld save "t = a fitt+ conclusion4 ,?is br+s ! debate prop] to a close4 ,re/rictions 9 ,rebuttal4 ,9 rebuttal--if x be provid$--! ma9 re/rictions are two4 ,! spee*es are %ort] ?an ! e>li] ones4 ,no new l9es ( argum5t may be introduc$4 ,only l9es ( pro( already br\ght =w>d may be consid]$4 ,s9ce ! spee*es are %ort] & ! mat]ial is re/rict$ !re is always ! disposition to use rebuttal spee*es = refutation only4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,refute1 b rememb] always t con/ructive argum5t is m likely to w9 decisions ?an de/ructive4 ,dispose ( z _m po9ts ( ! oppon5ts z possible1 b reit]ate ! support+ reasons ( y\r own4 ,_m speak]s wa/e _! rebuttals by try+ to cov] too _m po9ts4 ,!y !re=e h insuffici5t "t to prove any?+1 s !y fall back ^u b>e contradiction & ass]tion4 ,su* pres5tations are m]e jumbles ( /atem5ts4 ,*oose a few important phases ( ! oppos+ side's cont5tion4 ,refute !m4 ,*oose ! tell+ aspects ( y\r own case4 ,emphasize !m4 ,mann] 9 ,debat+4 ,be z e>ne/ & conv9c+ 9 y\r spee*es z y c4 ,nev] yield to ! temptation to indulge 9 p]sonalities4 ,recall t o!r speak]s %\ld nev] be m5tion$ by "n4 ,!y are id5tifi$ by _! ord] & _! side1 z ,! fir/ speak] on ! affirmative or ,! speak] :o prec$$ me1 or ,my colleague1 or ,my oppon5t4 ,avoid us+ ^! ) tones & phrases ( s>casm & bitt]ness4 ,be fair & c\rte\s 9 e way4 ,nev] indulge 9 su* belittl+ expressions z ,no "o und]/&s :at he is try+ to prove4 ,he reels (f a /r+ ( figures :i* mean no?+4 ,nev] indulge 9 *eap wit or attempts at satiric humor4 ,prep>e s adequately1 analyze s ke5ly1 argue s logically1 speak s conv9c+ly1 t ev5 :5 y\r side loses1 y\r oppon5ts w h to admit t y =c$ !m to d bett] ?an !y _h any idea !y c\ld4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,speak+ ,,^u ,,special ,,occasions ,spee*-mak+ 9 ! ,pr(essions4 ,if a /ud5t ent] a pr(ession 9 :i* spee*-mak+ is ! regul> means ( ga9+ 8 livelihood--z 9 law1 religion1 or lectur+--he w f9d x necess>y to secure tra9+ 9 ! te*nical me?ods apply+ to ! p>ticul> k9d ( spee*-mak+ 9 :i* he w indulge4 ,?is book does n attempt to prep>e any "o = ma/]y ( su* special =ms4 ,! /ud5t w1 h[ev]1 be help+ himself if he exam9es critically e deliv]y ( a legal argum5t1 s]mon1 or lecture he he>s1 = _m ( ! rules illu/rat$ by !m & ! impressions made by _! speak]s1 c be transf]r$ z models to be imitat$ or specim5s to be avoid$ 9 8 own m re/rict$ & less important _w4 ,speak+ ^u ,special ,occasions4 ,e ,am]ican may be call$ ^u to speak ^u "s special occasion4 ,if he does well at 8 fir/ appe>ance he may be invit$ or requir$ by circum/ances to speak ^u _m occasions4 ,! p]son :o c int]e/ audi5ces by effective deliv]y ( suitable mat]ial fitt+ly adapt$ to ! p>ticul> occasion is always 9 dem&4 ,)9 ! n>r[] conf9es ( educational in/itutions ! opportunities = ! /ud5t to appe> be=e 8 s*oolmates are z num]\s z 9 real life4 ,"s prelim9>y k c\pl$ ) mu* practice w produce deep satisfaction ^u successful a*ievem5t & result 9 rapid /eps ( self-developm5t4 ,)\t pret5d+ to provide = all possible circum/ances 9 :i* /ud5ts & o!rs may be call$ ^u to speak1 ?is *apt] w li/ "s ( ! special occasions = :i* spee*es %\ld be prep>$4 ,spee*es ( ,presid+ ,(fic]s4 ,on practically all occasions !re is a presid+ (fic] ^: *ief duty is to introduce to ! audi5ce ! v>i\s speak]s4 ,! "o great fault ( spee*es ( introduction is t !y are too long4 ,! introduc] s9c]ely means n to consume too mu* "t1 b 9 ! endeavor to d ju/ice to ! occasion or ! speak] he becomes involv$ 9 8 rem>ks until !y w&] f> f 8 def9ite purpose4 ,he we>ies ! audi5ce be=e ! important speak] beg9s4 ,an introduc] %\ld n become s unconsci\s ( 8 real task z to fall into ?is error4 ,9 o!r cases ! fault is n s innoc5t4 ,_m a p]son call$ ^u to introduce a speak] takes advantage ( ! *ance to express 8 own op9ions4 ,he drops into ! disc\rtesy ( us+ = 8 own ends a condition ( passive att5tion :i* 0 n creat$ = him4 ,"o l>ge audi5ce :i* _h assembl$ to he> a lectur] 0 kept f li/5+ to him :ile = tw5ty m9utes ! introduc] air$ 8 own pet !ories4 ,( c\rse memb]s ( ! audi5ce discuss$ among !mselves ! inappropriat5ess ( su* rem>ks1 b x is d\btful :e!r any criticism rea*$ ! (f5d]4 ,a newspap] rec5tly _h ! c\rage to voice ! feel+s ( audi5ces4 ,x seems t a good deal ( ! "t ( ! audi5ce at ! ,coliseum ! o!r night 0 tak5 by ^? :o introduc$ ! speak]s ( ! ev5+4 ,we are told 9 "o acc\nt ( ! meet+ t ! audi5ce 0 at times impati5t ( ^! prelim9>ies & ev5 h[l$ once or twice = ^? x _h come to he>4444 ,we are in=m$ t all ^? introduc+ ! speak]s said some?+ ab\t n hav+ ris5 to speak at l5g?1 & t "o ( !m prote/$ 8 inability to speak ) any facility4 ,bo? ^! pr(essions are *>act]i/ic ( ^? introduc+ speak]s ( ! ev5+4 ,yet1 /rangely en\gh1 ! same always happ5s4 ,t is1 ! prelim9>ies we> ! audi5ce out be=e ! p x came to he> c get at x4 ,9 introduc+ a speak] nev] be too long-w9d$4 ,tactfully1 gracefully1 c\rte\sly1 put be=e ! audi5ce su* facts z ! occasion1 ! reason = ! topic ( ! spee*1 ! fitness & appropriat5ess ( ! *oice ( ! speak]1 !n pres5t ! man or woman4 ,be extremely c>eful ( facts & names4 ,a nom9at+ speak] at a great political conv5tion ru9$ ! effect ( a spee* by confus$ly giv+ sev]al fir/ names to a di/+ui%$ man4 ,x is emb>rass+ to a speak] to h to correct at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 rem>ks a mis/atem5t made by ! presid+ (fic]4 ,b a man f "o univ]sity _c all[ ! audi5ce to id5tify him ) ano!r4 ,! au?or ( a book wants its title correctly giv54 ,a public (ficial desires to be associat$ 9 p's m9ds ) ! dep>tm5t he actually controls4 ,! ma9 purpose ( a spee* ( introduction is to d = ! succe$+ speak] :at ! *apt] on beg9n+ ! spee* sugge/$--to r5d] ! audi5ce att5tive & well-dispos$1 to introduce ! topic1 & 9 addition to pres5t ! speak]4 ,*oos+ a ,!me4 ,! speak] at a special occasion mu/ *oose ! !me ) due reg>d to ! subject & ! occasion4 ,frequ5tly 8 !me w be sugge/$ to him1 s t x w already be> a close relation to ! occasion :5 he beg9s its prep>ation4 ,! next matt] he mu/ consid] ) extreme c>e is ! treatm5t4 ,%all x be s]i\s1 in=mative1 argum5tative1 humor\s1 sc(f+1 ironic8 ,to decide ?is he mu/ weigh c>efully ! significance ( ! occasion4 ,select+ ! inappropriate mann] ( treatm5t means risk+ ! success ( ! spee*4 ,recall h[ _m m5 & spee*es y h he>d criticiz$ z be+ out ( h>mony ) ! meet+1 or n 9 _s ) ! proce$+s1 & y w realize h[ necess>y to ! successful pres5tation is ?is delicate adju/m5t ( ! spee* to ! mood ( ! circum/ances4 ,! ,aft]-d9n] ,spee*4 ,:5 m5 & wom5 h met to p>take ( good food "u *>m+ surr\nd+s & h enjoy$ legitimate ga/ronomic delights x is regrettable t a disagreeable elem5t %\ld be add$ by a s]ies ( dull1 long-w9d$1 un-appropriate aft]-d9n] spee*es4 ,! prec$+ adjectives sugge/ ! *ief faults ( ^? p]sons :o are repeat$ly ask$ to speak ^u su* occasions4 ,!y s (t5 miss ! m>k4 ,because aft]-d9n] speak+ is s in=mal x is proportionally difficult4 ,:5 call$ ^u1 a p]son feels t he mu/ ackn[l$ge ! complim5t by say+ some?+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n really en\gh4 ,he mu/ *oose 8 !me & /yle ( treatm5t f ! occasion4 ,if ! toa/ma/] assign ! topic he is safe s f> z t is conc]n$1 b he mu/ /ill be c>eful ( 8 treatm5t4 ,a speak] at a d9n] ( ! ,phi ,beta ,kappa ,society1 9 :i* memb]%ip is aw>d$ = rank 9 cultural z contra/$ ) practical1 te*nical /udies1 seiz$ ^u ! *ance to deliv] a r long1 q detail$ legal explanation ( ! p>ole sy/em = convict$ (f5d]s aga9/ laws4 ,at a d9n] giv5 by ! ,p5nsylvania ,society 9 a /ate f> f _! orig9al homes ! memb]s 7 prais$ to ! skies = pres]v+ ! love ( _! native /ate & m>k+ _! id5tity 9 a di/rict s di/ant & diff]5t4 ,?is 0 q appropriate = an introduction b ! speak] !n turn$ abruptly to "o ( 8 political spee*es & b]at$ ! =eign] 9 ,am]ica = n becom+ at once an entirely made-ov] citiz54 ,! spee* contradict$ its own s5tim5ts4 ,a wrong emphasis 0 plac$ ^u its mat]ial4 ,a disquiet+ impression 0 made ^u ! ,p5nsylvanians4 ,at ! conclusion !y felt t !y 7 guilty = hav+ kept ! love ( _! native soil2 accord+ to ! tone ( ! speak] !y %\ld h accept$ _! new resid5ce & wip$ out all traces ( any e>ly ties4 ,an aft]-d9n] speak] %\ld rememb] t d9n]s are usually m>ks ( sociability1 goodfell[%ip1 congratulation1 celebration1 commemoration4 ,spee*es %\ld answ] to su* motives4 ,! apt illu/ration1 ! clev] twi/1 ! really good /ory or anecdote1 ! surprise end+1 all h _! places "h1 if !y are us$ ) grace1 good humor1 & tact4 ,?is does n preclude elem5ts ( in=mation & s]i\sness1 b su* matt]s %\ld be introduc$ skilfully1 discuss$ sp>+ly1 en=c$ po9t$ly4 ,! ,commemorative ,spee*4 ,besides d9n]s1 o!r ga!r+s may require commemorative addresses4 ,^! spee*es are long]1 m =mal4 ,! success ( a debat+ team1 ! successful season ( an a?letic organization1 ! t]m9ation ( a civic project1 ! election ( a c&idate1 ! celebration ( an hi/oric ev5t1 ! tribute to a great man1 sugge/ ! k9ds ( occasions 9 :i* commemorative addresses %\ld be made4 ,*os5 ) m c>e ?an ! aft]-d9n] speak]1 ! p]son on su* an occasion has l>g] !mes ) :i* to deal1 a long] "t = _! developm5t1 & an audi5ce m surely attun$ to sympa!tic reception4 ,he has m "t = prep>ation also4 ,9 m9or circum/ances1 su* z ! fir/ ?ree or f\r enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ! note is usually congratulation = victory4 ,except 9 tone & l5g? ^! spee*es are n v diff]5t f aft]-d9n] rem>ks4 ,b :5 ! occasion is m dignifi$1 ! circum/ances m significant1 addresses take on a diff]5t aspect4 ,!y become m sob]ly judicial1 m temp]ately laudatory1 m feel+ly impressive4 ,at su* times public speak+ approa*es mo/ closely to ! old-fa%ion$ idea ( oratory1 n[ s rapidly pass+ away1 9 its attempt to impress ^u ! audi5ce ! greatness ( ! occasion 9 :i* x is p>ticipat+4 ,! lay+ ( a corn]-/one1 ! completion ( a monum5t or build+1 a national holiday1 ! bir?day ( a great man1 ! date ( an epo*-m>k+ ev5t1 br+ =? eulogi/ic tributes l ,web/]'s spee* at ,bunk] ,hill1 ,l9coln's ,gettysburg ,address1 ,secret>y ,lane's ,flag ,day spee*4 ,false ,eloqu5ce4 ,! beg9n] w n h _m opportunities ( deliv]+ su* rem>kable addresses1 b 9 8 small sph]e he w h *ances to d simil> ?+s4 ,he mu/ bew>e ( sev]al faults ( :i* ! unw>y are usually guilty4 ,recogniz+ ! wond]ful eloqu5ce ( ! ma/]pieces ( su* k9ds ( address he may want to reproduce its effects by imitat+ its app>5t me?ods4 ,no?+ c\ld be worse4 ,! /yle ( ! great eulogy1 born ( ! occasion & ! speak]1 becomes only exagg]at$ bomba/ & nons5se f ! lips ( a /ud5t4 ,exagg]ation1 high s\nd+ t]ms1 fl[]y language1 involv$ con/ructions1 d n produce eloqu5ce 9 ! speak]4 ,!y produce discom=t1 (t5 smiles ( ridicule1 9 ! audi5ce4 ,_m a /ud5t int5d+ to cov] himself ) glory by eulogiz+ ! m>tyr$ ,mc,kinley or ! dead ,roosevelt has succe$$ only 9 cov]+ himself ) d]ision4 ,simplicity1 /raight=w>dness1 fair /atem5t1 %\ld be ! aims ( beg9n+ speak]s ^u su* occasions4 ,spee*es ( ,pres5tation & ,acceptance4 ,/&+ betwe5 ! two classes ( spee*es j discuss$ are spee*es ( pres5tation & acceptance4 ,9 practically all circum/ances :]e su* rem>ks are suitable !re are pres5t m+l$ feel+s ( celebration & commemoration4 ,!re is joy ov] some?+ accompli%$1 & remembrance ( m]it or success4 ,s ! p]son mak+ a spee* ( pres5tation mu/ m+le ! two feel+s z he & ! audi5ce exp]i5ce !m4 ,tak+ 8 cue f ! tone ( ! occasion he mu/ fit 8 rem>ks to t mood4 ,he may be z bright & sp>kl+ & z amus+ z a ref9$ c\rt je/]4 ,he may be z impressive & s]i\s z a judge4 ,! treatm5t mu/ be det]m9$ by ! circum/ances4 ,! speak] :o replies mu/ take 8 cue f ! pres5t]4 ,:ile ! fir/ has ! advantage ( c>ry+ out 8 plan z prep>$1 ! second c only dimly anticipate ! !me he w express4 ,at any rate he _c s surely provide 8 beg9n+4 ,t mu/ come spontane\sly f ! turn giv5 ! mat]ial by 8 pr$ecessor1 al?\gh ! recipi5t may pass by a transition to ! rem>ks he prep>$ 9 advance4 ,! obs]vations :i* obta9 9 ! pres5tation & acceptance ( a mat]ial object--z a book1 a silv] tea set1 a m$al1 an art gall]y--apply j z well to ! be/[al & acceptance ( an honor1 su* z a degree f a univ]sity1 an (fice1 an appo9tm5t z head ( a committee or z =eign repres5tative1 or memb]%ip 9 a society4 ,spee*es ^u su* occasions are likely to be m =mal ?an ^? deliv]$ ^u ! transf] ( a gift4 ,! be/[] may cite ! reasons = ! honor1 ! fitness ( ! recipi5t1 ! mutual honors & obligations1 & conclude ) hopes ( fur!r atta9m5ts or s]vices4 ,! recipi5t may reply f a p]sonal angle1 expla9+ n only 8 appreciation1 b 8 s5se ( obligation to a tru/ or duty1 8 me?ods ( fulfill+ 8 responsibilities1 8 mode/ly phras$ hope or belief 9 8 ultimate success4 ,! ,inaugural ,spee*4 ,9 ?is la/-nam$ respect ! spee* ( ! recipi5t ( an honor is closely relat$ to ! spee* ( a p]son inaugurat$ to (fice4 ,?is applies to all (ficial positions to :i* p]sons are elect$ or appo9t$4 ,! examples :i* w spr+ into /ud5ts' m9ds are ! inaugural spee*es ( ,presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a /udy ( ^! w furni% h9ts = ! newly in/all$ incumb5t ( m humble positions4 ,9 mat]ial !y are likely to be retrospective & anticipatory4 ,!y trace pa/ causes up to pres5t effects1 !n pass on to discuss future plans & me?ods4 ,e (fic] 9 8 (ficial capacity has some?+ to d4 ,newspap] articles w give y ideas ( :at (ficials %\ld be do+4 ,! (fice hold] at ! beg9n+ ( 8 t]m %\ld make cle> to 8 con/itu5cy1 8 organization1 8 class1 8 society1 8 s*ool1 j :at he int5ds to try to d4 ,he mu/ be c>eful n to antagonize possible support]s by antagoni/ic rem>ks or op9ions4 ,he %\ld try to %[ reason & exp$i5cy 9 all he urges4 ,he %\ld temp] satisfaction & triumph ) s]i\sness & resolve4 ,facts & argum5ts w be ( m consequ5ce ?an op9ions & promises4 ,! spee* %\ld be c>efully plann$ 9 advance1 cle>ly express$1 pla9ly deliv]$4 ,its /atem5ts %\ld be weigh$1 z ev]yone ( !m may be us$ lat] z reasons = support or attack4 ,to avoid su* consequ5ces ! c>eful politician (t5 indulges 9 glitt]+ g5]alities :i* mean no?+4 ,a /ud5t 9 su* conditions %\ld face issues squ>ely1 & )\t /irr+ up unnecess>y antagonism1 ann\nce 8 pr9ciples cle>ly & firmly4 ,if he has *ang$ 8 op9ion ^u any subject he may j z well /ate 8 position s t no misund]/&+ may arise lat]4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( 8 regul> activities a p]son w h _m opportunities to deliv] ?is k9d ( spee*4 ,! ,nom9at+ ,spee*4 ,recomm5dation ( himself by a c&idate = (fice does n fall )9 ! plan ( ?is book4 ,/ud5ts1 h[ev]1 may indulge 9 canvass+ votes = _! favorite c&idates1 & ?is 9 "s in/ances1 leads to public speak+ 9 class & mass meet+s1 assemblies1 & ! l4 ,( simil> import is ! nom9at+ spee* 9 :i* a memb] ( a society1 committee1 meet+1 (f]s ! "n ( 8 c&idate = ! votes ( z _m z w indorse him4 ,9 nom9at+1 x is a usual trick ( arrangem5t to give fir/ all ! qualifications ( ! p]son ^: election is to be urg$1 advanc+ all reasons possible = ! *oice1 & utt]+ 8 "n only 9 ! v la/ words ( ! nom9at+ spee*4 ,?is plan works up to a cumulative effect :i* %\ld deeply impress ! he>]s at ! m5tion ( ! c&idate's "n4 ,9 nom9at+ spee*es & 9 argum5ts support+ a c&idate ! deliv]] %\ld rememb] two ?+s4 ,con/ructive pro( is bett] ?an de/ructive attack2 ass]tion ( op9ion & p]sonal pref]5ce is n pro(4 ,if x seems necess>y at times to %[ ! fitness ( "o c&idate by contra/ ) ano!r1 nev] desc5d to p]sonalities1 nev] inject a tone ( p]sonal attack1 ( *eap wit1 ( ill-natur$ abuse4 ,if su* practices are resort$ to by o!rs1 answ] or disreg>d !m ) ! c\rte\s att5tion !y des]ve1 no m4 ,d n all[ y\rself to be drawn into any discussion remote f ! ma9 issue--! qualifications ( y\r own c&idate4 ,if y speak frequ5tly ^u su* a !me--z y may dur+ an ext5d$ campaign--notice :i* ( y\r argum5ts make ! /ronge/ impressions ^u ! he>]s4 ,disc>d ! weak] ones to place m & m emphasis ^u ! conv9c+ reasons4 ,nev] fail to /udy o!r speak]s engag$ 9 simil> attempts4 ,am]ican life e day provides y ) illu/rations to /udy4 ,! ,spee* 9 ,support ( a ,measure4 ,:51 in/ead ( a c&idate1 y are support+ "s measure to be adopt$1 "s re=m to be in/itut$1 "s *ange to be inaugurat$1 y\r task is easi] 9 "o respect4 ,!re w be less temptation to indulge 9 p]sonal matt]s4 ,y w f9d x easi] to adh]e to y\r !me4 ,9 su* attempts to mold public op9ion--:e!r x be ! collective op9ion ( a small s*ool class1 or a million vot]s--y w f9d opportunities = ! inclusion ( ev]y?+ y "k ( ! p>ticul> subject & ( all human nature4 ,conv9c$ y\rself ( ! wor?9ess ( y\r cause1 b5d e m5tal & intellectual ef=t to mak+ o!rs und]/& z y d1 see z y d4 ,if y\r reason+ is cle> & conv]t+1 if y\r mann] is direct & s9c]e1 y %\ld be able to induce o!rs to believe z y d4 ,! ,p]suasive ,spee*4 ,9 public speak+ ^u occasions :5 votes are to be ca/1 :]e re=ms are to be in/itut$1 :]e *anges are to be inaugurat$1 y h n f9i%$ :5 y h turn$ ! m5tal attitude1 & done no m4 ,y mu/ ar\se ! w to act4 ,votes mu/ be ca/ = ! measure y approve4 ,! re=m y urge mu/ be f9anc$ at once4 ,! *ange mu/ be regi/]$4 ,to accompli% su* a purpose y mu/ d m ?an m]ely prove2 y mu/ p]suade4 ,9 ! use ( 8 p[] ov] p to induce !m to noble1 high-m9d$ action lies ! supreme importance ( ! public speak]4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,*oose "s rec5t ev5t :i* y & y\r fri5ds might celebrate by a d9n]4 ,z toa/ma/]1 deliv] ! fir/ aft]-d9n] rem>ks draw+ att5tion to ! occasion & introduc+ "s "o to speak4 #b4 ,deliv] ! aft]-d9n] spee* j introduc$4 #c4 ,introduce "s o!r memb] ( ! class1 :o is n closely connect$ ) ! ev5t be+ celebrat$1 & :o !re=e is a gue/4 #d4 ,deliv] ?is spee*1 be+ c>eful to make y\r rem>ks correspond to ! prec$+4 #e4 ,a debat+ team has won a victory4 ,deliv] ! spee* su* a victory des]ves4 #f4 ,an a?letic team has won a victory4 ,z a non-p>ticipant1 pres5t ! trophy4 #g4 ,an a?letic team has f9i%$ a season )\t w9n+ ! *ampion%ip4 ,speak ^u su* a result4 #h4 ,! city or /ate has f9i%$ "s great project4 ,speak ^u its significance4 #i4 ,address an audi5ce ( girls or wom5 ^u _! "r to vote4 #aj4 ,speak 9 approval ( "s rec5tly elect$ (ficial 9 y\r community4 #aa4 ,*oose "s s+le ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( y\r imm$iate locality4 ,speak ^u x4 #ab4 ,deliv] a commemorative address suitable = ! next holiday4 #ac4 ,br+ into prom95ce "s man or woman connect$ ) ! pa/ ( y\r community4 #ad4 ,an unh]ald$ h]o4 #ae4 ,!y also s]ve :o only /& & wait4 #af4 ,peace ha? h] victories no less r5[n$ ?an w>4 #ag4 ,deliv] ! spee* to accompany ! pres5tation ( a set ( books4 #ah4 ,pres5t to y\r community "s ne$$ memorial p>k1 build+1 or o!r monum5t4 #ai4 ,accept ! gift = ! community4 #bj4 ,*all5ge ano!r class to debate4 #ba4 ,urge ^u "s organization support ( "s civic measure4 #bb4 ,z a repres5tative ( ! /ud5ts pres5t "s reque/ to ! au?orities4 #bc4 ,a meet+ has be5 call$ to he> y because ( y\r association ) "s organization or movem5t4 ,deliv] ! spee*4 #bd4 ,"s measure or movem5t is n be+ support$ z x %\ld be4 ,a meet+ ( p likely to be int]e/$ has be5 call$4 ,address ! meet+4 #be4 ,appeal to y\r imm$iate associates to support "s *>itable "w4 #bf4 ,"s organization has rec5tly />t$ a new project4 ,speak to x ^u its task4 #bg4 ,an organization has successfully accompli%$ a new project4 ,congratulate x4 #bh4 ,"s e>ly associate ( y\rs has won recognition or success or fame away f home4 ,he is ab\t to return4 ,speak to y\r companions %[+ :y !y %\ld honor him4 #bi4 ,*oose "s p]son or ev5t wor?y ( commemoration4 ,arrange a s]ies ( detail$ topics & di/ribute !m among memb]s ( ! class4 ,set a day = _! pres5tation4 #cj4 ,*oose a *airman4 ,on ! appo9t$ day h him introduce ! topic & ! speak]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,dramatics ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,public ,speak+ & ,act+4 ,9 practically all ! aspects ( public speak+ y deliv] y\r own ?\ghts 9 y\r own words4 ,9 dramatic pres5tation y deliv] ! words already writt5 by "s "o else2 & 9 addition1 :ile y are deliv]+ ^! rem>ks y speak z ?\gh y 7 no long] y\rself1 b a totally diff]5t p]son4 ,?is is ! *ief di/9ction betwe5 speak+ 9 public & act+4 ,:ile y mu/ memorize ! l9es y deliv] :5 y try to act l a "* o!r ?an y\rself1 spee*es 9 dramatic production are n l usual memoriz$ selections4 ,usually a memoriz$ selection does n express ! feel+s or op9ions ( a c]ta9 "*1 b is likely to be descriptive or n>rative4 ,bo? prose & v]se passages conta9 m ?an ! utt]$ words ( a s+le p]son4 ,z prep>ation = ex]cise 9 dramatics1 :e!r simple or elaborate1 tra9+ 9 memoriz+ & practice 9 speak+ are extremely valuable4 ,memoriz+ may make ! mat]ial gr[ s famili> t x loses its int]e/ = ! speak]4 ,pupils frequ5tly recite committ$ mat]ial s li/lessly t !y m]ely bore he>]s4 ,su* a disposition to monotony %\ld be neutraliz$ by ! ability to speak well 9 public4 ,naturalness & ,s9c]ity4 ,:5 y speak l9es f a play inject z mu* naturalness & s9c]ity into y\r deliv]y z y c comm&4 ,speak ! words z ?\gh !y really express y\r own ideas & feel+s4 ,if y feel t y mu/ exagg]ate slightly because ( ! impression ! rem>k is int5d$ to make1 rely m ^u emphasis ?an ^u any o!r device to secure an effect4 ,nev] slip into an affect$ mann] ( deliv]+ any spee*4 ,no matt] :at k9d ( act+ y h se5 ^u amateur or pr(essional /age1 y mu/ rememb] t mod]ation is ! fir/ ess5tial ( ! be/ act+4 ,recall :at ,%akespe>e _h ,hamlet say to ! play]s4 ,nor d n saw ! air too mu* ) y\r h&1 ?us3 b use all g5tly2 = 9 ! v torr5t1 tempe/1 &1 z ,i may say1 :irlw9d ( y\r passion1 y mu/ acquire & beget a temp]ance t may give x smoo?ness4 ,oh1 x (f5ds me to ! s\l to he> a robu/i\s1 p]iwig-pat$ fell[ te> a passion to tatt]s1 to v rags1 to split ! e>s ( ! gr\ndl+s1 :o = ! mo/ "p are capable ( no?+ b inexplicable dumb-%[s & noise4 ,"* ,del9eation4 ,9 tak+ "p 9 a play y mu/ d m ?an simply recite words spok5 by "s "o o!r ?an y\rself4 ,y mu/ really act l t p]son4 ,?is adds to ! simple deliv]y ( spee*es all ^? o!r traits by :i* p]sons 9 real life are diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,su* complete id5tification ( y\r p]sonality ) t ( ! p]son y are try+ to repres5t 9 a play is t]m$ "* del9eation1 or *>act]ization4 ,y may believe t y _c repres5t an ,indian *ief or a ,briti% que51 or an ,egyptian slave1 or a secret s]vice ag5t1 b if y w recall y\r *ildi% pa/ime ( day-dream+ y w see at once t y h q frequ5tly id5tifi$ y\rself ) "s "o else1 & 9 t o!r "* y h made y\rself exp]i5ce ! /range/ & mo/ ?rill+ adv5tures4 ,:5 y /udy a rle 9 a sc5e or play1 use y\r imag9ation 9 t same mann]4 ,9 a %ort "t x w be easy = y to ?9k z t o!r "* w\ld4 ,!n y h become id5tifi$ ) him4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 y\r del9eation has be5 tak54 ,visualize 9 y\r m9d's eye--y\r imag9ation--! circum/ances 9 :i* t "* is plac$ 9 ! play4 ,see y\rself look+1 mov+1 act+ z he w\ld4 ,!n talk z t "* w\ld 9 ^? circum/ances4 ,make him react z he w\ld naturally 9 ! situations 9 :i* ! dramati/ has plac$ him4 ,let u try to make ?is m def9ite4 ,suppose a boy is *os5 to act ! "p ( an old man4 ,an old man does n speak z rapidly z a boy does4 ,he w h to *ange ! spe$ ( 8 spee*4 ,b suppose ! old man is mov$ to wra?1 w\ld 8 words come sl[ly8 ,w\ld he speak di/9ctly or w\ld he almo/ *oke8 ,! girl :o is del9eat+ a =eign woman mu/ picture h] acc5t & hesitation 9 speak+ ,engli%4 ,%e w\ld give to h] face ! r vacant que/ion+ look su* a woman w\ld h z ! ,engli% spee* flits ab\t h]1 too quickly = h] to compreh5d all ( x4 ,! girl :o tries to pres5t a ,briti% que5 9 a ,%akespe>e play mu/ n act z a pupil does 9 ! s*ool corridor4 ,yet if t que5 is /rick5 9 h] feel+s z a "m1 might n all ! royal dignity melt away1 & h] ,maje/y act l any sorr[+ woman8 ,,ex]cises ,y are sitt+ at a table or desk4 ,! telephone r+s4 ,y pick up ! receiv]4 ,a p]son at ! o!r end invites y to d9n]4 ,deliv] y\r "p ( ! conv]sation4 #a4 ,speak 9 y\r own "*4 #b4 ,speak z a busy1 quick-temp]$ old man 9 8 disord]$ (fice4 #c4 ,speak z a tir$ wife :o hasn't _h a relief = weeks f ! drudg]y ( h\se-"w4 #d4 ,speak z a "y debutante :o has be5 ent]ta9$ e day = weeks4 #e4 ,speak z ! (fice boy4 #f4 ,speak z an ov]-polite =eign]4 #g4 ,del9eate "s o!r k9d ( p]son4 ,improvisations are "h giv5 fir/ because su* ex]cises dep5d ^u ! pupil's orig9al int]pretation ( a "*4 ,! pupil is requir$ to d s mu* cle> ?9k+ ab\t ! "* he repres5ts t he really creates x4 ,dialogues4 ,z x is easi] to get two p to speak naturally ?an :]e m are involv$ we %all beg9 conv]sation ) dialogues4 ,ea* "* w f9d ! l9es spr++ spontane\sly f ! situation4 ,9 dramatic composition any spee* deliv]$ by a "* is call$ a l9e1 no matt] h[ %ort or long x is4 ,z y deliv] ! dialogues sugge/$ by ! ex]cises try to make y\r spee*es s\nd natural4 ,talk z real p talk4 ,make ! rem>ks conv]sational1 or colloquial1 z ?is /yle is also t]m$4 ,:at ?+s w make conv]sation reali/ic8 ,9 actual talk1 p anticipate4 ,speak]s d n wait = o!rs to f9i%4 ,!y int]rupt4 ,!y indicate op9ions & impressions by facial expression & slight bodily movem5ts4 ,tone *anges z feel+s *ange4 ,try to make y\r rem>ks convey to ! audi5ce ! circum/ances surr\nd+ ! dialogue4 ,let ! conv]sation make "s po9t cle>4 ,be=e y beg91 det]m9e 9 y\r own m9d ! *>act]ization y int5d to pres5t4 ,situation4 ,a girl buys "s fruit f ! keep] ( a /& at a /reet corn]4 ,:at k9d ( girl8 ,age8 ,mann] ( speak+8 ,c\rte\s8 ,flippant8 ,well-br$8 ,slangy8 ,work+ girl8 ,visitor to t[n8 ,:at k9d ( man8 ,age8 ,am]ican8 ,=eign]8 ,f :at c\ntry8 ,dialect8 ,disposition8 ,suspici\s8 ,sympa!tic8 ,wea!r8 ,season ( ye>8 ,d !y talk ab\t t8 ,ab\t !mselves8 ,does ! heat make h] long = h] home 9 ! c\ntry8 ,does ! cold make him ?9k ( 8 native ,italy or ,greece8 ,w h] rem>ks *ange 8 %ort1 gruff answ]s to int]e/$ que/ions ab\t h] home8 ,w 8 en?usiasm = 8 native l& *ange h] flippancy to int]e/ 9 f>-(f romantic c\ntries8 ,h[ w\ld ! la/ detail impress ! *ange1 if y decide to h "o8 ,might he call h] back & =ce h] to take a gift8 ,might %e deliv] an impressive phrase1 !n da% away z ?\gh />tl$ by h] exhibition ( sympa!tic feel+8 ,^! are m]e sugge/ions4 ,two pupils might pres5t ! sc5e z indicat$ by ^! que/ions4 ,two o!rs might %[ x z broadly comic1 & end by hav+ ! girl--at a safe di/ance--triumphantly %[ t %e _h /ol5 a second fruit4 ,t might give him ! cue to end 9 a tirade ( almo/ in>ticulate abuse1 or he might /& 9 sil5ce1 express+ by 8 face ! emotions surg+ ov] him4 ,& 8 feel+ ne$ n be entirely ang]1 ei!r4 ,x might bord] on admiration = h] amaz+ audacity1 or pa!tic helplessness1 or comic despair1 or det]m9ation to get ev5 next "t4 ,be=e y attempt to pres5t any ( ! foll[+ sugge/ive ex]cises y %\ld consid] e possibility c>efully & decide def9itely & consi/5tly all ! que/ions t may arise conc]n+ e detail4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,let a boy come into ! room & try to induce a girl 7! mi/ress ( a h\se7 to h a telephone in/all$4 ,make ! dialogue reali/ic & int]e/+4 #b4 ,let a girl demon/rate a vacuum clean] 7or "s o!r appliance7 to ano!r girl 7mi/ress ( a h\se74 #c4 ,let a boy apply = a position to a man 9 an (fice4 #d4 ,let a boy dictate a lett] to a gum-*ew+1 fidgety1 h>um-sc>um /5ograph]4 #e4 ,let ?is /5ograph] tell ! telephone girl ab\t ?is4 #f4 ,%[ h[ a y\ng] si/] might talk at a baseball or football game to h] slightly old] bro!r :o 0 co]c$ into br++ h] ) him4 #g4 ,%[ a fa/idi\s woman at a dress goods c\nt]1 & ! tir$1 b c\rte\s cl]k4 ,d n c>icature1 b try to give an air ( reality to ?is4 #h4 ,%[ h[ two "y fri5ds :o h n se5 ea* o!r = weeks might talk :5 !y meet aga94 #i4 ,deliv] ! ?\ghts ( a pupil at elev5 o'clock at night try+ to *oose ! topic = an ,engli% composition due ! next morn+4 ,h him talk to 8 "m1 or fa!r1 or old] bro!r1 or si/]4 #aj4 ,a =eign woman speak+ & und]/&+ little ,engli%1 ) a ticket to ,spr+field1 has by mi/ake bo>d$ a ?r\gh tra9 :i* does n /op !re4 ,! conductor1 a man1 & woman try to expla9 to h] :at %e mu/ d4 #aa4 ,let ?ree diff]5t pairs ( pupils repres5t ! girl & ! fruit sell] cit$ 9 ! p>agraphs prec$+ ^! ex]cises4 #ab4 ,a "y man takes a girl rid+ 9 a new automobile4 ,reproduce p>ts ( ! ride4 #ac4 ,two graduates ( y\r s*ool meet aft] _m ye>s 9 a di/ant place4 ,reproduce _! rem9isc5ses4 #ad4 ,a woman 9 a c> or coa* has lo/ or misplac$ h] transf] or ticket4 ,give ! conv]sation betwe5 h] & ! conductor4 #ae4 ,let v>i\s pairs ( pupils reproduce ! conv]sations ( patrons ( mov+ pictures4 #af4 ,sugge/ o!r *>act]s 9 appropriate situations4 ,pres5t !m be=e ! class4 ,*>act]s ,conceiv$ by ,o!rs4 ,9 all ! prec$+ ex]cises y h be5 q unre/rict$ 9 y\r int]pretation4 ,y h be5 able to make up entirely ! "* y pres5t$4 ,except = a few /at$ details ( sex1 age1 occupation1 nature1 no sugge/ions 7 giv5 ( ! p]son indicat$4 ,del9eation is fairly easy to con/ruct :5 y are giv5 su* a free *oice ( all possibilities4 ,! next k9d ( ex]cise w involve a re/riction to make ! act+ a little m l ! act+ ( a rle 9 a regul> play4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 a great deal is left to ! pupil's ?\ght & decision4 ,h[ mu* *ance !re may be = su* individual ?\ght & decision 9 a f9i%$ play writt5 by a c>eful dramati/ may be illu/rat$ by ,fame & ! ,poet by ,"l ,dunsany4 ,"o ( ! *>act]s is a ,lieut5ant-,major :o calls ^u a poet 9 ,london4 ,no?+ is said ab\t 8 co/ume4 ,9 "o city an actor ask$ ! ,briti% consul4 ,he said (fic]s ( ! army d n we> _! uni=ms except :5 9 active s]vice1 b on ! ,briti% /age "o great actor _h by 8 example creat$ ! conv5tion ( we>+ ! uni=m4 ,9 ano!r city at exactly ! same "t ! au?or himself 0 ask$ ! same "q4 ,he said t by no means %\ld ! actor we> a uni=m4 ,9 ! next ex]cises y are to repres5t *>act]s ) :om y h become acqua9t$ 9 books4 ,y w !re=e "k some?+ ab\t _! dispositions1 _! appe>ance1 & _! actions4 ,y\r task w be to give life-l portraits :i* o!rs w recognize z true to _! op9ions ( ^! same p4 ,= all :o h read ! books ! g5]al outl9es w be id5tical4 ,! add$ details mu/ n contradict any ( ! traits depict$ by ! au?ors4 ,o!rwise !y may be z orig9al z y c imag9e4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 ! great old ,greek poem by ,hom]1 ! w&]+ h]o1 ,odysseus 7also call$ ,ulysses71 is ca/ up by ! sea ^u a /range %ore4 ,"h he meets ,nausicaa 7pron\nc$ ,nau-si'-ca-a7 :o (f]s to %[ him ! way to ! palace ( h] fa!r1 ! ,bang4 ,b z %e is betro!d %e fe>s t if %e is se5 9 ! company ( an unkn[n man "s sc&al\s gossip may be c>ri$ to h] swee!>t4 ,s %e directs t :5 !y ne> ! t[n ,odysseus %all t>ry beh9d1 all[+ h] to ent] alone4 ,9 ?is naive incid5t ?is mu* is told 9 detail by ! poet4 ,we are n told :e!r any gossip does rea* ! lov]'s e>s4 ,he does n appe> 9 ! /ory4 ,we are n told ev5 8 "n4 ,nor are we told h[ ei!r %e or he behav$ :5 !y fir/ met1 aft] %e _h conduct$ ! /rang] to ! palace4 ,if y enact ?is sc5e ( _! meet+ y w fir/ h to f9d a "n = him4 ,y are free to create all ! details ( _! behavior & conv]sation4 ,0 he angry8 ,0 he cool t[>ds h]8 ,_h he he>d a false acc\nt8 ,be=e attempt+ any ( ! foll[+ ex]cises decide all ! matt]s ( int]pretation z already indicat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,molly ,f>r5 tries to get news ( ,godfrey ,cass f a ,/able-boy4 ,silas ,m>n]4 #b4 ,! two ,miss ,gunns talk ab\t ,priscilla ,lammet]4 ,silas ,m>n]4 #c4 ,! ,w$d+ ,gue/ meets "o ( 8 companions4 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]4 #d4 ,nausicaa tells h] betro!d ab\t ,odysseus4 ,odyssey4 #e4 ,reynaldo 9 ,p>is tries to get in=mation ab\t ,la]tes4 ,hamlet4 #f4 ,fr$ tells 8 wife ab\t ,scrooge & ,cra*it4 ,a ,*ri/mas ,c>ol4 #g4 ,jupit] tells a fri5d ( ! f9d+ ( ! treasure4 ,! ,gold ,bug4 #h4 ,two wom5 :o "k ,david ,copp]field talk ab\t 8 second m>riage4 ,david ,copp]field4 ,memoriz$ ,conv]sations4 ,y c approa* /ill m closely to ! mat]ial ( a play if y (f] 9 spee* be=e y\r class c]ta9 suitable portions f books y are read+ or h read4 ,^! selections may be made f ! regul> class texts or f supplem5t>y read+ assignm5ts4 ,9 /udy+ ^! passages ) ! int5tion ( (f]+ !m be=e ! class y w h to ?9k ab\t two ?+s4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! au?or has 9 all probability1 some:]e 9 ! book1 giv5 a fairly detail$1 exact description ( ! looks & actions ( ^! *>act]s4 ,if su* a description does n occur 9 an ext5d$ passage1 !re is likely to be a s]ies ( /atem5ts scatt]$ ab\t1 f :i* a read] builds up an idea ( :at ! "* is l4 ,! pupil :o int5ds to repres5t a p]son f a book or poem mu/ /udy ! au?or's picture to be able to reproduce a conv9c+ portrait4 ,! audi5ce w pass ov] m]e physical diff]5ces4 ,a "y girl describ$ 9 a /ory z hav+ blue eyes may be act$ by a girl ) br[n1 & be accept$4 ,b if ! au?or /ates t "u e k9d rem>k %e made !re lurk$ a slight h9t ( envy1 t difficult sugge/ion to put into a tone mu/ be /riv5 =1 or ! audi5ce w n receive an adequate impression ( ! girl's disposition4 ,s1 too1 9 male *>act]s4 ,a boy :o plays old ,scrooge 9 ,a ,*ri/mas ,c>ol may n be able to look l him physically1 b 9 ! e>ly sc5es he mu/ let no t\* ( sympa?y or k9dness creep into 8 voice or mann]4 ,x is j ?is inability or c>elessness 9 plays attempt+ to reproduce lit]>y works ^u ! /age t annoys s _m intellig5t1 well-read p :o att5d !atrical productions ( mat]ial :i* !y already "k4 ,:5 ,vanity ,fair 0 dramatis$ & act$ z ,becky ,%>p1 ! g5]al comm5t 0 t ! *>act]s did n seem l ,?ack]ay's creations4 ,?is 0 ev5 m app>5t :5 ,p5d5nis 0 /ag$4 ,if y analyze & /udy *>act]s 9 a book f ?is po9t ( view y w f9d !m becom+ q alive to y\r imag9ation4 ,y w get to "k !m p]sonally4 ,z y vizualize !m 9 y\r imag9ation !y w move ab\t z real p d4 ,?us y\r read+ w take on a new aspect ( reality :i* w fix =ev] 9 y\r m9d all y glance ov] ^u ! pr9t$ page4 ,climax4 ,! second ?+ to reg>d 9 *oos+ passages f books to pres5t be=e ! class is t ! l9es %all h "s po9t4 ,conv]sation 9 a /ory is introduc$ = ?ree diff]5t purposes4 ,x illu/rates "*4 ,x exposes "s ev5t ( ! plot4 ,x m]ely ent]ta9s4 ,su* conv]sation z ?is la/ is n good mat]ial = dramatic deliv]y4 ,x is h>dly m ?an space fill+4 ,! o!r two k9ds are g5]ally excell5t 9 provid+ ! necess>y po9t to :i* dramatic /ructure always rises4 ,y h he>d x call$ a climax4 ,s !n y %\ld select f books passages :i* provide climaxes4 ,"o diction>y def9es climax3 ! highe/ po9t ( int5sity1 developm5t1 etc42 ! culm9ation2 acme2 z1 he 0 !n at ! climax ( 8 =tunes4 ,9 a play x is t turn+-po9t t[>ds :i* all ev5ts h be5 lead+1 & f :i* all foll[+ ev5ts spr+4 ,_m p believe t all climaxes are po9ts ( great excitem5t & noise4 ,?is is n s4 ,c\ntless turn+-po9ts 9 /irr+ & t]rible times h be5 9 mom5ts ( sil5ce & calm4 ,ar\nd !m may h be5 int5se susp5se1 grave fe>1 trem5d\s issues1 b ! turn+-po9t itself may h be5 pass$ 9 delib]ation & quiet4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,*oose f class read+--pres5t or rec5t--"s passage 9 conv]sation4 ,discuss ! traits exhibit$ by ! speak]s4 ,=mulate 9 a s+le /atem5t ! po9t made by ! rem>ks4 ,does ! int]e/ rise en\gh to make ! passage dramatic8 #b4 ,sev]al memb]s ( ! class %\ld read c]ta9 passages f books1 poems1 etc4 ,! class %\ld consid] & discuss ! *>act]ization1 int]e/1 po9t1 climax4 #c4 ,read ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,vii ( ,silas ,m>n] by ,george ,eliot4 ,are ! *>act]s well m>k$8 ,is ! conv]sation int]e/+ 9 itself8 ,does ! int]e/ rise8 ,:]e does ! rise beg98 ,is !re any susp5se8 ,does ! sc5e conclude prop]ly8 ,if ?is 7 act$ ^u a /age w\ld any additional l9es be necess>y or desirable8 #d4 ,read ! la/ "p ( ,*apt] ,,xi ( ,silas ,m>n]4 ,:at is ! po9t8 #e4 ,memorize ?is dialogue & deliv] x be=e ! class4 ,did ! po9t impress ! class8 #f4 ,consid]1 discuss1 & te/ passages f any book :i* ! memb]s ( ! class "k4 #g4 ,pres5t be=e ! class passages f any ( ! foll[+3 ,dick5s ,a ,*ri/mas ,c>ol ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities ,david ,copp]field ,george ,eliot ,silas ,m>n] ,! ,mill on ! ,floss ,scott ,ivanhoe ,k5ilwor? ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake ,m>k ,twa9 ,huckleb]ry ,f9n ,! ,pr9ce & ! ,paup] ,o4 ,h5ry ,%ort ,/ories ,?ack]ay ,vanity ,fair ,h5ry ,esmond ,p5d5nis ,kipl+ ,capta9s ,c\rage\s ,/alkey & ,co4 ,hugo ,les ,misrables ,t5nyson ,idylls ( ! ,k+ ,! ,pr9cess ,arnold ,sohrab & ,ru/um ,/ev5son ,treasure ,isl& ,gaskell ,cran=d ,c>roll ,alice 9 ,wond]l& ,k+sley ,we/w>d ,ho6 ,b>rie ,s5tim5tal ,tommy ,*>act]s 9 ,plays4 ,9 act+ regul> plays y may f9d x necess>y to foll[ ei!r ( ! prec$+ me?ods ( *>act]ization4 ,! conception ( a "* may h to be suppli$ almo/ entirely by "s "o outside ! play4 ,or ! dramati/ may be v c>eful to set d[n cle>ly & accurately ! traits1 disposition1 actions ( ! p 9 8 plays4 ,9 ?is second case ! p]=m] mu/ try to c>ry out e direction1 e h9t ( ! dramati/4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 he mu/ se>* ! l9es ( ! play to glean e slighte/ sugge/ion :i* w help him to c>ry out ! dramati/'s int5tion4 ,fam\s actors ( *>act]s 9 ,%akespe>e's plays c give a reason = ev]y?+ !y %[--at lea/1 !y %\ld be able to d s--& ?is f\ndation %\ld be a compilation ( all ! details suppli$ by ! play itself1 & /age tradition ( its productions4 ,9 e>ly plays !re are practically no descriptions ( ! *>act]s4 ,que/ions ab\t c]ta9 ,%akespe>e *>act]s w nev] be solv$ to ! satisfaction ( all p]=m]s4 ,= in/ance1 h[ old is ,hamlet 9 ! trag$y8 ,h[ close to madness did ! dramati/ expect actors to portray 8 actions8 ,dur+ ,hamlet's f5c+ mat* ) ,la]tes 9 ! la/ sc5e ! ,que5 says1 ,he's fat1 & scant ( brea?4 ,0 %e describ+ 8 size1 or mean+ t he 0 out ( f5c+ trim8 ,%akespe>e puts into ! m\? ( ,julius ,caes> a detail$ description ( ! appe>ance & mann] ( act+ ( "o ( ! *ief *>act]s ( ! trag$y4 ,let me h m5 ab\t me t are fat2 ,sleek-head$ m5 & su* z sleep o' nights3 ,yond ,cassius has a lean & hungry look2 ,he ?9ks too mu*3 su* m5 are dang]\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w\ld he 7 fatt]6 ,b ,i fe> him n3 ,yet if my "n 7 liable to fe>1 ,i d n "k ! man ,i %\ld avoid ,s soon z t sp>e ,cassius4 ,he reads mu*2 ,he is a great obs]v]1 & he looks ,q ?r\gh ! de$s ( m52 he loves no plays1 ,z ?\ do/1 ,antony2 he he>s no music2 ,seldom he smiles1 & smiles 9 su* a sort ,z if he mock'd himself & scorn'd 8 _s ,t c\ld be mov'd to smile at any ?+4 ,9 ,z ,y ,l ,x :5 ! two girls are plann+ to flee to ! =e/ ( ,ard51 ,rosal9d tells h[ %e w disguise h]self & act z a man4 ,?is indicates to ! actress bo? co/ume & behavior = ! rema9d] ( ! com$y4 ,7 x n bett]1 ,because t ,i am m ?an common tall1 ,t ,i did suit me all po9ts l a man8 ,a gallant curtle-axe ^u my ?igh1 ,a bo>-spe> 9 my h&2 &--9 my he>t ,lie !re :at hidd5 woman's fe> !re w-- ,we'll h a swa%+ & a m>tial outside1 ,z _m o!r manni% c[>ds h ,t d outface x ) _! semblances4 ,9 _m cases ,%akespe>e cle>ly %[s ! p]=m] exactly h[ to c>ry out 8 ideas ( ! nature ( a man dur+ "p ( ! action4 ,"o ( ! pla9e/ in/ances ( ?is k9d ( in/ruction is 9 ,macbe?4 ,! ambiti\s ?ane's wife is urg+ him on to murd] 8 k+4 ,h] advice gives ! directions = ! foll[+ sc5es4 ,o nev] ,%all sun t morr[ see6 ,y\r face1 my ?ane1 is z a book :]e m5 ,may read /range matt]s4 ,to beguile ! "t1 ,look l ! "t2 be> welcome 9 y\r eye1 ,y\r h&1 y\r tongue3 look l ! innoc5t fl[]1 ,b be ! s]p5t "u't4 ,he t's com+ ,mu/ be provid$ =3 & y %all put ,?is night's great bus9ess into my dispat*2 ,:i* %all to all our nights & days to come ,give solely sov]eign sway & ma/]dom4 ,mod]n dramati/s are likely to be mu* m c>eful 9 giv+ advice ab\t *>act]ization4 ,!y ins]t a l>ge numb] ( /age directions cov]+ ?is matt]4 ,spe$ ( deliv]y1 tone & inflection1 z well z und]ly+ feel+ & emotion are m9utely indicat$4 ,,du*ess ,,( ,,b]wick ,mr4 ,hopp]1 ,i am v angry ) y4 ,y h tak5 ,aga?a out on ! t]race1 & %e is s delicate4 ,,hopp] ,at left ( c5t] ,awfully sorry1 ,du*ess4 ,we w5t out = a mom5t & !n got *att+ toge!r4 ,,du*ess ,at c5t] ,ah1 ab\t de> ,au/ralia1 ,i suppose8 ,,hopp] ,yes4 ,,du*ess ,aga?a1 d>l+6 ,beckons h] ov]4 ,,aga?a ,yes1 mamma6 ,,du*ess ,aside ,did ,mr4 ,hopp] def9itely-- ,,aga?a ,yes1 mamma4 ,,du*ess ,& :at answ] did y give him1 de> *ild8 ,,aga?a ,yes1 mamma4 ,,du*ess ,affectionately ,my de> "o6 ,y always say ! "r ?+4 ,mr4 ,hopp]6 ,james6 ,aga?a has told me ev]y?+4 ,h[ clev]ly y h bo? kept y\r secret4 ,,hopp] ,y don't m9d my tak+ ,aga?a (f to ,au/ralia1 !n1 ,du*ess8 ,,du*ess ,indignantly ,to ,au/ralia8 ,oh1 don't m5tion t dreadful vulg> place4 ,,hopp] ,b %e said %e'd l to come ) me4 ,,du*ess ,sev]ely ,did y say t1 ,aga?a8 ,,aga?a ,yes1 mamma4 ,,du*ess ,aga?a1 y say ! mo/ silly ?+s possible4 ,descriptions ( ,*>act]s4 ,9 addition to def9ite directions at special times dur+ ! c\rse ( ! dialogue1 mod]n writ]s ( plays describe ea* "* q fully at 8 fir/ entrance into ! action4 ,?is gives ! del9eator ( ea* rle a work+ basis = 8 guidance4 ,su* directions c>efully foll[$ out assure ! tone = ! :ole ca/4 ,!y keep a subord9ate "p always 9 ! prop] relation to all o!rs4 ,!y make c]ta9 ! impression ( ! :ole /ory z a consi/5t arti/ic developm5t4 ,!y prev5t misund]/&+s ab\t ! au?or's aim4 ,!y provide t e "* %all appe> to be sway$ by natural motives4 ,!y remove f ! p]=mance all sugge/ions ( unregulat$ caprice4 ,dramati/s v>y 9 ! exactness & m9ut5ess ( su* descriptive "* sket*es1 b ev5 ! %orte/ & mo/ g5]al is necess>y to ! prop] appreciation ( e play1 ev5 if x is be+ m]ely read4 ,:5 a /ud5t is assimilat+ a rle = rehe>s+ or act+1 ^! additions ( ! au?or are z important z ! l9es !mselves4 ,,ex]cises ,analyze ! foll[+4 ,discuss ! suitability ( v>i\s memb]s ( ! class = ea* "p4 ,:i* details d y ?9k lea/ ess5tial8 #a4 ,he is a tall1 ?91 gaunt1 )]$1 dom9e]+ man ( sixty4 ,:5 excit$ or angry he drops into dialect1 b o!rwise 8 spee*1 ?\gh flat1 is fairly accurate4 ,he sits 9 an arm-*air by ! empty he>? work+ calculations 9 a small %9y black notebook1 :i* he c>ries ab\t ) him ev]y:]e1 9 a side pocket4 #b4 ,:5 ! curta9 rises a man is se5 climb+ ov] ! balcony4 ,8 hair is close cut2 8 %irt dirty & blood-/a9$4 ,he is foll[$ by ano!r man dress$ l a sailor ) a blue cape1 ! hood drawn ov] 8 head4 ,moonlight4 #c4 ,ent] ,d9ah ,kipp5 quickly1 a d+y & defiant "y woman c>ry+ a tableclo?4 ,%e is a n]v\s creature1 driv5 half-mad by ! burd5 ( h] c>es4 ,conceiv+ life1 necess>ily1 z a pa? to be trav]s$ at high spe$1 :5ev] %e sees an ob/acle 9 h] way1 :e!r 9 ! physical or 9 ! moral sph]e1 %e ru%es at x furi\sly to remove x or de/roy x4 #d4 ,mrs4 ,rhead1 a woman ( ne>ly sixty1 is sitt+ on ! s(a1 cro*et+ "s lace1 :i* is evid5tly de/9$ to trim petticoats4 ,h] hair is dress$ 9 ! /yle ( #ahdj1 ?\gh h] dress is ( ! #ahfj p]iod4 #e4 ,! song draws ne>] & ,patricia ,c>leon ent]s4 ,%e is d>k & slight1 & has a dreamy expression4 ,?\gh %e is arti/ically dress$1 h] hair is a little wild4 ,%e has a brok5 bran* ( "s fl[]+ tree 9 h] h&4 #f4 ,ent] a ,neat-h]d1 foll[$ by ,k+ ,alfr$1 :o is mis]ably clad & %iv]+ f cold2 he c>ries a b[ & a few brok5 arr[s4 ,a log fire is burn+ smokily 9 a corn] ( ! hut4 #g4 ,ent] f ! "r ,ito1 ! cynic philosoph]1 book 9 h&4 #h4 ,! ris+ ( ! curta9 discov]s ! two ,miss ,we!rills--two sweet old ladies :o h gr[n s mu* alike x w\ld be difficult = a /rang] to tell ! "o f ! o!r4 ,! hair ( bo? is :ite1 !y are dress$ mu* alike1 bo? 9 "s s(t lav5d] color$ mat]ial1 mix$ ) s(t lace4 #i4 ,newte is a *e]ful p]son1 attractively dress$ 9 clo!s sugge/ive ( a successful foll[] ( horse races4 ,he c>ries a :ite pot hat & tassell$ cane4 ,8 gloves are l>ge & bright4 ,he is smok+ an enorm\s cig>4 #aj4 ,%e is "y1 sl5d]1 graceful2 h] yell[ hair is 9 disord]1 h] face ! color ( ruddy gold1 h] tee? :ite z ! bones ( ! cuttle-fi%1 h] eyes humid & sea-gre51 h] neck long & ?91 ) a necklace ( %ells ab\t x2 9 h] :ole p]son some?+ inexpressibly fre% & glanc+1 :i* makes "o ?9k ( a creature impregnat$ ) sea-salt dipp$ 9 ! mov+ wat]s1 com+ out ( ! hid+-places ( ! rocks4 ,h] petticoat ( /rip$ :ite & blue1 torn & discolor$1 falls only j bel[ ! knees1 leav+ h] legs b>e2 h] blui% apron drips & smells ( ! br9e l a filt]2 & h] b>e feet 9 contra/ ) ! br[n color t ! sun has giv5 h] fle%1 are s+ul>ly pallid1 l ! roots ( aquatic plants4 ,& h] voice is limpid & *ildi%2 & "s ( ! words t %e speaks seem to light up h] +5u\s face ) a my/]i\s happ9ess4 ,/udy+ ,plays4 ,9 ne>ly e grade ( s*ool & college1 plays are ei!r read or /udi$4 ,! usual me?od ( /udy is to read ! l9es ( ! play 9 rotation ab\t ! class1 /opp+ at times = explanations1 def9itions1 impressions1 g5]al discussions4 ,su* m9ute analysis may ext5d to ! prep>ation ( outl9es & diagrams4 ,! me?ods us$ to get pupils to "k plays are almo/ z v>i$ z tea*]s4 ,aft] su* analytical /udy has be5 pursu$ x is always a /imulat+ ex]cise to get ano!r impression ( ! play--n z m]e poetry or lit]ature1 b z act$ drama4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 a %ort "t by v simple means4 ,pupils %\ld memorize c]ta9 portions & !n recite !m be=e ! class4 ,nei!r co/umes nor sc5]y w be requir$4 ,all ! memb]s ( ! class h 9 _! m9ds ! appe>ances ( ! surr\nd+s & ! p]sons4 ,:at !y ne$ is to he> ! spee*es ! dramati/ put into ! he>ts & m\?s ( 8 *>act]s4 ,! be/ pres5tation w\ld be ! deliv]y ( ! entire play runn+ ?r\gh "s f\r or five class p]iods4 ,if s mu* "t _c be allott$ to ?is1 only c]ta9 sc5es ne$ be deliv]$4 ,! tea*] might assign ! mo/ significant ones to gr\ps ( pupils1 all[+ ea* gr\p to arrange = rehe>sals be=e appe>+ be=e ! class4 ,9 "s classes ! pupils may be tru/$ to arrange ! entire di/ribution ( sc5es & rles4 ,:5 _! prelim9>y plann+ has be5 f9i%$1 !y %\ld h& to ! tea*] a s*$ule ( sc5es & p>ticipants4 ,:5ev] a play is read or /udi$1 pupils w be attract$ m by "s passages ?an by o!rs4 ,a tea*] may disp5se ) all assignm5ts4 ,! pupils c\ld be direct$ m]ely to arrange _! own gr\ps1 *oose ! sc5es !y want to (f]1 & to prep>e z !y decide4 ,9 su* a volunt>y association "s memb]s ( ! class might be un9vit$ to speak ) any gr\p4 ,^! !n might f9d _! mat]ial 9 prologue1 epilogue1 *orus1 soliloquy1 or ins]t$ songs4 ,ne>ly e play conta9s long passages requir+ = _! effect no second speak]4 ,%akespe>e's plays conta9 mu* su* mat]ial4 ,all ! songs f a play w\ld con/itute a delightful (f]+4 ,no?+ 9 all ! act$ portion ( ,h5ry ,v is any bett] ?an ! /irr+ spee*es ( ! ,*orus4 ,hamlet has ?ree great soliloquies = boys4 ,macbe? conta9s ! sleepwalk+ sc5e = girls4 ,milton's ,comus is made up ( beautiful poetic passages4 ,e drama /udi$ or read = s*ool conta9s en\gh = e memb] ( a class4 ,"s pupils may object t unless an exact prelim9>y assignm5t is made1 two or m gr\ps may *oose ! same sc5e4 ,su* a probable happ5+1 f> f be+ a disadvantage to be avoid$1 is a decid$ advantage wor?y ( be+ purposely attempt$4 ,c\ld any?+ be m /imulat+ ?an to see & he> two diff]5t ca/s int]pret a dramatic situation8 ,ea* w\ld try to d bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,ea* w\ld be diff]5t 9 places4 ,f a comp>ison ! audi5ce & p]=m]s w\ld h all ! m light ?r[n ^u :at !y consid]$ q famili>4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to h five qu>tettes repeat ! same sc5e ov] & ov] aga94 ,yet if tw5ty pupils _h unconsci\sly s *os51 ?ree pres5tations might be (f]$ = discrim9at+ obs]vation4 ,!n "s o!r portion c\ld be ins]t$ & lat] ! fir/ sc5e c\ld be gone ?r\gh twice4 ,assign+ ,rles4 ,tea*] & pupils %\ld endeavor to secure v>iety ( int]e/ 9 rles4 ,at fir/1 assignm5ts are likely to be det]m9$ by app>5t fitness4 ,! quiet boy is n requir$ to play ! "p ( ! bragg>t4 ,! retir+ girl is n expect$ to imp]sonate ! %rew4 ,9 "o or two appe>ances x may be a good ?+ to keep 9 m9d natural aptitude4 ,!n !re %\ld be a dep>ture f ?is sy/em4 ,educational developm5t comes n only f do+ :at y are be/ able to d1 b f develop+ ! less-m>k$ phases ( y\r disposition & "*4 ,! opposite practice %\ld be foll[$1 at lea/ once4 ,let ! prom95t class memb] assume a rle ( subdu$ p]sonality4 ,let ! timid take ! lead4 ,induce ! sil5t to deliv] ! majority ( ! spee*es4 ,y w be amaz$ frequ5tly to behold ! be/ del9eations spr++ f su* assignm5ts4 ,su* rehe>s+ ( a play already /udi$ %\ld t]m9ate ! m9ute analysis 9 ord] to %[ ! mat]ial = :at x is--actable drama4 ,x w vivify ! play aga91 & make ! *>act]s live 9 y\r memory z m]e read+ nev] w4 ,y w see ! mov+ p1 ! gr\p$ situations1 ! develop$ /ory1 ! impressive climax1 & ! satisfy+ conclusion4 ,9 deal+ ) sc5es f a long play--:e!r l9k$ or disconnect$--pupils w always h a feel+ ( incomplet5ess4 ,9 a full-l5g? play no situation is complete 9 itself4 ,x is "p ( a long] s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,x may f9i% "o "p ( ! action1 b x usually m]ely c>ries =w>d ! plot1 pass+ on ! complication to subsequ5t situations4 ,%ort ,plays4 ,to deal ) f9i%$ products %\ld be ! next endeavor4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( %ort plays suitable = class pres5tation 9 an in=mal mann]4 ,mo/ ( !m d n require int5sive /udy1 z does a great ,greek or ,engli% drama1 s _! prep>ation may g on entirely outside ! classroom4 ,x %\ld be frankly admitt$ t ! ex]cises ( deliv]+ l9es 9 "* z "h describ$ is n act+ or produc+ ! play4 ,t w come lat]4 ,^! prelim9>y ex]cises--_m or few1 pa9/ak+ or sket*y--are processes ( tra9+ pupils to speak cle>ly1 int]e/+ly1 =cefully1 9 ! imag9$ "* ( "s o!r p]son4 ,! pupil mu/ n wrongly believe t he is act+4 ,?\gh ! deliv]y ( a complete %ort play may seem l a p]=mance1 bo? p>ticipants & audi5ce mu/ n ?9k ( x s4 ,x is class ex]cise1 subject to criticism1 comm5t1 improvem5t1 exactly z all o!r class recitations are4 ,s9ce ! entire class has n _h ! *ance to become famili> ) all ! %ort plays to be pres5t$1 "s "o %\ld give an introductory acc\nt ( ! "t & place ( action4 ,!re might be add$ any necess>y comm5ts ^u ! *>act]s4 ,! ca/ ( *>act]s %\ld be writt5 ^u ! bo>d4 ,?is ex]cise %\ld be exactly l ! prec$+1 except t x adds ! elem5ts ( develop+ ! plot ( ! play1 creat+ susp5se1 impress+ ! climax1 & satisfactorily r\nd+ (f ! play4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ^! important effects ! p>ticipants w soon discov] t !y mu/ agree ^u c]ta9 details to be made mo/ significant4 ,?is w lead to discussions ab\t h[ to make ^! po9ts /& out4 ,9 ! conc]t$ attempt to give prop] emphasis to "s l9e late 9 ! play x w be f\nd necess>y to suppress a possible emphasis ( "s l9e e>ly 9 ! action4 ,to re9=ce a trait ( "s p]son1 ano!r "* may h to be made m self-ass]tive4 ,to secure ?is unifi$ effect :i* e play %\ld make ! p]sons involv$ w h to consid] c>efully e detail 9 l9es & /age directions1 fully agree ^u :at impression !y mu/ /rive =1 !n he>tily cop]ate 9 atta9+ x4 ,!y mu/ =get !mselves to rememb] always t ! play's ! ?+4 ,! foll[+ li/ w sugge/ %ort plays suitable = in=mal classroom tra9+ 9 dramatics4 ,mo/ ( ^! are also g5]al en\gh 9 _! appeal to s]ve = regul> production ^u a /age be=e a miscellane\s audi5ce4 ,aldri*1 ,t4,b4 ,paul9e ,pavlovna ,b>+1 ,m4 ,dim9utive ,dramas ,butl]1 ,e4,p4 ,! ,revolt ,cannan1 ,g4 ,ev]ybody's ,husb& ,dunsany1 ,"l ,t5ts ( ! ,arabs ,! ,lo/ ,silk ,hat ,fame & ! ,poet ,f5n & ,pryce4 ',op-o-,me-,?umb ,gale1 ,z4 ,neighbors ,g]/5b]g1 ,a4 ,ov]tones ,gibson1 ,w4 ,w4 ,plays 9 ,collect$ ,works ,gregory1 ,lady4 ,spread+ ! ,news ,! ,workh\se ,w>d ,coats1 etc4 ,h\ghton1 ,s4 ,! ,de> ,dep>t$ ,jones1 ,h4 ,a4 ,h] ,tongue ,kreymborg1 ,a4 ,mannik9 & ,m9nik9 ,moell]1 ,p4 ,pokey ,qu9t]o1 ,j4 & ,s4,a4 ,a ,sunny ,morn+ ,rice1 ,c4 ,! ,immortal ,lure ,/ev5s1 ,t4,w4 ,ryl& ,sud]mann1 ,h4 ,! ,f>-,away ,pr9cess ,t*ek(f1 ,a4 ,a ,m>riage ,proposal ,torr5ce1 ,r4 ,! ,rid] ( ,dreams ,walk]1 ,s4 ,nev]-!-,less ,yeats1 ,w4,b4 ,ca?le5 ,ni ,h\lihan ,produc+ ,plays4 ,any class or organization :i* has foll[$ ! v>i\s =ms ( dramatics outl9$ ?us f> 9 ?is *apt] w f9d x an easy matt] to succe$ 9 ! production ( a play be=e an audi5ce4 ,! ,play4 ,! fir/ ?+ to decide ^u is ! play itself4 ,?is *oice %\ld be made z f> 9 advance ( p]=mance z is possible4 ,mo/ ( ! "w ( produc+ a play is 9 adequate prep>ation4 ,up to ?is "t audi5ces h be5 memb]s ( ! class1 or small gr\ps ) k9dly dispositions & =be>+ sympa?ies4 ,a g5]al audi5ce is m critical4 ,x w be l$ to l or dislike accord+ to ! degree its int]e/ is ar\s$ & held4 ,x w be fri5dly1 b m exact+4 ,! suitability ( ! play = ! audi5ce mu/ be reg>d$4 ,a com$y by ,%akespe>e :i* delights & impresses bo? p]=m]s & audi5ce is mu* m /imulat+ & educat+ ?an a ,greek trag$y :i* bores !m4 ,! ,/age4 ,! second det]m9+ factor is ! /age4 ,:at is its size8 ,:at is its equipm5t8 ,"s plays require l>ge /ages2 o!rs fit small] ones bett]4 ,a l>ge /age may be made small1 b x is impossible to /ret* a small "o4 ,equipm5t = a s*ool /age ne$ n be elaborate4 ,arti/ic +5uity w d m ?an reckless exp5diture4 ,! simple/ devices c be made to produce ! be/ effects4 ,! light+ sy/em %\ld admit ( easy modification4 ,= example1 x %\ld be possible to place lights 9 v>i\s positions = diff]5t effects4 ,x %\ld be possible to get mu* illum9ation or little4 ,sc5]y4 ,no sc5]y %\ld be built :5 ! /age is fir/ erect$4 ,if a regul> sc5e pa9t] furni%es ! conv5tional ext]ior1 int]ior1 & woodl& sc5]y1 ! /age equipm5t is almo/ ru9$ = all "t4 ,x is ridicul\s t a lectur]1 a musician1 a s*ool pr9cipal1 & a /ud5t speak]1 %\ld appe> be=e audi5ces 9 ! same sc5]y repres5t+ a p>k or an elaborate draw+-room4 ,! fir/ furni%+s = a /age %\ld be a set ( beautiful drap$ curta9s4 ,^! c be us$1 n only = su* undramatic purposes z ^? j li/$1 b = a great _m plays z well4 ,no sc5]y %\ld be provid$ until ! fir/ play is to be pres5t$4 ,c]ta9 plays c be adequately act$ be=e scre5s arrang$ diff]5tly & color$ diff]5tly = *anges4 ,:5 sc5]y mu/ be built x %\ld be /rongly built z pr(essional sc5]y is4 ,x %\ld also be plann$ = future possible manipulation4 ,e director ( s*ool dramatics kn[s ! delight ( utiliz+ ! same mat]ial ov] & ov] aga94 ,"h is "o in/ance4 ,an int]ior set1 neutral 9 tones & ) no m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( /yle & p]iod1 0 built to s]ve 9 ,acts ,i & ,v ( ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,hang+s1 furniture1 co/umes gave x ! prop] appe>ance4 ,lat] x 0 us$ 9 ,ulysses4 ,x has also h\s$ ,molire's ,doctor 9 ,spite ( ,himself 7,le ,m$ec9 ,malgr ,lui7 & ,! ,weal?y ,up/>t 7,le ,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme71 ,c>rion & ,aza's ,z>ageta1 ,sud]mann's ,! ,f>-,away ,pr9cess1 ,h\ghton's ,! ,de> ,dep>t$4 ,! wood5 frames on ! re> side 7 pa9t$ black1 ! canvas panels tan1 to s]ve 9 ,twelf? ,night = ! dr9k+ sc5e1 ,act ,,ii1 sc5e #c4 ,) ,greek %ields ^u ! walls x lat] pictur$ ! fir/ sc5e ( ,! ,com$y ( ,errors4 ,) colorful bord] designs atta*$ & ori5tal furniture x set a ,*9ese play4 ,a def9ite s]ies ( dim5sions %\ld be decid$ ^u1 & all sc5]y %\ld be built 9 relation to units ( ^! sizes4 ,z a result ( ?is1 comb9ations o!rwise impossible c be made4 ,beg9n]s %\ld avoid putt+ any?+ p]man5t ^u a /age4 ,! be/ /age is m]ely space ^u :i* beautiful pictures may be produc$4 ,bew>e ( adopt+ mu* laud$ new features su* z cycloramas1 horizonts1 until y are assur$ y ne$ !m & c actually use !m4 ,9 mo/ cases x is wise to consult "s "o ) exp]i5ce4 ,9 consid]+ plays = pres5tation y w h to ?9k ( :e!r y\r p]=m]s & y\r /age w p]mit ( conv9c+ production4 ,rememb]+ t sugge/ion is (t5 bett] ?an realism1 & kn[+ t beautiful curta9s & color$ scre5s are m delightful to gaze ^u ?an *eap-look+ canvas & pa9t1 & kn[+ t action & co/ume produce tell+ effects1 decide :at ! /age w\ld h to d = ! foll[+ sc5es4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,read sc5e #b ( ,comus by ,milton4 ,%\ld ! entire masque be act$ out-(-doors8 ,if pres5t$ on an indoors /age :at %\ld ! sett+ be8 ,inside ! palace ( ,comus8 ,h[ !n d ! ,bro!rs get 98 ,h[ d ,sabr9a & h] ,nymphs arise8 ,f a pool1 a f\nta98 ,might ! /age %[ an ext]ior8 ,w\ld ! palace be on "o side8 ,! edge ( ! woods on ! o!r8 ,w\ld ! banks ( ! riv] be at ! re>8 ,w\ld su* an arrangem5t make entrances1 exits1 act+1 effective8 ,expla9 all y\r op9ions4 ,read "o ( ! foll[+4 ,devise a /age sett+ = x4 ,describe x fully4 ,if y c1 make a sket* 9 black & :ite or 9 color1 %[+ x z x w\ld appe> to ! audi5ce4 ,or make a work+ plan1 %[+ e detail4 ,or con/ruct a small model ( ! set1 mak+ ! p>ts s t !y w /&4 ,or place !m 9 a box to reproduce ! /age4 ,use "o-half in* to ! foot4 #b4 ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 sc5e #a4 ,int]ior8 ,ext]ior8 ,color8 ,light+8 #c4 ,hamlet1 ,act ,i1 sc5e #e4 ,ca/le battlem5ts8 ,a gravey>d8 ,op5 space 9 c\ntry "s di/ance f ca/le8 #d4 ,comus1 sc5e #c4 #e4 ,! ,tempe/1 ,act ,i1 sc5e #a4 #f4 ,twelf? ,night1 ,act ,,ii1 sc5e #c4 #g4 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,act ,i1 sc5e ,i4 #h4 ,julius ,caes>1 ,act ,,iii1 sc5e #b4 #i4 ,9 a long1 high-vault$ room1 look+ out ^u a ,roman g>d5 :]e ! cypresses rise 9 n>r[+ %afts f ?ickets ( ole&] & myrtle1 is seat$ a company ( m5 & wom51 fea/+4 ,,william ,,%>p3 ,! ,lute-,play] #aj4 ,a room1 half draw+-room1 half /udy1 9 ,lewis ,dav5ant's h\se 9 ,rockm9i/]4 ,furniture eighte5? c5tury1 pictures1 *9a 9 glass cases4 ,an ,april aft]noon 9 #ahfj4 ,,george ,,moore3 ,elizabe? ,coop] #aa4 ,an ,isl& (f ! ,we/ ( ,irel&4 ,cottage kit*51 ) nets1 oil-sk9s1 sp9n+ :eel1 "s new bo>ds /&+ by ! wall1 etc4 ,j4,m4 ,,synge3 ,rid]s to ! ,sea #ab4 ,l\d music4 ,aft] :i* ! ,sc5e is discov]$1 be+ a ,laboratory or ,al*emi/'s "w-h\se4 ,vulcan look+ at ! regi/]s1 :ile a ,cyclope1 t5d+ ! fire1 to ! cornets began to s+4 ,,b5 ,,jonson3 ,m]cury ,v9dicat$ #ac4 ,r an awesome picture x is ) ! cold blue riv] & ! great black cliffs & ! black] cypresses t gr[ along its banks4 ,!re are signs ( a trodd5 slope & a f]ry1 & !re's a r\gh old wood5 %elt] :]e pass5g]s c wait2 a bell hung on ! top ) :i* !y call ! f]ryman4 ,,cal?rop ,,& ,,b>k]3 ,! ,h>lequ9ade ,long be=e any play is produc$ !re %\ld be made a sket* or plan %[+ ! /age sett+s4 ,if x is 9 color x w sugge/ ! appe>ance ( ! actual /age4 ,"o important po9t is to be not$4 ,y\r sket* or model is m]ely a m9iature ( ! real ?+4 ,if y h a splot* ( gl>+ color only an in* long x w appe> 9 ! full-size sett+ ab\t two feet long4 ,a seem+ly flat surface ?ree by five in*es 9 ! design w come out six by t5 feet beh9d ! footlights4 ,ca/+ ! ,play4 ,:5 ! play is select$1 ! rles mu/ be ca/4 ,to select ! p]=m]s1 "o ( _m diff]5t me?ods may be foll[$4 ,! in/ructor ( ! class or ! director ( ! production may assign p>ts to individuals4 ,:5 ?is p]son kn[s ! requirem5ts ( ! rles & ! abilities ( ! memb]s1 ?is me?od always saves "t & ef=t4 ,by plac+ all ! responsibility ^u "o p]son x emphasizes c>e 9 *oos+ to secure be/ results4 ,at times a committee may d ! ca/+4 ,su* a me?od prev5ts p]sonal prejudice & immature judgm5ts f op]at+4 ,x splits responsibility & requires m "t ?an ! fir/ me?od4 ,x is an excell5t me?od = second+ ! op9ions ( a director :o does n "k v well ! applicants = p>ts4 ,! ?ird me?od is by try-outs4 ,9 ?is ! applicants %[ _! ability4 ,?is may be done by speak+ or recit+ be=e an audi5ce1 a committee1 or ! director4 ,x may consi/ ( act+ "s rle4 ,x may be ! deliv]y ( l9es f ! play to be act$4 ,x may be 9 a ca/ read+ 9 :i* p]sons /& ab\t ! /age or room & read ! l9es ( *>act]s 9 ! play4 ,if !re are ?ree or f\r applicants = "o "p1 ea* is giv5 a *ance to act "s sc5e4 ,9 ?is mann] all ! rles are fill$4 ,!re are two drawbacks to ?is s*eme :i* is ! faire/ :i* c be devis$4 ,x consumes a great deal ( "t4 ,"s memb] ( ! class or organization be/ fitt$ to play a rle may n feel dispos$ to try = x4 ,manife/ly he %\ld be ! "o select$4 ,b x appe>s unfair to disreg>d ! ?ree boys :o h made ! ef=t :ile he has done no?+4 ,yet e rle %\ld be act$ 9 ! v be/ mann]4 ,= ! play's sake1 ! be/ actor %\ld be assign$ ! "p4 ,a pupil may try = a "p = :i* he is n at all suit$1 :ile he c\ld fill ano!r rle bett] ?an any "o :o /rives to get x4 ,9 a class :i* has be5 tra9$ 9 public speak+ or dramatics z ?is book sugge/s1 x %\ld be no difficult task to ca/ any play1 :e!r full-l5g? or "o act4 ,p]=m]s mu/ always be *os5 because ( ! possible developm5t ( _! lat5t abilities r ?an = assur$ atta9m5ts4 ,^! qualities mu/ be s\ght = 9 p]=m]s ( roles--ob$i5ce1 dep5dabl5ess1 mobility1 pati5ce1 endurance4 ,rehe>s+4 ,a wor?y play :i* is well ca/ is an assur$ success be=e its fir/ rehe>sal4 ,! entire gr\p %\ld fir/ /udy ! :ole play "u ! director's comm5t4 ,x is be/ to h ea* actor read 8 own "p4 ,! behavior ( a m9or "* 9 ! second act may dep5d ^u a spee* 9 ! fir/4 ,! p]son play+ t rle mu/ seize ^u t h9t = 8 own int]pretation4 ,x might be a good ?+ to h e p]son lett] p]fect1 t is1 "k all 8 spee*es1 at ! fir/ rehe>sal4 ,practically1 ?is nev] occurs4 ,read+ f ! book or ! manuscript1 a p]=m] walks ?r\gh 8 "p1 gett+ at ! same "t an idea ( :]e he is to /&1 h[ to move1 h[ to speak1 :at to d1 :]e to ent]1 :5 to cross ! /age4 ,all su* directions he %\ld jot d[n ^u 8 "p4 ,!n memoriz+ ! l9es w fix ^! /age directions 9 8 m9d4 ,he w be assimilat+ at ! same "t l9es & bus9ess4 ,bus9ess on ! /age is ev]y?+ done by a "* except speak+ l9es4 ,at all rehe>sals ! director is 9 absolute *>ge4 ,8 ^w is f9al law4 ,?is does n mean t memb]s ( ! ca/ may n discuss ?+s ) him1 & sugge/ details & additions4 ,!y mu/ be c>eful to *oose a prop] "t to d su* ?+s4 ,!y %\ld nev] argue1 b foll[ directions4 ,"t outside rehe>sals may be devot$ to cle>+ up po9ts4 ,( c\rse an actor %\ld nev] lose 8 temp]4 ,nei!r %\ld ! director4 ,bo? ( ^! bits ( advice are frequ5tly almo/ beyond obs]vation ( liv+ human be+s4 ,yet !y are ! rules4 ,rehe>sals %\ld be frequ5t r ?an long4 ,acts %\ld be rehe>s$ sep>ately4 ,frequ5tly only sep>ate portions %\ld be repeat$4 ,comb9ations %\ld be made s z n to keep dur+ long waits *>act]s ) only a few words4 ,e>ly portions w h to be repeat$ m frequ5tly ?an lat] ones to all[ ! actors to get into _! *>act]izations4 ,t5se1 romantic1 s5tim5tal1 comic sc5es may h to be rehe>s$ privately until !y are q good en\gh to int]e/ o!r memb]s ( ! ca/4 ,! "t = prep>ation w dep5d ^u g5]al ability ( ! ca/1 previ\s tra9+1 ! k9d ( play1 ! am\nt ( leisure = /udy & rehe>s+4 ,9 mo/ s*ools a full-l5g? play may be cr[d$ into f\r weeks4 ,six or sev5 weeks are a bett] all[ance4 ,dur+ fir/ rehe>sals *anges & corrections %\ld be made :5 ne$$4 ,int]ruptions %\ld be frequ5t4 ,lat] !re %\ld be no int]ruptions4 ,comm5ts %\ld be made at ! end ( a sc5e & embodi$ 9 an imm$iate repetition to fix ! *ange 9 ! actors' m9ds4 ,o!r modifications %\ld be ann\nc$ be=e rehe>sal1 & embodi$ 9 ! act+ t day4 ,! act+ %\ld be ready = an audi5ce a week be=e ! date set = ! p]=mance4 ,dur+ ! la/ rehe>sals1 e>ly acts %\ld be recall$ & repeat$ 9 connection ) lat] ones1 s t "t & endurance may be c\nt$ & e/imat$4 ,dur+ ^! days rehe>sals mu/ g =w>d )\t any att5tion f ! director4 ,he mu/ be giv+ all 8 att5tion to sett+1 light+1 co/umes1 prop]ties1 furniture1 & ! ?\s& & "o o!r details :i* make play produc+ ! disc\rag+ yet fasc9at+ occupation x is4 ,su* repetition )\t con/ant direction w develop a s5se ( indep5d5ce & cop]ation 9 ! actors & assi/ants :i* w %[ 9 ! en?usiasm & ease ( ! p]=mance4 ,/age h&s & all o!r assi/ants mu/ be tra9$ to ! same degree ( reliability z ! h]o & h]o9e4 ,no?+ c be left to *ance4 ,no?+ c be unprovid$ until ! la/ m9ute4 ,! dress rehe>sal mu/ be exactly l a p]=mance1 except t ! audi5ce is n pres5t1 or if pres5t1 is a diff]5t "o4 ,9 s*ools1 an audi5ce at ! dress rehe>sal is usually a help to ! amateur p]=m]s4 ,results4 ,a p]=mance bas$ on su* pr9ciples & tra9+ z "h sugge/$ %\ld be successful f e po9t ( view4 ,! b5efits to ! p>ticipants are _m4 ,!y include /r5g!n+ ( ! p[] to memorize1 wid5+ ( ! imag9ation ?r\gh int]pretation ( "*1 famili>ity ) a "w ( art1 tra9+ 9 poise1 utilization ( speak+ ability1 awak5+ ( self-confid5ce1 & p>ticipation 9 a wor?y cop]ative ef=t4 ,9 a broad] s5se su* int]e/ 9 good1 act$ plays is an intellectual /imulus4 ,z bett] plays are m & m effectively pres5t$ ! quality ( play production 9 s*ools w be improv$1 & bo? pupils & communities w "k m & m ( ! _w's great dramatic lit]ature4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a ,additional ,ex]cises 9 ,exposition #a4 ,! value ( public speak+4 #b4 ,h[ ,l9coln became a great speak]4 #c4 ,/udies 9 a good s*ool c\rse4 #d4 ,purposes ( /udy+ geometry4 #e4 ,expla9 ! reasons = /udy+ "s subject4 #f4 ,an ideal s*ool4 #g4 ,=eign language /udy4 #h4 ,=m+ habits4 #i4 ,sail+ aga9/ ! w9d4 #aj4 ,h[ to play "s game4 ,give m]ely ! rules or imag9e ! game be+ play$4 #aa4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 football 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,engl&4 #ab4 ,ex]cise or a?letics8 #ac4 ,results ( milit>y tra9+4 #ad4 ,! gambl+ in/9ct4 #ae4 ,p>liam5t>y practice4 #af4 ,h[ to increase "o's vocabul>y4 #ag4 ,is ! /ory ( ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield too good to be true8 #ah4 ,! defects ( "s book4 #ai4 ,read+ fiction4 #bj4 ,magaz9es 9 ,am]ica4 #ba4 ,expla9 fully :at a novel is1 or a f>ce1 or an allegory1 or a satire4 #bb4 ,:y slang is sometimes ju/ifiable4 #bc4 ,a mod]n newspap]4 #bd4 ,select two =eign magaz9es4 ,comp>e & contra/ !m4 #be4 ,ess5tial features ( a good %ort /ory4 #bf4 ,:y ev5+ pap]s (f] s _m editions4 #bg4 ,h[ to f9d a book 9 a public libr>y4 #bh4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 public speak+ & oratory4 #bi4 ,public speak+ = ! lawy]1 ! cl]gyman1 ! bus9ess man4 #cj4 ,qualities ( a book wor? read+4 #ca4 ,"s que] uses ( ,engli%4 #cb4 ,hi/ory 9 ! plays ( ,%akespe>e4 #cc4 ,h[ to read a play4 #cd4 ,mi/akes 9 books or plays4 #ce4 ,defects ( translations4 #cf4 ,"o t\* ( nature makes ! :ole _w k94 #cg4 ,an ounce ( prev5tion is wor? a p\nd ( cure4 #ch4 ,y nev] miss ! wat] till ! well runs dry4 #ci4 ,p5ny wise1 p\nd fooli%4 #dj4 ,select any prov]b4 ,expla9 x4 #da4 ,*oose a %ort quotation f "s poem4 ,expla9 x4 #db4 ,expla9 "s te*nical op]ation4 #dc4 ,expla9 "s me*anical process4 #dd4 ,a range factory4 #de4 ,mak+ electric bulbs4 #df4 ,h[ mov+ pictures are made & reproduc$4 #dg4 ,expla9 "s simple ma*9e4 #dh4 ,a new application ( electricity4 #di4 ,wea!r =eca/+4 #ej4 ,sci5tific or practical value ( pol> exp$itions4 #ea4 ,*anges ( ! tide4 #eb4 ,an eclipse4 #ec4 ,! pr9ciple ( "s su* appliance z ! !rmomet]1 ! b>omet]1 ! microscope1 ! air-brake1 ! block signal4 #ed4 ,develop+ a negative4 #ee4 ,h[ ! play] piano is op]at$4 #ef4 ,h[ ! ca% regi/] prev5ts di%one/y4 #eg4 ,h[ a new fruit is produc$--z se$less orange4 #eh4 ,mimeograph+4 #ei4 ,! value ( ,lat9 = sci5tific t]ms4 #fj4 ,! value ( c]ta9 birds1 worms1 insects4 #fa4 ,! life hi/ory ( "s que] animal1 or insect1 or plant4 #fb4 ,h[ accuracy is secur$4 #fc4 ,! human eye & ! cam]a4 #fd4 ,! fireless cook]4 #fe4 ,*oose "s half doz5 t]ms f any trade or bus9ess & expla9 !m4 ,to sell %ort1 m>g91 bull1 be>1 lamb4 ,prosc5ium1 apron1 flies1 baby spot1 /rike4 ,fold 9 eggs1 br+ to a boil1 simm]1 p]colate1 to ,fr5*4 ,file1 po/1 c>ry =w>d1 remit1 cr$it1 receiv]%ip4 ,ba/e1 hem1 rip1 ov]ca/1 box pleat1 batik1 ,val5ci5nes4 #ff4 ,build+ a musical program4 #fg4 ,comm]cial art4 #fh4 ,cat* phrases 9 adv]tis+4 #fi4 ,pr9ciples ( successful adv]tis+4 #gj4 ,! ,l9otype ma*9e4 #ga4 ,h[ ,i made my fir/ appe>ance z a public speak]4 #gb4 ,real conv]sation4 #gc4 ,m]e talk4 #gd4 ,! bus9ess woman4 #ge4 ,a slump 9 a c]ta9 bus9ess or indu/ry4 #gf4 ,! ,r$ ,cross 9 w>4 #gg4 ,! ,r$ ,cross 9 peace4 #gh4 ,comp>e ! pr9ciples ( two political p>ties4 #gi4 ,a fire al>m4 #hj4 ,:y automobiles are lic5s$4 #ha4 ,! p[]s & duties ( "s city or c\nty (ficial4 #hb4 ,! advantages t ?is locality (f]s = c]ta9 indu/ries or k9ds ( agriculture4 #hc4 ,society fads4 #hd4 ,! ideal (fice hold]4 #he4 ,new sy/ems ( gov]nm5t4 #hf4 ,v>i\s =ms ( socialism4 #hg4 ,collect+ a debt by law4 #hh4 ,expla9 "s legal proc$ure z sugge/$ by "s t]m1 z m&amus1 injunction1 demurr]1 habeas corpus1 nolle prosequi4 #hi4 ,expla9 ! composition & "w ( ! ,gr& ,jury4 #ij4 ,! effici5cy exp]t4 #ia4 ,a new pr(ession4 #ib4 ,! advantages ( a trolley c> ) bo? entrance & exit at ! front end4 #ic4 ,labor-sav+ devices4 #id4 ,a sup]c>go4 #ie4 ,sci5tific %op managem5t4 #if4 ,hir+ & dis*>g+ employees4 #ig4 ,apply+ = a bus9ess position4 #ih4 ,causes ( "s rec5t labor /rike4 #ii4 ,a labor union op]ates z a tru/4 #ajj4 ,effici5cy 9 ! kit*54 #aja4 ,spe$+ up ! "w4 #ajb4 ,plann+ a factory4 #ajc4 ,mak+ *eap automobiles4 #ajd4 ,uses ( pap]4 #aje4 ,new me?ods ( furni%+ h\ses4 #ajf4 ,mak+ ! home beautiful4 #ajg4 ,new build+ mat]ials4 #ajh4 ,design+ & build+ a boat4 #aji4 ,! lay-out ( a %ipy>d4 #aaj4 ,rules = plant+4 #aaa4 ,city gov]nm5t4 #aab4 ,bett] me?ods ( city gov]nm5t4 #aac4 ,h[ a trial is conduct$4 #aad4 ,! juv5ile c\rt4 #aae4 ,po/ (fice sav+s banks4 #aaf4 ,geographic advantages ( ?is locality4 #aag4 ,results ( irrigation4 #aah4 ,h[ ! f>m] controls _w prices4 #aai4 ,relation betwe5 "s di/ant ev5t & ! price ( "s article 9 ! corn] /ore4 #abj4 ,new bus9esses 9 ,am]ica ) _! reasons = exi/5ce4 #aba4 ,! late/ improvem5t 9 ?is locality4 #abb4 ,:y c]ta9 cities are de/9$ to increase 9 population4 #abc4 ,model homes4 #abd4 ,h\s+ ! inhabitants ( l>ge cities4 #abe4 ,! op]ation ( a subway4 #abf4 ,automobile trucks in/ead ( freight tra9s4 #abg4 ,h[ ,l9coln became ,presid5t4 #abh4 ,:y ,web/] did n become ,presid5t4 #abi4 ,! dead-lett] (fice4 #acj4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,con/itution ( ,great ,brita94 #aca4 ,h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates secur$ ,porto ,rico4 #acb4 ,a free trade policy4 #acc4 ,comm]cial reciprocity4 #acd4 ,! protective t>iff4 #ace4 ,expla9 ! application ( "s tax1 z income1 s+le1 inh]itance4 #acf4 ,h[ ! con/itutionality ( a law is det]m9$4 #acg4 ,h[ laws are made by ,congress4 #ach4 ,! ,congressional ,record4 #aci4 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 #adj4 ,! attitude ( =eign nations t[>d ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 #ada4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ! ,japanese4 #adb4 ,! failure ( ! ,hague ,tribunal4 #adc4 ,! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a league ( nations4 #add4 ,reasons = ! conditions 9 ,mexico4 #ade4 ,our c\ntry's duty t[>d ,mexico4 #adf4 ,! s-call$ ,yell[ ,p]il4 #adg4 ,trans-oceanic air travel4 #adh4 ,evolution ( ! air%ip4 #adi4 ,! geodetic survey4 #aej4 ,! c5sus bureau4 ,,app5dix ,b ,additional ,ex]cises 9 ,argum5tation #a4 ,f9d 9 a magaz9e or newspap] "s article 9 :i* conviction is ! prime factor4 #b4 ,f9d 9 a magaz9e or newspap] "s article 9 :i* p]suasion is mo/ us$4 #c4 ,give examples f rec5t obs]vation ( discussions :i* 7 n argum5t z ! t]m is us$ 9 ?is book4 #d4 ,expla9 h[ argum5ts ^u a topic ( curr5t int]e/ w\ld diff] 9 mat]ial & treatm5t = ?ree k9ds ( audi5ces4 #e4 ,! education ( ! ,am]ican negro %\ld be indu/rial n cultural4 #f4 ,to ! ,cab9et ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re %\ld be add$ a ,secret>y ( ,education ) p[]s to control all public education4 #g4 ,sep>ate high s*ools = boys & girls %\ld be ma9ta9$4 #h4 ,x is bett] to att5d a small college ?an a l>ge "o4 #i4 ,wom5 %\ld be eligible to s]ve z memb]s ( ! s*ool bo>d4 #aj4 ,pupils %\ld be m>k$ by a num]ical av]age r ?an by a gr\p lett]4 #aa4 ,at lea/ two ye>s ( ,lat9 %\ld be requir$ = entrance to college4 #ab4 ,! honor sy/em %\ld be introduc$ 9 all exam9ations 9 high s*ools & colleges4 #ac4 ,! /udy ( algebra %\ld be compulsory 9 high s*ool4 #ad4 ,c\rses 9 curr5t topics1 bas$ ^u mat]ial 9 newspap]s1 %\ld be (f]$ 9 all high s*ools4 #ae4 ,e high s*ool %\ld require ! /udy ( local civics or local indu/ries4 #af4 ,regul> gymna/ic "w is m b5eficial ?an p>ticipation 9 organiz$ a?letics4 #ag4 ,girls %\ld /udy dome/ic sci5ce4 #ah4 ,! k9d]g>t5 %\ld be remov$ f our educational sy/em4 #ai4 ,co$ucation 9 s*ools & colleges is bett] ?an segregation4 #bj4 ,secret societies %\ld be prohibit$ 9 high s*ools4 #ba4 ,a magaz9e or newspap] :i* copies mat]ial f "o 9 :i* x fir/ appe>s %\ld be requir$ by law to comp5sate ! au?or4 #bb4 ,mov+ picture exhibitions %\ld be m /rictly regulat$4 #bc4 ,an exposition produces decid$ advantages = ! city 9 :i* x is held4 #bd4 ,a c\nty fair is a decid$ b5efit to a rural community4 #be4 ,all "y m5 9 ?is c\ntry %\ld receive milit>y tra9+ = a p]iod ( "o ye>4 #bf4 ,?is city %\ld provide employm5t = ! unemploy$4 #bg4 ,motor deliv]y trucks %\ld be sub/itut$ = horse-drawn wagons4 #bh4 ,labor unions are ju/ifi$ 9 insi/+ ^u ! re-employm5t ( memb]s dis*>g$ = a cause :i* !y deem unju/4 #bi4 ,f>m]s %\ld /udy sci5tific agriculture4 #cj4 ,capital & labor %\ld be requir$ by law to settle _! disputes by appeals to a legally con/itut$ c\rt ( arbitration ^: decisions %\ld be en=c$4 #ca4 ,9 "t ( peace no memb] ( a labor union %\ld be a memb] ( a regul>ly organiz$ milit>y =ce4 #cb4 ,ov]time "w %\ld be paid = at ! same rate z regul> "w4 #cc4 ,all "w %\ld be paid = accord+ to ! am\nt done r ?an by "t4 #cd4 ,employ]s are ju/ifi$ 9 insi/+ ^u ! op5 %op4 #ce4 ,trade unions are ju/ifi$ 9 limit+ ! numb] ( p]sons all[$ to ent] a trade4 #cf4 ,?is /ate %\ld e/abli% a m9imum work+ wage = wom54 #cg4 ,! /reet railway company %\ld pave & keep 9 repair all /reets 9 :i* its c>s are op]at$4 #ch4 ,m def9ite laws conc]n+ ! sale ( milk %\ld be pass$4 #ci4 ,?is city %\ld in/itute gov]nm5t by a commission4 #dj4 ,?is city %\ld in/itute & ma9ta9 an adequate sy/em ( public playgr\nds4 #da4 ,?is city %\ld provide m free recreations = its citiz5s4 #db4 ,city gov]nm5t %\ld be conduct$ by a highly paid municipal exp]t hir$ = ! purpose ( controll+ city affairs exactly z he w\ld a l>ge bus9ess organization4 #dc4 ,a public build+ = community int]e/s is a bett] memorial = a city to erect ?an ! usual monum5t or /atue4 #dd4 ,vot+ ma*9es %\ld be us$ 9 all cities4 #de4 ,all public utilities %\ld be own$ & op]at$ by ! city4 #df4 ,judges %\ld n be elect$ by popul> vote4 #dg4 ,a repres5tative %\ld vote accord+ to ! op9ions ( 8 con/itu5cy4 #dh4 ,?is /ate %\ld provide old-age p5sions4 #di4 ,laws %\ld be pass$ mak+ x impossible to dispose ( m ?an "o million doll>s by w4 #ej4 ,! pure food law %\ld be /rictly en=c$4 #ea4 ,e /ate %\ld h a /ate univ]sity 9 :i* tuition = its inhabitants %\ld be absolutely free4 #eb4 ,! ,gov]nor ( a /ate %\ld n h ! p>don+ p[]4 #ec4 ,no *ildr5 bel[ ! age ( sixte5 %\ld be all[$ to "w 9 factories4 #ed4 ,laws conc]n+ ! sale ( sub/itutes = butt] %\ld be made m /r+5t4 #ee4 ,sunday clos+ laws %\ld be repeal$4 #ef4 ,! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be all[$ to pool _! int]e/s4 #eg4 ,! pres5t me?od ( am5d+ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be *ang$4 #eh4 ,?is gov]nm5t %\ld insi/ ^u a /rict adh]5ce to ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 #ei4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian has be5 unju/ly treat$4 #fj4 ,railroads %\ld be "u private own]%ip b subject to gov]nm5t control4 #fa4 ,an educational te/ %\ld be requir$ ( all p]sons desir+ to ent] ?is c\ntry4 #fb4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld own & control ! coal m9es ( ! c\ntry4 #fc4 ,memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %\ld be *os5 to repres5t indu/ries1 work]s1 & pr(essions1 r ?an geographical divisions4 #fd4 ,woman suffrage c>ries ) x ! "r to hold (fice except :]e expressly =bidd5 9 exi/+ laws & con/itutions4 #fe4 ,in/ead ( an ext5sion ( suffrage to all wom5 !re %\ld be a re/riction f ! previ\s inclusion ( all m54 #ff4 ,all raw mat]ials %\ld be admitt$ to ?is c\ntry free ( duty4 #fg4 ,all dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t %\ld be "u ! ,civil ,s]vice ,act4 #fh4 ,! ,civil ,w> p5sion policy 0 a wise "o4 #fi4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld build & ma9ta9 a l>ge navy4 #gj4 ,a high protective t>iff keeps wages high4 #ga4 ,lett] po/age %\ld be r$uc$ to "o c5t4 #gb4 ,laws gov]n+ m>riage & divorce %\ld be made uni=m by ,congress4 #gc4 ,! pres5t re/riction ^u ,*9ese immigration %\ld be modifi$ to admit c]ta9 classes4 #gd4 ,! /&+ army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be increas$4 #ge4 ,?is gov]nm5t %\ld e/abli% a sy/em ( %ipp+ subsidies4 #gf4 ,repeat$ failure to vote %\ld result 9 ! loss ( ! "r ( suffrage4 #gg4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld n ent] into any league ( nations4 #gh4 ,! defeat$ c5tral p[]s ( ,europe %\ld be admitt$ to full memb]%ip 9 ! ,league ( ,nations4 #gi4 ,japan %\ld be prev5t$ f own+ or controll+ any t]ritory ^u ! cont95t :i* belong$ to ,*9a4 #hj4 ,great ,brita9 %\ld e/abli% ,egypt z an indep5d5t c\ntry4 #ha4 ,irel& %\ld be organiz$ z a ,dom9ion simil> to ,canada & ,au/ralia4 #hb4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld e/abli% a protectorate ov] ,mexico4 #hc4 ,?is c\ntry %\ld dem& f ,g]many an indemnity equal to our exp5ses 9 ! w>4 #hd4 ,! =m] ,kais] ( ,g]many & 8 /ate (ficials responsible = ! ,_w ,w> ( #aiad %\ld be tri$ by an int]national c\rt4 #he4 ,all ,european nations %\ld agree to dis>mam5t4 #hf4 ,=eign missions %\ld be discont9u$4 #hg4 ,! ,jews ( ! _w %\ld colonize ,pale/9e4 #hh4 ,comm]cial reciprocity %\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,s\? ,am]ica4 #hi4 ,?is c\ntry has no ne$ to fe> any aggression f any ,asiatic race4 #ij4 ,! gov]nm5t sy/em ( ,great ,brita9 is m truly repres5tative ?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ia4 ,a railroad %\ld pay t5 ?\s& doll>s to ! family ( any employee :o meets dea? by accid5t :ile on duty4 #ib4 ,!re is no su* ?+ possible z ,*ri/ian w>f>e4 #ic4 ,vivisection %\ld be prohibit$4 #id4 ,! dead %\ld be cremat$4 #ie4 ,cig>ettes %\ld n be sold to boys "u eighte54 #if4 ,*ildr5 "u f\rte5 %\ld n be all[$ to appe> ^u ! /age4 #ig4 ,socialism is ! be/ possible solution ( all labor problems4 #ih4 ,! ,soviet sy/em ( gov]nm5t has details applicable to c]ta9 conditions 9 ,am]ica4 #ii4 ,no p]son %\ld be =c$ to und]go vacc9ation4 #ajj4 ,labor int]e/s c be s]v$ be/ by ! =mation ( a sep>ate political p>ty4 ,,index ,,abbott1 ,lyman1 #aah ,abolition ,movem5t1 ,!1 #ahe acceptance1 spee* (1 #bhd acquir$ ability1 #f act+1 #bia aft]-d9n] spee*1 #bha ,all51 ,john1 #aaf amplifi$ def9ition1 #bjc amplify+ & dim9i%+1 #bee analogy1 #bcc analogy1 incorrect1 #beb analysis1 #bdd ,anglo-,saxon1 #ea anticipatory conclusion1 #ajb1 #aje ,antony1 ,m>k1 #ha antonyms1 #dh a po/]iori argum5t1 #bcg appeal+ to prejudice or passions1 #bdg appropriate diction1 #ed a priori argum5t1 #bcf argum5tation1 #bah argum5tum ad hom9em1 #bdi argum5tum ad populum1 #bdg ,ari/otle1 #ig arrangem5t1 #aea1 #afd assign+ rles1 #cab attack+ speak]'s "*1 #bdi attributes ( speak]1 #bi audi5ce 9 debate1 #bfb au?orities1 #ahj1 #bcb ,,bacon1 #e ,bee*]1 ,h5ry ,w>d1 #hb1 #hc1 #afb begg+ ! "q1 #bde ,birrell1 ,augu/9e1 #aad brief1 #bh1 #agj brief1 mak+ a1 #ahg brief1 speak+ f !1 #aia brief+1 selections =1 #ahj ,bright1 ,john1 #bi burd5 ( pro(1 #bbe ,burke1 ,edmund1 #bc1 #fe1 #ff1 #hj1 #aaf1 #afb1 #afg1 #agb1 #bee bus9ess1 #cbb ,,calh\n1 ,john ,c41 #ff1 #ajh1 #bjf capital puni%m5t1 brief1 #agc c>ds1 #acd-e ca/+ a play1 #cbj causal relation1 #bcg cause to effect1 #bji1 #bcf ,*ann+1 ,william ,ell]y1 #bdi "* del9eation1 #bib *>act]s1 description (1 #cjg *>act]s 9 plays1 #cjc ,*a?am1 ,"l1 #aaa ,*eyney1 ,edw>d ,p41 #bjd ,*oate1 ,rufus1 #fc *oos+ a !me1 #bha ,cic]o1 #gg circum/antial evid5ce1 #bbf classification1 #aii ,clay1 ,h5ry1 #bdi climax1 #cja coh]5ce1 #aed commemorative spee*1 #bhc comp>ison1 #bjh complex s5t5ce1 #ei composition ( ! ,engli% language1 #ej comp\nd s5t5ce1 #fj conclusion1 l5g?1 #ii consonants1 #ag con/ructive argum5t1 #bef contradiction1 #bdd contra/1 #bjh conv]sations1 memoriz$1 #cjj conviction1 #bbj ,crabbe1 ,engli% ,synonyms1 #dh cross ref]5ces1 #acg ,curtis1 ,george ,william1 #eb1 #ed1 #fg1 #abj1 #bec ,,daniel1 ,john ,w41 #aai debat]s1 #bfb debat+1 #beh decision 9 debate1 #bfj d$uctive reason+1 #bbi def9ition1 #bja del9eation ( "*1 #bib deliv]y1 #bf deliv]y ( introductions1 #hi ,demo/h5es1 #h description ( *>act]s1 #cjg ,dewey1 ,m41 #aci dialogue1 #bid diff]5tia1 #bja dim9i%+1 amplify+ &1 #bee direct evid5ce1 #bbf disc>d+ mat]ial1 #adf division1 #aii dramatics1 #bia drawbacks1 #h dress rehe>sal1 #cbc ,dunsany1 ,"l1 #bih ,,effect to cause1 #baj1 #bcg elim9ation1 #bcf eloqu5ce1 false1 #bhd ,elson1 ,h4,w41 #aca emphasis1 #bb1 #aee en?ymeme1 #bca enunciation1 #bc ,ev>ts1 ,william ,m41 #aah ,ev]ett1 ,edw>d1 #fg evid5ce1 #bbf examples1 #bjf1 #bcb exclamatory s5t5ce1 #fj expla9+1 #aid explanation1 #bcb exposition1 #aid exp]i5ce1 #abb ,,fallacies1 #bea false eloqu5ce1 #bhd ,f]nald1 ,engli% ,synonyms1 ,antonyms1 & ,prepositions1 #dh f9d+ ! issues1 #bfg ,=d1 ,simeon1 #aad ,fox1 ,*>les ,james1 #i ,fox1 ,john1 #bc ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 #gg ,,g5]al t]ms1 #eb g5us1 #bja ge/ures1 #bf gett+ mat]ial1 #abb ,gettysburg ,address1 #ahc ,gratiano1 #f ,,hale1 ,edw>d ,ev]ett1 #aah ,hamlet's advice to play]s1 #ca ha/y g5]alization1 #bbh ,hayne1 #afb ,h5ry1 ,patrick1 #fd1 #hd1 #he1 #aab ,hom]1 #bih ,h[ell1 ,cl>k1 #aai ,huxley1 ,?omas ,h41 #aej ,,ideas & words1 #ch ignor+ ! "q1 #bdf importance1 #bab importance ( spee*1 #a improvisation1 #bid inaugural spee*1 #bhe ,incid5ts ( ,gov]nm5t ,trad+1 #aha incorrect analogy1 #beb increas+ ! vocabul>y1 #ci index1 #acj inductive reason+1 #bbh int]rogative s5t5ce1 #fa int]view1 #abe introduction1 l5g?1 #gb introduction1 purpose1 #gc introduction & audi5ce1 #gf inv5tion & spee*1 #c issues1 #bfg ,,jeff]son1 ,joseph1 #abj ,jeff]son1 ,?omas1 #aag judges1 #bfh ,julius ,caes>1 #ha ,,k9ds ( propositions1 #hbb ,knox1 ,phil&]1 #bfi ,,language1 #ab1 #aig ,league ( ,nations1 #bfi legal brief1 #agj l5g? ( spee*1 #adc libr>y1 #acf libr>y classification1 #ach ,l9coln1 ,abraham1 #i1 #cj1 #eg1 #fe1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aag1 #adh1 #agb1 #ahc1 #bee li/ ( %ort plays1 #cad long s5t5ces1 #fa ,lodge1 ,h5ry ,cabot1 #gf1 #ace logical def9ition1 #bja ,l[ell1 ,abbott ,lawr5ce1 #acf ,,macaulay1 ,?omas ,bab+ton1 #eb1 #fh1 #afj1 #bjh1 #bcc1 #bdf1 #bfh mak+ a brief1 #ahg mann] 9 debate1 #bgg m>g9s1 #age mat]ial ( spee*es1 #aba ,mc,cumber1 ,p4,j41 #bfh memoriz$ conv]sations1 #cjj memoriz+1 #bh1 #aia me?ods ( expla9+1 #aih milit>y lead]%ip1 #e ,,naturalness1 #bib nom9at+ spee*1 #bhg notes1 #acc ,,obs]vation1 #abb organs ( spee*1 #ad organ pipe1 #ad ,otis1 ,james1 #hh outl9e1 #bh1afd ,,panama ,canal1 #aaj p>ticul>s ( g5]al /atem5t1 #bje p>tition1 #aii ,p5n1 ,william1 #beh p]iodicals1 #aci p]oration1 #aji p]suad+1 #bah p]suasion1 #bcg p]suasive spee*1 #bhh ,phillips1 ,w5dell1 #ahe phras+1 #bb pit*1 #ba place1 #baa plan1 #aef plays1 *>act]s 91 #cjc plays1 produc+1 #cae plays1 %ort1 #cac plays1 /udy+1 #caj poise1 #be pose1 #be ,p[] ,plant ,eng9e]+1 #ahg prefixes1 #da prep>ation = debate1 #bff prep>+ introductions1 #hi prep>+ ! conclusion1 #ie pres5tation & acceptance1 spee*es (1 #bhd presid+ (fic]1 #bfa presid+ (fic]s1 #bgi produc+ plays1 #cae pronunciation1 #bd pro(1 #bcb proposition1 #bba1 #bfe propositions ( fact1 #bbc propositions ( policy1 #bbc prov+1 #bah ,,read+1 #abh read+ ! spee*1 #bg rebuttal1 re/rictions1 #bgf rebuttal spee*es1 #bff recapitulation1 #ajf r$uc+ to absurdity1 #beh r$uctio ad absurdum1 #bec refut+1 #bdb1 #bea rehe>s+1 #cba residues1 #bcd results ( tra9+1 #aj retrospective conclusion1 #aja1 #aje ,roget's ,!saurus1 #dc rles1 assign+1 #cab ,romance1 #ea ,roosevelt1 ,!odore1 #fi1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aad ,,sanitation1 #gj sc5]y1 #haf s*ola/ic debat+1 #bfe select+ mat]ial1 #acj selections = brief+1 #ahj self-criticism1 #aib s5t5ces1 #eh ,%akespe>e1 #cjd %ort plays1 #cac %ort s5t5ces1 #fa ,sidney1 ,sir ,phillip1 #ij simple s5t5ce1 #eh s9c]ity1 #bib s++1 #ah speak]s 9 debate1 #bgb speak+ f ! brief1 #aia speak+ f ! floor1 #gj special occasions1 speak+ ^u1 #bgh specific t]ms1 #eb specim5 brief1 capital puni%m5t1 #agc spee* 9 mod]n life1 #b spe$1 #bj /age1 #caf /ati/ics1 #ahg /udy+ plays1 #caj suffixes1 #dc summ>y1 #ajg ,sumn]1 ,*>les1 #adh1 #afj1 #bcd support ( a measure1 #bhh syllogism1 #bbi symbols1 #agf synonyms1 #df ,,table ( cont5ts1 #acj tabulations1 #agh talk1 #e tak+ notes1 #acc team "w1 #bga !me1 *oos+ a1 #bha ,!saurus1 #dc ?9k+1 #afa ?\ght1 #ab "t limit 9 debates1 #bfe "t ord]1 #baj "t ord] rev]s$1 #baa tone1 #ae1 #ai tradition1 #bdh transitions1 #aeg trite expressions1 #ee ,twa91 ,m>k1 #ade ,,und]/&+1 #abi1 #aif unity1 #aeb ,,van ,,dyke1 ,h5ry1 #aae vocabul>ies1 #cg voice1 #ad v[els1 #af ,,wa%+ton1 ,book] ,t41 #afa ,wa%+ton1 ,george1 #ajc1 #aei1 #bjf ,web/]1 ,daniel1 #aj1 #hc1 #hd1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #adi1 #bje1 #bca1 #bed ,wilson1 ,woodr[1 #fi1 #ge1 #aje1 #aad1 #aag word+ ! proposition1 #bbd