,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil         
,,eng9e]s  ,,in/itut$ #aheb             
,,transactions  ,pap] ,no4 #aaef   ,,!  
,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,!
 ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad4  ,,! ,,t]m9al
 ,,/ation-,,we/4,a  ,,by ,b4,f4         
,,cresson1 ,,jr41 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4      
,c4,e4     ,location ( ,"w4--,! area    
cov]$ by ! "w ( ! ,t]m9al ,/ation-,we/  
is b\nd$ z foll[s3 ,by ! ea/ l9e ( ,n9? 
,av5ue2 by ! s\? side ( #ca/ ,/reet to a
 po9t ab\t #bjj ft4 we/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue2  
by a l9e runn+ p>allel to ,n9? ,av5ue & 
ab\t #bjj ft4 !refrom1 f ! s\? side (   
#ca/ ,/reet to ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 !    
#ca/ & #cb;d ,/reet prop]ties2 by ?is   
l9e to ! ea/ l9e ( ,t5? ,av5ue2 by ! ea/
 l9e ( ,t5? ,av5ue to ! b\nd>y l9e      
betwe5 ! #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reet prop]ties2
 by ?is l9e to ! ea/ l9e ( ,n9? ,av5ue4 
,! area is approximately #f4c acres4    
,h\se-,wreck+4--,! prop]ty betwe5 ,n9? &
 ,t5? ,av5ues 0 cov]$ ) build+s1 #id 9  
numb]1 us$ z dwell+ & ap>tm5t h\ses &   
*ur* prop]ties1 & x 0 necess>y to remove

 ^! be=e />t+ ! con/ruction4 ,mo/ ( !   
prop]ty 0 b\ght outright by ! ,railroad 
,company1 b 9 "s cases condemnation     
proce$+s _h to be in/itut$ 9 ord] to    
acquire possession4 ,9 ! case ( !       
prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 front+ 
on ,n9? ,av5ue1 #ca/ & #cb;d ,/reets1 ! 
,railroad ,company agre$ to pur*ase a   
plot ( l& on ! s\? side ( #cd? ,/reet1  
we/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 & to erect !reon a   
*ur*1 rectory1 conv5t1 & s*ool1 to !    
satisfaction ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 to
 h& ov] ^! build+s 9 a complet$         
condition1 & to pay ! co/ ( mov+ f ! old
 to ! new build+s1 be=e ! old prop]ties 
w\ld be turn$ ov] to ! ,railroad        
,company4  ,! h\se-wreck+ 0 done by     
well-kn[n companies "u contract ) !     
,railroad ,company4 ,^! companies took  
d[n ! build+s & remov$ all ! mat]ials z 
f> z to ! level ( ! adjac5t sidewalks4  
,! build+ mat]ials became ! prop]ty ( ! 
contractors1 :o usually paid ! ,railroad
 ,company = ! privilege ( do+ !         
h\se-wreck+4 ,! "w 0 done betwe5 ,april 

& ,augu/1 #aijf1 b ! build+s ( ! ,*ur* (
 ,/4 ,mi*ael 7 torn d[n betwe5 ,june &  
,augu/1 #aijg4  ,! bricks 7 clean$ &    
sold directly f ! site1 z 7 practically 
all ! fixtures 9 ! build+s4 ,! /one     
fronts 7 brok5 up & left on ! premises4 
,"s ( ! beams 7 sold on ! premises1 b   
mo/ ( !m 7 s5t to ! /orage y>ds4 ,"s ( !
 la? & small] timb] 0 sold = firewood1 b
 mo/ ( x 0 giv5 away or burn$ on !      
premises4  ,contracts & ,agreem5ts4--,! 
ma9 contract1 aw>d$ to ! ,new ,york     
,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al
 on ,april #bh?1 #aijf1 includ$ ab\t    
#ejb1jjj cu4 yd4 ( excavation 7ab\t #ij 
be+ rock71 #ag1hbj cu4 yd4 ( concrete   
walls1 #a1cbj1jjj lb4 ( /ructural /eel1 
#fch1jjj ft41 ,b4,m41 ( fram$ timb]1    
etc41 etc4  ,?is contract 0 divid$ into 
two p>ts3 ,"w ,9 & ,"u ,n9? ,av5ue & ,"w
 ,betwe5 ,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues1 & unit    
prices 7 quot$ = ! v>i\s classes ( "w 9 
ea* ( ^! divisions4 ,! prices quot$ =   
excavation includ$ plac+ ! mat]ial on   
sc[s suppli$ by ! ,railroad ,company at 

! pi] at ! foot ( ,we/ #cb;d ,/reet1 on 
! ,nor? ,riv]2 !re 0 a clause 9 !       
contract1 h[ev]1 by :i* ! contractor    
c\ld be requir$ to make complete        
disposal ( all excavat$ mat]ial at an   
additional unit price1 & ?is clause 0   
en=c$ on ,janu>y #a/1 #aiji1 :5 ab\t #id
 ( ! excavation _h be5 done4  ,= !      
purpose ( dispos+ ( ! excavat$ mat]ial 9
 ! ea/]ly portion ( ! ,t]m9al1 ! ,new   
,york ,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania  
,t]m9al _h excavat$ "u ,n9? ,av5ue a cut
 :i* came to ! grade ( #cb;d ,/reet ab\t
 midway betwe5 ,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues1 & a 
tre/le 0 con/ruct$ f ?is po9t ov] ,t5?  
,av5ue & !nce to ! disposal pi] at !    
foot ( ,we/ #cb;d ,/reet4  ,on ,may     
#aa?1 #aijf1 ! "w ( excavation 0 comm5c$
 on ! ea/ side ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 & on ,july
 #i?1 #aijf1 on ! s\? side ( #ca/       
,/reet1 betwe5 ,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues4 ,f !
 beg9n+1 ! excavation 0 c>ri$ on by day 
& night %ifts1 except on ,sundays &     
holidays1 until ,janu>y1 #aiji1 except t
 dur+ ! p]iod f ,novemb]1 #aijg1 to     

,octob]1 #aijh1 ! night %ift 0          
discont9u$4  ,geology4--,! rock enc\nt]$
 may be class$ z gneiss2 its "* v>i$ f  
granite to mica s*i/4 ,x 0 made up (    
qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 & !re 7 also "s 
isolat$ specim5s ( pyrites1 hornbl5d1   
t\rmal9e1 & s]p5t9e4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! 
"w1 j we/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 !re 7 excell5t 
examples ( contortions ( ve9s ( qu>tz 9 
! d>k] rock4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,n9?      
,av5ue1 ne> ! nor? end ( ! "w1 glacial  
m>ks 7 f\nd on ! rock surface4 ,! g5]al 
direction ( ! /ratification 0 nor? #e   
we/1 & ! g5]al incl9e ab\t #fj ) !      
horizontal4 ,z a rule1 ! rock broke     
%>ply along ! l9e ( /ratification4 ,on !
 s\? side x broke bett] ?an on ! nor?   
side1 :]e x 0 usually s(t] & m likely to
 slide2 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! fact t 9 w9t] 
x 0 subject to alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ & 
9 summ] to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 made x
 r difficult to get a good f\ndation = !
 reta9+ walls4   ,,"w ,,9 ,,& ,,"u ,,n9?
 ,,av5ue4  ,g5]al ,description4--,! "w  
involv$ ! excavation ( ab\t #cge ft4 ( !

 full wid? ( ,n9? ,av5ue to an av]age   
dep? ( ab\t #eh ft41 & ! con/ruction ov]
 ?is area ( a /eel viaduct1 ! deck ( :i*
 0 ab\t #bd ft4 bel[ ! surface1 = !     
ultimate support ( ! ,n9? ,av5ue        
/ructures4  ,! foll[+ e/imat$ quantities
 appe> 9 ! contract3 ,excavation ( rock1
 #gb1fjj cu4 yd42 excavation ( all      
mat]ials except rock1 #i1cjj cu4 yd42   
concrete 7#a3c3f7 9 abutm5ts1 etc41     
#a1fhj cu4 yd42 timb]1 #ejd1jjj ft41    
,b4,m42 /ructural /eel1 #a1cbj1jjj lb41 
etc4  ,:ile ?is excavation 0 be+ done x 
0 necess>y to support & ma9ta9 !        
?ree-track elevat$ railway /ructure ( ! 
,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit ,company1 ( 
:i* #ah columns1 or a l5g? ( ab\t #cdj  
ft41 7 affect$1 ! two-track surface     
railway /ructure ( ! ,new ,york ,city   
,railway ,company1 & v>i\s pipes1 sew]s1
 & conduits1 & to ma9ta9 all surface    
vehicul> & p$e/rian traffic4 ,all       
/ructures 7 left 9 place ) ! exception (
 ! pipes1 mo/ ( :i* 7 tempor>ily cut    
out4 ,! #dh-;94 brick sew] 9 ! c5t] (   

,n9? ,av5ue 0 brok51 & ! sewage 0 pump$ 
across ! excavation ?r\gh a small] pipe4
  ,! g5]al me?od adopt$ 0 z foll[s3 ,!  
ea/ & we/ sides ( ! av5ue 7 clos$1      
vehicul> traffic 0 turn$ into ! c5t]1 & 
a tre/le = p$e/rians 0 con/ruct$ we/ ( !
 we/]ly elevat$ railway columns4 ,all   
/ructures 7 !n support$ on transv]se    
gird]s1 runn+ across ! av5ue1 bel[ !    
surface1 & ^! re/$ on concrete pi]s on !
 c5tral rock core4 ,! sides ( ! av5ue 7 
!n excavat$ to sub-grade1 & ! p]man5t   
/eel viaduct 0 erect$ on bo? sides ( !  
av5ue z close z possible to ! c5tral    
rock core4 ,! weight ( all /ructures 0  
!n transf]r$ to ! p]man5t /eel viaduct1 
erect$ on ! sides ( ! av5ue1 by timb]   
b5ts "u ! transv]se gird]s re/+ on !    
p]man5t /eel viaduct1 & all weight 0 ?us
 tak5 (f ! c5tral rock core4 ,?is core 0
 !n excavat$ to sub-grade1 ! p]man5t    
viaduct 0 complet$1 & all /ructures 7   
plac$ on its deck1 us+ concrete pi]s &  
timb] b5ts4  ,! design & erection ( !   
p]man5t /eel viaduct & ! p]man5t        

f\ndations on its deck 7 done "u ano!r  
contract1 ap>t f ! ,nor? ,riv] ,division
 "w1 & are n describ$ 9 ?is pap]4       
,elevat$ ,railway ,/ructure ( !         
,int]bor\gh ,rapid ,transit             
,company4--,! ,n9? ,av5ue ,elevat$      
,railway 0 built betwe5 #ahgg & #ahhj z 
a two-track /ructure1 ! design be+ su* z
 to p]mit a ?ird or c5tral track to be  
add$ lat]1 & ?is 0 built 9 #ahid4 ,x is 
support$ on columns "u ! outside tracks1
 ab\t #dc ft4 f c5t] to c5t]            
longitud9ally & #bb ft4 #c 94 f c5t] to 
c5t] transv]sely1 ! c5tral track be+    
c>ri$ by transv]se gird]s betwe5 !      
columns4  ,! columns c>ry+ ! /ructure   
are ( fan top design1 ) ! po9ts ( be>+  
ne> ! extremities at ! top2 ea* ( !     
outside tracks is support$ on two       
longitud9al lattic$ gird]s & ! c5tral   
track on two plate gird]s2 betwe5 !     
columns1 transv]se gird]s are splic$ to 
! outside track cross-frames1 & c>ry !  
c5tral track sy/em4 ,x 0 n ?\ght        
desirable to put brackets on ! columns  

ne> ! /reet level to support ! /ructure 
tempor>ily1 &1 z !re is an expansion    
jo9t at ea* column1 & z ! transv]se     
gird]s c>ry+ ! c5tral track sy/em are n 
rigidly atta*$ to ! longitud9al gird]s  
c>ry+ ! outside tracks1 ! c5tral track  
c\ld n be support$ by support+ ! outside
 tracks2 !re=e1 indep5d5t supports = ea*
 track1 9 ! =m ( ov]head gird]s1 _h to  
be provid$4 ,! columns re/ on brick     
pi]s1 ea* hav+ f\r #b-;94 an*or-bolts4  
,! brick f\ndations on ! we/ side are   
wide 9 ord] to all[ a #bd-;94 wat] ma9  
to pass directly b5ea? ! columns4 ,!    
f\ndations are usually on rock4         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii1 ,,fig4   
#a4--,,tw #d1 ,p4,n4,y4  ,l4,i4,r4,r4   
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view ( #i? ,ave4 
look+ ,nor?we/ f #cbnd ,/reet1 prior to 
comm5cem5t ( "w4 ,april #bc1 #jf4       
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii1 ,,fig4   
#b4--,,tw #ag1 ,p4,n4,y4  ,l4,i4,r4,r4  
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view ( ,ea/ side 
( #i? ,ave4 look+ ,nor? f a po9t #ajj   
feet s\? ( #ccrd ,/4 %[+ condition ( "w4

 ,july #bc1 #jf4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,xlvii1 ,,fig4 #c4--,,tw #be1 ,p4,n4,y4
  ,l4,i4,r4,r4 ,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4    
,view %[+ p]man5t & tempor>y supports ( 
#i? ,ave4 ,/ructures1 look+ ,nor?we/ f  
#ca/4 ,/4 ,april #bd1 #jg4              
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii1 ,,fig4   
#d4--,,tw #bh1 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,ea/ side ( #i?   
,av5ue1 ,nor? ( #cbnd ,/4 look+ ,we/1   
%[+ rock excavation & supports ( #i?    
,av5ue /ructures4 ,aug4 #ag1 #jg4  ,fig4
 #a1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 %[s ! elevat$      
railway /ructure & ! /reet surface prior
 to ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w4  ,! ea/ track  
is us$ = nor?-b\nd local tra9s1 ! we/   
track = s\?-b\nd local tra9s1 & ! c5tral
 track = s\?-b\nd express tra9s betwe5  
#g & #i4cj ,a4,m4 & = nor?-b\nd express 
tra9s betwe5 #b4cj & #g ,p4,m4 ,x is    
said t an av]age ( #ij1jjj pass5g]s are 
c>ri$ ov] ?is /ructure e #bd h\rs4      
,surface ,railway ,/ructure ( ! ,new    
,york ,city ,railway ,company4--,?is is 
an electric surface railway ( ! ord9>y  

type1 ! rail & slot be+ b$d$ 9 concrete1
 ) ca/-iron yokes e #e ft4 ,!re are     
manholes e #ajj ft41 & clean+-out holes 
e #ae ft4 ,p[] conduits are b$d$ 9 !    
concrete on ! ea/ side ( ! ea/ track4   
,=ty-eight-,in* ,brick ,sew]4--,?is sew]
 0 9 ! c5t] ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 ) ! inv]t    
ab\t #ab ft4 bel[ ! surface1 & manholes 
ab\t #ajj ft4 ap>t1 & _h to be ab&on$ 9 
?is position to all[ ! transv]se gird]s 
to be put 9 place to c>ry all /ructures 
:ile ! excavation 0 be+ done4           
,tw5ty-f\r-,in* ,ca/-,iron ,wat]        
,ma94--,?is wat] ma9 0 laid "u ! we/    
elevat$ railway columns1 ) its top ab\t 
#c ft4 bel[ ! surface1 a space be+ left 
= x 9 ! brick f\ndations1 & a l>ge      
column base ca/+ be+ us$ to span x4     
,valves 7 in/all$1 "o nor? ( #cc;d      
,/reet & "o s\? ( #ca/ ,/reet1 prior to 
excavat+ ne> ! pipe1 s t if x 0 brok5 ! 
wat] c\ld be %ut (f promptly4  ,/reet   
,surface4--,x 0 ! orig9al int5tion to   
close & excavate ! ea/ side ( ! av5ue & 
to erect !re a /reet-traffic tre/le be=e

 clos+ ! we/ side1 b1 at ! contractor's 
reque/1 bo? sides 7 clos$1 & all        
vehicul> traffic 0 turn$ into ! c5t]4 ,a
 light tre/le on ! we/ side ( ! av5ue   
provid$ = p$e/rian traffic4  ,o!r       
,sub-surface ,/ructures4--,!re 7 v>i\s  
gas ma9s1 wat] ma9s1 electric conduits1 
manholes1 hydrants1 etc41 9 ! av5ue1 &  
mo/ ( ^! 7 cut out tempor>ily1 at !     
contractor's reque/1 to be replac$      
subsequ5tly4  ,supports = ,elevat$      
,railway ,/ructure4--,z /at$ previ\sly1 
! c5tral track _h to be support$        
indep5d5tly4  ,! ov]head gird]s1 kn[n z 
gird]s ,b1 7 !re=e design$ z %[n on     
,fig4 #a1 & put 9 place z %[n on ,figs4 
#b & #c4 ,! outside tracks 7 block$     
directly on ^! gird]s1 & ! c5tral track 
0 support$ by block+ up ! transv]se     
gird]s on ,i-beams plac$ betwe5 ! gird]s
 ,b2 & no block+ 0 plac$ betwe5 ! gird]s
 ,b & ! longitud9al gird]s c>ry+ !      
c5tral track4 ,! weight on ea* column 0 
assum$ to be #agb1jjj lb4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #a4 7,full page image7          

,,details ,,( ,,/eel ,,gird]s1 ,,etc4   
,,support+ ,,n9? ,,av5ue ,,/ructures    
,supports = ,surface ,railway           
,/ructure4--,a uni=m load ( #c1jjj lb4  
p] l94 ft4 ( s+le track1 ) ! weight ( a 
c> at #ci1jjj lb41 0 assum$4 ,sev]al    
feet ( e>?1 betwe5 ! /ructure & ! rock1 
7 m9$ out1 & ! /ructure 0 support$ on   
,i-beams & po/s1 & ultimately on !      
transv]se gird]s by us+ timb] b5ts "u ! 
,i-beams1 z %[n on ,fig4 #c4  ,wat]     
,ma9s & ,sew]4--,cradles 7 design$ = !  
support ( ! #dh-;94 & #bd-;94 wat] ma9s1
 re/+ on ! transv]se gird]s1 & ! #dh-;94
 ca/-iron sew] on ! ea/ side ( ! av5ue 0
 c>ri$ on ,i-beams bracket$ to ! ends ( 
! transv]se gird]s1 z %[n on ,figs4 #a &
 #b4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 7,full   
page image7  ,,me?od ,,( ,,support+     
,,elevat$ ,,railway ,,/ructure          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 7,full page    
image7  ,,me?od ,,( ,,support+ ,,tracks 
,,( ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,railway ,,co4 
,gird]s ,c4--,! transv]se gird]s bel[ ! 
/reet surface1 ref]r$ to above1 7 kn[n z

 gird]s ,c1 & !y 7 put 9 place at fir/  
re/+ on concrete pi]s on ! c5tral core2 
! weight ( all /ructures 0 plac$ on !m  
:ile ! sides ( ! av5ue 7 be+ excavat$1 &
 ! sides ( ! viaduct 7 be+ built4 ,!    
ends ( ^! gird]s 7 !n pick$ up on !     
sides ( ! viaduct1 &1 spann+ ! c5tral   
rock core1 c>ri$ all /ructures :ile !   
core 0 be+ excavat$ & ! viaduct         
complet$4 ,new f\ndations 7 !n plac$ on 
! deck ( ! viaduct to c>ry all          
/ructures4  ,fifty-f\r ( ^! gird]s 7    
requir$1 ea* weigh+ ab\t #ai1jjj lb4 ,! 
b5ts c>ry+ ! ends ( ^! gird]s on ! sides
 ( ! viaduct are %[n on ,fig4 #b4 ,!y 7 
( long-leaf yell[ p9e4 ,^! gird]s 7     
locat$ s t a cradle c\ld be laid on !m  
ea/ ( ! elevat$ railway /ructure to c>ry
 a propos$ #dh-;94 ca/-iron wat] ma94   
,gird]s ,b4--,eighte5 ( ^! gird]s 7     
requir$1 ea* weigh+ ab\t #f1jjj lb4 ,!  
timb] b5ts support+ ^! gird]s1 %[n on   
,fig4 #b1 7 ( long-leaf yell[ p9e4  ,!  
total weight1 includ+ ! elevat$ railway 
/ructure1 surface railway /ructure1     

pipes1 etc41 support$ dur+ ! "w1 am\nt$ 
to ab\t #e1jjj tons4  ,details ( !      
,"w4--,! me?od 9 g5]al is %[n on ,figs4 
#d & #e4 ,at fir/ ! ea/ side ( ! av5ue 0
 clos$ & excavat$ d[n to rock1 ! e>? 0  
m9$ out "u alt]nate yokes ( ! surface   
railway /ructure1 & tempor>y po/s 7     
plac$ "u ! yokes to support ! /ructure  
:ile ! rema9d] ( ! e>? 0 be+ remov$4 ,!n
 ne$le-beams & po/s 7 plac$ "u ea* yoke4
 ,! concrete =m+ ! track /ructure 0 !n  
enclos$ ) plank+ to prev5t x f crack+ & 
fall+4 ,i-beams 7 !n plac$ "u !         
ne$le-beams c>ry+ ! /ructures1 & ^! 7   
c>ri$ on po/s2 !y 7 *ang$ alt]nately    
until ! excavation _h be5 tak5 out to a 
dep? ( ab\t #af ft4 bel[ ! surface4 ,9  
plac+ ^! ,i-beams1 heavi] block+ 0 us$ 9
 ! c5t] ( ! span ?an at ! ends :]e !    
b5ts w\ld come1 to prev5t ! subsid5ce ( 
! track ow+ to ! sag 9 ! ,i-beams4 ,z   
mu* excavation1 to a dep? ( ab\t #bj    
ft41 0 tak5 out adjo9+ ! elevat$ railway
 f\ndations z c\ld be done ) safety4    
,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 %[s ?is       

condition ( ! "w4 ,! #dh-;94 brick sew] 
0 brok51 & ! sewage 0 pump$ across !    
excavation4  ,! ov]head gird]s ,b 7 !n  
put 9 place1 & two ( ! gird]s ,c 7 us$ z
 tempor>y %or+ gird]s at ea* column4    
,^!1 z %[n by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 
7 plac$ p>allel to ! elevat$ railway1 ) 
block+ betwe5 !m & ! gird]s ,b4 ,d\ble  
b5ts1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 7 plac$ "u ! 
ends ( ^! tempor>y %or+ gird]s1 & ^! 7  
brac$ securely to prev5t possible       
dislodgm5t dur+ ! removal ( ! rock4 ,!  
weight ( ! /ructure 0 !n tak5 by jack+  
up ! gird]s ne> ! b5ts until ! column 0 
lift$ (f ! old f\ndation2 block+ 0 put 9
 betwe5 ! gird]s & ! b5ts dur+ ! jack+1 
s t :5 ! jacks 7 releas$ ! base ( !     
column 0 /ill cle> ( ! old f\ndation4   
,"o #hj-ton jack 0 us$ = ?is purpose1 & 
! g5]al me?od is %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate
 ,,lii4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 7,full
 page image7  ,,me?od ,,( ,,excavat+    
,,n9? ,,av5ue ,,plan ,,& ,,elevation    
,,%[+ ,,v>i\s ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,"w      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 7,full page    

image7  ,,me?od ,,( ,,excavat+ ,,n9?    
,,av5ue ,,sections ,,%[+ ,,v>i\s ,,/ages
 ,,( ,,"w  ,no4 #a  ,condition ,prior to
 ,comm5cem5t ( ,"w  ,no4 #b  ,ea/ side (
 ,av5ue cut d[n ab\t #bj ft4 ,beams )   
,support+ ,po/s plac$ "u ,surface       
,railway ,tracks4 ,gird]s ,b & ,tempor>y
 ,%or+ ,gird]s ,c = support+ ,elevat$   
,ry4 9 place4  ,no4 #c  ,i's 9 place "u 
,surface ,ry4 ,tracks4 ,elevat$ ,ry4    
c>ri$ on ,tempor>y ,%or+ ,gird]s1 &     
,gird]s ,c 9 place4 #bd ,wat] ,ma9 c>ri$
 on ,timb] ,cradle & sewage c>ri$ ?r\gh 
,pipe ,r4 ,foot ,walk c>ri$ on ,gird]s  
,c 9 place on ,we/ ,side ( ,av5ue4  ,no4
 #d  ,elevat$ ,railway c>ri$ on ,b5ts "u
 ,columns4 ,tempor>y ,%or+ ,gird]s      
remov$ & ,p]man5t ,b5ts re/+ on ,gird]s 
,c 9 place4 ,b5ts 9 place on ,gird]s ,c 
c>ry+ ,surface ,railway4 ,ea/ & ,we/    
sides ( ,av5ue excavat$ d[n to          
,sub-,grade & ,five r[s ( ,p]man5t ,/eel
 9 place on ea* side4 ,b5ts erect$ on   
,p]man5t ,/eel to cat* ends ( ,gird]s ,c
 :ile #b outside ,concrete ,pi]s are    

remov$ & #f? r[ ( ,p]man5t ,/eel on ea* 
side is put 9 place4  ,no4 #e  ,two     
outside ,concrete ,pi]s remov$ & #f? r[ 
( ,p]man5t ,/eel 9 place4 ,gird]s ,c    
c>ry+ all /ructures n[ re/+ on ,b5ts on 
,p]man5t ,/eel4 #dh ,c4l4 ,sew] c>ri$ on
 ,brackets on ,gird]s ,c4  ,no4 #f      
,excavation ,complet$4   ,tempor>y rak] 
braces 7 plac$ aga9/ ! /ructure to      
prev5t lat]al movem5t4 ,f\r sets ( ^!   
tempor>y %or+ gird]s 7 us$ 9 ?is mann]1 
two sets />t+ at ! nor? end & two sets  
at ab\t ! middle ( ! "w1 & ^! sets 7    
mov$ s\? z !y 7 releas$4  ,! columns be+
 ?us support$ on tempor>y %or+ gird]s1 !
 old f\ndations 7 remov$ & ! excavation 
0 tak5 d[n to a level ab\t #af ft4 bel[ 
! surface4  ,two sets ( ?ree ( ! gird]s 
,c 7 !n put 9 place "u ! av5ue at ea*   
column1 ea* set be+ plac$ on f\r        
concrete pi]s #f ft4 squ>e ) spaces ( #d
 ft4 betwe5 !m1 s t ! outside ( !       
outside pi] w\ld be #ah ft4 f ! c5t] ( !
 av5ue & #cb ft4 f ! h\se l9e4 ,?is is  
%[n on ,fig4 #e & on ,fig4 #c1 ,plate   

,,xlvii4 ,f\r small pi]s 7 us$1 z !y    
c\ld be m easily remov$ ?an "o cont9u\s 
pi]4 ,! gird]s ,c 7 set to l9e & grade1 
& ! pi]s 7 built "u !m1 great c>e be+   
tak5 to get ! concrete well "u ! gird]s 
s z to give a firm be>+4  ,aft] ^!      
gird]s ,c 7 9 place x 0 necess>y to     
remove ! tempor>y %or+ gird]s be=e !    
b5ts c\ld be erect$ on gird]s ,c to     
support gird]s ,b1 be+ 9 ! same plane2 &
 provision _h to be made to support !   
/ructure :ile ?is 0 be+ done4 ,!re=e1   
d\ble b5ts 7 erect$ directly b5ea? !    
columns1 z %[n by ,figs4 #b1 #d1 & #e1 &
 by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,^! 7     
built ) _! sills re/+ on ! gird]s ,c1 & 
block+ 0 put 9 betwe5 ! sills & ! rock  
to c>ry ! full weight ( ! /ructure4     
,lat]1 :5 ! weight ( ! /ructure 0 c>ri$ 
on ! p]man5t b5ts1 ?is block+ 0 knock$  
out1 b ! b5ts 7 left 9 to c>ry ! weight 
( ! column itself1 :i* 0 sw++ m or less 
f ! /ructure above4 ,! weight ( !       
/ructure 0 plac$ on ^! b5ts directly    
b5ea? ! columns by jack+ up ! tempor>y  

gird]s aga91 putt+ block+ betwe5 ! b5ts 
& ! base ( ! columns1 & tak+ out !      
block+ :i* _h be5 put 9 previ\sly "u !  
tempor>y %or+ gird]s4 ,! #bd-;94 wat]   
ma9 0 c>ri$ ov] ! excavation on cables f
 ! tempor>y %or+ gird]s1 except :5 !y 7 
be+ jack$ up1 at :i* "t po/s 7 plac$    
b5ea? x4  ,an*or-bolts 7 put 9 place    
betwe5 ! column bases & ! b5ts directly 
b5ea?1 9 ord] to increase ! lat]al      
/iffness1 & rak] braces 7 also us$4 ,?is
 hav+ be5 done1 ! tempor>y %or+ gird]s 7
 mov$ s\? to ! next column1 :]e !       
process 0 repeat$4 ,! timb] b5ts1 %[n 9 
detail by ,fig4 #b1 7 !n put 9 place z  
%[n by ,figs4 #d & #e1 & by ,fig4 #c1   
,plate ,,xlvii4 ,^! b5ts 7 fram$ z      
tightly z possible1 us+ g5]ally a       
#bj-ton jack1 & !y 7 erect$             
simultane\sly at ea* pair ( columns4 ,! 
weight 0 tak5 on ^! columns by jack+ up 
directly b5ea? ! column base & tak+ out 
! block+ betwe5 ?is base & ! b5t        
directly b5ea? ! column4 ,on releas+ !  
jack ! weight 0 transf]r$ to ! p]man5t  

timb] b5ts1 & ! ea/ & we/ columns ( ea* 
pair 7 transf]r$ on ! same day4 ,"o     
#hj-ton jack 0 us$ on ! ea/]ly columns &
 two 7 necess>y on ! we/]ly columns1 "o 
on ea* side ( ! #bd-;94 wat] ma94 ,!    
rak] braces ( ^! p]man5t b5ts 7 n fram$ 
z tightly z ! ma9 po/s1 9 ord] t ! ma9  
po/ %\ld c>ry ! entire weight & ! rak]  
braces m]ely /eady ! /ructure4  ,timb]  
b5ts 7 erect$ on gird]s ,c to c>ry !    
,i-beams "u ! surface railway /ructure1 
z %[n on ,fig4 #c1 & all tempor>y po/s  
"u ^! ,i-beams 7 remov$4 ,! b5ts 7 fram$
 ) a jack1 z tightly z possible1 & v    
little settlem5t ( ! track occurr$4  ,a 
cradle 0 !n built "u ! #bd-;94 wat] ma9 
& plac$ on gird]s ,c1 &1 z a tempor>y   
footwalk _h be5 con/ruct$ on ! we/ side 
( ! av5ue1 x w be se5 t all /ructures 7 
?us c>ri$ on gird]s ,c4  ,all /ructures 
7 put on ! gird]s ,c be=e cont9u+ !     
excavation on ! sides ( ! av5ue because1
 9 case ( a slide ( rock1 !re w\ld be   
less dang] ?an to individual /ructures4 
,! outside pi]s1 on :i* ! gird]s ,c     

re/$1 might ev5 be lo/1 )\t affect+ !   
/ability ( ! /ructure1 & po/+ c\ld      
readily be done b5ea? ^! gird]s 9 case (
 necessity4  ,a v c>eful record (       
levels1 tak5 on ! elevat$ railway       
columns1 0 kept1 obs]vations be+ made   
dur+ ea* jack+ up & at lea/ twice a week
 dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,! columns 7   
usually kept ab\t #a_/b 94 high s z to  
all[ = compression 9 ! timb] b5ts4  ,z a
 rule1 no jack+ ( ! elevat$ railway     
/ructure 0 done :ile tra9s 7 pass+ ov]1 
& tra9s 7 flagg$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,!re 0
 g5]ally v little delay1 z all jack+ 0  
done betwe5 #aj4cj ,a4,m4 & #b4cj       
,p4,m41 :5 ! traffic 0 lighte/1 &       
frequ5tly ! jack+ 0 done betwe5 tra9s1  
caus+ no delay :atev]4 ,/eel clamps 7   
plac$1 ?ree on ! top & ?ree on ! bottom 
( ea* set ( ! gird]s ,c1 to b9d !m      
toge!r & cause !m to act z a unit4  ,all
 /ructures !n be+ support$ on gird]s ,c1
 :i* 7 c>ri$ on f\r concrete pi]s re/+  
on ! c5tral rock core1 ! excavation on !
 sides ( ! av5ue 0 cont9u$ d[n to       

sub-grade & ! ea/ & we/ portions ( !    
concrete nor? abutm5t 7 con/ruct$4 ,!   
c5tral rock core 0 ab\t #cf ft4 wide on 
! top & #de ft4 wide on ! bottom1 & at !
 c5t] ( #cb;d ,/reet x 0 ab\t #db ft4   
high4  ,x 0 ! orig9al int5tion to       
excavate a suffici5t wid? ( ! sides ( ! 
av5ue to erect six r[s ( ! p]man5t /eel 
viaduct1 #e ft4 f c5t] to c5t]1 & ?is 0 
done on ! s\? portion ( ! "w4 ,on ! nor?
 portion1 h[ev]1 ! rock 0 ( poor        
quality1 & x 0 ?\ght be/ to excavate =  
only five r[s at fir/1 to erect ! five  
r[s ( p]man5t /eel & put ! timb] b5ts 9 
place "u ! ends ( ! gird]s ,c1 9 ord] to
 give !m "s support :ile ! outside      
concrete pi]s 7 be+ remov$ & !          
excavation 0 be+ wid5$ out to p]mit !   
erection ( ! six? r[4 ,additional rak]  
braces 7 put 9 ^! b5ts tempor>ily1 & 7  
remov$ :5 ! six? r[ ( /eel _h be5       
erect$4 ,?is is %[n on ,figs4 #d & #e4  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii1 ,,fig4  
#a4--,,tw #cc1 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,ea/ side ( #i?   

,ave4 look+ ,nor? f #ca/ ,/41 %[+ rock  
excavation & supports ( #i? ,ave4       
/ructures4 ,dec4 #bh1 #jg4              
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii1 ,,fig4  
#b4--,,tw #ci1 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,ea/ side ( #i?   
,ave4 look+ ,nor? f #ca/ ,/reet1 %[+    
rock excavation & p]man5t /eel "w4 ,m>* 
#bd1 #jh4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate        
,,xlviii1 ,,fig4 #c4--,,tw #gc1 ,p4,t4  
,t4,r4,r4 ,co4 ,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4    
,we/ side ( ,n9? ,ave4 ,jack+ up gird]s 
,c at ,elevat$ ,railroad ,column #dia1  
%[+ me?od ( tak+ weight on p]man5t      
viaduct gird]s4 ,nov4 #ad1 #jh4         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii1 ,,fig4  
#d4--,,tw #eh1 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,ea/ side ( ,n9?  
,ave4 look+ ,nor? f #ca/ ,/41 %[+       
und]p9n+ ( ,n9? ,ave4 ,/ructures4 ,aug4 
#aj1 #jh4  ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 &  
,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 %[ !         
/ructures support$ on ! c5tral rock core
 & ! excavation on ! ea/ side to p]mit (
 ! erection ( ! p]man5t viaduct gird]s4 

,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 %[s also !   
ea/]ly portion ( ! concrete nor?        
abutm5t4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 %[s 
five r[s ( ! p]man5t viaduct gird]s     
erect$ on ! ea/ side ( ! "w4  ,!        
excavation ( ! sides ( ! av5ue hav+ be5 
complet$1 & six r[s ( p]man5t viaduct   
gird]s erect$ on bo? sides1 timb] b5ts1 
z %[n on ,figs4 #b1 #d1 #e1 & #f1 7     
erect$ on ?is /eel to support ! ends ( !
 gird]s ,c & c>ry ! /ructure :ile ! rock
 core 0 be+ excavat$4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate  
,,xlviii1 %[s ! me?od ( tak+ ! weight on
 ^! b5ts4 ,f\r #hj-ton jacks 7 us$1 &   
oak blocks 7 plac$ on ! top ( ea* jack  
to transmit pressure to a tempor>y oak  
cap "u ! gird]s ,c indep5d5t ( ! b5ts2  
all f\r ( ^! jacks 7 op]at$             
simultane\sly1 & ! gird]s ,c 7 lift$ (f 
! b5ts & cle> ( ! concrete pi]s4 ,oak   
fill+ pieces 7 !n ins]t$ betwe5 ! b5ts &
 ! gird]s ,c1 s t :5 ! jacks 7 releas$ !
 gird]s ,c 7 cle> ( ! concrete pi]s4    
,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 %[s t !      
gird]s h be5 lift$ (f ! pi]s4           

,elevations 7 tak5 on ea* set ( gird]s  
dur+ ea* op]ation1 & c>eful obs]vations 
7 made on ! elevat$ railway columns4    
,:]e ! rock 0 v close to ^! b5ts1 ! op5 
space betwe5 ! po/s 0 fill$ ) block+ s t
 !re w\ld be less dang] ( ! b5t %ift+ if
 /ruck by bla/$ mat]ials4 ,fig4 #c1     
,plate ,,xlviii1 %[s "o ( ^! b5ts fill$ 
) block+4  ,all /ructures be+ c>ri$ on  
gird]s ,c1 :i*1 9 turn1 7 c>ri$ on !    
sides ( ! p]man5t viaduct1 ! c5tral core
 0 excavat$4 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 
& ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 ,plate       
,,xlix1 %[ v>i\s views ( ! "w at ?is    
/age4  ,! c5tral portion ( ! viaduct 0  
!n erect$1 &1 us+ concrete pi]s & timb] 
b5ts1 all /ructures 7 plac$ on its deck4
 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xlix1 %[s ! pi]s "u 
! elevat$ railway columns prior to !    
removal ( gird]s ,c4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #f4 7,full page image7  ,,g5]al  
,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,tempor>y ,,&         
,,p]man5t ,,/ructures  ,dur+ ! latt] "p 
( #aijh a #dh-;94 ca/-iron wat] ma9 0   
laid by ! city on a cradle built by !   

,railroad ,company on gird]s ,c on ! ea/
 side ( ! av5ue4 ,?is is "p ( !         
high-pressure sy/em1 & ! location &     
elevation ( ?is wat] ma9 7 tak5 into    
consid]ation :5 ! und]p9n+ 0 design$4   
,?is ma91 & ! #dh-;94 ca/-iron sew]     
bracket$ to gird]s ,c1 are %[n on ,fig4 
#d1 ,plate ,,xlviii4  ,elevations _h be5
 tak5 on m>ks on ! elevat$ railway      
columns betwe5 #cj? & #cd? ,/reets at ! 
"t ! orig9al surveys 7 made1 9 #aijb1 & 
^! m>ks 7 us$ to te/ ! level ( !        
/ructure dur+ ! progress ( ! excavation4
  ,at ! extreme s\? end ( ! "w !        
proc$ure 0 *ang$4 ,! ea/ side 0 excavat$
 d[n to sub-grade1 ! ea/ portion ( ! s\?
 abutm5t 0 con/ruct$1 & six r[s ( !     
p]man5t /eel viaduct 7 erect$4 ,v little
 excavation _h be5 done on ! we/ side ( 
! av5ue at ! s\? end ( ! "w1 & x w\ld h 
delay$ ! completion ( ! "w to h wait$ = 
! excavation = & ! con/ruction ( ! we/  
portion ( ! s\? abutm5t & ! erection ( !
 /eel2 !re=e1 in/ead ( support+ ! gird]s
 ,c on ! c5tral rock core1 ! ea/ ends 7 

tak5 up on ! p]man5t viaduct gird]s1 & !
 we/ ends 7 support$ on a concrete pi]  
on ! rock4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! av5ue 0
 excavat$ 9 advance ( ! we/ portion4 ,! 
p]man5t viaduct gird]s 7 put 9 place f  
ea/ to we/ across ! av5ue1 & ! gird]s ,c
 7 support$ on ! deck ( ! p]man5t       
viaduct approximately "u ! we/ elevat$  
railway columns be=e ! we/ portion ( !  
av5ue 0 excavat$1 ! c5tral portion ( !  
s\? abutm5t hav+ be5 con/ruct$ be=e !   
we/ portion4 ,?is proc$ure 0 adopt$ only
 at ! nor? gird]s ,c at elevat$ railway 
column ,no4 #dhh1 ! s\? set ( gird]s ,c 
be+ on ! rock imm$iately s\? ( ! s\?    
abutm5t4 ,figs4 #b & #d1 ,plate ,,xlix1 
& ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lii1 %[ v>i\s /ages
 ( ! "w at ! s\? end4  ,illu/ration3    
,,plate ,,xlix1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,tw #fj1   
,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4 ,t]m9al ,/ation  
,we/4 ,"u ,n9? ,ave41 look+ ,s\? f ,nor?
 abutm5t1 %[+ und]p9n+ & excavation (   
rock core4 ,aug4 #ac1 #jh4              
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix1 ,,fig4    
#b4--,,tw #hd1 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   

,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view look+ t[>d  
,n9? ,ave4 f ,s\? side ( #ca/ ,/41 #bjj 
feet ,we/ ( ,n9? ,ave4 ,jan4 #bh1 #ji4  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix1 ,,fig4    
#c4--,,tw #hh1 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   
,n4,r4 ,div4 ,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,c5t]
 l9e ( #cbnd ,/41 look+ ,ea/ f ,/a4     
#ahcej1 %[+ excavation "u ,n9? ,av5ue1  
p]man5t concrete pi]s "u ,elevat$       
,railway ,columns & removal ( tempor>y  
%or+ gird]s ,c4 ,april #h1 #ji4         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix1 ,,fig4    
#d4--,,tw #ie1 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   
,n4,r4 ,div4 ,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view
 "u ,n9? ,av5ue look+ ,s\?w>d f #ajj    
feet ,s\? ( c5t] l9e1 %[+ und]p9n+ (    
,n9? ,av5ue /ructure tak5 at sub-grade4 
,may #be1 #ji4  ,x 0 made a practice all
 ?r\gh ! "w to transf] ! weight ( !     
/ructures v positively f "o support to  
ano!r by lift+ !m bodily by jacks1 &    
putt+ 9 fill] pieces be=e releas+ !     
jacks1 n tru/+ to w$g+ to transf] !     
loads4 ,9 fact1 ap>t f ! box+-9 ( !     
surface railway concrete1 no w$ges      

:atev] 7 us$4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 a    
decid$ advantage1 =1 ) ! con/ant p\nd+ (
 tra9s on ! elevat$ railway & ! j>r+ due
 to heavy trucks on ! pavem5t blocks1 x 
is v likely t w$g+ w\ld h become loos5$ 
& displac$1 :]eas1 ) block+1 !re 0      
little or no t5d5cy t[>d displacem5t due
 to vibration4 ,al?\gh ! vibration ( !  
/ructure1 :5 a long l5g? 0 support$ on  
gird]s ,c re/+ on ! p]man5t viaduct     
gird]s on ! sides ( ! av5ue1 appe>$ to  
be consid]able1 n only v]tically b      
transv]sely1 v c>eful obs]vation %[$ t !
 sag 9 ! gird] ,c due a live load ( ?ree
 elevat$ railway tra9s1 "o surface      
railway c>1 & "o heavy truck1 am\nt$ to 
#a_/h 94 ,! sideway vibration did n     
am\nt to m ?an #a_/cb 94 on ei!r side ( 
! normal position4 ,m vibration 0 caus$ 
by heavy trucks & wagons go+ ov] ! /one 
pavem5t ?an by ! elevat$ railway tra9s  
or surface c>s4  ,no bla/+ 0 done ne> ! 
supports ( ! elevat$ railway /ructure   
:ile tra9s 7 pass+ ov] x1 & occasionally
 tra9s 7 /opp$ dur+ a heavy or unc]ta9  

bla/4 ,a wat*man on ! surface1 day &    
night1 & at fir/ "o & lat] two flagm5 on
 ! elevat$ railway /ructure1 7 on duty  
at all times1 report+ to ! ,int]bor\gh  
,rapid ,transit ,company1 by :om !y 7   
employ$4 ,log mats & timb] protection = 
! gird]s & ! columns ( ! p]man5t viaduct
 7 us$1 z %[n by ,figs4 #a & #d1 ,plate 
,,xlix1 dur+ ! excavation ( ! rock core1
 & timb] 0 also us$ to protect ! face ( 
! complet$ portions ( ! concrete        
abutm5ts4  ,9 excavat+ ! sides ( !      
av5ue1 ! rock broke bett] on ! ea/ ?an  
on ! we/ side1 :]e l>ge seams develop$ &
 "s slides occurr$4  ,abutm5ts4--,z %[n 
on ,fig4 #g1 ! face ( ! nor? abutm5t has
 a batt] ( #b 94 to ! foot1 & ! face ( !
 s\? abutm5t has a v>iable batt]1 ! base
 be+ on a grade & ! bridge seat be+     
level1 & bo? ma9ta9+ a uni=m di/ance f !
 c5t] ( ! ,t]m9al ,y>d4 ,! back walls ( 
! abutm5ts 7 n built until ! /eel _h be5
 put 9 place4  ,no attempt 0 made to    
wat]-pro( ^! abutm5ts1 b1 9 ! re> ( !   
wall1 op5 spaces 7 left1 ab\t #f ft4 f  

c5t] to c5t]1 :i* 7 connect$ ) dra9     
pipes at ! base ( & ext5d+ ?r\gh ! wall1
 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ (f any wat] t might
 develop 9 ! rock4 ,^! dra9s 7 =m$ by   
build+ wood5 boxes ) ! side t[>d ! rock 
op5 & ! jo9ts 9 ! boxes & aga9/ ! rock  
pla/]$ ) mort> 9 advance ( ! wall4 ,a   
hose 0 us$ to run wat] ?r\gh ^! dra9s   
dur+ ! plac+ ( ! concrete1 = ! purpose (
 wa%+ out any gr\t :i* might run into   
!m4 ,ea* box 0 wa%$ out at frequ5t      
int]vals1 & !re 0 no clogg+ ( ! dra9s   
:atev]4 ,?is me?od ( keep+ ! dra9s op5 0
 adopt$ & us$ successfully = ! entire   
"w4 ,! abutm5ts 7 built ( concrete1 & ! 
mixture 0 #a "p ( cem5t1 #c p>ts ( s&1 &
 #f p>ts ( brok5 /one4  ,! concrete 0   
mix$ 9 a ,no4 #c ,ransome mix]1 & 0     
plac$ v wet4 ,no fac+ mixture or fac+   
diaphragms 7 us$1 b ! /one 0 spad$ away 
f ! face ( ! wall z ! concrete 0 laid4  
,*utes 7 us$ inside ! =m1 if ! concrete 
_h to drop "s di/ance4 ,"w 0 cont9u$ day
 & night1 )\t any int]mission1 f ! "t ( 
comm5cem5t to ! "t ( completion ( ea*   

section4  ,! face ( ! concrete wall 0   
rubb$ & f9i%$ 9 a mann] simil> to t us$ 
on ! walls betwe5 ,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues1 z
 describ$ lat]4  ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lii1
 %[s ! ea/ & c5tral portions ( ! s\?    
abutm5t1 complet$ & c>ry+ ! p]man5t     
viaduct1 & ! excavation complet$ = ! we/
 portion4   ,,"w ,,betwe5 ,,n9? ,,&     
,,t5? ,,av5ues4  ,g5]al                 
,description4--,! "w involv$ !          
excavation ( ab\t #e4d acres1 betwe5 !  
we/ h\se l9e ( ,n9? ,av5ue & ! ea/ h\se 
l9e ( ,t5? ,av5ue1 to an av]age dep? (  
ab\t #ej ft41 ! con/ruction ( a /one    
masonry portal at ,t5? ,av5ue lead+ to !
 ,riv] ,tunnels1 & ! con/ruction ar\nd !
 site ( ! concrete reta9+ & face walls4 
,! foll[+ e/imat$ quantities appe> 9 !  
contract3 ,excavation ( rock 9 tr5*es1  
#c1djj cu4 yd42 excavation ( rock 9 pit1
 #cgg1jjj cu4 yd42 excavation ( all     
mat]ials except rock 9 tr5*es1 #f1ejj   
cu4 yd42 excavation ( all mat]ials      
except rock 9 pit1 #cd1jjj cu4 yd42     
concrete1 #a3c3f1 9 reta9+ walls1 #d1ehj

 cu4 yd42 concrete1 #a3c3f1 9 face      
walls1 #g1dfj cu4 yd42 concrete1 #a3b3c1
 ) #c_/d-;94 /one1 9 face walls1 #d1ajj 
cu4 yd42 /one masonry 9 portal1 #bdg cu4
 yd41 etc41 etc4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#g4 7,full page image7  ,,n9? ,,ave4    
,,abutm5ts  ,,key ,,plan  ,z previ\sly  
/at$1 ! contract price includ$ ! plac+ (
 all excavat$ mat]ial on sc[s at ,pi]   
#fb1 ,nor? ,riv]4 ,prior to ?is contract
 ?is pi] _h be5 us$ by ! ,new ,york     
,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania        
,t]m9al1 = ! disposal ( excavat$ mat]ial
 f ea/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue4 ,9 ord] to get !  
mat]ial to ! pi]1 ! contractor _h       
excavat$ a cut "u ,n9? ,av5ue :i* came  
to ! grade ( #cb;d ,/reet ab\t midway   
betwe5 ,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues1 & a tre/le 0
 con/ruct$ f ?is po9t ov] ,t5? ,av5ue & 
!nce to ! pi]4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xlvii1
 %[s ! ea/ end ( ?is cut1 & ,fig4 #a1   
,plate ,l1 %[s ! tre/le1 look+ ea/ f    
,t5? ,av5ue4  ,a #cj-ton /eam %ovel 0   
br\ght to ! s\? side ( ! "w1 & comm5c$  
op]at+ on ,july #i?1 #aijf4 ,aft] work+ 

!re ab\t a mon?1 ! e>? _h be5           
practically /ripp$ (f ! rock1 & ! %ovel 
0 mov$ ov] to ! nor? side :]e x excavat$
 bo? e>? & rock until ,augu/ #aj?1      
#aijg4  ,at ?ree po9ts s\? ( #cb;d      
,/reet & at "o po9t nor? ( #cb;d ,/reet 
ne> ,t5? ,av5ue1 cuts 7 made 9 ! rock to
 sub-grade1 & f ^! cuts1 toge!r ) ! cuts
 on ! we/ side ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 all wid5+ 
out 0 done & ! excavation 0 complet$4   
,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,l1 %[s ! excavation ( 
! ?ree cuts on ! s\? side ( #cb;d       
,/reet1 ! /eam %ovel op]at+ on ! nor?   
side ( t /reet1 & ! mat]ial-disposal    
tracks & tre/le4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lii1
 %[s ! cuts jo9$ up & ! excavation along
 ! s\? side practically complet$4  ,on !
 nor? side ( ! "w1 betwe5 ,/ations #ahb 
#ij & #ahc  #fe1 ! rock 0 l[1 &         
provision _h to be made = ma9ta9+ ! y>ds
 to ! nor? ( ! site4 ,!re=e a           
rubble-masonry reta9+ wall 0 built1 ) ! 
face ab\t #b ft4 nor? ( ! face ( !      
propos$ concrete wall :i* 0 to be put 9 
lat]4 ,on ! same side ( ! "w1 betwe5    

,/ations #ahh  #bd & #ahh  #df1 ! rock 0
 exce$+ly poor1 & z a small frame h\se  
on ! adjo9+ lot 0 consid]$ to be 9 an   
unsafe condition1 a rubble masonry      
reta9+ wall 0 built4 ,z ! build+ adjo9+ 
! s\? side ( ! "w at ,t5? ,av5ue 0 on an
 e>? f\ndation1 x 0 necess>y to und]p9 x
 be=e ! excavation c\ld be done4 ,!     
build+ 0 support$ on ne$les1 & rubble   
masonry 0 put 9 f ! bottom ( ! old      
f\ndation to ! rock4 ,! f\ndation ( #dac
 ,we/ #ca/ ,/reet1 imm$iately we/ ( !   
,express ,build+ site1 0 ( v poor       
masonry1 & x 0 necess>y to rebuild x    
prior to tak+ out ! adjo9+ excavation4  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l1 ,,fig4        
#a4--,,tw #bc1 ,p4,n4,y4  ,l4,i4,r4,r4  
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view look+       
,ea/w>d f ,t5? ,ave41 %[+ "w betwe5 ,n9?
  ,t5? ,av5ues4 ,dec4 #bf1 #jf4         
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l1 ,,fig4        
#b4--,,tw #ce1 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view look+       
,nor?we/ f ,/a4 #ahd1 #abj feet ,s\? (  
c5t] l9e4 ,dec4 #ca1 #jg4  ,illu/ration3

 ,,plate ,l1 ,,fig4 #c4--,,tw #if1      
,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4 ,n4,r4 ,div4     
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view look+ ,we/ f
 ,n9? ,av5ue ,elevat$ ,railway1 %[+     
condition ( "w4 ,may #bf1 #ji4          
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l1 ,,fig4        
#d4--,,tw #ajd1 ,p4,n4,y4  ,l4,i4,r4,r4 
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view f ,t5?      
,av5ue look+ ,ea/1 %[+ progress (       
concrete walls4 ,aug4 #g1 #ji4  ,along !
 nor? side1 betwe5 ,/ations #ahf  #ej & 
#ahg  #ej1 ! walls support+ ! adjo9+    
back y>ds 7 ( poor quality & _h to be   
r5ew$ by ! contractor be=e excavation   
c\ld be done4  ,! excavat$ mat]ial 0    
load$ by d]ricks on c>s at ! top ( !    
excavation1 ^! c>s be+ on tracks hav+ a 
direct connection ) ! disposal tre/le1 z
 %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,l4 ,z soon z x
 c\ld be done1 d]ricks 7 plac$ at !     
bottom ( ! excavation2 tracks 7 !n laid 
out !re1 & ! excavat$ mat]ial 0 load$ on
 c>s at ! bottom & hoi/$ by d]ricks to  
c>s on ! disposal tre/le4 ,a locomotive 
0 l[]$ to ! bottom ( ! excavation on    

,augu/ #be?1 #aijg1 & a d]rick />t$     
op]at+ at ! bottom on ,augu/ #bg?1      
#aijg4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ?is "w by d]ricks
 at ! bottom is %[n by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate 
,,lii4 ,9 g5]al1 ! disposal tracks 7    
ma9ta9$ ab\t on ! c5t] l9e ( #ca/ ,/reet
 until ! excavation _h be5 c>ri$ z close
 to !m z possible1 & on ,octob] #af?1   
#aijg1 !y 7 %ift$ to ! extreme nor? side
 ( ! "w1 z %[n by ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,l4  
,a portion ( ! old tre/le 0 left 9 place
 ne> ,t5? ,av5ue1 a d]rick 0 erect$     
!reon1 & ! tracks 7 us$ = c>s to receive
 ! excavat$ mat]ial hoi/$ f sub-grade4  
,! disposal tre/le 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is      
position until su* "t z x w\ld int]f]e )
 ! excavation1 & !n ! tracks 7 ab&on$4  
,?is 0 done on ,novemb] #aa?1 #aijh4    
,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,l1 %[s ! f9i%+ ( !    
excavation on ! nor? side ( ! "w4 ,on   
,augu/ #cj?1 #aijh1 a cut 0 made "u ,n9?
 ,av5ue at sub-grade1 & c>s c\ld !n be  
run f ,sev5? to ,t5? ,av5ue at          
sub-grade4 ,on ,octob] #bd?1 #aijh1 !   
connection ) ! disposal tre/le ea/ (    

,n9? ,av5ue 0 ab&on$1 & all excavat$    
mat]ial 0 hoi/$ f sub-grade at ,t5?     
,av5ue by d]ricks4  ,z previ\sly /at$1 !
 contractor 0 requir$ to make complete  
disposal ( all excavat$ mat]ial aft]    
,janu>y #a/1 #aiji1 b 0 all[$ ! use ( ! 
pi] until ,janu>y #bj?1 #aiji1 aft] :i* 
date ! mat]ials 7 hoi/$ by d]ricks at   
,t5? ,av5ue1 load$ on #b-;horse trucks1 
& transport$ to ! #cj? ,/reet pi]1 ,nor?
 ,riv]1 :]e x 0 load$ on sc[s by two    
electric d]ricks4 ,a consid]able am\nt (
 ! rock excavation 0 brok5 up & us$ =   
back-fill4  ,e>?                        
,excavation4--,practically all ! e>?    
excavation1 am\nt+ to ab\t #eg1jjj cu1  
yd41 0 done ) /eam %ovels4 ,! av]age    
quantity ( e>? excavat$ by a /eam %ovel 
p] #aj-;h\r %ift 0 #ahj cu4 yd4 ,?is    
mat]ial 0 load$ on side-dump c>s & tak5 
to ! disposal pi] :]e x 0 dump$ ?r\gh   
*utes to ! decks ( sc[s4 ,inasmu* z !   
quantity ( e>? excavation 0 small1 z    
comp>$ ) ! rock1 ! e>? 0 us$ pr9cipally 
= ! fir/ lay] on ! sc[s = padd+1 s t    

small /ones might be dump$ ?r\gh ! *utes
 )\t injur+ ! decks4  ,rock             
,excavation4--,z previ\sly /at$1 ! rock 
broke bett] on ! s\? ?an on ! nor? side1
 :]e !re 7 sev]al slides1 & consid]able 
excavation _h to be tak5 out beyond !   
neat l9e requir$ 9 ! specifications4 ,! 
wor/ slide occurr$ at midnight on ,july 
#c;d1 #aiji1 at ab\t ,/ation #ahh  #ej4 
,! la/ bla/1 to complete ! excavation to
 sub-grade at ?is po9t1 _h be5 fir$ 9 ! 
aft]noon ( ! same day1 & ! muck+ 0      
practically complet$4 ,great c>e _h be5 
tak5 9 excavat+ ne> ?is po9t1 z x 0     
evid5t t ! rock 0 n ( a v /able "*1 b1  
:5 ! excavation _h be5 complet$1 x 0    
?\ght t ! rock rema9+ 9 place w\ld /&4  
,! volume ( mat]ial br\ght d[n by ?is   
slide am\nt$ to ab\t #bjj cu4 yd4 ,!    
rock on ! s\? side broke v well1 & !re 7
 no slides ( any consequ5ce4  ,! drill  
holes 7 laid out by ! bla/]1 & ! g5]al  
me?od ( drill+ = diff]5t classes ( "w 0 
z foll[s3 ,9 break+ d[n1 ! holes 7 />t$ 
ab\t #h ft4 ap>t1 on a slight batt]1 s t

 at ! bottom !y w\ld be consid]ably less
 ?an #h ft4 ap>t4 ,!y 7 drill$ ab\t #aj 
ft4 deep1 & bla/+ logs 7 us$1 z x 0     
necess>y to load q heavily 9 ord] to    
lift ! mat]ial & />t ! cut4 ,aft] ! cut 
_h be5 made1 side holes 7 %ot to wid5   
out suffici5tly to />t ano!r cut4  ,aft]
 a side cut ab\t #bj ft4 deep _h be5    
made1 ! side holes 7 drill$ #bj ft4     
deep1 & ! holes 7 load$ & tamp$ = ! full
 #bj-;ft4 cut4 ,"u ! t]ms ( !           
specifications1 ! contractor 0 requir$  
to complete ! excavation on ! sides by  
drill+ broa*+ holes4  ,! maximum l5g? ( 
drill /eel 0 ab\t #bj ft41 &1 :]e !     
excavation plane ( broa*+ 0 m ?an #bj   
ft4 9 dep?1 ! contractor 0 p]mitt$ to   
/>t ! holes back ( ! broa*+ l9e1 9 ord] 
to all[ = sett+ up ! drills on ! second 
lift4 ,a di/ance ( ab\t #h 94 0 usually 
all[$ = sett+ up a drill4 ,! broa*+ l9e 
0 pa9t$ on ! surface ( ! rock 9 advance 
( ! drill+1 & ! batt] ( ! drill 0 te/$ )
 a specially design$ h&-level 9 :i* !   
bubble came to a c5tral position :5 !   

face ( ! level 0 on ! requir$ batt]4    
,holes 7 also drill$ 9 front ( ?is      
broa*+ l9e1 &1 :5 ! excavation _h be5   
tak5 out to )9 ab\t #f ft4 9 front ( x1 
! holes imm$iately 9 front 7 load$1 &   
also ab\t e ?ird "o ( ! broa*+ holes1 &1
 unless ! rock 0 v bad1 x usually broke 
%>ply at ! broa*+ l9e4 ,occasionally1 ! 
broa*+ holes :i* 7 n load$ 7 fill$ ) s&1
 :i* gave r bett] results ?an leav+ !m  
op54  ,9 ! /eam-%ovel "w on ! ea/ side (
 ,n9? ,av5ue1 spr+ holes 7 us$4 ,!y 7   
=m$ by drill+ a #bj-;ft4 hole & explod+ 
at ! bottom ( x1 )\t tamp+1 two or ?ree 
/icks ( dynamite1 & repeat+ ?is process 
) heavi] *>ges until !re _h be5 =m$ at !
 bottom ( ! hole a l>ge cavity :i* w\ld 
hold f #ajj to #bjj lb4 ( dynamite4     
,face holes & brea/ holes 7 also drill$1
 & x 0 possible by ?is me?od to drill & 
break up a cut #bj ft4 deep & #ae ft4   
?ick4 ,! only place :]e spr+ holes 7 us$
 on ?is "w 0 on ! ea/ side ( ,n9? ,av5ue
 :]e ! heavy cutt+ 0 sometimes ext5d$   
beyond ! ea/ h\se l9e4  ,f ! be/ records

 obta9able1 ! av]age progress 9 drill+ 0
 ab\t #cc l94 ft4 p] #h-;h\r %ift4 ,!   
av]age numb] ( cubic y>ds ( excavation  
p] drill %ift 0 #ac4i1 & ! av]age am\nt 
( drill+ p] cubic y>d ( excavation 0    
#b4d ft42 ?is cov]$ m ?an #bg1jjj drill 
%ifts4  ,! dynamite 0 practically all   
#fj1 & ! av]age excavation p] p\nd (    
dynamite 0 #b4b cu4 yd4 ,! contractor   
employ$ an inspector ( batt]ies & fuses1
 :o1 us+ an in/rum5t = t purpose1 te/$ !
 wir+ ( ea* bla/ prior to fir+1 9 ord]  
to discov] any %ort circuits1 & ?us     
prev5t ! dang] ( leav+ unexplod$        
dynamite 9 ! holes4  ,! av]age quantity 
( excavation p] d]rick %ift ( #aj h\rs1 
cov]+ #g1djj %ifts1 #hg ( ! excavation  
be+ rock1 0 #ej cu4 yd41 & ! av]age =ce 
p] %ift1 includ+ only =eman & labor]s1 0
 #ac m54 ,x 0 f\nd t a d]rick op]at+ at 
! top ( a #bj-;ft4 cut w\ld h&le ab\t   
#dj cu4 yd4 p] %ift1 :]eas1 if op]at+ at
 ! bottom ( ! cut1 x w\ld h&le ab\t #fj 
cu4 yd4 p] %ift4 ,! elevator d]ricks at 
,t5? ,av5ue 7 v effici5t1 & ea* c\ld    

take c>e ( ! mat]ial f f\r d]ricks at ! 
bottom1 hoi/+ #bej cu4 yd4 p] %ift a    
height ( #fj ft4  ,concrete ,reta9+ &   
,face ,walls4--,x 0 ess5tial to h !     
greate/ space possible at ! bottom ( !  
excavation1 &1 inasmu* z ! y>d 0 to be  
left op51 x 0 necess>y to provide "s    
fac+ = ! rock on ! sides 9 ord] to      
prev5t dis9tegration1 due to exposure1 &
 give a f9i%$ appe>ance to ! "w4 ,above 
! rock surface a reta9+ wall ( gravity  
section 0 design$1 ! top be+ slightly   
high] ?an ! y>ds ( ! adjo9+ prop]ties4  
,! face wall 0 design$ to be z ?9 z     
possible1 9 ord] to all[ ! maximum space
 = tracks4  ,! excavation1 !re=e1 0 laid
 out s t ! back ( ! reta9+ wall w\ld n  
encroa* on ! adjo9+ prop]ty1 b w\ld     
practically co9cide ) ! prop]ty l9e at  
positions ( maximum dep?4  ,! batt] on !
 face ( ! wall 0 #b 94 p] ft41 & a      
bridge seat #c-a_/b ft4 wide 0 =m$ at an
 elevation ( #bb ft41 m9imum cle>ance1  
above ! top ( ! rail4 ,?is bridge seat 0
 made level4 ,! maximum height ( ! s\?  

wall is #di ft41 & ( ! nor? wall #fe ft4
  ,! face walls 7 class$ z ,upp] ,face  
,walls1 ext5d+ f ! base ( ! reta9+ wall 
to ! bridge seat1 & z ,l[] ,face ,walls1
 ext5d+ f ! bridge seat to ! base ( !   
wall4 ,! g5]al design is %[n on ,fig4   
#h4  ,9 consid]+ ! design ( ! face wall 
x 0 felt t1 ! wall be+ s ?91 ample      
provision %\ld be made to prev5t any    
accumulation ( wat] & consequ5t pressure
 back ( ! wall2 !re=e1 no attempt 0 made
 to wat]-pro( x1 b provision 0 made to  
c>ry (f any wat] :i* might appe> 9 !    
rock4 ,box dra9s1 #b ft4 wide & #f ft4 f
 c5t] to c5t]1 7 plac$ aga9/ ! rock1 s  
t1 !re be+ b #d ft4 betwe5 ! dra9s1 & ! 
wall hav+ a m9imum ?ickness ( #b ft41   
any wat] 9 ! rock w\ld n h to g m ?an #b
 ft4 to rea* a dra91 & w\ld probably    
pass along ! face ( ! rock to a dra9 r  
?an ?r\gh #b ft4 ( concrete4 ,^! dra9s 7
 connect$ ) pipes lead+ ?r\gh ! wall at 
its base4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4     
7,full page image7  ,,reta9+ ,,& ,,face 
,,walls ,,nor? ,,side  ,^! box dra9s    

occurr$ s frequ5tly1 & decreas$ !       
section ( ! wall s mat]ially1 t x 0     
?\ght desirable to tie ! wall to ! rock4
 ,?is 0 done by drill+ into ! rock holes
 f #f to #ae ft4 9 dep?1 & gr\t+ into   
ea* hole a #a-a_/b-;94 rod hav+ a split 
end & a /eel w$ge4 ,! out] end ( ea* rod
 0 fitt$ ) a #ab by #ab by #a_/b-;94    
plate & a nut1 & ext5d$ into ! wall1 ?us
 ty+ ! concrete securely to ! rock4 ,!  
dra9s be+ #f ft4 f c5t] to c5t]1 !      
tie-rods 7 plac$ midway betwe5 !m1 & #f 
ft41 f c5t] to c5t]1 v]tically &        
horizontally4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! arrangem5t 
( ^! rods & dra9s4 ,ar\nd ! ,express    
,build+ site1 j we/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 on ! 
s\? side ( ! "w1 ! bridge seat 0 omitt$1
 & ! face wall 0 design$ #b ft4 ?ick f  
top to bottom4 ,! batt] on ! #ca/ ,/reet
 wall 0 made v>iable1 ! top & bottom be+
 con/ant di/ances f ! c5t] l9e & on     
diff]5t grades4  ,! reta9+ walls 7      
wat]-pro($ ) ?ree lay]s ( felt & coal-t>
 pit*1 :i* 0 protect$ by #d 94 ( brick  
masonry4 ,a #f-;94 vitrifi$ dra9 pipe 0 

laid along ! back ( ! wall1 ) ! jo9ts   
op5 on ! l[] half1 & ?is 0 cov]$ ) #a   
ft4 ( brok5 /one & s& be=e any back-fill
 0 plac$ on x4  ,! arrangem5t ( ! dra9s 
0 z foll[s3 ,! #f-;94 dra9 back ( !     
reta9+ wall 0 connect$ ) "o ( ! box     
dra9s 9 ! re> ( ! face wall by a        
ca/-iron pipe or wood5 box e #bd ft41 & 
?is ran ?r\gh ! base ( ! reta9+ wall4   
,midway betwe5 ^! pipes1 a connection 0 
made at ! bridge seat betwe5 ! dra9 9 ! 
re> ( ! face wall & ! gutt] =m$ at ! re>
 ( ! bridge seat to c>ry (f ra9-wat]    
com+ d[n ! face ( ! wall above4 ,all !  
box dra9s1 except ^? connect$ ) ! dra9s 
back ( ! reta9+ wall1 7 seal$ at !      
elevation ( ! base ( ! reta9+ wall1 z   
not$ previ\sly4  ,! specifications      
requir$ vitrifi$ pipe to be laid ?r\gh !
 reta9+ wall1 b1 ow+ to ! difficulty (  
hold+ ! %ort l5g?s ( pipe 9 place dur+ !
 lay+ ( wet concrete1 !y 7 disp5s$ )1 & 
ei!r iron pipes or wood5 boxes 7 us$4   
,tie-,rods4--,:5 ! excavation on ! sides
 _h be5 complet$1 movable drill+ plat=ms

 7 erect$1 z %[n by ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,l4
 ,! holes 7 drill$ on a pit* ( #b 94 p] 
ft4 ) ! horizontal4 ,! dep?s ( ! holes 7
 decid$ by ! eng9e]1 & 7 on ! basis ( a 
m9imum dep? ( #e ft4 9 p]fect rock2 ! "*
 ( ! rock1 !re=e1 & ! pres5ce ( seams1  
det]m9$ ! dep?s ( ! holes4 ,ea* hole 0  
p>tly fill$ ) gr\t1 & ! rod1 ) ! /eel   
w$ge 9 ! split end1 0 ins]t$ & driv5 ) a
 sl$ge s t ! w$ge1 /rik+ ! bottom ( !   
hole fir/1 w\ld cause ! split end ( !   
rod to op54 ,ea* hole 0 !n entirely     
fill$ ) neat cem5t gr\t4  ,box          
,dra9s4--,v>i\s me?ods ( =m+ ! box dra9s
 7 consid]$1 su* z us+ half-tile dra9s1 
or a metal =m1 or a collapsible =m :i*  
c\ld be )drawn1 b x 0 f9ally decid$ to  
build boxes 9 :i* ! side t[>d ! rock 0  
op5 & ! jo9ts 9 ! boxes & aga9/ ! rock 7
 pla/]$ ) cem5t mort>4 ,^! boxes 7 left 
9 place4 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,li1 %[s !   
tie-rods & box dra9s 9 place1 & holes   
be+ cut ne> ! bottom ( ! dra9s = ! pipes
 lead+ ?r\gh ! wall4  ,=ms4--,fig4 #a1  
,plate ,,li1 %[s ! =m us$ on ! s\? side 

( ! "w4 ,! mat]ials 7 ( good quality1 & 
! =m1 :i* 0 ab\t #ej ft4 long1 0 us$ to 
build twelve sections1 or ab\t #fjj ft4 
( wall4 ,! =m 0 ti$ 9 at ! top & bottom 
by cables atta*$ to rods drill$ into !  
rock1 & x 0 ?\ght t1 ) ! trusses to     
/iff5 ! middle section ( ! =m1 x w\ld n 
be necess>y to use rak] braces aga9/ x4 
,?is w\ld h be5 desirable1 z ! plac+ ( !
 rak] braces took consid]able "t4 ,x 0  
f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! =m 0 n suffici5tly     
rigid1 z x bulg$ at ! middle section &  
c\ld n be held by ! trusses4 ,two or    
?ree sets ( rak] braces1 ab\t #ab ft4   
ap>t1 7 us$1 & 9 addition1 rods )       
turnbuckles 7 plac$ ?r\gh ! =m & fa/5$  
to ! tie-rods1 & ?us ! =m 0 held 9 place
 successfully4 ,on ! =ms built lat]1 !  
trusses 7 omitt$1 & rak] braces1 ab\t e 
#f ft41 7 us$4 ,! rods :i* screw$ into !
 turnbuckles 7 remov$ be=e ! =m 0 mov$4 
,! photograph1 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,lii1 0
 tak5 inside ! concrete =m = ! l[] face 
wall on ! nor? side1 & %[s ! dra9s lead+
 ?r\gh ! wall1 ! turnbuckles atta*$ to !

 tie-rods1 ! cables atta*$ to rods 9 !  
rock1 & ! braces to keep ! =m f com+ 92 
^! braces1 ( c\rse1 7 remov$ z !        
concrete came up4 ,! =m 0 built l[ &    
w$g$ up into position4 ,aft] a section (
 concrete _h set suffici5tly1 ! w$ges 7 
knock$ out1 ! =m 0 l[]$ & mov$ f ! wall1
 & 0 !n mov$ along ! l[e/ wal+ piece by 
block & tackle to its new position4     
,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,l1 %[s ! =ms us$ on ! 
nor? side ( ! "w4  ,a section1 #a ft4   
squ>e1 at ! top ( ! bridge seat ( ! l[] 
face wall1 0 left out1 s t ! bottom ( ! 
=m = ! upp] face wall c\ld be brac$     
aga9/ x4 ,! top ( ?is =m 0 ti$ by cables
 atta*$ to rods 9 ! rock & by rods )    
turnbuckles runn+ f back to front ( !   
=m2 braces 7 also put 9 f ! back ( !    
reta9+ wall =m to ! walls ( build+s     
along ! prop]ty l9es1 :5 ?is c\ld be    
done4 ,! middle section ( ! =m 0 held by
 rods ) turnbuckles :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! =m
 & 7 fa/5$ to ea* ( ! tie-rods drill$   
into ! rock1 z 0 also done 9 ! case ( ! 
l[] face wall4 ,x 0 g5]ally possible to 

hold ! =m to true position 9 ?is mann]1 
b occasionally x _h a t5d5cy to bulge2  
:5 ?is occurr$1 ! rods lead+ ?r\gh ! =m 
& fa/5$ to ! tie-rods 7 tight5$ up1 !   
plac+ ( ! concrete 0 sl[$ up1 & no s]i\s
 bulg+ occurr$4  ,bulkheads at ! ends ( 
! sections 7 built ( r\gh plank+        
securely brac$ to ! rock1 except t a    
plan$ bo>d 0 laid up aga9/ ! face ( ! =m
 to make a /raight jo9t4 ,at ! end ( ea*
 section a ,v 0 =m$1 z %[n by ,fig4 #a1 
,plate ,,li4 ,at all corn]s1 a return1  
or portion ( ! wall runn+ at "r angles1 
0 built1 & no section ( wall 0 /opp$ at 
a corn]4  ,fill+ ,=ms ( ,l[] ,face      
,walls4--,a tempor>y tre/le 0 erect$    
above ! elevation ( ! bridge seat1 & a  
track1 lead+ f ! mix] to ! =m to be     
fill$1 0 laid on x4 ,at ! comm5cem5t (  
ea* section a lay] ( mort> 7#a "p (     
cem5t to #b-a_/b p>ts ( s&7 0 deposit$  
on ! bottom4 ,a #a3c3f mixture (        
concrete 0 us$2 x 0 run f ! mix] into   
dump-c>s & deposit$ 9 ! =m ?r\gh *utes1 
?ree ( :i* 7 provid$ = ea* #ej-;ft4     

section1 ! av]age l5g?4 ,! concrete 0   
mix$ wet1 & 0 n ramm$2 ! /one 0 spad$   
back f ! face1 & no fac+ mixture or fac+
 diaphragms 7 us$4 ,"w on ea* section 0 
cont9u$ day & night )\t any int]mission 
f ! "t ( comm5cem5t to ! "t (           
completion4 ,at frequ5t int]vals ! box  
dra9s 7 wa%$ out ?or\ghly ) a hose1 9   
ord] to prev5t !m f clogg+ up ) gr\t4   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,li1 ,,fig4      
#a4--,,tw #ff1 ,p4,n4,y4  ,l4,i4,r4,r4  
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,box dra9s & tie  
rods1 ,s\? side1 ,/a4 #ahdhj to #ahead4 
,sept4 #ag1 #jh4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,li1 ,,fig4 #b4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,li1 ,,fig4 #c4--,p #df4 ,p4,r4,r4     
,tunnels1 ,n4,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,gy4 ,we/4
 ,disposal tre/le j be=e demolition4    
,view ( ,s\? side %[+ *utes4 ,jan4 #ba1 
#ji4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,li1 ,,fig4
 #d4--;,a #ed4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,tunnels1      
,n4,r4 ,div4 ,sect4 ,gy4 ,we/  ,oj4     
,view across ,nor? ,riv] on l9e (       
,tunnels1 look+ f ,new ,york to ,new    
,j]sey4 ,feb4 #i1 #jg4  ,9 ! fir/ few   

sections ( wall1 ! =m 0 fill$ to )9 #a  
94 ( ! top ( ! bridge seat & all[$ to   
set = ab\t #b h\rs2 x 0 !n f9i%$ to !   
prop] elevation ) a pla/] ( #a "p (     
cem5t to #a "p ( s&4 ,?is did n prove   
satisfactory1 z !re 7 indications (     
*eck+ & crack+1 &1 lat]1 ! =m 0 fill$ to
 ! requir$ elevation & ! surface float$4
 ,! =m 0 all[$ to rema9 9 place = f #ah 
to #bd h\rs1 dep5d+ on ! wea!r4 ,9 mo/  
cases1 imm$iately aft] ! =m _h be5 mov$1
 a scaffold 0 erect$ aga9/ ! face ( !   
wall1 & ! face 0 wet & ?or\ghly rubb$1  
fir/ ) a wood5 float & !n ) a cem5t     
brick1 until ! surface 0 smoo? & uni=m4 
,! section #a ft4 squ>e at ! top ( !    
bridge seat1 :i* 0 left out 9 ord] to   
brace ! bottom ( ! =m = ! upp] face     
wall1 0 fill$ 9 aft] ! walls _h be5     
complet$4 ,! old concrete 0 v ?or\ghly  
clean$ be=e ! new concrete 0 plac$ on x1
 & a gutt] 0 =m$ at ! re> connect+ ) !  
box dra9s back ( ! wall to c>ry (f      
ra9-wat] com+ d[n ! face ( ! upp] walls4
  ,9 hot wea!r ! walls 7 ?or\ghly wett$ 

d[n sev]al times a day = sev]al days    
aft] ! =m _h be5 remov$4  ,upp] ,face & 
,reta9+ ,wall4--,9 cases :]e ! top ( !  
reta9+ wall 0 at a high] elevation ?an !
 mix]1 x 0 necess>y to raise ! concrete 
9 a bucket ) a d]rick1 & dump x into c>s
 on ! tre/le above ! top ( ! cop+4      
,concrete 0 deposit$ ?r\gh *utes1 z 9 ! 
l[] face wall1 cont9u\sly f ! bottom ( !
 face wall to ! top ( ! reta9+ wall4 ,at
 ! comm5cem5t ( ea* section ( ! reta9+  
wall a lay] ( mort> 0 put on ! rock4 ,a 
#a3b3c mixture ( concrete 0 us$ 9 ! face
 wall1 & a #a3c3f mixture 9 ! reta9+    
wall4  ,z ! face walls 7 s ?91 ! numb] (
 bat*es ( concrete p] h\r 0 r$uc$1 = !  
=m fill$ s rapidly t ! concrete1 be=e x 
set1 ex]t$ an excessive pressure aga9/ !
 =m1 & ?is t5d$ to make x bulge4 ,!     
prop] rate at :i* to place ! concrete   
beh9d a =m #ej ft4 long1 ) a wall #b ft4
 ?ick1 0 f\nd to be ab\t fifte5         
#a_/b-yd4 bat*es p] h\r4  ,cracks 9     
,walls & ,longitud9al ,re9=cem5t4--,be=e
 ! concrete walls 7 />t$1 ! contractor  

sugge/$ us+ =ms #ajj ft4 long & build+ !
 walls 9 sections ( t l5g?2 x 0 decid$1 
h[ev]1 to limit ! l5g? to #ej ft4  ,!   
s\? walls1 9 sections approximately #ej 
ft4 long1 7 built fir/1 />t+ at ,t5?    
,av5ue & ext5d+ = ab\t #ejj ft4 ,soon   
aft] ! =ms 7 remov$1 irregul> cracks    
appe>$ 9 ! walls betwe5 ! jo9ts 9       
practically e section4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ^!  
cracks might be due to ! wall be+ v ?9 &
 be+ held at ! back by ! tie-rods2 !re 0
 also q a mat]ial *ange 9 ! section ( ! 
wall at ea* dra9age box4 ,al?\gh x 0    
admitt$ t ^! cracks w\ld h no effect on 
! /ability ( ! wall1 x 0 ?\ght t1 =     
appe>ance sake1 x w\ld be desirable to  
prev5t or control !m1 if possible4 ,!   
fir/ me?od sugge/$ 0 to %ort5 ! sections
 to #be ft41 :i* w\ld give an expansion 
& contraction jo9t e #be ft41 x be+     
?\ght t sections ( ?is l5g? w\ld n crack
 betwe5 ! jo9ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n       
consid]$ desirable4 ,an ef=t 0 !n made  
to prev5t cracks 9 a section ( wall1    
ab\t #df ft4 long1 on ! s\? side1 by us+

 longitud9al re9=cem5t4 ,9 ! l[] & upp] 
face walls1 #c_/d-;94 squ>e twi/$ /eel  
rods 7 plac$ longitud9ally ab\t #d 94 9 
f ! face & ab\t #a ft4 #d 94 ap>t       
v]tically4 ,! sections ( ^! walls 7     
f9i%$ on ,april #aj?1 & ,may #e?1 #aiji1
 respectively4 ,at pres5t !re are no    
indications ( cracks 9 ^! sections1 & !y
 are practically ! only ones 9 ! s\?    
walls :i* d n %[ irregul> cracks4  ,x 0 
decid$1 h[ev]1 t1 inasmu* z ! cracks did
 n affect ! /ability ( ! walls1 !       
increas$ co/ ( ?us re9=c+ ! rema9+ walls
 0 n w>rant$4 ,an ef=t to control !     
cracks 0 made by plac+ corrugat$-iron   
diaphragms 9 ! =m1 divid+ ea* #ej-;ft4  
section into ?ree p>ts4 ,! diaphragms 7 
#a ft4 wide1 & 7 plac$ ) ! out] edge #a 
94 9 f ! face ( ! wall1 b 9 ! cop+s !y 7
 omitt$4 ,! purpose ( ^! diaphragms 0 to
 provide weak sections 9 ! walls1 s t if
 !re 0 any t5d5cy to crack x w\ld occur 
along ! l9e ( ! diaphragms4 ,corrugat$  
iron 0 us$ = ! diaphragms in/ead ( %eet 
iron z x 0 m easily ma9ta9$ 9 a v]tical 

position4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( !       
diaphragms is %[n on ,fig4 #d1 ,plate   
,,lii4 ,! results obta9$ by us+         
diaphragms h be5 q satisfactory1 &      
cracks approximately /raight & v]tical h
 usually appe>$ opposite ! diaphragms   
soon aft] ! =ms 7 remov$4 ,diaphragms 7 
us$ on all ! rema9+ walls1 ) ! exception
 ( ^? betwe5 ,/ations #ahg  #jg & #ahh  
#hc on ! nor? side1 :]e ! rock 0 ( poor 
"* & bad slides _h occurr$4 ,betwe5 ^!  
po9ts1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! wall1 twi/$   
/eel rods1 #a 94 squ>e1 7 plac$         
longitud9ally1 #f 94 9 f ! face ( ! wall
 & #b ft4 ap>t v]tically1 betwe5        
,elevations #bie & #cce4  ,illu/ration3 
,,plate ,,lii1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,gird]s    
,,"u #i,,? ,,av5ue ,,elevat$ ,,railroad4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii1 ,,fig4   
#b4--,,tw #ajj4 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4  
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,%[+ excavation ( 
completion ( ,s\? abutm5t #i? ,ave4 &   
me?od ( ,support+ ,elevat$ ,railway     
,column #dhh4 ,july #ba1 #ji4           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii1 ,,fig4     

#c4--,,tw #ca4 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4 ,co4   
,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,view %[+         
excavation #i? & #aj? ,av5ues ,s\? (    
#cbnd ,/4 look+ ,we/ f ,/a4 #ahd4 ,aug4 
#ag1 #jg4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii1 
,,fig4 #d4--,,tw #aja4 ,p4,t4  ,t4,r4,r4
 ,co4 ,t]m9al ,/ation ,we/4 ,inside (   
concrete =m = l[]-face wall1 %[+ dra9s1 
tie rods1 diaphragms & me?ods employ$ = 
ty+ 9 ! =m 9 addition to braces outside4
 ,july #ba1 #ji4  ,t5? ,av5ue           
,portal4--,! design ( ! ,t5? ,av5ue     
,portal is %[n on ,fig4 #i4 ,! /one     
select$ came f ! ,mill/one ,granite     
,company's ,qu>ries1 ,mill/one ,po9t1   
,conn41 & is a close-gra9$ granite4     
,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,li1 %[s ! complet$   
portal4  ,practically all ! /one cutt+ 0
 done at ! qu>ry1 b c]ta9 /ones 9 ea*   
c\rse 7 s5t long & 7 cut on ! gr\nd1 9  
ord] to make prop] closures4 ,dra9s 7   
left beh9d ! portal ar\nd ! back ( ea*  
ar*1 lead+ d[n to ! bottom1 & ?r\gh !   
concrete base at ea* side ( ! portal & 9
 ! c5tral core-wall2 all ^! dra9s h be5 

dis*>g+ wat]4  ,p[]-,h\se4--,! old *ur* 
at ,no4 #bcf ,we/ #cd? ,/reet1 betwe5   
,sev5? & ,eigh? ,av5ues1 0 turn$ ov] to 
! ,new ,york ,contract+                 
,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al = a       
p[]-h\se to supply compress$ air = use  
on ! ,t]m9al ,/ation "w betwe5 ,sev5? & 
,n9? ,av5ues & ! "w bel[ sub-grade z    
well z t on ! ,t]m9al ,/ation-,we/4 ,f\r
 /raight-l9e compressors & "o           
cross-comp\nd ,corliss compressor 7     
in/all$1 ! /eam be+ suppli$ by ?ree     
,/irl+ boil]s4 ,?ree electrically-driv5 
air compressors1 us+ curr5t at #f1fjj   
volts1 7 also in/all$1 & ! total        
capacity ( ! p[]-h\se 0 ab\t #ai1jjj cu4
 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute compress$ to   
#ij lb4 p] sq4 94  ,disposal ,pi]4--,!  
disposal pi] 7old ,no4 #fb & new ,no4   
#gb71 at ! foot ( ,we/ #cb;d ,/reet1    
,nor? ,riv]1 0 leas$ by ! ,p5nsylvania  
,railroad ,company4 ,! entire pi]1 ) !  
exception ( ! piles1 0 tak5 d[n1 & !    
piles :i* w\ld be 9 ! pa? ( ! propos$   
tunnel 7 )drawn prior to ! build+ ( !   

tunnels & ! con/ruction ( ! pi] =       
disposal purposes4 ,subsequ5t to ! driv+
 ( ! tunnels !re 0 a consid]able        
settlem5t 9 ! pi]1 especially noticeable
 at ! telph]s1 & f9ally ^! _h to be     
ab&on$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate  
,,li1 %[s ! *utes ?r\gh :i* ! e>? 0     
dump$ on ! decks ( ! sc[s to =m a padd+ 
on :i* to dump ! heavi] rock4 ,fig4 #d1 
,plate ,,li1 %[s ! d]ricks at ! end ( ! 
pi]4 ,^! 7 us$1 n only = load+ heavy    
/ones & skips1 b also ) a clam-%ell     
bucket = br++ 9 brok5 /one & s& = use 9 
! "w4 ,l>ge quantities ( pipe1 conduits1
 brick1 etc41 7 also br\ght to ?is pi] =
 use on ! "w4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 
7,full page image7  ,,portal1 ,,reta9+  
,,& ,,face ,,walls1 ,,t5? ,,av5ue       
,,organization ,,( ,,eng9e]+ ,,=ce ,,9  
,,field4  ,! design & execution ( ! "w 7
 "u ! direction ( ,*>les ,m4 ,jacobs1   
,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4,e41 ,*ief ,eng9e]1 & 
,james ,=gie1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4,e41    
,*ief ,assi/ant ,eng9e]4 ,! writ] act$ z
 ,resid5t ,eng9e]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 

#aj4  ,! g5]al organization ( ! eng9e]+ 
=ce 9 ! field is %[n by ! diagram1 ,fig4
 #aj4  ,! position ( ,assi/ant ,eng9e]1 
9 responsible *>ge ( ,con/ruction &     
,records1 has be5 fill$ 9 turn by       
,messrs4 ,a4,w4 ,gill1 ,n4,c4 ,mc,neil1 
,jun4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4,e41 & ,w4,s4       
,gre5e1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4,e4   
,messrs4 ,a4,p4 ,combes & ,t4,b4 ,brogan
 h act$ z ,*ief ,inspector & ,night     
,inspector1 respectively1 9 *>ge (      
outside "w dur+ ! entire c>ry+ out ( !  
contract4  ,base l9es _h be5 e/abli%$ on
 ,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues = ! ,t]m9al "w ea/ 
( ,n9? ,av5ue & = ! ,tunnel "w we/ (    
,t5? ,av5ue1 & ^! l9es1 toge!r )        
b5*-m>ks simil>ly e/abli%$1 7 us$ 9 lay+
 out ! ,t]m9al ,/ation-,we/ "w4  ,prior 
to ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 elevations 7    
tak5 on ! surface at #aj-;ft4 int]vals1 
& elevations ( ! rock surface 7 tak5 on 
^! po9ts z ! rock 0 uncov]$4            
,cross-sections 7 made & us$ 9 comput+ !
 progress & f9al e/imates4  ,v c>eful   
records 7 kept ( labor1 mat]ials1 d]rick

 p]=mances1 /eam-%ovel p]=mances1       
quantity ( dynamite us$1 etc41 &1 9     
addition1 a di>y 0 kept giv+ a          
description ( ! "w & mat]ials us$ ea*   
day2 v>i\s tables & diagrams 7 also     
prep>$4  ,a daily report 0 s5t to !     
,*ief ,(fice %[+ ! quantities (         
excavation remov$ & concrete built1 !   
=ce 9 ! field1 ! plant at "w1 etc41 dur+
 ! previ\s day4 ,at ! end ( ea* mon? a  
description ( ! "w done dur+ t mon?1 )  
quantities1 =ce ( m5 employ$1 p]c5tages 
( "w done1 etc41 0 s5t to ! ,*ief       
,(fice4 ,two diagrams1 %[+              
cross-sections & cont\rs ( ! excavation 
done & ! progress ( ! concrete walls1 7 
also s5t4   ,,co/ ,,acc\nt4  ,f !       
records ( labor & mat]ial obta9$ 9 !    
field1 & f e/imat$ *>ges = adm9i/ration 
& p[]1 an e/imate 0 made ( ! co/ to !   
contractor = do+ v>i\s classes ( "w4 ,x 
0 necess>y to e/imate ! adm9i/ration &  
p[] *>ges1 z ! contractor's organization
 & p[]-h\se 7 also controll+ & supply+  
p[] to ! ,t]m9al ,/ation "w ea/ ( ,n9?  

,av5ue & also ! "w bel[ sub-grade4 ,!   
labor & mat]ial *>ges 9 ! field 7 plac$ 
directly aga9/ ! class ( "w on :i* !y 7 
us$ & ! adm9i/ration & g5]al *>ges 7:i* 
includ$ sup]9t5d5ce1 light+1 etc47 7    
apportion$ to ! v>i\s classes ( "w 9    
proportion to ! value ( ! labor done4   
,,/ati/ics4  ,! total weight ( !        
/ructural /eel us$ dur+ ! und]p9n+ (    
,n9? ,av5ue 0 #a1dge1jjj lb4  ,! total  
weight support$ dur+ ! "w "u ,n9? ,av5ue
 0 ab\t #e1jjj tons4  ,u#a;,e,the av]age
 daily traffic ov] ! ,n9? ,av5ue        
,elevat$ ,railway 0 #ij1jjj pass5g]s1 &1
 dur+ ! progress ( ! excavation &       
und]p9n+1 ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj pass5g]s 7  
c>ri$ ov] t /ructure4  ,! total         
excavation 0 #eba1jjj cu4 yd41 ( :i* #hg
 0 solid rock4  ,! av]age drill p]=mance
 0 ab\t #cc l94 ft4 p] #h-;h\r %ift4  ,!
 av]age numb] ( cubic y>ds ( excavation 
p] drill %ift 0 #ac4i4  ,! av]age numb] 
( feet ( drill+ p] cubic y>d (          
excavation 0 ab\t #b4d4  ,! av]age      
excavation p] p\nd ( dynamite 0 #b4b cu4

 yd4  ,! av]age am\nt ( excavation p]   
d]rick %ift ( t5 h\rs1 #hg ( !          
excavation be+ rock1 0 #ej cu4 yd4  ,!  
av]age d]rick =ce p] %ift1 includ+ only 
=eman & labor]s1 0 #ac m54  ,! sal>ies (
 ! eng9e]+ /aff 9 ! field & ! exp5ses ( 
equipp+ & ma9ta9+ ! field (fice am\nt$  
to #b4h ( ! co/ ( ! "w execut$1 #b4g be+
 = eng9e]+ sal>ies alone4  ,,footnotes3 
,footnote ,a3 ,pres5t$ at ! meet+ (     
,april #f?1 #aiaj4