,,! ,,dance       ,hi/oric ,illu/rations
 ( ,danc+         f #ccjj ,b4,c4 to     
#aiaa ,a4,d4                        ,,by
                  ,,an ,,antiqu>y       
,,london       ,,john ,,bale1 ,,sons    
,,danielsson1 ,,ltd4 #hc-ia1 ,,great    
,,tit*field ,,/reet1 ,,ox=d ,,/reet1 ,w 
,respectfully d$icat$             to    
,dr4 ,eleanor ,maxwell4                 
#aiaa     ,,preface4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,?is sket* 
( ! iconography ( ! dance does n pret5d 
to be a hi/ory ( ! subject1 except 9 !  
mo/ elem5t>y way4 ,x may be tak5 z a    
summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( po/ure2 a complete  
dance _c be easily r5d]$ 9 illu/ration4 
,! text is ( ! mo/ elem5t>y description2
 to g into ! subject ?or\ghly w\ld      
involve ye>s & volumes4 ,! descriptions 
( ! v>i\s hi/oric dances or music are   
enorm\s subjects2 two au?ors alone h    
giv5 #hjj dances 9 f\r                  
volumes4,footnote3 ,?ompson's complete  
collection ( #bjj c\ntry dances p]=m$ at
 ,c\rt1 ,ba?1 ,tunbridge1 & all public  

assemblies1 ) prop] figures & directions
 to ea* set = ! viol91 ,g]man flute1 &  
hautboy1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,pr9t$ = ,*>les &   
,samuel ,?ompson1 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 
,london1 :]e may be _h ! ye>ly dances & 
m9uets4 ,f\r volumes1 ea* #bjj dances4  
#aggj-aggc4  ,x w\ld h be5 int]e/+ if "s
 idea ( ! or*esography ( ! ,egyptians & 
,greeks c\ld h be5 giv52 ?is art (      
describ+ dances mu* 9 ! mann] t music is
 writt5 is lo/1 & ! attempts to revive x
 h be5 ineffective4 ,! increas+ spe$ ( !
 action s9ce ! days ( ,lulli w\ld n[    
r5d] x almo/ impossible4  ,x is hop$ t  
?is "w may be ( "s use z illu/rat+ !    
co/ume1 position & accessories ( ! dance
 9 v>i\s p]iods to ^? produc+           
ent]ta9m5ts4  ,to ! read] desir\s (     
?or\ghly /udy+ ! subject a bibliography 
is giv5 at ! end4     ,,cont5ts4        
,,*apt] ,i  ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1       
,hebrew1 & ,pho5ician ,danc+4 ,! ,ritual
 ,dance ( ,egypt4 ,danc+ ,examples f    
,tomb ( ,ur-ari-en-,ptah1 #f? ,dyna/y1  
,briti% ,museum4 ,description ( ,danc+ f

 ,sir ,g4 ,wilk9son2 ( ! ,egyptian      
,pipes & ,hi]oglyphics ( ,danc+1 c4     
,pho5ician ,r\nd ,dances1 f a ,lime/one 
,gr\p f\nd at ,cyprus1 & ,bronze ,pat]a 
f ,idalium1 ,cyprus4   ,,*apt] ,,ii     
,greek ,danc+4 ,bac*analian ,dance1 by !
 ,c]amic ,pa9t] ,hi]on4 ,description (  
"s ,greek ,dances1 ! ,g]anos1 !         
,corybantium1 ! ,hormos1 c4 ,danc+      
,bac*ante f a ,vase & f ,t]ra ,cotta4 ,!
 ,h&-9-h&1 & ,pana!naeac ,dance f       
,c]amic ,w>e4 ,milit>y ,dance f         
,sculpture 9 ,vatican1 ,greek ,danc] )  
,ca/anets4 ,illu/ration ( ,cymbals &    
,pipes f ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,*orus4  
,greek ,danc]s & ,tumbl]s4   ,,*apt]    
,,iii  ,etruscan1 ,s\? ,italian & ,roman
 ,danc+4 ,illu/rations f ! ,grotta dei  
,vasi1 ! ,grotta della ,scimia1 & !     
,grotta del ,tricl9io1 ,corneto4 ,fun]al
 ,dances f ,albanella1 ,capua1 c4       
,pompeii & ! ,ba?s ( ,con/ant9o4 ,!     
,dances ( ! ,etruscans & ,s\? ,italians4
 ,! ,roman1 ,dance ( ! ,salii4 ,!       
,bellicrepa4 ,! social position (       

,danc+4 ,! ,*orus4   ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,e>ly
 ,engli% & ,m$iaeval ,danc+ to ! #ad?   
,c5tury4 ,danc+ 9 ,*ur*es & ,religi\s   
,danc+4 ,! ,gleem5's ,dance4 ,milit>y   
,dances4 ,! ,hornpipe4 ,tumbl+ & ,je/   
,dances4 ,illu/rations ( ,gleem5's      
,dance1 ,hornpipe1 ,sword ,dances1      
,tumbl+ & ,v>i\s ,comic ,dances4        
,,*apt] ,v  ,society ,danc+1 ! #ae? to  
#ah? ,c5turies4 ,out-(-door ,dances4    
,*amb] ,danc+4 ,comic ,dances4 ,! ,ball4
 ,illu/rations f ,italian #ae? ,c5tury1 
,g]man #ae? & #af? ,c5turies1 ,fr5*     
#ae?1 #af?1 #ag?1 ,engli% #ae?1 #af? &  
#ah? ,c5turies ,danc+4   ,,*apt] ,,vi   
,! ,mod]n ,!atre ,dance3 its ,orig94    
,introduc$ into ,france f ,italy4 ,"u   
,h5ry ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,l\is ,,xiii41     
,,xiv4 ,influ5ce ( ,c>d9als ,ri*elieu & 
,maz>94 ,f\ndation ( ! ,academic de     
,danse et de ,musique4 ,! ,c\rt ,ballet4
 ,molire4 ,corneille4 ,lalli1 c4 ,!     
,!atre ,ballet4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,nov]re4 
,its introduction into & its ,pres5t    
,condition 9 ,engl&1 c4 ,illu/rations ( 

,mlles4 de ,cam>go1 ,duv]nay1 ,taglioni4
 ,fanny ,ellsl]4 ,f]r>is1 ,c>lotta      
,grisi4 ,adel9e ,g5e4 ,anna ,pavlova4   
,fdorova1 c4 ,v>i\s ,ea/]n ,examples4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,danc+ to !   
clapp+ ( b&s4 ,egyptian1 f ! tomb (     
,ur-ari-en-,ptah1 #f? ,dyna/y1 ab\t     
#ccjj ,b4,c4 7,briti% ,museum47         
99       99       99       99       99  
,hi/oric ,illu/rations ( ,danc+4        
,,*apt] ,i4   ,,egyptian1 ,,assyrian1   
,,hebrew ,,& ,,pho5ician ,,danc+4  ,9   
?is "w x is n necess>y to worry ! read] 
) speculations z to ! orig9 ( danc+4    
,!re are o!r au?orities easily          
accessible :o h writt5 ^u ?is !me4      
,danc+ is probably "o ( ! olde/ arts4 ,z
 soon z man 0 man he )\t d\bt began to  
ge/iculate ) face1 body1 & limbs4 ,h[   
long x took to develop bodily           
ge/iculation into an art no "o c        
guess--p]haps a mill5nium4  ,9 writ+ (  
danc+1 "o w !re=e include ^?            
ge/iculations or movem5ts ( ! body      
sugge/+ an idea1 :e!r x be ! sl[ movem5t

 ( m>*+1 or ! rapid gallop1 ev5 "s ( !  
movem5ts t we commonly call acrobatic4  
,x is n int5d$ "h to include ! m s5sual 
movem5ts ( ! ,ea/ & ! debas$ antique4   
,g5]ally ! antique dances 7 connect$ ) a
 religi\s ritual conceiv$ to be         
acceptable to ! ,gods4 ,?is connection  
betwe5 danc+ & religi\s rites 0 common  
up to ! #af? c5tury4 ,x /ill cont9ues 9 
"s c\ntries4  ,9 "s ( ! e>lie/ designs  
:i* h come d[n to u ! danc]s mov$1 z    
/>s1 h& 9 h& r\nd an alt>1 or p]son1    
repres5t+ ! sun2 ei!r 9 a sl[ or /ately 
me?od1 or ) rapid tra9$ ge/ures1 accord+
 to ! ritual p]=m$4  ,danc+1 music &    
poetry 7 insep>able4 ,danc+ is ! poetry 
( motion1 & its connection ) music1 z ! 
poetry ( s\nd1 occurs at all times4 ,9  
our own day musical !mes are m>k$ by =ms
 orig9ally dance times1 z waltz "t1     
gavotte "t1 m9uet "t1 etc4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,greek figures
 9 a solemn dance4 ,f a vase at ,b]l94  
,among/ ! e>lie/ repres5tations t are   
compreh5sible1 we h c]ta9 ,egyptian     

pa9t+s1 & "s ( ^! exhibit po/ures t     
evid5tly _h ev5 !n a settl$ mean+1 & 7 a
 phrase 9 ! s5t5ces ( ! art4 ,n only 7  
!y settl$ at su* an e>ly p]iod 7,b4,c4  
#cjjj1 fig4 #a7 b !y appe> to h be5     
accept$ & h&$ d[n to succe$+ g5]ations  
7fig4 #b71 & :at is rem>kable 9 "s      
c\ntries1 ev5 to our own times4 ,!      
accompany+ illu/rations f ,egypt &      
,greece exhibit :at 0 evid5tly a        
traditional attitude4 ,! h&-9-h& dance  
is ano!r ( ^!4  ,! e>lie/ accompanim5ts 
to danc+ appe> to h be5 ! clapp+ ( h&s1 
! pipes1,footnote3 ,egyptian music      
appe>s to h be5 ( a complicat$ "* & !   
d\ble pipe or flutes 7 probably re$$1 z 
) our cl>ionet4 ,! left pipe _h few /ops
 & s]v$ z a sort ( hautboy2 ! "r _h _m  
/ops & 0 high]4 ,! s+le pipe1 7a7 ,!    
record] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is a treble
 ( #aj-a_/b 94 & is p5taphonic1 l !     
,scot* scale2 ! t5or 7b7 is #h-c_/d 94  
long & its pres5t pit*--,illu/ration3 a 
,illu/ration3 b ! guit>1 ! tamb\r9e1 !  
ca/anets1 ! cymbals1 ! tamb\r1 &        

sometimes 9 ! /reet1 ! drum4  ,! foll[+ 
acc\nt ( ,egyptian danc+ is f ,sir      
,g>d9] ,wilk9son's ,anci5t ,egypt       
,footnote3 ,vol4 i41 p4 #ejc-h43--  ,!  
dance consi/$ mo/ly ( a succession (    
figures1 9 :i* ! p]=m]s endeav\r$ to    
exhibit a great v>iety ( ge/ure4 ,m5 &  
wom5 danc$ at ! same "t1 or 9 sep>ate   
p>ties1 b ! latt] 7 g5]ally pref]r$ = _!
 sup]ior grace & elegance4 ,"s danc$ to 
sl[ airs1 adapt$ to ! /yle ( _! movem5t2
 ! attitudes !y assum$ frequ5tly p>took 
( a grace n unwor?y ( ! ,greeks2 & "s   
cr$it is due to ! skill ( ! arti/ :o    
repres5t$ ! subject1 :i* excites        
additional int]e/ f its be+ 9 "o ( !    
olde/ tombs ( ,!bes 7,b4,c4 #adej1      
,am5ophis ,,ii474 ,o!rs pref]r$ a lively
 /ep1 regulat$ by an appropriate tune2 &
 m5 sometimes danc$ ) great _s1 b\nd+ f 
! gr\nd1 m 9 ! mann] ( ,europeans ?an ( 
,ea/]n p4 ,on ^! occasions ! music 0 n  
always compos$ ( _m in/rum5ts1 & "h we  
f9d only ! cyl9drical maces & a woman   
snapp+ h] f+]s 9 ! "t1 9 lieu ( cymbals 

or ca/anets4  ,graceful attitudes &     
ge/iculations 7 ! g5]al /yle ( _! dance1
 b1 z 9 all o!r c\ntries1 ! ta/e ( !    
p]=mance v>i$ accord+ to ! rank ( !     
p]son by :om !y 7 employ$1 or _! own    
skill1 & ! dance at ! h\se ( a prie/    
diff]$ f t among ! unc\? peasantry1 etc4
  ,x 0 n cu/om>y = ! upp] ord]s (       
,egyptians to indulge 9 ?is amusem5t1   
ei!r 9 public or private assemblies1 &  
none appe> to h practis$ x b ! l[] ranks
 ( society1 & ^? :o ga9$ _! livelihood  
by att5d+ fe/ive meet+s4  ,fe>+ le/ x   
%\ld corrupt ! mann]s ( a p naturally   
lively & fond ( gaiety1 & deem+ x nei!r 
a necess>y "p ( education nor becom+ a  
p]son ( sob] habits1 ! ,egyptians =bade 
^? ( ! high] classes to le>n x z an     
amusem5t4  ,_m ( ^! po/ures resembl$ ^? 
( ! mod]n ballet1 & ! pir\ette delight$ 
an ,egyptian p>ty #c1ejj ye>s ago4  ,!  
dresses ( ! females 7 light & ( ! f9e/  
texture1 a loose fl[+ robe rea*+ to !   
ankles1 sometimes ) a girdle4  ,9 lat]  
times1 x appe>s m transp>5t & fold$ 9   

n>r[ pleats4,footnote3 ,!re is a picture
 ( an ,egyptian gauff]+ ma*9e 9         
,wilk9son1 vol4 i41 p4 #ahe4 ,"s danc$ 9
 pairs1 hold+ ea* o!r's h&2 o!rs w5t    
?r\gh a succession ( /eps alone1 bo? m5 
& wom52 sometimes a man p]=m$ a solo to 
! s\nd ( music or ! clapp+ ( h&s4  ,a   
fav\rite figure dance 0 univ]sally      
adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 9 :i* two      
p>tn]s1 :o 7 usually m51 advanc$ t[>d   
ea* o!r1 or /ood face to face ^u "o leg1
 & hav+ p]=m$ a s]ies ( movem5ts1 retir$
 aga9 9 opposite directions1 cont9u+ to 
hold by "o h& & conclud+ by turn+ ea*   
o!r r\nd 7see fig4 #c74 ,t ! attitude 0 
v common is prov$ by its hav+ be5 adopt$
 by ! hi]oglyphic 7fig4 #d7 z ! mode (  
describ+ 'dance4'  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#c4--,! hi]oglyphics describe ! dance4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,egyptian     
hi]oglyphic = dance4  ,_m ( ! positions 
( ! dance illu/rat$ 9 ,g>dn] ,wilk9son  
are us$ at ! pres5t day4  ,! ,,assyrians
 probably danc$ z mu* z ! o!r nations1 b
 among/ ! _m monum5ts t h be5 discov]$  

!re is little danc+ %[n1 & !y 7 evid5tly
 m pr\d ( _! campaigns & _! hunt+ ?an ( 
_! danc+4 ,a /]n & /rong p1 al?\gh !y   
und\bt$ly _h ?is amusem5t1 we "k little 
ab\t x4 ,( ! ,pho5icians1 _! neighb\rs1 
we h "s illu/rations ( _! dance1 :i* 0  
app>5tly ( a s]i\s nature1 judg+ by !   
examples :i* we possess1 su* z t 7fig4  
#e7 f ,cyprus repres5t+ ?ree figures 9  
hood$ c[ls danc+ ar\nd a pip]4 ,x is a  
dance ar\nd a c5tre1 z is also 7fig4 #f7
 t f ,idalium 9 ,cyprus4 ,! latt] is    
engrav$ ar\nd a bronze b[l & is evid5tly
 a planet & sun dance be=e a goddess1 9 
a temple2 ! sun be+ ! c5tral object     
ar\nd :i* !y dance1 accompani$ by !     
d\ble pipes1 ! h>p1 & tab\r4 ,!         
,egyptian orig9 ( ! devotion is app>5t 9
 ! details1 especially 9 ! lotus-smell+ 
goddess 7m>k$ ,a on fig4 #f7 :o holds ! 
fl[] 9 ! mann] %[n 9 an ,egyptian pa9t+ 
9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7fig4 #g74          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,cyprian      
lime/one gr\p ( ,pho5ician danc]s1 ab\t 
#f-a_/b 94 high4 ,!re is a some:at      

simil> gr\p1 also f ,cyprus1 9 ! ,briti%
 ,museum4 ,! dress1 a hood$ c[l1 appe>s 
to be ( great antiquity4  ,f !          
,pho5icians we h illu/rat$ examples1 b  
no record1 :]eas f _! neighb\rs !       
,hebrews we h ample records 9 !         
,scriptures1 b no illu/rations4 ,x is1  
h[ev]1 mo/ probable t ! dance ) !m _h ! 
traditional "* ( ! nations ar\nd !m or  
:o _h held !m captive1 & ! ,phili/9e    
dance 7fig4 #f7 may h be5 ( ! same k9d z
 t ar\nd ! gold5 calf 7,apis7 ( ! des]t 
7,exodus xxxii4 v4 #ai74  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #f4--,pho5ician pat]a1 f ,idalium1
 %[+ a religi\s ritual dance be=e a     
goddess 9 a temple r\nd a sun emblem4   
,:5 !y pass$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,miriam & !    
maid5s danc$ 9 *orus ) s++ & ! beat+ ( !
 timbrel 7tamb\r74 7,exodus xv4 v4 #a47 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,female figure
 smell+ a lotus4 ,f a pa9t+ 9 ! ,briti% 
,museum4  ,k+ ,david n only danc$ be=e !
 ark 7#b ,samuel vi4 v4 #af71 b m5tions 
danc+ 9 ! #adi? & #aej? ,psalm4 ,c]ta9  
hi/orians also tell u t !y _h danc+ 9 _!

 ritual ( ! seasons4 ,_! danc+ seems to 
h be5 associat$ ) joy1 z we read ( a "t 
to m\rn & a "t to dance2 we f9d         
7,eccles4 iii4 v4 #d7 !y _h also !      
pipes3 ,we h pip$ to y & y h n danc$    
7,mat!w xi4 v4 #ag74 ,^! dances 7       
evid5tly execut$ by ! peoples !mselves1 
& n by public p]=m]s4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #h4--;,dance ( ,bac*antes1 pa9t$  
by ! c]amic pa9t]1 ,hi]on4 7,briti%     
,museum17     ,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,,danc+   
,,) ,,! ,,greeks4  ,) ! ,greeks1 danc+  
c]ta9ly 0 prim>ily "p ( a religi\s rite2
 ) music x =m$ ! lyric art4 ,! t]m1     
h[ev]1 ) !m includ$ all ^? actions ( !  
body & limbs1 & all expressions &       
actions ( ! features & head :i* sugge/  
ideas2 m>*+1 acrobatic p]=mances1 &     
mimetic action all came into ! t]m4     
,accord+ to ! hi/orians1 ! ,greeks      
attribut$ danc+ to _! deities3 ,hom]    
makes ,apollo or*e/es1 or ! danc]2 &    
among/ ! e>ly dances is t 9 8 hon\r     
call$ ! ,hypor*ema4 ,_! dances may be   
divid$ into sections some:at ?us3 7#a7  

^? ( a religi\s species1 7#b7 ^? ( a    
gymna/ic nature1 7#c7 ^? ( a mimetic "*1
 7#d7 ^? ( ! !atre1 su* z ! *orus1 7#e7 
^? p>tly social1 p>tly religi\s dances1 
su* z ! hym5eal1 & 7#f7 *amb] dances4   
,gr[n up m5 & wom5 did n dance toge!r1 b
 ! y\? ( bo? sexes jo9$ 9 ! ,horm7os or 
*a9 dance & ! ,g7er7an7os1 or crane 7see
 fig4 #aa74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#i4--;,danc+ ,bac*ante4 ,f a vase 9 !   
,briti% ,museum4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#aj4--;,greek t]ra cotta danc+ girl1    
ab\t #cej ,b4,c4 7,briti% ,museum47     
,accord+ to "s au?orities1 "o ( ! mo/   
primitive ( ! fir/ class1 attribut$ to  
,phrygian orig91 0 ! ,alo5es1 danc$ to !
 ,phrygian flute by ! prie/s ( ,cybele 9
 hon\r ( h] daught] ,c]es4 ,! dances    
ultimately celebrat$ 9 h] cult 7 num]\s3
 su* z ! ,an!ma1 ! ,bookolos1 !         
,epicr$ros1 & _m o!rs1 "s ru/ic =       
lab\r]s1 o!rs ( %eph]ds1 etc4 ,e        
locality seems to h _h a dance ( its    
own4 ,dances 9 hon\r ( ,v5us 7 common1  
%e 0 ! patroness ( prop] & dec5t danc+2 

on ! contr>y1 ^? 9 hon\r ( ,dionysius or
 ,bac*us deg5]at$ into revelry &        
obsc5ity4 ,! ,epil5ios danc$ :5 ! grapes
 7 press$1 & imitat$ ! ga!r+ & press+4  
,! ,antei/]ios danc$ :5 ! w9e 0 vatt$   
7figs4 #h1 #i1 #aj71 & ! ,bahilicos1    
danc$ to ! si/rus1 cymbals1 & tamb\r1   
(t5 deg5]at$ into orgies4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #aa4--,! ,g7er7an7os f a vase 9 !
 ,museo ,borbonico1 ,naples4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,pana!naeac   
dance1 ab\t ! #d? c5tury ,b4,c4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,a milit>y   
dance1 suppos$ to be ! ,corybantum4 ,f a
 ,greek bas-relief 9 ! ,vatican ,museum4
  ,! ,g7er7an7os1 orig9ally f ,delos1 is
 said to h be5 orig9at$ by ,!seus 9     
memory ( 8 escape f ! labyr9? ( ,crete  
7fig4 #ab74 ,x 0 a h&-9-h& dance        
alt]nately ( males & females4 ,! dance 0
 l$ by ! repres5tative ( ,!seus play+ ! 
lyre4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,greek
 danc] ) ca/anets4 7,briti% ,museum47   
,see also ,ca/anet dance by ,myron1 fig4
 #fc;a4  ,( ! second class1 ! gymna/ic1 

! mo/ important 7 milit>y dances1 !     
inv5tion ( :i* 0 attribut$ to ,m9]va2 ( 
^! ! ,corybantum 0 ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,x 0
 ( ,phrygian orig9 & ( a mix$ religi\s1 
milit>y1 & mimetic "*2 ! p]=m]s 7 arm$1 
& b\nd$ ab\t1 spr++ & cla%+ _! arms &   
%ields to imitate ! ,corybantes         
endeav\r+ to /ifle ! cries ( ! infant   
,zeus1 9 ,crete4 ,! ,pyrrhic 7fig4 #ac71
 a w> dance ( ,doric orig91 0 a rapid   
dance to ! d\ble flute1 & made to       
resemble an action 9 battle2 ! ,hoplites
 ( ,hom] is ?\ght to h be5 ( ?is k9d4 ,!
 ,dorians 7 v p>tial to ?is dance &     
consid]$ _! success 9 battle due to !   
cel]ity & tra9+ ( ! dance4 ,9 subsequ5t 
p]iods x 0 imitat$ by female danc]s & z 
a pas seul4 ,x 0 also p]=m$ 9 !         
,pana!naea by ,ephebi at ! exp5se ( !   
,*oragus1 b ?is 0 probably only a       
mimetic p]=mance & n w>like4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,cymbals     
7ab\t #d 947 & d\ble flute4 7,briti%    
,museum47  ,!re 7 _m o!r h]oic milit>y  
dances 9 hon\r ( ,h]cules1 ,!seus1 etc4 

,! *orus1 compos$ ( s+]s & danc]s1 =m$  
"p ( ! drama1 :i* includ$ ! recitation (
 "s poetic composition1 & includ$       
ge/iculative & mimetic action z well z  
danc+ & s++4 ,! ,dorians 7 especially   
fond ( ?is2 _! poetry 0 g5]ally *oral1 &
 ! ,doric =ms 7 pres]v$ by ! ,a!nians 9 
! *oral compositions ( _! drama4  ,!    
tragic dance1 ,emmelia1 0 solemn2 :il/ t
 9 com$y1 ,cordax1 0 frivol\s1 & !      
sicc9is1 or dance ( ,satyrs1 0 (t5      
obsc5e4 ,!y danc$ to ! music ( ! pipes1 
! tamb\r1 ! h>p1 ca/anets1 cymbals1 etc4
 7figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #af74  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #af4--;,greek danc]s4 ,f a vase 9 
! ,hamilton ,collection4 ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #ag4--;,bac*analian danc]4 ,vase f
 ,noc]a1 ,museum1 ,naples4  ,9 ! rites (
 ,dionysius ! *orus 0 fifty & ! ci?>a 0 
us$ in/ead ( ! flute4 ,f ! "t (         
,sophocles x 0 fifte51 & always _h a    
pr(ess$ tra9]4 ,! *oric "q is1 h[ev]1 a 
subject 9 itself1 & _c be fairly dealt )
 "h4  ,! social dances1 & ^? 9 hon\r ( !
 seasons1 fire & wat]1 7 num]\s &       

g5]ally local2 :il/ ! *amb] dances1     
pr(essional danc+1 ! ?r[+ ( ! ,kotabos1 
& su*-l1 mu/ be left to ! read]'s fur!r 
/udy ( ! au?ors m5tion$ 9 ! bibliography
 at ! end ( ! "w4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#ah4--;,greek danc]s & tumbl]s4  ,x may 
a/oni% ! read] to "k t ! funambuli/ or  
rope-danc] 0 v exp]t ) ! ,greeks1 z also
 0 ! acrobat betwe5 knives & swords4    
,animals 7 also taught to dance on      
ropes1 ev5 elephants4  ,! important     
religi\s & o!r dances 7 n g5]ally       
compos$ ( pr(essionals4 ,! greate/ m5 7 
n above %[+ _! s5tim5ts by danc+4       
,sophocles danc$ aft] ,salamis1 &       
,epam9ondas 0 an exp]t danc]4 ,!re 7    
danc]s ( all grades1 f ! di/+ui%$ to !  
mod]ate4 ,di/+ui%$ p]sons ev5 m>ri$ into
 excell5t positions1 if !y did n already
 occupy !m by bir?4 ,philip ( ,mac$on   
m>ri$ ,l>issa1 a danc]1 & ! danc]       
,ari/odemus 0 ambassador to 8 ,c\rt4 ,^!
 danc]s mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? hir$ to  
dance at fea/s1 etc4 7figs4 #i1 #ad &   
#ah74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4              

#ai4--;,etruscan bronze danc] ) eyes (  
diamonds1 f\nd at ,v]ona4 ,n[ 9 !       
,briti% ,museum4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4     
,,etruscan-,,s\? ,,italian1 ,,roman     
,,danc+1 ,,etc4  ,"o ( ! mo/ important  
nations ( antiquity 0 ! ,etruscan1      
inhabit+1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 a   
dom9ion f ,lomb>dy to ! ,alps1 & f !    
,m$it]ranean to ! ,adriatic4  ,etruria  
gave a dyna/y to ,rome 9 ,s]vius        
,tullius1 :o orig9ally 0 ,ma/]na1 an    
,etruscan4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#bj4--;,etruscan danc]4 ,f a pa9t+ 9 !  
,grotta dei ,vasi dip9ti--,corneto4  ,x 
is1 h[ev]1 ) ! danc+ t we are deal+4    
,!re is little d\bt t !y 7 danc]s 9 e   
s5se2 !re are _m anci5t sepul*res 9     
,etruria1 ) danc+ pa9t$ on _! walls4    
,o!r description ?an t ( ! pictures we d
 n possess1 = z yet ! language is a dead
 lett]4 ,!re is no d\bt1 z ,g]h>dt      
,footnote3 ,ann4 ,in/itut43 #ahca1 p4   
#cba4 sugge/s1 t !y consid]$ danc+ z "o 
( ! emblems ( joy 9 a future /ate1 & t !
 dead 7 receiv$ ) danc+ & music 9 _! new

 home4 ,!y danc$ to ! music ( ! pipes1 !
 lyre1 ! ca/anets ( wood1 /eel1 or      
brass1 z is %[n 9 ! illu/rations tak5 f 
! monum5ts4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#ba4--;,etruscan danc+ & p]=mances4 ,f  
pa9t+s 9 ! ,grotta della ,scimia        
,corneto1 ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4  ,t !        
,pho5icians & ,greeks _h at c]ta9 times 
imm5se influ5ce on ! ,etruscans is      
evid5t f _! relics :i* we possess 7fig4 
#bj74  ,a *>act]i/ic illu/ration ( !    
danc] is f a pa9t+ 9 ! tomb ( ! ,vasi   
dip9ti1 ,corneto1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4  
,d5nis1 ,footnote3 ,etruria1 vol4 i41 p4
 #chj4 belongs to ! ar*aic p]iod1 & is  
p]haps z e>ly z #fjj ,b4,c4 ,x exhibits 
a /rong] ,greek influ5ce ?an "s ( !     
pa9t+s4 ,fig4 #ba1 %[+ a milit>y dance  
to pipes1 ) o!r sports1 comes f !       
,grotta della ,scimia1 also at ,corneto2
 ^! %[ a m purely ,etruscan "*4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,etruscan    
,danc+4 ,f ! ,grotta del                
,tricl9io4--,corneto4  ,! pretty danc+  
sc5e f ! ,grotta del ,tricl9io at       

,corneto is tak5 f a full-siz$ copy 9 ! 
,briti% ,museum1 & is ( ! greate/       
int]e/4 ,x is consid]$ to be ( !        
,greco-,etruscan p]iod1 & lat] ?an !    
previ\s examples 7fig4 #bb74  ,!re is a 
peculi>ity 9 ! attitude ( ! h&s1 & ( !  
f+]s be+ kept flat & close toge!r2 x is 
n a little curi\s t ! mod]n ,japanese   
dance1 z exhibit$ by ,mme4 ,sadi ,yacca1
 has ?is peculi>ity1 :e!r ! result (    
anci5t tradition or ( mod]n revival1 !  
writ] _c say4  ,almo/ z int]e/+ z !     
,etruscan are ! illu/rations ( danc+    
f\nd 9 ! pa9t$ tombs ( ! ,campagna &    
,s\!rn ,italy1 once "p ( ,magna ,grecia2
 ! figure ( a fun]al dance1 ) ! d\ble   
pipe accompanim5ts1 f a pa9t$ tomb ne>  
,albanella 7fig4 #bc7 may be z late z   
#cjj ,b4,c41 & ^? 9 figs4 #bd1 #be f a  
tomb ne> ,capua are probably ( ab\t !   
same p]iod4 ,^! ,samnite dances appe>   
ess5tially diff]5t f ! ,etruscan2 al?\gh
 bo? ,greek & ,etruscan influ5ce are v  
evid5t1 !y are m solemn & /ately4 ,?is  
may1 h[ev]1 arise f a diff]5t national  

cu/om4  ,t ! ,etruscan1 ,sabellian1     
,oscan1 ,samnite1 & o!r national dances 
( ! c\ntry _h "s influ5ce on ! art 9    
,rome is highly probable1 b ! paucity ( 
e>ly ,roman examples r5d]s ! evid5ce    
difficult4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#bc4--;,fun]al dance 9 ! obsequies ( a  
female4 ,f a pa9t$ tomb ne> ,albanella4 
,rome z a conqu]+ imp]ial p[] repres5t$ 
ne>ly ! :ole _w ( its day1 & its dances 
accord+ly 7 mo/ num]\s4 ,among/ !       
illu/rations already giv5 we h _m t 7   
pres]v$ 9 ,rome4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( its      
exi/5ce z a p[] only religi\s dances 7  
practis$1 & _m ( ^! 7 ( ,etruscan orig91
 su* z ! ,lup]calia1 ! ,amb>valia1 c4 ,9
 ! =m] ! danc]s 7 demi-nude1 & probably 
orig9ally %eph]ds2 ! latt] 0 a s]i\s    
danc+ procession ?r\gh fields &         
villages4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#bd4--;,fun]al dance4 ,f ,capua4  ,a    
great dance ( a sev]e k9d 0 execut$ by !
 ,salii1 prie/s ( ,m>s1 an ecclesia/ical
 corporation ( twelve *os5 patricians4  
,9 _! procession & dance1 on ,m>* #a1 & 

succe$+ days1 c>ry+ ! ,ancilia1 !y sang 
songs & hymns1 & aft]w>ds retir$ to a   
great banquet 9 ! ,temple ( ,m>s4 ,t !  
practice 0 orig9ally ,etruscan may be   
ga!r$ f ! circum/ance t on a gem %[+ !  
arm$ prie/s c>ry+ ! %ields !re are      
,etruscan lett]s4 ,!re 7 also an ord] ( 
female ,salii4 ,ano!r milit>y dance 0 ! 
,saltatio bellicrepa1 said to h be5     
in/itut$ by ,romulus 9 commemoration ( !
 ,rape ( ! ,sab9es4 ,! ,pyrrhic dance   
7fig4 #ac7 0 also introduc$ into ,rome  
by ,julius ,caes>1 & 0 danc$ by ! *ildr5
 ( ! lead+ m5 ( ,asia & ,bi?ynia4  ,z1  
h[ev]1 ! ,/ate increas$ 9 p[] by        
conque/1 x absorb$ ) o!r c\ntries o!r   
habits1 & ! art deg5]at$ (t51 l t (     
,greece & ,etruria1 into a vehicle =    
orgies1 :5 !y br\ght to ,rome ) _!      
,asiatic captives ev5 m lic5ti\s        
practices & dances4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #be4--;,fun]al dance f ! same tomb4  ,z
 ,rome1 :i* nev] rose to ! intellectual 
& imag9ative /ate ( ,greece 9 h] be/    
p]iod1 repres5t$ weal?1 comm]ce1 &      

conque/1 9 a great] degree1 s 7 h] arts1
 & ) ^! ! lyric4 ,9 h] be/ /ate h]      
nobles danc$1 ,appius ,claudius excell$1
 & ,sallu/ tells u t ,sempronia psalt]e 
salt>e elegantius2 s t 9 ^? days ladies 
play$ & danc$1 b no ,roman citiz5 danc$ 
except 9 ! religi\s dances4 ,!y c>ri$   
mimetic dances to a v p]fect "* 9 ! "t (
 ,augu/us "u ! t]m ( ,musica muta4 ,aft]
 ! second ,punic w>1 z ,greek habits    
made _! way into ,italy1 x became a     
fa%ion = ! "y to le>n to dance4 ,!      
education 9 danc+ & ge/ure 7 important 9
 ! actor1 z masks prev5t$ any display ( 
feature4 ,! position ( ! actor 0 nev]   
recogniz$ pr(essionally1 & 0 consid]$   
infamia4 ,b ! *ange came1 :i* caus$     
,cic]o to say no "o danc$ :5 sob]4      
,ev5tually ! p]=m]s ( l[] class occupi$ 
! danc+ plat=m1 & ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii
 h %[n u ! results4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #bf4--;,bac*ante lead+ ! ,dionysian    
bull to ! alt>4 ,bas-relief 9 !         
,vatican4  ,9 ! !atre ! me?od ( ! ,roman
 *orus diff]$ f t ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 !     

latt] ! or*e/ra or place = ! danc+ &    
*orus 0 ab\t #ab ft4 bel[ ! /age1 ) /eps
 to asc5d :5 ^! 7 requir$2 9 ! =m] !    
*orus 0 n us$ 9 com$y1 & hav+ no or*e/ra
 0 9 trag$ies plac$ ^u ! /age4 ,! gett+ 
toge!r ( ! *orus 0 a public s]vice1 or  
liturgia1 & 9 ! e>ly days ( ,grecian    
prosp]ity 0 provid$ by ! *oregus4       
,tib]ius by a decree aboli%$ !          
,saturnalia1 & exil$ ! danc+ tea*]s1 b !
 _m acts ( ! ,s5ate to secure a bett]   
/&>d 7 useless aga9/ ! =eign inhabitants
 ( ! ,empire accu/om$ to s5suality &    
lic5ce4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#bg--;,bac*ante4 ,f a fresco1 ,pompeii1 
#a/ c5tury ,b4,c4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#bh4--;,danc]4 ,f a fresco 9 ! ,ba?s (  
,con/ant9e1 #d? c5tury ,a4,d4  ,p]haps !
 enc\ragem5t ( ! m brutal combats ( !   
,coliseum did some?+ to suppress ! m    
delicate arts1 b hi/orians h told u1 & x
 is common k1 :at became ( ! great      
,empire1 & ! lyric ) o!r arts 7 de/roy$ 
by lic5ti\s pref]5ces4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4
   ,,! ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,& ,,m$iaeval   

,,dance ,,to ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4  ,!
 la/ illu/ration f ! ,ba?s ( ,con/ant9e 
br\ght u into ! ,*ri/ian era1 al?\gh t  
example 0 n ( ,*ri/ian s5tim5t or art4  
,x is possible t ! dance ( ,salome ) its
 diabolical rew>d may h prejudic$ !     
,apo/olic era1 = we f9d no example (    
danc+1 z exhibit+ joy1 9 ,*ri/ian ,art (
 t p]iod4 ,! dance be=e ,h]od is        
hi/orical pro( t ! high] classes (      
,hebrews danc$ = amusem5t4  ,z soon1    
h[ev]1 z ,*ri/ianity became en?ron$1 & a
 settl$ society1 we read ( religi\s     
dances z exhibit+ joy1 ev5 9 ! *ur*es4  
,t]tullian tells u t !y danc$ to ! s++ (
 hymns & canticles4 ,^! dances 7 solemn 
& graceful to ! old tones2 & cont9u$1   
not)/&+ _m prohibitions su* z ^? ( ,pope
 ,za*>ias 7a ,syrian7 9 ,a4,d4 #gdd4 ,! 
danc+ at ,ea/] 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,p>is 0  
prohibit$ by ,ar*bi%op ,odo 9 ! #ab?    
c5tury1 b not)/&+ ! antagonism ( !      
,fa!rs1 ! dances 7 only p>tially        
suppress$4  ,!y 7 common on religi\s    
fe/ivals 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal up to !    

sev5te5? c5tury & 9 "s localities       
cont9ue ev5 to our own "t4 ,:5 ,s4      
,*>les ,borromeo 0 canoniz$ 9 #afaj1 !  
,portuguese1 :o _h him z patron1 made a 
procession ( f\r *>iots ( danc]s2 "o to 
,r5[n1 ano!r to ! ,city ( ,milan1 "o to 
repres5t ,portugal & a f\r? to repres5t 
! ,*ur*4 ,9 ,seville at c]ta9 p]iods1 & 
9 ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 !y /ill dance 9    
religi\s c]emonies4  ,we "k t religi\s  
danc+ has cont9ually be5 p]=m$ z an     
accessory to pray]1 & is /ill s us$ by !
 ,mahomm$ans1 ! ,am]ican ,indians & !   
,b$os ( ,india1 :o dance into an ec/asy4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,gleem5's  
dance1 #i? c5tury4 ,f ,cleopatra1       
,cotton ,,ms4 ,c4 viii41 ,briti%        
,museum4  ,x is probable t ?is sort (   
mania m>k$ ! danc+ 9 ,europe :i* 0      
suppress$ by ,pope & ,bi%op4 ,?is       
*oreomania m>k$ a ,flemi% sect 9 #acgd  
:o danc$ 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,john1 & x 0 s   
furi\s t ! disease call$ ,/4 ,vitus'    
dance takes its "n f ?is p]=mance4      
,*ri/mas c>ols 7 orig9ally *oric4 ,!    

p]=m]s danc$ & sang 9 a circle4  ,!     
illu/ration 7fig4 #dc7 ( a dance (      
angels & religi\s %[s u t ,fra ,angelico
 ?\ght ! practice joyful2 ?is dance is  
almo/ a c\nt]p>t ( t among/ ! ,greeks   
7fig4 #aa74 ,! o!r dance1 by ,s&ro      
,botticelli 7fig4 #dd71 is tak5 f 8     
celebrat$ ,nativity 9 ! ,national       
,gall]y4 ,al?\gh we h records (         
p]=mances 9 *ur*es1 no illu/rations ( an
 e>ly date h come to ! k ( ! writ]4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,danc+ to    
horn & pipe4 ,f an ,anglo-,saxon ,,ms4  
,t ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,brita9      
danc$--t ! ,picts1 ,danes1 ,saxons &    
,romans danc$ may be tak5 = grant$1 b   
!re seems little d\bt t our e>lie/      
illu/rations ( danc+ 7 ( ! ,roman       
tradition4 ,we f9d ! attitude1 !        
in/rum5ts & ! clapp+ ( h&s1 all ( ! same
 und\bt$ classic "*4 ,tacitus in=ms u t 
! ,teutonic y\?s danc$1 ) swords &      
spe>s1 & ,olaus ,magnus t ! ,go?s1 c41  
_h milit>y dances3 /ill ! milit>y dances
 9 ,engli% ,,mss4 7figs4 #ca1 #cb7 seem 

m l ^? ( a ,pyrrhic "*1 :i* ,julius     
,caes>1 ! conqu]or ( ,engl&1 introduc$  
into ,rome4 ,! illu/ration 7fig4 #bi7 ( 
:at is probably a ,saxon gleem5's dance 
%[s u ! k9d ( amusem5t !y af=d$ & h[ !y 
foll[$ classic usages4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #ca4--;,anglo-,saxon sword dance4 
,f ! ,,ms4 ,cleopatra1 ,c4 viii41       
,briti% ,museum4  ,! gleem5 7 recit]s1  
s+]s & danc]s2 & ! l[] ord]s 7 tumbl]s1 
sleight-(-h& m5 & g5]al ent]ta9]s4 ,:at 
may h be5 ! orig9 ( our hornpipe is     
illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #cj1 :]e ! figures     
dance to ! s\nd ( ! horn 9 mu* ! same   
attitudes z 9 ! mod]n hornpipe1 ) a     
curi\s resemblance to ! position 9 "s   
,muscovite dances4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#cb4--,sword dance to bagpipes1 #ad?    
c5tury4 ,f #b ,b vii41 ,royal ,,ms41    
,briti% ,museum4  ,! ,norman m9/rel1    
successor ( ! gleeman1 us$ ! d\ble-pipe1
 ! h>p1 ! viol1 trumpets1 ! horn & a    
small flat drum1 & x is n unlikely t f  
,sicily & _! ,s\? ,italian possessions !
 ,normans introduc$ classic ideas4      

,pi]s ! ,pl[man us$ words ( ,norman     
extraction = !m1 z he speaks ( _! ,sayl5
 & ,saut4  ,! m9/rel & h>pi/ does n     
appe> to h danc$ v mu*1 b to h left ?is 
to ! joculator1 & danc+ & tumbl+ & ev5  
acrobatic wom5 & danc]s appe> to h      
become common be=e ! "t ( ,*auc]'s      
,tomble/]es4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#cc4--;,h]odias tumbl+4 ,f a ,,ms4 end (
 #ac? c5tury 7,addl4 #ah1gai1 f4        
#bec;b71 ,briti% ,museum4  ,t ?is tumbl+
 & danc+ 0 common 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury is 
%[n by ! illu/ration f ! sculpture at   
,r\5 ,ca!dral 7fig4 #cd71 ! illu/rations
 f a ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7fig4    
#cc7 ( ,h]odias tumbl+ & ( a design 9   
glass 9 ,l9coln1 & o!r in/ances at ,ely2
 ,idswor? ,*ur*1 ,hants2 ,ponc1 ,france1
 & else:]e4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! camp      
foll[]s ( ! ,crusad]s br\ght back c]ta9 
dances & among/ ^! "s ( an acrobatic    
nature1 & _m t 7 repreh5sible1 :i*      
br\ght d[n ! ang] ( ! ,cl]gy4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,a tumbl]1 z 
c>yatid4 ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 #ac? c5tury4  ,9

 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 f a celebrat$ ,,ms4  
7#b ,b4 vii47 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & o!r 
cognate s\rces we get a fair insight ( !
 amusem5t af=d$ by ^! danc]s &          
joculators4 ,9 ! illu/ration 7fig4 #ce7 
we get ,a & ,c tumbl]s1 male & female2  
,d1 a woman & be> dance2 & ,e1 a dance (
 fools to ! organ & bagpipe4 ,x w be    
obs]v$ t !y h bells on _! caps1 & x mu/ 
h requir$ mu* skill & practice to s\nd  
_! v>i\s ton$ bells to ! music z !y     
danc$4 ,?is dance ( fools may h sugge/$ 
or became ev5tually m]g$ into ! ,morris 
,dance 7fig4 #ej7 ( :i* "s acc\nt ) o!r 
illu/rations ( ,comic ,dances w be giv5 
h]eaft]4 ,! man danc+ & play+ ! pipes ) 
a woman on 8 %\ld] 7fig4 #cf71 ! /ilt   
danc] ) a curi\s in/rum5t 7,c71 & !     
woman jump+ ?r\gh a hoop1 give u o!r    
illu/rations ( f\rte5? c5tury amusem5ts4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--ad? c5tury  
danc]s4 ,a & ,c are tumbl]s2 ,b1 tumbl+ 
& balanc+ to ! tamb\r2 ,d1 a woman danc+
 ar\nd a :ipp$ be>2 ,e1 je/]s danc+4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,a1 man danc+

 & play+ pipes1 c>ry+ a woman2 ,b1 jump+
 ?r\gh a hoop2 ,c1 a /ilt dance4 #ad?   
c5tury4     ,,*apt] ,v4   ,,society     
,,danc+ ,,f ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,italian     
dance4 ,f an engrav+1 end ( #ae? c5tury1
 attribut$ to ,baccio ,bald9i4  ,conc]n+
 ! dance z a means ( social int]c\rse1 x
 does n appe> to h be5 =mulat$ z an     
accompli%m5t until late 9 ! ?irte5?     
c5tury1 & at a lat] date 0 cultivat$ z a
 means ( tea*+ :at we call deportm5t1   
until x became almo/ a necessity ) !    
classes1 z is %[n by ! lit]ature ( t    
p]iod4 ,! v>i\s social dances1 su* z !  
,volte1 ! ,jig & ! ,galli>d1 al?\gh 9   
e>ly p]iods1 n s num]\s1 requir$ a c]ta9
 tra9+ & agility4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 soon      
became complicat$ ) _m social & local   
v>iations1 ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* are a    
/udy 9 !mselves4 ,! dances 7figs4 #cg & 
#ch7 9 a field ( sports1 f an ,italian  
engrav+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 %[ u no?+   
new2 inde$1 ) diff]5t co/umes x is v l  
:at we h f ,egypt 7fig4 #c71 only a     

diff]5t phase ( ! action1 & ! attitude (
 ?is old dance is repeat$ ev5 to our own
 "t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4               
#ch4--;,italian danc+1 ! end ( ! #ae?   
c5tury4  ,9 ! ,*amb] dance by ,m>t9     
,zas+] 7fig4 #ci71 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1  
no figures are 9 action1 b we see an    
arrangem5t ( ! gue/s & musicians1 f :i* 
x is evid5t t ! ,*amb] dance z a social 
function _h progress$ & t ! ,bal p>1    
etc41 0 "h 9 embryo4  ,! flute & viol   
are evid5tly op5+ ! function & !        
trumpets & o!r portions ( ! or*e/ra on !
 o!r side wait+ to come 94              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,*amb] dance1
 #ae? c5tury4 ,f a draw+ by ,m>t9       
,zas+]4  ,! /ately out-door function1 9 
a pleasure g>d51 f ! ,roman de la ,rose 
7fig4 #dj7 illu/rates b "o portion ( !  
feature ( a dance1 ano!r ( :i* is       
describ$ 9 ,*auc]'s translation3        
,!y ?rew y f]e     ,!r m\!s s t ?r\gh _!
 play     ,x seem$ z !y ky/e alway4     
,fancy dress & comic dances h h&$ d[n ! 
same *>act]i/ics almo/ to our own "t4 ,!

 ,wildeman co/ume dance 7fig4 #da7 is   
int]e/+ 9 _m respects1 x n only %[s u ! 
dance1 b ! co/ume & g5]al me?od ( !     
,*amb]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#dj4--;,danc+ 9 a pleasure g>d51 end ( !
 #ae? c5tury4 ,fr5*1 f ! ,roman de la   
,rose1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4  ,! fifte5? 
c5tury comic danc]s 9 a fte *amptre     
7fig4 #db7 & ^? ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by  
,callot 7fig4 #eb7 are good examples (  
?is ent]ta9m5t--9 ! backgr\nd ( ! latt] 
a m9uet seems to be 9 progress4 ,!      
,morris dance 7fig4 #ej7 %[s u !        
developm5t t _h tak5 place s9ce !       
f\rte5? c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#da4--;,fancy dress dance ( ,wildem5 ( !
 #ae? c5tury4 ,f ,,ms4 #dcgi ,h>l1      
,briti% ,museum4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#db4--;,comic dance to pipe & tabor1 end
 ( #ae? c5tury4 ,f p5 draw+ 9 !         
,m$iaeval ,h\se ,book 9 ! ,ca/le (      
,wolfegg1 by ! ,ma/] ( ! ,am/]dam       
,cab9et4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,a 
dance ( ,angels & ,sa9ts at ! entrance  
to ,heav54 ,fra ,angelico4              

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,danc+       
angels4 ,f a ,nativity by ,s&ro         
,botticelli circa #aejj ,a4,d4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,alb]t ,dr]1 
#aead ,a4,d4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#df4--;,alb]t ,dr]4  ,allusion has      
already be5 made to ! beautiful pa9t+s (
 ,botticelli & ,fra ,angelico1 :i* tell 
u ( ,italian *oral dances ( _! p]iod2 ^!
 d n belong to social functions1 b are  
c]ta9ly illu/rative ( ! cu/om ( _! day4 
,alb]t ,dr] 7figs4 #de1 #df7 has giv5 u 
illu/rations ( ! field dances ( 8 p]iod1
 b bo? ^! dances & ^? drawn by ,sebald  
,beham 7fig4 #dg7 are co>se1 & contra/  
unfav\rably ) ! ,italian1 al?\gh !      
action is vigor\s & robu/4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,sc5es f      
dances4 ,g]man1 dat$ #aedf1 by ,hans    
,sebald ,beham4  ,! milit>y dance (     
,dames & ,knights ( ,arm\r1 by ,hans    
,burgkmair1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s /ately &
 dignifi$ 7fig4 #dh74 ,?is may illu/rate
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 *amb] & g>d5 or field
 danc+4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,a  

tor*light milit>y dance ( ! e>ly #af?   
c5tury4 ,f a picture by ,hans           
,burgkmair4  ,at ! end ( ! sixte5?      
c5tury we get a "w on danc+ :i* %[s u   
completely its position z a social art 9
 t day4 ,x is ! ,or*sographie ( ,?o9ot  
,arbeau 7,jean ,tab\ret1 ,canon (       
,langres1 9 #aehh71 f :i* comes !       
illu/ration ( ! ,galli>de 7fig4 #di7 &  
to :i* ,i w\ld ref] ! read] = all !     
in=mation he desires conc]n+ ?is p]iod4 
,9 ?is "w mu* /ress is laid on ! value (
 le>n+ to dance f _m po9ts (            
view--developm5t ( /r5g?1 mann]1 habits 
& c\rtesy1 etc4 ,alas6 we "k n[ t all ^!
 ext]nal habits c be acquir$ & leave !  
natural man b5ea?4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#di4--,la ,galli>de4 ,f ! ,or*sographie 
( ,?o9ot ,arbeau 7,jean ,tab\rot71      
,langres1 #aehh4  ,desirable1 !re=e1 z  
good mann]s & su* l are1 !y d n fulfil  
all ! requirem5ts t ! wor?y ,canon wi%$ 
to be involv$ by !m4  ,footnote3 ,!     
advice :i* he gives is valuable f its   
be>+ on ! cu/oms ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,x ev5

 has great hi/orical value1 indicat+ !  
influ5ce danc+ has _h on good mann]s4 ,t
 ! hi/ory ( danc+ is ! hi/ory ( mann]s  
may be too mu* insi/$ ^u4 ,= ^! reasons 
we ins]t ^! little kn[n passages4 ,!    
fir/ has ref]5ce to ! "r way ( proce$+  
at a ball4     ,hav+ ent]$ ! place :]e !
 company is ga!r$ = !    dance1 *oose a 
good "y lady 7honne/e damoiselle7 &     
rais+    y\r hat or bonnet ) y\r "r h& y
 w conduct h] to    ! ball ) y\r left4  
,%e1 wise & well tra9$1 w t5d]    h]    
left & rise to foll[ y4 ,!n 9 ! sight ( 
all y    conduct h] to ! end ( ! room1 &
 y w reque/ !    play]s ( in/rum5ts to  
/rike up a 'basse danse'2 because       
o!rwise ?r\gh inadv]tance !y might /rike
 up "s o!r    k9d ( dance4 ,& :5 !y     
comm5ce to play y mu/ comm5ce    to     
dance4 ,& be c>eful1 t !y und]/&1 9 y\r 
ask+    = a 'basse danse1' y desire a   
regul> & usual "o4    ,nev]!less1 if !  
air ( "o song on :i* ! 'basse danse'    
is =m$ pleases y m ?an ano!r y c give ! 
beg9n+ ( ! /ra9 to !m4                  

,capriol3--,if ! lady refuses1 ,i %all  
feel v a%am$4     ,arbeau3--,a          
well-tra9$ lady nev] refuses him :o s   
hon\rs    h] z to lead h] to ! dance4   
,capriol3--,i ?9k s too1 b 9 ! meantime 
! %ame ( !    refusal rema9s ) me4      
,arbeau3--,if y feel sure ( ano!r lady's
 graci\sness1 take    h] & leave aside  
?is graceless "o1 ask+ h] to excuse y   
= hav+ be5 importunate2 nev]!less1 !re  
are ^? :o    w\ld n be> x s pati5tly4 ,b
 x is bett] to speak ?us    ?an )       
bitt]ness1 because 9 s do+ y acquire a  
reputation = be+ g5tle & humane1 & to h]
 w fall !    "* ( a 'glorieuse' unwor?y 
( ! att5tion paid h]4     ,:5 ! in/rum5t
 play] has ceas$ cont9ues our good      
,canon    make a deep b[ by way ( tak+  
leave ( ! "y lady &    conduct h] g5tly 
to ! place :5ce y took h]1 :il/    ?ank+
 h] = ! hon\r %e has done y4 ,ano!r     
extract is    n want+ 9 flav\r3 ,hold ! 
head & body /raight1 h a    c\nt5ance ( 
assurance1 spit & c\gh little1 & if     
necessity    compels y1 turn y\r face ! 

o!r side & use a beautiful    :ite      
h&k]*ief4 ,talk graci\sly1 9 g5tle &    
hone/ spee*1    nei!r lett+ y\r h&s hang
 z if dead or too full (                
ge/iculation4 ,be dress$ cleanly &      
neatly 'avec la *ausse    bi5 tire et   
,pesc>p9 propre4'     ,& be> 9 m9d ^!   
p>ticul>s4   ,we h h se5 f ! f\rte5?    
c5tury 7figs4 #ce ,c1 #cf ,a1 #df7 h[   
common ! bagpipe 0 9 out-(-door dances2 
9 ! illu/rations f ,dr] 7fig4 #df7 & 9  
fig4 #ec f ,holtz] x has develop$1 & has
 two accessory pipes1 besides t play$ by
 ! m\?1 & ! play] is accompani$ by a    
sort ( cl>ionet4 ,?is also appe>s to be 
! only accompanim5t ( ! ,trio 7fig4     
#eh74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,morris
 danc]s4 ,f a w9d[ t 0 9 ! possession ( 
,george ,tollett1 ,esq41 ,birtley1      
,/af=d%ire1 #af? c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #ea4--;,c\rt dance4 ,f a draw+ by 
,callot1 #afce ,a4,d4  ,9 ! sixte5?     
c5tury c]ta9 ,spani% dances 7 introduc$ 
into ,france1 su* z la ,pavane1 :i* 0   
accompani$ by hautboys & sackbuts4      

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,comic       
danc]s4 ,by ,callot1 f ! act entitl$    
,balli di ,sfessama1 #afji ,a4,d4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,c\ntry      
dance4 ,f a draw+ by ,john ,evangeli/   
,holtz]1 #ag? c5tury4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ed4--;,a ball-room dance1 ,le    
,bal ,p>1 ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,f ,augu/ de 
l',aub94  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,a 
dance 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,f a pa9t+ by    
,hog>?4  ,!re 71 h[ev]1 v>i\s o!r dances
 ( a numb] too consid]able to describe  
"h1 also introduc$4 ,! dance ( !        
eighte5? c5tury f ,d]by w>e 7fig4 #ei7  
seems to be b a cont9uation 9 action (  
^? ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 z out-(-door     
p]=mances4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#ef4--;,c>icature ( a danc+ ma/]4       
,hog>?4  ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! mod]n /yle
 ( ball1 s belov$ by _m ( ! ,fr5*       
,mon>*s4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,napoleon 7 fond 
( giv+ ^! 9 gr& /yle1 & 9 "s sort ( gr& 
/yle !y p]si/ ev5 z a great social      
function to our own "t4 ,! ,c\rt balls (
 ,l\is ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv4 at ,v]sailles 7 

really gorge\s ballets1 & _! gr&eur 0   
a/oni%+2 ?is cu/om 0 cont9u$ "u !       
succe$+ mon>*s4 ,an illu/ration ( "o 9 !
 eighte5? c5tury by ,augu/ de l',aub9   
7fig4 #ed7 suffici5tly %[s _! "*4 ,!re  
is no?+ new 9 ! po/ures illu/rat$1 :i*  
may h orig9at$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,z     
illu/rat+ ! popul> ball ( ! p]iod1 !    
design by ,hog>? 7fig4 #ee7 is an       
excell5t contra/4 ,! contr$anse         
repres5t$ 0 orig9ally ! old c\ntry dance
 export$ to ,france & return$ ) c]ta9   
arrangem5ts add$4 ,?is is a topic we ne$
 n pursue f>!r1 z almo/ e read] kn[s :at
 social danc+ n[ is4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #eg4--,spr+ danc+ away f w9t]4 ,f 
a draw+ by ,watteau4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #eh4--,! ,misses ,gunn+ danc+4    
,end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 f a pr9t by       
,bunbury1 engrav$ by ,b>tolozzi4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,danc+4      
,close ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,f ,d]by w>e4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,spani% dance 
9 ! ,hall ( ,s>agoza1 #ai? c5tury4      
,,*apt] ,,vi4   ,,! ,,mod]n ,,!atre     

,,dance4  ,al?\gh ! !atrical ballet     
dance is comp>atively mod]n1 ! elem5ts (
 its =mation are ( ! greate/ antiquity2 
! *orus ( danc]s & ! p]=mances ( ! m5 9 
! ,egyptian *apt]s repres5t )\t mu* d\bt
 public danc+ p]=mances4 ,we get s++1   
danc+1 mimicry & pantomime 9 ! e>ly     
/ages ( ,greek art1 & ! developm5t ( !  
dance rhy?m 9 music is equally anci5t4  
,! ,alex&r9e ,pantomime1 introduc$ into 
,rome ab\t #cj ,b4,c4 by ,ba?illus &    
,pylades1 appe>s to h be5 an ent]ta9m5t 
approa*+ ! ballet4  ,9 ! middle ages !re
 7 ! my/]ies & masks2 ! latt] 7 frequ5t 
9 ,engl&1 & are introduc$ by ,%akesp]e 9
 ,h5ry ,,viii4  ,9 ,italy !re appe>s to 
h be5 a k9d ( ballet 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 & 
f ,italy1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,ca?>9e de'   
,m$ici1 came ! ballet4 ,bal?as> di      
,beaujoyeulx produc$ ! fir/ record$     
ballet 9 ,france1 9 ! ,italian /yle1 9  
#aehb4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 ess5tially a ,c\rt
 ballet4  ,! !atre ballet app>5tly arose
 out ( ^! ,c\rt ballets4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 & 
,h5ry ,,iv41 ! latt] especially1 7 v    

fond ( ^! ent]ta9m5ts1 & _m ,italians 7 
br\ght to ,france to assi/ 9 !m4 ,pompeo
 ,diabono1 a ,savoy>d1 0 br\ght to ,p>is
 9 #aeed to regulate ! ,c\rt ballets4   
,at a lat] date came ,r9ucc9i1 ! poet1 a
 ,flor5t9e1 z 0 probably ,cacc9i1 !     
musician4 ,!y _h compos$ & produc$ !    
little op]etta ( ,daphne1 :i* _h be5    
p]=m$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 #aeig4 ,"u ^!        
la/-m5tion$ ma/]s ! ballet 9 ,france    
took some:at ( its pres5t =m4 ,?is      
passion = ,c\rt ballets cont9u$ "u ,l\is
 ,,xiii4 & ,l\is ,,xiv4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #fa4--,mlle4 de ,cam>go4 ,aft] a  
pa9t+ by ,lancret1 ab\t #agdj ,a4,d4    
,l\is ,,xiii4 z a y\? danc$ 9 "o ( !    
ballets at ,/4 ,g]ma91 x is said at !   
desire ( ,ri*elieu1 :o 0 an exp]t 9     
spectacle4 ,x appe>s t he 0 enc\rag$ 9  
^! amusem5ts to rem$y fits ( melan*oly4 
,l\is ,,xiv41 at sev51 danc$ 9 a        
masqu]ade1 & aft]w>ds n only danc$ 9 !  
ballet ( ,cass&ra1 9 #afea1 b did all he
 c\ld to raise ! condition ( ! dance &  
enc\rage danc+ & music4 ,8 influ5ce1    

comb9$ ) t ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 rais$ ! 
ballet f gross & trivial /yles to a     
dignity wor?y ( music1 poetry & danc+4  
,8 uncle1 ,ga/on ( ,orleans1 /ill       
patroniz$ ! gross] /yle1 b x became     
eclips$ by ! bett]4 ,lulli compos$ music
 to ! words ( ,molire & o!r celebrities2
 among/ notable works !n produc$ 0 !    
,&rom$a ( ,corneille1 a trag$y1 ) hymns 
& dances1 execut$ 9 #afej1 at ! ,petit  
,b\rbon4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#fb4--,paul9e ,duv]nay at ,cov5t ,g>d51 
#ahcc-ahch4  ,! f\ndation ( ! !atrical  
ballet 01 h[ev]1 at ! in/igation (      
,maz>91 to prev5t a l[]+ ( tone 9 !     
e/abli%m5t ( ! ,acadmie de ,danse "u    
?irte5 ,academicians 9 #affa4 ,?is      
appe>s to h be5 m]g$ into ! ,acadmie    
,royale de ,musique et de ,danse 9      
#affi1 :i* provid$ a prop] tra9+ =      
dbutants1 "u ,,mm4 ,p]r9 & ,camb]t1 :il/
 ,beau*amp1 ! ma/] ( ! ,c\rt ballets1 _h
 *>ge ( ! danc+4 ,! fir/ op]a-ballet1 ! 
,pomona ( ,p]r9 & ,camb]t1 0 produc$ 9  
#afga4 ,to ?is succe$$ _m works (       

,lulli1 to :om is attribut$ ! increas$  
spe$ 9 dance music & danc+1 t ( ! ,c\rt 
ballets hav+ be5 sl[ & /ately4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,mlle4 ,fanny 
,ellsl]4 ,f a li?ograph by ,a4          
,lacaucbie4  ,! great production ( !    
p]iod appe>s to h be5 ! ,triumph ( ,love
 9 #afha1 ) tw5ty sc5es & sev5 hundr$   
p]=m]s2 among/ ^! 7 _m ( ! nobility1 &  
"s excell5t ball]9e1 su* z ,pesaut1     
,c>r1 ,lecl]c1 & ,lafonta9e4  ,a detail$
 hi/ory ( ! ballet is1 h[ev]1 impossible
 "h1 & we mu/ proce$ to t\* only on     
sali5t po9ts4 ,x pass$ f ! ,c\rt to !   
!atre ab\t #afhj & _h two *>act]i/ics1  
"o ) fem99e danc]s1 ! o!r )\t4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc;a4--,danc+ satyr
 play+ ca/anets1 by ,myron1 9 ! ,vatican
 ,museum4 ,! action is entirely         
sugge/ive ( t ( ,fanny ,ellsl]1 & might 
be evid5ce ( ! antiquity ( ! ,spani%    
tradition4  ,x is n a little curi\s t   
we>+ ! mask1 a revival ( ! antique1 0   
practis$ 9 "s ( ^! ballets4 ,! hi/ory ( 
! op]a-ballet ( ^? days gives to u _m   

celebrat$ names ( musicians1 su* z      
,de/\*es1 :o gave new v]ve to ballet    
music1 & ,rameau4 ,jean ,georges ,nov]re
 aboli%$ ! s++ & e/abli%$ ! five-act    
ballet on its own foot+ 9 #aggf4 ,9 ?is 
x appe>s he _h p>tly ! advice ( ,g>rick1
 :om he met 9 ,london4 ,! names ( !     
celebrat$ danc]s are num]\s1 su* z      
,pc\rt1 ,blaudy 7:o taught ,mlle4       
,cam>go71 ,laval1 ,ve/ris1 ,g]ma91      
,prevo/1 ,lafonta9e1 & ,cam>go 7fig4    
#fa71 ( ! #ah? c5tury2 ,taglioni1       
,grisi1 ,duv]nay1 ,c]ito1 ,ellsl]1 etc41
 ( ! #ai? c5tury1 to ^? ( our own day4  
,a fair notice ( all ( ^! w\ld be a "w 9
 itself4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#fd4--,mlle4 ,taglioni4 ,f a li?ograph (
 ! p]iod4  ,! introduction ( ! ballet   
into ,engl& 0 z late z #agcd1 :5 ! ,fr5*
 danc]s1 ,mlle4 ,sall1 ! rival ( ,mlle4 
,cam>go1 & ,mlle4 de ,subligny made a   
great success at ,cov5t ,g>d5 9 ,ariadne
 & ,galatea1 & ,mlle4 ,salle danc$ 9 h] 
own *oregraphic inv5tion ( ,pygmalion1  
s9ce :i* "t x has be5 popul> 9 ,engl&1  

:5 ^? ( ! fir/ class c be obta9$4 ,!re  
are1 h[ev]1 "s int]e/+ & romantic       
circum/ances connect$ ) ! ballet 9      
,london 9 ! la/ c5tury1 :i* x w n be out
 ( place to record "h4 ,among/ ! danc]s 
( ! la/ c5tury ( consid]able celebrity 7
 two already m5tion$1 ,mlles4 ,duv]nay  
7fig4 #fb7 & ,taglioni 7fig4 #fd71 ^:   
names are record$ 9 ! classic v]se (    
,+oldsby4      ,malibran's dead1        
,duv]nay's fl$2      ,taglioni has n yet
 arriv$ 9 h] /ead4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#fe4--,pas de ,trois by ,mlles4 ,f]r>is1
 ,taglioni1 & ,c>lotta ,grisi4  ,mlle4  
,duv]nay 0 a ,p>isian1 & comm5c$ h] /udy
 "u ,b>rez1 b subsequ5tly 0 "u ,ve/ris &
 ,taglioni1 ! fa!r ( ! celebrity m5tion$
 9 ! v]se4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#ff4--,mlle4 ,adel9e ,g5e1 #aijf4       
,photo1 ,ellis & ,wal]y4  ,duran hangs  
ov] ! mantelpiece ( ! refectory ( !     
presbyt]y4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#fg4--,mlle4 ,anna ,pavlova1 #aiaj4 ,f a
 photo by ,f\l%am & ,banfield4  ,hav+   
made a great ,p>isian reputation1 %e    

came to ,london 9 #ahcc1 & f t date     
until #ahcg held ! t[n1 :5 %e m>ri$ ,mr4
 ,/eph5s ,lyne ,/eph5s1 ,m4,p41 a       
g5tleman ( consid]able weal?1 b 0 left a
 *ildless wid[ 9 #ahfa1 & retir$ to h]  
e/ate at ,lyne=d ,hall1 ,norfolk1 liv+ 9
 retirem5t & sp5d+ h] "t 9 good works4  
,%e is said to h sp5t #ajj1jjj 9 *>ities
 & *ur*es1 & t at ,cambridge1 d$icat$ to
 ! ,engli% m>tyrs1 0 f\nd$1 complet$1 & 
end[$ by h]4 ,%e l$ a blameless & wor?y 
life1 & di$ 9 #ahid4 ,h] portrait by    
,mlle4 ,taglioni 7fig4 #fd71 h]         
co-celebrity1 m>ri$ ,c\nt ,gilb]t de    
,vois9s1 a ,fr5* nobleman1 9 #ahdg1 & ) 
h] m>riage came an ample =tune2         
un=tunately ! bulk ( ?is =tune 0 lo/ 9 !
 ,franco-,g]man w>4 ,) ! c\rage ( h] "* 
! ,c\ntess return$ to ,london & gave    
lessons 9 danc+1 etc41 9 :i* %e 0       
suffici5tly successful to obta9 a fair  
liv+4 ,%e di$ 9 #ahhd at #hj ye>s ( age4
 ,( ! o!r celebrities ( !               
p]iod--,c>lotta ,grisi1 ,f]r>is 7fig4   
#fe71 & ,fanny ,ellsl] 7fig4 #fc7--"s   

illu/rations are giv52 besides ^! 7     
,fanny ,c]ito1 ,lucile ,grahn1 a ,dane1 
& "s o!rs ( less] notoriety p]=m+ 9     
,london at ?is great p]iod ( ! ballet4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,mlle4 ,sophie
 ,fdorova4  ,! rec5t enc\ragem5t ( !    
classic ballet has introduc$ u to "s    
exquisite danc]s3 among/ ^! are ,mlle4  
,adel9e ,g5e 7fig4 #ff7 & ,mlle4 ,anna  
,pavlova 7fig4 #fg72 ! latt]1 ) ,m4     
,mordk9 & a corps ( spl5did danc]s1 are 
f ,russia1 f :5ce also comes ! important
 tr\pe n[ at ! ,alhambra ) ,mlle4       
,geltz] & o!r excell5t danc]s4 ,!       
celebrat$ company at ,cov5t ,g>d51 &    
,lydia ,kya%t at ! ,empire1 are also    
,russian4 ,x is n surpris+ t we get     
excell5t danc+ f ,russia2 ! s*ool =m$ by
 ,pet] ! ,great ab\t #afih has be5 "u   
,/ate patronage ev] s9ce4  ,notices (   
all ! important danc]s f ,italy1 ,spa91 
,p>is1 or else:]e1 p]=m+ 9 ,engl& 9     
rec5t ye>s1 w\ld occupy consid]able     
space1 & ! read] c easily obta9         
in=mation conc]n+ !m else:]e4  ,t !     

te*nique & spe$ ( ! classic dance has   
consid]ably increas$ is hi/orically     
c]ta91 & we mu/ hope t ?is spe$ w n     
sacrifice graceful movem5t4 ,moreov]1   
te*nique alone w n make ! complete      
f9e-arti/3 "s inv5tion is involv$4      
,un=tunately1 "s mod]n attempts at      
inv5tion seem crude & s5sational1 :il/  
lack+ ! exquisite te*nique desirable 9  
all exhibitions ( f9i%$ art4  ,be=e     
conclud+ x is almo/ imp]ative to say    
some?+ ab\t ! nak$ foot danc]s1 foll[]s 
( ,isidora ,duncan4 ,"s critics & a     
c]ta9 public h welcom$ !m2 b is x n %am 
antique8 ,x does n rem9d "o ( ! really  
classic4 ,moreov]1 ! nak$ foot %\ld be (
 antique beauty1 :i* 9 mo/ ( ^! cases x 
is n4 ,adv]tisem5ts tell u t ^! dance   
are int]pretations ( classic            
music--,*op91 ,web]1 ,brahms1 etc42 !y  
are n really int]pretations1 b          
di/ractions6 ,we c h>dly imag9e t ^!    
compos]s int5d$ _! "w = actual danc+4   
,"o c li/5 & be entranc$2 "o sees !     
danc]'s int]pretations or translations &

 ! music is degrad$ to a s]ies ( %am    
classic po/ures4  ,! idea t runn+ ab\t !
 /age 9 diaphan\s co/umes1 ) conv5tional
 mimicry & arm action1 is classic or    
beautiful is a mi/ake2 ! t]m ae/hetic   
may cov]1 b n r$eem x4 ,!re is n ev5 !  
art ( ! ord9>y ballet-danc] disc]nible 9
 ^! proce$+s4  ,on ano!r plane are su* z
 ! ballets 9 ,don ,giovanni & ,fau/4    
,moz>t & ,g\nod wrote ^! ) a full k ( ! 
me?od ( int]pretation & ! p]sons :o _h  
be5 tra9$ = t purpose--! p]=m]s fit !   
music & x fits !m4 ,?is op]a-ballet is  
also m 9 accordance ) tradition be=e !  
"t ( ,nov]re4  ,nei!r d ! popul> &      
curi\s exhibitions ( ,loie ,full] /rike 
"o z hav+ a classic "*1 or future1 ( any
 consid]ation1 pretty z !y may be4  ,!  
op]etta or musical com$y has giv5 u "s  
excell5t art1 especially at ! end ( !   
#ai? c5tury1 :5 ,sylvia ,gray1 ,kate    
,vaughan1 ,letty ,l9d1 ,topsy ,s9d51 &  
o!rs ( l mti] gave u skirt & drap]y     
danc+4  ,?is introduces u to ! "q (     
co/ume4 ,t commonly us$ by ! prima      

ball]9a is c]ta9ly n graceful2 x 0      
app>5tly introduc$ ab\t #ahcj1          
presumably to %[ ! action & f9i%$ me?od 
( ! l[] extremities4 ,if ,fanny ,ellsl] 
& ,duv]nay c\ld excel )\t ?is ugly      
contrivance1 :y is x necess>y = o!rs8   
,at ! same "t x is bett] ?an indiff]5t  
imitations ( ! ,greek1 or a return to ! 
debas$ *>act]i/ics ( ,pompeiian art1 9  
:i* ! effect ( ! classic & f9e "* ( !   
mat]ial are r5d]$ 9 a sort ( transp>5t  
musl94  ,) ^! notices ! au?or's object 9
 ?is sket* is complet$4 ,( ! bal-masqu  
g>d5 dances1 public balls & su*-l1 he   
has no int5tion to treat2 !y are n      
classic danc+ nor art1 ) ! exception    
p]haps ( ! ,scotti% reels4 ,nor is he   
int]e/$ 9 ! danc+ ( savage tribes1 nor 9
 t ( ! ,ea/1 al?\gh "s few illu/rations 
are giv5 to illu/rate traditions3 =     
example1 ! use ( ! pipe & tabor 9       
,patagonia1 ! danc] f ,japan1 w+$1 l t 9
 ! ,roman de la ,rose 7fig4 #dj71 & !   
religi\s dance ( ,tibet1 %[+ ! survival 
( ! religi\s dance 9 "s c\ntries4 ,9    

,mrs4 ,groves' book on danc+ !re is an  
excell5t *apt] on ! ,ritual dance z n[  
practis$1 to :i* ! read] c ref]4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,japanese    
,c\rt ,dance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#gj4--;,indian danc+-girl4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,patagonian   
danc]s to fife & tabor4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #gb4--,tibetan religi\s danc+     
procession1 #aijh ,a4,d4                
,,bibliography4   ,b>on1 ,a4 ,lettres et
 ,entreti5s sur la ,danse4 ,p>is1 #ahbe4
  ,emmanuel1 ,m4 ,la ,danse grecque     
antique4 #ahif4  ,mne/ri]1 ,pre4 ,des   
,ballets anci5s et mod]nes4 #afhb4      
,bonnet4 ,hi/oire gnrale de la ,danse   
sacre et pr(ane4 #agbc4  ,cahusac4 ,la  
,danse anci5ne et mod]ne4 #aged4        
,nov]re4 ,lettres sur les ,ballets4     
#agfj4  ,*>bonnel1 ,r4 ,la ,danse de    
,lettres1 c4 #ahjg4  ,p\g91 ,a4 ,dict4  
,hi/1 du ,?tre4 #ahhe4  ,aulnaye1 ,de   
l'4 ,de la ,saltation ?trale4 #aghi4    
,olaus ,magnus4 ,g5t4 ,sept5tr41 ,hy41  
,book ,,iii41 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,see ,b\rne's

 ,vulg> ,antiqs41 p4 #age4              
,abbeau-,?o9ot 7,canon ,jean ,tab\rot74 
,or*sographie4 #afdc4  ,/rutt's ,sports 
& ,pa/imes4 ,london1 #ahja4  ,?omson1   
,*as4 & ,samuel4 ,collection ( #hjj     
,dances4 #d vols4 #aggj-aggc4  ,play=d's
 ,danc+ ,ma/]4 #bnd ed4 #afeb4          
,wilk9son1 ,sir ,g4 ,anci5t ,egyptians4 
#c vols4 ,london4  ,d5nis4 ,etruria4 #b 
vols4 ,london4  ,compan4 ,dictionnaire  
de la ,danse4 #ahjb4  ,blasis1 ,c4      
,trait de la ,danse4 ,milan1 #ahcj4     
---4 ,code ( ,t]psi*ore4 ,london1 #ahbc4
  ,vuilli]1 ,g4 ,la ,danse  trav]s les  
,ages4  ,m5il1 ,f4 de4 ,hi/oire de la   
,danse  trav]s les ,ages4  ,fonta       
,laure1 ,mme4 ,notice sur les ,danses du
 xvi4 sicle4  ,guihelmi4 ,hebraie       
,pisauri5sis1 de practica seu arte      
trepudis1 c4 #adfc4 ,,ms4 ,bib4 ,nation4
  ,dom9i1 ,johan4 ,pisauri5sis1 ditto4  
,,ms4 ,bib4 ,nation4 #adfc4  ,c>oso1 ,f4
 ,il ,ball>9o4 #aeha4  ,ces>e ,negri4   
,nuovo ,inv5zioni di ,balli4 #afjd4     
,ve/ris1 ,d4 ,les ,danses autrefois4    

#ahhg4  ,desrat1 ,g4 ,dictionnaire de la
 ,danse4 ,p>is1 #ahie4  ,rameau1 ,p4 ,le
 ,matre  dans]4  ,magny4 ,pr9cipes de   
,*orgraphie4 ,p>is1 #agfe4  ---4 ,n\veau
 ,guide de la ,danse4 #ahhh4            
,gawlik[ski1 ,p4 ,guide complet de la   
,danse4 #aheh4  ,angiol9i4 ,discuzzioni 
sulla dansa pantomima4 #agfj4  ,sa9t    
,lon4 ,de l'etat actuel de la danse4    
,lisbon1 #ahef4  ,giraudet1 ,e4 ,trait  
de la danse1 #ahij4  ---4 ,n\veau       
,guide1 #ahhh4  ,grove1 ,mrs4 ,lilly4   
,hi/ory ( ,danc+4 ,london1 #ahij4       
,skalkovsky-,ple%*eev4 ,na% ,balet 7our 
,ballet74 #ahii4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,russian
 ,ballet1 9 ,russian4