,,companion ,,to ,,! ,,bible4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,e4,p4 ,,b>r[s1 ,d4,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,biblical ,,lit]ature4 ,,g5]al ,,preface4 ,! design ( ! pres5t "w1 z its title indicates1 is to assi/ 9 ! /udy ( ,god's ^w4 ,! au?or has _h special ref]5ce to tea*]s ( ,bible classes & ,sabba?-s*ools2 m9i/]s ( ! gospel :o wi% to h ready at h& ! results ( biblical inve/igation 9 a conv5i5t & cond5s$ =m2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! l>ge body ( intellig5t laym5 & wom5 9 our l& :o desire to pursue ! /udy ( ,scripture 9 a ?or\gh & sy/ematic way4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p conta9s a concise view ( ! ,evid5ces ( ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,"h1 s9ce ,*ri/ianity re/s on a basis ( hi/oric facts1 special prom95ce has be5 giv5 to ! hi/oric side ( ^! evid5ces2 ^?1 namely1 :i* relate to ! g5u95ess1 integrity1 au!nticity1 & inspiration ( ! sev]al books ( ! ,bible4 ,a brief view is add$ ( ! evid5ces :i* are ( an int]nal & exp]im5tal "*4 ,9 ! ,introductions to ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t :i* foll[ 9 ! ,second & ,?ird ,p>ts1 ! g5]al facts are fir/ giv52 !n an acc\nt ( ! sev]al divisions ( ea*1 ) _! (fice & mutual relations1 & su* a notice ( ea* p>ticul> book z w prep>e ! read] to /udy x intellig5tly & pr(itably4 ,! ,f\r? ,"p is devot$ to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,biblical ,int]pretation4 ,"h ! plan is to consid] ! ,scriptures1 fir/1 on ! human side1 z address$ to m5 9 human language & accord+ to human modes ( ?9k+ & speak+2 !n1 on ! div9e side1 z conta9+ a true revelation f ,god1 & diff]+ 9 ?is respect f all o!r writ+s4 ,to ?is tw(old view ! au?or atta*es great importance4 ,to ! human side belong ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( int]pretation1 :i* apply alike to all writ+s2 to ! div9e side1 ! "q ( ! unity ( revelation1 & ! int]pretation ( types & prophecies4 ,9 ea* ( ! abov5am$ divisions ! au?or has endeavor$ to keep prom95tly 9 view ! unity ( revelation & ! insep>able connection ( all its p>ts4 ,x is only :5 we ?us contemplate x z a glori\s :ole1 hav+ beg9n+1 progress1 & consummation1 t we c truly und]/& x4 ,mo/ ( ! popul> objections to ! ,old ,te/am5t h _! f\ndation 9 an isolat$ & fragm5t>y way ( view+ its facts & doctr9es2 & !y c be fairly met only by %[+ ! relation :i* ^! hold to ! entire plan ( r$emption4 ,! plan ( ! pres5t "w requir$ brevity & cond5sation4 ,! con/ant endeavor has be5 to /ate ! sev]al facts & pr9ciples z concisely z c\ld be done consi/5tly ) a true pres5tation ( !m 9 an intelligible =m4 ,x may be object$ t "s topics1 ^? p>ticul>ly :i* relate to ! ,p5tateu*1 are h&l$ 9 too cursory a way4 ,! au?or feels ! difficulty2 b to g into details on ?is subject w\ld require a volume4 ,he has endeavor$ to d ! be/ t 0 consi/5t ) ! g5]al plan ( ! "w4 ,! po9t ( prim>y importance to be ma9ta9$ is ! div9e au?ority & inspiration ( ! ,p5tateu*--! :ole ,p5tateu* z x exi/$ 9 our ,savi\r's day & exi/s n[4 ,!re are difficult que/ions connect$ ) bo? its =m & ! int]pretation ( c]ta9 p>ts ( x 9 respect to :i* dev\t believ]s may hone/ly diff]4 ,= ! discussion ( ^! ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! works pr(ess$ly devot$ to ! subject4 ,! pres5t volume is complete 9 itself2 yet x does n exhau/ ! circle ( topics imm$iately connect$ ) ! /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,x is ! au?or's purpose to add ano!r volume on ,biblical ,geography & ,antiquities1 ) a brief survey ( ! hi/oric relations ( ! cov5ant p to ! ,g5tile _w4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,a ,,concise ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,reveal$ ,,religion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 #a4 ,*ri/ianity re/s on a ,basis ( ,hi/oric ,facts insep>ably connect$ f ,fir/ to ,la/--#b4 ,?is ,basis to be ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,unbeliev]s--#c4 ,g5]al ,plan ( ,inquiry--,*ri/'s ,adv5t ! ,c5tral ,po9t--,f ?is ,we look =w>d & backw>d to ! ,beg9n+--#d4 ,importance ( view+ ,revelation z a ,:ole--#e4 ,fragm5t>y ,me?od ( ,objectors--,p>ticul> ,ord] ( ! ,p>ts 9 ?is ,inve/igation ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5u95ess ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>ratives4 #a4 ,t]ms def9$--,necessity ( kn[+ ! ,au?ors ( ! ,gospels--#b4 ,rem>ks on _! ,orig9--,!y 7 n writt5 imm$iately1 b successively at ,int]vals--,e>li] ,docum5ts notic$ by ,luke--#c4 ,mann] ( ,quotation by ! ,e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs--#d4 ,ext]nal ,evid5ces trac$ upw>d f ! ,close ( ! ,second ,c5tury--,te/imony ( ,ir5aeus--,( ,t]tullian--,( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria--,lett] ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne--#e4 ,compreh5siv5ess & ,=ce ( ^! ,te/imonies--,fre$om ( ,judgm5t 9 ! ,primitive ,*ur*es--,?is %[n by ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,disput$ ,books--#f4 ,public ,"* & ,use ( ! ,gospels--#g4 ,e>li] ,te/imonies--,ju/9 ,m>tyr--,8 ,designation ( ! ,gospels--,!y are ,our ,canonical ,gospels--,explanation ( 8 ,v>iations & ,additions--,8 ,ref]5ces to ! ,gospel ( ,john--#h4 ,te/imony ( ,papias--#i4 ,epi/le to ,diognetus--#aj4 ,! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs--,clem5t ( ,rome--,ignatius ,polyc>p--,! ,s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas--#aa4 ,! ,anci5t ,v]sions & ,muratorian ,canon--,syriac ,pe%ito--,old ,lat9--#ab4 ,te/imony ( ! ,h]etical ,sects--,m>cion--,val5t9us--,tatian--#ac 4 ,conclusiv5ess ( ! above ,ext]nal ,te/imony--#ad4 ,int]nal ,evid5ces--,relation ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,gospels to ! ,la/--,!y diff] 9 ,"t--,! ,fir/ ,?ree writt5 be=e ! ,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 ! ,f\r? aft] t ,ev5t--,!y diff] 9 ,"* & ,cont5ts--,yet 7 all alike receiv$ by ! ,*ur*es--#ae4 ,relation ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,gospels to ,ea* ,o!r--,!y h ,rem>kable ,agreem5ts & ,diff]5ces--,^! & _! ,g5]al ,reception expla9$ by _! ,g5u95ess--#af4 ,! ,gospels conta9 no ,trace ( ,lat] ,ev5ts--#ag4 ,or ,lat] ,modes ( ,?\ght4 #ah4 ,f ! ,"* ( ! ,language ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,uncorrupt ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>ratives4 #a4 ,:at is meant by an ,uncorrupt ,text--#b4 ,anci5t ,mat]ials = ,writ+--,palimpse/s--,uncial & ,cursive ,manuscripts--#c4 ,! ,apo/olic ,autographs h p]i%$1 b ,we h _! ,cont5ts--,?is %[n f ! ,agreem5t ( ,manuscripts--,f ! ,quotations ( ! ,fa!rs--,f ,anci5t ,v]sions--,"* ( ! ,v>i\s ,read+s--,!y d n affect ! ,sub/ance ( ! ,gospel--#d4 ,! ,anci5t ,v]sions made f a ,pure ,text--,?is %[n f ! ,public ,read+ ( ! ,gospels f ! ,beg9n+--,f ! ,multiplication ( ,copies--,f ! ,high ,value atta*$ to ! ,gospels--,f ! ,want ( ,"t = ,ess5tial ,corruptions--,f ! ,abs5ce ( all ,pro( ( su* ,corruptions--#e4 ,! ,above ,rem>ks apply ess5tially to ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t ,books ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,au!nticity ,,& ,,cr$ibility ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>ratives4 #a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--#b4 ,_! ,au?ors ,s9c]e & ,tru?ful--#c4 ,compet5t z ,m5--#d4 ,& z ,witnesses--#e4 ,"* ( ! ,works :i* !y record-- ,sup]natural ,"* ( our ,"l's ,miracles--,!y 7 v ,num]\s & ,div]sifi$1 & p]=m$ op5ly--#f4 ,& 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,8 ,enemies--#g4 ,! ,resurrection ( ,jesus--,its ,vital ,importance--#h4 ,! ,"* ( ,jesus proves ! ,tru? ( ! ,record--,its ,orig9ality & ,symmetry--,x unites ,tranquillity ) ,f]vor--,wisdom ) ,fre$om f ,guile--,prud5ce ) ,boldness--,t5d]ness ) ,sev]ity--,humility ) ! ,l(tie/ ,claims--,he is ,heav5ly-m9d$ )\t ,asceticism--,8 ,p]fect ,purity--,8 ,virtues ,imitable = ,all alike--,our ,"l's ,"* z a ,tea*]--,8 ,fre$om f ! ,errors ( ,8 ,age & ,nation--,8 ,religion ,"o = ,all ,m5 & ,ages--,?is expla9$ by its ,div9e ,orig9--,our ,"l's ,mann] ( ,tea*+--,8 ,div9e ,mission--,div9ity ( ,8 ,p]son--,orig9ality ( its ,manife/ations--,god ,8 ,fa!r 9 a ,peculi> ,s5se--,he is ! ,s\rce ( ,light & ,life--,he has ,inw>d ,dom9ion ov] ! ,s\l--,he dwells 9 ,believ]s1 & !y 9 ,him--,! ,inf]5ce--,8 ,p[] ov] ! ,human ,he>t--,sup]natural ,"* ( ! ,gospel--,a ,^w on ,objections ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les ,,& ,,! ,,ackn[l$g$ ,,epi/les4 #a4 ,^! ,books a ,natural ,sequel to ! ,gospels--#b4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les--,ext]nal ,te/imonies--#c4 ,int]nal ,evid5ce--#d4 ,cr$ibility--#e4 ,date ( ,composition--#f4 ,! ,ackn[l$g$ ,epi/les--,di/9ction ( ,ackn[l$g$ & ,disput$ ,books--#g4 ,fir/ ,gr\p ( ,paul9e ,epi/les--,second ,gr\p1 or ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les--,_! ,date--,_! ,peculi> ,"*--#h4 ,fir/ ,epi/les ( ,pet] & ,fir/ ( ,john--#i4 ,mutual ,relation betwe5 ! ,gospels & ,lat] ,books--#aj4 ,argum5t f ,undesign$ ,co9cid5ces ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,disput$ ,,books4 #a4 ,! ,"q "h simply conc]n+ ! ,ext5t ( ! ,canon--#b4 ,! ,primitive ,age ,"o ( ,free ,inquiry--#c4 ,its ,div]sity ( ,judgm5t no ,decisive ,argum5t aga9/ a ,giv5 ,book--#d4 ,! ,caution ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*es gives ,weight to _! ,judgm5t--,?is ,judgm5t ,negative z well z ,positive ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,inspiration ,,& ,,! ,,canon4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--#a4 ,rule ( ,judgm5t det]m9$--,x is ! ,writ]'s ,relation to ,*ri/--#b4 ,*ri/ ,himself ,infallible--#c4 ,! ,apo/les--,!y held ! ne>e/ ,relation to ,him--,_! ,infallibility z ,tea*]s %[n--,f ! ,necessity ( ! ,case--,f ,*ri/'s ,express ,promises--,f _! ,own ,decl>ations-- ,summ>y ( ! ,argum5t 9 ,respect to ! ,apo/les--#d4 ,inspiration ( ! ,apo/olic ,m5--#e4 ,argum5t f ! ,"* ( ! ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--#f4 ,! ,inspiration ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ]s ,pl5>y-- #g4 ,pr9ciples on :i* ! ,canon is =m$ ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,insep>able ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--#a4 ,previ\s ,revelations impli$ 9 ,*ri/'s ,adv5t--#b4 ,9 ! ,"* ( ! ,jewi% ,p--#c4 ,prov$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t-- ,*ri/'s ,explicit ,decl>ations--#d4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t bas$ on ! ,facts ( ! ,old--,! ,fall ( ,man--,! ,abrahamic ,cov5ant1 :i* 0 condition$ on ,fai? alone1 & fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/--,*ri/ ! ,end ( ! ,mosaic ,economy--,9 its ,prophetical ,ord]--,9 its ,k+ly ,(fice--,9 its ,prie/ly ,(fice--#e4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ]s ! ,int]pret]s ( ! ,old ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,au?or%ip ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 ,mean+ ( ! ,t]m--#a4 ,x exi/$ 9 its ,pres5t ,=m f ,ezra's ,day--#b4 ,! ,law ascrib$ to ,moses 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--,h[ ,mu* is includ$ 9 ?is ,t]m--#c4 ,=ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,te/imony--#d4 ,! ,law ( ,moses at ! ,re/oration--#e4 ,jewi% ,tradition t ,ezra settl$ ! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--,he left ! ,p5tateu* ess5tially z he f\nd x--,ref]5ces to ! ,law 9 ! ,books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles--#f4 ,! ,book ( ,deut]onomy--,its ,mosaic ,au?or%ip ,c]ta9--#g4 ,! ,inf]5ce ,c]ta9 t he wrote ! ,prec$+ ,laws--#h4 ,?is corroborat$ by _! ,=m--#i4 ,by ,ref]5ces 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--,& ! ,old also--#aj4 ,relation ( ,deut]onomy to ! ,e>li] ,precepts--,9 ,respect to ,"t--,& ,design--,*ange 9 ,moses' ,p]sonal ,relation to ! ,p--,peculi>ities ( ,deut]onomy expla9$ f ! ,above ,consid]ations--,mean+ ( ! ,words ( ?is ,law 9 ,deut]onomy--#aa4 ,mosaic ,au?or%ip ( ,g5esis %[n--,f ,antec$5t ,probability--,f its ,connection ) ! ,foll[+ ,books--,objections consid]$--,suppos$ ,m>ks ( a ,lat] ,age--,& ( ,diff]5t ,au?ors--#ab4 ,unity ( ! ,p5tateu* ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,au!nticity ,,& ,,cr$ibility ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 #a4 ,its ,hi/oric ,tru? assum$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--,?is %[n by ,examples--#b4 ,x 0 ! ,f\ndation ( ! ,:ole ,jewi% ,polity--,& c\ld n h be5 impos$ ^u ! ,p by ,fraud--,contra/ betwe5 ,mohamm$ & ,moses--#c4 ,sci5tific ,difficulties connect$ ) ! ,p5tateu*--#d4 ,alleg$ ,moral ,difficulties--,exclusiv5ess ( ! ,mosaic ,economy--,its ,re/rictions on ,int]c\rse ) ,o!r ,nations--#e4 ,its ,num]\s ,ord9ances--,! ,mosaic ,laws requir$ ,spiritual ,ob$i5ce--#f4 ,objections f ! ,tol]ation ( ,c]ta9 ,usages--#g4 ,extirpation ( ! ,canaanites--#h4 ,! ,mosaic ,economy a ,bless+ to ! ,:ole ,_w ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,rema9+ ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 #a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--#b4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t assumes _! ,div9e ,au?ority--,hi/orical ,books--#c4 ,books n /rictly ,hi/orical or ,prophetical--#d4 ,prophetical ,books--,argum5t f ,prophecy = ! ,div9e ,orig9 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--#e4 ,*ri/ ! ,fulfilm5t ( ,prophecy--,9 8 ,(fice z a ,prophet--z a ,k+--z a ,prie/--#f4 ,! ,jewi% ,in/itutions & ,hi/ory a ,p]petual ,adumbration ( ,*ri/ prep>atory to ,8 ,adv5t--#g4 ,rem>ks on ! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--#h4 ,pr9ciple ( its ,=mation--#i4 ,inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,evid5ces ,,int]nal ,,& ,,exp]im5tal4 #a4 ,ext]nal ,evid5ces ,important1 b n ,indisp5sable to ,true ,fai?--#b4 ,int]nal ,evid5ces--,view :i* ! ,bible gives ( ,god's ,"*--#c4 ,code ( ,morals 9 ! ,bible--,x is ,spiritual1 ,reasonable1 & ,compreh5sive--,ob$i5ce to ,x ! ,sum ( all ,goodness--#d4 ,all ,p>ts ( ! ,bible 9 ,h>mony ) ,ea* ,o!r--#e4 ,p[] ( ! ,bible ov] ! ,consci5ce--#f4 ,argum5t f ,p]sonal ,exp]i5ce--#g4 ,f ! ,"* ( ,jesus--#h4 ,f ,g5]al ,exp]i5ce--,! ,love ( ,jesus ! ,mightie/ ,pr9ciple ( ,action--,p]secution fir/ w9n[s1 !n /r5g!ns ! ,*ur*--,! ,*ur* corrupt$ & weak5$ by ,worldly ,alliances--#i4 ,! ,gospel gives an ,inw>d ,victory ov] ,s9--,x purifies & elevates ,society--#aj4 ,its ,self-purify+ ,p[]--#aa4 ,! ,argum5t summ$ up 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,,fir/ ,,division--,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,names ,,& ,,ext]nal ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 #a4 ,orig9 & ,mean+ ( ! ,^w ,bible--,jewi% ,designations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--#b4 ,orig9 ( ! ,t]ms ,old & ,new ,te/am5t--,e>li] ,lat9 ,t]m--#b4 ,! ,unity--,scripture has its ,gr\nd 9 ,div9e ,inspiration--,its ,great ,div]sity 9 ,respect to ,human ,composition--#d4 ,classification & ,arrangem5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,books--,classification ( ! ,hebrew3 ( ! ,greek ,v]sion ( ! ,sev5ty2 ( ! ,lat9 ,vulgate--,no ,"o ( ^! foll[s entirely ! ,ord] ( ,"t--#e4 ,orig9al ,mode ( ,writ+ call$ ,cont9u\s--#f4 ,anci5t ,sections--,op5 & ,clos$2 ,l>g] ,sections call$ ,p>%iyo? & ,hapht>o?--#g4 ,*apt]s & ,v]ses--,caution 9 ,respect to our ,mod]n ,*apt]s ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,text ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory4 #a4 ,*aldee ,passages 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures--,divisions ( ! ,hebrew & ,cognate ,languages--#b4 ,! ,assyrian or ,squ>e ,"* n ,primitive--,jewi% ,tradition respect+ its ,orig9--#c4 ,! ,hebrew ,alphabet & its ,"*--#d4 ,*ange 9 ! ,language ( ! ,hebrew ,nation--#e4 ,introduction ( ! ,v[el-,po9ts & ,acc5ts--,! ,"q ( _! ,antiquity--#f4 ,jewi% ,rules = ! ,guidance ( ,copyi/s--,_! ,deep ,rev]5ce = ! ,sacr$ ,text--,its ,uncorrupt ,transmission to ,u--#g4 ,age & ,"* ( ,hebrew ,manuscripts--#h4 ,=m ( ,hebrew ,manuscripts--! ,public 9 ,rolls1 ! ,private 9 ! ,book ,=m1 ,poetical ,passages1 ,columns1 ,p5 & ,ink ,accompanim5ts--#i4 ,! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,=mation ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,hebrew ,,canon4 ,i4 ,mean+ ( ! ,^w ,canon--,gradual ,=mation ( ! ,hebrew ,canon--,its ,ma9 ,divisions--#a4 ,! ,p5tateu*--#b4 ,g5]al ,rem>k on its ,hebrew ,"n--#c4 ,! ,p5tateu* =ms ! ,nucleus ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon--,x 0 giv5 by ,div9e ,au?ority1 committ$ to ! ,*>ge ( ! ,prie/s1 kept by ! ,side ( ! ,ark1 & to be publicly read at ,/at$ ,times--,,ii4 ,! ,hi/orical ,books--#d4 ,! ,au?ors & ,exact ,date ( ,_m ( !m ,unkn[n--,important ,hi/orical ,docum5ts 7 deposit$ 9 ! ,sanctu>y--#e4 ,! ,au?ors ( ! ,books ( ,jo%ua & ,judges made ,use ( su* ,docum5ts--#f4 ,! ,au?or ( ! ,books ( ,samuel also--#g4 ,orig9al ,s\rces = ! ,books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles--#h4 ,^! ,two ,works ref] n to ,ea* ,o!r1 b to a ,l>g] ,collection ( ,orig9al ,docum5ts--#i4 ,"* ( ^! ,docum5ts--,!y 7 writt51 9 ,"p at ,lea/1 by ,prophets1 & !y all come to u ) ! ,/amp ( ,prophetic ,au?ority4--#aj4 ,! ,books ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,e/h]--,,iii4 ,! ,prophetical ,books--#aa4 ,! ,books enum]at$--,paucity ( ,prophets be=e ,samuel--,s*ools ( ! ,prophets e/abli%$ by him--,! ,prophets a ,di/9ct ,ord] ( ,m5 9 ! ,!ocracy f 8 ,day onw>d--#ab4 ,! ,era ( ,writt5 ,prophecy--,,iv4 ,! ,poetical ,books--#ac4 ,_! ,g5]al ,"*--,! ,book ( ,job--#ad4 ,! ,book ( ,psalms--#ae4 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ,canticles--,completion ( ! ,canon--#af4 ,pres]vation ( ! ,sacr$ ,books to ! ,"t ( ,ezra--,! ,law2 ! ,prophetical ,books2 ! ,psalms & o!r ,canonical ,writ+s--#ag4 ,! ,completion ( ! ,canon ascrib$ by ! ,jews to ,ezra & 8 ,coadjutors--,?is ,tradition ,true = ,sub/ance4--,no ,psalms writt5 9 ! ,maccabean ,age--#ah4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,hebrew ,canon--z giv5 by ,jesus ! ,son ( ,sira*1 by ,josephus1 by ,orig5 & ,eusebius1 by ,j]ome--#ai4 ,! ,apocryphal ,books ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,anci5t ,,v]sions ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,i4 ,! ,greek ,v]sion call$ ! ,septuag9t--#a4 ,its ,antiquity2 its ,great ,influ5ce on ! ,language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--#b4 ,jewi% ,acc\nt ( its ,orig9--#c4 ,judgm5t ( ,biblical ,s*ol>s on ?is ,acc\nt--#d4 ,"t occupi$ 9 ! ,completion ( ! ,"w--#e4 ,inequalities ( ?is ,v]sion--,its ,importance to ! ,biblical ,/ud5t--#f4 ,its ,close ,connection ) ! ,new ,te/am5t-- ,quotations f x by ,new ,te/am5t ,writ]s--,_! ,mann] & ,_s-- #g4 ,hebrew ,text f :i* ?is ,v]sion 0 made--,,ii4 ,o!r ,greek ,v]sions--#h4 ,! ,septuag9t orig9ally 9 ,high ,e/eem among ! ,jews--,*ange 9 _! ,feel+s 9 ,reg>d to x1 & ,rise ( ,new ,v]sions--#i4 ,aquila's ,v]sion--#aj4 ,!odotion--#aa4 ,symnia*us--#ab4 ,orig5's ,labors on ! ,text ( ! ,septuag9t--! ,tetrapla & ,hexapla--,,iii4 ,! ,*aldee ,t>gums--#ac4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ^!--#ad4 ,! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos--,its ,g5]al ,fidelity & ,excell5ce--,its ,peculi>ities--,jewi% ,tradition respect+ ,onkelos--#ae4 ,! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an ,b5 ,uzziel--#af4 ,( ,pseudo-,jona?an & ,j]usalem--#ag4 ,o!r ,t>gums--,! ,sam>itan ,v]sion ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*--,,iv4 #ah4 ,! ,syriac ,pe%ito--,its ,age & ,"* ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,text4 #a4 ,! ,object to asc]ta9 its ,primitive ,=m--#b4 ,means at ,our ,disposal--,anci5t ,hebrew ,manuscripts--,rem>ks on _! ,quality & ,age--#c4 ,anci5t ,v]sions--#d4 ,prim>y ,pr9t$ ,editions--#e4 ,p>allel ,passages--#f4 ,quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,new--#g4 ,quotations 9 ! ,talmud & by ,rabb9ical ,writ]s--#h4 ,critical ,conjecture ,,second ,,division--,,p>ticul> ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,z ,a ,,:ole4 #a4 ,prov9ce ( ,p>ticul> ,introduction--,! ,necessity ( ,und]/&+ ! ,unity ( ,div9e ,revelation--#b4 ,relation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z a ,:ole to ! ,sy/em ( ,revelation--,x is a ,prep>atory1 ,introductory to a ,f9al ,revelation1 ( :i* ! ,gospel ev]y:]e avails itself--! ,unity ( ,god2 ,vic>i\s ,sacrifice2 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples2 ,well-develop$ ,/ate ( ,civilization-- ,connection ( ! ,hebrews ) ! ,great ,_w ,p[]s--,_! ,disp]sion ?r\gh ! ,nations at our ,"l's ,adv5t--,relation ( ! ,gospel to ,civilization--#c4 ,a ,k ( ! ,prep>atory ,"* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,revelations enables u to judge correctly conc]n+ !m-- ,sev]ity ( ! ,mosaic ,laws2 ,_! ,burd5some ,multiplicity2 ,objection f _! ,exclusive ,"* answ]$--#d4 ,(fice ( ea* ,division ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,revelations--! ,p5tateu*2 ! ,hi/orical ,books2 ! ,prophetical ,books--,"* & ,(fic]s ( ! ,hebrew ,prophets-- ,era ( ,writt5 ,prophecy--,! ,poetical ,books--#e4 ,ea* ,p>ticul> ,book has its ,(fice--#f4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 a ,revelation = ! ,m5 ( its ,own ,age1 z well z = ^? ( ,future ,ages--! ,promise made to ,abraham2 ! ,deliv]ance f ,egypt2 ! ,mosaic ,law2 ! ,words ( ! ,prophets2 ! ,psalms ( ,david3 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon--#g4 ,value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,revelations to u--! ,sy/em ( ,div9e ,revelation c be und]/ood only z a ,:ole2 ,con/ant ,ref]5ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! ,old2 ! ,old ,te/am5t a ,record ( ,god's ,deal+s ) ,m52 ! ,pr9ciples embodi$ 9 ! ,!ocracy ,et]nal2 ! ,manifold ,wisdom ( ,god se5 only :5 ! ,:ole ,sy/em ( ,revelation is /udi$ ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 ,i4 ,its ,unity--,its ,fivefold ,division--#a4 ,g5esis--#b4 ,its ,hebrew ,"n--,its ,greek ,"n--#c4 ,its ,(fice--,x is ! ,introductory ,book ( ! ,p5tateu*--,its ,connection ) ! ,foll[+ ,books--#d4 ,divisions ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis--,fir/ ,"p & its ,cont5ts2 ,second ,"p & its ,cont5ts--#e4 ,its ,mosaic ,au?or%ip--,suppos$ ,traces ( a ,lat] ,h&--#f4 ,difficulties connect$ ) ! ,p5tateu*--,sci5tific ,difficulties3 ! ,six ,days ( ,creation2 ! ,age ( ! ,ant$iluvian ,patri>*s2 ! ,unity ( ! ,human ,race2 ! ,deluge--,hi/orical ,difficulties3 ! ,two ,acc\nts ( ! ,creation2 ,ca9's ,wife-- ,*ronological ,difficulties3 ,discrepancies betwe5 ! ,masoretic ,hebrew1 ! ,sam>itan ,hebrew1 & ! ,septuag9t1 9 ,respect to 7#a7 ! ,ant$iluvian ,g5ealogy2 7#b7 ! ,g5ealogy f ,noah to ,abraham--,rem>ks on ^! ,discrepancies--,,ii4 ,exodus--#g4 ,hebrew ,"n ( ?is ,book--,its ,unity--,its ,two ,*ief ,divisions--,cont5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,division2 ( ! ,second ,division--#h4 ,"t ( ! ,soj\rn 9 ,egypt--,soj\rn 9 ! ,wild]ness--,,iii4 ,leviticus--#i4 ,its ,"* & ,cont5ts--#aj4 ,! ,prie/ly ,(fice & ,sacrifices ! ,c5tral ,"p ( ! ,mosaic ,law--,,iv4 ,numb]s--#aa4 ,(fice & ,cont5ts ( ?is ,book--,! ,?ree ,epo*s ( its ,hi/ory3 ! ,dep>ture f ,s9ai1 ! ,rebellion ( ! ,p ^u ! ,report ( ! ,twelve ,spies1 ! ,second ,arrival ( ,israel at ,kade% ) ! ,ev5ts t foll[$--,v4 ,deut]onomy--#ab4 ,its ,peculi> ,"*1 ,divisions1 & ,cont5ts--#ac4 ,x br+s ! ,:ole ,p5tateu* to a ,suitable ,close ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,books4 #a & #b4 ,_! ,(fice to ,unfold ! ,hi/ory ( ,god's ,deal+s ) ! ,cov5ant ,p--,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,"* ( ?is ,hi/ory--,i4 ,jo%ua--#c4 ,cont5ts ( ?is ,book4 ,its ,imm$iate ,connection ) ! ,p5tateu*--,its ,two ,divisions ) _! ,cont5ts--#d4 ,its ,au?or%ip--#e4 ,its ,au!nticity & ,cr$ibility--,! ,miracle ( ! ,arre/ ( ! ,sun & ,moon 9 _! ,c\rse--,,ii4 ,judges & ,ru?--#f4 ,"n ( ?is ,book--,(fice ( ! ,judges ^: ,hi/ory x records--,condition ( ! ,hebrew ,nation dur+ ! ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,judges--,(fice ( ?is ,book 9 ! ,g5]al ,plan ( ,r$emption--#g4 ,arrangem5t ( its ,mat]ials--its ,tw(old ,introduction2 ! ,body ( its ,hi/ory2 its ,two ,app5dixes--#h4 ,its ,date & ,au?or%ip--#i4 ,unc]ta9ty ( its ,*ronology--#aj4 ,! ,book ( ,ru?4 ,its ,place 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,r$emption--,,iii4 ,! ,books ( ,samuel--#aa4 ,! ,two ,books ( ,samuel orig9ally ,"o ,"w--,_! ,"n--#ab4 ,_! ,(fice 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,r$emption--,ev5tful ,"* ( ! ,p]iod ^: ,hi/ory !y record--,*ange to ! ,k+ly ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t--,god's ,design 9 ?is--,! ,k+ly ,(fice ,typical ( ,*ri/--#ac4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,books ( ,samuel--,introductory ,division2 ,second ,division2 ,?ird ,division--#ad4 ,au?or%ip & ,date ( _! ,composition--,,iv4 ,! ,books ( ,k+s--#ae4 ,!y ,orig9ally con/itut$ a ,s+le ,book--,_! ,names & ,(fice--,_! ,mann] ( ,execution--,_! ,ma9 ,divisions--#af4 ,! ,fir/ ,p]iod--#ag4 ,! ,second ,p]iod--#ah4 ,! ,?ird ,p]iod--#ai4 ,*ronology ( ! ,books ( ,k+s4 ,_! ,date & ,au?or%ip--,v4 ,! ,books ( ,*ronicles--#bj4 ,!y orig9ally con/itut$ ,"o ,"w--,_! ,v>i\s ,names--,!y con/itute an ,indep5d5t ,"w--,_! ,(fice diff]5t f t ( ! ,books ( ,k+s--,peculi>ities :i* di/+ui% !m f ^! ,books--,p>ticul> ,att5tion to ! ,matt] ( ,g5ealogy2 ,fullness ( ,detail 9 ,respect to ! ,temple ,s]vice2 ,omission ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+dom ( ,israel2 o!r ,omissions--#ba4 ,position ( ! ,*ronicles 9 ! ,hebrew ,canon--,_! ,au?or%ip & ,date--,_! ,relation to ! ,books ( ,k+s--#bb4 ,difficulties connect$ ) ^! ,books--,,vi4 ,ezra & ,nehemiah--#bc4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ^! ,books--,*ange 9 ! ,relation ( ! ,hebrews to ! ,g5tile ,nations--,gradual ,)drawal ( ,sup]natural ,manife/ations--#bd4 ,:ile ! ,!ocracy w5t /eadily =w>d to ! ,accompli%m5t ( its ,end--,! ,jews reclaim$ f ,idolatry 9 ,connection ) ! ,captivity--,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,synagogue ,s]vice & its ,great ,influ5ce--#be4 ,! ,book ( ,ezra--,its ,au?or%ip--,p>ts writt5 9 ,*aldee--,p]sian ,mon>*s m5tion$ by ,ezra & ,nehemiah--#bf4 ,! ,book ( ,nehemiah--,its ,cont5ts & ,divisions--,fir/ ,division2 ,second ,division2 ,?ird ,division--#bg4 ,au?or%ip & ,date ( ! ,book--,,vii4 ,e/h]--#bh4 ,cont5ts ( ?is ,book--,fea/ ( ,purim--#bi4 ,! ,ahasu]us ( ?is ,book--,rem>ks on its ,hi/ory ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,poetical ,,books 7,,includ+ ,,also ,,ecclesia/es ,,& ,,canticles74 #a4 ,books reckon$ z ,poetical by ! ,hebrews--,hebrew ,sy/em ( ,acc5tuation--,a4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,hebrew ,poetry--,its ,_s--,h>mony ) ! ,_s ( ! ,!ocracy2 ,vivid ,consci\sness ( ,god's ,pres5ce2 ,orig9ality2 ,fre%ness & ,simplicity ( ,?\ght2 ,v>iety--,job & ,isaiah4 ,david1 ,solomon2 ,div]sity ( ,!mes2 ,ori5tal ,imag]y2 ,!ocratic ,imag]y--,=m ( ,hebrew ,poetry--#c4 ,its ,rhy?m t ( ,clauses--,anti!tic ,p>allelism2 ,synonym\s ,p>allelism2 ,syn!tic ,p>allelism--,comb9ations ( ! above ,=ms--,fre$om ( ,hebrew ,poetry--,peculi>ities ( ,diction--,(fice ( ,hebrew ,poetry--#d4 ,! ,celebration ( ,god's ,int]positions 9 ,behalf ( ! ,cov5ant ,p2 ,song = ! ,sanctu>y ,s]vice2 ,didactic ,poetry2 ,prophetic ,poetry--,b4 ,! ,sev]al ,poetical ,books--,i4 ,job--#a4 ,survey ( its ,plan--#f4 ,its ,design to ,%[ ! ,nature ( ,god's ,provid5tial ,gov]nm5t ov] ,m5--#g4 ,age to :i* ,job belong$--,age & ,au?or%ip ( ! ,book--#h4 ,its ,hi/oric ,"*--,,ii4 ,! ,book ( ,psalms--#i4 ,its ,(fice--,au?ors ( ! ,psalms--,date ( _! ,composition--#aj4 ,ext]nal ,division ( ! ,psalms into five ,books--,fir/ ,book2 ,second ,book2 ,?ird ,book2 ,f\r? ,book2 ,fif? ,book--,subscription app5d$ to ! ,second ,book--,pr9ciple ( ,arrangem5t--,attempt$ ,classification ( ! ,psalms--,frequ5t ,quotation ( ! ,psalms 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--#aa4 ,titles ( ! ,psalms--! ,d$icatory ,title2 ,titles relat+ to ! ,"* ( ! ,composition to ! ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 or ! ,mode ( ,musical ,p]=mance--,^! ,titles v ,anci5t1 b n 9 all ,cases ,orig9al--,,iii4 ,! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon--#ab4 ,place ( ?is ,book 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,div9e ,revelation--#ac4 ,its ,outw>d ,=m--,fir/ ,"p2 ,second ,"p2 ,?ird ,"p2 ,f\r? ,"p--#ad4 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,book 9 its ,pres5t ,=m--,,iv4 ,ecclesia/es--#ae4 ,au?or%ip ( ?is ,book & its ,view ( ,life--#af4 ,summ>y ( its ,cont5ts--,v4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon--#ag4 ,mean+ ( ! ,title4 ,anci5t ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,view ( ?is ,song--#ah4 ,x is n a ,drama1 b a ,s]ies ( ,descripture ,pictures--,its ,great ,!me--,caution 9 ,respect to ! ,spiritual ,int]pretation ( x ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,! ,great] ,prophets4 #a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,prophetical ,writ+s--#b4 ,diff]5t ,(fices ( ! ,prophets "u ! ,!ocracy--,_! ,(fice z ,reprov]s--#c4 ,z ,exp\nd]s ( ! ,mosaic ,law 9 its ,spirituality--#d4 ,& ( its ,end1 :i* 0 ,salvation ?r\gh ! ,future ,r$eem]--,!y wrote 9 ! ,decl9e ( ! ,!ocracy--,_! ,promises fulfill$ only 9 ,*ri/--,i4 ,isaiah--#e4 ,he is ! ,fir/ 9 ,ord]1 b n ! ,e>lie/ ( ! ,prophets--,8 ,private ,hi/ory almo/ :olly ,unkn[n--,jewi% ,tradition ,conc]n+ him--,p]iod ( 8 ,prophetic ,activity--#f4 ,two ,great ,divisions ( 8 ,prophecies--,plans = ,classify+ ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,"p--,analysis ( ^! ,cont5ts--,g5]al ,"* ( ! ,second ,"p1 & ,view ( its ,cont5ts--#g4 ,objections to ! ,g5u95ess ( ! ,la/ ,"p ( ,isaiah & ,c]ta9 ,o!r ,p>ts--,g5]al ,pr9ciple on :i* ^! ,objections are to be met--,previ\s ,prep>ation = ! ,revelations conta9$ 9 ?is ,"p--,true ,significance ( ! ,promises :i* x conta9s--,=m ( ^! ,promises--,m5tion ( ,cyrus by ,"n--,objection f ! ,"* ( ! ,/yle consid]$--#h4 ,direct ,argum5ts = ! ,g5u95ess ( ?is ,"p--,ext]nal ,te/imony2 ,int]nal ,evid5ces--#i4 ,g5u95ess ( ! ,disput$ ,passages ( ! ,fir/ ,"p--,,ii4 ,j]emiah--#aj4 ,contra/ betwe5 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah 9 ,p]sonal ,"* & ,circum/ances--,our ,full ,k ( 8 ,outw>d ,p]sonal ,hi/ory & ,inw>d ,conflicts--#aa4 ,8 ,prie/ly ,desc5t--,8 ,native ,place--,p]iod ( 8 ,prophetic ,activity--,deg5]acy ( ! ,age--,p]secutions to :i* 8 ,fidelity subject$ him--,he is m occupi$ ?an ,isaiah ) ! ,pres5t--,8 ,mission is emphatically to unfold ! ,connection betwe5 ,national ,pr(ligacy & ,national ,ru92 yet he sometimes describes ! ,glory ( ! ,latt] ,days--#ab4 ,! ,*ronological ,ord] n always foll[$ 9 8 ,prophecies--,g5]al ,divisions ( !m--,fir/ ,division2 ,second ,division2 ,app5dix--,attempts to disprove ! ,g5u95ess ( ,c]ta9 ,p>ts ( ,j]emiah--,! ,book ( ,lam5tations--#ac4 ,its ,hebrew ,"n--,its ,au?or%ip & ! ,"t ( its ,composition--#ad4 ,/ructure ( its ,poetry--,,iii4 ,ezekiel--#ae4 ,8 ,prie/ly ,desc5t & ,resid5ce--,notices ( 8 ,p]sonal ,hi/ory--,p]iod ( 8 ,prophetic ,activity--#af4 ,peculi>ities ( 8 ,/yle--#ag4 ,8 ,allegoric & ,symbolic ,repres5tations--,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,nature ( ,allegories & ,symbols--#ah4 ,! ,two ,divisions ( ! ,book--,cont5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,"p2 ( ! ,second ,"p--,prophecies aga9/ ,=eign ,nations--,promises relat+ to ! ,glory ( ! ,latt] ,days--,ezekiel's ,vision ( a ,new ,j]usalem ) its ,temple--,mean+ ( ?is ,vision & ,pr9ciples accord+ to :i* x is to be int]pret$--,,iv4 ,daniel--#ai4 ,its ,place 9 ! ,hebrew ,canon--,notices ( ,daniel's ,p]sonal ,hi/ory--#bj4 ,arrangem5t & ,cont5ts ( ! ,book--,fir/ ,s]ies ( ,prophecies2 ,second ,s]ies--,intimate ,connection betwe5 ! ,book ( ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse--#ba4 ,assaults made ^u ! ,book ( ,daniel 9 ,respect to its ,g5u95ess & ,cr$ibility--,gr\nds on :i* x is receiv$ z a ,"p ( ! ,sacr$ ,canon--,its ,unity2 ,uni=m ,tradition ( ! ,jews & its ,reliability2 ,te/imony ( ,josephus2 ( ! ,savi\r2 ,language & ,/yle2 ,intimate ,acqua9tance ) ! ,hi/orical ,relations & ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,age--#bb4 ,insuffici5cy ( ! ,v>i\s ,objections urg$ aga9/ ! ,book--,*ronological & ,hi/orical ,difficulties2 ,difficulties connect$ ) ! ,id5tification ( ,bel%azz> & ,d>ius ! ,m$e2 ,sil5ce ( ,jesus ! ,son ( ,sira* respect+ ,daniel2 ,alleg$ ,l+ui/ic ,difficulties2 ,comm5dations be/[$ ^u ,daniel--,! ,real ,objection to ! ,book on ! ,"p ( its ,oppon5ts lies 9 ! ,sup]natural ,"* ( ! ,ev5ts :i* x records--,rem>ks on ?is ,objection ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,twelve ,,m9or ,,prophets--#a4 ,jewi% ,arrangem5t ( ^! ,books--,_! ,ord] 9 ! ,masoretic ,text & 9 ! ,alex&r9e ,v]sion--#b4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on _! ,"* ,i4 ,hosea--#c4 ,p]iod ( 8 ,prophecy+ & its ,"*--#d4 ,peculi>ly ( 8 ,/yle--,cont5ts ( ! ,book ,,ii4 ,joel--#e4 ,place & ,date ( 8 ,prophecies--#f4 ,"* & ,cont5ts ( 8 ,book--,,iii4 ,amos--#g4 ,date ( 8 ,prophecies--,notices ( 8 ,p]son--,he 0 a ,jew1 n tra9$ 9 any ,prophetical ,s*ool1 & s5t to prophesy aga9/ ,israel--,"* & ,cont5ts ( 8 ,writ+s--,,iv4 ,obadiah--#h4 ,date & ,cont5ts ( 8 ,prophecy--,v4 ,jonah--#i4 ,8 ,age--#aj4 ,rem>ks on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,book--#aa4 ,au?or%ip & ,hi/oric ,tru? ( ! ,book--,,vi4 ,micah--#ab4 ,8 ,resid5ce & ! ,"t ( 8 ,prophetic ,activity--,8 ,prophecies direct$ aga9/ bo? ,israel & ,judah--#ac4 ,divisions ( ! ,book ) ! ,cont5ts ( ,ea*--,passages ,common to ,micah & ,isaiah--,g5]al ,agreem5t betwe5 ! ,two ,prophets--,,vii4 ,nahum--#ad4 ,8 ,prophecy direct$ aga9/ ,n9eveh--,its ,probable ,date--#ae4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,book--,,viii4 ,habakkuk--#af4 ,date ( ! ,book & its ,cont5ts--,rem>ks on ! ,ode conta9$ 9 ! ,?ird ,*apt]--,,ix4 ,zephaniah--#ag4 ,date & ,cont5ts ( 8 ,book--,x4 ,haggai--#ah4 ,date & ,scope ( ! ,book--#ai4 ,its ,diff]5t ,messages--,,xi4 ,ze*>iah--#bj4 ,8 ,prie/ly ,desc5t--,date ( 8 ,prophecies--#ba4 ,! ,?ree ,divisions ( ! ,book--,fir/ ,division2 ,second ,division2 ,?ird ,division--#bb4 ,rem>ks on ! ,"* ( ,ze*>iah's ,prophecies--,,xii4 ,mala*i--#bc4 ,"n ( ?is ,prophet--,date ( 8 ,prophecies1 & ,condition ( ! ,jewi% ,p--#bd ,cont5ts ( ! ,book ,,app5dix ,,to ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,apocryphal ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t--#a4 ,! ,t]m ,apocrypha & its ,orig9--#b4 ,rem>ks on ! ,date ( ! ,apocryphal ,books--,_! ,reception by ! ,alex&r9e ,jews--#c4 ,hi/ory ( ^! ,books 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--#d4 ,_! ,uses--,i4 ,! ,two ,books ( ,esdras--#e4 ,"n ( ?is ,book--,its ,cont5ts--,its ,date--#f4 ,! ,second ,book ( ,esdras f\nd only 9 ,v]sions--,rem>ks on ^! ,v]sions--#g4 ,its ,cont5ts & ,date--,,ii4 ,tobit--#h4 ,acc\nts ( ! ,cont5ts ( ?is ,book--#i4 ,v>i\s ,texts 9 :i* ?is ,book is ,extant--,its ,g5]al ,scope--,,iii4 ,judi?--#aj4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,book--#aa4 ,rem>ks on its ,"*1 ,date1 & ,design--,,iv4 ,additions to ! ,book ( ,e/h]--#ab4 ,acc\nt ( ^!--,v4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon--#ac4 ,its ,divisions & _! ,cont5ts--#ad4 ,au?or%ip ( ! ,book--,its ,m]its & ,defects--,,vi4 ,ecclesia/icus--#ae4 ,its ,titles & ,cont5ts--#af4 ,date ( ! ,book & ( its ,translation--,,vii4 ,b>u* & ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah--#ag4 ,"* & ,cont5ts ( ! ,book ( ,b>u*--#ah4 ,second1 or ,syriac ,book ( ,b>u*--#ai4 ,s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah--,,viii4 ,additions to ! ,book ( ,daniel--#bj4 ,enum]ation ( ^!--,_! ,au?or%ip & ,date--,,ix4 ,! ,pray] ( ,manasses--#ba4 ,rem>ks on ?is ,composition--,x4 ,! ,books ( ! ,maccabees--#bb4 ,numb] ( ^! ,books--,rem>ks on _! ,hi/oric ,ord]--,orig9 ( ! ,"n ,maccabee--#bc4 ,fir/ ,book--,its ,g5u95ess & ,cr$ibility--,its ,au?or%ip & ,date--,orig9al ,language--#bd4 ,second ,book--,its ,"* & ,cont5ts--#be4 ,?ird ,book--,its ,cont5ts & ,"*--,f\r? ,book--,its ,/oical ,"*--,its ,cont5ts--,fif? ,book--,its ,orig9al ,language & ,cont5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,,fir/ ,,division--,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--#a4 ,god's ,provid5ce z se5 9 ! ,languages ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts--,fitness ( ! ,hebrew = its ,(fice 9 ,hi/ory1 ,poetry1 & ,prophecy--#b4 ,adaptation ( ! ,greek to ! ,wants ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ]s--#c4 ,provid5tial ,prep>ation = a ,*ange 9 ! ,language ( ! ,inspir$ ,writ+s--,cessation ( ! ,hebrew z ! ,v]nacul> ( ! ,jews1 & ,)drawal ( ! ,_s ( ,prophecy ,contemporane\s--#d4 ,introduction ( ! ,greek ,language into ,asia & ,egypt--,its ,use among ! ,jews1 especially 9 ,egypt--,its ,g5]al ,use 9 our ,"l's ,day--#e4 ,"* ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,greek--,its ,basis ! ,common ,hell5ic ,dialect1 ) an ,hebraic ,color+ receiv$ f ! ,septuag9t1 & an ,aramaic ,t+e also--,! ,writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,jews us+ ! ,language ( ,greece = ! ,expression ( ,*ri/ian ,ideas--,te*nical ,t]ms 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--#f4 ,adaptation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,greek to its ,(fice ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,ext]nal ,=m ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--#a4 ,! ,?ree ,ma9 ,divisions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ+s3 ,hi/orical1 ,epi/ol>y1 ,prophetical--#b4 ,natural ,ord] ( ^! ,divisions--#c4 ,subdivisions--,9 ! ,hi/oric ,"p--,9 ! ,epi/ol>y ,"p--,div]sity ( ,arrangem5t 9 ,manuscripts--#d4 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ+s n ,*ronological--,importance ( ,kn[+ ?is--#e4 ,cont9u\s ,writ+ ( ! ,anci5t ,uncial ,manuscripts-- ,/i*ometrical ,mode ( ,writ+--,?is l$ gradually to ! ,pres5t ,sy/em ( ,int]punction ,cursive ,manuscripts--#g4 ,anci5t ,divisions 9 ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,sacr$ ,text--,ammonian ,sections & ,eusebian ,canons-- #h4 ,divisions call$ ,titles--#i4 ,divisions ( ! ,o!r ,new ,te/am5t ,books--#aj4 ,*apt]s & ,v]ses--,*ur* ,lessons--#aa4 ,rem>ks on ! above ,divisions--,p>agraph ,bibles--#ab4 ,titles & ,subscriptions ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,text ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory--,i4 ,! ,manuscript ,text--#a & #b4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--#c4 ,orig9 ( ,v>i\s ,read+s & _! ,classification--,sub/itutions1 ,ins]tions1 ,omissions--,aris+ f ,inadv]t5ce1 or ,unskilful ,criticism--,wilful ,falsifications _c be imput$ to ! ,copyi/s--#d4 ,mat]ials = ,textual ,criticism--,g5]al ,results--#e4 ,notice ( "s ,manuscripts--,! ,vatican1 ,s9ai1 ,alex&r9e1 ,ephraem1 ,palimpse/1 ,dubl9 ,palimpse/1 ,beza or ,cambridge 7,bil+ual71 ,purple4 ,cursive ,manuscripts--,,ii4 ,! ,pr9t$ ,text--#f4 ,prim>y ,editions & _! ,s\rces--,complut5sian ,polyglott1 ,erasmian1 ,/eph5s'1 ,beza's1 ,elzevir ,editions--#g4 ,rem>ks on ! ,receiv$ ,text--,,iii4 ,pr9ciples ( ,textual ,criticism--#h4 ,its ,end--,s\rces ( ,evid5ce--,greek ,manuscripts--,_! v>y+ ,value--#i4 ,anci5t ,v]sions & _! ,value--#aj4 ,citations ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs--#aa4 ,canons ( ,criticism ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,=mation ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,canon--#a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--#b4 ,diff]5t ,p]iods to be notic$--#c4 ,apo/olic ,age--#d4 ,age ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs--,rem>ks on _! ,quotations--#e4 ,age ( ,transition--,ev5ts ( ?is ,age :i* awak5$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to a ,full ,consci\sness ( ! ,div9e ,au?ority ( ! ,apo/olic ,writ+s--,execution ( ,v]sions--#f4 ,age ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs--,!y recogniz$ a ,canon1 ?\gh n yet ,complete--,canon ( ! ,syriac ,pe%ito1 ,muratorian ,canon--,canon ( ! ,c\ncils ( ,laodicea & ,c>?age--#g4 ,clos+ ,rem>ks ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,anci5t ,,v]sions ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t--,i4 ,lat9 ,v]sions--#a4 ,int]e/ atta*+ to ^! ,v]sions--#b4 ,! ,ante-,hi]onymian or ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion--#c4 ,its ,canon--,rem>ks on its ,text--,manuscripts conta9+ x--#d4 ,j]ome's ,revision ( ! ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion--#e4 ,j]ome's ,new ,v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--,books left untranslat$--,! ,vulgate & its ,div]sifi$ ,"*--,rem>ks on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,vulgate--,,ii4 ,syriac ,v]sions--#f4 ,! ,pe%ito--,x comprises ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts--,its ,date--,its ,"n--#g4 ,"* ( ! ,pe%ito--,! ,curetonian ,syriac--,its ,relation to ! ,pe%ito--,its high ,critical ,value--#h4 ,! ,philox5ian ,syriac--,its extremely ,lit]al ,"*--,hexapl> ,syriac--,rem>ks on ^! ,v]sions--,j]usalem ,syriac ,lection>y--,,iii4 ,egyptian & ,e?iopic ,v]sions--,memphitic ,v]sion1 ,!baic1 ,ba%muric--#aj4 ,e?iopic ,v]sion--,,iv4 ,go?ic & o!r ,v]sions--#aa4 ,go?ic ,v]sion ( ,ulphilas--#ab4 ,palimpse/ ,manuscripts ( ?is ,v]sion--#ac4 ,anci5t ,arm5ian ,v]sion ,,second ,,division--,,p>ticul> ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,books--#a4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t a ,necess>y ,sequel to ! ,old--,! ,two ,te/am5ts int]pret ,ea* ,o!r1 & c be truly und]/ood only z an ,organic ,:ole--#b4 ,rem>ks on ! ,use ,made ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by ! ,writ]s ( ! ,new--,fundam5tal ,"* ( ! ,gospel ,n>ratives--,i4 ,! ,gospel z a ,:ole--#c4 ,signification ( ! ,^w ,gospel--,its ,prim>y & ,second>y ,application--#d4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,relation ( ! ,gospels to ,ea* ,o!r--#e4 ,agreem5ts ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels--#f4 ,diff]5ces--#g4 ,!ories ( ! ,orig9 ( ^! ,?ree ,gospels3 ,t ( ,mutual ,dep5d5ce2 ,t ( ,orig9al ,docum5ts2 ,t ( ,oral ,apo/olic ,tradition--,rem>ks on ?is ,tradition--,its ,di/9ction f ,tradition 9 ! ,mod]n ,s5se--#h4 ,no ,"o ( ! ,gospels gives ! ,entire ,hi/ory ( our ,"l1 nor always obs]ves ! ,/rict ,*ronological ,ord] ( ,ev5ts--,rem>ks on our ,"l's ,life be=e 8 ,baptism--#i4 ,rem>ks on ! ,peculi> ,"* ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel--,?is & ! o!r ,?ree mutually ,supplem5t>y to ,ea* ,o!r--#aj4 ,h>monies ( ! ,gospels--,relative ,size ( ! ,gospels--,,ii4 ,mat!w--#aa4 ,p]sonal ,notices ( ,mat!w--#ab4 ,orig9al ,language ( 8 ,gospel--,! ,problem /at$--#ac4 ,te/imony ( ! ,anci5ts on ?is ,po9t--#ad4 ,v>i\s ,hypo!ses consid]$--#ae4 ,prim>y ,design ( ?is ,gospel to %[ t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 ! ,promis$ ,messiah--#af4 ,he is also exhibit$ z ! ,savi\r ( ! ,_w--#ag4 ,fulness ( ,mat!w's ,record 9 ,respect to our ,"l's ,disc\rses--#ah4 ,he does n always foll[ ! ,exact ,ord] ( ,"t--#ai4 ,place & ,date--#bj4 ,integrity--,g5u95ess ( ! ,fir/ ,two ,*apt]s--,,iii4 ,m>k--#ba4 ,p]sonal ,notices ( ,m>k--,intimate ,relation ( ,m>k to ,pet] & ,paul--#bb4 ,place--,date--,language--#bc4 ,design ( ?is ,gospel to exhibit ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god--,he makes ! ,works ( ,jesus m ,prom95t ?an 8 ,disc\rses--#bd4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,m>k z a ,hi/orian--#be4 ,clos+ ,passage 9 ,m>k's ,gospel--,,iv4 ,luke--#bf4 ,notices ( ,luke 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--#bg4 ,s\rces ( 8 ,gospel--,8 ,relation to ,paul--#bh4 ,date & ,place ( ,writ+--#bi4 ,univ]sal ,aspect ( ,luke's ,gospel--#cj4 ,its ,"* & ,plan--,comp>ison ( ! ,gospels 9 ,respect to ,peculi> ,matt] & ,concordances--#ca4 ,integrity ( ,luke's ,gospel--,! ,two ,g5ealogies ( ,mat!w & ,luke--,v4 ,john--#cb4 ,john's ,mann] ( indicat+ himself--#cc4 ,p]sonal ,notices ( him--#cd4 ,late ,composition ( 8 ,gospel & ,place ( ,writ+--#ce4 ,peculi>ity ( ?is ,gospel 9 ,respect to ,subject-,matt]--,its ,relation to ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,gospels--#cf4 ,g5]al ,design ( ?is ,gospel--,x is peculi>ly ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son--,,vi4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les--#cg4 ,au?or ( ?is ,book--#ch4 ,plan ( ! ,book--,its ,fir/ ,division2 ,second ,division--,notices ( ,antio*--#ci4 ,(fice ( ?is ,book--,portraiture ( ! ,apo/olic ,age ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,cursory ,view ( ! ,inauguration ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 ,v>i\s ,/eps by :i* ! ,abolition ( ! ,middle ,wall ( ,p>tition betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles 0 effect$--#dj4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,paul--#a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,epi/les--#b4 ,paul's ,epi/les all writt5 9 ! ,prosecution ( 8 ,"w z ! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles--,nature ( ?is ,"w--#c4 ,paul's ,peculi> ,qualifications = ?is ,"w--,8 ,mode ( ,proc$ure--,union 9 him ( ,firmness & ,flexibility--#d4 ,"* ( ! ,apo/le's ,/yle--#e4 ,po9ts to be notic$ 9 ! ,sep>ate ,epi/les--,notices ( ,paul's ,labors 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les--#f4 ,pres5t ,arrangem5t ( ,paul's ,epi/les & ( ! ,epi/les g5]ally--,*ronological ,ord] ( ,paul's ,epi/les--,f\r ,gr\ps ( ^! ,epi/les--,i4 ,epi/le to ! ,romans--#g4 ,date & ,place ( ?is ,epi/le--#h4 ,composition ( ! ,roman ,*ur*--#i4 ,occasion & ,design ( ! ,epi/le--,its ,g5]al ,outl9es--#aj4 ,special ,(fice ( ?is ,epi/le--,,ii4 ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians--,fir/ ,epi/le--#aa4 ,place & ,"t ( its ,composition--#ab4 ,notices ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur*--,occasion ( ! ,apo/le's ,writ+--#ac4 ,g5]al ,tone ( ! ,epi/le z contra/$ ) t to ! ,galatians--,second ,epi/le--#ad4 ,place & ,"t ( its ,composition--#ae4 ,its ,occasion--,prom95ce ( ! ,apo/le's ,p]sonality 9 ?is ,epi/le & its ,gr\nd--,peculi>ities ( its ,diction--,its ,(fice 9 ! ,economy ( ,revelation--,,iii4 ,epi/le to ! ,galatians--#af4 ,hi/orical ,notice ( ,galatia--,mission>y ,visits ( ! ,apo/le to t ,prov9ce--,date ( ! ,pres5t ,epi/le & ,place ( ,composition--#ag4 ,occasion & ,design--#ah4 ,outl9es ( ! ,epi/le--,! ,hi/oric ,"p1 ! ,argum5tative1 ! ,practical--,,iv4 ,epi/les to ! ,ephesians1 ,colossians1 & ,philemon--#ai4 ,contemporane\sness ( ^! ,epi/les--#bj4 ,place & ,date--#ba4 ,*ronological ,ord] ( ! ,fir/ ,two--,epi/le to ! ,colossians--#bb4 ,notices ( ,colosse & ! ,*ur* !re--,occasion ( ?is ,epi/le--,"* ( ! ,false ,tea*]s at ,colosse--#bc4 ,outl9es ( ! ,epi/le--,its ,argum5tative ,"p1 its ,practical--,! ,epi/le f ,laodicca--,epi/le to ! ,ephesians--#bd4 ,notices ( ,ephesus--,labors ( ,paul at ,ephesus--,occasion ( ! ,pres5t ,epi/le--,its ,g5]al ,"*--,v>i\s ,hypo!ses respect+ x--#be4 ,its ,outl9es--,its ,argum5tative ,"p1 its ,practical--,epi/le to ,philemon--#bf4 ,its ,occasion & ,design--,v4 ,epi/le to ! ,philippians--#bg4 ,notices ( ,philippi & ! ,=mation ( ! ,*ur* !re--#bh4 ,occasion ( ?is ,epi/le--,place & ,date ( its ,composition--#bi4 ,its ,"*--,g5]al ,view ( its ,cont5ts--,,vi4 ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians--#cj4 ,notices ( ,!ssalonica & ! ,apo/le's ,labors !re--,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians--#ca4 ,date & ,place ( its ,composition--#cb4 ,its ,occasion & ,design--,outl9es ( ! ,epi/le--,second ,epi/le--#cc4 ,place ( ,writ+ & ,date--,its ,design--,its ,g5]al ,outl9es--#cd4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians & t to ! ,philippians--,,vii4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les--#ce4 ,! ,date ( ^! ,epi/les & ,relat$ ,que/ions--#cf4 ,"* ( ! ,false ,tea*]s ref]r$ to 9 ^! ,epi/les--#cg4 ,g5u95ess ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les--#ch4 ,_! ,(fice--,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y--#ci4 ,its ,date & ,place ( ,composition--,its ,occasion & ,design--,its ,cont5ts--,scriptural ,notices ( ,timo?y--,epi/le to ,titus--#dj4 ,its ,agreem5t ) ! ,prec$+ ,epi/le--,! ,cretan ,*ur* & ,titus--,second ,epi/le1 to ,timo?y--#da4 ,its ,occasion & ,"* 9 ,contra/ ) ! ,two ,prec$+ ,epi/les--,its ,(fice--,epi/le to ! ,hebrews--#db4 ,"q ( its ,au?or%ip--,h[ x 0 reg>d$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*--,h[ 9 ! ,we/]n--,g5]al ,rem>k--#dc4 ,p]sons address$ 9 ?is ,epi/le--,"t & ,place ( its ,composition--,mann] ( ,ref]5ce to ! ,levitical ,prie/hood & ,temple ,s]vices--#dd4 ,c5tral ,!me ( ?is ,epi/le--,dignity ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son 9 ,contra/ ) ! ,anci5t ,prophets1 ) ,angels1 & ) ,moses--,div9e ,efficacy ( 8 ,prie/hood 9 ,contra/ ) t ( ! ,sons ( ,a>on--,design ( ! ,epi/le--,its ,(fice 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,revelation ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,epi/les--#a4 ,orig9 ( ! ,"n ,ca?olic--#a4 ,epi/le ( ,james--#b4 ,"q respect+ ! ,p]son ( ,james--#c4 ,place ( ,writ+ ?is ,epi/le--,p]sons address$--#d4 ,"q ( its ,date--#e4 ,its ,g5u95ess & ,canonical ,au?ority--#f4 ,its ,practical ,"*--,alleg$ ,disagreem5t betwe5 ,paul & ,james )\t ,f\ndation--,,ii4 ,epi/les ( ,pet]--,fir/ ,epi/le--#g4 ,its ,canonical ,au?ority always ackn[l$g$--#h4 ,p]sons address$--#i4 ,place ( its ,composition--,its ,occasion & ,date--,traditions respect+ ,pet]--#aj4 ,outl9e ( ! ,epi/le--,second ,epi/le--#aa4 ,p]sons address$--,"t ( ,writ+--#ab4 ,"q respect+ ! ,g5u95ess ( ?is ,epi/le--,ext]nal ,te/imonies--,int]nal ,evid5ce--,g5]al ,result--#ac4 ,object ( ! ,pres5t ,epi/le--,peculi> ,"* ( ! ,second ,*apt]--,its ,agreem5t ) ! ,epi/le ( ,jude--,,iii4 ,epi/les ( ,john--,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john--#ad4 ,its ,ackn[l$g$ ,canonicity--,"t & ,place ( its ,composition--,p]sons address$--#ae4 ,g5]al ,view ( its ,cont5ts--,second & ,?ird ,epi/les--#af4 ,_! ,common ,au?or%ip--,_! ,g5u95ess--#ag4 ,! ,occasion & ,(fice ( ,ea*--,,iv4 ,epi/le ( ,jude--#ah4 ,"q respect+ ,jude's ,p]son--,"t ( ! ,epi/le1 & ,p]sons address$--#ai4 ,its ,canonical ,au?ority--,its ,design ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,apocalypse--#a4 ,mean+ ( ! ,^w ,apocalypse--,abundance ( ,ext]nal ,te/imonies to ?is ,book--#b4 ,int]nal ,argum5ts consid]$--,use ( ! ,apo/le's ,"n1 ,devotional ,views1 ,_s ( ! ,writ]1 ,/yle & ,diction--,"h mu/ be tak5 into ,acc\nt ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ,book & ,john's o!r ,writ+s 9 ,subject-,matt]1 9 ! ,mode ( ,div9e ,revelation1 9 ! ,writ]'s ,m5tal ,/ate & ,circum/ances2 also its ,poetic ,diction--,g5]al ,results--#c4 ,date ( ! ,apocalypse & ,place ( ,writ+--#d4 ,diff]5t ,s*emes ( ,int]pretation--,! ,g5]ic--,! ,hi/oric--#e4 ,symbolic ,import ( ! ,numb]s 9 ?is ,book--,! numb] ,sev51 ,half ( ,sev51 ,six2 ,! ,numb] ,f\r1 a ,?ird & ,f\r? ,"p2 ! ,numb] ,twelve2 ! ,numb] ,t5--#f4 ,(fice ( ! ,apocalypse 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,revelation ,,app5dix ,,to ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,writ+s ,,( ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,fa!rs1 ,,) ,,"s ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,apocryphal ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ+s--#a4 ,! ,writ+s ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs di/+ui%$ f ! ,prop] ,new ,te/am5t ,apocrypha--,"s ,rem>ks on ! ,"* ( ^! ,writ+s ,i4 ,writ+s ( ,clem5t ( ,rome--#b4 ,8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans--,its ,g5u95ess ,"*1 & ,age--#c4 ,its ,occasion1 ) a ,notice ( its ,cont5ts--#d4 ,! s-call$ ,second ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians--,its ,g5u95ess n admitt$--,vague & ,g5]al ,"* ( its ,cont5ts--#e4 ,notice ( "s ,o!r ,writ+s falsely ascrib$ to ,clem5t--,recognitions ( ,clem5t1 & ! ,clem5t9es1 ) _! ,plan & ,cont5ts2 ,con/itutions ( ,clem5t1 & _! ,cont5ts2 ,apo/olic ,canons ,,ii4 ,epi/les ( ,ignatius--#f4 ,notices ( ,ignatius--,! ,sev5 ,g5u9e ,epi/les t be> 8 ,"n--,unsatisfactory ,/ate ( ! ,text--,syriac & ,arm5ian ,v]sions--,enum]ation ( ^! ,epi/les--,_! ,"*--,/rong ,ecclesia/ical ,_s t p]vades !m--,8 ,lett] to ! ,romans--,! ,undue ,desire ( ,m>tyrdom :i* x manife/s--,8 ,lett] to ,polyc>p--#g4 ,spuri\s ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius1 & _! ,"* ,,iii4 ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p--#h4 ,notices ( ,polyc>p--,8 ,epi/le to ! ,philippians--,its ,"* & ,cont5ts--,"t & ,occasion ( its ,composition ,,iv4 ,writ+s ( ,b>nabas & ,h]mas--#i4 ,_! ,d\btful ,au?ority--#aj4 ,! ,s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas--,tis*5dorf's ,discov]y ( ! ,orig9al ,greek ,text--,! ,au?or & ,date ( ! ,"w--,notice ( its ,cont5ts--,its ,fanciful ,me?od ( ,int]pretation--#aa4 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]nias--,outw>d ,=m ( ! ,"w--,its ,int]nal ,"*--,its ,au?or & ,age ,v4 ,! ,apo/le's ,cre$--#ab4 ,9 :at ,s5se x belongs to ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs--,apo/olic ,"* ( its ,cont5ts ,,vi4 ,apocryphal ,gospels & ,acts--#ac4 ,_! ,numb]--,_! ,wor?less ,"* 9 ,contra/ ) t ( ! ,canonical ,gospels & ,acts 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biblical ,,int]pretation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks--#a4 ,def9ition ( ,c]ta9 ,t]ms--,h]m5eutics1 ,exegesis1 ,epexegesis--#b4 ,! ,expositor's ,(fice--,p>allel betwe5 8 ,"w & t ( ! ,textual ,critic--#c4 ,qualifications ( ! ,biblical ,int]pret]--,a ,supreme ,reg>d = ,tru?--#d4 ,a ,s\nd ,judgm5t ) ! ,p[] ( ,vivid ,conception--,(fice ( ,ea* ( ^! ,qualities & _! ,relation to ,ea* ,o!r--#e4 ,sympa?y ) ,div9e ,tru?--#f4 ,ext5sive & ,v>i$ ,acquirem5ts--,! ,orig9al ,languages ( ! ,bible2 ,sacr$ ,geography & ,natural ,hi/ory2 ,biblical ,antiquities2 ,anci5t ,hi/ory & ,*ronology--#g4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! above ,qualifications--#h4 ,! ,human & ,div9e ,side to ,biblical ,int]pretation--,! ,importance ( obs]v+ ,bo? ,,fir/ ,,division--,,int]pretation ,,view$ ,,on ,,! ,,human ,,side4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,int]pretation--#a4 ,signification ( ! ,t]ms employ$ h[ asc]ta9$1 ) "s ,sup]add$ ,rem>ks--#b4 ,on ,asc]ta9+ ! ,s5se ( ,scripture--#c4 ,! ,scope ,g5]al & ,special--,its ,supreme ,importance illu/rat$--,h[ ! ,scope is to be asc]ta9$--,! ,au?or's ,/atem5ts2 ,inf]5tial ,rem>ks2 ,hi/orical ,circum/ances--,important ,help d]iv$ f ! ,repeat$ & ,c>eful ,p]usal ( a ,"w--#d4 ,! ,context def9$ & di/+ui%$ f ! ,scope--,indisp5sable ,necessity ( att5d+ to x--,?is illu/rat$ by ,examples--,"q respect+ ! ,limits ( ! ,context--,9 "s ,cases no ,context exi/s--,on ! ,use ( ,biblical ,texts z ,mottoes--,v>i\s ,applications ( ! ,pr9ciple conta9$ 9 a ,giv5 ,passage a ,legitimate ,mode ( ,exposition--#e4 ,p>allelisms ,v]bal & ,real--,help d]iv$ f ! ,=m]--,subdivision ( ,real ,p>allelisms into ,doctr9al & ,hi/oric--,importance ( ,doctr9al ,p>allelisms ) ,illu/rations--,value ( ,hi/oric ,p>allelisms illu/rat$--,difficulties aris+ f !m1 & ! ,pr9ciple ( _! ,adju/m5t--,illu/ration--#f4 ,ext]nal ,acquirem5ts--,v>i\s ,illu/rations ( ! ,importance ( ^!--#g4 ,s\nd ,judgm5t--,(fice ( ?is ,quality illu/rat$--,inept ,int]pretations3 ,int]pretations ,contr>y to ! ,nature ( ! ,subject2 ,necess>y ,limitations ( an ,au?or's ,mean+2 ,reconciliation ( ,app>5t ,contradictions2 ,=c$ & ,unnatural ,explanations & ! ,rejection ( ,well-e/abli%$ ,facts--#h4 ,rem>ks on ! ,prop] ,(fice ( ,reason 9 ,int]pretation ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,figurative ,,language ,,( ,,scripture--#a4 ,figurative ,language def9$ & illu/rat$--,g5]al ,rem>ks respect+ x--#b4 ,rules = ! ,asc]ta9+ ( ,figurative ,language--,nature ( ! ,subject2 ,scope1 ,context1 & ,analogy ( ,scripture--,error ( und]/&+ ,lit]al ,language figuratively--,rem>k on ! ,int]pretation ( ,prophecy--#c4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,figures--,! ,trope 9 its ,v>ieties ( ,metonymy1 ,synecdo*e1 & ,metaphor--,rem>ks on ,comp>isons--,! ,allegory--,its ,def9ition & ,di/9ction f ! ,metaphor--,di/9ction betwe5 ,true ,allegory & ! ,allegorical ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory--,! ,p>able--,h[ di/+ui%$ f ! ,allegory--,! ,fable--,! ,symbol--,its ,v>i\s ,=ms--,! ,prov]b--,x always embodies a ,g5]al ,tru?--,its ,v>i\s ,=ms--,signification ( ! ,^w ,my?--,x does n come )9 ! ,sph]e ( ,scriptural ,int]pretation--#d4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,int]pretation ( ! ,figurative ,language ( ,scripture--#e4 ,its ,c]ta9ty & ,tru?fulness--#f4 ,key to ! ,int]pretation ( ! ,allegory-- ,examples3 ,! ,v9e ,transplant$ f ,egypt1 ,psa4 #hj2 ! two ,eagles & ! ,c$> ,b\gh1 ,ezek4 #ag3c-aj2 ,! ,song ( ,solomon2 ! ,two ,allegories ( ,ezekiel1 *aps41 #af & #bc-g4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ! ,p>able--,h[ x diff]s f t ( ! ,allegory--,po9t ( ,prim>y ,importance--,h[ f> ! ,details are significant--,examples3 ,! ,s[]1 ,matt4 #ac3c-h1 #ai-bc2 ! ,t>es 9 ! ,field ,matt4 #ac3bd-cj1 #cg-dc2 ! ,t5 ,virg9s1 ,matt1 #be3a-ac--,rem>k respect+ ! ,p]sonages introduc$ 9 ,p>ables ) ,illu/rations--,! ,un=giv+ ,s]vant1 ,matt4 #ah3 #bc-ce2 ! ,importunate ,fri5d1 ,luke #aa3e-h2 ! ,unju/ ,judge1 ,luke #ah3a-h2 ! ,unfai?ful ,/ew>d1 ,luke #af3a-i--h4 ,scriptural ,symbols-,h[ to det]m9e :e!r !y are ,real or ,se5 9 ,prophetic ,vision--,pr9ciples on :i* !y are to be int]pret$--,examples--#i4 ,rem>ks on ! ,int]pretation ( ,num]ical ,symbols ,,second ,,division--,,int]pretation ,,view$ ,,on ,,! ,,div9e ,,side4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,unity ,,( ,,revelation--#a4 ,ess5tial ,unity betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t--#b4 ,?is ,unity "o t coexi/s ) ,great ,div]sity-- ,illu/rations f ! ,analogy ( ,god's ,works--#c4 ,unity 9 ,div]sity 9 ,respect to ! ,=m ( ,god's ,k+dom--#d4 ,! ,=ms ( ,public ,wor%ip--#e4 ,=ms ( ,religi\s ,labor--#f4 ,_s ( ,revelation--#g4 ,way ( ,salvation--#h4 ,/]nness ( ! ,mosaic ,disp5sation expla9$ f its ,prep>atory ,"*--#i4 ,inf]5ces f ! ,unity ( ,revelation--#i4 ,ea* ,p>ticul> ,revelation ,p]fect 9 its ,measure--#aj4 ,! ,lat] ,revelations ! ,expon5ts ( ! ,e>li]2 ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les 9 a ,special ,s5se ! ,expositors ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--#aa4 ,! ,ext5t ( ,mean+ 9 a ,giv5 ,revelation t :i* ! ,holy ,_s int5d$--#ab4 ,! ,obscure ,decl>ations ( ,scripture to be int]pret$ f ! ,cle>1 ) ,illu/rations--#ac4 ,rem>ks on ! ,analogy ( ,fai?--,! ,t]m ,def9$--,rules = its ,use ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,scriptural ,,types--#a4 ,types di/+ui%$ f ,analogy--#b4 ,& f ! ,=e%ad[+ ( ,future ,ev5ts by ! ,pres5t--#c4 ,! ,type def9$ 9 its ,?ree ,ess5tial ,*>act]s ,i4 ,hi/orical ,types--#d4 ,9 ,respect to ^! ,two ,extremes to be avoid$--,typical ,hi/ory has a ,prop] ,significance ( its ,own--,?is illu/rat$ by ,examples3 ,! ,k+ly ,(fice2 ! ,prophetical ,(fice2 ,typical ,transactions--,rem>ks on ! ,inadequacy ( ,all ,types ,,ii4 ,ritual ,types--#e4 ,! ,sacrifices ! ,ess5tial ,"p ( ! ,mosaic ,ritual--,:at is impli$ 9 !m--,! ,sanctu>y ,god's ,visible ,dwell+-place :]e alone !y c\ld be (f]$--#f4 ,! ,mosaic ,tab]nacle describ$--#g4 ,its ,g5]al ,typical ,import--#h4 ,significance ( its ,diff]5t ,p>ts & ,appo9tm5ts--,preci\sness ( ! ,mat]ials2 ,gradation 9 ?is ,respect--#i4 ,! ,inn] ,sanctu>y ) its ,appo9tm5ts--#aj4 ,! ,out] ,sanctu>y ) its ,appo9tm5ts--#aa4 ,! ,braz5 ,alt> ) its ,lav]--,! ,levitical ,prie/s typifi$ ,*ri/--#ab4 ,! ,levitical ,sacrifices typifi$ ,*ri/'s ,(f]+ ( ,himself = ! ,s9s ( ! ,_w--,?is %[n f ,scripture--,g5]al ,rem>k respect+ ,*ri/'s ,propitiatory ,sacrifice--#ac4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,types ,!mselves--,! ,levitical ,prie/s _h a ,common ,human ,nature ) ^? = :om !y (ficiat$2 7 appo9t$ to _! ,(fice by ,god2 7 ,m$iators betwe5 ,god & ! ,p2 & ,m$iators ?r\gh ,propitiatory ,sacrifices--,po9ts ( ,dissimil>ity betwe5 ! ,type & ! ,antitype--,rem>ks on ! ,c5tral ,idea ( ,prie/hood--#ad4 ,scriptural ,idea ( ,sacrifice ! ,(f]+ ( ,"o ,life 9 ,behalf ( ,ano!r-- ,classification ( ! ,levitical ,sacrifices ) ! ,ideas belong+ to ,ea*3 ,s9 & ,trespass ,(f]+s2 ,burnt ,(f]+s2 ,peace-,(f]+s--,sacrificial ,nature ( ! ,passov]--,o!r ,sacrifices ( a ,special ,"*--,all ,sacrificial ,victims to be )\t ,blemi%--,! ,unbloody ,(f]+s & _! ,signification--#ae4 ,typical ,transactions connect$ ) ! ,sacrifices & ,oblations3 ,! ,lay+ ( ! ,(f]]'s ,h&s on ! ,head ( ! ,victim2 ! ,wav+ & ,heav+ ( ,(f]+s2 ! ,spr9kl+ ( ! ,victim's ,blood2 ! ,burn+ ( ! ,(f]+--#af4 ,typical ,mean+ ( ! ,tab]nacle z a ,:ole--,! ,sev]al ,po9ts ( ,adumbration consid]$3 ,adumbration ( ,god's ,pres5ce ) ,m52 ,impossibility ( approa*+ ,god )\t a ,m$iator2 ,adumbration ( ,*ri/'s ,expiatory ,sacrifice & ,heav5ly ,int]cession on ! ,great ,day ( ,atonem5t2 ,burn+ ( ! ,victim )\t ! ,camp--#ag4 ,di/9ctions betwe5 ,clean & ,unclean--,levitical ,view ( ,bodily ,infirmities ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,prophecy--#a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks ,i4 ,prophecies relat+ to ! ,ne> ,future--#b4 ,_! ,specific ,"*--,examples ,,ii4 ,prophecies relat+ to ! ,la/ ,days--#c4 ,mean+ ( ! ,t]m ,la/ ,days1 & its ,equival5ts--,g5]al ,"* ( ?is ,class ( ,prophecies--#d4 ,prophecies 9 :i* ! ,ord] ( ,ev5ts is indicat$--,daniel's ,f\r? ,mon>*y2 ! ,great ,r$ ,dragon ( ,revelation1 ! ,two ,bea/s t succe$$ to 8 ,p[]1 & ! ,woman rid+ a ,sc>let-,color$ ,bea/--#e4 ,prophecies :i* give ,g5]al ,views ( ! ,future--,examples--#f4 ,! ,prophets give an ,inw>d ,view ( ! ,vital ,=ces :i* su/a9 & ext5d ,god's ,k+dom--,unity ( ! ,plan ( ,r$emption2 its ,cont9ual ,progress2 ,indications ( ! ,end t[>ds :i* x is t5d+2 ! ,end ,itself ! ,*ief ,object ( ,int]e/--,great ,crisis 9 ! ,*ur*'s ,hi/ory--,_s t %\ld actuate ! ,int]pret] ( ,prophecy ,,iii4 ,"q ( ,d\ble ,s5se--#g4 ,! ,t]m def9$--#h4 ,examples ( ,lit]al & ,typical ,s5se--,mel*iz$ek's ,prie/hood2 ! ,re/ ( ,canaan--#i4 ,! ,messianic ,psalms--,diff]5t ,pr9ciples on :i* !y are int]pret$3 ,exclusive ,application to ,*ri/2 ,ref]5ce to an ,ideal ,p]sonage2 ,*ri/ ! ,head & 8 ,body ! ,*ur*2 ,typical ,view--#aj4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,progressive ,fulfilm5t ,,iv4 ,"q ( ,lit]al & ,figurative ,mean+--#aa4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks--#ab4 ,repres5tative ,use 9 ,prophecy ( ,pa/ ,ev5ts--#ac4 ,( ! ,in/itutions ( ! ,mosaic ,economy--#ad4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,figurative ,int]pretation n to be press$ z ,exclusive--#ae4 ,"q ( ! ,lit]al ,re/oration ( ! ,jews to ! ,l& ( ,canaan--#af4 ,"q ( our ,"l's ,p]sonal ,reign on ,e>? dur+ ! ,mill5nium ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,quotations ,,f ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,9 ,,! ,,new--#a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ]s--#b4 ,outw>d ,=m ( _! ,quotations--,its v ,free ,_s--,?is illu/rat$ by ,example--#c4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,quotations--,! ,s-call$ ,pr9ciple ( ,accommodation2 9 :at ,s5se ,true1 & 9 :at ,s5se to be reject$--#d4 ,quotations by ,way ( ,argum5t--#e4 ,quotations z ,prophecies ( ,*ri/ & 8 ,k+dom--,rem>ks on ! ,=mula3 ,t x might be fulfill$--#f4 ,prophecies ref]r+ imm$iately to ,*ri/--#g4 ,prophecies ref]r+ to ,*ri/ "u a ,type--,clos+ ,rem>k ,,"p ,i4 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,reveal$ ,,religion4 ,,prefatory ,,rem>ks4 ,_m ?\s&s ( p]sons h a full & joy\s conviction ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity f _! own exp]i5ce1 :o yet feel a reasonable desire to exam9e ! hi/oric evid5ce by :i* x is confirm$1 if n = ! /r5g!n+ ( _! own fai?1 yet = ! purpose ( sil5c+ ga9say]s1 & gu>d+ ! "y aga9/ ! cavils ( infidelity4 ,x is our duty to give to ^? :o ask u a reason ( ! hope t is 9 u2 & al?\gh our own p]sonal exp]i5ce may be to ourselves a satisfactory gr\nd ( assurance1 we _c ask o!rs to take ! gospel on our te/imony alone4 ,x is highly desirable t we und]/& & be able to set =? ) cle>ness & conv9c+ p[] ! pro(s t ?is plan ( salvation has ,god = its au?or4 ,!n !re is a class ( e>ne/ inquir]s :o f9d !mselves p]plex$ ) ! difficulties :i* !y he> urg$ aga9/ ! gospel1 & :i* !y f9d !mselves unable to solve 9 a satisfactory way4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance t su* p]sons be met 9 a c&id _s2 t ! imm5se mass ( evid5ce by :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion is su/a9$ be cle>ly set be=e !m2 & t !y und]/& t a religion ?us support$ is n to be reject$ on ! gr\nd t !re are difficulties connect$ ) x :i* h n yet be5 solv$--p]haps nev] c be solv$ "h bel[4 ,are y1 read]1 su* an e>ne/ inquir] aft] tru?8 ,we pres5t to y 9 ! foll[+ pages a brief summ>y ( ! hi/oric evid5ce by :i* ! ,bible1 ) ! plan ( salvation :i* x reveals1 is %[n to be ! ^w ( ,god2 & we wi%1 "h at ! outset1 to sugge/ to y "s cautions respect+ ! /ate ( m9d ) :i* ?is great inquiry is to be pursu$4 ,fir/ ( all1 we rem9d y t1 :atev] else may be unc]ta91 y "k t y mu/ soon die1 & try = y\rself ! realities ( ! unse5 _w4 ,! "q n[ be=e y is1 ,:e!r ,god has spok5 f heav51 & made any revelations conc]n+ t _w4 ,if s1 !y are m preci\s ?an gold2 = 9 ! decisive h\r ( dea? y w wi% to "k n :at man1 ! s9n]1 has reason$ & conjectur$ conc]n+ a future judgm5t1 =giv5ess ( s91 & ! life to come2 b :at ,god1 ! ,judge1 has decl>$4 ,n[ ! ,bible claims to conta9 su* a message f ,god4 ,if its claims are valid1 x w n flatt] y & speak to y smoo? ?+s1 b w tell y ! tru?4 ,& y mu/ be prep>$ to receive ! tru?1 ?\gh x condemn y4 ,soon] or lat] y mu/ meet ! tru? face to face3 be ready to d s n[2 y h no int]e/ 9 error2 falsehood & delusion _c help y1 b w de/roy y4 ,d n come to ! exam9ation ( ?is great "q ) ! idea t y mu/ cle> away all my/]ies connect$ ) ! gospel be=e y believe x4 ,! _w 9 :i* y live is full ( my/]ies4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t if any ?+ c\ld be fully compreh5d$1 x mu/ be ! acts ( :i* we are ourselves ! au?ors4 ,by a volition y raise y\r h& to y\r head2 b h[ is ! act p]=m$8 ,true1 !re is 9 y\r body an app>atus ( n]ves1 muscles1 jo9ts1 & ! l2 b 9 :at way does ! human w h p[] ov] ?is app>atus8 ,no man c answ] ?is "q3 x is wrapp$ 9 deep my/]y4 ,:y be (f5d$1 !n1 because ! way ( salvation reveal$ 9 ! ,bible has l my/]ies--my/]ies conc]n+ n y\r duty1 b ,god's secret & inscrutable me?ods ( act+8 ,& s9ce ! "q n[ be=e y is n "o ( m]e speculation1 b "o t conc]ns y\r imm$iate duty1 be on y\r gu>d aga9/ ! s$uctive influ5ce ( s9ful passion & s9ful habit4 ,!re is a deep & solemn mean+ 9 ! words ( ,jesus3 ,e "o t doe? evil hate? ! light1 nei!r come? to ! light1 le/ 8 de$s %\ld be reprov$4 ,corrupt feel+ 9 ! he>t & corrupt practice 9 ! life h a t]rible p[] to bl9d ! m9d4 ,! man :o comes to ! exam9ation ( ! ,bible ) a det]m9ation to p]si/ 9 do+ :at he kn[s to be wrong1 or 9 omitt+ :at he kn[s to be "r1 w c]ta9ly err f ! tru?2 = he is n 9 a prop] /ate ( m9d to love x & welcome x to 8 s\l4 ,rememb] also t x is n ! gross] passions & =ms ( vice alone t d>k5 ! und]/&+ & ali5ate ! he>t f ! tru?4 ,pride1 vanity1 ambition1 av>ice--9 a ^w1 ! _s ( self-seek+ & self-exaltation 9 e =m--w effectually h9d] ! man 9 ^: bosom !y be> sway f com+ to ! k ( ! tru?2 = !y w incl9e him to seek a religion :i* flatt]s him & promises him impunity 9 s91 & w fatally prejudice him aga9/ a sy/em ( doctr9es & duties s holy & humbl+ z t conta9$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,take1 z a compreh5sive rule = ! inve/igation ( ?is weighty "q1 ! words ( ! ,savi\r3 ,if any man w d 8 w--! w ( ,god--he %all "k ( ! doctr9e1 :e!r x be ( ,god1 or :e!r ,i speak ( myself4 ,s f> z y already "k ! w ( ,god1 d x2 d x s9c]ely1 e>ne/ly1 & pray]fully1 & ,god w give y m light4 ,he loves ! tru?1 & sympa?izes ) all e>ne/ & s9c]e inquir]s aft] x4 ,he nev] leaves to fatal error & delusion any b ^? :o love falsehood r ?an tru?1 because !y h pleasure 9 unrighte\sness4 ,op5 y\r he>t to ! light ( heav51 & ,god w %9e into x f above2 s t1 9 ! beautiful words ( our ,savi\r1 ! :ole %all be full ( light1 z :5 ! bright %9+ ( a c&le do? give !e light4 ,,companion ,,to ,,! ,,bible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,reveal$ ,,religion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,i4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion is n a m]e sy/em ( ideas1 l ! philosophy ( ,plato or ,ari/otle4 ,x re/s on a basis ( hi/oric facts4 ,! great c5tral fact ( ! gospel is ?us express$ by ,jesus himself3 ,god s lov$ ! _w t he gave 8 only begott5 ,son1 t :osoev] believe? 9 him %\ld n p]i%1 b h ev]la/+ life1 ,john #c3af2 & by ! apo/le ,paul ?us3 ,?is is a fai?ful say+1 & wor?y ( all acceptation1 t ,*ri/ ,jesus came into ! _w to save s9n]s4 #a ,tim4 #a3ae4 ,) ! appe>ance ( ,god's ,son 9 human nature 7 connect$ a s]ies ( mighty works1 a body ( div9e tea*+s1 ! appo9tm5t ( apo/les & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! visible ,*ri/ian *ur*2 all :i* are matt]s ( hi/oric record4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,x is ! con/ant doctr9e ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les t he came 9 accordance ) ! scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & t 8 religion is ! fulfilm5t ( ! types & prophecies !re9 conta9$3 ,?9k n t ,i am come to de/roy ! law1 or ! prophets3 ,i am n come to de/roy1 b to fulfil4 ,matt4 #e3ag4 ,all ?+s mu/ be fulfill$ :i* 7 writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses1 & 9 ! prophets1 & 9 ! psalms conc]n+ me4 ,luke #bd3dd4 ,! facts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t connect !mselves1 !re=e1 imm$iately ) ^? ( ! ,old1 s t ! :ole s]ies con/itutes an indivisible :ole4 ,! ,bible is1 f beg9n+ to end1 ! record ( a sup]natural revelation made by ,god to m54 ,z su*1 x embraces n only sup]natural tea*+s1 b sup]natural facts also2 & ! tea*+s re/ on ! facts 9 su* a way t bo? mu/ /& or fall toge!r4 ,,ii4 ,?is basis ( sup]natural facts1 !n1 mu/ be firmly ma9ta9$ aga9/ unbeliev]s ^: gr& aim is to de/roy ! hi/oric f\ndation ( ! gospel1 at lea/ s f> z x conta9s sup]natural manife/ations ( ,god to m54 ,?us !y w\ld rob x ( its div9e au?ority1 & r$uce x to a m]e sy/em ( human doctr9es1 l ! tea*+s ( ,socrates or ,confucius1 :i* m5 are at lib]ty to receive or reject z !y ?9k be/4 ,c\ld !y accompli% ?is1 !y w\ld be v will+ to eulogize ! "* ( ,jesus1 & extol ! purity & excell5ce ( 8 precepts4 ,inde$1 x is ! fa%ion ( mod]n unbeliev]s1 aft] do+ :at lies 9 _! p[] to make ! gospel a mass ( cunn+ly-devis$ fables ( human orig91 to expatiate on ! maje/y & beauty ( ! ,savi\r's "*1 ! excell5ce ( 8 moral precepts1 & ! b5ign influ5ce ( 8 religion4 ,b ! transc5d5t glory ( our ,"l's "* is insep>able f 8 be+ :at he claim$ to be--! ,son ( ,god1 com+ f ,god to m5 ) supreme au?ority2 & all ! p[] ( 8 gospel lies 9 its be+ receiv$ z a message f ,god4 ,to make ! gospel human1 is to annihilate x1 & ) x ! hope ( ! _w4 ,,iii4 ,:5 ! inquiry is conc]n+ a long s]ies ( ev5ts intimately connect$ toge!r s z to con/itute "o insep>able :ole1 two me?ods ( inve/igation are op5 to u4 ,we may look at ! tra9 ( ev5ts 9 ! ord] ( "t f beg9n+ to end2 or we may select "s "o great ev5t ( especial prom95ce & importance z ! c5tral po9t ( inquiry1 & f t position look =w>d & backw>d4 ,! latt] ( ^! two me?ods has "s peculi> advantages1 & w be foll[$ 9 ! pres5t brief treatise4 ,we beg9 ) ! great c5tral fact ( revelation already ref]r$ to1 t ! ,fa!r s5t ! ,son to be ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 #a ,john #d3ad4 ,:5 ?is is %[n to re/ on a f\ndation t _c be %ak51 ! rema9d] ( ! "w is comp>atively easy4 ,f ! sup]natural appe>ance & works ( ! ,son ( ,god1 z record$ 9 ! f\r gospels1 ! sup]natural end[m5t & works ( 8 apo/les1 z record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & _! au?oritative tea*+s1 z conta9$ 9 _! epi/les1 foll[ z a natural & ev5 necess>y sequel4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ! univ]sal rule ( ,god's gov]nm5t & works is1 fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 aft] t ! full corn 9 ! e>1 7,m>k #d3bh17 x is mo/ reasonable to suppose t su* a full & p]fect revelation z t :i* ,god has made to u by 8 ,son1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! full corn 9 ! e>1 mu/ h be5 prec$$ by exactly su* prep>atory revelations z we f9d record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,n[ ,jesus ( ,naz>e? appe>$ among ! ,jews1 ! v p t _h ! scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & _h be5 prep>$ = 8 adv5t by ! ev5ts record$ 9 !m z no o!r nation 0 prep>$4 ,he came1 too1 z he & 8 apo/les ev] taught1 to c>ry out ! plan ( r$emption begun 9 !m4 ,f ! position1 !n1 ( ,*ri/'s adv5t1 z ! gr& c5tral fact ( r$emption1 we look backw>d & =w>d ) great advantage ^u ! :ole l9e ( revelation4 ,,iv4 ,we _c too e>ne/ly inculcate ^u ! y\?ful inquir] ! necessity ( ?us look+ at revelation z a :ole4 ,/rong z are ! evid5ces = ! tru? ( ! gospel n>ratives consid]$ sep>ately1 !y ga9 new /r5g?1 on ! "o side1 f ! mighty revelations t prec$$ !m & prep>$ ! way = ! adv5t ( ! ,son ( ,god2 & on ! o!r1 f ! mighty ev5ts t foll[$ 8 adv5t 9 ! apo/olic age1 & h be5 foll[+ ev] s9ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! div9e orig9 ( ! ,mosaic in/itutions c be %[n on solid gr\nds1 indep5d5tly ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b on h[ mu* broad] & deep] a f\ndation are !y se5 to re/1 :5 we f9d 7z w be %[n h]eaft]1 *ap4 #h7 t !y 7 prep>atory to ! inc>nation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,z 9 a burn+ mass1 ! heat & flame ( ea* sep>ate piece ( fuel are increas$ by ! surr\nd+ fire1 s 9 ! plan ( r$emption1 ea* sep>ate revelation receives new light & glory f ! revelations :i* prec$e & foll[ x4 ,x is only :5 we view ! revelations ( ! ,bible z ?us progress+ f glory to glory1 t we c e/imate aright ! pro(s ( _! div9e orig94 ,if x 7 ev5 possible to impose ^u m5 z miracul\s a p>ticul> ev5t1 z1 = example1 ! giv+ ( ! ,mosaic law on ,s9ai1 or ! /ones ( ! day ( ,p5teco/1 ! idea t !re c\ld h be5 impos$ on ! _w a s]ies ( su* ev5ts1 ext5d+ ?r\gh _m ages1 & yet s connect$ toge!r z to con/itute a h>moni\s & consi/5t :ole1 is a simple absurdity4 ,!re is no explanation ( ! unity t p]vades ! sup]natural facts ( revelation1 b t ( _! div9e orig94 ,v4 ,9 /rong contra/ ) ?is rational way ( view+ ! facts ( revelation z a gr& :ole1 is ! fragm5t>y me?od ( objectors4 ,a d\bt "h1 a cavil !re1 an ins9uation yond]2 a difficulty ) ?is /atem5t1 an objection to t1 a discrepancy "h--?is is _! favorite way ( assail+ ! gospel4 ,if "o *ooses to treat ! ,bible 9 ?is n>r[ & unc&id way1 he w soon plunge himself into ! mire ( unbelief4 ,difficulties & objections %\ld be c&idly consid]$1 & all[$ _! due weight2 b !y mu/ n be suff]$ to ov]ride irrefragable pro(1 else we %all soon l& 9 univ]sal skepticism3 = difficulties1 & "s ( !m too insoluble1 c be urg$ aga9/ ! great facts ( nature & natural religion1 z well z ( revelation4 ,to reject a s]ies ( ev5ts support$ by an ov]:elm+ weight ( evid5ce1 on ! gr\nd ( unexpla9$ difficulties connect$ ) !m1 involves ! absurdity ( runn+ into a hundr$ difficulties = ! sake ( avoid+ five4 ,if we are will+ to exam9e ! claims ( revelation z a :ole1 its div9e orig9 w %9e =? ^u u l ! sun 9 ! firmam5t4 ,our difficulties we c !n calmly res]ve = fur!r inve/igation "h1 or = solution 9 ! _w to come4 ,,vi4 ,:5 we in/itute an exam9ation conc]n+ ! facts ( revelation1 ! fir/ "q is t ( ! g5u95ess & uncorrupt pres]vation ( ! books 9 :i* !y are record$2 ! next1 t ( _! au!nticity & cr$ibility4 ,we may !n conv5i5tly consid] ! "q ( _! inspiration4 ,9 accordance ) ! plan m>k$ out above1 7,no4 ,,iii417 ! gospel n>ratives w be consid]$ fir/ ( all2 !n ! rema9+ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,aft] ?is w be %[n ! insep>able connection betwe5 ! facts ( revelation record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ^? ( ! ,new2 & f9ally1 ! g5u95ess ( ! books :i* con/itute ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) _! au!nticity & inspiration4 ,! :ole treatise w be clos$ by a brief view ( ! int]nal & exp]im5tal evid5ces :i* comm5d ! ,bible to ! human und]/&+ & consci5ce z ! ^w ( ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5u95ess ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>ratives4 ,i4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,a book is g5u9e if writt5 by ! man ^: "n x be>s1 or to :om x is ascrib$2 or :51 z 9 ! case ( sev]al books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! au?or is unkn[n1 x is g5u9e if writt5 9 ! age & c\ntry to :i* x is ascrib$4 ,a book is au!ntic :i* is a record ( facts z oppos$ to :at is false or fictiti\s2 & we call x cr$ible :5 ! record ( facts :i* x pr(esses to give is wor?y ( belief4 ,au!nticity & cr$ibility are1 !re=e1 only diff]5t views ( ! same quality4 ,9 ! case ( a book t deals ma9ly ) pr9ciples1 ! "q ( au?or%ip is ( subord9ate importance4 ,?us ! book ( ,job1 ) ! exception ( ! brief n>ratives ) :i* x op5s & closes1 & :i* may belong to any "o ( sev]al c5turies1 is occupi$ ) ! "q ( ,div9e provid5ce4 ,x is n necess>y t we "k :at p>ticul> man 0 its au?or1 or at :at precise p]iod he wrote4 ,we only ne$ reasonable evid5ce 7z w be %[n h]eaft]7 t he 0 a prophetical man1 writ+ "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,b ! case ( ! gospel n>ratives is :olly diff]5t4 ,!y conta9 a record ( ! sup]natural appe>ance & works ( ! ,son ( ,god1 on ! tru? ( :i* re/s our fai? 9 ! gospel4 ,s ! apo/le ,paul reasons3 ,if ,*ri/ be n ris51 !n is our prea*+ va91 & y\r fai? is also va94 #a ,cor4 #ae3ad4 ,x is1 !n1 ( vital importance t we "k ! relation :i* ! au?ors ( ^! n>ratives held to ,*ri/4 ,if !y 7 n apo/les or apo/olic m51 t is1 associates ( ! apo/les1 labor+ ) !m1 enjoy+ _! full confid5ce1 & 9 circum/ances to obta9 _! in=mation directly f !m--b1 in/ead ( ?is1 wrote aft] ! apo/olic age--_! te/imony is n wor?y ( ! unlimit$ fai? :i* ! *ur* 9 all ages has repos$ 9 x4 ,! "q1 !n1 ( ! g5u95ess ( ! gospel n>ratives & t ( _! au!nticity & cr$ibility mu/ /& or fall toge!r4 #b4 ,9 respect to ! orig9 ( ! gospels1 z also ( ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! foll[+ ?+s %\ld be c>efully rememb]$3 ,fir/4 ,!re 0 a p]iod1 ext5d+1 p]haps1 ?r\gh "s ye>s f ! day ( ,p5teco/1 :5 !re 7 no writt5 gospels1 _! place be+ suppli$ by ! liv+ pres5ce & tea*+s ( ! apo/les & o!r disciples ( our ,"l4 ,secondly4 ,:5 ! ne$ ( writt5 docum5ts began to be felt1 !y 7 produc$1 "o aft] ano!r1 z occasion sugge/$ !m4 ,?us ! composition ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ext5d$ ?r\gh a consid]able p]iod ( ye>s4 ,?irdly4 ,besides ! gospels univ]sally receiv$ by ! *ur*es1 o!r n>ratives ( our ,"l's life 7 attempt$1 z we le>n f ! evangeli/ ,luke 7#a3a72 b ^? nev] obta9$ g5]al curr5cy4 ,! *ur*es ev]y:]e receiv$ ! f\r gospels ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 because ( ! cle> evid5ce :i* !y _h ( _! apo/olic orig9 & tru/wor?9ess2 & because1 also1 ^! gospels1 ?\gh n pr(ess+ to give a complete acc\nt ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s1 7 nev]!less suffici5tly full to answ] ! end = :i* !y 7 compos$1 be+ n fragm5t>y sket*es1 b ord]ly n>ratives1 ea* ( !m ext5d+ ov] ! :ole c\rse ( our ,"l's m9i/ry4 ,! o!r n>ratives mean:ile gradually pass$ into oblivion4 ,! g5]al reception ( ^! f\r gospels did n1 h[ev]1 come f any =mal conc]t ( action on ! "p ( ! *ur*es1 7z1 = example1 f ! au?oritative decision ( a g5]al c\ncil1 s9ce no su* ?+ z a g5]al c\ncil ( ! *ur*es 0 kn[n till long aft] ?is p]iod27 b simply f ! common p]ception ev]y:]e ( ! unimpea*able evid5ce by :i* _! apo/olic au?ority 0 su/a9$4 ,! n>ratives ref]r$ to by ,luke 7 e>li] ?an 8 gospel4 ,!y 7 n spuri\s1 nor1 s f> z we "k1 unau!ntic2 b r imp]fect4 ,!y mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! apocryphal gospels ( a lat] age4 #c4 ,9 respect to ! quotations ( ,scripture by ! e>ly fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 x is important to notice _! habit ( quot+ anonym\sly1 & (t5 9 a loose & g5]al way4 ,!y frequ5tly cite f memory1 bl5d+ toge!r ! words ( diff]5t au?ors1 & sometimes int]m+l+ ) !m _! own words4 ,9 cit+ ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 an argum5tative way1 !y are1 z might h be5 expect$1 m exact1 p>ticul>ly :5 address+ ,jews2 yet ev5 "h !y (t5 cont5t !mselves ) ! scope ( ! passages ref]r$ to1 )\t be+ p>ticul> z to ! exact words4 ,) ! above prelim9>y rem>ks1 we proce$ to consid] ! evid5ces1 ext]nal & int]nal1 = ! g5u95ess ( ! gospel n>ratives4 ,,ii4 ,ext]nal ,evid5ces4 #d4 ,"h we ne$ n beg9 at a lat] date ?an ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury4 ,?is is ! age ( ,ir5aeus 9 ,gaul1 ( ,t]tullian 9 ,nor? ,africa1 ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt1 & ( "s o!r writ]s4 ,_! te/imony to ! apo/olic orig9 & univ]sal reception ( our f\r canonical gospels is z full z c be desir$4 ,!y give ! names ( ! au?ors1 two ( !m--,mat!w & ,john--apo/les1 & ! o!r two--,m>k & ,luke--companions ( apo/les & fell[-labor]s ) !m1 always associat+ ,m>k ) ,pet]1 & ,luke ) ,paul2 !y affirm ! univ]sal & undisput$ reception ( ^! f\r gospels f ! beg9n+ by all ! *ur*es2 & d5y ! apo/olic au?ority ( o!r pret5d$ gospels4 ,9 all ?is1 !y give n _! individual op9ions1 b ! common belief ( ! *ur*es4 ,x is conc$$ on all h&s t 9 _! day ^! f\r gospels 7 univ]sally receiv$ by ! *ur*es z g5u9e & au?oritative records ( our ,"l's life & works1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,ir5aeus 0 a native ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,greek desc5t2 b ! seat ( 8 labors 0 ,lyons & ,vi5ne 9 ,gaul1 ( ! =m] ( :i* places he became bi%op aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ,po?9us1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agg4 ,he 0 born ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,septimius ,sev]us ,a4,d4 #bjb4 ,9 8 y\? he 0 a disciple ( ,polyc>p1 :o 0 9 turn a disciple ( ! apo/le ,john4 ,9 a lett] to "o ,flor9us1 :i* ,eusebius has pres]v$1 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e4 #bj17 he gives1 9 gl[+ language1 8 recollections ( ! p]son & tea*+s ( ,polyc>p1 & tells ) :at int]e/ he li/5$ z ?is man relat$ 8 int]c\rse ) ! apo/le ,john & ! o!rs :o _h se5 ! ,"l1 h[ he rec\nt$ _! words1 & ! ?+s :i* he _h he>d f !m conc]n+ ! ,"l1 & conc]n+ 8 miracles & tea*+4 ,& he adds t ^! ?+s :i* ,polyc>p _h receiv$ f eye-witnesses he relat$ all 9 agreem5t ) ! ,scriptures2 t is1 obvi\sly1 ) ! gospel n>ratives4 ,po?9us1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,ir5aeus at ,lyons1 0 n9ety ye>s old at ! "t ( 8 m>tyrdom1 & mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) _m :o belong$ to ! latt] "p ( ! apo/olic age4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x is inconceivable t ,ir5aeus1 :o knew ! ,*ri/ian traditions ( bo? ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 %\ld n h kn[n ! tru? respect+ ! reception ( ! gospels by ! *ur*es1 & ! gr\nds on :i* ?is reception re/$1 m especially 9 ! case ( ! gospel ( ,john4 ,tis*5dorf1 aft] m5tion+ ! relation ( ,ir5aeus to ,polyc>p ! disciple ( ,john1 asks1 ) reason3 ,are we1 nev]!less1 to *]i% ! supposition t ,ir5aeus nev] he>d a ^w f ,polyc>p respect+ ! gospel ( ,john1 & yet gave x 8 unconditional confid5ce--?is man ,ir5aeus1 :o 9 8 controv]sies ) h]etics1 ! m5 ( falsification & apocryphal works1 employs aga9/ !m1 be=e all o!r ?+s1 ! pure ,scripture z a holy weapon8 7,essay1 ,:5 7 ,our ,gospels ,writt51 p4 #h47 ,! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus is ju/ly reg>d$ z ( ! mo/ weighty "*4 ,! fact t he gives sev]al fanciful reasons :y !re %\ld be only f\r gospels1 7,aga9/ ,h]esies1 #c4 #aa17 does n invalidate 8 /atem5t ( ! fact t ! *ur*es _h always receiv$ f\r1 & no m4 ,we always di/+ui% betwe5 m5's te/imony to facts ( :i* !y are compet5t witnesses1 & _! philosophical explanations ( ^! facts4 ,t]tullian 0 born 9 ,c>?age ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj1 & di$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #bbj & #bdj4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjb he jo9$ ! sect ( ! ,montani/s2 b ?is does n affect 8 te/imony respect+ ! orig9 & univ]sal reception ( ! f\r canonical gospels4 ,8 works are v num]\s1 & 9 !m all he insi/s ) great e>ne/ness t ! gospel n>ratives1 z also ! o!r apo/olic writ+s1 h be5 receiv$ )\t corruption1 z a sacr$ inh]itance1 f ! apo/olic *ur*es4 ,8 "w aga9/ ,m>cion1 :om he accuses ( employ+ a mutilat$ gospel ( ,luke1 is p>ticul>ly in/ructive z %[+ h[ deep & settl$ 0 ! conviction ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians t no?+ c\ld be a gospel :i* did n proce$ f apo/les or apo/olic m52 & h[ wat*ful !y 7 aga9/ all attempts to mutilate or corrupt ! primitive apo/olic records4 ,9 def5d+ ! true gospel ( ,luke aga9/ ! mutilat$ =m ( x employ$ by ,m>cion1 he says3 ,i affirm t n 9 ! apo/olic *ur*es alone1 b 9 all :i* are jo9$ ) !m 9 ! bond ( fell[%ip1 t gospel ( ,luke :i* we mo/ firmly ma9ta91 has be5 valid f its fir/ publication2 b ,m>cion's gospel is unkn[n to mo/ ( !m1 & kn[n to none1 except to be condemn$4 ,?is te/imony ( ,t]tullian is v important1 z %[+ 8 full conviction t ,m>cion c\ld n d5y ! univ]sal reception1 f ! beg9n+1 ( ! g5u9e gospel ( ,luke4 ,& a little aft]w>ds he adds3 ,! same au?ority ( ! apo/olic *ur*es w def5d ! o!r gospels also1 :i* we h 9 l mann] ?r\gh !m1 & accord+ to !m1 7,aga9/ ,m>cion1 #d4 #e47 ,_m m quotations ( l purport might be add$4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 0 a pupil ( ,panta5us1 & 8 successor z head ( ! cate*etical s*ool at ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt4 ,he 0 ( hea!n orig91 born probably ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj4 ,he _h a philosophical turn ( m9d1 & aft] 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity made ext5sive rese>*es "u v>i\s tea*]s1 z he himself tells u1 9 ,greece1 9 ,italy1 9 ,pale/9e1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,at la/ he met ) ,panta5us 9 ,egypt1 :om he pref]r$ to all 8 o!r guides1 & 9 ^: in/ructions he re/$4 ,! te/imony ( ,clem5t to ! univ]sal & undisput$ reception by ! *ur*es ( ! f\r canonical gospels z ! writ+s ( apo/les or apo/olic m51 agrees ) t ( ,t]tullian4 ,& x has ! m weight1 n only on acc\nt ( 8 wide inve/igations1 b because1 also1 x virtually conta9s ! te/imony ( 8 sev]al tea*]s1 "s ( :om mu/ h kn[n1 if n ! apo/les !mselves1 ^? :o _h li/5$ to _! tea*+s4 ,9 connection ) ! te/imony ( ! above-nam$ writ]s1 we may consid] t ( ! *ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne 9 ,gaul1 9 a lett] address$ by !m to ! *ur*es ( ,asia & ,phrygia1 :i* ,eusebius has pres]v$ = u1 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e4 #a17 & :i* describes a sev]e p]secution ?r\gh :i* !y pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,anton9us ,v]us1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agg4 ,9 ?is !y say3 ,s 0 fulfill$ t :i* 0 spok5 by our ,"l1 ',! "t %all come 9 :i* :osoev] kille? y %all ?9k t he doe? ,god s]vice4' ,9 speak+ aga9 ( a c]ta9 y\?ful m>tyr1 !y fir/ comp>e him to ,za*>ias1 ! fa!r ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 affirm+1 9 ! v words ( ,luke1 t he _h walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ! ,"l blameless1 7,luke #a3f27 & !n g on to describe him z hav+ ! ,com=t] 9 himself1 ! ,_s1 m abundantly ?an ,za*>ias1 :]e !y apply to ! ,holy ,_s a t]m peculi> to ! apo/le ,john4 ,"h1 !n1 we h indubitable te/imony to ! fact t ! gospel ( ,john1 z well z ( ,luke1 0 kn[n to ! *ur*es ( ,gaul 9 ! we/ & ,asia ,m9or 9 ! ea/ 9 ! days ( ,po?9us1 bi%op ( ^! *ur*es1 :o suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ?is p]secution4 ,b ,po?9us 0 n9ety ye>s old1 s t 8 k ( ^! gospels mu/ h rea*$ back to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury1 :5 _m :o _h kn[n ! apo/les 7 yet liv+4 #e4 ,^! te/imonies1 let x be c>efully rememb]$1 apply n to "o "p ( ,*ri/5dom alone1 b to all its diff]5t & di/ant divisions2 & t1 too1 long be=e !re 0 any attempt to br+ ! judgm5t ( ! *ur*es into h>mony by means ( g5]al c\ncils4 ,! or?odox *ur*es plant$ 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire1 ?\gh 9 sub/antial h>mony ) ea* o!r1 _h nev]!less _! m9or diff]5ces1 :i* 7 sometimes discuss$ ) mu* w>m?4 ,9 _! relation to ea* o!r1 !y 7 jeal\s ( _! fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ! s-call$ ,antilegom5a 7,disput$ ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 *ap4 #f7 %[s t ! reception ( a writ+ z apo/olic 9 "o division ( ,*ri/5dom1 did n insure its reception else:]e4 ,_h x be5 possible t a spuri\s book %\ld be impos$ z g5u9e on ! *ur*es ( "o region1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h met ) opposition 9 o!r regions2 b our f\r canonical gospels 7 ev]y:]e receiv$ )\t dispute z ! writ+s ( apo/les or apo/olic m54 ,?is fact admits ( b "o explanation3 ! *ur*es _h f _! fir/ appe>ance indubitable evid5ce ( _! g5u95ess4 #f4 ,let x be fur!r rememb]$ t ?is te/imony relates n to books ( a private "*1 t might h la9 = ye>s hidd5 9 "s corn]2 b to ! public writ+s ( ! *ur*es1 on :i* _! fai? 0 f\nd$1 ( :i* !y all _h copies1 & :i* x 0 ! cu/om1 f ! apo/olic age1 to read 9 _! assemblies along ) ! law & ! prophets4 7,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,apol41 #a4 #fg47 ,e>ne/ness & s9c]ity are traits :i* w n be d5i$ to ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 & !y 7 c]ta9ly n want+ 9 common disc]nm5t4 ,let any man %[1 if he c1 h[ a spuri\s gospel1 sudd5ly appe>+ some:]e aft] ! apo/olic days1 c\ld h be5 impos$ ^u ! *ur*es z g5u9e1 n only :]e x orig9at$1 b ev]y:]e else 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! difficulty ) :i* "s ( ! g5u9e books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ga9$ univ]sal curr5cy suffici5tly refutes su* an absurd supposition4 #g4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! te/imonies ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,"h ,ju/9 ,m>tyr is a v weighty witness1 s9ce he liv$ s ne> ! apo/olic age1 & _h e facility = inve/igat+ ! hi/ory ( ! gospel n>ratives4 ,he 0 born ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 & 8 extant works date f ab\t ! middle ( ! same c5tury4 ,be=e 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity he 0 a hea!n philosoph] e>ne/ly seek+ = ! tru? among ! diff]5t sy/ems ( ! age4 ,( 8 und\bt$ly g5u9e works1 !re rema9 to u two ,apologies 7def5ces ( ,*ri/ianity7 & a ,dialogue ) ,trypho a ,jew1 design$ to def5d ! ,*ri/ian religion aga9/ its ,jewi% oppon5ts4 ,9 ^! he quotes ! gospel ( ,mat!w v abundantly2 next 9 numb] are 8 quotations f ,luke4 ,8 ref]5ces to ,m>k & ,john are mu* few]1 b en\gh to %[ 8 acqua9tance ) !m4 ,he nev] quotes ! evangeli/s by "n1 b designates _! writ+s z ,! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les2 & m fully1 ,! memoirs :i* ,i affirm to h be5 compos$ by 8--our ,"l's--apo/les & _! foll[]s1 ,dialog41 *4 #ajc1 :i*1 he else:]e says1 are call$ gospels1 ,apol4 #a4 #ff1 & 9 a collective s5se1 ! gospel1 ,dialog41 *4 #aj4 ,x %\ld be c>efully notic$ t he speaks 9 ! plural numb] bo? ( ! apo/les :o compos$ ! gospels & _! foll[]s4 ,?is description applies exactly to our canonical gospels--two writt5 by apo/les1 & two by _! foll[]s4 ,! attempt has be5 made 9 mod]n times to set aside ,ju/9's te/imony1 on ! alleg$ gr\nd t he quotes n f our canonical gospels1 b f "s o!r writ+s4 ,! gr\ndlessness ( ?is supposition is manife/ at fir/ sight4 ,ju/9 _h visit$ ! ?ree pr9cipal *ur*es ( ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 & ,ephesus4 ,x is c]ta9 t he knew :at gospels 7 receiv$ by !m 9 8 day z au!ntic1 & t ^! are ! v gospels :i* he quotes1 affirm+ t !y 7 ! writ+s ( apo/les & _! foll[]s4 ,n[1 t ! gospels :i* ,ju/9 us$ %\ld h be5 :olly supplant$ by o!rs 9 ! days ( ,ir5aeus1 :o 0 ( full age at ! "t ( ,ju/9's dea?1 is incr$ible4 ,b ,ir5aeus1 9 common ) ,clem5t1 ,t]tullian1 & o!rs1 quotes our f\r canonical gospels z alone possess+ apo/olic au?ority1 & z hav+ be5 always receiv$ by ! *ur*es4 ,x foll[s t ! ,memoirs ( ,ju/9 mu/ be ! same gospels4 ,we _c conceive t 9 ?is brief p]iod an entire *ange ( gospels %\ld h be5 made ?r\gh\t all ! diff]5t & di/ant prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire1 at a "t :5 conc]t$ action ?r\gh g5]al c\ncils 0 unkn[n2 & t1 too1 9 s sil5t a mann] t no record ( x rema9s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*4 ,! supposition t ! gospels kn[n to ,ju/9 7 diff]5t f ^? receiv$ by ,ir5aeus ought n to be ent]ta9$ )\t irrefragable pro(4 ,b no su* pro( exi/s4 ,an accurate exam9ation 9 detail ( 8 citations1 says ,semis*1 ,life ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #d4 #a1 has l$ to ! result t ?is title--! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les--designates ! canonical gospels--a result 9 no way less c]ta9 because aga9 call$ 9 "q 9 mod]n days4 ,! agreem5t ( 8 quotations ) our pres5t gospels is ( su* a "* & ext5t z c be expla9$ only f 8 use ( !m4 ,! v>iations are ma9ly due to 8 habit ( quot+ loosely f memory4 ,_m ( ^! citations1 says ,kir*h(]1 agree1 ^w = ^w1 ) ! gospels2 o!rs ) ! sub/ance1 b ) alt]ations & additions ( words1 ) transpositions & omissions2 o!rs give ! ?\ght only 9 a g5]al way2 o!rs /ill cond5se toge!r ! cont5ts ( sev]al passages & diff]5t say+s1 9 :i* case ! hi/oric quotations are yet m free1 & bl5d toge!r1 9 "p1 ! acc\nts ( ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,b "s quotations are n f\nd at all 9 our canonical gospels1 7see imm$iately bel[27 "s1 on ! contr>y1 occur twice or ?rice4 ,quell5sammlung1 p4 #hi4 note4 ,two or ?ree m important v>iations are1 p]haps1 due to ! read+s 9 ! manuscripts employ$ by ,ju/91 s9ce ! lat] *ur* fa!rs1 :o1 z we "k1 employ$ ! canonical gospels1 give ! same v>iations4 ,f9ally1 ,ju/9 gives a few incid5ts & say+s n record$ 9 our pres5t gospels4 ,z he liv$ s ne> ! apo/olic times he may well h receiv$ ^! f tradition2 b if 9 any case he took !m f writt5 docum5ts1 !re is no pro( t he ascrib$ to su* docum5ts apo/olic au?ority4 ,9 "o passage1 he accurately di/+ui%es betwe5 :at he gives f tradition or o!r writt5 s\rces1 & :at f ! apo/olic records4 ,:5 ,jesus came1 he says1 to ! riv] ,jordan1 :]e ,john 0 baptiz+1 z he desc5d$ to ! wat]1 bo? 0 a fire k9dl$ 9 ! ,jordan1 & z he asc5d$ f ! wat]1 ! apo/les ( ?is v ,*ri/ ( ours h writt5 t ! ,holy ,_s z a dove light$ ^u him4 ,dial41 *4 #hh4 ,x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r c]ta9 ref]5ces to ! gospel ( ,john c be f\nd 9 ,ju/9's writ+s2 b x seems pla9 t ! foll[+ is a free quotation f *apt] #c3c-e3 ,= ,*ri/ said1 ,except ye be born aga91 ye %all by no means ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,b t x is impossible t !y :o h once be5 born %\ld ent] into ! wombs ( ^? :o b>e !m is manife/ to all4 ,apol4 #a4 #fa4 ,to affirm t a passage s peculi> z ?is 0 borr[$ by bo? ! evangeli/ ,john & ,ju/9 f a common tradition1 is to sub/itute a v improbable = a v natural explanation4 ,besides1 ,ju/9 uses phraseology peculi> to ,john1 repeat$ly call+ our ,savi\r ! ,^w ( ,god1 & ! ,^w made fle%2 affirm+ t he 0 9 a peculi> s5se begott5 ! only ,son ( ,god1 an only begott5 ,"o to ! ,fa!r ( all ?+s1 be+ 9 a peculi> s5se begott5 ( him z ,^w & ,p[]1 & aft]w>ds made man ?r\gh ! ,virg92 & call+ him ! good ,rock t s5ds =? 7lit]ally1 causes to bubble =?--comp>e ,john #d3ad7 liv+ wat]s into ! he>ts ( ^? :o ?r\gh him h lov$ ! ,fa!r ( all ?+s1 & t gives to all :o w ! wat] ( life to dr9k4 ,^! & o!r ref]5ces to ,john may be se5 9 ,kir*h(]'s ,quell5sammlung1 pp4 #adf1 #adg4 #h4 ,ano!r e>ly witness is ,papias1 :o 0 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 9 ,phrygia1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,he wrote ,an ,exposition ( ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l1 9 five books4 ,?is "w has p]i%$2 b fragm5ts ( x1 ) notices ( its cont5ts1 are pres]v$ to u by ,eusebius & o!r writ]s4 ,z ,papias1 accord+ to 8 own express te/imony1 ga!r$ 8 mat]ials1 if n f apo/les !mselves1 yet f _! imm$iate disciples1 8 /atem5ts are inve/$ ) great int]e/4 ,( ,mat!w he says1 ,eusebius ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e4 #ci1 t he wrote ! oracles 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 & e "o int]pret$ !m z he c\ld4 ,he speaks ( ?is int]pretation by ea* "o z he c\ld z some?+ pa/1 imply+ t 9 8 day our pres5t ,greek gospel ( ,mat!w 7( ! apo/olic au?ority ( :i* !re 0 nev] any d\bt 9 ! e>ly *ur*es7 0 9 circulation1 :e!r x 0 or 0 n orig9ally compos$ 9 ,hebrew1 a "q on :i* le>n$ m5 are n agre$4 ,( ,m>k he affirms t1 hav+ become ,pet]'s int]pret]1 he wrote d[n accurately z _m ?+s z he rememb]$2 n record+ 9 ord] ! ?+s t 7 said or done by ,*ri/1 s9ce he 0 n a he>] or foll[] ( ! ,"l1 b aft]w>ds--aft] our ,"l's asc5sion--( ,pet]1 :o imp>t$ 8 tea*+s z occasion requir$1 b n z mak+ an ord]ly n>rative ( ! ,"l's disc\rses4 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #ci4 ,! fact t ,eusebius gives no /atem5t ( ,papias respect+ ! o!r two gospels is ( little acc\nt1 s9ce 8 notices ( ! au?ors to :om he ref]s1 & ( _! works1 are confess$ly imp]fect4 ,eusebius notices1 = example1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 #d4 #ad1 ! fact t ,polyc>p1 9 8 lett] to ! ,philippians1 has us$ c]ta9 te/imonies f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]2 b says no?+ ( 8 _m ref]5ces1 9 ! same lett]1 to ! epi/les ( ,paul1 9 "s ( :i* he quotes ! apo/le by "n4 ,we h1 nev]!less1 ?r\gh ,eusebius1 an indirect b valid te/imony f ,papias to ! au?or%ip ( ! f\r? gospel1 re/+ ^u ! admitt$ id5tity ( ! au?or ( ?is gospel ) ! au?or ( ! fir/ ( ! epi/les ascrib$ to ,john4 ,speak+ ( ,papias1 ,eusebius says3 ,b ! same man us$ te/imonies f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john4 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #ci1 end4 ,! ascription to ,john ( ?is epi/le1 is virtually ! ascription to him ( ! f\r? gospel also4 ,eusebius speaks ( ,papias z a man ( v small m9d4 ,! correctness ( ?is judgm5t is manife/ f ! specim5s :i* he gives ( 8 writ+s2 b x _c invalidate ! evid5ce we h f ! above passages ( ! exi/5ce1 9 ,papias' day1 ( ! gospels to :i* he ref]s4 ,z to ! "q :e!r ^! 7 our pres5t canonical gospels ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 x is suffici5t to say t nei!r ,eusebius nor any ( ! *ur* fa!rs und]/ood !m diff]5tly4 #i4 ,a v int]e/+ relic ( antiquity is ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1 ( :i* ! au?or%ip is unc]ta94 ,its date _c be lat] ?an ! age ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 to :om x is ascrib$ by "s4 ,x is1 not)/&+ "s errone\s views1 a noble def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* ! au?or %[s 8 acqua9tance ) ! gospel ( ,john by ! use ( t]ms & phrases peculi> to him4 ,?us he calls ,*ri/ ! ,^w1 & ! only begott5 ,son1 :om ,god s5t to m54 ,9 ! words1 n to take ?\ght ab\t raim5t & food1 section #i1 !re is an app>5t ref]5ce to ,matt4 #f3be1 #ca4 ,9 addition to ! above te/imonies might be adduc$ "s fragm5ts ( e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u by ^? ( a lat] day2 b = brevity's sake !y are omitt$4 #aj4 ,foll[+ up ! /ream ( te/imony1 we come n[ to t ( ! s-call$ apo/olic fa!rs2 t is1 ( m5 :o 7 disciples ( apo/les1 & wrote 9 ! age next foll[+ !m4 ,hold+1 z !y d1 su* a ne> relation to ! apo/les1 & famili> ) ! oral traditions ( ! apo/olic age1 we _c expect to f9d 9 !m su* frequ5t & =mal ref]5ces to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z *>act]ize ! works ( lat] writ]s4 ,!y quote1 = ! mo/ "p1 anonym\sly1 int]weav+ ) _! own words ^? ( ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ among ! apo/olic fa!rs is ,clem5t ( ,rome1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,( ! num]\s writ+s anci5tly ascrib$ to him1 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians is admitt$1 ^u good evid5ce1 to be g5u9e4 ,9 ?is we f9d words :i* imply a k ( ! fir/ ?ree gospels4 ,cit+ evid5tly f memory1 9 a loose way1 he says3 ,= ?us he--! ,"l ,jesus--spake1 ',be m]ciful1 t ye may obta9 m]cy2 =give1 t ye may be =giv52 z ye d1 s %all x be done to y2 z ye give1 s %all x be giv5 to y2 z ye judge1 s %all ye receive judgm5t2 z ye are k9d1 s %all ye receive k9dness2 ) :at measure ye measure1 ) t x %all be measur$ to y4' ,& aga93 ,= he said1 ',woe unto t man2 x 7 bett] = him t he _h n be5 born1 ?an t he %\ld (f5d "o ( my elect4' ,ignatius 0 bi%op ( ! *ur* at ,antio*1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom ,a4,d4 #ajg1 or accord+ to "s acc\nts1 #aaf4 ,9 8 epi/les1 :i* are receiv$ z g5u9e1 are manife/ quotations f ! gospel ( ,mat!w1 & "s app>5t ?\gh n entirely c]ta9 allusions to ! gospel ( ,john4 ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 0 a disciple ( ! apo/le ,john4 ,he suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t ! ye> #aff4 ,( 8 writ+s1 only "o %ort epi/le1 address$ to ! ,philippians1 rema9s to u2 b ?is ab\nds 9 ref]5ces to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 especially ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,( quotations f ! gospel ( ,mat!w1 ! foll[+ are examples3 ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$2 =give1 & ye %all be =giv52 be m]ciful1 t ye may obta9 m]cy2 ) :at measure ye mete1 x %all be measur$ to y aga94 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 & ^? t suff] p]secution = righte\sness' sake1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! _s inde$ is will+1 b ! fle% is weak4 ,= ! gospel ( ,john1 ,polyc>p's te/imony1 ?\gh indirect1 is decisive4 ,9 8 lett] to ! ,philippians1 he quotes f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 ,= e "o :o does n confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ has come 9 ! fle%1 is anti*ri/4 #a ,john #d3c4 ,b t ! gospel ( ,john & ?is fir/ epi/le bo? proce$$ f ! same au?or1 is a conc$$ fact4 ,! rec5tly discov]$ ,s9ai ,codex1 ! olde/ kn[n codex 9 ! _w1 conta9s ! entire ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,9 ?is we f9d1 among o!r ref]5ces to ! fir/ ?ree gospels1 "o to ! writt5 gospel ( ,mat!w ( ! mo/ decisive "*3 ,let u be m9dful1 !re=e1 le/ p]*ance we be f\nd z x is writt51 ',_m are call$1 b few are *os54' ,matt4 #bj3af2 #bb3ad4 ,! =m ( quotation1 z x is writt51 is employ$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t only ( citations f ,scripture4 ,9 ^! words ! writ] places ! gospel ( ,mat!w 9 ! same rank z ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,t he 0 ! ,b>nabas m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z ! companion ( ,paul _c be ma9ta9$2 b ! composition ( ! epi/le is assign$1 ) probability1 to ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 ?\gh "s place x z late z its close4 ,! te/imony ( o!r apocryphal writ+s ( e>ly date might be adduc$1 b = ! sake ( brevity x is "h omitt$4 ,x may be se5 9 ! essay ( ,tis*5dorf1 already ref]r$ to4 #aa4 ,a diff]5t class ( witnesses w next be consid]$--! anci5t ,syriac v]sion1 ! old ,lat9 v]sion1 & ! ,muratorian fragm5t on ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--all ( :i* be> te/imony to our canonical gospels4 ,! anci5t ,syriac v]sion1 commonly call$ ! ,pe%ito--simple1 t is1 express+ simply ! mean+ ( ! orig9al1 )\t allegorical additions & explanations1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,jewi% ,t>gums--is admitt$ by all to be ( v high antiquity4 ,le>n$ m5 are agre$ t ?is v]sion _c well be ref]r$ to a lat] date ?an ! close ( ! second c5tury1 & "s assign x to ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 at :i* "t ! ,syrian *ur*es 7 9 a v fl\ri%+ condition1 & _c well be suppos$ to h be5 )\t a v]sion ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,! ,pe%ito conta9s all ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 ! ,second & ,?ird ,epi/les ( ,john1 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,x te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( our f\r gospels1 n only :5 x 0 made1 b at an e>li] date2 s9ce we mu/1 9 all probability1 assume t "s consid]able "t elaps$ aft] ! composition1 "o by "o1 ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 be=e !y 7 collect$ into a volume1 z 9 ?is ,syriac v]sion4 ,respect+ ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion1 79 di/9ction f ,j]ome's revision1 commonly call$ ! ,vulgate1 :i* belongs to ! f\r? c5tury17 v>i\s op9ions h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,"s h assum$ ! exi/5ce ( sev]al indep5d5t ,lat9 v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ( "s ( its books2 b ! pref]able op9ion is t !re 7 v>i\s rec5sions1 all hav+ = _! f\ndation a s+le v]sion1 namely1 ! ,old ,lat92 :i*1 says ,we/cott1 ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 *4 #c1 c be trac$ back z f> z ! e>lie/ records ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,e circum/ance connect$ ) x indicates ! mo/ remote antiquity4 ,x 0 curr5t 9 nor? ,africa1 at lea/ soon aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,?\gh x has n come d[n to u 9 a p]fect =m1 x conta9s1 along ) mo/ ( ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 our f\r canonical gospels2 & its te/imony is ( ! greate/ weight4 ,! ,muratorian ,fragm5t on ! ,canon is ! "n giv5 to a ,lat9 fragm5t discov]$ by ! ,italian s*ol>1 ,muratori1 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan1 9 a manuscript be>+ ! m>ks ( great antiquity4 ,its date is det]m9$ by its ref]5ce to ! %eph]d ( ,h]mas1 :i*1 says ! ,fragm5t1 ,h]mas wrote v rec5tly 9 our times1 :ile ! bi%op ,pius1 8 bro!r1 occupi$ ! *air ( ! *ur* at ,rome4 ,! lat] ( ! two dates giv5 = ! dea? ( ,pius is ,a4,d4 #aeg4 ,! composition ( ! ,fragm5t mu/ h foll[$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,?\gh mutilat$ at ! beg9n+1 z well z ! end1 its te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( ! f\r canonical gospels is decisive4 ,9 its pres5t =m1 x op5s ) ! end ( a s5t5ce1 ! beg9n+ ( :i* is lo/4 ,x !n goes on to say1 ,! ?ird gospel accord+ to ,luke4 ,aft] m5tion+ v>i\s p>ticul>s conc]n+ ,luke1 z t he 0 a physician :om ,paul _h tak5 ) him1 t he did n himself see ! ,"l 9 ! fle%1 etc41 x adds1 ,! f\r? ( ! gospels1 t ( ,john1 ( ! numb] ( ! disciples1 to :i* x app5ds a traditional acc\nt ( ! circum/ances ( its composition4 ,) ! tru? or falsehood ( ?is acc\nt we h at pres5t no conc]n2 ! important fact is t ?is v anci5t canon recognizes ! exi/5ce ( our f\r canonical gospels4 #ab4 ,! h]etical sects ( ! second c5tury furni% te/imony to ! g5u95ess ( our canonical gospels :i* is ( ! mo/ weighty & decisive "*4 ,?\gh "s ( !m reject$ c]ta9 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & mutilat$ o!rs1 x 0 on doctr9al1 n on critical gr\nds4 ,_h !y attempt$ to disprove on hi/oric gr\nds ! g5u95ess ( ! reject$ portions ( ,scripture1 x is c]ta9 t ! *ur* fa!rs1 :o wrote aga9/ !m at su* l5g?1 w\ld h notic$ _! argum5ts4 ,! fact t !y did n1 is conclusive pro( t no su* attempt 0 made2 b f ! position :i* ! lead]s ( ^! h]etical sects occupi$1 x is c]ta9 t1 c\ld ! g5u95ess ( ! canonical gospels1 or any "o ( !m1 h be5 d5i$ on hi/oric gr\nds1 ! d5ial w\ld h be5 made4 ,m>cion1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ lead]s ( ^? :o sep>at$ !mselves f ! or?odox *ur*1 came to ,rome 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! second c5tury4 ,he sep>at$ ,*ri/ianity f all connection ) ,judaism1 mak+ ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t a diff]5t be+ f ! ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,8 gospel1 call$ by ! anci5ts ! gospel ( ,m>cion1 is admitt$ to h be5 a mutilat$ copy ( ,luke's gospel4 ,( c\rse x became necess>y t he %\ld reject ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ?is gospel1 7:i* alone he receiv$17 s9ce !y conta9 our ,"l's g5ealogy 9 ! l9e ( ,abraham & ,david1 & %\ld o!rwise alt] x to suit 8 views4 ,on ! same gr\nds1 he alt]$ ! epi/les ( ,paul also4 ,t ,m>cion 0 n ignorant ( ! o!r ?ree gospels1 b reject$ !m1 is pla9 f ! words ( ,t]tullian1 :o accuses him1 ,aga9/ ,m>cion1 #d4 #c1 ( attempt+ to de/roy ! cr$it ( ^? gospels :i* are prop]ly su*1 & are publi%$ "u ! "n ( apo/les1 or also ( apo/olic m52 t he may inve/ 8 own gospel ) ! confid5ce :i* he )draws f !m4 ,8 real gr\nd = reject+ "s books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & mutilat+ o!rs 0 t he c\ld judge bett] ( ! tru? ?an ! writ]s !mselves1 :om he repres5t$ to h be5 misl$ by ! influ5ces ( ,jewi% prejudices4 ,accord+ly ,ir5aeus well says ( ! lib]ties tak5 by ,m>cion1 ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 #a4 #bg3 ,he p]suad$ 8 disciples t he 0 himself m tru/wor?y ?an ! apo/les :o h deliv]$ to u ! gospel2 :ile he gave to !m n ! gospel1 b a fragm5t ( ! gospel4 ,a di/+ui%$ lead] ( ! ,gno/ics 0 ,val5t9us1 :o came to ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj1 & cont9u$ !re till ! "t ( ,anicetus4 ,8 te/imony & t ( 8 foll[]s is1 if possible1 m weighty ?an ev5 t ( ,m>cion4 ,8 me?od1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,t]tullian1 0 n to reject & mutilate ! ,scriptures1 b to p]v]t _! mean+ by false int]pretations4 ,t]tullian says1 ,aga9/ ,h]etics1 *4 #ch3 ,= ?\gh ,val5t9us seems to use ! entire in/rum5t1 he has done viol5ce to ! tru? ) a m artful m9d ?an ,m>cion4 ,! entire in/rum5t--,lat91 integro in/rum5to--includes our f\r canonical gospels4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,hippolytus h pres]v$ quotations f ,val5t9us 9 :i* he ref]s to ! gospels ( ,mat!w1 ,luke1 & ,john4 ,see ,we/cott1 ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #d4 #e4 ,respect+ ! gospel ( ,john 9 p>ticul>1 ,ir5aeus says1 ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 #c4 #aa1 t ! ,val5t9ians make ! mo/ abundant use ( x4 ,h]acleon1 :om ,orig5 repres5ts z hav+ be5 a famili> fri5d ( ,val5t9us1 wrote a comm5t>y on ,john1 f :i* ,orig5 frequ5tly quotes2 b if ,val5t9us & 8 foll[]s1 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! second c5tury1 us$ ! entire in/rum5t1 !y mu/ h f\nd its apo/olic au?ority e/abli%$ ^u a firm f\ndation be=e _! day4 ,?is c>ries u back to ! age imm$iately succe$+ t ( ! apo/les1 :5 ,polyc>p & o!rs :o _h kn[n !m p]sonally 7 yet liv+4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,val5t9ians1 !n1 is ( ! mo/ decisive "*4 ,ano!r prom95t man among ! h]etical writ]s 0 ,tatian1 a contempor>y & pupil ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,eusebius1 ,epiphanius1 & ,!odoret1 compos$ a ,diatess>on1 t is1 a f\r-fold gospel2 :i* c be und]/ood only z a h>mony ( ! f\r gospels :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 7 us$ by ,ju/92 or ( su* p>ts ( ^! gospels z suit$ 8 purpose2 = ,tatian1 l ,m>cion1 omitt$ all t relates to our ,"l's human desc5t4 ,) ?is ,diatess>on1 ,!odoret 0 well acqua9t$2 = he f\nd among 8 *ur*es m ?an two hundr$ copies1 :i* he caus$ to be remov$1 & _! places suppli$ by ! f\r canonical gospels4 ,z to o!r gospels ( ! second c5tury1 :i* are occasionally m5tion$ by lat] writ]s1 z ,! ,gospel ( ,tru?1 ,! ,gospel ( ,basilides1 etc41 !re is no evid5ce t !y pr(ess$ to be connect$ hi/ories ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s4 ,!y 7 r1 z ,norton has %[n1 ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 vol4 #c1 *ap4 #d1 doctr9al works embody+ ! views ( ! sect>ies t us$ !m4 #ac4 ,we h se5 h[ full & satisfactory is ! ext]nal evid5ce = our f\r canonical gospels4 ,consid]+ h[ scanty are ! rema9s ( ,*ri/ian writ+s t h come d[n to u f ! fir/ half ( ! same c5tury1 we h all ! ext]nal evid5ce = t p]iod also t c\ld be reasonably dem&$1 & x is met by no rebutt+ te/imony t re/s on hi/oric gr\nds4 ,! au?or%ip ( no anci5t classical "w is su/a9$ by a mass ( evid5ce s great & v>i$1 & ! c&id m9d c re/ 9 x ) entire satisfaction4 ,,iii4 ,int]nal ,evid5ces4 #ad4 ,"h we may beg9 ) consid]+ ! relation ( ! fir/ ?ree gospels to ! la/1 9 respect to bo? "t ( composition & "*4 ,& fir/1 ) respect to "t4 ,! fir/ ?ree gospels--frequ5tly call$ ! synoptical gospels1 or ! synoptics1 because f ! g5]al simil>ity ( _! plan & mat]ials _! cont5ts are capable ( be+ summ$ up 9 a synopsis--record our ,"l's prophecy ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ?ree records ( ?is pr$iction we> ?r\gh\t ! co/ume ( a true prophecy1 n ( a prophecy writt5 aft] ! ev5t4 ,!y are occupi$1 almo/ exclusively1 ) ! v>i\s signs by :i* ! approa* ( t great cata/rophe might be kn[n1 & ) admonitions to ! disciples to hold !mselves 9 read9ess = x4 ,mat!w1 = example1 devotes fifty v]ses to ! acc\nt ( ! prophecy & ! admonitions connect$ ) x4 ,( ^!1 only f\r1 *ap4 #bd3ai-bb1 describe ! calamities ( ! sc5e1 & t 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms4 ,n[1 ^u ! supposition t ! evangeli/ wrote be=e ! ev5t1 all ?is is natural4 ,our ,"l's design 9 utt]+ ! prophecy 0 n to gratify ! idle curiosity ( ! disciples1 b to w>n !m be=eh& 9 su* a way t !y might escape ! horrors ( ! imp5d+ cata/rophe4 ,he dwelt1 !re=e1 ma9ly on ! signs ( its approa*2 & ) ^!1 z hav+ a *ief int]e/ = ! read]s1 ! record ( ! pr$iction is mo/ly occupi$4 ,x is impossible1 on ! o!r h&1 to conceive t "o :o wrote ye>s aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city & temple %\ld n h dwelt 9 m detail on ! bloody sc5es connect$ ) _! ov]?r[1 & h giv5 9 o!r ways also a hi/oric color+ to 8 acc\nt4 ,we may safely say t to write a prophecy aft] ! ev5t 9 su* a =m z t :i* we h 9 ei!r ( ! fir/ ?ree gospels1 transc5ds ! p[] ( any un9spir$ man2 & z to inspir$ n>ratives1 ! objectors ) :om we are n[ deal+ d5y !m altoge!r4 ,b !re are1 9 ! record ( ?is prophecy1 "s special indications ( ! "t :5 ! evangeli/s wrote4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! disciples ask$1 v]4 #c3 ,:5 %all ^! ?+s--! de/ruction ( ! build+s ( ! temple--be8 & :at %all be ! sign ( ?y com+ & ( ! end ( ! _w8 ,^! que/ions our ,"l proce$$ to answ] 9 su* a way t ! impression on ! m9ds ( ! he>]s 7to be rectifi$ only by ! c\rse ( future ev5ts7 mu/ h be5 t ! ov]?r[ ( ! temple & city w\ld be connect$ ) 8 second com+ & ! end ( ! _w4 ,imm$iately aft] ! tribulation ( ^? days1 says ,mat!w1 %all ! sun be d>k5$1 etc4 ,! probable explanation ( ?is peculi> =m ( ! prophecy is t x does actually include all ?ree ev5ts2 ! fulfilm5t :i* x _h 9 ! de/ruction ( ! city & temple by ! ,romans be+ only an e>ne/ ( a high] fulfilm5t h]eaft]4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 x is important to notice t ! evangeli/s1 9 _! record ( ! prophecy1 are evid5tly unconsci\s ( any discrepancy1 real or app>5t1 t ne$s explanation2 :i* c\ld n h be5 ! case _h !y writt5 ye>s aft] ! ev5t pr$ict$4 ,x may be safely held1 says ,pr(essor ,fi%]1 ,sup]natural ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #agb1 t _h ! evangeli/ be5 writ+ at a lat] "t1 "s explanation w\ld h be5 ?r[n 9 to remove ! seem+ discrepancy betwe5 prophecy & fulfilm5t4 ,x %\ld be fur!r notic$ t ! evangeli/s ,mat!w & ,m>k1 9 ref]5ce to ! abom9ation ( desolation /&+ 9 ! holy place1 ?r[ 9 ! admonitory words1 ,let him t reade? und]/&4 ,^! are n ! ,savi\r's words1 b ^? ( ! n>rators call+ ! att5tion ( believ]s to a mo/ important sign requir+ _! imm$iate flight to ! m\nta9s4 ,be=e ! ov]?r[ ( ! city ^! words _h a weighty (fice2 aft] its ov]?r[ !y w\ld h be5 utt]ly sup]flu\s4 ,_! pres5ce 9 su* a connection is pro( t ! record 0 writt5 be=e ! ev5t to :i* x ref]s4 ,admitt+ ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! book ( ,acts1 7:i* w be consid]$ h]eaft]17 we h a special pro( ( ! e>ly composition ( ! gospel accord+ to ,luke4 ,! book ( ,acts ends abruptly ) ,paul's two ye>s resid5ce at ,rome1 :i* br+s u d[n to ,a4,d4 #fe1 five ye>s be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,! only natural explanation ( ?is fact is t "h ! composition ( ! book ( ,acts 0 br\ght to a close4 ,! date ( ! gospel :i* prec$$1 ,acts #a3a1 mu/ !re=e be plac$ /ill e>li]4 ,if1 n[1 we exam9e ! gospel ( ,john1 we f9d its int]nal "* agree+ ) ! anci5t tradition t x 0 writt5 at ,ephesus late 9 ! apo/le's life4 ,t x 0 compos$ at a di/ance f ,judea1 9 a ,g5tile region1 is manife/ f 8 c>eful explanation ( ,jewi% t]ms & usages1 :i* among 8 c\ntrym5 w\ld h ne$$ no explanation4 ,no man writ+ 9 ,judea1 or among ! ,galileans :o habitually att5d$ ! national fea/s at ,j]usalem1 w\ld h said1 ,& ! passov]1 a fea/ ( ! ,jews1 0 nigh1 #f3d2 ,n[ ! ,jews' fea/ ( tab]nacles 0 at h&1 #g3b1 etc4 ,! abs5ce ( all ref]5ce to ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,jewi% polity1 civil & ecclesia/ical1 may be naturally expla9$ ^u ! supposition t ! apo/le wrote "s ye>s aft] t ev5t1 :5 8 m9d _h n[ become famili> ) ! great tru? t ! ,mosaic in/itutions _h =ev] pass$ away to make room = ! univ]sal disp5sation ( ,*ri/ianity2 & t he wrote1 too1 among ,g5tiles = :om ! abolition ( ^! in/itutions _h no special int]e/4 ,9 g5]al /yle & _s1 moreov]1 ! gospel ( ,john is closely alli$ to 8 fir/ epi/le1 & _c well be sep>at$ f x by a great int]val ( "t2 b ! epi/le und\bt$ly belongs to a lat] p]iod ( ! apo/le's life4 ,f ! language ( ,john1 *ap4 #e3b1 ,n[ !re is at ,j]usalem1 by ! %eep-gate1 a pool1 :i* is call$ 9 ! ,hebrew tongue1 ,be!sda1 hav+ five por*es1--x has be5 argu$ t1 :5 ,john wrote1 ! city mu/ h be5 /ill /&+4 ,b ,eusebius speaks ( ! pool z rema9+ 9 8 day1 & :y may n ! por*es1 z useful to ! ,roman conqu]ors1 h be5 pres]v$1 at lea/ = a season8 ,we h se5 ! relation ( ,john's gospel to ! o!r ?ree 9 respect to "t4 ,x mu/ h be5 writt5 sev]al ye>s lat] ?an ! la/ ( !m2 p]haps n less ?an fifte5 ye>s4 ,if1 n[1 we look to its relation 9 reg>d to "*1 we mu/ say t x diff]s f !m z widely z x well c\ld :ile pres5t+ to our view ! same div9e & lov+ ,savi\r4 ,its g5]al plan is diff]5t4 ,= reasons n kn[n to u1 ! synoptical gospels are ma9ly occupi$ ) our ,"l's m9i/ry 9 ,galilee4 ,!y record only 8 la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem1 & ! mom5t\s incid5ts connect$ ) x4 ,john1 on ! contr>y1 notices 8 visits to ,j]usalem ye> by ye>4 ,h5ce 8 mat]ials are1 to a great ext5t1 diff]5t f !irs2 & ev5 :]e he records ! same ev5ts--z1 = example1 ! miracle ( ! loaves & fi%es1 & ! la/ supp]--he connects ) !m long disc\rses1 :i* ! o!r evangeli/s h omitt$4 ,p>ticul>ly noticeable are our ,"l's (t-repeat$ discussions ) ! unbeliev+ ,jews respect+ 8 ,messiah%ip1 & 8 confid5tial int]c\rse ) 8 disciples1 9 bo? ( :i* we h su* treasures ( div9e tru? & love4 ,h[ /rik+ly ?is gospel diff]s f ! o!rs 9 its g5]al /yle & mann] e read] feels at once4 ,x be>s ?r\gh\t ! impress ( ,john's individuality1 & by ?is x is imm$iately connect$ ) ! epi/les t be> 8 "n4 ,x %\ld be add$ t 9 respect to ! "t :5 our ,"l ate ! passov] ) 8 disciples !re is an app>5t disagreem5t ) ! o!r ?ree gospels1 :i* ! h>moni/s h expla9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! ess5tial po9t ( ! above comp>ison is ?is3 ,not)/&+ ! /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! lat] f\r? gospel & ! e>li] ?ree1 x 0 at once receiv$ by all ! *ur*es z ( apo/olic au?ority4 ,n[ ^u ! supposition ( its g5u95ess1 bo? its peculi> "* & its undisput$ reception ev]y:]e are easily expla9$4 ,john1 ! bosom disciple ( our ,"l1 wrote ) ! full consci\sness ( 8 apo/olic au?ority & 8 compet5cy z a witness ( :at he _h himself se5 & he>d4 ,he !re=e gave 8 te/imony 9 8 own indep5d5t & orig9al way4 ,h[ f> he may h be5 influ5c$ 9 8 selection ( mat]ials by a purpose to supply :at 0 want+ 9 ! e>li] gospels1 accord+ to an old tradition1 x is n necess>y "h to inquire2 x is suffici5t to say t1 "u ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s1 he m>k$ out t p>ticul> plan :i* we h 9 8 gospel1 & c>ri$ x out 9 8 own peculi> mann]1 ?us op5+ to ! *ur*es new m9es1 s to speak1 ( ! inexhau/ible fulness ( tru? & love conta9$ 9 him 9 :om dwelle? all ! fulness ( ! godhead bodily4 ,& :5 ?is orig9al gospel1 s diff]5t 9 its g5]al plan & /yle f ^? t prec$$1 made its appe>ance1 ! apo/olic au?ority ( its au?or secur$ its imm$iate & univ]sal reception by ! *ur*es4 ,all ?is is v pla9 & intelligible4 ,b ^u ! supposition t ! gospel ( ,john is a spuri\s production ( ! age succe$+ t ( ! apo/les1 let any "o expla91 if he c1 h[ x c\ld h obta9$ univ]sal & unque/ion$ apo/olic au?ority4 ,its v diff]5ce f ! e>li] gospels mu/ h provok$ inquiry & exam9ation1 & ^! mu/ h l$ to its rejection1 especially at a "t :5 "s :o _h kn[n ! apo/le yet surviv$2 & no "o n[ pret5ds to assign to x a lat] p]iod4 #ae4 ,we w next consid] ! relation ( ! fir/ ?ree gospels to ea* o!r4 ,"h we h rem>kable agreem5ts ) rem>kable diff]5ces4 ,! g5]al plan ( all ?ree is ! same4 ,x is manife/ also1 at fir/ sight1 t !re lies at ! f\ndation ( ea* a basis ( common matt]--common n 9 sub/ance alone1 b to a great ext5t 9 =m also4 ,equally manife/ is x t ! ?ree evangeli/s write indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,mat!w1 = example1 did n draw 8 mat]ials f ,luke2 = !re is 8 g5ealogy ( our ,"l1 & 8 full acc\nt ( ! s]mon on ! m\nt1 n to m5tion o!r p>ticul>s4 ,nor did ,luke take 8 mat]ials f ,mat!w2 = !re is 8 g5ealogy also1 ) l>ge sections ( matt] peculi> to himself4 ,m>k has b little matt] t is absolutely new2 b :]e he & ! o!r two evangeli/s record ! same ev5ts1 if "o comp>es 8 n>ratives ) !irs1 he f9ds num]\s little incid5ts peculi> to ?is gospel wov5 into !m 9 a v vivid & graphic mann]4 ,!y come 9 also 9 ! mo/ natural & artless way1 z might be expect$ f "o :o1 if n himself an eye-witness1 receiv$ 8 in=mation imm$iately f eye-witnesses4 ,! ?ree writ]s1 moreov]1 d n always agree z to ! ord] 9 :i* !y record ev5ts2 yet1 not)/&+ ! div]sities :i* !y exhibit1 !y 7 all receiv$ f ! fir/ z ( equal au?ority4 ,! natural explanation ( ?is is t all ?ree wrote 9 ! apo/olic age1 & consequ5tly _h access1 ea* ( !m indep5d5tly ( ! o!r two1 to ! mo/ au!ntic s\rces ( in=mation4 ,^! s\rces 7s f> z ! evangeli/s 7 n !mselves eye-witnesses7 lay p>tly1 p]haps1 9 writt5 docum5ts l ^? ref]r$ to by ,luke1 #a3a1 p>tly 9 ! unwritt5 traditions curr5t 9 ! apo/olic *ur*es1 & p>tly 9 p]sonal inquiry f eye-witnesses1 especially1 9 ! case ( ,m>k & ,luke1 f apo/les !mselves4 ,f ^! mat]ials ea* select$ z suit$ 8 purposes1 & ! *ur*es ev]y:]e unhesitat+ly receiv$ ea* ( ! ?ree gospels1 not)/&+ ! above-nam$ v>iations betwe5 !m1 because !y _h und\bt$ evid5ce ( _! apo/olic au?ority4 ,we _c suppose t aft] ! apo/olic age ?ree gospels1 be>+ to ea* o!r ! relation :i* ^! d1 c\ld h be5 impos$ ^u ! *ur*es z all ( !m equally au!ntic4 ,we "k f ! hi/ory ( ,m>cion's gospel h[ fully alive !y 7 to ! "* ( _! sacr$ records4 ,on apo/olic au?ority !y c\ld receive--to m5tion a s+le example--bo? ,mat!w's & ,luke's acc\nt ( our ,"l's g5ealogy2 b x is c]ta9 t !y w\ld n h receiv$ ! two on ! au?ority ( m5 :o liv$ aft] ! apo/olic age4 #af4 ,9 ! gospel n>ratives are num]\s incid5tal allusions to pass+ ev5ts )\t ! prop] sph]e ( our ,"l's labors1 to social cu/oms1 & to ! pres5t po/ure ( public affairs1 civil & ecclesia/ical4 ,9 all ^! ! sev]e/ scrut9y has be5 able to detect no trace ( a lat] age4 ,?is is a weighty te/imony to ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! gospels4 ,_h _! au?ors liv$ 9 a lat] age1 ! fact mu/ h manife/$ itself 9 "s ( ^! ref]5ces4 ,! mo/ artless writ] c allude 9 a natural & tru?ful way to pres5t ev5ts1 usages1 & circum/ances2 b x transc5ds ! p[] ( ! mo/ skilful au?or to multiply incid5tal & m9ute ref]5ces to a pa/ age )\t betray+ ! fact t he does n belong to x4 #ag4 ,e age has1 also1 its peculi> impress ( ?\ght & reason+ 9 religi\s1 n less ?an 9 secul> matt]s4 ,al?\gh ! gospel itself rema9s always ! same1 & ^? :o s9c]ely embrace x h also sub/antially ! same "* f age to age1 !re is1 nev]!less1 cont9ual progress & *ange 9 m5's appreh5sion ( ! gospel & its in/itutions1 & consequ5tly 9 _! mann] ( reason+ conc]n+ !m4 ,no man1 = example1 c\ld write a treatise on ,*ri/ianity at ! pres5t day )\t mak+ x manife/ t he did n belong to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! primitive age ( ,*ri/ianity is no exception to ?is univ]sal law4 ,"u ! auspices ( ! apo/les x began to move =w>d1 & x cont9u$ to move aft] _! decease4 ,! pa/oral epi/les ( ,paul be> int]nal m>ks ( hav+ be5 writt5 9 ! lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 because !y are adapt$ to ! /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* & its in/itutions t belong$ to t1 & n to an e>li] p]iod4 ,if1 n[1 we exam9e ! writ+s ( ! s-call$ apo/olic fa!rs--disciples ( ! apo/les1 :o wrote aft] _! dea?--we f9d 9 !m circles ( ?\ght & reason+ n belong+ to ! canonical writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 lea/ ( all to ! canonical gospels1 ?\gh !y are evid5tly d]iv$ f h9ts conta9$ 9 ^! writ+s1 :e!r rightly or wrongly appreh5d$4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! works ( ! apo/olic fa!rs are di/+ui%$ 9 a v m>k$ way f ^? :i* be> ! names ( ! apo/les !mselves or _! associates4 #ah4 ,ano!r decisive argum5t lies 9 ! "* ( ! ,greek employ$ by ! evangeli/s1 9 common ) ! o!r writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is ! ,greek language employ$ by ,jews1 7or1 9 ! case ( ,luke1 if 8 ,jewi% orig9 be d\bt$--see ,col4 #d3aa1 #af--;by "o :o _h receiv$ a ,jewi% tra9+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t17 & !re=e p]vad$ & color$ by ,hebrew idioms4 ,?is peculi> =m ( ! ,greek language belongs to ! apo/olic age1 :5 ! tea*]s & writ]s ( ! *ur* 7 ,jews4 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem1 ! disp]sion ( ! ,jewi% nation1 & ! dea? ( ! apo/les & _! associates1 x rapidly disappe>$4 ,!nce=w>d ! writ]s ( ! *ur* 7 ( ,g5tile orig9 & tra9+1 9 accordance ) ! ,savi\r's memorable words3 ,! k+dom ( ,god %all be tak5 f y1 & giv5 to a nation br++ =? ! fruits !re(4 ,^! int]nal pro(s1 co9cid+ z !y d ) a mass ( ext]nal evid5ces s great & v>i$1 place ! g5u95ess ( ! f\r canonical gospels on a f\ndation t _c be %ak54 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,uncorrupt ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>ratives4 #a4 ,x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to def9e :at is meant 9 ! pres5t connection by ! uncorrupt pres]vation ( ! gospel n>ratives4 ,:5 a man1 ^: bus9ess x is to exam9e & comp>e manuscripts or editions ( a "w1 speaks ( a giv5 text z corrupt1 he means "o ?+2 9 a "q conc]n+ ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em z giv5 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a corrupt text means some?+ v diff]5t4 ,! collator ( manuscripts und]/&s by a corrupt text "o t has be5 m>r$ by ! c>elessness or bad judgm5t ( transcrib]s1 :5ce h aris5 s _m v>i\s read+s1 ?\gh ^! d n *ange1 or ess5tially obscure ! facts & doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 z has be5 mo/ conclusively %[n by ! results ( mod]n textual criticism2 b 9 an inquiry :e!r we h 9 our canonical gospels ! acc\nt ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s z x 0 orig9ally writt5 by ! evangeli/s 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 we h to d ) ! "q1 n ( v>i\s read+s1 su* z are incid5t to all manuscripts1 b ( ess5tial additions1 alt]ations1 or mutilations--l ^?1 = example1 :i* ,m>cion attempt$--by :i* ! facts & doctr9es !mselves are *ang$ or obscur$4 ,x is aga9/ ! *>ge ( su* ess5tial corruptions t we ma9ta9 ! integrity ( ! text 9 ! gospels1 z 9 ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #b4 ,! mo/ important mat]ials = writ+ 9 anci5t times 7 ! pap] made ( ! ,egyptian papyrus plant--:5ce ! ^w pap]--& p>*m5t1 prep>$ f ! sk9s ( animals1 ! f9] k9ds ( :i* are call$ vellum4 ,bo? are ( high antiquity4 ,! use ( ! above-m5tion$ pap] 0 v common 9 ! apo/olic age2 & f an incid5tal notice 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7#b ,john #ab comp>$ ) #c ,john #ac17 x appe>s to h be5 ! mat]ial employ$ by ! apo/les !mselves4 ,b ! use ( p>*m5t became m common 9 ! foll[+ c5turies1 :ile t ( papyrus-pap] gradually ceas$4 ,to ?is circum/ance we owe1 9 a great measure1 ! pres]vation ( our olde/ manuscripts2 = ! papyrus-pap] 0 ( a v p]i%able nature1 & ! manuscripts writt5 ^u x t h come d[n to u f high antiquity h be5 kept 9 specially favorable circum/ances1 z1 = example1 9 ! anci5t ,egyptian tombs4 ,) ! disuse ( papyrus-pap] ceas$ also ! anci5t =m ( ! roll4 ,all manuscripts writt5 on p>*m5t are 9 ! =m ( books ) leaves4 ,f ab\t ! elev5? c5tury1 pap] made f cotton or l95 came into common use4 ,! co/l9ess ( writ+ mat]ials gave rise to a peculi> usage4 ,f ! leaves ( an anci5t "w ! orig9al writ+ 0 eras$1 m or less p]fectly4 ,!y 7 !n employ$ z ! mat]ial = ano!r "w1 ! latt] be+ writt5 ov] ! =m]4 ,su* manuscripts are call$ palimpse/s--writt5 aga9 aft] erasure4 ,! orig9al writ+1 :i* is v (t5 ! sacr$ text1 c 9 g5]al be deciph]$1 especially by ! aid ( c]ta9 *emical applications4 ,"s ( our mo/ preci\s manuscripts are ( ?is "*4 ,! exi/+ manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are ( two k9ds4 ,fir/1 ! uncial1 t is1 ^? writt5 9 capital lett]s4 ,"h belong all ! mo/ anci5t & valuable4 ,! writ+ is g5]ally 9 columns1 f two to f\r to a page2 sometimes 9 a s+le column4 ,!re is no division ( ! text into words2 ! m>ks ( int]punction are few & simple2 & till ! sev5? c5tury !re 7 no acc5ts1 & brea?+s only 9 special cases4 ,secondly1 ! cursive1 or ^? writt5 9 runn+-h&1 ) division ( ! text into words1 capitals only = initial lett]s1 acc5ts1 brea?+s1 etc41 & (t5 ) _m contractions4 ,?is is ! common =m ( manuscripts aft] ! t5? c5tury1 ! uncial be+ reta9$ = "s ages aft]w>ds only 9 books design$ = use 9 ! *ur* s]vice4 ,9 bo? ! uncial & ! cursive manuscripts1 ea* c5tury has its peculi> /yle ( writ+4 ,f ?is1 z well z f ! quality ( ! mat]ials1 exp]t judges c det]m9e ! age ( a giv5 manuscript ) a good degree ( accuracy4 ,! details p]ta9+ to ! =m ( anci5t manuscripts1 _! numb]1 "*1 etc41 belong to ! dep>tm5t ( textual criticism4 ,! above brief notices are giv5 to prep>e ! way = a /atem5t ( ! evid5ce t we h ! gospel n>ratives1 z also ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 )\t corruption 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally writt54 ,see ! ,,plates at ! beg9n+ ( ?is book4 #c4 ,( ! autograph manuscripts proce$+ imm$iately f ! inspir$ au?ors we f9d no trace aft] ! apo/olic age4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! wisdom ( ,god has c>efully gu>d$ ! *ur* aga9/ a sup]/iti\s v5]ation = ! m]ely outw>d in/rum5ts ( r$emption4 ,we d n ne$ ! wood ( ! true cross t we may h r$emption ?r\gh ! blood ( ,*ri/2 nor d we ne$ ! id5tical manuscripts t proce$$ f ! apo/les & _! companions1 s9ce we h ! cont5ts ( ^! manuscripts h&$ d[n to u )\t corruption 9 any ess5tial p>ticul>4 ,?is appe>s f v>i\s consid]ations4 ,fir/4 ,sev]al hundr$ manuscripts ( ! gospels1 or ( portions ( !m1 7to conf9e our att5tion at pres5t to ^!17 h be5 exam9$1 two ( !m belong+ to ! f\r? c5tury & two1 ) "s fragm5ts1 to ! fif?4 ,all ^!1 ?\gh writt5 9 diff]5t c5turies & com+ f widely diff]5t regions1 conta9 ess5tially ! same text4 ,9 !m1 n "o ( ! great facts or doctr9es ( ! gospel hi/ory is mutilat$ or obscur$4 ,secondly4 ,! quotations ( ! *ur* fa!rs f ! la/ "p ( ! second to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury are s copi\s1 t f !m almo/ ! entire text ( our pres5t gospels c\ld be recon/ruct$4 ,^! quotations agree sub/antially ) ea* o!r & ) ! text ( our exi/+ manuscripts2 only t ! e>li] fa!rs1 z already notic$1 *ap4 #b4 #c1 (t5 quote loosely f memory1 bl5d toge!r diff]5t n>ratives1 & int]weave ) ! words ( ,scripture _! own explanatory rem>ks4 ,?irdly4 ,we h two v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--! ,old ,lat9 or ,italic1 & ! ,syriac call$ ,pe%ito--:i* le>n$ m5 are agre$ 9 plac+ some:]e 9 ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,! te/imony ( ^! witnesses to ! uncorrupt pres]vation ( ! sacr$ text1 f ! "t :5 !y fir/ appe>$ to ! pres5t1 is decisive2 = !y also agree ess5tially ) ! ,greek text ( ! gospel z we n[ possess x4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,davidson affirms ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion1 t ! m anci5t ! ,greek manuscripts1 ! clos] is _! agreem5t ) x4 ,& ,tis*5dorf says ( ! olde/ kn[n manuscript ( ! ,bible--! ,greek ,s9ai ,codex1 br\ght by him f ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,ca?>9e1 ,m\nt ,s9ai1 9 #ahei--t its agreem5t1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t portion1 ) ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion1 is rem>kable4 ,?r\gh ! jo9t te/imony1 !n1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! mo/ anci5t ,greek manuscripts1 especially ! ,s9ai ,codex1 :i* is ! olde/ ( !m all2 & on ! o!r1 ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion :i* belongs to ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury1 we are c>ri$ back to a v anci5t & pure =m ( ! ,greek text preval5t be=e ! execution ( ?is v]sion1 t is1 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,tis*5dorf adds argum5ts to %[ t ! ,syriac ,pe%ito v]sion1 ! text ( :i* has n come d[n to u 9 s pure a /ate1 _h = its basis sub/antially ! same =m ( text z ! ,old ,lat9 & ! ,s9ai ,codex4 ,! sub/antial id5tity ( ! sacr$ text1 z we n[ h x1 ) t :i* has exi/$ s9ce ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 is ?us %[n to be a matt] n ( probable conjecture1 b ( c]ta9 k4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a sure crit]ion by :i* to measure & int]pret ! compla9ts :i* textual critics1 anci5t or mod]n1 h made1 sometimes 9 v /rong language1 conc]n+ ! corruptions t h f\nd _! way into ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,^! writ]s h ref]5ce to :at are call$ v>i\s read+s1 n to mutilations & alt]ations1 su* z ^? *>g$ by ! anci5ts ^u ,m>cion1 by :i* he s\ght to *ange ! facts & doctr9es ( ! gospel4 ,t ?is mu/ be _! mean+ we "k2 = !re are ! manuscripts by hundr$s z witnesses1 all ( :i*1 ! mo/ corrupt z textual critics w\ld call !m1 z well z ! pure/1 give 9 ! gospel n>ratives ! same facts & doctr9es )\t ess5tial v>iation4 ,let n ! inexp]i5c$ inquir] be misl$ into any wrong conclusion by ! numb] ( v>i\s read+s1 am\nt+ to _m ?\s&s1 :i* textual criticism has br\ght to light4 ,! great] ! numb] ( manuscripts collat$1 ! great] w be ! numb] ( ^! read+s2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 we are cont9ually mak+ a ne>] approa* to ! purity ( ! primitive text4 ,z a g5]al rule ^! v>iations relate to trifl+ p>ticul>s2 z1 = example1 :e!r ! conjunction & %all be ins]t$ or omitt$2 :e!r b or = is ! true read+2 :e!r ?is or t ord] ( words giv+ ! same s5se %all h ! pref]5ce1 etc4 ,a few ( ! v>iations are ( a m important "*4 ,?us1 9 ,john #a3ah1 "s manuscripts & fa!rs in/ead ( only begott5 ,son1 read only begott5 ,god4 ,b ev5 "h we may decide ei!r way )\t *ang+ or obscur+ ! great tru?s ( ! gospel n>ratives2 = ^! are n dep5d5t on p>ticul> words or phrases1 b p]vade & vivify ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z ! vital blood does ! body4 ,! same may be said ( c]ta9 passages :i*1 on purely critical gr\nds--t is1 ! au?ority ( anci5t manuscripts--"s h ?\ght d\btful2 z1 = example1 ,john #e3d1 & ! n>rative record$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? *apt] ( ! same gospel4 ,! ins]tion or omission ( ! passages conc]n+ :i* any reasonable d\bts c be ent]ta9$ on critical gr\nds1 w n affect 9 ! lea/ ! great tru?s ( ! gospel n>ratives4 #d4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,0 ! text f :i* ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion 0 made1 & ) :i*1 z we h se51 ! olde/ manuscripts h a close agreem5t1 sub/antially ! same z t :i* proce$$ f ! inspir$ au?ors8 ,"h we mu/ disc>d all gr\ndless suppositions1 & adh]e /rictly to ! kn[n facts 9 ! premises4 ,! fir/ fact to be notic$ is ! public read+ ( ! gospels 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 a cu/om :i* prevail$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 writ+ be=e ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 says ( ! memoirs writt5 by ! apo/les or _! foll[]s & call$ gospels 7:i* h be5 %[n to be our canonical gospels1 *ap4 #b3g7 t ei!r ^! or ! writ+s ( ! ,jewi% prophets 7 read 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es on ! fir/ day ( e week4 ,?is is a fact ( ! highe/ importance2 = x %[s t ! witnesses & gu>dians ( ! sacr$ text 7 n a few individuals1 b ! great body ( believ]s1 & t no sy/ematic corruption ( _! cont5ts c\ld h tak5 place )\t _! k & cons5t1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 giv54 ,intimately connect$ ) ! above is a second fact1 t ( ! great multiplication ( copies ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 especially ( ! gospel n>ratives1 s9ce ^! conta9 ! great facts t lie at ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,e *ur* w\ld1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 be anxi\s to possess a copy1 & ,*ri/ians :o possess$ ! requisite means w\ld furni% !mselves ) additional copies = _! own private use4 ,if1 n[1 we suppose "o or m ( ^! copies to h be5 ess5tially *ang$1 ! corruption w\ld n1 z 9 ! case ( a pr9t$ "w1 ext5d to _m hundr$s ( copies4 ,x w\ld be conf9$ to ! manuscript or manuscripts into :i* x _h be5 introduc$ & ! copies made !refrom1 :ile ! num]\s uncorrupt copies w\ld rema9 z witnesses ( ! fraud2 = ! supposition ( a v e>ly corruption dur+ ! apo/olic age1 be=e copies ( ! gospels _h be5 to any consid]able ext5t multipli$1 is utt]ly absurd4 ,a ?ird fact is ! high value atta*$ by ! primitive *ur*es to ! gospel n>ratives1 & _! consequ5t zeal = _! uncorrupt pres]vation4 ,no "o w d5y to !m ! qualities ( e>ne/ness & s9c]ity4 ,to !m ! gospels 7 ! record ( _! r$emption ?r\gh ! blood ( ,*ri/4 ,= ! tru?s conta9$ 9 !m !y /eadfa/ly endur$ p]secution 9 e =m1 & dea? itself4 ,c\ld we ev5 suppose1 contr>y to evid5ce1 t private transcrib]s alt]$ at pleasure _! copies ( ! gospels1 x is c]ta9 t ! *ur*es w\ld nev] h all[$ _! public copies to be tamp]$ )4 ,! resi/ance :i* ,m>cion met ) 9 8 attempt to alt] ! sacr$ text1 %[s h[ wat*ful 0 _! jeal\sy = its uncorrupt pres]vation4 ,a /ill fur!r fact is ! want ( "t = ess5tial corruptions1 l ^? n[ "u consid]ation4 ,t su* corruptions c\ld h tak5 place dur+ ! apo/olic age1 no "o w ma9ta94 ,equally c]ta9 is x t !y c\ld n h happ5$ dur+ ! age next succe$+1 :ile _m presbyt]s & private ,*ri/ians yet surviv$ :o _h li/5$ to ! apo/les1 & knew ! hi/ory ( ! gospels writt5 by !m or _! companions4 ,b ?is br+s u d[n into ! fir/ "p ( ! second c5tury4 ,leav+ out ( view ! apo/le ,john1 :o probably di$ ne> ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & assum+ ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet] & ,paul to h tak5 place some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fd & #fg1 we may place ! beg9n+ ( ! age n[ "u consid]ation at ,a4,d4 #fe4 ,( ! num]\s ,*ri/ians :o 7 !n ?irty ye>s or less ( age _m mu/ h surviv$ till ,a4,d4 #aaj1 & ev5 lat]4 ,polyc>p1 a disciple ( ,john1 suff]$ m>tyrdom ,a4,d4 #afg1 & d\btless _m o!rs ( 8 he>]s surviv$ till ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,! "t1 !n1 dur+ :i* su* a corruption z t n[ "u consid]ation c be suppos$ to h tak5 place is s n>r[$ d[n t x am\nts to well-nigh no?+2 & x is1 moreov]1 ! v "t dur+ :i* ,ju/9 ,m>tyr wrote 8 ,apologies1 & ,m>cion made 8 unsuccessful attempt to mutilate ! gospel hi/ory4 ,f9ally1 no evid5ce exi/s t ! text ( ! gospel n>ratives has be5 ess5tially corrupt$4 ,( ,m>cion's abortive attempt we h abundant notices 9 ! writ+s ( ! e>ly fa!rs4 ,_! sil5ce 9 respect to o!r l attempts is conclusive pro( t !y 7 nev] made4 ,_h we ! autographs ( ! evangeli/s1 we %\ld1 ) reason1 atta* to !m a high value2 b !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t _! text w\ld diff] 9 any ess5tial p>ticul> f t :i* we n[ possess4 ,!y w\ld pres5t to our view ! same ,savi\r & ! same gospel4 #e4 ,:at has be5 said respect+ ! uncorrupt pres]vation ( ! gospel n>ratives applies ess5tially to ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 s t 9 ! consid]ation ( !m ! above argum5ts w n ne$ to be repeat$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,au!nticity ,,& ,,cr$ibility ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>ratives4 #a4 ,! g5u95ess & uncorrupt pres]vation ( our f\r canonical gospels hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 ! presumption 9 favor ( _! au!nticity & cr$ibility is exce$+ly /rong4 ,9 tru?1 few c be f\nd :o1 admitt+ _! apo/olic orig9 9 ess5tially _! pres5t =m1 w v5ture to d5y t !y conta9 an au!ntic & reliable record ( facts4 ,we may dismiss at once ! mod]n !ory :i* conv]ts ! gospels into my?s--pure ideas embodi$ 9 allegorical n>ratives :i* h no hi/oric f\ndation4 ,my?s d n turn ! _w upside d[n1 z did ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les4 ,my?s d n inspire ! s\ls ( m5 & wom5 by ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ) h]oic zeal & c\rage1 enabl+ !m /eadfa/ly to endure p]secution & dea? = ! tru?'s sake4 ,x 0 love t[>ds a crucifi$ & ris5 ,savi\r 9 de$ & 9 tru?1 n t[>ds ! my?ical idea ( su* a ,savi\r1 t made ! primitive ,*ri/ians victori\s alike ov] inw>d s9ful affection & outw>d p]secution4 ,to e "o :o reads ! gospel n>ratives 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 sob] judgm5t1 x is manife/ t !y are int5d$ to be pla9 unv>ni%$ /atem5ts ( facts4 ,! "q is1 ,are ^! /atem5ts reliable8 ,"h new argum5ts c h>dly be expect$2 ! old are abundantly suffici5t4 ,res]v+ = ano!r place ^? g5]al argum5ts :i* apply to ! gospel sy/em z a :ole1 let u "h briefly consid] ! "* ( ! au?ors & _! records2 ( ! ev5ts :i* !y record ) ! surr\nd+ circum/ances2 & especially ( ,jesus1 _! great !me4 #b4 ,x is natural to ask1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,7 ^! m5 s9c]e & tru?ful8 ,"h we ne$ n long delay4 ,_! s9c]ity1 ) t ( _! contempor>ies :o receiv$ _! n>ratives z true1 %9es =? l ! sun 9 ! firmam5t4 ,) ref]5ce to !m1 ! ,savi\r's argum5t applies 9 all its =ce3 ,h[ c ,satan ca/ out ,satan8 ,if ,satan rise up aga9/ himself1 & be divid$1 he _c /&1 b ha? an end4 ,! life-long "w ( ! evangeli/s & _! associates 0 to ca/ out ( ! _w all fraud & falsehood4 ,if n[ !y attempt$ to d ?is by ! p]petration ( a mo/ a/\nd+ fraud1 we h ! case ( ,satan ca/+ out ,satan4 ,b we ne$ n argue ! matt] at l5g?4 ,by :at !y did & suff]$ 9 behalf ( _! doctr9es1 z well z by ! artless simplicity ( _! n>ratives1 !y give full pro( ( _! s9c]ity & tru?fulness4 #c4 ,we next inquire3 ,7 !y compet5t z m58 t is1 7 !y m5 ( sob] judgm5t1 able correctly to see & record ! facts t came "u _! obs]vation1 & n vision>y en?usia/s :o mi/ook dreams = realities8 ,?is "q admits ( a %ort & satisfactory answ]4 ,no pro( :atev] exi/s t !y 7 vision>y m51 b abundant pro( to ! contr>y4 ,_! n>ratives are calm1 unimpassion$1 & /raight=w>d1 )\t expatiation on ! greatness ( ,*ri/'s "* & works & ! wick$ness ( 8 enemies1 z is ! way ( all excit$ en?usia/s4 ,:at ,paul said to ,fe/us applies 9 its full =ce to !m & _! writ+s3 ,i am n mad1 mo/ noble ,fe/us1 b speak =? ! words ( tru? & sob]ness4 ,if any "o w condemn !m z vision>y1 x mu/ be on ! sole gr\nd t all belief 9 ! sup]natural is vision>y--a position t w be notic$ h]eaft]4 #d4 ,a fur!r inquiry is1 ,7 ^! m5 compet5t z witnesses8 t is1 _h !y ! requisite means ( kn[+ ! facts :i* !y record8 ,) reg>d to ! apo/les ,mat!w & ,john1 ?is matt] ne$ n be argu$4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r two1 ,luke /ates v fairly ! position :i* !y occupi$3 ,x seem$ good to me also1 hav+ _h p]fect und]/&+ ( all ?+s1 7hav+ accurately trac$ out all ?+s1 z ! orig9al signifies17 f ! v beg9n+1 to write to !e1 9 ord]1 etc4 ,luke _h 9 abundance ! means ( accurately trac+ out all ?+s relat+ to our ,"l's life & works1 = he 0 ! companion ( apo/les & o!rs :o f ! beg9n+ 7 eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w2 & f !m1 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 he drew 8 in=mation4 ,! same is true ( ,m>k also4 #e4 ,we come n[ to consid] ! "* ( ! works :i* !y record1 & ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 p]=m$4 ,"h x may be rem>k$ 9 ! outset t x is n necess>y to exam9e 9 detail all ! miracles record$ 9 ! gospel hi/ory4 ,?\gh !y all proce$$ alike f ! direct ag5cy ( ,god1 !y are n all alike op5 to human inspection4 ,if ^u exam9ation we f9d ! sup]natural orig9 ( _m ( !m rais$ above all possibility ( d\bt1 x is a legitimate inf]5ce t ! re/ ( !m _h ! same div9e orig94 ,n to insi/ !n ^u ! miracles ascrib$ to our ,"l )9 ! sph]e ( inanimate nature1 su* z ! conv]sion ( wat] into w9e1 ! fe$+ ( _m ?\s&s ) a few loaves & fi%es1 & walk+ ^u ! sea1 all ( :i* 7 done 9 su* circum/ances t !re is no room = que/ion+ _! reality1 let u exam9e "s t 7 p]=m$ ^u ! p]sons ( m54 ,palsy1 dropsy1 )]$ limbs1 bl9dness1 ! want ( he>+ & spee*1 leprosy1 confirm$ lunacy--all ^! 7 z well kn[n 9 _! outw>d symptoms eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago z !y are to-day4 ,p]sons c\ld n be afflict$ ) su* maladies 9 a corn]4 ,! neighbors mu/ h kn[n !n1 z !y d n[1 ! p>ticul>s ( su* cases1 & h be5 unexceptionable witnesses to _! reality4 ,p]sons may feign bl9dness & o!r infirmities among /rang]s1 b no man c pass himself (f z palsi$1 deaf & dumb1 bl9d1 7especially bl9d f bir?17 halt1 )]$1 9 8 own community4 ,! reality ( ! maladies !n is beyond all "q2 & s is also ! reality ( _! in/antane\s removal by ! imm$iate p[] ( ! ,savi\r4 ,"h we mu/ n fail to take into acc\nt ! imm5se numb] ( our ,"l's miracles1 _! div]sifi$ "*1 & ! fact t !y 7 p]=m$ ev]y:]e1 z well )\t z ) previ\s notice1 & 9 ! mo/ op5 & public mann]4 ,mod]n pret5d]s to miracul\s p[] h a select circle ( m>vell\s feats1 ! exhibition ( :i* is re/rict$ to p>ticul> places4 ,no "o ( !m w\ld v5ture to und]take ! cure ( a man born bl9d1 or t _h a )]$ limb1 or t _h be5 a p>alytic = ?irty-eight ye>s4 ,b ,jesus ( ,naz>e? w5t ab\t ! cities & villages ( ,judea = ! space ( ?ree ye>s1 heal+ all mann] ( disease4 ,) him !re 0 no di/9ction ( easy & difficult1 s9ce to ,div9e p[] no?+ is h>d4 ,) ! same ^w he rebuk$ a rag+ fev]1 cleans$ f leprosy1 gave /r5g? to ! p>alytic1 heal$ ! )]$ limb1 gave sight to ! bl9d1 he>+ to ! deaf1 & spee* to ! dumb1 & rais$ ! dead to life4 ,! same voice t said to ! man at ,be!sda1 ,rise1 take up ?y b$1 & walk1 said also to ,laz>us1 :o _h la9 f\r days 9 ! grave1 ,come =?4 #f4 ,x is ) reason t we lay special /ress ^u ! fact t ,*ri/ p]=m$ _m ( 8 greate/ miracles 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 enemies1 :o _h bo? ! means & ! w to in/itute a se>*+ inve/igation conc]n+ !m1 & :o w\ld h d5i$ _! reality _h x be5 9 _! p[] to d s4 ,sad inde$ is ! record ( ! p]v]se opposition & calumny :i* our ,"l enc\nt]$ on ! "p ( ! ,jewi% rul]s4 ,b ev5 ?is has a bright side4 ,x %[s u t ! ,savi\r's miracles c\ld endure ! sev]e/ scrut9y--t aft] e means :i* p[] & weal? & patronage & (ficial influ5ce c\ld comm& _h be5 us$ = _! disp>agem5t1 _! div9e orig9 /ill %one =? l ! uncl\d$ sun at noon-day4 ,if any "o d\bts ?is1 let him read att5tively ! n9? *apt] ( ,john's gospel1 :i* records ! inve/igation in/itut$ by ! ,jewi% rul]s respect+ ! miracle ( heal+ a man bl9d f 8 bir?4 ,9 no mod]n c\rt ( ju/ice 0 a "q ( fact ev] subject$ to a sev]] scrut9y4 ,& ! result 0 t !y c\ld n d5y ! miracle1 b said 9 _! bl9d hatr$ ( ! ,r$eem]1 ,give ,god ! praise3 we "k t ?is man is a s9n]4 ,s :5 !y c\ld n d5y t ,jesus ca/ out devils1 !y alleg$ t he did x by ! help ( ,satan2 :5 x 0 manife/ t he _h by a ^w heal$ a man t _h la9 ?irty-&-eight ye>s a helpless p>alytic1 !y blam$ him = work+ on ! ,sabba?-day2 :5 ,laz>us _h be5 call$ out ( 8 grave 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! p1 !y said1 ,:at d we8 = ?is man doe? _m miracles4 ,& !n !y consult$ n to disprove ^! miracles1 b to put bo? him & ,laz>us to dea?4 ,?us1 9 ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 we h = ! reality ( our ,"l's miracles ! te/imony ( 8 enemies & p]secutors4 #g4 ,! resurrection ( ,jesus is ! miracle ( miracles1 ( :i* we may say ) tru? t x compreh5ds 9 itself all ! o!r mighty works record$ 9 ! gospel hi/ory4 ,we _c b notice ! condesc5d+ c>e ) :i* our ,"l himself c]tifi$ to 8 disciples its reality4 ,:5 he _h sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 !y 7 t]rifi$ & affright$1 & suppos$ t !y _h se5 a _s4 ,to conv9ce !m ( ! reality ( 8 bodily pres5ce1 he said1 ,behold my h&s & my feet1 t x is ,i myself3 h&le me & see2 = a _s ha? n fle% & bones1 z ye see me h4 ,& :5 he _h ?us spok51 he %[$ !m 8 h&s & 8 feet1 t !y might see 9 !m ! pr9ts ( ! nails4 ,f9d+ !m /ill incr$ul\s1 believ+ n = joy & wond]+1 he add$ ano!r conclusive pro( t he 0 n a _s1 b a true man3 he ask$ = meat2 & !y gave him a piece ( a broil$ fi%1 & ( an honeycomb2 & he took x1 & did eat be=e !m4 ,luke #bd3cf-dc4 ,to ! unbeliev+ ,?omas he (f]$ ! fur!r pro( :i* he _h dem&$3 ,rea* hi!r ?y f+]1 & behold my h&s2 & rea* hi!r ?y h&1 & ?ru/ x into my side2 & be n fai?less1 b believ+4 ,! c]ta9ty ( ?is great ev5t ! evangeli/ ,luke sets =? 9 8 introduction to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les3 ,to :om also1 7to ! apo/les17 he %[$ himself alive aft] 8 passion1 by _m infallible pro(s1 be+ se5 ( !m =ty days1 & speak+ ( ! ?+s p]ta9+ to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! apo/le ,pet]1 9 8 address to ,cornelius & 8 fri5ds1 says3 ,him ,god rais$ up ! ?ird day1 & %[$ him op5ly2 n to all ! p1 b unto witnesses *os5 be=e ( ,god1 ev5 to u1 :o did eat & dr9k ) him aft] he rose f ! dead4 ,acts #aj3dj1 #da4 ,! apo/le ,paul1 9 8 enum]ation ( our ,"l's appe>ances to 8 disciples aft] 8 resurrection1 #a ,cor4 #e-h1 m5tions t on "o occasion he 0 se5 ( above five hundr$ bre?r5 at once2 ( :om1 he says1 ! great] "p rema9 unto ?is pres5t1 b "s are fall5 asleep4 ,x 0 n ! greatness ( ! miracle1 consid]$ simply by itself1 b its relation to ! gospel1 t made our ,"l's resurrection f ! dead ! c5tral fact ( ! apo/les' te/imony4 ,x 01 s to speak1 ! h+e on :i* ! :ole "w ( r$emption turn$4 ,our ,"l's expiatory dea? = ! s9s ( ! _w & 8 resurrection f ! dead 7 bo? alike p>ts ( "o indivisible :ole4 ,x 0 n 8 claim to be ! promis$ ,messiah alone t 0 involv$ 9 ! fact ( 8 resurrection4 ,8 completion1 z ! ,messiah1 ( ! "w ( man's r$emption 0 also dep5d5t on t great ev5t4 ,if ,*ri/ be n ris51 says ! apo/le1 !n is our prea*+ va91 & y\r fai? is also va92 & aga91 ,if ,*ri/ be n rais$1 y\r fai? is va92 ye are yet 9 y\r s9s4 #a ,cor4 #ae3ad1 #ag4 ,we ne$ n wond] !n t ! apo/les1 9 _! te/imony to ! p1 insi/$ s e>ne/ly on ?is "o great fact 9 our ,"l's hi/ory2 = by x ,god seal$ him z ! ,pr9ce ( life4 #h4 ,! "* ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 z drawn by ! f\r evangeli/s1 is ! highe/ possible pro( ( ! au!nticity & cr$ibility ( ! gospel n>ratives4 ,( ?is x has be5 ju/ly said1 ,! "* is possible to be conceiv$1 because x 0 actualiz$ 9 a liv+ example4 7,nature & ! ,sup]natural1 p4 #cbd47 ,! inapproa*able excell5ce ( ,*ri/'s "* places x high above all human praise4 ,! rev]5t m9d %r9ks in/9ctively f ! idea ( attempt+ to eulogize x1 z f some?+ pr(ane & presumptu\s4 ,we d n eulogize ! sun %9+ 9 8 /r5g?1 b we put a scre5 ov] our eyes :5 we w\ld look at him1 le/ we %\ld be bl9d$ by ! brightness ( 8 beams4 ,s mu/ e man look at ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ) rev]5ce & awe1 :o has any true s5se ( :at is great & excell5t4 ,:at is n[ to be said ( ?is "* is n eulogy4 ,x is "p ( an argum5t = ! reality ( ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! gospel hi/ory4 ,"h x is important to notice n only ! "* itself1 b ! mann] ( ! portraiture1 & its p[] ov] ! human he>t4 ,! "* ( ,jesus is p]fectly orig9al4 ,no?+ l x 0 ev] conceiv$ ( by ! l(tie/ m9ds ( antiquity4 ,no?+ l x has appe>$ s9ce 8 day1 9 actual life1 or ev5 9 ! conceptions ( ! mo/ gift$ writ]s4 ,z !re is "o sun 9 ! firmam5t1 s !re is "o ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,8 "* has a human & a div9e elem5t2 & ^! two int]p5etrate ea* o!r1 s z to con/itute toge!r "o indivisible & glori\s :ole4 ,jesus c\ld n be1 ev5 9 idea1 :at he is z man1 unless he 7 ,god also4 ,& :at he is z ,god1 he is z ,god made fle%1 & dwell+ z man among m54 ,x is ! ,god-man :i* ! gospel n>ratives pres5t to u4 ,if we consid] ! qualities :i* belong to our ,savi\r z man1 we notice ! union 9 full measure & j proportion ( all ^? qualities :i* belong to p]fect humanity4 ,9 ! case ( m]e m51 ! abundant possession ( "o quality implies almo/ ( necessity defici5cy else:]e1 & consequ5tly "o-sid$ness ( "*4 ,n s 9 ! case ( ,jesus4 ,he has all ! attributes ( a p]fect man 9 p]fect fulness & 9 p]fect h>mony ) ea* o!r4 ,let u rev]5tly look at "s p>ticul>s4 ,8 "* unites ! deepe/ tranquillity ) ! deepe/ f]vor ( _s4 ,our ,"l's tranquillity %9es =? ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 m9i/ry1 & manife/s itself alike 9 great ?+s & small4 ,x is evid5t to all :o read ! n>ratives ( ! evangeli/s t he p]=m$ 8 mighty works z "o consci\s t div9e p[] belong$ to him ( "r1 & t ! ex]cise ( x1 ev5 9 its highe/ =ms1 0 no?+ new nor /range4 ,9 connection ) 8 greate/ miracles he calmly gave directions1 z if !y _h be5 ord9>y occurr5ces4 ,:5 he _h f$ _m ?\s&s ) a few loaves & fi%es1 he said1 ,ga!r up ! fragm5ts t rema91 t no?+ be lo/4 ,:5 he _h rais$ f ! dead ! daught] ( ,jairus1 he comm&$ t some?+ %\ld be giv5 h] to eat4 ,:5 he _h call$ out ( ! grave "o :o _h la9 !re f\r days1 he direct$1 ,loose him & let him g4 ,ev5 9 ,ge?semane1 :5 oppress$ ) agony too great = human endurance1 8 self-possession rema9$ z p]fect z 8 submission to 8 ,fa!r's w4 ,t 8 s]5ity nev] left him = a mom5t dur+ ! process ( 8 arre/1 trial1 s5t5ce1 & l+]+ dea? on ! cross1 is a tru? :i* %9es =? f ! sacr$ n>rative z 8 own raim5t did on ! m\nt ( transfiguration1 :ite & gli/]+4 ,any attempt to describe x w\ld be b mock]y4 ,& yet ?is deep composure ( _s is n t ( indiff]5ce or ( a cold temp]am5t4 ,x is ! composure ( "o 9 ^: bosom burns a /eady & int5se flame ( zeal = ! glory ( ,god & good w t[>ds m51 by :i* he is borne =w>d ) untir+ en]gy 9 ! "w committ$ to him f above4 ,x is ! composure ( a _s ^: dep? ( emotion none c measure4 ,we notice aga9 ! union 9 our ,"l ( p]fect wisdom ) p]fect fre$om f guile & d\ble deal+4 ,t 8 wisdom 0 nev] at fault all mu/ admit4 ,he 0 surr\nd$ by crafty adv]s>ies1 :o contriv$ all mann] ( plans to entangle him 9 8 talk4 ,yet 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye he turn$ _! wiles aga9/ !mselves1 & !y f\nd !mselves tak5 9 _! own net4 ,mean:ile he always pursu$ ! /raight=w>d c\rse ( s9c]ity & tru?4 ,n ! slighte/ trace ( deceit or cunn+ artifice appe>$ 9 8 m9i/ry f fir/ to la/4 ,closely alli$ to ! above-nam$ qualities are prud5ce & boldness1 bo? ( :i* met 9 full measure 9 our ,"l's "*4 ,t he fe>$ no man & %rank f no p]il :5 x 0 8 duty to enc\nt] x1 is too obvi\s to be insi/$ on4 ,yet he nev] ne$lessly enc\nt]$ opposition & dang]4 ,he 0 nev] bold = ! purpose ( mak+ a %[ ( boldness4 ,:5 ! ,jews s\ght to kill him1 he walk$ 9 ,galilee to avoid _! enmity4 ,:5 8 bre?r5 w5t up to ! fea/ 9 ,j]usalem1 he w\ld n g up ) !m1 b aft]w>ds w5t up1 n op5ly1 b z x 7 9 secret4 ,:51 at a lat] day1 aft] ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 ! ,jews s\ght 8 life1 he walk$ no m op5ly among ! ,jews2 b w5t !nce into a c\ntry ne> to ! wild]ness1 into a city call$ ,ephraim1 & !re cont9u$ ) 8 disciples4 ,n until ! "t _h come t he %\ld die = ! s9s ( ! _w did he expose himself to ! rage ( 8 enemies2 & !n he w5t boldly into ,j]usalem at ! head ( 8 disciples4 ,8 own precept1 ,be ye wise z s]p5ts & h>mless z doves1 he p]fectly exemplifi$ ?r\gh\t 8 m9i/ry4 ,we _c b notice once m ! union 9 our ,"l's "* ( ! greate/ t5d]ness ) unb5d+ sev]ity :5ev] ! cause ( tru? dem&$ sev]ity4 ,he op5$ 8 m9i/ry at ,naz>e? by read+ f ! prophet ,isaiah a portraiture ( 8 own "*3 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l ,god is ^u me1 because he ha? ano9t$ me to prea* ! gospel to ! poor2 he ha? s5t me to heal ! brok5-he>t$1 to prea* deliv]ance to ! captives & recov]+ ( sight to ! bl9d1 to set at lib]ty !m t are bruis$1 to prea* ! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l4 ,isa4 #fa3a1 #b4 ,! execution ( ?is mission requir$ a t5d] & =be>+ _s1 t w\ld n break ! bruis$ re$ or qu5* ! smok+ flax2 & su* 0 ! _s ( 8 :ole m9i/ry4 ,= ! p5it5t1 ?\gh publicans & s9n]s1 he _h only words ( k9dness4 ,t[>ds ! infirmities & mi/akes ( 8 s9c]e disciples he 0 wond]fully =be>+4 ,:5 a /rife _h aris5 among ! apo/les :i* ( !m %\ld be ! greate/1 in/ead ( d5\nc+ 9 sev]e t]ms _! fooli% ambition1 he call$ to himself a little *ild & set him 9 ! mid/1 & f him gave !m a lesson on ! duty ( humility4 ,yet ?is t5d] & compassionate ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :o took little *ildr5 9 8 arms & bless$ !m1 :o /ood & cri$1 ,come unto me1 all ye t labor & are heavy-lad51 & ,i w give y re/1 & :o wept at ! grave ( ,laz>us--?is same ,jesus c\ld say to ,pet] :5 he w\ld det] ,him f ! pa? ( duty1 ,get !e beh9d me1 ,satan6 & c\ld d5\nce 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! p ! scribes & ,ph>isees :o sat 9 ,moses' seat4 ,9 tru?1 ! mo/ sev]e d5unciations ( hypocrisy & wick$ness conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! mo/ awful descriptions ( ! future puni%m5t ( ! imp5it5t fell f our ,savi\r's lips4 ,9 8 t5d]ness !re 0 no elem5t ( weakness4 ,our ,"l's p]fect meekness & humility ne$ no human comm5t4 ,!y %9e =? ) s]5e brightness ?r\gh all 8 words & actions4 ,he describ$ himself z meek & l[ly 9 he>t1 & 8 life 0 a p]petual illu/ration ( ^! qualities4 ,:5 he 0 revil$1 he revil$ n aga92 :5 he suff]$1 he ?reat5$ n2 b committ$ himself to him t judge? righte\sly4 ,b ! po9t to be p>ticul>ly notic$ is ! wond]ful h>mony ( ?is meek & l[ly m9d ) claims m l(ty ?an 7 ev] conceiv$ ( by any man be=e him--claims ev]y:]e boldly ass]t$1 & :i*1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 impli$ ! possession ( a div9e nature4 ,x is n t he claim$ & ex]cis$ p[] ov] nature or outw>d p[] ov] m51 ev5 p[] to raise ! dead1 t fills u ) awe & amazem5t2 b t he w5t )9 ! _s1 & (f]$ inw>d life1 light1 /r5g?1 peace--9 a ^w1 life et]nal--to all :o w\ld come to him2 & t he ass]t$1 9 a way z decisive z x 0 calm1 8 absolute control ov] ! ev]la/+ de/9ies ( all m54 ,:5 we read ! acc\nt ( ^! sup]human claims1 we h no feel+ t !y 7 incongru\s or extravagant4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y seem to u altoge!r legitimate & prop]4 ,& yet1 z has be5 (t5 rem>k$1 7 any o!r p]son to advance a ti! ( ^! pret5sions1 he w\ld be ju/ly reg>d$ z a madman4 ,! only possible explanation is1 t ?is meek & l[ly ,jesus made good 8 claim to be ! ,son ( ,god by :at he 0 & by :at he did4 ,ano!r quality v conspicu\s 9 our ,"l's "* is 8 p]fect elevation above ?is _w4 ,ye are f b5ea?1 said he to ! ,jews2 ,i am f above3 ye are ( ?is _w2 ,i am n ( ?is _w4 ,x 0 n 9 8 orig9 alone1 b 9 8 _s also t he 0 f above4 ,z he 0 f heav51 s 0 he heav5ly 9 all 8 affections4 ,8 own precept to 8 disciples1 ,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u e>?1 b lay up = y\rselves treasures 9 heav51 0 ! law ( 8 own life4 ,he _h no treasures "h bel[ b ! s\ls ( m52 & ^! are n e>?ly1 b heav5ly treasures4 ,satan pli$ him 9 va9 ) ! (f] ( all ! k+doms ( ! _w1 & ! glory ( !m4 ,9 him ! lu/ ( ! fle%1 & ! lu/ ( ! eyes1 & ! pride ( life c\ld f9d no place = a s+le mom5t4 ,he kept ! _w always & p]fectly "u 8 feet4 ,yet ?is p]fect elevation above ! _w _h 9 x no t+e ( /oicism or asceticism4 ,he made no w> ^u ! g5u9e passions & affections ( human nature1 b simply subject$ !m all to 8 high] spiritual nature2 9 o!r words to ! law ( ,god4 ,except tempor>ily = m$itation & pray]1 he nev] )drew himself1 nor enc\rag$ 8 disciples to )draw !mselves f ! c>es & temptations ( an active life1 "u ! false idea ( ?us ris+ to a /ate ( sup]human communion ) ,god4 ,he did n fa/ himself sy/ematically1 nor enjo9 ^u 8 disciples sy/ematic fa/+s1 b left fa/+s = special em]g5cies4 ,9 a ^w1 he ate & drank l o!r m54 ,8 heav5ly m9d lay n 9 ! r5unciation ( ,god's gifts1 b 9 ma9ta9+ 8 affections con/antly rais$ above ! gifts !mselves to ! div9e ,giv]4 ,x took on a human1 & !re=e an imitable =m4 ,& :at %all we say ( our ,"l's spotless purity ( he>t & life8 ,we _c eulogize x1 = x is above all human praise4 ,b we c refre% ! eyes ( our und]/&+ by gaz+ ^u x1 z ^u a glori\s sun1 until we feel its vivify+ & trans=m+ p[] 9 our own s\ls4 ,9 contemplat+ ! above qualities1 x is ( ! highe/ importance to notice t1 ?\gh !y exi/ 9 su* fulness & p]fection1 !y are yet human1 & !re=e imitable4 ,!y are n ! virtues ( an angel 9 heav51 or ( a k+ on ! ?rone1 or ( a philosoph] 9 8 s*ool1 or ( a monk 9 8 cell2 b ( a man mov+ among m5 9 ! sph]e ( common life1 & fill+ out common life ) all ! duties appropriate to x4 ,8 example !n is available = ! imitation ( ! l[e/ n less ?an ! highe/4 ,x (f]s itself to all classes ( m5 z a model ( all t is good 9 human nature4 ,we may boldly affirm t su* a "* z ?is c\ld nev] h be5 conceiv$ (1 if x _h n actually exi/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if n[ we look at our ,"l's "* z a tea*]1 we f9d x equally orig9al & wond]ful4 ,writ]s on ! gospel hi/ory h ) reason laid great /ress on ! fact t he /ood high above ! errors & prejudices1 n only ( 8 own age & nation1 b ( all ages & nations4 ,he saw intuitively & p]fectly :at ,god is1 :at man is1 & :at are man's relations to ,god & to 8 fell[-m52 & 0 !re=e able to e/abli% a religion = m51 z m51 t ne$s no *ange = any age1 or nation1 or condition ( life4 ,he has sometimes be5 call$ a ,galilean peasant4 ,! phrase s\nds unpleasantly 9 ! e>s ( ^? :o adore him z _! div9e ,"l & ,ma/]4 ,nev]!less x is 9 an important s5se true4 ,he 0 educat$ among ! common p ( ,galilee1 & _h no special human tra9+4 ,x 0 an age ( n>r[ness & =malism4 ,! scribes & ,ph>isees1 :o sat 9 ,moses' seat1 _h cov]$ up ! true mean+ & _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t b5ea? a mass ( human traditions t sub/itut$ m9t1 & anise1 & cumm9 = ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law4 ,yet 9 su* an age ,jesus came =? a p]fect tea*] ( div9e tru?4 ,he swept away at once ! glosses ( ! ,jewi% doctors1 unfold$ to ! p ! true mean+ ( ! law & ! prophets z prep>atory to 8 com+1 & gave to ! _w a religion t meets ! wants ( all classes & conditions ( m5 9 all ages & nations4 ,consid]$ z ! good leav5 :i* ,*ri/ ca/ into ! lump ( humanity1 ! gospel has cont9ual progress4 ,b consid]$ z ! plan ( salvation :i* he reveal$1 x _c h progress1 = x is p]fect4 ,x ne$s no am5dm5t or *ange1 t x may be adapt$ to our age or any o!r age4 ,z air & wat] & light meet ! wants ( all m5 9 all ages1 s ! gospel1 :5 fre$ f human additions & receiv$ 9 its orig9al purity1 is all t fall5 humanity ne$s4 ,"h is a great fact to be expla9$4 ,! only reasonable explanation is t giv5 by ! ,savi\r himself4 ,:5 ! ,jews m>vell$ at 8 tea*+1 say+1 ,h[ kn[e? ?is man lett]s1 hav+ nev] le>n$8 he answ]$1 ,my doctr9e is n m9e1 b 8 t s5t me4 ,su* a religion z t describ$ 9 ! gospels c\ld n h be5 conceiv$ ( unless x _h actually exi/$2 & x c\ld n h exi/$ )\t ,god = its au?or4 ,gift$ m5 may be 9 advance ( _! own age2 t is1 !y may see be=e o!rs :at is ! next ?+ indicat$ by ! pres5t progress ( society4 ,b m]e m5 d n rise at once above all ! errors & prejudices by :i* !y are surr\nd$ into ! region ( pure light & tru?4 ,all ! "w t m5 d is imp]fect1 & ne$s em5dation by ^? :o come aft] !m4 ,a religion t rema9s f age to age z p]fectly adapt$ to ! wants ( all m5 z x 0 at ! beg9n+1 mu/ be f ,god1 n f man4 ,our ,savi\r's mann] ( tea*+ 0 also z orig9al z ! tea*+ itself4 ,he saw ?r\gh ! _w ( nature & m9d at a glance1 & x /ood always ready at h& to furni% him ) argum5ts & illu/rations--argum5ts & illu/rations z simple & natural z !y 7 pr(\nd1 & by means ( :i* he unfold$ ! deepe/ tru?s 9 ! pla9e/ & mo/ intelligible =ms4 ,take1 = example1 ! p>ables ( ! mu/>d-se$ & ! leav54 ,!y conta9 )9 !mselves ! :ole hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s k+dom 9 its inw>d pr9ciple4 ,!y unfold views ( its /eady progress f age to age1 z a gr[? f an inw>d vital =ce1 on :i* ! mo/ philosophical m9ds especially love to dwell2 & yet !y are p]fectly intelligible to ! mo/ unlett]$ man4 ,to tea* by p>ables1 )\t any false analogies1 & 9 a way t int]e/$ & in/ruct$ alike ! le>n$ & ! ignorant1 ?is 0 a wond]ful *>act]i/ic ( our ,"l's m9i/ry4 ,9 ?is respect no "o ( 8 apo/les1 n ev5 ! bosom disciple1 attempt$ to imitate him4 ,yet 9 ! great fact t 8 tea*+ 0 n = a select few1 b = ! masses ( mank9d1 s t ! common p he>d him gladly1 all 8 s]vants c & ought to imitate him4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ ma9ly ! human side ( our ,"l's "*1 ?\gh ?r\gh x all 8 div9ity %9es =?4 ,let u n[ look m p>ticul>ly at 8 div9e mission & "*4 ,on ! fact t 8 mission 0 f ,god we ne$ n dwell4 ,nicodemus express$ ! judgm5t ( e c&id m9d :5 he said1 ,rabbi1 we "k t ?\ art a tea*] come f ,god2 = no man c d ^! miracles t ?\ doe/1 except ,god be ) him4 ,if !re is "o tru? :i* our ,"l ass]t$ m frequ5tly ?an any o!r1 x is t he came f ,god3 ,! works :i* ! ,fa!r ha? giv5 me to f9i%1 ! same works t ,i d1 be> witness ( me1 t ! ,fa!r ha? s5t me4 ,if ,god 7 y\r ,fa!r1 ye w\ld love me3 = ,i proce$$ =? & came f ,god2 nei!r came ,i ( myself1 b he s5t me4 ,b ,jesus _h n only a div9e mission1 b a div9e p]son also2 & ! mann] 9 :i* he manife/$ 8 div9ity is1 if possible1 m orig9al ?an any ?+ else 9 8 hi/ory1 & be>s 9 itself ! impress ( reality4 ,a company ( m5 :o %\ld attempt to give a portraiture ( a div9e be+ simply f _! own conceptions w\ld d\btless put into 8 lips _m direct ass]tions ( 8 deity1 & make 8 life ab\nd 9 /up5d\s miracles4 ,b x is n 9 any su* crude way t our ,savi\r's div9ity manife/s itself 9 ! gospel n>ratives4 ,x is true inde$ t 9 ! mann] ( 8 miracles he ev]y:]e makes ! impression t he p]=ms !m by virtue ( a p[] resid+ 9 himself2 t :ile ! commission to d !m comes f ! ,fa!r1 ! p[] to d !m belongs to 8 own p]son4 ,9 ?is respect ! contra/ is v %>p betwe5 8 mann] & t ( ! prophets be=e him & ! apo/les aft] him4 ,9 _! case ! p[]1 z well z ! commission1 0 :olly f ,god1 z !y 7 c>eful to tea* ! p3 ,9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,naz>e?1 rise up & walk4 ,:y look ye s e>ne/ly on u1 z ?\gh by our own p[] or hol9ess we _h made ?is man to walk8 ,8 "n1 ?r\gh fai? 9 8 "n1 ha? made ?is man /rong1 :om ye see & "k4 ,eneas1 ,jesus ,*ri/ make? !e :ole4 ,b n to dwell on ?is1 let u look at "s v rem>kable ways 9 :i* our ,savi\r manife/$ 8 div9e nature4 ,he call$ ,god 8 ,fa!r 9 a peculi> & incommunicable s5se4 ,he nev] said1 ,our ,fa!r1 by :i* he w\ld h class$ himself ) o!r m51 b always1 ,my ,fa!r1 %[+ t ?us he /ood alone 9 8 relation to ,god4 ,z ! son has ! same nature ) ! fa!r1 & :5 act+ "u 8 au?ority1 ! same pr]ogatives also2 s ,jesus1 z ! ,son ( ,god1 claim$ ! p[] & "r to d :atev] 8 ,fa!r did1 & to receive ! same honor z 8 ,fa!r3 ,my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto1 & ,i "w4 ,?is ! ,jews rightly und]/ood to be an ass]tion ( equality ) ! ,fa!r2 = !y s\ght ! m to kill him1 because he n only _h brok5 ! ,sabba?1 b said also t ,god 0 8 own ,fa!r1 7s ! orig9al reads17 mak+ himself equal ) ,god4 ,to ?is ! ,savi\r answ]$3 ,! ,son c d no?+ ( himself--act+ 9 8 own "n1 & )\t ! concurr5ce ( ! ,fa!r's w--b :at he see? ! ,fa!r d2 = :at ?+s soev] he doe?1 ^! also doe? ! ,son likewise4 ,= ! ,fa!r love? ! ,son1 & %[e? him all ?+s t himself doe?3 & he w %[ him great] works ?an ^!1 t ye may m>vel4 ,= z ! ,fa!r raise? up ! dead1 & quick5e? !m2 ev5 s ! ,son quick5e? :om he w4 ,= ! ,fa!r judge? no man2 b ha? committ$ all judgm5t unto ! ,son3 t all m5 %\ld honor ! ,son1 ev5 z !y honor ! ,fa!r4 ,he t honore? n ! ,son1 honore? n ! ,fa!r :i* ha? s5t him4 ,john #e3ag-bc4 ,"h ! ,son1 ?\gh act+ "u ! ,fa!r's commission1 claims equality ) ! ,fa!r2 = )\t ?is he c\ld nei!r %>e all ! ,fa!r's c\nsels1 nor d all ! ,fa!r's works1 nor receive f ! ,fa!r au?ority to judge all m5--an (fice :i* pla9ly implies omnisci5ce--nor be entitl$ to ! same honor z ! ,fa!r4 ,! po9t to be especially notic$ 9 ! pres5t connection is ! orig9ality ( ! way 9 :i* our ,"l "h ass]ts 8 div9e nature4 ,we _c = a mom5t suppose t su* a way w\ld h occurr$ to "o :o 0 writ+ f 8 own inv5tion4 ,! only possible explanation ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a passage 9 ! gospel ( ,john1 7& ! same is true ( _m o!r passages17 is t x is a true record ( :at actually took place 9 our ,"l's hi/ory4 ,aga93 our ,"l repres5ts himself z ! s\rce ( light & life to all mank9d4 ,to ! ,jews he said3 ,i am ! light ( ! _w3 he t foll[e? me %all n walk 9 d>kness1 b %all h ! light ( life4 ,john #h3ab4 ,9 comp>ison ) :at he "h claims = himself1 ! outw>d "w ( op5+ m5's bodily eyes dw9dles into no?+4 ,t 0 only ! seal ( 8 div9e mission4 ,b 9 ^! & o!r l words1 he does1 z x 71 draw aside ! veil ( 8 humanity1 & give u a glimpse ( ! glory ( ! ,godhead t dwells )94 ,s too he says1 ,i am ! liv+ bread :i* came d[n f heav53 if any man eat ( ?is bread he %all live = ev]2 & ! bread t ,i w give is my fle%1 :i* ,i w give = ! life ( ! _w4 ,john #f3ea4 ,! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 /up5d\s z t miracle 01 does n fill u ) su* awe & amazem5t z ! mighty words :i* he utt]$ to ,m>?a3 ,i am ! resurrection & ! life3 he t believe? 9 me1 ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live3 & :osoev] live?1 & believe? 9 me1 %all nev] die1 ,john #aa3be1 #bf2 = 9 ^! words he repres5ts himself z be+ to ! :ole human family ! au?or ( all life1 natural1 spiritual1 & et]nal4 ,he connects ! p>ticul> act ( giv+ life :i* he is ab\t to p]=m ) ! f9al resurrection1 :5 all t are 9 ! graves %all he> 8 voice1 & %all come =?2 !y t h done good1 unto ! resurrection ( life2 & !y t h done evil1 unto ! resurrection ( damnation4 ,john #e3bh1 #bi4 ,^! utt]ances1 s calm1 s l(ty1 s orig9al1 d n s\nd l ! inv5tions ( man4 ,!y we> a heav5ly co/ume4 ,:5 we read !m1 we feel t ! only explanation ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! gospel n>rative is ! fact t !y 7 actually utt]$ by our ,"l4 ,& ! same is true ( ano!r k9dr$ class ( passages1 9 :i* ! ,savi\r ass]ts 8 inw>d dom9ion ov] ! human _s4 ,he> him1 z he /&s & proclaims3 ,come unto me1 all ye t labor & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,matt4 #aa3bh4 ,peace ,i leave ) y2 my peace ,i give unto y3 n z ! _w give?1 give ,i unto y4 ,john #ad3bg4 ,! _w gives peace at be/ outw>dly1 & (t5 only 9 empty words2 b ,jesus has direct access to ! inmo/ f\nta9s ( feel+4 ,he gives peace inw>dly & efficaci\sly4 ,:5 he turn$ into songs ( joy ! te>s ( ! wid[ ( ,na9 by rais+ h] son to life1 t 0 a wond]ful in/ance ( 8 giv+ peace2 b f> great] & m glori\s is ! "w :51 by 8 inw>d pres5ce 9 ! s\l1 he makes x victori\s ov] all ! suff]+s ( ?is pres5t "t4 ,?is is :at he meant :5 he said to 8 disciples3 ,^! ?+s h ,i spok5 unto y t 9 me ye might h peace4 ,9 ! _w ye %all h tribulations2 b be ( good *e]3 ,i h ov]come ! _w4 ,john #af3cc4 ,9 8 "n1 apo/les rais$ ! dead to life2 b no apo/le--no m]e man--w\ld h v5tur$ to say1 ,9 me ye %all h peace4 ,^! la/ words naturally lead to ! consid]ation ( ano!r v peculi> =m ( spee* fir/ introduc$ by our ,"l1 & pass+ f him to ! *ur*2 t ( ! mutual indwell+ ( himself & 8 disciples3 ,abide 9 me1 & ,i 9 y4 ,z ! bran* _c be> fruit ( itself1 except x abide 9 ! v9e2 no m c ye1 except ye abide 9 me4 ,john #ae3a-g4 ,x is a vital union ( ! believ]'s s\l ) ,jesus1 ?r\gh :i* he receives f ,jesus life & fruitfulness1 z ! bran* f its union ) ! v9e4 ,"h is an ass]tion ( deity4 ,! ,jews reg>d$ ,moses ) ! highe/ rev]5ce2 b no "o ( !m ev] spoke ( abid+ 9 ,moses1 or hav+ ,moses abid+ 9 himself4 ,_h any ,*ri/ian disciple repres5t$ himself z dwell+ 9 ,pet] or ,paul1 ! apo/le w\ld h r5t 8 clo!s at ! blasphemy ( ! words4 ,o!r peculi> ways 9 :i* our ,"l manife/$ 8 deity c\ld be specifi$1 b ! above w suffice z examples4 ,let any c&id man consid] all ^! examples 9 _! connection1 ea* ( !m s orig9al & s maje/ic1 s simple & natural1 & yet s f> remov$ f any?+ t c\ld h occurr$ to "o sitt+ d[n to draw f 8 own imag9ation ! picture ( a div9e p]son2 & he w be conv9c$ t su* a record z t conta9$ 9 our f\r canonical gospels 0 possible only because x is a simple & tru?ful hi/ory ( :at ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 & did4 ,pla9 m5 c give a /raight=w>d acc\nt ( :at !y h se5 or le>n$ f eye-witnesses2 b x transc5ds ! g5ius ( any man to inv5t su* n>ratives ( su* a "*4 ,! gospel n>ratives are m>k$ ?r\gh\t by artless simplicity4 ,ea* ( ! writ]s goes /raight=w>d ) 8 /ory1 nev] ?9k+ = a mom5t ( :at 8 own g5ius is to accompli%1 b int5t only on exhibit+ 8 ,"l & ,ma/] z ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,! apo/le ,john1 9 giv+ ! design ( 8 own gospel1 gives t also ( ! o!r evangeli/s3 ,& _m o!r signs truly did ,jesus 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 disciples1 :i* are n writt5 9 ?is book4 ,b ^! are writt51 t ye might believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 & t believ+ ye might h life ?r\gh 8 "n4 ,john #bj3cj1 #ca4 ,& because ?is glori\s & div9e p]son is a liv+ reality1 he possesses f age to age an undy+ p[] ov] ! human he>t4 ,love t[>ds him is ! mightie/ pr9ciple on e>?1 bo? = do+ & = suff]+4 ,x makes ! s\l ( :i* x has tak5 full possession inv9cible4 ,:5 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? is en?ron$ 9 ! ca/le ( ! human he>t1 n all ! p[]s ( e>? & hell c ov]come x4 ,see f>!r1 *ap4 #ab3h4 #i4 ,s9ce1 z we h se51 ! gospel n>ratives are an au!ntic record ( facts1 x foll[s t 9 ! p]son & life ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? we h a sup]natural revelation f ,god 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! words4 ,t 8 orig9 0 bo? sup]human & sup]natural1 ! gospels tea* u 9 ! mo/ explicit t]ms4 ,he says ( himself3 ,i came =? f ! ,fa!r1 & am come into ! _w3 aga91 ,i leave ! _w1 & g unto ! ,fa!r4 ,john #af3bh4 ,& n[1 ,o ,fa!r1 glorify ?\ me ) ?9e own self1 ) ! glory :i* ,i _h ) !e be=e ! _w 04 ,john #ag3e4 ,t ! appe>ance on e>? ( ,"o :o dwelt ) ! ,fa!r 9 glory be=e ! _w 01 & aft] ! fulfilm5t ( 8 mission return$ to ! ,fa!r aga91 0 sup]natural1 is self-evid5t4 ,8 p]son 01 z has be5 %[n1 div9e4 ,he 0 ,god manife/ 9 ! fle%2 & :]ev] he w5t1 8 sup]natural p[] display$ itself4 ,! miracul\s elem5t is s int]wov5 into ! v sub/ance ( ! gospel hi/ory1 t !re is no possibility ( sett+ x aside1 except by reject+ ! hi/ory itself4 ,x is ! fa%ion ) a c]ta9 class ( writ]s1 aft] d5y+ our ,"l's div9e nature & expla9+ away 8 sup]natural works1 to be pr(use 9 _! eulogies ( 8 "*4 ,if !y c fir/ rid !mselves ( ! obligation to believe on him & obey him z _! div9e ,"l1 !y are will+ to be/[ ^u him1 z a man l !mselves1 ! highe/ comm5dations4 ,b ! attempt is hopeless4 ,:at w !y d ) ! fact ( 8 resurrection f ! dead--! mo/ c]ta9 z well z ! greate/ miracle 9 8 hi/ory1 & :i* includes 9 itself all ! re/8 ,_h ,jesus n ris5 f ! dead1 z he s (t5 affirm$ t he %\ld1 !n he w\ld h be5 :at ! ,jewi% rul]s call$ him--a deceiv]1 & no ,savi\r2 b s9ce ! miracle ( 8 resurrection mu/ be admitt$ by all :o d n reject ! :ole gospel hi/ory z a fable1 :y d5y ! less] miracles connect$ ) 8 hi/ory8 ,! assumption t miracles are impossible c only g ) ! d5ial ( ,god's p]sonality2 & ?is1 by :atev] "n x is call$1 is a!ism4 ,if !re is a p]sonal ,god1 :o is be=e nature1 above nature1 & ! au?or ( nature 9 its inmo/ ess5ce1 he c manife/ himself )9 ! sph]e ( nature 9 a sup]natural way1 :5ev] he *ooses to d s4 ,if ,god :o made u c>es = u1 & is inde$ our ,fa!r 9 heav51 x is reasonable to suppose t he may reveal himself to u 9 sup]natural =ms1 :5 ! end is our deliv]ance f ! bondage ( s91 & our prep>ation = an et]nity ( hol9ess & happ9ess4 ,to d5y ?is1 w\ld be to make nature ! highe/ end ( ,god--to put ! _w ( ,god's intellig5t creatures "u nature1 in/ead ( mak+ nature _! s]vant & m9i/]4 #aj4 ,! objections t h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! gospel hi/ory are ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ class relates to its doctr9es1 z1 = example1 t ( demoniacal possessions1 t ( et]nal puni%m5t1 etc4 ,to enl>ge on ?is subject w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! only reasonable rule is to argue f ! c]ta9ty ( ! record to ! tru? ( ! doctr9es 9 "q4 ,he :o fir/ assumes t a c]ta9 doctr9e _c be true1 & !n1 on ! gr\nd ( ?is assumption1 sets aside a hi/ory su/a9$ by ov]:elm+ evid5ce1 exalts 8 own f9ite und]/&+ to be ! supreme rule ( fai?2 & to him an au?oritative revelation becomes an impossibility4 ,! second class ( objections relates to alleg$ contradictions & inconsi/5cies betwe5 ! diff]5t writ]s4 ,! explanation & reconciliation ( ^! is ! "w ( ! h>moni/4 ,we ne$ n wait1 h[ev]1 = ! result ( 8 labors1 t we may re/ confid5tly on ! tru? ( ! record4 ,^! app>5t disagreem5ts d n affect a s+le doctr9e or duty ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y all relate to incid5tal matt]s1 su* z ! "t & ord] ( ! ev5ts record$1 ! accompany+ circum/ances1 etc4 ,_h we all ! miss+ l9ks ( ! evangelical hi/ory1 we might reconcile all ^! diff]5ces2 b )\t !m1 x is n 9 all cases possible4 ,nor is x necess>y2 s9ce1 :]e diff]5t writ]s record ! same transactions1 sub/antial agreem5t1 ) div]sity 9 respect to ! details1 is ev]y:]e ! *>act]i/ic ( au!ntic hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les ,,& ,,! ,,ackn[l$g$ ,,epi/les4 #a4 ,! g5u95ess1 uncorrupt pres]vation1 & cr$ibility ( ! gospel n>ratives hav+ be5 %[n to re/ on a firm f\ndation1 ! pr9cipal "p ( our "w is accompli%$1 s f> z ! ,new ,te/am5t is conc]n$4 ,we are prep>$ be=eh& to expect "s record ( ! labors ( ! apo/les1 l t conta9$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 & also discussions & in/ructions relat+ to ! doctr9es & duties ( ,*ri/ianity1 su* z we f9d 9 ! apo/olic epi/les4 ,our ,savi\r e/abli%$ 8 *ur* only 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples & ord9ances4 ,! "w ( publi%+ 8 gospel & organiz+ *ur*es among ,jews & ,g5tiles he committ$ to 8 apo/les4 ,be=e 8 crucifixion he taught !m t ! ,holy ,gho/ c\ld n come 7t is1 9 8 special & full influ5ces z ! adm9i/rator ( ! new cov5ant7 till aft] 8 dep>ture to ! ,fa!r3 ,x is exp$i5t = y t ,i g away3 = if ,i g n away1 ! ,com=t] w n come unto y2 b if ,i dep>t ,i w s5d him unto y4 ,john #af3g4 ,:5 ! ,com=t] is come1 :om ,i w s5d unto y f ! ,fa!r1 ev5 ! ,_s ( tru? :i* proce$e? f ! ,fa!r1 he %all te/ify ( me4 ,& ye also %all be> witness1 because ye h be5 ) me f ! beg9n+4 ,john #ae3bf1 #bg4 ,n[ we h1 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 fir/ an acc\nt ( ! fulfilm5t by ! ,savi\r ( 8 promise t he w\ld s5d ! ,holy ,gho/2 !n a record h[ ! apo/les1 ?us qualifi$1 obey$ ! ,savi\r's comm& to prea* ! gospel to ,jews & ,g5tiles--a record n1 inde$1 complete1 b suffici5t to %[ ! mann] & _s 9 :i* ! "w 0 p]=m$4 ,"s tru?s1 moreov]1 ( ! highe/ importance ! ,savi\r gave only 9 outl9e1 because ! "t = _! full revelation _h n yet come4 ,john #af3ab1 #ac4 ,su* 7 especially ! doctr9e ( 8 aton+ sacrifice on ,calv>y ) ! connect$ doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?2 & ! div9e purpose to aboli% ! ,mosaic economy1 & ) x ! di/9ction betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,we h1 p>tly 9 ! ,acts & p>tly 9 ! epi/les1 an acc\nt ( ! unfold+ ( ^! great tru?s by ! apo/les "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & ( ! commotions & cont5tions t naturally accompani$ ?is "w4 ,! practical application ( ! gospel to ! manifold relations ( life1 dome/ic1 social1 & civil1 ) ! solution ( v>i\s difficult que/ions aris+ !refrom1 0 ano!r "w necess>ily devolv$ on ! apo/les1 & p]=m$ by !m ) div9e wisdom = ! in/ruction ( all com+ ages4 ,! book ( ,acts & ! epi/les ascrib$ to ! apo/les be+ su* a natural sequel to ! ,r$eem]'s "w1 z record$ by ! f\r evangeli/s1 a brief] /atem5t ( ! evid5ce = _! g5u95ess & au!nticity w be suffici5t4 ,i4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 #b4 ,accord+ to ,*ryso/om1 ,fir/ ,homily on ,acts1 ?is book 0 n s abundantly read by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z ! gospels4 ,! explanation ( ?is comp>ative neglect is f\nd 9 ! fact t x is occupi$ ) ! do+s ( ! apo/les1 n ( ! ,"l himself4 ,pass+ by "s unc]ta9 allusions to ! "w 9 ! writ+s ( ! apo/olic fa!rs1 ! fir/ explicit quotation f x is conta9$ 9 ! lett] h]et(ore notic$1 *ap4 #b3d1 f ! *ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons 9 ,gaul1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agg1 9 :i* !y say3 ,moreov] !y pray$1 aft] ! example ( ,/eph5 ! p]fect m>tyr1 = ^? :o inflict$ ^u !m cruel torm5ts1 ',"l1 lay n ?is s9 to _! *>ge4' ,ir5aeus1 9 ! la/ "p ( ! second c5tury1 ,t]tullian 9 ! la/ "p ( ! same c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury & onw>ds--all ^! be> explicit te/imony to ! book ( ,acts1 ascrib+ x to ,luke z its au?or2 & f _! day onw>d ! notices ( ! "w are abundant4 ,we may add ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! ,muratorian canon & ! ,syriac v]sion1 call$ ! ,pe%ito1 :i* belong to ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury1 & ! /ill e>li] te/imony ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion4 ,9 a ^w1 ! book is plac$ by ,eusebius among ^? t 7 univ]sally ackn[l$g$ by ! *ur*es4 ,! rejection ( ! book by c]ta9 h]etical sects1 z ! ,ebionites1 ,m>cionites1 ,mani*aeans1 etc41 is ( no weight1 z _! objections re/$ n on hi/orical1 b on doctr9al gr\nds4 ,z to ! /atem5t ( ,photius t "s call ,clem5t ( ,rome ! au?or1 "s ,b>nabas1 & "s ,luke ! evangeli/1 x is to be rem>k$ t he is giv+ n 8 own judgm5t1 = he expressly ascribes x to ,luke1 b ! arbitr>y op9ions ( c]ta9 p]sons2 & ^! are contradict$ by ! obvi\s fact t ! ?ird gospel1 :i* proce$$ f ! same h& z ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 0 nev] ascrib$ to any o!r p]son ?an ,luke4 #c4 ,! int]nal te/imony to ,luke's au?or%ip is decisive4 ,! writ] himself1 9 d$icat+ x to ! same ,!ophilus1 expressly id5tifies himself ) ! au?or ( ! ?ird gospel3 ,! =m] treatise h ,i made1 ,o ,!ophilus1 ( all t ,jesus began bo? to d & to tea*4 ,acts #a3a4 ,!n !re is a rem>kable agreem5t 9 /yle & diction betwe5 ! gospel ( ,luke & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 z any "o may le>n :o p]uses !m bo? toge!r 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,davidson1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 #b1 p4 #h1 has collect$ =ty-sev5 examples ( t]ms t occur 9 bo?1 b n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,luke1 moreov]1 z ! travell+ companion ( ,paul1 _h all ne$$ facilities = compos+ su* a "w4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] portion ( ! book1 ?is is d5i$ by none4 ,8 use ( ! fir/ p]son plural1 we endeavor$1 ! ,"l _h call$ u1 we came1 etc4--:i* fir/ appe>s1 *ap4 #af3aj1 & cont9ues1 ) c]ta9 int]ruptions1 ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! book--admits ( b "o natural & reasonable explanation1 namely1 t :5 he ?us jo9s himself ) ! apo/le he 0 actually 9 8 company4 ,z x respects ! fir/ "p ( ! book1 we notice t he visit$ ,caes>ea ) ,paul's company1 & t>ri$ !re _m days1 *ap4 #ba3h-aj2 aft]w>ds he w5t up ) him to ,j]usalem1 *ap4 #ba3ae4 ,we f9d him aga9 ) ,paul at ,caes>ea :5 he sets out = ,rome4 ,*ap4 #bg3a4 ,n[ at su* c5tres z ,j]usalem & ,caes>ea he mu/ h _h abundant opportunities to le>n all ! facts record$ 9 ! pres5t book :i* c\ld n be ga!r$ f ,paul's own lips4 #d4 ,= ! cr$ibility ( ?is book we h1 9 g5]al1 ! same argum5ts :i* apply to ! gospel n>ratives1 especially to ! gospel ( ,luke4 ,its au?or is evid5tly a s9c]e & e>ne/ man1 :o goes /raight =w>d ) 8 n>rative2 & :]e he does n write z an eye-witness1 he _h1 z we h se51 abundant means ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? conc]n+ ! facts :i* he records4 ,8 n>rative is1 moreov]1 corroborat$ 9 a v special way1 z w be %[n h]eaft]--,no4 #h1 bel[--by its _m undesign$ co9cid5ces ) ! ev5ts allud$ to 9 ! epi/le ( ,paul4 ,to admit ! cr$ibility ( ! gospel ( ,luke & to d5y t ( ?is "w w\ld be altoge!r inconsi/5t4 ,9 tru?1 !re is no gr\nd = d\bt+ ! cr$ibility ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les o!r ?an t :i* lies 9 ! assumption t no record ( miracul\s ev5ts c be cr$ible1 & ?is is no gr\nd at all4 ,to "s mod]n writ]s ! n>rative ( ! gift ( tongues on ! day ( ,p5teco/ has seem$ to pres5t an insup]able difficulty4 ,und\bt$ly x is above our compreh5sion h[ a man %\ld sudd5ly become possess$ ( ! ability to speak 9 a language be=e unkn[n to him2 b :y %\ld we d\bt ,god's p[] to be/[ su* a gift8 ,c any "o suppose = a mom5t t :5 our ,savi\r met ) a p]son deaf & dumb f bir?1 he _h1 = ! fir/ "t1 a case beyond 8 heal+ p[]8 ,! gospel n>rative pla9ly indicates ! contr>y4 ,m>k #g3cb-cg1 ^u :i* passage see ,mey] & ,al=d4 ,! acc\nt ( ! sudd5 dea? ( ,ananias & ,sapphira1 *ap4 #e3a-aa1 is n contr>y to ! _s ( ! gospel4 ,!y di$ by ! imm$iate act ( ,god4 ,8 wisdom judg$ su* an example ( sev]ity to be necess>y 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! gospel1 z a solemn w>n+ aga9/ hypocrisy & falsehood 9 8 s]vice4 ,?\gh ! gospel is a sy/em ( m]cy1 x takes1 z all admit1 a sev]e attitude t[>ds ^? :o reject x2 :y n1 !n1 t[>ds ^? :o make a hypocritical pr(ession ( x8 ,z ,nadab & ,abihu 7 consum$ by fire f heav5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mosaic economy1 s ! dea? ( ,ananias & 8 wife came e>ly 9 ! disp5sation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z a te/imony to all future ages ( ,*ri/'s abhorr5ce ( hypocrisy1 & consequ5tly ( ! doom :i* hypocrites w receive f him at ! la/ day4 ,matt4 #g3ba-bc4 ,! fact t ,luke has omitt$ "s ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,paul1 z1 = example1 8 j\rney into ,arabia1 :i* occurr$ dur+ ! ?ree ye>s t int]v5$ betwe5 8 conv]sion & 8 fir/ visit to ,j]usalem1 ,acts #i3bb-bf comp>$ ) ,gal4 #a3ae-ah1 is no argum5t aga9/ ! cr$ibility ( 8 n>rative4 ,difficulties t arise simply f a writ]'s brevity mu/ n be all[$ to set aside satisfactory evid5ce ( 8 compet5cy & tru?fulness4 ,! hi/orical difficulties connect$ ) ,/eph5's address d n conc]n ,luke's cr$ibility z a hi/orian1 & ! discussion ( !m belongs to ! comm5tator4 #e4 ,! book ( ,acts closes ) a notice t ,paul dwelt two :ole ye>s 9 8 own hir$ h\se1 & receiv$ all t came 9 unto him1 prea*+ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & tea*+ ^? ?+s :i* conc]n ! ,"l ,jesus1 ) all confid5ce1 no man =bidd+ him4 ,z x adds no notice ( ! issue ( 8 imprisonm5t1 or ( :at aft]w>ds befell him1 we naturally inf] t ! book 0 writt5 at ,rome ab\t ?is "t1 t is1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,,ii4 ,! ,ackn[l$g$ ,epi/les1 #f4 ,x is well kn[n t d\bts exi/$1 to a great] or less ext5t1 9 ! primitive *ur*es be=e ! f\r? c5tury1 respect+ ! apo/olic orig9 & au?ority ( c]ta9 books :i* n[ con/itute a "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon4 ,h5ce ! di/9ction made by ,eusebius betwe5 ! ackn[l$g$ books1 7homolog\m5a7 t is1 ^? t 7 univ]sally receiv$ f ! fir/1 & ! disput$ books1 7antilegom5a17 books respect+ :i* "s ent]ta9$ d\bts4 ,! ackn[l$g$ books are1 ! f\r gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ?irte5 epi/les ( ,paul :i* be> 8 "n at ! beg9n+1 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,pet]1 & ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john2 tw5ty 9 all4 ,! disput$ books are1 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ! epi/le ( ,james1 ! second epi/le ( ,pet]1 ! second & ?ird epi/les ( ,john1 ! epi/le ( ,jude1 & ! book ( ,revelation2 sev5 9 all4 ,! gospels & ! ,acts h be5 already consid]$1 & ! disput$ books are res]v$ = ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,"s rem>ks w "h be made on ! fifte5 ackn[l$g$ epi/les4 #g4 ,! epi/les ( ,paul may be conv5i5tly di/ribut$ into two gr\ps1 ( :i* ! second or small] conta9s ! ?ree pa/oral epi/les1 & ! =m] or l>g]1 ! rema9+ t54 ,( ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! l>g] gr\p little ne$s to be said4 ,!y be> ?r\gh\t ! impress ( g5u95ess & au!nticity4 ,no d\bts 7 ev] ent]ta9$ conc]n+ !m 9 ! anci5t *ur*es4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "s gr\nd = suspect+ t a few anci5t copies ( ! epi/le to ! ,ephesians omitt$ ! words at ,ephesus--m lit]ally 9 ,ephesus--*ap4 #a3a4 ,b ! g5u95ess ( ^! words is su/a9$ by an ov]:elm+ weight ( evid5ce1 & t ,paul 0 ! au?or ( ! epi/le 0 nev] once d\bt$ by ! anci5t *ur*es4 ,! argum5ts ( "s mod]n writ]s aga9/ its apo/olic orig9 h no real weight1 z w be %[n h]eaft] 9 ! introduction to ! epi/le4 ,respect+ ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ?ree pa/oral epi/les1 two to ,timo?y & "o to ,titus1 !re 0 nev] any d\bt 9 ! anci5t *ur*es4 ,!y are support$ by ! te/imony ( ! ,pe%ito-,syriac v]sion1 ( ! ,muratorian canon1 also1 7z appe>s f ,j]ome's lett] to ,m>cella & ! quotations ( ! *ur* fa!rs be=e him17 ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion2 ( ,ir5aeus1 ,t]tullian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & a multitude ( lat] writ]s4 ,!re are also "s allusions to ^! epi/les 9 ! apo/olic fa!rs1 :i* seem to be decisive4 ,su* are ! foll[+3 ,let u !re=e approa* to him 9 hol9ess ( s\l1 lift+ up to him holy & unpollut$ h&s4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 *ap4 #bi4 ,b ! beg9n+ ( all mis*ief is ! love ( money4 ,kn[+1 !re=e1 t we br\ght no?+ into ! _w nei!r h p[] to c>ry any ?+ out1 let u arm ourselves ) ! armor ( righte\sness4 ,polyc>p1 ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 *ap4 #d4 ,! /ud5t may see o!r suppos$ allusions 9 ,kir*h(]1 ,quell5sammlung2 ,l>dn]1 #b3ci2 ,davidson's ,introduction1 #c1 p4 #aja seq42 ,al=d's ,new ,te/am5t1 ,introduction to ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 etc4 ,respect+ ! date ( ! pa/oral epi/les v diff]5t op9ions are held4 ,! :ole discussion turns on ! "q :e!r !y 7 writt5 be=e or aft] ,paul's imprisonm5t at ,rome1 :i* is record$ 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 & ?is aga9 is connect$ ) ! fur!r "q :e!r he und]w5t a second imprisonm5t at ,rome1 conc]n+ :i* le>n$ m5 are n agre$4 ,! full discussion ( ?is matt] belongs to ! introduction to ! pa/oral epi/les4 ,x may be simply rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! int]nal argum5ts 9 favor ( a late date are v /rong1 & t its assumption acc\nts = ! developm5t ( su* a /ate ( ?+s at ,ephesus z appe>s 9 ! two pa/oral epi/les to ,timo?y--a /ate v diff]5t f t :i* exi/$ :5 ! epi/le to ! ,ephesians 0 writt51 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fj & #fd1 & :i* makes x necess>y to sep>ate ! fir/ epi/le to ,timo?y f t to ! ,ephesians by a consid]able int]val ( "t4 ,! !me ( ! pa/oral epi/les is peculi>4 ,x is ! affectionate c\nsel ( an ag$ apo/le to two "y prea*]s & rul]s 9 ! *ur* respect+ ! duties ( _! (fice4 ,f ! peculi>ity ( ! subject-matt] naturally arises1 to "s ext5t1 a peculi>ity 9 ! diction ( ^! epi/les2 yet ! /yle & co/ume is ?r\gh\t t ( ! apo/le ,paul4 #h4 ,! te/imony ( ! anci5t *ur* to ! fir/ epi/le ( ,pet] & ! fir/ ( ,john is v ample4 ,besides t ( ! ,pe%ito-,syriac v]sion1 & ( ! *ur* fa!rs ,ir5aeus1 ,t]tullian1 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 !y h 9 addition t ( ,papias & ! apo/olic fa!r ,polyc>p4 ,! fir/ epi/le ( ,john is also includ$ 9 ! ,muratorian canon4 ,x sc>cely ne$s1 h[ev]1 any ext]nal te/imony4 ,! id5tity ( its au?or ) t ( ! f\r? gospel is s manife/ f its :ole tone & /yle1 t x has be5 always conc$$ t if "o ( ^! writ+s came f ! p5 ( ! apo/le ,john1 ! o!r did also4 ,! te/imony ( ,papias to ^! two epi/les1 ?\gh indirect1 is conclusive4 ,eusebius says1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 #c4 #ci1 ,! same ,papias has employ$ te/imonies f ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john1 & 9 l mann] ( ,pet]4 ,polyc>p says1 ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 *4 #g1 ,= e "o :o confesse? n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is anti-,*ri/1 ) evid5t ref]5ce to #a ,john #d3c4 ,eusebius says also1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 #d4 #ad1 t 9 ! same epi/le to ! ,philippians ,polyc>p has employ$ c]ta9 te/imonies f ! fir/ epi/le ( ,pet]2 & :5 we exam9e ! epi/le we f9d sev]al c]ta9 ref]5ces to x1 among :i* are ! foll[+3 ,9 :om1 ?\gh ye see him n1 ye believe2 & believ+1 ye rejoice ) joy unspeakable1 & full ( glory4 ,*ap4 #a comp>$ ) #a ,pet4 #a3h4 ,believ+ 9 him :o rais$ up our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ f ! dead1 & gave him glory1 & a seat at 8 "r h&4 ,*ap4 #b comp>$ ) #a ,pet4 #a3ba4 #i4 ,! relation ( ! gospel hi/ory to ! writ+s n[ "u consid]ation--! book ( ,acts & ! apo/olic epi/les--is ( ! mo/ intimate & weighty "*4 ,! tru? ( ! e>li] n>ratives conta9$ 9 ! gospels implies ! tru? ( ^! lat] works2 =1 z already rem>k$1 !y are ! natural sequel ( ! ev5ts !re record$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tru? ( ^! lat] writ+s implies ! tru? ( ! gospel hi/ory2 = 9 t hi/ory !y f9d _! full explanation1 & )\t x !y are1 & mu/ ev] rema91 inexplicable4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t con/itute "o insep>able :ole1 & !y all %$ light ^u ea* o!r4 ,l a *a9 ( =tresses 9 w>1 !y mutually comm& ea* o!r4 ,unless ! :ole c be ov]?r[n1 no "o "p c be successfully assail$4 ,b to ov]?r[ ! :ole is beyond ! p[] ( man2 = ,god has gu>d$ x on e side by impregnable bulw>ks ( evid5ce4 #aj4 ,a special argum5t = ! tru? ( ! ,scripture hi/ory ( ! apo/le ,paul may be drawn f ! num]\s undesign$ co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! book ( ,acts & ^? ref]r$ to 9 ! epi/les4 ,?is "w has be5 accompli%$ ) great ability & skill by ,paley 9 8 ,horae ,paul9ae1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,! argum5t is v conclusive2 = :5 we consid] ! p>ticul>ity ( ,/4 ,paul's epi/les1 ! p]petual recurr5ce ( names ( p]sons & places1 ! frequ5t allusions to ! incid5ts ( 8 private life1 & ! circum/ances ( 8 condition & hi/ory1 & ! connection & p>allelism ( ^! ) ! same circum/ances 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 s z to enable u1 = ! mo/ "p1 to confront !m "o ) ano!r1 we mu/ be satisfi$ t ! tru? ( ! hi/ory c alone expla9 su* a multitude ( co9cid5ces1 _m ( !m ( a m9ute "*1 & all ( !m manife/ly undesign$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,disput$ ,,books4 ,! gr\nds on :i* ea* ( ! disput$ books--,antilegom5a1 *ap4 #e1 ,no4 #f--;is receiv$ into ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 w be consid]$ 9 ! introduction to ^! books4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] "s g5]al sugge/ions w be made :i* apply to !m z a :ole4 #a4 ,?is is n a "q conc]n+ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 b conc]n+ ! ext5t ( ! canon2 a di/9ction :i* is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,"s p]sons1 :5 !y le>n t d\bts exi/$ 9 ! e>ly *ur*es1 to a great] or less ext5t1 respect+ c]ta9 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 are tr\bl$ 9 m9d1 z if a %ade ( unc]ta9ty 7 !reby ca/ ov] ! :ole collection ( books4 ,b ?is is a v errone\s view ( ! matt]4 ,! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 l ^? ( ! ,old1 7 writt5 "o aft] ano!r1 z occasion requir$2 & ! *ur*es receiv$ ea* ( !m sep>ately on ! evid5ce !y _h ( its apo/olic orig9 & au?ority4 ,at l5g? collections ( ^! books1 t is1 canons1 began to be =m$4 ,su* collections translators w\ld ( necessity make1 unless !y f\nd !m ready at h&4 ,! e>lie/ canons ( :i* we h any k are conta9$ 9 ! old ,lat9 v]sion1 ! ,syriac v]sion call$ ,pe%ito1 & ! ,muratorian canon2 ea* ( :i* repres5t$ ! prevail+ judgm5t ( ! *ur*es 9 ! region :]e x 0 =m$4 ,z ?is judgm5t diff]$ 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ,*ri/5dom 9 respect to ! books 9 "q1 s also d ^! canons4 ,! ,pe%ito conta9s ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews & t ( ,james1 b omits ! o!r five books4 ,! ,muratorian canon omits ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ! epi/le ( ,james1 & ! second epi/le ( ,pet]2 b conta9s ! epi/le ( ,jude1 ! book ( ,revelation1 & app>5tly also ! second & ?ird ( ,john1 ?\gh 9 respect to !m its language is obscure & ( d\btful int]pretation4 ,! old ,lat9 v]sion1 s f> z we c judge f ! quotations ( ! *ur* fa!rs1 agre$ 9 g5]al ) ! ,muratorian canon4 ,x conta9$1 h[ev]1 ! epi/le ( ,james1 7,codex ,corbei5sis1 ff17 & t to ! ,hebrews2 & if1 z has be5 suppos$1 ?is latt] 0 a lat] addition1 x 0 yet e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,t]tullian4 ,see ,we/cott on ! ,canon1 pp4 #bhb1 #bhc4 ,n[ ?is div]sity ( judgm5t ) reg>d to p>ticul> books does n affect 9 ! lea/ ! rema9+ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* are su/a9$ by ! au?ority ( all ! above-nam$ witnesses1 z well z by ! undivid$ te/imony ( ! anci5t *ur*es4 ,did ! ,new ,te/am5t claim to be ! "w ( a s+le au?or1 ! case w\ld be diff]5t4 ,we %\ld !n h b "o witness2 & if c]ta9 p>ts ( 8 te/imony c\ld be successfully assail$1 ?is w\ld ?r[ a measure ( suspicion on ! :ole4 ,b n[ we h 9 ! sep>ate books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t a l>ge numb] ( witnesses1 mo/ ( :om are entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,d\bts respect+ ! te/imony ( "o d n affect t ( ano!r4 ,we receive ! sev5 books 9 "q z a "p ( ,god's revelation on gr\nds :i* we judge adequate1 z w be %[n 9 ! introductions to ! sev]al books4 ,b if any "o feels "u ! necessity ( susp5d+ 8 judgm5t ) respect to "o or m ( ^! books1 let him foll[ ! tea*+s ( ! o!r books1 :i* are above all d\bt4 ,he w f9d 9 !m all ! tru? ess5tial to ! salvation ( 8 s\l2 & he w !n be 9 a position calmly to inve/igate ! evid5ce = ! canonical au?ority ( ! s-call$ disput$ books4 #b4 ,! div]sity ( judgm5t :i* prevail$ 9 ! e>ly *ur*es 9 respect to c]ta9 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is 9 h>mony ) all t we "k ( _! "* & _s4 ,x 0 an age ( free inquiry4 ,g5]al c\ncils 7 n !n kn[n1 nor 0 !re any c5tral p[] to impose its decisions on all ! *ur*es4 ,9 ! ess5tial doctr9es ( ! gospel !re 0 ev]y:]e an agreem5t1 especially 9 receiv+ ! writ+s ackn[l$g$ to be apo/olic1 z ! supreme rule ( fai? & practice4 ,b ?is did n exclude diff]5ces on m9or po9ts 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ,*ri/5dom2 & ) respect to ^! ! *ur*es ( ea* p>ticul> region 7 t5aci\s !n1 z !y h be5 9 all ages s9ce1 ( _! peculi> op9ions & practices4 ,x is well kn[n1 = example1 t ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or diff]$ f ^? ( ,rome 9 ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury respect+ ! day on :i* ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival ( ! ,passov]1 ) ! communion s]vice connect$ ) x1 %\ld be celebrat$2 ! =m] plac+ x on ! f\rte5? ( ! mon? ,nisan1 ! latt] on ! anniv]s>y ( ! resurrection ,sunday4 ,nor c\ld ! conf]5ce betwe5 ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,anicetus1 bi%op ( ,rome1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #afb1 avail to *ange ! usage ( ei!r p>ty1 ?\gh x did n at t "t break ! bond ( bro!rhood betwe5 !m4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ !re=e to f9d a l div]sity 9 diff]5t regions respect+ c]ta9 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! unanim\s belief ( ! ,ea/]n & ,alex&r9e *ur*es ascrib$ to ,paul ! au?or%ip ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews2 b 9 ! ,we/]n *ur*es its ,paul9e au?or%ip 0 n g5]ally admitt$ till ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! ,apocalypse1 on ! contr>y1 f\nd mo/ favor ) ! ,we/]n or ,lat9 *ur*es4 ,x has 9 its favor ! te/imony ( ! ,muratorian canon1 :i* is ( ,lat9 orig91 & also--z appe>s f ! citations conta9$ 9 ! comm5t>ies ( ,primasius--t ( ! old ,lat9 v]sion4 ,o!r examples see above1 ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,al?\gh we _c acc\nt = ! univ]sal & undisput$ reception ( ! ackn[l$g$ books by all ! *ur*es1 except on ! assumption ( _! g5u95ess1 ! non-reception ( a giv5 book by "s ( ! e>ly *ur*es is no conclusive argum5t aga9/ its apo/olic orig94 ,f ! influ5ce ( circum/ances unkn[n to u1 x may h rema9$ = a consid]able p]iod ( "t 9 comp>ative obscurity4 ,we h good gr\nd = believ+ t "s apo/olic writ+s are utt]ly lo/4 ,to d5y ! possibility ( ?is w\ld be to prejudge ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,z ! apo/les deliv]$ _m inspir$ disc\rses :i* x did n please ! ,holy ,gho/ to h record$1 s !y may h writt5 lett]s :i* he did n judge ne$ful to make ! sacr$ volume complete4 ,! "q is "o ( fact1 n ( !ory4 ,! mo/ obvi\s int]pretation ( #a ,cor4 #e3i & ,col4 #d3af is t ,paul ref]s 9 ea* case to an epi/le :i* has n come d[n to u4 ,& if an inspir$ epi/le might be lo/1 mu* m might ! k & use ( x be re/rict$ = a "t to a n>r[ circle ( *ur*es4 ,:5 su* an epi/le--= example1 ! second ( ,pet]--began to be m ext5sively kn[n1 ! g5]al reception & use ( x w\ld be a sl[ process1 n only f ! difficulty ( communication 9 anci5t z comp>$ ) mod]n times1 b also f ! sl[ness ) :i* ! *ur*es ( "o region receiv$ any ?+ new f ^? ( o!r regions4 ,!n aga91 if a book 7 kn[n1 !re might be 9 "s regions hesitancy 9 respect to receiv+ x1 f d\bts 9 reg>d to its au?or1 z 9 ! case ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! ,apocalypse2 or f ! peculi>ity ( its cont5ts also1 z 9 ! case ( ! latt] book4 ,9 ! influ5ce ( causes l ! above nam$1 we f9d a reasonable explanation ( ! fact t "s books1 :i* ! mature judgm5t ( ! *ur*es receiv$ into ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 did n f9d at fir/ a univ]sal reception4 #d4 ,9 ! caution & hesitation ( ! e>ly *ur*es ) respect to ! books 9 "q1 we h satisfactory evid5ce t1 9 settl+ ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !y act$ ) great delib]ation & consci5ti\sness1 _! rule be+ t no book %\ld be receiv$ ^: apo/olic orig9 c\ld n be e/abli%$ on solid gr\nds4 ,did ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* pres5t no su* ph5om5on z t ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ackn[l$g$ & disput$ books1 we might naturally inf] t all books t pr(ess$ to h emanat$ f ! apo/les1 or to h _h _! sanction1 7 receiv$ )\t discrim9ation4 ,b n[ ! mature & f9al judgm5t ( ! *ur*es is entitl$ to great consid]ation4 ,?is judgm5t1 let x be rememb]$1 0 n affirmative only1 b also negative4 ,:ile x admitt$ to ! canon ! sev5 books n[ "u consid]ation1 x exclud$ o!rs :i* 7 highly valu$ & publicly read 9 _m ( ! *ur*es4 ,on ?is gr\nd x is entitl$ to /ill high] reg>d4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ( b9d+ au?ority1 = x is n ! decision ( inspir$ m54 ,we h a "r to g beh9d x1 & to exam9e ! facts on :i* x is bas$1 s f> z !y c be asc]ta9$ f exi/+ docum5ts4 ,b ?is "w belongs to ! introduction to ! sev]al books4 ,?ree books alone obta9$ a p>tial ecclesia/ical curr5cy1 ?r\gh :i* !y 7 n cle>ly sep>at$ at fir/ f ! disput$ writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we/cott on ! ,canon1 ,app5dix ,b1 p4 #eej4 ,?is 0 on ! gr\nd t !y 7 writt51 or suppos$ to be writt51 by ! imm$iate successors ( ! apo/les4 ,! olde/ kn[n codex ( ! ,bible is ! ,s9aitic1 discov]$ at m\nt ,s9ai by ,tis*5dorf 9 #ahei1 & :i* belongs to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,?is conta9s ! :ole ( ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 & ! fir/ "p ( ! "w call$ ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas4 ,! ,alex&r9e codex1 belong+ to ! fif? c5tury1 has app5d$ to x ! fir/ epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* is admitt$1 & also a portion ( ! second or apocryphal epi/le1 ! rema9d] ( x be+ lo/4 ,! explanation is1 t ^! ?ree books 7 read 9 "s at lea/ ( ! *ur*es :5 ^! codices 7 =m$4 ,b !y nev] obta9$ any p]man5t au?ority z canonical writ+s1 & 7 exclud$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t by e c\ncil ( ! *ur*es1 ca?olic or s*ismatic4 ,t]tullian1 z quot$ by ,we/cott1 p4 #eea4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,inspiration ,,& ,,! ,,canon ,by ! ^w inspiration1 :5 us$ 9 a !ological s5se1 we und]/& su* an illum9ation & guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s z raises a speak] or writ] above error1 & ?us gives to 8 tea*+s a div9e au?ority4 ,if we attempt to inve/igate ! int]ior nature ( ?is sup]human influ5ce1 its diff]5t degrees & modes ( op]ation1 & ! relation :i* ! human m9d holds to ! div9e 9 ! case ( ^? :o receive x1 we f9d ourselves involv$ 9 _m difficulties1 "s ( :i* at lea/ are to our f9ite m9ds insup]able4 ,b if we look at x f a practical po9t ( view1 re/rict+ our inquiries to ! end propos$ by ,god 9 inspiration1 :i* is to furni% 8 *ur* ) an infallible & suffici5t rule ( fai? & practice1 we f9d no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! subject s f> z our duty & welf>e are conc]n$4 ,f su* a practical position ! "q ( inspiration w n[ be discuss$2 & ! inquiry w be1 at pres5t1 re/rict$ to ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 connection ) ?is discussion w also be consid]$ ! subject ( ! canon1 n 9 its p>ticul> ext5t1 b 9 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x is =m$4 #a4 ,x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to f9d a sure rule by :i* we c try ! claims ( a giv5 book to be inspir$1 & consequ5tly to be admitt$ into ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x _c be simply ! writ]'s own decl>ation4 ,x w be %[n h]eaft] t1 9 connection ) o!r evid5ce1 8 te/imony conc]n+ himself is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,b ! po9t n[ is1 t no man's inspiration is to be ackn[l$g$ simply on 8 own ^w4 ,nor c we decide simply f ! cont5ts ( ! book4 ,v important inde$ is ! "q conc]n+ ! cont5ts ( any book :i* claims to be a revelation f ,god4 ,yet we _c take ! nak$ gr\nd t a giv5 book is inspir$ because its cont5ts are ( a giv5 "*4 ,?is w\ld be virtually to set up our own reason z ! supreme arbit] ( div9e tru?1 :i* is ! v position ( rationalism4 ,nor c we receive a book z inspir$ on ! s-call$ au?ority ( ! *ur*1 :e!r ?is mean ! au?ority ( a man :o claims to be its infallible head1 or ! au?ority ( a g5]al c\ncil ( ! *ur*es4 ,admitt+ = a mom5t ! ,romi% doctr9e ( ! infallibility ( ! *ur*1 we c\ld "k ?is infallibility n f ! decl>ation ( any man or body ( m5 9 ! *ur*1 b f ,scripture alone4 ,b ?is is assum+ at ! outset ! infallibility ( ,scripture1 & !re=e its inspiration1 :i* is ! v po9t at issue4 ,look+ at ! "q on all sides1 we %all f9d = a giv5 book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t no valid te/ ( ! writ]'s inspiration except 8 relation to ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is presupposes our ,"l's div9e mission & "*1 & 8 supreme au?ority 9 ! *ur*4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to beg9 ) ! great c5tral fact ( ! gospel1 t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? is ! ,son ( ,god1 & t ?r\gh him ,god has made to m5 a revelation ( 8 own "* & w = _! salvation4 ,?is fact is to be fir/ e/abli%$ accord+ to ! ord9>y rules ( human evid5ce1 z has be5 attempt$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,aft] t we come naturally to ! inspiration ( ! record1 & c e/abli% x also on a sure f\ndation4 #b4 ,! great fundam5tal tru? t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god1 :o dwelt f et]nity ) ! ,fa!r1 knew all 8 c\nsels1 & 0 s5t by him to ?is fall5 _w on a mission ( love & m]cy1 be+ e/abli%$ on an immovable f\ndation1 we h a sure po9t ( dep>ture f :i* to proce$ 9 our inquiries respect+ inspiration4 ,x becomes at once a self-evid5t proposition--! great axiom ( ,*ri/ianity1 we may call x--t ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :5 he 0 on e>?1 0 tru? unmix$ ) error4 ,?is he himself ass]t$ 9 ! mo/ explicit t]ms3 ,! ,fa!r love? ! ,son1 & %[e? him all ?+s t himself doe?4 ,john #e3bj4 ,i am ! light ( ! _w3 he t foll[e? me %all n walk 9 d>kness1 b %all h ! light ( life4 ,john #h3ab4 ,he t s5t me is true2 & ,i speak to ! _w ^? ?+s :i* ,i h he>d ( him4 ,john #h3bf4 ,i h n spok5 ( myself2 b ! ,fa!r :i* s5t me1 he gave me a comm&m5t1 :at ,i %\ld say1 & :at ,i %\ld speak4 ,& ,i "k t 8 comm&m5t is life ev]la/+3 :atsoev] ,i speak !re=e1 ev5 z ! ,fa!r said unto me1 s ,i speak4 ,john #ab3di1 #ej4 ,proce$+ !n f ! position ( our ,"l's infallibility1 let u inquire :e!r any ( 8 disciples1 & if s1 :o among !m1 7 div9ely qualifi$ to tea*1 & consequ5tly to record1 )\t error1 ! facts & doctr9es ( 8 gospel4 ,!re are b two grades ( relation%ip to ,*ri/ ) :i* we c connect su* a high end[m5t3 t ( apo/les1 & t ( _! companions & fell[-labor]s4 ,let u consid] ea* ( ^! 9 ord]4 #c4 ,e>ly 9 our ,"l's m9i/ry he *ose twelve apo/les1 t !y %\ld be ) him1 & t he might s5d !m =? to prea*1 & to h p[] to heal sicknesses1 & to ca/ out devils4 ,m>k #c3ad1 #ae4 ,9 ?is brief notice we h all ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( an apo/le4 ,he 0 *os5 t he might be ) ,*ri/ f ! beg9n+1 & ?us be to ! p an eye-witness ( 8 :ole public life4 ,:5 an apo/le 0 to be *os5 9 ! place ( ,judas1 ,pet] laid p>ticul> /ress on ?is qualification3 ,:]e=e ( ^! m5 :i* h compani$ ) u all ! "t t ! ,"l ,jesus w5t 9 & out among u1 beg9n+ f ! baptism ( ,john1 unto t same day t he 0 tak5 up f u1 mu/ "o be orda9$ to be a witness ) u ( 8 resurrection4 ,acts #a3ba1 #bb4 ,9 ! case ( ,paul alone 0 ?is condition ( apo/le%ip want+2 & ?is want 0 made up to him by ! special revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,gal4 #a3aa1 #ab4 ,an apo/le1 aga91 0 "o :o receiv$ 8 commission to prea* imm$iately f ! ,savi\r1 a qualification :i* ,paul /r5u\sly ass]t$ 9 8 own behalf3 ,paul an apo/le1 n ( m51 nei!r by man1 b by ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,god ! ,fa!r1 :o rais$ him f ! dead4 ,gal4 #a3a4 ,an apo/le1 once m1 0 "o :o receiv$ directly f ,*ri/ ! p[] ( work+ miracles4 ,?is 0 ! seal ( 8 apo/le%ip be=e ! _w4 ,9 ! ?ree p>ticul>s t h be5 nam$ ! apo/les held to ,*ri/ ! ne>e/ possible relation1 & 7 by ?is relation di/+ui%$ f all o!r m54 ,h we evid5ce t !y 7 div9ely qualifi$1 ?r\gh ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 to prea* & record ! facts & doctr9es ( ! gospel )\t error8 ,t !y mu/ h be5 ?us qualifi$1 we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 a /rong presumption f ! necessity ( ! case4 ,?\gh our ,"l f9i%$ ! "w :i* ! ,fa!r gave him to d on e>?1 he did n f9i% ! revelation ( 8 gospel4 ,on ! contr>y1 he said to 8 disciples j be=e 8 crucifixion1 ,i h yet _m ?+s to say unto y1 b ye _c be> !m n[4 ,h[beit :5 he1 ! ,_s ( tru? is come1 he w guide y into all tru?4 ,john #af3ab1 #ac4 ,let u look at "s ( ^! ?+s :i* 7 res]v$ = future revelation4 ,! purely spiritual nature ( ,*ri/'s k+dom 0 n und]/ood by ! apo/les till aft] ! day ( ,p5teco/1 = we f9d !m ask+1 j be=e 8 asc5sion1 ,"l1 wilt ?\ at ?is "t re/ore ! k+dom to ,israel8 a "q :i* he did n answ]1 b ref]r$ !m to ! promis$ gift ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,acts #a3f-h4 ,ano!r ( ! ?+s :i* !y c\ld n be> 0 ! abolition1 ?r\gh ,*ri/'s propitiatory sacrifice1 ( ! ,mosaic law1 & ) x1 ( ! middle wall ( p>tition betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,?is great tru? 0 res]v$ to be reveal$ practically 9 ! progress ( ! gospel1 z record$ 9 ! book ( ,acts1 & doctr9ally 9 ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,!n :at a ri* unfold+ we h 9 ! apo/olic epi/les ( ! mean+ ( our ,"l's dea? on ,calv>y1 & 9 connection ) ?is1 ( ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?--fai? n simply 9 ,*ri/1 b 9 ,*ri/ crucifi$4 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/'s p]son ! disciples _h be=e 8 dea?2 b fai? 9 him z crucifi$ = ! s9s ( ! _w !y c\ld n h till aft] 8 resurrection & exaltation to ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,! abov5am$ tru?s--n to specify o!rs1 z1 = example1 :at ,paul says ( ! resurrection1 #a ,cor41 *4 #ae2 #a4 ,!ss4 #d3ac-ah--;ent] into ! v sub/ance ( ! gospel4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 integral p>ts ( x4 ,c we suppose t our ,"l began ! revelation ( 8 gospel by 8 own infallible wisdom1 & !n left x to be complet$ by ! fallible wisdom ( m58 ,if ,augu/9e & ,j]ome 9 ! latt] p]iod ( ! ,roman empire1 if ,anselm & ,b]n>d 9 ! middle ages1 if ,lu!r & ,calv9 at ! era ( ! ,re=mation1 if ,wesley & ,edw>ds 9 lat] days1 commit errors1 ! mis*ief is comp>atively small2 =1 ^u ! supposition t ! apo/les 7 qualifi$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to tea* & write )\t error1 we h 9 _! writ+s an infallible /&>d by :i* to try ! doctr9es ( lat] un9spir$ m54 ,b if ! apo/les :om ,*ri/ himself appo9t$ to f9i% ! revelation :i* he _h begun1 & :om he end[$ ) miracul\s p[]s1 z ! seal ( _! commission1 _h be5 left )\t a sure gu>antee aga9/ error1 !n !re w\ld be no /&>d ( tru? to :i* ! *ur* 9 lat] ages c\ld appeal4 ,no man :o believes t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god1 & t he came into ! _w to make to m5 a p]fect revelation ( ! way ( life1 c admit su* an absurd supposition4 ,9 ! second place1 we h ,*ri/'s express promises to 8 apo/les t !y %\ld be div9ely qualifi$ = _! "w ?r\gh ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 ,b :5 !y deliv] y up1 take no ?\ght--be n solicit\s1 z ! orig9al signifies--h[ or :at ye %all speak1 = x %all be giv5 y 9 t same h\r :at ye %all speak4 ,= x is n ye t speak1 b ! ,_s ( y\r ,fa!r :i* speake? 9 y4 ,matt4 #aj3ai1 #bj4 ,b :5 !y %all lead y1 & deliv] y up1 take no ?\ght be=eh& :at ye %all speak1 nei!r d ye prem$itate3 b :atsoev] %all be giv5 y 9 t h\r1 t speak ye3 = x is n ye t speak1 b ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,m>k #ac3aa4 ,& :5 !y br+ y unto ! synagogues1 & unto magi/rates1 & p[]s1 take ye no ?\ght h[ or :at ?+ ye %all answ]1 or :at ye %all say3 = ! ,holy ,gho/ %all tea* y 9 ! same h\r :at ye ought to say4 ,luke #ab3aa1 #ab4 ,settle x !re=e 9 y\r he>ts n to m$itate be=e :at ye %all answ]3 = ,i w give y a m\? & wisdom1 :i* all y\r adv]s>ies %all n be able to ga9say nor resi/4 ,luke #ba3ad1 #ae4 ,! above promises are p]fectly explicit2 & al?\gh !y ref] prim>ily to a p>ticul> em]g5cy1 9 :i* ! apo/les w\ld especially feel _! ne$ ( div9e guidance1 !y cov]1 9 _! _s1 all o!r em]g5cies4 ,we _c read !m )\t ! conviction t !y conta9 ! promise to ! apo/les ( all ne$$ help & guidance 9 ! "w committ$ to !m4 ,if !y 7 div9ely qualifi$ to def5d ! gospel be=e _! adv]s>ies )\t error--,i w give y a m\? & wisdom :i* all y\r adv]s>ies %all n be able to ga9say nor resi/--s 7 !y also to record ! facts ( ! gospel1 & to unfold 9 _! epi/les its doctr9es4 ,! promises record$ 9 ! gospel ( ,john are m g5]al & compreh5sive 9 _! "*4 ,x w be suffici5t to adduce two ( !m3 ,^! ?+s h ,i spok5 unto y be+ yet pres5t ) y4 ,b ! ,com=t]1 :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/1 :om ! ,fa!r w s5d 9 my "n1 he %all tea* y all ?+s1 & br+ all ?+s to y\r remembrance1 :atsoev] ,i h said unto y4 ,john #ad3be1 #bf4 ,i h yet _m ?+s to say unto y1 b ye _c be> !m n[4 ,h[beit :5 he1 ! ,_s ( tru?1 is come1 he w guide y into all tru?3 = he %all n speak ( himself2 b :atsoev] he %all he>1 t %all he speak3 & he w %[ y ?+s to come4 ,he %all glorify me3 = he %all receive ( m9e1 & %all %[ x unto y4 ,all ?+s t ! ,fa!r ha? are m9e3 !re=e said ,i t he %all take ( m9e1 & %all %[ x unto y4 ,john #af3ab-ae4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! passages ! special promise is t ! ,holy ,_s %all br+ to ! remembrance ( ! apo/les & unfold to _! und]/&+ all ,*ri/'s p]sonal tea*+s2 s t !y %all ?us h a full] appreh5sion ( _! mean+ ?an !y c\ld :ile he 0 yet ) !m4 ,! second promise is introduc$ ) ! decl>ation t ! ,savi\r has yet _m ?+s to say to 8 apo/les :i* !y _c n[ be>4 ,( c\rse ^! ?+s are res]v$ = ! m9i/ration ( ! ,_s1 z he imm$iately proce$s to %[3 ,:5 he1 ! ,_s ( tru?1 is come1 he w guide y into all tru?4 ,! ,_s %all glorify ,*ri/2 = he %all take ( ! ?+s :i* are ,*ri/'s1 & reveal !m to ! apo/les4 ,& :at are ! ?+s :i* are ,*ri/'s8 ,all t ! ,fa!r ha?2 = ! ,fa!r has giv5 all ?+s into ! h&s ( ! ,son4 ,john #ac3c4 ,among ^! all ?+s are includ$ all ! ,fa!r's c\nsels p]ta9+ to ! way ( salvation ?r\gh ! ,son4 ,^! are giv5 to ! ,son2 & ! ,holy ,gho/ %all take ( !m & reveal to ! *ur*1 ?r\gh ! apo/les1 z mu* z x is ne$ful = ! *ur* to "k4 ,9 ^! rem>kable words we h at once a pro( ( our ,"l's deity1 & a sure gu>antee to ! apo/les ( sup]natural illum9ation & guidance 9 ! "w committ$ to !m--all ! illum9ation & guidance :i* !y ne$$1 t !y might be qualifi$ to f9i% )\t error ! revelation ( ! gospel :i* ,*ri/ _h begun4 ,! "q is (t5 ask$3 ,7 ^! promises giv5 to ! apo/les alone1 or ?r\gh !m to ! *ur* at l>ge8 ,! answ] is at h&4 ,!y 7 giv5 prim>ily & 9 a special s5se to ! apo/les2 = !y _h ref]5ce to a special "w committ$ to !m1 :i* requir$ = its p]=mance special div9e illum9ation & guidance4 ,!y 7 also giv51 9 an important s5se1 to ! *ur* at l>ge2 s9ce all believ]s enjoy1 ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ! apo/les1 ! b5efit ( ^! revelations ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 made to all believ]s p]sonally2 b 7 giv51 once = all1 ?r\gh ! apo/les to ! *ur*4 ,! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s is inde$ made to all believ]s p]sonally3 ?r\gh 8 enlight5+ & sanctify+ p[] !y h all ne$$ help & guidance4 ,b !y are n call$1 z 7 ! apo/les1 to lay ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & h !re=e no promise ( new revelations f ! ,_s or ( elevation above all error1 any m ?an !y h ( miracul\s gifts4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to consid]1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! claims :i* ! apo/les !mselves made to speak & write ) div9e au?ority4 ,al?\gh _! simple ^w z m5 c\ld avail no?+1 yet ?is same ^w1 tak5 9 connection ) _! kn[n relation to ,*ri/1 ) ! "w committ$ to !m1 & ) ! promises made to !m1 is ( ! mo/ weighty import4 ,x 0 n inde$ _! cu/om to ass]t gratuit\sly _! sup]human guidance & au?ority4 ,yet :5 occasions arose1 f ! nature ( ! subject "u discussion1 or f ! opposition ( false tea*]s1 !y did s 9 unambigu\s t]ms4 ,?us ! apo/le ,paul1 writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians1 says1 ,n[ we h receiv$ n ! _s ( ! _w1 b ! ,_s :i* is ( ,god2 t we might "k ! ?+s t are freely giv5 to u ( ,god4 ,:i* ?+s also we speak1 n 9 ! words :i* man's wisdom tea*e?1 b :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ tea*e?2 comp>+ spiritual ?+s ) spiritual1 #a ,cor4 #b3ab1 #ac3 & writ+ to ! ,!ssalonians conc]n+ ! resurrection1 ,= ?is we say unto y by ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 t we :i* are alive & rema9 unto ! com+ ( ! ,"l %all n prev5t !m :i* are asleep1 etc4 #a ,!ss4 #d3ae4 ,& aga91 9 writ+ to ! ,galatians1 among :om 8 apo/olic /&+ _h be5 call$ 9 "q by c]ta9 ,judaiz+ tea*]s1 he says1 ,i c]tify y1 bre?r51 t ! gospel :i* 0 prea*$ ( me is n aft] man3 = ,i nei!r receiv$ x ( man1 nei!r 0 ,i taught x1 b by ! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,gal4 #a3aa1 #ab4 ,?is language is explicit en\gh4 ,x c\ld h be5 us$ only by "o :o 0 consci\s ( hav+ be5 div9ely qualifi$ to tea* ! gospel )\t error4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! same epi/le1 he opposes 8 apo/olic au?ority to ^! false tea*]s3 ,behold1 ,i ,paul say unto y1 t if ye be circumcis$ ,*ri/ %all pr(it y no?+4 ,gal4 #e3b4 ,9 ! memorable lett] ( ! apo/les & eld]s to ! ,g5tile *ur*es1 ,acts #ae3bc-bi1 !y say1 ,x seem$ good to ! ,holy ,gho/ & to u1 to lay ^u y no great] burd5 ?an ^! necess>y ?+s4 ,to ! ,holy ,gho/ & to u c mean only1 to u "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,besides su* explicit ass]tions z ! above1 !re is a tone ( au?ority runn+ ?r\gh ! apo/olic writ+s :i* c be expla9$ only f _! claim to speak ) div9e au?ority4 ,!y ass]t ! weightie/ tru?s & make ! weightie/ revelations conc]n+ ! future1 z m5 :o "k t !y h a "r to be implicitly believ$ & obey$4 ,:at maje/y ( au?ority1 = example1 %9es ?r\gh ,paul's discussion ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 #a ,cor41 *4 #ae1 :]e he ann\nces tru?s t lie :olly beyond ! k5 ( human reason4 ,behold1 says he1 ,i %[ y a my/]y2 we %all n all sleep1 b we %all all be *ang$1 z "o :o has p]fect assurance t he speaks f ,god4 ,! same tone ( c]ta9ty runs ?r\gh all ! rem>ks :i* ! apo/le ,john int]weaves into 8 gospel1 z well z ?r\gh 8 epi/les1 & ?r\gh ! o!r apo/olic writ+s4 ,to sum up 9 a s+le s5t5ce :at has be5 said respect+ ! apo/les3 ,:5 we consid] ! /rong presumption1 aris+ f ! necessity ( ! case1 t !y mu/ h be5 div9ely qualifi$ to tea* & write )\t error1 ! explicit promises ( ,*ri/ t !y %\ld be ?us qualifi$1 & _! explicit claims "u ^! promises1 we h full evid5ce t !y wrote1 z well z spoke1 "u ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & consequ5tly t _! writ+s are ( div9e au?ority4 #d4 ,9 ! second grade ( relation%ip to ,*ri/ /& m5 :o1 l ,m>k & ,luke1 7 n !mselves apo/les1 b 7 ! companions ( apo/les1 & _! associates 9 ! "w ( prea*+ ! gospel4 ,we are n au?oriz$ to place !m 9 ! same rank ) ! apo/les4 ,yet !y _h ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :i* 0 always giv5 9 connection ) ord9ation at ! h&s ( ! apo/les4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is1 _! connection ) "s ( ! apo/les 0 ( su* an intimate nature t we _c suppose !m to h writt5 )\t _! k & approbation1 we h = _! writ+s all ! apo/olic au?ority t is ne$$4 ,! intimate relation ( ,luke to ! apo/le ,paul has be5 already suffici5tly %[n4 ,we h good gr\nd = believ+ t he 0 ) him :5 he wrote bo? ! gospel & ! book ( ,acts4 ,! intimate connection ( ,m>k ) ! apo/le ,pet] is %[n by ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! primitive *ur*es1 & is confirm$1 moreov]1 by an exam9ation ( ! peculi>ities ( 8 gospel4 ,9 entire h>mony ) ! position ( ^! two evangeli/s is ! "* ( _! writ+s4 ,!y nev] assume ! (fice ( indep5d5t tea*]s1 b re/rict !mselves to a c>eful record ( ! works & words ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les4 #e4 ,a f9al argum5t = ! inspiration ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :e!r writt5 by apo/les or _! companions1 may be drawn f _! g5]al "*1 z contra/$ ) t ( ! writ+s :i* rema9 to u f ! age next succe$+ t ( ! apo/les4 ,! m "o /udies ! two classes ( writ+s 9 connection1 ! deep] w be 8 conviction ( ! di/ance by :i* !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,! desc5t f ! maje/y & p[] ( ! apo/olic writ+s to ! be/ ( ^? :i* belong to ! foll[+ age is sudd5 & v great4 ,only by a sl[ process did ,*ri/ian lit]ature aft]w>ds rise to a high] position ?r\gh ! leav5+ influ5ce ( ! gospel ^u ,*ri/ian society1 & especially ^u ,*ri/ian education4 ,! contra/ n[ "u consid]ation is p>ticul>ly important 9 our judgm5t ( ^? books :i*1 l ! second epi/le ( ,pet]1 are su/a9$ by a less am\nt ( ext]nal evid5ce4 ,?\gh we _c decide on ! inspiration ( a book simply f ! "* ( its cont5ts1 we may be help$ 9 our judgm5t by comp>+ ^!1 on ! "o h&1 ) writ+s ackn[l$g$ to be apo/olic1 & on ! o!r1 ) writ+s :i* we "k to be ( ! foll[+ age4 #f4 ,! inspiration ( ! sacr$ writ]s 0 pl5>y 9 ! s5se t !y receiv$ f ! ,holy ,_s all ! illum9ation & guidance :i* !y ne$$ to pres]ve !m f error 9 ! "w committ$ to !m4 ,) reg>d to ! degree & mode ( ?is influ5ce 9 ! case ( diff]5t books1 x is n necess>y to raise any ab/ract que/ions4 ,t ,paul might make to ! ,galatians a /atem5t ( 8 visits to ,j]usalem & ! discussions connect$ ) !m1 ,galatians1 *aps4 #a1 #b1 or might give an acc\nt ( 8 conv]sion be=e k+ ,agrippa1 ,acts1 *4 #bf1 x 0 n necess>y t he %\ld receive ! same k9d & measure ( div9e help z :5 he unfold$ to ! ,cor9?ians ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 #a ,cor41 *4 #ae4 ,& s 9 reg>d to ! o!r inspir$ p5m54 ,:atev] assi/ance ea* ( !m ne$$1 he receiv$4 ,if 8 judgm5t ne$$ div9e illum9ation = ! selection ( 8 mat]ials1 x 0 giv5 him4 ,if he ne$$ to be rais$ above n>r[ness & prejudice1 or to h ! ,savi\r's in/ructions unfold$ to 8 und]/&+1 or to receive new revelations conc]n+ ! way ( salvation or ! future hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s k+dom--:atev] div9e aid 0 necess>y 9 all ^! cases1 0 grant$4 ,?us ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 be+ writt5 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 become to ! ,*ri/ian *ur* an infallible rule ( fai? & practice4 ,if !re be any limitation connect$ ) ! inspiration ( ! sacr$ writ]s1 x is "o ( :i* ! ,holy ,_s is himself ! au?or1 & :i* _c !re=e injuri\sly affect _! te/imony4 ,x did n please ,god1 = example1 t ! exact ord] ( "t %\ld always be kept 9 ! gospel n>ratives2 nor t ! id5tical =ms ( expression employ$ by ! ,savi\r on giv5 occasions %\ld always be pres]v$2 nor t ! accompany+ circum/ances %\ld 9 all cases be fully /at$2 = 9 all ^! respects ! evangeli/s frequ5tly diff] among !mselves4 ,_h ! wisdom ( ,god judg$ x be/1 m9ute accuracy 9 ^! p>ticul>s might h be5 secur$4 ,b ! result w\ld probably h be5 injuri\s1 by lead+ m5 to exalt ! lett] above ! _s ( ! gospel4 ,we %\ld be glad to "k ) c]ta9ty :i*1 if any1 ( ! diff]5t ways t h be5 propos$ = reconcil+ ,john's n>rative ) ^? ( ! o!r evangeli/s 9 respect to ! day ( ! mon? on :i* our ,"l ate 8 la/ passov] ) 8 disciples1 is ! true "o4 ,x w\ld give u pleasure 7 we able to arrange all ! incid5ts connect$ ) our ,"l's resurrection1 z record$ by ! f\r evangeli/s1 9 ! exact ord] ( _! occurr5ce4 ,_h we a full record ( all ! circum/ances p]ta9+ to ^! two transactions1 ?is might be accompli%$4 ,b x w\ld n make any ess5tial addition to our k ( ! gospel4 ,we %\ld h1 9 e jot & tittle1 ! same way ( salvation t we h n[1 & ! same duties 9 respect to x4 ,to all :o1 on gr\nds l ^!1 f9d difficulty ) ! doctr9e ( pl5>y inspiration1 we may say1 9 ! words ( ! apo/le1 ,bre?r51 be n *ildr5 9 und]/&+2 h[beit1 9 malice be ye *ildr51 b 9 und]/&+ be m54 #g4 ,! ext5t ( ! canon is det]m9$ by ! ext5t ( inspiration4 ,! "q to be settl$ respect+ ea* book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is1 ,0 x writt5 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s8 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 ,has x apo/olic au?ority8 ,if x has1 x is to be receiv$2 if n1 x is to be reject$4 ,!re is no middle gr\nd--no division ( ! canon into books ( prim>y & ( second>y au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,insep>able ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,al?\gh ! great c5tral tru? ( r$emption1 t ! ,fa!r s5t ! ,son to be ! ,savi\r ( ! _w1 & t we h 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t a true record ( ?is mission1 re/s1 z has be5 %[n1 ^u an immovable f\ndation1 we h z yet se5 ! argum5t 9 only half its /r5g?4 ,n until we consid] ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ 9 connection ) ! bright tra9 ( revelations t prec$$ & prep>$ ! way = 8 com+1 d we see x 9 its full glory1 or compreh5d ! am\nt ( div9e te/imony by :i* x is c]tifi$ to u4 ,we h already se51 *ap4 #e4 #a1 h[ ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les foll[1 z a natural sequel1 f ! tru? ( ! gospel hi/ory2 h[1 if we admit ! =m]1 we ought1 = v consi/5cy1 to admit ! latt] also1 s9ce ! two cl+ toge!r z insep>able p>ts ( "o great plan4 ,x is n[ propos$ to look backw>d f ! ,savi\r's adv5t to ! prec$+ s]ies ( revelations1 & %[ h[ naturally 9 ! plan ( ,god !y prec$$ t great ev5t1 & h[ insep>ably !y 7 connect$ ) x z p>ts ( "o great :ole4 #a4 ,! sup]natural mission ( ,*ri/ furni%es1 9 & ( itself1 a v /rong presumption 9 favor ( previ\s sup]natural revelations4 ,t su* a mighty ev5t z ?is %\ld h bur/ ^u ! _w abruptly1 )\t any previ\s prep>ation1 is contr>y to ! :ole ord] ( provid5ce z well z ( nature1 :i* is1 fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 aft] t ! full corn 9 ! e>4 ,& s9ce ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ 0 miracul\s 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! t]m1 :y %\ld n ! way = x h be5 prep>$ by miracul\s revelations z well z by provid5tial movem5ts8 ,! natural sun does n em]ge sudd5ly f ! d>kness ( night3 8 approa* is prec$$ by ! day-/> & ! dawn4 ,s 7 ! revelations :i* ,god made to m5 f ,adam to ,mala*i1 ) ! mighty movem5ts ( 8 provid5ce t accompani$ !m1 ! day-/> & ! dawn t u%]$ 9 ^u ! _w ! glori\s sun ( righte\sness4 #b4 ,we h ! great fact t ! ,jewi% p1 among :om our ,"l appe>$1 & f among :om he *ose ! primitive prea*]s ( ! gospel1 possess$ a firm & deeply-root$ belief 9 ! unity ( ,god & 8 inf9ite p]fections4 ,t su* a belief 0 a necess>y f\ndation = ! peculi> doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 all ( :i* are und]laid by t ( tr9ity 9 unity1 is self-evid5t4 ,n[1 ?is belief 0 peculi> to ! ,jews1 z contra/$ ) o!r nations2 & x 0 held1 moreov]1 n simply by a few philosoph]s & le>n$ m5 among !m1 b by ! mass ( ! p4 ,no o!r example ( a :ole nation receiv+ & hold+ firmly ?is fundam5tal doctr9e ( religion exi/$ !n1 or _h ev] exi/$2 & no adequate explanation ( ?is great fact has ev] be5 giv51 except t conta9$ 9 ! revelation ( ,god to ?is p record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 n by *ance1 b 9 accordance ) ! et]nal plan ( r$emption1 t ! ,messiah appe>$ :]e z well z :5 he did2 n 9 ,egypt 9 ! days ( ,ph>aoh1 nor 9 ,n9eveh1 or ,babylon1 or ,greece1 or ,rome2 b among ! ,jewi% p1 :5 n[ ! fulness ( "t 0 come4 #c4 ,! impossibility ( any attempt to dissev] ! revelations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t f ^? ( ! ,new appe>s mo/ cle>ly :5 we consid] ! explicit decl>ations ( our ,savi\r1 & aft] him ! apo/les1 on ?is po9t4 ,if we "k any ?+ :atev] conc]n+ ! doctr9es ( our ,"l ,jesus1 we "k t he con/antly taught 8 disciples t he _h come 9 accordance ) ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,if !re 7 f\nd 9 8 disc\rses only "o or two remote allusions to ^! prophecies1 !re w\ld be m %[ ( reason 9 ! favorite hypo!sis ( rationali/s1 t ! disciples misappreh5d$ _! ,"l's mean+4 ,b 8 tea*+s are s num]\s & explicit on ?is po9t t1 ev5 aside f ! inspiration ( ! writ]s1 su* an explanation is n to be ?\ght ( = a mom5t4 ,x 0 ) two ( !m a matt] ( p]sonal k t beg9n+ at ,moses & all ! prophets1 he exp\nd$ unto !m 9 all ! ,scriptures ! ?+s conc]n+ himself1 ,luke #bd3bg2 & ) all ( !m t he said1 aft] 8 resurrection1 9 ref]5ce to 8 pa/ tea*+s3 ,^! are ! words :i* ,i spake unto y1 :ile ,i 0 yet ) y1 t all ?+s mu/ be fulfill$ :i* 7 writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses1 & 9 ! prophets1 & 9 ! psalms conc]n+ me4 ,luke #bd3dd4 ,t 9 ,*ri/ 7 fulfill$ ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 appe>s 9 e v>iety ( =m 9 ! gospel n>ratives4 ,x con/itut$1 s to speak1 ! w>p into :i* ! ,savi\r wove 8 web ( daily in/ruction4 ,n[ if a s+le ?read1 unlike all ! re/ 9 sub/ance & color1 _h f\nd its way into ?is w>p1 we might1 p]haps1 reg>d x z =eign & accid5tal2 b to dissev] f our ,"l's words all 8 ref]5ces to ! prophecies conc]n+ himself 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 w\ld be to take out ( ! web all ! ?reads ( ! w>p1 & !n ! web itself w\ld be gone4 ,no unbias$ read] ev] did1 or ev] c\ld ga9 f ! words ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les any o!r idea ?an t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? came 9 accordance ) a bright tra9 ( sup]natural revelations go+ be=e & prep>+ ! way = 8 adv5t4 ,?is idea is s incorporat$ into ! v sub/ance ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t x mu/ /& or fall ) x4 #d4 ,hav+ contemplat$ ! indivisible nature ( revelation f ! position ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we are n[ prep>$ to g back & look at x f ! plat=m ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we %all f9d ?is ?ickly s[n ) ^? great pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! plan ( r$emption1 & b9d x toge!r z "o glori\s :ole4 ,fir/ ( all1 we h 9 ! n>rative ( ,adam's fall & ! consequ5ces !nce proce$+ to ! race1 ! sub/ratum1 s to speak1 on :i* ! plan ( r$emption is built4 ,f ?is we le>n t ali5ation f ,god & wick$ness is n ! orig9al condition ( ! race4 ,man 0 made upright & plac$ 9 communion ) ,god4 ,f t condition he fell1 9 ! mann] record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & to re/ore him1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 to 8 primitive /ate is ! "w :i* ! gospel proposes to accompli%4 ,! great hi/oric ev5t ( r$emption is t ! ,son ( ,god 0 manife/$ t he might de/roy ! works ( ! devil2 & ^! are ! v works describ$ 9 ! n>rative n[ "u consid]ation1 namely1 ! s$uction ( man f 8 allegiance to ,god1 ) ! mis]y & dea? t foll[$4 ,! primitive hi/ory ( man's apo/acy conta9s1 !n1 ! v key to ! plan ( r$emption4 ,s x is pla9ly reg>d$ by ! apo/le ,paul4 ,he builds ^u x argum5ts relat+ n to ! outworks ( r$emption1 b to its inw>d nature4 ,he makes ! univ]sality ( man's fall5 condition ?r\gh ! s9 ( ,adam ! plat=m on :i* is built ! univ]sality ( ! provisions ( salvation ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,z by ! (f5ce ( "o judgm5t came ^u all m5 to condemnation1 ev5 s by ! righte\sness ( "o ! free gift came ^u all m5 unto ju/ification4 ,= z by "o man's disob$i5ce _m 7 made s9n]s1 s by ! ob$i5ce ( "o %all _m be made righte\s4 ,rom4 #e3ah1 #ai4 ,s9ce by man came dea?1 by man came also ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,= z 9 ,adam all die1 ev5 s 9 ,*ri/ %all all be made alive4 #a ,cor4 #ae3ba1 #bb4 ,h[ c\ld ! orig9al transaction ( ! fall1 ?r\gh ! wiles ( ! devil1 & ! manife/ation ( ,god's ,son to de/roy ! works ( ! devil1 be m indissolubly b\nd toge!r z p>ts ( "o great :ole ?an 9 ^! words ( an inspir$ apo/le8 ,secondly1 ! ,abrahamic cov5ant connects itself imm$iately ) ! mission & "w ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 made ) ,abraham1 n = himself & 8 po/]ity alone1 b = all mank9d3 ,9 ?y se$ %all all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$4 ,g54 #bb3ah4 ,& if ! ,abrahamic cov5ant _h respect to ! :ole human family1 ! same mu/ be true ( ! ,mosaic economy 9 its ultimate design2 s9ce ?is did n abrogate ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham1 z ! apo/le ,paul expressly %[s1 ,gal4 #c3ag1 b r came 9 z subord9ate to x1 & ) a view ( prep>+ ! way = ! accompli%m5t ( its ri* provisions ( m]cy = all families ( ! e>?4 ,! ,mosaic economy 0 !n a p>tial subs]vi5t to a univ]sal disp5sation4 ,! ,abrahamic cov5ant 0 also purely spiritual 9 its "*1 ! condition ( its bless+s be+ no?+ else ?an fai?4 ,! apo/le ,paul urges ! fact t ?is cov5ant 0 made ) ,abraham be=e 8 circumcision1 le/ any %\ld say t x 0 condition$ :olly or 9 "p ^u a c>nal ord9ance3 ,he receiv$ ! sign ( circumcision1 a seal ( ! righte\sness ( ! fai? :i* he _h yet be+ uncircumcis$4 ,rom4 #d3aa4 ,! seal ( circumcision1 !n1 did n make ! cov5ant valid1 = ! cov5ant exi/$ _m ye>s be=e ! rite ( circumcision 0 in/itut$4 ,fai? 0 ! only condition ( ,abraham's ju/ification4 ,he believ$ 9 ! ,"l1 & he c\nt$ x to him = righte\sness4 ,g54 #ae3f4 ,& if we look at ! promise conta9$ 9 ! ,abrahamic cov5ant1 ,9 !e %all all ! families ( ! e>? be bless$1 we f9d x to be ! v sub/ance ( ! gospel1 z ! apo/le ,paul says3 ,! ,scripture1 =esee+ t ,god w\ld ju/ify ! hea!n ?r\gh fai?1 prea*$ be=e ! gospel unto ,abraham1 say+1 ,9 !e %all all nations be bless$4 ,gal4 #c3h4 ,! inc>nation & "w ( ,*ri/ are1 accord+ to ! uni=m repres5tation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 no?+ else b ! c>ry+ out ( ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham1 = ?is cov5ant 0 made = all mank9d1 0 purely spiritual1 be+ condition$ on fai? alone1 & its sub/ance is ,*ri/1 9 :om all nations are bless$4 ,& :ile ,god has ?us indissolubly l9k$ to ! inc>nation ( 8 ,son ?is high transaction ) ,abraham1 we see h[ he has at ! same "t connect$ x ) ! fir/ promise made 9 ,ed51 & ?us ) ! fall ( man ?r\gh ! subtilty ( ,satan4 ,! promise 9 ,ed5 is t ! se$ ( ! woman %all bruise ! s]p5t's head4 ,! promise to ,abraham is t 9 8 se$1 :i* is also ! se$ ( ! woman1 all ! families ( ! e>? %all be bless$4 ,n[ x is by ! bruis+ ( ! s]p5t's head1 or1 9 ,new ,te/am5t language1 by de/roy+ ! works ( ! devil1 t ,abraham's se$ blesses all ! families ( ! e>?4 ,! two promises1 !n1 are 9 _! inmo/ nature "o & ! same1 & _! fulfilm5t con/itutes ! "w ( ,*ri/4 ,?irdly1 ! end ( ! ,mosaic economy is ,*ri/4 ,its g5]al scope is ?us briefly summ$ up by ,paul3 ,! law 0 our s*oolma/] to br+ u unto ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,gal4 #c3be4 ,b n to insi/ on ?is1 let u contemplate its ?ree great in/itutions--! prophetic1 ! k+ly1 & ! prie/ly ord]4 ,! mode ( communication :i* ,god employ$ on ,s9ai ! p c\ld n endure1 & !y bes\ght him1 ?r\gh ,moses1 t x might be discont9u$3 ,speak !m ) u1 !y said1 & we w he>3 b let n ,god speak ) u1 le/ we die4 ,ex4 #bj3ai4 ,( ?is reque/ ,god approv$1 & promis$3 ,i w raise !m up a ,prophet f among _! bre?r5 l unto !e4 ,deut4 #ah3ah4 ,! po9t ( special emphasis is1 t ! great ,prophet "h promis$1 :o is ,*ri/1 %\ld be "o ( _! bre?r51 z ,moses 04 ,8 p]sonal adv5t 0 = _m ages delay$2 b 9 ! meantime 8 (fice 0 =e%ad[$ by ! prophetical ord] 9 ,israel1 consi/+ ( m5 s5t by ,god to address _! bre?r54 ,?us ! old disp5sation & ! new are l9k$ toge!r by ! great fundam5tal pr9ciple--t ,god %\ld address man ?r\gh man--:i* runs ?r\gh bo?4 ,! :ole s]ies ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 moreov]1 po9t to ,*ri/ z _! end & fulfilm5t2 = ! te/imony ( ,jesus is ! _s ( prophecy4 ,rev4 #ai3aj4 ,! k+ly (fice ( ! ,old ,te/am5t connects itself ) t ( ,*ri/ 9 a special way4 ,n only did ! head%ip giv5 to ,david & 8 successors ov] ! cov5ant p ( ,god adumbrate ! high] head%ip ( ,*ri/1 b ,david _h f ,god ! promise3 ,?9e h\se & ?y k+dom %all be e/abli%$ = ev] be=e !e3 ?y ?rone %all be e/abli%$ = ev]4 #b ,sam4 #g3af4 ,?is promise is fulfill$ 9 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ! se$ ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%1 accord+ to ! express decl>ation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ,! ,"l ,god %all give unto him ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,david1 & he %all reign ov] ! h\se ( ,jacob = ev]1 & ( 8 k+dom !re %all be no end4 ,luke #a3cb1 #cc4 ,! prie/ly (fice1 ) ! blood ( ! sacrifices connect$ ) x1 prefigur$ ,*ri/1 ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w4 ,by ! /ream ( sacrificial blood t fl[$ = s _m ages 0 set =? t great fundam5tal tru? ( r$emption1 t )\t %$d+ ( blood is no remission4 ,heb4 #i3bb4 ,! sacrifices ( ! ,mosaic law 7 cont9ually repeat$1 because x is n possible t ! blood ( bulls & ( goats %\ld take away s9s4 ,heb4 #aj3d4 ,b :5 ,*ri/ _h (f]$ 8 own blood on ,calv>y = ! s9s ( ! _w1 ! typical sacrifices ( ! law ceas$ = ev]1 hav+ be5 fulfill$ 9 ! great ,antitype1 9 :om we h r$emption ?r\gh 8 blood1 ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,ephes4 #a3g4 #e4 ,s9ce ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new are ?us insep>ably connect$ z p>ts ( "o gr& sy/em ( revelation1 ( :i* ! end is ,*ri/1 x foll[s t ! lat] revelations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are ! true int]pret]s ( ! e>li]1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,old4 ,?is is only say+ t ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! true & prop] expositor ( 8 own communications to man4 ,f ! int]pretations ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 fairly asc]ta9$1 !re is no appeal4 ,& !y are fairly asc]ta9$ :5 we h le>n$ 9 :at s5se !y mu/ h be5 und]/ood by _! he>]s4 ,all expositions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t set aside1 ei!r op5ly or 9 a cov]t way1 ! supreme au?ority ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 are false1 & only lead m5 away f ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,au?or%ip ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 ,! t]m ,p5tateu* is compos$ ( ! two ,greek words1 p5te1 five1 & teu*os1 :i* 9 lat] ,alex&r9e usage signifi$ book4 ,x d5otes1 !re=e1 ! collection ( five books2 or1 ! five books ( ! law consid]$ z a :ole4 #a4 ,9 our inquiries respect+ ! au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*1 we beg9 ) ! undisput$ fact t x exi/$ 9 its pres5t =m 9 ! days ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 & _h s exi/$ f ! "t ( ,ezra4 ,:5 ! translators ( ! ,greek v]sion1 call$ ! ,septuag9t1 began _! "w1 ab\t #bhj ,b4,c41 !y f\nd ! ,p5tateu* z we n[ h x1 & no "o pret5ds t x _h und]gone any *ange betwe5 _! day & t ( ,ezra1 ab\t #dfj ,b4,c4 ,x 0 univ]sally ascrib$ to ,moses z its au?or1 & 0 call$ 9 common usage ! law1 or ! law ( ,moses4 #b4 ,t ! au?or%ip ( ! law 9 its writt5 =m is ascrib$ to ,moses 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t e "o kn[s4 ,! law 0 giv5 by ,moses2 ,did n ,moses give y ! law8 ,_h ye believ$ ,moses1 ye w\ld h believ$ me2 = he wrote ( me2 ,= ! h>dness ( y\r he>t he1 ,moses1 wrote y ?is precept2 ,ma/]1 ,moses wrote unto u2 ,:at is writt5 9 ! law8 h[ reade/ ?\8 etc4 ,s9ce n[ ! :ole collection ( books 0 famili>ly kn[n to ! p z ! law1 or ! law ( ,moses1 x is reasonable to inf] t our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les use ^! t]ms 9 ! same compreh5sive s5se1 unless !re is a limitation giv5 9 ! context4 ,su* a limitation ! apo/le ,paul makes :5 he opposes to ! ,mosaic law ! previ\s promise to ,abraham3 ,! cov5ant t 0 confirm$ be=e ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 ! law1 :i* 0 f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft]1 _c disannul1 t x %\ld make ! promise ( none effect4 ,gal4 #c3ag1 & comp>e ! foll[+ v]ses4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ *apt] ,paul manife/ly employs ! words ! law ( ! :ole ,p5tateu*1 to e "p ( :i* he1 9 common ) ! ,jewi% p1 ascrib$ equal & div9e au?ority3 ,tell me1 ye t desire to be "u law--"u a sy/em ( law1 ! article be+ want+ 9 ! orig9al--d ye n he> ! law8 ,= x is writt51 t ,abraham _h two sons2 ! "o by a bond-maid1 ! o!r by a free woman1 etc41 ,gal4 #d3ba1 seq41 :]e ! ref]5ce is to ! n>rative record$ 9 ,g5esis1 z a "p ( ! law4 ,s also 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,moses ( old "t ha? 9 e city !m t prea* him1 be+ read 9 ! synagogues e sabba?-day1 ,acts #ae3ba2 ! t]m ,moses necess>ily means ! law ( ,moses1 z compreh5d+ ! :ole ,p5tateu*1 = x 0 t :i* 0 read 9 ! synagogues4 ,comp>e ! words ( ,luke3 ,aft] ! read+ ( ! law & ! prophets1 ,acts #ac3ae4 ,& 9 g5]al1 :5 ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les speak ( ,moses or ! law1 )\t any limitation aris+ f ! context1 ?us1 ,! law 0 giv5 by ,moses2 ,!y h ,moses & ! prophets1 etc41 we are to und]/& !m z ref]r+ to ! ,p5tateu* z a :ole1 = su* 0 ! common usage ( ! ,jewi% p1 & su* mu/ h be5 _! appreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( ! t]ms4 #c4 ,b x may be said1 ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les did n speak z critics1 b only 9 a popul> way4 ,t !y did n speak ( ! ,p5tateu* z critics1 is c]ta94 ,!y _h no occasion = do+ s1 s9ce no ,jew d\bt$ ei!r its div9e au?ority or its ,mosaic au?or%ip4 ,b :5 we consid]1 on ! "o side1 ) :at unsp>+ sev]ity our ,"l set aside ! traditions ( ! ,ph>isees z ! comm&m5ts ( m51 & on ! o!r1 h[ he & 8 apo/les ascrib$ equal div9e au?ority to e "p ( ! ,p5tateu*1 z w be %[n 9 ! next *apt]1 & h[ unequivocally !y sanction$ ! univ]sal belief t ,moses 0 its au?or1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t we h ! entire au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t = its ,mosaic au?or%ip 9 e ess5tial respect4 ,?is is entirely consi/5t ) ! belief t inspir$ m51 l ,ezra1 & p]haps also prophetical m5 ( an e>li] age1 9 sett+ =? revis$ copies ( ! ,p5tateu*1 t is1 copies :i* aim$ to give ! true text ) z mu* accuracy z possible1 may h add$ "h & !re explanatory clauses = ! b5efit ( ! read]s ( _! day4 ,su* incid5tal clauses1 add$ by m5 ( ,god "u ! guidance ( 8 ,_s1 w\ld n affect 9 ! lea/ ! sub/ance ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x w\ld /ill rema9 9 e practical s5se ! "w ( ,moses1 & be s reg>d$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:e!r !re are1 or are n1 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 su* clauses add$ by a lat] h&1 & n affect+ ei!r its ess5tial cont5ts or its ,mosaic au?or%ip1 is an op5 "q to be det]m9$ by imp>tial criticism4 ,at ! pres5t day editors c>efully indicate _! explanatory notes2 b ?is 0 n ! usage ( high antiquity4 ,at ! close ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy1 = example1 !re is imm$iately add$1 )\t any explanatory rem>k1 a notice ( ,moses' dea?4 ,we are at lib]ty to assume1 if we h cog5t reasons = s do+1 t brief explanatory clauses 7 sometimes int]wov5 into ! ,mosaic text2 z1 = example1 ! rem>k 9 ,g54 #cf3ca1 :i* is repeat$ 9 #a ,*ron4 #a3dc1 a book ascrib$ to ,ezra2 ,exod4 #af3ce1 #cf1 etc4 #d4 ,go+ back n[ to ! days ( ! ,re/oration "u ,z]ubbabel & 8 associates1 ab\t #ecf ,b4,c41 we f9d t ! v fir/ act ( ! re/or$ captives 0 to set up ! alt> ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 to (f] burnt-(f]+s !reon1 z x is writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses ! man ( ,god4 ,! n>rative goes on to specify t !y (f]$ burnt-(f]+s !reon unto ! ,"l1 ev5 burnt-(f]+s morn+ & ev5+4 ,!y kept also ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 z x is writt51 & (f]$ ! daily burnt-(f]+s by numb]1 accord+ to ! cu/om1 z ! duty ( e day requir$2 & aft]w>ds (f]$ ! cont9ual burnt-(f]+1 bo? ( ! new moons1 & ( all ! set fea/s ( ! ,"l t 7 consecrat$1 & ( e "o t will+ly (f]$ a free-w (f]+ unto ! ,"l4 ,ezra #c3a-e4 ,ab\t n9ety ye>s aft]w>ds1 ^u ! completion ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem "u ,nehemiah1 ab\t #dde ,b4,c41 we f9d ,ezra ! prie/--a ready scribe 9 ! law ( ,moses1 :i* ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel _h giv51 ,ezra #g3f--on ! occasion ( ! fea/ ( tab]nacles br++ =? ! book ( ! law ( ,moses1 :i* ! ,"l _h comm&$ to ,israel1 & read+ 9 x f ! morn+ unto midday1 be=e ! m5 & ! wom51 & ^? t c\ld und]/&4 ,9 ?is "w he 0 assi/$ by a body ( m51 :o caus$ ! p to und]/& ! law2 & ! read+ 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! sev5 days ( ! fea/3 day by day1 f ! fir/ day unto ! la/ day1 he read 9 ! book ( ! law ( ,god4 ,neh4 *4 #h4 ,x 0 n ! book ( ,deut]onomy alone t !y read4 ,we might inf] ?is f ! ext5t ( ! read+1 :i* 0 suffici5t = all ! preceptive p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b "h we are n left to m]e inf]5ce4 ,on ! second day !y f\nd writt5 9 ! law :i* ! ,"l _h comm&$ by ,moses1 t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %\ld dwell 9 boo?s 9 ! fea/ ( ! sev5? mon?2 & t !y %\ld fet* olive-bran*es1 & p9e-bran*es1 & myrtle-bran*es1 & palm-bran*es1 & bran*es ( ?ick trees1 to make boo?s1 z x is writt54 ,neh4 #h3ac-ag4 ,! precept conc]n+ boo?s ) b\ghs ( trees occurs 9 ,lev4 #bc3dj-dc1 a passage :i* !y might naturally en\gh rea* on ! second day4 ,ezra's assi/ants gave ! s5se n by labor$ expositions1 b by int]pret+ ! ,hebrew 9 ! ,*aldee v]nacul> ( ! p4 ,?is w\ld ab\t d\ble ! "t devot$ to a giv5 section4 ,all t p]ta9$ to ! /ructure ( ! tab]nacle 0 sup]s$$ by ! fir/ temple1 :i* s]v$ ! return$ captives z _! model 9 ! erection ( ! second4 ,we may well suppose t ?is 0 omitt$4 ,!re w\ld !n rema9 only f\r or five *apt]s 9 ! book ( ,exodus4 ,?us ! passage 9 "q w\ld naturally fall on ! second day4 #e4 ,jewi% tradition ascribes to ,ezra ! "w ( settl+ ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & sett+ =? a correct$ edition ( ! same4 ,?\gh "s ?+s includ$ 9 ?is tradition are fabul\s1 ! "p ( x n[ "u consid]ation is corroborat$ by all ! scriptural /atem5ts conc]n+ him1 nor is !re any reasonable gr\nd = d\bt+ its correctness4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is admitt$ t f ,ezra's day onw>d ! ,p5tateu* exi/$ 9 its pres5t =m4 ,we are sure1 !re=e1 t ! book ( ! law ( ,moses1 out ( :i* he read to ! p1 0 ! book z we n[ h x--! :ole ,p5tateu*1 writt51 accord+ to uni=m ,jewi% usage1 on a s+le roll4 ,ezra belong$ to ! prie/ly ord] t _h 9 *>ge ! keep+ ( ! sacr$ books1 ,deut4 #ca3be1 #bf1 comp>$ ) #b ,k+s #bb3h1 & 0 moreov] a ready scribe 9 ! law ( ,moses4 ,8 zeal = ! ree/abli%m5t ( ! ,mosaic law 9 its purity %9es =? 9 8 :ole hi/ory4 ,9 8 compet5cy & fidelity we h satisfactory evid5ce t ! law ( ,moses :i* he set =? 0 ! v law :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f anci5t times1 & ( :i* we h frequ5t notices 9 ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ,ezra himself wrote ! books ( ,*ronicles4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly compos$ ab\t 8 "t4 ,to admit1 z all d1 t 9 ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah ! law ( ,moses means ! ,p5tateu* z a :ole1 & to d5y t x has ! same mean+ 9 ! books ( ,*ronicles1 is v inconsi/5t4 ,c]ta9ly ! book :i* ,ezra set =? 0 ! book :i* he f\nd ready at h&1 & !re=e ! book ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*ronicles1 & ! ,k+s also4 ,any explanatory additions :i* he may h made did n affect its sub/ance4 ,x rema9s = ! objector to %[ :y x 0 n1 9 all ess5tial respects1 ! book :i* ,hilkiah f\nd 9 ! temple1 #b ,*ron4 #cd3ad1 & to :i* ,david ref]r$ 9 8 dy+ *>ge to ,solomon1 #a ,k+s #b3c4 #f4 ,pass+ by1 = ! pres5t1 ! notices ( ! law ( ,moses conta9$ 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua1 we come to ! te/imony ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,we h se5 t ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! book1 z a "p ( ! ,p5tateu*1 is ev]y:]e assum$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b1 9 addition to ?is1 !y make quotations f x "u ! =ms1 ,moses wrote1 ,moses truly said unto ! fa!rs1 etc4 ,m>k #aj3c-e2 ,acts #c3bb2 ,rom4 #aj3ai4 ,if we exam9e ! book itself1 its own te/imony is equally explicit4 ,9 *ap4 #ag3bd ,moses directs t :5 ! ,israelites %all appo9t a k+1 he %all write him a copy ( ?is law 9 a book out ( t :i* is be=e ! prie/s ! ,levites4 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ?is language ref]s to ! :ole law ( ,moses1 :ile o!rs w\ld re/rict x to ! book ( ,deut]onomy2 b all are agre$ t x includes ! :ole ( ! latt] "w1 ) ! exception ( ! clos+ sections4 ,by a comp>ison ( ?is passage ) *aps4 #bh3eh2 #ca3i1 #bd-bf1 ! evid5ce is complete t ,moses wrote ?is law1 & deliv]$ x to ! prie/s1 to be laid up by ! side ( ! ark 9 ! tab]nacle4 ,if ?is te/imony ne$$ any corroboration1 we %\ld h x 9 ! "* ( ! "w itself4 ,x is ! solemn f>ewell ( ! ag$ lawgiv] to ! p ^: lead] he _h be5 = ! space ( =ty ye>s4 ,9 p]fect h>mony ) ?is are ! gr&eur & dignity ( its /yle1 its hortatory "*1 & ! exquisite t5d]ness & pa?os t p]vade e "p ( x4 ,x is e way wor?y ( ,moses2 nor c we conceive ( any o!r ,hebrew :o 0 9 a position to write su* a book4 #g4 ,! book ( ,deut]onomy conta9s a r5ewal ( ! cov5ant :i* ,god made ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel at ,s9ai4 ,*ap4 #bi3aj-ae4 ,moses himself di/+ui%es betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt] cov5ant4 ,^! are ! words ( ! cov5ant :i* ! ,"l comm&$ ,moses to make ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ! l& ( ,moab1 besides ! cov5ant :i* he made ) !m 9 ,horeb4 ,*ap4 #bi3a4 ,) ea* cov5ant 0 connect$ a s]ies ( laws2 ^? belong+ to ! latt] be+ ma9ly1 b n entirely1 a repetition ( laws giv5 ) ! fir/ cov5ant4 ,we h se5 t ,moses wrote ! second cov5ant1 & all ! laws connect$ ) x4 ,f ,exodus1 *4 #bd1 we le>n t he wrote also ! book ( ! fir/ cov5ant conta9+1 we may reasonably suppose1 all ( ,god's legislation up to t "t4 ,! inf]5ce is irresi/ible t he wrote also ! laws t foll[$ 9 connection ) ! fir/ cov5ant4 ,x is an und5iable fact t ^! laws und]lie ! :ole con/itution ( ! ,israeliti% nation1 religi\s1 civil1 & social4 ,!y _c1 !n1 h be5 ! inv5tion ( a lat] age2 = no su* fraud c be impos$1 or 0 ev] impos$ ^u a :ole p4 ,!y are _! own witness also t !y 7 giv5 by ! h& ( ,moses1 = !y are all prefac$ by ! words1 ,& ! ,"l spake unto ,moses1 say+4 ,:5 we consid] _! fundam5tal "*1 _! ext5t1 & ! numb] & m9ut5ess ( _! details1 we _c = a mom5t suppose t !y 7 left unwritt5 by su* a man z ,moses1 :o _h all ! qualifications = writ+ !m4 ,:y %\ld n ! man :o receiv$ !m f ! ,"l h also record$ !m--?is man educat$ at ! c\rt ( ,egypt1 & le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 :o _h already writt5 ! book ( ! cov5ant1 & aft]w>ds wrote ! j\rney+s ( ! ,israelites1 ,numb4 *4 #bc1 & ! book ( ,deut]onomy8 ,an express /atem5t f ,moses himself is n ne$$4 ,! fact is to be und]/ood f ! nature ( ! case1 & to call x 9 "q is gratuit\s skepticism4 #h4 ,! =m ( ! ,mosaic laws t prec$e ! book ( ,deut]onomy is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! assumption t ,moses himself n only receiv$ !m1 b wrote !m4 ,!y be> ! impress ( hav+ be5 record$ n cont9u\sly1 b f "t to "t1 z !y 7 communicat$ to him4 ,9 ?is way ! hi/orical notices :i* are wov5 into !m--! matt] ( ! gold5 calf1 ,exodus1 *4 #cb1 ! dea? ( ,nadab & ,abihu1 ,leviticus1 *4 #aj1 ! blasphemy ( ,%elomi?'s son1 ,leviticus1 *4 #bd1 & ! num]\s incid5ts record$ 9 ! book ( ,numb]s--all ^! n>ratives f9d a p]fectly natural explanation4 ,"s ( ^! incid5ts--z1 = example1 ! blasphemy ( ,%elomi?'s son--come 9 abruptly1 )\t any connection 9 ! context2 & _! position c be acc\nt$ = only ^u ! assumption t !y 7 record$ z !y happ5$4 ,9 ?is peculi> feature ( ! ,mosaic code be=e ,deut]onomy1 we h at once a pro( t ,moses 0 ! writ]1 & t ! hi/orical notices connect$ ) x 7 also record$ by him4 ,! result at :i* we arrive is t ! :ole record f ,god's appe>ance to ,moses & 8 mission to ,ph>aoh has ,moses himself = its au?or4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! prec$+ "p ( ! ,p5tateu* w be consid]$ sep>ately4 #i4 ,! above result 9 ref]5ce to t "p ( ! law :i* prec$es ,deut]onomy1 is confirm$ by ! te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 disput+ ) ! ,sadducees1 our ,"l appeal$ to ! writ+s ( ,moses1 :i* !y ackn[l$g$3 ,n[ t ! dead are rais$1 ev5 ,moses %[$ at ! bu%1 :5 he calle? ! ,"l ! ,god ( ,abraham1 & ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob4 ,luke #bj3cg4 ,x 0 by record+ ! words ( ,god1 z giv5 9 ,exodus #c3f1 t ,moses call$ ! ,"l ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,! apo/le ,paul1 aga91 ref]r+ to ,lev4 #ah3e1 says3 ,moses describe?--lit]ally1 write?--! righte\sness :i* is ( ! law1 ,t ! man :i* doe? ^? ?+s %all live by !m4 ,rom4 #aj3e4 ,"h also belong c]ta9 passages t speak ( precepts 9 ! law ( ,moses1 z ,luke #b3bb-bd1 :]e ! ref]5ce is to v>i\s precepts 9 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 & ,numb]s--,exod4 #ac3b2 #bb3bi2 #cd3ai2 ,lev4 #ab3b1 seq42 ,numb4 #c3ac2 #h3ag2 #ah3ae--;,john #g3bb1 #bc1 :]e ! ref]5ce is to ,lev4 #ab3b2 = ) ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s ! law ( ,moses means ! law writt5 by ,moses4 ,9 l mann] we f9d ref]5ces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! books ( ! law ( ,moses t prec$e ,deut]onomy--#b ,*ron4 #bc3ah comp>$ ) ,numb4 #bh3b1 seq42 #b ,*ron4 #bd3f comp>$ ) ,exod4 #cj3ab1 seq42 ,ezra #c3b-e comp>$ ) ,numb4 #bh3b1 seq41 & #bi3ab1 seq42 ,neh4 #h3ae comp>$ ) ,lev4 #bc3dj4 #aj4 ,! relation ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy to ! e>li] portions ( ! law des]ves a c>eful consid]ation4 ,&1 fir/1 9 reg>d to "t4 ,all t portion ( ! law :i* prec$es ! sixte5? *apt] ( ! book ( ,numb]s 0 giv5 9 ! fir/ & second ye>s aft] ! exodus2 consequ5tly ?irty-eight ye>s be=e ! composition ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,! f\r *apt]s ( ,numb]s t foll[1 *aps4 #af-ai1 are g5]ally dat$ ab\t tw5ty ye>s lat]--t is1 ab\t eighte5 ye>s be=e ! composition ( ,deut]onomy4 ,only ! la/ sev5te5 *apt]s ( ,numb]s1 :i* are mo/ly occupi$ ) hi/orical notices1 7 writt5 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,!n1 z x respects g5]al design4 ,at ,horeb ! entire con/itution ( ! !ocracy 0 to be e/abli%$4 ,?is "p ( ! law is1 !re=e1 m =mal & circum/antial4 ,x gives m9ute directions = ! celebration ( ! passov]2 = ! con/ruction ( ! tab]nacle & its furniture2 = ! dress1 consecration1 duties1 & p]quisites ( ! prie/hood & ,levitical ord]2 = ! entire sy/em ( sacrifices2 = ! di/9ction betwe5 clean & unclean animals2 = all ^? duties t 7 especially ( a prie/ly "*1 z judgm5t 9 ! case ( leprosy1 & purification f c]emonial uncleanness2 = ! ord] ( j\rney+ & encamp+ 9 ! wild]ness1 etc4 ,9 a ^w1 x gives m prom95ce to ! =ms ( ! law1 & ! duties ( ^? to :om its adm9i/ration 0 committ$4 ,n s on ! pla9s ( ,moab4 ,! !ocracy _h !n be5 long 9 op]ation4 ,! details ( its s]vice 7 well und]/ood1 & !re 0 no ne$ ( =mal & circum/antial repetition4 ,! "w ( ,moses n[ 0 n to give a new law1 b to en=ce ! law ( ,horeb1 ) su* subord9ate modifications & additions z 7 requir$ by ! new circum/ances ( ! p1 n[ ab\t to take possession ( ! promis$ l& & *ange _! w&]+ life = fix$ abodes4 ,he _h to d1 !re=e1 m prom95tly n ) ! adm9i/rators ( law1 b ) ! p2 & accord+ly 8 precepts assume a hortatory "*1 & 8 /yle becomes m diffuse & fl[+4 ,! p]sonal relation ( ,moses to ! p 0 also greatly *ang$4 ,at ,horeb he _h ! great "w ( 8 life be=e him1 b n[ x is beh9d him4 ,he is ab\t to leave 8 belov$ ,israel1 :om he has borne on 8 he>t & guid$ by 8 c\nsels = =ty ye>s4 ,h5ce ! inimitable t5d]ness & pa?os t p]vade ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,:5 n[ we take into acc\nt all ^! alt]$ circum/ances1 we h a full explanation ( ! peculi>ities :i* m>k ! book ( ,deut]onomy z comp>$ ) ! prec$+ books4 ,7 ^! peculi>ities want+1 we %\ld miss a ma9 pro( ( its g5u95ess4 ,nev]!less ! book is ?or\ghly ,mosaic 9 its /yle1 & ! s*ol> :o reads x 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew c detect peculi> =ms ( expression belong+ only to ! ,p5tateu*4 ,z to alleg$ disagreem5ts betwe5 "s ( its /atem5ts & ^? ( ! e>li] books1 x is suffici5t to rem>k t ^u a c&id exam9ation !y mo/ly disappe>2 & ev5 :]e we _c fully expla9 !m1 ?is furni%es no valid gr\nd = d5y+ ! g5u95ess ( ei!r portion ( ! law4 ,su* seem+ discrepancies are n uncommon :5 a writ] ( ackn[l$g$ cr$ibility repeats :at he has be=e writt54 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! ?ree n>ratives ( ! apo/le ,paul's conv]sion :i* are record$ 9 ! book ( ,acts4 ,! "q z to ! ext5t ( mean+ :i* %\ld be giv5 9 ,deut]onomy to ! expressions1 a copy ( ?is law1 ! words ( ?is law1 ?is book ( ! law1 is "o ^u :i* expositors are n agre$1 nor is x ess5tial2 s9ce1 z we h se51 ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! =m] "p ( ! law re/s ^u broad] gr\nds4 ,9 ,deut4 #bg3c1 #h1 x seems necess>y to und]/& ! expression1 all ! words ( ?is law1 :i* 7 to be writt5 ^u tables ( /one set up on m\nt ,ebal1 ( ! bless+s & curses--v]4 #ab1 #ac--;conta9$ 9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,b else:]e1 *s4 #ag3ah2 #ca3i1 #bd-bf1 we mu/ c]ta9ly include at lea/ ! :ole ( ,deut]onomy4 ,if we suppose t x 0 ,moses' cu/om to write out ! precepts ( ! law ) ! hi/orical notices p]ta9+ to !m 9 a cont9u\s roll1 :i* 0 enl>g$ f "t to "t1 & t he add$ to ?is roll ! book ( ,deut]onomy1 !n ! words 9 "q mu/ be und]/ood ( ! entire body ( precepts f ! beg9n+4 ,b if1 z seems to be intimat$ 9 ,deut4 #ca3bd1 he wrote ,deut]onomy 9 a sep>ate book1 79 a book1 )\t ! article17 ! words naturally ref] to ,deut]onomy alone4 ,?is "w1 z conta9+ a summ>y ( ! law--a second law1 z ! ^w ,deut]onomy signifies--might well be spok5 ( z ?is law1 )\t any d5ial ( an e>li] law2 j z ! cov5ant made ) ! p at ?is "t is call$ ?is cov5ant1 *4 #bi3ad1 )\t any d5ial ( an e>li] cov5ant4 ,! rev]5t s*ol> w be c>eful n to be wise above :at is writt54 ,x might gratify our curiosity to "k exactly 9 :at outw>d =m ,moses left ! ,law ) ! hi/orical notices wov5 into x2 :e!r 9 "o cont9u\s roll1 or 9 sev]al rolls :i* 7 aft]w>ds arrang$ by "s prophet1 p]haps ) connect+ & explanatory clauses2 b x c\ld add no?+ to our k ( ! way ( salvation4 ,9 ei!r case x w\ld be alike ! law ( ,moses & ! law :i* ,moses wrote1 inve/$ ) full div9e au?ority4 #aa4 ,x be+ e/abli%$ t ,moses wrote ! :ole law ) ! hi/orical notices app]ta9+ to x1 we naturally inf] t he mu/ h writt5 ! book ( ,g5esis also1 :i* is introductory to ! law4 ,= ?is "w he _h e qualification1 & we "k ( no o!r man t _h ! l qualifications4 ,on ?is gr\nd alone ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! book might be reasonably assum$1 unless decid$ pro(s to ! contr>y c\ld be adduc$4 ,b we f9d1 ^u exam9ation1 t ! book ( ,g5esis is s connect$ ) ! foll[+ books t )\t ! k ( its cont5ts !y _c be rightly und]/ood4 ,! v fir/ appe>ance ( ,god to ,moses is introduc$ by ! rem>k t he rememb]$ 8 cov5ant ) ,abraham1 ) ,isaac1 & ) ,jacob4 ,9 address+ ,moses he calls ! *ildr5 ( ,israel my p1 ,exod4 #c3f-aj2 & s5ds ,moses to ,ph>aoh ) ! message1 ,let my p g4 ,all ?is implies a k ( ! cov5ant :i* ,god made ) ,abraham & 8 se$ aft] him1 by virtue ( :i* ! ,israelites became 8 peculi> p4 ,x is n simply z an oppress$ p t ,god und]takes to deliv] !m & give !m possession ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 b z 8 p4 ,aga9 & aga9 does ,moses describe ! promis$ l& z ! l& :i* ! ,"l sw>e unto y\r fa!rs ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 to give unto !m & to _! se$ aft] !m4 ,) ! book ( ,g5esis ^! decl>ations are pla92 b )\t x !y are un9telligible4 ,! ,abrahamic cov5ant1 :i* is record$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 is n a subord9ate1 b an ess5tial "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites4 ,x und]lies ! :ole plan ( r$emption1 & ^u x ! ,mosaic economy1 z a "p ( t plan1 is erect$4 ,:y %\ld any "o suppose t ,moses1 :o record$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is economy ) all its details1 omitt$ to record ! great transactions ) ! patri>*s :i* lie at its f\ndation8 ,!re are o!r ref]5ces to ! book ( ,g5esis 9 ! law ( ,moses4 ,! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? is expressly bas$ on ! ord] ( creation record$ 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s2 & :5 ! p leave ,egypt !y c>ry ) !m ! bones ( ,joseph1 9 accordance ) ! oa? :i* he _h exact$ ( !m4 ,g54 #ej3be1 comp>$ ) ,exod4 #ac3ai4 ,to ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ,g5esis x has be5 object$1 t x conta9s m>ks ( a lat] age4 ,b ^! m>ks1 s f> z !y h any real exi/5ce1 belong n to ! sub/ance ( ! book4 ,!y are re/rict$ to a few explanatory notices1 :i* may well h be5 add$ by ,ezra or "s prophetical man be=e him1 9 sett+ =? a revis$ copy ( ! law4 ,see ,no4 #c1 above4 ,! passages :i* c1 ) any %[ ( probability1 be ref]r$ to a lat] age1 are1 tak5 all toge!r1 v inconsid]able1 & !y ref] only to incid5tal matt]s1 :ile ! book1 z a :ole1 be>s all ! m>ks ( high antiquity4 ,to ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ?is book x has be5 object$ aga91 t x conta9s ! writ+s ( diff]5t au?ors4 ,?is is especially argu$ f ! div]sity ( usage 9 respect to ! div9e "n1 "s passages employ+ ! ^w ,elohim1 ,god1 o!rs ! ^w ,jehovah1 or a comb9ation ( ! two t]ms4 ,:atev] =ce !re may be 9 ?is argum5t1 ! validity ( :i* is d5i$ by _m :o ?9k t ! inspir$ writ] design$ly v>i$ 8 usage betwe5 ! g5]al t]m ,god & ! special cov5ant "n ,jehovah1 x goes only to %[ t ,moses may h made use ( previ\sly exi/+ docum5ts2 a supposition :i* we ne$ n hesitate to admit1 provid$ we h cog5t reasons = s do+4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ^! docum5ts1 !y receiv$ ?r\gh ,moses ! seal ( ,god's au?ority1 & ?us became a "p ( 8 inspir$ ^w4 ,sev]al writ]s h attempt$ to di/+ui% ?r\gh\t ! book ( ,g5esis ! p>ts :i* !y w\ld assign to diff]5t au?ors2 b beyond ! fir/ *apt]s !y are n able to agree among !mselves4 ,all attempts to c>ry ! di/9ction ( diff]5t au?ors into ! lat] books re/ on fanciful gr\nds4 #ab4 ,t ! ,p5tateu*1 z a :ole1 proce$$ f a s+le au?or1 is %[n by ! unity ( plan t p]vades ! :ole "w4 ,! book ( ,g5esis con/itutes1 z has be5 %[n1 a g5]al introduction to ! acc\nt :i* foll[s ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ocracy2 & x is indisp5sable to ! true und]/&+ ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! book ( ,exodus we h a special introduction to ! giv+ ( ! law2 = x records ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f bondage 9 ,egypt1 & _! j\rney to ,s9ai4 ,! ,mosaic in/itutions presuppose a sanctu>y z _! visible mat]ial c5tre4 ,! la/ "p ( ,exodus1 aft] ! promulgation ( ! t5 comm&m5ts & ! precepts connect$ ) !m1 is accord+ly occupi$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! tab]nacle & its furniture1 & ! dress & consecration ( ! prie/s :o m9i/]$ !re4 ,9 ,leviticus1 ! c5tral book ( ! ,p5tateu*1 we h ! c5tral in/itution ( ! ,mosaic economy1 namely1 ! sy/em ( sacrifices belong+ to ! prie/hood1 & also1 9 g5]al1 ! body ( ord9ances intru/$ to _! adm9i/ration4 ,! !ocracy hav+ be5 f\nd$ at ,s9ai1 x 0 necess>y t arrangem5ts %\ld be made = ! ord]ly m>* ( ! p to ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,) ^! ! book ( ,numb]s op5s1 & !n proce$s to n>rate ! v>i\s incid5ts t befell ! p 9 ! wild]ness1 ) a record ( _! encampm5ts1 & also ! addition f "t to "t ( new ord9ances4 ,! book ( ,deut]onomy conta9s ! gr& f>ewell address ( ,moses to ! ,israelites1 into :i* is wov5 a summ>y ( ! precepts already giv5 :i* conc]n$ p>ticul>ly ! p at l>ge1 ) v>i\s modifications & additions suit$ to _! new circum/ances & ! new duties ab\t to be devolv$ ^u !m4 ,we see !n t ! ,p5tateu* con/itutes a consi/5t :ole4 ,unity ( design1 h>mony ( p>ts1 cont9ual progress f beg9n+ to end--^! are its gr& *>act]i/ics2 & !y prove t x is n a het]og5e\s collection ( writ+s put toge!r )\t ord]1 b ! "w ( a s+le ma/]-_s1 writ+ "u ,god's imm$iate direction1 accord+ to ! uni=m te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,au!nticity ,,& ,,cr$ibility ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 #a4 ,! hi/oric tru? ( ! ,p5tateu* is ev]y:]e assum$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! mo/ absolute & unqualifi$ mann]4 ,!y d n simply allude to x & make quotations f x1 z "o might d 9 ! case ( ,hom]'s poems1 b !y build ^u ! facts :i* x records argum5ts ( ! weightie/ "*1 & p]ta9+ to ! ess5tial doctr9es & duties ( religion4 ,?is is alike true ( ! ,mosaic laws & ( ! n>ratives t prec$e !m or are int]wov5 ) !m4 ,9 tru?1 ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t "k no di/9ction1 z x respects div9e au?ority1 betwe5 "o "p ( ! ,p5tateu* & ano!r4 ,!y receive ! :ole z an au!ntic & inspir$ record ( ,god's deal+s ) m54 ,a few examples1 tak5 mo/ly f ! book ( ,g5esis1 w set ?is 9 a cle> light4 ,9 reason+ ) ! ,ph>isees on ! "q ( divorce1 our ,"l appeals to ! primitive record3 ,h ye n read t he :i* made !m at ! beg9n+ made !m male & female1 & said1 ,= ?is cause %all a man leave fa!r & "m1 & %all cleave to 8 wife3 & !y twa9 %all be "o fle%8 :]e=e !y are no m twa91 b "o fle%4 ,:at !re=e ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r1 let n man put asund]4 ,& :51 ^u ?is1 ! ,ph>isees ask1 ,:y did ,moses !n comm& to give a writ+ ( divorcem5t1 & to put h] away8 ,deut4 #bd3a1 he answ]s 9 su* a way z to recognize bo? ! au?ority ( ! ,mosaic legislation & ! validity ( ! ante-,mosaic record3 ,moses1 because ( ! h>dness ( y\r he>ts1 suff]$ y to put away y\r wives3 b f ! beg9n+ x 0 n s4 ,he !n proce$s to en=ce ! m>riage cov5ant z x 0 f ! beg9n+4 ,matt4 #ai3c-i1 comp>$ ) ,g54 #b3bc1 #bd4 ,9 l mann] ! apo/le ,paul e/abli%es ! head%ip ( ! man ov] ! woman3 ,he is ! image & glory ( ,god3 b ! woman is ! glory ( ! man4 ,= ! man is n ( ! woman1 b ! woman ( ! man4 ,nei!r 0 ! man creat$ = ! woman1 b ! woman = ! man4 #a ,cor4 #aa3g-i1 comp>$ ) ,g54 #b3ah-bb4 ,& aga93 ,i suff] n a woman to tea*1 nor to usurp au?ority ov] ! man1 b to be 9 sil5ce4 ,= ,adam 0 fir/ =m$1 !n ,eve4 ,& ,adam 0 n deceiv$1 b ! woman be+ deceiv$ 0 9 ! transgression4 #a ,tim4 #b3ab-ad1 comp>$ ) ,g54 #b3ah-bb2 #c3l-#f1 #ac4 ,s also he argues f ! primitive record t1 z by "o man s9 & dea? came ^u ! :ole human race1 s by ,*ri/ ,jesus life & immortality are procur$ = all4 ,rom4 #e3ab-ba2 #a ,cor4 #ae3ba1 #bb1 comp>$ ) ,g54 #b3ag2 #c3ai1 #bb4 ,! /ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel1 ,g54 #d3c-ab1 is repeat$ly ref]r$ to by ! ,savi\r & 8 apo/les z a hi/oric tru?3 ,matt4 #bc3ce2 ,luke #aa3ea2 ,heb4 #aa3d2 #ab3bd2 #a ,john #c3ab2 ,jude #aa4 ,s also ! n>rative ( ! deluge3 ,g54 *s4 #f-h1 comp>$ ) ,matt4 #ad3cg-ci2 ,luke #ag3bf1 #bg2 ,heb4 #aa3g2 #a ,pet] #c3bj2 #b ,pet] #b3e2 & ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ,g54 *4 #ai1 comp>$ ) ,luke #ag3bh1 #bi2 #b ,pet] #b3f2 ,jude #g4 ,x is useless to adduce fur!r quotations4 ,no man c read ! ,new ,te/am5t )\t ! pr(\nd conviction t ! au!nticity & cr$ibility ( ! ,p5tateu* are atte/$ 9 e conceivable way by ! ,savi\r & 8 apo/les4 ,to reject ! au?ority ( ! =m] is to d5y t ( ! latt] also4 #b4 ,= ! au!nticity & cr$ibility ( ! ,p5tateu* we h an indep5d5t argum5t 9 ! fact t x lay at ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ,jewi% polity1 civil1 religi\s1 & social4 ,f ! "t ( ,moses & onw>d1 ! ,israeliti% nation unanim\sly ackn[l$g$ its div9e au?ority1 ev5 :51 ?r\gh ! =ce ( s9ful passion1 !y disobey$ its comm&s4 ,! :ole life ( ! p 0 m\ld$ & %ap$ by its in/itutions2 s t !y became1 9 a good s5se1 a peculi> p1 ) laws div]se f all p4 ,!y alone1 ( all ! nations ( ! e>?1 held ! doctr9e ( ,god's unity & p]sonality1 9 opposition to all =ms ( poly!ism & pan!ism2 & ?us !y alone 7 prep>$ to receive & propagate ! peculi> doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ap4 #h1 ,no4 #b4 ,if n[ we admit ! tru? ( ! ,mosaic record1 all ?is becomes p]fectly pla9 & intelligible2 b if we d5y x1 we involve ourselves at once 9 ! grosse/ absurdities4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,jewi% p h be5 induc$ to accept ) und\bt+ fai? su* a body ( laws z t conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*--s burd5some 9 _! multiplicity1 s oppos$ to all ! beliefs & practices ( ! surr\nd+ nations1 & impos+ su* sev]e re/ra9ts ^u _! corrupt passions--except ^u ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( _! div9e au?ority8 ,su* evid5ce !y _h 9 ! /up5d\s miracles connect$ ) _! deliv]ance f ,egypt & ! giv+ ( ! law on ,s9ai4 ,! fact t ,moses con/antly appeals to ^! miracles1 z well kn[n to ! :ole body ( ! p1 is irrefragable pro( ( _! reality4 ,none b a madman w\ld ?us appeal to miracles :i* _h no exi/5ce2 & if he did1 8 appeal w\ld be met only by d]ision4 ,mohamm$ ne$$ n ! help ( miracles1 = 8 appeal 0 to ! sword & to ! corrupt passions ( ! human he>t2 & he nev] attempt$ to re/ 8 pret5d$ div9e mission on ! evid5ce ( miracles4 ,he knew t to d s w\ld be to ov]?r[ at once 8 au?ority z ! prophet ( ,god4 ,b ! ,mosaic economy ne$$ & receiv$ ! seal ( miracles1 to :i* ,moses cont9ually appeals z to und5iable realities4 ,b if ! miracles record$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* are real1 !n x conta9s a revelation f ,god1 & is entitl$ to our unwav]+ fai?4 ,!n too we c expla9 h[1 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god1 ! ,mosaic in/itutions prep>$ ! way = ! adv5t ( ,him ( :om ,moses 9 ! law & ! prophets did write4 ,?us we connect ! old disp5sation ) ! new1 & see bo? toge!r z "o :ole4 ,o!r argum5ts might be adduc$2 b ^u ^! two great pill>s--! au?ority1 on ! "o side1 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! fact t ! ,p5tateu* conta9s ! entire body ( laws by :i* ! ,jewi% nation 0 m\ld$ & =m$1 & t its "* & hi/ory c be expla9$ only ^u ! assumption ( its tru?--on ^! two great pill>s ! au!nticity & cr$ibility ( ! ,p5tateu* re/1 z ^u an immovable basis4 #c4 ,! difficulties connect$ ) ! ,p5tateu*1 s f> z its cont5ts are conc]n$1 re/ ma9ly on two gr\nds1 sci5tific & hi/orical1 or moral4 ,! nature ( ! sci5tific difficulties =bids _! discussion )9 ! re/rict$ limits ( ! pres5t "w4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 g5]ally1 t s f> z !y are real1 !y relate n s mu* to ! tru? ( ! ,mosaic record1 z to ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 p>ts ( x %\ld be und]/ood4 ,h[ long1 = example1 t /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ :i* is describ$ 9 ,g54 #a3b1 or :at p>ticul> results 7 produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! div9e ,_s !re record$1 we d n "k4 ,:at ext5t ( mean+ %\ld be assign$ to ! six days ( creation--:e!r !y %\ld be und]/ood lit]ally or 9 a symbolical way1 l ! prophetical days ( ,daniel & ,revelation--,dan4 #g3be2 #i3bd-bg2 ,rev4 #i3ae2 #aa3c1 etc4--is a "q on :i* dev\t believ]s h diff]$ ev] s9ce ! days ( ,augu/9e4 ,see ,pr(4 ,tayl] ,lewis' ,six ,days ( ,creation1 *4 #ad4 ,b all :o receive ! ,bible z conta9+ a revelation f ,god agree 9 hold+ ! tru? ( ! n>rative4 ,s also 9 reg>d to ! ,deluge & o!r ev5ts involv+ sci5tific que/ions :i* are record$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,"s ( ^! que/ions may p]haps be satisfactorily solv$ by fur!r inquiry4 ,o!rs w probably rema9 %r\d$ 9 my/]y till ! consummation ( all ?+s4 ,to ! class ( hi/orical difficulties belong sev]al *ronological que/ions1 z1 = example1 t ( ! duration ( ! ,israeliti% resid5ce 9 ,egypt4 ,x is suffici5t to say t h[ev] ^! %all be settl$--if settl$ at all--!y _c ) any reasonable man affect ! div9e au?ority ( ! ,p5tateu* :i* is c]tifi$ to u by s _m sure pro(s4 #d4 ,! difficulties :i* are urg$ aga9/ ! ,p5tateu* on moral gr\nds re/ p>tly on misappreh5sion1 & are p>tly ( su* a "* t1 :5 rightly consid]$1 !y turn aga9/ ! objectors !mselves4 ,?is w be illu/rat$ by a few examples4 ,a common objection to ! ,mosaic economy is drawn f its exclusiv5ess4 ,x conta9s1 x is alleg$1 a religion n = all mank9d1 b = a s+le nation4 ,! answ] is at h&4 ,t ?is economy may be rightly und]/ood1 x mu/ be consid]$ n sep>ately & indep5d5tly1 b z "o "p ( a great plan4 ,x 01 z we h se51 subord9ate to ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham1 :i* _h respect to all ! families ( ! e>?4 ,*ap4 #h1 ,no4 #d4 ,x came 9 tempor>ily to prep>e ! way = ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 ?r\gh :om ! ,abrahamic cov5ant 0 to be c>ri$ into effect4 ,x 0 a p>tial1 prep>atory to a univ]sal disp5sation1 & look$1 !re=e1 ultimately to ! salvation ( ! entire race4 ,s f> !n z ! b5evol5t design ( ,god is conc]n$1 ! objection drawn f ! exclusiv5ess ( ! ,mosaic economy falls to ! gr\nd4 ,x rema9s = ! objector to %[ h[ a univ]sal disp5sation1 l ,*ri/ianity1 c\ld h be5 wisely introduc$1 )\t a previ\s "w ( prep>ation1 or h[ any bett] plan ( prep>ation c\ld h be5 adopt$ ?an t conta9$ 9 ! ,mosaic economy4 ,if ! laws ( ,moses int]pos$1 z !y c]ta9ly did1 _m ob/acles to ! int]c\rse ( ! ,israelites ) o!r nations1 ! design 0 n to enc\rage 9 !m a _s ( national pride & contempt ( o!r nations1 b to pres]ve !m f ! contagi\s influ5ce ( ! hea!n practices by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,on ?is gr\nd ! ,mosaic laws ev]y:]e re/ ! re/rictions :i* !y impose ^u ! ,israelites3 ,?y daught] ?\ %alt n give unto 8 son1 nor 8 daught] %alt ?\ take to ?y son4 ,= !y w turn away ?y son f foll[+ me1 t !y may s]ve o!r gods4 ,deut4 #g3c1 #d4 ,h[ necess>y 7 ^! re/rictions 0 made manife/ by ! :ole subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! p4 ,s f> 0 ! ,mosaic law f c\nt5anc+ hatr$ t[>ds ! p]sons ( =eign]s1 t x expressly enjo9$ k9dness3 ,if a /rang] soj\rn ) !e 9 y\r l&1 ye %all n vex him4 ,b ! /rang] t dwelle? ) y %all be unto y z "o born among y1 & ?\ %alt love him z ?yself3 = ye 7 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,lev4 #ai3cd4 #e4 ,ano!r gr\nd ( objection to ! ,mosaic law has be5 ! numb] & m9ut5ess ( its ord9ances4 ,t ?is feature ( ! !ocracy 01 absolutely consid]$1 an imp]fection1 is boldly ass]t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! apo/le ,pet] calls x a yoke :i* nei!r we nor our fa!rs 7 able to be>4 ,acts #ae3aj4 ,nev]!less ! wisdom ( ,god judg$ x necess>y 9 ! infancy ( ! nation1 t x might ?us be tra9$1 & ?r\gh x ! _w1 = ! future inh]itance ( ! gospel4 ,x is 9 ?is v aspect t ! apo/le ,paul says3 ,! law 0 our s*oolma/] to br+ u unto ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,b aft] t fai? is come1 we are no long] "u a s*oolma/]4 ,gal4 #c3bd1 #be4 ,! div9e plan 0 to prescribe m9utely all ! in/itutions ( ! ,mosaic economy1 leav+ no?+ to human discretion1 app>5tly to prev5t ! int]mixture ) !m ( hea!ni% rites & usages2 p]haps also t 9 ?is body ( outw>d =ms ! fai? ( ! ,israelites might h a ne$ful re/+-place1 until ! way %\ld be prep>$ = ! introduction ( a simpl] & m spiritual sy/em4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 t we d n fall into ! error ( suppos+ t ! ,mosaic law prescrib$ a religion ( m]e outw>d =ms4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 p]vad$ ?r\gh\t by an evangelical pr9ciple4 ,x knew no?+ ( he>tless =ms 9 :i* ! religion ( ! he>t is want+4 ,! obs]vance ( all its num]\s ord9ances x enjo9$ on ! spiritual gr\nd ( love1 gratitude1 & humility4 ,if any "o w\ld und]/& 9 :at a v>iety ( =ms ^! inw>d graces ( ! s\l1 :i* con/itute ! ess5ce ( religion1 are inculcat$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 he has b to read ! book ( ,deut]onomy2 !re he w see h[ ! law ( ,moses aim$ to make m5 religi\s n 9 ! lett]1 b 9 ! _s2 h[1 9 a ^w1 x re/$ ! obs]vance ( ! lett] on ! good f\ndation ( inw>d devotion to ,god4 ,! summ>y :i* our ,savi\r gave ( ! ,mosaic law1 & 9 x ( all religion1 he express$ 9 ! v words ( ! law3 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d1 & ) all ?y /r5g?1 ,deut4 #f3d1 #e2 ?is is ! fir/ & great comm&m5t4 ,& ! second is l1 namely ?is1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,lev4 #ai3ah4 ,nor is ?is love t[>ds our neighbor re/rict$ to a n>r[ circle2 = x is said ( ! /rang] also soj\rn+ 9 ,israel1 ,?\ %alt love him z ?yself4 ,lev4 #ai3cd4 #f4 ,( "o usage :i* ! ,mosaic law tol]at$1 our ,savi\r himself gives ! true explanation :5 he says3 ,moses1 because ( ! h>dness ( y\r he>ts1 suff]$ y to put away y\r wives2 b f ! beg9n+ x 0 n s4 ,matt4 #ai3h4 ,?is g5]al pr9ciple applies also to polygamy & ! modifi$ =m ( s]vitude :i* prevail$ among ! ,hebrew p4 ,t ! ,mosaic economy suff]$1 = ! "t be+1 c]ta9 usages n good 9 !mselves1 is no valid objection to x1 b r a pro( ( ! div9e wisdom ( its au?or4 ,?\gh x 0 8 purpose to root out ( human society e organic evil1 he w\ld n attempt x by premature legislation1 any m ?an he w\ld s5d 8 ,son into ! _w until ! way 0 prep>$ = 8 adv5t4 #g4 ,! extirpation ( ! ,canaaniti% nations by ! sword ( ! ,israelites 0 contemplat$ by ! ,mosaic economy4 ,! names ( ^! nations 7 c>efully specifi$1 & !y 7 p]emptorily =bidd5 to mole/ o!r nations2 z1 = example1 ! ,edomites1 ,moabites1 & ,ammonites4 ,deut4 #b3d1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #ah1 #ai4 ,! :ole transaction is to be reg>d$ z a sov]eign act ( ,jehovah1 :i* _h 9 view ! manife/ation ( 8 inf9ite p]fections = ! advancem5t ( ! cause ( tru? & righte\sness 9 ?is fall5 _w4 ,?\gh we may n presume to fa?om all ! div9e c\nsels1 we c yet see h[ ,god1 by ! mann] 9 :i* he gave ,israel possession ( ! promis$ l&1 display$ 8 awful hol9ess1 8 almighty p[]1 & 8 absolute supremacy ov] ! nations ( ! e>?1 n only to ! cov5ant p1 b also to ! surr\nd+ hea!n _w4 ,_h ! ,canaanites p]i%$ by fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 e>?quake1 or fire f heav51 x might h rema9$ d\btful to ! hea!n by ^: ang] _! de/ruction _h be5 effect$1 t ( ! ,canaaniti% gods1 or ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,b n[ t ,god w5t =? ) 8 p1 divid+ ! ,jordan be=e !m1 ov]?r[+ ! walls ( ,j]i*o1 arre/+ ! sun & ! moon 9 _! c\rse1 & ra9+ d[n ^u _! enemies great hail/ones f heav51 x 0 manife/ to all t ! ,god ( ,israel 0 ! supreme ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 & t ! gods ( ! g5tile nations 7 vanity4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! great lessons :i* ! ,!ocracy 0 de/9$ to tea* ! human family4 ,at ! same "t ! ,israelites1 :o execut$ ,god's v5geance on ! ,canaanites1 7 c>efully in/ruct$ t x 0 = _! s9s t ! l& spew$ out its inhabitants1 & t if !y imitat$ !m 9 _! abom9ations1 !y %\ld 9 l mann] p]i%4 #h4 ,! ,mosaic economy 0 b ! scaffold+ ( ! gospel4 ,god took x d[n ages ago by ! h& ( ! ,romans4 ,x p]i%$ amid fire & sword & blood1 b n till x _h accompli%$ ! great "w = :i* x 0 e/abli%$4 ,x bequea!d to ,*ri/ianity1 & ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity to all ! families ( ! e>?1 a glori\s body ( tru?1 :i* makes an insep>able "p ( ! plan ( r$emption1 & has ?us bless$ ! _w ev] s9ce1 & %all cont9ue to bless x to ! end ( "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,rema9+ ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 #a4 ,! div9e au?ority ( ! ,p5tateu* hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 x is n necess>y to dwell at l5g? on ! hi/orical books :i* foll[4 ,! ev5ts :i* !y record are a natural & necess>y sequel to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ocracy1 z giv5 9 ! five books ( ,moses4 ,! ,p5tateu* is occupi$ ma9ly ) ! f\nd+ ( ! !ocracy2 ! foll[+ hi/orical books describe ! settlem5t ( ! ,israeliti% nation "u ?is !ocracy 9 ! promis$ l&1 & its practical op]ation !re = ! space ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,!re is no hi/ory 9 ! _w s full ( ,god's pres5ce & provid5ce4 ,x sets =? ) div9e cle>ness & p[]1 on ! "o side1 ,god's fai?fulness 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! promises & ?reat5+s conta9$ 9 ! ,mosaic law2 & on ! o!r1 ! p]v]s5ess & rebellion ( ! p1 & _! p]petual relapses into idolatry1 ) ! mighty conflict ?us inaugurat$ betwe5 ! pure mono!ism ( ! !ocracy1 & ! poly!ism & image-wor%ip ( ! surr\nd+ hea!n nations--a conflict :i* la/$ ?r\gh _m ages1 :i* enli/$ on bo? sides ! great & mighty m5 ( ! _w1 & :i* result$ 9 ! complete triumph ( ! ,mosaic law1 at lea/ s f> z its outw>d =m 0 conc]n$1 ?us prep>+ ! way = ! adv5t ( t great ,prophet 9 :om ! !ocracy _h its end & its fulfilm5t4 #b4 ,h[ fully ! div9e au?ority ( ^! books is recogniz$ by ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 e read] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t und]/&s4 ,x is n necess>y to e/abli% ?is po9t by ! quotation ( p>ticul> passages4 ,?\gh ! writ]s ( ! hi/orical books :i* foll[ ! ,p5tateu* are = ! mo/ "p unkn[n1 ! books !mselves are put 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t on ! same basis z ! ,p5tateu*4 ,to ^? :o d5y ,*ri/1 ! ,mosaic economy1 ) ! hi/ory t foll[s1 is a my/]y2 = :5 !y read x ! veil is ^u _! he>t4 ,b to ^? :o receive ,*ri/ z ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t z conta9+ a true record ( 8 heav5ly mission1 ,moses & ! hi/orical books t foll[ are lum9\s ) div9e wisdom & glory1 = !y conta9 ! record ( ! way 9 :i* ,god prep>$ ! _w = ! manife/ation ( 8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/4 #c4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s a body ( writ+s :i* are n hi/orical2 nei!r are !y prophetical1 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! t]m1 al?\gh "s ( !m conta9 prophecy4 ,! enum]ation ( ^! books1 prom95t among :i* are ,job1 ,psalms1 & ,prov]bs1 ) an acc\nt ( _! cont5ts & ! place :i* ea* ( !m holds 9 ! plan ( revelation1 belongs to ! ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is suffici5t to say "h1 t !y are preci\s (f%oots ( ! ,mosaic economy1 t !y conta9 ri* & v>i$ treasures ( div9e tru? = ! in/ruction & enc\ragem5t ( ,god's p 9 all ages1 & t !y are1 z a :ole1 recogniz$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z "p ( ,god's revelation to m54 ,! book ( ,psalms1 9 p>ticul>1 is p]petually quot$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z conta9+ prophecies :i* _h _! fulfilm5t 9 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 #d4 ,! prophetical books--accord+ to our classification1 ! ,jews hav+ a diff]5t arrangem5t--are ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,daniel1 & ! twelve m9or prophets4 ,! va/ body ( prophecies conta9$ 9 ^! books--! prophetical portions ( ! o!r books be+ also includ$--may be contemplat$ 9 diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,_m ( ^! prophecies1 consid]$ indep5d5tly ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 af=d conclusive pro( t ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! ^w ( ,god1 = !y be> on _! front ! signet ( _! div9e orig94 ,!y conta9 pr$ictions ( ! di/ant future :i* lie altoge!r beyond ! range ( human sagacity & =esight4 ,su* is ! wond]ful prophecy ( ,moses respect+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,israeliti% p ?r\gh all com+ ages1 ,lev4 *4 #bf2 ,deut4 *4 #bh1 a prophecy :i* defies ! assaults ( skepticism1 & :i*1 tak5 9 connection ) our ,"l's solemn decl>ation1 ,!y %all fall by ! edge ( ! sword1 & %all be l$ away captive into all nations3 & ,j]usalem %all be trodd5 d[n ( ! ,g5tiles1 until ! times ( ! ,g5tiles be fulfill$1 ,luke #ba3bd1 m>ks bo? ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new z giv5 by ! same omnisci5t ,god1 :o decl>es ! end f ! beg9n+4 ,su* also are ! pr$ictions ( ! utt] & p]petual desolation ( ,babylon1 utt]$ ages be=eh&1 & :i* presuppose a div9e =esight ( ! c\rse ( human affairs to ! end ( "t3 ,babylon1 ! glory ( k+doms1 ! beauty ( ! ,*aldees' excell5cy1 %all be z :5 ,god ov]?rew ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,x %all nev] be inhabit$1 nei!r %all x be dwelt 9 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,i w also make x a possession = ! bitt]n & pools ( wat]3 & ,i w sweep x ) ! besom ( de/ruction1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,isa4 #ac3ai1 #bj2 #ad3bc4 ,see also ! prophecy ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,n9eveh1 ,nahum1 *s4 #b1 #c1 & ( ,tyre3 ,i w also scrape h] du/ f h]1 & make h] l ! top ( a rock4 ,x %all be a place = ! spread+ ( nets 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea4 ,i w make !e l ! top ( a rock3 ?\ %alt be a place to spread nets ^u2 ?\ %alt be built no m4 ,ezek4 #bf3d1 #e1 #ad4 ,on all ! above prophecies1 & _m m t might be quot$1 ! descriptions ( mod]n travell]s furni% a p]fect comm5t4 #e4 ,b x is preem95tly 9 ,*ri/ t ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h _! fulfilm5t4 ,z ! rays ( ! sun 9 a burn+-glass all conv]ge to "o bright focus1 s all ! diff]5t l9es ( prophecy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t c5tre 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,sep>at$ f him !y h nei!r unity nor h>mony2 b are1 l ! primitive *aos1 )\t =m & void4 ,b 9 him pr$ictions1 app>5tly contradictory to ea* o!r1 meet ) div9e unity & h>mony4 ,he is a great ,prophet1 l ,moses2 ! ,m$iator1 !re=e1 ( ! new economy1 z ,moses 0 ( ! old1 & reveal+ to ! p ! :ole w ( ,god4 ,z a ,prophet1 ! ,_s ( ! ,"l re/s ^u him1 ! _s ( wisdom & und]/&+1 ! _s ( c\nsel & might1 ! _s ( k & ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,isa4 #aa3b4 ,z a ,prophet1 he receives f ,god ! tongue ( ! le>n$1 t he %\ld "k h[ to speak a ^w 9 season to him t is we>y4 ,isa4 #ej3d4 ,z a ,prophet1 ! k+s %all %ut _! m\?s at him3 = t :i* _h n be5 told !m %all !y see2 & t :i* !y _h n he>d %all !y consid]4 ,isaiah #eb3ae4 ,he is also a mighty ,k+1 to :om ,god has giv5 ! hea!n = 8 inh]itance1 & ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>? = 8 possession4 ,he breaks ! nations ) a rod ( iron2 he da%es !m 9 pieces z a pott]'s vessel1 ,psa4 #b3h1 #i2 & yet he %all n cry1 nor lift up1 nor cause 8 voice to be he>d 9 ! /reet4 ,a bruis$ re$ %all he n break1 & ! smok+ flax %all he n qu5*3 he %all br+ =? judgm5t unto tru?4 ,isa4 #db3b1 #c4 ,all k+s %all fall d[n be=e him3 all nations %all s]ve him1 ,psa4 #gb3aa2 & yet he is despis$ & reject$ ( m52 a man ( sorr[s1 & acqua9t$ ) grief3 he is br\ght z a lamb to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep be=e h] %e>]s is dumb1 s he op5$ n 8 m\?4 ,isa4 #ec3c1 #g4 ,_m o!r l contra/s c\ld be add$4 ,) ! k+ly he unites ! prie/ly (fice4 ,sitt+ z a k+ ^u ! ?rone ( ,david1 & ^u 8 k+dom1 to ord] x1 & to e/abli% x ) judgm5t & ) ju/ice f h5ce=? ev5 = ev]1 ,isa4 #i3g1 he is yet a prie/ = ev] aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek4 ,nor is 8 prie/ly (fice any ?+ ( subord9ate importance1 = he is induct$ into x by ! solemn oa? ( ,jehovah3 ,! ,"l ha? sworn1 & w n rep5t1 ,?\ art a prie/ = ev] aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek4 ,psa4 #aaj3d4 ,z a prie/ he (f]s up himself an (f]+ = s93 he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities2 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4 ,all we l %eep h gone a/ray2 we h turn$ e "o to 8 own way2 & ! ,"l ha? laid on him ! iniquity ( u all4 ,isa41 *4 #ec4 ,:5 we f9d a key t op5s all ! intricate w>ds ( a lock1 we "k t ! key & ! lock h "o & ! same au?or1 & are p>ts ( "o :ole4 ,! hi/ory ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? is ! key :i* unlocks all ! w>ds ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecy4 ,) ?is key ,moses & ! prophets op5 to ! pla9e/ read]2 )\t x1 !y rema9 clos$ & hidd5 f human appreh5sion4 ,we "k1 !re=e1 t he :o s5t 8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/ to be ! ,savi\r ( ! _w1 s5t also 8 prophets to te/ify be=eh& ( 8 com+1 & ( ! (fices :i* he be>s = our r$emption4 #f4 ,to sum up all 9 a ^w1 we take ! deepe/1 & !re=e ! mo/ scriptural view ( ! ,jewi% in/itutions & hi/ory1 :5 we consid] ! :ole z a p]petual adumbration ( ,*ri/--n ,*ri/ 9 8 simple p]sonality1 b ,*ri/ 9 8 body ! *ur*4 ,x is n meant by ?is t ! ,mosaic economy 0 no?+ b type4 ,ap>t f all ref]5ce to ! salvation ( ! gospel1 x 0 to ! ,israeliti% p be=e ! ,savi\r's adv5t a pres5t reality meet+ a pres5t want4 ,! deliv]ance ( ! p f ! bondage ( ,egypt1 _! passage ?r\gh ! ,r$ sea1 ! cl\d :i* guid$ !m1 ! manna :i* f$ !m1 ! wat] out ( ! rock :i* !y drank--all ^! ?+s 7 to !m a true manife/ation ( ,god's pres5ce & favor1 aside f _! typical import1 ! appreh5sion ( :i* inde$ 0 res]v$ = future ages4 ,s also ! ,mosaic in/itutions 7 to !m a true body ( laws = ! regulation ( _! commonweal?1 & 9 _! judges1 k+s1 & prophets !y _h true rul]s & tea*]s4 ,b :ile all ?is is important to be rememb]$1 x is also true t ! ,mosaic economy 0 ?ickly s[n by ,god's own h& ) ! se$s ( high] pr9ciples--^? v pr9ciples :i* ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les unfold$ out ( ! law & ! prophets4 ,?us x con/itut$ a div9e tra9+ by :i* ! p 7 prep>$ = t spiritual k+dom ( heav5 :i* 9 ! fulness ( "t ! ,savi\r e/abli%$4 ,all ! prophets & ! law prophesi$ until ,john--n ! prophets & ! law 9 c]ta9 sep>ate passages alone1 b ! prophets & ! law z a :ole4 ,!y prophesi$ ( ,*ri/1 & 9 ,*ri/ _! prophecy has its fulfilm5t4 #g4 ,! consid]ation ( ! ext5t ( ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t does n prop]ly belong "h4 ,x is suffici5t to say t we h no valid reason = d\bt+ ! tru? ( ! ,jewi% tradition1 :i* assigns to ,ezra & ! great synagogue ! "w ( sett+ =? ! ,hebrew canon z we n[ h x4 ,t ?is tradition is embelli%$ ) fictions mu/ be conc$$2 b we ought n1 on su* a gr\nd1 to d5y its sub/antial tru?1 confirm$ z x is by all ! scriptural notices ( ,ezra's qualifications & labors4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! canon ( ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e 0 ! same 9 our ,"l's day t x is n[4 ,! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,septuag9t conta9s inde$ c]ta9 apocryphal books n extant 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,^! seem to h be5 9 use1 m or less1 among ! ,alex&r9e ,jews2 b !re is no evid5ce t any canonical au?ority 0 ascrib$ to !m1 & x is c]ta9 t ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e adh]$ /rictly to ! ,hebrew canon1 :i* is id5tical ) our own4 #h4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 =m$ is n d\btful4 ,no books 7 admitt$ into x b ^? writt5 by prophets or prophetical m54 ,z "u ! ,new ,te/am5t ! reception or rejection ( a book z canonical 0 det]m9$ by ! writ]'s relation to ,*ri/1 s 0 x "u ! ,old by 8 relation to ! !ocracy4 ,! highe/ relation 0 held by ,moses1 its m$iator4 ,he accord+ly _h ! prophetical _s 9 ! fulle/ measure3 ,if !re be a prophet among y1 ,i ! ,"l w make myself kn[n unto him 9 a vision1 & w speak unto him 9 a dream4 ,my s]vant ,moses is n s1 :o is fai?ful 9 all m9e h\se4 ,) him w ,i speak m\? to m\?1 ev5 app>5tly1 & n 9 d>k spee*es2 & ! similitude ( ! ,"l %all he behold4 ,numb4 #ab3f-h4 ,! next place 0 held by prophets expressly call$ & commission$ by ,god1 "s ( :om also1 z ,samuel1 adm9i/]$ ! affairs ( ! !ocracy4 ,f9ally1 !re 7 ! pi\s rul]s :om ,god plac$ at ! head ( ! cov5ant p1 & end[$ ) ! _s ( prophecy1 su* z ,david1 ,solomon1 & ,ezra4 ,to no class ( m5 besides ^? j m5tion$ d ! ,jewi% rabb9s ascribe ! au?or%ip ( any book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 ?is respect _! judgm5t is und\bt$ly "r4 #i4 ,! inspiration ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is ev]y:]e assum$ by our ,"l & 8 apo/les2 = !y argue f !m z possess+ div9e au?ority4 ,:at is writt5 9 ! law8 ,:at sai? ! scripture8 ,all ?+s mu/ be fulfill$ :i* 7 writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses1 & 9 ! prophets1 & 9 ! psalms conc]n+ me2 ,?is scripture mu/ ne$s h be5 fulfill$1 :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ spake be=e conc]n+ ,judas2 ,! scripture _c be brok5--all ^! & o!r simil> =ms ( expression conta9 ! full te/imony ( our ,"l & 8 apo/les to ! tru? else:]e expressly affirm$ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t all scripture is giv5 by inspiration ( ,god1 #b ,tim4 #c3af1 & t ! prophecy came n 9 ! old "t by ! w ( man3 b holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 #b ,pet] #a3ba4 ,:5 ! ,savi\r asks ! ,ph>isees 9 ref]5ce to ,psalm #aaj1 ,h[ !n do? ,david 9 _s call him ,"l8 he manife/ly does n mean t ?is p>ticul> psalm alone 0 writt5 9 _s1 t is1 "u ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,_s2 b he ascribes to x ! "* :i* belongs to ! entire book1 9 common ) ! re/ ( ,scripture1 9 accordance ) ! express te/imony ( ,david3 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l spake by me1 & 8 ^w 0 9 my tongue4 #b ,sam4 #bc3b4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,evid5ces ,,int]nal ,,& ,,exp]im5tal4 #a4 ,! ext]nal evid5ces ( reveal$ religion are1 9 _! prop] place & sph]e1 ( ! highe/ importance4 ,*ri/ianity re/s n ^u !ory1 b ^u hi/orical facts su/a9$ by an ov]:elm+ mass ( te/imony4 ,x is desirable t e ,*ri/ian1 s f> z he has opportunity1 %\ld make himself acqua9t$ ) ?is te/imony = ! /r5g!n+ ( 8 own fai? & ! refutation ( ga9say]s4 ,nev]!less1 _m ?\s&s ( ,*ri/ians are fully e/abli%$ 9 ! fai? ( ! gospel :o h b a v limit$ k ( ! hi/orical pro(s by :i* its div9e orig9 is support$4 ,to !m ! ,bible comm5ds itself z ! ^w ( ,god by its int]nal "*1 & ! gospel z ,god's plan ( salvation by _! inw>d exp]i5ce ( its div9e p[]1 & _! outw>d obs]vation ( its p[] ov] ! he>ts & lives ( all :o truly receive x4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! g5]al analogy ( ,god's works4 ,we might be assur$ be=eh& t a sy/em ( religion hav+ ,god = its au?or1 w\ld %9e by its own light1 & ?us comm5d itself at once to ! human und]/&+ & consci5ce1 irrespective ( all outw>d te/imony to its tru?4 ,al?\gh ! int]nal evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity h already be5 consid]$ to "s ext5t 9 connection ) ^? t are outw>d & hi/orical1 x is desirable 9 ! pres5t clos+ *apt] to (f] "s sugge/ions p]ta9+ to ! int]nal "* ( ! ,bible z a :ole1 & also to ! te/imony ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 individual & g5]al4 #b4 ,to e unp]v]t$ m9d ! ,bible comm5ds itself at once z ! ^w ( ,god by ! wond]ful view :i* x gives ( 8 "* & provid5ce4 ,x exhibits "o p]sonal ,god :o made & gov]ns ! _w1 )\t ! lea/ trace ( poly!ism on ! "o h&1 or pan!ism on ! o!r--! two rocks ( error ^u :i* e o!r sy/em ( religion 9 ! _w has made %ipwreck4 ,& ?is great ,_s1 inf9ite1 et]nal1 & un*angeable 9 8 be+1 wisdom1 p[]1 hol9ess1 ju/ice1 goodness1 & tru?1 is n remov$ to a di/ance f u1 b is ev] nigh to ea* "o ( 8 creatures4 ,he is our ,fa!r 9 heav51 :o c>es = u & c he> & answ] our pray]s4 ,8 provid5ce ext5ds to all ?+s1 great & small4 ,he directs alike ! sp>r['s flight1 & ! rise & fall ( empires4 ,to ! p]fect view ( ,god's "* & gov]nm5t :i* ! pages ( ! ,bible unfold1 no man c add any?+1 & :oev] takes any ?+ away only m>s & mutilates x4 ,h[ n[ %all we expla9 ! great fact t ! ,hebrew p1 "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 _h ?is true k ( ,god & 8 provid5ce1 :ile x 0 hidd5 f all o!r nations8 ,! ,bible gives ! only reasonable answ]3 ,god himself reveal$ x to !m4 ,! sup]ficial view :i* acc\nts = ! pure mono!ism ( ! ,hebrews f _! peculi> national "*1 is suffici5tly refut$ by _! hi/ory4 ,not)/&+ ! sev]e p5alties ) :i* ! ,mosaic code ( laws visit$ idolatr\s practices 9 e =m1 ! p 7 p]petually relaps+ into ! idolatry ( ! surr\nd+ nations1 & c\ld be cur$ ( ?is prop5sity only by ! (t-repeat$ judgm5ts ( _! cov5ant ,god4 #c4 ,next we h ! wond]ful code ( morals conta9$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,( its p]fection1 we 9 ,*ri/ian l&s h b a dim appreh5sion1 because x is ! only sy/em ( morals ) :i* we are famili>2 b ! mom5t we comp>e x ) any code outside ( ,*ri/5dom1 its supreme excell5ce at once appe>s4 ,x is a spiritual code1 made = ! he>t4 ,x proposes to regulate ! inw>d affections ( ! s\l1 & ?r\gh !m ! outw>d life4 ,?us x lays ! axe at ! root ( all s94 ,x is a reasonable code1 giv+ to ,god ! fir/ place 9 ! human he>t1 & to man only a subord9ate place4 ,its fir/ & great comm&m5t is1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t2 its second1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,?us x lays broad & deep ! f\ndations ( a righte\s "*4 ,if any moral proposition is self-evid5t1 x is t su* a code z ?is1 :i* exalts ,god to ! ?rone ( ! human s\l & humbles man b5ea? 8 feet1 is n ! (fspr+ ( human self-love4 ,if any "o w\ld "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,bible & a human code ( morals1 let him read ,cic]o's treatise on ,duties1 p]haps ! be/ sy/em ( e?ics :i* pure hea!nism ev] produc$1 b f :i* man's relation to deity is virtually left out4 ,x is a compreh5sive code1 n insi/+ ^u "o or two favorite virtues1 b ^u all virtues4 ,j z ! light ( ! sun is :ite & gli/]+ because x conta9s 9 itself1 9 due proportion1 all ! diff]5t sorts ( rays1 s ! morality ( ! ,bible %9es =?1 l ! sun1 ) a pure & dazzl+ brightness1 because x unites 9 itself1 9 j proportion1 all ! duties :i* m5 owe to ,god & ea* o!r4 ,_m :o outw>dly pr(ess ,*ri/ianity d n make ! precepts ( ! ,bible _! rule ( life1 or !y d s only 9 a v imp]fect way1 & ?us sc&al is br\ght ^u ! "n ( ,*ri/1 ^: s]vants !y pr(ess to be4 ,b x is self-evid5t t he :o obeys ! ,bible 9 s9c]ity & tru? is ?us made a ?or\ghly good man2 good 9 8 inw>d pr9ciples & feel+s1 & good 9 8 outw>d life2 good 9 8 relations to ,god & man2 good 9 prosp]ity & adv]sity1 9 honor & di%onor1 9 life & dea?2 a good husb& & fa!r1 a good neighbor1 a good citiz54 ,if !re is ev] to be a p]fect /ate ( society on e>?1 x mu/ come f simple ob$i5ce to ! precepts ( ! ,bible1 ob$i5ce full & univ]sal4 ,no man c conceive ( any ?+ m glori\s & excell5t ?an ?is4 ,we may boldly *all5ge ! unbeliev] to "n a corrupt passion 9 ! he>t or a vici\s practice 9 ! life t c\ld rema94 ,let e man love ,god ) all 8 he>t & 8 neighbor z himself1 & bolts & b>s1 prisons & p5it5ti>ies1 w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,"o might safely j\rney ar\nd ! _w un>m$ & unatt5d$1 = e man w\ld be a fri5d & bro!r4 ,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/1 & on e>? peace1 good-w t[>ds m51 w\ld reign f pole to pole4 ,! :ole e>? w\ld be at re/ & be quiet3 x w\ld break =? into s++4 ,t su* a glori\s result w\ld c]ta9ly come f simple ob$i5ce to ! precepts ( ! ,bible is und5iable4 ,& c any man p]suade himself t ?is p]fect code ( morals comes n f heav51 b f s9ful man8 #d4 ,we h1 once m1 ! wond]ful h>mony betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,bible1 writt5 z x 0 9 diff]5t & di/ant ages1 & by m5 :o diff]$ widely f ea* o!r 9 natural "* & education1 & liv$ 9 v diff]5t /ates ( society4 ,9 outw>d =m & in/itutions ! manife/ation ( ,god has inde$ und]gone great *anges2 = x has exi/$ successively "u ! patri>*al1 ! ,mosaic1 & ! ,*ri/ian disp5sations4 ,b if we look b5ea? ! surface to ! sub/ance ( religion 9 ^! diff]5t disp5sations1 we %all f9d x always ! same4 ,! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 ! ,god ( ,moses1 ,samuel1 & ,david1 is also ! ,god ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:ile he *anges f "t to "t ! outw>d ord9ances ( 8 p1 he rema9s himself ! same ye/]day & to-day & = ev]4 ,"u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 n less ?an "u ! ,new1 he is ! ,"l1 ! ,"l ,god1 m]ciful & graci\s1 long-suff]+ & abundant 9 goodness & tru?1 keep+ m]cy = ?\s&s1 =giv+ iniquity1 transgression1 & s91 & t w by no means cle> ! guilty4 ,exod4 #cd3f1 #g1 etc4 ,"u ! ,new ,te/am5t1 n less ?an "u ! ,old1 he is to all ! despis]s ( 8 grace a consum+ fire1 ,heb4 #ab3bi2 & 8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/1 :om he s5t to save ! _w1 w be reveal$ h]eaft] 9 flam+ fire1 tak+ v5geance on !m t "k n ,god1 & t obey n ! gospel ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 #a ,!ss4 #a3g1 #h4 ,if ! ,new ,te/am5t insi/s on ! ob$i5ce ( ! he>t1 & n ( ! outw>d lett] alone1 ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*es ! same doctr9e3 ,behold1 to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice1 & to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams4 #a ,sam4 #ae3bb4 ,?\ desire/ n sacrifice2 else w\ld ,i give x3 ?\ delighte/ n 9 burnt (f]+4 ,! sacrifices ( ,god are a brok5 _s2 a brok5 & a contrite he>t1 ,o ,god1 ?\ wilt n despise4 ,psa4 #ea3af1 #ag4 ,i w praise ! "n ( ,god ) a song1 & w magnify him ) ?anksgiv+4 ,?is also %all please ! ,"l bett] ?an an ox or bullock t ha? horns & ho(s4 ,psa4 #fi3cj1 #ca4 ,take ?\ away f me ! noise ( ?y songs2 = ,i w n he> ! melody ( ?y viols4 ,b let judgm5t run d[n z wat]s1 & righte\sness z a mighty /ream4 ,amos #e3bc1 #bd4 ,if ! ,old ,te/am5t insi/s on ob$i5ce to all ,god's comm&m5ts z an indisp5sable condition ( salvation1 s does ! ,new3 ,:osoev] %all keep ! :ole law1 & (f5d 9 "o po9t1 he is guilty ( all1 ,james #b3aj2 ,if ?y "r eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out1 & ca/ x f !e3 = x is pr(itable = !e t "o ( ?y memb]s %\ld p]i%1 & n t ?y :ole body %\ld be ca/ into hell4 ,matt4 #e3bi1 etc4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 z well z ! ,new1 tea*es ! doctr9e ( reg5]ation & sanctification by ! ,holy ,gho/3 ,create 9 me a clean he>t1 ,o ,god1 & r5ew a "r _s )9 me1 ,psa4 #ea3aj4 ,!n w ,i spr9kle clean wat] ^u y1 & ye %all be clean3 f all y\r fil?9ess1 & f all y\r idols w ,i cleanse y4 ,a new he>t also w ,i give y1 & a new _s w ,i put )9 y3 & ,i w take away ! /ony he>t out ( y\r fle%1 & ,i w give y a he>t ( fle%4 ,& ,i w put my ,_s )9 y1 & cause y to walk 9 my /atutes1 & ye %all keep my judgm5ts & d !m4 ,ezek4 #cf3be-bg4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 z well z ! ,new1 d5\nces self-righte\sness 9 e =m1 & tea*es m5 t !y are sav$ n = ! m]it ( _! good works1 b ?r\gh ,god's free m]cy3 ,n = ?y righte\sness1 or = ! uprightness ( ?y he>t do/ ?\ g 9 to possess _! l&1 ,deut4 #i3e2 ,n = y\r sakes d ,i ?is1 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 be x kn[n unto y3 be a%am$ & conf\nd$ = y\r own ways1 ,o h\se ( ,israel4 ,ezekiel #cf3cb4 ,:5 ! holy m5 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t s (t5 besee* ,god to he> & answ] _! pray]s = 8 "n's sake1 !y r5\nce all claim to be he>d on ! gr\nd ( _! own m]it4 ,fai? t works by love & purifies ! he>t f s9--?is is ! sub/ance ( ! religion taught 9 ! ,bible f ,g5esis to ,revelation4 ,?is wond]ful unity ( doctr9e & _s t p]vades ! books ( ! ,bible f fir/ to la/1 f9ds its natural explanation 9 ! fact t !y 7 all writt5 by inspiration ( ,god4 #e4 ,! ,bible is di/+ui%$ f all o!r books by its p[] ov] ! human consci5ce4 ,! apo/le says3 ,! ^w ( ,god is quick & p[]ful1 & %>p] ?an any two-edg$ sword1 pi]c+ ev5 to ! divid+ asund] ( s\l & _s1 & ( ! jo9ts & m>r[1 & is a disc]n] ( ! ?\ghts & int5ts ( ! he>t1 ,heb4 #d3ab2 & ?is decl>ation is confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( e ?\ghtful read]4 ,:oev] /udies ! pages ( ! ,bible 9 an e>ne/ _s1 feels t 9 !m ,"o speaks :o has a p]fect und]/&+ ( 8 he>t 9 its inmo/ work+s2 "o :o kn[s n only :at he is1 b also :at he ought to be1 & :o !re=e speaks to him ) au?ority4 ,! "y are sometimes advis$ to /udy c]ta9 au?ors1 t !y may ?us ga9 a k ( m54 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 )9 ! sph]e ( ?is _w1 ! k ( m5 :i* "s ( ^! writ]s possess is admirable4 ,b ! ,bible conta9s n only all ?is k 9 its mo/ complete & practical =m1 b also1 :at is want+ 9 ! au?ors ref]r$ to1 a p]fect k ( m5 9 _! high] relation to ,god4 ,) wond]ful accuracy does ! ,bible describe m5's "* & conduct z citiz5s ( ?is _w4 ,b "h x does n /op4 ,x reg>ds !m z subjects ( ,god's ev]la/+ gov]nm5t1 & ?us z citiz5s ( et]nity also2 & x portrays 9 vivid & tru?ful colors ! way 9 :i* !y h>d5 _! he>ts1 bl9d _! m9ds1 & /upefy _! consci5ces by _! cont9u$ wilful resi/ance ( ,god's claim to _! supreme love & ob$i5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 x describes m5 9 _! relation to ,god z well z to _! fell[-m52 & e man :o reads ! description1 he>s )9 8 s\l ! /ill small voice ( consci5ce say+1 ,?\ art ! man4 ,:5ce ?is all-compreh5sive k ( man conta9$ 9 ! ,bible8 ,! answ] is3 ,he :o made man has describ$ man 9 8 own ^w ) infallible accuracy2 because he knew all m51 & ne$$ n t any %\ld te/ify ( man2 = he knew :at 0 9 man4 #f4 ,we come n[ to ! argum5t f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,to receive ,*ri/ 9 s9c]ity & tru?1 is to "k t 8 salvation is f ,god4 ,_m ?\s&s h ?us a full & joy\s conviction ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y 7 oppress$ ) a deep consci\sness ( guilt1 :i* no te>s ( sorr[ or suppos$ good works c\ld remove4 ,b !y read 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures t ,jesus is ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w4 ,!y put _! tru/ 9 8 aton+ sacrifice1 & ?us obta9$ peace ( consci5ce1 & joy\s access 9 pray] to ,god z _! ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,!y 7 e>?ly 9 _! affections1 & able !re=e to r5d] to ,god's holy & spiritual law only an ob$i5ce ( ! lett]1 :i* !y knew w\ld n be acceptable4 ,b ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ !y h be5 lift$ up to a holy & bless$ communion ) ,god1 & ?us enabl$ to r5d] to ,god's law an ob$i5ce ( love 9 ! _s & n 9 ! lett]4 ,!y 7 oppress$ ) a pa9ful s5se ( ! empty & unsatisfy+ nature ( e ?+ e>?ly2 b !y h f\nd 9 ,*ri/ & 8 glori\s s]vice an all-suffici5t portion4 ,9 a ^w1 !y are assur$ t ! gospel is f ,god1 because x meets all _! wants z s9n]s4 ,!y h ! same evid5ce t ,god made ! gospel = ! immortal s\l1 z t he made bread = ! /oma*1 air = ! lungs1 & light = ! eyes4 ,! s9c]e believ] has 9 himself ! witness t ! gospel is f heav51 = he is daily exp]i5c+ its heal+1 /r5g!n+1 & purify+ p[]4 ,to tell him t ! ,bible is a cunn+ly devis$ fable1 is l tell+ a man :o daily fe$s on ! f9e/ ( ! :eat1 & is n\ri%$ & /r5g!n$ by x1 t ! field ( gold5 gra9 :i* waves be=e 8 door is only wormwood & gall2 or t ! pure wat] f ! bosom ( ! e>? :i* daily qu5*es 8 ?ir/ is a deadly poison2 or t ! bless$ air ( heav5 :i* fans 8 lungs is a pe/il5tial vapor4 ,n until error becomes ! nutrim5t ( ! s\l & tru? its de/ruction1 c ?is argum5t f p]sonal exp]i5ce be set aside or ga9said4 #g4 ,! argum5t f ! "* ( ,jesus has already be5 consid]$ at l5g? 9 *ap1 #d1 ,no4 #h4 ,x is suffici5t to repeat "h t ! v description ( su* a "*1 s glori\sly p]fect1 s f> above all t ! greate/ m9ds ( antiquity ev] conceiv$1 is itself a pro( ( its reality4 ,v pla9 m5 may describe :at !y h actually se5 & he>d4 ,b t any man left to himself--& ,god w\ld n help 9 a "w ( error & delusion--%\ld h conceiv$ ( su* a "* z t ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 )\t ! reality be=e him1 is impossible2 h[ mu* m t f\r unlett]$ m5 %\ld h consi/5tly c>ri$ out ! conception 9 su* a life z t record$ by ! f\r evangeli/s4 #h4 ,pass+ n[ f individual to g5]al exp]i5ce1 we f9d ano!r pro( ( ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,bible 9 ! p[] ( ! gospel--:i* includes 9 itself ! :ole ^w ( ,god--ov] ! human he>t4 ,?is is closely connect$ ) ! prec$+ head1 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian's religion takes ! %ape ( p]sonal love t[>ds ! ,savi\r--love :i* is awak5$ 9 ! s9n]'s s\l1 z ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*es1 by ! ,holy ,_s reveal+ to him 8 lo/ condition & ! "* & (fices ( ! ,r$eem]1 :]eby he is drawn into an inw>d spiritual union ) him4 ,?is love ( ,jesus is ! mightie/ pr9ciple on e>? = bo? do+ & suff]+4 ,! man ( ^: s\l x has tak5 full possession is inv9cible1 n 9 8 own /r5g?1 b 9 ! /r5g? ( ,him to :om he has giv5 8 supreme confid5ce & affection4 ,no h>d%ips1 privations1 or dang]s c det] him f ,*ri/'s s]vice2 no p]secutions c drive him f x4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 at ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation1 9 _m mission>y fields 9 our own "t1 n only /rong m51 b t5d] wom5 & *ildr51 h /eadfa/ly endur$ %ame & suff]+ 9 e =m--bani%m5t & ! spoil+ ( _! goods1 imprisonm5t1 torture1 & dea?--= ,*ri/'s sake4 ,9 times ( worldly peace & prosp]ity1 ! p[] ( ?is pr9ciple is dimly se52 b 7 ! ,*ri/ians ( ?is day requir$1 "u p5alty ( imprisonm5t1 confiscation1 & dea?1 to d5y ,*ri/1 x w\ld at once manife/ itself4 ,_m w\ld apo/atize1 because !y are believ]s only 9 "n2 b true believ]s w\ld rema9 /eadfa/1 z 9 ! days ( old4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( special notice1 t p]secution n only fails to conqu] ^? :o love ,jesus1 b x fails also to h9d] o!rs f embrac+ 8 religion4 ,x has fir/ a w9n[+ p[]4 ,x sep>ates f ! body ( ! fai?ful ^? :o are ,*ri/ians only 9 "n4 ,!n ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/ian fai? & pati5ce by ^? :o rema9 /eadfa/1 draws m5 f ! _w )\t to ,*ri/4 ,h5ce ! maxim1 z true z trite1 ,! blood ( ! m>tyrs is ! se$ ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion at ! beg9n+ _h no worldly advantages1 & x 0 oppos$ by all ! p[] ( imp]ial ,rome 9 alliance ) ! hea!n prie/hood4 ,_h x be5 possible t any comb9ation ( m5 %\ld cru% x1 x mu/ h p]i%$ at ! outset2 b x only grew /rong] 9 ! mid/ ( its fi]ce & p[]ful enemies4 ,x w5t ?r\gh t5 bloody p]secutions1 conqu]+ & to conqu]1 until x ov]?rew paganism1 & became ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! ,roman empire4 ,!n x 0 n /r5g!n$ by its alliance ) ! /ate1 b only corrupt$ & %orn ( its true p[]4 ,& s x has be5 ev] s9ce4 ,! gospel has always %[n itself mightie/ to subdue m5 to ,*ri/1 :5 x has be5 compell$ to rely mo/ exclusively on its own div9ely furni%$ /r5g?4 ,:at ! apo/le said ( himself p]sonally1 ! gospel :i* he prea*$ c say ) equal tru?3 ,:5 ,i am weak1 !n am ,i /rong4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ?is fact8 ,! only reasonable explanation is1 t ,god is ! au?or ( ! gospel1 & 8 p[] is 9 x1 s t x is able to ov]come ! _w )\t any help f )\t4 ,7 x ! inv5tion ( man1 we might reasonably expect t x w\ld be greatly /r5g!n$ by an alliance ) ! k+s & rul]s ( ! _w1 in/ead ( be+ !reby corrupt$ & weak5$1 z we f9d to be ! inv>iable result4 ,because ,god made ! gospel1 & n m51 :5 x is left free to "w accord+ to 8 appo9tm5t1 x is mighty 9 its p[] ov] ! human he>t2 b ! mom5t worldly m5 take x "u _! patronage1 t !y may make x subs]vi5t to _! worldly ends1 !y b9d x 9 fett]s1 & w\ld kill x1 _h x n a div9e & inde/ructible life4 #i4 ,we notice1 fur!r1 t ! same love ( ,jesus :i* makes m5 inv9cible to ! _w )\t1 also enables !m to conqu] _! own corrupt passions1 & ?is is ! great] victory ( ! two4 ,x is easy to declaim on ! s9s & inconsi/5cies ( visible ,*ri/ians4 ,! *ur* ( ,*ri/1 l e ?+ adm9i/]$ by m51 is imp]fect4 ,unwor?y m5 f9d _! way into x1 mak+ x1 z ! great ,ma/] =etold1 a field 9 :i* :eat & t>es gr[ toge!r4 ,nev]!less1 :]ev] ! gospel is prea*$ 9 its purity1 bright examples are f\nd ( its p[] to reclaim ! vici\s1 to make ! pr\d humble1 & ! e>?ly-m9d$ heav5ly4 ,x draws all :o truly receive x1 by a gradual b c]ta9 process1 into a lik5ess to ,*ri/1 :i* is ! sum ( all goodness4 ,9 proportion also z ! pr9ciples ( ! gospel ga9 gr\nd 9 any community1 !y ennoble x1 purify x1 & inspire x ) ! _s ( tru? & ju/ice4 ,v imp]fectly is our c\ntry p]vad$ by ?is good leav54 ,yet x is ?is1 small z is its measure1 :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ate ( society "h at home & 9 ,india or ,*9a4 ,_m ?\s&s :o d n p]sonally receive ! gospel ?us exp]i5ce its elevat+ p[]4 ,!y receive at its h& innum]able preci\s gifts )\t und]/&+ or ackn[l$g+ ! s\rce f :i* !y come4 #aj4 ,z a f9al argum5t1 may be nam$ ! p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion to purify itself f ! corruptions introduc$ into x by m54 ,x is n alone f ! _w )\t t ,*ri/'s *ur* has be5 assail$4 ,corrupt m5 h aris5 )9 h] pale :o h set !mselves to d5y or expla9 away h] ess5tial doctr9es1 to *ange h] holy practice1 or to cru% & ov]lay h] ) a load ( sup]/iti\s obs]vances4 ,b ! gospel _c be de/roy$ by inw>d any m ?an by outw>d enemies4 ,f "t to "t x ass]ts its div9e orig9 & inv9cible p[]1 by bur/+ ! b&s impos$ on x by m51 & ?r[+ (f _! human additions1 ?us reappe>+ 9 its native purity & /r5g?4 ,s x did on a broad scale at ! era ( ! ,re=mation1 & s x has (t5 done s9ce 9 n>r[] fields4 #aj4 ,let n[ ! c&id inquir] ask himself :e!r a book :i* gives su* glori\sly p]fect views ( ,god's "* & gov]nm5t2 ^: code ( morals is s spotlessly pure t simple ob$i5ce to x is ! sum ( all goodness1 & w\ld1 if full & univ]sal1 make ?is _w a moral p>adise2 all ^: p>ts1 ?\gh writt5 9 diff]5t & di/ant ages by m5 ( su* div]sifi$ "* & tra9+1 are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ea* o!r2 :i* displays su* a wond]ful k ( man 9 all 8 relations to ,god & 8 fell[-m51 & !re=e speaks ) su* au?ority & p[] to 8 consci5ce2 :i* reveals a religion t satisfies all ! wants ( ^? :o embrace x1 t makes !m victori\s alike ov] outw>d p]secution & inw>d s9ful passion1 & t ass]ts its inv9cible p[] by ?r[+ (f f itself ! corrupt additions ( m5--:e!r su* a book c possibly h man = its au?or4 ,assur$ly 9 "* x resembles n s9ful man1 b ! holy ,god4 ,x mu/ be f heav51 = x is heav5ly 9 all its features4 ,,"p ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,prefatory ,,rem>ks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to consid] at l5g? all ! que/ions :i* ! _s ( mod]n inquiry has rais$ conc]n+ ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--_! g5u95ess1 integrity1 date1 *ronology1 & cr$ibility2 _! relation to sci5ce1 to pr(ane hi/ory1 to ea* o!r1 & to ! ,new ,te/am5t--w\ld f> exce$ ! limits all[$ by ! plan ( ! pres5t "w4 ,to ! ,p5tateu* alone1 or ev5 a s+le book ( x1 z ,g5esis or ,deut]onomy2 to ! books ( ,*ronicles2 to ,isaiah or ,daniel1 a :ole volume might be devot$ )\t exhau/+ ! subject4 ,9 ! pres5t ,introduction to ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! aim has be5 to give ! results ( biblical rese>*1 anci5t & mod]n1 ) a concise /atem5t ( ! l9es ( argum5t employ$1 :]ev] ?is c\ld be done )\t involv+ discussions intelligible only to ^? :o are famili> ) ! orig9al languages ( ,scripture & ! anci5t v]sions4 ,= su* discussions ! biblical /ud5t is ref]r$ to ! m ext5d$ ,introductions :i* ab\nd at ! pres5t day4 ,! au?or has endeavor$1 fir/ ( all1 to direct ! read]'s att5tion to ! unity ( ,scripture4 ,kn[n unto ,god are all 8 works f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,! plan ( ,r$emption is ! v highe/ ( ^! works1 & x con/itutes a glori\sly p]fect :ole1 gradually unfold+ itself f age to age4 ,! e>lie/ revelations h ref]5ce to all t foll[4 ,! lat] revelations %$ light on ! e>li]1 & receive light f !m 9 return4 ,x is only :5 ! ,scriptures are ?us /udi$ z a :ole1 t any "o "p ( !m c be truly compreh5d$4 ,! ef=t has accord+ly be5 made to %[ ! relation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 consid]$ z a :ole1 to ! ,new2 !n1 ! relation ( ! sev]al great divisions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--! law1 ! hi/orical books1 ! prophets1 ! poetical books--to ea* o!r1 & ! place :i* ea* holds 9 ! sy/em ( revelation2 & f9ally1 ! (fice ( ea* p>ticul> book1 ) su* notices ( its au?or%ip1 date1 g5]al plan1 & cont5ts1 z w prep>e ! read] to /udy x intellig5tly & pr(itably4 ,to all :o w\ld h a ?or\gh & compreh5sive k ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! dilig5t /udy ( ! prep>atory revelation conta9$ 9 ! ,old1 is e>ne/ly comm5d$4 ,! pres5t ,introduction w be foll[$ by "o to ! ,new ,te/am5t on ! same g5]al plan4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t = mu* ( ! mat]ials employ$1 9 ^! two p>ts1 p>ticul>ly :at relates to anci5t manuscripts1 ! au?or is dep5d5t on ! /atem5ts ( ^? :o h _h ! opportunity ( mak+ orig9al inve/igations4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,,fir/ ,,division1 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,names ,,& ,,ext]nal ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t #a4 ,! ^w ,bible comes to u f ! ,greek 7ta biblia1 ! books2 t is1 emphatically1 ! sacr$ canonical books7 ?r\gh ! ,lat9 & ,norman ,fr5*4 ,9 ! anci5t ,greek & ,lat9 *ur*es1 its use1 z a plural n\n appli$ to ! :ole collection ( sacr$ books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 c be trac$ z f> back z ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,engli%1 z 9 all ! mod]n languages ( ,europe1 x has become a s+ul> n\n1 & ?us signifies ,,! ,,book--! "o book conta9+ 9 itself all ! p>ticul> books ( ! sacr$ canon4 ,9 v anci5t usage1 ! ^w ,law 7,heb4 ,torah7 0 appli$ to ! five books ( ,moses2 b !re 0 no g5]al t]m to d5ote ! :ole collection ( inspir$ writ+s till aft] ! completion ( ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :5 !y 7 kn[n 9 ,jewi% usage z3 ,! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,writ+s 7see bel[1 ,no4 #e74 ,9 accordance ) ! same usage1 ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t speak ( ! law & ! prophets1 & m fully1 ! law ( ,moses1 & ! prophets1 & ! psalms1 ,luke #bd3dd4 ,& !y apply to ! collect$ writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z well z to p>ticul> passages1 ! t]m ! ,scripture1 t is1 ! writ+s1 ?us3 ,! ,scripture sai?1 ,john #g3ch1 etc4 ,or !y employ ! plural numb]3 ,ye d err1 n kn[+ ! ,scriptures1 ,matt4 #bb3bi1 etc4 ,once ! epi!t holy is add$1 #b ,tim4 #c3ae4 ,9 #b ,pet4 #c3af1 ! t]m ,scriptures is appli$ to at lea/ ! epi/les ( ,paul2 app>5tly also to ! o!r canonical writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t !n extant4 ,9 ! usage ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ! application ( ?is t]m to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t soon became well e/abli%$2 b ! above is ! only example ( su* an application t occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t itself4 #b4 ,! t]ms ,old & ,new ,te/am5t arose 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,god's deal+s ) ! ,israeliti% p1 "u bo? ! patri>*s & ,moses1 took ! =m ( a cov5ant2 t is1 n a mutual agreem5t z betwe5 two equal p>ties1 b an arrangem5t or disp5sation1 9 :i* ,god himself1 z ! sov]eign ,"l1 prop\nd$ to ! *os5 p c]ta9 t]ms1 & b\nd himself1 ^u condition ( ! fulfilm5t ( ^! t]ms1 to be/[ ^u !m bless+s temporal & spiritual4 ,n[ ! ,greek ^w dia!ke1 by :i* ! ,septuag9t r5d]s ! ,hebrew ^w = cov5ant1 signifies bo? cov5ant1 9 ! g5]al s5se above giv51 & te/am5t1 z be+ ! f9al disposition :i* a man makes ( 8 worldly e/ate4 ,! new cov5ant introduc$ by ,*ri/ is1 9 a s5se1 a te/am5t1 z be+ ratifi$ by 8 bloody dea?4 ,matt4 #bf3bh2 ,m>k #ad3bd2 ,luke #bb3bj4 ,s x is expressly call$ 9 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 #i3ae-ag1 :]e ! new cov5ant1 consid]$ 9 ! light ( a te/am5t1 is contra/$ ) ! old4 ,x 0 probably 9 connection ) ?is view t ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,bible 7made 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t n f ! orig9al ,hebrew1 b f ! ,greek ,septuag9t7 ev]y:]e r5d]$ ! ,greek ^w dia!ke by ! ,lat9 te/am5tum4 ,:5 ,j]ome und]took ! "w ( correct+ ?is v]sion1 he did n ev]y:]e pursue ! same plan4 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t he r5d]$ 9 g5]al f ! ,hebrew2 & "h he employ$ = ! ,hebrew ^w d5ot+ cov5ant ! appropriate ,lat9 words fo$us & pactum4 ,b 9 ! ,psalms1 & ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t1 f def]5ce to e/abli%$ usage1 he gave simply a revision ( ! ,old ,lat91 leav+ ! ^w te/am5tum1 by :i* t v]sion _h r5d]$ ! ^w dia!ke1 cov5ant1 unt\*$4 ,h5ce 9 ,lat9 usage we h 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! two cov5ants1 ! old & ! new1 express$ by ! t]ms old te/am5t 7vetus te/am5tum1 prius or primum te/am5tum7 & new te/am5t 7novum te/am5tum71 & sometimes 9 imm$iate contra/ ) ea* o!r1 z 9 #b ,cor4 #c3f1 #ad2 ,heb4 #i3ae-ah4 ,! transf] ( ^! t]ms f ! cov5ants !mselves to ! writ+s :i* give an acc\nt ( !m 0 easy1 & soon became e/abli%$ 9 g5]al usage4 ,h5ce ! t]ms ,old & ,new ,te/am5t = ! two great divisions ( ! ,bible4 ,ano!r ,lat9 t]m = ! two great divisions ( ! ,bible 0 in/rum5tum1 in/rum5t1 docum5t2 a t]m appli$ to ! docum5ts or body ( records relat+ to ! ,roman empire1 & v appropriate1 !re=e1 to ! records ( ,god's deal+s ) m54 ,b z e>ly z ! "t ( ,t]tullian1 ab\t ! close ( ! second c5tury1 ! ^w te/am5tum1 te/am5t1 0 m 9 use4 ,see ,t]tullian aga9/ ,m>cion1 #d4 #a4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! sup]ior accuracy ( ,j]ome's indep5d5t v]sion above 8 simple revision ( ! old ,lat9 is ! passage ,j]4 #ca3ca-cc z comp>$ ) ! quotation ( ! same1 ,heb4 #h3h-aj4 ,9 ! =m]1 :]e ! translation is made imm$iately f ! ,hebrew1 we read3 ,behold ! days %all come1 sai? ! ,"l1 t ,i w make = ! h\se ( ,israel & ! h\se ( ,judah a new cov5ant 7fo$us73 n accord+ to ! cov5ant 7pactum7 :i* ,i made ) _! fa!rs1 etc4 ,9 ! same passage1 z quot$ 9 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 :]e we h only a revision ( ! old ,lat91 we read3 ,behold ! days %all come1 sai? ! ,"l1 t ,i w accompli% = ! h\se ( ,israel & = ! h\se ( ,judah a new te/am5t 7te/am5tum73 n accord+ to ! te/am5t 7te/am5tum7 :i* ,i made = _! fa!rs1 etc4 #c4 ,! unity ( ! ,bible has its gr\nd only 9 div9e inspiration4 ,s f> z human composition is conc]n$1 bo? p>ts ( x h a great v>iety ( au?ors4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 especially1 liv$ 9 diff]5t1 & "s ( !m 9 v di/ant ages4 ,!y 7 widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 native "* & end[m5ts1 9 education1 & 9 _! outw>d circum/ances & position 9 life4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance t ! /ud5t ( ,scripture n only "k ^! facts1 b pond] !m long & c>efully1 till he fully und]/&s _! deep significance4 ,he has be5 accu/om$ f *ildhood to see all ! books ( ! ,bible compris$ )9 ! cov]s ( a s+le volume4 ,he c h>dly dive/ himself ( ! idea t _! au?ors1 if n exactly contempor>y1 mu/ yet someh[ h und]/ood ea* o!r's views & plans1 & act$ 9 mutual conc]t4 ,x is only by long contemplation t he is able to appreh5d ! true position :i* ^! writ]s held to ea* o!r1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 z !y (t5 71 by c5turies ( "t1 dur+ :i* great *anges took place 9 ! social & political condition ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,!n1 = ! fir/ "t1 he beg9s to disc]n1 9 ! wond]ful h>mony t p]vades ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 tak5 z a :ole1 ! cle> pro(s ( a sup]9t5d+ div9e ,_s2 & le>ns to ref] ?is h>mony to its true gr\nd1 t holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 #b ,pet] #a3ba4 ,accord+ to ! receiv$ *ronology1 ,moses wrote ! book ( ,deut]onomy ab\t #adea ,b4,c1 & ,mala*i1 ! la/ ( ! prophets1 wrote ab\t #cig ,b4,c4 ,! diff]5ce1 !n1 betwe5 ! "t ( ^! two au?ors is #ajed ye>s2 or say1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ab\t #ajjj ye>s4 ,f ,moses to ! ano9t+ ( ,david is1 accord+ to ! %ort] *ronology1 #chh ye>s2 & f ,moses to ! composition ( ! books ( ,k+s1 ne>ly n9e c5turies4 ,f ,joel to ,mala*i we mu/ assume a p]iod ( ab\t #djj ye>s1 )9 :i* space our pres5t prophetical books 7 compos$4 ,! e>li] ( ! psalms writt5 by ,david diff] 9 "t f ^? compos$ at ! close ( ! captivity by ab\t #ecj ye>s4 ,let ! read] :o has be5 9 ! habit ( pass+ f "o book ( ! ,bible to ano!r1 z if bo? belong$ to ! same age1 pond] well ! mean+ ( ^! figures4 ,!y confirm ! argum5ts already adduc$ 7*4 #ab1 ,no4 #d7 t ! unity ( ,scripture has its gr\nd n 9 human conc]t1 b 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,_s4 #d4 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h be5 diff]5tly classifi$ & arrang$4 ,b 9 no sy/em ( di/ribution has ! *ronological ord] be5 /rictly obs]v$4 7,a47 ,! ,jewi% classification & arrangem5t is z foll[s4 ,!y fir/ di/ribute ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t into ?ree great classes1 ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,writ+s2 t is1 ! canonical writ+s n includ$ 9 ! o!r two divisions--! ,hagiographa 7holy writ+s71 z !y are commonly designat$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,law is !n subdivid$ into five books1 z we n[ h !m2 = ! names ( :i* see ! introduction to ! ,p5tateu*4 ,*ap4 #ai1 ,no4 #a4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is five-fold division ( ! ,law1 ! ,rabb9s call x ! five-fif?s ( ! ,law1 ea* book be+ reckon$ z "o-fif?4 ,?is t]m answ]s to ! ^w ,p5tateu*1 t is1 ! five-fold book4 ,*ap4 #i1 beg9n+4 ,! second great class consi/s ( ! s-call$ ,prophets4 ,^! are fir/ divid$ into ! =m] & ! latt] ,prophets4 ,! =m] ,prophets consi/ ( ! hi/orical books3 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ,k+s1 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! latt] comprise ! prophetical books 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! ^w1 ) ! exception ( ,daniel2 & ^! are subdivid$ into ! great] & ! less4 ,! great] ,prophets are ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel4 ,! less are ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets f ,hosea to ,mala*i1 9 ! same ord] z t foll[$ 9 our ,engli% v]sion4 ,! rema9+ books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t con/itute ! ?ird great class1 "u ! "n ( ,writ+s1 ,hagiographa2 & !y are commonly arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,job1 ,canticles1 ,ru?1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h]1 ,daniel1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,*ronicles4 ,^! books naturally fall into ?ree gr\ps4 ,fir/1 devotional & didactic--! ?ree s-call$ poetical books ( ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 & ,job1 :i* h 9 ,hebrew a /rict] rhy?m2 secondly1 ! five rolls--,canticles1 ,ru?1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h]2 s call$ because writt5 on five sep>ate rolls = use 9 ! synagogue s]vice on ! occasion ( special fe/ivals2 ?irdly1 books t are *iefly ( an hi/orical "*--,daniel1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,*ronicles4 ,! ,talmud arranges ! ,great] ,prophets ?us3 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,isaiah4 ,( ! ,hagiographa1 v>i\s o!r arrangem5ts1 ,masoretic & ,talmudic1 are giv51 :i* x is n necess>y "h to specify4 ,t ! writ+ ( sacr$ hi/ory belong$ to ! prophetical (fice is cle> f v>i\s scriptural notices4 ,comp>e #a ,*ron4 #bi3bi2 #b ,*ron1 #i3bi2 #ab3ae2 #bj3cd2 #bf3bb2 #cb3cb1 #cc3ai4 ,! n>rative conc]n+ ,s5na*]ib ins]t$ 9 ! second book ( ,k+s 7#ah3ac-ai3cg7 is manife/ly f ! p5 ( ,isaiah4 ,! ,rabb9s rightly ascrib$ ! composition ( ! hi/orical z well z ! o!r books :i* compose1 accord+ to _! division1 ! ,prophets1 to prophetical m54 ,b ! gr\nds ^u :i* !y sep>at$ f ^! c]ta9 books1 z1 = example1 ,daniel1 & plac$ !m among ! ,hagiographa1 are n cle>4 ,"s ( ! rabb9s made ! di/9ction to lie 9 ! degree ( inspiration1 ,moses enjoy+ x 9 ! fulle/ measure 7,numb4 #ab3f-h71 ! au?ors ( ! books :i* are class$ among ! prophets hav+ ! ,_s ( prophecy1 & ^? ( ! books belong+ to ! ,hagiographa simply ! ,holy ,_s 7! ,holy ,_s1 b n 9 ! degree necess>y = prophetic revelation74 ,b ?is di/9ction is unt5able4 ,:o _h ! _s ( prophecy if n ,daniel8 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s mod]n s*ol>s1 !y reckon$ to ! ,prophets only books writt5 by m5 :o 7 prophets 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! t]m2 t is1 m5 tra9$ to ! prophetical (fice1 & ex]cis+ x z _! pr(ession2 :ile ! writ+s ( m5 l ,david1 ,solomon1 & ,daniel1 :o ?\gh !y _h ! ,_s ( prophecy1 7 yet 9 _! (fice n prophets1 b rul]s & /atesm51 7 assign$ to ! ,hagiographa4 ,b ?is is inconsi/5t ) ! fact t ! book ( ,ru? 7:i* 9 respect to au?or%ip mu/ g ) t ( ,judges7 & also ! book ( ,lam5tations are 9 ! ,hagiographa4 ,o!rs1 ) m probability1 f9d ! ma9 gr\nd ( classification 9 ! "* ( ! writ+s !mselves--! ,law1 z ! f\ndation ( ! ,!ocracy2 ! ,prophets1 t record ! hi/ory ( ! ,!ocracy & make prophetic revelations conc]n+ x2 ! sacr$ ,writ+s1 occupi$ ) ! p]sonal appropriation ( ! tru?s ( revelation1 & z su* exhibit+ ! religi\s life ( ! cov5ant p 9 its inw>d & outw>d =m4 ,b ev5 "h we d n f9d p]fect consi/5cy4 7,b47 ,classification ( ! ,greek ,v]sion ( ! ,sev5ty4 ,! anci5t ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 call$ ! ,septuag9t 7,lat9 ,septuag9ta1 sev5ty71 because1 accord+ to ,jewi% tradition1 x 0 ! "w ( sev5ty m51 int]weaves ! apocryphal ) ! canonical books4 ,its arrangem5t is z foll[s1 ! apocryphal books & p>ts ( books be+ indicat$ by italic lett]s4 ,we foll[ ! edition ( ,van ,ess f ! ,vatican manuscript1 :i* omits ! apocryphal ,pray] ( ,manasseh3 #a4 ,g5esis4 #b4 ,exodus4 #c4 ,leviticus4 #d4 ,numb]s4 #e4 ,deut]onomy4 #f4 ,jo%ua4 #g4 ,judges4 #h4 ,ru?4 #i4 #a ,k+s 7our #a ,samuel74 #aj4 #b ,k+s 7our #b ,samuel74 #aa4 #c ,k+s 7our #a ,k+s74 #ab4 #d ,k+s 7our #b ,k+s74 #ac4 #a ,*ronicles4 #ad4 #b ,*ronicles4 #ae4 #a ,esdras4 #af4 #b ,esdras 7our ,ezra74 #ag4 ,nehemiah4 #ah4 ,tobit4 #ai4 ,judi?4 #bj4 ,e/h]1 ) apocryphal additions4 #ba4 ,job4 #bb4 ,psalms4 #bc4 ,prov]bs4 #bd4 ,ecclesia/es4 #be4 ,canticles4 #bf4 ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 #bg4 ,ecclesia/icus4 #bh4 ,hosea4 #bi4 ,amos4 #cj4 ,micah4 #ca4 ,joel4 #cb4 ,obadiah4 #cc4 ,jonah4 #cd4 ,nahum4 #ce4 ,habakkuk4 #cf4 ,zephaniah4 #cg4 ,haggai4 #ch4 ,ze*>iah4 #ci4 ,mala*i4 #dj4 ,isaiah4 #da4 ,j]emiah4 #db4 ,b>u*4 #dc4 ,lam5tations4 #dd4 ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah4 #de4 ,ezekiel4 #df4 ,daniel1 ) apocryphal additions--,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! ,furnace1 ,hi/ory ( ,susannah1 ,/ory ( ,bel & ! ,dragon4 #dg4 #a ,maccabees4 #dh4 #b ,maccabees4 #di4 #c ,maccabees4 ,! arrangem5t ( books 9 ! ,lat9 ,vulgate agrees ) t ( ! ,septuag9t ) ! foll[+ exceptions3 ! two canonical books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah appe> toge!r1 z 9 ! ,septuag9t1 b "u ! titles ( #a ,esdras & #b ,esdras4 ,next foll[ ! two apocryphal books ( ,esdras 7! latt] want+ 9 ! ,septuag9t71 "u ! titles ( #c ,esdras & #d ,esdras4 ,! ,great] ,prophets1 ) ,lam5tations aft] ,j]emiah & ,daniel aft] ,ezekiel1 are ins]t$ be=e ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 :i* la/ /& 9 ! ord] foll[$ 9 our v]sion4 ,?r[+ out ( acc\nt1 !re=e1 ! apocryphal books1 ! ord] ( ! ,vulgate is t foll[$ by our ,engli% ,bible4 ,f ! above x is manife/ t 9 nei!r ! ,hebrew1 ! ,greek1 nor ! ,lat9 arrangem5t is ! ord] ( "t /rictly foll[$4 ,! ,hebrew1 = example1 to say no?+ ( ! ,psalms1 :i* 7 writt5 9 diff]5t ages1 ?r[s into ! ,hagiographa ,ru?1 ,job1 ,prov]bs1 etc41 :i* are old] ?an any ( ! s-call$ latt] prophets4 ,! ,hebrew places ! books ( ,k+s1 & ! ,greek & ,lat9 n only ^!1 b also ! books ( ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,e/h]1 be=e all ! prop] prophetical books1 ?\gh x is well kn[n t sev]al ( ^! 7 mu* e>li]4 ,9 ! ,hebrew arrangem5t1 ! ?ree ,great] ,prophets prec$e all ! ,m9or ,prophets1 ?\gh sev]al ( ! latt] 7 e>li] ?an ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 & ev5 ,isaiah4 ,9 ! ,greek1 on ! contr>y1 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 z well z ,ezekiel1 are plac$ aft] ev5 ! prophets ( ! ,re/oration4 ,! biblical /ud5t %\ld c>efully rememb] ^! facts4 ,he mu/ n ha/ily assume t ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t /& 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 b mu/ det]m9e ! age ( ea* = itself1 accord+ to ! be/ light t he c obta94 ,see fur!r 9 ! introductions to ! sev]al books4 #e4 ,9 high antiquity1 ! cont9u\s mode ( writ+1 7scriptio cont9ua17 )\t divisions betwe5 ! words1 0 common4 ,we _c inde$ inf]1 f ! cont9u\s writ+ ( ! olde/ manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t ! same me?od prevail$ 9 ! anci5t ,hebrew writ+2 = 9 v anci5t inscriptions & manuscripts1 belong+ to diff]5t languages1 ! words are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r m or less completely by po9ts4 ,yet ! neglect ( ^! is common4 ,9 mo/ ,greek & ,pho5ician inscriptions !re is no division ( words4 ,! translators ( ! ,septuag9t may be reasonably suppos$ to h employ$ ! be/ manuscripts at _! comm&4 ,yet _! v]sion %[s t 9 ^! ! words 7 ei!r n sep>at$ at all1 or only p>tially4 ,! complete sep>ation ( words by int]v5+ spaces did n take place till aft] ! introduction ( ! ,assyrian1 or squ>e "*4 ,*4 #ad1 ,no4 #b4 ,) ! sep>ation is connect$ ! use ( ! s-call$ f9al lett]s1 t is1 =ms ( c]ta9 lett]s employ$ exclusively at ! ends ( words4 #f4 ,a v anci5t ,jewi% division ( ! sacr$ text is into op5 & clos$ sections4 ,! =m]1 :i* are ! l>g] ( ! two1 are s nam$ because 9 ! ,hebrew manuscripts1 & 9 "s pr9t$ editions1 ! rema9d] ( ! l9e at _! close is left op51 ! next section beg9n+ ) a new l9e4 ,! clos$ sections1 on ! contr>y1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r only by a space 9 ! middle ( a l9e--%ut 9 on ei!r h&4 ,! orig9 ( ^! sections is obscure4 ,!y answ] 9 a g5]al way to our sections & p>agraphs1 & are old] ?an ! ,talmud1 :i* conta9s sev]al ref]5ces to !m1 belong+ at lea/ to ! e>lie/ "t :5 ! sacr$ books 7 read 9 public4 ,davidson1 ,biblical ,criticism1 vol4 #a1 *4 #e4 ,diff]5t f ^!1 & lat] 9 _! orig91 are ! l>g] sections ( ! ,law1 call$ ,p>%iyo? 7f ! s+ul> ,p>a%ah1 section71 :i* h exclusive ref]5ce to ! read+ ( ! ,law 9 ! synagogue s]vice4 ,^! are fifty-f\r 9 numb]1 "o = ea* ,sabba? ( ! ,jewi% int]cal>y ye>1 :ile on common ye>s two ( ! small] sections are unit$4 ,correspond+ to ^! sections ( ! ,law are sections f ! ,prophets1 7! =m] & latt]1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% classification17 call$ ,hapht>o?1 embrac+1 h[ev]1 only selections f ! prophets1 & n ! :ole1 z d ! sections ( ! ,law4 ,! ,jewi% tradition is t ?is cu/om 0 fir/ introduc$ dur+ ! p]secution ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 7ab\t #afg ,b4,c417 because ! read+ ( ! ,law _h be5 prohibit$ by him4 ,b ?is acc\nt ( ! matt] is d\bt$ by _m4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! small] sections call$ op5 & clos$ are indicat$1 ! =m] by ! ,hebrew lett] ,hebrew3 ,p1 t is1 ,p1 ! initial lett] ( ! ^w pe?uhah1 op52 ! latt] by ! ,hebrew lett] ,hebrew3 ,s,s1 ! fir/ lett] ( ! ^w se?umah1 clos$4 ,! l>g] sections1 arrang$ = ! read+ ( ! ,law 9 ! synagogues1 are indicat$ by ?ree ,hebrew3 ,p's or ?ree ,hebrew3 ,s's1 accord+ z !y co9cide at _! beg9n+ ) an op5 or clos$ section4 ,9 ! o!r portions ( ! sacr$ text ^! divisions are simply indicat$ by ! appropriate spaces4 ,b "s pr9t$ editions d n obs]ve ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two 9 respect to space1 s t ! op5 & clos$ sections are conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 #g4 ,*apt]s & ,v]ses4 ,! division ( ! poetical books & passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t into sep>ate l9es1 ,hebrew1 pesukim1 7answ]+ 9 g5]al to our half-v]ses1 sometimes to ! ?ird ( a v]se17 is v anci5t1 if n primitive4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! poetical passages ( ! ,law & ! hi/orical books1 7,exod41 *4 #ae2 ,deut41 *4 #cb2 ,judges1 *4 #e2 #b ,sam4 *4 #bb17 & belong$ orig9ally to ! ?ree books ( ,job1 ,psalms1 & ,prov]bs1 :i* alone ! ,hebrews reckon z poetical4 ,see bel[1 ,*4 #ba1 ,no4 #a4 ,! division ( ! :ole ,old ,te/am5t into v]ses1 7likewise call$ by ! ,hebrews pesukim17 is also ! "w ( ,jewi% s*ol>s4 ,x exi/$ 9 its complet5ess 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & mu/ h _h its orig9 mu* e>li] 9 ! necessity t grew out ( ! public read+ & int]pretation ( ! sacr$ books 9 ! synagogue s]vice4 ,9 ! ,hebrew text ! v]ses are di/+ui%$ by two po9ts call$ soph-pasuk 7371 except 9 ! synagogue rolls1 :]e1 accord+ to anci5t usage1 ?is m>k ( di/9ction is omitt$4 ,! pres5t division into *apt]s is mu* lat]1 & is ! "w ( ,*ri/ian s*ol>s4 ,by "s x is ascrib$ to ,/eph5 ,langton1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o di$ 9 #abbg2 by o!rs to ,c>d9al ,hugo de ,/4 ,*] ( ! same c5tury4 ,! ,jews transf]r$ x f ! ,lat9 ,vulgate to ! ,hebrew text4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s discrepancies betwe5 ! *apt]s ( ! ,hebrew text & ^? ( ! ,vulgate & our ,engli% v]sion4 ,! division ( ! sacr$ text into *apt]s & v]ses is indisp5sable = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce4 ,b ! /ud5t %\ld rememb] t ^! di/9ctions are :olly ( human orig91 & sometimes sep>ate passages closely connect$ 9 mean+4 ,! fir/ v]se1 = example1 ( ,isaiah1 *4 #d1 is imm$iately connect$ 9 s5se ) ! ?reat5+s aga9/ ! daught]s ( ,zion conta9$ 9 ! close ( ! prec$+ *apt] ,9 ! beg9n+ ( *4 #aa ( ! same book1 ! words3 ,& !re %all come =? a rod out ( ! /em ( ,jesse1 & a bran* %all gr[ out ( 8 roots1 contra/ ! ,bran* ( ! ,messiah ) ! ,assyrian b\gh1 ! lopp+ (f ( :i* has j be5 =etold2 *ap4 #aj3cc1 #cd4 ,! la/ ?ree v]ses1 aga91 ( ,isaiah1 *4 #eb1 evid5tly belong to ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! connections ( ! sacr$ text1 !re=e1 mu/ be det]m9$ indep5d5tly ( ^! human di/9ctions4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,text ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory4 #a4 ,! orig9al language ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is ,hebrew1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 portions ( ,ezra & ,daniel & a s+le v]se ( ,j]emiah1 7,ezra #d3h-f3ah2 #g3ab-bf2 ,dan4 #b3d1 f ! middle ( ! v]se to end ( *ap4 #g2 ,j]4 #aj3aa17 :i* are writt5 9 ! cognate ,*aldee language4 ,! ,hebrew belongs to a /ock ( relat$ languages commonly call$ ,%emitic1 because spok5 ma9ly by ! desc5dants ( ,%em4 ,its ma9 divisions are3 7#a17 ! ,arabic1 hav+ its orig9al seat 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,%emitic t]ritory1 & ( :i* ! ,a,ethiopic is a bran*2 7#b17 ! ,aramaean 9 ! nor? & nor!a/1 compris+ ! ea/]n ,aramaean or ,*aldee1 & ! we/]n or ,syriac2 7#c17 ! ,hebrew1 occupy+ a middle place betwe5 ! two4 ,! ,sam>itan is ess5tially ,aramaean1 b ) an int]mixture ( ,hebrew =ms2 ! ,pho5ician1 or ,punic1 on ! o!r h&1 is mo/ closely alli$ to ! ,hebrew4 ,all ^! languages1 ) ! exception ( ! ,a,ethiopic1 are writt5 f "r to left1 & exhibit _m peculi>ities ( or?ography & grammatical =ms & /ructure4 #b4 ,! ,hebrew *>act]s 9 pres5t use1 call$ ! ,assyrian1 or squ>e writ+1 are n ^? orig9ally employ$4 ,! e>li] =m is und\bt$ly repres5t$ by ! inscriptions on ! co9s /ruck by ! ,maccabees1 ( :i* ! lett]s be> a /rong resemblance to ! ,sam>itan & ,pho5ician *>act]s4 ,! ,jewi% tradition is t ! pres5t squ>e "* 0 introduc$ by ,ezra1 & t x 0 ( ,assyrian orig94 ,! "q ( ! correctness ( ?is tradition has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,"s :olly reject x1 & hold t ! pres5t squ>e writ+ came by a gradual process ( *ange f a m anci5t type4 ,see ,davidson's ,bib4 ,crit41 vol4 ,i1 *4 #c4 ,t ! pres5t squ>e writ+ exi/$ 9 our ,savi\r's day has be5 argu$ ) mu* =ce f ,mat?4 #e3ah1 :]e ! ,savi\r says3 ,till heav5 & e>? pass1 "o jot 7iota7 or "o tittle 7k]aia7 %all 9 no wise pass f ! law1 till all be fulfill$4 ,! iota 7,hebrew yod7 is ! lett] i or y1 :i* 9 ! squ>e writ+ is ! smalle/ 9 ! alphabet 7,hebrew3 y71 b n 9 ! anci5t ,hebrew1 ,phoenician1 or ,sam>itan4 ,! k]aia1 little turn1 is t :i* di/+ui%es "o lett] f ano!r2 z ,hebrew3 d1 d1 f ,hebrew3 r1 r2 or ,hebrew3 b1 b1 f ,hebrew3 k1 k4 ,see ,al=d on ,mat?4 #e3ah4 7,! rec5t discov]y 9 ! ,crimea ( inscriptions on ! tombs ( ,c>aite ,jews1 "s ( !m dat+ back1 x is alleg$1 to ! fir/ c5tury1 proves t ! ,assyrian or squ>e "* 0 !n 9 use4 ,9 ^! inscriptions ! ,yod 7iota7 is repres5t$ by a simple po9t4 ,see ,alex&]'s ,kitto1 vol4 #c1 p4 #aagc47 ,! ,rabb9ic is a modification ( ! ,assyrian or squ>e writ+1 = ! purpose ( giv+ x a m cursive "*4 #c4 ,! ,hebrew alphabet1 l all ! o!r ,%emitic alphabets--) ! exception ( ! ,a,ethiopic1 :i* is syllabic1 ! v[els be+ indicat$ by c]ta9 modifications 9 ! =ms ( ! consonants--0 orig9ally a skeleton alphabet1 an alphabet ( consonants1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 lett]s1 call$ v[el-lett]s1 p]=m$ 9 a measure ! (fice ( v[els4 ,! ,%emite did n sep>ate ! v[els f ! consonants1 & express !m1 z we d1 by sep>ate signs4 ,he r conceiv$ ( ! v[els z inh]+ 9 ! consonants--z modifications 9 ! utt]ance ( ! consonants1 :i* ! read] c\ld make = himself4 ,v>i\s p>ticul>s 9 respect to ! pronunciation ( c]ta9 consonants 71 9 l mann]1 left to ! read]'s own k4 ,= example1 ! ?ree ,hebrew lett]s1 ,hebrew3 %1 %2 ,hebrew3 m1 m2 ,hebrew3 r1 r1 7,hebrew3 %mr1 to be read f "r to left17 might be pron\nc$1 %am>1 he kept2 %emor1 keep ?\2 %om]1 keep+--! read] det]m9+ f ! connection :i* ( ^! =ms %\ld be us$1 j z we decide 9 ,engli% betwe5 ! diff]5t pronunciations ( ! ^w b[4 ,z long z ! ,hebrew rema9$ a liv+ language1 t is1 ! language ( ! masses ( ! p1 ?is outl9e alphabet 0 suffici5t = all practical purposes4 ,! mod]n ,arabs read )\t difficulty _! ord9>y books1 :i* omit1 9 l mann]1 ! signs = ! v[els4 ,! regul>ity ( /ructure :i* belongs to ! ,%emitic languages g5]ally1 makes ?is omission less inconv5i5t = !m ?an a l omission w\ld be = u 9 our we/]n tongues4 #d4 ,dur+ ! long ,babyloni% captivity ! mass ( ! ,jewi% p1 :o 7 born & educat$ 9 ,babylon & ! adjac5t regions1 adopt$ ( necessity ! language ( ! c\ntry2 t is1 ! ,aramaean or ,*aldee language4 ,aft] ! exile1 ! ,hebrew 0 inde$ spok5 & writt5 by ! prophets & le>n$ m51 b n by ! p at l>ge4 ,9 ,nehemiah #h3h we are told t !y read 9 ! book 9 ! law ( ,god di/9ctly1 & gave ! s5se1 & caus$ !m to und]/& ! read+4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ by "s z mean+ simply t !y exp\nd$ to !m ! s5se4 ,b ! m natural mean+ is t !y int]pret$ to ! p ! words read f ! law4 ,we f9d1 soon aft] ! captivity at lea/1 ! old ,hebrew supplant$ z a liv+ language among ! p at l>ge by ! ,aramaean or ,*aldee4 ,:y n date ! *ange f ! latt] "p ( ! captivity itself8 ,x 0 natural t ! prophets & hi/orians1 all ( :om wrote soon aft] ! exile1 %\ld employ ! sacr$ language ( _! fa!rs4 ,?is fact _c be adduc$ z a valid argum5t t ! body ( ! p cont9u$ to speak ,hebrew4 ,! incorporation1 on ! o!r h&1 ( long passages 9 ,*aldee into ! books ( ,daniel & ,ezra implies at lea/ t ?is language 0 kn[n to ! p at l>ge4 ,z to ! *ildr5 spok5 ( 9 ,neh4 #ac3bd1 :o c\ld n speak 9 ! ,jews' language1 b accord+ to ! language ( ea* p--! p1 to wit1 to :i* _! mo!rs belong$--! ,jews' language "h is probably ! language us$ by ! ,jews1 z di/+ui%$ f t us$ by ! p ( ,a%dod1 ,ammon1 & ,moab4 ,keil1 ,introduction to ,old ,te/am5t1 ,sec4 #ah4 #e4 ,aft] ! ,hebrew _h ceas$ to be ! language ( ! common p1 its traditional pronunciation 0 c>efully pres]v$ = _m successive c5turies 9 ! synagogue-read+4 ,x 0 n till sev]al c5turies aft] ,*ri/ 7some:]e betwe5 ! six? & ! t5? c5turies7 t ! v[el-signs & o!r m>ks ( di/9ction 7 add$ 9 ord] to p]petuate1 ) all possible accuracy1 ! solemn traditional pronunciation ( ! synagogue4 ,?is "w is ascrib$ to le>n$ ,jews ( ,tib]ias1 call$ ,masoretes1 f ,masora1 tradition2 & ! ,hebrew text ?us furni%$ by !m is call$ ! ,masoretic1 9 di/9ction f ! unpo9t$ text1 :i* latt] is1 accord+ to ,jewi% usage1 reta9$ 9 ! synagogue-rolls4 ,f rev]5ce to ! ^w ( ,god1 ! punctuators 7z ^! m5 are also call$7 left ! primitive text 9 all cases undi/urb$1 simply sup]add+ to x _! m>ks ( di/9ction4 ,aft] giv+ ) great m9ut5ess ! diff]5t v[el-signs & m>ks 7commonly call$ diacritical7 = ! v>y+ pronunciation ( ! consonants1 !y sup]add$ a complicat$ sy/em ( acc5ts4 ,^! s]ve ! ?reefold (fice ( guides 9 cantillat+ ! sacr$ text 7accord+ to anci5t usage 9 ! synagogue-read+72 ( indicat+ ! connection 9 mean+ among ! words & clauses2 & ( m>k+1 ?\gh ) c]ta9 exceptions1 ! tone-syllables ( words4 ,9 addition to all ! above1 !y add$ a mass ( notes1 p>tly ( a critical & p>tly ( a grammatical "*1 relat+ to v>i\s read+s1 grammatical =ms & connections1 modes ( or?ography1 & ! l4 ,^! are call$ collectively ! ,masorah1 ( :i* !re is a full] ,masorah call$ ! great] 7f\nd only 9 ,rabb9ical ,bibles71 & a brief]1 call$ ! less1 ! ma9 "p ( :i* is f\nd 9 common editions ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,to illu/rate ! ,masoretic z contra/$ ) ! unpo9t$ text1 we give ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis1 fir/1 9 its simple unpo9t$ =m2 secondly1 ) ! v[el-signs & diacritical m>ks = ! consonants2 ?irdly1 ) bo? ^! & ! acc5ts1 ! la/ be+ ! complete ,masoretic text4 ,hebrew3 br'%it br' 'lhim et h%mym vet h'rts ,hebrew3 b]e'%it b>a' 'elohim et ha%amayim veet ha'arets ,hebrew3 o b]e'%it b>a' 'elohim et ha%amayim veet ha'arets ha-arets4 ve-e? has%amayim e? elohim b>a ,b]e%i? !-e>?4 &-x ! heav5s !m ,god creat$ ,9-!-beg9n+ ,! r\nd circle above ! initial lett] 9 ! ?ird l9e ref]s to a m>g9al note ( ! ,masorah indicat+ t x is to be writt5 l>ge4 ,respect+ ! orig9 & antiquity ( ! ,hebrew po9ts a w>m controv]sy exi/$ 9 =m] times4 ,"s ma9ta9$ t !y 7 coeval ) ! language itself2 o!rs t !y 7 fir/ introduc$ by ,ezra aft] ! ,babyloni% captivity4 ,b _! lat] orig9--some:]e betwe5 ! six? & t5? c5turies--is n[ g5]ally conc$$4 ,x is fur!r agre$ t _! inv5tors 7 able s*ol>s1 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ z well ) ! g5ius & /ructure ( ! language z ) ! traditional pronunciation ( ! synagogue2 & t !y h giv5 a fai?ful repres5tation ( ?is pronunciation1 z x exi/$ 9 _! day4 ,_! judgm5t1 !re=e1 ?\gh n inve/$ ) any div9e au?ority1 is v valuable4 ,x repres5ts a tradition1 x is true2 b a tradition ( ! olde/ & mo/ important "*4 ,horne's ,introduction1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ae1 edition ( #ahfj4 #f4 ,! deep rev]5ce ( ! ,jews = _! sacr$ books manife/s itself 9 _! num]\s rules = ! guidance ( copyi/s 9 ! transcription ( ! rolls design$ = use 9 ! synagogue s]vice4 ,!y ext5d to e m9ute p>ticul>--! quality ( ! ink & ! p>*m5t 7:i* latt] mu/ always be prep>$ by a ,jew f ! sk9 ( a clean animal1 & fa/5$ by /r+s made f ! sk9s ( clean animals72 ! numb]1 l5g?1 & bread? ( ! columns2 ! numb] ( l9es 9 ea* column1 & ! numb] ( words 9 ea* l9e4 ,no ^w mu/ be writt5 till ! copyi/ has fir/ inspect$ x 9 ! example be=e him1 & pron\nc$ x al\d2 be=e writ+ ! "n ( ,god he mu/ wa% 8 p52 all r$undance or defect ( lett]s mu/ be c>efully avoid$3 prose mu/ n be writt5 z v]se1 or v]se z prose2 & :5 ! copy has be5 complet$1 x mu/ be exam9$ = approval or rejection )9 ?irty days4 ,sup]/iti\s1 & ev5 ridicul\s1 z ^! rules are1 we h 9 !m a satisfactory assurance ( ! fidelity ) :i* ! sacr$ text has be5 p]petuat$4 ,?\gh _! date may be po/]ior to ! age ( ! ,talmudi/s 7betwe5 #bjj & #ejj aft] ,*ri/71 ! _s ( rev]5ce = ! div9e ^w :i* !y manife/ goes f> back beyond ?is age4 ,we see x1 free f ^! lat] sup]/iti\s obs]vances1 9 ! transactions record$ 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ,nehemiah1 :5 ,ezra op5$ ! book ( ! law 9 ! sight ( all ! p1 & :5 he op5$ x1 all ! p /ood up4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! sacr$ text is confess$ly involv$ 9 great obscurity2 b 9 ! pr(\nd rev]5ce ) :i* ! ,jews h ev] reg>d$ x s9ce ! captivity1 we h satisfactory pro( t x has come d[n to u1 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 z ,ezra left x4 ,( ! primitive text be=e ! days ( ,ezra & 8 associates we h b a few brief notices 9 ! hi/orical books4 ,b 9 ! fidelity & skill ( ,ezra1 :o 0 a ready scribe 9 ! law ( ,moses1 :i* ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel _h giv51 z well z 9 ! intellig5ce & deep e>ne/ness ( ! m5 associat$ ) him1 we h a reasonable gr\nd ( assurance t ! sacr$ books :i* h come d[n to u ?r\gh _! h&s conta91 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 ! primitive text 9 a pure & uncorrupt =m4 #g4 ,z to ! age ( ,hebrew manuscripts1 x is to be notic$ t n _m h come d[n to u f an e>li] c5tury ?an ! twelf?4 ,9 ?is respect !re is a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! ,greek & ,lat9 manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a few ( :i* are z old z ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 & q a numb] ant]ior to ! t5?4 ,! olde/ kn[n ,hebrew manuscript1 on ! contr>y1 is a ,p5tateu* roll on lea!r1 n[ at ,odessa1 :i*1 if ! subscription /at+ t x 0 correct$ 9 ! ye> #ehj c be reli$ on1 belongs to ! six? c5tury4 ,"o ( ,de ,rossi's manuscripts is suppos$ to belong to ! eigh? c5tury1 & !re are a few ( ! n9? & t5?1 & sev]al ( ! elev5?4 ,bi%op ,walton supposes t aft] ! ,masoretic text 0 fully settl$1 ! ,jewi% rul]s condemn$1 z pr(ane & illegitimate1 all ! old] manuscripts n con=m$ to ?is3 :5ce1 aft] a few ages1 ! reject$ copies mo/ly p]i%$4 ,! exi/+ ,hebrew manuscripts give ! ,masoretic text ) b little v>iation f ea* o!r4 ,e>ne/ ef=t has be5 made to f9d a reliable ante-,masoretic text1 b to no purpose4 ,! se>* 9 ,*9a has ?us f> be5 fruitless4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,bu*anan 9 #ahjf br\ght f ,india a synagogue-roll :i* he f\nd among ! ,jews ( ,malab>1 high expectations 7 rais$4 ,b x is n[ conc$$ to be a ,masoretic roll1 probably ( ,european orig94 ,respect+ ! manuscripts ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 see bel[1 ,no4 #i4 7,a synagogue-roll has rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,crimea ( ! date answ]+ to ,a4,d4 #dhi4 ,see ,alex&]'s ,kitto1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #aagb-e47 #h4 ,9 respect to =m1 ,hebrew manuscripts fall into two great divisions1 public & private4 ,! public manuscripts consi/ ( synagogue-rolls c>efully writt5 out on p>*m5t1 z already describ$1 )\t v[el-po9ts or divisions ( v]ses4 ,! ,law is writt5 on a s+le roll2 ! sections f ! prophets 7,hapht>o?1 *4 #ab4 #f7 & ! ,five ,rolls--,canticles1 ,ru?1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h] 7*4 #ab4 #d7--;ea* on sep>ate rolls4 ,! private manuscripts are writt5 ) leaves 9 book =m--folio1 qu>to1 octavo1 & duodecimo2 mo/ly on p>*m5t1 b "s ( ! lat] on pap]4 ,! poetical passages are g5]ally arrang$ 9 hemi/i*s2 ! re/ is 9 columns :i* v>y accord+ to ! size ( ! page4 ,! text & po9ts 7 always writt5 sep>ately2 ! =m] ) a heavi]1 ! latt] ) a light] p51 & g5]ally ) diff]5t ink4 ,! squ>e or ,assyrian "* is employ$ z a rule1 b a few are writt5 9 ! rabb9ic "*4 ,! ,*aldee p>aphrase 7less frequ5tly "s o!r v]sion7 may be add$4 ,! m>g9 conta9s m or less ( ! ,masorah2 sometimes pray]s1 psalms1 rabb9ical comm5t>ies1 etc4 #i4 ,!re is also a ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*2 t is1 a ,hebrew ,p5tateu* writt5 9 ! anci5t ,sam>itan *>act]s1 & fir/ br\ght to light 9 #afaf1 respect+ ! orig9 ( :i* v diff]5t op9ions are held4 ,"s suppose t ! ,sam>itans receiv$ x z an inh]itance f ! t5 tribes2 o!rs t x 0 introduc$ at ! "t ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,sam>itan temple on ,m\nt ,g]izim2 o!rs t x 0 br\ght by ! ,israeliti% prie/ s5t to in/ruct ! ,sam>itans 9 ! k ( ,god1 #b ,k+s #ag3bg1 #bh4 ,x is agre$ among biblical s*ol>s t its text has be5 subject$ to _m alt]ations :i* greatly impair its critical au?ority4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n suffici5t to acc\nt = its rem>kable agreem5t ) ! ,septuag9t v]sion aga9/ ! ,masoretic text1 9 num]\s read+s1 "s ( !m ( importance4 ,! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on mu/ be ! agreem5t ( ! orig9al ,sam>itan codex ) ! manuscripts f :i* ! ,alex&r9e v]sion 0 execut$4 ,probably bo? 7 ( ,egyptian orig94 ,see ,alex&]'s ,kitto1 art4 ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*4 ,9 a brief comp5d1 l ! pres5t "w1 x is n ?\ght necess>y to notice p>ticul>ly ! pr9t$ editions ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,! read] w f9d an acc\nt ( !m 9 ! ,bibliographical ,li/ app5d$ to ! f\r? volume ( ,horne's ,introduction1 edition ( #ahfj4 ,! text ( ,van d] ,hooght's ,hebrew ,bible1 7,am/]dam & ,utre*t1 #agje17 :i* 0 *iefly bas$ on ! e>li] text ( ,a?ias1 7,am/]dam1 #affg17 is g5]ally foll[$ at ! pres5t day1 & may be reg>d$ z ! receiv$ text ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,=mation ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,hebrew ,,canon4 #a4 ,! ,greek ^w canon 7orig9ally a /raight rod or pole1 measur+-rod1 !n rule7 d5otes t collection ( books :i* ! *ur*es receive z giv5 by inspiration ( ,god1 & !re=e z con/itut+ = !m a div9e rule ( fai? & practice4 ,to ! books includ$ 9 x ! t]m canonical is appli$4 ,! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to its con/itu5t p>ts1 0 =m$ gradually2 =m$ "u div9e sup]9t5d5ce by a process ( gr[? ext5d+ ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,! hi/ory ( its =mation may be conv5i5tly consid]$ "u ! foll[+ divisions3 7#a17 ! ,p5tateu*2 7#b17 ! hi/orical books2 7#c17 ! prophetical books 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! t]m2 7#d17 a some:at miscellane\s collection ( books :i* may be designat$ 9 a g5]al way z poetical4 ,i4 ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 #b4 ,9 ! "n appli$ to ! ,p5tateu*--! book ( ! law1 & m fully1 ! book ( ! law ( ,moses1 ! book ( ! law ( ,moses1 :i* ! ,"l _h comm&$ to ,israel--we h f ! beg9n+ ! g5]al idea ( ! canon4 ,a canonical writ+ is "o t conta9s a communication f ,god to m51 & has !re=e ! impress ( div9e au?ority4 ,9 its outw>d =m x may be preceptive1 hi/orical1 or m$itative4 ,b 9 all ^! diff]5t modes x /ill reveals to m5 ,god's "*1 & ! duties :i* he requires ( !m4 ,! ,hebrews nev] admitt$ to ! numb] ( _! sacr$ books a writ+ t 0 secul> 9 its "*4 ,ev5 ^? :o d5y ! canonical au?ority ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ackn[l$ge t ! ,jews receiv$ ^! p>ts because !y believ$ !m to be ( a sacr$ "*4 #c4 ,9 ,deut4 #ca3i-ac1 #bd-bf2 #ag3ah1 #ai1 we read3 ,& ,moses wrote ?is law1 & deliv]$ x unto ! prie/s ! sons ( ,levi1 :i* b>e ! ark ( ! cov5ant ( ! ,"l1 & unto all ! eld]s ( ,israel4 ,& ,moses comm&$ !m1 say+1 ,at ! end ( e sev5 ye>s1 9 ! solemnity ( ! ye> ( release1 9 ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 :5 all ,israel is come to appe> be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 ! place :i* he %all *oose1 ?\ %alt read ?is law be=e all ,israel 9 _! he>+4 ,ga!r ! p toge!r1 m51 & wom51 & *ildr51 & ?y /rang] t is )9 ?y gates1 t !y may he>1 & t !y may le>n1 & fe> ! ,"l y\r ,god1 & obs]ve to d all ! words ( ?is law3 & t _! *ildr5 :i* h n kn[n any?+1 may he>1 & le>n to fe> ! ,"l y\r ,god1 z long z ye live 9 ! l& :i!r ye g ov] ,jordan to possess x3 & x came to pass1 :5 ,moses _h made an end ( writ+ ! words ( ?is law 9 a book1 until !y 7 f9i%$1 t ,moses comm&$ ! ,levites1 :i* b>e ! ark ( ! cov5ant ( ! ,"l1 say+1 ,take ?is book ( ! law1 & put x 9 ! side 7t is1 n )91 b by ! side4 ,comp>e ,jo%4 #ab3i2 ,ru? #b3ad2 #a ,sam4 #bj3be2 ,psa4 #ia3g2 :]e ! same ^w is us$ 9 ! orig9al7 ( ! ark ( ! cov5ant ( ! ,"l y\r ,god1 t x may be !re = a witness aga9/ !e2 & x %all be :5 he--! k+ :om ! ,israelites 9 "s future age %all set ov] !mselves--sitte? ^u ! ?rone ( 8 k+dom1 t he %all write him a copy ( ?is law 9 a book out ( t :i* is be=e ! prie/s ! ,levites3 & x %all be ) him1 & he %all read !re9 all ! days ( 8 life2 t he may le>n to fe> ! ,"l 8 ,god1 to keep all ! words ( ?is law & ! /atutes1 to d !m4 ,^! passages are ( ! weightie/ import2 = !y tea* u h[ ! nucleus ( ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 =m$1 & give u all ! p>ticul>s t ent] into ! idea ( a canonical writ+4 ,x is giv5 by ,god z an au?oritative rule ( fai? & practice2 x is committ$ to ! cu/ody ( 8 p ?r\gh _! recogniz$ (fic]s1 & t = all future "t2 x is to be publi%$ to ! p at l>ge1 & dilig5tly /udi$ by ! rul]s1 t !y & ! p toge!r may "k & d ! w ( ,god4 ,x is n necess>y to decide ! "q h[ mu* is includ$ 9 ! words ?is book ( ! law1 ,deut4 #ca3bf1 :e!r ! :ole ,p5tateu*1 or only ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,! argum5ts to %[ t ! f\r prec$+ books came1 9 all ess5tial respects1 f ! p5 ( ,moses h be5 already giv5 7,*4 #i1 ,nos4 #g-i71 & ne$ n be "h repeat$4 ,we only add t ev5 if ! ref]5ce is to ,deut]onomy alone1 z "s suppose1 ! rule = ?is book w\ld naturally be ! rule = all ! previ\s writ+s4 ,!y also w\ld be laid up by ! side ( ! ark2 = x is pla9 t ! prie/s & ,levites1 :o _h *>ge ( ! sanctu>y1 7 made ! keep]s ( ! sacr$ writ+s g5]ally4 ,z a matt] ( simple conv5i5ce ! book ( ,deut]onomy 0 writt5 on a sep>ate roll 79 a book1 ,deut4 #ca3bd74 ,b if ?is book1 :5 f9i%$1 0 laid up ) ! e>li] portions ( ! law at ! side ( ! ark1 s z to con/itute ) !m a s+le collection1 & if1 z we may reasonably suppose1 ,moses1 9 writ+ ! book ( ,deut]onomy1 contemplat$ su* a collection ( all ! p>ts ( ! law into "o :ole2 !n1 :5 ! law is m5tion$1 :e!r 9 ,deut]onomy or 9 ! lat] books1 we are to und]/& ! :ole law1 unless !re be some?+ 9 ! context to limit its mean+1 z !re is1 = example1 9 ,jo%ua #h3cb comp>$ ) ,deut4 #bg3a-h4 ,! comm& to read ?is law be=e all ,israel 9 _! he>+1 at ! end ( e sev5 ye>s1 9 ! solemnity ( ! ye> ( release1 9 ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 0 und]/ood 9 ! days ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah ( ! :ole law1 & n ( ,deut]onomy alone 7,*4 #i1 ,no4 #d72 & s ,josephus pla9ly und]/ood x3 ,b :5 ! multitude is assembl$ 9 ! holy city at ! sept5nial sacrifices on ! occasion ( ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 let ! high prie/1 /&+ on a l(ty /age :5ce he c be pla9ly he>d1 read ! laws to all4 ,antiq4 #d4h1 #ab4 ,! laws1 9 ! usage ( ,josephus1 naturally mean ! :ole collection ( laws4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,books4 #d4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! is involv$ 9 obscurity4 ,9 respect to mo/ ( !m we "k n ! au?ors1 nor ! exact date ( _! composition4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two notices t %$ mu* light on ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! e>li] hi/orical books4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! book ( ,jo%ua1 aft] an acc\nt ( ! r5ewal ( ! cov5ant at ,%e*em1 x is add$3 ,& ,jo%ua wrote ^! words 9 ! book ( ! law ( ,god1 & took a great /one1 & set x up !re "u an oak t 0 by ! sanctu>y ( ! ,"l4 ,jo%4 #bd3bf4 ,aga91 ^u ! occasion ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom "u ,saul1 we are told t ,samuel told ! p ! mann] ( ! k+dom1 & wrote x 9 a book1 & laid x up be=e ! ,"l4 #a ,sam4 #aj3be4 ,f ! fir/ ( ^! passages we le>n t a !ocratic man aft] ,moses1 :o _h ! _s ( prophecy1 connect$ 8 writ+s 7or at lea/ "o portion ( !m7 ) ! law4 ,?is addition by ,jo%ua1 ?\gh nev] =mally reg>d$ z a "p ( ! law1 virtually belong$ to x1 s9ce x conta9$ a r5ewal ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & 8 p4 ,f ! second passage we le>n t ! place = o!r important docum5ts p]ta9+ to ! !ocracy 0 be=e ! ,"l1 :]e ! law 0 deposit$4 ,h5ce we inf] ) mu* probability t1 besides ! addition made to ! book ( ! law ( ,god1 important hi/orical writ+s1 proce$+ f prophetical m51 l ,jo%ua & ,samuel1 7 9 process ( collection at ! sanctu>y all ! "t f ,moses to ,samuel4 #e4 ,if n[ we exam9e ! books ( ,jo%ua & ,judges1 we mu/ be satisfi$ t ! m5 :o compil$ !m made use ( su* mat]ials4 ,9 ! book ( ,jo%ua is record$1 ) mu* detail1 ! allotm5t ( ! l& ( ,canaan among ! sev]al tribes4 ,a docum5t ( ?is nature mu/ h be5 writt5 at ! "t1 & by ,jo%ua himself1 or "u 8 imm$iate direction4 ,! same may be reasonably suppos$ ( o!r portions ( ! book4 ,if !n x 0 put into its pres5t =m aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 z "s suppose1 ! mat]ials mu/ /ill h be5 furni%$ by him to a great ext5t4 ,! book ( ,judges cov]s a p]iod ( m ?an ?ree c5turies4 ,:o compos$ x we d n "k1 b ! mat]ials employ$ by him mu/ h exi/$1 9 "p at lea/1 9 a writt5 =m4 ,! book ( ,ru? may be reg>d$ z an app5dix to t ( ! ,judges4 #f4 ,! two books ( ,samuel 7:i* orig9ally con/itut$ "o :ole7 br+ d[n ! hi/ory ( ! ,!ocracy f ! bir? ( ,samuel to ! close ( ,david's reign--a p]iod ( ab\t a c5tury & a half4 ,! au?or1 !re=e1 c h be51 ^u any supposition1 only 9 "p contempor>y ) ! ev5ts :i* he records4 ,yet if we exam9e ! biographical sket*es ( ,saul1 ,samuel1 & ,david conta9$ 9 ^! books1 ! conviction =ces itself ^u u t !y mu/ h be5 writt5 by contempor>ies4 ,_! fre%ness1 m9ute accuracy ( detail1 & graphic vividness ( /yle m>k !m z com+ f eye-witnesses1 or f writ]s :o _h receiv$ _! acc\nts f eye-witnesses4 ,:o 7 au?ors ( ^! orig9al docum5ts we _c det]m9e4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,samuel 0 "o ( !m4 #a ,*ron4 #bi3bi4 ,:o compos$ ! books1 aga91 is a "q t we are unable to answ]4 ,x 0 probably a prophet liv+ n v long aft] ! sep>ation ( ! k+doms ( ,israel & ,judah4 ,f ! days ( ,samuel & onw>d !re 0 a fl\ri%+ s*ool ( ! prophets at h& :i* c\ld furni%1 "u ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,_s1 bo? ! writ]s ( ! orig9al mat]ials & ! au?or ( ! books 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,! attempt has be5 made to set aside ! evid5ce t ! writ] ( ! books ( ,samuel made use ( e>li] docum5ts1 f ! example ( su* m5 z ,swift & ,defoe1 :o compos$ works ( fiction ) all ! simplicity & circum/antial detail ( ^? :o write au!ntic hi/ory z eye-witnesses4 ,b1 unless ! design be to class ! books ( ,samuel ) ,gulliv]'s ,travels & ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ! argum5t is :olly irrelevant4 ,) ,swift & ,defoe simplicity & m9ut5ess ( detail 7 a matt] ( consci\s ef=t--a "w ( art1 = :i* !y naturally *ose ! region ( fiction2 & "h !y1 & o!r m5 ( g5ius1 h be5 em95tly successful4 ,%akespe>e has portray$ ideal sc5es 9 ! life ( ,julius ,caes> ) m vividness & circum/antiality ?an any au!ntic hi/orian ( ,caes>'s age4 ,b real hi/ory1 writt5 simply 9 ! int]e/ ( tru?1 nev] has ! graphic "*1 artless simplicity1 & circum/antiality ( detail :i* belong to ^! inimitable n>ratives1 unless ! writ] be ei!r an eye-witness1 or draw 8 mat]ials f eye-witnesses4 #g4 ,we come next to ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles1 ! writ]s ( :i* confess$ly employ$ previ\sly exi/+ mat]ials4 ,9 ! two books ( ,k+s 7:i*1 l ! two ( ,samuel & ( ,*ronicles1 orig9ally con/itut$ "o "w7 ref]5ce is made to ! foll[+ s\rces3 ,= ! reign ( ,solomon1 ! book ( ! acts ( ,solomon 7#a ,k+s #aa3da72 = ! k+dom ( ,judah aft] ! revolt ( ! twelve tribes f ,rehoboam to ,jehoiakim1 ! book ( ! *ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,judah2 = ! k+dom ( ,israel1 ! book ( ! *ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,9 ! books ( ,*ronicles we h3 ,= ! reign ( ,david1 ! book 7hi/ory7 ( ,samuel ! se]1 ! book ( ,na?an ! prophet1 & ! book ( ,gad ! se] 7#a ,*ron4 #bi3bi72 = ! reign ( ,solomon1 ! book ( ,na?an ! prophet1 ! prophecy ( ,ahijah ! ,%ilonite1 & ! vision ( ,iddo ! se] aga9/ ,j]oboam ! son ( ,nebat 7#b ,*ron4 #i3bi72 = ! reign ( ,rehoboam1 ! book ( ,%emaiah ! prophet1 & ( ,iddo ! se] conc]n+ g5ealogies1 t is1 9 ! mann] ( a g5ealogical record 7#b ,*ron4 #ab3ae72 = ! reign ( ,abijah1 ! /ory 7comm5t>y7 ( ! prophet ,iddo 7#b ,*ron4 #ac3bb72 = ! reign ( ,jeho%aphat1 ! book ( ,jehu ! son ( ,hanani1 :o is m5tion$ 7r1 :o is ins]t$1 i4e41 z an au?or7 9 ! book ( ! k+s ( ,israel 7#b ,*ron4 #bj3cd72 = ! reign ( ,uzziah1 ! prophet ,isaiah 7#b ,*ron4 #bf3bb72 = ! reign ( ,hezekiah 9 "p1 ! vision ( ,isaiah ! prophet 7#b ,*ron4 #cb3cb72 = ! reign ( ,manasseh 9 "p1 ! say+s ( ! se]s1 or1 z _m pref] to r5d]1 ! words ( ,hosai 7#b ,*ron4 #cc3ah74 ,besides ! above1 ref]5ce is made to ! book ( ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel1 ! book ( ! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah1 ! /ory ( ! book ( ! k+s2 ! book ( ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,^! la/ are probably only diff]5t titles ( ! same collection ( annals1 embrac+ 9 its cont5ts ! hi/ory ( bo? k+doms2 s9ce ! ref]5ces to ! book ( ! k+s ( ,israel are = ! affairs ( ! k+dom ( ,judah 7#b ,*ron4 #bj3cd2 #cc3ah74 #h4 ,) reg>d to ! above orig9al s\rces1 x %\ld be c>efully notic$ t ! ref]5ces 9 ! books ( ,k+s are n to our pres5t books ( ,*ronicles1 :i* did n exi/ :5 ! books ( ,k+s 7 writt54 ,*ap4 #bj1 ,no4 #ba4 ,nei!r c ! allusions 9 ! books ( ,*ronicles be re/rict$ to our pres5t books ( ,k+s2 = 7#a7 !y ref] to matt]s n record$ 9 ^? books--= example1 to ! w>s ( ,jo?am1 #b ,*ron4 #bg3g2 7#b7 !y ref] to ! book ( ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel = a full acc\nt ( ! acts ( a giv5 mon>* fir/ & la/1 :ile ! hi/ory ( ! same mon>* 9 our pres5t books ( ,k+s ref]s = fur!r in=mation to ! book ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,judah4 ,x is pla9 t bo? writ]s _h access to a l>g] collection ( orig9al docum5ts1 :i* 7 9 great "p ! same4 ,! *ief diff]5ce 9 outw>d =m is t1 :5 ! books ( ,*ronicles 7 writt51 ! annals ( ! two k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel seem to h con/itut$ a s+le collection1 :]eas 9 ! books ( ,k+s !y are always m5tion$ z two sep>ate works4 ,9 mak+ 8 selections f ^! annals1 ea* writ] proce$$ indep5d5tly4 ,h5ce ! rem>kable agreem5ts1 :]e bo? us$ ! same mat]ials2 & ! rem>kable diff]5ces1 :]e "o employ$ docum5ts1 or p>ts ( docum5ts1 :i* ! o!r omitt$ to use4 #i4 ,z to ! "* ( ^! orig9al docum5ts1 x is pla9 t a portion ( !m 7 writt5 by prophets4 ,by "s ! books ( ! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah s (t5 ref]r$ to1 h be5 reg>d$ z simply ! public annals ( ! two k+doms writt5 by ! (ficial annali/s1 ! scribes or record]s s (t5 spok5 (4 ,no d\bt su* annals exi/$1 & ent]$ l>gely into ! docum5ts 9 "q4 ,b ! "r int]pretation ( #b ,*ron4 #bj3cd1 %[s t1 9 "s cases at lea/1 ! writ+s ( prophets 7 incorporat$ into ^! annals4 ,! ext5d$ hi/ory ( ,elijah & ,eli%a _c h be5 ! "w ( ! public scribes ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 b ( prophets1 writ+ f ! prophetic po9t ( view4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is n "o ( practical importance1 s9ce1 :atev] may h be5 ! s\rce or "* ( ! mat]ials employ$1 ! writ]s ( ! books n[ "u consid]ation1 us$ !m at _! discretion "u ! guidance ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,to u1 !re=e1 !y come ) ! weight ( prophetic au?ority4 ,! fur!r consid]ation ( ! relation betwe5 ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles is res]v$ = ! special introductions to ^! books4 ,x may be add$ "h t ! probable date ( ! =m] is ! fir/ half ( ! ,babyloni% captivity2 ( ! latt]1 ! "t ( ,ezra "u ! ,p]sian rule4 #aj4 ,! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah con/itute a cont9uation ( ! books ( ,*ronicles1 & ne$ n be p>ticul>ly notic$ 9 ! pres5t connection4 ,= _! au?or%ip & date1 z also = ! book ( ,e/h]1 see ! p>ticul> introductions to ^! books4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,prophetical ,,books4 #aa4 ,"u ! prophetical books1 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! ^w1 may be includ$ ! ?ree ,great] prophets--,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel--,daniel 7?\gh l>gely hi/orical71 & ! twelve ,m9or prophets4 ,^! w all come up h]eaft] = sep>ate consid]ation4 ,at pres5t we view !m simply ) ref]5ce to ! gr[? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon4 ,f ! settlem5t ( ! ,israelities 9 ! l& ( ,canaan to ! "t ( ,samuel1 a p]iod ( sev]al c5turies 7accord+ to ! *ronology foll[$ by ! apo/le ,paul1 ,acts #ac3bj1 f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s71 we read ( sev]al appe>ances ( ! angel ( ! ,"l4 ,judges #b3a2 #f3aa2 #ac3c4 ,! notices ( prophets dur+ ! same p]iod are only ?ree 9 numb]4 ,judges #d3d2 #f3h2 #a ,sam4 #b3bg4 ,b ) ,samuel began a new era4 ,he 0 himself "o ( ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 & he e/abli%$ a s*ool ( ! prophets ov] :i* he himself presid$4 #a ,sam4 #aj3e1 #aj2 #ai3bj4 ,f 8 day onw>d su* s*ools seem to h fl\ri%$ z a !ocratic in/itution ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( ! k+s1 ?\gh m vigor\sly at c]ta9 times4 #a ,k+s #ah3d2 #bj3ce2 #b ,k+s #b3c1 #e2 #d3a1 #ch1 #dc2 #e3bb2 #f3a2 #i3a4 ,s f> z we h notices ( ^! s*ools1 !y 7 "u ! in/ruction ( em95t prophets2 & ! sons ( ! prophets assembl$ 9 !m receiv$ su* a tra9+ z fitt$ !m1 s f> z human in/rum5tality is conc]n$1 = ! ex]cise ( ! prophetical (fice1 z well z = be+1 9 a m g5]al s5se1 ! religi\s in/ructors ( ! p4 ,f ^! s*ools came1 app>5tly1 mo/ ( ^? :om ,god call$ to be 8 mess5g]s to ! rul]s & p1 ?\gh ) exceptions accord+ to 8 sov]eign wisdom4 ,amos #a3a2 #g3ad4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t f ! days ( ,samuel & onw>d ! prophets 7 recogniz$ z a di/9ct ord] ( m5 9 ! ,jewi% !ocracy1 :o d]iv$ _! au?ority imm$iately f ,god1 & spoke by direct inspiration ( 8 ,_s1 z !y !mselves indicate by ! /&+ =mula3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l4 #ab4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 h[ev]1 t f ,samuel to ab\t ! reign ( ,uzziah1 a p]iod ( "s ?ree c5turies1 we h no books ( prophecy writt5 by ^! m51 if we except1 p]haps1 ! book ( ,jonah4 ,_! writ+s seem to h be5 ma9ly hi/orical 7l ! hi/orical notices incorporat$ into ! books ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ,daniel72 & :at rema9s to u ( !m is pres]v$ 9 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,see above1 ,nos4 #f & #g4 ,b ab\t ! "t ( ,uzziah beg9s a new era1 t ( writt5 prophecy4 ,dur+ 8 reign appe>$ ,hosea1 ,amos1 ,isaiah1 & probably ,jonah1 ,joel1 & ,obadiah4 ,micah foll[$ imm$iately aft]w>ds1 be+ contempor>y 9 "p ) ,isaiah2 & !n1 9 succession1 ! re/ ( ! prophets ^: writ+s h come d[n to u4 ,:5 ! !ocracy 0 n[ on its decl9e1 wax+ old & de/9$ to pass away = ev]1 !y felt !mselves call$ to put on record1 = ! in/ruction ( all com+ ages1 _! words ( w>n+ & enc\ragem5t4 ,?us arose gradually our pres5t collection ( prophetical books2 t ( ,lam5tations includ$1 :i* is b an app5dix to ! writ+s ( ,j]emiah4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,poetical ,,books4 #ac4 ,^! are a preci\s outgr[? ( ! !ocratic _s1 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( m$itation & reflection pr$om9ate4 ,conc]n+ ! date & au?or%ip ( ! book ( ,job1 :i* /&s fir/ 9 ord] 9 our arrangem5t1 we h no c]ta9 in=mation4 ,le>n$ m5 v>y betwe5 ! ante-,mosaic age & t ( ,solomon4 ,its !me is div9e provid5ce1 z view$ f ! position ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,see fur!r 9 ! introduction to ?is book4 #ad4 ,) ! call ( ,david to ! ?rone ( ,israel began a new & glori\s era 9 ! hi/ory ( public wor%ip1 t ( ! s]vice ( song 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l4 #a ,*ron4 #f3ca4 ,z :5 ,moses smote ! rock 9 ! wild]ness ! wat] gu%$ =? 9 refre%+ /reams1 s ! s\l ( ,david1 t\*$ by ! _s ( inspiration1 p\r$ =? a ri* & copi\s flood ( div9e song1 :i* has 9 all ages refre%$ & /r5g!n$ ,god's p 9 _! j\rney heav5w>d ?r\gh ?is d>k vale ( te>s4 ,nor 0 ! f\nta9 ( sacr$ poetry conf9$ to him alone4 ,god op5$ x also 9 ! s\ls ( su* m5 z ,asaph1 ,e?an1 ,heman1 & ! sons ( ,korah2 nor did its fl[ :olly cease till aft] ! captivity4 ,! ,psalms ( ,david & 8 coadjutors 7 f ! fir/ d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! sanctu>y2 & ?us arose our canonical book ( ,psalms1 al?\gh 7z w be h]eaft] %[n7 x did n receive its pres5t =m & arrangem5t till ! "t ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 #ae4 ,aft] ,david came ,solomon 9 ! sph]e ( practical wisdom4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! div9e record1 he receiv$ z a special end[m5t f ,god1 ?\gh d\btless he _h 9 a peculi> measure a natural capacity = su* an end[m5t4 ,9 ,gibeon ! ,"l appe>$ to him 9 a dream by night1 & said3 ,ask :at ,i %all give !e4 ,pass+ by weal?1 long life1 & ! dea? ( 8 enemies1 ! y\?ful mon>* bes\ght ,god to give him an und]/&+ he>t1 t he might be qualifi$ to judge ! great p committ$ to 8 c>e4 ,! answ] 03 ,behold1 ,i h done accord+ to ?y ^w3 lo1 ,i h giv5 !e a wise & an und]/&+ he>t2 s t !re 0 none l !e be=e !e1 nei!r aft] !e %all any arise l unto !e4 #a ,k+s #c3e-ab4 ,?us div9ely qualifi$1 he embodi$1 9 a va/ collection ( prov]bs1 8 obs]vations on human life1 & ! c\rse ( human affairs4 ,our canonical book ( ,prov]bs is a selection f ^!1 ) "s additions at ! end f o!r s\rces4 ,= notices respect+ ! arrangem5t ( ^! prov]bs 9 _! pres5t =m1 z well z respect+ ! books ( ,ecclesia/es & ,canticles1 :i* are also ascrib$ to ,solomon1 ! read] may consult ! introductions to ^! books4 ,v4 ,,! ,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,canon4 ,! subject ?us f> be=e u has be5 ! gr[? ( ! mat]ials :i* con/itute our canonical books4 ,! "q ( _! pres]vation & f9al embodim5t 9 _! pres5t =m rema9s to be consid]$4 #af4 ,respect+ ! pres]vation ( ! sacr$ books till ! "t ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 our in=mation is v scanty4 ,ea* k+ 0 requir$ to h at h& = 8 own p]sonal use a transcript ( ! law ( ,moses 7,deut4 #ag3ah71 ! orig9al writ+ be+ c>efully laid up 9 ! inn] sanctu>y1 :]e ,hilkiah1 ! high prie/1 f\nd x 9 ! reign ( ,josiah4 #b ,k+s #bb3h4 ,we _c d\bt t su* k+s z ,david1 ,solomon1 ,asa1 & ,hezekiah compli$ ) ?is law3 ?\gh aft] ! disord]s connect$ ) ! reign ( ,manasseh & 8 captivity1 ! good k+ ,josiah neglect$ x4 ,jeho%aphat1 we are expressly told1 s5t m5 to tea* 9 ! cities ( ,judah1 :o _h ! book ( ! law ( ! ,"l ) !m1 & w5t ab\t ?r\gh\t all ! cities ( ,judah1 & taught ! p4 #b ,*ron4 #ag3g-i4 ,( c\rse x 0 a copy1 & n ! orig9al autograph1 :i* might n be remov$ f ! sanctu>y4 ,x is a natural supposition t o!r transcripts ( ! law 7 made "u ! direction ( ! high prie/1 = ! use ( pi\s m51 especially pi\s prophets1 pr9ces1 & ,levites1 :o ne$$ its directions = ! "r dis*>ge ( _! (ficial duties1 ?\gh on ?is po9t we c affirm no?+ positively4 ,z to ! prophetical books1 we "k t ,j]emiah _h access to ! writ+s ( ,isaiah1 = 9 repeat$ in/ances he borr[$ 8 language4 ,we "k aga9 t ,daniel _h at h& ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah2 = he und]/ood by books 7lit]ally by ! books1 :i* may be well und]/ood to mean t collection ( sacr$ books ( :i* ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah =m$ a "p7 ! numb] ( ! ye>s :]e( ! ^w ( ! ,"l came to ,j]emiah ! prophet1 t he w\ld accompli% sev5ty ye>s 9 ! desolations ( ,j]usalem4 ,dan4 #i3b4 ,! consecration ( ! ,psalms ( ,david & 8 coadjutors to ! public s]vice ( ! sanctu>y mu/ h insur$ _! c>eful pres]vation by ! ,levites :o _h *>ge ( ! temple music2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! deep rev]5ce ( ! ,jews = _! sacr$ writ+s is to u a reasonable evid5ce t !y pres]v$ !m f loss & mutilation to ! captivity1 & ?r\gh t calamit\s p]iod4 #ag4 ,to ,ezra & 8 coadjutors1 ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 ! ,jews ascribe ! completion ( ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_! traditions conc]n+ him are embelli%$ ) extravagant fictions2 yet we _c reasonably d5y t !y are und]laid by a basis ( tru?4 ,all ! scriptural notices ( ,ezra atte/ bo? 8 zeal & 8 ability z a scribe ( ! words ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 & ( 8 /atutes to ,israel1 a man :o _h prep>$ 8 he>t to seek ! law ( ! ,"l1 & to d x1 & to tea* 9 ,israel /atutes & judgm5ts4 ,ezra #g3aj1 #aa4 ,! "w 9 :i* he & 8 associates 7 engag$ 0 ! ree/abli%m5t ( ! ,!ocracy on its old f\ndation1 ! law ( ,moses1 ) ! ord9ances p]ta9+ to ! sanctu>y-s]vice aft]w>ds add$ by ,david2 & t too 9 ! vivid consci\sness ( ! fact t disob$i5ce to ! div9e law _h br\ght ^u ! nation ! calamities ( ! captivity4 ,9 su* circum/ances _! fir/ solicitude mu/ h be5 t ! p might h ! inspir$ oracles giv5 to _! fa!rs1 & be ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 !m4 ,! "w1 !re=e1 :i* ,jewi% tradition ascribes to ,ezra & ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue 0 altoge!r appropriate to _! situation1 nor d we "k ( any man or body ( m5 aft]w>ds s well qualifi$ = its p]=mance1 or ^u :om x w\ld s naturally h devolv$4 ,t !y arrang$ ! inspir$ volume 9 sub/antially its pres5t =m1 we h no good reason = d\bt+4 ,b we %\ld n1 p]haps1 be w>rant$ 9 say+ t !y br\ght ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t absolutely & =mally to a close4 ,josephus 7aga9/ ,apion #a4 #h7 affirms t no book belongs to ! sacr$ writ+s ( 8 nation :i* are ju/ly believ$ to be div9e1 t _h its orig9 aft] ! reign ( ,artax]xes1 ,x]xes' son 7,artax]xes ,longimanus1 "u :om ,ezra l$ =? 8 colony1 ,ezra1 *ap4 #g72 & t on ! gr\nd t f ?is "t onw>d ! exact succession ( ! prophets 0 want+4 ,?is decl>ation ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian is 9 all ess5tial respects wor?y ( full cr$5ce4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 affirm ) confid5ce t all ! lat] hi/orical books 7 put by ,ezra & 8 contempor>ies into ! exact =m 9 :i* we n[ h !m4 ,! book ( ,nehemiah1 = example1 conta9s "s g5ealogical notices 7*ap4 #ab3aa1 #bb7 :i*1 accord+ to any fair int]pretation1 are ( a lat] date4 ,we are at lib]ty to suppose t ^! 7 aft]w>ds add$ (ficially & 9 good fai?1 z matt]s ( public int]e/2 or1 z "s ?9k1 t ! book itself is an arrangem5t by a lat] h& ( writ+s left by ,nehemiah1 p]haps also by ,ezra2 s t :ile its cont5ts belong1 9 e ess5tial respect1 to !m1 x receiv$ its pres5t =m aft] _! dea?4 ,respect+ ! "q :5 ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t receiv$ its f9i%+ /roke1 a "q :i* ! wisdom ( ,god has left 9 obscurity1 we mu/ speak ) diffid5ce4 ,we "k ) c]ta9ty t our pres5t ,hebrew canon is id5tical ) t collection ( sacr$ writ+s to :i* our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les con/antly appeal$ z inve/$ ?r\gh\t ) div9e au?ority1 & ?is is a firm basis = our fai?4 ,! attempt has be5 made1 b )\t success1 to %[ t a portion ( ! ,psalms belongs to ! ,maccabean age4 ,! words ( ! ,psalmi/ 7,psa4 #gd3h7 r5d]$ 9 our v]sion3 ,!y h burn$ up all ! synagogues ( ,god 9 ! l&1 h no ref]5ce to ! synagogues ( a lat] age1 z is n[ g5]ally admitt$4 ,! ,hebrew ^w d5otes places ( assembly1 & 0 nev] appli$ by ! lat] ,jews to _! synagogues4 ,! ,psalmi/ wrote1 moreov]1 9 imm$iate connection ) ! burn+ ( ! temple--!y h ca/ fire into ?y sanctu>y1 !y h defil$ by ca/+ d[n ! dwell+-place ( ?y "n to ! gr\nd--& ?is fixes ! date ( ! ,psalm to ! ,*aldean invasion 7#b ,k+s #be3i72 = ! temple 0 n burn$1 b only pr(an$1 9 ! days ( ! ,maccabees4 ,by ! assemblies ( ,god1 we are probably to und]/& ! anci5t sacr$ places1 su* z ,ramah1 ,be!l1 & ,gilgal1 :]e ! p 7 accu/om$ to meet1 ?\gh 9 a some:at irregul> way1 = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,b :e!r ?is int]pretation be correct or n1 ! words h no ref]5ce to ! build+s ( a lat] age call$ synagogues4 ,"s ( ! apocryphal writ+s1 z1 = example1 ! book ( ,wisdom1 ! book ( ,ecclesia/icus1 ! fir/ book ( ,maccabees1 7 highly valu$ by ! anci5t ,jews4 ,b !y 7 nev] receiv$ into ! ,hebrew canon1 because _! au?ors liv$ aft] ! exact succession ( ! prophets1 :i* end$ ) ,mala*i4 ,!y knew h[ to make ! j di/9ction betwe5 books ( human wisdom & books writt5 by inspiration ( ,god4 #ah4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,hebrew ,canon is t conta9$ 9 ! prologue to ! ,greek translation ( ,ecclesia/icus1 :]e x is describ$ z ! law1 ! prophets1 & ! o!r national books1 ! law1 & ! prophecies1 & ! re/ ( ! books1 accord+ to ! ?ree-fold division already consid]$4 ,*ap4 #ah1 ,no4 #d4 ,josephus1 9 ! passage already ref]r$ to 7aga9/ ,apion1 #a4 #h71 says3 ,we h n among u innum]able books discordant & contr>y to ea* o!r1 b only two-&-tw5ty1 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( all "t1 :i* are ju/ly believ$ to be div9e4 ,& ( ^! five belong to ,moses1 :i* conta9 ! laws & ! transmission ( human g5ealogy to ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,?is p]iod ( "t wants b little ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s 7! long] *ronology foll[$ by him74 ,b f ! dea? ( ,moses to ! reign ( ,artax]xes1 :o 0 k+ ( ! ,p]sians aft] ,x]xes1 ! prophets aft] ,moses wrote ! hi/ory ( _! times 9 ?irte5 books4 ,! rema9+ f\r conta9 hymns to ,god & precepts = human life4 ,f ,artax]xes to our "t v>i\s books h be5 writt52 b !y h n be5 e/eem$ wor?y ( cr$5ce l t giv5 to ! books be=e !m1 because ! exact succession ( ! prophets has be5 want+4 ,9 ?is li/ ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are artificially arrang$ to agree ) ! numb] two-&-tw5ty1 t ( ! ,hebrew alphabet4 ,! f\r t conta9 hymns to ,god & precepts = human life are1 9 all probability3 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles2 & ! ?irte5 prophetical books 7see bel[7 are3 7#a7 ,jo%ua1 7#b7 ,judges & ,ru?1 7#c7 ! two books ( ,samuel1 7#d7 ! two books ( ,k+s1 7#e7 ! two books ( ,*ronicles1 7#f7 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 7#g7 ,e/h]1 7#h7 ,isaiah1 7#i7 ,j]emiah & ,lam5tations1 7#aj7 ,ezekiel1 7#aa7 ,daniel1 7#ab7 ! book ( ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 7#ac7 ,job4 ,see ,oehl] 9 ,h]tzog's ,encyclopa$ia1 ,art4 ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,orig51 z quot$ by ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl4 #f4be71 & ,j]ome 7bo? ( :om drew _! in=mation conc]n+ ! ,hebrew ,canon imm$iately f ,jewi% s*ol>s1 & may1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! expositors ( ! above li/ ( ,josephus7 make m5tion ( ! same numb]1 tw5ty-two4 ,orig5's li/ unites ,ru? ) ,judges1 puts toge!r ! fir/ & second ( ,samuel1 ! fir/ & second ( ,k+s1 ! fir/ & second ( ,*ronicles1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah 7"u ! names ( ! fir/ & second ( ,ezra71 & ,j]emiah & ,lam5tations 7) ! addition ( ! apocryphal ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah--an inconsi/5cy1 or r ov]sight1 to be expla9$ f 8 con/ant habit ( us+ ! ,septuag9t v]sion74 ,9 ! pres5t text ( ,eusebius1 ! book ( ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets is want+4 ,b ?is is simply an old error ( ! scribe1 s9ce x is necess>y to complete ! numb] ( tw5ty-two4 ,j]ome's li/ 7,prologus galeatus7 is ! same1 only t he gives ! cont5ts ( ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,hagiographa 9 accordance ) ! ,hebrew arrangem5t1 plac+ ,daniel 9 ! la/ class1 & add+ t :atev] is )\t ! numb] ( ^! mu/ be plac$ among ! ,apocryphal writ+s4 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 ,art4 ,canon4 ,! catalogue ( ^! two di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ian s*ol>s--,orig5 ( ! ,ea/]n *ur*1 & ,j]ome ( ! ,we/]n1 bo? ( :om drew _! in=mation imm$iately f ,hebrew s*ol>s--is decisive1 & we ne$ add no?+ fur!r4 #ai4 ,! ,apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 incorporat$ into ! ,alex&r9e v]sion call$ ! ,septuag9t2 b !y 7 nev] receiv$ by ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e z a "p ( ! sacr$ volume4 ,conc]n+ !m & _! hi/ory1 see fur!r 9 ! ,app5dix to ?is "p4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,anci5t ,,v]sions ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] only ^? v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are notic$ :i* 7 made indep5d5tly ( ! ,new4 ,v]sions ( ! :ole ,bible1 made 9 ! int]e/ ( ,*ri/ianity1 are consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ "p4 ,i4 ,,! ,,greek ,,v]sion ,,call$ ,,! ,,septuag9t4 #a4 ,?is is wor?y ( special notice z ! olde/ exi/+ v]sion ( ! holy ,scriptures1 or any "p ( !m1 9 any language2 & also z ! v]sion :i* ex]t$ a v l>ge influ5ce on ! language & /yle ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 = x 0 ext5sively us$ 9 our ,"l's day n only 9 ,egypt1 :]e x orig9at$1 & 9 ! ,roman prov9ces g5]ally1 b also 9 ,pale/9e2 & ! quotations 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are made m commonly f x ?an f ! ,hebrew4 #b4 ,! ,jewi% acc\nt ( its orig91 fir/ notic$ briefly by ,ari/obulus1 a ,jew 7z quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,eusebius71 !n giv5 at great l5g? 9 a lett] :i* pr(esses to h be5 writt5 by "o ,ari/eas1 a hea!n & a special fri5d ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 k+ ( ,egypt1 & ! ma9 "p ( :i* ,josephus has copi$ 7,antiq4 #ab4 #b71 is = sub/ance z foll[s3 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7:o reign$ f ,b4,c4 #bhe to #bdg71 at ! sugge/ion ( 8 libr>ian ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 aft] hav+ fir/ lib]at$ all ! ,jewi% captives f\nd 9 8 k+dom1 s5t an embassy ) co/ly gifts to ,eleaz> ! high prie/ at ,j]usalem1 reque/+ t he w\ld s5d him *os5 m51 six f ea* ( ! twelve tribes1 ) a copy ( ! ,jewi% law1 t x might be int]pret$ f ! ,hebrew into ! ,greek & laid up 9 ! royal libr>y at ,alex&ria4 ,eleaz> accord+ly s5t ! sev5ty-two eld]s ) a copy ( ! laws writt5 on p>*m5ts 9 lett]s ( gold1 :o 7 receiv$ by ! k+ ) high honors1 sumptu\sly fea/$1 & aft]w>ds lodg$ 9 a palace on an isl& 7app>5tly ,ph>os 9 ! h>bor ( ,alex&ria71 :]e !y complet$ _! "w 9 sev5ty-two days1 & 7 !n s5t home ) munific5t gifts4 ,! /ory t !y 7 %ut up 9 sev5ty-two sep>ate cells 7accord+ to ano!r leg5d two by two 9 ?irty-six cells71 :]e !y _h no communication ) ea* o!r & yet produc$ z _m v]sions agree+ ) ea* o!r ^w = ^w1 0 a lat] embelli%m5t design$ 7z inde$ 7 all ! leg5ds respect+ ! orig9 ( ?is v]sion7 to exalt its "* 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! p1 & to ga9 = x an au?ority equal to t ( ! inspir$ orig9al4 #c4 ,! lett] ascrib$ to ,ari/eas is n[ g5]ally admitt$ to be spuri\s4 ,x purports to h be5 writt5 by a hea!n s*ol>1 yet x be>s ?r\gh\t m>ks ( a ,jewi% orig94 ,x repres5ts ! translators z ,jewi% eld]s s5t by ! high prie/ f ,j]usalem4 ,yet ! v]sion is ackn[l$g$ to be 9 ! ,alex&r9e ,greek dialect4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons le>n$ m5 ascribe its au?or%ip to a ,jew ^: object 0 to exalt ! m]its ( ! ,alex&r9e v]sion 9 ! e/imation ( 8 nation4 ,b we are n1 = ?is reason1 w>rant$ to pron\nce ! :ole acc\nt a pure fable1 z _m h done4 ,we may well believe t ! "w 0 execut$ "u ! auspices ( ,ptolemy1 & = ! purpose ( enri*+ 8 libr>y4 ,b we mu/ believe t x 0 execut$ by ,jews born 9 ,egypt to :om ! ,greek language 0 v]nacul>1 & probably f manuscripts ( ,egyptian orig94 ,?us mu* is manife/ f ! face ( ! v]sion1 t x 0 made by diff]5t m51 & ) diff]5t degrees ( ability & fidelity4 ,! "n ,septuag9t 7,lat91 ,septuag9ta71 sev5ty1 a r\nd numb] = ! m exact sev5ty-two1 probably arose f ?is tradition ( ! execution ( ! "w by sev5ty-two eld]s 9 sev5ty-two days4 ,! /ory ( ! p>*m5ts s5t f ,j]usalem = ! use ( ! translators 7) ! reque/ t !y might be return$ ) !m7 has be5 reject$ on ! gr\nd t ! text us$ by !m diff]s too widely f ! ,pale/9ian text4 ,see fur!r on ?is subject 9 ,no4 #e1 bel[4 ,x has be5 fur!r affirm$ t ,demetrius ,phal]eus did n belong to ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 b to t ( 8 fa!r ,ptolemy ,sot]1 ! son hav+ bani%$ him f c\rt 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign4 ,= ?is reason "s h propos$ to assign ! f\nd+ ( ! ,alex&rian libr>y to ! fa!r & n ! son4 ,b :atev] be our judgm5t 9 respect to ,demetrius & 8 relation to ! two ,ptolemies1 ! voice ( hi/ory is decisive 9 favor ( ! son & n ! fa!r1 z ! patron ( le>n+4 #d4 ,x has be5 a "q :e!r ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 7 translat$ at "o "t1 or 9 successive portions4 ,! tradition above consid]$ speaks only ( ! law1 or1 9 ! plural1 ! laws4 ,^! might1 p]haps1 be und]/ood z compreh5sive t]ms = ! :ole ,old ,te/am5t1 b !y probably mean ! ,p5tateu* alone1 9 :i* bo? ! ,egyptian k+ & ! ,jews ( 8 realm w\ld feel a special int]e/4 ,x is probable t ! ,p5tateu*--! ,law 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m--0 fir/ translat$1 & aft]w>ds ! rema9+ books4 ,b h[ long a p]iod ( "t 0 ?us occupi$ _c be det]m9$4 ,respect+ ! incorporation into ?is v]sion ( ! apocryphal book1 see 9 ! app5dix to ?is ,"p1 ,no4 #b4 ,:5 ! translator ( ! ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 son ( ,sira* 7,ecclesia/icus71 says 9 8 prologue1 9 imm$iate connection ) 8 resid5ce & labors 9 ,egypt1 t ! law itself & ! prophets1 & ! re/ ( ! books h no small diff]5ce z to =ce :5 read 9 _! own tongue1 he pla9ly ref]s to ! ,septuag9t v]sion z complete 9 8 day4 ,he visit$ ,egypt "u ,eu]getes4 ,b to :i* ( ! two mon>*s :o bore t title he ref]s is unc]ta94 ,if to ! =m]1 x 0 betwe5 #bdf-bba ,b4,c42 if to ! latt]1 betwe5 #ade-aaf ,b4,c4 #e4 ,! v]sion v>ies s mu* 9 its diff]5t p>ts t x is n easy to give its "* z a :ole4 ,x is agre$ among biblical s*ol>s t ! translators ( ! ,p5tateu* excell$ 9 ability & fidelity1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n judgm5t ( ,j]ome--:i* ! books ( ,moses we also ackn[l$ge to agree m ?an ! o!rs ) ! ,hebrew4 ,among ! hi/orical books ! translations ( ,samuel & ,k+s are ! mo/ faulty4 ,^? ( ! prophets are 9 g5]al poor1 especially t ( ,isaiah4 ,t ( ,daniel 0 s faulty t ! ,*ri/ians 9 lat] times sub/itut$ = x ! translation ( ,!odotion4 ,see bel[1 ,no4 #aj4 ,among ! poetical books t ( ,prov]bs is ! be/4 ,z a :ole ! ,septuag9t v]sion _c = a mom5t ent] into competition ) ! ,hebrew orig9al4 ,yet1 z ! mo/ anci5t ( v]sions & "o :i* also repres5ts a text mu* old] ?an ! ,masoretic1 its use is indisp5sable to e s*ol> :o w\ld /udy ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! orig9al language4 #f4 ,indep5d5tly ( its critical value1 ! ,septuag9t mu/ be reg>d$ ) deep int]e/ f its close connection ) ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! days ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les x 0 kn[n & read ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,roman empire by ! ,hell5i/s2 t is1 by ^? ,jews & ,jewi% proselytes :o _h ! ,greek civilization & spoke ! ,greek language4 ,z ! ,alex&r9e ,greek1 9 :i* ?is v]sion 0 made1 0 itself p]vad$ ?r\gh\t ) ! ,hebrew _s1 & to a great ext5t also ) ,hebrew idioms & =ms ( ?\ght1 s 0 ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 turn1 m\ld$ & %ap$ by ! dialect ( ! ,septuag9t1 nor c ! =m] be successfully /udi$ except 9 connection ) ! latt]4 ,!n aga9 ! greate/ numb] ( quotations 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t f ! ,old is made f ! ,septuag9t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,gre5field 7quot$ 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict41 art4 ,septuag9t7 ! numb] ( direct quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,gospels1 ,acts1 & ,epi/les1 may be e/imat$ at ?ree hundr$ & fifty1 ( :i* n m ?an fifty mat]ially diff] f ! sev5ty4 ,b ! indirect v]bal allusions w\ld swell ! numb] to a f> great] am\nt4 ,! discussion ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t quote f ! ,old belongs to ano!r "p ( ?is "w4 ,x may be briefly rem>k$ "h t !y quote 9 a free _s1 n 9 t ( s]vile adh]5ce to ! lett]1 aim+ to give ! sub/ance ( ! sacr$ writ]s' ?\ghts1 r ?an an exactly lit]al r5d]+ ( ! orig9al ^w = ^w4 ,! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 = example 7#f3i1 #aj71 is six times quot$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :olly or 9 "p1 ) v free v>iations ( language4 ,matt4 #ac3ad1 #ae2 ,m>k #d3ab2 ,luke #h3aj2 ,john #ab3dj2 ,acts #bh3 #bf1 #bg2 ,rom4 #aa3h4 ,f nei!r ( ^! quotations1 nor f all ( !m comb9$1 c\ld we draw a critical argum5t respect+ ei!r ! ,hebrew or ,greek text ( ! passage quot$4 ,nei!r c we argue f ! exact agreem5t ( a quotation 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ) ! ,septuag9t :]e t diff]s f ! ,hebrew1 t ! ,hebrew text has be5 corrupt$4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s are occupi$ ) ! _s ( ! passages to :i* !y ref]1 r ?an ) ! lett]4 #g4 ,! ,hebrew text f :i* ! ,septuag9t v]sion 0 execut$ 0 unpo9t$ & mu* old] ?an ! ,masoretic text4 ,7 ! v]sion m lit]al & fai?ful1 & _h its text come d[n to u 9 a pur] =m 7see bel[1 ,*ap4 #ag1 ,no4 #b71 x w\ld be ( great s]vice 9 settl+ ! exact text ( ! orig9al ,hebrew4 ,) its pres5t "*1 & 9 ! pres5t condition ( its text1 x is ( b comp>atively small value 9 ?is respect4 ,yet its /rik+ agreem5t ) ! text ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* 7,*4 #ac1 ,no4 #h7 is a ph5om5on wor?y ( special notice4 ,biblical s*ol>s affirm t ! two agree 9 m ?an a ?\s& places :]e !y diff] f ! ,hebrew4 ,= ! probable explanation ( ?is see above1 ,*4 #ad1 ,no4 #i4 ,! read] mu/ be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! error ( suppos+ t ^! m ?an a ?\s& v>iations f ! ,hebrew text are ( su* a nature z to affect s]i\sly ! sy/em ( doctr9es & duties taught 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,!y are r ( a critical & grammatical "*1 *anges :i* leave ! sub/ance ( revelation unt\*$4 ,see on ?is po9t ,*4 #c4 ,!re is "o /rik+ agreem5t betwe5 ! ,sam>itan text & t ( ! ,septuag9t 9 :i* _m biblical s*ol>s ?9k t ! true anci5t read+ has be5 pres]v$4 ,x is t ( ,g54 #d3h3 ,& ,ca9 said to ,abel 8 bro!r1 ,let u g out into ! field4 ,& x came to pass :5 !y 7 9 ! field4 etc4 ,,ii4 ,,o!r ,,greek ,,v]sions4 #h4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity ! ,septuag9t enjoy$1 z we h se51 a high reputation among ! ,jews2 & z a natural consequ5ce1 among ! ,jewi% conv]ts also1 z well z ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,to ! great body ( ,g5tile believ]s x 0 = ! ,old ,te/am5t ! only s\rce ( k1 z !y 7 ignorant ( ! ,hebrew orig9al4 ,!y /udi$ x dilig5tly1 & us$ x effici5tly aga9/ ! unbeliev+ ,jews4 ,h5ce !re naturally arose 9 ! m9ds ( ! latt] a feel+ ( opposition to ?is v]sion :i* became v bitt]4 ,!y began to disp>age its au?ority1 & to accuse x ( misrepres5t+ ! ,hebrew4 ,! next /ep 0 to oppose to x ano!r v]sion made by ,aquila1 :i* 0 soon foll[$ by two o!rs1 ^? ( ,!odotion & ,symma*us4 #i4 ,aquila is repres5t$ to h be5 a ,jewi% proselyte ( ,pontus1 & to h liv$ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,8 v]sion 0 slavi%ly lit]al1 foll[+ ! ,hebrew idiom ev5 :]e x is contr>y to t ( ! ,greek4 ,= ?is v reason1 n )/&+ all ! b>b>isms ?us introduc$1 ! ,jews highly valu$ x1 call+ x ! ,hebrew v]ity4 ,all t rema9s ( x to u is conta9$ 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,orig5's ,hexapla4 ,see bel[1 ,no4 #ab4 ,_h we ! :ole "w1 its extremely lit]al "* w\ld give x great value 9 a critical po9t ( view1 z x w\ld %$ mu* light on ! /ate ( ! ,hebrew text :5 x 0 execut$4 #aj4 ,!odotion 01 accord+ to ,ir5aeus1 an ,ephesian4 ,j]ome calls him & ,symma*us ,ebionites1 ,judaiz+ h]etics1 & semi-,*ri/ians4 ,he is suppos$ to h made 8 v]sion 9 ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 x _h a close resemblance 9 "* to ! ,septuag9t4 ,he seems to h _h ?is v]sion be=e him1 & to h made a free use ( x4 ,( ! ?ree lat] v]sions1 t ( ,!odotion 0 mo/ e/eem$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 & !y sub/itut$ 8 translation ( ! book ( ,daniel = t ( ! ,sev5ty4 #aa4 ,symma*us1 call$ by ! *ur* fa!rs an ,ebionite1 b by "s a ,sam>itan1 seems to h fl\ri%$ n f> f ! close ( ! second c5tury4 ,8 v]sion 0 free1 aim+ to give ! s5se r ?an ! words4 ,8 idiom 0 ,hell5i/ic1 & 9 ?is respect resembl$ ! ,septuag9t1 f ! au?or's famili>ity ) :i*1 inde$1 x probably took its complexion4 ,( o!r anci5t ,greek v]sions discov]$ by ,orig5 9 8 ,ea/]n travels & made by unkn[n au?ors x is n necess>y to speak4 #ab4 ,! text ( ! ,septuag9t 0 nev] pres]v$ s c>efully z t ( ! ,hebrew1 & 9 ! days ( ,orig5 x _h fall5 into great confusion4 ,to meet ! objections ( ! ,jews1 z well z to help believ]s 9 _! /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,orig5 und]took fir/ ! "w call$ ! ,tetrapla 7,greek1 f\rfold71 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ,hexapla 7,greek1 sixfold74 ,to prep>e himself he sp5t tw5ty-eight ye>s1 travell+ ext5sively & collect+ mat]ials4 ,9 ! ,tetrapla1 ! text ( ! ,septuag9t 7correct$ by manuscripts ( itself71 & ^? ( ,aquila1 ,!odotion1 & ,symma*us 7 arrang$ side by side 9 f\r p>allel columns4 ,9 ! ,hexapla !re 7 six columns--7#a7 ! ,hebrew 9 ,hebrew *>act]s2 7#b7 ! ,hebrew express$ 9 ,greek lett]s2 7#c7 ,aquila2 7#d7 ,symma*us2 7#e7 ! ,septuag9t2 7#f7 ,!odotion4 ,see ,davidson's ,bib4 ,crit41 #a1 p4 #bjc2 ,smi?'s ,bib4 ,diet41 #b1 p4 #abjb4 ,9 "s books he us$ two o!r ,greek v]sions1 & occasionally ev5 a ?ird1 giv+ 9 ! fir/ case eight1 9 ! second1 n9e columns4 ,! great "w1 says ,davidson1 consi/+ ( ne>ly fifty volumes2 on :i* he _h sp5t ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life1 does n seem to h be5 transcrib$--probably 9 consequ5ce ( its magnitude & ! great exp5se necess>ily att5d+ a transcript4 ,x lay unus$ z a :ole fifty ye>s aft] x 0 f9i%$1 till ,eusebius & ,pamphilus drew x =? f its concealm5t 9 ,tyre1 & plac$ x 9 ! libr>y ( ! latt] 9 ,caes>ea4 ,x is ?\ght to h p]i%$ !re :5 ,caes>ea 0 tak5 & plund]$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 ,a4,d4 #fec4 ,bib4 ,criticism1 #a1 p4 #bjf4 ,well did ,orig5 m]it by 8 va/ rese>*es & labors ! epi!t ,adamant9us ,adamant9e be/[$ on him by ! anci5ts4 ,fragm5ts ( ! ,hexapla1 consi/+ ( extracts made f x by ! anci5ts1 h be5 collect$ & publi%$ 9 two folio volumes by ,montfaucon1 ,p>is1 #agac1 & repr9t$ by ,bahrdt 9 two volumes octavo1 ,leipzig & ,lubeck1 #agfi1 #aggj4 ,x is ! hope ( biblical s*ol>s t ^! may be enri*$ f ! ,nitrian manuscripts4 ,see fur!r1 ,*ap4 #bh1 ,no4 #h4 ,= ! f\r ,/&>d ,text ,editions ( ! ,septuag9t ,greek v]sion1 ) ! pr9cipal editions f\nd$ on !m1 ! read] may consult ! ,bibliographical ,li/ app5d$ to ! f\r? volume ( ,home's ,introduction1 edition ( #ahfj4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*aldee ,,t>gums4 #ac4 ,! ,*aldee ^w ,t>gum means int]pretation1 & is appli$ to ! translations or p>aphrases ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,*aldee language4 ,:51 aft] ! captivity1 ! ,*aldee _h supplant$ ! ,hebrew z ! language ( common life1 x 0 natural t ! ,jews %\ld desire to h _! sacr$ writ+s 9 ! language :i* 0 to !m v]nacul>4 ,?us we acc\nt1 9 a natural way1 = ! orig9 ( ^! ,t>gums1 ( :i* !re is a consid]able numb] n[ extant diff]+ widely 9 age z well z "*4 ,no "o ( !m ext5ds to ! :ole ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r ! ,t>gums h = _! au?ors s+le individuals1 or are ! embodim5t ( traditional int]pretations collect$ & revis$ by "o or m p]sons4 ,_m biblical s*ol>s ( ! pres5t day incl9e /rongly to ! latt] view1 :i* is n 9 itself improbable4 ,b ! decision ( ! "q1 9 ! case ( ea* ,t>gum1 re/s n on !ory1 b on ! "* ( its cont5ts1 z asc]ta9$ by c>eful exam9ation4 #ad4 ,! fir/ place 9 wor?1 & probably 9 "t also1 belongs to ! ,t>gum on ! ,p5tateu* :i* be>s ! "n ( ,onkelos4 ,x is a lit]al &1 ^u ! :ole1 an able & fai?ful v]sion 7n p>aphrase7 ( ! ,hebrew text1 writt5 9 good ,aramaean1 & approa*+ 9 /yle to ! ,*aldee p>ts ( ,daniel & ,ezra4 ,9 ^? passages :i* describe ,god 9 language borr[$ f human attributes 7an?ropomorphic1 describ+ ,god 9 human =ms1 z hav+ eyes1 h&s1 etc42 an?ropopa?ic1 ascrib+ to ,god human affections1 z rep5t+1 griev+1 etc471 ! au?or is incl9$ to use p>aphrases2 ?us3 ,& ,jehovah smell$ a sweet savor 7,g54 #h3ba7 becomes 9 ?is ,t>gum3 ,& ,jehovah receiv$ ! sacrifice ) favor2 & ,jehovah w5t d[n to see 7,g54 #aa3e71 ,jehovah reveal$ himself4 ,s also /rong expressions discr$itable to ! anci5t patri>*s are s(t5$1 z3 ,ra*el took in/ead ( ,ra*el /ole4 ,g54 #ca3ai4 ,9 ! poetical passages1 moreov]1 ! ,t>gum all[s itself m lib]ty1 & is consequ5tly less satisfactory4 ,accord+ to a ,jewi% tradition1 ,onkelos 0 a proselyte & nephew ( ! emp]or ,titus1 s t he mu/ h fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ! second temple4 ,b all ! notices we h ( 8 p]son are v unc]ta94 ,!re is ev5 gr\nd = ! suspicion t ! above tradition respect+ ,onkelos relates1 by a confusion ( p]sons1 to ,aquila 7,*aldee ,akilas71 ! au?or ( ! ,greek v]sion already consid]$4 ,9 ?is case ! real au?or ( ! ,t>gum is unkn[n1 & we c only say t x %\ld n probably be assign$ to a lat] date ?an ! close ( ! second c5tury4 #ae4 ,next 9 age & value is ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an ,b5 ,uzziel on ! ,prophets2 t is1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% classification 7,*ap4 #ac1 ,no4 #d71 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel1 ,k+s1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets4 ,9 ! hi/orical books1 ?is ,t>gum is 9 ! ma9 lit]al2 b 9 ! prophets 79 ! /rict] s5se ( ! t]m7 p>aphra/ic & allegorical4 ,! ,jewi% tradition repres5ts t ,jona?an wrote ! p>aphrase ( ! prophets f ! m\? ( ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i2 a m]e fable4 ,:o 0 ! real au?or _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 only t he liv$ aft] ! s-call$ ,onkelos4 #af4 ,!re are two o!r ,t>gums on ! ,p5tateu*1 "o ( !m commonly kn[n z ! ,t>gum ( ! ,pseudo-,jona?an 7because falsely ascrib$ to ! au?or ( ! prec$+ ,t>gum7 & ! ,j]usalem ,t>gum4 ,! latt] is ( a fragm5t>y "*2 & its agreem5t ) ! correspond+ passages ( ! =m] is s rem>kable t x is g5]ally consid]$ z consi/+ ( extracts tak5 f x ) free v>iations4 ,b accord+ to ,davidson 79 ,alex&]'s ,kitto73 ,! ,j]usalem ,t>gum =m$ ! basis ( t ( ,jona?an2 & its own basis 0 t ( ,onkelos4 ,jona?an us$ bo? 8 pr$ecessors' p>aphrases2 ! au?or ( ! ,j]usalem ,t>gum t ( ,onkelos alone4 ,! /yle ( ,pseudo-,jona?an is b>b>\s1 ab\nd+ 9 =eign words1 ) ! introduction ( _m leg5ds1 fables1 & ideas ( a lat] age4 ,he is assign$ to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,keil1 ,introduc4 to ,old ,te/am5t1 ,sec4 #ahi4 #ag4 ,! ,t>gums on ! ,hagiographa are all ( late date4 ,!re is "o on ,psalms1 ,job1 & ,prov]bs1 ! la/ tol]ably accurate & free f leg5d>y & p>aphra/ic additions2 "o on ! five rolls--,ru?1 ,e/h]1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles2 :i* is n a translation1 b r a comm5t>y 9 ! ,talmudic /yle2 two on ,e/h]1 "o on ,*ronicles4 ,9 ! pres5t connection1 ?\gh n belong+ prop]ly to ! ,t>gums1 may be nam$ ! ,sam>itan v]sion ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 pr9t$ ) ! orig9als 9 ! ,p>is & ,london ,polyglotts4 ,x is a lit]al translation execut$ 9 ! _s ( ! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos1 & admitt+ ! same class ( v>iations f ! lett] ( ! orig9al4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,syriac ,,pe%ito4 #ah4 ,?is is ! olde/ v]sion made by ,*ri/ians f ! orig9al ,hebrew4 ,! ^w ,pe%ito signifies simple1 indicat+ t x gives ! simple mean+ ( ! orig9al1 )\t p>aphra/ic & allegorical additions4 ,x is ^u ! :ole an able & fai?ful v]sion4 ,x (t5 exhibits a resemblance to ! ,alex&r9e v]sion4 ,we may readily suppose t ! translator1 ?\gh r5d]+ f ! orig9al ,hebrew1 0 famili> ) ! ,septuag9t1 & t ?is ex]t$ ^u 8 "w a c]ta9 degree ( influ5ce4 ,! ,pe%ito 0 ! /&>d v]sion = ! ,syriac ,*ri/ians1 be+ us$ alike by all p>ties2 a fact :i* is naturally expla9$ by its high antiquity4 ,if x be ( ! same date z ! ,new ,te/am5t ,pe%ito1 x may be plac$ n f> f ! close ( ! second c5tury4 ,! ,old ,lat91 & 9 connection ) ?is1 ! ,vulgate ( ,j]ome1 ) "s o!r anci5t v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 w be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,text4 #a4 ,! only legitimate criticism ( ! sacr$ text is t :i* has = its object to re/ore x1 z f> z possible1 to its primitive =m4 ,_h we ! autograph ( ,moses 9 ! exact =m 9 :i* he deposit$ x 9 ! sanctu>y 7,deut4 #ca3bf71 ?is w\ld be a p]fect text2 & s ( any o!r book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! autographs1 :i* h all p]i%$1 we are /ill able to e/abli% ! =m ( _! text ) a reasonable degree ( c]ta9ty = all purposes ( fai? & practice4 ,! means ( accompli%+ ?is are n[ to be consid]$4 #b4 ,"h anci5t manuscripts hold ! fir/ place4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t 9 settl+ ! true read+ ( a giv5 passage we _c look simply to ! numb] ( manuscript te/imonies4 ,! quality ( ! manuscripts mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,"h age is ( prim>y importance4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! olde/ are ! mo/ wor?y ( cr$5ce1 z be+ ne>e/ to ! orig9al s\rces4 ,b1 9 e/imat+ ! te/imony ( a manuscript1 !re are o!r qualities besides age t mu/ be c>efully consid]$--! c>e ( ! transcrib]2 its fre$om f int]polations by lat] h&s 7:i* c1 h[ev]1 z a g5]al rule1 be easily detect$72 & especially its indep5d5ce1 t is1 its indep5d5ce z comp>$ ) o!r manuscripts4 ,we may h a gr\p ( manuscripts ^: peculi> read+s m>k !m z hav+ come f a s+le s\rce4 ,prop]ly speak+1 _! te/imony is valid only = ! text ( _! s\rce4 ,! au?ority ( a s+le indep5d5t manuscript may be equal 9 weight to _! comb9$ te/imony4 ,!n1 aga91 ! "* ( ! diff]5t read+s mu/ be consid]$4 ,! easie/ read+--t :i* mo/ naturally sugge/s itself to ! scribe--has less presumption 9 its favor ?an a m difficult read+2 & t on ! simple gr\nd t x is m likely t an easy %\ld h be5 sub/itut$ = a difficult read+ ?an ! rev]se4 ,!re are _m o!r po9ts :i* w\ld ne$ discussion 9 a "w design$ = biblical critics2 b = ! purposes ( ?is "w ! above brief h9ts are suffici5t4 ,! ,masoretic manuscripts h a great degree ( uni=mity1 & are all comp>atively rec5t4 ,*ap4 #ad1 ,no4 #g4 ,we h reason to believe t ! ,hebrew text :i* !y exhibit has a good degree ( purity4 ,b we _c consid] ^! manuscripts z s _m indep5d5t witnesses4 ,! text ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* is indep5d5t ( ! ,masoretic text4 ,c\ld we believe t we possess x 9 a tol]ably pure =m1 its critical value w\ld be v great4 ,b1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! be/ biblical s*ol>s1 x has be5 subject$ to s _m alt]ations1 t its critical au?ority is ( small acc\nt4 #c4 ,next 9 ord] come anci5t v]sions1 ! value ( :i* = critical purposes dep5ds on _! "* z lit]al or free1 & also ^u ! /ate ( _! text z we possess x4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! au?ority ( a v]sion is manife/ly inf]ior to t ( a manuscript ( ! orig9al4 ,b a v]sion may h be5 made f a m anci5t =m ( ! orig9al text ?an any :i* we h 9 exi/+ manuscripts2 & ?us x may be indirectly a witness ( great value4 ,! extremely lit]al v]sion ( ,aquila 7,*ap4 #af1 ,no4 #i7 0 made 9 ! second c5tury4 ,c\ld we recov] x1 its te/imony to ! ,hebrew text1 z x !n exi/$1 w\ld be ( great value4 ,! ,septuag9t v]sion 0 made 7at lea/ begun7 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,b its free "* dim9i%es1 & ! impure /ate ( its text greatly injures its critical au?ority4 ,( ! ,t>gums1 ^? ( ,onkelos & ,jona?an alone are capable ( r5d]+ any s]vice 9 ! l9e ( sacr$ criticism1 & ?is is n ( mu* acc\nt4 #d4 ,we h also prim>y-pr9t$ editions ( ! ,hebrew ,bible--^? pr9t$ f ,hebrew manuscripts1 :i* ! read] may see notic$ 9 ,horne's ,bibliographical ,li/1 ,app5dix to vol4 #d4 ,! critical au?ority ( ^! dep5ds on t ( ! manuscripts us$1 :i* 7 all ( ! ,masoretic rec5sion4 #e4 ,p>allel passages--p>allel 9 a critical & n simply 9 a hi/orical respect--are passages :i* pr(ess n m]ely to give an acc\nt ( ! same transaction1 b to repeat ! same text4 ,well kn[n examples are3 ! song ( ,david record$ 9 ! tw5ty-second *apt] ( ! second book ( ,samuel1 & repeat$ z ! eighte5? psalm2 ! f\rte5? & fifty-?ird psalms1 etc4 ,su* repetitions possess = e biblical /ud5t a high int]e/4 ,b 9 ! critical use ( !m great caution is necess>y4 ,x mu/ be asc]ta9$1 fir/ ( all1 :e!r !y proce$ f ! same1 or f a diff]5t writ]4 ,9 ! latt] case !y are only hi/orical imitations4 ,if1 z 9 ! case ( ! above-nam$ passages1 !y manife/ly h ! same au?or1 ! inquiry /ill rema9s h[ ! diff]5ces arose4 ,!y may be diff]5t rec5sions ( ! same writ] 79 ?is case1 ( ,david himself71 or ( ano!r inspir$ writ]1 :o ?us s\ght to adapt !m m p]fectly--! fifty-?ird psalm1 = example--to ! circum/ances ( 8 own day4 ,! gift ( inspiration made ! lat] writ]1 9 ?is respect1 coo]d9ate 9 au?ority ) ! e>li]4 ,hi/orical p>allelism1 su* z ^? 9 ! books ( ,*ronicles1 z comp>$ ) ! e>li] hi/orical books1 d n prop]ly belong "h4 ,yet ^! also sometimes furni% critical help1 especially 9 respect to names & dates4 #f4 ,! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,new h = e believ] ! highe/ au?ority2 m1 h[ev]1 9 a h]m5eutical ?an a critical respect4 ,=1 z already rem>k$ 7,*ap4 #af1 ,no4 #f71 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s quote mo/ly f ! ,septuag9t1 & 9 a v free way4 ,! :ole subject ( ^! quotations w come up h]eaft] "u ! head ( ,biblical ,int]pretation4 #g4 ,quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,talmud & lat] rabb9ical writ]s are ano!r s\rce ( sacr$ criticism4 ,! ,talmud1 embody+ ! ecclesia/ical & civil law ( ! ,jews accord+ to _! traditions1 consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! ,mi%na1 or text1 g5]ally ref]r$ to ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury1 & ! ,gem>a1 or comm5t>y on ! ,mi%na4 ,! ,mi%na is "o2 b connect$ ) ?is are two ,gem>as ( lat] orig92 ! m copi\s ,babylonian1 & ! brief] ,j]usalem ,gem>a2 :5ce ! di/9ction ( ! ,babylonian & ,j]usalem ,talmud4 ,:e!r because ! ,hebrew text 0 rigidly settl$ 9 its pres5t =m 9 ! days ( ! ,talmudi/s1 or because _! quotations h be5 made to agree ) ! ,masorah1 an exam9ation ( ! ,talmud furni%es few v>i\s read+s t are ( any importance4 ,mo/ ( !m relate to trifl+ p>ticul>s4 ,! quotations ( lat] rabb9ical writ]s are ( small acc\nt 9 a critical respect4 #h4 ,x rema9s to speak ( critical conjecture4 ,( ?is a wise & rev]5t s*ol> w make a v cauti\s use4 ,he w cont5t himself ) (f]+ to ! public 8 sugge/ions1 )\t v5tur+ to incorporate !m into ! text itself4 ,! recklessness ( "s mod]n critics1 :o make an abundance ( conjectural em5dations1 & !n embody !m 9 _! v]sions1 ) only a brief note1 des]ves sev]e condemnation4 ,_h ! anci5t critics g5]ally adopt$ ?is uncritical me?od1 ! sacr$ text w\ld long ago h fall5 into irretrievable confusion4 ,we add an example :]e critical conjecture is 9 place1 ?\gh x may n v5ture to alt] ! e/abli%$ read+4 ,9 ,psalm #db1 ! la/ clause ( v]se #f & ! beg9n+ ( v]se #g1 writt5 cont9u\sly )\t a division ( words 7,*ap4 #ac1 ,no4 #e71 w\ld read ?us3 ,hebrew3 ky'od'odnu'%o'tpnyu'lhy'lynp%yt%tvhh ,) ! pres5t division ( words3 ,hebrew3 ky 'od 'odnu '%o't pnyu 'lhy 'ly np%y t%tvhh ! clauses are to be translat$1 z 9 our v]sion3 ,= ,i %all yet praise him = ! salvation ( 8 c\nt5ance4 ,o my ,god1 my s\l is ca/ d[n )9 me4 ,divid$ z foll[s 7by ! transf] ( a s+le lett] to ! foll[+ ^w74 ,hebrew3 ky 'od 'odnu '%o't pny u'lhy 'ly np%y t%tvhh ! r5d]+ w\ld be3 ,= ,i %all yet praise him1 :o is ! salvation ( my c\nt5ance & my ,god4 ,my s\l is ca/ d[n )9 me4 ,?us ! refra9 w\ld agree exactly ) ! two t foll[ 7v]4 #aa & #dc3e74 ,yet ?is conjecture1 h[ev] plausible1 is unc]ta91 s9ce we d n "k t ! sacr$ writ] s\ght exact uni=mity 9 ! ?ree refra9s4 #i4 ,g5]al rem>k on ! v>i\s read+s ( ! sacr$ text4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! v>i\s read+s ) :i* textual criticism is occupi$ h respect to m9or po9ts--= ! mo/ "p po9ts ( a trivial nature2 & ev5 :]e ! v>iations are ( m importance1 !y are n ( su* a "* z to obscure1 mu* less *ange1 ! tru?s ( revelation 9 any ess5tial respect4 ,biblical critics tell u1 = example1 t ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* agrees ) ! ,septuag9t v]sion 9 m ?an a ?\s& places :]e !y diff] f ! ,masoretic ,hebrew text4 ,*ap4 #af1 ,no4 #g4 ,yet ^! ?ree texts all exhibit ! same ,god1 & ! same sy/em ( doctr9es & duties4 ,revelation does n lie 9 lett]s & syllables & grammatical =ms1 b 9 ! deep & pure & /rong & broad curr5t ( tru? giv5 by inspiration ( ,god4 ,rev]5ce = ! inspir$ ^w makes u anxi\s to possess ! sacr$ text 9 all possible purity4 ,yet if we _c atta9 to absolute p]fection 9 ?is respect1 we h reasonable assurance t ,god1 :o gave ! revelation conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 has pres]v$ x to u un*ang$ 9 any ess5tial p>ticul>4 ,! po9t on :i* mo/ obscurity & unc]ta9ty re/s is t ( scriptural *ronology2 & ?is is n "o t affects ,*ri/ian fai? or practice4 ,,second ,,division3 ,,p>ticul> ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,z ,a ,,:ole4 #a4 ,! prov9ce ( ,p>ticul> ,introduction is to consid] ! books ( ! ,bible sep>ately1 9 respect to _! au?or%ip1 date1 cont5ts1 & ! place :i* ea* ( !m holds 9 ! sy/em ( div9e tru?4 ,"h x is above all ?+s important t we beg9 ) ! idea ( ! unity ( div9e revelation--t all ! p>ts ( ! ,bible con/itute a glori\sly p]fect :ole1 ( :i* ,god & n man is ! au?or4 ,no am\nt ( /udy devot$ to a giv5 book or section ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) all ! help t mod]n s*ol>%ip c furni%1 w give a true compreh5sion ( x1 until we und]/& x 9 its relations to ! re/ ( ,scripture1 ,we _c1 = example1 und]/& ! book ( ,g5esis out ( connection ) ! f\r books t foll[1 nor ! book ( ,deut]onomy sep>at$ f ! f\r t prec$e4 ,nor c we fully und]/& ! ,p5tateu* z a :ole except 9 ! light ( ! hi/orical & prophetical books :i* foll[2 = ^! unfold ! div9e purpose 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,!ocracy z record$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! ,p5tateu* itself gives u only ! con/itution ( ! ,!ocracy4 ,! books t foll[1 tak5 9 connection )1 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 reveal its (fice 9 ! plan ( r$emption2 & n till we "k ?is c we be said to h an intellig5t compreh5sion ( ! !ocratic sy/em4 ,! same is true ( e o!r "p ( revelation4 ,! words ( ! apo/le3 ,ev] le>n+1 & nev] able to come to ! k ( ! tru? 7#b ,tim4 #c3g71 apply to _m le>n$ comm5t>ies4 ,_! au?ors h br\ght to !m mu* accurate s*ol>%ip & rese>*2 b !y h n se5 ! unity ( div9e tru?4 ,!y h writt5 ma9ly 9 an antiqu>ian _s & int]e/1 reg>d+ ! "w "u consid]ation simply z an anci5t & v5]able record4 ,!y h dilig5tly s\ght = connections 9 philology1 9 antiquities1 & 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ^! respects !y h ?r[n mu* light on ! sacr$ text4 ,b !y h nev] once ?\ght ( inquir+ :at place ! book :i* !y h und]tak5 to int]pret holds 9 ! div9e sy/em ( revelation--p]haps h _h no fai? 9 su* a sy/em4 ,consequ5tly !y _c unfold to o!rs t :i* !y d n !mselves appreh5d4 ,on a hundr$ p>ticul>s !y may give valuable in=mation1 b t :i* con/itutes ! v life & sub/ance ( ! book rema9s hidd5 f _! view4 #b4 ,x is necess>y t we und]/&1 fir/ ( all1 ! relation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z a :ole to ! sy/em ( reveal$ tru?4 ,x is a prep>atory revelation introductory to "o t is f9al4 ,?is ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*es 9 explicit t]ms4 ,:5 ! fulness ( ! "t 0 come1 ,god s5t =? 8 ,son4 ,gal4 #d3d4 ,*ri/ c\ld n h come 9 ! days ( ,eno* be=e ! flood1 nor ( ,abraham aft] ! flood1 because ! fulness ( ! "t _h n yet arriv$4 ,nor 0 ! way = 8 adv5t prep>$ 9 ! age ( ,moses1 or ,david1 or ,isaiah1 or ,ezra4 ,! gospel ev]y:]e assumes t :5 ! ,savi\r appe>$1 m5 _h atta9$ to a /ate ( comp>ative maturity 9 respect to bo? ! k ( ,god & ! progress ( human society4 ,! att5tive read] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _c fail to notice h[ fully its writ]s avail !mselves ( all ! revelations :i* ,god _h made 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( himself1 ( ! c\rse ( 8 provid5ce1 & ( 8 purposes t[>ds ! human family4 ,! unity ( ,god1 especially1 is assum$ z a tru? s firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! national fai? ( ! ,jews1 t ! doctr9e ( our ,"l's deity1 & t ( ! ,holy ,_s1 c be taught )\t ! dang] ( its be+ misund]/ood 9 a poly!i/ic s5se--z if ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,_s 7 ?ree gods4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is c\ld n h be5 done any "t be=e ! ,babyloni% captivity4 ,! idea ( vic>i\s sacrifice1 moreov]--t great fundam5tal idea ( ! gospel t )\t %$d+ ( blood !re is no remission--! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f\nd ready at h&1 & 9 its light !y int]pret$ ! mission ( ,*ri/4 ,^u 8 v fir/ appe>ance1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 8 =]unn]1 exclaim$ to ! assembl$ multitudes3 ,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w4 ,to ! ,jew1 ) 8 tra9+ "u ! ,mosaic sy/em ( sacrifices1 h[ significant 7 ^! words6 ,)\t su* a previ\s tra9+1 h[ mean+less to him & to ! _w = :i* ,*ri/ di$6 ,!n aga9 ! gospel1 9 /rong contra/ ) ! ,mosaic law1 deals 9 g5]al pr9ciples4 ,h]e9 x assumes a comp>ative maturity ( human ?\ght--a capacity to include _m p>ticul>s "u "o g5]al idea4 ,a beautiful illu/ration ( ?is is our ,"l's summ>y ( social duties2 ,!re=e all ?+s :atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d ye ev5 s to !m3 = ?is is ! law & ! prophets4 ,matt4 #g3ab4 ,we may add 7:at is inde$ impli$ 9 ! prec$+ rem>k7 t ! gospel requir$ = its introduction a well-develop$ /ate ( civilization & culture1 z contra/$ ) "o ( rude b>b>ism4 ,n[ ! ,hebrews 7 introduc$1 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! national exi/5ce1 to ! civilization ( ,egypt2 :i*1 ) all its defects1 0 p]haps z good a type z !n exi/$ 9 ! _w4 ,aft]w>ds !y 7 br\ght successively into intimate connection ) ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 ,grecian1 & ,roman civilization2 p>ticul>ly ) ! la/ two4 ,?is 01 moreov]1 at a "t :5 _! national tra9+ "u ! ,mosaic in/itutions _h giv5 !m su* maturity ( religi\s "* t !y 7 n 9 dang] ( be+ s$uc$ into ! idolatr\s wor%ip ( ^! nations4 ,disp]s$ ?r\gh\t all ! prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire1 !y /ill ma9ta9$ firmly ! religion ( _! fa!rs2 & _! synagogues ev]y:]e con/itut$ c5tral po9ts = ! introduction ( ! gospel1 & its diffusion ?r\gh ! ,g5tile _w4 ,su* are "s ( ! _m ways 9 :i* ! _w 0 prep>$ = ! ,r$eem]'s adv5t4 ,?is is a va/ !me1 on :i* volumes c\ld be writt54 ,! plan ( ! pres5t "w w only admit ( ! above brief h9ts4 ,our ,"l's comm& is3 ,g ye into all ! _w1 & prea* ! gospel to e creature4 ,! hi/ory ( missions %[s t ! gospel c be prea*$ ) success to ! mo/ degrad$ tribes--to ! ,hott5tots ( ,s\? ,africa & ! cannibals ( ! ,s\? sea isl&s1 & t ?is is ! only rem$y = _! b>b>ism4 ,b ! gospel did n beg9 among savages1 nor does x h its c5tres ( p[] & influ5ce among !m4 ,*ri/ came at ! culm9at+ po9t ( anci5t civilization & culture2 n t he might con=m 8 gospel to exi/+ in/itutions & ideas1 b t he might ?r\gh 8 gospel infuse into !m 7z f> z !y conta9$ elem5ts ( tru?7 ! purify+ & trans=m+ leav5 ( div9e tru?4 ,z ! gospel began 9 ! mid/ ( civilization1 s does its introduction among b>b>\s tribes always br+ civilization 9 its tra94 #c4 ,:5 we h le>n$ to reg>d ! revelation ( :i* we h a record 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z prep>atory to ! gospel1 we see x 9 its true light4 ,?is view furni%es bo? ! key to its "* & ! answ] to ! objections commonly urg$ aga9/ x4 ,x is n a revelation ( ab/ract tru?s4 ,^! w\ld nei!r h excit$ ! int]e/ ( ! p1 nor h be5 appreh5d$ by !m4 ,god made kn[n to ! cov5ant p 8 "* & ! duties :i* he requir$ ( !m by a s]ies ( mighty acts & a sy/em ( positive laws4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 is1 !re=e1 9 an em95t degree docum5t>y--a record n simply ( op9ions1 b r ( actions & in/itutions4 ,( ^! actions & in/itutions we are to judge f ! "* ( ! p & ! age 9 connection ) ! great end propos$ by ,god4 ,?is end 0 n ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( ,israel1 b ! prep>ation ( ! nation = its high (fice z ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! gospel %\ld aft]w>ds be giv5 to ! _w4 ,! p 7 rebelli\s & /iff-neck$1 & surr\nd$ by poly!ism & idolatry4 ,_! tra9+ requir$ sev]ity1 & all ! sev]ity employ$ by ,god br\ght =? at la/ its appropriate fruits4 ,! laws impos$ ^u !m 7 /]n & burd5some f _! multiplicity4 ,b no "o c %[ t 9 ei!r ( ^! respects !y c\ld h be5 wisely modifi$2 = ! nation 0 !n 9 its *ildhood & pupilage 7,gal4 #d3a-c71 & ne$$ to be treat$ accord+ly4 ,an objection mu* insi/$ on by "s is ! exclusive "* ( ! ,mosaic in/itutions--a religion1 x is alleg$1 = only "o nation1 :ile all ! o!r nations 7 left 9 ignorance4 ,to ?is a summ>y answ] c be giv54 ,9 select+ ,israel z 8 cov5ant p1 ,god _h 9 view ! salvation ( ! :ole _w3 ,9 !e %all all families ( ! e>? be bless$ 7,g54 #ab3c7--su* 0 ! t5or ( ! cov5ant f ! beg9n+4 ,8 plan 0 to br+ "o nation into special relation to himself1 e/abli% 9 x ! true religion1 prep>e x = ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 & !n propagate ! gospel f x z a c5tre ?r\gh\t all nations4 ,if m5 are to be dealt ) 9 a moral way1 z free1 responsible subjects ( law 7& ?is is ! only way 9 :i* ,god deals ) m5 "u a sy/em ( ei!r natural or reveal$ religion71 c ! objector propose any bett] way8 ,he might z well object to ! proc$ure ( a milit>y comm&] t1 in/ead ( spread+ 8 army ov] a :ole prov9ce1 he conc5trates x on "o /rong po9t4 ,let him wait pati5tly1 & he w f9d t 9 ga9+ ?is po9t ! comm&] ga9s ! :ole c\ntry4 #d4 ,hav+ se5 ! relation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z a :ole to ! sy/em ( div9e revelation1 we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! place occupi$ by its sev]al divisions4 7#a47 ,to prep>e ! way = our ,"l's adv5t1 "o nation 0 to be select$ & tra9$ up "u a sy/em ( div9e laws & ord9ances--! !ocracy e/abli%$ "u ,moses4 ,! ,p5tateu* records ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ocracy1 ) ! previ\s /eps t l$ to x1 & ! hi/orical ev5ts imm$iately connect$ )4 x4 ,h5ce ! five books ( ,moses are call$ emphatically ! ,law2 & z su*1 _! prov9ce 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is cle> & well def9$4 7#b47 ,! end ( ! ,mosaic law be+ ! prep>ation ( ! ,israeliti% p1 & ?r\gh !m ! _w1 = ,*ri/'s adv5t1 x 0 n ! purpose ( ,god t x %\ld be hidd5 z a dead lett] beside ! ark 9 ! inn] sanctu>y4 ,x 0 a code = practice1 n = !ory4 ,x conta9$ ! con/itution ( ! /ate1 civil z well z religi\s2 & ,god's almighty p[] & fai?fulness 7 pl$g$ t x %\ld accompli% 9 a ?or\gh way ! (fice assign$ to x4 ,! !ocracy mu/ !re=e h a hi/ory2 & ) ! record ( ?is ! hi/orical books are occupi$4 7#c47 ,god did n leave ! developm5t ( ?is hi/ory to itself4 ,he wat*$ ov] x f ! beg9n+1 & direct$ its c\rse1 int]pos+ f "t to "t1 n only 9 a provid5tial way1 b also by direct revelation4 ,sometimes1 = specific ends1 he reveal$ himself imm$iately to p>ticul> individuals1 z to ,gideon1 & ,manoah & 8 wife4 ,b m commonly 8 revelations 7 made to ! rul]s or p at l>ge ?r\gh p]sons select$ z ! organs ( 8 ,_s2 t is1 ?r\gh prophets4 ,! prophet held 8 commission imm$iately f ,god4 ,s9ce ,god is ! au?or1 n ( confusion1 b ( ord]1 he came to ! p "u ! ,law1 n above x2 & 8 messages 7 to be tri$ by ! ,law4 ,deut4 #ac3a-e4 ,no prophet aft] ,moses enjoy$ ! same fulness ( access to ,god :i* 0 v\*saf$ to him1 or receiv$ ! same ext5t ( revelation4 ,numb4 #ab3f-h2 ,deut4 #cd3aj-ab4 ,nev]!less1 ! prophet came to rul]s & p1 l ,moses1 ) an au?ority d]iv$ imm$iately f ,god1 introduc+ 8 messages ) ! words3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l4 ,9 ,god's "n he rebuk$ ! p = _! s9s2 expla9$ to !m ! true cause ( ! calamities t befell !m2 recall$ !m to ,god's s]vice z orda9$ 9 ! ,law1 unfold+ to !m at ! same "t its true nature z consi/+ 9 ! _s1 & n 9 ! lett] only--#a ,sam4 #ae3bb2 ,isa4 #a3aa-bj2 #eg3ae2 #ff3b2 ,j]4 #d3d2 ,ezek4 #ah3ca2 ,hosea #aj3ab2 #ad3b2 ,joel #b3ab1 #ac2 ,amos #e3 #ba-bd2 ,micah #f3 #f-h--;d5\nc$ ^u !m ! awful judgm5ts ( ,god z ! puni%m5t ( cont9u$ disob$i5ce2 & promis$ !m ! re/oration ( 8 favor ^u condition ( he>ty rep5tance4 ,9 ! decl9e ( ! ,!ocracy1 x 0 ! special prov9ce ( ! prophets to com=t ! pi\s remnant ( ,god's p by unfold+ to !m ! future glory ( ,zion--! true ,israel ( ,god1 & h] dom9ion ov] all ! e>?4 ,f ab\t ! reign ( ,uzziah & onw>d1 z already rem>k$ 7*4 #ae4 #ab71 ! prophets began1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 to r$uce _! prophecies to writ+1 & ?us arose ! s]ies ( prophetical books t =m a prom95t "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon4 ,_! (fice is at once recogniz$ by e read] z di/9ct f t ( ei!r ! ,p5tateu* or ! hi/orical books2 al?\gh ^! latt] 71 z a g5]al rule1 writt5 by prophets also4 7#d47 ,!re is a class1 m miscellane\s 9 "*1 t may be describ$ 9 g5]al t]ms z ! poetical books1 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( m$itation & reflection pr$om9ate4 ,x includes ! book ( ,job1 :i* has = its !me div9e provid5ce1 z view$ f ! position ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ! book ( ,psalms1 t wond]ful treasury ( holy ?\ght & feel+ embodi$ 9 sacr$ song = ! use ( ,god's p 9 all ages2 ! book ( ,prov]bs1 ) its inexhau/ible treasures ( practical wisdom2 ! book ( ,ecclesia/es1 hav+ = its !me ! vanity ( ?is _w :5 s\ght z a satisfy+ good2 & ! book ( ,canticles1 :i* ! *ur* has always reg>d$ z a my/ical song hav+ = its gr\nd-idea1 "u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ,god is ! husb& ( ,zion1 & "u ! ,new1 t ! *ur* is ! bride ( ,*ri/4 ,h[ high a place ?is division ( ! canon holds 9 ! sy/em ( div9e revelation e pi\s he>t feels in/9ctively4 ,)\t x1 ! revelation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t c\ld n h be5 complete = ! "w assign$ to x4 #e4 ,we h se5 ! relation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z a :ole to ! entire sy/em ( revelation1 & also ! place occupi$ by its sev]al divisions4 ,x w fur!r appe>1 z we proce$1 t ea* p>ticul> book 9 ^! divisions contributes its %>e to ! p]fection ( ! :ole4 #f4 ,al?\gh ! revelation conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 prep>atory to ! full] revelation ( ! ,new1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! error ( suppos+ t x _h n a prop] significance & use = ! m5 ( its own "t4 ,unto u1 says ! apo/le1 0 ! gospel prea*$1 z well z unto !m4 ,heb4 #d3b4 ,& aga93 ,^! all di$ 9 fai?1 n hav+ receiv$ ! promises1 b hav+ se5 !m af> (f1 & 7 p]suad$ ( !m1 & embrac$ !m1 & confess$ t !y 7 /rang]s & pilgrims on ! e>?4 ,& ^! all1 hav+ obta9$ a good report ?r\gh fai?1 receiv$ n ! promise3 ,god hav+ provid$ "s bett] til+ = u1 t !y )\t u %\ld n be made p]fect4 ,heb4 #aa3ac1 #ci1 #dj4 ,!y _h a "p ( ! tru?1 b n its fulness2 & ! measure ( revelation v\*saf$ to !m 0 giv5 = _! p]sonal salvation1 z well z to prep>e ! way = fur!r revelations4 ,! promise made to ,abraham--,9 ?y se$ %all all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$--0 fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is respect ,abraham receiv$ n ! promise4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 a promise made = 8 b5efit1 z well z = t ( future ages4 ,into ! bosom ( ! patri>* x br\ght light & joy & salvation4 ,y\r fa!r ,abraham1 said ,jesus1 rejoic$ to see my day2 & he saw x1 & 0 glad4 ,john #h3ef4 ,he believ$ 9 ! ,"l1 says ! inspir$ record1 & he c\nt$ x to him = righte\sness4 ,g54 #ae3f4 ,! deliv]ance ( ,israel f ,egypt typifi$ ! r$emption ( ,*ri/2 & x 01 moreov]1 "o ( ! gr& movem5ts t prep>$ ! way = 8 adv5t4 ,b x 0 nei!r all type nor all prep>ation4 ,to ! cov5ant p ( t day x 0 a true deliv]ance2 & to ! believ+ portion ( !m1 a deliv]ance ( s\l z well z ( body4 ,! law1 says ,paul1 0 our s*ool-ma/] to br+ u unto ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,gal4 #c3bd4 ,b :ile x _h ?is prep>atory (fice1 x 0 to ! ,israeliti% nation a true rule ( life2 & "u x _m1 ?r\gh fai?1 anticipat$ its end4 ,! prophets prophesi$ = ! m5 ( _! own age1 z well z = di/ant g5]ations4 ,! sweet psalmi/ ( ,israel1 :ile he =e%ad[$ ! ,messiah's reign1 sung = ! com=t & edification ( himself & 8 contempor>ies2 & ,solomon gave rules ( practical wisdom z valid = 8 day z = ours4 ,! revelation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 n complete1 l t :i* we n[ possess2 b x 0 suffici5t = ! salvation ( e s9c]e inquir] aft] tru?4 ,:5 ! ri* man 9 hell bes\ght ,abraham t ,laz>us might be s5t to w>n 8 five bre?r5 on ! gr\nd t1 if "o w5t to !m f ! dead !y w\ld rep5t1 ,abraham answ]$3 ,if !y he> n ,moses & ! prophets1 nei!r w !y be p]suad$ ?\gh "o rose f ! dead4 #g4 ,!re is ano!r practical error aga9/ :i* ,*ri/ians ( ! pres5t day ne$ to be w>n$4 ,x is ! idea t ! full revelation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t sup]s$es 9 a great measure ! necessity ( /udy+ ! previ\s revelation conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,few w op5ly av[ ?is1 b too _m inw>dly *]i% ! delusion 9 a vague & undef9$ =m2 & x ex]ts a p]nici\s influ5ce ^u !m1 lead+ !m to und]value & neglect ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,ev5 if ! idea "u consid]ation 7 9 accordance ) tru?1 x w\ld /ill be to e e>ne/ ,*ri/ian a matt] ( deep hi/orical int]e/ to /udy ! way by :i* ,god prep>$ ! _w = ! full light ( ! gospel4 ,b x is n true4 ,x re/s on a f\ndation ( error & delusion4 ,=1 7#a47 ,! sy/em ( div9e revelation con/itutes a :ole1 all ! p>ts ( :i* are connect$1 f beg9n+ to end1 s t no s+le "p c be truly und]/ood )\t a k ( all ! re/4 ,! imp5etrable d>kness t re/s on "s portions ( ,scripture has its gr\nd 9 ! fact t ! plan ( r$emption is n yet complet$4 ,! mighty disclosures ( ! future c alone dissipate ?is d>kness4 ,god is 8 own int]pret]1 ,& he w make x pla94 7#b47 ,we "k t ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t con/antly ref] to ! ,old = argum5ts & illu/rations4 ,a k ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is necess>y1 !re=e1 = a full compreh5sion ( _! mean+4 ,h[ c ! read]1 = example1 und]/& ! epi/les to ! ,romans & ,galatians1 or t to ! ,hebrews1 )\t a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ,moses & ! prophets1 to :i* ^! epi/les h su* con/ant ref]5ce8 7#c47 ,! ,old ,te/am5t is occupi$ ) ! record ( ,god's deal+s ) m54 ,su* a record mu/ be a p]petual revelation ( ,god's inf9ite attributes1 & ( human "* also1 & ! c\rse ( human society1 e "p ( :i* is lum9\s ) in/ruction4 7#d47 ,al?\gh ! old !ocracy1 ) its p>ticul> laws & =ms ( wor%ip1 has pass$ away1 yet ! pr9ciples on :i* x re/$1 :i* int]p5etrat$ x 9 e "p1 & :i* %one =? ) a cle> light ?r\gh\t its :ole hi/ory--^! pr9ciples are et]nal v]ities1 z valid = u z = ! anci5t patri>*s4 ,"s ( ^! pr9ciples--= example1 ,god's unity1 p]sonality1 & inf9ite p]fections2 8 univ]sal provid5ce2 8 supremacy ov] all nations2 ! t5d5cy ( nations to deg5]acy1 & ! /]n judgm5ts employ$ by ,god to reclaim !m--are s fully unfold$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t !y ne$$ no repetition 9 ! ,new4 ,!re !y became axioms r ?an doctr9es4 7#e47 ,! manifold wisdom ( ,god 9 adapt+ 8 deal+s ) m5 to ! diff]5t /ages ( human progress _c be se5 )\t a dilig5t /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z well z ! ,new4 ,:oev] neglects ! =m]1 w want bread? & compreh5siv5ess ( ,*ri/ian culture4 ,all pr(\nd ,*ri/ian writ]s h be5 well v]s$ 9 ! :ole in/rum5t ( ea* ,te/am5t1 z ,t]tullian calls ! two p>ts ( revelation4 ,*ap4 #ac1 ,no4 #b4 ,mod]n skepticism beg9s ) disp>ag+ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ends ) d5y+ ! div9e au?ority ( bo? ! ,old & ! ,new4 ,9 ?is "w x (t5 unites a va/ am\nt ( le>n+ 9 reg>d to p>ticul>s ) pr9ciples t are sup]ficial & false4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 #a4 ,! unity ( ! ,p5tateu* has already be5 consid]$ 7,*4 #i1 ,no4 #ab71 & w appe> m fully z we proce$ ) ! exam9ation ( ! sep>ate books includ$ 9 x4 ,ev5 if we leave out ( view ! au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?is unity is too deep & fundam5tal to all[ ( ! idea t x is a pat*work ( lat] ages4 ,"u div9e guidance ! writ] goes /eadily =w>d f beg9n+ to end1 & 8 "w :5 f9i%$ is a symmetrical :ole4 ,ev5 its app>5t incongruities1 l ! int]weav+ ( hi/orical notices ) ! laws1 are m>ks ( its g5u95ess2 = !y prove t1 9 ^? p>ts at lea/1 ev5ts 7 record$ z !y transpir$4 ,su* a bl5d+ ( hi/ory ) revelation does n impair ! unity ( ! "w2 = x is a unity :i* has its gr\nd n 9 sev]e logical arrangem5t & classification1 b 9 a div9e plan hi/orically develop$4 ,:e!r ! division ( ! ,p5tateu* into five books 7:5ce its ,greek "n ,p5tateu*os1 fivefold book7 0 orig9al1 proce$+ f ! au?or himself1 or ! "w ( a lat] age1 is a "q on :i* biblical s*ol>s are n agre$4 ,x is admitt$ by all t ! division is natural & appropriate4 ,! ,hebrew titles ( ! sev]al books are tak5 f prom95t words /&+ at or ne> ! beg9n+ ( ea*4 ,! ,greek names are expressive ( _! prom95t cont5ts2 & ^! are foll[$ 9 ! ,lat9 ,vulgate & 9 our ,engli% v]sion1 only t ! "n ( ! f\r? book is translat$4 ,i4 ,,g5esis4 #b4 ,! ,hebrews "n ?is book ,b]e%i?1 9 ! beg9n+1 f ! fir/ ^w4 ,its ,greek "n ,g5esis signifies g5]ation1 g5ealogy4 ,z ! g5ealogical records ) :i* ! book ab\nds conta9 hi/orical notices1 & are1 9 tru?1 ! e>lie/ =m ( hi/ory1 ! ^w is appli$ to ! hi/ory ( ! creation1 & ( ! anci5t patri>*s1 z well z to ! g5ealogical li/s ( _! families4 ,g54 #b3d2 #be3ai2 #cg3b etc4 ,9 ! same wide s5se is x appli$ to ! book itself4 #c4 ,g5esis is ! introductory book to ! ,p5tateu*1 )\t :i* our und]/&+ ( ! foll[+ books w\ld be incomplete4 ,let u suppose = a mom5t t we _h n ?is book4 ,we op5 ! book ( ,exodus & read ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel :i* came into ,egypt2 t ,joseph 0 9 ,egypt already1 & t !re arose up a new k+ ov] ,egypt1 :i* knew n ,joseph4 ,:o 7 ^! *ildr5 ( ,israel8 we at once ask2 & h[ did !y come to be 9 ,egypt8 ,:o 0 ,joseph8 & :at is ! mean+ ( ! notice t ! new k+ knew n ,joseph8 ,all ^! p>ticul>s are expla9$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 & )\t !m we mu/ rema9 9 d>kness4 ,b ! connection ( ?is book ) ! foll[+ is n simply explanatory2 x is organic also1 ent]+ into ! v sub/ance ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,we are told 7,ex4 #b3bd1 #be7 t ,god he>d ! groan+ ( 8 p 9 ,egypt1 & ,god rememb]$ 8 cov5ant ) ,abraham1 ) ,isaac1 & ) ,jacob2 & ,god look$ ^u ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & ,god _h respect unto !m4 ,! remembrance ( 8 cov5ant ) _! fa!rs is specifi$ z ! gr\nd ( 8 int]position4 ,n[ ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham1 & aft]w>ds r5ew$ to ,isaac & ,jacob1 0 n a m]e incid5tal ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! patri>*s & _! po/]ity4 ,x con/itut$ ! v ess5ce ( ,god's peculi> relation to ,israel2 &1 z su*1 x 0 ! plat=m on :i* ! :ole !ocracy 0 aft]w>ds erect$4 ,! nation receiv$ ! law at ,s9ai 9 pursuance ( ! orig9al cov5ant made ) _! fa!rs2 & unless we und]/& ! nature ( ?is cov5ant1 we fail to und]/& ! mean+ & end ( ! law itself4 ,! v in=mation :i* we ne$ is conta9$ 9 ,g5esis2 = f ! twelf? *apt] onw>d ?is book is occupi$ ) an acc\nt ( ?is cov5ant1 & ( ,god's deal+s ) ! patri>*s 9 connection ) x4 ,! /ory ( ,joseph1 :i* unites su* p]fect simplicity ) su* deep pa?os1 is n ?r[n 9 z a pleas+ episode4 ,its end is to %[ h[ ,god accompli%$ 8 purpose1 long be=e ann\nc$ to ,abraham 7*4 #ae3ac71 t ! ,israelites %\ld be a /rang] 9 a l& n !irs4 ,b ! ,abrahamic cov5ant itself f9ds its explanation 9 ! previ\s hi/ory4 ,= two ?\s& ye>s ,god _h adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w )\t a visible *ur*4 ,& :at 0 ! result8 ,be=e ! flood ! deg5]acy ( ! human family 0 univ]sal4 ,god1 !re=e1 swept !m all away1 & began anew ) ,noah & 8 family4 ,b ! t]rible judgm5t ( ! deluge 0 n efficaci\s to prev5t ! new _w f foll[+ ! example ( ! old4 ,9 ! days ( ,abraham ! wor%ip ( ,god _h be5 corrupt$ ?r\gh poly!ism & idolatry1 & ignorance & wick$ness 7 aga9 univ]sal4 ,! "t _h manife/ly come = ! adoption ( a new economy1 9 :i* ,god %\ld1 = ! "t be+1 conc5trate 8 special labors ^u a s+le nation b ) ultimate ref]5ce to ! salvation ( ! :ole _w4 ,?us we h 9 ! book ( ,g5esis 9 a c]ta9 measure 7= we may n presume to speak ( ,god's c\nsels z fully appreh5d$ by u7 an explanation ( ! ,abrahamic cov5ant1 &1 9 ?is1 ( ! ,mosaic economy also4 #d4 ,9 accordance ) ! above view1 ! book ( ,g5esis falls into two unequal1 b natural divisions4 ,! fir/ "p ext5ds ?r\gh elev5 *apt]s1 & is occupi$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! human family z a :ole4 ,x is ! olde/ record 9 exi/5ce1 & its cont5ts are p]fectly unique4 ,x describes 9 brief t]ms3 ! ord] ( creation2 ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? & m>riage2 ! probation to :i* man 0 subject$1 ) its disa/r\s result 9 8 fall & expulsion f ,ed52 ! murd] ( ,abel by ,ca91 &1 9 connection ) ?is1 ! division ( mank9d into two families2 man's univ]sal deg5]acy2 ! deluge2 ! cov5ant made by ,god ) ! e>? ?r\gh ,noah1 & ! law ( murd]2 ! confusion ( tongues at ,babel1 & ! consequ5t disp]sion ( ! diff]5t families ( m51 a p>ticul> acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 by way ( anticipation 9 ! t5? *apt]4 ,9 addition to ^! notices !re are two g5ealogical tables2 ! fir/ f ,adam to ,noah 7*4 #e71 ! second f ,%em to ,abraham 7*4 #aa74 ,! second "p comprises ! rema9d] ( ! book4 ,9 ?is we h no long] a hi/ory ( ! :ole race1 b ( ,abraham's family1 ) only incid5tal notices ( ! nations into connection ) :om ,abraham & 8 po/]ity 7 br\ght4 ,x op5s ) an acc\nt ( ! call ( ,abraham & ! cov5ant made ) him2 notices ! repeat$ r5ewal ( ?is cov5ant to ,abraham1 ) ! in/itution ( ! rite ( circumcision2 its subsequ5t r5ewal to ,isaac & ,jacob2 & ! exclusion1 fir/ ( ,i%mael & aft]w>ds ( ,esau1 f a %>e 9 its privileges4 ,9 imm$iate connection ) ! cov5ant relation into :i* ,god took ,abraham & 8 family1 we h ! hi/ory ( ! patri>*s1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 sometimes ) mu* detail1 b always ) ref]5ce to ! peculi> pr]ogative conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,! book closes ) an acc\nt ( ! wond]ful tra9 ( provid5ces by :i* ,israel 0 br\ght into ,egypt4 ,?\gh ,i%mael & ,esau 7 exclud$ f ! cov5ant1 yet1 app>5tly 9 consequ5ce ( _! ne> relation to ! patri>*s1 g5ealogical tables are devot$ to !m2 to ,i%mael1 *4 #be3ab-ah2 to ,esau1 ! :ole ( *4 #cf4 #e4 ,! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ,g5esis has already be5 consid]$2 &1 9 connection ) ?is1 ! "q :e!r ! ,p5tateu*1 & especially ,g5esis1 conta9s any clauses ( a lat] date1 ,*4 #i1 ,no4 #aa4 ,"s1 z ,h5g/5b]g & 8 foll[]s1 d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* clauses2 b o!rs ?9k t a few mu/ be admitt$1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds add$1 z ne$ful explanations1 by prophetical m54 ,we are at lib]ty to decide ei!r way conc]n+ !m accord+ to ! evid5ce be=e u4 ,on ! "q :e!r ,moses made use ( e>li] writt5 docum5ts1 see ,*4 #i1 ,no4 #aa4 ,! clauses = :i* a lat] date c ) any %[ ( reason be claim$ are few 9 numb]1 & none ( !m ent] ess5tially into ! texture ( ! book4 ,!y are j su* extrane\s rem>ks z ! necessities ( a lat] age requir$2 = example1 ,g54 #cf3ca2 ,ex4 #af3ce4 ,on ! la/ ( ^!1 ,graves1 :o consid]s x pla9ly a passage ins]t$ by a lat] h&1 says3 ,i cont5d t ! ins]tion ( su* notes r confirms ?an impea*es ! integrity ( ! orig9al n>rative4 ,if ?is 7 a compilation long subsequ5t to ! ev5ts x records 7accord+ to ! false assumption ( "s respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,p5tateu*71 su* additions w\ld n h be5 pla9ly di/+ui%able1 z !y n[ are1 f ! ma9 sub/ance ( ! orig9al4 ,on ! ,p5tateu*1 ,app5dix1 sec4 #a1 ,no4 #ac4 #f4 ,! cont5ts ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is book are peculi>4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t we %\ld enc\nt] difficulties 9 ! attempt to int]pret !m4 ,to consid] ^! difficulties 9 detail w\ld be to write a comm5t>y on ! fir/ elev5 *apt]s4 ,only "s g5]al rem>ks c "h be (f]$4 ,"s difficulties are imag9>y1 ! inv5tions ( special plead+4 ,9 ^! ! comm5t>ies ( mod]n rationali/s ab\nd4 ,!y are to be set aside by fair int]pretation4 ,b o!r difficulties are real1 & %\ld n be d5i$ or ignor$ by ! hone/ expositor4 ,if he c give a valid explanation ( !m1 well & good2 b if n1 let him rev]5tly wait = m light1 9 ! calm assurance t ! div9e au?ority ( ! ,p5tateu* re/s on a f\ndation t _c be %ak54 ,to d5y a well-au!nticat$ n>rative ( facts on ! gr\nd ( unexpla9$ difficulties connect$ ) x is to build on a f\ndation ( error4 7,a47 ,( ! difficulties connect$ ) ! fir/ "p ( ,g5esis "s are sci5tific4 ,su* is ! n>rative ( ! creation ( ! _w 9 six days4 ,respect+ ?is x has already be5 rem>k$ 7,*4 #aj1 ,no4 #c7 t ) all :o believe 9 ! reality ( div9e revelation ! "q is n respect+ ! tru? ( ?is n>rative1 b respect+ ! int]pretation ( x4 ,z long ago z ! "t ( ,augu/9e ! "q 0 rais$ :e!r ^! days are to be und]/ood lit]ally1 or symbolically ( long p]iods ( "t4 ,! latt] 0 8 view1 & x is /r5g!n$ by ! analogy ( ! prophetic days ( prophecy4 ,ano!r difficulty relates to ! age ( ! ant$iluvian patri>*s1 :i* 0 ab\t t5fold ! pres5t t]m ( life = robu/ & heal?ful m54 ,accord+ to ! laws ( physiology we mu/ suppose t ! p]iod ( *ildhood & y\? 0 protract$ 9 a correspond+ mann]2 s9ce 9 man1 z 9 all ! high] animals1 ! "t ( physical gr[?--physical gr[? 9 ! wide/ s5se1 ! process ( arriv+ at physical maturity--has a fix$ relation to ! :ole t]m ( exi/5ce4 ,aft] ! deluge1 9 "s way n und]/ood by u1 ! :ole c\rse ( human life began to be gradually quick5$--to run its r\nd 9 a %ort] "t--till ! age ( man 0 at la/ r$uc$ to its pres5t measure4 ,all t we c say "h is t we d n "k h[ ,god accompli%$ ?is result4 ,he accompli%$ x 9 a secret & invisible way1 z he does s _m o!r ( 8 op]ations 9 nature4 ,on ! discrepancy betwe5 ! ,masoretic ,hebrew text1 ! text ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 & t ( ! ,septuag9t1 9 respect to ! g5ealogical tables 9 ,g5esis1 see bel[4 ,! unity ( ! human race is ev]y:]e assum$ 9 ,scripture4 ,"s mod]n sci5tific m5 h d5i$ ?is1 b _! argum5ts = a div]sity ( orig9 d n am\nt to positive pro(4 ,!y are !oretic r ?an demon/rative1 & ! weight ( evid5ce is aga9/ !m4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 moreov]1 t man lives "u a sup]natural disp5sation4 ,! n>rative 9 ! elev5? *apt] ( ,g5esis seems to imply t ,god int]pos$ miracul\sly to conf\nd human spee*1 9 accordance ) 8 plan to scatt] m5 abroad ^u ! face ( all ! e>?4 ,9 l mann] he may h int]pos$ 9 a secret way to int5sify ! div]sity 9 ! diff]5t races ( m54 ,x does n appe> c]ta91 h[ev]1 on physiological gr\nds1 t any miracul\s int]position 0 ne$$2 & we may leave ! "q ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! pres5t div]sity among ! *ildr5 ( ,adam 0 produc$ among ! secret ?+s ( :i* x is n necess>y t we %\ld h an explanation4 ,! "q ( ! univ]sality ( ! deluge is ) believ]s 9 revelation "o ( words only1 on :i* x is h>dly necess>y to wa/e "t4 ,! end ( ! deluge 0 ! complete de/ruction ( ! human race1 all b ,noah & 8 family4 ,?is x accompli%$1 & :y ne$ we raise any fur!r inquiries2 z1 = example1 :e!r ! pol> l&s1 :]e no man has ev] trod1 7 subm]g$ also8 ,all ! high hills "u ! :ole heav5 d\btless includ$ all ! high hills :]e man liv$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 7 kn[n to man4 7,b47 ,ano!r class ( difficulties is hi/orical1 consi/+ 9 alleg$ inconsi/5cies & disagreem5ts betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! n>rative4 ,= ! details ( ^!1 ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! comm5t>ies4 ,"o or two only c be notic$ z specim5s ( ! :ole4 ,x is said t ! second acc\nt ( ! creation 7,g54 #b3d-be7 is inconsi/5t ) ! fir/2 ! ord] ( creation 9 ! fir/ be+ animals1 !n man2 9 ! second1 man1 !n animals4 ,b ! answ] is obvi\s4 ,9 ! fir/ acc\nt1 ! ord] ( succession 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( creation is "o ( ! ma9 features4 ,x di/9ctly ann\nces t1 aft] ,god _h f9i%$ ! re/ ( 8 works1 he made man 9 8 own image4 ,! second acc\nt1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is introductory to ! n>rative ( man's s9 & expulsion f ,ed51 takes no notice ( ! ord] ( creation 9 its sev]al p>ts4 ,9 ?is1 man is ! c5tral object1 & o!r ?+s are m5tion$ incid5tally 9 _! relation to man4 ,! writ] has no occasion to speak ( trees good = food till a home is s\ght = ,adam2 nor ( bea/s & birds till a companion is ne$$ = him4 ,!n ea* ( ^! ?+s is m5tion$ 9 connection ) him4 ,no c&id int]pret] c inf] f ?is t ! second acc\nt means to give1 z ! v]itable ord] ( creation--man1 ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 bea/s & birds6 ,a difficulty has be5 alleg$1 also1 9 reg>d to ,ca9's wife4 ,b ?is gr[s simply out ( ! brevity ( ! sacr$ n>rative4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,adam mu/ h int]m>ri$1 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,! fact t no daught] is m5tion$ z born to ,adam be=e ,se?1 is no evid5ce aga9/ ! bir? ( daught]s long be=e4 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] no individuals are m5tion$ except = special reasons--,ca9 & ,abel1 ) a g5ealogical li/ ( ,ca9's family to ,lame*1 because he 0 ! head ( "o bran* ( ! human race be=e ! deluge4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] none are nam$ b sons 9 ! l9e ( ,noah1 ) ! /&+ =mula ( sons & daught]s born aft]w>ds4 ,we are n to inf] f ?is t no sons or daught]s 7 born be=e2 o!rwise we %\ld exclude ,ca9 & ,abel !mselves4 ,at ! "t ( ! murd] ( ,abel1 ! two bro!rs 7 adult m54 ,:at 0 _! age we _c tell4 ,x may h be5 a hundr$ ye>s or m2 = our fir/ p>5ts 7 creat$ n infants1 b 9 ! maturity ( _! p[]s1 & ,adam 0 "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s old :5 ! next son aft] ,abel's murd] 0 born4 ,g54 #d3be4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! int]val betwe5 ,abel's bir? & dea? mu/ h be5 long1 & we _c reasonably suppose t dur+ ?is p]iod no daught]s 7 born to ,adam4 7,c47 ,! *ronology ( ! book ( ,g5esis involves1 z is well kn[n1 "s difficult que/ions4 ,9 ! g5ealogical tables conta9$ 9 ! fif? & elev5? *apt]s1 ! texts ( ! ,masoretic ,hebrew 7:i* is foll[$ 9 our v]sion71 ,hebrew-,sam>itan1 & ,septuag9t1 diff] 9 a rem>kable mann]4 7#a47 ,ant$iluvian ,g5ealogy4 ,accord+ to ! ,septuag9t1 no patri>* has a son be=e ! age ( "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,x adds to ! age ( ea* ( ! five patri>*s t prec$$ ,j>$1 & also to ! age ( ,eno*1 "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ! bir? ( 8 son1 d$uct+ ! same f 8 life aft]w>ds4 ,to ! age ( ,lame* x adds six ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,noah1 d$uct+ ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,9 respect to ! age ( ,me?uselah :5 ,lame* 0 born1 !re is a diff]5ce ( tw5ty ye>s betwe5 ! ,vatican & ! ,alex&r9e manuscripts4 ,! latt] agrees ) ! ,masoretic text3 ! =m] gives "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 in/ead ( "o hundr$ & eighty-sev54 ,?us ! ,septuag9t makes ! p]iod f ! creation to ! deluge #bbfb ye>s 7accord+ to ! ,vatican manuscript #bbdb ye>s7 aga9/ ! #afef ( our ,masoretic text4 ,! ,sam>itan-,hebrew text agrees ) ! ,masoretic = ! fir/ five patri>*s & = ,eno*4 ,f ! age ( ,j>$ x d$ucts "o hundr$ ye>s2 f t ( ,me?uselah "o hundr$ & tw5ty 7"o hundr$ accord+ to ! ,vatican manuscript ( ! ,septuag9t72 & f t ( ,lame*1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e--?ree hundr$ & =ty-n9e ye>s 9 all--be=e ! bir? ( _! respective sons4 ,?is places ! deluge 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #acjg4 7#b47 ,g5ealogy f ,noah to ,abraham4 ,*ap4 #aa4 ,"h ! ,sam>itan-,hebrew & ! ,septuag9t 7:i* ,josephus foll[s ) "s v>iations7 give a mu* long] p]iod ?an ! ,masoretic text4 ,!y bo? add to ! age ( ea* ( ! six patri>*s aft] ,%em "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ! bir? ( 8 son4 ,to ! age ( ,nahor ! ,sam>itan-,hebrew adds fifty1 & ! ,septuag9t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! latt] also ins]ts aft] ,arphaxad a ,ca9an :o 0 "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s old at ! bir? ( ,salah4 ,9 respect to ! v>iations 9 ^! two g5ealogical tables 7*aps4 #e & #aa7 x is to be rem>k$3 7#a7 t ! au?ority ( ! ,masoretic text is1 on g5]al gr\nds1 high] ?an t ( ! ,septuag9t or ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*2 7#b7 t 9 ! pres5t case !re is reason to suspect sy/ematic *ange 9 ^! two latt] texts2 /rong ext]nal corroboration alone c\ld w>rant u 9 adopt+ ! long] *ronology ( ! ,septuag9t2 7#c7 t any unc]ta9ty :i* may re/ on ! details ( numb]s 9 ! ,p5tateu* ought n to affect our confid5ce 9 ! ,mosaic record z a :ole1 = "h1 z x is well kn[n1 !re is a peculi> liability to v>iations4 ,) ^! brief rem>ks we mu/ dismiss ?is subject4 ,! read] w f9d ! "q ( scriptural *ronology discuss$ at l>ge 9 ! treatises devot$ to ! subject4 ,= m comp5di\s views1 see 9 ,alex&]'s ,kitto & ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible ! articles entitl$ ,*ronology4 ,,ii4 ,,exodus4 #g4 ,! ,hebrew "n ( ?is book is3 ,ve-elle %emo?1 ,n[ ^! are ! names2 or m briefly3 ,%emo?1 names4 ,! ^w ,exodus 7,greek ,exodos1 :5ce ! ,lat9 ,exodus7 signifies go+ =?1 dep>ture1 namely1 ( ,israel f ,egypt4 ,) ! book ( ,exodus beg9s ! hi/ory ( ,israel z a nation4 ,x has p]fect unity ( plan & /eady progress f beg9n+ to end4 ,! n>rative ( ! gold5 calf is no exception2 = ?is records 9 its true ord] an int]ruption ( ! div9e legislation4 ,! book consi/s ( two p>ts ess5tially connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! cont5ts ( ! fir/ "p 7*aps4 #a-ah7 are briefly ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt & _! j\rney to ,s9ai1 z prep>atory to _! national cov5ant ) ,god !re4 ,m p>ticul>ly ?is "p conta9s3 7#a7 an acc\nt ( ! multiplication ( ! p 9 ,egypt2 _! oppression by ! ,egyptians2 ! bir? & education ( ,moses1 8 abortive attempt to int]pose 9 behalf ( 8 p1 8 flight to ,midian1 & 8 resid5ce !re =ty ye>s 7*aps4 #a1 #b72 7#b7 ,god's miracul\s appe>ance to ,moses at ,horeb "u ! "n ,,jehovah2 8 mission to ,ph>aoh = ! release ( ,israel1 9 :i* ,a>on 8 bro!r 0 associat$ ) him2 ! execution ( ?is mission1 9 ! progress ( :i* ! ,egyptians 7 visit$ ) a succession ( plagues1 end+ 9 ! dea? ( all ! fir/-born ( man & bea/ 9 ,egypt2 ! f9al expulsion ( ! p1 & 9 connection ) ?is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fea/ ( ! passov] & ! law respect+ ! fir/-born ( man & bea/ 7*aps4 #c-ac72 7#c7 ! j\rney ( ! ,israelites to ! ,r$ sea "u ! guidance ( a cl\dy pill>2 _! passage ?r\gh x1 ) ! ov]?r[ ( ,ph>aoh's ho/2 ! miracul\s supply ( manna & ( wat]2 ! fight ) ,amalek1 & ,je?ro's visit to ,moses4 ,! second "p conta9s ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,mosaic economy ) its tab]nacle & prie/hood4 ,at ,s9ai ,god ent]s into a national cov5ant ) ! p1 gr\nd$ on ! prec$+ ,abrahamic cov5ant2 promulgates 9 awful maje/y ! t5 comm&m5ts1 :i* he aft]w>ds writes on two tables ( /one1 & adds a code ( civil regulations4 ,*aps4 #ai-bc4 ,! cov5ant is !n writt5 & solemnly ratifi$ by ! blood ( sacrifices4 ,*ap4 #bd4 ,aft] ?is foll[s a direction :i* conta9s 9 itself ! :ole idea ( ! sanctu>y3 ,let !m make me a sanctu>y2 t ,i may dwell among !m4 ,*ap4 #be3h4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book is ma9ly occupi$ ) ! /ructure ( ! tab]nacle & its furniture1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,levitical prie/hood4 ,directions are giv5 = ! prie/ly g>m5ts1 & ! mode ( inauguration is prescrib$2 b ! inauguration itself belongs to ! foll[+ book4 ,! n>rative is int]rupt$ by ! s9 ( ! p 9 ! matt] ( ! gold5 calf1 ) ! v>i\s incid5ts & precepts connect$ ) x 7*aps4 #cb-cd71 & a repetition ( ! law ( ! ,sabba? is add$4 ,*ap4 #ca3ab-ag4 ,! (fice1 !n1 :i* ! book ( ,exodus holds 9 ! ,p5tateu* is def9ite & cle>4 #h4 ,) reg>d to ! "t ( ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 two op9ions are held among biblical s*ol>s4 ,! words ( ,god to ,abraham3 ,"k ( a surety t ?y se$ %all be a /rang] 9 a l& t is n !irs1 & %all s]ve !m2 & !y %all afflict !m f\r hundr$ ye>s1 b 9 ! f\r? g5]ation !y %all come hi!r aga9 7,g54 #ae3ac1 #af72 & also ! /atem5t ( ,moses3 ,n[ ! soj\rn+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel :o dwelt 9 ,egypt1 0 f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s 7,exod4 #ab3dj71 seem to imply t !y sp5t f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s 9 ,egypt 7a r\nd numb] be+ put 9 ! =m] passage = ! m exact specification ( ! latt]74 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 also1 t ! va/ increase ( ! p 9 ,egypt--to six hundr$ ?\s& m5 7,exod4 #ab3cg71 :i* %[s t ! :ole numb] ( s\ls 0 ov] two millions--requir$ a soj\rn ( ?is l5g?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! apo/le ,paul speaks ( ! law z giv5 f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft] ! promise to ,abraham4 ,gal4 #c3ag4 ,9 ?is he foll[s ! ,jewi% *ronology1 :i* is also t ( ! ,septuag9t & ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 = !y read 9 ,exod4 #ab3dj3 :o dwelt 9 ,egypt & 9 ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,! words1 9 ! l& ( ,canaan1 are und\bt$ly an add$ gloss2 b ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r !y are n a correct gloss4 ,! g5ealogy ( ,levi's family 7,exod4 #f3af-bj7 decid$ly favors ! int]pretation1 :i* divides ! p]iod ( f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s betwe5 ,egypt & ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,to make ?is table consi/5t ) a soj\rn ( f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s 9 ,egypt1 x w\ld be necess>y to assume1 ) "s1 t x is an epitome1 n a full li/1 :i* does n seem probable4 ,be=e we c draw any c]ta9 argum5t f ! increase ( ! p 9 ,egypt1 we mu/ "k ! basis ( calculation4 ,x c]ta9ly includes n only ! sev5ty male memb]s ( ,jacob's family1 ) _! wives & *ildr51 b also ! families ( _! male-s]vants 7circumcis$ accord+ to ! law1 ,g54 #ag3ab1 #ac1 & !re=e incorporat$ ) ! cov5ant p74 ,f ! notices conta9$ 9 ,g5esis1 we le>n t ! families ( ! patri>*s 7 v num]\s4 ,g54 #ad3ad2 #bf3ad2 #cb3aj2 #cf3f1 #g4 ,if ,abraham 0 able to arm ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 tra9$ s]vants born 9 8 own h\se1 h[ l>ge an aggregate may we reasonably assume = ! s]vants connect$ ) ,jacob's family1 n[ increas$ to sev5ty male s\ls8 ,we mu/ n ?9k ( ,jacob go+ into ,egypt z a humble p]sonage4 ,he 0 a ri* & prosp]\s emir1 ) 8 *ildr5 & gr&*ildr51 & a great tra9 ( s]vants4 ,) ! special bless+ ( ,god ^u 8 *ildr5 & all connect$ ) !m1 we ne$ f9d no insup]able difficulty 9 _! increase to ! numb] m5tion$ at ! exodus4 ,provision 0 made 9 a miracul\s way = ! su/5ance ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! "q has be5 rais$3 ,h[ 7 _! flocks & h]ds provid$ =8 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ! foll[+ rem>ks are 9 po9t3 7#a47 ,we are n to und]/& ! ^w wild]ness ( an absolutely desolate region4 ,x af=ds pa/urage 9 pat*es4 ,rob9son describes ,wady ,feiran1 nor?we/ ( ,s9ai1 z well wat]$1 ) g>d5s ( fruit & palm trees2 & he 0 assur$ by ! ,arabs t 9 ra9y seasons grass spr+s up ov] ! :ole face ( ! des]t4 ,! :ole nor!a/]n "p ( ! wild]ness1 :]e ! ,israelites seem to h dwelt mu* ( ! ?irty-eight ye>s1 is capable ( cultivation1 & is /ill cultivat$ by ! ,arabs 9 pat*es4 7#b47 ,! ,israelites und\bt$ly m>*$ n 9 a direct l9e1 b f pa/ure to pa/ure1 z ! mod]n ,arabs d1 & spread+ !mselves out ov] ! adjac5t region4 ,:5 ,moses bes\ght 8 fa!r-9-law n to leave him1 b to g ) him t he might be to ! p in/ead ( eyes 7,numb4 #aj3ca71 we may well suppose t he _h 9 view ,hobab's k ( ! places :]e wat] & pa/urage 7 to be f\nd4 7#c47 ,!re is decisive evid5ce t ?is region 0 once bett] wat]$ ?an x is n[1 & m fruitful4 ,! planks ( acacia-wood1 ! %ittim-wood1 :i* 7 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tab]nacle1 7 a cubit & a half 9 wid?2 t is1 9 ,engli% measure1 some?+ m ?an two & a half feet4 ,no acacia-trees ( ?is size are n[ f\nd 9 t region4 ,! cutt+ away ( ! primitive =e/s seems to h be5 foll[$1 z else:]e1 by a decrease 9 ! am\nt ( ra94 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 we "k t1 = "s reason1 ?is "p ( ,arabia 0 once m f]tile & popul\s4 ,9 its nor!a/]n "p are ext5sive ru9s ( =m] habitations1 & enclos$ fields4 ,! same is true ( ! region ar\nd ,be]%eba & s\? ( x4 ,"h ,rob9son f\nd ru9s ( =m] cities1 z ,eboda & ,elusa4 ,( ! latt] place he says3 ,once1 z we judg$ ^u ! spot1 ?is mu/ h be5 a city ( n less ?an twelve or fifte5 ?\s& inhabitants4 ,n[1 x is a p]fect field ( ru9s1 a sc5e ( unutt]able desolation2 across :i* ! pass+ /rang] c ) difficulty f9d 8 way4 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #aig4 ,& ( ,eboda1 f>!r s\?3 ,! l>ge *ur* m>ks a num]\s ,*ri/ian population4 ,b ! des]t has resum$ its rights2 ! intrusive h& ( cultivation has be5 driv5 back2 ! race t dwelt "h h p]i%$2 & _! works n[ look abroad 9 lonel9ess & sil5ce ov] ! mighty wa/e4 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #aid4 ,ritt]1 ! mo/ accompli%$ ( mod]n geograph]s1 affirms t f ! pres5t numb] ( ! ?9 & neglig5t population1 we c draw no c]ta9 conclusion respect+ ! =m] condition ( ! c\ntry4 ,erdkunde1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ibg4 ,( ! num]\s objections urg$ by ,col5so aga9/ ! ,p5tateu*1 & ! book ( ,exodus 9 p>ticul>1 _m are imag9>y1 & vani% ^u ! fair int]pretation ( ! passages 9 "q4 ,o!rs1 aga91 re/ on false assumptions 9 reg>d to facts4 ,= ! details1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! works writt5 9 reply4 ,,iii4 ,,leviticus4 #i4 ,! ,hebrews call ?is book ,vayyikra1 & ,god call$4 ,lat] ,jewi% designations are1 ! law ( prie/s1 & ! law ( (f]+s4 ,! ,lat9 "n ,leviticus 7f ! ,greek ,leuitikon1 ,levitical1 p]ta9+ to ! ,levites7 indicates t its cont5ts relate to ! duties ( ! ,levites1 9 :i* body are includ$ all ! prie/s4 ,! book ( ,leviticus is imm$iately connect$ ) t :i* prec$es1 & foll[s 9 ! mo/ natural ord]4 ,! tab]nacle hav+ be5 re>$ up & its furniture arrang$1 ! s]vices p]ta9+ to x are next orda9$1 & 9 connection ) ^!1 v>i\s regulations1 mo/ ( :i* come )9 ! sph]e ( ! prie/ly (fice4 ,h5ce we h 7#a7 ! law = ! v>i\s (f]+s1 foll[$ by an acc\nt ( ! ano9t+ ( ! tab]nacle1 & ! consecration ( ,a>on & 8 sons to ! prie/ly (fice1 ) ! dea? ( ,nadab & ,abihu = (f]+ /range fire be=e ! ,"l 7*aps4 #a-aj72 7#b7 precepts conc]n+ clean & unclean bea/s1 & cleanness & uncleanness 9 m5 f :atev] s\rce1 foll[$ by directions = ! annual hall[+ ( ! sanctu>y on ! great day ( atonem5t1 & also 9 respect to ! place :]e animals mu/ be sla91 & ! disposition to be made ( _! blood 7*aps4 #aa-ag72 7#c7 laws aga9/ sundry crimes1 :i* admitt$1 9 g5]al1 ( no expiation1 b mu/ be visit$ ) ! p5alty ( ! law 7*aps4 #ah-bj72 7#d7 v>i\s ord9ances p]ta9+ to ! purity ( ! prie/ly (fice1 ! "* ( ! sacrifices1 ! ye>ly fe/ivals1 ! arrangem5ts = ! sanctu>y1 etc41 ) ! law = ! sabbatical ye> & ! ye> ( jubilee 7*aps4 #bb-bf3b72 7#e7 a wond]ful prophetic *apt]1 ann\nc+ = all com+ ages ! bless+s t %\ld foll[ ob$i5ce1 & ! curses :i* disob$i5ce %\ld br+ ^u ! p 7*ap4 #bf3c-df74 ,!re is add$1 z a sort ( app5dix1 a *apt] conc]n+ v[s & ti!s4 ,*ap4 #bg4 #aj4 ,! prie/ly (fice1 ) its sacrifices1 0 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,mosaic economy1 = x prefigur$ ,*ri/ our great ,high ,prie/1 ) 8 all-p]fect sacrifice on ,calv>y = ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,on ?is great !me mu* rema9s to be said 9 ano!r place4 ,x is suffici5t to rem>k "h t ! book ( ,leviticus gives ! div9e view ( expiation4 ,if ! expiations ( ! ,levitical law 7 typical1 ! types 7 true figures ( ! great ,antitype1 :i* is ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,lamb ( ,god4 :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w4 ,no view ( 8 dea? c be true :i* makes ^! types empty & unmean+4 ,,iv4 ,,numb]s4 #aa4 ,bemidhb>1 9 ! wild]ness1 is ! ,hebrew "n ( ?is book1 tak5 f ! fif? ^w 9 ! orig9al4 ,x is also call$ f ! fir/ ^w ,vayy$habb]1 & ,god spake4 ,! ,engli% v]sion1 aft] ! example ( ! ,lat91 translates ! ,greek "n ,ari?moi1 numb]s1 a title d]iv$ f ! numb]+ ( ! p at ,s9ai1 ) :i* ! book op5s1 & :i* is repeat$ on ! pla9s ( ,moab4 ,*ap4 #bf4 ,?is book records ! j\rney+s ( ! ,israelites f ,s9ai to ! bord]s ( ! promis$ l&1 & _! soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness ( ,arabia1 ) ! v>i\s incid5ts t befell !m1 & ! new ord9ances t 7 f "t to "t add$1 z occasion requir$4 ,x embraces a p]iod ( ?irty-eight ye>s1 & its cont5ts are necess>ily ( a v miscellane\s "*4 ,! unity ( ! book is *ronological1 hi/ory & legislation alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,a full enum]ation ( ! num]\s incid5ts :i* x records1 & ( ! new ord9ances f "t to "t enact$1 is n necess>y4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ^! ?irty-eight ye>s we notice ?ree sali5t po9ts or epo*s4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! dep>ture f ,s9ai4 ,( ! prep>ations = ?is1 ) ! ord] ( ! m>* & :atev] p]ta9$ to x1 a full acc\nt is giv54 ,!n foll[ ! incid5ts ( ! j\rney to ! wild]ness ( ,p>an1 ) "s additional laws4 ,*aps4 #a-ab4 ,! second epo* is t ( ! rebellion ( ! p ^u ! report ( ! twelve spies :om ,moses _h s5t to se>* out ! l&1 = :i* s9 ! :ole g5]ation t came out ( ,egypt1 f tw5ty ye>s old & upw>d1 0 reject$ & doom$ to p]i% 9 ! wild]ness4 ,*aps4 #ac1 #ad4 ,?is 0 9 ! second ye> ( ! exodus4 ,( ! ev5ts t foll[$ to ! ?irty-eigh? ye> ( ! exodus1 we h only a brief notice4 ,) ! exception ( ! puni%m5t ( ! ,sabba?-break]1 ,korah's rebellion & ! hi/ory connect$ ) x1 & also a few laws 7*aps4 #ae-ai71 ?is p]iod is pass$ by 9 sil5ce4 ,! nation 0 "u ! div9e rebuke1 & c\ld fulfil its "p 9 ! plan ( ,god only by dy+ = its s9s ) an unrecord$ hi/ory4 ,! ?ird epo* beg9s ) ! second arrival ( ,israel at ,kade%1 & ?is is cr[d$ ) great ev5ts--! dea? ( ,miriam1 ! exclusion ( ,moses & ,a>on f ! promis$ l&1 ) ! dea? ( ! latt] at ,m\nt ,hor1 ! refusal ( ,edom to all[ a passage ?r\gh 8 t]ritory1 ! we>isome j\rney ( ! p to compass ! l& ( ,edom1 ) _! s9s & suff]+s1 ! conque/ ( ,arad1 ,sihon1 & ,og1 & ?us ! arrival ( ! p at ! pla9s ( ,moab opposite ,j]i*o4 ,*aps4 #bj-bb3a4 ,!n foll[s ! hi/ory ( ,balaam & 8 prophecies1 ! idolatry & puni%m5t ( ! p1 a second numb]+ ( ! p1 ! appo9tm5t ( ,jo%ua z ! lead] ( ! p1 ! conque/ ( ! ,midianites1 ! division ( ! region beyond ,jordan to ! tribes ( ,reub5 & ,gad & ! half-tribe ( ,manasseh1 & a review ( ! j\rney+s ( ! p4 ,) all ?is are int]m+l$ v>i\s additional ord9ances4 ,v4 ,,deut]onomy4 #ab4 ,! ,jewi% "n ( ?is book is ,elle haddebh>im1 ^! are ! words4 ,! ,greek "n ,deut]onomion1 :5ce ! ,lat9 ,deut]onomium & ! ,engli% ,deut]onomy1 signifies second law1 or repetition ( ! law1 z x is also call$ by ! lat] ,jews4 ,! book consi/s ( disc\rses deliv]$ by ,moses to ,israel 9 ! pla9s ( ,moab ov] aga9/ ,j]i*o1 9 ! elev5? mon? ( ! =tie? ye> ( ! exodus4 ,deut4 #a3a1 #c4 ,! peculi> "* ( ?is book & its relation to ! prec$+ books h be5 already consid]$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! pres5t "w 7,*ap4 #i1 ,no4 #aj71 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,x is g5]ally divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ is ma9ly a recapitulation ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,israel "u ,moses1 ) appropriate w>n+s & exhortations1 foll[$ by a notice ( ! appo9tm5t ( ?ree cities ( refuge on ! ea/ side ( ,jordan4 ,*aps4 #a-d4 ,! second disc\rse beg9s ) a re/atem5t ( ! law giv5 on ,s9ai4 ,exhortations to he>ty ob$i5ce foll[1 :i* are full ( fa!rly love & t5d]ness4 ,v>i\s precepts ( ! law are !n add$1 ) "s modifications & additions1 su* z ! alt]$ circum/ances ( ! p requir$4 ,*aps4 #e-bf4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ! bless+s & ! curses ( ! law are prom95tly set =? z motives to ob$i5ce4 ,*aps4 #bg-cj4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book is occupi$ ) ,moses' *>ge to ,jo%ua1 8 direction = deposit+ ! law 9 ! sanctu>y by ! side ( ! ark1 8 song writt5 by div9e direction1 8 bless+ ^u ! twelve tribes1 & ! acc\nt ( 8 dea? & burial on m\nt ,nebo4 #ac4 ,z ! book ( ,g5esis con/itutes a suitable introduction to ! ,p5tateu*1 )\t :i* its v exi/5ce1 z a "p ( ! div9e plan1 w\ld be un9telligible1 s does ! book ( ,deut]onomy br+ x to a sublime close4 ,f ! goodness & fai?fulness ( ,god1 f 8 special favor be/[$ ^u ,israel1 f ! excell5ce ( 8 s]vice1 f ! glori\s rew>ds ( ob$i5ce & ! t]rible p5alties ( disob$i5ce1 x draws motives = a deep & evangelical ob$i5ce--an ob$i5ce ( ! _s & n ( ! lett] only4 ,?us x adds ! corn]-/one to ! :ole sy/em ( legislation1 complet+ x on ! side ( ! motives by :i* x *all5ges ob$i5ce1 & inve/+ x ) radiant glory4 ,! ,p5tateu*1 !n1 is a :ole4 ,! fir/ book is insep>able f x z an introduction2 ! la/ z a close4 ,! ?ree int]m$iate books conta9 ! legislation itself1 & 9 ?is ea* ( !m has its appropriate prov9ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,books4 #a4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* we h ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,!ocracy1 ) ! prep>atory & accompany+ hi/ory p]ta9+ to x4 ,! prov9ce ( ! hi/orical books is to unfold its practic$ work+1 & to %[ h[1 "u ! div9e sup]9t5d5ce & guidance1 x accompli%$ ! end = :i* x 0 giv54 ,!y conta91 !re=e1 prim>ily1 a hi/ory ( ,god's deal+s ) ! cov5ant p "u ! economy :i* he _h impos$ ^u !m4 ,!y look at ! c\rse ( human ev5ts on ! div9e r ?an ! human side1 & 9 ?is respect !y diff] widely f all o!r hi/orical writ+s4 ,human hi/ories ab\nd ) ! endless details ( c\rt intrigues1 ( alliances & w>s1 ( mat]ial civilization & progress1 & :atev] else p]ta9s to ! welf>e ( m5 consid]$ simply z ! inhabitants ( ?is _w4 ,b ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 writt5 by prophetical m5 illum9$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 unfold ) wond]ful cle>ness ! mighty movem5ts ( ,god's provid5ce1 by :i* ! div9e plan propos$ 9 ! ,mosaic economy 0 /eadily c>ri$ =w>d1 alike ?r\gh outw>d prosp]ity & adv]sity1 t[>ds ! fulfilm5t ( its high (fice4 ,aft] a long s]ies ( bloody /ruggles1 ! ,!ocracy atta9$ to its z5i? ( outw>d p[] & spl5dor "u ,david & ,solomon4 ,f t "t onw>d ! p[] ( ! ,israeliti% p decl9$1 till !y 7 at la/ depriv$ ( _! national indep5d5ce1 & subject$ to ! yoke ( =eign conqu]ors4 ,b 9 bo? ! gr[? ( ! national p[] "u ! ,!ocracy1 & its decl9e1 ! pres5ce ( ,god & 8 supremacy1 z well ov] ! cov5ant p z ov] ! surr\nd+ nations1 7 glori\sly manife/$1 & _! tra9+ = ! future adv5t ( ! ,messiah 0 /eadily c>ri$ =w>d4 ,?us we h 9 ^! hi/orical books a wond]ful div]sity ( div9e manife/ations1 :i* alike *>m & in/ruct ! pi\s m9d4 #b4 ,x has already be5 %[n 7,*ap4 #ae1 ,no4 #g7 t ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles conta9 only selections f a l>ge mass ( mat]ials4 ,! same is probably true ( ! books ( ,judges & ,samuel4 ,! sacr$ writ]s did n propose to give a detail$ acc\nt ( all ! ev5ts belong+ to ! p]iods ov] :i* _! hi/ories ext5d$1 b only ( ^? :i* 7 specially adapt$ to manife/ ,god's pres5ce & guidance 9 ! affairs ( ! cov5ant p4 ,! hi/ory ( "s p]sons is giv5 v fully2 ( o!rs ) extreme brevity4 ,b we may say1 9 g5]al1 t ?is div9e hi/ory1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s1 is ! mo/ cond5s$ 9 ! _w1 z well z ! mo/ lum9\s ) ! div9e glory4 ,! /ud5t rises f ! p]usal ( x ) su* cle> views ( ,god's pres5ce & supremacy 9 ! c\rse ( human affairs1 z _c be ga9$ f all ! pond]\s tomes ( secul> hi/ory4 ,ea* book1 moreov]1 pres5ts "s special phase ( ,god's provid5tial movem5ts1 & conta9s1 !re=e1 its special lessons ( in/ruction4 ,) few exceptions1 ! au?ors ( ! hi/orical books are unkn[n4 ,we only "k t !y 7 prophetical m51 :o wrote "u ! illum9ation & guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,i4 ,,jo%ua4 #c4 ,?is book records ! conque/ ( ! l& ( ,canaan by ! ,israelites "u ,jo%ua1 & its di/ribution by lot among ! tribes t receiv$ _! inh]itance on ! we/ side ( ! ,jordan4 ,x connects itself1 !re=e1 imm$iately ) ! ,p5tateu*2 = x %[s h[ ,god fulfill$ 8 promise to ,abraham t he w\ld give to 8 po/]ity ! l& ( ,canaan = an inh]itance 7,g54 #ag3h71 a promise (t5 repeat$ aft]w>ds1 & kept con/antly 9 view 9 ! :ole s]ies ( ,mosaic legislation4 ,! book naturally falls into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ twelve *apt]s conta9 ! hi/ory ( ! conque/ itself1 ) ! movem5ts prep>atory !reto4 ,jo%ua1 :o _h be5 previ\sly designat$ z ! lead] ( ! p 7,numb4 #bg3ae-bc71 receives a solemn *>ge to pass ov] ! ,jordan & take possession ( ! promis$ l&2 ! p prep>e !mselves accord+ly2 two spies are s5t out to take a survey ( ,j]i*o2 ! ,israelites pass ov] ! ,jordan dry-%od1 its wat]s hav+ be5 miracul\sly divid$2 !y encamp at ,gilgal1 & are !re subject$ to ! rite ( circumcision4 ,*aps4 #a-e4 ,!n foll[s an acc\nt ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]i*o1 ! trespass ( ,a*an ) ! calamity :i* x br\ght ^u ! p1 ! conque/ ( ,ai1 ! ratification ( ! law at m\nt ,ebal ) ! erection ( ! /ones on :i* ! law 0 writt51 ! artifice ( ! ,gibeonites by :i* !y sav$ _! lives1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! comb9$ k+s ( ! ,canaanites at ,gibeon1 & ! conque/1 fir/ ( ! s\!rn & aft]w>ds ( ! nor!rn k+s ( ,canaan4 ,*aps4 #f-ab4 ,! second "p gives an acc\nt ( ! division ( ! l& by lot among ! sev]al tribes4 ,?is "w 0 begun z is describ$ 9 *apt]s #ac-ag1 & aft] an int]ruption ?r\gh ! dilator9ess ( ! p1 = :i* ,jo%ua rebuk$ !m1 0 cont9u$ & complet$ at ,%iloh4 ,*aps4 #ah1 #ai4 ,six cities ( refuge 7 !n appo9t$1 ?ree on ea* side ( ! ,jordan2 =ty-eight cities 7 assign$ by lot to ! ,levites2 & ! two & a half tribes t _h receiv$ _! inh]itance on ! ea/ side ( ! ,jordan 7,numb41 *ap4 #cb7 7 s5t home4 ,*aps4 #bj-bb4 ,! tw5ty-?ird *apt] conta9s ,jo%ua's *>ge to ! eld]s ( ,israel1 & ! tw5ty-f\r? 8 f9al *>ge at ,%e*em to ! assembl$ tribes1 on :i* occasion !re 0 a solemn r5ewal ( ! national cov5ant4 ,! :ole book is br\ght to a close by a brief notice ( ! dea? ( ,jo%ua & ,eleaz>1 & ! int]m5t ( ! bones ( ,joseph 9 ,%e*em4 ,?is brief survey ( ! cont5ts ( ! book reveals at once its unity1 its ord]ly plan1 & ! place :i* x holds 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,!ocracy4 #d4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! book _c be det]m9$ f ! title alone1 any m ?an t ( ! two books :i* be> ! "n ( ,samuel4 ,jewi% tradition ascribes x to ,jo%ua himself1 except ! la/ five v]ses4 ,b x records "s transactions :i*1 accord+ to ! mo/ obvi\s int]pretation ( !m1 occurr$ aft] ,jo%ua's dea?4 ,among ^! are ! conque/ ( ,hebron 7*ap4 #ae3af-ai1 comp>$ ) ,judges #a3ab-ae71 & especially ! excursion ( ! ,danites 7*ap4 #ai3dg71 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z id5tical ) t describ$ 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( ! book ( ,judges4 ,unless we assume t ?is notice ( ! ,danites is an addition made by a lat] h&1 we mu/ suppose t ! book 0 writt5 by "s unkn[n prophetical man aft] ,jo%ua's dea?4 ,he may well h be5 "o ( ! eld]s :o ov]liv$ ,jo%ua1 s9ce at ! "t ( 8 writ+ ,rahab 0 yet liv+ among ! ,israelites4 ,*ap4 #f3be4 ,! eighte5? *apt] ( ! book ( ,judges1 :i* records ! invasion ( ! ,danites1 is evid5tly an app5dix1 introduc$ by ! words3 ,9 ^? days !re 0 no k+ 9 ,israel2 & t ?is invasion took place n long aft] ! settlem5t ( ! p 9 ,canaan1 is manife/ f ! object propos$ by x4 ,judges #ah3a4 ,at ! "t ( ! conque/1 ,rahab 0 a "y woman1 & may well h surviv$ t ev5t =ty ye>s or m4 ,! only app>5t indication ( a /ill lat] composition ( ! book is t f\nd 9 ! ref]5ce to ! book ( ,ja%]1 *ap4 #aj3ac4 ,f #b ,sam4 #a3ah1 we le>n 7accord+ to ! mo/ approv$ int]pretation ( ! passage7 t ,david's elegy on ! dea? ( ,saul & ,jona?an 0 writt5 9 ! book ( ,ja%]4 ,b we are n w>rant$ 9 affirm+ t ?is title 0 appli$ to a book ( def9itely det]m9$ cont5ts4 ,x may h be5 a collection ( national songs1 enl>g$ f age to age4 ,?\gh ,jo%ua does n appe> to h be5 ! au?or ( ! book 9 its pres5t =m1 we may well suppose t ! writ] employ$1 9 "p at lea/1 mat]ials t came f ,jo%ua's p54 ,:5 ! l& 0 divid$ by lot among ! sev]al tribes1 ! b\nd>ies ( ea* inh]itance1 ) ! cities p]ta9+ to x1 mu/ h be5 c>efully describ$ 9 writ+ by ,jo%ua himself1 or by p]sons act+ "u 8 direction4 ,x is probable t ^! descriptions 7 copi$ by ! au?or ( ! book ( ,jo%ua2 & ?is is suffici5t to acc\nt = any div]sity ( diction t may exi/ 9 ?is "p ( ! book z comp>$ ) ! purely hi/oric p>ts4 ,no?+ 9 ! /yle & diction ( ?is book1 or 9 t ( ! two foll[+ books ( ,judges & ,ru?1 indicates t !y belong to a lat] age ( ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,c]ta9 peculi>ities ( expression :i* occasionally appe> 9 !m may be naturally expla9$ z prov9cialisms1 or z belong+ to ! language ( conv]sation & common life4 #e4 ,! book ( ,jo%ua be>s e int]nal m>k ( au!nticity & cr$ibility4 ,! ma9 transaction :i* x records--! extirpation ( ! ,canaanites by ! imm$iate help ( ,jehovah1 & ! gift ( _! c\ntry to ! ,israelites--0 contemplat$ f ! v fir/ by ! ,abrahamic cov5ant 7,g54 #ac3ad1 #ae2 #ae3ah-ba2 #ag3h1 etc471 & also by ! entire body ( ! ,mosaic laws4 ,:y ,god *ose to accompli% ?is by ! sword ( 8 cov5ant p1 has be5 already suffici5tly consid]$4 ,*ap4 #aj1 ,no4 #g4 ,! /up5d\s miracles record$ 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua are 9 h>mony ) ! entire plan ( r$emption1 ! great & decisive movem5ts ( :i* h be5 especially m>k$ by signal manife/ations ( ,god's pres5ce & p[]4 ,! man :o d5ies ! cr$ibility ( ?is book on ! gr\nd ( ^! miracles1 mu/1 = consi/5cy's sake1 g mu* f>!r1 & d5y altoge!r ! sup]natural manife/ations ( ,god record$ 9 ! ,bible1 includ+ ! mission1 miracul\s works1 resurrection1 & asc5sion ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ himself4 ,9 *ap4 #aj3ab-ad we read t1 at ! ^w ( ,jo%ua1 ! sun /ood /ill & ! moon /ay$ 9 ! mid/ ( heav5 ab\t a :ole day1 s t !re 0 no day l t be=e x or aft] x1 t ! ,"l he>k5$ unto ! voice ( a man4 ,"s h s\ght to expla9 ! :ole passage z a quotation f ! book ( ,ja%] express$ 9 ! language ( poetic hyp]bole2 & !y h comp>$ ) x su* poetic amplifications z ^? conta9$ 9 ,psa4 #ah3g-af2 ,hab41 *ap4 #c1 etc4 ,b ?is int]pretation is =c$ & unnatural2 & besides ?is1 !re rema9s ! analog\s ev5t ( :i* we h a d\ble record 9 #b ,k+s #bj3h-aa2 ,isa4 #ch3 #g1 #h1 & :i* is expressly ascrib$ to div9e p[]3 ,behold1 ,i w br+ aga9 ! %ad[ ( ! degrees1 :i* is gone d[n 9 ! sun-dial ( ,ahaz1 t5 degrees backw>d4 ,"h x is manife/ t to human vision ! sun1 & ) x ! %ad[1 w5t backw>d t5 degrees4 ,h[ ?is 0 accompli%$ we ne$ n attempt to det]m9e4 ,we are n %ut up to ! supposition t ! e>? 0 turn$ back on h] axis t5 degrees1 nor t ! rays ( ! sun 7 miracul\sly deflect$ t5 degrees 7:i* w\ld *ange 8 app>5t position 9 ! heav5s t5 degrees71 nor to any o!r p>ticul> hypo!sis4 ,if ,god *ose t ! sun %\ld to human vision g backw>d t5 degrees1 he c\ld accompli% x by means inscrutable to u2 & s also if he *ose t x %\ld /& /ill 9 ! mid/ ( heav5 ab\t a :ole day4 ,,ii4 ,,judges ,,& ,,ru?4 #f4 ,! book ( ,judges is s call$ because x is occupi$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites dur+ ! p]iod :5 !y 7 "u ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( ,judges4 ,^! m5 are n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ord9>y judges "u ! ,!ocracy1 ( ! appo9tm5t ( :i* we h an acc\nt 9 ,exodus1 *ap4 #ah4 ,!y 7 m5 specially rais$ up by ,god & end[$ by him ) extraord9>y qualifications = _! (fice1 :i* 0 g5]al & political r ?an municipal4 ,_m ( !m 7 milit>y lead]s1 call$ to _! "w 9 times ( national calamity4 ,9 times ( peace !y /ood at ! head ( public affairs1 al?\gh ) reg>d to "s ( !m x is g5]ally ?\ght t _! jurisdiction ext5d$ to only a "p ( ! ,israeliti% p4 ,?us ,jeph?ah & ! ?ree succe$+ judges seem to h ex]cis$ _! (fice 9 nor!a/]n ,israel1 :ile ! sc5e ( ,samson's exploits 0 s\?we/]n ,israel1 & he 01 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 contempor>y ) ,eli1 :o judg$ ,israel at ,%iloh4 ,! condition ( ! nation dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,judges is describ$ z "o 9 :i* !re 0 no k+ 9 ,israel4 ,*ap4 #ah3a2 #ai3a4 ,!re 0 no regul>ly organiz$ c5tral p[] :i* c\ld give unity to ! movem5ts ( ! p4 ,! tribes seem to h act$ 9 a great measure indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 z 9 ! exp$ition ( ! ,danites4 ,*ap4 #ah4 ,x 0 only on special occasions1 l t ( ! s9 & puni%m5t ( ! ,b5jamites 7*aps4 #ai-ba71 t !re 0 a g5]al conc]t among !m4 ,?is /ate ( affairs 0 n favorable to ! developm5t ( ! milit>y p[] ( ! nation1 b x 0 well suit$ to ! high moral & religi\s ends :i* ! ,!ocracy _h 9 view2 = x compell$ ! p to feel _! con/ant dep5d5ce on ,god's pres5ce & help = def5ce aga9/ _! enemies4 ,s91 & oppression by ! surr\nd+ nations2 rep5tance1 & deliv]ance by ,god's imm$iate int]position--?is is ! (t-repeat$ /ory ( ! book ( ,judges4 ,all ?is 0 9 accordance ) ! promises & ?reat5+s ( ! ,law1 & x illu/rat$ alike ! p]v]s5ess ( ! nation & ,god's fai?fulness 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 cov5ant4 ,! incid5ts record$ 9 ?is book are ( a peculi>ly *eck]$ "*1 & _m ( !m are full ( romantic int]e/4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( r$emption1 ! book ( ,judges has a well-def9$ place4 ,x unfolds to our view ! op]ation ( ! ,!ocracy 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! nation's exi/5ce1 & "u its fir/ outw>d =m ( gov]nm5t4 #g4 ,z x respects ! arrangem5t ( mat]ials1 ! book ( ,judges op5s ) a two-fold introduction1 giv+1 fir/1 a brief notice ( ! w>s c>ri$ on aga9/ ! ,canaanites by c]ta9 tribes aft] ,jo%ua's dea?1 ( ! failure ( ! p to effect a complete extirpation ( ! ,canaanites1 & ( ! repro( adm9i/]$ to !m by an angel ( ! ,"l 7*ap4 #a-b3e72 secondly1 a survey ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts dur+ ! "t ( ! judges1 ) especial ref]5ce to ,god's fai?fulness 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 promises & ?reat5+s4 ,*ap4 #b3f-c3f4 ,!n foll[s ! body ( ! "w1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! sev5 s]vitudes to :i* ! p 7 subject$ = _! s9s1 & ( ! judges rais$ up by ,god = _! deliv]ance1 ) "s incid5tal notices1 z ! hi/ory ( ,abimele*1 7*ap4 #i7 & ! qu>rel ( ! m5 ( ,ephraim ) ,jeph?ah4 ,*ap4 #ab3a-f4 ,! book closes ) a two-fold app5dix1 record+1 fir/1 ! conque/ ( ,lai% by ! ,danites1 & 9 connection ) ?is ! /ory ( ,micah & 8 idolatr\s e/abli%m5t 7*aps4 #ag1 #ah72 secondly1 ! puni%m5t ( ! ,b5jamites = esp\s+ ! cause ( ! wick$ m5 ( ,gibeah 7*aps4 #ai-ba74 ,^! ev5ts are n to be conceiv$ ( z subsequ5t to ^? record$ 9 ! body ( ! book1 b z contemporane\s ) !m4 #h4 ,! rem>k3 ,9 ^? days !re 0 no k+ 9 ,israel 7*aps4 #ah3a2 #ai3a7 pla9ly implies t ! date ( ! book ( ,judges mu/ be assign$ to a p]iod aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom4 ,! /atem5t1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! *ildr5 ( ,b5jam9 did n drive out ! ,jebusites f ,j]usalem1 b ! ,jebusites dwell ) ! *ildr5 ( ,b5jam9 9 ,j]usalem unto ?is day 7*ap4 #a3ba71 limits ! "t ( its composition to ! p]iod be=e ,david's conque/ ( ! city4 #b ,sam4 #e3f-i4 ,! au?or ( ! book is unkn[n4 ,jewi% tradition ascribes x to ,samuel4 ,x may well h be5 writt5 dur+ 8 life1 & possibly "u 8 sup]vision1 ?\gh on ?is po9t we c affirm no?+ positively4 ,! writ] mu/ h avail$ himself ( e>li] writt5 docum5ts4 ,see ,*ap4 #ae1 ,no4 #e4 #i4 ,! *ronology ( ! book ( ,judges is a matt] ( debate among biblical s*ol>s4 ,"s cont5d = a long] p]iod1 9 accordance ) ! reckon+ ( ! apo/le ,paul1 :o says t aft] ,god _h divid$ to ! p ! l& ( ,canaan by lot1 he gave unto !m judges ab\t ! space ( f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 until ,samuel ! prophet4 ,acts #ac3bj4 ,o!rs seek to r$uce ! p]iod s z to br+ x into h>mony ) ! /atem5t 9 #a ,k+s #f3a1 t ,solomon began to build ! temple 9 ! f\r hundr$ & eightie? ye> aft] ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 come out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,if we suppose t ! oppression ( ! ,israelites by ! ,phili/9es1 describ$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ book ( ,samuel1 is ! same z ! =ty ye>s' oppression m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,judges1 & t ! judge%ip ( ,samson falls )9 ! same p]iod 7,judges #ae3bj71 x is easy to make out ! f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( ! apo/le's reckon+4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ s]vitude "u ,cu%an-ri%a?aim to ! close ( ! la/ "u ! ,phili/9es1 we h1 reckon+ ! ye>s ( s]vitude & re/ 9 succession1 & all[+ ?ree ye>s = ! reign ( ,abimele*1 ?ree hundr$ & n9ety ye>s4 ,= ! rema9+ sixty ye>s we h 7#a7 ! "t f ! division ( ! l& by lot to ! dea? ( ! eld]s :o ov]liv$ ,jo%ua2 7#b7 ! "t f ! close ( ! la/ s]vitude to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom2 & possibly 7#c7 a fur!r p]iod = ,%amg>'s judge%ip1 ?\gh x is m probable t ?is falls )9 ! eighty ye>s ( re/ aft] ! oppression ( ! ,moabites4 ,^? :o adopt a %ort] *ronology1 assume t ! =ty ye>s' dom9ion ( ! ,phili/9es 0 contemporane\s ) ! oppression ( ! nor!a/]n tribes by ! ,ammonites & ! p]iod dur+ :i* ,jeph?ah1 ,ibzan1 ,elon1 & ,abdon judg$ ,israel2 _! jurisdiction be+1 z !y suppose1 re/rict$ to ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! l&4 ,= bo? ! long] & %ort] *ronology1 !re are sev]al v>i\sly modifi$ s*emes1 ! details ( :i* ! /ud5t c f9d 9 works devot$ to ! subject ( biblical *ronology4 #aj4 ,! incid5ts ( ! book ( ,ru? belong to ! p]iod ( ! ,judges1 s t x may be reg>d$ z 9 "s sort an app5dix to ! book ( ,judges1 ?\gh probably n writt5 by ! same au?or4 ,x conta9s a beautiful sket* ( dome/ic life 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ,!ocracy1 writt5 ) *>m+ simplicity & graphic vividness4 ,yet x is n on ?is gr\nd alone or *iefly t x has a place 9 ! sacr$ canon4 ,x records also ! sublime fai? ( ,ru? ! ,moabitess1 :i* l$ h] to =sake h] own c\ntry & k9dr$ to tru/ "u ! w+s ( ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel 7*4 #b3ab71 & :i* 0 rew>d$ by h] be+ made ! ance/ress ( ,david & ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?us ! book connects itself imm$iately ) ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david1 & may be reg>d$ z supplem5t>y to ! hi/ory ( 8 family4 ,x 0 evid5tly writt5 aft] ,david 0 e/abli%$ on ! ?rone4 ,fur!r ?an ?is we h no c]ta9 k respect+ its date2 nor c its au?or be det]m9$4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,samuel4 #aa4 ,! two books ( ,samuel con/itut$ orig9ally "o "w4 ,! division 0 made by ! ,greek translators z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 s z to close ! fir/ book ) ! dea? ( ,saul1 & beg9 ! second ) ,david's accession to ! ?rone4 ,?is division 0 foll[$ by ! ,vulgate1 & 0 introduc$ by ,daniel ,bomb]g into ! pr9t$ ,hebrew text4 ,to ! orig9al :ole "w ! "n ( ,samuel 0 appropriately giv52 = he is n only ! c5tral p]sonage 9 ! hi/ory :i* x records to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom1 b x 0 also ?r\gh him1 z ! ackn[l$g$ prophet ( ! ,!ocracy1 t bo? ,saul & ,david 7 designat$ & ano9t$ = ! k+ly (fice4 ,! ,greek ,septuag9t designates ^! books f _! cont5ts1 ,fir/ & ,second ( ! ,k+doms1 & ! ,vulgate1 ,fir/ & ,second ( ,k+s4 #ab4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! plan ( r$emption ^! two books h a well-def9$ prov9ce4 ,!y are occupi$ ) ! e/abli%m5t1 "u ,god's direction & guidance1 ( ! k+ly =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,!ocracy4 ,all ! ev5ts record$ be=e ! inauguration ( ,saul 7 prep>atory to t ev5t & explanatory ( x4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ,saul 0 aft]w>ds reject$ ) 8 family on acc\nt ( 8 disob$i5ce1 & ,david & 8 family 7 *os5 9 8 /ead1 x 0 9 ! p]son ( ,david t ! k+dom 0 fir/ fully e/abli%$1 & ) ! close ( 8 reign ! "w accord+ly ends4 ,! p]iod includ$ 9 ?is hi/ory1 ?\gh comp>atively brief1 0 mo/ ev5tful4 ,samuel1 himself "o ( ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 e/abli%$ a s*ool ( ! prophets1 & f 8 day onw>d ! prophetical ord] assum$ an importance & p]man5cy 9 ! ,!ocracy t 0 be=e unkn[n4 ,see above1 ,*4 #ae1 ,no4 #aa4 ,! *ange to ! k+ly =m ( gov]nm5t con/itut$ a new era 9 ! ,hebrew commonweal?4 ,al?\gh ! motives :i* l$ ! p to desire a k+ 7 l[ & unwor?y1 be+ gr\nd$ 9 worldl9ess & unbelief1 yet ,god1 = ! accompli%m5t ( 8 own purposes1 0 pleas$ to grant _! reque/4 ,! adumbration 9 ! ,!ocracy ( ! k+ly (fice ( ! future ,messiah1 n less ?an ( 8 prie/ly & prophetical (fice1 0 orig9ally contemplat$ 9 its e/abli%m5t2 & n[ ! full "t = ?is _h come4 ,:ile ,david & 8 successors on ! ?rone 7 true civil & milit>y lead]s 9 a secul> & e>?ly s5se1 _! head%ip ov] ,god's p also %ad[$ =? ! high] head%ip ( ! long promis$ ,r$eem]1 ! great ,antitype 9 :om all ! types conta9$ 9 ! ,mosaic economy f9d at once _! explanation & _! fulfilm5t4 ,"u ,david ! ,hebrew commonweal? 0 rescu$ f ! oppression ( ! surr\nd+ nations1 & spe$ily atta9$ to its z5i? ( outw>d p[] & spl5dor4 #ac4 ,! cont5ts ( ! books ( ,samuel naturally fall "u ?ree ma9 divisions4 ,! introductory "p takes up ! hi/ory ( ! commonweal? "u ,eli & cont9ues x to ! "t :5 ! p dem&$ ( ,samuel a k+4 #a ,sam4 *aps4 #a-g4 ,?is p]iod prop]ly belongs to t ( ! judges1 b its hi/ory is giv5 "h because ( its intimate connection ) ! ev5ts t foll[4 ,x describes ! bir? & education ( ,samuel2 ! disord]s t prevail$ "u ,eli's adm9i/ration1 = :i* ,god d5\nc$ ^u 8 family sev]e judgm5ts2 ! invasion ( ! l& by ! ,phili/9es1 ) ! capture & re/oration ( ! ark2 ,samuel's adm9i/ration1 & ! deliv]ance ( ! p "u him f ! oppression ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,! second "p1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! fir/ book1 op5s ) an acc\nt ( ! abuses :i* l$ ! p to desire a k+1 & !n gives an acc\nt ( ! selection1 ano9t+1 & inauguration ( ,saul z k+ ( ,israel1 ) a notice ( 8 exploit 9 deliv]+ ! p ( ,jabe%-gilead f ! ,ammonites4 ,*aps #h-ab4 ,x !n gives an acc\nt ( 8 fir/ s9 at ,gilgal1 = :i* ,samuel ?reat5$ him ) ! loss ( 8 k+dom1 & ( 8 victory ov] ! ,phili/9es1 ) a g5]al summ>y ( ! ev5ts ( 8 reign4 ,*aps4 #ac1 #ad4 ,= 8 second s9 9 ! matt] ( ! ,amalekites ,saul is reject$1 & ,david is ano9t$ by ,samuel z 8 successor2 ! ,_s ( ! ,"l =sakes ,saul1 & an evil _s f ,god tr\bles him2 ,david becomes 8 m9/rel1 is 9 high favor ) him1 slays ,golia? 9 ! pres5ce ( ! two armies ( ,israel & ! ,phili/9es1 returns 9 triumph to ! camp ( ,saul1 m>ries ,mi*al 8 daught]1 b becomes an object ( 8 jeal\sy & hatr$ because he has supplant$ him 9 ! affections ( ! p4 ,*aps4 #ae-ah3i4 ,! rema9d] ( ! fir/ book is ma9ly occupi$ ) an acc\nt ( ! p]secutions to :i* ,david 0 subject$ on ! "p ( ,saul1 & ( ! wond]ful way 9 :i* ,god deliv]$ him4 ,x closes ) an acc\nt ( ,saul's di/ress ?r\gh ! invasion ( ! ,phili/9es1 ( 8 resort 9 tr\ble to a woman t _h a famili> _s1 ( ! t]rible message t he receiv$ at ! lips ( ! ris5 ,samuel1 ( ! defeat ( ! armies ( ,israel by ! ,phili/9es1 & ( ! dea? ( ,saul & 8 ?ree sons on ,m\nt ,gilboa4 ,! ?ird "p occupies ! :ole ( ! second book4 ,x records ! reign ( ,david1 fir/ at ,hebron ov] ! tribe ( ,judah1 ) ! accompany+ w> betwe5 ! h\se ( ,saul & ! h\se ( ,david1 & !n1 aft] ,i%bo%e?'s dea?1 ov] all ,israel at ,j]usalem4 ,) ! fidelity ( tru? ! sacr$ hi/orian describes n only ,david's _m victories ov] ! enemies ( ,israel1 b also 8 griev\s s9 9 ! matt] ( ,uriah1 ) ! t]rible *a/isem5ts t x br\ght ^u him & 8 k+dom--,amnon's ince/1 ! murd] ( ,amnon by ,absalom1 ,absalom's rebellion1 pollution ( 8 fa!r's concub9es1 & dea? 9 battle4 ,! clos+ ye>s ( ,david's reign 7 sadd5$ also by ,david's s9 9 numb]+ ! p1 = :i* !re fell 9 pe/il5ce sev5ty ?\s& ( 8 subjects4 #ad4 ,= ! evid5ce t ! au?or ( ^! books avail$ himself ( ! writ+s ( ! prophets contempor>y ) ! ev5ts describ$1 see above1 ,*ap4 #ae1 ,no4 #f4 ,9 #a ,*ron4 #bi3bi we read3 ,n[ ! acts ( ,david ! k+1 fir/ & la/1 behold !y are writt5 9 ! book ( ,samuel ! se]1 & 9 ! book ( ,na?an ! prophet1 & 9 ! book ( ,gad ! se]4 ,if1 z "s ?9k1 our pres5t books ( ,samuel 7 compos$ %ortly aft] ,david's dea?1 ! au?or may well h be5 "o ( ! la/ two ( ! above-nam$ prophets2 b !re are "s indications t he liv$ aft] ! division ( ! ,israeliti% p into ! two k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel4 ,9 #a ,sam4 #bg3f we read t ,a*i% gave ,ziklag to ,david2 :]et(ore1 adds ! sacr$ hi/orian1 ,ziklag p]ta9e? unto ! k+s ( ,judah unto ?is day4 ,! only natural int]pretation ( ^! words is t ! k+s ( ,judah--n any p>ticul> k+ ( ,judah1 b ! k+s ( ,judah z a l9e--are nam$ 9 contra/ ) ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,9 sev]al o!r passages1 :]e he is speak+ ( ev5ts t occurr$ be=e ! sep>ation ( ! two k+doms1 he puts ,judah & ,israel toge!r4 #a ,sam4 #aa3h2 #ag3eb2 #ah3af2 #b ,sam4 #c3aj2 #bd3a4 ,b ?is c1 p]haps1 be expla9$ f ! fact t dur+ ! sev5 ye>s ( ,david's reign at ,hebron !re 0 an actual sep>ation ( ,judah f ! o!r tribes4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t :ile ! full t]m ( ,david's reign is giv5 7#b ,sam4 #e3d1 #e71 :i* implies t ! writ] liv$ aft] its close1 no notice is tak5 ( 8 dea?4 ,! reason ( ?is omission _c be kn[n4 ,z ! fir/ book ( ,k+s op5s ) an acc\nt ( ,david's la/ days & dea?1 "s h conjectur$ t x 0 design$ly omitt$ f ! books ( ,samuel z sup]flu\s1 :5 ! hi/orical books 7 arrang$ 9 ! sacr$ canon4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,k+s4 #ae4 ,^! two books1 l ! two ( ,samuel1 orig9ally con/itut$ a s+le "w4 ,! division 0 fir/ made by ! ,greek translators1 0 foll[$ by ! ,vulgate1 & 0 f9ally admitt$ by ,daniel ,bomb]g into ! pr9t$ ,hebrew text4 ,! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,sev5ty & ! ,lat9 v]sion1 hav+ call$ ! books ( ,samuel1 ! =m]1 ,fir/ & ,second ( ! ,k+doms1 ! latt]1 ,fir/ & ,second ( ! ,k+s1 designate ^! books z ,?ird & ,f\r? ( ! ,k+doms or ,k+s4 ,ea* ( ! hi/orical books pres5ts ! cov5ant p "u a new aspect1 & imp>ts new lessons ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! book ( ,jo%ua we see !m tak+ triumphant possession ( ! promis$ l& ?r\gh ! mighty assi/ance ( ,jehovah2 ! book ( ,judges describes ! c\rse ( affairs 9 ! ,hebrew commonweal? be=e ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral k+ly gov]nm5t2 9 ! books ( ,samuel we le>n h[ su* a c5tral gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$1 & h[ "u ! reign ( ,david ! nation 0 rais$ f ! deep degradation ( s]vitude to ! summit ( worldly p[]4 ,b ! ,!ocracy 0 only a prep>atory1 & !re=e a tempor>y =m ( ,god's visible e>?ly k+dom4 ,f ! days ( ,david & ,solomon x began to decl9e 9 outw>d p[] & spl5dor1 & x is ) ! hi/ory ( ?is decl9e t ! books ( ,k+s are occupi$4 ,9 ! view :i* !y pres5t ( ! div9e plan !y are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! prec$+ books ( ,samuel2 b 9 respect to ! mann] ( execution !y diff] widely4 ,! books ( ,samuel give ! hi/ory ( ,samuel1 ,saul1 & ,david1 ) great fulness ( detail1 & nev] ref] ! read] to o!r s\rces ( in=mation4 ,! books ( ,k+s1 on ! contr>y1 give pr(ess$ly only c]ta9 portions ( ! hi/ory ( ! p "u ! successive k+s1 always add+1 at ! close ( ea* mon>*'s reign aft] ,solomon1 t ! re/ ( 8 acts may be f\nd1 = ! k+s ( ,judah1 9 ! book ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,judah2 &1 = ! k+s ( ,israel1 9 ! book ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,! ,*ronicles ref]r$ to are n our pres5t books ( ,*ronicles1 z has be5 already %[n1 ,*ap4 #ae1 ,no4 #h1 b a l>g] collection ( writ+s1 f :i* ! au?ors bo? ( ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles drew mat]ials1 9 "p at lea/1 = _! respective works4 ,! hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! books ( ,k+s may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree p]iods--7#a7 ! reign ( ,solomon ov] all ,israel2 7#b7 ! hi/ory ( ! coexi/+ k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel2 7#c7 ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,judah aft] ! ext9ction ( ! k+dom ( ,israel4 #af4 ,! hi/ory ( ! fir/ p]iod op5s ) ! reign ( ,solomon1 :i* excell$ t ( ,david 9 outw>d magnific5ce1 z x did t ( e succe$+ k+4 #a ,k+s #c3ac4 ,! great ev5t ( 8 reign1 con/itut+ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,!ocracy1 0 ! erection ( ! temple on ,m\nt ,moriah1 :i* took ! place ( ! anci5t tab]nacle con/ruct$ by div9e direction 9 ! wild]ness4 ,?us ,solomon add$ to ! public s]vices ( ! sanctu>y an outw>d spl5dor & dignity correspond+ ) ! increas$ weal? & glory ( ! nation4 ,b 9 ! case ( 8 k+dom1 z (t5 else:]e1 ! z5i? ( magnific5ce came aft] ! z5i? ( true p[]4 ,_h 8 pr(use exp5ditures ceas$ ) ! erection ( ! temple & 8 own h\se1 x w\ld h be5 well2 b ! ma9t5ance ( su* a h\sehold z 81 embrac+ sev5 hundr$ wives1 pr9cesses1 & ?ree hundr$ concub9es1 corrupt$ 8 religion & t ( ! nation1 burd5$ ! p ) heavy taxes1 & ?us prep>$ ! way = ! division ( 8 k+dom t foll[$ imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 z record$ 9 #a ,k+s #ab4 #ag4 ,) ! division ( ,solomon's k+dom "u 8 son ,rehoboam into two ho/ile nations beg9s ! second p]iod ( ! hi/ory4 ,?is division 0 br\ght ab\t by ,god's appo9tm5t z a *a/isem5t = ,solomon's s9s1 & 9 x ! national p[] receiv$ a bl[ f :i* x nev] recov]$4 ,! religi\s effect also 0 unspeakably calamit\s s f> z ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes 0 conc]n$2 = ,j]oboam1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,israel1 e/abli%$ idolatry z a matt] ( /ate policy1 ?us corrupt+ ! religion ( 8 :ole k+dom ) a view to ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 own p[]1 a s9 9 :i* he 0 foll[$ by e "o ( 8 successors4 ,! sacr$ hi/orian c>ries =w>d ! hi/ory ( ^! two k+doms toge!r ) wond]ful brevity & p[]4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! days ( ,elijah & ,eli%a1 ! hi/ory ( ! t5 tribes assumes ! great] prom95ce1 because x furni%es ! full] illu/rations ( ,god's pres5ce & p[]2 b z a g5]al fact x is kept 9 subord9ation to t ( ,judah4 ,x is a sad record ( wick$ dyna/ies1 ea* e/abli%$ 9 blood & end+ 9 blood1 until ! ov]?r[ ( ! k+dom by ! ,assyrians ab\t two hundr$ & fifty-f\r ye>s aft] its e/abli%m5t4 ,mean:ile !re 0 9 ,judah an alt]nation ( pi\s ) idolatr\s k+s1 & a correspond+ /ruggle betwe5 ! true religion & ! idolatry ( ! surr\nd+ nations1 :i* ! sacr$ writ] also describes briefly b vividly4 #ah4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ! good k+ ,hezekiah t ! ext9ction ( ! k+dom ( ,israel took place1 & ! ?ird p]iod ( ! hi/ory began4 ,hezekiah's ef=ts = ! re/oration ( ! true religion 7 vigor\s & = ! "t successful4 ,b aft] 8 dea? ! nation relaps$ aga9 into idolatry & wick$ness4 ,! ef=ts ( ,josiah1 ! only pi\s mon>* t occupi$ ! ?rone aft] ,hezekiah1 c\ld n avail to /ay ! progress ( national deg5]acy1 & ! k+dom ( ,judah 01 9 its turn1 ov]?r[n by ! ,*aldeans1 & ! p c>ri$ captive to ,babylon4 #ai4 ,! *ronology ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! hi/ory embrac$ 9 ! books ( ,k+s is p]plex$ & unc]ta94 ,b ! beg9n+ ( ! ,babyloni% captivity is g5]ally plac$ ,b4,c4 #ehh1 ?ree hundr$ & eighty-sev5 ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ,rehoboam's reign1 & "o hundr$ & ?irty-?ree ye>s aft] ! ext9ction ( ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,reckon+ 9 ! =ty ye>s ( ,solomon's reign1 we h = ! p]iod includ$ 9 ! books ( ,k+s to ! beg9n+ ( ! captivity f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ tw5ty-six m ye>s = ! ?irty-sev5? ye> ( ,jehoia*9's captivity 7#b ,k+s #be3bg71 ! la/ date giv5 by ! sacr$ hi/orian4 ,! au?or ( ! books ( ,k+s is unkn[n4 ,jewi% tradition ascribes !m to ,j]emiah1 p]haps on ! gr\nd t ! la/ *apt] ( ,j]emiah is mo/ly a repetition ( #b ,k+s f *ap4 #bd3ah to ! end ( ! book4 ,b ,j]emiah & ! au?or ( ^! books may bo? h made use ( common docum5ts4 ,we only "k t ! writ] liv$ aft] ! accession ( ,evil-m]oda* to ! ?rone ( ,babylon 7#b ,k+s #be3bg71 & dur+ ! full pressure ( ! ,babyloni% captivity1 s9ce he n[h]e gives any intimation ( its approa*+ close4 ,v4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,*ronicles4 #bj4 ,^! books1 :i* orig9ally con/itut$ a s+le "w1 are call$ by ! ,hebrews3 ,words ( ! ,days2 t is1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ev5ts ( ! ,times1 or ,*ronicles1 z !y 7 fir/ call$ by ,j]ome4 ,! ,greek "n ,p>aleipom5a1 ?+s omitt$1 has its gr\nd 9 ! false supposition t !y 7 design$ to be supplem5t>y to ! books ( ,k+s1 :]eas !y con/itute an indep5d5t "w hav+ its own plan & end4 ,! au?or ( ! books ( ,k+s d\btless look$ =w>d to ! future re/oration ( 8 nation2 b ! "t = t joy\s ev5t 0 yet di/ant1 & he c\ld h no imm$iate ref]5ce to ! wants ( ! return+ exiles4 ,8 aim 0 simply to set =? ! c\rse ( ev5ts "u ! ,!ocracy f ,solomon to ! captivity z an illu/ration ( ,god's fai?fulness 9 ! fulfilm5t ( bo? 8 promises & 8 ?reat5+s4 ,b ! au?or ( ! books ( ,*ronicles wrote1 z all agree1 dur+ ! process ( ! re/oration4 ,9 addition to ! common aim ( all ! hi/orical writ]s1 he _h a p>ticul> object 9 view1 :i* 0 to furni% ! re/or$ captives ) su* in=mation z w\ld be especially int]e/+ & important to !m1 engag$ z !y 7 9 ! ree/abli%m5t ( ! commonweal?4 ,h5ce we may naturally expla9 ! peculi>ities ( ^! books z comp>$ ) ! books ( ,k+s4 7#a47 ,! writ] gives p>ticul> att5tion to ! matt] ( g5ealogy4 ,! fir/ n9e *apt]s are occupi$ ) g5ealogical tables int]sp]s$ ) %ort hi/orical notices1 :i* ! au?or took1 = ! mo/ "p at lea/1 f docum5ts t h long s9ce p]i%$4 ,to ! return+ exiles ! l9eage ( _! ance/ors mu/ h be5 a matt] ( g5]al int]e/4 ,a k ( ! desc5t ( ! families ( ! diff]5t tribes w\ld greatly facilitate ! p 9 rega9+ _! =m] inh]itances4 ,to ! prie/s & ,levites1 especially1 x 0 ( ! highe/ importance t !y %\ld be able to %[ _! l9eage1 s9ce ^u ?is dep5d$ _! "r to m9i/] 9 holy ?+s4 ,ezra #b3fa-fc4 7#b47 ,! books ( ,*ronicles are v full on all t p]ta9s to ! temple s]vice4 ,! writ] devotes1 = example1 eight *apt]s to an acc\nt ( ,david's prep>ations = ! erection ( ! temple1 & ( 8 elaborate arrangem5ts = all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s]vice p]ta9+ to ! sanctu>y4 #a ,*ron4 *aps4 #bb-bi4 ,he gives a p>ticul> description ( ! solemn cov5ant made by ! p ) ,jehovah "u ,asa's direction1 #b ,*ron4 #ae3a-ae2 ( ! re=matory labors & fai? ( ,jeho%aphat1 #b ,*ron4 #ai1 #bj2 ( ,hezekiah1 #b ,*ron4 *aps4 #bi-ca2 & he adds to ! acc\nt ( ,josiah's ef=ts aga9/ ! idolatr\s practices ( 8 day1 a notice ( 8 solemn obs]vance ( ! passov]1 #b ,*ron4 #ce3a-ai4 7#c47 ,he omits1 on ! o!r h&1 ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 giv+ only a notice ( its e/abli%m5t1 & ( c]ta9 p>ts ( its hi/ory :i* 7 connect$ ) t ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,! app>5t gr\nd ( ?is is1 t ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes furni%$ no example :i* c\ld be available to ! p 9 ! "w ( ree/abli%+ ! commonweal?4 ,x is to be notic$1 moreov]1 t he passes ov] 9 sil5ce ! adult]y ( ,david ) its calamit\s consequ5ces1 & ! idolatry ( ,solomon4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 due to ! brevity ( ! hi/ory be=e ! division ( ! k+dom2 = he does n sp>e ! s9s ( ! pi\s mon>*s t foll[$4 ,see #b ,*ron4 #af3g-ab2 #ai3b2 #cb3be1 #ca2 #ce3ba1 #bb4 #ba4 ,9 ! ,hebrew canon ! books ( ,*ronicles /& la/ 9 ord]4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t !y 7 writt51 aft] ! return ( ! ,jews f ! ,babyloni% captivity1 by ,ezra1 :o _h all ! qualifications = su* a "w4 ,:atev] use he may h made ( ! e>li] books ( ,samuel & ,k+s1 x is pla9 t ^! 7 n 8 *ief s\rces1 = he records _m ?+s n f\nd 9 !m4 ,he & ! au?or ( ! books ( ,k+s _h access to ! same public records1 & ea* ( !m made su* selections f !m z suit$ 8 purposes4 ,h5ce ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! two works agrees 9 "p1 & is p>tly diff]5t4 ,see above1 ,*ap4 #ae1 ,nos4 #g1 #h4 #bb4 ,t !re are "s discrepancies betwe5 ! books ( ,samuel & ,k+s & ! books ( ,*ronicles1 aris+ f errors 9 transcrib+1 is g5]ally admitt$4 ,^! relate1 h[ev]1 ma9ly to dates1 & d n affect ! g5]al integrity ( ! works4 ,b mo/ ( ! disagreem5ts betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] hi/ories are only app>5t1 aris+ f _! brevity1 & f ! fact t _! au?ors frequ5tly select f ! same reign diff]5t ev5ts1 ! "o pass+ by 9 sil5ce :at ! o!r records2 or t1 :]e !y record ! same ev5ts1 v>i\s accompany+ circum/ances are omitt$4 ,an example ( app>5t error 9 transcription is #b ,sam4 #bd3ac comp>$ ) #a ,*ron4 #ba3ab2 ! =m] passage specify+ sev5 ye>s ( fam9e1 ! latt] ?ree ye>s4 ,= o!r examples see #b ,sam4 #h3d comp>$ ) #a ,*ron4 #ah3d2 #b ,sam4 #bc3h ) #a ,*ron4 #aa3aa2 #a ,k+s #d3bf ) #b ,*ron4 #i3be4 ,we are n to inf]1 h[ev]1 t all cases ( app>5t disagreem5t involve error 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! records4 ,:5 ! ev5ts ( a :ole campaign1 = example1 are cr[d$ into s+le s5t5ces1 x is n surpris+ t ! diff]5t n>ratives %\ld conta9 seem+ discrepancies :i* a full k ( ! details w\ld enable u to reconcile4 ,! sep>ate discussion ( ! difficulties pres5t$ by ! books ( ,*ronicles1 z comp>$ ) ! e>li] hi/ories1 belongs to ! comm5tator4 ,x is suffici5t to rem>k "h1 t indep5d5t p>allel hi/ories always exhibit1 ) sub/antial agreem5t1 m9or div]sities :i* x is sometimes n easy to h>monize4 ,x has n pleas$ ,god t 9 ?is respect ! sacr$ n>ratives ( ei!r ! ,old or ! ,new ,te/am5t %\ld con/itute an exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,! p>allel n>ratives ( our ,"l's life conta9 z _m & z great div]sities z ^? ( ! old ,hebrew commonweal?4 ,?\gh we may n always be able to %[ h[ ^! are to be br\ght into h>mony1 !y con/itute no valid objection to ! au!nticity ( ! hi/ories 9 ! "o case any m ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,,vi4 ,,ezra ,,& ,,nehemiah4 #bc4 ,9 ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 :i* record ! mo/ important ev5ts connect$ ) ! re/oration ( ! ,hebrew commonweal?1 we h unfold$ to our view a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,!ocracy4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! relation ( ! ,israeliti% p to ! hea!n _w 9 ! days ( ,jo%ua1 & ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah is z great z possible4 ,"u ,jo%ua ! p m>*$1 sword 9 h&1 z inv9cible conqu]ors1 to ! possession ( ! promis$ l&1 :ile ! he>ts ( _! enemies melt$ be=e !m4 ,aft] ! captivity !y return$ 9 weakness & fe>1 by ! p]mission ( _! hea!n rul]s & "u _! patronage & protection4 ,b 9 ! latt] case1 n less ?an 9 ! =m]1 ! ,!ocracy 0 /eadily advanc+ "u ,god's guidance t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( its high end1 :i* 0 ! prep>ation ( ! ,jewi% p1 & ?r\gh !m ! _w1 = ! adv5t ( ! promis$ ,messiah4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mosaic economy1 & dur+ ! e>li] "p ( its c\rse1 x 0 altoge!r appropriate t ,god %\ld make /up5d\s sup]natural manife/ations ( 8 inf9ite p]fections & ( 8 supreme p[] ov] ! nations ( ! _w4 ,?us he reveal$ himself z ! only liv+ & true ,god 9 ! sight ( all m54 ,b z ! hi/ory ( ! cov5ant p w5t =w>d1 !re 0 a gradual return to ! ord9>y provid5tial adm9i/ration ( ! div9e gov]nm5t4 ,god's miracul\s int]v5tions 7 nev] made = m]e display4 ,!y always _h 9 view a high religi\s end4 ,z t end approa*$ its accompli%m5t1 !y 7 m & m )drawn1 & soon aft] ! captivity !y ceas$ altoge!r until ! f9al & p]fect manife/ation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,f ,mala*i to ,*ri/ 0 ! la/ /age ( ! ,!ocracy1 :51 9 ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x 0 wax+ old & ready to vani% away4 ,heb4 #h3ac4 ,x 0 nei!r ne$ful nor prop] t its hi/ory %\ld be dignifi$ by su* displays ( ,god's miracul\s p[] z m>k$ its e>li] p]iods4 #bd4 ,b1 al?\gh ! age ( miracles ceas$ aft] ! ,babyloni% captivity1 ! ,!ocracy w5t /eadily =w>d 9 ! accompli%m5t ( its div9e mission4 ,9 tru? x 0 n[ t x secur$ = ! fir/ "t1 z a p]man5t result1 ! high end propos$ by x f ! beg9n+1 t ( rescu+ a :ole nation f idolatr\s practices & mak+ x /eadfa/ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 at lea/ s f> z ! outw>d life is conc]n$4 ,by ! p]man5t subjection ( ! ,jewi% p to hea!n rul]s1 _! national pride 0 humbl$1 & !y 7 plac$ 9 su* a relation to hea!nism z incl9$ !m to abhor r ?an imitate its rites4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! t]rible ?reat5+s conta9$ 9 ! law ( ,moses 9 ! complete ov]?r[1 fir/ ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 & aft]w>ds ( t ( ,judah1 & _! long & bitt] bondage 9 ,babylon1 adm9i/]$ to !m sev]e b salut>y lessons ( in/ruction1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* !y 71 by ,god's bless+1 f9ally reclaim$ f idolatr\s practices4 ,9 connection ) ! re/oration1 ! synagogue s]vice 0 e/abli%$1 9 :i* ! law & ! prophets 7 regul>ly read & exp\nd$ to ! p ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,to ?is1 m ?an to any o!r human in/rum5tality1 0 due t /eadfa/ness :i* ! ,jewi% p ev] aft]w>ds manife/$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,?us1 :ile ! outw>d glory ( ! ,!ocracy decl9$1 x cont9u$ to accompli% ! true spiritual end = :i* x 0 e/abli%$4 #be4 ,! book ( ,ezra embraces a p]iod ( ab\t sev5ty-n9e ye>s1 f ! accession ( ,cyrus to ! ?rone ( ,p]sia to ! close ( ,ezra's adm9i/ration1 or at lea/ to ! la/ transaction "u x ( :i* we h a record4 ,! fir/ six *apt]s give a brief sket* ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts among ! re/or$ captives be=e ,ezra's arrival at ,j]usalem1 especially _! activity 9 rebuild+ ! temple1 ! =midable opposition :i* !y enc\nt]$ f ! neighbor+ p1 & h[ t opposition 0 f9ally ov]come4 ,! la/ f\r *apt]s conta9 ! hi/ory ( ,ezra's adm9i/ration1 ! *ief ev5t ( :i* 0 ! putt+ away by ! pr9ces & p ( ! hea!n wives :om !y _h m>ri$4 ,t ,ezra 0 ! au?or ( ?is book is g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,! fir/ ?ree v]ses are a repetition1 ) "s uness5tial v>iations1 ( ! la/ two v]ses ( ,*ronicles1 ( :i* he is also believ$1 on good gr\nds1 to h be5 ! au?or4 ,9 c]ta9 passages he speaks ( himself 9 ! ?ird p]son2 ,*4 #g3a-bf2 *4 #aj2 b !re is no reason to d5y1 on ?is gr\nd1 t he 0 _! au?or4 ,j]emiah *anges1 9 l mann]1 employ+ sometimes ! fir/ & sometimes ! ?ird p]son4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ?is book1 :i* are ma9ly occupi$ ) public docum5ts respect+ ! build+ ( ! temple & ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( its s]vices1 are writt5 9 ! ,*aldee language1 namely3 *aps4 #d3h-f3ah2 #g3ab-bf4 ,9 respect to ! ,p]sian mon>*s m5tion$ 9 ?is & ! two foll[+ books1 !re is n an entire agreem5t among biblical s*ol>s4 ,! foll[+ table1 =m$ 9 accordance ) ! views t seem to be be/ support$1 w be useful to ! read]4 ,x conta9s1 arrang$ 9 ?ree p>allel columns1 fir/ ! names ( ! ,p]sian k+s 9 _! ord] ( succession1 z giv5 by pr(ane hi/orians2 secondly1 _! scriptural names2 ?irdly1 ! dates ( _! accession to ! ?rone1 accord+ to ! receiv$ *ronology4 ,cyrus1 ,cyrus1 ,ezra #a3a1 etc41 ,b4,c4 #ecf4 ,cambyses1 ,ahasu]us1 ,ezra #d3f1 #ebi4 ,sm]dis1#a ,artax]xes1 ,ezra #d3g-bc1 #ebb4 ,d>ius ,hy/aspis1 ,d>ius1 ,ezra #d3bd-f3ae1b #eba4 ,x]xes1 ,ahasu]us1 ,e/h] ?r\gh\t1#c #dhe4 ,artax]xes ,longimanus1 ,artax]xes1 ,ezra #g3a1 etc42 ,neh4 #b3a1 etc4 #dfd4 ,footnote #a3 ,he 0 a usurp] :o reign$ less ?an a ye>4 ,footnote #b3 ,b 9 ,neh4 #ab3bb1 ,d>ius ,no?us or ,d>ius ,codomanus mu/ be ref]r$ to4 ,footnote #c3 ,"s suppose ,d>ius1 o!rs ,artax]xes1 to h be5 ! ,ahasu]us ( ,e/h]4 #bf4 ,! book ( ,nehemiah cont9ues ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% p aft] ! re/oration1 beg9n+ ) ! commission :i* ,nehemiah receiv$ f ,artax]xes ,longimanus1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( 8 reign 7,b4,c4 #ddf71 to g to ,j]usalem 9 ! capacity ( ,tir%a?a1 or civil gov]nor1 = ! purpose ( rebuild+ ! walls ( ,j]usalem & sett+ 9 ord] ! affairs ( ! commonweal?4 ,! book naturally falls into ?ree divisions4 ,! fir/ division conta9s ! hi/ory ( 8 labors 9 rebuild+ ! walls ( ! city & putt+ an end to ! practice ( usury1 & ( ! viol5t opposition & intrigues ( ! surr\nd+ p4 ,*aps4 #a-g3d4 ,to ?is is app5d$ a g5ealogical li/1 :i* is ! same = sub/ance z t conta9$ 9 ! second *apt] ( ,ezra4 ,*4 #g3e-gc4 ,^u a comp>ison ( ! two catalogues1 we f9d v>i\s diff]5ces 9 respect to names & numb]s4 ,! diff]5ces ( names may be expla9$ f ! fact t x 0 common = m5 to be> diff]5t titles1 p>ticul>ly if !y 7 p]sons ( di/9ction2 z1 = example1 ,daniel & ,belte%azz>1 ,z]ubbabel & ,%e%bazz>4 ,x is n c]ta9 ^u :at pr9ciple ! diff]5ces 9 numb]s are to be expla9$4 ,! sum total ( bo? catalogues is ! same1 namely1 #db1cfj2 f :i* x is pla9 t ! li/s are 9 bo? cases p>tial1 s9ce nei!r ( !m am\nts to ?is sum4 ,we add ! foll[+ sugge/ion f ,grey's ,key z quot$ by ,scott3 ,! sum ( ! numb]s1 z sep>ately detail$1 w correspond1 if to ! #bi1hah specifi$ by ,ezra1 we add ! #a1gfe p]sons reckon$ by ,nehemiah :i* ,ezra has omitt$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! #ca1jhi enum]at$ by ,nehemiah1 add ! #did1 :i* is an ov]plus 9 ,ezra1 n notic$ by ,nehemiah2 bo? writ]s includ+ 9 ! sum total #aj1ggg ( ! mix$ multitude1 n p>ticul>iz$ 9 ! individual detail4 ,9 ! second division we h an acc\nt ( ! solemn public read+ ( ! law ( ,moses at ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 &1 9 connection ) ?is1 ( ! r5ewal ( ! national cov5ant ) ,jehovah ?r\gh ! signature & seal ( ! pr9ces1 ,levites1 & prie/s1 9 _! own behalf & t ( ! p4 ,*aps4 #h-aj4 ,9 ?is religi\s & ecclesia/ical transaction1 ,ezra ! prie/ 0 ! lead]2 ,nehemiah1 z ! ,tir%a?a1 or civil gov]nor1 simply tak+ ! lead ( ! pr9ces 9 ! act ( seal+4 ,! ?ird division conta9s1 along ) "s g5ealogical li/s1 an acc\nt ( ! measures tak5 by ,nehemiah & ! pr9ces to increase ! numb] ( resid5ts 9 ,j]usalem1 ( ! solemn d$ication ( ! wall ( ,j]usalem1 & ( ! rectification ( v>i\s abuses :i* _h crept 9 p>tly dur+ ,nehemiah's abs5ce at ! c\rt ( ,p]sia4 ,*aps4 #aa-ac4 ,! date ( ,nehemiah's commission to rebuild ! walls ( ,j]usalem is important on acc\nt ( its connection ) ! sev5ty prophetic weeks ( ,daniel1 :i* are reckon$ f ! go+ =? ( ! comm&m5t to re/ore & to build ,j]usalem4 ,dan4 #i3be4 ,x _c be consid]$ z exactly asc]ta9$1 b may be plac$ some:]e f ,b4,c4 #ded to ,b4,c4 #ddf4 ,see ! comm5tators on ,dan4 #i3bd-bg4 ,h[ long ,nehemiah's adm9i/ration cont9u$ aft] 8 visit to ! c\rt ( ,p]sia1 9 ! twelf? ye> ( 8 rule1 is n kn[n4 #bg4 ,! book1 z its title te/ifies1 0 writt5 by ,nehemiah1 n e>li] ?an 8 return f ! c\rt ( ,p]sia 7*4 #ac3f2 #e3ad72 h[ mu* lat] _c be kn[n4 ,f ! g5]al "* ( /yle & diction :i* belongs to ! second division 7*aps4 #h-aj71 z well z f ! abs5ce ( ,nehemiah's peculi> =ms ( spee*1 "s h ?\ght t ,ezra1 z ! *ief actor 9 ! read+ ( ! law & r5ewal ( ! national cov5ant1 wrote ! acc\nt ( ! transaction1 & t ,nehemiah incorporat$ x into 8 "w4 ,to ?is supposition !re is no s]i\s objection4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t argum5ts bas$ on suppos$ diff]5ces ( /yle _c am\nt to mu* :]e ! mat]ials f :i* a conclusion is to be drawn are s scanty4 ,! g5ealogical notice 9 *4 #ab3aj1 #aa1 :i* gives ! l9eage ( ! high prie/s f ,jo%ua to ,jaddua1 :o is app>5tly ! high prie/ describ$ by ,josephus z hav+ met ,alex&] ! ,great on 8 m>* to ,j]usalem1 is ?\ght by _m to be an addition made aft] ,nehemiah's dea? z a matt] ( public int]e/4 ,see above1 ,*ap4 #ae1 ,no4 #ag4 ,! same judgm5t is pass$ by "s on #a ,*ron4 #c3ai-bd4 ,b ! int]pretation ( ?is latt] passage is v unc]ta94 ,,vii4 ,,e/h]4 #bh4 ,?is book1 ! au?or ( :i* is unkn[n1 records ! wond]ful mann] 9 :i* ! plot ( ,haman ! ,agagite to de/roy ! ,jews 0 n only ov]?r[n1 b turn$ to _! enl>gem5t & honor4 ,x is rem>kable t ! au?or refra9s ?r\gh\t f m5tion+ ! "n ( ,god1 al?\gh he manife/ly designs to repres5t ?is deliv]ance z effect$ by 8 provid5ce1 & t too 9 answ] to ! f]v5t pray]s ( ! ,jews 9 connection ) a fa/ ( ?ree days' cont9uance4 ,he pref]s1 z x w\ld seem1 to let ! facts speak = !mselves4 ,! book closes ) an acc\nt ( ! e/abli%m5t1 "u ! auspices ( ,mordecai & ,e/h]1 ( ! fea/ ( ,purim1 9 commemoration ( ! deliv]ance :i* x records2 & we are p]haps w>rant$ 9 say+ t ! imm$iate occasion ( writ+ ! book 0 to %[ ! hi/oric orig9 ( t fe/ival--a fe/ival m5tion$ 9 ! second book ( ,maccabees1 "u ! title ( ,mordecai's day 7*ap4 #ae3cf71 & obs]v$1 accord+ to ,josephus1 by ! ,jews ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,antiq41 #aa1 #f4 #ac4 #bi4 ,among ! v>i\s op9ions respect+ ! ,ahasu]us ( ?is book1 ! be/ su/a9$ is t :i* id5tifies him ) ! celebrat$ ,x]xes ( pr(ane hi/ory4 ,) ?is agrees all t is said ( ! spl5dor & ext5t ( 8 dom9ions1 ext5d+ f ,india ev5 unto ,e?iopia1 ov] a hundr$ & sev5 & tw5ty prov9ces 7#a3a71 & ( 8 passionate1 caprici\s1 & s5sual "*4 ,to u1 :o are accu/om$ to a gov]nm5t ( law1 9 :i* ! rul]s are re/ra9$ f ! ex]cise ( arbitr>y p[]1 & are kept "u con/ant re/ra9t by popul> op9ion1 ! incid5ts record$ 9 ?is book seem v /range4 ,b x gives a true & fai?ful portraiture ( ! c\rse ( affairs at ! c\rt ( a ,p]sian despot1 :]e ! mon>* kn[s no law b 8 own arbitr>y w1 sudd5ly elevates 8 favorites to ! highe/ places ( p[] & tru/1 z sudd5ly consigns !m to ! h& ( ! execution]1 & gives himself up to ! unbridl$ indulg5ce ( 8 passions4 ,! hi/ory ( ,haman's sudd5 rise & fall is t ( _m an ori5tal c\rti] s9ce 8 day4 ,! ,jews1 we are told1 slew ( _! foes sev5ty & five ?\s&4 ,?is 0 a v great slaught]2 b we mu/ rememb] t x 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh all ! prov9ces ( ! k+dom4 ,*4 #i3af4 ,! p]mission :i* !y _h receiv$ 0 9 e city to ga!r !mselves toge!r1 & to /& = _! life2 to de/roy1 to slay1 & to cause to p]i%1 all ! p[] ( ! p & prov9ce t w\ld assault !m1 bo? little ones & wom51 & to take ! spoil ( !m = a prey 7*4 #h3aa72 all :i*1 except ! la/ clause1 seems to h be5 c>ri$ into execution4 ,we are n requir$ to v9dicate ! wisdom ( ?is sev]e decree1 or to d5y t ! ,jews may h us$ to excess ! t]rible p[] ?us conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,on ! side ( ,god's provid5ce1 ! v5geance t fell ^u ! ,jews' enemies 0 righte\s2 b on ! side ( ! human in/rum5talities employ$ by him1 !re may h be5 mu* imp]fection1 or ev5 folly & wick$ness4 ,s x has ev] be5 9 ! hi/ory ( human affairs1 & s x is at ! pres5t day4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,poetical ,,books 7,,includ+ ,,also ,,ecclesia/es ,,& ,,canticles74 #a4 ,! ,hebrews reckon b ?ree books z poetical1 namely3 ,job1 ,psalms1 & ,prov]bs1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by a /rict] rhy?m--! rhy?m n ( feet1 b ( clauses 7see bel[1 ,no4 #c7--;& a peculi> sy/em ( acc5tuation4 ,x is obvi\s to e read] t ! poetry ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w1 is n re/rict$ to ^! ?ree books4 ,b !y are call$ poetical 9 a special & te*nical s5se4 ,9 any natural classification ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ^? ( ,ecclesia/es & ,canticles w fall into ! division :i* conta9s ! books ( ,job1 ,psalms1 & ,prov]bs4 ,! ,hebrew sy/em ( acc5tuation is v subtle & complicat$1 & !re is no?+ correspond+ to x 9 our we/]n languages4 ,^! s-call$ acc5ts are q num]\s1 "o ( !m re/+1 z a g5]al rule1 ^u ea* ^w4 ,c]ta9 ( !m are peculi> to ! poetical books1 & are call$ poetical acc5ts4 ,!y s]ve a ?reefold (fice4 7#a47 ,!y guide ! modulat$ fl[ ( ! voice 9 cantillation1 ?us s]v+1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 z musical notes4 ,"s ?9k t ?is 0 _! prim>y (fice4 7#b47 ,!y indicate ! logical relation to ea* o!r ( ! words & clauses1 ?us p]=m+ ! (fice ( m>ks ( int]punction4 7#c47 ,!y re/1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 on ! tone syllable1 & ?us s]ve z acc5ts 9 our re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 ! fir/ division ( ! pres5t *apt]1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ,hebrew poetry w be briefly consid]$ 9 respect to its _s1 its =m1 & its (fices4 ,!n w foll[1 9 ! second division1 a notice ( ! cont5ts ( ! sev]al books4 7,a47 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,hebrew ,,poetry4 #b4 ,z x respects ! _s ( ,hebrew poetry1 we notice1 fir/ ( all1 its p]fect h>mony ) ! _s ( ! ,!ocracy4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 an outgr[? ( ! ,!ocracy 9 ! s\ls ( holy m5 educat$ "u its influ5ce & ?or\ghly imbu$ ) its _s4 ,! ,god ( ,moses & ,a>on is also ! ,god ( ,david1 ,asaph1 & ,solomon2 ( ,hosea1 ,isaiah1 & ,habakkuk4 ,9 8 bolde/ flights ! ,hebrew poet always rema9s loyal to ! in/itutions ( ,moses1 n 9 _! lett] alone1 b mu* m 9 _! _s1 ( :i* he is ! inspir$ int]pret]4 ,! same ,jehovah :o ?und]$ f ,s9ai & spake to ! p by ,moses1 speaks also by ! sweet psalmi/ ( ,israel1 by ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 & by ! :ole succession ( ! prophets4 ,h5ce ! poetry ( ! ,hebrews is radiant ?r\gh\t ) ! pure mono!ism ( ! ,!ocracy4 ,x exhibits ,god 9 8 inf9ite p]fections1 z ! ,creator & sov]eign ,rul] ( ! _w1 )\t a s+le ta9t ( pan!ism or poly!ism1 & t 9 an age :5 pan!ism & poly!ism 7 ! reign+ =ms ( religion )\t ! pale ( ! cov5ant p4 ,ano!r di/+ui%+ m>k ( ,hebrew poetry is ! vivid consci\sness ( ,god's pres5ce by :i* x is p]vad$4 ,9 ?is respect x runs entirely p>allel ) ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ 7,*4 #bj1 ,no4 #a7 t ,hebrew hi/ory diff]s widely f all o!r hi/orical writ+s 9 its habit ( look+ at ! c\rse ( human ev5ts f ! ,div9e side1 r ?an ! human2 t :ile secul> hi/ory is ma9ly occupi$ ) ! endless details ( human comb9ations & alliances1 & ! progress ( mat]ial civilization1 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t unfold to u ) wond]ful cle>ness ,god's pres5ce & p[] z %ap+ ! c\rse ( human ev5ts 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 great plan ( r$emption4 ,take1 = example1 t small section ( ,hebrew hi/ory compreh5d$ "u ! title1 ,aff9ity ) ,ahab4 ,no ,*ri/ian c read x )\t feel+s ( holy awe1 = x is radiant ?r\gh\t ) ! pres5ce ( t righte\s ,god :o r5d]s to e man accord+ to 8 works1 & visits ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,9 x ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god %9es =?1 l ! lightn+1 f "o end ( heav5 to ! o!r4 ,j s is ,hebrew poetry also fill$ ) ! pres5ce & glory ( ,god4 ,:5 ! ,hebrew b>d sweeps 8 lyre1 all nature gives signs ( h] ,mak]'s pres5ce4 ,! heav5s rejoice be=e him1 ! e>? is glad1 ! sea ro>s1 ! m\nta9s & hills break =? into s++1 & all ! trees ( ! field clap _! h&s4 ,he looks on ! e>?1 & x trembles2 he t\*es ! hills1 & !y smoke4 ,nor less conspicu\s is 8 pres5ce 9 provid5ce & 9 ! human s\l4 ,he is se5 9 awful maje/y high above ! tumult ( ! nations1 direct+ _! movem5ts to ! accompli%m5t ( 8 own inf9itely wise purposes2 mak+ ! wra? ( man to praise him1 & re/ra9+ ! rema9d] ( x4 ,mean:ile 8 pres5ce %9es 9 ! believ]'s s\l1 l ! sun 9 8 /r5g?1 fill+ x ) /r5g?1 light1 & gladness4 ,9 a ^w1 ov] ! :ole doma9 ( ,hebrew poesy1 :e!r its !me be ,god or nature or human society or ! human _s1 is he>d cont9ually ! solemn cry ( ! s]aphim3 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 is ! ,"l ( ho/s3 ! :ole e>? is full ( 8 glory4 ,orig9ality is ano!r feature ( ,hebrew poetry4 ,x _c inde$ be said t ?is quality belongs to all ! ,hebrew poets4 ,) su* div9ely p]fect models z ! lat] writ]s _h be=e !m1 models ) :i* !y _h be5 famili> f *ildhood1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld imitate !m4 ,! _s ( inspiration did n prev5t ?is1 = x 0 n necess>y to ! ends ( revelation t x %\ld be prev5t$4 ,set ev5 among ! lat] poets we h "s /rik+ examples ( orig9ality2 & ,hebrew poetry1 tak5 z a :ole1 is orig9al 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w1 borr[+ no?+ t we "k ( f any o!r nation4 ,n to anticipate ! "q ( ! age to :i* ! book ( ,job belongs1 & pass+ by "s gems ( poetry conta9$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 we may say t ! olde/ record$ song ( c]ta9 date :i* ! _w possesses is t ( ! ,israelites ^u _! deliv]ance at ! ,r$ sea4 ,exod41 *4 #ae4 ,next 9 ord] 7to pass by ! poetic effusions ( ,balaam1 & "s o!r fragm5ts1 ,numb41 *aps4 #ba-bd7 come ! song :i* ,moses wrote = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel j be=e 8 dea? 7,deut41 *4 #cb71 & 7accord+ to ! title1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* !re is no valid reason = d\bt+7 ! pray] ( ,moses ! man ( ,god1 conta9$ 9 ! n9etie? psalm4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ! judges we h only ! song ( ,deborah & ,b>ak4 ,! p]fect orig9ality ( all ^! primitive songs is ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,x con/itutes inde$ "o ( _! *ief *>ms4 ,) ! sweet psalmi/ ( ,israel began ! era ( lyric song2 ) ,solomon t ( didactic1 & ) ,hosea1 ,joel1 ,isaiah1 & _! contempor>ies1 t ( prophetic poetry4 ,! poets to :om1 "u ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ^! diff]5t =ms ( ,hebrew poetry owe _! orig91 are all di/+ui%$ = _! orig9ality4 ,s is also ! book ( ,job1 t great didactic song s p]fectly unique 9 its "*4 ,! wond]ful fre%ness & simplicity ( ?\ght 9 ,hebrew poetry is insep>ably connect$ ) its orig9ality4 ,a ?\ght is fre% :5 x bur/s =? directly f ! inn] f\nta9 ( ! s\l j z x 0 conceiv$ !re4 ,b ! mom5t ! man pauses to rem\ld x & %ape x to "s artificial /&>d ( propriety1 x loses its orig9ality & its fre%ness toge!r4 ,x is no long] ! liv+1 gl[+ conception z x exi/$ 9 8 bosom1 b r :at he ?9ks x ought to h be54 ,9 ! process ( work+ x ov] he has kill$1 if n its life1 at lea/ its p[]4 ,b ! ,hebrew poet op5s1 s to speak1 ! floodgates ( 8 he>t1 & p\rs =? ! /ream ( 8 ?\ghts & emotions j z !y h sprung into be+ !re4 ,because he is "u ! sanctify+ & illum9at+ influ5ce ( ! div9e ,_s1 !y are high & holy ?\ghts4 ,because !y come =? 9 _! primitive =m1 !y are natural & fre%2 & = ?is reason ! lapse ( ages does n dim9i% _! p[] ov] ! human _s4 ,intimately connect$ also ) ! orig9ality ( ,hebrew poetry is its *>m+ v>iety4 ,! ,hebrew poets are exce$+ly unlike ea* o!r 9 native "*1 9 tra9+1 9 surr\nd+ circum/ances1 & 9 ! nature ( ! "w laid ^u !m by ! ,_s ( inspiration4 ,& z !y all write 9 a natural & appropriate way1 x foll[s t _! writ+s mu/ exhibit great div]sities4 ,no two writ]s c well be m unlike ea* o!r ?an ,isaiah & ! au?or ( ! book ( ,job4 ,) ,isaiah ! c5tral object ( ?\ght is always ,zion1 9 ^: int]e/ he sees ,god gov]n+ ! _w1 & ^: future glory is reveal$ to him 9 prophetic vision4 ,b ,zion is n an individual4 ,%e is a div9e organization :i* ,god has de/9$ to univ]sal victory1 & ar\nd :i* revolve1 "u 8 almighty guidance1 ! great movem5ts ( ! hea!n nations4 ,! prophet1 accord+ly1 has to d n s mu* ) p>ticul> p]sons1 z ) ! de/9y ( society1 :i* is involv$ 9 t ( ,zion4 ,he describes h] pres5t conflicts & h] future triumphs 9 8 own peculi> & gorge\s imag]y4 ,b ! problem be=e ! au?or ( ! book ( ,job is ,god's provid5ce t[>ds individuals1 z view$ f ! position ( ! ,old ,te/am5t be=e ! full] revelations ( ! ,new4 ,he is occupi$ ) ! de/9y ( p>ticul> p]sons1 r ?an ( nations or ( human society at l>ge4 ,to ! solution ( ! "q ( ,god's ju/ice t[>ds individual man he directs all 8 en]gy1 & he discusses ?is great !me 9 a mann] z effective z x is orig9al4 ,8 imag]y is z =cible z t ( ,isaiah1 b h[ diff]5t1 & h[ p[]fully adapt$ to 8 end6 ,a few passages f ea* ( ^! great poets1 set side by side1 w exhibit ! contra/ betwe5 !m 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,,job4 ,,isaiah ,,! ,,prosp]ity ,,( ,,! ,,righte\s4 ,,! ,,prosp]ity ,,( ,,zion4 ,he %all deliv] !e 9 six ,viol5ce %all no m be he>d 9 tr\bles3 yea1 9 sev5 !re %all ?y l&1 wa/+ nor de/ruction no evil t\* !e4 ,9 fam9e he )9 ?y bord]s1 b ?\ %alt %all r$eem !e f dea?3 & call ?y walls ,salvation1 & ?y 9 w> f ! p[] ( ! sword4 gates ,praise4 ,! sun %all be no ,?\ %alt be hid f ! sc\rge m ?y light by day2 nei!r = ( ! tongue3 nei!r %alt ?\ brightness %all ! moon give be afraid ( de/ruction :5 x light unto !e2 b ! ,"l %all come?4 ,at de/ruction & fam9e be unto !e an ev]la/+ light1 ?\ %alt laugh3 nei!r %alt & ?y ,god ?y glory4 ,?y sun ?\ be afraid ( ! bea/s ( ! %all no m g d[n2 nei!r e>?4 ,= ?\ %alt be 9 league %all ?y moon )draw itself2 = ) ! /ones ( ! field3 & ! ,"l %all be ?9e ev]la/+ ! bea/s ( ! field %all be at light1 & ! days ( ?y m\rn+ peace ) !e4 ,& ?\ %alt %all be end$4 ,?y p also "k t ?y tab]nacle %all be %all be all righte\s3 !y %all 9 peace2 & ?\ %alt visit ?y inh]it ! l& =ev]1 ! habitation1 & %alt n s94 ,?\ bran* ( my plant+1 ! "w ( %alt "k also t ?y se$ %all my h&s1 t ,i may be glorifi$4 be great1 & ?9e (fspr+ z ,a little "o %all become a ! grass ( ! e>?4 ,?\ %alt ?\s&1 & a small "o a /rong come to ?y grave 9 a full age1 nation3 ,i ! ,"l w ha/5 x l z a %ock ( corn come? 9 9 8 "t4 ,*4 #fj3ah-bb4 9 8 season4 ,*4 #e3ai-bf4 ,,job4 ,,isaiah4 ,,! ,,ov]?r[ ,,( ,,! ,,wick$4 ,,! ,,ov]?r[ ,,( ,,zion',s ,,enemies4 ,he %all flee f ! iron weapon1 ,= he br+e? d[n !m t & ! b[ ( /eel %all /rike dwell on high2 ! l(ty city1 he him ?r\gh4 ,x is drawn1 & laye? x l[2 he laye? x l[1 come? out ( ! body2 yea1 ! ev5 to ! gr\nd2 he br+e? x glitt]+ sword come? out ( 83 ev5 to ! du/4 ,! foot %all gall3 t]rors are ^u him4 ,all tread x d[n1 ev5 ! feet ( ! d>kness %all be hid 9 8 secret poor1 & ! /eps ( ! ne$y4 places3 a fire n bl[n %all ,*4 #bf3e1 #f4 ,= ,i w cont5d consume him2 x %all g ill ) ) him t cont5de? ) !e1 him t is left 9 8 tab]nacle4 & ,i w save ?y *ildr54 ,& ,! heav5 %all reveal 8 ,i w fe$ !m t oppress !e iniquity2 & ! e>? %all rise ) _! own fle%2 & !y up aga9/ him4 ,! increase ( %all be drunk5 ) _! own 8 h\se %all dep>t1 & 8 blood1 z ) sweet w9e3 & all goods %all fl[ away 9 ! day ( fle% %all "k t ,i ! ,"l 8 wra?4 ,*4 #bj3bd-bh4 am ?y ,savi\s & ?y ,r$eem]1 ! mighty "o ( ,jacob4 ,*4 #di3be1 #bf ,if n[ we op5 ! book ( ,psalms1 we f9d ourselves 9 a new _w ( poetry1 z diff]5t f t ( ,isaiah z x is f t ( ! book ( ,job4 ,david 0 ano9t$ by ,god to be ! head & lead] ( ,israel4 ,z su* he _h a p]petual outw>d conflict ) p[]ful1 crafty1 & malici\s foes1 :o s\ght 8 life & 8 k+dom4 ,?is br\ght to him a p]petual inw>d conflict ) d\bts & fe>s4 ,"u ! pressure ( ?is d\ble conflict he p5n$ ^? wond]ful psalms1 :i* are ! embodim5t ( 8 :ole religi\s life4 ,& s9ce he>t answ]s to he>t1 z face to face 9 wat]1 !y are ! embodim5t ( religi\s life 9 all ages4 ,! songs ( ,david & 8 illu/ri\s collaborators1 ,asaph & ! sons ( ,korah1 are emphatically ! poetry ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,z su* !y c nev] gr[ old4 ,!y are z fre% to-day z :5 !y 7 writt54 ,god has giv5 !m to 8 *ur* z a ri* treasury = ! s]vice ( song 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 9 ! family1 & 9 ! closet4 ,if we turn f ! book ( ,psalms to ! book ( ,prov]bs1 we h /ill ano!r type ( poetry1 unlike any "o ( ! =ms hi!rto consid]$4 ,x is ! poetry ( reflection on ! c\rse ( human life1 z se5 9 ! light ( ,god's law & ,god's provid5ce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 didactic 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w--! poetry ( practical life4 ,! maxims ( heav5ly wisdom embodi$ 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs w make all :o /udy !m1 believe !m1 & obey !m1 prosp]\s 9 ?is life & happy 9 ! life to come4 ,?is contra/ betwe5 ! great ,hebrew poets might be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! :ole galaxy1 b ! above h9ts mu/ suffice4 ,div]sity ( !mes (t5 co9cides ) diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! poets4 ,:]e ! !me is ! same1 ea* writ] w /ill pursue 8 own peculi> me?od4 ,if t !me be ! v5geance ( ,god on ! wick$1 ! /yle w naturally be rugg$ & abrupt4 ,yet ! rugg$ness & abruptness ( ,david w n be t ( ,hosea or ,nahum4 ,b :]e bo? ! !me & ! "* ( ! poet diff]1 !re ! div]sity ( /yle becomes v /rik+4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 take ! two foll[+ passages3 ,,david4 ,,nahum ,,god',s ,,favor ,,to ,,! ,,righte\s4 ,,god',s ,,v5geance ,,on ,,! ,,wick$ ,! ,"l is my %eph]d2 ,i %all ,! m\nta9s quake at him1 & n want4 ,he make? me to lie ! hills mels1 & ! he>? is d[n 9 gre5 pa/ures3 he leade? burn$ at 8 pres5ce1 yea1 ! me beside ! /ill wat]s4 ,he _w1 & all t dwell !re94 re/ore? my s\l3 he leade? me 9 ,:o c /& be=e 8 ! pa?s ( righte\sness = 8 indignation8 & :o c abide 9 "n's sake4 ,yea1 ?\gh ,i walk ! fi]c5ess ( 8 ang]8 8 ?r\gh ! valley ( ! %ad[ ( fury is p\r$ out l fire1 & dea?1 ,i w fe> no evil3 = ! rocks are ?r[n d[n by him4 ?\ art ) me2 ?y rod & ?y ,! ,"l is good1 a /rong hold 9 /aff !y com=t me4 ,?\ ! day ( tr\ble2 & he kn[e? prep>e/ a table be=e me 9 ! !m t tru/ 9 him4 ,b ) pres5ce ( m9e enemies3 ?\ an ov]runn+ flood he w make ano9te/ my head ) oil2 my cup4 an utt] end ( ! place !re(1 runne? ov]4 ,surely goodness & & d>kness %all pursue 8 m]cy %all foll[ me all ! days enemies4 ,nahum #a3e-h ( my life2 & ,i w dwell 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l = ev]4 ,psa4 #bc4 ,! passage f ,nahum is l a p5t-up m\nta9 /ream leap+ f precipice to precipice4 ,! psalm is l ! same /ream escap$ to ! pla91 & w9d+ its way g5tly & placidly ?r\gh gre5 mead[s & %ady groves vocal ) ! songs ( birds4 ,?is subject might be pursu$ to an indef9ite ext5t4 ,suffice x to say t ,hebrew poetry has ! *>m ( endless v>iety1 always ) graceful adaptation to ! nature ( ! !me4 ,! ori5tal imag]y 9 :i* ,hebrew poetry ab\nds imp>ts to x a peculi> & /rik+ co/ume4 ,pale/9e 01 9 an emphatic s5se1 ! ,hebrew poet's _w4 ,x 0 ! l& giv5 by ,god to 8 fa!rs = an ev]la/+ possession2 ab\t :i* all 8 w>m affections clu/]$2 ) ^: peculi> sc5]y & climate1 employm5ts & associations1 all 8 ?\ghts & feel+s _h be5 bl5d$ f *ildhood4 ,x foll[$ ( necessity t ^! mu/ all we> an ori5tal co/ume4 ,z soon z he op5s 8 m\? !re comes =? a /ream ( ea/]n imag]y1 v natural & appropriate to him1 b mu* ( x v /range to u ( ^! we/]n regions4 ,to und]/& ! ext5t ( ?is *>act]i/ic "o has only to p]use ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,! bride is black b comely z ! t5ts ( ,k$>1 z ! curta9s ( ,solomon4 ,%e is a dove 9 ! clefts ( ! rock2 h] hair is z a flock ( goats1 t appe> f ,m\nt ,gilead2 h] tee? are l a flock ( %eep :i* come f ! wa%+2 h] lips are l a ?read ( sc>let2 h] temples are l a piece ( a pomegranate2 h] /ature is l a palm tree1 & h] brea/s l clu/]s ( grapes--all ?or\ghly ori5tal4 ,s also ! bridegroom is l a roe or a "y h>t leap+ ^u ! m\nta9s2 8 eyes are z ! eyes ( doves by ! riv]s ( wat]s2 8 *eeks are z a b$ ( spices2 8 lips l lilies1 dropp+ sweet-smell+ myrrh1 & 8 c\nt5ance z ,lebanon1 excell5t z ! c$>s4 ,s also if we op5 ! book ( ,isaiah1 we f9d ! ,messiah describ$ z ! %ad[ ( a great rock 9 a we>y l&--a figure :i* c\ld n well occur to an ,engli%man or an ,am]ican1 b 0 p]fectly natural 9 ! m\? ( a ,hebrew famili> ) ! t]rible sun ( ! ,asiatic des]ts1 :]e nei!r tree nor cl\d (f]s a %elt] to ! ?ir/y & fa9t+ travell]4 ,precisely "h lies mu* ( ! obscurity ( :i* ! exp\nd]s ( ,hebrew poetry compla94 ,true1 !re are o!r difficulties ( a =midable "*4 ,! !me is (t5 va/1 /ret*+ into ! di/ant & dimly-reveal$ future2 ! language rugg$ ) abrupt transitions1 ! hi/oric allusions obscure1 & ! mean+ ( ! t]ms employ$ d\btful4 ,b aside f all ^! consid]ations ! we/]n s*ol> enc\nt]s a p]petual difficulty 9 ! fact t he is n ( ori5tal bir?1 & c ent] b imp]fectly into ! _s & =ce ( ori5tal imag]y4 ,:at co/s him days ( labori\s inve/igation w\ld op5 itself l a fla% ( lightn+ to 8 appreh5sion--all except t :i* rema9s d>k f ! nature ( ! prophetic !mes--c\ld he b h t p]fect appreh5sion ( ! language1 ! hi/oric allusions1 ! imag]y employ$1 & ! modes ( ?\ght1 :i* 0 possess$ by ! contempor>ies ( ! ,hebrew poet4 ,x rema9s t we notice 9 ! la/ place :at may be call$ ! !ocratic imag]y ( ! ,hebrew poets2 t is1 imag]y borr[$ f ! in/itutions ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,! int5se loyalty ( ! ,hebrew poets to ! ,mosaic law has already be5 notic$4 ,!y 7 its div9ely-appo9t$ expositors & def5d]s1 & _! :ole religi\s life 0 m\ld$ by x4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t _! writ+s ab\nd ) allusions to its rites & usages4 ,! sweet psalmi/ ( ,israel w abide 9 ,god's tab]nacle = ev]1 & tru/ 9 ! cov]t ( 8 w+s1 ! lit]al tab]nacle on ,zion repres5t+ ,god's spiritual pres5ce "h & 8 beatific pres5ce h]eaft] 7,psa4 #fa3d & else:]e72 he w h 8 pray] set =? be=e ,god z inc5se1 & ! lift+ up ( 8 h&s z ! ev5+ sacrifice 7,psa4 #ada3b72 he w be purg$ ) hyssop t he may be clean1 & wa%$ t he may be :it] ?an sn[ 7,psa4 #ea3 #g72 he w (f] to ,god ! sacrifice ( a brok5 _s 7,psa4 #ea3ag72 ! p promise to r5d] to ,god ! calves ( _! lips 7,hosea #ad3b72 ! v5geance ( ,god ^u ,edom is describ$ z a sacrifice 9 ,bozrah1 & a great slaught] 9 ! l& ( ,idumea1 9 :i* ! ,"l's sword %all be fill$ ) ! blood ( lambs & goats & ! fat ( ! kidneys ( rams 7,isa4 #cd3 #f72 ) allusions to ! ,levitical spr9kl+s ,god promises t he w spr9kle ^u 8 p5it5t & re/or$ p clean wat] t !y may be clean 7,ezek4 #cf3 #be72 & ) allusion to ! sacrificial flocks assembl$ at ,j]usalem on ! occasion ( h] great fe/ivals1 t he w increase !m ) m5 l a flock--z ! holy flock1 z ! flock ( ,j]usalem 9 h] solemn fea/s2 s %all ! wa/e cities be fill$ ) flocks ( m5 7,ezek4 #cf3cg1 #ch74 ,h[ full ! book ( ,psalms is ( allusions to ! solemn songs ( ! sanctu>y ) _! accompanim5t ( psalt]y & h>p1 trumpet & cornet1 e read] und]/&s4 ,?is subject might be exp&$ indef9itely1 b ! above h9ts mu/ suffice4 #c4 ,we come n[ to ! =m ( ,hebrew poetry4 ,?is is di/+ui%$ f ! classic poetry ( ,greece & ,rome1 z well z f all mod]n poetry by ! abs5ce ( metrical feet4 ,its rhy?m is t ( clauses :i* correspond to ea* o!r 9 a sort ( free p>allelism1 z 0 long ago %[n by ,bi%op ,l[? 9 8 ,prelections on ! ,sacr$ ,poetry ( ! ,hebrews1 ! matt] ( :i* has be5 revis$ & exp&$ 9 lat] treatises4 ,h]e91 z else:]e1 ,hebrew poetry ass]ts its orig9ality & indep5d5ce4 ,biblical s*ol>s recognize ?ree fundam5tal =ms ( p>allelism 9 ,hebrew poetry1 :i* w be briefly consid]$1 fir/ sep>ately1 & !n 9 _! comb9ations4 ,! fir/ is ! anti!tic =m1 :]e two p>allel memb]s are contra/$ 9 mean+1 a =m peculi>ly adapt$ to didactic poetry1 & !re=e occurr+ mo/ abundantly 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( x3 ,! memory ( ! j is bless$3 ,b ! "n ( ! wick$ %all rot 7,prov4 #aj3g72 :]e1 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew1 ea* clause consi/s ( ?ree words4 ,9 su* an anti!tic p>allelism ! words ( "o c\plet1 at lea/1 mu/ correspond 9 mean+1 z "h memory & "n2 :ile ! o!rs are 9 contra/--j & wick$1 is bless$ & %all rot4 ,sometimes ! two clauses are to be mutually suppli$ f ea* o!r1 ?us3 ,a wise son make? a glad fa!r3 ,b a fooli% son is ! heav9ess ( 8 "m 7,prov4 #aj3a72 :]e ! read] und]/&s t a wise son is ! joy1 & a fooli% son ! grief ( bo? fa!r & "m4 ,! second =m is ! synonym\s1 :]e ! same g5]al ?\ght is repeat$ 9 two or m clauses4 ,x is f\nd abundantly 9 ! :ole range ( ,hebrew poetry1 b is peculi>ly adapt$ to t :i* is ( a placid & contemplative "*4 ,sometimes ! p>allel clauses simply repeat ! same ?\ght 9 diff]5t words2 9 o!r cases !re is only a g5]al resemblance4 ,examples are ! foll[+3 ,he t sitte? 9 ! heav5s %all laugh3 ,! ,"l %all h !m 9 d]ision4 ,psa4 #b3d4 ,= ?\1 ,"l1 wilt bless ! righte\s3 ,) favor wilt ?\ compass him z ) a %ield4 ,psa4 #e3ab4 ,p]i% ! day :]e9 ,i 0 born2 ,& ! night 9 :i* x 0 said1 ,!re is a man *ild conceiv$4 ,job #c3c4 ,he> ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 ye rul]s ( ,sodom3 ,give e> unto ! law ( our ,god1 ye p ( ,gomorrah4 ,isa4 #a3aj4 ,9 ! foll[+ example we h a comp\nd synonym\s c\plet3 ,give !m accord+ to _! de$s1 ,accord+ to ! wick$ness ( _! endeavors3 ,give !m aft] ! "w ( _! h&s1 ,r5d] to !m _! des]t4 ,psa4 #bh3d ,sometimes ?ree or m p>allel clauses occur1 ?us3 ,:5 y\r fe> come? z desolation1 ,& y\r de/ruction come? z a :irlw9d2 ,:5 di/ress & angui% come? ^u y4 ,prov4 #a3bg4 ,:o =give? all ?9e iniquities2 ,:o heale? all ?y diseases2 ,:o r$eeme? ?y life f de/ruction2 ,:o cr[ne? !e ) lov+-k9dness & t5d] m]cies2 ,:o satisfie? ?y m\? ) good ?+s2 ,?y y\? is r5ew$ l ! eagle's4 ,psa4 #ajc3c-e4 ,9 ! prec$+ example1 synonym\s p>allelism passes into simple enum]ation4 ,s (t5 ) a succession ( %ort clauses1 or %ort] & long] clauses1 :]e ! poetry ( ! ,hebrews assumes ! fre$om ( prose1 ?us3 ,:o ha? woe8 ,:o ha? sorr[8 ,:o ha? cont5tions8 ,:o ha? babbl+8 ,:o ha? w\nds )\t cause8 ,:o ha? r$ness ( eyes8 ,prov4 #bc3ci4 ,a s9ful nation2 ,a p lad5 ) iniquity2 ,a se$ ( evil-do]s2 ,corrupt *ildr53 ,!y h =sak5 ! ,"l2 ,!y h despis$ ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel2 ,!y h gone away backw>d4 ,isa4 #a3d4 ,! p>allel clauses are frequ5tly introduc$ or foll[$ by a s+le clause1 ?us3 ,bless$ is ! man ,:o walke? n 9 ! c\nsel ( ! ungodly2 ,& /&e? n 9 ! way ( s9n]s2 ,& sitte? n 9 ! seat ( scorn]s4 ,psa4 #a3a4 ,he>1 ,o heav5s2 ,give e>1 ,o e>?2 ,= ! ,"l ha? spok54 ,isa4 #a3b4 ,! ?ird =m ( p>allelism is call$ syn!tic 7,greek syn!sis1 a putt+ toge!r71 :]e "o clause is necess>y to complete ! s5se ( ! o!r1 z 9 ! foll[+ examples3 ,bett] is a d9n] ( h]bs :]e love is1 ,?an a /all$ ox & hatr$ !re)4 ,prov4 #ae3af4 ,e way ( a man is "r 9 8 own eyes2 ,b ! ,"l pond]e? ! he>ts4 ,prov4 #ba3b4 ,:oso curse? 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 ,8 lamp %all be put out 9 obscure d>kness4 ,prov4 #bj3bj4 ,! connection betwe5 ! two clauses may be t ( comp>ison1 cause1 effect1 etc4 ,sometimes x is n express$1 b simply impli$1 z 9 ! foll[+3 ,a :ip = ! horse1 ,a bridle = ! ass1 ,& a rod = ! fool's back4 ,prov4 #bf3c4 ,! comb9ations ( ! above =ms 9 ,hebrew poetry are exce$+ly v>i$ & graceful4 ,"h are examples ( two synonym\s c\plets t are anti!tic to ea* o!r3 ,! ox kn[e? 8 own]1 ,& ! ass 8 ma/]'s crib3 ,israel do? n "k1 ,my p do? n consid]4 ,isa4 #a3c4 ,! ,"l br+e? ! c\nsel ( ! hea!n to naught2 ,he make? ! devices ( ! p ( none effect4 ,! c\nsel ( ! ,"l /&e? = ev]2 ,! ?\ghts ( 8 he>t to all g5]ations4 ,psa4 #cc3aj1 #aa4 ,9 ! foll[+ example1 two synonym\s c\plets con/itute toge!r a syn!tic p>allelism3 ,because !y reg>d n ! works ( ! ,"l1 ,nor ! op]ation ( 8 h&s1 ,he %all de/roy !m1 ,& n build !m up4 ,psa4 #bh3e4 ,9 ! foll[+1 ?ree syn!tic p>allelisms make a synonym\s triplet3 ,= z ! heav5 is high above ! e>?1 ,s great is 8 m]cy t[>d !m t fe> him3 ,z f> z ! ea/ is f ! we/1 ,s f> ha? he remov$ our transgressions f u3 ,l z a fa!r pitie? 8 *ildr51 ,s ! ,"l pitie? !m t fe> him4 ,psa4 #ajc3aa-ac4 ,b our limits w n all[ u to pursue ?is subject f>!r4 ,! fre$om ( ! ,hebrew poet is "o ( 8 high pr]ogatives4 ,he is n a slave to =m1 b uses =m z x suits 8 purposes4 ,he bl5ds toge!r ! diff]5t k9ds ( p>allelism z he pleases4 ,(t5 he breaks ?r\gh all p>allelism to ! fre$om ( prose4 ,b he soon returns aga91 because ?is measur$ rhy?m ( clauses is to him ! natural co/ume ( poetic ?\ght1 :i* always seeks to embody itself 9 "s =m ( rhy?m4 ,to ! =m ( ,hebrew poetry belongs also its peculi> diction4 ,to "o :o reads ! ,hebrew poets 9 ! orig9al1 ?is is a /rik+ *>act]i/ic4 ,he meets ) words1 & sometimes ) grammatical =ms1 t d n occur 9 ! prose writ]s4 ,_m ( ^! peculi> words are ,aramean2 t is1 !y are words curr5t 9 ! ,aramean bran* ( ! ,%emitic languages4 ,*ap4 #ad1 ,no4 #a4 ,!y are to be reg>d$ z ar*aisms--old words t 7 once common alike to ! ,hebrew & ! k9dr$ ,aramean1 b :i* h be5 dropp$ out ( prose usage 9 ,hebrew4 ,!y mu/ n be conf\nd$1 z has too (t5 be5 done1 ) true ,aramaisms1 t is1 ,aramean words & =ms borr[$ by lat] ,hebrew writ]s f _! int]c\rse ) ^? :o spoke ,aramean4 #d4 ,z x respects ! (fice ( ,hebrew poetry1 x is ?r\gh\t subs]vi5t to ! int]e/s ( reveal$ religion4 ,?is is impli$ 9 :at has be5 already said ( ! loyalty ( ! ,hebrew poets to ! in/itutions ( ! ,!ocracy4 ,x foll[s t ! poetry ( ! ,bible is all sacr$ 9 its "*4 ,x conta9s no examples ( purely secul> poetry except "h & !re a %ort passage :i* comes 9 z a "p ( hi/ory2 = example1 ! words ( ^? t speak 9 prov]bs1 ,numb4 #ba3bg-cj2 p]haps also ! lam5t ( ,david ov] ,saul & ,jona?an4 #b ,sam4 #a3ai-bg4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! song conta9$ 9 ! =ty-fif? psalm & t ( ! ,canticles 7 receiv$ into ! canon solely on ! gr\nd t !y celebrate ! mutual love betwe5 ,god & ! cov5ant p1 consid]$ z 8 bride2 or1 9 ,new ,te/am5t language1 betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! bride1 ! ,lamb's wife4 ,b sacr$ poetry has v>i\s uses4 ,"o ( its e>lie/ (fices 0 to celebrate ! praises ( ,god = 8 int]position 9 behalf ( 8 cov5ant p1 z 9 ! song ( ! ,israelites at ! ,r$ sea1 & t ( ,deborah & ,b>ak4 ,b :5 ,david 0 rais$ to ! ?rone ( ,israel1 ! "t _h n[ come = introduc+ lyric poetry z a p]man5t "p ( ! sanctu>y s]vice4 ,god accord+ly be/[$ ^u ?is mon>* ! ne$ful inw>d gifts1 & plac$ him 9 ! appropriate outw>d circum/ances2 :5 at once !re gu%$ =? f 8 bosom1 smit by ! _s ( inspiration1 t noble /ream ( lyric song1 :i* ! congregation ( ! fai?ful imm$iately consecrat$ to ! public s]vice ( ! sanctu>y1 & :i*1 augm5t$ by ! contributions ( ,asaph1 ! sons ( ,korah1 & o!r inspir$ poets1 has be5 ! ri* inh]itance ( ! *ur* ev] s9ce4 ,9 ! book ( ,job1 sacr$ poetry occupies itself ) ! mighty problem ( ! ju/ice ( ,god's provid5tial gov]nm5t ov] m54 ,x is1 !re=e1 ess5tially didactic 9 its "*4 ,9 ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 x becomes didactic 9 ! fulle/ s5se2 = "h x moves 9 ! sph]e ( practical life & morals4 ,! book ( ,ecclesia/es has = its !me ! vanity ( ?is _w1 consid]$ z a satisfy+ portion ( ! s\l2 & ?is x discusses 9 a poetic =m4 ,f9ally1 ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t exhau/ all ! weal? ( ,hebrew poetry 9 rebuk+ ! s9s ( ! pres5t "t1 =etell+ ! mighty judgm5ts ( ,god ^u ! wick$1 lam5t+ ! pres5t sorr[s ( ,zion1 & portray+ h] future glories 9 connection ) ! adv5t ( ! promis$ ,messiah4 ,! ,hebrew h>p--:oev] sweeps x1 & :e!r its /ra9s be jubilant or sad1 didactic or emotional1 is ev] consecrat$ to ,god & ! cause ( righte\sness4 7,b47 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,poetical ,,books4 ,i4 ,,job4 #e4 ,! design ( ! book ( ,job w be/ appe> if we fir/ take a brief survey ( its plan4 ,job1 a man em95t above all o!rs = 8 piety & uprightness1 is accus$ by ,satan z s]v+ ,god f m]c5>y motives4 ,to %[ ! falsehood ( ?is *>ge1 ,god p]mits ,satan to take f ! patri>* 8 prop]ty & 8 *ildr51 & aft]w>ds to smite him ) a loa?some & di/ress+ disease4 ,?us /ripp$ ( e ?+ t c\ld make life valuable1 he /ill holds fa/ 8 integrity1 & returns to 8 wife1 :o c\nsels him to curse ,god & die1 ! discreet & pi\s answ]3 ,%all we receive good at ! h& ( ! ,"l1 & %all we n receive evil8 ,8 ?ree fri5ds1 :o h come to com=t him1 amaz$ & conf\nd$ at ! greatness ( 8 calamities1 sit d[n ) him 9 sil5ce = sev5 days4 ,at la/ ,job op5s 8 m\? ) vehem5t expressions ( grief & impati5ce1 & curses ! day ( 8 bir?4 ,! ?ree fri5ds %>ply rebuke him1 & 9 a ?reefold r\nd ( addresses 7only t ! ?ird "t ,zoph> fails to speak71 ent] into an e>ne/ controv]sy ) him assum+ ! false gr\nd t ! adm9i/ration ( ,god's gov]nm5t ov] ?is _w is /rictly retributive1 s t special calamity comes only z a puni%m5t = special wick$ness1 & is !re=e itself a pro( ( su* wick$ness4 ,!y accord+ly exhort him to rep5t ( 8 s9s1 & seek ,god's =giv5ess1 z ! sure means ( remov+ 8 pres5t mis=tunes4 ,consci\s ( 8 integrity1 ,job1 ) mu* w>m? & asp]ity1 repels _! unju/ *>ges1 & refutes _! false argum5ts by an appeal to facts4 ,! gr\nd he takes is t1 by "s inscrutable plan ( ,god1 calamity comes alike ^u good & bad m54 ,he passionately besee*es ,god to %[ him :y he ?us deals ) him2 &1 accord+ z fai? or despond5cy prevails 9 8 s\l1 he sometimes expresses ! hope t he %all come out ( 8 tr\bles l gold tri$ 9 ! fire2 & !n1 aga91 ! fe> t he %all spe$ily s9k d[n to ! grave "u ! weight ( 8 sorr[s1 & nev]more see good4 ,hav+ put to sil5ce 8 ?ree fri5ds by an array ( facts to :i* !y c make no reply1 he freely expresses ! belief t ! hypocrite's end %all be de/ruction 7*ap4 #bg72 %[s t ! wisdom by :i* ,god gov]ns ! _w is above man's compreh5sion1 ^: true wisdom lies 9 fe>+ & obey+ 8 ,mak] 7*ap4 #bh72 contra/s 8 pres5t calamities ) 8 =m] prosp]ity 7*aps4 #bi1 #cj72 & closes ) a solemn prote/ation ( 8 integrity 7*ap4 #ca74 ,elihu1 a "y man :o has hi!rto be5 a sil5t witness ( ! controv]sy1 n[ takes up ! argum5t on ! gr\nd t tr\ble is s5t by ,god ^u m5 z a discipl9e1 t by x !y may be made aw>e ( _! errors & infirmities2 & t1 if !y make a "r improvem5t ( x1 by be>+ x ) pati5t submission & look+ to ,god 9 p5it5ce & pray] = its removal1 x w end 9 r5ew$ & high] prosp]ity4 ,to %[ ! unreasonabl5ess ( *>g+ ^u ,god inju/ice1 he dwells at l5g? ^u 8 inf9ite maje/y & greatness4 ,! special gr\nd ( ,job's trial1 z giv5 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s1 ,elihu c\ld n ( c\rse und]/&4 ,b 8 g5]al position 9 reg>d to human afflictions is "r2 & x %\ld be c>efully notic$ t _! issue z describ$ by him 9 ! case ( a good man--an imp]fectly good man "u a sy/em ( grace--is precisely :at happ5s to ,job :5 he humbles himself be=e 8 ,mak]4 ,z ,elihu's disc\rse 0 draw+ t[>ds a close1 ! signs ( ,god's approa* _h already began to manife/ !mselves 7*ap4 #cg74 ,n[ he addresses ,job out ( ! :irlw9d1 rebuk+ him = 8 presumptu\s language1 & sett+ be=e him ,8 inf9ite p]fections1 manife/$ 9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 z a suffici5t pro( t to arraign ,8 ju/ice at ! b> ( human reason is folly & presumption4 ,job n[ humbles himself unconditionally be=e 8 ,mak]4 ,^u ?is ,god publicly ju/ifies him to 8 ?ree fri5ds1 :ile ,he condemns !m1 decl>+ t he has spok5 ( ,him ! ?+ :i* is "r 7#db3h74 ,?is is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ n to ! _s manife/$ by ,job1 :i* ,god _h %>ply rebuk$1 b r to ! gr\nd tak5 by him 9 respect to ,god's deal+s ) m54 ,by ,god's direction ! ?ree fri5ds n[ (f] sacrifices = _! folly1 :i* are accept$ 9 answ] to ,job's pray] 9 _! behalf1 & 8 =m] prosp]ity is re/or$ to him 9 d\ble measure4 #f4 ,f ! above sket* ( ! plan ( ! book its design is manife/4 ,x unfolds ! nature ( ,god's provid5tial gov]nm5t ov] m54 ,x is n simply retributive1 z ! ?ree fri5ds _h ma9ta9$1 s t ! measure ( a man's outw>d suff]+s is ! measure ( 8 s9s2 nor is x simply incompreh5sible1 s t !re c be no reason+ ab\t x2 b x is discipl9>y1 9 su* a way t sorr[1 ?\gh always ! fruit ( s91 comes ^u good m5 z well z ^u ! wick$1 be+ a fa!rly *a/isem5t int5d$ = _! b5efit1 & :i*1 if prop]ly improv$1 w 9 ! end conduct !m to a high] degree ( hol9ess1 & !re=e ( true prosp]ity & happ9ess4 ,! ?ree fri5ds 7 "r 9 ma9ta9+ ,god's ju/ice2 b ) respect to ! mann] ( its manife/ation _! error 0 fundam5tal4 ,job's view 0 "r1 b inadequate4 ,a discipl9>y gov]nm5t1 adm9i/]$ ov] a _w 9 :i* ! wick$ & ! imp]fectly good live toge!r1 mu/ be incompreh5sible z x respects ! p>ticul> di/ribution ( good & evil4 ,elihu 0 "r 9 ! ma9 position1 b he want$ au?ority4 ,! "q 0 settl$ by ,god's int]position n be=e ! human discussion1 nor )\t x1 b aft] x2 an int]position 9 :i* ! ?ree fri5ds 7 condemn$1 ,job approv$1 & ! argum5t ( ,elihu left 9 its full =ce4 ,x has be5 ! fa%ion ) a c]ta9 class ( critics to disp>age ,elihu z a self-conceit$ "y man1 & to d5y ! au!nticity ( 8 disc\rses4 ,b ?us ! plan ( ! book is fatally brok51 z mu/ be evid5t f ! acc\nt giv5 ( x above4 ,x 0 n necess>y t ,elihu %\ld be nam$ 9 ! prologue4 ,x is en\gh t he is describ$ :5 he takes a "p 9 ! argum5t4 ,:y he is n nam$ 9 ! clos+ *apt] has be5 already indicat$4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 8 argum5t to be c5sur$4 ,z to ! attacks made on o!r p>ts ( ! book z n au!ntic1 = example1 :at is said ( ,behemo? & ,levia?an1 !y re/ on no valid f\ndation4 ,!y are only judgm5ts ( mod]n critics z to h[ & :at ! au?or ( ! book be=e u ought to h writt54 ,! attempt to resolve into disconnect$ p>ts a book s p]fect 9 its plan1 & :i* has come d[n to u by ! unanim\s te/imony ( antiquity 9 its pres5t =m1 is a mo/ uncritical proc$ure4 #g4 ,job pla9ly belong$ to ! patri>*al p]iod4 ,?is appe>s f 8 longevity4 ,he liv$ aft] 8 trial a hundr$ & =ty ye>s 7#db3af71 & mu/ h be5 !n consid]ably advanc$ 9 life4 ,?is po9ts to a p]iod z e>ly z t ( ,abraham4 ,to ! same conclusion we are br\ght by ! fact t no =m ( idolatry is m5tion$ 9 ! book1 b only ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! simplicity ( ! patri>*al age appe>s1 moreov]1 9 all its descriptions4 ,b we ne$ n f ?is inf] t ! book 0 writt5 9 ! patri>*al age1 = ! au?or may h receiv$ f ! pa/ ! facts :i* he records4 ,! book is writt5 9 pure ,hebrew1 ) all ! fre$om ( an orig9al "w1 & by "o intimately acqua9t$ ) bo? ,arabic & ,egyptian sc5]y4 ,"s h suppos$ ,moses to be ! au?or1 b ?is is v unc]ta94 ,! prevail+ op9ion ( ! pres5t day is t x 0 writt5 n f> f ! age ( ,solomon4 #h4 ,!re is no gr\nd = d5y+ t ! book ( ,job has a f\ndation ( true hi/ory4 ,he is m5tion$ by ,ezekiel ) ,noah & ,daniel z a real p]son4 ,ezek4 #ad3ad1 #bj4 ,! apo/le ,james also ref]s to ! happy issue ( 8 trials z a hi/oric ev5t calculat$ to enc\rage ,god's suff]+ *ildr54 ,jas4 #e3aa4 ,b we ne$ n suppose t all ! details ( ! book are hi/oric4 ,! inspir$ poet takes up ! great facts ( ,job's hi/ory & ! great argum5ts connect$ ) !m1 & gives !m 9 8 own language2 probably also1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 accord+ to 8 own arrangem5t4 ,! sc5e ( ! fir/ two *apt]s is laid 9 heav54 ,und\bt$ly !y record a real transaction2 b x may be a transaction reveal$ to ! au?or 9 an allegorical =m1 l ,micaiah's vision 7#a ,k+s #bb3ai-bb71 t x might be ?us made level to human appreh5sion4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,psalms4 #i4 ,we h se5 ! (fice ( ! ,book ( ,job 9 ! sy/em ( div9e revelation4 ,v diff]5t1 b n less important1 is t ( ! book ( ,psalms4 ,x is a collection ( sacr$ lyrics3 t is1 ( poems expressive ( religi\s feel+ & adapt$ to ! public wor%ip ( ,god4 ,9 respect to subjects1 ! ,psalms exhibit a wond]ful div]sity4 ,!y cov] ! :ole field ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 & furni% to ! *ur*es an inexhau/ible treasury ( sacr$ song = all ages4 ,sev5ty-?ree ( ! psalms are ascrib$ to ,david 9 _! titles1 & ! :ole book1 z ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 be>s 8 "n4 ,( ! rema9+ psalms1 ,asaph is nam$ z ! au?or ( twelve2 to ! sons ( ,korah elev5 are ascrib$2 to ,solomon two 7,psalms #gb & #abg72 to ,moses "o 7,psalm #ij72 to ,e?an "o 7,psalm #hi74 ,! rema9+ fifty are anonym\s4 ,( ^!1 "s appe> f _! cont5ts to h be5 writt5 z late z ! era ( ! captivity & re/oration4 ,"s writ]s h ref]r$ c]ta9 psalms to ! ,maccabean age4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! cont5ts ( ^! psalms :i* makes su* a ref]5ce necess>y1 & we h decisive evid5ce t ! ,hebrew canon 0 clos$ long be=e ?is p]iod4 ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 #bb1 ,no4 #ba4 #aj4 ,9 reg>d to ! ext]nal arrangem5t ( ! ,psalms1 :i* is g5]ally ascrib$ to ,ezra1 & _c be e>li] ?an 8 day1 !y are divid$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible into five books1 ea* clos+ ) a doxology except ! la/1 to :i*1 z well z to ! :ole collection1 ! f9al psalm s]ves z a doxology4 ,! fir/ book conta9s ,psalms #a-da4 ,( ^! =ty-"o psalms1 ?irty-sev5 be> ! "n ( ,david4 ,( ! rema9+ f\r1 ! second & t5? und\bt$ly belong to him1 & 9 all probability ! fir/ & ?irty-?ird also4 ,! psalms ( ?is book are rem>kable = ! pr$om9ance ( ! "n ,jehovah ov] ,elohim1 ,god4 ,! second book includes ,psalms #db-gb4 ,( ^!1 eighte5 be> ! "n ( ,david2 ! fir/ eight 7includ+ ,psa4 #dc1 :i* is manife/ly connect$ ) ! prec$+ psalm7 are ascrib$ to ! sons ( ,korah2 "o to ,asaph 7,psa4 #ej72 "o to ,solomon 7,psa4 #gb72 & ! rema9+ ?ree are )\t titles4 ,9 ?is book ! div9e "n ,elohim1 ,god1 greatly pr$om9ates ov] ! "n ,jehovah4 ,! ?ird book includes ,psalms #gc-hi1 sev5te5 9 all4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ elev5 are ascrib$ to ,asaph2 f\r to ! sons ( ,korah2 "o to ,david 7,psa4 #hf72 & "o to ,e?an ! ,ezrahite 7,psa4 #hi74 ,9 ! psalms ( ,asaph ! div9e "n ,elohim1 ,god1 pr$om9ates2 9 ! rema9d] ( ! book ! "n ,jehovah4 ,! f\r? book includes ,psalms #ij-ajf4 ,( ^! sev5te5 psalms1 only ?ree be> titles2 ! n9etie? be+ ref]r$ to ,moses1 ! hundr$ & fir/ & hundr$ & ?ird to ,david4 ,?is book is !re=e emphatically "o ( anonym\s psalms1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p ( a v g5]al "*1 be+ evid5tly arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! s]vice ( song 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,?r\gh\t ?is book ! div9e "n ,jehovah prevails2 ! "n ,elohim1 ,god1 be+ r>ely us$ except 9 connection ) a pron\n or "s epi!t--my ,god1 ,god ( ,jacob1 etc4 ,! fif? book conta9s ! rema9+ =ty-f\r psalms4 ,( ^!1 fifte5 are ascrib$ to ,david2 "o to ,solomon 7,psa4 #abg72 & tw5ty-eight are anonym\s4 ,9 ?is book also ! div9e "n ,jehovah prevails almo/ exclusively4 ,x is probable t ^! five books 7 arrang$ n simultane\sly b successively1 ) consid]able int]vals betwe5 "s ( !m4 ,! subscription app5d$ to ! second book3 ,! pray]s ( ,david ! son ( ,jesse are end$1 may possibly be expla9$1 ^u ?is supposition4 ,x may h be5 add$ z a subscription to ! fir/ two books1 be=e ! o!rs 7 arrang$ = ! temple s]vice4 ,al?\gh ! psalms belong+ to ! respective books are n classifi$ ^u any /rict pr9ciple1 yet _! arrangem5t is n altoge!r =tuit\s4 ,we f9d psalms ) ! same title gr\p$ toge!r--elev5 psalms ( ,asaph4 7#gc-hc72 eight ( ! sons ( ,korah 7#db-di72 eight ( ,david 7#aci-ade sep>at$ f 8 o!r psalms72 ?ree psalms inscrib$ ,al-tas*i? 7#eg-ei72 ! fifte5 songs ( degrees 7#abj-acd71 etc4 ,also we f9d psalms ( simil> cont5ts gr\p$ toge!r--,psa4 #gi1 #hj2 #hh1 #hi2 #ia-ajj2 #aje-ajg2 etc4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to classify ! psalms accord+ to _! subjects4 ,b _! v ri*ness & v>iety makes ?is a v difficult und]tak+4 ,!y cov] ! :ole field ( religi\s exp]i5ce = bo? individual believ]s & ! *ur* at l>ge4 ,_m ( !m--! s-call$ ,messianic psalms--are prophetic ( ! ,savi\r's (fices & "w4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t ! ,psalms are quot$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t (t5] ?an any o!r book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,isaiah n except$4 #aa4 ,besides ! names ( ! au?ors1 or ! occasion ( _! composition1 _m ( ! psalms be> o!r inscriptions4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are ! foll[+3 7#a47 ,! d$icatory title3 ,to ! *ief musician1 prefix$ to fifty-?ree psalms1 signifies t ! psalm is assign$ to him1 z ! lead] ( ! *oir at ! tab]nacle or temple1 to be us$ 9 ! public wor%ip ( ,god4 ,! title r5d]$ 9 our v]sion3 ,= ! sons ( ,korah1 is bett] translat$1 z 9 ! m>g93 ,( ! sons ( ,korah2 t is1 writt5 by "o ( _! numb]4 7#b47 ,titles express+ ! "* ( ! composition4 ,"h we h1 z ! mo/ common & g5]al1 ,psalm1 a lyric poem to be sung2 ,song1 a title borne by sixte5 psalms1 g5]ally 9 connection ) ! ^w psalm1 :]e ! r5d]+ %\ld be3 a psalm1 a song2 or1 a song1 a psalm4 ,all ! psalms ?us designat$ except two 7,psa4 #hc1 #hh7 are ( a joy\s "*1 t is1 songs ( praise2 ,song ( degrees1 a title ! mean+ ( :i* is disput$4 ,_m r5d]3 ,a song ( asc5ts1 & suppose t ! fifte5 psalms :i* be> ?is title 7#abj-acd7 7 s call$ because !y 7 arrang$ to be sung on ! occasion ( ! asc5t ( ! p to ,j]usalem to keep ! ye>ly fe/ivals4 ,= o!r explanations1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! comm5t>ies4 ,! titles3 ,pray] 7,psa4 #ag1 #ij1 #ajb1 #adb71 & ,praise 7,psa4 #ade7 ne$ no explanation4 ,besides ^! titles1 !re are sev]al o!rs left untranslat$ 9 our v]sion1 z3 ,mas*il1 tea*+1 t is1 a didactic psalm2 ,mi*tam 7,psa4 #af1 #ef-fj7 ei!r a writ+1 t is1 poem1 or a gold5 psalm4 7#c47 ,titles relat+ to ! musical p]=mance4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ common is ! mu* disput$ ^w ,selah4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t x signifies a re/1 ei!r 9 s++ = ! purpose ( an in/rum5tal int]lude1 or an entire re/ 9 ! p]=mance4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ?is title closes a division ( a psalm4 ,( ! titles suppos$ to indicate ei!r musical in/rum5ts or modes ( musical p]=mance1 ! foll[+ are examples3 ,neg9a? 7,psa4 #fa71 else:]e ,neg9o?1 /r+$ in/rum5ts2 ,nehilo?1 probably flutes 7,psa4 #e72 ,gitti? 7,psa4 #h1 #ha1 #hd71 f ! ^w ,ga?1 :i* d5otes a ,phili/9e city1 & also a w9e-press4 ,gitti? has be5 accord+ly int]pret$ to mean 7#a7 a musical in/rum5t or a melody br\ght f ,ga?2 7#b7 a musical in/rum5t 9 ! =m ( a w9epress1 or a melody us$ 9 tread+ ! w9e-press2 ,%o%annim1 lilies 7,psa4 #de1 #fi72 ,%u%an-edu?1 lily ( ! te/imony 7,psa4 #fj72 ,%o%annim-edu?1 lilies ( ! te/imony 7,psa4 #hj71 ei!r a musical in/rum5t s nam$ f its %ape1 or a p>ticul> melody1 or1 z "s ?9k1 an emblematic t]m ref]r+ to ! cont5ts ( ! psalm2 ,%em9i?1 ! eigh?1 or octave1 p]haps a musical key 7,psa4 #f1 #ab72 ,alamo?1 virg9s1 probably d5ot+ treble voices 7,psa4 #df72 ,al-tas*i?1 de/roy n 7,psa4 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #ge71 accord+ to "s1 ! "n ( an air tak5 f a well-kn[n poem2 accord+ to o!rs1 an indication ( ! cont5ts ( ! psalm4 ,= o!r titles1 occurr+ b once or twice1 ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! comm5t>ies4 ,:e!r ! titles con/itute a "p ( ! psalms2 t is1 :e!r !y 7 prefix$ by ! writ]s !mselves1 is a "q t has be5 mu* debat$1 & answ]$ diff]5tly by diff]5t writ]s4 ,t !y are v anci5t--s anci5t t ! mean+ ( ! t]ms employ$ _h pass$ into oblivion :5 ! ,alex&r9e v]sion 0 made--mu/ be admitt$4 ,b x w\ld be too mu* to affirm t !y are a "p ( ! inspir$ ^w4 ,! correctness ( "s ( !m is d\btful4 ,if we admit _! g5]al correctness1 res]v+ = critical inve/igation ! "q ( ! hi/orical validity ( p>ticul> titles1 x is z f> z we ne$ g4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,prov]bs ,,( ,,solomon4 #ab4 ,! place ( ! book ( ,prov]bs 9 ! sy/em ( div9e revelation is obvi\s at fir/ sight4 ,x conta9s a complete code ( practical rules = ! regulation ( life--rules t h a div9e bread? & fulness1 & c make m5 wise n = "t alone1 b also = et]nity4 ,! pr9ciples embodi$ 9 !m admit ( endlessly v>i$ applications1 s t ! /udy ( a life _c exhau/ !m4 ,! m !y are pond]$1 & pray$ ov]1 & r$uc$ to practice1 ! m are _! hidd5 treasures ( wisdom br\ght to light4 ,solomon liv$ himself 9 ! sph]e ( practical life4 ,he _h con/antly to deal ) m5 ( all classes1 & he knew m5 & ! c\rse ( human ev5ts mo/ ?or\ghly4 ,8 maxims are !re=e adapt$ to ! actual _w1 n to "s imag9>y /ate ( ?+s2 & !y conta9 ^? broad pr9ciples ( action :i* meet ! wants ( all m5 9 all circum/ances & conditions ( life4 ,:oev] gives himself1 9 ! fe> ( ,god1 to ! /udy ( ^! prov]bs1 & con=ms 8 life to ! pr9ciples :i* !y set =?1 w be a truly happy & prosp]\s man4 ,:oev] %apes 8 conduct by diff]5t pr9ciples w be compell$ 9 ! end to ackn[l$ge 8 folly4 ,to ! "y1 = ^: in/ruction !y 7 especially int5d$1 !y are affectionately comm5d$ z _! manual ( action4 #ac4 ,9 respect to outw>d =m1 ! book ( ,prov]bs naturally falls into f\r p>ts4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ n9e *apt]s1 consi/+ ( e>ne/ & fa!rly exhortations address$ to ! "y 9 a s]ies ( disc\rses1 ( :i* ! p>ts are m or less connect$ ) ea* o!r1 con/itute ! fir/ "p4 ,! title prefix$ to ?is "p1 giv+ bo? ! au?or's "n & ! end :i* he proposes 7#a3a-f7 ref]s p]haps to ! book consid]$ z a :ole4 ,! second "p1 introduc$ by ! title3 ,! prov]bs ( ,solomon1 ext5ds to ! end ( ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt]4 ,( ?is1 ! fir/ section 7*aps4 #aj-bb3af7 consi/s ( prov]bs prop]ly s call$1 ea* v]se con/itut+ a sep>ate maxim ( heav5ly wisdom = ! regulation ( ! he>t & life4 ,betwe5 ! diff]5t v]ses !re is ei!r no connection1 or "o ( a slight & casual "*1 consi/+ frequ5tly 9 ! common occurr5ce ( ! same ^w4 ,9 ! rema9+ section 7*ap4 #bb3ag-bd3cd7 ! me?od ( exhortation 9 disc\rse m or less connect$ is resum$4 ,to ! ?ird "p 7*aps4 #be-bi7 is prefix$ ! sup]scription3 ,^! are also ! prov]bs ( ,solomon :i* ! m5 ( ,hezekiah copi$ out4 ,! prov]bs ( ?is "p are1 9 g5]al1 express$ 9 deta*$ maxims1 z 9 ! fir/ section ( ! second "p2 b occasionally !re is a connection betwe5 adjac5t v]ses4 ,!re is also an ef=t to br+ toge!r relat$ prov]bs1 z ^? conc]n+ rul]s 7#be3a-h72 conc]n+ fools 7#bf3a-ab72 conc]n+ slugg>ds 7#bf3ac-af72 conc]n+ busybodies & tale-be>]s 7*ap4 #bf3ag-bh74 ,9 ?is "p also a numb] ( prov]bs are repeat$ t h occurr$ else:]e4 ,f9ally1 ! f\r? "p1 :i* may be consid]$ z a sort ( app5dix1 conta9s ! words ( ,agur 7*ap4 #cj71 & ( ,k+ ,lemuel 7*ap4 #ca74 ,accord+ to ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ! words prefix$ to *ap4 #bd3bc--^! maxims also belong to ! wise--! v]ses t foll[ to ! end ( ! *apt] conta9 also a %ort app5dix ( prov]bs n belong+ to ,solomon4 #ad4 ,f ! above x is manife/ t ! book ( ,prov]bs 0 arrang$ 9 its pres5t =m z late1 at lea/1 z ! days ( ,hezekiah4 ,x conta9s n ! :ole ( ! ?ree ?\s& prov]bs :i* ,solomon spake 7#a ,k+s #d3cb71 b only selections f !m1 su* z ! wisdom ( ,god judg$ ne$ful = ! edification ( 8 p4 ,:e!r ! prov]bs conta9$ 9 ! fir/ & second p>ts 7 arrang$ 9 _! pres5t =m by ,solomon himself or by "s o!r p]son1 we d n "k2 b t all ! prov]bs ( ! book belong to him z _! au?or1 except ^? :i* are expressly ascrib$ to o!rs1 !re is no valid reason = d\bt+4 ,,iv4 ,,ecclesia/es4 #ae4 ,! ,hebrew "n ( ?is book is ,kohele?1 respect+ ! mean+ ( :i* !re has be5 mu* discussion4 ,! ,alex&r9e r5d]+ ( ?is ^w1 ,ecclesia/es1 "o :o ga!rs or addresses an assembly1 & ! ,engli% r5d]+1 ,prea*]1 express = sub/ance its probable mean+2 or r1 s9ce ! =m ( ! ^w is fem99e1 x is ,wisdom z a prea*]1 ,solomon be+ reg>d$ z h] imp]sonation4 ,! uni=m belief ( ! anci5t *ur* 0 t ,solomon wrote ?is book 9 8 old age1 :5 br\ght to rep5tance = ! idolatr\s practices into :i* 8 hea!n wives _h s$uc$ him4 ,he _h ?or\ghly tri$ ! _w 9 all its =ms ( honor1 weal?1 pleasure1 & ! pursuit ( wisdom--speculative wisdom--& f\nd x only vanity & vexation ( _s1 :5 s\ght z ! supreme good4 ,! conclusion to :i* he comes is t 9 su* an empty & unsatisfy+ _w1 :]e disappo9tm5t & tr\ble _c be avoid$1 ! *e]ful enjoym5t ( ,god's pres5t gifts is ! "p ( wisdom1 = ?us we make ! be/ ( ?+s z we f9d !m4 ,b ?is enjoym5t mu/ be 9 ! fe> ( ,god1 :o w br+ all our works into judgm5t2 & accompani$1 moreov]1 by de$s ( love & *>ity1 z we h opportunity4 ,he explicitly ass]ts a judgm5t to come2 yet 8 g5]al view ( life is t express$ 9 ! ,savi\r's words3 ,! night come?1 :5 no man c "w2 words :i* imply t ,god's e>?ly s]vice1 z well z ! enjoym5t ( 8 e>?ly gifts1 w come to a close at dea?4 ,?is view ( ! ,prea*] is n a d5ial ( ! future life1 z "s h wrongly ma9ta9$1 b implies r a less full revelation ( x ?an is giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,_m evangelical m51 z ,h5g/5b]g1 ,keil1 & o!rs1 int]pret ! fir/ v]se ( ?is book z mean+ n t ,solomon 0 himself ! au?or1 or t ! writ] meant to pass himself (f z ,solomon1 b simply t he wrote 9 ,solomon's "n1 z assum+ 8 "*2 t mon>* be+ to ! anci5t ,hebrews ! imp]sonation ( wisdom4 ,_! reasons = ?is view are *iefly two3 ,fir/1 t ! /ate ( ?+s describ$ 9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/es does n suit ,solomon's age1 ! picture be+ too d>k & sombre = 8 reign2 secondly1 t ! language diff]s widely f t ( ! book ( ,prov]bs & ( ! ,canticles4 ,:e!r we adopt ?is view1 or t above giv51 ! canonical au?ority ( ! book ( ,ecclesia/es rema9s z a well-e/abli%$ fact4 ,x always held a place 9 ! ,hebrew canon1 & exi/$ !re 9 its pres5t =m 9 ! days ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les4 #af4 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ! ,prea*]'s argum5t is cond5s$ f ,scott4 ,he _h evid5tly two objects 9 view4 ,fir/1 to %[ :]e happ9ess c\ld n be f\nd2 & secondly1 :]e x might4 ,! fir/ six *apt]s are pr9cipally employ$ on ! =m] "p ( ! argum5t1 yet ) c\nsels int]sp]s$ t5d+ to %[ h[ ! vanity1 or at lea/ ! vexation ( e>?ly pursuits may be abat$4 ,! rema9+ six *apt]s gradually unfold ! latt] "p ( ! argum5t1 tea*+ u h[ to make ! be/ ( ?+s z we f9d !m1 h[ to live com=tably & usefully 9 ?is evil _w1 & h[ to d]ive b5efit f ! *ang+ ev5ts ( life4 ,9 respect to outw>d ?+s1 ! sacr$ writ] inculcates a *e]ful1 lib]al1 & *>itable use ( !m1 )\t expect+ f !m p]man5t or satisfy+ delight4 ,he c\nsels u to take ! transi5t pleasure :i* agreeable circum/ances c af=d1 z f> z consi/s ) ! fe> ( ,god2 to be pati5t "u unavoidable evil2 n to aim at impracticable results2 to fill up our allott$ /ation 9 a peaceable1 equitable1 & prud5t mann]2 to be cont5t$1 meek1 & affectionate2 & to d good abundantly z we h opportunity1 9 ! expectation ( a graci\s rew>d4 ,^! g5]al rules are int]sp]s$ ) w>n+s & c\nsels to pr9ces & great m51 & to subjects 9 respect to _! rul]s4 ,v4 ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,solomon4 #ag4 ,! title ( ?is book3 ,! ,song ( songs1 t is1 ! mo/ excell5t ( songs1 indicates its application to ! heav5ly ,solomon1 & 8 sp\se ! *ur*4 ,s ! ,jews f ! mo/ anci5t times h int]pret$ x4 ,look+ at ?is song f ! position ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 its gr\nd-idea is3 ,?y ,mak] is ?y husb&4 ,id5tical ) ?is is ! ,new ,te/am5t idea3 ,! bride1 ! ,lamb's wife4 ,! g]m ( ?is repres5tation exi/s 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 :]e idolatry is reg>d$ z spiritual adult]y4 ,exod4 #cd3ae2 ,deut4 #ca3af4 ,we f9d x fully develop$ 9 ! =ty-fif? ,psalm1 :i* probably belongs to ,solomon's age1 & :i* is expressly quot$ 9 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews z a description ( ! ,messiah4 ,! same figure occurs 9 _m passages ( ! prophets :o liv$ aft] ,solomon's day4 ,isa4 #ed3e2 #fb3e2 ,j]4 #b3b2 #c3ad2 ,hos4 #b3af1 #ai1 #bj4 ,9 ! book ( ,revelation ?is imag]y is repeat$ & amplifi$4 #ah4 ,?is song is n a dramatic repres5tation1 9 :i* ! action /eadily advances to ! end1 b a s]ies ( descriptive pictures1 ! great !me ( :i* is ! sep>ation ( ! bride f h] belov$--! heav5ly ,bridegroom--= h] s9s1 & h] reunion ) him by rep5tance4 ,9 ! spiritual application ( its ri* & gorge\s imag]y we %\ld conf9e ourselves to ! ma9 scope1 r ?an dwell on p>ticul>s4 ,?us ! fruitfulness ( ! *ur* is set =? "u ! image ( a g>d5 fill$ ) spices & preci\s fruits4 ,b we are n to seek = a hidd5 mean+ 9 ea* p>ticul> spice or fruit--! saffron1 ! spik5>d1 ! myrrh1 ! pomegranate1 ! apple1 ! nut2 & ! same is true ) respect to ! descriptions ( ! bride & bridegroom ) :i* ! book ab\nds4 ,! book has always con/itut$ a "p ( ! ,hebrew canon4 ,! language ( ?is book is pure & elegant1 ) all ! fre%ness & en]gy ( ! be/ age ( ,hebrew poetry4 ,its mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity is ! uni=m use 7except once 9 ! title7 ( ! abbreviat$ =m ( ! relative pron\n z a prefix--%ekkullam = a%] kullam2 %ehammelek = a%] hammelek1 etc4--:i* is manife/ly a dialectic peculi>ity ( ! liv+ ,hebrew adopt$ by ,solomon = ! purpose ( giv+ to 8 song a unique co/ume4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,great] ,,prophets4 #a4 ,we h already se5 7,*ap4 #ae1 ,nos4 #aa & #ab7 t f ,moses to ,samuel ! appe>ances ( prophets 7 infrequ5t2 t ) ,samuel & ! prophetical s*ool e/abli%$ by him !re began a new era1 9 :i* ! prophets 7 recogniz$ z a di/9ct ord] ( m5 9 ! ,!ocracy2 & t ! age ( writt5 prophecy did n beg9 till ab\t ! reign ( ,uzziah1 "s ?ree c5turies aft] ,samuel4 ,! ,jewi% division ( ! latt] prophets--prophets 9 ! m re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w--into ! great]1 includ+ ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel1 *ronologically arrang$2 & ! less1 or twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 arrang$ also1 9 all probability1 accord+ to _! view ( _! ord] 9 "t1 has also be5 expla9$4 ,*ap4 #ac1 ,no4 #d4 ,respect+ ! nature ( prophecy & ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x is to be int]pret$1 mu* rema9s to be said 9 ano!r place4 ,9 ! pres5t connection1 a brief acc\nt w be giv5 ( ! place :i* ! prophets held 9 ! ,!ocracy1 foll[$ by a notice1 9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]1 ( ! sep>ate books ( prophecy belong+ to ! ,hebrew canon1 accord+ to ! ord] 9 our ,engli% v]sion1 ,daniel be+ reckon$ ) ! great] prophets1 ,lam5tations consid]$ z an app5dix to ,j]emiah1 & ! m9or prophets arrang$ by !mselves4 #b4 ,! (fice ( ! prophets "u ! ,!ocracy1 :i* we fir/ notice1 0 t ( bold reprov]s4 ,!y came to rul]s & p ) an imm$iate commission f ,god to rebuke !m = _! s9s2 & z ! cont5ts ( _! messages 7 receiv$ f ,god himself1 !y expos$ ! hypocrisy & wick$ness ( _! times 9 ! pure sunlight ( tru?1 d5\nc+ ^u great & small alike ! awful judgm5ts ( ,jehovah if !y p]si/$ 9 _! imp5it5ce4 ,if we except ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w furni%es no su* bright examples ( fai?ful deal+ ) m5's consci5ces4 ,!y nev] sp>e k+s & pr9ces f fe> ( _! p[] & patronage4 ,!y nev] g r\nd ab\t m5's s9s1 b decl>e !m directly & fai?fully4 ,) :at maje/y ( sev]ity did ,samuel reprove ,saul1 & ,na?an ,david1 & ,elijah ,ahab1 & ,eli%a ,jehoram1 & ,jehu ,jeho%aphat6 ,& if we op5 ! books ( ,hebrew prophecy :i* h come d[n to u f di/ant ages & f a v diff]5t civil & social ord]1 we f9d !m n 9 ! lea/ antiquat$1 b fre% z ye/]day1 in/9ct ) life & p[]4 ,!y are a mirror ( t]rible brightness 9 :i* we may see reflect$ our pride1 self-suffici5cy1 va9 o/5tation1 & worldl9ess2 our av>ice1 fraud1 ov]rea*+ artifices1 brea*es ( tru/1 brib]y1 oppression ( ! weak1 & corrupt comb9ations = ! amass+ ( fil?y lucre2 our ambition1 sl&]1 falsehood1 intrigues1 hypocrisy1 & va9 pret5sions2 our luxury1 prodigality1 s5suality1 & intemp]ance2 our pr(an5ess1 ,sabba?-break+1 neglect ( ,god's ord9ances & contempt ( 8 writt5 ^w--a mirror too 9 :i* we c see 9 ! backgr\nd d>k cl\ds ( judgm5t1 big ) awful ?und]1 su* z h already come =? ^u our l& f ! inexhau/ible /oreh\se ( div9e ju/ice1 & are ready to come =? aga91 b ov] :i* hangs ! ra9b[ ( m]cy = all t w rep5t & humble !mselves be=e ,god4 #c4 ,we may next consid] ! (fice ( ! ,hebrew prophets z exp\nd]s ( ! ,mosaic law--! ,mosaic law 9 its sub/ance1 z di/+ui%$ f its outw>d =m4 ,!y nev] und]valu$ ! lett] ( ! law1 s9ce t too 0 ( div9e appo9tm5t2 b !y taught m5 t true ob$i5ce mu/ rise above ! lett] to its _s4 ,:5 ,saul excus$ himself to ,samuel = disobey+ ,god's comm& on ! gr\nd t ! p _h sp>$ ! be/ ( ! %eep & ox5 to sacrifice to ! ,"l1 ! prophet indignantly answ]$3 ,ha? ! ,"l z great delight 9 burnt-(f]+s & sacrifices1 z 9 obey+ ! voice ( ! ,"l8 ,behold1 to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice1 & to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams4 #a ,sam4 #ae3bb4 ,br+ no m va9 oblations1 says ,god to ! ,jews ^: h&s 7 full ( oppression & blood2 inc5se is an abom9ation unto me3 ! new moons & ,sabba?s1 ! call+ ( assemblies1 ,i _c away )2 x is iniquity1 ev5 ! solemn meet+4 ,y\r new moons & y\r appo9t$ fea/s my s\l hate?3 !y are a tr\ble unto me2 ,i am we>y to be> !m4 ,& 8 direction is3 ,wa% y1 make y clean3 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s f be=e m9e eyes2 cease to d evil2 le>n to d well2 seek judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[4 ,isaiah #a3ac-ag4 ,i hate1 says ,god to ! cov5ant p ?r\gh ,amos1 ,i despise y\r fea/-days1 & ,i w n smell 9 y\r solemn assemblies4 ,?\gh ye (f] me burnt-(f]+s & y\r meat-(f]+s1 ,i w n accept !m2 nei!r w ,i reg>d ! peace-(f]+s ( y\r fat bea/s4 ,take ?\ away f me ! noise ( ?y songs2 = ,i w n he> ! melody ( ?y viols4 ,b let judgm5t run d[n z wat]s1 & righte\sness z a mighty /ream4 ,amos #e3ba-bd4 ,:]e)1 says ,micah1 %all ,i come be=e ! ,"l1 & b[ myself be=e ! high ,god8 ,%all ,i come be=e him ) burnt-(f]+s1 ) calves ( a ye> old8 ,w ! ,"l be pleas$ ) ?\s&s ( rams1 or ) t5 ?\s&s ( riv]s ( oil8 %all ,i give my fir/-born = my transgression1 ! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l8 ,he ha? %[$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,micah #f3f-h4 ,"u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 outw>d =ms ( div9e s]vice 7 requir$1 & !y are necess>y1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "u ! ,new also4 ,b if any man puts 8 tru/ = salvation 9 ^!1 to ! neglect ( inw>d fai?1 love1 & ob$i5ce1 he /&s condemn$ at ! b> ( ,moses & ! prophets1 n less ?an at ! b> ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 ,"u ! ,mosaic economy1 bo? ! rites ( div9e s]vice & ! succession ( ! prie/hood 7 def9itively prescrib$ by ,god himself1 & !re=e to all ( b9d+ au?ority4 ,b ! man :o plac$ 8 religion 9 ^! outw>d obs]vances1 to ! neglect ( 8 he>t & life1 0 to ,god an object ( abhorr5ce1 & ! sev]e/ judgm5ts 7 d5\nc$ aga9/ him4 ,x _c be1 !n1 t "u ! gospel any sy/em ( outw>d =ms1 h[ev] "r & prop] 9 itself1 c br+ salvation to ! s\l1 :]e inw>d fai?1 love1 & ob$i5ce are want+4 #d4 ,! la/ & highe/ (fice ( ! prophets 0 to direct m5's ?\ghts to ! end ( ! ,mosaic economy1 :i* 0 ! salvation ( ! _w ?r\gh ! promis$ ,messiah4 ,! ,_s ( ,*ri/ t spoke ?r\gh !m1 te/ifi$ be=eh& ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ & ! glory t %\ld foll[4 #a ,pet4 #a3aa4 ,x does n appe> t !y und]/ood ! div9e purpose to aboli% ! ,mosaic economy1 & ) x ! middle wall ( p>tition betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles--t great my/]y1 ! revelation ( :i* 0 res]v$ = ! days ( ! apo/les2 b !y did h glori\s visions ( ! latt] days1 :5 ! law %\ld g =? f ,zion1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem1 to all nations2 :5 ! :ole _w %\ld submit itself to ,jehovah "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,messiah2 & ! e>? %\ld be fill$ ) ! k ( ! glory ( ,god1 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea4 ,_! gl[+ descriptions ( ! future enl>gem5t & glory ( ,zion h be5 ! /ay & solace ( ,god's p 9 all succe$+ ages4 ,! /ud5t ( ! ,bible %\ld n fail to notice t ^! bright visions ( ! future 7 v\*saf$ to ! ,hebrew prophets1 & ?r\gh !m to ! *ur* univ]sal1 n :5 ! ,!ocracy 0 9 ! z5i? ( its outw>d p[] & spl5dor1 z 9 ! days ( ,david & ,solomon1 b 9 ! "t ( its decl9e & humiliation4 ,! hopes s ard5tly *]i%$ by ! cov5ant p ( a return ( ! outw>d glory ( ,solomon's reign 7 de/9$ to utt] & f9al disappo9tm5t4 ,x 0 n to fe$ _! national pride1 b to prep>e ! way = ,*ri/'s adv5t1 t ,god e/abli%$ ! ,!ocracy4 ,n[ t its outw>d glory 0 dep>t+1 x 0 suitable t ! hopes ( ! pi\s %\ld be turn$ f ! d>kness ( ! pres5t to ! brightness ( ! la/ days t await$ ,zion 9 ! di/ant future4 ,:5 ,isaiah began 8 prophecies1 ! k+dom ( ,israel 0 tott]+ to its fall1 & be=e he _h f9i%$ !m x _h suff]$ an utt] ov]?r[4 ,! invasion ( ,judah by ! alli$ k+s ( ,israel & ,syria1 9 ! reign ( ,ahaz1 & by ,s5na*]ib k+ ( ,assyria1 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 furni%$ an occasion = pr$ict+ n only ! pres5t deliv]ance ( ,god's p1 b also ! future triumph ( ,zion ov] all h] enemies1 & ! ext5sion ( h] dom9ion ov] all ! e>?4 ,9 8 pres5t int]positions 9 behalf ( ,zion1 ,god mirror$ =? 8 purpose to give h] a f9al & univ]sal victory4 ,& s x 0 ) all ! o!r prophets4 ,) _! backs t[>ds ! gloom & di/raction ( ! pres5t1 & _! faces /eadfa/ly turn$ t[>ds ! glory ( ! latt] days1 !y utt]$ words ( promise & com=t t c h _! fulfilm5t only 9 ,*ri/'s k+dom1 :i* is ! true heir to all ! promises made to ! anci5t ,zion4 ,out ( ,*ri/ ^! promises are va9 & delusory4 ,9 ,*ri/ _! fulfilm5t has be5 begun1 & %all be complet$ 9 ! appo9t$ "t4 ,out ( ,*ri/ no am\nt ( le>n+ w enable a man to und]/& ! ,hebrew prophets2 = ! veil is on 8 face1 :i* c be done away only 9 ,*ri/4 ,:at if m ?an eighte5 c5turies h elaps$ s9ce our ,"l's adv5t1 & ! doma9 ( 8 k+dom is yet v limit$8 ,9 ! div9e reckon+1 "o day is ) ! ,"l z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day4 ,if x took f\r ( ^! days to prep>e ! _w = ,*ri/'s adv5t1 c we n all[ two days & m = ! complete e/abli%m5t ( 8 k+dom8 ,we add a notice ( ea* sep>ate book ( ! ,great] prophets4 ,i4 ,,isaiah4 #e4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew arrangem5t already notic$ 7,no4 #a1 above71 ! book ( ,isaiah1 z ! fir/ ( ^? belong+ to ! great] prophets1 /&s at ! head ( ! :ole collection ( prophetical books2 al?\gh ,hosea1 ,amos1 & ,jonah1 & 9 all probability ,joel also1 ent]$ ^u _! prophetical (fice be=e him4 ,micah 0 contempor>y ) him4 ,( ! private hi/ory ( ,isaiah we "k almo/ no?+1 except t he 0 ! son ( ,amoz 7*ap4 #a3a71 & t he 0 m>ri$ & _h sons 7*ap4 #h3a-d74 ,! ,jewi% tradition is t he 0 sawn asund] "u ! reign ( ,manasseh1 to :i* x has be5 suppos$ t !re is a ref]5ce 9 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7*ap4 #aa3cg72 b all su* traditions are unc]ta94 ,isaiah prophesi$ 9 ! days ( ,uzziah1 ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah1 k+s ( ,judah4 ,*ap4 #a3a4 ,if1 ) _m1 we suppose him to h ent]$ ^u 8 (fice 9 ! la/ ye> ( ,uzziah1 we h sixty-two ye>s to ! close ( ,hezekiah's reign4 ,he c]ta9ly ex]cis$ ! prophetical (fice to ! fifte5? ye> ( ,hezekiah's reign1 & possibly ?r\gh ! rema9+ f\rte5 ye>s4 ,z ! sup]scription is sil5t respect+ any prophecies utt]$ 9 ,manasseh's reign1 we are n w>rant$ to ext5d ! p]iod ( 8 activity beyond t ( ,hezekiah1 al?\gh he may h surviv$ him1 & h p]i%$ 9 ! way indicat$ by ! ,jewi% tradition4 #f4 ,! book ( ,isaiah naturally falls into two great divisions4 ,! fir/1 aft] an introductory *apt]1 conta9s a great v>iety ( prophetic messages1 deliv]$ on special occasions4 ,*aps4 #b-ci4 ,! second division1 compris+ ! rema9+ tw5ty-sev5 *apt]s1 seems to h _h no special occasion1 b to h be5 writt5 aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,s5na*]ib's army1 probably 9 ! old age ( ! prophet1 = ! com=t & enc\ragem5t ( ,god's p 9 all com+ ages4 ,com=t ye1 com=t ye my p1 sai? y\r ,god--?is is its great !me z express$ 9 ! introductory v]se4 ,( ! v>i\s plans = classify+ ! cont5ts ( ! fir/ "p1 all t re/ ^u ! rationali/ic view t ! book is a collection ( writ+s belong+ to diff]5t au?ors & ages are false & gr\ndless4 ,among evangelical m51 :o hold ! unity ( ! book & its au?or%ip by ,isaiah1 !re h be5 v>i\s s*emes ( classification4 ,x has be5 propos$ by ,dre*sl] & o!rs to arrange all ( ,isaiah's prophecies ar\nd two great c5tral ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 times2 namely1 ! invasion ( ,judah 9 ! reign ( ,ahaz by ! alli$ =ces ( ,israel & ,syria 7*ap4 #g71 & 9 ,hezekiah's reign by ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria 7*aps4 #cf1 #cg74 ,t ^! 7 ! two great crises ( ,isaiah's age1 & t _m ( 8 prophecies _h ref]5ce to !m directly or indirectly1 _c be d5i$2 b to affirm t all 8 prophecies1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( f =ty-eight to sixty-two ye>s1 7 connect$ ) ^? two ev5ts1 ei!r directly or by way ( anticipation be=eh& & natural sequ5ce aft]w>ds1 is m ?an c be e/abli%$ by any probable argum5ts4 ,we mu/ be c>eful n to ?ru/ ^u ! prophet a sy/ematic arrangem5t beyond any t ev] exi/$ 9 8 own consci\sness4 ,! foll[+ brief analysis w be suffici5t = ! g5]al read]4 ,! title prefix$ to ! fir/ *apt] ref]s c]ta9ly to ! fir/ "p1 & probably to ! :ole book4 ,! cont5ts ( ! fir/ *apt] are well suit$ to con/itute a g5]al introduction to ! book1 & !re is mu* gr\nd = ! op9ion t ! prophet prefix$ !m1 z su* an introduction1 to ! :ole collection ( prophecies4 ,! f\r *apt]s t foll[ 7 evid5tly writt5 dur+ a p]iod ( great worldly prosp]ity4 ,!y conta9 visions aga9/ ,judah & ,j]usalem ( a ?reat5+ "*1 b int]sp]s$ ) glori\s promises to ! true ,israel4 ,! six? *apt] records a vision :i* ! prophet _h ( ,jehovah 9 ! temple1 ) ! awful message to ! p :i* he receiv$ f ,8 lips4 ,_m reg>d ?is z ! prophet's inauguration to 8 (fice1 & consequ5tly z ! fir/ ( 8 prophecies 9 ord] ( "t4 ,! f\r prec$+ *apt]s w !n naturally fall into ! reign ( ,jo?am4 ,!re is no decisive gr\nd1 h[ev]1 = und]/&+ ! words1 ,:om %all ,i s5d1 & :o w g = u8 7v]se #h17 z conta9+ ! orig9al call ( ,isaiah to ! prophetical (fice4 ,!y may h ref]5ce to ! special message :i* he imm$iately receives2 a message ( ! mo/ weighty import1 & (t5 quot$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! confession ( ,isaiah1 moreov]1 t he is a man ( unclean lips1 may be v naturally ref]r$ to 8 previ\s ex]cise ( ! prophetic (fice4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! prec$+ f\r *apt]s belong to ! latt] "p ( ,uzziah's reign4 ,! s]ies ( prophecies t foll[s 7*aps4 #g-ab7 is connect$ ) ! invasion ( ,judah by ! alli$ k+s ( ,israel & ,syria4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ,ahaz1 in/ead ( seek+ help f ,jehovah1 _h hir$ ! ,assyrians to def5d him aga9/ ! conf$]ate =ces4 ,! prophet pr$icts ! ov]runn+ ( ! l& by ^! same ,assyrians 9 :om ! ,jews _h repos$ _! confid5ce2 & aft]w>ds ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,assyrians !mselves1 & ! univ]sal e/abli%m5t ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 :o is =etold "u ! "n ( ,immanuel4 ,! s]ies closes ) ! mill5nial song ( ,zion4 ,next we h a s]ies ( prophecies relat+ ma9ly to ! hea!n _w 7*aps4 #ac-bc71 ?r\gh all ( :i* ! prophet keeps prom95tly 9 view ! great tru? t ! nation :i* w n ackn[l$ge ,jehovah & m9i/] to ! welf>e ( 8 p mu/ p]i%4 ,he beg9s ) ,babylon1 & passes 9 ord] to ,phili/ia1 ,moab1 ,syria 7) :i* z a conf$]ate nation ,ephraim is jo9$71 ,e?iopia & ,egypt 7fir/ sep>ately & !n conjo9tly71 ,babylon aga9 "u ! enigmatical "n ( ! des]t ( ! sea1 ,edom1 & ,arabia4 ,next foll[s a prophecy aga9/ ! valley ( vision1 t is1 ,j]usalem1 to :i* is app5d$ "o aga9/ ,%ebna4 ,! prophet !n passes to ,tyre1 & s he br+s ?is s]ies to a close4 ,! f\r *apt]s t foll[ 7#bd-bg7 are g5]al 9 _! "*4 ,!y exhibit ,jehovah z ! av5g] & deliv]] ( 8 p1 :o abases ! pr\d & de/roys s9n]s z well )9 ! pale ( ,zion z )\t 9 ! hea!n _w1 :ile he exalts 8 true wor%ipp]s to honor & salvation4 ,! next s]ies ( prophecies 7*aps4 #bh-ce7 0 app>5tly deliv]$ 9 view ( ! approa*+ invasion ( ! ,assyrians1 by :i* ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ,israel 0 complet$1 & ,judah 0 ov]run & desolat$2 b :i* end$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! invad+ army1 & ! deliv]ance ( ,hezekiah & 8 k+dom4 ,! prophet d5\nces1 fir/ ^u ,ephraim & !n ^u ,judah & ,j]usalem1 ,god's heavy judgm5ts = _! iniquities1 especially = ! s9 ( mak+ ,egypt in/ead ( ,jehovah _! confid5ce2 =etells ! utt] & p]petual desolation ( ,edom1 :i* "h repres5ts all ! p[]s t array !mselves 9 ho/ility aga9/ ,god's p2 & describes 9 gl[+ language ! glory & peace ( ,zion "u ! future reign ( ! ,messiah4 ,next foll[s ! hi/ory ( ,s5na*]ib's invasion & ov]?r[2 ( ,hezekiah's sickness & miracul\s recov]y1 & ( 8 s9 9 connection ) ! mission ( ,m]oda*-baladan's s]vants4 ,*aps4 #cf-ci4 ,9 ! second "p ( ,isaiah1 :i* includes ! la/ tw5ty-sev5 *apt]s1 ! prophet is occupi$ ) ! future r$emption & glory ( ,zion4 ,9 ! cle> light ( inspiration1 & 9 accordance ) ! explicit prophecy t has j be5 quot$1 he takes 8 /& 9 ! future ( ,babylon's supremacy1 & ( ! captivity ( ,zion & ! disp]sion ( h] *ildr52 & he com=ts ! true ,israel by ! promise ( re/oration & elevation to a great] ?an ! =m] glory1 :5 all nations %all submit !mselves to ,jehovah1 & %all m9i/] to ! peace & welf>e ( ,zion4 ,if we divide ^! tw5ty-sev5 *apt]s into ?ree equal sections ( n9e *apt]s ea*1 ! fir/ & second close ) ! words3 ,!re is no peace1 sai? my ,god1 to ! wick$ 7*aps4 #dh3bb2 #eg3ba72 :ile ! ?ird ends ) a m ext5d$1 ?reat5+ aga9/ ! wick$ 7*ap4 #ff3bd74 ,! prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ^! ?ree sections are ?us giv5 by ,keil3 ,! fir/ ( ^! sections 7*aps4 #dj-dh7 portrays ! relation ( ,israel to ! hea!n nations2 & f ! r$emption ( ,israel effect$ ?r\gh ,cyrus1 ! s]vant ( ,god1 x unfolds ! c]ta9 victory ( ! ,!ocracy ov] ! gods & p[]s ( ! hea!n _w4 ,! second section 7*aps4 #di-eg7 exhibits ,israel z ! seat ( salvation = ! _w4 ,?is x does by c>ry+ out ! ?\ght t1 j z ,cyrus is to r$eem ,israel f ! ,babyloni% captivity1 s mu/ ! true s]vant ( ,jehovah1 by 8 vic>i\s suff]+ & dea?1 make expiation = s91 raise ! cov5ant p to true glory1 & make !m1 ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( '! sure m]cies ( ,david' 7#ee3c71 ! c5tre ( salvation = ! :ole _w4 ,f9ally 9 ! ?ird section 7*aps4 #eh-ff71 aft] an exhortation 9 :i* ! s9s ( ! p are ackn[l$g$ & rebuk$ 7*aps4 #eh1 #ei71 ! prophet =etells1 9 a s]ies ( maje/ic images1 h[ ! ,!ocracy %all be glorifi$ :5 x %all become1 9 connection ) ! creation ( a new heav5 & a new e>?1 ! p]fect$ k+dom ( ,god4 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,sec4 #fe4 ,?is view ( ! glorification ( ! ,!ocracy 9 ! latt] days is preem95tly j1 provid$ only t we d n und]/& ! ,!ocracy 9 a gross lit]al s5se4 ,x is ! true k+dom ( ,god1 once embodi$ 9 ! old ,!ocracy1 b n[ exi/+ "u ! fre] =ms ( ,*ri/ianity1 t is heir to all ?is glory4 #g4 ,z ,isaiah holds ! fir/ place among ! ,hebrew prophets 9 ! canon1 9 ! ext5t ( 8 writ+s1 & 9 ! fulness ( 8 prophecies conc]n+ ! ,messiah & 8 k+dom1 s has he be5 fir/ also 9 receiv+ ! assaults ( ^? :o d5y ! sup]natural "* ( revelation4 ,s9ce ! la/ qu>t] ( ! la/ c5tury p]si/5t attempts h be5 made to %[ t ! :ole ( ! second "p 7*aps4 #dj-ff7 & v>i\s sections ( ! fir/ "p1 p>ticul>ly all ^? t relate to ! ov]?r[ ( ,babylon1 belong n to ,isaiah1 b to an unkn[n prophet :o liv$ ab\t ! close ( ! exile4 ,9 support ( ?is view _m argum5ts h be5 adduc$2 b ! real argum5t :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! :ole is ! belief t no su* insight into ! future is possible z t :i* ?is "p ( ! book manife/s1 ^u ! supposition t ,isaiah 0 himself ! au?or ( x4 ,! d5ial ( ! g5u95ess ( ! *apt]s 9 "q began & has always gone h& 9 h& ) ! d5ial ( ! reality ( prophetic inspiration4 ,9 ! view ( rationali/s prophecy is no revelation ( ! future ?r\gh ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is only anticipation & %rewd conjecture ( ! future f ! c\rse ( ! pres5t4 ,! possibility ( prophecy1 !re=e1 is limit$ by ! possibility ( human =esight4 ,reason+ f ?is false position1 ! critic fir/ assumes t ,isaiah _c h be5 ! au?or ( ! la/ "p ( ! book :i* be>s 8 "n1 & !n proce$s to f9d argum5ts aga9/ its g5u95ess4 ,to meet him we mu/ plant our feet firmly on ! great hi/oric tru? t ,god has made to m5 a sup]natural revelation1 ( :i* prophecy 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w--! revelation ( ! future by 8 ,_s--con/itutes an important "p4 ,we d inde$ f9d t 9 ! matt] ( prophecy1 z 9 all o!r p>ts ( ,god's op]ations1 ! great law is3 ,fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 aft] t ! full corn 9 ! e>4 ,! way = ! full] revelations is prep>$ by previ\s intimations ( a m g5]al "*4 ,precisely s 0 x 9 ! pres5t case4 ,moses himself _h m ?an once pr$ict$ ! captivity ( ! cov5ant p & ! desolation ( _! l& z ! puni%m5t ( _! =ese5 apo/acy f ,god's s]vice1 & also ! pres]vation ( a remnant & its re/oration ^u rep5tance4 ,lev41 *ap4 #bf2 ,deut41 *aps4 #bh-cb4 ,:5 ,solomon _h d$icat$ ! temple1 & 8 k+dom 0 at ! z5i? ( its glory1 he receiv$ f ! m\? ( ,god himself ! solemn w>n+3 ,if ye %all at all turn f foll[+ me1 ye or y\r *ildr51 & w n keep my comm&m5ts & my /atutes :i* ,i h set be=e y1 b g & s]ve o!r gods & wor%ip !m2 !n w ,i cut (f ,israel out ( ! l& :i* ,i h giv5 !m2 & ?is h\se1 :i* ,i h hall[$ = my "n1 w ,i ca/ out ( my sight2 & ,israel %all be a prov]b & a by-^w among all p4 #a ,k+s #i3f1 #g4 ,:5 ! prophet wrote1 ^! awful ?reat5+s _h be5 fulfill$ ^u ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes1 & he _h be5 commission$ to ann\nce _! approa*+ fulfilm5t ^u ,judah also1 & t 9 ! =m ( a captivity 9 ,babylon3 ,behold1 ! days come1 t all t is 9 ?y h\se1 & t :i* ?y fa!rs h laid up 9 /ore until ?is day1 %all be c>ri$ to ,babylon3 no?+ %all be left1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,& ( ?y sons :i* %all issue f !e1 :i* ?\ %alt beget1 %all !y take away2 & !y %all be eunu*s 9 ! palace ( ! k+ ( ,babylon 7#ci3f1 #g74 ,micah also _h =etold1 9 express t]ms1 bo? ! ,babyloni% captivity1 & ! subsequ5t deliv]y ( ,god's p 7#d3aj74 ,we see1 !n1 :at a full prep>ation _h be5 made = ! revelations v\*saf$ to ,isaiah 9 ! *apt]s n[ "u consid]ation4 ,!y relate n to some?+ new & unhe>d (1 b to a captivity :i* he _h himself =etold 9 accordance ) ! ?reat5+s ( ,god by =m] prophets4 ,"u ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s he is c>ri$ into ! future ( ,zion4 ,9 prophetic vision he sees h] l& wa/$1 h] temple burn$1 & h] *ildr5 groan+ 9 captivity4 ,z ! ne>e/ int]position ( ,god 9 h] behalf1 he =etells h] lib]ation by ,cyrus1 ! ano9t$ ( ! ,"l1 & h] re/oration to ! promis$ l&4 ,b ?is is only ! e>ne/ & pl$ge ( a high] r$emption ?r\gh ! ,messiah1 ! true s]vant ( ,jehovah1 "u :om %e %all be glorifi$ ) a p]petual salvation1 & h] dom9ion ext5d$ ov] all ! e>?4 ,to limit ! prophet's vision to ! deliv]ance f ,babylon w\ld be to make him a mess5g] ( glad tid+s :i* mock$ ! hopes ( ! cov5ant p2 = ?is deliv]ance did n fulfil ! j expectations :i* 8 l(ty promises awak5$ 9 ! bosoms ( ! pi\s remnant ( ,israel4 ,no2 x is 9 ,*ri/'s r$emption alone1 ( :i* t ( ,cyrus 0 only a %ad[1 t ,zion receives 9 full measure ! glori\s promises :i* %9e =? 9 ?is "p ( ,isaiah4 ,if n[ we consid] ! =m ( ^! promises1 we f9d t !y be> ?r\gh\t ! /amp ( true prophecy1 z di/+ui%$ f hi/ory4 ,!y h nei!r ! dress ( prose hi/ory1 ) its dates & circum/antial details1 su* z we f9d 9 ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 nor ( hi/oric poetry1 l ! song ( ,deborah & ,b>ak2 l ! sev5ty-eigh? hundr$ & fif?1 & hundr$ & six? psalms4 ,!y are express$ 9 a s]ies ( poetic images1 9 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! "n ( ,cyrus1 all is g5]al2 images1 moreov]1 drawn = ! mo/ "p1 n f ! great ev5ts connect$ ) ! conque/s ( ,cyrus1 b f ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,let any "o read1 = example1 ! =ty-six? & =ty-sev5? *apt]s ( ,isaiah1 & ask himself :e!r a writ] :o liv$ 9 ,cyrus' day c\ld h describ$ ! fall ( ,babylon )\t specific allusions to ! ag5cies by :i* x 0 br\ght to pass4 ,z to ! hi/oric ref]5ces :i* "s f9d to ! m>* ( ! ,jewi% c>avans ( return+ captives ?r\gh ! des]t t lay betwe5 ,babylon & ,pale/9e1 :oev] reads ! passages 9 "q )\t a previ\sly =m$ conclusion1 mu/ be satisfi$ t !y are poetic descriptions ( ! r$emption & re/oration ( ,god's p borr[$ ma9ly f ! primitive j\rney ( ,israel f ,egypt to ,canaan ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ,arabia4 ,god1 z !n1 goes be=e 8 p1 op5+ = !m 9 _! extremity riv]s 9 high places1 & f\nta9s 9 ! mid/ ( ! valleys2 mak+ ! wild]ness a pool ( wat]1 & ! dry l& spr+s ( wat]4 ,ev5 ,cyrus is m5tion$ n z ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 b z a man rais$ up f ! ea/ to execute ,god's v5geance on ! oppressors ( 8 p4 ,accord+ to ,ctesias & ,plut>*1 ! "n ,cyrus signifies sun4 ,/rabo says t 8 "n1 be=e asc5d+ ! ?rone ( ,p]sia1 0 ,agradales4 ,"s are ( op9ion t ! ^w ,cyrus 7,heb4 ,kore%7 0 an appellation common to ! k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,we d n ne$1 h[ev]1 ! help ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,god himself expla9s ! gr\nd on :i* he is m5tion$ by "n3 ,= ,jacob my s]vant's sake1 & ,israel m9e elect1 h ,i ev5 call$ !e by ?y "n3 ,i h surnam$ !e1 ?\gh ?\ ha/ n kn[n me 7#de3d74 ,accord+ to ,josephus 7,antiq4 #aa4 #a1 #b71 ,cyrus 0 mov$ to issue 8 decree = ! lib]ation ( ! ,jews by a k ( ! prophecies ( ,isaiah 9 :i* he is m5tion$ by "n4 ,) ?is agree ! t]ms ( ! edict3 ,! ,"l ,god ( heav5 ha? giv5 me all ! k+doms ( ! e>?1 & he ha? *>g$ me to build him a h\se at ,j]usalem1 :i* is 9 ,judah4 ,ezra #a3b1 comp>$ ) ,isa4 #dd3bh4 ,if ?is view be correct1 ! m5tion ( ,cyrus by "n 0 a "p ( ,god's plan = ! re/oration ( ! cov5ant p4 ,x is n true1 z has be5 ass]t$1 t ! prophet foll[s ,cyrus 9 ! details ( 8 conque/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 notices ( him are few & g5]al4 ,z to ! s9s ( ! p :i* he rebukes1 !y may be all naturally ref]r$ to ! times ( ,isaiah1 :ile "s ( !m1 z ! neglect ( ! e/abli%$ sacrifices & oblations 7#dc3bc1 #bd71 & ! (f]+ ( sacrifices 9 connection ) an impure he>t & life 7#ff3c71 presuppose ! exi/5ce ( ! temple & alt> at ,j]usalem1 :]e alone sacrifices c\ld be lawfully (f]$4 ,! s9 ( seek+ hea!n alliances 7#eg3i7 po9ts also unmi/akably to ! same p]iod4 ,al?\gh ! prophet is c>ri$ =w>d 9 vision to ! future ( ! cov5ant p1 he does n :olly =get ! m5 ( 8 own g5]ation1 b occasionally adm9i/]s to !m sev]e rebukes1 ?us m+l+ ! pres5t ) ! future1 aft] ! mann] ( all ! prophets4 ,! o!r argum5ts :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ?is "p ( ,isaiah are only ( second>y importance1 & c readily be answ]$4 ,x is said t ! /yle is m diffuse & fl[+ ?an 9 ! fir/ "p4 ,! answ] is t ?is agrees well ) bo? ! alt]$ circum/ances ( ! prophet & ! alt]$ "* ( 8 !me4 ,mo/ ( 8 e>li] prophecies 7 deliv]$ "u ! pressure & excitem5t ( public life1 :5 he w5t be=e rul]s & p *>g$ ) specific messages f ,jehovah1 & ^!1 too1 mo/ly ( a d5unciatory "*4 ,b ! "p n[ "u consid]ation 0 writt5 9 ! s]5ity ( retirem5t1 ) ! g5]al purpose ( com=t+ ,god's p by a view ( ! future glory 9 res]ve = !m4 ,x is entirely natural1 !n1 t ! /yle ( ! fir/ "p %\ld be m concise & abrupt1 t ( ! latt] m diffuse & fl[+2 ev5 if we d n make all[ance = ! influ5ce ( age4 ,b not)/&+ ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two p>ts1 bo? h ! same g5]al co/ume1 & ! same peculi> expressions & turns ( ?\ght1 by :i* !y are suffici5tly m>k$ z ! productions ( ! same p54 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! ,hebrew ( ?is second "p ( ,isaiah is 9 g5]al z pure z t ( ! fir/ "p4 ,! few ,*aldaisms :i* x exhibits may be expla9$ z belong+ to ! poetic diction4 ,su* ,*aldaisms exi/1 moreov]1 9 ! e>li] books4 ,"s words1 z seganim 7pr9ces1 #da3be71 may be expla9$ by ! int]c\rse ( ! ,jews ) ! ,assyrians 9 ! days ( ,isaiah4 ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #heg4 #h4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! argum5ts aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ?is "p ( ,isaiah 7& by p>ity ( reason aga9/ c]ta9 sections ( ! fir/ "p7 h _! gr\nd 9 ! d5ial ( prophetic inspiration1 & _c endure ! te/ ( sob] criticism4 ,! evid5ce1 !n1 = ! g5u95ess ( ^! *apt]s rema9s 9 its full =ce1 & x is ( ! mo/ weighty "*4 ,if we look to ext]nal te/imony1 !re is ! und5iable fact t1 z f> back z we c trace ! hi/ory ( ! book ( ,isaiah1 !y h con/itut$ an integral "p ( x4 ,!y are recogniz$ z su* by ,josephus 7,antiq4 #aa4 #a1 #b72 by ,jesus ! son ( ,sira*1 9 ! book call$ ,ecclesia/icus 7#dh3bd1 #be72 & always 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :5 quotations are made f !m--,matt4 #c3c2 #h3ag2 #ab3ag-ba2 ,luke #c3d2 #d3ag-ai2 ,john #a3bc2 #ab3ch-da1 :]e a quotation f ! la/ "p ( ,isaiah is jo9$ ) "o f ! fir/ "p2 ,acts #h3bh-cc2 ,rom4 #aj3af1 #bj1 #ba4 ,t !y 7 app5d$ by fraud & =g]y no "o pret5ds to affirm4 ,! "* ( ?is "p ( ! book1 n less ?an ! "* ( ^? :o _h ! ,jewi% canon 9 cu/ody1 is a suffici5t protection aga9/ su* a supposition4 ,t !y %\ld h be5 app5d$ ?r\gh ignorance is inconceivable4 ,h[ c ! "n ( s great a prophet h rema9$ unkn[n8 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis 9 "q1 he liv$ ab\t ! close ( ! ,babyloni% captivity4 ,he 0 contempor>y1 !re=e1 ) ,daniel2 ) ,z]ubbabel also1 ,je%ua1 & ! o!r *iefs ( ! re/oration4 ,did no "o ( ^! "k :o 0 ! man t prophesi$ s abundantly ( ! "w :i* !y _h s mu* at he>t8 ,& did 8 "n inde$ escape ! k ( ! le>n$ scribe ,ezra8 ,& if !y did n "k 8 "n1 :y did !y app5d 8 writ+s to ^? ( ! true ,isaiah1 ?us tacitly ascrib+ to him _! au?or%ip8 ,:y did !y n leave !m )\t a "n1 z !y did ! books ( ,judges1 ,ru?1 ,samuel1 ,k+s1 & ,*ronicles8 ,t ^! *apt]s h always con/itut$ a "p ( ! book ( ,isaiah1 & be5 ackn[l$g$ z su*1 is a fact :i* admits ( b "o explanation2 t1 namely1 ( _! g5u95ess4 ,! ,great ,unkn[n1 z he is call$1 is no o!r ?an ,isaiah himself1 :om ! pr9ciples ( c]ta9 critics d n all[ !m to ackn[l$ge z ,isaiah4 ,! int]nal evid5ce = ! g5u95ess ( ^! *apt]s has already be5 p>tly consid]$ 9 an incid5tal way4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! purity ( ! ,hebrew1 :i* belongs to ! age ( ,isaiah1 n ( ,cyrus2 9 ! und5iable allusions to ! temple sacrifices & oblations z !n exi/+ 7#dc3bc1 #bd71 & to ! s9 ( seek+ hea!n alliances 7#eg3i72 & especially 9 ! fact t a writ] liv+ ne> ! close ( ! exile mu/ h ref]r$ 9 a m p>ticul> & hi/oric way to ! great ev5ts connect$ ) ,cyrus' conque/s4 ,x may be add$ t !re are 9 ! lat] prophets "s cle> allusions to ?is "p ( ,isaiah4 ,j]emiah1 :o und5iably made use ( prophecies conta9$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,isaiah1 0 acqua9t$ ) ! second "p also4 ,comp>e ,j]4 #aj3c1d1 ) ,isa4 #dj3ai1 #bj2 #da3g2 ,j]4 #ca3ce1 ) ,isa4 #ea3ae1 :]e a :ole clause is repeat$ f ,isaiah1 :i* agrees 9 ! ,hebrew to e lett]2 ,j]4 #ej3b1 ) ,isa4 #df3a1 #b4 ,comp>e also ,zeph4 #b3ae1 ) ,isa4 #dg3h2 ,nah4 #a3ae1 ) ,isa4 #eb3g4 #i4 ,! argum5ts urg$ aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( c]ta9 sections ( ! fir/ "p ( ,isaiah are = sub/ance ! same z ^! t h n[ be5 exam9$1 & ne$ n a sep>ate consid]ation4 ,we come on solid gr\nds to ! conclusion t ,isaiah 0 ! au?or ( ! :ole collection ( prophecies :i* be> 8 "n1 & t ! arrangem5t ( ^! prophecies 9 _! pres5t =m also proce$$ f him4 ,,ii4 ,,j]emiah ,,& ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,lam5tations4 #aj4 ,9 pass+ f ,isaiah to ,j]emiah1 ! contra/ is z great z x c well be2 & yet x is a contra/ necess>y to ! complet5ess ( div9e revelation1 :i* employs m5 ( all *>act]s & temp]am5ts1 & liv+ 9 e v>iety ( outw>d circum/ances4 ,isaiah1 l ! apo/le ,john1 seems to h liv$ above 8 p]sonal relations 9 ! sph]e ( div9e tru?4 ,he nev] alludes to 8 private hi/ory1 except :]e ! nature ( a giv5 n>rative requires x4 ,x is n probable t he 0 subject$ to su* an ordeal ( p]secution z t ?r\gh :i* ,j]emiah pass$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we ga9 almo/ no k ( 8 private life f ! book ( 8 prophecies4 ,b ,j]emiah1 l ! apo/le ,paul1 unfolds to u v fully ! hi/ory ( 8 inw>d & outw>d life4 ,) 8 peculi>ly t5d] & s5sitive m9d x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,if he _h n wov5 into 8 prophecies 8 own inn] & out] life1 he w\ld n h writt5 naturally1 & !re=e tru?fully4 ,?r\gh ?is int]weav+ ( biography ) revelation1 ,god has giv5 9 ! case ( ,j]emiah1 z 9 t ( ! great apo/le to ! ,g5tiles1 a ri* /oreh\se ( tru? = ! in/ruction & com=t ( 8 p]secut$ & suff]+ s]vants 9 all ages4 ,) ! simplicity ( tru?1 ! prophet in=ms u h[ ! m5 ( ,ana?o?1 8 native place1 conspir$ to take away 8 life 7#aa3ah-bc2 #ab3f72 h[ ,pa%ur1 ! son ( ,imm]1 smote him & put him 9 ! /ocks 7#bj3a-f72 h[ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,jehoiakim's reign he 0 accus$ be=e ! pr9ces by ! prie/s & false prophets z a man wor?y ( dea?1 b acquitt$ by !m 7*ap4 #bf72 h[ aft]w>ds he & ,b>u* 7 hidd5 by ,jehovah 7*ap #cf72 h[ "u ,z$ekiah he 0 repeat$ly imprison$ 7*aps4 #cb3b2 #cc3a71 & ?ru/ into dungeons 7*aps4 #cg1 #ch72 h[ ^u ! conque/ ( ! city by ! ,*aldeans he 0 releas$ f 8 fett]s & honorably treat$ 7*s4 #ci3aa-ad2 #dj3a-d72 & h[ aft]w>ds he 0 =c$ to g into ,egypt ) ! fugitive ,jews 7*aps4 #db1 #dc74 ,9 connection ) ?is ext]nal hi/ory1 we h a vivid portraiture ( 8 inw>d conflicts4 ,mo/ deeply does he sympa?ize ) 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! calamities :i* _! s9s h br\ght ^u !m2 yet he is rew>d$ only ) curses1 because he fai?fully =ew>ns !m ( ! judgm5ts ( heav5 :i* are fa/ approa*+1 & :i* c be av]t$ only by he>ty rep5tance & re=mation4 ,woe is me1 my "m1 he cries out 9 8 angui%1 t ?\ ha/ borne me a man ( /rife & a man ( cont5tion to ! :ole e>?6 ,i h nei!r l5t on usury1 nor m5 h l5t to me on usury2 yet e "o ( !m do? curse me 7#ae3aj72 & l ,job he loses all composure "u ! pressure ( 8 sorr[s1 & bitt]ly curses ! day ( 8 bir? 7#bj3ad-ah74 ,aga9 we see him 9 ! h&s ( 8 p]secutors s]5ely committ+ himself to ,god1 & calmly w>n+ !m aga9/ ! guilt ( %$d+ 8 blood 7#bf3ab-ae74 ,9 su* alt]nations ( impati5ce & fai? we h a true portraiture ( ! /ruggle ( grace aga9/ ! weakness ( nature2 & x is ?is :i* gives x especial value z a "p ( revelation1 :i* nev] exhibits good m5 9 a fictiti\s light1 b always 9 ! sob] liv]y ( tru?4 #aa4 ,j]emiah 0 ( prie/ly desc5t 7#a3a72 b t ,hilkiah1 8 fa!r1 0 id5tical ) ! high prie/ :o f\nd 9 ! temple ! book ( ! law 7#b ,k+s #bb3h71 re/s ^u m]e conjecture4 ,ana?o?1 8 native place1 0 9 ! l& ( ,b5jam91 ab\t f\r miles nor? ( ,j]usalem4 ,he 0 call$ to ! prophetical (fice 9 8 y\?1 & ex]cis$ x 9 8 native l& f ! ?irte5? ye> ( ,josiah to ! close ( ,z$ekiah's reign1 ?r\gh a p]iod ( ab\t =ty-"o ye>s 7*ap4 #a3c72 & aft]w>ds 9 ,egypt1 :i!r he 0 c>ri$ by ! rebelli\s remnant ( ! p 7*aps4 #dc1 #dd74 ,8 fir/ appe>ance1 !re=e1 0 ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty-"o ye>s aft] t ( ,isaiah1 if we reckon f ! la/ ye> ( ,uzziah1 & "s sev5ty or m aft] ! close ( ,isaiah's prophecies4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ! religi\s & moral condition ( ! ,jewi% nation _h be5 /eadily *ang+ = ! worse "u su* k+s z ,manasseh & ,amon2 nor c\ld ! zeal\s ef=ts ( ,josiah avail to *eck ! swell+ tide ( idolatry & pr(ligacy4 ,s5t by ,jehovah 9 su* a deg5]ate age to rebuke ! wick$ rul]s & p = _! s9s1 & to =ew>n !m ( ,god's imp5d+ judgm5ts1 he 0 necess>ily subject$ to mu* p]secution4 ,isaiah _h adm9i/]$ /]n rebukes to ,ahaz & 8 p1 b he _h enc\rag$ !m ) ! hope ( successful resi/ance to ! ,assyrian p[]4 ,b f ! ,*aldeans1 :o _h succe$$ ! ,assyrians z ! rul+ mon>*y ( ! _w1 ,j]emiah c\ld promise no deliv]ance4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,"l he c\nsell$ submission1 solemnly assur+ ! k+s & pr9ces ( ,judah t _! reliance on ,egyptian help w\ld end 9 %ame & disappo9tm5t 7#cg3e-aj74 ,?is br\ght ^u him a load ( calumny1 insult1 & p]secution1 :i* he ke5ly felt1 b bore ) =titude1 nev] sw]v+ f ! pa? ( /rict fidelity t[>ds ,god4 ,! prophecies ( ,j]emiah d n conta9 s _m animat+ visions ( ! di/ant future z are f\nd 9 ,isaiah4 ,he is m occupi$ ) ! s9s ( 8 own age1 & ! heavy judgm5ts ( ,god t imp5d ov] 8 c\ntrym54 ,8 mission is emphatically to unfold ! connection betwe5 national pr(ligacy & national ru94 ,?is he does ) a ma/]ly h&1 hold+ up to ! _w1 9 ! "* & fate1 ( 8 c\ntrym51 a mirror = all "t1 9 :i* wick$ nations may see !mselves & ! ru9 :i* awaits !m4 ,! :ole compass ( pr(ane hi/ory does n conta9 s mu* cle> in/ruction on ?is po9t z is cr[d$ into ! few pages ( ! weep+ prophet4 ,if ! book ( ,god's revelation c\ld n h be5 complete )\t ! ec/atic visions ( ,isaiah1 s nei!r c\ld x h sp>$ ,j]emiah's vivid del9eation ( a pr(ligate nation plung+ itself into rem$iless ru9 by its iniquities4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 we f9d 9 ,j]emiah also joy\s anticipations ( ! good res]v$ = ,god's p 9 ! latt] days4 ,he pr$ict$ n only ! ,babyloni% captivity1 b its t]m9ation at ! end ( sev5ty ye>s1 & ! p]petual ov]?r[ ( ,babylon & ! ,*aldean p[] 7#be3ab-ad2 #bi3aj-ad74 ,see also *apt]s #cj-cc1 :]e he describes1 aft] ! mann] ( ,isaiah1 ! glory ( ! latt] days4 ,9 ,j]emiah we h an illu/ri\s example ( "o ^: reputation aft] dea? became z high & la/+1 z ! reproa* :i* he endur$ be=e dea? 0 deep & protract$4 ,! m5 ( 8 g5]ation c\ld n appreciate 8 wor?4 ,8 messages !y treat$ ) scorn1 & him ) contumely4 ,?r\gh a long life ( fai?ful labor x 0 8 lot to endure reproa* & calumny4 ,b nei!r _! unbelief1 nor ! burn+ ( ! roll ( 8 prophecies by ,jehoiakim c\ld h9d] ! fulfilm5t ( 8 words4 ,:5 ! captivity _h come1 z he _h pr$ict$1 & especially :5 ,god's promise ?r\gh him t x %\ld end aft] sev5ty ye>s _h be5 fulfill$1 he 0 honor$ z among ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 & f t day onw>d 8 "n became z o9tm5t p\r$ =?4 ,! hi/ory ( ,j]emiah is also peculi>ly enc\rag+ to ,god's fai?ful s]vants :o labor on = ye>s amid difficulties & disc\ragem5ts1 & see no fruits ( _! toils4 ,:5 he di$ x seem$ z if all 8 solemn messages _h be5 wa/$ ^u t ungodly g5]ation4 ,b !y 7 n lo/ to ! ,jews :o liv$ to witness ! fulfilm5t ( 8 pr$ictions 9 _! captivity4 ,9 connection ) ! labors ( ,ezekiel & ,daniel !y contribut$ greatly to br+ ab\t t *ange = ! bett] :i* took place dur+ ! exile4 ,?r\gh !m1 moreov]1 ,god provid$ a treasury ( in/ruction & com=t = 8 p 9 all com+ ages4 ,h[ =cible a comm5t are 8 life & labors ^u ! apo/olic decl>ation made _m c5turies aft]w>ds3 ,let u n be we>y 9 well-do+3 = 9 due season we %all reap if we fa9t n4 #ab4 ,( ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah "s are )\t date1 & :]e ! date is giv5 ! *ronological ord] is n always obs]v$4 ,9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim ! prophet1 by ,god's direction1 dictat$ to ,b>u*1 & he wrote 9 a roll ( a book all ! prophecies :i* ,god _h communicat$ to him f ! days ( ,josiah to t "t 7#cf3a-d74 ,:5 ! k+ _h de/roy$ ?is roll1 he 0 direct$ to prep>e ano!r conta9+ ! same prophecies1 & !re 7 add$ besides unto !m _m l words 7#cf3bg-cb74 ,:atev] use may h be5 made ( ?is manuscript 9 ! compilation ( our pres5t book1 x is pla9 t x has n come d[n to u 9 its orig9al =m z a con/itu5t "p ( ,j]emiah's prophecies2 s9ce 9 ^!1 z we n[ h !m1 !re is an int]m+l+ ( messages be=e & aft] ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim4 ,we _c tell ! orig9 ( ! pres5t ord]1 nor is x a matt] ( importance1 s f> z ! in/ructions to be d]iv$ f ,j]emiah's writ+s are conc]n$4 ,foll[+ ! ,hebrew ord] 7see bel[7 we h ! foll[+ g5]al divisions3 7#a47 ,prophecies address$ to ,judah1 ) :i* are connect$ _m notices ( ,j]emiah's p]sonal hi/ory1 & at ! close ( :i* /&s a message to ,b>u*4 ,*aps4 #a-de4 7#b47 ,prophecies aga9/ =eign nations4 7#c47 ,an app5dix tak5 almo/ v]batim f #b ,k+s #bd3ah-bj & *ap4 #be1 & :i* seems to h be5 add$ by "s lat] writ]1 z ,ezra 7*ap4 #eb47 ,x is n necess>y to consid] p>ticul>ly ! attempt made to disprove ! g5u95ess ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ,j]emiah's prophecies1 s9ce !y all re/1 n on critical gr\nds1 b on ! false pr9ciple t has be5 already consid]$--! d5ial ( ! reality ( prophetic inspiration4 ,m5 :o d5y t ,isaiah c\ld =esee ! re/oration ( ! ,jews f ! ,babyloni% captivity1 mu/ d5y also t ,j]emiah c\ld limit ! duration ( t captivity to sev5ty ye>s4 ,b ) ^? :o believe t holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 su* argum5ts _c h weight4 ,x is well kn[n t ,j]emiah1 p>ticul>ly 9 8 prophecies aga9/ =eign nations1 made use ( e>li] prophecies1 z ^? ( ,isaiah & ,obadiah4 ,comp>e ,isa4 *aps4 #ae1 #af ) ,j]4 *ap4 #dh2 ,obadiah ) ,j]4 #di3g-ag4 ,! ,alex&r9e v]sion diff]s unacc\ntably f ! ,hebrew text 9 its arrangem5t ( ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah4 ,^? aga9/ =eign nations come aft] *ap4 #be3ac1 & also foll[ a v diff]5t ord]4 ,besides ?is1 ! ,alex&r9e exhibits a numb] ( v>iations l>g] & small] f ! ,hebrew text4 ,! explanation ( ^! diff]5ces 9 arrangem5t & 9 ! text is a matt] ( unc]ta9 conjecture4 #ac4 ,! book ( ,lam5tations is designat$ 9 ,hebrew by ! op5+ ^w ,e*a1 h[4 ,! unanim\s voice ( antiquity ascribes x to ,j]emiah1 & ) ?is tradition agree its int]nal "* & /yle4 ,x 0 writt5 9 view ( ! desolation ( ,judah & ,j]usalem by ! ,*aldeans1 by an eye-witness ( all ! unutt]able mis]ies connect$ ) t cata/rophe4 ,:ile x lam5ts1 9 /ra9s ( ! deepe/ angui%1 ! desolation ( ,j]usalem ) ! slaught] & captivity ( its inhabitants1 & heaps toge!r images ( horror1 x ascribes righte\sness to ,god1 & ackn[l$ges ! manifold s9s ( ! rul]s & p z ! cause ( ! ov]:elm+ calamities t _h come ^u !m4 ,we see ?r\gh\t ! feel+s ( a t5d]-he>t$ & compassionate man1 ( a s9c]e patriot1 & ( a dev\t wor%ipp] ( ,jehovah beautifully bl5d$ toge!r4 ,sad z is ! picture1 x is to u :o contemplate x 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 n )\t its lessons ( com=t z well z ( w>n+4 ,x tea*es u t 9 ! midnight ( ,zion's adv]sity h] cov5ant ,god is ) h]1 & t %e has an inde/ructible life4 ,! pr]ogative :i* ! ,roman b>d appli$ to 8 c\ntry3 ,plunge h] 9 ! deep1 %e comes out ! /rong]--?is high pr]ogative belongs to ! true spiritual ,j]usalem1 :i* no fire c de/roy1 nor floods ov]:elm4 ,! /ructure ( ?is book is peculi>4 ,its five *apt]s con/itute five poetical compositions1 ea* complete 9 itself s f> z outw>d =m is conc]n$1 b ! :ole inw>dly b\nd toge!r z p>ts ( "o great !me4 ,! fir/ & second *apt]s consi/ ea* ( tw5ty-two v]ses1 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( ! tw5ty-two lett]s ( ! ,hebrew alphabet2 t is1 ! fir/ v]se beg9n+ ) ! fir/ lett]1 ! second ) ! second1 & s on4 ,ea* ( ! v]ses1 moreov]1 conta9s z a rule ?ree clauses4 ,! ?ird *apt] conta9s sixty-six %ort v]ses ( "o clause ea*1 ! fir/ ?ree beg9n+ ) ! fir/ lett] ( ! alphabet1 ! next ?ree ) ! second1 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ?is c5tral *apt]1 !re=e1 ! alphabetic /ructure rea*es its culm9ation4 ,! f\r? *apt] is l ! fir/ & second1 ) ! exception t ! v]ses g5]ally consi/ ( two clauses ea*4 ,! fif? *apt] conta9s tw5ty-two %ort v]ses ( "o clause ea*1 l ^? ( ! ?ird1 b n arrang$ alphabetically4 ,! m artificial /ructure ( ! ?ird *apt] m>ks x at once z peculi>4 ,9 ?is ! prophet1 z ! repres5tative ( ! pi\s "p ( ! nation1 bewails ! calamities t h come ^u himself & 8 c\ntry1 expresses 8 firm confid5ce 9 ,god & 8 purpose to wait = deliv]ance 9 pati5t submission to 8 w1 exhorts 8 c\ntrym5 to rep5tance1 & (f]s up 8 f]v5t pray] to ,god t he w\ld rememb] 8 suff]+ p & puni% _! p]secutors4 ,! fif? *apt] is a compla9t ( ,zion 9 pray] to ,god 9 view ( ! t]rible calamities t h come ^u h]4 ,! o!r ?ree *apt]s 7! fir/1 second1 & f\r?7 are occupi$ ma9ly ) a description ( ^! calamities4 ,,iii4 ,,ezekiel4 #ae4 ,ezekiel 0 especially ! prophet ( ! captivity4 ,daniel1 8 contempor>y1 receiv$ 9 ,babylon glori\s revelations respect+ ! future hi/ory ( ,god's k+dom2 b he 0 a /atesman1 ex]cis+ ! prophetical (fice1 l ,david1 only 9 an incid5tal way4 ,ezekiel1 on ! contr>y1 0 expressly call$ & consecrat$1 l 8 pr$ecessors ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 to ! prophetical (fice4 ,l ,isaiah1 he has giv5 u b few p>ticul>s conc]n+ 8 p]sonal hi/ory4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,buzi1 & ( prie/ly desc5t 7#a3c72 belong$ to t company ( captives ( ! bett] class ( ! p :o _h be5 c>ri$ away ) ,jehoia*9 by ! k+ ( ,babylon :5 he made ,z$ekiah k+ 9 8 /ead 7#b ,k+s #bd3h-af72 & liv$ ) o!r captives at ,tell-abib on ! ,*eb> 7p]haps ! anci5t ,*aboras1 a bran* ( ! ,euphrates71 :]e he _h a h\se & 0 m>ri$ 7#a3a-c2 #c3ae2 #h3a2 #bd3ae-ah74 ,t he 0 held 9 high honor by 8 fell[-captives1 z a true prophet ( ,god1 is manife/ f ! mann] 9 :i* !y assembl$ at 8 h\se to inquire ( ! ,"l ?r\gh him 7#h3a2 #ad3a2 #bj3a74 ,( 8 p]sonal /&+ & reputation1 z well z ( ! "* ( 8 he>]s1 we h an int]e/+ notice 9 *ap4 #cc3cj-cb1 :]e in/ead ( talk+ aga9/ !e 7v]se #cj7 we may bett] r5d]1 z 9 ! m>g9 ( our ,engli% v]sion1 talk+ ( !e3 ,also1 ?\ son ( man1 ! *ildr5 ( ?y p are /ill talk+ ( !e by ! walls & 9 ! doors ( ! h\ses1 & speak "o to ano!r1 e "o to 8 bro!r1 say+1 ,come1 ,i pray y1 & he> :at is ! ^w t come? =? f ! ,"l4 ,& !y come unto !e z ! p come?1 & !y sit be=e !e z my p1 & !y he> ?y words1 b !y w n d !m3 = ) _! m\? !y %[ mu* love1 b _! he>t goe? aft] _! covet\sness4 ,& lo1 ?\ art unto !m z a v lovely song ( "o t ha? a pleasant voice1 & c play well on an in/rum5t3 = !y he> ?y words1 b !y d !m n4 ,ezekiel 0 call$ to ! prophetical (fice 9 ! fif? ye> ( k+ ,jehoia*9's captivity 7#a3b71 f :i* date he con/antly reckons4 ,j]emiah's activity z a prophet cont9u$ n only ?r\gh ! elev5 ye>s ( ,z$ekiah's reign1 b = a consid]able p]iod aft]w>ds2 s t ! two prophets 7 = "s "t contempor>y1 ! "o prophesy+ 9 ,j]usalem & aft]w>ds 9 ,egypt1 ! o!r among ! captives 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! late/ date :i* ! prophecies ( ,ezekiel furni% is ! tw5ty-sev5? ye> ( ,jehoia*9's captivity1 ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s f ! "t :5 he 0 call$ to 8 (fice4 ,h[ mu* long] he prophesi$ we h no means ( det]m9+4 ,! date ) :i* ! book ( ,ezekiel op5s is ! ?irtie? ye>1 9 ! f\r? mon?1 9 ! fif? day ( ! mon?1 :i* 0 also ! fif? ye> ( k+ ,jehoia*9's captivity 7v]se #b71 or five hundr$ & n9ety-five ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,reckon+ back f ?is date ?irty ye>s1 we come to ! eighte5? ye> ( ,josiah1 :5 he repair$ ! temple1 & solemnly r5ew$ ! wor%ip ( ,god2 & also to ! fir/ ye> ( ,nabopolass>1 ! fa!r ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o made ,babylon indep5d5t ( ! ,assyrian mon>*y1 & ?us e/abli%$ a new era4 ,"s h assum$ ! =m] ( ^! two eras z t f :i* ! prophet reckons2 b ! latt] is m probable4 ,writ+1 z he does1 "u ! ,*aldean mon>*y1 x is natural t he %\ld give1 at ! outset1 a date by :i* ! *ronology ( ! :ole s]ies ( 8 prophecies may be det]m9$ 9 ref]5ce to ,*aldean hi/ory4 ,else:]e he dates f ,jehoia*9's captivity4 #af4 ,x is n wor? :ile to raise any que/ions conc]n+ ! purity ( ,ezekiel's ,hebrew1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! e>li] writ]s4 ,! ,holy ,_s is n conc]n$ ab\t ! classic /yle ( a prophet4 ,he selects m5 ^: natural qualities1 provid5tial tra9+1 & sanctifi$ he>ts fit !m = ! "w assign$ to !m2 & "u 8 inspiration !y speak & write 9 ! dialect to :i* !y & _! he>]s are accu/om$4 ,ezekiel's /yle is m>k$ by ,*aldaisms1 z might h be5 expect$ f ! circum/ances 9 :i* he wrote4 ,at ! same "t x is z =cible z x is peculi>1 a /yle e way adapt$ to ! "w laid ^u him4 ,he 0 s5t to a rebelli\s nation2 to impud5t *ildr5 & /iff-he>t$1 ) ! *>ge3 ,be n afraid ( !m1 nei!r be afraid ( _! words1 ?\gh bri]s & ?orns be ) !e1 & ?\ do/ dwell among scorpions3 be n afraid ( _! words1 nor be dismay$ at _! looks1 ?\gh !y be a rebelli\s h\se 7#b3c1 #d1 #f74 ,h[ well he fulfill$ 8 mission 8 prophecies %[1 9 :i* !re is a wond]ful fire & vehem5ce1 jo9$ ) a wond]ful v>iety ( repres5tation & imag]y4 ,prov]bs1 p>ables1 riddles1 symbolic actions1 vivid portraitures ( human wick$ness1 t]rible d5unciations ( ,god's approa*+ judgm5ts1 & glori\s visions ( future peace & prosp]ity 9 res]ve = ! true ,israel--^! are all famili> to him1 & are set =? (t5 ) an exub]ant fulness ( imag]y4 ,:5 summon$ by ,god to judge ! bloody city ( ,j]usalem1 ripe = ! judgm5ts ( heav51 he heaps "o ^u ano!r ! black crimes ( :i* %e is guilty 7#bb3f-ab74 ,! repetitions s rem>kably *>act]i/ic ( 8 /yle are ^? ( en]gy1 n ( weakness4 ,!y are ! repetitions ( a batt]+-ram t gives bl[ ^u bl[ till ! wall crumbles be=e x4 ,! same may be said ( 8 amplifications1 z 9 *aps4 #a1 #af1 #bc1 #bg1 etc4 ,he _h a rem>kable adaptation to 8 (fice2 & 8 influ5ce mu/ h be5 v great 9 br++ ab\t ! re=mation ( ! nation :i* took place dur+ ! captivity4 #ag4 ,ezekiel ab\nds 9 allegoric & symbolic repres5tations4 ,^! give to _m ( 8 prophecies a d>k & my/]i\s "*1 & make !m difficult ( int]pretation4 ,j]ome long ago call$ ! book an ocean & labyr9? ( ! my/]ies ( ,god4 ,nev]!less1 ! common read] f9ds 9 him mu* t is pla9 ( appreh5sion1 & full ( weighty in/ruction4 ,res]v+ ! g5]al subject ( ! int]pretation ( prophecy = ano!r place1 we add "h a few words respect+ ! nature ( allegories & symbols1 & ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y are to be int]pret$4 ,an allegory is a n>rative ( a real ev5t express$ 9 figurative language2 t is1 :]e "o hi/oric transaction is describ$ "u ! image ( ano!r4 ,?us 9 *ap4 #ag3a-aj1 ! two great eagles are ,nebu*adnezz> & ,ph>aoh2 ! highe/ bran* ( ! c$> is ,jehoia*92 ! cropp+ (f & c>ry+ away ( ?is bran* is 8 removal by ,nebu*adnezz> to ,babylon1 etc4 ,s also ! ext5d$ descriptions ( ,j]usalem 9 *ap4 #af1 & ( ,j]usalem & ,sam>ia 9 *ap4 #bc1 "u ! figure ( lewd wom54 ,= o!r beautiful examples ( allegory see ,judges #i3h-ae2 ,isa4 #e3a-f2 ,psa4 #hj2 ,m>k #ab3a-i4 ,9 scriptural usage p>ables are n always di/+ui%$ f allegories4 ,b prop]ly speak+ p>ables are n>ratives ( suppos$ incid5ts--at lea/ ( incid5ts ! reality ( :i* is ( no consequ5ce--= ! purpose ( illu/rat+ important tru?s2 :ile allegories are figurative descriptions ( actual ev5ts4 ,a symbol repres5ts "s great tru? or ev5t ( ! future "u ! =m ( an action1 or "s mat]ial /ructure or arrangem5t4 ,prophetic symbols take ! =m ( actions1 & are ( two k9ds3 ,fir/1 actual1 :]e ! prophet himself p]=ms "s action be=e ! eyes ( 8 c\ntrym52 z 9 *ap4 #bd3ah1 :]e ,ezekiel1 9 ob$i5ce to ,god's comm&1 refra9s f all expressions ( grief at ! dea? ( 8 wife2 & *ap1 #cg3af1 #ag1 :]e he jo9s toge!r two /icks to repres5t ! reunion ( ! t5 tribes ) ,judah & ,b5jam94 ,see also ,j]4 #bg3b comp>$ ) #bh3aj4 ,secondly1 ideal2 t is1 se5 only 9 vision2 l ,ezekiel's prophecy ^u ! dry bones1 *ap4 #cg3a-aj1 & 8 measurem5ts ( ! ,new ,j]usalem ) its temple1 por*es1 etc4 ,*aps4 #dj-dh4 ,x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e to :i* ( ^! two classes a giv5 symbol belongs4 ,did ,j]emiah1 = example1 actually g to ,euphrates to bury ! l95 girdle !re1 or only 9 prophetic ec/acy8 ,j]4 #ac3a-aa4 ,did ,ezekiel p]=m ! acts record$ 9 *ap4 #d 9 reality or 9 vision8 ,! answ] to su* que/ions is n ( great importance1 s9ce ei!r way ! mean+ ( ! symbols & ! in/ructions :i* !y furni% are ! same4 #ah4 ,if we divide ! book ( ,ezekiel into two equal p>ts ( tw5ty-f\r *apt]s ea*1 ! fir/ "p conta9s prophecies deliv]$ be=e ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,aft] an introductory *apt] describ+ ! vision ( ! glory ( ,god :i* ! prophet _h :5 call$ to 8 (fice1 !re foll[s1 9 ! =m ( visions1 allegories1 symbolic actions1 & direct addresses1 a s]ies ( vivid descriptions ( ! s9s ( ,j]usalem & ! judgm5ts ( heav5 t are ab\t to fall ^u h]4 ,) ^! are int]sp]s$ d5unciations ( ! false prophets t flatt] ! p 9 _! s9s1 & f]v5t addresses to 8 fell[-captives rem>kable = _! pla9ness & evangelical _s4 ,! second "p op5s ) a s]ies ( prophecies aga9/ sev5 =eign nations1 9 :i* ! ord] ( "t is n obs]v$--fir/1 %ort prophecies aga9/ ! f\r neighbor+ nations1 ,ammon1 ,moab1 ,edom1 ,phili/ia 7*ap4 #be72 secondly1 a s]ies ( prophecies aga9/ ,tyre1 to :i* is app5d$ a %ort prophecy aga9/ ,sidon 7*aps4 #bf-bh72 ?irdly1 a l s]ies ( prophecies aga9/ ,egypt 7*aps4 #bi-cb74 ,^! prophecies 7 fulfill$ ?r\gh ! same ,*aldean p[] t execut$ ,god's righte\s v5geance on ! cov5ant p4 ,z ! numb] sev5 is made out by sep>at+ ,sidon f ,tyre to :i* x prop]ly belong$1 x is rightly held to be a symbolic numb]1 z 9 ! book ( ,revelation & else:]e1 sev5 be+ ! well-kn[n symbol ( complet5ess4 ,) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem 7#cc3ba7 ! ?und]s ( ,god's wra? t _h s long roll$ ov] h] die away2 & ! s]ies ( prophecies t foll[s is ma9ly occupi$1 l ! la/ "p ( ,isaiah1 ) pr$ictions ( ! future glory ( ,zion1 9 connection ) ,god's awful judgm5ts ^u ! wick$ )9 & )\t h] bord]s4 ,( ^! ! la/ n9e *apt]s conta9 a description ( ! vision :i* ,god v\*saf$ to ! prophet ( a new ,j]usalem1 ) its temple1 prie/s & alt>s1 ris+ out ( ! ru9s ( ! =m]1 ( l>g] ext5t & 9 a m glori\s =m4 ,he sees ! l& ( ,canaan also divid$ out to ! return+ captives by lot1 z x 0 9 ! days ( ,jo%ua1 b ^u an entirely diff]5t plan4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! temple is aft] ! model ( ,solomon's2 yet ?is vision is n to be und]/ood z a m]e prophecy ( ! rebuild+ ( ,solomon's temple ) ! city 9 :i* x /ood1 & ( ! repossession ( ! l& aft] ! ,babyloni% captivity4 ,sev]al p>ticul>s 9 ! description make x pla9 t x 0 n int5d$ to be lit]ally und]/ood4 ,see *aps4 #db3ae-bj2 #de3a-h2 #dg3a-ab2 & ! :ole ( *ap4 #dh4 ,x is r a symbolical repres5tation ( ! com+ deliv]ance & enl>gem5t ( ! true spiritual ,zion1 :i* is ,god's *ur*1 ! same 9 all ages4 ,! resettlem5t ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 & ! rebuild+ ( ! temple & city aft] ! captivity1 7 a "p inde$1 b only a v small "p ( ! good ?+s to come :i* ! vision %ad[$ =?4 ,its fulfilm5t belongs to ! entire hi/ory ( ! *ur* f ,ezekiel's day onw>d1 & x w be complet$ only 9 h] f9al triumph ov] ! k+dom ( ,satan1 & h] e/abli%m5t 9 p]man5t peace & hol9ess4 ,z ! "t _h n yet come = ! old cov5ant to pass away1 ,ezekiel1 :o 0 himself a prie/ "u ! law ( ,moses1 saw ! future enl>gem5t ( ,god's k+dom "u ! =ms ( ?is cov5ant4 ,! ,new ,j]usalem :i* ,god reveal$ to him _h its temple1 prie/s1 alt>1 & sacrifices4 ,all ^! 7 %ad[s ( ,*ri/'s p]fect prie/hood1 ( ! spiritual temple ( :i* he is ! *ief corn]-/one1 & ( ! spiritual prie/hood ( 8 p4 #a ,pet] #b3e-i4 ,! lit]al prie/hood1 alt>1 & sacrifices are = ev] done away 9 ,*ri/'s "o p]fect (f]+ = ! s9s ( ! _w on ,calv>y4 ,heb4 *aps4 #i1 #aj4 ,9 int]pret+ ! vision be=e u we %\ld n curi\sly inquire aft] ! mean+ ( e p>ticul> *amb] & pill> & door1 b r look to ! g5]al mean+ ( ! :ole4 ,! angel measures1 & ! prophet records all ! p>ts ( ! build+4 ,?is signifies1 9 g5]al1 t ,god's c>e ext5ds to all p>ts ( 8 spiritual temple1 & t he w see t !y are 9 due "t made p]fect4 ,! ,new ,j]usalem describ$ by ! apo/le ,john has mu* 9 common ) ?is4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 a vision ( ! same spiritual city1 ^: build] & mak] is ,god4 ,b x diff]s f ,ezekiel's vision 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 x belongs app>5tly to ! glorifi$ /ate ( ! *ur* aft] ! resurrection2 secondly1 x has no?+ ,jewi% 9 x1 nei!r temple nor alt>4 ,^! %ad[s h = ev] pass$ away4 ,,iv4 ,,daniel4 #ai4 ,! book ( ,daniel is assign$ 9 ! ,hebrew canon to ! ?ird division1 call$ ,hagiographa4 ,= ! suppos$ gr\nds ( ?is1 see above1 ,*ap4 #ac1 ,no4 #d4 ,daniel1 l ,j]emiah1 has int]wov5 into 8 writ+s s _m biographical notices ( himself1 t we ga!r f !m a pretty full hi/ory ( 8 life4 ,he belong$ to ! royal family ( ,judah1 be+ "o ( ! numb] ( ! k+'s se$ & ( ! pr9ces1 :om ,nebu*adnezz> _h c>ri$ captive to ,babylon 9 an invasion n record$ 9 ! books ( ,k+s or ,*ronicles 7#a3a-c74 ,?us 0 fulfill$ ! prophecy record$ 9 ,isa4 #ci3g4 ,b ,god graci\sly turn$ ?is into a ri* bless+ to ! ,hebrew nation2 = ,daniel1 hav+ be5 educat$ ) 8 ?ree companions1 ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael1 & ,az>iah1 9 ! le>n+ & ! tongue ( ! ,*aldeans1 & hav+ und]/&+ 9 all visions & dreams1 a rem>kable pro( ( :i* he gave by relat+ to ,nebu*adnezz> ! dream :i* _h gone f him1 ) its int]pretation1 0 made rul] ov] ! :ole prov9ce ( ,babylon1 & *ief ( ! gov]nors ov] all ! wise m5 ( ,babylon1 & at 8 reque/ 8 ?ree companions 7 also set ov] ! affairs ( ! prov9ce ( ,babylon 7*aps4 #a1 #b74 ,he cont9u$ 9 high honor at ! c\rt ( ,babylon z a wise & incorruptible /atesman1 & a prophet :o _h ! gift ( int]pret+ dreams1 till ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,*aldean empire by ! ,m$es & ,p]sians4 ,by ,d>ius ! ,m$e he 0 treat$ ) l honor 7p]haps 9 connection ) 8 int]pretation ( ,bel%azz>'s dream1 *ap4 #e71 be+ made *ief ( ! ?ree presid5ts :om he set ov] 8 :ole realm1 & a plot =m$ to de/roy him 0 fru/rat$ ?r\gh ,god's miracul\s int]position & turn$ to ! increase ( 8 honor & influ5ce2 s t he cont9u$ to prosp] 9 ! reign ( ,d>ius1 & 9 ! reign ( ,cyrus ! ,p]sian 7*ap4 #f74 ,he liv$1 !re=e1 to see ! release ( 8 c\ntrym5 f _! long captivity1 ?\gh x does n appe> t he himself return$ to 8 native l&4 ,probably he cont9u$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,p]sian c\rt to ! day ( 8 dea?4 #bj4 ,! fir/ *apt] is introductory to ! :ole book1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! selection & education ( ,daniel & 8 ?ree companions by direction ( ! k+ ( ,babylon4 ,! prophecies t foll[ naturally fall into two s]ies4 ,! fir/1 occupy+ *aps4 #b-g1 is writt5 9 ,*aldee f ! middle ( ! f\r? v]se ( *ap4 #b4 ,x unfolds ! relation :i* ,god's k+dom holds to ! hea!n p[]s z se5 7#a17 9 a tw(old vision ( ! f\r great mon>*ies ( ! _w1 9 ! =m fir/ ( an image consi/+ ( f\r p>ts1 & !n ( f\r great bea/s ris+ up out ( ! sea1 ! la/ mon>*y be+ succe$$ by ! k+dom ( ! ,god ( heav51 :i* %all nev] be de/roy$ 7*aps4 #b1 #g72 7#b17 9 ! protection & deliv]ance ( ,god's fai?ful s]vants f ! p]secution ( hea!n k+s & pr9ces 7*aps4 #c1 #f72 7#c17 9 ! humbl+ ( hea!n mon>*s = _! pride1 idolatry1 & pr(anation ( ! sacr$ vessels belong+ to ! sanctu>y 7*aps4 #d1 #e74 ,?us we see t ! fir/ ?ree ( ^! six *apt]s 7#b-g7 correspond to ! la/ ?ree tak5 9 an inv]se ord]--! second to ! sev5?1 ! ?ird to ! six?1 & ! f\r? to ! fif?4 ,! second s]ies1 consi/+ ( ! rema9+ five *apt]s1 is writt5 9 ,hebrew4 ,?is also exhibits ! conflict betwe5 ,god's k+dom & ! hea!n _w1 tak+ up ! second & ?ird mon>*ies "u ! images ( a ram & a he-goat4 ,*ap4 #h4 ,!re foll[ "s special details relat+ to ! ne>] future1 ) "s v rem>kable revelations respect+ ! "t ( ! ,messiah's adv5t1 ! de/ruction ( ! holy city by ! ,romans1 ! la/ great conflict betwe5 ! k+dom ( ,god & its enemies1 & ! f9al resurrection4 ,! intimate connection betwe5 ! book ( ,daniel & ! ,revelation ( ,john mu/ /rike e read] ( ! holy ,scriptures4 ,!y mutually int]pret ea* o!r1 & toge!r con/itute "o gr& sy/em ( prophecy ext5d+ d[n to ! end ( ! _w4 ,bo? also conta9 pr$ictions1 ! exact int]pretation ( :i* is extremely difficult1 p]haps impossible1 till ! my/]y ( ,god %all be f9i%$4 #ba4 ,t !y :o d5y ! reality ( miracles & prophecy %\ld receive ! book ( ,daniel z g5u9e & au!ntic is impossible4 ,to review ! hi/ory ( ! assaults made by !m ^u x1 or ( ! volumes writt5 9 reply1 is =eign to ! plan ( ! pres5t "w4 ,a brief summ>y only w be giv5 ( ! gr\nds on :i* its claim to a place 9 ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is v9dicat$4 7#a47 ,! unity ( ! book ( ,daniel is n[ conc$$4 ,! two lead+ divisions are s relat$ t ! "o implies ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,bo? h ! same *>act]i/ics ( mann] & /yle1 ?\gh a consid]able portion ( ! book is 9 ,*aldee1 & ! rema9d] 9 ,hebrew4 ,davidson aft] ,keil & o!rs1 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #iaf4 ,?is be+ admitt$1 ! book z a :ole claims ,daniel = its au?or2 = 9 x he (t5 speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & 9 ! la/ *apt] ! book is manife/ly ascrib$ to him 7#ab3d1 #i74 7#b47 ,! uni=m tradition ( ! ,jews ascrib$ ! book to ,daniel4 ,x 0 on ?is gr\nd t !y receiv$ x into ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! objection t !y did n class ,daniel ) ! prophets1 b ) ! ,hagiographa 7see above1 ,*ap4 #ac1 ,no4 #d7 is ( no acc\nt4 ,_h ! book belong$1 z ! objectors claim1 to ! ,maccabean age1 x w\ld n h f\nd a place 9 ! ,hagiographa any m ?an 9 ! prophets4 ,! fir/ book ( ,maccabees1 :i* conta9s au!ntic hi/ory1 0 nev] receiv$ into ! ,hebrew canon1 because1 z ! ,jews rightly judg$1 x 0 writt5 aft] ! )drawal ( ! _s ( prophecy4 ,mu* less w\ld !y h receiv$1 "u ! illu/ri\s "n ( ,daniel1 a book writt5 z late z ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 m ?an ?ree c5turies & a half aft] ,daniel4 ,t !y %\ld h done ?is ?r\gh ignorance is inconceivable2 t !y c\ld h done x ?r\gh fraud is a supposition n to be admitt$ = a mom5t1 = x is contr>y to all t we "k ( _! consci5ti\s c>e ) reg>d to ! sacr$ text4 ,x may be add$ t ! book ( ,b>u*1 :i* _c be plac$ lat] ?an ! ,maccabean age1 & is p]haps e>li]1 makes abundant use ( ! book ( ,daniel2 & t ! au?or ( ! fir/ book ( ,maccabees _h ?is book 9 ! ,alex&r9e v]sion1 z is pla9 f ! peculi> expressions employ$ by him 9 *ap4 #a3ed--!y built ! abom9ation ( desolation ^u ! alt>4 ,comp>e ,dan4 #i3bg ( ! ,alex&r9e v]sion4 7#c47 ,josephus relates1 ,antiq4 #aa4 #h4 #e1 among ! o!r p>ticul>s ( ! visit :i* ,alex&] ! ,great made to ,j]usalem1 t ! high prie/ ,jaddus 7,jaddua7 %[$ him ! book ( ,daniel 9 :i* he signifi$ t a c]ta9 "o ( ! ,greeks %\ld de/roy ! empire ( ! ,p]sians2 & t ?is1 9 connection ) o!r extraord9>y circum/ances n>rat$ by ,josephus1 _h ! effect ( assuag+ ! k+'s wra? :i* _h be5 excit$ aga9/ ! ,jewi% high prie/ & p by _! refusal to r5d] him assi/ance aga9/ ,d>ius1 & ( dispos+ him to be/[ ^u !m great favors4 ,respect+ ! au!nticity ( ?is n>rative !re has be5 mu* discussion2 b !re is no gr\nd = d5y+ its sub/antial tru?4 ,x be>s ! /amp ( reality1 & x acc\nts1 moreov]1 = ! extraord9>y privileges conf]r$ ^u ! ,jews by ,alex&]1 :i* o!rwise rema9 inexplicable4 7#d47 ,*ri/ himself recognizes ,daniel z a true prophet4 ,he ref]s to ! future fulfilm5t ( "o ( 8 prophecies z a mo/ important sign = 8 disciples3 ,:5 ye !re=e %all see ! abom9ation ( desolation1 spok5 ( by ,daniel ! prophet1 /&+ 9 ! holy place 7:oso reade?1 let him und]/&71 !n let !m :i* be 9 ,judea flee into ! m\nta9s4 ,matt4 #bd3ae1 #af2 ,m>k #ac3ad4 ,de ,wette says inde$3 ,9 ! nature ( ! case ,*ri/ nei!r w\ld nor c\ld be a critical au?ority4 ,t our ,"l did n assume to be a critical au?ority 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m is evid5t2 = 9 ?is v case he ref]r$ to ! ,alex&r9e v]sion1 )\t paus+ to notice its v>iation f ! ,hebrew4 ,b our ,"l knew :e!r ! book ( ,daniel is a collection ( real prophecies1 or a spuri\s "w compos$ sev]al c5turies aft] ,daniel1 impos+ ^u ! _w 9 ,daniel's "n pret5d$ prophecies writt5 aft] ! ev5ts4 ,f> be x f any "o :o believes 9 ! reality ( ,*ri/'s sup]natural mission ?us to make him set ! seal ( 8 div9e au?ority to ! "w ( an impo/or4 ,heb4 #aa3cc1 #cd also ref]s und5iably to ,daniel1 *aps4 #f & #c4 7#e47 ,! language ( ! book agrees ) ! age ( ,daniel4 ,! writ] employs bo? ,hebrew & ,*aldee1 ?us indicat+ t he lives dur+ ! p]iod ( transition f ! =m] to ! latt] language4 ,8 ,*aldee1 moreov]1 l t ( ,ezra1 conta9s ,hebrew =ms su* z d n occur 9 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,t>gums4 ,8 ,hebrew1 on ! o!r h&1 agrees 9 its g5]al "* ) t ( ,ezekiel & ,ezra4 ,?\gh ! ,hebrew surviv$ z ! language ( ! le>n$ = "s "t aft] ! captivity1 we _c suppose t s late z ! age ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes & ! ,maccabees a ,jewi% au?or c\ld h employ$ ei!r su* ,hebrew z ,daniel uses1 or su* ,*aldee4 7#f47 ,! au?or manife/s intimate acqua9tance ) ! hi/orical relations1 mann]s1 & cu/oms belong+ to ,daniel's "t4 ,"u ?is head writ]s h specifi$ ! cu/om ( giv+ new names to ^? tak5 into ! k+'s s]vice 7#a3g72 ! ?reat t ! h\ses ( ! magi %\ld be made a dunghill 7#b3e72 ! diff]5t =ms ( capital puni%m5t 9 use among ! ,*aldeans & ,m$o-,p]sians2 ! dress ( ,daniel's companions 7#c3ba72 ! pres5ce ( wom5 at ! royal banquet 7#e3b71 etc4 ,see ,davidson's ,introduction1 p4 #ibj1 :o sums up ! argum5t ?us3 ,x is improbable t an au?or 9 ! ,maccabean times %\ld h be5 s uni=mly accurate 9 8 n>rative1 )\t hav+ be5 9 ,babylon itself4 #bb4 ,! objections urg$ aga9/ ! book ( ,daniel are n ( a nature to ov]?r[ ! mass ( evid5ce 9 its favor4 ,!y may be consid]$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 7#a47 ,v>i\s *ronological & hi/orical difficulties4 ,x is said t ,jewi% hi/ory kn[s no exp$ition ( ,nebu*adnezz> aga9/ ,j]usalem 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim4 ,! answ] is t an exp$ition :i* app>5tly fell ab\t ?is "t is m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s #bd3a4 ,! actual capture ( ! city1 h[ev]1 seems n to h tak5 place be=e ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim2 = ,j]emiah1 9 a prophecy dat$ 9 ?is f\r? ye>1 speaks 9 t]ms :i* imply t ! ?reat5$ bl[ _h n yet fall54 ,j]4 #be3i4 ,p]haps ,daniel1 *ap4 #a3a1 dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! exp$ition1 s t x fell p>tly 9 ! ?ird & p>tly 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim4 ,x 0 9 connection ) ?is exp$ition ( ,nebu*adnezz> t he ov]?rew ! army ( ,ph>aoh-ne*o at ,c>*emi% on ! ,euphrates2 = t ev5t also took place 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim4 ,j]4 #df3b4 ,we le>n f ,b]osus1 z quot$ by ,josephus 7,antiq4 #aj4 #aa4 #a71 t :5 ,nebu*adnezz> 0 engag$ 9 ?is exp$ition1 & _h already conqu]$ ! ,egyptians1 he receiv$ tid+s t ! ?rone ( ,babylon 0 made vacant by ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,^u ?is he ha/5$ ) 8 light troops across ! des]t to ,babylon1 leav+ ! body ( 8 army to return by ! ord9>y r\te4 ,x is said aga9 t ! dates giv5 9 ,j]4 #be3a & ,dan1 #b3a _c be reconcil$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! ! fir/ ye> ( ,nebu*adnezz> is ! f\r? ( ,jehoiakim1 9 :i* ye>1 or at all ev5ts 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 ,daniel ) 8 ?ree companions 0 tak5 captive4 ,yet aft] !y h be5 transport$ to ,babylon & receiv$ an education !re ext5d+ ?r\gh ?ree ye>s 7,dan4 #a3e71 we f9d ,daniel int]pret+ ,nebu*adnezz>'s dream 9 ! second ye> ( 8 reign4 ,to ?is x c be answ]$ 9 "p t 9 ! second book ( ,k+s & 9 ,j]emiah ! ye>s ( ,nebu*adnezz> are obvi\sly reckon$ f ! "t :5 he 0 plac$ by 8 fa!r1 :o 0 n[ old & infirm1 at ! head ( 8 army1 ! title ( k+ be+ appli$ to him by way ( anticipation4 #b ,k+s #bd3ab2 #be3h2 ,j]4 #be3a4 ,9 ! book ( ,daniel1 on ! contr>y1 8 ye>s are reckon$ f 8 actual accession to ! ?rone4 ,b ev5 !n x is necess>y to assume a consid]able delay betwe5 8 return f 8 ,egyptian exp$ition & 8 =mal inve/iture ) ! k+dom4 ,! gr\nds ( su* a delay we c only conjecture4 ,x may h be5 connect$ ) ! settlem5t ( ! affairs ( ! realm1 :i* he f\nd1 ,b]osus tells u1 adm9i/]$ by ! ,*aldeans1 ! k+dom be+ kept = him by ! *ief man among !m2 or ! /atem5t ( ,b]osus may be want+ 9 fulness & accuracy4 ,an argum5t f our ignorance _c be urg$ aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ,daniel any m ?an 9 its favor4 ,z to ! ackn[l$g$ difficulties connect$ ) ! id5tification ( ,bel%azz> & ,d>ius ! ,m$ian 7*ap4 #e71 x is suffici5t to say t ! notices :i* we h ( ! ,*aldean mon>*y aft] ,nebu*adnezz> are s fragm5t>y & contradictory t no valid argum5t c be drawn f su* difficulties aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! book ( ,daniel4 ,an old op9ion id5tifies ,bel%azz> ) ,nabonn$us1 :o 0 ei!r a son ( ,nebu*adnezz> or a gr&son--call$ 8 son1 ,dan4 #e3bb1 9 ! s5se ( 8 desc5dant4 ,b ,rawl9son 7z quot$ 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y7 in=ms u t f inscriptions deciph]$ by him x appe>s t ! elde/ son ( ,nabonn$us 0 call$ ,bel-%>-ez],bel%azz>4 ,he ?9ks t z jo9t k+ ) 8 fa!r he may h be5 gov]nor ( ,babylon1 :5 ! city 0 tak5 by ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 & h p]i%$ 9 ! assault1 :ile1 9 accordance ) ! /atem5ts ( ,b]osus1 ,nabonn$us himself surviv$4 ,^u ei!r ( ! above suppositions1 ,d>ius ! ,m$ian w be ,cyax>es ,,ii41 son ( ,a/yages & uncle to ,cyrus1 :o succe$$ to ! title ( k+--took ! k+dom 7,dan #e3ca & *ap4 #f7--?\gh ! conque/ ( ,babylon 0 due to ,cyrus himself1 :o n long aft]w>ds asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ! unit$ k+doms ( ,m$ia & ,p]sia4 ,ano!r view makes ,bel%azz> ! same z ,evil-m]oda*1 son & successor ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & id5tifies ,d>ius ! ,m$ian ) ,a/yages4 ,x is n necess>y to decide :i*1 if ei!r ( ^! two views1 is correct4 7#b47 ,an argum5t has be5 drawn f ! fact t ,jesus1 ! son ( ,sira*1 does n m5tion ! "n ( ,daniel 9 ! catalogue ( 8 wor?ies 7*ap4 #di74 ,su* negative argum5ts are at be/ weak1 & ?is loses all its =ce f ! circum/ance t he omits o!rs1 z ,ezra & ,mordecai 7! twelve m9or prophets also1 s9ce *ap4 #di3aj is reg>d$ z spuri\s74 7#c47 ,! alleg$ l+ui/ic difficulties h be5 r$uc$1 s f> z ! date ( ! book is conc]n$1 to ?ree or f\r ,greek names ( musical in/rum5ts2 all ( :i*--! in/rum5ts & _! names--may naturally en\gh h be5 br\ght f ,greece1 ! home ( musical art1 9 ! way ( ord9>y comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,we are n call$ ^u to def5d ! classic purity ( ,daniel's /yle4 ,a ,hebrew & educat$ at ! c\rt ( ,babylon1 x 0 natural t 8 ,*aldee %\ld be color$ ) ,hebrew =ms1 & 8 ,hebrew ) ,*aldaisms4 ,! argum5t f ! g5]al /yle ( ! book is 9 favor ( its g5u95ess1 n aga9/ x4 7#d47 ,! comm5dations be/[$ ^u ,daniel are ?\ght to be inconsi/5t ) 8 be+ ! au?or ( ! book4 ,"s1 :o admit its au!nticity & its "r to a place 9 ! sacr$ canon1 h be5 l$ by ?is consid]ation to adopt ! op9ion t ,daniel1 ?\gh ess5tially ! au?or ( ! book1 did n himself put x into its pres5t =m1 b t "s "o ( 8 c\ntrym5 put toge!r 8 prophecies1 prefix+ to !m introductory notices respect+ ! au?or4 ,s f> z ! canonical au?ority ( ! book is conc]n$ !re are no s]i\s objections to ?is hypo!sis2 b we may well ask :e!r undue weight is n giv5 to ! objection "u consid]ation4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole book ^! comm5datory notices are und]laid by ! idea t ,daniel's wisdom is n 8 own1 b is giv5 him by ,god1 & = purposes connect$ ) ! welf>e ( ! cov5ant p4 ,by reveal+ to 8 s]vant secrets beyond ! k5 ( all ! wise m5 ( ,babylon1 he manife/s at once 8 own inf9ite p]fections & ! vanity ( ! ,*aldean gods2 & ?is ,daniel records to ! glory ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 7#e47 ,! real objection to ! book lies1 z already intimat$1 9 ! sup]natural "* ( its cont5ts--9 ! rem>kable miracles & prophecies :i* x records4 ,! miracles ( ?is book are ( a v impos+ "*1 especially adapt$ to /rike ! m9ds ( ! behold]s ) awe & wond]4 ,b s are ^? also record$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! book ( ,exodus4 ,9 bo? cases !y 7 alike fitt$ to make ^u ! m9ds ( ! hea!n1 9 ^: pres5ce !y 7 p]=m$1 ! impression ( ,god's p[] to save & deliv] 9 all possible circum/ances4 ,! prophecies are mo/ly 9 ! =m ( dreams & visions2 & !y are 9 wond]ful h>mony ) ,daniel's position z a m9i/] ( /ate at ! c\rt ( ,babylon1 & also ) ! relation ( ,judaism to ! hea!n _w4 ,9 ! provid5ce ( ,god1 ! hi/ory ( 8 cov5ant p1 & ?r\gh !m ( ! visible k+dom ( heav51 _h become insep>ably connect$ ) t ( ! great mon>*ies ( ! _w4 ,h[ appropriate1 !n1 t ,god %\ld reveal1 9 its gr& outl9es1 ! c\rse ( ^! mon>*ies to ! f9al & complete e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( heav5 7#b3dd1 #de2 #g3bf1 #bg74 ,9 all ?is we f9d no?+ aga9/ ! g5]al analogy ( prophecy1 b e ?+ 9 /rict con=mity ) x4 ,9 ! sev5? *apt] !re appe>s1 = ! fir/ "t1 an int]pret+ angel communicat+ to ! prophet1 9 connect$ disc\rse1 ! mean+ ( ! vision :i* he has j se54 ,s also 9 ! eigh? *apt] & onw>d4 ,su* a mode ( revelation is peculi>ly adapt$ to ! communication ( details1 & 9 ! elev5? *apt] ^! are giv5 to an unp>allel$ ext5t4 ,b ?is con/itutes no gr\nd = d5y+ ! reality ( ! prophecy4 ,?\gh ! _s ( prophecy does n1 z a g5]al rule1 give future ev5ts 9 _! succession1 ?is is sometimes done4 ,s x is 9 ,god's ann\ncem5t to ,abraham ( ! bondage ( 8 po/]ity 7,g54 #ae3ac-af72 & also 9 our ,"l's prophecy ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem 7,matt41 *ap4 #bd74 ,9 ?is respect x does n become u to prescribe rules = ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,we ne$ n pursue ?is subject any f>!r4 ,no "o ( ! above difficulties1 nor all comb9$1 c outweigh ! evid5ce we h = ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! book ( ,daniel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! hypo!sis t x belongs to s late an age z t ( ! ,maccabees is beset ) difficulties inconceivably great]4 ,x has = its f\ndation n sob] criticism1 b ! d5ial ( ! sup]natural4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,twelve ,,m9or ,,prophets4 #a4 ,by ! ,jewi% arrangem5t1 :i* places toge!r ! twelve m9or prophets 9 a s+le volume1 ! *ronological ord] ( ! prophets z a :ole is brok5 up4 ,! ?ree great] prophets1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel1 /& 9 ! true ord] ( "t4 ,daniel began to prophesy be=e ,ezekiel1 b cont9u$1 _m ye>s aft] him4 ,! ,jewi% arrangem5t ( ! twelve m9or prophets is 9 a s5se *ronological2 t is1 !y put ! e>li] prophets at ! beg9n+1 & ! lat] at ! end ( ! collection4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t !y int5d$ to foll[ ! ord] ( "t ) exactness4 ,if !y did1 !n 9 ! judgm5t ( _m !y committ$ errors4 ,! p>ticul>s mu/ be discuss$ z ! books come up sep>ately = consid]ation4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ six1 ! arrangem5t ( ! ,septuag9t diff]s f ! ,masoretic1 :i* is foll[$ 9 our v]sion1 z foll[s3 ,,masoretic ,,text4 ,,septuag9t ,,v]sion4 #a4 ,hosea4 #a4 ,hosea4 #b4 ,joel4 #b4 ,amos4 #c4 ,amos4 #c4 ,micah4 #d4 ,obadiah4 #d4 ,joel4 #e4 ,jonah4 #e4 ,obadiah4 #f4 ,micah4 #f4 ,jonah4 #b4 ,?is preci\s collection conta9s ! e>lie/ z well z ! late/ writ+s ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 except su* z are embodi$ 9 ! hi/orical books2 = ,hosea1 ,joel1 & ,amos1 at lea/1 are old] ?an ,isaiah1 & ! ?ree prophets ( ! re/oration are y\ng] ?an ,ezekiel & ,daniel4 ,! m9or prophets exhibit a great div]sity ( mann] & /yle--! rugg$ & s5t5ti\s1 ! full & fl[+1 ! oratorical1 & ! simple & unadorn$4 ,9 !m are passages atta9+ to ! sublimity ( ,isaiah1 to ! t5d]ness & pa?os ( ,j]emiah1 & to ! vehem5ce ( ,ezekiel4 ,n[h]e d we f9d s9 rebuk$ ) m awful sev]ity1 ! true mean+ ( ! law m cle>ly exp\nd$1 or ! future glory ( ,zion m confid5tly pr$ict$4 ,t "s ( ^! writ+s are obscure & ( difficult int]pretation _c be d5i$4 ,?is arises p>tly f ! "* ( ! /yle1 z 9 ! case ( ,hosea & o!rs2 p>tly f ! nature ( ! !mes discuss$1 z 9 ,ze*>iah2 p>tly f our ignorance ( ! times & circum/ances ( ! writ]s4 ,nev]!less ! pray]ful /ud5t w f9d 9 !m a ri* treasury ( div9e tru?1 :i* w abundantly rew>d ! labor be/[$ ^u x4 ,i4 ,,hosea4 #c4 ,! prophecies ( ,hosea 7 address$ imm$iately to ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes1 yet s t he did n ov]look ,judah2 = he consid]$ ! two k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel z con/itut+ toge!r ! cov5ant p ( ,god4 ,( 8 p]sonal hi/ory we "k no?+ except t he 0 ! son ( ,be]i1 = ! transactions ( ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s may be be/ und]/ood z symbolic acts se5 only 9 vision4 ,see above1 ,*ap4 #bb1 ,no4 #ag4 ,= any ?+ t appe>s to ! contr>y1 he 0 ( ,israeliti% desc5t4 ,z x is g5]ally agre$ t ,isaiah began to prophesy 9 ! la/ ye> ( ,uzziah's reign1 or b a few ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 :ile ,hosea prophesi$ 9 ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 ! great-gr&son ( ,jehu 7#b ,k+s #ad3bc71 :o di$ ab\t tw5ty-six ye>s be=e ,uzziah1 x foll[s t ,hosea1 ?\gh p>tly contempor>y ) ,isaiah1 0 call$ to ! prophetical "w at an e>li] p]iod4 ,if we suppose him to h comm5c$ prophesy+ two ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,j]oboam1 & !n add ! tw5ty-six rema9+ ye>s ( ,uzziah's reign1 ! sixte5 ( ,jo?am1 ! sixte5 ( ,ahaz1 & two ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ,hezekiah1 we %all h a p]iod ( sixty-two ye>s4 ,to ,israel ?is 0 a calamit\s p]iod1 embrac+ f\r usurpations & murd]s ( ! reign+ sov]eigns1 & ?ree invasions ( ! ,assyrians4 ,see ! hi/ory 9 #b ,k+s #ae3h-ca1 & #ag3a-f4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! ,hosea1 k+ ( ,israel1 became tribut>y to ,%almanes]1 k+ ( ,assyria2 b he prov$ unfai?ful to 8 ma/]1 & s\ght ! alliance ( ,s1 k+ ( ,egypt4 #b ,k+s #ag3d4 ,= ?is ! ,assyrian k+ besieg$ him 9 ,sam>ia1 & aft] a siege ( ?ree ye>s1 took him ) ! city1 & put an end to ! k+dom ( ,israel 9 ! fif? ye> ( ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,hosea seems to h clos$ 8 writ+s :5 ,ho%ea 0 seek+ ! help ( ,egypt1 :ile he _h at ! same "t a cov5ant ) ,assyria 7#ab3a71 consequ5tly some:]e e>ly 9 ,hezekiah's reign4 #d4 ,hosea's /yle is v concise & s5t5ti\s1 & 8 diction impresses ev5 ! casual read] z orig9al & peculi>4 ,a rem>kable feature ( 8 book is ! con/ancy ) :i* he sets =? ! relation ( ,israel to ,jehovah "u ! figure ( ! m>riage-cov5ant2 ?us mak+ unfai?fulness to ,god1 & especially idolatry & idolatr\s alliances1 to be spiritual adult]y & :or$om4 ,?is fact af=ds a key to ! int]pretation ( ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s1 :]e ! nature ( ! transactions requires t we und]/& !m n z hi/oric ev5ts1 b z prophetic symbols occurr+ only 9 vision4 ,! rema9+ elev5 *apt]s conta9 p]haps a summ>y ( ! prophet's disc\rses to ! p1 writt5 by himself ne> ! close ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,! prophecies ( ,hosea are repeat$ly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z a "p ( ! oracles ( ,god4 ,matt4 #b3ae2 #i3ac2 #ab3g2 ,rom4 #i3be1 #bf2 & an allusion 9 #a ,cor4 #ae3ee4 ,! prophet br+s 8 book to a close ) a delightful & refre%+ view ( ! future prosp]ity & peace ( ! true ,israel1 *ap4 #ad4 ,,ii4 ,,joel4 #e4 ,! prophecies ( ,joel1 ! son ( ,pe?uel1 give no specifications ( place or "t4 ,b all ! int]nal indications ( ! book po9t to ,judea--probably ,j]usalem1 ) its temple1 alt>1 prie/hood1 & solemn assemblies--z ! sph]e ( 8 labors1 & to ! date z among ! e>lie/ ( ^? belong+ to writt5 prophecy4 ,! co9cid5ces betwe5 ,joel & ,amos _c well be reg>d$ z accid5tal4 ,comp>e ,joel #c3af ) ,amos #a3b2 ,joel #c3ah ) ,amos #i3ac2 & notice ! /rik+ simil>ity 9 ! close ( ! two prophecies4 ,if we may assume t "o ( ^! prophets borr[$ expressions f ! o!r1 ! priority w naturally be giv5 to ,joel1 f ^: clos+ address 7#c3af7 ,amos takes ! op5+ words ( 8 prophecies4 ,he mu/ !n be plac$ z e>ly1 at lea/1 z ! reign ( ,uzziah1 & p]haps e>li]4 ,f ! fact t ,joel does n m5tion z among ! enemies ( ,judah ! ,syrians :o invad$ ,judah 9 ! reign ( ,joa%1 ! gr&fa!r ( ,uzziah1 "s h plac$ him z e>ly z ! reign ( ,joa% be=e ?is ,syrian invasion4 ,!re is no gr\nd = plac+ him aft] ,uzziah2 = 8 writ+s conta9 no allusion to ! ,assyrian p[]1 :i* became s =midable soon aft] ,uzziah's "t4 #f4 ,! writ+s ( ,joel be> ! full impress ( culture 9 a prophetic s*ool4 ,8 ,hebrew is ( ! pure/ k9d2 8 /yle is easy1 fl[+1 elegant1 & adorn$ ) magnific5t imag]y2 & = vividness & p[] ( description he is n surpass$ by any ( ! prophets4 ,! imm$iate occasion ( 8 prophecies is a d\ble plague ( dr\ght & locu/s1 :i* has already invad$ ! l&1 & ^: desolat+ progress he describes 9 poetic /ra9s ( mat*less elegance & p[]4 ,he summons ! p ( all classes to rep5tance1 & promises1 ^u ?is condition1 n only ! re/oration ( ! l& to its =m] fruitfulness1 b also ! outp\r+ ( ,god's ,_s ^u all fle%1 ! triumph ( ! cov5ant p ov] all _! foes1 & an era ( univ]sal hol9ess & peace4 ,9 ?is respect he is a model = all ! prophets t come aft] him4 ,!y all ) "o accord look =w>d beyond ! calamities ( ! pres5t "t1 & ! heavi] imp5d+ calamities :i* !y are commission$ to =etell 9 ! ne> future1 to ! glory ( ! latt] days1 :5 ,zion %all be made triumphant ov] all h] foes1 & ! :ole e>? %all be giv5 h] = h] inh]itance4 ,! apo/le ,pet]1 9 8 address on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 quotes a rem>kable prophecy ( ,joel 7#b3bh-cb1 comp>$ ) ,acts #b3af-ba74 ,! op9ion ( "s comm5tators1 t "u ! figure ( locu/s are repres5t$ simply ho/ile armies1 mu/ be reg>d$ z =c$ & unnatural4 ,m probable is ! op9ion ( ,h5d]son & o!rs1 t ! prophet uses an actual invasion ( ! l& by locu/s z ! type ( a m =midable invasion ( =eign foes4 ,b !re does n seem to be any valid reason = dep>t+ f ! simple int]pretation above giv54 ,,iii4 ,,amos4 #g4 ,amos prophesi$ conc]n+ ,israel 9 ! days ( ,uzziah k+ ( ,judah1 & 9 ! days ( ,j]oboam son ( ,joa% k+ ( ,israel1 two ye>s be=e ! e>?quake 7#a3a74 ,! "t ( ?is e>?quake1 :i* is simply m5tion$ by ,ze*>iah 7#ad3e7 z occurr+ 9 ,uzziah's reign1 _c be det]m9$4 ,we only "k t ,amos mu/ h prophesi$ some:]e dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 :5 he 0 contempor>y ) ,uzziah4 ,amos 0 ?us contempor>y ) ,hosea1 & 0 a consid]able numb] ( ye>s e>li] ?an ,isaiah1 :o began to prophesy ne> ! close ( ,uzziah's long reign ( fifty-two ye>s4 ,! v specific date two ye>s be=e ! e>?quake indicates t 8 :ole mission to ,israel 0 execut$ )9 a s+le ye>1 p]haps )9 a few mon?s4 ,x seems to h be5 aft] 8 return to ,judah1 :5 at lea/ two ye>s _h elaps$1 t he collect$ 8 prophecies & put !m into _! pres5t =m4 ,amos describes himself z "o ( ! h]dm5 ( ,tekoa1 a small t[n s\!a/ ( ,be?lehem on ! bord] ( ! wild]ness ( ,judah4 #b ,*ron4 #bj3bj4 ,x belong$ to ,judah1 :5ce we inf] t ,amos 0 himself a ,jew1 a supposition :i* agrees well ) ! advice ( ,amaziah3 ,o ?\ se]1 g1 flee !e away into ! l& ( ,judah1 & !re eat bread1 & prophesy !re 7#g3ab74 ,he speaks ( himself z no prophet1 nei!r a prophet's son 7#g3ad72 :i* means t he _h n be5 tra9$ up = ! prophetical (fice 9 any s*ool ( ! prophets1 z 7 ! sons ( ! prophets4 #a ,k+s #bj3ce2 #b ,k+s #b3c1 etc4 ,god took him f foll[+ ! h]d1 & gave him a commission to prophesy to ,8 p ,israel1 an (fice :i* he execut$ at ,be!l1 :]e "o ( ! gold5 calves erect$ by ,j]oboam ! son ( ,nebat 0 wor%ipp$ 7#g3aj-ag comp>$ ) #a ,k+s #ab3bi74 ,9 entire h>mony ) ?is hi/orical notice is ! "* ( 8 prophecies4 ,8 /yle has n ! fl[+ fulness ( ,joel1 b *>ms ! read] by its fre%ness & simplicity4 ,8 writ+s ab\nd 9 images tak5 f rural sc5es & employm5ts1 "s ( :i* are v unique & /rik+ 9 _! "*4 ,see *aps4 #b3ac2 #c3ab2 #e3ai2 #f3ab2 #i3b1 #c1 #i4 ,he op5s 8 prophecies by a solemn annunciation ( ! approa*+ judgm5ts ( heav5 ^u ! nations bord]+ on ,israel1 specify+ 9 ea* case ! s9 :i* has provok$ ,god's wra?4 ,! /orm passes1 )\t paus+ 9 its c\rse1 ov] ,syria1 ,phili/ia1 ,tyre1 ,edom1 ,ammon1 ,moab1 ,judah1 till at la/ x rea*es ,israel4 ,"h x re/s1 ga!rs blackness1 & ?und]s long & l\d4 ,! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii 0 "o ( mu* outw>d prosp]ity4 #b ,k+s #ad3be-bh4 ,! vices :i* ,amos rebukes are ^? :i* belong to su* a p]iod--av>ice1 viol5ce1 oppression ( ! poor1 p]v]sion ( ju/ice1 luxury1 lewdness--all ^! jo9$ ) ! idolatr\s wor%ip e/abli%$ by ,j]oboam ! son ( ,nebat4 ,= su* multipli$ transgressions ,god w cause ! sun to g d[n at noon1 & d>k5 ! e>? 9 ! cle> day4 ,_! fea/s %all be turn$ into m\rn+1 _! songs into lam5tation1 & !y %all g into captivity beyond ,damascus4 ,b :ile all ! s9n]s among ,god's p ?us p]i% by ! sword1 he w rememb] 8 true ,israel = good4 ,he w re> up aga9 ! fall5 tab]nacle ( ,david1 br+ aga9 ! captivity ( 8 p ( ,israel1 & plant !m = ev] 9 _! own l& 9 peace & prosp]ity4 ,?us d ! visions ( ,amos1 l ^? ( ,hosea & ,joel1 close ) a *e]+ view ( ! future glory ( ,zion4 ,amos is twice quot$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7,acts #g3db1 #dc2 #ae3af1 #ag74 ,,iv4 ,,obadiah4 #h4 ,! %ort prophecy ( ,obadiah is direct$ aga9/ ,edom4 ,! ,edomites 7 conspicu\s = _! hatr$ ( ! cov5ant p4 ,see ,ezek4 #be3ab2 #ce3e-ae2 ,joel #c3ai2 ,amos #a3aa1 & ! p>allel prophecy ( ,j]4 #di3g-bb4 ,accord+ly !y /& "h1 9 respect to bo? _! guilt & puni%m5t1 z ! repres5tatives ( ,zion's enemies 9 all ages4 ,9 l mann] ! promis$ victory ( ,god's p ov] !m %ad[s =? ! univ]sal triumph ( ! k+dom ( heav5 :i* is res]v$ = ! la/ days4 ,conc]n+ ! date ( ,obadiah's prophecy expositors are n agre$4 ,! :ole "q turns ^u ! int]pretation ( v]ses #aa-ad4 ,t ^! conta9 an hi/oric allusion to ! exultation ( ! ,edomites ov] ! capture & plund] ( ,j]usalem _c well be d\bt$4 ,if ?is 0 ! f9al capture ( ! city by ! ,*aldeans1 !n ,obadiah's place w be aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,babyloni% captivity4 ,b s9ce no m5tion is made ( ! burn+ ( ,j]usalem1 "s suppose t ! prophet ref]s to an e>li] capture1 z t by ! ,phili/9es & ,arabians "u ,jehoram4 #b ,*ron4 #ba3af1 #ag4 ,9 favor ( ?is view is urg$ ! fact t ,j]emiah1 :o 0 9 ! habit ( us+ ! writ+s ( ! e>li] prophets1 has mu* 9 common ) ,obadiah4 ,t ,j]emiah borr[$ ! language ( ,obadiah is f> m probable ?an t bo? prophets avail$ !mselves ( an old] docum5t1 z "s h conjectur$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 m ?an once by ! ,*aldeans be=e its f9al ov]?r[ 7#b ,k+s *ap4 #bd2 ,dan4 #a3a71 ,obadiah may h ref]r$ to "o ( ^! e>li] captures1 & yet h writt5 be=e ,j]emiah p5n$ 8 prophecy aga9/ ,edom4 ,v4 ,,jonah4 #i4 ,we le>n f #b ,k+s #ad3be t ,jonah1 ! son ( ,amittai1 0 ( ,ga?-heph]1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! same z ,gittah-heph]1 a t[n ( ! tribe ( ,zebulun 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,pale/9e 7,jo%4 #ai3ac72 & t he pr$ict$ ! successes ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al analogy ( ,scripture1 prophecies l ?is1 relat+ to "o p>ticul> ev5t1 are n sep>at$ by any great space ( "t f _! fulfilm5t4 ,he belongs1 !re=e1 9 all probability1 to ! days ( ,j]oboam ,,ii1 :5 ,amos also fl\ri%$4 ,!re is no valid reason = assign+ him1 z "s d1 to an e>li] date4 #aj4 ,! /ory ( ! book ( ,jonah is too simple to ne$ any analysis4 ,8 act 9 flee+ f ,god's pres5ce1 :5 commission$ to g to ,n9eveh ) a ?reat5+ message1 is v extraord9>y2 b su* is ! inconsi/5cy & folly ( human passion4 ,! conduct ( ! m>9]s :5 ov]tak5 by a tempe/ is n wond]ful3 x is 9 h>mony ) all t we "k ( anci5t habits ( ?9k+ & act+4 ,b :at befell ,jonah1 :5 ca/ into ! sea1 is m ?an wond]ful3 x is miracul\s4 ,t !re exi/ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean fi% capable ( swall[+ a man entire is a well-atte/$ fact4 ,! orig9al ,hebrew m5tions only1 a great fi%4 ,! ,alex&r9e v]sion1 & aft] t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 use ! ^w :ale app>5tly 9 ! s5se ( any great sea mon/]4 ,b :atev] ! fi% may h be51 8 pres]vation alive 9 its body = ! space ( ?ree days1 & 8 subsequ5t ejection ^u ! dry l&1 c be acc\nt$ = only by ref]5ce to ! imm$iate p[] ( ,god1 ) :om no?+ is impossible4 ,! effect ( 8 prea*+ ^u ! ,n9evites 0 rem>kable2 b mu* m s 0 8 grief at its success1 :]eby ,god 0 mov$ to sp>e ! city4 ,! common op9ion is t he fe>$ = 8 reputation z a true prophet2 b a deep] gr\nd ( 8 ang] may h be5 t he rightly und]/ood ! design ( 8 mission to ! ,n9evites to be t ?r\gh rep5tance !y might be sav$ f imp5d+ de/ruction2 :ile he reg>d$ !m z ! enemies ( ,god's p1 & unwor?y ( 8 m]cy4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,jonah's mission to ! ,n9evites =e%ad[$ ,god's purposes ( m]cy t[>ds ! hea!n _w1 & t too at a v suitable "t1 :5 ! hi/ory ( ! cov5ant p1 & ?r\gh !m ( ,god's visible e>?ly k+dom1 0 ab\t pass+ into la/+ connection ) t ( ! great mon>*ies ( ! e>?4 #aa4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! book ( ,jonah is n expressly giv52 b may be mo/ naturally ref]r$ to ! prophet himself4 ,! few alleg$ ,*aldaisims f\nd 9 x may be expla9$ z belong+ to ! prov9cial dialect ( ! prophet2 s9ce we h b an imp]fect k ( ! v>iations :i* ! liv+ ,hebrew language admitt$ 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ,matt4 #ab3ci-da2 ,luke #aa3bi-cb ! ,savi\r ref]s 9 explicit t]ms to ev5ts record$ 9 ?is book z be+ true hi/ory2 nor c ! hi/oric "* ( ! n>rative z a :ole be d5i$ except on ! gr\nd t all records ( ! sup]natural are unhi/oric4 ,,vi4 ,,micah4 #ab4 ,micah is call$ ! ,mora/hite1 probably because he 0 a native ( ,more%e?-ga?1 a small t[n ( ,judea1 :i*1 accord+ to ,eusebius & ,j]ome1 lay 9 a s\?we/]ly direction f ,j]usalem1 n f> f ,eleu!ropolis on ! pla91 ne> ! bord] ( ! ,phili/9e t]ritory4 ,) ?is agrees ! connection 9 :i* x is nam$ 7#a3ac-ae72 = ,la*i%1 ,m>e%ah1 & ,adullam also lay 9 t direction4 ,he prophesi$ 9 ! days ( ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah1 k+s ( ,judah4 ,8 prophetic activity began1 !re=e1 soon aft] t ( ,isaiah1 & he 0 contempor>y ) him1 z well z ) ,hosea & ,amos4 ,8 prophecies relat$ to ,sam>ia1 ! capital city ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 & to ,j]usalem 7#a3a74 ,we f9d accord+ly d5unciations aga9/ ,sam>ia int]m+l$ ) 8 prophecies conc]n+ ,judah & ,j]usalem4 ,! p1 moreov]1 are spok5 ( "u ! "n ( ,jacob & ,israel :]e1 sometimes at lea/1 z 9 *ap4 #c3i1 ,judah mu/ be includ$4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght t ! book ( ,micah conta9s only a summ>y ( 8 prophecies1 prep>$ p]haps 9 ! days ( ,hezekiah4 ,b ?is is n c]ta92 = ! ref]5ce 9 ,j]emiah #bf3ah obvi\sly relates only to ! p>ticul> prophecy quot$ !re4 #ac4 ,! book is commonly di/ribut$ into ?ree sections3 *aps4 #a & #b2 *aps4 #c1 #d1 & #e2 & *aps4 #f & #g4 ,ea* ( ^! op5s ) a summons to he> ,god's message1 & !n proce$s ) expo/ulations & ?reat5+s1 :i* are succe$$ by glori\s promises4 ,! second ( ^! sections1 :i* is ! l>ge/ & conta9s ! mo/ ext5d$ promises1 is address$ m p>ticul>ly to ! rul]s ( ! p4 ,! /yle ( ,micah is bold1 vehem5t1 & abrupt4 ,8 sudd5 transitions sometimes make 8 writ+s difficult ( int]pretation4 ,he ab\nds 9 /rik+ images1 tak5 to a great ext5t1 l ^? ( ,amos1 f pa/oral & rural life4 ,micah has "o rem>kable prophecy common to him ) ,isaiah4 ,*ap4 #d3a-c comp>$ ) ,isaiah #b3b-d4 ,f ! connection ( ! context ! passage 9 ,micah is g5]ally ?\ght to be ! orig9al4 ,besides ?is !re is a g5]al agreem5t betwe5 ! two prophets 9 _! repres5tations2 & especially 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y p]petually m+le /]n rebukes & ?reat5+s ) glori\s promises relat+ to ! ,messiah & 8 k+dom4 ,! rem>kable prophecy conc]n+ ! ,messiah's bir? 7*ap4 #e3b7 is quot$ ) "s v>iations 9 ,matt4 #b3e1 #f1 & ref]r$ to 9 ,john #g3db4 ,! ,savi\r's words1 z record$ 9 ,matt4 #aj3ce1 #cf2 ,m>k #ac3ab2 ,luke #ab3ec conta9 an obvi\s ref]5ce to ,micah #g3f4 ,,vii4 ,,nahum4 #ad4 ,nahum is call$ ! ,elko%ite1 probably f ,elko%1 a village ( ,galilee1 :i* ,j]ome 7,introduction to ,nahum7 m5tions z po9t$ out to him by 8 guide4 ,! tradition :i* assigns = ! place ( 8 bir? & resid5ce ! mod]n ,alku%1 an ,assyrian village on ! ea/ side ( ! ,tigris1 a few miles above ! site ( ! anci5t ,n9eveh1 re/s on no good f\ndation4 ,! prophecy ( ,nahum is direct$ aga9/ ,n9eveh1 ! capital ( ! ,assyrian empire4 ,:5 ! prophet wrote1 ?is city 0 /ill 9 ! height ( its p[] 7*ap4 #a3ab2 #b3h72 oppress+ ! nations & purpos+ ! conque/ ( ,judah 7*ap4 #a3i1 #aa2 #c3a1 #d74 ,f *ap4 #a3ab1 #ac x appe>s t ! ,assyrians _h already afflict$ ,judah1 & laid _! yoke ^u h]4 ,all ^! p>ticul>s po9t to ! reign ( ,hezekiah z ! probable date ( ! book4 #ae4 ,! fir/ *apt] op5s ) a description ( ,god's awful maje/y & p[]1 :i* no?+ creat$ c )/&4 ,^! attributes %all be direct$ to ! utt] & p]petual ov]?r[ ( ,n9eveh & ! salvation ( ,god's afflict$ p4 ,! second *apt] beg9s a sublime description ( ! process ( ?is de/ruction by ! invasion ( =eign armies4 ,! ?ird cont9ues ! acc\nt ( ! desolation ( ,n9eveh by h] foes4 ,= h] innum]able s9s %e %all be br\ght to %ame be=e ! nations ( ! e>?1 & made l popul\s ,no1 t is1 ,no-amon1 ! celebrat$ metropolis ( upp] ,egypt1 also call$ ,!bes1 ^: *ildr5 7 da%$ 9 pieces & h] great m5 laid 9 *a9s4 ,! pres5t condition ( ,n9eveh1 a mass ( un9habitable ru9s1 is a solemn comm5t ^u ! clos+ words ( ! prophecy2 ,!re is no heal+ ( ?y bruise2 ?y w\nd is griev\s3 all t he> ! report ( !e %all clap _! h&s ov] !e3 = ^u :om ha? n ?y wick$ness pass$ cont9ually8 ,,viii4 ,,habakkuk4 #af4 ,respect+ ,habakkuk's p]sonal hi/ory we h no in=mation4 ,! apocryphal notices ( him are unwor?y ( cr$5ce4 ,f ! fif? & six? v]ses ( ! fir/ *apt] x is evid5t t he prophesi$ n long be=e t s]ies ( invasions by ! ,*aldeans :i* end$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! captivity ( ! p2 t is1 some:]e betwe5 #fdj & #faj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 s t he 0 contempor>y ) ,j]emiah & ,zephaniah4 ,! !me ( 8 prophecy is1 fir/1 ! ov]?r[ ( ,judea by ! ,*aldeans1 & !n ! ov]?r[ 9 turn ( ! ,*aldean mon>*y1 ea* p[] 9 turn = its s9s4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] he pr$icts 9 a dramatic =m--t ( expo/ulation ) ,god on ! "p ( ! prophet1 & ,god's answ]--! approa*+ desolation ( ! l& by ! ,*aldean armies1 ^: resi/less p[] he describes 9 bold & /rik+ imag]y4 ,9 ! second *apt] ! prophet appe>s /&+ on 8 wat* to see :at answ] ,jehovah w give to ! expo/ulation ) :i* ! prec$+ *apt] closes4 ,he receives a com=t+ message1 b "o t w try ! fai? ( ,god's p by its delay4 ,v]se #c4 ,x is an ann\ncem5t ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,*aldean oppressor1 c>ri$ out 9 a s]ies ( bold & vivid descriptions 9 :i* woe ^u woe is pron\nc$ aga9/ him = 8 rap9e1 covet\sness1 iniquit\s oppression1 & idolatry4 ,! ?ird *apt] is a lyric ode 9 :i* ! prophet1 9 view ( bo? ! judgm5ts t ,god is ab\t to execute on 8 c\ntrym5 ?r\gh ! ,*aldeans 7*ap4 #a71 & ! promis$ deliv]ance f !m at a future p]iod 7*ap4 #b71 supplicates & celebrates ! future int]position ( ,jehovah = ! r$emption ( 8 p 9 language borr[$ f _! pa/ hi/ory4 ,?us ?is sublime song is bo? a pray] = ! r5ewal ( ,god's wondr\s works 9 ! days ( old & a prophecy ( su* a r5ewal4 ,! apo/le ,paul quotes ! words ( ,habakkuk3 ,! j %all live by 8 fai? 7#b3d71 & applies !m to all believ]s 7,rom4 #a3ag74 ,! language ( *ap4 #a3e implies t ! desolation ( ! l& by ! ,*aldeans w\ld be a surpris+ ev5t1 :i* c\ld n h be5 ! case aft] ! victory ( ,nebu*adnezz> ov] ! ,egyptians & 8 capture ( ,j]usalem 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim1 ,b4,c4 #fjf4 ,x 0 also to be 9 ! day ( t g5]ation--9 y\r days4 ,consequ5tly we _c date ! prophecy e>li] ?an ,b4,c4 #fdj1 probably n be=e ,b4,c4 #fcj4 ,! d$ication ( ,habakkuk's ode 7#c3ai7 to ! *ief musician--! ,hebrew ^w is ! same t s (t5 occurs 9 ! titles ( ! ,psalms--implies t ?is ode 0 to be us$ 9 ! solemn wor%ip ( ,god4 ,! add$ words1 on my /r+$ in/rum5ts1 are mo/ naturally und]/ood ( ^? "u 8 *>ge z a lead] 9 ! s]vice ( song 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,h5ce we inf] ) probability t ,habakkuk 0 a ,levite4 ,,ix4 ,,zephaniah4 #ag4 ,zephaniah prophesi$ 9 ! reign ( ,josiah 7#a3a71 app>5tly :ile 8 "w ( re=mation 0 9 progress & n yet complet$ 7#a3d-f1 #h1 #i72 t is1 some:]e betwe5 8 twelf? & 8 eighte5? ye> 7#b ,*ron4 #cd3c-ac74 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] he pr$icts ! utt] desolation ( ,judah1 & ) x ! de/ruction ( all ! patrons ( idolatry & ! ri* & presumptu\s s9n]s 9 ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! second *apt] he exhorts ! cov5ant p to rep5tance 9 view ( ! judgm5ts t are com+ ^u !m 7v]ses #a-c71 ?reat5s ! surr\nd+ nations--,phili/ia1 ,moab1 & ,ammon--) desolation 7v]ses #d-aa71 & d5\nces ! judgm5ts ( ,god ^u ! ,e?iopians & ,assyrians 7v]ses #ab-ae74 ,9 ! ?ird *apt]1 aft] a sev]e rebuke ( ,j]usalem = h] incorrigible rebellion aga9/ ,god 7v]ses #a-g71 he =etells 9 gl[+ language ! future purification & enl>gem5t ( ,zion1 & ! de/ruction ( all h] enemies 7v]ses #h-bj74 ,! /yle ( ,zephaniah is cle> & fl[+1 hav+ a g5]al resemblance to t ( ,j]emiah4 ,he has frequ5t allusions to ! e>li] prophets4 ,*ap4 #a3g comp>$ ) ,isa4 #cd3f2 *ap4 #b3ac-ae comp>$ ) ,isa4 #ac3ba1 #bb2 #cd3ac-ae2 *ap4 #a3ad1 #ae ) ,joel #b3a1 #b2 *ap4 #a3ac ) ,amos #e3aa1 etc4 ,! g5ealogy ( ,zephaniah is giv5 ?r\gh ,cu%i1 ,g$aliah1 & ,am>iah to ,hezekiah2 = 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew ! words ,hizkiah & ,hezekiah are ! same4 ,z x is n usual t ! desc5t ( prophets %\ld be giv5 ) su* p>ticul>ity1 x has be5 assum$1 ) "s probability1 t ?is ,hezekiah 0 ! k+ ( t "n2 ?\gh 9 ?is case we %\ld h expect$ ! addition k+ ( ,judah4 ,! *em>im1 v]se #d1 are ! idol-prie/s2 t is1 prie/s devot$ to idol wor%ip4 ,9 #b ,k+s #cc3e1 :]e ! writ] is speak+ ( ! re=mation "u ,josiah1 ! ^w is translat$ idolatr\s prie/s2 9 ,hosea #aj3e simply prie/s1 :i* is its mean+ 9 ! ,syriac language4 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t ! invasion ( ,judah to :i* ,zephaniah ref]s 0 t ( ! ,scy?ians describ$ by ,h]odotus1 #a4 #aje2 b ?is is v improbable4 ,f ! fact t ! k+'s *ildr5 are includ$ 9 ! ?reat5$ visitation--9 ! ,hebrew1 ,i w visit ^u ! pr9ces & ! k+'s *ildr5 7#a3h7--"s h inf]r$ t !y mu/ h be5 already gr[n & addict$ to idolatr\s practices2 consequ5tly t ,zephaniah wrote lat] ?an ! eighte5? ye> ( ,josiah4 ,b1 z ,keil & o!rs h rem>k$1 ! m5tion ( ! k+'s *ildr5 may h be5 add$ simply to indicate ! univ]sality ( ! approa*+ visitation2 n to say t ! prophetic vision ( ,zephaniah may h anticipat$ ! s9 & puni%m5t ( ^! k+'s *ildr5--,jehoahaz & ,jehoiakim4 ,x4 ,,haggai4 #ah4 ,haggai is ! fir/ ( ! ?ree prophets aft] ! captivity1 :o are commonly call$ ,prophets ( ! ,re/oration4 ,8 f\r %ort messages to ! p 7 all deliv]$ 9 ! space ( ?ree mon?s1 & !y all _h ref]5ce to ! rebuild+ ( ! temple4 ,by ! sl&]\s repres5tations ( ! ,jews' enemies ?is "w _h be5 int]rupt$1 z we le>n f ! f\r? *apt] ( ,ezra4 ,mean:ile ! ,jews1 hav+ yield$ to ! _s ( unbelief1 _h lo/ _! zeal = ,god's cause & gr[n cold & indiff]5t4 ,= ?is ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 7 s5t to reprove !m1 :ile at ! same "t !y enc\rag$ !m to resume ! "w1 a mission :i* !y successfully accompli%$4 ,ezra #e3a1 #b4 #ai4 ,! fir/ message is dat$ 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius ! k+--,d>ius ,hy/aspes1 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,p]sia ,b4,c4 #eba--;9 ! six? mon?1 9 ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,*ap4 #a3a4 ,9 ?is message ! prophet %>ply reproves ! p = _! indiff]5ce to ! cause ( ,god's h\se & _! selfi% devotion to _! own private int]e/s1 :i* h br\ght ^u !m ! div9e rebuke4 ,*ap4 #a3b-aa4 ,! effect ( 8 words 9 excit+ bo? rul]s & p to r5ew ! "w ^u ! temple is add$4 ,*ap4 #a3ab-ae4 ,! second message 9 ! "o & tw5tie? day ( ! same mon? is ?r\gh\t ( an enc\rag+ "*4 ,! eld]s :o _h se5 ! fir/ h\se 9 its glory1 7 despond5t 9 view ( ! comp>ative meanness ( ! new edifice4 ,jehovah promises !m t ! ,desire ( all nations %all come1 t he w fill ?is h\se ) glory1 s t ! glory ( ?is latt] h\se %all be great] ?an ( ! =m] 7#b3a-i74 ,?is promise 0 fulfill$ 9 a mat]ial way 9 ! second temple z r5ew$ by ,h]od ! ,great4 ,b ! real ref]5ce is to its spiritual glory4 ,x 0 honor$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :o is ! brightness ( ! ,fa!r's glory4 ,9 ! ?ird message1 9 ! f\r & tw5tie? day ( ! n9? mon?1 ! prophet 9 a sort ( p>able1 rebukes ! p = _! he>tless =mality1 :i*1 l ! t\* ( a dead body1 defiles all _! (f]+s & s]vices1 yet promises !m ,god's bless+ ^u _! rep5tance4 ,*ap4 #b3aj-ai4 ,! la/ message1 :i* 0 deliv]$ on ! same day1 is :olly occupi$ ) ! future4 ,amid commotions & ov]turn+s ,god w de/roy ! p[] ( ! hea!n nations1 & make ,z]ubbabel z a signet4 ,! ref]5ce is to a seal-r+1 & ! promise is t ,god w pres]ve ,z]ubbabel f all ! assaults ( ! wick$4 ,z]ubbabel 0 "o ( ! ,messiah's ance/ors 7,matt4 #a3ab2 ,luke #c3bg71 & s9ce ! prophecy rea*$ f> beyond 8 day1 ! promise made to him ext5ds to all fai?ful rul]s :om ,god sets ov] 8 *ur* b c h its p]fect fulfilm5t only 9 ! ,messiah himself1 ( :om ,z]ubbabel 0 a type4 ,,xi4 ,,ze*>iah4 #bj4 ,ze*>iah1 ! second & greate/ prophet ( ! ,re/oration1 calls himself ! son ( ,b]e*iah1 ! son ( ,iddo 7#a3a74 ,b 9 ,ezra ! "n ( ! fa!r is omitt$1 p]haps z be+ less kn[n1 & he is call$ simply ! son ( ,iddo 7*aps4 #e3a2 #f3ad71 ! ^w son be+ us$ 9 ! g5]al s5se ( desc5dant4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt ! id5tity ( ?is ,iddo ) ! prie/ ( t "n :o w5t up f ,babylon ) ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua 7,neh4 #ab3d72 s t ,ze*>iah1 l ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 0 ( prie/ly desc5t4 ,he began to prophesy two mon?s aft] ,haggai 7*ap4 #a3a comp>$ ) ,hag4 #a3a71 & ! two prophets 7 contempor>y1 at lea/ = a %ort "t4 #ba4 ,! book ( ,ze*>iah may be naturally divid$1 accord+ to its cont5ts1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ six *apt]s con/itute ! fir/ ( ^! p>ts4 ,aft] a %ort introductory message 7#a3a-f7 !re foll[s a v rem>kable s]ies ( visions relat+ to ! ree/abli%m5t ( ! ,jews 9 _! own l&1 & ! future disp5sations ( ,god t[>ds !m2 ! :ole be+ clos$ by a symbolic prophecy ( ,*ri/ z bo? prie/ & k+ ^u ! ?rone ( ,david4 ,to ! second "p belong ! prophecies conta9$ 9 ! sev5? & eigh? *apt]s4 ,! occasion ( ! fir/ ( ^! 0 a "q propos$ to ! prophet conc]n+ ! obs]vance ( a c]ta9 fa/4 ,he fir/ rebukes ! p = _! =mality1 & !n proce$s to enc\rage !m 9 ! way ( duty1 add+ glori\s promises respect+ ! future prosp]ity ( ,judah & ,j]usalem4 ,! rema9+ six *apt]s1 con/itut+ ! ?ird "p1 appe> to h be5 writt5 at a lat] "t4 ,!y all relate to ! future de/9ies ( ! cov5ant p1 &1 ?r\gh !m1 ( ! visible k+dom ( ,god on e>?4 ,b ! fir/ ?ree ( ^! *apt]s are ma9ly occupi$ ) ! ne>] future1 yet ) glimpses at ! f9al consummation 9 ! latt] days4 ,!y are g5]ally und]/ood to pr$ict ! conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7#i3a-h71 ! conflict ( ! ,jews ) _! enemies 9 ! ,maccabean age 7#i3ac-af71 ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ 7#i3i71 ! corrupt & rapaci\s "* ( ! ,jewi% rul]s at t era1 _! rejection ( ,*ri/1 & ! consequ5t rejection ( ! nation by ,god 7*ap4 #aa74 ,!y also conta9 a pr$iction ( ! f9al reunion & re/oration ( ! h\se ( ,judah & ! h\se ( ,joseph 7*4 #aj74 ,! rema9+ ?ree *apt]s are occupi$ ) ! great & decisive conflict ( ! la/ days1 :i* is to u%] 9 ! era ( mill5nial glory4 #bb4 ,! prophecies ( ,ze*>iah1 conta9+ z !y d a portraiture ( ! de/9y ( ,god's p to ! end ( "t1 & compreh5d+ s _m mighty ev5ts :i* yet await _! fulfilm5t1 pres5t to ! int]pret] _m difficulties1 "s ( :i* h hi!rto be5 f\nd insoluble1 & w probably rema9 unsolv$ till ! my/]y ( ,god conta9$ 9 !m %all h be5 fulfill$4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 !y cle>ly reveal to u3 t ! future triumph ( ,god's k+dom is c]ta91 & t all ! great movem5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nations1 h[ev] unpropiti\s !y may seem at ! "t1 are p>ts ( ! mighty plan ( div9e provid5ce :i* %all end 9 mak+ ! k+doms ( ?is _w ! k+doms ( our ,"l & ( 8 ,*ri/4 ,9 ,matt4 #bg3i1 #aj1 !re is a quotation = sub/ance ( ! words ( ,ze*>iah #aa3ac1 b !y are ascrib$ to ,j]emiah ! prophet4 ,( ?is discrepancy v>i\s explanations h be5 propos$4 ,"s h suspect$ an e>ly error 9 ! manuscript ( ,mat!w's gospel2 b ( ?is !re is no satisfactory pro(4 ,o!rs h ?\ght t ! "p ( our pres5t book ( ,ze*>iah :i* conta9s ! prophecy 9 "q actually belongs to ,j]emiah2 b ^u ?is hypo!sis x rema9s a my/]y h[ x %\ld h be5 atta*$ to ! writ+s ( ,ze*>iah4 ,^u ! gr\nd ( div]sity ( /yle & o!r alleg$ int]nal m>ks1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ by "s biblical s*ol>s t ! :ole ( ! la/ "p ( ,ze*>iah belongs to an e>li] age2 b ! validity ( ?is conclusion is d5i$ by o!rs4 ,to give ev5 a summ>y ( ! oppos+ argum5ts w\ld exce$ ! limits ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! int]nal pro(s be+ v ne>ly balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 ! fact t ^! *apt]s h always be5 connect$ ) ! writ+s ( ,ze*>iah ought to be all[$ a decisive influ5ce 9 favor ( _! g5u95ess4 ,,xii4 ,,mala*i4 #bc4 ,9 ,hebrew ,mala*i signifies my mess5g]1 be+ ! v ^w employ$ 9 *ap4 #c3a4 ,h5ce "s h suppos$ t ?is is n ! prophet's "n1 b a description ( 8 (fice4 ,su* a supposition1 h[ev]1 is contr>y to scriptural usage1 :i* 9 e o!r case prefixes to ea* ( ! prophetical books ! au?or's prop] "n4 ,mala*i has n giv5 ! date ( 8 prophecies1 b x c be det]m9$ ) a good degree ( c]ta9ty f _! cont5ts4 ,! p _h be5 re9/at$ 9 ! l&1 ! temple rebuilt1 & its regul> s]vices ree/abli%$4 ,yet !y 7 9 a depress$ condition1 dispirit$1 & dispos$ to compla9 ( ! sev]ity ( ,god's deal+s t[>ds !m4 ,_! ard5tly *]i%$ expectation ( see+ ! ,!ocracy re/or$ to its =m] glory 0 n realiz$4 ,in/ead ( driv+ _! enemies be=e !m sword 9 h&1 z 9 ! days ( ,jo%ua1 or reign+ triumphantly ov] !m 9 peace1 z 9 ! days ( ,solomon1 !y f\nd !mselves a h&ful ( weak coloni/s "u ! dom9ion ( =eign]s1 & return+ to ! l& ( _! fa!rs solely by _! p]mission4 ,all ?is 0 extremely humiliat+ to _! worldly pride1 & a bitt] disappo9tm5t ( _! worldly hopes4 ,h5ce !y _h fall5 into a despond+ & compla9+ /ate ( m9d4 ,:ile r5d]+ to ,god a s]vice t 0 n *e]ful b grudg+1 compla9+ ( its we>isom5ess1 )hold+ ! ti!s requir$ by ! law ( ,moses1 & (f]+ 9 sacrifice ! lame & ! bl9d1 !y yet compla9$ t he did n notice & requite ^! he>tless s]vices1 & talk$ z if he favor$ ! pr\d & wick$4 ,ye h said1 ,x is va9 to s]ve ,god3 & :at pr(it is x t we h kept 8 ord9ance1 & walk$ m\rnfully be=e him8 ,& n[ we call ! pr\d happy2 yea1 !y t "w wick$ness are set up2 yea1 !y t tempt ,god are ev5 deliv]$ 7#c3ad1 #ae74 ,to ^! s9s !y _h add$ t ( putt+ away _! ,hebrew wives1 t !y might m>ry =eign wom5 7#b3aj-af74 ,all ^! circum/ances po9t to ! adm9i/ration ( ,nehemiah1 probably ! latt] "p ( x2 = aft] 8 visit to ,babylon 9 ! ?irty-second ye> ( ,artax]xes 7,neh4 #ac3f71 he f\nd ^u 8 return1 & has describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 book precisely ! same /ate ( affairs4 ,mala*i is ?us ! la/ ( all ! prophets4 #bd4 ,he op5s 8 prophecies by rem9d+ ! p ( ,god's great & di/+ui%+ love t[>ds !m & _! fa!rs1 :i* !y 7 s sl[ to ackn[l$ge4 ,he !n reproves !m %>ply = ! s9s above ref]r$ to1 & =ew>ns !m t ! ,"l1 ( ^: delay !y compla91 w sudd5ly come to 8 temple to sit 9 judgm5t !re--an adv5t :i* !y w n be able to endure2 = x w consume ! wick$ root & bran*1 :ile x br+s salvation to ! righte\s 7#c3a-e2 #d3a-c74 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! revelations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are n[ clos+1 he admoni%es ! p to rememb] ! law ( ,moses1 & closes ) a promise ( ! mission ( ,elijah ! prophet be=e ! com+ ( ! great & dreadful day ( ! ,"l 7#d3e1 #f74 ,?is promise1 ) t conta9$ 9 *ap4 #c3a1 is repeat$ly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & appli$ to ! com+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/ z our ,"l's =]unn]4 ,! op5+ words ( ! prophecy1 *ap4 #a3b1 are quot$ by ! apo/le ,paul 7,rom4 #i3ac74 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,apocryphal ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 #a4 ,! ,greek ^w ,apocrypha1 hidd51 t is1 hidd5 or secret books1 0 e>ly appli$ by ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* to anonym\s or spuri\s books t falsely laid claim to be a "p ( ! inspir$ ^w4 ,by "s1 z ,j]ome1 ! t]m 0 ext5d$ to all ! books incorporat$ by ! ,alex&r9e ,jews1 9 _! ,greek v]sion1 into ! prop] canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a few ( :i* books1 ?\gh n inspir$1 are und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,ano!r designation ( ! books 9 "q 0 ecclesia/ical1 books to be read 9 ! *ur*es = edification1 b n z possess+ au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,b at ! era ( ! ,re=mation1 :5 ^! books 7 sep>at$ by ! ,prote/ant *ur*es f ! true canon1 & plac$ by !mselves betwe5 ! books ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,j]ome's old epi!t ,apocrypha1 or ! ,apocryphal books1 0 appli$ to ! entire collection4 ,h[ ! t]m ,apocrypha1 hidd51 became associat$ ) ! idea ( spuri\s or anonym\s is d\btful4 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e1 x 0 because ! orig9 ( ^! books 0 n cle> to ! *ur* fa!rs4 ,a lat] conjecture1 express$ by ! translators ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 is because !y 7 wont to be read n op5ly & 9 common1 b z x 7 9 secret & ap>t4 ,/ill m probable is ! op9ion t !y 7 s call$ f _! close relation to ! secret books conta9+ ! my/]ies--secret doctr9es--( c]ta9 h]etical sects4 #b4 ,! date ( sev]al ( ! apocryphal books is v unc]ta92 b none ( !m c well be plac$ z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,?\gh "s ( !m 7 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew or ,aramean1 !y h be5 pres]v$ to u only 9 ,greek or o!r v]sions4 ,none ( !m 7 ev] admitt$ into ! ,hebrew canon4 ,! gr\nd ( _! rejection is well /at$ by ,josephus 7,aga9/ ,apion #a1 #h71 namely1 t f ! "t ( ,artax]xes1 ,x]xes' son 7,artax]xes ,longimanus1 "u :om ,ezra l$ =? 8 colony1 ,ezra #g3a1 #h71 ! exact succession ( ! prophets 0 want+4 ,! ,alex&r9e ,jews1 h[ev]1 :o 7 v loose 9 _! ideas ( ! canon1 incorporat$ !m into _! v]sion ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,h[ f> ! mass ( ! p di/+ui%$ betwe5 _! au?ority & t ( ! books belong+ to ! ,hebrew canon is a "q n easily det]m9$4 ,b ,josephus1 z we h se51 cle>ly recogniz$ _! true "*4 ,philo also1 z ^? :o h exam9$ ! matt] in=m u1 ?\gh acqua9t$ ) ^! books1 nev] cites any "o ( !m z ( div9e au?ority4 ,! judgm5t ( ^! two m5 d\btless repres5ts t ( all ! bett] in=m$ among ! ,alex&r9e ,jews1 z x does t ( ! ,savi\r & 8 apo/les1 :o nev] quote !m z a "p ( ! inspir$ ^w4 #c4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era v few ( ! *ur* fa!rs _h any k ( ,hebrew4 ,! *ur*es receiv$ ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,alex&r9e ,greek v]sion1 :i* conta9$ ! apocryphal books4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! & ! canonical books 0 n cle>ly ma9ta9$1 & t we f9d 9 ! writ+s ( ! *ur* fa!rs quotations f !m ev5 "u ! "n ( div9e scripture4 ,b ,j]ome1 :o translat$ ! ,old ,te/am5t f ! ,hebrew1 und]/ood p]fectly ! di/9ction betwe5 ! canonical & ! apocryphal books4 ,! canon :i* he has giv5 agrees ) t ( ! ,pale/9e ,jews4 ,he says 7,prologus ,galeatus7 ( ! apocryphal books ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,judi?1 ,tobit1 & ,maccabees1 t ! *ur* reads ^! = ! edification ( ! p1 n = au?ority 9 e/abli%+ *ur* doctr9es4 ,! same di/9ction is made by ,ruf9us1 ! contempor>y & antagoni/ ( ,j]ome4 ,! language ( ,augu/9e 0 m wav]+ & unc]ta94 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,hippo1 ,a4,d4 #cic1 at :i* he 0 pres5t1 ! ecclesia/ical books1 z ! apocryphal books are call$1 7 includ$ 9 ! catalogue ( sacr$ books2 & f t day to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation ! ext5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon 0 reg>d$ z an op5 "q4 ,b ! ,romi% ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t includ$ ! apocryphal books 9 ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) ! exception ( ,esdras & ! pray] ( ,manasseh1 pron\nc+ an ana!ma on all :o %\ld hold a contr>y op9ion4 ,! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 on ! o!r h&1 unanim\sly adh]$ to ! ,hebrew canon1 sep>at+ f ?is ! apocryphal books z useful = read+1 b ( no au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?4 #d4 ,al?\gh ! ,prote/ant *ur*es rightly reject ! apocryphal books z n belong+ to ! inspir$ ^w1 ! k ( _! cont5ts is nev]!less a matt] ( deep int]e/ to ! biblical s*ol>4 ,! fir/ book ( ,maccabees is 9 ! ma9 au!ntic1 & x cov]s an important crisis ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,all ( ! apocryphal books1 moreov]1 ?r[ mu* light on ! progress ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 especially 9 ! two directions ( ,grecian culture & a rigid adh]5ce to ! =ms ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,keil divides ! apocryphal books into hi/orical1 didactic1 & prophetic1 b ) ! rem>k t ?is division _c be rigidly c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! foll[+ brief notice ( ! sev]al books ! arrangem5t ( ! ,engli% ,bible is foll[$4 ,i4 ,,! ,,two ,,books ,,( ,,esdras4 #e4 ,! fir/ two 9 ord] ( ! apocryphal books 9 ! ,engli% v]sion be> ! title ( ,esdras1 t is1 ,ezra4 ,! ,greek ,bible has only ! fir/1 :i* /&s sometimes be=e our canonical book ( ,ezra1 & sometimes aft] ,nehemiah4 ,9 ! =m] case x is call$ ! fir/ book ( ,esdras1 t is1 ,ezra2 9 ! latt] ! ?ird1 ,nehemiah be+ reckon$ z ! cont9uation ( ,ezra1 & call$ ! second book ( ,ezra4 ,x gives ! hi/ory ( ! temple & its s]vice f ,josiah to ,ezra--its re/oration by ,josiah1 de/ruction by ! ,*aldees1 rebuild+ & ree/abli%m5t ?r\gh ,z]ubbabel & ,ezra4 ,its orig9al & c5tral "p is a leg5d f an unkn[n s\rce respect+ a trial ( wisdom betwe5 ,z]ubbabel & two o!r "y m51 made 9 ! pres5ce ( ,d>ius1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 :i* result$ 9 ,z]ubbabel's favor1 & s pleas$ ! k+ t he issu$ lett]s = ! rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem1 & conf]r$ _m o!r favors on ! ,jews4 ,*aps4 #c1 #d4 ,! prec$+ & foll[+ p>ts are made up ( extracts f #b ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah1 9 :i* ! compil] has made a free use ( 8 biblical s\rces1 at "o "t abridg+ ! n>rative1 at ano!r mak+ explanatory additions1 & aga9 transpos+ ! ord] ( ev5ts contr>y to hi/orical tru?4 ,"s1 z ,keil1 ?9k t ! writ] made use ( ! ,alex&r9e v]sion2 o!rs1 t he drew f ! orig9al ,hebrew4 ,8 design 0 to exhibit ! lib]ality ( ,cyrus & ,d>ius t[>ds ! ,jews z a patt]n = ! hea!n rul]s ( ,judea 9 8 own day4 7,keil47 ,nei!r ! au?or nor ! date ( ! book is kn[n1 b x _c be plac$ e>li] ?an ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 #f4 ,! second book ( ,esdras 7call$ also ! f\r?1 :5 ! fir/ is reckon$ z ! ?ird7 is extant 9 a ,lat91 an ,arabic1 & an ,e?iopic v]sion4 ,! ,greek orig9al has n ?us f> be5 f\nd4 ,! ,arabic & ,e?iopic are ?\ght to repres5t ! primitive text m correctly ?an ! ,lat93 z !y want ! two introductory & clos+ *apt]s ( ! latt]1 :i* are g5]ally admitt$ to be spuri\s additions by a lat] h&2 & conta91 on ! contr>y1 a long passage aft] *ap4 #g3ce1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,lat91 & is ?\ght to be g5u9e4 #g4 ,if we reject ! fir/ two & la/ two *apt]s ( ! ,lat9 v]sion1 :i* d n belong to ! orig9al "w1 ! rema9d] ( ! book has entire unity f beg9n+ to end4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( pret5d$ visions v\*saf$ to ,ezra ?r\gh ! angel ,uriel 9 ! ?irtie? ye> aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,*aldees1 :ile he m\rn$ ov] ! desolate & di/ress$ condition ( ! cov5ant p ) fa/+ & pray]4 ,( ^! visions1 ! fir/ six1 :i* are prep>atory to ! la/1 p]ta9 ma9ly to ! me?od ( ,god's deal+ ) m51 ! end ( ! pres5t age1 ! introduction ( ! com+ age1 & ! glorification ( ,zion1 ) ! heavy judgm5ts ( ,god t %all accompany ^! ev5ts4 ,_m ( ^! revelations are made ?r\gh ! m$ium ( symbols4 ,9 ! sev5? & la/ revelation1 a voice addresses ,ezra out ( a bu%1 z x did ,moses ( old4 ,^u 8 compla9+ t ! law has be5 burnt1 he is direct$ to take five ready scribes1 ) a promise t ! holy writ+s :i* are lo/ %all be re/or$ to 8 p4 ,! next day ! voice calls to him aga91 comm&+ him to op5 8 m\? & dr9k ! cup :i* is (f]$ to him1 full z x 7 ) wat]1 b ! color ( x 0 l fire4 ,^u ?is he is fill$ ) ! _s ( inspiration1 & dictates to 8 five scribes 9 =ty days #bjd books 7accord+ to "s #id74 ,( ^! ! la/ #gj are secret1 to be deliv]$ only to su* z be wise among ! p4 ,! re/ are to be publi%$ op5ly1 t ! wor?y & unwor?y may read !m4 ,! hi/oric tru? und]ly+ ?is fabul\s revelation seems to be ! revision ( ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by ,ezra & 8 associates4 ,*ap4 #ae1 ,no4 #ag4 ,x is agre$ t ?is book is ! production ( a ,jew1 b ! date ( its composition is a disput$ po9t4 ,"s assign x to ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/2 o!rs to ! c5tury prec$+ our ,"l's adv5t1 b ) int]polations t manife/ly belong to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,,ii4 ,,tobit4 #h4 ,! book ( ,tobit conta9s a n>rative ( ! piety1 mis=tunes1 & f9al prosp]ity ( ,tobit1 an ,israelite ( ! tribe ( ,naphtali1 :o 0 among ! captives br\ght to ,assyria by ,enemess> 7,%almanes]7 k+ ( ,assyria4 ,) ,enemess> he 0 9 favor1 became 8 purveyor1 & 0 able to deposit t5 tal5ts ( silv] ) ,gabael at ,rages1 a city ( ,m$ia4 ,b ,s5na*]ib1 ! successor ( ,enemess>1 p]secut$ him1 especially = 8 pi\s c>e 9 bury+ ! bodies ( 8 ,jewi% bre?r5 :om t k+ _h sla91 & he 0 oblig$ to flee ) 8 wife ,anna & 8 son ,tobias1 leav+ all 8 goods z plund] to ! ,assyrian k+4 ,"u ,s>*$onus 7,es>haddon7 he return$ aga9 to 8 home1 b soon a new mis=tune ov]took him4 ,z he lay "o night by ! wall ( 8 c\rty>d1 be+ unclean f ! burial ( a ,jew :om 8 son _h f\nd /rangl$ 9 ! m>ket-place1 ! sp>r[s mut$ w>m dung into 8 eyes1 :i* depriv$ him ( sight4 ,wi%+ n[ to s5d 8 son ,tobias = ! t5 tal5ts ( silv] deposit$ ) ,gabael at ,rages 9 ,m$ia1 he directs him to seek a guide = ! way2 :5 ! angel ,raphael (f]s himself "u ! "n ( ,az>ias ! son ( ,ananias ! great1 "o ( ,tobit's bre?r54 ,z ! angel & ,tobias j\rney toge!r1 !y come "o ev5+ to ! riv] ,tigris4 ,z ! "y man goes d[n to ! riv] to ba!1 a fi% assaults him2 b by ! angel's direction he seizes him1 drags him on %ore1 & takes = future use 8 he>t1 liv]1 & gall4 ,on _! way to ,rages !y come to ,ecbatane1 a city ( ,m$ia1 :]e resides ,raguel1 ! c\s9 ( ,tobias1 ^: only daught]1 ,s>a1 has lo/ sev5 husb&s on ! night ( _! m>riage1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,asmodeus1 an evil _s4 ,tobias be+ h] ne>e/ surviv+ k9sman1 m>ries h] accord+ to ! law ( ,moses4 ,by ! angel's direction1 ^u ent]+ ! m>riage-*amb]1 he lays ! he>t & liv] ( ! fi% ^u emb]s4 ,! evil _s1 at ! smell ( ! smoke1 flees away into ! utmo/ p>ts ( ,egypt1 :]e ! angel b9ds him4 ,! angel goes to ,rages & br+s ! t5 tal5ts & ,gabael himself to ! w$d+ fea/2 ! w$d$ pair return 9 safety to ,tobit ) ! silv]1 & also ! half ( ,raguel's goods1 :i* ,s>a receives z h] w$d+ portion4 ,f9ally ,tobias1 by ! angel's direction1 ano9ts 8 fa!r's eyes ) ! gall ( ! fi%2 :]eupon he recov]s 8 sight1 & lives 9 honor & prosp]ity to a good old age4 ,su* is a brief outl9e ( ! /ory1 :i* is told 9 an int]e/+ & attractive /yle4 ,h[ mu* hi/oric tru? lies at its f\ndation1 x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,! introduction ( ! angelic guide may well be reg>d$ z a my?ical embelli%m5t4 #i4 ,! book ( ,tobit is extant 9 v>i\s texts--,greek1 ,lat91 ,syriac1 & ,hebrew1 ! ,hebrew =ms be+ all translations f ! ,greek or ,lat94 ,^! texts diff] 9 m9or details1 b h all sprung directly or indirectly f "o orig9al1 :i* 0 probably ,hebrew or ,aramaic1 ?\gh "s ma9ta9 t x 0 ,greek4 ,! book is ?or\ghly ,jewi% 9 its _s4 ,! date ( its composition is unc]ta94 ,! common op9ion ( biblical s*ol>s is t x 0 compos$ ab\t #bej-bjj ,b4,c4 ,9 its g5]al scope ! book has a resemblance to t ( ,job4 ,a good man enc\nt]s suff]+ 9 ! way ( piety1 b is f9ally deliv]$1 lives 9 prosp]ity1 & dies 9 a good old age4 ,! portraiture :i* x gives ( dome/ic piety is v pleas+1 & af=ds an in/ructive insight into ! _s ( ! age 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,x gives great prom95ce to de$s ( *>ity2 b ! alms on :i* x insi/s s e>ne/ly fl[ f inw>d fai? & love4 ,9 ?is respect !y are di/+ui%$ f ! dead works ( ! late ,scribes & ,ph>isees4 ,,iii4 ,,judi?4 #aj4 ,?is book relates ! exploit ( ,judi?1 a ,jewi% wid[ di/+ui%$ alike = beauty1 c\rage1 & devotion to h] c\ntry4 ,:5 ,hol(]nes1 "o ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s g5]als1 0 besieg+ ,be?ulia1 a city ( ,judea1 %e w5t ov] to 8 camp ) h] maid 9 ! "* ( a des]t]1 promis$ to guide him to ,j]usalem1 & by h] flatt]y & artful repres5tations s ins9uat$ h]self into 8 favor t he ent]ta9$ h] ) high honor4 ,at la/1 be+ left alone ) him at night 9 8 t5t1 %e behead$ him ) 8 own fal*ion z he lay asleep & intoxicat$1 & go+ =? gave 8 head to h] maid1 :o put x 9 h] bag1 & !y two pass$ ! gu>ds 9 safety "u ! pretext ( go+ out = pray]1 z _h be5 _! nightly cu/om4 ,! head ( ,hol(]nes 0 susp5d$ f ! wall ( ! city1 & :5 ! w>riors )9 salli$ =?1 ! besieg+ army fl$ 9 con/]nation4 ,judi? receives z a rew>d all ! /uff ( ,hol(]nes1 lives at ,be?ulia z a wid[ 9 high honor1 & dies at ! age ( "o hundr$ & five4 #aa4 ,! hi/orical & geographical contradictions ( ?is book are too _m & grave to all[ ! supposition t x conta9s an au!ntic n>rative ( facts4 ,x 0 manife/ly writt5 aft] ! return ( ! ,jews f ! ,babyloni% captivity & ! rebuild+ ( ! city & temple 7*aps4 #d3c2 #e3ah1 #ai71 :5 ! nation 0 gov]n$1 n by a k+1 b by a high prie/ & ,sanh$rim4 ,*ap4 #d3f1 #h2 #ae3h4 ,yet x makes ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o reign$ 9 ,babylon long be=e1 k+ 9 ,n9eveh 9 ! eigh? ye> ( 8 reign1 :]eas 8 fa!r _h de/roy$ ,n9eveh4 ,! attempts t h be5 made to reconcile ^! & o!r inconsi/5cies ) true hi/ory are =c$ & unnatural4 ,:atev] hi/orical tru? may lie at ! basis ( ! /ory1 x is s int]wov5 ) fiction t ! two elem5ts _c be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,x 0 probably writt5 by a ,pale/9ian ,jew 9 ,hebrew or ,aramaic some:]e ab\t ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! design ( ! book is to excite ! p to fai? & c\rage 9 _! sev]e conflicts ) =eign p]secutors2 b its morality is ( a v que/ionable "*4 ,judi?1 its h]o9e1 :ile %e adh]es ) great punctili\sness to ! ,mosaic ritual1 does n scruple to employ hypocrisy & falsehood t %e may prep>e ! way = assass9ation1 be+ evid5tly p]suad$ t 9 ! s]vice ( ! cov5ant p ! end sanctifies ! means4 ,,iv4 ,,additions ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,e/h]4 #ab4 ,^! are pr9t$ by !mselves 9 our ,engli% v]sion1 & entitl$3 ,! re/ ( ! *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 :i* are f\nd nei!r 9 ! ,hebrew1 nor 9 ! ,*aldee2 b 9 ! ,septuag9t & old ,lat9 !y are disp]s$ ?r\gh ! canonical book s z to =m ) x a consi/5t :ole4 ,!y pr(ess to supply defici5cies 9 ! canonical ,e/h]--a dream ( ,mordecai ) its int]pretation2 an acc\nt ( ! conspiracy ( ! two eunu*s to de/roy ,ahasu]us2 a pret5d$ copy ( ! k+'s edict = ! de/ruction ( ! ,jews2 ! pray] ( ,mordecai & ( ,e/h] 9 view ( ?is edict2 v>i\s details ( ,e/h]'s visit to ! k+2 & ! pret5d$ edict ( ,artax]xes 7,ahasu]us7 revok+ ! =m] edict1 & giv+ ! ,jews lib]ty to de/roy all :o %\ld assault !m--into :i* ! "n ( ,god1 :i* n[h]e appe>s 9 ! g5u9e book ( ,e/h]1 is abundantly introduc$4 ,! orig9 ( ^! leg5ds is unkn[n4 ,v4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,solomon4 #ac4 ,! au?or ( ?is book p]sonages ,solomon1 & speaks 9 8 "n1 ,solomon be+ to ! anci5t ,jews ! repres5tative ( all wisdom4 ,keil gives ! summ>y ( its cont5ts 9 ?ree divisions1 z foll[s2 7#a47 ,! book beg9s ) a =cible exhortation to ! rul]s ( ! e>? to /rive aft] wisdom z ! f\nta9 ( righte\sness & ! guide to immortality & happ9ess4 ,) ?is x connects a w>n+ aga9/ ! folly ( unbeliev+ m5 :o rebel aga9/ ! law1 oppress ! righte\s1 & ?us br+ ^u !mselves j puni%m5t1 di/raction1 & ev]la/+ %ame4 ,*aps4 #a-f4 7#b47 ,aft] ! example ( ,k+ ,solomon1 :o is introduc$ z speak+1 ! way to obta9 wisdom is next po9t$ out1 & %e is describ$ 9 h] nature z ! _s t =m$ & su/a9s ! _w1 & is ! au?or ( all t is good1 true1 & great4 ,*aps4 #g-i4 7#c47 ,!n foll[s a long hi/orical disc\rse 7int]rupt$ 9 *aps4 #ac-ae by a copi\s discussion conc]n+ ! orig9 & nature ( idolatry71 9 :i* ! bless$ effects ( wisdom & ! fe> ( ,god1 & ! unhappy consequ5ces t come f ! folly ( idolatry are illu/rat$ by ! opposite =tunes ( ! righte\s & ! wick$ ( pa/ ages1 especially ( ! p ( ,god z contra/$ ) ! idolatr\s ,canaanites & ,egyptians4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! book con/itute a well connect$ :ole4 #ad4 ,! book 0 orig9ally compos$ 9 ,greek by an ,alex&r9e ,jew1 :o is g5]ally plac$ by biblical s*ol>s some:]e 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,?\gh possess+ no canonical au?ority1 x is v int]e/+ & valuable = ! view :i* x gives ( ! progress ( ,jewi% ?\ght 9 bo? religion & philosophy4 ,?is writ] is ! fir/ :o expressly id5tifies ! s]p5t t deceiv$ ,eve ) ! devil3 ,?r\gh envy ( ! devil came dea? into ! _w4 ,*ap4 #b3bd4 ,he tea*es also ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l & ( a future judgm5t4 ,9 a passage ( great beauty he p]sonifies ,wisdom1 aft] ! example ( ! book ( ,prov]bs1 z ! work] ( all ?+s1 & ! tea*] & guide1 ( m54 ,%e is ! brea? ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & a pure efflux f ! glory ( ! ,almighty2 !re=e no?+ defil$ c f9d entrance into h]4 ,= %e is ! effulg5ce ( ! ev]la/+ light1 & ! unspott$ mirror ( ! div9e might1 & ! image ( 8 goodness4 ,& be+ b "o %e c d all ?+s2 & rema9+ 9 h]self un*ang$ %e makes all ?+s new4 ,f age to age ent]+ into holy s\ls1 %e makes !m fri5ds ( ,god & prophets4 ,*ap4 #g3be-bg4 ,b along ) ?is true developm5t ( doctr9e on ! basis ( ! ,old ,te/am5t he holds ! unscriptural doctr9e ( ! preexi/5ce ( s\ls 7*ap4 #h3bj71 :e!r borr[$ f ! ,platoni/s1 or tak5 f "s o!r s\rce4 ,"s h ?\ght t he also holds matt] to be et]nal4 ,b :5 he speaks ( ,god's almighty h& z hav+ creat$ ! _w out ( =mless matt] 7*ap4 #aa3ag71 he may h ref]5ce simply to ! *aotic /ate describ$ 9 ,g54 #a3b4 ,j]ome left ! ,lat9 translation ( ?is book unrevis$4 ,! text1 !re=e1 ( our ,lat9 ,bibles is t ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion1 z x exi/$ be=e 8 day4 ,,vi4 ,,ecclesia/icus4 #ae4 ,! ,greek title ( ?is book is1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus ! son ( ,sira*1 or m briefly3 ,! ,wisdom ( ,sira*4 ,! ,lat9 title1 ,ecclesia/icus1 t is1 ,ecclesia/ical book1 designates x z a book t 0 read = edification 9 ! *ur*es1 ?\gh n includ$ 9 ! ,hebrew canon4 ,we give1 ma9ly f ,keil1 ! summ>y ( its cont5ts3 ,?is copi\s book is ri* 9 its cont5ts1 embrac+ ! :ole doma9 ( practical wisdom1 &1 :at is insep>able f ?is1 ! fe> ( ,god4 ,^! virtues x describes1 comm5ds1 & inculcates accord+ to _! orig9 & nature1 _! *>act]i/ics & results1 & _! realization 9 life1 9 a ri* collection ( prov]bs1 ) rules & c\nsels = ! regulation ( life 9 all its manifold relations4 ,! :ole is aft] ! mann] ( ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 only ) mu* great] p>ticul>ity ( details1 ext5d+ to all ! sph]es ( religi\s1 civil1 & dome/ic life1 & giv+ rules ( conduct = ! regulation ( ! same4 ,?is collection ( wise maxims1 moral precepts1 & rules ( life con/itutes a unit$ :ole1 9 :i* ! p>ticul> prov]bs1 c\nsels1 & w>n+s are /rung toge!r 9 accordance ) an association ( ideas t is (t5 q loose4 ,int]wov5 ) ^! are a numb] ( connect$ discussions & pray]s4 ,! au?or closes 8 in/ructions ) two ext5d$ disc\rses1 9 ! =m] ( :i* he celebrates ! works ( ,god 9 creation 7*aps4 #db3ae-dc3cc72 9 ! latt]1 ! praises ( ! fam\s m5 ( ,scripture f ,eno* to ,simon ! high prie/1 ! son ( ,onias 7*aps4 #dd-ej74 ,he !n adds 9 ! f9al *apt] a ?anksgiv+ & pray] 7*ap4 #ea74 ,?is book1 l t ( ,wisdom1 is ( great value = ! insight :i* x gives into ! !ology & e?ics ( ! ,jews at ! "t ( its composition4 #af4 ,x is und\bt$ly g5u9e1 hav+ be5 writt5 9 ,hebrew by ! man ^: "n x be>s1 & translat$ into ,greek 9 ,egypt by 8 gr&son1 z /at$ 9 ! prologue4 ,b ! age ( ! translator1 & consequ5tly ( ! au?or1 is a matt] ( dispute4 ,! la/ ( ! wor?ies describ$ by him is ,simon1 ! son ( ,onias1 ! high prie/4 ,!re 7 two high prie/s ( ?is "n1 bo? sons ( ,onias1 b ! au?or's eulogy is applicable only to ! =m]1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #caj-bij ,b4,c4 ,x is a natural inf]5ce t ,jesus1 ! son ( ,sira*1 wrote n _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,! translator1 aga91 speaks ( himself z com+ into ,egypt 9 ! eight & ?irtie? ye>1 :5 ,eu]getes 0 k+4 ,does he mean ! eight & ?irtie? ye> ( 8 own life1 or ( ,eu]getes' reign8 ,if ! latt]1 !n ( ! two k+s t bore ! surname ,eu]getes ! latt] only 7,b4,c4 #agj-aag7 c be und]/ood1 s9ce ! =m] reign$ only tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,if ! =m]1 z is mo/ probable1 !n we naturally und]/& ,eu]getes ,i41 :o reign$ ,b4,c4 #bag-bbb1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! translation mu/ h be5 execut$4 ,! ,greek text1 z exhibit$ 9 manuscripts1 is 9 a v corrupt & confus$ /ate1 ) _m v>iations & transpositions4 ,! ,lat9 text is t ( ! ,old ,lat91 :i* ,j]ome left1 z he did t ( ! book ( ,wisdom1 )\t revision4 ,,vii4 ,,b>u* ,,& ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,j]emiah4 #ag4 ,?is is ! only apocryphal book :i* assumes ! "* ( prophecy4 ,x is =m$ aft] ! model ( ,j]emiah1 & ascrib$ to ,b>u* 8 fri5d4 ,b its spuri\sness is g5]ally admitt$4 ,besides hi/orical inaccuracies1 su* z are n conceivable 9 ! case ( ,b>u*1 ! fact t its au?or employ$ ! ,septuag9t translation ( ,j]emiah & ,daniel m>k x z ( a lat] date4 ,keil assigns x to ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! book pr(esses to be a lett] writt5 by ,b>u* 9 ! "n ( ! captive ,jews 9 ,babylon to _! bre?r5 at ,j]usalem1 & consi/s ( two well-m>k$ divisions1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 ext5d+ to *ap4 #c3h1 is1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 a translation f an orig9al ,hebrew docum5t4 ,?is "p conta9s1 aft] an introductory notice1 a confession ( s9 ) pray] = deliv]ance4 ,! second "p beg9s ) an address to ! cov5ant p1 9 :i* !y are rebuk$ = neglect+ ! tea*+s ( div9e wisdom1 & enc\rag$ ) ! hope ( return+ prosp]ity :5 !y %all obey h] voice4 ,*aps4 #c3i-d3h4 ,zion is !n introduc$ lam5t+ ov] ! desolations :i* ,god has br\ght ^u h] & h] *ildr5 7*ap4 #d3i-d3bi71 & aft]w>ds com=t+ !m ) ! hope ( c]ta9 deliv]ance & enl>gem5t 7*aps4 #d3cj-e3i74 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! second "p 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,greek1 & "s ?9k t ! same is true ( ! fir/ "p also4 #ah4 ,!re is ano!r ,epi/le ( ,b>u* pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,syriac1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! ,london & ,p>is ,polyglotts4 ,x is address$ to ! n9e & a half tribes1 & made up ( commonplaces ( w>n+1 enc\ragem5t1 & exhortation4 ,smi?'s ,bib4 ,dict41 ,art4 ,b>u*4 #ai4 ,!re is a spuri\s ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah :i* appe>s 9 ! ,vulgate & our ,engli% v]sion z ! six? *apt] ( ,b>u*4 ,x is entitl$3 ,copy ( an epi/le :i* ,j]emiah s5t to ^? :o 7 to be l$ captives into ,babylon by ! k+ ( ! ,babylonians to make ann\ncem5t to !m1 z x 0 comm&$ him by ,god4 ,x purports to be a w>n+ to ^! captives aga9/ ! idolatr\s practices :i* !y %all witness 9 ,babylon1 & is made up ( a long disc\rse on ! impot5ce ( ! idols :i* ! hea!n wor%ip1 writt5 9 a rhetorical /yle1 9 imitation ( ,j]4 #aj3a-af4 ,its au?or is suppos$ to h be5 a ,hell5i/ic ,jew :o liv$ t[>ds ! end ( ! ,maccabean p]iod4 ,,viii4 ,,additions ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,daniel4 #bj4 ,! ,greek v]sion ( ! book ( ,daniel1 besides _m dep>tures f ! ,hebrew & ,*aldee orig9al1 conta9s ?ree l>ge additions4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is3 ,! ,pray] ( ,az>ias1 & ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! ,fi]y ,furnace1 :i* is app5d$ to ! ?ird *apt]4 ,! second is3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,susanna1 :o is exhibit$ z a patt]n ( *a/ity1 & 0 deliv]$ f ! ma*9ations ( h] enemies ?r\gh ! wisdom ( ,daniel4 ,?is is plac$ sometimes be=e ! fir/ *apt] ( ,daniel1 & sometimes aft] *apt] #ab4 ,! ?ird addition is3 ,! ,/ory ( ,bel & ! ,dragon1 :i* /&s at ! end ( ! book1 & is falsely ascrib$ 9 ! ,septuag9t to ! prophet ,habakkuk4 ,its design is to %[ ! folly ( idolatry4 ,accord+ to ,keil1 ^! ?ree pieces 7 compos$ 9 ,egypt t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,pray] ,,( ,,manasses4 #ba4 ,a g5u9e pray] ( ,manasseh1 k+ ( ,judah1 exi/$ at ! "t :5 ! books ( ,*ronicles 7 compos$4 #b ,*ron4 #cc3ah1 #ai4 ,b ! exi/+ pray] ( ! ,apocrypha1 ?\gh ^u ! :ole beautiful & appropriate1 _c claim to be a true repres5tative ( t pray]4 ,! au?or1 says ,keil1 0 a pi\s ,jew :o liv$ at all ev5ts be=e ,*ri/1 ?\gh 8 age _c be m accurately det]m9$4 ,x4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,maccabees4 #bb4 ,^! are five 9 numb]4 ,! fir/ two pass$ f ! ,greek into ! e>ly ,lat9 v]sions1 & !nce into ! ,vulgate & ! ,engli% v]sions1 & 7 receiv$ z canonical by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,two o!rs are f\nd 9 "s manuscripts ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,! fif? exi/s only 9 ,arabic4 ,if ! hi/oric ord] 7 obs]v$1 ! s-call$ ?ird book w\ld come fir/1 ! f\r? w\ld be an app5dix to ! second1 :i* w\ld reta9 its place1 & ! fir/ w\ld come la/2 b x w be m conv5i5t to exam9e ! books 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 ! ,,mss41 :i* 0 probably decid$ by "s vague tradition ( _! relative antiquity4 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict41 ,art4 ,maccabees4 ,! "n ,maccabees is appli$ to ! family & po/]ity ( ! illu/ri\s ,jewi% prie/ ,matta?ias1 :o ma9ta9$ a long & successful /ruggle ) ! ,syrian k+s1 & f9ally succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ = a p]iod ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,jews4 ,! orig9 ( ! t]m has be5 v>i\sly expla9$2 b ! mo/ common acc\nt ( x is1 t x comes f a ,hebrew ^w signify+ hamm]1 s t ! adjective ,maccabee 7,greek ,greek3 ,makkabaios7 w d5ote ,hamm]]4 ,accord+ to ,josephus 7,antiq4 #ab1 #f1 #a7 ,matta?ias 0 desc5d$ f "o ,asmonaeus3 ,h5ce ! family ( ! ,maccabees are also call$ ,asmoneans4 #bc4 ,! fir/ book ( ! ,maccabees4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important ( all ! apocryphal books4 ,x conta9s a n>rative ( ! long & bloody /ruggle ( ! ,jews1 "u _! ,maccabean lead]s1 = ! pres]vation ( _! religion1 & ! deliv]ance ( ! nation f ! yoke ( _! ,syrian oppressors4 ,! hi/ory be>s ! int]nal m>ks ( au!nticity & cr$ibility1 be+ di/+ui%$ by simplicity & c&or4 ,x is only :5 speak+ ( =eign nations t ! writ] falls into "s inaccuracies4 ,^! d n detract f 8 tru/wor?9ess 9 relat+ ! affairs ( 8 own nation ?r\gh a p]iod ( =ty ye>s ( ! mo/ ev5tful "* 7,b4,c4 #age-ace74 ,! book is p]vad$ ?r\gh\t by ! ,jewi% _s1 & mu/ h be5 writt5 by a ,pale/9ian ,jew4 ,its date is unc]ta91 b may probably be plac$ some:]e dur+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! high prie/ ,john ,hyrcanus 7,b4,c4 #ace-ajf74 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,orig51 ! book 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew4 ,) ?is agrees its int]nal "*2 = ! ,greek v]sion ( x conta9s _m ,hebraisms1 z well z difficulties :i* are readily acc\nt$ = ^u ! supposition ( a ,hebrew orig9al4 #ba4 ,! second book ( ,maccabees4 ,?is book op5s ) two lett]s purport+ to h be5 writt5 by ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e to _! bre?r5 9 ,egypt1 9 :i* ! =m] invite ! latt] to jo9 ) !m 9 ! celebration ( ! fea/ ( tab]nacles 9 ! mon? ,casl51 t is1 ! fea/ ( d$ication e/abli%$ to commemorate ! purification ( ! temple aft] its pollution by ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,to ! latt] ( ^! is app5d$ an epitome ( ! five books ( ,jason ( ,cyr5e1 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,maccabean /ruggle1 beg9n+ ) ,heliodorus' attempt to plund] ! temple1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ahj1 & end+ ) ! victory ( ,judas ,maccabeus ov] ,nicanor1 ,b4,c4 #afa4 ,bo? ( ! lett]s are reg>d$ z spuri\s4 ,! second ( !m ab\nds 9 m>vell\s leg5ds--h[1 ^u ! de/ruction ( ! fir/ temple1 ! sacr$ fire ( ! alt> 0 hid 9 a holl[ pit )\t wat]2 h[1 at ! close ( ! captivity1 x 0 f\nd 9 ! =m ( ?ick wat]1 :i* be+ by ! comm& ( ,nehemiah spr9kl$ on ! wood ( ! alt> & ! sacrifices1 !re 0 k9dl$1 :5 ! sun %one ^u x1 a great fire1 s t all m5 m>vell$2 h[ ,j]emiah1 at ,god's comm&1 c>ri$ ! tab]nacle1 ! ark1 & ! alt> ( inc5se to ! m\nta9 :i* ,moses asc5d$ & saw ! h]itage ( ,god1 t is1 m\nt ,nebo 7,deut4 #cd3a71 & hid !m !re 9 a holl[ cave1 :]e !y are to rema9 until ! "t t ,god %all ga!r 8 p toge!r aga91 & be graci\s to !m4 ,! epitome ( ,jason's hi/ory beg9s "s five ye>s e>li] ?an ! hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! fir/ book1 & cov]s a p]iod ( ab\t n9ete5 ye>s2 s t x is p>tly ant]ior to t hi/ory1 p>tly supplem5t>y1 & p>tly p>allel4 ,alex&]'s ,kitto1 ,art4 ,maccabees4 ,! two books are entirely indep5d5t 9 _! s\rces ( in=mation2 & al?\gh ! second _c lay claim to ! same degree ( tru/wor?9ess z ! fir/1 yet ! g5]al judgm5t ( biblical s*ol>s is t x is1 9 its ma9 facts1 au!ntic4 ,b ^! are set =? ) embelli%m5ts & exagg]ations1 9 :i* ! au?or manife/s 8 love = ! m>vell\s4 ,:]e ! hi/ory ( ! two books is p>allel1 x agrees 9 its g5]al outl9es1 b ! details are almo/ always diff]5t1 & sometimes !y pres5t irreconcilable discrepancies4 ,9 its religi\s aspect ?is book is v int]e/+4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( a "m & h] sev5 sons = _! refusal to eat sw9e's fle% 7*ap4 #g7 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection is pla9ly ann\nc$3 ,x is a ?+ to be desir$1 says ! f\r? son to ! k+ ,antio*us1 t "o be+ put to dea? by m5 %\ld wait = ! hope ( ,god t he %all be aga9 rais$ up by him2 b = !e !re is no resurrection unto life 7v4 #ad74 ,:]e ,jason compos$ 8 "w _c be det]m9$4 ,he _c h liv$ long aft] ! ev5ts :i* he describes1 else he w\ld h tak5 notice ( ! important ev5ts t foll[$4 ,! au?or ( ! epitome conta9$ 9 ?is book is believ$ to h be5 a ,hell5i/ic ,jew liv+ 9 ,pale/9e1 :o probably wrote 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 #be4 ,! ?ird book ( ,maccabees4 ,?is book does n belong to ! ,maccabean age1 b to ! e>li] "t ( ,ptolemy ,philopator 7,b4,c4 #bba-bjd74 ,its title seems to h come simply f ! simil>ity ( its cont5ts4 ,x relates 9 a pomp\s & oratorical /yle h[ ,ptolemy ,philopator1 be+ enrag$ at 8 failure to ent] ! sanctu>y at ,j]usalem1 det]m9$ to wreak 8 v5geance on ! ,jews 9 ,egypt1 & assembl$ !m = ?is purpose 9 ! circus1 t !y might be trampl$ "u foot by drunk5 elephants1 b 0 h9d]$ by ! miracul\s int]position ( ,god2 :]eupon ! k+ lib]at$ ! ,jews1 prep>$ = !m a sumptu\s fea/1 & gave !m p]mission to take v5geance on _! apo/ate c\ntrym54 ,! n>rative probably has a gr\ndwork ( tru? ) leg5d>y embelli%m5ts1 aft] ! mann] ( ! lat] ,jews4 ,its au?or is believ$ to h be5 an ,alex&r9e ,jew1 b 8 age _c be det]m9$4 ,x 0 nev] admitt$ into ! ,romi% canon4 #bf4 ,! f\r? book ( ,maccabees op5s ) a philosophical discussion respect+ ! supremacy ( dev\t reason ov] ! passions1 :i* is !n illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,eleaz> & ! "m ) h] sev5 sons1 an acc\nt ( :i* we h 9 #b ,macc41 *aps4 #f & #g4 ,! au?or ( ?is book 0 a ,jew imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! /oical philosophy4 ,x has be5 falsely ascrib$ to ,josephus4 #bg4 ,! fif? book ( ,maccabees exi/s only 9 ,arabic4 ,we draw our notice ( x f ,alex&]'s ,kitto1 accord+ to :i* x conta9s ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews f ,heliodorus' attempt to plund] ! treasury at ,j]usalem till ! "t :5 ,h]od revell$ 9 ! noble/ blood ( ! ,jews2 t is1 f #ahd-hf ,b4,c41 ?us embrac+ a p]iod ( #ih ye>s4 ,! book is a compilation made 9 ,hebrew1 by a ,jew :o liv$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 f anci5t ,hebrew memoirs or *ronicles1 :i* 7 writt5 %ortly aft] ! ev5ts transpir$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! orig9al ,hebrew1 ! ,arabic v]sions ( x1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,p>is & ,london ,polyglotts1 give ! text ^u :i* we mu/ rely4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,,fir/ ,,division1 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,language ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 #a4 ,9 ! "* ( ! orig9al languages ( ! ,bible1 z 9 e ?+ else p]ta9+ to ! plan ( r$emption1 ,god's h& is to be rev]5tly ackn[l$g$4 ,x 0 n by *ance1 b ?r\gh ! provid5t c>e ( ,him :o sees ! end f ! beg9n+1 t ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t f\nd ! ,hebrew1 & ^? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! ,greek language ready at h&1 ea* ( !m s s+ul>ly adapt$ to ! high (fice assign$ to x4 ,! /ately maje/y1 ! noble simplicity1 & ! graphic vividness ( ! ,hebrew fitt$ x admirably = ! hi/orical portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i*1 "u ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! direct intuition ( ,god's purposes & ( ! deep spr+s ( human action sup]s$$ ! necessity ( philosophical argum5t & d$uction4 ,! hi/orians ( ! ,old ,te/am5t did n pause to argue conc]n+ _! /atem5ts ( m5's motives & ,god's designs4 ,!y saw bo? ) wond]ful cle>ness ( vision2 & !y f\nd 9 ! simplicity & directness ( ! ,hebrew syntax1 s f> remov$ f all t is involv$ & complex1 a suitable vehicle = _! simple & direct /atem5ts ( tru?4 ,h[ cong5ial ! ,hebrew language is to poetic composition1 z well 9 its rugg$ & sublime =ms z 9 its t5d] & pa!tic /ra9s1 e read] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! orig9al und]/&s4 ,! s\l is n m at home 9 ! body ?an is sacr$ poetry 9 ! language ( ! cov5ant p4 ,z ! liv+ _s ( ! *]ubim animat$ & direct$ ! :eels ( ! *>iot 9 ,ezekiel's vision1 s does ! _s ( inspir$ poesy animate & direct ! words & s5t5ces ( ! ,hebrew language3 ,:5 ! *]ubim w5t1 ! :eels w5t by !m2 & :5 ! *]ubim lift$ up _! w+s to m\nt up f ! e>?1 ! same :eels also turn$ n f beside !m4 ,:5 !y /ood1 ^! /ood2 & :5 !y 7 lift$ up1 ^! lift$ up !mselves also3 = ! _s ( ! liv+ creatures 0 9 !m4 ,ezek4 #aj3af1 #ag4 ,! same *>act]i/ics fitt$ ! ,hebrew language mo/ p]fectly = prophetic vision1 9 :i* ! poetic elem5t s l>gely prevails4 #b4 ,turn+ n[ f ! ,hebrew ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,greek ( ! ,new1 we h a language v diff]5t 9 its /ructure2 elaborate 9 its inflections & syntax1 delicate & subtle 9 its di/9ctions1 ri* 9 its vocabul>y1 highly cultivat$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( writ+1 & flexible 9 an em95t degree2 be+ ?us equally adapt$ to e v>iety ( /yle--pla9 unadorn$ n>rative1 impassion$ oratory1 poetry ( e =m1 philosophical discussion1 & sev]e logical reason+3 9 a ^w1 a language e way fitt$ to ! wants ( ! gospel1 :i* is giv5 n = ! infancy ( ! _w b = its mature age1 & :i* deals n s mu* ) ! details ( p>ticul>s z ) great pr9ciples1 :i* require = _! full compreh5sion ! capacity ( ab/raction & g5]alization4 ,9 ! hi/orical records ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 its poetic & prophetic p>ts1 ! ,hebrew language 0 altoge!r at home4 ,b = su* compositions z ! epi/le to ! ,romans ! ,greek (f]$ a m p]fect m$ium2 & "h1 z ev]y:]e else ,god's provid5ce took c>e t ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* %\ld be furni%$ 9 ! mo/ complete mann]4 #c4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t c5turies be=e our ,"l's adv5t1 prep>ation began to be made 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god = ?is *ange 9 ! language ( ! inspir$ writ+s4 ,"o result ( ! ,babyloni% captivity 0 t ,hebrew ceas$ to be ! v]nacul> ( ! masses ( ! p1 & a =m ( ,aramaean took its place4 ,*ap4 #ad1 ,no4 #d4 ,aft] ! return ( ! ,jews f ?is same captivity & _! ree/abli%m5t 9 _! own l&1 ! _s ( prophecy 0 also )drawn1 & ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t br\ght to a close4 ,?us ! cessation ( ,hebrew z ! spok5 language ( ! p1 & ! )drawal ( ! _s ( prophecy 7 contemporane\s ev5ts4 ,! canon 0 lock$ up 9 ! sacr$ language1 & ! int]pret] took ! place ( ! prophet4 ,! provid5tial *ange ( language sugge/$ a g5]al limit )9 :i* ! voice ( inspiration might be he>d1 z ! fe>ful *a/isem5ts ( ! captivity turn$ m5's m9ds to ! old ,scriptures ) a devotion unkn[n be=e4 ,we/cott's ,introduc4 to ! ,/udy ( ! ,gospels1 *ap4 #a4 #d4 ,b ! conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7,b4,c4 #ccd-cbc7 br\ght ! ,greek language & ! ,greek civilization into ,asia & ,egypt1 z a sure leav5 de/9$ to leav5 ! :ole mass4 ,to ?is influ5ce ! ,jews c\ld n rema9 ins5sible4 ,x rea*$ ev5 ,pale/9e1 :]e !y naturally clung mo/ t5aci\sly to ! ,aramaean language & to ! cu/oms ( _! fa!rs4 ,b out ( ,pale/9e1 :]e ! ,jews 7 disp]s$ 9 imm5se numb]s1 x op]at$ m imm$iately2 especially 9 ,egypt1 ^: metropolis ,alex&ria 01 aft] ! age ( ,alex&] its f\nd]1 "o ( ! *ief seats ( ,grecian le>n+4 ,to ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria ! ,greek language 0 v]nacul>4 ,by !m 0 execut$1 z we h se51 "u ! patronage ( ! ,egyptian k+1 ! fir/ v]sion ev] made ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 namely1 t call$ ! ,septuag9t 7,*ap4 #af1 ,nos4 #a-g71 :i* 0 begun1 if n complet$1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,?\gh ?is v]sion enc\nt]$ bitt] opposition on ! "p ( ! unbeliev+ ,jews aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! effective use made ( x aga9/ !m by ,*ri/ian writ]s1 x 0 receiv$ f its fir/ appe>ance & onw>d ) g5]al favor4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,jews--^? us+ ! ,greek language & con=m+ !mselves to ,grecian civilization--made con/ant use ( x1 & ! k ( x 0 v widely diffus$ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,egypt4 ,9 our ,savi\r's day x 0 9 v g5]al use1 z ! abundant quotations f x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t %[2 & x mu/ h contribut$ l>gely to ! spread ( ! k ( ! ,greek language among ! ,jewi% p 9 & out ( ,pale/9e4 ,?\gh ! ,roman empire succe$$ to t ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,roman c\ld n supplant ! m poli%$ ,greek tongue1 ) its imm5se & v>i$ lit]ature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,greek language p5etrat$ into ,italy1 & especially into ,rome1 ! metropolis ( ! civiliz$ _w1 :]e1 9 our ,savi\r's day1 ,greek lit]ature 0 9 high repute1 & ! ,greek language 0 v g5]ally und]/ood4 ,?us1 9 ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 also1 f\nd ready at h& a language s+ul>ly adapt$ to _! s]vice4 ,biblical s*ol>s h notic$ ! significant fact t ( ! long li/ ( names 9 ! sixte5? *apt] ( ,romans1 ! great] numb] belongs to ! ,greek language1 n to ! ,lat94 ,! flexibility ( ! ,greek language ga9$ = x 9 anci5t "t a g5]al curr5cy simil> to t :i* ,fr5* enjoys 9 mod]n ,europe2 b ) ?is important diff]5ce1 t ,greek 0 n only ! language ( educat$ m51 b also ! language ( ! masses 9 ! great c5tres ( comm]ce4 ,we/cott 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict41 ,art4 ,hell5i/4 #e4 ,respect+ ! "* ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,greek !re 0 9 =m] times mu* controv]sy1 (t5 accompani$ ) unnecess>y heat & bitt]ness4 ,"o class ( writ]s seem$ to ?9k t ! honor ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 involv$ 9 _! ability to %[ ! classic purity & elegance ( its /yle2 z if1 =soo?1 ! ,_s ( inspiration c\ld only address m5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language con=m$ to ! classic /&>d ( propriety4 ,ano!r class w5t to ! opposite extreme1 speak+ 9 exagg]at$ t]ms ( ! ,hebraisms & solecisms ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s4 ,! tru? lies betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,! /yle ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is nei!r classical nor b>b>\s4 ,its *>act]i/ics are /rictly con=mable to ! hi/ory ( its orig94 7#a47 ,its basis is n ! ,greek ( ,plato & ,x5ophon1 b ! s-call$ ,hell5ic or common dialect :i* arose 9 ! age ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 :5 ! previ\sly di/9ct dialects1 spok5 by ! v>i\s sections ( ! ,hell5ic nation1 7 bl5d$ into a popul> spok5 language4 ,w9]1 ,gram1 ( ! ,new ,te/41 sec4 #b4 ,! ,alex&r9e ,jews d\btless le>n$ x n s mu* f books z f ! daily int]c\rse ( life1 & x probably _h its prov9cial peculi>ities 9 ,alex&ria & ! adjac5t region4 7#b47 ,9 ,jewi% usage ?is common ,greek dialect receiv$ an ,hebraic color+ f ! con/ant use ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 :i* is a lit]al r5d]+ ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures into ,greek1 ( c\rse ) ! ret5tion ( _m ,hebrew idioms4 ,only su* ?or\gh ,greek s*ol>s z ,josephus & ,philo c\ld rise above ?is influ5ce4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s manife/ its p[] 9 diff]5t degrees2 =1 z x respects ,hebraisms1 !y d n by any means /& on a common level4 7#c47 ,z ! ,aramaic--! s-call$ ,syro-,*aldaic--0 ! language ( ! mass ( ! p1 ! /yle ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s receiv$ a t+e f ?is also4 7#d47 ,m ?an all1 ! /yle ( ! ,new ,te/am5t receives a peculi> impress f ! fact t ! au?ors 7 ,jews writ+ "u ! full influ5ce ( a ,jewi% education & a ,jewi% fai?1 ) ! sup]add$ elem5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ! ph5om5on ( ! _s & ?\ghts ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians embodi$ 9 ! language ( ,greece2 & ?is at once sep>ates ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t by a wide int]val f all purely classic compositions4 ,! apo/olic writ]s impos$ on ! ,greek language an ardu\s task1 t ( express+ ideas =eign to ! conceptions ( ! mo/ cultivat$ among ! pagan au?ors2 ideas p>tly common to ! old ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian religions1 p>tly peculi> to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is c\ld only be done by giv+ to exi/+ t]ms a new & high] mean+1 :]eby !y assum$ a te*nical "* :olly unkn[n to ! classic writ]s4 ,comp>e p>ticul>ly ! words3 works 7to "w1 ,rom4 #d3d71 fai?1 to believe 9 ,*ri/1 or to believe absolutely1 confession1 righte\sness1 to be ju/ifi$1 to be *os51 ! call$1 ! *os51 ! sa9ts 7= ,*ri/ians71 edification & to edify 9 a figurative s5se1 apo/le1 to publi% ! good tid+s & to publi% absolutely = ,*ri/ian prea*+1 ! adoption ( baptisma1 baptism1 = ,*ri/ian baptism1 p]haps to break bread = ! holy repa/ 7! ,agape ) ! communion71 ! _w1 ! fle%1 fle%ly1 9 ! kn[n !ological s5se1 etc4 ,w9]'s ,gram1 ( ! ,new ,te/41 sec4 #c4 #f4 ,f all ! abov5am$ causes ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t receiv$ a =m diff]+ widely f ! classic /yle1 b admirably adapt$ to ! high (fice assign$ to x4 ,to ^? :o /udy ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! orig9al1 ! peculi>ities ( its language (f] a wide & int]e/+ field ( inquiry4 ,b = ! common read] ! above h9ts w be suffici5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,ext]nal ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 #a4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t fall into ?ree ma9 divisions2 ! hi/orical1 ! epi/ol>y1 & ! prophetical1 ! latt] includ+ only ! ,apocalypse4 ,?is di/9ction is n to be und]/ood 9 an absolute s5se2 s9ce1 z e read] kn[s1 !re are prophetical passages 9 ! hi/orical books1 & bo? hi/orical & prophetical 9 ! epi/les2 b x gives ) accuracy ! g5]al "* ( ea* division4 ,9 outw>d =m ! ,apocalypse is epi/ol>y1 be+ address$1 ) ! apo/olic greet+1 to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia1 & conta9+ messages to ea*4 ,b its cont5ts1 aft] ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s1 are s :olly prophetical1 t x is entitl$ to /& by itself 9 any g5]al division4 #b4 ,! ord] ( ^! ma9 divisions is natural & appropriate4 ,! gospel1 z 0 rem>k$ at ! outset 7,*ap4 #a1 ,no4 #a71 is n a m]e sy/em ( philosophy or e?ics1 b re/s on a basis ( hi/oric facts4 ,on ^! its :ole sy/em ( doctr9es & duties is built2 s t to de/roy ! f\ndation w\ld be to de/roy ! sup]/ructure also4 ,x is suitable1 !re=e1 t ! record ( ! facts %\ld hold ! fir/ place4 ,! apo/olic epi/les1 :i* unfold ! doctr9es & duties involv$ 9 ! gospel1 & make a practical application ( !m to all ! manifold relations ( life1 naturally foll[ ! hi/oric record4 ,! mighty sy/em ( prophecies conta9$ 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 :i* /ret*es ov] ! :ole future hi/ory ( ! *ur* to ! end ( "t1 =ms an appropriate close to ! entire collection ( writ+s4 #c4 ,equally appropriate is ! ord] ( ! two subdivisions ( ! hi/oric "p--fir/1 ! f\r ,gospels1 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( our ,"l's life2 secondly1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! epi/les1 ! ?irte5 :i* be> ! "n ( ,paul /& fir/ 9 ord]4 ,! sev5 s-call$ ca?olic epi/les occupy ! la/ place4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two subdivisions /&s ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 :i* is anonym\s1 ?\gh g5]ally ascrib$ to ,paul4 ,! epi/les :i* be> ! "n ( ,paul fall into two gr\ps--n9e address$ to ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 :i* occupy ! fir/ place2 !n f\r to p>ticul> p]sons4 ,( ^! la/1 ! fir/ ?ree1 be+ address$ to ,timo?y & ,titus1 ! apo/le's companions 9 travel & 9 ! gospel m9i/ry1 are appropriately nam$ f _! cont5ts ! pa/oral epi/les4 ,! lett] to ,philemon1 a private memb] ( ! *ur* 9 ,colosse1 naturally /&s la/ ( all4 ,we add f ,bleek 7,introduc4 to ,new ,te/41 secs4 #ah & #bed7 ! foll[+ additional notices3 ,! pres5t ord] ( ! ,gospels is v anci5t4 ,only 9 "s manuscripts ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion1 9 "o ,greco-,lat9 manuscript 7! s-call$ ,codex ,bezae or ,cambridge ,codex71 & 9 ! manuscript ( ! ,go?ic v]sion1 ! two apo/les ,mat!w & ,john /& fir/2 !n ! two companions ( apo/les1 ,luke & ,m>k1 or sometimes ,m>k & ,luke4 ,9 ! v anci5t ,curetonian-,syrian manuscript ! ord] is ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,john1 ,luke4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les /& 9 "s manuscripts aft] ! ,paul9e or aft] ! ca?olic epi/les4 ,9 ! olde/ ,greek manuscripts1 & g5]ally 9 ! greate/ numb] ( ,greek manuscripts :i* conta9 ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ca?olic epi/les /& be=e ! ,paul9e2 an arrangem5t :i* "s mod]n editors1 z ,la*mann & ,tis*5dorf1 h foll[$4 ,9 _m manuscripts1 ! olde/ ,greek includ$1 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews /&s aft] #b ,!ssalonians1 imm$iately be=e ! pa/oral epi/les4 ,lu!r plac$ toge!r1 at ! end ( 8 v]sion1 ! epi/les to ! ,hebrews1 ! epi/les ( ,james & ,jude1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,b ?is arrangem5t re/$ on no au?ority ( manuscripts4 ,x 0 only an expression ( 8 private judgm5t respect+ _! canonical au?ority1 :i* he plac$ bel[ t ( ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #d4 ,we h se5 7,*ap4 #ac1 ,no4 #d7 t 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ord] ( "t is foll[$ only v p>tially4 ,! same is true respect+ ! ord] ( books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a fact :i* ! biblical /ud5t ought always to be> 9 m9d4 ,if we look to ! sev]al divisions & subdivisions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 x is obvi\s t ! arrangem5t is n *ronological4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john 0 writt5 aft] ! dea? ( ,pet] & ,paul2 consequ5tly1 aft] ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7:i* 7 writt5 dur+ ! life ( ,paul1 ,*ap4 #e1 ,no4 #e71 aft] all ! ,paul9e epi/les1 & probably aft] all ! ,ca?olic epi/les except ^? :i* are ascrib$ to ,john himself4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 aga91 are ( lat] date ?an sev]al ( ,paul's epi/les4 ,f9ally1 nei!r ! ,paul9e nor ! ca?olic epi/les are arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 #cj1 ,no4 #f4 ,! intellig5t /ud5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t w avail himself ( all ! means at 8 comm& to asc]ta9 ! date1 proximately at lea/1 ( ea* p>ticul> book2 t he may ?us connect x ) ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ?reefold l9e ( doctr9e1 practice1 & polity4 #e4 ,! pres5t di/9ction ( l>ge lett]s 7capitals7 & small did n come into use be=e ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 con=mity ) anci5t usage1 ! manuscripts execut$ be=e ?is p]iod are writt5 9 l>ge disconnect$ lett]s 7! s-call$ uncial71 )\t any m>ks ( int]punction1 or ev5 division ( words4 ,?is is call$ ! cont9u\s writ+ 7scriptio cont9ua71 9 :i* x is left to ! read]'s discretion to make ! necess>y division ( words & s5t5ces2 z if ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john 7 writt5 ?us 9 ,lat9 & ,engli%3 ,lat94 ,engli%4 ,,inpr9cipio]atv]bumet ,,in!beg9n+wa/heword& ,,v]bum]atapuddeumetdeuse ,,!wordwas)god&godw ,,ratv]bumhoc]at9pr9cipi ,,a/heword!samewas9!beg9 ,,oapuddeumomniap]ipsumfa ,,n+)godall?+sbyhimw]ema ,writ]s be=e our ,savi\r's "t d inde$ speak ( signs ( int]punction2 b !y seem to h be5 9 use only 9 ! grammatical s*ools1 & ) a limit$ application to c]ta9 d\btful passages 9 ! anci5t writ]s4 ,t !y 7 unkn[n 9 ! old] manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is evid5t f ! discussions t arose among ! *ur* fa!rs respect+ ! "r division ( c]ta9 passages1 9 :i* !y nev] appeal to ! au?ority ( manuscripts1 b argue solely f ! nature ( ! connection4 ,! read] may see a collection ( examples 9 ,hug's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,sec4 #dc1 :]e are also "s curi\s examples ( ! wrong division ( words4 #f4 ,to obviate ! inconv5i5ce ( ?is cont9u\s mode ( writ+1 !re 0 introduc$1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 :at is call$ ! /i*ometrical mode 7,greek /i*os1 a r[ or l9e1 & metron1 a measure74 ,?is consi/$ 9 arrang+ 9 a s+le l9e only s _m words z c\ld be read1 consi/5tly ) ! s5se1 at a s+le inspiration4 ,! inv5tion ( /i*ometry has be5 g5]ally ascrib$ to ,eu?alius1 a deacon 9 ,alex&ria1 :o1 9 ! ye> #deh1 set =? a copy ( ,paul's epi/les /i*ometrically arrang$2 b ,tregelles is incl9$ to ! op9ion t he borr[$ ! sy/em f an e>li] writ]1 ,pamphilus ! m>tyr4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! orig9al conception d\btless came f ! /i*ometry ( ,hebrew poetry4 ,hug 7,sec4 #dd7 & ,tregelles 7,horne's ,introduct41 vol4 #d1 *ap4 #d7 give an example 9 ,greek f a fragm5t ( ! ,paul9e epi/les4 ,?is example 7,titus #b3b1 #c71 :5 lit]ally translat$ into ,engli% accord+ to ! ,greek ord] ( words1 reads z foll[s3 ,,!ag$m5tobesob] ,,grave ,,sob]m9d$ ,,s\nd9!fai? ,,inlove ,,inpati5ce ,,!ag$wom5likewise ,,inbehaviorasbecome%olywom5 ,,notsl&]]s ,,notgiv5tomu*w9e ,,tea*]s(good?+s ,?\gh ! design ( /i*ometry 0 n int]punction accord+ to ! connection ( ?\ght1 yet x seems to h l$ to ?is result4 ,! exp5siv5ess ( ?is mode ( writ+1 ow+ to ! wa/e ( p>*m5t1 naturally sugge/$ ! idea ( sep>at+ ! l9es by a simple po9t1 ?us3 ,,!ag$m5tobesob]4 ,,grave4 ,,sob]m9d$4 ,,s\nd9!fai?4 ,,inlove4 ,,inpati5ce4 ,,!ag$ ,,wom5likewise4 ,,inbehavioras ,,become?holywom54 ,,notslan ,,d]]s4 ,,notgiv5tomu*w9e4 ,,tea*]s(good?+s4 ,z ^! divisions 7 ma9ly rhy?mical1 & (t5 broke ! true connection ( ?\ght1 m5 s\ght to introduce a m logical sy/em ( int]punction4 ,?us 0 laid ! f\ndation ( our pres5t sy/em2 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n p]fect$ till aft] ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ! use ( ! dot1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 0 e>li] ?an /i*ometry4 ,f ! eigh? or n9? c5tury punctuation 9 manuscripts became m common & sy/ematic4 ,9 cursive manuscripts--^? t employ ! runn+ h& ) l>ge & small lett]s & ! sep>ation ( ! words1 a /yle ( writ+ t became ! common "o f ! n9? c5tury & onw>d--punctuation also prevails1 ?\gh n accord+ to any "o e/abli%$ sy/em4 ,tregelles1 ubi sup4 ,v>i\s o!r p>ticul>s int]e/+ to ^? :o /udy ! ,greek text 9 ! orig9al1 z ^? relat+ to ! acc5ts1 ! smoo? & r\gh brea?+1 & ! iota subscript1 are "h omitt$4 #g4 ,we come next to consid] ! anci5t divisions made 9 ! cont5ts ( ! sacr$ text4 ,*apt]s are v e>ly m5tion$1 z by ,t]tullian & ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria4 ,b x is unc]ta9 :e!r any ?+ m is meant ?an p>ts or sections ( giv5 cont5ts4 ,! e>lie/ =mal division ( ! f\r gospels t has come d[n to u consi/s ( ! ,ammonian sections 7,greek kephalaia1 heads or *apt]s71 s nam$ f ,ammonius ( ,alex&ria1 :o1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 prep>$ a h>mony ( ! f\r gospels--! ,gospel by f\r1 z ,eusebius calls x4 ,8 plan 01 to arrange 9 ! ord] ( ,mat!w ! p>allel passages side by side1 int]polat+ ^? t 7 want+ 9 ,mat!w4 ,to ?is end1 he divid$ ea* ( ! gospels into sections ! l5g? ( :i* 0 v v>i\s1 be+ :olly det]m9$ by ! p>allelisms ( ! o!r gospels4 ,( ^! sections ,mat!w conta9$ #cee2 ,m>k1 #bcd 79 ,wordswor?'s ,greek ,te/am5t1 #bcf are giv572 ,luke1 #cdb2 ,john1 #bca 79 ,wordswor?'s ,greek ,te/am5t1 #bcb74 ,! infelicity ( ?is arrangem5t 0 t1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ gospel1 ! true ord] ( ! evangeli/s 0 brok5 up--,! tra9 ( sequ5ce ( ! ?ree 0 de/roy$ 9 respect to ! ord]ly c\rse ( read+1 z ,eusebius says 7,lett] to ,c>pianus1 giv5 9 ,wordswor?'s ,greek ,te/am5t74 ,to rem$y ?is evil1 ,eusebius1 bi%op ( ,caes>ea1 9 ! foll[+ c5tury connect$ ) ^! ,ammonian sections 8 t5 canons4 ,^! are t5 tables1 arrang$ accord+ to ! ord] ( ,mat!w1 or :]e sections are want+ 9 ,mat!w1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ! next evangeli/ t conta9s !m1 9 su* a way z to %[ at a glance :at sections ( ! o!r evangeli/s answ] to any giv5 section ( t gospel :i* /&s fir/ 9 ord] 9 ea* canon4 ,numb]+ ! f\r gospels 9 ord]--#a1 #b1 #c1 #d--! t5 canons ( ,eusebius conta9 z foll[s3 ,i4 ,sections common to #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,,ii4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,,iii4 #a1 #c1 #d4 ,,iv4 #a1 #b1 #d4 ,v4 #a1 #c4 ,,vi4 #a1 #b4 ,,vii4 #a1 #d4 ,,viii4 #b1 #c4 ,,ix4 #c1 #d4 ,x4 ,sections peculi> to "o4 ,a c\ple ( examples w make ?is matt] pla94 ,turn+ to :at is n[ ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,mat!w1 we f9d 7! ,greek num]als be+ ex*ang$ = ^? 9 common use7 ! sign #aca_/;,,ii t is1 ! #aca/ ,ammonian section ( ,mat!w ) ! second canon ( ,eusebius4 ,turn+ to ! table ( ! second canon1 we f9d1 correspond+ to ! #aca/ section ( ,mat!w1 ! #cf? ( ,m>k & ! #gf? ( ,luke1 :i* conta9 ! p>allel passages conc]n+ ! s[]4 ,aga91 connect$ ) ,m>k #a3bc1 is ! sign1 #ad_/,,viii :5ce we le>n1 by ref]5ce to ! eigh? canon1 t ! f\rte5? section ( ,m>k answ]s to ! #be? ( ,luke4 ,by a repetition ( ! canons z (t5 z necess>y1 s z to all[ ea* gospel 9 turn to take ! lead1 ,wordswor? has greatly facilitat$ ! "w ( comp>+ p>allel passages4 ,! ,codex ,vaticanus ,b1 conta9s a di/ribution into sections :olly peculi>4 ,( ^!1 ,/4 ,mat!w conta9s #agj1 ,/4 ,m>k #fa1 etc4 ,! l5g? ( ^! divisions is v unequal2 ! s5se be+ ! reason ( ! breaks occurr+ :5 !y d4 ,9 ! gospels1 at lea/1 ! sections are p]haps ! be/ t 7 ev] devis$2 & ?is sy/em ( capitul>y division is probably ! e>lie/ ( :i* we h ! means ( kn[+ any ?+4 ,horne's ,introduction1 vol4 #d1 *ap4 #d1 revis$ edition1 #ahfj4 #h4 ,diff]5t f ! ,ammonian-,eusebian sections1 & lat] 9 _! orig91 are ! divisions ( ! gospels call$ titles1 because ea* ( !m receiv$ a title f "o ( ! fir/ or pr9cipal subjects m5tion$ 9 x4 ,!y are ?\ght to h be5 connect$ ) ! public read+ ( ! gospels4 ,( ^!1 ,mat!w conta9s #fh2 ,m>k1 #dh2 ,luke1 #hc2 ,john1 #ah4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 l>g] ?an ! ,ammonian sections1 & resemble m ne>ly our mod]n *apt]s4 ,^! titles are call$ by ! ,lat9s briefs 7breves71 & ! tables ( _! cont5ts brevi>ies 7brevi>ia74 ,!y did n come into common use be=e ! fif? c5tury1 & are commonly annex$ to manuscripts along ) ! ,ammonian-,eusebian sections4 ,b !y are ! only divisions kn[n to "s ( ! *ur* fa!rs1 z ,eu?ymius & ,!ophylact4 #i4 ,! divisions ( ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are ?\ght to be ( lat] orig94 ,eu?alius introduc$ into a copy1 :i* he s5t to ,a?anasius ! y\ng]1 divisions call$ *apt]s4 ,he has sometimes be5 consid]$ ! au?or ( ^? 9 ! ,acts & ca?olic epi/les2 b he probably took !m f an old] s\rce4 ,^? 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les he expressly ascrib$ to "o ( ! wise/ & mo/ ,*ri/-lov+ ( our fa!rs4 ,he also gave head+s to ! *apt]s1 descriptive ( _! cont5ts1 b collect$ f previ\s s\rces4 ,! ,apocalypse 0 divid$ into tw5ty-f\r l>g] sections & sev5ty-two small]--a "w ascrib$ to ,&reas ( ,caes>ea 9 ,cappadocia4 ,tregelles1 9 ,horne's ,introduction1 vol4 #d1 *ap4 #d4 #aj4 ,our pres5t division ( *apt]s 0 made 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 by ,c>d9al ,hugo1 f :om proce$$ also t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,lat9 copies1 & aft]w>ds into ! ,greek4 ,our pres5t division ( v]ses 0 made by ,rob]t ,/eph5s1 9 #aeea4 ,x 0 prec$$ by "s e>li] divisions1 z t ( ,pagn9us1 9 :i* ! v]ses 7 long] ?an ^? ( ,/eph5s4 ,di/9ct f all ! above divisions are ! *ur*-lessons1 made v e>ly1 9 imitation ( ! ,jewi% ,hapht>o?1 or sections f ! prophets4 ,*ap4 #ac1 ,no4 #f4 ,! beg9n+ ( ^! seems to h be5 9 special selections = ! *ur* fe/ivals4 ,b ! usage 0 aft]w>ds ext5d$ s z to include selections = all ! ,sabba?s & fea/-days ( ! ye>4 ,h5ce f ! fif? c5tury & onw>d ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t 0 no long] publicly read1 z 9 ! primitive days ( ,*ri/ianity1 accord+ to ! free judgm5t ( ^? :o conduct$ ! *ur*-s]vices2 b ^! select$ sections 7p]icopae74 ,collections ( ^! lessons 7 call$ by ! g5]al "n ( lection>ies 7lection>ia74 ,^? f ! gospels or ,acts & epi/les receiv$ special names indicative ( _! cont5ts4 ,see ,bleek1 ,sec4 #bfe2 ,horne's ,introduction1 vol4 #d1 *ap4 #d1 end4 #aa4 ,f ! above brief survey1 x is manife/ t none ( ! ext]nal divisions ( ! sacr$ text re/ on any div9e au?ority4 ,!y are ! "w ( un9spir$ m51 & are to be treat$ accord+ly4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 a division ( ! ,scriptures into *apt]s & v]ses is indisp5sable2 & we may well re/ cont5t$ ) t :i* n[ prevails1 ?\gh x _c claim p]fection4 ,b 9 ! int]pretation ( ! inspir$ ^w we mu/ g beh9d human divisions1 c>efully inquir+ aft] ! true connection ( ?\ght1 accord+ to ! ackn[l$g$ laws ( int]pretation4 ,to give "o example out ( _m1 we mu/ n inf] t ! la/ v]se ( ! elev5? *apt] ( ! book ( ,revelation belongs to ! prec$+ & n ! foll[+ context1 because ( its sep>ation f ! latt] 9 ! division ( *apt]s2 b we mu/ det]m9e its true connection indep5d5tly ( ?is division4 ,a v good arrangem5t is t ( ,p>agraph ,bibles1 9 :i* ! di/9ctions ( *apt] & v]se are ?r[n into ! m>g91 ! text be+ brok5 into long] or %ort] sections accord+ to ! true c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,yet ?is mode ( division also is human1 & _c be infallible4 #ab4 ,! titles ( ! sev]al books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t did n proce$ imm$iately f ! au?ors !mselves4 ,9 =m !y pres5t "s div]sity2 = example3 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w2 accord+ to ,mat!w2 ! holy ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 etc41 ! %ort] & simpl] titles be+1 z a rule1 ! m anci5t4 ,= sub/ance1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5t =ms are ! same4 ,!y repres5t ! anci5t *ur* tradition1 & are ( v high au?ority4 ,! subscriptions1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* /& at ! end ( ! epi/les ( ,paul1 t to ! ,hebrews includ$--are confess$ly ! "w ( lat] copyi/s4 ,!y are ( no au?ority1 & are sometimes manife/ly incorrect4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,text ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,new ,te/am5t text naturally falls into two ma9 divisions1 t ( ! manuscript text1 & t ( ! pr9t$ text4 ,a few rem>ks w be add$ on ! pr9ciples ( textual criticism4 ,see ,,plates at ! beg9n+ ( ?is book4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,transcriptions ( ! ,plates are at ! end ( ?is e-book4 ,i4 ,,! ,,manuscript ,,text4 #a4 ,! pres]vation ( ! primitive text ( ! gospels f all ess5tial corruptions1 additions1 & mutilations has already be5 %[n at "s l5g? 7,"p #a1 ,*ap4 #c74 ,! same l9e ( argum5t applies sub/antially to ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?\gh ! text ( diff]5t books v>ies 9 respect to purity1 !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t if we _h ! autographs ( ! evangeli/s & o!r sacr$ writ]s1 !y w\ld pres5t to u a gospel diff]+ 9 any ess5tial p>ticul> f t :i* we n[ possess4 ,we %\ld see 9 !m ! same glori\s ,savi\r1 & ! same holy sy/em ( doctr9es & duties4 #b4 ,b x has n pleas$ ,god to int]pose 9 a miracul\s way = ! purpose ( keep+ ! primitive text 9 a /ate ( immaculate purity4 ,he has left x subject to ^? common influ5ces :i* produce :at are call$ v>i\s read+s 9 all works t are p]petuat$ f age to age by transcription4 ,comp>$ inde$ ) any o!r anci5t writ+s1 ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has imm5sely ! advantage 9 reg>d to uncorruptness ( pres]vation & means ( v]ification4 ,?is arises f ! e>ly multiplication ( copies1 z well z f ! high value atta*$ by ! primitive *ur*es to _! sacr$ books1 & _! consequ5t zeal = _! uncorrupt pres]vation4 ,b ! same multiplication ( copies :i* con/itutes a sure gu>antee aga9/ ess5tial mutilations & corruptions increases also ! numb] ( v>i\s read+s4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ( two books equal 9 size ! second has be51 f ! fir/1 copi$ a hundr$-fold (t5] ?an ! fir/4 ,x is pla9 t1 :ile ! means ( asc]ta9+ & v]ify+ ! true text ( ! second w ab\nd1 ! numb] ( v>iations among ! diff]5t manuscripts w ab\nd also4 ,! great] ! numb] ( copies1 ! great] w be ! numb] ( v>i\s read+s1 b ?is w make ! true text n m b less unc]ta92 = by dilig5t collation a text may be produc$ :i*1 ?\gh n absolutely immaculate1 is v ne> to ! primitive autograph1 & :i* c be c]ta9ly kn[n to agree ) x 9 e ess5tial respect4 ,god does n ra9 d[n ^u m5 bread & raim5t f heav51 z he c\ld d ) inf9ite ease2 b he imposes ^u !m ! necessity ( ga9+ bo? by h>d labor4 ,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread is ! /]n law4 ,god does n miracul\sly communicate to ! mission>y :o goes to ,syria or ,india or ,*9a a k ( ! v]nacul> 9 8 field ( labor2 b he mu/ le>n x by ye>s ( pati5t /udy4 ,& :5 he beg9s ! "w ( translat+1 ,god does n keep him 9 a sup]natural way f all errors4 ,he mu/ f9d out & correct 8 errors by ! dilig5t use ( ! means at 8 disposal4 ,j s x is ! w ( ,god t we %\ld h a pure text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--pure 9 a critical s5se--n )\t h>d labor1 b by ye>s ( pati5t toil 9 ! /udy & collation ( ! abundant mat]ials :i* 8 good provid5ce has pres]v$ = u4 #c4 ,v>i\s read+s h aris5 9 ! manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z else:]e1 f ! mi/akes1 & sometimes f ! unskilful corrections ( ! copyi/s & ^? subsequ5tly employ$ to comp>e & correct ! copies4 ,!y are commonly divid$ into ! ?ree classes ( sub/itutions1 ins]tions1 & omissions4 ,sub/itutions f simil>ity ( s\nd w\ld naturally arise among ! v[els :51 z 0 sometimes ! case1 ! copyi/ wrote f dictation1 be+ guid$ by ! e> in/ead ( ! eye4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are m]e matt]s ( or?ography4 ,x is only :5 !y affect ! s5se t !y come "u ! head ( v>i\s read+s4 ,synonym\s words1 or ^? ( k9dr$ mean+1 are frequ5tly put = "o ano!r1 or ! ord] ( words is alt]$2 sometimes a diff]5t ^w is made ?r\gh inadv]t5ce by ! *ange ( a s+le lett] or a c\ple ( lett]s2 comp\nd words are int]*ang$ ) simple2 contract$ words are conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r2 pla9] or m grammatical read+s are sub/itut$ = ^? t are difficult or less grammatical1 etc4 ,especially are p>allel passages 9 "o writ] alt]$1 s z to be br\ght into con=mity ) ! same 9 ano!r4 ,ins]tions are ! mo/ frequ5t mode ( v>iation4 ,! copyi/ fills out ! text ( 8 au?or f a p>allel passage1 ins]ts m>g9al notations 9 ! text1 repeats clauses ?r\gh inadv]t5ce1 etc4 ,( amplification f p>allel passages _m und\bt$ examples c\ld be giv54 ,a s+le "o mu/ suffice4 ,9 ,acts #i3e1 ! words1 ,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! pricks1 h be5 add$ f ,acts #bf3ad4 ,! mo/ fruitful s\rce ( omissions is ! simil> t]m9ation ( two adjac5t words1 l9es1 or s5t5ces1 caus+ ! eye ( ! copyi/ to ov]look ! ^w1 l9e1 or s5t5ce int]v5+ betwe5 ! two simil> end+s4 ,! same error may be caus$ by ! circum/ance ( two s5t5ces beg9n+ 9 ! same way4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 ! anci5t manuscripts ! text 0 writt5 cont9u\sly 9 uncial--t is1 capital--lett]s1 )\t any division betwe5 ! words1 :i* made x m difficult = ! copyi/ to foll[ ! manuscript be=e him1 & = bo? ! copyi/ & collat] to discov] ! errors made 9 transcription4 ,by f> ! greate/ numb] ( v>i\s read+s _h _! orig9 9 simple inadv]t5ce4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are due to unskilful criticism2 z :5 ! copyi/ or ! corrector s\ght to br+ a passage 9 "o writ] into m exact agreem5t ) ! correspond+ passage 9 ano!r1 to supply suppos$ defici5cies or correct suppos$ errors 9 8 copy1 or to sub/itute smoo!r & m grammatical =ms ( expression4 ,wilful falsifications 9 ! int]e/ ( a p>ticul> sect or p>ty _c ) any %[ ( ju/ice be imput$ to ! m5 :o h p]petuat$ to u ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #d4 ,! mat]ials = textual criticism are mu* m abundant 9 ! case ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an ( ! ,old4 ,a va/ mass ( manuscripts has be5 collect$ f diff]5t & di/ant regions1 dat+ f ! f\r? c5tury & onw>d4 ,( ^!1 "p are 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 "p 9 anci5t v]sions1 or bil+ual1 t is1 conta9+ ! orig9al & a v]sion ( x side by side4 ,9 addition to ^! are ! quotations ( ! e>ly fa!rs1 :i* are s abundant t a l>ge "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t text might be collect$ f !m alone4 ,! "q ( ! hi/ory ( ! text1 z ga!r$ f ?is ri* mass ( mat]ials1 is v int]e/+1 b is =eign to ! plan ( ! pres5t "w4 ,to give ev5 a hi/ory ( ! controv]sies respect+ ! prop] classification ( ! manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t accord+ to _! *>act]i/ic read+s w\ld require a volume1 & ! "q mu/ be reg>d$ z yet unsettl$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al results1 a few ( ! m important ( :i* are "h giv5 f ,tregelles 79 ,horne1 vol4 #d1 *ap3 #h74 ,! v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! sacr$ text are n due to any g5]al rec5sions or revisions by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 b arose gradually f ! causes above consid]$ 7,no4 #c74 ,^! v>iations exhibit su* gradations ( text t x is impossible to draw def9ite l9es ( classification1 )\t admitt+ s _m exceptions z almo/ to de/roy ! application ( su* a sy/em4 ,!re is a g5]al diff]5ce 9 *>act]i/ic read+s betwe5 ! m anci5t manuscripts1 v]sions1 & citations1 & ! copies ( g5]al circulation 9 m rec5t times4 ,?is gives rise to ! g5]al l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! m anci5t & ! m rec5t texts2 ea* ( ^! two classes1 h[ev]1 hav+1 9 turn1 its own po9ts ( diff]5ce among ! texts belong+ to x4 ,! m anci5t manuscripts1 v]sions1 & citations :i* we possess range !mselves "u :at we "k f _! comb9$ te/imony to be ! m anci5t text4 ,among ! manuscripts & docum5ts s alli$ !re are su* %ades ( diff]5ce & *>act]i/ic peculi>ities1 t ! v]sions & manuscripts might be easily contemplat$ z ramify+ into two subclasses4 ,! mo/ anci5t docum5ts 9 g5]al are suffici5tly dissimil> to enable u to reg>d _! te/imony1 :5 comb9$1 z cumulative4 #e4 ,respect+ ! mat]ials = writ+ 9 anci5t times--papyrus & p>*m5t1 aft]w>ds pap] made f l95 or cotton2 ! =m ( manuscripts--! roll ) papyrus1 & ! book-=m ) leaves :5 p>*m5t 0 us$2 ! use ( palimpse/s2 ! uncial & cursive /yles ( writ+2 & ! means ( det]m9+ ! age ( manuscripts1 see 9 ,*ap4 #c1 ,no4 #b4 ,! exi/+ manuscripts h be5 all numb]$ & catalogu$4 ,! cu/om s9ce ! "t ( ,wet/e9 has be5 to m>k ! uncial manuscripts by capital lett]s1 & ! cursives by numb]s or small lett]s4 ,we app5d a brief notice ( a few ( ! m celebrat$ manuscripts4 ,!re are f\r v anci5t & important manuscripts1 all ( :i* orig9ally conta9$ ! entire ,greek ,bible ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 & :i* belong to a "t :5 ! arrangem5ts ( ,eu?alius1 especially 8 /i*ometrical mode ( writ+ 7,*ap4 #be1 ,nos4 #f-i71 _h ei!r n be5 introduc$ or n come into common use4 ,^! are ! foll[+3 7#a47 ,! ,codex ,vaticanus1 ,vatican manuscript1 m>k$ by ! lett] ,b1 & s call$ f ! ,vatican libr>y at ,rome to :i* x belongs4 ,x is writt5 cont9u\sly 7)\t any division ( words7 on v f9e vellum--"o ( ! m>ks ( high antiquity--9 small b neat uncial lett]s1 v mu* l ^? ( ! manuscript rolls ( ,h]culaneum1 & has ?ree columns to ! page1 :i* is ( ! qu>to size4 ,orig9ally x _h at ! end ( p>ticul> sections a small empty space ( ! bread? ( a lett] or half a lett]1 b no ornam5tal capitals1 m>ks ( punctuation1 or acc5ts1 ?\gh "s ( ^! h be5 add$ by lat] h&s4 ,! divisions into sections made by ! empty spaces above nam$ are peculi> to ?is codex1 n agree+ ) ^? ( any o!r sy/em4 ,( ^! ,mat!w has #agj2 ,m>k1 #fb 7s says ,c>d9al ,mai1 b o!rs say #gb or #fa72 ,luke1 #aeb2 ,john1 #hj4 ,mo/ ( ! books h also brief titles & subscriptions4 ,! manuscript conta9$ orig9ally ! :ole ,bible1 ! ,apocrypha includ$1 z also ! epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,! ord] ( ! books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 if entire1 w\ld be ! same z 9 ! ,alex&r9e manuscript1 ! ,ca?olic epi/les prec$+ ! ,paul9e1 & ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews com+ 9 betwe5 #b ,!ssalonians & #a ,timo?y4 ,see bel[4 ,at pres5t ! ,old ,te/am5t wants ! great] "p ( ,g5esis & a "p ( ! ,psalms4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! epi/le to ,philemon1 ! ?ree pa/oral epi/les1 ! latt] "p ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,apocalypse are want+4 ,?is manuscript is g5]ally ref]r$ to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,its au?ority is v high1 b ?r\gh ! jeal\sy ( its ,roman cons]vators x has be5 ( late ye>s1 = all practical purposes1 inaccessible to biblical s*ol>s4 ,c>d9al ,mai's edition ( x 9 #aheh1 & ! revision ( ?is 9 #ahei1 are unreliable4 ,tis*5dorf has publi%$ an edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t "p ( x4 ,no4 7#c7 ,,plate ,,ii4 7#b47 ,! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 ,s9ai manuscript1 designat$ by ,tis*5dorf1 its discov]]1 by ! ,hebrew lett] aleph 7,hebrew3 ,a74 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ev5ts ( ! pres5t c5tury1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( biblical sci5ce1 is ! v unexpect$ discov]y ( a complete manuscript ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 belong+1 z is g5]ally agre$1 to ! f\r? c5tury2 !re=e z old1 at lea/1 z ! ,vatican manuscript1 p]haps old]1 & ( v high au?ority 9 biblical criticism4 ,9 a visit to ,m\nt ,s9ai 9 #ahdd1 ,tis*5dorf _h f\nd at ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,ca?>9e on ,m\nt ,s9ai =ty-?ree beautiful p>*m5t leaves belong+ to a manuscript ( ! ,septuag9t n be=e kn[n to biblical s*ol>s4 ,9 a subsequ5t visit to ! same conv5t 9 ,febru>y1 #ahei1 x 0 8 high privilege to f9d ( ! same manuscript all ! ,greek ,new ,te/am5t entire1 "p ( ! ,old1 ! s-call$ epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 & "p ( ! writ+ call$ ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! :ole conta9$ 9 "o hundr$ & ?irty-two ?\s& column> l9es1 writt5 on ?ree hundr$ & =ty-six leaves4 ,?is preci\s manuscript ,tis*5dorf manag$ to obta9 = ! emp]or ,alex&] ( ,russia z ! great patron ( ! ,greek *ur*1 & x is n[ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,x is writt5 on p>*m5t ( a f9e quality 9 l>ge pla9 uncial lett]s1 ) f\r columns to a page4 ,x conta9s1 z is commonly ! case ) anci5t manuscripts1 revisions & s-call$ corrections by a lat] h&2 b1 z x proce$$ f ! p5 ( ! orig9al writ]1 x _h nei!r ornam5t$ capitals1 acc5ts1 nor divisions ( words or s5t5ces4 ,! /yle ( writ+ is pla91 & e ?+ ab\t x be>s ! m>ks ( high antiquity4 ,! ord] ( ! books is z foll[s3 7#a7 ! gospels2 7#b7 ! epi/les ( ,paul1 t to ! ,hebrews includ$1 :i* /&s aft] #b ,!ssalonians2 7#c7 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 7#d7 ! ,ca?olic epi/les2 7#e7 ! ,apocalypse4 ,x has ! ,ammonian sections & ,eusebian canons1 b :e!r f ! fir/ or a subsequ5t h& is d\btful4 ,a spl5did edition ( ?is ,codex 0 publi%$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #ahfb1 :i* seeks to pres]ve ) ! greate/ possible accuracy ! =m ( writ+1 columns1 corrections1 etc4 ,! ,leipsic edition is adapt$ to popul> use4 ,see ,no4 7#a71 ,,plate ,i4 7#c47 ,we w consid] next 9 ord] ! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 ,alex&r9e manuscript1 plac$ fir/ 9 ! li/ ( uncial manuscripts1 & accord+ly m>k$ ,a4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,london4 ,9 ! ye> #afbh x 0 s5t z a pres5t to ,*>les ,i41 k+ ( ,engl&1 by ,cyrillus ,luc>is1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 by :om x 0 br\ght f ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt1 :]e ,cyrillus _h =m]ly held ! same (fice4 ,h5ce ! "n ,alex&r9e4 ,cyrillus himself1 9 a notice atta*$ to x1 says t tradition repres5t$ a noble ,egyptian woman ( ! f\r? c5tury nam$ ,!cla z ! writ] ( x 7an ,arabic subscription makes h] to h be5 ,!cla ! m>tyr74 ,^! ext]nal notices are n s reliable z ! int]nal m>ks1 all ( :i* %[ x to be ( a great age4 ,"s assign x to ! f\r? c5tury1 b x is m commonly assign$ to ! fif?1 & ,egypt is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! place :]e x 0 writt54 ,x is on p>*m5t 9 uncial lett]s1 )\t divisions ( words1 acc5ts1 or brea?+s1 & ) only occasional m>ks ( int]punction--a dot to indicate a division 9 ! s5se4 ,! l9es are arrang$ 9 two columns1 & ! sections beg9 ) l>ge lett]s1 plac$ a little to ! left ( ! column--outside ! measure ( ! column4 ,! ord] ( ! books is3 7#a7 ! gospels2 7#b7 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 7#c7 ! ,ca?olic epi/les2 7#d7 ! epi/les ( ,paul1 ) t to ! ,hebrews betwe5 #b ,!ssalonians & #a ,timo?y2 7#e7 ! ,apocalypse4 ,9 ! gospels1 ! ,ammonian sections ) ! ,eusebian canons are indicat$1 & at ! top ( ! pages ! l>g] sections or titles4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x is defective 9 "p ( ! ,psalms4 ,9 ! ,new x wants all ( ,mat!w z f> z *ap4 #be3f2 also f ,john #f3ej to #h3eb2 & f #b ,cor4 #d3ac to #ab3f4 ,x has app5d$ at ! end ! g5u9e lett] ( ,clem5t ( ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians1 & a fragm5t ( a second spuri\s lett]4 ,to ^! apocryphal additions we owe ! pres]vation ( ! ,apocalypse 9 an entire /ate4 ,until ! discov]y ( ! ,s9ai codex1 ! ,alex&r9e exhibit$ ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 f> ! mo/ entire /ate ( all ! uncial manuscripts4 ,see ,no4 7#b71 ,,plate ,i4 7#d7 ,! f\r? manuscript ( ?is gr\p is ! celebrat$ palimpse/ call$ ,codex ,ephraemi1 ,ephraem manuscript1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y ( ,p>is1 & m>k$ 9 ! li/ ( uncials ) ! lett] ,c4 ,orig9ally x conta9$ ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & app>5tly ! ,old also1 elegantly writt5 on ?9 vellum1 ) a s+le column to a page4 ,! writ+ is cont9u\s1 )\t acc5ts or brea?+s1 & ! lett]s are r l>g] ?an 9 ! ,alex&rian manuscript1 ! fir/ lett] ( ea* section be+ ( l>g] size ?an ! re/1 & /&+1 z 9 t manuscript1 a little to ! left ( ! column4 ,! ,ammonian sections /& 9 ! m>g91 b )\t ! ,eusebian canons4 ,! gospels 7 prec$$ by ! li/ ( titles1 or l>g] sections1 ( :i* ^? ( ,luke & ,john alone are pres]v$4 ,! titles & subscriptions are %ort & simple4 ,! date ( ! manuscript is suppos$ to be ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,x has und]gone corrections at ! h& ( at lea/ two p]sons1 possibly a ?ird4 ,^! c be readily di/+ui%$ f ! orig9al writ+4 ,! critical au?ority ( ?is codex is v high4 ,tregelles 79 ,horne1 vol4 #d1 *ap4 #ac7 places x next to ! ,vatican manuscript4 ,a few words on its hi/ory4 ,ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 be+ reg>d$ z a worn-out & obsolete manuscript1 ! vellum on :i* x 0 writt5 0 tak5 = a new purpose1 t ( receiv+ ! ,greek works ( ,ephraem ! ,syrian sa9t1 a celebrat$ !ologian ( ! old ,syrian *ur*1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,= ?is purpose ! leaves 7 tak5 promiscu\sly1 )\t any reg>d to _! prop] orig9al ord]1 & sew$ toge!r at hap-haz>d1 sometimes top end d[n1 & front side beh9d1 j z if !y _h be5 m]e blanks1 ! s]mons ( ,ephraem be+ ! only matt] reg>d$ 9 ! book4 ,/[e1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,books ( ! ,bible1 p4 #ge4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,allix fir/ obs]v$ ! old] writ+ "u ! works ( ,ephraem4 ,x 0 v illegible1 b a *emical prep>ation appli$ 9 #ahcd-e revivifi$ x to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,x has be5 dilig5tly collat$ by em95t s*ol>s1 & 9 #ahdb ,tis*5dorf pr9t$ an edition ( x page = page & l9e = l9e4 ,( ! two hundr$ & n9e leaves conta9$ 9 ?is manuscript1 "o hundr$ & =ty-five belong to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 conta9+ n q two-?irds ( ! sacr$ text4 ,! ord] ( ! books is ! same z 9 ! ,alex&r9e codex4 ,see ,no4 7#d71 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,besides ! abov5am$ f\r manuscripts1 a few o!rs may be briefly notic$4 ,an int]e/+ palimpse/ ( great critical value is ! ,codex ,dubl95sis rescriptus1 ,dubl9 palimpse/ manuscript1 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 designat$ by ! lett] ,z4 ,x conta9s ) o!r writ+s ?irty-two leaves ( ! gospel by ,mat!w4 ,!y 7 edit$1 z f> z legible1 9 #ahja1 by ,dr4 ,john ,b>rett1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,9 #ahec ,dr4 ,tregelles made a new & ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! manuscript1 &1 by ! aid ( a *emical process1 br\ght all t exi/s ( ! gospel text to a legible condition4 ,?is manuscript is assign$ to ! six? c5tury4 ,its lett]s are writt5 9 a s+ul>ly bold /yle1 :i* unites ! ?ree qualities ( ease1 elegance1 & symmetry4 ,a celebrat$ bil+ual manuscript 79 ?is case ,graeco-,lat91 conta9+ ! ,greek & ,lat9 texts7 is ! ,codex ,bezae1 ,beza's manuscript1 call$ also ,codex ,cantabrigi5sis1 ,cambridge manuscript1 f ! place ( its deposit1 :i* is ! public libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,x is designat$ by ! lett] ,d1 & conta9s ! f\r gospels & ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 9 ,greek & ,lat9 on opposite pages1 /i*ometrically writt54 ,! acc\nt ( ,!odore ,beza1 its =m] possessor1 0 t he f\nd x dur+ ! ,fr5* civil w>s 9 #aefb1 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,ir5aeus1 at ,lyons4 ,9 #aeha he s5t x z a pres5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,! int]e/ felt 9 ?is manuscript arises 9 great "p f ! v peculi> "* ( its read+s4 ,! text ( ?is codex1 says ,bleek 7,introduc4 to ,new ,te/41 sec4 #bgj71 pres5ts mu* t is peculi>--_m additions & alt]ations t h ev5 an apocryphal "*1 b are yet n un9t]e/+4 ,its native c\ntry is ! ,we/1 & m def9itely ! s\? ( ,gaul4 ,see ,no4 7#e71 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,among ! fragm5ts ( manuscripts ( high antiquity is "o call$ ,codex purpureus1 ,purple manuscript4 ,f\r leaves ( ?is are 9 ! ,cotton ,libr>y 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 six 9 ! ,vatican1 two 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na4 ,! manuscript to :i* !y belong$ 0 writt5 9 silv] lett]s 7! names ( ,god & ,*ri/ 9 gold7 on purple vellum4 ,! writ+ is 9 two columns ) l>ge & r\nd lett]s4 ,x is ref]r$ to ! end ( ! six? or beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,_m o!r uncial manuscripts1 or fragm5ts ( manuscripts1 "s ( !m ( great critical value1 might be describ$2 b ! above brief notices mu/ suffice4 ,( ^? :i* conta9 anci5t v]sions1 a few ( ! m important w be notic$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! cursive manuscripts ( ! ,n[ ,te/am5t are numb]$ by hundr$s4 ,9 g5]al _! au?ority is less ?an t ( ! m anci5t uncials4 ,b a cursive manuscript may give indirectly a v anci5t text4 ,!re are "s cursives :i*1 f _! *>act]i/ic read+s1 7 manife/ly execut$ f codices ( high antiquity1 & are = ?is reason v valuable4 ,z su* ,tregelles specifies ^? numb]$ #a & #cc4 ,= fur!r notices ( ^!1 z also ( ! lection>ies1 conta9+ selections = *ur* read+s1 ! read] may consult ! works devot$ to biblical criticism4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,text4 #f4 ,! prim>y editions ( ! ,greek ,new ,te/am5t1 :5ce is d]iv$ :at is call$ ! receiv$ text 7,textus receptus7 are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ! ,complut5sian2 7#b7 ! ,erasmian2 7#c7 ^? ( ,rob]t ,/eph5s2 7#d7 ^? ( ,beza & ,elzevir4 ,_! au?ority 9 textual criticism dep5ds :olly ^u t ( ! manuscripts f :i* _! text 0 =m$4 ,z no /ream c rise high] ?an its f\nta9s1 s no pr9t$ text c obta9 a j weight ( influ5ce above t ( its manuscript s\rces4 ,x becomes1 !n1 a matt] ( int]e/ to inquire :at 0 ! basis ( ^! e>ly pr9t$ editions4 7#a47 ,! entire ,new ,te/am5t 0 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,greek 9 ! fif? volume ( ! ,complut5sian ,polyglott 7s call$ f ,complutum1 t is ,alcala 9 ,spa91 :]e x 0 pr9t$ "u ! patronage ( ,c>d9al ,xim5es74 ,x be>s ! date ( #aead1 b 0 n publi%$ until #aebb1 :5 ,erasmus _h already pr9t$ ?ree editions ( 8 ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,its editors pr(ess$ to h =m$ _! text f manuscripts s5t to !m f ! papal libr>y at ,rome4 ,:at ^! manuscripts 7 _c n[ be asc]ta9$2 b t !y 7 v anci5t & correct1 z alleg$ by ^! editors1 is contradict$ by ! "* ( ! text1 :i* agrees ) ! mod]n 9 opposition to ! mo/ anci5t manuscripts4 7#b47 ,at ! reque/ ( ,frob51 a celebrat$ pr9t] & publi%] ( ,basle1 ,erasmus1 :o 0 !n 9 ,engl&1 :]e he _h devot$ "s "t to a revis$ ,lat9 translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ) annotations1 w5t to ,basle 9 #aeae1 & began ! "w ( edit+ a ,greek ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 #aeaf1 says ,tregelles1 ! :ole volume1 includ+ ! annotations z well z ! ,greek & ,lat9 texts1 0 complete2 9 less1 9 fact1 ?an six mon?s f ! "t t ! fir/ %eet 0 begun4 ,! design ( ?is ha/e 0 to anticipate ! publication ( ! ,complut5sian edition4 ,! critical app>atus 9 ,erasmus' possession 0 q sl5d]4 ,x consi/$ ( su* manuscripts z he f\nd at ,basle1 ) ! help ( ! revis$ ,lat9 translation already prep>$ 9 ,engl& & ,brabant4 ,= ! ,apocalypse he _h b "o manuscript1 & t defective at ! end4 ,9 8 f\r subsequ5t editions--#aeai1 #aebb1 #aebg1 #aece--;he made _m corrections4 ,9 t ( #aebg he avail$ himself ( ! ,complut5sian text4 ,?is edition1 f :i* ! fif? & la/ publi%$ dur+ 8 life diff]s b slightly1 is ! basis ( ! common text n[ 9 use4 7#c47 ,9 #aedf1 #aedi1 #aeej1 appe>$ ! ?ree editions ( ,rob]t ,/eph5s1 ! celebrat$ ,p>isian pr9t]4 ,9 ! fir/ two ( ^! ! text is said to h be5 =m$ f ! ,complut5sian & ,erasmian4 ,9 ! ?ird edition1 al?\gh he _h ! aid ( ?irte5 ,greek manuscripts1 8 text is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,erasmus' fif? edition4 7#d47 ,9 #aefe1 ,!odore ,beza publi%$ at ,g5eva 8 fir/ edition ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t ) 8 own ,lat9 v]sion1 & also ! ,vulgate ) annotations4 ,?ree o!r editions foll[$ 9 #aegf1 #aehb1 #aehh-i4 ,he _h ! use ( ! ,codex ,bezae above describ$1 ! ,codex ,cl>omontanus 7an anci5t ,graeco-,lat9 manuscript ( ! ,paul9e epi/les71 ! ,syriac v]sion !n rec5tly publi%$ by ,tremellius1 ) a close ,lat9 translation1 & ,/eph5s' collations4 ,b he is said n to h made mu* use ( ^! helps4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,elzevir editions1 s celebrat$ = _! typographical beauty1 0 issu$ 9 #afbd1 its text be+ ma9ly copi$ f t ( ,beza4 ,?is is ! text t has acquir$ ! "n ( ,textus receptus1 ! ,receiv$ ,text1 z x 0 = m ?an a c5tury ! basis ( almo/ all subsequ5t editions4 ,! g5ealogy ( ?is ,textus receptus is ?us succ9ctly giv5 by ,bi%op ,m>%3 ,! ,textus receptus1 !re=e1 or ! text 9 common use1 0 copi$1 ) a few exceptions1 f ! text ( ,beza4 ,beza himself closely foll[$ ,/eph5s2 & ,/eph5s 7namely1 9 8 ?ird & *ief edition7 copi$ solely f ! fif? edition ( ,erasmus1 except 9 ! ,revelation1 :]e he foll[$ sometimes ,erasmus1 sometimes ! ,complut5sian edition4 ,! text1 !re=e1 9 daily use1 resolves itself at la/ into ! ,complut5sian & ! ,erasmian editions4 ,div9ity ,lectures1 "p ,i1 p4 #aaa4 #g4 ,x requires b a mod]ate acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( textual criticism to und]/& t ! ,elzevir text is n only n p]fect1 b is m imp]fect ?an t :i* has be5 elaborat$ by ! help ( ! abundant manuscripts1 v]sions1 & citations ( ! e>ly fa!rs1 ( :i* mod]n criticism has avail$ itself4 ,x is no reproa* to ! editors ( ! prim>y editions t1 ) _! comp>atively scanty mat]ials1 !y c\ld n accompli% z mu* z we c ) ! ri* & v>i$ means at our disposal4 ,! ess5tial integrity ( ! receiv$ text1 we d inde$ ?ankfully ackn[l$ge & firmly ma9ta94 ,our fa!rs _h pres5t$ to !m 9 ?is text ! same div9e & glori\s ,savi\r1 ! same way ( salvation1 ! same holy sy/em ( doctr9es & duties1 z we n[ f9d 9 ! mo/ c>efully revis$ mod]n text4 ,nev]!less1 a true rev]5ce = ! inspir$ ^w mu/ impel u to ! dilig5t use ( all ! means at our comm& = sett+ =? a pure text1 t is1 a text con=m$ z ne>ly z possible to t ( ! orig9al autographs4 ,view$ 9 ?is light ! mod]n critical editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ possess a deep int]e/ = all :o are able to read x 9 ! orig9al tongue4 ,b to discuss ! m]its ( ^! w\ld be =eign to ! design ( ! pres5t "w4 ,examples ( ! m important v>i\s read+s occur 9 ,john #a3ah2 ,acts #bj3bh2 #a ,tim4 #c3af4 ,! passage #a ,john #e3g1 #h1 9 heav5--9 e>?1 is g5]ally reject$ on ! te/imony ( ! manuscripts 7see ! full discussion 9 ,horne1 vol4 #d1 *4 #cf74 ,among ! passages :i* are reg>d$ z m or less d\btful may be m5tion$ ,john #e3d2 #h3c-aa2 ,acts #h3cg4 ,9 reg>d to all ^! ! biblical s*ol> mu/ be ref]r$ to ! critical comm5t>ies4 ,s also = ! que/ions connect$ ) ! text ( ,m>k #af3i-bj1 :i* are ( a peculi> "*4 ,,iii4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,textual ,,criticism4 #h4 ,! end propos$ by textual criticism is to re/ore ! sacr$ text z ne>ly z possible to its primitive purity 7,*ap4 #g1 ,no4 #a74 ,to ?is "w ! biblical s*ol> %\ld come 9 a c&id & rev]5tial _s1 prep>$ to weigh c>efully all ! evid5ce :i* is accessible to him1 & decide1 n z an advocate1 b z a judge1 9 ! simple int]e/ ( tru?4 ,! ?ree great s\rces ( evid5ce = ! orig9al text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are ,greek manuscripts1 v]sions1 & ! citations ( ! fa!rs4 ,( ^!1 ,greek manuscripts hold ! fir/ place4 ,b all manuscripts are n ( equal value4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! olde/ manuscripts h ! highe/ au?ority4 ,if ! multiplication ( copies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h be5 uni=m1 x is evid5t t ! numb] ( lat] copies pres]v$ f ! accid5ts ( "t w\ld h f> exce$$ t ( ! e>li]1 yet no "o w\ld h pref]r$ ! full] te/imony ( ! ?irte5? to ! scanti] docum5ts ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,"s *anges are necess>ily introduc$ 9 ! mo/ c>eful copy+1 & ^! are rapidly multipli$4 ,we/cott 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict42 ,art4 ,new ,te/4 ,yet1 z ! same writ] rem>ks1 we may h evid5ce t a rec5t manuscript has be5 copi$ f "o ( great antiquity1 & ?us has pres]v$ to u v anci5t read+s4 ,revisions & corrections by a lat] h& are to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! primitive writ+4 ,yet ^! may be valuable1 z te/ify+ to ! prevail+ read+ ( ! age to :i* !y belong4 ,! g5]al class or family to :i* a giv5 manuscript belongs is also to be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,9 a ^w1 s _m elem5ts ( judgm5t are to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 det]m9+ ! relative weight ( au?ority t belongs to a giv5 manuscript1 t ! "r decision ( ! "q requires l>ge obs]vation comb9$ ) mu* critical tact4 #i4 ,anci5t v]sions are ( great value 9 textual criticism2 = "s ( !m1 z ! old ,lat9 & ,syriac1 to :i* may be add$ ! old ,egyptian v]sions1 are bas$ on a text m anci5t ?an t pres]v$ to u 9 any manuscript4 ,9 textual criticism1 ! te/imony ( a v]sion is valuable 9 proportion to its antiquity1 its fidelity--n its elegance or ev5 its correctness ( int]pretation1 b its lit]al clos5ess--& ! purity ( its text4 ,v]sions are liable to all ! corruptions ( text incid5t to ,greek manuscripts1 & f> m liable to int]polations by explanatory glosses4 ,! diff]5ce ( idiom1 moreov]1 frequ5tly prev5ts su* a lit]al r5d]+ z %all be a sure indication ( ! =m belong+ to ! orig9al text4 #aj4 ,! citations ( ! *ur* fa!rs1 :i* are imm5sely num]\s1 con/itute ano!r s\rce ( te/imony4 ,b less au?ority belongs 9 g5]al to ^!1 because !y are (t5 made loosely f memory alone4 ,_! te/imony is *iefly valuable z corroborative4 ,patri/ic citations alone h v little weight2 su* citations1 ev5 :5 9 accordance ) a v]sion1 h b little m2 b :5 a citation is 9 accordance ) "s anci5t ,,mss4 & translations1 x possesses great corroborative value4 ,x is z confirm+ a read+ kn[n indep5d5tly to exi/1 t citations are ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,if alone1 or ne>ly alone1 !y may be look$ at z m]e casual adaptations ( ! words ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,tregelles 9 ,horne1 vol4 #d1 *4 #cd4 #aa4 ,! application ( ! above s\rces ( criticism to ! sacr$ text dem&s v ext5sive rese>* & mu* s\nd judgm5t4 ,canons ( criticism1 z !y are call$ are valuable 9 _! prop] sph]e2 b1 z ,we/cott rem>ks 7ubi supra71 !y are int5d$ only to guide & n to disp5se ) ! ex]cise ( tact & s*ol>%ip4 ,! /ud5t w judge = himself h[ f> !y are applicable 9 e p>ticul> case2 & no exhibition ( g5]al pr9ciples c sup]s$e ! necessity ( a c>eful exam9ation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( sep>ate witnesses1 & ( gr\ps ( witnesses4 ,we br+ ?is subject to a close by an enum]ation ( ! la/ six ( ! ?irte5 rules laid d[n by ,we/cott4 #h4 ,! agreem5t ( anci5t ,,mss41 or ( ,,mss4 conta9+ an anci5t text1 ) all ! anci5t v]sions & citations m>ks a c]ta9 read+4 #i4 ,! disagreem5t ( ! mo/ anci5t au?orities (t5 m>ks ! exi/5ce ( a corruption ant]ior to !m4 #aj4 ,! argum5t f int]nal evid5ce is always prec>i\s4 ,?is canon he illu/rates by sev]al examples3 ,if a read+ is 9 accordance ) ! g5]al /yle ( ! writ]1 x may be said on ! "o side t ?is fact is 9 its favor1 & on ! o!r t an acute copyi/ probably *ang$ ! exceptional expression = ! m usual "o1 c4 #aa4 ,! m difficult read+ is pref]able to ! simpl]4 ,?is canon re/s on ! obvi\s gr\nd t a copyi/ w\ld be m apt to sub/itute an easy read+ = a difficult ?an ! rev]se4 #ab4 ,! %ort] read+ is g5]ally pref]able to ! long]4 ,because ( all corruptions ( ! text1 additions f p>allel passages1 or to meet its suppos$ wants1 are ! mo/ common4 #ac4 ,t read+ is pref]able :i* expla9s ! orig9 ( ! o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,=mation ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,canon4 #a4 ,respect+ ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t !re are two di/9ct b relat$ fields ( inquiry4 ,! fir/ has ref]5ce to ! orig9 & gradual accumulation1 ( ! mat]ials :i* ent] into ! canon2 ! second1 to ! collection ( ^! mat]ials into a volume or s]ies ( volumes possess+ coo]d9ate au?ority ) ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & con/itut+ ) !m ! sum ( writt5 revelation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! que/ions has be5 already discuss$ 9 great measure4 ,9 ,*s4 #b-d1 ! g5u95ess1 uncorrupt pres]vation1 au!nticity1 & cr$ibility ( ! f\r gospels 7 %[n at "s l5g?2 9 ,*4 #e ! same 0 done 9 respect to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! ackn[l$g$ epi/les2 9 ,*4 #f 0 consid]$ ! position ( ! disput$ books 9 respect to ! canon2 & 9 ,*4 #g ! inspiration ( ! canon 0 demon/rat$4 ,connect$ ) ^! inquiries 7 "s g5]al notices respect+ ! date ( ! sev]al books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b ! full] consid]ation ( ?is latt] "q is res]v$ = ! second division ( ! pres5t ,"p--t ( ,p>ticul> ,introduction4 ,x w be suffici5t to /ate "h 9 a g5]al way t1 if we leave out ( acc\nt ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 ! rema9+ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt5 some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #de-gj 7accord+ to ! commonly receiv$ op9ion1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ej-gj72 :ile ! mo/ probable date ( ,john's writ+s is ,a4,d4 #gj-ajj4 ,! composition ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !n1 spreads itself ov] a p]iod ( ab\t half a c5tury4 #b4 ,turn+ our att5tion1 n[1 to ! second "q1 t ( ! collection & arrangem5t ( ^! writ+s 9 a volume or s]ies ( volumes coo]d9ate 9 au?ority ) ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we h a succession ( p]iods1 n %>ply sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 b ea* ( !m possess+1 nev]!less1 its prom95t *>act]i/ics 9 relation to ! canonical writ+s4 #c4 ,fir/ 9 ord] is ! apo/olic age1 ext5d+ to ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj1 especially ! fir/ half ( x :5 _m ( ! apo/les /ill surviv$4 ,?is is ! p]iod ( ! composition ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b we h no c]ta9 evid5ce t !y 7 !n collect$ into a :ole4 ,! writ+s ( apo/les & apo/olic m5 _h ( c\rse ! same au?ority z _! spok5 ^w3 t is1 an au?ority t 0 supreme & decisive1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ! ,savi\r3 ,he t receive? y1 receive? me2 & he t receive? me1 receive? him t s5t me4 ,matt4 #aj3dj4 ,b s long z ! *ur*es _h ! pres5ce ( ! apo/les !y c\ld n feel1 z we d n[1 ! ne$ ( an au?oritative writt5 rule ( fai? & practice2 nor is !re any pro( t ! apo/les !mselves und]/ood 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! gospel ,god's purpose to add1 ?r\gh !m1 a second "p to ! canon ( revelation t _h be5 = s _m c5turies clos$4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ye>s elaps$ aft] ! asc5sion be=e x 0 ?\ght necess>y to give to ! *ur*es "u apo/olic sanction a writt5 acc\nt ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7 n compos$ till ab\t ,a4,d4 #fa-fc4 ,! apo/olic epi/les 7 = ! mo/ "p writt5 on special occasions & to meet special exig5cies1 ! great] numb] ( !m n till betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ej-gj1 ^? ( ,john /ill lat]4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ?is age drew _! k ( ! gospel ma9ly f ! same s\rces to :i* ,luke ref]s 9 ! preface to 8 gospel2 f oral tradition1 namely1 receiv$ directly or indirectly f !m :o f ! beg9n+ 7 eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w4 #d4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! apo/les came :at may be call$ ! age ( ! apo/olic fa!rs2 m5 :o1 l ,ignatius1 ,polyc>p1 & o!rs ^: names h n come d[n to u1 _h be5 ! disciples ( ! apo/les4 ,ignatius suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #ajg or #aaf4 ,polyc>p surviv$ beyond ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,! lit]>y rema9s ( ?is p]iod are v scanty1 ! g5u9e writ+s ( ! apo/olic fa!rs be+ conf9$ to a few epi/les--"o ( ,clem5t ( ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians1 sev5 ( ,ignatius1 "o ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians1 to :i* we may add ! s-call$ epi/le ( ,b>nabas2 s9ce :oev] 0 ! au?or1 x does n date f lat] ?an ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury4 ,f ^! writ+s we ga!r 9 g5]al t ! gospels & apo/olic epi/les 7 9 curr5t use 9 ! *ur*es1 b no?+ def9ite 9 reg>d to ! collection ( ^! writ+s into a :ole4 ,) ! exception ( ! epi/les ( ,jude1 #b ,pet] & #b1 #c ,john1 ) :i* no co9cid5ces occur1 & #a1 #b ,!ssalonians1 ,colossians1 ,titus1 & ,philemon1 ) :i* ! co9cid5ces are v que/ionable1 all ! o!r epi/les 7 cle>ly kn[n1 & us$ by !m2 b /ill !y are n quot$ ) ! =mulas :i* preface citations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,! ,scripture sai?1 ,x is writt51 c471 nor is ! fam\s phrase ( ,ignatius 7,to ! ,philadelphians #e3 ,betak+ myself to ! gospel1 z to ! fle% ( ,*ri/1 & to ! apo/les1 z ! eld]%ip ( ! *ur*7 suffici5t to prove ! exi/5ce ( a collection ( apo/olic records z di/9ct f ! sum ( apo/olic tea*+4 ,! co9cid5ces ) ! gospels on ! o!r h& are num]\s & int]e/+1 b su* z _c be ref]r$ to ! exclusive use ( our pres5t writt5 gospels4 ,we/cott1 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict42 ,art4 ,canon4 ,! reason ( ?is1 z ! writ] goes on to %[1 0 t ! details ( ! life ( ,*ri/ 7 /ill too fre% to be s\ght = only 9 writt5 records4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o rem>kable passage 9 ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! ,greek text ( :i* has be5 rec5tly discov]$ app5d$ to ! ,s9aitic manuscript1 9 :i* he says 7*4 #d73 ,let u take c>e t we be n f\nd z x is writt51 _m are call$1 b few are *os54 ,?is =mula1 z x is writt51 di/+ui%es ! gospel f :i* x is quot$ z a "p ( ! inspir$ ^w2 = x is ! cu/om>y =mula employ$ by ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les 9 accordance ) ! usage ( _! age1 :5 !y appeal to ! ,old ,te/am5t z ( div9e au?ority2 & is nev] appli$ to writ+s ( m]e human au?ority4 #e4 ,next 9 ord] comes :at may be call$ ! p]iod ( transition betwe5 ! age ( ! apo/olic & t ( ! e>ly *ur* fa!rs4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ writ] ( ?is p]iod is ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ t ! ,memoirs ( :i* he s (t5 speaks 7 our canonical gospels4 ,*ap4 #b1 ,no4 #g4 ,besides ! abundant use ( ^! he m5tions ! ,apocalypse by "n1 & ascribes x expressly to ! apo/le ,john--a c]ta9 man among u nam$ ,john1 "o ( ! apo/les ( ,*ri/1 prophesi$1 9 ! revelation giv5 him1 t ^? :o h believ$ 9 our ,*ri/ w sp5d a ?\s& ye>s 9 ,j]usalem1 etc4 ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 *ap4 #ha4 ,he has also "s app>5t allusions to ! ,paul9e epi/les1 b h[ f> he possess$ & us$ a collection ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 we h no means ( judg+4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 h[ev]1 ev5ts occurr$ :i* _h a p[]ful influ5ce1 n inde$1 = e/abli%+ ! au?ority ( ! apo/olic writ+s 7s9ce t exi/$ f ! beg9n+71 b = br++ home to ! consci\sness ( ! *ur*es _! supreme importance z an au?oritative rule ( fai? & practice1 & also ! necessity ( c>efully def9+ _! ext5t z well z _! true int]pretation4 ,h]etical tea*]s arose :o s[$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ! se$s ( gno/icism4 ,( ^! "s1 z ,m>cion1 reject$ on dogmatical gr\nds a portion ( ! apo/olic writ+s1 & mutilat$ ^? :i* !y reta9$2 o!rs1 z ,val5t9us1 s\ght by fanciful pr9ciples ( int]pretation to expla9 away _! true mean+4 ,*ap4 #b1 ,no4 #ab4 ,! reaction ^u ! *ur*es 0 imm$iate & effectual4 ,!y set !mselves at once to def9e & def5d ! true apo/olic writ+s z well aga9/ ,m>cion's false & mutilat$ canon1 if canon x may be call$1 z aga9/ ! false int]pretations ( ,val5t9us1 ,h]acleon & o!rs4 ,! occasion _h n[ come = ! recognition ( a ,new ,te/am5t canon coo]d9ate 9 au?ority ) t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & f ?is "t onw>d we f9d ! idea ( su* a canon cle>ly develop$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! *ur* fa!rs4 ,:at aid$ ess5tially 9 ?is "w 0 ! execution1 ab\t ?is "t1 ( v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 su* z ! ,old ,lat9 & ,syriac2 = ! au?ors ( ^! v]sions mu/ ( necessity h br\ght toge!r ! writ+s1 :i*1 9 _! judgm5t1 proce$$ f ! apo/les & _! companions4 #f4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 :5 ! age ( ! e>ly *ur* fa!rs op5s1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 a cle>ly recogniz$ canon--sometimes describ$ 9 two p>ts1 ! gospels & ! apo/les--:i* is plac$ on a level ) t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z ! inspir$ ^w ( ,god1 & cit$ 9 common ) x z ! ,scriptures1 ! div9e ,scriptures1 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l1 etc4 ,bo? canons are m5tion$ toge!r z ,! entire ,scriptures bo? prophetical & evangelical2 ,! prophets1 ! gospel1 & ! bless$ apo/les2 ! law & ! prophets1 ) ! evangelical & apo/olical writ+s2 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ! entire in/rum5t ( ea* ,te/am5t1 etc4 ,ir5aeus1 aga9/ h]esies1 #b4 #df2 #e4 #bj2 ,lett] to ,flor9us 9 ,eusebius' ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e4 #bj3 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,/rom41 #g1 p4 #geg2 ,t]tullian1 aga9/ h]etics1 *ap4 #cj4 #cf3 aga9/ ,m>cion1 #d4 #f1 etc4 ,! canon 0 n1 h[ev]1 complet$ 9 its pres5t =m2 = ! "r ( c]ta9 books--! s-call$ antilegom5a1 *ap4 #f4 #f4--to a place 9 x rema9$ = a consid]able "t an op5 "q1 :i*1 9 its application to p>ticul> books 0 answ]$ diff]5tly 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,see *ap4 #f4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 writ+s ( ! apo/olic fa!rs 7z ! s-call$ epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians71 be+ read 9 c]ta9 ( ! e>ly *ur*es1 f\nd _! way into "s codices ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,*ap4 #f1 ,no4 #d4 ,to ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury belong two important canons1 t ( ! ,syriac ,pe%ito1 & ! ,muratorian canon4 ,! =m] ( ^! repres5ts ! judgm5t ( ! ,ea/]n *ur*es2 ! latt] app>5tly t ( ! ,we/]n4 ,! canon ( ! ,pe%ito has1 ( ! sev5 disput$ books1 ,hebrews & ,james4 ,x wants ! o!r five1 namely1 #b ,pet]1 #b1 #c ,john1 ,jude1 ,revelation4 ,! ,muratorian canon is 9 su* an imp]fect /ate t its te/imony on "s po9ts is d\btful4 ,x conta9s ,jude & ,revelation2 p]haps also #b1 #c ,john4 ,x wants ,hebrews1 & #b ,pet]1 & x adds ! apocryphal book call$ ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]4 ,orig5 9 ! ?ird c5tury 7z quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f4 #be7 & ,eusebius 9 ! f\r?1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #be1 give ea* a review ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon ) a /atem5t ( ! diff]+ judgm5ts z to ! disput$ books4 ,! details w come up h]eaft] 9 connection ) ! books 9 "q4 ,! ,synodical ,c\ncil ( ,loadicea1 :i* 0 probably held betwe5 ,a4,d4 #cdc-cha1 gives 9 its #fj? canon 7! g5u95ess ( :i*1 h[ev]1 has be5 call$ 9 "q by "s7 a li/ ( ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t wants ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ?ird ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 held ,a4,d4 #cig1 conta9s all ! books ( our pres5t canon4 ,s also ! ,lat9 fa!rs1 z ,j]ome1 ,ruf9us1 etc4 ,b ! ,syrian *ur*es /ill adh]$ to ! canon ( ! ,pe%ito4 #g4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian op9ion 9 reg>d to ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ( :i* a v brief outl9e has be5 giv51 has all ! m>ks ( naturalness & tru?fulness4 ,! ,biblical /ud5t %\ld c>efully rememb] ! two foll[+ important consid]ations3 7#a47 ,! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 n receiv$ z a :ole1 b sep>ately ^u ! evid5ce t ea* gave ( its apo/olic orig94 ,d\bts 9 respect to c]ta9 books ?r[ no %ad[ ( suspicion ^u ! re/1 ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( :i* 7 ackn[l$g$ by all f ! beg9n+4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is n conc]n+ ! tru? ( revelation1 b simply conc]n+ ! claims ( c]ta9 books to be a "p ( ! record ( revelation4 ,h[ev] x may be decid$ 9 p>ticul> cases1 ! apo/olic au?ority ( ! univ]sally ackn[l$g$ books1 :i* con/itute ! ma9 body ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 rema9s p]fectly sure4 7#b47 ,! e>ly div]sities ( judgm5t 9 respect to c]ta9 books furni% satisfactory evid5ce ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght & discussion among ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 & ( ! s9c]ity & e>ne/ness ( _! inve/igations4 ,x 0 precisely because !y w\ld n accept any book )\t full evid5ce ( its apo/olic au?ority1 t ^! div]sities ( judgm5t prevail$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,anci5t ,,v]sions ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ^? v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t also t 7 made 9 connection ) v]sions ( ! ,new1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( ,*ri/ianity1 w be briefly consid]$4 ,i4 ,,lat9 ,,v]sions4 #a4 ,a peculi> int]e/ atta*es to ! e>ly ,lat9 v]sions4 ,! ,old ,lat9 translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 connection ) :i* "o ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 execut$ f ! ,septuag9t1 is p]haps ! e>lie/ t exi/s 9 any language4 ,! ,old ,syriac alone c rival x 9 antiquity1 & if ei!r may claim ! prec$5ce1 x is probably ! ,lat94 ,?is v]sion1 & aft]w>ds ! revision ( x by ,j]ome1 0 ! gr& m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! ,holy ,scriptures 7 kn[n to ! ,we/]n or ,lat9 *ur*es = m ?an twelve c5turies4 ,x has ex]cis$ no small influ5ce on ! popul> mod]n v]sions ( ,*ri/5dom1 & x is ! great /oreh\se ( !ological t]ms = bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,engli% v]sion ( ,wiclif 7#acbd-achd7 is a lit]al translation ( ! curr5t text ( ! ,lat9 ,vulgate4 ,! ,psalt] ( ! ,engli% ,pray] ,book is tak5 f ,cranm]'s ,bible call$ ! ,great ,engli% ,bible3 & ! v]sion ( ! ,psalms foll[s ! ,gallican ,psalt]1 ! second ( ! revisions made by ,j]ome f ! ,old ,lat94 ,see bel[1 ,no4 #d4 #b4 ,h[ e>ly ! ante-,hi]onymian ,lat9 v]sion 7t curr5t be=e ! days ( ,hi]onymus1 t is1 ,j]ome71 0 execut$ is unkn[n2 b ! writ+s ( ,t]tullian furni% satisfactory pro( t x 0 9 popul> use 9 ,nor? ,africa 7! place :]e x 0 made7 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! anci5t *ur* fa!rs1 its text exi/$ 9 a great v>iety ( =ms1 & ! same v>iety has come d[n to u 9 ! old manuscripts t conta9 x4 ,"s1 inde$1 h ma9ta9$ t sev]al indep5d5t v]sions exi/$4 ,b ! sum ( ! evid5ce f bo? ! e>ly fa!rs & ! manuscripts goes to %[ t !re 0 nev] m ?an "o t c\ld be call$ indep5d5t4 ,! copies ( ?is 7 subject$ to multipli$ em5dations or revisions f ! ,greek orig9al1 till ! text _h fall5 9 ! days ( ,augu/9e & ,j]ome into a /ate ( great confusion4 ,! language ( ,augu/9e is v /rong3 ,! translators ( ! ,scriptures f ! ,hebrew tongue into ! ,greek c be numb]$1 b ! ,lat9 int]pret]s c by no means be numb]$4 ,= :5ev]1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 any "o _h ga9$ possession ( a ,greek manuscript1 & imag9$ himself to possess "s little skill 9 ! two languages1 he v5tur$ to become an int]pret]4 ,de ,doct4 ,*ri/4 #b4 #af4 ,accord+ to ! receiv$ op9ion ! s-call$ ,itala 7,italian7 0 n an indep5d5t v]sion1 b "o ( ^! revisions1 app>5tly made 9 ,italy1 & z "s ?9k1 "u ecclesia/ical auspices4 ,?is1 ,augu/9e recomm5ds z m fai?ful & p]spicu\s ?an ! re/4 #c4 ,! canon ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion seems to h want$1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,hebrews1 ,james1 & #b ,pet]4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x foll[$ ! ,septuag9t4 ,x conta9$1 !re=e1 ! apocryphal books ( t v]sion1 to :i* 0 also add$ ! second ( ,esdras4 ,app5dix to ,pt4 #b1 ,no4 #f4 ,! text ( ?is v]sion is kn[n to u f two s\rces1 quotations & manuscripts4 ,= our k ( ! ,old ,te/am5t we are dep5d5t ma9ly on ! quotations ( ! e>ly ,lat9 fa!rs1 s9ce only a few fragm5ts rema9 9 ! %ape ( manuscripts4 ,! same is true ( "s p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p>ticul>ly ! ,apocalypse4 ,b ( ! gospels z well z o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we h "s v anci5t manuscripts :i* are ( high value 9 textual criticism4 ,! agreem5t ( ?is v]sion 9 _m *>act]i/ic read+s ) ! olde/ kn[n ,greek manuscripts has already be5 notic$4 ,*ap4 #c1 ,no4 #c4 ,su* agreem5t is ! /ronge/ possible te/imony = ! g5u95ess ( ! read+s 9 "q4 ,*ap4 #bf1 ,no4 #b4 ,! ,codex ,v]cell5sis1 belong+ to ! f\r? c5tury1 & said to h be5 writt5 by ,eusebius1 bi%op ( ,v]cellae 7n[ ,v]celli7 9 ,nor!rn ,italy :]e ! manuscript is pres]v$1 is "o ( ! olde/ manuscripts ( ! sacr$ text 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,codex ,v]on5sis at ,v]ona1 ! ,graeco-,lat9 ,codex ,cl>omontanus 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,p>is1 ! ,codex ,v9dobon5sis at ,vi5na1 ! ,codex ,bobbi5sis at ,tur91 & o!rs t might be nam$1 are also v anci5t4 ,among ! codices t conta9 :at is call$ ! ,italic v]sion1 is ! ,brixianus ( ! six? c5tury4 #d4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #chh1 ,j]ome at ! solicitation ( ,damasus1 bi%op ( ,rome1 und]took ! ardu\s task ( revis+ ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion by a comp>ison ) ! orig9al ,greek text4 ,9 ?is "w he proce$$ v cauti\sly1 be+ well aw>e ( ! prejudices :i* he mu/ enc\nt] on ! "p ( multitudes :o c\ld n discrim9ate betwe5 ! au?ority ( ! orig9al ,greek text & t ( ! ,lat9 v]sion made f x4 ,he began ) ! f\r gospels4 ,accord+ to 8 own te/imony1 he select$ anci5t ,greek manuscripts1 b su* z did n diff] mu* f ! ,lat9 usage2 & 9 ! use ( ^! he s re/ra9$ 8 p5 t1 :5 he _h correct$ ^? ?+s only :i* seem$ to *ange ! s5se1 he suff]$ ! re/ to rema9 z !y 74 7,preface to ! f\r gospels address$ to ,damasus47 ,8 "w ( revision 0 aft]w>ds ext5d$ to ! rema9+ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 a revision :i* ,tregelles describes z less complete & uni=m ?an t ( ! gospels1 & 9 :i* _m p>ts seem to h receiv$ h>dly any alt]ations f 8 h&4 ,9 ,horne1 vol4 #d1 *4 #bc4 ,ab\t ! same "t he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* _h be5 made1 n f ! orig9al ,hebrew1 b f ! ,greek ,septuag9t4 ,( ?is he fir/ revis$ ! ,psalt]1 b n v ?or\ghly2 9 8 own words1 cursorily = ! mo/ "p4 ,?is fir/ revision is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,roman ,psalt]4 ,a lat] & m ?or\gh revision1 execut$ by ,j]ome at ,be?lehem betwe5 ,a4,d4 #chd-cia1 is call$ ! ,gallican ,psalt]4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ,j]ome's revision ext5d$ to all ! rema9+ books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh we h positive evid5ce 9 respect to only a "p ( !m--,job1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles1 ,*ronicles4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs is said to h introduc$ ,j]ome's second revision ( ! ,psalt] into ! public s]vice 9 ,france2 :5ce its "n ,gallican4 ,! ,roman ,psalt] 0 reta9$ 9 ,italy till ! "t ( ,pius ,v41 :o introduc$ ! ,gallican g5]ally4 ,b ?ree *ur*es1 "o ( !m t ( ! ,vatican1 cont9u$ to use ! ,roman ,psalt]4 ,we/cott 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict42 ,art4 ,vulgate4 #e4 ,j]ome 0 soon conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( und]tak+ a new translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t f ! orig9al ,hebrew4 ,to ?is ardu\s task he address$ himself ) great e>ne/ness1 avail+ himself ( ! help ( ,jewi% s*ol>s to complete 8 k ( ! ,hebrew4 ,! :ole "w occupi$ 8 "t1 ) p]iods ( int]mission1 f ,a4,d4 #che to ,a4,d4 #dje4 ,see 9 ,horne1 vol4 #b1 p4 #hi4 ,he did n v5ture1 h[ev]1 to make a new v]sion f ! ,hebrew ( ! book ( ,psalms1 ! con/ant use ( :i* 9 ! *ur* s]vice 0 a b>ri] to ! sub/itution ( a new translation4 ,he accord+ly reta9$ 8 second revision f ! ,septuag9t1 :i* is call$ ! ,gallican ,psalt]4 ,( ! ,apocryphal books he translat$ only two1 ,judi? & ,tobit4 ,! rema9+ ,apocryphal writ+s 7 reta9$ 9 _! old =m4 ,! ,lat9 bible ?us 9 "p revis$ & 9 "p translat$ by ,j]ome 7mo/ ( ! ,apocryphal writ+s be+ left unrevis$7 is call$ ! ,vulgate1 t is common or curr5t v]sion1 al?\gh ?is t]m belong$1 be=e ! days ( ,j]ome1 to ! ,old ,lat9 itself4 ,its div]sifi$ "* is ?us briefly indicat$ by ,we/cott4--7#a47 ,unrevis$ ,old ,lat93 ,wisdom1 ,eccl41 #a1 #b ,macc41 ,b>u*4 7#b47 ,old ,lat9 revis$1 f ! ,,lxx43 ,psalt]4 7#c47 ,j]ome's free translation f ! orig9al text3 ,judi?1 ,tobit4 7#d47 ,j]ome's translation f ! orig9al3 ,old ,te/am5t except ,psalt]4 7#e47 ,old ,lat9 revis$ f ,greek ,,mss43 ,gospels4 7#f47 ,old ,lat9 cursorily revis$3 ! rema9d] ( ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict42 ,art4 ,vulgate4 ,x is n necess>y to foll[ ! hi/ory ( ! text ( ! ,vulgate s9ce ,j]ome's day4 ,suffice x to say t ! simultane\s use ( ! ,old ,lat9 & ,vulgate l$ to a corruption ( bo? texts1 :i* has n yet be5 ?or\ghly remov$4 ,! pres5t /&>d text is t call$ ! ,clem5t9e1 f ,pope ,clem5t ,,viii41 "u ^: auspices ! ,vulgate 0 edit$ 9 #aeib4 ,?is is bett] ?an ! prec$+ ,sixt9e edition1 ,a4,d4 #aeij1 b n by any means ! pure text ( ,j]ome1 z x might be recov]$1 proximately at lea/1 by a c>eful collation ( anci5t manuscripts & quotations4 ,! olde/ & be/ manuscript ( ! ,lat9 ,vulgate ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 is ! ,codex ,amiat9us 9 ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y at ,flor5ce4 ,x belongs to ! six? c5tury1 & exhibits ! text ( ,j]ome 9 a v pure =m1 c>ry+ u back to ab\t #abj ye>s f ,j]ome's dea?4 ,! ,codex ,fuld5sis is said to belong to ! same c5tury4 ,!re are o!r good manuscripts m or less complete ( ! eigh? & n9? c5turies4 ,_m o!r ,lat9 v]sions h appe>$ 9 mod]n times1 sometimes 9 connection ) ! orig9al text1 & sometimes sep>ately1 :i* x is n necess>y to notice 9 detail4 ,,ii4 ,,syriac ,,v]sions4 #f4 ,! anci5t ,syriac v]sion call$ ! ,pe%ito belongs1 9 ! judgm5t ( biblical s*ol>s1 to ! second c5tury4 ,x comprises ! ,old ,te/am5t z well z ! ,new4 ,! v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 made f ! orig9al ,hebrew1 & ?us has ! honor ( be+ ! olde/ translation ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures = ,*ri/ian use1 ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion hav+ be5 made f ! ,septuag9t4 ,! v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 made 9 connection ) t ( ! ,old1 s t bo? toge!r con/itute "o "w4 ,syrian tradition makes extravagant claims 9 respect to ! antiquity ( ! ,pe%ito1 tell+ u t x 0 execut$ by m5 s5t to ,pale/9e by ! apo/le ,?addeus 7:om tradition connects ) ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* at ,edessa71 & by ,abg>us1 ,k+ ( ,edessa1 a contempor>y ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 sometimes ref]r$ to a /ill e>li] age--t ( ,solomon & ,hiram1 or t ( ! captivity ( ! t5 tribes4 ,)\t giv+ cr$5ce to su* traditions1 we may well believe t x belongs to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,syrian *ur*es1 & _c be plac$ lat] ?an ! la/ "p ( ! second c5tury4 ,( ! t]m ,pe%ito1 t is1 simple1 !re are diff]5t explanations4 ,! mo/ usual is t x d5otes a simple & lit]al v]sion1 free f glosses & allegorical int]pretations4 ,tregelles sugge/s t x 0 call$ simple 9 contra/ ) ! translation made by ,paul ( ,tela f ! ,hexapl> text ( ,orig5 7see bel[1 ,no4 #h71 :i* 0 replete ) a/]isks & obeli to m>k ,orig5's revisions1 & _h also m>g9al ref]5ces4 ,x is agre$ t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 translat$ f ! orig9al ,hebrew & ,*aldee1 ?\gh ! translators seem to h _h be=e !m ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,sev5ty1 & to h consult$ x 9 ! progress ( _! "w #g4 ,! ,pe%ito is a free1 & at ! same "t1 a fai?ful v]sion ( ,scripture1 hold+ ! fir/ place among ! anci5t v]sions = its g5]al excell5ce1 :ile x ranks ) ! ,old ,lat9 9 antiquity4 ,its au?ority 9 bo? textual criticism & int]pretation is des]v$ly high4 ,z x reg>ds textual criticism1 h[ev]1 its value is dim9i%$ by ! fact t its text has n come d[n to u 9 a pure /ate4 ,x has suff]$ 9 ! same way z ! text ( ! ,old ,lat91 ?\gh n to ! same ext5t4 ,among ! manuscripts br\ght f ! ,nitrian mona/]ies1 & deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is "o ( great antiquity1 conta9+ l>ge portions ( ! f\r gospels 9 ,syriac4 ,dr4 ,cureton publi%$ 9 #aheh ! text ( ?is manuscript z ,rema9s ( a v anci5t ,syriac rec5sion ( ! f\r gospels 9 ,syriac1 hi!rto unkn[n 9 ,europe1 ) an ,engli% translation & preface4 ,its appe>ance 0 hail$ ) lively int]e/ & has excit$ w>m discussions4 ,! manuscript itself is assign$ to ! fif? c5tury1 b x pres5ts a text :i*1 9 ! judgm5t ( compet5t s*ol>s1 is old] ?an ! curr5t text ( ! ,pe%ito4 ,:e!r x is an old] =m ( ! ,pe%ito v]sion1 or ano!r & e>li] v]sion ( ! gospels1 is a "q t has be5 diff]5tly answ]$4 ,x is ma9ta9$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! ,pe%ito is a revision ( ! ,curetonian text1 replete ) read+s unkn[n 9 ! second c5tury 7,tregelles 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict472 on ! o!r1 t x is an old] v]sion ?an ! ,pe%ito2 :i* ! au?or or au?ors ( ! latt] consult$ ?r\gh\t4 ,davidson 9 ,alex&]'s ,kitto4 ,its great value = critical purposes mu/ be ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,9 _m *>act]i/ic read+s x agrees ) ! olde/ manuscripts & quotations4 ,x has also "s errone\s read+s kn[n to be ( great antiquity4 ,9 a ^w1 ! high antiquity ( its text _c be reasonably que/ion$4 ,drs4 ,cureton & ,tregelles ?9k t ! gospel ( ,mat!w may be a translation f ! apo/le's ,hebrew copy4 ,b ?is is d5i$ by ,davidson & o!rs4 #h4 ,! ,philox5ian ,syriac v]sion 0 execut$ ,a4,d4 #ejh1 "u ! auspices ( ,philox5us1 or ,x5aias1 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis or ,mabug 9 ,syria4 ,philox5us belong$ to ! sect ( ! ,monophysites1 & x is g5]ally ?\ght t ! v]sion 0 made 9 ! int]e/ ( t sect4 ,! translator's "n 0 ,polyc>p1 "o ( ,philox5us' rural bi%ops4 ,) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( c]ta9 books 7see bel[71 ! text ( ?is v]sion has n come d[n to u 9 its orig9al =m4 ,we h only a revision ( x made ,a4,d4 #faf by ,?omas ( ,h>kel 9 a mona/]y ( ,alex&ria1 :5ce ?is v]sion is also call$ ! ,h>clean ,syriac4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is v]sion is its extremely lit]al "*4 ,x is ! translator's aim to repres5t e ,greek ^w1 ev5 ! article1 by a correspond+ ,syriac ^w1 ev5 :]e ! idiom ( ! language mu/ !reby be violat$4 ,h5ce its /yle is ( necessity b>b>\s4 ,b ?is v "* ( lit]alness gives to ! ,philox5ian v]sion high au?ority 9 respect to textual criticism4 ,s f> z x has come d[n to u 9 its primitive =m1 x is1 9 tru?1 equal to ! ,greek text ( its own "t4 ,ab\t ! "t t ,?omas ( ,h>kel revis$ ! ,philox5ian v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,paul ( ,tela1 ano!r ,monophysite1 execut$ :at is call$ ! ,hexapl> ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 because x 0 made f ! text ( ,orig5's ,hexapl>4 ,*ap4 #af1 ,no4 #ab4 ,x co9cides ) ! ,philox5ian v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 respect to its "* z well z ! "t ( its appe>ance1 be+ made on ! pr9ciple ( foll[+ ! ,greek text ^w = ^w z exactly z possible4 ,?us ! ,hexapl> v]sion ( ! ,old1 & ! ,philox5ian v]sion ( ! ,new1 con/itute toge!r a :ole ( l "* ?r\gh\t4 ,aft] ! example ( ,orig51 ,paul introduc$ into 8 v]sion a/]isks & obeli2 ! a/]isk 7997 to indicate ins]tions made 9 ! text on ! au?ority ( manuscripts & o!r v]sions2 ! obelus 7_/71 to m>k passages ( d\btful "*4 ,?us x supplies1 z f> z a v]sion c1 ! ,hexapl> ( ,orig51 ( :i* only a few fragm5ts rema94 ,! ,philox5ian v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z revis$ by ,?omas ( ,h>kel1 conta9s also ! same a/]isks & obeli4 ,critical m>ks & m>g9al read+s also appe> 9 mo/ ( ! manuscripts4 ,?is critical app>atus is g5]ally ?\ght to h proce$$ f ,?omas himself1 9 imitation ( ! ,hexapl> ,syriac ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b :e!r to indicate comp>ison ) ! ,pe%ito1 or ) ! ,greek manuscripts employ$ by ,?omas is n c]ta94 ,!re is a v]sion ( ! ,ca?olic epi/les want+ 9 ! ,pe%ito--#b ,pet41 #b1 #c ,john1 ,jude--exi/+ 9 two =ms1 "o ( :i* is ?\ght to be ! unrevis$ ,philox5ian text4 ,!re is a codex at ,rome conta9+ ! f\r gospels :i* has also be5 suppos$ to conta9 ! same unrevis$ text4 ,! ,j]usalem ,syriac ,lection>y1 conta9+ simply lessons f ! f\r gospels1 is a peculi> v]sion kn[n to u f a s+le manuscript 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y :i* belongs to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! v]sion itself is ref]r$ by "s to ! six? c5tury1 by o!rs to a lat] date4 ,its dialect is b>b>\s1 be+ a mixture ( ,*aldee & ,syriac1 b its read+s are said (t5 to co9cide ) ! olde/ & be/ au?orities4 ,,iii4 ,,egyptian ,,& ,,e?iopic ,,v]sions4 #i4 ,=m]ly b "o v]sion 0 kn[n to exi/ 9 ! language ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,?is1 :i* 0 made 9 ! dialect ( l[] ,egypt1 0 naturally call$ ,coptic4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$ t ano!r v]sion exi/$ 9 ! dialect ( upp] ,egypt1 ! ,arabic t]m ,sahidic 0 appli$ to x4 ,b s9ce ! ^w ,coptic is g5]ic1 apply+ to bo? dialects alike1 x has be5 propos$ to call ! =m] v]sion ,copto-,memphitic or simply ,memphitic1 f ,memphis1 ! anci5t capital ( l[] ,egypt2 & ! latt] ,copto-,!baic or ,!baic1 f ,!bes1 ! celebrat$ capital ( anci5t upp] ,egypt4 ,:5 ^! v]sions 7 execut$ _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,b !y exi/$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & probably 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,_! high antiquity gives to !m great value 9 textual criticism4 ,! latt] ( !m1 h[ev]1 exi/s only 9 a fragm5t>y =m4 ,"s fragm5ts ( a ?ird v]sion1 diff]+ f bo? ! ,memphitic & ! ,!baic1 h be5 discov]$4 ,to ?is1 ! epi!t ,ba%muric has be5 appli$1 f ! ,arabian "n ,ba%mur1 a di/rict ( l[] ,egypt 9 ! ,delta to ! ,ea/4 ,b ,egyptian s*ol>s d\bt :e!r ! t]m is well appli$1 z ! v]sion is said to h /rong] aff9ity to ! ,!baic ?an to ! ,memphitic v]sion4 ,! ,memphitic & ,!baic v]sions are said to h conta9$ ! :ole ,bible1 t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t be+ made f ! ,septuag9t4 ,! :ole ,memphitic ,new ,te/am5t has be5 sev]al times publi%$1 b nev] 9 su* a mann] z to meet ! wants ( ,biblical criticism4 ,( ! ,!baic v]sion only "s fragm5ts h be5 publi%$4 #aj4 ,an ,e?iopic v]sion ( ! :ole ,bible exi/s 9 ! anci5t dialect ( ,axum4 ,t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 made f ! ,septuag9t2 t ( ! ,new is a close v]sion ( ! orig9al ,greek4 ,! age to :i* x belongs is n kn[n4 ,_m ( ! read+s ( its text are said to %[ an aff9ity ) ! old] class ( ,greek manuscripts1 :ile o!rs are ( a lat] "*4 ,?is leads to ! suspicion t ! v]sion has und]gone revision by ! aid ( lat] ,greek manuscripts4 ,an edition ( ! :ole ,bible is 9 process ( publication 9 ,g]many4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,go?ic ,,& ,,o!r ,,v]sions4 #aa4 ,! fir/ in=mation :i* ,european s*ol>s _h ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,go?ic v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 "o ,morillon copi$ f a ,go?ic manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,w]d5 9 ,we/phalia ! ,"l's ,pray] & "s o!r p>ts1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds publi%$4 ,:5 ! ,sw$es1 9 #afdh1 took ,prague1 among ! spoils s5t to ,/ockholm 0 ! celebrat$ ,codex ,arg5teus1 ,silv] manuscript1 conta9+ a copy ( ! ,go?ic gospels writt5 on purple vellum 9 silv] lett]s1 except ! beg9n+s ( ! sections :i* are 9 gold4 ,:5 entire ! manuscript is said to h conta9$ #cbj leaves1 b :5 f\nd x _h b #ahh 9 qu>to size4 ,9 its pres5t /ate x wants p>ts ( all ! gospels4 ,! lett]s are deeply furr[$1 & beautifully regul>4 ,x is ?\ght t ?is manuscript 0 execut$ = ! use ( "s ,go?ic k+4 ,aft] v>i\s *anges ( place1 x 0 f9ally deposit$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsal 9 ,sw$51 :]e x is n[ pres]v$ enclos$ 9 a silv] case4 ,! ,go?ic v]sion1 ( :i* ! ,codex ,arg5teus is a transcript1 0 made 9 ! f\r? c5tury by ,ulphilas1 second bi%op ( ! ,go?s 9 ,moesia 7! s-call$ ,moeso-,go?s74 ,! manuscript itself belongs1 x is ?\ght1 to ! six? c5tury4 #ab4 ,9 #agfb a palimpse/ 0 discov]$ by ,knittel at ,wolf5buettel1 a city ( ! du*y ( ,brunswick 9 ,g]many1 conta9+1 z ! e>li] writ+1 "p ( ! epi/le to ! ,romans 9 ,go?ic & ,lat91 ! v]sions /&+ side by side4 ,9 #ahag ! late ,c>d9al ,mai discov]$ 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan five palimpse/s1 f :i*1 9 connection ) ! ,wolf5buettel palimpse/1 ! ,go?ic text ( ! great] "p ( ! ,paul9e epi/les 7t to ! ,hebrews n includ$7 has be5 recov]$1 z also "s fragm5ts ( ! gospels1 & ( ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,all t has be5 recov]$ ( ! ,go?ic v]sion 0 edit$ 9 #ahce-f by ,gabel5tz & ,loebe ) a ,lat9 translation1 notes1 & a ,go?ic diction>y & gramm>4 ,!re are sev]al lat] editions p>tly ( ! ,codex ,arg5teus1 & p>tly ( all ! ,go?ic rema9s ( ! ,scriptures4 ,?us ?is int]e/+ v]sion1 :i* repres5ts ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! f\r? c5tury z x 0 kn[n to ,ulphilas1 is made available = ! purposes ( ,biblical criticism4 #ac4 ,!re is an anci5t ,arm5ian v]sion unaccompani$ z yet by any ,lat9 translation2 & ?us available = critical purposes only ?r\gh ! help ( ^? :o "k ! language4 ,by means ( su* help ,dr4 ,tregelles us$ x = 8 critical edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & he speaks ( its value z a critical witness z to ! g5]al read+ ( c]ta9 ,greek copies exi/+ 9 ! =m] half ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict41 ,art4 ,arm5ian ,v]sion4 ,o!r anci5t v]sions1 z ! ,arabic & ,slavonic1 we pass by2 z _! comp>atively late date makes !m ( little importance = critical /udies4 ,! hi/ory ( mod]n v]sions1 among :i* is our own au?oriz$ v]sion1 pres5ts a wide & int]e/+ field ( inquiry1 b x does n come )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 ,,second ,,division1 ,,p>ticul> ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,books4 #a4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t1 l ! ,old1 is n an ab/ract sy/em ( doctr9es & duties1 b a record ( facts involv+ doctr9es & duties ( ! highe/ import4 ,?is record does n con/itute an indep5d5t hi/ory1 complete 9 itself1 & to be expla9$ 9 its own light4 ,x is r ! necess>y sequel to ! record ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x int]prets ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & is itself int]pret$ by x4 ,! two con/itute toge!r an organic :ole1 & c be truly und]/ood only 9 _! mutual connection4 ,to disc>d ! ,old ,te/am5t :e!r =mally or 9 practice1 is to ?r[ away ! key :i* unlocks to u ! treasures ( ! ,new2 = ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t cont9ually reason out ( ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old4 ,if we _c truly compreh5d ! ,old ,te/am5t except :5 we view x z prep>atory to ! revelation conta9$ 9 ! ,new1 s nei!r c we h a full und]/&+ ( ! ,new except z ! completion ( ! revelation begun 9 ! ,old4 ,9 a ^w1 we und]/& revelation aright only 9 its unity4 #b4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t uses all ! tea*+s ( ! ,old1 b x does n repeat !m all4 ,! unity1 p]sonality1 & inf9ite p]fections ( ,god2 8 univ]sal provid5ce1 & 8 supremacy z well ov] nations z individuals2 ! duties t m5 owe to ,god & ea* o!r1 z embodi$ = sub/ance 9 ! t5 comm&m5ts & exp&$ 9 ! tea*+s ( ,moses & ! prophets2 ! indissoluble connection1 on ! "o h&1 betwe5 righte\sness & true prosp]ity1 & on ! o!r1 betwe5 s9 & ru9--all ^! great tru?s are s fully unfold$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t !y ne$ no =mal repetition 9 ! ,new4 ,! p]son & (fice ( ! ,messiah--z t great prophet1 l unto ,moses1 :om ,god %\ld raise up = 8 p 9 ! latt] days2 z t mighty k+ ( ,david's l9e1 :o %\ld sit on 8 ?rone & 9 8 k+dom to ord] x & to e/abli% x ) judgm5t & ) ju/ice =ev]2 z t high prie/ aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*is$ec :om ,god %\ld e/abli% =ev] ) a solemn oa?--_h be5 prefigur$ 9 ! in/itutions ( ,moses1 9 ! ,psalms1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ! prophets4 ,"s o!r important tru?s n s fully reveal$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t b d$ucible 9 a legitimate way ei!r f its g5]al scope or f "s brief h9ts 9 its tea*+s1 _h become firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! fai? ( ! ,jewi% p dur+ ! long int]val t elaps$ betwe5 ,mala*i & ,*ri/4 ,su* p>ticul>ly 7 ! doctr9es ( ! resurrection ( ! dead & ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,^! tru?s1 also1 z well z ^? m directly & fully taught 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 assum$ by ! ,savi\r & 8 apo/les z a plat=m = ! peculi> revelations ( ! gospel1 ! sum ( :i* is ,jesus ,*ri/ crucifi$ = ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,! f\r gospels1 !n1 z conta9+ ! hi/ory ( our ,"l's appe>ance & works1 lie at ! f\ndation ( ! revelation conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,to ^!1 !n1 our att5tion mu/ fir/ be giv52 aft] :i* ! hi/ory ( ! apo/olic labors1 z giv5 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 w naturally foll[4 ,i4 ,,! ,,gospels ,,z ,a ,,:ole4 #c4 ,! ^w gospel 7,anglo-,saxon1 god1 good1 & spell1 hi/ory or tid+s7 answ]s to ! ,greek ^w euangelion1 good-tid+s1 :5ce comes ! ,lat9 evangelium1 ) ! d]iv$ words 9 use among u1 z evangeli/1 evangelical1 etc4 ,x prop]ly signifies ! good message itself1 & x is only by a second>y usage t x is appli$ to ! writt5 hi/ories ( ! ,savi\r's life1 z be+ ! embodim5t ( ?is message4 ,! titles prefix$ to ^! gospels f ! beg9n+2 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k1 etc41 indicate t ! writt5 record is n itself ! gospel1 b r an acc\nt ( ! gospel accord+ to ^! diff]5t writ]s4 ,*ri/ himself is ! au?or ( ! gospel4 ,x exi/$ & 0 receiv$ by _m ?\s&s be=e a l9e ( x 0 put ^u record on ! writt5 page4 #d4 ,! g5u95ess1 uncorrupt pres]vation1 & au!nticity ( ! f\r canonical gospels h already be5 %[n at "s l5g?4 ,*aps4 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,9 connection ) ! argum5t = _! g5u95ess1 _! natural division into two p>ts--! fir/ ?ree1 commonly call$ ! synoptical gospels1 & ! gospel accord+ to ,john2 ! rem>kable agreem5ts & diff]5ces ( ! ?ree synoptical gospels among !mselves2 & ! rem>kable contra/ :i* ! f\r? gospel pres5ts to all ?ree ( ! synoptical gospels1 h also be5 consid]$ simply z exi/+ facts4 ,*ap4 #b1 ,nos4 #ad & #ae4 ,b :5 we seek an explanation ( ^! rem>kable ph5om5a1 we ent] ^u a v difficult problem1 "o on :i* ! +5uity ( ,biblical s*ol>s has exhau/$ itself = sev]al successive g5]ations )\t rea*+ ?us f> a result t c be reg>d$ z p]fectly satisfactory4 ,almo/ all conceivable !ories & comb9ations ( !ories h be5 propos$1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are n[ g5]ally ab&on$ z unt5able1 & ne$ n be consid]$ at l>ge4 #e4 ,look+ at ! ?ree synoptical gospels1 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke1 we f9d a rem>kable agreem5t n only 9 _! g5]al plan1 b 9 _m ( _! details also4 ,) ! exception ( our ,"l's la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem & ! hi/ory ( 8 passion !re1 !y are ma9ly occupi$ ) 8 m9i/ry 9 ,galilee4 ,! selection ( incid5ts is also to a great ext5t ! same4 ,! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ces lie 9 ! pres5ce ( a long s]ies ( ev5ts connect$ ) ! ,galilean m9i/ry1 :i* are peculi> to ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k 7,matt4 #ad3bb-af3ab2 ,m>k #f3de-h3bf71 & a second s]ies ( ev5ts connect$ ) ! j\rney to ,j]usalem 7,luke #i3ea-ah3ad71 :i* is peculi> to ,/4 ,luke4 ,we/cott1 ,introduct4 to ! ,/udy ( ! ,gospels1 *ap4 #c4 ,! co9cid5ces ( language1 z well z incid5t1 are also rem>kable2 & "h ! g5]al law prevails t ^! co9cid5ces are m common1 z has be5 %[n by ,norton & o!rs1 9 ! recital ( ! words ( o!rs ?an 9 ! n>rative p>ts ( ! gospels1 & mo/ common :5 our ,"l's own words are recit$4 #f4 ,b ) ^! rem>kable agreem5ts coexi/ equally rem>kable diff]5ces4 ,ea* writ] has 8 own peculi>ities ( /yle1 :i* appe> m di/9ctly 9 ! orig9al ?an !y c 9 any v]sion4 ,x has be5 notic$ also by ,biblical s*ol>s t ^! peculi>ities are m m>k$ 9 ! n>rative ?an 9 ! recitative p>ts ( ! gospels 9 "q4 ,ea* writ]1 moreov]1 br+s 9 incid5ts peculi> to himself1 n 9 ! =m ( pat*work1 b z p>ts ( a self consi/5t :ole4 ,s f> is he f exact outw>d con=mity to ei!r ( ! o!r gospels1 9 respect to arrangem5t & circum/antial details1 t ! div]sity betwe5 him & !m 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 sometimes creates s]i\s difficulties :5 we attempt to arrange ! ?ree diff]5t n>ratives 9 ! =m ( a h>mony4 #g4 ,no !ory ( ! orig9 ( ^! ?ree gospels c be true :i* does n expla9 bo? _! co9cid5ces & _! diff]5ces4 ,h5ce we may set aside at once ! hypo!sis ( _! mutual dep5d5ce on ea* o!r--t ! lat] evangeli/s us$ ! writ+s ( ! e>li]4 ,by ! diff]5t advocates ( ?is !ory1 ea* ( ! ?ree synoptic gospels has be5 made 9 turn ! prim>y record f :i* ! o!rs drew2 b no "o ( !m has be5 able1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 to acc\nt = ! omissions or ins]tions ( ! suppos$ lat] evangeli/s1 mu* less = ! rem>kable fact already notic$1 t ! peculi>ities ( ea* writ] appe> m fully 9 ! n>rative ?an 9 ! recitative "p ( 8 gospel4 ,! lat] evangeli/s may1 inde$1 h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ! e>li] & h consult$ !m1 b ?is supposition alone does n expla9 _! peculi> co9cid5ces & diff]5ces4 ,ano!r hypo!sis is t ( an orig9al docum5t or docum5ts1 f :i* all ?ree are suppos$ to h drawn4 ,! assumption ( a s+le orig9al writt5 gospel1 z ! basis ( our fir/ ?ree canonical gospels1 is manife/ly unt5able4 ,_h a primitive gospel exi/$ ( su* compass & au?ority z to be ! common s\rce ( our ?ree synoptic gospels1 x is inconceivable t ! *ur*es1 :i* c>efully pres]v$ ^! ?ree gospels1 ?\gh two ( !m proce$$ n f apo/les !mselves b only f _! companions1 %\ld h all[$ ! orig9al gospel s spe$ily & utt]ly to p]i%1 t no traces ( x rema9$ 9 ! days ( ,ir5aeus1 ,t]tullian1 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,besides1 ?is hypo!sis1 z x 0 soon se51 does n expla9 ! peculi> relation ( ^! gospels to ea* o!r 9 respect to co9cid5ces & diff]5ces4 ,h5ce v>i\s modifications 7 propos$--an orig9al ,aramaic gospel ) v>i\s ,greek translations1 ?is orig9al ,aramaic gospel v>i\sly increas$ ) new matt]1 etc4 ,9 a ^w1 ! =m ( ^! assum$ orig9al docum5ts 0 hypo!tically expla9$ f ! actual =m ( our ?ree synoptic gospels2 ! v rev]se ( ! true problem1 :i* 0 to expla91 f "s reliable data1 ! =m ( ! canonical gospels !mselves4 ,! rema9+ hypo!sis is t ( oral tradition emanat+ f ! apo/les !mselves1 & ma9ta9$ 9 its purity dur+ _! lives by _! p]sonal pres5ce & tea*+4 ,t ! gospel exi/$ 9 ?is =m alone = "s ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity is admitt$ by all4 ,! apo/les 7 ,*ri/'s *os5 witnesses ( 8 life & tea*+s4 ,f _! lips proce$$ ! tradition :i* n[ con/itutes our writt5 gospels4 ,! necessity ( embody+ ?is tradition 9 ! =m ( p]man5t records 0 n felt at ! beg9n+4 ,b1 z ! *ur*es 7 multipli$1 oral tradition became liable to corruption 9 _m ways ?r\gh ! multiplicity ( ! organs employ$ 9 its transmission4 ,!n ! ne$ ( writt5 gospels began to manife/ itself1 & x 0 natural t ! apo/les %\ld look to ! supply ( ?is ne$ ei!r by _! own direct ag5cy1 or by t ( m5 writ+ ) _! k & approbation4 ,h[ _m ye>s elaps$ be=e ! appe>ance ( ! e>lie/ ( our canonical gospels1 :i* is commonly suppos$ to h be5 t ( ,mat!w1 we h no means ( asc]ta9+ ) accuracy4 ,b we may reasonably suppose t ! p]iod 0 long en\gh to all[ ! apo/olic tradition ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s to assume a some:at def9ite %ape 9 respect to bo? matt] & outw>d =m4 ,fir/1 9 respect to matt]4 ,z _! public in/ructions c\ld n cov] ! :ole ( our ,savi\r's hi/ory 7,john #bj3cj2 #ba3 #be71 !y naturally select$1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ^? p>ts ( x :i* embodi$ ! _s & mean+ ( ! :ole4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ! apo/les rema9$ toge!r at ,j]usalem = "s "t aft] our ,"l's asc5sion 7,acts #h3a2 #ae3f71 x is highly reasonable to suppose t 9 a matt] ( su* mom5t !y _h a mutual und]/&+--an und]/&+ :i*1 :ile x int]f]$ ) ! fre$om ( no "o1 secur$ a g5]al agreem5t z to ! po9ts 9 our ,"l's hi/ory & tea*+s :i* %\ld be especially insi/$ on4 ,secondly 9 respect to outw>d =m4 ,:ile ! apo/les 7 pres]v$ by ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s f any sup]/iti\s reg>d to ! lett] ( our ,"l's tea*+s1 _! rev]5ce = him z a p]fect tea*]1 ^: words 7 tru? unmix$ ) error1 mu/ h made !m anxi\s to put ! oral tradition ( 8 say+s into z p]fect a =m z possible2 :5ce ! tradition ( our ,savi\r's words w\ld assume f ! fir/ a m fix$ =m ?an t ( 8 life g5]ally4 ,x is suppos$ by _m t ! writ]s ( ! fir/ ?ree gospels drew ea* f ?is common body ( oral tradition su* mat]ials z suit$ 8 g5]al plan2 no "o ( !m propos+ to give ! :ole ( our ,"l's hi/ory1 or ev5 to obs]ve a /rict *ronological ord] 9 ! ev5ts record$ by him1 any f>!r ?an su* ord] 0 r5d]$ necess>y by _! nature & ess5tial connection4 ,9 ! case ( ,mat!w1 :o 0 "o ( ! twelve apo/les1 x might be ?\ght t he wrote simply f 8 own p]sonal k2 b 8 gospel c\ld n cov] all ! gr\nd ( our ,"l's hi/ory z kn[n to him1 & we may well suppose t 9 ! selection ( 8 mat]ials he _h reg>d--n a s]vile1 b a free reg>d--to ! common oral tradition ( ! apo/les1 :i* 01 9 fact1 ! embodim5t ( _! unit$ wisdom "u ! illum9ation ( ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,ea* evangeli/1 z well ,m>k & ,luke :o 7 n apo/les1 z ,mat!w :o belong$ to ! numb] ( ! twelve1 wrote indep5d5tly ( ! o!r two4 ,! lat] writ]s may1 inde$1 h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ! e>li]1 b a b>e inspection ( ! ?ree gospels %[s t !re 0 no labor$ ef=t on ! "p ( "o evangeli/ to adju/ 8 "w to ^? ( ! o!rs4 ,h5ce arise app>5t discrepancies1 z 9 ! two g5ealogies ( our ,"l1 :i* x is sometimes h>d to expla94 ,b ^! v difficulties witness to ! indep5d5t tru?fulness ( ! writ]s4 ,_h !y writt5 9 conc]t1 or borr[$ sy/ematically f ea* o!r1 su* difficulties w\ld n h exi/$4 ,al?\gh apo/olic oral tradition is ?us made ! ma9 s\rce :5ce ! writ]s ( ^! gospels drew _! mat]ials1 x is n necess>y to affirm or d5y _! use1 9 a subord9ate way1 ( writt5 docum5ts4 ,t su* docum5ts exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,luke we "k f 8 own words1 *ap4 #a3a4 ,he does n condemn !m1 b nei!r does he rely ^u !m4 ,8 gospel is n d]iv$ f !m1 b f 8 own accurate inve/igations2 ,x seem$ good to me also1 hav+ accurately trac$ out all ?+s f ! beg9n+ 7z ! orig9al ,greek means71 to write to !e 9 ord]1 mo/ excell5t ,!ophilus4 ,*ap4 #a3c4 ,& if ,luke1 ! companion ( ,paul1 0 n dep5d5t = 8 mat]ials on any previ\sly exi/+ writ+s1 nei!r 0 ,m>k1 ! companion ( bo? ,pet] & ,paul1 nor ,mat!w1 :o 0 himself an apo/le4 ,nor c ! incorporation ( su* writ+s into ! synoptic gospels be %[n ) any degree ( probability4 ,if x _c be claim$ = ?is hypo!sis ( a primitive apo/olic tradition1 z ! s\rce :5ce ! writ]s ( ! synoptic gospels drew _! mat]ials1 t x expla9s all ! ph5om5a ( _! mutual relation to ea* o!r1 x is1 nev]!less1 m satisfactory ?an any o!r t has be5 propos$1 & may be reg>d$ z a ne> approximation to ! actual facts 9 ! case4 ,betwe5 ! traditions ( :i* ! apo/le ,paul speaks 7#b ,!ss4 #b3ae2 #c3f2 also1 accord+ to ! orig9al1 #a ,cor4 #aa3b7 receiv$ imm$iately f 8 m\? or p51 & ! pret5d$ traditions ( lat] days1 h&$ d[n f c5tury to c5tury ?r\gh a succession ( un9spir$ m51 ! diff]5ce is t betwe5 light & d>kness1 betwe5 tru? & fiction4 ,we h 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! g5u9e apo/olic tradition1 at fir/ oral1 b put into a writt5 =m dur+ ! lifetime ( ! apo/les4 ,^! traditions are ! gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones ( div9e tru?4 ,all o!r traditions are ! wood1 hay1 /ubble ( human orig94 ,9 settl+ ! "q respect+ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 we proce$ z 9 ! case ( any o!r writ+s4 ,we avail ourselves ( all ! evid5ce )9 our rea*1 ext]nal & int]nal4 ,we take ! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus & ,t]tullian1 & also ( ,m>cion & ,val5t9us2 ?\gh none ( !m 7 inspir$1 & ! two latt] 7 h]etical4 ,b :5 we h once det]m9$ :at books 7 writt5 by apo/les or apo/olic m51 ^! conta9 = u ! only au?oritative tradition1 z def9$ by ! apo/le3 ,!re=e1 bre?r51 /& fa/1 & hold ! traditions :i* ye h be5 taught1 :e!r by ^w or our epi/le4 #b ,!ss4 #b3ae4 #h4 ,9 comp>+ ! synoptic gospels ) ea* o!r & ) ! f\r? gospel1 we mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d t no "o ( !m pr(esses to give a complete hi/ory ( our ,"l's life1 or to arrange all ! incid5ts :i* he relates 9 ! exact ord] ( "t4 ,"u ! guidance ( ! div9e ,_s ea* "o pursues 8 own c\rse1 indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 "h ins]t+ :at "o or m ( ! re/ h omitt$1 or omitt+ :at "o or m ( !m h ins]t$2 & "h1 aga91 br++ 9 incid5ts )\t reg>d to _! exact *ronological ord]1 ) "s g5]al preface l ! foll[+3 at t "t1 ,matt4 #ab3a2 & he began aga91 ,m>k #d3a2 & x came to pass z he 0 alone pray+1 ,luke #i3ah2 & x came to pass z !y w5t 9 ! way1 ,luke #i3eg2 etc4 ,?us ! wisdom ( ,god has giv5 u1 n all ! p>ticul>s ( our ,"l's hi/ory1 b su* a selection f bo? ! incid5ts ( 8 public life & 8 public & private tea*+s z be/ embodies ! great facts ( ! gospel1 & ! doctr9es & duties connect$ ) !m4 ,9 ! f\r canonical gospels ! *ur* has1 n all ( our ,"l's hi/ory & tea*+s1 b all t ! ,holy ,gho/ judg$ ne$ful = h] e/abli%m5t & edification to ! end ( "t4 ,( our ,"l's hi/ory be=e 8 baptism we h only 8 g5ealogy 9 a tw(old =m2 "s notices ( 8 miracul\s conception2 an acc\nt ( 8 bir? & circumcision1 ) ! visions & prophecies connect$ ) !m2 a hi/ory ( 8 pres]vation f ,h]od's attempt to de/roy him2 ! subsequ5t resid5ce ( 8 p>5ts 9 ,naz>e?1 ) a s+le incid5t ( 8 *ildhood4 ,luke #b3dj-eb4 ,all ^! p>ticul>s h1 9 "o way or ano!r1 a be>+ on 8 div9e mission & "w z ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! apocryphal gospels on ! contr>y1 z1 = example1 ! ,gospel ( ! ,infancy1 & ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 ab\nd 9 frivol\s /ories relat+ to our ,"l's infancy & lat] life1 :i* h no connection ) ! great "w ( r$emption4 #i4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! f\r? gospel1 z well z its relation to ! ?ree prec$+ gospels1 w come up = consid]ation h]eaft]4 ,at pres5t we only rem>k t ,john wrote _m ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! synoptic gospels1 & t1 :atev] ref]5ce he may h _h to !m1 8 gospel con/itutes1 9 ! plan ( revelation1 a true complem5t to ! o!r ?ree4 ,= 7#a7 if we except ! n>rative ( our ,"l's passion1 x cov]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 gr\nd n occupi$ by !m4 ,!y give ma9ly ! hi/ory ( ! ,savi\r's m9i/ry 9 ,galilee 7,luke also1 at "s l5g?1 t ( 8 la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem72 ! sc5e ( mu* ( ,john's gospel1 on ! contr>y1 is ,j]usalem & its ne> vic9ity4 7#b7 ,john unfolds m fully ! nature ( our ,"l's p]son1 & 8 peculi> relation to ! ,fa!r & to 8 *ur*4 ,?is he does1 m especially1 9 8 prologue 7*ap4 #a3a-ah72 9 ! record ( ! ,savi\r's discussions ) ! ,jews 7*aps4 #c1 #e-ab72 & 9 t ( 8 disc\rses address$ 9 private to ! circle ( ! apo/les1 *aps4 #ac-ag4 ,?us ,john's gospel is emphatically t ( ,*ri/'s p]son1 z illu/rat$ by 8 works & words2 :ile ! ?ree e>li] evangeli/s give r ! gospel ( 8 public m9i/ry1 ?r\gh :i* 8 div9e p]son ev]y:]e %9es =?4 ,?is deep] view ( our ,"l's p]son & (fice :i* ! gospel ( ,john unfolds met ! wants ( ! primitive *ur* 9 a m advanc$ /age1 :5 false tea*]s 7 already beg9n+ to s[ ! se$s ( ^? errors :i*1 9 ! next g5]ation1 br\ght =? su* a rank & poison\s h>ve/4 ,! same great *>act]i/ics adapt x to ! wants ( ! *ur* 9 all ages4 ,)\t ! f\r? gospel %e c\ld n be completely furni%$ to meet ! assaults ( error1 :i*1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 makes1 ) un]r+ in/9ct1 its ma9 assault ^u ! p]son & (fice ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,b if ! evangelical n>rative w\ld n be complete )\t ! f\r? gospel1 nei!r w\ld x be p]fect = ! use ( ! *ur* ) ?is alone4 ,! record ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s z giv5 9 ! fir/ ?ree gospels is preem95tly adapt$ to popul> in/ruction4 ,x is precisely su* a record z ! prea*]s ( ! gospel ne$ 9 _! public m9i/rations4 ,) x !y c use ! f\r? gospel ) effect2 b )\t x !y w\ld want ! natural prep>ation = & introduction to ^? deep & spiritual views ( ,*ri/'s p]son & (fice :i* ! bosom-disciple unfolds4 ,x is n 9 ! ?ree synoptic gospels1 nor 9 ! gospel ( ,john tak5 sep>ately1 t we f9d ! complete evangelical armor1 b 9 ! p]fect :ole ( ! f\r4 #aj4 ,v num]\s attempts h be5 made to con/ruct h>monies ( ! f\r gospels4 ,"o plan is to =m out ( ! :ole1 9 :at is suppos$ to be ! true *ronological ord]1 a cont9u\s n>rative embrac+ all ! matt] ( ! f\r1 b )\t repetitions ( ! same or simil> words4 ,ano!r plan is to exhibit 9 *ronological ord]1 ! entire text ( ! f\r gospels arrang$ 9 p>allel columns1 s f> z two or m ( !m cov] ! same gr\nd4 ,! idea is v impos+1 b ! realization ( x is beset ) =midable if n insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! evangeli/s d n always foll[ ! exact ord] ( "t1 & x is sometimes impossible to decide betwe5 ! diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ev5ts 9 _! records4 ,9 ! f\r n>ratives ( ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! resurrection all h>moni/s f9d !mselves baffl$4 ,_h we a full acc\nt ( all ! p>ticul>s ( t excit+ sc5e1 we might und\bt$ly assign to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ea* n>rative its true place 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,b ) our pres5t means ( in=mation ?is is impossible4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! mo/ pr(itable way ( /udy+ ! evangelical n>rative is to take ea* gospel z a :ole1 b ) cont9ual ref]5ce to ! p>allel p>ts ( ! o!r gospels1 s f> z !y c be asc]ta9$4 ,9 ?is "w a good h>mony1 l t ( ,rob9son1 may r5d] ess5tial s]vice1 ?\gh its arrangem5ts mu/ 9 _m cases be reg>d$ only z t5tative--essays at obta9+ ! true ord]1 r ?an ! c]ta9 det]m9ation ( x4 ,! relative numb] ( *apt]s 9 ! diff]5t gospels does n give _! true relation 9 respect to size4 ,! *apt]s are respectively #bh1 #af1 #bd1 #ba2 :i* are to ea* o!r 9 ! proportion ( #g1 #d1 #f1 #e #a_/d4 ,b e/imat+ accord+ to ! numb] ( pages 79 an edition )\t breaks = ! v]ses71 x w be f\nd t ! gospel ( ,luke holds ! fir/ place1 its size be+ to t ( ! o!r gospels ne>ly z #fj to #eg1 #ce1 #df4 ,! relation ( ,mat!w's gospel to t ( ,m>k1 9 respect to ! quantity ( matt] is !n ne>ly t ( #h to #e4 ,9 ! notices ( ! sep>ate gospels :i* foll[ x is n ?\ght necess>y to give an elaborate analysis ( _! cont5ts4 ,! aim w be r to exhibit ! prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ea*1 & its special (fice 9 ! economy ( div9e revelation4 ,,ii4 ,,mat!w4 #aa4 ,! unanim\s te/imony ( ! anci5t *ur* is t ! fir/ gospel 0 writt5 by ! apo/le ,mat!w1 :o is also call$ ,levi4 ,) 8 call to ! apo/le%ip he may h assum$ ! "n ( ,mat!w1 z ,saul took t ( ,paul4 ,he 0 ( ,hebrew orig91 ! son ( ,alphaeus1 & a tax-ga!r] "u ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 ,matt4 #aj3c2 ,m>k #b3ad2 #c3ah2 ,luke #e3bg1 #bi2 #f3ae2 ,acts #a3ac4 ,he 0 evid5tly a man ( "s means 7,luke #e3bi71 & 8 (fice mu/ h requir$ = its prop] dis*>ge a k ( ! ,greek z well z ( 8 native ,hebrew2 t is1 ,aramaean1 z ! ^w ,hebrew means 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :5 appli$ to ! v]nacul> ( ! ,pale/9e ,jews4 #ab4 ,! "q respect+ ! orig9al language ( ,mat!w's gospel has be51 s9ce ! "t ( ,erasmus1 a matt] ( controv]sy1 9 :i* em95t biblical s*ol>s h be5 f\nd on diff]5t sides4 ,! problem is to f9d a solution :i* %all br+ into h>mony ! foll[+ well-e/abli%$ facts3 7#a7 t1 accord+ to ! unit$ te/imony ( ! e>ly *ur* fa!rs1 ,mat!w orig9ally wrote 8 gospel 9 ,hebrew2 7#b7 t our pres5t ,greek gospel has all ! fre$om ( an orig9al "w1 t x has rem>kable co9cid5ces 9 language ) ! second & ?ird gospels1 & especially t ! citations f ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* /& 9 our ,"l's disc\rses foll[ z a rule ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,sev5ty2 7#c7 t all ! e>ly writ]s1 ^? :o te/ify to ! ,hebrew orig9al ( ?is gospel includ$1 receive & use our pres5t ,greek gospel z ! g5u9e & au?oritative gospel ( ,mat!w2 7#d7 t ! orig9al ,hebrew gospel1 to ! exi/5ce ( :i* !re is su* abundant te/imony1 0 all[$ utt]ly to p]i%1 :ile ! ,greek =m ( x alone 0 pres]v$ & plac$ at ! head ( ! canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #ac4 ,! te/imony f ,papias1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 & onw>d to ! f\r? c5tury1 has (t5 be5 quot$ & discuss$4 ,x is n necess>y to adduce x "h at l5g?4 ,x may be f\nd 9 ,kir*h(]1 9 ! critical comm5t>ies & introductions1 & also 9 ! mod]n ,bible diction>ies4 ,! words ( ,papias1 z pres]v$ to u by ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #ci7 are z foll[s3 ,mat!w !re=e wrote ! oracles 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 & e "o int]pret$ !m z he 0 able4 ,if !re 7 any gr\nd = d\bt+ :at ,papias meant by ! oracles1 x w\ld be remov$ by ! te/imony ( ! lat] writ]s1 z ,panta5us & ,orig5 79 ,eusebius' ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e4 #aj2 #f4 #be71 ,ir5aeus 7,aga9/ ,h]esies1 #c4 #a71 ,eusebius himself 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #bd71 ,epiphanius 7,h]esies1 #bi4 #i2 #cj4 #c71 & o!rs4 ,!y :o ma9ta9 t ,mat!w wrote orig9ally 9 ,greek suppose t ! e>ly fa!rs conf\nd$ an apocryphal gospel1 ! s-call$ gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ) ! true gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,o!rs ?9k1 p]haps ) m reason1 t ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 a corrupt$ =m1 or1 :at am\nts to ne>ly ! same ?+1 a close imitation ( ! true ,hebrew gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,! ,ebionites & ,naz>5es us$ ea* app>5tly a diff]5t =m ( a ,hebrew gospel :i* is sometimes call$ ! gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 b m prop]ly ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 7once by ,j]ome ! gospel accord+ to ! apo/les74 ,accord+ to ,epiphanius t 9 use among ! ,ebionites 0 n entire & full1 b corrupt$ & abridg$4 ,h]esies1 #cj4 #ac4 ,j]ome says3 ,mat!w1 :o is call$ ,levi1 hav+ become f a publican an apo/le1 fir/ compos$ 9 ,judea1 = ! sake ( ^? :o _h believ$ f among ! circumcision1 a gospel ( ,*ri/ 9 ,hebrew lett]s & words4 ,:o 0 ! p]son t aft]w>ds translat$ x into ,greek is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,moreov]1 ! ,hebrew copy itself is at ?is day pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,caes>ea :i* ,pampilus ! ,m>tyr collect$ ) mu* dilig5ce4 ,! ,naz>5es1 :o live 9 ,b]oca1 a city ( ,syria1 & use ?is volume1 gave me ! opportunity ( writ+ x out4 ,de ,vir4 ,illu/r41 #c4 ,"h he c]ta9ly id5tifies ?is gospel1 :i*1 z he repeat$ly in=ms u1 he translat$1 ) ! true ,hebrew gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,b he aft]w>ds speaks ( x m d\btfully1 z ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 & m fully z ! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 :i* is writt5 inde$ 9 ! ,*aldee & ,syriac language1 b 9 ,hebrew lett]s1 :i* ! ,naz>5es use to ! pres5t day1 be+ ! gospel accord+ to ! apo/les1 or1 z mo/ ?9k1 accord+ to ,mat!w 7,aga9/ ! ,pelagians1 #c72 ! gospel :i* ! ,naz>5es & ,ebionites use1 :i* we h lately translat$ f ! ,hebrew language into ! ,greek1 & :i* is call$ by mo/ ! au!ntic gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,comm5t4 9 ,matt4 #ab3ac4 ,! mo/ probable supposition is t ,j]ome1 kn[+ t ,mat!w orig9ally wrote 8 gospel 9 ,hebrew1 ha/ily assum$ at fir/ t ! copy :i* he obta9$ f ! ,naz>5es 0 ?is v gospel4 ,! "* ( ! quotations :i* he & ,epiphanius give f x =bids ! supposition t x 0 ! true ,hebrew gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,x may h be5 a corrupt$ =m ( x1 or an imitation ( x4 #ad4 ,( ^? :o1 9 accordance ) anci5t te/imony1 believe t ! orig9al language ( ,mat!w's gospel 0 ,hebrew1 "s assume t ! apo/le himself aft]w>ds gave a ,greek v]sion ( x4 ,9 itself consid]$ ?is hypo!sis is n improbable4 ,mat!w1 writ+ prim>ily = 8 c\ntrym5 9 ,pale/9e1 might naturally employ ! language :i* 0 to !m v]nacul>4 ,b aft]w>ds1 :5 ,*ri/ianity _h begun to spread ?r\gh ! ,roman empire1 & x became evid5t t ! ,greek language 0 ! prop] m$ium = believ]s at l>ge2 & :5 also1 z is n improbable1 "s ( ! exi/+ canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h appe>$ 9 t language1 we might well suppose t1 9 view ( ^! circum/ances1 ! apo/le himself put 8 gospel into ! pres5t ,greek =m4 ,b x is c]ta9ly surpris+ t1 9 ?is case1 no "o ( ! anci5t fa!rs %\ld h _h any k ( ! matt]4 ,9 view ( _! ignorance x seems to be ! "p ( mode/y z well z prud5ce t we also %\ld say ) ,j]ome3 ,:o 0 ! p]son t aft]w>ds translat$ x into ,greek is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,! univ]sal & unhesitat+ reception ( ?is gospel by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 9 its pres5t ,greek =m c be expla9$ only ^u ! supposition t x came to !m ) apo/olic au?ority2 t x receiv$ ?is =m at ! h&1 if n ( ,mat!w himself1 yet ( an apo/le or an apo/olic man1 t is1 a man /&+ to ! apo/les 9 ! same relation z ,m>k & ,luke4 ,?is supposition w expla9 ! fre$om ( ,mat!w's gospel & its co9cid5ces 9 language ) ! gospels ( ,m>k & ,luke4 ,an apo/le or apo/olic man w\ld give a fai?ful1 b n a s]vile v]sion ( ! orig9al4 ,! oral tradition ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s f :i* ! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s drew1 z f a common f\nta9 7see above1 ,no4 #g71 mu/ h exi/$ 9 ,pale/9e 9 a tw(old =m1 ,aramaean & ,greek4 ,! translator w\ld naturally avail himself ( ! ,greek phraseology1 s f> z ! oral tradition co9cid$ ) t embodi$ 9 ,mat!w's gospel4 ,^? :o h c>efully exam9$ ! subject affirm t ! citations f ! ,old ,te/am5t adduc$ by ,mat!w himself 9 pro( ( our ,"l's ,messiah%ip are orig9al r5d]+s1 ) m or less lit]alness1 f ! ,hebrew4 ,! citations1 on ! contr>y1 embodi$ 9 ! disc\rses ( our ,"l himself foll[1 z a rule1 ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,sev5ty2 probably because ! translator took ^! citations z !y /ood 9 ! oral tradition ( ^! disc\rses4 ,mean:ile ! orig9al ,hebrew =m ( ! gospel1 be+ sup]s$$ by ! ,greek 9 all ! congregations ( believ]s except ^? t us$ exclusively ! v]nacul> language ( ,pale/9e1 gradually fell into disuse4 ,! gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 notic$ above1 may h be5 a corrupt$ =m ( ?is gospel or an imitation ( x4 ,z ,m>cion *ose ! ,greek gospel ( ,luke = ! basis ( 8 revision1 s ! ,ebionites & ,naz>5es w\ld naturally use ! ,hebrew gospel ( ,mat!w = _! purposes4 #ae4 ,! gospel ( ,mat!w op5s ) ! words3 ,! book ( ! g5]ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! son ( ,david1 ! son ( ,abraham4 ,9 accordance ) ?is ann\ncem5t1 x traces back our ,"l's l9eage ?r\gh ,david to ,abraham1 giv+1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,jews1 an artificial arrangem5t ( ! g5]ations f ,abraham to ,*ri/ 9 ?ree sets ( f\rte5 ea*1 *ap4 #a3ag4 ,to effect ?is1 c]ta9 k+s ( ,david's l9e are omitt$--betwe5 ,joram & ,ozias 7! ,uzziah ( ! ,hebrews71 ,ahaziah1 ,joa%1 & ,amaziah2 betwe5 ,josias & ,je*onias1 ,eliakim--& ,david is reckon$ twice2 once z ! la/ ( a set ( f\rte51 !n z ! fir/ ( ! foll[+ f\rte54 ,! ?or\ghly ,jewi% =m ( ?is introduction indicates ! prim>y design ( ,mat!w's gospel1 :i* 0 to exhibit to 8 c\ntrym5 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? z _! long promis$ ,messiah & k+4 ,to ?is he has con/ant ref]5ce 9 ! facts :i* he relates1 & :i* he connects ) ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by su* =ms ( quotation z ! foll[+3 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 ( ! ,"l by ! prophet1 *aps4 #a3bb2 #b3ae1 #bc2 #ac3ce2 #ba3d2 #bg3ce2 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ,esaias ! prophet1 *aps4 #d3aa2 #h3ag2 #ab3ag2 !n 0 fulfill$ t :i* 0 spok5 by ,j]emy ! prophet1 *ap4 #b3ag2 etc4 ,8 direct ref]5ces to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 pro( ( our ,"l's ,messiah%ip are m num]\s ?an ^? ( ei!r ( ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,peculi> to him is ! expression ! k+dom ( heav51 to signify1 9 accordance ) ,rabb9ic usage1 ! k+dom :i* ! ,messiah 0 to e/abli% 9 accordance ) ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ?\gh he takes a spiritual view ( its "*1 & n ! e>?ly & political view ( ! ,jewi% doctors4 ,ano!r designation ( ! same idea1 common to him ) ! o!r evangeli/s1 is ! k+dom ( ,god1 :i* also 0 curr5t among ! ,rabb9s4 ,?is k+dom ( heav5 & k+dom ( ,god is also ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah4 ,*aps4 #ac3da2 #bj3ba4 #af4 ,b precisely because ,jesus ( ,naz>e? is ! promis$ ,messiah1 8 mission is n to ! ,jews only1 b to all mank9d1 9 accordance ) ! orig9al promise to ,abraham3 ,9 ?y se$ %all all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$4 ,g54 #bb3ah4 ,:ile he records ! fact t our ,"l's p]sonal m9i/ry 0 re/rict$ to ! ,jews 7*aps4 #aj3e1 #f2 #ae3bd71 he also %[s f our ,"l's own words t ! unbeliev+ *ildr5 ( ! k+dom--! ,jews z ! natural heirs to ! ,messiah's k+dom--%all be ca/ out1 & ! believ+ ,g5tiles receiv$ into x 7*aps4 #h3aa1 #ab2 #ba3dc72 & he br+s 8 gospel to a close ) ! great commission3 ,g ye1 !re=e1 & tea* all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 tea*+ !m to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,i h comm&$ y1 & lo1 ,i am ) y alway1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w4 ,*ap4 #bh3ai1 #bj4 #ag4 ,a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is gospel is ! fulness & ord]ly mann] ) :i* x records our ,"l's disc\rses4 ,/rik+ examples ( ?is are ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7*aps4 #e-g71 8 awful d5unciation ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees 7*ap4 #bc71 & ! maje/ic s]ies ( p>ables 7*ap4 #be74 ,d\btless1 ,mat!w _h by nature a peculi> end[m5t = ?is "w1 :i* ! ,holy ,_s us$ to pres]ve = ! *ur* mu* ( our ,"l's tea*+s :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 lo/4 ,! n>rative "p ( ?is gospel1 on ! o!r h&1 has n ! circum/antial fulness ( ! foll[+ gospel4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! field cov]$ by ,mat!w's n>rative is ma9ly t ( our ,"l's ,galilean m9i/ry1 ) ! great ev5ts connect$ ) 8 f9al visit to ,j]usalem1 ?\gh he gives indications ( repeat$ visits to t city4 ,*ap4 #bc3cg-ci4 #ah4 ,x has be5 assum$ by "s t ,mat!w foll[s1 z a g5]al rule1 ! ord] ( "t4 ,b o!rs d5y ?is1 ?9k+ t 8 arrangem5t is accord+ to subject-matt] r ?an *ronological sequ5ce1 especially 9 ! fir/ "p 7,alex&]'s ,kitto72 & ?is appe>s to be ! correct judgm5t4 ,he foll[s ! exact ord] ( "t only :5 ! nature ( ! ev5ts record$ requires him to d s4 #ai4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t ,mat!w wrote 8 gospel 9 ,pale/9e4 ,?is fact acc\nts = ! abs5ce ( explanatory clauses relat+ to ,jewi% usages1 su* z are n unfrequ5t 9 ! gospel ( ,m>k4 ,z to ! int]pretation ( ,hebrew words1 z ,immanuel 7*ap4 #a3bc72 & ! words on ! cross 7*ap4 #bg3df71 t belongs to ! ,greek =m ( ! gospel4 ,! date ( ?is gospel is d\btful4 ,accord+ to ! tradition ( ! anci5t *ur* x 0 writt5 fir/ ( ! f\r gospels4 ,assum+ t x orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,hebrew1 we may reasonably suppose t a p]iod ( "s ye>s elaps$ be=e x 0 put into its pres5t ,greek =m4 #bj4 ,! integrity ( ?is gospel is unque/ionable4 ,9 mod]n times ! g5u95ess ( ! fir/ two *apt]s has be5 call$ 9 "q by v>i\s writ]s1 b ! insuffici5cy ( _! argum5ts has be5 %[n by _m1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,davidson1 ,introduction to ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #aaa-abg4 ,9 ! words ( ?is writ] ! *apt]s 9 "q are f\nd 9 all unmutilat$ ,greek ,,mss41 & 9 all anci5t v]sions2 ! e>lie/ fa!rs _h !m 9 _! copies1 & receiv$ !m z a "p ( ! gospel2 ! anci5t h]etics & oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity 7 acqua9t$ ) ?is portion ( ! fir/ gospel2 ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ *apt] is closely connect$ ) some?+ prec$+2 & ! diction ( ^! two *apt]s be>s ! same impress & "* :i* belong to ! rema9d] ( ! gospel1 prov+ t ! gospel1 z we n[ h x1 proce$$ f "o au?or4 ,,iii4 ,,m>k4 #ba4 ,!re is no valid gr\nd = d\bt+ ! correctness ( ! anci5t tradition :i* id5tifies ! au?or ( ! second gospel ) ,john ^: surname 0 ,m>k 7,acts #ab3ab1 #be2 #ae3cg71 :o is call$ simply ,john 7,acts #ac3e1 #ac71 & ,m>cus or ,m>k 7,acts #ae3ci2 ,col4 #d3aj2 #b ,tim4 #d3aa2 p]haps also #a ,pet] #e3ac74 ,he 0 c\s9 to ,b>nabas 7,col4 #d3aj1 n si/]'s son1 z 9 our v]sion71 :i* relation%ip may expla9 ,b>nabas' e>ne/ def5ce ( him 7,acts #ae3cg-ci74 ,8 "m ,m>y resid$ 9 ,j]usalem1 & x 0 to h] h\se t ,pet] resort$ imm$iately ^u 8 miracul\s deliv]ance f prison 7,acts #ab3ab74 ,! intimacy ( ,pet] ) ,m>y's family mu/ h br\ght ab\t an e>ly acqua9tance betwe5 ! apo/le & ,m>k4 ,anci5t tradition uni=mly affirms a close relation betwe5 ,pet] & ,m>k1 repres5t+ ! latt] to h be5 ! disciple & int]pret] ( ! =m]4 ,see bel[4 ,papias 79 ,eusebius' ,hi/4 ,eccl4 #c4 #ci7 says1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,john ! ,presbyt]1 ,m>k be+ ,pet]'s int]pret]1 wrote d[n accurately z _m ?+s z he rememb]$2 n1 inde$1 z giv+ 9 ord] ! ?+s :i* 7 spok5 or done by ,*ri/4 ,= he 0 nei!r a he>] nor a foll[] ( ! ,"l1 b1 z ,i said1 ( ,pet]1 :o gave 8 in/ructions z occasion requir$1 b n z "o :o 0 compos+ an ord]ly acc\nt ( our ,"l's words4 ,m>k1 !re=e1 committ$ no error :5 he ?us wrote d[n c]ta9 ?+s z he rememb]$ !m4 ,= he 0 c>eful ( "o ?+1 to omit no?+ ( ! ?+s :i* he he>d & to make no false /atem5ts conc]n+ !m4 ,^! words ( ,papias are some:at loose & indef9ite4 ,b1 :5 fairly int]pret$1 !y seem to mean t z ,pet] taught accord+ to ! necessities ( ea* occasion1 n aim+ to give a full hi/ory ( our ,"l 9 *ronological ord]1 s ,m>k wrote n all ?+s p]ta9+ to our ,"l's life & m9i/ry1 b c]ta9 ?+s1 ^? namely t he _h le>n$ f ,pet]'s disc\rses1 )\t always obs]v+ ! /rict ord] ( "t4 ,we ne$ n press ! words 9 ord] & c]ta9 ?+s1 z if ,papias meant to say t ,m>k's gospel is only a loose collection ( fragm5ts4 ,x is a connect$ & self-consi/5t :ole2 b x does n pr(ess to give 9 all cases ! exact *ronological ord] ( ev5ts1 nor to be an exhau/ive acc\nt ( our ,savi\r's life & tea*+s4 ,eusebius has pres]v$ = u 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus on ! same po9t 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #e4 #h72 also ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f4ad72 & ( ,orig5 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f4 #be74 ,he also gives 8 own 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b4 #e74 ,we h besides ^!1 ! /atem5ts ( ,t]tullian 7,aga9/ ,m>cion1 #f4 #be72 & ,j]ome 7,epi/4 ad ,h$ib4 ,quae/41 #b74 ,all ^! witnesses1 ?\gh n consi/5t among !mselves 9 respect to sev]al m9or details1 yet agree 9 respect to ! two great facts1 7#a7 t ,m>k 0 ! companion ( ,pet] & _h a special relation to him1 7#b7 t he 0 ! au?or ( ! gospel :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,we add f ,mey] 7,introduction to ,comm5t>y on ,m>k7 ! foll[+ exposition ( ! ^w int]pret] z appli$ to ,m>k 9 8 relation to ,pet]3 ,no valid gr\nd ( d\bt c be alleg$ aga9/ x1 provid$ only we d n und]/& ! idea conta9$ 9 ! ^w int]pret] to mean t ,pet]1 n hav+ suffici5t ma/]y ( ! ,greek1 deliv]$ 8 disc\rses 9 ,aramaean1 & _h !m int]pret$ by ,m>k into ,greek2 b r t ! (fice ( a secret>y is indicat$1 :o wrote d[n ! oral communications ( 8 apo/le 7:e!r f dictation1 or 9 ! fre] ex]cise ( 8 own activity7 & s became 9 ! way ( writ+ 8 int]pret] to o!rs4 ,m>k's connection ) ! apo/le ,paul1 ?\gh int]rupt$ by ! incid5t record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7#ae3cg-ci71 0 aft]w>ds r5ew$ & he re/or$ to ! apo/le's confid5ce1 z is manife/ f ! way 9 :i* he notices him4 ,col4 #d3aj2 #b ,tim4 #d3aa4 ,if1 z is probable 7see bel[1 ,no4 #bb71 ,m>k wrote betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fj & #gj1 8 long intimacy ) ,pet] & ,paul qualifi$ him 9 a special mann] = 8 "w4 #bb4 ,anci5t tradition favors ! idea t ,m>k wrote 8 gospel 9 ,rome4 ,_h he writt5 9 ,egypt1 z ,*ryso/om ?9ks1 we c h>dly suppose t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria w\ld h be5 ignorant ( ! fact1 z 8 te/imony %[s t he 04 ,9 respect to date1 ! acc\nts ( ! anci5ts diff] s mu* among !mselves t x is difficult to arrive at any def9ite conclusion4 ,we may probably place x betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fd & #gj4 ,! language 9 :i* ,m>k wrote 0 ,greek4 ,?is is atte/$ by ! unit$ voice ( antiquity4 ,! subscriptions annex$ to "s manuscripts ( ! ,old ,syriac1 & t 9 ! ,philox5ian ,syriac v]sion1 to ! effect t ,m>k wrote 9 ,roman1 t is1 9 ,lat91 are ( no au?ority4 ,!y are ! conjectures ( ignorant m51 :o inf]r$ f ! fact t ,m>k wrote 9 ,rome t he mu/ h us$ ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,! /ory ( ! pret5d$ ,lat9 autograph ( ,m>k's gospel pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k at ,v5ice is n[ explod$4 ,! manuscript to :i* ?is high honor 0 assign$ is "p ( ! ,codex ,=ojuli5sis1 :i* gives ! text ( ! ,lat9 ,vulgate4 ,! text 0 edit$ by ,blan*9i 9 ! app5dix to 8 ,evangeli>ium ,quadruplex1 ,f\rfold ,gospel4 ,! gospel ( ,m>k hav+ be5 cut out & remov$ to ,v5ice 0 exalt$ to be ! autograph ( ,m>k4 ,see ,tregelles 9 ,horne1 vol4 #d1 *ap4 #bc4 ,! fact t ,m>k wrote out ( ,pale/9e & = ,g5tile read]s at once acc\nts = ! num]\s explanatory clauses by :i* 8 gospel is di/+ui%$ f t ( ,mat!w4 ,examples are3 *aps4 #g3c1 #d2 #ab3db2 #ac3c2 #ad3ab2 #ae3db2 & ! frequ5t int]pretations ( ,aramaean words3 #c3ag2 #e3da2 #g3aa1 #cd2 #aj3df2 #ad3cf2 #ae3cd4 #bc4 ,! op5+ words ( ,mat!w's gospel are3 ,! book ( ! g5]ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! son ( ,david1 ! son ( ,abraham1 by :i*1 z already rem>k$1 he indicates 8 purpose to %[ t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? is ! long promis$ ,messiah ( ,david's l9e1 & ! se$ ( ,abraham1 9 :om all nations are to be bless$4 ,m>k1 on ! contr>y1 pass+ by our ,"l's g5ealogy1 comm5ces ?us3 ,! beg9n+ ( ! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,he recognizes him1 inde$ z ! son ( ,david1 & ! promis$ ,messiah & k+ ( ,israel4 ,*aps4 #aj3dg1 #dh2 #aa3aj2 #ae3cb4 ,b1 writ+ among ,g5tiles & = ,g5tiles1 ! great fact :i* he is int5t on sett+ =? is ! p]son & "* ( ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god4 ,mat!w gives special att5tion to ! ,savi\r's disc\rses4 ,) ^! consid]ably m ?an a ?ird ( 8 gospel is occupi$4 ,m>k1 on ! contr>y1 devotes himself ma9ly to ! n>rative ( our ,"l's works4 ,) ?is is int]wov5 a multitude ( 8 say+s2 s9ce x 0 ! ,savi\r's cu/om to tea* 9 connection ) surr\nd+ incid5ts4 ,b if we comp>e ! set disc\rses ( our ,"l record$ by ,m>k ) ^? :i* ,mat!w gives1 !y w h>dly am\nt to a fif? "p 9 quantity4 ,betwe5 ! n>rative p>ts ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 on ! contr>y1 !re is n a v great disp>ity 9 respect to ! space occupi$ by ea*4 #bd4 ,?\gh ,m>k has b little matt] t is absolutely new1 he yet h&les 8 mat]ials 9 an orig9al & indep5d5t way1 weav+ into ! n>ratives :i* he gives 9 common ) "o or m ( ! o!r evangeli/s num]\s little incid5ts 9 ! mo/ natural & artless way4 ,8 *>act]i/ics z a hi/orian are graphic vividness ( description & circum/antiality ( detail4 ,if we except "s /rik+ passages ( ,john's gospel1 he br+s u ne>] to our ,"l's p]son & ! sc5es describ$ ?an ei!r ( ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,he br+s be=e u1 z 9 a picture1 n only our ,"l's words & works1 b 8 v looks & ge/ures4 ,x is he t records z has be5 (t5 notic$1 h[ ! ,savi\r look$ r\nd ab\t him ) ang] on ! unbeliev+ multitudes & on ,pet] 7*ap4 #c3e2 #h3cc72 ) complac5cy on 8 disciples 7*ap4 #c3cd2 #aj3bg72 & ) ! pi]c+ look ( inquiry 7*ap4 #e3cb72 h[ he look$ up to heav5 & sigh$ :5 he heal$ "o :o 0 deaf & dumb 7*ap4 #g3cd72 & h[ he sigh$ deeply 9 _s at ! p]v]s5ess ( ! ,ph>isees 7*ap4 #h3ab74 ,he sometimes gives u ! v words ( ! ,savi\r :5 he p]=m$ 8 mighty works--,tali?a cumi 7#e3da71 ,ephpha?a 7#g3cd74 ,8 n>ratives are rem>kable = br++ 9 little incid5ts :i* c h come f none b an eyewitness1 b :i* add wond]fully to ! naturalness z well z ! vividness ( 8 descriptions4 ,:5 ! /orm arises he is asleep on a pill[ 7*ap4 #d3ch72 ,jairus' daught] arises & walks1 = %e 0 ( ! age ( twelve ye>s 7*ap4 #e3db72 ! multitudes t are to be f$ sit d[n 9 ranks by hundr$s & by fifties 7*ap4 #f3dj71 etc4 ,z examples ( vivid description may be nam$ ! acc\nt ( ! demoniac 7*ap4 #e3b-bj71 & ! lunatic4 ,*ap4 #i3ad-bg4 ,x is n necess>y to assume t ,m>k 0 himself a disciple ( our ,"l4 ,if1 z anci5t tradition ass]ts1 he 0 ! disciple & int]pret] ( ,pet] he c\ld receive f 8 lips ^? circum/antial details ) :i* 8 n>rative ab\nds4 #be4 ,! clos+ passage ( ?is gospel1 *ap4 #af3i-bj1 is want+ 9 a numb] ( important manuscripts1 among :i* are ! ,vatican & ,s9aitic4 ,! same 0 ! case also 9 ! days ( ,eusebius & ,j]ome4 ,b x 0 kn[n to ,ir5aeus1 & quot$ by him & _m o!rs aft] him4 ,! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! critical comm5t>ies & introductions = ! discussion ( ! difficult que/ions conc]n+ x4 ,tregelles1 :o1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! pr9t$ text has giv5 a full /atem5t ( ! case1 ?us expresses 8 judgm5t 79 ,horne1 vol4 #d1 p4 #dcf73 ,x is p]fectly c]ta9 t f ! second c5tury & onw>d1 ^! v]ses h be5 kn[n z "p ( ?is gospel 7:oev] 0 _! au?or74 ,he ?9ks t ! book ( ,m>k himself ext5ds no f>!r ?an '= !y 7 afraid1' *ap4 #af3h2 b t ! rema9+ twelve v]ses1 by :omsoev] writt51 h a full claim to be receiv$ z an au!ntic "p ( ! second gospel1 & t ! full reception ( e>ly te/imony on ?is "q does n 9 ! lea/ involve _! rejection z n be+ a "p ( canonical ,scripture4 ,,iv4 ,,luke4 #bf4 ,! unanim\s voice ( antiquity ascribes ! ?ird gospel ) ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les to ,luke4 ,he fir/ appe>s z ! travell+ companion ( ,paul :5 he leaves ,troas = ,mac$onia 7,acts #af3aj72 = ! use ( ! fir/ p]son plural--we endeavor$1 ! ,"l _h call$ u1 we came1 etc4--:i* occurs f t po9t ( ,paul's hi/ory & onw>d1 ) c]ta9 int]ruptions1 ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 admits ( no o!r natural & reasonable explanation4 ,!re is good reason to believe t he is id5tical ) ,luke1 ! belov$ physician1 :o 0 ) ,paul :5 a prison] at ,rome4 ,col4 #d3ad2 ,philemon #bd2 #b ,tim4 #d3aa4 ,f ! fir/ ( ^! passages x has be5 inf]r$ t he 0 n a ,jew by bir?1 s9ce he is app>5tly di/+ui%$ f ^? :o are ( ! circumcision1 v4 #aa4 ,tradition repres5ts him to h be5 by bir? a ,syrian ( ,antio* 7,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #d2 ,j]ome1 ,preface to ,matt41 & else:]e71 & a ,jewi% proselyte 7,j]ome1 ,que/4 on ,g541 *ap4 #df72 & x adds v>i\s o!r leg5ds :i* are n wor? repeat+4 #bg4 ,! evangeli/ himself1 9 8 d$icatory address to ,!ophilus 7*ap4 #a3a-d71 gives u cle> & def9ite in=mation respect+ ! s\rces ( 8 gospel4 ,he does n pr(ess to h be5 himself an eye-witness1 b has drawn 8 in=mation f ^? :o f ! beg9n+ 7 eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w4 ,8 inve/igations h be5 accurate & ?or\gh3 hav+ accurately trac$ out all ?+s f ! beg9n+ 7z ! orig9al words mean71 he writes to ,!ophilus 9 ord]2 t is1 9 an ord]ly & connect$ way4 ,he proposes to give n "s loose fragm5ts1 b a connect$ n>rative2 al?\gh1 z we h se5 above 7,no4 #aj71 8 ord] is n always t ( /rict *ronological sequ5ce4 ,f ! long & intimate connection ( ,luke ) ,paul x is reasonable to suppose t ! latt] mu/ h ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! composition ( ?is gospel4 ,luke1 h[ev]1 did n draw ! mat]ials ( 8 n>rative f ,paul 7at lea/ n pr9cipally71 b1 z he expressly /ates1 f ^? :o f ! beg9n+ 7 eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w4 ,he did n write f ,paul's dictation1 b 9 a free & indep5d5t way2 ?\gh !re is no reasonable gr\nd = d\bt+ t x 0 ) ,paul's k & approbation4 ,! eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w are ^? :o 7#a7 7 f ! beg9n+ eye-witnesses ( our ,"l's public m9i/ry2 7#b7 7 intru/$ ) ! "w ( prea*+ ! ^w2 t is1 ! apo/les & su* ( _! associates z _h compani$ ) !m all ! "t t ! ,"l ,jesus w5t 9 & out among !m4 ,acts #a3ba4 ,! words ( ,luke mu/ n be /ra9$2 = he records "s incid5ts ( our ,"l's hi/ory be=e 8 public appe>ance :i* c\ld h be5 le>n$ only f ,m>y & h] circle4 ,! rem>kable agreem5t betwe5 ,luke's acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 7,luke #bb3i1 #bj71 & ,paul's 7#a ,cor4 #aa3bh-be7 has (t5 be5 notic$4 ,x is mo/ naturally expla9$ by ! supposition t ,luke record$ ! transaction 9 ! =m 9 :i* he _h (t5 he>d x f ! lips ( ,paul4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! "* ( ?is gospel :i* c w>rant ! supposition t ! apo/le ex]cis$ a =mal sup]vision ov] its composition4 ,su* a proc$ure w\ld be contr>y to ! _s ( ! apo/olic age4 ,! apo/le himself wrote by an amanu5sis4 ,b :5 "o ( 8 associates 9 ! m9i/ry wrote1 9 :om he _h full confid5ce1 he left him to ! free ex]cise ( 8 judgm5t "u ! illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 #bh4 ,9 respect to ! date ( ?is gospel1 if we assume t ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7 writt5 at ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc-fe 7,*ap4 #e1 ,no4 #e71 x is reasonable to suppose t ! gospel1 :i* is d$icat$ to ! same p]sonage1 0 compos$ n v long be=e1 p]haps ev5 dur+ ! two ye>s ( ,paul's imprisonm5t at ,rome1 9 :i* case ,rome w\ld also be ! place ( its composition4 ,:e!r ,luke wrote be=e or aft] ,m>k is a "q t has be5 diff]5tly answ]$1 & _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! pro( t all ?ree ( ! fir/ evangeli/s wrote be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem has be5 already giv54 ,*ap4 #c1 ,no4 #ad4 #bi4 ,?\gh ,luke d$icates 8 gospel to ,!ophilus 7*ap1 #a3a-d71 x is n to be suppos$ t x 0 writt5 = 8 use alone4 ,he _h a m g5]al end 9 view1 & t is indicat$ by ! =m ( our ,"l's g5ealogy z giv5 by him4 ,:ile ,mat!w traces ! ,savi\r's l9eage ?r\gh ,david to ,abraham1 9 con=mity ) 8 design to %[ t he is ! promis$ se$ ( ,abraham & k+ ( ,israel1 ,luke traces x back ?r\gh ,david & ,abraham to ,adam ! son ( ,god4 ,he id5tifies ,jesus ( ,naz>e? n ) ! ,messiah alone ( ,abraham's & ,david's l9e1 b ) man z man4 ,he is ! second ,adam1 & z su* ! ,savi\r ( ! race4 ,?is univ]sal aspect ( ! gospel1 z a gospel n = "o nation b = all mank9d1 %9es =? inde$ 9 all ! gospels1 b x appe>s ) wond]ful sweetness & p[] 9 "s ( ! p>ables :i* are peculi> to ,luke1 z ^? ( ! good ,sam>itan 7*ap4 #aj3cj-cg71 ! lo/ %eep 7*ap4 #ae3c-g71 ! lo/ pieces ( silv] 7*ap4 #ae3h-aj71 ! prodigal son 7*ap4 #ae3aa-cb72 9 all :i* ,jesus is set =? z ! ,savi\r ( suff]+ humanity4 #cj4 ,z x respects ! "* & plan ( ,luke's gospel1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s are to be notic$4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( matt] betwe5 ! n>ration ( ev5ts & ! recital ( our ,"l's disc\rses x holds a position betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second gospel2 be+ less full 9 ! latt] respect ?an ,mat!w1 b f> m full ?an ,m>k4 ,9 ! n>rative "p !re is an easy & graceful /yle :i* *>ms e read]4 ,9 ! introduction ( m9ute incid5ts he goes beyond ,mat!w1 ?\gh he has n ! circum/antial exactness ( ,m>k4 ,! agreem5t ( ,luke's gospel ) ! two prec$+ 9 its g5]al plan is recogniz$ at once by e read]4 ,l !m x is ma9ly occupi$ ) our ,"l's ,galilean m9i/ry4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,savi\r's infancy he is m full ?an ,mat!w1 ! matt] ( ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s be+ 9 a great measure peculi> to him4 ,he omits a long s]ies ( ev5ts record$ by ! fir/ two evangeli/s4 ,matt4 #ad3bb-af3ab2 ,m>k #f3de-h3bf4 ,on ! o!r h& he introduces 7*ap4 #i3dc-ah3cj7 a rem>kable s]ies ( acts & disc\rses :i* are gr\p$ toge!r 9 connection ) ! la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem4 ,"s ( ! incid5ts occur 9 diff]5t connections 9 ! o!r evangeli/s2 & ! :ole section proves1 by ! abs5ce ( hi/orical data & ! unity ( its g5]al import1 t a moral & n a temporal sequ5ce is ! law ( ! gospels4 ,we/cott1 ,introduct4 to ,gospel1 *ap4 #g4 ,v mu* ( ! matt] 9 ?is rem>kable section is peculi> to ,luke1 & conta9s passages ( wond]ful beauty & sweetness :i* w\ld h be5 lo/ to ! *ur* b = ! record ( ?is gospel4 ,among ^! are ! mission ( ! sev5ty1 sev]al miracles1 "s /rik+ lessons ( in/ruction f pass+ incid5ts1 & no less ?an twelve p>ables3 ! good ,sam>itan1 ! un=tunate fri5d1 ! unclean _s1 ! ri* fool1 ! b>r5 fig-tree1 ! lo/ %eep1 ! lo/ pieces ( silv]1 ! prodigal son1 ! unfai?ful /ew>d1 ! ri* man & ,laz>us1 ! unju/ judge1 ! ,ph>isee & publican4 ,:ile ! att5tive read] p]ceives ! v ne> relation%ip ( ! ?ird gospel to ! fir/ & second1 he notices also ! fact t x diff]s f bo? ( !m m ?an !y d f ea* o!r4 ,if ! total cont5ts ( ! sev]al gospels be repres5t$ by #ajj1 ! foll[+ table is obta9$3 ,peculi>ities4 ,concordances4 ,/4 ,m>k14444444444444444444444444#g44444444 4444444444444444ic ,/4 ,mat!w1444444444444444444444#db444444444 444444444444444eh ,/4 ,luke1444444444444444444444444#ei4444444 44444444444444444da ,/4 ,john1444444444444444444444444#ib4444444 444444444444444444h ,f ?is x appe>s t ! sev]al gospels be> almo/ exactly an inv]se relation to "o ano!r1 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,john occupy+ ! extreme positions1 ! proportion ( orig9al passages 9 "o balanc+ ! co9cid5t passages 9 ! o!r4 ,if aga9 ! ext5t ( all ! co9cid5ces be repres5t$ by #ajj1 _! proportionate di/ribution w be3 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,luke1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ec ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,luke1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aa ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bj ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,luke1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #f ,we/cott1 aft] ,/r\d & ,norton4 ,( absolutely new matt] 9 ,m>k a /rik+ example is ! beautiful p>able1 *ap4 #d3bf-bi4 ,! two miracles peculi> to him 7*ap4 #g3ca-cg2 #h3bb-bf7 are bo? ( a v /rik+ "*1 & relat$ ) circum/antial m9ut5ess ( detail4 ,:]e 8 n>ratives co9cide ) ^? ( ! o!r evangeli/s1 !y are *>act]iz$ by ! addition ( details1 :i*1 z already rem>k$1 add mu* to ! viv$ness & graphic p[] ( 8 descriptions4 #ca4 ,! integrity ( ! ?ird gospel has be5 rec5tly assail$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! way ( attempt+ to %[ t ! gospel ( ,luke1 z we n[ h x1 is corrupt$ by int]polations1 & t ,m>cion _h x 9 its true =m4 ,see ,*ap4 #b1 ,no4 #ab4 ,b ! result ( a volum9\s discussion is t ,m>cion's gospel is n[ ackn[l$g$ to h be5 a mutilat$ =m ( ! canonical gospel1 9 accordance ) ! te/imony ( ! anci5t fa!rs4 ,on ! relation to ea* o!r ( ! two g5ealogies ( our ,"l giv5 by ,mat!w & ,luke respectively1 & ! diff]5t modes ( br++ !m into h>mony ) ea* o!r1 _m volumes h be5 writt54 ,two diff]5t pr9ciples ( int]pretation are propos$4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ! g5ealogies ( bo? ,mat!w & ,luke are ^? ( ,joseph1 ! legal fa!r ( ,jesus1 & ! only "o t c\ld be kn[n 9 ?is relation 9 ! public regi/]s4 ,! second view is t ,mat!w gives ! g5ealogy ( ,joseph1 & ,luke t ( ,m>y1 ,joseph be+ call$ ! son ( ,heli1 9 ! s5se ( son-9-law2 & be+ p]haps also legal heir to ,heli ?r\gh ,m>y 9 ! abs5ce ( bro!rs4 ,! read] w f9d /atem5ts ( ^! two views1 ! =m] 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diet41 ! latt] 9 ,alex&]'s ,kitto1 ,art4 ,g5ealogy ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 also 9 ! comm5t>ies g5]ally4 ,we only add t ?\gh we may n be able to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty :at is ! true solution ( ! difficulty1 no "o c %[ t su* a solution is impossible4 ,! rev]5t believ] w quietly wait = m light1 if x %all please ,god to give x2 o!rwise he w be cont5t to rema9 )\t x4 ,v4 ,,john4 #cb4 ,?\gh ! writ] ( ! f\r? gospel ev]y:]e refra9s f m5tion+ 8 own "n1 he cle>ly indicates himself z ! bosom disciple4 ,:5 he speaks ( two disciples t foll[$ ,jesus1 aft]w>ds add+ t "o ( ! two 0 ,&rew1 ,simon ,pet]'s bro!r 7*ap4 #a3cg1 #dj72 ( "o ( 8 disciples1 :om ,jesus lov$ 7*ap4 #ac3bc2 #ba3g1 #bj72 & ( ano!r disciple 9 company ) ,simon ,pet] 7*ap4 #ah3ae1 #af2 #bj3b-h71 ! only natural explanation ( ^! circumlocutions is t he ref]s to himself4 ,ev5 if we suppose1 ) "s1 t ! two clos+ v]ses ( *apt] #ba 7! =m] ( :i* ascribes ?is gospel directly to ,john7 are a subscription by ano!r h&1 _! au!nticity is unque/ionable1 su/a9$ z x is by ! uni=m te/imony ( antiquity1 & by ! int]nal "* ( ! gospel4 #cc4 ,! ,scriptural notices ( ,john are few & simple4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 a fi%]man ( ,be?saida on ! ,we/]n %ore ( ! sea ( ,galilee n f> f ,cap]naum4 ,matt4 #d3ba2 ,m>k #a3ai1 #bj2 ,luke #e3aj1 #aa4 ,8 "m's "n 0 ,salome4 ,matt4 #bg3ef comp>$ ) ,m>k #ae3dj4 ,8 p>5ts seem to h be5 possess$ ( "s prop]ty1 s9ce ,zeb$ee _h hir$ s]vants 7,m>k #a3bj71 & ,salome 0 "o ( ! wom5 :o foll[$ ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 & m9i/]$ to him4 ,m>k #ae3dj1 #da4 ,f ! ord] 9 :i* he & 8 bro!r ,james are m5tion$--,james & ,john1 except ,luke #i3bh--;he is ?\ght to h be5 ! y\ng] ( ! two4 ,e>ly 9 our ,"l's m9i/ry he 0 call$ to be "o ( 8 foll[]s2 0 "o ( ! ?ree :o 7 admitt$ to special intimacy ) him1 !y alone be+ p]mitt$ to witness ! rais+ ( ,jairus' daught]1 ! transfiguration1 & ! agony ( ,ge?semane 7,matt #ag3a2 #bf3cg2 ,m>k #e3cg2 #i3b2 #ad3cc2 ,luke #h3ea2 #i3bh72 & ( ! ?ree 01 ?\gh n fir/ 9 place1 fir/ 9 ! ,"l's love & confid5ce--! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 & to ^: t5d] c>e he committ$ 8 "m z he 0 ab\t to expire on ! cross4 ,by 8 natural end[m5ts1 z well z by 8 lov+ & confid5tial int]c\rse ) ! ,savi\r1 he 0 prep>$ to receive & aft]w>ds to publi% to ! _w1 ^? deep & spiritual views ( ,*ri/'s p]son & (fice :i* s rem>kably *>act]ize 8 gospel4 ,s f> z we h any notices ( ,john 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & epi/les ( ,paul1 8 resid5ce aft] our ,"l's asc5sion 0 at ,j]usalem4 ,b1 accord+ to ! unanim\s te/imony ( antiquity1 he sp5t ! latt] "p ( 8 life 9 ,ephesus1 :]e he di$ at a v advanc$ age1 n f> f ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! subject ( 8 bani%m5t to ! isle ( ,patmos w come up 9 connection ) ! ,apocalypse4 ,!re is a mass ( traditions respect+ ! latt] ye>s ( ?is apo/le1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 ( a v unc]ta9 "*4 ,among ! m /rik+ ( ^! are3 8 be+ tak5 to ,rome dur+ ! p]secution "u ,domitian1 & !re ?r[n into a caldron ( boil+ oil1 :5ce he escap$ unhurt2 8 refusal to rema9 "u ! same ro( ) ! h]etic ,c]9?us1 le/ x %\ld fall ^u him & cru% him2 8 successful j\rney on horseback into ! mid/ ( a b& ( robb]s to reclaim a fall5 memb] ( ! *ur* :o _h become _! lead]2 & especially1 t dur+ ! la/ days ( 8 life1 he 0 cu/om>ily c>ri$ into ! assembly ( ! *ur*1 :]e he simply repeat$ ! words3 ,little *ildr51 love "o ano!r4 #cd4 ,! argum5ts = ! late composition ( ?is gospel--aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem--h already be5 giv54 ,*ap4 #b1 ,no4 #ad4 ,if we say betwe5 ,a4,d4 #gj & #ajj1 x w be z ne> an approximation to ! "t z we c make4 ,! place1 accord+ to ,ir5aeus 79 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 #e4 #h7 0 ,ephesus1 ) :i* /atem5t all t we "k ( 8 lat] life is 9 h>mony4 #ce4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( our ,"l's m9i/ry ,john 01 z we h se51 admitt$ to 8 intimate companion%ip & fri5d%ip4 ,he 0 n !re=e1 dep5d5t on tradition4 ,8 gospel is ! te/imony ( :at he _h himself se5 & he>d4 ,yet x cov]s only a "p ( ! ,savi\r's m9i/ry2 & ! "q rema9s :y1 ) ! exception ( ! clos+ sc5es ( our ,"l's life on e>?1 t "p %\ld be to s rem>kable an ext5t precisely :at ! e>li] evangeli/s h omitt$4 ,9 answ] to ?is "q x might be said t ^? actions & disc\rses ( our ,"l :i* ,john select$ mo/ cle>ly exhibit 8 p]son & (fice z ! son ( ,god2 & t ^! 7 especially1 7#a7 8 enc\nt]s ) ! ,jewi% rul]s at ,j]usalem1 7#b7 8 private confid5tial int]c\rse ) 8 disciples4 ,:atev] weight we may all[ to ?is consid]ation1 x _c be reg>d$ z a full explanation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,john & ! o!r evangeli/s 9 ! selection ( mat]ials4 ,) ! exception ( ! miracle ( ! loaves & fi%es & ! incid5ts connect$ ) x 7*ap4 #f3a-ba7 8 notices ( our ,"l's m9i/ry 9 ,galilee relate almo/ entirely to incid5ts & disc\rses omitt$ by ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,x is altoge!r probable t1 al?\gh ,john did n write 8 gospel simply z supplem5t>y to ! e>li] gospels1 he yet _h ref]5ce to !m 9 ! selection ( 8 mat]ials4 ,8 own /atem5t3 ,_m o!r signs truly did ,jesus 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 disciples1 :i* are n writt5 9 ?is book4 ,b ^! are writt51 t ye might believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 & t believ+ ye might h life ?r\gh 8 "n 7*ap4 #bj3cj1 #ca71 is n inconsi/5t ) su* a supposition4 ,! _m o!r signs he may h omitt$1 9 "p at lea/1 because he judg$ t a suffici5t acc\nt ( !m _h be5 giv5 by ! e>li] evangeli/s1 ( ^: writ+s1 :5 we consid] ! "t t 9 all probability int]v5$ betwe5 _! composition & t ( 8 gospel1 we _c suppose him to h be5 ignorant4 ,su* a ref]5ce to ^! writ+s does n 9 any way exclude ! g5]al design :i* he _h1 9 common ) ! e>li] evangeli/s1 to %[ t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ?r\gh fai? 9 ^: "n et]nal life is receiv$4 ,anci5t tradition repres5ts1 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 t ,john int5d$ to complete ! evangelical hi/ory1 z giv5 by ! o!r evangeli/s1 9 ! way ( furni%+ additional ev5ts & disc\rses omitt$ by !m4 ,! citations may be se5 9 ,davidson's ,introduct4 to ,new ,te/41 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cbj-bb4 ,?\gh ! /atem5ts ( ! fa!rs on ?is po9t _c be accept$ )\t qualification1 !re is no valid gr\nd = d5y+ ! g5]al ref]5ce above assum$4 #cf4 ,9 writ+ 8 gospel ,john _h n a polemical1 b a g5]al end 9 view4 ,x 0 n 8 imm$iate aim to refute ! errors & h]esies ( 8 day2 b1 z he tells u1 to %[ t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 9 ord] t m51 ?r\gh fai? 9 8 "n1 may h et]nal life4 ,yet1 l e wise & practical writ]1 he mu/ h _h reg>d to ! /ate ( ! *ur*es 9 8 day & ! =ms ( error by :i* !y 7 assail$4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! apo/olic age ! se$s ( ^? h]esies :i* 9 ! foll[+ c5tury yield$ su* a rank & poison\s h>ve/1 _h already begun to be s[n4 ,l all ! h]esies :i* h tr\bl$ ! ,*ri/ian *ur* to ! pres5t day1 !y consi/$ ess5tially 9 false views respect+ our ,savi\r's p]son & (fice4 ,! belov$ disciple :o foll[$ ,jesus ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 m9i/ry & lean$ on 8 bosom at ! la/ supp]1 has giv5 u an au!ntic record ( ! ,r$eem]'s words & works1 9 :i*1 z 9 a bright unt>ni%$ mirror1 we see bo? ! div9e dignity ( 8 p]son & ! true nature ( 8 (fice z ! ,r$eem] ( ! _w4 ,su* a record 0 especially adapt$ to refute ! errors ( 8 day1 z x is ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,x is preem95tly ! gospel ( our ,"l's p]son4 ,x op5s ) an acc\nt ( 8 div9e nature & et]nal coexi/5ce ) ! ,fa!r2 8 g5]al (fice z ! creator ( all ?+s1 & ! s\rce ( light & life to all m5 & 8 special (fice z ! ^w made fle%1 :om ! ,fa!r s5t = ! salvation ( ! _w1 & by :om alone ! ,fa!r is reveal$ to m54 ,equality ) ! ,fa!r 9 nature1 subord9ation to ! ,fa!r 9 (fice1 union ) human nature 9 ! "w ( r$eem+ & judg+ m51 & 9 all ^! p]fect union ) ! ,fa!r 9 c\nsel & w--su* are ! great doctr9es t run ?r\gh our ,"l's discussions ) ! unbeliev+ ,jews1 z record$ by ?is evangeli/4 ,9 ! same discussions1 b m especially 9 8 private confid5tial int]c\rse ) 8 disciples1 he adds deep views ( 8 relation to ! _w1 z ! only reveal] ( ,god's tru?1 ! only s\rce ( spiritual life1 & ! only way ( access to ! ,fa!r2 & to believ]s1 z ! true v9e1 ?r\gh vital union ) :i* !y h life1 n\ri%m5t1 & fruitfulness4 ,he unfolds also m fully ?an ! o!r evangeli/s ! (fice ( ! ,com=t]1 :om ! ,fa!r %all s5d to make good to ! *ur* ! loss ( 8 p]sonal pres5ce4 ,?us ! gospel ( ,john becomes at once an inexhau/ible /oreh\se ( spiritual food = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! believ]'s own s\l1 & a div9e armory1 :5ce he may draw poli%$ %afts 9 8 w>f>e aga9/ error4 ,?is la/ record ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s owes its pres5t =m1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 p>tly to ! peculi> "* ( ! writ]1 & p>tly to ! lat5ess ( ! p]iod :5 x 0 compos$4 ,9 bo? ^! respects we ought dev\tly to recognize ! sup]9t5d+ provid5ce ( him :o sees ! end f ! beg9n+4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les4 #cg4 ,! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is id5tical ) t ( ! ?ird gospel1 z we le>n f ! d$ication to ! same ,!ophilus4 ,*ap4 #a3a4 ,bo? are ascrib$ to ,luke by ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! anci5t *ur*4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is book1 its cr$ibility1 & ! "t ( its composition--ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc-fe--;h be5 already %[n4 ,*ap4 #e1 ,nos4 #b-e4 ,x rema9s to consid] its plan & its (fice 9 ! sy/em ( revelation4 #ch4 ,9 respect to plan ?is book naturally falls into two ma9 divisions1 ! =m] embrac+ ! fir/ twelve *apt]s1 ! latt] ! rema9d] ( ! "w4 ,! fir/ division conta9s ! hi/ory ( ! apo/olic labors aft] ! asc5sion1 9 ,j]usalem & f ,j]usalem z a c5tre4 ,"h1 if we except ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! m>tyrdom ( ,/eph5 7*s4 #f1 #g71 ! conv]sion ( ,saul 7*ap4 #i3a-ca71 & ! ,e?iopian eunu* 7*ap4 #h3bf-dj71 ,pet] ev]y:]e appe>s z ! *ief speak] & actor1 be+ fir/ among ! twelve1 ?\gh possess+ no (ficial au?ority ov] !m4 ,x is he t proposes ! *oice ( "o to supply ! place ( ,judas1 & t is ! =emo/ speak] on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 at ! gate ( ! temple1 be=e ! ,jewi% ,sanh$rim1 & 9 ! assembly ( ! *ur*4 ,*aps4 #a3ae-bb2 #b3ad-dj2 #c3d-bf2 #d3h-ab2 #e3c-aa1 #bi-cb4 ,associat$ ) him we (t5 f9d ! apo/le ,john4 ,*aps4 #c3a2 #d3ac1 #ai2 #h3ad4 ,:5 ! ,sam>itans are to receive ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,pet] & ,john are s5t to !m f ,j]usalem4 ,*ap4 #h3ad-be4 ,:5 ! gospel is to be c>ri$ = ! fir/ "t to ! ,g5tiles1 ,pet] is s5t by ! ,holy ,gho/ to ! h\se ( ,cornelius 9 ,ces>ea 7*ap4 #aj71 = :i* mission he aft]w>ds v9dicates himself be=e ! bre?r5 at ,j]usalem4 ,*ap4 #aa3a-ah4 ,fur!r notices ( ,pet] we h 9 *aps4 #i3cb-dc2 #ab3c-ai4 ,we "k t ! o!r apo/les mu/ h be5 actively & successfully employ$ 9 pray] & ! m9i/ry ( ! ^w 7*ap4 #f3d71 b x does n come )9 ! plan ( ?is n>rative to give a p>ticul> acc\nt ( _! labors4 ,! second division is occupi$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,paul's mission>y labors among ! ,g5tiles1 f ,antio* z a c5tre4 ,he _h already be5 s5t f t city ) ,b>nabas to c>ry alms to ! bre?r5 9 ,j]usalem & ,judea 7*aps4 #aa3bg-cj2 #ab3be71 :5 ! ,holy ,gho/ said1 ,sep>ate me ,b>nabas & ,saul = ! "w :]eunto ,i h call$ !m2 & !y 7 s5t1 ) fa/+ & pray] & ! solemn lay+ on ( h&s1 on _! great mission to ! ,g5tiles4 ,*ap4 #ac3a-c4 ,!nce=w>d ! n>rative is occupi$ ) an acc\nt ( ! labors ( ,paul among ! ,g5tiles4 ,! fifte5? *apt] is no exception2 = ! convocation ( ! apo/les & eld]s at ,j]usalem 0 occasion$ by ! mission>y labors ( ,paul1 & _h especial ref]5ce to !m4 ,two cities are m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* h ! "n ( ,antio*--,antio* ( ,pisidia s-call$1 ?\gh situat$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,phrygia ne> ! bord] ( ,pisidia 7,acts #ac3ad2 #ad3ai1 #ba2 #b ,tim4 #c3aa72 & ,antio* ( ,syria1 situat$ on ! s\!rn bank ( ! ,orontes ab\t fifte5 miles f its m\?4 ,acts #aa3ai-bg2 #ac3a2 #ad3bf2 #ae3bb-ce2 #ah3bb2 ,gal4 #b3aa4 ,! latt] city 0 ! c5tre ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ! metropolis ( ,syria1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,syrian k+s1 & aft]w>ds ! capital ( ! ,roman prov9ces 9 ,asia4 ,"h ! fir/ ,g5tile *ur* 0 ga!r$1 & ! disciples fir/ receiv$ ! "n ( ,*ri/ians4 ,acts #aa3ai-bf4 ,h5ce ,b>nabas & ,saul 7 s5t to ,j]usalem to be> alms 7,acts #aa3bi1 #cj2 #ab3be72 & aft]w>ds to consult ! apo/les & eld]s at ,j]usalem on ! "q ( impos+ ! ,mosaic law on ! ,g5tile conv]ts4 ,f ?is city also ! apo/le />t$ on 8 ?ree mission>y j\rneys1 & to x he return$ f 8 fir/ & second j\rney4 ,acts #ac3a-c2 #ad3bf2 #ae3cf1 #dj2 #ah3bb1 #bc4 ,f ! "t t ,b>nabas fir/ br\ght ! apo/le to ,antio* 7,acts #aa3bf7 to t ( 8 seizure at ,j]usalem & subsequ5t imprisonm5t1 mo/ ( 8 "t n occupi$ 9 mission>y j\rneys 0 sp5t at ,antio*4 ,acts #aa3bf2 #ab3be2 #ad3bf-bh2 #ae3cj1 #ce2 #ah3bb1 #bc4 ,z ,j]usalem 0 ! c5tre = ! apo/les ( ! circumcision1 s 0 ,antio* 9 ,syria = ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 #ci4 ,?is brief survey ( ! plan ( ?is book gives u also an insight into its (fice4 ,fir/ ( all x gives u a fre% & vivid portraiture ( ! apo/olic labors & ! _s ( ! apo/olic *ur*1 z p]vad$ & quick5$ by ! pres5ce ( ! promis$ ,com=t]4 ,on ! side ( ! apo/les1 we see a boldness & ardor t no p]secution c *eck1 unit$ ) simplicity & godly s9c]ity4 ,on ! side ( ! bre?r51 we see a :ole-he>t$ devotion to ! ,savi\r1 "u ! mighty impulse ( fai? & love1 :i* op5s _! he>ts 9 lib]ality & causes !m to h all ?+s 9 common4 ,on ! side ( bo? ! apo/les & ! bre?r51 we see untir+ activity & pati5t endurance 9 ! ,ma/]'s s]vice1 su* z make ! primitive *ur* a bright illu/ration ( ! promise3 ,?\ %alt be l a wat]$ g>d51 & l a spr+ ( wat]1 ^: wat]s fail n4 ,& !y t be ( !e %all build ! old wa/e places4 ,isa4 #eh3aa1ab4 ,on ! side ( ! unbeliev+ ,jews & ,g5tiles1 on ! contr>y1 we behold1 z ev] s9ce1 a s]ies ( unsuccessful ef=ts to h9d] ! "w ( ,god2 ! v r+lead] ( ! p]secutors be+ call$1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 heat & fury aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 to be ! r+lead] ( ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es4 ,su* an au!ntic record ( apo/olic times is ( imm5se value to ! *ur* 9 all ages4 ,x gives ! true /&>d ( enlight5$ ,*ri/ian zeal & activity1 & ! true exhibition ( :at con/itutes ! real /r5g? & prosp]ity ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les give also a cursory view ( ! inauguration ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 by ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 8 pl5>y influ5ces 7*ap4 #b71 by ! appo9tm5t ( deacons 7*ap4 #f71 & ! ord9ation ( eld]s1 ?\gh ^! la/ are only m5tion$ incid5tally 7*aps4 #ad3bc2 #bj3ag71 ! (fice be+ und]/ood ( itself f ! usages ( ! ,jewi% ,synagogue4 ,! scant9ess ( ! in=mation :i* we h on ?is matt] ( *ur* organization is a "p ( ! wisdom ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & is full ( in/ruction to ! *ur* 9 all ages4 ,once m1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les give a mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! middle wall ( p>tition betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles 0 gradually brok5 d[n4 ,! full import ( ! ,savi\r's la/ comm&3 ,g ye into all ! _w1 & prea* ! gospel to e creature1 seems to h be5 at fir/ b dimly appreh5d$ by ! apo/les4 ,= "s "t _! labors 7 re/rict$ to _! own c\ntrym54 ,b :51 ^u ! disp]sion ( ! disciples 9 ! p]secution t arose 9 connection ) ,/eph5's m>tyrdom1 ! gospel _h be5 prea*$ to ! ,sam>itans1 ! apo/les ,pet] & ,john 7 s5t to !m1 & !y 9 common ) ! ,jews receiv$ ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,*ap4 #h3e-be4 ,?is 0 an int]m$iate /ep4 ,aft]w>ds ,pet] 0 s5t among ! ,g5tiles prop]1 & !y also receiv$ ! ,holy ,_s1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! ,jewi% bre?r5 :o _h accompani$ ,pet]4 ,*ap4 #aj4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ also at ,antio* 7*ap4 #aa3bj71 :]e ! true read+ is ,hell5as1 ,greeks1 t is1 ,g5tiles1 n ,hell5i/as1 ,hell5i/s4 ,b ! "w 0 n yet f9i%$4 ,x rema9$ t ! believ+ ,g5tiles %\ld be1 by ! solemn & =mal judgm5t ( ! assembl$ apo/les & eld]s1 releas$ f ! yoke ( ! ,jewi% law4 ,( ?is we h an acc\nt 9 ! fifte5? *apt]4 ,?us 0 ! demolition ( ! middle wall ( p>tition complet$4 ,( ! greatness ( ?is "w & ! =midable difficulties by :i* x 0 beset--difficulties hav+ _! gr\nd 9 ! exclusive _s ( ,judaism 9 connection ) ! false idea t ! ,mosaic law 0 to rema9 9 =ce "u ! ,messiah's reign--we :o live s _m c5turies aft] its accompli%m5t c =m b a feeble conception4 #dj4 ,brief & imp]fect z is ! sket* :i* ,luke has giv5 u1 x is suffici5t = ! in/ruction ( ! *ur*es 9 subsequ5t ages4 ,god deals ) !m n z ) *ildr51 to :om ! comm&1 ,t\* n1 ta/e n1 h&le n1 mu/ cont9ually be repeat$2 b z ) full-gr[n m51 :o ne$ g5]al pr9ciples r ?an specific & m9ute directions4 ,! facts record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les are ( a repres5tative "*4 ,!y embody ! _s ( apo/olic times1 & ! great pr9ciples ^u :i* ! cause ( ,*ri/ mu/ ev] be conduct$4 ,full] in=mation 9 respect to details might gratify our curiosity1 b x is n necess>y = our edification4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,paul4 #a4 ,! apo/olic epi/les are a natural sequ5ce ( ! (fice & "w committ$ by ! ,savi\r to ! apo/les4 ,!y 7 ! primitive prea*]s ( ! gospel1 &1 "u ,*ri/1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,f ! necessity ( ! case !y _h a g5]al sup]vision ( all ! local *ur*es1 & _! au?ority 9 !m 0 supreme 9 matt]s ( bo? fai? & practice4 ,x 0 to be expect$1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld tea* by writ+1 z well z by oral in/ruction4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t epi/ol>y correspond5ce ent]$ orig9ally into _! plan ( labor4 ,_! great ,ma/] taught by ^w ( m\? only1 & !y foll[$ 8 example4 ,we1 said ! twelve1 w give ourselves cont9ually to pray]1 & to ! m9i/ry ( ! ^w4 ,acts #f3d4 ,x 0 only :5 circum/ances made x necess>y1 t "s ( !m took up ! p5 to write to ! *ur*es4 ,pass+ by = ! pres5t ! disput$ "q ( ! "t :5 ! epi/le ( ,james 0 writt51 & assum+ t ! conv]sion ( ,paul took place ab\t ,a4,d4 #cf1 we h an int]val ( at lea/ sixte5 ye>s betwe5 ?is ev5t & ! date ( 8 e>lie/ epi/les1 ^? to ! ,!ssalonians1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ec4 ,! apo/les did n reg>d !mselves z lett]-writ]s1 b z prea*]s ( ! ^w4 ,!y took up ! p5 only :5 "s special occasion made x necess>y4 ,! apo/olic epi/les are incid5tal2 & = ?is v reason !y are em95tly life-l & practical4 ,9 respect to !mes1 & ! mann] ( h&l+ !m1 !y pres5t a ri* v>iety4 ,all ! great que/ions ( fai? & practice t h agitat$ ! ,*ri/ian *ur* s9ce ! apo/olic age come up = discussion 9 ^! lett]s1 n inde$1 9 _! ev]-v>y+ outw>d =ms1 b 9 _! great und]ly+ pr9ciples4 ,?us ! provid5ce ( ,god has provid$ 9 !m a ri* /oreh\se ( tru?s = ! in/ruction & edification ( believ]s to ! end ( "t4 #b4 ,( ! tw5ty-"o epi/les conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t f\rte5 belong to ,paul 7if we include ! anonym\s lett] to ! ,hebrews71 all writt5 9 ! prosecution ( 8 great "w z ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,! ,savi\r's p]sonal m9i/ry 0 re/rict$ to ! ,jews1 & s 0 t ( ! twelve apo/les & ! sev5ty disciples :om he s5t =? be=e 8 crucifixion4 ,matt4 #aj3e1 #f2 #ae3bd2 ,luke #aj3a4 ,b 8 la/ comm& 03 ,g ye1 !re=e1 & tea* all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,matt4 #bh3ai4 ,9 c>ry+ into execution ?is comm&1 :i* involv$ su* an imm5se *ange 9 ! outw>d =m ( ,god's visible e>?ly k+dom1 x 0 necess>y-- 7#a7 ,t ! apo/les %\ld insi/ v e>ne/ly & fully on ! great fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! gospel1 t m5 h ju/ification & et]nal life1 n ?r\gh ! law ( ,moses1 or any o!r possible sy/em ( works1 b ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2 a doctr9e :i* cuts up ,ph>isaism by ! roots4 7#b7 ,t1 s9ce fai? 9 ,*ri/ is ! common gr\nd ( ju/ification = ,jews & ,g5tiles1 bo? 7 to be admitt$ ^u equal t]ms to all ! rights & privileges ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 ! anci5t pr]ogative ( ! ,jews above ! ,g5tiles be+ done away 9 ,*ri/4 7#c7 ,/ill fur!r1 t s9ce ! ,g5tiles _h ju/ification & salvation n ?r\gh ! law ( ,moses1 b ?r\gh fai? alone1 ! ,mosaic law 0 n to be impos$ ^u !m4 ,?is 0 virtually ann\nc+ its abolition1 its types & %ad[s hav+ be5 fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/4 7#d7 ,t ?is removal ( ! middle wall ( p>tition betwe5 ! ,jews & ,g5tiles 0 9 accordance ) ,moses & ! prophets--n a *ange ( ,god's orig9al plan1 b only ! full accompli%m5t ( x4 ,acts #ae3ae-ah2 ,rom4 #c3ba1 #ca2 #d3f-be2 ,gal4 #c3f-i4 ,we h se5 h[ ?is great "w 0 begun by ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 9 connection ) ! prea*+ ( ! gospel1 fir/ to ! ,sam>itans 7,acts #h3e-ag71 & aft]w>ds to ! ,g5tiles 7,acts #aj2 #aa3bj-bf1 etc472 & h[ x 0 complet$1 s f> z conc]ns ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 x1 by ! solemn decree ( ! apo/les & ! eld]s 7,acts #ae3a-bi74 #c4 ,b = ! realization ( ^! pr9ciples 9 ! actual prea*+ ( ! gospel to ! ,g5tile nations1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es among !m :i* %\ld embrace on equal t]ms ,jews & ,g5tiles1 a man ( v peculi> qualifications 0 rais$ up 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,saul ( ,t>sus 0 a ,jew1 br\ght up 9 ,j]usalem at ! feet ( ,gamaliel1 ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ! law & ! prophets1 & able !re=e to speak ) au?ority conc]n+ ! ,old ,te/am5t to bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,8 indomitable en]gy & fi]y zeal1 unit$ ) r>e practical wisdom1 _h made him ! =emo/ man 9 p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,:5 ! prop] "t _h come ,jesus met him on ! road to ,damascus ) conv]t+ p[]1 & all 8 sup]ior education & end[m5ts 7 !nce=? consecrat$ to ! "w ( prea*+ ! fai? :i* once he de/roy$1 especially to ! ,g5tile _w4 ,b 9 ?is matt] he felt & act$ z a ,jew4 ,he did n sep>ate himself abruptly f 8 c\ntrym54 ,*]i%+ t[>ds !m ! t5d]e/ affection1 !y 7 ev]y:]e ! fir/ objects ( 8 ,*ri/ian ef=t4 ,into :atev] city he w5t1 he fir/ s\ght ! ,jewi% synagogue1 & !re he reason$ ) !m out ( ! ,scriptures1 ,acts #ac3ad2 #ad3a2 #ag3b1 #aj2 #ah3d2 #ai3h4 ,x 0 only :5 !y p]si/$ 9 oppos+ & blasphem+1 t he desi/$ f fur!r ef=t among !m & turn$ to ! ,g5tiles4 ,acts #ac3de-dg2 #ah3f2 #ai3i4 ,:]ev] he w5t he enc\nt]$ ! bitt]e/ p]secution on ! "p ( 8 own c\ntrym51 because ( ! prom95ce :i* he gave to ! great evangelical pr9ciples above consid]$--t m5 h ju/ification n :olly or 9 "p ?r\gh ! ,mosaic law1 b simply ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & t 9 him ! di/9ction betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles is aboli%$4 ,ev5 ! believ+ ,jews f\nd x h>d to appreh5d ^! tru?s 9 _! fullness4 ,9 ! n>r[ness ( _! ,jewi% prejudices !y 7 anxi\s to impose on ! ,g5tile conv]ts ! yoke ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,?is1 ,paul /eadfa/ly resi/$1 & x is to 8 def5ce ( ,g5tile lib]ty t we owe1 9 great measure1 ^? ma/]ly discussions on ! gr\nd ( ju/ification1 & ! unity ( ,jews & ,g5tiles 9 ,*ri/1 :i* are s prom95t 9 8 epi/les4 ,yet ) 8 uncompromis+ firmness ( pr9ciple he unit$ rem>kable flexibility 9 reg>d to ! means ( success4 ,to ^? :o w\ld impose circumcision on ! ,g5tiles he gave place by subjection1 no1 n = an h\r4 ,gal4 #b3e4 ,b :]e no great pr9ciple 0 conc]n$1 he 0 will+ to circumcise ,timo?y1 out ( reg>d to ! feel+s ( ! ,jews2 ?us becom+1 9 8 own words1 all ?+s to all m54 #a ,cor4 #i3bb4 #d4 ,! peculi> "* ( ! apo/le's /yle is obvi\s to e read]4 ,x is 9 an em95t degree argum5tative4 ,he reason$ ) !m1 says ,luke1 out ( ! ,scriptures4 ,^! words describe accurately ! "* ( bo? 8 epi/les & 8 addresses to ! ,jews z record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,9 address+ a ,g5tile audi5ce at ,a!ns1 he /ill reason$ ) !m2 b x 0 n[ f ! inscription on "o ( _! alt>s1 f c]ta9 ( _! own poets1 & f ! manife/ations 9 nature ( ,god's p[] & ,godhead4 ,8 reason+ takes occasionally ! =m ( an argum5t )9 an argum5t4 ,he pauses by ! way to exp& "s ?\ght1 & does n return aga9 to complete 9 grammatical =m ! s5t5ce :i* he _h begun2 s t 8 /yle sometimes becomes complex & obscure4 ,! v]satility ( ! apo/le's m9d1 :i* made him equally at home 9 discuss+ subjects ! mo/ v>i$1 appe>s 9 8 /yle also4 ,x naturally takes ! complexion ( 8 !mes4 ,to und]/& ?is "o has only to comp>e ! epi/le to ! ,romans ) ^? to ! ,cor9?ians2 ! epi/le to ! ,galatians ) t to ! ,ephesians2 & all ^! ) ! epi/les to ! ,philippians & ,!ssalonians4 ,8 /yle may be comp>$ to a cle> w9d[1 :i* %[s ) fidelity ! ev] v>y+ =ms & sc5es t pass be=e x4 #e4 ,! comm5t>ies t h be5 writt5 on ! epi/les ( ,paul w\ld !mselves con/itute a l>ge libr>y4 ,our own c5tury has be5 v fruitful 9 !m1 & "s ( !m are accessible to e read]4 ,= ?is reason our notice ( ! sep>ate epi/les may well be brief4 ,our aim w be to give ! occasion ( ea*1 its *ronological ord] 9 ! s]ies1 its connection ) ! apo/le's mission>y labors1 its scope1 & ! (fice :i* x accompli%es 9 ! plan ( revelation4 ,9 connection ) ,paul's epi/les ! read] %\ld c>efully /udy ! hi/ory ( 8 life & labors1 z giv5 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,f ,acts #i3bc-bf comp>$ ) ,gal4 #a3af-ah1 we le>n t ! fir/ ?ree ye>s aft] ,paul's conv]sion 7 sp5t at ,damascus & 9 ,arabia4 ,!n he w5t up to ,j]usalem1 b aft] a %ort soj\rn !re 0 driv5 away by ! p]secution ( ! ,jews1 & retir$ to 8 native city1 ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia4 ,acts #i3bi1 #cj4 ,aft] an int]val ( "s "t1 :i* he sp5t 9 ! regions ( ,syria & ,cilicia 7,gal4 #a3ba71 ,b>nabas dep>t$ to ,t>sus1 = to seek ,saul4 ,& :5 he _h f\nd him1 he br\ght him unto ,antio*4 ,acts #aa3be1 #bf4 ,?is is suppos$ to h be5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dc1 sev5 or eight ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion4 ,"h beg9s 8 record$ public m9i/ry 9 ,antio* & f ,antio* z a c5tre4 ,see above1 ,*ap4 #bi1 ,no4 #ch4 ,x embraces ?ree great mission>y t\rs 7,acts #ac3a1 etc42 #ae3cf1 etc42 #ah3bc1 etc471 & f\r visits to ,j]usalem besides t already notic$4 ,acts #aa3bg-cj comp>$ ) #ab3be2 #ae3b2 #ah3bb2 #ba3ae4 ,! la/ ( ^! end$ 9 8 captivity & imprisonm5t1 fir/ at ,ces>ea & aft]w>ds at ,rome1 ) an int]v5+ p]il\s voyage & %ipwreck4 ,acts *ap4 #ba-bh4 ,see ! incid5ts ( ,paul's life *ronologically arrang$ 9 ,davidson's ,introduct4 to ,new ,te/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #aaj-aab1 ) ! annex$ table2 9 ,horne's ,introduct41 vol4 #d1 pp4 #dij-die2 9 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 vol4 #b1 ,app5dix #b2 & 9 ! comm5t>ies ( ,hackett1 ,al=d1 ,wordswor?1 etc4 #f4 ,z ! epi/les ( ,paul /& 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !y are n arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,! pr9ciple ( arrangem5t seems to h be51 fir/1 ^? to *ur*es1 !n1 ^? to individuals2 ! fur!r ord] be+ t ( relative size1 ) ?is modification2 t two epi/les address$ to ! same *ur* %\ld /& toge!r1 & t ! la/ ( !m1 :i* is always ! %ort]1 %\ld det]m9e _! place 9 ! s]ies4 ,:]e ! epi/les are ab\t equal 9 size1 x seems to h be5 ! design to arrange !m *ronologically4 ,! ca?olic epi/les are arrang$ ^u ! same plan4 ,! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 z be+ anonym\s1 n[ /&s aft] ^? :i* be> ! "n ( ,paul4 ,b 9 _m ,greek manuscripts x is plac$ aft] #b ,!ssalonians1 consequ5tly betwe5 ! epi/les address$ to *ur*es & ^? to individuals4 ,! /ud5t ( ^! epi/les %\ld c>efully note ! *ronological ord]1 because1 z ,wordswor? rem>ks 7,preface to ,comm5t>y on ! ,epi/les71 ! mutual illu/ration :i* ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! apo/olic epi/les receive f ea* o!r is mu* impair$ if ! apo/olic epi/les are n /udi$ 9 connection ) & 9 ! ord] ( ! apo/olic hi/ory4 ,! foll[+ is ! *ronological ord] ( ! epi/les1 z f> z x c be asc]ta9$1 ?\gh 7z w h]eaft] appe>7 "s unc]ta9ty exi/s 9 respect to sev]al ( !m3 #a ,!ssalonians 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ec #b ,!ssalonians 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ec ,galatians 4 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ef or #eg #a ,cor9?ians 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #eg #b ,cor9?ians 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #eg ,romans 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #eh ,ephesians 4 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fb ,colossians 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fb ,philemon 4 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fb ,philippians 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc ,hebrews 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 unc]ta94 #a ,timo?y 4 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fe ,titus 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fe #b ,timo?y 4 4 4 4 4 4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ff ,arrang$ accord+ to ! ord] ( "t ! ?irte5 epi/les :i* be> ! "n ( ,paul naturally fall into f\r gr\ps3 7#a7 ! two epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians1 writt5 dur+ ! apo/le's second mission>y j\rney record$ ,acts #ae3cf-ah3bb2 7#b7 ! epi/les to ! ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans1 writt5 dur+ 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney1 ,acts #ah3bc-ba3ae2 7#c7 ! epi/les to ! ,ephesians1 ,colossians1 ,philemon1 & ,philippians1 writt5 dur+ ,paul's imprisonm5t 9 ,rome1 ,acts #bh3af-ca 7"s suppose ! fir/ ?ree to h be5 writt5 dur+ 8 imprisonm5t at ,ces>ea1 ,acts #bc3ce-bf3cb72 7#d7 ! pa/oral epi/les1 ! fir/ & ?ird probably writt5 aft] 8 record$ imprisonm5t 9 ,rome1 & ! second dur+ a second imprisonm5t aft] ! publication ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & :i* end$ 9 8 m>tyrdom ,a4,d4 #fg or #fh4 ,! epi/les ( ,paul w n[ be consid]$ 9 ! usual ord]1 except t ! ?ree to ! ,ephesians1 ,colossians4 & ,philemon1 :i* are contemporane\s1 w be tak5 toge!r4 ,i4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,romans4 #g4 ,! date ( ! epi/le to ! ,romans1 z well z ! place :]e x 0 writt51 c be ga!r$ ) mu* c]ta9ty f ! epi/le itself1 tak5 9 connection ) o!r notices respect+ ,paul f\nd 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,he 0 ab\t to be> alms to 8 bre?r5 9 ,judea f ,mac$onia & ,a*aia4 ,*ap4 #ae3be1 #bf4 ,he _h previ\sly exhort$ ! *ur* ( ,cor9? 9 ,a*aia to make ?is v collection1 :i* he 0 to receive ( !m :5 he came to !m ?r\gh ,mac$onia4 #a ,cor4 #af3a-f4 ,t he 0 also to br+ ) him a collection f ! ,mac$onian *ur*es is manife/ f #b ,cor4 #h3a-d2 #i3a-d4 ,he wrote1 moreov]1 f ,cor9?2 = among ! greet+s at ! close ( ! epi/le is "o f ,gaius m9e ho/ 7*ap4 #af3bc71 a ,cor9?ian :om he _h baptiz$ 7#a ,cor4 #a3ad72 he comm5ds to !m ,phebe1 a deaconess ( ! *ur* at ,c5*rea1 ! ea/]n port ( ,cor9?1 *ap4 #af3a2 & he speaks ( ! city :]e he is z well kn[n 7*ap4 #af3bc71 :i* c be no o!r ?an ,cor9?4 ,n[ by comp>+ ,acts #ai3ba2 #bj3a-c2 #bd3ag1 we f9d t he 0 !n on 8 way to ,j]usalem ?r\gh ,mac$onia & ,greece1 = ! la/ "t record$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! epi/le to ! ,romans1 !n1 0 writt5 f ,cor9? dur+ ! apo/le's ?ird mission>y t\r & second abode 9 t city1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #eh4 ,x is ! six? ( 8 epi/les 9 ! ord] ( "t1 & /&s 9 ne> connection ) ^? to ! ,galatians & ,cor9?ians1 :i* 7 app>5tly writt5 dur+ ! previ\s ye>4 #h4 ,conc]n+ ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* at ,rome we h no in=mation4 ,at ! date ( ?is epi/le ,paul _h n visit$ x4 ,*aps4 #a3aj-ae2 #ae3bc1 #bd4 ,( its composition1 h[ev]1 we h m c]ta9 k4 ,f\nd$ 9 ! metropolis ( ! ,roman empire1 :]e1 z we "k f _m notices ( anci5t writ]s1 _m ,jews resid$1 x mu/ h be5 ( a mix$ "*1 embrac+ bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles2 ) ?is agree ! cont5ts ( ! pres5t epi/le4 ,t ! ,g5tile elem5t l>gely pr$om9at$ 9 ! *ur* at ,rome appe>s f ! g5]al t5or ( ! epi/le4 ,*aps4 #a3ac2 #aa3ac-be1 #cj1 #ca2 #ae3af4 ,t x _h also a ,jewi% elem5t is pla9 f ! :ole ( *ap #b1 & ! precepts 9 *ap4 #ad4 #i4 ,! occasion ( writ+ seems to h be5 ( a g5]al "*4 ,! apo/le _h (t5 purpos$ to visit ,rome1 b _h be5 z (t5 h9d]$4 ,*ap4 #a3ac4 ,to comp5sate 9 "p = ?is failure1 he wrote ! pres5t epi/le1 hav+1 z x appe>s1 an opportunity to s5d x by ,phebe1 a deaconess ( ! *ur* at ,c5*rea4 ,*ap4 #af3a4 ,! apo/le's design1 l ! occasion ( 8 writ+1 0 g5]al4 ,x 0 natural t1 9 address+ a *ur* :i* he _h long desir$ to visit1 he %\ld lay himself out to unfold ! gospel ( ,*ri/ 9 its deep f\ndation pr9ciples1 z a plan ( salvation provid$ = ! :ole _w1 & design$ to unite ,jews & ,g5tiles 9 "o h>moni\s body1 on ! common plat=m ( fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,he fir/ %[s t ! ,g5tiles are "u ! dom9ion ( s9 7*ap4 #a3ah-cb71 & ! ,jews also 7*ap4 #b71 s t bo? alike are %ut up to salvation by grace4 ,*ap4 #c4 ,he connects ! gospel plan ( salvation imm$iately ) ! ,old ,te/am5t by %[+ t ,abraham1 ! fa!r ( ! ,israeliti% p1 0 ju/ifi$ by fai?1 n by ! works ( ! law or any outw>d rite2 s t he is ! fa!r ( all :o walk 9 ! /eps ( 8 fai?1 :e!r ,jews or ,g5tiles4 ,*ap4 #d4 ,he !n sets =? ! love ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 :o is ! second ,adam1 s5t to re/ore ! race f ! ru9 into :i* x 0 br\ght by ! s9 ( ! fir/ ,adam 7*ap4 #e72 & %[s t to fall5 s9ful m5 ! law _c give deliv]ance f ei!r its condemnatory s5t5ce or ! reign+ p[] ( s91 s t its only effect is to "w wra?1 :ile ! righte\sness :i* ,god gives ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ sets m5 free f bo? ! curse ( ! law & ! inw>d p[] ( s91 ?us br++ !m into a bless$ /ate ( ju/ification1 sanctification1 & holy communion ) ,god "h1 ) ! hope ( et]nal glory h]eaft]4 ,*aps4 #f-h4 ,s9ce ! doctr9e ( ! admission ( ! ,g5tiles to equal privileges ) ! ,jews1 & ! rejection ( ! unbeliev+ "p ( ! ,jewi% nation1 0 exce$+ly (f5sive to 8 c\ntrym51 ! apo/le devotes ?ree entire *apt]s to ! discussion ( ?is mom5t\s !me4 ,*aps4 #i-aa4 ,he !n proce$s to draw f ! :ole subject1 z he has unfold$ x1 su* practical exhortations 9 respect to daily life & conduct z 7 adapt$ to ! p>ticul> wants ( ! ,roman ,*ri/ians--entire consecration ( s\l & body to ,god 9 ea* believ]'s p>ticul> sph]e 7*ap4 #ab72 ob$i5ce to magi/rates 7*ap4 #ac3a-g72 love & purity 7*ap4 #ac3h-ad72 mutual respect & =be>ance 7*aps4 #ad3a-ae3g74 ,he !n returns to ! great !me ) :i* he began1 t ,*ri/ is ! common ,savi\r ( ,jews & ,g5tiles1 9 connection ) :i* he ref]s to 8 (fice & labors z ! m9i/] ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to ! ,g5tiles 7*ap4 #ae3h-ba71 & closes ) miscellane\s notices & salutations 7*aps4 #ae3bb-af3bg74 #aj4 ,f ! above brief survey ! special (fice ( ! epi/le to ! ,romans is manife/4 ,9 no book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! great doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? s fully unfold$4 ,! apo/le sets x 9 vivid contra/ ) ! ,ph>isaical idea ( ju/ification by ! ,mosaic law1 &1 by p>ity ( reason1 ( ju/ification by e o!r sy/em ( legalism2 %[+ t x is only by grace ?r\gh ,*ri/ t m5 c be deliv]$ f ei!r ! guilt ( s9 or its reign+ p[] 9 ! s\l1 :ile ! effect ( ! law is only to excite & irritate m5's corrupt passions )\t ! p[] to subdue !m4 ,! place1 !re=e1 :i* ?is epi/le holds 9 ! und]/&+s & affections ( believ]s mu/ be a good measure ( _! progress 9 ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,,ii4 ,,epi/les ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians4 #aa4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians 0 writt5 f ,ephesus1 n f> f ! "t ( ,p5teco/ 7*ap4 #af3h72 n f ,philippi1 accord+ to ! subscription app5d$ to x4 ,x 0 dur+ ,paul's second & la/ visit to t city1 z we le>n f 8 directions conc]n+ a collection = ! sa9ts at ,j]usalem1 & 8 promise to come to ! ,cor9?ians ?r\gh ,mac$onia 7*ap4 #af3a-e72 = :5 ,paul left ,ephesus aft] 8 second soj\rn !re he w5t by ,mac$onia & ,a*aia 7( :i* prov9ce ,cor9? 0 ! capital7 to ,j]usalem to be> alms4 ,acts #ai3ba2 #bj3a-c2 #bd3ag4 ,paul's second /ay 9 ,ephesus1 dur+ :i* "t "s ?9k t he made a %ort visit to ,cor9? n m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 :i* w\ld be ! second 9 ord]1 t promis$ 9 ?is & ! second epi/le be+ ! ?ird 7#b ,cor4 #ab3ad2 #ac3a71 ext5d$ ov] ! space ( ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,acts #ai3a-aj2 #bj3ca4 ,f 8 words 7*ap4 #af3c-h71 we ga!r t ! epi/le 0 writt5 n long be=e ! close ( ?is p]iod4 ,*ronologi/s g5]ally place x ab\t ,a4,d4 #eg4 #ab4 ,! occasion ( 8 writ+ 0 m specific ?an :5 he p5n$ 8 epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,cor9?1 ! r5[n$ capital ( ! ,roman prov9ce ,a*aia1 situat$ on ! i/hmus t connects ! s\!rn p59sula ( ,greece--! anci5t ,peleponnesus & ! mod]n ,morea1 & enjoy+ ! advantage ( two ports 0 alike di/+ui%$ = its weal? & progress 9 ! arts1 & = its luxury & dissolut5ess ( morals4 ,"h ! apo/le _h labor$ a ye> & six mon?s1 & ga!r$ a fl\ri%+ *ur* embrac+ "s ,jews1 b consi/+ mo/ly ( ,g5tiles4 ,acts #ah3a-aa2 #a ,cor4 #ab3b4 ,^! ,g5tile conv]ts1 hav+ j em]g$ f ! d>kness & corruption ( hea!nism 7*ap4 #f3i-aa71 & liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( a dissolute community 7*ap4 #e3i1 #aj71 did n :olly escape ! contam9ation ( hea!ni% associations & hea!ni% vices4 ,*aps4 #e1 #f1 #h1 #aj4 ,tak+ a l[ & worldly view ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* & ! spiritual end[m5ts ( its sev]al memb]s1 !y 7 l$ into p>ty /rifes & rivalries4 ,*aps4 #a3aa-ac2 #c3c-g4 ,c]ta9 va9-glori\s tea*]s1 moreov]1 _h come 9 among !m ) a great %[ ( worldly wisdom1 :o disp>ag$ ,paul's apo/olical /&+1 taught ! p to despise ! simplicity ( 8 tea*+s1 & s\ght to supplant him 9 ! confid5ce & affections ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur*4 ,*aps4 #d1 #i2 #b ,cor4 #aj-ac4 ,9 addition to ?is1 c]ta9 disord]s & abuses _h crept into _! public assemblies 7*aps4 #aa1 #ab1 #ad71 & "s among !m d5i$ ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection4 ,*ap4 #ae4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ probable int]pretation ( *ap4 #e3i1 ! apo/le _h already writt5 !m a lett] on "s ( ^! po9ts :i* has n come d[n to u1 & ! ,cor9?ians !mselves _h writt5 to ! apo/le1 ask+ 8 advice on "s po9ts ( a practical "*1 p>ticul>ly 9 respect to ! m>riage relation 9 _! pres5t /ate ( trial4 ,*ap4 #g3a4 ,! occasion1 !n1 ( writ+ ?is epi/le1 :i* gives also its scope & (fice1 0 to correct ! above nam$ errors & abuses1 ( :i* he _h receiv$ accurate in=mation1 & also to answ] ! inquiries ( ! ,cor9?ians 9 _! lett]4 ,9 ?is "w ! apo/le employs n[ %>p rebuke1 n[ t5d] expo/ulation1 & n[ e>ne/ & impassion$ argum5t4 ,! p>ty /rifes among ! ,cor9?ians he meets by %[+ t ,*ri/ himself is ! only head ( ! *ur*1 t all gifts are f him1 & are to be us$ to 8 glory 9 ! edification ( believ]s4 ,*aps4 #a3ac1 #ad1 #cj1 #ca2 #c3e-bc4 ,! va9-glori\s boa/+ ( _! lead]s he exposes by %[+ ! empt9ess & impot5ce ( _! pret5d$ wisdom 9 comp>ison ) ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ crucifi$1 :o is ! p[] ( ,god & ! wisdom ( ,god = ! salvation ( all t believe1 )\t reg>d to ! di/9ctions ( worldly rank4 ,*aps4 #a3ah-b3af2 #c3ah-bj4 ,! abuses & disord]s t _h crept into ! *ur* he rebukes ) apo/olical sev]ity2 & 9 correct+ !m1 z well z 9 answ]+ ! que/ions ( ! ,cor9?ians1 he makes an application ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! gospel to ! sev]al cases be=e him :i* is full ( practical wisdom--! ince/u\s p]son 7*ap4 #e3h71 companion%ip ) ! vici\s 7*ap4 #e3i-ac71 litigation among bre?r5 7*ap4 #f3a-h71 fle%ly indulg5ce 7*ap4 #f3i-bj71 ! inquiries ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 respect to m>riage 7*ap4 #g71 meats (f]$ to idols & sundry que/ions connect$ ) !m 7*aps4 #h1 #aj71 disord]s 9 ! public assemblies 7*ap4 #aa71 spiritual gifts ) a beautiful eulogy on love 7*aps4 #ab-ad71 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection 7*ap4 #ae74 ,he also def5ds 8 apo/olical "* & /&+ aga9/ 8 oppos]s1 ?\gh by no means s e>ne/ly & fully z 9 ! foll[+ epi/le4 ,*aps4 #d1 #i4 ,?us x comes to pass t ! pres5t epi/le conta9s a rem>kable v>iety ( topics1 & gives u a full] & cle>] insight into ! practical work+ ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! primitive apo/olic *ur*es ?an t furni%$ by any o!r ( ,paul's epi/les1 or1 inde$1 any o!r book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! great pr9ciples1 moreov]1 :i* he lays d[n 9 meet+ ! p>ticul> wants ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur* rema9 valid = all "t2 %$d+ f age to age a cle> & /eady light1 by :i* e tempe/-toss$ *ur* may1 ,god help+ x by 8 grace1 /e] its way into ! hav5 ( peace & prosp]ity4 #ac4 ,! read] _c fail to notice ! rem>kable contra/ betwe5 ! tone ( ?is epi/le & t to ! ,galatians1 :i* belongs 9 ! ord] ( "t to ! same gr\p4 ,see above1 ,no4 #f4 ,! errors ( ! ,cor9?ians 7 n fundam5tal1 l ^? ( ! ,galatians4 ,!y built ^u ! true f\ndation1 ,jesus ,*ri/2 b m>r$ ! build+ by ! introduction ( base mat]ials--! wood1 hay1 /ubble ( human wisdom1 in/ead ( ! gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones ( ! tru? z ,paul _h taught x4 ,! false tea*]s among ! ,galatians1 on ! contr>y1 s\ght to subv]t ! v f\ndations ( ,*ri/ianity by br++ 9 a sy/em ( legal ju/ification4 ,9 writ+ to ! ,galatians1 !re=e1 ,paul cont5ds1 ) apo/olic sev]ity1 = ! v sub/ance ( ! gospel1 b 9 address+ ! ,cor9?ians1 he seeks only to purify ! gospel f ! admixture ( human additions4 #ad4 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians 0 writt5 n _m mon?s aft] ! fir/1 f ,mac$onia1 :]e ! apo/le 0 occupi$ 9 complet+ a collection = ! poor sa9ts at ,j]usalem1 ) ! purpose ( aft]w>ds proce$+ to ,cor9? t he might receive ! contribution ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur* also4 ,*aps4 #h3a-d2 #i3a-e4 ,:e!r he wrote f ,philippi1 accord+ to ! subscription ( ! epi/le1 or f "s o!r place 9 ,mac$onia1 _c be det]m9$4 #ae4 ,! occasion ( writ+ 0 manife/ly ! report :i* he _h receiv$ f ,titus 7& z is g5]ally inf]r$ f #a ,cor4 #d3ag2 #af3aj1 f ,timo?y also74 ,he _h s5t ,titus to ,cor9? ) ! expectation t he w\ld br+ tid+s !nce to ,troas1 :]e he hop$ to f9d him on 8 way f ,ephesus to ,mac$onia4 ,b 9 ?is he 0 disappo9t$4 ,he !re=e ha/5$ f ,troas to ,mac$onia1 :]e he met ,titus & le>n$ f him ! effect ( 8 fir/ epi/le4 ,*aps4 #b3ab1 #ac2 #g3f2 #ab3ah4 ,s f> z ! ma9 body ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians 0 conc]n$1 ?is 0 highly favorable1 & = x ! apo/le dev\tly ?anks ,god 7*ap4 #g3f1 #g72 comm5ds _! prompt ob$i5ce 7*ap4 #g3aa72 directs !m to re/ore ! excommunicat$ p]son 7*ap4 #b3e-aj72 & discusses v fully ! matt] ( ! collection = ! poor ,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem 7*aps4 #h1 #i74 ,b ! v success ( 8 fir/ epi/le ) ! bett] "p ( ! *ur* _h embitt]$ 8 enemies1 & made !m m det]m9$ 9 _! opposition to him4 ,!y accus$ him ( levity 9 *ang+ 8 orig9al plan ( visit+ ! ,cor9?ian *ur* on 8 way to ,mac$onia 7*ap4 #a3ae-ag72 ( utt]+ ?reats :i* he w\ld n d>e to execute :5 pres5t among !m 7*ap4 #aj3i-aa72 ( mak+ a ga9 ( !m by indirect means 7*ap4 #ab3af-ah72 & s\ght 9 v>i\s ways to disp>age 8 apo/olical "* & /&+4 ,?is l$ him to dwell ) great e>ne/ness on ! fullness ( 8 apo/olic cr$5tials1 ! purity ( 8 apo/olic life1 & ! abundance ( 8 labors & suff]+s 9 behalf ( ,*ri/'s cause1 always ) ref]5ce m or less direct to 8 enemies4 ,) ^! p]sonal notices ( himself are int]wov5 exalt$ views ( ! dignity ( ! m9i/]ial (fice1 & ! true _s & mann] 9 :i* its weighty duties are to be p]=m$4 ,see *aps4 #b3ad-g3af2 *aps4 #aj-ac4 ,! prom95ce :i* ! apo/le is ?us =c$ to give to 8 own p]son & labor con/itutes ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! pres5t epi/le4 ,to ! same cause are due ! peculi>ities ( its diction1 & its rapid transitions f "o !me & tone to ano!r4 ,consolation & rebuke1 g5tl5ess & sev]ity1 e>ne/ness & irony1 succe$ "o ano!r at v %ort int]vals & )\t notice4 ,al=d1 ,introduction to ?is ,epi/le4 ,all ?is came ab\t by ! wisdom ( ,god1 :o plac$ 8 s]vant 9 su* circum/ances t fidelity to ! cause ( tru? compell$ him unwill+ly to set =? 9 himself ! "* ( a true m9i/] ( ! gospel 9 bright contra/ ) t ( ^? va9-glori\s & selfi% m51 :o "u a %[ ( great worldly wisdom1 seek to create p>ties 9 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ = _! own private honor & emolum5t4 ,! p>ticul> occasion :i* call$ =? ?is epi/le soon pass$ away2 b ! epi/le itself rema9s a ri* treasure = all believ]s1 especially = all ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,,iii4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,galatians4 #af4 ,galatia is ! ,greek ^w answ]+ to ! ,roman ,gallia1 t is1 ,gaul4 ,x 0 "o ( ! c5tral prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or1 & receiv$ its "n f ! circum/ance ( its be+ inhabit$ by a p ( ,gallic orig9 :o came by ! way ( ,byzantium & ! ,hellespont 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,two visits ( ! apo/le to ,galatia are record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 ! fir/1 dur+ 8 second mission>y j\rney 7,acts #af3f72 & ! second1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ?ird j\rney 7,acts #ah3bc74 ,aft] :i* ( ^! visits ! pres5t epi/le 0 writt5 is a "q t has be5 mu* discuss$1 & answ]$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! mo/ natural int]pretation1 h[ev]1 ( *apt] #d3ac-af leads to ! conclusion t x 0 aft] 8 second visit4 ,! c\rse ( ! ev5ts seems to h be5 z foll[s3 ,he 0 suff]+ f an infirmity ( ! fle% :5 he prea*$ ! gospel to ! ,galatians at ! fir/1 t is1 ^u ! fir/ visit 7v]se #ac74 ,!n !y receiv$ him z an angel ( ,god1 ev5 z ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 7 fill$ ) holy joy ?r\gh simple fai? 9 ,*ri/'s "n 7v]ses #ad1 #ae74 ,^u 8 second visit he f\nd x necess>y to w>n !m 9 v pla9 t]ms aga9/ ! s$uctions ( false tea*]s1 :o 7 seek+ to draw !m away f ! simplicity ( ! gospel to fai? 9 a sy/em ( works4 ,b aft] 8 dep>ture ^! false tea*]s _h great success2 & ! result 0 t ! affections ( ! ,galatians 7 ali5at$ f ,paul1 :o 0 _! spiritual fa!r4 ,9 view ( ?is fact he asks 7z we may r5d] v4 #af1 aft] ,ellicott1 9 p]fect accordance ) ! idiom ( ! ,greek73 ,s !n1 am ,i become y\r enemy1 by speak+ to y ! tru?8 t is because 9 my rec5t visit ,i told y ! tru?4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! epi/le belongs to ! second gr\p1 & 0 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ef or #eg4 ,f>!r ?an ?is we _c g 9 det]m9+ ! "t4 ,! place is unc]ta94 ,x may h be5 ,ephesus1 or ,cor9?1 :i* cities ,paul visit$ 9 8 ?ird & la/ mission>y j\rney1 b x _c h be5 ,rome1 z ! subscription errone\sly gives x4 ,! subscriptions are ( no au?ority4 ,t to ! pres5t epi/le probably _h its gr\nd ma9ly 9 *apt] #f3ag1 :]e ! writ] 0 errone\sly suppos$ to allude to ! bodily suff]+s t he endur$ 9 connection ) 8 la/ record$ imprisonm5t4 #ag4 ,! occasion ( ?is epi/le1 :i* gives also its design1 0 v specific4 ,! ,galatian *ur*es _h begun well 7*ap4 #e3g72 b soon aft] ,paul's dep>ture ,judaiz+ tea*]s _h drawn !m away to ! v =m ( error notic$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7*ap4 #ae3a72 ,except ye be circumcis$ aft] ! mann] ( ,moses ye _c be sav$4 ,!y s\ght to impose on all ! ,g5tile conv]ts circumcision z ess5tial to salvation4 ,?us !y plac$ ju/ification on a legal gr\nd1 & made fai? 9 ,*ri/ a subord9ate matt]4 ,?is error 0 fundam5tal4 ,paul !re=e attacks x ) unsp>+ sev]ity1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 he m+les a wond]ful t5d]ness ( _s4 ,8 argum5t is = sub/ance ! same z t 9 ! epi/le to ! ,romans1 only t x takes f necessity a m controv]sial =m1 & is c>ri$ out ) m w>m? & vehem5ce ( expression4 ,x is a div9e model ( ! way 9 :i* fundam5tal error %\ld be dealt )4 #ah4 ,! epi/le naturally falls into ?ree divisions4 ,! fir/ is ma9ly hi/oric4 ,*aps4 #a1 #b4 ,! false tea*]s _h disp>ag$ ,paul's apo/olical /&+1 on ! gr\nd1 app>5tly1 t he 0 n "o ( ! orig9al twelve1 & _h n be5 call$ imm$iately by ,*ri/ to ! apo/le%ip1 b _h receiv$ 8 gospel f m54 ,x w\ld seem also t !y labor$ to make x appe> t ,paul's doctr9e respect+ circumcision & ! ,mosaic law 0 contr>y to t ( ,pet] & ! o!r apo/les ( ! circumcision4 ,paul accord+ly devotes ^! two introductory *apt]s to a v9dication ( 8 full apo/olic /&+4 ,he %[s t 8 apo/le%ip is n ( man nei!r by man1 b by ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,god ! ,fa!r 7*ap4 #a3a72 t ! gospel :i* he prea*es he nei!r receiv$ ( man1 nor 0 taught by man b by ! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7v]ses #aa1 #ab72 t1 accord+ly1 ^u 8 call to ! apo/le%ip1 he w5t n up to ,j]usalem to receive in/ruction f ^? :o 7 apo/les be=e him1 b into ,arabia1 :5ce he return$ to ,damascus 7v]ses #ae-ag72 t aft] ?ree ye>s he made a brief visit ( fifte5 days to ,pet]1 :]e he also saw ,james1 b _h no p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! *ur*es 9 ,judea 7v]ses #bj-bd72 t f\rte5 ye>s aft]w>ds he w5t up to ,j]usalem by revelation1 n to be in/ruct$ by ! apo/les !re1 b to conf] ) !m respect+ ! gospel ( ! uncircumcision :i* 0 committ$ to him1 & t he obta9$ ! full recognition ( ,james1 ,cephas1 & ,john1 :o 7 reckon$ z pill>s 7*ap4 #b3a-aj72 & t aft]w>ds1 :5 ,pet] 0 come to ,antio* he )/ood him to ! face on ?is v "q ( circumcision1 because1 ?r\gh fe> ( 8 ,jewi% bre?r51 he _h dissembl$ & drawn o!rs into dissimulation1 add+ also ! sub/ance ( ! rebuke adm9i/]$ by him to ,pet]1 :i* conta9s an argum5t 7drawn 9 "p f ,pet]'s own practice7 aga9/ compell+ ! ,g5tiles to live z d ! ,jews 7v]ses #aa-ba74 ,hav+ ?us v9dicat$ 8 apo/olic au?ority aga9/ ! false tea*]s 9 ,galatia1 he proce$s1 9 ! second "p ( ! epi/le1 to unfold ! great argum5t = ju/ification by fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,! ,galatians h receiv$ ! ,holy ,_s1 ) ! accompany+ miracul\s gifts1 n by ! works ( ! law1 b by fai? 9 ,*ri/ 7*ap4 #c3a-e72 ,abraham 0 ju/ifi$ by fai?1 z an example = all future ages 7v]ses #f-i1ah72 ! law _c br+ ju/ification to s9n]s1 b only condemnation 7v]ses #aj-ab72 f ?is condemnation ,*ri/ deliv]s u1 & makes u ?r\gh fai? ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham1 & heirs to all ! promises :i* ,god made to him 7v]ses #ac1 #ad72 ! ,abrahamic cov5ant1 condition$ on fai? alone1 is old] ?an ! ,mosaic law & _c be disannull$ by x 7v]ses #ae-ag72 ! true (fice ( ! law 0 to prep>e m5 = ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 9 :om all di/9ction betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile is aboli%$ 7v]ses #ai-bi72 be=e ,*ri/ ! p ( ,god 7 l a *ild t has n yet receiv$ ! inh]itance1 b is kept "u tutors & gov]nors1 b ?r\gh ,*ri/ !y are l ! same *ild arriv$ at full age1 & put 9 possession ( ! inh]itance 7*ap4 #d3a-g74 ,! apo/le adds 7*aps4 #d3h-e3ab7 v>i\s argum5ts & illu/rations1 ) po9t$ allusions to ! false tea*]s :o 7 subv]t+ ! simplicity ( _! fai? 9 ,*ri/2 & he solemnly w>ns ! ,galatian ,*ri/ians t by receiv+ circumcision !y b9d !mselves to d ! :ole law--! :ole law z ! gr\nd ( _! ju/ification4 ,!y h left ,*ri/1 & ?us fall5 away f grace--=sak5 a sy/em ( grace = "o ( works1 s t ,*ri/ is become ( no effect to !m4 ,*ap4 #e3c1 #d4 ,! ?ird "p 7*aps4 #e3ac-f3ah7 is ( a practical "*4 ,! apo/le affectionately exhorts ! ,galatians to use _! ,*ri/ian lib]ty 9 a wor?y mann]1 mortify+ fle%ly lu/s1 re/or+ fall5 bre?r5 9 meekness1 be>+ "o ano!r's burd5s1 & be+ dilig5t 9 e good "w4 ,9 br++ ! epi/le to a close he contra/s ! va9-glory & hypocrisy ( ^! ,judaiz+ false tea*]s ) 8 /eadfa/ purpose to glory only 9 ! cross ( ,*ri/1 9 :om nei!r circumcision availe? any ?+1 nor uncircumcision1 b a new creature4 ,,iv4 ,,epi/les ,,to ,,! ,,colossians1 ,,ephesians1 ,,& ,,philemon4 #ai4 ,^! ?ree epi/les are contemporane\s1 9 ! s5se t !y 7 writt5 on ! same g5]al occasion1 & =w>d$ at ! same "t1 ?\gh "s days may h int]v5$ betwe5 ! composition ( ! fir/ & ! la/ ( !m4 ,!y 7 all writt5 :5 ,paul 0 a prison] 7,eph4 #c3a2 #d3a2 #f3bj2 ,col4 #d3aj2 ,philemon #a1 #i1 #aj1 #bc71 & all s5t virtually by ,ty*icus2 = ,onesimus1 a s]vant :om ,paul s5t back to 8 ma/]1 ,philemon ( ,colosse1 ) a comm5datory lett]1 w5t 9 company ) ,ty*icus4 ,eph4 #f3ba1 #bb2 ,col4 #d3g-i4 ,! epi/le to ! ,ephesians conta9s no salutations2 b ^? ( ! o!r two1 are1 ) a s+le exception1 s5t f ! same p]sons--,ari/>*us1 ,m>cus1 ,epaphras1 ,luke1 & ,demas4 ,if any fur!r argum5t = _! contemporane\sness 7 ne$$1 x c\ld be f\nd 9 ! rem>kable agreem5t betwe5 ! cont5ts ( ! epi/les to ! ,ephesians & ,colossians1 ext5d+ n only to ! ?\ghts b to ! phraseology also4 #bj4 ,x is agre$ t ^! ?ree epi/les 7 writt5 dur+ ! apo/le's imprisonm5t 9 ei!r ,ces>ea or ,rome2 b f :i* ( ^! two places is a "q on :i* biblical s*ol>s diff]1 & :i* _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty1 ?\gh ! common op9ion has be5 t ! apo/le wrote f ,rome4 ,x is n necess>y to review ! argum5ts advanc$ on ! two sides4 ,! read] :o wi%es to inve/igate ! matt] w f9d !m 9 comm5t>ies & bible diction>ies4 #ba4 ,ano!r "q is3 ,9 :at ord] 7 ! epi/les to ! ,ephesians & ,colossians writt58 ,"h we h only indirect indications1 & ^! n decisive4 ,x is manife/1 h[ev]1 f a comp>ison ( ! two epi/les1 t ! apo/le _h a m specific occasion = writ+ to ! ,colossians ?an to ! ,ephesians4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to suppose t he fir/ p5n$ 8 lett] to ! =m] *ur*1 & v soon aft]w>ds1 :ile 8 he>t 0 yet w>m ) ! great !me ( t lett]--! p]sonal glory & dignity ( ,*ri/1 & ! union ?r\gh him ( bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles 9 "o holy family--he wrote to ! ,ephesians among :om he _h s long labor$1 go+ ov] ! same g5]al c\rse ( ?\ght1 b ) m fulness & 9 a less argum5tative tone4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! mo/ conv5i5t ord] ( /udy+ ^! two closely relat$ epi/les is to beg9 ) t to ! ,colossians & !nce proce$ to ! o!r4 ,we propose to consid] !m 9 ?is ord]4 #bb4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,colossians4 ,colosse 0 a city ly+ 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,phrygia1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis4 ,*ap4 #d3ac1 #af4 ,respect+ ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* !re we h no in=mation4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( *ap4 #b3a1 ,paul _h n visit$ ,colosse 9 p]son :5 he wrote ! pres5t epi/le4 ,! occasion ( 8 writ+ seems to h be5 in=mation receiv$ by him t false tea*]s 7 tr\bl+ ! ,colossian *ur*4 ,t ^! m5 7 ,jews is pla9 f *ap4 #b3af1 #bj1 #ba2 :]e ! ref]5ce is to ,jewi% ord9ances4 ,b _! doctr9e 0 n simple ,ph>iseeism1 l t ( ! false tea*]s among ! ,galatians4 ,!y did n seek directly to sub/itute circumcision & ! ,mosaic law = fai? 9 ,*ri/1 z ! gr\nd ( ju/ification4 ,!y seem r to h be5 ,*ri/ian ,jews ( an ascetic turn ( m9d1 & imbu$ ) ! semi-ori5tal philosophy ( t day1 :i* conta9$ 9 itself ! se$s ( ! lat] ,gno/ic sy/ems4 ,hav+ no cle> appreh5sion ( ! glory ( ,*ri/'s p]son & ! fulness ( ! salvation :i* 8 gospel (f]s to m51 !y s\ght to supplem5t ! ,*ri/ian sy/em by _! ascetic practices & _! speculations conc]n+ ! ord]s ( angels1 :om !y seem to h reg>d$ z m$iators betwe5 ,god & m54 ,to all ?is human philosophy ! apo/le opposes directly ! div9e dignity & glory ( ,*ri/'s p]son1 & ! complet5ess ( ! r$emption :i* he has provid$ = m54 ,! ,jewi% "* ( ^! false tea*]s appe>s 9 _! insi/+ on meats & dr9ks1 holy-days1 new moons1 & ,sabba?s 7*ap4 #b3af1 #bj1 #ba72 _! ascetic "*1 9 _! doctr9e conc]n+ ! mortification ( ! body 7*ap4 #b3bc72 _! speculations conc]n+ angels1 9 ! fact t !y are describ$ z delight+ 9 humility & ! wor%ip ( angels 7*ap4 #b3ah1 #bc74 ,! apo/le app>5tly ref]s to a false humility :i*1 "u ! pret5ce t ,god is too great to be approa*$ except ?r\gh ! m$iation ( angels1 made !m in/ead ( ,*ri/ ! way ( access to him1 ?us disp>ag+ ! ,r$eem]'s p]son & (fice4 #bc4 ,9 respect to plan1 ! epi/le naturally falls into two p>ts ( ab\t equal l5g?4 ,! fir/ is argum5tative4 ,*aps4 #a1 #b4 ,aft] an introduction1 9 :i* ! apo/le ?anks ,god t ! ,colossians h be5 made p>tak]s ( ! gospel1 comm5ds !m = ! fruitfulness ( _! fai?1 & assures !m ( 8 incessant pray]s 9 _! behalf 7*ap4 #a3a-ab71 & passes to 8 great !me1 :i* is to set =? ! div9e dignity & glory ( ,*ri/'s p]son4 ,he is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 exi/+ be=e all ?+s1 & ! creator & uphold] ( all ?+s1 ^? angelic ord]s includ$ :om ! false tea*]s reg>d$ z objects ( wor%ip 7v]ses #ae-ag74 ,he is also ! head ( ! *ur*1 & z su* unites "u himself all holy be+s 9 heav5 & e>? 9 "o happy family 7v]ses #ah-bb74 ,9 him all fulness dwells1 & all believ]s are complete 9 him2 receiv+ ?r\gh him a spiritual circumcision :i* br+s to !m hol9ess ( he>t1 =giv5ess ( s9s1 & life f ! dead 7v]ses #aa-ac74 ,*ri/ has aboli%$ by 8 dea? on ! cross ! h&writ+ ( ord9ances--! ,mosaic ord9ances "u ! figure ( a bond :i* 0 be=e ( b9d+ =ce1 b :i* he has annull$--s t ! =m] gr\nd ( sep>ation betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles is done away 7#b3ad74 ,by ! same dea? on ! cross he has spoil$ pr9cipalities & p[]s--! p[]s ( d>kness1 ( :i* ,satan is ! head--op5ly triumph+ ov] !m 7v]se #ae74 ,! ,colossians1 !n1 h all t !y ne$ 9 ,*ri/1 & ! apo/le affectionately w>ns !m aga9/ be+ spoil$ ?r\gh ! philosophy ( ^! false tea*]s1 :i* is a comp\nd ( ignorance1 self-conceit1 & w-wor%ip1 void alike ( reality & p[]4 ,! second "p is practical4 ,*aps4 #c1 #d4 ,! duties on :i* ! apo/le insi/s come ma9ly "u two g5]al heads4 ,! fir/ is t ( a heav5ly temp] ( m9d gr[+ out ( _! resurrection ) ,*ri/ :o sits at ! "r h& ( ,god1 & :o %all appe> aga9 to receive 8 disciples to himself1 t !y also may appe> ) him 9 glory4 ,9 view ( ?is animat+ hope he exhorts ! ,colossians to put away all ! s9s belong+ to _! =m] /ate ( hea!nism4 ,*ap4 #c3a-h4 ,! second is t ( mutual love & h>mony aris+ f _! union ) ea* o!r 9 ,*ri/1 :]eby !y h be5 made "o holy body1 9 :i* outw>d di/9ctions are no?+ b ,*ri/ is all & 9 all4 ,on ?is gr\nd !y are urg$ to cultivate all ! graces ( ! ,_s1 ! *ief ( :i* is love1 & fai?fully to dis*>ge1 ea* "o 9 8 /ation1 ! mutual duty :i* !y owe z husb&s & wives1 z p>5ts & *ildr51 z ma/]s & s]vants4 ,*aps4 #c3i-d3a4 ,!y are admoni%$1 moreov]1 to let ! ^w ( ,*ri/ dwell 9 !m ri*ly = _! mutual edification 7*ap4 #c3af72 to be s+le-he>t$ 9 _! aim to please ,*ri/ 7v]se #ag72 to be pray]ful & vigilant 7*ap4 #d3b-d72 & wise 9 _! int]c\rse ) unbeliev]s 7v]ses #e1 #f74 ,! epi/le closes ) notices ( a p]sonal "* int]m+l$ ) salutations 7v]ses #g-ah74 ,9 *ap4 #d3af ! apo/le directs t ?is epi/le be read also 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,laodiceans1 & t ! ,colossians likewise read ! epi/le f ,laodicea4 ,:at 0 ?is epi/le f ,laodicea8 7#a7 ,"s ?9k x 0 a lett] writt5 by ! *ur* ( ,laodicea to ,paul1 & =w>d$ by him to ! ,colossians4 7#b7 ,o!rs und]/& x ( an epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,laodiceans 7p]haps =w>d$ along ) ! ?ree epi/les n[ "u consid]ation7 & :i* ! ,colossians 7 to obta9 f ,laodicea4 ,?is is ! mo/ probable supposition4 ,on ! attempt to id5tify ?is epi/le ) our canonical epi/le to ! ,ephesians see bel[4 #bd4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,ephesians4--,ephesus1 ! metropolis ( ,proconsul> ,asia1 :i* compreh5d$ ! we/]n prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or1 lay on ! coa/ ( ! ,a,egean sea betwe5 ,smyrna on ! nor? & ,miletus on ! s\?4 ,9 ! apo/olic age x 0 a fl\ri%+ city1 & r5[n$ = ! temple ( ! hea!n goddess ,diana4 ,two visits ( ! apo/le to ,ephesus are record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! latt] ( :i* 0 prolong$ ?r\gh mo/ ( ?ree ye>s4 ,acts #ah3ai-ba2 *aps4 #ai2 #bj3ca4 ,! occasion ( writ+ ?is epi/le seems to h be5 ( a v g5]al nature4 ,! apo/le 0 s5d+ a lett] by ,ty*icus to ! ,colossians1 & embrac$ ! opportunity to write to ! ,ephesians also4 ,9 entire accordance ) ?is supposition is ! g5]al "* ( ! epi/le4 ,! apo/le has no p>ticul> error to combat1 z he _h 9 ! case ( ! ,colossians4 ,he proce$s1 !re=e1 9 a placid & contemplative frame ( m9d to unfold ! great "w ( ,*ri/'s r$emption2 & !n makes a practical application ( x1 z 9 ! epi/le to ! ,colossians1 b ) m fulness1 & ) "s important additions4 ,x has seem$ surpris+ to _m t ! apo/le %\ld h writt5 9 s g5]al a /ra9 to a *ur* on :i* he _h be/[$ s mu* labor1 & :]e he _h s _m p]sonal fri5ds2 p>ticul>ly t he %\ld h omitt$ at ! close all salutations4 ,to acc\nt = ?is v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 propos$4 ,! words 9 ,ephesus are omitt$ 9 ! ,s9ai & ,vatican manuscripts1 & !re is reason = believ+ t !y 7 want+ 9 "s o!r anci5t manuscripts n n[ extant4 ,see ! quotations f ,basil ! ,great1 & o!r fa!rs 9 ,al=d1 ,ellicott1 ,mey]1 & o!r critical comm5tators4 ,on ?is gr\nd "s h suppos$ t ! pres5t epi/le 0 int5d$ to be encyclical--an epi/le = g5]al circulation among ! *ur*es2 o!rs1 t x is ! ,laodicean epi/le ref]r$ to 9 ,col4 #d3af4 ,b 9 favor ( ! words 9 ,ephesus !re is an ov]:elm+ weight ( evid5ce4 ,!y are su/a9$ by all ! v]sions & all ! manuscripts except ! above4 ,besides1 z e ,greek s*ol> kn[s1 if ^! words are omitt$1 x compels ! omission f ! orig9al ( ! two prec$+ words :i* are f\nd 9 e manuscript & v]sion--unless1 inde$1 we adopt ! f>-fet*$ hypo!sis t ! apo/le furni%$ ,ty*icus ) two or m copies ( ! epi/le = diff]5t *ur*es1 leav+ a blank space to be fill$ z occasion %\ld require2 & !n x becomes impossible to expla9 h[ ! read+ 9 ,ephesus %\ld h be5 s univ]sal 9 ! manuscripts & v]sions4 ,!re is no occasion = any ( ?is +5uity4 ,! omission ( ^! words f s+le manuscripts is n wond]ful4 ,x f9ds a p>allel1 z ,al=d rem>ks1 9 ! omission ( ! words 9 ,rome 7,rom4 #a3g7 f "o manuscript1 :e!r f ov]sight or = ! purpose ( g5]aliz+ ! ref]5ce ( its cont5ts4 ,nor c any valid objection be drawn f ! g5]al "* ( ! epi/le4 ,t dep5d$ mu* on ! occasion :i* call$ x =?1 :i* we h se5 to h be5 g5]al1 & ! frame ( m9d 9 :i* ! apo/le wrote4 ,z to ! omission ( salutations1 we %all f9d ^u exam9ation t ! measure ( ,paul's p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! *ur*es 0 n t ( 8 p]sonal greet+s4 ,^! ab\nd mo/ ( all 9 ! epi/le to ! ,romans :om he _h nev] visit$4 ,rom4 #af4 ,!y are f\nd also 9 ! epi/le to ! ,colossians to :om ,paul 0 p]sonally a /rang]4 ,col4 #d3aj-ad4 ,on ! contr>y !y are want+1 except 9 a g5]al =m1 9 ! epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 ,philippians1 ,!ssalonians 79 #b ,!ssalonians :olly want+ z 9 ?is epi/le71 ,titus1 & ! fir/ to ,timo?y4 ,! o!r objections are f\nd$ on mis9t]pretation1 z :5 x is inf]r$ f *ap1 #a3ae t ! au?or _h nev] se5 ^? to :om he wrote2 & f *ap1 #c3b t !y _h no p]sonal acqua9tance ) him4 ,b 9 ! =m] passage ! apo/le speaks simply ( ! good report :i* _h come to him f ! ,ephesian *ur* s9ce he left x2 &1 9 ! latt]1 ! words3 if ye h he>d imply no d\bt 7comp>e #a ,pet] #b3c71 & _c be fairly adduc$ to prove t ! writ] 0 p]sonally unkn[n to 8 read]s4 #be4 ,?is epi/le1 l t to ! ,colossians1 naturally falls into two divisions ( ab\t equal size2 ! fir/ argum5tative1 ! second practical4 ,! argum5tative "p occupies ! fir/ two *apt]s4 ,full ( ! great !me ) :i* ! epi/le to ! ,colossians is occupi$--! p]sonal dignity & glory ( ,*ri/1 ! greatness ( 8 salvation1 & especially ! union ?r\gh him ( all holy be+s 9 heav5 & e>? 9 "o family ( ,god--! apo/le beg9s1 imm$iately aft] ! apo/olic greet+1 by p\r+ out 8 he>t 9 ?anksgiv+ to ,god = 8 ri* m]cy1 :i* has made him & 8 belov$ ,ephesians p>tak]s ( ,*ri/'s r$emption1 ! greatness & glory ( :i* he describes 9 gl[+ t]ms1 br++ 91 z he proce$s1 ! ?\ght ) :i* 8 m9d is fill$1 t x is ,god's purpose to ga!r toge!r 9 "o all ?+s 9 ,*ri/1 bo? :i* are 9 heav51 & :i* are on e>?4 ,*ap4 #a3aj4 ,he !n adds a f]v5t pray] = ! gr[? ( ! ,ephesians 9 ! k ( ,*ri/1 :om ,god has rais$ above all pr9cipality & p[] & made head ov] all ?+s to 8 body ! *ur*4 ,return+ 9 ! second *apt] to ! !me ) :i* he began1 he contra/s ) ! =m] wret*$ condition ( ! ,ephesians1 :5 !y _h no hope & 7 )\t ,god 9 ! _w1 _! pres5t bless$ /ate1 z fell[-citiz5s ) ! sa9ts & ( ! h\sehold ( fai?2 ,god hav+ ?r\gh ,*ri/ brok5 d[n ! middle wall ( p>tition betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & built !m all into a holy temple ^u "o common f\ndation1 ( :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! *ief corn] /one4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] he dwells ^u ! grace ( ,god :i* _h committ$ to him1 9 a special s5se1 ! (fice ( prea*+ among ! ,g5tiles ! unse>*able ri*es ( ,*ri/2 & adds a raptur\s pray] = ! /r5g!n+ ( ! ,ephesians ?r\gh ! ,_s 9 ! inn] man1 = _! e/abli%m5t 9 fai? & love1 & _! illum9ation 9 ! love ( ,*ri/ :i* passes k1 t !y may be fill$ ) all ! fulness ( ,god4 ,!n foll[s a doxology 9 :i* ! apo/le labors to f9d words :]e) to express 8 conception ( ! greatness ( ,god's p[] & grace ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,) ! f\r? *apt] beg9s ! practical "p ( ! epi/le4 ,he beg9s ) an exhortation to unity1 ! argum5t = :i* _c be abridg$3 ,!re is "o body1 & "o ,_s1 ev5 z ye are call$ 9 "o hope ( y\r call+3 "o ,"l1 "o fai?1 "o baptism1 "o ,god & ,fa!r ( all1 :o is above all1 & ?r\gh all1 & 9 y all4 ,*ap4 #d3d-f4 ,he next speaks ( ! div]sity ( gifts among believ]s1 all ( :i* come f ,*ri/1 & h = _! end ! unity ( ! *ur* 9 fai? & k1 & ?us h] /ability 7v]ses #g-af74 ,!n foll[ e>ne/ admonitions to %un ! vices ( _! =m] /ate ( hea!nism1 & cultivate all ! graces ( ! ,_s4 ,! mutual relations ( life are !n tak5 up1 z 9 ! epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,"h occurs t gr& digression 9 :i* ! love ( ,*ri/ t[>ds 8 *ur* is comp>$ ) t ( ! husb& t[>ds 8 wife4 ,*ap4 #e3bc-cb4 ,! clos+ exhortation1 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian is comp>$ to a w>rior wre/l+ n ) fle% & blood b ) ! p[]s ( d>kness1 & 8 heav5ly panoply is describ$ at l5g?1 is 7) ! exception ( ! brief figure1 #a ,!ss4 #e3h7 peculi> to ?is epi/le & is v /rik+4 #bf4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,philemon4--,?is %ort epi/le is ess5tially ( a private "*4 ,x 0 s5t to ,colosse by ,onesimus at ! same "t ) ! epi/le to ! ,colossians1 ( :i* ,ty*ieus 0 ! be>]4 ,col4 #d3g-i4 ,! epi/le itself pla9ly indicates its object4 ,x is a plea = ,onesimus1 ! s]vant ( ,philemon1 :o _h left 8 ma/] & app>5tly defraud$ him 7v]se #ah71 b n[ returns to him a ,*ri/ian4 ,z a model ( ,*ri/ian delicacy & c\rtesy x has be5 ! admiration ( all ages4 ,v4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,philippians4 #bg4 ,! anci5t "n ( ,philippi 0 ,cr5ides 7,f\nta9s72 b ,philip ( ,mac$on =tifi$ ! place & call$ x aft] 8 own "n4 ,x lay along ! bank ( a riv] on a pla9 9 ! ea/]n bord] ( ,proconsul> ,mac$onia1 & 0 made a colony by ,augu/us 9 memory ( 8 victory ga9$ !re ov] ,brutus & ,cassius4 ,comp>e ,acts #af3ab4 ,its port 0 ,neapolis on ! ,a,egean sea ab\t twelve ,roman miles to ! s\!a/ ( x4 ,philippi 0 ! fir/ place 9 ,europe :]e ! gospel 0 prea*$ by ,paul1 :o _h be5 summon$ across ! sea to ,mac$onia by a vision4 ,acts #af3i4 ,?is 0 dur+ 8 second mission>y j\rney1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ec4 ,a record ( 8 labors & suff]+s on t occasion is giv5 9 ,acts #af3ab-dj4 ,9 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney he twice visit$ ,mac$onia1 sail+ ! second "t f ,philippi1 t is1 f its port ,neapolis4 ,acts #bj3a1 #c-f4 #bh4 ,! occasion ( ?is epi/le seems to h be5 ! contribution made by ! ,philippians to supply ! apo/le's necessities :ile a prison] 9 ,rome4 ,*ap4 #d3aj-ah4 ,t he 0 a prison] is pla9 f *ap4 #a3ac1 #ad1 #af4 ,t ! place ( imprisonm5t 0 ,rome is inf]r$ f ! g5]al tone ( ! epi/le1 :i* %[s t ! apo/le 0 await+ a decision ( 8 case1 9 accordance ) 8 appeal to ,caes>1 ) ! confid5t expectation ( a favorable result 7*aps4 #a3ai-be2 #b3bc1 #bd71 & especially f ! m5tion ( ,caes>'s h\sehold 7*ap4 #d3bb74 ,f *ap4 #b3bc1 #bd we inf]1 moreov]1 t ! "t = a decision ( 8 case 0 at h&4 ,! date ( ?is epi/le1 !n1 0 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,! apo/le speaks v confid5tly ( a spe$y release & re/oration to ! "w ( 8 apo/olic (fice4 ,*aps4 #a3ai1 #be1 #bf2 #b3bd4 ,?is language is important 9 connection ) ! two closely relat$ que/ions1 t ( a second imprisonm5t at ,rome & t ( ! date ( ! pa/oral epi/les4 ,see bel[1 ,no4 #ce4 #bi4 ,! "* ( ?is epi/le answ]s well to its occasion4 ,x is a free outp\r+ ( ! apo/le's he>t t[>ds 8 belov$ ,philippians1 :o _h rememb]$ him 9 8 bonds & s5t ,epaphroditus to supply 8 wants4 ,he be/[s ^u !m no c5sure1 unless ! sugge/ion to ,euodias & ,synty*e be reg>d$ z su*1 b comm5ds !m = _! lib]ality1 exhorts !m to /eadfa/ness 9 ! endurance ( p]secution1 & admoni%es !m to ma9ta9 a deportm5t :i* %all be 9 all ?+s su* z becomes ! gospel1 ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* he specifies 9 ! c\rse ( ! epi/le1 b n 9 any v exact ord]4 ,x is 9 connection ) ^! admonitions t ! apo/le1 :ile insi/+ on ! duty ( humility & self-sacrific+ love1 br+s 9 t sublime description ( ! ,savi\r's orig9al glory & equality ) ,god1 :i* he laid aside = our r$emption1 tak+ ^u himself ! =m ( a s]vant & submitt+ to ! dea? ( ! cross2 = :i* act ( self-abasem5t he is n[ exalt$ to be ,"l ( heav5 & e>?4 ,*ap4 #b3e-aa4 ,int]m+l$ ) ! above nam$ comm5dations1 exhortations1 & c\nsels1 are frequ5t notices respect+ himself1 introduc$ 9 ! mo/ natural & artless mann]1 & unfold+ = our edification "s ( ! deepe/ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian "*4 ,8 fai? 9 ,*ri/ & love = ,8 cause raise him above ! sph]e ( human jeal\sies4 ,he rejoices t ,*ri/ is prea*$1 :e!r ( good-w or ( envy1 kn[+ t ?is %all turn to 8 salvation ?r\gh ! pray]s ( ! ,philippians & ! supply ( ,*ri/'s ,_s4 ,*ap4 #b3ae-ai4 ,he kn[s t = himself p]sonally x is bett] to dep>t & be ) ,*ri/3 b to cont9ue 9 ! fle% is m ne$ful = ! ,philippians4 ,he _c1 !re=e1 *oose betwe5 life & dea?4 ,*ap4 #a3ba-be4 ,h[ diff]5t ?is f ! _s ( "s1 :o ?9k ( dea? only 9 connection ) _! own p]sonal com=t1 & h[ mu* high] ! type ( religion :i* x reveals6 ,s f> z outw>d advantages are conc]n$1 no man c h m occasion ?an he to glory 9 ! fle%4 ,b all ^! he has r5\nc$ & c\nt$ loss = ,*ri/4 ,8 "o ambition is to "k ,*ri/1 & be unit$ ) him 9 8 dea? & resurrection4 ,8 pres5t atta9m5ts he =gets 9 8 s+le purpose ( press+ t[>ds ! goal = ! prize ( ,god's heav5ly call+ 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,*ap4 #c3d-ad4 ,he w>mly comm5ds ! ,philippians = _! lib]ality1 b wi%es !m to und]/& t he does n speak 9 respect to p]sonal want2 = e :]e & 9 all ?+s he has be5 taught ! lesson ( cont5tm5t ) pres5t circum/ances4 ,*ap4 #d3aj-ad4 ,,vi4 ,,epi/les ,,to ,,! ,,!ssalonians4 #cj4 ,! orig9al "n ( ,!ssalonica 0 ,!rme1 :5ce ! gulf at ! head ( :i* x is situat$1 0 call$ ! ,!rmaic gulf4 ,! mod]n "n ( ! city is ,saloniki1 & ( ! gulf1 ! gulf ( ,saloniki4 ,9 ! apo/olic age x 0 a l>ge & weal?y city1 & ! metropolis ( ! second di/rict ( ,mac$onia4 ,at ! pres5t day x is second only to ,con/ant9ople 9 ,european ,turkey4 ,!n z n[ a l>ge numb] ( ,jews resid$ 9 x4 ,9 8 second mission>y t\r ! apo/le1 :5 driv5 f ,philippi1 w5t ?r\gh ,amphipolis & ,apollonia to ,!ssalonica4 ,aft] 8 usual mann] he fir/ resort$ to ! ,jewi% synagogue & ?ree ,sabba? days reason$ ) !m out ( ! ,scriptures4 ,aft] ?is a tumult 0 rais$ at ! in/igation ( ! unbeliev+ ,jews1 & ! apo/le 0 s5t away by night to ,b]ea4 ,acts #ag3a-aj4 ,we _c affirm t 8 /ay at ,!ssalonica 0 limit$ to ?ree weeks2 yet x 0 v brief1 & = ?is reason he 0 anxi\s to return aga9 t he might imp>t fur!r in/ruction & consolation to ! conv]ts !re1 :o 7 und]go+ a sev]e ordeal ( temptation ?r\gh p]secution4 ,*aps4 #b3ag-c3e4 ,8 labors at ,!ssalonica 7 n conf9$ to ! ,sabba?-day & ! ,jewi% synagogue4 ,he prea*$ ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles also1 & 8 *ief success seems to h be5 among !m4 #a ,!ss4 #a3i2 #b3ad1 #af4 #ca4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,!ssalonians 0 writt5 dur+ ! apo/le's second mission>y j\rney1 ! same j\rney 9 :i* he fir/ visit$ ,!ssalonica4 ,?is we ga!r f ! fact t ,silvanus 7,silas7 0 ) him 7*ap4 #a3a71 = ,silas 0 ,paul's travell+ companion only dur+ t j\rney 7,acts #ae3dj2 #af3ai1 #be1 #bi2 #ag3d1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae2 #ah3e72 also f ! notice ( 8 be+ at ,a!ns 7*ap4 #c3a comp>$ ) ,acts #ag3ae1 #af74 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 write f ,a!ns1 z ! subscription errone\sly /ates1 b f ,cor9?2 = x 0 at ?is place t ,silas & ,timo!us rejo9$ him1 br++ good tid+s f ,mac$onia respect+ ! *ur* 9 ,!ssalonica4 ,*ap4 #c3a-f comp>$ ) ,acts #ah3a-e4 ,?is is1 !n1 ! e>lie/ ( ,paul's epi/les1 hav+ be5 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ec4 #cb4 ,! epi/le cle>ly indicates its occasion4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! brief "t :i* ! apo/le _h be5 able to sp5d at ,!ssalonica1 & ( ! sev]e p]secution to :i* ! conv]ts 9 t city 7 expos$1 he 0 v desir\s to make !m a second visit4 ,b hav+ be5 twice fru/rat$ 9 ?is purpose1 he s5t ,timo?y & ,silas to le>n ! condition ( ! ,!ssalonian *ur* & br+ him ^w conc]n+ x1 :i* !y did :ile he 0 at ,cor9?4 ,*aps4 #b3ag-c3f4 ,! lett] is an affectionate outp\r+ ( 8 he>t 9 view ( ! good tid+s receiv$ ?r\gh ^! bre?r51 into :i* are int]wov5 enc\ragem5ts1 in/ructions1 & admonitions adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( ! bre?r5 at ,!ssalonica1 ) abundant ref]5ces to ! apo/le's own labors !re4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] he comm5ds1 ) dev\t ?anksgiv+ to ,god1 ! fai? & love & pati5ce ( ! ,!ssalonian ,*ri/ians4 ,! second & ?ird *apt]s are ma9ly occupi$ ) a notice ( 8 own labors & ^? ( 8 colleagues at ,!ssalonica1 ( 8 /rong desire to revisit !m :i* he _h ?us f> be5 h9d]$ f c>ry+ into execution1 & ( 8 joy at ! good tid+s br\ght by ,timo?y1 ! :ole clos$ ) a f]v5t pray] 9 _! behalf4 ,! two rema9+ *apt]s conta9 miscellane\s in/ructions suit$ to ! condition ( a *ur* t _h be5 rec5tly ga!r$ 9 great "p f ! ranks ( hea!nism4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! he corrects an error into :i* ! ,!ssalonian believ]s _h fall5 f ! idea t !y :o %\ld die be=e ,*ri/'s second com+ might fail ( _! %>e 9 its glory & bless$ness4 ,*ap4 #d3ac-ah4 ,9 bo? ( ! epi/les he admoni%es ! ,!ssalonians aga9/ ! neglect ( _! prop] worldly bus9ess1 a fault t 0 app>5tly connect$ ) vision>y ideas respect+ ! spe$y second com+ ( our ,"l1 & :i* he rebukes 9 sev]e t]ms4 #a ,!ss4 #d3aa2 #b ,!ss4 #c3aj-ab4 #cc4 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,!ssalonians1 l ! fir/1 is writt5 9 ! "n ( ,paul1 & ,silvanus1 & ,timo!us1 & seems to h be5 s5t f ,cor9? n _m mon?s aft] ! fir/4 ,! apo/le's ma9 design 0 to correct a p]nici\s error respect+ ! "t ( our ,"l's second adv5t1 :i* "s at ,!ssalonica seem to h be5 /r5u\sly engag$ 9 propagat+1 & to give !m fur!r in/ruction respect+ ?is great doctr9e & _! duty 9 relation to x4 ,aft] ! apo/olic salutation he expresses 8 gratitude to ,god = ! gr[? ( _! ,*ri/ian fai? & love1 & com=ts !m "u ! pressure ( ! p]secution to :i* !y 7 subject$ ) ! assurance ( our ,"l's second com+ 9 glory to de/roy 8 & _! enemies & give re/ to 8 suff]+ s]vants2 b proce$s 9 ! second *apt] to %[ t ?is day is n yet at h&1 & _c come till !re has fir/ be5 a great apo/acy1 ! *>act]i/ic features ( :i* he proce$s to give 7v]ses #c-ab74 ,! rema9d] ( ! epi/le is occupi$ ) comm5dations & enc\ragem5ts to p]sev]5ce1 m+l$ ) admonitions4 ,! latt] h special ref]5ce to c]ta9 idle & disord]ly memb]s ( ! *ur*1 :om ! apo/le describes z "s :i* walk among y disord]ly1 work+ n at all1 b are busy bodies 7*ap4 #c3aa71 & :o also set !mselves 9 opposition to 8 apo/olic au?ority 7v]se #ad74 ,^! disord]ly p]sons seem to h be5 ! same z ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 propagat+ errone\s notions respect+ ! "t ( our ,"l's second adv5t4 ,_! vision>y views on ?is subject made !m self-conceit$1 talkative1 & self-will$1 & l$ !m to neglect ! sob] duties ( daily life4 ,! apo/le besee*es ! ,!ssalonians n to be soon %ak5 9 m9d1 or tr\bl$1 nei!r by _s1 nor by ^w1 nor by lett] z f u1 z t ! day ( ,*ri/ is at h&4 ,& he adds3 ,let no man deceive y 9 any way--9 any ( ! ways specifi$ or any o!r way4 ,*ap4 #b3b1 #c4 ,!re 7 !n p]sons at ,!ssalonica busily occupi$ 9 mislead+ ! ,!ssalonians3 7#a7 by _s1 t is1 by prophesies :i* !y pr(ess$ to h receiv$ f ! ,holy ,_s2 7#b7 by ^w1 by oral tea*+2 7#c7 by lett] z f u1 t is1 purport+ to come f ! apo/le4 ,or1 p]haps1 we %\ld r5d]3 nor by ^w nor by lett] z f u3 t is1 nei!r by oral tea*+ nor by writt5 communication alleg$ to h come f me4 ,we c well und]/& h[ ! unwritt5 words ( ! apo/le %\ld h be5 p]v]t$ by ^! false tea*]s4 ,! "q rema9s3 ,did !y p]v]t ! mean+ ( 8 language 9 ! fir/ epi/le1 or did !y employ an epi/le =g$ 9 8 "n8 ,! latt] has be5 f anci5t times a common int]pretation ( ?is clause1 & x is favor$ by ! words3 ,! salutation ( ,paul ) m9e own h&1 :i* is ! tok5 9 e epi/le3 s ,i write4 ,*ap4 #c3ag4 ,yet ! supposition ( su* a =g$ epi/le is some?+ s improbable t _m are incl9$ to adopt ! =m] supposition4 ,! "q respect+ ! man ( s9 belongs to ! comm5tator4 ,9 a brief introduction l ! pres5t1 we _c ent] ^u x f>!r ?an to say t1 ?\gh we are n w>rant$ 9 affirm+ t x has its exhau/ive fulfilm5t 9 ! ,papacy1 yet its *ief embodim5t ?us f> has be5 9 t corrupt & p]secut+ p[] ^: "* answ]s s rem>kably to ! apo/le's description4 #cd4 ,! epi/les to ! *ur*es ( ,philippi & ,!ssalonica1 bo? ly+ )9 ! b\nds ( anci5t ,mac$onia1 h a rem>kable agreem5t 9 _! g5]al tone & mann]4 ,9 bo? cases we h ! same affectionate outp\r+ ( ! apo/le's he>t t[>ds ! bre?r5 to :om he writes1 & ! same abundant p]sonal notices respect+ himself & 8 m9i/ry4 ,yet !y diff] precisely z we might suppose !y w\ld 9 view ( ! fact t ! two to ! ,!ssalonians are ! e>lie/ ( ,paul's writ+s1 & are sep>at$ f t to ! ,philippians by an int]val ( t5 ev5tful ye>s4 ,9 writ+ to ! ,!ssalonians he gives peculi> prom95ce to ! doctr9e ( our ,"l's second com+1 p]haps because1 9 ! p]secutions :i* !y 7 und]go+1 !y especially ne$$ its /r5g!n+ & consolatory influ5ce2 p]haps also because 9 ! cont9ual maltreatm5t :i* he _h enc\nt]$ ev] s9ce he ent]$ ,mac$onia--at ,philippi 7,acts #af3ai-dj2 #a ,!ss4 #b3b71 at ,!ssalonica 7,acts #ag3e-aj71 at ,b]ea 7,acts #ag3ac1 #ad71 at ,cor9? 7,acts #ah3f-ag7--;he 0 /ay+ 8 own s\l on ! same glori\s hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d 9 ^! e>li] epi/les no m5tion ( ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians1 nor any contra/ betwe5 ! two opposite sy/ems ( ju/ification by fai? & by ! works ( ! ,mosaic law1 su* z appe>s 9 8 lat] epi/les1 t to ! ,philippians includ$4 ,phil4 #c3d-i4 ,8 oppon5ts at ,!ssalonica are n ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians1 b unconv]t$ ,jews1 ^: malignant opposition he describes 9 /rong t]ms4 #a ,!ss4 #b3ae1 #af4 ,to ! ,!ssalonians ! apo/le speaks ( himself2 b x is ( 8 m9i/ry1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he has dis*>g$ its duties among !m4 ,to ! ,philippians he also speaks ( himself2 b !n x is f a prison1 ) a trial = life or dea? be=e him1 & ! retrospect ( a long m9i/ry beh9d him4 ,he unfolds1 !re=e1 z is natural1 8 deep exp]i5ces z a ,*ri/ian & an apo/le ( ,*ri/4 ,see above1 ,no4 #bi4 ,9 ?is contra/ betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] epi/les we h an evid5ce ( _! g5u95ess :i* is all ! /rong] because ( its indirectness4 ,x is su* a m>k ( tru? z no falsifi] has p[] to imitate4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les4 #ce4 ,! attempt to f9d = ! pa/oral epi/les a place 9 ,paul's m9i/ry z f> z record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is beset ) difficulties :i* am\nt to impossibilities4 ,among ^! difficulties are ! foll[+3 7#a47 ,:oev] c>efully /udies ^! ?ree epi/les 9 _! connection ) ea* o!r1 & 9 contra/ ) ! o!r ,paul9e epi/les1 mu/ be pr(\ndly impress$ ) ! conviction t !y all belong1 z x respects /yle & tone ( ?\ght1 to ! same p]iod ( ! apo/le's life2 &1 z x respects subject-matt]1 to ! same era :5 ! *ur*es 7 tr\bl$ by ! same =ms ( error4 ,b if we assume t !y 7 writt5 dur+ t "p ( ,paul's m9i/ry ( :i* ,luke has left u ! record1 ! second to ,timo?y mu/ be widely sep>at$ f ! o!r two4 ,t 0 c]ta9ly writt5 dur+ ,paul's la/ imprisonm5t ne> ! close ( 8 life4 ,b :5 he wrote ! fir/ to ,timo?y & t to ,titus he 0 at lib]ty & prosecut+ 8 mission>y labors 9 ,asia ,m9or & ! vic9ity4 ,x mu/ h be5 !n1 ^u ?is assumption1 dur+ 8 ?ird mission>y t\r 7:5 ,apollos appe>s = ! fir/ "t1 ,acts #ah3bd comp>$ ) ,titus #c3ac71 & be=e 8 la/ record$ j\rney to ,j]usalem1 8 arre/ !re1 8 two ye>s' imprisonm5t at ,ces>ea1 8 voyage to ,rome1 & 8 imprisonm5t !re = ! space ( at lea/ two m ye>s4 7#b47 ,!re is no "p ( ,paul's hi/ory betwe5 8 fir/ visit to ,ephesus & 8 ,roman imprisonm5t1 :i* satisfies ! hi/orical conditions impli$ 9 ! /atem5ts ( any "o ( ^! epi/les4 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 vol4 #b1 ,app5dix #a4 ,! /ud5t may see ! argum5ts on "o side 9 ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & on ! o!r 9 ,al=d1 & o!r critical comm5tators4 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ! biblical diction>ies4 7#c47 ,^u ! assumption t ! fir/ epi/le to ,timo?y1 :om ,paul _h left 9 *>ge ( ! ,ephesian *ur*1 0 writt5 be=e 8 record$ imprisonm5ts at ,ces>ea & ,rome1 x mu/ be e>li] ?an 8 f>ewell address to ! eld]s ( ,ephesus1 & also 8 epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,b ! cont5ts ( ! epi/le manife/ly po9t to a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! errors 9 doctr9e & practice :i* he _h pr$ict$ 7,acts #bj3bi1 #cj71 b ( :i* he takes no notice 9 8 epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 _h already begun to manife/ !mselves4 ,! m "o comp>es ) ea* o!r ^! two epi/les1 ! deep] mu/ 8 conviction be t ! fir/ to ,timo?y is n ! e>li] b ! lat] ( ! two4 7#d47 ,! peculi> tone & diction ( ! pa/oral epi/les & ! peculi> "* ( ! errors combat$ 9 !m all indicate a lat] p]iod 9 ! apo/le's life1 & a lat] /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*es4 ,to place ! fir/ & ?ird ( ^! among ^? to ! ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans1 & ! second1 among ^? to ,philemon1 ! ,colossians1 ,ephesians1 & ,philippians1 mu/ appe> =c$ & unnatural4 ,x is mu* easi] to assume ! lapse ( "s ye>s4 ,ev5 !n ! contra/ betwe5 ^! & ! o!r epi/les ( ,paul 9 respect to tone & diction is v /rik+4 ,b x may be expla9$ p>tly f ! peculi> !me ( ! pa/oral epi/les1 p>tly f ! *ange :i* ! lapse ( "t ) its manifold exp]i5ces _h br\ght to ! apo/le's /yle & diction4 ,we assume1 !re=e1 t ! apo/le 0 releas$ f ! ,roman imprisonm5t record$ by ,luke2 & t1 n v long be=e 8 second imprisonm5t :i* 0 t]m9at$ by 8 m>tyrdom at ,rome1 he wrote ! ?ree epi/les n[ "u consid]ation4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is is 9 accordance ) anci5t tradition4 ,see ! te/imonies 9 ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 *ap4 #bg2 9 ,al=d1 & 9 o!r comm5tators4 ,aga9/ ?is view is urg$ ! apo/le's decl>ation to ! eld]s ( ,ephesus t !y %\ld see 8 face no m2 :]eas1 accord+ to ! pres5t supposition1 he visit$ ,ephesus aga9 aft] 8 fir/ imprisonm5t4 ,z a fair (fset to ?is may be urg$ on ! o!r side 8 equally /rong decl>ation to ! ,philippians t 8 pres5t imprisonm5t %\ld h a favorable issue 7,phil4 #a3be72 :i* 0 n ! case ^u ! hypo!sis ( a s+le imprisonm5t at ,rome4 ,su* decl>ations1 :]e no doctr9e or fact ( ,*ri/ianity is conc]n$1 are n to be tak5 z revelations ( ! ,_s4 ,we "k1 = example1 f ,paul's own words1 t he *ang$ 8 decl>$ purpose respect+ a visit to ,cor9?1 = :i* 8 enemies accus$ him ( us+ lightness4 #b ,cor4 #a3ae-ah4 ,x is urg$ aga9 t :5 ,paul wrote ! pa/oral epi/les ,timo?y 0 a "y man4 #a ,tim4 #d3ab2 #b ,tim4 #b3bb4 ,b accord+ to anci5t ideas "o might be call$ a "y man at any age "u ?irty-five or ev5 =ty ye>s4 ,paul f\nd ,timo?y 9 8 second mission>y j\rney1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #eb4 ,x is n necess>y to assume t he 0 !n m ?an tw5ty ye>s old4 ,at ! "t ( ,paul's m>tyrdom1 !n1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fg or #fh1 he may h be51 = any?+ t appe>s to ! contr>y1 a "y man 9 ! anci5t s5se ( ! ^w4 #cf4 ,! false tea*]s ) :om ! apo/le deals 9 ^! epi/les are corrupt 9 practice z well z 9 doctr9e4 #a ,tim4 #a3f2 #f3e2 #b ,tim4 #b3af1 #ag2 #c3f1 #h2 ,titus #a3ae1 #af4 ,!y 7 *iefly ,jews 7#a ,tim4 #a3g2 ,titus #a3aj1 #ad2 #c3i72 b n ,jews :o held to simple ,ph>iseeism1 l ! false tea*]s among ! ,galatians4 ,!y m ne>ly resembl$ ^? :o tr\bl$ ! ,colossians--,jews ( a speculative turn ( m9d1 :o s\ght to br+ into ,judaism ! semi-ori5tal philosophy ( t day4 ,!y 7 n ,gno/ics2 = ,gno/icism 0 ess5tially anti-,judai/ic1 sep>at+ ! ,god ( ! ,jews f ! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity1 & plac+ ! two 9 antagonism to ea* o!r4 ,! speculations ( ^! false tea*]s took a direction :i* 0 9 "s respects ak9 to ! ,gno/icism ( ! second c5tury2 b ! allegation t !y 7 !mselves ,gno/ics re/s ^u ! mis9t]pretation ( c]ta9 passages 9 ^! epi/les1 or unw>rantable inf]5ces f !m4 #cg4 ,! g5u95ess ( ^! epi/les is su/a9$ by ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! anci5t *ur*4 ,only 9 mod]n times has x be5 call$ 9 "q by c]ta9 writ]s1 :o re/ _! argum5ts :olly on alleg$ int]nal evid5ce4 ,s f> z _! objections are f\nd$ on ! assum$ e>ly date ( ! pa/oral epi/les--be=e ! close ( ,paul's imprisonm5t at ,rome record$ by ,luke1 on _! peculi> tone & diction1 or on ! suppos$ ref]5ces 9 !m to ! ,gno/icism ( ! second c5tury1 !y h already be5 consid]$4 ,b x is fur!r alleg$3 7#a47 ,t !y reveal a hi]>*ical _s =eign to ! "* ( ! apo/le ,paul4 ,! answ] is t no trace ( su* a _s is disc]nible 9 !m4 ,! *ur*es _h f ! fir/ _! (fic]s--bi%ops or eld]s & deacons2 & ! apo/le simply gives ! necess>y directions = ! selection ( ^!1 ) a few brief h9ts respect+ ! l9e ( conduct to be obs]v$ t[>ds !m4 #a ,tim4 #e3a1 #ag1 #ai1 #bb4 7#b47 ,t ! in/itution ( wid[s 7#a ,tim4 #e3i-af7 belongs to a lat] age4 ,respect+ ! exact position ( ^? :o 7 enroll$ 9 ! class ( wid[s !re h be5 diff]5t op9ions4 ,"o is t ?is class consi/$ ( ^? :o 7 to receive relief f ! funds ( ! *ur*2 ano!r1 t !y 7 matrons set ap>t = special s]vice 9 ! *ur*1 p]=m+ = _! own sex duties analog\s to ^? :i* ! presbyt]s p]=m$ = ! *ur* g5]ally4 ,! latt] op9ion is ! m probable ( ! two1 z x expla9s ! conditions insi/$ on by ! apo/le4 ,b accord+ to ei!r view !re is no difficulty 9 admitt+ ! exi/5ce 9 apo/olic times ( su* an arrangem5t4 #ch4 ,9 ^! pa/oral epi/les we h ! affectionate c\nsels ( ! great apo/le to ! ,g5tiles1 :5 he 0 n[ ripe 9 ye>s & ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce & ab\t to close 8 e>?ly m9i/ry1 address$ to two "y m5 :om ! ,holy ,gho/ _h made ov]se]s ( ! *ur*es4 ,!y are a ri* /oreh\se ( in/ruction = all to :om ,god has committ$ ! m9i/ry ( reconciliation4 ,let !m1 z !y hope at la/ to r5d] up an acc\nt ( _! /ew>d%ip ) joy & n ) grief1 pray]fully /udy & r$uce to daily practice ^! precepts ( heav5ly wisdom giv5 by ! ,holy ,_s ?r\gh ! p5 ( ,paul ! ag$4 #ci4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,to ,,timo?y4--,! "t ( ?is epi/le lies1 z we h se51 beyond ! record$ hi/ory ( ! apo/le1 & be=e 8 second & f9al imprisonm5t at ,rome1 p]haps ab\t ,a4,d4 #fe or #ff4 ,x 0 address$ to ,timo?y at ,ephesus n long aft] ! apo/le _h left t city to g into ,mac$onia 7*ap4 #a3c71 b :e!r f ,mac$onia or "s o!r prov9ce ( ! ,roman empire _c be det]m9$4 ,! occasion we le>n f ! epi/le4 ,paul _h left ,timo?y 9 *>ge ( ! ,ephesian *ur*1 &1 be+ appreh5sive ( a protract$ abs5ce1 he s5ds him ^! writt5 in/ructions relat+ p>tly to 8 own p]sonal demeanor z a ,*ri/ian m9i/]1 b *iefly to 8 (fice z ! ov]se] ( ! ,ephesian *ur*4 ,9 ! dis*>ge ( ?is (fice he is 7#a7 to )/& & keep d[n ! gr[+ h]esies ( ! day2 7#b7 to sup]9t5d ! gov]nm5t ( ! *ur* 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s :i* ! apo/le specifies4 ,! cont5ts ( ! epi/le ?\gh n arrang$ 9 sy/ematic ord]1 are 9 h>mony ) its occasion & design4 ,into ! fir/ *apt]1 :i* is ( an introductory "*1 ! apo/le1 9 ! free int]c\rse ( confid+ affection1 ins]ts a p]sonal notice ( himself1 :i* brea!s ! _s ( dev\t gratitude & deep humility4 ,he !n proce$s to give directions p]ta9+ to ! public wor%ip ( ,god--pray]1 ! co/ume ( wom51 & _! place 9 ! public assembly 7*ap4 #b72 & to ! *oice ( bi%ops & deacons 7*ap4 #c74 ,aft] a digression 9 ! f\r? *apt] respect+ ! "* ( ! com+ apo/acy =etold by ! ,_s1 :i* is foll[$ by admonitions to ,timo?y ( a p]sonal "*1 he proce$s 9 ! fif? *apt] to give directions respect+ ! appo9tm5t & treatm5t ( eld]s1 ( ! eld] & y\ng] wom51 & especially ( wid[s1 ) p]sonal c\nsel to ,timo?y4 ,!n foll[s an admonition to s]vants1 a notice ( ! false tea*]s1 a w>n+ to ! ri* ) fur!r c\nsels to ,timo?y1 & an animat+ glance at ! second com+ ( our ,"l4 ,eunice1 ! "m ( ,timo?y1 0 a ,jewess di/+ui%$ = h] piety1 z 0 also 8 gr&mo!r ,lois4 ,acts #af3a2 #b ,tim4 #a3e4 ,by !m he 0 c>efully tra9$ 9 ! k ( ! holy ,scriptures 7#b ,tim4 #c3ae71 & _h a good reputation among ! bre?r5 :5 ,paul f\nd him at ,d]be & ,ly/ra 7,acts #af3a1 #b74 ,8 fa!r be+ a ,greek1 he _h nev] be5 subject$ to ! rite ( circumcision4 ,b 9 consid]ation ( 8 mix$ desc5t ,paul1 to allay ! prejudices ( 8 c\ntrym51 took & circumcis$ him1 :ile he w\ld n all[ ?is rite to be impos$ on ,titus1 :o 0 ( unmix$ ,g5tile orig94 ,timo?y 0 "o ( ! mo/ tru/y & belov$ ( ,paul's fell[-labor]s1 z we le>n f ^! & 8 o!r epi/les1 & he naturally desir$ ! com=t & help ( 8 pres5ce 9 8 f9al imprisonm5t at ,rome4 #b ,tim4 #d3i1 #ba4 ,8 heal? 0 feeble 7#a ,tim4 #e3bc71 & !re are 9 ,paul's epi/les "s indications t he 0 naturally timid & diffid5t 7#a ,cor4 #af3aj1 #aa2 #b ,tim4 #a3g1 #h2 #b3c74 ,b grace made him fai?ful to ! end4 #dj4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,titus :i* comes next 9 *ronological ord]1 has a rem>kable agreem5t ) ! fir/ to ,timo?y 9 bo? subject-matt] & /yle4 ,) ! exception ( :at relates to wid[s & ! demeanor ( wom5 9 ! public assemblies1 x conta9s ! same g5]al precepts1 ) additional exhortations t "y m5 be sob]-m9d$1 & t ! ,cretan ,*ri/ians obey magi/rates & be meek & g5tle 9 _! deportm5t4 ,) ^! c\nsels ! apo/le int]weaves1 z 9 ! fir/ epi/le to ,timo?y1 exhortations to ,titus ( a p]sonal "*1 & animat+ notices ( ,god's grace 9 ! gospel & ( ! second com+ ( our ,"l4 ,respect+ ! f\nd+ ( ! ,cretan *ur*es we h no in=mation 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! only "t m5tion$ by ,luke :5 ,paul t\*$ at ,crete 0 on 8 voyage to ,rome z a prison] 7,acts #bg3h72 & !n he _h nei!r "t nor lib]ty = ! "w ( prea*+ ! gospel 9 t isl&4 ,crete conta9$ _m ,jews1 "s ( :om 7 pres5t at ,j]usalem on ! day ( ,p5teco/ 7,acts #b3aa74 ,! apo/le's visit to ,crete ref]r$ to 9 ?is epi/le we assume to h tak5 place betwe5 8 fir/ & second imprisonm5t at ,rome4 ,:e!r ! *ur*es ( ! isl& 7 !n f\nd$ = ! fir/ "t or _h previ\sly exi/$1 x is c]ta9 t ,paul left !m 9 an imp]fect /ate ( organization4 ,= ?is reason he reque/$ ,titus to rema91 t he might set 9 ord] ! ?+s t 7 want+1 & orda9 eld]s 9 e city4 ,*ap4 #a3e4 ,x is rem>kable t we h no notice ( ,titus 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,f ! epi/les ( ,paul we le>n t he 0 8 companion 9 travel1 & intru/$ by him at diff]5t times ) missions to ! *ur*es4 ,he accompani$ ,paul & ,b>nabas to ! s-call$ ,c\ncil ( ! ,apo/les & ,eld]s at ,j]usalem1 :]e1 be+ a ,greek1 he 0 exempt$ f ! necessity ( circumcision4 ,gal4 #b3a1 #c4 ,= o!r notices ( him see #b ,cor4 #b3ac2 #g3f1 #ac1 #ad2 #h3f1 #af1 #bc2 #ab3ah4 ,8 /ay 9 ,crete 0 n to be p]man5t2 = ! apo/le directs t ^u ! arrival f him ( ,artemas or ,ty*icus he %\ld rejo9 him at ,nicopolis--probably ,nicopolis 9 ,epirus4 ,*ap4 #c3ab4 #da4 ,,second ,,epi/le ,,to ,,timo?y4--,! fir/ epi/le to ,timo?y & t to ,titus are 9 a c]ta9 s5se (ficial2 t is1 !y are l>gely occupi$ ) apo/olic c\nsels & directions to ^! two m5 respect+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! *ur*es :i* ,paul _h committ$ to _! c>e4 ,! pres5t epi/le is ( a m private & p]sonal "*4 ,x 0 writt5 f ,rome :5 ,paul 0 a prison] !re 7*aps4 #a3h1 #af1 #ag2 #b3i71 & expect+ soon to seal 8 te/imony ) 8 blood 7*ap4 #d3f74 ,9 8 extremity1 :5 fidelity to him c\ld be %[n only at ! haz>d ( life1 _m ( 8 fri5ds _h =sak5 him4 ,*aps4 #a3ae2 #d3aj4 ,he ne$$ ! pres5ce & help ( ,timo?y1 & wrote urg+ him to come spe$ily1 & to br+ c]ta9 articles :i* he _h left at ,troas4 ,feel+ t 8 end 0 ne>1 he improv$ ! occasion to give ,timo?y 8 affectionate apo/olic c\nsel & enc\ragem5t4 ,h5ce ! pres5t epi/le diff]s /rik+ly 9 its preceptive "p f ! o!r two4 ,!y conta9 specific directions = orda9+ (fic]s & manag+ ! affairs ( ! *ur*es2 = 9 !m ! apo/le writes to m5 9 *>ge ( specific fields ( labor4 ,9 ! second epi/le to ,timo?y1 on ! contr>y1 ! apo/le's exhortations are g5]al1 = he is summon+ him away f 8 p>ticul> field to give att5dance ^u himself at ,rome4 ,b all ?ree ( ! pa/oral epi/les agree rem>kably1 z well 9 _! g5]al /yle & diction z 9 _! description ( exi/+ errors & false tea*]s4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght t ,timo?y 0 at ,ephesus2 & ) ?is op9ion agrees ! salutation to ! h\sehold ( ,onesiphorus1 :o 0 at ,ephesus4 ,*ap4 #d3ai comp>$ ) #a3ah4 ,! words ( *ap4 #d3ab1 h[ev]1 ,ty*icus h ,i s5t to ,ephesus1 d n favor ?is supposition4 ,h5ce "s h ?\ght t ,timo?y 0 n 9 t city1 b only 9 its vic9ity4 ,! pres5t is und\bt$ly ! la/ ( ,paul's epi/les 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,z su* we _c b p]use x ) solemnity1 z ! clos+ te/imony ( "o :o has f\ght ! good fight1 f9i%$ ! appo9t$ c\rse1 & kept ! fai?2 & :o "h in/ructs all1 especially all prea*]s ( ! gospel1 h[ !y may d ! same4 ,& ?us we possess an epi/le calculat$ = all ages ( ! *ur*2 & 9 :i* :ile ! maxims cit$ & enc\ragem5ts giv5 apply to all ,*ri/ians1 & especially m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 9 _! duties & difficulties--! affect+ circum/ances 9 :i* ! writ] himself is plac$ c>ry home to e he>t 8 e>ne/ & impassion$ eloqu5ce4 ,al=d1 ,introduction to #b ,timo?y4 ,,viii4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,hebrews4 #db4 ,9 reg>d to ! au?or%ip ( ?is epi/le biblical s*ol>s are n agre$4 ,ea* ( ! ?irte5 prec$+ epi/les be>s ! "n ( ,paul4 ,b ! pres5t epi/le is )\t ei!r "n or address1 & x omits also at ! beg9n+ ! apo/olic salutation4 ,?us x comm5ces 9 ! =m ( an essay1 ?\gh x closes 9 t ( an epi/le4 ,^! circum/ances1 9 connection ) its peculi> /yle & diction & ! peculi> range ( ! topics discuss$ 9 x1 h produc$ a div]sity ( op9ion on ! "q :e!r ,paul 0 its au?or1 at lea/ its au?or 9 ! imm$iate s5se 9 :i* he 0 ! au?or ( ! prec$+ epi/les4 ,= ! full discussion ( ! argum5ts on bo? sides ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! comm5t>ies1 "s ( :i* are accessible to all4 ,our limits w only p]mit u to indicate c]ta9 facts & pr9ciples :i* h a be>+ on ! au?or%ip ( ! epi/le & its canonical au?ority4 ,! unanim\s belief ( ! ,ea/]n *ur*1 :]e we mu/ suppose t x 0 fir/ receiv$ & :5ce ! k ( x 0 spread abroad1 ascrib$ x to ,paul z its au?or ei!r imm$iately or virtually2 = "s1 z ,orig5 79 ,eusebius' ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f4 #ad7 acc\nt$ = its peculi> diction by ! supposition t ,paul furni%$ ! ?\ghts1 :ile !y 7 r$uc$ to =m by ! p5 ( "s o!r p]son4 ,ano!r op9ion 0 t ,paul wrote 9 ,hebrew1 & t our pres5t canonical epi/le is a translation into ,greek 7,eusebius' ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #ch2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 9 ,eusebius' ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f4 #ad74 ,9 ! ,we/]n *ur* ,clem5t ( ,rome did inde$ ref] to ! epi/le z au?oritative1 b )\t nam+ ! au?or4 ,yet its ,paul9e au?or%ip 0 n g5]ally admitt$1 nor 0 x receiv$ z a "p ( ! sacr$ canon till ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 "h too ! op9ion ( ! ,ea/]n *ur* 0 adopt$4 ,! ,muratorian canon1 :i* repres5ts ! belief ( ! ,we/]n *ur* be=e ! f\r? c5tury1 omits ?is epi/le4 ,! ,syriac ,pe%ito1 on ! o!r h&1 ins]ts x 9 accordance ) its uni=m reception by ! ,ea/]n *ur*4 ,?is uni=mity ( belief 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur* mu/ h _h = its />t+ po9t ! ,hebrews to :om ! epi/le 0 s5t2 & x is a /rong argum5t = ! supposition t x did orig9ally come to !m "u ! sanction ( ,paul's "n & au?ority2 :e!r dictat$ to an amanu5sis1 z 7 mo/ ( 8 epi/les1 or writt5 ) 8 k & approbation by "s inspir$ man among 8 att5dants & fell[-labor]s :o 0 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) 8 views on ! subjects treat$ ( 9 ! epi/le4 ,?is is z f> z we h any occasion to g1 s9ce we "k t ! gift ( inspiration 0 n conf9$ to ! circle ( ! apo/les4 ,z we _c affirm t all :o 7 associat$ ) ! apo/les 9 ! "w ( ! m9i/ry _h ! gifts ne$ful = ! composition ( writ+s t %\ld be giv5 to ! *ur*es z ! au?oritative ^w ( ,god1 s nei!r c we d5y to "s ! possession ( ^! gifts1 z is pla9 f ! examples ( ,m>k & ,luke4 ,:5 m5 :o /ood 9 ! second grade ( relation to ,*ri/--apo/olic m51 z we may conv5i5tly call !m--compos$ _! works1 x is n necess>y to assume t !y wrote "u a =mal apo/olic sup]vision4 ,! disc]n+ ( spirits is a gift :i* we mu/ conc$e to all ( ! apo/les4 ,if1 !n1 an associate ( "o ( ! apo/les _h su* relations to him & wrote 9 su* circum/ances t we _c suppose x to h be5 done )\t 8 k & approbation =mal or impli$1 we h = 8 "w all ne$ful au?ority4 ,:at fur!r connection ! apo/le may h _h ) x 9 ! way ( sugge/ion or sup]vision is a "q :i* we may well leave undet]m9$4 ,9 judg+ ( ?is matt] we consid] fir/ ( all ! te/imony ( ! e>ly *ur*es1 s9ce !y enjoy$ ! be/ means ( asc]ta9+ ! orig9 ( a writ+2 & !n ! "* ( ! writ+ itself4 ,proce$+ 9 ?is way we come to ! full conviction ( ! canonical au?ority ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 :e!r we believe1 ) _m1 t ,paul 0 its imm$iate au?or1 or1 ) ,orig51 t ! anci5ts n )\t reason h h&$ x d[n z ,paul's2 b on ! "q :o wrote ! epi/le ,god only kn[s ! tru?4 #dc4 ,t ! apo/le wrote = ! in/ruction ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians is manife/4 ,! uni=m t5or ( ! epi/le indicates1 moreov]1 t !y 7 ,jewi% ,*ri/ians )\t any admixture ( a ,g5tile elem5t4 ,! salutations at ! end fur!r imply t ! epi/le addresses n ,hebrew ,*ri/ians 9 g5]al1 b "s p>ticul> community ( !m1 :i* is mo/ naturally to be s\ght 9 ,pale/9e1 p]haps 9 ,j]usalem4 ,z to ! "t ( ! epi/le1 ! mann] 9 :i* x ref]s to ! temple & its s]vices makes x c]ta9 t ! au?or wrote be=e ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem1 t is1 be=e ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,! argum5ts adduc$ to %[ t ,paul 0 its au?or1 ei!r imm$iately or virtually1 c>ry x back beyond ,a4,d4 #fg or #fh1 :51 accord+ to anci5t tradition1 ! apo/le suff]$ m>tyrdom4 ,x 0 probably writt5 n _m ye>s be=e t ev5t2 b a m exact det]m9ation ( ! "t is impossible4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ probable int]pretation ( *ap4 #ac3bd1 ! epi/le 0 writt5 f ,italy4 ,b t ,timo?y 0 n ! be>] ( x1 z ! subscription /ates1 is pla9 f ! prec$+ v]se1 9 :i* he conditionally promises to come ) ,timo?y at a future "t4 ,! ref]5ces 9 ! epi/le to ! ,levitical prie/hood & ! temple s]vices connect$ ) x are 9 ! pres5t or p]fect t5ses--is orda9$1 is encompass$1 he ought1 take? ?is honor1 h a comm&m5t to take ti!s receive ti!s ha? giv5 att5dance at ! alt> 7*ap4 #g3ac71 h become 7*ap4 #g3ba1 #bc71 make? m5 high prie/s1 :o s]ve1 ha? made ! fir/ old 7! ref]5ces 9 *ap4 #i3a-e are to ! anci5t tab]nacle71 ent] always into ! fir/ tab]nacle 7*ap4 #i3f71 :i* he (f]s 7v]se #g71 ! ,holy ,gho/ ?is signify+ t ! way into ! holie/ places has n yet be5 made manife/1 :ile ! fir/ tab]nacle is z yet /&+ 7v]se #h71 gifts & sacrifices are (f]$ 7v]se #i71 sanctifie?1 are by ! law purg$1 c nev]1 /&e?4 ,x is to be regrett$ t our v]sion has n 9 all cases obs]v$ ?is di/9ction ( t5ses4 #dd4 ,! c5tral !me ( ?is book is ! sup]iority ( ! ,*ri/ian ov] ! ,mosaic disp5sation consid]$ on ! side ( its div9e ,m$iator & ,high-prie/4 ,9 unfold+ ?is great !me ! writ] dwells on ! glory & dignity ( ,*ri/'s p]son 9 contra/ ) ! anci5t prophets1 ) ! angels1 & ) ,moses1 all ( :om 7 connect$ ) ! fir/ economy4 ,he !n proce$s to exhibit ! div9e efficacy ( ,*ri/'s prie/hood4 ,?is is ! sub/ance1 ( :i* ! ,levitical prie/hood1 ) its alt>1 its (f]+s & all ! temple-s]vices connect$ ) x1 0 only ! %ad[4 ,9 no book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is our ,"l's prie/ly (fice set =? ) su* fullness & ri* v>iety ( illu/rations1 always ) ref]5ce to its div9ely appo9t$ type1 ! ,levitical prie/hood4 ,?is 0 especially ne$ful to =tify ! ,hebrew ,*ri/ians1 :o _h be5 educat$ & liv$ "u ! con/ant impression ( ! spl5did ,mosaic ritual ) its magnific5t temple1 aga9/ ! dang] ( be+ turn$ f ! simplicity ( ! gospel to reliance on ! c>nal ord9ances ( ,judaism1 :i* w\ld h be5 virtual apo/acy f ,*ri/4 ,?is magnific5t epi/le con/itutes 9 "s s5se a solemn requiem to ! old temple s]vice ) its alt> & prie/hood1 :]e ! blood ( bulls & goats t c nev] take away s9 _h fl[$ = s _m c5turies4 ,?is s]vice _h accompli%$ its end 9 prefigur+ ,*ri/ ! true ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w1 & x 0 de/9$ soon to pass away =ev] ) tumult1 ) %\t+1 ) ! s\nd ( ! trumpet--to pass away =ev]1 t m5 might give _! undivid$ fai? to ,*ri/1 our great ,high-prie/1 :o m9i/]s = u 9 ! heav5ly tab]nacle1 pres5t+ !re be=e 8 ,fa!r's ?rone 8 own blood %$ on ,calv>y to make propitiation = ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,to ! argum5tative "p ( ?is epi/le are app5d$ exhortations 7p>tly1 inde$1 anticipat$ 9 ! prec$+ "p7 to con/ancy 9 ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession1 drawn f ! awful doom t awaits apo/ates1 f ! examples ( fai? furni%$ by anci5t wor?ies1 & especially f ! example ( ,*ri/ himself & ! glori\s fell[%ip to :i* 8 gospel introduces u4 ,to ^! are add$ "s admonitions ( a m special "*4 ,?us ! pres5t epi/le p]=ms an (fice 9 ! g5]al sy/em ( revelation :i* is suppli$ by no o!r book ( ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t4 ,to ! book ( ,leviticus x may be said to hold ! relation ( sub/ance to %ad[1 & x is its div9ely appo9t$ expositor4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,epi/les4 #a4 ,sev5 epi/les1 t ( ,james & ! six t foll[1 are call$ ,ca?olic1 t is1 g5]al or univ]sal1 z n be+ direct$ to any p>ticul> *ur*4 ,!y 7 n all1 h[ev]1 address$ orig9ally to believ]s g5]ally1 b "s ( !m to p>ticul> classes ( believ]s1 or ev5 to individuals1 z ! introductory words %[4 ,i4 ,,epi/le ,,( ,,james4 #b4 ,! "q respect+ ! p]son ( ,james :o wrote ?is epi/le is "o ( great difficulty4 ,t ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 :om ,paul names z "o ( ! apo/les 7,gal4 #a3ai71 is id5tical ) ! ,james m5tion$ by ,luke 9 ,acts #ab3ag2 #ae3ac2 #ba3ah1 & is ! au?or ( ! pres5t epi/le1 is admitt$ by mo/ writ]s1 ?\gh n by all4 ,t ?is ,james ( ,gal4 #a3ai 0 ! ,james :o is nam$ ) ,joses1 ,simon1 & ,judas1 z "o ( our ,"l's bre?r5 7,matt4 #ac3ee2 ,m>k #f3c71 mu/ be receiv$ z c]ta94 ,b :e!r he 0 id5tical ) ,james ! son ( ,alpheus1 :o 0 "o ( ! twelve 7,matt4 #aj3c2 ,m>k #c3ah2 ,luke #f3ae2 ,acts #a3ac71 is a "q :i* has be5 mu* discuss$ & on :i* em95t biblical s*ol>s are f\nd array$ on opposite sides4 ,! "q turns v mu* on ! int]pretation ( ! words bro!r1 & bre?r5 & si/]s1 9 ! passages above ref]r$ to4 ,if we take !m 9 _! lit]al s5se1 z "s d1 !n ,james ! son ( ,alpheus & ,james ! ,"l's bro!r are diff]5t p]sons4 ,b o!rs und]/& !m 9 ! g5]al s5se ( k9dr$ or c\s9s1 believ+ t our ,savi\r 0 ! only *ild ( ,m>y4 ,a /atem5t at l5g? ( ! argum5ts & objections t are urg$ on bo? sides does n come )9 ! compass ( ! pres5t "w4 ,nor is x necess>y4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t epi/le is beyond all reasonable d\bt ! ,james :o gave ! f9al op9ion 9 ! assembly ( ! apo/les & eld]s at ,j]usalem 7,acts #ae3ac-ba71 :om ,paul names ) ,cephas & ,john z "o ( ! pill>s !re 7,gal4 #b3i71 & :o else:]e appe>s z a man ( comm&+ influ5ce 9 ! *ur* at ,j]usalem 7,acts #ba3ah2 ,gal4 #b3ab74 ,if any "o d\bts 8 id5tity ) ,james ! son ( ,alpheus1 :o 0 "o ( ! twelve1 ?is _c affect ! canonical au?ority ( ! epi/le4 ,! position ( ?is ,james 9 ! *ur* at ,j]usalem & 8 relation to ! apo/olic college is su* t1 ev5 ^u ! supposition t he did n belong to ! numb] ( ! twelve1 8 writ+s mu/ h to u ! full weight ( apo/olic au?ority4 ,see above *ap4 #cj1 ,no4 #db4 #c4 ,! place :]e ?is epi/le 0 writt5 0 manife/ly ,j]usalem1 :]e ,james always resid$2 & ! p]sons address$ are ! twelve tribes :o are 9 ! disp]sion 7*ap4 #a3a72 t is1 z ! nature ( ! case & ! t5or ( ! epi/le make manife/1 t "p ( !m :o _h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is no allusion 9 ! epi/le to ,g5tile believ]s4 ,! disp]sion is a te*nical t]m = ! ,jews liv+ out ( ,pale/9e among ! ,g5tiles4 ,we ne$ n hesitate to und]/& x "h lit]ally4 ,! apo/le wrote to 8 ,jewi% bre?r5 ( ! disp]sion because he c\ld n visit !m & sup]9t5d _! affairs z he c\ld ^? ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 9 & ar\nd ,j]usalem4 ,"s take ! t]m 9 a wid] s5se ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians scatt]$ abroad 9 & out ( ,pale/9e1 b ?is is n necess>y4 #d4 ,) reg>d to ! date ( ?is epi/le also diff]5t op9ions are held4 ,"s place x e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*--e>li]1 9 fact1 ?an any o!r ( ! apo/olic epi/les--be=e ! orig9 ( ! controv]sy respect+ circumcision & ! ,mosaic law record$ 9 ,acts1 *ap4 #ae2 o!rs q late1 n long be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans4 ,! latt] view be/ agrees ) ! cont5ts ( ! epi/le4 ,! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?1 = :i* ,paul _h cont5d$1 w\ld naturally be abus$ precisely 9 ! way "h indicat$1 by ! sub/itution ( a b>r5 speculative fai?1 = ! true fai? t works by love & purifies ! he>t & life f s94 ,! age prec$+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0 "o ( ab\nd+ wick$ness1 especially 9 ! =m ( /rife & faction4 ,x _h be5 pr$ict$ by our ,"l t ! effect ( ?is w\ld be to *ill ! love ( _m ( 8 visible foll[]s & )draw !m f 8 s]vice4 ,9 tru? ! descriptions ( ^! unwor?y memb]s ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian community :i* we f9d 9 ?is epi/le1 9 ! second ( ,pet]1 & 9 t ( ,jude1 are b ! realization1 9 mo/ p>ticul>s1 ( ! /ate ( ?+s =etold 9 ! foll[+ rem>kable words ( ! ,savi\r3 ,& !n %all _m be (f5d$1 & %all betray "o ano!r1 & %all hate "o ano!r4 ,& _m false prophets %all arise & %all deceive _m4 ,& because iniquity %all ab\nd ! love ( _m %all wax cold4 ,b he t %all endure unto ! end1 ! same %all be sav$4 ,matt4 #bd3aj-ac4 #e4 ,= ! g5u95ess & canonical au?ority ( ! pres5t epi/le we h a v important te/imony 9 ! ,old ,syriac v]sion 7,pe%ito71 :i* repres5ts ! judgm5t ( ! ,ea/]n *ur*es :]e ! epi/le 0 orig9ally circulat$4 ,! rema9+ te/imonies prior to ! f\r? c5tury are scanty & "s ( !m n v decisive4 ,!y may be all se5 9 ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 ! critical comm5t>ies g5]ally4 ,x _c be reasonably d\bt$ t ! words ( ,ir5aeus1 ,abraham himself1 )\t circumcision & )\t ! obs]vance ( ,sabba?s1 believ$ 9 ,god1 & x 0 c\nt$ to him = righte\sness1 & he 0 call$ ! fri5d ( ,god 7,aga9/ ,h]esies1 #d4cj71 ref] to ,james #b3bc4 ,orig5 quotes ! epi/le z curr5t "u ! "n ( ,james1 & intimates t "s did n ackn[l$ge its apo/olic au?ority4 ,b he else:]e cites x z t ( ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 ! apo/le ,james1 ! apo/le1 & simply ,james4 ,see 9 ,kir*h(] ,quell5samlung1 pp4 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,eusebius reckons ! epi/le among ! books t 7 disput$1 b kn[n nev]!less to _m4 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c1 #be4 ,else:]e he says3 ,x is reg>d$ z spuri\s2 at lea/ n _m ( ! anci5ts h made m5tion ( x4 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b4 #bc4 ,b ^! words _c be reg>d$ z express+ ,eusebius' own op9ion2 = he himself quotes him z ! holy apo/le1 & 8 words z ,scripture4 ,see 9 ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ccf2 ,kir*h(] ,quell5samlung1 p4 #bfd4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! f\r? c5tury ! canonical au?ority ( ?is epi/le 0 gradually m & m ackn[l$g$1 & 9 ! fif? its reception 9 ! *ur*es ( bo? ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ became univ]sal4 ,?is is j :at we might expect3 a writ+ little kn[n at fir/1 obta9s a m g5]al circulation1 & ! k ( ! writ+ & its reception g almo/ toge!r4 ,! cont5ts entirely befit ! antiquity :i* ! writ+ claims2 no evid5ce c\ld be giv5 = reject+ x2 x diff]s 9 its :ole nature f ! fooli% & spuri\s writ+s put =? 9 ! "n ( ?is ,james2 & ?us its gradual reception is to be acc\nt$ = f its hav+1 f e>ly times1 be5 kn[n by "s to be g5u9e 7z %[n by ! ,syraic v]sion71 & ?is k be+ aft]w>ds spread m widely4 ,tregelles 9 ,horne1 vol4 #d1 *ap4 #be4 ,davidson sugge/s t diff]5ces ( op9ion & p]plexities respect+ ! numb] ( ! p]sons call$ ,james 9 ! apo/olic p]iod1 & ! relation !y bore to "o ano!r1 & also ! fact t ! epi/le 0 address$ solely to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 may h made its e>ly circulation comp>atively limit$4 ,p]haps we may also add1 z he does1 its app>5t contr>iety to ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?1 b ?is is by no means c]ta94 #f4 ,?is epi/le is em95tly practical4 ,if any "p ( x c be call$ argum5tative1 x is t 9 :i* ! apo/le %[s t fai? )\t works is dead4 ,*ap4 #b3ad-bf4 ,! s9s :i* he rebukes ) su* graphic vividness & p[] 7 all preem95tly ! s9s ( 8 c\ntrym5 at t age--he>+ ,god's ^w )\t do+ x1 re/+ 9 an empty fai? t does n influ5ce ! life1 inord9ate love ( worldly possessions & a self-confid5t _s 9 ! pursuit ( !m1 wanton revell+ 9 worldly pleasures1 p>tiality t[>ds ! ri* & contempt ( ! poor1 defraud+ ! poor ( _! wages1 ambition to assume ! (fice ( tea*+1 c5sori\sness1 a lawless & sl&]\s tongue1 bitt] envy+ & /rife1 mutual grudg+ & murmur+1 w>s & fight+s2 all ^! ) an unbeliev+ & compla9+ _s t[>ds ,god4 ,b ^! are n m]ely ,jewi% vices4 ,!y are deeply root$ 9 man's fall5 nature1 & _m a nom9al ,*ri/ian community ( our day may see its own image by look+ into ! mirror ( ?is epi/le4 ,! alleg$ disagreem5t betwe5 ,paul & ,james is unf\nd$4 ,paul's object is to %[ t ! gr\nd ( m5's ju/ification is fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & n ! m]it ( _! good works4 ,! object ( ,james is to %[ t fai? )\t good works1 l ! body )\t ! _s1 is dead4 ,paul argues aga9/ dead works2 ,james aga9/ dead fai?4 ,"h we h no contradiction1 b only two diff]5t views ( tru? t are 9 entire h>mony ) ea* o!r1 & bo? ( :i* are ess5tial to true godl9ess4 ,,ii4 ,,epi/les ,,( ,,pet]4 #g4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] 0 unanim\sly receiv$ by ! primitive *ur* z ! g5u9e "w ( ! man ^: "n x be>s4 ,polyc>p1 9 8 epi/le to ! ,philippians1 made num]\s citations f x4 ,x 0 also ref]r$ to by ,papias1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,eusebius4 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 #c4 #ci4 ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 etc4 all quote x expressly4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,syriac ,pe%ito v]sion :i* conta9s b ?ree ( ! ca?olic epi/les4 ,x is want+ 9 ! ,muratorian canon1 b to ?is circum/ance mu* weight _c be atta*$ :5 we consid] h[ d>k & confus$ is ! passage ref]r+ to ! ca?olic epi/les4 #h4 ,! read]s address$ 9 ! epi/le are ! elect soj\rn]s ( ! disp]sion1 ( ,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,cappadocia1 ,asia1 & ,bi?ynia1 all prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! words soj\rn]s--or /rang]s z r5d]$ 9 our ,engli% v]sion--& disp]sion are bo? ! appropriate t]ms = ! ,jews liv+ 9 disp]sion4 ,t ! apo/le1 9 an introduction ( ?is k9d1 %\ld h us$ ! ^w soj\rn]s 9 a simply figurative s5se1 to describe ,*ri/ians z pilgrims & /rang]s on ! e>?1 is v improbable1 especially 9 imm$iate connection ) ! ^w disp]sion1 :i* mu/ be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,we mu/ r und]/& ! apo/le z recogniz+ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w ! true ,israel ( ,god1 hav+ = its framework ! believ+ portion ( ! cov5ant p1 into :i* ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians _h be5 introduc$ ?r\gh fai?1 & ?us made ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,comp>e ,rom4 #d3ab-ag2 ,gal4 #c3g-i2 & especially ,rom4 #aa3ag-bd4 ,h5ce x comes to pass t :ile ,pet] addresses !m z ! anci5t p ( ,god1 he yet includes ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 9 8 exhortations1 z is manife/ f v>i\s passages1 especially f *ap4 #d3c4 #i4 ,accord+ to *ap4 #e3ac ! place f :i* ?is epi/le 0 writt5 0 ,babylon4 ,no valid reason exi/s :y we %\ld n und]/& "h ! lit]al ,babylon4 ,! old op9ion t ! apo/le us$ ! ^w enigmatically to signify ,rome is no?+ m ?an a conjecture 9 itself improbable4 ,x has be5 urg$ n )\t reason t ,pet] names ! prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! ord] :i* w\ld be natural to "o writ+ f ,babylon2 nam+ ,pontus fir/1 :i* lay ne>e/ to ,babylon1 & ,asia & ,bi?ynia1 :i* 7 ! mo/ remote1 la/4 ,! "q ( ! date ( ?is epi/le is connect$ ) t ( its occasion4 ,?is seems to h be5 a fi]y trial ( p]secution t _h already begun to come ^u ! ,*ri/ians ( ! prov9ces nam$ 9 ! introductory address4 ,*aps4 #a3f1 #g2 #b3ab1 #ai1 #bj2 #c3ad1 #af1 #ag2 #d3a1 #ab-ai2 #e3i1 #aj4 ,! exact date & "* ( ?is p]secution _c be det]m9$4 ,! majority ( comm5tators assign x to ! latt] ye>s ( ,n]o's reign1 :i* end$ ,a4,d4 #fh4 ,! second epi/le ( ,pet] 0 writt5 n long be=e ! apo/le's dea?1 & aft] ! epi/les ( ,paul _h become g5]ally kn[n 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,z we _c reasonably sep>ate ! two epi/les by a great space ( "t 7see bel[1 ,no4 #aa71 we inf] t ! fir/ 0 writt5 aft] ,paul's fir/ imprisonm5t 9 ,rome1 say some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fc & #fg4 #aj4 ,! g5]al tone ( ! fir/ epi/le is 9 h>mony ) its occasion4 ,! apo/le seeks to animate & /r5g!n 8 bre?r5 9 view ( ! fi]y trial ( p]secution t _h already begun to come ^u !m4 ,to ?is end he sets be=e !m 9 gl[+ language ! greatness & glory ( ! heav5ly inh]itance 9 res]ve = !m1 :i* 0 pur*as$ by ! preci\s blood ( ,*ri/1 & ! dignity & bless$ness ( suff]+ = ,*ri/'s sake1 ) ! assurance ( ,god's fai?ful pres5ce & protection4 ,) ^! enc\ragem5ts he int]m+les admonitions suit$ to _! circum/ances4 ,he exhorts !m z /rang]s & pilgrims to ab/a9 f fle%ly lu/s & all ! o!r vices ( _! =m] life 9 ignorance2 to comm5d _! religion by a holy deportm5t :i* %all put to %ame ! calumnies ( _! adv]s>ies2 to p]=m fai?fully all ! duties ( _! sev]al /ations 9 life2 to be humble1 sob]1 vigilant1 & ready always to give a reason ( _! ,*ri/ian hope2 & above all ?+s to h f]v5t *>ity among !mselves4 ,! f]v5t _s ( ! great apo/le ( ! circumcision1 *a/5$ & mell[$ by age1 %9es =? conspicu\sly 9 ?is epi/le4 ,! clos+ *apt]1 :]e he addresses fir/ ! eld]s1 !n ! y\ng]1 !n ! :ole body ( believ]s1 *>ms ! read] by ! holy tranquillity :i* p]vades x ?r\gh\t--a tranquillity deeply gr\nd$ 9 t fai? :i* is ! sub/ance ( ?+s hop$ =1 ! evid5ce ( ?+s n se54 #aa4 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,( ,,pet]4 ,! address ( ?is epi/le is g5]al 7*ap4 #a3a72 yet ! ref]5ce :i* x conta9s to ! fir/ 7*ap4 #c3a7 %[s t ! apo/le _h 9 m9d prim>ily ! same circle ( *ur*es4 ,! "* ( ?is ref]5ce--,?is second epi/le1 belov$1 ,i n[ write unto y1 9 :i* two epi/les ,i /ir up y\r pure m9ds by way ( rem9d+ y--indicates t ! second 0 n sep>at$ f ! fir/ by a v great space ( "t1 c]ta9ly n _m ye>s4 ,! apo/le wrote ) ! conviction t 8 decease 0 ne> at h& 7*ap4 #a3ac-ae74 ,!re is a tradition1 ! correctness ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is d\bt$ by _m1 t he suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,rome "u ! p]secution rais$ by ,n]o aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is w\ld be ab\t ,a4,d4 #fg4 ,z to ! place f :i* ! epi/le 0 writt5 we h no in=mation4 #ab4 ,! pres5t epi/le is "o ( ! disput$ books4 ,*ap4 #e1 ,no4 #g1 & ,*ap4 #f4 ,! "q respect+ its g5u95ess may be conv5i5tly consid]$ "u ! two heads ( ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce4 ,! ext]nal te/imony to ! pres5t epi/le is scanty4 ,pass+ by "s d\btful ref]5ces we come fir/ to ,orig5 :o says 79 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f4 #be73 ,b ,pet]1 ^u :om is built ! *ur* ( ,*ri/1 aga9/ :i* ! gates ( hell %all n prevail1 has left "o ackn[l$g$ epi/le2 a second also1 if y w1 = x is d\bt$ (4 ,9 ^? ( 8 works :i* are extant only 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ,ruf9us1 ,orig5 9 a numb] ( passages quotes ! pres5t epi/le z ,scripture4 ,x has be5 suspect$ t ^! passages 7 int]polat$ by ,ruf9us1 :o took _m lib]ties ) ! text ( ,orig52 b "o ( !m1 :i* occurs at ! beg9n+ ( 8 sev5? homily on ,jo%ua1 is s peculi> t we _c well d\bt t ,orig5 himself 0 its au?or4 ,9 allusion to ! procession ( prie/s bl[+ ) trumpets :5 ! ,israelites compass$ ! walls ( ,j]i*o 7,jo%4 *ap4 #f71 he comp>es ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to s _m sac]dotal trumpet]s1 assign+ to !m trumpets = ea* book1 & m5tion+ e book1 z well ! disput$ z ! ackn[l$g$3 ,fir/ ,mat!w 9 8 gospel1 gave a bla/ ) 8 sac]dotal trumpet4 ,m>k also1 ,luke1 & ,john1 s\nd$ ) _! s+le sac]dotal trumpets4 ,pet] also s\nds al\d ) ! two trumpets ( 8 epi/les2 ,james also1 & ,jude4 ,b ,john adds yet aga9 to bl[ ) ! trumpet ?r\gh 8 epi/les & ,apocalypse2 ,luke1 also1 n>rat+ ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,b la/ ( all t man came1 :o said3 ',i ?9k t ,god has set =? u apo/les la/1' & ?und]+ ) ! f\rte5 trumpets ( 8 epi/les1 ov]?rew to _! f\ndations ! walls ( ,j]i*o1 & all ! eng9es ( idolatry & dogmas ( philosoph]s4 ,! epi/les ?r\gh :i* ! apo/le ,john s\nds are obvi\sly 8 ?ree epi/les4 ,! f\rte5 trumpets ^u :i* ,paul bl[s include ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,9 ?is rem>kable passage1 !n1 we h an exhau/ive li/ ( our pres5t canonical books2 & !re is no gr\nd = imput+ any int]polation to ! translator4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 t ?is enum]ation ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is made 9 a popul> way1 & does n imply ,orig5's delib]ate judgm5t t !y 7 all ( apo/olic au?ority4 ,if ?is be grant$1 x /ill rema9s evid5t f ! =m ( ! passage t all ! books ( our pres5t canon 7 9 curr5t ecclesia/ical use 9 ,orig5's day1 :atev] d\bts he may h _h respect+ "s ( !m1 & t !y con/itut$1 along ) ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t :ole ( div9e revelation :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es employ$ 9 assault+ ! k+dom ( ,satan4 ,! te/imony ( ,eusebius himself is ( ! same g5]al import z t ( ,orig5--t ! fir/ epi/le ( ,pet] has be5 univ]sally ackn[l$g$2 b t ! "o curr5t z ! second has n be5 receiv$ z a "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b yet1 appe>+ useful to _m1 has be5 /udi$ ) ! o!r ,scriptures 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #c72 t among ! writ+s :i* are disput$1 yet kn[n to _m1 are ! epi/les curr5t z ^? ( ,james & ,jude1 & ! second epi/le ( ,pet] 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #be74 ,j]ome says t ,pet] wrote two epi/les t are call$ ca?olic1 ( :i* ! second is d5i$ by mo/ p]sons on acc\nt ( its disagreem5t 9 /yle ) ! fir/4 ,scrip4 ,eccl41 #a4 ,b he himself receiv$ ! epi/le1 & expla9$ ! diff]5ce 9 /yle & "* & /ructure ( words by ! assumption t ,pet] us$ diff]5t int]pret]s 9 ! composition ( ! two epi/les 7,epi/4 #abj ad ,h$ib41 *ap4 #aa72 & f 8 "t onw>d ! epi/le 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z a "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! read] :o wi%es to inve/igate f>!r ! "q ( ext]nal te/imonies w f9d !m all giv5 9 ,davidson's ,introduct4 to ,new ,te/42 & ,al=d's ,comm5t>y1 ,introduction to #b ,pet]4 ,we simply repeat ! rem>k already made 7,*ap4 #f1 ,no4 #c7 t al?\gh ! univ]sal & undisput$ reception ( a book by all ! e>ly *ur*es _c be expla9$ except on ! assumption ( its g5u95ess1 its non-reception by "s is no conclusive argum5t aga9/ x4 ,x may h rema9$ 7z seems to h be5 peculi>ly ! case ) "s ( ! ca?olic epi/les7 = a consid]able p]iod 9 obscurity4 ,:5 x began to be m ext5sively kn[n1 ! g5]al reception & use ( x w\ld be a sl[ process bo? f ! difficulty ( communication 9 anci5t z comp>$ ) mod]n times1 & especially f ! sl[ness & hesitancy ) :i* ! *ur*es ( "o region receiv$ any?+ new t came f ano!r region4 ,*ap4 #b1 ,no4 #e4 ,j]ome does inde$ m5tion ! objection f ! diff]5ce ( /yle betwe5 ?is epi/le & ! fir/ ( ,pet]2 b x is d\btful :e!r 9 ?is matt] he speaks = ! e>ly *ur*es g5]ally4 ,! obscurity 9 :i* ! epi/le _h rema9$1 p>tly at lea/ because x 0 n address$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( any p>ticul> *ur*1 seems to h be5 ! *ief gr\nd ( d\bt4 ,! int]nal te/imony = & aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ?is epi/le has be5 discuss$ at great l5g? by _m writ]s4 ,! read] w f9d good summ>ies ( !m 9 ! two works above ref]r$ to1 also 9 ! critical comm5t>ies g5]ally & ! mod]n ,bible diction>ies4 ,if "o w\ld come to true results 9 ?is field ( inve/igation x is important t he beg9 ) true pr9ciples4 ,!re are :at may be call$ /aple peculi>ities1 :i* m>k ! /yle ( "o writ] z comp>$ ) t ( ano!r--t ( ,john1 = example1 9 contra/ ) t ( ,paul4 ,we _c conceive ( ^! z be+ want+4 ,b !n we mu/ all[ to "o & ! same writ] a consid]able range ( v>iation 9 /yle & diction1 dep5d5t p>tly on diff]5ce ( subject matt]1 & p>tly on v>y+ frames ( m9d ( :i* no def9ite acc\nt c be giv54 ,if "o w\ld be conv9c$ ( ?is1 he has only to read side by side ! epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,romans & 8 second to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,res]v+ n[ ! second *apt] ( ! pres5t epi/le = sep>ate consid]ation1 we d n f9d 9 ! two rema9+ *apt]s1 z comp>$ ) ! fir/ epi/le1 any su* fundam5tal diff]5ces ( /yle & diction z c con/itute a j gr\nd = d5y+ ! common au?or%ip ( ! two epi/les4 ,= ! p>ticul>s1 z well z = ! exam9ation ( o!r objections ( an int]nal "*1 ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! s\rces above nam$4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t ,pet] %\ld ref] to ! writ+s ( ,paul 9 su* t]ms z to class !m ) ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,*ap4 #c3af4 ,b1 z ,al=d rem>ks1 ?is implies n t ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h be5 settl$ :5 ! pres5t epi/le 0 writt51 b only t !re 7 c]ta9 writ+s by ,*ri/ian tea*]s1 :i* 7 reckon$ on a level ) ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 & call$ by ! same "n4 ,& t t 0 n ! case1 ev5 9 ! traditional lifetime ( ,pet]1 x w\ld be surely unreasonable to d5y4 ,we close ?is "p ( ! discussion ) ! foll[+ words f ! same au?or3 ,our g5]al conclusion f all t has prec$$ mu/ be 9 favor ( ! g5u95ess & canonicity ( ?is second epi/le2 ackn[l$g+ at ! same "t1 t ! subject is n )\t consid]able difficulty4 ,t difficulty h[ev] is light5$ = u by obs]v+ t on ! "o h&1 x is common to ?is epi/le ) "s o!rs ( ^? call$ ca?olic1 & sev]al ( ! lat] writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & on ! o!r1 t no diff]5ce c be imag9$ m m>k$ly di/9ctive1 ?an t :i* sep>ates all ^? writ+s f ev5 ! e>lie/ & be/ ( ! po/-apo/olic p]iod4 ,our epi/le is "o ( ^? latt] fruits ( ! great outp\r+ ( ! ,_s on ! apo/les1 :i*1 n be+ intru/$ to ! cu/ody ( any "o *ur* or individual1 requir$ "s consid]able "t to become g5]ally kn[n2 :i* :5 kn[n1 7 suspect$1 be>+1 z !y necess>ily did traces ( _! late orig91 & notes ( polemical argum5t2 b ( :i* z apo/olic & inspir$ writ+s1 !re nev] 01 :5 once !y became kn[n1 any g5]al d\bt2 & :i*1 z ! sacr$ canon became fix$1 acquir$1 & h s9ce ma9ta9$1 _! due & provid5tial place among ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #ac4 ,! object ( ! pres5t epi/le is to w>n believ]s aga9/ be+ l$ away ) ! error ( ! wick$ s z to fall f _! own /eadfa/ness4 ,*ap4 #c3ag4 ,x conta9s accord+ly ext5d$ notices ( ! gross errors 9 doctr9e & morals :i*1 z we "k f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ab\nd$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ne> ! close ( ! apo/olic p]iod4 ,! second *apt]1 :i* is occupi$ ) a vivid description ( ! false tea*]s t _h crept 9 unaw>es 7*ap4 #b3a2 ,jude #d71 is v peculi> 9 its cont5ts2 & its agreem5t ) ! epi/le ( ,jude is ( su* a "* z leads to ! inf]5ce t ! two writ+s are someh[ connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t bo? writ]s drew f a common s\rce unkn[n to u4 ,m probable is ! op9ion t "o ( !m _h 9 view ! words ( ! o!r4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two writ+s w p]haps lead to ! belief t ,jude's 0 ! orig9al1 ?\gh on ?is po9t biblical s*ol>s diff]4 ,x matt]s n to u :e!r1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,pet] employ$1 9 a free & indep5d5t way1 ! words ( ,jude1 or ,jude ^? ( ,pet]4 ,^u ei!r supposition 8 writ+ is z mu* inspir$ z if he _h writt5 indep5d5tly4 ,! mo/ prom95t idea ( ,pet]'s fir/ epi/le is pati5ce & /eadfa/ness 9 ! endurance ( suff]+ = ,*ri/'s sake2 t ( ?is second epi/le is caution aga9/ ! s$uctions ( false tea*]s4 ,?us ea* epi/le fills an important place 9 ! entire economy ( revelation4 ,,iii4 ,,epi/les ,,( ,,john4 #ad4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,( ,,john be>s ?r\gh\t ! impress ( its au?or%ip4 ,t x 0 writt5 by ! same man :o wrote ! f\r? gospel is too evid5t to be reasonably controv]t$4 ,on ?is gr\nd alone its g5u95ess & au!nticity may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$ on a firm basis4 ,b ! ext]nal te/imonies to its au?or%ip are also abundant f ,polyc>p1 ! disciple ( ! apo/le1 & onw>d4 ,x is unnecess>y to enum]ate !m4 ,9 respect to ! date ( ?is epi/le we h no c]ta9 k4 ,! common op9ion is t x 0 writt5 aft] ! gospel1 & t[>ds ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,) ?is supposition ! cont5ts agree4 ,x conta9s ! affectionate c\nsel ( an ag$ apo/le to 8 y\ng] bre?r51 :om he addresses z 8 little *ildr54 ,he writes1 moreov]1 9 ! la/ "t1 :51 accord+ to ! pr$iction ( our ,"l & 8 apo/les1 _m anti*ri/s & false prophets are abroad 9 ! _w 7*aps4 #b3ah2 #d3a-c71 & !re are "s :o d5y t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle% 7*ap4 #d3b1 #c74 ,z to ! place ( ! apo/le's writ+1 if we foll[ anci5t tradition1 :i* makes ,ephesus 8 home 9 8 old age1 we may well believe t he wrote f t city1 & t ! epi/le 0 address$ prim>ily to ! circle ( *ur*es :i* _h ,ephesus = a c5tre4 ,"s ( ! anci5ts ref] to ! pres5t epi/le z writt5 to ! ,p>?ians4 ,b ?is is a v improbable assumption1 & re/s app>5tly on "s mi/ake4 ,! apo/le evid5tly writes to ^? :o are "u 8 spiritual c>e2 & ^! are n ! ,p>?ians1 b ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia1 to :om also ! sev5 lett]s ( ! ,apocalypse are address$4 #ae4 ,! epi/le has unity ?r\gh\t1 b n ! unity ( sy/ematic logical arrangem5t4 ,its unity consi/s r 9 ! fact t all its ?\ghts revolve ar\nd "o great c5tral tru?1 ! inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/ = ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,) ?is tru? he beg9s1 & he affirms x au?oritatively1 z "o ( ! primitive apo/olic witnesses3 ,t :i* we h se5 & he>d decl>e we unto y4 ,*aps4 #a3c2 #d3f4 ,he gu>ds x also aga9/ p]v]sion1 :5 he insi/s ^u ! reality ( our ,"l's inc>nation3 ,e _s t confesse? t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is ( ,god3 & e _s t confesse? n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is n ( ,god 7*ap4 #d3b1 #c71 words :i* are ) good reason und]/ood z ref]r+ to a v anci5t =m ( error1 t ( ! ,docetoe1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! ,son ( ,god _h n a real1 b only an app>5t body4 ,! reception ?r\gh fai? ( ?is great tru?1 t ! ,son ( ,god has come 9 ! fle% = man's salvation1 br+s u into blissful union & communion ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 & ?us into ! possession ( son%ip & et]nal life4 ,*aps4 #a3c2 #c3a1 #b2 #d3ae2 #e3a1 #ac1 #bj4 ,! rejection ( ?is tru? is ! rejection ( ,god's own te/imony conc]n+ 8 ,son 7*aps4 #b3bb2 #e3i1 #aj71 & ?us ! rejection ( et]nal life2 = out ( ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 !re is no life 7*ap4 #e3aa1 #ab74 ,b ?is reception ( ,*ri/ is n a matt] ( m]e !oretic belief4 ,x is a practical com+ to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 & a holy union ) !m4 ,! pro( ( su* union ) ,god & ,*ri/ is lik5ess to ,god & ob$i5ce to ,god's comm&m5ts4 ,!y :o pr(ess to "k ,god & to be 9 him1 :ile !y walk 9 d>kness & all[ !mselves 9 s91 are li>s & ! tru? is n 9 !m4 ,*aps4 #a3e-g2 #b3d-f2 #c3e-aj1 #bd2 #e3d1 #e1 #ah4 ,! sum ( all ,god's attributes is love2 & ! sum ( ,*ri/ian "* is love also4 ,*ap4 #d3af4 ,b !re c be no true love t[>ds ,god :]e !re is none t[>ds ! bre?r52 & su* love mu/ manife/ itself n 9 ^w1 nei!r 9 tongue2 b 9 de$ & 9 tru?4 ,*aps4 #c3aa-ah2 #d3g-aa1 #bj1 #ba2 #e3a4 ,he t loves 8 bro!r abides 9 ! light2 b he t hates him abides 9 d>kness & dea?4 ,*aps4 #b3i-aa2 #c3ad1 #ae4 ,all believ]s h an abid+ unction ( ! ,_s1 :i* enables !m to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 & keeps !m f ! s$uctions ( ! _m anti*ri/s t are abroad4 ,*ap4 #b3ah-bg4 ,su* true believ]s1 ^: he>ts are fill$ ) love1 are rais$ above fe>1 & h confid5ce 9 pray]1 & may look =w>d ) joyful confid5ce to ! day ( judgm5t4 ,*aps4 #b3bh2 #c3ah-bj2 #d3ag1 #ah2 #e3ad1 #ae4 ,^! fundam5tal tru?s ! apo/le reit]ates 9 v>i\s =ms & connections1 int]m+l+ ) !m v>i\s admonitions & promises ( a m p>ticul> "*4 ,he dwells ) especial fulness on ! evid5ces ( disciple%ip z manife/$ 9 ! daily _s & life4 ,!re is p]haps no "p ( ,god's ^w s directly available to ! anxi\s inquir] :o wi%es to "k :at true religion is1 & :e!r he possesses x4 ,he :o1 9 humble reliance on ! illum9ation ( ! div9e ,_s1 applies to himself ?is t\*/one ( ,*ri/ian "*1 w "k :e!r he is ( ,god1 or ( ! _w t lies 9 wick$ness4 #af4 ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,epi/les ,,( ,,john4 ,^! two %ort epi/les are s closely relat$ to ea* o!r 9 /yle & mann] t !y h always be5 reg>d$ z writt5 by "o & ! same p]son4 ,9 consid]+1 !re=e1 ! "q ( _! au?or%ip we take !m bo? toge!r4 ,?\gh reckon$ by ,orig5 79 ,eusebius' ,hi/4 ,eccl41 #f4 #be7 & by ,eusebius himself 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #be2 ,demon/ratio ,evangel4 #c4 #e7 among ! disput$ writ+s1 ! ext]nal te/imony to _! apo/olic au?or%ip is ^u ! :ole satisfactory1 embrac+ ! names ( ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 ,j]ome1 etc4 ,:5 we take into acc\nt ! small ext5t ( ^! epi/les x is pla9 t no unfavorable inf]5ce c be drawn f ! sil5ce ( ,t]tullian & o!rs4 ,nor is !re any int]nal evid5ce aga9/ !m4 ,t ! man :o1 9 8 gospel1 /udi\sly avoids ! m5tion ( 8 own "n1 describ+ himself z ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 &1 9 8 fir/ epi/le1 simply classes himself ) ! o!r apo/les--t :i* we h se5 & he>d1 etc4--%\ld 9 ^! epi/les1 :]e "s designation ( himself 0 necess>y1 speak ( himself z ! eld] is n surpris+4 ,comp>e #a ,pet] #e3a4 #ag4 ,conc]n+ ! date ( ^! two epi/les we "k no?+4 ,! object ( ! fir/ seems to h be5 to set be=e ! lady to :om x 0 address$ ! importance ( a discrim9at+ love1 :i* di/+ui%es betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 & does n all[ itself to aid & abet error by misplac$ k9dness t[>ds its tea*]s4 ,9 ! second ! apo/le1 writ+ to ,gaius1 comm5ds to 8 hospitality1 c]ta9 mission>y bre?r51 :o 7 /rang]s 9 ! place :]e ?is disciple liv$4 ,x w\ld seem t ! design ( ^! bre?r5 0 to prea* ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles )\t *>ge2 t he _h 9 a =m] lett]1 comm5d$ !m to ! *ur* :]e ,gaius resid$2 b t ,diotrephes _h h9d]$ _! reception1 & p]secut$ ^? :o favor$ !m4 ,%ort z ^! epi/les are1 !n1 ea* ( !m conta9s weighty in/ruction--! fir/1 9 ref]5ce to ill-tim$ k9dness & lib]ality t[>ds ! tea*]s ( error2 ! second1 conc]n+ ! "* & conduct ( ^? :o love to h ! preem95ce1 & ! abhorr5ce 9 :i* !y ought to be held by all :o love ! purity & peace ( ! *ur*es4 ,,iv4 ,,epi/le ,,( ,,jude4 #ah4 ,! writ] ( ?is epi/le /yles himself ! s]vant ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & bro!r ( ,james4 ,*ap4 #a3a4 ,?is ,james is und\bt$ly ! same man :o held s conspicu\s a place 9 ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 & 0 ! au?or ( ! epi/le :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,:e!r ,jude 0 an apo/le1 or an apo/olic man1 l ,m>k & ,luke1 dep5ds ^u ! "q respect+ ! relation :i* 8 bro!r ,james held to ,*ri/1 conc]n+ :i* see ! introduction to ! epi/le ( ,james4 ,9 ei!r case ! canonical au?ority ( ! epi/le holds good4 ,! close relation betwe5 ?is epi/le & ! second *apt] ( ,pet]'s second epi/le has already be5 notic$4 ,see above1 ,no4 #ac4 ,x 0 probably ant]ior 9 "t to t epi/le1 b n sep>at$ f x by a great numb] ( ye>s4 ,if we may inf] any?+ f ! abundant use made by ! writ] ( ,jewi% hi/ory & tradition1 ! p]sons address$ are ,jewi% ,*ri/ians4 #ai4 ,eusebius classes ?is epi/le also among ! disput$ writ+s 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #b4 #bc2 #c4 #be71 yet ! te/imonies to its g5u95ess are ample--! ,muratorian canon1 ,t]tullian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 ,j]ome1 etc4 ,x 0 object$ to ?is epi/le 9 anci5t times t ! writ] quotes f ! apocryphal book ( ,eno* 7v]ses #ad1 #ae74 ,to ?is x may be answ]$--7#a7 t1 if ?is be ! case1 ,jude does n sanction ! book ( ,eno* z a :ole1 b only ?is p>ticul> tradition embodi$ 9 x2 7#b7 t ! writ] ( ! book ( ,eno* manife/ly made use ( a curr5t tradition1 & t1 = any?+ t appe>s to ! contr>y1 ,jude may h avail$ himself ( ! same tradition1 indep5d5tly ( ! book ( ,eno*4 ,t an inspir$ writ] %\ld ref] to a traditional hi/ory n record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ought n to give (f5ce4 ,! apo/le ,paul does ! same 7#b ,tim4 #c3h1 #i72 & ,jude himself 9 ano!r passage 7v]se #i74 #bj4 ,! design ( ! epi/le ,jude himself gives 9 explicit t]ms 7v]ses #c1 #d74 ,x is to gu>d believ]s aga9/ ! s$uctions ( false tea*]s1 corrupt 9 practice z well z doctr9e2 ^: selfi%ness1 s5suality1 & av>ice2 ^: va9-glori\s1 abusive1 & s*ismatic _s1 he describes 9 vivid language1 d5\nc+ ^u !m at ! same "t ! awful judgm5t ( ,god4 ,! apo/olic portraiture has n yet become antiquat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s *ur*4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,apocalypse4 #a4 ,! ^w ,apocalypse 7,greek ,apokalupsis7 signifies ,revelation1 ! title giv5 to ! book 9 our ,engli% v]sion z well f its op5+ ^w z f its cont5ts4 ,( all ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t are class$ by ,eusebius among ! disput$ books 7,antilegom5a1 *ap4 #e4 #f71 ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ?is is su/a9$ by ! greate/ am\nt ( ext]nal evid5ce2 s mu* s t ,eusebius ackn[l$ges x z d\btful :e!r x %\ld be class$ among ! ackn[l$g$ or ! disput$ books4 ,x 0 kn[n to ,papias1 to ,melito bi%op ( ,s>dis1 & to ,!ophilus ( ,antio*2 is quot$ z a "p ( ,scripture by ! *ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury2 & is expressly ascrib$ to ! apo/le ,john by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,ir5aeus1 ,t]tullian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ! ,muratorian canon1 ,hippolytus1 ,orig51 ,j]ome1 etc4 ,! te/imonies may be se5 9 ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/41 9 ,al=d1 & 9 ! o!r works already frequ5tly ref]r$ to4 ,eusebius1 aft] giv+ a li/ ( ! ackn[l$g$ books1 adds3 ,aft] ^! %\ld be plac$1 if x be ?\ght prop]1 ! ,revelation ( ,john1 conc]n+ :i* we %all give ! op9ions at ! prop] "t4 ,!n1 at ! end ( a li/ ( ! disput$ & reject$ books he adds3 ,& moreov]1 z ,i said1 ! ,revelation ( ,john1 if x be ?\ght prop]1 :i* "s1 z ,i said1 reject1 b o!rs reckon among ! ackn[l$g$ books 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #be72 & aga91 aft] m5tion+ ) approbation ! acc\nt ( ^? :o said t !re 7 at ,ephesus two :o bore ! "n ( ,john 7,john ! apo/le1 & ! s-call$ presbyt] ,john71 he adds3 ,= x is probable t ! second1 if any "o be n will+ to all[ t x 0 ! fir/1 saw ! ,revelation curr5t "u ! "n ( ,john 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 #c4 #ci74 ,^? :o d5i$ ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! book g5]ally ref]r$ x to ?is latt]1 ,john ! presbyt]4 ,s ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria & o!rs4 ,b = ?is !y adduc$ no hi/oric pro(4 ,_! argum5ts 7 drawn :olly f consid]ations relat+ to its int]nal "*1 especially 9 ! case ( "s1 its suppos$ mill5>ian views4 ,^u any fair pr9ciple ( judg+1 we mu/ conc$e t ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ?is book is su/a9$ by a mass ( anci5t te/imony n rebutt$ by any contr>y te/imony :i* re/s on a hi/oric basis4 #b4 ,9 mod]n1 z 9 anci5t times1 ! ma9 argum5ts aga9/ ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ,apocalypse h be5 drawn f its int]nal "*1 especially z contra/$ ) t ( ! f\r? gospel & ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john4 ,on ?is gr\nd ! assaults ^u ! book h be5 _m & /rong1 & !y h be5 met ) vigor\s resi/ance4 ,to review ! argum5ts on bo? sides w\ld exce$ our limits4 ,_m ( !m1 moreov]1 presuppose a k ( ! orig9al languages ( bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we c only indicate "s consid]ations ( a g5]al nature4 7#a47 ,no valid argum5t aga9/ ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ?is book c be drawn f ! fact t ! writ] specifies 8 "n 9 ! introduction & else:]e4 ,*aps4 #a3a1 #d1 #i2 #ba3b2 #bb3h4 ,x may surprise u t ! man :o /udi\sly avoids m5tion+ 8 "n 9 ! f\r? gospel1 & :o describes himself 9 8 second & ?ird epi/les z ! eld]1 %\ld "h directly introduce 8 "n at ! beg9n+ & 9 ! progress ( ! book4 ,b = ?is diff]5ce he may h _h a good reason1 :e!r we c discov] x or n4 ,! direct comm&1 address$ to him p]sonally1 t he %\ld write d[n 8 visions & s5d !m to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia w\ld seem to imply ! propriety1 if n ! necessity1 ( 8 connect+ 8 own "n ) ! record ( !m4 ,he address$ ! *ur*es imm$iately & au?oritatively 9 ! "n ( ! ris5 & glorifi$ ,savi\r4 ,:at m natural & prop] ?an t he %\ld in=m !m directly :o he 0 t _h receiv$ ?is heav5ly message4 7#b47 ,! doctr9al views ( ! ,apocalypse af=d no argum5t aga9/ its apo/olic au?or%ip4 ,! writ]1 x is true1 moves to a great ext5t 9 a new & peculi> sph]e ( tru?2 b !re is no?+ 9 x contradictory to ! tea*+s ( ,john's gospel & epi/les4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! great c5tral tru?s t relate to ,*ri/'s p]son & (fice are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ^? tea*+s4 7#c47 ,! _s ( ! ,apocalypse is n contradictory to t ( ! gospel & epi/les4 ,a writ] 9 ,alex&]'s ,kitto says3 ,quiet contemplation has full scope 9 ! evangeli/2 mildness & love f9d utt]ance 9 affectionate disc\rse4 ,b ! _s ( ! apocalypti/ is /]n & rev5geful1 ) cutt+ repro(s1 calls to rep5tance1 comm&s & ?reat5+s4 ,! answ] to all ?is is t1 j z ! human body has bones & muscles z well z fluids & s(t tissues1 s ! m$iatorial gov]nm5t ( ,*ri/ has a /]n z well z a mild side2 & t ! v nature ( ! visions conta9$ 9 ! apocalypse gives prom95ce to ?is side4 7#d47 ,! ma9 objections are bas$ on div]sity ( /yle & diction4 ,not)/&+ all ! true po9ts ( resemblance 9 ?is respect t h be5 adduc$ by v>i\s writ]s1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,apocalypse1 on ! "o h&1 & ! gospel & epi/les ( ,john1 on ! o!r1 is v /rik+4 ,b "h we mu/ take into acc\nt1 fir/ ( all1 ! great diff]5ce 9 ! subject-matt]1 :i* naturally br+s a correspond+ diff]5ce ( language4 ,next1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( div9e communication4 ,! gospel & epi/les 7 writt5 "u t con/ant tranquil illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s :i* all ! apo/les enjoy$4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! ,apocalypse 0 giv5 9 direct vision--mu* ( x1 moreov]1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( oral address4 ,to "o :o believes 9 ! reality ( ! revelations "h record$ x is va9 t an oppon5t urge ! diff]5ce 9 /yle betwe5 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john & ! epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia2 s9ce ^! latt] are express$ 9 ! v words ( ,*ri/4 ,insep>ably connect$ ) ! peculi> mode ( revelation 9 ! ,apocalypse are ! peculi> m5tal /ate & circum/ances 9 :i* ! apo/le wrote4 ,he compos$ ! gospel & epi/les 9 ! calmness ( tranquil contemplation & rem9isc5ces ( ! pa/4 ,! visions ( ! ,apocalypse he receiv$ 9 ! ,_s 7*ap4 #a3aj2 #d3b72 t is1 9 a /ate ( ec/acy2 &1 accord+ to ! pla9 language ( ! book1 he wrote !m d[n at ! "t1 beg9n+1 z we mu/ suppose1 ) ! second *apt]1 ! introductory *apt] & "s clos+ rem>ks hav+ be5 add$ aft]w>ds4 ,! direction3 ,:at ?\ see/ write 9 a book 7*ap4 #a3aa1 #ai71 does n inde$ imply t he %\ld write ^u ! spot2 b t he did s is pla9ly indicat$ else:]e3 ,:5 ! sev5 ?und]s _h utt]$ _! voices1 ,i 0 ab\t to write3 & ,i he>d a voice f heav5 say+ unto me1 ,seal up ^? ?+s :i* ! sev5 ?und]s utt]$1 & write !m n 7*ap4 #aj3d74 ,9 entire h>mony ) ?is is ano!r passage3 ,& ,i he>d a voice f heav5 say+ unto me1 ,write1 ,bless$ are ! dead :i* die 9 ! ,"l f h5ce=?1 etc4 7*ap4 #ad3ac72 t is1 ,write d[n n[ ^! words ( com=t4 ,! apo/le1 !re=e1 wrote d[n 8 visions "o aft] ano!r imm$iately aft] !y 7 receiv$4 ,:5 he wrote he 0 n 9 a /ate ( unconsci\sness1 b ( m5tal & spiritual exaltation above 8 ord9>y condition4 ,to affirm t he c\ld n h receiv$ ?is s]ies ( visions )\t be+ depriv$ ( ! capacity to record !m at ! "t1 w\ld be to limit ! modes ( div9e revelation by our ignorance4 ,if we _c und]/& h[ ! apo/le c\ld he> 9 ! ,_s ! voices ( ! sev5 ?und]s1 & imm$iately prep>e to write d[n _! utt]ances1 we ought1 at lea/1 rev]5tly to receive ! fact z /at$ by him4 ,to expect f "o writ+ 9 su* circum/ances c>eful att5tion to ! rules ( ,greek syntax & ! idioms ( ! ,greek language w\ld be absurd4 ,und\bt$ly ,plato 9 a l situation w\ld h writt5 pure ,attic ,greek1 because t w\ld h be5 to him ! mo/ natural mode ( writ+4 ,b ! ,galilean fi%]man1 a ,jew by bir? & education1 fell back ^u ! ,hebrew idioms ) :i* he 0 s famili>4 ,f9ally we mu/ rememb] t1 aft] ! analogy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 ?is prophetic book is express$ 9 poetic diction4 ,x is full ( images borr[$ f ! old ,hebrew prophets1 (t5 spiritualiz$ & appli$ 9 a high] s5se4 ,look+ to ! imag]y alone1 "o may well call ?is book a gr& an?ology ( ! old ,hebrew poets4 ,b ! poetic diction ( "o & ! same writ] may diff] widely f 8 prose /yle1 z we see 9 ! case ( ,moses1 ,isaiah1 & ,j]emiah4 ,if ! above consid]ations d n :olly remove ! difficulty "u consid]ation !y greatly relieve x4 ,! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! f\r? gospel & ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john is su/a9$ by a mass ( evid5ce t _c be set aside4 ,t ! same ,john also wrote ! visions ( ! ,apocalypse is atte/$1 z we h se51 by ! almo/ unanim\s voice ( antiquity4 ,f> great] difficulties are involv$ 9 ! d5ial ( ! anci5t tradition ( ! *ur* ?an 9 ! admission ( x4 #c4 ,! date ( ! ,apocalypse has be5 a matt] ( mu* discussion1 ! great "q be+ :e!r x 0 writt5 be=e or aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans4 ,! ext]nal te/imony /rongly prepond]ates on ! side ( a late date2 = ! great body ( ?is tradition repres5ts ! bani%m5t ( ! apo/le to ! isle ( ,patmos z hav+ tak5 place "u ,domitian :o succe$$ ,titus1 & reign$ f ,a4,d4 #ha to #if4 ,?is supposition also agrees ) ! fact t ! recipi5ts ( our ,"l's sev5 messages 7*aps4 #b1 #c7 are ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,proconsul> ,asia1 among :om1 accord+ to ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! primitive *ur*1 ! apo/le sp5t ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life4 ,! hypo!sis ( an e>li] date is b feebly support$ by ext]nal te/imony4 ,x re/s ma9ly on ! alleg$ ref]5ce ( ! writ] to ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem z an ev5t yet future1 & z be+ ! ma9 subject ( ! prophesies conta9$ 9 ! book4 ,b ?is ref]5ce has nev] be5 cle>ly e/abli%$1 & is contradict$ by ! g5]al analogy ( prophecy1 by ! cont5ts ( ! book1 & by its manife/ relation to ! prophecies ( ,daniel4 ,a few only ( ! brief] prophetic books1 z ^? ( ,jonah & ,nahum1 conf9e !mselves to "o p>ticul> ev5t ly+ 9 ! ne> future4 ,all ! m ext5d$ among !m1 & _m ( ! %ort]1 look =w>d und5iably to ! di/ant future4 ,! book ( ,daniel c be int]pret$ only z conta9+ a great s*eme ( prophecy /ret*+ =w>d into ! di/ant future1 & ) ?is ! revelation ( ,john has ! close/ connection4 ,! place :]e ! revelation 0 receiv$ 0 ! isle ( ,patmos1 "o ( ! gr\p call$ ,sporades 9 ! ,a,egean sea (f ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ,asia ,m9or1 :]e ! apo/le repres5ts himself to h be5 = ! ^w ( ,god1 & = ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7*ap4 #a3i73 t is1 9 accordance ) anci5t tradition1 bani%$ to t isle on acc\nt ( ! gospel4 #d4 ,= ! int]pretation ( ?is book _m & v discordant plans h be5 propos$4 ,sett+ aside at ! outset all ^? s*emes :i* d n f9d 9 ! ,apocalypse a view ( ! conflicts ( ,*ri/'s p to ! end ( "t & _! f9al victory ov] _! enemies1 !re rema9 two g5]al pr9ciples ( int]pretation4 ,! fir/ may be call$ ! g5]ic pr9ciple4 ,^? :o adopt x inquire only aft] ! g5]al import ( ! symbols employ$1 )\t attempt+ any p>ticul> application ( !m to ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* 9 connection ) t ( ! _w4 ,?us1 ! :ite horse ( ! fir/ seal 7*ap4 #f3b7 d5otes 9 g5]al ! conque/s ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh 8 gospel2 ! r$ horse ( ! second seal 7*ap #f3d71 w> & c>nage1 z accompany+ ! progress ( ! tru?2 & s on ?r\gh\t ! o!r symbols ( ! book4 ,b :5 we come to ! mo/ important "p ( ! prophecies1 ^? conc]n+ ! two bea/s 7*ap4 #ac71 & t conc]n+ ! woman rid+ on ! sc>let-color$ bea/ 7*ap4 #ag71 ?is pr9ciple utt]ly fails4 ,x _c be t s _m specific & v peculi> m>ks mean only p]secut+ p[]s 9 g5]al4 ,!y po9t ) wond]ful cle>ness & precision to t gr& comb9ation ( ! civil ) ! ecclesia/ical p[] ( :i* papal ,rome has ev] be5 ! *ief repres5tative4 ,we come1 !n1 = ! true key to ! ,apocalypse1 to ! o!r pr9ciple1 :i* may be call$ ! hi/oric4 ,?is seeks 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* & ( ! _w = ! great ev5ts =etold 9 ?is book4 ,x is no valid objection to ?is pr9ciple1 t 9 ! attempt to apply x int]pret]s f9d great1 & 9 _m cases insup]able difficulties4 ,! my/]y ( ,god is n yet f9i%$4 ,x may be t ! mighty ev5ts ( ! future c alone ?r[ a cle> light on ! entire plan ( ! book4 ,mean:ile we mu/ wait 9 rev]5tial expectation1 hav+ 9 ! pla9 fulfilm5t ( t "p ( its prophecies :i* describes ! rise & "* ( ! comb9$ ecclesia/ical & political p[] :i*1 "u ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity1 p]secutes ! true s]vants ( ,*ri/1 a c]ta9 pl$ge t all ! re/ w be accompli%$ 9 due season4 ,expositors are agre$ t ! pr$ictions ( ! book d n run on 9 *ronological ord] f beg9n+ to end4 ,mo/ f9d 9 *aps4 #f3a-aa3ah 7) an episode1 *aps4 #aj3a-aa3ac7 "o s]ies relat+ m to ! outw>d hi/ory ( ! _w 9 its relations to ,god's p2 :ile 9 *ap4 #ab ! writ] returns to ! primitive days ( ,*ri/ianity1 & gives a m int]ior & spiritual view ( ! conflicts ( ,god's p along ! track ( ages & _! f9al triumph1 add+ at ! close v>i\s supplem5t>y views ( ! same mighty /ruggle & victory4 #e4 ,on ! symbolic import ( ! numb]s 9 ! ,apocalypse a few words may be add$4 ,sev5 is ! well kn[n symbol ( complet5ess1 & ?is is ! mo/ prom95t numb] 9 ! book4 ,?us we h ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia repres5t$ by ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks1 & _! sev5 angels repres5t$ by sev5 />s 7*ap4 #a3d1 #ab1 #af1 #bj72 ! sev5 lamps ( fire burn+ be=e ! ?rone :i* are ! sev5 spirits ( ,god 7*ap4 #d3e72 ! sev5 seals 7*ap4 #e3a72 ! sev5 trumpets 7*ap4 #h3b72 ! sev5 ?und]s 7*ap4 #aj3d72 ! sev5 la/ plagues 7*ap4 #ae3a72 to :i* may be add$ ! sev5 ascriptions ( praise--p[]1 ri*es1 wisdom1 /r5g?1 honor1 glory1 bless+ 7*ap4 #e3ab71 bless+1 glory1 wisdom1 ?anksgiv+1 honor1 p[]1 might 7*ap4 #g3ab74 ,la/ly1 we h ! sev5 heads ( ! p]secut+ bea/ 9 all its v>i\s =ms4 ,*aps4 #ab3c2 #ac3a2 #ag3c4 ,s f> z ! numb] sev5 has its fulfilm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 we are at lib]ty to suppose t ?is is accompli%$1 9 "p at lea/1 by ! mann] 9 :i* ! wisdom ( ,god has be5 pleas$ to gr\p toge!r ! ev5ts ( prophecy--a gr\p+ :i* is always appropriate1 b might h be5 diff]5t _h ! plan ( repres5tation s requir$4 ,! f9al judgm5ts :i* prec$e ! mill5nium1 = example1 :i* 9 *aps4 #ae & #af are set =? "u ! figure ( sev5 vials full ( ! wra? ( ,god1 might h be51 by ano!r mode ( di/ribution1 repres5t$ "u ! numb] two4 ,_m ?9k !y are ?us repres5t$ 9 *ap4 #ad3ad-bj4 ,ano!r prophetic numb]1 occurr+ 9 ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse1 always z a designation ( "t1 is ! half ( sev54 ,?us we h a "t1 & times1 & half a "t1 t is1 ?ree ye>s & a half 7*ap4 #ab3ad72 or 9 mon?s1 =ty & two mon?s 7*aps4 #aa3b2 #ac3e72 or 9 days1 a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days 7*aps4 #aa3c2 #ab3f74 ,comp>e ,daniel #g3be4 ,aga91 answ]+ to ^! ?ree ye>s & a half1 we h ! ?ree days & a half dur+ :i* ! two witnesses lie dead4 ,*ap4 #aa3i1 #aa4 ,! numb] six1 moreov]1 f its peculi> relation to sev51 repres5ts ! prep>ation = ! consummation ( ,god's plans4 ,h5ce ! six? seal 7*ap4 #f3ab-ag71 ! six? trumpet 7*ap4 #i3ad-ba71 & ! six? vial 7*ap4 #af3ab-af7 are ea* preem95t 9 ! s]ies to :i* !y belong4 ,!y u%] 9 ! awful judgm5ts ( ,heav5 :i* de/roy ! wick$4 ,"h1 p]haps1 we h ! key to ! symbolic import ( ! numb] ( ! bea/1 #fff4 ,:ile x repres5ts1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,greek num]ation1 ! numb] ( a man1 x seems to indicate t ^u him fall all ! judgm5ts ( ! six? seal1 ! six? trumpet1 & ! six? vial4 ,f\r is ! natural symbol = univ]sality4 ,?us we h ! f\r liv+ creatures r\nd ab\t ! ?rone 7*ap4 #d3f71 p]haps z symbols ( ! ag5cies by :i* ,god adm9i/]s 8 univ]sal provid5tial gov]nm5t 7*aps4 #f3a1 #c1 #e1 #g2 #ae3g72 ! f\r angels /&+ on ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>? & hold+ ! f\r w9ds 7*ap4 #g3a72 & ! f\r angels b\nd 9 ! riv] ,euphrates 7*ap4 #i3ad74 ,s also 9 ! f\rfold enum]ation1 k9dr$1 & tongue1 & p1 & nation1 or its equival5t4 ,*aps4 #e3i2 #aj3aa2 #aa3i2 #ad3f2 #ag3ae4 ,a ?ird & a f\r? "p1 on ! contr>y1 repres5t :at is p>tial4 ,*aps4 #f3h2 #h3ab2 #i3ah4 ,twelve is ! well-kn[n signature ( ,god's p4 ,comp>e ! twelve tribes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! twelve apo/les ( ! ,new2 ! woman ) a cr[n ( twelve />s 7*ap4 #ab3a72 ! twelve gates1 twelve angels1 twelve f\ndations ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 ! twelve times twelve cubits ( its wall1 & its tree ( life t yields twelve h>ve/s a ye> 7*aps4 #ba3ab1 #ad2 #bb3b74 ,we h also ! same numb] comb9$ ) a ?\s&1 ! g5]al symbol = a great numb]4 ,f ea* ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel are seal$ twelve ?\s& 7*ap4 #g3d-h71 mak+ = ! symbolical numb] ( ! r$eem$ twelve times twelve ?\s& 7*ap4 #ad3a1 #c72 & ! walls ( ! ,new ,j]usalem are 9 e direction twelve ?\s& furlongs 7*ap4 #ba3af74 ,t5 is possibly only a symbol ( div]sity1 z 9 ! case ( ! t5 horns ( ! bea/ 7*aps4 #ab3c2 #ac3a2 #ag3c72 ?\gh "s take a lit]al view ( x4 #f4 ,d>k z are _m p>ts ( ! ,apocalypse & difficult ( int]pretation1 ! book z a :ole is radiant ) ! promise to ,god's p ( a f9al & complete victory 9 _! conflict ) ! k+dom ( ,satan4 ,?\gh long delay$1 z we mortals reckon "t1 x %all come at la/ ) a spl5dor above ! brightness ( ! sun1 & ! e>? be light$ f pole to pole ) its glory4 ,am54 ,ev5 s1 come1 ,"l ,jesus6 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,writ+s ,,( ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,fa!rs1 ,,) ,,"s ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,apocryphal ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ+s4 #a4 ,a wide di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! writ+s ( ! apo/olic fa!rs :i* are ackn[l$g$ to be g5u9e1 or ! g5u95ess ( :i* may be ma9ta9$ on m or less probable gr\nds1 & ! l>ge mass ( spuri\s works aft]w>ds palm$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian _w z ! productions ( apo/les or _! contempor>ies4 ,! latt] con/itute prop]ly ! ,new ,te/am5t ,apocrypha1 ?\gh ! t]m is sometimes appli$ 9 a loose way to bo? classes ( writ+s4 ,! writ+s ( ! apo/olic fa!rs1 ?\gh possess+ no div9e au?ority1 are valuable z %[+ ! /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es at ! "t :5 !y 7 compos$ 9 respect to bo? doctr9e & discipl9e1 z well z ! v>i\s errors & divisions by :i* !y 7 tr\bl$4 ,_! te/imonies to ! g5u95ess ( ! ,new ,te/am5t h be5 already consid]$4 ,*ap4 #b1 ,no4 #aj4 ,"s ( ! apocryphal works also1 wor?less z !y are = in/ruction 9 ! doctr9es & duties ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?r[ mu* light on ! religi\s _s1 t5d5cies1 & h]etical sects ( ! times to :i* !y belong4 ,o!rs ( ^! writ+s are unutt]ably absurd & pu]ile1 wor?y ( notice only z %[+ ! type ( ! pu]ilities curr5t 9 ! age ( _! composition4 ,i4 ,,writ+s ,,( ,,clem5t4 #b4 ,app5d$ to ! ,alex&r9e manuscript 7,*ap4 #bf1 ,no4 #e7 is an epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians1 foll[$ by "p ( a s-call$ second epi/le to ! same *ur*4 ,! fir/ ( ^! epi/les is ackn[l$g$ to be g5u9e4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! anci5t fa!rs z ! "w ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 & highly comm5d$ by !m4 ,_! quotations f x agree ) ! cont5ts ( ! epi/le z we n[ h x1 nor does x exhibit any m>ks ( a lat] age2 = ! au?or's ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n fable ( ! pho5ix z a type ( ! resurrection 7*ap4 #be71 con/itutes no real difficulty4 ,x may prove t he 0 cr$ul\s1 b n t he belong$ to a lat] ?an ! apo/olic age4 ,! anci5ts repres5t ?is ,clem5t to h be5 id5tical ) ,clem5t bi%op ( ,rome4 ,:e!r he 0 also id5tical ) ! ,clem5t nam$ by ! apo/le ,paul 7,phil4 #d3c71 is a "q t we may well leave undecid$4 ,! epi/le 0 writt5 %ortly aft] "s p]secution 7*ap4 #a71 :i* ,grabe1 ,hefele1 & o!rs suppose to h be5 t "u ,n]o2 ,l>dn]1 ,cotel]ius1 & o!rs1 t "u ,domitian4 ,^u ! =m] supposition x 0 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fh--;a supposition app>5tly favor$ by ! way 9 :i* he ref]s to ! temple & s]vice at ,j]usalem z /ill 9 exi/5ce 7*aps4 #dj1 #da72 ^u ! latt]1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #if or #ig4 #c4 ,! occasion ( ! epi/le1 :i* ,clem5t writes 9 ! "n ( ! *ur* at ,rome1 is easily ga!r$ f its cont5ts4 ,z 9 ! days ( ,paul1 s n[1 ! ,cor9?ian *ur* 0 tr\bl$ by a wick$ & unholy s$ition1 fom5t$ by a few ra% & self-will$ m51 :o _h proce$$ s f> z to ?ru/ out ( _! m9i/ry "s wor?y m54 ,*ap4 #dd4 ,x w\ld seem1 also1 f *aps4 #bd-bg t !re 7 among !m ^? :o d5i$ ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection4 ,to re/ore 9 ! ,cor9?ian *ur* ! _s ( love & unity is ! gr& scope ( ! epi/le4 ,! au?or comm5ds !m = _! ord]ly & holy deportm5t be=e _! pres5t qu>rel arose1 traces x to its true s\rce 9 ! pride g5d]$ by ! honor & enl>gem5t grant$ !m by ,god1 & urges !m to lay aside _! cont5tions by e motive t ! gospel (f]s--! mis*iefs t /rife occasions1 ! rules ( _! religion1 ! example ( ! ,savi\r & holy m5 ( all ages1 ! relation ( believ]s to ,god1 8 high value ( ! _s ( love & unity1 ! rew>d ( ob$i5ce & puni%m5t ( disob$i5ce1 etc4 ,comp>+ ! *ur* to an army1 he insi/s e>ne/ly on ! necessity ( diff]5t ranks & ord]s1 & ! _s ( ob$i5ce4 ,comp>+ x aga9 to ! human body1 he %[s t all ! p>ticul> memb]s1 ea* 9 8 place1 %\ld conspire toge!r = ! pres]vation ( ! :ole4 ,clem5t's /yle has n ! m]it ( compactness & concis5ess4 ,he is1 on ! contr>y1 diffuse & repetiti\s4 ,b a ?or\ghly evangelical _s p]vades ! pres5t epi/le1 & x is1 moreov]1 *>act]iz$ by a noble f]vor & simplicity4 ,x ev9ces ! calm dignity & ! practical executive wisdom ( ! ,roman *ur* 9 h] orig9al apo/olic simplicity1 )\t ! slighte/ infusion ( hi]>*ical arrogance4 ,s*aff1 ,hi/4 ,*ri/4 ,*ur*1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dfj4 ,9 its int]nal "*1 z 9 ! "t ( its composition1 x approa*es ! canonical writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t m ne>ly ?an any o!r rema9s ( antiquity4 #d4 ,! second epi/le ascrib$ to ,clem5t is n m5tion$ by any ( ! fa!rs be=e ,eusebius1 :o speaks ( x d\bt+iy3 ,b x %\ld be kn[n t !re is said to be also a c]ta9 second epi/le ( ,clem5t4 ,b x is cle> to u t ?is is n equally kn[n ) ! fir/1 = we "k t ! anci5ts h n made use ( x4 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 #c4 #ch4 ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be spuri\s1 & is1 p]haps1 z ,hefele sugge/s1 "o ( ! homilies falsely ascrib$ to ,clem5t4 ,) ?is supposition its cont5ts well agree2 = x does n seem to h1 l ! fir/1 a def9ite end to accompli%4 ,x op5s ) a g5]al exhortation t ! ,cor9?ians %\ld ?9k wor?ily ( ,*ri/ 9 view ( ! great "w :i* he has wr\ght 9 _! behalf1 & urges ^u !m a /eadfa/ confession ( him be=e m51 n by empty words1 b by a life ( holy ob$i5ce4 ,x sets be=e !m ! incompatibility ( ! s]vice ( ,god & mammon1 & dwells ) especial e>ne/ness on ! high rew>ds ( et]nity 9 comp>ison ) ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! pres5t life2 z if ! writ] _h 9 m9d ^? :o 7 expos$ to ! d\ble p]il ( sub/itut+ an empty pr(ession = ! liv+ _s ( ob$i5ce1 & ( apo/atiz+ f ,*ri/ ?r\gh fe> ( p]secution & m>tyrdom4 #e4 ,besides ! above1 !re is a mass ( writ+s curr5t 9 anci5t days "u ! "n ( ,clem5t :i* are ackn[l$g$ by all to be spuri\s4 ,among ^! are3 ,! ,recognitions ( ,clem5t2 ,! ,clem5t9es1 or1 accord+ to ! ,greek title1 ,clem5t's ,epitome ( ,pet]'s ,disc\rses 9 ,travel2 ,clem5t's ,epitome conc]n+ ! ,acts & ,disc\rses ( ,pet] 9 ,travel--?ree =ms ( sub/antially ! same "w4 ,x w be suffici5t to give a brief notice ( ! ,recognitions4 ,! au?or1 app>5tly a ,jew by bir? & a philosoph] ( ! ,alex&r9e s*ool1 has embrac$ a =m ( ,*ri/ianity mix$ up ) ! dogmas ( 8 philosophy4 ,= ! purpose ( attack+ & ov]?r[+ ! false religi\s notions ( 8 age1 he inv5ts an +5i\s hi/oric plot4 ,clem5t1 a ,roman citiz51 :o1 z appe>s 9 ! sequel1 has be5 sep>at$ 9 e>ly life f 8 fa!r1 "m1 & two bro!rs1 :om he supposes to be dead1 is introduc$ z s5d+ to ,james1 :o presides ov] ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 ) an accompany+ lett]1 an acc\nt ( 8 e>ly education2 8 acqua9tance ) ! apo/le ,pet]1 :o *ooses him to be 8 companion 9 travel2 ,pet]'s conv]sations ) himself & ! re/ ( ! company2 8 public addresses & acts2 especially 8 fam\s enc\nt]s ) ,simon ,magus1 :om he ov]?r[s & puts to public %ame4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! j\rney+ !y visit a c]ta9 isl&1 :]e !y meet ) a poor woman begg+ alms1 :o is f\nd1 ^u ! relation ( h] hi/ory1 to be ! "m ( ,clem5t4 ,^u f>!r inquiry x appe>s t two ( ,pet]'s company1 ,nicetus & ,aquila1 are h] sons & ! bro!rs ( ,clem5t4 ,f9ally1 ,pet] enc\nt]s on ! sea-%ore1 :i!r he _h gone to p]=m = ! newly discov]$ "m & sons ! rite ( baptism1 an old man :o is f\nd to be ! long lo/ husb& & fa!r4 ,f ^! recognitions ! "w receives its title4 ,b ?is hi/oric plot is only ! occasion ( introduc+ ! writ]'s !ological & philosophical op9ions1 ) especial ref]5ce to ! prevail+ errors ( 8 day4 ,any page ( ! "w is suffici5t to %[ t ,pet] & ,clem5t _h no?+ to d ) its composition4 ,x _c be plac$ e>li] ?an ! close ( ! second or ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,prefix$ to ^! ,clem5t9e writ+s1 & hav+ ref]5ce to !m1 are two spuri\s epi/les1 "o f ,pet] to ,james1 presid5t ( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 ) ! proce$+s ( ,james consequ5t ^u ! reception ( x1 & "o f ,clem5t to ,james4 ,^! x is n necess>y to notice4 ,! s-call$ ,con/itutions ( ,clem5t 9 eight books1 embrac+1 z _! "n indicates1 a sy/em ( rules p]ta9+ to *ur* ord] & discipl9e1 7 c]ta9ly n ! "w ( ,clem5t4 ,x is n c]ta9 t !y _h _! orig9 z a :ole 9 ! same age2 b ! judgm5t ( le>n$ m5 is t no "p ( !m is old] ?an ! second half ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! eighty-five s-call$ ,apo/olic ,canons h prefix$ to !m ! spuri\s title3 ,ecclesia/ical ,rules ( ! ,holy ,apo/les promulgat$ by ,clem5t ,high ,prie/ 7,pontifex7 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! orig9 ( ^! canons is unc]ta94 ,!y fir/ appe> z a collection ) ! above title 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,h[ mu* old] "s ( !m may be _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,ignatius4 #f4 ,ignatius 0 bi%op ( ! *ur* at ,antio*1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,rome by exposure to wild bea/s ,a4,d4 #ajg1 or accord+ to "s acc\nts1 ,a4,d4 #aaf4 ,( ! fifte5 epi/les ascrib$ to him1 x is agre$ among biblical s*ol>s t eight are spuri\s & ( lat] orig94 ,! rema9+ sev5 are g5]ally reg>d$ z g5u9e1 b ! text ( ^!1 z ( all ! re/1 is 9 a v unsatisfactory condition4 ,!re are two ,greek rec5sions1 a long] & a %ort]1 ! latt] conta9+ approximately ! true text1 ?\gh n )\t ! suspicion ( int]polations4 ,!re is a ,syriac v]sion conta9+ b ?ree ( ,ignatius' epi/les1 & ^! 9 a mu* r$uc$ =m 7:i* "s are incl9$ to reg>d z ! only g5u9e epi/les72 also an ,arm5ian v]sion conta9+ ?irte5 epi/les4 ,see fur!r ,s*aff1 ,hi/4 ,*ris4 ,*ur*1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #dfi-dga4 ,z ! "q n[ /&s1 we may ) good reason receive z g5u9e ! sev5 m5tion$ by ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl4 #c4 #cf7 & ,j]ome 7,de ,viris illu/4 #af74 ,!y 7 all writt5 on 8 la/ j\rney to ,rome2 f\r f ,smyrna1 :]e ,polyc>p 0 ! bi%op1 to ! ,ephesians1 ,magnesians1 ,trallians1 & ,romans2 ?ree aft] 8 dep>ture f ,smyrna1 to ! *ur*es ( ,philadelphia & ,smyrna1 & to ,polyc>p bi%op ( ,smyrna4 ,! native vigor & en]gy ( ,ignatius1 z also ! dep? & s9c]ity ( 8 piety1 %9e =? conspicu\sly 9 ^! lett]s2 b !y diff] f ! epi/le ( ,clem5t 9 ! manife/ation ( an int5se ecclesia/ical _s1 by :i*1 inde$1 !y are m>k$ z belong+ to a lat] era ( ! *ur*4 ,if we except ! epi/le to ! ,romans1 !y all ab\nd 9 exhortations to r5d] implicit ob$i5ce to _! spiritual rul]s z to ,*ri/ himself4 ,to ^! precepts he adds exhortations to ma9ta9 unity1 & to avoid false doctr9es1 specify+ p>ticul>ly ,judaiz+ tea*]s & su* z d5y our ,"l's prop] humanity4 ,we _c read 8 lett] to ! ,romans1 among :om he expect$ %ortly to lay d[n 8 life = ,*ri/'s sake1 )\t deep int]e/4 ,b x is m>r$ by ! manife/ation ( an undue desire to obta9 ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 :i* leads him to prote/ aga9/ any int]position ( ! ,roman bre?r5 9 8 behalf4 ,i besee* y1 says he1 %[ no unseasonable good-w t[>ds me4 ,suff] me to be ! food ( wild bea/s1 by means ( :i* ,i may atta9 to ,god4 ,i am ! :eat ( ,god1 & am gr\nd by ! tee? ( wild bea/s1 t ,i may be f\nd ! pure bread ( ,god4 ,*ap4 #d4 ,8 lett] to ,polyc>p1 a fell[ bi%op1 ab\nds 9 precepts = ! "r dis*>ge ( 8 duties4 ,x is int]e/+ z %[+ ,ignatius' idea1 on ! "o side1 ( ! (fice ) its high responsibilities1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! duties :i* ! *ur*es owe to ^? :o are set ov] !m 9 ! ,"l4 #g4 ,!re are "s spuri\s epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius :i* x is suffici5t simply to "n4 ,^! are3 ,a lett] to "o ,m>ia a proselyte ( ,cilicia 9 answ] to h] reque/ t c]ta9 "y m5 might be s5t to h] p z _! spiritual guides2 epi/les to ! *ur* ( ,t>sus1 ( ,antio*1 & ( ,philippi--!ological diss]tations mo/ly made up ( texts ( ,scripture2 a lett] to ,h]o a deacon1 conta9+ precepts = ! "r dis*>ge ( 8 (fice1 & ab\nd+1 l ^? j nam$1 9 quotations f ,scripture3 two pret5d$ lett]s ( ,ignatius to ! apo/le ,john2 "o to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ) h] reply4 ,f9ally1 !re are "s fragm5ts ( ,ignatius' writ+s pres]v$ to u 9 ! quotations ( ! anci5ts1 :i* x is n necess>y to notice4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,polyc>p4 #h4 ,polyc>p 0 a disciple ( ! apo/le ,john1 & presid$ ov] ! *ur* 9 ,smyrna4 ,he suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t ! ye> #aff4 ,( 8 writ+s only "o %ort epi/le rema9s1 address$ by him to ! ,philippians soon aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 :o pass$ ?r\gh ,smyrna on 8 way to ,rome4 ,?is we ga!r f ! lett] itself2 = 9 ?is he assumes t ,ignatius has already suff]$ 7*ap4 #i71 & yet he has n he>d ! p>ticul>s conc]n+ 8 fate & t ( 8 companions4 ,*ap4 #ad4 ,?is brief epi/le is m>k$ by a f]vor & simplicity wor?y ( an apo/olic man4 ,! writ] comm5ds ! ,philippians = ! love manife/$ by !m t[>ds ! suff]+ s]vants ( ,*ri/1 exhorts !m to /eadfa/ness1 rem9ds !m ( ,paul's precepts 9 8 epi/le to !m1 & proce$s to unfold & inculcate ! duties belong+ to ! (fic]s & sev]al classes ( memb]s 9 ! *ur*4 ,! imm$iate occasion ( ! lett] seems to h be5 8 transmission to ! ,philippians1 9 compliance ) _! reque/1 ( ,ignatius' epi/le to himself1 ) su* o!rs ( 8 epi/les z _h come into 8 h&s4 ,*ap4 #ac4 ,! pres]vation ( ! pres5t epi/le is probably due to ?is its connection ) ! epi/les ( ,ignatius =w>d$ by him to ! ,philippians4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,b>nabas ,,& ,,h]mas4 #i4 ,! writ+s curr5t "u ! names ( ,b>nabas & ,h]mas h by no means ! outw>d te/imony 9 _! favor by :i* ! prec$+ epi/les ( ,clem5t1 ,ignatius1 & ,polyc>p are support$2 nor ! inw>d evid5ce aris+ f ! consid]ation ( _! cont5ts4 ,we w consid] !m briefly 9 ! ord] abov5am$4 #aj4 ,until rec5tly ! fir/ "p ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas exi/$ only 9 a ,lat9 v]sion4 ,b 9 #ahei ,tis*5dorf discov]$ at ,m\nt ,s9ai ! ,s9ai ,codex 7,*ap4 #bf1 ,no4 #e71 :i* conta9s ! entire epi/le 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,t ! writ] 0 ! ,b>nabas m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z ! companion ( ,paul 9 prea*+ ! gospel1 _c be ma9ta9$ on any firm basis ( evid5ce4 ,z to ! date ( its composition le>n$ m5 diff]4 ,hefele places x betwe5 ! ye>s #ajg & #abj4 ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ,prolegom5a1 p4 #ae4 ,! writ] 0 app>5tly a ,hell5i/ic ,jew ( ! ,alex&r9e s*ool1 & he wrote = ! purpose ( conv9c+ 8 bre?r51 ma9ly f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ,jesus is ! ,messiah1 & t 9 him ! rites ( ! ,mosaic law are done away4 ,8 quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t are num]\s1 & 8 me?od ( int]pretation is allegorical & sometimes v fanciful1 z 9 ! foll[+ passage1 = ! "r und]/&+ ( :i* ! read] %\ld "k t ! two ,greek lett]s ,greek3 ,,ie1 :i* /& fir/ 9 ! "n ,greek3 ,,ies\s1 ,,jesus1 & repres5t t "n by abbreviation1 signify z num]als1 ! fir/ t51 ! second1 eight2 also t ! ,greek lett] ,greek3 ,t 7! sign ( ! cross7 d5otes z a num]al1 ?ree hundr$4 ,! ,scripture says1 argues ,b>nabas1 t ,abraham circumcis$ ( 8 h\se ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 m54 ,:at 0 ! k communicat$ to him 9 ?is fact8 ,le>n fir/ ! mean+ ( ! eighte51 !n ( ! ?ree hundr$4 ,n[ ! num]al lett]s ,greek3 ,i1 t51 ,greek3 ,e1 eight1 make eighte54 ,"h y h ,jesus 7,greek ,greek3 ,,ies\n1 ( :i* ! abbreviation is ,greek3 ,,ie74 ,& because ! cross1 :i* lies 9 ! lett] ,greek3 ,t1 0 t :i* %\ld br+ grace1 he says also ?ree hundr$4 ,*ap4 #i4 ,! ,rabb9ic sy/em ( int]pretation 9 :i* ! writ] 0 educat$ furni%es an explanation1 inde$1 ( ?is & o!r l pu]ilities1 b no v9dication ( !m4 #aa4 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 z ! "w curr5t "u ! "n ( ,h]mas is call$1 consi/s ( ?ree books--8 ,visions1 8 ,comm&s1 & 8 ,similitudes4 ,! f\r visions are receiv$ ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( an ag$ woman1 :o is ! *ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,! twelve comm&s & t5 similitudes are receiv$ f "o :o appe>s to him 9 ! habit ( a %eph]d1 clo!d ) a :ite cloak1 hav+ 8 bag ^u 8 back1 & 8 /aff 9 8 h&1 :5ce ! title ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas4 ,all ^! are int5d$ to unfold ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity ) its doctr9es & duties4 ,! writ] has a mo/ luxuriant imag9ation4 ,9 read+ 8 books1 p>ticul>ly ! fir/ & ! ?ird1 "o sometimes f9ds himself bewild]$ 9 a ?icket ( images & similitudes1 "s ( !m grotesque & n altoge!r congru\s4 ,yet ! "w ?r[s mu* light on ! religi\s ideas & t5d5cies ( its age4 ,! anci5ts speak d\bt+ly ( ! au?ority ( ?is "w4 ,orig51 :om ,eusebius & ,j]ome foll[1 ascribes x to ! ,h]mas m5tion$ 9 ! epi/le to ! ,romans 7*ap4 #af3ad72 ?\gh x does n appe> t he _h any o!r gr\nd = ?is ?an ! id5tity ( ! "n4 ,! ,muratorian canon names z its au?or ,h]mas ! bro!r ( ,pius bi%op ( ,rome4 ,accord+ to ?is1 :i* is ! m probable view1 ! date ( its composition w\ld be ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,v4 ,,! ,,apo/les' ,,cre$4 #ab4 ,we put ?is among ! rema9s ( ! apo/olic fa!rs1 n because !re is any d\bt z to its conta9+ ! sub/ance ( ! doctr9es taught by ! apo/les1 b because1 z is g5]ally admitt$1 x did n receive its pres5t =m at _! h&4 ,?\gh n traceable 9 its pres5t %ape be=e ! ?ird c5tury1 & f\nd 9 ! second 9 diff]5t long] or %ort] =ms1 x is 9 sub/ance altoge!r apo/olic1 & exhibits an incomp>able summ>y ( ! lead+ facts 9 ! revelation ( ! triune ,god f ! creation ( ! _w to ! resurrection ( ! body2 & t 9 a =m intelligible to all1 & admirably suit$ = public wor%ip & cate*etical use4 ,s*aff1 ,hi/4 ,*ris4 ,*ur*1 pp4 #aba1 #abb4 ,,vi4 ,,apocryphal ,,gospels ,,& ,,acts4 #ac4 ,^! are v num]\s4 ,"u ! head ( ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,tis*5dorf has publi%$ tw5ty-two works2 "u t ( ,apocryphal ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ?irte54 ,to ! /ud5t ( *ur* hi/ory !y are n )\t value2 = !y illu/rate ! orig9 ( _m anci5t traditions & "s ritual obs]vances4 ,b if we look to _! intr9sic "*1 !y may be describ$ z a mass ( wor?less leg5ds ab\nd+ 9 absurd & pu]ile /ories4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! miracles :i* !y relate & ! true miracles record$ 9 ! canonical gospels & ,acts is imm5se1 & su* z makes ! d>kness ( ^! spuri\s writ+s m visible4 ,! miracles ( ! canonical books h always a wor?y occasion1 & are connect$ ) ! ,savi\r's "w ( r$emption4 ,b ! pret5d$ miracles ( ! apocryphal writ+s are1 z a g5]al rule1 wr\ght on trivial occasions1 ) ei!r no end 9 view b ! display ( sup]natural p[]1 or ) a positively unlawful end1 :5ce x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t _! impiety rivals _! absurdity4 ,_m samples ( bo? ^! *>act]s c\ld be giv51 b ! g5]al read] may well rema9 ignorant ( !m4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biblical ,,int]pretation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 #a4 ,! t]m ,h]m5eutics 7,greek1 h]m5euo1 to int]pret7 is commonly employ$ to d5ote ! pr9ciples ( scriptural int]pretation4 ,! ,greek ^w exegesis--t is1 exposition--d5otes ! actual "w ( int]pretation4 ,h]m5eutics is1 !re=e1 ! sci5ce ( int]pretation2 ,exegesis1 ! application ( ?is sci5ce to ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! h]m5eutical writ] lays d[n g5]al pr9ciples ( int]pretation2 ! exegetical writ] uses ^! pr9ciples 9 ! exposition ( ,scripture4 ,! t]ms epexegesis & epexegetical are us$ by expositors 9 a special s5se to d5ote some?+ explanatory ( ! imm$iate context4 #b4 ,! expositor's (fice is1 to asc]ta9 & unfold ! true mean+ ( ! inspir$ writ]s1 )\t add+ to x1 subtract+ f x1 or *ang+ x 9 any way4 ,"h we may draw an in/ructive p>allel betwe5 8 "w & t ( ! textual critic4 ,! textual critic aims to give1 n :at "s "o might ?9k ! inspir$ p5man %\ld h writt51 b :at he actually did write4 ,s ! true expositor1 tak+ ! v words ( ,scripture1 seeks n to =ce ^u !m a mean+ 9 h>mony ) 8 preconceiv$ op9ions1 b to take f !m ! v ideas :i* ! writ] int5d$ to express4 ,x is p]t95t1 !re=e1 to consid] at ! outset ! qualifications :i* belong to ! biblical int]pret]4 ,^! include high moral & intellectual qualities1 z well z v>i$ & ext5sive acquirem5ts4 #c4 ,=emo/ among ! qualities t belong to ! int]pret] is a supreme reg>d = tru?4 ,a g5]al conviction & ackn[l$gm5t ( ! duty ( tru?fulness w n be suffici5t to gu>d him aga9/ all ! s$uctive influ5ces t beset 8 pa?4 ,?\gh he may be a s9c]e ,*ri/ian1 he w /ill be 9 dang] ( be+ misl$ by ! p[] ( preconceiv$ op9ions & p>ty connections4 ,he w ne$ a con/ant & vivid appreh5sion ( ! sacr$ness ( all tru?1 m especially ( scriptural tru?1 :i* ,god has reveal$ = ! sanctification & salvation ( m54 ,sanctify !m ?r\gh ?y tru?3 ?y ^w is tru?4 ,^! words ( ! ,savi\r he w d well to pond] night & day1 till !y become a "p ( 8 spiritual life2 & to rememb] always t1 if su* be ! div9e orig9 & high (fice ( scriptural tru?1 ,god w n hold guiltless any :o tamp] ) x 9 ! int]e/ ( preconceiv$ human op9ions1 ?us sub/itut+ ! folly ( man = ! wisdom ( ,god4 #d4 ,! int]pret] fur!r ne$s a s\nd judgm5t1 comb9$ ) ! p[] ( vivid conception4 ,^! two qualities are nam$ toge!r1 because !y mutually supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! ,bible is occupi$ ) description4 ,"h ! int]pret] ne$s ! p[] ( conception1 t he may br+ be=e 8 m9d a vivid picture ( ! sc5es describ$1 ) ! relations ( _! sev]al p>ts to ea* o!r4 ,ano!r l>ge "p ( ! ,bible conta9s ! language ( poetry & impassion$ feel+4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ?is1 ! faculty ( conception is especially necess>y1 t we may place ourselves z fully z possible 9 ! circum/ances ( ! writ]s1 & =m a true idea ( ! emotions :i* fill$ _! m9ds & gave =m & complexion to _! utt]ances4 ,pure cold logic1 ) ! addition ( any am\nt ( human le>n+1 w n enable u to compreh5d & exp\nd aright ! =ty-second ,psalm4 ,by ! p[] ( imag9ation1 we mu/ g ) ! poet1 9 8 exile f ! sanctu>y at ,j]usalem1 across ! ,jordan to ! l& ( ! ,h]monites2 mu/ see 8 di/ress$ & =sak5 condition2 mu/ he> ! bitt] taunts ( 8 enemies2 mu/ witness ! inw>d tempe/ ( 8 feel+s--a cont9ual conflict betwe5 nature & fai?--be=e we c h a true und]/&+ ( 8 words4 ,! same might be said ( innum]able o!r passages ( ,scripture4 ,b ?is p[] ( vivid conception1 :5 n held 9 *eck by a s\nd judgm5t1 w lead ! expositor ( ,scripture into ! wilde/ vag>ies ( fancy4 ,disreg>d+ ! pla9e/ rules ( int]pretation1 he w cov] up ! obvi\s s5se ( ,scripture ) a mass ( allegorical expositions1 "u color ( educ+ f ! words ( inspiration a high] & m edify+ mean+4 ,t high natural end[m5ts1 unit$ ) v>i$ & solid le>n+ & indefatigable zeal = ! gospel1 d n ( !mselves con/itute a safegu>d aga9/ ?is error1 we le>n f ! example ( ,orig5 & _m o!rs4 ,n cont5t to let ! simple n>ratives ( ,scripture speak = !mselves & convey _! prop] lessons ( in/ruction1 ^! allegorical expositors =ce ^u !m a high] spiritual s5se4 ,9 s do+1 !y unsettle ! v pr9ciples by :i* ! spiritual doctr9es ( ,scripture are e/abli%$4 ,orig51 = example1 9 comm5t+ on ! meet+ betwe5 ,abraham's s]vant & ,rebecca at ! well 9 ,h>an1 says3 ,rebecca came e day to ! wells4 ,!re=e %e c\ld be f\nd by ,abraham's s]vant1 & jo9$ 9 m>riage ) ,isaac4 ,?us he gives ! lit]al mean+ ( ?is transaction4 ,b he !n goes on to %[1 among o!r ?+s1 t ,rebecca repres5ts ! human s\l1 :i* ,*ri/ wi%es to betro? to himself1 :ile ,abraham's s]vant is ! prophetic ^w1 :i* unless y fir/ receive1 y _c be m>ri$ to ,*ri/4 ,see 9 ,davidson's ,sacr$ ,h]m5eutics1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd4 #e4 ,ano!r indisp5sable qualification ( scriptural int]pretation is sympa?y ) div9e tru?2 9 o!r words1 t h>mony ( _s ) ! tru?s ( revelation :i* comes f a he>ty reception ( !m1 & a subjection ( ! :ole life1 inw>d & outw>d1 to _! control4 ,if any man1 said our ,savi\r1 w d 8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e1 :e!r x be ( ,god1 or :e!r ,i speak ( myself4 ,john #g3ag4 ,9 ^! words our ,"l propos$ to ! unbeliev+ ,jews ! true rem$y = _! ignorance & error respect+ 8 p]son & (fice1 :i* _h _! gr\nd n 9 ! want ( evid5ce1 b 9 _! p]v]se & guilty rejection ( evid5ce4 ,_! moral /ate 0 "o ( habitual rebellion aga9/ ! tru? ( ,god2 & !y c\ld n1 !re=e1 h sympa?y ) ! ,savi\r's doctr9e4 ,!y hat$ ! light1 & w\ld n come to ! light1 because _! de$s 7 evil4 ,john #c3bj4 ,:at !y ne$$ 0 n m light1 b t ob$i5t _s :i* loves ! light1 & all[s x to %9e ?r\gh ! s\l4 ,! man :o w\ld be a successful int]pret] ( ,god's ^w mu/ beg9 :]e ! ,savi\r direct$ ^! ,jews to beg94 ,s f> z he kn[s ! tru?1 he mu/ give x a he>ty reception n 9 !ory alone1 b 9 daily practice4 ,!n he w be prep>$ to make fur!r progress 9 ! k ( x1 & to unfold its heav5ly treasures to 8 fell[-m54 ,b if he comes to ! /udy ( ,god's ^w ) a he>t habitually at v>iance ) its holy precepts1 & an und]/&+ d>k5$ by ! p[] ( s9ful affections1 no am\nt ( s*ol>%ip or critical sagacity w avail to make him a true expositor ( its cont5ts4 ,hav+ no sympa?y ) ! great f\ndation doctr9es ( ! gospel1 b reg>d+ !m ) positive av]sion1 he w nei!r be able to appreh5d !m 9 _! true light1 nor to expla9 !m aright to 8 fell[-m54 ,9 ! "w ( int]pretation1 a good he>t--good 9 ! scriptural s5se--is n less important ?an a cle> und]/&+ & well-furni%$ m9d4 #f4 ,h[ ext5sive & v>i$ %\ld be ! acquirem5ts ( ! able int]pret] w be manife/ to any "o :o consid]s ! ext5t & v>iety ( ! fields ( k cov]$ by ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,! languages 9 :i* !y are writt5 are no long] spok54 ,! k ( !m1 l t ( all dead languages1 is lock$ up 9 books--gramm>s1 lexicons1 anci5t v]sions1 & v>i\s subsidi>y helps--& c be ma/]$ only by sev]e & protract$ /udy4 ,x is n inde$ necess>y t ! great body ( ,*ri/ians1 or ev5 all prea*]s ( ! gospel1 %\ld be able to read ! ,bible 9 ! orig9al languages4 ,b x is a pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism1 ! s\ndness ( :i* has be5 confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies1 t !re %\ld always be 9 ! *ur*es a body ( m5 able to g beh9d ! curr5t v]sions ( ,scripture to ! orig9al tongues f :i* ^! v]sions 7 execut$4 ,! comm5tator1 at lea/1 mu/ n take 8 expositions at second h&2 & a heal?y tone ( feel+ 9 reg>d to ! sacr$ness & supreme au?ority ( ! inspir$ ^w w always dem& t !re %\ld be a goodly numb] ( s*ol>s scatt]$ ?r\gh ! *ur*es :o c judge f ! primitive s\rces ( ! correctness ( 8 int]pretations4 ,! ,scriptures are cr[d$ ) ref]5ces to ! cities1 m\nta9s1 pla9s1 des]ts1 riv]s1 & seas ( ,pale/9e & ! surr\nd+ regions2 to _! climate1 soil1 animals1 & plants2 to _! agricultural products & m9]al treasures2 to ! c\rse ( travel & comm]ce betwe5 ! diff]5t nations2 9 a ^w1 to ^? num]\s p>ticul>s :i* come "u ! head ( geography & natural hi/ory4 ,! ext5d$ inve/igations ( mod]n times 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ( k h %$ a great light ov] ! pages ( inspiration1 :i* no expositor :o is wor?y ( ! "n w v5ture to neglect4 ,& if "o collect & illu/rate ! v>i\s allusions ( ,scripture to ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 to _! civil in/itutions & _! religi\s rites & c]emonies1 he w compose a volume on biblical antiquities4 ,! connection1 moreov]1 :i* ! cov5ant p _h ) ! surr\nd+ nations1 especially ! great mon>*ies :i* successively held sway ov] ! civiliz$ _w--,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,*aldea1 ,greece1 ,rome--requires an ext5d$ k ( anci5t hi/ory1 &1 z insep>ably connect$ ) ?is1 ( anci5t *ronology4 ,biblical *ronology con/itutes1 inde$1 a sci5ce ( itself1 embrac+ "s v p]plex$ & difficult que/ions1 ! solution ( :i* has an important be>+ ^u ! passages ( ,scripture to :i* !y h ref]5ce4 #g4 ,we d n affirm t all ! above-nam$ qualifications are necess>y to a sav+ k ( ,god's ^w4 ,its great ess5tial doctr9es & precepts are s pla9 t ! unlett]$ read]1 :o br+s to ! "w an hone/ he>t1 _c fail to und]/& !m4 ,9 ?is respect ,god has made ! vision s pla9 t he may run t reade? x2 & ! road to heav5 s direct t ! wayf>+ m51 ?\gh fools1 %all n err !re94 ,b ! int]pret] ( ,scripture is expect$ to unfold ! mean+ ( ! difficult passages also1 z f> z human inve/igation w enable him to d s4 ,!y are a "p ( all ,scripture giv5 by inspiration ( ,god1 :i* ! apo/le affirms to be pr(itable = doctr9e1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction 9 righte\sness4 ,he %\ld sp>e no ef=t1 !re=e1 to asc]ta9 _! exact s5se1 & to exp\nd ?is s5se to o!rs ) all possible fidelity & cle>ness4 #h4 ,!re is a human & a div9e side to biblical int]pretation--a human side1 because ! ,scriptures address m5 9 human language1 & accord+ to human modes ( ?9k+ & speak+2 a div9e side1 because !y conta9 a true revelation f ,god to m51 & diff] 9 ?is respect f all o!r writ+s4 ,! neglect ( ! human side leads to vision>y s*emes ( int]pretation1 9 :i* ! writ]'s fancy is sub/itut$ = ! sob] rules ( criticism1 & ! ^w ( ,god accommodat$ to 8 preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,! rejection1 op5 or cov]t1 ( ! div9e side1 manife/s itself 9 a cold1 skeptical criticism1 :i* d5ies or expla9s away all t is sup]natural 9 ! ,bible2 :i*1 in/ead ( seek+ to discov] & unfold t unity ( plan & h>mony ( p>ts :i* belong to e "w ( ,god1 delights r 9 exagg]at+ ! suppos$ inconsi/5cies & contradictions ( ! sacr$ writ]s1 & 9 array+ "o "p ( ,scripture aga9/ ano!r2 & :i*1 hav+ no fai? itself 9 ! ,bible z conta9+ a revelation f ,god1 infuses d\bts respect+ its div9e orig9 into ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,x is only by keep+ /eadily 9 view ^! two sides ( revelation1 :i* mutually supplem5t ea* o!r1 t we c atta9 to a true k ( ! inspir$ ^w4 ,,fir/ ,,division4 ,,int]pretation ,,view$ ,,on ,,! ,,human ,,side4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,int]pretation4 #a4 ,s9ce ! ,bible addresses m5 9 human language1 & accord+ to human modes ( ?9k+ & speak+1 ! int]pret]'s fir/ "w is to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( ! t]ms employ$4 ,"h he mu/ proce$ z 9 ! case ( o!r writ+s1 seek+ by ! aid ( gramm>s1 lexicons1 cognate languages1 anci5t v]sions1 anci5t int]pret]s1 & :atev] o!r outw>d helps are available1 to ga9 a ?or\gh k ( ! language employ$ by ! ,holy ,_s 9 8 revelations to m54 ,to ^! ext]nal s\rces ( k he w add all ! int]nal light :i* comes f a c>eful consid]ation ( ! context1 ( ! au?or's kn[n use ( t]ms1 ( p>allel passages1 etc4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a k ( classical ,greek w n be suffici5t4 ,! int]pret] mu/ sup]add a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! peculi> dialect ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,*ap4 #bd1 ,no4 #e71 & also ! special usages ( p>ticul> writ]s4 ,! apo/le ,john1 to adduce a s+le in/ance1 applies ! t]m ,logos1 ,^w1 to ! ,son ( ,god4 ,b we _c argue f ?is = a l usage by o!r writ]s2 z1 = example1 9 ! well-kn[n passage3 ,! ^w ( ,god is quick & p[]ful1 etc4 ,heb4 #d3ab4 ,usage alone is (t5 insuffici5t to det]m9e ! mean+ ( a ^w 9 a p>ticul> passage2 = 7#a7 ! t]m may occur n[h]e else1 7#b7 x may h 9 curr5t usage two or m diff]5t significations4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! int]pret] mu/ avail himself ( all ! ext]nal helps above specifi$1 & especially ( ! light %$ ^u ! mean+ ( ! t]m 9 "q by ! context4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! context mu/ be 8 *ief guide4 ,! same ,greek ^w1 = example1 signifies /ature 7,luke #ai3c7 & age 7,heb4 #aa3aa74 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ,matt4 #f3bg1 :]e our v]sion reads3 ,:i* ( y by tak+ ?\ght c add "o cubit unto 8 /ature8 ! "q may naturally en\gh arise 9 :i* ( ^! two s5ses ! ,savi\r employ$ x4 ,:atev] may be ! decision1 x mu/ h = its basis n simple usage1 :i* is ambigu\s1 b ! connection ( ! ^w 9 ! context4 ,_m l examples might be adduc$4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ 7,*ap4 #bd1 ,no4 #e7 t 9 ,new ,te/am5t usage _m words h a te*nical & !re=e peculi> mean+4 ,we are n at lib]ty1 h[ev]1 to det]m9e su* te*nical mean+s at r&om1 or 9 accordance ) any preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,x c only be done1 z 9 ! case ( all o!r writ+s1 9 accordance ) ! ackn[l$g$ laws ( int]pretation4 ,! g5]al result1 !n1 at :i* we arrive is1 t 9 det]m9+ ! mean+ ( scriptural t]ms we mu/ be guid$ by ! same rules :i* we foll[ 9 ! int]pretation ( o!r writ+s4 #b4 ,f ! signification ( p>ticul> words we proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! s5se embodi$ 9 ! language ( ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,a k ( ! words :i* ent] into ! composition ( a s5t5ce does n ( itself give u a true appreh5sion ( ! s5se :i* ! writ] seeks to convey4 ,we mu/ "k ! writ]'s aim1 ! %ape & c\rse ( 8 argum5t1 ! ideas :i* he is combat+ z well z ^? :i* he seeks to e/abli%1 ! emphatic words ( ! s5t5ce1 :e!r he wi%es to be und]/ood lit]ally or figuratively1 & v>i\s o!r p>ticul>s2 all :i* are to be asc]ta9$ by ! same rules :i* we employ 9 ! int]pretation ( language g5]ally4 #c4 ,! scope or design ( ! inspir$ writ] may be g5]al or special2 ! =m] be+ 8 design 9 writ+ ! :ole "w 9 "q1 ! latt]1 8 design 9 p>ticul> sections ( x4 ,! scope1 x has be5 well obs]v$1 is ! s\l or _s ( a book2 &1 t be+ once asc]ta9$1 e argum5t & e ^w appe>s 9 its "r place1 & is p]fectly intelligible2 b if ! scope be n duly consid]$1 e ?+ becomes obscure1 h[ev] cle> & obvi\s its mean+ may really be4 ,horne's ,introduct41 vol4 #b1 p4 #bfe1 edit4 ( #ahfj4 ,?is language is n too /rong4 ,x is by a neglect or p]v]sion ( ! scope t ! mean+ ( ! inspir$ writ]s is p]v]t$1 & !y are made to contradict "o ano!r4 ,! apo/le ,paul says1 = example3 ,!re=e we conclude t a man is ju/ifi$ by fai? )\t ! de$s ( ! law4 ,rom4 #c3bh4 ,! apo/le ,james3 ,ye see !n h[ t by works a man is ju/ifi$1 & n by fai? only4 ,james #b3bd4 ,if "o insi/s on leav+ out ( acc\nt ! sep>ate & di/9ct design :i* ea* ( ^! two writ]s _h 9 view respectively1 he c easily br+ _! words into contradiction4 ,_h ! scope ( ,paul's argum5t be5 to %[ t fai? 9 ,*ri/ releases m5 f ! obligation ( obey+ ! div9e law1 & ?us makes good works unnecess>y2 or _h ,james be5 labor+ to prove t good works are ! m]itori\s gr\nd ( m5's =giv5ess1 !n ! doctr9es ( ! two apo/les w\ld h be5 irreconcilably at v>iance4 ,b we "k t nei!r ( ^! suppositions is true4 ,paul 0 combat+ ! error ( ! ,ph>isees :o tru/$ 9 !mselves t !y 7 righte\s--righte\s on ! gr\nd ( ! de$s ( ! law--& despis$ o!rs4 ,8 aim 0 to %[ t m5 receive =giv5ess & salvation nei!r :olly nor 9 "p on ! gr\nd ( ! suppos$ m]it ( _! good works1 b :olly ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/2 z he else:]e argues t if x be by grace1 !n x is no m ( works3 o!rwise grace is no m grace4 ,rom4 #aa3f4 ,we "k also1 f ! :ole t5or ( 8 writ+s1 t he condemn$ z spuri\s t pret5d$ fai? :i* does n manife/ itself 9 good works4 ,9 ?is v epi/le1 :]e ! "q is n conc]n+ ! m]itori\s gr\nd ( ju/ification1 b conc]n+ t "* :i* ,god w accept1 ! apo/le lays d[n ! great pr9ciple3 ,unto !m t are cont5ti\s1 & d n obey ! tru?1 b obey unrighte\sness1 indignation & wra?1 tribulation & angui%1 ^u e s\l ( man t doe? evil2 ( ! ,jew fir/1 & also ( ! ,g5tile2 b glory1 honor1 & peace to e man t worke? good2 to ! ,jew fir/1 & also to ! ,g5tile3 = !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god4 ,rom4 #b3h-aa4 ,if n[ we turn to ! epi/le ( ,james1 we f9d t ! fai? )\t works :i* he condemns z dead is "o ( m]e empty notions--an inop]ative belief ab\t ,*ri/ in/ead ( t he>ty tru/ 9 him :i* br+s ! he>t & life into subjection to 8 au?ority4 ,9 a ^w1 ,paul condemns1 z dead1 works )\t fai?2 ,james1 fai? )\t works4 ,! "o rejects dead works 7,heb4 #i3ad72 ! o!r1 dead fai?4 ,betwe5 ^! two judgm5ts !re is no contradiction4 ,we h dwelt some:at at l>ge ^u ?is example ( alleg$ contradiction = ! purpose ( full illu/ration4 ,! same mode ( reason+ might be appli$ to _m o!r passages1 :]e a k ( ! writ]'s design is ess5tial to ! true appreh5sion ( 8 mean+4 ,su* be+ ! importance ( ! scope1 ! "q arises3 ,h[ %all x be asc]ta9$8 ,"h me*anical rules w be ( little avail4 ,! att5tive & judici\s read] w be able1 9 g5]al1 to ga!r x f ! v>i\s indications giv5 by ! writ] himself1 or f ! kn[n circum/ances 9 :i* he wrote1 j z 9 ! case ( o!r writ+s4 ,sometimes an au?or directly /ates 8 g5]al end1 or 8 design 9 writ+ a p>ticul> section ( 8 "w4 ,an example ( ! =m] k9d is ,john #bj3ca3 ,^! ?+s are writt5 t ye might believe t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god2 & t believ+ ye might h life ?r\gh 8 "n2 ( ! latt] k9d1 #a ,cor4 #g3a3 ,n[ conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e( ye wrote unto me1 etc42 :5ce we le>n t 9 ?is p>ticul> *apt] ! apo/le's design is to answ] c]ta9 inquiries ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians 9 reg>d to ! relation ( m>riage4 ,m commonly ! writ]'s scope is indicat$ indirectly by v>i\s inf]5tial rem>ks1 z 9 ! passage already quot$3 ,!re=e we conclude t a man is ju/ifi$ by fai? )\t ! de$s ( ! law1 :i* is 9 fact a /atem5t ( ! apo/le's design 9 ! prec$+ argum5t4 ,see ,horne's ,introduct41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bff1 #bfg1 :]e ! au?or foll[s ,morus1 ,h]m5eutica1 #a4b4b4 ,sometimes a cle> light is %$ ^u ! design ( a writ] or speak] by a k ( hi/orical circum/ances2 especially1 ( 8 own position & t ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,! tw5ty-?ird *apt] ( ,mat!w1 9 :i* ! ,savi\r exposes ! wick$ness & doctr9al errors ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 & d5\nces ^u !m ! judgm5ts ( heav51 _c be ?or\ghly und]/ood )\t a k ( ! sy/em ( ,ph>isaism1 & ! high position ( au?ority & influ5ce :i* ! ,ph>isees held2 sitt+1 z !y did1 9 ,moses' seat1 impos+ ^u ! p _! human traditions 9 place ( ,god's comm&m5ts1 sub/itut+ a religion ( outw>d =ms = "o ( inw>d fai?1 love1 & ob$i5ce1 & ?us tak+ away f ! p ! key ( div9e k4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! ,son ( ,god1 to :om ! *ur* belong$1 :o came to %$ 8 blood = h] r$emption1 & to e/abli% h] 9 ! pr9ciples ( tru? & hol9ess1 %\ld expose ) unsp>+ sev]ity ! wick$ness & ignorance ( ^! scribes & ,ph>isees1 = ! in/ruction ( 8 p 9 all com+ ages4 ,a k ( ! same hi/orical circum/ances ?r[s a /rong light on ! apo/le's aim 9 writ+ to ! ,romans & ,galatians4 ,_h we full] in=mation respect+ ! false tea*]s ref]r$ to 9 ! epi/le to ! ,colossians & ! pa/oral epi/les1 we %\ld und]/& m cle>ly ! apo/le's argum5ts aga9/ !m4 ,b ! sure/ means ( asc]ta9+ a writ]'s scope is ! repeat$ & c>eful p]usal ( 8 words4 ,! biblical /ud5t %\ld e>ly =m ! habit ( read+ ov] ) e>ne/ att5tion a :ole book at a sitt+--! epi/le to ! ,romans1 = example1 or t to ! ,hebrews--)\t paus+ to inve/igate p>ticul> que/ions2 8 aim be+ to ?r[ himself z fully z possible into ! g5]al curr5t ( ?\ght1 & to be c>ri$ =w>d by x to ! writ]'s f9al conclusions4 ,:5 he has ?us made himself famili> ) ! scope ( ! "w z a :ole1 he w be bett] prep>$ = ! exam9ation ( ! p>ticul> difficulties t (f] !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( ! au?or's argum5t4 #d4 ,! ^w context 7,lat91 contextus7 signifies lit]ally a weav+ toge!r2 & is appropriately us$1 !re=e1 to d5ote ! web ( a writ]'s disc\rse4 ,! scope is ! end :i* a writ] proposes to accompli%3 ! context gives ! =m & mann] ( its accompli%m5t4 ,) ref]5ce to a giv5 passage1 ! context has be5 loosely def9$ to be t :i* imm$iately prec$es & foll[s4 ,m accurately1 x is ! s]ies ( /atem5ts1 argum5ts1 & illu/rations connect$ ) ! passage ^: mean+ is s\ght1 includ+ all ! v>i\s connections ( ?\ght4 ,! sob] int]pret]1 !n1 mu/ h con/ant ref]5ce to ! context1 z well = ! signification ( p>ticul> t]ms z = ! g5]al s5se ( ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,to int]pret )\t reg>d to ! context is to int]pret at r&om2 to int]pret contr>y to ! context is to tea* falsehood = tru?4 ,! necessity ( hav+ con/ant ref]5ce to ! context = ! det]m9ation ( ! s5se1 z well z ( ! p>ticul> t]ms employ$1 admits ( innum]able illu/rations4 ,f ^! we select a few examples3 ,9 ,rom4 #ad3bc ! apo/le lays d[n ! foll[+ maxim3 ,he t d\bte? is damn$ lit]ally1 condemn$ if he eat1 because he eate? n ( fai?3 = :atsoev] is n ( fai? is s94 ,! context relates n to ! ,"l's supp]1 b to scruples 9 respect to ! use ( p>ticul> k9ds ( food3 ,"o believe? t he may eat all ?+s2 ano!r :o is weak--ov]-scrupul\s 9 respect to di/9ctions ( food--eate? h]bs 7v]4 #b74 ,consequ5tly !re is no ref]5ce "h to ! p]sonal qualifications requisite = p>tak+ ( t ord9ance1 or to ! consequ5ce ( eat+ unwor?ily4 ,! apo/le means to say t :oev] has scruples ab\t ! lawfulness ( us+ a p>ticul> article ( food is condemn$ if he eat x1 because he eate? n ( fai?4 ,he acts contr>y to 8 p]suasion ( duty4 ,?us he violates1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 t g5]al law ( fai? :i* requires t 9 all ?+s we keep a consci5ce void ( (f5ce t[>ds ,god & man1 subject+ ourselves 9 lov+ confid5ce to ,*ri/'s au?ority1 & do+ 9 all ?+s :at we believe to be "r 9 8 sight4 ,aga9 we read 9 ,gal4 #e3d ! words3 ,ye are fall5 f grace4 ,tak5 out ( _! connection1 ^! words are ambigu\s 9 _! application4 ,b ! context makes all pla94 ,! apo/le is address+ ^? :o are incl9$ to sub/itute a sy/em ( ju/ification by works = ! grace ( ! gospel3 ,*ri/ is become ( no effect unto y1 :osoev] ( y are ju/ifi$ by ! law2 ye are fall5 f grace--fall5 away f grace1 z ! orig9al ^w means4 ,ye h ab&on$ ! sy/em ( grace reveal$ 9 ! gospel = "o ( works4 ,! psalmi/ says3 ,my s\l ?ir/e? = ,god1 = ! liv+ ,god3 :5 %all ,i come & appe> be=e ,god8 ,psa4 #db3b4 ,tak5 out ( _! connection1 ^! words might be und]/ood ( 8 desire to enjoy ! beatific vision ( ,god 9 heav54 ,b ! context %[s t ! writ] _h 9 m9d ,god's e>?ly sanctu>y1 f :i* he 0 bani%$3 ,my te>s h be5 my meat day & night1 :ile !y cont9ually say unto me1 ,:]e is ?y ,god8 ,:5 ,i rememb] ^! ?+s1 ,i p\r out my s\l 9 me3 = ,i _h gone ) ! multitude1 ,i w5t ) !m to ! h\se ( ,god1 ) ! voice ( joy & praise1 ) a multitude t kept holy-day 7v]4 #c1 #d74 ,aga9 ! psalmi/ says3 ,! k+'s daught] is all glori\s )9 7,psa4 #de3ac72 words t h m ?an once be5 appli$ directly to ! inw>d spiritual beauty ( ! *ur*1 ! bride ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! idea t we ga9 f a true int]pretation ( !m4 ,b x comes n directly1 b ?r\gh a beautiful figure4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( ! words is1 t ! royal bride appe>+ )9 ! palace 9 raim5t ( wr\ght gold is all glori\s to ! behold]'s view4 ,und\bt$ly %e repres5ts ! *ur* esp\s$ to ,*ri/2 dwell+1 s to speak1 9 8 k+ly mansion1 & glori\sly adorn$ ) 8 righte\sness4 ,rev4 #ai3h4 ,! "q may naturally occur to ! read]3 ,)9 :at limits is ! context to be consult$8 ,! answ] mu/ be1 t no def9ite limits c be prescrib$4 ,! entire web ( disc\rse mu/ be c>efully /udi$1 includ+ ! m remote z well z ! ne>] context2 = ! inspir$ writ]s d n1 z a g5]al rule1 proce$ accord+ to =mal divisions & subdivisions4 ,! tra9 ( argum5t is (t5 int]rupt$ by p>5!tical rem>ks1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! writ+s ( ! apo/le ,paul1 or x is resum$ 9 an in=mal way aft] ext5d$ digressions4 ,! true connection ( ?\ght1 !n1 is to be ga!r$ n s mu* f our mod]n notions ( :at logical accuracy w\ld require1 z f ! repeat$ & c>eful p]usal ( ! writ+ 9 "q4 ,9 ?is way alone c we place ourselves 9 ! au?or's position1 & look at ! subject "u discussion f 8 po9t ( view2 t is to say1 9 ?is way alone c we ent] into 8 modes ( ?9k+ & reason+1 & ?us qualify ourselves to be ! exp\nd]s ( !m to o!rs4 ,9 "s cases no context exi/s1 & none is to be s\ght4 ,9 a l>ge "p ( ! book ( ,prov]bs1 = example1 ea* sep>ate aphorism %9es by its own light4 ,if x h any connection ) :at prec$es or foll[s1 x is only casual or sup]ficial4 ,9 "s books1 aga91 l t ( ,ecclesia/es1 ! transitions are rapid1 & (t5 difficult to expla94 ,"h we %\ld be c>eful n to =ce ^u ! au?or a logical connection ( :i* he nev] ?\ght4 ,sy/ematic arrangem5t is good 9 its place2 b ! ,holy ,_s did n ?9k x ne$ful to secure x 9 ! case ( all :o spake z he mov$ !m4 ,"s religi\s tea*]s are fond ( employ+ scriptural texts simply z mottoes1 ) little or no reg>d to _! true connection4 ,?us !y too (t5 adapt !m to _! use by imp>t+ to !m a factiti\s s5se =eign to _! prop] scope & mean+4 ,! seem+ ga9 9 all su* cases is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! loss & dang] t att5d ! practice4 ,x enc\rages ! habit ( int]pret+ ,scripture 9 an arbitr>y & fanciful way1 & ?us furni%es ! tea*]s ( error ) _! mo/ effective weapon4 ,! practice _c be def5d$ on any plea ( necessity4 ,! pla9 words ( ,scripture1 legitimately int]pret$ accord+ to _! prop] scope & context1 conta9 a fulness & compreh5siv5ess ( mean+ suffici5t = ! wants ( all m5 9 all circum/ances4 ,t piety alone is robu/ & heal?ful :i* is f$1 n by ! fancies & speculations ( ! prea*] :o practically puts 8 own g5ius above ! ^w ( ,god1 b by ! pure doctr9es & precepts ( ! ,bible1 unfold$ 9 _! true connection & mean+4 ,x is important to rem>k1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! g5]al pr9ciple conta9$ 9 a giv5 passage ( ,scripture has be5 once fairly expla9$1 x admits ( innum]able applications :i* are 9 ! highe/ s5se legitimate & prop]4 ,! pr9ciple1 = example1 t :atsoev] is n ( fai? is s91 :i* ! apo/le ,paul ann\nces 9 connection ) ! "q ( us+ or ab/a9+ f p>ticul> k9ds ( food1 may be appli$ to ! settlem5t ( cases ( consci5ce aris+ 9 widely diff]5t relations & sph]es ( action4 ,! prea*]'s p[] lies v mu* 9 ! ability ( unfold+ to ! und]/&+ & apply+ to ! consci5ce ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! passage ( ,scripture :i* he und]takes to exp\nd4 #e4 ,we may next consid] ! help to be d]iv$ f p>allel passages4 ,! ord9>y division ( p>allelisms is into v]bal & real3 v]bal1 :]e ! same ^w or phrase occurs2 real1 :]e ! same ?\ght is express$ or ! same subject discuss$4 ,v]bal p>allelisms (t5 %$ mu* light on ! mean+ ( p>ticul> words or phrases1 because :at is obscure 9 "o passage is made pla9 9 ano!r by "s explanatory addition4 ,an example is ! use ( ! expression my glory 7,engli% v]sion1 my honor71 9 ,g54 #di3f3 ,o my s\l1 come n ?\ into _! secret 7_! secret conclave72 unto _! assembly1 my glory1 be n ?\ unit$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! p>allel passages1 ,psa4 #g3e2 #af3i2 #cj3ab2 #eg3h2 #ajh3a1 leads to ! conclusion t 9 su* a connection ! expression is sub/antially equival5t to my s\l1 ! s\l be+ made 9 ! image ( ,god1 & ?us ! seat ( man's glory4 ,by a l process ( comp>ison1 we arrive at ! true signification ( ! phrase1 ! righte\sness ( ,god1 or m fully1 ! righte\sness :i* is ( ,god by fai? :5 us$ ) ref]5ce to ! way ( salvation ?r\gh ,*ri/2 at ! mean+ ( ! ,greek t]ms translat$ propitiation1 etc4 ,9 ! same way1 z already rem>k$ 7,no4 #a1 above71 ! int]pret] asc]ta9s ! diff]5t significations 9 :i* words are employ$1 & det]m9es :i* ( ^! is appropriate to any giv5 passage4 ,real p>allelisms are subdivid$1 aga91 into doctr9al & hi/oric2 doctr9al1 :]e ! same tru? is inculcat$2 hi/oric1 :]e ! same ev5t or s]ies ( ev5ts is record$4 ,! supreme importance ( doctr9al p>allelisms w appe> mo/ fully :5 we come to look at revelation on ! div9e side1 z con/itut+ a gr& sy/em ( tru? h>moni\s 9 all its p>ts4 ,at pres5t we reg>d !m simply z among ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! s5se ( a giv5 passage4 ,presum+ t e au?or means to be self-consi/5t1 x is our cu/om to place side by side 8 diff]5t /atem5ts :i* relate to ! same subject1 t !y may mutually expla9 ea* o!r4 ,! same reasonable me?od %\ld be pursu$ ) ! writ+s ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ( ,paul & ,john 9 ! ,new4 ,:at is obscure is to be int]pret$ by :at is cle>2 :at is briefly h9t$1 by :at is m fully express$4 ,diff]5t writ]s1 moreov]1 belong+ to ! same age1 animat$ by ! same _s1 & confess$ly gov]n$ by ! same g5]al rules ( fai? & practice1 mutually expla9 ea* o!r4 ,?us ! prophets ,isaiah1 ,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 & ,micah1 :o belong to ! same c5tury1 & 9 a less degree ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ! o!r prophets ( a lat] age1 %$ ea* a light on ! pages ( all ! re/4 ,! same is true ( all ! epi/ol>y writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 not)/&+ _! m>k$ diff]5ces ( /yle1 & ! diff]5t aspects also 9 :i* !y respectively contemplate ,*ri/ian doctr9e & duty4 ,our ,savi\r says ( ^? :o claim$ to be1 be=e 8 adv5t1 ! %eph]ds & lead]s ( ,god's spiritual fold3 ,all t ev] came be=e me are ?ieves & robb]s2 b ! %eep did n he> !m4 ,john #aj3h4 ,yet accord+ to ?is same evangeli/ he honor$ ,abraham1 ,moses1 & ! prophets1 z true lead]s & tea*]s ( ,god's p4 ,*aps4 #h3ci1 #dj1 #ef2 #e3de-dg2 #ab3ch-da4 ,we "k1 !n1 t ! ,savi\r's words mu/ be re/rict$ to su* spiritual ?ieves & robb]s z ! scribes & ,ph>isees ( 8 day1 :o "u ! lead]%ip ( ,satan 7*ap4 #h3da1 #dd7 climb$ up "s o!r way into ! fold4 ,! apo/le ,paul says 7,rom4 #b3g7 t ,god %all r5d] to !m :o by pati5t cont9uance 9 well-do+ seek = glory1 & honor1 & immortality1 et]nal life4 ,we "k at once1 )\t ref]5ce to ! context1 t he does n mean1 9 opposition to ! :ole t5or ( 8 epi/les1 to affirm t m5 c obta9 et]nal life by _! own well-do+1 )\t respect to ! righte\sness ( ,god1 :i* is by fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 unto all & ^u all !m t believe4 ,b if we exam9e ! context1 ?is %[s t "h ! apo/le is n speak+ ( ! m]itori\s gr\nd ( ju/ification1 b ( ,god's imp>tial reg>d to a righte\s "* 9 bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,hi/orical p>allelisms hold ( necessity a prom95t place 9 ! int]pretation ( bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we h ! two p>allel hi/ories ( ! ,hebrew commonweal?1 fir/ 9 ! books ( ,samuel & ! ,k+s1 !n 9 ! books ( ,*ronicles4 ,9 ! ,new1 ! f\r gospels are f\r p>allel acc\nts ( our ,"l's life & tea*+s4 ,!n !re are sev]al p>allelisms ( less ext5t2 z1 = example1 ,isaiah's acc\nt ( ,s5na*]ib's w> ^u ,hezekiah1 & ,hezekiah's sickness 7,isa4 *aps4 #cf-ci1 comp>$ ) #b ,k+s #ah3ac-bj3ba1 & ! brief] notice ( #b ,*ron4 *ap4 #cb72 ! ?ree acc\nts ( ,paul's conv]sion 7,acts #i3a-bb2 #bb3a-ba2 #bf3a-bj72 & o!r passages :i* w readily occur to ! read]4 ,to ! "w ( comp>+ & h>moniz+ ^! p>allel hi/ories biblical /ud5ts h ) reason devot$ mu* labor1 s9ce !y mutually supplem5t & illu/rate ea* o!r 9 _m ways4 ,we und]/& ! books ( ,samuel & ,k+s m fully by comp>ison ) ! books ( ,*ronicles1 & ! rev]se4 ,ea* ( ! f\r gospels %$s light on ! o!r ?ree4 ,x is by plac+ ! ?ree acc\nts ( ,paul's conv]sion side by side t we ga9 ! mo/ p]fect k ( ?is ev5t4 ,! num]\s co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! ,paul9e epi/les1 give u a full] idea ( ! apo/le's inw>d life & outw>d labors ?an we c\ld o!rwise ga94 ,)\t ! epi/les ! biographical notices ( ! ,acts w\ld be v incomplete2 )\t ! n>rative ( ! ,acts _m ref]5ces 9 ! epi/les w\ld rema9 obscure4 ,yet ^! same hi/oric p>allelisms1 :i* are ! s\rce ( s mu* light1 are ! occasion ( difficulties also1 :i* require = _! adju/m5t a compreh5sive view ( ! _s ( inspiration4 ,9 respect to all ess5tial matt]s ( fai? & practice1 a div9e unity p]vades ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,b ?is ess5tial unity does n exclude div]sity ( conception & repres5tation4 ,?\gh all ! holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 x pleas$ ! div9e ,_s to leave !m free to speak ea* 9 accordance ) 8 individual peculi>ities ( ?\ght & language4 ,a page f ! writ+s ( ! apo/le ,john1 tak5 any:]e at r&om1 c be at once di/+ui%$ f a page ( ,paul or ,luke4 ,9 relat+ ! same transaction1 two inspir$ writ]s (t5 select diff]5t mat]ials1 or h&le !m 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! n>rative ( ea* is tru?ful1 b n exhau/ive4 ,x gives a correct view ( ! ?+ relat$1 b n all ! p>ticul>s connect$ ) x4 ,! omission f two or m p>allel n>ratives ( concomitant circum/ances1 or ! neglect ( exact *ronological ord]1 sometimes makes ! "w ( h>moniz+ !m a v difficult matt]4 ,we feel confid5t t ea* sep>ate n>rative is correct1 & t1 _h we all ! accompany+ circum/ances 9 ! true ord] ( "t1 we c\ld see h[ !y are consi/5t ) ea* o!r2 b = want ( ?is light ! exact mode ( reconciliation rema9s d\btful4 ,su* difficulties are incid5t to all p>allel hi/ories4 ,_h ! ,holy ,_s se5 good1 he c\ld h exclud$ !m f ! pages ( inspiration2 b h]e9 he *ose to deal ) u n z *ildr51 b r z m5 ( full age1 ev5 ^? :o1 by reason ( use1 h _! s5ses ex]cis$ to disc]n bo? good & evil4 ,x is wor?y ( special notice1 t :]e two or m evangeli/s record ! same words ( our ,savi\r1 !y are solicit\s only ab\t _! sub/ance4 ,9 ! ?ree p>allel acc\nts ( ! /orm on ! sea ( ,galilee1 ! disciples say accord+ to ,mat!w 7#h3be73 ,"l save u1 we p]i%2 accord+ to ,m>k 7#d3ch73 ,ma/]1 c>e/ ?\ n t we p]i%8 accord+ to ,luke 7#h3bd73 ,ma/]1 ma/]1 we p]i%4 ,& ! ,"l answ]s accord+ to ,mat!w 7v4 #bf73 ,:y are ye fe>ful1 ,o ye ( little fai?8 accord+ to ,m>k 7v4 #dj73 ,:y are ye s fe>ful8 h[ is x t ye h no fai?8 accord+ to ,luke 7v4 #be73 ,:]e is y\r fai?8 ,on ! v>iations 9 ! words ( ! disciples ,augu/9e well rem>ks 7& ! same rem>ks hold good ( our ,"l's answ]73 ,! disciples h "o & ! same mean+ 9 ?us awak+ ! ,"l & desir+ salvation4 ,nor is x necess>y to inquire :i* ( ^! addresses1 r ?an ! o!rs1 conta9s ! exact words spok5 to him4 ,= :e!r !y utt]$ "o ( ! ?ree1 or o!r words :i* no "o ( ! evangeli/s has m5tion$1 :i* yet h ! same =ce 9 respect to ! tru? ( ! ?\ght1 :at matt]s x8 ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels #b4bd1 quot$ by ,al=d on ,mat?4 #h3be4 ,on ! relation ( ! books ( ,*ronicles to ^? ( ,k+s & ! difficulties connect$ ) !m1 see ,*ap4 #bj1 ,nos4 #ba1 #bb4 ,on ! relation ( ! f\r gospels to ea* o!r1 see ,*ap4 #bi1 ,nos4 #d-aj4 ,we _c "h g into p>ticul>s4 ,x mu/ suffice to indicate ! g5]al pr9ciple by :i* ! h>moni/ mu/ be guid$4 #f4 ,! ext]nal acquirem5ts necess>y to con/itute ! well-furni%$ expositor ( ,god's ^w--! scribe :i* is in/ruct$ unto ! k+dom ( heav5--h be5 already briefly notic$4 ,*ap4 #cc1 ,no4 #f4 ,n only are ! ,scriptures 9 _! orig9al =m lock$ up 9 dead languages :i* ! int]pret] mu/ ?or\ghly ma/]1 b !y are1 s to speak1 emb$d$ 9 anci5t hi/ory1 *ronology1 & ar*aeology4 ,illu/rations ( ?is po9t are s num]\s t ! only difficulty is 9 ! selection4 ,! s]vitude ( ! ,israelites "u ! ,egyptians1 _! captivity 9 ,babylon1 _! deliv]ance "u ,cyrus1 & _! subsequ5t hi/ory till ! "t ( our ,"l's adv5t1 connect !mselves imm$iately1 z all "k1 ) ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! anci5t hea!n _w4 ,b !re are _m illu/rations ( a m special "*4 ,! difficulty ( ! position 9 :i* our ,"l 0 plac$ by ! ensn>+ "q ( ! ,ph>isees & ,h]odians respect+ ! lawfulness ( pay+ tribute to ,caes>1 & ! div9e wisdom ( 8 answ] 7,matt4 #bb3ae-bb3 ,m>k #ab3ac-ag2 ,luke #bj3bj-bf7 _c be p]fectly und]/ood )\t a k1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! political condition & feel+ ( ! ,jews z subject$ to ! dom9ion ( ! ,romans1 :i* !y ?or\ghly dete/$1 & ( :i* dom9ion ! tribute money daily rem9d$ !m2 &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! hatr$ :i* bo? ,ph>isees & ,h]odians bore t[>ds ,*ri/1 & _! anxiety to f9d a pretext = accus+ him to ! p or be=e ?is same ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,to appreh5d ! =ce ( our ,"l's argum5t f ! ,p5tateu* aga9/ ! error ( ! ,ph>isees3 ,h ye n read t :i* 0 spok5 unto y by ,god1 say+1 ,i am ! ,god ( ,abraham1 & ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob8 ,god is n ! ,god ( ! dead1 b ( ! liv+ 7,matt4 #bb3ca1 #cb71 we mu/ und]/& ! =m 9 :i* ! ,sadducees d5i$ ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection4 ,!y d5i$1 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( spirits sep>at$ f bodies4 ,acts #bc3h4 ,to !m1 consequ5tly1 ! dea? ( ! body 0 ! annihilation ( ! :ole man1 :i* made ! v idea ( a future resurrection an absurdity4 ,our ,savi\r %[$ f ! writ+s ( ,moses1 ^: au?ority !y ackn[l$g$1 ! error ( _! assumption t ! _s dies ) ! body4 ,?us he demoli%$ ! gr\nd on :i* _! d5ial ( a future resurrection re/$4 ,! psalmi/ says ( ^? :o hate ,zion3 ,let !m be z ! grass ^u ! h\se-tops1 :i* )]e? be=e "o plucke? x 7,eng4 v]sion1 be=e x gr[e? up73 :]e) ! m[] fille? n 8 h&1 nor he t b9de? %eaves 8 bosom4 ,psa4 #abi3f1 #g4 ,= ! illu/ration ( ^! words we ne$ a d\ble ref]5ce1 7#a7 to ! ori5tal cu/om ( con/ruct+ flat ro(s cov]$ ) e>?1 on :i* grass readily spr+s up2 7#b7 to ! division ( ! ye> into two seasons1 ! ra9y & ! dry1 ^u ! comm5cem5t ( :i* latt] su* grass spe$ily )]s4 ,ano!r ref]5ce to ! same ori5tal ro(s we h 9 ! words ( ,solomon3 ,! cont5tions ( a wife are a cont9ual dropp+2 a cont9ual dropp+ 9 a v ra9y day & a cont5ti\s woman are alike 7*aps4 #ai3ac2 #bg3ae71 :]e we are to und]/& a cont9ual dropp+ ?r\gh ( wat] f ! ro(1 :i* makes e ?+ )9 uncom=table4 ,our ,"l's p>able ( ! t5 virg9s 7,matt4 #be3a-ac7 requires = its illu/ration a k ( ! ori5tal cu/oms connect$ ) m>riage3 ! transaction record$ by ,luke1 :]e a woman came beh9d ,jesus z he recl9$ at ! table1 wa%$ 8 feet ) h] te>s1 & wip$ !m ) h] hair 7,luke #g3cg1 #ch71 & ! position ( ,john :5 at ! la/ supp] he lean$ on ,jesus' bosom 7,john #ac3bc1 #be71 _c be made intelligible )\t a k ( ! recl9+ po/ure 9 :i* meals 7 !n tak53 "o famili> only ) ! use ( glass or e>!n bottles _c compreh5d ! =ce ( our ,"l's maxim respect+ ! necessity ( putt+ new w9e into new bottles 7,matt4 #i3ag71 till he is in=m$ t ori5tal bottles are made ( lea!r4 ,we might g on multiply+ illu/rations indef9itely1 b ! above mu/ suffice4 ,we may affirm1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t ! /udy ( ! ,holy ,scriptures has contribut$ m ?an all o!r causes to ! diffusion among ! masses ( ! community ( a k ( anci5t hi/ory & antiquities4 ,to say t a congregation has a ?or\gh k ( ! ,bible is equival5t to affirm+ t x has an enl>g$ acqua9tance ) ! anci5t _w 9 its _s z well z 9 its outw>d in/itutions & =ms4 #g4 ,t ! int]pret] may make a wise & effective use ( all ! helps t h be5 enum]at$1 he ne$s especially t s\nd & practical judgm5t :i* is call$ 9 ord9>y disc\rse good s5se4 ,inve/igations respect+ ! mean+ ( t]ms1 inquiries conc]n+ ! scope1 reason+s f ! context1 ! comp>ison ( p>allel passages1 ! use ( anci5t hi/ory1 *ronology1 & ar*aeology--t any "o or all ( ^! processes comb9$ may lead to valuable results !y mu/ be "u ! guidance ( t s\nd judgm5t & practical tact by :i* ! int]pret] is enabl$ to seize ! true mean+ ( 8 au?or & unfold x ) accuracy1 or is at lea/ kept f f>-fet*$ & fanciful expositions :]e ! au?or's real s5se is involv$ 9 obscurity4 7#a47 ,?is quality ( s\nd judgm5t w pres]ve ! int]pret] f inept expositions = :i* a plausible reason _m be assign$4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,savi\r says to ,m>?a1 :o 0 cumb]$ ab\t mu* s]v+3 ,"o ?+ is ne$ful1 ^! words h be5 int]pret$ to mean "o di%--n _m & elaborate prep>ations1 b a s+le di%4 ,a s\nd judgm5t rejects at once ?is int]pretation z bel[ ! dignity ( ! occasion1 & n 9 agreem5t ) :at imm$iately foll[s3 ,m>y ha? *os5 t good "p1 :i* %all n be tak5 away f h]4 ,! "o ?+ ne$ful is su* a devotion ( ! s\l to ,*ri/ z ,m>y manife/$4 ,s ! words3 ,simon1 son ( ,jonas1 love/ ?\ me m ?an ^!8 7,john #ba3ae71 h be5 expla9$ to mean3 m ?an ^! fi%1 or ! employm5t & furniture ( a fi%]man--an +5i\s sub/itution1 "o mu/ say1 ( a l[ & trivial mean+ = ! common int]pretation3 m ?an ^! ?y fell[-disciples love me1 :i* accords s p]fectly ) ,pet]'s =m] pr(ession3 ,?\gh all m5 %all be (f5d$ because ( !e1 yet w ,i nev] be (f5d$4 ,matt4 #bf3cc2 ,m>k #ad3bi4 ,int]pret]s :o ord9>ily manife/ s\nd judgm5t & skill are sometimes betray$ into inept expositions ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( "s preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,! psalmi/ says1 = example 7,psa4 #ag3ae73 ,z = me1 9 righte\sness %all ,i behold ?y face3 ,i %all be satisfi$ ^u awak+ ) ?y lik5ess2 t is1 ) ! contemplation ( ?y lik5ess1 ) app>5t ref]5ce to ,numb4 #ab3h3 ,! lik5ess ( ! ,"l %all he behold4 ,?is passage is ord9>ily int]pret$ correctly ( ! vision ( ,god ^u awak+ 9 ! _w to come4 ,& ?is view is su/a9$ by o!r l passages3 ,9 ?y pres5ce is fulness ( joy2 at ?y "r h& !re are pleasures = ev]more 7,psa4 #af3aa72 ,truly ,god %all r$eem my s\l f ! p[] ( ,%eol2 = he %all take me1 7,psa4 #di3ae71 :]e ,?oluck well says3 ,he :o took an ,eno* & a ,moses to himself1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 w also take me to himself2 ,?\ %alt guide me by ?y c\nsel1 & aft]w>ds take me to glory4 ,:om h ,i 9 heav5 b !e8 & !re is none ^u e>? t ,i desire besides !e4 ,my fle% & my he>t faile?3 ,god is ! /r5g? ( my he>t1 & my portion = ev] 7,psa4 #gc3bd-bf7--words t are inexplicable except z conta9+ ! anticipation ( a bless$ immortality ) ,god 9 heav52 ,! wick$ is driv5 away 9 8 wick$ness2 b ! righte\s ha? hope 9 8 dea? 7,prov4 #ad3cb72 etc4 ,b !re is a class ( int]pret]s :o1 hav+ adopt$ ! maxim t ! ,old ,te/am5t1 at lea/ 9 its e>li] writ+s1 conta9s no anticipations ( a bless$ life ) ,god aft] dea?1 are con/ra9$ to give to ! passage 9 "q ! frigid mean+3 ,i %all be satisfi$ ) ?y lik5ess :5 ,i awake to-morr[1 z if ! psalm 7 int5d$ to be an ev5+ song or pray]2 or1 :5ev] ,i awake1 t is1 f natural sleep4 7#b47 ,a s\nd judgm5t w also keep ! biblical s*ol> f int]pretations t are contr>y to ! kn[n nature ( ! subject4 ,a famili> example is ! decl>ation made by ,moses ( ,god's view ( man's wick$ness3 ,& x rep5t$ ! ,"l t he _h made man on ! e>?1 & x griev$ him at 8 he>t4 ,g54 #f3f4 ,! robu/ common s5se ( any pla9 read] w at once adju/ ! int]pretation ( ^! words to ,god's kn[n omnisci5ce & immutability2 j z he w ! pray] ( ! psalmi/3 ,se>* me1 ,o ,god1 & "k my he>t2 try me1 & "k my ?\ghts2 & see if !re be any wick$ way 9 me1 & lead me 9 ! way ev]la/+4 ,psa4 #aci3bc1 #bd4 ,! immutable ,god does no?+ :i* is n 9 accordance ) 8 et]nal c\nsels4 ,! omnisci5t ,god1 to :om all tru? is ev] pres5t1 does n lit]ally in/itute a process ( se>*+ t he may "k :at is 9 man4 ,b 9 ^! & numb]less o!r passages1 he condesc5ds to speak accord+ to human modes ( ?\ght & action4 ,:5 x is said1 aga91 t ! ,"l h>d5$ ! he>t ( ,ph>aoh2 t ,god s5t an evil _s betwe5 ,abimele* & ! m5 ( ,%e*em 7,judg4 #i3bc72 t he s5t a ly+ _s to deceive ,ahab ?r\gh 8 prophets 7#a ,k+s #bb3ba-bc72 t he s5t ,isaiah ) ! comm&3 ,make ! he>t ( ?is p fat1 & make _! e>s heavy1 & %ut _! eyes 7,isa4 #f3aj72 t he made ! cov5ant p to err f 8 ways1 & h>d5$ _! he>t f 8 fe> 7,isa4 #fc3ag71 we in/9ctively int]pret ^! & o!r l passages 9 h>mony ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ann\nc$ by ! apo/le3 ,let no man say :5 he is tempt$1 ,i am tempt$ ( ,god2 = ,god _c be tempt$ ( evil1 nei!r tempte? he any man4 ,b e man is tempt$1 :5 he is drawn away ( 8 own lu/1 & entic$4 ,jas4 #a3ac1 #ad4 ,! ,scriptures ascribe e actual ev5t to ,god 9 su* a s5se t x comes into ! plan ( 8 univ]sal provid5ce2 b !y reject ) abhorr5ce ! idea t he c excite wick$ ?\ghts 9 m51 or prompt !m to wick$ de$s4 ,:5 x is said1 once m1 t m5 are drawn to ,*ri/ 7,john #f3dd71 or driv5 to wor%ip ! heav5ly bodies 7,deut4 #d3ai71 we und]/& at once a draw+ & a driv+ t are 9 accordance ) _! free intellig5t & responsible nature4 ,o!r illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 :i* treats ( ! figurative language ( ,scripture4 7#c47 ,! same quality ( good s5se w enable ! int]pret] to make ^? limitations 9 ! language ( ! sacr$ writ]s :i* are common 9 popul> disc\rse4 ,9 ! language ( daily life _m /atem5ts are made 9 g5]al t]ms t require = _! exact tru?fulness v>i\s qualifications :i* ! read]s or he>]s c readily supply = !mselves4 ,hone/ m51 address+ hone/ m51 are n 9 ! habit ( gu>d+ _! words aga9/ e possible miscon/ruction4 ,x is en\gh if !y speak s t all :o w c und]/& !m4 ,x is said1 = example 7,g54 #da3eg71 t all c\ntries 7lit]ally1 all ! e>?7 came into ,egypt to ,joseph = to buy corn2 because ! fam9e 0 sore 9 all ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be only trifl+ to ask :e!r all ! e>? includ$ ! p ( ,europe & ,india4 ,! read] naturally und]/&s all ! l&s ar\nd ,egypt1 s9ce !y only c\ld come ?i!r = corn4 ,s :5 x is said 9 ! acc\nt ( ! deluge t all ! high hills t 7 "u ! :ole heav5 7 cov]$ 7,g54 #g3ai71 x is /ra9+ ! sacr$ writ]'s words to give !m a rigid geographical application1 z if !y mu/ ne$s include ! m\nta9s ab\t ! ,nor? pole4 ,all ! high hills "u ! :ole heav5 7 ^? :]e man dwelt1 & :i* 7 consequ5tly kn[n to man4 ,! ,holy ,gho/1 says ,john1 0 n yet giv51 because t ,jesus 0 n yet glorifi$4 ,john #g3ci4 ,yet ,david pray$ ages be=e3 ,take n ?y ,holy ,_s f me 7,psa4 #ea3aa72 ,isaiah says ( anci5t ,israel t !y rebell$ & vex$ 8 ,holy ,_s 7,isa4 #fc3aj72 ! ,savi\r1 long be=e 8 glorification1 promis$ ! ,holy ,_s to all t %\ld ask = him 7,luke #aa3ac72 & x is a fundam5tal article ( our fai? t f ,abel to ! ar*angel's trump all hol9ess is ! fruit ( ! ,_s4 ,b ,john's read]s1 :o liv$ aft] ! pl5>y gift ( ! ,holy ,_s f ! day ( ,p5teco/ & onw>d1 c\ld n fail to und]/& him z ref]r+ to ! gift ( ! ,_s 9 t special s5se4 ,! apo/le ,paul says 7#a ,tim4 #b3d7 t ,god w h all m5 to be sav$1 & to come unto ! k ( ! tru?4 ,yet ! same apo/le tea*es t "s w rema9 9 ignorance ( ! tru?1 & ?us p]i%4 #b ,!ss4 #a3 #h1 #i2 #b3aa1 #ab4 ,! read]'s good s5se readily reconciles ! =m] ) ! latt] passages4 ,he und]/&s ,god's w to h all m5 sav$ z ! w ( b5evol5t desire2 j z ,god says ( anci5t ,israel 7,psa4 #ha3ac74 ,oh t my p _h he>k5$ unto me1 & ,israel _h walk$ 9 my ways6 b because !y w\ld n d ?is1 he gave !m up to _! own he>t's lu/1 & !y walk$ 9 _! own c\nsels 7v]4 #ab74 ,_m l illu/rations might be add$4 7#d47 ,h5ce we readily inf] ! (fice ( a s\nd judgm5t 9 reconcil+ app>5t contradictions1 s9ce ^! arise ma9ly f ! neglect1 9 "o or bo? ( ! passages betwe5 :i* ! contradiction is said to exi/1 ( reasonable qualifications & limitations4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! two acc\nts ( ! creation4 ,g54 *aps4 #a-b3c & *ap4 #b3d-be4 ,9 ! =m] n>rative ! ord] ( "t is an ess5tial elem5t4 ,n s 9 ! latt]1 :]e man is ! c5tral object1 & ! diff]5t p>ts ( creation are m5tion$ only z ! writ] has occasion to speak ( !m 9 connection ) him4 ,h5ce we h 9 ?is latt] passage ! creation ( ! man 7v]4 #g71 ! plant+ ( ! g>d5 = 8 use ) its trees & riv]s 7v]4 #h-ad71 ! plac+ ( ! man 9 ! g>d5 & ! law impos$ ^u him 7v]4 #ae-ag71 ! defective condition ( ! man 7v]4 #ah71 ! notice 9 connection ) ?is ( ! creation ( bea/s & f[ls & _! be+ br\ght to ! man to receive names 7v]4 #ai1 #bj71 ! creation ( ! woman & ! primitive condition ( ! pair 7v]4 #ba-be74 ,?is simple /atem5t ( ! c\rse ( n>ration suffici5tly refutes ! allegation t ! second acc\nt is inconsi/5t ) ! fir/4 ,9 ! fir/ acc\nt ( ,paul's conv]sion x is said t ! m5 :i* j\rney$ ) him /ood spee*less1 he>+ a voice b see+ no man4 ,acts #i3g4 ,9 ! second ,paul says3 ,!y t 7 ) me saw inde$ ! light1 & 7 afraid2 b !y he>d n ! voice ( him t spake to me4 ,acts #bb3i4 ,!re is no valid gr\nd = d\bt+ t ! fir/ n>rative1 z well z ! o!r two1 came f ! lips ( ! apo/le himself1 & ! assumption ( any ess5tial contradiction is unreasonable & unnecess>y4 ,9 reg>d to ! light1 x is c]ta9 t ,paul saw ! p]son ( ! ,savi\r1 & 0 made bl9d by ! glory ( ! vision 7,acts #i3ag1 #bg2 #bb3ad2 #a ,cor4 #i3a71 :ile 8 companions saw only ! light t %one ar\nd !m1 :i* did n make !m bl9d4 ,9 reg>d to ! voice1 x is a fair int]pretation t !y he>d a voice only1 b no intelligible words4 ,h[ ?is diff]5ce ( p]ception betwe5 ,paul & 8 companions 9 reg>d to bo? ! light & ! voice 0 effect$ we d n "k1 nor is x necess>y t we %\ld4 ,! fir/ acc\nt1 aga91 repres5ts ,paul's companions z hav+ /ood spee*less1 :ile 9 ! ?ird ! apo/le says3 ,:5 we 7 all fall5 to ! e>?1 ,acts #bf3ad4 ,! mo/ natural explanation "h is t ! ?ird n>rative gives ! po/ure ) accuracy1 :ile ! fir/ lays /ress only ^u ! amazem5t :i* fix$ !m 9 a motionless attitude4 ,! app>5t discrepancies 9 ^! ?ree p>allel hi/ories are peculi>ly in/ructive1 because !y all proce$ f ! p5 ( ! same au?or1 & mu/ all h be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,su* circum/antial diff]5ces h ! /amp ( reality4 ,in/ead ( ?r[+ any discr$it ^u ! transaction1 !y only e/abli% its tru? ^u a firm] basis4 ,_m l illu/rations might be add$4 7#e47 ,f9ally1 :]e ! means ( reconcil+ discrepancies are n app>5t1 ! same quality ( a s\nd judgm5t w keep u f ! two extremes ( seek+1 on ! "o h&1 =c$ & unnatural explanations1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( discr$it+ well-atte/$ transactions on acc\nt ( ^! discrepancies4 ,9 ! scriptural n>ratives !re are "s difficulties 7relat+ mo/ly to numb]s1 dates1 & ! *ronological ord] ( ev5ts7 :i* we f9d ourselves unable1 ) our pres5t means ( k1 to solve 9 a satisfactory way4 ,x is ! "p ( sob] reason to res]ve ^! difficulties = fur!r light1 n to set aside1 9 view ( !m1 facts atte/$ by irrefragable pro(4 ,no?+ 9 ! evangelic record is m c]ta91 = example1 ?an ! fact ( our ,"l's resurrection4 ,yet to h>monize ! f\r acc\nts :i* we h ( x 9 all _! details is a "w ( extreme difficulty4 ,suppos+ u to be acqua9t$ ) e ?+ said & done1 9 its ord] & exactness1 we %\ld d\btless be able to reconcile1 or acc\nt =1 ! pres5t =ms ( ! n>ratives2 b n hav+ ?is key to ! h>moniz+ ( !m1 attempts to d s 9 m9ute p>ticul>s c>ry no c]ta9ty ) !m4 ,al=d on ,matt4 #bh3a-aj4 ,! same g5]al pr9ciple applies to o!r difficulties--9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t respect+ ! duration ( ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 & o!r *ronological que/ions2 9 ! ,new1 t ( ! two g5ealogies giv5 ( our ,"l by ,mat!w & ,luke1 t ( ! day :5 our ,"l ate ! passov] ) 8 disciples1 etc4 ,see fur!r 9 ,*aps4 #ai1 ,nos4 #f & #h2 #bj1 ,no4 #bb2 #bi1 ,nos4 #h-aj4 #h4 ,9 br++ ?is *apt] to a conclusion1 we add a few words on ! (fice ( reason 9 ! int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,x is admitt$ by all t we h c]ta9 primitive intuitions :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( all k4 ,t an immutable obligation1 = example1 re/s on all m5 to be tru?ful1 j1 b5evol5t1 & grateful1 is a tru? :i* we see by ! direct light ( consci5ce4 ,!re are c]ta9 moral axioms1 also1 outside ( ! direct sph]e ( consci5ce1 :i* %9e by _! own light4 ,su* is t fundam5tal tru? ( !ology ?us ann\nc$ by ! apo/le ,john3 ,god is light1 & 9 him is no d>kness at all 7#a ,john #a3e72 :]e light & d>kness are bo? tak5 9 a moral s5se1 z ! context %[s2 & ?us by ! apo/le ,james3 ,god _c be tempt$ ) evil1 nei!r tempte? he any man 7,jas4 #a3ac72 & ?us1 ages be=e1 by ,moses3 ,he is ! ,rock1 8 "w is p]fect3 = all 8 ways are judgm5t3 a ,god ( tru? & )\t iniquity1 j & "r is he 7,deut4 #cb3d72 & /ill e>li] by ,abraham3 ,%all n ! ,judge ( all ! e>? d "r8 7,g54 #ah3be74 ,we are sure t no decl>ation ( ,god's ^w1 prop]ly int]pret$1 w contradict ^! necess>y & univ]sal convictions4 ,b !re are _m weighty tru?s t lie :olly above ! sph]e ( our direct intuitions on :i* ! inf9ite und]/&+ ( ,god is alone compet5t to pass an infallible judgm5t4 ,su* are ! foll[+3 ,if x be ,god's w to create a race ( intellig5t be+s1 :at %all be ! compass ( _! faculties1 moral1 intellectual1 & physical8 ,9 :at circum/ances & relations %all he place !m1 to :at probation %all he subject !m1 & :at scope %all he all[ to _! f9ite fre$om8 ,if !y s91 :at plan %all he devise = _! r$emption1 & by :at processes %all he reveal & execute ?is plan8 ,^!1 & _m o!r que/ions involv+ man's highe/ int]e/s1 lie above ! sph]e ( simple intuition4 ,god alone1 :o looks ?r\gh et]nity at a glance1 c fully compreh5d !m1 = !y are all con/itu5t p>ts ( 8 et]nal plan4 ,t human reason1 :i* _c see ! :ole ( tru?1 %\ld affect to sit 9 judgm5t ^u !m1 & to pron\nce au?oritatively :at ,god may1 & :at he may n d1 is ! height ( presumption & folly4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,figurative ,,language ,,( ,,scripture4 #a4 ,:5 ! psalmi/ says3 ,! ,"l ,god is a sun & %ield 7,psa4 #hd3aa71 he means t ,god is to all 8 creatures ! s\rce ( life & bless$ness1 & _! almighty protector2 b ?is mean+ he conveys "u ! figure ( a sun & a %ield4 ,:51 aga91 ! apo/le ,james says t ,moses is read 9 ! synagogues e ,sabba?-day 7,acts #ae3ba71 he signifies ! writ+s ( ,moses "u ! figure ( 8 "n4 ,9 ^! examples ! figure lies 9 p>ticul> words4 ,b x may be embodi$ 9 a s5t5ce1 ?us3 ,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! pricks 7,acts #bf3ad71 :]e ,saul's conduct 9 p]secut+ ,*ri/'s disciples is repres5t$ "u ! =m ( an ox kick+ aga9/ ! pl\ghman's goad only to make ! w\nds x inflicts deep]4 ,figurative language1 !n1 is t 9 :i* "o ?+ is said "u ! =m or figure ( ano!r ?+4 ,9 ! case ( allegories & p>ables1 x may take ! =m1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 ( cont9u\s disc\rse4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! words 9 all languages1 9 tru? all t express intellectual & moral ideas1 7 orig9ally figurative1 ! univ]sal law be+ to repres5t immat]ial by mat]ial objects4 ,examples are ! words exi/1 exi/5ce1 emotion1 affliction1 angui%1 etc4 ,b 9 ^!1 & innum]able o!r words1 ! primitive physical mean+ has become obsolete1 & ?us ! second>y spiritual mean+ is to u lit]al4 ,or1 :at (t5 happ5s1 :ile ! orig9al physical signification is reta9$1 a second>y figurative mean+ ( ! ^w has become s common t its use h>dly recalls ! physical mean+1 & x may !re=e be reg>d$ z lit]al2 z 9 ! words h>d1 h>%1 r\gh1 :5 appli$ to "*4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! above examples3 ,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! pricks1 ! transf] ( ! ^w h>d f :at is physically h>d to :at is pa9ful or difficult1 is s common t x c h>dly be reg>d$ z figurative4 ,b ! expression t foll[s is figurative 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,rhetoricians divide figures into two g5]al classes1 figures ( words1 & figures ( ?\ght1 & !y give elaborate def9itions1 classifications1 & rules = _! use4 ,! int]pret] ( ,scripture1 h[ev]1 ne$ n encumb] himself ) any rhetorical sy/em4 ,! g5]al rules ( int]pretation already consid]$ w be1 = ! mo/ "p1 a suffici5t guide to ! mean+ ( ! ri* v>iety ( figures conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 especially 9 its poetical p>ts4 ,x is only necess>y to add a few words 9 ref]5ce to ! asc]ta9+ ( figurative language2 ! mo/ prom95t classes ( figures2 & "s pr9ciples to be obs]v$ 9 _! int]pretation4 #b4 ,! "q may arise :e!r a writ] is to be und]/ood lit]ally or figuratively4 ,= ! asc]ta9+ ( figurative language1 a few simple rules w be1 9 g5]al1 suffici5t4 7#a47 ,multitudes ( cases c be decid$ at once by consid]+ ! nature ( ! subject4 ,?us1 :5 ! apo/le calls ,jesus ,*ri/ a f\ndation1 & speaks ( build+ ^u ?is f\ndation gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones1 wood1 hay1 /ubble1 add+ t e man's "w %all be reveal$ by fire2 & ! fire %all try e man's "w ( :at sort x is2 &1 fur!r1 t if any man's "w abide ?is fire1 he %all receive a rew>d1 b if any man's "w be burn$ he %all suff] loss 7#a ,cor4 #c3aa-ae71 we "k at once1 f ! nature ( ! subject1 t he speaks figuratively4 ,he comp>es ! *ur* ( ,god to a temple1 ( :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! f\ndation1 :ile h] tea*]s & prea*]s are ! build]s4 ,! gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones1 wood1 hay1 /ubble1 repres5t prim>ily ! mat]ials ) :i* !y build2 t is1 ! "* ( _! doctr9es & precepts1 & second>ily1 ! "* ( ^? :om !y br+ into ! ,*ri/ian fold4 ,! fire1 aga91 is ! trial & judgm5t ( ! la/ day4 ,! apo/le says ( ! anci5t ,israelites t !y drank ( t spiritual ,rock t foll[$ !m2 & t ,rock 0 ,*ri/4 #a ,cor4 #aj3d4 ,s also ,*ri/ is call$ to believ]s a *ief corn]-/one1 elect1 preci\s2 b to unbeliev]s a /one ( /umbl+ & a rock ( (f5ce 7#a ,pet4 #b3f-h72 ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 ! ,root ( ,david 7,rev4 #e3e72 ! ,lamb ( ,god & simply ! ,lamb 7,john #a3bi1 #cf2 ,rev4 #e3ab2 #f3a2 etc472 ! door ( ! %eep 7,john #aj3g1 #i72 ! true v9e 7,john #ae3a72 & ! liv+ bread :i* came d[n f heav5 7,john #f3ea74 ,he himself says3 ,:oso eate? my fle% & dr9ke? my blood ha? et]nal life2 & ,i w raise him up at ! la/ day4 ,john #f3ed4 ,!re is no m gr\nd = und]/&+ ! la/ ( ^! passages lit]ally ?an ! prec$+1 t is1 !re is no gr\nd :atev]4 ,! dogma ( ! ,romi% *ur*1 :i* tea*es t ! consecrat$ bread & w9e are lit]ally conv]t$ into ! body & blood ( ,jesus1 violates alike s\nd reason & e s\nd pr9ciple ( int]pretation4 ,z ! words1 ',?is is my body1' & ',?is is my blood1' 7 spok5 ,,be=e ,*ri/'s body 0 brok5 ^u ! cross1 & ,,be=e 8 blood 0 %$1 he c\ld n pron\nce !m ) ! int5tion t !y %\ld be tak5 & int]pret$ lit]ally by 8 disciples4 ,he c\ld n take 8 body 9 8 h&s1 nor (f] !m 8 blood 9 ! cup2 = x _h n yet be5 %$4 ,horne1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cai4 7#b47 ,9 asc]ta9+ figurative language1 ! int]pret] w naturally take into acc\nt ! scope1 ! context1 & ! g5]al analogy ( scriptural tea*+4 ,if ! lit]al s5se1 ?\gh possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 is inept or contr>y to ! g5]al t5or ( ,scripture1 x mu/ be reject$4 ,! prophet ,isaiah tells u t1 "u ! future reign ( ! ,messiah1 ! wolf %all dwell ) ! lamb1 ! leop>d lie d[n ) ! kid1 ! lion eat /raw l ! ox1 & ! *ild play ) impunity on ! hole ( ! asp4 ,isa4 #aa3f-h4 ,x is possible to conceive ( ?is /ate ( ?+s z effect$ by a *ange 9 ! physical nature ( all noxi\s animals4 ,b ! writ] imm$iately adds3 ,!y %all n hurt nor de/roy 9 all my holy m\nta92 = ! e>? %all be full ( ! k ( ! ,"l1 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea 7v]4 #i74 ,s9ce !n ! *ange is effect$ by ! univ]sal diffusion ( ! k ( ! ,"l1 x mu/ be a moral *ange--a trans=mation ( ! "* ( wick$ m5 figuratively describ$ z wolves1 leop>ds1 be>s1 lions1 & vip]s4 ,! g5]al analogy ( prophetic language1 :i*1 z w be h]eaft] %[n1 ab\nds 9 figurative =ms ( repres5tation1 /r5g!ns ?is conclusion4 ,by ! prophet ,haggai1 aga91 ,god says3 ,yet once1 x is a little :ile1 & ,i w %ake ! heav5s1 & ! e>?1 & ! sea1 & ! dry l&4 ,*ap4 #b3f4 ,! key to ! mean+ ( ^! words is giv5 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 ,& ,i w %ake all nations1 & ! ,desire ( all nations %all come3 & ,i w fill ?is h\se ) glory1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,9 su* a connection1 & ) su* a result1 no?+ c\ld be m vapid ?an to und]/& ?is %ak+ ( heav5 & e>?1 sea & l&1 9 a physical s5se4 ,x is ! mighty ov]turn+s among ! nations1 social1 moral1 & political1 t are "h pr$ict$1 z ,jehovah says by ,ezekiel3 ,i w ov]turn1 ov]turn1 ov]turn x1 & x %all be no m1 until he come ^: "r x is1 & ,i w give x to him4 ,*ap4 #ba3bg4 ,comp>e ,isa4 #ac3ac2 ,j]4 #d3bd2 ,ezek4 #ch3bj2 ,joel #c3af4 ,s :5 ,god ann\nces t he w cause ! sun to g d[n at noon1 & d>k5 ! e>? 9 ! cle> day 7,amos #h3i71 we und]/& at once t "u ?is figure he =ew>ns ! cov5ant p ( ! sudd5 approa* ( great calamity4 ,comp>e ,deut4 #bh3bi2 ,job #e3ad2 ,isa4 #ac3aj2 ,j]4 #d3bc-bh2 ,ezek4 #cb3g1 #h2 ,joel #b3ca2 #c3ae2 etc4 ,?is subject w be fur!r discuss$ "u ! head ( ! int]pretation ( prophecy4 ,9 ! s]mon on ! m\nt1 ! ,savi\r says3 ,:osoev] %all smite !e on ! "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also 7,matt4 #e3ci72 b ! prec$+ context gives ! scope ( ?is & ! o!r p>ticul> precepts t foll[1 :i* is t ,*ri/'s foll[]s %\ld resi/ n evil1 t is1 by r5d]+ evil = evil4 ,x is ! _s ( meekness & =be>ance t he inculcates1 n a slavi% reg>d to ?is & t p>ticul> =m ( manife/+ x4 ,s :5 he says3 ,give to him t aske? ( !e1 & f him t w\ld borr[ ( !e turn n ?\ away 7v]4 #db71 he _c mean1 consi/5tly ) ! scope ( ! passage & 8 tea*+s else:]e1 t we %\ld /ultify ourselves by lit]ally giv+ to e ask] & borr[]1 )\t reg>d to 8 necessities1 real or alleg$4 ,he means r to inculcate t lib]al _s :i* nev] )holds su* help z x is able to give f ^? :o ne$ x4 ,:5 ! ,savi\r says aga93 ,if ?y "r eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out & ca/ x f !e1 etc41 bo? ! prec$+ context & ! g5]al t5or ( ! ,scriptures tea* u t he means :at is express$ by ! apo/le 9 ano!r =m3 ,mortify1 !re=e1 y\r memb]s :i* are ^u ! e>?4 ,col4 #c3e4 ,to mortify is to deprive ( life1 make dead4 ,we mortify our memb]s :i* w\ld s$uce u into s91 n by de/roy+ !m1 b by keep+ !m 9 subjection to ! law ( ! _s ( life 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 7#c47 ,if ! int]pret] is liable to err by tak+ figurative language 9 a lit]al s5se1 s is he also by reg>d+ z figurative :at %\ld be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,a favorite exp$i5t ) ^? :o d5y ! sup]natural "* ( revelation is to expla9 ! miracul\s transactions record$ 9 ! ,bible z figurative or my?ical4 ,:5 ,david says t 9 answ] to 8 pray] ! e>? %ook & trembl$1 ! f\ndations also ( ! hills mov$ & 7 %ak51 because he 0 wro?2 t ,god b[$ ! heav5s also & came d[n1 & d>kness 0 "u 8 feet2 t ! ,"l ?und]$ 9 ! heav5s1 & ! ,highe/ gave 8 voice1 hail/ones & coals ( fire2 t he s5t out 8 arr[s & scatt]$ !m1 & he %ot out lightn+s & discomfit$ !m1 all ackn[l$ge t ! language is to be figuratively tak54 ,:y !n1 an objector might ask1 n und]/& ! acc\nt ( ! giv+ ( ! law on ,s9ai amid ?und]+s & lightn+s z figurative also8 ,! answ] ( e pla9 read] w\ld be--& x is ! answ] ( unsophi/icat$ common s5se--t ! =m] passage occurs 9 a lyric poem1 :]e su* figurative descriptions are entirely 9 place2 ! latt] 9 a pla9 n>rative1 :i* pr(esses to give ?r\gh\t hi/oric facts ) names & dates2 t no read]1 :o _h n a preconceiv$ op9ion to ma9ta91 ev] did or c\ld ?9k ( int]pret+ ! passage 9 ,exodus 9 any o!r ?an a lit]al way1 :ile e read] und]/&s at once t ! poetic description 9 ! eighte5? psalm is to be tak5 figuratively4 ,! attempt has be5 made to int]pret ! gospel hi/ory z a my?--! embodim5t ( a sy/em ( pure ideas 9 ! g>b ( hi/ory4 ,x is difficult to refute an assumption :i* has no f\ndation to re/ ^u4 ,?is my?ical !ory may1 nev]!less1 be dispos$ ( 9 a v %ort & simple way4 ,! great c5tral tru? ( ! gospel hi/ory is ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,if any "o w\ld "k h[ ! apo/le ,paul reg>d$ ?is1 let him read ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! fir/ epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 :]e he pl$ges 8 v]acity z a witness on its hi/oric reality 7v]4 #ae74 ,if1 n[1 ,paul s reg>d$ x1 ,luke1 8 companion 9 travel & labor1 _c h tak5 a diff]5t view ( x1 nor any o!r ( ! evangeli/s4 ,b if ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus are record$ z true hi/oric ev5ts1 ! :ole my?ical !ory vani%es at once into ?9 air4 7#d47 ,9 reg>d to ^? prophecies :i* relate to ! di/ant future1 x may sometimes be difficult to det]m9e :e!r we are to look = a lit]al or a figurative fulfilm5t ( !m4 ,b ?is subject w come up = consid]ation 9 ano!r place4 #c4 ,9 reg>d to ! diff]5t k9ds ( figures a few words may be 9 place4 7#a47 ,! t]m trope 7,greek1 tropos1 a turn7 is appli$1 9 a g5]al s5se1 to figures ( words & spee* ( e v>iety2 b1 9 /rict] usage1 to a ^w or s5t5ce turn$ f its lit]al signification to a figurative s5se4 ,qu9tilian adds 7,in/4 ,orator4 #h4 #f4 #a7 t ?is mu/ be ) good effect 7cum virtute72 t is1 x mu/ add cle>ness1 =ce1 or beauty to ! ?\ght4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ! trope are ! metonymy & ! metaphor4 ,! metonymy is f\nd$ on ! relation ( "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,?us :5 ,abraham says to ! ri* man3 ,!y h ,moses & ! prophets1 let !m he> !m 7,luke #af3bi71 ,moses & ! prophets are put = _! writ+s2 t is1 ! au?ors = _! works4 ,a s(t tongue1 says ! wise man1 breake? ! bone4 ,prov4 #be3ae4 ,"h ! ^w tongue is put = spee*1 ! in/rum5t = ! ?+ effect$1 & ?is metonymy is jo9$ ) a metaphor4 7,see bel[47 ,! synecdo*e1 9 :i* a "p is put = ! :ole1 z ! sword = w>1 is 9 its nature ess5tially a metonymy4 ,rhetoricians give elaborate classifications ( metonymies1 b !y are ( little value to ! scriptural /ud5t1 s9ce all are int]pret$ accord+ to ! few simple pr9ciples giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! metaphor is f\nd$ on ! resemblance ( "o ?+ to ano!r2 z 9 ! examples already giv53 ,! ,"l ,god is a sun & %ield 7,psa4 #hd3aa72 ,i am ! true v9e & my ,fa!r is ! husb&man4 ,john #ae3a4 ,x may lie n 9 a s+le ^w1 b 9 an entire expression1 ?us3 ,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! pricks 7,acts #bf3ad72 ,i c\nsel !e to buy ( me gold tri$ 9 ! fire1 t ?\ maye/ be ri*2 & :ite raim5t1 t ?\ maye/ be clo!d1 & t ! %ame ( ?y nak$ness d n appe>2 & ano9t ?9e eyes ) eye-salve1 t ?\ maye/ see4 ,rev4 #c3ah4 ,! metaphor & metonymy may be jo9$1 z 9 ! words already quot$3 ,a s(t tongue breake? ! bone2 or !y may bl5d !mselves ) ea* o!r1 z :5 ,nahum says ( ! pr9ces ( ,n9eveh3 ,! sword %all dev\r ?y "y lions4 ,*ap4 #b3ac4 ,9 ?is la/ example1 z (t5 else:]e1 p]sonification1 :i* is prop]ly a figure ( ?\ght1 is add$1 ! sword be+ repres5t$ z a bea/ ( prey4 ,! gr& & gorge\s p]sonifications ( ,scripture naturally clo! !mselves 9 tropical language ( inimitable beauty & exhau/less v>iety4 ,o ?\ sword ( ! ,"l1 says ,j]emiah1 h[ long w x be ere ?\ be quiet8 put up ?yself into ?y scabb>d1 re/1 & be /ill4 ,h[ c x be quiet1 see+ ! ,"l ha? giv5 x a *>ge aga9/ ,a%kelon1 & aga9/ ! sea-%ore8 ,!re ha? he appo9t$ x4 ,*ap4 #dg3f1 #g4 ,! prophet ,habakkuk repres5ts ,god z com+ =? 9 8 glory = ! salvation ( 8 p3 ,! m\nta9s saw !e1 says he1 & !y trembl$3 ! ov]fl[+ ( ! wat] pass$ by3 ! deep utt]$ 8 voice1 & lift$ up 8 h&s on high3 ! sun & moon /ood /ill 9 _! habitation4 ,*ap4 #c3aj1 #aa4 ,god's promise to 8 r$eem$ is3 ,ye %all g out ) joy1 & be l$ =? ) peace3 ! m\nta9s & ! hills %all break =? be=e y into s++1 & all ! trees ( ! field %all clap _! h&s4 ,isa4 #ee3ab4 ,metonymies1 metaphors1 & sometimes p]sonifications--! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t sp>kle ) ^! figures1 & !y are us$ always = effect1 n empty %[4 ,!y are l ! flam+ bolts ( heav51 :i* r5d & burn z well z %9e4 ,bew>e ( false prophets1 says ! ,savi\r1 :i* come to y 9 %eep's clo?+1 b inw>dly !y are rav5+ wolves4 ,ye %all "k !m by _! fruits3 d m5 ga!r grapes ( ?orns or figs ( ?i/les8 ,matt4 #g3ae1 #af4 ,h[ effectually does he by ^! metaphors /rip (f ! mask f false tea*]s6 ,if ! foot %all say1 ,because ,i am n ! h&1 ,i am n ( ! body2 is x !re=e n ( ! body8 ,& if ! e> %all say1 ,because ,i am n ! eye1 ,i am n ( ! body2 is x !re=e n ( ! body8 #a ,cor4 #ab3ae1 #af4 ,"h is p]sonification )\t a trope4 ,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 7#a ,cor4 #ae3ee71 "h is a maje/ic p]sonification 9 metaphorical =m4 ,z resemblance lies at ! f\ndation ( ! metaphor1 x may be call$ an abbreviat$ =m ( comp>ison1 ! ?+ ) :i* ! comp>ison is made be+ directly pr$icat$ ( t :i* is comp>$4 ,?us1 :5 we say3 ,a slugg>d is v9eg> to ! tee? & smoke to ! eyes ( ^? :o s5d him1 we h a metaphor1 ! slugg>d be+ directly call$ v9eg> & smoke4 ,b if we say3 ,z v9eg> to ! tee?1 & z smoke to ! eyes1 s is ! slugg>d to !m t s5d him 7,prov4 #aj3bf71 we h a comp>ison1 & ! language ceases to be tropical4 ,! metaphor is ?us a m vivid =m ( expression ?an ! comp>ison4 ,a common mode ( comp>ison 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs is simply to put toge!r ! object comp>$ & ! ?+ or ?+s ) :i* x is comp>$1 ?us3 ,a :ip = ! horse1 a bridle = ! ass1 & a rod = ! fool's back 7*ap4 #bf3c72 t is1 ,z a :ip is appropriate =1 ! horse1 & a bridle = ! ass1 s is a rod = ! fool's back4 ,aga91 ,:]e !re is no wood ! fire goe? out1 & :]e !re is no tale-be>] ! /rife cease? 7,prov4 #bf3bj72 ,*>coal to live coals1 & wood to fire2 & a man ( /rife to k9dle /rife 7,prov4 #bf3 #ba72 ,silv] dross spread ov] an e>!n %]d--burn+ lips lips gl[+ ) pr(essions ( love & a wick$ he>t 7,prov4 #bf3 #bc72 9 all :i* cases our v]sion has suppli$ p>ticles ( comp>ison4 7#b47 ,an allegory is ! n>rative ( a spiritual transaction "u ! figure ( some?+ l[] & e>?ly1 ! l[] transaction repres5t+ directly ! high]4 ,we h 9 ! eightie? ,psalm an exquisite example ( ! allegory3 ,?\ ha/ br\ght a v9e out ( ,egypt3 ?\ ha/ ca/ out ! hea!n & plant$ x4 ,?\ prep>$/ room be=e x1 & did/ cause x to take deep root1 & x fill$ ! l&4 ,! hills 7 cov]$ ) ! %ad[ ( x1 etc4 7v]4 #h-af72 :]e ! transf] ( ! ,israeliti% p f ,egypt to ! l& ( ,canaan1 ) _! subsequ5t hi/ory1 is describ$ "u ! figure ( a v9e4 ,! metaphor & allegory h ?is 9 common1 t ! f\ndation ( bo? is resemblance1 & 9 bo? ! l[] object is put directly = ! high]4 ,yet ! metaphor _c be prop]ly call$ a cond5s$ allegory1 nor ! allegory an ext5d$ metaphor2 = x is ess5tial to ! allegory t x h ! =m ( a n>rative1 & t x conta9 real hi/ory--9 ! case ( prophecy x may be future hi/ory--"u a figure4 ,h5ce x admits ( indef9ite ext5sion1 z 9 ! ,pilgrim's ,progress2 & we may add ! ,canticles1 :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur* f ! e>lie/ times has reg>d$ z an allegory ( :i* ! subject is1 9 ,old ,te/am5t language1 ,god & 8 cov5ant p1 b1 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,*ri/ & 8 *ur*4 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 true allegory & ! allegorical or my/ical application ( real hi/ory4 ,9 ! =m] case x is n ! lit]al mean+1 b ! high] s5se repres5t$ by x1 :i* con/itutes ! hi/oric tru?4 ,god1 = example1 nev] transf]r$ a v9e f ,egypt to ,pale/9e1 b he did ! cov5ant p4 ,! /ory ( ,s>ai & ,hag>1 on ! contr>y 7,g541 *ap4 #af71 is true hi/ory4 ,! apo/le ,paul makes an allegorical application ( x to ! two cov5ants1 t on ,s9ai & t 9 ,*ri/1 :i* is v beautiful & appropriate2 yet ! /ory itself is n allegory1 b pla9 hi/ory4 ,see fur!r1 9 ,*ap4 #cg1 ,no4 #d4 7#c47 ,a p>able is ! n>rative ( a suppos$ ev5t = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ a spiritual tru? or pr9ciple4 ,! (fice ( ! n>rative is to embody ! pr9ciple4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be natural & probable2 b its lit]al tru? is ( no consequ5ce4 ,9 our ,"l's p>able ( ! unju/ /ew>d1 = example 7,luke #af3a-i71 ! incid5ts ( ! n>rative may or may n h be5 hi/orically true2 b ei!r way ! great pr9ciple :i* x illu/rates 7v]4 #aj7 rema9s ! same4 ,allegories & p>ables pass into ea* o!r by ins5sible degrees4 ,"s ( our ,"l's s-call$ p>ables are r allegories2 z t ( ! v9ey>d let out to husb&m5 7,matt4 #ba3cc-da71 :i* is f\nd$ on ! beautiful allegory ( ,isaiah 7*ap4 #e3a-g72 s also t ( ! good %eph]d 7,john #aj3a-ah74 ,9 _! pure =m1 h[ev]1 ! allegory & ! p>able are easily di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! allegory1 ! figure repres5ts directly ! high] transaction4 ,h5ce ! incid5ts introduc$ 9 ! figure--at lea/ all ! ma9 incid5ts--mu/ h some?+ correspond+ to !m 9 ! spiritual transaction :i* ! figure repres5ts4 ,! case ( ! p>able is diff]5t4 ,"h ! spiritual tru? is n directly describ$ 9 t]ms ( ! figure1 b simply illu/rat$ f x4 ,! incid5ts & *>act]s ( ! /ory are sep>able f ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* x inculcates1 & are sometimes =mally sep>at$ by ! speak] himself2 z :5 our ,"l says3 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is lik5$ unto a man :i* s[$ good se$ 9 8 field1 etc4 ,matt4 #ac3bd4 ,= ?is reason !y may belong m or less to ! m]e drap]y ( ! p>able1 s t to press !m 9 its int]pretation w\ld lead to error in/ead ( tru?4 ,see fur!r bel[1 ,no4 #g4 7#d47 ,! fable is relat$ to ! p>able1 b x diff]s f x 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 x moves 9 a worldly sph]e1 hav+ to d ) prud5tial maxims r ?an spiritual tru?4 ,secondly1 x all[s1 9 h>mony ) ?is its l[] nature1 irrational objects z speak]s & actors1 :i* w\ld be contr>y to ! dignity ( ! p>able4 ,our ,"l nev] employ$ fables z vehicles ( in/ruction4 ,!re are two examples ( !m 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 nei!r ( !m1 h[ev]1 com+ f ! lips ( prophetical m54 ,! fir/ is t ( ,jo?am3 ,! trees w5t =? on a "t to ano9t a k+ ov] !m2 & !y said unto ! olive-tree1 ,reign ?\ ov] u1 etc4 ,judg4 #i3h-ae4 ,! second is t ( ,jehoa%3 ,! ?i/le t 0 9 ,lebanon s5t to ! c$> t 0 9 ,lebanon1 say+1 ,give ?y daught] to my son to wife3 & !re pass$ by a wild bea/ t 0 9 ,lebanon1 & trode d[n ! ?i/le4 #b ,k+s #ad3i4 7#e47 ,a symbol is a mat]ial object1 a transaction 9 ! mat]ial _w1 or sometimes a numb]1 to repres5t "s high] spiritual tru?4 ,ritual symbols1 l ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 ! high-prie/'s dress1 ! sacrifices1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! :ole tab]nacle & temple s]vice1 w be consid]$ h]eaft] "u ! head ( types4 ,we speak ( symbols n[1 only s f> z !y belong to ! human side ( int]pretation4 ,we h a beautiful example ( a symbolic transaction 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ! book ( ,numb]s1 :]e ! pr9ces ( ,israel1 by ,god's direction1 take twelve rods1 write ea* man 8 "n ^u 8 rod1 & lay !m up 9 ! tab]nacle be=e ! ,"l1 :]eupon ,a>on's rod budd$1 & br\ght =? buds1 & blossom$ blossoms1 & yield$ almonds2 a symbol t ,god w\ld make ! prie/hood to fl\ri% 9 8 family4 ,scriptural symbols exhibit a wond]ful v>iety4 ,sometimes !y are se5 9 dreams1 z 9 ,jacob's dream ( a ladd] rea*+ to heav5 7,g54 #bh3ab-ae72 ,ph>aoh's two dreams ( ! fat & lean k9e1 & ! good & ?9 e>s 7,g54 #da3a-g72 or 9 prophetic vision1 l ,j]emiah's vision ( a see?+ pot ) ! face t[>ds ! nor? 7,j]4 #a3ac72 ,ezekiel's vision ( ! *]ubim 7*ap4 #a72 & ,amos' vision ( a basket ( summ] fruit 7*ap4 #h3b74 ,at o!r times !y are actual transactions4 ,s ! false prophet ,z$ekiah made him horns ( iron3 & he said1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ) ^! %alt ?\ pu% ! ,syrians till ?\ h consum$ !m 7#a ,k+s #bb3aa72 ! true prophet ,j]emiah wore a yoke ^u 8 neck z a sign t ,god w\ld subject ! nations to ,nebu*adnezz>'s p[]1 & ! false prophet ,hananiah broke x1 t he might ?us signify ! deliv]ance ( ! p f ,nebu*adnezz>'s rule4 ,j]4 #bg3a-h1 comp>$ ) #bh3aj1 #aa4 7#f47 ,a prov]b is a %ort maxim relat+ to practical life4 ,x may be express$ lit]ally or figuratively1 b 9 ei!r case x mu/ conta9 a g5]al tru?4 ,a scorn] love? n "o t reprove? him2 nei!r w he g unto ! wise 7,prov4 #ae3ab71 is a prov]b express$ 9 pla9 language4 ,! "n ( ! ,"l is a /rong t[]3 ! righte\s runne? into x1 & is safe 7,prov4 #ah3aj71 is a prov]b "u a beautiful figure4 ,! fooli% "y m5 c\nsell$ ,rehoboam to say to ! ,israelites3 ,my little f+] %all be ?ick] ?an my fa!r's lo9s4 #a ,k+s #ab3aj4 ,?is is n a prov]b1 because x conta9s only ! figurative /atem5t ( a p>ticul> fact4 ,b if we *ange ! =m1 & say3 ,! little f+] ( a fooli% rul] is ?ick] ?an ! lo9s ( a wise k+1 we make x g5]al1 & ?us x becomes a prov]b4 ,! ,hebrew ^w = a prov]b 7ma%al7 d5otes a similitude1 ?is be+ "o ( its mo/ common =ms4 ,examples occur 9 abundance 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,we h !m 9 ! =m ( direct comp>ison3 ,z 9 wat] face answ]e? to face1 s ! he>t ( man to man 7*ap4 #bg3ai72 ,a cont9ual dropp+ 9 a v ra9y day & a cont5ti\s woman are alike 7*ap4 #bg3ae72 ,bett] is a d9n] ( h]bs :]e love is1 ?an a /all$ ox & hatr$ !re) 7*ap4 #ae3ag74 ,we h !m also 9 ! =m ( metaphor3 ,! cont5tions ( a wife are a cont9ual dropp+ 7*ap4 #ai3ac72 ,! lips ( k are a preci\s jewel 7*ap4 #bj3ae74 ,b mo/ frequ5tly ! comp>ison appe>s 9 ! =m ( contra/1 ?us3 ,a wise son he>e? 8 fa!r's in/ruction2 b a scorn] he>e? n rebuke 7*ap4 #ac3a72 ,a fai?ful witness w n lie2 b a false witness w utt] lies 7*ap4 #ad3e74 ,! signification ( ! ^w prov]b is !n ext5d$ to %ort s5t5ti\s maxims ( e =m1 ev5 :]e comp>ison is exclud$1 ?us3 ,a wick$ man take? a gift out ( ! bosom to p]v]t ! ways ( judgm5t 7*ap4 #ag3bc74 7#g47 ,! ^w my? 7,greek mu?os7 0 appli$ by ! ,greeks to a leg5d or /ory ( e>ly times1 !n to a fable1 l ^? ( ,a,esop4 ,9 mod]n usage x is def9$ to be a /ory 9 :i* !re is an unconsci\s bl5d+ ( ! deep] mean+ ) ! outw>d symbol1 ! two be+ sep>ate & sep>able 9 ! p>able4 ,! my?ic n>rative pres5ts itself n m]ely z ! vehicle ( ! tru?1 b z itself be+ ! tru?2 :ile 9 ! p>able !re is a p]fect consci\sness 9 all m9ds ( ! di/9ctness betwe5 =m & ess5ce1 %ell & k]nel1 ! preci\s vessel & yet m preci\s w9e t x conta9s4 ,tr5*1 ,notes on ! ,p>ables1 *ap4 #a4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is we h 9 ! tales ( ,grecian my?ology1 once receiv$ by ! masses ( ! p z lit]ally true2 b :i* a lat] & m reflective age ?an t 9 :i* ! my?us _h bir? le>n$ to reg>d z only ! vehicle ( c]ta9 ideas respect+ deity4 ,! my?1 z ?us def9$1 does n come )9 ! sph]e ( biblical int]pretation4 ,! hi/oric ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t may1 & (t5 d1 %ad[ =? some?+ high]4 ,9 t case !y are n my?s1 b typical hi/ory4 ,*ap4 #cg1 ,no4 #d4 ,all ! scriptural n>ratives1 on ! contr>y1 :i* are true1 n 9 _! lit]al mean+1 b 9 a high] s5se1 come "u ! head ( allegories1 p>ables1 or symbolic repres5tations4 #d4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( figurative language we mu/ be guid$1 9 g5]al1 by ! pr9ciples consid]$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,to lay d[n special rules = ! int]pretation ( ! ri* & endlessly v>i$ figures :i* adorn ! pages ( ,holy ,writ w\ld be z impracticable z useless4 ,! hi/ory ( ,biblical exegesis1 h[ev]1 %[s t "s g5]al cautions are mu* ne$$4 #e4 ,! y\?ful /ud5t ( ,scripture %\ld be rem9d$1 fir/ ( all1 t its figurative language is no less c]ta9 & tru?ful ?an its pla9 & lit]al decl>ations4 ,! figures ( ! ,bible are employ$ n simply to please ! imag9ation & excite ! feel+s1 b to tea* et]nal v]ities4 ,! ,"l ,jesus1 ! fai?ful & true ,witness1 said3 ,heav5 & e>? %all pass away3 b my words %all n pass away4 ,m>k #ac3ca4 ,yet !re is a class ( int]pret]s :o seem to ?9k t if !y c %[ 9 any giv5 case t 8 language is figurative1 its mean+ is well nigh dive/$ ( all c]ta9ty & reality4 ,?rice 9 imm$iate succession did he solemnly w>n 8 he>]s to cut (f an (f5d+ h& or foot1 & to pluck out an (f5d+ eye1 r ?an be ca/ ) ! :ole body into hell1 into ! fire t nev] %all be qu5*$3 :]e _! worm die? n1 & ! fire is n qu5*$4 ,m>k #i3dc-dh4 ,b1 says "o ( ?is class ( expositors1 ! maim+ ( ! body is figurative language1 & s is ! repres5tation ( ! worm t nev] dies4 ,und\bt$ly ! maim+ ( ! body is s2 & h[ f> ! unqu5*able fire may also be a figure = ! dread reality t awaits ! incorrigibly imp5it5t 9 ! _w to come we pret5d n to "k4 ,b 9 ! lips ( ,jesus figures tea* tru?1 n fiction4 ,! unhappy s9n] :o despises ! grace ( ! gospel w f9d ! reality n less t]rible ?an ! figures by :i* ,*ri/ has repres5t$ x4 ,! /ory ( ! ri* man & ,laz>us is a p>able2 b we _c on ?is gr\nd set aside ! solemn lessons :i* x inculcates4 ,:at ^! lessons are1 x requires only c&or & fai? to receive4 ,!y tea* u t ,god's suff]+ *ildr5 g imm$iately1 ^u dea?1 to a /ate ( consci\s bless$ness2 & ! m5 ( ! _w1 :i* h _! portion 9 ?is life1 to a place ( unmitigat$ suff]+4 ,:atev] be ! compreh5sion ( ! ^w ,hades 7r5d]$ 9 our v]sion by ! ^w hell71 !re is an impassable gulf betwe5 ,laz>us 9 ,abraham's bosom & ! ri* man 9 torm5t4 ,! great gulf fix$ may be a figure2 b x repres5ts an awful reality2 & t reality is1 t !re is no transition f ! "o /ate to ! o!r4 #f4 ,9 ! allegory ! high] spiritual transaction is1 z we h se51 directly repres5t$ by ! l[]4 ,:5 we "k1 !re=e1 :at ! allegory repres5ts1 we h ! key to its int]pretation1 & all its incid5ts fall naturally into place4 ,if ! sph]e ( ! allegory be ! outw>d hi/ory ( ,god's p1 all its incid5ts--at lea/ all its ma9 incid5ts--ought to h a significance4 ,if its sph]e be t ( inw>d spiritual exp]i5ce1 z 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 m latitude mu/ be all[$ = ! drap]y ( ! /ory2 yet "h also ! ess5tial p>ts w ea* correspond to some?+ 9 ! high] object repres5t$4 ,an example ( pure hi/oric allegory is t ( ! v9e transplant$ f ,egypt 7,psa4 #hj71 :]e ! high] object1 :i* gives ! key to ! mean+1 is ,god's cov5ant p4 ,! ca/+ out ( ! hea!n 7v]4 #h71 is lit]ally express$1 b 9 ! v]ses foll[+1 ! figure is beautifully c>ri$ out4 ,?is v9e takes deep root & fills ! l&2 ! hills are cov]$ ) its %ad[1 & its b\ghs are l ! goodly c$>2 x s5ds out its b\ghs to ! sea1 & its bran*es to ! riv] 7v]4 #i-aa74 ,"h we h "o ma9 incid5t1 ! increase ( ! p 9 ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,!n ,god breaks d[n its h$ges1 s t e pass]-by plucks x2 ! bo> out ( ! wood wa/es x1 & ! wild bea/ ( ! field dev\rs x 7v]4 #ab1 #ac74 ,?is is ano!r ma9 incid5t1 ! )drawal ( ,god's protection f 8 p1 & _! oppression by _! hea!n neighbors4 ,! pray] t foll[s 9 behalf ( ?is v9e 7v]4 #ad-af7 repres5ts ! love :i* ,god's p be> to 8 *ur*4 ,all ^! p>ts ( ! allegory h _! prop] significance4 ,! re/ ( ! imag]y--! hills ov]%ad[$ by x1 ! b\ghs l ! goodly c$>1 ! wild bo> wa/+ x1 etc4--is b ! drap]y ( ! allegory2 & an attempt to f9d a spiritual mean+ = ea* ( ^! p>ticul>s--! bo> out ( ! wood1 = example1 & ! bea/ ( ! field--w\ld b m> its beauty & =ce4 ,we give f ,ezekiel 7*ap4 #ag3c-aj7 ano!r example ( hi/oric allegory1 9 :i* ! ess5tial p>ts c be readily di/+ui%$ f ! luxuriant imag]y ( ! prophet3 ,a great eagle ) great w+s1 long-w+$1 full ( fea!rs1 :i* _h div]s colors ,nebu*adnezz>1 came unto ,lebanon1 & took ! highe/ bran* ( ! c$> ,jehoia*91 :om ,nebu*adnezz> de?ron$ & c>ri$ to ,babylon4 ,! c$> ( ,lebanon repres5ts ! royal family1 & ,jehoia*91 z ! reign+ mon>*1 its highe/ bran*3 he cropp$ (f ! top ( 8 "y twigs ! same z3 he took ! highe/ bran* ( ! c$>1 & c>ri$ x into a l& ( traffic ,*aldea2 he set x 9 a city ( m]*ants ,babylon4 ,he took also ( ! se$ ( ! l& ! k+'s se$1 mean+ ,z$ekiah1 :om ,nebu*adnezz> made k+ 9 ! place ( ,jehoia*91 & plant$ x 9 a fruitful field2 he plac$ x by great wat]s1 & set x z a will[-tree e/abli%$ ,z$ekiah on ! ?rone1 & gave him ! means ( prosp]ity z 8 vassal4 ,& x grew1 & became a spread+ v9e ( l[ /ature n a l(ty c$>1 b a l[ v9e2 t is1 a tribut>y k+1 ^: bran*es turn$ t[>ds him t[>ds ,nebu*adnezz>1 z dep5d5t ^u him1 & ! roots !re( 7 "u him "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 z subject to 8 p[]3 s x became a v9e1 & br\ght =? bran*es1 & %ot =? twigs4 ,!re 0 also ano!r great eagle ) great w+s & _m fea!rs ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt3 & behold ?is v9e did b5d h] roots t[>ds him ,z$ekiah turn$ away 8 confid5ce f ,nebu*adnezz> to ,ph>aoh1 & %ot =? h] bran*es t[>ds him1 t he might wat] x by ! furr[s ( h] plantation4 ,x 0 plant$ _h be5 plant$ by ,nebu*adnezz> 9 a good soil by great wat]s1 t x might br+ =? bran*es1 & t x might be> fruit1 t x might be a goodly v9e fidelity to ,nebu*adnezz> w\ld h made ,z$ekiah prosp]\s4 ,say ?\1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l ,god3 ,%all x prosp]8 n[ t x b5ds t[>ds ! second eagle %all he ,nebu*adnezz> n pull up ! roots !re(1 t x )]8 ,x %all )] 9 all ! leaves ( h] spr+1 ev5 )\t great p[] or _m p to pluck x up by ! roots !re( ! "w ( pluck+ x up w be easy1 n requir+ a num]\s =ce4 ,yea1 behold1 be+ plant$ %all x prosp]8 %all x n utt]ly )] :5 ! ea/ w9d t\*e? x8 a new figure to repres5t its de/ruction x %all )] 9 ! furr[s :]e x grew4 ,!re is a class ( allegories 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* repres5t ! relation ( ,god to 8 p "u ! figure ( husb& & wife4 ,su* are ! ,song ( ,solomon1 & ! two rem>kable allegories 9 ,ezekiel 7*apt]s #af & #bc74 ,! luxuriant fulness ( imag]y 9 ^! allegories does n admit ( int]pretation 9 detail4 ,! g5]al scope only ( ! images is to be tak5 into acc\nt1 s9ce ?is conta9s ! ess5tial idea4 ,9 ! free /yle ( ! scriptural writ]s ! allegory admits ( ! introduction ( lit]al clauses 7,?\ ha/ ca/ out ! hea!n1 & plant$ x1 ,psa4 #hj3h71 & also ( explanatory clauses1 ?\gh n s readily z ! p>able4 ,see examples 9 ,isa4 #e3g2 ,john #aj3i1 #aa1 #ad4 #g4 ,! scriptural p>ables h a ri* v>iety ( =m1 sometimes approa*+ to t ( ! allegory1 :5 ! int]pretation mu/ be ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple4 ,9 its pure =m1 h[ev]1 ! p>able does n1 l ! allegory1 repres5t directly ! high] spiritual tru?1 b is simply a n>rative to illu/rate x4 ,x may be introduc$ 9 ! absolute =m1 l ! p>able ( ! b>r5 fig-tree 7,luke #ac3f-i72 or1 m commonly1 9 ! %ape ( a similitude1 ?us3 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is lik5$ unto a man :i* s[$ good se$ 9 8 field 7,matt4 #ac3bd72 ,:]eunto %all we lik5 ! k+dom ( ,god8 or ) :at comp>ison %all we comp>e x8 ,m>k #d3cj4 ,x may be left )\t explanation1 b m commonly an explanatory rem>k is add$4 ,s to ! p>able ( ! two sons :om ! fa!r ask$ to "w 9 8 v9ey>d is add$ ! application3 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 t ! publicans & ! h>lots g into ! k+dom ( ,god be=e y 7,matt4 #ba3bh-ca72 & ! p>able ( ! ,ph>isee & publican is bo? introduc$ & foll[$ by an explanatory clause 7,luke #ah3i-ad74 ,all su* clauses are ( ! highe/ importance = ! int]pretation ( ! p>ables to :i* !y are annex$4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( a p>able1 ! fir/ & mo/ important ?+ is to asc]ta9 ! spiritual tru? :i* x is int5d$ to inculcate4 ,h[ f> a spiritual significance is to be s\ght = ! p>ticul> incid5ts ( p>ables is a "q to be det]m9$ sep>ately = ea*1 accord+ to its nature4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! s[]1 :i* our ,"l himself int]pret$ 7,matt4 #ac3c-h1 #ai-bc71 all ! p>ts are ess5tial1 s9ce ! f\r diff]5t k9ds ( soil repres5t f\r diff]5t classes ( he>]s4 ,s 9 ! p>able ( ! t>es 9 ! field 7,matt4 #ac3bd-cj1 #cg-dc71 ! good se$ s[n by ! own] ( ! field1 ! t>es s[n by 8 enemy1 ! sep>ation1 at ! "t ( h>ve/1 ( ! t>es f ! :eat1 ! burn+ ( ! t>es1 & ! ga!r+ ( ! :eat into ! b>n1 are all ma9 incid5ts 9 its spiritual application4 ,n s 9 ! p>able ( ! t5 virg9s 7,matt4 #be3a-ac71 ( :i* our ,"l himself has giv5 ! scope1 &1 s f> z we c see ! only scope3 ,wat*1 !re=e1 = ye "k nei!r ! day nor ! h\r :]e9 ! ,son ( man come?4 ,if we g f>!r1 & inquire :at is ! spiritual mean+ ( ! lamps & oil-vessels1 ( ! equal division ( ! virg9s into five wise & five fooli%1 ( ! reque/ ( ! fooli% virg9s t ! wise w\ld give !m oil1 & ! answ] ( ! wise virg9s1 we run into useless speculations4 ,all ^! p>ticul>s belong to ! drap]y ( ! p>able1 & are int5d$ to make ! /ory natural & probable4 ,9 ! pure =m ( ! p>able1 ! p]sonages introduc$ to illu/rate ,god's ways ( provid5ce & grace d n1 z 9 ! allegory1 directly repres5t ,god himself4 ,x is n necess>y1 !re=e1 t !re be 9 all cases a correspond5ce betwe5 _! "* & t ( ! holy ,god4 ,x is suffici5t if ! words & de$s ascrib$ to !m truly illu/rate ! spiritual pr9ciple 9 "q4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! un=giv+ s]vant 7,matt4 #ah3bc-ce71 8 "l comm&$ him to be sold1 & 8 wife & *ildr51 & all t he _h1 & paym5t to be made 7v]4 #be72 & aft]w>ds he 0 wro?1 & deliv]$ him to ! torm5tors1 till he %\ld pay all t 0 due unto him 7v]4 #cd74 ,we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! reasonabl5ess ( ^! acts on ! "p ( an e>?ly "l4 ,x is suffici5t = ! end ( ! p>able t !y 7 9 accordance ) ! usages ( ! age1 & ?us illu/rat$ ! great tru? :i* ! p>able 0 int5d$ to en=ce3 ,s likewise %all my heav5ly ,fa!r d also unto y1 if ye f y\r he>ts =give n e "o 8 bro!r _! trespasses 7v]4 #ce74 ,we h /ill m =cible illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple 9 su* p>ables z ^? ( ! importunate fri5d 7,luke #aa3e-h71 ! unju/ judge 7,luke #ah3a-h71 & ! unfai?ful /ew>d 7,luke #af3a-i74 ,! ,savi\r does n comp>e ,god to an indol5t fri5d1 :o w n arise to accommodate 8 neighbor ) bread till he is =c$ to d s by 8 importunity2 nor to an unju/ judge1 :o fe>s n ,god nor reg>ds m54 ,b he draws illu/rations f _! conduct ( ! efficacy ( importunate pray]2 add+1 at ! conclusion ( ea* p>able1 its scope3 ,& ,i say unto y1 ,ask1 & x %all be giv5 y2 seek1 & ye %all f9d2 knock1 & x %all be op5$ unto y 7,luke #aa3i72 ,& %all n ,god av5ge 8 own elect1 :i* cry day & night unto him1 ?\gh he be> long ) !m8 ,luke #ah3g4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! unfai?ful /ew>d1 our ,"l introduces a fraudul5t transaction--a transaction s manife/ly fraudul5t t !re is no dang] ( our ?9k+ t x c\ld h 8 approbation--t he may ?us illu/rate ! importance ( prud5t provision = ! future4 ,by all[+ ea* ( 8 "l's debtors to dim9i% ! am\nt due f him1 he ga9s _! favor1 t 9 "t ( ne$ he may be receiv$ into _! h\ses4 ,= ! "r appreh5sion ( ! p>able1 ! words ( ! eigh? v]se are ( prim>y importance3 ,& ! "l ! ma/] ( ! /ew>d comm5d$ ! unju/ /ew>d1 because he _h done wisely prud5tly1 z ! ,greek ^w means4 ,unju/ z ! /ew>d's conduct 01 he c\ld n b comm5d x z a prud5t transaction = ! end :i* he _h 9 view4 ,our ,savi\r adds3 ,= ! *ildr5 ( ?is _w are 9 _! g5]ation m exactly1 t[>ds or 9 respect to _! own g5]ation2 t is1 9 deal+ ) m5 ( _! own sort wis] ?an ! *ildr5 ( light4 ,! /ew>d & 8 "l's debtors 7 all *ildr5 ( ?is _w1 & ! transaction betwe5 !m 0 conduct$ ^u worldly pr9ciples4 ,our ,savi\r w\ld h ! *ildr5 ( light--,god's holy *ildr51 :o live & act 9 ! sph]e ( heav5ly light--provid5t ( _! ev]la/+ welf>e 9 ! use :i* !y make ( ?is _w's goods1 z ?is /ew>d 0 ( 8 e>?ly welf>e :5 he %\ld be put out ( 8 /ew>d%ip4 ,he accord+ly adds1 z ! scope ( ! p>able 7v]4 #i73 ,make to y\rselves fri5ds ( by ! "r use ( ! mammon ( unrighte\sness s call$ z be+ ) unrighte\s m5 ! great object ( pursuit1 & too commonly s\ght1 moreov]1 by unrighte\s means2 t :5 ye fail are dis*>g$ f y\r /ew>d%ip by dea?1 !y may receive y t is1 ! fri5ds :om ye h made by be/[+ y\r e>?ly ri*es 9 de$s ( love & m]cy into ev]la/+ habitations4 ,our ,"l uses ! words1 !y may receive y1 9 allusion to ! /ew>d's language3 !y may receive me into _! h\ses4 ,!y d n receive u by any "r or au?ority ( _! own1 = ?is belongs to ,*ri/ alone2 b !y receive u 9 ! s5se t !y be> witness be=e ! ?rone ( ,*ri/ to our de$s ( love & m]cy1 by :i* is manife/$ ! reality ( our fai?1 & ?us our title1 ?r\gh grace1 to ev]la/+ habitations4 ,comp>e ! rem>kable passage 9 ,matt4 #be3cd-df1 :i* furni%es a true key to ! pres5t p>able4 #h4 ,to det]m9e :e!r a symbol is a real transaction or se5 only 9 vision1 we mu/ consid] bo? its nature & ! context4 ,:5 ,ezekiel1 at ,god's comm&1 visits ! temple-c\rt1 digs 9 its wall1 & sees ! abom9ations practis$ !re 7*ap4 #h71 we "k f 8 own words 7v]4 #c7 t ! :ole transaction 0 9 ! visions ( ,god4 ,s also ! rem>kable vision ( dry bones4 ,*ap4 #cg3a-ad4 ,b ! symbolical action t foll[s--! jo9+ ( two /icks into "o--seems to be repres5t$ z real2 = ! p ask conc]n+ x3 ,wilt ?\ n tell u :at ?\ meane/ by ^!8 7v]4 #ah71 & ! two /icks are 9 ! prophet's h& be=e _! eyes 7v]4 #bj74 ,! nature ( ! symbolical transaction record$ 9 ,j]4 #cb3f-ab--! pur*ase ( ,hanameel's field--) ! accompany+ hi/orical circum/ances1 %[s t x 0 real4 ,f ! nature ( ! vision ( ! *>iot ( ,god1 on ! contr>y1 :i* ,ezekiel saw 7*ap4 #a3aj71 z well z f ! accompany+ notices 7*aps4 #a3a2 #h3a-d71 we "k t x 0 repres5t$ to ! prophet's inn] s5se1 n se5 ) 8 outw>d eyes4 ,! moral "* ( ! transactions record$ by ,hosea 7*aps4 #a-c7 has l$ comm5tators to decide aga9/ _! lit]al occurr5ce4 ,9 "s cases we mu/ rema9 9 d\bt :e!r ! symbolical transactions are real or se5 9 vision4 ,h[ are we to und]/&1 = example1 ! transactions record$ 9 ,isa4 *ap4 #bj2 9 ,j]4 *ap4 #ac3a-aa2 9 ,ezek4 *ap4 #d8 ,conc]n+ su* examples expositors w judge diff]5tly2 b 9 ei!r way ( und]/&+ !m1 _! mean+ & ! in/ructions :i* !y furni% are ! same4 ,! subject ( symbols w come up aga9 9 connection ) t ( prophecy4 ,at pres5t we consid] simply ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* !y are to be int]pret$4 ,"h we are to be guid$ fir/ ( all by ! writ]'s own explanations4 ,:]e ^! are want+ we mu/ c>efully /udy ! nature ( ! figures us$1 & ! connections 9 :i* !y occur4 ,! sacr$ writ]s v commonly indicate ! mean+ ( ! symbols :i* !y employ4 ,?us ! prophet ,isaiah is direct$ to loose ! sackclo? f 8 lo9s1 & put (f 8 %oe f 8 foot1 walk+ nak$ & b>efoot4 ,*ap4 #bj3b4 ,!n foll[s ! explanation ( ?is symbolical transaction3 ,l z my s]vant ,isaiah ha? walk$ nak$ & b>efoot ?ree ye>s = a sign & wond] ^u ,egypt & ,e?iopia2 s %all ! k+ ( ,assyria lead away ! ,egyptians prison]s1 & ! ,e?iopians captives1 "y & old1 nak$ & b>efoot1 etc4 7v]4 #c1 #d74 ,= o!r examples see ! symbol ( ! girdle 7,j]4 #ac3a-g comp>$ ) v]4 #h-aa72 ( ! pur*ase ( ,hanameel's field 7,j]4 #cb3f-ab comp>$ ) v]4 #ac-ae72 ( ! removal ( h\sehold /uff 7,ezek4 #ab3c-g comp>$ ) v]4 #h-ab72 ( ! plumb-l9e 7,amos #g3g1 #h72 ( ! f\r horns & f\r smi?s 7,ze*4 #a3ah-ba72 & _m o!r symbolical transactions :i* w readily occur to ! /ud5t ( ,scripture4 ,b sometimes ! symbol is giv5 )\t an explanation1 or ) only an obscure intimation ( its mean+4 ,! prophet ,amos has a vision ( gras%opp]s1 & aft]w>ds ( a dev\r+ fire1 ) only a g5]al intimation t !y d5ote heavy calamities1 :i* ! ,"l 9 8 pity w av]t 9 answ] to pray]4 ,amos #g3a-f4 ,"h ! nature ( ! symbols1 9 connection ) ! kn[n situation ( ! ,israeliti% p1 %[s t !y repres5t ! g5]al desolation ( ! l& by =eign enemies4 ,! prophet ,ezekiel adds no int]pretation to 8 vision ( ! ,"l en?ron$ 9 glory ^u ! firmam5t above ! *>iot ) f\r *]ubim & f\r liv+ :eels full ( eyes1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* a bright fire gl[s & lightn+s blaze4 ,*aps4 #a1 #aj4 ,f a c>eful /udy ( ! nature ( ?is magnific5t imag]y we may inf] ) probability t ! *]ubim ) _! :eels1 mov+ e way ) ! rapidity ( a fla% ( lightn+1 d5ote all ! ag5cies & in/rum5talities by :i* ,god adm9i/]s 8 gov]nm5t ov] ! _w1 :i* are absolutely at 8 comm&1 & execute ) un]r+ c]ta9ty all 8 high purposes4 ,! f\r faces ( ! *]ubim1 moreov]1 :i* answ] to ! f\r pr9cipal divisions ( liv+ be+s among ! ,hebrews1 seem to repres5t ! fulness ( _! end[m5ts4 ,! mean+ ( ,ezekiel's vision ( a ,new ,j]usalem1 ) its temple & alt>1 comes m prop]ly "u ! head ( prophecy4 ,"s ( ! symbols 9 ! book ( ,ze*>iah are exp\nd$ ) beautiful cle>ness1 z t ( ! two olive-trees4 ,*ap4 #d3a-aj4 ,( o!rs ! mean+ is only h9t$ at 9 an enigmatical way2 s t _! int]pretation is a matt] ( great difficulty & unc]ta9ty4 ,z examples we may ref] to ! symbol ( ! ephah 7*ap4 #e3e-aa72 ( ! f\r *>iots com+ out f betwe5 two m\nta9s ( brass ) horses ( diff]5t colors 7*ap4 #f3a-i72 ( ! two /aves1 ,beauty & ,b&s1 ) :i* ! prophet 9 vision is comm&$ to fe$ ! flock ( ! slaught]1 & :i* he is aft]w>ds to break 7*ap4 #aa3d-ad74 ,= ! details 9 ! int]pretation ( ^! & o!r difficult symbols ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! comm5t>ies4 ,our limits w only all[ u to indicate ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* ! expositor mu/ proce$4 #i4 ,!re is a class ( scriptural symbols :i* may be call$ num]ical4 ,?us sev5 is ! well-kn[n symbol ( complet5ess1 f\r ( univ]sality1 twelve ( ,god's p4 ,see ,*ap4 #cb1 ,no4 #e4 ,"u ?is head fall also ^? passages 9 :i* a day is put = a ye>1 or = an indef9itely long p]iod ( "t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ c]ta9 examples is ,daniel's prophecy ( ! sev5ty weeks t 7 to prec$e ! dea? ( ! ,messiah 7*ap4 #i3bd-bg71 = ! details ( :i* ! read] is ref]r$ to ! comm5tators4 ,^u ! same pr9ciple we mu/1 9 all probability1 int]pret ! "t & times & divid+ ( "t1 t is1 ?ree & a half ye>s 7,dan4 #g3be72 ! =ty & two mon?s 7,rev4 #aa3b2 #ac3e72 & ! ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days 7,rev4 #aa3c2 #ab3f74 ,comp>e ,ezekiel #d3d-h1 9 :i* symbolical transaction a day is expressly put z ! symbol ( a ye>4 ,on ! symbolical int]pretation ( ! six days ( creation1 see 9 ,*ap4 #ai1 ,no4 #f4 ,,second ,,division4 ,,int]pretation ,,view$ ,,on ,,! ,,div9e ,,side 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,revelation4 #a4 ,kn[n unto ,god are all 8 works f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w2 & !re=e !y con/itute toge!r a self-consi/5t :ole4 ,to receive ! ,holy ,scriptures z conta9+ a revelation f ,god is to ackn[l$ge t !y possess an ess5tial & all-p]vad+ unity4 ,:oev] speaks timidly & hesitat+ly ( ! ess5tial h>mony betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new1 ei!r refuses to ackn[l$ge bo? z giv5 by inspiration ( ,god1 or he appreh5ds ?is great fundam5tal tru? only 9 a confus$ & imp]fect mann]4 ,if ,god spake by ,moses & ! prophets1 z well z by ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 x is va9 to allege any contradiction 9 doctr9e or _s betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt]4 ,s absolutely c]ta9 is x t ! ,savi\r & 8 apo/les built on ! f\ndation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t to d5y its div9e au?ority is to d5y t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t also4 #b4 ,b ! unity ( revelation1 l t :i* p]vades all ! o!r works ( ,god1 is a unity 9 ! mid/ ( div]sity--div]sity 9 its contemporane\s p>ts1 b especially 9 its progress4 ,illu/rations )\t numb] are at h&4 ,! hi/ory ( a plant ( :eat1 f ! "t :5 ! k]nel is s[n 9 ! e>? to ! h>ve/1 has p]fect unity ( plan4 ,b h[ unlike 9 outw>d =m are ! t5d] blade1 ! gre5 /alk1 & ! rip5$ e>6 ,! ye> con/itutes a self-consi/5t :ole4 ,b c any ?+ be m dissimil> 9 =m ?an spr+ & autumn8 ,yet no "o ?9ks ( f9d+ a want ( h>mony betwe5 ! fragrant blossoms ( ! =m]1 & ! rip5$ fruit ( ! latt]4 ,! pa? to ! h>ve/ lies ?r\gh ! blossoms4 ,geologi/s dwell at great l5g? on ! v>i$ conditions ?r\gh :i* our planet has pass$1 & ! wond]fully div]sifi$ =ms ( vegetable & animal life correspond+ to ^! sev]al conditions4 ,yet 9 ?is endless div]sity ( outw>d =m !y recognize f fir/ to la/ a deep und]ly+ unity ( plan4 ,we might1 !n1 reasonably inf] be=eh& t if ,god %\ld make a revelation ( himself to m51 x w\ld h n only unity b div]sity ( outw>d =m1 especially div]sity ( progress4 ,! fact t ! revelation conta9$ 9 ! ,bible has su* div]sity is "o ( ! seals ( its g5u95ess4 #c4 ,we may consid] ?is unity 9 div]sity 9 respect to ! =m ( ,god's k+dom4 ,f ,adam to ,abraham ,god adm9i/]$ ! affairs ( ! human family z a :ole1 )\t any visible organization ( a *ur* z di/9ct f ! _w at l>ge4 ,f ,abraham to ,moses 8 *ur*--us+ ! t]m *ur* 9 a g5]al s5se--exi/$ 9 a patri>*al =m4 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mosaic disp5sation he put x into ! =m ( a /ate1 ( :i* he 0 ! supreme head & lawgiv]1 :ile its e>?ly rul]s ex]cis$ "u him all ! functions ( civil (fices1 ! be>+ ( ! sword includ$4 ,:5 ,*ri/ came1 he sep>at$ ! *ur* f ! /ate1 & gave x its pres5t spiritual & univ]sal organization4 ,9 all ?is div]sity ( outw>d =m we recognize ! progress ( "o gr& self-consi/5t plan4 #d4 ,we may n[ g back aga9 to ! beg9n+1 & consid] ! div]sity 9 ! =ms ( public wor%ip--! simple (f]+ ( ,abel1 :o br\ght ( ! fir/l+s ( 8 flock1 & ( ! fat !re(1 ! alt>s ( ! patri>*s1 ! gorge\s c]emonial ( ! ,mosaic economy ) its prie/hood & sacrifices1 ! s]vice ( song 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l add$ by ,david1 ! synagogue s]vice ( lat] times1 &1 f9ally1 ! spiritual prie/hood ( believ]s "u ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ^: (fice is to (f] up spiritual sacrifices acceptable to ,god by ,jesus ,*ri/ 7#a ,pet4 #b3e72 & %[ t ?r\gh all ?is v>iety ( outw>d =m ! ess5ce ( ,god's s]vice has ev] rema9$ un*ang$1 s t ! example ( primitive believ]s is a model = our imitation4 ,heb4 *ap4 #aa4 #e4 ,we may %[1 aga91 t ! same manifoldness belongs to ! =ms ( labor devolv$ on ,god's s]vants 9 diff]5t ages4 ,! "w assign$ to ,noah 0 n t ( ,abraham2 nor 0 ,abraham's "w t ( ,moses2 nor ! "w ( ,moses t ( ,david2 nor ,david's "w t ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel2 nor did any "o ( ! ,old ,te/am5t believ]s receive ! broad commission3 ,g ye into all ! _w2 & prea* ! gospel to e creature4 ,!y c\ld n receive su* a commission1 = ! way 0 n yet prep>$4 ,abraham mu/ soj\rn 9 ! l& ( promise z 9 a /range c\ntry1 dwell+ 9 tab]nacles ) ,isaac & ,jacob 7,heb4 #aa3i72 ,moses mu/ lead ,israel out ( ,egypt1 & be ,god's m$iator = ! law giv5 on ,s9ai2 ,jo%ua mu/ take possession ( ! l& ( promise & ,david ma9ta9 x1 sword 9 h&2 ! prophets mu/ =etell ! future glories ( ,*ri/'s k+dom1 n prea* x1 z did ! apo/les1 to all nations4 ,b 9 ! div9e plan ?is manifoldness ( s]vice con/itutes a self-consi/5t & h>moni\s :ole4 #f4 ,! same unity 9 div]sity belongs to ! _s ( revelation4 ,fail+ to appreh5d ! "* ( ,god 9 its entir5ess1 ,m>cion r5t ! seamless g>m5t ( div9e p]fection into two p>ts1 ! "o consi/+ ( ju/ice1 :i* he assign$ to ! ,demiurge ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! o!r ( goodness1 z ! attribute ( ! supreme ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he did n see t ,god's "* is alike inf9ite on bo? sides2 t 8 ju/ice is a ju/ice ( inf9ite goodness1 & 8 goodness a goodness ( inf9ite ju/ice4 ,h5ce he array$ 9 opposition to ea* o!r two c>icatures ( deity1 ! "o drawn f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! o!r f ! ,new2 an error 9 :i* he has _h too _m imitators 9 mod]n times4 ,to see ! h>mony ( ! _s t p]vades ! ,holy ,scriptures f beg9n+ to end 9 respect to ! ,div9e "*1 we %\ld take a compreh5sive in/ead ( a p>tial view ( _! repres5tations4 ,x is true t ! ,old ,te/am5t describes ,god z inf9ite 9 hol9ess & inflexibly j4 ,b x also describes him z ! ,"l ,god1 m]ciful & graci\s1 long-suff]+1 & abundant 9 goodness & tru?1 keep+ m]cy = ?\s&s1 =giv+ iniquity & transgression & s94 ,x is true t ,god's cov5ant "u ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 re/rict$ to a s+le nation2 b ?is 01 z has be5 h]et(ore %[n1 prep>atory to a univ]sal disp5sation ( m]cy1 z :5 a g5]al seizes "o /rong position ) a view to ! conque/ ( an entire region4 ,*ap4 #ah4 ,x is true1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t is1 9 a peculi> s5se1 a revelation ( ,god's m]cy ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b x is a discrim9at+ m]cy1 ?r\gh :i* ,god's awful hol9ess & ju/ice %9e ) dazzl+ brightness4 ,x is a m]cy %[n n at ! exp5se ( ju/ice1 b 9 p]fect h>mony ) x2 a m]cy /]nly re/rict$1 moreov]1 to ^? :o comply ) ! conditions on :i* x is (f]$4 ,! gospel is a plan ( salvation1 n ( condemnation2 = ,god s5t n 8 ,son into ! _w to condemn ! _w1 b t ! _w ?r\gh him might be sav$4 ,john #c3ag4 ,yet x br+s condemnation to ^? :o reject x2 = ! ,savi\r imm$iately adds 7v]4 #ah73 ,he t believe? on him1 is n condemn$2 b he t believe? n is condemn$ already1 because he ha? n believ$ 9 ! "n ( ! only begott5 ,son ( ,god4 ,x is 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 n 9 ! ,old1 t we f9d ! mo/ awful decl>ations ( ,god's wra? aga9/ ! f9ally imp5it5t1 "s ( !m proce$+1 too1 f ! lips ( ! compassionate ,savi\r3 ,! ,"l ,jesus %all be reveal$ f heav51 ) 8 mighty angels1 9 flam+ fire1 tak+ v5geance on !m t "k n ,god1 & t obey n ! gospel ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/3 :o %all be puni%$ ) ev]la/+ de/ruction f ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l1 & f ! glory ( 8 p[] 7#b ,!ss4 #a3g1 #i72 ,he t believe? n ! ,son1 %all n see life2 b ! wra? ( ,god abide? on him 7,john #c3cf72 ,^! %all g away into ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 b ! righte\s into life et]nal 7,matt4 #be3df74 #g4 ,! same h>mony ( _s p]vades bo? ,te/am5ts 9 respect to ! way ( salvation4 ,on ?is mom5t\s "q ! tea*+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are full] ?an ^? ( ! ,old1 b nev] 9 contradiction ) !m4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t tea*es t m5 are sav$1 n f ! m]it ( _! good works1 b f ,god's m]cy3 ! ,new ,te/am5t adds a glori\s revelation respect+ ! gr\nd ( ?is m]cy 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,to exhibit 9 a cle> light ! reality ( ?is h>mony1 let u take a passage ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* embodies 9 itself ! sub/ance ( ! way ( salvation1 & comp>e ) x ! decl>ations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! foll[+ w be appropriate3 ,n by works ( righte\sness :i* we h done1 b accord+ to 8 m]cy he sav$ u1 by ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation1 & r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,titus #c3e4 ,n by works ( righte\sness :i* we h done1 b accord+ to 8 m]cy he sav$ u4 ,! ,"l did n set 8 love ^u y1 nor *oose y1 because ye 7 m 9 numb] ?an any p2 = ye 7 ! fewe/ ( all p3 b because ! ,"l lov$ y1 & because he w\ld keep ! oa? :i* he _h sworn unto y\r fa!rs1 ha? ! ,"l br\ght y out ) a mighty h&1 & r$eem$ y out ( ! h\se ( bondm51 f ! h& ( ,ph>aoh k+ ( ,egypt 7,deut4 #g3g1 #h72 ,= ?y "n's sake1 ,o ,"l1 p>don m9e iniquity1 = x is great 7,psa4 #be3aa72 ,h m]cy ^u me1 ,o ,god1 accord+ to ?y lov+-k9dness2 accord+ unto ! multitude ( ?y t5d] m]cies blot out my transgressions 7,psa4 #ea3a72 ,i d n ?is = y\r sakes1 ,o h\se ( ,israel1 b = my holy "n's sake1 :i* ye h pr(an$ among ! hea!n :i!r ye w5t 7,ezek4 #cf3bb72 ,we d n pres5t our supplications be=e !e = our righte\sness1 b = ?y great m]cies 7,dan4 #i3ah74 ,by ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation1 & r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,behold ?\ desire/ tru? 9 ! inw>d p>ts2 & 9 ! hidd5 "p ?\ %alt make me to "k wisdom4 ,purge me ) hyssop & ,i %all be clean2 wa% me1 & ,i %all be :it] ?an sn[4 ,create 9 me a clean he>t1 ,o ,god2 & r5ew a "r _s )9 me4 ,ca/ me n away f ?y pres5ce2 & take n ?y ,holy ,_s f me 7,psa4 #ea3f1 #g1 #aj1 #aa72 ,i w put my law 9 _! inw>d p>ts1 & write x 9 _! he>ts2 & w be _! ,god1 & !y %all be my p 7,j]4 #ca3cc72 ,!n w ,i spr9kle clean wat] ^u y1 & ye %all be clean3 f all y\r fil?9ess1 & f all y\r idols1 w ,i cleanse y4 ,a new he>t also w ,i give y1 & a new _s w ,i put )9 y3 & ,i w take away ! /ony he>t out ( y\r fle%1 & ,i w give y a he>t ( fle%4 ,& ,i w put my ,_s )9 y1 & cause y to walk 9 my /atutes1 & ye %all keep my judgm5ts1 & d !m 7,ezek4 #cf3be-bg74 #h4 ,! /]n "* ( ! ,mosaic disp5sation is freely admitt$4 ,z a prep>atory disp5sation1 sev]ity belong$ appropriately to x4 ,! law1 says ,paul1 0 our s*oolma/] to br+ u unto ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,gal4 #c3bd4 ,its (fice 0 to educate ! human consci5ce to su* a po9t t x %\ld be prep>$ = ! full revelation ( ,god's m]cy 9 ,*ri/4 ,we may conc$e ! prom95ce ( ,god's ju/ice 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 8 m]cy 9 ! ,new2 b we mu/ nev] =get t nei!r "p ( div9e revelation is complete 9 itself4 ,x is only :5 we view !m 9 _! connection ) ea* o!r1 z p>ts ( "o great :ole1 t we disc]n 9 !m an all-p]vad+ unity & h>mony ( _s4 ,f ! unity ( revelation "s inf]5ces may be drawn ( a v practical "*1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ! int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #i4 ,ea* p>ticul> communication f ,god to man mu/ be1 9 its place & measure1 p]fect4 ,= x proce$$ f ! inf9ite m9d ( ,god1 :o und]/ood at ! beg9n+ ! :ole plan ( r$emption1 & :o1 :5 he made ! fir/ revelation conc]n+ x1 knew all t 0 aft]w>ds to foll[1 & said & did1 9 ! mo/ p]fect way1 :at 0 prop] to be said & done at ! "t4 ,! revelations ( ! ,holy ,_s1 !re=e1 admit ( a /up5d\s developm5t1 b no rectification or improvem5t4 ,! v e>lie/ ( !m conta9 ! g]ms ( all t is to foll[ )\t any admixture ( falsehood4 ,!re is a hold+ back ( ! full light res]v$ = future ages1 b no mi/ ( error--no?+ :i*1 fairly int]pret$1 w ev] ne$ to be retract$4 ,= ?is reason ! v e>lie/ ( ,god's communications to m5 reta9 = u1 :o live 9 ^! latt] days1 _! pri/9e fre%ness & p[]4 ,take1 = example1 ! great primitive prophecy3 ,i w put enmity betwe5 !e & ! woman1 & betwe5 ?y se$ & h] se$2 x %all bruise ?y head1 & ?\ %alt bruise 8 heel4 ,g54 #c3ae4 ,we c f9d no words m p]t95t to describe ! mighty conflict n[ go+ on betwe5 ! k+dom ( ,god & t ( ,satan4 ,:at are !y b a cond5sation into "o s5t5ce ( ! hi/ory ( r$emption--a fla% ( light f ! ?ird heav5s1 :i* discloses at a glance man's de/9y f ,ed5 to ! trump ( ! ar*angel8 ,& s is x also ) ! lat] prophecies conc]n+ ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom4 ,:at is true ( ! revelations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t holds good ( all its in/itutions4 ,9 _! place1 & ) ref]5ce to ! end :i* !y propos$ to accompli%1 !y 7 all p]fect2 7 ! be/ t c\ld be giv5 "u exi/+ circum/ances4 ,at ! f\ndation ( all our reason+s conc]n+ ! appo9tm5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ lie ! axiom3 ,z = ,god 8 way is p]fect4 #aj4 ,! lat] revelations mu/ he tak5 z ! true expon5ts ( ! e>li]4 ,?is is b say+ t ! ,holy ,_s is ! true & prop] expositor ( 8 own communications to m54 ,s9ce1 z we h se51 ! fir/ revelations 7 made 9 full view ( all t 0 to foll[1 ! lat] revelations mu/ be consid]$ n z a mass ( =eign & het]og5e\s mat]ials sup]add$ to ! orig9al prophecies1 b z a true expansion ( ! e>li] prophecies out ( _! own prop] sub/ance4 ,= example1 ! promise made to ,abraham3 ,9 ?y se$ %all all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$ 7,g54 #bb3ah71 is n s mu* a new promise z a fur!r unfold+ ( ! orig9al "o3 ,x %all bruise ?y head4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ! same promise we h 9 ,na?an's words to ,david3 ,?9e h\se & ?y k+dom %all be e/abli%$ = ev] be=e !e1 ?y ?rone %all be e/abli%$ = ev]2 & 9 all ! bright tra9 ( prophecies 9 :i* ! glory & univ]sal dom9ion ( ! ,messiah's k+dom are =etold d[n to ! day ( ,gabriel's ann\ncem5t to ,m>y3 ,he %all be great1 & %all be call$ ! ,son ( ! ,highe/2 & ! ,"l ,god %all give unto him ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,david4 ,& he %all reign ov] ! h\se ( ,jacob = ev]2 & ( 8 k+dom !re %all be no end4 ,luke #a3cb1 #cc4 ,& s9ce ! manife/ation ( ,god 9 ! fle% is ! culm9at+ po9t ( revelation1 x foll[s t ! ,"l ,jesus & 8 apo/les1 :om he au?oritatively commission$ to unfold ! doctr9es ( ! gospel1 mu/ be1 9 a special s5se1 ! expositors ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f ^: int]pretations1 :5 once fairly asc]ta9$1 !re is no appeal4 ,! attempt ( "s to make a di/9ction betwe5 ,*ri/'s au?ority & t ( 8 apo/les is nugatory4 ,z x is c]ta9 t our ,"l himself c\ld n h be5 9 error1 s x is c]ta9 also t he w\ld n h comm&$ 8 apo/les to tea* all nations conc]n+ himself & 8 doctr9es1 & h fur!r giv5 !m1 9 ! possession ( miracul\s p[]s1 ! broad seal ( _! commission1 only to leave !m subject to ! common prejudices & errors ( _! age4 ,see fur!r 9 ,*ap4 #g1 ,nos4 #c1 #d4 #aa4 ,! ext5t ( mean+ conta9$ 9 a giv5 revelation mu/ be t :i* ! ,holy ,_s int5d$4 ,x is n to be limit$1 !n1 by ! appreh5sion ( ^? to :om x 0 orig9ally made4 ,e>li] prophecy is1 at lea/ 9 _m cases1 fram$ ) a view to ! subsequ5t developm5t ( its mean+4 ,until su* developm5t is made by ,god himself1 ei!r 9 ! way ( fur!r revelations1 or indirectly by ! c\rse ( 8 provid5ce1 m5's appreh5sion ( its mean+1 ?\gh x may be true z f> z x goes1 mu/ yet be inadequate4 ,to cite a s+le passage f "o ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies3 ,x ha? pleas$ ! ,"l to bruise him2 he ha? put him to grief2 :5 ?\ %alt make 8 s\l an (f]+ = s91 he %all see 8 se$1 he %all prolong 8 days1 & ! pleasure ( ! ,"l %all prosp] 9 8 h&4 ,isa4 #ec3aj4 ,no "o w ma9ta9 t ! ,jews be=e our ,"l's adv5t 7all c>nal prejudices aside7 c\ld h _h t appreh5sion ( its deep mean+ :i* x is our privilege to enjoy4 ,?is mean+ 0 conta9$ 9 ! promise f ! fir/1 b 9 an undevelop$ =m4 ,accord+ly ! prophets !mselves inquir$ & se>*$ dilig5tly conc]n+ ! import ( _! utt]ances & ! "t ( _! fulfilm5t4 #a ,pet4 #a3aa4 ,!y :o d5y ! reality ( prophetic inspiration are necessitat$1 = consi/5cy's sake1 to d5y also ! pr9ciple n[ laid d[n4 ,b if revelation be a true communication f ,god to m51 x is reasonable to believe t x %\ld h conta9$ f ! beg9n+ ! g]ms ( mighty ev5ts 9 ! di/ant future1 ! realization ( :i* 9 hi/ory %\ld be1 9 connection ) fur!r revelations f ,god1 its true expositor4 #ab4 ,! m obscure decl>ations ( ,scripture are to be int]pret$ f ! cle>]4 ,a s+le passage ( ,god's ^w occasionally gives u a glimpse ( "s great tru? n[h]e else ref]r$ to 9 ,scripture4 ,( ?is we h a rem>kable example 9 :at ! apo/le says ( ,*ri/'s deliv]+ up ! k+dom to ! ,fa!r ^u ! completion ( ! "w ( r$emption4 #a ,cor4 #ae3bd-bh4 ,b no great tru? relat+ to ! way ( salvation ?r\gh ,*ri/ is ?us taught obscurely & 9 "s s+le passage ( ,scripture4 ,e su* tru? p]vades ! broad curr5t ( revelation1 & %9es =? f its pages s cle>ly t no c&id inquir] c fail to appreh5d its true mean+4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d 9 ! ,bible d>k & difficult passages1 !y mu/1 if int]pret$ at all1 be expla9$1 n 9 contradiction ) :at is cle>ly & fully taught1 b 9 h>mony ) x4 ,?is is b say+ t1 in/ead ( us+ :at is obscure to d>k5 :at is cle>ly reveal$1 we %\ld1 z f> z possible1 illu/rate t :i* is d>k by t :i* is cle>4 ,! ,scriptures tea*1 = example1 ) abundant cle>ness1 t ,*ri/ is ! only f\ndation on :i* ! *ur* c re/4 ,isa4 #bh3af2 #a ,cor4 #c3aa2 ,ephes4 #b3bj2 #a ,pet4 #b3f4 ,?is is1 inde$1 an (fice :i* pla9ly requires = its ex]cise t omnipot5ce1 & t supreme p[] 9 heav5 & e>? :i* are expressly ascrib$ to him4 ,matt4 #aa3bg2 #bh3ah2 ,john #e3ai-cj2 #ag3b2 #a ,cor4 #ae2 #bd-bh2 ,ephes4 #a3bj-bc2 ,phil4 #b3i-aa2 ,col4 #a3ae-ai2 ,heb4 #a3c4 ,:51 !re=e1 our ,"l says to ,pet]3 ,?\ art ,pet] t is1 z ! ^w ,pet] means 9 ! orig9al1 ,?\ art ,rock1 & ^u ?is rock w ,i build my *ur* 7,matt4 #af3ah71 to und]/& ,pet]1 or any pret5d$ successor ( ,pet]1 z a rock 9 any o!r s5se ?an z an em95t in/rum5t 9 ,*ri/'s h& = ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 *ur*1 is absurd & blasphem\s4 ,aga93 ,*ri/ gives to ,pet] ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav51 ) p[] to b9d & loose 7,matt4 #af3ai71 & else:]e ! same p[] is conf]r$ ^u all ! apo/les 7,matt4 #ah3ah74 ,t ,pet] & 8 associates 9 ! apo/le%ip _h ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav5 9 any su* s5se z t 9 :i* ,*ri/ has !m 7,rev4 #c3g72 t is1 t !y _h au?oritative p[] to admit _! fell[-s9n]s to heav51 or exclude !m f heav51 is contr>y to ! :ole t5or ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* ev]y:]e repres5ts ,*ri/ z ! supreme ,judge1 ^u ^: decision dep5ds ! ev]la/+ de/9y ( e *ild ( ,adam4 ,matt4 #g3ba1 #bb2 #af3bg2 #be3ca-df2 ,john #ag3b2 ,acts #ag3ca2 #b ,cor4 #e3aj4 ,*ri/'s words conc]n+ ! keys may be be/ und]/ood ( ! special au?ority :i* he be/[$ on ! apo/les1 z inspir$ tea*]s & guides ( 8 primitive *ur*1 to settle all que/ions respect+ h]4 ,= em95t examples ( ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 see ! decisions conc]n+ ,g5tile conv]ts1 ,acts #aa3a-ah2 #ae3a-bi4 ,9 ?is s5se ! gift ( ! keys ceas$ ) t ( inspiration4 ,b if1 z "s ?9k1 ! words may be und]/ood ( ! common p[] conf]r$ by ,*ri/ on 8 *ur*es to regulate _! own affairs1 to adm9i/] discipl9e1 & to admit or exclude f _! communion1 ! p[] cont9ues 9 ?is s5se 9 ! visible *ur*1 & is valid s f> z x is ex]cis$ 9 accordance ) ,god's ^w4 ,s also mu/ we int]pret ! words ( ,*ri/ record$ by ! apo/le ,john3 ,& :5 he _h said ?is1 he brea!d on !m1 & said unto !m1 ,receive ye ! ,holy ,gho/2 :osesoev] s9s ye remit1 !y are remitt$ unto !m2 & :osesoev] s9s ye reta91 !y are reta9$4 ,*ap4 #bj3bb1 #bc4 ,! au?oritative =giv5ess ( s9 is a pr]ogative ( ,god alone1 ! ex]cise ( :i* implies omnisci5ce z well z supreme au?ority 9 heav5 & e>?4 ,! pr]ogative ( remitt+ & reta9+ m5's s9s "h conf]r$ on ! apo/les is "p ( ! g5]al p[] ( b9d+ & loos+ already consid]$4 ,x 0 ex]cis$ 9 ! sph]e ( ! visible *ur* on e>?4 ,z x respects ! actual =giv5ess ( s9 & consequ5t admission ( ! s\l to communion ) ,god "h & et]nal life h]eaft]1 ,god's m9i/]s c only decl>e ! t]ms ( salvation z !y are set =? 9 ! gospel4 ,! same g5]al pr9ciple is applicable to ! int]pretation ( all passages conta9+ ?+s h>d to be und]/ood4 ,! unle>n$ & un/able wre/ !m1 by tak+ !m out ( _! connection & 9 contradiction to ! g5]al t5or ( ,god's ^w4 ,b ! c&id /ud5t ( ,scripture nev] uses t :i* is difficult 9 revelation to obscure t :i* is pla94 ,he seeks1 on ! contr>y1 to illum9e :at is d>k by t :i* %9es ) a cle> & /eady light4 #ac4 ,z a fitt+ close to ?is "p ( our subject we add "s rem>ks on ! analogy ( fai?4 ,we may def9e x to be t g5]al rule ( doctr9e :i* is d$uc$1 n f two or ?ree p>allel passages1 b f ! h>mony ( all p>ts ( ,scripture 9 ! fundam5tal po9ts ( fai? & practice4 ,horne's ,introduct41 vol4 #a4 p4 #bfi1 edit4 #ahfj4 ,x is bas$ on two fundam5tal pr9ciples2 fir/1 t all ,scripture is giv5 by inspiration ( ,god1 & !re=e con/itutes a self-consi/5t :ole1 no "p ( :i* may be int]pret$ 9 contradiction ) ! re/2 secondly1 t ! tru?s to :i* ,god's ^w gives ! greate/ prom95ce1 & :i* x inculcates 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( =ms1 mu/ be ^? ( prim>y importance4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! analogy ( fai? is a sure guide to ! mean+ ( ! inspir$ volume4 ,he :o foll[s x w dilig5tly & pray]fully /udy ! :ole ^w ( ,god1 n c]ta9 select$ p>ts ( x2 s9ce x is f ! :ole ,bible t we ga!r ! sy/em ( div9e revelation 9 its fulness & j proportions4 ,if we come to ! ,scriptures ) any preconceiv$ op9ions1 & are m desir\s to put t s5se ^u ! text :i* co9cides ) our s5tim5ts r ?an ) ! tru?1 x !n becomes ! analogy ( our fai? r ?an t ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,horne1 ubi supra4 ,9 ?is sub/itution ( ! analogy ( our fai? = ! analogy ( ,scripture lies ! f\ndation ( sect>ian controv]sy4 ,aga92 he :o foll[s ! true analogy ( fai? w n all[ a doctr9e :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole t5or ( div9e revelation to be weak5$ or set aside 9 ! int]e/ ( "s o!r scriptural doctr9e4 ,! ,scriptures tea*1 = example1 ) great frequ5cy & cle>ness t m5 are sav$1 n f ! m]it ( _! good works1 b solely by ,god's free grace ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!y tea* also ) equal frequ5cy & cle>ness t )\t rep5tance & ob$i5ce to ! div9e law !re is no salvation4 ,^! two d$uctions are n contradictory1 b supplem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,!y pres5t two sides ( "o & ! same way ( salvation4 ,yet x may happ5 t a ,biblical /ud5t w f9d himself unable to reconcile 9 a logical way two su* d$uctions z ! foll[+3 ,!re=e we conclude t a man is ju/ifi$ by fai? )\t ! de$s ( ! law 7,rom4 #c3bh72 ,n e "o t sai? unto me1 ,"l1 ,"l1 %all ent] into ! k+dom ( heav52 b he t doe? ! w ( my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 7,matt4 #g3ba74 ,:at !n %all we c\nsel him to d8 ,pla9ly x is 8 duty1 fir/ ( all1 to receive & hold bo? doctr9es4 ,aft]w>ds he may prop]ly seek to reconcile !m ) ea* o!r 9 a logical way2 b if he fails to accompli% ?is task to 8 satisfaction1 he mu/ n d5y "o tru?1 or s9k its importance1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! o!r4 ,! same g5]al pr9ciple applies to v>i\s o!r doctr9al difficulties1 :i* ne$ n be "h specifi$4 ,f9ally1 a true reg>d to ! analogy ( fai? w make our sy/em ( belief & practice entire & well proportion$ 9 all its p>ts4 ,e decl>ation ( ,god's ^w is to be receiv$ 9 a rev]5t & ob$i5t _s4 ,b inasmu* z ! ,scriptures insi/ mu* m e>ne/ly & fully on "s ?+s ?an on o!rs1 x is our wisdom to foll[1 9 ?is respect1 ! lead+s ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x w be ! aim ( ! enlight5$ believ] to give to ea* doctr9e & precept ( revelation ! place & prom95ce assign$ to x 9 ! ,bible4 ,especially w he be c>eful t no obscure or d\btful passage ( ,scripture be all[$ to contradict ! pla9 tea*+s ( inspiration4 ,! practical /udy ( ! ,bible1 t is1 ! /udy ( x z pr(itable = doctr9e1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction 9 righte\sness1 resolves itself 9 a great measure into ! comp>ison ( ,scripture ) ,scripture1 especially ! comp>ison ( doctr9al p>allelisms4 ,all t ! ,bible tea*es f ,g5esis to ,revelation conc]n+ ,god's be+ & attributes1 8 provid5tial gov]nm5t ov] man1 ! p]son & (fices ( ,*ri/ & ! way ( salvation ?r\gh him1 & ! f9al de/9y ( ! righte\s & ! wick$1 %\ld be dilig5tly comp>$1 t f ! :ole we may ga!r a full & well-proportion$ sy/em ( fai? & practice z x is conta9$ 9 ! pages ( inspiration4 ,s f> z we fail to d ?is our view ( div9e tru? is defective & disproportion$4 ,! solemn w>n+ 9 respect to ! la/ book ( revelation applies ) equal =ce to revelation z a :ole3 ,if any man %all add unto ^! ?+s1 ,god %all add unto him ! plagues t are writt5 9 ?is book3 & if any man %all take away f ! words ( ! book ( ?is prophecy1 ,god %all take away 8 "p out ( ! book ( life1 & out ( ! holy city1 & f ! ?+s t are writt5 9 ?is book4 ,rev4 #bb3ah1 #ai4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,scriptural ,,types4 #a4 ,! mat]ial _w is full ( analogies adapt$ to ! illu/ration ( spiritual ?+s4 ,no tea*] ev] drew f ?is inexhau/ible /oreh\se su* a ri* v>iety ( examples z our ,savi\r4 ,8 disciples are ! salt ( ! e>?1 ! light ( ! _w1 & a city set on a hill4 ,f ! rav5s :i* ,god fe$s & ! lilies :i* ,god clo!s1 he tea*es ! unreasonabl5ess ( worldly anxiety4 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is l se$ s[n 9 diff]5t soils1 l a field ( :eat & t>es gr[+ toge!r1 & l se$ t spr+s up & gr[s ! s[] kn[s n h[4 ,aga9 x is l a net ca/ into ! sea1 l a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 & l leav5 hid 9 ?ree measures ( meal4 ,:5 ! ,savi\r op5s 8 lips ! :ole _w ( nature /&s ready to furni% him ) argum5ts & illu/rations2 z well x may1 s9ce ! ,god ( nature is also ! ,god ( revelation4 ,! _w ( secul> activity ab\nds 9 l analogies1 on :i* ano!r class ( our ,"l's p>ables is bas$2 l t ( ! v9ey>d let out to husb&m51 ! s]vants intru/$ ) diff]5t tal5ts1 ! t5 virg9s1 ! importunate fri5d1 ! unju/ judge1 ! unfai?ful /ew>d1 ! prodigal son1 & o!rs t ne$ n be enum]at$4 ,analogies l ^!1 h[ev]1 d n prop]ly con/itute types4 ,types re/ on a f\ndation ( analogy1 b d n consi/ 9 analogy alone4 #b4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,god's p1 moreov]1 z well z ( ! _w :i* he gov]ns ) ref]5ce to !m1 ! pres5t is cont9ually =e%ad[+ some?+ high] 9 ! future4 ,?is mu/ be s1 because ! tra9 ( ev5ts 9 _! hi/ory con/itutes1 9 ! plan ( ,god1 nei!r a loose & disconnect$ s]ies nor a confus$ jumble ( incid5ts1 l a heap ( /ones ?r[n toge!r )\t ord] or design1 b a well-ord]$ :ole4 ,x is a build+1 9 :i* ! p>ts n[ 9 progress indicate :at is to foll[4 ,x is ! developm5t ( a plant1 9 :i* ! blade =e%ad[s ! e>1 & ! e>1 ! full corn 9 ! e>4 ,! primal murd]1 :5 ,ca9 rose up aga9/ ,abel 8 bro!r1 & slew him1 because 8 own works 7 evil & 8 bro!r's righte\s1 0 ! inauguration ( ! great conflict betwe5 ! se$ ( ! woman & ! se$ ( ! s]p5t--! =]unn] ( ! high] /ruggle 9 ,egypt betwe5 ,ph>aoh on ! side ( ! devil1 & ! cov5ant p on ! side ( ! se$ ( ! woman4 ,?is /ruggle 9 ,egypt1 aga91 =e%ad[$ ! /ill high] conte/ betwe5 tru? & error 9 ! l& ( ,canaan--a conte/ :i* endur$ ?r\gh s _m c5turies1 & enli/$ on bo? sides s _m k+s & mighty m52 & :i*1 9 its turn1 u%]$ 9 ! gr& conflict betwe5 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ & t ( ,satan1 a conflict t began on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 & is yet 9 progress4 ,?is cont9ual =e%ad[+ ( ! future by ! pres5t is ess5tially ( a typical nature1 yet x does n con/itute1 9 & ( itself1 :at we und]/& by a type 9 ! ord9>y usage ( ! t]m4 #c4 ,a type is a symbol appo9t$ by ,god to adumbrate some?+ high] 9 ! future1 :i* is call$ ! antitype4 ,?is def9ition includes ?ree p>ticul>s3 7#a47 ,! type mu/ be a true adumbration ( ! ?+ typifi$1 ?\gh1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 ! adumbration mu/ be inadequate--a %ad[ only ( ! antitype1 & n its sub/ance4 ,?us ! pas*al lamb 0 a type ( ,*ri/1 ?\gh !re is inf9itely m 9 ! antitype ?an 9 ! type4 7#b47 ,! symbol mu/ be ( div9e appo9tm5t1 & z su*1 design$ by ,god to repres5t ! antitype4 ,we mu/ c>efully rememb]1 h[ev]1 t1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 ! div9e int5tion _c be cle>ly ann\nc$ :5 ! type is in/itut$4 ,! pas*al lamb typifi$ ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w2 b x 0 n till c5turies aft] ! in/itution ( ! passov] t ,god began to intimate by ! prophets ! approa*+ sacrifice ( ! great ,antitype 7,isa4 *ap4 #ec2 ,ze*4 #ac3g71 & ! full import ( ! type 0 reveal$ only :5 ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ our passov] _h be5 accompli%$ on ,calv>y4 7#c47 ,s9ce ! type is a %ad[ ( good ?+s to come1 x foll[s t ! antitype mu/ belong to ! future4 ,a pure symbol may belong to ! pres5t or ! ne> future4 ,x may repres5t some?+ t n[ exi/s1 or is com+ into exi/5ce1 9 respect to :i* concealm5t is n necess>y4 ,h5ce we f9d ! sacr$ writ]s freely expla9+ ! mean+ ( ! symbols :i* !y employ 7,numb4 *ap4 #ag2 ,jo%4 #d3a-g2 #a ,sam4 #g3ab2 #aj3a1 & ! same symbol ( ano9t+ (t5 else:]e2 #a ,k+s #aa3bi-ci2 #bb3aa1 :]e a false prophet uses a symbol2 ,isa4 *ap4 #bj2 ,j]4 #a3aa-ad2 #ac3a-aa1 & else:]e2 ,ezek4 *ap4 #c1 & 9 _m o!r passages2 ,amos #g3a-i2 #h3a-c2 ,ze*4 #a3h-aa1 & else:]e74 ,! true type1 on ! contr>y1 reckon$ f ! "t ( its in/itution1 looks =w>d to ! di/ant future4 ,! high reality :i* x =e%ad[s may be intimat$ by ! prophets z 9 a glass d>kly1 b ! appe>ance ( ! antitype c alone furni% a full explanation ( its mean+4 ,! types ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h be5 v>i\sly classifi$4 ,we propose to consid] !m "u ! two divisions ( hi/orical & ritual types4 ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,types4 #d4 ,! extravagance ( a class ( ,biblical expositors 9 conv]t+ ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory into allegory typical ( p]sons & ev5ts "u ! gospel disp5sation has produc$ a /rong reaction1 lead+ "s to d5y altoge!r ! exi/5ce ( hi/orical types4 ,b ?is is go+ to ! o!r extreme ( error4 ,no man :o ackn[l$ges ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to be true expositors ( ! mean+ ( ! ,old c consi/5tly d5y ! exi/5ce 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( su* types1 = !y int]pret portions ( its hi/ory 9 a typical way4 ,b x is ( ! highe/ importance t we und]/&1 9 respect to su* hi/ory1 t x has a true & prop] significance ( its own1 )\t respect to its typical import4 ,x is n allegory1 :i* has1 lit]ally tak51 no sub/ance4 ,x is n m]e type1 l ! rites ( ! ,mosaic law1 ! mean+ ( :i* is exhau/$ 9 _! (fice ( =e%ad[+ ! antitype4 ,x is v]itable hi/ory1 valid = ! m5 ( its own day1 fulfill+ its (fice 9 ! plan ( ,god's provid5ce1 & conta9+1 :5 we look at x simply z hi/ory1 its own lessons ( in/ruction4 ,we call x typical hi/ory because1 foll[+ ! guidance ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 we are con/ra9$ to reg>d x z s ord]$ & %ap$ by ,god's provid5ce z to prefigure some?+ high] 9 ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation4 ,no c>eful /ud5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t c = a mom5t d\bt t ,david's k+dom typifi$ ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a v important s5se 9 :i* ,david's k+dom 0 id5tical ) t ( ,*ri/2 = its ma9 elem5t 0 ! visible *ur* ( ,god1 f\nd$ on ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham1 & !re=e 9 all ages "o & indivisible4 ,rom4 #aa3ag-bd2 ,gal4 #c3ad-ah2 ,ephes4 #b3bj4 ,b we n[ speak ( ,david's k+dom 9 its outw>d =m1 :i* 0 tempor>y & typical ( some?+ high]4 ,9 ?is s5se x is manife/ t ,god appo9t$ x to =e%ad[ t ( ! ,messiah4 ,david's head%ip adumbrat$ ! high] head%ip ( ! ,r$eem]2 8 conflicts ) ! enemies ( ,god's p & 8 f9al triumph ov] !m1 ,*ri/'s conflicts & victories4 ,! same ?+ 0 true ( ,solomon1 & 9 a measure ( all ! k+s ( ,david's l9e1 s f> z !y 7 true to _! (fice z ! div9ely appo9t$ lead]s ( ! cov5ant p4 ,unless we adopt ?is pr9ciple1 ! view :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t takes ( a l>ge numb] ( ,psalms--! s-call$ ,messianic psalms--becomes utt]ly vision>y4 ,b nei!r ,david's k+dom nor 8 head%ip ov] x 0 m]e type4 ,! nation ov] :i* he presid$ 0 a hi/oric reality1 a true p[] among ! o!r nations ( ! e>?4 ,8 lead]%ip also1 ) its conflicts & triumphs1 belongs to true hi/ory4 ,x br\ght to ! p ( 8 own day true deliv]ance f ! p[] ( _! enemies2 & x conta9s1 :5 we /udy x )\t ref]5ce to its typical "*1 true lessons ( in/ruction = all ages4 ,! decl>ations ( ,scripture 9 respect to ! typical nature ( ! prophetical (fice are n s num]\s & decisive z ^? :i* relate to ! k+ly (fice4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable passage 9 ! book ( ,deut]onomy1 f :i* we may legitimately inf] t x 0 truly typical ( ,*ri/4 ,:5 ,god _h address$ ! p directly f ! mid/ ( ! cl\d & fire on ,s9ai1 unable to endure ?is mode ( communication betwe5 ,god & man1 !y bes\ght ,god t he w\ld h5ce=? address !m ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ,moses3 ,speak ?\ ) u1 & we w he>3 b let n ,god speak ) u1 le/ we die4 ,exod4 #bj3ai4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is reque/1 ,god said to ,moses3 ,!y h well spok5 t :i* !y h spok54 ,i w raise !m up a prophet f among _! bre?r51 l unto !e1 & w put my words 9 8 m\?3 & he %all speak unto !m all t ,i %all comm& him4 ,& x %all come to pass1 t :osoev] w n he>k5 unto my words :i* he %all speak 9 my "n1 ,i w require x ( him4 ,deut4 #ah3ag-ai4 ,! ess5tial po9ts ( ?is promise are1 t ! promis$ prophet %all be l ,moses1 "o ^: words %all be inve/$ ) supreme au?ority2 &1 especially1 t he %all be rais$ up f among _! bre?r51 & %all !re=e be a man l !mselves4 ,! promise 0 manife/ly int5d$ to meet ! wants ( ! cov5ant p f t day & onw>d4 ,yet ! great ,prophet 9 :om x 0 fulfill$ did n appe> till aft] ! lapse ( fifte5 c5turies or m4 ,b 9 ! mean "t ! promise 0 truly fulfill$ to ,god's p 9 a typical way ?r\gh ! succession ( prophets1 :o spake 9 ,god's "n1 & :o 7 m5 l _! bre?r5 to :om !y 7 s5t4 ,9 ^! two ess5tial p>ticul>s ! prophetical (fice truly prefigur$ ,*ri/1 its great ,antitype4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s n only typical ord]s ( m51 b typical transactions also2 t is1 transactions :i*1 :ile !y _h _! own prop] significance z a "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,god's *ur*1 7 yet s ord]$ by ,god z to %ad[ =? ) rem>kable cle>ness & =ce ! high] tru?s ( ,*ri/'s k+dom4 ,su* are ! transactions betwe5 ,mel*iz$ek & ,abraham record$ 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,consid]$ simply 9 itself1 ,mel*iz$ek's prie/hood belongs to ! class ( ritual types4 ,b 9 ! record ( 8 int]c\rse ) ,abraham !re is an accumulation ( hi/oric circum/ances arrang$ by ,god's provid5ce to %ad[ =? ! high] prie/hood ( ,*ri/4 7#a47 ,he unit$ 9 8 p]son ! k+ly & prie/ly (fices1 z does ! ,messiah4 ,9 ! hundr$ & t5? ,psalm x is1 9 l mann]1 a k+ inve/$ by ,god ) univ]sal sov]eignty1 to :om ! decl>ation is made3 ,! ,"l ha? sworn1 & w n rep5t1 ,?\ art a prie/ = ev]1 aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek4 7#b47 ,9 (ficial dignity he 0 high] ?an ,abraham1 & ?us high] ?an any ( ,abraham's desc5dants by natural g5]ation2 = ,abraham paid ti!s to him1 & receiv$ f him ! prie/ly bless+ 7,g54 #ad3ai1 #bj72 ,& )\t all contradiction ! less is bless$ ( ! bett]4 ,heb4 #g3g4 7#c47 ,8 prie/hood 0 )\t limitation1 & _h ?us ! attribute ( univ]sality4 ,x 0 n re/rict$ 9 its ex]cise by nationality1 = ,abraham 0 n "o ( 8 p4 7#d47 ,he did n belong to a l9e ( prie/s1 :o transmitt$ _! (fice f fa!r to son4 ,he 01 s f> z we "k f ! record1 )\t pr$ecessors1 & _h no successor 9 8 prie/hood4 ,! au?or ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews describes him z "o :o is )\t fa!r1 )\t "m1 )\t p$igree 7m>g9al r5d]+71 hav+ nei!r beg9n+ ( days nor end ( life3 b made l unto ! ,son ( ,god2 abide? a prie/ cont9ually4 ,heb4 #g3c4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ?is difficult passage1 we mu/ beg9 ) ! axiomatic pr9ciple t ,mel*iz$ek 0 a human be+4 ,he c\ld n h be51 z "s h ?\ght1 ! ,son ( ,god himself2 = h[ c\ld ! ,son ( ,god be made l unto ! ,son ( ,god8 ,nor c\ld he h be5 an angel2 = angels are n p>tak]s ( human nature1 & _c !re=e typify him :o came 9 human nature to deliv] ^? :o are p>tak]s ( fle% & blood4 ,heb4 #b3ad-ah2 #d3ae2 #e3a1 #b4 ,& if he 0 a prop] man1 !n he 0 )\t fa!r1 )\t "m1 )\t p$igree1 n 9 an absolute s5se1 b ) ref]5ce to 8 prie/hood4 ,he 0 a prie/ ^: g5ealogy is n m5tion$1 because 8 prie/hood 0 n re/rict$1 l t ( ! ,levitical prie/s1 to any p>ticul> l9e ( desc5t4 ,he held 8 prie/hood f ,god1 )\t pr$ecessors or successors4 ,! words t foll[--hav+ nei!r beg9n+ ( days nor end ( life3 b made l unto ! ,son ( ,god2 abide? a prie/ cont9ually--are m difficult4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t !y _c be und]/ood absolutely4 ,!y are commonly int]pret$ ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! prec$+ words2 namely1 t 9 omitt+ f ! inspir$ record e limitation ( ,mel*iz$ek's life z well z desc5t1 x 0 ,god's purpose to %ad[ =? ! unlimit$ nature ( ,*ri/'s prie/hood2 t1 9 tru?1 ! apo/le describes ,mel*iz$ek1 ! type1 9 t]ms :i* hold good 9 _! full mean+ only ( ,*ri/ ! great ,antitype4 ,!y :o1 admitt+ t ,mel*iz$ek 0 a human be+1 f9d ! int]pretation unsatisfactory1 mu/ leave ! apo/le's words %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,b :atev] obscurity !re is 9 ! scriptural notices ( ,mel*iz$ek1 !y abundantly affirm ! typical nature ( 8 prie/hood z di/+ui%$ f t ( ! ,levitical prie/s4 ,he 0 a type ( ,*ri/ n simply z a prie/1 b also 9 ! peculi> "* ( 8 prie/hood4 ,he unit$ ) 8 prie/hood ! k+ly (fice2 0 sup]ior 9 dignity to ,abraham himself1 & ?us to ! ,levitical prie/s2 & 8 prie/hood _h ! attribute ( univ]sality4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an und\bt$ example ( a hi/oric type4 ,x is n )\t reason t ! deliv]ance ( ! cov5ant p f ,egypt1 _! j\rney ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ,arabia "u ,god's guidance1 & _! f9al settlem5t 9 ! l& ( promise1 h be5 reg>d$ z typical ( ! high] r$emption1 guidance1 & salvation receiv$ ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ?is wond]ful hi/ory has be5 an inexhau/ible /oreh\se ( analogies = ! illu/ration ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,9 8 pilgrimage ?r\gh ?is vale ( te>s1 ! believ] in/9ctively turns to x = in/ruction & enc\ragem5t4 ,! mighty int]position ( ,god :5 ! ,israelites 7 yet )\t /r5g? 9 _! bondage2 _! protection ?r\gh ! blood ( ! pas*al lamb spr9kl$ on ! doors ( _! h\ses :5 ! de/roy] pass$ ?r\gh ,egypt2 ! op5+ ( a way ?r\gh ! ,r$ sea :5 all human means ( escape fail$ !m2 ! j\rney ?r\gh ! wild]ness2 ! pill> ( cl\d by day & ( fire by night to guide1 ! wat] f ! rock to refre%1 ! manna f heav5 morn+ by morn+ to fe$ !m2 ,god's fai?ful discipl9e 9 contra/ ) human unbelief1 wayw>dness1 & folly2 ! f9al prep>ation = ! conque/ ( ,canaan & its successful accompli%m5t--?is :ole s]ies ( ev5ts is wond]fully adapt$ to illu/rate ! c\rse ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 & :o %all say t ,god did n ord] x ) a view to ?is end8 ,we d n resolve x into m]e type4 ,we ackn[l$ge x to be true hi/ory1 valid to ! m5 ( t age--a true e>?ly deliv]ance1 guidance1 & su/5ance 9 ! wild]ness1 conduct+ to ! possession ( a true e>?ly inh]itance4 ,b we say t x is a hi/ory s ord]$ by ,god z to typify ! high] pilgrimage ( ! believ] to ! heav5ly ,canaan4 ,x is und5iable t ! writ] to ! ,hebrews reg>ds ! re/ ( ! cov5ant p 9 ! l& ( promise z a type ( ! re/ ( heav54 ,heb4 #c3g-d3aa4 ,& if t "p ( ! hi/ory 0 typical1 x is reasonable to inf] t ! :ole 0 typical4 ,x belongs to ! nature ( a type t x %\ld1 on ! "o h&1 come %ort ( ! fulness ( mean+ t belongs to ! antitype1 &1 on ! o!r1 %\ld conta9 "s ?+s :i* f9d no correspond5ce 9 t :i* x adumbrates4 ,! prie/hood ( ! sons ( ,a>on1 z we %all see1 typifi$ ,*ri/'s prie/hood1 b only inadequately1 z a %ad[ repres5ts ! sub/ance2 :ile s9fulness1 :i* belong$ to all ! prie/s ( ,a>on's l9e1 n only did n correspond to ! "* ( ! ,antitype1 b 0 9 contradiction ) x4 ,s is x also ) ! hi/orical types t h be5 "u consid]ation4 ,!y repres5t ! antitype inadequately1 & only 9 c]ta9 respects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,,ritual ,,types4 #e4 ,! sacrifices 7 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,jewi% ritual4 ,b sacrifices imply (f]]s1 a p]sonal ,god to :om ! (f]+ is made1 & a prie/hood ?r\gh :i* x is pres5t$4 ,9 ! primitive ages ( ! _w1 m5 (f]$ sacrifices 9 _! own behalf & t ( _! h\sehold 9 :atev] place x 0 _! *ance to soj\rn4 ,g54 #d3d2 #h3bj2 #ab3g1 #h2 #ca3ed2 #cc3bj2 #ce3a1 #g2 #df3a2 ,job #a3e2 #db3h4 ,b ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,mosaic economy1 ! prie/ly (fice 0 re/rict$ to ! family ( ,a>on4 ,!nce=w>d all :o wi%$ to (f] sacrifices mu/ br+ !m ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! prie/s ( ,a>on's l9e4 ,x belong$ to ! nature ( ! ,mosaic economy1 t ,god %\ld h a visible dwell+-place among ! ,israelites4 ,! directions = ! con/ruction ( ! tab]nacle ) its furniture are introduc$ by ! words3 ,let !m make me a sanctu>y2 t ,i may dwell among !m4 ,exod4 #be3h4 ,! mat]ial sanctu>y1 !n1 0 ,god's visible dwell+-place1 :]e he manife/$ himself to 8 p1 & receiv$ _! wor%ip accord+ to ! rites ( 8 own appo9tm5t2 ! :ole be+1 z we %all see1 typical ( high] realities p]ta9+ to our r$emption ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,& z ?is e>?ly sanctu>y 0 ,god's *os5 dwell+-place1 x foll[$1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 t aft] its erection all ! sacrifices mu/ be br\ght to its alt>1 & pres5t$ !re to ,god ?r\gh ! prie/hood ( 8 appo9tm5t4 #f4 ,! ,mosaic tab]nacle 0 a movable /ructure v simple 9 its plan4 ,its frame-"w on ?ree sides consi/$ ( upright bo>ds1 or r timb]s 7=1 accord+ to ! unanim\s repres5tation ( ! ,jewi% rabb9s1 !y 7 a cubit 9 ?ickness71 /&+ side by side1 & kept 9 position by transv]se b>s pass+ ?r\gh gold5 r+s4 ,?us 0 =m$ an enclosure t5 cubits 9 height1 ?irty cubits 9 l5g? f ea/ to we/1 & t5 cubits 9 wid?2 ! ea/]n end1 :i* con/itut$ ! front1 hav+ only a vail susp5d$ f five pill>s ( %ittim-wood4 ,ov] ?is enclosure1 & hang+ d[n on ei!r side1 0 spread a ri* cov]+ =m$ by c\pl+ toge!r t5 curta9s ( f9e-tw9$ l951 & blue1 & purple1 & sc>let1 ) *]ubim ( cunn+ "w4 ,ov] ?is 0 ano!r cov]+1 =m$ f ! union ( elev5 curta9s ( goats' hair2 & above two o!r cov]+s1 ! "o ( rams' sk9s dy$ r$1 & ! o!r1 or out]mo/1 ( badg]s' sk9s4 ,surr\nd+ ! tab]nacle 0 a c\rt "o hundr$ cubits long & fifty wide1 enclos$ by curta9s ( f9e-tw9$ l95 support$ on pill>s five cubits high4 ,! tab]nacle itself 0 divid$ by a vail support$ on f\r pill>s into two p>ts2 ! inn] sanctu>y1 or holy ( holies1 t5 cubits e way1 & ! out]1 or holy place1 tw5ty cubits long by t5 9 bread? & height4 ,9 a wid] s5se ! :ole movable /ructure )9 ! c\rt is call$ ! tab]nacle4 ,b 9 a /rict] s5se ! ri* inn] curta9 is di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,mosaic description z ! tab]nacle1 :ile ! curta9 ( goats' hair is call$ ! t5t4 ,exod4 #bf3a1 #g2 #cf3h1 #ad1 #ai4 ,! true mean+ ( ! ^w r5d]$ 9 our v]sion badg]s is unc]ta94 ,"s ?9k t ! seal is ref]r$ to4 #g4 ,we h se5 t ! tab]nacle 0 ,god's visible dwell+-place4 ,b ! palace ( a k+ has its audi5ce-rooms1 :]e he receives 8 subjects & att5ds to _! petitions4 ,9 l mann] ! ,mosaic tab]nacle1 & aft]w>ds ! temple1 _h its holy ( holies & its holy place1 ! =m] be+ 9 a special s5se ! abode ( ,israel's ,god4 ,! tab]nacle1 ) its furniture1 prie/hood1 & s]vices1 is decl>$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to h be5 a %ad[ ( good ?+s to come4 ,heb4 #aj3a1 & else:]e4 ,unless we und]/& ?is its typical "*1 we fail to ga9 any true appreh5sion ( its mean+4 #h4 ,9 contemplat+ ! tru?s :i* ! ,mosaic tab]nacle %ad[$ =?1 we beg9 ) ! mat]ials us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,"h we notice two ?+s2 _! preci\sness1 & ! gradation obs]v$ 9 ?is respect4 7#a47 ,_! preci\sness4 ,all ! mat]ials 7 ( ! mo/ durable & co/ly "*--gold1 silv]1 f9e-tw9$ l95 ( blue & purple & sc>let1 acacia-wood 7! %ittim-wood ( our v]sion71 brass be+ all[$ only 9 ! ext]nal appo9tm5ts4 ,?is obvi\sly repres5t$ ! glory & excell5ce ( ,god's s]vice1 & ! correspond+ obligation on ! "p ( ! wor%ipp]s to give to ,god ! be/ ( all t !y _h4 7#b47 ,! gradation 9 ! preci\sness ( ! mat]ials _h ref]5ce to ! inn] sanctu>y1 :]e1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 ,god dwelt betwe5 ! *]ubim t ov]%ad[$ ! m]cy-seat4 ,! rule ( gradation 0 ?is3 ! ne>] to ,god's dwell+-place ! great] ! glory2 & h5ce1 z %ad[+ =? ?is glory1 ! m preci\s ! mat]ials4 ,! m]cy-seat1 :]e ,god dwelt betwe5 ! *]ubim1 0 accord+ly ( pure gold4 ,all ! woodwork p]ta9+ to ! tab]nacle & its furniture 0 ov]laid ) gold4 ,! inn] or prop] cov]+ ( ! tab]nacle1 z also ! vail t hung be=e ! ark1 sep>at+ ! holy f ! mo/ holy place1 0 ( f9e-tw9$ l951 & blue1 & purple1 & sc>let1 ) *]ubim ( cunn+ "w4 ,! out] vail1 at ! entrance ( ! out] sanctu>y1 0 ( ! same mat]ials1 b )\t ! *]ubim2 :ile ! curta9s ( ! c\rt 7 made simply ( f9e-tw9$ l951 susp5d$ f pill>s ( %ittim-wood n ov]laid ) gold4 ,! sockets1 aga91 t support$ ! timb]s ( ! tab]nacle & ! inn] r[ ( pill>s be=e ! ark 7 ( silv]2 b ^? b5ea? ! out] pill>s ( ! sanctu>y1 & all ! pill>s ( ! c\rt1 7 ( brass4 #i4 ,pass+ to ! appo9tm5ts ( ! tab]nacle1 we naturally beg9 ) ! inn] sanctu>y4 ,"h betwe5 ! w+s ( ! *]ubim t ov]%ad[$ ! m]cy-seat1 or lid ( ! ark1 0 ! ,%ek9ah1 or visible dwell+-place ( ,jehovah4 ,9 ! ark b5ea? ! m]cy-seat 7 plac$1 by ,god's direction1 ! two tables ( ! law4 ,exod4 #be3af comp>$ ) #a ,k+s #h3i4 ,?is 0 _! appropriate place4 ,x %ad[$ =? ! great tru? t ,god is ! f\nta9 ( law1 & t !y :o approa* him mu/ come 9 ! _s ( true ob$i5ce4 ,t ,god's dwell+-place 0 betwe5 ! *]ubim we le>n f ! orig9al direction = ! con/ruction ( ! ark3 ,& ?\ %alt put ! m]cy-seat above ^u ! ark2 & 9 ! ark ?\ %alt put ! te/imony t ,i %all give !e4 ,& !re w ,i meet ) !e1 & ,i w commune ) !e f above ! m]cy-seat1 f betwe5 ! two *]ubim :i* are ^u ! ark ( ! te/imony1 ( all ?+s :i* ,i w give !e 9 comm&m5t unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,exod4 #be3ba1 #bb4 ,9 accordance ) ^! words ,god repeat$ly promis$ t he w\ld meet ) ,moses at ! m]cy-seat 7,exod4 #cj3cf2 ,lev4 #af3b2 ,numb4 #ag3d72 & aft] ! d$ication ( ! tab]nacle & its alt>1 x is record$ t :5 ,moses 0 gone into ! tab]nacle ( ! congregation to speak ) ,him1 !n he he>d ! voice ( "o speak+ unto him f (f ! m]cy-seat t 0 ^u ! ark ( te/imony1 f betwe5 ! two *]ubim4 ,numb4 #g3hi4 ,h5ce ,jehovah is describ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z he t dwells betwe5 ! *]ubim4 #a ,sam4 #d3d2 #b ,sam4 #f3b2 #b ,k+s #ai3ae2 ,psa4 #hj3a2 #ii3a2 ,isa4 #cg3af4 #aj4 ,9 ! out] sanctu>y1 be=e ! vail t sep>at$ x f ! holy ( holies1 /ood1 on ! s\? side1 ! gold5 c&le/ick1 ) its sev5 lamps burn+ always be=e ! ,"l 7,exod4 #bg3bj2 #dj3bd1 #be2 ,lev4 #bd3be71 & on ! nor? side ! table ( %[-bread1 ) its twelve loaves r5ew$ e week 7,exod4 #be3cj2 #dj3bb1 #bc2 ,lev4 #bd3e-i74 ,^! typifi$ ! light & ! life t come f ,god's pres5ce ?r\gh ! ord9ances ( 8 appo9tm5t2 & s9ce ! end ( ^! ord9ances is ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y %ad[$ him =? z ! light ( ! _w & ! bread ( life4 ,john #h3ab2 #ab3df2 #f3ce-eh2 & especially ,john #a3d4 ,betwe5 ! gold5 c&le/ick & ! table ( %[-bread1 consequ5tly directly 9 front ( ! ark1 & sep>at$ f x by ! inn] vail1 0 ! gold5 alt> ( inc5se1 on :i* ! prie/s burn$ sweet inc5se e morn+ & ev5+ be=e ! ,"l 7,exod4 #cj3f-h2 #dj3bf1 #bg71 :]eby 0 %ad[$ =? ,*ri/'s int]cession1 ?r\gh :i* ! pray]s ( sa9ts are made acceptable to ,god4 ,9 ! book ( ,revelation an angel is repres5t$ z (f]+ ^u ?is gold5 alt> mu* inc5se ) ! pray]s ( all sa9ts4 ,& ! smoke ( ! inc5se1 :i* came ) ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 asc5d$ up be=e ,god out ( ! angel's h&4 ,rev4 #h3c1 #d4 ,?is passage seems to w>rant ! int]pretation above giv5 to ?is symbol2 n t ! anci5t cov5ant p und]/ood fully its mean+1 or t ( ! o!r symbolic rites1 b t su* 0 ! m9d ( ! ,_s1 to be made manife/ 9 due "t4 ,!re is a view ( ! ,mosaic c]emonial1 :i* makes x simply a sc5ic repres5tation ( a k+'s c\rt2 9 :i* ! tab]nacle repres5ts ! royal palace1 ! inc5se ! homage r5d]$ to ! mon>* 7comp>e ,dan4 #b3df71 ! sacrifices1 %[-bread1 & o!r unbloody (f]+s ! provision made = 8 table1 ! prie/s 8 m9i/]+ s]vants1 etc42 by :i* ! :ole is r$uc$ to ! idea ( s]vice r5d]$ to ,jehovah z ! national mon>*1 & all typical repres5tation ( ! provision made by ,god = man's spiritual wants is exclud$4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! ,mosaic ritual is z sup]ficial z x is false4 ,9 ?is ritual1 s]vice is inde$ r5d]$ to ,god2 b x is a s]vice :i* typically %ad[s =? ! provision :i* ,god makes = man's wants z a fall5 be+--light = 8 d>k5$ und]/&+1 life = 8 spiritual nature dead 9 trespasses & s9s1 & reconciliation to ,god ?r\gh ! blood ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is ! con/ant int]pretation giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! c>nal ord9ances ( ! ,old4 #aa4 ,9 ! c\rt be=e ! tab]nacle /ood ! braz5 alt> ) its lav]4 ,"h ! blood ( ! sacrifices fl[$ f age to age--a lamb e morn+ & ev5+1 & on ! ,sabba? day two lambs morn+ & ev5+1 besides all ! public sacrifices connect$ ) ! national fe/ivals1 & ! private sacrifices ( individuals4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t tea*es u t ! ,levitical prie/s :o m9i/]$ at ! ,jewi% alt> typifi$ ,*ri/1 our great ,high ,prie/4 ,9 ! "o hundr$ & t5? psalm1 :i* ! ,savi\r himself quotes z writt5 by ,david 9 _s1 & z ref]r+ to himself 7,matt4 #bb3da-de2 ,m>k #ab3ce-cg7 ! ,messiah is repres5t$ z unit+ 9 himself ! k+ly & ! prie/ly (fice4 ,!re is a rem>kable symbolical transaction 9 ,ze*>iah 7*ap4 #f3i-ad7 :i* conta9s ! same repres5tation4 ,! prophet is direct$1 9 ! pres5ce ( compet5t witnesses1 to take silv] & gold1 & make cr[ns1 & set !m ^u ! head ( ,jo%ua ! ,hebrew ^w answ]+ to ! ,greek ,jesus1 :i* /&s 9 ! ,septuag9t r5d]+ ( ?is passage ! son ( ,jos$e*1 ! high prie/4 ,9 8 (fice z high prie/ ,jo%ua typifies ,*ri/ our great ,high ,prie/4 ,by ! symbolical act ( cr[n+ ,jo%ua is typifi$ ! k+ly (fice ( ,*ri/ z unit$ ) ! prie/ly4 ,h5ce ! prophet is direct$ by ,god to add3 ,?us speake? ! ,"l ( ho/s1 say+1 ,behold ! man ^: "n is ! ,,bran* 7comp>e *ap4 #c3h1 & ,isa4 #aa3a2 ,j]4 #bc3d-f2 #cc3ae1 #af72 & he %all gr[ up out ( 8 place1 & he %all build ! temple ( ! ,"l3 ev5 he %all build ! temple ( ! ,"l2 & he %all be> ! glory1 & %all sit & rule ^u 8 ?rone2 & he %all be a prie/ ^u 8 ?rone3 & ! c\nsel ( peace %all be betwe5 !m bo?4 ,9 accordance ) ^! repres5tations a l>ge "p ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews is occupi$ ) a discussion ( our ,"l's prie/ly (fice1 9 :i*1 beyond contradiction1 he is exhibit$ z ! great antitype ( bo? ,mel*iz$ec & ! ,levitical prie/s4 #ab4 ,if ! ,levitical prie/s typifi$ ,*ri/1 x foll[s t ! sacrifices :i* !y (f]$ 7 also typical ( ,*ri/'s sacrifice = ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,s ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews argues3 ,e high prie/ is orda9$ to (f] gifts & sacrifices3 :]e=e x is ( necessity t ?is man h some:at also to (f]4 ,*ap4 #h3c4 ,! ,levitical prie/s /ood daily m9i/]+1 & (f]+ (t5times ! same sacrifices1 :i* c nev] take away s9s4 ,*ap4 #aj3aa4 ,_! (f]+s 7 only typical ( expiation1 & ne$$ !re=e to be cont9ually repeat$ till ! ,antitype itself %\ld appe>4 ,b ,*ri/ (f]$ 8 own blood on ,calv>y1 by :i* he obta9$ et]nal r$emption = u1 s t 8 sacrifice ne$s no repetition4 ,he 0 once (f]$ to be> ! s9s ( _m2 & by ?is "o (f]+ he ha? p]fect$ = ev] !m t are sanctifi$4 ,*aps4 #i3aa-ad1 #be1 #bf2 #aj3aj-ad4 ,b ?is doctr9e respect+ ! typical "* ( ! ,levitical sacrifices is n re/rict$ to ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is full ( x4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! ,savi\r's =]unn]1 ann\nc$ him z ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w4 ,john #a3bi4 ,:e!r we r5d]1 z 9 ! m>g9 ( our v]sion1 :i* be>e? ! s9 ( ! _w1 or1 z 9 ! text1 :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w1 ! words conta9 ! idea ( a propitiatory sacrifice1 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 an expiatory sacrifice2 s9ce x is by expiat+ our s9 t ,*ri/ propitiates ! ,fa!r4 ,by be>+ ! s9 ( ! _w ,*ri/ expiates x1 & ?us takes x away4 ,?us he is ! propitiation = our s9s1 & n = ours only1 b also = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w4 #a ,john #b3b4 ,! ,savi\r himself ann\nc$ 8 purpose to die = 8 p3 ,i lay d[n my life = ! %eep4 ,!re=e do? my ,fa!r love me because ,i lay d[n my life1 t ,i might take x aga94 ,no man take? x f me1 b ,i lay x d[n ( myself4 ,i h p[] to lay x d[n1 & ,i h p[] to take x aga94 ,?is comm&m5t h ,i receiv$ ( my ,fa!r4 ,john #aj3ae1 #ag1 #ah4 ,& le/ any %\ld ?9k t he di$ simply 9 ! "* ( a m>tyr1 he else:]e expla9s t ! ,son ( man came n to be m9i/]$ unto1 b to m9i/]1 & to give 8 life a ransom = _m--m lit]ally1 a ransom in/ead ( _m 7,matt4 #bj3bh2 ,m>k #aj3de71 :]e ! sacrificial & vic>i\s nature ( our ,"l's dea? is explicitly affirm$4 ,b x 0 aft] our ,"l's resurrection t ! sacrificial & propitiatory "* ( 8 dea? 0 mo/ fully reveal$4 ,we h se5 ! view tak5 ( x 9 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,) ?is ! o!r writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are 9 h>mony4 ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! great suff]] =etold 9 ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah1 :o 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 bruis$ = our iniquities3 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$2 ^u :om ! ,"l laid ! iniquity ( u all2 :o 0 br\ght z a lamb to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep be=e h] %e>]s is dumb1 s he op5$ n 8 m\?2 ^: s\l ,god made an (f]+ = s92 :o 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors1 & b>e ! s9s ( _m1 & made int]cession = ! transgressors4 #a ,pet4 #b3bd1 #be2 ,acts #h3cb-ce2 ,m>k #ae3bh2 ,luke #bb3cg4 ,he ha? once suff]$ = s9s1 ! j = ! unju/1 t he might br+ u to ,god 7#a ,pet4 #c3ah72 ,he has r$eem$ u to ,god by 8 blood 7,rev4 #e3i72 has lov$ u & wa%$ u f our s9s 9 8 own blood 7,rev4 #a3e72 & 8 r$eem$ h wa%$ _! robes1 & made !m :ite 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb 7,rev4 #g3ad74 ,to recite all ! decl>ations ( ! apo/le ,paul on ?is great !me w\ld be a sup]flu\s "w4 ,x is n ?r\gh ,*ri/'s example or tea*+s1 b ?r\gh 8 blood t we h r$emption1 ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,ephes4 #a3g4 ,*ri/ ha? r$eem$ u f ! curse ( ! law1 be+ made a curse = u 7,gal4 #c3ac71 words :i* tea* z explicitly z human language c1 t ,*ri/ has deliv]$ u f ! p5alty ( ! div9e law1 :i* is its curse1 by be>+ ! curse 9 our behalf4 ,?is he did :5 he 0 hang$ on ! tree4 ,8 dea? on ! cross 01 !n1 vic>i\s1 a dea? 9 our /ead2 & propitiatory1 = 9 view ( x ,god releases u f ! curse ( ! law4 ,?is is :at is meant by a propitiatory sacrifice4 ,f9ally1 z if to cut (f all gr\nd = ! ass]tion t ! efficacy ( ,*ri/'s dea? lies :olly 9 its moral influ5ce ^u ! human he>t--its humbl+1 s(t5+1 & w9n+ p[]--! apo/le tea*es t ,god has set =? ,*ri/ ,jesus z a propitiation ?r\gh fai? 9 8 blood = a manife/ation ( 8 righte\sness1 t he might be j1 & ! ju/ifi] ( him t believe? 9 ,jesus4 ,rom4 #c3be1 #bf4 ,e ^w ( ?is weighty passage des]ves s]i\s consid]ation4 ,we give by ! side ( ! ,engli% v]sion ano!r translation1 int5d$ to be some:at m lit]al3 ,:om ,god ha? set =? to ,:om ,god ha? set =?1 a be a propitiation1 ?r\gh propitiation1 ?r\gh fai?1 fai? 9 8 blood1 to decl>e 9 8 blood1 = ! 8 righte\sness = ! manife/ation ( 8 pass+ ov] m>g9al righte\sness 9 respect to r5d]+ ( s9s t are ! ov]look+ ( s9s t pa/1 ?r\gh ! =be>ance are pa/1 ?r\gh ! ( ,god4 ,to decl>e1 ,i say1 =be>ance ( ,god--a at ?is "t1 8 manife/ation ( 8 righte\sness2 t he might righte\sness at ! pres5t be j1 & ! ju/ifi] ( "t2 9 ord] t he may be him :i* believe? 9 ,jesus4 j1 & ! ju/ifi] ( him t believe? 9 ,jesus4 ,f ^! words we le>n3 7#a47 ,t ,god has publicly set =? ,*ri/ z a propitiatory sacrifice4 ,! foll[+ p>aphrase gives ! probable connection ( ! words ( ! fir/ clause3 ,:om ,god1 by means ( 8 blood1 ha? set =? z a propitiation ?r\gh fai?4 ,b if we take ! connection z giv5 9 our v]sion1 ! propitiation is /ill ?r\gh ,*ri/'s blood1 & is ?us a propitiatory or expiatory sacrifice4 7#b47 ,t ! appropriation to individual s9n]s ( ?is propitiation is condition$ on p]sonal fai?4 ,*ri/'s propitiatory sacrifice does n1 9 & ( itself1 ju/ify any man2 b x provides a gr\nd :]eby all may be ju/ifi$1 if !y w believe 9 ,jesus4 7#c47 ,t ?r\gh ,*ri/'s propitiatory sacrifice ,god makes a public manife/ation ( 8 righte\sness 9 %[+ m]cy to s9n]s4 ,! phrase1 ! righte\sness ( ,god1 may mean1 9 ! usage ( ,paul1 ! righte\sness--ju/ification--:i* he gives ?r\gh fai?4 ,b 9 connection ) ! words t foll[1 t he might be j1 & ! ju/ifi] ( him t believe? 9 ,jesus1 x c only mean righte\sness z an attribute ( ,god1 8 public ju/ice1 namely1 z ! lawgiv] & gov]nor ( ! _w4 7#d47 ,t ,*ri/'s propitiatory sacrifice 0 necess>y 9 ord] t ,god might %[ m]cy to s9n]s consi/5tly ) ! dem&s ( 8 ju/ice4 ,= :5 ! apo/le says t ,god might be j1 & ! ju/ifi] ( him t believe? 9 ,jesus1 ! words necess>ily imply t1 )\t ?is sacrifice1 he c\ld n h be5 j 9 ju/ify+ s9n]s4 ,*ri/'s propitiation 0 n ne$$ to make ,god m m]ciful 9 8 nature2 = 9 ?is respect he is un*angeably ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & = ev]4 ,b x op5s a way by :i* he may %[ m]cy consi/5tly ) 8 ju/ice & ! sanctity ( 8 law4 ,:5 we raise inquiries conc]n+ ! int]ior nature ( ! atonem5t1 we meet ) deep my/]ies1 "s ( :i* are1 p]haps1 above ! compreh5sion ( f9ite human und]/&+4 ,b we c compreh5d1 & believe ^u ,god's te/imony1 ! great c5tral fact ( ! gospel1 t ,*ri/ (f]$ himself to ! ,fa!r to be> 9 human nature ! curse ( ! div9e law 9 behalf ( s9n]s2 & t ,god accept$ ?is propitiatory (f]+ z a satisfaction to 8 ju/ice 9 su* a s5se t he c p>don all :o believe 9 ,*ri/ )\t di%onor to himself or injury to 8 moral gov]nm5t4 #ac4 ,we h consid]$ ,*ri/ z ! great ,antitype ( ! ,levitical prie/s & sacrifices4 ,let u n[ g back & consid] ! *>act]i/ics belong+ to ! types !mselves1 beg9n+ ) ! prie/hood4 7#a47 ,! fir/ po9t 9 :i* ! ,levitical prie/s typifi$ ,*ri/ 0 9 _! possession ( ! same common human nature z ^? 9 ^: behalf !y act$4 ,= bo? he t sanctifie? ,*ri/ & !y :o are sanctifi$ believ]s are all ( "o "o ,fa!r1 hav+ a common son%ip z memb]s ( ! same family ( ,adam3 = :i* cause he is n a%am$ to call !m bre?r5 7,heb4 #b3aa72 & aga93 ,=asmu* !n z ! *ildr5 are p>tak]s ( fle% & blood1 he also himself likewise took "p ( ! same 7v]4 #ad72 & /ill fur!r3 ,:]e=e 9 all ?+s x behoov$ him to be made l unto 8 bre?r52 t he might be a m]ciful & fai?ful ,high ,prie/ 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to ,god1 to make reconciliation = ! s9s ( ! p4 ,= 9 t he himself ha? suff]$1 be+ tempt$1 he is able to succor !m t are tempt$ 7v]4 #ag1 #ah2 & comp>e #d3ae74 ,accord+ly ! prie/s :o typifi$ ,*ri/ 7 tak5 f among m51 n angels2 & able to h compassion on ! ignorant1 & on !m t are out ( ! way1 be+ !mselves compass$ ) infirmity4 ,heb4 #e3a1 #b4 7#b47 ,! ,levitical prie/s1 aga91 7 appo9t$ to _! (fice by ,god3 ,& no man take? ?is honor ^u himself1 b he t is call$ ( ,god1 z 0 ,a>on4 ,s also ,*ri/ glorifi$ n himself to be made a high prie/2 b he t said unto him1 ,?\ art my ,son1 to-day h ,i begott5 !e4 ,z he sai? also 9 ano!r place1 ,?\ art a prie/ = ev] aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ec4 ,heb4 #e3d-f4 7#c47 ,! ,levitical prie/s1 once m1 7 m$iators betwe5 ,god & ! p4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( _! prie/hood1 no ,israelite or soj\rn] 9 ! l& c\ld approa* ,god ) sacrifices & oblations 9 8 own "r1 & be 8 own prie/4 ,he mu/ come to ,god ?r\gh ! prie/hood ( 8 appo9tm5t--an expressive type ( ! great tru? ann\nc$ by ,*ri/2 ,i am ! way1 & ! tru?1 & ! life3 no man come? unto ! ,fa!r b by me4 ,john #ad3f4 7#d47 ,f9ally1 ! ,levitical prie/s 7 n only m$iators betwe5 ,god & m51 b m$iators ?r\gh propitiatory sacrifices4 ,!y 7 orda9$ to (f] bo? gifts & sacrifices = s9s4 ,heb4 #e3a2 #h3c4 ,:]e=e1 adds ! writ]1 x is ( necessity t ?is man ,*ri/ h some:at also to (f]4 ,heb4 #h3c4 ,!y (f]$ ! blood ( bulls & goats1 :i* made expiation only 9 a typical way2 he (f]$ to ,god 8 own blood z a real propitiation = s94 ,heb4 #g3bg2 #i3ab-bh2 #aj3aj-ad4 ,! po9ts ( dissimil>ity betwe5 ! ,levitical prie/s & ,*ri/1 z /at$ 9 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 all s]ve to illu/rate ! sup]ior dignity & efficacy ( 8 prie/hood4 ,!y 7 s9ful m51 & z su* ne$+ to (f] sacrifice fir/ = _! own s9s 7*ap4 #e3c72 b he is holy1 h>mless1 undefil$1 sep>ate f s9n]s1 & made high] ?an ! heav5s 7*ap4 #g3bf74 ,!y 7 _m1 because !y 7 n suff]$ to cont9ue1 by reason ( dea?3 b he1 because he cont9ue? ev]1 ha? an un*angeable prie/hood4 ,*ap4 #g3bc1 #bd4 ,_! (f]+s c\ld n take away s94 ,!y 7 only typical ( expiation1 & !re=e ne$$ to be cont9ually repeat$4 ,b ,*ri/ has by 8 "o (f]+ p]fect$ = ev] !m t are sanctifi$--p]fect$ !m 9 respect to ! expiation ( s91 :i* is ! f\ndation on :i* ! "w ( p]sonal sanctification re/s4 ,heb4 #aj3aa1 #ab4 ,m$iator%ip betwe5 ,god & man ?r\gh propitiatory sacrifice con/itutes ! c5tral idea ( prie/hood4 ,! ,levitical prie/s did inde$ make int]cession = ! p 9 ! burn+ ( sweet inc5se 7see above1 ,no4 #h71 & 9 pres5t+ to ,god _! unbloody (f]+s1 b all ?is 0 done ?r\gh ! blood ( atonem5t4 ,we see1 !n1 h[ false & mis*iev\s is ! idea t !re c be true m$iat+ prie/s "u ! ,new ,te/am5t disp5sation4 ,*ri/ appe>$ once = all to put away s9 by ! sacrifice ( himself 7,heb4 #i3be-bh2 #aj3aj-ab71 s9ce :i* no fur!r sacrifice is ne$$1 or c be lawfully (f]$4 ,*ri/ also op5$ to all believ]s ?r\gh 8 blood a new & liv+ way ( access to ,god1 ?r\gh :i* !y c come boldly to ! ?rone ( grace1 hav+ no ne$ ( human m$iators4 ,heb4 #aj3ah-bb4 ,believ]s z a body are a holy prie/hood1 to (f] up spiritual sacrifices1 acceptable to ,god by ,jesus ,*ri/4 #a ,pet4 #b3e4 ,!y pres5t !mselves to ,god a liv+ sacrifice1 holy1 acceptable to ,god4 ,rom4 #ab3a4 ,!y (f] ! sacrifice ( praise to ,god cont9ually1 t is1 ! fruit ( _! lips1 giv+ ?anks to 8 "n4 ,heb4 #ac3ae4 ,^! spiritual sacrifices (f]$ by ! body ( believ]s ?r\gh ,*ri/1 _! glorifi$ ,high ,prie/1 are ! only sacrifices kn[n to ! ,new ,te/am5t *ur*4 ,( ! high prie/'s g>m5ts1 made by div9e direction = glory & = beauty1 we _c "h speak 9 detail4 ,suffice x to say t !y repres5t$ 9 g5]al ! dignity & excell5ce ( 8 (fice1 z ! div9ely appo9t$ m$iator betwe5 ,god & ! cov5ant p4 ,! gold5 plate ) ! inscription ,,hol9ess ,,to ,,! ,,"l is its own int]pret]4 ,! twelve names ( ! tribes ( ,israel1 grav5 on two preci\s /ones1 & borne on ! %\ld]s ( ! high prie/1 six on ea* %\ld]1 & !n ! same twelve grav5 on twelve gems1 & borne on 8 brea/ z he m9i/]$ be=e ! ,"l1 beautifully typify ,*ri/ our great ,high ,prie/1 :o be>s 8 p on 8 %\ld]s by 8 almighty p[] & efficaci\s atonem5t1 & on 8 he>t by 8 ev]la/+ love4 #ad4 ,f ! typical prie/s we naturally pass to ! consid]ation ( ! typical sacrifices (f]$ by !m4 ,^u ,noah's leav+ ! ark1 ,god prohibit$ ! eat+ ( blood on ! gr\nd t x is ! life ( ! animal4 ,g54 #i3d4 ,! reason ( ?is prohibition is unfold$ 9 a passage ( ! ,mosaic law1 :i* cle>ly sets =? ! nature & design ( bloody (f]+s3 ,& :atsoev] man !re be ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 or ( ! /rang]s t soj\rn among y1 t eate? any mann] ( blood1 ,i w ev5 set my face aga9/ t s\l t eate? blood1 & w cut him (f f among 8 p4 ,= ! life ( ! fle% is 9 ! blood2 & ,i h giv5 x to y ^u ! alt> to make an atonem5t = y\r s\ls3 ,,= ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,blood ,,t ,,make? ,,an ,,atonem5t ,,= ,,! ,,s\l4 ,lev4 #ag3aj1 #aa4 ,h5ce ! spr9kl+ ( ! sacrificial blood by ! prie/ z a sign ( expiation1 a rite t w be m p>ticul>ly consid]$ h]eaft] 7,no4 #ae74 ,! reason t ! blood makes ! atonem5t is t ! life ( ! fle% is 9 ! blood4 ,! scriptural idea1 !n1 ( a sacrifice is ! (f]+ to ,god ( "o life 9 behalf ( ano!r t has be5 =feit$ by s9--! life ( ! innoc5t bea/ in/ead ( ! life ( ! guilty (f]]4 ,?is g5]al idea ( ! vic>i\s & propitiatory nature ( sacrifices comes out ) beautiful simplicity & cle>ness 9 ! book ( ,job3 ,& x 0 s :5 ! days ( _! fea/+ 7 gone ab\t1 t ,job s5t & sanctifi$ !m1 & rose up e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & (f]$ burnt (f]+s accord+ to ! numb] ( !m all3 = ,job said1 ,x may be t my sons h s9n$1 & curs$ ,god 9 _! he>ts4 ,*ap4 #a3e4 ,& aga93 ,my wra? is k9dl$ aga9/ !e1 & aga9/ ?y two fri5ds2 = ye h n spok5 ( me ! ?+ t is "r1 z my s]vant ,job ha?4 ,!re=e take unto y n[ sev5 bullocks & sev5 rams1 & g to my s]vant ,job1 & (f] up = y\rselves a burnt-(f]+2 & my s]vant ,job %all pray = y3 = him w ,i accept3 le/ ,i deal ) y aft] y\r folly4 ,*ap4 #db3g1 #h4 ,! sacrifices ( ! ,mosaic law 7 ( v>i\s k9ds1 imply+ v>i\s accessory ideas4 ,b und]ly+ !m all 0 ! fundam5tal idea ( propitiation ?r\gh blood4 ,h5ce ! writ] to ! ,hebrews1 :5 comm5t+ on ! transaction record$ 9 ,exodus1 *ap4 #bd3d-h1 says3 ,& almo/ all ?+s are by ! law purg$ ) blood2 & )\t %$d+ ( blood is no remission4 ,heb4 #i3bb4 ,! only exception 0 9 ! case ( ! poor man :o 0 n able to br+ two turtle doves or two "y pigeons4 ,he 0 all[$ to br+ = 8 (f]+ ! t5? "p ( an ephah ( f9e fl\r = a s9-(f]+ 7,lev4 #e3aa71 ^u ! pr9ciple t ,god w h m]cy & n sacrifice4 ,no ord]ly classification ( sacrifices is to be s\ght )\t ! pale ( ! ,jewi% c]emonial4 ,! burnt-(f]+s1 = example1 m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,job1 _h ! =ce ( prop] s9-(f]+s4 ,*aps4 #a3e2 #db3h4 ,! classification 9 ! book ( ,leviticus is into burnt-(f]+s1 s9-(f]+s1 trespass-(f]+s1 & peace-(f]+s4 ,b !y may be mo/ conv5i5tly consid]$ 9 ! ord] ( _! pres5tation1 :5 two or m ( !m 7 (f]$ on ! same occasion1 z :5 ,a>on & 8 sons 7 consecrat$ to ! prie/hood1 & ! p sanctifi$ 9 connection ) ?is transaction 7,lev4 *aps #h1 #i71 & 9 ! (f]+s ( ! great day ( atonem5t 7,lev4 *ap4 #af74 ,"h ! s9-(f]+ naturally held ! fir/ place2 = ?is1 z its "n indicates1 0 :olly expiatory & propitiatory1 br++ ! (f]] into a /ate ( =giv5ess & div9e favor4 ,! s9-(f]+s _h ref]5ce 7#a7 to s9 g5]ally1 z :5 ,a>on & 8 sons 7 consecrat$ & ! p sanctifi$1 & :51 on ! annual day ( atonem5t1 expiation 0 made = ! s9s ( ! pa/ ye>2 7#b7 to specific (f5ces 7,lev4 *aps4 #d1 #e71 ,! exact di/9ction betwe5 ! s9-(f]+ & ! trespass-(f]+ is ( difficult det]m9ation4 ,bo? 7 alike expiatory1 7 9 fact subdivisions ( ! same class ( (f]+s4 ,a comp>ison ( ! passages 9 :i* trespass-(f]+s are prescrib$ 7,lev4 #e3a2 #f3a-g2 ,numb4 #e3f-h7 seems to indicate t !y belong$ especially to trespasses = :i* re/itution c\ld be made4 ,next 9 ! ord] ( sacrifices1 ?\gh fir/ 9 dignity1 came ! burnt-(f]+1 also call$ holocau/ 7,heb4 kalil7 t is1 :ole burnt-(f]+1 ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( :i* 0 ! consum+ ( ! :ole by fire 7,lev4 *ap4 #a74 ,x is conc$$ by all t ?is 0 a symbol ( complet5ess2 b 9 :at respect is a "q t has be5 answ]$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"s ref] ! complet5ess to ! (f]+ itself1 z t =m ( sacrifice :i* embraces 9 itself all o!rs 7,ros5muell] on ,deut4 #cc3aj72 or1 z ! mo/ p]fect (f]+1 inasmu* z x exhibits ! idea ( (f]+ 9 its complet5ess & g5]ality1 & s conc5trates 9 itself all wor%ip4 ,baehr1 ,symbolik1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cfb4 ,b we _c sep>ate1 9 ! int5tion ( ,god1 ! complet5ess ( ! =m f ! /ate ( ! (f]]'s m9d4 ,! burnt-(f]+ 0 inde$1 9 its outw>d =m1 ! mo/ p]fect ( all sacrifices1 = :i* reason x exclud$ female victims1 z relatively inf]ior to ! male sex4 ,b because ( ?is its complet5ess & g5]ality x signifi$ ! entire self-consecration ( ! (f]] to ,god4 ,w9] & o!rs aft] ,philo4 ,b ?is1 let x be c>efully rememb]$1 0 a self-consecration t c\ld be made only ?r\gh ! blood ( expiation1 to indicate :i*1 ! blood ( ! burnt-(f]+ 0 spr9kl$ by ! prie/ r\nd ab\t ^u ! alt>2 or1 9 ! case ( a bird1 :]e ! quantity 0 too small to be ?us spr9kl$1 0 wrung out at ! side ( ! alt>4 ,! peace-(f]+ 7m lit]ally1 (f]+ ( r5ditions2 t is1 (f]+ 9 :i* ! (f]] r5d]$ to ,god ! tribute ( praise & ?anksgiv+ :i* 0 8 due7 0 9 all its diff]5t subdivisions--?ank-(f]+1 votive (f]+1 free-w (f]+ 7,lev4 #g3aa-af7--;a eu*>i/ic (f]+4 ,h5ce its social "*4 ,aft] ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood1 ! burn+ ( ! prescrib$ p>ts on ! alt>1 & ! assignm5t to ! prie/ ( 8 portion1 ! (f]] & 8 fri5ds fea/$ joyfully be=e ! ,"l on ! rema9d]4 ,lev4 *ap4 #c comp>$ ) *ap4 #g3aa-ah4 ,9 ! case ( mon>*s1 l ,david & ,solomon1 ! :ole nation 0 fea/$4 #b ,sam4 #f3ag-ai2 #a ,k+s #h3fb-ff4 ,h5ce ! ,messiah1 z ! great ,k+ ( all nations1 is beautifully repres5t$ z pay+ 8 peace-(f]+s to ,god = ! deliv]ance grant$ him f 8 foes1 & z summon+ all nations to ! sacrificial fea/3 ,my praise %all be ( !e 9 ! great congregation2 ,i w pay my v[s v[s 9 ! =m ( peace-(f]+s be=e !m t fe> him4 ,! meek %all eat & be satisfi$3 !y %all praise ! ,"l t seek him3 y\r he>t %all live = ev]4 ,all ! ends ( ! _w %all rememb] & turn unto ! ,"l1 etc4 ,psa4 #bb3be-ca4 ,! peace-(f]+ naturally foll[$ ! burnt-(f]+1 z t did ! s9-(f]+ 9 ! sanctification ( ! ,israeliti% congregation4 ,lev4 #i3ae-ah4 ,x signifi$ joyful communion ) ,god 9 ?anksgiv+ & praise2 b ?is1 too1 only ?r\gh ! blood ( ! victim spr9kl$ ^u ! alt> z a sign ( expiation4 ,lev4 *ap4 #c4 ,9 ^! ?ree classes ( (f]+s1 !n1 we h typically set =?1 fir/1 expiation re/or+ man to ,god's favor1 !n self-consecration1 !n holy communion 9 ?anksgiv+ & praise--,,all ,,?ree ,,only ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,spr9kl+ ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,( ,,*ri/1 ! great ,antitype ( ! ,levitical prie/s & sacrifices4 ,! sacrificial nature ( ! passov] appe>s 9 ! direction giv5 at its in/itution t ! blood ( ! pas*al lamb %\ld be spr9kl$ on ! l9tel & two side-po/s ( ! h\se :]e x 0 eat5 z a protection aga9/ ! de/roy] ( ! fir/-born 7,exod4 #ab3bb1 #bc72 & 9 ! ord9ance aft]w>ds e/abli%$1 requir+ t x %\ld be sla9 at ! sanctu>y 7,deut4 #af3a-h71 & its blood spr9kl$ ^u ! alt>4 #b ,*ron4 #cj3af2 #ce3aa4 ,its "* approa*$ v ne> to t ( ! peace-(f]+s4 ,x 0 a joy\s fe/ival1 commemorative ( ! deliv]ance ( ,israel f ,egyptian bondage2 & ?us typically %ad[+ =? ! high] r$emption ( ,god's p f ! bondage ( s94 ,z ! blood ( ! pas*al lamb spr9kl$ on ! doors ( ! h\ses protect$ ! inmates f ! de/roy] ( ! fir/-born1 s does ! blood ( ,*ri/ protect all :o ?r\gh fai? receive its expiatory p[] f ! wra? to come4 ,z ! ,israelites fea/$ joyfully on ! fle% ( ! pas*al lamb1 s does ! *ur* fe$ by fai? on ! great antitypal ,lamb ( ,god1 :o is ! true ,passov] sacrific$ = u4 #a ,cor4 #e3g4 ,!re 7 "s o!r sacrifices ( a special "*1 su* z ^? by :i* ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ! p 0 ratifi$ 7,exod4 #bd3c-h72 ! ram ( consecration1 :5 ,a>on & 8 sons 7 induct$ into ! prie/hood 7,lev4 #h3bb-cj72 ! sacrifice & o!r rites connect$ ) ! cleans+ ( ! lep] 7,lev4 #ad3a-cb72 ! sacrifice ( ! r$ heif] f :i* 7 prep>$ ! a%es ( purification 7,numb4 *ap4 #ai72 ! sacrifice ( ! heif] 9 ! case ( an unc]ta9 murd] 7,deut4 #ba3a-i74 ,respect+ ^!1 x is only necess>y to rem>k g5]ally t1 :atev] o!r ideas 7 typifi$ by !m1 t ( expiation ?r\gh blood 0 n want+4 ,x 0 requir$ by ! law t all ! sacrificial victims %\ld be )\t blemi%1 n only because ! (f]+ to ,god ( an imp]fect victim w\ld h be5 an affront to 8 maje/y 7,mal4 #a3h1 #ac1 #ad71 b especially because a p]fect victim c\ld alone typify ! ,lamb ( ,god1 )\t blemi% & )\t spot1 :o 0 (f]$ on ,calv>y z ! propitiation = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w4 #a ,pet4 #a3ai1 #bj4 ,( ! unbloody (f]+s oblations1 call$ 9 our v]sion meat-(f]+s1 "s 7 supplem5t>y to ! sacrifices1 be+ necess>y to _! complet5ess4 ,su* 0 ! salt :i*1 z a symbol ( purity & fri5d%ip1 0 prescrib$ = all meat (f]+s 7,lev4 #b3ac71 & seems to h be5 us$ ) all sacrifices also4 ,ezek4 #dc3bd comp>$ ) ,m>k #i3di4 ,su*1 also 7 ! fl\r1 w9e1 & oil (f]$ ) ! daily sacrifice 7,exod4 #bi3dj71 & 9 c]ta9 o!r cases4 ,lev4 #h3bf2 #i3ag2 #ad3aj1 etc4 ,o!r oblations1 l ^? prescrib$ 9 ! second *apt] ( ,leviticus1 7 pres5t$ by !mselves1 z expressions ( love1 gratitude1 & devotion to ,god on ! "p ( ! (f]]s4 ,aft] a portion ( !m1 includ+ all ! frank9c5se1 _h be5 burn$ on ! alt>1 ! re/ w5t to ,a>on & 8 sons z _! portion4 ,! prie/s also receiv$ specifi$ portions f ! peace-(f]+s ( ! p1 ! trespass-(f]+s1 & ! s9-(f]+s ! blood ( :i* 0 n c>ri$ into ! sanctu>y4 ,see ,lev4 *ap4 #f3bd-g3cd4 #ae4 ,( ! typical transactions connect$ ) ! (f]+ ( sacrifices & oblations we notice ! foll[+3 7#a47 ,9 all cases ! (f]] laid 8 h&s ^u ! head ( ! victim4 ,! mean+ ( ?is act may be inf]r$ f ! fir/ m5tion ( x 9 ! ,levitical c]emonial3 ,& he %all put 8 h& ^u ! head ( ! burnt-(f]+2 & x %all be accept$ = him to make atonem5t = him4 ,lev4 #a3d4 ,! act 9 "q 01 !n1 ! solemn d$ication to ,jehovah ( ! victim = ! end propos$4 ,by ! lay+ on ( 8 h&s1 he pres5t$ x to ,god z 8 (f]+ to make atonem5t = 8 s\l1 & ,god accept$ x z su*4 ,f ! v nature ( ! (f]+1 ?is act ( pres5tation conta9$ an ackn[l$gm5t ( guilt t ne$$ expiation1 b !re 0 no =mal transf] ( 8 s9s to ! victim1 z 9 ! case ( ! scape-goat4 ,see bel[1 ,no4 #af4 7#b47 ,! wav+ & heav+ ( (f]+s belong$ to ! prie/s alone4 ,bo? 7 manife/ly acts ( pres5tation & d$ication to ,god4 ,= example1 ! loaf ( bread1 cake ( oil$ bread1 & waf] ( unleav5$ bread employ$ ^u ! occasion ( ,a>on's consecration 7 fir/ plac$ 9 8 h&s to be wav$ be=e ! ,"l1 & !n burn$ by ,moses on ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+4 ,exod4 #bi3bc-be4 ,s also ! brea/ ( ! ram ( consecration 0 wav$1 & ! "r %\ld] heav$1 be=e !y 7 eat5 by ,a>on & 8 sons 7,exod4 #bi3bf-bh72 ! lamb ( ! lep] :o _h be5 heal$1 ) ! accompany+ oblation1 0 wav$ by ! prie/ be=e ! ,"l be=e slay+ x4 ,lev4 #ad3ab1 seq4 ,accord+ to ! rabb9s1 ! wav+ consi/$ ( a movem5t =w>ds & backw>ds4 ,"s ?9k t !re 0 also a lat]al motion f "r to left & ! rev]se4 ,! heav+ 0 a movem5t upw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,! gr\nd ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two =ms ( pres5tation to ,jehovah is unc]ta94 ,we only "k t ! c]emony ( heav+ 0 re/rict$ to c]ta9 cases4 ,?us ! brea/ ( ! peace-(f]+s 0 always wav$1 & ! "r %\ld] heav$1 be=e !y 7 giv5 to ! prie/s z _! portion4 ,lev4 #g3bh-cd4 7#c47 ,! spr9kl+ ( ! victim's blood 0 a mo/ weighty "p ( ! c]emonial1 = by ?is expiation 0 symboliz$4 ,x 0 accord+ly re/rict$ to ! prie/1 :o 0 ! appo9t$ m$iator betwe5 ,god & ! p4 ,! sev5fold spr9kl+ ( ! blood t 0 c>ri$ into ! sanctu>y 7,lev4 #d3f1 #ag2 #af3ad1 #ai71 & 9 c]ta9 o!r cases 7,lev4 #h3aa2 #ad3g1 #ea7 d5ot$ ! complet5ess ( ! expiation1 sev5 be+ ! well-kn[n symbol ( p]fection4 ,h5ce ! ,new ,te/am5t beautifully repres5ts believ]s z purifi$ f s9 by ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood ( ,*ri/1 ! great ,antitype ( ! ,mosaic sacrifices4 ,heb4 #i3ac1 #ad2 #aj3bb2 #ab3bd2 #a ,pet4 #a3b4 ,k9dr$ to ! rite ( spr9kl+ 0 ! application ( ! victim's blood to ! horns ( ! alt> & to ! p]son ( ! (f]]4 ,exod4 #bi3ab1 #bj2 ,lev4 #d3g1 #ah1 #be1 #cj2 #h3ae1 #bd2 #ad3ad1 etc4 7#d47 ,! burn+ ( ! (f]+1 or ( c]ta9 specifi$ p>ts ( x1 ^u ! alt>1 :]eby its odor asc5d$ up to heav51 0 a natural expression ( d$ication to ,god4 ,comp>e ,g54 #h3ba1 ,lev4 #a3i1 etc4 #af4 ,we h se5 ! typical import ( ! furniture ( ! tab]nacle 7,nos4 #h & #i above74 ,t ! tab]nacle itself1 consid]$ g5]ally1 _h also a typical mean+1 is admitt$ by all :o believe 9 revelation4 ,b :5 we come to ! consid]ation ( details1 we enc\nt] div]sities ( int]pretation :i* _c be "h consid]$4 ,we notice only ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a47 ,! ,mosaic tab]nacle 01 z we h se51 ,god's visible e>?ly dwell+-place4 ,z su*1 x %ad[$ =? 8 real pres5ce & glory1 fir/1 9 ! *ur* ( ! r$eem$ on e>? ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/2 secondly1 9 ! glorifi$ *ur* 9 heav54 ,"s ?9k t ! out] sanctu>y1 ) its alt> ( inc5se1 its gold5 c&le/ick1 & its table ( %[-bread1 typifi$ ,god's pres5ce ) ! *ur* militant1 ?r\gh h] div9ely-appo9t$ ord9ances2 & ! inn] sanctu>y1 8 pres5ce ) ! *ur* triumphant 9 heav54 7#b47 ,"u ! ,mosaic economy1 ! p 7 n admitt$ to ei!r sanctu>y4 ,!y c\ld approa* ,god only ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! prie/s4 ,! prie/s !mselves ent]$ ! out] sanctu>y daily to burn inc5se & p]=m ! o!r prescrib$ s]vices2 b ! high prie/ alone 0 p]mitt$ to ent] ! mo/ holy place once e ye> ) ! blood ( ! s9-(f]+4 ,?is repres5t$ t1 "u ! old disp5sation1 ! way ( access to ,god on ! "p ( s9n]s 0 n yet made manife/4 ,9 respect to ! holy ( holies1 we h ! express /atem5t ( inspiration3 ,b into ! second w5t ! high prie/ alone once e ye>1 n )\t blood1 :i* he (f]$ = himself1 & = ! errors ( ! p3 ! ,holy ,gho/ ?is signify+1 t ! way into ! holie/ ( all 0 n yet made manife/1 :ile z ! fir/ tab]nacle 0 yet /&+4 ,heb4 #i3g1 #h4 ,by p>ity ( reason1 ! pr9ciple holds good 9 respect to ! exclusion ( ! p f ! out] sanctu>y4 ,we are in=m$1 accord+ly1 t :5 ,*ri/ cri$ ^u ! cross ) a l\d voice1 ,x is f9i%$1 & gave up ! gho/1 ! vail ( ! temple 0 r5t 9 twa9 f ! top to ! bottom4 ,matt4 #bg3ej1 #ea2 ,m>k #ae3cg1 #ch2 ,luke #bc3de1 #df4 ,by ?is 0 signifi$ t n[ ! way ( access to ,god 0 op5$ ?r\gh ,*ri/'s blood to all believ]s2 s t !y con/itute a spiritual prie/hood1 hav+ access to ,god )9 ! vail )\t ! help ( any e>?ly m$iation1 t !y may !re (f] up spiritual sacrifices1 acceptable to ,god by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,heb4 #g3be2 #aj3ai1 #bj2 #a ,pet4 #b3e1 #i2 ,rev4 #a3f4 7#c47 ,! typical "* ( ! tab]nacle appe>s v /rik+ly 9 ! c]emonies ( ! great day ( atonem5t4 ,lev4 *ap4 #af4 ,aft] ! high-prie/ _h fir/ (f]$ a s9-(f]+ = himself1 & spr9kl$ its blood 9 ! inn] sanctu>y ^u & be=e ! m]cy-seat sev5 times1 he br\ght ! two goats t _h be5 appo9t$ = ! expiation ( ! p1 "o = a s9-(f]+1 ! o!r = a scape-goat1 ! (fice ( ea* be+ det]m9$ by lot4 ,:5 he _h sla9 ! goat ( ! s9-(f]+1 he c>ri$ its blood into ! mo/ holy place1 & spr9kl$ x also sev5 times ^u & be=e ! m]cy-seat1 to make an atonem5t = ! holy place1 because ( ! uncleanness ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & because ( _! transgressions 9 all _! s9s 7v]4 #af74 ,!n x 0 direct$ t ! live goat %\ld be br\ght3 ,& ,a>on %all lay bo? 8 h&s ^u ! head ( ! live goat1 & confess ov] him all ! iniquities ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & all _! transgressions 9 all _! s9s1 putt+ !m ^u ! head ( ! goat1 & %all s5d him away by ! h& ( a fit man into ! wild]ness4 ,& ! goat %all be> ^u him all _! iniquities into a l& n inhabit$2 & he %all let g ! goat 9 ! wild]ness4 ,v]4 #ba1 #bb4 ,by ?is d\ble c]emonial 0 signifi$1 fir/1 t ,*ri/ %\ld expiate our s9s by 8 own blood2 secondly1 t ?r\gh ?is expiation he %\ld be> !m 9 8 own p]son1 & ?us remove !m f> away f u4 ,! ,jewi% high prie/ ent]$ ye> by ye> ?r\gh ! e>?ly tab]nacle into ,god's pres5ce ) ! blood ( ! s9-(f]+1 t he might spr9kle x be=e ! m]cy-seat4 ,b ,*ri/1 our great ,high ,prie/1 has ent]$ by a great] & m p]fect tab]nacle n made ) h&s into heav5 itself1 to pres5t 8 own blood be=e ! ?rone ( ,god z a p]fect propitiation = our s9s4 ,heb #i3aa1 #ab1 #bd4 ,! /rik+ c]emonial connect$ ) ! scape-goat on ! great day ( atonem5t 7,lev4 *ap4 #af7 is nev] to be int]pret$ sep>ately1 b always 9 connection ) ! o!r goat1 :i* 0 sla9 z a s9-(f]+1 & its blood c>ri$ )9 ! vail into ! mo/ holy place4 ,! inadequacy ( ! type made x necess>y t two goats %\ld be us$ 9 ?is "o s]vice1 "o to repres5t ! expiation ( ! p's s9 ?r\gh ! spr9kl+ ( its blood2 ! o!r1 ! vic>i\s be>+ & tak+ away ( _! s94 ,:atev] difficulties are connect$ ) ! int]pretation ( ! ,hebrew ^w r5d]$ 9 our v]sion = a scape-goat 7,hebrew1 la-azazel71 ! typical mean+ ( ! transaction is cle>1 & x has its fulfilm5t only 9 ,*ri/1 :o has expiat$1 & s tak5 away1 ! s9 ( ! _w4 7#d47 ,9 ! case ( ! m solemn sacrifices--! s9-(f]+s = ! high-prie/ & = ! congregation 7,lev4 #d3a-ba2 *ap4 #af7--! expiatory blood 0 c>ri$ into ! sanctu>y to be pres5t$ be=e ,god4 ,b ! victim 0 9 all cases sla9 )\t ! sanctu>y2 & :5 its blood 0 c>ri$ into ! sanctu>y1 its body typically be>+ ! curse ( ! violat$ law1 0 burn$ )\t ! camp4 ,9 correspond5ce ) ?is1 ! writ] to ! ,hebrews rem9ds u t ,jesus also1 t he might sanctify ! p ) 8 own blood1 suff]$ )\t ! gate4 ,heb4 #ac3aa1 #ab4 ,he suff]$ )\t ! gate 9 a two-fold s5se4 ,z a condemn$ malefactor1 he 0 ?ru/ out ( ! holy city1 :i* answ]$ to ! anci5t ,israeliti% camp1 & !re he expiat$ on ! cross ! s9 ( ! _w4 ,he also suff]$ )\t ! gate ( ! true holy city1 ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 :i* he left t he might tab]nacle among m5 & die = _! r$emption2 & hav+ accompli%$ ?is "w1 he w5t by 8 own blood into ! heav5ly holy ( holies1 !re to make int]cession = u4 ,! dignity & sacr$ness ( ^! solemn s9-(f]+s made x necess>y t a clean place %\ld be select$ = ! burn+ ( ! fle%2 b inasmu* z !y 7 typically lad5 ) ! curse ( s91 !y 7 c>ri$ )\t ! prec9cts ( ! camp :]e ,god dwelt1 & !re consum$1 :]e ! a%es ( all ! bloody (f]+s 7 p\r$ out4 ,lev4 #d3aa1 #ab1 #ba2 #af3bg4 ,! man1 moreov]1 :o p]=m$ ! s]vice ( burn+ ! s9-(f]+ on ! day ( atonem5t1 hav+ be5 typically defil$ by contact ) x1 0 requir$ to wa% 8 clo!s & ba! 8 fle% 9 wat] be=e com+ into ! camp4 ,lev4 #af3bh4 ,9 ! case ( ! scape-goat1 ! wild]ness1 ! l& n inhabit$1 answ]$ to ! place )\t ! camp :]e ! s9-(f]+ 0 burn$2 & ! man t l$ him away 01 9 l mann]1 requir$ to wa% 8 clo!s & ba! 8 fle% 9 wat] be=e re5t]+ ! camp4 ,lev4 #af3bf4 #ag4 ,! di/9ctions betwe5 clean & unclean 9 respect to articles ( food & v>i\s o!r p>ticul>s1 _h also a typical mean+4 ,t ! regulations 9 reg>d to ^! matt]s 7 promotive ( physical purity & heal? is und\bt$ly true2 yet we are n to consid] !m z simply a sanit>y code4 ,!y rea*$ to ! inn] man4 ,?r\gh ^! physical di/9ctions ( clean & unclean ,god educat$ ! p to an appreh5sion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 moral purity & impurity4 ,! ,levitical view ( sickness & e bodily infirmity is deep & fundam5tal4 ,all is ref]r$ to s9 z ! primal cause4 ,! suff]] f leprosy & v>i\s o!r infirmities 7,lev4 *aps4 #ab-ae7 is reg>d$ n z a s9n] above o!r m5 7,luke #ac3a-e71 b yet z suff]+ 9 ! "* ( a s9n]4 ,h5ce ! c]emonial uncleanness ( su* p]sons1 & ! expiatory (f]+s requir$ 9 ! case ( ^? :o h be5 heal$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,prophecy4 #a4 ,! scriptural idea ( prophecy is widely remov$ f t ( human =esight & pres5tim5t4 ,x is t ( a revelation made by ! ,holy ,_s respect+ ! future1 always 9 ! int]e/ ( ,god's k+dom4 ,x is no "p ( ! plan ( prophecy to gratify va9 curiosity respect+ ! times or ! seasons :i* ! ,fa!r ha? put 9 8 own p[]4 ,acts #a3g4 ,com=t ye1 com=t ye my p1 sai? y\r ,god--?is is its key-note4 ,9 its =m x is c>efully adapt$ to ?is great end4 ,its notices ( ! future are int]wov5 ) exhortations & admonitions1 enc\ragem5ts & w>n+s1 promises & ?reat5+s4 ,^! con/itute1 inde$1 ! great bulk ( ! prophetical writ+s t h come d[n to u4 ,! subject ( ! int]pretation ( prophecy may be conv5i5tly consid]$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 prophecies relat+ to ! ne> future2 prophecies relat+ to ! la/ days2 ! "q ( d\ble s5se2 ! "q ( lit]al & figurative mean+4 ,i4 ,,prophecies ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,ne> ,,future4 #b4 ,! ,bible conta9s _m prophecies relat+ to ! comp>atively ne> future4 ,^! are all specific 9 _! "*1 & h a s+le exhau/ive fulfilm5t4 ,examples are3 ! pr$iction to ,noah ( ! approa*+ deluge1 & to ,abraham ( ! bondage ( 8 po/]ity 9 a /range l&2 ! disclosure ?r\gh ,ph>aoh's dreams ( ! com+ fam9e 9 ,egypt2 ,joseph's ann\ncem5t ( ! future deliv]ance ( ,israel f ,egypt2 ! tok5 giv5 to ,moses t ,god _h s5t him3 ,:5 ?\ ha/ br\ght =? ! p out ( ,egypt1 ye %all s]ve ,god ^u ?is m\nta9 7,exod4 #c3ab72 ,god's ?reat5$ judgm5ts ^u ! h\se ( ,eli ) ! accompany+ sign 7#a ,sam4 #b3cd72 ! w>n+ t ,david receiv$ by ,urim & ,?ummim ( ,saul's approa* to de/roy him 7#a ,sam4 #bc3i-ab72 ! pr$iction t ,josiah %\ld defile ,j]oboam's alt> at ,be!l ) m5's bones 7#a ,k+s #ac3b72 etc4 ,m9ute ev5ts1 9 !mselves unimportant1 sometimes come )9 ! sph]e ( prophetic revelation1 b always 9 connection ) & subs]vi5cy to important transactions affect+ ! int]e/s ( ,god's p4 ,?us :5 ,samuel ano9t$ ,saul z ! future k+ ( ,israel1 he =etold to him ! incid5ts ( 8 j\rney homew>d 7#a ,sam4 #aj3b-g74 ,b ?is 0 9 ord] t ,saul might be assur$ ( ,samuel's prophetic (fice1 & consequ5tly ( ! div9e sanction to ! transaction4 ,an ev5t 9 ! imm$iate future is frequ5tly pr$ict$ z a pl$ge t "s prophecy ( m di/ant fulfilm5t %all be accompli%$4 ,?us ! dea? ( ,eli's two sons 9 "o day 0 to be a tok5 ( ! fulfilm5t ( all ! evils ?reat5$ aga9/ 8 h\se4 ,! same end may be accompli%$ by a miracul\s sign4 #a ,k+s #ac3c2 #b ,k+s #bj3i1 #aa4 ,prophecies ( ! k9d n[ "u consid]ation are 9 g5]al v pla9 & simple1 & _! record$ fulfilm5t is to u a suffici5t int]pret] ( _! mean+4 ,,ii4 ,,prophecies ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,la/ ,,days4 #c4 ,9 ,old ,te/am5t usage1 ! la/ days1 or ! latt] days 79 ! latt] ye>s1 ,ezek4 #ch3h7 d5ote n simply ! di/ant future1 b t future z includ+ ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah1 :i* ext5ds to ! consummation ( all ?+s ,g54 #di3a2 ,numb4 #bd3ad2 ,deut4 #d3cj2 #ca3bi2 ,isa4 #b3b2 ,j] #bc3bj2 #cj3bd2 #dh3dg2 #di3ci2 ,ezek4 #ch3af2 ,dan4 #aj3ad2 ,hos4 #c3e2 ,mic4 #d3a4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 to conceive ( ^! la/ days z totally sep>at$ f ! prec$+ ages4 ,9 ! plan ( ,god ! hi/ory ( ! _w con/itutes a :ole1 all ! p>ts ( :i* are closely connect$4 ,h5ce ! prophecies relat+ to ! latt] days include1 m or less di/9ctly1 ! ev5ts :i* prec$e !m1 & prep>e ! way = !m4 ,9 su* prophecies we are n to look = exhau/ive details4 ,!y give1 z a rule1 only g5]al views relat+ to ! conflicts ( ,god's p & _! f9al triumph4 ,:]e m9ute incid5ts are introduc$ 7,psa4 #bb3ah2 #fi3ba2 ,ze*4 #i3i2 #aa3ac7 x is app>5tly = ! purpose ( id5tify+ to future g5]ations ! ,messiah z _! ma9 subject4 ,see bel[1 ,no4 #i4 ,prophecies relat+ to ! days ( ! ,messiah are introduc$ 9 o!r m indef9ite ways1 ?us3 ,behold ! days come 7,j]4 #bc3e2 #ca3ca2 etc473 ,& x %all come to pass aft]w>d 7,joel #b3bh72 ,9 t day 7,isa4 #d3b1 ,j]4 #cj3h2 ,ezek4 #ci3aa2 ,amos #i3aa1 & else:]e72 or !y are suffici5tly indicat$ by _! cont5ts1 z ,isa4 *aps4 #dj-ff4 ,^! prophecies naturally fall into two classes3 ^? 9 :i* ! succession ( ev5ts is di/9ctly indicat$1 & ^? :i* give only g5]al views ( ! future1 )\t any cle> ord] ( succession4 #d4 ,to ! fir/ & small] class belong especially c]ta9 ( ,daniel's prophecies4 ,! f\r great mon>*ies1 = example1 t are to be> rule ov] ! e>? are symboliz$ fir/ by a great image 7,dan4 *ap4 #b71 !n by f\r bea/s ris+ out ( ! sea 7,dan4 *ap4 #g74 ,( ^! mon>*ies ! f\r?1 repres5t$ by ! legs ( iron & feet "p ( iron & "p ( clay 7,dan4 #b3cc71 & by ! f\r? bea/ ) 8 t5 horns 7,dan4 #g3g71 belongs 9 "p to ! latt] days ( ! ,messiah4 ,! f\r? k+dom1 repres5t$ by ! legs ( iron & feet "p ( iron & "p ( clay1 is at ! beg9n+ /rong z iron 7*ap4 #b3dj72 aft]w>ds x is p>tly /rong & p>tly brok5 7v]4 #db72 x is1 moreov]1 ! la/ great mon>*y t oppresses ! _w4 ,all ^! *>act]s po9t to ! ,roman empire1 fir/ 9 its pagan1 aft]w>ds 9 its papal =m4 ,f ! nature ( ! symbol1 ! prophet sees ! :ole image /&+ till x is smitt5 9 its feet ( iron & clay4 ,?is does n mean t ! f\r mon>*ies are contemporane\s1 b t !y con/itute "o great sy/em ( oppression1 9 :i* ! p[] passes successively d[n f ! head to ! feet4 ,x is 9 its feet t ! /one smites x1 = x is 9 ?is its la/ =m t ! k+dom set up by ! ,god ( heav5 %all enc\nt] & de/roy x4 ,! toes1 "p ( iron & "p ( clay1 well repres5t ! k+doms t grew up out ( ! old ,roman empire1 ) an int]mixture ( ! nor!rn nations4 ,^! c\ld nev] unite into a compact :ole1 l ! orig9al pagan empire1 yet !y con/itut$ a cont9uation ( x 9 a divid$ =m4 ,t ! f\r? bea/ aga9 7*ap4 #g3g-ad1 #ai-bh7 repres5ts ! same ,roman empire appe>s f ! foll[+ consid]ations3 7#a47 ,bo? "h & 9 ! second *apt] a succession ( f\r great mon>*ies is repres5t$1 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree are admitt$ to h be5 univ]sal4 ,x is altoge!r reasonable1 !re=e1 to look = a univ]sal empire 9 ! f\r?2 b t empire c be no o!r ?an ! ,roman4 7#b47 ,! f\r? bea/ is repres5t$ z ! /ronge/ & mo/ t]rible ( !m all1 :i* _c apply to any o!r ?an ! ,roman p[]4 7#c47 ,all its *>act]s agree ) ^? ( ! ,roman empire1 & _c be made to agree ) ^? ( any o!r p[]4 ,^? :o und]/& by ! little horn ( ! f\r? bea/ ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 mu/ consid] ! f\r? bea/ z repres5t+ ! ,syrian mon>*y1 or p]haps ,syria & ,egypt4 ,b ^! belong to ! ?ird bea/4 ,!y are two ( ! f\r divisions into :i* 8 empire 0 brok51 & :i* h j be5 repres5t$ by ! f\r heads & f\r w+s ( ! leop>d4 7#d47 ,no p]secut+ p[] comes aft] ?is bea/4 ,its dom9ion is de/roy$ by t ( ! ,messiah1 :o takes ! k+dom & holds x = ev]4 ,?is c apply only to ! ,roman p[] z p]petuat$ 9 its papal =m 9 ! t5 horns1 :i* correspond to ! t5 toes ( ! image4 ,*ap4 #b3da-dc4 ,all ! *>act]s ( ! little horn agree ) ^? ( ! papal p[]2 & consid]+ ! va/ influ5ce :i* ?is has wield$1 & /ill wields1 ov] ,god's *ur*1 we %\ld naturally expect t x w\ld be includ$ 9 a compreh5sive view l ?is ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! prophecies ( ! book ( ,revelation relative to ! great r$ dragon--pagan ,rome 7*ap4 #ab71 ! two bea/s t succe$$ to 8 seat & p[] 7*ap4 #ac71 & 7:at is id5tical ) ^! two bea/s7 ! woman rid+ ^u a sc>let-color$ bea/ 7*ap4 #ag71 are s intimately relat$ to ! f\r? k+dom ( ,daniel1 t :atev] view be tak5 ( ?is k+dom mu/ apply to !m also4 ,9 ^! prophetic symbols we h aga9 all ! *>act]s ( pagan ,rome z cont9u$ 9 papal ,rome4 ,*ap4 #cb1 ,no4 #d4 ,to ! class ( prophecies n[ "u consid]ation belong also1 accord+ to ! mo/ probable pr9ciple ( int]pretation1 ^? ( ! sev5 seals1 ! sev5 trumpets includ$ "u ! la/ seal1 & ! sev5 vials ( ! la/ trumpet 7,rev4 #f3a seq472 = 9 ^! ! succession ( ev5ts is di/9ctly m>k$4 ,! numb]s ( ! books ( ,daniel & ,revelation1 p>ticul>ly ! "t & times & divid+ ( "t--?ree ye>s & a half--dur+ :i* ! little horn is to h dom9ion 7,dan4 #g3be71 & 7:at is equival5t to ?is numb]7 ! =ty-&-two mon?s dur+ :i* ! ,g5tiles are to tread d[n ! holy city 7,rev4 #aa3b71 & ! bea/ t succe$s to ! dragon is to h p[] 7,rev4 #ac3e72 or 9 days1 ! ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days ( ! two witnesses 7,rev4 #aa3c71 & ( ! woman's soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness 7,rev4 #ab3f71 h furni%$ = c5turies matt] ( curi\s speculation & computation1 ^u ! assumption t a day "h repres5ts a ye> 7,*ap4 #ce1 ,no4 #i72 b hi!rto hi/ory has n v]ifi$ ! results z to "t :i* ! /ud5ts ( ^! prophecies h giv54 ,! failure ( _! computations might h be5 anticipat$4 ,x seems to be ! plan ( ,god to ?r[ su* a vail ov] ev5 exact dates ( prophecy1 t _! place 9 a *ronological *>t ( hi/ory _c be accurately m>k$ out be=eh&4 ,ei!r ! "t f :i* ! reckon+ is to proce$1 or ! symbolism ( ! dates1 or ! place :i* ! :ole s]ies holds 9 relation to o!r prophecies1 is left 9 obscurity4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h busi$ !mselves ) ! computation ( ^! dates tea*es1 n t we %\ld :olly )draw ourselves f inquiries ( ?is k9d1 b t to pursue !m 9 a confid5t & dogmatic _s1 z if we _h be5 admitt$ to ! c\ncil-*amb] ( heav51 & _h !re le>n$ ! exact day & h\r on :i* ! papal ?rone mu/ fall1 or our ,"l reappe> on e>?1 is a m>k1 n ( wisdom1 b ( weakness & folly4 #e4 ,9 ! second & l>g] class ( prophecies relat+ to ! la/ days1 ! elem5t ( "t1 & especially t ( succession 9 "t1 is ei!r :olly want+1 or is indicat$ 9 only a vague & g5]al way4 ,examples ( ?is class ( prophecies are almo/ innum]able4 ,a rem>kable specim5 is f\nd 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,isaiah1 view$ 9 connection ) ! prec$+ context4 ,! prophet's position is t ( 8 own day4 ,he writes at a "t :5 heavy calamities are imp5d+ ov] 8 c\ntrym54 ,) ^! calamities he beg9s3 ,behold ! ,"l1 ! ,"l ( ho/s1 do? take away f ,judah & ,j]usalem ! /ay & ! /aff1 ! :ole /ay ( bread1 & ! :ole /ay ( wat]1 ! mighty man1 & ! man ( w>1 ! judge1 & ! prophet1 & ! prud5t1 & ! anci5t1 ! capta9 ( fifty1 & ! honorable man1 & ! c\nsellor1 & ! cunn+ artific]1 & ! eloqu5t orator4 ,*ap4 #c3a-c4 ,s he proce$s1 9 t]ms :i* mu/ apply prim>ily to ! ,babyloni% captivity1 to ! end ( ! ?ird *apt]1 :i* closes ) ! t]rible d5unciation3 ,?y m5 %all fall by ! sword1 & ?y mighty m5 9 w>4 ,& h] gates %all lam5t & m\rn2 & %e1 be+ desolate1 %all sit ^u ! gr\nd 7v]4 #be1 #bf74 ,to complete ! picture ( desolation1 x is add$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? *apt]3 ,& 9 t day sev5 wom5 %all take hold ( "o man1 say+1 ,we w eat our own bread1 & we> our own app>el3 only let u be call$ by ?y "n to take away our reproa*4 ,! obvi\s mean+ ( ?is la/ ?reat5+ is1 t ! mass ( ! m5 %all p]i% 9 w>1 s t ! surviv+ wom5 _c f9d husb&s4 ,sev5 ( !m1 !re=e1 ask ( "o man ! privilege ( be+ call$ ea* 8 wife1 :ile !y (f] to =ego all ! usual advantages ( t relation4 ,?us f> ! prophet proce$s 9 a /ra9 ( ?reat5+4 ,b n[1 ) ! s+le =mula1 9 t day1 !re is a sudd5 transition to promise1 & promise ( su* a "* t x mu/ cov] ! :ole future p]iod ( ! ,messiah's k+dom3 ,9 t day %all ! bran* ( ! ,"l be beautiful & glori\s1 & ! fruit ( ! e>? %all be excell5t & comely = !m t are escap$ ( ,israel 7*ap4 #d3b72 & s he goes on to describe ! glory ( ! latt] days1 :5 ! ,"l1 hav+ purg$ ! blood ( ,j]usalem f ! mid/ !re( by ! _s ( judgm5t1 & by ! _s ( burn+1 w create ^u e dwell+-place ( ,m\nt ,zion1 & ^u h] assemblies1 a cl\d & smoke by day1 & ! %9+ ( a flam+ fire by night3 = ^u all ! glory %all be a def5ce 7v]4 #d1 #e74 ,"h we h1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 an indication ( "t1 b x is :olly indef9ite4 ,no date is giv5 = ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy1 nor any exact *ronological ord] ( succession4 ,! prophet began ) ! judgm5ts t imp5d$ ov] 8 c\ntrym54 ,he ends ) ! full glory ( ! ,messiah's reign1 )\t any indication ( ! int]v5+ int]val ( "t4 ,ano!r /rik+ example is furni%$ by ! elev5? *apt] ( ,isaiah 9 connection ) ! prec$+ context4 ,! t5? *apt] ( ,isaiah conta9s an acc\nt ( ! ,assyrian mon>*'s progress ?r\gh ! l& ( ,judea1 end+ ) a figurative acc\nt ( 8 ov]?r[3 ,behold ! ,"l1 ! ,"l ( ho/s1 %all lop ! b\gh ) t]ror2 & ! high ones ( /ature %all be hewn d[n1 & ! haughty %all be humbl$4 ,& he %all cut d[n ! ?ickets ( ! =e/ ) iron1 & ,lebanon %all fall by a mighty "o 7v]4 #cc1 #cd74 ,imm$iately ^u ?is pr$iction1 & ) ref]5ce to ! ,assyrian b\gh & ! ?ickets ( ,lebanon--,s5na*]ib ) 8 ho/--t h be5 hewn d[n1 foll[s a prophecy ( ! ,messiah's adv5t3 ,& !re %all come =? a rod out ( ! /em ( ,jesse1 & a bran* %all gr[ out ( 8 roots4 ,*ap4 #aa3a4 ,! prophet repres5ts ^! two ev5ts1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,assyrian & ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 z s connect$ t ! latt] foll[s z a natural sequel to ! =m]1 pass+ ov] 9 sil5ce ! _m int]v5+ c5turies4 ,he repres5ts1 aga91 ! ,messiah's k+dom z "o ( cont9u\s victori\s progress1 till ! e>? %all be full ( ! k ( ! ,"l1 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea1 )\t paus+ to indicate any int]v5+ p]iod ( d>kness & depression4 ,/ill a ?ird pure specim5 ( ?is =m ( prophecy occurs 9 ! fifty-n9? & sixtie? *apt]s ( ,isaiah4 ,! =m] ( ^! two *apt]s is occupi$ ) a description 9 v d>k l9es ( ! s9s ( ,god's cov5ant p 7v]4 #a-ae71 & ( ,god's int]position 9 awful maje/y to v9dicate 8 own cause 7v]4 #af-ba74 ,imm$iately ^u ?is foll[s1 9 ! sixtie? *apt]1 a vision ( ! latt]-day glory t has no p>allel 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = brightness1 ext5d+ d[n to ! full e/abli%m5t ( ! mill5nial age4 ,b :5 %all ^! ?+s be8 ,h[ long %all ! pres5t age ( iniquity endure8 ,& :5 ,jehovah appe>s to save ! cause ( tru? & righte\sness1 %all x be by a s+le int]position or a s]ies ( int]positions8 ,if by ! latt]1 h[ widely %all !y be sep>at$1 & :at d>k sc5es %all int]v5e8 ,:5 %all ! promis$ ,r$eem] appe>1 & h[ long %all 8 "w be 9 progress be=e t bless$ consummation conta9$ 9 ! promise3 ,?y sun %all no m g d[n2 nei!r %all ?y moon )draw itself3 = ! ,"l %all be ?9e ev]la/+ light1 & ! days ( ?y m\rn+ %all be end$8 ,on all ^! po9ts :i* involve ! elem5t ( "t ! prophecy ma9ta9s a maje/ic sil5ce4 ,! clos+ promise inde$ is3 ,i ! ,"l w ha/5 x 9 8 "t2 b ) ! ,"l "o day is z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day4 ,! "t = ! consummation ( ,god's plan to rescue ?is apo/ate _w f ! dom9ion ( ,satan--h[ _m sl[ly revolv+ c5turies may x include1 & :at fi]ce & bloody assaults ( ! adv]s>y1 compell+ ,god's suff]+ p to cry out3 ,o ,"l1 h[ long6 ,! :ole ( ! prophecy ( ,joel belongs to ! class n[ "u consid]ation4 ,x beg9s ) imp5d+ judgm5ts1 & closes ) ! conflict & triumph ( ! la/ times3 ,multitudes1 multitudes 9 ! valley ( decision3 = ! day ( ! ,"l is ne> 9 ! valley ( decision4 ,! sun & ! moon %all be d>k5$1 & ! />s %all )draw _! %9+4 ,! ,"l also %all ro> out ( ,zion1 & utt] 8 voice f ,j]usalem2 & ! heav5s & ! e>? %all %ake2 b ! ,"l %all be ! hope ( 8 p1 & ! /r5g? ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,s %all ye "k t ,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god dwell+ 9 ,zion1 my holy m\nta92 !n %all ,j]usalem be holy1 & !re %all no /rang]s pass ?r\gh h] any m4 ,*ap4 #c3ad-ag4 ,_m m examples might be adduc$ f ! o!r prophets1 b ! above w be suffici5t4 #f4 ,b let no "o inf]1 f ?is abs5ce ( dates & ( ! exact succession ( ev5ts1 t ! view :i* ! prophet gives ( ! future is loose & confus$4 ,times & successions belong r to ! outw>d ma*9]y ( ,god's provid5tial gov]nm5t4 ,!y are1 s to speak1 ! :eels & b&s & %afts :i* connect ! diff]5t movem5ts4 ,b ! p]petual liv+ p[] t dwells 9 ! *ur* is above all "t & succession4 ,9 ?is lies ! gu>antee ( h] f9al triumph1 & ) ?is ! prophets are ma9ly occupi$4 ,!y take ! deepe/ view ( ! progress ( ,god's k+dom1 = !y unfold to our view ! inde/ructible div9e life & p[] :i* animate x ?r\gh\t1 & :i* are /eadily be>+ x onw>d t[>ds its f9al de/9y--victory complete & et]nal ov] all ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,if we exam9e m p>ticul>ly ! mann] 9 :i* ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t repres5t ! future ( ! k+dom ( heav51 we %all f9d t x has its f\ndation 9 ! unity ( ! plan ( r$emption1 ! end t[>ds :i* x is t5d+1 ! indications ( t end :i* are p]petually giv5 9 its progress1 & ! fact t ! end itself is ! *ief object ( int]e/ 9 prophetic vision4 7#a47 ,! unity ( ! plan ( r$emption lies n 9 its times & seasons1 b 9 ! high] connections ( cause & effect1 :i*1 "u ,god's sup]natural pres5ce & ag5cy1 b9d ! :ole toge!r lat]ally1 s to speak1 z well z backw>d & =w>d4 ,x may be comp>$ to ! unity ( a web1 9 :i* ea* ?read ( ! w>p ext5ds f its beg9n+ to its end1 & ea* ?read ( ! wo( f "o m>g9 to ! o!r2 s t e "p ( ! texture is connect$ ) e o!r "p )\t respect to ne>ness or di/ance4 ,s 9 ! plan ( r$emption1 ev5ts ?\s&s ( ye>s ap>t & tak+ place 9 regions ?\s&s ( miles f ea* o!r1 are z really connect$ z if !y belong$ to ! same ye> & c\ntry4 ,& s9ce !y are ?us connect$ 9 ,god's plan1 x is natural t prophecy %\ld exhibit !m 9 ?is connection1 pass+ ov]1 x may be1 _m c5turies 9 sil5ce2 = x is ! sali5t po9ts ( ! *ur*'s future hi/ory1 ! great crises 9 ! process ( h] developm5t1 t ! _s ( inspiration w naturally br+ to view4 ,prophecy relat+ to ! la/ times is n a map1 9 :i* ! di/ance f "o po9t to ano!r1 ) all ! int]v5+ m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & t[ns1 is accurately m>k$2 b r a prospective view1 :i* exhibits only ! great features ( ! region t lies be=e ! travell]4 ,he sees f> (f 9 ! horizon ! goodly m\nta9s ris+ "o beh9d ano!r1 & ba!d 9 ! pure light ( heav51 ) no ability to disc]n1 mu* less to measure1 ! int]v5+ valleys & pla9s4 ,nay m1 m\nta9 ranges t are widely sep>at$ may appe> to 8 eye z "o & indivisible4 7#b47 ,! plan ( r$emption has n only complete unity1 b cont9ual progress t[>ds a high end4 ,x may be comp>$ to a maje/ic riv]1 f$ by ?\s&s ( p]5nial spr+s1 t _c /ay a mom5t 9 its c\rse t[>ds ! ocean4 ,its pa? is n always /raight1 b x is always onw>d4 ,its curr5t is n always rapid & brok51 = x is n always ob/ruct$4 ,sometimes1 l ! ,ar> describ$ by ,caes>1 x w9ds ?r\gh level pla9s ) a curr5t s g5tle & noiseless1 t ! eye _c disc]n its direction4 ,!n x plunges ov] "s ,niag>a1 ro>+1 boil+1 & foam+1 & %ak+ ! v e>? ) its mighty cat>acts4 ,b x has all ! p[] 9 ! level mead[s t x manife/s on ! fe>ful br9k ( ! precipice4 ,to arre/ its curr5t 9 "o place is z impossible z 9 ! o!r4 ,resi/ance _c ov]come its /r5g?1 b only br+ x to view4 ,let any numb] ( ,titans build up ev] s high a wall across ! level mead[1 & ! /ream1 e p>ticle ( :i* is press$ =w>d by an inw>d =ce1 w quietly rise above _! va9 ramp>t1 & !n x w beg9 to ?und]4 ,s9ce !n ,god's k+dom--?is riv] ( ,god t is full ( wat]--is cont9ually t5d+ t[>ds a high end1 & s9ce e ev5t ( 8 provid5ce contributes some?+ t[>ds its progress1 :at wond] if we f9d 9 prophecy ev5ts sep>at$ by _m c5turies ( "t imm$iately connect$ z cause & effect8 ,does ! prophet pr$ict ! ov]?r[ ( ,s5na*]ib's army1 or ! com+ desolation ( ,j]usalem by ! ,*aldean armies2 he connects ^! calamities imm$iately ) ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 = ?is is ! end t[>ds :i* !y look4 ,desolat+ judgm5ts prep>e ! way = ! ,k+ ( glory to appe>4 ,aft] ! /orm ( ?und] & hail !re foll[s a s]5e light1 z ! light ( ! morn+ :5 ! sun rise?1 ev5 a morn+ )\t cl\ds2 z ! t5d] grass spr++ out ( ! e>? by cle> %9+ aft] ra94 ,! m9d ( ! inspir$ b>d ha/5s onw>d t[>ds ! glori\s end ( ,god's judgm5ts1 )\t paus+ to give u1 :at x is n necess>y t we %\ld "k1 ! *ronological di/ance ( t end4 7#c47 ,! progress ( ,god's k+dom gives cont9ual indications ( ! end t[>ds :i* x is t5d+4 ,! fir/ great int]position ( ,god 9 behalf ( ,israel conta9$ 9 itself a pl$ge ( all ne$ful help = ! future1 & ?us ( a f9al triumph 9 ! future2 = x 0 a manife/ation ( bo? ,god's absolute p[] to save 8 p1 & 8 absolute purpose to save !m4 ,! full idea embodi$ 9 ?is int]position is summ$ up 9 ! clos+ words ( _! triumphal song on ! %ore ( ! ,r$ sea3 ,! ,"l %all reign = ev] & ev]4 ,:at 0 true ( ?is deliv]ance 0 true ( e subsequ5t deliv]ance4 ,9 ea* ( !m sep>ately1 & 9 ! :ole ( !m collectively1 lay ! promise3 ,fe> n1 ?\ worm ,jacob1 & ye m5 ( ,israel2 ,i w help !e1 sai? ! ,"l1 & ?y ,r$eem]1 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,behold ,i w make !e make !e to be a new %>p ?re%+ in/rum5t hav+ tee?3 ?\ %alt ?re% ! m\nta9s1 & beat !m small1 & %alt make ! hills z *aff4 ,?\ %alt fan !m1 & ! w9d %all c>ry !m away1 & ! :irlw9d %all scatt] !m3 & ?\ %alt rejoice 9 ! ,"l1 & %alt glory 9 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,isa4 #da3ad-af4 ,! *a/isem5ts1 moreov]1 :i* ,god inflict$ on ! cov5ant p ?r\gh ! tempor>y asc5d5cy ( _! enemies1 & 9 o!r ways1 gave 9 l mann] indications ( a f9al triumph ( ! cause ( tru? & righte\sness4 ,h[ev] great _! sev]ity1 !y 7 always s ord]$ t ,god's p 7 nev] de/roy$1 b always purifi$ by _! p[]1 & ?us ! way 0 prep>$ = _! future enl>gem5t4 ,?is purify+ t5d5cy ! div9ely illum9$ eye ( ! ,hebrew prophet cle>ly disc]n$4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t he %\ld h con/antly connect$ ) pres5t or imp5d+ judgm5ts glori\s promises respect+ ! future4 ,! de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib's army by ! de/roy+ angel1 & aft]w>ds ( ,j]usalem itself by ! ,*aldean armies--! =m] ev5t s joy\s 9 its outw>d =m1 ! latt] s sad--^! 7 bo? alike to ! prophet's vision p>ts ( ! prep>ation ?r\gh :i* ,god 0 c>ry+ 8 p = ! future glory & bless$ness ( ! latt] days4 ,he accord+ly connect$ bo? ) bright visions ( ! future1 )\t paus+ to notice ! int]v5+ c5turies1 respect+ ! duration ( :i* he _h no commission to speak4 7#d47 ,! end itself t[>ds :i* ! plan ( r$emption t5ds is ! *ief object ( int]e/ 9 prophetic repres5tation4 ,to n\ri% ! fai? & hope ( ! *ur*1 to invigorate h] 9 h] pres5t /ruggles by ! assurance ( f9al victory--?is1 & n ! gratification ( a pruri5t curiosity respect+ ! exact dates ( times & seasons1 is ! ma9 design ( prophecy4 ,t x has o!r subord9ate ends ne$ n be d5i$4 ,x *all5ges = itself ! attribute ( omnisci5ce1 & its fulfilm5t is1 to ^? :o live aft] x1 a pro( ( ! validity ( its claim4 ,b to become absorb$ 9 calculations be=eh& respect+ its dates is to elevate ! subord9ate & circum/antial 9 prophecy to ! place ( ! ess5tial4 ,! bright end ( ! pres5t conflict ) ! p[]s ( d>kness is :at prophetic vision is cont9ually pres5t+ = our enc\ragem5t4 ,to ^? :o love ,god1 ?is is ! po9t ( *ief int]e/2 & accord+ly ! prophets make x1 n ! exact numb] ( ye>s t is to elapse be=e ! f9al consummation ) ! details ( _! hi/ory1 ! prom95t po9t4 ,"s great crises 9 ! *ur*'s hi/ory are indicat$ s cle>ly t !y :o c disc]n ! signs ( ! times may und]/& be=eh& t !y are ne>4 ,! g5]al expectation ( ! ,messiah's adv5t at ! "t :5 he actually appe>$ _h its f\ndation 9 a sob] comp>ison ( ! prophecies ) ! exi/+ condition ( ! cov5ant p4 ,! pres5t univ]sal belief among ,*ri/ians t ! "t = ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! triple league betwe5 ,satan1 wick$ k+s1 & wick$ prie/s = ! suppression ( ! gospel is at h& re/s1 we d\bt n1 on ! same solid gr\nd4 ,b f>!r ?an ?is we _c g4 ,we _c say t x %all be 9 su* a ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury1 or ev5 9 ! c5tury1 9 h>mony ) ! true _s ( prophecy4 ,x is en\gh = u to "k t ,god w ha/5 x 9 8 "t--t ! victory is c]ta91 & t e believ] f ,abel to ! trump ( ! ar*angel %all h 8 %>e 9 x4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,d\ble ,,s5se4 #g4 ,! s-call$ d\ble s5se ( ,scripture1 especially ( prophecy1 conc]n+ :i* !re has be5 s mu* discussion among biblical writ]s1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! d\ble s5se ( pure allegory1 :i* all admit4 ,9 allegory1 ! fir/ or lit]al mean+ is only a cov] = ! high] spiritual s5se1 :i* alone is ( importance4 ,t we may h a true example ( d\ble s5se1 ! obvi\s lit]al mean+ mu/ h its own prop] significance1 irrespective ( ! high] s5se belong+ to x1 & ?is high] s5se mu/ be int5d$ by ! ,_s ( inspiration4 ,! "q n[ to be consid]$ is3 ,d su* examples occur 9 ,scripture1 by :atev] t]m we may *oose to designate !m8 ,to avoid logoma*y1 aris+ f ! use ( ! same phrase 9 diff]5t s5ses1 we pref] ! expression lit]al & typical s5se4 #h4 ,if1 z has be5 %[n above 7*ap4 #cg1 ,no4 #d71 examples ( hi/oric types are f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ^! conta9 a tw(old s5se4 ,! prie/hood ( ,mel*iz$ek & ! transactions betwe5 him & ,abraham 7 true hi/oric realities1 hav+ _! own prop] (fice & mean+4 ,yet ! ^w ( inspiration tea*es u t ! circum/ances connect$ ) ,mel*iz$ek's prie/hood & 8 meet+ ) ,abraham 7 int5d$ by ,god to %ad[ =? ! high] prie/hood ( ,mel*iz$ek's great ,antitype4 ,he br\ght =? bread & w9e1 ! v symbols t %\ld aft]w>ds repres5t ,*ri/ crucifi$ z our spiritual food & dr9k1 bless$ him t _h ! promises1 & receiv$ at 8 h& ti!s ( all 7,g54 #ad3ah-bj71 ?us ex]cis+ ! pr]ogatives ( "o high] ?an ,abraham1 & consequ5tly high] ?an all 8 po/]ity4 ,heb4 #g3d-aj4 ,9 ! int5tion ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! high] typical mean+ lay 9 ?is transaction f ! beg9n+1 b x 0 n reveal$ to ! appreh5sion ( believ]s till ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation _h begun4 ,s also ! re/ ( ! cov5ant p 9 ! l& ( ,canaan is repres5t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z typical ( ! true heav5ly re/4 ,heb4 #d3g-aa4 ,o!r examples might be adduc$1 b ^! w s]ve z an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple n[ "u consid]ation4 #i4 ,! mo/ /rik+ examples ( a lit]al cov]+ a typical mean+ are furni%$ by ! s-call$ ,messianic psalms1 a "p ( :i* describe ! victories & univ]sal dom9ion ( a mighty ,k+ :om ,jehovah himself e/abli%es on ,zion to reign !re = ev] 7,psalms #b1 #de1 #gb1 #aaj1 etc472 ano!r "p1 ! deep afflictions ( a mighty ,suff]] & 8 subsequ5t deliv]ance1 :i* has = its result ! conv]sion ( all nations to ! s]vice ( ,jehovah4 ,psalms #bb1 #dj1 #fi1 #aji1 etc4 ,t su* psalms z ! second & sev5ty-second1 ! tw5ty-second1 =tie?1 & sixty-n9? 7n to m5tion o!rs71 h a true ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s p]son & "w1 _c be d5i$ )\t imput+ ei!r error or fraud to ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,nay m1 our ,"l himself said1 aft] 8 resurrection3 ,^! are ! words :i* ,i spake unto y1 :ile ,i 0 yet ) y1 t all ?+s mu/ be fulfill$ :i* 7 writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses1 & 9 ! prophets1 & 9 ! psalms1 conc]n+ me 7,luke #bd3dd72 :5ce we le>n t x 0 our ,"l's cu/om to ref] to ! psalms z conta9+ prophecies ( himself4 ,if ! psalms1 :5 legitimately int]pret$1 conta9 no su* prophecies1 !n1 :5 ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t quot$ !m z ref]r+ to ,*ri/1 !y ei!r believ$ t !y 7 mak+ a true application ( !m accord+ to ! m9d ( ! ,holy ,_s1 or !y simply accommodat$ !mselves to :at !y knew to be ! gr\ndless prejudices ( ! age4 ,^u ! =m] supposition !y 7 9 error2 ^u ! latt]1 !y 7 guilty ( fraud4 ,su* is ! di%onor :i* ! mod]n pr9ciples ( rationalism put ^u ! ^w ( ,god4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ^! psalms1 !n1 we mu/ assume z a fundam5tal tru? t !y conta9 a true ref]5ce to ,*ri/4 ,! only "q is1 :e!r !y conta9 a l[] ref]5ce also4 7#a47 ,"o class ( int]pret]s und]/& ^! psalms simply ( ,*ri/2 t is1 !y assume t ! writ] speaks :olly 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 )\t ref]5ce to himself or any m]ely human p]sonage4 ,!re are psalms--! hundr$ & t5?1 = example--t may be v well expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,! op5+ words ( t psalm--,! ,"l said unto my "l--seem to exclude ,david z ! subject1 & x is difficult to see 9 :at s5se ,david c\ld speak ( himself z made by a div9e oa? a prie/ = ev] aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek 7v]4 #d74 ,b 9 ! attempt to c>ry ?is pr9ciple consi/5tly ?r\gh all ! ,messianic psalms1 "o meets ) s]i\s difficulties4 ,!y conta91 at lea/ "s ( !m1 hi/oric allusions ( a "* s m>k$ & circum/antial t x is h>d to believe t ! writ] _h n 9 view 8 own p]sonal situation4 ,9 "s ( !m1 moreov]1 ! writ] makes confession to ,god ( 8 s9s4 ,psa4 #dj3ab2 #fi3e4 ,!y :o apply ^! psalms exclusively to ,*ri/ assume t ^! confessions ( s9 are made 9 a vic>i\s way1 ! ,messiah assum+ ! "* ( a s9n] because ! ,"l ha? laid on him ! iniquities ( u all4 ,isa4 #ec3f4 ,b ! =m ( ^! confessions =bids su* an int]pretation4 ,:5 ! psalmi/ says3 ,m9e iniquities h tak5 hold ^u me2 ,o ,god1 ?\ kn[e/ my fooli%ness1 & my s9s are n hid f !e1 we _c und]/& su* language ( any ?+ else ?an p]sonal s9fulness4 ,x is true t ! ,messiah bore our iniquities1 & t ,god made him to be s9 = u1 :o knew no s92 b ! ,savi\r n[h]e speaks or c speak ( m9e iniquities1 my fooli%ness1 & my s9s4 7#b47 ,accord+ to ano!r class ( int]pret]s1 ! subject ( ^! psalms1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :i* describe ! ,messiah z a suff]]1 is an ideal p]sonage1 namely1 ! congregation ( ! righte\s consid]$ n sep>ately f ,*ri/1 b 9 ,*ri/ _! head2 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 ,*ri/ consid]$1 n 9 8 simple p]sonality ap>t f ! *ur*1 b ,*ri/ ) 8 body ! *ur*4 ,! cont5ts ( ^! psalms are !n appli$1 accord+ to _! nature1 to ,*ri/ alone1 to believ]s alone :o are 8 memb]s1 or to ,*ri/ 9 ! fulle/ s5se & believ]s 9 a subord9ate s5se4 ,mu* might be said 9 favor ( ?is view2 yet x labors "u ! difficulty already indicat$1 t "o _c well read ! psalms 9 "q1 ) _! m>k$ hi/oric allusions1 )\t ! conviction t ! au?or _h 9 view--n indirectly1 b imm$iately--8 own p]sonal situation4 7#c47 ,!re rema9s a ?ird1 & p]haps pref]able view1 :i* may be call$ ! typical view1 ma9ta9$1 z is well kn[n1 by ,melan*?on1 ,calv91 & _m lat] expositors4 ,?is beg9s ) ! well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple t ,david 79 a less em95t degree 8 successors also on ! ?rone1 s f> z !y 7 true to _! (fice7 0 a div9ely-con/itut$ type ( ! ,messiah1 n only 9 8 (fice z ! e>?ly head ( ,god's k+dom1 b 9 ! ev5ts ( 8 hi/ory also2 t ! psalms 9 "q1 :e!r !y describe 8 victori\s might or 8 deep suff]+ at ! h& ( 8 enemies1 _h a true hi/oric orig92 t _! fir/ & imm$iate ref]5ce 0 to ! writ]'s own situation & ! ev5ts :i* befell him2 b t1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 he 0 c>ri$ beyond himself to describe ! (fice & hi/ory ( ! ,messiah2 t consequ5tly ^! psalms h a l[] fulfilm5t 9 ,david ! type 7! sev5ty-second 9 ,solomon71 & a high] 9 ,*ri/ ! ,antitype4 ,! second psalm1 = example1 :i* describes ! va9 conspiracy ( ! hea!n rul]s aga9/ ! ,"l's ano9t$ k+1 & ,god's purpose to give him ! utt]mo/ ends ( ! e>? = 8 possession1 may h _h its occasion 9 ! comb9ation ( ! surr\nd+ hea!n nations aga9/ ,david4 ,9 ! victori\s might ) :i* ,god end[$ him1 x _h a l[] fulfilm5t2 & ?is 01 s to speak1 ! fir/ %eaf ( ! h>ve/ ( victories t 0 to foll[4 ,x 0 an e>ne/ & pl$ge ( ! complete fulfilm5t ( ! psalm 9 ,*ri/1 9 :om alone ! promise made to ,david3 ,?9e h\se & ?y k+dom %all be e/abli%$ = ev] be=e !e3 ?y ?rone %all be e/abli%$ = ev] 7#b ,sam4 #g3af71 c\ld h its real accompli%m5t4 ,luke #a3 #cb1 #cc4 ,! second class ( psalms1 ( :i* ! tw5ty-second is a well-kn[n example1 may h _h1 9 l mann]1 a true hi/oric orig94 ,:5 ! psalmi/ began ) ! exclamation3 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 he may h _h imm$iate ref]5ce to 8 own di/ress$ condition4 ,b s9ce he 0 ! div9ely appo9t$ head ( ! l9e ( k+s :i* %\ld end 9 ,*ri/1 & 0 ?us 9 8 (fice a type ( ,*ri/1 ,god _h s ord]$ ! circum/ances ( 8 hi/ory z to %ad[ =? 9 !m ! suff]+s & f9al triumph ( ! ,messiah4 ,writ+ "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 he 0 l$1 ?r\gh ^! circum/ances1 to say _m ?+s :i* appli$ to himself only 9 a l[] & (t5 figurative s5se1 b :i* 7 appo9t$ to h a complete fulfilm5t 9 ,*ri/ 8 ,antitype 7,psa4 #bb3a1 #g1 #h1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ah2 #dj3f-aj2 #fi3d1 #g-i1 #ba2 #aji3a-bj71 & :i* po9t to ,*ri/ z ! *ief subject ( ! prophecies4 ,h[ f> ! psalmi/ und]/ood ?is high] ref]5ce ( 8 words is a "q difficult to be det]m9$4 ,) reg>d to ! sixte5? psalm1 ! apo/le ,pet] tells u t ,david1 be+ a prophet1 & kn[+ t ,god _h sworn ) an oa? to him1 t ( ! fruit ( 8 lo9s1 accord+ to ! fle%1 he w\ld raise up ,*ri/ to sit on 8 ?rone2 he see+ ?is be=e1 spake ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 t 8 s\l 0 n left 9 hell1 nei!r 8 fle% did see corruption 7,acts #b3cj1 #ca72 :5ce we inf] t 9 p5n+ ?is psalm ,david 0 consci\s ( its high] application to ,*ri/4 ,! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t quotations f ! psalms indicates t he _h a deep] insight into ! prophetic mean+ ( 8 words ?an _m mod]n expositors are will+ to admit4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ,_s ( inspiration _h 9 view ! fulfilm5t ( ^! psalms 9 ,*ri/2 & 8 int5tion1 cle>ly reveal$ to u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is our rule ( int]pretation4 #aj4 ,diff]5t f ! above lit]al & typical s5se1 yet closely relat$ to x 9 pr9ciple1 is t ( ! progressive fulfilm5t ( prophecy1 :i* has a wide application 9 ! int]pretation ( ^? prophecies :i* relate to ! la/ days4 ,by ! progressive fulfilm5t ( prophecy is meant1 a fulfilm5t n exhau/ively accompli%$ at "o p>ticul> era or crisis 9 ! *ur*'s hi/ory1 b successively f age to age2 a fulfilm5t repeat$1 x may be1 _m times1 & end+ only ) ! f9al consummation ( ! ,messiah's k+dom4 ,an und5iable example ( su* a prophecy is ,god's message by ,isaiah to ! cov5ant p3 ,g & tell ?is p1 ,he> ye inde$1 b und]/& n2 & see ye inde$1 b p]ceive n1 etc1 ) ! ?reat5$ desolation t %\ld foll[ 7*ap4 #f3i-ac74 ,?is prophecy _h a true fulfilm5t 9 ! anci5t ,jewi% p be=e ! ,babyloni% captivity4 ,= _! bl9dness ( m9d & h>dness ( he>t1 !y 7 giv5 ov] to ! p[] ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o wa/$ _! l&1 de/roy$ _! city & temple1 & c>ri$ ! remnant ( ! p into captivity4 ,b ! same prophecy _h1 9 bo? its p>ts1 a m awful fulfilm5t 9 ! g5]ation ( ,jews :o reject$ & crucifi$ our ,"l1 & 7 de/roy$ ) _! city & temple by ! armies ( ,rome 7,matt4 #ac3ad1 #ae2 ,m>k #d3ab2 ,luke #h3aj2 ,john #ab3ci-da2 ,acts #bh3be-bg2 ,rom4 #aa3h72 & its fulfilm5t is yet 9 progress4 ,joel's prophecy ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s 9 ! la/ days ^u all fle%1 ) ! mighty accompany+ judgm5ts 7*ap4 #b3 #bh-cb71 & ,amos' pr$iction ( ! rais+ up ( ,david's fall5 tab]nacle 7*ap4 #i3aa1 #ab71 _h bo? _! initial fulfilm5t 9 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s on ! day ( ,p5teco/ & ! triumphs ( ! gospel t foll[$4 ,acts #b3af-ba2 #ae3af1 #ag4 ,b ! bless+s :i* !y promis$ 7 n exhau/$ 9 ! apo/olic age4 ,! *ur* has _h ri* in/alm5ts ( !m1 b ri*] /ill are res]v$ = ! future ( mill5nial glory4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t indicate 9 _! v /ructure t !y are n to be und]/ood ( p>ticul> ev5ts1 b ( ! developm5t ( ,god's k+dom f age to age4 ,! read] may take1 z a s+le example among _m o!rs1 ! pr$iction ( ,isaiah & ,micah conc]n+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,"l's h\se 9 ! la/ days 9 ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 ! resort ( all nations to x1 & ! univ]sal peace t %all foll[4 ,isa4 #b3b-d2 ,micah #d3a-d4 ,t p>ticul>ism :i* seeks = ! fulfilm5t ( e prophecy 9 "s "o specific ev5t ( hi/ory mu/ g widely a/ray 9 its int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,lit]al ,,& ,,figurative ,,mean+4 #aa4 ,on ?is "q expositors are1 z is well kn[n1 mu* divid$2 "o class adopt+1 z f> z possible1 ! lit]al mean+ ( ! prophetic ann\ncem5ts1 ! o!r freely employ+ ! pr9ciple ( figurative int]pretation4 ,a full discussion ( ! claims ( ^! two me?ods ( int]pretation1 on :i* s _m volumes h be5 writt51 w\ld f> exce$ ! limits ( ! pres5t "w4 ,all t c be done is1 to indicate "s well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples :i* may help to guide ! biblical /ud5t 9 ! /udy ( prophecy4 #ab4 ,we beg9 by call+ att5tion to ! repres5tative use :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets make ( ! ev5ts ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,israel2 t is1 to _! habit ( repres5t+ ! future "u ! imag]y ( ?is hi/ory4 ,:5 ,israel j\rney$ f ,egypt to ,pale/9e ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ,arabia1 ,god dri$ up ! tongue ( ! ,egyptian sea be=e ! p1 guid$ !m miracul\sly by ! cl\dy pill>1 f$ !m ) manna1 made /reams ( wat] to bur/ =? f ! rock = _! refre%m5t1 & f9ally divid$ ! wat]s ( ! ,jordan to give !m a passage into ! promis$ l&4 ,?is primitive hi/ory ( ,israel furni%es = ! prophets :o liv$ 9 lat] ages a ri* treasury ( images :i* x w\ld be absurd to int]pret 9 a lit]al way4 ,?us ,isaiah1 speak+ ( ! future ga!r+ toge!r ( ! outca/s ( ,israel & ! disp]s$ ( ,judah f ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>? 7*ap4 #aa3aa1 #ab71 says3 ,& ! ,"l %all utt]ly de/roy ! tongue ( ! ,egyptian sea1 & ) 8 mighty w9d %all he %ake 8 h& ov] ! riv] ! ,euphrates1 & %all smite x 9 ! sev5 /reams1 & make m5 g ov] dry %od 7v]4 #ae74 ,to suppose t ! prophet =etells a lit]al repetition ( ! miracles wr\ght ^u ! ,r$ sea & ! ,jordan is unnecess>y & mo/ improbable4 ,! mean+ is1 t ,god %all remove all ob/acles :i* h9d] ! return ( 8 p to _! own l&1 z he orig9ally remov$ all ob/acles :i* oppos$ _! entrance into x4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! v idea ( ! foll[+ v]se3 ,& !re %all be a highway = ! remnant ( 8 p1 :i* %all be left1 f ,assyria2 l z x 0 to ,israel 9 ! day t he came up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,aga91 ! prophet =etells t 9 ! latt] day glory ! ,"l w create ^u e dwell+-place ( m\nt ,zion1 & ^u h] assemblies1 a cl\d & smoke by day1 & ! %9+ ( a flam+ fire by night3 = ^u all ! glory %all be a def5ce4 ,isa4 #d3e4 ,"h ! figurative ref]5ce is to ! pill> ( cl\d & ! pill> ( fire 9 :i* ! ,"l w5t be=e ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness1 & to ! glory :i* re/$ ^u ! tab]nacle4 ,h5d]son4 ,god w give to 8 *ur* 9 ! latt] day t :i* ! pill> ( cl\d & ( fire signifi$1 8 glori\s pres5ce & protection4 ,a lit]al repetition ( ! miracle is n to be ?\ght (4 ,once m1 ,god promises to 8 we>y p1 on _! pilgrimage to ,zion1 t 9 ! wild]ness %all wat]s break out1 & /reams 9 ! des]t 7,isa4 #ce3f1 & (t5 else:]e71 ) obvi\s allusion to ! miracul\s supplies ( wat] furni%$ to ! ,israelites 9 _! j\rney ?r\gh ! ,arabian des]t to ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,! wat] "h promis$ is ! wat] ( life1 & n lit]al f\nta9s 9 ! des]t4 ,^u ! same pr9ciple are we to int]pret ! riv] t fl[s out f "u ! ?re%old ( ! temple1 & fl[s d[n ea/w>d to ! ,dead sea1 gr[+ broad] & deep] 9 its c\rse1 & imp>t+ life to ev]y?+ :i* comes )9 its influ5ce4 ,ezek4 #dg3a-ab1 & comp>e ,psa4 #df3d2 ,joel #c3ah2 ,ze*4 #ad3h4 #ac4 ,! same repres5tative use is made by ! prophets ( ! in/itutions ( ! ,mosaic economy4 ,"o ( _! (fices 01 to =etell ! ext5sion ( ! true religion ov] all ! e>?2 ! conv]sion ( all nations to ! fai? ( ! cov5ant p1 & _! peaceful subjection to ,jehovah :o reign$ 9 ,zion4 ,9 :at =m %\ld ?is be done :ile ! !ocracy 0 yet 9 full =ce8 ,! disclosure ( ,god's purpose to aboli% ?is !ocracy 9 ! int]e/ ( a simpl] & m spiritual disp5sation1 :i* %\ld "k no di/9ction betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles1 w\ld h be5 a premature act4 ,x w\ld1 s f> z we c judge1 h l$ to mu* error & misappreh5sion2 & x mu/ h _h ! effect ( disp>ag+ ! exi/+ economy be=e ! _w 0 prep>$ to receive any ?+ bett] 9 its place4 ,god1 !re=e1 all[$ 8 prophets to portray ! glories ( ! latt] day1 :5 all nations %\ld come to ! k & ob$i5ce ( ! tru?1 "u ! =ms ( ! ,jewi% disp5sation1 ) its temple1 sacrifices1 & solemn fe/ivals4 ,a /rik+ example is ! bright portraiture ( two contempor>y prophets3 ,b 9 ! la/ days x %all come to pass1 t ! m\nta9 ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l %all be e/abli%$ 9 ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & x %all be exalt$ above ! hills2 & p ,hebrew peoples1 t is1 z ,isaiah1 all ! nations %all fl[ unto x4 ,& _m nations %all come1 & say1 ,come1 & let u g up to ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 & to ! h\se ( ! ,god ( ,jacob2 & he w tea* u ( 8 ways1 & we w walk 9 8 pa?s3 = ! law %all g =? ( ,zion1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem4 ,& he %all judge among _m p1 & rebuke /rong nations af> (f2 & !y %all beat _! swords into pl\gh%>es1 & _! spe>s into prun+-hooks3 nation %all n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m4 ,b !y %all sit e man "u 8 v9e & "u 8 fig-tree2 & none %all make !m afraid3 = ! m\? ( ! ,"l ( ho/s ha? spok5 x4 ,micah #d3a-d1 comp>$ ) ,isa4 #b3b-d4 ,! temple at ,j]usalem1 ) its alt> & prie/hood1 0 ! c5tral po9t ( ! old !ocracy4 ,!re all ! sacrifices 7 to be (f]$1 !re 0 ! seat ( royal au?ority1 & consequ5tly ( public ju/ice1 & ?i!r all ! males among ! p 7 requir$ to repair ?ree times a ye> at ! great national fe/ivals4 ,deut4 #af3af4 ,a ,jew c\ld conceive ( ! conv]sion ( all nations only 9 ! =m ( _! subject+ !mselves to ! !ocracy1 & com+ up to ,j]usalem = wor%ip & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,accord+ly ! ,_s ( prophecy "h repres5ts ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's h\se z e/abli%$ 9 ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 a conspicu\s object to all nations1 :o resort ?i!r = wor%ip1 submit !mselves to ! au?ority ( ! great k+ :o reigns !re1 & ?us h univ]sal peace & happ9ess4 ,to insi/ on ! lit]al int]pretation ( ^! words is contr>y to ! g5]al analogy ( prophecy4 ,x is an attempt to br+ back ! outw>d s5su\s =m ( ! k+dom ( heav5 :i* ! gospel disp5sation has aboli%$4 ,!re is ano!r celebrat$ passage 9 ,ze*>iah 7#ad3af-ba7 :i* is int5sely ,jewi% 9 its co/ume4 ,aft] describ+ ! judgm5ts ( ,god ^u ! nations t h f\ght aga9/ ,j]usalem1 ! prophet goes on to say3 ,& x %all come to pass t e "o t is left ( all ! nations :i* came aga9/ ,j]usalem1 %all ev5 g up f ye> to ye> to wor%ip ! ,k+1 ! ,"l ( ho/s1 & to keep ! fea/ ( tab]nacles4 ,& x %all be1 t :oso w n come up1 ( all ! families ( ! e>?1 unto ,j]usalem to wor%ip ! ,k+1 ! ,"l ( ho/s1 ev5 ^u !m %all be no ra94 ,& if ! family ( ,egypt g n up1 & come n1 t h no ra92 !re %all be ! plague1 :]e) ! ,"l w smite ! hea!n t come n up to keep ! fea/ ( tab]nacles4 ,?is %all be ! puni%m5t ( ,egypt1 & ! puni%m5t ( all nations t come n up to keep ! fea/ ( tab]nacles4 ,9 t day !re %all be ^u ! bells ( ! horses1 ,,hol9ess ,,unto ,,! ,,"l2 & ! pots 9 ! ,"l's h\se %all be l ! b[ls be=e ! alt>4 ,yea1 e pot 9 ,j]usalem & 9 ,judah %all be hol9ess unto ! ,"l ( ho/s2 & all !y t sacrifice %all come & take ( !m & see! !re93 & 9 t day !re %all be no m ! ,canaanite 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,! prophet's c>e to include all ! families ( ! e>? 9 ?is ord9ance is v noticeable4 ,:atev] nation refuses to obs]ve x %all h no ra94 ,b1 recollect+ t = ,egypt ?is c be no puni%m5t1 he appo9ts = t c\ntry ! plague in/ead ( ! abs5ce ( ra94 ,is x s1 !n1 t 9 ! la/ days all ! families ( ! e>? are to g up ye> by ye> to wor%ip at ,j]usalem8 ,if s1 !y are to sacrifice also2 = ! prophecy is a homog5e\s :ole1 ( :i*1 if ! beg9n+ is to be und]/ood lit]ally1 s is ! end also4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! peace-(f]+s ( ! p1 on :i*1 aft] c]ta9 prescrib$ portions _h be5 burn$ on ! alt>1 ! (f]] fea/$ ) 8 fri5ds2 & a special provision is made = ! multitude ( ^! sacrifices4 ,e pot 9 ,judah & ,j]usalem1 z well z ! pots 9 ! ,"l's h\se1 %all be hol9ess unto ! ,"l ( ho/s1 t x may be us$ = boil+ ! fle% ( ! peace-(f]+s1 precisely z we f9d done 9 ! days ( ,eli4 #a ,sam4 #b3ac-af4 ,b all sacrifices are done away = ev] 9 ,*ri/4 ,heb4 #aj3aj-ah4 ,?is "p ( ! prophecy mu/ cle>ly be und]/ood figuratively1 & !re=e ! :ole4 ,! future reception ( ! true religion by all nations is =etold "u ! symbols ( ! ,mosaic economy1 ) its ritual1 its ye>ly fea/s1 & its c5tral place ( wor%ip4 ,= ?is pr9ciple ( int]pretation we h ! w>rant ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,did ! law ( ,moses prescribe a lit]al prie/hood ) lit]al sacrifices2 believ]s1 "u ! new disp5sation1 are a spiritual prie/hood1 pres5t+ _! bodies z liv+ sacrifices4 ,rom4 #ab3a2 #a ,pet4 #b3e4 ,did ! ,mosaic economy h a c5tral metropolis1 a lit]al ,zion1 :i!r all ! tribes w5t up2 believ]s 9 ,*ri/ h come to ! spiritual ,m\nt ,zion :i* ?is %ad[$ =?1 :]e ! great ,antitype ( ,david reigns1 t all nations may resort to him1 & he may tea* !m 8 laws4 ,^u ! same pr9ciple1 z well z = o!r v obvi\s reasons 7see *aps4 #db3ae-bj2 #de3a-h2 #dg3a-ab1 & ! :ole ( *ap4 #dh71 ,ezekiel's m9ute description ( a ,new ,j]usalem1 ) its t]ritory1 its temple1 & its ,jewi% appo9tm5ts 7*aps4 #dj-dh71 is to be und]/ood n lit]ally b figuratively4 ,?is temple has also its ,levitical prie/hood1 its alt>1 & its sacrifices 7*ap4 #dc3ac-bg71 all :i* are done away 9 ,*ri/4 ,!re are o!r passages k9dr$ to ! above :i* x is n necess>y to consid] sep>ately1 z !y all come "u ! same g5]al pr9ciple ( int]pretation4 #ad4 ,9 ! classes ( prophecies t h be5 consid]$1 ! pr9ciple ( figurative int]pretation c be ma9ta9$ ^u solid gr\nds4 ,b x w\ld be wrong to press x z ( univ]sal & exclusive application4 ,:]e no reasons to ! contr>y exi/1 ! lit]al int]pretation1 z ! mo/ natural & obvi\s1 des]ves ! pref]5ce4 ,to draw ! limits betwe5 ! lit]al & ! figurative 9 prophecy is difficult1 & 9 "s cases impossible4 ,9 ?is respect x has pleas$ ! wisdom ( ,god t a vail %\ld re/ on "s unfulfill$ pr$ictions :i* 8 own h& alone has p[] to remove4 ,!re are two que/ions1 especially1 respect+ :i* int]pret]s h long be5 divid$1 & w probably cont9ue to be divid$1 till ,god himself %all decide !m4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! lit]al re/oration ( ! ,jews to ! promis$ l&2 ! second1 t ( our ,"l's p]sonal reign on e>? dur+ ! promis$ age ( mill5nial glory4 ,to ent] ^u ! full discussion ( ei!r w\ld require a volume4 ,we mu/ dismiss bo? ) "s brief h9ts4 #ae4 ,! orig9al promise to ,abraham includ$ ! grant ( ! l& ( ,canaan to him & 8 se$ = an ev]la/+ possession4 ,g54 #ab3g2 #ac3ae2 #ae3ah2 #ag3h2 #bf3c2 #bh3ac4 ,x is express$ 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! promis$ t]ritory are def9$1 & ! nations inhabit+ x enum]at$ 7,g54 #ae3ah-ba72 9 a ^w1 e ?+ indicates ! lit]al z ! true int]pretation4 ,! rem>kable words ( ! ,savi\r3 ,& !y %all fall by ! edge ( ! sword1 & %all be l$ away captive into all nations3 & ,j]usalem %all be trodd5 d[n ( ! ,g5tiles1 until ! times ( ! ,g5tiles be fulfill$ 7,luke #ba3bd71 h _h a lit]al fulfilm5t 9 ! awful judgm5ts :i* !y =etell2 & x seems reasonable to believe t ! promise impli$ 9 ! la/ clause1 until ! times ( ! ,g5tiles be fulfill$ %all h a lit]al fulfilm5t also 9 _! repossession ( ,j]usalem & ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! wond]ful pres]vation ( ! ,jewi% nation ?r\gh s _m c5turies ( disp]sion po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,all ^! ?+s1 tak5 9 connection ) ! num]\s & v explicit prophecies ( _! captivity & disp]sion = _! s9s1 & _! subsequ5t re/oration ^u rep5tance 7,lev4 *ap4 #bf2 ,deut4 *aps1 #bh-cj3 #a ,k+s #h3df-ej2 ,isa4 *aps4 #f1 #aa1 #ff2 ,j]4 *aps4 #cj1 #ca2 ,ezek4 *aps4 #cf-ci2 ,hosea #a3aj1 #aa2 ,joel4 *ap4 #c2 ,amos *ap4 #i2 ,micah #g3h-bj2 ,zeph4 #c3h-bj71 seem to w>rant ! expectation ( a lit]al fulfilm5t h]eaft] ( ! promise made to ,abraham t 8 se$ %\ld inh]it ! l& ( ,canaan = ev]4 #af4 ,t ,*ri/ w come aga9 9 glory to raise ! dead1 *ange ! liv+1 & judge all nations1 is a fundam5tal article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,b ! doctr9e t ! fle%ly & sublun>y /ate is n to t]m9ate ) ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 b to be !n set up 9 a new =m2 :51 ) 8 glorifi$ sa9ts1 ! ,r$eem] w reign 9 p]son on ! ?rone ( ,david at ,j]usalem = a ?\s& ye>s1 ov] a _w ( m5 yet 9 ! fle%1 eat+ & dr9k+1 plant+ & build+1 m>ry+ & giv+ 9 m>riage1 "u ?is my/]i\s sway 7,br[n on ! ,second ,adv5t1 :o correctly /ates ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! sy/em71 _c lay claim to an irrefragable basis ( scriptural tea*+4 ,! argum5ts reli$ on by its advocates are drawn 9 "p f ! v passages t h be5 consid]$ above 7,micah #d3a-d2 ,ze*4 #ad3af-ba74 ,h[ little support ! !ory d]ives f ^! passages1 :5 fairly int]pret$1 we h se54 ,nor is x favor$ by ! ref]5ces to our ,"l's second com+ 9 ! gospels & epi/les1 = !y cle>ly connect x ) ! f9al consummation ( all ?+s4 ,our ,savi\r says3 ,! h\r is com+1 9 ! :i* all t are 9 ! graves %all he> 8 voice1 & %all come =?2 !y t h done good unto ! resurrection ( life2 & !y t h done evil1 unto ! resurrection ( damnation4 ,john #e3bh1 #bi4 ,he pla9ly repres5ts ^! two resurrections z simultane\s2 nor is !re 9 ! record ( 8 words any h9t ( a p>tial resurrection ages be=e ! reign ( dea? 9 ?is _w %all close4 ,! resurrection at ! la/ trump to :i* ! apo/le ,paul ref]s 7#a ,cor4 *ap4 #ae2 #a ,!ss4 #d3ac-ah2 #b ,!ss4 #a3g-aj7 is univ]sal4 ,x expressly includes all ! dead 9 ,*ri/ & ! *ange ( all ,*ri/'s liv+ disciples4 ,if no?+ is said ( ! resurrection ( ! wick$1 x is because ! apo/le has 9 m9d only ! resurrection ( life1 & has no occasion to speak ( ! simultane\s resurrection ( damnation :i* ! ,savi\r himself connects ) x4 ,?is resurrection at ! la/ trump is also ! annihilation ( ! reign ( dea?2 = :5 x happ5s1 !n %all be br\ght to pass ! say+ t is writt51 ,dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4 #a ,cor4 #ae3ed4 ,b ! la/ enemy t %all be de/roy$ is dea?1 & !n come? ! end4 #a ,cor4 #ae3bd-bf4 ,! ,savi\r tea*es1 moreov]1 t 8 p]sonal pres5ce on e>? is inconsi/5t ) ! disp5sation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is exp$i5t = y t ,i g away2 = if ,i g n away ! ,com=t] w n come unto y2 b if ,i dep>t1 ,i w s5d him unto y4 ,john #af3g4 ,x is exp$i5t1 d\btless1 because ! disp5sation ( ! ,_s is bett] adapt$ to our pres5t /ate ( fle% & blood ?an 8 p]sonal pres5ce c\ld be4 ,?is disp5sation ( ! ,_s mu/1 f ! nature ( ! case1 be cont9u$ 9 its full =ce ?r\gh\t ! mill5nial era1 :5 ! g5]ations ( m5 w succe$ ea* o!r z at pres5t4 ,b ! ,new ,te/am5t kn[s no?+ ( ! disp5sation ( ! ,holy ,_s exi/+ contemporane\sly ) ,*ri/'s p]sonal reign on e>?4 ,its con/ant doctr9e is t ! salvation ( m5 is effect$ by ,*ri/'s int]cession 9 heav5 conjo9tly ) ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s on e>?4 ,! passage ma9ly reli$ ^u by ! advocates ( ?is !ory is ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ! book ( ,revelation1 :i* speaks ( ! fir/ & second resurrection4 ,b ! fir/ resurrection !re describ$ _c be id5tical ) ! resurrection describ$ by ,paul at our ,"l's adv5t4 ,! resurrection describ$ by ,paul includes 9 express t]ms all ! righte\s1 :]eas ?is fir/ resurrection ( ! ,apocalypse is re/rict$ to a c]ta9 class1 namely1 ! m>tyrs & confessors = ,*ri/'s sake 7v]4 #d71 :ile ! re/ ( ! dead live n till ! ?\s& ye>s are ov] 7v]4 #e74 ,!n !re is a g5]al resurrection 7v]4 #aa-ae71 :i*1 f its v t]ms1 includes ! righte\s & ! wick$2 = among ! books !n op5$ is ! book ( life4 ,! ris5 dead are judg$ e man accord+ to 8 works1 & all ^: names are n f\nd 9 ! book ( life are ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 ,at ! same "t dea? & hell 7,hades71 p]sonifi$ z two enemies ( ! human race1 are ca/ into ! lake ( fire1 & ?us dea?1 ! la/ enemy1 is de/roy$1 & dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4 #a ,cor4 #ae3bf1 #ed4 ,?is is ! resurrection :i* takes place ^u our ,"l's adv5t at ! la/ trump1 n a ?\s& ye>s aft] 8 adv5t2 ! resurrection & judgm5t1 :5 ! wick$ %all g away into ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 b ! righte\s into life et]nal4 ,we v5ture n to int]pret ! mean+ ( ! fir/ resurrection1 believ+ t x is "o ( ! my/]ies :i* ,god alone w reveal 9 its fulfilm5t4 ,b :e!r x %\ld be tak5 lit]ally or figuratively1 aft] ! analogy ( ! resurrection ( ! two witnesses 7*ap4 #aa3aa71 x does n seem reasonable to build ^u ?is obscure & difficult passage a doctr9e respect+ our ,"l's pre-mill5nial adv5t & p]sonal reign on e>? :i* is s decid$ly at v>iance ) ! g5]al t5or ( ,scripture4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,quotations ,,f ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,9 ,,! ,,new4 #a4 ,z x respects inspiration1 & consequ5t infallible au?ority1 ! quotations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t /& on a level ) ! re/ ( ! apo/olic writ+s4 ,! ,savi\r's promise 03 ,:5 he1 ! ,_s ( tru?1 is come1 he w guide y into all tru?2 lit]ally1 into all ! tru?1 t is1 z imm$iately expla9$1 all ! tru? p]ta9+ to ! ,r$eem]'s p]son & "w4 ,:51 !re=e1 aft] ! fulfilm5t ( ?is promise1 ,pet] & ! o!r apo/les exp\nd$ to _! bre?r5 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :]e9 ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ te/ifi$ be=eh& ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 & ! glory t %\ld foll[1 ! same ,_s ( ,*ri/ guid$ !m to a true appreh5sion ( _! mean+4 ,if we _c tru/ ,pet] & ,paul1 :om ,*ri/ himself p]sonally commission$ to prea* 8 gospel1 qualifi$ = ?is "w by ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & end[$ ) miracul\s p[]s z ! seal ( _! commission--if we _c tru/ ^! m5 to int]pret ! words ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !n we _c tru/ ! guidance ( ! ,div9e ,_s himself4 ,b :5 we h admitt$1 z we mu/1 ! au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s z int]pret]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a v important "q rema9s to be consid]$2 & t is ! mann] ( _! quotations4 ,?is "q we propose briefly to exam9e 9 respect to bo? outw>d =m & inw>d cont5ts4 #b4 ,z x respects outw>d =m1 we _c b notice at once ! v free _s ( ^! quotations4 ,x is manife/ t ^! inspir$ p5m5 are n anxi\s ab\t ! v]bal accuracy ( ! words cit$4 ,! _s & scope ( a passage1 :i* con/itute its true life & mean+1 are :at !y h 9 view1 n ! exact numb] ( words lit]ally translat$ f ,hebrew into ,greek4 ,x is well kn[n t a v l>ge "p ( _! quotations is made f ! ,greek v]sion ( ! sev5ty1 call$ ! ,septuag9t1 :i* 0 9 common use 9 _! day4 ,no "o pret5ds t ! translators :o made ! ,septuag9t 7 inspir$1 or t !y always succe$$ 9 hitt+ ! exact mean+ ( ! ,hebrew orig9al4 ,yet1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! robu/ good s5se ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s w5t /raight =w>d )\t /opp+ to notice or criticise deviations f ! ,hebrew1 provid$ !y did n affect ! use :i* !y wi%$ to make ( ! passages quot$4 ,b ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s d n always con=m _! quotations to ! ,septuag9t4 ,!y frequ5tly foll[ ! ,hebrew :olly or 9 "p :]e ! ,greek v]sion dep>ts f x4 ,mat!w1 9 p>ticul>1 foll[s ! ,hebrew 9 ! ,messianic quotations4 ,*ap4 #bi1 ,no4 #ai4 ,yet 9 ^! cases also !y cite 9 ! same free mann]1 abridg+ sometimes ! ,hebrew passage quot$1 or giv+ only its g5]al s5se4 ,x may be t ?us ! wisdom ( ,god int5d$ to be> te/imony aga9/ ! undue exaltation ( ! lett] ( inspiration above its _s4 ,f a li/ ( "s two hundr$ & fifty citations plac$ side by side ) ! orig9al ,hebrew passages & ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! same we select ! foll[+ z illu/rations ( ! above rem>ks1 ea* passage be+ lit]ally translat$4 ,! words 9 brackets are reg>d$ by "s z n belong+ to ! true text4 ,hebrew4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l ,god is ^u me2 because ! ,"l ha? ano9t$ me to prea* good tid+s to ! meek3 he ha? s5t me to b9d up ! brok5-he>t$1 to proclaim lib]ty to ! captives1 & ! op5+ ( ! prison to ! b\nd2 to proclaim a ye> ( acceptance to ! ,"l4 ,isa4 #fa3a1b4 ,septuag9t4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l is ^u me2 because he ha? ano9t$ me to prea* good tid+s to ! poor2 he ha? s5t me to heal ! brok5-he>t$1 to proclaim release to ! captives1 & recov]y ( sight to ! bl9d2 to proclaim ! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l4 ,isa4 #fa3a1 #b4 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l is ^u me2 because he ha? ano9t$ me to prea* good tid+s to ! poor1 he ha? s5t me to heal ! brok5-he>t$1 to proclaim release to ! captives1 & recov]y ( sight to ! bl9d1 to s5d away free ! bruis$ 7p]haps f ! ,greek ( ,isa4 #eh3f72 to proclaim ! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l4 ,luke #d3ah1 #ai4 ,hebrew4 ,rejoice greatly1 ,o daught] ( ,zion2 %\t1 ,o daught] ( ,j]usalem3 behold ?y k+ %all come to !e3 he is j & end[$ ) salvation2 l[ly1 & rid+ ^u an ass1 & ^u a colt ! foal ( an ass4 ,ze*4 #i3i4 ,septuag9t4 ,rejoice greatly1 ,o daught] ( ,zion2 proclaim1 ,o daught] ( ,j]usalem3 behold ! k+ come? to !e1 j & ex]cis+ salvation2 he is meek1 & m\nt$ on an ass & a "y colt4 ,ze*4 #i3i4 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,say ye to ! daught] ( ,zion 7,isa4 #fb3aa73 ,behold ?y k+ come? to !e1 meek1 & m\nt$ ^u an ass1 & ^u a colt ! foal ( an ass4 ,matt4 #ba3e4 ,fe> n1 ,o daught] ( ,zion2 behold ?y k+ come? sitt+ ^u an ass's colt4 ,john #ab3ae4 ,hebrew4 ,9 he>+ he> ye1 b und]/& n2 & 9 see+ see ye1 b p]ceive n4 ,make fat ! he>t ( ?is p1 & _! e>s make heavy1 & _! eyes cov] ov]3 le/ !y see ) _! eyes1 & ) _! e>s he>1 & ) _! he>t und]/&1 & turn1 & "o heal !m4 ,isa4 #f3i1aj4 ,septuag9t4 ,9 he>+ ye %all he>1 b und]/& n2 & 9 see+ ye %all see1 b p]ceive n4 ,= ! he>t ( ?is p became gross1 & ) _! e>s !y he>d heavily1 & ! eyes !y clos$2 le/ at any "t !y %\ld see ) ! eyes1 & ) ! e>s %\ld he>1 & ) ! he>t %\ld und]/&1 & %\ld turn1 & ,i %\ld heal !m4 ,isa4 #f2i1 #aj4 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 he>+ ye %all he>1 b und]/& n2 & 9 see+ ye %all see1 b p]ceive n4 ,= ! he>t ( ?is p became gross1 & ) ! e>s !y he>d heavily1 & _! eyes !y clos$2 le/ at any "t !y %\ld see ) ! eyes1 & ) ! e>s %\ld he>1 & ) ! he>t %\ld und]/&1 & %\ld turn1 & ,i %\ld heal !m4 ,matt4 #ac3ad1 #ae2 also ,acts #bh3bf1 #bg4 ,t 9 see+ !y may see & n p]ceive1 & 9 he>+ !y may he> & n und]/&2 le/ at any "t !y %\ld turn1 & _! s9s %\ld be =giv5 !m4 ,m>k #d3ab4 ,t 9 see+ !y may n see1 & 9 he>+ !y may n und]/&4 ,luke #h3aj4 ,he ha? bl9d$ _! eyes1 & h>d5$ _! he>t2 t !y might n see ) ! eyes1 & und]/& ) ! he>t1 & be turn$1 & ,i %\ld heal !m4 ,john #ab3dj4 ,^! quotations ( ! same passage by diff]5t ,new ,te/am5t writ]s furni% a rem>kable example ( _! free mann]1 :ile ! _s & scope ( ! prophet are kept by all4 ,9 ,heb4 #aj3e we h a quotation f ! ,septuag9t :]e x diff]s widely f ! ,hebrew ( ,psa4 #dj3g4 ,?is reads3 ,sacrifice & (f]+ ?\ did/ n desire2 m9e e>s ha/ ?\ op5$ 7,heb4 bor$ or digg$74 ,b ! apo/le quotes aft] ! ,septuag9t3 ,sacrifice & (f]+ ?\ w\lde/ n1 b a body ha/ ?\ prep>$ = me4 ,! attempt$ explanations ( ?is diff]5ce are n v satisfactory4 ,x is to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! apo/le builds no ess5tial "p ( 8 argum5t ^u ! clause 9 "q4 ,9 ! long quotation f ,j]emiah 9 ,heb4 #h3h-ab1 ! clause1 & ,i reg>d$ !m n 7v]4 #i71 is p]haps correct = sub/ance2 s9ce _m pref] to r5d] ! correspond+ ,hebrew clause n z 9 our v]sion--?\gh ,i 0 a husb& unto !m1--b1 & ,i reject$ !m4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! _s & scope ( a passage are lo/ 9 ! v]sion ( ! ,sev5ty1 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s quote directly f ! ,hebrew4 ,examples are ! foll[+3 ,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$ him1 & call$ my son out ( ,egypt4 ,hosea #aa3a1 quot$ 9 ,matt4 #b3ae4 ,"h ! ,sev5ty r5d]3 ,out ( ,egypt ,i call$ my *ildr51 a v>iation f ! orig9al :i* makes ! passage inapplicable2 s9ce ,israel1 z ,god's fir/-born son 7,exod4 #d3bb1 #bc71 0 ! type ( ,*ri/1 & n ! individual ,israelites4 ,aga91 to ! passage ,isa4 #db3a-d1 quot$ 9 ,matt4 #ab3ah-ba1 ! ,septuag9t gives a wrong turn by ! introductory words3 ,jacob my son1 ,i w help him3 ,israel my *os51 my s\l ha? accept$ him3 ,i h put my ,_s ^u him2 he %all br+ =? judgm5t to ! ,g5tiles1 etc42 :]eas ! ,hebrew speaks n ( ,jacob & ,israel1 b ( ,god's s]vant3 ,behold my s]vant1 :om ,i uphold2 my *os51 9 :om my s\l delighte?1 etc4 ,mat!w accord+ly foll[s ! ,hebrew1 yet 9 a v free mann]3 ,behold my s]vant1 :om ,i h *os52 my belov$1 9 :om my s\l delighte?1 etc4 ,= o!r examples see ,mal4 #c3a1 z quot$ by ,matt4 #aa3aj2 ,m>k #a3b2 ,luke #g3bg2 ,isa4 #i3a1 #b1 z quot$ by ,matt4 #d3ae1 #af4 #c4 ,pass+ n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t citations on ! side ( _! inw>d cont5ts1 ! fir/ "q1 t arises has respect to ! s-call$ pr9ciple ( accommodation4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t sometimes employ ! language ( ! ,old 9 ! way ( accommodation2 t is1 !y use its phraseology1 orig9ally appli$ 9 a diff]5t connection1 simply z express+ 9 an apt & =cible mann] ! ?\ghts :i* !y wi% to convey4 ,( ?is we h a beautiful example 9 ,rom4 #aj3ah1 :]e ! apo/le says1 9 ref]5ce to ! proclamation ( ! gospel3 ,b ,i say1 ,h !y n he>d8 ,yes v]ily1 _! s\nd w5t into all ! e>?1 & _! words unto ! ends ( ! _w1 mean+ t :at ! psalmi/ says ( ! in/ruction giv5 by ! heav5s1 ,psa4 #ai3a-d1 is true ( ! prea*+ ( ! ^w2 s t none are excusable = _! unbelief4 ,ano!r /rik+ example is f\nd 9 ! same *apt] 7v]4 #f-h71 :]e phraseology orig9ally us$ by ,moses to express ! way ( ju/ification conta9$ 9 ! law 7,deut4 #cj3aa-ad7 is adapt$ to ! gospel z prop]ly descriptive ( ! salvation prop\nd$ 9 x4 ,davidson's ,h]m5eutics1 p4 #dga4 ,b t ! ,savi\r & 8 apo/les us$ accommodation 9 ! commonly receiv$ s5se ( ! t]m2 t is1 t !y quot$1 9 accommodation to ! ideas ( _! age1 passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t z applicable to ! ,messiah & 8 k+dom1 :i* !y knew to h no su* application :5 fairly & legitimately int]pret$2 t1 = example1 !y us$ ! hundr$ & t5? psalm z a prophecy ( ! ,messiah 7,matt4 #bb3da-df2 ,m>k #ab3ce-cg2 ,luke #bj3da-dd2 ,acts #b3cd1 #ce2 ,heb4 #a3ac71 simply because ?is 0 ! curr5t int]pretation ( _! times--?is is n to be admitt$ = a mom5t4 ,t ! ,savi\r dealt prud5tly ) ! prejudices ( 8 age is admitt$2 b he did n build ^u !m 8 claim to be ! ,messiah1 nor solemnly appeal to ! au?ority ( ,moses & ! prophets kn[+ ?is to be only a dream ( fanciful int]pretation4 ,if ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les taught any ?+1 x 0 t he _h come 9 accordance ) ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 fulfilm5t ( ^! prophecies4 ,did !y inde$1 9 all ?is1 only act ^u ! maxim :i* ,paul rejects ) abhorr5ce z damnable8 ,if ! tru? ( ,god ha? m ab\nd$ ?r\gh my lie unto 8 glory2 :y yet am ,i also judg$ z a s9n]8 ,& n r 7z we be sl&]\sly report$1 & z "s affirm t we say71 ,let u d evil t good may come8 ^: damnation is j4 #d4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t (t5 cite ! ,old by way ( argum5t4 ,?us ! ,savi\r argues aga9/ divorce at ! husb&'s w = e cause by an appeal to ! orig9al in/itution ( m>riage 7,matt4 #ai3c-f72 & ,paul proves t ! man is ! head ( ! woman1 & t %e owes subjection to him1 f ! ord] ( creation & its accompany+ circum/ances4 #a ,cor4 #aa3h1 #i2 #a ,tim4 #b3aa-ad4 ,respect+ ?is class ( quotations1 x is only necess>y to rem>k t ! validity ( ! argum5ts dep5ds on ! hi/oric tru? & div9e au?ority ( ! passages adduc$4 ,! ,savi\r & 8 apo/les pr(ess$ly build _! argum5ts on ! record ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,if ?is is s&--my?ical quicks&--_! h\se falls1 & _! au?ority ) x4 ,b if ! f\ndation is rock--an inspir$ record ( facts--_! h\se /&s1 & ) x _! "* z tru?ful tea*]s4 #e4 ,f> m num]\s are ! passages :i* are cit$ z prophecies ( ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom4 ,^! are introduc$ by v>i\s =mulas3 ,t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 ( ! ,"l by ! prophet2 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ,esaias ! prophet2 9 !m is fulfill$ ! prophecy ( ,esaias2 ?is day is ?is ,scripture fulfill$ 9 y\r e>s2 ?is ,scripture mu/ ne$s h be5 fulfill$2 x is conta9$ 9 ,scripture2 ano!r ,scripture sai?2 ?is t is writt5 mu/ yet be accompli%$ 9 me1 etc4 ,! common =mula1 t x might be fulfill$1 means t ! ev5t record$ took place 9 ord] t ! purpose ( ,god ann\nc$ 9 ! prophecy might be accompli%$4 ,! prophecy 0 n ! ma9 ?+1 b ! purpose ( ,god conta9$ 9 x4 ,= ! accompli%m5t ( ?is purpose1 & ?us ( ! prophecy :i* reveal$ x1 ,god's tru? 0 pl$g$4 ,9 ! same way are to be und]/ood ! words ( ,john 7*ap4 #ab3ci1 #dj73 ,!re=e !y c\ld n believe because t ,esaias sai? aga91 ,he ha? bl9d$ _! eyes1 etc4 ,! h9d]ance to _! belief lay n 9 ! prophecy1 b 9 t :i* ! prophecy ann\nc$4 #f4 ,( ! prophecies quot$1 "s ref] imm$iately to ,*ri/4 ,su* are ! foll[+3 ,! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 ,sit ?\ on my "r h&1 till ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool 7,matt4 #bb3dd1 f ,psa4 #aaj3a72 ,! ,"l sw>e & w n rep5t1 ,?\ art a prie/ = ev] aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek 7,heb4 #g3ba1 f ,psa4 #aaj3d72 ,he 0 l$ z a %eep to ! slaught]2 & l a lamb dumb be=e 8 %e>]1 s op5$ he n 8 m\?1 etc4 7,acts #h3cb1 #cc1 f ,isa4 #ec3g1 #h72 ,a ,prophet %all ! ,"l y\r ,god raise up unto y ( y\r bre?r51 l unto me2 him %all ye he>1 etc4 7,acts #c3bb1 #bc2 #g3cg1 f ,deut4 #ah3ae1 #ah1 #ai74 #g4 ,o!rs ref] ultimately to ,*ri/1 b "u a type4 ,an und5iable example is ! foll[+3 ,a bone ( him %all n be brok5 7,john #ai3cf1 f ,exod4 #ab3df2 ,numb4 #i3ab72 words orig9ally spok5 ( ! pas*al lamb1 :i* 0 ! type ( ,*ri/1 & n[ fulfill$ 9 ! great ,antitype4 ,aga91 we read 9 ,hosea 7*ap4 #aa3a73 ,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$ him1 & call$ my son out ( ,egypt2 words :i* ,mat!w quotes z fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/ 7*ap4 #b3ae74 ,x 0 ! purpose ( ,god1 namely1 t ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 ,god's fir/-born son 7,exod4 #d3bb1 #bc71 9 8 national *ildhood1 %\ld =e%ad[ t ( ,jesus1 ! only begott5 ,son ( ,god4 ,to ! same class belongs app>5tly ! foll[+ citation3 ,:at is man1 t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 or ! son ( man1 t ?\ visite/ him8 ,?\ made/ him a little l[] ?an ! angels2 ?\ cr[n$/ him ) glory & honor1 & did/ set him ov] ! works ( ?y h&s3 ?\ ha/ put all ?+s 9 subjection "u 8 feet4 ,heb4 #b3f-h1 f ,psa4 #h3d-f4 ,x seems impossible to d5y t ! imm$iate ref]5ce ( ! psalm is to man's exalt$ dignity & high pr]ogatives z ! "l ( ?is l[] _w4 ,b1 z ! writ] to ! ,hebrews argues1 ! words h no complete fulfilm5t 9 man consid]$ ap>t f ,*ri/4 ,x is 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ alone t ! high de/9y ( human nature f9ds its full realization4 ,he is made ,"l ( all1 & cr[n$ ) glory & honor = himself & = all 8 disciples also1 :o %all reign ) him 9 glory = ev]4 ,we add "o m example f ,heb4 #a3e1 :]e ! writ] quotes & applies to ,*ri/ ! words ( ,na?an to ,david3 ,i w be to him a ,fa!r1 & he %all be to me a ,son4 #b ,sam4 #g3ad4 ,! promise und5iably _h imm$iate respect to ,solomon2 n to ,solomon1 h[ev]1 9 8 simple p]sonality1 b to ,solomon z ! fir/ aft] ,david ( a l9e ( k+s t %\ld end 9 ,*ri/1 9 :om alone x has its true fulfilm5t4 ,god took ,solomon1 & 9 him ! :ole l9e ( k+s on ,david's ?rone1 into ! relation ( son%ip1 & ?us ( heir%ip4 ,rom4 #h3ag2 ,gal4 #d3g4 ,to ,solomon1 z ,god's son1 ! k+dom 0 confirm$ = ev] ?r\gh ,*ri/2 & ,solomon's l[] son%ip1 moreov]1 adumbrat$ ! high] son%ip ( ! la/ & greate/ ( 8 sons1 to :om ! promise 03 ,he %all be great1 & %all be call$ ! ,son ( ! ,highe/2 & ! ,"l ,god %all give unto him ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,david3 & he %all reign ov] ! h\se ( ,jacob = ev]2 & ( 8 k+dom !re %all be no end4 ,luke #a3cb1 #cc4 ,to draw ! exact l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! two above nam$ classes ( citations is difficult1 & 9 "s cases p]haps impossible4 ,nor is x necess>y1 s9ce ! ess5tial tru? is1 t all ^! prophecies f9d _! accompli%m5t 9 ,*ri/2 ^? ( ! =m] class directly1 ^? ( ! latt] ?r\gh types ( div9e appo9tm5t4 ,! exegesis ( ! ,new ,te/am5t quotations pres5ts _m difficult que/ions1 relat+ p>tly to ! true r5d]+ ( ! orig9al words1 p>tly to ! deviations ( ! ,septuag9t f ! ,hebrew1 & ! citations f bo? ! ,septuag9t & ! ,hebrew2 p>tly to ! orig9al application ( ! passages cit$ & ! use made ( !m 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,= ! details ! /ud5t mu/ be ref]r$ to ! comm5tators4 ,all t has be5 "h attempt$ is a /atem5t ( ! g5]al pr9ciples t mu/ gov]n u 9 int]pret+ ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,new4 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4,b4 ,,! ,,figures ,,ref] ,,to ,,! ,,pages4 ,a4 ,abrahamic cov5ant1 ! gr\nd "w ( ! ,p5tateu*1 #bbe2 ( ! gospel1 #aaf1 seq4 ,adam1 8 apo/asy ! key to ! plan ( r$emption1 #aae4 ,acc5tuation1 ,hebrew sy/em (1 #bfe4 ,ackn[l$g$ epi/les1 #ia1 seq4 ,accommodation1 pr9ciple (1 #fce4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 a natural sequel to ! ,gospels1 #hg2 ext]nal te/imonies to ! book1 #hh2 int]nal evid5ces1 #hi2 its cr$ibility1 #ij2 co9cid5ces ) ! ,paul9e epi/les1 #ij2 its plan & divisions1 #ddj2 its (fices1 #ddb1 seq4 ,ahasu]us1 ! ,x]xes ( hi/ory1 #bfa4 ,alamo?1 #bhh4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 8 visit to ,j]usalem1 #bfc1 #cbe4 ,alex&ria1 ! ,septuag9t v]sion made "h1 #aii4 ,alex&r9e ,jews1 _! use ( ! ,greek language1 #cfi4 ,alex&r9e manuscript1 #che4 ,allegorical applications ( ,scripture1 #eec4 ,allegories2 _! int]pretation1 #eeh1 seq4 ,alt>1 ( inc5se1 #ehi2 ( burnt-(f]+1 #eij4 ,al-tas*i?1 #bhh4 ,ammonian sections1 #cge4 ,amos1 #ccf2 book (1 #ccf1 seq4 ,analogy ( fai?1 #egf1 seq4 ,antilegom5a1 #ia1 #if1 seq4 ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 #ddb4 ,antio* 9 ,syria1 ! c5tre ( ,paul's mission>y labors1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddi4 ,apocalypse1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #ejc2 its apo/olic au?or%ip1 #ejc2 its date1 #ejf2 v>i\s s*emes ( int]pretation1 #ejg2 symbolic import ( its numb]s1 #ejh1 seq4 ,apocrypha1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #cej4 ,apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #aih1 #cej1 seq42 unc]ta9ty ( _! dates1 #cej2 none ( !m exi/ 9 ,hebrew or 7 receiv$ into ! ,hebrew canon1 #cej2 receiv$ by ! ,alex&r9e ,jews1 #cea2 e/imation by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians & by ,prote/ants1 #cea4 ,apocryphal ,gospels & ,acts1 #eag4 ,apo/olic canons1 s-call$1 #ead4 ,apo/olic epi/les1 a natural sequel to ! ,gospels1 #dde2 _! occasions & (fices1 #dde1 seq4 ,apo/olic m51 #aji2 _! writ+s1 #dhc4 ,apo/olic fa!rs1 #eaa1 seq4 ,apo/les1 _! peculi> (fice1 #ajc2 _! inspiration1 #ajd1 seq4 ,apo/le's ,cre$1 #eag4 ,aquila & 8 v]sion1 #bjd4 ,aramaean or ,aramaic & its bran*es1 #age2 became ! language ( ! ,jews aft] ! captivity1 #agg1 #cfi4 ,ark ( ! cov5ant1 #ehh4 ,ari/eas' acc\nt ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 #aii4 ,ari/obulus' acc\nt ( ! same1 #aii4 ,arm5ian v]sion1 #dji4 ,artax]xes1 #bfa2 ,artax]xes ,longimanus1 #bfa1 #cdi4 ,assyrian or squ>e "*1 #agb1 #age4 ,atonem5t1 great day (1 #fjc4 ,au!nticity ( ! ,gospels1 #ff1 seq42 ( ! ,p5tateu*1 #abj1 seq4 ,see fur!r "u ! sev]al books4 ,autographs ( ! sacr$ writ]s1 _! e>ly disappe>ance1 #fa1 #bji4 ,b4 ,babylon1 *ur* 91 #dib4 ,babyloni% captivity1 #bee4 ,b>nabas1 8 relation to ,m>k1 #dbg4 ,b>nabas1 s-call$ ,epi/le (1 #df1 #ajj1 #eaf4 ,b>u*1 apocryphal book (1 #ceh4 ,ba%muric v]sion1 #djg4 ,bel%azz>1 id5tification (1 #cbg4 ,b]osus' acc\nt ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 #cbh4 ,beza's1 or ! ,cambridge manuscript1 #chg4 ,bible1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #afe2 v>iety ( its au?ors & dates ( its books1 #afh1 #cgb1 seq42 _! arrangem5t1 #afi1 seq41 #cga1 seq42 diff]5t designations (1 #afe1 seq42 its code ( morals1 #aej1 seq42 h>mony ( its p>ts1 #aeb1 #aed2 its p[] ov] ! consci5ce & life1 #aed4 ,blood1 sacrificial1 ! atonem5t lay 9 x1 #eig2 spr9kl+ (1 #fja1 #fjc2 :5 c>ri$ into ! sanctu>y1 #fjd4 ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 public read+ (1 #fc4 ,see fur!r "u ,new ,te/am5t & ! sev]al books4 ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,see "u ,bible & ,old ,te/am5t4 ,bran* z a designation ( ! ,messiah1 #eij4 ,briefs1 #cgg4 ,burn+ ( sacrifices1 signification (1 #fjb2 )\t ! camp1 #fje4 ,burnt-(f]+s1 #eih4 ,c4 ,cambyses1 #bfa4 ,canaanites1 _! extirpation1 #adj1 #bdd4 ,c&le/ick1 gold51 #ehi4 ,canon1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #ahc2 its ext5t1 #aab4 ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 its gradual =mation1 #cid1 seq42 fir/ recognition ( a canon1 #cih2 ! books receiv$ sep>ately & on full evid5ce1 #cii2 completion ( ! pres5t canon1 #cih2 important anci5t canons1 #cih4 ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 settl$ by ,ezra1 #abc1 #aic1 seq42 pr9ciple ( its settlem5t1 #adg2 ,josephus' acc\nt (1 #aig2 ,orig5's & ,j]ome's1 #aig2 canon ( ! ,p5tateu*1 #ahc1 seq42 ( ! hi/orical books1 #ahe1 seq42 ( ! prophetical & poetic books1 #aij1 seq4 ,canticles1 #bib4 ,*aldaisms1 #cjg4 ,*aldee language1 p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writt5 9 x1 #age4 ,see fur!r "u ,t>gums4 ,*apt]s1 orig9 (1 #agd1 #cgg4 ,*]ubim ov] ! ark1 ,god's dwell+-place1 #ehh4 ,*ri/1 8 p]son & adv5t ! c5tral po9t ( ,*ri/ianity1 #cb1 #daa2 8 "* v]ifies itself1 #ga1 seq42 mann] ( 8 tea*+1 #gg1 seq42 mann] 9 :i* he manife/$ 8 deity1 #gi1 seq42 8 infallibility an axiom ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ajb2 prep>ation = 8 adv5t1 #aad2 union ( ! k+ly & prie/ly (fices 9 8 p]son1 #eij2 "q ( 8 second adv5t & p]sonal reign on e>?1 #fbi1 seq44 ,*ri/ian *ur*1 inauguration (1 #ddc4 ,*ri/ianity1 its hi/oric basis1 #ca1 #daj4 ,*ronicles1 books (1 orig9ally "o #bee12 mean+ ( ! "n1 #bee2 _! *>act]i/ics1 #bef2 _! place 9 ! ,hebrew canon1 #beg2 difficulties connect$ ) !m1 #beg1 seq44 ,*ronology1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #bcj2 ( ! book ( ,judges1 #bdg2 ( ! books ( ,k+s1 #bee2 ( ! book ( ,ezra1 #bfj4 ,*ur* lessons1 #cgh4 ,clean & unclean1 ,mosaic di/9ctions (1 #fje4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #dj4 ,see fur!r "u v>i\s ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 fir/ epi/le (1 #ajj1 #eaa1 seq42 its occasion1 scope1 & /yle1 #eab2 its ref]5ce to ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 #dhc2 second ,epi/le (1 n g5u9e1 #eab2 s-call$ ,clem5t9es1 or ,recognitions ( ,clem5t1 #eac2 s-call$ ,con/itutions ( ,clem5t1 & apo/olic canons1 #ead4 ,codex ,vaticanus1 #chd2 ,s9aiticus1 #che2 ,alex&r9us1 #che1 seq42 ,ephraemi1 #chf2 ,dubl95sis1 #chg2 ,bezae1 #chg2 ,purpureus1 #chh4 ,see fur!r on pages #djb1 #djd4 ,colosse & *ur* ( ! ,colossians1 #dfc4 ,colossians1 epi/le to !1 its relation to ! epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 #dfa2 its occasion1 scope1 & plan1 #dfd4 ,comp>isons1 #eeb4 ,context1 def9ition (1 #eca2 its importance1 #eca4 ,cont9u\s writ+1 #agb1 #cgc4 ,contradictions1 app>5t1 reconciliation (1 #edc4 ,coptic v]sion1 #djg4 ,cor9? & ! ,cor9?ian *ur*1 #ded4 ,cor9?ians1 fir/ epi/le to !1 date & place ( writ+1 #dec3 occasion & scope1 #ded2 cont5ts1 #dee2 contra/ ) ! epi/le to ! ,galatians1 #def4 ,cor9?ians1 second epi/le to !1 date & place ( writ+1 #def2 occasion1 cont5ts1 & peculi> "*1 #deg4 ,cornelius1 #dda4 ,c\ncils1 g5]al1 _! lat] introduction1 #da1 #ig4 ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 its canon1 #cii4 ,cr$ibility ( ! gospels4 ,see gospel n>ratives4 ,crete & ! ,cretan *ur*es1 #dhj4 ,criticism ( ! sacr$ text1 its (fice1 #bji2 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t text1 its s\rces1 manuscripts1 #bji2 anci5t v]sions1 #baj2 prim>y editions1 #baj2 p>allel passages1 #baa2 quotations 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #baa1 #fcb1 seq42 criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t text1 its /ate1 #chj1 seq42 v>i\s read+s1 #cha2 mat]ials = correction1 #chc2 manuscripts1 #chd1 seq42 prim>y editions1 #chh2 ! receiv$ text1 #chi1 seq42 pr9ciples ( textual criticism1 #cia1 seq4 ,cursive manuscripts1 #fj1 #cge1 #chh4 ,cyrus1 signification ( ! "n1 #cjf 8 decree = lib]at+ ! ,jews1 #cjf ,d4 ,damasus1 8 ag5cy ) respect to ! vulgate1 #djb4 ,daniel1 #cbb4 ,daniel1 book (1 its place 9 ! ,jewi% canon1 #cbb2 arrangem5t & cont5ts1 #cbc2 g5u95ess1 #cbd1 seq42 unity1 #cbd2 te/imonies to x1 ,josephus1 #cbe2 ! ,savi\r1 #cbe1 seq42 its language1 #cbf1 #cbi2 difficulties connect$ ) its *ronology & hi/ory1 #cbg2 its sup]natural cont5ts1 #ccj4 ,daniel1 apocryphal additions to1 #cei4 ,danites1 _! conque/ ( ,lai%1 #bdc1 #bde4 ,d>ius ,hy/aspes1 #bfa1 #cde4 ,d>ius ! ,m$ian1 #cbh4 ,david1 #bdi1 seq42 typical "* ( 8 k+dom & (fice1 #ehb4 ,deluge1 #bbi4 ,demetrius ,phal]5s1 8 ag5cy 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 #bja4 ,deut]onomy1 book (1 mean+ ( ! "n1 #bch2 its au?or%ip1 #abd1 seq42 its relation to ! e>li] p>ts ( ! law1 #abg2 design1 #abh2 peculi> "*1 #abi2 cont5ts1 #bch1 seq4 ,diatess]on ( ,tatian1 #ej4 ,difficulties1 treatm5t (1 #cd1 #he2 ( ! ,mosaic economy1 #ach1 #ega2 ( ! book ( ,g5esis1 #bbi1 seq4 ,diognetus1 epi/le to1 #de4 ,disput$ books4 ,see ,antilegom5a4 ,d\ble s5se1 "q (1 #fah1 seq42 9 ! hi/oric types1 #fah2 9 ! ,messianic ,psalms1 #fai4 ,dubl9 manuscript1 #chg4 ,e4 ,ebionites1 _! gospel1 #dbb4 ,ecclesia/es1 book (1 #bij1 seq4 ,ecclesia/icus1 apocryphal book (1 #ceg4 ,elihu1 #bhc4 ,egypt1 ! soj\rn 91 #bcc4 ,eleaz>1 m>tyrdom (1 #cfa4 ,eno*1 apocryphal book (1 #eja4 ,ephesus & ! ,ephesian *ur*1 #dfe1 #dgi4 ,ephesians1 ,epi/le to !1 #dfb1 #dfe1 seq42 its relation to ! epi/le to ! ,colossians1 #dfb2 occasion & g5]al "*1 #dff2 address & au?or%ip1 #dff2 cont5ts & divisions1 #dfg1 seq4 ,ephraem manuscript1 #chf4 ,epi/les1 apo/olic1 #dde2 ,paul9e1 #ddf4 ,see fur!r "u ! sev]al epi/les4 ,esdras1 apocryphal books (1 #ceb4 ,e/h]1 book (1 #bfc4 ,e/h]1 apocryphal additions to1 #cee4 ,e?iopian v]sion1 #djh4 ,eusebius1 acc\nt ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon1 #cih4 ,see fur!r "u ! v>i\s ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,eusebian canons1 #cgf4 ,eu?alius & /i*ometry1 #cgd4 ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 int]nal & exp]im5tal1 #adi1 seq4 ,= ! hi/oric see gospel n>ratives1 ,p5tateu*1 etc4 ,exodus1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #bcb2 unity1 divisions1 & cont5ts ( ! book1 #bcb2 "t ( ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 #bcc4 ,exegesis def9$1 #eba4 ,expositions1 inept1 #edj2 incompatible1 #eda2 =c$1 #edd4 ,expositor1 8 (fice1 #eba2 qualifications1 #ebb1 seq4 ,ezekiel1 #caf1 seq4 ,ezekiel1 book (1 #cbj1 seq4 ,ezra1 8 "w 9 ! re/oration1 #beh2 9 settl+ ! ,hebrew canon1 #abc1 #adg4 ,ezra1 book (1 #beh2 its *ronology1 #bfj4 ,f4 ,fables1 di/+ui%$ f p>ables1 #eed4 ,figurative language1 #edf2 its asc]ta9m5t1 #edg1 seq42 its int]pretation1 #eeg1 seq4 ,figures1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #eej1 seq4 ,g4 ,galatia & ! ,galatian *ur*1 #deh4 ,galatians1 ,epi/le to !1 date & place ( writ+1 #deh2 occasion & scope1 #dei2 cont5ts & divisions1 #dfj1 seq4 ,g5esis1 book (1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #bbd2 its relation to ! foll[+ books1 #acj2 au?or%ip1 #acb1 #bbg2 introductory (fice1 #bbe2 divisions1 #bbf1 seq42 cont5ts & difficulties1 #bbg1 seq4 ,g5tiles1 _! reception ( ! gospel1 & introduction to ! *ur*1 #ddc1 #ddg4 ,g5u95ess4 ,see "u ! sev]al divisions & books ( ! ,bible4 ,gitti?1 #bhg4 ,gno/icism1 #dgg4 ,gospel1 mean+ & diff]5t uses ( ! ^w1 #daa4 ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites1 #dbb4 ,gospels1 relation to ea* o!r1 #dag2 *ronology1 #dai2 relative size (1 #dbj4 ,gospels1 synoptical1 #ej2 _! e>li] composition1 #ea2 _! agreem5ts1 #dab2 diff]5ces1 #dac2 !ories ( _! orig91 t ( mutual dep5d5ce1 #dac2 ( an orig9al docum5t1 #dac2 ( apo/olic tradition1 #dad1 seq42 _! incomplete "*1 #dag2 relation to ! f\r? gospel1 #dai4 ,gospels1 ! sev]al4 ,see "u ! head ( ea*4 ,gospel n>ratives1 _! g5u95ess1 #cf1 seq42 writt5 successively at int]vals1 #cg2 e>li] hi/ories ( our ,"l1 #cg2 ext]nal evid5ces consid]$1 #ch1 seq42 int]nal1 #ej1 seq42 _! uncorrupt pres]vation1 #ei1 seq42 _! au!nticity & cr$ibility1 "* ( ! writ]s1 #fg1 seq42 ( ! works record$1 #fh2 c]ta9ty ( our ,"l's resurrection1 #gj2 ! "* ( ,jesus v]ifies itself1 #ga1 seq42 sup]natural "* ( ! facts record$ 9 ! gospels1 #hd2 objections consid]$1 #he4 ,gospel h>monies1 #dai4 ,go?ic v]sion1 #djh4 ,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 its peculi> "*1 #eg1 #cfh its adaptation to ! wants ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 #cff2 its introduction into ,asia & ,egypt1 #cfg4 ,h4 ,habakkuk1 book (1 #cdb4 ,haggai1 book (1 #cde4 ,hagiographa1 #afi2 ,t>gums on !1 #bjh4 ,haman1 #bfc4 ,hapht>o?1 #agc4 ,h>mony betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 9 _s1 #efh1 seq42 9 doctr9e1 #egj4 ,h>monies ( ! gospels1 #dai1 #ecg4 ,heave-(f]+s1 #fja4 ,hebrew alphabet1 #agf2 v[el po9ts & acc5ts1 #agh4 ,hebrew commonweal?1 its e/abli%m5t "u ,jo%ua1 #bda2 its condition "u ! ,judges1 #bde2 ! ,k+s1 #bdi1 #bec2 at ! re/oration1 #bef1 #beh1 #bfa4 ,hebrew language1 #age1 #cff2 its disuse aft] ! captivity1 #agg1 #cfg2 succe$$ by ! ,aramaean1 #cfg4 ,hebrew text1 ,jewi% divisions (1 #agc2 manuscripts1 #ahi4 ,hebrews1 ,epi/le to !1 #dhb2 "q ( its au?or%ip1 #dhb2 date1 & p]sons address$1 #dhd2 its c5tral !me1 #dhe4 ,hell5i/ic ,jews1 #cfh4 ,h]mas1 ,%eph]d (1 #ajj1 #eag4 ,h]m5eutics def9$1 #eba4 ,h]etics1 _! te/imony to ! gospels1 #dh1 seq4 ,hexapla ( ,orig51 #bje4 ,hexapl>1 ,syriac v]sion1 #djf4 ,hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #bdj1 seq42 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #daj1 seq4 ,hi/orical types1 #eha1 seq4 ,holocau/s1 or burnt-(f]+s1 #eih4 ,homolog\m5a1 #ia4 ,hosea1 book (1 #ccc4 ,hugo1 ,c>d9al1 divides ! ,bible into *apt]s1 #agd1 #cgg4 ,i4 ,ignatius & 8 te/imony1 #df2 8 epi/les1 #ead4 ,infidelity1 its fragm5t>y me?od ( argum5t1 #cd4 ,inspiration ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! t]m def9$1 #aja1 te/s (1 #ajb1 seq42 9 :at s5se pl5>y1 "q ( its limitation1 #aaa2 inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 #acd1 #adb1 #adh1 #aie1 seq41 #bae1 etc4 ,int]pretation1 its human & div9e sides1 #ebf2 ( figurative language1 #ebg1 seq4 ,int]pret]1 8 (fice1 #eba2 qualifications1 #ebb1 seq4 ,ir5aeus & 8 te/imony1 #ci4 ,see fur!r "u ! sev]al books4 ,isaiah1 8 age & prophetical activity1 #bii4 ,isaiah1 book (1 its two ma9 p>ts1 #bii2 cont5ts & divisions ( ! fir/ "p1 #bii1 seq42 ! second "p1 #cjb2 its g5u95ess1 #cjc1 seq42 its =m t ( true prophecy1 #cje4 ,j4 ,james ! apo/le1 & ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 "q respect+1 #dhg4 ,james1 ,epi/le (1 its au?or1 date1 & place ( writ+1 #dhh2 g5u95ess & reception into ! canon1 #dhi1 seq42 practical "*1 #dij2 alleg$ disagreem5t ) ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ju/ification1 #dia4 ,ja%]1 book (1 #bdc4 ,jason1 8 five books1 #cfj4 ,j]emiah1 sket* ( 8 life1 #caj4 ,j]emiah1 book (1 #cji1 seq42 g5]al "* ( 8 prophecies1 #cab2 _! arrangem5t1 #cac2 arrangem5t ( ! ,alex&r9e v]sion1 #cad4 ,j]emiah1 apocryphal epi/le (1 #ceh4 ,j]oboam1 8 s9ful policy & its results1 #bed4 ,j]ome1 8 acc\nt ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon1 #aig2 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon1 #cii2 revision ( ! ,lat9 ,bible1 #djj1 seq4 ,see fur!r "u ! sev]al books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,j]usalem1 ! fir/ c5tre ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ddj4 ,j]usalem ,t>gum1 #bjg4 ,jesus4 ,see ,*ri/4 ,jews1 _! prep>ation = ,*ri/'s adv5t1 #aad2 _! in/itutions typical ( ,*ri/ z well z prep>atory1 #adf4 ,job1 book (1 its plan1 #bhj2 design1 #bhb2 age ( ,job & ( ! book1 #bhc2 "q ( its au?or%ip1 #bhc2 its hi/oric "*1 #bhd4 ,joel1 book (1 #ccd4 ,john ! apo/le1 notices (1 #dcf1 seq4 ,john's gospel1 its lat] composition1 #ec2 #dcg2 s\rces1 #dch2 peculi>ity 9 respect to matt]1 #dch1 seq42 g5]al scope & special (fice1 #dah1 #dci4 ,john's epi/les1 ! fir/ epi/le1 #ic1 #dig1 seq42 ! second & ?ird1 #ejj4 ,john ! ,presbyt]1 #ejc4 ,jonah1 book (1 #cch4 ,jona?an1 ,t>gum (1 #bjg4 ,josephus1 8 acc\nt ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon1 #aie1 #aig2 te/imony to ! book ( ,daniel1 #cbe2 acc\nt ( ! fea/ ( ,purim1 #bfc4 ,jo%ua1 book (1 its (fice & cont5ts1 #bda2 age & au?or%ip1 #bdc2 au!nticity & cr$ibility1 #bdd4 ,jo%ua ! high-prie/1 z a type ( ,*ri/1 #eij4 ,judaiz+ tea*]s1 #ddh2 9 ,galatia1 #dei2 among ! ,colossians1 #dfc2 ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 #dgg4 ,jude1 ,epi/le (1 #eja1 seq4 ,judges ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 _! "* & (fice1 #bde4 ,judges1 book (1 #bde1 seq42 its *ronology1 #bdg4 ,k4 ,kephalaia1 #cge4 ,keys ( ! k+dom ( heav51 #ege4 ,k+dom ( ,israel1 its e/abli%m5t1 #bdi2 division1 #bed2 ext9ction ( ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes1 #bed4 ,k+dom ( ,judah1 its orig91 #bed2 its ext9ction1 #bee4 ,k+ly (fice1 typical ( ,*ri/1 #aah1 #bdi1 #ehb4 ,k+s1 books (1 orig9ally "o1 #beb1 _! cont5ts & (fice1 #beb2 *ronology1 #bee4 ,l4 ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah1 #cad2 peculi> /ructure ( ! book1 #cae4 ,laodiceans1 epi/le to !1 #dfe4 ,la/ days1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #fjh2 prophecies conc]n+1 #faa1 seq4 ,law4 ,see ,p5tateu*4 ,lection>ies1 #cgh4 ,leviticus1 book (1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #bce2 its cont5ts1 #bce1 seq4 ,limitations 9 ! int]pretation ( languages1 #edb4 ,luke ! ,evangeli/1 8 orig9 & relation to ,paul1 #dca2 8 s\rces ( in=mation1 #dcb2 8 id5tity ) ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 #ddj4 ,luke's gospel1 its date1 #dcb2 plan & "*1 #dcc2 peculi> matt]1 #dcd2 its integrity1 #dce2 its g5ealogy ( our ,"l1 #dcc1 #dce4 ,lyons & ,vi5ne1 lett] ( ! *ur*es (1 #dj1 #hh1 #ejc4 ,m4 ,maccabees1 family (1 #cei2 orig9 ( ! "n1 #cfj4 ,maccabees1 apocryphal books (1 #cfj1 seq4 ,mala*i1 book (1 #cdh4 ,manasses1 apocryphal pray] (1 #cei4 ,manuscripts1 anci5t mode ( writ+1 #fj1 #agb1 #cgc1 #chb4 ,manuscripts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 _! age & =m1 #ahj2 synagogue rolls1 #aha4 ,manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 _! e>ly multiplication1 #fd2 not$ manuscripts1 ,vatican1 #chd2 ,s9ai1 #che2 ,alex&r9e1 #che1 seq42 ,ephraem1 #chf1 ,dubl9 palimpse/1 #chg2 ,beza's1 #chg1 seq42 purple1 #chh2 cursive manuscripts1 #chh4 ,manuscripts ( ! old ,lat91 #djb2 ( ! vulgate1 #djd4 ,manuscript ( ! ,go?ic v]sion call$ ! ,silv] manuscript1 #djh4 ,m>cion & 8 gospel1 #di1 #dce4 ,m>k ! ,evangeli/1 notices (1 #dbg2 8 relation to ,pet] & ,paul1 #dbg1 seq42 9 :at s5se he 0 ,pet]'s int]pret]1 #dbh4 ,m>k's gospel1 place1 "t ( writ+1 & language1 #dbh2 its design1 #dbi2 its peculi>ities1 #dcj2 "q respect+ its clos+ passage1 #dcj1 seq4 ,mas*il1 #bhg4 ,masora & ,masoretic text1 #agh1 seq4 ,matta?ias1 #cei4 ,mat!w ! ,evangeli/1 #dbj4 ,mat!w's gospel1 its orig9al language1 #dba2 pres5t ,greek =m1 #dbb2 prim>y design1 #dbd2 *>act]i/ics1 #dbe2 *ronology1 #dbf2 place & "t ( writ+1 #dbf2 integrity1 #dbf2 its g5ealogy ( our ,"l1 #dbd1 #dce4 ,meat-(f]+s1 #fjj4 ,mel*iz$ek1 8 p]son & typical "*1 #ehc4 ,memphitic v]sion1 #djg4 ,messiah4 ,see ,*ri/4 ,messianic ,psalms1 diff]5t pr9ciples ( int]pretation1 t ( exclusive ref]5ce to ,*ri/1 #fbj2 t ( an ideal p]sonage1 #fbj1 seq42 ! typical view1 #fba4 ,metaphor1 #eea4 ,metonymy1 #eea4 ,micah1 book (1 #cdj4 ,mi*tam1 #bhg4 ,mosaic economy1 ,*ri/ its end1 #aah2 its prep>atory "*1 #ach2 objections to x consid]$1 #ach1 #ega2 its _s 0 love1 #aci1 seq4 ,mottoes1 rem>ks respect+1 #ecc ,muratorian canon1 #dh1 #hi1 #ic1 #cih1 etc4 ,my?s1 rem>ks conc]n+1 #eef1 #efj4 ,n4 ,nahum1 ,prophecy (1 #cda4 ,na?an's writ+s1 #bea4 ,naz>5es1 _! gospel1 #dbb4 ,nebu*adnezz>1 8 exp$itions to ,judea1 #cbg4 ,neg9ah & ,neg9o?1 #bhg4 ,nehemiah1 8 "w 9 ! re/oration1 #bfa4 ,nehemiah1 book (1 #bfa1 seq4 ,nehilo?1 #bhg4 ,new ,j]usalem ( ,ezekiel's vision1 #cba1 #fbg4 ,n9eveh4 ,see ,nahum4 ,nitrian des]t1 ,syriac manuscripts f1 #dje4 ,numb]s1 book (1 #bcg4 ,numb]s1 symbolical1 #ejh1 #efd1 #faj4 ,o4 ,obadiah1 ,prophecy (1 #cch4 ,oblations1 or unbloody (f]+s1 #fjj4 ,old ,lat94 ,see v]sions1 ,lat94 ,onkelos1 ,t>gum (1 #bjf4 ,orig51 8 acc\nt ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon1 #aig2 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon1 #cih2 8 ,hexapla1 #bje4 ,see fur!r "u ! sev]al ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,p4 ,paley's ,horae ,paul9ae1 #id4 ,palimpse/s1 #fj1 #chd2 examples (1 #chf4 ,panta5us1 #dj4 ,papias1 #dd4 ,see also "u ! sev]al books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,papyrus1 #ei2 rolls (1 #chd4 ,p>ables1 #eec2 _! int]pretation1 #efj1 seq4 ,p>agraph ,bibles1 #cgh4 ,p>allelisms1 #baa1 #ecd2 real & v]bal1 #ecd2 doctr9al & hi/oric1 #ece1 seq4 ,p>allelisms1 poetic1 #bgd1 seq4 ,p>*m5ts1 #ei1 seq4 ,p>%iyo?1 #agc4 ,p>ticul> ,introduction1 its prov9ce #bad4 ,passov]1 its sacrificial & typical "*1 #eii4 ,pa/oral epi/les1 #ib2 _! place 9 ,paul's hi/ory1 #dge1 seq42 "* ( ! false tea*]s describ$ 9 !m1 #dgg2 _! g5u95ess & peculial tone1 #dgh ,paul1 ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 & 8 peculi> qualifications1 #ddg2 8 /yle1 #ddh2 ?ree mission>y j\rneys1 #ddi4 ,paul9e epi/les1 #ddf2 comm5t>ies on !m1 #ddi2 _! connection ) ,paul's hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! ,acts1 #ddi2 pr9ciple ( _! arrangem5t1 & gr\ps into :i* !y fall1 #dej4 ,p5tateu*1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #abj2 its admitt$ exi/5ce f ,ezra's "t1 #abj2 its au?or%ip1 #abj1 seq42 relation ( ,deut]onomy to ! prec$+ books1 #abf1 #bci2 ( ,g5esis to ! foll[+1 #acj1 #bbe2 unity ( its plan1 #acb1 #bbd2 its au!nticity1 #acd1 seq42 ! ,jewi% polity presupposes x1 #ace2 difficulties connect$ ) x1 #acg1 seq42 its prep>atory (fice1 #ada2 con/itutes a ,jewi% division ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #afi4 ,p]sonal reign ( ,*ri/1 "q conc]n+ !1 #fbi1 seq4 ,p]sonification1 #eea4 ,pe%ito4 ,see ,syriac v]sions4 ,pet]1 8 lead]%ip among ! apo/les1 #dda2 9 :at s5se a rock1 #ege4 ,pet]1 fir/ epi/le (1 #dia4 ,pet]1 second epi/le (1 #dic2 "q ( its g5u95ess1 #did1 seq42 its design1 #dig4 ,philemon1 ,epi/le to1 #dfi4 ,philox5ian4 ,see ,syriac v]sions4 ,philippi & ! ,philippian *ur*1 #dfi4 ,philippians1 ,epi/le to !1 date1 occasion1 & place ( writ+1 #dfi2 cont5ts & peculi> "*1 #dgj4 ,pho5ician language1 #age4 ,plan ( r$emption1 its unity & progress1 #fad2 its =e%ad[+s1 #faf2 its end1 #fag4 ,poetry1 ,hebrew1 its *>act]i/ics1 #bff1 seq42 its outw>d =m1 #bgd1 seq42 its diction1 #bgh2 its (fices1 #bgi4 ,poetical books1 s-call$ ,hebrew1 #afi1 #bfe4 ,polyc>p1 #df4 ,polyc>p1 epi/le (1 #eae4 ,po?9us1 #dj4 ,prie/hood ( our ,"l1 #dhe4 ,prie/hood1 ,levitical1 typical ( ,*ri/1 #aai1 #bcf2 po9ts ( agreem5t specifi$1 a common human nature1 appo9tm5t by ,god1 m$iator%ip betwe5 ,god & ! p ?r\gh propitiatory sacrifice1 #eid1 seq42 po9ts ( disagreem5t incid5t to ! type1 #eie1 seq42 c5tral idea ( prie/hood1 #eif4 ,prie/hood ( ,mel*iz$ek1 #ehc1 seq4 ,prie/ly g>m5ts1 #eif4 ,prophecy1 int]pretation (1 #fjg1 seq42 its progressive fulfilm5t1 #fbb2 "q ( its lit]al & figurative mean+1 #fbd1 seq42 its repres5tative use ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory & in/itutions1 #fbd4 ,prophecies1 specific1 #fjg2 g5]ic1 #fjh2 ) ! succession ( ev5ts1 #fji2 )\t x1 #faa2 _! inw>d view ( ,god's k+dom1 #fac1 seq4 ,prophetical books & _! (fice1 #adc1 seq4 ,prophetical (fice1 typical ( ,*ri/1 #aah1 #ehb4 ,prophets1 ,hebrew1 _! (fice & "*1 #bid1 seq4 ,prophets1 z a ,jewi% division ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon1 #afi2 great] prophets1 #afi1 #bid2 less or m9or1 #afi1 #ccb2 ,masoretic & ,septuag9t arrangem5t (1 #ccb4 ,prov]bs1 #eee4 ,prov]bs1 book (1 its (fice1 #bhh2 outw>d =m & divisions1 #bhi2 arrangem5t 9 its pres5t =m1 #bij4 ,psalms1 book (1 its "* & (fice1 #bhd2 fivefold division1 #bhe1 seq42 titles1 #bhf1 seq2 ,messianic psalms1 #fai4 ,psalms1 alleg$ ,maccabean1 #aif4 ,psalt]s1 ,gallican & ,roman1 #djj1 #djc4 ,pseudo-,jona?an1 ,t>gum (1 #bjg4 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 8 ag5cy 9 respect to ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 #aii4 ,punic language1 #age4 ,purple manuscript1 #chh4 ,purim1 fea/ (1 #bfc4 ,q4 ,quotations ( ! e>ly fa!rs1 #cg4 ,quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,new1 _! use 9 sacr$ criticism1 #baa2 au?ority1 #fcb2 outw>d =m1 #fcc2 free _s1 #fce2 pr9ciple ( accommodation consid]$1 #fce2 quotations = argum5t1 #fcg2 ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecies ref]r+ to ,*ri/--directly1 #fch2 9 a typical way1 #fch4 ,see fur!r "u ,septuag9t4 ,quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,talmud & ,rabb9ic writ]s1 #baa1 seq4 ,r4 ,rabb9ic writ]s1 #baa1 seq4 ,rabb9ic mode ( writ+1 #agf4 ,reason1 its (fice 9 int]pretation1 #edd4 ,re/oration ( ! ,jews1 "q conc]n+ !1 #fbh4 ,resurrection ( ,jesus1 #gj4 ,resurrection1 fir/ & second1 #fcj4 ,revelation1 its unity1 #cc1 #eff1 #efh2 div]sity1 #eff1 seq42 ea* p>ticul> revelation p]fect 9 its place1 #ega2 ! lat] revelations int]pret ! e>li]1 #egb4 ,revelation1 book (4 ,see ,apocalypse4 ,ritual types1 #ehe1 seq4 ,romans & ,roman *ur*1 #dea4 ,romans1 ,epi/le to !1 its date & place ( writ+1 #dea2 occasion & cont5ts1 #deb2 (fice1 #dec4 ,ru?1 book (1 #bdh2 supplem5t>y to ! hi/ory ( ,david's family4 #bdh4 ,s4 ,sacrifices1 typical ( ,*ri/1 #eia1 seq42 _! ess5tial "*1 #eig1 seq42 ,mosaic classification ( !m1 s9-(f]+s & trespass-(f]+s1 #eih2 burnt-(f]+s1 #eih2 peace-(f]+s1 #eii2 sacrificial victims1 #fjj4 ,sahidic v]sion1 #djg4 ,salome1 #dcf4 ,sam>itans1 _! language1 #age2 _! ,p5tateu* & its v]sion1 #aha1 #bjh4 ,samuel1 he e/abli%es ! s*ool ( ! prophets & ! k+ly (fice1 #bdi4 ,samuel1 books (1 _! orig9al unity1 #bdh2 cont5ts1 (fice1 & divisions1 #bdi1 seq42 age & s\rces1 #bea4 ,sanctu>y1 ,mosaic1 its g5]al idea1 #ehe2 /ructure1 divisions1 & furniture1 #ehf1 seq42 typical "*1 #ehg1 seq4 ,saul1 #bej4 ,scape-goat1 #fjc4 ,scope1 def9$1 #ebh2 its prim>y importance1 #ebi2 h[ asc]ta9$1 #ecj4 ,scriptio cont9ua1 #agb1 #cgc4 ,s5se1 di/+ui%$ f signification1 #ebh4 ,s5se ( ,scripture1 its ext5t1 #egc2 ! cle>] /atem5ts ( ,scripture int]pret ! m obscure1 #egd4 ,selah1 #bhg4 ,septuag9t1 ,greek v]sion (1 its antiquity1 #aii2 ,jewi% acc\nt ( its orig91 #aii1 seq42 "* & critical value1 #bja2 influ5ce on ! ,new ,te/am5t language1 #bjb2 ,hebrew text f :i* x 0 made1 #bjc2 hi/ory ( its text1 #bje2 ,orig5's ,hexapla1 #bje2 ,jewi% e/imates ( x1 #bjc1 #cfh2 quotations f x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #fcc1 seq4 ,septuag9t arrangem5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 #aga4 ,sev5ty4 ,see ,septuag9t4 ,%almanes]1 #ccd4 ,%em9i?1 #bhh4 ,%emitic languages1 #age4 ,%o%annim1 ,%u%an1 & ,%u%an$u?1 #bhg1 seq4 ,%[-bread1 #ehi4 ,signification ( words1 #ebg4 ,s9ai manuscript1 #che4 ,sira*1 ,jesus son (4 ,see ,ecclesia/icus4 ,six days ( creation1 #acg1 #bbh4 ,sm]dis1 #bfa4 ,s1 #ccd4 ,soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness1 its typical import1 #ehd4 ,solomon1 8 temple1 #bec2 8 spl5dor & pr(use exp5ditures1 #bec4 ,solomon1 ,song (1 #bib1 seq4 ,songs ( degrees1 #bhg4 ,spr9kl+ ( ! sacrificial blood1 #fja1 #fjc4 ,/ev5s1 ,rob]t1 au?or ( ! mod]n division ( v]ses 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #cgg4 ,subscriptions to ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 #cgi4 ,symbols1 #cai1 #eed2 num]ical1 #ejh1 #efd1 #faj2 di/+ui%$ f types1 #eee2 real & se5 9 visions1 #efb1 seq4 ,symma*us1 8 v]sion1 #bjd4 ,synagogue1 ! great1 #aid4 ,synagogue rolls1 #agi4 ,synagogues1 ,jewi%1 z places ( prea*+1 #ddg4 ,synoptical gospels4 ,see ,gospels4 ,syriac language1 #age4 ,syriac v]sions4 ,see ,v]sions4 ,syro-*aldaic1 #cfi4 ,t4 ,tab]nacle1 ,mosaic1 #ehe1 seq42 its typical "*1 #fjb1 seq4 ,t>gum ( ,onkelos1 #bjf2 ( ,jona?an1 #bjg2 ( ,pseudo-,jona?an1 #bjg2 ,j]usalem ,t>gum1 #bjg2 ,t>gums on ! ,hagiographa1 #bjh4 ,tatian & 8 ,diatess>on1 #ej4 ,temple ( ,solomon1 #bec4 ,t5t1 ,mosaic1 z di/+ui%$ f ! tab]nacle1 #ehg4 ,te/am5t1 v>i\s anci5t designations (1 #afe2 orig9 & mean+ ( ! t]m1 #aff4 ,te/am5t1 ,old1 its insep>able connection ) ! ,new1 #aac1 seq42 its inspiration1 #acd1 #adb1 #adh1 #aie1 seq42 v>i\s arrangem5ts ( its books1 #afh1 seq42 ,old ,te/am5t text1 ,jewi% divisions (1 #agc2 mod]n1 #agc1 seq42 orig9al languages1 #age2 criticism ( its text1 #bji2 prep>atory "* ( its revelations1 #bae2 (fice ( its sev]al divisions1 #bah2 its significance to ! cov5ant p1 #bbj2 to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 #bbb4 ,te/am5t1 ,new1 ! natural sequel to ! ,old1 #aac1 seq42 & its int]pret]1 #aai2 its language1 #cfe1 seq42 ma9 divisions ( its books & _! ord]1 #cga2 subdivisions1 ( ! hi/oric "p1 #cga2 ( ! epi/ol>y1 #cgb2 v>i\s arrangem5ts ( ! gospels1 #cgb2 arrangem5t ( ! epi/les1 #cgc2 titles & subscriptions1 #cgh2 ,new ,te/am5t text1 its ess5tial integrity1 #fe1 #cij2 uncial & cursive modes ( writ+1 #cgc2 cont9u\s writ+1 #cgc2 /i*ometry1 #cgd2 anci5t divisions ( ! text1 #cge1 seq42 mod]n1 #cgg1 seq42 criticism ( ! text1 #chj2 ! manuscript text1 #chj1 seq42 v>i\s read+s1 #cha1 seq42 manuscripts1 #chd2 ! pr9t$ text1 #chh2 prim>y editions1 #chh1 seq42 rem>ks on ! receiv$ text1 #cij4 ,t]tullian1 #ci4 ,see also "u ! sev]al ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,!baic v]sion1 #djg4 ,!ocracy1 its e/abli%m5t "u ,moses1 #bcb2 ,*ri/ its end1 #aah2 & typifi$ by x1 #adf2 alleg$ objections to x1 #ach1 seq42 its prep>atory "* & practical work+1 #ada1 seq42 its condition at ! re/oration1 #bei4 ,!odotion's v]sion1 #bjd4 ,!ssalonica & ! ,!ssalonian *ur*1 #dga4 ,!ssalonians1 fir/ epi/le to !1 #dgb2 its e>ly date1 occasion1 & cont5ts1 #dgb1 seq4 ,!ssalonians1 second epi/le to !1 date1 design1 & cont5ts1 #dgc2 "q respect+ our ,"l's second adv5t1 #dgd2 epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians & ,philippians contra/$1 #dgd1 seq4 ,timo?y1 notices (1 #dgi4 ,timo?y1 fir/ epi/le to1 "t ( writ+1 occasion1 & cont5ts1 #dgi4 ,timo?y1 second epi/le to1 its peculi> tone & "*1 #dha2 its late date1 #dhb4 ,titus1 notices (1 #dhj4 ,titus1 epi/le to1 #dhj4 ,tobit1 apocryphal book (1 #cec4 ,tradition1 diff]5t s5ses (1 #dag4 ,tropes1 #eej1 seq4 ,types1 di/+ui%$ f analogies & f simple =e%ad[+s1 #egi2 _! ess5tial "*1 #ehj2 diff]5t k9ds ( types1 hi/orical1 #eha1 seq41 #fah2 ritual1 #ehe1 seq4 ,typical ord]s ( m51 #eha1 seq42 typical hi/oric transactions1 #ehc2 typical ritual acts1 lay+ on ( ! (f]]'s h&s1 wav+ & heav+1 spr9kl+ ( ! sacrificial blood1 & burn+ on ! alt>1 #fja1 seq42 burn+ ( inc5se1 #ehi2 c]emonies connect$ ) ! great day ( atonem5t1 #fjc2 ) ! scape-goat1 #fjd4 ,u4 ,uncial manuscripts1 #fj1 #cgc1 #chd4 ,uncleanness1 ,levitical1 #fjf4 ,v4 ,vail ( ! tab]nacle1 #ehf1 seq4 ,vail ( ! temple1 r5d+ ( !1 #fjc4 ,val5t9us1 #di4 ,v>i\s read+s ( ! gospels1 #fc2 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t text g5]ally1 #chj2 examples ( ! m important1 #cij4 ,v]ses1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #agc2 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #cgg4 ,v]sion1 ,arm5ian1 #dji2 ,engli% ( ,wiclif1 #djj2 ,e?iopic1 #djh2 ,go?ic1 #dji2 ,septuag9t1 see "u ?is title4 ,v]sions1 ,lat91 ! old ,lat91 #dg1 #fb1 #hi1 #djj2 age1 place ( execution1 & v>iety ( text1 #djj2 its canon1 #dja2 made 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t f ! ,septuag9t3 ! vulgate1 its arrangem5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 #aga2 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t a revision ( ! old ,lat91 #djb2 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t mo/ly a new translation1 #djc2 its div]sifi$ "*1 #djc2 hi/ory ( its text1 #djd2 manuscripts ( x1 #djd4 ,v]sions1 ,syriac3 ! ,pe%ito v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #dg1 #fb1 #hi2 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #bjh2 its canon1 #cih2 made 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t f ! orig9al ,hebrew1 #djd2 its age & "*1 #djd1 seq42 ! ,cureton ,syriac1 #dje2 ! ,philox5ian1 #djf2 ! ,hexapla1 #djf1 seq42 ! ,j]usalem ,syriac ,lection>y1 #djg4 ,v]sions1 anci5t1 _! te/imony to ! g5u95ess ( ! gospels1 #dg2 & to _! integrity1 #fb2 _! use 9 sacr$ criticism1 #baj1 #cib4 ,vulgate4 ,see ,v]sions1 ,lat94 ,w4 ,wave-(f]+s1 #fja4 ,:ale1 #cci4 ,wild]ness1 soj\rn 9 !1 #bcd4 ,wisdom1 apocryphal book (1 #cef4 ,wisdom ( ! son ( ,sira*4 ,see ,ecclesia/icus4 ,writ+1 anci5t mode (1 #agb1 seq42 mat]ials =1 #ei1 #agi1 #chd4 ,x4 ,x]xes1 #bfa1 #bfc4 ,z4 ,zeb$ee1 #dcf4 ,ze*>iah1 ,prophecies (1 #cdf1 seq42 "q respect+ ! la/ "p (1 #cdh2 ,mat!w's quotation f ,ze*>iah1 #cdh4 ,zephaniah1 ,prophecies (1 #cdd4 ,,index ,,( ,,texts4 ,n4,b4 ,texts n specifi$ 9 ?is ,index w be f\nd on ! pages ( ! g5]al ref]5ces1 prefix$ to ! li/s f ! sev]al books4 ,,g5esis4 ,,page4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#bbe-bca #a3a--b3c444444444444444444edc #a3b444444444444444444acg1 #ceg #b3d44444444444444444444444bbe #b3d-be444444444444444bcj1 #edc #b3bc1 #bd444444444444444444ace #c3ae44444444444444444egb1 #egc #c3ai1bb4444444444444444444ace #d3c-ab44444444444444444444ace #d3d444444444444444444efg1 #ehe #d3h44444444444444444444444bjc #f3f44444444444444444444444eda ,*s4 #f-h4444444444444444444444ace #g3ai44444444444444444bbi1 #edb #h3bj4444444444444444444444ehe #h3ba44444444444444444bjf1 #fjb #i3d44444444444444444444444eig #aa3e4444444444444444444444bjf #aa3h4444444444444444444444bbi #ab3c44444444444444444aag1 #bah #ab3g4444444444444444444444fbh #ab3g1 #h4444444444444444444ehe #ac3ad1 #ae44444444444444444bdd #ac3ae444444444444444444444fbh #ad3ad444444444444444444444bcd #ad3ah-bj4444444444444ehc1 #fah #ae3f44444444444444444aag1 #bba #ae3ac444444444444444444444bbf #ae3ac1 #af444444444444bcc1 #cca #ae3ah-ba4444444444444bdd1 #fbh ,*4 #af444444444444444444444444eec #ag3h444444444444bda1 #bdd1 #fbh #ag3ab1 #ac44444444444444444bcd #ah3be444444444444444444444ede ,*4 #ai444444444444444444444444ace #bb3ah44444444444aaf1 #dbe1 #egc #be3ab-ah444444444444444444bbg #be3ai444444444444444444444bbe #bf3c4444444444444444444444fbh #bf3ad444444444444444444444bcd #bh3ab-ae444444444444444444eee #bh3ac444444444444444444444fbh #ca3ai444444444444444444444bjg #ca3ed444444444444444444444ehe #cb3aj444444444444444444444bcd #cc3bj444444444444444444444ehe #ce3a1g44444444444444444444ehe ,*4 #cf444444444444444444444444bbg #cf3f1g44444444444444444444bcd #cf3ca4444444444444444abb1 #bbh #cg3b4444444444444444444444bbe #da3a-g44444444444444444444eee #da3eg444444444444444444444edb #df3a4444444444444444444444ehe #di3a4444444444444444444444fjh #di3f4444444444444444444444ecd #ej3be444444444444444444444aca ,,exodus4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#bcb-bce #a3a1 #e1 #h44444444444444444bbe #b3bd1be4444444444444444444bbe #c3f44444444444444444444444abg #c3f-aj44444444444444444444acj #c3ab4444444444444444444444fjg #d3bb1 #bc4444444444444fce1 #fch #f3af-bj4444444444444444444bcc #ab3bb1 #bc44444444444444444eii #ab3cg1 #dj44444444444444444bcc ,*4 #ab3df444444444444444444444fch #ac3b4444444444444444444444abg #ac3ai444444444444444444444aca ,*4 #ae4444444444444444444agd1 #bfh #ae3ah444444444444444444444faf #af3ce1 #cf444444444444abb1 #bbh #bj3ai4444444444444444aah1 #ehc #bb3bi444444444444444444444abg #bd3c-h4444444444abe1 #eih1 #fjj #be3h44444444444444444bcc1 #ehf #be3af1 #ba1 #bb4444444444444ehh #be3cj444444444444444444444ehi ,*4 #bf4444444444444444444ehf1 #ehh #bf3a1 #g4444444444444444444ehg #bg3bj444444444444444444444ehi ,*4 #bh444444444444444444444444eif #bi3ab1bj444444444444444444fjb #bi3bc-bh444444444444444444fja #bi3dj444444444444444444444fjj #cj3f-h44444444444444444444ehi #cj3ab1 seq4444444444444444#abg #cj3cf444444444444444444444ehh #ca3ab-ag444444444444444444bcc ,*4 #cb444444444444444444444444abf #cd3f1 seq44444444444444444#aeb #cd3ae444444444444444444444bib #cd3ai444444444444444444444abg #cf3h1 #ad1ai444444444444444ehg #dj3bb-bg444444444444444444ehi ,,leviticus4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#bce1 #bcf ,*4 #a4444444444444444444444444eih ,*s4 #a-aj444444444444444444444bcf #a3d44444444444444444444444fja #a3i44444444444444444444444fjb #b3ab4444444444444444444444abg #b3ac4444444444444444444444fjj ,*s4 #c-i444444444444444444eih-fje ,*4 #aj444444444444444444444444abf #ab3b1 seq44444444444444444#abg ,*s4#ab-af44444444444444444eih-fje #ag3aj1 #aa44444444444444444eig #ah3e4444444444444444444444abg #ai3h1 #cd4444444444444aci1 #adj #bc3dj-dc44444444abc1 #abg1 #ahe ,*4 #bd444444444444444444444444abf #bd3e-i1 #be4444444444444444ehi ,*4 #bf44444444444444add1 #cjd1 #fbi ,,numb]s4 ,,page4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#bcg1 #bch #c3ac4444444444444444444444bcg #e3f-h444444444444444444444eih #g3hi4444444444444444444444ehi #h3ag4444444444444444444444abg #i3ab4444444444444444444444fch #ab3f-h4444444444adh1 #agj1 #bai #ab3h4444444444444444444444edj ,*4 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#i44444444444444444444ade #e3ab4444444444444444444444bgf #g3e44444444444444444444444ecd #h3d-f444444444444444444444fch ,ps4 #af444444444444444444444444fbb #af3i4444444444444444444444ecd #af3aa444444444444444444444edj #ag3ae444444444444444444444edj ,ps4 #ac3 #a-af4444444444444bdd1 #edi #ai3a-d44444444444444444444fcf ,ps4 #bb444444444444444444444444fai #bb3a1 #g1 #h1 #ad-af1 #ah44444fbb #bb3ah444444444444444444444fji ,ps4 #bc444444444444444444444444bgb #be3aa444444444444444444444egj #bh3d4444444444444444444444bgf #bh3e4444444444444444444444bgh #cj3ab444444444444444444444ecd ,ps4 #dj444444444444444444444444fai #dj3f-aj4444444444444444444fbb #dj3g4444444444444444444444fce #dj3ab444444444444444444444fbj #db3b-d44444444444444444444ecb ,ps4 #de4444444444444444444bib1 #fai #de3ac444444444444444444444ecb #df3d4444444444444444444444fbe #di3ae444444444444444444444edj ,ps4 #ej444444444444444444444444bhe #ea3a1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #aa444egj1 #ega #ea3g1 #ag444444444444444444bgd #ea3aj1 #af1 #ag4444444444444aec #ea3aa444444444444444444444edb #eg3h4444444444444444444444ecd #fa3d4444444444444444444444bgd ,ps4 #fi444444444444444444444444fai #fi3d1 #g-i1 #ba4444444444444fbb #fi3e4444444444444444444444fbj #fi3cj1 #ca44444444444444444aec ,ps4 #gb44444444444444bhd1 #bhe1 #fai #gb3aa444444444444444444444ade #gb3bj444444444444444444444bhf #gc3bd-bf444444444444444444edj #gd3h4444444444444444444444aif ,ps4 #hj44444444444444cai1 #eec1 #eeh #hj3a4444444444444444444444ehi #hj3h44444444444444444eeh1 #efj #hj3h-af44444444444444eec1 #eeh #ha3ab1 #ac444444444444edb1 #edc #hd3aa4444444444444444edf1 #eea #ij1 title444444444444#bfh1 #bhg #ia3g4444444444444444444444ahd #ii3a4444444444444444444444ehi #ajc3c-e4444444444444444444bgf #ajc3aa-ac44444444444444444bgh #ajh3a444444444444444444444ecd ,ps4 #aji44444444444444444444444fai ,ps4 #aji3a-bj444444444444444444fbb ,ps4 #aaj4444444444444eij1 #fai1 #fcf #aaj3a4444444444444444fbj1 #fch #aaj3d44ade1 #adh1 #egc1 #fbj1 #fch #abi3f1 #g444444444444444444eci #aci3bc1 #bd4444444444444444eda #ada3b444444444444444444444bgd ,,prov]bs4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#bhi1 #bij #a3bg4444444444444444444444bgf #aj3a1 #g4444444444444444444bge #aj3bf444444444444444444444eeb #ac3a4444444444444444444444eef #ad3e4444444444444444444444eef #ad3cb444444444444444444444edj #ae3ab444444444444444444444eee #ae3af444444444444444444444bgg #ae3ag444444444444444444444eef #ag3bc444444444444444444444eef #ah3aj444444444444444444444eee #ai3ac444444444444444444444eci #bj3ae444444444444444444444eef #bj3bj444444444444444444444bgg #ba3b4444444444444444444444bgg #bc3ci444444444444444444444bgf #bd3bc444444444444444444444bij #be3ae444444444444444444444eea #bf3c44444444444444444bgg1 #eeb #bf3a-bh4444444444444444444bhi #bf3bj1 #ba1 #bc4444444444444eeb #bg3ae4444444444444444eci1 #eef #bg3ai444444444444444444444eef ,,ecclesia/es4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#bij-bib ,,canticles4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#bib1 #bic #a3e2 #b3h1 #i1 #ad2 #d3a-c2 #e3ab1 #ac1 #ae2 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#cf3bb444444444444444444444egj #cf3be-bg4444444444444aeb1 #ega #cf3be4 #cg1 #ch4444444444444bgd #cf3cb444444444444444444444aed #cg3a-ad44444444444444cai1 #efb #cg3af-bj4444444444444cai1 #efc #ch3h1 #af444444444444444444fjh #ch3bj444444444444444444444edh #ci3aa444444444444444444444fji ,*s4 #dj-dh444444444444444cai1 #fbg #db3ae-bj2 #dc3ac-bg444cba1 #fbg #dc3bd444444444444444444444fjj #de3a-h444444444444444cba1 #fbg #dg3a-ab444444444cba1 #fbe1 #fbg ,*4 #dh4444444444444444444cba1 #fbg ,,daniel4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#cbb-cbd #a3a44444444444444444444444cch #a3e44444444444444444444444cbh #a3g44444444444444444444444cbf #b3a-e444444444444444444444cch #b3d-g3bh444444444444444444age #b3cc1 #dj-de44444ccj1 #fji1 #faj #b3df4444444444444444444444ehi ,*4 #c44444444444444444444cbc1 #cbf #c3ba4444444444444444444444cbg ,*4 #e44444444444444444444cbc1 #cbh #e3b44444444444444444444444cbg #e3bb1 #ca4444444444444cbh1 #cbi ,*4 #f444444444444444cbc1 #cbf1 #cbi #g3g-bh4444444444ccj1 #fji1 #faj #g3be444444444444eji1 #efe1 #faj #i3b44444444444444444444444aid #i3ah4444444444444444444444egj #i3bd-bg444444444acg1 #bfb1 #efe #i3bg4444444444444444444444cbe #aj3ad444444444444444444444fjh ,,hosea4 ,*s4 #a-c4444444444444444444444efc #a3aj1aa4444444444444444444fbi #b3af1 #ai1 #bj44444444444444bib #c3e44444444444444444444444fjh #aj3ab444444444444444444444bai #aa3a44444444444444444fce1 #fch #ab3a4444444444444444444444ccd ,*4 #ad444444444444444444444444ccd #ad3b44444444444444444bai1 #bgd ,,joel4 #b3a1 #b44444444444444444444cdd #b3ab1 #ac444444444444444444bai #b3bh4444444444444444444444fji #b3bh-cb44444444444444ccf1 #fbc #b3ca4444444444444444444444edi ,*4 #c4444444444444444444444444fbi #c3ad-ag4444444444444444444fac #c3ae1 #af44444444cce1 #edh1 #edi #c3ah44444444444444444cce1 #fbe #c3ai4444444444444444444444cch ,,amos4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#ccf1 #ccg #a3a444444444444444444aia1 #ccf #a3b44444444444444444444444cce #a3aa4444444444444444444444cch #e3aa4444444444444444444444cdd #e3ba-bd444444444aec1 #bai1 #bif #g3a-i4444444444444444efd1 #eha #g3ad44444444444444444aia1 #ccf #h3a-c444444444444444444444eha #h3b44444444444444444444444eee #h3i44444444444444444444444edh ,*4 #i4444444444444444444444444fbi #i3aa4444444444444444444444fji #i3aa1 #ab444444444444444444fbc #i3ac4444444444444444444444cce ,,obadiah44444444444444444444444#cch ,,jonah4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#cch-cdj ,,micah4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#cdj1 #cda #d3a44444444444444444444444fjh #d3a-d44444444444fbc1 #fbf1 #fbi #f3f-h4444444444444444bai1 #bif #g3h-bj44444444444444444444fbi ,,nahum4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#cda1 #cdb #a3e-h444444444444444444444bgb #a3ae4444444444444444444444cji ,*s4#b1 #c4444444444444444444444add #b3ac4444444444444444444444eea ,,habakkuk4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#cdb1 #cdc #b3b44444444444444444444444ebf ,*4 #c4444444444444444444444444bdd #c3aj1 #aa444444444444444444eea ,,zephaniah4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#cdc-cde #b3ae4444444444444444444444cji ,,haggai4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#cde1 #cdf #b3f1 #g44444444444444444444eah ,,ze*>iah4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#cdf-cdh #a3h-aa44444444444444444444eha #a3ah-ba4444444444444444444efd #c3h44444444444444444444444eij #c3h-bj44444444444444444444fbi #d3a-aj2 #e3e-aa2 #f3a-i2 #aa3d-ad4444444444444444444efd #f3i-ad44444444444444444444eij #i3i4444444444444cdg1 #fji1 #fcd #aa3ac4444444444444444cdh1 #fji #ac3g4444444444444444444444eha #ad3e4444444444444444444444ccf #ad3h4444444444444444444444fbe #ad3af-ba4444444444444fbf1 #fbi ,,mala*i4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#cdh1 #cdi #a3h1 #ac1 #ad444444444444444fjj #c3a4444444444444cdh1 #cdi1 #fce #a ,,esdras4444444444444444444444#ceb #b ,,esdras44444444444444444#ceb1 #cec #g3c44444444444444444444444cec ,,tobit44444444444444444444#cec1 #ced #b3aj4444444444444444444444cec ,,judi?4444444444444444444#ced1 #cee #d3c44444444444444444444444cee #d3f1h2 #e3ah1 #ai2 #ae3h44444cec ,,wisdom ,,( ,,solomon4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#cef1 #ceg ,,ecclesia/icus44444444444#ceg1 #eeh #dh3bd1 #be44444444444444444cjh #di3a1 seq44444444444444444#cbi ,,baku*1 ,,& ,,epi/le ,,( ,,j]emiah44#ceh1 #cei ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,maccabees4444#cei-cfb #a ,mac #a3ed44444444444444444444cbe #b ,mac #g3ad44444444444444444444cfa ,,mat!w4 ,,page4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#dbj1 #dbf #a3ab4444444444444444444444cdf #a3ag1 #bb444444444444444444dbd #a3bc4444444444444444444444dbf #b3e1 #f44444444444444444444cda #b3ae444444444444ccd1 #fce1 #fch #b3ag4444444444444444444444dbd #c3c44444444444444444444444cjh #d3ad4444444444444444444444dbd #d3ae1 #af444444444444444444fce #d3ba4444444444444444444444dcf #e3ag44444444444444444444444ca #e3bi1 seq44444444444444444#aec #f3ai1 #bj4444444444444444444gf #f3be1 #ca4444444444444444444de #f3bg4444444444444444444444ebh #g3ab4444444444444444444444baf #g3ae1 #af444444444444444444eeb #g3ba-bc4444444444ia1 #ege1 #egg #h3aa1 #ab444444444444444444dbe #h3ag4444444444444444444444cjh #h3be1 #bf444444444444444444ecg #i3ac4444444444444444444444ccd #i3ag4444444444444444444444eci #aj3c44444444444444444dbj1 #dhg #aj3e1 #f44444444444444dbe1 #ddf #aj3af4444444444444444444444gd #aj3ai1 #bj44444444444444444aje #aj3ce1 #cf44444444444444444cda #aj3dj444444444444444444444cie #aa3aj444444444444444444444fce #aa3ac444444444444444444444adg #aa3bg444444444444444444444ege #aa3bh-cj444444444444444ge1 #hb #ab3a4444444444444444444444dag #ab3g4444444444444444444444ccd #ab3ac444444444444444444444dbb #ab3ag444444444444444444444dbd #ab3ag-ba4444444444444cjh1 #fce #ab3ci-da444444444444444444cdj #ac3c-h1 #ai-bc4444444444444efj #ac3ad1 #ae4444444bjc1 #fbc1 #fcd #ac3bd444444444444444444444eed #ac3bd-cj1 #cg-dc44444444444efa #ac3ce444444444444444444444dbd #ad3bb-af3ab4444444444dab1 #dcd #ad3cg-ci444444444444444444ace #ae3bd4444444444444444dbe1 #ddf ,*4 #af3ah1 #ai1 #bg4444444444444ege #ag3a4444444444444444444444dcf #ah3ah444444444444444444444ege #ah3bc-ce444444444444444444eja #ai3c-i444444444444444ace1 #fcg #bj3af4444444444444444444444dg #bj3ba444444444444444444444dbe #bj3bh444444444444444444444eib #ba3d4444444444444444444444dba #ba3e4444444444444444444444fca #ba3bh-ca444444444444444444efj #ba3cc-da444444444444444444eed #ba3dc444444444444444444444dbe #bb3ad4444444444444444444444dg #bb3ae-bb1 #ca1 #cb4444444444ech #bb3bi444444444444444444444aff #bb3cg-dj444444444444444444aea #bb3da-df444444444444444444eij #bb3dd444444444444444444444fch #bc3ce444444444444444444444ace #bc3cg-ci444444444444444444dbe ,*4 #bd444444444444444444444444cca #bd3c1 #ai-bb1 #bi444444444444ea #bd3aj-ac444444444444444444dhi #bd3ae1 #af44444444444444444cbf #be3a-ac44444444444444eci1 #efa #be3cd-df4444444444444efb1 #ege #be3df444444444444444444444egj #bf3bf-bh4444444444444aff1 #edh #bf3cc444444444444444444444edj #bf3cg444444444444444444444dcf #bg3i1 #aj444444444444444444cdh #bg3ce444444444444444444444dbd #bg3df444444444444444444444dbf #bg3ej1 #ea44444444444444444fjc #bg3ef444444444444444444444dcf #bh3a-aj4444444444444444444edd #bh3ah444444444444444444444ege #bh3ai1 #bj444444444444dbe1 #ddf ,,m>k4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dbg-dca #a3b44444444444444444444444fce #a3ai1 #bj444444444444444444dcf #b3ad4444444444444444444444dbj #c3e1 #cd4444444444444444444dcj #c3ad1 #ae444444444444444444ajc #c3ag4444444444444444444444dbi #c3ah44444444444444444dbj1 #dhg ,*4 #c3bc1 #bf4444444444444444444fg #d3a4444444444444444444 444#dag #d3ab444444444444bjc1 #fbc1 #fcd #d3bh444444444444444444cc1 #ehj #d3cj4444444444444444444444efj #d3bf-bi4444444444444444444dce #d3ch1 #dj4444444444444dcj1 #ecg #e3b-bj1 #cb1 #db444444444444dcj #e3cg4444444444444444444444dcf #e3da1 #db4444444444444dbi1 #dcj #e3dc44444444444444444444444gc #f3dj4444444444444444444444dcj #f3de-h3bf444444444444dab1 #dcd #g3c1 #d1 #aa1 #cd444444444444dbi #g3cb-cg4444444444444444444dce #g3cd4444444444444444444444dcj #h3ab1 #cc444444444444444444dcj #h3bb-bf4444444444444444444dce #i3b44444444444444444444444dcf #i3ad-bg4444444444444444444dcj #i3dc-dh4444444444444444444eeg 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#e-ab4444444444444444444dah #c3b444444444444444444444444gi #c3c-e4444444444444444444444dc #c3af44444444444444444444444ca #c3ag1 #ah444444444444444444efi #c3bj4444444444444444444444ebd #c3cf4444444444444444444444egj #d3ad44444444444444444444444dd #e3b444444444444444444444444ec #e3d44444444444444444444444cij #e3ag-bc44444444444444444444ha #e3bj4444444444444444444444ajc #e3bh1 #bi44444444444444hb1 #fbi #e3cf44444444444444444444444gi #e3de-dg4444444444444444444ece #e3df4444444444444444444444abj #f3a-ba44444444444444444444dch #f3d444444444444444444444444ec #f3ab44444444444444444444444gc #f3dd4444444444444444444444eda #f3ea1ed4444444444444444444edg #g3a-aj444444444444444444444gd #g3b444444444444444444444444ec #g3ae1 #af4444444444444444444gh #g3ag4444444444444444444444ebc #g3ai4444444444444444444444abj #g3bb1 #bc444444444444444444abg #g3ch4444444444444444444444aff #g3ci4444444444444444444444edb #g3db4444444444444444444444cda ,,john ,,page4 ,*4 #h3c-aa44444444444444444444cij #h3ab4444444444444ha1 #ajc1 #ehi #h3bc44444444444444444444444gf #h3bf4444444444444444444444ajc #h3ci-da1 #dd1 #ef44444444444ece #h3db44444444444444444444444gi #h3ef4444444444444444444444bba #i3d44444444444444444444444bia #i3bd44444444444444444444444gj #aj3a-ah4444444444444444444eed #aj3g1 #i4444444444444444444edg #aj3h4444444444444444444444ece #aj3i1 #aa1 #ad44444444444444efj #aj3ae1 #ag1 #ah4444444444444eib #aa3be1 #bf444444444444444444hb #aa3dd4444444444444444444444gc #aa3dg4444444444444444444444gj #ab3ae444444444444444444444fcd #ab3ch-da44444444cjh1 #ece1 #fbc #ab3dj4444444444444444bjc1 #fcd #ab3df444444444444444444444ehi #ab3di1 #ej44444444444444444ajc ,*s4#ac-ag444444444444444444444dah #ac3c4444444444444444444444ajg #ac3bc1 #be444444444444dcf1 #eci #ad3f4444444444444444444444eie #ad3be1 #bf44444444444444444ajf #ad3bg4444444444444444444444hb #ae3a44444444444444444edg1 #eea #ae3a-g444444444444444444444hc #ae3bf1 #bg444444444444444444hg #af3b44444444444444444444444dj #af3g444444444444444444hg1 #fcj #af3ab1 #ac4444444444444hh1 #ajd #af3ab-ae444444444444444444ajf #af3bh4444444444444444444444hd #af3cc4444444444444444444444hb #ag3b4444444444444444444444ege #ag3e44444444444444444444444hd #ah3ae1 #af44444444444444444dcf #ai3cf444444444444444444444fch #bj3b-h44444444444444444444dcf #bj3bb1 #bc44444444444444444egf #bj3bg4444444444444444444444gj #bj3cj1 #ca444hd1 #dae1 #dch1 #ecj #ba3g1 #bj444444444444444444dcf #ba3ae444444444444444444444edj #ba3be444444444444444444444dae ,,acts4 ,,page4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#ddj-ddd #a3a444444444444444eb1 #hi1 #ddj #a3c444444444444444444444444ga #a3f-h4444444444444444ajd1 #fjg #a3ac44444444444444444dbj1 #dhg #a3ae-bb4444444444444444444dda #a3ba1 #bb4444444444444ajc1 #dcb #b3aa4444444444444444444444dhj #b3ad-dj4444444444444444444dda #b3af-ba44444444444444ccf1 #fbc #b3cj1 #ca444444444444444444fbb #b3cd1 #ce444444444444444444fcf #c3a1 #d-bf44444444444444444daa #c3f1 #ab1 #af4444444444444444hj 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#ac3ae444444444444444444444aba #ac3bj4444444444444444aij1 #bdg #ac3de-dg444444444444444444ddg ,*4 #ad3a4444444444444444444444ddg #ad3ai-bh4444444444444ddb1 #ddc ,*4 #ae444444444444444444444444dhh #ae3a4444444444444444444444dej #ae3a-bi4444444444444444444ddg #ae3b4444444444444444444444ddi #ae3f4444444444444444444444dae #ae3aj444444444444444444444aci #ae3ac-ba4444444444444dhg1 #dhh #ae3ae-ah444444444444444444ddf #ae3af1 #ag44444444444444444ccg #ae3ah444444444444444444444eff #ae3ba4444444444444444aba1 #edf #ae3bb-ce444444444444444444ddb #ae3bc-bi444444444444444444ajh #ae3cf-ah3bb4444444444ddi1 #dej #ae3cg-ci4444444444444dbg1 #dbh #ae3dj444444444444444444444dgb #af3a1 #b44444444444444dgi1 #dhj #af3f4444444444444444444444deh #af3i1 #ab-dj444444444444444dfi #af3aj44444444444444444hi1 #dca #af3ai1 #be1 #bi4444444444444dgb #af3ai-dj444444444444444444dge #ag3a-aj1 #ad-af4444444dga1 #dgb #ag3b1 #aj4444444444444ddg1 #ddh #ag3e-aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #ca4444444dge #ah3a-aa4444444444444444444ded #ah3d1 #f4444444444444444444ddg #ah3e4444444444444444444444dgb #ah3f-ag4444444444444444444dge #ah3ai-ba444444444444444444dfe #ah3bb1 #bc444444444444ddb1 #ddi #ah3bc-ba3ae44444ddi1 #dej1 #deh #ah3bd444444444444444444444dgf #ai3a-bj3ca4444444444444444dfe #ai3a-aj1 #ba4444444444dea1 #ded #ai3h1 #i4444444444444444444ddg #bj3a-c444444444444444dea1 #ded #bj3a-f44444444444444444444dfi #bj3ag444444444444444444444ddc #bj3bh444444444444444444444bij #bj3bi1 #cj44444444444444444dgf #bj3ca444444444444444444444ded ,*s4#ba-bh444444444444444444444ddi #ba3h-aj1 #ae44444444444ij1 #ddi #ba3ah4444444444444444dhg1 #dhh #bb3a-ba44444444444444444444ecf ,*4 #bb3i1 #ad444444444444444444edc #bc3h4444444444444444444444ech #bc3ce-bf3cb444444444444444dej #bd3ag4444444444444444dea1 #ded #bf3a-bf444444444444444aaa1ecf #bf3ad44444444444edc1 #edf1 #eea #bg3a44444444444444444444444ij #bg3h4444444444444444444444dhj #bh3af-ca444444444444444444dej #bh3bf1 #bg4444444bjc1 #fbc1 #fcd #bh3cj1 #ca444444444444444444ia ,,romans4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dea-deh #a3aj-ae4444444444444444444dea #a3g44444444444444444444444dff #a3ac1 #ah-cb444444444444444deb #a3aj-ae4444444444444444444dea #a3ag4444444444444444444444cdc #b3g44444444444444444444444ece #b3h-aa44444444444444444444ebi #c3g1 #h44444444444444444444fcg #c3ba1 #ca444444444444444444ddf #c3bb4444444444444444444444ece #c3be1bf4444444444444444444eic #c3bh444444444444ebi1 #ecj1 #egg #d3d44444444444444444444444cgj #d3f-be44444444444444444444ddf #d3aa4444444444444444444444aag #d3ab-ag4444444444444444444dib #e3ab-bd44444444444444aaf1 #ace #h3ag4444444444444444444444fci #i3ac4444444444444444444444cdi #i3be1 #bf444444444444444444ccd #aj3e4444444444444444444444abg #aj3f1 #h1 #ah444444444444444fcf #aj3af1 #bj1 #ba4444444444444cjh #aj3ai444444444444444444444abd #aa3f4444444444444444444444ebi #aa3h44444444444444444bjc1 #fbc #aa3ac-be1 #cj1 #ca44deb1 #dib1 #ehb #ab3a44444444444444444eif1 #fbg #ad3b1 #bc444444444444444444eca #ae3h-ba4444444444444444444dec #ae3af444444444444444444444deb #ae3bb-af3bg444444444444444dec ,*4 #af444444444444444444444444dff #af3a4444444444444444444444dea #af3ad444444444444444444444eaj #a ,,cor9?ians ,,page4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dec-def #a3aa-ad1 #ca4444444444ded1 #dee #a3ad4444444444444444444444dea #a3ah--b3af4444444444444444dee #b3ab1 #ac444444444444444444ajh #c3c-bc444444444444444ded1 #dee #c3aa4444444444444444444444ege #c3aa-ae4444444444444444444edg #d3ag4444444444444444444444deg #e3g444444444444444444eha1 #fjj #e3i4444444444444444444ii1 #dee #g3a444444444444444444dee1 #ecj #i3bb4444444444444444444444ddh #aj3d4444444444444444444444edg #aa3b4444444444444444444444dag #aa3g-i444444444444444ace1 #fcg #aa3bc-be444444444444444444dcb #ab3ae1 #af44444444444444444eeb ,*4 #ae444444444aje1 #aji1 #aaa1 #fbi #ae3e-ah1 #ad1 #ag444444444444ga #ae3ad4444444444444444444444cf #ae3ae444444444444444444444eej #ae3ba1 #bb444444444444aaf1 #ace #ae3bd-bh44444444egd1 #ege1 #fcj #ae3bf1 #ed444444444444fcj1 #fca #ae3ea444444444444444444444aji #ae3ee4444444444444444ccd1 #eeb #af3a-f1 #bc44444444444dea1 #ded #af3c-h44444444444444444444ded #af3aj1 #aa444444444444deg1 #dhj #b ,,cor9?ians4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#def-deh #a3ae-ag44444444444444deg1 #dgg #b3ac4444444444444444444444dha #c3f1 #ad4444444444444444444afg #e3aj4444444444444444444444ege #g3f1 #g1 #ac1 #ad4444444deg1 #dha #h3a-d4444444444444444dea1 #dee #h3f1 #af1 #bc444444444444444dha #i3a-e4444444444444444dea1 #def #aj3aj-ac444444444444444444ded #ab3aj444444444444444444444aeg #ab3ad444444444444444444444ded #ab3ah444444444444444444444dha #ac3a4444444444444444444444ded ,,galatians4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#deh-dfa ,*s4 #a1 #b4444444444444444aaa1 #ddi ,,galatians4 ,*4 #a3a444444444444444444ajd1 #dfj #a3aa1ab444444444ajc1 #ajh1 #dfj #a3ae-ah444444444444444ia1 #dfj #a3af1 #ba444444444444444444ddi #a3ai4444444444444444444444dhg #b3a-c444444444444444444444dha #b3e44444444444444444444444ddh #b3i1ab44444444444444444444dhh #b3aa4444444444444444444444ddb #c3f-i1ah44444444ddf1 #dfa1 #dib #c3h1 #ag44444444444444aag1 #bcc #c3aj-bi4444444444444444444dfa #c3ac4444444444444444444444eib #c3ad-ah4444444444444444444ehb #c3ae4444444444444444444444egb #c3bd1be4444aah1 #acj1 #bba1 #ega #d3a-c444444444444444444444bag #d3d44444444444444444444444bae #d3g44444444444444444444444fci #d3h-f3ah444444444444444444dfa #d3ac-af44444444444444deh1 #dei #d3ba1 seq44444444444444444#aba #e3b44444444444444444444444ajh #e3c1d444444444444444444444dfa #e3d44444444444444444444444ecb #e3g44444444444444444444444dei #f3f44444444444444444444444cac #f3ag4444444444444444444444dei ,,ephesians4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dfc-dfi #a3a444444444444444444444444ib #a3g44444444444444444444444eib #a3aj4444444444444444444444dfg #a3bj-bc4444444444444444444ege #b3bj44444444444444444ege1 #ehb #c3a2d3a4444444444444444444dfb #e3bc-cb4444444444444444444dfh #f3bj-bb4444444444444444444dfb ,,philippians4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dfi-dga #a3be4444444444444444444444dgg #b3i-aa44444444444444444444ege #d3c44444444444444444444444eab ,,colossians4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dfc-dfe #a3aj4444444444444444444444dfg #a3ae-ai4444444444444444444ege #c3e44444444444444444444444edi #d3aj1ac1af4444444444444444dfb #d3aa444444444444444444eg1 #dca #d3ad4444444444444444444444dca #d3af4444444444444ii1 #dfe1 #dff #d3ah4444444444444444444444dfi #a ,,!ssalonians4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#dga1 #dgb #a3g1h444444444444444444444aeb #b3b1ae1af44444444444444444dge #d3aa4444444444444444444444dgc #d3ac-ah444444444aje1 #dgc1 #fbi #d3ae4444444444444444444444ajh #e3h44444444444444444444444dfh #b ,,!ssalonians4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dgc-dge #a3g-aj4444444444edb1 #efi1 #fbi #b3b1c444444444444444444444dgd #b3aa1 #ab444444444444444444edb #b3ae4444444444444444444444dag #a ,,timo?y4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dgf-dhj #b3d44444444444444444444444edb #b3aa-ad4444444444444ace1 #fcg #c3af44444444444444444cij1 #ebf #b ,,timo?y4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444#dgf-dgh1 #dha1 #dhb #c3f1 #h44444444444444444444dgg #c3g44444444444444444444444bad #c3h1 #i44444444444444444444eja #c3aa4444444444444444444444ddb #c3ae4444444444444444444444aff #c3af44444444444444444adh1 #egg #d3i1 #ba4444444444444444444dhj #d3aa444444444444dbg1 #dbh1 #dca ,,titus4 ,*4 #a1 seq444444444444444#dhj1 #dha #a3aj1 #ad-af444444444444444dgg #b3b1 #c44444444444444444444cgd #c3e44444444444444444444444egj #c3i44444444444444444444444dgg #c3ac4444444444444444444444dgf ,,philemon4 ,v]4l1 #i1 #aj1 #bc4444444444dfb #ah444444444444444444444444dfi #bd444444444444444444444444dca ,,hebrews4 ,,page4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dhb-dhf #a3c44444444444444444444444ege ,*4 #a3e44444444444444444444444fci #a3ac4444444444444444444444fcf #b3f-h444444444444444444444fch #b3aa1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah44444eid1 #eie #b3ad-ah4444444444444444444ehd #c3g-d3aa444444444444444444ehe #d3b44444444444444444444444bbj #d3g-aa4444444444444444 444#fai #d3ab44444444444444444aed1 #ebg #d3ae44444444444444444ehd1 #eie #e3a-f4444444444444444dhd1 #eie #g3c44444444444444444444444ehd #g3e1 #h1 #ac1 #ba1 #bc1 #bh4444dhd #g3d-aj44444444444444444444fah #g3g44444444444444444444444ehc #g3bc1 #bd1 #bf44444444444444eif #g3be4444444444444444444444fjc #g3bg4444444444444444444444eie #h3c4444444444444dhd1 #eia1 #eie #h3e1 #ac4444444444444444444dhd #h3h-aj44444444444444444444afg #h3i44444444444444444444444fce ,*s4 #i1 #aj44444444444444444444cba #i3a-i1 #ac1 #bb4444444444444dhd #i3g1 #h44444444444444444444fjc #i3aa-ad1 #be-bh4444444eia1 #eif #i3ab-bh4444444444444444444eie #i3ac1 #ad444444444444444444fjb #i3ad4444444444444444444444ebi #i3ae-ag44444444444444aff1 #afg #i3bb44444444444444444aai1 #eih #aj3a444444444444dhe1 #eha1 #ehg #aj3e4444444444444444444444fce #aj3aj-bb444dhe1 #eia1 #eif1 #fbg #aj3ai1 #bj1 #bb44444444fjb1 #fjc ,*4 #aa444444444444444444444444efh #aa3d1 #g4444444444444444444ace #aa3i4444444444444444444444efh #aa3aa444444444444444444444ebh #aa3ac1 #ci1 #dj4444444444444bba #aa3cc1 #cd44444444444444444cbf #aa3cg444444444444444444444bii #ab3bd4444444444444444ace1 #fjb #ab3bi444444444444444444444aeb #ac3aa1 #ab44444444444444444fje #ac3ae444444444444444444444eif #ac3bd444444444444444444444dhd ,,james4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dhg-dia #a3ac1 #ad4444444444444eda1 #ede #b3aj4444444444444444444444aec #b3ad-bf4444444444444444444dij #b3bd4444444444444444444444ebi #e3aa4444444444444444444444bhd #a ,,pet]4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dia-dic #a3a1 #b44444444444444444444fjb #a3f1 #g44444444444444444444dib #a3h1 #ba44444444444444444444id #a3aa44444444444444444big1 #egd #a3ai1 #bj444444444444444444fjj #b3c44444444444444444444444dfg #b3e-i44cba1 #efh1 #eif1 #fjc1 #fbg #b3f1 #h444444444444444edg1 #ege #b3bc44444444444444444444444ge #b3bd1 #be444444444444444444eib #c3ah4444444444444444444444eib #c3bj4444444444444444444444ace #e3a44444444444444444444444ejj #e3ac4444444444444444444444dbg #b ,,pet]4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dic-dig #a3ba44444444444444444adh1 #afh #b3a44444444444444444444444dig #b3e1 #f44444444444444444444ace #c3af44444444444444444aff1 #dif #a ,,john4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#dig-dii #a3e44444444444444444444444ede #b3b44444444444444444444444eia #c3h44444444444444444444444aaf #c3ab4444444444444444444444ace #d3c44444444444444444444df1 #id #d3ad44444444444444444444444cc #e3g1 #h44444444444444444444cij #b ,,& #c ,,john4 ,v]4 #a1 seq44444444444444#ejj1 #eja #b ,john #ab2 #c ,john #ac44444444444fj ,,jude4 ,v]4 #a1 seq44444444444444#eja1 #ejb #d4444444444444444444444444dig #g1 #aa444444444444444444444ace ,,revelation4 ,*4 #a1 seq4444444444444444#ejc-eaj #a3e44444444444444444444444eib #c3g44444444444444444444444ege #c3ah4444444444444444444444eea #e3e1 #ab4444444444444444444edg #e3i444444444444444444eaj1 #eib #f3a444444444444444444edg1 #faj #g3ad4444444444444444444444eib #h3c1 #d44444444444444444444ehi #i3ae4444444444444444444444acg #aa3b1 #c4444acg1 #eji1 #efe1 #faj #aa3aa4444444444444444eji1 #fca #ab3f444444444444eji1 #efe1 #faj #ac3e44444444444444444eji1 #efe #ai3h4444444444444444444444ecb #ai3aj444444444444444444444aah #bj3d1 #e1 #aa-ae444444444444fcj #ba3i4444444444444444444444bib #bb3ah1 #ai44444444444444444egh ,,fac-,,similes ,,( ,,anci5t ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,manuscripts1 ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,*apt] ,,xxvi41 ,,page #chj4 ,mo/ ( ! foll[+ specim5s ( anci5t manuscripts are tak5 f ,scriv5]'s ,introduction to ! ,criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,no4 7#a7 is f ,tis*5dorf s ,novum ,te/am5tum ,graece ex ,s9aitico ,codice2 ,nos4 7#b7 & 7#aa7 f ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible2 & ,no4 7#e7 f ,horne's ,introduction1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 7#a74 ,,plate ,i4 ,,s9ai ,,codex1 ,c5tury ,,iv4 ,heb4 #ab3bg-bi4 ,notice ! occasional use ( v small lett]s4 ,9 l9e #c ! article ,greek3 ta5 is ins]t$ by correction 9 its prop] place1 :ile x is left /&+ :]e x %\ld n at ! beg9n+ ( l9e #b4 ,no4 7#b74 ,,plate ,i4 ,,alex&r9e ,,codex1 ,c5tury ,v4 ,jno4 #a3a-e4 ,9 ! m>g9 /&s ! fir/ ,ammonian section 7,a71 & "u x ! t5? ,eusebian canon 7,i74 ,no4 7#c74 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,vatican ,,codex1 ,c5tury ,,iv4 ,psa4 #a3a1 #b & "p ( v]se #c2 call$ by ,scriv5] a tol]able fac-simile4 ,no4 7#d74 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,codex ,,ephraemi1 palimpse/ ( ,c5tury ,v4 #a ,tim4 #c3af1 & end ( v]se #ae4 ,! heavi] upp] writ+ 9 two columns 7cursive7 is a translation f ,ephraem ! ,syrian4 ,! pal] und]nea? is ! ,greek text4 ,no4 7#e74 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,codex ,,bezae1 ,c5tury ,,vi4 ,matt4 #e3a-c4 ,f ! type ca/ = ,kipl+'s edition1 :i* give a good idea ( ! manuscript4 ,x is bil+ual1 ! ,greek & ,lat9 /i*ometrically writt5 & on opposite pages4 ,9 ! pres5t specim5 ! ,lat9 is plac$ bel[ ! ,greek4 ,on ! left m>g9 ( ! ,greek are ! ,ammonian sections4 ,no4 7#f74 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,codex ,,purpureus1 ,c5tury ,,vi4 ,"p ( ,jno4 #ae3bj4 ,9 ! m>g9 ! ,ammonian section #aci 7,greek3 ,r,a,th71 & "u x ! ?ird ,eusebian canon 7,greek3 ,g74 ,no4 7#g74 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,codex ,,laudianus1 ,c5tury ,,vi4 ,"p ( ,acts #bj3bh4 ,bil+ual & /i*ometrically writt51 ! ,lat9 on ! left & ! ,greek on ! "r4 ,no4 7#h74 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,codex ,,monac5sis1 ,c5tury ,x4 ,luke #g3 end ( v]se #be & beg9n+ ( v]se #bf4 ,no4 7#i74 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,codex ,,basil5sis 7cursive71 ,c5tury ,x4 ,matt4 #ae3a1 & "p ( v]se #b4 ,no4 7#aj74 ,,plate ,v4 ,,codex ,,rub] 7cursive1 9 bright r$ ink71 ,c5tury ,x4 #b ,cor4 #a3d1 ) end ( v]se #c1 & beg9n+ ( v]se #e4 ,no4 7#aa74 ,,plate ,v4 ,"p ( ,luke #bj3i1 #aj1 f a fragm5t>y ,palimpse/ ( c5tury ,,vi41 br\ght 9 #ahdg f ! ,nitrian des]t1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 add4 #ag1baa4 ,x is cov]$ by ,syrian writ+ ( ,c5tury ,,ix4 or ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 7l74 ,,s9ai ,,codex4 7#b74 ,,alex&r9e ,,codex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 7#c74 ,,vatican ,,codex4 7#f74 ,,codex ,,purpureus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 7#d74 ,,codex ,,ephraemi4 7#g74 ,,codex ,,laudianus4 7#h74 ,,codex ,,monac5sis4 7#i74 ,,codex ,,basil5sis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 7#e74 ,,codex ,,bezae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 7#aj74 ,,codex ,,rub]4 7#aa74 ,a ,,palimpse/ ,,f ,,! ,,nitrian ,,des]t4