,,!aetetus ,by ,plato ,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,,introduction ,,& ,,analysis4 ,"s dialogues ( ,plato are ( s v>i\s a "* t _! relation to ! o!r dialogues _c be det]m9$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! ,!aetetus1 l ! ,p>m5ides1 has po9ts ( simil>ity bo? ) 8 e>li] & 8 lat] writ+s4 ,! p]fection ( /yle1 ! hum\r1 ! dramatic int]e/1 ! complexity ( /ructure1 ! f]tility ( illu/ration1 ! %ift+ ( ! po9ts ( view1 are *>act]i/ic ( 8 be/ p]iod ( au?or%ip4 ,! va9 se>*1 ! negative conclusion1 ! figure ( ! midwives1 ! con/ant pr(ession ( ignorance on ! "p ( ,socrates1 also be> ! /amp ( ! e>ly dialogues1 9 :i* ! orig9al ,socrates is n yet ,platoniz$4 ,_h we no o!r indications1 we %\ld be dispos$ to range ! ,!aetetus ) ! ,apology & ! ,pha$rus1 & p]haps ev5 ) ! ,protagoras & ! ,la*es4 ,b :5 we pass f ! /yle to an exam9ation ( ! subject1 we trace a connection ) ! lat] r ?an ) ! e>li] dialogues4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! connexion1 indicat$ by ,plato himself at ! end ( ! dialogue1 ) ! ,sophi/1 to :i* 9 _m respects ! ,!aetetus is s little ak94 7#a7 ,! same p]sons reappe>1 includ+ ! y\ng] ,socrates1 ^: "n is j m5tion$ 9 ! ,!aetetus2 7#b7 ! !ory ( re/1 :i* ,socrates has decl9$ to consid]1 is resum$ by ! ,eleatic ,/rang]2 7#c7 !re is a simil> allusion 9 bo? dialogues to ! meet+ ( ,p>m5ides & ,socrates 7,!aet41 ,soph472 & 7#d7 ! inquiry into n-be+ 9 ! ,sophi/ supplem5ts ! "q ( false op9ion :i* is rais$ 9 ! ,!aetetus4 7,comp>e also ,!aet4 & ,soph4 = p>allel turns ( ?\ght47 ,secondly1 ! lat] date ( ! dialogue is confirm$ by ! abs5ce ( ! doctr9e ( recollection & ( any doctr9e ( ideas except t :i* d]ives !m f g5]alization & f reflection ( ! m9d ^u itself4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! ,!aetetus is dialectical1 & !re are traces ( ! same ,meg>ian influ5ces :i* appe> 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 & :i* lat] writ]s1 9 _! matt] ( fact way1 h expla9$ by ! resid5ce ( ,plato at ,meg>a4 ,socrates disclaims ! "* ( a pr(essional eri/ic1 & also1 ) a sort ( ironical admiration1 expresses 8 inability to atta9 ! ,meg>ian precision 9 ! use ( t]ms4 ,yet he too employs a simil> sophi/ical skill 9 ov]turn+ e conceivable !ory ( k4 ,! direct indications ( a date am\nt to no m ?an ?is3 ! conv]sation is said to h tak5 place :5 ,!aetetus 0 a y\?1 & %ortly be=e ! dea? ( ,socrates4 ,at ! "t ( 8 own dea? he is suppos$ to be a full-gr[n man4 ,all[+ n9e or t5 ye>s = ! int]val betwe5 y\? & manhood1 ! dialogue c\ld n h be5 writt5 e>li] ?an #cij1 :5 ,plato 0 ab\t ?irty-n9e ye>s ( age4 ,no m def9ite date is indicat$ by ! engagem5t 9 :i* ,!aetetus is said to h fall5 or to h be5 w\nd$1 & :i* may h tak5 place any "t dur+ ! ,cor9?ian w>1 betwe5 ! ye>s #cij-chg4 ,! lat] date :i* has be5 sugge/$1 #cfi1 :5 ! ,a!nians & ,lac$aemonians disput$ ! ,i/hmus ) ,epam9ondas1 w\ld make ! age ( ,!aetetus at 8 dea? =ty-five or =ty-six4 ,?is a little impairs ! beauty ( ,socrates' rem>k1 t 'he w\ld be a great man if he liv$4' ,9 ?is unc]ta9ty ab\t ! place ( ! ,!aetetus1 x seem$ bett]1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,republic1 ,timaeus1 ,critias1 to reta9 ! ord] 9 :i* ,plato himself has arrang$ ?is & ! two companion dialogues4 ,we _c exclude ! possibility :i* has be5 already notic$ 9 ref]5ce to o!r works ( ,plato1 t ! ,!aetetus may n h be5 all writt5 cont9u\sly2 or ! probability t ! ,sophi/ & ,politicus1 :i* diff] greatly 9 /yle1 7 only app5d$ aft] a long int]val ( "t4 ,! allusion to ,p>m5ides comp>$ ) ! ,sophi/1 w\ld probably imply t ! dialogue :i* is call$ by 8 "n 0 already 9 exi/5ce2 unless1 inde$1 we suppose ! passage 9 :i* ! allusion occurs to h be5 ins]t$ aft]w>ds4 ,aga91 ! ,!aetetus may be connect$ ) ! ,gorgias1 ei!r dialogue f diff]5t po9ts ( view conta9+ an analysis ( ! real & app>5t 7,s*lei]ma*]72 & bo? may be br\ght into relation ) ! ,apology z illu/rat+ ! p]sonal life ( ,socrates4 ,! ,philebus1 too1 may ) equal reason be plac$ ei!r aft] or be=e :at1 9 ! language ( ,?rasyllus1 may be call$ ! ,second ,platonic ,trilogy4 ,bo? ! ,p>m5ides & ! ,sophi/1 & /ill m ! ,!aetetus1 h po9ts ( aff9ity ) ! ,cratylus1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( re/ & motion are aga9 contra/$1 & ! ,sophi/ical or ,protagorean !ory ( language is oppos$ to t :i* is attribut$ to ! disciple ( ,h]acleitus1 n to speak ( less] resemblances 9 ?\ght & language4 ,! ,p>m5ides1 aga91 has be5 ?\ght by "s to hold an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! ,!aetetus & ! ,sophi/2 ^u ?is view1 ! ,sophi/ may be reg>d$ z ! answ] to ! problems ab\t ,"o & ,be+ :i* h be5 rais$ 9 ! ,p>m5ides4 ,any ( ^! arrangem5ts may sugge/ new views to ! /ud5t ( ,plato2 none ( !m c lay claim to an exclusive probability 9 its fav\r4 ,! ,!aetetus is "o ( ! n>rat$ dialogues ( ,plato1 & is ! only "o :i* is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 d[n4 ,9 a %ort introductory sc5e1 ,euclides & ,t]psion are describ$ z meet+ be=e ! door ( ,euclides' h\se 9 ,meg>a4 ,?is may h be5 a spot famili> to ,plato 7= ,meg>a 0 )9 a walk ( ,a!ns71 b no importance c be atta*$ to ! accid5tal introduction ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,meg>ian philosophy4 ,! real int5tion ( ! preface is to create an int]e/ ab\t ! p]son ( ,!aetetus1 :o has j be5 c>ri$ up f ! army at ,cor9? 9 a dy+ /ate4 ,! expectation ( 8 dea? recalls ! promise ( 8 y\?1 & especially ! fam\s conv]sation :i* ,socrates _h ) him :5 he 0 q "y1 a few days be=e 8 own trial & dea?1 z we are once m rem9d$ at ! end ( ! dialogue4 ,yet we may obs]ve t ,plato has himself =gott5 ?is1 :5 he repres5ts ,euclides z f "t to "t com+ to ,a!ns & correct+ ! copy f ,socrates' own m\?4 ,! n>rative1 hav+ introduc$ ,!aetetus1 & hav+ gu>ante$ ! au!nticity ( ! dialogue 7comp>e ,symposium1 ,pha$o1 ,p>m5ides71 is !n dropp$4 ,no fur!r use is made ( ! device4 ,z ,plato himself rem>ks1 :o 9 ?is z 9 "s o!r m9ute po9ts is imitat$ by ,cic]o 7,de ,amicitia71 ! int]locutory words are omitt$4 ,!aetetus1 ! h]o ( ! battle ( ,cor9? & ( ! dialogue1 is a disciple ( ,!odorus1 ! great geometrician1 ^: sci5ce is ?us indicat$ to be ! propa$eutic to philosophy4 ,an int]e/ has be5 already excit$ ab\t him by 8 approa*+ dea?1 & n[ he is introduc$ to u anew by ! praises ( 8 ma/] ,!odorus4 ,he is a y\?ful ,socrates1 & exhibits ! same contra/ ( ! fair s\l & ! unga9ly face & frame1 ! ,sil5us mask & ! god )91 :i* are describ$ 9 ! ,symposium4 ,! picture :i* ,!odorus gives ( 8 c\rage & pati5ce & intellig5ce & mode/y is v]ifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! dialogue4 ,8 c\rage is %[n by 8 behavi\r 9 ! battle1 & 8 o!r qualities %9e =? z ! argum5t proce$s4 ,socrates takes an evid5t delight 9 '! wise ,!aetetus1' :o has m 9 him ?an '_m be>d$ m5'2 he is q inspir$ by 8 answ]s4 ,at fir/ ! y\? is lo/ 9 wond]1 & is almo/ too mode/ to speak1 b1 enc\rag$ by ,socrates1 he rises to ! occasion1 & gr[s full ( int]e/ & en?usiasm ab\t ! great "q4 ,l a y\?1 he has n f9ally made up 8 m9d1 & is v ready to foll[ ! lead ( ,socrates1 & to ent] into ea* successive phase ( ! discussion :i* turns up4 ,8 great dialectical tal5t is %[n 9 8 p[] ( draw+ di/9ctions1 & ( =esee+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 own answ]s4 ,! enquiry ab\t ! nature ( k is n new to him2 long ago he has felt ! 'pang ( philosophy1' & has exp]i5c$ ! y\?ful intoxication :i* is depict$ 9 ! ,philebus4 ,b he has hi!rto be5 unable to make ! transition f ma!matics to metaphysics4 ,he c =m a g5]al conception ( squ>e & oblong numb]s1 b he is unable to atta9 a simil> expression ( k 9 ! ab/ract4 ,yet at l5g? he beg9s to recognize t !re are univ]sal conceptions ( be+1 lik5ess1 sam5ess1 numb]1 :i* ! m9d contemplates 9 h]self1 & ) ! help ( ,socrates is conduct$ f a !ory ( s5se to a !ory ( ideas4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ,!aetetus 0 a real p]son1 ^: "n surviv$ 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,b nei!r c any importance be atta*$ to ! notices ( him 9 ,suidas & ,proclus1 :i* are probably bas$ on ! m5tion ( him 9 ,plato4 ,accord+ to a confus$ /atem5t 9 ,suidas1 :o m5tions him twice ov]1 fir/1 z a pupil ( ,socrates1 & !n ( ,plato1 he is said to h writt5 ! fir/ "w on ! ,five ,solids4 ,b no e>ly au?ority cites ! "w1 ! inv5tion ( :i* may h be5 easily sugge/$ by ! division ( roots1 :i* ,plato attributes to him1 & ! allusion to ! backw>d /ate ( solid geometry 9 ! ,republic4 ,at any rate1 !re is no occasion to recall him to life aga9 aft] ! battle ( ,cor9?1 9 ord] t we may all[ "t = ! completion ( su* a "w 7,mull]74 ,we may also rem>k t su* a supposition entirely de/roys ! pa!tic int]e/ ( ! introduction4 ,!odorus1 ! geometrician1 _h once be5 ! fri5d & disciple ( ,protagoras1 b he is v reluctant to leave 8 retirem5t & def5d 8 old ma/]4 ,he is too old to le>n ,socrates' game ( "q & answ]1 & pref]s ! digressions to ! ma9 argum5t1 because he f9ds !m easi] to foll[4 ,! ma!matician1 z ,socrates says 9 ! ,republic1 is n capable ( giv+ a reason 9 ! same mann] z ! dialectician1 & ,!odorus c\ld n !re=e h be5 appropriately introduc$ z ! *ief respond5t4 ,b he may be fairly appeal$ to1 :5 ! hon\r ( 8 ma/] is at /ake4 ,he is ! 'gu>dian ( 8 orphans1' al?\gh ?is is a responsibility :i* he wi%es to ?r[ ^u ,callias1 ! fri5d & patron ( all ,sophi/s1 decl>+ t he himself _h e>ly 'run away' f philosophy1 & 0 absorb$ 9 ma!matics4 ,8 extreme dislike to ! ,h]aclitean fanatics1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ! dislike ( ,!aetetus to ! mat]iali/s1 & 8 ready acceptance ( ! noble words ( ,socrates1 are noticeable traits ( "*4 ,! ,socrates ( ! ,!aetetus is ! same z ! ,socrates ( ! e>li] dialogues4 ,he is ! inv9cible disputant1 n[ advanc$ 9 ye>s1 ( ! ,protagoras & ,symposium2 he is /ill pursu+ 8 div9e mission1 8 ',h]culean lab\rs1' ( :i* he has describ$ ! orig9 9 ! ,apology2 & he /ill he>s ! voice ( 8 oracle1 bidd+ him receive or n receive ! truant s\ls4 ,!re he is suppos$ to h a mission to convict m5 ( self-conceit2 9 ! ,!aetetus he has assign$ to him by ,god ! functions ( a man-midwife1 :o deliv]s m5 ( _! ?\ghts1 & "u ?is "* he is pres5t ?r\gh\t ! dialogue4 ,he is ! true prophet :o has an insight into ! natures ( m51 & c div9e _! future2 & he kn[s t sympa?y is ! secret p[] :i* unlocks _! ?\ghts4 ,! hit at ,ari/ides1 ! son ( ,lysima*us1 :o 0 specially committ$ to 8 *>ge 9 ! ,la*es1 may be rem>k$ by ! way4 ,! attempt to discov] ! def9ition ( k is 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ,socrates z he is describ$ 9 ! ,memorabilia1 ask+ ,:at is ju/ice8 :at is temp]ance8 & ! l4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t he w\ld h analyz$ ! nature ( p]ception1 or trac$ ! connexion ( ,protagoras & ,h]acleitus1 or h rais$ ! difficulty respect+ false op9ion4 ,! humor\s illu/rations1 z well z ! s]i\s ?\ghts1 run ?r\gh ! dialogue4 ,! snubnos$ness ( ,!aetetus1 a *>act]i/ic :i* he %>es ) ,socrates1 & ! man-midwif]y ( ,socrates1 are n =gott5 9 ! clos+ words4 ,at ! end ( ! dialogue1 z 9 ! ,eu?yphro1 he is expect+ to meet ,meletus at ! por* ( ! k+ ,ar*on2 b ) ! same indiff]5ce to ! result :i* is ev]y:]e display$ by him1 he proposes t !y %all reassemble on ! foll[+ day at ! same spot4 ,! day comes1 & 9 ! ,sophi/ ! ?ree fri5ds aga9 meet1 b no fur!r allusion is made to ! trial1 & ! pr9cipal %>e 9 ! argum5t is assign$1 n to ,socrates1 b to an ,eleatic /rang]2 ! y\?ful ,!aetetus also plays a diff]5t & less indep5d5t "p4 ,& !re is no allusion 9 ! ,introduction to ! second & ?ird dialogues1 :i* are aft]w>ds app5d$4 ,!re seems1 !re=e1 reason to ?9k t !re is a real *ange1 bo? 9 ! *>act]s & 9 ! design4 ,! dialogue is an enquiry into ! nature ( k1 :i* is int]rupt$ by two digressions4 ,! fir/ is ! digression ab\t ! midwives1 :i* is also a lead+ ?\ght or cont9u\s image1 l ! wave 9 ! ,republic1 appe>+ & reappe>+ at int]vals4 ,aga9 & aga9 we are rem9d$ t ! successive conceptions ( k are extract$ f ,!aetetus1 :o 9 8 turn truly decl>es t ,socrates has got a great deal m out ( him ?an ev] 0 9 him4 ,socrates is nev] we>y ( work+ out ! image 9 humor\s details1--disc]n+ ! symptoms ( lab\r1 c>ry+ ! *ild r\nd ! he>?1 fe>+ t ,!aetetus w bite him1 comp>+ 8 conceptions to w9d-eggs1 ass]t+ an h]$it>y "r to ! occupation4 ,!re is also a s]i\s side to ! image1 :i* is an apt similitude ( ! ,socratic !ory ( education 7comp>e ,republic1 ,sophi/71 & accords ) ! ironical _s 9 :i* ! wise/ ( m5 delights to speak ( himself4 ,! o!r digression is ! fam\s contra/ ( ! lawy] & philosoph]4 ,?is is a sort ( l&+-place or break 9 ! middle ( ! dialogue4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( a great discussion1 ! reflection naturally arises1 ,h[ happy are !y :o1 l ! philosoph]1 h "t = su* discussions 7comp>e ,republic76 ,!re is no reason = ! introduction ( su* a digression2 nor is a reason always ne$$1 any m ?an = ! introduction ( an episode 9 a poem1 or ( a topic 9 conv]sation4 ,t :i* is giv5 by ,socrates is q suffici5t1 viz4 t ! philosoph] may talk & write z he pleases4 ,b ?\gh n v closely connect$1 nei!r is ! digression out ( keep+ ) ! re/ ( ! dialogue4 ,! philosoph] naturally desires to p\r =? ! ?\ghts :i* are always pres5t to him1 & to disc\rse ( ! high] life4 ,! idea ( k1 al?\gh h>d to be def9$1 is realis$ 9 ! life ( philosophy4 ,& ! contra/ is ! fav\rite anti!sis betwe5 ! _w1 9 ! v>i\s *>act]s ( sophi/1 lawy]1 /atesman1 speak]1 & ! philosoph]1--betwe5 op9ion & k1--betwe5 ! conv5tional & ! true4 ,! great] "p ( ! dialogue is devot$ to sett+ up & ?r[+ d[n def9itions ( sci5ce & k4 ,proce$+ f ! l[] to ! high] by ?ree /ages1 9 :i* p]ception1 op9ion1 reason+ are successively exam9$1 we fir/ get rid ( ! confusion ( ! idea ( k & specific k9ds ( k1--a confusion :i* has be5 already notic$ 9 ! ,lysis1 ,la*es1 ,m5o1 & o!r dialogues4 ,9 ! infancy ( logic1 a =m ( ?\ght has to be inv5t$ be=e ! cont5t c be fill$ up4 ,we _c def9e k until ! nature ( def9ition has be5 asc]ta9$4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 mean+ pla91 ,socrates proce$s to analyze 7#a7 ! fir/ def9ition :i* ,!aetetus proposes3 ',k is s5sible p]ception4' ,?is is spe$ily id5tifi$ ) ! ,protagorean say+1 ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s2' & ( ?is aga9 ! f\ndation is discov]$ 9 ! p]petual flux ( ,h]acleitus4 ,! relativ5ess ( s5sation is !n develop$ at l5g?1 & = a mom5t ! def9ition appe>s to be accept$4 ,b soon ! ,protagorean !sis is pron\nc$ to be suicidal2 = ! adv]s>ies ( ,protagoras are z good a measure z he is1 & !y d5y 8 doctr9e4 ,he is !n suppos$ to reply t ! p]ception may be true at any giv5 in/ant4 ,b ! reply is 9 ! end %[n to be inconsi/5t ) ! ,h]aclitean f\ndation1 on :i* ! doctr9e has be5 affirm$ to re/4 ,= if ! ,h]aclitean flux is ext5d$ to e sort ( *ange 9 e in/ant ( "t1 h[ c any ?\ght or ^w be deta9$ ev5 = an in/ant8 ,s5sible p]ception1 l ev]y?+ else1 is tumbl+ to pieces4 ,nor c ,protagoras himself ma9ta9 t "o man is z good z ano!r 9 8 k ( ! future2 & '! exp$i5t1' if n '! j & true1' belongs to ! sph]e ( ! future4 ,& s we mu/ ask aga91 ,:at is k8 ,! comp>ison ( s5sations ) "o ano!r implies a pr9ciple :i* is above s5sation1 & :i* resides 9 ! m9d itself4 ,we are ?us l$ to look = k 9 a high] sph]e1 & accord+ly ,!aetetus1 :5 aga9 int]rogat$1 replies 7#b7 t 'k is true op9ion4' ,b h[ is false op9ion possible8 ,! ,meg>ian or ,eri/ic _s )9 u revives ! "q1 :i* has be5 already ask$ & indirectly answ]$ 9 ! ,m5o3 ',h[ c a man be ignorant ( t :i* he kn[s8' ,no answ] is giv5 to ?is n unansw]able "q4 ,! comp>ison ( ! m9d to a block ( wax1 or to a decoy ( birds1 is f\nd want+4 ,b are we n inv]t+ ! natural ord] 9 look+ = op9ion be=e we h f\nd k8 ,& k is n true op9ion2 = ! ,a!nian dica/s h true op9ion b n k4 ,:at !n is k8 ,we answ] 7#c71 ',true op9ion1 ) def9ition or explanation4' ,b all ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ?is /atem5t may be und]/ood are set aside1 l ! def9itions ( c\rage 9 ! ,la*es1 or ( fri5d%ip 9 ! ,lysis1 or ( temp]ance 9 ! ,*>mides4 ,at l5g? we arrive at ! conclusion1 9 :i* no?+ is conclud$4 ,!re are two special difficulties :i* beset ! /ud5t ( ! ,!aetetus3 7#a7 he is unc]ta9 h[ f> he c tru/ ,plato's acc\nt ( ! !ory ( ,protagoras2 & he is also unc]ta9 7#b7 h[ f>1 & 9 :at p>ts ( ! dialogue1 ,plato is express+ 8 own op9ion4 ,! dramatic "* ( ! "w r5d]s ! answ] to bo? ^! que/ions difficult4 #a4 ,9 reply to ! fir/1 we h only probabilities to (f]4 ,?ree ma9 po9ts h to be decid$3 7a7 ,w\ld ,protagoras h id5tifi$ 8 own !sis1 ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s1' ) ! o!r1 ',all k is s5sible p]ception'8 7b7 ,w\ld he h bas$ ! relativity ( k on ! ,h]aclitean flux8 7c7 ,w\ld he h ass]t$ ! absolut5ess ( s5sation at ea* in/ant8 ,( ! "w ( ,protagoras on ',tru?' we "k no?+1 ) ! exception ( ! two fam\s fragm5ts1 :i* are cit$ 9 ?is dialogue1 ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s1' &1 ',:e!r !re are gods or n1 ,i _c tell4' ,nor h we any o!r tru/wor?y evid5ce ( ! t5ets ( ,protagoras1 or ( ! s5se 9 :i* 8 words are us$4 ,= lat] writ]s1 includ+ ,ari/otle 9 8 ,metaphysics1 h mix$ up ! ,protagoras ( ,plato1 z !y h ! ,socrates ( ,plato1 ) ! real p]son4 ,return+ !n to ! ,!aetetus1 z ! only possible s\rce f :i* an answ] to ^! que/ions c be obta9$1 we may rem>k1 t ,plato _h ',! ,tru?' ( ,protagoras be=e him1 & frequ5tly ref]s to ! book4 ,he seems to say expressly1 t 9 ?is "w ! doctr9e ( ! ,h]aclitean flux 0 n to be f\nd2 'he told ! real tru?' 7n 9 ! book1 :i* is s entitl$1 b7 'privately to 8 disciples1'--words :i* imply t ! connexion betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ,protagoras & ,h]acleitus 0 n g5]ally recogniz$ 9 ,greece1 b 0 really discov]$ or inv5t$ by ,plato4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! doctr9e t ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s1' is expressly id5tifi$ by ,socrates ) ! o!r /atem5t1 t ',:at appe>s to ea* man is to him2' & a ref]5ce is made to ! books 9 :i* ! /atem5t occurs2--?is ,!aetetus1 :o has '(t5 read ! books1' is suppos$ to ackn[l$ge 7s ,cratylus74 ,& ,protagoras1 9 ! spee* attribut$ to him1 nev] says t he has be5 misund]/ood3 he r seems to imply t ! absolut5ess ( s5sation at ea* in/ant 0 to be f\nd 9 8 words4 ,he is only indignant at ! 'r$uctio ad absurdum' devis$ by ,socrates = 8 'homo m5sura1' :i* ,!odorus also consid]s to be 'really too bad4' ,! "q may be rais$1 h[ f> ,plato 9 ! ,!aetetus c\ld h misrepres5t$ ,protagoras )\t violat+ ! laws ( dramatic probability4 ,c\ld he h pret5d$ to cite f a well-kn[n writ+ :at 0 n to be f\nd !re8 ,b su* a %ad[y enquiry is n wor? pursu+ fur!r4 ,we ne$ only rememb] t 9 ! criticism :i* foll[s ( ! !sis ( ,protagoras1 we are criticiz+ ! ,protagoras ( ,plato1 & n attempt+ to draw a precise l9e betwe5 8 real s5tim5ts & ^? :i* ,plato has attribut$ to him4 #b4 ,! o!r difficulty is a m subtle1 & also a m important "o1 because be>+ on ! g5]al "* ( ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,on a fir/ read+ ( !m1 we are apt to imag9e t ! tru? is only spok5 by ,socrates1 :o is nev] guilty ( a fallacy himself1 & is ! great detector ( ! errors & fallacies ( o!rs4 ,b ?is natural presumption is di/urb$ by ! discov]y t ! ,sophi/s are sometimes 9 ! "r & ,socrates 9 ! wrong4 ,l ! h]o ( a novel1 he is n to be suppos$ always to repres5t ! s5tim5ts ( ! au?or4 ,!re are few mod]n read]s :o d n side ) ,protagoras1 r ?an ) ,socrates1 9 ! dialogue :i* is call$ by 8 "n4 ,! ,cratylus pres5ts a simil> difficulty3 9 8 etymologies1 z 9 ! numb] ( ! ,/ate1 we _c tell h[ f> ,socrates is s]i\s2 = ! ,socratic irony w n all[ him to di/+ui% betwe5 8 real & 8 assum$ wisdom4 ,no "o is ! sup]ior ( ! inv9cible ,socrates 9 argum5t 7except 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,p>m5ides1 :]e he is introduc$ z a y\?72 b he is by no means suppos$ to be 9 possession ( ! :ole tru?4 ,argum5ts are (t5 put into 8 m\? 7comp>e ,introduction to ! ,gorgias7 :i* mu/ h seem$ q z unt5able to ,plato z to a mod]n writ]4 ,9 ?is dialogue a great "p ( ! answ] ( ,protagoras is j & s\nd2 rem>ks are made by him on v]bal criticism1 & on ! importance ( und]/&+ an oppon5t's mean+1 :i* are conceiv$ 9 ! true _s ( philosophy4 ,& ! di/9ction :i* he is suppos$ to draw betwe5 ,eri/ic & ,dialectic1 is really a criticism ( ,plato on himself & 8 own criticism ( ,protagoras4 ,! difficulty seems to arise f n att5d+ to ! dramatic "* ( ! writ+s ( ,plato4 ,!re are two1 or m1 sides to que/ions2 & ^! are p>t$ among ! diff]5t speak]s4 ,sometimes "o view or aspect ( a "q is made to pr$om9ate ov] ! re/1 z 9 ! ,gorgias or ,sophi/2 b 9 o!r dialogues tru? is divid$1 z 9 ! ,la*es & ,protagoras1 & ! int]e/ ( ! piece consi/s 9 ! contra/ ( op9ions4 ,! confusion caus$ by ! irony ( ,socrates1 :o1 if he is true to 8 "*1 _c say any?+ ( 8 own k1 is increas$ by ! circum/ance t 9 ! ,!aetetus & "s o!r dialogues he is occasionally play+ bo? p>ts himself1 & ev5 *>g+ 8 own argum5ts ) unfairness4 ,9 ! ,!aetetus he is design$ly held back f arriv+ at a conclusion4 ,= we _c suppose t ,plato conceiv$ a def9ition ( k to be impossible4 ,b ?is is 8 mann] ( approa*+ & surr\nd+ a "q4 ,! lights :i* he ?r[s on 8 subject are indirect1 b !y are n ! less real = t4 ,he has no int5tion ( prov+ a !sis by a cut-&-dri$ argum5t2 nor does he imag9e t a great philosophical problem c be ti$ up )9 ! limits ( a def9ition4 ,if he has analyz$ a proposition or notion1 ev5 ) ! sev]ity ( an impossible logic1 if half-tru?s h be5 comp>$ by him ) o!r half-tru?s1 if he has cle>$ up or advanc$ popul> ideas1 or illu/rat$ a new me?od1 8 aim has be5 suffici5tly accompli%$4 ,! writ+s ( ,plato belong to an age 9 :i* ! p[] ( analysis _h outrun ! means ( k2 & ?r\gh a spuri\s use ( dialectic1 ! di/9ctions :i* _h be5 already 'won f ! void & =mless inf9ite1' seem$ to be rapidly return+ to _! orig9al *aos4 ,! two great speculative philosophies1 :i* a c5tury e>li] _h s deeply impress$ ! m9d ( ,hellas1 7 n[ deg5]at+ into ,eri/ic4 ,! contempor>ies ( ,plato & ,socrates 7 va9ly try+ to f9d new comb9ations ( !m1 or to transf] !m f ! object to ! subject4 ,! ,meg>ians1 9 _! fir/ attempts to atta9 a sev]] logic1 7 mak+ k impossible 7comp>e ,!aet474 ,!y 7 ass]t+ '! "o good "u _m names1' &1 l ! ,cynics1 seem to h d5i$ pr$ication1 :ile ! ,cynics !mselves 7 depriv+ virtue ( all :i* made virtue desirable 9 ! eyes ( ,socrates & ,plato4 ,& besides ^!1 we f9d m5tion 9 ! lat] writ+s ( ,plato1 especially 9 ! ,!aetetus1 ,sophi/1 & ,laws1 ( c]ta9 imp5etrable godless p]sons1 :o w n believe :at !y '_c hold 9 _! h&s'2 & _c be approa*$ 9 argum5t1 because !y _c argue 7,!at2 ,soph474 ,no s*ool ( ,greek philosoph]s exactly answ]s to ^! p]sons1 9 :om ,plato may p]haps h bl5d$ "s features ( ! ,atomi/s ) ! vulg> mat]iali/ic t5d5cies ( mank9d 9 g5]al 7comp>e ,introduction to ! ,sophi/74 ,& n only 0 !re a conflict ( op9ions1 b ! /age :i* ! m9d _h rea*$ pres5t$ o!r difficulties h>dly intelligible to u1 :o live 9 a diff]5t cycle ( human ?\ght4 ,all times ( m5tal progress are times ( confusion2 we only see1 or r seem to see ?+s cle>ly1 :5 !y h be5 long fix$ & def9$4 ,9 ! age ( ,plato1 ! limits ( ! _w ( imag9ation & ( pure ab/raction1 ( ! old _w & ! new1 7 n yet fix$4 ,! ,greeks1 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 _h no words = 'subject' & 'object1' & no di/9ct conception ( !m2 yet !y 7 always hov]+ ab\t ! "q involv$ 9 !m4 ,! analysis ( s5se1 & ! analysis ( ?\ght1 7 equally difficult to !m2 & hopelessly confus$ by ! attempt to solve !m1 n ?r\gh an appeal to facts1 b by ! help ( g5]al !ories respect+ ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,plato1 9 8 ,!aetetus1 ga!rs up ! sceptical t5d5cies ( 8 age1 & comp>es !m4 ,b he does n seek to recon/ruct out ( !m a !ory ( k4 ,! "t at :i* su* a !ory c\ld be fram$ _h n yet arriv$4 ,= !re 0 no measure ( exp]i5ce ) :i* ! ideas sw>m+ 9 m5's m9ds c\ld be comp>$2 ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'sci5ce' c\ld sc>cely be expla9$ to !m1 except f ! ma!matical sci5ces1 :i* alone (f]$ ! type ( univ]sality & c]ta9ty4 ,philosophy 0 becom+ m & m vacant & ab/ract1 & n only ! ,platonic ,ideas & ! ,eleatic ,be+1 b all ab/ractions seem$ to be at v>iance ) s5se & at w> ) "o ano!r4 ,! want ( ! ,greek m9d 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 0 n ano!r !ory ( re/ or motion1 or ,be+ or atoms1 b r a philosophy :i* c\ld free ! m9d f ! p[] ( ab/ractions & alt]natives1 & %[ h[ f> re/ & h[ f> motion1 h[ f> ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( ,be+ & ! multitud9\s pr9ciple ( atoms1 ent]$ into ! composition ( ! _w2 :i* c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 ! true & false analogy1 & all[ ! negative z well z ! positive a place 9 human ?\ght4 ,to su* a philosophy ,plato1 9 ! ,!aetetus1 (f]s _m contributions4 ,he has foll[$ philosophy into ! region ( my?ology1 & po9t$ out ! simil>ities ( oppos+ phases ( ?\ght4 ,he has also %[n t extreme ab/ractions are self-de/ructive1 &1 inde$1 h>dly di/+ui%able f "o ano!r4 ,b 8 int5tion is n to unravel ! :ole subject ( k1 if ?is _h be5 possible2 & sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( ! dialogue he rejects explanations ( k :i* h g]ms ( tru? 9 !m2 z1 = example1 '! resolution ( ! comp\nd into ! simple2' or '"r op9ion ) a m>k ( diff]5ce4' 444 ,t]psion1 :o has come to ,meg>a f ! c\ntry1 is describ$ z hav+ look$ 9 va9 = ,euclides 9 ! ,agora2 ! latt] expla9s t he has be5 d[n to ! h>b\r1 & on 8 way ?i!r _h met ,!aetetus1 :o 0 be+ c>ri$ up f ! army to ,a!ns4 ,he 0 sc>cely alive1 = he _h be5 badly w\nd$ at ! battle ( ,cor9?1 & _h tak5 ! dys5t]y :i* prevail$ 9 ! camp4 ,! m5tion ( 8 condition sugge/s ! reflection1 ',:at a loss he w be6' ',yes1 inde$1' replies ,euclid2 'only j n[ ,i 0 he>+ ( 8 noble conduct 9 ! battle4' ',t ,i %\ld expect2 b :y did he n rema9 at ,meg>a8' ',i want$ him to rema91 b he w\ld n2 s ,i w5t ) him z f> z ,er9eum2 & z ,i p>t$ f him1 ,i rememb]$ t ,socrates _h se5 him :5 he 0 a y\?1 & _h a rem>kable conv]sation ) him1 n long be=e 8 own dea?2 & he !n prophesi$ ( him t he w\ld be a great man if he liv$4' ',h[ true t has be52 h[ l all t ,socrates said6 ,& c\ld y repeat ! conv]sation8' ',n f memory2 b ,i took notes :5 ,i return$ home1 :i* ,i aft]w>ds fill$ up at leisure1 & got ,socrates to correct !m f "t to "t1 :5 ,i came to ,a!ns'444,t]psion _h long int5d$ to ask = a sight ( ?is writ+1 ( :i* he _h already he>d4 ,!y are bo? tir$1 & agree to re/ & h ! conv]sation read to !m by a s]vant444',"h is ! roll1 ,t]psion2 ,i ne$ only obs]ve t ,i h omitt$1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 ! int]locutory words1 said ,i1 said he2 & t ,!aetetus1 & ,!odorus1 ! geometrician ( ,cyr5e1 are ! p]sons ) :om ,socrates is conv]s+4' ,socrates beg9s by ask+ ,!odorus :e!r1 9 8 visit to ,a!ns1 he has f\nd any ,a!nian y\? likely to atta9 di/9ction 9 sci5ce4 ',yes1 ,socrates1 !re is "o v rem>kable y\?1 ) :om ,i h become acqua9t$4 ,he is no beauty1 & !re=e y ne$ n imag9e t ,i am 9 love ) him2 &1 to say ! tru?1 he is v l y1 = he has a snub nose1 & project+ eyes1 al?\gh ^! features are n s m>k$ 9 him z 9 y4 ,he comb9es ! mo/ v>i\s qualities1 quickness1 pati5ce1 c\rage2 & he is g5tle z well z wise1 always sil5tly fl[+ on1 l a riv] ( oil4 ,look6 he is ! middle "o ( ^? :o are ent]+ ! palae/ra4' ,socrates1 :o does n "k 8 "n1 recognizes him z ! son ( ,euphronius1 :o 0 himself a good man & a ri*4 ,he is in=m$ by ,!odorus t ! y\? is nam$ ,!aetetus1 b ! prop]ty ( 8 fa!r has disappe>$ 9 ! h&s ( tru/ees2 ?is does n1 h[ev]1 prev5t him f add+ lib]ality to 8 o!r virtues4 ,at ! desire ( ,socrates he invites ,!aetetus to sit by !m4 ',yes1' says ,socrates1 't ,i may see 9 y1 ,!aetetus1 ! image ( my ugly self1 z ,!odorus decl>es4 ,n t 8 rem>k is ( any importance2 = ?\gh he is a philosoph]1 he is n a pa9t]1 & !re=e he is no judge ( our faces2 b1 z he is a man ( sci5ce1 he may be a judge ( our intellects4 ,& if he 7 to praise ! m5tal end[m5ts ( ei!r ( u1 9 t case ! he>] ( ! eulogy ought to exam9e into :at he says1 & ! subject %\ld n refuse to be exam9$4' ,!aetetus cons5ts1 & is caught 9 a trap 7comp>e ! simil> trap :i* is laid = ,!odorus74 ',!n1 ,!aetetus1 y w h to be exam9$1 = ,!odorus has be5 prais+ y 9 a /yle ( :i* ,i nev] he>d ! l4' ',he 0 only je/+4' ',nay1 t is n 8 way2 & ,i _c all[ y1 on t pret5ce1 to retract ! ass5t :i* y h already giv51 or ,i %all make ,!odorus repeat y\r praises1 & swe> to !m4' ,!aetetus1 9 reply1 pr(esses t he is will+ to be exam9$1 & ,socrates beg9s by ask+ him :at he le>ns ( ,!odorus4 ,he is himself anxi\s to le>n any?+ ( anybody2 & n[ he has a little "q to :i* he wants ,!aetetus or ,!odorus 7or :i*ev] ( ! company w\ld n be 'donkey' to ! re/7 to f9d an answ]4 ,)\t fur!r preface1 b at ! same "t apologiz+ = 8 eag]ness1 he asks1 ',:at is k8' ,!odorus is too old to answ] que/ions1 & begs him to int]rogate ,!aetetus1 :o has ! advantage ( y\?4 ,!aetetus replies1 t k is :at he le>ns ( ,!odorus1 i4e4 geometry & ari?metic2 & t !re are o!r k9ds ( k--%oemak+1 c>p5t]+1 & ! l4 ,b ,socrates rejo9s1 t ?is answ] conta9s too mu* & also too little4 ,= al?\gh ,!aetetus has enum]at$ sev]al k9ds ( k1 he has n expla9$ ! common nature ( !m2 z if he _h be5 ask$1 ',:at is clay8' & in/ead ( say+ ',clay is moi/5$ e>?1' he _h answ]$1 ',!re is "o clay ( image-mak]s1 ano!r ( pott]s1 ano!r ( ov5-mak]s4' ,!aetetus at once div9es t ,socrates means him to ext5d to all k9ds ( k ! same process ( g5]alization :i* he has already le>n$ to apply to ari?metic4 ,= he has discov]$ a division ( numb]s into squ>e numb]s1 #d1 #i1 #af1 etc41 :i* are compos$ ( equal factors1 & repres5t figures :i* h equal sides1 & oblong numb]s1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 etc41 :i* are compos$ ( unequal factors1 & repres5t figures :i* h unequal sides4 ,b he has nev] succe$$ 9 atta9+ a simil> conception ( k1 ?\gh he has (t5 tri$2 &1 :5 ?is & simil> que/ions 7 br\ght to him f ,socrates1 has be5 sorely di/ress$ by !m4 ,socrates expla9s to him t he is 9 lab\r4 ,= m5 z well z wom5 h pangs ( lab\r2 & bo? at times require ! assi/ance ( midwives4 ,& he1 ,socrates1 is a midwife1 al?\gh ?is is a secret2 he has inh]it$ ! art f 8 "m bold & bluff1 & he u%]s into light1 n *ildr51 b ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,l ! midwives1 :o are 'pa/ be>+ *ildr51' he too c h no (fspr+--! ,god w n all[ him to br+ any?+ into ! _w ( 8 own4 ,he also rem9ds ,!aetetus t ! midwives are or ought to be ! only mat*mak]s 7?is is ! prep>ation = a bit+ je/72 = ^? :o reap ! fruit are mo/ likely to "k on :at soil ! plants w gr[4 ,b respectable midwives avoid ?is dep>tm5t ( practice--!y d n want to be call$ procuresses4 ,!re are "s o!r diff]5ces betwe5 ! two sorts ( pregnancy4 ,= wom5 d n br+ into ! _w at "o "t real *ildr5 & at ano!r "t idols :i* are ) difficulty di/+ui%$ f !m4 ',at fir/1' says ,socrates 9 8 "* ( ! man-midwife1 'my pati5ts are b>r5 & /olid1 b aft] a :ile !y r\nd apace1 if ! gods are propiti\s to !m2 & ?is is due n to me b to !mselves2 ,i & ! god only assi/ 9 br++ _! ideas to ! bir?4 ,_m ( !m h left me too soon1 & ! result has be5 t !y h produc$ abortions2 or :5 ,i h deliv]$ !m ( *ildr5 !y h lo/ !m by an ill br++ up1 & h end$ by see+ !mselves1 z o!rs see !m1 to be great fools4 ,ari/ides1 ! son ( ,lysima*us1 is "o ( ^!1 & !re h be5 o!rs4 ,! truants (t5 return to me & beg to be tak5 back2 & !n1 if my famili> all[s me1 :i* is n always ! case1 ,i receive !m1 & !y beg9 to gr[ aga94 ,!re come to me also ^? :o h no?+ 9 !m1 & h no ne$ ( my art2 & ,i am _! mat*mak] 7see above71 & m>ry !m to ,prodicus or "s o!r inspir$ sage :o is likely to suit !m4 ,i tell y ?is long /ory because ,i suspect t y are 9 lab\r4 ,come !n to me1 :o am a midwife1 & ! son ( a midwife1 & ,i w deliv] y4 ,& d n bite me1 z ! wom5 d1 if ,i ab/ract y\r fir/-born2 = ,i am act+ out ( good-w t[>ds y2 ! ,god :o is )9 me is ! fri5d ( man1 ?\gh he w n all[ me to dissemble ! tru?4 ,once m !n1 ,!aetetus1 ,i repeat my old "q--,:at is k8 ,take c\rage1 & by ! help ( ,god y w discov] an answ]4' ',my answ] is1 t k is p]ception4' ',t is ! !ory ( ,protagoras1 :o has ano!r way ( express+ ! same ?+ :5 he says1 ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,he 0 a v wise man1 & we %\ld try to und]/& him4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate 8 mean+ let me suppose t !re is ! same w9d bl[+ 9 our faces1 & "o ( u may be hot & ! o!r cold4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,protagoras w reply t ! w9d is hot to him :o is cold1 cold to him :o is hot4 ,& is means appe>s1 & :5 y say appe>s to him1 t means he feels4 ,?us feel+1 appe>ance1 p]ception1 co9cide ) be+4 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 only a facon de p>l]1 by :i* he impos$ on ! common h]d l y & me2 he told ! tru? 79 allusion to ! title ( 8 book1 :i* 0 call$ ,! ,tru?7 9 secret to 8 disciples4 ,= he 0 really a vot>y ( t fam\s philosophy 9 :i* all ?+s are said to be relative2 no?+ is great or small1 or heavy or light1 or "o1 b all is 9 motion & mixture & transition & flux & g5]ation1 n be+1 z we ignorantly affirm1 b becom+4 ,?is has be5 ! doctr9e1 n ( ,protagoras only1 b ( all philosoph]s1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,p>m5ides2 ,emp$ocles1 ,h]acleitus1 & o!rs1 & all ! poets1 ) ,epi*>mus1 ! k+ ( ,com$y1 & ,hom]1 ! k+ ( ,trag$y1 at _! head1 h said ! same2 ! latt] has ^! words-- ,ocean1 :5ce ! gods sprang1 & "m ,te?ys4 ,& _m argum5ts are us$ to %[1 t motion is ! s\rce ( life1 & re/ ( dea?3 fire & w>m? are produc$ by friction1 & liv+ creatures owe _! orig9 to a simil> cause2 ! bodily frame is pres]v$ by ex]cise & de/roy$ by indol5ce2 & if ! sun ceas$ to move1 *aos w\ld come aga94 ,n[ apply ?is doctr9e ( ,all is motion to ! s5ses1 & fir/ ( all to ! s5se ( sight4 ,! col\r ( :ite1 or any o!r col\r1 is nei!r 9 ! eyes nor out ( !m1 b ev] 9 motion betwe5 ! object & ! eye1 & v>y+ 9 ! case ( e p]cipi5t4 ,all is relative1 &1 z ! foll[]s ( ,protagoras rem>k1 endless contradictions arise :5 we d5y ?is2 e4g4 "h are six dice2 !y are m ?an f\r & less ?an twelve2 m & also less1 w\ld y n say8' ',yes4' ',b ,protagoras w retort3 ,c any?+ be m or less )\t addition or subtraction8' ',i %\ld say ,no if ,i 7 n afraid ( contradict+ my =m] answ]4' ',& if y say ,yes1 ! tongue w escape conviction b n ! m9d1 z ,euripides w\ld say8' ',true4' ',! ?or\ghbr$ ,sophi/s1 :o "k all t c be kn[n1 w\ld h a sp>r+ mat* ov] ?is1 b y & ,i1 :o h no pr(essional pride1 want only to discov] :e!r our ideas are cle> & consi/5t4 ,& we _c be wrong 9 say+1 fir/1 t no?+ c be great] or less :ile rema9+ equal2 secondly1 t !re c be no becom+ great] or less )\t addition or subtraction2 ?irdly1 t :at is & 0 n1 _c be )\t hav+ become4 ,b !n h[ is ?is reconcilable ) ! case ( ! dice1 & ) simil> examples8--t is ! "q4' ',i am (t5 p]plex$ & amaz$1 ,socrates1 by ^! difficulties4' ',t is because y are a philosoph]1 = philosophy beg9s 9 wond]1 & ,iris is ! *ild ( ,?aumas4 ,d y "k ! orig9al pr9ciple on :i* ! doctr9e ( ,protagoras is bas$8' ',no4' ',!n ,i w tell y2 b we mu/ n let ! un9itiat$ he>1 & by ! un9itiat$ ,i mean ! ob/9ate p :o believe 9 no?+ :i* !y _c hold 9 _! h&s4 ,! bre?r5 ^: my/]ies ,i am ab\t to unfold to y are f> m +5i\s4 ,!y ma9ta9 t all is motion2 & t motion has two =ms1 action & passion1 out ( :i* endless ph5om5a are creat$1 also 9 two =ms--s5se & ! object ( s5se--:i* come to ! bir? toge!r4 ,!re are two k9ds ( motions1 a sl[ & a fa/2 ! motions ( ! ag5t & ! pati5t are sl[]1 because !y move & create 9 & ab\t !mselves1 b ! ?+s :i* are born ( !m h a swift] motion1 & pass rapidly f place to place4 ,! eye & ! appropriate object come toge!r1 & give bir? to :it5ess & ! s5sation ( :it5ess2 ! eye is fill$ ) see+1 & becomes n sight b a see+ eye1 & ! object is fill$ ) :it5ess1 & becomes n :it5ess b :ite2 & no o!r comp\nd ( ei!r ) ano!r w\ld h produc$ ! same effect4 ,all s5sation is to be resolv$ into a simil> comb9ation ( an ag5t & pati5t4 ,( ei!r1 tak5 sep>ately1 no idea c be =m$2 & ! ag5t may become a pati5t1 & ! pati5t an ag5t4 ,h5ce !re arises a g5]al reflection t no?+ is1 b all ?+s become2 no "n c deta9 or fix !m4 ,are n ^! speculations *>m+1 ,!aetetus1 & v good = a p]son 9 y\r int]e/+ situation8 ,i am (f]+ y specim5s ( o!r m5's wisdom1 because ,i h no wisdom ( my own1 & ,i want to deliv] y ( some?+2 & pres5tly we w see :e!r y h br\ght =? w9d or n4 ,tell me1 !n1 :at d y ?9k ( ! notion t ,all ?+s are becom+8' ',:5 ,i he> y\r argum5ts1 ,i am m>vell\sly ready to ass5t4' ',b ,i ought n to conceal f y t !re is a s]i\s objection :i* may be urg$ aga9/ ?is doctr9e ( ,protagoras4 ,= !re are /ates1 su* z madness & dream+1 9 :i* p]ception is false2 & half our life is sp5t 9 dream+2 & :o c say t at ?is in/ant we are n dream+8 ,ev5 ! fancies ( madm5 are real at ! "t4 ,b if k is p]ception1 h[ c we di/+ui% betwe5 ! true & ! false 9 su* cases8 ,hav+ /at$ ! objection1 ,i w n[ /ate ! answ]4 ,protagoras w\ld d5y ! cont9uity ( ph5om5a2 he w\ld say t :at is diff]5t is entirely diff]5t1 & :e!r active or passive has a diff]5t p[]4 ,!re are inf9ite ag5ts & pati5ts 9 ! _w1 & ^! produce 9 e comb9ation ( !m a diff]5t p]ception4 ,take myself z an in/ance3--,socrates may be ill or he may be well1--& rememb] t ,socrates1 ) all 8 accid5ts1 is spok5 (4 ,! w9e :i* ,i dr9k :5 ,i am well is pleasant to me1 b ! same w9e is unpleasant to me :5 ,i am ill4 ,& !re is no?+ else f :i* ,i c receive ! same impression1 nor c ano!r receive ! same impression f ! w9e4 ,nei!r c ,i & ! object ( s5se become sep>ately :at we become toge!r4 ,= ! "o 9 becom+ is relative to ! o!r1 b !y h no o!r relation2 & ! comb9ation ( !m is absolute at ea* mom5t4 7,9 mod]n language1 ! act ( s5sation is really indivisible1 ?\gh capable ( a m5tal analysis into subject & object47 ,my s5sation alone is true1 & true to me only4 ,& !re=e1 z ,protagoras says1 ,to myself ,i am ! judge ( :at is & :at is n4 ,?us ! flux ( ,hom] & ,h]acleitus1 ! great ,protagorean say+ t ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 ! doctr9e ( ,!aetetus t ,k is p]ception1 h all ! same mean+4 ,& ?is is ?y new-born *ild1 :i* by my art ,i h br\ght to light2 & y mu/ n be angry if in/ead ( re>+ y\r infant we expose him4' ',!aetetus w n be angry1' says ,!odorus2 'he is v good-natur$4 ,b ,i %\ld l to "k1 ,socrates1 :e!r y mean to say t all ?is is untrue8' ',fir/ rem9d+ y t ,i am n ! bag :i* conta9s ! argum5ts1 b t ,i extract !m f ,!aetetus1 %all ,i tell y :at amazes me 9 y\r fri5d ,protagoras8' ',:at may t be8' ',i l 8 doctr9e t :at appe>s is2 b ,i wond] t he did n beg9 8 great "w on ,tru? ) a decl>ation t a pig1 or a dog-fac$ baboon1 or any o!r mon/] :i* has s5sation1 is a measure ( all ?+s2 !n1 :ile we 7 rev]5c+ him z a god1 he might h produc$ a magnific5t effect by exp\nd+ to u t he 0 no wis] ?an a tadpole4 ,= if s5sations are always true1 & "o man's disc]nm5t is z good z ano!r's1 & e man is 8 own judge1 & ev]y?+ t he judges is "r & true1 !n :at ne$ ( ,protagoras to be our in/ructor at a high figure2 & :y %\ld we be less kn[+ ?an he is1 or h to g to him1 if e man is ! measure ( all ?+s8 ,my own art ( midwif]y1 & all dialectic1 is an enorm\s folly1 if ,protagoras' ,tru? be inde$ tru?1 & ! philosoph] is n m]ely amus+ himself by giv+ oracles out ( 8 book4' ,!odorus ?9ks t ,socrates is unju/ to 8 ma/]1 ,protagoras2 b he is too old & /iff to try a fall ) him1 & !re=e ref]s him to ,!aetetus1 :o is already driv5 out ( 8 =m] op9ion by ! argum5ts ( ,socrates4 ,socrates !n takes up ! def5ce ( ,protagoras1 :o is suppos$ to reply 9 8 own p]son--',good p1 y sit & declaim ab\t ! gods1 ( ^: exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ,i h no?+ to say1 or y disc\rse ab\t man be+ r$uc$ to ! level ( ! brutes2 b :at pro( h y ( y\r /atem5ts8 ,& yet surely y & ,!odorus _h bett] reflect :e!r probability is a safe guide4 ,!odorus w\ld be a bad geometrician if he _h no?+ bett] to (f]4'444,!aetetus is affect$ by ! appeal to geometry1 & ,socrates is induc$ by him to put ! "q 9 a new =m4 ,he proce$s z foll[s3--',%\ld we say t we "k :at we see & he>1--e4g4 ! s\nd ( words or ! sight ( lett]s 9 a =eign tongue8' ',we %\ld say t ! figures ( ! lett]s1 & ! pit* ( ! voice 9 utt]+ !m1 7 kn[n to u1 b n ! mean+ ( !m4' ',excell5t2 ,i want y to gr[1 & !re=e ,i w leave t answ] & ask ano!r "q3 ,is n see+ p]ceiv+8' ',v true4' ',& he :o sees kn[s8' ',yes4' ',& he :o rememb]s1 rememb]s t :i* he sees & kn[s8' ',v true4' ',b if he closes 8 eyes1 does he n rememb]8' ',he does4' ',!n he may rememb] & n see2 & if see+ is kn[+1 he may rememb] & n "k4 ,is n ?is a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! hypo!sis t k is s5sible p]ception8 ,yet p]haps we are cr[+ too soon2 & if ,protagoras1 ! fa!r ( ! my?1 _h be5 alive1 ! result might h be5 v diff]5t4 ,b he is dead1 & ,!odorus1 :om he left gu>dian ( 8 orphan1 has n be5 v zeal\s 9 def5d+ him4' ,!odorus objects t ,callias is ! true gu>dian1 b he hopes t ,socrates w come to ! rescue4 ,socrates prefaces 8 def5ce by resum+ ! attack4 ,he asks :e!r a man c "k & n "k at ! same "t8 ',impossible4' ,q possible1 if y ma9ta9 t see+ is kn[+4 ,! confid5t adv]s>y1 suit+ ! action to ! ^w1 %uts "o ( y\r eyes2 & n[1 says he1 y see & d n see1 b d y "k & n "k8 ,& a fre% oppon5t d>ts f 8 ambu%1 & transf]s to k ! t]ms :i* are commonly appli$ to sight4 ,he asks :e!r y c "k ne> & n at a di/ance2 :e!r y c h a %>p & also a dull k4 ,:ile y are wond]+ at 8 incomp>able wisdom1 he gets y into 8 p[]1 & y w n escape until y h come to an und]/&+ ) him ab\t ! money :i* is to be paid = y\r release4 ,b ,protagoras has n yet made 8 def5ce2 & already he may be he>d contemptu\sly reply+ t he is n responsible = ! admissions :i* 7 made by a boy1 :o c\ld n =esee ! com+ move1 & !re=e _h answ]$ 9 a mann] :i* enabl$ ,socrates to raise a laugh aga9/ himself4 ',b ,i _c be fairly *>g$1' he w say1 ') an answ] :i* ,i %\ld n h giv52 = ,i nev] ma9ta9$ t ! memory ( a feel+ is ! same z a feel+1 or d5i$ t a man might "k & n "k ! same ?+ at ! same "t4 ,or1 if y w h extreme precision1 ,i say t man 9 diff]5t relations is _m or r inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,& ,i *all5ge y1 ei!r to %[ t 8 p]ceptions are n individual1 or t if !y are1 :at appe>s to him is n :at is4 ,z to y\r pigs & baboons1 y are y\rself a pig1 & y make my writ+s a sport ( o!r sw9e4 ,b ,i /ill affirm t man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 al?\gh ,i admit t "o man may be a ?\s& times bett] ?an ano!r1 9 proportion z he has bett] impressions4 ,nei!r d ,i d5y ! exi/5ce ( wisdom or ( ! wise man4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t wisdom is a practical rem$ial p[] ( turn+ evil into good1 ! bitt]ness ( disease into ! sweetness ( heal?1 & does n consi/ 9 any great] tru? or sup]ior k4 ,= ! impressions ( ! sick are z true z ! impressions ( ! heal?y2 & ! sick are z wise z ! heal?y4 ,nor c any man be cur$ ( a false op9ion1 = !re is no su* ?+2 b he may be cur$ ( ! evil habit :i* g5]ates 9 him an evil op9ion4 ,?is is effect$ 9 ! body by ! drugs ( ! physician1 & 9 ! s\l by ! words ( ! ,sophi/2 & ! new /ate or op9ion is n tru]1 b only bett] ?an ! old4 ,& philosoph]s are n tadpoles1 b physicians & husb&m51 :o till ! soil & infuse heal? into animals & plants1 & make ! good take ! place ( ! evil1 bo? 9 individuals & /ates4 ,wise & good rhetoricians make ! good to appe> j 9 /ates 7= t is j :i* appe>s j to a /ate71 & 9 return1 !y des]ve to be well paid4 ,& y1 ,socrates1 :e!r y please or n1 mu/ cont9ue to be a measure4 ,?is is my def5ce1 & ,i mu/ reque/ y to meet me fairly4 ,we are pr(ess+ to reason1 & n m]ely to dispute2 & !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 reason+ & disputation4 ,= ! disput] is always seek+ to trip up 8 oppon5t2 & ?is is a mode ( argum5t :i* disgu/s m5 ) philosophy z !y gr[ old]4 ,b ! reason] is try+ to und]/& him & to po9t out 8 errors to him1 :e!r aris+ f 8 own or f 8 companion's fault2 he does n argue f ! cu/om>y use ( names1 :i* ! vulg> p]v]t 9 all mann] ( ways4 ,if y are g5tle to an adv]s>y he w foll[ & love y2 & if defeat$ he w lay ! blame on himself1 & seek to escape f 8 own prejudices into philosophy4 ,i w\ld recomm5d y1 ,socrates1 to adopt ?is human] me?od1 & to avoid capti\s & v]bal criticisms4' ,su*1 ,!odorus1 is ! v slight help :i* ,i am able to af=d to y\r fri5d2 _h he be5 alive1 he w\ld h help$ himself 9 f> bett] /yle4 ',y h made a mo/ valor\s def5ce4' ,yes2 b did y obs]ve t ,protagoras bade me be s]i\s1 & compla9$ ( our gett+ up a laugh aga9/ him ) ! aid ( a boy8 ,he meant to intimate t y mu/ take ! place ( ,!aetetus1 :o may be wis] ?an _m be>d$ m51 b n wis] ?an y1 ,!odorus4 ',! rule ( ! ,sp>tan ,palae/ra is1 ,/rip or dep>t2 b y are l ! giant ,antaeus1 & w n let me dep>t unless ,i try a fall ) y4' ,yes1 t is ! nature ( my compla9t4 ,& _m a ,h]cules1 _m a ,!seus mighty 9 de$s & words has brok5 my head2 b ,i am always at ?is r\gh game4 ,please1 !n1 to fav\r me4 ',on ! condition ( n exce$+ a s+le fall1 ,i cons5t4' ,socrates n[ resumes ! argum5t4 ,z he is v desir\s ( do+ ju/ice to ,protagoras1 he insi/s on cit+ 8 own words1--',:at appe>s to ea* man is to him4' ,& h[1 asks ,socrates1 are ^! words reconcileable ) ! fact t all mank9d are agre$ 9 ?9k+ !mselves wis] ?an o!rs 9 "s respects1 & inf]ior to !m 9 o!rs8 ,9 ! h\r ( dang] !y are ready to fall d[n & wor%ip any "o :o is _! sup]ior 9 wisdom z if he 7 a god4 ,& ! _w is full ( m5 :o are ask+ to be taught & will+ to be rul$1 & ( o!r m5 :o are will+ to rule & tea* !m4 ,all :i* implies t m5 d judge ( "o ano!r's impressions1 & ?9k "s wise & o!rs fooli%4 ,h[ w ,protagoras answ] ?is argum5t8 ,= he _c say t no "o deems ano!r ignorant or mi/ak54 ,if y =m a judgm5t1 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s are ready to ma9ta9 ! opposite4 ,! multitude may n & d n agree 9 ,protagoras' own !sis t ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s2' & !n :o is to decide8 ,^u 8 own %[+ mu/ n 8 'tru?' dep5d on ! numb] ( suffrages1 & be m or less true 9 proportion z he has m or few] ( !m8 ,& he mu/ ackn[l$ge fur!r1 t !y speak truly :o d5y him to speak truly1 :i* is a fam\s je/4 ,& if he admits t !y speak truly :o d5y him to speak truly1 he mu/ admit t he himself does n speak truly4 ,b 8 oppon5ts w refuse to admit ?is ( !mselves1 & he mu/ all[ t !y are "r 9 _! refusal4 ,! conclusion is1 t all mank9d1 includ+ ,protagoras himself1 w d5y t he speaks truly2 & 8 tru? w be true nei!r to himself nor to anybody else4 ,!odorus is incl9$ to ?9k t ?is is go+ too f>4 ,socrates ironically replies1 t he is n go+ beyond ! tru?4 ,b if ! old ,protagoras c\ld only pop 8 head out ( ! _w bel[1 he w\ld d\btless give !m bo? a s\nd ca/igation & be (f to ! %ades 9 an in/ant4 ,see+ t he is n )9 call1 we mu/ exam9e ! "q = ourselves4 ,x is cle> t !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! und]/&+s ( m54 ,admitt+1 ) ,protagoras1 t imm$iate s5sations ( hot1 cold1 & ! l1 are to ea* "o su* z !y appe>1 yet ?is hypo!sis _c be ext5d$ to judgm5ts or op9ions4 ,& ev5 if we 7 to admit fur!r1--& ?is is ! view ( "s :o are n ?or\gh-go+ foll[]s ( ,protagoras1--t "r & wrong1 holy & unholy1 are to ea* /ate or individual su* z !y appe>1 /ill ,protagoras w n v5ture to ma9ta9 t e man is equally ! measure ( exp$i5cy1 or t ! ?+ :i* seems is exp$i5t to e "o4 ,b ?is beg9s a new "q4 ',well1 ,socrates1 we h pl5ty ( leisure4 ,yes1 we h1 &1 aft] ! mann] ( philosoph]s1 we are digress+2 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ h[ ridicul\s ?is habit ( !irs makes !m :5 !y appe> 9 c\rt4 ',:at d y mean8' ,i mean to say t a philosoph] is a g5tleman1 b a lawy] is a s]vant4 ,! "o c h 8 talk out1 & w&] at w f "o subject to ano!r1 z ! fancy takes him2 l ourselves1 he may be long or %ort1 z he pleases4 ,b ! lawy] is always 9 a hurry2 !re is ! clepsydra limit+ 8 "t1 & ! brief limit+ 8 topics1 & 8 adv]s>y is /&+ ov] him & exact+ 8 rights4 ,he is a s]vant disput+ ab\t a fell[-s]vant be=e 8 ma/]1 :o holds ! cause 9 8 h&s2 ! pa? nev] div]ges1 & (t5 ! race is = 8 life4 ,su* exp]i5ces r5d] him ke5 & %rewd2 he le>ns ! arts ( flatt]y1 & is p]fect 9 ! practice ( crook$ ways2 dang]s h come ^u him too soon1 :5 ! t5d]ness ( y\? 0 unable to meet !m ) tru? & hone/y1 & he has resort$ to c\nt]-acts ( di%one/y & falsehood1 & become w>p$ & di/ort$2 )\t any heal? or fre$om or s9c]ity 9 him he has gr[n up to manhood1 & is or e/eems himself to be a ma/] ( cunn+4 ,su* are ! lawy]s2 w y h ! companion picture ( philosoph]s8 or w ?is be too mu* ( a digression8 ',nay1 ,socrates1 ! argum5t is our s]vant1 & n our ma/]4 ,:o is ! judge or :]e is ! spectator1 hav+ a "r to control u8' ,i w describe ! lead]s1 !n3 = ! inf]ior sort are n wor? ! tr\ble4 ,! lords ( philosophy h n le>n$ ! way to ! dica/]y or ecclesia2 !y nei!r see nor he> ! laws & votes ( ! /ate1 writt5 or recit$2 societies1 :e!r political or fe/ive1 clubs1 & s++ maid5s d n ent] ev5 into _! dreams4 ,& ! sc&als ( p]sons or _! ance/ors1 male & female1 !y "k no m ?an !y c tell ! numb] ( p9ts 9 ! ocean4 ,nei!r are !y consci\s ( _! own ignorance2 = !y d n practise s+ul>ity 9 ord] to ga9 reputation1 b ! tru? is1 t ! out] =m ( !m only is resid+ 9 ! city2 ! inn] man1 z ,p9d> says1 is go+ on a voyage ( discov]y1 measur+ z ) l9e & rule ! ?+s :i* are "u & 9 ! e>?1 int]rogat+ ! :ole ( nature1 only n condesc5d+ to notice :at is ne> !m4 ',:at d y mean1 ,socrates8' ,i w illu/rate my mean+ by ! je/ ( ! witty maid-s]vant1 :o saw ,?ales tumbl+ into a well1 & said ( him1 t he 0 s eag] to "k :at 0 go+ on 9 heav51 t he c\ld n see :at 0 be=e 8 feet4 ,?is is applicable to all philosoph]s4 ,! philosoph] is unacqua9t$ ) ! _w2 he h>dly kn[s :e!r 8 neighb\r is a man or an animal4 ,= he is always se>*+ into ! ess5ce ( man1 & enquir+ :at su* a nature ought to d or suff] diff]5t f any o!r4 ,h5ce1 on e occasion 9 private life & public1 z ,i 0 say+1 :5 he appe>s 9 a law-c\rt or any:]e1 he is ! joke1 n only ( maid-s]vants1 b ( ! g5]al h]d1 fall+ into wells & e sort ( disa/]2 he looks su* an awkw>d1 inexp]i5c$ creature1 unable to say any?+ p]sonal1 :5 he is abus$1 9 answ] to 8 adv]s>ies 7= he kn[s no evil ( any "o72 & :5 he he>s ! praises ( o!rs1 he _c help laugh+ f ! bottom ( 8 s\l at _! pret5sions2 & ?is also gives him a ridicul\s appe>ance4 ,a k+ or tyrant appe>s to him to be a k9d ( sw9e-h]d or c[-h]d1 milk+ away at an animal :o is mu* m tr\blesome & dang]\s ?an c[s or %eep2 l ! c[-h]d1 he has no "t to be educat$1 & ! p5 9 :i* he keeps 8 flock 9 ! m\nta9s is surr\nd$ by a wall4 ,:5 he he>s ( l>ge l&$ prop]ties ( t5 ?\s& acres or m1 he ?9ks ( ! :ole e>?2 or if he is told ( ! antiquity ( a family1 he rememb]s t e "o has _h myriads ( prog5itors1 ri* & poor1 ,greeks & b>b>ians1 k+s & slaves4 ,& he :o boa/s ( 8 desc5t f ,amphitryon 9 ! tw5ty-fif? g5]ation1 may1 if he pleases1 add z _m m1 & d\ble t aga91 & our philosoph] only laughs at 8 inability to d a l>g] sum4 ,su* is ! man at :om ! vulg> sc(f2 he seems to !m z if he c\ld n m9d 8 feet4 ',t is v true1 ,socrates4' ,b :5 he tries to draw ! quick-witt$ lawy] out ( 8 pleas & rejo9d]s to ! contemplation ( absolute ju/ice or inju/ice 9 _! own nature1 or f ! popul> praises ( weal?y k+s to ! view ( happ9ess & mis]y 9 !mselves1 or to ! reasons :y a man %\ld seek aft] ! "o & avoid ! o!r1 !n ! situation is rev]s$2 ! little wret* turns giddy1 & is ready to fall ov] ! precipice2 8 utt]ance becomes ?ick1 & he makes himself ridicul\s1 n to s]vant-maids1 b to e man ( lib]al education4 ,su* are ! two pictures3 ! "o ( ! philosoph] & g5tleman1 :o may be excus$ = n hav+ le>n$ h[ to make a b$1 or cook up flatt]ies2 ! o!r1 a s]viceable knave1 :o h>dly kn[s h[ to we> 8 cloak1--/ill less c he awak5 h>moni\s ?\ghts or hymn virtue's praises4 ',if ! _w1 ,socrates1 7 z ready to receive y\r words z ,i am1 !re w\ld be great] peace & less evil among mank9d4' ,evil1 ,!odorus1 mu/ ev] rema9 9 ?is _w to be ! antagoni/ ( good1 out ( ! way ( ! gods 9 heav54 ,:]e=e also we %\ld fly away f ourselves to !m2 & to fly to !m is to become l !m2 & to become l !m is to become holy1 j & true4 ,b _m live 9 ! old wives' fable ( appe>ances2 !y ?9k t y %\ld foll[ virtue 9 ord] t y may seem to be good4 ,& yet ! tru? is1 t ,god is righte\s2 & ( m51 he is mo/ l him :o is mo/ righte\s4 ,to "k ?is is wisdom2 & 9 comp>ison ( ?is ! wisdom ( ! arts or ! seem+ wisdom ( politicians is mean & common4 ,! unrighte\s man is apt to pride himself on 8 cunn+2 :5 o!rs call him rogue1 he says to himself3 ',!y only mean t ,i am "o :o des]ves to live1 & n a m]e burd5 ( ! e>?4' ,b he %\ld reflect t 8 ignorance makes 8 condition worse ?an if he knew4 ,= ! p5alty ( inju/ice is n dea? or /ripes1 b ! fatal necessity ( becom+ m & m unju/4 ,two patt]ns ( life are set be=e him2 ! "o bless$ & div9e1 ! o!r godless & wret*$2 & he is gr[+ m & m l ! "o & unlike ! o!r4 ,he does n see t if he cont9ues 9 8 cunn+1 ! place ( innoc5ce w n receive him aft] dea?4 ,& yet if su* a man has ! c\rage to he> ! argum5t out1 he (t5 becomes dissatisfi$ ) himself1 & has no m /r5g? 9 him ?an a *ild4--,b we h digress$ en\gh4 ',= my "p1 ,socrates1 ,i l ! digressions bett] ?an ! argum5t1 because ,i und]/& !m bett]4' ,to return4 ,:5 we left (f1 ! ,protagoreans & ,h]acliteans 7 ma9ta9+ t ! ord9ances ( ! ,/ate 7 j1 :ile !y la/$4 ,b no "o w\ld ma9ta9 t ! laws ( ! ,/ate 7 always good or exp$i5t1 al?\gh ?is may be ! int5tion ( !m4 ,= ! exp$i5t has to d ) ! future1 ab\t :i* we are liable to mi/ake4 ,n[1 w\ld ,protagoras ma9ta9 t man is ! measure n only ( ! pres5t & pa/1 b ( ! future2 & t !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! judgm5ts ( m5 ab\t ! future8 ,w\ld an untra9$ man1 = example1 be z likely to "k :5 he is go+ to h a fev]1 z ! physician :o att5d$ him8 ,& if !y diff] 9 op9ion1 :i* ( !m is likely to be "r2 or are !y bo? "r8 ,is n a v9e-gr[] a bett] judge ( a v9tage :i* is n yet ga!r$1 or a cook ( a d9n] :i* is 9 prep>ation1 or ,protagoras ( ! probable effect ( a spee* ?an an ord9>y p]son8 ,! la/ example speaks 'ad hom954' ,= ,protagoras w\ld nev] h amass$ a =tune if e man c\ld judge ( ! future = himself4 ,he is1 !re=e1 compell$ to admit t he is a measure2 b ,i1 :o "k no?+1 am n equally conv9c$ t ,i am4 ,?is is "o way ( refut+ him2 & he is refut$ also by ! au?ority :i* he attributes to ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :o d5y 8 op9ions4 ,i am n equally sure t we c disprove ! tru? ( imm$iate /ates ( feel+4 ,b ?is leads u to ! doctr9e ( ! univ]sal flux1 ab\t :i* a battle-royal is always go+ on 9 ! cities ( ,ionia4 ',yes2 ! ,ephesians are d[nright mad ab\t ! flux2 !y _c /op to argue ) y1 b are 9 p]petual motion1 ob$i5t to _! text-books4 ,_! re/lessness is beyond expression1 & if y ask any ( !m a "q1 !y w n answ]1 b d>t at y "s un9telligible say+1 & ano!r & ano!r1 mak+ no way ei!r ) !mselves or ) o!rs2 = no?+ is fix$ 9 !m or _! ideas1--!y are at w> ) fix$ pr9ciples4' ,i suppose1 ,!odorus1 t y h nev] se5 !m 9 "t ( peace1 :5 !y disc\rse at leisure to _! disciples8 ',disciples6 !y h none2 !y are a set ( un$ucat$ fanatics1 & ea* ( !m says ( ! o!r t !y h no k4 ,we mu/ tru/ to ourselves1 & n to !m = ! solution ( ! problem4' ,well1 ! doctr9e is old1 be+ d]iv$ f ! poets1 :o speak 9 a figure ( ,oceanus & ,te?ys2 ! tru? 0 once conceal$1 b is n[ reveal$ by ! sup]ior wisdom ( a lat] g5]ation1 & made intelligible to ! cobbl]1 :o1 on he>+ t all is 9 motion1 & n "s ?+s only1 z he ignorantly fanci$1 may be expect$ to fall d[n & wor%ip 8 tea*]s4 ,& ! opposite doctr9e mu/ n be =gott53-- ',alone be+ rema9s unmov$ :i* is ! "n = all1' z ,p>m5ides affirms4 ,?us we are 9 ! mid/ ( ! fray2 bo? p>ties are dragg+ u to _! side2 & we are n c]ta9 :i* ( !m are 9 ! "r2 & if nei!r1 !n we %all be 9 a ridicul\s position1 hav+ to set up our own op9ion aga9/ anci5t & fam\s m54 ,let u fir/ approa* ! riv]-gods1 or patrons ( ! flux4 ,:5 !y speak ( motion1 mu/ !y n include two k9ds ( motion1 *ange ( place & *ange ( nature8--,& all ?+s mu/ be suppos$ to h bo? k9ds ( motion2 = if n1 ! same ?+s w\ld be at re/ & 9 motion1 :i* is contr>y to _! !ory4 ,& did we n say1 t all s5sations arise ?us3 !y move ab\t betwe5 ! ag5t & pati5t toge!r ) a p]ception1 & ! pati5t ceases to be a p]ceiv+ p[] & becomes a p]cipi5t1 & ! ag5t a quale in/ead ( a quality2 b nei!r has any absolute exi/5ce8 ,b n[ we make ! fur!r discov]y1 t nei!r :ite or :it5ess1 nor any s5se or s5sation1 c be pr$icat$ ( any?+1 = !y are 9 a p]petual flux4 ,& !re=e we mu/ modify ! doctr9e ( ,!aetetus & ,protagoras1 by ass]t+ fur!r t k is & is n s5sation2 & ( ev]y?+ we mu/ say equally1 t ?is is & is n1 or becomes or becomes n4 ,& /ill ! ^w '?is' is n q correct1 = language fails 9 ! attempt to express _! mean+4 ,at ! close ( ! discussion1 ,!odorus claims to be releas$ f ! argum5t1 accord+ to 8 agreem5t4 ,b ,!aetetus insi/s t !y %all proce$ to consid] ! doctr9e ( re/4 ,?is is decl9$ by ,socrates1 :o has too mu* rev]5ce = ! great ,p>m5ides lightly to attack him4 7,we %all f9d t he returns to ! doctr9e ( re/ 9 ! ,sophi/2 b at pres5t he does n wi% to be div]t$ f 8 ma9 purpose1 :i* is1 to deliv] ,!aetetus ( 8 conception ( k47 ,he proce$s to int]rogate him fur!r4 ,:5 he says t 'k is 9 p]ception1' ) :at does he p]ceive8 ,! fir/ answ] is1 t he p]ceives sights ) ! eye1 & s\nds ) ! e>4 ,?is leads ,socrates to make ! reflection t nice di/9ctions ( words are sometimes p$antic1 b sometimes necess>y2 & he proposes 9 ?is case to sub/itute ! ^w '?r\gh' = ')4' ,= ! s5ses are n l ! ,trojan w>riors 9 ! horse1 b h a common c5tre ( p]ception1 9 :i* !y all meet4 ,?is common pr9ciple is able to comp>e !m ) "o ano!r1 & mu/ !re=e be di/9ct f !m 7comp>e ,republic74 ,& z !re are facts ( s5se :i* are p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! organs ( ! body1 !re are also ma!matical & o!r ab/ractions1 su* z sam5ess & diff]5ce1 lik5ess & unlik5ess1 :i* ! s\l p]ceives by h]self4 ,be+ is ! mo/ univ]sal ( ^! ab/ractions4 ,! good & ! beautiful are ab/ractions ( ano!r k9d1 :i* exi/ 9 relation & :i* above all o!rs ! m9d p]ceives 9 h]self1 comp>+ )9 h] pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,= example2 we "k a ?+ to be h>d or s(t by ! t\*1 ( :i* ! p]ception is giv5 at bir? to m5 & animals4 ,b ! ess5ce ( h>dness or s(tness1 or ! fact t ?is h>dness is1 & is ! opposite ( s(tness1 is sl[ly le>n$ by reflection & exp]i5ce4 ,m]e p]ception does n rea* be+1 & !re=e fails ( tru?2 & !re=e has no %>e 9 k4 ,b if s1 k is n p]ception4 ,:at !n is k8 ,! m9d1 :5 occupi$ by h]self ) be+1 is said to h op9ion--%all we say t ',k is true op9ion'8 ,b /ill an old difficulty recurs2 we ask ourselves1 ',h[ is false op9ion possible8' ,?is difficulty may be /at$ z foll[s3-- ,ei!r we "k or d n "k a ?+ 7= ! int]m$iate processes ( le>n+ & =gett+ ne$ n at pres5t be consid]$72 & 9 ?9k+ or hav+ an op9ion1 we mu/ ei!r "k or n "k t :i* we ?9k1 & we _c "k & be ignorant at ! same "t2 we _c confuse "o ?+ :i* we d n "k1 ) ano!r ?+ :i* we d n "k2 nor c we ?9k t :i* we d n "k to be t :i* we "k1 or t :i* we "k to be t :i* we d n "k4 ,& :at o!r case is conceivable1 ^u ! supposition t we ei!r "k or d n "k all ?+s8 ,let u try ano!r answ] 9 ! sph]e ( be+3 ',:5 a man ?9ks1 & ?9ks t :i* is n4' ,b w\ld ?is hold 9 any p>allel case8 ,c a man see & see no?+8 or he> & he> no?+8 or t\* & t\* no?+8 ,mu/ he n see1 he>1 or t\* "s "o exi/+ ?+8 ,= if he ?9ks ab\t no?+ he does n ?9k1 & n ?9k+ he _c ?9k falsely4 ,& s ! pa? ( be+ is clos$ aga9/ u1 z well z ! pa? ( k4 ,b may !re n be 'het]odoxy1' or transf]5ce ( op9ion2--,i mean1 may n "o ?+ be suppos$ to be ano!r8 ,!aetetus is confid5t t ?is mu/ be '! true falsehood1' :5 a man puts good = evil or evil = good4 ,socrates w n disc\rage him by attack+ ! p>adoxical expression 'true falsehood1' b passes on4 ,! new notion involves a process ( ?9k+ ab\t two ?+s1 ei!r toge!r or alt]nately4 ,& ?9k+ is ! conv]s+ ( ! m9d ) h]self1 :i* is c>ri$ on 9 "q & answ]1 until %e no long] d\bts1 b det]m9es & =ms an op9ion4 ,& false op9ion consi/s 9 say+ to y\rself1 t "o ?+ is ano!r4 ,b did y ev] say to y\rself1 t good is evil1 or evil good8 ,ev5 9 sleep1 did y ev] imag9e t odd 0 ev58 ,or did any man 9 8 s5ses ev] fancy t an ox 0 a horse1 or t two are "o8 ,s t we c nev] ?9k "o ?+ to be ano!r2 = y mu/ n meet me ) ! v]bal quibble t "o--et]on--is o!r--et]on 7bo? '"o' & 'o!r' 9 ,greek are call$ 'o!r'--et]on74 ,he :o has bo? ! two ?+s 9 8 m9d1 _c misplace !m2 & he :o has only "o ( !m 9 8 m9d1 _c misplace !m--on ei!r supposition transplacem5t is inconceivable4 ,b p]haps !re may /ill be a s5se 9 :i* we c ?9k t :i* we d n "k to be t :i* we "k3 e4g4 ,!aetetus may "k ,socrates1 b at a di/ance he may mi/ake ano!r p]son = him4 ,?is process may be conceiv$ by ! help ( an image4 ,let u suppose t e man has 9 8 m9d a block ( wax ( v>i\s qualities1 ! gift ( ,memory1 ! "m ( ! ,muses2 & on ?is he receives ! seal or /amp ( ^? s5sations & p]ceptions :i* he wi%es to rememb]4 ,t :i* he succe$s 9 /amp+ is rememb]$ & kn[n by him z long z ! impression la/s2 b t1 ( :i* ! impression is rubb$ out or imp]fectly made1 is =gott51 & n kn[n4 ,no "o c ?9k "o ?+ to be ano!r1 :5 he has ! memorial or seal ( bo? ( ^! 9 8 s\l1 & a s5sible impression ( nei!r2 or :5 he kn[s "o & does n "k ! o!r1 & has no memorial or seal ( ! o!r2 or :5 he kn[s nei!r2 or :5 he p]ceives bo?1 or "o & n ! o!r1 or nei!r2 or :5 he p]ceives & kn[s bo?1 & id5tifies :at he p]ceives ) :at he kn[s 7?is is /ill m impossible72 or :5 he does n "k "o1 & does n "k & does n p]ceive ! o!r2 or does n p]ceive "o1 & does n "k & does n p]ceive ! o!r2 or has no p]ception or k ( ei!r--all ^! cases mu/ be exclud$4 ,b he may err :5 he confuses :at he kn[s or p]ceives1 or :at he p]ceives & does n "k1 ) :at he kn[s1 or :at he kn[s & p]ceives ) :at he kn[s & p]ceives4 ,!aetetus is unable to foll[ ^! di/9ctions2 :i* ,socrates proce$s to illu/rate by examples1 fir/ ( all rem>k+1 t k may exi/ )\t p]ception1 & p]ception )\t k4 ,i may "k ,!odorus & ,!aetetus & n see !m2 ,i may see !m1 & n "k !m4 ',t ,i und]/&4' ,b ,i c\ld n mi/ake "o = ! o!r if ,i knew y bo?1 & _h no p]ception ( ei!r2 or if ,i knew "o only1 & p]ceiv$ nei!r2 or if ,i knew & p]ceiv$ nei!r1 or 9 any o!r ( ! exclud$ cases4 ,! only possibility ( error is3 #a/1 :5 kn[+ y & ,!odorus1 & hav+ ! impression ( bo? ( y on ! wax5 block1 ,i1 see+ y bo? imp]fectly & at a di/ance1 put ! foot 9 ! wrong %oe--t is to say1 put ! seal or /amp on ! wrong object3 or #bndly1 :5 kn[+ bo? ( y ,i only see "o2 or :51 see+ & kn[+ y bo?1 ,i fail to id5tify ! impression & ! object4 ,b !re c\ld be no error :5 p]ception & k correspond4 ,! wax5 block 9 ! he>t ( a man's s\l1 z ,i may say 9 ! words ( ,hom]1 :o play$ ^u ! words k] & k]os1 may be smoo? & deep1 & l>ge en\gh1 & !n ! signs are cle>ly m>k$ & la/+1 & d n get confus$4 ,b 9 ! 'hairy he>t1' z ! all-wise poet s+s1 :5 ! wax is muddy or h>d or moi/1 !re is a correspond+ confusion & want ( ret5tiv5ess2 9 ! muddy & impure !re is indi/9ctness1 & /ill m 9 ! h>d1 = !re ! impressions h no dep? ( wax1 & 9 ! moi/ !y are too soon effac$4 ,yet great] is ! indi/9ctness :5 !y are all jolt$ toge!r 9 a little s\l1 :i* is n>r[ & has no room4 ,^! are ! sort ( natures :i* h false op9ion2 f /upidity !y see & he> & ?9k amiss2 & ?is is falsehood & ignorance4 ,error1 !n1 is a confusion ( ?\ght & s5se4 ,!aetetus is delight$ ) ?is explanation4 ,b ,socrates has no soon] f\nd ! new solution ?an he s9ks into a fit ( despond5cy4 ,= an objection occurs to him3--,may !re n be errors :]e !re is no confusion ( m9d & s5se8 e4g4 9 numb]s4 ,no "o c confuse ! man :om he has 9 8 ?\ghts ) ! horse :i* he has 9 8 ?\ghts1 b he may err 9 ! addition ( five & sev54 ,& obs]ve t ^! are purely m5tal conceptions4 ,?us we are involv$ once m 9 ! dilemma ( say+1 ei!r t !re is no su* ?+ z false op9ion1 or t a man kn[s :at he does n "k4 ,we are at our wit's end1 & may !re=e be excus$ = mak+ a bold div]sion4 ,all ?is "t we h be5 repeat+ ! words '"k1' 'und]/&1' yet we d n "k :at k is4 ',:y1 ,socrates1 h[ c y argue at all )\t us+ !m8' ,nay1 b ! true h]o ( dialectic w\ld h =bidd5 me to use !m until ,i _h expla9$ !m4 ,& ,i mu/ expla9 !m n[4 ,! v]b 'to "k' has two s5ses1 to h & to possess k1 & ,i di/+ui% 'hav+' f 'possess+4' ,a man may possess a g>m5t :i* he does n we>2 or he may h wild birds 9 an avi>y2 ^! 9 "o s5se he possesses1 & 9 ano!r he has none ( !m4 ,let ?is avi>y be an image ( ! m9d1 z ! wax5 block 02 :5 we are "y1 ! avi>y is empty2 aft] a "t ! birds are put 92 = "u ?is figure we may describe diff]5t =ms ( k2--!re are "s ( !m 9 gr\ps1 & "s s+le1 :i* are fly+ ab\t ev]y:]e2 & let u suppose a hunt aft] ! sci5ce ( odd & ev51 or "s o!r sci5ce4 ,! possession ( ! birds is cle>ly n ! same z ! hav+ !m 9 ! h&4 ,& ! orig9al *ase ( !m is n ! same z tak+ !m 9 ! h& :5 !y are already cag$4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 use & possession saves u f ! absurdity ( suppos+ t we d n "k :at we "k1 because we may "k 9 "o s5se1 i4e4 possess1 :at we d n "k 9 ano!r1 i4e4 use4 ,b h we n escap$ "o difficulty only to enc\nt] a great]8 ,= h[ c ! ex*ange ( two k9ds ( k ev] become false op9ion8 ,z well might we suppose t ignorance c\ld make a man "k1 or t bl9dness c\ld make him see4 ,!aetetus sugge/s t 9 ! avi>y !re may be fly+ ab\t mock birds1 or =ms ( ignorance1 & we put =? our h&s & grasp ignorance1 :5 we are int5d+ to grasp k4 ,b h[ c he :o kn[s ! =ms ( k & ! =ms ( ignorance imag9e "o to be ! o!r8 ,is !re "s o!r =m ( k :i* di/+ui%es !m8 & ano!r1 & ano!r8 ,?us we g r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle & make no progress4 ,all ?is confusion arises out ( our attempt to expla9 false op9ion )\t hav+ expla9$ k4 ,:at !n is k8 ,!aetetus repeats t k is true op9ion4 ,b ?is seems to be refut$ by ! in/ance ( orators & judges4 ,= surely ! orator _c convey a true k ( crimes at :i* ! judges 7 n pres5t2 he c only p]suade !m1 & ! judge may =m a true op9ion & truly judge4 ,b if true op9ion 7 k !y c\ld n h judg$ )\t k4 ,once m4 ,!aetetus (f]s a def9ition :i* he has he>d3 ,k is true op9ion accompani$ by def9ition or explanation4 ,socrates has _h a simil> dream1 & has fur!r he>d t ! fir/ elem5ts are names only1 & t def9ition or explanation beg9s :5 !y are comb9$2 ! lett]s are unkn[n1 ! syllables or comb9ations are kn[n4 ,b ?is new hypo!sis :5 te/$ by ! lett]s ( ! alphabet is f\nd to break d[n4 ,! fir/ syllable ( ,socrates' "n is ,,s4 ,b :at is ,,s8 ,two lett]s1 ,s & ,o1 a sibilant & a v[el1 ( :i* no fur!r explanation c be giv54 ,& h[ c any "o be ignorant ( ei!r ( !m1 & yet "k bo? ( !m8 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r alt]native3--,we may suppose t ! syllable has a sep>ate =m or idea di/9ct f ! lett]s or p>ts4 ,! all ( ! p>ts may n be ! :ole4 ,!aetetus is v mu* incl9$ to adopt ?is sugge/ion1 b :5 int]rogat$ by ,socrates he is unable to draw any di/9ction betwe5 ! :ole & all ! p>ts4 ,& if ! syllables h no p>ts1 !n !y are ^? orig9al elem5ts ( :i* !re is no explanation4 ,b h[ c ! syllable be kn[n if ! lett] rema9s unkn[n8 ,9 le>n+ to read z *ildr51 we are fir/ taught ! lett]s & !n ! syllables4 ,& 9 music1 ! notes1 :i* are ! lett]s1 h a mu* m di/9ct mean+ to u ?an ! comb9ation ( !m4 ,once m1 !n1 we mu/ ask ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t1 t ',k is "r op9ion1 accompani$ by explanation or def9ition4' ,explanation may mean1 7#a7 ! reflection or expression ( a man's ?\ghts--b e man :o is n deaf & dumb is able to express 8 ?\ghts--or 7#b7 ! enum]ation ( ! elem5ts ( :i* any?+ is compos$4 ,a man may h a true op9ion ab\t a waggon1 b !n1 & !n only1 has he k ( a waggon :5 he is able to enum]ate ! hundr$ planks ( ,hesiod4 ,or he may "k ! syllables ( ! "n ,!aetetus1 b n ! lett]s2 yet n until he kn[s bo? c he be said to h k z well z op9ion4 ,b on ! o!r h& he may "k ! syllable ',!' 9 ! "n ,!aetetus1 yet he may be mi/ak5 ab\t ! same syllable 9 ! "n ,!odorus1 & 9 le>n+ to read we (t5 make su* mi/akes4 ,& ev5 if he c\ld write out all ! lett]s & syllables ( y\r "n 9 ord]1 /ill he w\ld only h "r op9ion4 ,yet !re may be a ?ird mean+ ( ! def9ition1 besides ! image or expression ( ! m9d1 & ! enum]ation ( ! elem5ts1 viz4 7#c7 p]ception ( diff]5ce4 ,= example1 ,i may see a man :o has eyes1 nose1 & m\?2--t w n di/+ui% him f any o!r man4 ,or he may h a snub-nose & prom95t eyes2--t w n di/+ui% him f myself & y & o!rs :o are l me4 ,b :5 ,i see a c]ta9 k9d ( snub-nos$ness1 !n ,i recognize ,!aetetus4 ,& hav+ ?is sign ( diff]5ce1 ,i h k4 ,b h ,i k or op9ion ( ?is diff]5ce2 if ,i h only op9ion ,i h n k2 if ,i h k we assume a disput$ t]m2 = k w h to be def9$ z "r op9ion ) k ( diff]5ce4 ,& s1 ,!aetetus1 k is nei!r p]ception nor true op9ion1 nor yet def9ition accompany+ true op9ion4 ,& ,i h %[n t ! *ildr5 ( y\r bra9 are n wor? re>+4 ,are y /ill 9 lab\r1 or h y br\ght all y h to say ab\t k to ! bir?8 ,if y h any m ?\ghts1 y w be ! bett] = hav+ got rid ( ^!2 or if y h none1 y w be ! bett] = n fancy+ t y "k :at y d n "k4 ,obs]ve ! limits ( my art1 :i*1 l my "m's1 is an art ( midwif]y2 ,i d n pret5d to comp>e ) ! good & wise ( ?is & o!r ages4 ,& n[ ,i g to meet ,meletus at ! por* ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on2 b to-morr[ ,i %all hope to see y aga91 ,!odorus1 at ?is place4 444 ,i4 ,! say+ ( ,!aetetus1 t ',k is s5sible p]ception1' may be assum$ to be a curr5t philosophical op9ion ( ! age4 ',! anci5ts1' z ,ari/otle 7,de ,anim47 says1 cit+ a v]se ( ,emp$ocles1 'affirm$ k to be ! same z p]ception4' ,we may n[ exam9e ^! words1 fir/1 ) ref]5ce to _! place 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & secondly1 9 relation to mod]n speculations4 7a7 ,9 ! age ( ,socrates ! m9d 0 pass+ f ! object to ! subject4 ,! same impulse :i* a c5tury be=e _h l$ m5 to =m conceptions ( ! _w1 n[ l$ !m to frame g5]al notions ( ! human faculties & feel+s1 su* z memory1 op9ion1 & ! l4 ,! simple/ ( ^! is s5sation1 or s5sible p]ception1 by :i* ,plato seems to mean ! g5]aliz$ notion ( feel+s & impressions ( s5se1 )\t det]m9+ :e!r !y are consci\s or n4 ,! !ory t ',k is s5sible p]ception' is ! anti!sis ( t :i* d]ives k f ! m9d 7,!aet471 or :i* assumes ! exi/5ce ( ideas indep5d5t ( ! m9d 7,p>m474 ,yet f _! extreme ab/raction ^! !ories d n repres5t ! opposite poles ( ?\ght 9 ! same way t ! correspond+ diff]5ces w\ld 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,! mo/ ideal & ! mo/ s5sational h a t5d5cy to pass into "o ano!r2 ,h]acleitus1 l 8 great successor ,hegel1 has bo? aspects4 ,! ,eleatic isolation ( ,be+ & ! ,meg>ian or ,cynic isolation ( individuals are plac$ 9 ! same class by ,plato 7,soph472 & ! same pr9ciple :i* is ! symbol ( motion to "o m9d is ! symbol ( re/ to ano!r4 ,! ,atomi/s1 :o are sometimes reg>d$ z ! ,mat]iali/s ( ,plato1 d5i$ ! reality ( s5sation4 ,& 9 ! anci5t z well z ! mod]n _w !re 7 reactions f !ory to exp]i5ce1 f ideas to s5se4 ,?is is a po9t ( view f :i* ! philosophy ( s5sation pres5t$ great attraction to ! anci5t ?9k]4 ,amid ! conflict ( ideas & ! v>iety ( op9ions1 ! impression ( s5se rema9$ c]ta9 & uni=m4 ,h>dness1 s(tness1 cold1 heat1 etc4 are n absolutely ! same to diff]5t p]sons1 b ! art ( measur+ c\ld at any rate r$uce !m all to def9ite natures 7,republic74 ,?us ! doctr9e t k is p]ception supplies or seems to supply a firm /&+ gr\nd4 ,l ! o!r notions ( ! e>li] ,greek philosophy1 x 0 held 9 a v simple way1 )\t mu* basis ( reason+1 & )\t sugge/+ ! que/ions :i* naturally arise 9 our own m9ds on ! same subject4 7b7 ,! fix$ness ( impressions ( s5se furni%es a l9k ( connexion betwe5 anci5t & mod]n philosophy4 ,! mod]n ?9k] (t5 repeats ! p>allel axiom1 ',all k is exp]i5ce4' ,he means to say t ! outw>d & n ! inw>d is bo? ! orig9al s\rce & ! f9al crit]ion ( tru?1 because ! outw>d c be obs]v$ & analyz$2 ! inw>d is only kn[n by ext]nal results1 & is dimly p]ceiv$ by ea* man = himself4 ,9 :at does ?is diff] f ! say+ ( ,!aetetus8 ,*iefly 9 ?is--t ! mod]n t]m 'exp]i5ce1' :ile imply+ a po9t ( dep>ture 9 s5se & a return to s5se1 also includes all ! processes ( reason+ & imag9ation :i* h int]v5$4 ,! necess>y connexion betwe5 !m by no means af=ds a measure ( ! relative degree ( importance :i* is to be ascrib$ to ei!r elem5t4 ,= ! inductive portion ( any sci5ce may be small1 z 9 ma!matics or e?ics1 comp>$ ) t :i* ! m9d has atta9$ by reason+ & reflection on a v few facts4 ,,ii4 ,! say+ t ',all k is s5sation' is id5tifi$ by ,plato ) ! ,protagorean !sis t ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s4' ,! int]pretation :i* ,protagoras himself is suppos$ to give ( ^! latt] words is3 ',?+s are to me z !y appe> to me1 & to y z !y appe> to y4' ,b !re rema9s /ill an ambiguity bo? 9 ! text & 9 ! explanation1 :i* has to be cle>$ up4 ,did ,protagoras m]ely mean to ass]t ! relativity ( k to ! human m9d8 ,or did he mean to d5y t !re is an objective /&>d ( tru?8 ,^! two que/ions h n be5 always cle>ly di/+ui%$2 ! relativity ( k has be5 sometimes conf\nd$ ) unc]ta9ty4 ,! untutor$ m9d is apt to suppose t objects exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! human faculties1 because !y really exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! faculties ( any individual4 ,9 ! same way1 k appe>s to be a body ( tru?s /or$ up 9 books1 :i* :5 once asc]ta9$ are indep5d5t ( ! discov]]4 ,fur!r consid]ation %[s u t ^! tru?s are n really indep5d5t ( ! m9d2 !re is an adaptation ( "o to ! o!r1 ( ! eye to ! object ( s5se1 ( ! m9d to ! conception4 ,!re w\ld be no _w1 if !re nei!r 7 nor ev] _h be5 any "o to p]ceive ! _w4 ,a slight ef=t ( reflection enables u to und]/& ?is2 b no ef=t ( reflection w enable u to pass beyond ! limits ( our own faculties1 or to imag9e ! relation or adaptation ( objects to ! m9d to be diff]5t f t ( :i* we h exp]i5ce4 ,!re are c]ta9 laws ( language & logic to :i* we are compell$ to con=m1 & to :i* our ideas naturally adapt !mselves2 & we c no m get rid ( !m ?an we c cease to be ourselves4 ,! absolute & inf9ite1 :e!r expla9$ z self-exi/5ce1 or z ! totality ( human ?\ght1 or z ! ,div9e nature1 if kn[n to u at all1 _c escape f ! category ( relation4 ,b because k is subjective or relative to ! m9d1 we are n to suppose t we are !re=e depriv$ ( any ( ! te/s or crit]ia ( tru?4 ,"o man /ill rema9s wis] ?an ano!r1 a m accurate obs]v] & relat] ( facts1 a tru] measure ( ! proportions ( k4 ,! nature ( te/imony is n alt]$1 nor ! v]ification ( causes by prescrib$ me?ods less c]ta94 ,aga91 ! tru? mu/ (t5 come to a man ?r\gh o!rs1 accord+ to ! measure ( 8 capacity & education4 ,b nei!r does ?is affect ! te/imony1 :e!r writt5 or oral1 :i* he kn[s by exp]i5ce to be tru/wor?y4 ,he _c escape f ! laws ( 8 own m9d2 & he _c escape f ! fur!r accid5t ( be+ dep5d5t = 8 k on o!rs4 ,b /ill ?is is no reason :y he %\ld always be 9 d\bt2 ( _m p]sonal1 ( _m hi/orical & sci5tific facts he may be absolutely assur$4 ,& hav+ su* a mass ( ackn[l$g$ tru? 9 ! ma!matical & physical1 n to speak ( ! moral sci5ces1 ! mod]ns h c]ta9ly no reason to acquiesce 9 ! /atem5t t tru? is appe>ance only1 or t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 appe>ance & tru?4 ,! relativity ( k is a truism to u1 b 0 a great psy*ological discov]y 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,( ?is discov]y1 ! fir/ di/9ct ass]tion is conta9$ 9 ! !sis ( ,protagoras4 ,probably he _h no int5tion ei!r ( d5y+ or affirm+ an objective /&>d ( tru?4 ,he did n consid] :e!r man 9 ! high] or man 9 ! l[] s5se 0 a 'measure ( all ?+s4' ,l o!r great ?9k]s1 he 0 absorb$ ) "o idea1 & t idea 0 ! absolut5ess ( p]ception4 ,l ,socrates1 he seem$ to see t philosophy mu/ be br\ght back f 'nature' to 'tru?1' f ! _w to man4 ,b he did n /op to analyze :e!r he meant 'man' 9 ! concrete or man 9 ! ab/ract1 any man or "s m51 'quod semp] quod ubique' or individual private judgm5t4 ,su* an analysis lay beyond 8 sph]e ( ?\ght2 ! age be=e ,socrates _h n arriv$ at ^! di/9ctions4 ,l ! ,cynics1 aga91 he disc>d$ k 9 any high] s5se ?an p]ception4 ,= 'tru]' or 'wis]' he sub/itut$ ! ^w 'bett]1' & is n unwill+ to admit t bo? /ates & individuals are capable ( practical improvem5t4 ,b ?is improvem5t does n arise f intellectual enlight5m5t1 nor yet f ! ex]tion ( ! w1 b f a *ange ( circum/ances & impressions2 & he :o c effect ?is *ange 9 himself or o!rs may be deem$ a philosoph]4 ,9 ! mode ( effect+ x1 :ile agree+ ) ,socrates & ! ,cynics 9 ! importance :i* he atta*es to practical life1 he is at v>iance ) bo? ( !m4 ,to suppose t practice c be divorc$ f speculation1 or t we may d good )\t c>+ ab\t tru?1 is by no means s+ul>1 ei!r 9 philosophy or life4 ,! s+ul>ity ( ?is1 z ( "s o!r 7s-call$7 sophi/ical doctr9es1 is ! frankness ) :i* !y are av[$1 in/ead ( be+ veil$1 z 9 mod]n times1 "u ambigu\s & conv5i5t phrases4 ,plato appe>s to treat ,protagoras mu* z he himself is treat$ by ,ari/otle2 t is to say1 he does n attempt to und]/& him f 8 own po9t ( view4 ,b he entangles him 9 ! me%es ( a m advanc$ logic4 ,to :i* ,protagoras is suppos$ to reply by ,meg>ian quibbles1 :i* de/roy logic1 ',n only man1 b ea* man1 & ea* man at ea* mom5t4' ,9 ! argum5ts ab\t sight & memory !re is a palpable unfairness :i* is wor?y ( ! great 'bra9less bro!rs1' ,eu?ydemus & ,dionysodorus1 & may be comp>$ ) ! egkekalumm5os 7'obvelatus'7 ( ,eubulides4 ,= he :o sees ) "o eye only _c be truly said bo? to see & n to see2 nor is memory1 :i* is liable to =get1 ! imm$iate k to :i* ,protagoras applies ! t]m4 ,!odorus ju/ly *>ges ,socrates ) go+ beyond ! tru?2 & ,protagoras has equally "r on 8 side :5 he prote/s aga9/ ,socrates argu+ f ! common use ( words1 :i* '! vulg> p]v]t 9 all mann] ( ways4' ,,iii4 ,! !ory ( ,protagoras is connect$ by ,ari/otle z well z ,plato ) ! flux ( ,h]acleitus4 ,b ,ari/otle is only foll[+ ,plato1 & ,plato1 z we h already se51 did n mean to imply t su* a connexion 0 admitt$ by ,protagoras himself4 ,8 metaphysical g5ius saw or seem$ to see a common t5d5cy 9 !m1 j z ! mod]n hi/orian ( anci5t philosophy might p]ceive a p>allelism betwe5 two ?9k]s ( :i* !y 7 probably unconsci\s !mselves4 ,we mu/ rememb] ?r\gh\t t ,plato is n speak+ ( ,h]acleitus1 b ( ! ,h]acliteans1 :o succe$$ him2 nor ( ! great orig9al ideas ( ! ma/]1 b ( ! ,eri/ic into :i* !y _h deg5]at$ a hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,h]acleitus :i* at all ju/ifies ,plato's acc\nt ( him4 ,8 philosophy may be resolv$ into two elem5ts--fir/1 *ange1 secondly1 law or measure p]vad+ ! *ange3 ^! he saw ev]y:]e1 & (t5 express$ 9 /range my?ological symbols4 ,b he has no analysis ( s5sible p]ception su* z ,plato attributes to him2 nor is !re any reason to suppose t he pu%$ 8 philosophy into t absolute negation 9 :i* ,h]acliteanism 0 sunk 9 ! age ( ,plato4 ,he nev] said t '*ange means e sort ( *ange2' & he expressly di/+ui%$ betwe5 '! g5]al & p>ticul> und]/&+4' ,l a poet1 he survey$ ! elem5ts ( my?ology1 nature1 ?\ght1 :i* lay be=e him1 & sometimes by ! light ( g5ius he saw or seem$ to see a my/]i\s pr9ciple work+ beh9d !m4 ,b z has be5 ! case ) o!r great philosoph]s1 & ) ,plato & ,ari/otle !mselves1 :at 0 really p]man5t & orig9al c\ld n be und]/ood by ! next g5]ation1 :ile a p]v]t$ logic c>ri$ out 8 *ance expressions ) an illogical consi/5cy4 ,8 simple & noble ?\ghts1 l ^? ( ! great ,eleatic1 soon deg5]at$ into a m]e /rife ( words4 ,& :5 ?us r$uc$ to m]e words1 !y seem to h ex]cis$ a f> wid] influ5ce 9 ! cities ( ,ionia 7:]e ! p '7 mad ab\t !m'7 ?an 9 ! life-"t ( ,h]acleitus--a ph5om5on :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ sight s+ul>1 is n )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy & !ology4 ,x is ?is p]v]t$ =m ( ! ,h]aclitean philosophy :i* is suppos$ to effect ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ,protagorean s5sationalism4 ,= if all ?+s are *ang+ at e mom5t1 9 all sorts ( ways1 !n !re is no?+ fix$ or def9$ at all1 & !re=e no s5sible p]ception1 nor any true ^w by :i* t or any?+ else c be describ$4 ,( c\rse ,protagoras w\ld n h admitt$ ! ju/ice ( ?is argum5t any m ?an ,h]acleitus w\ld h ackn[l$g$ ! 'un$ucat$ fanatics' :o appeal$ to 8 writ+s4 ,he might h said1 ',! excell5t ,socrates has fir/ confus$ me ) ,h]acleitus1 & ,h]acleitus ) 8 ,ephesian successors1 & has !n disprov$ ! exi/5ce bo? ( k & s5sation4 ,b ,i am n responsible = :at ,i nev] said1 nor w ,i admit t my common-s5se acc\nt ( k c be ov]?r[n by un9telligible ,h]aclitean p>adoxes4' ,,iv4 ,/ill at ! bottom ( ! argum5ts !re rema9s a tru?1 t k is some?+ m ?an s5sible p]ception2--?is alone w\ld n di/+ui% man f a tadpole4 ,! absolut5ess ( s5sations at ea* mom5t de/roys ! v consci\sness ( s5sations 7comp>e ,phileb471 or ! p[] ( comp>+ !m4 ,! s5ses are n m]e holes 9 a ',trojan horse1' b ! organs ( a presid+ nature1 9 :i* !y meet4 ,a great advance has be5 made 9 psy*ology :5 ! s5ses are recogniz$ z organs ( s5se1 & we are admitt$ to see or feel '?r\gh !m' & n 'by !m1' a di/9ction ( words :i*1 z ,socrates obs]ves1 is by no means p$antic4 ,a /ill fur!r /ep has be5 made :5 ! mo/ ab/ract notions1 su* z ,be+ & ,n-be+1 sam5ess & diff]5ce1 unity & plurality1 are ackn[l$g$ to be ! creations ( ! m9d h]self1 work+ ^u ! feel+s or impressions ( s5se4 ,9 ?is mann] ,plato describes ! process ( acquir+ !m1 9 ! words ',k consi/s n 9 ! feel+s or affections 7pa!masi71 b 9 ! process ( reason+ ab\t !m 7sullogismo74' ,"h1 is 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 he means some?+ n really diff]5t f g5]alization4 ,z 9 ! ,sophi/1 he is lay+ ! f\ndation ( a rational psy*ology1 :i* is to sup]s$e ! ,platonic rem9isc5ce ( ,ideas z well z ! ,eleatic ,be+ & ! individualism ( ,meg>ians & ,cynics4 ,v4 ,hav+ reject$ ! doctr9e t ',k is p]ception1' we n[ proce$ to look = a def9ition ( k 9 ! sph]e ( op9ion4 ,b "h we are met by a s+ul> difficulty3 ,h[ is false op9ion possible8 ,= we mu/ ei!r "k or n "k t :i* is pres5t$ to ! m9d or to s5se4 ,we ( c\rse %\ld answ] at once3 ',no2 ! alt]native is n necess>y1 = !re may be degrees ( k2 & we may "k & h =gott51 or we may be le>n+1 or we may h a g5]al b n a p>ticul> k1 or we may "k b n be able to expla92' & _m o!r ways may be imag9$ 9 :i* we "k & d n "k at ! same "t4 ,b ^! answ]s belong to a lat] /age ( metaphysical discussion2 :]eas ! difficulty 9 "q naturally arises ow+ to ! *ildhood ( ! human m9d1 l ! p>allel difficulty respect+ ,n-be+4 ,m5 _h only rec5tly arriv$ at ! notion ( op9ion2 !y c\ld n at once def9e ! true & pass beyond into ! false4 ,! v ^w doxa 0 full ( ambiguity1 be+ sometimes1 z 9 ! ,eleatic philosophy1 appli$ to ! s5sible _w1 & aga9 us$ 9 ! m ord9>y s5se ( op9ion4 ,!re is no connexion betwe5 s5sible appe>ance & probability1 & yet bo? ( !m met 9 ! ^w doxa1 & c\ld h>dly be dis5gag$ f "o ano!r 9 ! m9d ( ! ,greek liv+ 9 ! fif? or f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,to ?is 0 (t5 add$1 z at ! end ( ! fif? book ( ! ,republic1 ! idea ( relation1 :i* is equally di/9ct f ei!r ( !m2 also a f\r? notion1 ! conclusion ( ! dialectical process1 ! mak+ up ( ! m9d aft] %e has be5 'talk+ to h]self' 7,!at474 ,we are n !n surpris$ t ! sph]e ( op9ion & ( ,n-be+ %\ld be a dusky1 half-light$ place 7,republic71 belong+ nei!r to ! old _w ( s5se & imag9ation1 nor to ! new _w ( reflection & reason4 ,plato attempts to cle> up ?is d>kness4 ,9 8 accu/om$ mann] he passes f ! l[] to ! high]1 )\t omitt+ ! int]m$iate /ages4 ,?is appe>s to be ! reason :y he seeks = ! def9ition ( k fir/ 9 ! sph]e ( op9ion4 ,h]eaft] we %all f9d t some?+ m ?an op9ion is requir$4 ,false op9ion is expla9$ by ,plato at fir/ z a confusion ( m9d & s5se1 :i* arises :5 ! impression on ! m9d does n correspond to ! impression made on ! s5ses4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is explanation 7suppos+ ! di/9ction betwe5 impressions on ! m9d & impressions on ! s5ses to be admitt$7 does n acc\nt = all =ms ( error2 & ,plato has exclud$ himself f ! consid]ation ( ! great] numb]1 by design$ly omitt+ ! int]m$iate processes ( le>n+ & =gett+2 nor does he include fallacies 9 ! use ( language or errone\s inf]5ces4 ,b he is /ruck by "o possibility ( error1 :i* is n cov]$ by 8 !ory1 viz4 errors 9 ari?metic4 ,= 9 numb]s & calculation !re is no comb9ation ( ?\ght & s5se1 & yet errors may (t5 happ54 ,h5ce he is l$ to disc>d ! explanation :i* might nev]!less h be5 suppos$ to hold good 7= any?+ :i* he says to ! contr>y7 z a rationale ( error1 9 ! case ( facts d]iv$ f s5se4 ,ano!r attempt is made to expla9 false op9ion by assign+ to error a sort ( positive exi/5ce4 ,b error or ignorance is ess5tially negative--a n-kn[+2 if we knew an error1 we %\ld be no long] 9 error4 ,we may veil our difficulty "u figures ( spee*1 b ^!1 al?\gh tell+ argum5ts ) ! multitude1 c nev] be ! real f\ndation ( a sy/em ( psy*ology4 ,only !y lead u to dwell ^u m5tal ph5om5a :i* if express$ 9 an ab/ract =m w\ld n be realiz$ by u at all4 ,! figure ( ! m9d receiv+ impressions is "o ( ^? images :i* h root$ !mselves = ev] 9 language4 ,x may or may n be a 'graci\s aid' to ?\ght2 b x _c be got rid (4 ,! o!r figure ( ! enclosure is also rem>kable z af=d+ ! fir/ h9t ( univ]sal all-p]vad+ ideas1--a notion fur!r c>ri$ out 9 ! ,sophi/4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! birds1 "s 9 flocks1 "s solit>y1 :i* fly ab\t any:]e & ev]y:]e4 ,plato disc>ds bo? figures1 z n really solv+ ! "q :i* to u appe>s s simple3 ',h[ d we make mi/akes8' ,! failure ( ! enquiry seems to %[ t we %\ld return to k1 & beg9 ) t2 & we may aft]w>ds proce$1 ) a bett] hope ( success1 to ! exam9ation ( op9ion4 ,b is true op9ion really di/9ct f k8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! he seeks to e/abli% by an argum5t1 :i* to u appe>s s+ul> & unsatisfactory4 ,! exi/5ce ( true op9ion is prov$ by ! rhetoric ( ! law c\rts1 :i* _c give k1 b may give true op9ion4 ,! rhetorician _c put ! judge or juror 9 possession ( all ! facts :i* prove an act ( viol5ce1 b he may truly p]suade !m ( ! commission ( su* an act4 ,"h ! idea ( true op9ion seems to be a "r conclusion f imp]fect k4 ,b ! correctness ( su* an op9ion w be purely accid5tal2 & is really ! effect ( "o man1 :o has ! means ( kn[+1 p]suad+ ano!r :o has n4 ,plato w\ld h done bett] if he _h said t true op9ion 0 a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,assum+ ! di/9ction betwe5 k & op9ion1 ,!aetetus1 9 answ] to ,socrates1 proce$s to def9e k z true op9ion1 ) def9ite or rational explanation4 ,?is ,socrates id5tifies ) ano!r & diff]5t !ory1 ( ^? :o ass]t t k fir/ beg9s ) a proposition4 ,! elem5ts may be p]ceiv$ by s5se1 b !y are names1 & _c be def9$4 ,:5 we assign to !m "s pr$icate1 !y fir/ beg9 to h a mean+ 7onomaton sumploke log\ ousia74 ,?is seems equival5t to say+1 t ! individuals ( s5se become ! subject ( k :5 !y are reg>d$ z !y are 9 nature 9 relation to o!r individuals4 ,yet we feel a difficulty 9 foll[+ ?is new hypo!sis4 ,= mu/ n op9ion be equally express$ 9 a proposition8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 true & false op9ion is n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>ticul> & ! univ]sal1 b betwe5 ! true univ]sal & ! false4 ,?\ght may be z mu* at fault z sight4 ,:5 we place individuals "u a class1 or assign to !m attributes1 ?is is n k1 b a v rudim5t>y process ( ?\ght2 ! fir/ g5]alization ( all1 )\t :i* language w\ld be impossible4 ,& has ,plato kept altoge!r cle> ( a confusion1 :i* ! analog\s ^w logos t5ds to create1 ( a proposition & a def9ition8 ,& is n ! confusion increas$ by ! use ( ! analog\s t]m 'elem5ts1' or 'lett]s'8 ,= !re is no real resemblance betwe5 ! relation ( lett]s to a syllable1 & ( ! t]ms to a proposition4 ,plato1 9 ! _s ( ! ,meg>ian philosophy1 soon discov]s a flaw 9 ! explanation4 ,= h[ c we "k a comp\nd ( :i* ! simple elem5ts are unkn[n to u8 ,c two unkn[ns make a kn[n8 ,c a :ole be some?+ diff]5t f ! p>ts8 ,! answ] ( exp]i5ce is t !y c2 = we may "k a comp\nd1 :i* we are unable to analyze into its elem5ts2 & all ! p>ts1 :5 unit$1 may be m ?an all ! p>ts sep>at$3 e4g4 ! numb] f\r1 or any o!r numb]1 is m ?an ! units :i* are conta9$ 9 x2 any *emical comp\nd is m ?an & diff]5t f ! simple elem5ts4 ,b anci5t philosophy 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 proce$+ by ! pa? ( m5tal analysis1 0 p]plex$ by d\bts :i* w>r$ aga9/ ! pla9e/ facts4 ,?ree attempts to expla9 ! new def9ition ( k /ill rema9 to be consid]$4 ,!y all ( !m turn on ! explanation ( logos4 ,! fir/ acc\nt ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w is ! reflection ( ?\ght 9 spee*--a sort ( nom9alism ',la sci5ce e/ une langue bi5 faite4' ,b anybody :o is n dumb c say :at he ?9ks2 !re=e m]e spee* _c be k4 ,& yet we may obs]ve1 t !re is 9 ?is explanation an elem5t ( tru? :i* is n recogniz$ by ,plato2 viz4 t tru? & ?\ght are insep>able f language1 al?\gh m]e expression 9 words is n tru?4 ,! second explanation ( logos is ! enum]ation ( ! elem5t>y p>ts ( ! complex :ole4 ,b ?is is only def9ition accompani$ ) "r op9ion1 & does n yet atta9 to ! c]ta9ty ( k4 ,plato does n m5tion ! great] objection1 :i* is1 t ! enum]ation ( p>ticul>s is endless2 su* a def9ition w\ld be bas$ on no pr9ciple1 & w\ld n help u at all 9 ga9+ a common idea4 ,! ?ird is ! be/ explanation1--! possession ( a *>act]i/ic m>k1 :i* seems to answ] to ! logical def9ition by g5us & diff]5ce4 ,b ?is1 aga91 is equally necess>y = "r op9ion2 & we h already det]m9$1 al?\gh n on v satisfactory gr\nds1 t k mu/ be di/+ui%$ f op9ion4 ,a bett] di/9ction is drawn betwe5 !m 9 ! ,timaeus4 ,!y might be oppos$ z philosophy & rhetoric1 & z conv]sant respectively ) necess>y & cont+5t matt]4 ,b no true idea ( ! nature ( ei!r ( !m1 or ( _! relation to "o ano!r1 c\ld be fram$ until sci5ce obta9$ a cont5t4 ,! anci5t philosoph]s 9 ! age ( ,plato ?\ght ( sci5ce only z pure ab/raction1 & to ?is op9ion /ood 9 no relation4 ,l ,!aetetus1 we h atta9$ to no def9ite result4 ,b an int]e/+ phase ( anci5t philosophy has pass$ be=e u4 ,& ! negative result is n to be despis$4 ,= on c]ta9 subjects1 & 9 c]ta9 /ates ( k1 ! "w ( negation or cle>+ ! gr\nd mu/ g on1 p]haps = a g5]ation1 be=e ! new /ructure c beg9 to rise4 ,plato saw ! necessity ( combat+ ! illogical logic ( ! ,meg>ians & ,eri/ics4 ,= ! completion ( ! edifice1 he makes prep>ation 9 ! ,!aetetus1 & cr[ns ! "w 9 ! ,sophi/4 ,_m 7#a7 f9e expressions1 & 7#b7 rem>ks full ( wisdom1 7#c7 also g]ms ( a metaphysic ( ! future1 are scatt]$ up & d[n 9 ! dialogue4 ,su*1 = example1 z 7#a7 ! comp>ison ( ,!aetetus' progress 9 le>n+ to ! 'noiseless fl[ ( a riv] ( oil'2 ! satirical t\*1 'flav\r+ a sauce or fawn+ spee*'2 or ! rem>kable expression1 'full ( impure dialectic'2 or ! lively images "u :i* ! argum5t is describ$1--'! flood ( argum5ts p\r+ 91' ! fre% discussions 'bur/+ 9 l a b& ( revell]s4' 7#b7 ,z illu/rations ( ! second head1 may be cit$ ! rem>k ( ,socrates1 t 'di/9ctions ( words1 al?\gh sometimes p$antic1 are also necess>y'2 or ! f9e t\* 9 ! "* ( ! lawy]1 t 'dang]s came ^u him :5 ! t5d]ness ( y\? 0 unequal to !m'2 or ! description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! _s is brok5 9 a wick$ man :o li/5s to repro( until he becomes l a *ild2 or ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 :i* is n physical suff]+1 b ! p]petual companion%ip ( evil 7comp>e ,gorgias72 or ! say+1 (t5 repeat$ by ,ari/otle & o!rs1 t 'philosophy beg9s 9 wond]1 = ,iris is ! *ild ( ,?aumas'2 or ! sup]b contempt ) :i* ! philosoph] takes d[n ! pride ( weal?y l&$ proprietors by comp>ison ( ! :ole e>?4 7#c7 ,important metaphysical ideas are3 a4 ! conception ( ?\ght1 z ! m9d talk+ to h]self2 b4 ! notion ( a common s5se1 develop$ fur!r by ,ari/otle1 & ! explicit decl>ation1 t ! m9d ga9s h] conceptions ( ,be+1 sam5ess1 numb]1 & ! l1 f reflection on h]self2 c4 ! excell5t di/9ction ( ,!aetetus 7:i* ,socrates1 speak+ ) emphasis1 'leaves to gr['7 betwe5 see+ ! =ms or he>+ ! s\nds ( words 9 a =eign language1 & und]/&+ ! mean+ ( !m2 & d4 ! di/9ction ( ,socrates himself betwe5 'hav+' & 'possess+' k1 9 :i* ! answ] to ! :ole discussion appe>s to be conta9$4 444 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n psy*ology1 & we h a difficulty 9 expla9+ "o 9 ! t]ms ( ! o!r4 ,to u ! inw>d & outw>d s5se & ! inw>d & outw>d worlds ( :i* !y are ! organs are p>t$ by a wall1 & appe> z if !y c\ld nev] be conf\nd$4 ,! m9d is endu$ ) faculties1 habits1 in/9cts1 & a p]sonality or consci\sness 9 :i* !y are b\nd toge!r4 ,ov] aga9/ ^! are plac$ =ms1 col\rs1 ext]nal bodies com+ into contact ) our own body4 ,we speak ( a subject :i* is ourselves1 ( an object :i* is all ! re/4 ,^! are sep>able 9 ?\ght1 b unit$ 9 any act ( s5sation1 reflection1 or volition4 ,z !re are v>i\s degrees 9 :i* ! m9d may ent] into or be ab/ract$ f ! op]ations ( s5se1 s !re are v>i\s po9ts at :i* ?is sep>ation or union may be suppos$ to occur4 ,& )9 ! sph]e ( m9d ! analogy ( s5se reappe>s2 & we di/+ui% n only ext]nal objects1 b objects ( w & ( k :i* we contra/ ) !m4 ,^! aga9 are compreh5d$ 9 a high] object1 :i* reunites ) ! subject4 ,a multitude ( ab/ractions are creat$ by ! ef=ts ( successive ?9k]s :i* become logical det]m9ations2 & !y h to be arrang$ 9 ord]1 be=e ! s*eme ( ?\ght is complete4 ,! framework ( ! human intellect is n ! peculium ( an individual1 b ! jo9t "w ( _m :o are ( all ages & c\ntries4 ,:at we are 9 m9d is due1 n m]ely to our physical1 b to our m5tal antec$5ts :i* we trace 9 hi/ory1 & m especially 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,nor c m5tal ph5om5a be truly expla9$ ei!r by physiology or by ! obs]vation ( consci\sness ap>t f _! hi/ory4 ,!y h a gr[? ( _! own1 l ! gr[? ( a fl[]1 a tree1 a human be+4 ,!y may be conceiv$ z ( !mselves con/itut+ a common m9d1 & hav+ a sort ( p]sonal id5tity 9 :i* !y coexi/4 ,s compreh5sive is mod]n psy*ology1 seem+ to aim at con/ruct+ anew ! entire _w ( ?\ght4 ,& prior to or simultane\sly ) ?is con/ruction a negative process has to be c>ri$ on1 a cle>+ away ( useless ab/ractions :i* we h inh]it$ f ! pa/4 ,_m errone\s conceptions ( ! m9d d]iv$ f =m] philosophies h f\nd _! way into language1 & we ) difficulty dis5gage ourselves f !m4 ,m]e figures ( spee* h unconsci\sly influ5c$ ! m9ds ( great ?9k]s4 ,also !re are "s di/9ctions1 z1 = example1 t ( ! w & ( ! reason1 & ( ! moral & intellectual faculties1 :i* are c>ri$ fur!r ?an is ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,any sep>ation ( ?+s :i* we _c see or exactly def9e1 ?\gh x may be necess>y1 is a f]tile s\rce ( error4 ,! division ( ! m9d into faculties or p[]s or virtues is too deeply root$ 9 language to be got rid (1 b x gives a false impression4 ,= if we reflect on ourselves we see t all our faculties easily pass into "o ano!r1 & are b\nd toge!r 9 a s+le m9d or consci\sness2 b ?is m5tal unity is apt to be conceal$ f u by ! di/9ctions ( language4 ,a pr(usion ( words & ideas has obscur$ r ?an enlight5$ m5tal sci5ce4 ,x is h>d to say h[ _m fallacies h aris5 f ! repres5tation ( ! m9d z a box1 z a 'tabula rasa1' a book1 a mirror1 & ! l4 ,x is rem>kable h[ ,plato 9 ! ,!aetetus1 aft] hav+ indulg$ 9 ! figure ( ! wax5 tablet & ! decoy1 aft]w>ds disc>ds !m4 ,! m9d is also repres5t$ by ano!r class ( images1 z ! spr+ ( a wat*1 a motive p[]1 a brea?1 a /ream1 a succession ( po9ts or mom5ts4 ,z ,plato rem>ks 9 ! ,cratylus1 words expressive ( motion z well z ( re/ are employ$ to describe ! faculties & op]ations ( ! m9d2 & 9 ^! !re is conta9$ ano!r /ore ( fallacies4 ,"s %ad[ or reflection ( ! body seems always to adh]e to our ?\ghts ab\t ourselves1 & m5tal processes are h>dly di/+ui%$ 9 language f bodily ones4 ,to see or p]ceive are us$ indiff]5tly ( bo?2 ! words intuition1 moral s5se1 common s5se1 ! m9d's eye1 are figures ( spee* transf]r$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,& _m o!r words us$ 9 e>ly poetry or 9 sacr$ writ+s to express ! works ( m9d h a mat]iali/ic s\nd2 = old my?ology 0 alli$ to s5se1 & ! di/9ction ( matt] & m9d _h n z yet aris54 ,?us mat]ialism receives an illusive aid f language2 & bo? 9 philosophy & religion ! imag9>y figure or association easily takes ! place ( real k4 ,aga91 !re is ! illusion ( look+ into our own m9ds z if our ?\ghts or feel+s 7 writt5 d[n 9 a book4 ,?is is ano!r figure ( spee*1 :i* might be appropriately t]m$ '! fallacy ( ! look+-glass4' ,we _c look at ! m9d unless we h ! eye :i* sees1 & we c only look1 n into1 b out ( ! m9d at ! ?\ghts1 words1 actions ( ourselves & o!rs4 ,:at we dimly recognize )9 u is n exp]i5ce1 b r ! sugge/ion ( an exp]i5ce1 :i* we may ga!r1 if we w1 f ! obs]vation ( ! _w4 ,! memory has b a feeble recollection ( :at we 7 say+ or do+ a few weeks or a few mon?s ago1 & /ill less ( :at we 7 ?9k+ or feel+4 ,?is is "o among _m reasons :y !re is s little self-k among mank9d2 !y d n c>ry ) !m ! ?\ght ( :at !y are or h be54 ,! s-call$ 'facts ( consci\sness' are equally evanesc5t2 !y are facts :i* nobody ev] saw1 & :i* c nei!r be def9$ nor describ$4 ,( ! ?ree laws ( ?\ght ! fir/ 7,all ,a ,a7 is an id5tical proposition--t is to say1 a m]e ^w or symbol claim+ to be a proposition3 ! two o!rs 7,no?+ c be ,a & n ,a1 & ,ev]y?+ is ei!r ,a or n ,a7 are untrue1 because !y exclude degrees & also ! mix$ modes & d\ble aspects "u :i* tru? is s (t5 pres5t$ to u4 ,to ass]t t man is man is unmean+2 to say t he is free or necess>y & _c be bo? is a half tru? only4 ,^! are a few ( ! entanglem5ts :i* imp$e ! natural c\rse ( human ?\ght4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! fallacy :i* lies /ill deep]1 ( reg>d+ ! individual m9d ap>t f ! univ]sal1 or ei!r1 z a self-exi/5t entity ap>t f ! ideas :i* are conta9$ 9 !m4 ,9 anci5t philosophies ! analysis ( ! m9d is /ill rudim5t>y & imp]fect4 ,x naturally began ) an ef=t to dis5gage ! univ]sal f s5se--?is 0 ! fir/ lift+ up ( ! mi/4 ,x wav]$ betwe5 object & subject1 pass+ imp]ceptibly f "o or ,be+ to m9d & ?\ght4 ,appe>ance 9 ! outw>d object 0 = a "t indi/+ui%able f op9ion 9 ! subject4 ,at l5g? mank9d spoke ( kn[+ z well z ( op9+ or p]ceiv+4 ,b :5 ! ^w 'k' 0 f\nd h[ 0 x to be expla9$ or def9$8 ,x 0 n an error1 x 0 a /ep 9 ! "r direction1 :5 ,protagoras said t ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s1' & t ',all k is p]ception4' ,?is 0 ! subjective :i* correspond$ to ! objective ',all is flux4' ,b ! ?\ghts ( m5 deep5$1 & soon !y began to be aw>e t k 0 nei!r s5se1 nor yet op9ion--) or )\t explanation2 nor ! expression ( ?\ght1 nor ! enum]ation ( p>ts1 nor ! addition ( *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,motion & re/ 7 equally ill adapt$ to express its nature1 al?\gh bo? mu/ 9 "s s5se be attribut$ to x2 x might be describ$ m truly z ! m9d conv]s+ ) h]self2 ! disc\rse ( reason2 ! hymn ( dialectic1 ! sci5ce ( relations1 ( ideas1 ( ! s-call$ arts & sci5ces1 ( ! "o1 ( ! good1 ( ! all3--?is is ! way along :i* ,plato is lead+ u 9 8 lat] dialogues4 ,9 its high] signification x 0 ! k1 n ( m51 b ( gods1 p]fect & all suffic+3--l o!r ideals always pass+ out ( sight1 & nev]!less pres5t to ! m9d ( ,ari/otle z well z ,plato1 & ! reality to :i* !y 7 bo? t5d+4 ,= ,ari/otle z well z ,plato w\ld 9 mod]n phraseology h be5 t]m$ a my/ic2 & l him w\ld h def9$ ! high] philosophy to be ',k ( be+ or ess5ce1'--words to :i* 9 our own day we h a difficulty 9 atta*+ a mean+4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ,plato & 8 foll[]s1 mank9d h aga9 & aga9 return$ to a s5sational philosophy4 ,z to "s ( ! e>ly ?9k]s1 amid ! fleet+s ( s5sible objects1 ideas alone seem$ to be fix$1 s to a lat] g5]ation amid ! fluctuation ( philosophical op9ions ! only fix$ po9ts appe>$ to be outw>d objects4 ,any pret5ce ( k :i* w5t beyond !m impli$ logical processes1 ( ! correctness ( :i* !y _h no assurance & :i* at be/ 7 only probable4 ,! m9d1 tir$ ( w&]+1 s\ght to re/ on firm gr\nd2 :5 ! idols ( philosophy & language 7 /ripp$ (f1 ! p]ception ( outw>d objects alone rema9$4 ,! anci5t ,epicureans nev] ask$ :e!r ! comp>ison ( ^! ) "o ano!r did n involve pr9ciples ( ano!r k9d :i* 7 above & beyond !m4 ,9 l mann] ! mod]n inductive philosophy =got to enquire into ! mean+ ( exp]i5ce1 & did n attempt to =m a conception ( outw>d objects ap>t f ! m9d1 or ( ! m9d ap>t f !m4 ,soon objects ( s5se 7 m]g$ 9 s5sations & feel+s1 b feel+s & s5sations 7 /ill unanalyz$4 ,at la/ we return to ! doctr9e attribut$ by ,plato to ,protagoras1 t ! m9d is only a succession ( mom5t>y p]ceptions4 ,at ?is po9t ! mod]n philosophy ( exp]i5ce =ms an alliance ) anci5t scepticism4 ,! high] tru?s ( philosophy & religion are v f> remov$ f s5se4 ,admitt+ t1 l all o!r k1 !y are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & t exp]i5ce is ultimately resolvable into facts :i* come to u ?r\gh ! eye & e>1 /ill _! orig9 is a m]e accid5t :i* has no?+ to d ) _! true nature4 ,!y are univ]sal & unse52 !y belong to all times--pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,any wor?y notion ( m9d or reason includes !m4 ,! pro( ( !m is1 #a/1 _! compreh5siv5ess & consi/5cy ) "o ano!r2 #bndly1 _! agreem5t ) hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,b s5sation is ( ! pres5t only1 is isolat$1 is & is n 9 successive mom5ts4 ,x takes ! pass+ h\r z x comes1 foll[+ ! lead ( ! eye or e> in/ead ( ! comm& ( reason4 ,x is a faculty :i* man has 9 common ) ! animals1 & 9 :i* he is inf]ior to _m ( !m4 ,! importance ( ! s5ses 9 u is t !y are ! ap]tures ( ! m9d1 doors & w9d[s ?r\gh :i* we take 9 & make our own ! mat]ials ( k4 ,reg>d$ 9 any o!r po9t ( view s5sation is ( all m5tal acts ! mo/ trivial & sup]ficial4 ,h5ce ! t]m 's5sational' is rightly us$ to express :at is %all[ 9 ?\ght & feel+4 ,we propose 9 :at foll[s1 fir/ ( all1 l ,plato 9 ! ,!aetetus1 to analyse s5sation1 & secondly to trace ! connexion betwe5 !ories ( s5sation & a s5sational or ,epicurean philosophy4 ,p>agraph ,i4 ,we1 z well z ! anci5ts1 speak ( ! five s5ses1 & ( a s5se1 or common s5se1 :i* is ! ab/raction ( !m4 ,! t]m 's5se' is also us$ metaphorically1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n philosophy1 to express ! op]ations ( ! m9d :i* are imm$iate or intuitive4 ,( ! five s5ses1 two--! sight & ! he>+--are ( a m subtle & complex nature1 :ile two o!rs--! smell & ! ta/e--seem to be only m ref9$ v>ieties ( t\*4 ,all ( !m are passive1 & by ?is are di/+ui%$ f ! active faculty ( spee*3 !y receive impressions1 b d n produce !m1 except 9 s f> z !y are objects ( s5se !mselves4 ,physiology speaks to u ( ! wond]ful app>atus ( n]ves1 muscles1 tissues1 by :i* ! s5ses are enabl$ to fulfil _! functions4 ,x traces ! connexion1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 ( ! bodily organs ) ! op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,( ^! latt]1 x seems r to "k ! conditions ?an ! causes4 ,x c prove to u t )\t ! bra9 we _c ?9k1 & t )\t ! eye we _c see3 & yet !re is f> m 9 ?9k+ & see+ ?an is giv5 by ! bra9 & ! eye4 ,x obs]ves ! 'concomitant v>iations' ( body & m9d4 ,psy*ology1 on ! o!r h&1 treats ( ! same subject reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,x speaks ( ! relation ( ! s5ses to "o ano!r2 x %[s h[ !y meet ! m9d2 x analyzes ! transition f s5se to ?\ght4 ,! "o describes _! nature z app>5t to ! outw>d eye2 by ! o!r !y are reg>d$ only z ! in/rum5ts ( ! m9d4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] po9t ( view t we propose to consid] !m4 ,! simple/ s5sation involves an unconsci\s or nasc5t op]ation ( ! m9d2 x implies objects ( s5se1 & objects ( s5se h diff]5ces ( =m1 numb]1 col\r4 ,b ! conception ( an object )\t u1 or ! p[] ( discrim9at+ numb]s1 =ms1 col\rs1 is n giv5 by ! s5se1 b by ! m9d4 ,a m]e s5sation does n atta9 to di/9ctness3 x is a confus$ impression1 sugke*um5on ti1 z ,plato says 7,republic71 until numb] introduces light & ord] into ! confusion4 ,at :at po9t confusion becomes di/9ctness is a "q ( degree :i* _c be precisely det]m9$4 ,! di/ant object1 ! undef9$ notion1 come out into relief z we approa* !m or att5d to !m4 ,or we may assi/ ! analysis by attempt+ to imag9e ! _w fir/ dawn+ ^u ! eye ( ! infant or ( a p]son newly re/or$ to sight4 ,yet ev5 ) !m ! m9d z well z ! eye op5s or enl>ges4 ,= all ?ree are insep>ably b\nd toge!r--! object w\ld be n[h]e & no?+1 if n p]ceiv$ by ! s5se1 & ! s5se w\ld h no p[] ( di/+ui%+ )\t ! m9d4 ,b prior to objects ( s5se !re is a ?ird nature 9 :i* !y are conta9$--t is to say1 space1 :i* may be expla9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x is ! elem5t :i* surr\nds !m2 x is ! vacuum or void :i* !y leave or occupy :5 pass+ f "o portion ( space to ano!r4 ,x might be describ$ 9 ! language ( anci5t philosophy1 z '! ,n-be+' ( objects4 ,x is a negative idea :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ages has become positive4 ,x is orig9ally d]iv$ f ! contemplation ( ! _w )\t u--! b\ndless e>? or sea1 ! vacant heav51 & is !re=e acquir$ *iefly ?r\gh ! s5se ( sight3 to ! bl9d ! conception ( space is feeble & inadequate1 d]iv$ = ! mo/ "p f t\* or f ! descriptions ( o!rs4 ,at fir/ x appe>s to be cont9u\s2 aft]w>ds we p]ceive x to be capable ( division by l9es or po9ts1 real or imag9>y4 ,by ! help ( ma!matics we =m ano!r idea ( space1 :i* is altoge!r indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,geometry tea*es u t ! innum]able l9es & figures by :i* space is or may be int]sect$ are absolutely true 9 all _! comb9ations & consequ5ces4 ,new & un*angeable prop]ties ( space are ?us develop$1 :i* are prov$ to u 9 a ?\s& ways by ma!matical reason+ z well z by common exp]i5ce4 ,?r\gh quantity & measure we are conduct$ to our simple/ & pure/ notion ( matt]1 :i* is to ! cube or solid :at space is to ! squ>e or surface4 ,& all our applications ( ma!matics are applications ( our ideas ( space to matt]4 ,no wond] !n t !y seem to h a necess>y exi/5ce to u4 ,be+ ! simple/ ( our ideas1 space is also ! "o ( :i* we h ! mo/ difficulty 9 ridd+ ourselves4 ,nei!r c we set a limit to x1 = :]ev] we fix a limit1 space is spr++ up beyond4 ,nei!r c we conceive a smalle/ or indivisible portion ( x2 = )9 ! smalle/ !re is a small] /ill2 & ev5 ^! inconceivable qualities ( space1 :e!r ! inf9ite or ! inf9itesimal1 may be made ! subject ( reason+ & h a c]ta9 tru? to u4 ,:e!r space exi/s 9 ! m9d or out ( x1 is a "q :i* has no mean+4 ,we %\ld r say t )\t x ! m9d is incapable ( conceiv+ ! body1 & !re=e ( conceiv+ itself4 ,! m9d may be inde$ imag9$ to conta9 ! body1 9 ! same way t ,ari/otle 7p>tly foll[+ ,plato7 supposes ,god to be ! out] heav5 or circle ( ! univ]se4 ,b h[ c ! individual m9d c>ry ab\t ! univ]se ( space pack$ up )91 or h[ c sep>ate m9ds h ei!r a univ]se ( _! own or a common univ]se8 ,9 su* conceptions !re seems to be a confusion ( ! individual & ! univ]sal4 ,to say t we c only h a true idea ( ourselves :5 we d5y ! reality ( t by :i* we h any idea ( ourselves is an absurdity4 ,! e>? :i* is our habitation & '! />ry heav5 above' & we ourselves are equally an illusion1 if space is only a quality or condition ( our m9ds4 ,aga91 we may comp>e ! tru?s ( space ) o!r tru?s d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 :i* seem to h a necessity to u 9 proportion to ! frequ5cy ( _! recurr5ce or ! tru? ( ! consequ5ces :i* may be inf]r$ f !m4 ,we are ?us l$ to rem>k t ! necessity 9 our ideas ( space on :i* mu* /ress has be5 laid1 diff]s 9 a slight degree only f ! necessity :i* appe>s to belong to o!r ( our ideas1 e4g4 weight1 motion1 & ! l4 ,& !re is ano!r way 9 :i* ?is necessity may be expla9$4 ,we h be5 taught x1 & ! tru? :i* we 7 taught or :i* we inh]it$ has nev] be5 contradict$ 9 all our exp]i5ce & is !re=e confirm$ by x4 ,:o c resi/ an idea :i* is pres5t$ to him 9 a g5]al =m 9 e mom5t ( 8 life & ( :i* he f9ds no in/ance to ! contr>y8 ,! great] "p ( :at is sometimes reg>d$ z ! a priori intuition ( space is really ! conception ( ! v>i\s geometrical figures ( :i* ! prop]ties h be5 reveal$ by ma!matical analysis4 ,& ! c]ta9ty ( ^! prop]ties is immeasurably increas$ to u by our f9d+ t !y hold good n only 9 e in/ance1 b 9 all ! consequ5ces :i* are suppos$ to fl[ f !m4 ,nei!r mu/ we =get t our idea ( space1 l our o!r ideas1 has a hi/ory4 ,! ,hom]ic poems conta9 no ^w = x2 ev5 ! lat] ,greek philosophy has n ! ,kantian notion ( space1 b only ! def9ite 'place' or '! inf9ite4' ,to ,plato1 9 ! ,timaeus1 x is kn[n only z ! 'nurse ( g5]ation4' ,:5 !re=e we speak ( ! necessity ( our ideas ( space we mu/ rememb] t ?is is a necessity :i* has gr[n up ) ! gr[? ( ! human m9d1 & has be5 made by ourselves4 ,we c free ourselves f ! p]plexities :i* are involv$ 9 x by asc5d+ to a "t 9 :i* !y did n z yet exi/4 ,& :5 space or "t are describ$ z 'a priori =ms or intuitions add$ to ! matt] giv5 9 s5sation1' we %\ld consid] t su* expressions belong really to ! 'pre-hi/oric /udy' ( philosophy1 i4e4 to ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 m5 s\ght to expla9 ! human m9d )\t reg>d to hi/ory or language or ! social nature ( man4 ,9 e act ( s5se !re is a lat5t p]ception ( space1 ( :i* we only become consci\s :5 objects are )drawn f x4 ,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* we may trace ! connexion betwe5 !m4 ,we may ?9k ( space z unresi/+ matt]1 & ( matt] z divid$ into objects2 or ( objects aga9 z =m$ by ab/raction into a collective notion ( matt]1 & ( matt] z r>efi$ into space4 ,& motion may be conceiv$ z ! union ( !re & n !re 9 space1 & =ce z ! mat]ializ+ or solidification ( motion4 ,space aga9 is ! individual & univ]sal 9 "o2 or1 9 o!r words1 a p]ception & also a conception4 ,s easily d :at are sometimes call$ our simple ideas pass into "o ano!r1 & diff]5ces ( k9d resolve !mselves into diff]5ces ( degree4 ,)9 or beh9d space !re is ano!r ab/raction 9 _m respects simil> to x--"t1 ! =m ( ! inw>d1 z space is ! =m ( ! outw>d4 ,z we _c ?9k ( outw>d objects ( s5se or ( outw>d s5sations )\t space1 s nei!r c we ?9k ( a succession ( s5sations )\t "t4 ,x is ! vacancy ( ?\ghts or s5sations1 z space is ! void ( outw>d objects1 & we c no m imag9e ! m9d )\t ! "o ?an ! _w )\t ! o!r4 ,x is to ari?metic :at space is to geometry2 or1 m /rictly1 ari?metic may be said to be equally applicable to bo?4 ,x is def9$ 9 our m9ds1 p>tly by ! analogy ( space & p>tly by ! recollection ( ev5ts :i* h happ5$ to u1 or ! consci\sness ( feel+s :i* we are exp]i5c+4 ,l space1 x is )\t limit1 = :atev] beg9n+ or end ( "t we fix1 !re is a beg9n+ & end be=e !m1 & s on )\t end4 ,we speak ( a pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 & aga9 ! analogy ( space assi/s u 9 conceiv+ ( !m z coexi/5t4 ,:5 ! limit ( "t is remov$ !re arises 9 our m9ds ! idea ( et]nity1 :i* at fir/1 l "t itself1 is only negative1 b gradually1 :5 connect$ ) ! _w & ! div9e nature1 l ! o!r negative inf9ity ( space1 becomes positive4 ,:e!r "t is prior to ! m9d & to exp]i5ce1 or coeval ) !m1 is 7l ! p>allel "q ab\t space7 unmean+4 ,l space x has be5 realiz$ gradually3 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 or ev5 9 ! ,hesiodic cosmogony1 !re is no m notion ( "t ?an ( space4 ,! conception ( be+ is m g5]al ?an ei!r1 & might !re=e ) great] plausibility be affirm$ to be a condition or quality ( ! m9d4 ,! a priori intuitions ( ,kant w\ld h be5 z un9telligible to ,plato z 8 a priori syn!tical propositions to ,ari/otle4 ,! philosoph] ( ,konigsb]g suppos$ himself to be analyz+ a necess>y mode ( ?\ght3 he 0 n aw>e t he 0 deal+ ) a m]e ab/raction4 ,b n[ t we are able to trace ! gradual developem5t ( ideas ?r\gh religion1 ?r\gh language1 ?r\gh ab/ractions1 :y %\ld we int]pose ! fiction ( "t betwe5 ourselves & realities8 ,:y %\ld we s+le out "o ( ^! ab/ractions to be ! a priori condition ( all ! o!rs8 ,x comes la/ & n fir/ 9 ! ord] ( our ?\ghts1 & is n ! condition prec$5t ( !m1 b ! la/ g5]alization ( !m4 ,nor c any pr9ciple be imag9$ m suicidal to philosophy ?an to assume t all ! tru? :i* we are capable ( atta9+ is se5 only ?r\gh an unreal m$ium4 ,if all t exi/s 9 "t is illusion1 we may well ask ) ,plato1 ',:at becomes ( ! m9d8' ,leav+ ! a priori conditions ( s5sation we may proce$ to consid] acts ( s5se4 ,^! admit ( v>i\s degrees ( duration or int5sity2 !y admit also ( a great] or less ext5sion f "o object1 :i* is p]ceiv$ directly1 to _m :i* are p]ceiv$ indirectly or 9 a less degree1 & to ! v>i\s associations ( ! object :i* are lat5t 9 ! m9d4 ,9 g5]al ! great] ! int5sion ! less ! ext5sion ( !m4 ,! simple/ s5sation implies "s relation ( objects to "o ano!r1 "s position 9 space1 "s relation to a previ\s or subsequ5t s5sation4 ,! acts ( see+ & he>+ may be almo/ unconsci\s & may pass away unnot$2 !y may also leave an impression beh9d !m or p[] ( recall+ !m4 ,if1 aft] see+ an object we %ut our eyes1 ! object rema9s dimly se5 9 ! same or ab\t ! same place1 b ) =m & l9eam5ts half fill$ up4 ,?is is ! simple/ act ( memory4 ,& z we _c see "o ?+ )\t at ! same "t see+ ano!r1 diff]5t objects hang toge!r 9 recollection1 & :5 we call = "o ! o!r quickly foll[s4 ,to ?9k ( ! place 9 :i* we h la/ se5 a ?+ is (t5 ! be/ way ( recall+ x to ! m9d4 ,h5ce memory is dep5d5t on association4 ,! act ( recollection may be comp>$ to ! sight ( an object at a great di/ance :i* we h previ\sly se5 ne> & seek to br+ ne> to u 9 ?\ght4 ,memory is to s5se z dream+ is to wak+2 & l dream+ has a wayw>d & unc]ta9 p[] ( recall+ impressions f ! pa/4 ,?us beg9s ! passage f ! outw>d to ! inw>d s5se4 ,b z yet !re is no conception ( a univ]sal--! m9d only rememb]s ! individual object or objects1 & is always atta*+ to !m "s col\r or association ( s5se4 ,! p[] ( recollection seems to dep5d on ! int5sity or l>g5ess ( ! p]ception1 or on ! /r5g? ( "s emotion ) :i* x is insep>ably connect$4 ,?is is ! natural memory :i* is alli$ to s5se1 su* z *ildr5 appe> to h & b>b>ians & animals4 ,x is necess>ily limit$ 9 range1 & its limitation is its /r5g?4 ,9 lat] life1 :5 ! m9d has become cr[d$ ) names1 acts1 feel+s1 images innum]able1 we acquire by education ano!r memory ( sy/em & arrangem5t :i* is bo? /rong] & weak] ?an ! fir/--weak] 9 ! recollection ( s5sible impressions z !y are repres5t$ to u by eye or e>--/rong] by ! natural connexion ( ideas ) objects or ) "o ano!r4 ,& _m ( ! notions :i* =m a "p ( ! tra9 ( our ?\ghts are h>dly realiz$ by u at ! "t1 b1 l numb]s or algebraical symbols1 are us$ z signs only1 ?us light5+ ! lab\r ( recollection4 ,& n[ we may suppose t num]\s images pres5t !mselves to ! m9d1 :i* beg9s to act ^u !m & to arrange !m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,besides ! impression ( ext]nal objects pres5t ) u or j abs5t f u1 we h a dimm] conception ( o!r objects :i* h disappe>$ f our imm$iate recollection & yet cont9ue to exi/ 9 u4 ,! m9d is full ( fancies :i* are pass+ to & fro be=e x4 ,"s feel+ or association calls !m up1 & !y are utt]$ by ! lips4 ,?is is ! fir/ rudim5t>y imag9ation1 :i* may be truly describ$ 9 ! language ( ,hobbes1 z 'decay+ s5se1' an expression :i* may be appli$ ) equal tru? to memory z well4 ,= memory & imag9ation1 ?\gh we sometimes oppose !m1 are ne>ly alli$2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m seems *iefly to lie 9 ! activity ( ! "o comp>$ ) ! passivity ( ! o!r4 ,! s5se decay+ 9 memory receives a fla% ( light or life f imag9ation4 ,dream+ is a l9k ( connexion betwe5 !m2 = 9 dream+ we feebly recollect & also feebly imag9e at "o & ! same "t4 ,:5 reason is asleep ! l[] "p ( ! m9d w&]s at w amid ! images :i* h be5 receiv$ f )\t1 ! intellig5t elem5t retires1 & ! s5sual or s5su\s takes its place4 ,& s 9 ! fir/ ef=ts ( imag9ation reason is lat5t or set aside2 & images1 9 "p disord]ly1 b also hav+ a unity 7h[ev] imp]fect7 ( _! own1 p\r l a flood ov] ! m9d4 ,& if we c\ld p5etrate into ! heads ( animals we %\ld probably f9d t _! intellig5ce1 or ! /ate ( :at 9 !m is analog\s to our intellig5ce1 is ( ?is nature4 ,?us f> we h be5 speak+ ( m51 r 9 ! po9ts 9 :i* !y resemble animals ?an 9 ! po9ts 9 :i* !y diff] f !m4 ,! animal too has memory 9 v>i\s degrees1 & ! elem5ts ( imag9ation1 if1 z appe>s to be ! case1 he dreams4 ,h[ f> _! p[]s or in/9cts are educat$ by ! circum/ances ( _! lives or by int]c\rse ) "o ano!r or ) mank9d1 we _c precisely tell4 ,!y1 l ourselves1 h ! physical inh]itance ( =m1 sc5t1 he>+1 sight1 & o!r qualities or in/9cts4 ,b !y h n ! m5tal inh]itance ( ?\ghts & ideas h&$ d[n by tradition1 '! sl[ additions t build up ! m9d' ( ! human race4 ,& language1 :i* is ! great educator ( mank9d1 is want+ 9 !m2 :]eas 9 u language is ev] pres5t--ev5 9 ! infant ! lat5t p[] ( nam+ is almo/ imm$iately obs]vable4 ,& !re=e ! description :i* has be5 already giv5 ( ! nasc5t p[] ( ! faculties is 9 reality an anticipation4 ,= simultane\s ) _! gr[? 9 man a gr[? ( language mu/ be suppos$4 ,! *ild ( two ye>s old sees ! fire once & aga91 & ! feeble obs]vation ( ! same recurr+ object is associat$ ) ! feeble utt]ance ( ! "n by :i* he is taught to call x4 ,soon he le>ns to utt] ! "n :5 ! object is no long] !re1 b ! desire or imag9ation ( x is pres5t to him4 ,at fir/ 9 e use ( ! ^w !re is a col\r ( s5se1 an indi/9ct picture ( ! object :i* accompanies x4 ,b 9 lat] ye>s he sees 9 ! "n only ! univ]sal or class ^w1 & ! m ab/ract ! notion becomes1 ! m vacant is ! image :i* is pres5t$ to him4 ,h5ce=w>d all ! op]ations ( 8 m9d1 includ+ ! p]ceptions ( s5se1 are a syn!sis ( s5sations1 words1 conceptions4 ,9 see+ or he>+ or look+ or li/5+ ! s5sible impression prevails ov] ! conception & ! ^w4 ,9 reflection ! process is rev]s$--! outw>d object fades away into no?+ness1 ! "n or ! conception or bo? toge!r are ev]y?+4 ,language1 l numb]1 is int]m$iate betwe5 ! two1 p>tak+ ( ! def9it5ess ( ! out] & ( ! univ]sality ( ! inn] _w4 ,= logic tea*es u t e ^w is really a univ]sal1 & only condesc5ds by ! help ( position or circumlocution to become ! expression ( individuals or p>ticul>s4 ,& sometimes by us+ words z symbols we are able to give a 'local habitation & a "n' to ! inf9ite & inconceivable4 ,?us we see t no l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! p[]s ( s5se & ( reflection--!y pass imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r4 ,we may inde$ di/+ui% betwe5 ! see+ & ! clos$ eye--betwe5 ! s5sation & ! recollection ( x4 ,b ?is di/9ction c>ries u a v little way1 = recollection is pres5t 9 sight z well z sight 9 recollection4 ,!re is no impression ( s5se :i* does n simultane\sly recall diff]5ces ( =m1 numb]1 col\r1 & ! l4 ,nei!r is su* a di/9ction applicable at all to our int]nal bodily s5sations1 :i* give no sign ( !mselves :5 unaccompani$ ) pa91 & ev5 :5 we are mo/ consci\s ( !m1 h (t5 no assignable place 9 ! human frame4 ,:o c divide ! n]ves or great n]v\s c5tres f ! m9d :i* uses !m8 ,:o c sep>ate ! pa9s & pleasures ( ! m9d f ! pa9s & pleasures ( ! body8 ,! words 'inw>d & outw>d1' 'active & passive1' 'm9d & body1' are be/ conceiv$ by u z diff]5ces ( degree pass+ into diff]5ces ( k9d1 & at "o "t & "u "o aspect act+ 9 h>mony & !n aga9 oppos$4 ,!y introduce a sy/em & ord] into ! k ( our be+2 & yet1 l _m o!r g5]al t]ms1 are (t5 9 advance ( our actual analysis or obs]vation4 ,accord+ to "s writ]s ! inw>d s5se is only ! fad+ away or imp]fect realization ( ! outw>d4 ,b ?is leaves out ( sight "o half ( ! ph5om5on4 ,= ! m9d is n only )drawn f ! _w ( s5se b introduc$ to a high] _w ( ?\ght & reflection1 9 :i*1 l ! outw>d s5se1 %e is tra9$ & educat$4 ,by use ! outw>d s5se becomes ke5] & m int5se1 especially :5 conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,! savage ) little or no ?\ght has a quick] disc]nm5t ( ! track ?an ! civilis$ man2 9 l mann] ! dog1 hav+ ! help ( sc5t z well z ( sight1 is sup]ior to ! savage4 ,by use aga9 ! inw>d ?\ght becomes m def9$ & di/9ct2 :at 0 at fir/ an ef=t is made easy by ! natural in/rum5tality ( language1 & ! m9d le>ns to grasp univ]sals ) no m ex]tion ?an is requir$ = ! sight ( an outw>d object4 ,!re is a natural connexion & arrangem5t ( !m1 l ! association ( objects 9 a l&scape4 ,j z a note or two ( music suffices to recall a :ole piece to ! musician's or compos]'s m9d1 s a great pr9ciple or lead+ ?\ght sugge/s & arranges a _w ( p>ticul>s4 ,! p[] ( reflection is n feebl] ?an ! faculty ( s5se1 b ( a high] & m compreh5sive nature4 ,x n only receives ! univ]sals ( s5se1 b gives !m a new cont5t by comp>+ & comb9+ !m ) "o ano!r4 ,x )draws f ! se5 t x may dwell 9 ! unse54 ,! s5se only pres5ts u ) a flat & imp5etrable surface3 ! m9d takes ! _w to pieces & puts x toge!r on a new patt]n4 ,! univ]sals :i* are deta*$ f s5se are recon/ruct$ 9 sci5ce4 ,!y & n ! m]e impressions ( s5se are ! tru? ( ! _w 9 :i* we live2 & 7z an argum5t to ^? :o w only believe ':at !y c hold 9 _! h&s'7 we may fur!r obs]ve t !y are ! s\rce ( our p[] ov] x4 ,to say t ! outw>d s5se is /rong] ?an ! inw>d is l say+ t ! arm ( ! workman is /rong] ?an ! con/ruct+ or direct+ m9d4 ,return+ to ! s5ses we may briefly consid] two que/ions--fir/ _! relation to ! m9d1 secondly1 _! relation to outw>d objects3-- #a4 ,! s5ses are n m]ely 'holes set 9 a wood5 horse' 7,!aet471 b in/rum5ts ( ! m9d ) :i* !y are organically connect$4 ,!re is no use ( !m )\t "s use ( words--"s natural or lat5t logic--"s previ\s exp]i5ce or obs]vation4 ,s5sation1 l all o!r m5tal processes1 is complex & relative1 ?\gh app>5tly simple4 ,! s5ses mutually confirm & support "o ano!r2 x is h>d to say h[ mu* our impressions ( he>+ may be affect$ by ^? ( sight1 or h[ f> our impressions ( sight may be correct$ by ! t\*1 especially 9 infancy4 ,! confirmation ( !m by "o ano!r _c ( c\rse be giv5 by any "o ( !m4 ,_m intuitions :i* are insep>able f ! act ( s5se are really ! result ( complicat$ reason+s4 ,! mo/ cursory glance at objects enables ! exp]i5c$ eye to judge approximately ( _! relations & di/ance1 al?\gh no?+ is impress$ ^u ! ret9a except col\r1 includ+ gradations ( light & %ade4 ,f ^! delicate & almo/ imp]ceptible diff]5ces we seem *iefly to d]ive our ideas ( di/ance & position4 ,by comp>ison ( :at is ne> ) :at is di/ant we le>n t ! tree1 h\se1 riv]1 etc4 :i* are a long way (f are objects ( a l nature ) ^? :i* are se5 by u 9 our imm$iate neighb\rhood1 al?\gh ! actual impression made on ! eye is v diff]5t 9 "o case & 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is a language ( 'l>ge & small lett]s' 7,republic71 slightly diff]+ 9 =m & exquisitely graduat$ by di/ance1 :i* we are le>n+ all our life long1 & :i* we atta9 9 v>i\s degrees accord+ to our p[]s ( sight or obs]vation4 ,!re is nor ! consid]ation4 ,! great] or less /ra9 ^u ! n]ves ( ! eye or e> is communicat$ to ! m9d & sil5tly in=ms ! judgm5t4 ,we h also ! use n ( "o eye only1 b ( two1 :i* give u a wid] range1 & help u to disc]n1 by ! great] or less acut5ess ( ! angle :i* ! rays ( sight =m1 ! di/ance ( an object & its relation to o!r objects4 ,b we are already pass+ beyond ! limits ( our actual k on a subject :i* has giv5 rise to _m conjectures4 ,m important ?an ! addition ( ano!r conjecture is ! obs]vation1 :e!r 9 ! case ( sight or ( any o!r s5se1 ( ! great complexity ( ! causes & ! great simplicity ( ! effect4 ,! sympa?y ( ! m9d & ! e> is no less /rik+ ?an ! sympa?y ( ! m9d & ! eye4 ,d we n seem to p]ceive in/9ctively & z an act ( s5se ! diff]5ces ( articulate spee* & ( musical notes8 ,yet h[ small a "p ( spee* or ( music is produc$ by ! impression ( ! e> comp>$ ) t :i* is furni%$ by ! m9d6 ,aga93 ! m ref9$ faculty ( s5se1 z 9 animals s also 9 man1 seems (t5 to be transmitt$ by inh]itance4 ,nei!r mu/ we =get t 9 ! use ( ! s5ses1 z 9 8 :ole nature1 man is a social be+1 :o is always be+ educat$ by language1 habit1 & ! tea*+ ( o!r m5 z well z by 8 own obs]vation4 ,he kn[s di/ance because he is taught x by a m exp]i5c$ judgm5t ?an 8 own2 he di/+ui%es s\nds because he is told to rem>k !m by a p]son ( a m disc]n+ e>4 ,& z we inh]it f our p>5ts or o!r ance/ors peculi> p[]s ( s5se or feel+1 s we improve & /r5g!n !m1 n only by regul> tea*+1 b also by sympa?y & communion ) o!r p]sons4 #b4 ,! second "q1 namely1 t conc]n+ ! relation ( ! m9d to ext]nal objects1 is really a trifl+ "o1 ?\gh x has be5 made ! subject ( a fam\s philosophy4 ,we may if we l1 ) ,b]keley1 resolve objects ( s5se into s5sations2 b ! *ange is "o ( "n only1 & no?+ is ga9$ & some?+ is lo/ by su* a resolution or confusion ( !m4 ,= we h n really made a s+le /ep t[>ds idealism1 & any arbitr>y inv]sion ( our ord9>y modes ( spee* is di/urb+ to ! m9d4 ,! y\?ful metaphysician is delight$ at 8 m>vell\s discov]y t no?+ is1 & t :at we see or feel is our s5sation only3 = a day or two ! _w has a new int]e/ to him2 he alone kn[s ! secret :i* has be5 communicat$ to him by ! philosoph]1 t m9d is all--:5 9 fact he is go+ out ( 8 m9d 9 ! fir/ intoxication ( a great ?\ght4 ,b he soon f9ds t all ?+s rema9 z !y 7--! laws ( motion1 ! prop]ties ( matt]1 ! qualities ( sub/ances4 ,aft] hav+ inflict$ 8 !ories on any "o :o is will+ to receive !m 'fir/ on 8 fa!r & "m1 secondly on "s o!r pati5t li/5]1 ?irdly on 8 dog1' he f9ds t he only diff]s f ! re/ ( mank9d 9 ! use ( a ^w4 ,he _h once hop$ t by gett+ rid ( ! solidity ( matt] he might op5 a passage to worlds beyond4 ,he lik$ to ?9k ( ! _w z ! repres5tation ( ! div9e nature1 & delight$ to imag9e angels & spirits w&]+ ?r\gh space1 pres5t 9 ! room 9 :i* he is sitt+ )\t com+ ?r\gh ! door1 n[h]e & ev]y:]e at ! same in/ant4 ,at l5g? he f9ds t he has be5 ! victim ( 8 own fancies2 he has nei!r m nor less evid5ce ( ! sup]natural ?an he _h be=e4 ,he himself has become unsettl$1 b ! laws ( ! _w rema9 fix$ z at ! beg9n+4 ,he has discov]$ t 8 appeal to ! fallibility ( s5se 0 really an illusion4 ,= :atev] unc]ta9ty !re may be 9 ! appe>ances ( nature1 arises only out ( ! imp]fection or v>iation ( ! human s5ses1 or possibly f ! defici5cy ( c]ta9 bran*es ( k2 :5 sci5ce is able to apply h] te/s1 ! unc]ta9ty is at an end4 ,we are apt sometimes to ?9k t moral & metaphysical philosophy are l[]$ by ! influ5ce :i* is ex]cis$ ov] !m by physical sci5ce4 ,b any int]pretation ( nature by physical sci5ce is f> 9 advance ( su* idealism4 ,! philosophy ( ,b]keley1 :ile giv+ unb\nd$ lic5se to ! imag9ation1 is /ill grovell+ on ! level ( s5se4 ,we may1 if we please1 c>ry ?is scepticism a /ep fur!r1 & d5y1 n only objects ( s5se1 b ! cont9uity ( our s5sations !mselves4 ,we may say ) ,protagoras & ,hume t :at is appe>s1 & t :at appe>s appe>s only to individuals1 & to ! same individual only at "o in/ant4 ,b !n1 z ,plato asks1--& we mu/ repeat ! "q1--,:at becomes ( ! m9d8 ,exp]i5ce tells u by a ?\s& pro(s t our s5sations ( col\r1 ta/e1 & ! l1 are ! same z !y 7 an in/ant ago--t ! act :i* we are p]=m+ "o m9ute is cont9u$ by u 9 ! next--& also supplies abundant pro( t ! p]ceptions ( o!r m5 are1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! same or ne>ly ! same ) our own4 ,aft] hav+ sl[ly & labori\sly 9 ! c\rse ( ages ga9$ a conception ( a :ole & p>ts1 ( ! con/itution ( ! m9d1 ( ! relation ( man to ,god & nature1 imp]fect inde$1 b ! be/ we c1 we are ask$ to return aga9 to ! 'begg>ly elem5ts' ( anci5t scepticism1 & ackn[l$ge only atoms & s5sations devoid ( life or unity4 ,:y %\ld we n g a /ep fur!r /ill & d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ! s5ses ( all ?+s8 ,we are b 'su* /uff z dreams are made (2' = we h left ourselves no in/rum5ts ( ?\ght by :i* we c di/+ui% man f ! animals1 or conceive ( ! exi/5ce ev5 ( a mollusc4 ,& obs]ve1 ?is extreme scepticism has be5 all[$ to spr+ up among u1 n1 l ! anci5t scepticism1 9 an age :5 nature & language really seem$ to be full ( illusions1 b 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 :5 m5 walk 9 ! daylight ( inductive sci5ce4 ,! attractiv5ess ( su* speculations arises out ( _! true nature n be+ p]ceiv$4 ,!y are veil$ 9 graceful language2 !y are n pu%$ to extremes2 !y /op :]e ! human m9d is dispos$ also to /op--%ort ( a manife/ absurdity4 ,_! inconsi/5cy is n obs]v$ by _! au?ors or by mank9d 9 g5]al1 :o are equally inconsi/5t !mselves4 ,!y leave on ! m9d a pleas+ s5se ( wond] & novelty3 9 y\? !y seem to h a natural aff9ity to "o class ( p]sons z poetry has to ano!r2 b 9 lat] life ei!r we drift back into common s5se1 or we make !m ! />t+-po9ts ( a high] philosophy4 ,we are (t5 told t we %\ld enquire into all ?+s be=e we accept !m2--) :at limitations is ?is true8 ,= we _c use our s5ses )\t admitt+ t we h !m1 or ?9k )\t presuppos+ t !re is 9 u a p[] ( ?\ght1 or affirm t all k is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce )\t imply+ t ?is fir/ pr9ciple ( k is prior to exp]i5ce4 ,! tru? seems to be t we beg9 ) ! natural use ( ! m9d z ( ! body1 & we seek to describe ?is z well z we c4 ,we eat be=e we "k ! nature ( dige/ion2 we ?9k be=e we "k ! nature ( reflection4 ,z our k increases1 our p]ception ( ! m9d enl>ges also4 ,we _c inde$ get beyond facts1 b nei!r c we draw any l9e :i* sep>ates facts f ideas4 ,& ! m9d is n some?+ sep>ate f !m b includ$ 9 !m1 & !y 9 ! m9d1 bo? hav+ a di/9ctness & individuality ( _! own4 ,to r$uce our conception ( m9d to a succession ( feel+s & s5sations is l ! attempt to view a wide prospect by in*es ?r\gh a microscope1 or to calculate a p]iod ( *ronology by m9utes4 ,! m9d ceases to exi/ :5 x loses its cont9uity1 :i* ?\gh f> f be+ its highe/ det]m9ation1 is yet necess>y to any conception ( x4 ,ev5 an inanimate nature _c be adequately repres5t$ z an endless succession ( /ates or conditions4 ,p>agraph ,,ii4 ,ano!r division ( ! subject has yet to be consid]$3 ,:y %\ld ! doctr9e t k is s5sation1 9 anci5t times1 or ( s5sationalism or mat]ialism 9 mod]n times1 be alli$ to ! l[] r ?an to ! high] view ( e?ical philosophy8 ,at fir/ sight ! nature & orig9 ( k appe> to be :olly disconnect$ f e?ics & religion1 nor c we d5y t ! anci5t ,/oics 7 mat]iali/s1 or t ! mat]iali/ doctr9es preval5t 9 mod]n times h be5 associat$ ) great virtues1 or t bo? religi\s & philosophical idealism h n unfrequ5tly p>t$ company ) practice4 ,/ill ^u ! :ole x mu/ be admitt$ t ! high] /&>d ( duty has gone h& 9 h& ) ! high] conception ( k4 ,x is ,protagoras :o is seek+ to adapt himself to ! op9ions ( ! _w2 x is ,plato :o rises above !m3 ! "o ma9ta9+ t all k is s5sation2 ! o!r bas+ ! virtues on ! idea ( good4 ,! reason ( ?is ph5om5on has n[ to be exam9$4 ,by ^? :o re/ k imm$iately ^u s5se1 t explanation ( human action is deem$ to be ! true/ :i* is ne>e/ to s5se4 ,z k is r$uc$ to s5sation1 s virtue is r$uc$ to feel+1 happ9ess or good to pleasure4 ,! diff]5t virtues--! v>i\s *>act]s :i* exi/ 9 ! _w--are ! disguises ( self-int]e/4 ,human nature is dri$ up2 !re is no place left = imag9ation1 or 9 any high] s5se = religion4 ,ideals ( a :ole1 or ( a /ate1 or ( a law ( duty1 or ( a div9e p]fection1 are out ( place 9 an ,epicurean philosophy4 ,! v t]ms 9 :i* !y are express$ are suspect$ ( hav+ no mean+4 ,man is to br+ himself back z f> z he is able to ! condition ( a rational bea/4 ,he is to limit himself to ! pursuit ( pleasure1 b ( ?is he is to make a f>-sight$ calculation2--he is to be rationaliz$1 secul>iz$1 animaliz$3 or he is to be an amiable sceptic1 bett] ?an 8 own philosophy1 & n fall+ bel[ ! op9ions ( ! _w4 ,imag9ation has be5 call$ t 'busy faculty' :i* is always intrud+ ^u u 9 ! se>* aft] tru?4 ,b imag9ation is also t high] p[] by :i* we rise above ourselves & ! commonplaces ( ?\ght & life4 ,! philosophical imag9ation is ano!r "n = reason f9d+ an expression ( h]self 9 ! outw>d _w4 ,to deprive life ( ideals is to deprive x ( all high] & compreh5sive aims & ( ! p[] ( imp>t+ & communicat+ !m to o!rs4 ,= m5 are taught1 n by ^? :o are on a level ) !m1 b by ^? :o rise above !m1 :o see ! di/ant hills1 :o so> into ! empyrean4 ,l a bird 9 a cage1 ! m9d conf9$ to s5se is always be+ br\ght back f ! high] to ! l[]1 f ! wid] to ! n>r[] view ( human k4 ,x seeks to fly b _c3 in/ead ( aspir+ t[>ds p]fection1 'x hov]s ab\t ?is l[] _w & ! e>?ly nature4' ,x loses ! religi\s s5se :i* m ?an any o!r seems to take a man out ( himself4 ,we>y ( ask+ ',:at is tru?8' x accepts ! 'bl9d witness ( eyes & e>s2' x draws ar\nd itself ! curta9 ( ! physical _w & is satisfi$4 ,! /r5g? ( a s5sational philosophy lies 9 ! ready accommodation ( x to ! m9ds ( m52 _m :o h be5 metaphysicians 9 _! y\?1 z !y advance 9 ye>s are prone to acquiesce 9 ?+s z !y are1 or r appe> to be4 ,!y are spectators1 n ?9k]s1 & ! be/ philosophy is t :i* requires ( !m ! lea/ am\nt ( m5tal ef=t4 ,z a l[] philosophy is easi] to appreh5d ?an a high]1 s a l[] way ( life is easi] to foll[2 & !re=e su* a philosophy seems to d]ive a support f ! g5]al practice ( mank9d4 ,x appeals to pr9ciples :i* !y all "k & recognize3 x gives back to !m 9 a g5]aliz$ =m ! results ( _! own exp]i5ce4 ,to ! man ( ! _w !y are ! qu9tess5ce ( 8 own reflections ^u life4 ,to foll[ cu/om1 to h no new ideas or op9ions1 n to be /ra9+ aft] impossibilities1 to enjoy to-day ) j s mu* =e?\ght z is necess>y to provide = ! morr[1 ?is is reg>d$ by ! great] "p ( ! _w z ! natural way ( pass+ ?r\gh exi/5ce4 ,& _m :o h liv$ ?us h atta9$ to a l[] k9d ( happ9ess or equanimity4 ,!y h possess$ _! s\ls 9 peace )\t ev] all[+ !m to w&] into ! region ( religi\s or political controv]sy1 & )\t any c>e = ! high] int]e/s ( man4 ,b ne>ly all ! good 7z well z "s ( ! evil7 :i* has ev] be5 done 9 ?is _w has be5 ! "w ( ano!r _s1 ! "w ( en?usia/s & ideali/s1 ( apo/les & m>tyrs4 ,! lead]s ( mank9d h n be5 ( ! g5tle ,epicurean type2 !y h p]sonifi$ ideas2 !y h sometimes also be5 ! victims ( !m4 ,b !y h always be5 seek+ aft] a tru? or ideal ( :i* !y fell %ort2 & h di$ 9 a mann] disappo9t$ ( _! hopes t !y might lift ! human race out ( ! sl\gh 9 :i* !y f\nd !m4 ,!y h done little comp>$ ) _! own visions & aspirations2 b !y h done t little1 only because !y s\ght to d1 & once p]haps ?\ght t !y 7 do+1 a great deal m4 ,! philosophies ( ,epicurus or ,hume give no adequate or dignifi$ conception ( ! m9d4 ,!re is no organic unity 9 a succession ( feel+ or s5sations2 no compreh5siv5ess 9 an inf9ity ( sep>ate actions4 ,! individual nev] reflects ^u himself z a :ole2 he c h>dly reg>d "o act or "p ( 8 life z ! cause or effect ( any o!r act or "p4 ,:e!r 9 practice or speculation1 he is to himself only 9 successive in/ants4 ,to su* ?9k]s1 :e!r 9 anci5t or 9 mod]n times1 ! m9d is only ! poor recipi5t ( impressions--n ! heir ( all ! ages1 or connect$ ) all o!r m9ds4 ,x beg9s aga9 ) its own modicum ( exp]i5ce hav+ only su* vague conceptions ( ! wisdom ( ! pa/ z are insep>able f language & popul> op9ion4 ,x seeks to expla9 f ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual :at c only be le>n$ f ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x has no conception ( obligation1 duty1 consci5ce--^! are to ! ,epicurean or ,utilit>ian philosoph] only names :i* int]f]e ) our natural p]ceptions ( pleasure & pa94 ,!re seem !n to be sev]al answ]s to ! "q1 ,:y ! !ory t all k is s5sation is alli$ to ! l[] r ?an to ! high] view ( e?ical philosophy3--#a/1 ,because x is easi] to und]/& & practise2 #bndly1 ,because x is fatal to ! pursuit ( ideals1 moral1 political1 or religi\s2 #crdly1 ,because x deprives u ( ! means & in/rum5ts ( high] ?\ght1 ( any adequate conception ( ! m9d1 ( k1 ( consci5ce1 ( moral obligation4 444 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,limits ,( ,,psy*ology4 ,o g> ar*e m5 o me oide1 teleute de kai ta metaxu ex ou me oide sumpeplektai1 tis me*ane t5 toiaut5 omologian pote epi/em5 g5e/hai2 ,plato ,republic4 ,monon g> auto legeiv1 osp] gumnon kai ap]emom5on apo ton onton apanton1 adunaton4 ,soph4 ,s9ce ! above essay fir/ appe>$1 _m books on ,psy*ology h be5 giv5 to ! _w1 p>tly bas$ ^u ! views ( ,h]b>t & o!r ,g]man philosoph]s1 p>tly indep5d5t ( !m4 ,! subject has ga9$ 9 bulk & ext5t2 :e!r x has _h any true gr[? is m d\btful4 ,x beg9s to assume ! language & claim ! au?ority ( a sci5ce2 b x is only an hypo!sis or outl9e1 :i* may be fill$ up 9 _m ways accord+ to ! fancy ( individual ?9k]s4 ,! basis ( x is a prec>i\s "o1--consci\sness ( ourselves & a some:at unc]ta9 obs]vation ( ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,its relations to o!r sci5ces are n yet det]m9$3 !y seem to be almo/ too complicat$ to be asc]ta9$4 ,x may be comp>$ to an irregul> build+1 run up ha/ily & n likely to la/1 because its f\ndations are weak1 & 9 _m places re/ only on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x has s\ght r to put toge!r scatt]$ obs]vations & to make !m into a sy/em ?an to describe or prove !m4 ,x has nev] sev]ely drawn ! l9e betwe5 facts & op9ions4 ,x has sub/itut$ a te*nical phraseology = ! common use ( language1 be+ nei!r able to w9 acceptance = ! "o nor to get rid ( ! o!r4 ,! sy/em :i* has ?us aris5 appe>s to be a k9d ( metaphysic n>r[$ to ! po9t ( view ( ! individual m9d1 ?r\gh :i*1 z ?r\gh "s new optical in/rum5t limit+ ! sph]e ( vision1 ! int]ior ( ?\ght & s5sation is exam9$4 ,b ! individual m9d 9 ! ab/ract1 z di/9ct f ! m9d ( a p>ticul> individual & sep>at$ f ! environm5t ( circum/ances1 is a fiction only4 ,yet facts :i* are p>tly true ga!r ar\nd ?is fiction & are naturally describ$ by ! help ( x4 ,!re is also a common type ( ! m9d :i* is d]iv$ f ! comp>ison ( _m m9ds ) "o ano!r & ) our own4 ,! ph5om5a ( :i* ,psy*ology treats are famili> to u1 b !y are = ! mo/ "p indef9ite2 !y relate to a some?+ inside ! body1 :i* seems also to ov]leap ! limits ( space4 ,! op]ations ( ?is some?+1 :5 isolat$1 _c be analyz$ by u or subject$ to obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,& !re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$4 ,! m9d1 :5 ?9k+1 _c survey t "p ( itself :i* is us$ 9 ?\ght4 ,x c only be contemplat$ 9 ! pa/1 t is to say1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual or ( ! _w4 ,?is is ! sci5tific me?od ( /udy+ ! m9d4 ,b ,psy*ology has also "s o!r supports1 speci\s r ?an real4 ,x is p>tly su/a9$ by ! false analogy ( ,physical ,sci5ce & has great expectations f its ne> relation%ip to ,physiology4 ,we truly rem>k t !re is an inf9ite complexity ( ! body correspond+ to ! inf9ite subtlety ( ! m9d2 we are consci\s t !y are v ne>ly connect$4 ,b 9 endeav\r+ to trace ! nature ( ! connexion we are baffl$ & disappo9t$4 ,9 our k ( !m ! gulf rema9s ! same3 no microscope has ev] se5 into ?\ght2 no reflection on ourselves has suppli$ ! miss+ l9k betwe5 m9d & matt]444,^! are ! conditions ( ?is v inexact sci5ce1 & we %all only "k less ( x by pret5d+ to "k m1 or by assign+ to x a =m or /yle to :i* x has n yet atta9$ & is n really entitl$4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t any sy/em1 h[ev] baseless & ineffectual1 9 our own or 9 any o!r age1 may be accept$ & cont9ue to be /udi$1 if x seeks to satisfy "s unansw]$ "q or is bas$ ^u "s anci5t tradition1 especially if x takes ! =m & uses ! language ( inductive philosophy4 ,! fact !re=e t su* a sci5ce exi/s & is popul>1 af=ds no evid5ce ( its tru? or value4 ,_m :o h pursu$ x f> into detail h nev] exam9$ ! f\ndations on :i* x re/s4 ,! h be5 _m imag9>y subjects ( k ( :i* en?usia/ic p]sons h made a lifelong /udy1 )\t ev] ask+ !mselves :at is ! evid5ce = !m1 :at is ! use ( !m1 h[ long !y w la/8 ,!y may pass away1 l ! au?ors ( !m1 & 'leave n a wrack beh9d2' or !y may survive 9 fragm5ts4 ,nor is x only 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or 9 ! lit]>y des]t ( ,*9a or ( ,india1 t su* sy/ems h aris52 9 our own enlight5$ age1 gr[+ up by ! side ( ,physics1 ,e?ics1 & o!r really progressive sci5ces1 !re is a we>y wa/e ( k1 falsely s-call$4 ,!re are %am sci5ces :i* no logic has ev] put to ! te/1 9 :i* ! desire = k inv5ts ! mat]ials ( x4 ,& !re=e x is exp$i5t once m to review ! bases ( ,psy*ology1 le/ we %\ld be impos$ ^u by its pret5sions4 ,! /udy ( x may h done good s]vice by awak5+ u to ! s5se ( invet]ate errors famili>iz$ by language1 yet x may h fall5 into /ill great] ones2 "u ! pret5ce ( new inve/igations x may be wa/+ ! lives ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 x4 ,x may also be f\nd t ! discussion ( x w ?r[ light ^u "s po9ts 9 ! ,!aetetus ( ,plato1--! olde/ "w on ,psy*ology :i* has come d[n to u4 ,! imag9>y sci5ce may be call$1 9 ! language ( anci5t philosophy1 'a %ad[ ( a "p ( ,dialectic or ,metaphysic' 7,gorg474 ,9 ?is po/script or app5dix we propose to treat1 fir/1 ( ! true bases ( ,psy*ology2 secondly1 ( ! errors into :i* ! /ud5ts ( x are mo/ likely to fall2 ?irdly1 ( ! pr9cipal subjects :i* are usually compreh5d$ "u x2 f\r?ly1 ( ! =m :i* facts relat+ to ! m9d mo/ naturally assume4 ,we may preface ! enquiry by two or ?ree rem>ks3-- 7#a7 ,we d n claim = ! popul> ,psy*ology ! position ( a sci5ce at all2 x _c1 l ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 proce$ by ! ,inductive ,me?od3 x has n ! necessity ( ,ma!matics3 x does n1 l ,metaphysic1 argue f ab/ract notions or f int]nal coh]5ce4 ,x is made up ( scatt]$ obs]vations4 ,a few ( ^!1 ?\gh !y may sometimes appe> to be truisms1 are ( ! greate/ value1 & free f all d\bt4 ,we are consci\s ( !m 9 ourselves2 we obs]ve !m work+ 9 o!rs2 we are assur$ ( !m at all times4 ,= example1 we are absolutely c]ta91 7a7 ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! m9d ov] ! body or by ! body ov] ! m9d3 7b7 ( ! p[] ( association1 by :i* ! appe>ance ( "s p]son or ! occurr5ce ( "s ev5t recalls to m9d1 n always b (t51 o!r p]sons & ev5ts3 7c7 ( ! effect ( habit1 :i* is /ronge/ :5 lea/ di/urb$ by reflection1 & is to ! m9d :at ! bones are to ! body3 7d7 ( ! real1 ?\gh n unlimit$1 fre$om ( ! human w3 7e7 ( ! ref]5ce1 m or less di/9ct1 ( our s5sations1 feel+s1 ?\ghts1 actions1 to ourselves1 :i* is call$ consci\sness1 or1 :5 9 excess1 self-consci\sness3 7f7 ( ! di/9ction ( ! ',i' & ',n ,i1' ( ourselves & outw>d objects4 ,b :5 we attempt to ga!r up ^! elem5ts 9 a s+le sy/em1 we discov] t ! l9ks by :i* we comb9e !m are apt to be m]e words4 ,we are 9 a c\ntry :i* has nev] be5 cle>$ or survey$2 "h & !re only does a gleam ( light come ?r\gh ! d>kness ( ! =e/4 7#b7 ,^! fragm5ts1 al?\gh !y c nev] become sci5ce 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 are a real "p ( k & may be ( great value 9 education4 ,we may be able to add a good deal to !m f our own exp]i5ce1 & we may v]ify !m by x4 ,self-exam9ation is "o ( ^? /udies :i* a man c pursue alone1 by att5tion to himself & ! processes ( 8 individual m9d4 ,he may le>n mu* ab\t 8 own "* & ab\t ! "* ( o!rs1 if he w 'make 8 m9d sit d[n' & look at itself 9 ! glass4 ,! great1 if n ! only use ( su* a /udy is a practical "o1--to "k1 fir/1 human nature1 &1 secondly1 our own nature1 z x truly is4 7#c7 ,h5ce x is important t we %\ld conceive ( ! m9d 9 ! noble/ & simple/ mann]4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ t language has be5 ! greate/ factor 9 ! =mation ( human ?\ght1 we mu/ endeav\r to get rid ( ! disguises1 oppositions1 contradictions1 :i* arise out ( x4 ,we mu/ dis5gage ourselves f ! ideas :i* ! cu/om>y use ( words has implant$ 9 u4 ,to avoid error z mu* z possible :5 we are speak+ ( ?+s unse51 ! pr9cipal t]ms :i* we use %\ld be few1 & we %\ld n all[ ourselves to be enslav$ by !m4 ,in/ead ( seek+ to frame a te*nical language1 we %\ld v>y our =ms ( spee*1 le/ !y %\ld deg5]ate into =mulas4 ,a difficult philosophical problem is bett] und]/ood :5 translat$ into ! v]nacul>4 ,i4a4 ,psy*ology is insep>able f language1 & e>ly language conta9s ! fir/ impressions or ! olde/ exp]i5ce ( man respect+ himself4 ,^! impressions are n accurate repres5tations ( ! tru?2 !y are ! reflections ( a rudim5t>y age ( philosophy4 ,! fir/ & simple/ =ms ( ?\ght are root$ s deep 9 human nature t !y c nev] be got rid (2 b !y h be5 p]petually enl>g$ & elevat$1 & ! use ( _m words has be5 transf]r$ f ! body to ! m9d4 ,! spiritual & intellectual h ?us become sep>at$ f ! mat]ial--!re is a cleft betwe5 !m2 & ! he>t & ! consci5ce ( man rise above ! dom9ion ( ! appetites & create a new language 9 :i* !y too f9d expression4 ,z ! diff]5ces ( actions beg9 to be p]ceiv$1 m & m names are ne$$4 ,?is is ! fir/ analysis ( ! human m9d2 hav+ a g5]al f\ndation 9 popul> exp]i5ce1 x is m\ld$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by hi]ophants & philosoph]s4 7,see ,introd4 to ,cratylus47 b4 ,?is primitive psy*ology is cont9ually receiv+ additions f ! fir/ ?9k]s1 :o 9 return take a col\r f ! popul> language ( ! "t4 ,! m9d is reg>d$ f new po9ts ( view1 & becomes adapt$ to new conditions ( k4 ,x seeks to isolate itself f matt] & s5se1 & to ass]t its indep5d5ce 9 ?\ght4 ,x recognizes t x is indep5d5t ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,x has five or six natural /ates or /ages3--7#a7 s5sation1 9 :i* x is almo/ lat5t or quiesc5t3 7#b7 feel+1 or inn] s5se1 :5 ! m9d is j awak5+3 7#c7 memory1 :i* is decay+ s5se1 & f "t to "t1 z ) a sp>k or fla%1 has ! p[] ( recollect+ or reanimat+ ! buri$ pa/3 7#d7 ?\ght1 9 :i* images pass into ab/ract notions or are int]m+l$ ) !m3 7#e7 action1 9 :i* ! m9d moves =w>d1 ( itself1 or "u ! impulse ( want or desire or pa91 to atta9 or avoid "s end or consequ5ce3 & 7#f7 !re is ! composition ( ^! or ! admixture or assimilation ( !m 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,we nev] see ^! processes ( ! m9d1 nor c we tell ! causes ( !m4 ,b we "k !m by _! results1 & le>n f o!r m5 t s f> z we c describe to !m or !y to u ! work+s ( ! m9d1 _! exp]i5ce is ! same or ne>ly ! same ) our own4 c4 ,b ! k ( ! m9d is n to any great ext5t d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( ! individual by himself4 ,x is ! gr[+ consci\sness ( ! human race1 embodi$ 9 language1 ackn[l$g$ by exp]i5ce1 & correct$ f "t to "t by ! influ5ce ( lit]ature & philosophy4 ,a great1 p]haps ! mo/ important1 "p ( x is to be f\nd 9 e>ly ,greek ?\ght4 ,9 ! ,!aetetus ( ,plato x has n yet become fix$3 we are /ill /umbl+ on ! ?re%old4 ,9 ,ari/otle ! process is m ne>ly complet$1 & has ga9$ innum]able ab/ractions1 ( :i* _m h _h to be ?r[n away because relative only to ! controv]sies ( ! "t4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ,?ales & ,ari/otle 7 realiz$ ! di/9ctions ( m9d & body1 ( univ]sal & p>ticul>1 ( inf9ite & inf9itesimal1 ( idea & ph5om5on2 ! class conceptions ( faculties & virtues1 ! antagonism ( ! appetites & ! reason2 & connect$ ) ?is1 at a high] /age ( developm5t1 ! opposition ( moral & intellectual virtue2 also ! primitive conceptions ( unity1 be+1 re/1 motion1 & ! l4 ,^! divisions 7 n really sci5tific1 b r bas$ on popul> exp]i5ce4 ,!y 7 n held ) ! precision ( mod]n ?9k]s1 b tak5 all toge!r !y gave a new exi/5ce to ! m9d 9 ?\ght1 & greatly enl>g$ & m accurately def9$ man's k ( himself & ( ! _w4 ,! majority ( !m h be5 accept$ by ,*ri/ian & ,we/]n nations4 ,yet 9 mod]n times we h also drift$ s f> away f ,ari/otle1 t if we 7 to frame a sy/em on 8 l9es we %\ld be at w> ) ord9>y language & untrue to our own consci\sness4 ,& !re h be5 a few bo? 9 m$iaeval times & s9ce ! ,re=mation :o h rebell$ aga9/ ! ,ari/otelian po9t ( view4 ,( ^! ecc5tric ?9k]s !re h be5 v>i\s types1 b !y h all a family lik5ess4 ,accord+ to !m1 !re has be5 too mu* analysis & too little syn!sis1 too mu* division ( ! m9d into p>ts & too little conception ( x z a :ole or 9 its relation to ,god & ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,!y h ?\ght t ! elem5ts ( plurality & unity h n be5 duly adju/$4 ,! t5d5cy ( su* writ]s has be5 to all[ ! p]sonality ( man to be absorb$ 9 ! univ]sal1 or 9 ! div9e nature1 & to d5y ! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & m9d1 or to sub/itute "o = ! o!r4 ,!y h brok5 "s ( ! idols ( ,psy*ology3 !y h *all5g$ ! receiv$ mean+ ( words3 !y h reg>d$ ! m9d "u _m po9ts ( view4 ,b ?\gh !y may h %ak5 ! old1 !y h n e/abli%$ ! new2 _! views ( philosophy1 :i* seem l ! e*o ( "s voice f ! ,ea/1 h be5 ali5 to ! m9d ( ,europe4 d4 ,! ,psy*ology :i* is f\nd 9 common language is 9 "s degree v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 b n 9 su* a mann] z to give x ! "* ( an exact sci5ce4 ,we _c say t words always correspond to facts4 ,common language repres5ts ! m9d f diff]5t & ev5 opposite po9ts ( view1 :i* _c be all ( !m equally true 7comp>e ,cratylus74 ,yet f div]sity ( /atem5ts & op9ions may be obta9$ a ne>] approa* to ! tru? ?an is to be ga9$ f any "o ( !m4 ,x also t5ds to correct itself1 because x is gradually br\ght ne>] to ! common s5se ( mank9d4 ,!re are "s lead+ categories or classifications ( ?\ght1 :i*1 ?\gh unv]ifi$1 mu/ always rema9 ! elem5ts f :i* ! sci5ce or /udy ( ! m9d proce$s4 ,= example1 we mu/ assume ideas be=e we c analyze !m1 & also a cont9u+ m9d to :i* !y belong2 ! resolution ( x into successive mom5ts1 :i* w\ld say1 ) ,protagoras1 t ! man is n ! same p]son :i* he 0 a m9ute ago1 is1 z ,plato implies 9 ! ,!aetetus1 an absurdity4 e4 ,! gr[? ( ! m9d1 :i* may be trac$ 9 ! hi/ories ( religions & philosophies & 9 ! ?\ghts ( nations1 is "o ( ! deepe/ & noble/ modes ( /udy+ x4 ,"h we are deal+ ) ! reality1 ) ! great] &1 z x may be t]m$1 ! mo/ sacr$ "p ( hi/ory4 ,we /udy ! m9d ( man z x beg9s to be inspir$ by a human or div9e reason1 z x is modifi$ by circum/ances1 z x is di/ribut$ 9 nations1 z x is r5ovat$ by great movem5ts1 :i* g beyond ! limits ( nations & affect human society on a scale /ill great]1 z x is creat$ or r5ew$ by great m9ds1 :o1 look+ d[n f above1 h a wid] & m compreh5sive vision4 ,?is is an ambiti\s /udy1 ( :i* mo/ ( u r 'ent]ta9 conjecture' ?an arrive at any detail$ or accurate k4 ,lat] arises ! reflection h[ ^! great ideas or movem5ts ( ! _w h be5 appropriat$ by ! multitude & f\nd a way to ! m9ds ( individuals4 ,! real ,psy*ology is t :i* %[s h[ ! increas+ k ( nature & ! increas+ exp]i5ce ( life h always be5 sl[ly trans=m+ ! m9d1 h[ religions too h be5 modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages 't ,god may be all & 9 all4' ,e pollaplasion1 eoe1 to ergon e os nun zeteitai pro/atteis4 f4 ,la/ly1 ?\gh we speak ( ! /udy ( m9d 9 a special s5se1 x may also be said t !re is no sci5ce :i* does n contribute to our k ( x4 ,! me?ods ( sci5ce & _! analogies are new faculties1 discov]$ by ! few & imp>t$ to ! _m4 ,!y are to ! m9d1 :at ! s5ses are to ! body2 or bett]1 !y may be comp>$ to in/rum5ts su* z ! telescope or microscope by :i* ! discrim9at+ p[] ( ! s5ses1 or to o!r me*anical inv5tions1 by :i* ! /r5g? & skill ( ! human body is s immeasurably increas$4 ,,ii4 ,! new ,psy*ology1 :atev] may be its claim to ! au?ority ( a sci5ce1 has call$ att5tion to _m facts & correct$ _m errors1 :i* )\t x w\ld h be5 unexam9$4 ,yet x is also itself v liable to illusion4 ,! evid5ce on :i* x re/s is vague & indef9ite4 ,! field ( consci\sness is nev] se5 by u z a :ole1 b only at p>ticul> po9ts1 :i* are always *ang+4 ,! veil ( language int]cepts facts4 ,h5ce x is desirable t 9 mak+ an approa* to ! /udy we %\ld consid] at ! outset :at are ! k9ds ( error :i* mo/ easily affect x1 & note ! diff]5ces :i* sep>ate x f o!r bran*es ( k4 a4 ,fir/1 we obs]ve ! m9d by ! m9d4 ,x w\ld seem !re=e t we are always 9 dang] ( leav+ out ! half ( t :i* is ! subject ( our enquiry4 ,we come at once ^u ! difficulty ( :at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,does x diff] z subject & object 9 ! same mann]8 ,c we suppose "o set ( feel+s or "o "p ( ! m9d to int]pret ano!r8 ,is ! introspect+ ?\ght ! same ) ! ?\ght :i* is introspect$8 ,has ! m9d ! p[] ( survey+ its :ole doma9 at "o & ! same "t8--,no m ?an ! eye c take 9 ! :ole human body at a glance4 ,yet !re may be a glimpse r\nd ! corn]1 or a ?\ght transf]r$ 9 a mom5t f "o po9t ( view to ano!r1 :i* enables u to see ne>ly ! :ole1 if n at once1 at any rate 9 succession4 ,su* glimpses w h>dly enable u to contemplate f )9 ! m9d 9 its true proportions4 ,h5ce ! firm] gr\nd ( ,psy*ology is n ! consci\sness ( inw>d feel+s b ! obs]vation ( ext]nal actions1 be+ ! actions n only ( ourselves1 b ( ! innum]able p]sons :om we come across 9 life4 b4 ,! error ( suppos+ p>tial or occasional explanation ( m5tal ph5om5a to be ! only or complete ones4 ,= example1 we are dis9cl9$ to admit ( ! spontaneity or discont9uity ( ! m9d--x seems to u l an effect )\t a cause1 & !re=e we suppose ! tra9 ( our ?\ghts to be always call$ up by association4 ,yet x is probable1 or inde$ c]ta91 t ( _m m5tal ph5om5a !re are no m5tal antec$5ts1 b only bodily ones4 c4 ,! false influ5ce ( language4 ,we are apt to suppose t :5 !re are two or m words describ+ faculties or processes ( ! m9d1 !re are real diff]5ces correspond+ to !m4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,nor c we det]m9e h[ f> !y d or d n exi/1 or by :at degree or k9d ( diff]5ce !y are di/+ui%$4 ,! same rem>k may be made ab\t figures ( spee*4 ,!y fill up ! vacancy ( k2 !y are to ! m9d :at too mu* col\r is to ! eye2 b ! tru? is r conceal$ ?an reveal$ by !m4 d4 ,! unc]ta9 mean+ ( t]ms1 su* z ,consci\sness1 ,consci5ce1 ,w1 ,law1 ,k1 ,int]nal & ,ext]nal ,s5se2 ^!1 9 ! language ( ,plato1 'we %amelessly use1 )\t ev] hav+ tak5 ! pa9s to analyze !m4' e4 ,a sci5ce su* z ,psy*ology is n m]ely an hypo!sis1 b an hypo!sis :i*1 unlike ! hypo!ses ( ,physics1 c nev] be v]ifi$4 ,x re/s only on ! g5]al impressions ( mank9d1 & !re is little or no hope ( add+ 9 any consid]able degree to our /ock ( m5tal facts4 f4 ,! p>allelism ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 :i* leads u to analyze ! m9d on ! analogy ( ! body1 & s to r$uce m5tal op]ations to ! level ( bodily ones1 or to conf\nd "o ) ! o!r4 g4 ,t ! progress ( ,physiology may ?r[ a new light on ,psy*ology is a dream 9 :i* sci5tific m5 are always tempt$ to indulge4 ,b h[ev] c]ta9 we may be ( ! connexion betwe5 m9d & body1 ! explanation ( ! "o by ! o!r is a hidd5 place ( nature :i* has hi!rto be5 inve/igat$ ) little or no success4 h4 ,! impossibility ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 m9d & body4 ,nei!r 9 ?\ght nor 9 exp]i5ce c we sep>ate !m4 ,!y seem to act toge!r2 yet we feel t we are sometimes "u ! dom9ion ( ! "o1 sometimes ( ! o!r1 & sometimes1 bo? 9 ! common use ( language & 9 fact1 !y trans=m !mselves1 ! "o into ! good pr9ciple1 ! o!r into ! evil pr9ciple2 & !n aga9 ! ',i' comes 9 & m$iates betwe5 !m4 ,x is also difficult to di/+ui% outw>d facts f ! ideas ( !m 9 ! m9d1 or to sep>ate ! ext]nal /imulus to a s5sation f ! activity ( ! organ1 or ?is f ! invisible ag5cies by :i* x rea*es ! m9d1 or any process ( s5se f its m5tal antec$5t1 or any m5tal en]gy f its n]v\s expression4 i4 ,! fact t m5tal divisions t5d to run into "o ano!r1 & t 9 speak+ ( ! m9d we _c always di/+ui% diff]5ces ( k9d f diff]5ces ( degree2 nor h we any measure ( ! /r5g? & int5sity ( our ideas or feel+s4 j4 ,al?\gh h]$ity has be5 always kn[n to ! anci5ts z well z ourselves to ex]cise a consid]able influ5ce on human "*1 yet we are unable to calculate :at proportion ?is bir?-influ5ce be>s to nurture & education4 ,b ?is is ! real "q4 ,we _c pursue ! m9d into embryology3 we c only trace h[1 aft] bir?1 x beg9s to gr[4 ,b h[ mu* is due to ! soil1 h[ mu* to ! orig9al lat5t se$1 x is impossible to di/+ui%4 ,& because we are c]ta9 t h]$ity ex]cises a consid]able1 b undef9$ influ5ce1 we mu/ n increase ! wond] by exagg]at+ x4 k4 ,! love ( sy/em is always t5d+ to prevail ov] ! hi/orical inve/igation ( ! m9d1 :i* is our *ief means ( kn[+ x4 ,x equally t5ds to h9d] ! o!r great s\rce ( our k ( ! m9d1 ! obs]vation ( its work+s & processes :i* we c make = ourselves4 l4 ,! m9d1 :5 /udi$ ?r\gh ! individual1 is apt to be isolat$--?is is due to ! v =m ( ! enquiry2 :]eas1 9 tru?1 x is indi/+ui%able f circum/ances1 ! v language :i* x uses be+ ! result ( ! in/9cts ( long-=gott5 g5]ations1 & e ^w :i* a man utt]s be+ ! answ] to "s o!r ^w spok5 or sugge/$ by somebody else4 ,,iii4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! prec$+ rem>ks has be5 to %[ t ,psy*ology is necess>ily a fragm5t1 & is n & _c be a connect$ sy/em4 ,we _c def9e or limit ! m9d1 b we c describe x4 ,we c collect in=mation ab\t x2 we c enum]ate ! pr9cipal subjects :i* are includ$ 9 ! /udy ( x4 ,?us we are able to rehabilitate ,psy*ology to "s ext5t1 n z a bran* ( sci5ce1 b z a collection ( facts be>+ on human life1 z a "p ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 z an aspect ( ,metaphysic4 ,x is a fragm5t ( a sci5ce only1 :i* 9 all probability c nev] make any great progress or atta9 to mu* cle>ness or exactness4 ,x is h[ev] a k9d ( k :i* has a great int]e/ = u & is always pres5t to u1 & ( :i* we c>ry ab\t ! mat]ials 9 our own bosoms4 ,we c obs]ve our m9ds & we c exp]im5t ^u !m1 & ! k ?us acquir$ is n easily =gott51 & is a help to u 9 /udy z well z 9 conduct4 ,! pr9cipal subjects ( ,psy*ology may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- a4 ,! relation ( man to ! _w ar\nd him1--9 :at s5se & )9 :at limits c he )draw f its laws or ass]t himself aga9/ !m 7,fre$om & ,necessity71 & :at is t :i* we suppose to be ?us indep5d5t & :i* we call ourselves8 ,h[ does ! inw>d diff] f ! outw>d & :at is ! relation betwe5 !m1 & :]e d we draw ! l9e by :i* we sep>ate m9d f matt]1 ! s\l f ! body8 ,is ! m9d active or passive1 or p>tly bo?8 ,are its movem5ts id5tical ) ^? ( ! body1 or only preconc]t$ & co9cid5t ) !m1 or is "o simply an aspect ( ! o!r8 b4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( "t & space8 ,"t seems to h a ne>] connexion ) ! m9d1 space ) ! body2 yet "t1 z well z space1 is necess>y to our idea ( ei!r4 ,we see also t !y h an analogy ) "o ano!r1 & t 9 ,ma!matics !y (t5 int]p5etrate4 ,space or place has be5 said by ,kant to be ! =m ( ! outw>d1 "t ( ! inw>d s5se4 ,he reg>ds !m z p>ts or =ms ( ! m9d4 ,b ?is is an un=tunate & inexpressive way ( describ+ _! relation to u4 ,= ( all ! ph5om5a pres5t to ! human m9d !y seem to h mo/ ! "* ( objective exi/5ce4 ,!re is no use 9 ask+ :at is beyond or beh9d !m2 we _c get rid ( !m4 ,& to ?r[ ! laws ( ext]nal nature :i* to u are ! type ( ! immutable into ! subjective side ( ! anti!sis seems to be equally inappropriate4 c4 ,:5 9 imag9ation we ent] into ! closet ( ! m9d & )draw ourselves f ! ext]nal _w1 we seem to f9d !re m or less di/9ct processes :i* may be describ$ by ! words1 ',i p]ceive1' ',i feel1' ',i ?9k1' ',i want1' ',i wi%1' ',i l1' ',i dislike1' ',i fe>1' ',i "k1' ',i rememb]1' ',i imag9e1' ',i dream1' ',i act1' ',i endeav\r1' ',i hope4' ,^! processes w\ld seem to h ! same notions atta*$ to !m 9 ! m9ds ( all educat$ p]sons4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 ?\ght1 b !y int]m+le4 ,x is possible to reflect ^u !m or to become consci\s ( !m 9 a great] or less degree1 or ) a great] or less cont9uity or att5tion1 & ?us arise ! int]mitt5t ph5om5a ( consci\sness or self-consci\sness4 ,! use ( all ( !m is possible to u at all times2 & !re=e 9 any op]ation ( ! m9d ! :ole are lat5t4 ,b we are able to *>act]ise !m suffici5tly by t "p ( ! complex action :i* is ! mo/ prom95t4 ,we h no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ an act ( sight or an act ( w f an act ( ?\ght1 al?\gh ?\ght is pres5t 9 bo? ( !m4 ,h5ce ! conception ( diff]5t faculties or diff]5t virtues is prec>i\s1 because ea* ( !m is pass+ into ! o!r1 & !y are all "o 9 ! m9d itself2 !y appe> & reappe>1 & may all be reg>d$ z ! ev]-v>y+ phases or aspects or diff]5ces ( ! same m9d or p]son4 d4 ,ne>e/ ! s5se 9 ! scale ( ! intellectual faculties is memory1 :i* is a mode r ?an a faculty ( ! m9d1 & accompanies all m5tal op]ations4 ,!re are two pr9cipal k9ds ( x1 recollection & recognition1--recollection 9 :i* =gott5 ?+s are recall$ or return to ! m9d1 recognition 9 :i* ! m9d f9ds itself aga9 among ?+s once famili>4 ,! simple/ way 9 :i* we c repres5t ! =m] to ourselves is by %utt+ our eyes & try+ to recall 9 :at we t]m ! m9d's eye ! picture ( ! surr\nd+ sc5e1 or by lay+ d[n ! book :i* we are read+ & recapitulat+ :at we c rememb] ( x4 ,b _m times m p[]ful ?an recollection is recognition1 p]haps because x is m assi/$ by association4 ,we h kn[n & =gott51 & aft] a long int]val ! ?+ :i* we h se5 once is se5 aga9 by u1 b ) a diff]5t feel+1 & comes back to u1 n z new k1 b z a ?+ to :i* we ourselves imp>t a notion already pres5t to u2 9 ,plato's words1 we set ! /amp ^u ! wax4 ,e "o is aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second sight ( a place1 betwe5 a sc5e clo!d ) associations or b>e & dive/$ ( !m4 ,we say to ourselves on revisit+ a spot aft] a long int]val3 ,h[ _m ?+s h happ5$ s9ce ,i la/ saw ?is6 ,!re is probably no impression ev] receiv$ by u ( :i* we c v5ture to say t ! ve/iges are altoge!r lo/1 or t we might n1 "u "s circum/ances1 recov] x4 ,a long-=gott5 k may be easily r5ew$ & !re=e is v diff]5t f ignorance4 ,( ! language le>nt 9 *ildhood n a ^w may be rememb]$1 & yet1 :5 a new beg9n+ is made1 ! old habit soon returns1 ! neglect$ organs come back into use1 & ! riv] ( spee* f9ds out ! dri$-up *annel4 e4 ',consci\sness' is ! mo/ trea*]\s ^w :i* is employ$ 9 ! /udy ( ! m9d1 = x is us$ 9 _m s5ses1 & has r>ely1 if ev]1 be5 m9utely analyz$4 ,l memory1 x accompanies all m5tal op]ations1 b n always cont9u\sly1 & x exi/s 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,x may be imp]ceptible or h>dly p]ceptible3 x may be ! liv+ s5se t our ?\ghts1 actions1 suff]+s1 are our own4 ,x is a k9d ( att5tion :i* we pay to ourselves1 & is int]mitt5t r ?an cont9u\s4 ,its sph]e has be5 exagg]at$4 ,x is sometimes said to assure u ( our fre$om2 b ?is is an illusion3 z !re may be a real fre$om )\t consci\sness ( x1 s !re may be a consci\sness ( fre$om )\t ! reality4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a high] degree ( k :5 we n only "k b "k t we "k4 ,consci\sness is oppos$ to habit1 inatt5tion1 sleep1 dea?4 ,x may be illu/rat$ by its d]ivative consci5ce1 :i* speaks to m51 n only ( "r & wrong 9 ! ab/ract1 b ( "r & wrong actions 9 ref]5ce to !mselves & _! circum/ances4 f4 ,association is ano!r ( ! ev]-pres5t ph5om5a ( ! human m9d4 ,we speak ( ! laws ( association1 b ?is is an expression :i* is confus+1 = ! ph5om5on itself is ( ! mo/ caprici\s & unc]ta9 sort4 ,x may be briefly describ$ z foll[s4 ,! simple/ case ( association is t ( s5se4 ,:5 we see or he> sep>ately "o ( two ?+s1 :i* we h previ\sly se5 or he>d toge!r1 ! occurr5ce ( ! "o has a t5d5cy to sugge/ ! o!r4 ,s ! sight or "n ( a h\se may recall to our m9ds ! memory ( ^? :o once liv$ !re4 ,l may recall l & ev]y?+ its opposite4 ,! p>ts ( a :ole1 ! t]ms ( a s]ies1 objects ly+ ne>1 words hav+ a cu/om>y ord] /ick toge!r 9 ! m9d4 ,a ^w may br+ back a passage ( poetry or a :ole sy/em ( philosophy2 f "o end ( ! _w or f "o pole ( k we may travel to ! o!r 9 an indivisible in/ant4 ,! long tra9 ( association by :i* we pass f "o po9t to ! o!r1 involv+ e sort ( complex relation1 s sudd51 s accid5tal1 is "o ( ! greate/ wond]s ( m9d444,?is process h[ev] is n always cont9u\s1 b (t5 int]mitt5t3 we c ?9k ( ?+s 9 isolation z well z 9 association2 we d n mean t !y mu/ all hang f "o ano!r4 ,we c beg9 aga9 aft] an int]val ( re/ or vacancy1 z a new tra9 ( ?\ght sudd5ly arises1 z1 = example1 :5 we wake ( a morn+ or aft] viol5t ex]cise4 ,"t1 place1 ! same col\r or s\nd or smell or ta/e1 w (t5 call up "s ?\ght or recollection ei!r accid5tally or naturally associat$ ) !m4 ,b x is equally noticeable t ! new ?\ght may occur to u1 we _c tell h[ or :y1 by ! spontane\s action ( ! m9d itself or by ! lat5t influ5ce ( ! body4 ,bo? sci5ce & poetry are made up ( associations or recollections1 b we mu/ obs]ve also t ! m9d is n :olly dep5d5t on !m1 hav+ also ! p[] ( orig9ation4 ,!re are o!r processes ( ! m9d :i* x is good = u to /udy :5 we are at home & by ourselves1--! mann] 9 :i* ?\ght passes into act1 ! conflict ( passion & reason 9 _m /ages1 ! transition f s5suality to love or s5tim5t & f e>?ly love to heav5ly1 ! sl[ & sil5t influ5ce ( habit1 :i* little by little *anges ! nature ( m51 ! sudd5 *ange ( ! old nature ( man into a new "o1 wr\ght by %ame or by "s o!r ov]:elm+ impulse4 ,^! are ! great] ph5om5a ( m9d1 & he :o has ?\ght ( !m = himself w live & move 9 a bett]-ord]$ _w1 & w himself be a bett]-ord]$ man4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! 'globus intellectualis1' ne>e/1 n to e>? & s5se1 b to heav5 & ,god1 is ! p]sonality ( man1 by :i* he holds communion ) ! unse5 _w4 ,someh[1 he kn[s n h[1 some:]e1 he kn[s n :]e1 "u ?is high] aspect ( 8 be+ he grasps ! ideas ( ,god1 fre$om & immortality2 he sees ! =ms ( tru?1 hol9ess & love1 & is satisfi$ ) !m4 ,no acc\nt ( ! m9d c be complete :i* does n admit ! reality or ! possibility ( ano!r life4 ,:e!r reg>d$ z an ideal or z a fact1 ! highe/ "p ( man's nature & t 9 :i* x seems mo/ ne>ly to approa* ! div9e1 is a ph5om5on :i* exi/s1 & mu/ !re=e be includ$ )9 ! doma9 ( ,psy*ology4 ,,iv4 ,we admit t !re is no p]fect or ideal ,psy*ology4 ,x is n a :ole 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ,*emi/ry1 ,physiology1 or ,ma!matics are :oles3 t is to say1 x is n a connect$ unity ( k4 ,comp>$ ) ! weal? ( o!r sci5ces1 x re/s ^u a small numb] ( facts2 & :5 we g beyond ^!1 we fall into conjectures & v]bal discussions4 ,! facts !mselves are disjo9t$2 ! causes ( !m run up into o!r sci5ces1 & we h no means ( trac+ !m f "o to ! o!r4 ,yet x may be true ( ?is1 z ( o!r beg9n+s ( k1 t ! attempt to put !m toge!r has te/$ ! tru? ( !m1 & giv5 a /imulus to ! enquiry into !m4 ,psy*ology %\ld be natural1 n te*nical4 ,x %\ld take ! =m :i* is ! mo/ intelligible to ! common und]/&+1 because x has to d ) common ?+s1 :i* are famili> to u all4 ,x %\ld aim at no m ?an e reflect+ man kn[s or c easily v]ify = himself4 ,:5 simple & unpret5ti\s1 x is lea/ obscur$ by words1 lea/ liable to fall "u ! influ5ce ( ,physiology or ,metaphysic4 ,x %\ld argue1 n f exceptional1 b f ord9>y ph5om5a4 ,x %\ld be c>eful to di/+ui% ! high] & ! l[] elem5ts ( human nature1 & n all[ "o to be veil$ 9 ! disguise ( ! o!r1 le/ ?r\gh ! slipp]y nature ( language we %\ld pass imp]ceptibly f good to evil1 f nature 9 ! high] to nature 9 ! neutral or l[] s5se4 ,x %\ld ass]t consi/5tly ! unity ( ! human faculties1 ! unity ( k1 ! unity ( ,god & law4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! w & ! affections & betwe5 ! reason & ! passions %\ld also be recogniz$ by x4 ,its sph]e is suppos$ to be n>r[$ to ! individual s\l2 b x _c be ?us sep>at$ 9 fact4 ,x goes back to ! beg9n+s ( ?+s1 to ! fir/ gr[? ( language & philosophy1 & to ! :ole sci5ce ( man4 ,!re c be no tru? or complet5ess 9 any /udy ( ! m9d :i* is conf9$ to ! individual4 ,! nature ( language1 ?\gh n ! :ole1 is p]haps at pres5t ! mo/ important elem5t 9 our k ( x4 ,x is n impossible t "s num]ical laws may be f\nd to h a place 9 ! relations ( m9d & matt]1 z 9 ! re/ ( nature4 ,! old ,py?agorean fancy t ! s\l 'is or has 9 x h>mony' may 9 "s degree be realiz$4 ,b ! indications ( su* num]ical h>monies are fa9t2 ei!r ! secret ( !m lies deep] ?an we c discov]1 or nature may h rebell$ aga9/ ! use ( !m 9 ! composition ( m5 & animals4 ,x is ) qualitative r ?an ) quantitative diff]5ces t we are conc]n$ 9 ,psy*ology4 ,! facts relat+ to ! m9d :i* we obta9 f ,physiology are negative r ?an positive4 ,!y %[ u1 n ! processes ( m5tal action1 b ! conditions ( :i* :5 depriv$ ! m9d ceases to act4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! "t _h n yet arriv$ :5 we c hope to add any?+ ( mu* importance to our k ( ! m9d f ! inve/igations ( ! microscope4 ,! elem5ts ( ,psy*ology c /ill only be le>nt f reflections on ourselves1 :i* int]pret & are also int]pret$ by our exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,! hi/ory ( language1 ( philosophy1 & religion1 ! great ?\ghts or inv5tions or discov]ies :i* move mank9d1 furni% ! l>g] m\lds or outl9es 9 :i* ! human m9d has be5 ca/4 ,f ^! ! individual d]ives s mu* z he is able to compreh5d or has ! opportunity ( le>n+4 ,,!aetetus ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,socrates1 ,!odorus1 ,!aetetus4 ,euclid & ,t]psion meet 9 front ( ,euclid's h\se 9 ,meg>a2 !y ent] ! h\se1 & ! dialogue is read to !m by a s]vant4 ,,euclid3 ,h y only j arriv$ f ! c\ntry1 ,t]psion8 ,,t]psion3 ,no1 ,i came "s "t ago3 & ,i h be5 9 ! ,agora look+ = y1 & wond]+ t ,i c\ld n f9d y4 ,,euclid3 ,b ,i 0 n 9 ! city4 ,,t]psion3 ,:]e !n8 ,,euclid3 ,z ,i 0 go+ d[n to ! h>b\r1 ,i met ,!aetetus--he 0 be+ c>ri$ up to ,a!ns f ! army at ,cor9?4 ,,t]psion3 ,0 he alive or dead8 ,,euclid3 ,he 0 sc>cely alive1 = he has be5 badly w\nd$2 b he 0 suff]+ ev5 m f ! sickness :i* has brok5 out 9 ! army4 ,,t]psion3 ,! dys5t]y1 y mean8 ,,euclid3 ,yes4 ,,t]psion3 ,alas6 :at a loss he w be6 ,,euclid3 ,yes1 ,t]psion1 he is a noble fell[2 only to-day ,i he>d "s p highly prais+ 8 behavi\r 9 ?is v battle4 ,,t]psion3 ,no wond]2 ,i %\ld r be surpris$ at he>+ any?+ else ( him4 ,b :y did he g on1 in/ead ( /opp+ at ,meg>a8 ,,euclid3 ,he want$ to get home3 al?\gh ,i entreat$ & advis$ him to rema91 he w\ld n li/5 to me2 s ,i set him on 8 way1 & turn$ back1 & !n ,i rememb]$ :at ,socrates _h said ( him1 & ?\ght h[ rem>kably ?is1 l all 8 pr$ictions1 _h be5 fulfill$4 ,i believe t he _h se5 him a little be=e 8 own dea?1 :5 ,!aetetus 0 a y\?1 & he _h a memorable conv]sation ) him1 :i* he repeat$ to me :5 ,i came to ,a!ns2 he 0 full ( admiration ( 8 g5ius1 & said t he w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be a great man1 if he liv$4 ,,t]psion3 ,! prophecy has c]ta9ly be5 fulfill$2 b :at 0 ! conv]sation8 c y tell me8 ,,euclid3 ,no1 inde$1 n (fh&2 b ,i took notes ( x z soon z ,i got home2 ^! ,i fill$ up f memory1 writ+ !m out at leisure2 & :5ev] ,i w5t to ,a!ns1 ,i ask$ ,socrates ab\t any po9t :i* ,i _h =gott51 & on my return ,i made corrections2 ?us ,i h ne>ly ! :ole conv]sation writt5 d[n4 ,,t]psion3 ,i rememb]--y told me2 & ,i h always be5 int5d+ to ask y to %[ me ! writ+1 b h put (f do+ s2 & n[1 :y %\ld we n read x ?r\gh8--hav+ j come f ! c\ntry1 ,i %\ld greatly l to re/4 ,,euclid3 ,i too %all be v glad ( a re/1 = ,i w5t ) ,!aetetus z f> z ,er9eum4 ,let u g 91 !n1 &1 :ile we are repos+1 ! s]vant %all read to u4 ,,t]psion3 ,v good4 ,,euclid3 ,"h is ! roll1 ,t]psion2 ,i may obs]ve t ,i h introduc$ ,socrates1 n z n>rat+ to me1 b z actually conv]s+ ) ! p]sons :om he m5tion$--^! 71 ,!odorus ! geometrician 7( ,cyr5e71 & ,!aetetus4 ,i h omitt$1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 ! int]locutory words ',i said1' ',i rem>k$1' :i* he us$ :5 he spoke ( himself1 & aga91 'he agre$1' or 'disagre$1' 9 ! answ]1 le/ ! repetition ( !m %\ld be tr\blesome4 ,,t]psion3 ,q "r1 ,euclid4 ,,euclid3 ,& n[1 boy1 y may take ! roll & read4 ,,euclid',s ,,s]vant ,,reads4 ,,socrates3 ,if ,i c>$ en\gh ab\t ! ,cyr5ians1 ,!odorus1 ,i w\ld ask y :e!r !re are any ris+ geometricians or philosoph]s 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,b ,i am m int]e/$ 9 our own ,a!nian y\?1 & ,i w\ld r "k :o among !m are likely to d well4 ,i obs]ve !m z f> z ,i c myself1 & ,i enquire ( any "o :om !y foll[1 & ,i see t a great _m ( !m foll[ y1 9 :i* !y are q "r1 consid]+ y\r em95ce 9 geometry & 9 o!r ways4 ,tell me !n1 if y h met ) any "o :o is good = any?+4 ,,!odorus3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i h become acqua9t$ ) "o v rem>kable ,a!nian y\?1 :om ,i comm5d to y z well wor?y ( y\r att5tion4 ,if he _h be5 a beauty ,i %\ld h be5 afraid to praise him1 le/ y %\ld suppose t ,i 0 9 love ) him2 b he is no beauty1 & y mu/ n be (f5d$ if ,i say t he is v l y2 = he has a snub nose & project+ eyes1 al?\gh ^! features are less m>k$ 9 him ?an 9 y4 ,see+1 !n1 t he has no p]sonal attractions1 ,i may freely say1 t 9 all my acqua9tance1 :i* is v l>ge1 ,i nev] knew any "o :o 0 8 equal 9 natural gifts3 = he has a quickness ( appreh5sion :i* is almo/ unrivall$1 & he is exce$+ly g5tle1 & also ! mo/ c\rage\s ( m52 !re is a union ( qualities 9 him su* z ,i h nev] se5 9 any o!r1 & %\ld sc>cely h ?\ght possible2 = ^? :o1 l him1 h quick & ready & ret5tive wits1 h g5]ally also quick temp]s2 !y are %ips )\t balla/1 & g d>t+ ab\t1 & are mad r ?an c\rage\s2 & ! /eadi] sort1 :5 !y h to face /udy1 prove /upid & _c rememb]4 ,:]eas he moves surely & smoo?ly & successfully 9 ! pa? ( k & enquiry2 & he is full ( g5tl5ess1 fl[+ on sil5tly l a riv] ( oil2 at 8 age1 x is wond]ful4 ,,socrates3 ,t is good news2 ^: son is he8 ,,!odorus3 ,! "n ( 8 fa!r ,i h =gott51 b ! y\? himself is ! middle "o ( ^? :o are approa*+ u2 he & 8 companions h be5 ano9t+ !mselves 9 ! out] c\rt1 & n[ !y seem to h f9i%$1 & are com+ t[>ds u4 ,look & see :e!r y "k him4 ,,socrates3 ,i "k ! y\?1 b ,i d n "k 8 "n2 he is ! son ( ,euphronius ! ,sunian1 :o 0 himself an em95t man1 & su* ano!r z 8 son is1 accord+ to y\r acc\nt ( him2 ,i believe t he left a consid]able =tune4 ,,!odorus3 ,!aetetus1 ,socrates1 is 8 "n2 b ,i r ?9k t ! prop]ty disappe>$ 9 ! h&s ( tru/ees2 not)/&+ :i* he is wond]fully lib]al4 ,,socrates3 ,he mu/ be a f9e fell[2 tell him to come & sit by me4 ,,!odorus3 ,i w4 ,come hi!r1 ,!aetetus1 & sit by ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,by all means1 ,!aetetus1 9 ord] t ,i may see ! reflection ( myself 9 y\r face1 = ,!odorus says t we are alike2 & yet if ea* ( u held 9 8 h&s a lyre1 & he said t !y 7 tun$ alike1 %\ld we at once take 8 ^w1 or %\ld we ask :e!r he :o said s 0 or 0 n a musician8 ,,!aetetus3 ,we %\ld ask4 ,,socrates3 ,& if we f\nd t he 01 we %\ld take 8 ^w2 & if n1 n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& if ?is suppos$ lik5ess ( our faces is a matt] ( any int]e/ to u1 we %\ld enquire :e!r he :o says t we are alike is a pa9t] or n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly we %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& is ,!odorus a pa9t]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i nev] he>d t he 04 ,,socrates3 ,is he a geometrician8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse he is1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,& is he an a/ronom] & calculator & musician1 & 9 g5]al an educat$ man8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i ?9k s4 ,,socrates3 ,if1 !n1 he rem>ks on a simil>ity 9 our p]sons1 ei!r by way ( praise or blame1 !re is no p>ticul> reason :y we %\ld att5d to him4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld say n4 ,,socrates3 ,b if he praises ! virtue or wisdom :i* are ! m5tal end[m5ts ( ei!r ( u1 !n he :o he>s ! praises w naturally desire to exam9e him :o is prais$3 & he aga9 %\ld be will+ to exhibit himself4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[ is ! "t1 my de> ,!aetetus1 = me to exam9e1 & = y to exhibit2 s9ce al?\gh ,!odorus has prais$ _m a citiz5 & /rang] 9 my he>+1 nev] did ,i he> him praise any "o z he has be5 prais+ y4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i am glad to he> x1 ,socrates2 b :at if he 0 only 9 je/8 ,,socrates3 ,nay1 ,!odorus is n giv5 to je/+2 & ,i _c all[ y to retract y\r cons5t on any su* pret5ce z t4 ,if y d1 he w h to swe> to 8 words2 & we are p]fectly sure t no "o w be f\nd to impugn him4 ,d n be %y !n1 b /& to y\r ^w4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i suppose ,i mu/1 if y wi% x4 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i %\ld l to ask :at y le>n ( ,!odorus3 some?+ ( geometry1 p]haps8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& a/ronomy & h>mony & calculation8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d my be/4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 my boy1 & s d ,i2 & my desire is to le>n ( him1 or ( anybody :o seems to und]/& ^! ?+s4 ,& ,i get on pretty well 9 g5]al2 b !re is a little difficulty :i* ,i want y & ! company to aid me 9 inve/igat+4 ,w y answ] me a "q3 ',is n le>n+ gr[+ wis] ab\t t :i* y le>n8' ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,& by wisdom ! wise are wise8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& is t diff]5t 9 any way f k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at8 ,,socrates3 ,wisdom2 are n m5 wise 9 t :i* !y "k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly !y are4 ,,socrates3 ,!n wisdom & k are ! same8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,h]e9 lies ! difficulty :i* ,i c nev] solve to my satisfaction--,:at is k8 ,c we answ] t "q8 ,:at say y8 :i* ( u w speak fir/8 :oev] misses %all sit d[n1 z at a game ( ball1 & %all be donkey1 z ! boys say2 he :o la/s out 8 competitors 9 ! game )\t miss+1 %all be our k+1 & %all h ! "r ( putt+ to u any que/ions :i* he pleases444,:y is !re no reply8 ,i hope1 ,!odorus1 t ,i am n betray$ into rud5ess by my love ( conv]sation8 ,i only want to make u talk & be fri5dly & sociable4 ,,!odorus3 ,! rev]se ( rud5ess1 ,socrates3 b ,i w\ld r t y w\ld ask "o ( ! "y fell[s2 = ! tru? is1 t ,i am unus$ to y\r game ( "q & answ]1 & ,i am too old to le>n2 ! "y w be m suitable1 & !y w improve m ?an ,i %all1 = y\? is always able to improve4 ,& s hav+ made a beg9n+ ) ,!aetetus1 ,i w\ld advise y to g on ) him & n let him (f4 ,,socrates3 ,d y he>1 ,!aetetus1 :at ,!odorus says8 ,! philosoph]1 :om y w\ld n l to disobey1 & ^: ^w ought to be a comm& to a "y man1 bids me int]rogate y4 ,take c\rage1 !n1 & nobly say :at y ?9k t k is4 ,,!aetetus3 ,well1 ,socrates1 ,i w answ] z y & he bid me2 & if ,i make a mi/ake1 y w d\btless correct me4 ,,socrates3 ,we w1 if we c4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!n1 ,i ?9k t ! sci5ces :i* ,i le>n f ,!odorus--geometry1 & ^? :i* y j n[ m5tion$--are k2 & ,i w\ld include ! art ( ! cobbl] & o!r craftsm52 ^!1 ea* & all (1 !m1 are k4 ,,socrates3 ,too mu*1 ,!aetetus1 too mu*2 ! nobility & lib]ality ( y\r nature make y give _m & div]se ?+s1 :5 ,i am ask+ = "o simple ?+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,p]haps no?+4 ,i w endeav\r1 h[ev]1 to expla9 :at ,i believe to be my mean+3 ,:5 y speak ( cobbl+1 y mean ! art or sci5ce ( mak+ %oes8 ,,!aetetus3 ,j s4 ,,socrates3 ,& :5 y speak ( c>p5t]+1 y mean ! art ( mak+ wood5 implem5ts8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,9 bo? cases y def9e ! subject matt] ( ea* ( ! two arts8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b t1 ,!aetetus1 0 n ! po9t ( my "q3 we want$ to "k n ! subjects1 nor yet ! numb] ( ! arts or sci5ces1 = we 7 n go+ to c\nt !m1 b we want$ to "k ! nature ( k 9 ! ab/ract4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,p]fectly "r4 ,,socrates3 ,let me (f] an illu/ration3 ,suppose t a p]son 7 to ask ab\t "s v trivial & obvi\s ?+--= example1 ,:at is clay8 & we 7 to reply1 t !re is a clay ( pott]s1 !re is a clay ( ov5-mak]s1 !re is a clay ( brick-mak]s2 w\ld n ! answ] be ridicul\s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,truly4 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re w\ld be an absurdity 9 assum+ t he :o ask$ ! "q w\ld und]/& f our answ] ! nature ( 'clay1' m]ely because we add$ '( ! image-mak]s1' or ( any o!r work]s4 ,h[ c a man und]/& ! "n ( any?+1 :5 he does n "k ! nature ( x8 ,,!aetetus3 ,he _c4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he :o does n "k :at sci5ce or k is1 has no k ( ! art or sci5ce ( mak+ %oes8 ,,!aetetus3 ,none4 ,,socrates3 ,nor ( any o!r sci5ce8 ,,!aetetus3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,& :5 a man is ask$ :at sci5ce or k is1 to give 9 answ] ! "n ( "s art or sci5ce is ridicul\s2 = ! "q is1 ',:at is k8' & he replies1 ',a k ( ?is or t4' ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,moreov]1 he might answ] %ortly & simply1 b he makes an enorm\s circuit4 ,= example1 :5 ask$ ab\t ! clay1 he might h said simply1 t clay is moi/5$ e>?--:at sort ( clay is n to ! po9t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 !re is no difficulty z y put ! "q4 ,y mean1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 some?+ l :at occurr$ to me & to my fri5d "h1 y\r namesake ,socrates1 9 a rec5t discussion4 ,,socrates3 ,:at 0 t1 ,!aetetus8 ,,!aetetus3 ,!odorus 0 writ+ out = u some?+ ab\t roots1 su* z ! roots ( ?ree or five1 %[+ t !y are incomm5surable by ! unit3 he select$ o!r examples up to sev5te5--!re he /opp$4 ,n[ z !re are innum]able roots1 ! notion occurr$ to u ( attempt+ to include !m all "u "o "n or class4 ,,socrates3 ,& did y f9d su* a class8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i ?9k t we did2 b ,i %\ld l to h y\r op9ion4 ,,socrates3 ,let me he>4 ,,!aetetus3 ,we divid$ all numb]s into two classes3 ^? :i* are made up ( equal factors multiply+ into "o ano!r1 :i* we comp>$ to squ>e figures & call$ squ>e or equilat]al numb]s2--t 0 "o class4 ,,socrates3 ,v good4 ,,!aetetus3 ,! int]m$iate numb]s1 su* z ?ree & five1 & e o!r numb] :i* is made up ( unequal factors1 ei!r ( a great] multipli$ by a less1 or ( a less multipli$ by a great]1 & :5 reg>d$ z a figure1 is conta9$ 9 unequal sides2--all ^! we comp>$ to oblong figures1 & call$ !m oblong numb]s4 ,,socrates3 ,capital2 & :at foll[$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! l9es1 or sides1 :i* h = _! squ>es ! equilat]al plane numb]s1 7 call$ by u l5g?s or magnitudes2 & ! l9es :i* are ! roots ( 7or ^: squ>es are equal to7 ! oblong numb]s1 7 call$ p[]s or roots2 ! reason ( ?is latt] "n be+1 t !y are comm5surable ) ! =m] i4e41 ) ! s-call$ l5g?s or magnitudes n 9 l9e> measurem5t1 b 9 ! value ( ! sup]ficial cont5t ( _! squ>es2 & ! same ab\t solids4 ,,socrates3 ,excell5t1 my boys2 ,i ?9k t y fully ju/ify ! praises ( ,!odorus1 & t he w n be f\nd guilty ( false witness4 ,,!aetetus3 ,b ,i am unable1 ,socrates1 to give y a simil> answ] ab\t k1 :i* is :at y appe> to want2 & !re=e ,!odorus is a deceiv] aft] all4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b if "s "o 7 to praise y = runn+1 & to say t he nev] met y\r equal among boys1 & aft]w>ds y 7 beat5 9 a race by a gr[n-up man1 :o 0 a great runn]--w\ld ! praise be any ! less true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,& is ! discov]y ( ! nature ( k s small a matt]1 z j n[ said8 ,is x n "o :i* w\ld task ! p[]s ( m5 p]fect 9 e way8 ,,!aetetus3 ,by heav51 !y %\ld be ! top ( all p]fection6 ,,socrates3 ,well1 !n1 be ( good *e]2 d n say t ,!odorus 0 mi/ak5 ab\t y1 b d y\r be/ to asc]ta9 ! true nature ( k1 z well z ( o!r ?+s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i am eag] en\gh1 ,socrates1 if t w\ld br+ to light ! tru?4 ,,socrates3 ,come1 y made a good beg9n+ j n[2 let y\r own answ] ab\t roots be y\r model1 & z y compreh5d$ !m all 9 "o class1 try & br+ ! _m sorts ( k "u "o def9ition4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i c assure y1 ,socrates1 t ,i h tri$ v (t51 :5 ! report ( que/ions ask$ by y 0 br\ght to me2 b ,i c nei!r p]suade myself t ,i h a satisfactory answ] to give1 nor he> ( any "o :o answ]s z y w\ld h him2 & ,i _c %ake (f a feel+ ( anxiety4 ,,socrates3 ,^! are ! pangs ( lab\r1 my de> ,!aetetus2 y h some?+ )9 y :i* y are br++ to ! bir?4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n "k1 ,socrates2 ,i only say :at ,i feel4 ,,socrates3 ,& h y nev] he>d1 simpleton1 t ,i am ! son ( a midwife1 brave & burly1 ^: "n 0 ,pha5>ete8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,,socrates3 ,& t ,i myself practise midwif]y8 ,,!aetetus3 ,no1 nev]4 ,,socrates3 ,let me tell y t ,i d ?\gh1 my fri5d3 b y mu/ n reveal ! secret1 z ! _w 9 g5]al h n f\nd me out2 & !re=e !y only say ( me1 t ,i am ! /range/ ( mortals & drive m5 to _! wits' end4 ,did y ev] he> t too8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,%all ,i tell y ! reason8 ,,!aetetus3 ,by all means4 ,,socrates3 ,be> 9 m9d ! :ole bus9ess ( ! midwives1 & !n y w see my mean+ bett]3--,no woman1 z y are probably aw>e1 :o is /ill able to conceive & be>1 att5ds o!r wom51 b only ^? :o are pa/ be>+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ,i "k4 ,,socrates3 ,! reason ( ?is is said to be t ,artemis--! goddess ( *ildbir?--is n a "m1 & %e hon\rs ^? :o are l h]self2 b %e c\ld n all[ ! b>r5 to be midwives1 because human nature _c "k ! my/]y ( an art )\t exp]i5ce2 & !re=e %e assign$ ?is (fice to ^? :o are too old to be>4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d>e say4 ,,socrates3 ,& ,i d>e say too1 or r ,i am absolutely c]ta91 t ! midwives "k bett] ?an o!rs :o is pregnant & :o is n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& by ! use ( potions & incantations !y are able to ar\se ! pangs & to soo! !m at w2 !y c make ^? be> :o h a difficulty 9 be>+1 & if !y ?9k fit !y c smo!r ! embryo 9 ! womb4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!y c4 ,,socrates3 ,did y ev] rem>k t !y are also mo/ cunn+ mat*mak]s1 & h a ?or\gh k ( :at unions are likely to produce a brave brood8 ,,!aetetus3 ,no1 nev]4 ,,socrates3 ,!n let me tell y t ?is is _! greate/ pride1 m ?an cutt+ ! umbilical cord4 ,& if y reflect1 y w see t ! same art :i* cultivates & ga!rs 9 ! fruits ( ! e>?1 w be mo/ likely to "k 9 :at soils ! sev]al plants or se$s %\ld be deposit$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ! same art4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y suppose t ) wom5 ! case is o!rwise8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,c]ta9ly n2 b midwives are respectable wom5 :o h a "* to lose1 & !y avoid ?is dep>tm5t ( _! pr(ession1 because !y are afraid ( be+ call$ procuresses1 :i* is a "n giv5 to ^? :o jo9 toge!r man & woman 9 an unlawful & unsci5tific way2 & yet ! true midwife is also ! true & only mat*mak]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,su* are ! midwives1 ^: task is a v important "o1 b n s important z m9e2 = wom5 d n br+ into ! _w at "o "t real *ildr51 & at ano!r "t c\nt]feits :i* are ) difficulty di/+ui%$ f !m2 if !y did1 !n ! disc]nm5t ( ! true & false bir? w\ld be ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ! art ( midwif]y--y w\ld ?9k s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,inde$ ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 my art ( midwif]y is 9 mo/ respects l !irs2 b diff]s1 9 t ,i att5d m5 & n wom52 & look aft] _! s\ls :5 !y are 9 lab\r1 & n aft] _! bodies3 & ! triumph ( my art is 9 ?or\ghly exam9+ :e!r ! ?\ght :i* ! m9d ( ! "y man br+s =? is a false idol or a noble & true bir?4 ,& l ! midwives1 ,i am b>r51 & ! reproa* :i* is (t5 made aga9/ me1 t ,i ask que/ions ( o!rs & h n ! wit to answ] !m myself1 is v j--! reason is1 t ! god compels me to be a midwife1 b does n all[ me to br+ =?4 ,& !re=e ,i am n myself at all wise1 nor h ,i any?+ to %[ :i* is ! inv5tion or bir? ( my own s\l1 b ^? :o conv]se ) me pr(it4 ,"s ( !m appe> dull en\gh at fir/1 b aft]w>ds1 z our acqua9tance rip5s1 if ! god is graci\s to !m1 !y all make a/oni%+ progress2 & ?is 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs z well z 9 _! own4 ,x is q cle> t !y nev] le>n$ any?+ f me2 ! _m f9e discov]ies to :i* !y cl+ are ( _! own mak+4 ,b to me & ! god !y owe _! deliv]y4 ,& ! pro( ( my words is1 t _m ( !m 9 _! ignorance1 ei!r 9 _! self-conceit despis+ me1 or fall+ "u ! influ5ce ( o!rs1 h gone away too soon2 & h n only lo/ ! *ildr5 ( :om ,i _h previ\sly deliv]$ !m by an ill br++ up1 b h /ifl$ :atev] else !y _h 9 !m by evil communications1 be+ fond] ( lies & %ams ?an ( ! tru?2 & !y h at la/ end$ by see+ !mselves1 z o!rs see !m1 to be great fools4 ,ari/eides1 ! son ( ,lysima*us1 is "o ( !m1 & !re are _m o!rs4 ,! truants (t5 return to me1 & beg t ,i w\ld consort ) !m aga9--!y are ready to g to me on _! knees--& !n1 if my famili> all[s1 :i* is n always ! case1 ,i receive !m1 & !y beg9 to gr[ aga94 ,dire are ! pangs :i* my art is able to ar\se & to allay 9 ^? :o consort ) me1 j l ! pangs ( wom5 9 *ildbir?2 night & day !y are full ( p]plexity & travail :i* is ev5 worse ?an t ( ! wom54 ,s mu* = !m4 ,& !re are o!rs1 ,!aetetus1 :o come to me app>5tly hav+ no?+ 9 !m2 & z ,i "k t !y h no ne$ ( my art1 ,i coax !m into m>ry+ "s "o1 & by ! grace ( ,god ,i c g5]ally tell :o is likely to d !m good4 ,_m ( !m ,i h giv5 away to ,prodicus1 & _m to o!r inspir$ sages4 ,i tell y ?is long /ory1 fri5d ,!aetetus1 because ,i suspect1 z inde$ y seem to ?9k y\rself1 t y are 9 lab\r--great ) "s conception4 ,come !n to me1 :o am a midwife's son & myself a midwife1 & d y\r be/ to answ] ! que/ions :i* ,i w ask y4 ,& if ,i ab/ract & expose y\r fir/-born1 because ,i discov] ^u inspection t ! conception :i* y h =m$ is a va9 %ad[1 d n qu>rel ) me on t acc\nt1 z ! mann] ( wom5 is :5 _! fir/ *ildr5 are tak5 f !m4 ,= ,i h actually kn[n "s :o 7 ready to bite me :5 ,i depriv$ !m ( a d>l+ folly2 !y did n p]ceive t ,i act$ f goodwill1 n kn[+ t no god is ! enemy ( man--t 0 n )9 ! range ( _! ideas2 nei!r am ,i _! enemy 9 all ?is1 b x w\ld be wrong = me to admit falsehood1 or to /ifle ! tru?4 ,once m1 !n1 ,!aetetus1 ,i repeat my old "q1 ',:at is k8'--& d n say t y _c tell2 b quit y\rself l a man1 & by ! help ( ,god y w be able to tell4 ,,!aetetus3 ,at any rate1 ,socrates1 aft] su* an exhortation ,i %\ld be a%am$ ( n try+ to d my be/4 ,n[ he :o kn[s p]ceives :at he kn[s1 &1 z f> z ,i c see at pres5t1 k is p]ception4 ,,socrates3 ,bravely said1 boy2 t is ! way 9 :i* y %\ld express y\r op9ion4 ,& n[1 let u exam9e toge!r ?is conception ( y\rs1 & see :e!r x is a true bir? or a m]e w9d-egg3--,y say t k is p]ception8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 y h deliv]$ y\rself ( a v important doctr9e ab\t k2 x is inde$ ! op9ion ( ,protagoras1 :o has ano!r way ( express+ x4 ,man1 he says1 is ! measure ( all ?+s1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s t are1 & ( ! non-exi/5ce ( ?+s t are n3--,y h read him8 ,,!aetetus3 ,o yes1 aga9 & aga94 ,,socrates3 ,does he n say t ?+s are to y su* z !y appe> to y1 & to me su* z !y appe> to me1 & t y & ,i are m58 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 he says s4 ,,socrates3 ,a wise man is n likely to talk nons5se4 ,let u try to und]/& him3 ! same w9d is bl[+1 & yet "o ( u may be cold & ! o!r n1 or "o may be slightly & ! o!r v cold8 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,n[ is ! w9d1 reg>d$ n 9 relation to u b absolutely1 cold or n2 or are we to say1 ) ,protagoras1 t ! w9d is cold to him :o is cold1 & n to him :o is n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i suppose ! la/4 ,,socrates3 ,!n x mu/ appe> s to ea* ( !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& 'appe>s to him' means ! same z 'he p]ceives4' ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n appe>+ & p]ceiv+ co9cide 9 ! case ( hot & cold1 & 9 simil> in/ances2 = ?+s appe>1 or may be suppos$ to be1 to ea* "o su* z he p]ceives !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n p]ception is always ( exi/5ce1 & be+ ! same z k is un]r+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,graces1 :at an almighty wise man ,protagoras mu/ h be56 ,he spoke ^! ?+s 9 a p>able to ! common h]d1 l y & me1 b told ! tru?1 '8 ,tru?1' 7,9 allusion to a book ( ,protagoras' :i* bore ?is title47 9 secret to 8 own disciples4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,i am ab\t to speak ( a high argum5t1 9 :i* all ?+s are said to be relative2 y _c rightly call any?+ by any "n1 su* z great or small1 heavy or light1 = ! great w be small & ! heavy light--!re is no s+le ?+ or quality1 b out ( motion & *ange & admixture all ?+s are becom+ relatively to "o ano!r1 :i* 'becom+' is by u incorrectly call$ be+1 b is really becom+1 = no?+ ev] is1 b all ?+s are becom+4 ,summon all philosoph]s--,protagoras1 ,h]acleitus1 ,emp$ocles1 & ! re/ ( !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 & ) ! exception ( ,p>m5ides !y w agree ) y 9 ?is4 ,summon ! great ma/]s ( ei!r k9d ( poetry--,epi*>mus1 ! pr9ce ( ,com$y1 & ,hom] ( ,trag$y2 :5 ! latt] s+s ( ',ocean :5ce sprang ! gods1 & "m ,te?ys1' does he n mean t all ?+s are ! (fspr+1 ( flux & motion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i ?9k s4 ,,socrates3 ,& :o c\ld take up arms aga9/ su* a great army hav+ ,hom] = its g5]al1 & n appe> ridicul\s8 7,comp>e ,cratylus47 ,,!aetetus3 ,:o inde$1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,!aetetus2 & !re are pl5ty ( o!r pro(s :i* w %[ t motion is ! s\rce ( :at is call$ be+ & becom+1 & inactivity ( n-be+ & de/ruction2 = fire & w>m?1 :i* are suppos$ to be ! p>5t & gu>dian ( all o!r ?+s1 are born ( movem5t & ( friction1 :i* is a k9d ( motion2--is n ?is ! orig9 ( fire8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x is4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! race ( animals is g5]at$ 9 ! same way8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n ! bodily habit spoil$ by re/ & idl5ess1 b pres]v$ = a long "t by motion & ex]cise8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at ( ! m5tal habit8 ,is n ! s\l in=m$1 & improv$1 & pres]v$ by /udy & att5tion1 :i* are motions2 b :5 at re/1 :i* 9 ! s\l only means want ( att5tion & /udy1 is un9=m$1 & spe$ily =gets :atev] %e has le>n$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n motion is a good1 & re/ an evil1 to ! s\l z well z to ! body8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,i may add1 t brea?less calm1 /illness & ! l wa/e & impair1 :ile w9d & /orm pres]ve2 & ! palm>y argum5t ( all1 :i* ,i /rongly urge1 is ! gold5 *a9 9 ,hom]1 by :i* he means ! sun1 !reby indicat+ t s long z ! sun & ! heav5s g r\nd 9 _! orbits1 all ?+s human & div9e are & are pres]v$1 b if !y 7 *a9$ up & _! motions ceas$1 !n all ?+s w\ld be de/roy$1 &1 z ! say+ is1 turn$ upside d[n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i believe1 ,socrates1 t y h truly expla9$ 8 mean+4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[ apply 8 doctr9e to p]ception1 my good fri5d1 & fir/ ( all to vision2 t :i* y call :ite col\r is n 9 y\r eyes1 & is n a di/9ct ?+ :i* exi/s out ( !m4 ,& y mu/ n assign any place to x3 = if x _h position x w\ld be1 & be at re/1 & !re w\ld be no process ( becom+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!n :at is col\r8 ,,socrates3 ,let u c>ry ! pr9ciple :i* has j be5 affirm$1 t no?+ is self-exi/5t1 & !n we %all see t :ite1 black1 & e o!r col\r1 arises out ( ! eye meet+ ! appropriate motion1 & t :at we call a col\r is 9 ea* case nei!r ! active nor ! passive elem5t1 b some?+ :i* passes betwe5 !m1 & is peculi> to ea* p]cipi5t2 are y q c]ta9 t ! sev]al col\rs appe> to a dog or to any animal :atev] z !y appe> to y8 ,,!aetetus3 ,f> f x4 ,,socrates3 ,or t any?+ appe>s ! same to y z to ano!r man8 ,are y s pr(\ndly conv9c$ ( ?is8 ,r w\ld x n be true t x nev] appe>s exactly ! same to y1 because y are nev] exactly ! same8 ,,!aetetus3 ,! latt]4 ,,socrates3 ,& if t ) :i* ,i comp>e myself 9 size1 or :i* ,i appreh5d by t\*1 7 great or :ite or hot1 x c\ld n become diff]5t by m]e contact ) ano!r unless x actually *ang$2 nor aga91 if ! comp>+ or appreh5d+ subject 7 great or :ite or hot1 c\ld ?is1 :5 un*ang$ f )91 become *ang$ by any approximation or affection ( any o!r ?+4 ,! fact is t 9 our ord9>y way ( speak+ we all[ ourselves to be driv5 into mo/ ridicul\s & wond]ful contradictions1 z ,protagoras & all :o take 8 l9e ( argum5t w\ld rem>k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[8 & ( :at sort d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,a little in/ance w suffici5tly expla9 my mean+3 ,"h are six dice1 :i* are m by a half :5 comp>$ ) f\r1 & few] by a half ?an twelve--!y are m & also few]4 ,h[ c y or any "o ma9ta9 ! contr>y8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 !n1 suppose t ,protagoras or "s "o asks :e!r any?+ c become great] or m if n by increas+1 h[ w\ld y answ] him1 ,!aetetus8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld say ',no1' ,socrates1 if ,i 7 to speak my m9d 9 ref]5ce to ?is la/ "q1 & if ,i 7 n afraid ( contradict+ my =m] answ]4 ,,socrates3 ,capital6 excell5t6 spok5 l an oracle1 my boy6 ,& if y reply ',yes1' !re w be a case = ,euripides2 = our tongue w be unconv9c$1 b n our m9d4 7,9 allusion to ! well-kn[n l9e ( ,euripides1 ,hippol43 e gloss omomo* e de ?r5 anomotos47 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,! ?or\ghbr$ ,sophi/s1 :o "k all t c be kn[n ab\t ! m9d1 & argue only out ( ! sup]fluity ( _! wits1 w\ld h _h a regul> sp>r+-mat* ov] ?is1 & w\ld h knock$ _! argum5ts toge!r f9ely4 ,b y & ,i1 :o h no pr(essional aims1 only desire to see :at is ! mutual relation ( ^! pr9ciples1--:e!r !y are consi/5t ) ea* or n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 t w\ld be my desire4 ,,socrates3 ,& m9e too4 ,b s9ce ?is is our feel+1 & !re is pl5ty ( "t1 :y %\ld we n calmly & pati5tly review our own ?\ghts1 & ?or\ghly exam9e & see :at ^! appe>ances 9 u really are8 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 !y w be describ$ by u z foll[s3--fir/1 t no?+ c become great] or less1 ei!r 9 numb] or magnitude1 :ile rema9+ equal to itself--y w\ld agree8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,secondly1 t )\t addition or subtraction !re is no increase or dim9ution ( any?+1 b only equality4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,?irdly1 t :at 0 n be=e _c be aft]w>ds1 )\t becom+ & hav+ become4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 truly4 ,,socrates3 ,^! ?ree axioms1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 are fight+ ) "o ano!r 9 our m9ds 9 ! case ( ! dice1 or1 aga91 9 su* a case z ?is--if ,i 7 to say t ,i1 :o am ( a c]ta9 height & tall] ?an y1 may )9 a ye>1 )\t ga9+ or los+ 9 height1 be n s tall--n t ,i %\ld h lo/1 b t y w\ld h increas$4 ,9 su* a case1 ,i am aft]w>ds :at ,i once 0 n1 & yet ,i h n become2 = ,i c\ld n h become )\t becom+1 nei!r c\ld ,i h become less )\t los+ some:at ( my height2 & ,i c\ld give y t5 ?\s& examples ( simil> contradictions1 if we admit !m at all4 ,i believe t y foll[ me1 ,!aetetus2 = ,i suspect t y h ?\ght ( ^! que/ions be=e n[4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 & ,i am amaz$ :5 ,i ?9k ( !m2 by ! ,gods ,i am6 & ,i want to "k :at on e>? !y mean2 & !re are times :5 my head q swims ) ! contemplation ( !m4 ,,socrates3 ,i see1 my de> ,!aetetus1 t ,!odorus _h a true insight into y\r nature :5 he said t y 7 a philosoph]1 = wond] is ! feel+ ( a philosoph]1 & philosophy beg9s 9 wond]4 ,he 0 n a bad g5ealogi/ :o said t ,iris 7! mess5g] ( heav57 is ! *ild ( ,?aumas 7wond]74 ,b d y beg9 to see :at is ! explanation ( ?is p]plexity on ! hypo!sis :i* we attribute to ,protagoras8 ,,!aetetus3 ,n z yet4 ,,socrates3 ,!n y w be oblig$ to me if ,i help y to une>? ! hidd5 'tru?' ( a fam\s man or s*ool4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure1 ,i %all be v mu* oblig$4 ,,socrates3 ,take a look r\nd1 !n1 & see t none ( ! un9itiat$ are li/5+4 ,n[ by ! un9itiat$ ,i mean ! p :o believe 9 no?+ b :at !y c grasp 9 _! h&s1 & :o w n all[ t action or g5]ation or any?+ invisible c h real exi/5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 inde$1 ,socrates1 !y are v h>d & imp5etrable mortals4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 my boy1 out] b>b>ians4 ,f> m +5i\s are ! bre?r5 ^: my/]ies ,i am ab\t to reveal to y4 ,_! fir/ pr9ciple is1 t all is motion1 & ^u ?is all ! affections ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+ are suppos$ to dep5d3 !re is no?+ b motion1 :i* has two =ms1 "o active & ! o!r passive1 bo? 9 endless numb]2 & out ( ! union & friction ( !m !re is g5]at$ a prog5y endless 9 numb]1 hav+ two =ms1 s5se & ! object ( s5se1 :i* are ev] break+ =? & com+ to ! bir? at ! same mom5t4 ,! s5ses are v>i\sly nam$ he>+1 see+1 smell+2 !re is ! s5se ( heat1 cold1 pleasure1 pa91 desire1 fe>1 & _m m :i* h names1 z well z innum]able o!rs :i* are )\t !m2 ea* has its k9dr$ object1--ea* v>iety ( col\r has a correspond+ v>iety ( sight1 & s ) s\nd & he>+1 & ) ! re/ ( ! s5ses & ! objects ak9 to !m4 ,d y see1 ,!aetetus1 ! be>+s ( ?is tale on ! prec$+ argum5t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,inde$ ,i d n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n att5d1 & ,i w try to f9i% ! /ory4 ,! purport is t all ^! ?+s are 9 motion1 z ,i 0 say+1 & t ?is motion is ( two k9ds1 a sl[] & a quick]2 & ! sl[] elem5ts h _! motions 9 ! same place & ) ref]5ce to ?+s ne> !m1 & s !y beget2 b :at is begott5 is swift]1 = x is c>ri$ to fro1 & moves f place to place4 ,apply ?is to s5se3--,:5 ! eye & ! appropriate object meet toge!r & give bir? to :it5ess & ! s5sation connatural ) x1 :i* c\ld n h be5 giv5 by ei!r ( !m go+ else:]e1 !n1 :ile ! sight is fl[+ f ! eye1 :it5ess proce$s f ! object :i* comb9es 9 produc+ ! col\r2 & s ! eye is fulfill$ ) sight1 & really sees1 & becomes1 n sight1 b a see+ eye2 & ! object :i* comb9$ to =m ! col\r is fulfill$ ) :it5ess1 & becomes n :it5ess b a :ite ?+1 :e!r wood or /one or :atev] ! object may be :i* happ5s to be col\r$ :ite4 ,& ?is is true ( all s5sible objects1 h>d1 w>m1 & ! l1 :i* are simil>ly to be reg>d$1 z ,i 0 say+ be=e1 n z hav+ any absolute exi/5ce1 b z be+ all ( !m ( :atev] k9d g5]at$ by motion 9 _! int]c\rse ) "o ano!r2 = ( ! ag5t & pati5t1 z exi/+ 9 sep>ation1 no tru/wor?y conception1 z !y say1 c be =m$1 = ! ag5t has no exi/5ce until unit$ ) ! pati5t1 & ! pati5t has no exi/5ce until unit$ ) ! ag5t2 & t :i* by unit+ ) some?+ becomes an ag5t1 by meet+ ) "s o!r ?+ is conv]t$ into a pati5t4 ,& f all ^! consid]ations1 z ,i said at fir/1 !re arises a g5]al reflection1 t !re is no "o self-exi/5t ?+1 b ev]y?+ is becom+ & 9 relation2 & be+ mu/ be altoge!r aboli%$1 al?\gh f habit & ignorance we are compell$ ev5 9 ?is discussion to reta9 ! use ( ! t]m4 ,b great philosoph]s tell u t we are n to all[ ei!r ! ^w 'some?+1' or 'belong+ to some?+1' or 'to me1' or '?is1' or 't1' or any o!r deta9+ "n to be us$1 9 ! language ( nature all ?+s are be+ creat$ & de/roy$1 com+ into be+ & pass+ into new =ms2 nor c any "n fix or deta9 !m2 he :o attempts to fix !m is easily refut$4 ,& ?is %\ld be ! way ( speak+1 n only ( p>ticul>s b ( aggregates2 su* aggregates z are express$ 9 ! ^w 'man1' or '/one1' or any "n ( an animal or ( a class4 ,o ,!aetetus1 are n ^! speculations sweet z honey8 ,& d y n l ! ta/e ( !m 9 ! m\?8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n "k :at to say1 ,socrates2 =1 inde$1 ,i _c make out :e!r y are giv+ y\r own op9ion or only want+ to draw me out4 ,,socrates3 ,y =get1 my fri5d1 t ,i nei!r "k1 nor pr(ess to "k1 any?+ ( ^! matt]s2 y are ! p]son :o is 9 lab\r1 ,i am ! b>r5 midwife2 & ?is is :y ,i soo! y1 & (f] y "o good ?+ aft] ano!r1 t y may ta/e !m4 ,& ,i hope t ,i may at la/ help to br+ y\r own op9ion into ! light ( day3 :5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 !n we w det]m9e :e!r :at y h br\ght =? is only a w9d-egg or a real & g5u9e bir?4 ,!re=e1 keep up y\r spirits1 & answ] l a man :at y ?9k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,ask me4 ,,socrates3 ,!n once m3 ,is x y\r op9ion t no?+ is b :at becomes8--! good & ! noble1 z well z all ! o!r ?+s :i* we 7 j n[ m5tion+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:5 ,i he> y disc\rs+ 9 ?is /yle1 ,i ?9k t !re is a great deal 9 :at y say1 & ,i am v ready to ass5t4 ,,socrates3 ,let u n leave ! argum5t unf9i%$1 !n2 = !re /ill rema9s to be consid]$ an objection :i* may be rais$ ab\t dreams & diseases1 9 p>ticul> ab\t madness1 & ! v>i\s illusions ( he>+ & sight1 or ( o!r s5ses4 ,= y "k t 9 all ^! cases ! esse-p]cipi !ory appe>s to be unmi/akably refut$1 s9ce 9 dreams & illusions we c]ta9ly h false p]ceptions2 & f> f say+ t ev]y?+ is :i* appe>s1 we %\ld r say t no?+ is :i* appe>s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,b !n1 my boy1 h[ c any "o cont5d t k is p]ception1 or t to e man :at appe>s is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i am afraid to say1 ,socrates1 t ,i h no?+ to answ]1 because y rebuk$ me j n[ = mak+ ?is excuse2 b ,i c]ta9ly _c und]take to argue t madm5 or dream]s ?9k truly1 :5 !y imag9e1 "s ( !m t !y are gods1 & o!rs t !y c fly1 & are fly+ 9 _! sleep4 ,,socrates3 ,d y see ano!r "q :i* c be rais$ ab\t ^! ph5om5a1 notably ab\t dream+ & wak+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at "q8 ,,socrates3 ,a "q :i* ,i ?9k t y mu/ (t5 h he>d p]sons ask3--,h[ c y det]m9e :e!r at ?is mom5t we are sleep+1 & all our ?\ghts are a dream2 or :e!r we are awake1 & talk+ to "o ano!r 9 ! wak+ /ate8 ,,!aetetus3 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i d n "k h[ to prove ! "o any m ?an ! o!r1 = 9 bo? cases ! facts precisely correspond2--& !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t dur+ all ?is discussion we h be5 talk+ to "o ano!r 9 a dream2 & :5 9 a dream we seem to be n>rat+ dreams1 ! resemblance ( ! two /ates is q a/oni%+4 ,,socrates3 ,y see1 !n1 t a d\bt ab\t ! reality ( s5se is easily rais$1 s9ce !re may ev5 be a d\bt :e!r we are awake or 9 a dream4 ,& z our "t is equally divid$ betwe5 sleep+ & wak+1 9 ei!r sph]e ( exi/5ce ! s\l cont5ds t ! ?\ghts :i* are pres5t to our m9ds at ! "t are true2 & dur+ "o half ( our lives we affirm ! tru? ( ! "o1 &1 dur+ ! o!r half1 ( ! o!r2 & are equally confid5t ( bo?4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,socrates3 ,& may n ! same be said ( madness & o!r disord]s8 ! diff]5ce is only t ! times are n equal4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& is tru? or falsehood to be det]m9$ by duration ( "t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t w\ld be 9 _m ways ridicul\s4 ,,socrates3 ,b c y c]ta9ly det]m9e by any o!r means :i* ( ^! op9ions is true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n ?9k t ,i c4 ,,socrates3 ,li/51 !n1 to a /atem5t ( ! o!r side ( ! argum5t1 :i* is made by ! *ampions ( appe>ance4 ,!y w\ld say1 z ,i imag9e--,c t :i* is :olly o!r ?an some?+1 h ! same quality z t f :i* x diff]s8 & obs]ve1 ,!aetetus1 t ! ^w 'o!r' means n 'p>tially1' b ':olly o!r4' ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly1 putt+ ! "q z y d1 t :i* is :olly o!r _c ei!r pot5tially or 9 any o!r way be ! same4 ,,socrates3 ,& mu/ !re=e be admitt$ to be unlike8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,if1 !n1 any?+ happ5s to become l or unlike itself or ano!r1 :5 x becomes l we call x ! same--:5 unlike1 o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,7 we n say+ t !re are ag5ts _m & inf9ite1 & pati5ts _m & inf9ite8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& also t diff]5t comb9ations w produce results :i* are n ! same1 b diff]5t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,let u take y & me1 or any?+ z an example3--,!re is ,socrates 9 heal?1 & ,socrates sick--,are !y l or unlike8 ,,!aetetus3 ,y mean to comp>e ,socrates 9 heal? z a :ole1 & ,socrates 9 sickness z a :ole8 ,,socrates3 ,exactly2 t is my mean+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i answ]1 !y are unlike4 ,,socrates3 ,& if unlike1 !y are o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y n say ! same ( ,socrates sleep+ & wak+1 or 9 any ( ! /ates :i* we 7 m5tion+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,all ag5ts h a diff]5t pati5t 9 ,socrates1 accord+ly z he is well or ill4 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,& ,i :o am ! pati5t1 & t :i* is ! ag5t1 w produce some?+ diff]5t 9 ea* ( ! two cases8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,! w9e :i* ,i dr9k :5 ,i am 9 heal?1 appe>s sweet & pleasant to me8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,=1 z has be5 already ackn[l$g$1 ! pati5t & ag5t meet toge!r & produce sweetness & a p]ception ( sweetness1 :i* are 9 simultane\s motion1 & ! p]ception :i* comes f ! pati5t makes ! tongue p]cipi5t1 & ! quality ( sweetness :i* arises out ( & is mov+ ab\t ! w9e1 makes ! w9e bo? to be & to appe> sweet to ! heal?y tongue4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly2 t has be5 already ackn[l$g$4 ,,socrates3 ,b :5 ,i am sick1 ! w9e really acts ^u ano!r & a diff]5t p]son8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,! comb9ation ( ! draught ( w9e1 & ! ,socrates :o is sick1 produces q ano!r result2 :i* is ! s5sation ( bitt]ness 9 ! tongue1 & ! motion & creation ( bitt]ness 9 & ab\t ! w9e1 :i* becomes n bitt]ness b some?+ bitt]2 z ,i myself become n p]ception b p]cipi5t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!re is no o!r object ( :i* ,i %all ev] h ! same p]ception1 = ano!r object w\ld give ano!r p]ception1 & w\ld make ! p]cipi5t o!r & diff]5t2 nor c t object :i* affects me1 meet+ ano!r subject1 produce ! same1 or become simil>1 = t too w\ld produce ano!r result f ano!r subject1 & become diff]5t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,nei!r c ,i by myself1 h ?is s5sation1 nor ! object by itself1 ?is quality4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,:5 ,i p]ceive ,i mu/ become p]cipi5t ( some?+--!re c be no su* ?+ z p]ceiv+ & p]ceiv+ no?+2 ! object1 :e!r x become sweet1 bitt]1 or ( any o!r quality1 mu/ h relation to a p]cipi5t2 no?+ c become sweet :i* is sweet to no "o4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! inf]5ce is1 t we 7! ag5t & pati5t7 are or become 9 relation to "o ano!r2 !re is a law :i* b9ds u "o to ! o!r1 b n to any o!r exi/5ce1 nor ea* ( u to himself2 & !re=e we c only be b\nd to "o ano!r2 s t :e!r a p]son says t a ?+ is or becomes1 he mu/ say t x is or becomes to or ( or 9 relation to some?+ else2 b he mu/ n say or all[ any "o else to say t any?+ is or becomes absolutely3--su* is our conclusion4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 if t :i* acts ^u me has relation to me & to no o!r1 ,i & no o!r am ! p]cipi5t ( x8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,!n my p]ception is true to me1 be+ insep>able f my own be+2 &1 z ,protagoras says1 to myself ,i am judge ( :at is & :at is n to me4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i suppose s4 ,,socrates3 ,h[ !n1 if ,i nev] err1 & if my m9d nev] trips 9 ! conception ( be+ or becom+1 c ,i fail ( kn[+ t :i* ,i p]ceive8 ,,!aetetus3 ,y _c4 ,,socrates3 ,!n y 7 q "r 9 affirm+ t k is only p]ception2 & ! mean+ turns out to be ! same1 :e!r ) ,hom] & ,h]acleitus1 & all t company1 y say t all is motion & flux1 or ) ! great sage ,protagoras1 t man is ! measure ( all ?+s2 or ) ,!aetetus1 t1 giv5 ^! premises1 p]ception is k4 ,am ,i n "r1 ,!aetetus1 & is n ?is y\r new-born *ild1 ( :i* ,i h deliv]$ y8 ,:at say y8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i _c b agree1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ?is is ! *ild1 h[ev] he may turn out1 :i* y & ,i h ) difficulty br\ght into ! _w4 ,& n[ t he is born1 we mu/ run r\nd ! he>? ) him1 & see :e!r he is wor? re>+1 or is only a w9d-egg & a %am4 ,is he to be re>$ 9 any case1 & n expos$8 or w y be> to see him reject$1 & n get into a passion if ,i take away y\r fir/-born8 ,,!odorus3 ,!aetetus w n be angry1 = he is v good-natur$4 ,b tell me1 ,socrates1 9 heav5's "n1 is ?is1 aft] all1 n ! tru?8 ,,socrates3 ,y1 ,!odorus1 are a lov] ( !ories1 & n[ y innoc5tly fancy t ,i am a bag full ( !m1 & c easily pull "o out :i* w ov]?r[ its pr$ecessor4 ,b y d n see t 9 reality none ( ^! !ories come f me2 !y all come f him :o talks ) me4 ,i only "k j en\gh to extract !m f ! wisdom ( ano!r1 & to receive !m 9 a _s ( fairness4 ,& n[ ,i %all say no?+ myself1 b %all endeav\r to elicit some?+ f our "y fri5d4 ,,!odorus3 ,d z y say1 ,socrates2 y are q "r4 ,,socrates3 ,%all ,i tell y1 ,!odorus1 :at amazes me 9 y\r acqua9tance ,protagoras8 ,,!odorus3 ,:at is x8 ,,socrates3 ,i am *>m$ ) 8 doctr9e1 t :at appe>s is to ea* "o1 b ,i wond] t he did n beg9 8 book on ,tru? ) a decl>ation t a pig or a dog-fac$ baboon1 or "s o!r yet /rang] mon/] :i* has s5sation1 is ! measure ( all ?+s2 !n he might h %[n a magnific5t contempt = our op9ion ( him by in=m+ u at ! outset t :ile we 7 rev]5c+ him l a ,god = 8 wisdom he 0 no bett] ?an a tadpole1 n to speak ( 8 fell[-m5--w\ld n ?is h produc$ an ov]p[]+ effect8 ,= if tru? is only s5sation1 & no man c disc]n ano!r's feel+s bett] ?an he1 or has any sup]ior "r to det]m9e :e!r 8 op9ion is true or false1 b ea*1 z we h sev]al times repeat$1 is to himself ! sole judge1 & ev]y?+ t he judges is true & "r1 :y1 my fri5d1 %\ld ,protagoras be pref]r$ to ! place ( wisdom & in/ruction1 & des]ve to be well paid1 & we poor ignoramuses h to g to him1 if ea* "o is ! measure ( 8 own wisdom8 ,mu/ he n be talk+ 'ad capt&um' 9 all ?is8 ,i say no?+ ( ! ridicul\s pr$icam5t 9 :i* my own midwif]y & ! :ole art ( dialectic is plac$2 = ! attempt to sup]vise or refute ! notions or op9ions ( o!rs w\ld be a t$i\s & enorm\s piece ( folly1 if to ea* man 8 own are "r2 & ?is mu/ be ! case if ,protagoras' ,tru? is ! real tru?1 & ! philosoph] is n m]ely amus+ himself by giv+ oracles out ( ! %r9e ( 8 book4 ,,!odorus3 ,he 0 a fri5d ( m9e1 ,socrates1 z y 7 say+1 & !re=e ,i _c h him refut$ by my lips1 nor c ,i oppose y :5 ,i agree ) y2 please1 !n1 to take ,!aetetus aga92 he seem$ to answ] v nicely4 ,,socrates3 ,if y 7 to g into a ,lac$aemonian pale/ra1 ,!odorus1 w\ld y h a "r to look on at ! nak$ wre/l]s1 "s ( !m mak+ a poor figure1 if y did n /rip & give !m an opportunity ( judg+ ( y\r own p]son8 ,,!odorus3 ,:y n1 ,socrates1 if !y w\ld all[ me1 z ,i ?9k y w1 9 consid]ation ( my age & /iffness2 let "s m supple y\? try a fall ) y1 & d n drag me into ! gymnasium4 ,,socrates3 ,y\r w is my w1 ,!odorus1 z ! prov]bial philosoph]s say1 & !re=e ,i w return to ! sage ,!aetetus3 ,tell me1 ,!aetetus1 9 ref]5ce to :at ,i 0 say+1 are y n lo/ 9 wond]1 l myself1 :5 y f9d t all ( a sudd5 y are rais$ to ! level ( ! wise/ ( m51 or inde$ ( ! gods8--= y w\ld assume ! measure ( ,protagoras to apply to ! gods z well z m58 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld1 & ,i confess to y t ,i am lo/ 9 wond]4 ,at fir/ he>+1 ,i 0 q satisfi$ ) ! doctr9e1 t :atev] appe>s is to ea* "o1 b n[ ! face ( ?+s has *ang$4 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 my de> boy1 y are "y1 & !re=e y\r e> is quickly caught & y\r m9d influ5c$ by popul> argum5ts4 ,protagoras1 or "s "o speak+ on 8 behalf1 w d\btless say 9 reply1--,good p1 "y & old1 y meet & h>angue1 & br+ 9 ! gods1 ^: exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ,i bani% f writ+ & spee*1 or y talk ab\t ! reason ( man be+ degrad$ to ! level ( ! brutes1 :i* is a tell+ argum5t ) ! multitude1 b n "o ^w ( pro( or demon/ration d y (f]4 ,all is probability ) y1 & yet surely y & ,!odorus _h bett] reflect :e!r y are dispos$ to admit ( probability & figures ( spee* 9 matt]s ( su* importance4 ,he or any o!r ma!matician :o argu$ f probabilities & likelihoods 9 geometry1 w\ld n be wor? an ace4 ,,!aetetus3 ,b nei!r y nor we1 ,socrates1 w\ld be satisfi$ ) su* argum5ts4 ,,socrates3 ,!n y & ,!odorus mean to say t we mu/ look at ! matt] 9 "s o!r way8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 9 q ano!r way4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! way w be to ask :e!r p]ception is or is n ! same z k2 = ?is 0 ! real po9t ( our argum5t1 & ) a view to ?is we rais$ 7did we n87 ^? _m /range que/ions4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,%all we say t we "k e ?+ :i* we see & he>8 = example1 %all we say t n hav+ le>n$1 we d n he> ! language ( =eign]s :5 !y speak to u8 or %all we say t we n only he>1 b "k :at !y are say+8 ,or aga91 if we see lett]s :i* we d n und]/&1 %all we say t we d n see !m8 or %all we av] t1 see+ !m1 we mu/ "k !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,we %all say1 ,socrates1 t we "k :at we actually see & he> ( !m--t is to say1 we see & "k ! figure & col\r ( ! lett]s1 & we he> & "k ! elevation or depression ( ! s\nd ( !m2 b we d n p]ceive by sight & he>+1 or "k1 t :i* gramm>ians & int]pret]s tea* ab\t !m4 ,,socrates3 ,capital1 ,!aetetus2 & ab\t ?is !re %all be no dispute1 because ,i want y to gr[2 b !re is ano!r difficulty com+1 :i* y w also h to repulse4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,socrates3 ,"s "o w say1 ,c a man :o has ev] kn[n any?+1 & /ill has & pres]ves a memory ( t :i* he kn[s1 n "k t :i* he rememb]s at ! "t :5 he rememb]s8 ,i h1 ,i fe>1 a t$i\s way ( putt+ a simple "q1 :i* is only1 :e!r a man :o has le>n$1 & rememb]s1 c fail to "k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,impossible1 ,socrates2 ! supposition is mon/r\s4 ,,socrates3 ,am ,i talk+ nons5se1 !n8 ,?9k3 is n see+ p]ceiv+1 & is n sight p]ception8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& if our rec5t def9ition holds1 e man kn[s t :i* he has se58 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& y w\ld admit t !re is su* a ?+ z memory8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& is memory ( some?+ or ( no?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( some?+1 surely4 ,,socrates3 ,( ?+s le>n$ & p]ceiv$1 t is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,(t5 a man rememb]s t :i* he has se58 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he clos$ 8 eyes1 w\ld he =get8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:o1 ,socrates1 w\ld d>e to say s8 ,,socrates3 ,b we mu/ say s1 if ! previ\s argum5t is to be ma9ta9$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,i am n q sure t ,i und]/& y1 ?\gh ,i h a /rong suspicion t y are "r4 ,,socrates3 ,z ?us3 he :o sees kn[s1 z we say1 t :i* he sees2 = p]ception & sight & k are admitt$ to be ! same4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,b he :o saw1 & has k ( t :i* he saw1 rememb]s1 :5 he closes 8 eyes1 t :i* he no long] sees4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& see+ is kn[+1 & !re=e n-see+ is n-kn[+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! inf]5ce is1 t a man may h atta9$ ! k ( some?+1 :i* he may rememb] & yet n "k1 because he does n see2 & ?is has be5 affirm$ by u to be a mon/r\s supposition4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,socrates3 ,?us1 !n1 ! ass]tion t k & p]ception are "o1 involves a manife/ impossibility8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n !y mu/ be di/+ui%$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i suppose t !y mu/4 ,,socrates3 ,once m we %all h to beg91 & ask ',:at is k8' & yet1 ,!aetetus1 :at are we go+ to d8 ,,!aetetus3 ,ab\t :at8 ,,socrates3 ,l a good-=-no?+ cock1 )\t hav+ won ! victory1 we walk away f ! argum5t & cr[4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,aft] ! mann] ( disput]s 7,lys42 ,pha$o2 ,republic71 we 7 satisfi$ ) m]e v]bal consi/5cy1 & 7 well pleas$ if 9 ?is way we c\ld ga9 an advantage4 ,al?\gh pr(ess+ n to be m]e ,eri/ics1 b philosoph]s1 ,i suspect t we h unconsci\sly fall5 into ! error ( t +5i\s class ( p]sons4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n z yet und]/& y4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i w try to expla9 myself3 j n[ we ask$ ! "q1 :e!r a man :o _h le>n$ & rememb]$ c\ld fail to "k1 & we %[$ t a p]son :o _h se5 might rememb] :5 he _h 8 eyes %ut & c\ld n see1 & !n he w\ld at ! same "t rememb] & n "k4 ,b ?is 0 an impossibility4 ,& s ! ,protagorean fable came to n\ght1 & y\rs also1 :o ma9ta9$ t k is ! same z p]ception4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet1 my fri5d1 ,i r suspect t ! result w\ld h be5 diff]5t if ,protagoras1 :o 0 ! fa!r ( ! fir/ ( ! two brats1 _h be5 alive2 he w\ld h _h a great deal to say on _! behalf4 ,b he is dead1 & we insult ov] 8 orphan *ild2 & ev5 ! gu>dians :om he left1 & ( :om our fri5d ,!odorus is "o1 are unwill+ to give any help1 & !re=e ,i suppose t ,i mu/ take up 8 cause myself1 & see ju/ice done8 ,,!odorus3 ,n ,i1 ,socrates1 b r ,callias1 ! son ( ,hipponicus1 is gu>dian ( 8 orphans4 ,i 0 too soon div]t$ f ! ab/ractions ( dialectic to geometry4 ,nev]!less1 ,i %all be grateful to y if y assi/ him4 ,,socrates3 ,v good1 ,!odorus2 y %all see h[ ,i w come to ! rescue4 ,if a p]son does n att5d to ! mean+ ( t]ms z !y are commonly us$ 9 argum5t1 he may be involv$ ev5 9 great] p>adoxes ?an ^!4 ,%all ,i expla9 ?is matt] to y or to ,!aetetus8 ,,!odorus3 ,to bo? ( u1 & let ! y\ng] answ]2 he w incur less disgrace if he is discomfit$4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[ let me ask ! awful "q1 :i* is ?is3--,c a man "k & also n "k t :i* he kn[s8 ,,!odorus3 ,h[ %all we answ]1 ,!aetetus8 ,,!aetetus3 ,he _c1 ,i %\ld say4 ,,socrates3 ,he c1 if y ma9ta9 t see+ is kn[+4 ,:5 y are imprison$ 9 a well1 z ! say+ is1 & ! self-assur$ adv]s>y closes "o ( y\r eyes ) 8 h&1 & asks :e!r y c see 8 cloak ) ! eye :i* he has clos$1 h[ w y answ] ! inevitable man8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld answ]1 ',n ) t eye b ) ! o!r4' ,,socrates3 ,!n y see & d n see ! same ?+ at ! same "t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 9 a c]ta9 s5se4 ,,socrates3 ,none ( t1 he w reply2 ,i d n ask or bid y answ] 9 :at s5se y "k1 b only :e!r y "k t :i* y d n "k4 ,y h be5 prov$ to see t :i* y d n see2 & y h already admitt$ t see+ is kn[+1 & t n-see+ is n-kn[+3 ,i leave y to draw ! inf]5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 ! inf]5ce is ! contradictory ( my ass]tion4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 my m>vel1 & !re might h be5 yet worse ?+s 9 /ore = y1 if an oppon5t _h gone on to ask :e!r y c h a %>p & also a dull k1 & :e!r y c "k ne>1 b n at a di/ance1 or "k ! same ?+ ) m or less int5sity1 & s on )\t end4 ,su* que/ions might h be5 put to y by a light-arm$ m]c5>y1 :o argu$ = pay4 ,he w\ld h la9 9 wait = y1 & :5 y took up ! position1 t s5se is k1 he w\ld h made an assault ^u he>+1 smell+1 & ! o!r s5ses2--he w\ld h %[n y no m]cy2 & :ile y 7 lo/ 9 envy & admiration ( 8 wisdom1 he w\ld h got y into 8 net1 out ( :i* y w\ld n h escap$ until y _h come to an und]/&+ ab\t ! sum to be paid = y\r release4 ,well1 y ask1 & h[ w ,protagoras re9=ce 8 position8 ,%all ,i answ] = him8 ,,!aetetus3 ,by all means4 ,,socrates3 ,he w repeat all ^? ?+s :i* we h be5 urg+ on 8 behalf1 & !n he w close ) u 9 disda91 & say3--,! wor?y ,socrates ask$ a little boy1 :e!r ! same man c\ld rememb] & n "k ! same ?+1 & ! boy said ,no1 because he 0 fright5$1 & c\ld n see :at 0 com+1 & !n ,socrates made fun ( poor me4 ,! tru? is1 ,o slatt]nly ,socrates1 t :5 y ask que/ions ab\t any ass]tion ( m9e1 & ! p]son ask$ is f\nd tripp+1 if he has answ]$ z ,i %\ld h answ]$1 !n ,i am refut$1 b if he answ]s some?+ else1 !n he is refut$ & n ,i4 ,= d y really suppose t any "o w\ld admit ! memory :i* a man has ( an impression :i* has pass$ away to be ! same ) t :i* he exp]i5c$ at ! "t8 ,assur$ly n4 ,or w\ld he hesitate to ackn[l$ge t ! same man may "k & n "k ! same ?+8 ,or1 if he is afraid ( mak+ ?is admission1 w\ld he ev] grant t "o :o has become unlike is ! same z be=e he became unlike8 ,or w\ld he admit t a man is "o at all1 & n r _m & inf9ite z ! *anges :i* take place 9 him8 ,i speak by ! c>d 9 ord] to avoid entanglem5ts ( words4 ,b1 ,o my good sir1 he w say1 come to ! argum5t 9 a m g5]\s _s2 & ei!r %[1 if y c1 t our s5sations are n relative & individual1 or1 if y admit !m to be s1 prove t ?is does n involve ! consequ5ce t ! appe>ance becomes1 or1 if y w h ! ^w1 is1 to ! individual only4 ,z to y\r talk ab\t pigs & baboons1 y are y\rself behav+ l a pig1 & y tea* y\r he>]s to make sport ( my writ+s 9 ! same ignorant mann]2 b ?is is n to y\r cr$it4 ,= ,i decl>e t ! tru? is z ,i h writt51 & t ea* ( u is a measure ( exi/5ce & ( non-exi/5ce4 ,yet "o man may be a ?\s& times bett] ?an ano!r 9 proportion z diff]5t ?+s are & appe> to him4 ,& ,i am f> f say+ t wisdom & ! wise man h no exi/5ce2 b ,i say t ! wise man is he :o makes ! evils :i* appe> & are to a man1 into goods :i* are & appe> to him4 ,& ,i w\ld beg y n to press my words 9 ! lett]1 b to take ! mean+ ( !m z ,i w expla9 !m4 ,rememb] :at has be5 already said1--t to ! sick man 8 food appe>s to be & is bitt]1 & to ! man 9 heal? ! opposite ( bitt]4 ,n[ ,i _c conceive t "o ( ^! m5 c be or ought to be made wis] ?an ! o!r3 nor c y ass]t t ! sick man because he has "o impression is fooli%1 & ! heal?y man because he has ano!r is wise2 b ! "o /ate requires to be *ang$ into ! o!r1 ! worse into ! bett]4 ,z 9 education1 a *ange ( /ate has to be effect$1 & ! sophi/ accompli%es by words ! *ange :i* ! physician works by ! aid ( drugs4 ,n t any "o ev] made ano!r ?9k truly1 :o previ\sly ?\ght falsely4 ,= no "o c ?9k :at is n1 or1 ?9k any?+ diff]5t f t :i* he feels2 & ?is is always true4 ,b z ! inf]ior habit ( m9d has ?\ghts ( k9dr$ nature1 s ,i conceive t a good m9d causes m5 to h good ?\ghts2 & ^! :i* ! inexp]i5c$ call true1 ,i ma9ta9 to be only bett]1 & n tru] ?an o!rs4 ,&1 ,o my de> ,socrates1 ,i d n call wise m5 tadpoles3 f> f x2 ,i say t !y are ! physicians ( ! human body1 & ! husb&m5 ( plants--= ! husb&m5 also take away ! evil & disord]$ s5sations ( plants1 & infuse into !m good & heal?y s5sations--aye & true ones2 & ! wise & good rhetoricians make ! good in/ead ( ! evil to seem j to /ates2 = :atev] appe>s to a /ate to be j & fair1 s long z x is reg>d$ z su*1 is j & fair to x2 b ! tea*] ( wisdom causes ! good to take ! place ( ! evil1 bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 reality4 ,& 9 l mann] ! ,sophi/ :o is able to tra9 8 pupils 9 ?is _s is a wise man1 & des]ves to be well paid by !m4 ,& s "o man is wis] ?an ano!r2 & no "o ?9ks falsely1 & y1 :e!r y w or n1 mu/ endure to be a measure4 ,on ^! f\ndations ! argum5t /&s firm1 :i* y1 ,socrates1 may1 if y please1 ov]?r[ by an opposite argum5t1 or if y l y may put que/ions to me--a me?od to :i* no intellig5t p]son w object1 q ! rev]se4 ,b ,i mu/ beg y to put fair que/ions3 = !re is great inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t y h a zeal = virtue1 & !n always behav+ unfairly 9 argum5t4 ,! unfairness ( :i* ,i compla9 is t y d n di/+ui% betwe5 m]e disputation & dialectic3 ! disput] may trip up 8 oppon5t z (t5 z he likes1 & make fun2 b ! dialectician w be 9 e>ne/1 & only correct 8 adv]s>y :5 necess>y1 tell+ him ! errors into :i* he has fall5 ?r\gh 8 own fault1 or t ( ! company :i* he has previ\sly kept4 ,if y d s1 y\r adv]s>y w lay ! blame ( 8 own confusion & p]plexity on himself1 & n on y4 ,he w foll[ & love y1 & w hate himself1 & escape f himself into philosophy1 9 ord] t he may become diff]5t f :at he 04 ,b ! o!r mode ( argu+1 :i* is practis$ by ! _m1 w h j ! opposite effect ^u him2 & z he gr[s old]1 in/ead ( turn+ philosoph]1 he w come to hate philosophy4 ,i w\ld recomm5d y1 !re=e1 z ,i said be=e1 n to enc\rage y\rself 9 ?is polemical & controv]sial temp]1 b to f9d out1 9 a fri5dly & cong5ial _s1 :at we really mean :5 we say t all ?+s are 9 motion1 & t to e individual & /ate :at appe>s1 is4 ,9 ?is mann] y w consid] :e!r k & s5sation are ! same or diff]5t1 b y w n argue1 z y 7 j n[ do+1 f ! cu/om>y use ( names & words1 :i* ! vulg> p]v]t 9 all sorts ( ways1 caus+ inf9ite p]plexity to "o ano!r4 ,su*1 ,!odorus1 is ! v slight help :i* ,i am able to (f] to y\r old fri5d2 _h he be5 liv+1 he w\ld h help$ himself 9 a f> m gloriose /yle4 ,,!odorus3 ,y are je/+1 ,socrates2 inde$1 y\r def5ce ( him has be5 mo/ valor\s4 ,,socrates3 ,?ank y1 fri5d2 & ,i hope t y obs]v$ ,protagoras bidd+ u be s]i\s1 z ! text1 ',man is ! measure ( all ?+s1' 0 a solemn "o2 & he reproa*$ u ) mak+ a boy ! m$ium ( disc\rse1 & said t ! boy's timidity 0 made to tell aga9/ 8 argum5t2 he also decl>$ t we made a joke ( him4 ,,!odorus3 ,h[ c\ld ,i fail to obs]ve all t1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,well1 & %all we d z he says8 ,,!odorus3 ,by all means4 ,,socrates3 ,b if 8 wi%es are to be reg>d$1 y & ,i mu/ take up ! argum5t1 & 9 all s]i\sness1 & ask & answ] "o ano!r1 = y see t ! re/ ( u are no?+ b boys4 ,9 no o!r way c we escape ! imputation1 t 9 our fre% analysis ( 8 !sis we are mak+ fun ) boys4 ,,!odorus3 ,well1 b is n ,!aetetus bett] able to foll[ a philosophical enquiry ?an a great _m m5 :o h long be>ds8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,!odorus1 b n bett] ?an y2 & !re=e please n to imag9e t ,i am to def5d by e means 9 my p[] y\r dep>t$ fri5d2 & t y are to def5d no?+ & nobody4 ,at any rate1 my good man1 d n %e] (f until we "k :e!r y are a true measure ( diagrams1 or :e!r all m5 are equally measures & suffici5t = !mselves 9 a/ronomy & geometry1 & ! o!r bran*es ( k 9 :i* y are suppos$ to excel !m4 ,,!odorus3 ,he :o is sitt+ by y1 ,socrates1 w n easily avoid be+ drawn into an argum5t2 & :5 ,i said j n[ t y w\ld excuse me1 & n1 l ! ,lac$aemonians1 compel me to /rip & fight1 ,i 0 talk+ nons5se--,i %\ld r comp>e y to ,scirrhon1 :o ?rew travell]s f ! rocks2 = ! ,lac$aemonian rule is '/rip or dep>t1' b y seem to g ab\t y\r "w m aft] ! fa%ion ( ,antaeus3 y w n all[ any "o :o approa*es y to dep>t until y h /ripp$ him1 & he has be5 compell$ to try a fall ) y 9 argum5t4 ,,socrates3 ,!re1 ,!odorus1 y h hit (f precisely ! nature ( my compla9t2 b ,i am ev5 m pugnaci\s ?an ! giants ( old1 = ,i h met ) no end ( h]oes2 _m a ,h]acles1 _m a ,!seus1 mighty 9 words1 has brok5 my head2 nev]!less ,i am always at ?is r\gh ex]cise1 :i* inspires me l a passion4 ,please1 !n1 to try a fall ) me1 :]eby y w d y\rself good z well z me4 ,,!odorus3 ,i cons5t2 lead me :i!r y w1 = ,i "k t y are l de/9y2 no man c escape f any argum5t :i* y may weave = him4 ,b ,i am n dispos$ to g fur!r ?an y sugge/4 ,,socrates3 ,once w be en\gh2 & n[ take p>ticul> c>e t we d n aga9 unwitt+ly expose ourselves to ! reproa* ( talk+ *ildi%ly4 ,,!odorus3 ,i w d my be/ to avoid t error4 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u return to our old objection1 & see :e!r we 7 "r 9 blam+ & tak+ (f5ce at ,protagoras on ! gr\nd t he assum$ all to be equal & suffici5t 9 wisdom2 al?\gh he admitt$ t !re 0 a bett] & worse1 & t 9 respect ( ?is1 "s :o z he said 7 ! wise excell$ o!rs4 ,,!odorus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,_h ,protagoras be5 liv+ & answ]$ = himself1 in/ead ( our answ]+ = him1 !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ ( our review+ or re9=c+ ! argum5t4 ,b z he is n "h1 & "s "o may accuse u ( speak+ )\t au?ority on 8 behalf1 _h we n bett] come to a cle>] agreem5t ab\t 8 mean+1 = a great deal may be at /ake8 ,,!odorus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n let u obta91 n ?r\gh any ?ird p]son1 b f 8 own /atem5t & 9 ! fewe/ words possible1 ! basis ( agreem5t4 ,,!odorus3 ,9 :at way8 ,,socrates3 ,9 ?is way3--,8 words are1 ',:at seems to a man1 is to him4' ,,!odorus3 ,yes1 s he says4 ,,socrates3 ,& are n we1 ,protagoras1 utt]+ ! op9ion ( man1 or r ( all mank9d1 :5 we say t e "o ?9ks himself wis] ?an o!r m5 9 "s ?+s1 & _! inf]ior 9 o!rs8 ,9 ! h\r ( dang]1 :5 !y are 9 p]ils ( w>1 or ( ! sea1 or ( sickness1 d !y n look up to _! comm&]s z if !y 7 gods1 & expect salvation f !m1 only because !y excel !m 9 k8 ,is n ! _w full ( m5 9 _! sev]al employm5ts1 :o are look+ = tea*]s & rul]s ( !mselves & ( ! animals8 & !re are pl5ty :o ?9k t !y are able to tea* & able to rule4 ,n[1 9 all ?is is impli$ t ignorance & wisdom exi/ among !m1 at lea/ 9 _! own op9ion4 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& wisdom is assum$ by !m to be true ?\ght1 & ignorance to be false op9ion4 ,,!odorus3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,h[ !n1 ,protagoras1 w\ld y h u treat ! argum5t8 ,%all we say t ! op9ions ( m5 are always true1 or sometimes true & sometimes false8 ,9 ei!r case1 ! result is ! same1 & _! op9ions are n always true1 b sometimes true & sometimes false4 ,= tell me1 ,!odorus1 d y suppose t y y\rself1 or any o!r foll[] ( ,protagoras1 w\ld cont5d t no "o deems ano!r ignorant or mi/ak5 9 8 op9ion8 ,,!odorus3 ,! ?+ is incr$ible1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet t absurdity is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! !sis :i* decl>es man to be ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,,!odorus3 ,h[ s8 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 suppose t y det]m9e 9 y\r own m9d some?+ to be true1 & decl>e y\r op9ion to me2 let u assume1 z he argues1 t ?is is true to y4 ,n[1 if s1 y mu/ ei!r say t ! re/ ( u are n ! judges ( ?is op9ion or judgm5t ( y\rs1 or t we judge y always to h a true op9ion8 ,b are !re n ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s :o1 :5ev] y =m a judgm5t1 take up arms aga9/ y & are ( an opposite judgm5t & op9ion1 deem+ t y judge falsely8 ,,!odorus3 ,yes1 inde$1 ,socrates1 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 z ,hom] says1 :o give me a _w ( tr\ble4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b are we to ass]t t :at y ?9k is true to y & false to ! t5 ?\s& o!rs8 ,,!odorus3 ,no o!r inf]5ce seems to be possible4 ,,socrates3 ,& h[ ab\t ,protagoras himself8 ,if nei!r he nor ! multitude ?\ght1 z inde$ !y d n ?9k1 t man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 mu/ x n foll[ t ! tru? ( :i* ,protagoras wrote w\ld be true to no "o8 ,b if y suppose t he himself ?\ght ?is1 & t ! multitude does n agree ) him1 y mu/ beg9 by all[+ t 9 :atev] proportion ! _m are m ?an "o1 9 t proportion 8 tru? is m untrue ?an true4 ,,!odorus3 ,t w\ld foll[ if ! tru? is suppos$ to v>y ) individual op9ion4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! be/ ( ! joke is1 t he ackn[l$ges ! tru? ( _! op9ion :o believe 8 own op9ion to be false2 = he admits t ! op9ions ( all m5 are true4 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& does he n all[ t 8 own op9ion is false1 if he admits t ! op9ion ( ^? :o ?9k him false is true8 ,,!odorus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,:]eas ! o!r side d n admit t !y speak falsely8 ,,!odorus3 ,!y d n4 ,,socrates3 ,& he1 z may be inf]r$ f 8 writ+s1 agrees t ?is op9ion is also true4 ,,!odorus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n all mank9d1 beg9n+ ) ,protagoras1 w cont5d1 or r1 ,i %\ld say t he w all[1 :5 he conc$es t 8 adv]s>y has a true op9ion--,protagoras1 ,i say1 w himself all[ t nei!r a dog nor any ord9>y man is ! measure ( any?+ :i* he has n le>n$--am ,i n "r8 ,,!odorus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! tru? ( ,protagoras be+ d\bt$ by all1 w be true nei!r to himself to any "o else8 ,,!odorus3 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t we are runn+ my old fri5d too h>d4 ,,socrates3 ,b ,i d n "k t we are go+ beyond ! tru?4 ,d\btless1 z he is old]1 he may be expect$ to be wis] ?an we are4 ,& if he c\ld only j get 8 head out ( ! _w bel[1 he w\ld h ov]?r[n bo? ( u aga9 & aga91 me = talk+ nons5se & y = ass5t+ to me1 & h be5 (f & und]gr\nd 9 a trice4 ,b z he is n )9 call1 we mu/ make ! be/ use ( our own faculties1 su* z !y are1 & speak out :at appe>s to u to be true4 ,& "o ?+ :i* no "o w d5y is1 t !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! und]/&+s ( m54 ,,!odorus3 ,9 t op9ion ,i q agree4 ,,socrates3 ,& is !re n mo/ likely to be firm gr\nd 9 ! di/9ction :i* we 7 indicat+ on behalf ( ,protagoras1 viz4 t mo/ ?+s1 & all imm$iate s5sations1 su* z hot1 dry1 sweet1 are only su* z !y appe>2 if h[ev] diff]5ce ( op9ion is to be all[$ at all1 surely we mu/ all[ x 9 respect ( heal? or disease8 = e woman1 *ild1 or liv+ creature has n su* a k ( :at conduces to heal? z to enable !m to cure !mselves4 ,,!odorus3 ,i q agree4 ,,socrates3 ,or aga91 9 politics1 :ile affirm+ t j & unju/1 hon\rable & disgraceful1 holy & unholy1 are 9 reality to ea* /ate su* z ! /ate ?9ks & makes lawful1 & t 9 det]m9+ ^! matt]s no individual or /ate is wis] ?an ano!r1 /ill ! foll[]s ( ,protagoras w n d5y t 9 det]m9+ :at is or is n exp$i5t = ! community "o /ate is wis] & "o c\nsellor bett] ?an ano!r--!y w sc>cely v5ture to ma9ta91 t :at a city enacts 9 ! belief t x is exp$i5t w always be really exp$i5t4 ,b 9 ! o!r case1 ,i mean :5 !y speak ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 piety & impiety1 !y are confid5t t 9 nature ^! h no exi/5ce or ess5ce ( _! own--! tru? is t :i* is agre$ on at ! "t ( ! agreem5t1 & z long z ! agreem5t la/s2 & ?is is ! philosophy ( _m :o d n altoge!r g along ) ,protagoras4 ,"h arises a new "q1 ,!odorus1 :i* ?reat5s to be m s]i\s ?an ! la/4 ,,!odorus3 ,well1 ,socrates1 we h pl5ty ( leisure4 ,,socrates3 ,t is true1 & y\r rem>k recalls to my m9d an obs]vation :i* ,i h (t5 made1 t ^? :o h pass$ _! days 9 ! pursuit ( philosophy are ridicul\sly at fault :5 !y h to appe> & speak 9 c\rt4 ,h[ natural is ?is6 ,,!odorus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean to say1 t ^? :o h be5 tra9$ 9 philosophy & lib]al pursuits are z unlike ^? :o f _! y\? upw>ds h be5 knock+ ab\t 9 ! c\rts & su* places1 z a freeman is 9 bre$+ unlike a slave4 ,,!odorus3 ,9 :at is ! diff]5ce se58 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! leisure spok5 ( by y1 :i* a freeman c always comm&3 he has 8 talk out 9 peace1 &1 l ourselves1 he w&]s at w f "o subject to ano!r1 & f a second to a ?ird1--if ! fancy takes him1 he beg9s aga91 z we are do+ n[1 c>+ n :e!r 8 words are _m or few2 8 only aim is to atta9 ! tru?4 ,b ! lawy] is always 9 a hurry2 !re is ! wat] ( ! clepsydra driv+ him on1 & n all[+ him to expatiate at w3 & !re is 8 adv]s>y /&+ ov] him1 en=c+ 8 rights2 ! indictm5t1 :i* 9 _! phraseology is t]m$ ! affidavit1 is recit$ at ! "t3 & f ?is he mu/ n deviate4 ,he is a s]vant1 & is cont9ually disput+ ab\t a fell[-s]vant be=e 8 ma/]1 :o is seat$1 & has ! cause 9 8 h&s2 ! trial is nev] ab\t "s indiff]5t matt]1 b always conc]ns himself2 & (t5 ! race is = 8 life4 ,! consequ5ce has be51 t he has become ke5 & %rewd2 he has le>n$ h[ to flatt] 8 ma/] 9 ^w & indulge him 9 de$2 b 8 s\l is small & unrighte\s4 ,8 condition1 :i* has be5 t ( a slave f 8 y\? upw>ds1 has depriv$ him ( gr[? & uprightness & indep5d5ce2 dang]s & fe>s1 :i* 7 too mu* = 8 tru? & hone/y1 came ^u him 9 e>ly ye>s1 :5 ! t5d]ness ( y\? 0 unequal to !m1 & he has be5 driv5 into crook$ ways2 f ! fir/ he has practis$ deception & retaliation1 & has become /unt$ & w>p$4 ,& s he has pass$ out ( y\? into manhood1 hav+ no s\ndness 9 him2 & is n[1 z he ?9ks1 a ma/] 9 wisdom4 ,su* is ! lawy]1 ,!odorus4 ,w y h ! companion picture ( ! philosoph]1 :o is ( our bro!rhood2 or %all we return to ! argum5t8 ,d n let u abuse ! fre$om ( digression :i* we claim4 ,,!odorus3 ,nay1 ,socrates1 n until we h f9i%$ :at we are ab\t2 = y truly said t we belong to a bro!rhood :i* is free1 & are n ! s]vants ( ! argum5t2 b ! argum5t is our s]vant1 & mu/ wait our leisure4 ,:o is our judge8 ,or :]e is ! spectator hav+ any "r to c5sure or control u1 z he might ! poets8 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 z ?is is y\r wi%1 ,i w describe ! lead]s2 = !re is no use 9 talk+ ab\t ! inf]ior sort4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! lords ( philosophy h nev]1 f _! y\? upw>ds1 kn[n _! way to ! ,agora1 or ! dica/]y1 or ! c\ncil1 or any o!r political assembly2 !y nei!r see nor he> ! laws or decrees1 z !y are call$1 ( ! /ate writt5 or recit$2 ! eag]ness ( political societies 9 ! atta9m5t ( (fices--clubs1 & banquets1 & revels1 & s++-maid5s1--d n ent] ev5 into _! dreams4 ,:e!r any ev5t has turn$ out well or ill 9 ! city1 :at disgrace may h desc5d$ to any "o f 8 ance/ors1 male or female1 are matt]s ( :i* ! philosoph] no m kn[s ?an he c tell1 z !y say1 h[ _m p9ts are conta9$ 9 ! ocean4 ,nei!r is he consci\s ( 8 ignorance4 ,= he does n hold alo( 9 ord] t he may ga9 a reputation2 b ! tru? is1 t ! out] =m ( him only is 9 ! city3 8 m9d1 disda9+ ! littl5esses & no?+nesses ( human ?+s1 is 'fly+ all abroad' z ,p9d> says1 measur+ e>? & heav5 & ! ?+s :i* are "u & on ! e>? & above ! heav51 int]rogat+ ! :ole nature ( ea* & all 9 _! entirety1 b n condesc5d+ to any?+ :i* is )9 rea*4 ,,!odorus3 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,i w illu/rate my mean+1 ,!odorus1 by ! je/ :i* ! clev] witty ,?racian h&maid is said to h made ab\t ,?ales1 :5 he fell into a well z he 0 look+ up at ! />s4 ,%e said1 t he 0 s eag] to "k :at 0 go+ on 9 heav51 t he c\ld n see :at 0 be=e 8 feet4 ,?is is a je/ :i* is equally applicable to all philosoph]s4 ,= ! philosoph] is :olly unacqua9t$ ) 8 next-door neighb\r2 he is ignorant1 n only ( :at he is do+1 b he h>dly kn[s :e!r he is a man or an animal2 he is se>*+ into ! ess5ce ( man1 & busy 9 enquir+ :at belongs to su* a nature to d or suff] diff]5t f any o!r2--,i ?9k t y und]/& me1 ,!odorus8 ,,!odorus3 ,i d1 & :at y say is true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?us1 my fri5d1 on e occasion1 private z well z public1 z ,i said at fir/1 :5 he appe>s 9 a law-c\rt1 or 9 any place 9 :i* he has to speak ( ?+s :i* are at 8 feet & be=e 8 eyes1 he is ! je/1 n only ( ,?racian h&maids b ( ! g5]al h]d1 tumbl+ into wells & e sort ( disa/] ?r\gh 8 inexp]i5ce4 ,8 awkw>dness is fe>ful1 & gives ! impression ( imbecility4 ,:5 he is revil$1 he has no?+ p]sonal to say 9 answ] to ! civilities ( 8 adv]s>ies1 = he kn[s no sc&als ( any "o1 & !y d n int]e/ him2 & !re=e he is laugh$ at = 8 %eepi%ness2 & :5 o!rs are be+ prais$ & glorifi$1 9 ! simplicity ( 8 he>t he _c help go+ into fits ( laught]1 s t he seems to be a d[nright idiot4 ,:5 he he>s a tyrant or k+ eulogiz$1 he fancies t he is li/5+ to ! praises ( "s keep] ( cattle--a sw9eh]d1 or %eph]d1 or p]haps a c[h]d1 :o is congratulat$ on ! quantity ( milk :i* he squeezes f !m2 & he rem>ks t ! creature :om !y t5d1 & out ( :om !y squeeze ! weal?1 is ( a less tractable & m insidi\s nature4 ,!n1 aga91 he obs]ves t ! great man is ( necessity z ill-mann]$ & un$ucat$ z any %eph]d--= he has no leisure1 & he is surr\nd$ by a wall1 :i* is 8 m\nta9-p54 ,he>+ ( enorm\s l&$ proprietors ( t5 ?\s& acres & m1 our philosoph] deems ?is to be a trifle1 because he has be5 accu/om$ to ?9k ( ! :ole e>?2 & :5 !y s+ ! praises ( family1 & say t "s "o is a g5tleman because he c %[ sev5 g5]ations ( weal?y ance/ors1 he ?9ks t _! s5tim5ts only betray a dull & n>r[ vision 9 ^? :o utt] !m1 & :o are n educat$ en\gh to look at ! :ole1 nor to consid] t e man has _h ?\s&s & t5 ?\s&s ( prog5itors1 & among !m h be5 ri* & poor1 k+s & slaves1 ,hell5es & b>b>ians1 innum]able4 ,& :5 p pride !mselves on hav+ a p$igree ( tw5ty-five ance/ors1 :i* goes back to ,h]acles1 ! son ( ,amphitryon1 he _c und]/& _! pov]ty ( ideas4 ,:y are !y unable to calculate t ,amphitryon _h a tw5ty-fif? ance/or1 :o might h be5 anybody1 & 0 su* z =tune made him1 & he _h a fiftie?1 & s on8 ,he amuses himself ) ! notion t !y _c c\nt1 & ?9ks t a little ari?metic w\ld h got rid ( _! s5seless vanity4 ,n[1 9 all ^! cases our philosoph] is d]id$ by ! vulg>1 p>tly because he is ?\ght to despise !m1 & also because he is ignorant ( :at is be=e him1 & always at a loss4 ,,!odorus3 ,t is v true1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,b1 ,o my fri5d1 :5 he draws ! o!r into upp] air1 & gets him out ( 8 pleas & rejo9d]s into ! contemplation ( ju/ice & inju/ice 9 _! own nature & 9 _! diff]5ce f "o ano!r & f all o!r ?+s2 or f ! commonplaces ab\t ! happ9ess ( a k+ or ( a ri* man to ! consid]ation ( gov]nm5t1 & ( human happ9ess & mis]y 9 g5]al--:at !y are1 & h[ a man is to atta9 ! "o & avoid ! o!r--:5 t n>r[1 ke51 little legal m9d is call$ to acc\nt ab\t all ?is1 he gives ! philosoph] 8 rev5ge2 = dizzi$ by ! height at :i* he is hang+1 :5ce he looks d[n into space1 :i* is a /range exp]i5ce to him1 he be+ dismay$1 & lo/1 & /amm]+ brok5 words1 is laugh$ at1 n by ,?racian h&maid5s or any o!r un$ucat$ p]sons1 = !y h no eye = ! situation1 b by e man :o has n be5 br\ght up a slave4 ,su* are ! two *>act]s1 ,!odorus3 ! "o ( ! freeman1 :o has be5 tra9$ 9 lib]ty & leisure1 :om y call ! philosoph]1--him we _c blame because he appe>s simple & ( no acc\nt :5 he has to p]=m "s m5ial task1 su* z pack+ up b$-clo!s1 or flav\r+ a sauce or fawn+ spee*2 ! o!r "* is t ( ! man :o is able to d all ?is k9d ( s]vice sm>tly & neatly1 b kn[s n h[ to we> 8 cloak l a g5tleman2 /ill less ) ! music ( disc\rse c he hymn ! true life aright :i* is liv$ by immortals or m5 bless$ ( heav54 ,,!odorus3 ,if y c\ld only p]suade ev]ybody1 ,socrates1 z y d me1 ( ! tru? ( y\r words1 !re w\ld be m peace & few] evils among m54 ,,socrates3 ,evils1 ,!odorus1 c nev] pass away2 = !re mu/ always rema9 some?+ :i* is antagoni/ic to good4 ,hav+ no place among ! gods 9 heav51 ( necessity !y hov] ar\nd ! mortal nature1 & ?is e>?ly sph]e4 ,:]e=e we ought to fly away f e>? to heav5 z quickly z we c2 & to fly away is to become l ,god1 z f> z ?is is possible2 & to become l him1 is to become holy1 j1 & wise4 ,b1 ,o my fri5d1 y _c easily conv9ce mank9d t !y %\ld pursue virtue or avoid vice1 n m]ely 9 ord] t a man may seem to be good1 :i* is ! reason giv5 by ! _w1 & 9 my judgm5t is only a repetition ( an old wives' fable4 ,:]eas1 ! tru? is t ,god is nev] 9 any way unrighte\s--he is p]fect righte\sness2 & he ( u :o is ! mo/ righte\s is mo/ l him4 ,h]e9 is se5 ! true clev]ness ( a man1 & also 8 no?+ness & want ( manhood4 ,= to "k ?is is true wisdom & virtue1 & ignorance ( ?is is manife/ folly & vice4 ,all o!r k9ds ( wisdom or clev]ness1 :i* seem only1 su* z ! wisdom ( politicians1 or ! wisdom ( ! arts1 are co>se & vulg>4 ,! unrighte\s man1 or ! say] & do] ( unholy ?+s1 _h f> bett] n be enc\rag$ 9 ! illusion t 8 rogu]y is clev]2 = m5 glory 9 _! %ame--!y fancy t !y he> o!rs say+ ( !m1 ',^! are n m]e good-=-no?+ p]sons1 m]e burd5s ( ! e>?1 b su* z m5 %\ld be :o mean to dwell safely 9 a /ate4' ,let u tell !m t !y are all ! m truly :at !y d n ?9k !y are because !y d n "k x2 = !y d n "k ! p5alty ( inju/ice1 :i* above all ?+s !y ought to "k--n /ripes & dea?1 z !y suppose1 :i* evil-do]s (t5 escape1 b a p5alty :i* _c be escap$4 ,,!odorus3 ,:at is t8 ,,socrates3 ,!re are two patt]ns et]nally set be=e !m2 ! "o bless$ & div9e1 ! o!r godless & wret*$3 b !y d n see !m1 or p]ceive t 9 _! utt] folly & infatuation !y are gr[+ l ! "o & unlike ! o!r1 by reason ( _! evil de$s2 & ! p5alty is1 t !y lead a life answ]+ to ! patt]n :i* !y are gr[+ l4 ,& if we tell !m1 t unless !y dep>t f _! cunn+1 ! place ( innoc5ce w n receive !m aft] dea?2 & t "h on e>?1 !y w live ev] 9 ! lik5ess ( _! own evil selves1 & ) evil fri5ds--:5 !y he> ?is !y 9 _! sup]ior cunn+ w seem to be li/5+ to ! talk ( idiots4 ,,!odorus3 ,v true1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,too true1 my fri5d1 z ,i well "k2 !re is1 h[ev]1 "o peculi>ity 9 _! case3 :5 !y beg9 to reason 9 private ab\t _! dislike ( philosophy1 if !y h ! c\rage to he> ! argum5t out1 & d n run away1 !y gr[ at la/ /rangely discont5t$ ) !mselves2 _! rhetoric fades away1 & !y become helpless z *ildr54 ,^! h[ev] are digressions f :i* we mu/ n[ desi/1 or !y w ov]fl[1 & dr[n ! orig9al argum5t2 to :i*1 if y please1 we w n[ return4 ,,!odorus3 ,= my "p1 ,socrates1 ,i w\ld r h ! digressions1 = at my age ,i f9d !m easi] to foll[2 b if y wi%1 let u g back to ! argum5t4 ,,socrates3 ,_h we n rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! p>tisans ( ! p]petual flux1 :o say t ?+s are z !y seem to ea* "o1 7 confid5tly ma9ta9+ t ! ord9ances :i* ! /ate comm&$ & ?\ght j1 7 j to ! /ate :i* impos$ !m1 :ile !y 7 9 =ce2 ?is 0 especially ass]t$ ( ju/ice2 b z to ! good1 no "o _h any long] ! h>dihood to cont5d ( any ord9ances :i* ! /ate ?\ght & enact$ to be good t ^!1 :ile !y 7 9 =ce1 7 really good2--he :o said s w\ld be play+ ) ! "n 'good1' & w\ld n t\* ! real "q--x w\ld be a mock]y1 w\ld x n8 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,he ought n to speak ( ! "n1 b ( ! ?+ :i* is contemplat$ "u ! "n4 ,,!odorus3 ,"r4 ,,socrates3 ,:atev] be ! t]m us$1 ! good or exp$i5t is ! aim ( legislation1 & z f> z %e has an op9ion1 ! /ate imposes all laws ) a view to ! greate/ exp$i5cy2 c legislation h any o!r aim8 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,b is ! aim atta9$ always8 d n mi/akes (t5 happ58 ,,!odorus3 ,yes1 ,i ?9k t !re are mi/akes4 ,,socrates3 ,! possibility ( error w be m di/9ctly recognis$1 if we put ! "q 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole class "u :i* ! good or exp$i5t falls4 ,t :ole class has to d ) ! future1 & laws are pass$ "u ! idea t !y w be useful 9 aft]-"t2 :i*1 9 o!r words1 is ! future4 ,,!odorus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,suppose n[1 t we ask ,protagoras1 or "o ( 8 disciples1 a "q3--,o1 ,protagoras1 we w say to him1 ,man is1 z y decl>e1 ! measure ( all ?+s--:ite1 heavy1 light3 ( all su* ?+s he is ! judge2 = he has ! crit]ion ( !m 9 himself1 & :5 he ?9ks t ?+s are su* z he exp]i5ces !m to be1 he ?9ks :at is & is true to himself4 ,is x n s8 ,,!odorus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y ext5d y\r doctr9e1 ,protagoras 7z we %all fur!r say71 to ! future z well z to ! pres5t2 & has he ! crit]ion n only ( :at 9 8 op9ion is b ( :at w be1 & d ?+s always happ5 to him z he expect$8 ,= example1 take ! case ( heat3--,:5 an ord9>y man ?9ks t he is go+ to h a fev]1 & t ?is k9d ( heat is com+ on1 & ano!r p]son1 :o is a physician1 ?9ks ! contr>y1 ^: op9ion is likely to prove "r8 ,or are !y bo? "r8--he w h a heat & fev] 9 8 own judgm5t1 & n h a fev] 9 ! physician's judgm5t8 ,,!odorus3 ,h[ ludicr\s6 ,,socrates3 ,& ! v9egr[]1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is a bett] judge ( ! sweetness or dryness ( ! v9tage :i* is n yet ga!r$ ?an ! h>p-play]8 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 musical composition ! musician w "k bett] ?an ! tra9+ ma/] :at ! tra9+ ma/] himself w h]eaft] ?9k h>moni\s or ! rev]se8 ,,!odorus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! cook w be a bett] judge ?an ! gue/1 :o is n a cook1 ( ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! d9n] :i* is 9 prep>ation2 = ( pres5t or pa/ pleasure we are n z yet argu+2 b c we say t e "o w be to himself ! be/ judge ( ! pleasure :i* w seem to be & w be to him 9 ! future8--nay1 w\ld n y1 ,protagoras1 bett] guess :i* argum5ts 9 a c\rt w\ld conv9ce any "o ( u ?an ! ord9>y man8 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,socrates1 he us$ to pr(ess 9 ! /ronge/ mann] t he 0 ! sup]ior ( all m5 9 ?is respect4 ,,socrates3 ,to be sure1 fri5d3 :o w\ld h paid a l>ge sum = ! privilege ( talk+ to him1 if he _h really p]suad$ 8 visitors t nei!r a prophet nor any o!r man 0 bett] able to judge :at w be & seem to be 9 ! future ?an e "o c\ld = himself8 ,,!odorus3 ,:o inde$8 ,,socrates3 ,& legislation & exp$i5cy are all conc]n$ ) ! future2 & e "o w admit t /ates1 9 pass+ laws1 mu/ (t5 fail ( _! highe/ int]e/s8 ,,!odorus3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n we may fairly argue aga9/ y\r ma/]1 t he mu/ admit "o man to be wis] ?an ano!r1 & t ! wis] is a measure3 b ,i1 :o "k no?+1 am n at all oblig$ to accept ! hon\r :i* ! advocate ( ,protagoras 0 j n[ =c+ ^u me1 :e!r ,i w\ld or n1 ( be+ a measure ( any?+4 ,,!odorus3 ,t is ! be/ refutation ( him1 ,socrates2 al?\gh he is also caught :5 he ascribes tru? to ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :o give ! lie direct to 8 own op9ion4 ,,socrates3 ,!re are _m ways1 ,!odorus1 9 :i* ! doctr9e t e op9ion ( e man is true may be refut$2 b !re is m difficulty 9 prov+ t /ates ( feel+1 :i* are pres5t to a man1 & out ( :i* arise s5sations & op9ions 9 accordance ) !m1 are also untrue4 ,& v likely ,i h be5 talk+ nons5se ab\t !m2 = !y may be unassailable1 & ^? :o say t !re is cle> evid5ce ( !m1 & t !y are matt]s ( k1 may probably be "r2 9 :i* case our fri5d ,!aetetus 0 n s f> f ! m>k :5 he id5tifi$ p]ception & k4 ,& !re=e let u draw ne>]1 z ! advocate ( ,protagoras desires2 & give ! tru? ( ! univ]sal flux a r+3 is ! !ory s\nd or n8 at any rate1 no small w> is rag+ ab\t x1 & !re are comb9ation n a few4 ,,!odorus3 ,no small1 w>1 inde$1 = 9 ,ionia ! sect makes rapid /rides2 ! disciples ( ,h]acleitus are mo/ en]getic uphold]s ( ! doctr9e4 ,,socrates3 ,!n we are ! m b\nd1 my de> ,!odorus1 to exam9e ! "q f ! f\ndation z x is set =? by !mselves4 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly we are4 ,ab\t ^! speculations ( ,h]acleitus1 :i*1 z y say1 are z old z ,hom]1 or ev5 old] /ill1 ! ,ephesians !mselves1 :o pr(ess to "k !m1 are d[nright mad1 & y _c talk ) !m on ! subject4 ,=1 9 accordance ) _! text-books1 !y are always 9 motion2 b z = dwell+ ^u an argum5t or a "q1 & quietly ask+ & answ]+ 9 turn1 !y c no m d s ?an !y c fly2 or r1 ! det]m9ation ( ^! fell[s n to h a p>ticle ( re/ 9 !m is m ?an ! utmo/ p[]s ( negation c express4 ,if y ask any ( !m a "q1 he w produce1 z f a quiv]1 say+s brief & d>k1 & %oot !m at y2 & if y inquire ! reason ( :at he has said1 y w be hit by "s o!r new-fangl$ ^w1 & w make no way ) any ( !m1 nor !y ) "o ano!r2 _! great c>e is1 n to all[ ( any settl$ pr9ciple ei!r 9 _! argum5ts or 9 _! m9ds1 conceiv+1 z ,i imag9e1 t any su* pr9ciple w\ld be /ation>y2 = !y are at w> ) ! /ation>y1 & d :at !y c to drive x out ev]y:]e4 ,,socrates3 ,i suppose1 ,!odorus1 t y h only se5 !m :5 !y 7 fight+1 & h nev] /ay$ ) !m 9 "t ( peace1 = !y are no fri5ds ( y\rs2 & _! peace doctr9es are only communicat$ by !m at leisure1 z ,i imag9e1 to ^? disciples ( !irs :om !y want to make l !mselves4 ,,!odorus3 ,disciples6 my good sir1 !y h none2 m5 ( _! sort are n "o ano!r's disciples1 b !y gr[ up at _! own sweet w1 & get _! inspiration any:]e1 ea* ( !m say+ ( 8 neighb\r t he kn[s no?+4 ,f ^! m51 !n1 z ,i 0 go+ to rem>k1 y w nev] get a reason1 :e!r ) _! w or )\t _! w2 we mu/ take ! "q out ( _! h&s1 & make ! analysis ourselves1 z if we 7 do+ geometrical problem4 ,,socrates3 ,q "r too2 b z t\*+ ! a=esaid problem1 h we n he>d f ! anci5ts1 :o conceal$ _! wisdom f ! _m 9 poetical figures1 t ,oceanus & ,te?ys1 ! orig9 ( all ?+s1 are /reams1 & t no?+ is at re/8 ,& n[ ! mod]ns1 9 _! sup]ior wisdom1 h decl>$ ! same op5ly1 t ! cobbl] too may he> & le>n ( !m1 & no long] fooli%ly imag9e t "s ?+s are at re/ & o!rs 9 motion--hav+ le>n$ t all is motion1 he w duly hon\r 8 tea*]s4 ,i _h almo/ =gott5 ! opposite doctr9e1 ,!odorus1 ',alone ,be+ rema9s unmov$1 :i* is ! "n = ! all4' ,?is is ! language ( ,p>m5ides1 ,melissus1 & _! foll[]s1 :o /\tly ma9ta9 t all be+ is "o & self-conta9$1 & has no place 9 :i* to move4 ,:at %all we d1 fri5d1 ) all ^! p2 =1 advanc+ /ep by /ep1 we h imp]ceptibly got betwe5 ! combatants1 &1 unless we c protect our retreat1 we %all pay ! p5alty ( our ra%ness--l ! play]s 9 ! palae/ra :o are caught ^u ! l9e1 & are dragg$ diff]5t ways by ! two p>ties4 ,!re=e ,i ?9k t we _h bett] beg9 by consid]+ ^? :om we fir/ acco/$1 '! riv]-gods1' &1 if we f9d any tru? 9 !m1 we w help !m to pull u ov]1 & try to get away f ! o!rs4 ,b if ! p>tisans ( '! :ole' appe> to speak m truly1 we w fly (f f ! p>ty :i* w\ld move ! immovable1 to !m4 ,& if ,i f9d t nei!r ( !m h any?+ reasonable to say1 we %all be 9 a ridicul\s position1 hav+ s great a conceit ( our own poor op9ion & reject+ t ( anci5t & fam\s m54 ,o ,!odorus1 d y ?9k t !re is any use 9 proce$+ :5 ! dang] is s great8 ,,!odorus3 ,nay1 ,socrates1 n to exam9e ?or\ghly :at ! two p>ties h to say w\ld be q intol]able4 ,,socrates3 ,!n exam9e we mu/1 s9ce y1 :o 7 s reluctant to beg91 are s eag] to proce$4 ,! nature ( motion appe>s to be ! "q ) :i* we beg94 ,:at d !y mean :5 !y say t all ?+s are 9 motion8 ,is !re only "o k9d ( motion1 or1 z ,i r incl9e to ?9k1 two8 ,i %\ld l to h y\r op9ion ^u ?is po9t 9 addition to my own1 t ,i may err1 if ,i mu/ err1 9 y\r company2 tell me1 !n1 :5 a ?+ *anges f "o place to ano!r1 or goes r\nd 9 ! same place1 is n t :at is call$ motion8 ,,!odorus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,"h !n we h "o k9d ( motion4 ,b :5 a ?+1 rema9+ on ! same spot1 gr[s old1 or becomes black f be+ :ite1 or h>d f be+ s(t1 or und]goes any o!r *ange1 may n ?is be prop]ly call$ motion ( ano!r k9d8 ,,!odorus3 ,i ?9k s4 ,,socrates3 ,say r t x mu/ be s4 ,( motion !n !re are ^! two k9ds1 '*ange1' & 'motion 9 place4' ,,!odorus3 ,y are "r4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[1 hav+ made ?is di/9ction1 let u address ourselves to ^? :o say t all is motion1 & ask !m :e!r all ?+s accord+ to !m h ! two k9ds ( motion1 & are *ang$ z well z move 9 place1 or is "o ?+ mov$ 9 bo? ways1 & ano!r 9 "o only8 ,,!odorus3 ,inde$1 ,i d n "k :at to answ]2 b ,i ?9k !y w\ld say t all ?+s are mov$ 9 bo? ways4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 comrade2 =1 if n1 !y w\ld h to say t ! same ?+s are 9 motion & at re/1 & !re w\ld be no m tru? 9 say+ t all ?+s are 9 motion1 ?an t all ?+s are at re/4 ,,!odorus3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,& if !y are to be 9 motion1 & no?+ is to be devoid ( motion1 all ?+s mu/ always h e sort ( motion8 ,,!odorus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,socrates3 ,consid] a fur!r po9t3 did we n und]/& !m to expla9 ! g5]ation ( heat1 :it5ess1 or any?+ else1 9 "s su* mann] z ! foll[+3--7 !y n say+ t ea* ( !m is mov+ betwe5 ! ag5t & ! pati5t1 toge!r ) a p]ception1 & t ! pati5t ceases to be a p]ceiv+ p[] & becomes a p]cipi5t1 & ! ag5t a quale in/ead ( a quality8 ,i suspect t quality may appe> a /range & unc\? t]m to y1 & t y d n und]/& ! ab/ract expression4 ,!n ,i w take concrete in/ances3 ,i mean to say t ! produc+ p[] or ag5t becomes nei!r heat nor :it5ess b hot & :ite1 & ! l ( o!r ?+s4 ,= ,i mu/ repeat :at ,i said be=e1 t nei!r ! ag5t nor pati5t h any absolute exi/5ce1 b :5 !y come toge!r & g5]ate s5sations & _! objects1 ! "o becomes a ?+ ( a c]ta9 quality1 & ! o!r a p]cipi5t4 ,y rememb]8 ,,!odorus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,we may leave ! details ( _! !ory unexam9$1 b we mu/ n =get to ask !m ! only "q ) :i* we are conc]n$3 ,are all ?+s 9 motion & flux8 ,,!odorus3 ,yes1 !y w reply4 ,,socrates3 ,& !y are mov$ 9 bo? ^? ways :i* we di/+ui%$1 t is to say1 !y move 9 place & are also *ang$8 ,,!odorus3 ,( c\rse1 if ! motion is to be p]fect4 ,,socrates3 ,if !y only mov$ 9 place & 7 n *ang$1 we %\ld be able to say :at is ! nature ( ! ?+s :i* are 9 motion & flux8 ,,!odorus3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,b n[1 s9ce n ev5 :ite cont9ues to fl[ :ite1 & :it5ess itself is a flux or *ange :i* is pass+ into ano!r col\r1 & is nev] to be caught /&+ /ill1 c ! "n ( any col\r be rightly us$ at all8 ,,!odorus3 ,h[ is t possible1 ,socrates1 ei!r 9 ! case ( ?is or ( any o!r quality--if :ile we are us+ ! ^w ! object is escap+ 9 ! flux8 ,,socrates3 ,& :at w\ld y say ( p]ceptions1 su* z sight & he>+1 or any o!r k9d ( p]ception8 ,is !re any /opp+ 9 ! act ( see+ & he>+8 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly n1 if all ?+s are 9 motion4 ,,socrates3 ,!n we mu/ n speak ( see+ any m ?an ( n-see+1 nor ( any o!r p]ception m ?an ( any non-p]ception1 if all ?+s p>take ( e k9d ( motion8 ,,!odorus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,yet p]ception is k3 s at lea/ ,!aetetus & ,i 7 say+4 ,,!odorus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n :5 we 7 ask$ :at is k1 we no m answ]$ :at is k ?an :at is n k8 ,,!odorus3 ,i suppose n4 ,,socrates3 ,"h1 !n1 is a f9e result3 we correct$ our fir/ answ] 9 our eag]ness to prove t no?+ is at re/4 ,b if no?+ is at re/1 e answ] ^u :atev] subject is equally "r3 y may say t a ?+ is or is n ?us2 or1 if y pref]1 'becomes' ?us2 & if we say 'becomes1' we %all n !n hamp] !m ) words expressive ( re/4 ,,!odorus3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,!odorus1 except 9 say+ '?us' & 'n ?us4' ,b y ought n to use ! ^w '?us1' = !re is no motion 9 '?us' or 9 'n ?us4' ,! ma9ta9]s ( ! doctr9e h z yet no words 9 :i* to express !mselves1 & mu/ get a new language4 ,i "k ( no ^w t w suit !m1 except p]haps 'no h[1' :i* is p]fectly indef9ite4 ,,!odorus3 ,yes1 t is a mann] ( speak+ 9 :i* !y w be q at home4 ,,socrates3 ,& s1 ,!odorus1 we h got rid ( y\r fri5d )\t ass5t+ to 8 doctr9e1 t e man is ! measure ( all ?+s--a wise man only is a measure2 nei!r c we all[ t k is p]ception1 c]ta9ly n on ! hypo!sis ( a p]petual flux1 unless p]*ance our fri5d ,!aetetus is able to conv9ce u t x is4 ,,!odorus3 ,v good1 ,socrates2 & n[ t ! argum5t ab\t ! doctr9e ( ,protagoras has be5 complet$1 ,i am absolv$ f answ]+2 = ?is 0 ! agreem5t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,n1 ,!odorus1 until y & ,socrates h discuss$ ! doctr9e ( ^? :o say t all ?+s are at re/1 z y 7 propos+4 ,,!odorus3 ,y1 ,!aetetus1 :o are a "y rogue1 mu/ n in/igate y\r eld]s to a brea* ( fai?1 b %\ld prep>e to answ] ,socrates 9 ! rema9d] ( ! argum5t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 if he wi%es2 b ,i w\ld r h he>d ab\t ! doctr9e ( re/4 ,,!odorus3 ,invite ,socrates to an argum5t--invite horsem5 to ! op5 pla92 d b ask him1 & he w answ]4 ,,socrates3 ,nev]!less1 ,!odorus1 ,i am afraid t ,i %all n be able to comply ) ! reque/ ( ,!aetetus4 ,,!odorus3 ,n comply6 = :at reason8 ,,socrates3 ,my reason is t ,i h a k9d ( rev]5ce2 n s mu* = ,melissus & ! o!rs1 :o say t ',all is "o & at re/1' z = ! great lead] himself1 ,p>m5ides1 v5]able & awful1 z 9 ,hom]ic language he may be call$2--him ,i %\ld be a%am$ to approa* 9 a _s unwor?y ( him4 ,i met him :5 he 0 an old man1 & ,i 0 a m]e y\?1 & he appe>$ to me to h a glori\s dep? ( m9d4 ,& ,i am afraid t we may n und]/& 8 words1 & may be /ill fur!r f und]/&+ 8 mean+2 above all ,i fe> t ! nature ( k1 :i* is ! ma9 subject ( our discussion1 may be ?ru/ out ( sight by ! unbidd5 gue/s :o w come p\r+ 9 ^u our fea/ ( disc\rse1 if we let !m 9--besides1 ! "q :i* is n[ /irr+ is ( imm5se ext5t1 & w be treat$ unfairly if only consid]$ by ! way2 or if treat$ adequately & at l5g?1 w put into ! %ade ! o!r "q ( k4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c be all[$2 b ,i mu/ try by my art ( midwif]y to deliv] ,!aetetus ( 8 conceptions ab\t k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v well2 d s if y w4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[1 ,!aetetus1 take ano!r view ( ! subject3 y answ]$ t k is p]ception8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i did4 ,,socrates3 ,& if any "o 7 to ask y3 ,) :at does a man see black & :ite col\rs8 & ) :at does he he> high & l[ s\nds8--y w\ld say1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ',) ! eyes & ) ! e>s4' ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,! free use ( words & phrases1 r ?an m9ute precision1 is g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( a lib]al education1 & ! opposite is p$antic2 b sometimes precision is necess>y1 & ,i believe t ! answ] :i* y h j giv5 is op5 to ! *>ge ( incorrectness2 = :i* is m correct1 to say t we see or he> ) ! eyes & ) ! e>s1 or ?r\gh ! eyes & ?r\gh ! e>s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld say '?r\gh1' ,socrates1 r ?an ')4' ,,socrates3 ,yes1 my boy1 = no "o c suppose t 9 ea* ( u1 z 9 a sort ( ,trojan horse1 !re are p]*$ a numb] ( unconnect$ s5ses1 :i* d n all meet 9 "s "o nature1 ! m9d1 or :atev] we please to call x1 ( :i* !y are ! in/rum5ts1 & ) :i* ?r\gh !m we p]ceive objects ( s5se4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i agree ) y 9 t op9ion4 ,,socrates3 ,! reason :y ,i am ?us precise is1 because ,i want to "k :e!r1 :5 we p]ceive black & :ite ?r\gh ! eyes1 & aga91 o!r qualities ?r\gh o!r organs1 we d n p]ceive !m ) "o & ! same "p ( ourselves1 &1 if y 7 ask$1 y might ref] all su* p]ceptions to ! body4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,i _h bett] all[ y to answ] = y\rself & n int]f]e4 ,tell me1 !n1 are n ! organs ?r\gh :i* y p]ceive w>m & h>d & light & sweet1 organs ( ! body8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( ! body1 c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& y w\ld admit t :at y p]ceive ?r\gh "o faculty y _c p]ceive ?r\gh ano!r2 ! objects ( he>+1 = example1 _c be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh sight1 or ! objects ( sight ?r\gh he>+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse n4 ,,socrates3 ,if y h any ?\ght ab\t bo? ( !m1 ?is common p]ception _c come to y1 ei!r ?r\gh ! "o or ! o!r organ8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x _c4 ,,socrates3 ,h[ ab\t s\nds & col\rs3 9 ! fir/ place y w\ld admit t !y bo? exi/8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& t ei!r ( !m is diff]5t f ! o!r1 & ! same ) itself8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& t bo? are two & ea* ( !m "o8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,y c fur!r obs]ve :e!r !y are l or unlike "o ano!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d>e say4 ,,socrates3 ,b ?r\gh :at d y p]ceive all ?is ab\t !m8 = nei!r ?r\gh he>+ nor yet ?r\gh see+ c y appreh5d t :i* !y h 9 common4 ,let me give y an illu/ration ( ! po9t at issue3--,if !re 7 any mean+ 9 ask+ :e!r s\nds & col\rs are sal9e or n1 y w\ld be able to tell me :at faculty w\ld consid] ! "q4 ,x w\ld n be sight or he>+1 b "s o!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly2 ! faculty ( ta/e4 ,,socrates3 ,v good2 & n[ tell me :at is ! p[] :i* disc]ns1 n only 9 s5sible objects1 b 9 all ?+s1 univ]sal notions1 su* z ^? :i* are call$ be+ & n-be+1 & ^? o!rs ab\t :i* we 7 j ask+--:at organs w y assign = ! p]ception ( ^! notions8 ,,!aetetus3 ,y are ?9k+ ( be+ & n be+1 lik5ess & unlik5ess1 sam5ess & diff]5ce1 & also ( unity & o!r numb]s :i* are appli$ to objects ( s5se2 & y mean to ask1 ?r\gh :at bodily organ ! s\l p]ceives odd & ev5 numb]s & o!r ari?metical conceptions4 ,,socrates3 ,y foll[ me excell5tly1 ,!aetetus2 t is precisely :at ,i am ask+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i _c answ]2 my only notion is1 t ^!1 unlike objects ( s5se1 h no sep>ate organ1 b t ! m9d1 by a p[] ( h] own1 contemplates ! univ]sals 9 all ?+s4 ,,socrates3 ,y are a beauty1 ,!aetetus1 & n ugly1 z ,!odorus 0 say+2 = he :o utt]s ! beautiful is himself beautiful & good4 ,& besides be+ beautiful1 y h done me a k9dness 9 releas+ me f a v long discussion1 if y are cle> t ! s\l views "s ?+s by h]self & o!rs ?r\gh ! bodily organs4 ,= t 0 my own op9ion1 & ,i want$ y to agree ) me4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i am q cle>4 ,,socrates3 ,& to :i* class w\ld y ref] be+ or ess5ce2 = ?is1 ( all our notions1 is ! mo/ univ]sal8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld say1 to t class :i* ! s\l aspires to "k ( h]self4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y say ?is also ( l & unlike1 same & o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y say ! same ( ! noble & base1 & ( good & evil8 ,,!aetetus3 ,^! ,i conceive to be notions :i* are ess5tially relative1 & :i* ! s\l also p]ceives by comp>+ 9 h]self ?+s pa/ & pres5t ) ! future4 ,,socrates3 ,& does %e n p]ceive ! h>dness ( t :i* is h>d by ! t\*1 & ! s(tness ( t :i* is s(t equally by ! t\*8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b _! ess5ce & :at !y are1 & _! opposition to "o ano!r1 & ! ess5tial nature ( ?is opposition1 ! s\l h]self endeav\rs to decide = u by ! review & comp>ison ( !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,! simple s5sations :i* rea* ! s\l ?r\gh ! body are giv5 at bir? to m5 & animals by nature1 b _! reflections on ! be+ & use ( !m are sl[ly & h>dly ga9$1 if !y are ev] ga9$1 by education & long exp]i5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,assur$ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& c a man atta9 tru? :o fails ( atta9+ be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,impossible4 ,,socrates3 ,& c he :o misses ! tru? ( any?+1 h a k ( t ?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,he _c4 ,,socrates3 ,!n k does n consi/ 9 impressions ( s5se1 b 9 reason+ ab\t !m2 9 t only1 & n 9 ! m]e impression1 tru? & be+ c be atta9$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y call ! two processes by ! same "n1 :5 !re is s great a diff]5ce betwe5 !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t w\ld c]ta9ly n be "r4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at "n w\ld y give to see+1 he>+1 smell+1 be+ cold & be+ hot8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld call all ( !m p]ceiv+--:at o!r "n c\ld be giv5 to !m8 ,,socrates3 ,p]ception w\ld be ! collective "n ( !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,:i*1 z we say1 has no "p 9 ! atta9m5t ( tru? any m ?an ( be+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re=e n 9 sci5ce or k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,!n p]ception1 ,!aetetus1 c nev] be ! same z k or sci5ce8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly n1 ,socrates2 & k has n[ be5 mo/ di/9ctly prov$ to be diff]5t f p]ception4 ,,socrates3 ,b ! orig9al aim ( our discussion 0 to f9d out r :at k is ?an :at x is n2 at ! same "t we h made "s progress1 = we no long] seek = k 9 p]ception at all1 b 9 t o!r process1 h[ev] call$1 9 :i* ! m9d is alone & engag$ ) be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,y mean1 ,socrates1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 :at is call$ ?9k+ or op9+4 ,,socrates3 ,y conceive truly4 ,& n[1 my fri5d1 please to beg9 aga9 at ?is po9t2 & hav+ wip$ out ( y\r memory all t has prec$$1 see if y h arriv$ at any cle>] view1 & once m say :at is k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i _c say1 ,socrates1 t all op9ion is k1 because !re may be a false op9ion2 b ,i w v5ture to ass]t1 t k is true op9ion3 let ?is !n be my reply2 & if ?is is h]eaft] disprov$1 ,i mu/ try to f9d ano!r4 ,,socrates3 ,t is ! way 9 :i* y ought to answ]1 ,!aetetus1 & n 9 y\r =m] hesitat+ /ra91 = if we are bold we %all ga9 "o ( two advantages2 ei!r we %all f9d :at we seek1 or we %all be less likely to ?9k t we "k :at we d n "k--9 ei!r case we %all be ri*ly rew>d$4 ,& n[1 :at are y say+8--,are !re two sorts ( op9ion1 "o true & ! o!r false2 & d y def9e k to be ! true8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 accord+ to my pres5t view4 ,,socrates3 ,is x /ill wor? our :ile to resume ! discussion t\*+ op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to :at are y allud+8 ,,socrates3 ,!re is a po9t :i* (t5 tr\bles me1 & is a great p]plexity to me1 bo? 9 reg>d to myself & o!rs4 ,i _c make out ! nature or orig9 ( ! m5tal exp]i5ce to :i* ,i ref]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,pray :at is x8 ,,socrates3 ,h[ !re c be false op9ion--t difficulty /ill tr\bles ! eye ( my m9d2 & ,i am unc]ta9 :e!r ,i %all leave ! "q1 or beg9 ov] aga9 9 a new way4 ,,!aetetus3 ,beg9 aga91 ,socrates1--at lea/ if y ?9k t !re is ! slighte/ necessity = do+ s4 ,7 n y & ,!odorus j n[ rem>k+ v truly1 t 9 discussions ( ?is k9d we may take our own "t8 ,,socrates3 ,y are q "r1 & p]haps !re w be no h>m 9 retrac+ our /eps & beg9n+ aga94 ,bett] a little :i* is well done1 ?an a great deal imp]fectly4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 & :at is ! difficulty8 ,d we n speak ( false op9ion1 & say t "o man holds a false & ano!r a true op9ion1 z ?\gh !re 7 "s natural di/9ction betwe5 !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,we c]ta9ly say s4 ,,socrates3 ,all ?+s & ev]y?+ are ei!r kn[n or n kn[n4 ,i leave out ( view ! int]m$iate conceptions ( le>n+ & =gett+1 because !y h no?+ to d ) our pres5t "q4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!re c be no d\bt1 ,socrates1 if y exclude ^!1 t !re is no o!r alt]native b kn[+ or n kn[+ a ?+4 ,,socrates3 ,t po9t be+ n[ det]m9$1 mu/ we n say t he :o has an op9ion1 mu/ h an op9ion ab\t some?+ :i* he kn[s or does n "k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,he mu/4 ,,socrates3 ,he :o kn[s1 _c b "k2 & he :o does n "k1 _c "k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,:at %all we say !n8 ,:5 a man has a false op9ion does he ?9k t :i* he kn[s to be "s o!r ?+ :i* he kn[s1 & kn[+ bo?1 is he at ! same "t ignorant ( bo?8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t1 ,socrates1 is impossible4 ,,socrates3 ,b p]haps he ?9ks ( some?+ :i* he does n "k z "s o!r ?+ :i* he does n "k2 = example1 he kn[s nei!r ,!aetetus nor ,socrates1 & yet he fancies t ,!aetetus is ,socrates1 or ,socrates ,!aetetus8 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ c he8 ,,socrates3 ,b surely he _c suppose :at he kn[s to be :at he does n "k1 or :at he does n "k to be :at he kn[s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t w\ld be mon/r\s4 ,,socrates3 ,:]e1 !n1 is false op9ion8 ,= if all ?+s are ei!r kn[n or unkn[n1 !re c be no op9ion :i* is n compreh5d$ "u ?is alt]native1 & s false op9ion is exclud$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,socrates3 ,suppose t we remove ! "q out ( ! sph]e ( kn[+ or n kn[+1 into t ( be+ & n-be+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,may we n suspect ! simple tru? to be t he :o ?9ks ab\t any?+1 t :i* is n1 w necess>ily ?9k :at is false1 :atev] 9 o!r respects may be ! /ate ( 8 m9d8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t1 aga91 is n unlikely1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n suppose "s "o to say to u1 ,!aetetus3--,is x possible = any man to ?9k t :i* is n1 ei!r z a self-exi/5t sub/ance or z a pr$icate ( some?+ else8 ,& suppose t we answ]1 ',yes1 he c1 :5 he ?9ks :at is n true4'--,t w be our answ]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b is !re any p>allel to ?is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,c a man see some?+ & yet see no?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,impossible4 ,,socrates3 ,b if he sees any "o ?+1 he sees some?+ t exi/s4 ,d y suppose t :at is "o is ev] to be f\nd among non-exi/+ ?+s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n4 ,,socrates3 ,he !n :o sees "s "o ?+1 sees some?+ :i* is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o he>s any?+1 he>s "s "o ?+1 & he>s t :i* is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o t\*es any?+1 t\*es some?+ :i* is "o & !re=e is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t aga9 is true4 ,,socrates3 ,& does n he :o ?9ks1 ?9k "s "o ?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& does n he :o ?9ks "s "o ?+1 ?9k some?+ :i* is8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i agree4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he :o ?9ks ( t :i* is n1 ?9ks ( no?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o ?9ks ( no?+1 does n ?9k at all8 ,,!aetetus3 ,obvi\sly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n no "o c ?9k t :i* is n1 ei!r z a self-exi/5t sub/ance or z a pr$icate ( some?+ else8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n to ?9k falsely is diff]5t f ?9k+ t :i* is n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x w\ld seem s4 ,,socrates3 ,!n false op9ion has no exi/5ce 9 u1 ei!r 9 ! sph]e ( be+ or ( k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,b may n ! foll[+ be ! description ( :at we express by ?is "n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at8 ,,socrates3 ,may we n suppose t false op9ion or ?\ght is a sort ( het]odoxy2 a p]son may make an ex*ange 9 8 m9d1 & say t "o real object is ano!r real object4 ,= ?us he always ?9ks t :i* is1 b he puts "o ?+ 9 place ( ano!r2 & miss+ ! aim ( 8 ?\ghts1 he may be truly said to h false op9ion4 ,,!aetetus3 ,n[ y appe> to me to h spok5 ! exact tru?3 :5 a man puts ! base 9 ! place ( ! noble1 or ! noble 9 ! place ( ! base1 !n he has truly false op9ion4 ,,socrates3 ,i see1 ,!aetetus1 t y\r fe> has disappe>$1 & t y are beg9n+ to despise me4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at makes y say s8 ,,socrates3 ,y ?9k1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t y\r 'truly false' is safe f c5sure1 & t ,i %all nev] ask :e!r !re c be a swift :i* is sl[1 or a heavy :i* is light1 or any o!r self-contradictory ?+1 :i* works1 n accord+ to its own nature1 b accord+ to t ( its opposite4 ,b ,i w n insi/ ^u ?is1 = ,i d n wi% ne$lessly to disc\rage y4 ,& s y are satisfi$ t false op9ion is het]odoxy1 or ! ?\ght ( some?+ else8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i am4 ,,socrates3 ,x is possible !n ^u y\r view = ! m9d to conceive ( "o ?+ z ano!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b mu/ n ! m9d1 or ?9k+ p[]1 :i* misplaces !m1 h a conception ei!r ( bo? objects or ( "o ( !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,ei!r toge!r or 9 succession8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y mean by conceiv+1 ! same :i* ,i mean8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is t8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean ! conv]sation :i* ! s\l holds ) h]self 9 consid]+ ( any?+4 ,i speak ( :at ,i sc>cely und]/&2 b ! s\l :5 ?9k+ appe>s to me to be j talk+--ask+ que/ions ( h]self & answ]+ !m1 affirm+ & d5y+4 ,& :5 %e has arriv$ at a decision1 ei!r gradually or by a sudd5 impulse1 & has at la/ agre$1 & does n d\bt1 ?is is call$ h] op9ion4 ,i say1 !n1 t to =m an op9ion is to speak1 & op9ion is a ^w spok51--,i mean1 to oneself & 9 sil5ce1 n al\d or to ano!r3 ,:at ?9k y8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i agree4 ,,socrates3 ,!n :5 any "o ?9ks ( "o ?+ z ano!r1 he is say+ to himself t "o ?+ is ano!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b d y ev] rememb] say+ to y\rself t ! noble is c]ta9ly base1 or ! unju/ j2 or1 be/ ( all--h y ev] attempt$ to conv9ce y\rself t "o ?+ is ano!r8 ,nay1 n ev5 9 sleep1 did y ev] v5ture to say to y\rself t odd is ev51 or any?+ ( ! k9d8 ,,!aetetus3 ,nev]4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y suppose t any o!r man1 ei!r 9 8 s5ses or out ( !m1 ev] s]i\sly tri$ to p]suade himself t an ox is a horse1 or t two are "o8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,b if ?9k+ is talk+ to oneself1 no "o speak+ & ?9k+ ( two objects1 & appreh5d+ !m bo? 9 8 s\l1 w say & ?9k t ! "o is ! o!r ( !m1 & ,i mu/ add1 t ev5 y1 lov] ( dispute z y are1 _h bett] let ! ^w 'o!r' alone 7i4e4 n insi/ t '"o' & 'o!r' are ! same 7,bo? words 9 ,greek are call$ et]on3 comp>e ,p>m542 ,eu?yd4774 ,i mean to say1 t no "o ?9ks ! noble to be base1 or any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i w give up ! ^w 'o!r1' ,socrates2 & ,i agree to :at y say4 ,,socrates3 ,if a man has bo? ( !m 9 8 ?\ghts1 he _c ?9k t ! "o ( !m is ! o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,nei!r1 if he has "o ( !m only 9 8 m9d & n ! o!r1 c he ?9k t "o is ! o!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true2 = we %\ld h to suppose t he appreh5ds t :i* is n 9 8 ?\ghts at all4 ,,socrates3 ,!n no "o :o has ei!r bo? or only "o ( ! two objects 9 8 m9d c ?9k t ! "o is ! o!r4 ,& !re=e1 he :o ma9ta9s t false op9ion is het]odoxy is talk+ nons5se2 = nei!r 9 ?is1 any m ?an 9 ! previ\s way1 c false op9ion exi/ 9 u4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,b if1 ,!aetetus1 ?is is n admitt$1 we %all be driv5 into _m absurdities4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,socrates3 ,i w n tell y until ,i h endeav\r$ to consid] ! matt] f e po9t ( view4 ,= ,i %\ld be a%am$ ( u if we 7 driv5 9 our p]plexity to admit ! absurd consequ5ces ( :i* ,i speak4 ,b if we f9d ! solution1 & get away f !m1 we may reg>d !m only z ! difficulties ( o!rs1 & ! ridicule w n atta* to u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we utt]ly fail1 ,i suppose t we mu/ be humble1 & all[ ! argum5t to trample u "u foot1 z ! sea-sick pass5g] is trampl$ ^u by ! sailor1 & to d any?+ to u4 ,li/51 !n1 :ile ,i tell y h[ ,i hope to f9d a way out ( our difficulty4 ,,!aetetus3 ,let me he>4 ,,socrates3 ,i ?9k t we 7 wrong 9 d5y+ t a man c\ld ?9k :at he knew to be :at he did n "k2 & t !re is a way 9 :i* su* a deception is possible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,y mean to say1 z ,i suspect$ at ! "t1 t ,i may "k ,socrates1 & at a di/ance see "s "o :o is unkn[n to me1 & :om ,i mi/ake = him--!n ! deception w occur8 ,,socrates3 ,b has n t position be5 rel9qui%$ by u1 because involv+ ! absurdity t we %\ld "k & n "k ! ?+s :i* we "k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,let u make ! ass]tion 9 ano!r =m1 :i* may or may n h a fav\rable issue2 b z we are 9 a great /rait1 e argum5t %\ld be turn$ ov] & te/$4 ,tell me1 !n1 :e!r ,i am "r 9 say+ t y may le>n a ?+ :i* at "o "t y did n "k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly y may4 ,,socrates3 ,& ano!r & ano!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,i w\ld h y imag9e1 !n1 t !re exi/s 9 ! m9d ( man a block ( wax1 :i* is ( diff]5t sizes 9 diff]5t m52 h>d]1 moi/]1 & hav+ m or less ( purity 9 "o ?an ano!r1 & 9 "s ( an int]m$iate quality4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i see4 ,,socrates3 ,let u say t ?is tablet is a gift ( ,memory1 ! "m ( ! ,muses2 & t :5 we wi% to rememb] any?+ :i* we h se51 or he>d1 or ?\ght 9 our own m9ds1 we hold ! wax to ! p]ceptions & ?\ghts1 & 9 t mat]ial receive ! impression ( !m z f ! seal ( a r+2 & t we rememb] & "k :at is impr9t$ z long z ! image la/s2 b :5 ! image is effac$1 or _c be tak51 !n we =get & d n "k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,socrates3 ,n[1 :5 a p]son has ?is k1 & is consid]+ some?+ :i* he sees or he>s1 may n false op9ion arise 9 ! foll[+ mann]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,9 :at mann]8 ,,socrates3 ,:5 he ?9ks :at he kn[s1 sometimes to be :at he kn[s1 & sometimes to be :at he does n "k4 ,we 7 wrong be=e 9 d5y+ ! possibility ( ?is4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& h[ w\ld y am5d ! =m] /atem5t8 ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld beg9 by mak+ a li/ ( ! impossible cases :i* mu/ be exclud$4 7#a7 ,no "o c ?9k "o ?+ to be ano!r :5 he does n p]ceive ei!r ( !m1 b has ! memorial or seal ( bo? ( !m 9 8 m9d2 nor c any mi/ak+ ( "o ?+ = ano!r occur1 :5 he only kn[s "o1 & does n "k1 & has no impression ( ! o!r2 nor c he ?9k t "o ?+ :i* he does n "k is ano!r ?+ :i* he does n "k1 or t :at he does n "k is :at he kn[s2 nor 7#b7 t "o ?+ :i* he p]ceives is ano!r ?+ :i* he p]ceives1 or t some?+ :i* he p]ceives is some?+ :i* he does n p]ceive2 or t some?+ :i* he does n p]ceive is some?+ else :i* he does n p]ceive2 or t some?+ :i* he does n p]ceive is some?+ :i* he p]ceives2 nor aga9 7#c7 c he ?9k t some?+ :i* he kn[s & p]ceives1 & ( :i* he has ! impression co9cid+ ) s5se1 is some?+ else :i* he kn[s & p]ceives1 & ( :i* he has ! impression co9cid+ ) s5se2--?is la/ case1 if possible1 is /ill m inconceivable ?an ! o!rs2 nor 7#d7 c he ?9k t some?+ :i* he kn[s & p]ceives1 & ( :i* he has ! memorial co9cid+ ) s5se1 is some?+ else :i* he kn[s2 nor s long z ^! agree1 c he ?9k t a ?+ :i* he kn[s & p]ceives is ano!r ?+ :i* he p]ceives2 or t a ?+ :i* he does n "k & does n p]ceive1 is ! same z ano!r ?+ :i* he does n "k & does n p]ceive2--nor aga91 c he suppose t a ?+ :i* he does n "k & does n p]ceive is ! same z ano!r ?+ :i* he does n "k2 or t a ?+ :i* he does n "k & does n p]ceive is ano!r ?+ :i* he does n p]ceive3--,all ^! utt]ly & absolutely exclude ! possibility ( false op9ion4 ,! only cases1 if any1 :i* rema91 are ! foll[+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,if y tell me1 ,i may p]haps und]/& y bett]2 b at pres5t ,i am unable to foll[ y4 ,,socrates3 ,a p]son may ?9k t "s ?+s :i* he kn[s1 or :i* he p]ceives & does n "k1 are "s o!r ?+s :i* he kn[s & p]ceives2 or t "s ?+s :i* he kn[s & p]ceives1 are o!r ?+s :i* he kn[s & p]ceives4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i und]/& y less ?an ev] n[4 ,,socrates3 ,he> me once m1 !n3--,i1 kn[+ ,!odorus1 & rememb]+ 9 my own m9d :at sort ( p]son he is1 & also :at sort ( p]son ,!aetetus is1 at "o "t see !m1 & at ano!r "t d n see !m1 & sometimes ,i t\* !m1 & at ano!r "t n1 or at "o "t ,i may he> !m or p]ceive !m 9 "s o!r way1 & at ano!r "t n p]ceive !m1 b /ill ,i rememb] !m1 & "k !m 9 my own m9d4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 fir/ ( all1 ,i want y to und]/& t a man may or may n p]ceive s5sibly t :i* he kn[s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& t :i* he does n "k w sometimes n be p]ceiv$ by him & sometimes w be p]ceiv$ & only p]ceiv$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is also true4 ,,socrates3 ,see :e!r y c foll[ me bett] n[3 ,socrates c recognize ,!odorus & ,!aetetus1 b he sees nei!r ( !m1 nor does he p]ceive !m 9 any o!r way2 he _c !n by any possibility imag9e 9 8 own m9d t ,!aetetus is ,!odorus4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,y are q "r4 ,,socrates3 ,!n t 0 ! fir/ case ( :i* ,i spoke4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,! second case 01 t ,i1 kn[+ "o ( y & n kn[+ ! o!r1 & p]ceiv+ nei!r1 c nev] ?9k him :om ,i "k to be him :om ,i d n "k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! ?ird case1 n kn[+ & n p]ceiv+ ei!r ( y1 ,i _c ?9k t "o ( y :om ,i d n "k is ! o!r :om ,i d n "k4 ,i ne$ n aga9 g ov] ! catalogue ( exclud$ cases1 9 :i* ,i _c =m a false op9ion ab\t y & ,!odorus1 ei!r :5 ,i "k bo? or :5 ,i am 9 ignorance ( bo?1 or :5 ,i "k "o & n ! o!r4 ,& ! same ( p]ceiv+3 d y und]/& me8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,! only possibility ( errone\s op9ion is1 :5 kn[+ y & ,!odorus1 & hav+ on ! wax5 block ! impression ( bo? ( y giv5 z by a seal1 b see+ y imp]fectly & at a di/ance1 ,i try to assign ! "r impression ( memory to ! "r visual impression1 & to fit ?is into its own pr9t3 if ,i succe$1 recognition w take place2 b if ,i fail & transpose !m1 putt+ ! foot into ! wrong %oe--t is to say1 putt+ ! vision ( ei!r ( y on to ! wrong impression1 or if my m9d1 l ! sight 9 a mirror1 :i* is transf]r$ f "r to left1 err by reason ( "s simil> affection1 !n 'het]odoxy' & false op9ion ensues4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 y h describ$ ! nature ( op9ion ) wond]ful exactness4 ,,socrates3 ,or aga91 :5 ,i "k bo? ( y1 & p]ceive z well z "k "o ( y1 b n ! o!r1 & my k ( him does n accord ) p]ception--t 0 ! case put by me j n[ :i* y did n und]/&4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no1 ,i did n4 ,,socrates3 ,i meant to say1 t :5 a p]son kn[s & p]ceives "o ( y1 8 k co9cides ) 8 p]ception1 he w nev] ?9k him to be "s o!r p]son1 :om he kn[s & p]ceives1 & ! k ( :om co9cides ) 8 p]ception--= t also 0 a case suppos$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b !re 0 an omission ( ! fur!r case1 9 :i*1 z we n[ say1 false op9ion may arise1 :5 kn[+ bo?1 & see+1 or hav+ "s o!r s5sible p]ception ( bo?1 ,i fail 9 hold+ ! seal ov] aga9/ ! correspond+ s5sation2 l a bad ar*]1 ,i miss & fall wide ( ! m>k--& ?is is call$ falsehood4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 x is rightly s call$4 ,,socrates3 ,:51 !re=e1 p]ception is pres5t to "o ( ! seals or impressions b n to ! o!r1 & ! m9d fits ! seal ( ! abs5t p]ception on ! "o :i* is pres5t1 9 any case ( ?is sort ! m9d is deceiv$2 9 a ^w1 if our view is s\nd1 !re c be no error or deception ab\t ?+s :i* a man does n "k & has nev] p]ceiv$1 b only 9 ?+s :i* are kn[n & p]ceiv$2 9 ^! alone op9ion turns & twi/s ab\t1 & becomes alt]nately true & false2--true :5 ! seals & impressions ( s5se meet /raight & opposite--false :5 !y g awry & crook$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& is n t1 ,socrates1 nobly said8 ,,socrates3 ,nobly6 yes2 b wait a little & he> ! explanation1 & !n y w say s ) m reason2 = to ?9k truly is noble & to be deceiv$ is base4 ,,!aetetus3 ,und\bt$ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! orig9 ( tru? & error is z foll[s3--,:5 ! wax 9 ! s\l ( any "o is deep & abundant1 & smoo? & p]fectly temp]$1 !n ! impressions :i* pass ?r\gh ! s5ses & s9k into ! he>t ( ! s\l1 z ,hom] says 9 a p>able1 mean+ to indicate ! lik5ess ( ! s\l to wax 7,k]h ,k]hos72 ^!1 ,i say1 be+ pure & cle>1 & hav+ a suffici5t dep? ( wax1 are also la/+1 & m9ds1 su* z ^!1 easily le>n & easily reta91 & are n liable to confusion1 b h true ?\ghts1 = !y h pl5ty ( room1 & hav+ cle> impressions ( ?+s1 z we t]m !m1 quickly di/ribute !m into _! prop] places on ! block4 ,& su* m5 are call$ wise4 ,d y agree8 ,,!aetetus3 ,entirely4 ,,socrates3 ,b :5 ! he>t ( any "o is %aggy--a quality :i* ! all-wise poet comm5ds1 or muddy & ( impure wax1 or v s(t1 or v h>d1 !n !re is a correspond+ defect 9 ! m9d--! s(t are good at le>n+1 b apt to =get2 & ! h>d are ! rev]se2 ! %aggy & rugg$ & gritty1 or ^? :o h an admixture ( e>? or dung 9 _! composition1 h ! impressions indi/9ct1 z also ! h>d1 = !re is no dep? 9 !m2 & ! s(t too are indi/9ct1 = _! impressions are easily confus$ & effac$4 ,yet great] is ! indi/9ctness :5 !y are all jo/l$ toge!r 9 a little s\l1 :i* has no room4 ,^! are ! natures :i* h false op9ion2 = :5 !y see or he> or ?9k ( any?+1 !y are sl[ 9 assign+ ! "r objects to ! "r impressions--9 _! /upidity !y confuse !m1 & are apt to see & he> & ?9k amiss--& su* m5 are said to be deceiv$ 9 _! k ( objects1 & ignorant4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no man1 ,socrates1 c say any?+ tru] ?an t4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[ we may admit ! exi/5ce ( false op9ion 9 u8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ( true op9ion also8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,we h at l5g? satisfactorily prov5 beyond a d\bt !re are ^! two sorts ( op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,und\bt$ly4 ,,socrates3 ,alas1 ,!aetetus1 :at a tiresome creature is a man :o is fond ( talk+6 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at makes y say s8 ,,socrates3 ,because ,i am di%e>t5$ at my own /upidity & tiresome g>rulity2 = :at o!r t]m w describe ! habit ( a man :o is always argu+ on all sides ( a "q2 ^: dulness _c be conv9c$1 & :o w nev] leave (f8 ,,!aetetus3 ,b :at puts y out ( he>t8 ,,socrates3 ,i am n only out ( he>t1 b 9 positive despair2 = ,i d n "k :at to answ] if any "o 7 to ask me3--,o ,socrates1 h y inde$ discov]$ t false op9ion arises nei!r 9 ! comp>ison ( p]ceptions ) "o ano!r nor yet 9 ?\ght1 b 9 union ( ?\ght & p]ception8 ,yes1 ,i %all say1 ) ! complac5ce ( "o :o ?9ks t he has made a noble discov]y4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i see no reason :y we %\ld be a%am$ ( our demon/ration1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,he w say3 ,y mean to argue t ! man :om we only ?9k ( & d n see1 _c be confus$ ) ! horse :i* we d n see or t\*1 b only ?9k ( & d n p]ceive8 ,t ,i believe to be my mean+1 ,i %all reply4 ,,!aetetus3 ,q "r4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 !n1 he w say1 accord+ to t argum5t1 ! numb] elev51 :i* is only ?\ght1 c nev] be mi/ak5 = twelve1 :i* is only ?\ght3 ,h[ w\ld y answ] him8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld say t a mi/ake may v likely arise betwe5 ! elev5 or twelve :i* are se5 or h&l$1 b t no simil> mi/ake c arise betwe5 ! elev5 & twelve :i* are 9 ! m9d4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b d y ?9k t no "o ev] put be=e 8 own m9d five & sev51--,i d n mean five or sev5 m5 or horses1 b five or sev5 9 ! ab/ract1 :i*1 z we say1 are record$ on ! wax5 block1 & 9 :i* false op9ion is held to be impossible2 did no man ev] ask himself h[ _m ^! numb]s make :5 add$ toge!r1 & answ] t !y are elev51 :ile ano!r ?9ks t !y are twelve1 or w\ld all agree 9 ?9k+ & say+ t !y are twelve8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n2 _m w\ld ?9k t !y are elev51 & 9 ! high] numb]s ! *ance ( error is great] /ill2 = ,i assume y to be speak+ ( numb]s 9 g5]al4 ,,socrates3 ,exactly2 & ,i want y to consid] :e!r ?is does n imply t ! twelve 9 ! wax5 block are suppos$ to be elev58 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 t seems to be ! case4 ,,socrates3 ,!n d we n come back to ! old difficulty8 ,= he :o makes su* a mi/ake does ?9k "o ?+ :i* he kn[s to be ano!r ?+ :i* he kn[s2 b ?is1 z we said1 0 impossible1 & af=d$ an irresi/ible pro( ( ! non-exi/5ce ( false op9ion1 because o!rwise ! same p]son w\ld inevitably "k & n "k ! same ?+ at ! same "t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n false op9ion _c be expla9$ z a confusion ( ?\ght & s5se1 = 9 t case we c\ld n h be5 mi/ak5 ab\t pure conceptions ( ?\ght2 & ?us we are oblig$ to say1 ei!r t false op9ion does n exi/1 or t a man may n "k t :i* he kn[s2--:i* alt]native d y pref]8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x is h>d to det]m9e1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet ! argum5t w sc>cely admit ( bo?4 ,b1 z we are at our wits' end1 suppose t we d a %ameless ?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,socrates3 ,let u attempt to expla9 ! v]b 'to "k4' ,,!aetetus3 ,& :y %\ld t be %ameless8 ,,socrates3 ,y seem n to be aw>e t ! :ole ( our discussion f ! v beg9n+ has be5 a se>* aft] k1 ( :i* we are assum$ n to "k ! nature4 ,,!aetetus3 ,nay1 b ,i am well aw>e4 ,,socrates3 ,& is x n %ameless :5 we d n "k :at k is1 to be expla9+ ! v]b 'to "k'8 ,! tru? is1 ,!aetetus1 t we h long be5 infect$ ) logical impurity4 ,?\s&s ( times h we repeat$ ! words 'we "k1' & 'd n "k1' & 'we h or h n sci5ce or k1' z if we c\ld und]/& :at we are say+ to "o ano!r1 s long z we rema9 ignorant ab\t k2 & at ?is mom5t we are us+ ! words 'we und]/&1' 'we are ignorant1' z ?\gh we c\ld /ill employ !m :5 depriv$ ( k or sci5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,b if y avoid ^! expressions1 ,socrates1 h[ w y ev] argue at all8 ,,socrates3 ,i c\ld n1 be+ ! man ,i am4 ,! case w\ld be diff]5t if ,i 7 a true h]o ( dialectic3 & ,o t su* an "o 7 pres5t6 = he w\ld h told u to avoid ! use ( ^! t]ms2 at ! same "t he w\ld n h sp>$ 9 y & me ! faults :i* ,i h not$4 ,b1 see+ t we are no great wits1 %all ,i v5ture to say :at kn[+ is8 = ,i ?9k t ! attempt may be wor? mak+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,!n by all means v5ture1 & no "o %all f9d fault ) y = us+ ! =bidd5 t]ms4 ,,socrates3 ,y h he>d ! common explanation ( ! v]b 'to "k'8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i ?9k s1 b ,i d n rememb] x at ! mom5t4 ,,socrates3 ,!y expla9 ! ^w 'to "k' z mean+ 'to h k4' ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld l to make a slight *ange1 & say 'to possess' k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ d ! two expressions diff]8 ,,socrates3 ,p]haps !re may be no diff]5ce2 b /ill ,i %\ld l y to he> my view1 t y may help me to te/ x4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i w1 if ,i c4 ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld di/+ui% 'hav+' f 'possess+'3 = example1 a man may buy & keep "u 8 control a g>m5t :i* he does n we>2 & !n we %\ld say1 n t he has1 b t he possesses ! g>m5t4 ,,!aetetus3 ,x w\ld be ! correct expression4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 may n a man 'possess' & yet n 'h' k 9 ! s5se ( :i* ,i am speak+8 ,z y may suppose a man to h caught wild birds--doves or any o!r birds--& to be keep+ !m 9 an avi>y :i* he has con/ruct$ at home2 we might say ( him 9 "o s5se1 t he always has !m because he possesses !m1 might we n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet1 9 ano!r s5se1 he has none ( !m2 b !y are 9 8 p[]1 & he has got !m "u 8 h& 9 an enclosure ( 8 own1 & c take & h !m :5ev] he likes2--he c cat* any :i* he likes1 & let ! bird g aga91 & he may d s z (t5 z he pleases4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,once m1 !n1 z 9 :at prec$$ we made a sort ( wax5 figm5t 9 ! m9d1 s let u n[ suppose t 9 ! m9d ( ea* man !re is an avi>y ( all sorts ( birds--"s flock+ toge!r ap>t f ! re/1 o!rs 9 small gr\ps1 o!rs solit>y1 fly+ any:]e & ev]y:]e4 ,,!aetetus3 ,let u imag9e su* an avi>y--& :at is to foll[8 ,,socrates3 ,we may suppose t ! birds are k9ds ( k1 & t :5 we 7 *ildr51 ?is receptacle 0 empty2 :5ev] a man has gott5 & deta9$ 9 ! enclosure a k9d ( k1 he may be said to h le>n$ or discov]$ ! ?+ :i* is ! subject ( ! k3 & ?is is to "k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,grant$4 ,,socrates3 ,& fur!r1 :5 any "o wi%es to cat* any ( ^! kn[l$ges or sci5ces1 & hav+ tak51 to hold x1 & aga9 to let !m g1 h[ w he express himself8--w he describe ! 'cat*+' ( !m & ! orig9al 'possession' 9 ! same words8 ,i w make my mean+ cle>] by an example3--,y admit t !re is an art ( ari?metic8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,conceive ?is "u ! =m ( a hunt aft] ! sci5ce ( odd & ev5 9 g5]al4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i foll[4 ,,socrates3 ,hav+ ! use ( ! art1 ! ari?metician1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 has ! conceptions ( numb] "u 8 h&1 & c transmit !m to ano!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& :5 transmitt+ !m he may be said to tea* !m1 & :5 receiv+ to le>n !m1 & :5 receiv+ to le>n !m1 & :5 hav+ !m 9 possession 9 ! a=esaid avi>y he may be said to "k !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,att5d to :at foll[s3 mu/ n ! p]fect ari?metician "k all numb]s1 = he has ! sci5ce ( all numb]s 9 8 m9d8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& he c reckon ab/ract numb]s 9 8 head1 or ?+s ab\t him :i* are num]able8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse he c4 ,,socrates3 ,& to reckon is simply to consid] h[ mu* su* & su* a numb] am\nts to8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& s he appe>s to be se>*+ into some?+ :i* he kn[s1 z if he did n "k x1 = we h already admitt$ t he kn[s all numb]s2--y h he>d ^! p]plex+ que/ions rais$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i h4 ,,socrates3 ,may we n pursue ! image ( ! doves1 & say t ! *ase aft] k is ( two k9ds8 "o k9d is prior to possession & = ! sake ( possession1 & ! o!r = ! sake ( tak+ & hold+ 9 ! h&s t :i* is possess$ already4 ,& ?us1 :5 a man has le>n$ & kn[n some?+ long ago1 he may resume & get hold ( ! k :i* he has long possess$1 b has n at h& 9 8 m9d4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,t 0 my reason = ask+ h[ we ought to speak :5 an ari?metician sets ab\t numb]+1 or a gramm>ian ab\t read+8 ,%all we say1 t al?\gh he kn[s1 he comes back to himself to le>n :at he already kn[s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,x w\ld be too absurd1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,%all we say !n t he is go+ to read or numb] :at he does n "k1 al?\gh we h admitt$ t he kn[s all lett]s & all numb]s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t1 aga91 w\ld be an absurdity4 ,,socrates3 ,!n %all we say t ab\t names we c>e no?+8--any "o may twi/ & turn ! words 'kn[+' & 'le>n+' 9 any way :i* he likes1 b s9ce we h det]m9$ t ! possession ( k is n ! hav+ or us+ x1 we d ass]t t a man _c n possess t :i* he possesses2 &1 !re=e1 9 no case c a man n "k t :i* he kn[s1 b he may get a false op9ion ab\t x2 = he may h ! k1 n ( ?is p>ticul> ?+1 b ( "s o!r2--:5 ! v>i\s numb]s & =ms ( k are fly+ ab\t 9 ! avi>y1 & wi%+ to capture a c]ta9 sort ( k out ( ! g5]al /ore1 he takes ! wrong "o by mi/ake1 t is to say1 :5 he ?\ght elev5 to be twelve1 he got hold ( ! r+-dove :i* he _h 9 8 m9d1 :5 he want$ ! pigeon4 ,,!aetetus3 ,a v rational explanation4 ,,socrates3 ,b :5 he cat*es ! "o :i* he wants1 !n he is n deceiv$1 & has an op9ion ( :at is1 & ?us false & true op9ion may exi/1 & ! difficulties :i* 7 previ\sly rais$ disappe>4 ,i d>e say t y agree ) me1 d y n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& s we are rid ( ! difficulty ( a man's n kn[+ :at he kn[s1 = we are n driv5 to ! inf]5ce t he does n possess :at he possesses1 :e!r he be or be n deceiv$4 ,& yet ,i fe> t a great] difficulty is look+ 9 at ! w9d[4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at is x8 ,,socrates3 ,h[ c ! ex*ange ( "o k = ano!r ev] become false op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ c a man :o has ! k ( any?+ be ignorant ( t :i* he kn[s1 n by reason ( ignorance1 b by reason ( 8 own k8 ,&1 aga91 is x n an extreme absurdity t he %\ld suppose ano!r ?+ to be ?is1 & ?is to be ano!r ?+2--t1 hav+ k pres5t ) him 9 8 m9d1 he %\ld /ill "k no?+ & be ignorant ( all ?+s8--y might z well argue t ignorance may make a man "k1 & bl9dness make him see1 z t k c make him ignorant4 ,,!aetetus3 ,p]haps1 ,socrates1 we may h be5 wrong 9 mak+ only =ms ( k our birds3 :]eas !re ought to h be5 =ms ( ignorance z well1 fly+ ab\t toge!r 9 ! m9d1 & !n he :o s\ght to take "o ( !m might sometimes cat* a =m ( k1 & sometimes a =m ( ignorance2 & ?us he w\ld h a false op9ion f ignorance1 b a true "o f k1 ab\t ! same ?+4 ,,socrates3 ,i _c help prais+ y1 ,!aetetus1 & yet ,i mu/ beg y to reconsid] y\r words4 ,let u grant :at y say--!n1 accord+ to y1 he :o takes ignorance w h a false op9ion--am ,i "r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,he w c]ta9ly n ?9k t he has a false op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse n4 ,,socrates3 ,he w ?9k t 8 op9ion is true1 & he w fancy t he kn[s ! ?+s ab\t :i* he has be5 deceiv$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he w ?9k t he has captur$ k & n ignorance8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?us1 aft] go+ a long way r\nd1 we are once m face to face ) our orig9al difficulty4 ,! h]o ( dialectic w retort ^u u3--',o my excell5t fri5ds1 he w say1 laugh+1 if a man kn[s ! =m ( ignorance & ! =m ( k1 c he ?9k t "o ( !m :i* he kn[s is ! o!r :i* he kn[s8 or1 if he kn[s nei!r ( !m1 c he ?9k t ! "o :i* he kn[s n is ano!r :i* he kn[s n8 or1 if he kn[s "o & n ! o!r1 c he ?9k ! "o :i* he kn[s to be ! "o :i* he does n "k8 or ! "o :i* he does n "k to be ! "o :i* he kn[s8 or w y tell me t !re are o!r =ms ( k :i* di/+ui% ! "r & wrong birds1 & :i* ! own] keeps 9 "s o!r avi>ies or grav5 on wax5 blocks accord+ to y\r fooli% images1 & :i* he may be said to "k :ile he possesses !m1 ev5 ?\gh he h !m n at h& 9 8 m9d8 ,& ?us1 9 a p]petual circle1 y w be compell$ to g r\nd & r\nd1 & y w make no progress4' ,:at are we to say 9 reply1 ,!aetetus8 ,,!aetetus3 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i d n "k :at we are to say4 ,,socrates3 ,are n 8 reproa*es j1 & does n ! argum5t truly %[ t we are wrong 9 seek+ = false op9ion until we "k :at k is2 t mu/ be fir/ asc]ta9$2 !n1 ! nature ( false op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i _c b agree ) y1 ,socrates1 s f> z we h yet gone4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 once m1 :at %all we say t k is8--= we are n go+ to lose he>t z yet4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i %all n lose he>t1 if y d n4 ,,socrates3 ,:at def9ition w be mo/ consi/5t ) our =m] views8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i _c ?9k ( any b our old "o1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,:at 0 x8 ,,!aetetus3 ,k 0 said by u to be true op9ion2 & true op9ion is surely un]r+1 & ! results :i* foll[ f x are all noble & good4 ,,socrates3 ,he :o l$ ! way into ! riv]1 ,!aetetus1 said ',! exp]im5t w %[2' & p]haps if we g =w>d 9 ! se>*1 we may /umble ^u ! ?+ :i* we are look+ =2 b if we /ay :]e we are1 no?+ w come to light4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true2 let u g =w>d & try4 ,,socrates3 ,! trail soon comes to an end1 = a :ole pr(ession is aga9/ u4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ is t1 & :at pr(ession d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,! pr(ession ( ! great wise ones :o are call$ orators & lawy]s2 = ^! p]suade m5 by _! art & make !m ?9k :atev] !y l1 b !y d n tea* !m4 ,d y imag9e t !re are any tea*]s 9 ! _w s clev] z to be able to conv9ce o!rs ( ! tru? ab\t acts ( robb]y or viol5ce1 ( :i* !y 7 n eye-witnesses1 :ile a little wat] is fl[+ 9 ! clepsydra8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n1 !y c only p]suade !m4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y n say t p]suad+ !m is mak+ !m h an op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,:51 !re=e1 judges are ju/ly p]suad$ ab\t matt]s :i* y c "k only by see+ !m1 & n 9 any o!r way1 & :5 ?us judg+ ( !m f report !y atta9 a true op9ion ab\t !m1 !y judge )\t k1 & yet are rightly p]suad$1 if !y h judg$ well4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet1 ,o my fri5d1 if true op9ion 9 law c\rts & k are ! same1 ! p]fect judge c\ld n h judg$ rightly )\t k2 & !re=e ,i mu/ inf] t !y are n ! same4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is a di/9ction1 ,socrates1 :i* ,i h he>d made by "s "o else1 b ,i _h =gott5 x4 ,he said t true op9ion1 comb9$ ) reason1 0 k1 b t ! op9ion :i* _h no reason 0 out ( ! sph]e ( k2 & t ?+s ( :i* !re is no rational acc\nt are n kn[able--su* 0 ! s+ul> expression :i* he us$--& t ?+s :i* h a reason or explanation are kn[able4 ,,socrates3 ,excell5t2 b !n1 h[ did he di/+ui% betwe5 ?+s :i* are & are n 'kn[able'8 ,i wi% t y w\ld repeat to me :at he said1 & !n ,i %all "k :e!r y & ,i h he>d ! same tale4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i c recall x2 b if ano!r p]son w\ld tell me1 ,i ?9k t ,i c\ld foll[ him4 ,,socrates3 ,let me give y1 !n1 a dream 9 return = a dream3--,me?\ght t ,i too _h a dream1 & ,i he>d 9 my dream t ! primeval lett]s or elem5ts out ( :i* y & ,i & all o!r ?+s are comp\nd$1 h no reason or explanation2 y c only "n !m1 b no pr$icate c be ei!r affirm$ or d5i$ ( !m1 = 9 ! "o case exi/5ce1 9 ! o!r non-exi/5ce is already impli$1 nei!r ( :i* mu/ be add$1 if y mean to speak ( ?is or t ?+ by itself alone4 ,x %\ld n be call$ itself1 or t1 or ea*1 or alone1 or ?is1 or ! l2 = ^! g ab\t ev]y:]e & are appli$ to all ?+s1 b are di/9ct f !m2 :]eas1 if ! fir/ elem5ts c\ld be describ$1 & _h a def9ition ( _! own1 !y w\ld be spok5 ( ap>t f all else4 ,b none ( ^! primeval elem5ts c be def9$2 !y c only be nam$1 = !y h no?+ b a "n1 & ! ?+s :i* are comp\nd$ ( !m1 z !y are complex1 are express$ by a comb9ation ( names1 = ! comb9ation ( names is ! ess5ce ( a def9ition4 ,?us1 !n1 ! elem5ts or lett]s are only objects ( p]ception1 & _c be def9$ or kn[n2 b ! syllables or comb9ations ( !m are kn[n & express$1 & are appreh5d$ by true op9ion4 ,:51 !re=e1 any "o =ms ! true op9ion ( any?+ )\t rational explanation1 y may say t 8 m9d is truly ex]cis$1 b has no k2 = he :o _c give & receive a reason = a ?+1 has no k ( t ?+2 b :5 he adds rational explanation1 !n1 he is p]fect$ 9 k & may be all t ,i h be5 d5y+ ( him4 ,0 t ! =m 9 :i* ! dream appe>$ to y8 ,,!aetetus3 ,precisely4 ,,socrates3 ,& y all[ & ma9ta9 t true op9ion1 comb9$ ) def9ition or rational explanation1 is k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n may we assume1 ,!aetetus1 t to-day1 & 9 ?is casual mann]1 we h f\nd a tru? :i* 9 =m] times _m wise m5 h gr[n old & h n f\nd8 ,,!aetetus3 ,at any rate1 ,socrates1 ,i am satisfi$ ) ! pres5t /atem5t4 ,,socrates3 ,:i* is probably correct--= h[ c !re be k ap>t f def9ition & true op9ion8 ,& yet !re is "o po9t 9 :at has be5 said :i* does n q satisfy me4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at 0 x8 ,,socrates3 ,:at might seem to be ! mo/ +5i\s notion ( all3--,t ! elem5ts or lett]s are unkn[n1 b ! comb9ation or syllables kn[n4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& 0 t wrong8 ,,socrates3 ,we %all soon "k2 = we h z ho/ages ! in/ances :i* ! au?or ( ! argum5t himself us$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at ho/ages8 ,,socrates3 ,! lett]s1 :i* are ! clem5ts2 & ! syllables1 :i* are ! comb9ations2--he reason$1 did he n1 f ! lett]s ( ! alphabet8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 he did4 ,,socrates3 ,let u take !m & put !m to ! te/1 or r1 te/ ourselves3--,:at 0 ! way 9 :i* we le>n$ lett]s8 &1 fir/ ( all1 are we "r 9 say+ t syllables h a def9ition1 b t lett]s h no def9ition8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i ?9k s4 ,,socrates3 ,i ?9k s too2 =1 suppose t "s "o asks y to spell ! fir/ syllable ( my "n3--,!aetetus1 he says1 :at is ,,s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld reply ,s & ,o4 ,,socrates3 ,t is ! def9ition :i* y w\ld give ( ! syllable8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,i wi% t y w\ld give me a simil> def9ition ( ! ,s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,b h[ c any "o1 ,socrates1 tell ! elem5ts ( an elem5t8 ,i c only reply1 t ,s is a consonant1 a m]e noise1 z ( ! tongue hiss+2 ,b1 & mo/ o!r lett]s1 aga91 are nei!r v[el-s\nds nor noises4 ,?us lett]s may be mo/ truly said to be undef9$2 = ev5 ! mo/ di/9ct ( !m1 :i* are ! sev5 v[els1 h a s\nd only1 b no def9ition at all4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 ,i suppose1 my fri5d1 t we h be5 s f> "r 9 our idea ab\t k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 ,i ?9k t we h4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b h we be5 "r 9 ma9ta9+ t ! syllables c be kn[n1 b n ! lett]s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i ?9k s4 ,,socrates3 ,& d we mean by a syllable two lett]s1 or if !re are m1 all ( !m1 or a s+le idea :i* arises out ( ! comb9ation ( !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld say t we mean all ! lett]s4 ,,socrates3 ,take ! case ( ! two lett]s ,s & ,o1 :i* =m ! fir/ syllable ( my own "n2 mu/ n he :o kn[s ! syllable1 "k bo? ( !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,he kn[s1 t is1 ! ,s & ,o8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b c he be ignorant ( ei!r s+ly & yet "k bo? toge!r8 ,,!aetetus3 ,su* a supposition1 ,socrates1 is mon/r\s & unmean+4 ,,socrates3 ,b if he _c "k bo? )\t kn[+ ea*1 !n if he is ev] to "k ! syllable1 he mu/ "k ! lett]s fir/2 & ?us ! f9e !ory has aga9 tak5 w+s & dep>t$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ) wond]ful cel]ity4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 we did n keep wat* prop]ly4 ,p]haps we ought to h ma9ta9$ t a syllable is n ! lett]s1 b r "o s+le idea fram$ out ( !m1 hav+ a sep>ate =m di/9ct f !m4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true2 & a m likely notion ?an ! o!r4 ,,socrates3 ,take c>e2 let u n be c[>ds & betray a great & impos+ !ory4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no1 inde$4 ,,socrates3 ,let u assume !n1 z we n[ say1 t ! syllable is a simple =m aris+ out ( ! sev]al comb9ations ( h>moni\s elem5ts--( lett]s or ( any o!r elem5ts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v good4 ,,socrates3 ,& x mu/ h no p>ts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:y8 ,,socrates3 ,because t :i* has p>ts mu/ be a :ole ( all ! p>ts4 ,or w\ld y say t a :ole1 al?\gh =m$ out ( ! p>ts1 is a s+le notion diff]5t f all ! p>ts8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y say t all & ! :ole are ! same1 or diff]5t8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i am n c]ta92 b1 z y l me to answ] at once1 ,i %all haz>d ! reply1 t !y are diff]5t4 ,,socrates3 ,i approve ( y\r read9ess1 ,!aetetus1 b ,i mu/ take "t to ?9k :e!r ,i equally approve ( y\r answ]4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 ! answ] is ! po9t4 ,,socrates3 ,accord+ to ?is new view1 ! :ole is suppos$ to diff] f all8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 all 79 ! plural7 & ! all 79 ! s+ul>78 ,take ! case ( numb]3--,:5 we say "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six2 or :5 we say twice ?ree1 or ?ree times two1 or f\r & two1 or ?ree & two & "o1 are we speak+ ( ! same or ( diff]5t numb]s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( ! same4 ,,socrates3 ,t is ( six8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 ea* =m ( expression we spoke ( all ! six8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,aga91 9 speak+ ( all 79 ! plural7 is !re n "o ?+ :i* we express8 ,,!aetetus3 ,( c\rse !re is4 ,,socrates3 ,& t is six8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n 9 pr$icat+ ! ^w 'all' ( ?+s measur$ by numb]1 we pr$icate at ! same "t a s+ul> & a plural8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly we d4 ,,socrates3 ,aga91 ! numb] ( ! acre & ! acre are ! same2 are !y n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! numb] ( ! /adium 9 l mann] is ! /adium8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! army is ! numb] ( ! army2 & 9 all simil> cases1 ! entire numb] ( any?+ is ! entire ?+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! numb] ( ea* is ! p>ts ( ea*8 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n z _m ?+s z h p>ts are made up ( p>ts8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,b all ! p>ts are admitt$ to be ! all1 if ! entire numb] is ! all8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! :ole is n made up ( p>ts1 = x w\ld be ! all1 if consi/+ ( all ! p>ts8 ,,!aetetus3 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,,socrates3 ,b is a "p a "p ( any?+ b ! :ole8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes1 ( ! all4 ,,socrates3 ,y make a valiant def5ce1 ,!aetetus4 ,& yet is n ! all t ( :i* no?+ is want+8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n a :ole likewise t f :i* no?+ is abs5t8 b t f :i* any?+ is abs5t is nei!r a :ole nor all2--if want+ 9 any?+1 bo? equally lose _! entirety ( nature4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i n[ ?9k t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 a :ole & all4 ,,socrates3 ,b 7 we n say+ t :5 a ?+ has p>ts1 all ! p>ts w be a :ole & all8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 z ,i 0 say+ be=e1 mu/ n ! alt]native be t ei!r ! syllable is n ! lett]s1 & !n ! lett]s are n p>ts ( ! syllable1 or t ! syllable w be ! same ) ! lett]s1 & w !re=e be equally kn[n ) !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,y are "r4 ,,socrates3 ,&1 9 ord] to avoid ?is1 we suppose x to be diff]5t f !m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b if lett]s are n p>ts ( syllables1 c y tell me ( any o!r p>ts ( syllables1 :i* are n lett]s8 ,,!aetetus3 ,no1 inde$1 ,socrates2 = if ,i admit ! exi/5ce ( p>ts 9 a syllable1 x w\ld be ridicul\s 9 me to give up lett]s & seek = o!r p>ts4 ,,socrates3 ,q true1 ,!aetetus1 & !re=e1 accord+ to our pres5t view1 a syllable mu/ surely be "s indivisible =m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b d y rememb]1 my fri5d1 t only a little :ile ago we admitt$ & approv$ ! /atem5t1 t ( ! fir/ elem5ts out ( :i* all o!r ?+s are comp\nd$ !re c\ld be no def9ition1 because ea* ( !m :5 tak5 by itself is uncomp\nd$2 nor c "o rightly attribute to !m ! words 'be+' or '?is1' because !y are ali5 & inappropriate words1 & = ?is reason ! lett]s or elem5ts 7 indef9able & unkn[n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i rememb]4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n ?is also ! reason :y !y are simple & indivisible8 ,i c see no o!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,no o!r reason c be giv54 ,,socrates3 ,!n is n ! syllable 9 ! same case z ! elem5ts or lett]s1 if x has no p>ts & is "o =m8 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,if1 !n1 a syllable is a :ole1 & has _m p>ts or lett]s1 ! lett]s z well z ! syllable mu/ be intelligible & expressible1 s9ce all ! p>ts are ackn[l$g$ to be ! same z ! :ole8 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b if x be "o & indivisible1 !n ! syllables & ! lett]s are alike undef9$ & unkn[n1 & = ! same reason8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i _c d5y t4 ,,socrates3 ,we _c1 !re=e1 agree 9 ! op9ion ( him :o says t ! syllable c be kn[n & express$1 b n ! lett]s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n2 if we may tru/ ! argum5t4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b w y n be equally incl9$ to disagree ) him1 :5 y rememb] y\r own exp]i5ce 9 le>n+ to read8 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at exp]i5ce8 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 t 9 le>n+ y 7 kept try+ to di/+ui% ! sep>ate lett]s bo? by ! eye & by ! e>1 9 ord] t1 :5 y he>d !m spok5 or saw !m writt51 y might n be confus$ by _! position4 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& is ! education ( ! h>p-play] complete unless he c tell :at /r+ answ]s to a p>ticul> note2 ! notes1 z e "o w\ld all[1 are ! elem5ts or lett]s ( music8 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 if we argue f ! lett]s & syllables :i* we "k to o!r simples & comp\nds1 we %all say t ! lett]s or simple elem5ts z a class are mu* m c]ta9ly kn[n ?an ! syllables1 & mu* m indisp5sable to a p]fect k ( any subject2 & if "s "o says t ! syllable is kn[n & ! lett] unkn[n1 we %all consid] t ei!r int5tionally or un9t5tionally he is talk+ nons5se8 ,,!aetetus3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re might be giv5 o!r pro(s ( ?is belief1 if ,i am n mi/ak54 ,b d n let u 9 look+ = !m lose sight ( ! "q be=e u1 :i* is ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t1 t "r op9ion ) rational def9ition or explanation is ! mo/ p]fect =m ( k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,we mu/ n4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 & :at is ! mean+ ( ! t]m 'explanation'8 ,i ?9k t we h a *oice ( ?ree mean+s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at are !y8 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mean+ may be1 manife/+ "o's ?\ght by ! voice ) v]bs & n\ns1 imag+ an op9ion 9 ! /ream :i* fl[s f ! lips1 z 9 a mirror or wat]4 ,does n explanation appe> to be ( ?is nature8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly2 he :o s manife/s 8 ?\ght1 is said to expla9 himself4 ,,socrates3 ,& e "o :o is n born deaf or dumb is able soon] or lat] to manife/ :at he ?9ks ( any?+2 & if s1 all ^? :o h a "r op9ion ab\t any?+ w also h "r explanation2 nor w "r op9ion be any:]e f\nd to exi/ ap>t f k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,let u n1 !re=e1 ha/ily *>ge him :o gave ?is acc\nt ( k ) utt]+ an unmean+ ^w2 = p]haps he only int5d$ to say1 t :5 a p]son 0 ask$ :at 0 ! nature ( any?+1 he %\ld be able to answ] 8 que/ion] by giv+ ! elem5ts ( ! ?+4 ,,!aetetus3 ,z = example1 ,socrates4448 ,,socrates3 ,z1 = example1 :5 ,hesiod says t a waggon is made up ( a hundr$ planks4 ,n[1 nei!r y nor ,i c\ld describe all ( !m individually2 b if any "o ask$ :at is a waggon1 we %\ld be cont5t to answ]1 t a waggon consi/s ( :eels1 axle1 body1 rims1 yoke4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& our oppon5t w probably laugh at u1 j z he w\ld if we pr(ess$ to be gramm>ians & to give a grammatical acc\nt ( ! "n ( ,!aetetus1 & yet c\ld only tell ! syllables & n ! lett]s ( y\r "n--t w\ld be true op9ion1 & n k2 = k1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 is n atta9$ until1 comb9$ ) true op9ion1 !re is an enum]ation ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* any?+ is compos$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! same g5]al way1 we might also h true op9ion ab\t a waggon2 b he :o c describe its ess5ce by an enum]ation ( ! hundr$ planks1 adds rational explanation to true op9ion1 & in/ead ( op9ion has art & k ( ! nature ( a waggon1 9 t he atta9s to ! :ole ?r\gh ! elem5ts4 ,,!aetetus3 ,& d y n agree 9 t view1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,if y d1 my fri5d2 b ,i want to "k fir/1 :e!r y admit ! resolution ( all ?+s into _! elem5ts to be a rational explanation ( !m1 & ! consid]ation ( !m 9 syllables or l>g] comb9ations ( !m to be irrational--is ?is y\r view8 ,,!aetetus3 ,precisely4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 & d y conceive t a man has k ( any elem5t :o at "o "t affirms & at ano!r "t d5ies t elem5t ( some?+1 or ?9ks t ! same ?+ is compos$ ( diff]5t elem5ts at diff]5t times8 ,,!aetetus3 ,assur$ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y n rememb] t 9 y\r case & 9 t ( o!rs ?is (t5 occurr$ 9 ! process ( le>n+ to read8 ,,!aetetus3 ,y mean t ,i mi/ook ! lett]s & misspelt ! syllables8 ,,socrates3 ,yes4 ,,!aetetus3 ,to be sure2 ,i p]fectly rememb]1 & ,i am v f> f suppos+ t !y :o are 9 ?is condition h k4 ,,socrates3 ,:5 a p]son at ! "t ( le>n+ writes ! "n ( ,!aetetus1 & ?9ks t he ought to write & does write ,? & e2 b1 aga91 mean+ to write ! "n ( ,!ododorus1 ?9ks t he ought to write & does write ,t & e--c we suppose t he kn[s ! fir/ syllables ( y\r two names8 ,,!aetetus3 ,we h already admitt$ t su* a "o has n yet atta9$ k4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 l mann] be may enum]ate )\t kn[+ !m ! second & ?ird & f\r? syllables ( y\r "n8 ,,!aetetus3 ,he may4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 t case1 :5 he kn[s ! ord] ( ! lett]s & c write !m out correctly1 he has "r op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,b al?\gh we admit t he has "r op9ion1 he w /ill be )\t k8 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet he w h explanation1 z well z "r op9ion1 = he knew ! ord] ( ! lett]s :5 he wrote2 & ?is we admit to be explanation4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 my fri5d1 !re is su* a ?+ z "r op9ion unit$ ) def9ition or explanation1 :i* does n z yet atta9 to ! exactness ( k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,x w\ld seem s4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at we fanci$ to be a p]fect def9ition ( k is a dream only4 ,b p]haps we _h bett] n say s z yet1 = 7 !re n ?ree explanations ( k1 "o ( :i* mu/1 z we said1 be adopt$ by him :o ma9ta9s k to be true op9ion comb9$ ) rational explanation8 ,& v likely !re may be f\nd "s "o :o w n pref] ?is b ! ?ird4 ,,!aetetus3 ,y are q "r2 !re is /ill "o rema9+4 ,! fir/ 0 ! image or expression ( ! m9d 9 spee*2 ! second1 :i* has j be5 m5tion$1 is a way ( rea*+ ! :ole by an enum]ation ( ! elem5ts4 ,b :at is ! ?ird def9ition8 ,,socrates3 ,!re is1 fur!r1 ! popul> notion ( tell+ ! m>k or sign ( diff]5ce :i* di/+ui%es ! ?+ 9 "q f all o!rs4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c y give me any example ( su* a def9ition8 ,,socrates3 ,z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! sun1 ,i ?9k t y w\ld be cont5t$ ) ! /atem5t t ! sun is ! brighte/ ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* revolve ab\t ! e>?4 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,und]/& :y3--! reason is1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 t if y get at ! diff]5ce & di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ea* ?+1 !n1 z _m p]sons affirm1 y w get at ! def9ition or explanation ( x2 b :ile y lay hold only ( ! common & n ( ! *>act]i/ic notion1 y w only h ! def9ition ( ^? ?+s to :i* ?is common quality belongs4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i und]/& y1 & y\r acc\nt ( def9ition is 9 my judgm5t correct4 ,,socrates3 ,b he1 :o hav+ "r op9ion ab\t any?+1 c f9d out ! diff]5ce :i* di/+ui%es x f o!r ?+s w "k t ( :i* be=e he _h only an op9ion4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes2 t is :at we are ma9ta9+4 ,,socrates3 ,nev]!less1 ,!aetetus1 on a ne>] view1 ,i f9d myself q disappo9t$2 ! picture1 :i* at a di/ance 0 n s bad1 has n[ become altoge!r un9telligible4 ,,!aetetus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,i w endeav\r to expla93 ,i w suppose myself to h true op9ion ( y1 & if to ?is ,i add y\r def9ition1 !n ,i h k1 b if n1 op9ion only4 ,,!aetetus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,! def9ition 0 assum$ to be ! int]pretation ( y\r diff]5ce4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b :5 ,i _h only op9ion1 ,i _h no conception ( y\r di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,,!aetetus3 ,i suppose n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i mu/ h conceiv$ ( "s g5]al or common nature :i* no m belong$ to y ?an to ano!r4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,tell me1 n[--,h[ 9 t case c\ld ,i h =m$ a judgm5t ( y any m ?an ( any "o else8 ,suppose t ,i imag9e ,!aetetus to be a man :o has nose1 eyes1 & m\?1 & e o!r memb] complete2 h[ w\ld t enable me to di/+ui% ,!aetetus f ,!odorus1 or f "s out] b>b>ian8 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ c\ld x8 ,,socrates3 ,or if ,i _h fur!r conceiv$ ( y1 n only z hav+ nose & eyes1 b z hav+ a snub nose & prom95t eyes1 %\ld ,i h any m notion ( y ?an ( myself & o!rs :o resemble me8 ,,!aetetus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,surely ,i c h no conception ( ,!aetetus until y\r snub-nos$ness has left an impression on my m9d diff]5t f ! snub-nos$ness ( all o!rs :om ,i h ev] se51 & until y\r o!r peculi>ities h a l di/9ctness2 & s :5 ,i meet y to-morr[ ! "r op9ion w be re-call$8 ,,!aetetus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n "r op9ion implies ! p]ception ( diff]5ces8 ,,!aetetus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,:at1 !n1 %all we say ( add+ reason or explanation to "r op9ion8 ,if ! mean+ is1 t we %\ld =m an op9ion ( ! way 9 :i* some?+ diff]s f ano!r ?+1 ! proposal is ridicul\s4 ,,!aetetus3 ,h[ s8 ,,socrates3 ,we are suppos$ to acquire a "r op9ion ( ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r :5 we h already a "r op9ion ( !m1 & s we g r\nd & r\nd3--! revolution ( ! scytal1 or pe/le1 or any o!r rotatory ma*9e1 9 ! same circles1 is z no?+ comp>$ ) su* a requirem5t2 & we may be truly describ$ z ! bl9d direct+ ! bl9d2 = to add ^? ?+s :i* we already h1 9 ord] t we may le>n :at we already ?9k1 is l a s\l utt]ly b5ight$4 ,,!aetetus3 ,tell me2 :at 7 y go+ to say j n[1 :5 y ask$ ! "q8 ,,socrates3 ,if1 my boy1 ! argum5t1 9 speak+ ( add+ ! def9ition1 _h us$ ! ^w to '"k1' & n m]ely 'h an op9ion' ( ! diff]5ce1 ?is :i* is ! mo/ promis+ ( all ! def9itions ( k w\ld h come to a pretty end1 = to "k is surely to acquire k4 ,,!aetetus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& s1 :5 ! "q is ask$1 ,:at is k8 ?is fair argum5t w answ] ',"r op9ion ) k1'--k1 t is1 ( diff]5ce1 = ?is1 z ! said argum5t ma9ta9s1 is add+ ! def9ition4 ,,!aetetus3 ,t seems to be true4 ,,socrates3 ,b h[ utt]ly fooli%1 :5 we are ask+ :at is k1 t ! reply %\ld only be1 "r op9ion ) k ( diff]5ce or ( any?+6 ,& s1 ,!aetetus1 k is nei!r s5sation nor true op9ion1 nor yet def9ition & explanation accompany+ & add$ to true op9ion8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i suppose n4 ,,socrates3 ,& are y /ill 9 lab\r & travail1 my de> fri5d1 or h y br\ght all t y h to say ab\t k to ! bir?8 ,,!aetetus3 ,i am sure1 ,socrates1 t y h elicit$ f me a good deal m ?an ev] 0 9 me4 ,,socrates3 ,& does n my art %[ t y h br\ght =? w9d1 & t ! (fspr+ ( y\r bra9 are n wor? br++ up8 ,,!aetetus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,b if1 ,!aetetus1 y %\ld ev] conceive afre%1 y w be all ! bett] = ! pres5t inve/igation1 & if n1 y w be sob]] & humbl] & g5tl] to o!r m51 & w be too mode/ to fancy t y "k :at y d n "k4 ,^! are ! limits ( my art2 ,i c no fur!r g1 nor d ,i "k aught ( ! ?+s :i* great & fam\s m5 "k or h kn[n 9 ?is or =m] ages4 ,! (fice ( a midwife ,i1 l my "m1 h receiv$ f ,god2 %e deliv]$ wom51 ,i deliv] m52 b !y mu/ be "y & noble & fair4 ,& n[ ,i h to g to ! por* ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on1 :]e ,i am to meet ,meletus & 8 indictm5t4 ,to-morr[ morn+1 ,!odorus1 ,i %all hope to see y aga9 at ?is place4