,,fr5* ,,art  ,,classic ,,&             
,,contempor>y ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,sculpture   
,,by ,w4,c4 ,,br[nell   ,,new ,,york    
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #ahib       
,copyright1 #ahib1 by ,,*>les           
,,scribn]',s ,,sons     ,,to ,,augu/e   
,,rod9     ,,cont5ts                    
,,page  ,i4 ,classic ,pa9t+1            
#a       ,i4 ,"* & orig94      ,,ii4    
,claude & ,p\ss94     ,,iii4 ,lebrun &  
,lesueur4      ,,iv4 ,l\is ,qu9ze4      
,v4 ,greuze & ,*>d94      ,,vi4 ,david1 
,+res1 & ,prudhon4  ,,ii4 ,romantic     
,pa9t+1                             #dg 
,i4 ,romanticism4      ,,ii4 ,g]icault &
 ,delacroix4     ,,iii4 ,! ,fonta9ebleau
 ,gr\p4      ,,iv4 ,! ,academic ,pa9t]s4
       ,v4 ,c\ture1 ,puvis de ,*avannes1
 & ,regnault4  ,,iii4 ,reali/ic ,pa9t+1 
#hi       ,i4 ,realism4      ,,ii4      
,c\rbet & ,ba/i5-,lepage4     ,,iii4 ,! 
,l&scape ,pa9t]s2 ,from5t9 &            
,guillaumet4      ,,iv4 ,hi/orical &    
,portrait ,pa9t]s4       ,v4 ,baudry1   
,delaunay1 ,bonv91 ,vollon1 ,g]vex1     

,duez1 ,roll1 ,l',h]mitte1 ,l]olle1     
,b]aud1          ,! ,illu/rators4       
,,vi4 ,manet & ,monet4     ,,vii4       
,impressionism2 ,degas4    ,,viii4 ,!   
,outlook4  ,,iv4 ,classic ,sculpture1   
#aci       ,i4 ,claux ,slut]s4          
,,ii4 ,jean ,g\jon4     ,,iii4 ,/yle4   
,,iv4 ,clodion1 ,pradi]1 & ,etex4       
,v4 ,h\don1 ,david d',ang]s1 & ,rude4   
,,vi4 ,c>peaux & ,b>ye4  ,v4 ,academic  
,sculpture1                             
#afe        ,i4 ,its ,italianate ,"*4   
,,ii4 ,*apu4     ,,iii4 ,dubois4        
,,iv4 ,sa9t-,m>ceaux & ,m]cie4       ,v4
 ,tyranny ( ,/yle4      ,,vi4 ,falgui]e1
 ,b>rias1 ,delaplan*e1 & ,le ,feuvre4   
,,vii4 ,fremiet4    ,,viii4 ,! ,in/itute
 ,s*ool 9 ,g5]al4  ,,vi4 ,! ,new        
,movem5t 9 ,sculpture1                  
#bje       ,i4 ,rod94      ,,ii4 ,dal\4 
,i   ,,classic ,,pa9t+   ,i  ,m ?an t ( 
any o!r mod]n p ,fr5* art is a national 
expression4 ,x epitomizes v def9itely ! 
national ae/hetic judgm5t & feel+1 & if 
its manife/ations are ev5 m v>i$ ?an are

 else:]e to be met )1 !y %>e a c]ta9 "* 
t is v sali5t4 ,( almo/ any ,fr5*       
picture or /atue ( any mod]n epo* "o's  
fir/ ?\ght is t x is ,fr5*4 ,! national 
q ov]%ad[s ! p]sonal quality4 ,9 ! field
 ( ! f9e arts1 z 9 ne>ly e o!r 9 :i* !  
,fr5* g5ius %[s itself1 ! results are   
evid5t ( an intellectual co-op]ation :i*
 insures ! developm5t ( a common /&>d & 
t5ds to subord9ate idiosyncrasy4 ,! f9e 
arts1 z well z e o!r dep>tm5t ( m5tal   
activity1 reveal ! effect ( t social    
in/9ct :i* is s mu* m p[]ful 9 ,france  
?an x is any:]e else1 or has ev] be5    
else:]e1 except possibly 9 ! case ( !   
,a!nian republic4 ,add to ?is influ5ce t
 ( ! intellectual z di/+ui%$ f ! s5su\s 
in/9ct1 & "o has1 ,i ?9k1 ! key to ?is  
sali5t *>act]i/ic ( ,fr5* art :i* /rikes
 "o s %>ply & always z s pla9ly ,fr5*4  
,z "o walks ?r\gh ! ,fr5* rooms at !    
,l\vre1 ?r\gh ! gall]ies ( ! ,luxemb\rg1
 ?r\gh ! un5d+ rooms ( ! ,salon he is   
impress$ by ! spl5did compet5ce ev]y:]e 
display$1 ! high /&>d ( culture         

univ]sally atte/$1 by ! ov]:elm+ evid5ce
 t ,france /&s at ! head ( ! mod]n _w   
ae/hetically--b n less1 ,i ?9k1 does "o 
feel ! abs5ce ( imag9ation1 opportunity1
 ( spirituality1 ( poetry 9 a ^w4 ,!    
,fr5* !mselves feel some?+ ( ?is4 ,at ! 
great ,exposition ( #ahhi no pictures 7 
s mu* admir$ by !m z ! ,engli%1 9 :i*   
appe>$1 ev5 to an excessive degree1 j ! 
qualities 9 :i* ,fr5* art is lack+1 &   
:i* less ?an ^? ( any o!r s*ool %[$     
traces ( ! n[ all b univ]sal influ5ce ( 
,fr5* art4 ,! mo/ di/9ct & durable      
impression left by any exhibition (     
,fr5* pictures is t ! ,fr5* ae/hetic    
g5ius is at once admirably arti/ic &    
extremely little poetic4  ,x is a       
coroll>y ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! intellectual
 ov] ! s5su\s in/9ct t ! true %\ld be   
pref]r$ to ! beautiful1 & "s ,fr5*      
critics are s f> f d5y+ ?is pref]5ce (  
,fr5* art t !y express pride 9 x1 &1    
inde$1 def5d x 9 a way t makes "o feel  
slightly amateuri% & fanciful 9 ?9k+ (  
beauty ap>t f tru?4 ,a walk ?r\gh !     

,l\vre1 h[ev]1 suffices to re/ore "o's  
confid5ce 9 8 own convictions4 ,! ,fr5* 
rooms1 at lea/ until mod]n p]iods are   
rea*$1 are a demon/ration t 9 ! sph]e ( 
ae/hetics sci5ce does n produce !       
greate/ arti/s--t some?+ o!r ?an        
intellig5t int]e/ & te*nical            
accompli%m5t are requisite to t end1 & t
 sy/em is fatal to spontaneity4 ,m4     
,eug5e ,v]on is ! m\?piece ( 8 c\ntrym5 
9 ass]t+ absolute beauty to be an       
ab/raction1 b ! practice ( ! mass (     
,fr5* pa9t]s is1 by comp>ison ) t ( !   
great ,italians & ,dut*m51 eloqu5t ( !  
lack ( poetry t results f a scepticism (
 ab/ractions4 ,! ,fr5* classic pa9t]s--&
 ! classic-_s1 9 spite ( e =ce t ! mod]n
 _w br+s to its de/ruction1 p]si/s      
wond]fully 9 ,france--%[ little         
absorption1 little delight 9 _! subject4
 ,contra/$ ) ! great names 9 pa9t+ !y   
are eclectic & traditional1 too purely  
exp]t4 ,!y are too cultivat$ to inv5t4  
,selection has tak5 ! place ( discov]y 9
 _! inspiration4 ,!y are addict$ to !   

rational & ! regulat$4 ,_! sub/ance is  
nev] s5tim5tal & incommunicable4 ,_!    
works h a di/9ctly pr(essional air4 ,!y 
di/ru/ :at _c be express$2 :at c only be
 sugge/$ does n seem to !m wor? ! tr\ble
 ( try+ to conceive4 ,beside ! _w (     
my/]y & ! weal? ( emotion =m+ an        
imag9ative p5umbra ar\nd su* a design z 
,raphael's ,vision ( ,ezekiel1 =        
in/ance1 ,p\ss9's treatm5t ( ess5tially 
! same subject is a diagram4  ,on ! o!r 
h&1 qualities intimately associat$ ) ^! 
defects are q z noticeable 9 ! old ,fr5*
 rooms ( ! ,l\vre4 ,cle>ness1           
compactness1 measure1 & balance are     
evid5t 9 ne>ly e canvas4 ,ev]y:]e is !  
air ( res]ve1 ( intellectual good-bre$+1
 ( avoidance ( extravagance4 ,t ,fr5*   
pa9t+ is at ! head ( contempor>y pa9t+1 
z f> & away inconte/ably x is1 is due to
 ! fact t x alone has kept alive !      
traditions ( art :i*1 else:]e ?an 9     
,france1 h giv5 place to o!r & m mat]ial
 ideals4 ,f ! fir/ its practition]s h   
be5 arti/s r ?an poets1 h possess$1 t is

 to say1 ! con/ructive r ?an ! creative1
 ! organiz+ r ?an ! imag9ative          
temp]am5t1 b !y h r>ely be5 p]functory &
 nev] common4 ,fr5* pa9t+ 9 its pref]5ce
 ( tru? to beauty1 ( intellig5ce to !   
beatific vision1 ( =m to color1 9 a ^w1 
has nev]!less1 & p]haps a =tiori1 always
 be5 ! expression ( ideas4 ,^! ideas    
almo/ inv>iably h be5 express$ 9 rigor\s
 =m--=m :i* at times fr+es !            
lifelessness ( symbolism4 ,b ev5 less   
frequ5tly1 ,i ?9k1 ?an o!r peoples h !  
,fr5* exhibit$ 9 _! pa9t+ t cont5tm5t ) 
pa9t+ 9 itself t is ! dry rot ( art4 ,) 
all _! addiction to tru? & =m !y h      
foll[$ ?is ideal s sy/ematically t !y h 
nev] suff]$ x to become me*anical1 m]ely
 =mal--z is s (t5 ! case else:]e 79     
,engl& & among ourselves1 ev]yone w h   
rem>k$7 9 in/ances :]e =m has be5 ma9ly 
consid]$ & :]e s5tim5t happ5s to be     
lack+4 ,ev5 :5 c>e = =m is s excessive z
 to imply an abs5ce ( "*1 ! =m itself is
 apt to be s di/+ui%$ z itself to supply
 ! elem5t ( "*1 & "* consequ5tly        

p>ticul>ly ref9$ & immat]ial4 ,& "o     
quality is always pres5t3 elegance is   
always evid5tly aim$ at & measurably    
a*iev$4 ,native or =eign1 real or       
factiti\s z ! inspiration ( ,fr5*       
classicism may be1 ! s5se ( /yle & ( t  
p]fection ( /yle :i* we "k z elegance is
 inv>iably noticeable 9 its productions4
 ,s t1 we may say1 f ,p\ss9 to ,puvis de
 ,*avannes1 f ,cl\et to ,meissoni]1     
ta/e--a ref9$ & cultivat$ s5se ( :at is 
s\nd1 e/imable1 compet5t1 res]v$1       
satisfactory1 up to ! m>k1 & above all1 
elegant & di/+ui%$--has be5 at once !   
arbit] & ! /imulus ( excell5ce 9 ,fr5*  
pa9t+4 ,x is ?is :i* has made ! ,france 
( ! pa/ ?ree c5turies1 & especially !   
,france ( to-day--z we get f>!r & f>!r  
away f ! great art epo*s--bo? 9 am\nt & 
g5]al excell5ce ( arti/ic activity1     
comp>able only ) ! ,italy ( !           
,r5aissance & ! ,greece ( antiquity4    
,moreov]1 x is an error to assume1      
because =m 9 ,fr5* pa9t+ appeals to u m 
/rik+ly ?an sub/ance1 t ,fr5* pa9t+ is  

lack+ 9 sub/ance4 ,9 its p]fection =m   
appeals to e appreciation2 x is 9 art1  
"o may say1 ! "o univ]sal language4 ,b j
 9 proportion z =m 9 a "w ( art         
approa*es p]fection1 or univ]sality1 j 9
 t proportion does ! sub/ance :i* x     
clo!s1 :i* x expresses1 seem unimportant
 to ^? to :om ?is sub/ance is =eign4 ,"s
 critics h ev5 fanci$1 = example1 t     
,greek ar*itecture & sculpture--! only  
,greek art we "k any?+ ab\t--7 *iefly   
conc]n$ ) =m1 & t ! ideas beh9d _!      
p]fection ( =m 7 v simple & elem5t>y    
ideas1 n at all comp>able 9 complexity &
 elaborat5ess ) ^? t confuse & di/+ui% !
 mod]n _w4 ,:5 "o comes to ,fr5* art x  
is /ill m difficult = u to realize t !  
ideas und]ly+ its expression are ideas (
 import1 validity1 & atta*m5t4 ,! tru?  
is l>gely t ,fr5* ideas are n our ideas2
 n t ! ,fr5* :o--except possibly !      
anci5t ,greeks & ! mod]n ,g]mans--( all 
peoples 9 ! _w are1 z "o may say1       
addict$ to ideas1 are lack+ 9 !m4       
,te*nical excell5ce is simply !         

insep>able accompanim5t1 ! outw>d       
expression ( ! k9d ( ae/hetic ideas !   
,fr5* are enam\r$ (4 ,_! sub/ance is n  
our sub/ance1 b :ile x is p]fectly      
legitimate = u to criticise _! sub/ance 
x is idle to ma9ta9 t !y are lack+ 9    
sub/ance4 ,if we call a pa9t+ by ,p\ss9 
pure /yle1 a composition ( ,david m]ely 
! p]fection ( conv5tion1 "o ( ,m4       
,ro*egrosse's dramatic canvasses !      
rhetoric ( te*nic & t only1 we miss     
some?+4 ,we miss ! idea1 ! sub/ance1    
beh9d ^! v>y+ expressions4 ,^! are n !  
less real = be+ =eign to u4 ,!y are less
 spiritual & m mat]ial1 less poetic &   
spontane\s1 m s*ool$ & traditional ?an  
we l to see associat$ ) su* adequacy (  
expression1 b !y are n = t reason m     
me*anical4 ,!y are ideas & sub/ance t   
l5d !mselves to te*nical expression a   
?\s& times m readily ?an d ours4 ,!y    
are1 9 fact1 exquisitely adapt$ to      
te*nical expression4  ,! sub/ance &     
ideas :i* we desire fully express$ 9    
color1 =m1 or words are1 inde$1 v       

exactly 9 proportion to our e/eem ( !m1 
inexpressible4 ,we l h9ts ( !           
unutt]able1 sugge/ions ( significance t 
is my/]i\s & import t is incalculable4  
,! light t nev] 0 on sea or l& is !     
illum9ation we seek4 ,! ,heav51 n !     
atmosph]e t lies ab\t u 9 our mature age
 z 9 our infancy1 is :at appeals mo/    
/rongly to our subord9ation ( !         
intellect & ! s5ses to ! imag9ation & ! 
s\l4 ,no?+ ) u v deeply impresses ! m9d 
if x does n ar\se ! emotions4           
,naturally1 ?us1 we are pr$ispos$       
ins5sibly to inf] f ,fr5* articulat5ess 
! abs5ce ( sub/ance1 to assume f !      
triumphant facility & felicity ( ,fr5*  
expression a c]ta9 insignificance ( :at 
is express$4 ,inf]5ces & assumptions    
bas$ on temp]am5t1 h[ev]1 almo/         
inv>iably h ! vice ( sup]ficiality1 & x 
takes no v prolong$ /udy ( ,fr5* art =  
c&or & intellig5ce to p]ceive t if its  
sub/ance is weak on ! s5tim5tal1 !      
emotional1 ! poetic1 ! spiritual side1 x
 is exceptionally /rong 9 rhetorical1   

arti/ic1 cultivat$1 ae/hetically elevat$
 ideas1 z well z 9 t te*nical excell5ce 
:i* alone1 ow+ to our own inexp]tness1  
fir/ /rikes & longe/ impresses u4  ,:5  
we h no ideas to express1 9 a ^w1 we    
r>ely save our empt9ess by any appe>ance
 ( clev] expression4 ,:5 a ,fr5*man     
expresses ideas = :i* we d n c>e1 ) :i* 
we are temp]am5tally out ( sympa?y1 we  
assume t 8 expression is equally empty4 
,mat!w ,arnold cites a passage f ,mr4   
,palgrave1 & comm5ts significantly on x1
 9 ?is s5se4 ,! /yle1 exclaims ,mr4     
,palgrave1 :i* has fill$ ,london ) !    
dead monotony ( ,g[] or ,h>ley ,/reets1 
or ! pale commonplace ( ,belgravia1     
,tyburnia1 & ,k5s+ton2 :i* has pi]c$    
,p>is & ,madrid ) ! feeble frivolities (
 ! ,rue ,rivoli & ! ,/rada de ,tol$o4   
,^u :i* ,arnold obs]ves t ! ar*itecture 
( ! ,rue ,rivoli expresses %[1 spl5dor1 
pleasure1 unwor?y ?+s1 p]haps1 to       
express alone & = _! own sakes1 b x     
expresses !m2 :]eas1 ! ar*itecture (    
,g[] ,/reet & ,belgravia m]ely expresses

 ! impot5ce ( ! ar*itect to express     
any?+4  ,& 9 *>act]iz+ ! turn = poetry 9
 ,fr5* pa9t+ z comp>atively inf]ior1 x w
 be und]/ood at once1 ,i hope1 t ,i am  
comp>+ x ) ! imag9ativ5ess ( ! great    
,italians & ,dut*m51 & ) ,rub5s &       
,holbe9 & ,turn]1 & n ass]t+ ! supremacy
 9 elevat$ s5tim5t ov] ,claude & ,corot1
 ,*>d91 & ,caz91 ( ! ,royal ,academy1 or
 ! ,new ,york ,society ( ,am]ican       
,arti/s4 ,& s f> z an absolute r ?an a  
comp>ative /&>d may be appli$ 9 matt]s s
 mu* too va/ = any hope ( adequate      
treatm5t accord+ to ei!r me?od1 we ought
 nev] to =get t 9 criticis+ ,fr5* pa9t+1
 z well z o!r ?+s ,fr5*1 we are measur+ 
x by an ideal t n[ & !n we may          
appreciate bett] ?an ,fr5*m51 b r>ely   
illu/rate z well4   ,,ii  ,fur!rmore1 ! 
qualities & defects ( ,fr5* pa9t+--!    
pr$om9ance 9 x ( national ov] individual
 =ce & di/9ction1 its turn = /yle1 ! k9d
 ( ideas t inspire its sub/ance1 its    
classic _s 9 f9e--are expla9$ h>dly less
 by its hi/oric orig9 ?an by ! "* ( !   

,fr5* g5ius itself4 ,fr5* pa9t+ really  
began 9 connoisseur%ip1 "o may say4 ,x  
arose 9 appreciation1 t faculty 9 :i* ! 
,fr5* h always be51 & /ill are1         
unrivall$4 ,its syn!ses 7 bas$ on       
elem5ts already 9 comb9ation4 ,x        
orig9at$ no?+4 ,x 0 eclectic at !       
outset4 ,comp>$ ) ! sl[ & suave         
evolution ( ,italian art1 9 ^: e>lie/   
dawn its borr[$ ,byzant9e pa9t+ s]v$ z a
 /imulus & sugge/ion to orig9al views ( 
natural mat]ial r ?an z a model =       
imitation & modification1 ! pa9t+ t     
sprang into exi/5ce1 ,m9]va-l1 9 full   
armor1 at ,fonta9ebleau "u ,francis ,i1 
0 ( ! ess5ce ( artificiality4 ,! c\rt ( 
,france 0 f> m spl5did ?an1 & equally   
enlight5$ )1 t ( ,flor5ce4 ,! mon>* felt
 8 title to ,maec5as%ip z ju/ifi$ z t ( 
! ,m$ici4 ,he creat$1 accord+ly1 ,fr5*  
pa9t+ out ( h&--,i mean1 at all ev5ts1 !
 ,fr5* pa9t+ t /&s at ! beg9n+ ( ! l9e (
 ! pres5t tradition4 ,he summon$        
,leon>do1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ,rossi1      
,primaticcio1 & f\nd$ ! fam\s           

,fonta9ebleau s*ool4 ,( necessity x 0   
,italianate4 ,x _h no ,giotto1          
,masaccio1 ,raphael beh9d x4 ,italian 0 
! be/ art go+2 ,fr5* appreciation 0     
educat$ & ke52 its *oice betwe5         
evolution & adoption 0 inevitable4 ,x 0 
v mu* 9 ! position 9 :i* ,am]ican       
appreciation f9ds itself to-day4 ,l our 
own pa9t]s1 ! ,fr5* arti/s ( !          
,r5aissance f\nd !mselves famili> )     
ma/]pieces :olly beyond _! p[] to       
create1 & produc$ by a =eign p :o _h    
enjoy$ ! incomp>able advantage ( arriv+ 
at _! arti/ic apogee ?r\gh natural /ages
 ( gr[?1 beg9n+ ) impulse & culm9at+ 9  
exp]tness4  ,! situation _h its         
advantages z well z its drawbacks1      
c]ta9ly4 ,x sav$ ,fr5* pa9t+ an imm5se  
am\nt ( fumbl+1 ( labori\s              
exp]im5tation1 ( crudity1 ( failure4 ,b 
x /amp$ x ) an ess5tial artificiality f 
:i* x did n fully recov] = ov] two      
hundr$ ye>s1 until1 ins5sibly1 x _h     
built up its own traditions & gradually 
br\ght ab\t its own inh]5t developm5t4  

,9 a ^w1 ,fr5* pa9t+ _h an intellectual 
r ?an an emotional orig94 ,its fir/     
practition]s 7 m5 ( culture r ?an (     
feel+2 !y 7 inspir$ by ! arti/ic1 !     
con/ructive1 ! fa%ion+1 r ?an ! poetic1 
_s4 ,& s evid5t is ?is incl9ation 9 ev5 
contempor>y ,fr5* pa9t+--& inde$ 9 all  
,fr5* ae/hetic expression--t x _c be    
ascrib$ :olly to ! circum/ances m5tion$4
 ,! circum/ances !mselves ne$ an        
explanation1 & f9d x 9 ! con/itution    
itself ( ! ,fr5* m9d1 :i* 7ow+1         
d\btless1 to o!r circum/ances1 b t is   
extrane\s7 is fundam5tally less         
imag9ative & creative ?an co-ord9at+ &  
con/ructive4  ,naturally ?us1 :5 !      
,italian influ5ce wore itself out1 & !  
,fonta9ebleau s*ool gave way to a m     
purely national art2 :5 ,france _h      
def9itely ent]$ into h] ,italian h]itage
 & _h le>n$ ! lessons t ,holl& & ,fl&]s 
_h to tea* h] z well2 :51 9 f9e1 ! art (
 ! mod]n _w began1 x 0 an art ( gramm>1 
( rhetoric4 ,c]ta9ly up to ! "t (       
,g]icault pa9t+ 9 g5]al held itself r   

p$antically alo( f poetry4 ,claude1     
,*>d91 :at may be call$ ! illu/rat$ v]s 
de societe ( ! ,l\is ,qu9ze pa9t]s--(   
,watteau & ,fragon>d--ev5 ,prudhon1 did 
little to *ange ! prevail+ color & tone4
 ,claude's art is1 9 mann]1 ?or\ghly    
classic4 ,8 p]sonal influ5ce 0 p]haps   
fir/ felt by ,corot4 ,he /&s by himself1
 at any rate1 q ap>t4 ,he 0 ! fir/      
?or\ghly orig9al ,fr5* pa9t]1 if inde$  
"o may n say he 0 ! fir/ ?or\ghly       
orig9al mod]n pa9t]4 ,he has be5 assign$
 to bo? ! ,fr5* & ,italian s*ools--to ! 
latt] by ,gallophobi/ critics1 h[ev]1   
?r\gh a p>tisan%ip :i* 9 ae/hetic matt]s
 is ridicul\s2 !re 0 9 8 day no ,italian
 s*ool = him to belong to4 ,! tru? is t 
he pass$ a l>ge "p ( 8 life 9 ,italy & t
 8 l&scape is ,italianate4 ,b m         
conspicu\sly /ill1 x is ideal--ideal 9 !
 s5se int5d$ by ,goe! 9 say+1 ,!re are  
no l&scapes 9 nature l ^? ( ,claude4    
,!re are n1 inde$4 ,nature has be5      
transmut$ by ,claude's al*emy ) loveli] 
results ?an any o!r pa9t]--save always  

,corot1 %all ,i say8--has ev] a*iev$4   
,witness ! pa/orals at ,madrid1 9 !     
,doria ,gall]y at ,rome1 ! ,dido &      
,a,eneas at ,dresd51 ! sweet & s]5e     
sup]iority ( ! ,national ,gall]y        
canvases ov] ! /ruggl+ competition      
manife/ 9 ! ,turn]s juxtapos$ to !m     
?r\gh ! unlucky ambition ( ! great      
,engli% pa9t]4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 says t       
,claude c\ld pa9t a small wave v well1 &
 ackn[l$ges t he effect$ a revolution 9 
art1 :i* revolution consi/$ ma9ly 9     
sett+ ! sun 9 heav5s4 ,ma9ly is         
delightful1 b ,claude's excell5ce       
consi/s 9 8 ability to pa9t visions (   
lovel9ess1 pictures ( pure beauty1 n 9 8
 skill 9 obs]v+ ! draw+ ( wavelets or 8 
happy ?\ght ( pa9t+ sunlight4 ,mr4      
,george ,moore obs]ves ironically ( ,mr4
 ,rusk9 t 8 grotesque depreciation (    
,mr4 ,:i/l]--! lot ( critics be+ to be  
rememb]$ by :at !y h fail$ to und]/&--w 
survive 8 f9e/ prose passage4 ,i am n   
sure ab\t ,mr4 ,:i/l]4 ,contempor>ies   
are too ne> = a p]fect critical         

p]spective4 ,b assur$ly ,mr4 ,rusk9's   
failure to p]ceive ,claude's po9t (     
view--to p]ceive t ,claude's aim &      
,/anfield's1 say1 7 q diff]5t2 t        
,claude1 9 fact1 0 at ! opposite pole f 
! botani/ & ! geologi/ :om ,mr4 ,rusk9's
 rev]5ce = nature w\ld make ( e l&scape 
pa9t]--is a failure 9 appreciation ?an  
to h %[n :i* x w\ld be bett] = him z a  
critic nev] to h be5 born4 ,x seems     
h>dly fanciful to say t ! depreciation (
 ,claude by ,mr4 ,rusk91 :o is a l&scape
 pa9t] himself1 us+ ! m$ium ( words     
in/ead ( pigm5ts1 is1 s to speak1       
pr(essionally unju/4  ,g out1 9 !       
spr+time1 among ! mead[s t slope f !    
%ores ( ! ,swiss lakes to ! roots ( _!  
l[] m\nta9s4 ,!re1 m+l$ ) ! tall]       
g5tians & ! :ite n>cissus1 ! grass gr[s 
deep & free2 & z y foll[ ! w9d+ m\nta9  
pa?s1 b5ea? ar*+ b\ghs all veil$ & dim )
 blossom--pa?s t =ev] droop & rise ov] !
 gre5 banks & m\nds sweep+ d[n 9 sc5t$  
undulation1 /eep to ! blue wat]1 /udd$  
"h & !re ) new-m[n heaps1 fill+ ! air ) 

fa9t] sweetness--look up t[>d ! high]   
hills1 :]e ! waves ( ev]la/+ gre5 roll  
sil5tly into _! long inlets among !     
%ad[s ( ! p9es4  ,claude's l&scape is n 
,swiss1 b if x 7 x w\ld awak5 9 !       
behold] a v simil> s5sation to t ar\s$ 9
 ! read] ( ?is fam\s passage4 ,claude   
inde$ pa9t$ l&scape 9 precisely ?is way4
 ,he 0 p]haps ! fir/--?\gh priority 9   
su* matt]s is trivial beside            
pre-em95ce--:o pa9t$ effects in/ead (   
?+s4 ,light & air 7 8 mat]ial1 n ponds &
 rocks & cl\ds & trees & /ret*es ( pla9 
& m\nta9 outl9es4 ,he fir/ g5]aliz$ !   
ph5om5a ( inanimate nature1 & 9 ?is he  
rema9s /ill unsurpass$4 ,b1             
sup]ficially1 8 s*eme wore ! classic    
aspect1 & nei!r 8 contempor>ies nor 8   
successors1 = ov] two hundr$ ye>s1      
discov]$ ! imm5se value ( 8 po9t ( view1
 & ! puissant *>m ( 8 way ( r5d]+       
nature4  ,p\ss91 h[ev]1 0 ! inc>nation (
 ! classic _s1 & p]haps ! reason :y a   
dis9t]e/$ =eign] f9ds x difficult to    
appreciate ! ,fr5* e/imate ( him is t no

 =eign]1 h[ev] dis9t]e/$1 c q appreciate
 ! ,fr5* appreciation ( ! classic _s 9 &
 = itself4 ,b :5 "o li/5s to expressions
 ( admiration = ! "o ,fr5* old ma/]1 z  
"o may call ,p\ss9 )\t invidi\sness1 x  
is impossible n to sc5t *auv9ism1 z "o  
sc5ts x 9 ! ,g]man panegyrics ( ,goe!1 =
 example4 ,he 0 a v great pa9t]1 beyond 
d\bt4 ,& z !re 7 great m5 be=e          
,agamemnon !re h be5 great pa9t]s s9ce  
,raphael & ,titian1 ev5 s9ce ,rembr&t & 
,velasquez4 ,he _h a /r5u\s p]sonality1 
moreov]4 ,y "k a ,p\ss9 at once :5 y see
 x4 ,b to f9d ! sugge/ion ( ! inf9ite1 !
 ,%akespe>ian t\* 9 8 "w seems to dem& !
 imag9ativ5ess ( ,m4 ,victor ,*]buliez4 
,:5 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold v5tur$ to rem>k 
to ,sa9te-,beuve t he c\ld n consid]    
,lam>t9e z a v important poet1          
,sa9te-,beuve repli$3 ,he 0 important to
 u4 ,_m critics1 among !m "o sev]] ?an  
,sa9te-,beuve1 ! late ,edmond ,s*]]1 h  
giv5 excell5t reasons = ,lam>t9e's      
absolute z well z relative importance1 &
 p]haps x is a failure 9 appreciation on

 our "p t is really responsible = our   
feel+ t ,p\ss9 is n q ! great ma/] !    
,fr5* deem him4 ,assur$ly he might      
ju/ifiably apply to himself !           
,et-,ego-9-,arcadia inscription 9 "o ( 8
 mo/ fam\s pa9t+s4 ,& ! specific s]vice 
he p]=m$ = ,fr5* pa9t+ & ! relative rank
 he occupies 9 x ought n to obscure 8   
purely p]sonal qualities1 :i*1 if n     
transc5d5t1 are inconte/ably elevat$ &  
f9e4  ,8 qualities1 h[ev]1 are v        
?or\ghly ,fr5* qualities--poise1        
rationality1 sci5ce1 ! arti/ic dom9at+ !
 poetic faculty1 & /yle q out%9+        
significance & sugge/ion4 ,he le>n$ all 
he knew ( art1 he said1 f ! ,bac*us     
,torso at ,naples4 ,b he 0 eclectic r   
?an imitative1 & c]ta9ly us$ ! mat]ial  
he f\nd 9 ! works ( 8 arti/ic ance/ors z
 freely & p]sonally z ,raphael ! frescos
 ( ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 or ,donatello !    
fragm5ts ( antique sculpture4 ,f 8 "t   
on1 inde$1 ,fr5* pa9t+ dropp$ its       
,italian lead+-/r+s4 ,he might (t5      
sugge/ ,raphael--& any pa9t] :o sugge/s 

,raphael inevitably suff]s = x--b always
 ) an individual1 a native1 a ,fr5*     
diff]5ce1 & he is z f> remov$ 9 _s &    
ess5ce f ! ,fonta9ebleau s*ool z ! ,fr5*
 g5ius itself is f ! ,italian :i*       
presid$ !re4 ,9 ,p\ss91 inde$1 ! ,fr5*  
g5ius fir/ ass]ts itself 9 pa9t+4 ,& x  
ass]ts itself spl5didly 9 him4  ,we :o  
ask to be mov$ z well z impress$1 :o    
dem& satisfaction ( ! susceptibility z  
well z--%all we say r ?an8--int]e/ ( !  
intellig5ce1 may feel t = ! qualities 9 
:i* ,p\ss9 is lack+ ^? 9 :i* he is ri*  
af=d no comp5sation :atev]4 ,b ,i       
confess t 9 ! pres5ce ( ev5 t portion ( 
,p\ss9's magnific5t accompli%m5t :i* is 
spread be=e "o 9 ! ,l\vre1 to wi% "o's  
self 9 ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican or 9 !     
,si/9e ,*apel1 seems to me an           
un9tellig5t sacrifice ( "o's            
opportunities4   ,,iii  ,x is a sure m>k
 ( n>r[ness & defective p[]s ( p]ception
 to fail to discov] ! po9t ( view ev5 ( 
:at "o dise/eems4 ,we talk ( ,p\ss91 (  
,l\is ,quatorze art--z ( its revival "u 

,david & its cont9uance 9 ,+res--(1 9   
g5]al1 mod]n classic art z if x 7 an art
 ( conv5tion m]ely2 :]eas1 conv5tional z
 x is1 its conv5tionality is--or 01     
c]ta9ly1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury--v f> f be+
 pure =mul>y4 ,x 0 g5u9ely expressive ( 
a c]ta9 ord] ( ideas intellig5tly held1 
a c]ta9 set ( pr9ciples s9c]ely believ$ 
91 a view ( art z positive & g5u9e z !  
revolt aga9/ ! tyrann\s sy/em into :i* x
 develop$4 ,we are simply out ( sympa?y 
) its aim1 its ideal2 p]haps1 too1 = t  
mo/ frivol\s ( all reasons because we h 
gr[n tir$ ( x4  ,b ! bus9ess (          
intellig5t criticism is to be 9 t\* )   
ev]y?+4 ,t\t compr5dre1 c'e/ t\t        
p>donn]1 z ! ,fr5* e?ical maxim has x1  
may be modifi$ into ! true motto (      
ae/hetic criticism1 ,t\t compr5dre1 c'e/
 t\t ju/ifi]4 ,( c\rse1 by criticism "o 
does n mean p$agogy1 z s _m p con/antly 
imag9e1 nor does ju/ify+ ev]y?+ include 
bad draw+4 ,b z ,lebrun1 = example1 is n
 n[adays held up z a model to "y pa9t]s1
 & is n to be accus$ ( bad draw+1 :y d  

we s entirely disp5se ourselves f       
compreh5d+ him at all8 ,lebrun is1      
p]haps1 n a pa9t] ( en\gh p]sonal       
importance to repay att5tive            
consid]ation1 & hi/oric importance does 
n greatly conc]n criticism4 ,b we pass  
him by on ! gr\nd ( 8 conv5tionality1   
)\t rememb]+ t :at appe>s conv5tional to
 u 0 9 8 case n only s9c]ity b          
aggressive en?usiasm4 ,if !re ev] 0 a   
pa9t] :o ex]cis$ :at creative &         
imag9ative faculty he _h ) an absolute  
gu/o1 ,lebrun did s4 ,he int]e/$ 8      
contempor>ies imm5sely2 no pa9t] ev]    
rul$ m unrivall$4 ,he fails to int]e/ u 
because we h ano!r po9t ( view4 ,we     
believe 9 our po9t ( view & disbelieve 9
 8 z a matt] ( c\rse2 & x w\ld be       
self-contradictory to say1 9 ! int]e/s (
 critical ca?olicity1 t 9 our op9ion 8  
may be z s\nd z our own4 ,b to say t he 
has no po9t ( view :atev]--to say1 9    
g5]al1 t mod]n classic art is p]functory
 & m]e =mul>y--is to be guilty ( :at has
 always be5 ! inh]5t vice ( prote/antism

 9 all fields ( m5tal activity4  ,n[h]e 
has prote/antism exhibit$ ?is defect m  
palpably ?an 9 ! c\rse ( evolution (    
s*ools ( pa9t+4 ,pre-,raphaelitism is   
p]haps ! only exception1 &              
pre-,raphaelitism 0 a viol5t & emotional
 c\nt]-revolution r ?an a movem5t       
*>act]iz$ by ca?olicity ( critical      
appreciation4 ,lit]>y criticism is      
c]ta9ly full ( simil> intol]ance2 ?\gh  
:5 ,gauti] talks ab\t ,rac9e1 or ,zola  
ab\t ,mes ,ha9es1 or ,mr4 ,h[ells ab\t  
,scott1 ! polemic temp]1 ! temp] mo/    
oppos$ to ! critical1 is v g5]ally      
recogniz$4 ,& 9 spite ( _! admirable    
accompli%m5t 9 v>i\s bran*es (          
lit]ature1 ^! writ]s w nev] q recov] f !
 mis=tune ( hav+ preoccupi$ !mselves z  
critics ) ! defects in/ead ( ! qualities
 ( :at is classic4 ,yet ! prote/antism (
 ! successive s*ools ( pa9t+ aga9/ !    
errors ( _! pr$ecessors has some?+ ev5 m
 crass ab\t x4 ,contempor>y pa9t]s &    
critics ?or\ghly alive1 & fully 9 !     
contempor>y ae/hetic curr5t1 s f> f     

appreciat+ mod]n classic art            
sympa!tically1 are apt to admire ! old  
ma/]s !mselves ma9ly on te*nical gr\nds1
 & n at all to ent] into _! g5]al       
ae/hetic attitude4 ,! feel+ (           
contempor>y pa9t]s & critics 7except1 ( 
c\rse1 hi/orical critics7 = ,raphael's  
g5ius is ! opposite ( cordial4 ,we are  
out ( t\* ) ! ,disputa1 ) angels &      
prophets seat$ on cl\ds1 ) halos & w+s1 
) su* inconsi/5cies z ! ,doge pray+ 9 a 
picture ( ! m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ) !  
my/ic m>riage itself4 ,raphael's grace (
 l9e & suave space-fill+ %apes are ma9ly
 :at we ?9k (2 ! re/ we call conv5tion4 
,we are become lit]al & exact+1 addict$ 
to ! p$antry ( ! prescriptive1 if n ( ! 
prosaic4  ,take su* a picture z ,m4     
,ed\>d ,detaille's ,le ,reve1 :i* won   
him s mu* applause a few ye>s ago4 ,m4  
,detaille is an irreproa*able reali/1 & 
may d :at he likes 9 ! way ( ! mat]ially
 impossible ) impunity4 ,sleep+ soldi]s1
 )\t a gait]-button lack+1 biv\ack+ on !
 gr\nd amid /ack$ arms ^: bayonets w\ld 

prick2 above !m 9 ! heav5s ! cla% (     
cont5d+ gho/ly armies--wrai?s born ( !  
sleep]s' dreams4 ,t we are 9 t\* )4 ,no 
"o w\ld object to x except "u p5alty (  
be+ sc\t$ z pitiably lit]al4 ,yet !     
s*eme is z ?or\ghly conv5tional--t is to
 say1 x is z closely bas$ on hypo!sis   
univ]sally assum$ = ! mom5t--z ,lebrun's
 ,triumph ( ,alex&]4 ,! latt] is z mu* a
 true expression ( an ideal z           
,detaille's picture4 ,x is an ideal n[  
become m conv5tional1 und\bt$ly1 b x is 
z cle>ly an ideal & z cle>ly g5u9e4 ,!  
only po9t ,i wi% to make is1 t ,lebrun's
 pa9t+--,l\is ,quatorze pa9t+--is n !   
p]functory ?+ we are apt to assume x to 
be4 ,t is n ! same ?+1 ,i hope1 z       
ma9ta9+ t ,m4 ,b\gu]eau is significant r
 ?an insipid4 ,lebrun 0 assur$ly n a    
/rik+ly orig9al pa9t]4 ,8 cr[ds (       
w>riors be> a mu* clos] resemblance to  
,raphael's ,battle ( ,con/ant9e &       
,max5tius ?an ! ,transfiguration ( !    
,vatican does to ,giotto's1 aside f !   
important circum/ance t ! diff]5ce 9 !  

latt] in/ance %[s developm5t1 :ile ! =m]
 illu/rates ma9ly an enfeebl$ v>iation4 
,b !re is unque/ionably some?+ ( ,lebrun
 9 ,lebrun's "w--some?+ typical ( ! age 
^: arti/ic _s he s completely express$4 
,to p]ceive t ,l\is ,quatorze art is n  
all conv5tion x is only necess>y to     
rememb] t ,lesueur is to be bracket$ )  
,lebrun4 ,all ! sympa?y :i* !           
,anglo-,saxon temp]am5t )holds f !      
hi/rionism ( ,lebrun is in/9ctively     
accord$ to 8 g5tle & graceful           
contempor>y1 :o has be5 call$--faute de 
mieux1 ( c\rse--! ,fr5* ,raphael4       
,really ,lesueur is z ne>ly conv5tional 
z ,lebrun4 ,he has at any rate f> less  
=ce2 & ev5 if we may ma9ta9 t he _h a m 
individual po9t ( view1 8 works are     
assur$ly m monoton\s to ! scrut9iz+     
s5se4 ,x is impossible to recall any "o 
( ! fam\s ,san ,bruno s]ies ) any       
p>ticul>ity1 or1 except 9 subject1 to   
di/+ui% ^! 9 ! memory f ! sweet & s(t   
,/4 ,s*ola/ica 9 ! ,salon ,c>re4 ,) m   
sapi5ce & less s5sitiv5ess1 ,b\gu]eau is

 ,lesueur's true successor1 to say :i*  
is c]ta9ly n to affirm a v sali5t       
orig9ality ( ! old] pa9t]4 ,he _h a     
great deal ( v exquisite feel+ = :at is 
ref9$ & elevat$1 b cle>ly x is a moral r
 ?an an ae/hetic delicacy t he exhibits1
 & ae/hetically he ex]cises 8 sweet] & m
 sympa!tic s5sibility )9 ! same rigid   
limits :i* circumscribe t ( ,lebrun4 ,he
 has1 inde$1 less inv5tion1 less        
imag9ation1 less s5se ( composition1    
less weal? ( detail1 less elaborat5ess1 
no great] conc5tration or s5se ( effect2
 & ?\gh 8 color is m agreeable1 p]haps1 
9 hue1 x gets its tone ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( 
v>iety r ?an ?r\gh juxtapositions &     
balances4 ,! tru? is1 t bo? equally     
illu/rate ! classic _s1 ! _s ( _! age p>
 excell5ce & ( ,fr5* pa9t+ 9 g5]al1 9 a 
supreme degree1 ?\gh ! con=mability ( ! 
"o is positive & ( ! o!r passive1 s to  
say2 & t nei!r illu/rates q ! subs]vi5cy
 to ! conv5tional :i* we1 :o h und\bt$ly
 j z _m conv5tions ( our own1 are wont  
to ascribe to !m1 & to ,lebrun 9        

p>ticul>4   ,,iv  ,fanciful z ! ,l\is   
,qu9ze art seems1 by contra/ ) t ( ,l\is
 ,quatorze1 x1 too1 is ess5tially       
classic4 ,x is free en\gh--no "o1 ,i    
?9k1 w\ld d5y t--b x is v f> f          
individual 9 any important s5se4 ,x has1
 to be sure1 m p]sonal feel+ ?an t (    
,lesueur or ,lebrun4 ,! arti/'s         
susceptibility seems to come to !       
surface = ! fir/ "t4 ,watteau1          
,fragon>d--,fragon>d especially1 !      
exquisite & impud5t--are z gay1 z       
spontane\s1 z c>eless1 z vivaci\s z     
,bold9i4 ,b\*]'s goddesses & *]ubs1     
disport+ !mselves 9 graceful ab&onm5t on
 happily dispos$ cl\ds1 outl9$ 9 cumulus
 masses aga9/ unv>y+ azure1 are z       
unre/ra9$ & indep5d5t ( prescription z  
,monticelli's figures4 ,lancret1 ,pat]1 
,natti]1 & ,van ,loo--! v names sugge/ n
 m]ely fre$om b a sportive & ab&on$     
lic5se4 ,b 9 :at a n>r[ r\nd !y move6   
,h[ _! imag9ativ5ess is limit$ by _!    
artificiality6 ,:at a tal5t1 :at a g5ius
 !y h = artificiality4 ,x is ! era p>   

excell5ce ( dilettantism1 & no?+ is less
 romantic ?an dilettantism4 ,_! evid5t  
feel+--& evid5tly g5u9e feel+--is feel+ 
= ! factiti\s1 = ! manufactur$1 = :at ! 
,fr5* call ! confectionne4 ,_! romantic 
quality is to t ( ! mod]n ,fonta9ebleau 
gr\p z ! exquisite v]s de societe ( ,mr4
 ,au/9 ,dobson1 say1 is to ! turbul5t   
yet pr(\nd romanticism ( ,he9e or       
,burns4 ,e picture pa9t$ by !m w\ld g z 
well on a fan z 9 a frame4 ,all _!      
mat]ial is traditional4 ,!y simply h&le 
x z enfants t]ribles4 ,intellectually   
speak+1 !y are pa9t]s ( a silv] age4 ,( 
ideas !y h almo/ none4 ,!y are z b>r5 ( 
inv5tion 9 any l>ge s5se z if !y 7      
imitators in/ead (1 9 a s5se1 !         
orig9ators ( a new phase4 ,_! orig9ality
 is arriv$ at r ?r\gh exclusion ?an     
discov]y4 ,!y simply drop p$antry &     
exult 9 irresponsibility4 ,!y are h>dly 
ev5 a s*ool4  ,yet !y h1 "o & all1 9    
great] or less degree1 t di/9ct quality 
( *>m :i* is et]nally incompatible )    
r\t9e4 ,!y are z little con/ructive z ! 

age itself1 z any?+ t we mean :5 we use 
! epi!t ,l\is ,qu9ze4 ,( ev]y?+ ?us     
indicat$ "o pr$icates at once           
unconsci\sness1 ! mom5tum ( antec$5t    
?\ght modifi$ by ! ease born ( habit2 ! 
c>elessness due to hav+ "o's ?9k+ done =
 "o & ! lic5se ( proce$+ fancifully1    
:imsically1 ev5 freaki%ly1 once ! l9es &
 limits ( "o's action h be5 settl$ by m 
labori\s1 m consci5ti\s philosophy ?an 9
 su* circum/ances "o feels dispos$ to   
frame = "o's self4 ,!re is no break ) ! 
,l\is ,quatorze ?+s1 n a symptom (      
revolt2 only1 aft] !m ! deluge6 ,b out (
 ?is v condition ( ?+s1 & out ( ?is     
attitude ( m9d1 arises a new art1 or r a
 new phase ( art1 ess5tially classic1 z 
,i said1 b nev]!less imbu$ ) a "* ( its 
own1 & ?is "* di/9ctly *>m+4 ,:]e9 does 
! *>m consi/8 ,9 two qualities1 ,i ?9k1 
"o ( :i* has n hi!rto appe>$ 9 ,fr5*    
pa9t+1 or1 inde$1 9 any art :atev]1     
namely1 :at we und]/& by clev]ness z a  
di/9ct elem5t 9 treatm5t--& color4      
,color is v prom95t n[adays 9 all writ+ 

ab\t art1 ?\gh rec5tly x has giv5 place1
 9 ! fa%ion ( ! day1 to values & !      
reali/ic repres5tation ( natural objects
 z ! pa9t]'s prop] aim4 ,:at precisely  
is meant by color w\ld be difficult1    
p]haps1 to def9e4 ,a w>m] g5]al tone ?an
 is a*iev$ by pa9t]s ma9ly occupi$ ) l9e
 & mass is possibly :at is (t5e/ meant  
by amateurs :o pr(ess !mselves fond (   
color4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,l\is ,qu9ze    
pa9t]s1 especially ,watteau1 ,fragon>d1 
& ,pat]--& ,b\*] has a great deal ( !   
same feel+--7 s5sitive to t vibration ( 
atmosph]e t bl5ds local hues into !     
ensemble t produces tone4 ,! ensemble ( 
_! t9ts is :at we mean by color4 ,s9ce !
 ,v5etians ?is note _h n appe>$4 ,!y    
con/itute1 ?us1 a sort ( romantic       
int]regnum--/ill v classic1 f an        
intellectual po9t ( view--betwe5 !      
classicism ( ,lebrun & ! /ill great]    
sev]ity ( ,david4 ,no?+ 9 ! evolution ( 
,fr5* pa9t+ is m int]e/+ ?an ?is        
rev]b]ation ( ,t9toretto & ,tiepolo4    
,by clev]ness1 z exhibit$ by ! ,l\is    

,qu9ze pa9t]s1 ,i d n mean m]e te*nical 
ability1 b some?+ m inclusive1 some?+   
relat+ q z mu* to attitude ( m9d z to   
dext]ity ( treatm5t4 ,!y conceive z     
clev]ly z !y execute4 ,!re is a s5se (  
confid5ce & capability 9 ! way !y view1 
z well z 9 ! way !y h&le1 _! light      
mat]ial4 ,!y "k x ?or\ghly1 & are       
?or\ghly at "o ) x4 ,& !y exploit x ) a 
s]5e air ( satisfaction1 z if x 7 ! only
 mat]ial 9 ! _w wor? h&l+4 ,inde$1 x is 
exquisitely adapt$ to _! tal5t4 ,s      
little significance has x t "o may say x
 exi/s m]ely to be clev]ly dealt )1 to  
be repres5t$1 di/ribut$1 comp>$1 &      
g5]ally utiliz$ solely ) ref]5ce to !   
display ( ! arti/'s jaunty skill4 ,x is1
 "o may say1 m]ely ! raw mat]ial = !    
production ( an effect1 & an effect     
dem&+ only :at we mean by clev]ness2 no 
k & love ( nature1 no prolong$ /udy1 no 
acqua9tance ) ! antique1 = example1 no  
philosophy :atev]--unless poco-curantism
 be call$ a philosophy1 :i* em95tly x is
 n4 ,to be adequate to !                

requirem5ts--r>ely v exact+ 9 any       
case--made ( "o1 nev] to %[ /upidity1 to
 h a great deal ( ta/e & an in/9ctive   
feel+ = :at is elegant & ref9$1 to abhor
 p$antry & take gayety at once lightly &
 s]i\sly1 & beyond ?is to take no ?\ght1
 is to be clev]2 & 9 ?is s5se ! ,l\is   
,qu9ze pa9t]s are ! fir/1 z !y c]ta9ly  
are ! typical1 clev] arti/s4  ,9 ,l\is  
,qu9ze art ! subject is m ?an effac$ to 
give free sw+ to te*nical clev]ness2 x  
is itself contributory to su* clev]ness1
 & really a "p ( x4 ,! arti/s evid5tly  
look on life1 z !y pa9t _! pictures1 z !
 web :]eon to sket* exhibitions ( skill 
9 ! composition ( s5sation-provok+      
comb9ations--comb9ations1 ?us1 provok+  
s5sations ( ! lighte/ & lea/ sub/antial 
k9d4 ,:5 y /& be=e "o ( ,fragon>d's     
bewit*+ models1 modi%ly modifi$ into a  
great--or r a little--lady1 y n only    
note ! color--full ( tone on ! "o h& & (
 v>iety on ! o!r1 besides exhibit+ !    
happie/ selective quality 9 w>m & yet   
delicate hues & t9ts2 y n only1         

fur!rmore1 obs]ve ! clev] t\* j pois$   
betwe5 sugge/ion & expression1          
coquetti%ly suppress+ a detail "h1 &    
emphasiz+ a *>act]i/ic !re2 y feel1 9   
addition1 t ! entire object floats      
airily 9 an atmosph]e ( clev]ness2 t x  
is b a bit1 an example1 a m9iature type 
( an environm5t :olly attun$ to ! note (
 clev]ness--( compet5ce1 facility1      
grace1 elegance1 & o!r ab/ract b n at   
all ab/ruse qualities1 q unrelat$ to    
:at1 9 any pr(\nd s5se1 at lea/1 is     
concrete & vitally significant4         
,artificiality s p]meat$ ! ,l\is ,qu9ze 
epo*1 inde$1 t "o may say t nature      
itself 0 artificial--t is to say1 all ! 
nature ,l\is ,qu9ze pa9t]s _h to pa9t2  
at lea/ all !y c\ld h be5 call$ ^u to   
?9k ( pa9t+4 ,:at a di/9ction is1 aft]  
all1 !irs6 ,to h creat$ out ( no?+1 or  
next to no?+1 some?+ *>m+1 & endur+ly   
*>m+2 some?+ ( a truly classic          
inspiration )\t dep5d5ce at bottom on ! 
real & ! actual2 some?+ z little indebt$
 to facts & ?+s z a fairy tale1 & )al   

m>k$ by su* qualities z color &         
clev]ness 9 s em95t a degree4  ,! ,l\is 
,qu9ze pa9t]s may be said1 inde$1 to h  
_h ! romantic temp]am5t ) ! classic     
inspiration4 ,!y h audacity r ?an       
fre$om1 lic5se modifi$ by /rict         
limitation to ! l9es )9 :i* x is        
ex]cis$4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t ?is      
limitation is m conspicu\s 9 _! *>m+ly  
irresponsible works ?an is1 ess5tially  
speak+1 _! irresponsibility itself4 ,!y 
nev] give _! imag9ation free play4      
,sportive & spontane\s z x appe>s1 x is 
equally cle> t its activities are b\nd$ 
by cons]vatory conf9es4 ,watteau1 born  
on ! ,flemi% bord]1 is almo/ an         
exception4 ,temp]am5t 9 him seems       
con/antly on ! v]ge ( conqu]+ tradition 
& environm5t4 ,n[ & !n he seems to be on
 ! po9t ( emancipation1 & "o expects to 
come ^u "s "w 9 :i* he has express$     
himself & atte/$ 8 ideality4 ,b "o is z 
con/antly disappo9t$4 ,8 color & 8      
clev]ness are always admirable & w9n+1 b
 8 import is p]v]sely--almo/            

bewit*+ly--slight4 ,:at 0 he ?9k+ (8 "o 
asks1 be=e 8 delightful canvases2 & "o's
 conclusion inevitably is1 c]ta9ly z ne>
 no?+ at all z c be consi/5t ) s mu* *>m
 & s mu* real p[]4 ,z to ,watteau1 "o's 
la/ ?\ght is ( :at he w\ld h be5 9 a    
diff]5t ae/hetic atmosph]e1 9 an        
atmosph]e t w\ld h /imulat$ 8 really    
romantic temp]am5t to extra-traditional 
flights1 in/ead ( conf9+ x )9 !         
inexorable b\nd>ies ( classic cu/om2 an 
atmosph]e favorable to ! free ex]cise ( 
8 adorable fancy1 in/ead ( rigor\sly    
insi/5t on con=m+ ?is1 s f> z might be1 
to cu/om>y canons1 &1 at any rate1      
re/rict+ its ex]cise to mat]ial a la    
mode4 ,a little l&scape 9 ! ,la ,caze   
collection 9 ! ,l\vre1 ^: romantic &    
truly poetic feel+ agreeably pi]ces     
?r\gh its elegance1 is eloqu5t ( su*    
reflections4   ,v  ,) ,greuze & ,*>d9 we
 are suppos$ to get into s diff]5t a    
sph]e ( ?\ght & feel+ t ! *ange has be5 
call$ a return to nature--t return to   
nature ( :i* we he> s mu* 9 hi/ories (  

lit]ature z well z ( ! pla/ic arts4 ,!  
notion is n q s\nd4 ,*>d9 is a pa9t] :o 
seems to me1 at lea/1 to /& q ap>t1 q   
alone1 9 ! developm5t ( ,fr5* pa9t+1    
:]eas !re c\ld n be a m m>k$ in/ance ( !
 inh]5ce ( ! classic _s 9 ! ,fr5*       
ae/hetic nature ?an is furni%$ by       
,greuze4 ,! fir/ ,fr5* pa9t] ( g5re1 9 !
 full mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 ! fir/ true   
int]pret] ( sc5es f humble life--( l[ly 
incid5t & famili> situations1 ( brok5   
j>s & pat]nal curses1 & buxom girls &   
precoci\s *ildr5--he c]ta9ly is4 ,!re is
 c]ta9ly no?+ reg5ce ab\t him4 ,b !     
beg9n+ & end ( ,greuze's art is         
conv5tion4 ,he is less imag9ative1 less 
romantic1 less real ?an ! pa9t+ 8       
replac$4 ,t 0 at lea/ a mirror ( !      
ideals1 ! _s1 ! society1 ( ! day4 ,a    
,l\is ,qu9ze fan is a g5u9e & spontane\s
 product ( a free & ela/ic ae/hetic     
impulse beside "o ( 8 /]eotyp$          
s5tim5talities4  ,! tru? is1 ,greuze is 
z s5tim5tal z a bullf9*1 b he has h>dly 
a natural note 9 8 gamut4 ,nature is n  

only nev] 8 model1 %e is nev] 8         
inspiration4 ,he is di/9ctively a lit]>y
 pa9t]2 b ?is description is n m9ute    
en\gh4 ,8 conv5tions are ^? n m]ely ( ! 
litt]ateur1 b ( ! extremely conv5tional 
litt]ateur4 ,an artless platitude is    
really m artificial ?an a clev] p>adox2 
x doesn't ev5 ca/ a side-light on !     
natural mat]ial ) :i* x deals4 ,greuze's
 g5re is really a g5re ( 8 own--8 own & 
t ( k9dr$ spirits s9ce4 ,x is z         
sy/ematic & deta*$ z ! art ( ,p\ss94 ,! 
=ms x embodies m]ely h m natural1 m     
famili> associations4 ,b comp>e "o ( 8  
compositions ) ^? ( ! little ,dut* &    
,flemi% ma/]s1 = tru?1 feel+1 nature    
h&l$ aft] h] own sugge/ions1 in/ead ( )9
 limits & on l9es impos$ ^u h] f )\t4   
,by ! side ( ,van ,o/ade or ,brau]1 =   
example1 "o ( ,greuze's bits ( humble   
life seems l an academic composition1 q 
out ( t\* ) its subject1 &1 except = its
 art1 absolutely lifeless & insipid4  ,9
 a ^w1 8 *oice ( subjects1 ( g5re1 is   
really no disguise at all ( 8 ess5tial  

classicality4 ,bo? ideally & te*nically1
 9 ! way he conceives & ! way he h&les 8
 subject1 he is only sup]ficially       
romantic or real4 ,8 lit]ature1 s to    
speak1 is z conv5tional z 8 composition4
 ,"o may comp>e him to ,hog>?1 ?\gh bo? 
z a morali/ & a te*nician a longo       
int]vallo1 ( c\rse4 ,he is assur$ly n to
 be depreciat$4 ,8 s*eme ( color is cle>
 if n ri*1 8 h&l+ is frank if n unctu\s 
or subtly int]e/+1 8 composition is     
c>eful & clev]1 & "s ( 8 heads are      
admirably pa9t$--pa9t$ ) a g5u9e feel+ =
 quality4 ,b 8 m]its z well z 8 fail+s  
are decid$ly academic1 & z a romantici/ 
he is really masqu]ad+4 ,he is mu* ne>] 
to ,fragon>d ?an he is to ,ed\>d ,fr]e  
ev54  ,*>d91 on ! o!r h&1 is ! "o       
di/+ui%$ exception to ! g5]al "* ( ,fr5*
 art 9 ! artificial & intellectual      
eighte5? c5tury4 ,he is z natural z a   
,dut*man1 & z mod]n z ,vollon4 ,z y walk
 ?r\gh ! ,fr5* gall]ies ( ! ,l\vre1 (   
all ! canvases ant$at+ our own era 8 are
 ^? t[>d :i* "o feels ! mo/ sympa!tic   

attraction1 ,i ?9k4 ,y note at once 8   
individuality1 8 indep5d5ce ( s*ools &  
traditions1 8 p]sonal po9t ( view1 8    
preoccupation ) ! object z he p]ceives  
x4 ,no?+ is m notewor?y 9 ! hi/ory (    
,fr5* art1 9 ! curr5t ( :i* !           
subord9ation ( ! individual g5ius to !  
g5]al cons5sus is s mu* ! rule1 ?an !   
occasional exception--n[ ( a s+le man1  
n[ ( a gr\p ( m51 de/9$ to become 9 its 
turn a s*ool--! occasional acc5t or     
int]ruption ( ! smoo? c\rse ( sl[       
developm5t on ! l9es ( academic prec$5t4
 ,tyrannical z academic prec$5t is 7&   
n[h]e has x be5 m tyrannical ?an 9 ,fr5*
 pa9t+7 ! g5]al int]e/ 9 ae/hetic       
subjects :i* a g5]al subscription to    
academic prec$5t implies is c]ta9ly to  
be cr$it$ ) ! =ce & g5u95ess ( !        
occasional prote/ant aga9/ ! v sy/em t  
has be5 p[]ful en\gh to popul>ize       
indef9itely ! subject bo? ( subscription
 & ( revolt4 ,)\t "s su* sy/ematic      
propag&ism ( ! ae/hetic cultus z f !    
fir/ ! ,fr5* ,in/itute has be5 *>act]iz$

 by1 x is v d\btful if1 9 ! complexity (
 mod]n society1 ! int]e/ 9 ae/hetics c  
ev] be made wide en\gh1 univ]sal en\gh1 
to spread beyond ^? imm$iately &        
pr(essionally conc]n$ ) x4 ,! imm5se    
impetus giv5 to ?is int]e/ by a c5tral  
organ ( au?ority1 t dignifies ! subject 
) :i* x occupies itself & draws att5tion
 to its value & its importance1 has1 a  
priori1 ! manife/ effect ( lead+ p]sons 
to occupy !mselves ) x1 also1 :o o!rwise
 w\ld nev] h _h _! att5tion drawn to x4 
,x w\ld sc>cely be an exagg]ation to    
say1 9 o!r words1 t b = ! ,in/itute !re 
w\ld n be a ti! ( ! numb] ( names n[ on 
! roll ( ,fr5* arti/s4 ,:5 art is 9 !   
air--& no?+ s mu* z an academy produces 
?is condition--! *ances ( ! production (
 ev5 an unacademic arti/ are imm5sely   
increas$4  ,s 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,mign>dise ( 
,l\is ,qu9ze pa9t+ x is only            
sup]ficially surpris+ to f9d a pa9t] ( !
 orig9al =ce & flavor ( ,*>d94 ,8       
:olesome & yet subtle v>iations f ! art 
a la mode ( 8 epo* might h be5 pa9t$ 9 !

 ,holl& ( 8 day1 or 9 our day any:]e t  
art s good z ,*>d9's c be produc$1 s f> 
z subject & moral & te*nical attitude   
are conc]n$4 ,!y are1 9 q acc5tuat$     
contra-di/9ction f ! works ( ,greuze1   
?or\ghly 9 ! _s ( simplicity &          
directness4 ,"o notes 9 !m at once t    
moral simplicity :i* pr$isposes ev]yone 
to sympa!tic appreciation4 ,! special   
ideas ( 8 "t seem to pass him by unmov$4
 ,he has no community ( int]e/ ) !m4    
,:ile he 0 pa9t+ 8 /ill life & dome/ic  
g5re1 ! :ole fanta/ic :irl ( ,l\is      
,qu9ze society1 ) its ae/hetic /&>ds &  
accompli%m5ts--accompli%m5ts & /&>ds t  
impos$ !mselves ev]y:]e else--0 9       
agitat$ movem5t ar\nd him )\t 9 ! lea/  
affect+ 8 s]5e tranquillity1 8 almo/    
/urdy composure4 ,!re c r>ely h be5 su* 
an in/ance z he af=ds ( an arti/'s      
select+ f 8 environm5t j ^? ?+s 8 own   
g5ius ne$$1 & reject+ j :at w\ld h      
hamp]$ or di/ract$ him4 ,he is z sane1 z
 uns5tim5tal1 z tru?ful & unpret5d+ z ! 
mo/ lit]al & unimag9ative ,dut*man ( 8  

"t or be=e x2 b he has also t feel+ =   
/yle1 & t in/9ct = avoid+ ! common &    
unclean :i* always seem to prev5t ,fr5* 
pa9t]s f s9k+ ) _! subject1 z ,dut*     
pa9t]s h be5 said to d4 ,he seems nev]  
to let himself g ei!r 9 ! direction (   
,greuze's lit]>y & s5tim5tal            
manipulation ( 8 homely mat]ial1 or 9 ! 
direction ( sup9e satisfaction ) ?is    
mat]ial1 unreliev$ & unelevat$ by an    
individual po9t ( view1 illu/rat$ by !  
,brau]s & ,/e5s & ,o/ades4 ,"o p]ceives 
t :at he c>$ = 0 really art itself1 = ! 
ae/hetic aspect & significance ( ! life 
he pa9t$4 ,affectionate z 8 int]e/ 9 x  
evid5tly 01 he z evid5tly ?\ght ( its   
arti/ic pot5tialities1 its capability ( 
be+ treat$ ) ref9em5t & delicacy1 & (   
be+ made to s]ve ! ends ( beauty equally
 well ) ! conv5tionally beautiful       
mat]ial ( 8 fan-pa9t+ contempor>ies4 ,he
 look$ at ! _w v orig9ally ?r\gh & ov]  
^? r\nd1 horn-b[$ spectacles ( 81 ) a v 
%rewd & v k9dly & sympa!tic glance1 too2
 q unt9ctur$ ) prejudice or ev5         

pr$isposition4 ,"o c read 8 arti/ic     
isolation 9 8 c\nt5ance ) a v little    
ex]cise ( fancy4   ,,vi  ,x is ! fa%ion 
to ?9k ( ,david z ! pa9t] ( !           
,revolution & ! ,empire4 ,really he is  
,l\is ,seize4 ,hi/orical critics say t  
he _h no few] ?an f\r /yles1 b ap>t f   
obvi\s labels !y w\ld be puzzl$ to tell 
to :i* ( ^! /yles any individual picture
 ( 8 belongs4 ,he 0 f ! beg9n+          
extremely1 p]haps absurdly1 enam\r$ ( ! 
antique1 & we usually associate         
addiction to ! antique ) ! ,revolution>y
 p]iod4 ,b p]haps politics are sl[] ?an 
! ae/hetic movem5t2 ,david's view ( art 
& practice ( pa9t+ 7 fix$ unalt]ably "u 
! reign ( philosophism4 ,philosophism1 z
 ,c>lyle calls x1 is ! rul+ _s ( 8 "w4  
,long be=e ! ,revolution--9 #aggd--;he  
pa9t$ :at is /ill 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic      
picture--,! ,oa? ( ! ,horatii4 ,8 art   
develop$ & grew sy/ematiz$ "u !         
,republic & ! ,empire2 b ,napoleon1 ^:  
g5ius cry/alliz$ ! elem5ts ( ev]y?+ 9   
all fields ( intellectual ef=t ) :i* he 

occupi$ himself1 did little b =mally    
consecrate1 9 ,fr5* phrase1 ! art ( !   
pa9t] ( ,! ,oa? ( ! ,horatii & !        
orig9ator & design] ( ! ,fete (         
,robespi]re's ,etre ,supreme4 ,spite (  
,david's subs]vi5cy & t ( o!rs1 he left 
pa9t+ v mu* :]e he f\nd x4 ,& he f\nd x 
9 a /ate ( reaction aga9/ ! ,l\is ,qu9ze
 /&>ds4 ,! break ) ^!1 & ) ev]y?+       
reg5ce1 came ) ,l\is ,seize1 ,*>d9 be+ a
 notable exception & /&+ q ap>t f !     
g5]al drift ( ! ,fr5* ae/hetic movem5t2 
& ,greuze be+ only a pseudo-romantici/1 
& 8 "w a v>iant (1 r ?an reaction>y f1 !
 artificiality ( 8 day4 ,be=e pa9t+ c\ld
 return to nature1 be=e ! idea &        
inspiration ( true romanticism c\ld be  
born1 a reaction 9 ! direction ( sev]ity
 aft] ! artificial yet irresponsible    
riot ( ! ,l\is ,qu9ze pa9t]s 0 naturally
 & logically inevitable4 ,pa9t+ 0       
modifi$ 9 ! same measure ) e o!r        
expression 9 ! g5]al recueillem5t t     
foll[$ ! extravagance 9 all social &    
intellectual fields ( ! ,l\is ,qu9ze    

epo*4 ,b 9 becom+ m *a/e x did n become 
less classical4 ,inde$1 s f> z sev]ity  
is a trait ( classicality--& x is only  
an associat$ n an ess5tial trait (      
x--pa9t+ became m classical4 ,x ?rew (f 
its extravagances )\t sw]v+ f !         
artificial "* ( its inspiration4 ,art 9 
g5]al seem$ cont5t ) sub/itut+ ! /raight
 l9e = ! curve--a *ange f ,l\is ,qu9ze  
to ,l\is ,seize t is v famili> ev5 to   
p]sons :o note ! transitions betwe5 !   
two epo*s only 9 ! respective furniture 
( ea*2 a ,l\is ,qu9ze *air or mirror1 = 
example1 hav+ a fl[+ outl9e1 :]eas a    
,l\is ,seize equival5t is m rigid &     
rectil9e>4  ,david is artificial1 x is  
to be po9t$ out1 only 9 8 ensemble4 ,9  
detail he is real en\gh4 ,& he always   
has an ensemble4 ,8 compositions1 z     
compositions1 are admirable4 ,!y make a 
total impression1 & ) a vigor &         
vividness t belong to few con/ruct$     
pictures4 ,! canvas is always p5etrat$ )
 ,david--illu/rates z a :ole1 & )       
complet5ess & comp>ative flawlessness1 8

 po9t ( view1 8 conception ( ! subject4 
,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! academic po9t (     
view1 ! academic conception4 ,b1 z ,i   
say1 8 detail is surpris+ly tru?ful &   
/udi$4 ,8 picture--:i* is always        
nev]!less a picture--is z inconceivable1
 z traditional 9 its inspiration1 z     
factiti\s z y l2 8 figures are always   
sapi5tly & (t5 happily exact4 ,8        
portraits are absolutely vital          
*>act]izations4 ,& 9 g5]al 8 sculptural 
s5se1 8 self-control1 8 p]fect p[] (    
express+ :at he deem$ wor? express+1 are
 really :at are notewor?y 9 8 pictures1 
f> m ?an _! monoton\s coloration & !    
coldness & unreality ( ! pictures       
!mselves1 consid]$ z mov+1 real1 or     
significant compositions4 ,9 admiration 
( ^! x is impossible = u n[adays to g z 
f> z ev5 ! romantici/1 ?\gh extremely   
ca?olic1 ,gauti]4 ,!y leave u cold4 ,we 
h a :olly diff]5t ideal1 :i* 9 ord] to  
int]e/ u p[]fully pa9t+ mu/             
illu/rate--an ideal ( m p]t95ce &       
apposit5ess to our own moods & mann] (  

?\ght & feel+4  ,+res1 a pa9t] (        
consid]ably less =ce1 ,i ?9k1 comes mu* 
ne>] to do+ ?is4 ,he is m ela/ic1 less  
devot$ to sy/em4 ,)\t be+ z free1 z     
s5sitive to impressions z we l to see an
 arti/ ( 8 p[]s1 he escapes p$antry4 ,8 
subject is n ,! ,rape ( ! ,sab9es1 b ,! 
,apo!osis ( ,hom]1 academic b n         
academically fatuit\s4 ,to foll[ !      
inspiration ( ! ,vatican ,/anze 9 !     
selection & treatm5t ( ideal subjects is
 to be f> m closely 9 t\* ) contempor>y 
feel+ z to :at is legitimate & prop] 9  
imag9ative pa9t+1 ?an to pictorialize an
 actual ev5t ) a sy/ematic artificiality
 & con=mity to ab/ractions t w\ld surely
 h made ! sculptor ( ! ,trajan column   
smile4 ,yet ,i w\ld r h ,! ,rape ( !    
,sab9es )9 visit+ di/ance ?an ,!        
,apo!osis ( ,hom]4 ,x is bett]1 at lea/ 
solid]1 pa9t+4 ,! pa9t]1 h[ev] dom9at$  
by 8 !ory1 is m ! ma/] ( its illu/ration
 ?an ,+res is ( ! ju/ification ( 8      
admiration = ,raphael4 ,! ,hom] attempts
 m1 b x is naturally n z successful 9   

gett+ z effective a unity out ( its     
great] complexity4 ,x is 9 8 less       
ambiti\s pictures t ! g5ius ( ,+res is  
unmi/akably evid5t--8 heads1 8 s+le     
figures1 8 exquisite draw+s almo/ 9     
outl9e4 ,8 ,odalisque ( ! ,l\vre is n z 
=ceful z ,david's portrait ( ,madame    
,recami]1 b x is a f9] ?+4 ,i %\ld l !  
two to h *ang$ subjects 9 ?is in/ance4  
,8 ,s\rce is beautifully drawn &        
modell$4 ,9 ev]y?+ he did di/9ction is  
app>5t4 ,inf]ior assur$ly to ,david :5  
he attempt$ ! gr& /yle1 he _h a tru]    
feel+ = ! subtl] qualities ( /yle       
itself4 ,all 8 works are l9e>ly         
beautiful demon/rations ( 8 s9c]ity--8  
sanity inde$--9 proclaim+ t draw+ is !  
probity ( art4  ,) a few contempor>y    
pa9t]s & critics1 ^: specific p5etration
 is sometimes 9 curi\s contra/ ) _!     
imp]fect ca?olicity1 he has rec5tly come
 into vogue aga91 aft] hav+ be5 greatly 
neglect$ s9ce ! romantic outbur/4 ,b he 
belongs completely to ! classic epo*4   
,nei!r he nor 8 ref9$ & sympa!tic pupil1

 ,fl&r91 did aught to pave ! way = !    
mod]n movem5t4 ,intimations ( ! %ift+   
po9t ( view are discov]able r 9 a pa9t] 
( f> deep] poetic int]e/ ?an ei!r1 spite
 ( ,+res's ref9em5t & ,fl&r9's          
elevation--9 ,prudhon4 ,prudhon is ! l9k
 betwe5 ! la/ days ( ! classic supremacy
 & ! rise ( romanticism4 ,l ,claude1 l  
,*>d91 he /&s some:at ap>t2 b he has    
di/9ctly ! romantic inspiration1        
con/ra9$ & regul>iz$ by classic         
pr9ciples ( ta/e4 ,he is ! ,fr5*        
,correggio 9 f> m precise p>allelism ?an
 ,lesueur is ! ,fr5* ,raphael4 ,) a     
grace & lamb5t color all 8 own--a       
beautiful "m-(-pe>l & opalesc5t tone    
und]ly+ 8 exquisite violets & grav]     
hues2 a color-s*eme1 on ! "o h&1 & a    
s5se ( design 9 l9e & mass m suave &    
graceful ?an any?+ s9ce ! great         
,italians1 on ! o!r--he recalls ! lovely
 *i>o-oscuro ( ! exquisite ,p>mesan z x 
is recall$ 9 no o!r mod]n pa9t]4        
,occupy+1 z inconte/ably he does1 8 own 
ni*e 9 ! pan!on ( pa9t]s1 he nev]!less  

illu/rates mo/ di/9ctly & unmi/akably ! 
slipp+ away ( ,fr5* pa9t+ f classic     
=mulas z well z f classic extravagance1 
& ! t5d5cy to new ideals ( wid] rea* &  
great] tol]ance--( m fre$om1            
spontaneity1 int]e/ 9 life & ! _w--( a  
def9itive break ) ! contract+ &         
con/rict+ =ces ( classicism4 ,dur+ its  
next p]iod1 & inde$ d[n to ! pres5t day1
 ,fr5* pa9t+ w pres]ve ! ess5ce ( its   
classic traditions1 v>i\sly modifi$ f   
decade to decade1 b nev] los+ ! quality 
9 virtue ( :i* :at is ,fr5* is always   
measurably ! mo/ classic ?+ go+2 b ( ?is
 next p]iod c]ta9ly ,prudhon is !       
precursor1 :o1 ) all 8 classic s]5ity1  
presages its passion = /orms1 cl\ds1    
effusion1 & relief4     ,,ii            
,,romantic ,,pa9t+   ,i  ,:5 we come to 
,scott aft] ,field+1 says ,mr4 ,/ev5son1
 we become sudd5ly consci\s ( !         
backgr\nd4 ,! rem>k conta9s an admirable
 *>act]ization ( romanticism2 z di/+ui%$
 f classicism1 romanticism is           
consci\sness ( ! backgr\nd4 ,) ,gros1   

,g]icault1 ,paul ,huet1 ,mi*el1         
,delacroix1 ,fr5* pa9t+ ceas$ to be     
ab/ract & imp]sonal4 ,in/ead ( cont9u+ !
 classic deta*m5t1 x became int]e/$1    
curi\s1 & ca?olic4 ,x broad5$ its range 
imm5sely1 & creat$ its effect by obs]v+ 
! relations ( its objects to _!         
environm5t1 ( its figures to ! l&scape1 
( its subjects to _! sugge/ions ev5 9   
o!r sph]es ( ?\ght2 ,delacroix1         
,m>ilhat1 ,decamps1 ,from5t91 9 pa9t+ ! 
aspect ( ,ori5talism1 sugge/$1 "o may   
almo/ say1 its sociology4 ,= !          
ab/ractions ( classicism1 its =mula1 its
 fa/idi\s sy/em ( arriv+ at p]fection by
 exclusions & sacrifices1 x sub/itut$ an
 en?usiasm = ! concrete & ! actual2 x   
revell$ 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,gauti] 0    
nev] m def9itely ! expon5t ( romanticism
 ?an 9 say+ ,i am a man = :om ! visible 
_w exi/s4 ,to l9es & curves & masses &  
_! relations 9 composition1 succe$s z   
mat]ial = inspiration & reproduction !  
v>i$ spectacle ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,) ! e>ly
 romantici/s x may be said t = ! fir/ "t

 ! ext]nal _w swims into ! pa9t]'s k54  
,b1 above all1 9 !m ! elem5t (          
p]sonality fir/ appe>s 9 ,fr5* pa9t+ )  
any?+ l g5]al acceptance & z !          
*>act]i/ic ( a gr\p1 a s*ool1 r ?an z an
 isolat$ exception "h & !re1 su* z      
,claude or ,*>d94 ,! po9t ( view takes !
 place ( con=mity to a /&>d4 ,! pa9t]   
expresses himself in/ead ( endeavor+ to 
realize an extrane\s & imp]sonal ideal4 
,:at he himself p]sonally ?9ks1 h[ he   
himself p]sonally feels1 is :at we read 
9 8 works4  ,x is true t1 rightly       
und]/ood1 ! romantic epo* is a p]iod (  
evolution1 & ord]ly evolution at t1 if  
we look bel[ ! surface1 r ?an (         
sy/ematic defiance & revolt4 ,x is true 
t x reca/ r ?an repudiat$ its inh]itance
 ( tradition4 ,nev]!less !re has nev]   
be5 a "t :5 ! individual felt himself s 
free1 :5 e man ( any orig9al g5ius felt 
s ke5ly ! exhil>ation ( indep5d5ce1 :5 !
 s*ools ( pa9t+ ex]cis$ less tyranny &1 
inde$1 c\nt$ = s little4 ,if x be exact 
to speak ( ! romantic s*ool at all1 x   

%\ld be borne 9 m9d t its adh]5ts 7 m5 (
 ! mo/ m>k$ & div]se individualities ev]
 gr\p$ "u "o /&>d4 ,! impressioni/s1    
p]haps1 ap>t1 individuality is (t5 spok5
 ( z ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! pa9t]s ( 
! pres5t day4 ,b beside ! outbur/ (     
individuality at ! beg9n+ ( ! romantic  
epo*1 mu* ( ! pa9t+ ( ! pres5t day seems
 bo? monoton\s & ecc5tric--! v>iation ( 
its ess5tial monotony1 t is to say1 be+ 
some:at labor$ & express 9 comp>ison ) !
 spontane\s multif>i\sness ( ! epo* (   
,delacroix & ,decamps4 ,9 ! decade      
betwe5 #ahbj & #ahcj1 at all ev5ts1     
not)/&+ ! /r5g? ( ! academic tradition1 
pa9t+ 0 free f ! ?raldom ( sy/em1 & !   
imag9ation ( its practition]s 0 n       
*all5g$ & circumscrib$ by ! criticism t 
is bas$ ^u sci5ce4 ,n only 9 ! pa9t]'s  
fre$om 9 8 *oice ( subject1 b 9 8 way ( 
treat+ x1 9 ! way 9 :i* he takes x1 is !
 revolution--or1 z ,i %\ld be incl9$ to 
say1 r1 ! evolution--%[n4 ,& z :at we   
mean by p]sonality is1 9 g5]al1 made up 
f> m ( emotion ?an ( m9d--!re be+ room =

 inf9itely m v>iety 9 feel+ ?an 9 m5tal 
processes among intellig5t ag5ts--x is  
natural to f9d ! ,fr5* romantic pa9t]s  
giv+1 by contra/ ) _! pr$ecessors1 su*  
free sw+ to p]sonal feel+ t we may almo/
 sum up ! orig9 ( ! romantic movem5t 9  
,fr5* pa9t+ 9 say+ t x 0 an ebullition (
 emancipat$ emotion4 ,&1 to g a /ep     
f>!r1 we may say t1 z no?+ is s ess5tial
 to poetry z feel+1 we meet n[ = ! fir/ 
"t ) ! poetic elem5t z an inspir+ motive
 & controll+ =ce4  ,! romantic pa9t]s 71
 h[ev]1 by no means m]ely emotional4 ,!y
 7 ma9ly imag9ative4 ,& 9 pa9t+1 z 9    
lit]ature1 ! great *ange wr\ght by      
romanticism consi/$ 9 /imulat+ !        
imag9ation in/ead ( m]ely satisfy+ !    
s5se & ! intellect4 ,! ma9 idea ceas$ to
 be z obvi\sly acc5tuat$1 & its natural 
surr\nd+s 7 giv5 _! natural place2 !re 0
 less direct /atem5t & m sugge/ion2 !   
arti/'s ef=t 0 exp5d$ r ^u p]fect+ !    
ensemble1 not+ relations1 tak+ 9 a l>g] 
circle2 a sugge/$ complexity ( moral    
elem5ts took ! place ( ! old simplicity1

 ^: multif>i\sness 0 almo/ :olly        
pictorial4 ,in/ead ( a l&scape z a      
tape/ry backgr\nd to a ,holy ,family1 & 
hav+ no p]t95ce b an arti/ic "o1 we h   
,corot's ,orpheus4   ,,ii  ,g]icault &  
,delacroix are ! great names inscrib$ at
 ! head ( ! romantic roll4 ,!y w rema9  
!re4 ,& ! di/9ction is !irs n z aw>d$ by
 ! hi/orical e/imate2 x is p]sonal4 ,9 !
 case ( ,g]icault p]haps "o ?9ks a      
little ( ! man & ! mom5t !ory4 ,he 01 x 
is true1 ! fir/ romantic pa9t]--at any  
rate ! fir/ notable romantic pa9t]4 ,8  
/ruggles1 8 /eadfa/ness1 8              
success--pa!tically po/hum\s--h giv5 him
 an honorable em95ce4 ,8 example ( =ce &
 fre$om ex]t$ an influ5ce t has be5     
trac$ n only 9 ! "w ( ,delacroix1 8     
imm$iate inh]itor1 b 9 t ( ! sculptor   
,rude1 & ev5 z f> z t ( ,millet--to all 
outw>d appe>ance s diff]5t 9 inspiration
 f t ( 8 own tumultu\s & dramatic g5ius4
 ,& z ( late ye>s we look on ! /ages (  
any evolution z less dep5d5t on         
individuals ?an we us$ to1 d\btless j z 

,lu!r 0 confirm$ & support$ on 8 way to 
! ,c\ncil at ,worms by ! p call+ on him 
f ! h\se-tops n to d5y ! tru?1 ,g]icault
 0 su/a9$ & /imulat$ 9 ! face ( (ficial 
obloquy by a m or less consid]able      
ae/hetic movem5t ( :i* he 0 really b !  
lead] & expon5t4 ,b 8 fame is n dep5d5t 
^u 8 revolt aga9/ ! ,in/itute1 8        
influ5ce ^u 8 successors1 or 8          
inc>nation ( an ae/hetic movem5t4 ,x    
re/s on 8 individual accompli%m5t1 8    
p]sonal value1 ! abid+ int]e/ ( 8       
pictures4 ,! ,raft ( ! ,m$usa w rema9 an
 admirable & mov+ creation1 a ma/]piece 
( dramatic vigor & vivid *>act]ization1 
( wide & deep human int]e/ & truly      
panoramic gr&eur1 long aft] its         
contempor>y int]e/ & hi/oric importance 
h ceas$ to be ?\ght ( except by !       
ae/hetic antiqu>ian4 ,! ,w\nd$          
,cuirassi] & ! ,*asseur ( ! ,gu>d are n 
docum5ts ( ae/hetic hi/ory1 b noble     
expressions ( arti/ic sapi5ce & p]sonal 
feel+4  ,:at1 ,i ?9k1 is ! notable ?+   
ab\t bo? ,g]icault & ,delacroix1 h[ev]1 

z expon5ts1 z ! initiators1 (           
romanticism1 is ! way 9 :i* !y re/ra9$ !
 impetu\s temp]am5t !y %>e )9 ! conf9es 
( a truly classic res]ve4 ,closely      
consid]$1 !y are n ! revolutioni/s !y   
seem$ to ! (ficial classicism ( _! day4 
,n only d !y n base _! true claims to   
endur+ fame ^u a _s ( revolt aga9/      
(ficial & academic art--a _s ess5tially 
negative & nugatory1 & nev] !           
inspiration ( any?+ p]man5tly puissant &
 attractive--b1 comp>$ ) _! successors (
 ! pres5t day1 9 ^: works individual    
pref]5ce & pr$ilection seem to h a sw+  
^: v fre$om & irresponsible audacity    
extort admiration--comp>$ ) ! confid5t  
tem]>i\sness ( :at is kn[n z mod]nite1  
_! self-possession & sobriety seem _!   
mo/ notewor?y *>act]i/ics4 ,comp>$ ) !  
,b> at ! ,folies-,b]g]e1 ei!r ! ,raft ( 
! ,m$usa or ! ,convulsioni/s ( ,tangi]s 
is a classic production4 ,& ! diff]5ce  
is n at all due to ! =ty ye>s' accretion
 ( ,prote/antism :i* ,manet repres5ts z 
comp>$ ) ! e>ly romantici/s4 ,x is due  

to a complete diff]5ce 9 attitude4      
,g]icault imbu$ himself ) ! inspiration 
( ! ,l\vre4 ,delacroix is said always to
 h made a sket* f ! old ma/]s or !      
antique a prelim9>y to 8 own daily "w4  
,s f> f flaunt+ tradition1 !y may be    
said to h1 9 _! own view1 re/or$ x2 s f>
 f pos+ z apo/les ( innovation1 !y may  
almo/ be accus$ ( h>k+ back--( /eep+    
!mselves 9 :at to !m seem$ be/ & f9e/ & 
mo/ au?oritative 9 art1 in/ead ( giv+ a 
free re9 to _! own unregulat$ emotions &
 conceptions4  ,g]icault di$ e>ly & left
 b a meagre product4 ,delacroix is p>   
excell5ce ! repres5tative ( ! romantic  
epo*4 ,& bo? by ! mass & ! quality ( 8  
"w he =ms a true connect+ l9k betwe5 !  
classic epo* & ! mod]n--9 some:at ! same
 way z ,prudhon does1 ?\gh m explicitly 
& on ! o!r side ( ! l9e ( division4 ,he 
repres5ts culture--he kn[s art z well z 
he loves nature4 ,he has a feel+ = :at  
is beautiful z well z a k ( :at is true4
 ,he is pre-em95tly & prim>ily a        
colori/--he is1 9 fact1 ! introduc] (   

color z a di/9ct elem5t 9 ,fr5* pa9t+   
aft] ! pale & bleak reaction f ! ,l\is  
,qu9ze decorativ5ess4 ,8 color1 too1 is 
n m]ely ! prismatic coloration ( :at _h 
!ret(ore be5 m]e *i>o-oscuro2 x is      
orig9al & p]sonal to su* a degree t x   
has nev] be5 successfully imitat$ s9ce 8
 day4 ,)al1 x is app>5tly simplicity    
itself4 ,its hues are app>5tly ! prim>y 
ones1 9 ! ma94 ,x dep5ds ^u no          
subtleties & ref9em5ts ( t9ts = its     
effectiv5ess4 ,x is significant t !     
absorb$ & affect$ ,rossetti did n l x2 x
 is too frank & cle> & op51 & %[s too   
little evid5ce ( ! morbid brood+ &      
hy/]ical =c+ ( an arbitr>y & esot]ic    
note de> to ! ,engli% pre-,raphaelites4 
,x atte/s a delight 9 color1 n a        
fondness = c]ta9 colors1 hues1 t9ts--a  
diff]5ce p]fectly appreciable to ei!r an
 unsophi/icat$ or an educat$ s5se4 ,x   
has a solidity & /r5g? ( range &        
vibration comb9$ ) a subtle s5sitiv5ess1
 &1 z a result ( ! fusion ( ! two1 a    
c]ta9 spl5dor t recalls ,s>ac5ic        

decoration4 ,& ) ?is ma/]y ( color is   
unit$ a comb9$ firmness & expressiv5ess 
( design t makes ,delacroix unique by   
emphasiz+ 8 truly classic subord9ation (
 in=m+ en?usiasm to a sev]e & cle>ly    
p]ceiv$ ideal--an ideal 9 a s5se ext]ior
 to 8 purely p]sonal expression4 ,9 a   
^w1 8 *ief *>act]i/ic--& x is a         
supremely significant trait 9 !         
repres5tative pa9t] ( romanticism--is a 
poetic imag9ation temp]$ & tra9$ by     
culture & ref9em5t4 ,:5 8 audacities &  
en?usiasms are ?\ght (1 ! directions 9 8
 w = 8 tomb %\ld be rememb]$ too3 ,il   
n'y s]a place ni embleme1 ni bu/e1 ni   
/atue2 mon tombeau s]a copie tres       
exactem5t sur l'antique1 ou ,vignoles ou
 ,palladio1 avec des saillies tres      
prononcees1 contrairem5t a t\t ce qui se
 fait auj\rd'hui en ar*itecture4 ,let   
!re be nei!r emblem1 bu/1 nor /atue on  
my tomb1 :i* %all be copi$ v scrupul\sly
 aft] ! antique1 ei!r ,vignola or       
,palladio1 ) prom95t projections1       
contr>y to ev]y?+ done to-day 9         

ar*itecture4 ,9 a s5se all ,delacroix is
 9 ^! words4   ,,iii  ,delacroix's color
 deep5s into an almo/ musical int5sity  
occasionally 9 ,decamps1 ^: ori5tal     
l&scapes & figures1 f> less important   
intellectually1 f> less magi/rales 9    
conception1 h at times1 "o may say      
p]haps )\t be+ too fanciful1 a truly    
symphonic quality t r5d]s !m unique4 ,! 
,suicide is l a *ord on a viol94 ,b x is
 :5 we come to speak ( ! ,fonta9ebleau  
,gr\p1 9 especial1 ,i ?9k1 t ! ae/hetic 
susceptibility *>act]i/ic ( ! latt] half
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury feels1 to borr[ ,m4 
,ta9e's introduction to 8 lectures on ,!
 ,ideal 9 ,art1 t ! subject is "o only  
to be treat$ 9 poetry4  ,( ! noble/ (   
all s-call$ s*ools1 ,millet is p]haps ! 
mo/ popul> memb]4 ,8 popul>ity is 9     
great "p1 c]ta9ly1 due to 8 lit]>y side1
 to ! s5tim5t :i* p]vades1 :i* dr5*es1  
"o may say1 all 8 lat] "w--8 "w aft] he 
_h1 on ov]he>+ himself *>act]iz$ z a    
pa9t] ( nak$ wom51 betak5 himself to 8  
true subject1 ! ,fr5* peasant4 ,a       

lit]>y1 & a v p[]ful lit]>y side1       
,millet und\bt$ly has2 & in/ead ( be+ a 
weakness 9 him x is a p[]4 ,8 s5tim5tal 
appeal is f> f be+ surplusage1 b1 z is n
 ,i ?9k popul>ly appreciat$1 x is       
subord9ate1 & ! fact ( its subord9ation 
gives x :at pot5cy x has4 ,x is idle to 
d5y ?is pot5cy1 = 8 portrayal ( ! ,fr5* 
peasant 9 8 v>i$ aspects has probably   
be5 z effici5t a *>act]ization z t (    
,george ,s& h]self4 ,b1 if a moral      
in/ead ( an ae/hetic effect _h be5      
,millet's *ief int5tion1 we may be sure 
t x w\ld h be5 made f> less incisively  
?an x has be54 ,comp>e1 = example1 8    
peasant pictures ) ^? ( ! almo/ purely  
lit]>y pa9t] ,jules ,breton1 :o has     
evid5tly *os5 8 field = its s5tim5tal r 
?an its pictorial value1 & ^: "w is1    
p]haps accord+ly1 by contra/ )          
,millet's1 noticeably ext]nal &         
sup]ficial ev5 on ! lit]>y side4 ,:5    
,millet ceas$ to deal 9 ! ,correggio    
mann] ) ,correggiesque subjects1 &      
devot$ himself to ! mat]ial t 0 really  

native to him1 to 8 own peasant         
g5ius--:atev] he may h ?\ght ab\t x     
himself1 he did s because he c\ld treat 
?is mat]ial pictorially ) m fre$om &    
less artificiality1 ) m ze/ & en?usiasm1
 ) a deep] sympa?y & a m intimate k (   
its arti/ic *>act]i/ics1 its pictorial  
pot5tialities4 ,he is1 ,i ?9k1 z a      
pa9t]1 a %ade too mu* preoccupi$ ) ?is  
mat]ial1 he is a little too             
philosophical 9 reg>d to x1 8 pa!tic    
/ruggle = exi/5ce exagg]at$ 8 s5tim5tal 
affiliations ) x some:at1 he made x too 
exclusively 8 subject1 p]haps4 ,we ga91 
x may be1 at 8 exp5se4 ,) 8 arti/ic     
gifts he might h be5 m =tunate1 _h 8    
range be5 broad]4 ,b 9 ! ma9 x is 8     
pictorial h&l+ ( ?is mat]ial1 ) :i* he 0
 9 su* acute sympa?y1 t di/+ui%es 8 "w1 
& t w pres]ve its fame long aft] its    
humanit>ian & s5tim5tal appeal has ceas$
 to be z pot5t z x n[ is--at ! same "t t
 x has itself en=c$ ?is appeal 9 !      
subord9at+ mann] ,i h sugge/$4 ,:5 he 0 
ask$ 8 int5tion1 9 8 picture ( a maim$  

calf borne away on a litt] by two m51 he
 said x 0 simply to indicate ! s5se (   
weight 9 ! muscul> movem5t & attitude ( 
! be>]s' arms4  ,8 great di/9ction1 9   
f9e1 is arti/ic4 ,8 e>ly pa9t+ (        
conv5tional subjects is n )\t           
significance 9 its witness to ! quality 
( 8 tal5t4 ,ano!r may pa9t ,fr5*        
peasants all 8 life & nev] make !m      
p]man5tly int]e/+1 because he has n     
,millet's admirable in/9ct & equipm5t z 
a pa9t]4 ,he is a sup]b colori/1 at     
times--always an en?usia/ic "o2 !re is  
some?+ almo/ unregulat$ 9 8 delight 9   
color1 9 8 fondness = gl[+ & respl5d5t  
tone4 ,no "o gets f>!r away f ! academic
 grayness1 ! colorless *i>o-oscuro ( !  
conv5tional pa9t]s4 ,he runs 8 key up & 
loads 8 canvas1 occasionally1 9 :at "o  
may call n s mu* b>b>ic z uncultivat$ & 
elem5t>y fa%ion4 ,he c>es s mu* = color 
t sometimes1 :5 8 effect is int5d$ to be
 purely atmosph]ic1 z 9 ! ,angelus1 he  
misses its ju/ness & fitness1 & s1 9    
insi/+ on color1 obta9s f ! color po9t (

 view itself an infelicit\s--a          
color$--result4 ,occasionally he ba!s a 
sc5e 9 yell[ mi/ t obscures all         
acc5tuations & play ( values4 ,b always 
8 feel+ = color betrays him a pa9t] r   
?an a morali/4 ,& 9 composition he is1  
,i %\ld say1 ev5 m di/+ui%$4 ,8         
composition is almo/ always di/9ctly    
elegant4 ,ev5 9 s simple a s*eme z t (  
,! ,s[]1 ! l9es are z f9e z ^? ( a      
,raphael4 ,& ! way 9 :i* balance is     
pres]v$1 masses are di/ribut$1 & an     
organic play ( p>ts relat$ to ea* o!r & 
ea* to ! sum ( !m is secur$1 is 9 all ( 
8 l>ge works s sali5t an elem5t ( _!    
admirable excell5ce1 t1 to ^? :o        
appreciate x1 ! dep5d5ce ( 8 popul>ity  
^u ! s5tim5tal sugge/ion ( ! raw mat]ial
 ) :i* he dealt seems almo/ grotesque4  
,9 8 l9e & mass & ! relations ( ^! 9    
composition1 !re is a sev]ity1 a        
re/ra9t1 a con=mity to tradition1 h[ev] 
p]sonally felt & individually modifi$1 t
 ev9ce a /rong classic /ra9 9 ?is mo/   
unacademic ( pa9t]s4 ,millet 0 c]ta9ly  

an orig9al g5ius1 if !re ev] 0 "o4 ,9   
spite (1 & 9 op5 ho/ility to1 ! popul> &
 conv5tional pa9t+ ( 8 day1 he foll[$ 8 
own b5t & w5t 8 own way4 ,bett]1 p]haps1
 ?an any o!r pa9t]1 he repres5ts        
absolute emancipation f ! prescrib$1 f  
r\t9e & =mul>y4 ,b x w\ld be a signal   
mi/ake to fail to see1 9 ! mo/          
*>act]i/ic works ( ?is mo/ p]sonal      
repres5tative ( romanticism1 t          
subord9ation ( ! individual :im &       
isolat$ po9t ( view to :at is accept$1  
prov51 & univ]sal1 :i* is ess5tially :at
 we mean by ! classic attitude4 ,"o may 
almo/ g s f> z to say1 consid]+ its     
res]ve1 its re/ra9t & poise1 its        
sobriety & measure1 its quiet &         
composure1 its subord9ation ( individual
 feel+ to a high s5se ( arti/ic decorum1
 t1 romantic z x is1 unacademic z x is1 
its mo/ inconte/able claim to p]man5ce  
is ! truly classic _s :i*1 h[ev]        
modifi$1 inspires & infiltrates x4      
,beside "s ( ! lat] manife/ations (     
individual g5ius 9 ,fr5* pa9t+1 x is    

almo/ academic4  ,9 ,corot1 anyone1 ,i  
suppose1 c see ?is note1 & x w\ld be    
surplusage to insi/ ^u x4 ,he is ! ideal
 classic-romantic pa9t]1 bo? 9 temp]am5t
 & 9 practice4 ,millet's subject1 n1 ,i 
?9k1 8 treatm5t--possibly 8 wid]        
range--makes him seem m deeply s]i\s ?an
 ,corot1 b he is n ess5tially z ne>ly   
unique4 ,he is unrivall$ 9 8 way1 b     
,corot is unp>allel$4 ,corot inh]its !  
tradition ( ,claude2 8 motive1 l        
,claude's1 is always an effect1 &1 l    
,claude's1 8 means are light & air4 ,b 8
 effect is a %ade m impalpable1 & 8     
means are at once simpl] & m subtle4 ,he
 gets f>!r away f ! ph5om5a :i* are !   
elem5ts ( 8 ensemble1 f>!r ?an ,claude1 
f>!r ?an anyone4 ,8 t\* is z light z !  
zephyr t /irs ! diaphan\s drap]y ( 8    
trees4 ,beside x ,claude's has a        
suspicion1 at lea/1 ( unctu\sness4 ,x   
has a pure1 crisp1 vibrant acc5t1 q )\t 
analogue 9 ! te*nic ( l&scape pa9t+4    
,tak+ te*nic 9 its wide/ s5se1 "o may   
speak ( ,corot's %ortcom+s--n1 ,i ?9k1 (

 8 failures4 ,x w\ld be difficult to    
m5tion a mod]n pa9t] m uni=mly          
successful 9 atta9+ 8 aim1 9 express+   
:at he wi%es to express1 9 convey+ 8    
impression1 communicat+ 8 s5sations4  ,t
 a pa9t] ( 8 p[]1 a man ( ! v fir/ rank1
 %\ld h be5 cont5t--ev5 placidly        
cont5t--to ex]cise x )9 a range by no   
means n>r[1 b pla9ly circumscrib$1 is   
c]ta9ly witness ( limitation4 ,delacroix
 is an eagle1 ,i am only a skyl>k1 he   
rem>k$ once1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic *e]9ess4 ,8 
range is n1 x is true1 z circumscrib$ z 
is g5]ally suppos$ outside ( ,france4   
,outside ( ,france 8 figure-pa9t+1 =    
example1 is almo/ unkn[n4 ,we see *iefly
 v>iations ( 8 gre5 & gray arbor$       
pa/oral--n[ idyllic1 n[ h]oic1 n[ full (
 fre%ness1 ! skyl>k quality1 n[ ( grave 
& deep h>monies & wild1 sweet notes (   
transitory sugge/ion4 ,( 8 figures we   
only "k ^? %ift+ %apes t bl5d 9 su*     
classic & *>m+ mann] ) ! glades & groves
 ( 8 l&scapes4 ,( 8 ,hag> 9 !           
,wild]ness1 8 ,/4 ,j]ome1 8 ,flight into

 ,egypt1 8 ,democritus1 8 ,baptism (    
,*ri/1 ) its n9e life-size figures1 :o1 
outside ( ,france1 has ev5 he>d8 ,h[ _m 
=eign]s "k t he pa9t$ :at are call$     
ar*itectural subjects delightfully1 &   
ev5 g5re ) ze/8  ,b comp>$ ) 8 l&scape1 
9 :i* he is unique1 x is pla9 t he      
excels n[h]e else4 ,! spl5did display ( 
8 works 9 ! ,c5t5aire ,exposition ( !   
great ,_w's ,fair ( #ahhi1 0 a          
revelation ( 8 range ( int]e/ r ?an ( 8 
range ( p[]4 ,x 0 impossible n to       
p]ceive t1 surpris+ z 7 8 essays 9 o!r  
fields to ^? :o only knew him z a       
l&scape pa9t]1 he 0 ess5tially &        
integrally a pa9t] ( l&scape1 ?\gh a    
pa9t] ( l&scape :o _h tak5 8 subject 9 a
 way & treat$ x 9 a mann] s p]sonal z to
 be really unp>allel$4 ,outside (       
l&scape 8 int]e/ 0 cle>ly n real4 ,9 8  
o!r works "o notes a c]ta9 debonnaire   
irresponsibility4 ,he pursu$ no?+       
s]i\sly b out-(-doors1 its vapor\s      
atmosph]e1 its crisp twigs & graceful   
bran*es1 its mi/y di/ances & piquant    

acc5ts1 :at ,?oreau calls its inaudible 
pant+4 ,8 true !me1 lightly z he took x1
 absorb$ him2 & no "o ( any s5sitiv5ess 
c ev] regret x4 ,8 p[]s1 foll[+ !       
indication ( 8 true temp]am5t1 8 mo/    
g5u9e inspiration1 are conc5trat$ ^u ! v
 f9e/ ?+ imag9able 9 l&scape pa9t+2 z1  
inde$1 to produce z !y h done ! f9e/    
l&scape 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 !y mu/ h be54 
,!re are1 h[ev]1 two ?+s wor? not+ 9    
,corot's l&scape1 beyond ! m]e fact t1  
bett] ev5 ?an ,r\sseau1 he expresses !  
ess5ce ( l&scape1 dwells habitually     
among its inspirations1 & is its ma/] r 
?an its s]vant4 ,"o is ! way 9 :i* he   
poetizes1 s to speak1 ! simple/ /ret*es 
( sw>d & clumps ( trees1 & long cle>    
vi/as across /ill ponds1 ) di/ances ^:  
acc5ts are prick$ out ) :ite h\ses &    
yell[ c[s & placid fi%]s & f]rym5 9 r$  
caps1 se5 9 glimpses ?r\gh curta9s (    
sp>se1 fea!ry leafage--or peoples woodl&
 op5+s ) nymphs & fawns1 silh\ett$ aga9/
 ! sunset gl[1 or danc+ 9 ! cool gray ( 
dusk4 ,a man ( no read+1 hav+ only !    

elem5ts ( an education 9 ! g5]al s5se ( 
! t]m1 8 in/9ctive s5se = :at is ref9$ 0
 s delicate t we may say ( 8 l&scapes t1
 _h ! ,greeks left any !y w\ld h be5 l  
,corot's4 ,& ?is classic & cultivat$    
effect he secur$ n at all1 or only v    
incid5tally1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( association1 
by dott+ 8 hillsides & vapor\s di/ances 
) bits ( classic ar*itecture1 or by     
summ+ up 8 feel+ = ! ,dawn 9 a graceful 
figure ( ,orpheus greet+ ) ext5d$ ge/ure
 ! gr[+ daylight1 b by a subtle         
int]p5etration ( s5su\sness & sev]ity   
result+ 9 precisely ! s5tim5t fitly     
*>act]iz$ by ! epi!t classic4 ,! o!r    
trait peculi> to ,corot's repres5tation 
( nature & expression ( himself is 8    
color4 ,no pa9t] ev] exhibit$1 ,i ?9k1 q
 su* a s5se ( ref9em5t 9 s n>r[ a gamut4
 ,gre5 & gray1 ( c\rse1 pr$om9ate & set 
! key1 b he has an int]e/+ly v>i$       
palette on ! hi!r side ( spl5dor ^:     
subtleties are capable ( giv+ exquisite 
pleasure4 ,nev] did anyone use t9ts )   
su* positive =ce4 ,t9ts ) ,corot h !    

vigor & vibration ( positive colors--8  
lilacs1 violets1 /raw-color$ hues1 8    
almo/ ,quak]i% coquetry ) drabs & slates
 & pure cle> br[ns1 ! fre%ness & bloom  
he imp>t$ to 8 tones1 ! sweet & %r9k+   
wild fl[]s ) :i* z a spray he spr9kl$ 8 
humid dells & brook m>g9s4 ,b ,corot's  
true di/9ction--:at gives him 8 unique  
position at ! v head ( l&scape art1 is  
nei!r 8 color1 delicate & int]e/+ z 8   
color is1 nor 8 classic s]5ity h>moniz+ 
)1 in/ead ( dep5d+ ^u1 ! *ance          
associations ( ar*itecture & my?ology ) 
:i* n[ & !n he decorates 8 l&scapes2 x  
is ! bli!1 ! airy1 ! truly spiritual way
 9 :i* he gets f>!r away ?an anyone f   
bo? ! actual pigm5t t is 8 in/rum5t1 & f
 ! ph5om5a t are ! objects ( 8          
expression--8 e!reality1 9 a ^w4 ,he has
 communicat$ 8 s5tim5t almo/ )\t        
mat]ial1 "o may say1 s e!really         
indep5d5t ( _! actual analogues is !    
int]e/ ( 8 trees & sky & /ret* ( sw>d4  
,?is s5tim5t1 ?us my/]i\sly triumphant  
ov] color or =m1 or o!r s5su\s *>m1 :i* 

nev]!less are only subtly subord9at$1 & 
by no mann] ( means treat$ lightly or   
inadequately1 is z exalt$ z any t has 9 
our day be5 express$ 9 any mann]4       
,inde$1 :]e1 outside ( ! v highe/ poetry
 ( ! c5tury1 c "o get ! same s5se (     
elation1 ( aspir+ delight1 ( joy unmix$ 
) regret--s9ce ! spl5dor ( tru? :i*     
,plato def9$ beauty to be1 is m animat+ 
& consol+ ?an ! we>y weight ( all ?is   
un9telligible _w1 is depress+ to a _s ( 
l(ty s]i\sness & sanity8         99     
99       99       99       99  ,dupre & 
,diaz are ! decorative pa9t]s ( !       
,fonta9ebleau gr\p4 ,!y are1 ( mod]n    
pa9t]s1 p]haps ! ne>e/ 9 _s to ! old    
ma/]s1 pictorially speak+4 ,!y are r>ely
 9 ! gr& /yle1 ?\gh sometimes ,dupre is 
re/ra9$ en\gh to emulate if n to a*ieve 
its sobriety4 ,b !y h ! bel air1 &      
belong to ! ari/ocracy ( ! pa9t+ _w4    
,diaz1 especially1 has almo/ inv>iably !
 patrician t\*4 ,x lacks ! exquisit5ess 
( ,monticelli's1 9 :i* !re is t curi\sly
 elevat$ deta*m5t f ! mat]ial & ! real t

 ! ,italians--& ! ,prov5cal pa9t]'s     
inspiration & me?od1 z well z 8 "n &    
l9eage1 sugge/ an ,italian r ?an a ,fr5*
 association--exhibit f> (t5] ?an !     
,fr5*4 ,b ,diaz has a l>g] sweep1 a san]
 me?od4 ,he is nev] ecc5tric1 & he has a
 dignity t is ,ib]ian1 ?\gh he is ,fr5* 
r ?an ,spani% on 8 ae/hetic side1 & at  
times is z cons]vative z ,r\sseau--)\t1 
h[ev]1 rea*+ ,r\sseau's l(ty simplicity 
except 9 an occasional happy /roke4 ,bo?
 he & ,dupre are prim>ily colori/s4     
,dupre sees nature ?r\gh a prism4       
,diaz's gr\ps ( dames & gallants h a    
jewel-l aspect2 !y leave ! same         
impression z a tangle ( ribbons1 a bun* 
( exotic fl[]s1 a heap ( gems flung     
toge!r ) ! felicity ( haphaz>d4 ,9      
g5]al1 & :5 !y are 9 mo/ completely     
*>act]i/ic mood1 x is n ! s5tim5t (     
nature t "o gets f ! "w ( ei!r pa9t]4 ,x
 is n ev5 _! s5tim5t ( nature--! emotion
 ar\s$ 9 _! susceptibilities by natural 
ph5om5a4 ,:at "o gets is _! p]sonal     
feel+ = color & design--_! decorative   

quality1 9 a ^w4  ,! decorative pa9t] is
 he to :om :at is call$ subject1 ev5 9  
its lea/ re/rict$ s5se & ) its lea/     
sub/antial sugge/ions1 is comp>atively  
indiff]5t4 ,nature supplies him )       
objects2 %e is n 9 any intimate degree 8
 subject4 ,%e is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i*1 r   
?an ! mat]ial ( :i*1 he creates 8       
effects4 ,x is h] pot5tialities ( color 
& design t he seeks1 or at any rate1 (  
all h] inf9itely num]\s traits1 x is h] 
hues & arabesques t /rike him mo/       
=cibly4 ,he is incuri\s z to h] secrets 
& calls ^u h] aid to int]pret 8 own1 b  
he is s indep5d5t ( h]1 if he be a      
decorative pa9t] ( ! fir/ rank--a ,diaz 
or a ,dupre--t 8 r5d]+ ( h]1 8 picture1 
w\ld h an agreeable effect1 ow+ to its  
design or color or bo?1 if x 7 turn$    
upside d[n4 ,decorative pa9t+ 9 ?is s5se
 may easily be c>ri$ s f> z to seem     
incongru\s & inept1 9 spite ( its       
sup]ficial attractiv5ess4 ,! p]il t     
?reat5s x is :im & freak4 ,"s (         
,monticelli's1 "s ( ,mat!w ,m>is's      

pictures1 illu/rate ! exagg]ation ( !   
decorative impulse4 ,aft] all1 a pa9t]  
mu/ get 8 effect1 :atev] x be & h[ev] x 
may %un ! lit]al & ! exact1 by r5d]+ ?+s
 ) pigm5ts4 ,& "s ( ! decorative pa9t]s 
only escape ?+s by obtrud+ pigm5ts1 j z 
! trompe-l'oeil or optical illusion     
pa9t]s get away f pigm5ts by obtrud+    
?+s4 ,x is ! di/9ction ( ,diaz & ,dupre 
t !y avoid ?is dang] 9 mo/ triumphant   
fa%ion4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y help "o to see
 ! decorative elem5t 9 nature1 9 ?+s1 to
 a degree h>dly atta9$ else:]e s9ce !   
days ( ! great ,v5etians4 ,_!           
pr$ilection = ! decorative elem5t is    
held 9 lea% by ! classic tradition1 )   
its res]ve1 its measure1 its inculcation
 ( sobriety & its s5se ( security4      
,dupre pa9ts ,se9e sunsets & ! edge ( ! 
=e/ at ,fonta9ebleau1 its long my/]i\s  
rea*es f$ ) moonlight1 9 a way t conveys
 ! gold5 gl[1 ! silv]y gleam1 ! suave   
outl9e ( spread+ leafage1 & ! massive   
d5sity ( my/]i\s boscage ) ! =ce ( an   
almo/ ab/ract acut5ess4 ,does nature    

look l ?is8 ,:o kn[s8 ,b 9 ?is          
semblance1 surely1 %e appe>$ to ,dupre's
 imag9ation4 ,& d\btless ,diaz saw !    
"m-(-pe>l t9ts 9 ! complexion ( 8       
models1 & is n to be accus$ (           
artificiality1 b to be cr$it$ ) a true  
s9c]ity ( selection 9 juxtapos+ 8 s(t   
corals & c>nations & gleam+ topaz1      
ame?y/1 & sapphire hues4 ,! mo/ exact+  
lit]ali/ c h>dly accuse !m ( solecism 9 
_! r5d]+ ( nature1 true z x is t _!     
decorative s5se is s /rong z to lead !m 
to impose on nature _! own s5tim5t      
in/ead ( yield+ !mselves to absorption 9
 h]s1 & ?us1 9 h>moni\s & sympa!tic     
conc]t ) h]1 l ,claude & ,corot1        
,r\sseau & ,daubigny1 int]pret+ h]      
subtle & supreme significance4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,r\sseau c>ri$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( !
 s*ool f>!r ?an ! o!rs--) him int]e/1   
delight 91 en?usiasm = nature became    
absorption 9 h]4 ,:]eas o!r m5 h lov$   
nature1 x has be5 acutely rem>k$1       
,r\sseau 0 9 love ) h]4 ,x 0 felicit\sly

 ( him1 r ?an ( ,dupre or ,corot1 t !   
naif peasant inquir$1 ,:y d y pa9t !    
tree2 ! tree is !re1 is x n8 ,& nev] did
 nature m royally rew>d allegiance to h]
 ?an 9 ! su/5ance & inspiration %e      
furni%$ = ,r\sseau's g5ius4 ,y feel !   
po9t ( view 9 8 picture1 b x is app>5tly
 t ( nature h]self z well z 8 own4 ,x is
 n ! less p]sonal = ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 
x is extremely p]sonal1 & few pictures  
are z individual1 z *>act]i/ic4         
,occasionally ,diaz approa*es him1 z ,i 
h said1 b only 9 ! v happie/ &          
exceptional mom5ts1 :5 ! dignity (      
nature z well z h] *>m seems specially  
to impress & impose itself ^u ! less    
s]i\s pa9t]4 ,b ,r\sseau's selection    
seems in/9ctive & n s\ght out4 ,he kn[s 
! secret ( nature's pictorial elem5t4   
,he is at "o ) h]1 adopts h] sugge/ions 
s cordially & works !m out ) su*        
intimate sympa?y & h>moni\sness1 t ! two
 =ces seem reciprocally to re9=ce ea*   
o!r1 & ! result ga9s _m fold 9 p[] f _! 
subtle co-op]ation4 ,8 l&scapes h 9 ?is 

way a ,wordswor?ian directness1         
simplicity1 & sev]ity4 ,!y are n tr\bl$ 
& dramatic l ,turn]'s4 ,!y are n        
decorative l ,dupre's1 !y h n ! solemn  
s5tim5t ( ,daubigny's1 or ! airy        
aspiration & fairy-l bli!ness (         
,corot's4 ,b !re is 9 !m all brea?+     
human passion2 & at times1 z 9 ,le      
,givre1 !y rise to maje/y & real gr&eur 
because !y are impregnat$ ) ! s5tim5t1 z
 well z are records ( ! ph5om5a1 (      
nature1 & "o may say ( ,r\sseau1        
p>aphras+ ,mr4 ,arnold's rem>k ab\t     
,wordswor?1 t nature seems h]self to    
take ! bru% out ( 8 h& & to pa9t = him )
 h] own b>e1 %e]1 p5etrat+ p[]4         
,r\sseau1 h[ev]1 is ,fr5*1 & 9 virtue ( 
8 nativity exhibits always :at          
,wordswor?'s treatm5t ( nature exhibits 
only occasionally1 namely1 ! ,gallic    
gift ( /yle4 ,x is r>ely z felicit\s z 9
 ,corot1 9 e detail ( ^: e "w1 "o may   
almo/ say1 its in=m+1 co-ord9at+1       
elevat+ influ5ce is di/9ctly to be      
p]ceiv$2 b x is always pres5t z a       

factor1 z a =ce dignify+ & reliev+ f all
 t\*1 all ta9t ( ! commonness t is s (t5
 insep>ably associat$ ) art ^:          
absorption 9 nature is li/lessly un?9k+ 
in/ead ( en?usia/ic & al]t4 ,9 ,r\sseau1
 too1 9 a ^w1 we h ! classic /ra91 z at 
lea/ a psy*ological elem5t1 & note z "o 
s\rce ( 8 p[] 8 res]ve & re/ra9t1 8     
p]fect self-possession4  ,9 ,daubigny a 
simil> attitude t[>d nature is obvi\s1 b
 ) a s5sible diff]5ce4 ,affection =1 r  
?an absorption 9 h]1 is 8 inspiration4  
,daubigny /&s some:at ap>t f !          
,fonta9ebleau gr\p1 ) :om nev]!less he  
is popul>ly & prop]ly associat$1 = ?\gh 
he pa9t$ ,norm&y ma9ly1 he 0 spiritually
 ( ! ,b>bizon k9dr$4 ,he /&s1 h[ev]1    
some:at ap>t f ,fr5* pa9t+ 9 g5]al1 ,i  
?9k4 ,!re is less /yle1 m s5tim5t1 m    
poetry 9 8 l&scapes ?an 9 ^? ( 8        
c\ntrym5 :o are to be comp>$ ) him4     
,beyond :at is admirable 9 !m !re is    
some?+ atta*+ z well4 ,he drew & engrav$
 a good deal1 z well z pa9t$4 ,he did n 
conc5trate 8 p[]s en\gh1 p]haps1 to make

 z signal & def9ite a m>k z o!rwise he  
might h done4 ,he is a %ade desultory1 &
 too spontane\s to be sy/ematic4 ,"o mu/
 be sy/ematic to rea* ! highe/ po9t1 ev5
 9 ! lea/ mat]ial sph]es4 ,b nev] h !   
grave & solemn aspects ( l&scape f\nd a 
sweet] & s]5] _s to int]pret !m4 ,9 "s (
 8 pictures !re is a truly religi\s     
feel+4 ,8 frankness recalls ,con/able's1
 b x is m di/+ui%$ 9 be+ m spiritual4   
,he has n ,diaz's elegance1 nor ,corot's
 wit*]y1 nor ,r\sseau's p[]1 b nature is
 m my/]i\sly1 m my/ically significant to
 him1 & sets a deep] *ord vibrat+ )9    
him4 ,he is a s5sitive in/rum5t on :i*  
%e plays1 r ?an a magician :o w9s h]    
secrets1 or an obs]v] ^: g5]aliz+       
imag9ation %e sets 9 motion4 ,! design (
 "s ( 8 important works1 notably t ( 8  
la/ ,salon picture1 is v di/+ui%$1 & 9  
"o ( 8 l>ge canvases repres5t+ a road l 
t f ,b>bizon ?r\gh ! level pla9 to      
,*ailly1 !re is ! _s & s5tim5t ( all !  
summ] ev5+s t ev] 74 ,b he has di/9ctly 
less p[] ?an ! /rict ,fonta9ebleau gr\p4

 ,he has1 9 =ce1 less aff9ity ) !m ?an  
,troyon has1 ^: =ce is (t5 magnific5t1 &
 ^: l&scape is s sweet1 (t51 & (t5 s    
/rong z well1 t "o wond]s a little at 8 
fondness = cattle--9 spite ( ! way 9 :i*
 he ju/ifies x by be+ ! fir/ ( cattle   
pa9t]s4 ,& nei!r ,daubigny nor ,troyon1 
nor1 inde$1 ,r\sseau himself1 (t5 rea*es
 9 dramatic gr&eur ! l(ty l&scape (     
,mi*el1 :o1 ) ,paul ,huet 7! latt] 9 a m
 /rictly hi/orical s5se7 7 s truly !    
=]unn]s & initiators ( ! romantic       
l&scape movem5t1 bo? 9 s5tim5t &        
*ronology1 9 spite ( _! ,dut* tradition1
 z to make ! common ascription ( its    
debt to ,con/able1 ^: aid 0 s cordially 
welcom$ 9 ! fam\s ,salon ( #ahbd1 a     
little /ra9$4   ,,iv  ,b q aside f !    
gr\p ( poetic pa9t]s :i* /amp$ its      
impress s deeply ^u ! romantic movem5t  
at ! outset1 t to ?is day x is          
,delacroix & ,millet1 ,decamps & ,corot 
:om we ?9k ( :5 we ?9k ( ! movem5t      
itself1 ! classic tradition 0 pres]v$   
all ?r\gh ! p]iod ( greate/ /ress & lea/

 con=mity by pa9t]s ( great di/9ction1  
:o1 work+ "u ! romantic inspiration & m 
or less accord+ to :at may be call$     
romantic me?ods1 nev]!less possess$ !   
classic temp]am5t 9 s em95t a degree t  
to u _! "w seems h>dly less academic ?an
 t ( ! ,revolution & ! ,empire4 ,n only 
,+res1 b ,del>o*e & ,ary ,s*eff]1 pa9t$ 
beside ,g]icault & ,delacroix4 ,ary     
,s*eff] 0 an eloqu5t p>tisan (          
romanticism1 yet 8 ,dante & ,beatrice & 
8 ,temptation ( ,*ri/ are admirable only
 f ! academic po9t ( view4 ,del>o*e's   
,hemicycle & 8 _m hi/orical tableaux are
 surely 9 ! classic ve91 h[ev] free !y  
may seem 9 subject & treatm5t by contra/
 ) ! works ( ,david & ,+res4 ,!y leave u
 equally cold1 at all ev5ts1 & 9 ! same 
way--= ! same reason4 ,!y betray !      
pa9t]'s preoccupation ) art r ?an )     
nature4 ,!y d1 9 tru?1 diff] widely f ! 
works :i* !y succe$$1 b ! diff]5ce is n 
temp]am5tal4 ,!y sugge/ ! ,fr5* phrase1 
plus ca *ange1 plus c'e/ la meme *ose4  
,g]ome1 = example1 feels ! exhil>ation (

 ! free air ( romanticism fann+ 8       
en?usiasm4 ,he does n conf9e himself1 z1
 born a decade or two e>li]1 c]ta9ly he 
w\ld h done1 to classic subject4 ,he    
foll[s ,decamps & ,m>ilhat to ! ,ori5t1 
:i* he pa9ts ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 s f> z ! 
*oice ( !me is conc]n$--desc5d+ ev5 to !
 danse du v5tre ( a ,turki% cafe4 ,he   
pa9ts hi/orical pictures ) a realism    
unkn[n be=e 8 day4 ,he is almo/ equally 
fam\s 9 ! high] class ( g5re subjects4  
,b ?r\gh\t ev]y?+ he does x is easy to  
p]ceive ! academic po9t ( view1 !       
classic temp]am5t4 ,david assur$ly w\ld 
nev] h *os5 "o ( ,g]ome's !mes2 b _h he 
*os5 x1 he w\ld h treat$ x 9 mu* ! same 
way4 ,all[ance made = ! diff]5ce 9 "t1 9
 g5]al feel+ ( ! ae/hetic environm5t1 ! 
*ange 9 ideas z to :at 0 fit subject =  
repres5tation & fitt+ mann] ( treat+ !  
same subject1 x is h>dly an exagg]ation 
to say t ,+res w\ld h s9c]ely applaud$  
,g]ome's ,cleopatra issu+ f ! c>pet roll
 be=e ,caes>4 ,& if he fail$ to p]ceive 
! noble dramatic p[] 9 su* a "w z !     

,ave1 ,caes>1 morituri te salutant1 8   
failure w\ld n[adays1 at lea/ among     
intellig5t amateurs1 be ascrib$ to an   
intol]ance :i* x is "o ( ! *ief m]its ( 
! romantic movem5t to h adjudg$ absurd4 
,x is a s\rce ( really ae/hetic         
satisfaction to see ev]y?+ t is attempt$
 z well done z x is 9 ! works ( su*     
pa9t]s z ,b\gu]eau & ,cabanel4 ,( c\rse 
! feel+ t d5ies !m l>ge importance is a 
legitimate "o4 ,! v excell5ce ( _!      
te*nic1 its p]fect adapt$ness to !      
motive x expresses1 is1 consid]+ !      
insignificance ( ! motive1 subject =    
criticism2 inevitably x p>takes ( !     
futility ( its subject-matt]4 ,( c\rse !
 p]sonal value ( ! man1 ! m9d1 beh9d any
 pla/ic expression is1 9 a s5se1 !      
measure ( ! expression itself4 ,if x be 
a m9d int]e/$ 9 p\ncet-box cov]s1 9 !   
pictorial sett+ =? ( !mes ^: illu/ration
 mo/ intimately appeals to ! less       
cultivat$ & m rudim5t>y appreciation (  
f9e art--z indisputably ! ,madonnas &   
,*>ities & ,ore/eses & ,bac*us ,triumphs

 ( ,m4 ,b\gu]eau d--"o may v well       
disp5se himself f ! duty ( admir+ its   
productions4 ,life is %ort1 & m         
important ?+s1 ?+s ( m significant      
import1 dem& att5tion4 ,! gr\nds on :i* 
! works ( ,b\gu]eau & ,cabanel are      
admir$ are c]ta9ly insuffici5t4 ,b !y   
are exp]ts 9 _! sph]e4 ,:at !y d c\ld   
h>dly be bett] done4 ,if !y appeal to a 
b\rgeois1 a phili/9e ideal ( beauty1 (  
int]e/1 !y d x ) a p]fection t is pleas+
 9 itself4 ,no "o else does x half s    
well4 ,to m9ds to :i* !y appeal at all1 
!y appeal ) ! =ce ( f9ality2 = ^! !y    
create z well z illu/rate ! type ( :at  
is admirable & lovely4 ,x is z easy to  
acc\nt = _! popul>ity z x is to p]ceive 
its transitory quality4 ,b n only is x a
 m>k ( limitation to refuse all int]e/  
to su* a "w z1 = example1 ,m4 ,cabanel's
 ,bir? ( ,v5us1 9 ! pa9t+ ( :i* a va/   
deal ( te*nical exp]tness is enjoyably  
evid5t1 & :i* 9 e respect ( motive &    
execution is f> above simil> ?+s done   
else:]e ?an 9 ,france2 x is a /ill      

great] error to conf\nd su* pa9t]s z ,m4
 ,cabanel & ,m4 ,b\gu]eau ) o!r pa9t]s  
^: classic temp]am5t has be5 subject$ to
 ! univ]sal romantic influ5ce equally ) 
!irs1 b ^: production is z diff]5t f    
!irs z is t ( ! ?or\gh & pure           
romantici/s1 ! truly poetic pa9t]s4  ,! 
in/9ct ( simplification is an intellig5t
 & s\nd "o4 ,its satisfaction is a      
necess>y prelim9>y to effici5t action ( 
any k9d1 & inde$ ! basis ( all fruitful 
philosophy4 ,b 9 criticism ?is in/9ct c 
only be satisfi$ intellig5tly & s\ndly  
by a consid]ation ( ev]y?+ appeal+ to   
consid]ation1 & n at all by heat$ &     
wilful1 or sup]ior & sup]cili\s1        
exclusions4 ,ca?olicity ( appreciation  
is ! secret ( critical felicity4 ,to    
foll[ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 n to take 
into acc\nt ^? elem5ts ( a problem1 ^?  
*>act]i/ics ( a subject1 to :i*1        
sup]ficially & at fir/ ?\ght1 "o is     
ins5sitive1 is to disp5se "o's self f a 
great deal ( p>ticul>ly disagreeable    
indu/ry1 b ! result is only transitorily

 agreeable to ! s9c]e intellig5ce4 ,x is
 9 criticism1 ,i ?9k1 ?\gh no d\bt 9    
criticism alone1 pref]able to lose "o's 
self 9 a maze ( p]plexity--di/ress+ z   
?is is to ! critic :o appreciates !     
indisp5sability ( clairvoyance 9        
criticism--r ?an to rea* swiftly &      
simply a conclusion :i* c&or w\ld h     
=ese5 z ! inevitable & unjudicial result
 ( foll[+ "o's own likes & :ims1 & "o's 
cont5tm5t ) :i* mu/ be alloy$ ) a haunt+
 s5se ( insecurity4 ,9 criticism x is   
p]haps bett] to keep balanc+            
c\nt]-consid]ations ?an to det]m9e      
brutally by exclud+ a :ole set ( !m     
because ( ! difficulty ( assign+ !m _!  
true weight4 ,9 ?is way1 at lea/1 "o    
pres]ves ! attitude ( poise1 & poise is 
p]haps ! "o ess5tial elem5t ( criticism4
 ,9 a ^w1 t ca?olicity ( s5sitiv5ess :i*
 may be call$ m]e impressionism1 beh9d  
:i* !re is no body ( doctr9e at all1 is 
m truly critical ?an intol]ant          
depreciation or unreflect+ en?usiasm4 ,!
 ma9 ?+ to d1 says ,mr4 ,arnold1 9 a    

significant passage1 is to get "o's self
 out ( ! way & let humanity judge4  ,x  
is tempt+ly simple to d5y all importance
 to pa9t]s :o are n poetic pa9t]s4 ,& ! 
temptation is especially s$uctive :5 !  
prosaic pa9t]s are p>allel$ by su* a    
di/+ui%$ succession ( _! truly poetic   
bre?r5 z are ! pa9t]s ( ! romantic epo* 
:o are possess$ ( ! classic temp]am5t4  
,b real criticism imm$iately sugge/s t  
prose has its place 9 pa9t+ z 9         
lit]ature4 ,9 lit]ature we d n insi/ ev5
 t ! poets be poetic4 ,poetic is n !    
epi!t t w\ld be appli$1 = in/ance1 to   
,fr5* classic v]se or ! ,engli% v]se ( !
 eighte5? c5tury1 comp>$ ) ! poetry1    
,fr5* or ,engli%1 :i* we mean :5 we     
speak ( poetry4 ,yet no "o w\ld ?9k (   
d5y+ ! value ( ,dryd5 or ev5 ( ,boileau4
 ,no "o w\ld ev5 insi/ t1 di/9ctly      
prosaic z are ! qualities ( ,boileau--& 
,i %\ld say 8 0 a crucial in/ance--he   
w\ld h done bett] to abjure v]se4 ,&    
pa9t+1 9 a wide s5se1 is j z            
legitimately ! expression ( ideas 9 =m &

 color z lit]ature is ! expression (    
ideas 9 words4 ,x is p]fectly pla9 t    
,meissoni] 0 n especially enam\r$ (     
beauty1 z ,corot1 z ,troyon1 z ,decamps 
04 ,b no?+ c\ld be less critical ?an to 
d5y ,meiss\i]'s importance & !          
legitimate int]e/ he has = e educat$ &  
intellig5t p]son1 9 spite ( 8 lit]alness
 & 8 ins5sitiv5ess to ! elem5t ( beauty1
 & inde$ to any truly pictorial         
significance :atev] 9 ! wide range (    
subjects t he essay$1 )1 9 an honorable 
s5se1 su* di/+ui%$ success4  ,especially
 9 ,am]ica1 ,i ?9k1 :]e ( rec5t ye>s we 
h %[n an ,a!nian s5sitiv5ess to new     
impressions1 ! direct desc5dants ( !    
classic p]iod ( ,fr5* pa9t+ h suff]$ f !
 popul>ity ( ! ,fonta9ebleau gr\p4 ,_!  
legitimate atta*m5t to art1 in/ead ( !  
,fonta9ebleau absorption 9 nature1 has  
giv5 !m a false reputation (            
artificiality4 ,b ! prose elem5t 9 art  
has its ju/ification z well z ! poetic1 
& x is witness ( a n>r[ culture to fail 
9 appreciation ( its admirable          

accompli%m5t4 ,! academic w+ ( ! ,fr5*  
romantic pa9t+ is m>k$ precisely by a   
bread? ( culture t is itself a s\rce (  
agreeable & elevat$ int]e/4 ,! neo-,grec
 pa9t]s are ?or\ghly educat$4 ,!y lack !
 picturesque & unexpect$ note ( _!      
poetic bre?r5--!y lack ! mov+ &         
int]pret+1 ! elevat+ & exquisite t\* (  
^!2 nay1 !y lack ! p5etrat+ di/9ction t 
radiates ev5 f ru/icity itself :5 x is  
inspir$ & transfigur$ z x appe>s 9 su*  
works z ^? ( ,millet & ,r\sseau4 ,b _!  
di/9ction is n less real = be+ !        
di/9ction ( cultivation r ?an altoge!r  
native & absolute4 ,x is p]haps ev5 m   
m>k$1 m p]vasive1 m directly associat$ )
 ! pa9t]'s aim & effect4 ,"o feels t !y 
are famili> ) ! philosophy ( art1 its   
hi/ory & practice1 t !y are articulate &
 eclectic1 t = be+ less p]sonal & p[]ful
 _! horizon is less limit$1 _! purely   
intellectual range1 at all ev5ts1 & 9 _m
 cases _! ae/hetic int]e/1 wid]4 ,!y h m
 ! cultivat$ man's b5t = exp]im5tation1 
= v>iety4 ,!y c>e m scrupul\sly =       

p]fection1 = =m4 ,) a f> inf]ior s5se ( 
reality & f> less felicity 9 deal+ ) x1 
_! sapi5t skill 9 deal+ ) ! ab/ractions 
( art is m sali5t4 ,to be bl9d to _!    
successful h&l+ ( l9e & mass & movem5t1 
is to neglect a s\rce ( ref9$ pleasure4 
,to lam5t _! lack ( poetry is to miss _!
 admirable rhetoric2 to regret _!       
imp]fect feel+ = decorativ5ess is to    
miss _! delightful decorum4   ,v  ,z "o 
has1 h[ev]1 s (t5 occasion to note 9    
,france--:]e 9 e field ( intellectual   
ef=t ! influ5ce ( s*ools & gr\ps &      
movem5ts is s great t almo/ e           
individuality1 no matt] h[ /r5u\s1 falls
 naturally & intimately into association
 ) "s "o ( !m--!re is e n[ & !n an      
exception t escapes ^! categories & /&s 
q by itself4 ,9 mod]n pa9t+ su*         
exceptions1 & widely diff]5t f ea* o!r z
 ! poles1 are ,c\ture & ,puvis de       
,*avannes4 ,bett] ?an 9 ei!r ! true     
romantici/s ) ! classic /ra91 or !      
academic romantici/s ) ! classic        
temp]am5t1 ! bl5d+ ( ! classic &        

romantic inspirations is illu/rat$ 9    
,c\ture4 ,! two are 9 him1 inde$1       
actually fus$4 ,9 ,puvis de ,*avannes !y
 appe> 9 a :olly novel comb9ation2 8    
classicism is absolutely unacademic1 8  
romanticism unreal beyond ! v]ge (      
my/icism1 & s preoccupi$ ) visions t he 
may almo/ be call$ a man = :om ! actual 
_w does n exi/--9 ! conv]se ( ,gauti]'s 
phrase4 ,8 di/9ction is :olly p]sonal4  
,he lives evid5tly on an exce$+ly high  
plane--dwells habitually 9 ! delectable 
upl&s ( ! intellect4 ,! fact t 8 "w is  
almo/ :olly decorative is n at all      
accid5tal4 ,8 tal5t1 8 g5ius if "o      
*ooses1 requires l>ge spaces1 va/       
dim5sions4 ,!re has be5 a great deal ( r
 pr(itless discussion z to :e!r he      
expressly imitates ! primitifs or       
reproduces !m sympa!tically4 ,b really  
he does nei!r2 he deals ) _! subjects   
occasionally1 b always 9 a completely   
mod]n1 z well z a ?or\ghly p]sonal1 way4
 ,8 color is z orig9al z 8 g5]al        
treatm5t & composition4 ,he _h no       

s*ool+1 9 ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts     
s5se4 ,a brief p]iod 9 ,h5ri ,s*eff]'s  
/udio1 ?ree mon?s "u ,c\ture1 aft] he _h
 begun life 9 an altoge!r diff]5t field 
( ef=t1 yield$ him all ! explicit       
in/ruction he ev] _h4 ,8 real /udy 0    
done 9 ,italy1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! old ma/]s
 ( ,flor5ce4 ,) ?is equipm5t he         
revolutioniz$ mod]n decoration1         
e/abli%$1 at any rate1 a new conv5tion =
 x4 ,8 conv5tion is a little def9ite1 a 
little bald4 ,"o may discuss x ap>t f 8 
own h&l+ ( x1 ev54 ,x is a %ade too     
express1 too confid5t1 too little       
c>eless bo? ( tradition & ( ! typical   
qualities t secure p]man5ce4 ,9 o!r h&s 
"o c easily imag9e h[ insipid x might   
become4 ,x has too little body1 its     
s*eme is too timor\s1 too vapor\s to be 
h&l$ by ano!r4 ,puvis de ,*avannes w    
probably h few successful imitators4 ,b 
"o mu/ imm$iately add t if he does n    
f\nd a s*ool1 8 own "w is1 p]haps = t   
reason1 at all ev5ts 9 spite ( x1 among 
! mo/ important ( ! day4 ,q unp]turb$ by

 curr5t discussions1 :i* are c]ta9ly ( !
 noisie/ by :i* ! curr5t ( arti/ic      
developm5t 0 ev] deflect$1 he has kept  
on 8 way1 & has f9ally won all suffrages
 = an ae/hetic expression t is really   
antagoni/ic to ! g5]al ae/hetic _s ( 8  
"t4  ,puvis de ,*avannes is1 p]haps1 !  
mo/ int]e/+ figure 9 ,fr5* pa9t+ to-day4
 ,c\ture is little m ?an a "n4 ,x is    
curi\s to consid] :y4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago he
 0 /ill an important figure4 ,he _h be5 
an unusually successful tea*]4 ,_m      
,am]ican pa9t]s ( di/9ction1 especially1
 7 at "o "t 8 pupils--,hunt1 ,la ,f>ge1 
,george ,butl]4 ,he !oriz$ z mu*1 z     
well--p]haps ev5 bett] ?an--he pa9t$4 ,8
 ,entreti5s d'ateli] are z good 9 _! way
 z 8 ,baptism ( ! ,pr9ce ,imp]ial4 ,he  
_h a v di/+ui%$ tal5t1 b he 0 too       
di/9ctly clev]--clev] to ! po9t (       
sophi/ication4 ,9 ?is respect he 0      
di/9ctly a man ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8   
great "w1 ,roma9s de la ,decad5ce1      
creat$ z f9e an effect at ! ,c5t5>y     
,exhibition ( ! ,p>is ,_w's ,fair 9     

#ahhi z x does 9 ! ,l\vre1 :5ce x 0 !n  
transf]r$1 b x 0 di/9ctly a decorative  
effect--! effect ( a f9e panel 9 ! g5]al
 mass ( color & design2 x made a f9e    
c5tre4 ,x rema9s 8 greate/ p]=mance1 !  
p]=mance ^u :i* *iefly 8 fame w dep5d1  
?\gh z pa9t+ x lacks ! quality & bread? 
( ,le ,fauconni]1 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ (
 8 works to pa9t]s !mselves1 & ( !      
,day-,dreams ( ! ,new ,york             
,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,its      
p]man5t int]e/ p]haps w be ! hi/orical  
"o1 due to ! def9it5ess ) :i* x assigns 
,c\ture 8 position 9 ! evolution ( ,fr5*
 pa9t+4 ,x %[s1 z ev]y?+ ( ,c\ture %[s1 
! abs5ce ( any pictorial feel+ s pr(\nd 
& p]sonal z to make an impression /rong 
en\gh to endure indef9itely4 ,& x has n1
 on ! o!r h&1 ! int]e/ ( reality--t     
fai?ful & en?usia/ic r5d]+ ( ! ext]nal  
_w :i* gives importance to & fixes ! "* 
( ! ,fr5* pa9t+ ( ! pres5t day4  ,_h    
,regnault liv$1 he w\ld h m             
adequately--or %\ld ,i say m            
plausibly8--m>k$ ! transition f         

romanticism to realism4 ,temp]am5tally  
he 0 cle>ly a ?or\gh romantici/--f> m s1
 = in/ance1 ?an 8 fri5d ,=tuny1 ^:      
intellectual res]ve is always           
conspicu\s4 ,he essay$ ! mo/ vehem5t k9d
 ( subjects1 ev5 9 ! classical field1   
:]e he treat$ !m ) truly romantic       
trucul5ce4 ,he 0 himself always1        
moreov]1 & ideally c>$ z little = nature
 z a fairy-/ory tell]4 ,9 ?is s5se he 0 
m romantic ?an ! romantici/s4 ,8        
,autom$on1 8 portrait ( ,g5]al ,prim1   
ev5 8 ,salome1 are wilful 9 a degree t  
is ei!r sup]b or sup]ficial1 z "o looks 
at !m2 b at any rate !y are romantic a  
outrance4 ,at ! same "t x 0 unmi/akably 
! aspect ( ?+s r ?an _! significance1 r 
?an 8 view ( !m1 t appeal$ to him4 ,he 0
 f>!r away f ! classic inspiration ?an  
any o!r romantici/ ( 8 fell[s2 & at !   
same "t he c>$ = ! ext]nal _w m on its  
own acc\nt & less = its sugge/ions1 ?an 
any pa9t] ( equal =ce be=e ,c\rbet &    
,ba/i5-,lepage4 ,! v fact t he 0 n1     
intellectually speak+1 :olly dans son   

assiette1 z ! ,fr5* say1 %[s t he 0 a   
g5ius ( a transitional mom5t4 ,"o's f9al
 ?\ght ( him is t he di$ "y1 & "o ?9ks s
 n s mu* because ( ! dramatic trag$y ( 8
 tak+ (f by possibly ! la/ ,prussian    
bullet fir$ 9 ! w> ( #ahgj-ga1 z because
 ( ! ess5tially exp]im5tal "* ( 8 pa9t+4
 ,und\bt$ly he w\ld h done great ?+s4 ,&
 und\bt$ly !y w\ld h be5 diff]5t f ^? t 
he did2 probably 9 ! direction--already 
indicat$ 9 8 mo/ dignifi$ p]=mance--(   
giv+ m consi/5cy1 m vivid def9it5ess1 m 
reality1 ev51 to 8 already /rik+        
conceptions4     ,,iii   ,,reali/ic     
,,pa9t+   ,i  ,to an intellig5ce fully &
 acutely alive1 its own "t mu/1 ,i ?9k1 
be m int]e/+ ?an any o!r4 ,! s5tim5tal1 
! s*ola/ic1 ! speculative temp]am5t may 
look be=e or aft] ) long+ or regret2 b t
 sanity ( m9d :i* is practical &        
productive mu/ f9d its mo/ agreeable    
s5sations 9 ! data to :i* x is          
intimately & inexorably relat$4 ,! light
 ^u ,greek lit]ature & art = :i* we /udy
 ,greek hi/ory1 ! light ^u ,roman hi/ory

 = :i* we /udy ,lat9 lit]ature & art1   
are admirable to u 9 v exact proportion 
z we /udy !m = our ends4 ,to e man & e  
nation t really brea!s1 true vitality ( 
s\l dep5ds ^u say+ to "o's self1 ) an   
emotion ( equival5t int5sity to !       
emotion ( patriotism celebrat$ 9        
,scott's famili> l9es1 ,?is is my own1  
my native era & environm5t4 ,culture is 
impossible ap>t f cosmopolitanism1 b    
self-respect is m indisp5sable ev5 ?an  
culture4 ,fr5* art alone at ! pres5t "t 
possesses absolute self-respect4 ,x     
possesses ?is quality 9 an em95t1 9 ev5 
an excessive degree2 b x possesses x1 & 
9 virtue ( x is endu$ ) a pres]vative   
quality t saves x f ! empt9ess (        
imitation & ! en]vation ( dilettantism4 
,x has1 9 consequ5ce1 escap$ t          
recrudesc5ce ( ! primitive & in*oate    
kn[n 9 ,engl& & among ourselves z       
pre-,raphaelitism4 ,x has escap$ also t 
almo/ abject wor%ip ( classic models :i*
 ,w9ckelmann & ,canova made univ]sal 9  
,g]many & ,italy--n to speak ( its e*oes

 else:]e4 ,x has always /ood on its own 
feet1 &1 h[ev] lack+ 9 ! high] qualities
 ( imag9ative initiative1 on ! "o h&1 & 
h[ev] addict$ to ! academic & !         
traditional on ! o!r1 has always bo?    
respect$ its ae/hetic h]itage &         
contribut$ some?+ ( its own !reto4  ,:y 
%\ld n "o feel ! same quick int]e/1 !   
same in/9ctive pride 9 8 "t z 9 8       
c\ntry8 ,is n sympa?y ) :at is mod]n1   
in/ant1 actual1 & apposite a fair       
p>allel ( patriotism8 ,neglect ( o!r    
times 9 ! heir ( all ! ages is analog\s 
to *auv9ism1 & indicative ( z ill-judg$ 
an attitude z t ( prov9cial bl9dness to 
o!r contempor>y po9ts ( view & sy/ems ( 
philosophy ?an "o's own4 ,culture is    
equally ho/ile to bo?1 & 9 art culture  
is z important a factor z x is 9 less   
special fields ( activity & endeavor4 ,b
 9 art1 z else:]e1 culture is a means to
 an actual1 pres5t end1 & !             
pre-,raphaelite s5tim5t t dictates m]e  
reproduction ( :at 0 once a g5u9e       
expression is z /]ile z s]vile imitation

 ( exotic modes ( ?\ght1 dress1 &       
demeanor is univ]sally felt to be4 ,!   
pa/--! antique1 ! r5aissance1 ! classic1
 & romantic ideals are to be us$1 n     
adopt$2 9 ! _s ( ,goe!1 at once ! mo/   
orig9al ( mod]n m5 & ! mo/ saturat$ )   
culture1 exhibit$ 9 8 fam\s say+3 ,no?+ 
d ,i call my own :i* hav+ inh]it$ ,i h n
 reconqu]$ = myself4  ,x w\ld inde$ be a
 s+ul> ?+ 7 ! field ( ae/hetics ! only  
"o un9vad$ by ! sci5tific _s ( ! "t4 ,! 
"o =ce especially *>act]i/ic ( our era  
is1 ,i suppose1 ! sci5tific _s4 ,x is at
 any rate ev]y:]e manife/1 & x possesses
 ! be/ intellects ( ! c5tury4 ,a priori 
"o may argue ab\t its ho/ility1 ess5tial
 or o!r1 to ! arti/ic1 ! con/ructive _s2
 b to d s is at ! mo/ to beat ! air1 to 
wa/e "o's brea?1 to ,rusk9ize1 9 a ^w4  
,int]e/ 9 life & ! _w1 in/ead (         
speculation or self-expression1 is !    
note ( ! day4 ,! individual has )]$     
t]ribly4 ,he is supplant$ by ! type4    
,mat]ialism has its positive gospel2 x  
is n at all ! =mulat$ expression (      

,goe!'s _s t d5ies4 ,nature has acquir$ 
new dignity4 ,%e _c be /udi$ too        
closely1 nor too long4 ,! secret ( !    
univ]se is n[ pursu$ ?r\gh obs]vation1 z
 =m]ly x 0 ?r\gh fa/+ & pray]4 ,no?+ is 
sacr$ n[adays because ev]y?+ receives   
respect4 ,if absolute beauty is n[ smil$
 at z a *im]a1 x is because beauty is   
p]ceiv$ ev]y:]e4 ,:atev] is may n be    
"r--! maxim has too mu* ( an ex ca!dra  
s\nd--b :atev] is is int]e/+4 ,our      
attitude is at once humbl] & m curi\s4  
,! s5se ( ! imm5sity1 ! immeasurabl5ess 
( ?+s1 is m intimate & pr(\nd4 ,:at "o  
may d is m mode/ly conceiv$2 :at might  
be done1 m ju/ly appreciat$4 ,!re is    
less confid5ce & m aspiration4 ,!       
arti/'s eye is on ! object 9 m          
conc5trat$ gaze ?an ev] h]et(ore4 ,if 8 
s5tim5t1 8 poetry1 is no long]          
inevitable1 z ,wordswor? compla9$       
,goe!'s 0 n1 x is m rev]5t1 at any rate 
m circumspect4 ,if he is less exalt$ he 
is m receptive--he is m alive to        
impressions = be+ less ( a philosoph]4  

,if he sc\ts au?ority1 if ev5 he accepts
 some:at weakly ! ?raldom ( diss5t f    
traditional /&>ds & canons1 x is because
 he is conv9c$ t ! mat]ial ) :i* he has 
to deal is sup]ior to all canons &      
/&>ds4 ,if he e/eems tru? m ?an beauty1 
x is because :at he ?9ks tru? is m      
beautiful 9 8 eyes ?an ! /]eotyp$ beauty
 he is adjur$ to atta94 ,9 any case1 !  
di/9ction ( ! reali/ic pa9t]s--l t ( !  
reali/s 9 lit]ature1 :]e1 also1 x ne$ n 
be said1 ,france has be5 9 ! lead--is   
measurably to h got rid ( solecisms2 to 
h made1 inde$1 obvi\s solecisms1 &      
solecisms ( conception z well z (       
execution1 a little ridicul\s4 ,x is1 to
 be sure1 equally ridicul\s to subject  
romantic productions to reali/ic /&>ds1 
to bl9d "o's self to ! s5tim5t t        
saturates su* romantic works z ,scott's 
& ,dumas's1 or ,g]icault's & ,diaz's1 & 
is :olly apposite to its own "t & po9t (
 view4 ,! great difficulty ) a pr9ciple 
is t x is univ]sal1 & t :5 we deal )    
facts ( any k9d :atev]1 univ]sality is  

an impossible ideal4 ,scott & ,g]icault 
are1 n[adays1 9 :at we h come to deem   
ess5tials1 di/9ctly old-fa%ion$4 ,x     
might be well to try & imitate !m1 if   
imitation _h any salt 9 x1 :i* x has n2 
or if x 7 possible to d :at !y did ) _! 
diff]5t inspiration1 :i* x is n4 ,mr4   
,/ev5son is1 ,i ?9k1 an example ( !     
dang] ( essay+ ?is latt] 9 lit]ature1 j 
z a doz5 em95t pa9t]s ( less tal5t--= no
 "o has s mu* tal5t z ,mr4 ,/ev5son--are
 examples 9 pa9t+4 ,b !re are a ?\s&    
?+s1 n only 9 ! te*nic ( ! romantici/s b
 9 _! :ole attitude t[>d _! art & _!    
mat]ial1 t are n[adays impossible to    
s9c]e & spontane\s arti/s4 ,details :i* 
h no importance :atev] 9 ! ensemble ( ! 
romantic arti/ are ess5tial to ! reali/4
 ,art does n /& /ill4 ,its canons *ange4
 ,!re is a con/ant evolution 9 its      
/&>ds1 its requirem5ts4 ,a conv5tional  
backgr\nd is no m an error 9 ,fr5*      
classic pa9t+ ?an 9 tape/ry2 a          
p]functory s*eme ( pure *i>o-oscuro is  
no blemi% 9 "o ( ,diaz's spl5did =e/    

l&scapes2 su* ph5om5a 9 a "w (          
,raffaelli or ,po9tel9 w\ld j>1 because1
 measur$ by ! /&>ds to :i* mod]n m5 mu/1
 ?r\gh ! v =ce ( evolution itself1      
subscribe1 !y c b appe> solecisms4 ,9 a 
diff]5t set ( circum/ances1 "u a diff]5t
 inspiration1 & ) a diff]5t arti/ic     
attitude1 solecisms !y c]ta9ly are n4   
,b1 z ,?ack]ay makes ,e!l ,newcome say1 
,we belong to our belong+s4 ,our        
circum/ances1 inspiration1 arti/ic      
attitude1 are involunt>y & possess u z  
our o!r belong+s d4  ,9 ,gauti]'s say+1 
= in/ance1 ,i am a man = :om ! visible  
_w exi/s1 :i* ,i h quot$ z express+ !   
key-note ( ! romantic epo*1 x is to be  
not$ t ! visible _w is tak5 z a         
spectacle simply--significant1 sugge/ive
 or m]ely /imulant1 9 accordance )      
individual b5t4 ,gauti] & ! romantici/s 
g5]ally _h little conc]n = its /ructure4
 ,to _m ( !m x 0 inde$ r a canvas ?an a 
spectacle ev5--j z to _m1 if n to mo/1 (
 ! reali/s x is its /ructure r ?an its  
significance t altoge!r appeals2 !      

romantici/s 9 g5]al sket*$ _! ideas &   
impressions ^u x1 z ! naturali/s h 9 !  
ma9 /udi$ its aspects & con/itution1    
c>eless ( ! import ( ^!1 pictorially or 
o!rwise4 ,inde$ "o is tempt$ (t5 to     
inquire ( ! latt]1 ,:y s mu* int]e/ 9   
:at app>5tly seems to y ( s little      
import8 ,are we nev] to h y\r skill1 y\r
 obs]vation1 y\r amass+ ( docum5ts turn$
 to any acc\nt8 ,:]e is ! reali/ic      
trag$y1 com$y1 epic1 composition ( any  
sort8 ,c\rbet's ,cantonni]s1 ,manet's   
,b>1 or ,ba/i5-,lepage's ,joan ( ,arc1  
p]haps4 ,b :at is indisputable is1 t we 
are irretrievably committ$ to ! pres5t  
g5]al ae/hetic attitude & inspiration1 &
 mu/ %>e n only ! romantici/s' impati5ce
 ) academic =mulae & conv5tions1 b !    
reali/s' devotion to life & ! _w z !y   
actually exi/4 ,! future may be diff]5t1
 b we are liv+ 9 ! pres5t1 & :at is     
important is1 aft] all1 to live4 ,x is  
also s difficult t n to take ! l9e (    
lea/ resi/ance is fatuity4   ,,ii  ,x is
 at lea/ an approximation to ascribe !  

primacy ( realism to ,c\rbet1 ?\gh      
ascriptions ( ! k9d are at be/          
approximations4 ,n only 0 he ! fir/1 or 
among ! fir/1 to feel ! int]e/ &        
importance ( ! actual _w z x is & = :at 
x is r ?an = :at x sugge/s1 b 8 feel+ 9 
?is direction is int5s] ?an t ( anyone  
else4 ,manet 0 preoccupi$ ) ! values (  
objects & spaces4 ,ba/i5-,lepage1 :ile  
pa9t+ ^! ) ! mo/ scrupul\s fidelity1 0  
nev]!less always att5tive to !          
significance & import ( :at he pa9t$4   
,c\rbet 0 a pure pan!i/4 ,he 0 possess$ 
by ! mat]ial1 ! physical1 ! actual4 ,he 
nev] v>ies x a hair's-bread?4 ,he nev]  
lifts x a fraction ( a degree4 ,b by 8 v
 absorption 9 x he dignifies x imm5sely4
 ,he illu/rates magnific5tly its        
possibilities4 ,he br+s out into !      
pla9e/ possible view its inh]5t1        
integral1 ae/hetic quality1 indep5d5t ( 
any extraneity4 ,no pa9t] ev] succe$$ s 
well ) s little art1 "o is tempt$ to    
say4 ,beside 81 ! love ( nature :i* we  
ascribe to ! ord9>y reali/ is a         

sup]ficial emotion4 ,he _h ! s5tim5t (  
reality 9 ! highe/ degree2 he _h x      
int5sely4 ,if he did n repres5t nature )
 ! se>*+ subtlety ( lat] pa9t]s1 he is  
c]ta9ly ! =]unn] ( naturalism4 ,he has  
absolutely no ideality4 ,he is bl9d to  
all intimations ( immortality1 all      
une>?ly voices4  ,yet x w\ld be :olly an
 error to suppose him a m]e lit]ali/4   
,no "o is f>!r remov$ f ! pa9/ak+1      
grubb+ imitators ( detail s ju/ly d5\nc$
 & ridicul$ by ,mr4 ,:i/l]4 ,he has !   
g5]aliz+ faculty 9 v di/+ui%$ degree1 & 
9 v l>ge measure4 ,e trait ( 8 tal5t1   
inde$1 is l>ge1 manly2 b = a c]ta9      
qualification--:i* mu/ be made--"o might
 add1 ,olympian4 ,?is qualification     
p]haps may be n unfairly describ$ z     
e>?9ess--nev] an agreeable trait1 & "o  
to :i* probably is due ! depreciation ( 
,c\rbet t is s popul> ev5 among         
appreciative critics4 ,x is easy to     
*>act]ize ,c\rbet z brutal & mat]ial1 b 
:at is easy is g5]ally n exact4 ,:at "o 
glibly /igmatizes z brutality &         

grossness may1 aft] all1 be some?+ ( a  
p>ticul>ly /rong savor1 enjoy$ by !     
pa9t] himself ) a gu/o too /]l+ &       
in/9ctive to be ju/ifiably neglect$1 mu*
 less contemn$4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d 9       
e/imat+ an arti/'s accompli%m5t1 :i* is 
to place "o's self at 8 po9t ( view1 is1
 9 ,c\rbet's case1 unusually difficult4 
,we are all dream]s1 m or less--9 m or  
less desultory fa%ion--& c all          
appreciate t prismatic turn ( :at is    
real & actual into a position :]e9 x    
cat*es gl9ts ( ! imag9ation4 ,!         
imag9ation is a univ]sal t\*/one4 ,!    
s5se ( reality is a special1 an         
individual faculty4 ,:5 "o is poetiz+ 9 
an amateur1 a dilettante way1 z mo/ ( u 
poetize1 a picture ( ,c\rbet1 :i* seems 
to flaunt & *all5ge ! imag9ation 9      
virtue ( its defiant reality1 its       
insi/5ce on ! value & significance ( !  
prosaic & ! actual1 appe>s co>se &      
crude4 ,x is n1 h[ev]4 ,x is v f> f t4  
,x is r elem5tal ?an elem5t>y--9 itself 
a prodigi\s di/9ction4 ,no mod]n pa9t]  

has felt m int5sely & reproduc$ m       
vigor\sly ! sap t runs ?r\gh & vivifies 
! v>i\s =ms ( natural ph5om5a4 ,to      
c5sure 8 %ortcom+s1 to regret 8         
imag9ative incomplet5ess1 is to miss him
 altoge!r4  ,x is easy to say he _h all 
! co>s5ess )\t ! s5tim5t ( ! ,fr5*      
peasantry1 :5ce he sprang2 t 8 political
 radicalism atte/s a lack ( ! s]5ity (  
_s indisp5sable to ! s9c]e arti/2 t he  
_h no conception ( ! beautiful1 !       
exquisite--! fact rema9s t he triumphs  
ov] all 8 defici5cies1 & 9 v spl5did    
fa%ion4 ,he is1 9 tru?1 ( all ! reali/s 
= :om he discov]$ ! way1 & set ! pace1 z
 x 71 "o ( ! two naturali/ic pa9t]s :o h
 %[n 9 any high degree ! supreme arti/ic
 faculty--t ( g5]alization4 ,h[ev]      
impressive ,manet's picture may be2     
h[ev] brilliant ,monet's endeavor to    
reproduce sunlight may seem2 h[ev] ref9$
 & elegant ,degas's delicate selection (
 pictorial mat]ial--= broad & ma/]ful   
g5]alization1 = endu+ :at he pa9t$ ) an 
int]e/ deep] ?an its surface & und]ly+  

its aspect1 ,c\rbet has b "o rival among
 reali/ic pa9t]s4 ,i mean1 ( c\rse1     
,ba/i5-,lepage4  ,!re is an important   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,9 ,c\rbet !     
s5tim5t ( reality dom9ates ! realism ( !
 te*nic2 9 ,ba/i5-,lepage ! te*nic is   
reali/ically c>ri$ inf9itely f>!r1 b !  
s5tim5t q transc5ds realism4 ,imag9e    
,c\rbet essay+ a ,jeanne d',arc6        
,ba/i5-,lepage pa9t+ ,c\rbet's          
,cantonni]s w\ld n h /opp$1 z ,c\rbet   
has done1 ) express+ _! vitality1 _!    
actual int]e/1 b at ! same "t t he      
repres5t$ !m 9 f> great] te*nical       
complet5ess he w\ld also h occupi$      
himself ) _! psy*ology4 ,he is inde$ q z
 di/9ctly a psy*ologi/ z he is a pa9t]4 
,8 favorite problem1 aside f t (        
te*nical p]fection1 :i* p]haps equally  
haunt$ him1 is ! r5d]+ ( t resign$1     
bewild]$1 semi-hypnotic1 vaguely & yet  
int5sely long+ spiritual expression to  
be not$ by ^? :o h ! eyes to see x 9 !  
faces & attitudes n[ ( ! peasant labor]1
 n[ ( ! city p>iah4 ,all 8 peasant wom5 

are pot5tially ,jeannes d',arc--,les    
,fo9s1 ,tir$1 ,petite ,fauvette1 =      
example4 ,! note is /ill m evid5t 9 !   
,london ,bootblack & ! ,london          
,fl[]-girl1 9 :i* ! outca/ ,ea/ ,end    
spiritlessness ( ! ,briti% capital is   
caught & fix$ ) a ,zola-l v]acity &     
vigor4 ,su* a phase z ?is is n s mu*    
pictorial or poetic1 z psy*ological4    
,ba/i5-,lepage's happ9ess 9 r5d]+ x is a
 pro( ( ! exce$+ quickness & sur5ess ( 8
 obs]vation2 b 8 preoccupation ) x is   
equally /rong pro( ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ( 
! m9d z well z 9 ^? ( ! s5ses4 ,?is is 8
 great di/9ction1 ,i ?9k4 ,he beats !   
reali/ on 8 own gr\nd 7except p]haps    
,monet & 8 foll[]s--,i rememb] no       
attempt ( 8 to pa9t sunlight71 b he is  
imag9ative z well4 ,he is n1 on ! o!r   
h&1 to be 9 anywise associat$ ) !       
romantici/s4 ,degas's acid *>act]ization
 ( him1 z ! ,b\gu]eau ( ! mod]n movem5t1
 is only j1 if we rememb] :at v radical 
& fundam5tal *anges ! mod]n movem5t     
implies 9 g5]al attitude z well z 9     

special expression4 ,i %\ld be incl9$1  
r1 to apply ! analogy to ,m4            
,dagnan-,b\v]et1 ?\gh "h1 too1 ) _m     
res]ves look+ ma9ly to ! diff]5ce betwe5
 true & vapid s5tim5t4  ,x is int]e/+ to
 note1 h[ev]1 ! almo/ exclusively       
intellectual "* ( ?is imag9ative side ( 
,ba/i5-,lepage4 ,he does n view 8       
mat]ial ) any app>5t sympa?y1 su* z "o  
notes1 or at all ev5ts div9es1 9        
,millet4 ,bo? 7 ,fr5* peasants2 b :]eas 
,millet's int]e/ 9 8 fell[s is in/9ctive
 & absorb+1 ,ba/i5-,lepage's is curi\s &
 deta*$4 ,if 8 pictures ev] succe$ 9    
mov+ u1 x is imp]sonally1 9 virtue ( !  
cam]a-l scrut9y he br+s to be> on 8     
subject1 & ! effectiv5ess ) :i* he r5d]s
 x1 & ( ! reflections :i* we in/itute ( 
ourselves1 & :i* he fails to /imulate by
 ev5 ! fa9te/ trace ( a lov+ t\* or !   
betrayal ( any sympa!tic los+ ( himself 
9 8 !me4 ,y feel j ! lea/ intimation ( !
 doctr9aire1 ! sy/ematic alo(ness ( !   
spectator4 ,9 moral attitude z well z 9 
te*nical expression he no m assimilates 

! v>i\s phases ( 8 mat]ial1 to reproduce
 !m aft]w>d 9 new & orig9al comb9ation1 
?an he expresses ! ess5ce ( l&scape 9   
g5]al1 z ! ,fonta9ebleau pa9t]s d ev5 9 
_! mo/ photographic mom5ts4 ,bo? 8      
figures & 8 l&scapes are cle>ly         
portraits--typical & n m]ely individual1
 to be sure1 b someh[ n exactly         
creations4 ,8 skies are ! lea/          
successful portions ( 8 pictures1 ,i    
?9k2 "o mu/ g5]alize easily to make     
skies effective1 & p]haps x is n        
fanciful to note ! frequ5cy ( high      
horizons 9 8 "w4  ,! fact rema9s t      
,ba/i5-,lepage /&s at ! head ( ! mod]n  
movem5t 9 _m ways4 ,8 fri5d1 ,m4 ,&re   
,!uriet1 has %[n1 9 a bro*ure publi%$ "s
 ye>s ago1 t he 0 himself z int]e/+ z 8 
pictures4 ,he took 8 art v s]i\sly1 &   
spoke ( x ) a dignity r uncommon 9 !    
atmosph]e ( ! /udios1 :]e !re is apt to 
be m en?usiasm ?an reflection4 ,i recall
 vividly ! impati5ce ) :i* he once spoke
 to me ( pa9t+ to %[ :at y c d4 ,8 own  
/&>d 0 always ! p>ticul> ideal he _h    

=m$1 nev] )9 ! rea* ( 8 asc]ta9$ p[]s4  
,& :atev] he did1 "o may say1 illu/rates
 ! s9c]ity & elevation ( ?is rem>k1 :e!r
 "o's mood incl9e "o to c>e mo/ = ?is   
psy*ological side--und\bt$ly ! m ne>ly  
unique side--( 8 "w1 or = su* exquisite 
?+s z 8 ,=ge or ! portrait ( ,mme ,s>ah 
,b]nh>dt4 ,inconte/ably he has ! true   
tradition1 & /&s 9 ! l9e ( ! great      
pa9t]s4 ,& he owes 8 p]man5t place among
 !m n less to 8 p]ception t pa9t+ has a 
moral & significant1 z well z a         
repres5tative & decorative sanction1 ?an
 to 8 p]fect h>mony ) 8 own "t 9 8 way (
 illu/rat+ ?is--to 8 happy fusion (     
aspect admirably r5d]$ ) pr(\nd &       
/imulat+ sugge/ion4   ,,iii  ,( !       
reali/ic l&scape pa9t]s1 ! /rict        
impressioni/s ap>t1 none is m em95t ?an 
,m4 ,caz91 ^: "w is full ( int]e/1 & if 
at times x leaves "o a little cold1 ?is 
is p]haps an affair ( ! behold]'s       
temp]am5t r ?an ( ,m4 ,caz9's4 ,he is a 
?or\ghly orig9al pa9t]1 &1 :at is m at !
 pres5t day1 an imag9ative "o4 ,he sees 

9 8 own way ! nature t we all see1 &    
pa9ts x n lit]ally b p]sonally4 ,b 8    
l&scapes inv>iably atte/1 above all1 an 
att5tive /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( light & air1
 & _! tru?fulness is ! m m>k$ = !       
p]sonality !y illu/rate4 ,! impression  
!y make is ( a v clairvoyant &          
en?usia/ic obs]vation ex]cis$ by an     
arti/ :o takes m pleasure 9 appreciation
 ?an 9 expression1 ^: pleasure 9 8      
expression is subord9ate to 8 int]e/ 9 !
 ext]nal _w1 & 9 l>ge measure conf9$ to 
! delight e arti/ has 9 te*nical        
felicity :5 he c atta9 x4 ,_! skies are 
beautifully obs]v$--graduat$ 9 value )  
delicate v]isimilitude f ! horizon up1 &
 w9d-swept1 or dr5*$ ) mi/1 or r++ cle>1
 z ! motive may dictate4 ,all objects   
take _! places ) a precision t1         
nev]!less1 is 9 n[ise p$antic1 & is     
p]fectly free4 ,caz9's palette is1      
moreov]1 a ?or\ghly individual "o4 ,x is
 v pure1 & if its range is n great1 x is
 at any rate n gray$ into insipidity &  
ineffectualness1 b is z positive z if x 

7 m vivid4 ,a di/9ct air ( elegance1 a  
true s5se ( /yle1 is notewor?y 9 _m ( 8 
pictures2 n only 9 ! important ones1 b  
occasionally :5 ! !me is s slight z to  
ne$ h>dly any composition :atev]--! m]e 
plac+ ( a tree1 its outl9e1 its relation
 to a bank or a roadway1 are (t5        
unmi/akably di/+ui%$4 ,caz9 is n        
exclusively a l&scape pa9t]1 & ?\gh !   
l&scape elem5t 9 all 8 works is a       
dom9ant "o1 ev5 9 8 ,hag> & ,i%mael 9 ! 
,des]t1 & 8 ,judi? ,sett+ out =         
,hol(]nes's ,camp 79 :i* latt] "o c     
h>dly id5tify ! h]o9e at all71 ! fact t 
he is n a l&scape pa9t]1 pure & simple1 
l ,h>pignies & ,po9tel91 p]haps acc\nts 
= 8 inf]iority to !m 9 l&scape s5tim5t4 
,9 ,france x is g5]ally assum$ t to     
devote "o's self exclusively to any "o  
bran* ( pa9t+ is to betray limitations1 
& !re are few pa9t]s :o w\ld n res5t be+
 call$ l&scapi/s4 ,some?+1 p]haps1 is   
lo/ 9 ?is way4 ,x witnesses a great]    
pride 9 accompli%m5t ?an 9 in/9ctive    
b5t4 ,b h[ev] t may be1 ,caz9 nev]      

p5etrates to ! s5tim5t ( nature t "o    
feels 9 su* a "w z ,h>pignies's         
,moonrise1 = example1 or 9 almo/ any (  
,po9tel9's grave & impressive l&scapes4 
,h>dly less tru?ful1 ,i %\ld say1 ?\gh  
p]haps less intimately & elaborately    
real 7a romantici/ w\ld say less        
sup]ficially real7 ?an ,caz9's1 ! "w (  
bo? ^! pa9t]s is m pictorial4 ,!y h a   
quick] s5se = ! beautiful1 ,i ?9k4 ,!y  
feel v c]ta9ly mu* m deeply !           
sugge/iv5ess ( a sc5e4 ,!y are n s      
debonnaires 9 ! pres5ce ( _! problems4  
,9 a s5se1 = t reason1 !y und]/& !m     
bett]4 ,!re is v little feel+ ( ! des]t1
 ! illimitable space1 :]e1 accord+ to   
,balzac1 ,god is & man is n1 9 ! ,hag> &
 ,i%mael2 inde$ !re seems to h be5 no   
attempt on ! "p ( ! pa9t] to express    
any4 ,true z 8 s&-heap is1 y feel someh[
 t !re may be a kit*5-g>d5 or ! entrance
 to a coal-m9e on ! o!r side ( x1 or a  
little f>!r along4 ,& ! l&scape ( !     
,judi?1 f9e z its sweep is1 & admirable 
z are ! cool tone & cle> di/ance ( !    

picture1 might really be t ( ! s\? mead[
 ( "s p>ticul> f>m or o!r4  ,! contra/  
:i* ,guillaumet pres5ts to ,from5t9     
af=ds a v /rik+ illu/ration ( ! gr[? ( !
 reali/ic _s 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,from5t9 is s
 admirable a pa9t] t ,i c h>dly fancy   
any appreciative p]son wi%+ him diff]5t4
 ,8 devot$ admir] & biograph]1 ,m4 ,l\is
 ,gonse1 admits1 & inde$ expressly      
records1 ,from5t9's own lam5t ov] !     
insuffici5cy ( 8 /udies4 ,fond z he 0 ( 
horses1 = in/ance1 he does n "k !m z a  
draughtsman ) ! sci5ce ( su* a          
conv5tional pa9t] 9 _m o!r respects z   
,s*rey]4 ,b x is n 9 ! slightly         
amateuri% nature ( 8 te*nical           
equipm5t--realiz$ p]fectly by himself1 (
 c\rse1 z ! fir/ critic ( ! te*nic (    
pa9t+ among all :o h v5tur$ ^u !        
subject--t 8 pa9t+ diff]s f             
,guillaumet's4 ,x is 8 :ole po9t ( view4
 ,8 ,africa is t ( ! critic1 !          
litt]ateur1 ! raff9e4 ,guillaumet's is  
,africa itself4 ,y feel be=e            
,guillaumet's ,luxemb\rg canvases1 z 9  

look+ ov] ! slighte/ ( 8 vivid memor&a1 
t y are gett+ 9 an acute & conc5trat$ =m
 ! s5sations :i* ! actual sc5es & types 
r5d]$ by ! pa9t] w\ld /imulate 9 y1     
suppos+1 ( c\rse1 t y 7 suffici5tly     
s5sitive4 ,from5t91 9 comp>ison1 is     
occupi$ 9 picture-mak+--giv+ y a        
beautifully color$ & highly intellig5t  
pictorial report z aga9/ ,guillaumet's  
actual reproduction4 ,!re is no "q z to 
:i* ( ! two pa9t]s has ! great] p]sonal 
int]e/2 b x is j z c]ta9 t = abid+ value
 & endur+ *>m p]sonal int]e/ mu/ ei!r be
 extremely great or else yield to !     
int]e/ inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial dealt )1 an   
int]e/ t ,guillaumet br+s out ) a       
felicity & a puissance t are :olly      
extraord9>y1 & t n[adays meet ) a readi]
 & m sympa!tic recognition t ev5 su*    
delicate p]sonal *>m z t ( ,from5t94    
,,iv  ,s ?or\ghly has ! _s ( realism    
fa/5$ ^u ! arti/ic ef=t ( ! pres5t t    
temp]am5ts lea/ incl9$ t[>d int]e/ 9 !  
actual feel its influ5ces1 & %[ !       
effects ( ^!4 ,! mo/ recalcitrant       

illu/rate ?is te*nically1 h[ev]         
rigor\sly !y may pres]ve _! po9t ( view4
 ,!y pa9t at lea/ m circumspectly1 h[ev]
 !y may ?9k & feel4 ,an hi/orical pa9t] 
l ,jean ,paul ,laur5s1 int]e/$ z he is 9
 ! memorable mom5ts & dramatic incid5ts 
( ! pa/1 & exhibit+ z he does1 fir/ (   
all1 a s5se ( :at is ideally =ceful &   
h]oic1 is nev]!less cle>ly conc]n$ = !  
reali/ic value ( 8 repres5tation f> m   
?an a g5]ation ago he w\ld h be54 ,:5   
,lum9ais pa9ts a sc5e f ,gauli% leg5d1  
he is n q1 b ne>ly1 z c>eful to make x  
pictorially real z he is to h x         
dramatically effective4 ,m4 ,francois   
,flam5g1 exp&+ 8 book illu/ration into a
 mammo? canvas commemorative ( ! ,v5dean
 insurrection1 is almo/ da9tily fa/idi\s
 ab\t ! naturali/ic aspect ( 8 abundant 
detail4 ,m4 ,b5jam9-,con/ant's          
artificially conceiv$ s]aglio sc5es are 
z reali/ically r5d]$ z is indicat$ by a 
rec5t c>icature depict+ an a/oni%$      
sneak-?ief1 foil$ 9 an attempt$ rape ( !
 jewels 9 a sultana's diadem1 pa9t$ )   

su* deceptive illusor9ess by ,m4        
,b5jam9-,con/ant's clev] bru%4 ,!       
milit>y pa9t]s1 ,detaille1 ,de          
,neuville1 ,b]ne-,bellec\r1 d n diff] f 
,v]net m by pa9t+ incid5ts in/ead (     
phases ( w>f>e1 by sub/itut+ ! t\* (    
dramatic g5re = epic conceptions1 ?an !y
 d by ! scrupul\sly naturali/ic r5d]+ t 
9 !m supplants ! old academic symbolism4
 ,_! dragoons & fantass9s are n m]ely m 
real 9 :at !y d1 b 9 h[ !y look4        
,v]net's look l t9 soldi]s by comp>ison2
 c]ta9ly l soldi]s de conv5ance4 ,aime  
,morot evid5tly us$ in/antane\s         
photography1 & 8 magnific5t cavalry     
*>ges sugge/ n only c>nage1 b ,muybridge
 z well4  ,! great portrait-pa9t]s ( !  
day--,c>olus-,duran1 ,bonnat1           
,ribot--are reali/s to ! core4 ,!y are v
 f> f be+ purely portrait-pa9t]s (      
c\rse1 & _! realism %[s itself ) spl5did
 di/9ction 9 o!r works4 ,few pa9t]s ( ! 
nude h any?+ to _! cr$it z f9e z !      
figure ,m4 ,c>olus-,duran exhibit$ at ! 
,p>is ,exposition 9 #ahhi4 ,ribot's     

,sa9t ,seba/ian is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful    
pictures ( mod]n ,fr5* art4 ,bonnat's   
,*ri/ became at once fam\s4 ,ea* picture
 is pa9t$ ) a vigor & po9t ( reali/ic   
detail t are peculi> to our own "t2     
pa9t$ to-day1 ,bonnat's f9e & sculptural
 ,fellah ,woman & ,*ild1 ( !            
,metropolitan ,museum1 w\ld be acc5t$ 9 
a doz5 ways 9 :i* n[ x is n4 ,b x is    
p]haps 9 portraiture t ! em95ce ( ^!    
pa9t]s is mo/ explicit4 ,!y are at !    
head ( contempor>y portraiti/s1 at all  
ev5ts4 ,& _! portraits are almo/        
defiantly real1 void (t5 ( arrangem5t1 &
 z little artificial z ! v frequ5tly    
prosaic atmosph]e app]ta9+ to _!        
sometimes v />k subjects sugge/s4 ,a    
portrait by ,bonnat bl9ks no?+ 9 !      
subject2 its aim & accompli%m5t are !   
r5d]+ ( ! "* 9 a vivid fa%ion--includ+ !
 reproduction ( cobalt cravats & creas$ 
tr\s]s ev5--:i* w\ld h mightily         
emb>rass$ ,van ,dyck or ,velasquez4     
,ribot reproduces ,rib]a (t51 b he deals
 ) few] ext]nals1 few] effects1 tak5 9 !

 wide/ s5se4 ,c>olus-,duran1 ! swell    
portrait-pa9t] ( ! day1 artificial z he 
may be 9 ! quality ( 8 m9d1 nev]!less   
seeks & atta9s1 fir/ ( all1 ! s5se ( an 
ev5 exagg]at$ life-lik5ess 9 8 *>m+     
sitt]s4 ,!y are1 fir/ ( all1 p2 !       
pictorial elem5t takes c>e ( itself2    
sometimes ev5--s ov]ma/]+ is ! reali/ic 
t5d5cy--! plu% ( ! *air1 ! silk ( !     
robe1 ! cut ( ! coat1 seems1 to an      
obs]v] :o ?9ks ( ! old traditions (     
,titian1 ( ,raphael1 ( ,moroni1 unduly  
emphasiz$1 ev5 = realism4   ,v  ,"o     
elem5t ( mod]nity is a c]ta9 ord] (     
eclecticism4 ,x is n ! eclecticism ( !  
,bolognese pa9t]s1 = example1 illu/rat+ 
! really hopeless attempt to comb9e !   
suppos$ & sup]ficial excell5ces1 always 
dissociat$ f ! ess5ce1 ( diff]5t po9ts (
 view4 ,x is a free *oice ( attitude1 r1
 due to ! release ( ! individual f !    
?raldom ( con=mity t rul$ ev5 dur+ !    
romantic epo*4 ,h5ce a great deal (     
admirable "w1 ( :i* "o h>dly ?9ks :e!r x
 is reali/ic or n1 side by side ) ! m   

emphatic expressions ( ! reali/ic _s4 ,&
 ?is "w is ( all degrees ( realism1     
nev]1 h[ev]1 gett+ v f> away f !        
naturali/ic basis on :i* m & m ev]yone  
is com+ to insi/ z ! necess>y & only    
solid p$e/al ( any flight ( fancy4      
,baudry is p]haps ! ne>e/ ( ! really    
great m5 to ! ,bolognese ord] (         
eclecticism4 ,i suppose he mu/ be class$
 among ! really great m51 s _m pa9t]s ( 
intellig5ce place him !re1 ?\gh ,i mu/  
myself plead ! laic privilege ( a slight
 scepticism z to :e!r "t w approve _!   
en?usiasm4 ,he is c]ta9ly v effective1 &
 9 c]ta9ly 8 own way1 idle z x is to say
 t 8 drafts on ! great ,italians are no 
great] ?an ^? ( ,raphael on ! antique   
frescos4 ,he _h a great love ( color & a
 native in/9ct = x2 ) p]haps m          
appreciation ?an inv5tion1 8 imag9ation 
has some?+ v p]sonal 9 ! zeal\s         
en?usiasm ) :i* he ex]cis$ x1 ?\gh ,i   
?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t 8 reflections (  
,tiepolo1 ,titian1 ,t9toretto & 8       
att5uat$ expansions ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's 

cond5s$ gr&iosity1 recall ! eclecticism 
( ! ,c>racci f> m ?an t ( ,raphael4 ,b 8
 mann] is ! mod]n mann]1 & x is altoge!r
 m effective1 m fet*+1 to use a mod]n   
t]m1 ?an any?+ purely academic c be4    
,elie ,delaunay1 ano!r ma/] (           
decoration1 is1 on ! o!r h&1 z real z ! 
mo/ rigor\s lit]ali/ c\ld ask ( a pa9t] 
( decorative works4 ,*>tran1 :o has an  
individual *>m t bo? ,baudry & ,delaunay
 lack1 inf]ior z he is to !m 9 sweep &  
p[]1 is p]haps 9 ?is respect midway     
betwe5 ! two4 ,clair9 is1 l ,maz]olles1 
a pure fantaisi/e4 ,dubufe fils1 ^: at  
lea/ equally fam\s fa!r ranks 9 a       
some:at simil> category ) ,c\ture1 %[s a
 di/9ct advance ^u him 9 reality (      
r5d]+1 z ! t]m w\ld be und]/ood at      
pres5t4  ,9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( pa9t+ ! note
 ( realism is naturally /ill m          
univ]sally app>5t2 b z 9 ! "w ( ! pa9t]s
 ( decoration x is (t5 mo/ noticeable z 
an und]tone1 indicat+ a po9t ( dep>ture 
r ?an an aim4 ,bonv9 is a reali/ only z 
,*>d91 z ,van d] ,me] ( ,delft1 z       

,ni*olas ,maes 71 be=e ! j>gon ( realism
 _h be5 ?\ght (4 ,he is1 fir/ ( all1 an 
exquisite arti/1 9 love ) ! beautiful 9 
reality1 f9d+ 9 x ! humble/ mat]ial1 &  
express+ x ) ! g5tle/1 sweete/1 ae/hetic
 sev]ity & composure imag9able4 ,! mo/  
fa/idi\s critic ne$s b a t\* ( human    
feel+ to conv]t any *>act]ization ( ?is 
mo/ ref9$ & elevat$ ( pa9t]s into pure  
panegyric4 ,vollon's t\* is felicity    
itself1 & x is evid5t t he takes m      
pleasure 9 ex]cis+ & exploit+ x ?an 9   
its successful imitation1 /rik+ z its   
imitative quality is4 ,g]vex & ,duez are
 v mu* m ?an impressioni/s1 bo? 9 !ory &
 practice4 ,!re is no?+ polemic 9 ei!r4 
,pa9t]s extol 9 ! he>tie/ way ! color1 !
 creative coloration ( ,g]vex's ,rolla1 
q aside f its dramatic =ce or its tru? (
 aspect4 ,p]sonal feel+ is cle>ly !     
inspiration ( e "w ( ,duez1 n !         
demon/ration ( a !ory ( treat+ light &  
atmosph]e4 ,! same may be said ( ,roll  
at 8 be/1 z 9 8 sup]b r5d]+ ( :at may be
 call$ ! mod]n pa9t]'s conception ( !   

my? ( ,europa4 ,comp>$ ) ,paul          
,v]onese's admirable classic1 t violates
 all ! unities 7:i* ,v]onese1 nev]!less1
 may readily be p>don$ by all b         
lit]ali/s & !ori/s = neglect+71 ?is     
spl5did nude girl 9 ple9 air1 fleck$ )  
splot*es ( sunlight filt]$ ?r\gh a sieve
 ( leafage1 ) h] reali/ic taur9e        
companion1 & _! environm5t ( v]idically 
r5d]$ out-(-doors1 may /& = an          
illu/rative def9ition ( mod]nity2 b :at 
y feel mo/ ( all is ,roll4 ,x is t5     
*ances to "o t he has nev] ev5 be5 to   
,v5ice or ?\ght ( ,v]onese4 ,he has n   
always be5 s successful2 z :5 9 8 ,"w he
 e>n$ ,degas's acute comm5t3 ,a cr[d is 
made ) five p]sons1 n ) fifty4 7,il y a 
c9quante figures1 mais je ne vois pas la
 f\le2 on fait une f\le avec c9q1 et non
 pas avec c9quante47 ,b he has always   
be5 someone4 ,comp>e ) him ,l',h]mitte1 
a pa9t] :o illu/rates sometimes !       
possibility ( be+ an artificial reali/4 
,8 ,v9tage at ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 8
 ,h>ve/]s at ! ,luxemb\rg1 are          

excell5tly real & true 9 detail1 b 9    
idea & g5]al expression !y might compete
 = ! prix de ,rome4 ,! same is          
measurably true ( ,l]olle1 ^: pictures  
are m sympa!tic--sometimes !y are v     
sympa!tic--b on ! :ole display less p[]4
 ,b 9 ea* in/ance ! advocate a outrance 
( realism may ju/ly1 ,i ?9k1 ma9ta9 t a 
pa9t] ) a natural pr$isposition t[>d !  
insipidity ( ! academic has be5 sav$ f x
 by ! inh]5t sanity & robu/ness ( !     
reali/ic me?od4 ,jean ,b]aud1 ev51 owes 
some?+ to ! way 9 :i* 8 v]isimilitude ( 
me?od has re9=c$ 8 arti/ic p[]s4 ,8     
delightful ,p>isi5nes--modi/es' mess5g]s
 cross+ wet gli/5+ pavem5ts aga9/ a     
backgr\nd ( gray mi/ acc5t$ )           
po/]-b$iz5$ kiosks & regul>ly recurr+   
horse-*e/nut trees2 elegantes at pray]1 
9 some:at di/ract$ mood1 on prie-dieus 9
 ! vacant & vapid ,p>is *ur*es2 seat$ at
 cafe tables on ! busy1 leisurely       
b\lev>ds1 or pos+ t\t bonnem5t = !      
reproduction ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ fem99e    
ensemble 9 ! _w--owe _! *>m 7,i may say 

aga9 _! fet*+ness7 to ! fai?fulness )   
:i* _! portraiti/ has /udi$1 & !        
fidelity ) :i* he has reproduc$1 _!     
diff]+ types1 m ?an to any p]sonal      
expression ( 8 own view ( !m4 ,fancy    
,b]aud's ma/]piece1 ! ,salle ,graff>d--t
 admirable *>act]ization ( crankdom     
embodi$ 9 a sociali/ reunion--pa9t$ by  
an academic pa9t]4 ,h[ absolutely x w\ld
 lose its pi?1 its =ce1 its             
significance1 ev5 its true di/9ction4 ,&
 8 ,magdal5 at ! ,ph>isee's ,h\se1 :i*  
is almo/ equally impressive--f> m       
impressive ( c\rse 9 a lit]>y &1 ,i ?9k1
 legitimate1 s5se--owes ev5 its lit]>y  
effectiv5ess to its significant realism4
  ,:at ! illu/rators ( ! pres5t day owe 
to ! naturali/ic me?od1 x is almo/      
sup]flu\s to po9t out4 ,illu/rators 9   
,france are1 9 g5]al1 pa9t]s z well1 "s 
( !m v em95t pa9t]s4 ,daumi]1 :o pass$ 9
 g5]al = a contributor to illu/rat$     
j\rnals1 ev5 su* j\rnals z ,le ,petit   
,j\rnal p\r ,rire1 0 n only a g5ius ( ! 
fir/ rank1 b a pa9t] ( ! fir/ class4    

,monvel & ,mont5>d at pres5t are ma/]ly 
pa9t]s4 ,b 9 _! illu/ration z well z 9  
_! pa9t+1 !y %[ a notable *ange f !     
illu/ration ( ! days ( ,daumi] & ,dore4 
,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! elegant 7or p]haps 
r ! h&some7 draw+s ( ,bida1 an arti/ ( !
 utmo/ di/9ction1 & t ( ! illu/rators ( 
! pres5t day :o are comp>able ) him--_! 
"n is n legion--is a special atte/ation 
( ! influ5ce ( ! reali/ic ideal 9 a     
sph]e :]e91 if any:]e1 "o may say1      
realism reigns legitimately1 b :]e9 also
 ! conv5tional is especially to be      
expect$4 ,"o _c inde$ be q sure t !     
temptations ( ! conv5tional are resi/$  
by ! ultra-reali/ic illu/rators ( our   
own "t1 ,rossi1 ,beaumont1 ,alb]t ,lyn*1
 ,myrba*4 ,!y h c]ta9ly a v h&y way (   
express+ !mselves2 "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 
suspect+ ! labor-sav+1 ! art-sp>+ kodak1
 beh9d _m ( _! mo/ unimpea*able         
successes4 ,b ! attitude tak5 is q o!r  
?an x us$ to be1 & ! *ange t has come   
ov] ,fr5* ae/hetic activity 9 g5]al c be
 not$ 9 v %>p def9ition by comp>+ a book

 illu/rat$ tw5ty ye>s ago by ,alb]t     
,lyn*1 )1 = example1 ,maupassant's      
,pi]re et ,jean1 ! di/+ui%$ realism ( ^:
 text is adequately p>allel$--& ! impli$
 eulogy is by no means trivial--by !    
pictorical comm5t>y1 s to speak1 :i* ?is
 fir/ ( mod]n illu/rators has suppli$4  
,& an ev5 m /rik+ illu/ration ( !       
evolution ( reali/ic ?\ght & feel+1 z   
well z ( r5d]+1 is furni%$ by !         
succession ( ,=a9 to ,grev91 z an       
illu/rator ( ! follies ( ! day1 !       
*>act]i/ic traits ( ! ,p>isian seamy    
side1 morally speak+4 ,grev9 is z       
conv5tional z ,murg]1 9 philosophy1     
&--?\gh inf9itely clev]]--z ,m>s 9      
draw+4 ,=a91 ) ! p5cil ( a realism truly
 ,japanese1 illu/rates ) sympa!tic      
incisiv5ess ! pitiless pessimism (      
,flaub]t1 ,gonc\rt1 & ,maupassant z     
well4   ,,vi  ,b to g back a little &   
consid] ! puissant individualities1 !   
great m5 :o h really giv5 its direction 
to &1 z x 71 set ! pace (1 ! reali/ic   
movem5t1 & = :om1 9 ord] m conv5i5tly to

 consid] impressionism pure & simple by 
itself1 ,i h v5tur$ to di/urb !         
*ronological sequ5ce ( evolution 9 ,fr5*
 pa9t+--a sequ5ce t1 ev5 if "o c>e m =  
ideas ?an = *ronology1 x is m tem]>i\s  
to v>y f 9 ?+s ,fr5* ?an 9 any o!rs4 ,to
 g back 9 a ^w to ,manet2 ! pa9t] ( :om 
,m4 ,h5ri ,h\ssaye has rem>k$3 ,manet   
s[$1 ,m4 ,ba/i5-,lepage has reap$4      
,manet 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y   
pa9t]s t ,france or any o!r c\ntry has  
produc$4 ,8 is ! great1 ! v r>e1 m]it ( 
hav+ conceiv$ a new po9t ( view4 ,t he  
did n illu/rate ?is 9 its complet5ess1 t
 he 0 a sign-po/1 z ,alb]t ,wolff v     
aptly said1 r an exempl>1 is no?+4 ,he 0
 totally unh]ald$1 & he 0 9 8 way sup]b4
 ,no "o be=e him _h essay$--no "o be=e  
him _h ev] ?\ght (--! imm5se project (  
break+1 n relatively b absolutely1 ) !  
conv5tional4 ,look+ = ! fir/ "t at "o ( 
8 pictures1 "o says t cu/om>y notions1  
ord9>y bru%es1 traditional processes (  
ev5 ! highe/ au!nticity1 h be5 ?r[n to !
 w9ds4 ,h5ce1 inde$1 ! sc&al :i* he     

caus$ f ! fir/ & :i* w5t on increas+1   
until1 ow+ to ! acceptance1 )           
modifications1 ( 8 po9t ( view by ! mo/ 
virile & vigor\s pa9t]s ( ! day1 he     
became1 z he has become1 9 a s5se ! head
 ( ! corn]4 ,manet's great di/9ction is 
to h discov]$ t ! s5se ( reality is     
a*iev$ ) a ?\s&-fold great] int5sity by 
gett+ z ne> z possible to ! actual1 r   
?an re/+ cont5t ) ! relative1 value ( e 
detail4 ,ev]yone :o has pa9t$ s9ce      
,manet has ei!r foll[$ him 9 ?is ef=t or
 has appe>$ jejune4  ,take z an         
illu/ration ( ! contr>y practice su* a  
ma/]piece 9 its way z ,g]ome's ,em95ce  
,grise4 ,9 ?is picture1 skilfully &     
satisfactorily compos$1 ! relative      
values ( all ! colors are admirably1 ev5
 beautifully1 obs]v$4 ,! correspond5ce (
 ! gamut ( values to t ( ! light & d>k  
scale ( su* an actual sc5e is p]fect4   
,be=e ,manet1 "o c\ld h said t ?is is   
all t is requir$ or c be secur$1 argu+ t
 exact imitation ( local t9ts & g5]al   
tone is impossible1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce   

betwe5 nature's highe/ light & l[e/ d>k1
 & ! pot5tialities ( ! palette4 ,9 o!r  
words1 "o might h said1 t inasmu* z y c 
squeeze absolute :ite & absolute black  
out ( no tubes1 ! ?+ to d is fir/ to    
det]m9e ! scale ( y\r picture & !n make 
e note 9 x be> ! same relation to e o!r 
t ! correspond+ note 9 nature be>s to   
its fell[s 9 its own correspond+ b      
diff]5t scale4 ,?is is :at ,g]ome has   
done 9 ! ,em95ce ,grise--a sc5e1 x w be 
rememb]$1 on a /aircase 9 a palace      
int]ior4 ,manet inquires :at w\ld happ5 
to ?is h\se ( c>ds %or$ up into         
v]isimilitude by m]e correspond5ce1 if  
,g]ome _h be5 ask$ to cut a w9d[ 9 8    
/aircase & admit ! light ( out-(-doors  
into 8 correspond5t b artificial sc5e4  
,! :ole ?+ w\ld h to be done ov] aga94  
,! scale ( ! picture runn+ f ! highe/   
palette :ite to ! l[e/ palette d>k1 &   
yet ! key ( an actual int]ior sc5e be+  
mu* ne>] middle-t9t ?an ! t9t ( an      
actual out-(-doors sc5e1 x w\ld be      
impossible to pa9t ) any v]isimilitude !

 illum9ation ( a w9d[ f ! outside1 !    
res\rces ( ! palette hav+ already be5   
exhau/$1 e object hav+ be5 giv5 a local 
value solely ) relation1 s f> z tru? (  
repres5tation is conc]n$1 to ! values ( 
e o!r object1 & no ef=t be+ made to get 
! precise value ( ! object z x w\ld     
appe> "u analog\s circum/ances 9 nature4
  ,x may be repli$1 & ,i confess ,i ?9k 
) excell5t reason1 t ,g]ome's picture   
has no w9d[ 9 x1 & !re=e t to ask ( him 
to pa9t a picture z he w\ld if he 7     
pa9t+ a diff]5t picture1 is p$antry4 ,! 
old ma/]s are /ill admirable1 ?\gh !y   
only obs]v$ a correspond5ce to ! actual 
scale ( natural values1 & 7 n conc]n$ ) 
imitation ( x4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t1  
successful z _! practice is1 x is       
successful 9 virtue ( ! unconsci\s      
co-op]ation ( ! behold]'s imag9ation4 ,&
 n[adays n only is ! ex]cise ( !        
imag9ation become = bett] or worse a    
little old-fa%ion$1 b ! "o ?+ t is      
insi/$ on z a />t+-po9t & basis1 at ! v 
lea/1 is ! s5se ( reality4 ,& x is      

impossible to exagg]ate ! way 9 :i* !   
s5se ( reality has be5 int5sifi$ by     
,manet's insi/5ce ^u gett+ z ne> z      
possible to ! individual values (       
objects z !y are se5 9 nature--9 spite (
 8 ab&onm5t ( ! practice ( pa9t+ on a   
p>allel scale4 ,?+s n[ drop into _! true
 place1 look z !y really d1 & c\nt z !y 
c\nt 9 nature1 because ! pa9t] is no    
long] cont5t ) giv+ u *ange = nature1 b 
tries 8 be/ to give u nature itself4    
,p]spective acquires its actual         
significance1 solids h sub/ance & bulk z
 well z surfaces1 di/ance is p]ceiv$ z x
 is 9 nature1 by ! actual int]position (
 atmosph]e1 *i>o-oscuro is aboli%$--!   
ways 9 :i* reality is secur$ be+ 9 fact 
legion ! mom5t real in/ead ( relative   
values are /udi$4 ,some?+ is lo/1 v     
likely--an arti/ _c be s int5sely       
preoccupi$ ) reality z1 s9ce ,manet1 x  
has be5 incumb5t on pa9t]s to be1 )\t   
miss+ a :ole range ( qualities t are s  
preci\s z rightly p]haps to be consid]$ 
indisp5sable4 ,until reality becomes 9  

its turn an effect unconsci\sly atta9$1 
! pa9t]'s imag9ation w be held m or less
 9 abeyance4 ,& p]haps we are ju/ifi$ 9 
?9k+ t no?+ c q atone = its abs5ce4     
,meantime1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t  
,manet fir/ gave u ?is s5se ( reality 9 
a measure comp>able ) t :i* successively
 ,balzac1 ,flaub]t1 ,zola gave to !     
read]s ( _! books--a s5se ( actuality & 
vividness beside :i* ! tradition>y      
practice seem$ absolutely fanciful &    
me*anical4  ,apply+ ,manet's me?od1 8   
inv5tion1 8 discov]y1 to ! pa9t+ (      
out-(-doors1 ! ple9 air s*ool imm$iately
 began to produce l&scapes ( a/oni%+    
reality by conf9+ _! ef=t to ^? values  
:i* x is 9 ! p[] ( pigm5ts to imitate4  
,! possible scale ( m]e correspond5ce   
be+ ( c\rse f "o to "o hundr$1 !y secur$
 great] tru? by pa9t+ betwe5 tw5ty &    
eighty1 we may say4 ,h5ce ! grayness ( !
 mo/ successful ,fr5* l&scapes ( !      
pres5t day--^? ( ,ba/i5-,lepage's       
backgr\nds1 ( ,caz9's pictures4         
,sunlight be+ unpa9table1 !y conf9$     

!mselves to ! repres5tation ( :at !y    
c\ld repres5t4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( tru?1 (    
reality1 !y n>r[$ ! gamut ( _!          
modulations1 !y attempt$ less1 upheld by
 ! c]ta9ty ( accompli%+ m4 ,= a "t ,fr5*
 l&scape 0 pit*$ 9 a m9or key4 ,sudd5ly 
,claude ,monet appe>$4 ,impressionism1 z
 x is n[ und]/ood1 & z ,manet _h n      
succe$$ 9 popul>iz+ x1 won in/ant       
recognition4 ,monet's discov]y 0 t light
 is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! pa9t+ (  
out-(-doors4 ,he pu%$ up ! key ( l&scape
 pa9t+ to ! highe/ p[]4 ,he attack$ !   
fasc9at+1 b ( c\rse demon/rably         
insolvable1 problem ( pa9t+ sunlight1 n 
illusorily1 z ,=tuny _h done by rely+ on
 contra/s ( light & d>k correspond5t 9  
scale1 b positively & reali/ically4 ,he 
realiz$ z ne>ly z possible ! effect (   
sunlight--t is to say1 he did z well &  
no bett] 9 ?is respect ?an ,=tuny _h    
done--b he creat$ a mu* great] illusion 
( a sunlit l&scape ?an anyone _h ev]    
done be=e him1 by pa9t+ ^? p>ts ( 8     
picture n 9 sunlight ) ! exact tru? t 9 

pa9t+ objects 9 %ad[ ! palette c        
compass4  ,no?+ is m simple4 ,take a    
l&scape ) a cl\dy sky1 :i* means diffus$
 light 9 ! old s5se ( ! t]m1 & obs]ve ! 
effect ^u x ( a sudd5 bur/ ( sunlight4  
,:at is ! effect :]e consid]able        
portions ( ! sc5e are sudd5ly ?r[n into 
m>k$ %ad[1 z well z o!rs illum9at$ )    
int5se light8 ,is ! absolute value ( !  
p>ts 9 %ad[ l[]$ or rais$8 ,rais$1 (    
c\rse1 by reflect$ light4 ,=m]ly1 to get
 ! contra/ betwe5 sunlight & %ad[ 9     
prop] scale1 ! pa9t] w\ld h pa9t$ !     
%ad[s d>k] ?an !y 7 be=e ! sun appe>$4  
,relatively !y are d>k]1 s9ce _! value1 
?\gh height5$1 is rais$ inf9itely less  
?an ! value ( ! p>ts 9 sunlight4        
,absolutely1 _! value is rais$          
consid]ably4 ,if1 !re=e1 !y are pa9t$   
light] ?an !y 7 be=e ! sun appe>$1 !y 9 
!mselves seem tru]4 ,! "p ( ,monet's    
picture t is 9 %ad[ is measurably true1 
f> tru] ?an x w\ld h be5 if pa9t$ "u !  
old !ory ( correspond5ce1 & _h be5      
unnaturally d>k5$ to express ! relation 

( contra/ betwe5 %ad[ & sunlight4 ,scale
 has be5 lo/4 ,:at has be5 ga9$8 ,simply
 tru? ( impressioni/ic effect4 ,:y8     
,because we "k & judge & appreciate &   
feel ! measure ( tru? ) :i* objects 9   
%ad[ are repres5t$2 we are ins5sibly m  
famili> ) !m 9 nature ?an ) objects     
directly sun-illum9at$1 ! value z well z
 ! def9ition ( :i* are f> vagu] to u on 
acc\nt ( _! bl5d+ & inf9ite height5+ by 
a lum9osity absolutely ov]p[]+4 ,9 a ^w1
 9 sunlit l&scapes objects 9 %ad[ are   
:at cu/om>ily & unconsci\sly we see &   
note & "k1 & ! illusion is great] if !  
relation betwe5 !m & ! objects 9        
sunlight1 ^: value habitually we d n    
note1 be neglect$ or falsifi$4 ,add to  
?is s\rce ( illusion ! success ( ,monet 
9 giv+ a ju/] value to ! sunlit half ( 8
 picture ?an _h ev5 be5 sy/ematically   
attempt$ be=e 8 "t1 & 8 a/oni%+         
trompe-l'oeil is1 ,i ?9k1 expla9$4 ,ea* 
"p is tru] ?an ev] be=e1 & unless "o h a
 specially develop$ s5se ( ensemble 9   
?is v special matt] ( values 9 & affect$

 by sunlight1 "o gets f ,monet an       
impression ( actuality s mu* great] ?an 
he has ev] got be=e1 t he may be p>don$ 
= feel+1 & ev5 = en?usia/ically         
proclaim+1 t 9 ,monet realism f9ds its  
apogee4 ,to sum up3 ,! fir/ reali/s     
pa9t$ relative values2 ,manet & 8       
d]ivatives pa9t$ absolute values1 b 9 a 
wisely limit$ gamut2 ,monet pa9ts       
absolute values 9 a v wide range1 plus  
sunlight1 z ne>ly z he c get x--z ne>ly 
z pigm5t c be got to repres5t x4 ,p]=ce 
he loses scale1 & !re=e arti/ic         
complet5ess1 b he secures an incomp>ably
 vivid effect ( reality1 ( nature--& (  
nature 9 h] gaye/1 mo/ inspir+          
manife/ation1 illum9at$ directly &      
indirectly1 & ev]y:]e vibrant &         
palpitat+ ) ! light ( all our physical  
see+4  ,monet is s subtle 9 8 own way1 s
 sup]bly successful )9 8 own limits1 t x
 is "t wa/$ to qu>rel ) !               
conv5tion-/eep$ phili/9e :o refuses to  
compreh5d ev5 8 po9t ( view1 :o judges !
 pictures he sees by ! pictures he has  

se54 ,he has n only discov]$ a new way (
 look+ at nature1 b he has ju/ifi$ x 9 a
 ?\s& p>ticul>s4 ,conc5trat$ z 8        
att5tion has be5 ^u ! effects ( light & 
atmosph]e1 he has reproduc$ an inf9ity (
 nature's moods t are *>m+ 9 proportion 
to _! transitor9ess1 & ^: fleet+        
beauties he has caught & p]man5tly fix$4
 ,r\sseau made ! mo/ c>eful /udies1 & !n
 comb9$ !m 9 8 /udio4 ,c\rbet made 8    
sket*1 m or less p]fect1 face to face ) 
8 subject1 & elaborat$ x aft]w>d away f 
x4 ,corot pa9t$ 8 picture f nature1 b   
put ! ,corot into x 9 8 /udio4 ,monet's 
practice is 9 comp>ison dra/ically      
?or\gh4 ,aft] ?irty m9utes1 he says--:y 
?irty in/ead ( =ty or tw5ty1 ,i d n "k2 
^! my/]ies are ,eleus9ian to ! m]e      
amateur--! light *anges2 he mu/ /op &   
return ! next day at ! same h\r4 ,!     
result is imm5sely real1 & 9 ,monet's   
h&s imm5sely v>i$4 ,"o may say z mu*1   
hav+ reg>d to _! diff]+ degrees (       
success1 ( ,piss>o1 :o influ5c$ him1 & (
 ,caillebotte1 ,r5oir1 ,sisley1 & ! re/ 

( ! impressioni/s :o foll[$ him4  ,he is
 himself ! prom95t repres5tative ( !    
s*ool1 h[ev]1 & ! fact t "o             
repres5tative ( x is en\gh to consid]1  
is eloqu5t ( pr(\nd criticism ( x4 ,=   
decorative purposes a hole 9 "o's wall1 
an additional w9d[ ?r\gh :i* "o may only
 look satisfactorily dur+ a p]iod (     
?irty m9utes1 has its drawbacks4 ,a walk
 9 ! c\ntry or 9 a city p>k is aft] all 
pref]able to anyone :o c really         
appreciate a ,monet--t is1 anyone :o c  
feel ! illusion ( nature :i* x is 8 sole
 aim to produce4 ,aft] all1 :at "o asks 
( art is some?+ diff]5t f imitative     
illusion4 ,its ess5ce is illusion1 ,i   
?9k1 b illusion tak5 9 a diff]5t s5se f 
optical illusion--trompe-l'oeil4 ,its   
function is to make dreams seem real1 n 
to recall reality4 ,monet is endur+ly   
admirable ma9ly to ! pa9t] :o envies &  
endeavors to imitate 8 wond]ful p[] (   
te*nical expression--! ?+ t occupies mo/
 ! consci\s att5tion ( ! true pa9t]4 ,to
 o!rs he mu/ rema9 a little             

unsatisfactory1 because he is n only n a
 dream]1 b because he does no?+ ) 8     
mat]ial except to %[ x z x is--a great  
s]vice surely1 b l>gely exclud+ !       
ex]cise ( t ar*itectonic faculty1       
p]sonally direct$1 :i* is ! v life ( e  
truly ae/hetic production4   ,,vii  ,9  
f9e1 ! impressioni/ has 8 own           
conv5tions2 no s*ool c escape !m1 f ! v 
nature ( ! case & ! def9ition ( ! t]m4  
,! conv5tions ( ! impressioni/s1 inde$1 
are p>ticul>ly sali5t4 ,c anyone d\bt x 
:o sees an exhibition ( _! works8 ,9 !  
same numb] ( classic1 or romantic1 or   
m]ely reali/ic pictures1 is !re any?+ q 
equall+ ! monotony t /rikes "o 9 a      
display ( canvasses by ,claude ,monet & 
8 fell[s & foll[]s8 ,b ! defect (       
impressionism is n ma9ly its te*nical   
conv5tionality4 ,x is1 z ,i ?9k ev]yone 
except its ?ick-&-?9 advocates mu/ feel1
 t pursu$ a outrance x lacks a s]i\sness
 comm5surate ) its claims--t x exhibits 
inde$ a k9d ( und]tone ( frivolity t is 
all ! ne>] to ! absolutely comic = !    

e>ne/ness1 s to speak1 ( its            
unconsci\sness4 ,! reason is1 p>tly no  
d\bt1 to be ascrib$ to its debonnaire   
self-satisfaction1 its disposition to   
lightly run amuck at an augu/ ?+1 !     
traditions ( c5turies namely1 to its    
bumpti\sness1 9 a ^w4 ,b *iefly1 ,i ?9k1
 ! reason is to be f\nd 9 its lack (    
any?+ prop]ly to be call$ a philosophy4 
,?is is surely a fatal flaw 9 any sy/em1
 because x involves a contradiction 9   
t]ms2 & to say t to h no philosophy is !
 philosophy ( ! impressioni/s1 is m]ely 
a ^w-juggl+ bit ( "q-begg+4 ,a !ory (   
te*nic is n a philosophy1 h[ev]         
sy/ematic x may be4 ,x is a me*anical1 n
 an intellectual1 po9t ( view4 ,x is n a
 way ( look+ at ?+s1 b ( r5d]+ !m4 ,x   
expresses no idea & sees no relations2  
its claims on "o's int]e/ are exhau/$ :5
 once its "r to its me?od is admitt$4 ,!
 rem>k once made ( a typically lit]al   
p]son--t he c>$ s mu* = facts t he      
dislik$ to ?9k !y _h any relations--is  
intimately applicable to ! :ole         

impressioni/ s*ool4 ,te*nically1 (      
c\rse1 ! impressioni/'s relations are   
extremely j--n exquisite1 b exquisitely 
j4 ,b m]ely to get j values is n to     
occupy "o's self ) values ideally1      
emotionally1 p]sonally4 ,x is m]ely to  
record facts4 ,c]ta9ly any impressioni/ 
r5d]+ ( ! light & %ade & color relations
 ( objects seems eloqu5t beside any     
traditional & conv5tional r5d]+ ( !m2 b 
x is because ea* object is s c>efully   
obs]v$1 s truly pa9t$1 t its relation to
 e o!r is spontane\sly satisfactory2 &  
?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! result ( truly
 pictorial r5d]+ ) its con/ructive      
appeal1 its s5se ( ensemble1 its        
pres5tation ( an idea by means ( !      
conv]g5ce & int]dep5d5ce ( objects      
focuss$ to a common & c5tral effect4 ,to
 ?is impressionism is absolutely        
ins5sitive4 ,x is ! acme ( deta*m5t1 (  
indiff]5ce4  ,turg5ieff1 accord+ to ,mr4
 ,george ,moore1 compla9$ ( ,zola's     
,g]vaise ,c\peau1 t ,zola expla9$ h[ %e 
felt1 nev] :at %e ?\ght4 ,qu'e/ que ca  

me fait si elle suait s\s les bras1 ou  
au milieu du dos8 he ask$1 ) mo/ p]t95t 
p5etration4 ,he is q "r4 ,really we only
 c>e = facts :5 !y expla9 tru?s4 ,!     
desultory agglom]ation ( nev] s         
def9itely r5d]$ details necess>ily      
leaves ! civiliz$ appreciation cold4    
,:at di/+ui%es ! civiliz$ f ! savage    
appreciation is ! passion = ord]4 ,!    
t5d5cy to ord]1 said ,s5anc\r1 %\ld =m  
an ess5tial "p ( our incl9ations1 ( our 
in/9ct1 l ! t5d5cies to self-pres]vation
 & to reproduction4 ,! two latt]        
t5d5cies ! savage possesses z completely
 z ! civiliz$ man1 b he does n %>e !    
civiliz$ man's in/9ct = correlation4 ,& 
9 ?is s5se1 ,i ?9k1 a c]ta9 savag]y is  
ju/ly to be ascrib$ to ! impressioni/4  
,8 productions h _m attractions & _m    
m]its--m]its & attractions t !          
traditional pa9t+ has n4 ,b !y are      
really only by a k9d ( automatic        
inadv]t5ce1 pictures4 ,!y are n truly   
pictorial4  ,& a picture %\ld be some?+ 
m ?an ev5 pictorial4 ,to be p]man5tly   

atta*+ x %\ld give at lea/ a h9t ( !    
pa9t]'s philosophy--8 po9t ( view1 8    
attitude t[>d 8 mat]ial4 ,9 ! great     
pictures y c n only discov] ?is         
attitude1 b ! attitude ( ! pa9t] t[>d   
life & ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,ev]yone has z     
di/9ct an idea ( ! philosophy ( ,raphael
 z ( ! qualities ( 8 designs4 ,!        
impressioni/ n only does n %[ y :at he  
?9ks1 he does n ev5 %[ y h[ he feels1   
except by betray+ a fondness = violets &
 diffus$ light1 & by exhibit+ ! temp] ( 
! radical & ! riot]4 ,! ord] ( a bli!1  
idyllic l&scape by ,corot1 ( "o (       
,delacroix's pieces ( conc5tric         
coloration1 ( an example ( ,+res's      
purity ( outl9e1 %[s n only temp]am5t1 b
 ! position ( ! pa9t] 9 reg>d to ! :ole 
intellectual _w s f> z he t\*es x at    
all4 ,:at does a canvas ( ,claude ,monet
 %[ 9 ?is respect8 ,x is m tru?ful b n  
less imp]sonal ?an a photograph4  ,degas
 is ! only o!r pa9t] usually class$ ) ! 
impressioni/s1 ( :om ?is may n be said4 
,b ,degas is h>dly an impressioni/ at   

all4 ,he is "o ( ! mo/ p]sonal pa9t]s1  
if n ! mo/ p]sonal pa9t]1 ( ! day4 ,he  
is z orig9al z ,puvis de ,*avannes4 ,:at
 allies him ) ! impressioni/s is 8      
fondness = fleet+ aspects1 8 c>+ = no?+ 
beyond aspect--= ! look ( ?+s & _!      
transitory look4 ,he is an en?usia/ic   
admir] ( ,+res--:o1 "o w\ld say1 is !   
anti!sis ( impressionism4 ,he nev] pa9ts
 f nature4 ,8 /udies are made ) ! utmo/ 
c>e1 b !y are arrang$1 compos$1 comb9$  
by 8 own s5se ( :at is pictorial--by1 at
 any rate1 8 own idea ( ! effects he    
wi%es to create4 ,he c>es absolutely    
no?+ = :at ord9>ily we und]/& by ! real1
 ! actual1 s f> z its reality is        
conc]n$2 he sees no?+ else1 to be sure1 
& is probably v sceptical ab\t any?+ b  
colors & %apes & _! decorative          
arrangem5t2 b he sees :at he likes 9    
reality & foll[s ?is out ) an in]rancy s
 scrupul\s1 & ev5 affectionate1 z to    
convey ! idea t 9 8 result he himself   
c\nts = almo/ no?+4 ,?is at lea/ may be 
said ( him1 t he %[s :at1 giv5 g5ius1 c 

be got out ( ! impressioni/ me?od       
arti/ically & practically employ$ to !  
end ( illu/rat+ a p]sonal po9t ( view4  
,a m]e amateur c h>dly di/+ui% betwe5 a 
,caillebotte & a ,sisley1 = example1 b  
ev]yone id5tifies a ,degas z imm$iately 
& z c]ta9ly z he does a ,:i/l]4 ,8 "w is
 p]fectly s9c]e & admirably intellig5t4 
,x has nei!r ! pose nor !               
irresponsibility ( ! impressioni/s4 ,8  
arti/ic apo!osis ( ! ballet-girl is     
m]ely ! result ( 8 happy discov]y (     
some?+ delightfully1 & 9 a v true s5se  
naturally1 decorative 9 mat]ial t is 9 !
 highe/ degree artificial4 ,8 impulse is
 z g5u9e & spontane\s z if ! sub/ance ^u
 :i* x is ex]cis$ 7 n ! acme ( ! exotic1
 & already arrang$ ) ! mo/ elaborate    
conv5tionality4 ,no?+ inde$ c\ld be m   
oppos$ to ! elem5t>y crudity (          
impressionism ?an 8 di/9ction &         
ref9em5t1 :i* may be said to be c>ri$ to
 a really f9 de siecle degree4   ,,viii 
,:atev] ! pa9t+ ( ! future is to be1 x  
is c]ta9 n to be ! pa9t+ ( ,monet4 ,= ! 

pres5t1 no d\bt1 ,monet is ! la/ ^w 9   
pa9t+4 ,to belittle him is n only       
:imsical1 b ridicul\s4 ,he has pla9ly   
work$ a revolution 9 8 art4 ,he has tak5
 x out ( ! vici\s circle ( con=mity to1 
dep>ture f1 & return to ab/ractions & ! 
s-call$ ideal4 ,no "o h]eaft] :o        
attempts ! repres5tation ( nature--& = z
 f> ahead z we c see ) any confid5ce1 ! 
repres5tation ( nature1 ! pan!i/ic ideal
 if "o *ooses1 w increas+ly intr5*      
itself z ! pa9t]'s true aim--no "o :o   
s]i\sly attempts to realize ?is aim ( n[
 univ]sal appeal w be able to disp5se ) 
,monet's aid4 ,he mu/ p]=ce foll[ ! l9es
 laid d[n = him by ?is a/oni%+          
naturali/4 ,any o!r c\rse mu/ result 9  
solecism1 & if any?+ future is c]ta91 x 
is c]ta9 t ! future w be n only         
inhospitable to1 b absolutely intol]ant 
(1 solecism4 ,h5ce=? ! basis ( ?+s is   
b\nd to be solid & n sup]ficial1 real & 
n fanta/ic4 ,b--:e!r ! future is to     
commit itself :olly to prose1 or is to  
pres]ve 9 new conditions ! ess5ce ( !   

poetry t1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 has p]si/$  
s9ce pla/ic art began--= ! sup]/ructure 
to be erect$ on ! s\nd basis ( j values 
& true impressions x is ju/ifiably easy 
to pr$ict a great] int]e/ & a m real    
dignity ?an any su* preoccupation ) !   
basis ( te*nic z ,monet's c possibly h4 
,& ?\gh1 ev5 z "o says x1 "o has ! feel+
 t ! future is pregnant ) "s g5ius :o w 
out-,monet ,monet1 & t pa9t+ w 9 "s n[  
inconceivable way h to submit h]eaft] to
 a /ill m rigor\s /&>d ?an x does at    
pres5t--,i h he>d ! claims ( b9ocul>    
vision urg$--at ! same "t ! true *ild ( 
nature may console himself ) !          
reflection t accuracy & compet5ce are b 
! accid5ts1 at mo/ ! necess>y ph5om5a1 (
 :at really & ess5tially con/itutes f9e 
art ( any k9d--namely1 ! expression ( a 
p]sonal conception ( :at is n only true 
b beautiful z well4 ,9 ,france less ?an 
any:]e else is x likely t ev5 su* a     
p[]ful =ce z mod]n realism w long       
dom9ate ! con/ructive1 ! ar*itectonic   
faculty1 :i* is "p ( ! v fibre ( ! ,fr5*

 g5ius4 ,! exposition & illu/ration ( a 
!ory believ$ 9 ) a f]v5cy to be f\nd    
only among a p ) :om ! intellig5ce is ! 
*ief elem5t & object ( exp]im5t &       
ex]cise1 are a natural concomitant (    
m5tal en]gy & activity4 ,b no !ory holds
 !m long 9 bondage4 ,at ! lea/1 x       
spe$ily gives place to ano!r =mulation (
 ! mut9\s fre$om its v acceptance       
creates4 ,& ! con=mity t ea* ( !m 9     
succession imposes on m$iocrity is      
always v>i$ & reliev$ by ! frequ5t      
inc>nations 9 ma/]ful p]sonalities ( !  
natural national traits--( :i*1 ,i ?9k1 
! ar*itectonic _s is "o ( ! mo/         
conspicu\s4 ,pa9t+ w aga9 become        
creative1 con/ructive1 p]sonally        
expressive4 ,its basis hav+ be5 e/abli%$
 z sci5tifically impeccable1 its        
sup]/ructure w exhibit ! ta/e1 !        
elegance1 ! imag9ative fre$om1 exhibit$ 
)9 ! limits ( a cultivat$ s5se (        
propriety1 t are an integral "p ( !     
,fr5* pa9t]'s patrimony4     ,,iv       
,,classic ,,sculpture   ,i  ,fr5*       

sculpture naturally foll[s v mu* ! same 
c\rse z ,fr5* pa9t+4 ,its beg9n+s1      
h[ev]1 are ,go?ic1 & ! ,r5aissance      
emancipat$ r ?an creat$ x4 ,italy1 ov]  
:i* ! ,go?ic wave pass$ ) less di/urb+  
effect ?an any:]e else1 & :]e ! ,pisans 
7 do+ pure sculpture :5 ev]y:]e f>!r    
nor? sculpture 0 ma9ly decorative &     
rigidly ar*itectural1 _h a pot5t        
influ5ce4 ,b ! mod]n phases ( ,fr5*     
sculpture h a clos] relation%ip ) !     
,*>tres ,ca!dral ?an mod]n ,fr5* pa9t+  
has ) its e>lie/ practice2 & ,claux     
,slut]s1 ! ,burgundian ,flem+ :o modell$
 ! wond]ful ,moses ,well & ! tombs (    
,jean ,sans ,peur & ,phillippe le ,h>di 
at ,dijon1 among 8 o!r ana*roni/ic      
ma/]pieces1 ex]t$ consid]ably great]    
influ5ce ^u 8 successors ?an ! ,t\ra9e  
s*ool ( pa9t+ & ! ,cl\ets did ^u !irs4  
,^! works are a curi\s compromise betwe5
 ! ,go?ic & ! mod]n spirits4 ,slut]s 0  
pla9ly a mod]n temp]am5t work+ ) ,go?ic 
mat]ial & amid ,go?ic ideas4 ,9 itself 8
 sculpture is h>dly decorative1 z we    

apply ! epi!t to mod]n "w4 ,x is j (f ! 
l9e ( rigidity1 ( insi/5ce 9 e detail ( 
its "r & title to individuality ap>t f e
 o!r sculptur$ detail4 ,! prophets 9 !  
ni*es ( ! beautiful ,dijon ,well1 !     
monks "u ! arcades ( ! beautiful        
,burgundian tombs1 h little relation )  
ea* o!r z elem5ts ( a decorative        
sculptural composition4 ,!y are 9 ! same
 /yle1 t is all4 ,ea* ( !m is 9 int]e/ q
 indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,comp>$ ) "o ( !    
,pisans' pulpits !y =m a cong]ies r ?an 
a composition4 ,comp>$ ) ,g\jon's       
,f\nta9 ( ! ,innoc5ts _! motive is n    
decorative at all4 ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1   
,j]emiah ass]ts 8 individuality 9 a way 
! m sociable prophets ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel 
w\ld hesitate to d4 ,!y h a little ! air
 ( h]mits--( arti/ic an*orites1 "o may  
say4  ,!y are ,go?ic1 too1 n only 9 be+ 
?us sculpturally undecorative &         
uncompos$1 b 9 be+ beautifully          
subord9ate to ! ar*itecture :i* x is _! 
unmi/akable ancill>y function to        
decorate 9 ! mo/ delightful way         

imag9able--9 be+ 9 a ^w ar*itecturally  
decorative4 ,! m>riage ( ! two arts is1 
,go?ically1 n on equal t]ms4 ,x nev]    
occurr$1 ( c\rse1 to ! ,go?ic ar*itect t
 x %\ld be4 ,8 ensemble 0 always "o (   
:i* ! *ief1 ! ov]:elm+1 "o may almo/ say
 ! sole1 int]e/ is /ructural4 ,he ev5   
impos$ ! condition t ! sculpture :i*    
decorat$ 8 /ructure %\ld be itself      
ar*itecturally /ructural4 ,"o figure ( !
 portals ( ,*>tres is almo/ z l ano!r z 
"o pill> ( ! int]ior is l its fell[s2 = 
! reason--em95tly satisfactory to !     
ar*itect--t x dis*>ges an id5tical      
function4  ,emancipation f ?is ?raldom (
 ! ar*itect is ,slut]s's great          
di/9ction1 h[ev]4 ,he is mod]n 9 ?is    
s5se1 )\t go+ s f>--)\t go+ any?+ l s   
f>--z ! mod]n sculptor :o divorces 8 "w 
f t ( ! ar*itect ) :om he is call$ ^u to
 comb9e to ! end ( an ensemble t %all be
 equally agreeable to ! s5se satisfi$ by
 =m & t satisfi$ by /ructure4 ,8        
figures1 subord9ate z !y are to ! g5]al 
ar*itectural purpose & function ( :at !y

 decorate1 are n only n purely /ructural
 9 _! expression1 /iff z !y /ill are f !
 po9t ( view ( absolutely free          
sculpture2 !y are1 moreov]1 n m]ely     
unrelat$ to ea* o!r 9 any ess5tial s5se1
 su* z t 9 :i* ! figures ( ! ,pisans & (
 ,g\jon are relat$2 !y are on ! contr>y 
ea* & all wond]fully acc5tuat$ &        
individualiz$4 ,e ecclesia/ic on !      
,dijon tombs is a "* /udy4 ,e figure on 
! ,well has a psy*ologic z well z a     
sculptural int]e/4 ,pois$ betwe5 ,go?ic 
tradition & mod]n feel+1 betwe5 a rev]5d
 & augu/ ae/hetic conv5tionality & !    
dawn ( free activity1 ,slut]s is "o ( ! 
mo/ int]e/+ & /imulat+ figures 9 ! :ole 
hi/ory ( sculpture4 ,& ! =ce ( 8        
*>act]izations1 ! vividness ( 8         
conceptions1 & ! comb9$ p[] & delicacy (
 8 modell+ give him ! add$ importance ( 
"o ( ! h]oes ( 8 art 9 any "t or c\ntry4
 ,!re is some?+ extremely ,flemi% 9 8   
s5se ( p]sonality4 ,a simil> int]e/ 9   
humanity z su*1 9 ! individual ap>t f ! 
type1 is noticeable 9 ! pictures ( !    

,van ,eycks1 ( ,meml+1 ( ,qu5t9 ,matsys1
 & ,rog] ,van d] ,weyd51 :]e9 all idea (
 beauty1 ( composition1 ( univ]sal      
appeal is subord9at$ z x is 9 no o!r    
art--9 t ( ,holl& no m ?an 9 t (        
,italy--to ! repres5tation 9 ! mo/      
def9ite1 precise1 & p[]ful way ( "s     
int5sely human p]sonality4 ,!re is !    
same extraord9>y concret5ess 9 "o (     
,matsys's apo/les & "o ( ,slut]s's      
prophets4  ,mi*el ,colombe1 ! pupil (   
,claux & ,an?oniet & ! sculptor ( !     
monum5t ( ,francois ,,ii41 ,duke (      
,brittany1 at ,nantes1 ! relief ( ,/4   
,george & ! ,dragon = ! ,*ateau (       
,gaillon1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ! ,fonta9e de
 ,beaune1 at ,t\rs1 & ,jean ,ju/e1 ^:   
noble ma/]piece1 ! ,tomb ( ,l\is ,,xii4 
& ,anne ( ,brittany1 is ! f9e/ ornam5t (
 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is1 bridge !       
di/ance & m>k ! transition to ,g\jon1   
,c\s91 & ,g]ma9 ,pilon f> m suavely ?an 
! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau did ! *ange f t 
( ,t\rs to ,p\ss94 ,c\s91 ?\gh ! monum5t
 ( ,admiral ,*abot is a truly m>vell\s  

"w1 witness+ a practical sculptor's h&1 
is really to be class$ among pa9t]s4 ,& 
,g]ma9 ,pilon's compromise ) ,italian   
decorativ5ess1 graceful & f]tile        
sculptor z 8 _m works %[ him to h be51  
result$ 9 a lack ( p]sonal =ce t has    
caus$ him to be ?\ght on ! "o h& s]i\sly
 injur$ by ! ba/>d s5tim5t prop] to !   
s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau1 z ,mrs4 ,pattison
 some:at /]nly rem>ks1 & on ! o!r to be 
repreh5d$ by ,g]ma9 ,brice 9 #agah1 =   
ev9c+ quelque re/e du g\t go?ique--"s   
rem9isc5ce ( ,go?ic ta/e4 ,jean ,g\jon  
is really ! fir/ mod]n ,fr5* sculptor4  
,,ii  ,he rema9s1 too1 "o ( ! v f9e/1   
ev5 9 a competition con/antly gr[+ m    
exact+ s9ce 8 day4 ,he _h a v p>ticul>  
tal5t1 & x 0 exhibit$ 9 manifold ways4  
,he is z f9e 9 relief z 9 ! r\nd4 ,8    
decorative quality is z em95t z 8 purely
 sculptural side4 ,comp>$ ) 8 ,italian  
contempor>ies he is at once full ( feel+
 & sev]e4 ,he has no?+ ( ,pilon's       
*ameleon-l imitativ5ess4 ,he does n1 on 
! o!r h&1 break ) ! traditions ( ! be/  

models kn[n to him--&1 und\bt$ly he knew
 ! be/4 ,8 works cov] & l9e ! ,l\vre1 & 
anyone :o visits ,p>is may get a p]fect 
conception ( 8 g5ius--c]ta9ly anyone :o 
9 addition visits ,r\5 & beholds !      
lovely trac]y ( 8 e>lie/ sculpture on ! 
portal ( ,/4 ,macl\4 ,he 0 em95tly !    
sculptor ( an educat$ class1 & appeal$  
to a cultivat$ appreciation4 ,com+ z he 
did at ! acme ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 :5 
,france 0 borr[+ ) intellig5t selection 
:atev] x consid]$ valuable f ,italy1 he 
pleas$ ! dilettanti4 ,!re is some?+     
di/9ctly swell 9 8 "w4 ,he does n p]haps
 express any ov]ma/]+ p]sonal feel+1 nor
 does he /amp ! impress ( ,fr5* national
 "* on 8 "w ) any p>ticul> emphasis4 ,he
 is too well-br$ & too cultivat$1 he has
 too mu* aplomb4 ,b 8 works %[ bo? m    
p]sonal feel+ & m national "* ?an !     
works ( 8 contempor>ies else:]e4 ,= l9e 
he has a v intimate in/9ct1 & ( mass1 9 
! sculptor's z well z ! pa9t]'s s5se1 he
 has a native compreh5sion4 ,comp>e 8   
,diana ( ! ,l\vre ) ,cell9i's 9 ! adjo9+

 room f ! po9t ( view ( pure sculpture4 
,g\jon's gr\p is sup]b 9 e way4         
,cell9i's figure is torm5t$ & di/ort$ by
 an impulse ( decad5t ?\gh decorative   
ae/heticism4 ,g\jon's c>yatides &       
figures ( ! ,innoc5ts ,f\nta9 are       
equally sculptural 9 _! way--by no means
 arabesques1 z is s mu* ( ,r5aissance   
relief1 & ! mod]n relief t imitates x4  
,ev]y?+ 9 f9e t ,g\jon did is unifi$ ) !
 re/ ( 8 "w & id5tifiable by ! m>k (    
/yle4   ,,iii  ,:at d we mean by /yle8  
,some?+1 at all ev5ts1 v diff]5t f      
mann]1 9 spite ( ,mr4 ,ham]ton's        
insi/5ce ^u ! contr>y4 ,is ! quality 9  
virtue ( :i*--z ,mr4 ,dobson p>aphrases 
,gauti]--    ,! bu/ outlives ! ?rone1   
,! co9 ,tib]ius  ! specific p]sonality (
 ! arti/ :o c>v$ ! bu/ or *isell$ ! co9 
t h ?us outliv$ all p]sonality connect$ 
) !m8 ,n t p]sonality is n ( ! ess5ce ( 
endur+ art4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 !      
condition ( any vital art :atev]4 ,b :at
 gives ! object1 once p]sonally conceiv$
 & express$1 its curr5cy1 its           

univ]sality1 its et]nal int]e/--speak+  
to /rang]s ) famili> vividness1 & to    
po/]ity z to contempor>ies--is some?+   
aside f its p]sonal feel+4 ,& x is ?is  
some?+ & n specific p]sonality t /yle   
is4 ,/yle is ! invisible w9d ?r\gh ^:   
influ5ce ! lion on ! flag ( ! ,p]sian   
poet moves & m>*es4 ,! lion ( p]sonality
 may be pa9t$ nev] s deftly1 ) nev] s   
mu* expression1 individual feel+1       
picturesqu5ess1 en]gy1 *>m2 x w n move &
 m>* save ?r\gh ! rhy?mic1 wav+ influ5ce
 ( /yle4  ,nor is /yle necess>ily ! gr& 
/yle1 z ,arnold seems to imply1 9 call+ 
x a peculi> reca/+ & height5+1 "u a     
c]ta9 condition ( spiritual excitem5t1 (
 :at a man has to say 9 su* a mann] z to
 add dignity & di/9ction to x4 ,p]haps !
 mo/ explicit examples ( pure /yle owe  
_! production to spiritual coolness2 &1 
9 any ev5t1 ! ^w peculi> 9 a def9ition  
begs ! "q4 ,buffon is at once ju/] & m  
def9ite 9 say+3 ,/yle is no?+ o!r ?an ! 
ord] & movem5t :i* we put into our      
?\ghts4 ,x is s+ul> t ?is simple & lucid

 utt]ance ( ,buffon %\ld h be5 s little 
notic$ by ^? :o h writt5 9 ,engli% on   
/yle4 ,9 g5]al ,engli% writ]s h app>5tly
 misconceiv$1 9 v curi\s fa%ion1        
,buffon's o!r rem>k1 le /yle c'e/       
l'homme2 by :i* aphorism ,buffon m]ely  
meant t a man's individual mann] dep5ds 
on 8 temp]am5t1 8 "*1 & :i* he1 ( c\rse1
 0 v f> f suspect+ w\ld ev] be tak5 = a 
def9ition4  ,foll[+ ,buffon's idea (    
ord] & movem5t1 we may say1 p]haps1 t   
/yle results f ! pres]vation 9 e "p ( "s
 s5se ( ! =m ( ! :ole4 ,x implies a s5se
 ( relations z well z ( /atem5t4 ,x is n
 m]e expression ( a ?\ght 9 a mann]     
peculi> to ! arti/ 79 words1 color1     
m>ble1 :at n71 b x is su* expression    
p5etrat$ ) bo? rem9isc5ce &             
anticipation4 ,x is1 inde$1 on !        
contr>y1 v ne>ly ! rev]se ( :at we mean 
by expression1 :i* is ma9ly a matt] (   
p]sonal en]gy4 ,/yle means correctness1 
precision1 t feel+ = ! ensemble on :i*  
an inh>moni\s detail j>s4 ,expression   
results f a s5se ( ! value ( ! detail4  

,if ,walt ,:itman1 = example1 7 :at 8   
admir]s' defective s5se ( /yle fancies  
him1 he w\ld be expressive4 ,if ,fr5*   
academic art _h z little expression z   
its c5sors ass]t1 x w\ld /ill illu/rate 
/yle--! quality :i* modifies ! native & 
apposite =m ( ! concrete individual ?+ )
 ref]5ce to :at has prec$$ & :at is to  
foll[ x2 ! quality1 9 a ^w1 ^: ef=t is  
to h>monize ! object ) its environm5t4  
,:5 ?is environm5t is height5$1 &       
univ]sal in/ead ( logical & p>ticul>1 we
 h ! gr& /yle2 b we h ! gr& /yle g5]ally
 9 poetry1 & to be sure ( /yle at all   
prose--su* prose z ,g\jon's1 :i* 9 no   
wise emulates ,mi*ael ,angelo's         
poetry--may ju/ifiably neglect 9 "s     
degree ! specific p]sonality t t5ds to  
make x poetic & individual4   ,,iv      
,aft] ,g\jon1 ,clodion is ! great "n 9  
,fr5* sculpture1 until we come to       
,h\don1 :o may almo/ be assign$ to !    
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 ?r\gh\t !        
eighte5? c5tury honorable arti/s1       
sculptors ( di/9ction beyond conte/4 ,b 

sculpture is su* an ab/ract art itself t
 ! sculpture :i* p>took ( !             
artificiality ( ! eighte5? c5tury has   
less int]e/ = u1 less t is concrete &   
appeal+ ?an ev5 ! pa9t+ ( ! epo*4 ,x    
d]iv$ its canons & its practice f       
,puget--! ,fr5* ,b]n9i1 :o ) less grace 
& less dilettante extravagance ?an 8    
,italian exempl> _h m =ce & solidity4 ,)
 less clev]ness1 less *>m--= ,b]n9i1    
spite ( ! dise/eem 9 :i* 8 juxtaposition
 to ,mi*ael ,angelo & 8 app>5t          
unconsci\sness ( ! attitude su*         
juxtaposition %\ld h impos$ ^u him1     
cause him to be held1 has a great deal (
 *>m & is extraord9>ily clev]--he is m  
s9c]e1 m ?or\gh-go+1 m respectable4     
,coysevox is *iefly ,puget exagg]at$1 & 
8 pupil1 ,c\/\1 :o comes d[n to ne>ly ! 
middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 contribut$  
no?+ to ,fr5* sculptural tradition4  ,b 
,clodion is a di/9ct break4 ,he is z    
diff]5t f ,coysevox & ,c\/\ z ,watteau  
is f ,lebrun4 ,he is ! ess5ce ( :at we  
mean by ,l\is ,qu9ze4 ,8 "w is clev]    

beyond *>act]ization4 ,x has 9 p]fection
 :at sculptors mean by color--t is to   
say a c]ta9 w>m? ( feel+1 a c]ta9       
ins\ciance1 a brave c>elessness =       
sculpturesque traditions1 a free play ( 
fancy1 bo? 9 ! conception & execution ( 
8 subjects4 ,l ! ,l\is ,qu9ze pa9t]s1 he
 has 8 ?\ghtless1 irresponsible1        
involunt>y side1 & l !m--l ! be/ ( !m1 t
 is to say1 l ,watteau--he is nev] q z  
good z he c\ld be4 ,he seems n s mu*    
conc]n$ at express+ 8 ideal z at pleas+1
 & pleas+ p ( too frivol\s an           
appreciation to call =? :at is be/ 9    
him4 ,he devot$ himself almo/ altoge!r  
to t]ra-cotta1 :i* is equival5t to say+ 
t ! exquisite & n ! impressive 0 8 aim4 
,?or\ghly classic1 s f> z ! avoidance ( 
ev]y?+ naturali/ic is conc]n$1 he is yet
 z little sev]e & correct z ! pa9t]s ( 8
 day4 ,he sp5t n9e ye>s 9 ,rome1 b ?\gh 
enam\r$ 9 ! mo/ sympa!tic degree ( !    
antique1 x 0 ! /atuettes & figur9es1 !  
gay & social1 ! elegant & decorative    
side ( antique sculpture t exclusively  

he delight$ 94 ,8 "w is ,tanagra        
,galliciz$4 ,x is n ! gr\p ( ,! ,deluge1
 or ! ,entry ( ! ,fr5* into ,muni*1 or  
,h]cules 9 ,repose1 = :i* he 0 e/eem$ by
 contempor>ies or is priz$ by po/]ity4  
,he is admirable :]e he is inimitable--t
 is to say1 9 ! delightful decoration ( 
:i* he 0 s prodigal4 ,x is n 9 8        
compositions essay+ :at is usually meant
 by sculptural effect1 b 9 8 vases1     
clocks1 p5dants1 volutes1 little reliefs
 ( nymphs rid+ dolph9s ov] favor+       
break]s & amid hospitable foam1 8       
toilettes ( ,v5us1 8 facade             
ornam5tations1 8 appli$ sculpture1 9 a  
^w1 t 8 true tal5t lies4 ,aft] him x is 
natural t we %\ld h a rev]sion to       
quasi-sev]ity & imitation ( ! antique--j
 z ,david succe$$ to ! ,l\is ,qu9ze     
pictorial riot--& t ! ,fr5*             
contempor>ies ( ,canova & ,?orwalds51 ^?
 lit]al1 ?\gh en?usia/ic illu/rators (  
,w9ckelmann's !ories1 %\ld be ,pradi] & 
,etex & ! s-call$ ,greek s*ool4         
,pradi]'s ,greek inspiration has some?+ 

,swiss ab\t x1 "o may say--he 0 a       
,g5evan--?\gh 8 figures 7 simple &      
l>gely treat$4 ,he _h a ke5 s5se = !    
fem99e elem5t--! ewig ,weibli*e--&      
express$ x pla/ically ) a ze/ approa*+  
gu/o4 ,yet 8 /atues are wom5 r ?an      
/atues1 &1 m ?an t1 are h&some r ?an    
beautiful4 ,etex1 x is to be fe>$1 w be 
*iefly rememb]$ z ! un=tunately         
successful rival ( ,rude 9 ! ,arc de    
,triomphe de l',etoile decoration4   ,v 
,hav+ 9 ea* case m or less relation )1 b
 really :olly outside ( & sup]ior to all
 s*ools :atev]--except ! s*ool ( nature1
 :i* p]mits z mu* fre$om z x exacts     
fidelity--is ! succession ( ! greate/ ( 
,fr5* sculptors s9ce ! ,r5aissance & d[n
 to ! pres5t day3 ,h\don1 ,david        
d',ang]s1 ,rude1 ,c>peaux1 & ,b>ye4     
,h\don is "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ! union
 ( vigor ) grace4 ,he w be kn[n *iefly z
 a portraiti/1 b su* a ma/]piece z 8    
,diana %[s h[ admirable he 0 9 ! sph]e (
 purely imag9ative !me & treatm5t4      
,classic1 & ev5 conv5tionally classic z 

x is1 bo? 9 subject & 9 ! way ! subject 
is h&l$--comp>$ = example ) ,m4         
,falgui]e's ,nymph ,hunt+1 :i* is simply
 a reali/ic ,diana--x is design$ &      
modell$ ) z mu* p]sonal fre$om & feel+ z
 if ,h\don _h be5 /imulat$ by ! ambition
 ( novel accompli%m5t1 in/ead ( t (     
r5d]+ ) tru? & grace a "t-honor$ &      
traditional sculptural motive4 ,its     
treatm5t is beautifully educat$ & its   
effect ref9$1 *a/e1 & elevat$ 9 an      
extraord9>y degree4 ,no ma/] ev] /e]$ s 
ne> ! reef ( clock-tops1 "o may say1 &  
avoid$ x s surely & triumphantly4 ,!    
figure is light z air & :olly ef=tless  
at ! same "t4 ,!re has r>ely be5 su* a  
di/+ui%$ success 9 circumv5t+ ! great   
difficulty ( sculpture--:i* is to rob   
m>ble or metal ( its specific gravity & 
make x appe> light & buoyant1 j z !     
difficulty ( ! pa9t] is to give weight &
 sub/ance to 8 fictions4 ,b ,h\don's    
admirable bu/s ( ,moli]e1 ,did]ot1      
,wa%+ton1 ,frankl91 & ,mirabeau1 8      
unequall$ /atue ( ,voltaire 9 ! foy] ( !

 ,francais & 8 ,san ,bruno 9 ,santa     
,m>ia degli ,angeli at ,rome are ! works
 on :i* 8 fame w *iefly re/1 &1 ow+ to  
_! ma/]ly comb9ation ( /r5g? ) /yle1 re/
 securely4  ,to see ! "w ( ,david       
d',ang]s1 "o mu/ g to ,ang]s itself & to
 ,p]e-,la*aise4 ,! ,l\vre is lam5tably  
lack+ 9 any?+ truly repres5tative ( ?is 
mo/ em95t ( all portraiti/s 9 sculpture1
 ,i ?9k1 n except+ ev5 ,h\don1 if "o may
 reckon ! mass z well z ! excell5ce ( 8 
rem>kable production & ! way 9 :i* x    
witnesses t portraiture is j :at he 0   
born to d4 ,! ,philopoem5 ( ! ,l\vre is 
a f9e "w1 ev5 impressively l>ge &       
simple4 ,b x is ! compet5t "w ( a memb] 
( a s*ool & leaves "o a little cold4    
,its academic quality q ov]%ad[s :atev] 
p]sonal feel+ "o may by se>*+ f9d 9 !   
sev]ity ( its treatm5t & ! way 9 :i* a  
classic motive has be5 foll[$ out       
naturally & g5u9ely in/ead (            
p]functorily4 ,x gives no intimation ( !
 faculty t produc$ ! spl5did gall]y (   
m$allions acc5tuat$ by an occasional bu/

 & /atue1 ( ,david's celebrat$          
contempor>ies & quasi-contempor>ies 9 e 
field ( di/9ction4 ,x is impossible to  
ov]e/imate ! int]e/ & value1 ! tru? & ! 
art ( ^!4 ,:e!r ! subject be intractable
 or n seems to h made no diff]5ce to    
,david4 ,he inv>iably produc$ a "w ( art
 at ! same "t t he express$ ! "* ( its  
motive ) uncompromis+ fidelity4 ,8      
portraits1 moreov]1 are pure sculpture4 
,!re is no?+ ( ! cameo-cutt]'s art ab\t 
!m4 ,!y are modell$ n c>v$4 ,! outl9e is
 no m important ?an x is 9 nature1 s f> 
z x is employ$ to ! end ( id5tification4
 ,x is us$ decoratively4 ,!re are       
surpris+ effects ( =e-%ort5+1 exhibit+  
sup]b1 & z x 7 unconsci\s ease 9 h&l+   
relief--t mo/ difficult ( illusions 9   
respect ( hav+ no law 7at lea/ no law t 
x is wor? ! sculptor's :ile to try to   
discov]7 ( correspond5ce to reality4    
,=ms & masses h a def9ition & a firmness
 :olly rem>kable 9 _! indep5d5ce ( !    
usual l[ relief's reliance on pictorial 
& purely l9e> design4 ,!y d n bl5d      

picturesquely ) ! backgr\nd1 & d n dep5d
 on _! sugge/iv5ess = _! "*4 ,!y are    
always realiz$1 execut$--sculpture 9 a  
^w ^: sugge/iv5ess1 q z pot5t z t (     
feebl] executants1 beg9s only :5 actual 
repres5tation has be5 triumphantly      
a*iev$ in/ead ( impot5tly & skilfully   
avoid$4  ,( ,rude's g5ius "o's fir/     
?\ght is ( its robu/ness1 its           
orig9ality4 ,ev]y?+ he did is /amp$ ) ! 
impress ( 8 p]sonality4 ,at ! same "t x 
is equally evid5t t ,rude's own         
temp]am5t took its color f !            
transitional epo* 9 :i* he liv$1 & ( :i*
 he 0 p> excell5ce ! sculptor4 ,he 0 !  
true inh]itor ( 8 ,burgundian           
traditions4 ,8 /ronge/ side 0 t :i*     
allies him ) 8 arti/ic ance/or1 ,claux  
,slut]s4 ,b he liv$ 9 an era ( g5]al    
culture & ae/heticism1 & all 8          
naturali/ic t5d5cies 7 complicat$ )     
!ory4 ,he accept$ ! antique n m]ely z a 
/imulus1 b z a model4 ,he 0 n only a    
sculptor b a tea*]1 & ! =mulation ( 8   
didacticism complicat$ consid]ably !    

free ex]cise ( 8 expression4 ,at ! la/1 
z is p]haps natural1 he rev]t$ to       
prec$5t & =mul>y1 & 9 8 ,hebe & ! ,eagle
 ( ,jupit] & 8 ,l',am\r ,dom9ateur du   
,monde1 is m at v>iance ?an any:]e else 
) 8 native in/9ct1 :i* 01 to cite !     
admirable phrase ( ,m4 de ,f\rcaud1     
ext]ioris] nos idees et nos ames4 ,b    
?r\gh\t 8 life he halt$ a little betwe5 
two op9ions--! curr5t admiration ( !    
classic1 & 8 own in/9ctive feel+ =      
nature unsy/ematiz$ & unsophi/icat$4 ,8 
,jeanne d',arc is an in/ance4 ,9 spite (
 ! violation ( tradition1 :i* at ! "t x 
0 ?\ght to be1 x seems to-day to our    
eyes to err on ! side ( ! conv5tional4  
,x is surely intellectual1 classic1 ev5 
factiti\s 9 conception z well z 9       
execution4 ,9 "s ( its accessories x is 
ev5 modi%4 ,x illu/rates n m]ely !      
ab/ract turn ( conceiv+ a subject :i*   
,rude always %>$ ) ! great classici/s ( 
8 art1 b also ! arbitr>9ess ( treatm5t  
aga9/ :i* he always prote/$4 ,)\t at all
 kn[+ x1 he 0 9 a v intimate s5se an    

eclectic 9 _m ( 8 works4 ,he believ$ 9  
=m+ a complete m5tal conception ( e     
composition be=e ev5 pos+ a model1 z he 
us$ to tell 8 /ud5ts1 b 9 complicat$    
compositions ?is 0 impossible1 & he _h  
small tal5t = artificial composition4   
,fur!rmore1 he (t5 di/ru/$--q )\t       
reason1 b aft] ! fatal mann] ( !        
ru/ic--8 own intuitions4 ,b "o m5tions  
^! qualifications ( 8 g5ius &           
accompli%m5t only because bo? 8 g5ius & 
accompli%m5t are s di/+ui%$ z to make "o
 wi% !y 7 m ne>ly p]fect ?an !y are4 ,x 
is really idle to wi% t ,rude _h        
neglect$ ! philosophy ( 8 art1 ) :i* he 
0 s mu* occupi$1 & _h devot$ himself    
exclusively to treat+ sculptural        
subjects 9 ! mann] ( a n9ete5? c5tury   
successor ( ,slut]s & ,an?oniet4 ,he    
might h be5 a great] sculptor ?an he 01 
b he is suffici5tly great z he is4 ,if 8
 ,m]cury is an essay 9 conv5tional      
sculpture1 8 ,petit ,pe*eur is frank &  
free sculptural h&l+ ( natural mat]ial4 
,8 "w at ,lille & 9 ,belgium1 8 recl9+  

figure ( ,cavaignac 9 ! cemet]y (       
,montm>tre1 8 noble figures ( ,gasp>d   
,monge at ,beaune1 ( ,m>%al ,b]tr&1 & ( 
,ney1 are all ca/ 9 ! h]oic m\ld1 full (
 "*1 & 9 no wise dep5d5t on speculative 
!ory4 ,few sculptors h display$ any?+ l 
8 v>iety & range1 :i* ext5ds1 = example1
 f ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ to a /atue ( ,l\is
 ,,xiii4 enfant1 & includes portraits1  
gr\ps1 compositions 9 relief1 & h]oic   
/atues4 ,9 all 8 successful "w "o _c    
fail to note ! =ce & fire ( ! man's     
p]sonality1 & p]haps :at "o ?9ks (      
*iefly 9 connection ) him is ! mis=tune 
:i* we owe to ! vacillation ( ,m4 ,?i]s 
( hav+ b "o in/ead ( f\r gr\ps by him on
 ! pi]s ( ! ,arc de ,triomphe de        
l',etoile4 ,c>peaux us$ to say t he nev]
 pass$ ! ,*ant du ,dep>t )\t tak+ (f 8  
hat4 ,"o c und]/& 8 feel+4 ,no "o c h   
any appreciation ( :at sculpture is )\t 
p]ceiv+ t ?is magnific5t gr\p easily &  
s]5ely takes its rank among ! ma/]pieces
 ( sculpture ( all "t4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/  
place1 ! inc>nation ( an ab/raction1 !  

_s ( patriotism r\s$ to ! highe/ pit* ( 
w>like int5sity & self-sacrifice1 & 9 ! 
second ?is ab/ract motive is express$ 9 
! mo/ elaborate & compreh5sive          
complet5ess--) a comb9$ intricacy (     
detail & s+l5ess ( effect :i* mu/ be !  
despair ( any b a ma/] 9 sculpture4     
,,vi  ,c>peaux p]haps nev] did any?+ t q
 equals ! ma/]piece ( 8 ma/] ,rude4 ,b !
 ess5tial quality ( ! ,*ant du ,dep>t he
 assimilat$ s absolutely & s naturally t
 he made x 9 a way 8 own4 ,he c>ri$ x   
f>!r1 inde$4 ,if he nev] rose to !      
gr&eur ( ?is sup]b gr\p1 & he c]ta9ly   
did n1 he nev]!less %[$ 9 e "o ( 8 works
 t he 0 possess$ by its inspiration ev5 
m completely ?an 0 ,rude himself4 ,8    
passion 0 ! repres5tation ( life1 !     
vital & vivify+ =ce 9 its utmo/         
exub]ance1 & 9 its e v>iety1 s f> z 8   
exp]i5ce c\ld enable him to r5d] x4 ,he 
0 infatuat$ ) movem5t1 ) ! atte/ation 9 
=m ( n]v\s en]gy1 ( ! quick translation 
( ?\ght & emotion into int]pret+        
attitude4 ,8 figures are1 beyond all    

o!rs1 s ?or\ghly alive z to seem        
consci\s ( ! fact & joy ( pure exi/5ce4 
,!y are animat$1 "o may almo/ say       
inspir$1 ) ! delight ( muscul> activity1
 ! s5sation ( ex]cis+ ! functions ) :i* 
nature end[s !m4 ,& accompany+ ?is      
supreme motive & effect is a delightful 
grace & w9n+ness ( :i* few sculptors h !
 secret1 & :i* sugge/ m ?an any "o else 
,clodion's decorative lovel9ess4 ,an ev5
 great] *>m ( sprite-l1 fairy           
attractiv5ess1 ( c>ess+ & bewit*+       
fasc9ation1 a m p5etrat+ & s$uctive     
engag+ness plays ab\t ,c>peaux's ,flora1
 ,i ?9k1 ?an is *>act]i/ic ev5 (        
,clodion's figures & reliefs4 ,c>peaux  
is at all ev5ts ne>] to u1 & if he has n
 ! classic deta*m5t ( ,clodion he       
sub/itutes = x a quality ( clos]        
atta*m5t & m intimate appeal4 ,he is at 
8 be/ p]haps 9 ! ,danse ( ! ,n\vel ,op]a
 facade1 :]e9 8 elf9-l grace & exub]ant 
vitality animate a gr\p c>efully1 & ev5 
classically compos$1 exhibit+ skill &   
re/ra9t z well z movem5t & fancy4       

,possibly 8 temp]am5t gives itself too  
free a re9 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,luxemb\rg      
,g>d5s1 9 :i* he has be5 accus$ by 8 own
 admir]s ( sacrific+ ta/e to turbul5ce &
 secur+ expressiv5ess at ! exp5se ( san]
 & m truly sculptural aims4 ,b fancy !  
,luxemb\rg ,g>d5s )\t ,! ,f\r ,qu>t]s ( 
! ,_w support+ ! ,e>?4 ,p>isian c5sure (
 8 exub]ance is v apt to display a      
conv5tional /&>d ( criticism 9 ! critic 
r ?an to sub/antiate its *>ge4  ,b>ye's 
place 9 ! hi/ory ( art is m ne>ly       
unique1 p]haps1 ?an t ( any ( ! great   
arti/s4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! greate/ (  
sculptors1 & he _h ei!r ! good luck or !
 mis*ance to d 8 "w 9 a field almo/     
:olly unexploit$ be=e him4 ,he has 9 8  
way no rivals1 & 9 8 way he is s        
admirable t ! scope ( 8 "w does n ev5   
h9t at 8 exclusion f rivalry ) ! v      
greate/ ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,a p]ception ( 
! tru? ( ?is app>5t p>adox is ! ne>e/ "o
 may come1 ,i ?9k1 to ! secret ( 8      
excell5ce4 ,no matt] :at y d1 if y d x  
well en\gh1 t is1 ) en\gh elevation1    

en\gh spiritual di/9ction1 en\gh        
transmutation ( ! elem5t>y necessity (  
te*nical p]fection into true            
significance--y succe$4 ,& ?is is n !   
s5se 9 :i* motive 9 art is curr5tly     
belittl$4 ,x is r ! sugge/ion ( ,mrs4   
,br[n+'s l9es3                ,bett] f> 
,pursue a frivol\s trade by s]i\s means 
,?an a sublime art frivol\sly4  ,no?+   
c\ld be m mislead+ ?an to fancy ,b>ye a 
k9d ( mod]n ,cell9i4 ,less ?an any      
sculptor ( mod]n times is he a          
decorative arti/4 ,! small scale ( 8    
works is 9 great "p due to 8 lack (     
opportunity to produce l>g] ones4       
,n[adays "o does :at "o c1 ev5 ! greate/
 arti/s2 & ,b>ye _h no ,lor5zo de',m$ici
 = a patron1 b1 in/ead1 a fr[n+         
,in/itute1 :i* conf9$ him to su* "w z1 9
 ! ma91 he did4 ,he did x con amore x   
ne$ n be add$1 & ?us lift$ x at once out
 ( ! cu/om>y category ( su* "w4 ,8      
bronzes 7 nev] articles de ,p>is1 & _!  
excell5ce transc5ds ! function ( tea*+  
our sculptors & amateurs ! lesson t     

h\sehold is z dignifi$ a prov9ce z      
monum5tal1 art4 ,8 gr\ps are n          
ess5tially clock-tops1 & ! "w ( p]haps !
 greate/ arti/1 9 ! l9e f ,jean ,g\jon  
to ,c>peaux c h>dly be us$ to po9t !    
moral t clock-tops ought to be good4    
,cell9i's ,p]seus is really m ( a p>lor 
ornam5t ?an ,b>ye's smalle/ figure4  ,:y
 is he s obvi\sly great z well z s      
obvi\sly extraord9>y8 "o con/antly asks 
himself 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 bronzes4 ,p]haps
 because he expresses ) su* concret5ess1
 su* def9it5ess & vigor a motive s      
purely an ab/raction4 ,! illu/ration 9  
intimate elaboration ( elem5tal =ce1    
/r5g?1 passion1 seems to h be5 8 aim1 & 
9 ev]yone ( 8 wond]fully v>i$ gr\ps he  
atta9s x sup]bly--n giv+ ! behold] a    
symbol ( x m]ely2 9 no degree dep5d+ ^u 
association or conv5tion1 b exhibit+ its
 v ess5ce ) a comb9$ sci5tific          
explicitness & poetic en]gy to :i*      
antique art alone1 "o may almo/ say1 has
 furni%$ a p>allel4 ,= ?is1 fauna s]v$  
him z well z ! human figure1 ?\gh1 c\ld 

he h /udi$ man ) ! facility :i* ! ,j>d9 
des ,plantes af=d$ him ( obs]v+ ! l[]   
animals1 he might h us$ ! m$ium ( !     
human figure m frequ5tly ?an he did4 ,:5
 he did1 he 0 h>dly less successful2 & !
 f\r spl5did gr\ps t decorate !         
,pavillons ,d5on & ,ri*elieu ( ! ,l\vre 
are 9 ! v front rank ( ! h]oic sculpture
 ( ! mod]n _w4     ,v   ,,academic      
,,sculpture   ,i  ,f ,b>ye to !         
,in/itute is a long way4 ,no?+ c\ld be m
 int]ho/ile ?an 8 sculpture & t ( !     
pr(essors at ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts4 
,& 9 consid]+ ! ,fr5* sculpture ( !     
pres5t day we may say t1 aside f ! great
 names already m5tion$--,h\don1 ,david  
d',ang]s1 ,rude1 ,c>peaux1 & ,b>ye--&   
ap>t f ! new movem5t repres5t$ by ,rod9 
& ,dal\1 x is repres5t$ by ! ,in/itute1 
& t ! ,in/itute has rev]t$ to ! ,italian
 inspiration4 ,! influ5ce ( ,canova & ! 
example ( ,pradi] & ,etex 7 n la/+4     
,inde$1 ,greek sculpture has p]i%$ s    
completely t x sometimes seems to live  
only 9 its leg5d4 ,) ! mod]n ,fr5*      

s*ool1 ! academic s*ool1 x is q         
supplant$ by ! sculpture ( !            
,r5aissance4 ,& ?is is n unreasonable4  
,! ,r5aissance sculpture is mod]n2 its  
ma/]s did f9ely & p]fectly :at s9ce _!  
"t has be5 done imp]fectly1 b ess5tially
 its arti/ic _s is ! mod]n arti/ic _s1  
full ( p]sonality1 full ( expression1   
c>eless ( ! type4 ,n[adays we patronize 
a little ! ideal4 ,y may he> v          
intellig5t critics 9 ,p>is--:o 9 ,p>is  
is n an intellig5t critic8--speak       
disp>ag+ly ( ! ,greek want ( expression2
 ( ! lack ( passion1 ( vivid int]e/1 (  
significance 9 a ^w1 9 ,greek sculpture 
( ! ,p]iclean epo*4 ,! conception (     
absolute beauty hav+ be5 discov]$ to be 
an ab/raction1 ! tradition ( ! purely   
ideal has gone ) x4 ,! c>yatids ( !     
,ere*!um1 ! horsem5 ( ! ,p>!non frieze1 
! reliefs ( ! ,nike ,apt]os balu/rade   
are admir$ c]ta9ly2 b !y are h>dly      
sympa!tically admir$2 !re is a t5d5cy to
 relegate !m to ! limbo ( subjects =    
ae/hetic lectures4 ,& yet no "o c h     

c>efully exam9$ ! brilliant productions 
( mod]n ,fr5* sculpture )\t be+ /ruck by
 ?is app>5t p>adox3 t1 :]eas all its    
canons are drawn f a /udy ( !           
,r5aissance1 its *ief *>act]i/ic is1 at 
bottom1 a lack ( expression1 a          
c>efulness = ! type4 ,! explanation is  
?is3 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 :i* at la/ makes   
all ?+s ev51 ! individuality1 !         
romanticism ( ! ,r5aissance has itself  
become ! type1 is n[ itself become      
classical1 & ! mod]n attitude t[>d x1   
h[ev] sympa!tic comp>$ ) ! mod]n        
attitude t[>d ! antique1 is to a        
notewor?y degree factiti\s & artificial4
 ,& 9 art ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! attitude ( 
m9d4 ,x is ?is :i* prev5ts ,+res f be+  
truly ,raphaelesque1 & ,pradi] f be+    
really classical4 ,if1 !re=e1 x c ju/ly 
be said ( mod]n ,fr5* sculpture t its   
sympa?y = ! ,r5aissance sculpture       
obscures its vision ( ! ideal1 x is     
cle>ly to be *>g$ ) ! same abs5ce (     
individual significance ) :i* its       
?ick-&-?9 p>tisans reproa* ! antique4 ,!

 circum/ance t1 l ! ,r5aissance         
sculpture1 x deals f> m l>gely 9        
pictorial expression ?an ! antique does1
 is1 if x deals 9 !m aft] ! ,r5aissance 
fa%ion & n aft] a fa%ion ( its own1 q   
beside ! ess5tial fact4 ,!re is really  
no?+ 9 common betwe5 an academic ,fr5*  
sculptor ( ! pres5t day & an ,italian   
sculptor ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 except !   
possession ( :at is call$ ! mod]n _s4 ,b
 ! mod]n _s manife/s itself 9 an enorm\s
 gamut1 & ! diff]5ces ( its             
manife/ations are z great 9 _! way1 & s 
f> z our int]e/ 9 !m is conc]n$1 z !    
diff]5ce betwe5 _! inspiration & !      
m$iaeval or ! antique inspiration4      
,,ii  ,*apu1 :o di$ a ye> or two ago1 is
 p]haps ! only em95t sculptor ( ! "t ^: 
inspiration is cle>ly ! antique1 & :5 ,i
 add t 8 "w appe>s to me = ?is reason   
none ! less orig9al1 x w be imm$iately  
p]ceiv$ t ,i %>e imp]fectly ! ,fr5*     
objection to ! antique4 ,inde$1 n[adays 
to h ! antique inspiration is to be     
orig9al ex vi t]m9i2 no?+ is f>!r remov$

 f contempor>y conv5tions4 ,b ?is is    
true 9 a mu* m integral s5se4 ,!        
pre-em95t fact ( ,greek sculpture1 =    
example1 is1 f "o po9t ( view1 !        
directness ) :i* x conc]ns itself ) !   
ideal--! slight tempor>y or p]sonal     
elem5t ) :i* x is alloy$4 ,:5 "o calls  
an arti/ or a "w ,greek1 ?is is :at is  
really meant2 x is ! s5se 9 :i* ,raphael
 is ,greek4 ,*apu is ,greek 9 ?is way1 &
 ?us individualiz$ among 8              
contempor>ies1 n only by hav+ a diff]5t 
inspiration f !m1 b by dep5d+ = 8 int]e/
 on no conv5tion fix$ or fleet+ & on no 
indirect support ( acc5tuat$ p]sonal    
*>act]i/ics4 ,p]haps ! antiqu>y ( a ?\s&
 ye>s f n[1 to :om ! traits :i* to u    
di/+ui% s cle>ly ! "w ( c]ta9 sculptors 
:o seem to h no?+ 9 common w betray only
 _! common inspiration1 w be ev5 less at
 a loss ?an ourselves to f9d traces ( a 
common orig9 9 su* app>5tly diff]5t     
works z ,*apu's ,m]cury & 8 ,jeunesse ( 
! ,regnault monum5t4 ,he w by no means  
conf\nd ^! ) ! classical productions (  

,m4 ,millet or ,m4 ,caveli]1 we may be  
sure4 ,& ?is1 ,i repeat1 because _!     
purely ,greek _s1 ! subord9ation 9 _!   
conception & execution ( ! p]sonal      
elem5t1 ! direct way 9 :i* ! sculptor   
looks at ! ideal1 ! type1 n only di/+ui%
 !m among contempor>y works1 :i* are s  
l>gely p]sonal expressions1 b give !m an
 em95t individuality z well4 ,l ! ,greek
 sculpture1 !y are pla9ly ! production (
 culture1 :i* 9 re/ra9+ wilfulness1     
h[ev] happily inspir$1 & impos+ measure 
& poise1 nev]!less acutely /imulates &  
develops ! faculties !mselves4 ,!       
skeptic :o may v plausibly inquire !    
di/9ction betwe5 t vague entity1 !      
ideal1 & ! p]sonal idea ( ! arti/       
conc]n$ ) x1 c be %[n ?is di/9ction     
bett] ?an x c be express$ 9 words4 ,he w
 appreciate x v readily1 to return to   
,*apu1 by contra/+ ! ,jeanne d',arc at !
 ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y ) su* diff]5t       
treatm5t ( ! same !me z ,m4             
,ba/i5-,lepage's picture1 n[ 9 ! ,new   
,york ,metropolitan ,museum1 illu/rates4

 ,contr>y to 8 almo/ inv>iable practice 
( neglect+ ev5 design 9 favor (         
imp]sonal natural repres5tation1        
,ba/i5-,lepage's ,jeanne d',arc is !    
creature ( wilful orig9ality1 a sort (  
embodi$ prote/ aga9/ conv5tionalism 9   
hi/orical pa9t+2 %e is ! illu/ration ( a
 !ory1 %e is ?is & t sy/ematically & n  
spontane\sly2 ! pr$om9ance ( ! pa9t]'s  
p]sonality is pla9 9 e detail ( 8       
creation4 ,*apu's ,maid is ! ideal1 m or
 less p]fectly express$2 %e is          
ev]ybody's ,maid1 m or less adequately  
embodi$4 ,! /atue is ! antipodes ( !    
conv5tional mu* m s1 ev51 to our mod]n  
s5se1 ?an t ( ,rude2 x sugge/s no       
competition ) t at ,v]sailles or ! _m   
o!r *>act]less conceptions t ab\nd4 ,x  
is full ( expression--arre/$ j be=e x   
ceases to be sugge/ive2 ( individuality 
re/ra9$ on ! hi!r side ( peculi>ity4 ,! 
,maid is he>+ h] voices z di/9ctly z    
,ba/i5-,lepage's figure is1 b ! fact is 
n =c$ ^u ! s5se1 b is r disclos$ to !   
m9d ) great delicacy & ! dignity becom+ 

sculpture4 ,no "o c\ld1 ( c\rse1 mi/ake 
?is "w = an antique--an error t might   
possibly be made1 suppos+ ! conditions  
favorable1 9 ! case ( ,*apu's ,m]cury2 b
 x pres5ts1 nev]!less1 an excell5t      
illu/ration ( a mod]n work+ naturally & 
freely 9 ! antique _s4 ,x is z affect+1 
z full ( direct appeal1 z a mod]n "w    
essays to be2 b its appeal is to ! s5se 
( beauty1 to ! imag9ation1 & its effect 
is wr\ght 9 virtue ( its art & n ( its  
reality4 ,no1 individuality is no m     
inconsi/5t ) ! antique _s ?an x is )    
ecc5tricity1 ) ! extravagances ( p]sonal
 expression4 ,is !re m individuality 9 a
 ?irte5?-c5tury grotesque ?an 9 ! ,faun 
( ! ,capitol8 ,= sculpture especially1  
art is em95tly1 z x has be5 t]m$1 !     
discipl9e ( g5ius1 & x is only aft] !   
sculptor's g5ius has submitt$ to !      
discipl9e ( culture t x ev9ces an       
individuality :i* really c\nts1 :i* is  
really ?r[n out 9 relief on ! backgr\nd 
( crude p]sonality4 ,& if !re be no "q (
 p]fection1 b only ( ! arti/'s attitude1

 "o has b to ask himself ! real mean+ ( 
! epi!t ,%akespe>ian to be assur$ ( !   
h>mony betwe5 individuality & ! mo/     
imp]sonal practice4  ,nev]!less1 ?is    
attitude & ?is p]fection1 *>act]i/ic z  
!y are ( ,*apu's "w1 h _! p]il4 ,:5 !   
quick5+ impulse1 ( ^: expression !y are 
aft] all b conditions1 fails1 !y sudd5ly
 appe> s misplac$ z to r5d]             
insignificant :at w\ld o!rwise h seem$  
respectable en\gh "w4 ,ev]y:]e else (   
great di/9ction--ev5 9 ! execution ( s  
p]functory a task z a commission = a    
figure ( ,me*anical ,art 9 ! ,tribunal  
de ,comm]ce--at ! great ,tri5nial       
,exposition ( #ahhc ,*apu 0 simply      
insignificant4 ,!re 0 nev] a m /rik+    
illu/ration ( ! necessity ( con/ant     
r5ewal ( inspiration1 ( ! con/ant dang] 
( lapse into ! p]functory & ! hackney$1 
:i* ?reat5s an arti/ ( precisely ,*apu's
 qualities4 ,ano!r ( equal em95ce       
escapes ?is p]il2 !re is n ! same       
int]dep5d5ce ( =m & cont5t to be di/urb$
 by failure 9 ! latt]2 or1 bett] /ill1 !

 m]its ( =m are n s di/+ui%$ z to       
require imp]atively a correspond+       
excell5ce ( int5tion4 ,9 fact1 x is     
because ( ! exceptional position t he   
occupies 9 d]iv+ f ! antique1 in/ead (  
%[+ ! academic devotion to ,r5aissance  
romanticism :i* *>act]izes ! g5]al      
movem5t ( academic ,fr5* sculpture1 t 9 
any consid]ation ( ?is sculpture ,*apu's
 "w makes a m vivid impression ?an t ( 8
 contempor>ies1 & ?us naturally takes a 
=emo/ place4   ,,iii  ,m4 ,paul ,dubois1
 = example1 9 ! *>act]i/ics j allud$ to1
 pres5ts ! greate/ possible contra/ to  
,*apu2 b he w nev]1 we may be sure1 give
 u a "w t c\ld be call$ insignificant4  
,8 "w w always express himself1 & 8 is a
 p]sonality ( v positive idiosyncrasy4  
,m4 ,dubois1 inde$1 is probably !       
/ronge/ ( ! ,academic gr\p ( ,fr5*      
sculptors ( ! day4 ,! tomb ( ,g5]al     
,lamorici]e at ,nantes has rema9$ until 
rec5tly "o ( ! v f9e/ a*ievem5ts (      
sculpture 9 mod]n times4 ,!re is 9      
effect no?+ m>k$ly sup]ior 9 ! ,ca!dral 

( ,/4 ,d5is1 :i* is a great deal to     
say--mu* m1 inde$1 ?an ! glories ( !    
,italian ,r5aissance1 :i* lead u out (  
m]e mom5tum to =get ! ,fr5*1 p]mit "o to
 appreciate4 ,inde$1 ! sculpture ( ,m4  
,dubois seems positively to h b "o      
defect1 a defect :i* f "o po9t ( view is
 c]ta9ly a quality1 ! defect (          
impeccability4 ,x is at any rate        
impeccable2 to seek 9 x a blemi%1 or1 )9
 its own limitations1 a di/9ct %ortcom+1
 is to lose "o's pa9s4 ,z workman%ip1 & 
workman%ip ( ! subtl] k9d1 9 :i* e      
detail ( surface & /ructure is p]ceiv$  
to h be5 intellig5tly felt 7?\gh r>ely  
en?usia/ically r5d]$71 x is n m]ely     
satisfactory1 b visibly & beautifully   
p]fect4 ,b 9 ! category 9 :i* ,m4       
,dubois is to be plac$ t is v little2 x 
is always delightful1 b x is n          
especially complim5t>y to ,m4 ,dubois1  
to occupy "o's self ) x4 ,on ! o!r h&1  
by impeccability is c]ta9ly n "h meant !
 m]e success ( express+ :at "o has to   
express--! impeccability ( ,canova & 8  

successors1 = example4 ,! difficulty is 
) ,m4 ,dubois's ideal1 ) :at he s       
p]fectly expresses4 ,9 ! la/ analysis   
?is is n 8 ideal m ?an ours4 ,& ?is1    
inde$1 is :at makes 8 "w s flawless 9   
our eyes1 s impeccable4 ,x seems z if ( 
:at he attempts he atta9s ! type itself2
 ev]yone mu/ recognize its ju/ness4  ,! 
read] w say at once "h t ,i am cavill+  
at ,m4 ,dubois = :at ,i prais$ 9 ,*apu4 
,b let u di/+ui%4 ,! two arti/s belong  
to :olly diff]5t categories4 ,*apu's    
inspiration is ! antique _s4 ,m4        
,dubois1 is1 l all academic ,fr5*       
sculptors1 except ,*apu inde$1          
absolutely & integrally a romantici/1   
completely enam\r$ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!  
two are s di/9ct z to be contradictory4 
,! mom5t ,m4 ,dubois gives u ! type 9 a 
,flor5t9e ,m9/rel1 to ! exclusion ( !   
p]sonal & ! p>ticul>1 he fails 9        
imag9ativ5ess & falls back on !         
conv5tional4 ,! type ( a ,flor5t9e      
,m9/rel is infallibly a conv5tion4 ,m4  
,dubois1 n be+ occupi$ directly ) !     

ideal1 is b\nd to c>ry 8 subject & its  
idiosyncrasies mu* f>!r ?an ! obs]v]    
c\ld h =ese54 ,to re/ cont5t ) express+ 
gracefully & p[]fully ! notion common to
 all connoisseurs is to fall %ort ( :at 
"o ju/ly exacts ( ! romantic arti/4     
,inde$1 9 ex*ange = ?is "o w\ld accept v
 faulty "w 9 ?is category ) resignation4
 ,:atev] we may say or ?9k1 h[ev] we may
 admire or approve1 9 romantic art !    
quality t *>ms1 t fasc9ates1 is n       
adequacy b unexpect$ness4 ,9 addition to
 ! und]/&+1 ! in/9ct dem&s satisfaction4
 ,! virtues ( ,*>ity & ,fai? & ! ideas (
 ,milit>y ,c\rage & ,m$itation c\ld n be
 m adequately illu/rat$ ?an by ! figures
 :i* gu>d ! solemn dignity ( ,g5]al     
,lamorici]e's sleep4 ,!re is a c]ta9    
=ce1 a bread? ( view 9 ! g5]al          
conception1 some?+ 9 ! way 9 :i* !      
sculptor has tak5 8 task1 closely alli$ 
to real gr&eur4 ,! confid5t & ev5       
c>eless dep5d5ce ^u ! unaid$ value ( its
 motive1 mak+ h>dly any appeal to !     
fancy on ! "o h&1 & seek+ no poignant   

effect on ! o!r1 endues ! "w ) ! poise &
 purity ( ef=tless /r5g?4 ,x conveys to 
! m9d a cle> impression ( manl9ess1 (   
qualities morally refre%+4  ,b su* "w   
educates u s inexorably1 tea*es u to be 
s exact+6 ,aft] enjoy+ x to its & our   
utmo/1 we dem& /ill some?+ else1 some?+ 
m mov+1 m /irr+1 some?+ m directly      
appeal+ to our impulse & in/9ct4 ,ev5 9 
8 free & *>m+ little ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ (
 ! ,luxemb\rg1 & 8 admirable bu/ (      
,baudry "o feels l ask+ = m fre$om /ill1
 = m sw+4 ,dubois c]ta9ly is ! la/ arti/
 :o ne$s to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ lett+    
himself g4 ,:y is x t 9 v>y+ s agreeably
 ,r5aissance !mes--comp>e ! ,milit>y    
,c\rage & ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,p5si]o1 or 
! ,*>ity & ! same gr\p 9 ,della         
,qu]cia's f\nta9 at ,si5na--x is        
re/ra9t1 r ?an audacity1 t gov]ns him8  
,is x caution or p]v]sity8 ,9 a ^w1     
imag9ativ5ess is :at p]man5tly int]e/s &
 atta*es1 ! imag9ativ5ess to :i* 9      
sculpture ! ord9>y conv5tions ( =m are  
m]e conditions1 & ! ord9>y conv5tions ( 

idea m]e mat]ial4 ,"o c h>dly apply     
g5]alities ( ! k9d to ,m4 ,dubois )\t   
say+ too mu*1 b x is nev]!less true t "o
 may illu/rate ! gr& /yle & yet fail (  
be+ intimately & acutely sympa!tic2 &   
,m4 ,dubois1 to ^: l>g5ess ( treatm5t & 
nobility ( conception no "o w d5y some?+
 truly sugge/ive ( ! gr& /yle1 does ?us 
fail4 ,x is n t he does n possess *>m1 &
 *>m 9 no mean proportion to 8 l>g5ess &
 nobility1 b = ! elevation ( ^! into !  
realm ( magic1 into ! upp] air (        
spontane\s spiritual activity1 8        
imag9ation has1 = ! romantic imag9ation 
:i* x is1 a trifle too mu*              
self-possession--too mu* sanity1 if "o  
*ooses4 ,he has ! ambitions1 !          
faculties1 ( a lyric poet1 & he gives u 
too frequ5tly recitative4   ,,iv  ,x is 
agreeable 9 _m ways to turn f ! r\nd$ & 
complete impeccability ( ,m4 ,dubois to 
! fancy ( ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>ceaux4 ,m ?an any
 ( 8 rivals1 ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>ceaux         
possesses ! *>m ( unexpect$ness4 ,he is 
n p]haps to be call$ an orig9al g5ius1 &

 8 "w w probably leave ,fr5* sculpture v
 ne>ly :]e x f\nd x4 ,inde$1 "o readily 
p]ceives t he is n free f ! trammels (  
contempor>y conv5tion4 ,b h[ easily he  
we>s !m1 & if no sev]e pa9s & bir?-?roes
 accompany ! evolution ( 8 conceptions1 
h[ graceful ^! conceptions are6 ,!y are 
p]haps ( ! ,canova family2 ! ,h>lequ91 =
 in/ance1 :i* has _h su* a prodigi\s    
success1 is ess5tially ,milanese        
sculpture2 ess5tially ev5 ! ,g5ius      
,gu>d+ ! ,secret ( ! ,tomb is a fanta/ic
 r ?an an orig9al "w4 ,b h[ ! mann]1 !  
treatm5t1 triumphs ov] ! ,canova        
insipidity6 ,x is n only ,milanese      
sculpture bett] done1 ! execution       
beautifully sapi5t & tru?ful in/ead (   
*eaply imitative1 ! idea broadly en=c$  
by ! details in/ead ( fritt]$ away among
 !m2 x is ,milanese sculpture ess5tially
 elevat$ & dignifi$4 ,loosely speak+1 ! 
m]e article de v]tu becomes a true "w ( 
art4 ,& ?is trans=mation1 or r ?is      
developm5t ( a g]m ( n too great        
intr9sic importance1 is br\ght ab\t 9 ! 

"w ( ,sa9t-,m>ceaux by ! pres5ce ( an   
elem5t utt]ly =eign to ! ,canova        
sculpture & its succession--! elem5t (  
"*4 ,if to ! clev] workman%ip ( !       
,italians he m]ely oppos$ workman%ip ( a
 sup]ior k9d z well z quality--?or\ghly 
arti/ic workman%ip1 t is to say--8      
sculpture w\ld be f> less int]e/+ ?an x 
is4 ,he does1 inde$1 noticeably d ?is2  
!re is a felicity entirely delightful1  
almo/ magical1 9 e detail ( 8 "w4 ,b :5 
"o comp>es x ) ! sculpture ( ,m4        
,dubois1 x is n ( ?is t "o ?9ks s mu* z 
( a c]ta9 individual "* ) :i* ,m4       
,sa9t-,m>ceaux always contrives to endue
 x4 ,?is is n always 9 its nature       
sculptural1 x mu/ be admitt$1 & x       
approa*es p]haps too ne> ! "* ( g5re to 
h ! endur+ int]e/ t purely sculptural   
qualities possess4 ,b x is always       
individual1 piquant1 & *>m+1 & 9 x      
consi/s ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>ceaux's claim ^u u 
z an arti/4 ,no "o else1 ev5 giv5 8 p[]s
 ( workman%ip1 t is to say z p]fectly   
equipp$ z he1 c\ld h treat$ s ?or\ghly  

conv5tional a g5re subject z ! ,h>lequ9 
z he has treat$ x4 ,! mask is c]ta9ly "o
 ( ! /ock prop]ties ( ! subject1 b      
notice h[ x is us$ to conf] ^u ! :ole "w
 a "* ( my/]i\s wit*]y4 ,x is z a :ole1 
if y *oose1 an article de ,p>is1 ) !    
di/9ction ( be+ s]i\sly treat$2 !       
modell+ & ! movem5t admirable z f> z !y 
g1 b well )9 ! b\nds ( t anatomically   
arti/ic expression :i* is ! raison      
d'etre ( sculpture & its *oice ( ! human
 =m z its mat]ial4 ,b ! "* saves x f ?is
 category2 :at "o may almo/ call its    
psy*ological int]e/ r$eems its          
sup]ficial triviality4  ,m4             
,sa9t-,m>ceaux is always successful 9   
?is way4 ,"o has only to look at ! eyes 
( 8 figures to be conv9c$ h[ subtle is 8
 art ( express+ "*4 ,"h he sw+s q cle> (
 all conv5tion & manife/s 8 g5ius       
positively & directly4 ,! unfa?omable   
secret ( ! tomb is 9 ! spiritual        
expression ( ! gu>d+ g5ius1 & !         
elaborately complex movem5t conc5trat$  
^u ! urn & directly inspir$ by ! ephebes

 ( ! ,si/9e ceil+ is a m]e bl9d4 ,! same
 is true ( ! portrait heads :i* )9 8    
range ,m4 ,sa9t ,m>ceaux does bett] ?an 
almo/ anyone4 ,m4 ,r5an's ,confessions  
h>dly convey z di/9ct a notion ( "* z 8 
bu/ exhibit$ at ! ,tri5nial ( #ahhc4 ,_m
 ( ! sculptors' anonym\s heads1 s to    
speak1 are h>dly less rem>kable4 ,long  
aft] ! %>p edge ( "o's int]e/ 9 ! /rik+ 
pose ( 8 ,h>lequ9 & ! f9e movem5t &     
biz>re features ( 8 ,g5ius has worn     
away1 _! curi\s spiritual int]e/1 !     
individual ca*et ( _! "*1 w su/a9 !m4 ,&
 s integrally true is ?is ( all !       
productions ( ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>ceaux's      
tal5t1 t x is q z p]ceptible 9 works :]e
 x is n acc5tuat$ & emphasiz$ z x is 9  
^? ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+2 x is a quality
 t w be> ref9+1 t is ev5 bett] inde$ 9  
its m subtle manife/ations4 ,! figure ( 
! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y1 ! "y ,dante read+ 
,virgil1 is an example2 a girl's head1 !
 =ehead swa!d 9 a turban1 fir/ exhibit$ 
"s ye>s ago1 is ano!r4 ,! *>m ( ^! is m 
p5etrat+1 ?\gh !y are by no means ei!r z

 popul> or z important works z ! ,g5ius 
( ! ,tomb or ! ,h>lequ94 ,9 ! "t to come
 ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>ceaux w probably rely m & 
m on _! quality ( grave & yet al]t      
di/9ction1 & less on /rik+ & ecc5tric   
v>iations ( !mes f ,mi*ael ,angelo l !  
,g5ius1 & illu/rations l ! ,h>lequ9 ( ! 
arti/ic pot5tialities ( ! ,canova       
sculpture4  ,) consid]ably less =ce ?an 
,m4 ,dubois & decid$ly less piquancy ?an
 ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>ceaux1 ,m4 ,anton9 ,m]cie 
has p]haps great] ref9em5t ?an ei!r4 ,8 
outl9e is a trifle s(t]1 8 s5tim5t m    
graci\s1 m suave4 ,8 "w is difficult to 
*>act]ize satisfactorily1 & ! fact may (
 c\rse proce$ f its lack ( =ce1 z well z
 f ! well-und]/ood difficulty (         
translat+ into epi!ts any?+ s ess5tially
 elusive z suavity & grace ( =m4 ,at "o 
epo* 9 any exam9ation ( academic ,fr5*  
sculpture t ( ,m4 ,m]cie seems ! mo/    
int]e/+2 x is s free f exagg]ation ( any
 k9d on ! "o h&1 x realizes its idea s  
satisfactorily on ! o!r1 & ?is idea is s
 agreeable1 s ref9$1 & at ! same "t s   

dignifi$4 ,! ,david is an e>ly "w n[ 9 !
 ,luxemb\rg gall]y1 reproductions ( :i* 
are v popul>1 & ! read] may judge h[    
well x ju/ifies ^! rem>ks4 ,be+ an e>ly 
"w1 "o _c p]haps insi/ on its           
orig9ality2 9 ,france1 a "y sculptor mu/
 be orig9al at 8 p]il2 8 education is s 
complete1 he mu/ h kn[n & /udi$ !       
beauties ( classic sculpture s ?or\ghly1
 t n to be impress$ by !m s pr(\ndly z  
to display 8 appreciativ5ess 9 8 fir/ "w
 is apt to argue a c]ta9 ins5sitiv5ess4 
,& e "o _c h creative g5ius4 ,:at a     
numb] ( admirable works we %\ld be      
compell$ to =ego if creative g5ius 7    
dem&$ ( an arti/ ( ! pres5t day :5 ! be/
 m9ds ( ! "t are occupi$ ) o!r ?+s ?an  
art6 ,"o is apt to =get t 9 our day !   
m9ds t correspond ) ! arti/ic miracles (
 ! ,r5aissance are absorb$ 9 q diff]5t  
dep>tm5ts ( ef=t4 ,m4 ,m]cie's ,david   
w\ld p]haps nev] h exi/$ b =            
,donatello's4 ,z f> z pla/ic motive is  
conc]n$1 x may )\t inju/ice be call$ a  
v>iant ( t admirable creation1 & f e    

po9t ( view except t ( dramatic grace x 
is m>k$ly inf]ior to its inspiration2 z 
an embodim5t ( triumphant y\?1 ( ! div9e
 ease ) :i* m]e =ce is ov]come1 x has   
only a sup]ficial resemblance to !      
orig9al4  ,b if ) ,m4 ,m]cie ,david 0   
simply a classic !me to be treat$1 :i*  
is exactly :at x ( c\rse 0 n )          
,donatello1 x is und5iable t he has     
express$ himself v di/9ctly 9 8         
treatm5t4 ,a less s5sitive arti/ w\ld h 
vulg>iz$ in/ead ( m]ely v>y+ !          
conception1 :]eas "o c easily see 9 ,m4 
,m]cie's h&l+ ( x ! ease1 sci5ce1 &     
felicit\s movem5t t h s9ce express$     
!mselves m m>k$ly1 m positively1 b h>dly
 m unmi/akably1 9 ! sculptor's matur]   
works4 ,( ^! ! *ief is p]haps ! ,gloria 
,victis1 :i* n[ decorates ! ,squ>e      
,mon?olon2 & its id5tity ( au?or%ip ) ! 
,david is app>5t 9 spite ( its /ructural
 complexity & its f> great] importance  
bo? 9 subject & execution4 ,its subject 
is ! mo/ inspir+ t a ,fr5* sculptor s9ce
 ! ev5ts ( #ahgj-ga 7s lightly consid]$ 

by ^? :o only see ! !atric side ( ,fr5* 
"*7 c\ld treat4 ,its g5]al int]e/1 too1 
is h>dly inf]ior2 !re is some?+ g5]ally 
ennobl+ 9 ! celebration ( ! virtues ( ! 
brave defeat$ t surpasses ! commonplace 
( paeans4 ,m4 ,m]cie 01 9 ?is s5se1 m   
=tunate ?an ! sculptor to :om ! ,b]l9ese
 owe ! bronze commemoration ( _!        
victory4 ,p]haps to call 8 treatm5t     
entirely wor?y ( ! !me1 is to =get !    
import ( su* works z ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici 
,*apel at ,flor5ce4 ,!re is a region    
into ^: prec9cts ! dramatic quality     
p5etrates only to play an insuffici5t   
"p4 ,b 9 mod]n art to d m ?an m]ely to  
keep su* tru?s 9 m9d1 to insi/ on       
satisfactory pla/ic illu/rations ( !m1  
is n only to prep>e disappo9tm5t = "o's 
self1 b to risk misjudg+ admirable &    
elevat$ ef=t2 & to regret ! fact t      
,france _h only ,m4 ,m]cie & n ,mi*ael  
,angelo to celebrate h] ,gloria ,victis 
is to commit bo? ( ^! errors4 ,aft] all1
 ! subjects are diff]5t1 & ! ev5ts (    
#ahgj-ga _h comp5sations = ,france :i* !

 d[nfall ( ,flor5t9e lib]ty 0 )\t2 s t1 
inde$1 a note ( unmix$ melan*oly1 h[ev] 
l(ty its /ra91 w\ld h be5 a discord :i* 
,m4 ,m]cie has c]ta9ly avoid$4 ,he has  
avoid$ x 9 r a m>k$ way1 x is true4 ,8  
monum5t is dramatic & /irr+ r ?an       
inw>dly mov+4 ,x is rhetorical r ?an    
truly poetic2 & ! admirable quality (   
its rhetoric1 its complete fre$om f     
vulg> or s5tim5tal alloy--its imm5se    
sup]iority to ,anglo-,saxon rhetoric1 9 
f9e--does n conceal ! tru? t x is       
rhetoric1 t x is prose & n poetry aft]  
all4 ,m]cie's ,gloria ,victis is v f9e2 
,i "k no?+ s f9e 9 mod]n sculpture      
outside ( ,france4 ,b !n !re is n v mu* 
t is f9e at all 9 mod]n sculpture       
outside ( ,france2 & mod]n ,fr5*        
sculpture1 & ,m4 ,m]cie along ) x z "o (
 its mo/ em95t ornam5ts1 h made x       
impossible to speak ( !m 9 a relative   
way4 ,! antique & ! ,r5aissance         
sculpture alone furni% _! fit           
association1 & l ! ,r5aissance & !      
antique sculpture !y dem& a positive &  

absolute1 & n a comp>ative criticism4   
,v  ,well1 !n1 speak+ ?us absolutely &  
positively1 ! c>d9al defect ( !         
,in/itute sculpture--& ! ref9$ &        
di/+ui%$ "w ( ,m4 ,m]cie bett] p]haps   
?an almo/ any o!r assi/s u to see       
?is--is its ov]-c>efulness = /yle4 ,?is 
is inde$ ! explanation ( :at ,i m5tion$ 
at ! outset z ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ?is   
sculpture1 ! academic inela/icity1      
namely1 ) :i* x essays to reproduce !   
,r5aissance romanticism4 ,b = ! fondness
 = /yle integral 9 ! ,fr5* m9d & "*1 x  
w\ld p]ceive ! contradiction betwe5 ?is 
romanticism & any canons except su* z   
are purely intuitive & indef9able4 ,9   
comp>ison ) ! ,r5aissance sculptors1 !  
,fr5* academic sculptors ( ! pres5t day 
are c]ta9ly too exclusive devotees (    
,buffon's ord] & movem5t1 & too little  
occupi$ ) ! ?\ght itself--too little    
individual4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! antique1   
?is is less app>5t1 b ,i fancy n less   
real4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ?9k ( !     
antique z ! pure & simple embodim5t (   

/yle1 z a sublimation1 s to speak ( !   
individual into /yle itself1 t 9 ?is    
respect we are sc>cely fair judges ( !  
antique4 ,9 any case we "k v little ( x2
 we c h>dly speak ( x except by p]iods4 
,b x is pla9 t ! ,greek is s sup]ior to 
any subsequ5t sculpture 9 ?is "o respect
 ( /yle t we r>ely ?9k ( its o!r        
qualities4 ,our judgm5t is inevitably a 
comp>ative "o1 & inevitably a comp>ative
 judgm5t fixes our att5tion on ! ,greek 
supremacy ( /yle4 ,inde$1 9 look+ at !  
antique ! ?\ght itself is (t5 ali5 to u1
 & ! ord] & movem5t1 be+ m ne>ly        
univ]sal p]haps1 are all t occupy u4 ,a 
family tomb/one ly+ 9 ! cemet]y at      
,a!ns1 & half buri$ 9 ! du/ :i* bl[s f !
 ,piraeus roadway1 has m /yle ?an ,m4   
,m]cie's ,qu&-,meme gr\p = ,bel=t1 :i*  
has be5 ! subject ( innum]able          
encomiums1 & :i* has only /yle & no     
individuality :atev] to comm5d x4 ,& !  
,a!nian tomb/one 0 probably furni%$ to  
ord] by ! m>ble-cutt+ arti/ ( ! p]iod1  
correspond+ to ^? ^: signs "o sees at ! 

entrances ( our own l>ge cemet]ies4     
,/ill we may be sure t ! ord9>y ,a!nian 
citiz5 :o adjudg$ prizes betwe5         
,a,eschylus & ,sophocles1 & to :om      
,p]icles address$ ! oration :i* only    
exceptional culture n[adays ?or\ghly    
appreciates1 f\nd pl5ty ( individuality 
9 ! decoration ( ! ,p>!non1 & 0 p]fectly
 consci\s ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,phidias &
 8 pupils4 ,ev5 n[1 if "o takes ! pa9s  
to ?9k ( x1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* works 
z ! s-call$ ,g5ius ( ! ,vatican & !     
,a!nian m>bles1 or betwe5 ! ,niobe gr\p 
at ,flor5ce & ! ,v5us torso at ,naples1 
= example1 seems m>k$ly individual      
en\gh1 ?\gh ! elem5t ( /yle is /ill to  
our eyes ! mo/ prom95t quality 9 ea*4   
,inde$1 if "o really reflects ^u !      
subject1 x w n seem exagg]ation to say t
 to anyone :o has /udi$ bo? ) any       
?or\ghness x w\ld be m difficult to     
individualize ! mass ( mod]n ,fr5*      
sculpture ?an ev5 t ( ! be/ ,greek      
epo*--! epo* :5 /yle 0 mo/ p]fect1 :5   
its reign 01 z x sometimes appe>s to u1 

mo/ absolute4 ,& if we consid] !        
,r5aissance sculpture1 its complexity is
 s great1 its individuality is s        
pron\nc$1 t "o is apt to lose sight ( ! 
important "p :i* /yle really plays 9 x4 
,9 a "w by ,donatello we see fir/ ( all 
8 ?\ght2 9 a ,madonna ( ,m9o's x is !   
idea t *>ms u2 ! ,delia ,robbia frieze  
at ,pi/oja is pure g5re4  ,b mod]n      
academic ,fr5* sculpture feels ! weight 
( ,de ,musset's h&icap--x is born too   
late into a _w too old4 ,fr5* art 9     
g5]al feels ?is1 ,i ?9k1 & pa9t+ suff]s 
f x equally ) sculpture4 ,culture1 !    
,in/itute1 oppress individuality4 ,b    
:]eas ,corot & ,millet h triumph$ ov] ! 
,in/itute !re are--!re 71 at lea/1 till 
ye/]day--h>dly any ,millets & ,corots ( 
sculpture ^: triumph is z yet assur$4 ,!
 t5d5cy1 ! weight ( au?ority1 ! v]dict (
 criticism1 always cons]vative 9        
,france1 are all ! o!r way4 ,at ! ,ecole
 des ,beaux-,arts "o le>ns1 negatively1 
n to be ridicul\s4 ,?is is a great deal2
 x is m ?an c be le>n$ any:]e else      

n[adays--witness ,g]man1 ,italian1 above
 all ,engli% exhibitions4 ,positively "o
 le>ns ! importance ( /yle2 & if x 7 n =
 academic ,fr5* sculpture1 "o w\ld say t
 ?is 0 some?+ ! importance ( :i* c\ld n 
be exagg]at$4 ,b 9 academic ,fr5*       
sculpture x is exagg]at$1 &1 :at is     
fatal1 "o le>ns to exagg]ate x 9 !      
s*ools4 ,! traditions ( ,h\don are      
noticeably =gott54 ,n t ,h\don's art is 
n em95tly *>act]iz$ by /yle2 ! ,san     
,bruno at ,rome is 9 po9t ( /yle an     
antique4 ,b comp>e 8 ,voltaire 9 ! foy] 
( ! ,com$ie ,francaise ) ,*apu's ,b]ry] 
( ! ,palais de ,ju/ice1 to take "o ( ! v
 f9e/ portrait-/atues ( ! pres5t day4   
,*apu's /atue is m ?an irreproa*able1 x 
is elevat$ & noble1 x is 9 ! gr& /yle2 b
 x is pla9 t its impressiv5ess is due to
 ! fact t ! subject is conceiv$ z !     
,orator 9 g5]al & h&l$ ) almo/ a s+le   
eye to /yle4 ,! p]sonal int]e/ t        
acc5tuates e detail ( ! ,voltaire--!    
physiognomy1 ! pose1 ! "r h&1 are       
m>vell\sly *>act]i/ic--simply is n s\ght

 = 9 ,*apu's "w4 ,( ?is quality !re is m
 9 ,h\don's bu/ ( ,moli]e1 :om ( c\rse  
,h\don nev] saw1 ?an 9 almo/ any        
production ( ! mod]n s*ool4 ,*apu's     
works1 & su* exceptions z ! heads (     
,baudry & ,r5an already m5tion$1 ap>t1  
"o p]ceives t ! mod]n s*ool has made too
 _m /atues ( ! ,republique1 too _m ,l$as
 & ,susannahs & ,qu&-,memes & ,gloria   
,victis4 ,& its p5*ant = ,r5aissance    
canons only emphasizes ! absolute       
commonplace ( _m ( ^!4  ,on ! o!r h&1 if
 ,h\don's felicit\s h>mony ( /yle &     
individual =ce are =gott51 !re is h>dly 
any recogniz$ succession to ! imag9ative
 fre$om1 ! v]ve1 ! triumphant p]sonal   
f]tility ( ,rude & ,c>peaux4 ,at lea/1  
su* z !re is has n pres]v$ ! dignity & 9
 _m in/ances sc>cely ! decorum ( ^?     
spl5did arti/s4 ,mu* ( ! sculpture :i*  
figures at ! ye>ly ,salons is1 to be    
sure1 ! absolute negation ( /yle2 its   
ma9 *>act]i/ic is inde$ ecc5tricity2 its
 ma9 virtues1 s9c]ity 7:i* 9 art1 (     
c\rse1 is only a v elem5t>y virtue7 &   

good modell+ 7:i* 9 sculpture is equally
 elem5t>y74 ,occasionally 9 ! mid/ ( ?is
 display ( fanta/icality !re is a "w (  
promise or ev5 ( positive int]e/4 ,!    
obs]v] :o has n a weak side = ! graceful
 conceits1 inv>iably da9tily pres5t$ &  
beautifully modell$1 ( ,m4              
,moreau-,vau?i] = example1 mu/ be h>d to
 please2 !y are ( ! v ess5ce ( ! article
 de ,p>is1 & only abnormal primness c   
refuse to recognize ! tru? t ! article  
de ,p>is has its art side4 ,m4          
,moreau-,vau?i] is n p]haps a mod]n     
,cell9i2 he has c]ta9ly nev] produc$    
any?+ t c\ld be class$ ) ! ,p]seus ( !  
,loggia de' ,lanzi1 or ev5 ) !          
,fonta9ebleau ,diana2 b he does m ?an   
anyone else to keep alive ! tradition ( 
,flor5t9e preciosity1 & ab\t ev]y?+ he  
does !re is some?+ delightful4  ,/ill ! 
fanta/ic has n made mu* headway 9 !     
,in/itute1 & x is s =eign to ! ,fr5*    
g5ius1 :i* nev] tol]ates x aft] x has   
ceas$ to be novel1 t x probably nev] w4 
,x is a great tribute to ,fr5*          

ca?olicity ( m9d & l>g5ess ( temp] t    
,c>peaux's ,la ,danse rema9s 9 its      
position on ! facade ( ! ,gr& ,op]a4    
,fr5* s5tim5t reg>d+ x 0 d\btless       
accurately express$ by ! fanatic :o tri$
 to ink x indelibly aft] x 0 fir/       
expos$4 ,?is v&al 0 "r f 8 po9t (       
view--! po9t ( view ( /yle4 ,almo/ ! "o 
"w ( absolute spontaneity among !       
hundr$s :i* )\t & )9 decorate ,m4       
,g>ni]'s edifice1 x is ?us a di/9ct j> 9
 ! g5]al h>mony2 x di/9ctly m>s ! ord] &
 movem5t ( ,m4 ,g>ni]'s ?\ght1 :i* is   
fundam5tally oppos$ to spontaneity4 ,b  
imag9e ! devotion to /yle ( a milieu 9  
:i* a p]son :o w\ld ?r[ ink on a        
confess$ly f9e "w ( art is actuat$ by an
 imp]sonal dislike ( incongruity6       
,dislike ( ! incongru\s is almo/ a ,fr5*
 passion1 &1 l all qualities1 x has its 
defect1 ! defect ( tol]at+ !            
conv5tional4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is tol]ance1 =
 example1 t "o ( ! free/ ( ,fr5* critics
 ( art1 a true ,voltairian1 ,/5dhal1 0  
l$ actually to f9d ,guido's ideal (     

beauty high] ?an ,raphael's1 & to miss  
entirely ! gr&eur ( ,t9toretto4         
,critical op9ion 9 ,france has n *ang$  
radically s9ce ,/5dhal's day4   ,,vi  ,!
 ,fr5* sculptor may draw 8 inspiration f
 ! s\rces ( orig9ality itself1 8 audi5ce
 w measure ! result by conv5tions4 ,x is
 ?is fact und\bt$ly t is l>gely         
responsible = ! ov]-c>efulness = /yle   
already rem>k$4 ,h5ce ! "w ( ,m4        
,aime-,millet & ( ,pr(essors ,guillaume 
& ,caveli]1 & ! fact t !y are pr(essors4
 ,h5ce also ! election ( ,m4 ,falgui]e  
to succe$ to ! *air ( ! ,beaux-,arts    
left vacant by ! dea? ( ,j\ffroy "s ye>s
 ago4 ,all ( ^! h done admirable "w4    
,pr(essor ,guillaume's ,grac*i gr\p at !
 ,luxemb\rg is alone en\gh to atone = a 
mass ( productions ( :i* ! ,ca/alian    
,f\nt ( a rec5t ,salon is ! cold &      
correct repres5tative4 ,cavali]'s       
,gluck1 de/9$ = ! ,op]a1 is spirit$1 ev5
 if a trifle galvanic4 ,millet's        
,apollo1 :i* cr[ns ! ma9 gable ( !      
,op]a1 /&s out among its au?or's o!r    

works z a miracle ( grace & rhy?mic     
movem5t4 ,m4 ,falgui]e's admir]s1 & !y  
are num]\s1 w object to ! association "h
 made4 ,falgui]e's range has always be5 
a wide "o1 & ev]y?+ he has done has     
und\bt$ly m]it$ a g5]\s portion ( !     
prodigi\s encomiums x has inv>iably     
obta9$4 ,yet1 e/imat+ x 9 any o!r way   
?an by en]gy1 v>iety1 & mass1 x is      
impossible to praise x highly )         
precision4 ,x is too pla9ly ! "w ( an   
arti/ :o c d "o ?+ z well z ano!r1 & (  
:i* clev]ness is1 aft] all1 ! spiritual 
/&>d4 ,b>?oldi1 :o also %\ld n be =gott5
 9 any sket* ( ,fr5* sculpture1 w\ld1 ,i
 am sure1 h acquitt$ himself m          
satisfactorily ?an ,falgui]e did 9 !    
colossal gr\ps ( ! ,trocad]o & ! ,arc de
 ,triomphe de l',etoile4 ,to acquit     
himself satisfactorily is ,b>?oldi's    
specialty4 ,^! two gr\ps are ! l>ge/ &  
mo/ important t a sculptor c h to d4 ,! 
cr[n+ ( ! ,arc de ,triomphe at lea/ 0 a 
spl5did opportunity4 ,nei!r ( !m _h any 
di/9ction ( outl9e1 ( mass1 ( relation1 

or ( idea4 ,bo? 7 conv5tional to ! la/  
degree4 ,t on ! ,arc _h ev5 its ludicr\s
 details1 su* z occur only f arti/ic    
abs5t-m9d$ness 9 a "w conceiv$ & execut$
 9 a fatigu$ & hackney$ _s4 ,! ,sa9t    
,v9c5t de ,paul ( ! ,pan!on1 :i* ju/ly  
passes = ! sculptor's *ef-d'oeuvre is 9 
idea a "w ( l>ge humanity4 ,m4 ,falgui]e
 is beh9d no "o 9 ability to conceive a 
subject ( ?is k9d ) propriety1 & 8      
subject "h is inspir+ if ev] a subject  
04 ,! ,petit ,m>tyr ( ! ,luxemb\rg has a
 real *>m1 b x too is cont5t ) too      
little1 z "o f9ds out 9 see+ x (t52 & x 
is 9 no s5se a l>ge "w1 sc>cely l>g] ?an
 ! tiresomely popul> ,runn+ ,boy ( !    
same museum1 :i* nev]!less 9 its day    
m>k$ an epo* 9 modell+4 ,inde$1 s slight
 is ! spiritual hold t ,m4 ,falgui]e has
 on "o1 t x really seems z if he 7 at 8 
be/ 9 su* a frankly c>nal production z 8
 s9ce v>i\sly modifi$ ,nymph ,hunt+ ( ! 
,tri5nial ,exposition ( #ahhc4 ,! idea  
is no?+ or next to no?+1 b ! surface    
faire is sup]b4  ,m4 ,b>rias1 ,m4       

,delaplan*e1 & ,m4 ,le ,feuvre h ea* (  
!m q z mu* spontaneity z ,m4 ,falgui]e1 
?\gh ! "w ( nei!r is z important 9 mass 
& v>iety4 ,m4 ,delaplan*e is always     
satisfactory1 & beyond ?is !re is some?+
 l>ge ab\t :at he does t conf]s dignity 
ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( quick int]e/4 ,8       
proportions are simple1 8 outl9e fl[+1 &
 ! agreeable ease ( 8 compositions makes
 up to a degree = any lack ( sympa!tic  
s5tim5t or impressive significance3     
witness 8 excell5t ,mat]nal ,in/ruction1
 ( ! little p>k 9 front ( ,sa9te        
,clo?ilde4 ,m4 ,le ,feuvre's qualities  
are v ne>ly ! rev]se ( ^!3 he has a     
fondness = integrity q ho/ile 9 8 case  
to simplicity4 ,9 8 v frank appeal to   
"o's susceptibility he is a little      
c>eless ( sculptural consid]ations1 :i* 
he is prone to sacrifice to pictorial   
ends4 ,! result is a mann]ism t 9 ! end 
ceases to impress1 & ev5 becomes        
disagreeable4 ,z ne>ly z may be 9 a     
,fr5* sculptor x bord]s on s5tim5tality1
 & f9ally ! sway+ attitudes ( 8 figures 

become limp1 & ! />tl$-fawn eyes ( 8    
maid5s & y\?s appe> less t\*+ ?an       
lackadaisical4 ,b 8 be+ himself too     
consci\s ( x %\ld n obscure ! fact t he 
has a way ( 8 own4 ,m4 ,b>rias is an    
arti/ ( consid]ably great] p[]s ?an ei!r
 ,m4 ,le ,feuvre or ,m4 ,delaplan*e2 b  
"o has a vague p]ception t 8 p[]s are   
limit$1 & t to desire 9 8 case :at "o s 
s9c]ely wi%es 9 ! case ( ,m4 ,dubois1   
namely1 t he w\ld let himself g1 w\ld be
 unwise4 ,happily1 :5 he is at 8 be/ !re
 is no temptation to =m su* a wi%4 ,!   
,premi]es ,fun]ailles is a sup]b "w--!  
*ef-d'oeuvre ( our mod]n sculpture1 a   
,fr5* critic en?usia/ically t]ms x4 ,x  
is h>dly t2 x has h>dly en\gh spiritual 
di/9ction--n q en\gh ( ei!r elegance or 
elevation--to m]it su* sweep+ praise4 ,b
 x may be ju/ly t]m$1 ,i ?9k1 ! mo/     
completely repres5tative ( ! ma/]pieces 
( t sculpture4 ,its triumph ov] !       
prodigi\s difficulties ( elaborate      
composition 9 ! r\nd--difficulties to   
:i* ,m4 ,b>rias succumb$ 9 ! ,sp>tacus (

 ! ,tuil]ies ,g>d5s--& its success 9    
subord9at+ ! details ( a gr\p to ! end (
 en=c+ a s+le motive1 pres]v+ ! :ile _! 
individual int]e/1 are complete4 ,no?+  
sup]ior 9 ?is respect has be5 done s9ce 
,john ( ,bologna's ,rape ( ! ,sab9es4   
,,vii  ,m4 ,emmanuel ,fremiet occupies a
 place by himself4 ,!re h be5 b two     
mod]n sculptors :o h %[n an equally     
pron\nc$ g5ius = repres5t+              
animals--namely1 ,b>ye1 ( c\rse1 &      
,b>ye's clev] b n great pupil1 ,ca94 ,! 
tigress 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>k1 p]haps ! be/  
bronze !re 7! competition is n exact+71 
& ! be/ also ( ! sev]al v>iations ( !   
!me ( :i*1 at "o "t1 ! sculptor app>5tly
 c\ld n tire1 famili>izes ,am]icans ) ! 
tal5t ( ,ca94 ,9 ?is association        
,r\ill>d1 ^: horse 9 ! ,trocad]o ,g>d5s 
is an animat$ & elegant "w1 ought to be 
m5tion$1 b x is h>dly z good z !        
neighbor+ elephant ( ,fremiet z m]e     
animal repres5tation 7! g5re exi/s & has
 excell5ces & defects ( its own71 :ile 9
 m purely arti/ic wor? x is q eclips$ by

 its rival4 ,/ill if fauna is int]e/+ 9 
& ( itself1 :i* no "o :o kn[s ,b>ye's "w
 w\ld controv]t1 x is /ill m int]e/+ :51
 to put x brutally1 some?+ is done ) x4 
,9 8 ambiti\s & colossal "w at !        
,trocad]o1 ,m4 ,fremiet does 9 fact use 
8 fauna freely z arti/ic mat]ial1 ?\gh  
at fir/ sight x is its zooelogical      
int]e/ t appe>s p>am\nt4 ,! same is true
 ( ! elephant ne> by1 9 :i* x seems z if
 he _h design$ly attack$ ! difficult    
problem ( r5d]+ embodi$ awkw>dness      
decorative4 ,/ill m conspicu\s1 ( c\rse1
 is ! arti/ic int]e/1 ! fancy1 ! humor1 
! sportive grace ( 8 ,luxemb\rg gr\p ( a
 "y satyr fe$+ honey to a brace ( be>'s 
cubs1 because he "h conc]ns himself m   
directly ) 8 idea & gives 8 g5ius fre]  
play4 ,& ev]yone w rememb] ! s5sation   
caus$ by 8 impressively repulsive       
,gorilla ,c>ry+ (f a ,woman4 ,b x is :5 
he leaves ?is k9d ( ?+ entirely1 &1     
:olly =getful ( 8 /udies at ! ,j>d9 des 
,plantes1 devotes himself to purely     
monum5tal "w1 t he is at 8 be/4 ,& 9    

say+ ?is ,i d n at all mean to insi/ on 
! sup]iority ( monum5tal sculpture to ! 
sculpture ( fauna2 x is sup]ior1 & ,b>ye
 himself _c make "o cont5t ) ! exclusive
 consecration ( admirable tal5t to      
picturesque anatomy illu/rat+ di/9ctly  
un9tellectual passions4 ,m4 ,fremiet1 9 
ec/asy ov] 8 picturesque anatomy at !   
,j>d9 des ,plantes1 w\ld sc\t ?is2 b x  
is nev]!less true t 9 su* works z ! ,age
 de la pi]re1 :i*1 if x may be call$ a  
monum5tal clock-top1 is nev]!less       
c]ta9ly monum5tal2 8 ,l\is d',orleans1 9
 ! quadrangle ( ! re/or$ ,*ateau de     
,pi]refonds2 8 ,jeanne d',arc 7! lat]   
/atue is n1 ,i ?9k1 ess5tially diff]5t f
 ! e>li] "o72 & 8 ,tor*-be>] ( ! ,middle
 ,ages1 9 ! new ,hotel de ,ville (      
,p>is1 n only is 8 subject a subject (  
l(ti] & m endur+ int]e/ ?an 8 elephants 
& de] & be>s1 b 8 own g5ius f9ds a m    
cong5ial m$ium ( expression4 ,9 o!r     
words1 any "o :o has se5 8 ,tor*-be>] or
 8 ,l\is d',orleans mu/ conclude t ,m4  
,fremiet is los+ 8 "t at ! ,j>d9 des    

,plantes4 ,9 monum5tal works ( ! sort he
 displays a comm&+ dignity t bord]s     
closely ^u ! gr& /yle itself4 ,! ,jeanne
 d',arc is inde$ criticis$ = lack (     
/yle4 ,! horse is f9e1 z always ) ,m4   
,fremiet2 ! action ( bo? horse & rid] is
 noble1 & ! homog5eity ( ! two1 s to    
speak1 is admirably a*iev$4 ,b ! "* ( ! 
,maid is n p]fectly satisfactory to a   
priori critics1 to critics :o h m or    
less h>d & fa/ notions ab\t !           
immiscibility ( ! h]oic & ! famili>4 ,! 
,jeanne d',arc is ( c\rse a h]oic /atue1
 illu/rat+ "o ( ! mo/ puissant ( pr(ane 
leg5ds2 & x is unque/ionably famili> &1 
if "o *ooses1 defiantly unpret5ti\s4    
,p]haps ! ,maid z ,m4 ,fremiet repres5ts
 h] c\ld nev] h accompli%$ leg5d-produc+
 de$s4 ,c]ta9ly %e is ! ,maid nei!r (   
,*apu1 nor ( ,ba/i5-,lepage1 nor ( !    
curr5t conv5tion4 ,%e is1 r1 pretty1    
sympa!tically *ildlike1 mignonne2 b ,m4 
,fremiet's conception is an orig9al & a 
graci\s "o1 & ev5 ! critic addict$ to   
=mulae has only to =get its title to    

become ?or\ghly 9 love ) x2 beside ?is  
m]it a priori %ortcom+s c\nt v little4  
,b ! o!r two works j m5tion$ are op5 to 
no objection ( ?is k9d or ( any o!r1 & 9
 ! category to :i* !y belong !y are     
spl5did works4 ,s9ce ,donatello &       
,v]roc*io no?+ ( ! k9d has be5 done :i* 
surpasses !m2 & x is only ,m4 ,fremiet's
 p5*ant = animal sculpture1 & 8 fondness
 = ex]cis+ 8 light] fancy 9 comp>atively
 trivial objets de v]tu1 t obscure 9 any
 degree 8 f9e tal5t = illu/rat+ ! gr&   
/yle ) natural ease & l>ge simplicity4  
,,viii  ,i h already m5tion$ ! mo/      
repres5tative among ^? :o h arriv$ ( !  
s*ool ( academic ,fr5* sculpture z x    
exi/s to-day1 ?\gh x w\ld be easy to    
ext5d ! li/ ) ,anton9 ,c>les1 ^:        
,jeunesse ( ! ,_w's ,fair ( #ahhi is a v
 graceful embodim5t ( adolesc5ce2       
,su*etet1 ^: ,byblis ( ! same exhibition
 caus$ 8 e>ly dea? to be deplor$2 ,adri5
 ,gaudez1 ,et*eto1 ,idrac1 &1 ( c\rse1  
_m o!rs ( di/9ction4 ,!re is no loos5ess
 9 *>act]iz+ ?is z a s*ool2 x has its   

own qualities & its correspond+ defects4
 ,x /&s by itself--ap>t f ! ,greek      
sculpture & f its inspiration1 !        
,r5aissance1 & f ! m rec5t traditions ( 
,h\don1 or ( ,rude & ,c>peaux4 ,x is a  
?or\ghly legitimate & unaffect$         
expression ( national ?\ght & feel+ at !
 pres5t "t1 at once spl5did & simple4 ,!
 mom5t ( triumph 9 any intellectual     
movem5t is1 h[ev]1 always a dang]\s "o4 
,a slack-wat] p]iod ( intellectual      
slo?fulness ne>ly always ensues4 ,ideas 
:i* h previ\sly be5 /ruggl+ to get a    
he>+ h become accept$ ideas t h almo/ ! 
=ce ( axioms2 no "o ?9ks ( _!           
ju/ification1 ( _! basis 9 real tru? &  
fact2 !y take _! place 9 ! great        
category ( conv5tions4 ,! m9d feels no  
long] ! exhil>ation ( discov]y1 !       
/imulus ( fre% p]ception2 ! s5se becomes
 jad$1 en?usiasm impossible4 ,deal+ ) ! 
same mat]ial & guid$ by ! same          
pr9ciples1 its production becomes       
inevitably hackney$1 artificial1        
lifeless2 ! ,zeit-,gei/1 ! ,"t-,_s1 is  

really a k9d ( ,sisyphus1 & ! ess5ce (  
life is movem5t4 ,?is law ( p]petual    
r5ewal1 ( ! p]iodical quick5+ ( ! human 
_s1 expla9s ! b>r5ness ( ! inh]itance ( 
! greate/ m52 %[s :y orig9ality is a    
necess>y elem5t ( p]fection2 :y         
,phidias1 ,praxiteles1 ,donatello1      
,mi*ael ,angelo 7n to g outside ( our   
subject71 _h no successors4 ,once a ?+  
is done x is done = all "t1 & ! /udy (  
p]fection itself avails only z a /imulus
 to p]fection 9 o!r comb9ations4 ,9     
fact1 ! m ne>ly p]fect ! model ! great] 
! necessity = an absolute break ) x 9   
ord] to secure any?+ l an equival5t 9   
liv+ =ce2 9 its direction at lea/ ev]y?+
 vital has be5 done4 ,s its lack (      
orig9al =ce1 its ov]-c>efulness = /yle1 
its inevitable s5sitiv5ess to !         
criticism t is bas$ on conv5tion1 make !
 weak side ( ! ,fr5* academic sculpture 
( ! pres5t day1 f9e & triumphant z x is4
 ,t ! national ?\ght & feel+ are n a    
little conv5tional1 & h ! academic r ?an
 a spontane\s inspiration1 has1 h[ev]1  

lately be5 di/9ctly felt z a mis=tune & 
a limitation by a few sculptors ^: "w   
may be call$ ! beg9n+ ( a new movem5t   
out ( :i*1 :atev] may be its own        
limitations1 no?+ b good c come to ,fr5*
 sculpture & ( :i* ! protagoni/s are    
,augu/e ,rod9 & ,jules ,dal\4     ,,vi  
,,! ,,new ,,movem5t ,,9 ,,sculpture   ,i
  ,side by side ) ! academic curr5t 9   
,fr5* art has mov$ ( rec5t ye>s a       
naturali/ & romantic impulse ^:         
manife/ations h be5 always vigor\s ?\gh 
occasionally exagg]at$4 ,9 any ( ! great
 dep>tm5ts ( activity nationally        
pursu$--z art has be5 pursu$ 9 ,france  
s9ce ,francis ,i4--!re are always ^!    
rival curr5ts1 ( :i* n[ "o & n[ ! o!r   
con/antly affects ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide (
 ?\ght & feel+4 ,! classic & romantic   
duel ( #ahcj1 ! rise ( ! naturali/      
opposition to ,hugo & romanticism 9 our 
own day1 are famili> in/ances ( ?is     
ph5om5on 9 lit]ature4 ,! revolt (       
,g]icault & ,delacroix aga9/ ,david &   
,+res are equally well kn[n 9 ! field ( 

pa9t+4 ,( rec5t ye>s ! f\ndation ( !    
p]iodical ,l',art & its rivalry ) !     
cons]vative ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts   
m>k ) ! same def9it5ess1 & an articulate
 precision1 ! same conflict betwe5 tru?1
 z new eyes see x1 & tradition4 ,nev]1  
p]haps1 s9ce ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 h[ev]1 
has nature ass]t$ h] supremacy ov]      
conv5tion 9 su* unmi/akable1 su*        
insi/5t1 &1 "o may say1 ,i ?9k1 su*     
intol]ant fa%ion z %e is do+ at ! pres5t
 mom5t4 ,sculpture1 9 virtue ( ! defiant
 palpability ( its mat]ial1 is ! mo/    
impalpable ( ! pla/ic arts1 & !re=e x   
feels less quickly ?an ! re/1 p]haps1 ! 
impress ( ! influ5ces ( ! epo* & _!     
classify+ canons4 ,natural imitation %[s
 fir/ 9 sculpture1 & subsi/s 9 x longe/4
 ,b conv5tion once its conqu]or1 !      
return to nature is "h mo/ t>dy1        
because1 ow+ to ! impalpable1 ! elusive 
quality ( sculpture1 ?\gh natural /&>ds 
may ev]y:]e else be 9 vogue1 no "o ?9ks 
( apply+ !m to s specializ$ an          
expression4 ,its v>iation dep5ds !re=e m

 completely on ! individual arti/       
himself4 ,niccolo ,pisano1 = example1   
di$ :5 ,giotto 0 two ye>s old1 b1 at !  
o!r end ( ! hi/oric l9e ( mod]n art1 x  
has tak5 ye>s s9ce ,delacroix to furni% 
recognition = ,augu/e ,rod94 ,!         
/ronghold ( ! ,in/itute _h be5 m9$ _m   
times by revolution>y pa9t]s be=e ,dal\ 
took ! gr& m$al ( ! ,salon4  ,ow+ to !  
relative & 9 fact polemic position :i*  
^! two arti/s occupy1 ! movem5t :i* !y  
repres5t1 & ( :i* z yet !y !mselves =m a
 *ief "p1 a little obscures _!          
respective p]sonalities1 :i* are        
nev]!less1 9 sculpture1 by f> ! mo/     
positive & puissant ( ! pres5t epo*4 ,m4
 ,rod9's "w1 especially1 is s novel t   
"o's fir/ impression 9 its pres5ce is ( 
its impli$ criticism ( ! ,in/itute4 ,"o 
?9ks fir/ ( its attitude1 its po9t (    
view1 its end1 aim1 & means1 & ( ! utt] 
contra/ ( ^! ) ^? ( ! accept$           
contempor>y ma/]s 9 8 art--( ,dubois &  
,*apu1 ,m]cie & ,sa9t-,m>ceaux4 ,"o     
judges g5]ally1 & in/9ctively avoids    

p]sonal & direct impressions4 ,! fir/   
?\ght is n1 ,are ! ,sa9t ,jean & !      
,b\rgeois de ,calais successful works ( 
art8 ,b1 ,c !y be successful if !       
accept$ ma/]pieces ( mod]n sculpture are
 n to be set d[n z insipid8 ,"o is a    
little bewild]$4 ,x is easy to see & to 
e/imate ! admirable traits & ! %ortcom+s
 ( ,m4 ,dubois's delightful & impressive
 rem9isc5ces ( ! ,r5aissance1 ( ,m4     
,m]cie's ref9$ & graceful compositions4 
,!y are ( _! "t & place4 ,!y embody1 9  
di/+ui%$ mann] & 9 an acc5tuat$ degree1 
! g5]al inspiration4 ,_! spiritual      
*>act]i/ics are traditional & univ]sal1 
& te*nically1 )\t p]haps (t5 pass+      
beyond x1 !y exhau/ clev]ness4 ,y may   
enjoy or res5t _! classic & exempl>y    
excell5ces1 z y feel y\r ta/e to h      
suff]$ f ! lack or ! sup]abundance (    
academic influ5ces2 ,i _c fancy an      
,am]ican ins5sitive to _! *>m4 ,b x is  
pla9 t _! p]fection is a v diff]5t ?+ f 
! *>act]i/ics ( a /r5u\s arti/ic        
p]sonality seek+ expression4 ,if ^!     

latt] :5 enc\nt]$ are se5 to be evid5tly
 ( an extremely high ord]1 contempor>y  
criticism1 at all ev5ts1 %\ld feel at   
once ! wisdom ( beg9n+ ) ! endeavor to  
appreciate1 in/ead ( mak+ ! degree ( its
 own famili>ity ) !m ! te/ ( _! m]it4   
,fr5* ae/hetic au?ority1 :i* did ?is 9 !
 in/ances ( ,b>ye1 ( ,delacroix1 (      
,millet1 ( ,manet1 ( ,puvis de          
,*avannes1 did x also = _m ye>s 9 !     
in/ance ( ,m4 ,rod94 ,x owes its defeat 
9 ! conte/ ) him--= l ! recalcitrants 9 
! o!r conte/s1 ,m4 ,rod9 has def9itively
 triumph$--to ! unwise attempt to def9e 
him 9 t]ms h]et(ore applicable en\gh to 
sculptors1 b :olly inapplicable to him4 
,x fail$ to see t ! ?+ to def9e 9 8 "w 0
 ! man himself1 8 temp]am5t1 8 g5ius4   
,tak5 by !mselves & consid]$ z          
*>act]i/ics ( ! ,in/itute sculptors1 !  
obvi\s traits ( ?is "w might1 t is to   
say1 be adjudg$ ecc5tric & empty4 ,fancy
 ,pr(essor ,guillaume sudd5ly subord9at+
 academic disposition ( l9e & mass to   
true /ructural expression6 ,"o w\ld     

simply feel ! loss ( 8 accu/om$ /yle &  
h>mony4 ,) ,m4 ,rod91 :o deals ) nature 
directly1 ?r\gh ! imm$iate =ce ( 8 own  
p[]ful temp]am5t1 to feel ! abs5ce ( !  
,in/itute tra9+ & traditions is absurd4 
,! "q 9 8 case is simply :e!r or no he  
is a great arti/ic p]sonality1 an       
extraord9>y & p[]ful temp]am5t1 or :e!r 
he is m]ely a turbul5t & caprici\s      
prote/ant aga9/ ! measure & ta/e ( !    
,in/itute4 ,b ?is is really no long] a  
"q1 h[ev] x may h be5 a few ye>s ago2 & 
:5 8 ,dante portal = ! new ,palais des  
,arts ,decoratifs %all h be5 f9i%$1 & ! 
public _h an opportunity to see :at !   
sculptor's fri5d & only s]i\s rival1 ,m4
 ,dal\1 calls "o ( ! mo/1 if n ! mo/    
orig9al & a/oni%+ pieces ( sculpture ( !
 n9ete5? c5tury1 x w be recogniz$ t ,m4 
,rod91 s f> f be+ am5able to ! curr5t   
canon1 has br\ght ! canon itself to     
judgm5t4  ,h[ & :y1 p w p]ceive 9       
proportion to _! receptivity4 ,c&or &   
intellig5ce w suffice to appreciate t ! 
secret ( ,m4 ,rod9's art is /ructural   

expression1 & t x is ?is & n any        
sup]ficial ecc5tricity ( execution t    
def9itely di/+ui%es him f ! ,in/itute4  
,j z 8 imag9ation1 8 temp]am5t1 8       
spiritual en]gy & ardor individualize ! 
positive orig9ality ( 8 motive1 s !     
expressiv5ess ( 8 treatm5t sets him     
aside f all z well z f ea* ( ! ,in/itute
 sculptors 9 :at may be broadly call$   
te*nical attitude4 ,no sculptor has ev] 
c>ri$ expression fur!r4 ,! sculpture ( !
 pres5t day has c]ta9ly n occupi$ itself
 mu* ) x4 ,! ,in/itute is p]haps a      
little afraid ( x4 ,x abhors ! b>oque   
rightly en\gh1 b v likely x fails to see
 t ! expression ( su* sculpture z ,m4   
,rod9's no m resembles ! contortions ( !
 ,dresd5 ,museum giants ?an x does !    
composure ( ,m4 ,delaplan*e4 ,! b>oque  
is only viol5t in/ead ( placid          
commonplace1 & is z conv5tional z any   
pr(essor ( sculpture c\ld desire4       
,expression means individual "*         
completely exhibit$ r ?an conv5tionally 
sugge/$4 ,x is c]ta9ly n too mu* to say 

t 9 ! sculpture ( ! pres5t day ! s5se ( 
individual "* is convey$ ma9ly by       
conv5tion4 ,! physiognomy has usurp$ !  
place ( ! physique1 ! ge/ure ( ! =m1 !  
pose ( ! sub/ance4 ,& face1 ge/ure1 =m  
are1 :5 !y are n brutally naturali/ic & 
s n art at all1 n individual & native1 b
 typical & classic4 ,v mu* ( ! be/ mod]n
 sculpture might really h be5 treat$ l  
^? antique figur9es ( :i* ! bodies 7    
made by :olesale1 be+ suppli$ )         
individual heads :5 ! "t came = us+ !m4 
,?is has be5 measurably true s9ce !     
disappe>ance ( ! classic dress & !      
concealm5t ( ! body by mod]n co/ume4 ,! 
nudes ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 9 pa9t+ /ill
 m ?an 9 sculpture1 are diff]5tiat$ by !
 faces4 ,! re/ ( ! figure is g5]ally    
conv5tionaliz$ z ?or\ghly z ! face      
itself is 9 ,byzant9e & ! h&s 9         
,giottesque pa9t+4 ,giotto c\ld draw    
admirably1 x ne$ n be said4 ,he did draw
 z well z ! contempor>y feel+ = ! human 
figure dem&$4 ,:5 ! ,r5aissance rea*$   
its climax & ! /udy ( ! antique l$      

arti/s to look b5ea? drap]y & int]e/    
!mselves 9 ! =m1 expression made an     
imm5se /ep =w>d4 ,color 0 inde$ almo/   
lo/ sight ( 9 ! new int]e/1 n to reappe>
 till ! ,v5etians4 ,b ow+ to ! lack (   
visible nudity1 to ! lack ( ! classic   
gymnasia1 to ! concealm5ts ( mod]n      
attire1 ! k ( & int]e/ 9 ! =m rema9$1 )9
 c]ta9 limits1 an esot]ic affair4 ,!    
g5]al feel+1 ev5 :]e1 z 9 ! ,italy ( !  
quattro & c9que c5ti1 ev]yone 0 a       
connoisseur1 did n hold ! arti/ to      
expression 9 8 anatomy z ! g5]al ,greek 
feel+ did4 ,ev]yone 0 a connoisseur (   
art alone1 n ( nature z well4           
,consequ5tly1 9 spite ( su* an          
en?usia/ic g5ius z ,donatello1 :o       
probably m ?an any o!r mod]n has mo/    
ne>ly approa*$ ! ,greeks--n 9 spiritual 
attitude1 = he 0 em95tly ( 8 "t1 b 9 8  
attitude t[>d nature--! human =m 9 art  
has = ! mo/ "p rema9$1 n conv5tionaliz$ 
z 9 ! ,byzant9e & ,go?ic times1 b       
?or\ghly conv5tional4 ,mi*ael ,angelo   
himself c]ta9ly may be *>g$ ) l5d+ !    

imm5se weight ( 8 maje/ic g5ius to      
p]petuate ! conv5tional4 ,x is n 8      
di/ortion ( nature1 z pre-,raphaelite   
limit$ness glibly ass]ts1 b 8           
c>elessness ( h] prodigi\s              
pot5tialities1 t m>ks "o side ( 8       
colossal accompli%m5t4 ,j z ! lov] (    
ar*itecture z ar*itecture w prote/ t    
,mi*ael ,angelo's 0 m]etrici\s1 h[ev]   
inspir+1 s ,m4 ,rod9 decl>es 8 sculpture
 unsatisfactory1 h[ev] poetically       
impressive4 ,he us$ to d a little       
anatomy ev5+s1 he said to me1 & us$ 8   
*isel next day )\t a model4 ,he repeats 
endlessly 8 "o type--! y\? ( ! ,si/9e   
ceil+4 ,any p>ticul> felicity (         
expression y are apt to f9d him borr[+ f
 ,donatello--su* z1 = in/ance1 ! movem5t
 ( ! arm ( ! ',david1' :i* is borr[$ f  
,donatello's ',/4 ,john ,bapti/4' ,mo/ p
 to :om ,mi*ael ,angelo's creations     
appe> cele/ial 9 _! maje/y at once & 9  
_! w9n+ness w\ld d5y ?is4 ,b x is wor?  
cit+ bo? because ,m4 ,rod9 /rikes s _m  
crude appreh5sions z a ,fr5* ,mi*ael    

,angelo1 :]eas he is s radically remov$ 
f him 9 po9t ( view & 9 practice t !    
unque/ionable spiritual analogy betwe5  
!m is r l t betwe5 k9dr$ spirits work+ 9
 diff]5t arts1 & because1 also1 x %[s n 
only :at ,m4 ,rod9 is n1 b :at he is4 ,!
 gr&iose does n run away ) him4 ,8      
imag9ation is occupi$ l>gely 9 foll[+   
out nature's sugge/ions4 ,8 s5tim5t does
 n s dr5* & saturate 8 "w z to float x  
bodily out ( ! realm ( natural into t ( 
sup]nal beauty1 !re to cry/allize 9     
decorative & puissant visions appe>+ out
 ( ! void & only sup]ficially relat$ to 
_! correspond+ natural =ms4 ,/&+ be=e ! 
,m$icean tombs ! mod]n susceptibility   
receives p]haps ! mo/ poignant1 "o may  
almo/ say ! mo/ intol]able1 impression  
to be obta9$ f any pla/ic "w by ! h& (  
man2 b x is a totally diff]5t impression
 f t left by ! sculptures ( ! ,p>!non   
p$im5ts1 n only because ! s5tim5t is    
:olly diff]5t1 b because 9 ! great      
,flor5t9e's "w x is s ov]:elm+ z :olly  
to dom9ate purely natural expression1   

natural "*1 natural beauty4 ,9 ! ,m$ici 
,*apel ! s\l is exalt$2 9 ! ,briti%     
,museum ! m9d is enraptur$4 ,! object   
itself seems to disappe> 9 ! "o case1 & 
to reveal itself 9 ! o!r4  ,i d n mean  
to comp>e ,m4 ,rod9 ) ! ,greeks--f :om 9
 s5tim5t & imag9ation he is1 ( c\rse1 z 
totally remov$ z :at is int5sely mod]n  
mu/ be f ! antique--any m ?an ,i mean to
 contra/ him ) ,mi*ael ,angelo1 except =
 ! purposes ( cle>] und]/&+ ( 8 g5]al   
ae/hetic attitude4 ,association ( any?+ 
contempor>y ) :at is classic1 &         
especially ) :at is greate/ 9 ! classic1
 is always a p]il\s proce$+4 ,v little  
"t is apt to play havoc ) su*           
classification4 ,i mean only to indicate
 t ! resemblance to ,mi*ael ,angelo1    
f\nd by s _m p]sons 9 su* works z !     
,dante doors1 is only ( ! loose/ k9d--z 
"o might1 ?r\gh _! common lusci\sness1  
comp>e pea*es ) pomegranates--& t to !  
disc]n+ eye1 or ! eye at all exp]i5c$ 9 
obs]v+ sculpture1 ,m4 ,rod9's sculpture 
is f> m closely relat$ to t ( ,donatello

 & ! ,greeks4 ,x1 too1 reveals r ?an    
con/ructs beauty1 & by ! expression ( "*
 r ?an by ! sugge/ion ( s5tim5t4  ,an   
illu/ration ( ,m4 ,rod9's aff9ity ) !   
antique is an incid5t :i* he relat$ to  
me ( 8 "w ^u 8 sup]b ,age d',aira94 ,he 
0 9 ,naples2 he saw nature 9 fre]       
inadv]t5ce ?an %e all[s else:]e2 he _h !
 be/ ( models4 ,"u ^! favor+            
circum/ances he sp5t ?ree mon?s on a leg
 ( 8 /atue2 :i* is equival5t to say+ t  
,i _h at la/ absolutely ma/]$ x1 said   
he4 ,"o day 9 ! ,museo ,nazionale he    
notic$ 9 an antique ! result ( all 8    
/udy & rese>*4 ,nature1 9 o!r words1 is 
,m4 ,rod9's mat]ial 9 ! same special    
s5se 9 :i* x 0 ! antique mat]ial1 & 9   
:i*1 s9ce ,mi*ael ,angelo & ! high      
,r5aissance1 x has be5 = ! mo/ "p only !
 sculptor's means4 ,x ne$ n be said t ! 
p]sonality ( ! arti/ may be z /r5u\s 9 !
 "o case z 9 ! o!r2 unless1 inde$1 we   
ma9ta91 z p]haps we may1 t individuality
 is m apt to atrophy 9 ! latt] in/ance2 
= z "o gets f>!r & f>!r away f nature he

 is 9 m dang] f conv5tionality ?an f    
caprice4 ,& ?is is 9 fact :at has happ5$
 s9ce ! high ,r5aissance1 ! long l9e (  
conv5tionalities be+ cont9u$1 sometimes 
punctuat$ "h & !re z by ,clodion or     
,h\don1 ,david1 ,rude1 or ,b>ye1        
sometimes ris+ into great dignity &     
ref9em5t ( /yle & intellig5ce1 z 9 !    
contempor>y sculpture ( ! ,in/itute1 b 9
 g5]al almo/ purely decorative or       
s5tim5tal1 &1 s f> z natural expression 
is conc]n$1 conf9+ itself to            
psy*ological r ?an physical "*4  ,:at is
 x1 = in/ance1 t di/+ui%es a gr\p l ,m4 
,dubois's ,*>ity f ! g5re s5tim5t or    
incid5t ( "s ,g]man or ,italian         
pr(essor8 ,qualities ( /yle1 ( ref9$    
ta/e1 ( elegance1 ( true intellig5ce4   
,its arti/ic int]e/ is purely decorative
 & s5tim5tal4 ,really :at its av]age    
admir] sees 9 x is ! same moral appeal t
 delights ! simple admir]s ( ,g]man or  
,italian treatm5t ( a simil> !me4 ,x is 
simply inf9itely high] br$4 ,its "* is  
develop$ no fur!r4 ,its significance z  

=m is n insi/$ on4 ,! p>ts are n        
impressively diff]5tiat$1 & _! my/]i\s  
mutual relations & correspond5ces are n 
dwelt on4 ,! physical "*1 ) its         
beauties1 its sali5t traits ( e k9d1    
appeal+ s /rongly to ! sculptor to :om  
nature appe>s pla/ic z well z sugge/ive1
 is :olly neglect$ 9 favor ( !          
psy*ological sugge/ion4 ,& ! individual 
"*1 ! ca*et ( ! :ole1 ! arti/ic ess5ce &
 ensemble1 t is to say1 ,m4 ,dubois has1
 aft] ! mann] ( mo/ mod]n sculpture1    
convey$ 9 a language ( conv5tion1 :i*   
s9ce ! "t ( ! ,si5nese f\nta91 at all   
ev5ts1 has be5 classical4  ,! lit]>y    
arti/ does n proce$ 9 ?is way4 ,he does 
n cont5t himself ) tell+ u1 = example1 t
 "o ( 8 *>act]s is a good man or a bad  
man1 an able1 a selfi%1 a tall1 a       
blonde1 or a /upid man1 z ! case may be4
 ,he takes e means to express 8 "*1 & to
 d x1 accord+ to ,m4 ,ta9e's def9ition (
 a "w ( art1 m completely ?an x appe>s 9
 nature4 ,he recognizes its complexity &
 en=ces ! s5se ( reality by a ?\s&      

exp$i5ts ( :at "o may almo/ call        
contra/+ masses1 d]ivative movem5ts1 &  
balanc+ planes4 ,he di/+ui%es e possible
 detail t plays any /ructural "p1 &1 9  
%ort1 in/ead ( giv+ u ! m]e symbol ( !  
,sunday-s*ool books1 %[s u a concrete   
organism at once *>act]i/ic & complex4  
,judg$ ) ?is /rictness1 :i* 9 lit]>y art
 is elem5t>y1 h[ mu* ( ! be/ mod]n      
sculpture is ab/ract1 symbolic1 purely  
typical4 ,:at insipid fragm5ts mo/ ( !  
really em95t ,in/itute /atues w\ld make 
7 _! heads knock$ (f by "s b& ( mod]n   
b>b>ian invad]s4 ,9 ! ev5t ( su* an     
irruption1 w\ld !re be any torsos left f
 :i* future ,p\ss9s c\ld le>n all !y    
%\ld "k ( ! human =m8 ,w\ld !re be any  
disjecta membra f :i* skill$ anatomi/s  
c\ld recon/ruct ! lo/ ensemble1 or at   
any rate make a %rewd guess at x8 ,w\ld 
any?+ survive mutilation ) ! s]5e       
confid5ce 9 its fragm5t>y b ev]y:]e     
p5etrat+ int]e/ :i* seems to p]vade !   
mo/ fractur$ fraction ( a ,greek relief 
on ! ,a!nian acropolis8 ,yes1 !re w\ld  

be ! debris ( ,augu/e ,rod9's sculpture4
  ,9 our day ! human figure has nev] be5
 s well und]/ood4 ,back ( su* expressive
 modell+ z we note 9 ! ,sa9t ,jean1 9 ! 
,adam & ,eve1 9 ! ,calaisi5s1 9 a doz5  
figures ( ! ,dante doors1 is a k (      
anatomy su* z ev5 9 ! purely sci5tific  
pr(ession ( surg]y c proce$ only f an   
imm5se fondness = nature1 an insatiable 
curiosity z to h] secrets1 an           
inexhau/ible delight 9 h] manife/ations4
 ,f ! po9t ( view ( su* k & su* h&l+ (  
x1 x is no wond] t ! repres5tations (   
nature :i* issue f ! ,in/itute seem     
sup]ficial4 ,"o c und]/& t f ?is po9t ( 
view v delightful sculpture1 v ref9$1 v 
graceful1 v p]fectly und]/ood )9 its    
limits1 may appe> l baudru*e--inflat$   
gold-beat]'s sk91 t is to say1 ( :i* toy
 animals are made 9 ,france1 & :i* has  
?us pass$ into /udio argot z ! figure = 
:atev] lacks /ructure & sub/ance4 ,ask  
,m4 ,rod9 ! explanation ( a movem5t1 an 
attitude1 9 "o ( 8 works :i* /rikes y\r 
conv5tion-/eep$ s5se z /range1 & he w   

acc\nt = x j z an anatomical demon/rator
 w\ld--po9t+ out its necess>y d]ivation 
f "s disposition ( ano!r "p ( ! figure1 
& n at all dwell+ on its grace or its   
o!r purely decorative felicity4 ,its    
arti/ic function 9 8 eyes is to aid 9   
express+ fully & completely ! :ole ( :i*
 x =ms a "p1 n to con/itute a h>moni\s  
detail m]ely agreeable to ! easily      
satisfi$ eye4 ,b !n ! :ole w look       
anatomical r ?an arti/ic4 ,!re is ! po9t
 exactly4 ,w x8 ,i rememb] speculat+    
ab\t ?is 9 conv]sation ) ,m4 ,rod9      
himself4 ,isn't !re dang]1 ,i said1 (   
gett+ too fond ( nature1 ( dissect+ ) s 
mu* en?usiasm t ! pleasure ( discov]y   
may obscure "o's feel+ = pure beauty1 ( 
los+ ! arti/ic 9 ! purely sci5tific     
int]e/1 ( becom+ p$antic1 ( imitat+ r   
?an con/ruct+1 ( miss+ art 9 avoid+ !   
artificial8 ,i _h "s difficulty 9 mak+  
myself und]/ood2 ?is p]petual see-saw ( 
nature & art :i* en%r\ds ae/hetic       
dialectics z 9 a ,scot* mi/ seems       
curi\sly factiti\s to ! truly imag9ative

 m9d4 ,b ,i %all always rememb] 8 reply1
 :5 he f9ally made me out1 z "o ( ! f9e/
 sev]+s conceivable ( a ,gordian knot ( 
?is k9d4 ,oh1 yes1 said he2 !re is1 no  
d\bt1 su* a dang] = a m$iocre arti/4    
,m4 ,rod9 is1 :atev] "o may ?9k ( him1  
c]ta9ly n a m$iocre arti/4 ,! in/9ct (  
self-pres]vation may incl9e ! ,in/itute 
to ass]t t he obtrudes 8 anatomy4 ,b    
prejudice itself c bl9d no "o (         
intellig5ce to 8 imm5se imag9ative p[]1 
to 8 poetic possession4 ,8 "w precisely 
illu/rates :at ,i take to h be51 at !   
be/ epo*s1 ! relations ( nature to su*  
art z is loosely to be call$ imitative  
art--:at assur$ly 7 ^? relations 9 ! m9d
 ( ! ,greek arti/4 ,nature supplies !   
p>ts & sugge/s _! c>d9al relations4     
,insuffici5t /udy ( h] leaves ^!        
sup]ficial & insipid4 ,in>ti/ic         
absorption 9 h] leaves !m lifeless4 ,!  
imag9ation :i* has itself conceiv$ !    
:ole1 ! idea1 fuses !m 9 its own heat   
into a new creation :i* is imitative    
only 9 ! s5se t its elem5ts are n       

inv5tions4 ,! art ( sculpture has       
retrac$ its /eps f> en\gh to make pure  
inv5tion1 z ( ,go?ic griff9s &          
,romanesque symbology1 unsatisfactory to
 ev]yone4 ,b1 save 9 ,m4 ,rod9's        
sculpture1 x has n fully r5ew$ ! old    
alliance ) nature on ! old              
t]ms--,donatello's t]ms2 ! t]ms :i*     
exact ! mo/ tribute f nature1 :i* insi/ 
on h] accord+ h] complete/ significance1
 h] close/ secrets1 h] faculty (        
express+ "* z well z ( sugge/+ s5tim5t4 
,v beautiful works are produc$ )\t h]   
aid to ?is ext5t4 ,we may be sure ( ?is 
)\t ask+ ,m4 ,rod9 to admit x4 ,he w\ld 
n d 8 own "w s well 7 he prep>$ to2 z   
,millet po9t$ out :5 ask$ to write a    
criticism ( "s o!r pa9t]'s canvas1 9    
e/imat+ ! production ( 8 fell[s an arti/
 is inevitably h&icapp$ by ! feel+ t he 
w\ld h done x v diff]5tly himself4 ,x is
 easy n to %>e ,m4 ,rod9's gloomy       
vatic9ations z to ,fr5* sculpture bas$  
on ! cont9u$ triumph ( ! ,in/itute /yle 
& suavity4 ,! ,in/itute sculpture is too

 good = anyone n himself engag$ 9 !     
/ruggle to avoid be+ impress$ *iefly by 
its qualities to ! neglect ( its        
defects4 ,at ! same "t x is cle> t no   
art c long survive 9 undim9i%$ vigor t  
does n f "t to "t r5ew its vitality by  
re/eep+ itself 9 ! influ5ces ( nature4  
,& s ,m4 ,rod9's s]vice to ,fr5*        
sculpture becomes1 at ! pres5t mom5t1   
especially signal & salut>y because     
,fr5* sculpture1 h[ev] ref9$ &          
delightful1 %[s1 j n[1 v pla9ly ! t5d5cy
 t[>d ! conv5tional :i* has always prov$
 s dang]\s1 & because ,m4 ,rod9's "w is 
a conspicu\s1 a %9+ example ( ! return  
to nature on ! "p n ( a m]e reali/1     
naturali/1 or o!r v>iety ( m$iocre      
arti/1 b ( a pr(\ndly poetic &          
imag9ative temp]am5t4  ,?is is :y1 "o   
imm$iately p]ceives 9 /udy+ 8 works1    
,rod9's treatm5t1 :ile exhau/+ e        
contribut>y detail to ! end ( complete  
expression1 is nev] p]mitt$ to fritt]   
away its en]gy ei!r 9 ! my/ifications ( 
optical illusion1 or 9 ! infant9e       

idealization ( :at is ess5tially        
subord9ate & ancill>y4 ,?is is :y he    
devotes ?ree mon?s to ! /udy ( a leg1 = 
example--n to copy1 b to possess x4     
,inde$1 no sculptor ( our "t has made   
su* a s9c]e &1 9 g5]al1 successful1 ef=t
 to s9k ! s5se ( ! mat]ial 9 !          
conception1 ! actual object 9 ! arti/ic 
idea4 ,"o loses all s5se ( bronze or    
m>ble1 z ! case may be1 n only because !
 arti/ic significance is s ov]ma/]+ t "o
 is exclusively occupi$ 9 appreh5d+ x1 b
 because !re are none ( ^? sup]ficial   
graces1 ^? felicities ( surface modell+1
 :i*1 h[ev] !y may delight1 infallibly  
di/ract z well4 ,su* excell5ces h       
assur$ly _! place4 ,:5 ! motive is      
conv5tional or o!rwise insipid1 or ev5  
:5 its "* is di/9ctly light )\t be+     
trivial1 !y are legitimately en\gh      
agreeable4 ,& because1 9 our day1       
sculptural motives h g5]ally be5 ( ?is  
ord] we h become accu/om$ to look = su* 
excell5ces1 &1 v ju/ly1 to miss !m :5 !y
 are abs5t4 ,grace ( pose1 suavity (    

outl9e1 pleas+ disposition ( mass1      
smoo?1 r\nd deltoids & osse\s           
articulations1 & p]petually *ang+ planes
 ( fle% & free play ( muscul> movem5t1  
are excell5ces :i*1 9 ! be/ ( academic  
,fr5* sculpture1 are s5su\sly delightful
 9 a high degree4 ,b !y inv>iably rivet 
our att5tion on ! successful way 9 :i* !
 sculptor has us$ 8 bronze or m>ble to  
decorative ends1 & :5 !y are acc5tuat$ s
 z to dom9ate ! idea !y inv>iably       
enfeeble its expression4 ,) ,m4 ,rod9 "o
 does n ?9k ( 8 mat]ial at all2 "o does 
n reflect :e!r he us$ x well or ill1    
caus$ x to lose weight & immobility to !
 eye or n1 because all 8 sup]ficial     
modell+ appe>s z an inevitable d$uction 
f ! way 9 :i* he has conceiv$ 8 l>g]    
subject1 & n z h&l+ at all4 ,9 reality1 
( c\rse1 x is ! acme ( s5sitive h&l+4 ,!
 po9t is a nice "o4 ,8 practice is a    
dang]\s "o4 ,x w\ld be fatal to a less  
/r5u\s temp]am5t4 ,to leave1 9 a mann] &
 s f> z obvi\s insi/5ce on x goes1 h&l+ 
to take c>e ( itself1 is to incur ! p]il

 ( c>eless1 clumsy1 & ev5 brutal1       
modell+1 :i*1 s f> f dissembl+ its      
exi/5ce beh9d ! prom95ce ( ! idea1      
really emphasizes itself unduly because 
( its imp]fect & undevelop$ "*4 ,detail 
t is neglect$ really acquires a great]  
prom95ce ?an detail t is c>ri$ too f>1  
because x is s5su\sly disagreeable4 ,b  
:5 an arti/ l ,m4 ,rod9 conceives 8     
spiritual subject s l>gely & ) s mu*    
int5sity t m]e s5su\s agreeabl5ess seems
 too insignificant to him ev5 to be     
treat$ ) contempt1 he treats 8 detail   
solely ) ref]5ce to its c5tripetal &    
organic value1 :i* imm$iately becomes   
imm5sely enhanc$1 & ! detail itself1    
dropp+ ?us into its prop] place1 takes  
on a beauty :olly transc5d+ ! ord9>y    
agreeable aspect ( sculptural detail4 ,&
 ! ensemble1 ( c\rse1 is 9 ?is way en=c$
 z x c be 9 no o!r1 & we get an idea (  
,victor ,hugo or ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ s    
p[]fully & yet s subtly sugge/$1 t !    
ab/raction seems actually all t we see 9
 look+ at ! concrete bu/ or /atue4      

,objections to ,m4 ,rod9's h&l+ z       
ecc5tric or caprici\s1 appe> to !       
sympa!tic behold] ( "o ( 8 maje/ic works
 ! v acme ( misappreciation1 & _! real  
excuse--:i* is1 z ,i h said1 ! fact t   
su* h&l+ is z unfamili> z ! motives x   
accompanies--s+ul>ly poor & feeble4  ,z 
= ! common nature ( ^! motives1 ! "* ( !
 p]sonality :i* appe>s 9 _! v>i$        
pres5tm5ts1 x is almo/ idle to speak 9 !
 abs5ce ( ! "w itself1 s eloqu5t is ?is 
at once & s untranslatable4 ,b x may be 
said approximately t ,m4 ,rod9's        
temp]am5t is 9 ! fir/ place deeply      
romantic4 ,ev]y?+ ! ,in/itute likes     
repels him4 ,he has ! poetic conception 
( art & its mission1 & 9 poetry any     
au?oritative & codify+ cons5sus seems to
 him p>adoxical4 ,/yle1 9 8 view1 unless
 x is some?+ :olly un*>act]izable1 is a 
vague & impalpable _s brea?+ ?r\gh ! "w 
( "s /rongly m>k$ individuality1 or else
 x is =malism4 ,he delights 9 !         
fanta/icality ( ! ,go?ic4 ,! we/ facade 
( ,r\5 inspires him m ?an all ! =mulae (

 ,palladian proportions4 ,he dete/s     
sy/ematization4 ,he reads ,%akespe>e1   
,s*ill]1 ,dante almo/ exclusively4 ,he  
sees visions & dreams dreams4 ,! awful 9
 ! natural =ces1 moral & mat]ial1 seems 
8 elem5t4 ,he believes 9 fre$om1 9 !    
absolute emancipation ( e faculty4 ,z = 
/udy1 /udy nature4 ,if !n y fail 9      
re/ra9t & measure y are a m$iocre arti/1
 :om no artificial sy/em devis$ to      
secure measure & re/ra9t c\ld h rescu$ f
 ess5tial insignificance4 ,no poet or   
l&scape pa9t] ev] delight$ m 9 !        
inf9itely v>i$ sugge/iv5ess & exub]ance 
( nature1 or ev] felt ! =mality ( mu* t 
passes = art z m *ill & dre>4 ,h5ce 9   
all 8 works we h ! s5se1 fir/ ( all1 (  
an ov]ma/]+ s9c]ity2 !n ( a prodigi\s   
weal? ( fancy2 !n ( a m>vell\s          
acqua9tance ) 8 mat]ial4 ,8 imag9ation  
has all ! vivacity & tumultu\sness (    
,rub5s's1 b its images1 if n bett]      
und]/ood1 :i* w\ld p]haps be impossible1
 are m compact & _! evolution m ord]ly4 
,& !y are fur!rmore "o & all vivifi$ by 

a :olly rem>kable feel+ = beauty4 ,9    
spite ( all 8 k ( ! ext]nal _w1 no arti/
 ( our "t is m completely ma/]$ by      
s5tim5t4 ,9 ! v circum/ance ( be+ free f
 su* conv5tions z ! cameo relief1 !     
picturesque co/ume details1 ! goldsmi?'s
 "w *>act]i/ic ( ! ,r5aissance1 n[ s mu*
 9 vogue1 ,m4 ,rod9's ?+s acquire a     
c]ta9 l>g5ess & l(t9ess z well z        
simplicity & s9c]ity ( s5tim5t4 ,! same 
model pos$ = ! ,sa9t ,jean t pos$ = a   
doz5 ?+s turn$ out ( ! academic /udios1 
b comp>$ ) ! result 9 ! latt] cases1 t 9
 ! =m] is ev5 m rem>kable = s5tim5t ?an 
= its /ructural sapi5ce & g5]al physical
 int]e/4 ,h[ p]fectly insignificant     
beside its moral impressiv5ess are !    
graceful works ^: s5tim5t does n result 
f ! expression ( ! =m1 b is convey$ 9 "s
 conv5tion ( pose1 ( ge/ure1 (          
physiognomy6 ,x is l ! contra/ betwe5 a 
great & a graceful actor4 ,! "o int]e/s 
y by 8 intellig5t ma/]y ( conv5tion1 by 
! tact & ta/e ) :i* he employs 9 voice1 
c>riage1 facial expression1 ge/ure1     

diction1 ! sev]al conv5tions accord+ to 
:i* ideas & emotions are habitually     
convey$ to y\r compreh5sion4 ,salv9i1   
,coquel91 ,got1 pass imm$iately outside 
! realm ( conv5tions4 ,_! language1 _!  
m$ium ( communication1 is z new z :at x 
expresses4 ,!y are inv5tive z well z    
intellig5t4 ,_! effect is prodigi\sly   
height5$ because 9 ?is way1 ! w>p z well
 z ! wo( ( _! art be+ expressive &      
orig9al1 ! arti/ic result is greatly    
=tifi$4 ,giv5 ! same model1 ,m4 ,rod9's 
result is 9 l mann] expressly &         
orig9ally en=c$ f> beyond ! result t[>d 
:i* ! academic ,fr5* s*ool employs !    
labels ( ! ,r5aissance z conv5tionally z
 its pr$ecessor at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury  
employ$ ^? ( ! antique4 ,=m]ly we us$ to
 d ,greek1 says ,m4 ,rod91 ) no small   
ju/ice2 n[ we d ,italian4 ,t is all !   
diff]5ce !re is4 ,& ,i _c bett] conclude
 ?is imp]fect notice ( ! "w ( a great   
ma/]1 9 *>act]iz+ :i* su* epi!ts z      
maje/ic1 ,miltonic1 gr&iose sugge/      
!mselves fir/ ( all1 ?an by call+       

att5tion to ! range :i* x cov]s1 & to ! 
fact t1 ev5 into ! doma9 :i* "o w\ld h  
call$ consecrate to ! imitators ( !     
antique & ! ,r5aissance1 ,m4 ,rod9's    
in=m+ s5tim5t & s5se ( beauty p5etrate )
 _! habitual di/9ction2 & t ! little    
*ild's head entitl$ ,alsace1 t          
consid]able portion ( 8 "w repres5t$ by 
,! ,wave & ! ,%ore1 = example1 & a small
 ideal female figure1 :i* ! manufactur] 
might covet = reproduction1 b :i*1 z    
,ba/i5-,lepage said to me1 is a         
def9ition ( ! ess5ce ( art1 are really z
 noble z 8 m maje/ic works are          
beautiful4   ,,ii  ,aube is ano!r       
sculptor ( ackn[l$g$ em95ce :o ranges   
himself ) ,m4 ,rod9 9 8 opposition to ! 
,in/itute4 ,8 figures ( ,bailly & ,dante
 are v f9e1 full ( a mo/ impressive     
dignity 9 ! ensemble1 & m>k$ by ! mo/   
vigor\s k9d ( modell+4 ,"o may easily l 
8 ,gambetta less4 ,b = ye>s ,rod9's only
 em95t fell[ sculptor 0 ,dal\4 ,p]haps 8
 prote/antism has be5 less pron\nc$ ?an 
,m4 ,rod9's4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly long m        

successful 9 w9n+ bo? ! connoisseur & ! 
public4 ,! /ate itself1 :i* is n[ & !n  
ev5 m cons]vative ?an ! ,in/itute1 has  
*>g$ him ) important works1 & ! ,salon  
has giv5 him its highe/ m$al4 ,& he 0   
?us recogniz$ long be=e ,m4 ,rod9's     
works _h ris5 out ( ! turmoil ( critical
 cont5tion to _! pres5t envi$ if n      
cordially approv$ em95ce4 ,b = be+ less 
en]getic1 less absorb$1 less int5se ?an 
,m4 ,rod9's1 ,m4 ,dal\'s en?usiasm =    
nature involves a sc>cely less          
uncompromis+ dislike ( conv5tion4 ,he _h
 no success at ! ,ecole des ,beaux      
,arts4 ,unlike ,rod91 he ent]$ ^?       
prec9cts & work$ long )9 !m1 b nev]     
sympa!tically or felicit\sly4 ,! rigor (
 academic precept 0 f ! fir/ excessively
 di/a/eful to 8 ess5tially & em95tly    
romantic nature4 ,he *af$ incessantly4  
,! tra9+ d\btless /ood him 9 good /ead  
:5 he f\nd himself driv5 by h>d         
necessity into comm]cial sculpture1 into
 t class ( "w :i* is on a v high plane =
 its k9d 9 ,p>is1 b = :i* ! manufactur] 

r ?an ! design] receives ! cr$it4 ,b he 
probably felt no gratitude to x = ?is1  
p]suad$ t b = its despotic preval5ce !re
 w\ld h be5 a cle>] field = 8 spontane\s
 & agreeable ef=t to w9 di/9ction 94 ,he
 greatly pref]r$ at ?is "t ! arti/ic    
an>*y ( ,engl&1 :i!r he betook himself  
aft] ! ,commune--n altoge!r ^u          
compulsion1 b by prud5ce p]haps2 = l    
,rod91 8 bir?1 8 tra9+1 8 disposition1 8
 ideas1 h always be5 z lib]al & popul> 9
 politics z 9 art1 & 9 ,france a man (  
any s9c]ity & dignity ( "* has pr(\nd   
political convictions1 ev5 ?\gh 8       
pr(ession be purely ae/hetic4 ,9 ,engl& 
he 0 v successful bo? at ! ,academy & ) 
! amateurs ( ! ari/ocracy1 ( _m ( :om he
 made portraits1 besides f9d+ ready     
pur*as]s among !m = 8 imag9ative works4 
,! li/ ( ^! latt] beg9s1 if we except "s
 delightful decoration = "o ( !         
,*amps-,elysees palaces1 ) a /atue call$
 ,la ,brodeuse1 :i* won = him a m$al at 
! ,salon ( #ahgj4 ,s9ce !n 8 production 
has be5 prodigi\s 9 view ( its          

orig9ality1 ( its lack ( ! p[]ful       
mom5tum extrane\sly suppli$ to !        
productive =ce t foll[s conv5tion &     
keeps 9 ! beat5 track4  ,8 num]\s       
peasant subjects at "o "t l$ to         
comp>ison ( him ) ,millet1 b ! lik5ess  
is ( ! mo/ sup]ficial k9d4 ,!re is no   
spiritual k9%ip :atev] betwe5 him &     
,millet4 ,dal\ models ! ,m>quis de      
,dreux-,breze ) z mu* ze/ z he does 8   
,b\lonnaise allaitant son enfant2 8 t\* 
is z sympa!tic 9 8 ,rub5s-l ,sil5us z 9 
8 naturali/ic ,b]ceuse4 ,fur!rmore1 !re 
is absolutely no note ( melan*oly 9 8   
realism--:i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 is a po9t 
well wor? not+4 ,8 vivacity excludes !  
pa!tic4 ,traces ( ,c>peaux's influ5ce   
are pla9 9 8 way ( conceiv+ su* subjects
 z ,c>peaux w\ld h h&l$4 ,no "o c\ld h  
come s closely into contact ) t vigor\s 
individuality )\t 9 "s degree und]go+   
its impress1 )\t le>n+ to look = ! al]t 
& elegant aspects ( 8 model1 :atev] x   
might be4 ,b ) ,c>peaux's di/9ction     
,dal\ has m poise4 ,he is consid]ably   

f>!r away f ! rococo4 ,8 ideal is       
equally to be summ>iz$ 9 ! ^w ,life1 b  
he c>es m = its ess5ce1 s to speak1 ?an 
= its ph5om5a1 or at all ev5ts manages  
to make x felt r ?an se54 ,"o p]ceives t
 humanity int]e/s him on ! moral side1 t
 he is int]e/$ 9 its significance z well
 z its =m4 ,accord+ly ) him ! movem5t   
illu/rates ! =m1 :i* is 9 its turn truly
 expressive1 :]eas occasionally1 s bitt]
 0 8 disgu/ ) ! p$antry ( ! s*ools1 )   
,c>peaux ! =m is us$ to exhibit movem5t4
 ,!n1 too1 ,m4 ,dal\ has a c]ta9        
nobility :i* ,c>peaux's vivacity is a   
%ade too animat$ to rea*4 ,motive &     
treatm5t bl5d 9 a l>g] sweep4 ,! grav]  
sub/ance foll[s ! planes & l9es ( a     
/ateli] if less brilliant /yle4 ,x has1 
9 a ^w1 m /yle4  ,i c f9d no exact]     
epi!t1 on ! :ole1 = ,dal\'s l>ge        
di/9ction1 & consci\s yet sob] fre$om1  
?an ! ^w ,v5etian4 ,!re is "s subtle    
phr5otype t associates him ) ! great    
colori/s4 ,8 "w is1 9 fact1 full (      
color1 if "o may tr5* on ! j>gon ( !    

/udios4 ,x has ! sumptu\sness ( ,titian 
& ,paul ,v]onese4 ,its motives are ca/ 9
 ! same ample m\ld4 ,_m ( 8 figures     
brea! ! same air ( high-born ease &     
well-be+1 ( s]5e & n too intellectual   
composure4 ,!re is an ari/ocratic       
t9cture ev5 9 8 peasants--a k9d ( native
 di/9ction insep>able f 8 t\*4 ,& 9 8   
wom5 !re is a c]ta9 graci\s sweetness1 a
 c]ta9 exquisite & elusive ref9em5t     
else:]e caught only by ,t9toretto1 b    
illu/rat$ by ,t9toretto ) su* p5etrat+  
int5sity z to leave p]haps ! mo/ ne>ly  
indelible impression t ! s5sitive       
amateur c>ries away ) him f ,v5ice4 ,!  
female figures 9 ! colossal gr\p :i*    
%\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! ,place de la       
,republique1 b 0 relegat$ by (ficial    
/upidity to ! ,place des ,nations1 are  
examples ( ?is patrician *>m 9 c>riage1 
9 =m1 9 feature1 9 expression4 ,!y h n !
 wit*]y1 ! t\* ( ,bohemian sprightl9ess 
t make su* figures z ,c>peaux's ,flora s
 en*ant+1 b !y are at once sweet] & m   
di/+ui%$4 ,! s5se = ! exquisite :i* ?is 

betrays excludes all dross f ,m4 ,dal\'s
 ri* magnific5ce4 ,ev5 ! ,sil5us gr\p   
illu/rates exub]ance )\t excess3 ,i     
spoke ( x j n[ z ,rub5s-l1 b x is only  
because x recalls ,rub5s's sup]b /r5g? &
 riot\s fancy2 x is 9 reality a ,rub5s-l
 motive purg$ 9 ! execution ( all       
,flemi% grossness4 ,!re is ev5 9 ,dal\'s
 fanta/icality ( ?is sort a measure &   
di/9ction :i* temp] animation into      
resemblance to su* delicate bli!ness z  
is illu/rat$ by ! ,b>gello ,bac*us (    
,jacopo ,sansov9o4 ,sansov9o aft]w>d1 by
 ! way1 amid ! artificiality ( ,v5ice1  
:i!r he w5t1 :olly lo/ 8 individual =ce1
 z ,m4 ,dal\1 ow+ to 8 love ( nature1 is
 less likely to d4 ,b 8 sket* = a       
monum5t to ,victor ,hugo1 & p]haps /ill 
m 8 memorial ( ,delacroix 9 ! ,luxemb\rg
 ,g>d5s1 po9t w>n+ly 9 ?is direction1 & 
x w\ld p]haps be easi] ?an he supposes  
to p]mit 8 extraord9>y decorative       
facility to lead him on to execute works
 unp5etrat$ by p]sonal feel+1 & recall+ 
less ! acme ( ! ,r5aissance ?an ! p]iod 

j aft]w>d1 :5 orig9al ef=t _h exhau/$   
itself & ! movem5t ( art 0 due ma9ly to 
mom5tum--:51 z 9 ,france at ! pres5t    
mom5t1 ! enorm\s mass ( arti/ic         
production really =c$ p$antry ^u        
culture1 & prev5t$ any b ! mo/ /r5u\s   
p]sonalities f be+ g5u9e1 because ( !   
imm5sely increas$ au?oritativ5ess ( :at 
_h become classic4  ,c]ta9ly ,m4 ,dal\  
is f> m ne>ly 9 ! curr5t ( contempor>y  
art ?an 8 fri5d ,rod91 :o /&s ) 8 ma/]  
,b>ye r defiantly ap>t f ! regul>       
evolution ( ,fr5* sculpture1 :]eas "o c 
easily trace ! d]ivation ( ,m4 ,dal\ & 8
 relations to ! pres5t & ! imm$iate pa/ 
( 8 art 9 8 c\ntry4 ,8 "w c]ta9ly has   
its ,fragon>d1 its ,clodion1 its        
,c>peaux side4 ,l e temp]am5t t is      
/rongly attract$ by ! decorative z well 
z ! significant & ! expressive1 pure    
/yle 9 & = itself has its fasc9ations1  
its temptations = him4 ,( c\rse x does n
 succe$ 9 gett+ ! complete possession ( 
him t x has ( ! ,in/itute4 ,& !re is1 z 
,i h sugge/$1 an important diff]5ce1    

disclos$ 9 ! fact t ,m4 ,dal\ uses 8    
faculty = /yle 9 a p]sonal r ?an 9 !    
conv5tional way4 ,8 decoration is       
di/9ctly ,dal\1 & n arrangem5ts aft]    
classic =mulae4 ,x is full ( ze/1 (     
ardor1 ( audacity4 ,s t if 8 "w has :at 
"o may call its national side1 x is     
because ! au?or's temp]am5t is ?or\ghly 
national at bottom1 & n because ?is     
temp]am5t is feeble or has be5          
academically repress$4 ,b ! manife/     
fitness ) :i* x takes its place 9 !     
category ( ,fr5* sculpture %[s ! moral  
diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! "w ( ,m4 ,rod94   
,morally speak+1 x is ma9ly--n altoge!r1
 b ma9ly--rhetorical1 :]eas ,m4 ,rod9's 
is di/9ctly poetic4 ,x is delightful    
rhetoric & x has _m poetic /ra9s--su* z 
! *>m ( p5etrat+ di/9ction ,i h m5tion$4
 ,b ) ! passions 9 _! simple/ & la/     
analysis he h>dly occupies himself at   
all4 ,su* a "w z ,la ,republique1 !     
magnific5t bas-relief ( ! ,hotel de     
,ville 9 ,p>is1 is a triumph (          
allegorical rhetoric1 v noble1 n a      

little mov+1 prodigi\s 9 its weal? (    
imag9ative mat]ial1 compos$ f ! c5tre & 
n arrang$ ) artificial felicity1 full ( 
sugge/iv5ess1 full ( p[]1 ab\nd+ 9      
def9ite sculptural qualities1 bo? moral 
& te*nical2 x aga9 is ,rub5s-l 9 its    
exub]ance1 b ( firm] texture1 m closely 
cond5s$4 ,b any?+ approa*+ ! k9d (      
impressiv5ess ( ! ,dante portal x       
c]ta9ly does n essay4 ,x is 9 q a       
diff]5t sph]e4 ,its exaltation is1 if n 
delib]ate1 admirably self-possess$4 ,to 
f9d x !atrical w\ld be simply a m>k (   
our absurd ,anglo-,saxon pref]5ce =     
res]ve & repression 9 circum/ances      
naturally sugge/+ expansion & elation--a
 pref]5ce surely born ( timor\sness &   
ess5tially v subtly !atrical itself4 ,x 
is simply n deeply1 int5sely poetic1 b1 
r1 a spl5did piece ( rhetoric1 z ,i say4
  ,s1 too1 is ! fam\s ,mirabeau relief1 
:i* is p]haps ,m4 ,dal\'s ma/]piece1 &  
:i* repres5ts 8 national side z         
completely z ! gr\p = ! ,place des      
,nations does ^? ( 8 qualities ,i h     

endeavor$ to indicate by call+ !m       
,v5etian4 ,obs]ve ! r>e fidelity :i* has
 contribut$ its weight ( s9c]ity to ?is 
admirable relief4 ,e prom95t head ( ! _m
 memb]s ( ! ,assembly1 :o nev]!less     
rally beh9d ,mirabeau ) a f9e pell-mell 
fre$om ( arti/ic effect1 is a portrait4 
,! effect is l t ( simil> works design$ 
& execut$ ) ! l>ge leisure ( an age v   
diff]5t f ! competition & /ruggl+ hurry 
( our own4 ,9 e respect ?is "w is z     
,fr5* z x is individual4 ,x is p5etrat$ 
) a s5se ( ! dignity ( ,fr5* hi/ory4 ,x 
is z f> z possible remov$ f ! *eap g5re 
effect su* a s*eme 9 less skilful h&s   
might easily h _h4 ,mirabeau's ge/ure1 9
 fact 8 entire pres5ce1 is sup]b1 b !   
m>quis is z f9e 9 8 way z ! tribune 9 84
 ,! behold] assi/s at ! climax ( a great
 crisis1 unfold$ to him 9 ! imp>tial _s 
( true art1 q )\t p>tisan%ip1 & ?\gh    
manife/ly /imulat$ by sympa?y ) ! nobl] 
cause1 ev5 m acutely consci\s ( ! gr&eur
 ( ! /ruggle & ! di/9ction ( ^? on all  
sides engag$ 9 x1 & acquir+ f ^! a k9d (

 elation1 ( exaltation su* z ! ,fr5*man 
exp]i5ces only :5 he may give expression
 to 8 arti/ic & 8 patriotic in/9cts at !
 same mom5t4  ,! di/9ctly national      
qualities ( ?is ma/]piece1 & _! h>moni\s
 association ) ! individual *>act]i/ics 
( ,m4 ,dal\1 8 love ( nature1 8 native  
di/9ction1 8 *>m1 & 8 p[]1 9 !mselves   
be> em95t witness to ! vitality ( mod]n 
,fr5* sculpture1 9 spite ( all !        
influ5ces :i* t5d to petrify x ) sy/em &
 conv5tion4 ,m4 ,rod9 /&s s :olly ap>t t
 x w\ld be unsafe p]haps to argue       
confid5tly f 8 impressive works !       
pot5tiality ( p]iodical r5ewal 9 an art 
ov] :i* ! ,in/itute presides ) /ill s   
little *all5ge ( its title4 ,b x is     
diff]5t ) ,m4 ,dal\4 ,extraord9>y z 8   
tal5t is1 its unque/ion$ & univ]sal     
recognition is probably 9 great measure 
due to ! prep>$ness ( ! environm5t to   
appreciate extraord9>y "w ( ! k9d1 to ! 
high degree :i* ,fr5* popul> ae/hetic   
education1 9 a ^w1 has rea*$4 ,& "o's   
la/ ^w ab\t contempor>y ,fr5*           

sculpture--ev5 9 clos+ a consid]ation ( 
! works ( su* prote/ants z ,rod9 &      
,dal\--mu/ be a recognition ( ! imm5se  
s]vice ( ! ,in/itute 9 education ( ?is  
k9d4 ,let "s c\ntry )\t an in/itute1    
ar\nd :i* :at ae/hetic feel+ ! age      
p]mits may cry/allize1 h[ev] %>ply1 give
 u a ,rod9 & a ,dal\6