available by ,cornell ,university       
,digital ,collections7           ,,the  
,,atlantic ,,monthly4  ,a ,magazine of  
,literature1 ,science1 ,art1 and        
,politics4   ,,vol4                     
,,xviii4--,,december1 #ahff4--,,no4     
,,cx4  ,entered according to ,act of    
,congress1 in the year #ahff1 by        
,,ticknor ,,and ,,fields1 in the        
,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court
 of the ,district of ,massachusetts4    
,transcriber's note3 ,minor typos       
corrected and footnotes moved to end of 
article4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,,john ,,pierpont4   ,most 
men of fourscore and upwards1 like      
,lear1 and who1 like ,lear1 have been   
mightily abused in their day1 are found1
 upon diligent inquiry1 to have long    
outlived themselves1 like the           
,archbishop of ,granada2 but here is a  
man1 or was but the other day1 in his   
eighty-second year1 with the temper and 
edge and bright blue rippling glitter of
 a ,damascus blade up to the very last2 

or rather1 considering how he was last  
employed1 with the temper of that       
strange tool1 found among the ruins of  
,thebes1 with which they used to smooth 
and polish their huge monoliths of      
granite1 until they murmured a song of  
joy1 whenever the morning sunshine fell 
upon them4  ,this remarkable            
man--remarkable under many aspects--died
 at ,medford1 ,massachusetts1 on ,monday
 morning1 ,august #bgth2 and it is now  
said of heart-disease1--that other name 
for a mysterious and sudden death1      
happen how it may1 and when it may4 ,he 
had been perfectly well the day before1 
attended church1 and called on some of  
his neighbors2 he retired to rest as    
usual1 and nothing more was heard of him
 till ,monday morning1 when he was found
 asleep in ,jesus1 prepared1 as we      
humbly trust1 to hear the greeting of   
,well done1 thou good and faithful      
servant6 ,says a friend1 in a letter now
 lying before me1 of ,august #bgth3 ,on 
,saturday afternoon1 day before         

yesterday1 your friend and my friend1   
,rev4 ,john ,pierpont1 called upon me1  
and we had a very interesting interview 
of about an hour4 ,i never saw him look 
better or appear happier4 ,although     
eighty-one years of age the #fth of last
 ,april1 he seemed to have the          
elasticity of youth1 and he was         
perfectly erect4 ,i gave him what he    
wanted very much1--a copy of his trial  
before an ecclesiastical council in this
 city1 several years ago4 ,he gave me   
his photograph1 and1 taking his gold    
pen1 wrote underneath1 in a beautiful   
hand1 ',john ,pierpont1 aged #ha4' ,he  
said he was doing some work at          
,washington1 which he hoped to live long
 enough to complete4444 ,when ,i        
published my last book1 ,i sent him a   
copy4 ,he acknowledged the receipt of it
 in a letter of eight or ten pages1     
which is now a treasure to me4 ,his name
 on the photograph was probably the last
 time he ever wrote it1--another        
treasure1 which my friend would not now 

be likely to part with for any          
consideration4  ,my acquaintance with   
,mr4 ,pierpont began in the fall or     
winter of #ahad1 just when the war had  
assumed such proportions1 that men's    
hearts were failing them for fear1 and  
prodigies and portents were of daily    
occurrence4 ,new ,england too--finding  
herself defenceless and left to the     
mercy of our foe--began to think1 not of
 setting up for herself1 not of         
withdrawing from the copartnership1     
without the consent of the whole        
sisterhood1 but of coming together for  
conference and proposing to the general 
government1 not to become neutral after 
the fashion of ,kentucky1 in our late   
misunderstanding1 not of playing the    
part of umpire between the belligerents1
 like that heroic embodiment of         
,southern chivalry1 nor of holding the  
balance of power1 but1 on being allowed 
her just proportion of the public       
revenues1 to undertake for herself1 and 
agree to give a good account of the     

enemy1 if he should throw himself upon  
her bulwarks1 whether along the         
seaboard1 or upon her great northern    
frontier4  ,he had just escaped from    
,newburyport1 after writing the         
,portrait1 a severe and truthful picture
 of the times1 which went far to give   
him a national reputation--for the day2 
and opened a law office at #ajc ,court  
,street1 ,boston1 where he found nothing
 to do1 and spent much of his time in   
cutting his name on little ivory seals1 
and engraving ciphers--,j4,p4--so       
beautiful in their character1 and so    
graceful1 that one ,i have now before   
me1 an impression taken by him in wax1  
with a vermilion bed1--for in all such  
matters he was very particular1--were   
enough to establish any man's reputation
 as a seal engraver4 ,it bears about the
 same relationship to what are called   
ciphers1 that ,benvenuto ,cellini's     
flower-cups bore to the clumsy goblets  
of his day4  ,he was never a great      
reader1 not being able to read more than

 fifty pages of law and miscellany in a 
day1 though he managed1 for once1 while 
a tutor in ,colonel ,alston's family at 
,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 beginning
 by daylight and continuing as long as  
he could see1 in midsummer1 to get      
through with one hundred pages of       
,blackstone2 but the grind was too much 
for him1--he never tried it again4 ,he  
read ,gibbon1 and ,chateaubriand's      
,genius of ,christianity1 and ,st4      
,pierre1 and ,jeremy ,bentham's ,theory 
of ,rewards and ,punishments1 but never 
to my knowledge a novel1 a romance1 or a
 magazine article1 except an occasional 
review2 but ,joanna ,baillie1--that     
female ,shakespeare of a later age1--and
 ,beattie1 and ,campbell1 and the       
,british poets1 and dramatic writers1   
were always at hand1 when he had nothing
 better to do1 with no seals to cut1 no 
ciphers1 no razor-strops1 no stoves1 and
 no clients4 ,over that field of        
enchantment and illusion he wandered    
with lifted wings1 month after month1   

and year after year4  ,at this time he  
was in his thirtieth year1 and ,i in my 
twenty-second4 ,no two persons were ever
 more unlike2 and yet we grew to be     
intimate friends after a while2 and at  
the time of his death our friendship had
 lasted more than fifty years1 with a   
single interruption of a twelvemonth or 
so while ,i was abroad1 which was put an
 end to by our letters of reconciliation
 crossing each other almost on the same 
day4  ,with a young family on his hands1
 precarious health and a feeble         
constitution1 as we then believed1 which
 drove him to ,saratoga every two or    
three years1 and no property1 what had  
he to look forward to1 unless he could  
manage to go through a course of        
starvation at half-price1 or diet with  
the chameleons8--though great things    
were expected of him by those who knew  
him best1 and the late ,mr4 ,justice    
,story could not bear to think of his   
abandoning the profession1 so long as   
there was a decent chance of living     

through such a course of preparation4   
,after all that he has done as a poet1  
as a preacher1 as a reformer1 and as a  
lecturer1 ,i must say that ,i think he  
was made for a lawyer4 ,vigorous and    
acute1 clear-sighted1 self-possessed1   
and logical to a fault1 if he had not   
married so early1 or if a respectable   
inheritance had fallen to him1 after he 
had learned to do without help or       
patronage1 as ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson did1
 while undergoing ,lord ,chesterfield1  
he might have been at the head of the   
,massachusetts bar1--a proud position1  
to be sure1 at any time within the last 
fifty years1--or1 at any rate1 in the   
foremost rank1 long before his death4   
,he had1 withal1 a great fondness for   
mechanics1 and one at least of his      
inventions1 the ,pierpont or ,doric     
,stove1 was a bit of concrete           
philosophy1--a miniature temple glowing 
with perpetual fire1--a cast-iron       
syllogism of itself1 so classically just
 in its proportions1 and so eminently   

characteristic1 as to be a type of the  
author4 ,he had been led through a long 
course of experiment in the structure of
 grates and stoves1 and in the          
consumption of fuel1 with the hope of   
superseding ,saratoga1 for himself at   
least1 by making our terrible winters   
and our east winds a little more        
endurable4 ,no man ever suffered more   
from what people sometimes call1 without
 meaning to be naughty1 damp cold       
weather4  ,in addition to the ,portrait1
 he had written a ,new-,year's ,address 
or two1 and a fine lyric1 which was said
 or sung--,i forget which--at the       
celebration of ,napoleon's retreat from 
,moscow2 so that after he went off to   
,baltimore1 and the ,airs of ,palestine 
appeared in #ahaf1 those who knew him   
best1 instead of being astonished like  
the rest of the world1 regarded it as   
nothing more than the fulfilment of a   
promise1 and went about saying1 or      
looking as if they wanted to say1       
,didn't we tell you so8  ,and yet1 with 

the exception of two or three outbreaks 
and flashes1 there was really nothing in
 his earlier manifestations to prefigure
 the unrolling glory of the ,airs1 or to
 justify the extravagant expectations   
people had entertained from the first1  
if you would believe them4  ,robert     
,treat ,paine having disappeared from   
the stage1 there was nobody left but    
,lucius ,manlius ,sargent and ,john     
,pierpont for celebrations and sudden   
emergencies4 ,but ,sargent never tried  
the heroic1 and was generally satisfied 
with imitations of ,walter ,scott1 and  
others1 who were given to oddities and  
quaintness4 ,for example1 ,i thought1   
says he1 in the longest poem he ever    
wrote1 which appeared in quarto1--      
,i thought1 than as a feather fair      
,more light is filmy gossamer1     ,so  
woman's heart is lighter far     ,than  
lightest breath of summer air1          
,which is so light it scarce can bear   
,the filmiest thread of gossamer1 etc41 
etc41 etc4  ,while ,mr4 ,pierpont flung 

himself abroad--like ,handel1 over the  
great organ-keys at ,haarlem--as if he  
never knew before what legs and arms    
were good for1 after the following      
fashion3--      ,the misty hall of ,odin
       ,with mirth and music swells1    
,rings with the harps and songs of      
bards1       ,and echoes to their       
shells4      ,see how amid the          
cloud-wrapped ghosts       ,great       
,peter's awful form         ,seems to   
smile1         ,as the while1           
,amid the howling storm1     ,he hears  
his children shout1 ,hurrah6       ,amid
 the howling storm1 etc41 etc4  ,few men
 ever elaborated as he did1--not even   
,rousseau1 when he wrote over whole     
pages and chapters of his ,confessions1 
,i forget how many times4 ,fine thoughts
 were never spontaneous with him1 never 
unexpected1 never unwaited for1--never1 
certainly till long after he had got his
 growth4 ,in fact1 some of the happiest 
passages we have seem to be engraved1   
letter by letter1 instead of being      

written at once1 or launched away into  
the stillness1 like a red-hot           
thunderbolt4 ,well do ,i remember a     
little incident which occurred in       
,baltimore1 soon after the failure of   
,pierpont and ,lord--and ,neal1 when we 
were all dying of sheer inaction1 and   
almost ready to hang ourselves--in a    
metaphorical sense--as the shortest way 
of scoring off with the world4  ,we were
 at breakfast1--it was rather late4     
,where on earth is your good husband8   
said ,i to ,mrs4 ,pierpont4  ,in bed1   
making poetry1 said she4  ,indeed6      
,yes1 flat on his back1 with his eyes   
rolled up in his head4  ,soon after1 the
 gentleman himself appeared1 looking    
somewhat the worse for the labor he had 
gone through with1 and all the happier1 
that the throes were over1 and the      
offspring ready for exhibition4 ,here1  
said he1 tell me what you think of these
 two lines1--handing me a paper on which
 was written1 with the clearness and    
beauty of copperplate1      ,their      

reverend beards that sweep their bosoms 
wet     ,with the chill dews of shady   
,olivet4  ,charming1 said ,i4 ,and what 
then8 ,what are you driving at8  ,well1 
,i was thinking of ,olivet1 and then ,i 
wanted a rhyme for ,olivet2 and rhymes  
are the rudders1 you know1 according to 
,hudibras2 and then uprose the picture  
of the ,apostles before me1--their      
reverend beards all dripping with the   
dews of night4  ,how little did he or ,i
 then foresee what soon followed1--soon1
 that is1 in comparison with all he had 
ever done before6 ,the ,airs of         
,palestine1 like the night-blooming     
cereus1--the century-plant1--flowering  
at last1 and all at once and most       
unexpectedly too1 after generations have
 waited for it1 as for the penumbra of  
something foretold1 until both their    
patience and their faith have almost    
failed4 ,but1 from the very first1 there
 were signs of growth not to be         
mistaken1--of inward growth1 too1--and  
oftentimes an appearance of slowly      

gathered strength1 as if it had been    
long husbanded1 and for a great purpose4
 ,for example1--      ,there the gaunt  
wolf sits on his rock and howls1        
,and there1 in painted pomp1 the savage 
,indian prowls4  ,what a picture of     
brooding desolation6 ,how concentrated  
and how unpretending1 in its simplicity 
and strength6  ,and again1 having had   
visions1 and having begun to breathe a  
new atmosphere1 with ,sinai in view1 he 
says1      ,there blasts of unseen      
trumpets1 long and loud1     ,swelled by
 the breath of whirlwinds1 rent the     
cloud1--  two of the grandest lines to  
be found anywhere1 out of the ,hebrew4  
,but grandeur and strength were never   
his characteristics2 the natural        
tendency of the man was toward the      
harmonious1 the loving1 and the         
beautiful1 as in the following lines    
from the title-page of his poem1 ,by ,j4
 ,pierpont1 ,esquire3--      ,i love to 
breathe where ,gilead sheds her balm2   
,i love to walk on ,jordan's banks of   

palm2     ,i love to wet my foot in     
,hermon's dews2     ,i love the         
promptings of ,isaiah's muse2     ,in   
,carmel's paly grots ,i'll court repose1
     ,and deck my mossy couch with      
,sharon's deathless rose4  ,about this  
time it was1 just before he went off to 
,baltimore1 that we began to have       
occasional glimpses of that inward fire 
shut up in his bones1 that subterranean 
sunshine1 that golden ore1 which1       
smelted as the constellations were1     
makes what men have agreed to call      
poetry1--which1 after all1 is but       
another name for inspiration2 although  
the very first outbreak ,i remember     
happened at the celebration already     
referred to1 where men saw      ,the    
,desolator desolate1 the ,victor        
overthrown1     ,the ,arbiter of others'
 fate a suppliant for his own1  and     
began to breathe freely once more2 and  
the shout of ,glory1 glory6 ,alleluiah6 
went up like the roar of many waters    
from all the cities of our land1 as if  

they themselves had been delivered from 
the new ,sennacherib2 yet1 after a short
 season of rest1 like one of our        
,western prairies after having been     
over-swept with fire1 he began to flower
 anew1 and from his innermost nature1   
like some great aboriginal plant of our 
,northern wilderness suddenly           
transferred to a tropical region1 roots 
and all1 by some convulsion of          
nature1--by hurricane1 or drift1 or     
shipwreck4 ,and always thereafter1 with 
a very few brief exceptions1 instead of 
echoing and re-echoing the musical      
thunders of a buried past1--instead of  
imitating1 oftentimes unconsciously 7the
 worst kind of imitation1 by the way1   
for what can be hoped of a man whose    
individuality has been tampered with1   
and whose own perceptions mislead       
him87--instead of counterfeiting the    
mighty minstrels he had most reverenced1
 and oftentimes ignorantly worshipped1  
as among the unknown gods1 in his       
unquestioning1 breathless homage1 he    

began to look upward to the ,source of  
all inspiration1 while      ,princely   
visions rare     ,went stepping through 
the air1  and to walk abroad with all   
his singing robes about him1 as he had  
never done before4 ,hitherto it had been
 otherwise4 ,campbell had opened the    
,pleasures of ,hope with      ,why to   
yon mountains turns the musing eye1     
,whose sunbright summits mingle with the
 sky8  and therefore ,pierpont began his
 ,portrait with      ,why does the eye  
with greater pleasure rest     ,on the  
proud oak with vernal honors drest8     
,but now1 instead of diluting ,beattie1 
with all his pomp of groves and long    
resounding shore1 and recasting portions
 of ,akenside or ,pope1 and rehashing   
,ye ,mariners of ,england1 for public   
celebrations1 or converting ,moore      
himself into ,your glass may be purple  
and mine may be blue1 while urging the  
claims of what is called ,liberal       
,christianity in a hymn written for the 
new ,unitarian church of ,baltimore1 he 

would break forth now and then with     
something which really seemed           
unpremeditated1--something he had been  
surprised into saying in spite of       
himself1 as where he finishes a picture 
of ,moses on ,mount ,nebo1 after a      
fashion both startling and effective in 
its abruptness1 and yet altogether his  
own3--      ,his sunny mantle and his   
hoary locks     ,shone like the robe of 
,winter on the rocks4     ,where is that
 mantle8 ,melted into air4     ,where is
 the ,prophet8 ,god can tell thee where4
  ,and yet in the day of his strength he
 was sometimes capable of strange       
self-forgetfulness1 and once wrote1 in  
his reverence for the classic1 what1 if 
it were not blasphemy1 would be         
meaningless3--      ,o thou dread       
,spirit6 being's ,end and ,source6      
,o check thy chariot in its fervid      
course2     ,bend from thy throne of    
darkness and of fire1     ,and with one 
smile immortalize oar lyre6  ,think of a
 ,christian poet apostrophizing the     

,ancient of ,days--,jehovah himself--in 
the language of idolatrous and pagan    
,rome6  ,at another time1--but these are
 among the last of his transgressions1  
and they happened nearly fifty years    
before his death1--having in view that  
epitaph on an infant where a father says
 of his child1                ,like a   
dewdrop on the early morn     ,she      
sparkled1 was exhaled1 and went to      
heaven1  ,mr4 ,pierpont says of the     
frozen heart1 when religion's mild and  
genial ray falls upon it1 with music1   
,the fire is kindled and the flame is   
bright2     ,and that cold mass1 with   
either power assailed1     ,is warmed1  
made liquid1 and to heaven exhaled4     
,and this by a man who talks about the  
glow-worm burning greenly on the wall1  
and the unrolling glory of the empyrean1
 as if he understood what both meant4   
,nevertheless1 and notwithstanding these
 aberrations1 my friend--the truest     
friend ,i ever had in my life1 on some  
accounts1 for he was not afraid to tell 

me of my faults when he saw them1 and   
the man after all1 to whom ,i am under  
greater obligations than to any other1  
living or dead1 for bringing me         
acquainted with myself--held on his     
upward course for the last thirty years 
of his life without faltering1 and      
without any visible perturbation1 like  
the planets1 if not like the stars1     
along their appointed path1 never so as 
to astonish perhaps1 but almost always  
so as to convince1 whatever might be the
 manner of his approach1 and whether in 
prose or poetry4  ,but we are           
anticipating4 ,at the time of our first 
acquaintance1 he certainly entertained  
very different views upon the subjects  
which have made him so conspicuous      
within the last twenty-five years4      
,instead of being an ,abolitionist1 or a
 ,garrisonian1 and insisting upon       
immediate1 universal1 and unconditional 
emancipation1 he was a colonizationist1 
rather tolerant of the evil1 as it      
existed in the ,south1 and very patient 

under the wrongs of our black brethren2 
and so was ,i4  ,instead of being a     
teetotaler1 he was hardly what the      
temperance men of our day would call a  
temperance man2 for he had wine upon his
 table when he gave dinners1 and never  
shrank from the interchange of          
courtesies1 nor refused a               
pledge1--though ,i did1 even then4 ,yet 
more1 as brandy had been prescribed for 
,mrs4 ,pierpont by the family physician1
 ,dr4 ,randall1 her husband used to take
 his brandy and water with her          
sometimes1 just before dinner1 by way of
 a whet4  ,again3 he had been brought   
up1 like ,st4 ,paul1 at the very feet of
 ,gamaliel4 ,he was born ,orthodox1--he 
lived ,orthodox1--he sat for years under
 the preaching of ,dr4 ,lyman ,beecher1 
whom he looked upon as a giant among    
pygmies1--and well he might1 as a       
metaphysician and as a controversialist1
 if not as a theologian1--and was1 ,i   
have lately been told1 a member of ,dr4 
,spring's ,orthodox church at           

,newburyport1 before his removal to     
,boston4 ,but once there1 in that       
overcharged atmosphere1 he took a pew in
 the ,brattle ,street ,unitarian        
church1--without being then a           
,unitarian1 or dreaming of the great    
change that was to follow within two or 
three years1--and was a regular         
attendant under the preaching of ,mr4   
,everett up to the last4 ,on his removal
 to ,baltimore1 he swung round again    
toward ,orthodoxy1--that ,orthodoxy     
which has been so wittily defined as my 
doxy1 while heterodoxy is your          
doxy1--and sat for three years under the
 preaching of ,dr4 ,ingals1 the highly  
gifted gentleman to whom he dedicated   
his poem--in blank--when it first       
appeared1 being perhaps a little afraid 
of committing himself in advance2 and   
then1 at the very first gathering of the
 ,baltimore ,unitarians in a large      
auction-room1 which led to the          
organization of a church within a few   
months1 the erection of a beautiful     

building1 and to the settlement of our  
friend1 the late ,dr4 ,jared ,sparks1 he
 came out fair and square upon the great
 question1 and led1 or helped lead1 the 
exercises4 ,the result of which was1    
that in due time1 after his failure in  
business1 he became a student of        
theology at ,cambridge1 and within a    
year was called to the ministry of      
reconciliation over ,hollis ,street     
,church1 as a successor to ,mr4 ,holly1 
at that time a most captivating         
preacher1 with a congregation and church
 eminently fastidious and exacting1 and 
not easily satisfied2 yet ,mr4 ,pierpont
 labored with them and for them over    
twenty-five years1 with an earnestness1 
a comprehensiveness1 and a faithfulness1
 for which some of them have not        
forgiven him to this day4 ,he entered   
upon the ministry there in ,april1      
#ahai1 and resigned in #ahde2 when he   
became the first pastor of a ,unitarian 
church in ,troy1 remained there four    
years1 and then took charge of a church 

in ,medford2 where he was living when   
the ,rebellion broke out1 and he entered
 the army as chaplain1 under an express 
stipulation that the regiment was not to
 go round ,baltimore4  ,but ,i am fully 
justified in saying that1 when ,i first 
knew him in ,boston1 he did not know    
himself4 ,he had entirely mistaken his  
vocation1 and was about the last man in 
the world to enter into trade1 though   
pre-eminently fitted for business1 if he
 had been properly encouraged1--the     
business of law certainly1 and the      
business of statesmanship4 ,he saw      
nothing of what was before him1--nothing
 of the field he was to occupy till the 
,master came1--nothing of the influence1
 nothing of the authority1 he was to    
exercise over the minds and hearts of   
men1--and nothing of that huge oriflamme
 which was coming up slowly1 to be sure1
 but certainly1 over the distant verge  
of an ever-widening horizon4 ,he was    
utterly discouraged as a lawyer2 he knew
 nothing of business2 he had no capital2

 and what on earth was he good for8     
,whither should he go8 ,what undertake8 
,and yet he bore up manfully through all
 this discouragement1 and no word of    
complaint or murmuring ever escaped his 
lips4 ,on the whole1 he was one of the  
most truly conscientious men ,i ever    
knew1--and why not one of the most truly
 religious1 notwithstanding his         
obnoxious faith8--so even-tempered that 
,i never saw him disturbed more than    
once or twice in all my life1 and so    
patient under wrong that one could      
hardly believe in his withering sarcasm1
 and scorching indignation when he took 
the field as a reformer1 in golden      
panoply complete4  ,let me now describe 
his personal appearance1 for the help of
 those who have only heard of the man4  
,he was tall1 straight1 and spare1--six 
feet1 ,i should say1 and rather         
ungraceful in fact1 though called by the
 women of his parish1 not only the most 
graceful1 but the most finished of      
gentlemen4 ,that he was dignified1      

courteous1 and prepossessing1 very      
pleasant in conversation1 a capital     
story-teller1 and a tolerable--no1      
intolerable--punster1 exceedingly       
impressive both in the pulpit and       
elsewhere1 when much in earnest1 and in 
after life a great lecturer and platform
 speaker1 ,i am ready to acknowledge2   
but he wanted ease of manner--the       
readiness and quiet self-possession of a
 high-bred man1 who cannot be taken by  
surprise1 and is neither afraid of being
 misunderstood nor afraid of letting    
himself down--till after he had passed  
the age of threescore4  ,the first      
impression he made on me was that of a  
country schoolmaster1 or of a professor1
 on his good behavior1 who had got his  
notions of the polite world from        
,chesterfield2 though1 when ,i knew him 
better1 and learned that he had been a  
tutor in the ,alston family of ,south   
,carolina1 ,i detected the original type
 of his perpendicularity1 serious       
composure1 and stateliness1--the        

archetype4 ,i was constantly reminded of
 ,john ,c4 ,calhoun1 a fellow-student   
with him at ,yale1 and a man he always  
mentioned1 with a strange mixture of    
admiration and awe1 as if he thought him
 an offshoot from the ,archfiend        
himself1 skilled to make the worse      
appear the better reason4 ,his tall     
figure1 his erect1 positive bearing1 and
 somewhat uncompromising1 severe        
expression of countenance1 when much in 
earnest1 with black1 heavy eyebrows1    
clear blue eyes which passed for black1 
and stiff black hair1 were all of that  
,huguenot ,southern type1 which1 like   
the signs of the ,scotch ,covenanter or 
of the old ,english ,puritan1 are as    
unlikely to die out as the ,canada      
thistle1 where they who sow the wind are
 content to reap the whirlwind4 ,in     
their steadfast pertinacity1 whether    
right or wrong1 in their adamantine     
logic1 as unyielding as death1 and calm1
 serious energy of action1 and in a part
 of their transcendental theories1 they 

were alike2 and alike1 too1 in their    
tried honesty4 ,the great ,nullifier and
 the great ,reformer were both ,titanic1
 in the vastness and comprehensiveness  
of their views1 in their unrelenting    
self-assertion1 in their metaphysics1   
and in their theories of government4 ,if
 the dark ,southron made open war upon  
his country till it grew to be unsafe1  
the dark ,northerner would tear the     
,constitution of that country to        
tatters1 and trample it under foot1 as  
he did upon one occasion1 without       
remorse or compunction1 because it was  
held by others to give property in man1 
though for himself he denied that it did
 so1 or that it sanctioned slavery in   
any shape1--as he did1 ,i say1 though ,i
 was not an eyewitness of the outrage1  
and have only the report from others who
 were4 ,if it was only a flourish1 like 
that of ,edmund ,burke1 when he suddenly
 lugged out the dagger before the       
upturned smiling eyes of his patient    
compeers1 and ,sheridan--or was it      

,fox8--begged the gentleman to tell him 
where the fork was to be had which      
belonged to the knife1 why1 even that   
were not only unworthy of the man1 but  
so utterly unlike him1 for he never     
indulged in rhetoric or rhodomontade or 
claptrap1 that one would be inclined to 
think he was beside himself1 or had been
 dining out1 like ,daniel ,webster when 
he proposed1 in the ,senate ,chamber1 to
 plant our starry banner on the         
outermost verge1 the ,ultima ,thule1 of 
our disputed territory1 heedless of     
consequences4 ,both ,pierpont and       
,calhoun certainly forgot the injunction
 to be temperate in all things2 and     
allow me to add1 that1 in my judgment1  
it mattered little who was with1 or who 
against them1 after they had once set   
the lance in rest1 with a windmill in   
view1--they only spurred the harder for 
opposition1 and lashed out all the more 
vehemently for being cheered1 even by   
the lowliest4 ,encouragement and        
opposition were alike to both1 after the

 rowels were set1 and their beavers     
closed4  ,at the time ,i speak of1 ,mr4 
,pierpont and his brother-in-law1 ,mr4  
,joseph ,l4 ,lord1 kept house together  
on a street running down hill back of   
the ,state-,house1--,hancock ,street1 if
 ,i do not mistake4 ,they had always two
 or three boarders1 and sometimes more1 
and among them ,erastus ,a4 ,lord1 a    
brother of ,joseph1 and myself4 ,with   
these1 and with the neighbors1--the     
whole neighborhood1 ,i might say1 and   
with all their visiting-list1--our      
friend ,pierpont was an oracle from the 
first1 and in the church and parish1    
after he had been set up in the pulpit1 
an idol4 ,it was thought presumptuous   
for anybody to differ with him upon any 
subject4 ,whatever he said1 or thought1 
or did1 was never to be                 
questioned1--never6 ,his opinions were  
maxims1 his utterances apothegms1 his   
lightest word authority4 ,and the worst 
of it all1 and the hardest thing for me 
to stomach1 was1 that in all our        

controversies1 for a long time1 if he   
was not always right1 and ,i always     
wrong1 ,i was quite sure to come out    
second best1 in the judgment of his     
friends and worshippers1 who had no     
sympathy for anybody who ventured to    
tilt with their champion4 ,nevertheless 
,i persisted1 and1 not standing much in 
awe of the pedant and the pedagogue1    
however much ,i admired the logician and
 the poet or the lawyer1 ,i lost no     
opportunity of asserting my             
independence1 and took1 ,i am afraid1 a 
sort of malicious pleasure in showing   
that ,i had views and opinions of my    
own1 and was determined to do my own    
thinking1 come what might4 ,for a while 
this operated against me1--if not always
 with ,mr4 ,pierpont1 certainly with all
 his immediate personal friends and     
family2 but in time1 ,i believe1 he     
began to like me the better for my      
presumption1 or foolhardiness1 in       
battling the watch with him1 whenever he
 laid down a proposition1 with a calm1  

dictatorial air1 which did not strike me
 at first either as clearly             
self-evident1 or1 after a thorough      
investigation1 as indisputably true1 so 
that ,i do on my conscience believe that
 ,i was fast growing1 not only          
unmanageable1 but unbearable4  ,mr4     
,pierpont was no judge of painting1     
though he relished a good picture1 and  
had no taste for drawing1 or rather no  
talent for drawing1 though he saw       
readily enough certain errors of        
exaggeration that abounded in the       
engravings of the day2 and ,i well      
remember his calling my attention to the
 preposterously small feet of the female
 figures for which ,messrs4 ,draper and 
,company1 the bank-note engravers of    
that day1 were so famous2 and yet his   
handwriting was very beautiful1 and the 
ciphers ,i have mentioned were neither  
more nor less than exquisite drawings4  
,nor had he any ear for music1 to borrow
 the language we hear at every turn1--as
 if all persons who are not deaf by     

nature had not ears for music1 so far as
 they can hear at all1--or as if he who 
can distinguish voices1 or learn a      
language1 so far as to be understood    
when he talks it1 had not necessarily an
 ear for music1 in other words1 an ear  
for sounds and for the rhythm of speech2
 but he was deficient in the organ of   
tune1 phrenologically speaking1 though  
,i have heard him warble a ,scotch air  
on the flute with uncommon              
sweetness--and feebleness--without      
tonguing1 and play two or three other   
tunes1 which had been adapted in the    
choir of his church1 upon glass goblets1
 partly filled with water and set upon a
 table before him1 as if he enjoyed     
every touch and thrill1--his long1 thin 
fingers travelling over the damp edges  
of the glass1 and bringing forth ,bonnie
 ,doon1 or ,there's nothing true but    
,heaven1--with his cuffs rolled up as if
 he were driving a lathe1 and turning   
off some of the little thin boxes and   
other exquisite toys1 in wood or ivory1 

which he was addicted to1 about fifteen 
years ago1 in what he called his        
workshop4 ,like ,johnson1 however1 and  
,alexander ,pope1 who1 according to     
,leigh ,hunt1                  ,spoiled 
the ears of the town     ,with his      
cuckoo-song verses1 two up and two down1
  he must have had time large2 for the  
music of his rhythm was absolutely      
faultless1--cloying indeed1 so that he  
introduced the double rhymes to roughen 
it1 just as he indulged in alliteration1
 where the lordly lion leaves his lonely
 lair1 that he might not be supposed    
incapable of running off upon another   
track1 or into another channel4  ,but ,i
 never heard him sing or try to sing1   
though he had a deep1 manly voice1 read 
as very few are able to read1 and his   
modulation was rich and varied1 and very
 agreeable1 both to the understanding   
and the ear4  ,his pronunciation was a  
marvel for correctness4 ,in all our     
intercourse ,i never knew him to give a 
word otherwise than according to        

,walker1 so long as ,walker was the     
standard with him1--or never but once1  
when he said cli-mac'ter-ic1 instead of 
cli-mac-ter'ic2 and when ,i remonstrated
 with him1 he lugged out ,webster1 whom 
he adhered to forever after4 ,so        
exceedingly fastidious and sensitive was
 he1 about the time he left ,baltimore  
for ,cambridge1 that in his desire to   
give the pure sound of e1 as in met1    
instead of the sound of u1 which is so  
common as to be almost universal where e
 is followed by r and another consonant1
 so that person is pronounced purson1 he
 gave a sound which most people         
misunderstood for pairson1 and went away
 and laughed at1 for pedantry and       
affectation4  ,so1 too1 when ,i first   
knew him1 and for a long time after1 he 
was incapable of making a speech4 ,even 
a few sentences were too much for him2  
and though he argued at least one case  
to the court1 while in business at      
,newburyport1 ,i am persuaded1 from what
 ,i afterward knew of him1 that he must 

have done what he did by jerks1 or have 
committed the whole to memory4 ,and     
this1 strange as it may now appear to   
those who knew him only as a lecturer   
and platform-speaker1 continued long    
after he had entered upon the ministry2 
but of this more hereafter4 ,even his   
prayers were written out1 and learned by
 heart1 years after he took charge of   
the ,hollis ,street ,church1 though ,i  
dare say it was not known by his people4
 ,perhaps1 too1 ,i may as well say here1
 lest ,i may forget to say it hereafter1
 that1 at the time ,i speak of1 he was  
neither a phrenologist1 nor a           
spiritualist1 nor a conscientious       
believer in witchcraft1 or rather in the
 phenomena that used to be called       
witchcraft1 in the days of ,cotton      
,mather4  ,soon after the beginning of  
our acquaintance1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,l4      
,lord1 the brother of his first         
wife1--and he too has just passed       
away1--seeing what the prospect was for 
the brother-in-law he was so proud of1  

persuaded him to abandon the law at     
once1 and forever1 and go into the      
jobbing and retail dry-goods business   
with him1 on the corner of ,court and   
,marlborough1 now ,washington ,street4  
,he had no capital1 to be sure1 but then
 he wrote a beautiful hand1 was very    
methodical1 and had made himself        
acquainted with bookkeeping1 after the  
,italian method1 from ,rees's           
,cyclopaedia4 ,i took the chamber which 
,mr4 ,pierpont left1 and went into the  
jobbing business also1 with a capital of
 between two and three hundred--dollars1
 and a credit amounting to perhaps five 
hundred more1 which enterprise          
terminated after a few months1 not in my
 failure1 but in my taking a trip to    
,new ,york with a large quantity of     
smuggled goods1 belonging to ,messrs4   
,pierpont and ,lord1 where ,i disposed  
of them to such advantage1 that1 on my  
return1 ,i was persuaded to go into the 
retail haberdashery line1 at #ajc ,court
 ,street1 next door to ,pierpont and    

,lord1 and just underneath the chamber1 
not chambers1 which ,i had occupied at  
first with my wholesale establishment4  
,i had for a partner1 at first1         
,erastus1 a brother of ,joe's1 whom ,i  
had known as a bookbinder in ,portland  
two or three years before4 ,he was now  
manufacturing pocket-books1 and appeared
 to be doing1 not only a large and      
profitable1 but safe business1--selling 
for cash1 running a horse and gig1 and  
paying the bills of all the dear five   
hundred friends who rode with him4  ,our
 copartnership did not last long4 ,his  
brother ,joe1 being a shrewd man of     
business1 of uncommon foresight and     
comprehensiveness1 though rather        
adventurous1 gave me a hint1 and soon   
provided me with another partner1 a     
graduate of ,cambridge1 named ,fisher1  
with whom ,i was associated a few months
 longer4 ,then came the peace of #ahae1 
which threw the whole country into a    
paroxysm of joy1 unsettling business    
everywhere1 at home and abroad1 and     

setting people together by the ears upon
 all the great questions of the day4    
,and here began the new and very brief  
career of ,mr4 ,pierpont as a man of    
business4 ,wholly unfitted as he was for
 even the regular course of trade1 he   
was the last man in the world for the   
great emergencies of the hour4 ,the     
whole business of the country was little
 better than gambling4 ,our largest     
importing houses were lotteries or      
faro-banks2 and we had no manufactures  
worth mentioning4 ,we made no woollen   
goods1 and our few cottons1 if sold at  
all1 were sold for ,british1 and stood  
no chance with the trash that came from 
beyond the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 warped 
with hoop-poles1 and filled with        
oven-wood4 ,our foreign merchandise came
 tumbling down so fast1 that no         
prospective calculations could be made  
upon their value4 ,not having           
manufactured ourselves1 we knew nothing 
about the cost of production1 and had no
 idea how much our friends over sea     

could afford to fall1 even from the     
lowest prices ever heard of4 ,british   
calicoes1 or prints1 for example1 which 
,i sold by the case for eighty-five     
cents cash1 at auction1 were in every   
way inferior to our own1 which were     
retailed before the ,rebellion broke out
 for ten cents a yard4 ,in fact1 if we  
had known the real cost of production1  
it would have made but little           
difference2 for long after all our      
foreign merchandise had fallen from     
thirty-three and a third to fifty per   
cent1 some of our shrewdest calculators 
were utterly ruined by purchasing at    
much lower prices1 on what they believed
 to be a rising market4  ,under such    
circumstances1 what was a poet1 a       
scholar1 and a lawyer1 without any      
knowledge of business1 to do8 ,pierpont 
and ,lord were large dealers1 and had a 
heavy stock on hand1 not paid for4      
,their notes were maturing with         
frightful rapidity1 and ,mr4 ,lord      
wanted all his available funds for      

transactions in gold1 and other perilous
 operations along the ,canada frontier4 
,specie was twenty-five per cent above  
par1 or rather banknotes1 everywhere but
 in a part of ,new ,england1 where they 
continued to pay specie to the last1    
were at twenty-five per cent discount2  
and ,boston money1 upon the average1    
about one per cent above gold and       
silver1 so as to cover the cost and risk
 of transportation4  ,but something had 
to be done4 ,a consultation was held    
between the members of our house1 and it
 was finally arranged that ,mr4         
,pierpont1 as the man we could best     
spare from the salesroom and the shop1  
and the partner who would best represent
 what was called1 with singular         
propriety1 our concern1 should go to    
,baltimore with the best of letters1 and
 open a way for me in that city1 which  
,i had visited once1 and once only1 for 
the purpose of buying exchange on       
,england1--though for a time it was     
thought ,i had run away with all the    

funds intrusted to me4 ,i had taken a   
prodigious liking to ,baltimore from the
 first1 though ,i had no idea of going  
there to live1 and was not easily       
persuaded to give up my little          
establishment in ,boston4 ,i was doing  
very well1 and did not care to do       
better1 till business got settled2 but  
we were three1 and ,i was always in the 
minority1--,mr4 ,lord being a shrewd    
operator1 and ,mr4 ,pierpont1 of course1
 deferring to him4 ,they were my        
partners1 to be sure2 but ,i never had  
anything to do with their business1     
apart from my own4  ,nevertheless1 when 
,mr4 ,pierpont returned1 and gave an    
account of his doings there1 and of the 
opening there was for just such a man as
 ,i had proved myself to be1 ,i         
consented to pull up stakes1 and        
transplant myself to that beautiful     
city4  ,i went with no large            
expectations1 intending to open a retail
 shop1 such as ,i had left2 but within a
 week1 finding that ,i could sell even  

my cut goods for prices much beyond what
 ,i had been retailing them for over and
 above the exchange1 ,i went into the   
wholesale business1 and with one clerk1 
,mr4 ,jenkins ,howland1 greatly         
distinguished in after life as a man of 
enterprise at ,charleston1 ,s4,c41 sold 
more goods1 and for cash too1 than      
perhaps any three or four of what were  
called the large dealers about me1 with 
two or three clerks apiece1 and at      
prices which fairly took away my breath 
at first2--,irish linens1 for example1  
by the case at two dollars and fifty    
cents all round1 worth not over eighty  
cents before the war2 and assorted      
broadcloths by the bale at fourteen     
dollars a yard all round1 which1 within 
a twelvemonth1 would have hung fire at  
three dollars and fifty cents4 ,and     
this1 it will be remembered1 was after  
goods had been                          
falling--falling--falling--for six      
months4  ,no wonder people's heads were 
turned--those of ,pierpont and ,lord    

among the rest4 ,we1 who had large      
stocks on hand1 were growing rich too   
fast4 ,i remember selling fourteen      
thousand dollars' worth of goods one day
 for a clear profit of more than forty  
per cent1 and this while my poor friends
 at ,boston were gasping for breath in  
that exhausted receiver2 but they were  
kept alive by the remittances ,i made   
from ,baltimore1 which not only         
furnished them with funds for immediate 
use1 but gave them for a few months     
almost unbounded credit4  ,this was in  
the fall and winter of #ahae1 only a few
 months after the ,bramble arrived with 
the news from ,ghent that our last      
negotiations had been successful1 and   
that the war was over most gloriously   
for us1 the ,united ,states4 ,we were   
almost ready1 in our thankfulness and   
joy1 to canonize the ship and crew1 and 
cut her up into snuffboxes and          
toothpicks4  ,and now--what next8 as the
 tadpole said1 when he his tail dropped 
off4 ,weary of the growing distrust they

 saw1 after my remittances began to fall
 off1 and heartily sick of the          
,gerrymandering about them1 of the      
usurers and money-changers and          
,shylocks1 who were bleeding them to    
death1 by lending them money upon       
pledges of merchandise1 the two elder   
partners1 ,pierpont and ,lord1 lost no  
time in following their junior4 ,he had 
opened on ,south ,calvert ,street2 they 
took the whole of a large building      
opposite1 opened below their wholesale  
business1 and after a few months went to
 housekeeping overhead1 both families   
living together4 ,then1 to get rid of   
our stock1 ,mr4 ,pierpont went off to   
,charleston1 ,s4,c41 where he had served
 his time as a tutor1 and there set up a
 retail establishment1 under the charge 
of a former clerk in their service1 and 
of another man1 a heartless vagabond1   
whom they had happened to get acquainted
 with at a boarding-house on their first
 arrival1 and took a fancy to1 nobody   
ever knew why4 ,he was an ,englishman1  

had probably been upon the stage1 and   
lived from hand to mouth1 nobody knew   
how1 until we took him up1 and he took  
us in most pitiably4  ,after a brief    
struggle1 and the establishment of      
another retail store in ,calvert        
,street1 which ,i took charge of1 with  
what there was left of the ,charleston  
adventure1 we failed outright1 and all  
this within six or eight months after we
 had called our creditors together and  
obtained an extension of twelve months  
and testimonials in our favor of the    
most gratifying character1 and within   
little more than a year after leaving   
,boston4  ,and then1 for want of        
anything better to do1 ,i began writing 
for the papers1 for the ,portico1 and at
 last for the public1 as an editor and  
as an author1 mainly at the instigation 
of ,mr4 ,pierpont1 for whom ,i wrote    
both ,niagara#a and ,guldau1 and a part 
of ,allen's ,american ,revolution1      
studying law1 and languages by the      
half-dozen at the same time1 and        

laboring upon the average about sixteen 
hours a day1 while ,mr4 ,pierpont struck
 out boldly for a far-off perilous and  
rocky shore1 with a lighthouse1 in the  
shape of a pulpit1 before him1 and      
achieved the ,airs of ,palestine while  
undergoing the process of regeneration1 
and starving by inches upon what there  
were left of his wife's teaspoons1 which
 were sold one by one to pay the rent of
 a cheap room in ,howard ,street4 ,so   
poor indeed were we at one time1 that we
 could hardly muster enough between us  
to pay our bootblack4  ,i have already  
said that ,mr4 ,pierpont had no aptitude
 for extemporaneous speaking2 and what  
was even worse1 he had no hope of being 
able to overcome the difficulty4 ,once1 
and once only1 did ,i ever hear him try 
his hand in that way1 until many years  
after he had entered upon the ministry4 
,a club had been organized among us for 
literary purposes4 ,we were both        
members1 and he the ,vice-,president4   
,we called ourselves the ,delphians1 and

 passed among our contemporaries for the
 male ,muses1 our number being limited  
to nine1--not seven1 as ,i see it stated
 in the ,boston ,advertiser1 on the     
authority of our friend ,paul ,allen4   
,the rest of the story is near enough to
 the truth1 although the verses therein 
mentioned were written by ,mr4 ,pierpont
 as a volunteer offering1 after the     
,della-,cruscan school1 or manner of    
,laura ,matilda1 and not upon the spur  
of the occasion1 as there related1 nor  
as a trial of wit2 and the last line    
should be1 ,pulls where'er the zephyr   
roves--not1 as given there1 ,pulls      
where'er the zephyr moves4  ,it was in  
this club that ,mr4 ,pierpont first     
tried himself--and the brethren--with   
extemporaneous speaking4 ,it was a      
pitiable failure1 worse if possible than
 my own1 and ,i never made another      
attempt4 ,even ,general ,winder1 who was
 a fine advocate1 and a capital speaker 
before a jury1 boggled wretchedly before
 the club1 and our ,president1 ,watkins1

 who was said to be exceedingly eloquent
 before the great ,masonic lodges1 where
 he occupied the highest position1 could
 not be persuaded to open his mouth1 and
 all the rest of the brethren were      
mutes4 ,true1 it was like apostrophizing
 your own grandmother1 in the hope of   
raising a laugh or of bringing tears    
into her eyes1 to make speeches at one  
another across the table1 whatever      
,moliere might be able to do1 when alone
 with his aged servant4 ,nor did it much
 help the matter1 when1 with a view to  
the treasury1 which began to threaten a 
collapse1 we made a law1 like that of   
the ,medes and ,persians which altereth 
not1 whereby it was provided1 among     
other things1 that no member should ever
 talk over five minutes1 nor stop short 
of three1 under any circumstances1--the 
,president being timekeeper1 and the    
sufferer not being allowed to look at a 
watch4 ,fines of course were inevitable1
 and we were once more able to luxuriate
 on bread and cheese1 with an occasional

 pot of beer1--nothing better or        
stronger being tolerated among us under 
any pretence1 except on our             
anniversaries1 when the ,president1 or  
sometimes a member1 stood treat1 and    
gave us a comfortable1 though not often 
a costly or showy supper4  ,among that  
strange1 whimsical                      
brotherhood--consisting of ,dr4 ,tobias 
,watkins1 editor of the ,portico2       
,general ,winder 7,william ,h471 who had
 been captivated by the ,british1 along 
with ,general ,chandler1 at the first   
invasion of ,canada2 ,william ,gwin1    
editor of the ,federal ,gazette2 ,paul  
,allen1 editor of the ,federal          
,republican1 and of ,lewis and ,clarke's
 ,tour1 and author of ,noah2 ,dr4       
,readel1 a fellow of infinite jest2     
,brackenridge1 author of ,views in      
,louisiana1 and ,history of the ,war2   
,dennison1 an ,englishman1 who wrote    
clever doggerel2 and1 at different      
times1 two or three more1 not worth     
mentioning1 even if ,i remembered their 

names--we passed every ,saturday        
evening1 after the club was established1
 until it was broken up by ,president   
,watkins's going to ,washington1        
,vice-,president ,pierpont to the       
,divinity ,school at ,cambridge1 and    
,jehu ,o',cataract abroad4 ,all the     
members bore clubicular names1 by which 
they were always to be addressed or     
spoken to1 under another penalty2 and   
most of them held clubicular offices and
 professorships1--,dr4 ,readel being    
,professor of ,crambography1 and        
somebody else--,gwin perhaps--,professor
 of ,impromptology4 ,the name given to  
,mr4 ,pierpont was ,hiero ,heptaglott1  
under an idea that he was a prodigious  
linguist1--another ,sir ,william ,jones1
 at least1 if not another ,learned      
,blacksmith2 and the ,president himself 
went so far as to say so in the         
,portico1 where he pretended to give an 
account of the ,delphians4 ,nothing     
could well be further from the truth1   
however2 for1 instead of being a great  

,hebrew scholar1 and learned in the     
,chaldee1 ,coptic1 and other ,eastern   
languages1 he knew very little of       
,hebrew1 and absolutely nothing of the  
rest4 ,with a little ,latin and less    
,greek1 he was a pretty fair ,latin and 
,greek scholar in the judgment of those 
who are satisfied with what we are doing
 in our colleges2 and he was            
sufficiently acquainted with ,french to 
enjoy ,chateaubriand1 ,st4 ,pierre1     
,rousseau1 and ,lamartine1 and to write 
the language with correctness1 though   
not idiomatically2 but he was never able
 to make himself understood in          
conversation1 beyond a few phrases1     
uttered with a deplorable accent1--not  
being able to carry the flavor in his   
mouth1--and1 though free and sprightly  
enough in talking ,english1 having no   
idea of what passes for freedom and     
sprightliness with the ,french4 ,he knew
 nothing of ,spanish1 ,italian1         
,portuguese1 ,german1 or ,dutch1 nor    
indeed of any other modern language4    

,and now let me say how he came to be an
 extemporaneous speaker1 and sometimes  
not only logical and convincing1 but    
truly eloquent4 ,on my return from      
abroad1 in #ahbf1 ,i passed through     
,boston1 on my way to ,portland1 for a  
visit to my family1 and was taken       
possession of by him1 and went to       
,hollis ,street ,church1 where ,i heard 
my friend1 for the second time1 in the  
pulpit4 ,he was exceedingly impressive1 
and the sermon itself was one of the    
best ,i ever heard1--calm1 serious1 and 
satisfying2 not encumbered with         
illustration1 but full of significance4 
,although the discourse was carefully   
written out1 word for word1 and almost  
committed to memory1 yet he ventured to 
introduce a paragraph--one paragraph    
only--which had not been prepared       
beforehand4 ,my eyes were upon him1 and 
he told me at dinner that he saw by my  
look how well ,i understood his         
departure1 and how soon ,i detected it4 
,and now1 said he1 ,i hope you are      

satisfied4 ,you see now that ,i shall   
never be able to extemporize4 ,i put    
that paragraph into my sermon this      
morning to see how you would take it1   
after having urged me1 year after year1 
to extemporize at least occasionally4   
,no1 no1 ,john2 though writing two      
sermons a week is no trifling labor1 ,i 
must continue writing to the end2 for1  
if ,i cannot extemporize a single       
paragraph1 how can ,i hope to           
extemporize a whole sermon8  ,suffer me 
to say that ,i think you misunderstand  
the whole question1 said ,i4 ,the       
difficulty is in beginning4 ,after you  
are well under way1 if you can talk     
sitting1 you may talk standing4 ,better 
take with you into the pulpit the merest
 outline of the discourse1 and then     
trust to the inspiration of the subject1
 or to the feeling of the hour1 when you
 have the audience before you1 and can  
look into their eyes1 than to have a    
discourse partly written1 with blanks to
 be filled up as you go along2 for then 

you are always beginning afresh1 and by 
the time you have got easy in your      
spontaneous effort1 you are obliged to  
go back to what you have written1 and of
 course can never get warmed up with    
your subject1 nor try any new           
adaptations1 whatever may be the        
character of your hearers4  ,he shook   
his head4 ,no1 no1 said he1 you will    
never be able to persuade me that it is 
easier to say over the whole alphabet   
than to say only a part4  ,i persisted1 
urging the great advantage of           
spontaneous adaptation to the people4   
,he agreed with me altogether1 provided 
it were possible for him to do it1 which
 he denied1 though he promised to take  
the subject into serious consideration  
once more1 to oblige me4  ,from ,boston 
,i went to ,portland1 where ,i had a    
similar talk with that most amiable and 
excellent man1 the late ,dr4 ,nichols1  
who labored under a similar             
disqualification1 owing to a similar    
misapprehension of what was required for

 extemporaneous speaking1 either on the 
platform or in the pulpit4 ,i told him  
the story1 and urged the same           
considerations2 but he1 like ,mr4       
,pierpont1 only                         
smiled1--compassionately1 as ,i thought1
 and rather as if he pitied the delusion
 ,i was laboring under4 ,yet within two 
years both of these remarkable men      
became free and natural spontaneous     
speakers1 and both acknowledged to me   
that they had always misunderstood the  
difficulty4 ,dr4 ,nichols began afar    
off1 as ,i suggested1 in the ,sabbath   
school2 and ,mr4 ,pierpont1 after making
 two or three attempts in a small way1  
which were anything but satisfactory to 
himself1--as ,i told him they would be  
for a while1 if he had the true stuff in
 him1--was at last surprised into doing 
what he believed to be impossible1 by   
the merest accident in the world2 after 
which he had no further trouble4 ,it    
seems that he had engaged to supply a   
neighboring pulpit1--perhaps that of his

 son ,john1 who was newly settled at    
,lynn4 ,he thought he had his sermon in 
his pocket2 but1 on entering the pulpit1
 found that he had either left it at    
home or lost it on the way4 ,what was to
 be done8 ,luckily1 he had just read it 
over the night before1 and was full of  
the subject therein treated4            
,remembering what ,i said1 as he told me
 himself1 he determined to go to work1  
hit or miss1 and either make a spoon or 
spoil a horn4  ,the result was1 that1   
after a little hesitation and           
floundering1 he got fairly in earnest1  
and threw off a discourse which so      
delighted those who were best acquainted
 with him1 that they stopped round the  
door to shake hands and congratulate    
him4 ,he had never preached so well in  
all his life1 they said4 ,this settled  
the question forever2 and from that day 
forward he began to believe that anybody
 who can talk in his chair can talk     
standing up1 after he has got over his  
first impressions1 and all the better   

for having a large auditory1 with       
upturned faces1 before him2 so that he  
became at last1 and within a few years1 
one of the finest pulpit orators of the 
day1 and one of the best platform       
speakers1 though not1 perhaps1 what the 
multitude consider eloquent2 for1 at the
 best1 he was only argumentative and    
earnest and clear and convincing1 in his
 highest manifestations4  ,of his career
 after this1 ,i cannot say anything as  
,i wish1 without the risk of saying too 
much4 ,he had one of the wealthiest and 
most liberal congregations of ,new      
,england4 ,he was their idol4 ,he was in
 every way most agreeably situated1 with
 a large family flowering into          
usefulness about him1 and hosts of      
friends1 enthusiastic and devoted4      
,nevertheless1 believing that1 as a     
servant of ,god1 he had no right to     
preach smooth things where rough things 
were needed1 and that acknowledging     
other people's transgressions would not 
satisfy the law1 he came out boldly1    

with helm and spear1 against two of the 
worst forms of human slavery1--the      
slavery of the body and the slavery of  
the soul1 the slavery of the wine-cup1  
and the slavery of bondage to a master4 
,whether his beloved people would hear  
or whether they would forbear1 being all
 the more beloved because of their      
danger1 he must preach what he believed 
to be the truth1 and the whole truth4   
,it was like a fire shut up in his      
bones4 ,he persisted1 and they          
remonstrated1 or rather a part of them  
did so2 and the result was a speedy and 
hopeless alienation1 followed by years  
of strife and bitter controversy at law1
 and a final separation2 though by far  
the larger part of the church and       
congregation1 if ,i do not mistake1     
upheld him to the last1 and adhered to  
him through good report and through evil
 report1--,deacon ,samuel ,may1 a host  
in himself1 being of their number4      
,during this protracted and sorrowful   
controversy1 he became a                

phrenologist1--a believer in            
phrenology1--at any rate1 following the 
lead of ,spurzheim2 and after many      
years1 a ,spiritualist1--in which faith 
he died1--one of his last1 if not the   
very last1 of his appearances before the
 public being as ,president of a        
convention held by the leading          
,spiritualists of the land at           
,philadelphia4  ,he could not be a      
materialist2 and having faith in the    
evidence of his own senses1 and being as
 truly conscientious a man as ever      
breathed1 and accustomed to the closest 
reasoning1 what was he to do8 ,there    
were the facts4 ,they were not to be    
controverted2 they could not be         
explained2 they could not be reconciled 
to any hypothesis in physics4 ,if he was
 given over to delusion1 to be buffeted 
by ,satan1 whose fault was it8 ,that he 
was by nature somewhat credulous1 and1  
though patient enough in his            
investigations1 rather too fond of the  
marvellous1 may be acknowledged2 but    

what then8 ,his conclusions might be    
wrong1 his inferences faulty1 though    
honest2 but how were they to be         
counteracted8 ,that he sometimes took   
too much for granted1 ,i believe1 nay1  
more1 ,i know2 because ,i myself have   
seen him grossly imposed on by a woman  
he took me to see1 whose impersonations 
were thought most wonderful4 ,but then  
he was a devout man1 a close observer1  
an admirable logician1 accustomed to the
 competition of opposite analogies and  
to weighing evidence2 and if he         
misunderstood the facts1 or             
misinterpreted them1 or inferred the    
supernatural from false premises1 why   
then let us grieve for his delusion1 and
 wait patiently for the phenomena which 
led him astray to be explained4  ,he    
went abroad for a time1 while pastor of 
the ,hollis ,street ,church1 and visited
 the ,holy ,land1 in devout pilgrimage2 
and though he lost his first wife1 the  
mother of all his children1 and a most  
worthy gentlewoman1 but the other day1  

and married another superior woman after
 a brief widowhood1 his last days have  
been1 ,i should say1 most emphatically  
his best days2 for he has lectured      
through the length and breadth of the   
land on ,temperance1 and1 after enduring
 all sorts of persecution as one of the 
anti-slavery leaders1 he lived to see   
the whole system against which they had 
been warring so long1 and with so little
 apparent effect1 utterly overthrown    
throughout the land1 and the great ,god 
of heaven and earth acknowledged as the 
,god of the black man4 ,thousands and   
thousands of miles he travelled1 not    
only after having passed the meridian of
 his life1 but after he had reached the 
allotted term1 when life begins to be a 
heaviness for most1 as a laborer in the 
cause of truth1--often of unacknowledged
 truth2 and if mistaken1 as a           
theologian1 or as a ,spiritualist1 or as
 a man1--being what he was1--let us     
remember that he was never false to his 
convictions1 never a hypocrite nor a    

deceiver1 and that he died with his     
harness on1 having been occupied for the
 last five years of his life in         
digesting the treasury decisions1 often 
contradictory1 and always inaccessible1 
for there was no index1 until he took   
them in hand1 going back thirty years1  
,i believe1 and reducing the whole to a 
system which need be no longer          
unintelligible to the ,department4  ,one
 word more4 ,among the scores of letters
 ,i had from him in the day of his      
bitterest trials and sorest temptations1
 there was one which he sent off in the 
midst of his first great triumph1--with 
no date now1 although ,i find a mark    
upon it which leads me to suppose it was
 written ,november #af1 #ahah1 and from 
which ,i must venture to take a single  
paragraph4  ,my ,god6 he says1--my ,god6
 ,i do most devoutly thank ,thee4 ,my   
prayer has reached ,thee1 and been      
accepted4 ,my dear friend1 join with me 
in thanking ,him in whom ,i put my      
trust1--to whom alone ,i look1 or to    

whom ,i have looked1 for a smile4 ,he   
has blessed me4 ,i have been heard by   
man1 and have not been forsaken by ,god4
 ,though ,i have not done perfectly1 ,i 
have done as well as ,i could rationally
 wish1 and better than my most sanguine 
hopes4 ,at ,brattle ,square this        
morning1 and at the ,new ,south 7late   
,mr4 ,thacher's7 this afternoon4 ,lord6 
now let thy servant depart in peace2 for
 thou hast lifted the cloud under which 
he has so long moved1 and he may now die
 in thy light4  ,can such a temper as   
this be misunderstood8 ,was he not a man
 fearing ,god in #ahah1--;forty-eight   
years ago8--or1 rather1 loving ,god with
 that perfect love which casteth out all
 fear8  ,but we need not stop here4     
,after he had become a ,spiritualist1   
that is1 on the #eth of ,april1 #ahfb1  
the evening before his seventy-seventh  
birthday1 he wrote a poem of one hundred
 and sixty lines1 entitled ,meditations 
of a ,birthday ,eve1 a copy of which he 
sent me on the #ajth of ,november       

following1 upon the express condition   
that nobody but myself was to see it1   
until it should be all over with him4   
,it must have been written without      
labor1 as one would breathe a prayer    
upon a death-bed4 ,the following        
extracts--,i wish we had room for       
more--will show what were his feelings  
and what his aspirations at this time4  
,spirit1 my spirit1 hath each stage     
,that brought thee up from youth        
,to thy now venerable age        ,seen  
thee in search of ,truth8      ,hast    
thou in search of ,truth been true1--   
,true to thyself and her1--      ,and   
been with many or with few        ,her  
honest worshipper8             99       
99       99       99       99           
,spirit1 thy race is nearly run2        
,say1 hast thou run it well8      ,thy  
work on earth is almost done2           
,how done1 no man can tell4             
,spirit1 toil on6 thy house1 that stands
        ,seventy years old and seven1   
,will fall2 but one 'not made with      

hands'        ,awaiteth thee in heaven4 
,,washington1 ,d4,c41 #e ,april1 #ahfb4 
,with the foregoing came another poem1  
,in ,commemoration of a ,silver         
,wedding1 ,october #b1 #ahfc1 full of   
tenderness and pleasantry1--the wedding 
of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,pierpont ,lord4  
,and on his eighty-first birthday1      
called by a strange mistake his         
eightieth1 there was another            
celebration1 yet more solemn and        
affecting1 where the greetings and      
congratulations of his brother-poets1   
all over the land1 were sent to him and 
published in the newspapers of the day4 
,among his later poems1 the ,e ,pluribus
 ,unum appears to me most worthy of his 
reputation1 and least like the doings of
 his early manhood4  ,and now1 though we
 had little reason to look for the      
prolongation of such a life2--a         
continued miracle from the age of thirty
 or thirty-five1 after which he built   
himself up anew1 by living as well in   
cold water as in hot1 and luxuriating in

 cold baths1 and working hard1--harder1 
perhaps1 on the whole1 at downright     
drudgery1 than any other man of his age1
 like ,rousseau in copying music1 as a  
relief from writing poetry1--yet when   
death happens we are all taken by       
surprise1 just as if we thought ,god had
 overlooked his aged servant1 or made   
him an exception to the great1          
inflexible law of our being2 or as if a 
whisper had reached us1 saying1 ,if ,i  
will that he tarry till ,i come1 what is
 that to thee8  ,but enough2 a volume of
 such memoranda would be far short of   
what such a man deserves when he is     
finally translated4 ,faithful among the 
faithless1 may we not hope that his     
grandeur and strength of purpose1 and   
downright1 fearless honesty1 will have  
their appropriate reward1 both here and 
hereafter8  ,,footnotes3  #a ,and here  
,i may as well mention a curious        
incident4 ,when ,i wrote my poem1 ,i had
 never seen ,niagara2 but we agreed to  
go together on a pilgrimage at our      

earliest convenience4 ,one thing and    
another happened1 until ,i had been     
abroad and returned1 without our seeing 
it together4 ,at last1 being about to go
 to the ,south of ,europe1 ,i made a new
 arrangement with him2 but just as      
we--my wife and ,i--were ready to go1 he
 was called away to consecrate some     
church in the ,west1 and we started on a
 journey of two thousand miles through  
portions of our country ,i had never    
seen1 and was ashamed to go abroad again
 without seeing4 ,on my way back we     
stopped in ,buffalo1 and as ,i stood in 
the piazza ,i saw a little card on one  
of the pillars saying that the ,rev4    
,mr4 ,pierpont would preach in the      
evening somewhere4 ,i found him1 and we 
went together at last1 and saw ,niagara 
together1 as we had agreed to do forty  
years before4 ,and that night the       
heavens rained fire upon us1 and the    
great ,november star-shooting occurred1 
and our landlord1 being no poet1 was    
unwilling to disturb us1 so that we     

missed the show altogether4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,,my     
,,garden4       ,if ,i could put my     
woods in song1     ,and tell what's     
there enjoyed1     ,all men would to my 
gardens throng1     ,and leave the      
cities void4      ,in my plot no tulips 
blow1     ,snow-loving pines and oaks   
instead1     ,and rank the savage maples
 grow     ,from spring's faint flush to 
autumn red4      ,my garden is a        
forest-ledge1     ,which older forests  
bound2     ,the banks slope down to the 
blue lake-edge1     ,then plunge in     
depths profound4      ,here once the    
,deluge ploughed1     ,laid the         
terraces1 one by one2     ,ebbing later 
whence it flowed1     ,they bleach and  
dry in the sun4      ,the sowers made   
haste to depart1     ,the wind and the  
birds which sowed it2     ,not for fame1
 nor by rules of art1     ,planted these
 and tempests flowed it4      ,waters   
that wash my garden-side     ,play not  
in ,nature's lawful web1     ,they heed 

not moon or solar tide1--     ,five     
years elapse from flood to ebb4         
,hither hasted1 in old time1 ,jove1     
,and every god1--none did refuse2       
,and be sure at last came ,love1        
,and after ,love1 the ,muse4      ,keen 
ears can catch a syllable1     ,as if   
one spake to another     ,in the        
hemlocks tall1 untamable1     ,and what 
the whispering grasses smother4         
,a,eolian harps in the pine     ,ring   
with the song of the ,fates2     ,infant
 ,bacchus in the vine1--     ,far       
distant yet his chorus waits4           
,canst thou copy in verse one chime     
,of the wood-bell's peal and cry8       
,write in a book the morning's prime1   
,or match with words that tender sky8   
,wonderful verse of the gods1     ,of   
one import1 of varied tone2     ,they   
chant the bliss of their abodes     ,to 
man imprisoned in his own4      ,ever   
the words of the gods resound1     ,but 
the porches of man's ear     ,seldom in 
this low life's round     ,are unsealed 

that he may hear4      ,wandering voices
 in the air1     ,and murmurs in the    
wold1     ,speak what ,i cannot declare1
     ,yet cannot all withhold4          
,when the shadow fell on the lake1      
,the whirlwind in ripples wrote         
,air-bells of fortune that shine and    
break1     ,and omens above thought4    
,but the meanings cleave to the lake1   
,cannot be carried in book or urn2      
,go thy ways now1 come later back1      
,on waves and hedges still they burn4   
,these the fates of men forecast1       
,of better men than live to-day2     ,if
 who can read them comes at last1       
,he will spell in the sculpture1 ,stay4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,borneo ,,and ,,rajah ,,brooke4   ,off 
the southeastern extremity of ,asia1 and
 separated from it by the ,chinese ,sea1
 lies a cluster of great islands1       
comprising that portion of ,oceanica    
commonly called ,malaysia4 ,of these    
islands ,borneo is the most extensive1  
and1 if you call ,australia a continent1

 it is by far the largest island in the 
world4 ,situated on the equator1        
stretching from #g deg4 of north to #d  
deg4 of south latitude1 and from #ajh   
deg4 to #aai deg4 of east longitude1 its
 extreme length is #hjj miles1 its      
breadth #gjj1 and it contains #cbj1jjj  
square miles1--an area seven times as   
great as that of the populous ,state of 
,new ,york4  ,but though its size and   
importance are so great1 though it was  
discovered by the ,portuguese as early  
as #aeah1 though several ,european      
nations have at various times had       
settlements on its coasts1 though it is 
rich in all the products of a tropical  
clime1 and in base and precious metals1 
diamonds and stones1 and though its     
climate1 contrary to what might have    
been expected1 is in many localities    
salubrious even to an ,american or      
,european constitution1 yet until       
recently almost nothing was known by the
 world of its surface1 its products1 or 
its inhabitants4  ,the causes of this   

ignorance are obvious4 ,the very shape  
of ,borneo is unfavorable to discovery4 
,a lumpish mass1 like ,africa and       
,australia1 the ocean has nowhere       
pierced it with those deep bays and     
gulfs in which commerce delights to find
 a shelter and a home4 ,and though it   
has navigable rivers1 their course is   
through the almost impenetrable verdure 
of the tropics1 and they reach the sea  
amid unwholesome jungles4 ,the coast1   
moreover1 is in most places marshy and  
unhealthy1 for the distance of twenty or
 thirty miles inland2 while the interior
 is filled with vast forests and great  
mountain ranges1 almost trackless to any
 but native feet4 ,besides1 the absence 
of all just and stable government has   
reduced society to a state of chaos4    
,and to all this must be added piracy1  
from time immemorial sweeping the sea   
and ravaging the land4 ,under such      
circumstances1 if there were little     
opportunity for commerce1 there was none
 for scientific investigations2 and only

 by the enterprises of commerce or the  
researches of science do we know of new 
and distant countries4  ,many races     
inhabit ,borneo2 but the ,malays and    
,sea and ,land ,dyaks greatly           
preponderate4 ,the ,malays1 who came    
from continental ,asia1 are the         
conquering and governing race4 ,in their
 native condition they are indolent1    
treacherous1 and given to piracy4 ,the  
very name ,malay has come to stand for  
cruelty and revenge4 ,but well governed1
 they prove to be much like other       
people1 susceptible to kindness1 capable
 of affection1 amiable1 fond to excess  
of their children1 and courteous to     
strangers4 ,the ,sea ,dyaks are         
piratical tribes1 dwelling on the coasts
 or borders of rivers1 and subsisting by
 rapine and violence4 ,the ,land ,dyaks 
are the descendants of the primitive    
inhabitants4 ,they are a mild1          
industrious race1 and remarkably honest4
 ,one hideous custom1 that of preserving
 the heads of their fallen enemies as   

ghastly tokens of victory1 has invested 
the name of ,dyak with a reputation of  
cruelty which is not deserved4 ,this    
singular practice1 originating1 it is   
said1 in a superstitious desire to      
propitiate the ,evil ,spirit by bloody  
offerings1 has in process of time become
 connected with all their ideas of manly
 prowess4 ,the young girl receives with 
proud satisfaction from her lover the   
gift of a gory head1 as the noblest     
proof both of his affection and his     
heroism4 ,this custom is woven1 too1    
into the early traditions of the race4  
,the ,sakarrans tell us that their first
 mother1 who dwells now in heaven near  
the evening star1 asked of her wooer a  
worthy gift2 and that when he presented 
her a deer she rejected it with         
contempt2 when he offered her a mias1   
the great orang-outang of ,borneo1 she  
turned her back upon it2 but when in    
desperation he went out and slew a man1 
brought back his head1 and threw it at  
her feet1 she smiled upon him1 and said 

that was indeed a gift worthy of her4   
,this legend shows1 at any rate1 how    
fixed is this habit1 not alone in the   
passions of the people1 but also in     
their traditional regard4 ,yet1 strange 
as it may seem1 they are an attractive  
race4 ,a missionary's wife who has known
 them well declares that they are gentle
 and kindly1 simple as children1        
disposed to love and reverence all who  
are wiser and more civilized than       
themselves4 ,ida ,pfeiffer concludes    
that the ,dyaks pleased her best1 not   
only among the races of ,borneo1 but    
among all the races of the earth with   
which she has come in contact4 ,and a   
cultivated ,englishman1 with wealth and 
social position at command1 has been so 
attracted to them1 that he has lavished 
both his fortune and his best years in  
the work of their elevation4 ,the social
 condition of the ,dyaks has been       
sufficiently wretched4 ,subjected to the
 ,malays1 they have been forced to work 
in the mines without pay1 while they    

were liable at any moment to be robbed  
of their homes1 and even of their wives 
and children4 ,we do not live like men1 
said one of them1 with great pathos4 ,we
 are like monkeys1 hunted from place to 
place4 ,we have no houses1 and we dare  
not light a fire lest the smoke draw our
 enemies upon us4  ,running along the   
whole northern coast of ,borneo1 eight  
hundred miles1 and inland perhaps two   
hundred1 is found ,borneo ,proper1 one  
of the three great ,mohammedan kingdoms 
into which the island was divided as    
early as the sixteenth century4 ,this   
state is governed1 or rather            
misgoverned1 by a sultan1 and1 under    
him1 by rajahs and pangerans1--officials
 who give to the commands of their      
nominal superior but a scanty obedience4
 ,for two centuries ,borneo ,proper has 
been steadily settling into anarchy and 
barbarism4 ,with a government both      
feeble and despotic1 it was torn by     
intestine wars1 crushed within by       
oppression and ravaged without by       

piracy1 until commerce and agriculture1 
the twin pillars of the state1 were     
equally threatened1 and not one element 
of ruin seemed to be wanting4 ,what     
evidence of decay could be more striking
 than the simple fact that ,bruni1 its  
capital1 which in the sixteenth century 
was crowded with a population of more   
than two hundred thousand souls1 had in 
#ahdj scarcely fourteen thousand        
inhabitants8         99       99        
99       99       99  ,to one corner of 
this wasting empire came1 twenty-five   
years ago1 a young ,englishman4 ,simply 
a gentleman1 he had no governmental     
alliances to help him1 and no advantages
 of any sort for founding empire1 except
 such as sprang from the possession of a
 sagacious mind1 an undaunted temper1   
and a heart thoroughly in sympathy with 
the oppressed4 ,alone he has built up a 
flourishing state1 introducing          
commercial activity and the habits of   
civilized life where only oppression and
 misery were1 and has achieved an       

enterprise which seems to belong rather 
to the days of chivalry than to a       
plodding1 utilitarian age1--an          
enterprise which1 in romance and        
success1 but not in carnage1 calls to   
mind the deeds of the great ,spanish    
captains in the ,new ,world4  ,james    
,brooke1 the second and only surviving  
son of ,thomas ,brooke1 a gentleman who 
had acquired a fortune in the service of
 the ,east ,india ,company1 was born in 
,india1 ,april #bi1 #ahjc4 ,at an early 
age he entered the employ of the same   
company to whose interests his father   
had given his best days4 ,in #ahbf1 as a
 cadet1 he accompanied the ,british army
 to the ,burmese war1 was dangerously   
wounded1 received a furlough1 and came  
to ,england4 ,to restore his health and 
gratify his curiosity he spent the year 
#ahbg in travelling on the ,continent4  
,his furlough having nearly expired1 he 
embarked for ,india1 but was wrecked on 
the voyage1 and could not report for    
duty in proper season4 ,this was one of 

those apparently fortuitous             
circumstances which so often change the 
whole aspect of a man's life4 ,at any   
rate1 it was the turning-point in ,mr4  
,brooke's career4 ,finding that his     
misfortune had cost him his position1   
and that he could not recover it without
 tedious formalities1 he left the       
service4 ,uncontrolled master of        
himself1 and endowed with sagacity and  
courage of no ordinary stamp1 he was    
ready for any undertaking which his     
adventurous spirit or his love of       
research might dictate4 ,in fact1 it was
 during this interval of leisure that he
 embarked for ,china1 and on his passage
 saw for the first time the ,eastern    
,archipelago4 ,he was painfully         
interested in the condition of ,borneo  
and ,celebes1 those great islands1      
sinking apparently into hopeless decay4 
,his sympathies were awakened by the    
sufferings of the helpless natives1 and 
his indignation was aroused by the      
outrages of an unbridled piracy4 ,his   

feelings can be best gathered from his  
own language4 ,these unhappy countries  
afford a striking proof how the fairest 
and richest lands under the sun may     
become degraded by a continuous course  
of oppression and misrule4 ,whilst      
extravagant dreams of the progressive   
advancement of the human race are       
entertained1 a large tract of the globe 
has been gradually relapsing into       
barbarism4 ,whilst the folly of fashion 
requires an acquaintance with the       
deserts of ,africa1 and a most ardent   
thirst for a knowledge of the customs of
 ,timbuctoo1--whilst the trumpet tongue 
of many an orator excites thousands to  
the rational and charitable object of   
converting the ,jews or of reclaiming   
the ,gypsies1--not a single prospectus  
is spread abroad1 not a single voice is 
raised in ,exeter ,hall1 to relieve the 
darkness of this paganism and the       
horrors of this slave-trade4 ,under     
these circumstances ,i have considered  
that individual exertions may be        

usefully applied to rouse the zeal of   
slumbering philanthropy4  ,the feelings 
thus awakened were not of a transient   
character4 ,his dreams henceforth were  
to visit these islands1 see them for    
himself1 study their natural history1   
understand their social condition1 and  
ascertain what avenues could be opened  
for trade1 and what steps taken to      
redeem the oppressed native races4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,in #ahce the death of his father1      
leaving him master of an independent    
fortune1 enabled him to realize his     
dreams4 ,he was a member of the ,royal  
,yacht ,club1 as well as owner and      
commander of a yacht1--a position which 
admitted him in foreign ports to all the
 privileges of an ,english naval        
officer4 ,in this little vessel he      
resolved to undertake an adventurous    
voyage of discovery4 ,he approached his 
enterprise with a wary forethought4 ,i  
was convinced1 he says1 that it was     
necessary to form men to my purpose1 and

 by a line of steady and kind conduct to
 raise up a personal regard for myself  
and an attachment to the vessel4 ,he    
cruised three years in the              
,mediterranean1 carefully selecting and 
training his crew4 ,he studied          
thoroughly the whole subject of the     
,eastern ,archipelago1 and acquainted   
himself as perfectly as possible with   
the minutiae of seamanship and with     
every useful art4 ,and when his         
preparations were all complete1 on the  
#afth of ,december1 #ahch1 he set sail  
for ,singapore1 in the yacht ,royalist1 
a vessel of one hundred and forty-two   
tons1 manned by twenty men and officers1
 with an armament of six six-pounders   
and a full supply of small arms of all  
sorts4 ,such were the mighty resources  
wherewith he began an enterprise which  
has ended in raising him to the         
government of a petty kingdom1 and to   
almost sovereign influence over the     
whole empire of ,borneo ,proper4  ,the  
reader has already had glimpses of the  

feelings which prompted this expedition4
 ,in a communication to the             
,geographical ,register he more fully   
unfolds his views2 and from this and    
from his familiar letters it is not     
difficult to gain a clear idea of the   
character and motives of the man4 ,that 
his ardent mind had been fired by a     
study of the career of his great        
predecessor1 ,stamford ,raffles1 is     
evident4 ,that he was himself one of    
those energetic1 restless natures1 to   
which idleness or mere routine-work is  
the severest of penalties1 is equally   
evident4 ,he had1 moreover1 a large     
share of that kind of enthusiasm which  
the cool1 sagacious men of this world   
call romance1 and which delights to     
fasten on objects seemingly impossible4 
,he was like the old knights1 rejoicing 
most when the field of their devoir was 
distant and dangerous4 ,yet not         
altogether like them4 ,he was rather a  
man of the twelfth century1 disciplined 
and invigorated by the hard common-sense

 and sharp utilitarianism of the        
nineteenth century4 ,and we must not    
forget that he honestly wished to       
benefit the native races4 ,every page1  
nay1 almost every line1 in his journals 
and letters1 bears witness to his       
profound compassion for the despised and
 downtrodden ,dyaks4 ,aside from this1  
when we remember that he was a genuine  
,englishman1 proud of his native land   
and thoughtful always of her            
aggrandizement1 we need be at no loss to
 understand his motives4 ,he went forth 
to gratify a love of adventure1 to see  
something of the world and come back    
again1 to extend a little the realms of 
scientific knowledge1 to suggest1       
perhaps1 some plans for the improvement 
of native character1 and last1 but not  
least1 to learn whether there might not 
be opened new avenues for the extension 
of ,british trade and ,british power4   
,that the methods by which these objects
 were to be attained were not very well 
defined even to his own mind is clear4  

,he himself said1 ,i cast myself upon   
the waters1 like ,southey's little book2
 but whether the world will know me     
after many days1 is a question ,i cannot
 answer4 ,and some years after1 alluding
 to a charge of inconsistency1 he said1 
,i did not embrace my position at once2 
and indeed the position itself altered  
very rapidly2 and ,i am free to confess 
before the world that my views of duty  
and responsibility were not so high at  
first as they have since been4 ,without 
doubt his direct and primary purpose was
 investigation4 ,he took with him men of
 some scientific knowledge1 himself     
being no mean observer2 and he proposed 
to prosecute1 wherever opportunity      
occurred1 researches into the geography1
 natural history1 and commercial        
resources of these islands4 ,if he had  
ulterior ends1 as yet they existed in   
his mind as fascinating dreams1 rather  
than well-defined plans4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,after a 
tedious voyage of nearly six months1 the

 ,royalist reached ,singapore1 ,june #a1
 #ahci4 ,while ,mr4 ,brooke was engaged 
in refitting his yacht1 and anxiously   
revolving in his mind how he should     
obtain permission to penetrate into the 
neighboring kingdom of ,borneo1 he      
learned that ,muda ,hassim1 uncle of the
 ,sultan1 and ,rajah of ,sarawak1 the   
northwestern province of ,borneo1 had   
displayed great humanity towards a crew 
of shipwrecked ,englishmen4 ,on         
receiving this information he started at
 once for ,sarawak1 hoping to get some  
hold upon the ,rajah1 and by such help  
to pursue his researches4 ,but the time 
of his visit was most unfortunate4 ,the 
whole province was in a state of open   
rebellion2 so that1 while he was        
received courteously1 and permitted to  
make some local surveys1 nothing of     
importance could be accomplished4       
,baffled and wearied by delay1 he sailed
 back to ,singapore1 and from thence to 
,celebes1 where he remained several     
months1 engaged in extensive            

explorations1 and in collecting         
specimens to illustrate the natural     
history of that island4  ,mr4 ,brooke   
returned from ,celebes worn out and     
sick1 and was obliged to remain at      
,singapore several months to recruit his
 strength4 ,in ,august1 #ahdj1 he made a
 second visit to ,sarawak1 intending to 
tarry there a few days1 and then proceed
 homeward by the way of ,manilla and    
,china4 ,i have done fully as much as ,i
 promised the public1 he writes4 ,he    
found things in much the same state as  
when he left4 ,no progress had been made
 in the suppression of the rebellion4   
,few lives indeed had been lost1 but the
 most bloody war could hardly have      
produced worse results4 ,the country was
 filled with combatants4 ,every         
straggler was cut off4 ,violence and    
rapine were the law4 ,trade and         
agriculture languished4 ,a rich province
 was fast relapsing into a wilderness2  
and all its people were beginning to    
suffer alike for shelter and sustenance4

 ,as our hero was about to set sail1 the
 ,rajah opened his whole heart to him4  
,his prospects were anything but        
flattering4 ,he found himself unequal to
 the reduction of the rebels4 ,he was   
surrounded by traitors4 ,at the court of
 the ,sultan1 a hostile cabal1 taking   
advantage of his ill-fortune1 threatened
 his power and his life4 ,in this       
strait1 he besought his visitor to      
remain and give him aid1 promising in   
event of success to confer upon him the 
government of the province4 ,after a few
 days' reflection1 ,mr4 ,brooke1        
believing1 as he declares1 that the     
cause of the ,sultan was just1 believing
 also that what the whole people needed 
most was peace1 and that peace would    
place him in a position to render them  
the greatest service1 acceded to this   
request1 without1 however1 be it        
observed1 binding ,muda ,hassim to any  
precise stipulations concerning the     
government4  ,many pages of his journal 
are devoted to an account of this war2  

and a most curious story it is of       
cowardice1 bravado1 and inefficiency4   
,it was advance and retreat1 boastful   
challenge and as boastful reply1        
marching and countermarching1 day after 
day1 and month after month4 ,like the   
heroes of old1 the adverse parties spoke
 to each other3 ',we are coming1 we are 
coming2 lay aside your muskets and fight
 us with your swords'2 and so the heroes
 ceased not to talk1 but always forgot  
to fight2--the sum of all their         
achievements being to lay waste the     
country1 to interrupt honest industry1  
and to put in peril the lives of the    
unoffending4 ,mr4 ,brooke soon tired of 
this farce4 ,gathering a motley force1  
consisting of ,malays1 ,dyaks1 ,chinese1
 and his own crew1 he prepared for an   
assault4 ,then1 planting his cannon     
where they commanded the stronghold of  
the enemy1 with a few well-directed     
volleys he brought its walls tumbling   
about their ears4 ,the insurgents1      
driven to the open country1 and         

altogether amazed by this specimen of   
,saxon energy1 surrendered at           
discretion4 ,at one blow a desolating   
war was ended4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,peace being      
restored1 ,mr4 ,brooke did not insist on
 the literal fulfilment of the terms    
which ,muda ,hassim had in his extremity
 been so ready to proffer4 ,he chose to 
occupy a position of influence1 rather  
than one of outward authority4 ,a       
contract was entered into by which he   
became ,resident of ,sarawak4 ,the      
conditions of the agreement were1 that  
the ,rajah on his part should repress   
piracy1 protect legitimate commerce1 and
 as far as possible remove from the     
,dyaks unjust burdens2 while his ally1  
in return for these concessions1 should 
open trade1 sending a vessel to and fro 
between ,singapore and ,sarawak1        
exchanging foreign luxuries for native  
products1 and more especially for       
antimony1 of which article the ,rajah   
had the monopoly4 ,in fulfilment of his 

part of the treaty1 ,mr4 ,brooke        
proceeded to ,singapore1 purchased a    
schooner1 loaded her with an assorted   
cargo1 returned to ,sarawak1 and at the 
earnest request of ,muda ,hassim landed 
and distributed his goods4  ,but        
auspicious as was the commencement of   
this alliance1 soon grave causes of     
complaint arose4 ,on every point the    
deceitful ,malay came short of his      
agreement4 ,having obtained valuable    
property1 he showed no alacrity in      
paying for it2 weeks and months passed  
without bringing him apparently any     
nearer to a pecuniary settlement4 ,so   
far from repressing piracy1 he          
encouraged it2 and a fleet of one       
hundred and twenty prahus1 with his     
tacit consent1 actually put to sea4     
,when a crew of ,english seamen were    
enslaved and carried to ,bruni1 under   
the most frivolous pretexts he refused  
to intercede with the ,sultan for these 
unfortunate men4 ,and so this strange   
friendship cooled4 ,it was no slight    

proof either of his courage or his      
humanity to despatch at this very time1 
as ,mr4 ,brooke did1 his yacht to       
,bruni1 to attempt something in behalf  
of his enslaved countrymen1 and to      
remain himself with only three men at   
,sarawak4 ,the yacht came back1 however1
 having effected nothing4  ,by this time
 the patience of the creditor was       
exhausted4 ,despoiled of his goods1     
finding that1 despite his remonstrances1
 the ,dyaks were cruelly oppressed1 and 
that piracy was encouraged1 he resolved 
to try the effect of threats4 ,he       
repaired on board his yacht1 loaded her 
guns with grape and canister1 and       
brought her broadside to bear upon the  
,rajah's palace4 ,then taking a small1  
but well-armed guard1 he sought an      
interview with ,muda ,hassim4 ,the      
terror of that functionary was extreme4 
,the native tribes openly sided with    
their ,english friend4 ,the ,chinese    
residents remained obstinately neutral4 
,the ,malays1 between cowardice and     

treachery1 afforded him no efficient    
support4 ,to crown all1 his resolute and
 incensed ally had only to wave his hand
 to bring down upon him swift           
destruction4 ,after this demonstration1 
things went cheerily to a conclusion4   
,muda ,hassim1 finding that his creditor
 was inflexible1 and being unable or    
unwilling to pay for the goods which he 
had fraudulently obtained1 offered in   
payment of all debts to surrender the   
government4 ,the offer was accepted1 the
 agreement drawn up1 signed1 sealed1    
guns fired and flags waved1 and on      
,september #bd1 #ahda1 ,mr4 ,brooke     
became ,rajah of ,sarawak4 ,in ,august  
of the following year the ,sultan       
solemnly confirmed the agreement4  ,the 
territory thus strangely passing into   
the hands of a private ,english         
gentleman was a tract of country        
bordering upon the sea sixty miles1 and 
extending inland from seventy to eighty 
miles4 ,situated at the northeastern    
extremity of ,borneo1 pierced by two    

small1 but navigable rivers1 its        
position is most favorable for commerce4
 ,its soil is deep and rich1 yielding   
under any proper culture large crops of 
all tropical products4 ,its forests are 
filled with trees fit for shipbuilding1 
and abound in that variety from which is
 obtained the gutta percha of commerce4 
,the hills are rich in iron and tin of  
the best quality4 ,the mountain streams 
wash down gold4 ,in the beds of smaller 
rivers are found diamonds1 in such      
profusion that most of the ,malays wear 
them set in rings and other ornaments4  
,from this single province comes nearly 
the whole supply of antimony in the     
world4 ,i do not believe1 says a        
resident1 that in the same given space  
there can be found so great mineral and 
vegetable wealth in any land in the     
whole world4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,with what        
sentiments the new ,rajah entered upon  
his duties can be best understood by a  
perusal of his familiar letters4 ,he    

writes to his mother3 ,do not start when
 ,i say that ,i am going to settle in   
,borneo1 that ,i am about to endeavor to
 plant there a mixed colony amid a wild 
but not unvirtuous race1 and to become  
the pioneer of ,european knowledge and  
improvement4 ,the diffusion of          
civilization1 commerce1 and religion    
through so vast an island as ,borneo1 ,i
 call a grand object1--so grand that    
self is quite lost when ,i consider it2 
and even failure would be much better   
than the non-attempt4 ,a few days ago ,i
 was up a high mountain and looked over 
the country4 ,it is a prospect which ,i 
have rarely seen equalled2 and sitting  
there1 lazily smoking a cigar1 ,i called
 into existence the coffee plantations1 
the sugar plantations1 the nutmeg       
plantations1 and pretty white villages  
and tiny steeples1 and dreamed that ,i  
heard the buzz of life and the clang of 
industry amid the jungles1 and that the 
,china ,colins whistled as they went1   
for want of thought1 as they homeward   

bent4  ,the first duty which claimed    
attention was the relief of the native  
,dyaks4 ,a shrewd ,dyak once defined the
 ,malay government as a plantain in the 
mouth and a thorn in the back4 ,a       
plantain giving to their poor subjects a
 little to keep life in them2 a thorn   
stripping them to the skin and piercing 
them to the bone4 ,the description is   
pithy1 and it is true4 ,the exactions of
 the ,malay chiefs were almost beyond   
belief4 ,seizing and monopolizing some  
article of prime necessity1--salt       
perhaps1--they would force the natives  
to buy at the rate of fifty dollars'    
worth of rice for a teacup of salt2     
until the wretched cultivator1 who had  
raised a plentiful crop1 was brought to 
the verge of starvation4 ,they reserved 
to themselves the right of purchasing   
the articles which the ,dyaks had to    
sell1 and then affixed to those articles
 an arbitrary price1 perhaps less than a
 five-hundredth of their real value4    
,they would send a bar of iron two or   

three feet long1 and having an intrinsic
 worth of a few cents1 to the head mart 
of a tribe1 demanding that his village  
should give for it a sum equal to five1 
ten1 or twenty dollars4 ,another was    
sent in the same way1 and another1 and  
another1 until the rapacity of the      
chiefs was satisfied1 or the wretched   
natives had no more to give4 ,often1    
when the latter had been robbed of      
everything1 the ,malays would seize and 
sell their wives and children4 ,it is   
recorded of one tribe1 that there was   
not so much as one woman or child to be 
found in it4 ,all had been swept off by 
these remorseless slave-hunters4 ,nor   
did their wrongs end here4 ,if a ,dyak  
killed a ,malay under any circumstances 
of aggression1 he was put to death1     
often with every possible addition of   
torture4 ,if he accidentally injured one
 of the ruling caste1 he was fortunate  
to escape with the loss of half or two  
thirds of his little savings4 ,on the   
other hand1 a ,malay might kill as many 

,dyaks as he pleased1 and if perchance  
justice were a little sterner than      
usual1 he might be fined a few cents or 
a few dollars4 ,volumes are contained in
 this one statement1 that in the ten    
years from #ahcj to #ahdj1 the ,dyaks in
 the province of ,sarawak dwindled from 
#ad1jjj to #f1jjj souls4  ,a blow was   
immediately struck at the root of this  
black oppression4 ,as soon as the new   
government was fairly established1 a few
 simple enactments were published4 ,they
 declared that every man1 ,dyak as well 
as ,malay1 should enjoy unmolested all  
the gains of his toil2 that all         
exactions of every name and nature      
should cease1 and that only a small tax1
 evenly distributed1 should be levied   
for the support of government2 that all 
roads and rivers should be free to all2 
that all molestation of the ,dyaks      
should be punished with severity4 ,the  
proclamation which contains these laws  
concludes with exhorting all persons who
 are disposed to disturb the public     

peace to take flight speedily to some   
other country1 where they can break with
 impunity the laws of ,god and man4     
,these enactments were firmly executed1 
without fear and without partiality4    
,wonderful were the results6 ,internal  
violence ceased4 ,the confidence of the 
natives was awakened4 ,industry and     
enterprise sprang up on every hand as by
 magic4 ,sarawak became a city of       
refuge4 ,sometimes as many as fifty fled
 thither in a day4 ,in #ahdd1 in the    
short space of two months1 five hundred 
families took shelter in the province4  
,in #ahej1 three thousand ,chinese fled 
from ,sambas to ,sarawak4 ,the ,dyaks   
returned the good-will of their ,rajah  
with love and reverence4 ,during one of 
his tours in the interior1 delegations  
from tribes numbering six thousand souls
 came to seek his protection4 ,we have  
heard1 said they1 in simple but touching
 language1 that a son of ,europe has    
arrived1 who is a friend of the ,dyaks4 
,when he visited the native hamlets1 the

 women would throw themselves on the    
ground and clasp his feet1 and the whole
 tribe would spend the night in joyful  
feasting and merriment4 ,it is soberly  
affirmed by a credible witness1 that on 
one occasion messengers came fifteen    
days' journey from a distant province to
 see if there were such a phenomenon as 
,dyaks living in comfort4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,mr4     
,brooke soon found that all his efforts 
for internal reform must be in a        
comparative sense futile so long as     
piracy1 that curse of ,borneo1 was      
permitted to ravage unchecked4 ,it is in
 a ,malay's nature1 says the ,dutch     
proverb1 to rove on the seas in his     
prahu1 as it is in that of the ,arab to 
wander with his steed on the sands of   
the desert4 ,no person who has not      
investigated the subject can appreciate 
how wide-spread and deep-seated this    
plague of piracy is4 ,the mere          
statistics are appalling4 ,it was       
estimated1 in #ahdj1 that one hundred   

thousand men made freebooting their     
trade4 ,one single chief had under      
control seven hundred prahus4 ,whole    
tribes1 whole groups of islands1 almost 
whole races1 despising even the         
semblance of honest industry1 depended  
upon rapine for a livelihood4 ,it is    
difficult to catch fish1 but it is easy 
to catch ,borneans1 said the ,soloo     
pirates scornfully2 and1 acting upon    
that principle1 they fitted out their   
fleets and planned their voyages with   
all the method of honest tradesmen4     
,this piracy was divided into two       
branches1--coastwise piracy and piracy  
on the broad seas4 ,the ,sea ,dyaks     
built boats called bangkongs1 sixty to a
 hundred feet long1 narrow and sharp1   
propelled by thirty to fifty oars1 and  
so swift that nothing but a steamer     
could overtake them4 ,these freebooters 
were the terror of all honest laborers  
and tradesmen4 ,skulking along the      
coast1 pushing up rivers and creeks1    
landing anywhere and every where without

 warning1 they mercilessly destroyed the
 native villages and swept the          
inhabitants into captivity4 ,or else1   
impelling with the force of fifty men   
their snaky craft1 which were swift as  
race-boats and noiseless as beasts of   
prey1 they would surprise at dead of    
night some defenceless merchantman1     
overwhelm their victims with showers of 
spears1 and with morning light a        
plundered boat1 a few dead bodies1 were 
the silent witnesses of their ferocity4 
,on the other hand1 the ,illanum and    
,balanini tribes1 infesting the islands 
to the northeast of ,borneo1 undertook  
far grander enterprises4 ,putting to    
sea1 prepared for a long voyage1 in     
fleets of two or three hundred prahus1  
propelled by wind and oars1 armed with  
brass cannon1 and manned by ten thousand
 bold buccaneers1 they swept through the
 whole length of the ,chinese ,sea1 and1
 turning the southernmost point of      
,borneo1 penetrated the straits and     
sounds between ,java and ,celebes1 never

 stopping in their ruthless course until
 they came face to face with the sturdy 
pirates of ,new ,guinea1 and returned1  
after a voyage of ten thousand miles and
 an absence of two years1 laden with    
spoils and captives4 ,how hapless was   
the fate of the poor ,dyak6 ,if he      
stayed at home1 cultivating his fields1 
his ,malay lord fleeced him to the skin4
 ,if1 thinking to engage in gainful     
traffic1 he hugged the shore with his   
little bark1 the river-pirate snatched  
him up4 ,if he stood out upon the broad 
waters1 he could scarcely hope to escape
 the ,northern hordes who swarmed in    
every sea4  ,mr4 ,brooke's most terrible
 assailants were the ,sakarran and      
,sarebus pirates1 two tribes of         
freebooters whose seats of power were on
 the ,sarebus and ,batang ,lupar rivers1
 two streams fifty or sixty miles east  
of ,sarawak4 ,these tribes were         
encouraged and secretly helped by his   
own ,malay chiefs1 and insolently defied
 his power1 continuing their            

depredations1 capturing every vessel    
which ventured out1 and ravaging all the
 adjacent coasts4 ,the strength of these
 confederacies was so great1 that it was
 no unusual thing for them to muster a  
hundred war-boats2 and they had built1  
on the banks of the rivers which they   
infested1 strong forts at every point   
which commanded the channel4 ,that the  
new ,rajah was not able with his slender
 resources to curb these sea-robbers is 
not surprising4 ,the only wonder is1    
that he was able to protect his own     
capital from the assaults which they    
often threatened but never dared to     
attempt4  ,but efficient aid was at     
hand4 ,in the summer of #ahdc the       
,british ship ,dido anchored off the    
entrance of ,sarawak ,river4 ,she was   
commissioned to suppress piracy in and  
about the ,chinese ,sea4 ,her commander 
readily entered into the views of the   
,english ,rajah4 ,a boat expedition     
against the strongholds of the ,sarebus 
pirates was projected4 ,mr4 ,brooke     

assisted with seven hundred ,dyaks4 ,a  
curious incident occurred1 showing how  
clearly the natives appreciated their   
dependence on their ,english friend4    
,when he asked their chiefs if they     
would aid him1 they besought him not to 
risk his life in so desperate an        
enterprise4 ,but when he assured them   
that his purpose was fixed1 that he     
should go1 alone if necessary1 they     
replied3 ,what is the use of our        
remaining behind8 ,you die1 we die2 you 
live1 we live4 ,we will go too4 ,the    
expedition was perfectly successful4    
,three fortified villages were stormed1 
many guns spiked1 many boats destroyed1 
and their defenders driven to the       
jungles4 ,this chastisement not         
sufficing1 in the following year another
 expedition from the same vessel        
attacked the ,sakarran pirates and      
inflicted upon them a punishment even   
more severe than that which had fallen  
to the lot of their ,sarebus brethren4  
,six forts1 one mounting fifty-six guns1

 scores of war-boats1 and more than a   
thousand huts1 were burned4 ,these      
lessons1 though sharp1 did not          
permanently subdue4  ,the blow which    
broke the power of these confederacies  
was inflicted in #ahdi4 ,news came to   
,sarawak that the pirates had put to    
sea1 marking their course by fearful    
atrocities4 ,at once ,mr4 ,brooke       
applied to the ,english ,admiral for    
assistance1 and the steamer ,nemesis was
 despatched to the scene of action4 ,the
 ,rajah joined her with eighteen        
war-boats1 to which were afterwards     
added eleven hundred ,dyaks1 in their   
bangkongs4 ,on the #cast of ,july1 at   
night1 they encountered the great       
war-fleet of the ,sarebus and ,sakarran 
pirates1 numbering one hundred and fifty
 bangkongs1 returning home laden with   
plunder4 ,the pirates found the         
entrances of the river occupied by their
 enemies1--the ,english1 ,malay1 and    
,dyak forces being placed in three      
detachments1 while the ,nemesis was     

fully prepared to assist whenever the   
attack should begin4 ,then there was a  
dead silence1 broken only by three      
strokes of a gong1 which called the     
pirates to a council of war4 ,a few     
minutes afterwards a fearful yell gave  
notice of their advance1 and the fleet  
approached in two divisions4 ,in the    
dead of the night there ensued a        
terrible scene4 ,the pirates fought     
bravely1 but they could not withstand   
the superior forces of their enemy4     
,their boats were upset by the paddles  
of the steamer4 ,they were hemmed in on 
every side1 and five hundred men were   
killed sword in hand1 while twenty-five 
hundred escaped to the jungles1 many of 
them to perish4 ,the morning light      
showed a sad spectacle of ruin and      
defeat4 ,upwards of eighty prahus and   
bangkongs were captured1 and many more  
destroyed4 ,the ,english officers would 
have gladly saved life2 but the pirates 
would take no quarter1 and the prisoners
 were few4 ,it was a striking fact1 that

 one of the war-boats under ,mr4 ,brooke
 was manned by some thirty ,malays1     
every one of whom had lost during the   
year a near relative1 killed by these   
same pirates4 ,the confederacy has never
 risen from this defeat1 and for years  
the tribes composing it have returned to
 the labors of peaceful life4 ,writing  
twelve months afterwards to a friend1   
,rajah ,brooke says3 ,pray keep the     
#cast of ,july apart for a special      
bumper1 for during the last year not a  
single innocent life has been taken by  
these pirates1 nor a single prahu fallen
 into their hands4 ,many a victory1     
famous in story1 has accomplished less4 
,the next year a fleet of sixty-four    
prahus1 manned by northern pirates1 and 
carrying #abbd guns1 was destroyed by   
,british gunboats in the ,gulf of       
,tonquin4 ,this was followed by an      
attack of the ,spaniards upon the haunts
 of the ,soloo pirates4 ,a lull ensued4 
,for three or four years almost nothing 
was heard of freebooting2 but it was a  

deceitful calm1 not a final cessation of
 the storm4 ,the freebooting spirit was 
not taken out of the blood of the       
,malay4 ,now piracy is said to be on the
 increase again4 ,only three years since
 six ,balanini pirates had the audacity 
to sail into ,sarawak ,bay and commence 
depredations along its coasts4 ,but not 
one returned to tell the tale4 ,the     
whole six were captured or destroyed1   
and their crews killed or taken         
prisoners4 ,the only permanent remedy   
for the evil is just1 settled1 and      
efficient government1 such as has been  
established at ,sarawak1 destroying not 
simply the fleets1 but breaking up the  
piratical haunts1 and with firm hand    
forcing their people back into the      
habits and pursuits of civilized life4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,being delivered for a time at least    
from these perils1 the new ,rajah was at
 liberty to devote himself to the       
welfare of his subjects4 ,it is not     
possible1 in a brief notice1 even to    

hint at all the events and efforts of   
the next fifteen years of his           
government1--to say how he repressed the
 cupidity and lawlessness of the ,malay 
chiefs2 how he encouraged and protected 
the poor ,dyaks2 how he opened new      
channels for trade2 how1 from year to   
year1 he resisted the fierce pirates1   
who1 coming from the neighboring islands
 with strong fleets1 sought to sweep the
 adjacent seas4 ,of course the prime    
need was to restore confidence1 and to  
assure to all honest workers1 of every  
race1 the gains of their industry4 ,the 
first question1 indeed1 of the ,chinese 
emigrant was1 ,will you protect us1 or  
will our plantations1 so soon as they   
are worth anything1 be stripped by your 
chiefs8 ,it has been beautiful to behold
 order coming out of chaos1 peace out of
 violence1 whole districts redeemed from
 anarchy1 simply by giving efficient    
support to the orderly part of the      
population4 ,another object of not less 
importance was to create in this people 

something of the feeling of nationality1
 and to make them comprehend that they  
were citizens1 with the duties of       
citizens4 ,it certainly was no easy task
 to awaken much of the sentiment of     
lofty patriotism in the minds of those  
whose only common memories were of      
lawless misrule and oppression4 ,every  
possible effort has been made in this   
direction4 ,the struggle has been1 not  
to plant an ,english colony1 but to     
create a ,bornean state4 ,the laws are  
not ,english1 nor built upon ,english   
precedents4 ,they are simply the old    
,bornean statutes1 made conformable to  
the principles of equity1 and           
administered with just regard to the    
customs and traditions of the people4   
,the offices of government are filled to
 the least possible degree with         
foreigners2 while native chiefs and even
 reclaimed pirates are associated with  
them1 and thus habituated to all the    
forms of a civilized state4 ,mr4        
,brooke1 with a rare courage and wisdom1

 has always trusted for his safety to   
the good-will of his native subjects4   
,he has never been sustained by         
mercenary bands4 ,at a time when        
piratical violence was most threatening1
 when disorders were yet rife in his own
 state1 and when his subjects but poorly
 appreciated his benevolent purposes    
towards them1 his whole ,english force  
was twenty-four men4 ,it is pleasant to 
add1 that this confidence was not       
misplaced4 ,a younger generation is now 
springing up1 with larger views of life1
 and with a better appreciation of the  
workings and value of equitable         
government4 ,to sum up all in a brief   
sentence1 it may be said with truth that
 the administration has been marked by  
rare sagacity1 firmness1 and            
comprehensiveness of view1 and that it  
has been crowned with success4  ,in     
#ahde1 ,mr4 ,brooke came for the first  
time into official relations with the   
,british government1 by accepting the   
office of confidential agent in ,borneo4

 ,we have already alluded to his warm   
love of his native country4 ,as early as
 #ahda1 he had expressed a willingness  
to sacrifice his large outlays1 and to  
relinquish all his rights and interests 
to the crown1 if a guaranty could be    
given that piracy would be checked and  
the native races protected in all their 
proper rights and privileges4 ,he       
accepted gladly1 therefore1 a post which
 promised to increase his power to      
benefit his people1 and entered upon its
 duties with vigor4 ,immediately upon   
his appointment1 he was requested to    
make investigations as to the existence 
of a harbor fit for the shelter and     
victualling of ships bound from         
,hong-,kong to ,singapore4 ,he reported 
that ,labuan1 a small island north of   
,borneo1 was in every way suitable2 that
 it was about equidistant from the two  
parts2 that it had a fine harbor1 or    
rather roadstead2 that it was healthy2  
that it abounded in coal of the best    
quality2 that1 finally1 the ,sultan     

stood pledged to convey it upon         
reasonable terms4  ,but before legal    
papers could be drawn1 the whole policy 
of the court of ,bruni had changed4 ,the
 ,sultan was a monarch with the head of 
an idiot and the heart of a pirate4 ,all
 his sympathies were with violence and  
robbery4 ,under the influence of others1
 he had agreed to use his power against 
piracy1 and had even been brought to    
say1 in fawning phrase1 that he wanted  
the ,english near to him4 ,but he       
suddenly repented of his good purposes4 
,in a fit of ,oriental fickleness he    
caused ,muda ,hassim and all who favored
 the ,english alliance to be put to     
death1 despatched a messenger secretly  
to administer poison to ,mr4 ,brooke1   
and entered into even closer friendship 
than before with the piratical tribes4  
,a confidential servant of ,pangeran    
,budrudeen1 the brother of ,muda        
,hassim1 with difficulty escaped1 and   
fled to ,sarawak4 ,he related that his  
master had bravely resisted1 but1       

overpowered by numbers and desperately  
wounded1 had committed to his charge a  
ring1 bidding him deliver it to ,rajah  
,brooke as a dying memento1 and to tell 
him that he died faithful to his pledges
 to the ,queen2 then1 setting fire to a 
keg of powder1 he blew himself with his 
family into the air4  ,these tidings    
filled ,mr4 ,brooke with grief and      
indignation4 ,every passion of his fiery
 and energetic nature was aroused4 ,he  
repaired on board the ,british fleet1   
which1 upon receipt of this news1 had   
put into ,sarawak4 ,without delay the   
fleet sailed for ,bruni4 ,an immediate  
explanation was demanded of the ,sultan4
 ,the reply was a volley from the forts 
which commanded the river4 ,without     
ceremony the ships returned the fire4   
,in a brief time these strongholds were 
stormed1 and ,bruni itself was at the   
mercy of the enemy4 ,the ,sultan fled to
 the swamps4 ,sailing out of ,borneo    
,river1 the fleet swept along the whole 
northern coast1 taking in rapid         

succession the forts of the ,illanum    
pirates who had instigated the murders  
at ,bruni1 and inflicting upon them a   
signal chastisement4  ,by this time the 
,sultan wearied of jungles and sighed   
for his palace4 ,he wrote a cringing    
letter1 promising amendment1 agreeing to
 ratify all his former engagements1 and 
as a sign of his true penitence was     
ready even to pay royal honors to the   
memory of the men whom he had slain4    
,there was no further difficulty in     
respect to the cession of ,labuan1 and  
it was taken possession of ,december    
#bd1 #ahdf1--,mr4 ,brooke being         
appointed governor4 ,it is said that the
 possession of this island goes far to  
make ,england mistress of the ,chinese  
,sea1--a statement easily to be credited
 by any one conversant with ,english    
policy4 ,at any rate1 he who observes   
how1 at apparently insignificant        
stations1--on little islands1 on a      
marshy peninsula1--mere dots on the     
map1--,england has established her      

commercial depots1--at ,hong-,kong in   
the north1 at ,labuan in the centre1 and
 at ,singapore in the south1--will gain 
new respect for the sagacity which in   
the councils of the mother country      
always lurks behind the red-tapism of   
which we hear so much4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,after an
 absence of nine years1 ,rajah ,brooke  
revisited ,england in the year #ahdg4   
,he was the hero of the hour4 ,every    
honor was showered upon him4 ,he was    
invited to visit ,windsor ,castle1      
received the freedom of ,london1 and    
then or soon after was knighted4 ,owing 
to his representations of the readiness 
of the ,dyaks to receive instruction1 a 
meeting was held in ,london1 at which   
funds were obtained to build a church   
and school-houses4 ,two missionaries and
 their families were sent to ,sarawak4  
,the buildings were erected long since1 
and these ,christian means are in full  
activity4 ,brooke's language upon the   
proper qualifications of a missionary   

exhibits in a striking light his        
straightforward resolution and enlarged 
liberality4 ,above all things1 ,i beg of
 you to save us from such a one as some 
of the committee desire to see at       
,sarawak4 ,zealots1 and intolerants1 and
 enthusiasts1 who begin the task of     
tuition by a torrent of abuse against   
all that their pupils hold sacred1 shall
 not come to ,sarawak4 ,whilst our      
endeavors to convert the natives are    
conducted with charity1 ,i am a warm    
friend of the mission4 ,but whenever    
there is a departure from the only      
visible means ,god has placed at our    
disposal1--time1 reason1 patience1--and 
the ,christian faith is to be heralded  
in its introduction by disturbances and 
heart-burnings and bloodshed1 ,i want it
 not2 and you are quite at liberty to   
say1 that ,i would rather that the      
mission were withdrawn4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,about   
the year #ahej1 ,mr4 ,brooke became the 
object of a virulent attack1 continued  

several years1 both in the public prints
 and in ,parliament4 ,prompted          
originally by the petty malice of those 
whose tool for the advancement of their 
personal schemes he had refused to      
become1 this attack was taken up by a   
few persons of influence1 who seem to   
have misunderstood utterly both his     
character and work4 ,he has been termed 
a mere adventurer4 ,he has been accused 
of avarice1 of wringing from the natives
 great sums1 and receiving from ,england
 large salaries as ,consul at ,borneo   
and as ,governor of ,labuan4 ,it has    
been asserted that he has been guilty of
 wholesale slaughter of the innocent1   
interfering with tribal wars under the  
pretence of extirpating piracy4 ,none of
 these charges have been sustained4 ,on 
the contrary1 it has been conclusively  
shown that he has sunk more than        
,l#bj1jjj of his private fortune in this
 enterprise4 ,the piracy1 so mildly     
called intertribal war1 is undoubtedly  
robbery1 both on the sea and on the     

land1 and conducted with all fitting    
accompaniments of cruelty and bloodshed4
 ,this persecution has not been borne by
 its object with much patience1 and1    
indeed1 like ,rob ,roy's ,highlander1 he
 does not seem to be famous for that    
gude gift4 ,i am no tame lion to be     
cowed by a pack of hounds4 ,these       
intertribal wars are such as the wolf   
wages against the lamb4 ,i should like  
to ask the most peaceable man in        
,england what he would do if a horde of 
bandits frequently burst forth from     
,brest and ,cherbourg1 ravaging the     
shores of the ,channel1 and carrying    
women and children into captivity1 with 
the heads of their decapitated husbands 
and fathers8 ,would he preach8 ,would he
 preach when he saw his daughter        
dishonored and his son murdered8 ,and   
then would he proclaim his shame and    
cowardice among men8 ,what do some      
gentlemen expect8 ,they particularly    
desire to suppress piracy4 ,do they     
really imagine that piracy is to be     

suppressed by argument and preaching8   
,mr4 ,brooke's enemies have three times 
pressed their accusations before the    
,house of ,commons1 and three times have
 been defeated by overwhelming          
majorities1--the last vote being #bcj to
 #ai4 ,finally1 to end the controversy1 
a royal commission was appointed to     
visit the scene of these transactions1  
and upon the spot to decide their       
merits4 ,the report of this commission  
has not reached us1 if indeed it has    
ever been made public2 but the practical
 results of it are certain4 ,mr4 ,brooke
 has severed his official connection    
with the ,british government by a       
resignation of the offices which he held
 under it2 while he retains his         
sovereignty at ,sarawak1 with the       
undiminished love of his subjects and an
 unimpaired influence over the native   
tribes4 ,there seems to be no doubt that
 the intelligent public opinion of      
,england fully sustains him4 ,and it is 
safe to predict that with that opinion  

the final verdict of history will       
coincide4 ,that1 placed in circumstances
 of great difficulty1 he may have taken 
steps not to be squared with the nicest 
morality1 is possible2 for that is what 
must be said of every man who has borne 
the burden of great public              
responsibility4 ,neither is it          
surprising that a man of such boldness  
of speech and such almost ,cromwellian  
vigor in action should have enemies2    
that is a necessity4 ,but that he has   
been a true and sagacious friend of the 
natives1 and that his career has been   
for the increase of human happiness1 are
 facts as certain as any can be4  ,his  
best defence is his works4 ,in #ahdb1   
when he took the government of ,sarawak1
 it was a feeble province1 torn by      
dissension1 crushed by slavery1 and     
ravaged by lawless violence4 ,now it is 
a peaceful1 prosperous commonwealth4 ,in
 #ahdb1 its capital1 ,kuching1 was a    
wretched village1 whose houses were     
miserable mud huts or tents of leaves1  

and containing but fifteen hundred      
inhabitants4 ,now it numbers fifteen    
thousand1--an increase almost rivalling 
that of our ,western cities4 ,in #ahdb1 
no boat put to sea without terror4 ,as a
 result1 the amount of trade was        
contemptible4 ,now ,sarawak has         
enterprising native merchants1 owning   
vessels of two hundred tons1 having     
regular transactions with ,singapore and
 all the neighboring ports4 ,this trade1
 as early as #ahec1 employed twenty-five
 thousand tons of shipping1 and the     
exports for the year were valued at more
 than a million of dollars4 ,in #ahdb1  
deaths by violence were of almost daily 
occurrence4 ,twelve years later1 a      
resident could boast that for three     
years only one person had lost his life 
by other than natural causes4 ,how would
 ,american cities appear in comparison  
with this poor ,dyak and heathen        
metropolis8 ,well does ,rajah ,brooke   
proudly ask1 ,could such success spring 
from a narrow and sordid policy8 ,mrs4  

,mc,dougall1 the missionary's wife1     
says3 ,we have now a beautiful church at
 ,sarawak1 and the bell calls us there  
to worship every morning at six1 and at 
five every evening4 ,neither is there   
anything in this quiet1 happy place to  
prevent our thus living in ,god's       
presence4  ,mrs4 ,mc,dougall adds a     
story which shows the estimation in     
which the natives hold their ,rajah4 ,pa
 ,jenna paid me a visit at ,sarawak4    
,the ,rajah was then in ,england4 ,but  
,pa ,jenna1 coming into my sitting-room1
 immediately espied his picture hanging 
against the wall4 ,i was much struck    
with the expression of respect which    
both the face and attitude of this      
untutored savage assumed as he stood    
before the picture4 ,he raised his      
handkerchief from his head1 and1        
saluting the picture with a bow1 such as
 a ,roman ,catholic would make to his   
patron saint's altar1 whispered to      
himself1 ',our great ,rajah4' ,and this 
man was a reclaimed pirate4  ,this      

reverential love of the natives is the  
one thing which does not admit of a     
doubt4 ,the proofs are constant and     
irresistible4 ,some years since a lady  
with a few attendants was pushing her   
boat up a ,bornean river1 many leagues  
away from ,sarawak1 when she encountered
 a wild ,dyak tribe on a warlike        
expedition4 ,the sight of more than a   
hundred half-naked savages1 crowning a  
little knoll which jutted into the river
 a half-dozen rods in advance of her    
boat1 dancing frantically like maniacs1 
brandishing their long knives1 and      
yelling all the while like demons1 was  
not cheering4 ,yet at the sight of the  
,sarawak flag raised at the bow of the  
boat1 every demonstration of hostility  
ceased4 ,she was overpowered by their   
noisy welcome1 and received from them   
the kindest attention4 ,a dozen years   
ago1 at the very time that the          
accusations of cruelty and wholesale    
slaughter of innocent people were most  
recklessly made1 a party of ,englishmen1

 and among them the adopted son of the  
,rajah1 went on an exploring expedition 
to the extreme northeast corner of      
,borneo1 more than six hundred miles    
from ,sarawak4 ,while they were seated  
one evening around their fire1 the whole
 air resounded with the cries1 ,tuan    
,brooke6 ,tuan ,brooke6 and presently   
the natives drew near and expressed     
their joy at seeing a son of the great  
,rajah1 and wondering that he who had so
 blessed the southern ,dyaks did not    
extend his protection to their northern 
brethren4 ,one anecdote more4 ,during   
the ,chinese insurrection1 of which we  
shall soon speak1 a ,malay chief1       
fighting desperately against the        
insurgents1 was mortally wounded1 only  
lingering long enough to be assured of  
the ,rajah's victory1 and to exclaim    
with his dying breath1 ,i would rather  
be in hell with the ,english1 than in   
heaven with my own countrymen4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,the loyalty of the native population   

was thoroughly tested in the year #aheg4
 ,it was the time of the second ,british
 war against ,china4 ,now the ,chinese  
are in one sense the most cosmopolitan  
of races4 ,wherever bread is to be won1 
or gold amassed1 there they go1 thus    
becoming scattered all through          
,southeastern ,asia and the adjoining   
islands4 ,in one aspect they are a great
 blessing4 ,they are a most laborious   
and thrifty race1 of almost incalculable
 benefit in the development of the      
material resources of a country4 ,but in
 some respects they are also an element 
of danger4 ,they never identify         
themselves with the country in which    
they dwell4 ,they simply come to get a  
living out of it4 ,they band themselves 
in secret societies or other exclusive  
organizations1 and seem to get no real  
love for the land which gives them      
bread1 or the people among whom they    
live4 ,under a peaceful rule1 this race 
had greatly multiplied at ,sarawak4     
,some branches of industry had indeed   

almost fallen into their hands4         
,especially in all mining operations was
 their help a positive necessity4 ,for  
the ,dyak1 though industrious enough on 
his little plantation1 will not work1   
except on compulsion1 in the mines4     
,these places are bitter to him with the
 memory of forced labor and unrequited  
misery4 ,besides1 he believes that the  
bowels of the earth are filled with     
demons1 and no amount of pay gives him  
courage to face these4 ,as a result1 the
 conduct of the mines was left to the   
,chinese1 and they were unwisely        
permitted to work them in large         
companies of several hundred1 under     
their own overseers4 ,this gave them the
 advantages of a compact organization3  
to a dangerous degree they became a     
state within the state4  ,when the war  
in ,china broke out1 the ,chinese       
residents at ,sarawak1 sympathizing with
 their countrymen1 were naturally       
greatly excited2 and when tidings came  
that the ,english fleet had been        

repulsed from before the ,canton forts1 
they were emboldened to take the        
desperate step of attempting to put to  
death or to drive out of the country    
,rajah ,brooke and the rest of the      
,english people1 that they themselves   
might take possession of it4 ,about dusk
 on a ,february night1 six hundred of   
them gathered under their chiefs1 armed 
themselves1 went on board cargo-boats1  
and began to float down the river       
towards the capital4 ,at midnight they  
attacked the ,rajah's house4 ,its       
inmates were forced to flee to the      
jungles4 ,the ,rajah rose from a        
sick-bed1 ran to the banks of the       
stream1 dove under one of the ,chinese  
boats1 swam the river1 and took refuge  
with the ,malays4 ,several of his       
countrymen were murdered4 ,his own      
house1 filled with the priceless        
collections of a lifetime1 together with
 a costly library1 was burned4  ,it was 
a gloomy morning which succeeded the    
night of this catastrophe4 ,though he   

did not doubt for a moment the ultimate 
suppression of the rebellion1 what ruin 
might not be wrought in the few days or 
weeks which should elapse before that   
event6 ,and where1 now that he had been 
driven from his capital1 he should find 
a base of operations to which he might  
gather the scattered native forces1 was 
the perplexing question of the          
hour1--when1 joyful sight1 he beheld a  
merchant steamer sailing up the river6  
,he hailed her1 went on board1 and with 
a sufficient force steamed up to        
,sarawak4 ,with his appearance the last 
vestige of hope for the insurrection    
disappeared4  ,meanwhile stirring events
 had taken place4 ,at first the natives 
were stunned4 ,they were roused at dead 
of night1 to find the ,chinese in       
possession of the town1 their ,rajah's  
house in flames1 the ,rajah missing1    
while the rumor was that he had been    
killed4 ,for a time they wandered about 
listlessly1 vacantly staring each other 
in the face1 and it seemed as though    

they were about to submit without a     
struggle4 ,in the midst of this gloom   
and uncertainty1 up spoke a ,malay      
trader1 whose veins1 despite his        
peaceful occupation1 were full of the   
old pirate blood3 ,are we going to      
submit to be governed by these ,chinese1
 or are we going to be faithful to our  
,rajah8 ,i am no talker1 but ,i will    
never be governed by any but him1 and   
to-night ,i commence war to the knife   
with his enemies4 ,this broke the spell4
 ,both ,malays and ,dyaks1 in city and  
country alike1 rose en masse1 and after 
a severe fight1 prolonged till the      
reappearance of ,mr4 ,brooke1 drove the 
,chinese to the forests1 and pursued    
them with unrelenting fury4 ,many of the
 insurgents perished by the sword4 ,many
 more wandered about till they died of  
starvation4 ,some threw themselves down 
in their tracks1 expiring from fatigue  
and utter wretchedness4 ,some hung      
themselves to escape their misery4 ,in  
despair and exasperation1 they even     

turned their arms against each other4   
,of the six hundred who made the        
original attack1 sixty escaped4 ,of the 
four thousand who composed the ,chinese 
population1 a forlorn and wearied       
remnant of two thousand took refuge in  
the ,dutch part of the island4 ,this    
lamentable destruction was the result   
neither of the order nor the permission 
of the ,rajah4 ,it was accomplished by  
the unreasoning fury of an outraged     
people4 ,in a few days the formidable   
insurrection was ended4 ,the places of  
the insurgents were filled as rapidly as
 they had been vacated4 ,scarcely a     
trace was left of the ravages of the    
rebellion2 and it accomplished nothing1 
save to convince all doubters that the  
government of the province rested1 as   
all stable government must rest1 on the 
good-will of the subject4  ,at the      
height of the insurrection a striking   
incident occurred4 ,while their brethren
 were being hurled in utter confusion   
across the ,dutch borders1 several      

hundred ,chinese fled from those very   
,dutch territories and sought refuge in 
,sarawak4 ,though harassed by care1 the 
,rajah did not neglect their appeal1 but
 sent trustworthy men1 who piloted them 
safely through the incensed ,dyaks1 who 
on their part by no means appreciated   
the virtue of such a step1 but thought  
rather that every man who wore a tail   
ought to be put to death1 though they   
bowed to the better judgment of their   
chief4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,the latest accounts       
represent the province as continuing in 
a state of unabated prosperity4 ,its    
bounds1 by more recent cessions1 have   
been so largely increased1 that its     
shore line is now three hundred miles   
long1 and the whole population of the   
state two hundred and fifty thousand4   
,the haunts of the ,sarebus and         
,sakarran pirates are included in the   
new limits2 and these once-dreaded      
freebooters have learned the habits of  
honest industry4 ,indeed1 during the    

days of the insurrection the state found
 no more faithful or courageous         
defenders than they1 although their old 
corsair blood was visible in the        
relentless tenacity with which they     
tracked the flying foe4 ,sir ,james     
,brooke1 with increasing years1 has     
retired somewhat from the active care of
 the government1 leaving the conduct of 
affairs very much to his nephew1        
,captain ,brooke1 whom he has designated
 as his heir and successor1 and who is  
represented as being also heir in a     
large degree to his uncle's principles1 
courage1 and sagacity4  ,rajah ,brooke  
sought persistently for many years to   
give perpetuity to his life's work by   
placing ,sarawak under ,british         
protection4 ,he made repeated offers to 
surrender to the ,queen all right and   
title which he had acquired1 on any     
terms which would secure the welfare of 
the natives4 ,but these offers have been
 definitely rejected2 the seeming       
protection which ,sarawak enjoyed       

through the position of its ruler as    
,governor of ,labuan has been withdrawn1
 and the little state left to work out  
unaided its destiny4 ,what shall be the 
final fate of this interesting          
experiment1 whether there shall arise   
successors to the founder wise enough to
 maintain the government so bravely     
established1 or whether the infant state
 shall perish with the man who called it
 into existence1 and become only a      
memory1 it is impossible to foretell2   
but1 living or dead1 its annals will    
always be a noble monument to him whose 
force of character and undaunted        
persistency created it4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,the     
earlier portraits we have of ,rajah     
,brooke depict him as a man of a        
peculiarly frank1 open1 and pleasing    
exterior1 yet with a countenance marked 
by intelligence1 thought1 and energy2   
but underneath all a certain dreaminess 
of expression1 found often in the faces 
of those born for adventure and to seek 

for the enterprise of their age fresh   
fields1 new ,el ,dorados hidden in      
strange lands and unfamiliar seas4  ,the
 later portraits give us a face1 plain1 
sagacious1 yet full of an expression of 
kindly benevolence4 ,the exigencies of a
 busy life have transformed romance into
 reality and common-sense2 the          
adventurer and knight-errant has but    
obeyed the law of his age1 and become a 
noble example of the power of the       
,anglo-,saxon mind to organize in the   
face of adverse circumstances a state1  
and to construct out of most unpromising
 elements the good fabric of orderly    
social life4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,passages ,,from 
,,hawthorne',s ,,note-,,books4   ,,xii4 
,march1 #ahde4--,nature sometimes       
displays a little tenderness for our    
vanity1 but is never careful for our    
pride4 ,she is willing that we should   
look foolish in the eyes of others1 but 
keeps our little nonsensicalnesses from 
ourselves4         99       99       99 

99       99  ,perhaps there are higher  
intelligences that look upon all the    
manifestations of the human             
mind--metaphysics1 ethics1 histories1   
politics1 poems1 stories1 etc41         
etc4--with the same interest that we    
look upon flowers1 or any other humble  
production of nature1--finding a beauty 
and fitness even in the poorest of them1
 which we cannot see in the best4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,a child or a young girl so sweet and   
beautiful1 that ,god made new flowers on
 purpose for her4  ,may #d4--,on the    
river-side1 by the ,promontory of       
,columbines4 ,the river here makes a    
bend1 nearly at a right angle4 ,on the  
opposite side1 a high bank descends     
precipitately to the water2 a few       
apple-trees are scattered along the     
declivity4 ,a small cottage1 with a     
barn1 peeps over the top of the bank2   
and at its foot1 with their roots in the
 water1 is a picturesque clump of       
several maple-trees1 their trunks all in

 a cluster1 and their tops forming a    
united mass of new fast-budding foliage4
 ,at the foot of this clump of trees    
lies a boat1 half in the water1 half    
drawn up on the bank4 ,a tract of flags 
and water-weeds extends along the base  
of the bank1 outside of which1 at a late
 period1 will grow the flat1 broad      
leaves of the yellow water-lily1 and the
 pond-lily4 ,a southwestern breeze is   
ruffling the river1 and drives the      
little wavelets in the same direction as
 the current4 ,most of the course of the
 river in this vicinity is through      
marshy and meadowy ground1 as yet       
scarcely redeemed from the spring-time  
overflow1 and which at all seasons is   
plashy and unfit for walking4 ,at my    
feet the water overbrims the shore1 and 
kisses the new green grass1 which       
sprouts even beneath it4  ,the          
,promontory of ,columbines rises rugged 
and rocky from amidst surrounding       
lowlands1 7in a field next to that where
 the monument is erected1 near the ,old 

,manse17 and it forms the forth-putting 
angle at the bend of the river4 ,in     
earlier spring the river embraces it all
 round1 and converts it into an island4 
,rocks1 with flakes of dry moss covering
 them1 peep out everywhere2 and abundant
 columbines grow in the interstices of  
these rocks1 and wherever else the soil 
is scanty and difficult enough to suit  
their fancy1--avoiding the smoother and 
better sites1 which they might just as  
well have chosen1 close at hand4 ,they  
are earlier on this spot than anywhere  
else1 and are therefore doubly valuable1
 though not nearly so large1 nor of so  
rich a scarlet and gold1 as some that we
 shall gather from the eastern slope of 
a hill1 two or three weeks hence4 ,the  
promontory is exposed to all winds1 and 
there seems no reason why it should     
produce the earliest flowers1 unless    
that this is a peculiar race of         
columbines1 which has the precious gift 
of earlier birth assigned to them in    
lieu of rich beauty4 ,this is the first 

day of the present spring that ,i have  
found any quite blown2 but last year1 ,i
 believe1 they came considerably        
earlier4 ,here and there appeared a blue
 violet1 nestling close to the ground1  
pretty1 but inconvenient to gather and  
carry home1 on account of its short     
stalk4 ,houstonias are scattered about  
by handfuls4 ,anemones have been in     
bloom for several days on the edge of   
the woods1 but none ever grow on the    
,promontory of ,columbines4  ,the grass 
is a glad green in spots2 but this      
verdure is very partial1 and over the   
general extent the old1 withered stalks 
of last year's grass are found to       
predominate4 ,the verdure appears rich1 
between the beholder and the sun2 in the
 opposite direction1 it is much less so4
 ,old mullein-stalks rise tall and      
desolate1 and cling tenaciously to the  
soil when we try to uproot them4 ,the   
promontory is broken into two or three  
heads4 ,its only shadow is from a       
moderately-sized elm1 which1 from year  

to year1 has flung down its dead        
branches1 all within its circumference1 
where they lie in various stages of     
decay4 ,there are likewise rotten and   
charred stumps of several other trees4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,the fence of our avenue is covered with
 moss on the side fronting towards the  
north1 while the opposite side is quite 
free from it1--the reason being1 that   
there is never any sunshine on the north
 side to dry the moisture caused by     
rains from the northeast4 ,the moss is  
very luxuriant1 sprouting from the      
half-decayed wood1 and clinging to it as
 if partially incorporated therewith4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,towards the dimness of evening a       
half-length figure appearing at a       
window1--the blackness of the           
background1 and the light upon the face1
 cause it to appear like a ,rembrandt   
picture4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,on the top of ,wachusett1 
butterflies1 large and splendid2 also   

bees in considerable numbers1 sucking   
honey from the alpine flowers4 ,there is
 a certain flower1 a species of         
,potentilla1 ,i think1 which is found on
 mountains at a certain elevation1 and  
inhabits a belt1 being found neither    
above nor below it4 ,on the highest top 
of ,wachusett there is a circular       
foundation1 built evidently with great  
labor1 of large1 rough stones1 and      
rising perhaps fifteen feet4 ,on this   
basis formerly rose a wooden tower1 the 
fragments of which1 a few of the        
timbers1 now lie scattered about4 ,the  
immediate summit of the mountain is     
nearly bare and rocky1 although         
interspersed with bushes2 but at a very 
short distance below there are trees1   
though slender1 forming a tangled       
confusion1 and among them grows the wild
 honeysuckle pretty abundantly1 which   
was in bloom when we were there         
7,sunday1 ,june #agth74 ,a flight of    
rude stone steps ascends the circular   
stone foundation of the round tower4 ,by

 the by1 it cannot be more than ten feet
 high1 at the utmost1 instead of        
fifteen4  ,the prospect from the top of 
,wachusett is the finest that ,i have   
seen1--the elevation being not so great 
as to snatch the beholder from all      
sympathy with earth4 ,the roads that    
wind along at the foot of the mountain  
are discernible2 and the villages1 lying
 separate and unconscious of one        
another1 each with their little knot of 
peculiar interests1 but all gathered    
into one category by the observer above 
them4 ,white spires1 and the white      
glimmer of hamlets1 perhaps a dozen     
miles off4 ,the gleam of lakes afar1    
giving life to the whole landscape4     
,much wood1 shagging hills and plains4  
,on the west1 a hill-country1 swelling  
like waves1 with these villages         
sometimes discovered among them4 ,on the
 east it looks dim and blue1 and affects
 the beholder like the sea1 as the eye  
stretches far away4 ,on the north 787   
appears ,monadnock1 in his whole person1

 discernible from the feet upwards1     
rising boldly and tangibly to the sense1
 so that you have the figure wholly     
before you1 fair and blue1 but not dim  
and cloudlike4  ,on the road from       
,princeton to ,fitchburg we passed      
fields which were entirely covered with 
the mountain-laurel in full bloom1--as  
splendid a spectacle1 in its way1 as    
could be imagined4 ,princeton is a      
little town1 lying on a high ridge1     
exposed to all the stirrings of the     
upper air1 and with a prospect of a     
score of miles round about4 ,the great  
family of this place is that of the     
,boylstons1 who own ,wachusett1 and have
 a mansion1 with good pretensions to    
architecture1 in ,princeton4  ,notables3
 ,old ,gregory1 the dweller of the      
mountain-side2 his high-spirited wife2  
the son1 speaking gruffly from behind   
the scenes1 in answer to his father's   
inquiries as to the expediency of       
lodging us4 ,the brisk little landlord  
at ,princeton1 recently married1        

intelligent1 honest1 lively1 agreeable2 
his wife1 with her young-ladyish manners
 still about her2 the second class of   
annuals1 and other popular literature1  
in the parlors of the house2 colored    
engraving of the explosion of the       
,princeton's gun1 with the principal    
characters in that scene1 designated by 
name2 also ,death of ,napoleon1 c4 ,a   
young ,mr4 ,boylston boarding at the    
inn1 and driving out in a beautiful1    
city-built phaeton1 of exquisite        
lightness4 ,we met him and a lady in the
 phaeton1 and two other ladies on       
horseback1 in a narrow path1 densely    
wooded1 on the ascent of a hill4 ,it was
 quite romantic4 ,likewise old ,mr4     
,boylston1 frequenting the tavern1      
coming in after church1 and smoking a   
cigar1444 entering into conversation    
with strangers about the ascent of the  
mountain4 ,the tailor of the place1 with
 his queer advertisement pasted on the  
wall of the barroom1 comprising         
certificates from tailors in ,new ,york 

,city1 and various recommendations1 from
 clergymen and others1 of his moral and 
religious character4 ,two ,shakers in   
the cars1--both1 if ,i mistake not1 with
 thread gloves on4 ,the foundation of   
the old meeting-house of ,princeton1    
standing on a height above the village1 
as bleak and windy as the top of ,mount 
,ararat2 also the old deserted          
town-house4 ,the edifices were probably 
thus located in order to be more exactly
 in the centre of the township4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,from ,july #be to ,august #i1 #ahde1 at
 ,portsmouth ,navy ,yard4 ,remarkables3 
the free and social mode of life among  
the officers and their families1 meeting
 at evening on the door-steps or in     
front of their houses1 or stepping in   
familiarly2 the rough-hewn first        
lieutenant1 with no ideas beyond the    
service2 the doctor1 priding himself on 
his cultivation and refinement1         
pretending to elegance1 sensitive1      
touchy2 the sailing-master1 an old salt1

 of the somewhat modernized ,tom        
,bowline pattern1 tossed about by fifty 
years of stormy surges1 and at last     
swept into this quiet nook1 where he    
tells yarns of his cruises and duels1   
repeats his own epitaph1 drinks a       
reasonable quantity of grog1 and        
complains of dyspepsia2 the old fat     
major of marines1 with a brown wig not  
pretending to imitate natural hair1 but 
only to cover his baldness and grayness 
with something that he imagines will be 
less unsightly3 he has a potent odor of 
snuff1 but has left off wine and strong 
drink for the last twenty-seven years4  
,a ,southerner1 all astray among our    
,new ,england manners1 but reconciling  
himself to them1 like a long practised  
man of the world1 only somewhat         
tremulous at the idea of a ,new ,england
 winter4 ,the lieutenant of marines1 a  
tall1 red-haired man1 between thirty and
 forty1 stiff in his motions from the   
effect of a palsy contracted in         
,florida1--a man of thought1 both as to 

his profession and other matters1       
particularly matters spiritual1--a      
convert1 within a few years1 to         
,papistry1--a seer of ghosts1--a dry    
joker1 yet sad and earnest in his       
nature1--a scientific soldier1          
criticising ,jackson's military         
talent1--fond of discussion1 with much  
more intellect than he finds employment 
for1--withal1 somewhat simple4 ,then the
 commandant of the yard1 ,captain       
,s----1 a man without brilliancy1 of    
plain aspect and simple manners1 but    
just1 upright1 kindly1 with an excellent
 practical intellect2 his next in rank1 
,commander ,p----1 an officer-like1     
middle-aged man1 with such cultivation  
as a sensible man picks up about the    
world2 and with what little tincture he 
imbibes from a bluish wife4 ,in the     
vicinity of the ,navy ,yard1 an         
engineer-officer1 stationed for a year  
or two past on a secluded point of the  
coast1 making a map1 minutely finished1 
on a very extensive scale1 of country   

and coast near ,portsmouth2 he is       
red-nosed1 and has the aspect of a free 
liver2 his companion1 a civil engineer1 
with much more appearance of            
intellectual activity4 ,their map is    
spread out in a room that looks forth   
upon the sea and islands1 and has all   
the advantages of sea-air1--very        
desirable for summer1 but gloomy as a   
winter residence4  ,at ,fort            
,constitution are many officers1--a     
major and two lieutenants1 the former   
living in a house within the walls of   
the fort1 the latter occupying small    
residences outside4 ,they are coarse    
men1 apparently of few ideas1 and not   
what one can call gentlemen4 ,they are  
likewise less frank and hospitable than 
the navy officers4 ,their quarters have 
not the aspect of homes1 although they  
continue for a term of years1 five or   
more1 on one station1 whereas the navy  
officers are limited to two or three4   
,but then the former migrate with their 
families to new stations1 whereas the   

wives of the naval officers1 though     
ejected from the navy-yard houses1 yet1 
not accompanying their husbands on      
service1 remain to form a nucleus of    
home4  ,two or three miles from the     
,navy ,yard1 on ,kittery ,point1 stands 
the former residence of ,sir ,william   
,pepperell4 ,it is a gambrel-roofed     
house1 very long and spacious1 and looks
 venerable and imposing from its        
dimensions4 ,a decent1 respectable1     
intelligent woman admitted us1 and      
showed us from bottom to top of her part
 of the house2 she being a tenant of one
 half4 ,the rooms were not remarkable   
for size1 but were panelled on every    
side4 ,the staircase is the best        
feature1 ascending gradually1 broad and 
square1 and with an elaborate           
balustrade2 and over the front door     
there is a wide window and a spacious   
breadth1 where the old baronet and his  
guests1 after dinner1 might sit and look
 out upon the water and his ships at    
anchor4 ,the garret is one apartment1   

extending over the whole house4 ,the    
kitchen is very small1--much too small  
for the credit of the house1 were it not
 redeemed by the size of the fireplace1 
which originally could not have been    
less than fourteen feet1 though now     
abridged by an oven1 which has been     
built within it4 ,the hearth extends    
half-way across the floor of the        
kitchen4 ,on one side1 the road passes  
close by the house2 on the other1 it    
stands within fifty yards of the shore4 
,i recollect no outhouses4 ,at a short  
distance1 across the road1 is a marble  
tomb1 on the level slab of which is the 
,pepperell coat of arms1 and an         
inscription in memory of ,sir ,william's
 father1 to whom the son seems to have  
erected it1--although it is the family  
tomb4 ,we saw no other trace of ,sir    
,william or his family4 ,precisely a    
hundred years since he was in his glory4
 ,none of the name now exist here1--or  
elsewhere1 as far as ,i know4 ,a        
descendant of the ,sparhawks1 one of    

whom married ,pepperell's daughter1 is  
now keeper of a fort in the vicinity1--a
 poor man4 ,lieutenant ,baker tells me  
that he has recently discovered a barrel
 full of the old family papers4  ,the   
house in ,portsmouth now owned and      
occupied by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,burroughs   
was formerly the mansion of ,governor   
,langdon4 ,it contains noble and        
spacious rooms4 ,the ,doctor's library  
is a fine apartment1 extending1 ,i      
think1 the whole breadth of the house1  
forty or fifty feet1 with elaborate     
cornices1 a carved fireplace1 and other 
antiquated magnificences4 ,it was1 ,i   
suppose1 the reception-room1 and        
occasionally the dining-hall4 ,the      
opposite parlor is likewise large1 and  
finished in excellent style1 the        
mantelpiece being really a fine         
architectural specimen4444 ,doctor      
,burroughs is a scholar1 rejoicing in   
the possession of an old1 illuminated   
missal1 which he showed us1 adorned with
 brilliant miniatures and other pictures

 by some monkish hand4 ,it was given him
 by a commodore in the navy1 who picked 
it up in ,italy1 without knowing what it
 was1 nor could the learned professors  
of at least one college inform him1     
until he finally offered it to ,dr4     
,burroughs1 on condition that he should 
tell him what it was4 ,we likewise saw a
 copy of the famous ,breeches ,bible1   
and other knicknacks and curiosities    
which people have taken pleasure in     
giving to one who appreciated such      
things1 and whose kindly disposition    
makes it a happiness to oblige him4 ,his
 house has entertained famous guests in 
the time of the old ,governor1--among   
them ,louis ,philippe1 ,talleyrand1     
,lafayette1 and ,washington1 all of whom
 occupied successively the same chamber2
 besides1 no doubt1 a host of less      
world-wide distinguished persons4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,a battery of thirty-two pound periods4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,in the eyes of a young child or other  

innocent person1 the image of a cherub  
or an angel to be seen peeping out1--in 
those of a vicious person1 a devil4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,october #aa4 ,in ,boston1 a man passing
 along ,colonnade ,row1 grinding a      
barrel-organ1 and attended by a monkey1 
dressed in frock and pantaloons1 and    
with a tremendously thick tail appearing
 behind4 ,while his master played on the
 organ1 the monkey kept pulling off his 
hat1 bowing and scraping to the         
spectators1 round about1--sometimes1    
too1 making a direct application to an  
individual1--by all this dumb show1     
beseeching them to remunerate the       
organ-player4 ,whenever a coin was      
thrown on the ground1 the monkey picked 
it up1 clambered on his master's        
shoulder1 and gave it into his keeping1 
then descended1 and repeated his        
pantomimic entreaties for more4 ,his    
little1 old1 ugly1 wrinkled face had an 
earnestness that looked just as if it   
came from the love of money deep within 

his soul4 ,he peered round1 searching   
for filthy lucre on all sides4 ,with his
 tail and all1 he might be taken for the
 ,mammon of copper coin1--a symbol of   
covetousness of small gains1--the lowest
 form of the love of money4  ,baby was  
with us1 holding by my forefinger1 and  
walking decorously along the pavement4  
,she stopped to contemplate the monkey1 
and after a while1 shocked by his       
horrible ugliness1 began to cry4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,a disquisition or a discussion between 
two or more persons1 on the manner in   
which the ,wandering ,jew has spent his 
life4 ,one period1 perhaps1 trying over 
and over again to grasp domestic        
happiness2 then a soldier1 then a       
statesman1 c41 at last realizing some   
truth4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,the most graceful way in  
which a man can signify that he feels   
that he is growing old1 and acquiesces  
in it1 is by adhering to the fashion of 
dress which chances to be in vogue when 

the conviction comes upon him4 ,thus1 in
 a few years1 he will find himself      
quietly apart from the crowd of young   
men4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,our most intimate friend  
is not he to whom we show the worst1 but
 the best of our nature4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,nothing 
comes amiss to ,nature1--all is fish    
that comes to her net4 ,if there be a   
living form of perfect beauty1 instinct 
with soul1--why1 it is all very well1   
and suits ,nature well enough4 ,but she 
would just as lief have that beautiful1 
soul-illumined body for worms' meat and 
earth's manure6         99       99     
99       99       99  ,instances of two 
ladies1 who vowed never again to see the
 light of the sun1 on account of        
disappointments in love4 ,each of them  
kept her vow1 living thenceforth1 and   
dying after many years1 in apartments   
closely shut up1 and lighted by candles4
 ,one appears to have lived in total    
darkness4         99       99       99  

99       99  ,the infirmities that come 
with old age may be the interest on the 
debt of nature1 which should have been  
more seasonably paid4 ,often the        
interest will be a heavier payment than 
the principal4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,by a ,lord of the
 ,admiralty1 7in a speech in ,parliament
 during our ,revolution17 the number of 
,american sailors employed in the       
,british navy previous to the           
,revolution was estimated at eighteen   
thousand4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,some men have no right to 
perform great deeds1 or think high      
thoughts2 and when they do so1 it is a  
kind of humbug4 ,they had better keep   
within their own propriety4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,in      
,england1 in #agfa1 a man and his wife1 
formerly in good circumstances1 died    
very poor1 and were buried at the       
expense of the parish4 ,this coming to  
the ears of the friends of their better 
days1 they had the corpses taken out of 

the ground and buried in a more genteel 
manner6         99       99       99    
99       99  ,in the ,annual ,register1 
,vol4 ,,iv41 for #agfa1 there is a      
letter from ,cromwell to ,fleetwood1    
dated ,august #bb1 #afec1 which ,carlyle
 appears not to have given4 ,also one1  
without date1 to the ,speaker of the    
,house of ,commons1 narrating the taking
 of ,basing ,house4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,recently1 in an  
old house which has been taken down at  
the corner of ,bulfinch ,street and     
,bowdoin ,square1 a perfect and         
full-grown skeleton was discovered1     
concealed between the ceiling and the   
floor of a room in the upper story4     
,another skeleton was not long since    
found in similar circumstances4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,in a garden1 a pool of perfectly       
transparent water1 the bed of which     
should be paved with marble1 or perhaps 
with mosaic work in images and various  
figures1 which through the clear water  

would look wondrously beautiful4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,october #bj1 #ahdg4--;,a walk in a warm
 and pleasant afternoon to ,browne's    
,hill1 not uncommonly called ,browne's  
,folly1 from the mansion which one of   
that family1 before the ,revolution1    
erected on its summit4 7,on ,october    
#ad1 #ahcg1 ,i recorded a walk thither47
 ,in a line with the length of the      
ridge1 the ascent is gradual and easy1  
but straight up the sides it is steep4  
,there is a large and well-kept orchard 
at the foot1 through which ,i passed1   
gradually ascending2 then1 surmounting a
 stone wall1 beneath chestnut-trees     
which had thrown their dry leaves down1 
,i climbed the remainder of the hill4   
,there were still the frequent          
barberry-bushes2 and the wood-wax has   
begun to tuft itself over the sides and 
summit1 which seem to be devoted to     
pasture4 ,on the very highest part are  
still the traces of the foundation of   
the old mansion4 ,the hall had a gallery

 running round it beneath the ceiling1  
and was a famous place for dancing4 ,the
 house stood1 ,i believe1 till some     
years subsequent to the ,revolution1 and
 was then removed in three portions1    
each of which became a house somewhere  
on the plain1 and perhaps they are      
standing now4 ,the proprietor1 being a  
royalist1 became an exile when the      
,revolution broke out1 and ,i suppose   
died abroad4 ,i know not whether the    
house was intended as a permanent       
family-residence or merely as a         
pleasure-place for the summer2 but from 
its extent ,i should conceive the former
 to have been its purpose4 ,be that as  
it may1 it has perpetuated an imputation
 of folly upon the poor man who erected 
it1 which still keeps his memory        
disagreeably alive after a hundred      
years4 ,the house must have made a      
splendid appearance for many miles      
around2 and the glare of the            
old-fashioned festivities would be      
visible1 doubtless1 in the streets of   

,salem1 when he illuminated his windows 
to celebrate a king's birthday1 or some 
other loyal occasion4 ,the              
barberry-bushes1 clustering within the  
cellars1 offer the harsh acidity of     
their fruit to-day1 instead of the ripe 
wines which used to be stored there4    
,descending the hill1 ,i entered a      
green1 seldom-trodden lane1 which runs  
along at a hundred yards or two from its
 base1 and parallel with its ridge4 ,it 
was overshadowed by chestnut-trees1 and 
bordered with the prevalent             
barberry-bush1 and between ran the      
track1--the beaten path of the horses'  
feet1 and the even way of either wheel1 
with green strips between4 ,it was a    
very lonely lane1 and very pleasant in  
the warm1 declining sun2 and1 following 
it a third of a mile1 ,i came to a place
 that was familiar to me when ,i was a  
child1 as the residence of a country    
cousin whom ,i used to be brought to    
see4 ,there was his old house still     
standing1 but deserted1 with all the    

windows boarded up1 and the door        
likewise1 and the chimneys removed1--a  
most desolate-looking place4 ,a young   
dog came barking towards me as ,i       
approached1--barking1 but frisking1     
between play and watchfulness4 ,within  
fifty yards of the old house1 farther   
back from the road1 stands a stone      
house1 of some dozen or twenty years'   
endurance1--an ugly affair1 so plain is 
it1--which was built by the old man in  
his latter days4 ,the well of the old   
house1 out of which ,i have often drunk1
 and over the curb of which ,i have     
peeped to see my own boy-visage closing 
the far vista below1 seems to be still  
in use for the new edifice4 ,passing on 
a little farther1 ,i came to a brook1   
which1 ,i remember1 the old man's son   
and ,i dammed up1 so that it almost     
overflowed the road4 ,the stream has    
strangely shrunken now2 it is a mere    
ditch1 indeed1 and almost a dry one4    
,going a little farther1 ,i came to a   
graveyard by the roadside1--not         

apparently a public graveyard1 but the  
resting-place of a family or two1 with  
half a dozen gravestones4 ,on two marble
 stones1 standing side by side1 ,i read 
the names of ,benjamin ,foster and      
,anstiss ,foster1 the people whom ,i    
used to be brought to visit4 ,he had    
died in #ahbd1 aged seventy-five2 she in
 #ahcg1 aged seventy4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,a young 
woman in ,england1 poisoned by an ,east 
,indian barbed dart1 which her brother  
had brought home as a curiosity4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,the old house on ,browne's ,hill was   
removed from the summit to the plain1 at
 a short distance from the foot of the  
hill4 ,colonel ,putnam1 of the          
,custom-,house1 recollects it there1    
standing unoccupied1 but with the       
furniture still in it4 ,it seems to have
 been accessible to all who wished to   
enter4 ,it was at that time under the   
care of ,richard ,derby1 an ancestor of 
the present ,derbys1 who had a claim to 

the property through his wife1 who was a
 ,browne4 ,the owner of the house had   
fled during the ,revolution1 and        
,richard ,derby seems to have held the  
estate as it was when the refugee left  
it1 in expectation of his eventual      
return4 ,there was one closet in the    
house which everybody was afraid to     
open1 it being supposed that the ,devil 
was in it4 ,one day1 above fifty years  
ago1 or threescore it may have been1    
,putnam and other boys were playing in  
the house1 and took it into their heads 
to peep into this closet4 ,it was       
locked1 but ,putnam pried open the door1
 with great difficulty and much tremor4 
,at last it flew open1 and out fell a   
great pile of family portraits1 faces of
 gentlemen in wigs1 and ladies in quaint
 head-dresses1 displaying themselves on 
the floor1 startling the urchins out of 
their wits4 ,they all fled1 but returned
 after a while1 piled up the pictures   
again1 and nailed up the door of the    
closet4  ,the house1 according to the   

same authority1 was not tenanted after  
the earthquake of #agge2 at least1 it   
was removed from the summit of the hill 
on that occasion1 it having been greatly
 shaken by the earthquake4  ,the house  
formerly inhabited by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,paris1
 and in which the witchcraft business of
 #afib had its origin1 is still standing
 in the north parish of ,danvers4 ,it   
has been long since removed from its    
original site4 ,the workmen at first    
found great difficulty in removing it2  
and an old man assured them that the    
house was still under the influence of  
the ,devil1 and would remain so unless  
they took off the roof4 ,finally they   
did take off the roof1 and then         
succeeded in moving the house4 ,putnam  
was personally cognizant of this fact4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,november #ag4--;,a story of the effects
 of revenge in diabolizing him who      
indulges in it4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,the ,committee of
 ,vigilance1 instituted to promote the  

discovery of old ,mr4 ,white's          
murderers1--good as the machinery of a  
sketch or story4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,a story of the   
life1 domestic and external1 of a family
 of birds in a marten-house1 for        
children4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,the people believed that  
,john ,hancock's uncle had bought an    
immense diamond at a low price1 and sold
 it for its value1--he having grown rich
 with a rapidity inexplicable to them4  
,the fact was1 however1 according to    
,hutchinson1 that he made his fortune by
 smuggling tea in molasses hogsheads    
from ,st4 ,eustatia4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,an old    
,french ,governor of ,acadie1 the       
predecessor of ,d',aulnay1 paid for some
 merchandise1 which he bought of the    
captain of an ,english vessel1 with six 
or seven hundred buttons of massive     
gold1 taken from one of his suits4      
7,mass4 ,hist4 ,coll47         99       
99       99       99       99  ,an      

apparition haunts the front yard4 ,i    
have often1 while sitting in the parlor1
 in the daytime1 had a perception that  
somebody was passing the windows2 but1  
looking towards them1 nobody is there4  
,the appearance is never observable when
 looking directly towards the window1   
but only by such a sidelong or indirect 
glance as one gets while reading1 or    
when intent on something else4 ,but ,i  
know not how many times ,i have raised  
my head or turned with the certainty    
that somebody were passing4 ,the other  
day ,i found that my wife was equally   
aware of the spectacle1 and that1 as    
likewise agrees with my own observation1
 it always appears to be entering the   
yard from the street1 never going out4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,the immortal flowers1--a child's story4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,he looked as if he had been        
standing up thirty years against a      
northeast storm4 ,description of an old 
mate of a vessel1 by ,pike4         99  

99       99       99       99  ,death   
possesses a good deal of real estate1   
namely1 the graveyards in every town4   
,of late years1 too1 he has             
pleasure-grounds1 as at ,mount ,auburn  
and elsewhere4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,corwin is going  
to ,lynn2 ,oliver proposes to walk      
thither with him4 ,no1 says ,corwin1 ,i 
don't want you4 ,you take great1 long   
steps2 or1 if you take short ones1 'tis 
all hypocrisy4 ,and1 besides1 you keep  
humming all the time4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,may #ah1
 #ahdh4--;,decay of the year has already
 commenced4 ,i saw a dandelion gone to  
seed1 this afternoon1 in the ,great     
,pasture4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,words1 so innocent and    
powerless as they are1 as standing in a 
dictionary1 how potent for good and evil
 they become1 in the hands of one who   
knows how to combine them4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,captain 
,b---- tells a story of an immense      

turtle which he saw at sea1 on a voyage 
to ,batavia1--so long1 that the look-out
 at the mast-head mistook it for a rock4
 ,the ship passed close to it1 and it   
was apparently longer than the          
long-boat1 with a head bigger than any  
dog's head you ever see1 and great      
prickles on his back a foot long4       
,arriving at ,batavia1 he told the      
story1 and an old pilot exclaimed1      
,what6 have you seen ,bellysore ,tom8   
,it seems that the pilots had been      
acquainted with this turtle as many as  
twelve years1 and always found him in   
the same latitude4 ,they never did him  
any injury1 but were accustomed to throw
 him pieces of meat1 which he received  
in good part1 so that there was a mutual
 friendship between him and the pilots4 
,old ,mr4 ,l----1 in confirmation of the
 story1 asserted that he had often heard
 other shipmasters speak of the same1   
monster2 but he being a notorious liar1 
and ,captain ,b---- an unconscionable   
spinner of long yarns and travellers'   

tales1 the evidence is by no means      
perfect4 ,the pilots estimated his      
length at not less than twenty feet4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,grey ,property ,case4 ,mrs4 ,grey 
and her child three years old were      
carried off by the ,indians in #agef    
from the ,tuscarora valley in           
,pennsylvania4 ,the father1 going on a  
campaign in search of them1 was         
exhausted by fatigue1 and came home only
 to die1 bequeathing half his property  
to his child1 if living4 ,the mother1   
his wife1 being redeemed1 and there     
being several children who had been     
captive to the ,indians to be seen at   
,philadelphia1 went thither to see and  
recognize her little three years' old   
daughter1 from whom1 in her captivity1  
she had been separated4 ,her child      
proved not to be among the little       
captives2 but1 in order to get          
possession of her husband's property1   
she claimed another child1 of about the 
same age4 ,this child grew up gross1    

ugly1 awkward1 a big1 black1 uncomely   
,dutch lump1 not to be compared to the  
beautiful ,fanny ,grey1 and moreover    
turned out morally bad4 ,the real       
daughter was said to have been married1 
and settled in ,new ,york1 a fine woman1
 with a fair house and fair children4   
,at all events1 she was never recovered 
by her relatives1 and her existence     
seems to have been doubtful4 ,in #aghi1 
the heirs of ,john ,grey1 the father1   
became aware that the claimed and       
recovered child was not the child that  
had been lost4 ,they commenced a lawsuit
 for the recovery of ,john ,grey's      
property1 consisting of a farm of three 
or four hundred acres4 ,this lawsuit    
lasted till #ahcd1 when it was decided  
against the identity of the recovered   
child4 7,sherman ,day's ,hist4 ,coll4 of
 ,penn47         99       99       99   
99       99  ,bethuel ,vincent1 carried 
by the ,indians to ,canada1 being then  
recently married4 ,a few years after1 a 
rough-looking man fell in with a        

sleighing party at a tavern1 and        
inquired if they knew anything of ,mrs4 
,vincent4 ,she was pointed out to him4  
,he gave her news of her husband1 and1  
joining the sleighing party1 began to   
grow familiar with ,mrs4 ,vincent1 and  
wished to take her upon his lap4 ,she   
resisted1--but behold6 the rough-looking
 stranger was her long-lost husband4    
,there are good points in this story4   
7,ibid47         99       99       99   
99       99  ,among the survivors of a  
wreck are two bitter enemies4 ,the      
parties1 having remained many days      
without food1 cast lots to see who shall
 be killed as food for the rest4 ,the   
lot falls on one of the enemies4 ,the   
other may literally eat his heart6      
99       99       99       99       99  
,october #ac4--;,during this moon1 ,i   
have two or three evenings sat for some 
time in our dining-room without light   
except from the coal fire and the moon4 
,moonlight produces a very beautiful    
effect in the room1 falling so white    

upon the carpet1 and showing its figures
 so distinctly1 and making all the room 
so visible1 and yet so different from a 
morning or noontide visibility4 ,there  
are all the familiar things1 every      
chair1 the tables1 the couch1 the       
bookcase1 all that we are accustomed to 
see in the daytime2 but now it seems as 
if we were remembering them through a   
lapse of years1 rather than seeing them 
with the immediate eye4 ,a child's shoe1
 the doll1 sitting in her little        
wicker-carriage1 all objects that have  
been used or played with during the day1
 though still as familiar as ever1 are  
invested with something like strangeness
 and remoteness4 ,i cannot in any       
measure express it4 ,then the somewhat  
dim coal fire throws its unobtrusive    
tinge through the room1--a faint        
ruddiness upon the wall1--which has a   
not unpleasant effect in taking from the
 colder spirituality of the moonbeams4  
,between both these lights such a medium
 is created that the room seems just fit

 for the ghosts of persons very dear1   
who have lived in the room with us1 to  
glide noiselessly in and sit quietly    
down1 without affrighting us4 ,it would 
be like a matter of course to look round
 and find some familiar form in one of  
the chairs4 ,if one of the white        
curtains happen to be drawn before the  
windows1 the moonlight makes a delicate 
tracery with the branches of the trees1 
the leaves somewhat thinned by the      
progress of autumn1 but still pretty    
abundant4 ,it is strange how utterly ,i 
have failed to give anything of the     
effect of moonlight in a room4  ,the    
firelight diffuses a mild1 heart-warm   
influence through the parlor1 but is    
scarcely visible1 unless you            
particularly look for it2 and then you  
become conscious of a faint tinge upon  
the ceiling1 of a reflected gleam from  
the mahogany furniture1 and1 if your    
eyes happen to fall on the              
looking-glass1 deep within it you       
perceive the glow of the burning        

anthracite4 ,i hate to leave such a     
scene2 and when retiring to bed1 after  
closing the door1 ,i reopen it again and
 again1 to peep back at the warm1       
cheerful1 solemn repose1 the white      
light1 the faint ruddiness1 the         
dimness1--all like a vision1 and which  
makes me feel as if ,i were in a        
conscious dream4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,the first        
manufacture of the kind of candy called 
,gibraltar rock1 for a child's story2 to
 be told in a romantic1 mystic1         
marvellous style4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,an angel comes   
from heaven1 commissioned to gather up1 
put into a basket1 and carry away       
everything good that is not improved by 
mankind1 for whose benefit it was       
intended4 ,the angel distributes these  
good things where they will be          
appreciated4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,annals of a      
kitchen4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,a benevolent person going 

about the world and endeavoring to do   
good to everybody2 in pursuance of which
 object1 for instance1 he gives1 a pair 
of spectacles to a blind man1 and does  
all such ill-suited things4         99  
99       99       99       99           
,beautiful positions of statues to one  
intellectually blind4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,a man1  
arriving at the extreme point of old    
age1 grows young again at the same pace 
at which he has grown old2 returning    
upon his path1 throughout the whole of  
life1 and thus taking the reverse view  
of matters4 ,methinks it would give rise
 to some odd concatenations4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,little  
gnomes1 dwelling in hollow teeth4 ,they 
find a tooth that has been plugged with 
gold1 and it serves them as a gold mine4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,the wizard1 ,michael ,scott1 used  
to give a feast to his friends1 the     
dishes of which were brought from the   
kitchens of various princes in ,europe1 

by devils at his command4 ,now we will  
try a dish from the ,king of ,france's  
kitchen1 etc4 ,a modern sketch might    
take a hint from this1 and the dishes be
 brought from various restaurants4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,pixilated1--a ,marblehead word1 meaning
 bewildered1 wild about any matter4     
,probably derived from ,pixy1 a fairy4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,for a child's story1--imagine all sorts
 of wonderful playthings4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,sir     
,walter ,raleigh1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1   
,algernon ,sidney1 or some other great  
man1 on the eve of execution1 to make   
reflections on his own                  
head1--considering and addressing it in 
a looking-glass4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,march #af1       
#ahdi4--;,j---- 444 speaking of little  
,b4 ,p----3 ,i will hug him1 so that not
 any storm can come to him4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,a story1
 the principal personage of which shall 

seem always on the point of entering    
upon the scene1 but never shall appear4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,in the ,new ,statistical ,account of   
,scotland1 7,vol4 ,i417 it is stated    
that a person had observed1 in his own  
dairy1 that the milk of several cows1   
when mixed together and churned1        
produced much less butter proportionably
 than the milk of a single cow2 and that
 the greater the number of cows which   
contributed their milk1 the smaller was 
the comparative product4 ,hence1 this   
person was accustomed to have the milk  
of each cow churned separately4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,a modern magician to make the semblance
 of a human being1 with two laths for   
legs1 a pumpkin for a head1 etc41 of the
 rudest and most meagre materials4 ,then
 a tailor helps him to finish his work1 
and transforms this scarecrow into quite
 a fashionable figure4 ,at the end of   
the story1 after deceiving the world for
 a long time1 the spell should be       

broken1 and the gray dandy be discovered
 to be nothing but a suit of clothes1   
with a few sticks inside of them4 ,all  
through his seeming existence as a human
 being there shall be some              
characteristics1 some tokens1 that to   
the man of close observation and insight
 betray him to be a thing of mere talk  
and clothes1 without heart1 soul1 or    
intellect4 ,and so this wretched old    
creature shall become the symbol of a   
large class4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,the golden sands 
that may sometimes be gathered 7always1 
perhaps1 if we know how to seek for     
them7 along the dry bed of a torrent    
adown which passion and feeling have    
foamed1 and passed away4 ,it is good1   
therefore1 in mature life1 to trace back
 such torrents to their source4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,the same children who make the little  
snow image shall plant dry sticks1 etc41
 and they shall take root and grow in   
mortal flowers1 etc4         99       99

       99       99       99  ,monday1   
,september #ag4--,set out on a journey  
to ,temple1 ,n4,h41 with ,e4,f4 ,m----1 
to visit his father4 ,started by way of 
,boston1 in the half past ten train1 and
 took the ,lowell and ,nashua ,railroad 
at twelve1 as far as ,danforth's        
,corner1 about fifty miles1 and thence  
in stage-coach to ,milford1 four miles  
farther1 and in a light wagon to        
,temple1 perhaps twelve miles farther4  
,during the latter drive1 the road      
gradually ascended1 with tracts of      
forest land alongside1 and latterly a   
brook1 which we followed for several    
miles1 and finally found it flowing     
through ,general ,m----'s farm4 ,the    
house is an old country dwelling1 in    
good condition1 standing beside the     
road1 in a valley surrounded by a wide  
amphitheatre of high hills4 ,there is a 
good deal of copse and forest on the    
estate1 high hills of pasture land1 old1
 cultivated fields1 and all such        
pleasant matters4 ,the ,general sat in  

an easy-chair in the common room of the 
family1 looking better than when in     
,salem1 with an air of quiet1 vegetative
 enjoyment about him1 scarcely alive to 
outward objects4 ,he did his best to    
express a hospitable pleasure at seeing 
me2 but did not succeed1 so that ,i     
could distinguish his words4 ,he loves  
to sit amidst the bustle of his family1 
and is dimly amused by what is going    
forward2 is pleased1 also1 to look out  
of the open window and see the          
poultry--a guinea-hen1 turkeys1 a       
peacock1 a tame deer1 etc4--which feed  
there4 ,his mind sometimes wanders1 and 
he hardly knows where he is2 will not be
 convinced that he is anywhere but at   
,salem1 until they drag his chair to a  
window from which he can see a great    
elm-tree of which he is very fond1      
standing in front of the house4 ,then he
 acknowledges that he must be at the    
farm1 because1 he says1 they never could
 have transplanted that tree4 ,he is    
pleased with flowers1 which they bring  

him1--a kind-hearted old man4 ,the other
 day a live partridge was sent him1 and 
he ordered it to be let go1 because he  
would not suffer a life to be taken to  
supply him with a single meal4 ,this    
tenderness has always been              
characteristic of the old soldier4 ,his 
birthplace was within a few miles of    
this spot1--the son and descendant of   
husbandmen1--and character and fortune  
together have made him a man of history4
  ,this is a most hospitable family1 and
 they live in a style of plain          
abundance1 rural1 but with traits of    
more refined modes4 ,many domestics1    
both for farm and household work4 ,two  
unmarried daughters2 an old maiden aunt2
 an elderly lady1 ,mrs4 ,c4 of          
,newburyport1 visiting2 a young girl of 
fifteen1 a connection of the family1    
also visiting1 and now confined to her  
chamber by illness4 ,ney1 a spaniel of  
easy and affable address1 is a prominent
 personage1 and generally lies in the   
parlor or sits beside the ,general's    

chair2 always ready1 too1 to walk out   
with anybody so inclined4 ,flora1 a     
little black pony1 is another           
four-footed favorite4 ,in the warm      
weather1 the family dine in a large room
 on one side of the house1 rough and    
rustic looking1 with rude beams         
overhead4 ,there were evergreens hanging
 on the walls1 and the figures #aggf1   
also in evergreen1 and a national flag  
suspended in one corner1--the blue being
 made out of old homespun garments1 the 
red stripes out of some of the          
,general's flannel wrappings1 and the   
eagle copied from the figure on a       
half-dollar1--all being the handiwork of
 the ladies1 on occasion of the last    
,fourth of ,july4 ,it is quite a        
pleasant dining-hall2 and while we were 
eating fruit1 the deer1 which is of a   
small and peculiar breed from the       
,south1 came and thrust its head into   
the open window1 looking at us with     
beautiful and intelligent eyes4 ,it had 
smelt the fruit1 and wished to put in   

its claim for a share4  ,tuesday        
morning1 before breakfast1 ,e---- and ,i
 drove three or four miles1 to the      
summit of an intervening ridge1 from    
which we had a wide prospect of hill and
 dale1 with ,monadnock in the midst4 ,it
 was a good sight1 although the         
atmosphere did not give the hills that  
aspect of bulk and boldness which it    
sometimes does4 ,this part of the       
country is but thinly inhabited1 and the
 dwellings are generally small4 ,it is  
said that1 in the town of ,temple1 there
 are more old cellars1 where dwellings  
have formerly stood1 than there are     
houses now inhabited4 ,the town is not  
far from a hundred years old1 but       
contains now only five or six hundred   
inhabitants4 ,the enterprising young men
 emigrate elsewhere1 leaving only the   
least energetic portions to carry on    
business at home4 ,there appear to be   
but few improvements1 the cultivated    
fields being of old date1 smooth with   
long cultivation4 ,here and there1      

however1 a tract newly burned over1 or a
 few acres with the stumps still extant4
 ,the farm-houses all looked very       
lonesome and deserted to-day1 the       
inhabitants having gone to the          
regimental muster at ,new ,ipswich4  ,as
 we drove home1 ,e---- told a story of a
 child who was lost1 seventy or eighty  
years ago1 among the woods and hills4   
,he was about five years old1 and had   
gone with some work-people to a clearing
 in the forest1 where there was a       
rye-field1 at a considerable distance   
from the farm-house4 ,getting tired1 he 
started for home alone1 but did not     
arrive4 ,they made what search for him  
they could that night1 and the next day 
the whole town turned out1 but without  
success4 ,the day following1 many people
 from the neighboring towns took up the 
search1 and on this day1 ,i believe1    
they found the child's shoes and        
stockings1 but nothing else4 ,after a   
while1 they gave up the search in       
despair2 but for a long time1 a         

fortnight or three weeks or more1 his   
mother fancied that she heard the boy's 
voice in the night1 crying1 ,father6    
father6 ,one of his little sisters also 
heard this voice2 but people supposed   
that the sounds must be those of some   
wild animal4 ,no more search was made1  
and the boy never was found4  ,but it is
 not known whether it was the next      
autumn1 or a year or two after1 some    
hunters came upon traces of the child's 
wanderings among the hills1 in a        
different direction from the previous   
search1 and farther than it was supposed
 he could have gone4 ,they found some   
little houses1 such as children build of
 twigs and sticks of wood1 and these the
 little fellow had probably built for   
amusement in his lonesome hours4        
,nothing1 it seems to me1 was ever more 
strangely touching than this            
incident1--his finding time for childish
 play1 while wandering to his death in  
these desolate woods1--and then pursuing
 his way again1 till at last he lay down

 to die on the dark mountain-side4      
,finally1 on a hill which ,e---- pointed
 out to me1 they found a portion of the 
child's hair adhering to the overthrown 
trunk of a tree2 and this is all that   
was ever found of him4 ,but it was      
supposed that the child had subsisted1  
perhaps for weeks1 on the berries and   
other sustenance such as a forest-child 
knew how to find in the woods4 ,i forgot
 to say1 above1 that a piece of birch or
 other bark was found1 which he appeared
 to have gnawed4 ,it was thought that   
the cry of ,father6 father6 which the   
mother and little sister heard in the   
night-time1 was really the little       
fellow's voice1 then within hearing of  
his home2 but he wandered away again1   
and at last sank down1 and ,death found 
him and carried him up to ,god4 ,his    
bones were never found2 and it was      
thought that the foxes or other wild    
animals had taken his little corpse1 and
 scattered the bones1 and that1 dragging
 the body along1 one lock of his flaxen 

hair had adhered to a tree4  ,i asked a 
physician whether it were possible that 
a child could live so long in the woods2
 and he thought it was1 and said that   
children often show themselves more     
tenacious of life than grown people1 and
 live longer in a famine4 ,this is to me
 a very affecting story2 and it seems to
 be felt as such by the people of the   
country4 ,the little boy's parents1 and 
his brothers and sisters1 who probably  
lived to maturity or old age1 are all   
forgotten2 but he lives in tradition1   
and still causes wet eyes to strangers1 
as he did to me4  ,to account for the   
singularity of his not having been found
 by such numbers as took up the search1 
it is suggested that he was perhaps     
frightened1 and perhaps concealed       
himself when he heard the noise of      
people making their way through the     
forest1 people being apt to do so1 when 
they get mazed with wandering in the    
woods4 ,but it is strange that old      
hunters1 with dogs1 should have failed  

to find him4 ,however1 there is the     
fact4  ,after breakfast 7a broiled      
chicken and excellent coffee7 ,i walked 
out by myself4 ,the brook would be a    
beautiful plaything for my children1 and
 ,i wish ,i had such a one for them4 ,as
 ,i looked down into it from the bridge1
 ,i saw little fish1 minnows1 small     
chubs1 and perch sporting about and     
rising eagerly to anything that was     
thrown in4 ,returning towards the house1
 ,i encountered an ass1 who seemed glad 
to see me1 in its donkeyish way4        
,afterwards1 ,e---- and ,i took a ramble
 among some of his old haunts1 which    
took up pretty much all the remainder of
 the forenoon4 ,after dinner we drove to
 ,new ,ipswich1 expecting to see the    
closing scenes of the muster1 but found 
the regiment dismissed1 and the         
spectators taking their departure4 ,we  
visited a cousin of ,e----1 and took    
tea2 borrowed two great-coats 7it having
 grown from summer to autumn very       
rapidly since nightfall71 and drove     

home1 six miles or thereabouts4 ,a new  
moon and the long twilight gleamed over 
the first portion of our drive1 and then
 the northern lights kindled up and shot
 flashes towards the zenith as we drove 
along1 up hill and down dale1 and most  
of the way through dense woods4  ,the   
next morning1 after breakfast1 we got   
into our wagon and returned to ,milford1
 thence by stage to ,danforth's ,corner1
 thence to ,boston by rail4 ,nothing    
noteworthy occurred1 except that we     
called on ,mr4 ,atherton and lady at    
,nashua4 ,we reached ,boston at three   
o'clock4 ,i visited the ,town and       
,country ,club1 and read the papers and 
journals1 took the three quarters past  
five train and reached home at half past
 six4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,in the new statistical    
account of ,scotland1 in the volume     
about the ,hebrides1 it is stated that a
 child was born1 and lived to the age   
of1 ,i think1 two years1 with an eye in 
the back of its head1 in addition to the

 usual complement in front4 ,it could   
evidently see with this eye2 for when   
its cap was drawn down over it1 it would
 thrust it upward4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,october          
#bg4--,mrs4---- gave a black woman six  
dollars for a dress of pine-apple cloth1
 sixteen yards1 perhaps worth ten times 
as much1--the owner being ignorant of   
the value4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,to inherit a great        
fortune4--,to inherit a great           
misfortune4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,reflections in a   
mud-puddle2--they might be pictures of  
life in a mean street of a city4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,february #af1 #ahej4--,the sunbeam that
 comes through a round hole in the      
shutter of a darkened room1 where a dead
 man sits in solitude4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,the     
hoary periwig of a dandelion gone to    
seed4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,lenox1 ,july #ad1         

#ahej4--,language1--human               
language1--after all1 is but little     
better than the croak and cackle of     
fowls1 and other utterances of brute    
nature1 sometimes not so adequate4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,the queer gestures and sounds of a hen 
looking about for a place to deposit her
 egg1 her self-important gait1 the      
sideway turn of her head and cock of her
 eye1 as she pries into one and another 
nook1 croaking all the while1 evidently 
with the idea that the egg in question  
is the most important thing that has    
been brought to pass since the world    
began4 ,a speckled black and white and  
tufted hen of ours does it to most      
ludicrous perfection4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,july    
#be4--;,as ,i sit in my study1 with the 
windows open1 the occasional incident of
 the visit of some winged               
creature1--wasp1 hornet1 or             
bee1--entering out of the warm1 sunny   
atmosphere1 soaring round the room with 

large sweeps1 then buzzing against the  
glass1 as not satisfied with the place1 
and desirous of getting out4 ,finally1  
the joyous uprising curve with which1   
coming to the open part of the window1  
it emerges into the cheerful glow       
outside4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,august #d4--;,dined at    
hotel with ,j4,t4 ,fields4 ,afternoon   
drove with him to ,pittsfield1 and      
called on ,dr4 ,holmes4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,august  
#e4--;,drove with ,fields to            
,stockbridge1 being thereto invited by  
,mr4 ,field of ,stockbridge1 in order to
 ascend ,monument ,mountain4 ,found at  
,mr4 ,field's1 ,dr4 ,holmes1 ,mr4       
,duyckink of ,new ,york2 also ,mr4      
,cornelius ,matthews and ,herman        
,melville4 ,ascended the mountain1--that
 is to say1 ,mrs4 ,fields and ,miss     
,jenny ,field1 ,mr4 ,field and ,mr4     
,j4,t4 ,fields1 ,dr4 ,holmes1 ,mr4      
,duyckink1 ,matthews1 ,melville1 ,mr4   
,harry ,sedgwick1 and ,i1--and were     

caught in a shower4 ,dined at ,mr4      
,field's4 ,afternoon1 under guidance of 
,j4,f4 ,headley1 the party scrambled    
through the ,ice ,glen4 ,left           
,stockbridge and arrived at home about  
eight ,p4,m4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,august           
#g4--,messrs4 ,duyckink1 ,matthews1 and 
,melville called in the forenoon4 ,gave 
them a couple of bottles of ,mr4        
,mansfield's champagne1 and walked down 
to the lake with them4 ,at twilight ,mr4
 ,edwin ,p4 ,whipple and wife called    
from ,lenox4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,august           
#ai4--,monument ,mountain1 in the early 
sunshine2 its base enveloped in mist1   
parts of which are floating in the sky2 
so that the great hill looks really as  
if it were founded on a cloud4 ,just    
emerging from the mist is seen a yellow 
field of rye1 and above that1 forest4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,august #bd4--;,in the afternoons1 this 
valley in which ,i dwell seems like a   

vast basin filled with golden sunshine1 
as with wine4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,august           
#ca4--;,j4,r4 ,lowell called in the     
evening4 ,september #ast1 he called with
 ,mrs4 ,lowell in the forenoon1 on their
 way to ,stockbridge or ,lebanon1 to    
meet ,miss ,bremer4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,september        
#b4--,when ,i grow up1 quoth ,j----1 in 
illustration of the might to which he   
means to attain1--when ,i grow up1 ,i   
shall be two men6         99       99   
99       99       99  ,september        
#c4--;,foliage of maples begins to      
change4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,in a wood1 a heap or pile 
of logs and sticks that had been cut for
 firewood1 and piled up square1 in order
 to be carted away to the house when    
convenience served1 or rather to be     
sledded in sleighing-time4 ,but the moss
 had accumulated on them1 and1 leaves   
falling over them from year to year1 and
 decaying1 a kind of soil had quite     

covered them1 although the softened     
outline of the woodpile was perceptible 
in the green mound4 ,it was perhaps     
fifty years1 perhaps more1 since the    
woodman had cut and piled these logs and
 sticks1 intending them for his winter  
fire4 ,but he probably needs no fire    
now4 ,there was something strangely     
interesting in this simple circumstance4
 ,imagine the long-dead woodman1 and his
 long-dead wife and family1 and one old 
man who was a little child when the wood
 was cut1 coming back from their graves1
 and trying to make a fire with this    
mossy fuel4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,september          
#ai4--,lying by the lake yesterday      
afternoon1 with my eyes shut1 while the 
breeze and sunshine were playing        
together on the water1 the quick glimmer
 of the wavelets was perceptible through
 my closed eyelids4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,october #ac4--;,a
 cool day1--the wind northwest1 with a  
general prevalence of dull gray clouds  

over the sky1 but with brief1 sudden    
glimpses of sunshine4 ,the foliage      
having its autumn hues1 ,monument       
,mountain looks like a headless ,sphinx1
 wrapt in a rich ,persian shawl4        
,yesterday1 through a diffused mist1    
with the sun shining on it1 it had the  
aspect of burnished copper4 ,the        
sun-gleams on the hills are peculiarly  
magnificent1 just in these days4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,october #ac4--,one of the children1    
drawing a cow on the blackboard1 says1  
,i'll kick this leg out a little        
more1--a very happy energy of           
expression1 completely identifying      
herself with the cow2 or1 perhaps1 as   
the cow's creator1 conscious of full    
power over its movements4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,october 
#ad4--,the brilliancy of the foliage has
 past its acme2 and1 indeed1 it has not 
been so magnificent this season as      
usual1 owing to the gradual approaches  
of cool weather1 and there having been  

slight frosts instead of severe ones4   
,there is still a shaggy richness on the
 hillsides4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,october #af4--;,a  
morning mist1 filling up the whole      
length and breadth of the valley1       
between the house and ,monument         
,mountain1 the summit of the mountain   
emerging4 ,the mist reaches to perhaps a
 hundred yards of me1 so dense as to    
conceal everything1 except that near its
 hither boundary a few ruddy or yellow  
tree-tops rise up1 glorified by the     
early sunshine1 as is likewise the whole
 mist-cloud4 ,there is a glen between   
our house and the lake1 through which   
winds a little brook1 with pools and    
tiny waterfalls1 over the great roots of
 trees4 ,the glen is deep and narrow1   
and filled with trees2 so that1 in the  
summer1 it is all in dark shadow4 ,now1 
the foliage of the trees being almost   
entirely of a golden yellow1 instead of 
being obscure1 the glen is absolutely   
full of sunshine1 and its depths are    

more brilliant than the open plain or   
the mountain-tops4 ,the trees are       
sunshine1 and1 many of the golden leaves
 having freshly fallen1 the glen is     
strewn with light1 amid which winds and 
gurgles the bright1 dark little brook4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,october #bh4--,on a walk yesterday     
forenoon1 my wife and children gathered 
,houstonias4 ,before night there was    
snow1 mingled with rain4 ,the trees are 
now generally bare4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,december #a4--;,i
 saw a dandelion in bloom near the lake1
 in a pasture by the brookside4 ,at     
night1 dreamed of seeing ,pike4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,december #ai4--;,if the world were     
crumbled to the finest dust1 and        
scattered through the universe1 there   
would not be an atom of the dust for    
each star4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,,katharine ,,morne4       
,,part ,,ii4   ,,chapter ,,iv4  ,soon   
after ,fanny's funeral1 ,miss ,mehitable

 told me she had found out who the lady 
was that wished for my painting at the  
fair4 ,her niece had pointed her out as 
she drove by in a barouche2 and it was  
,miss ,dudley4  ,my second copy was     
begun in the last fortnight of ,fanny's 
life1 as she slept and ,i sat beside    
her4 ,i had not then had time1 nor since
 had heart1 to go on with it4 ,but now1 
seeing an opportunity to do something   
more to fulfil her wishes and to do     
anything for ,miss ,dudley1 ,i took up  
my task again1 and quickly finished it4 
,then1 still unsatisfied1 ,i roamed     
through the woods1 and along the shore1 
to gather specimens of the native       
plants1 insects1 and shells that seemed 
to me most like the foreign ones that ,i
 had copied1 and grouped and painted and
 framed them like the first4 ,the       
,doctor left both for me at ,miss       
,dudley's gate1 with this inscription on
 the envelope3 ,a little offering of    
great gratitude1 from a sister of ,fanny
 ,morne4 ,i suppose1 by the way1 this is

 one source of the satisfaction that    
some real mourners find in wearing      
mourning1 as they say1 for the dead1--a 
vague longing1 like mine1 after they    
have passed beyond human care1 to do or 
sacrifice still something more for them4
  ,after that1 there seemed to be       
nothing more that ,i could do for       
,fanny1 nor anything that1 for myself1  
,i cared to do4 ,from habit only1 ,i    
employed myself4 ,julia1 as she begged  
that ,i would call her1 had a large     
basket of baby-clothes cut out4 ,at that
 ,i seated myself after breakfast2 and  
at that ,i often worked till bedtime1   
like a machine1--startled sometimes from
 my revery1 indeed1 by seeing how much  
was done1 but saying nothing1 hearing   
little1 and shedding not a tear4  ,julia
 would have remonstrated2 but the       
,doctor said to her3 ,let her alone for 
the present1 my dear2 she has had a     
great shock4 ,trust to nature4 ,this    
cannot last long with a girl like ,katy4
 ,it is half of it over-fatigue1 carried

 on from her school-keeping to add to   
the present account4 ,to me he said3    
,katy1 you may sew1 if you like1 but not
 in-doors1 ,i will carry your basket out
 for you into the arbor2 and in the     
afternoon ,i am going to take you to    
ride in the woods4  ,our past selves are
 often a riddle that our present selves 
cannot read2 but ,i suspect the real    
state of the case was1 partly that1 as  
the ,doctor believed1 ,i was for the    
time being exhausted in body and stunned
 in mind1 and partly that1 in those     
young1 impetuous days1 grief was such an
 all-convulsing passion with me1 when ,i
 yielded to it1 that to the utmost of my
 strength ,i resisted it at the outset1 
and seldom dared suffer myself to suffer
 at all4 ,but1 as he also believed1 this
 could not last long2 and it did not4   
,one afternoon1 as ,i sewed in the      
arbor1 a sweet little girl1 who had been
 in ,fanny's class in her ,sunday       
school1 stole into the garden and up to 
me1 looked wistfully into my face as if 

seeking some likeness there1 kissed my  
cheek timidly1 laid a large nosegay of  
delicate flowers upon my knee1 and crept
 away as gently as she came4 ,the       
flowers were all white2 and ,i saw at   
once that they were meant for ,fanny's  
grave4 ,i might go there for the first  
time now1 as well as at any other time4 
,the ,doctor and his wife were out      
together1 and no one was at home to     
question me4  ,fanny had been laid1 ,i  
need scarcely say1 just where she       
wished4 ,my guardian had driven me there
 early one morning to point out the     
place2 and we found the withered clovers
 in the grass4 ,it had rained often     
since4 ,the swollen turf was nearly     
healed4 ,i untied the flowers1 and      
slowly1 and with minute precision1      
arranged them in a cross above her      
breast4 ,at last1 when there was no     
blossom more to add or alter1 ,i sat    
down again in my solitude where ,i sat  
with her so lately1 with the same leaves
 fluttering on the same trees1 the same 

grass waving on the same graves1 and her
 beneath instead of upon it4  ,at first 
,i could not think1--,i could only cry4 
,for now at length ,i had to cry2 and   
cry ,i did1 in a tornado and deluge of  
grief that by degrees swept and washed  
away the accumulated vapors from my     
mind1 and brought it to a clearer1      
healthier calm4 ,i believe ,god in ,his 
mercy has appointed that those who are  
capable of the strongest1 shall not in  
general be capable of the longest       
anguish4 ,at least1 ,i am sure that it  
is so1 not only with myself1 but with   
one better and dearer than myself2 so   
that the experience of life has taught  
me to see in the sharpest of pangs the  
happiest augury of their brevity4  ,thus
 it could not have been very long before
 ,i was able to raise my head1 and wipe 
my eyes1 and look once more upon my two 
dear graves4 ,the setting sun glowed    
over them4 ,they looked soft and bright4
 ,from one of them the echo of an       
angel's voice seemed still to say1      

,here1 by mamma1 is where ,i like to    
lie2 from both in unison ,i heard1 ,it  
is good and brave to look things in the 
face and on all sides2 but then among   
the sides1 never forget the bright side1
 little ,katy4  ,could ,i refuse8 ,i    
looked for the bright side4 ,it was not 
far to seek4 ,in the first place1 the   
worst was over4 ,never again could ,i   
lose what ,i had lost1 nor--so at least 
,i thought then--could ,i feel what ,i  
had felt4 ,secondly1 my sorrow was only 
mine1 and no one's else4 ,those whom ,i 
loved were happy1 every one of          
them2--mamma and ,fanny1--,i could not  
doubt it1--happier far than ,i ever     
could have made them1 even if ,i had    
always tried as hard as ,i did after    
they began to leave me1--safer than they
 could ever have been in this world1 and
 safe forever2 and ,jim1--,i would not  
begin now to think about him again1 but 
just so much ,i must1--he was happy with
 ,emma4 ,even thus much brought a fresh 
gush of tears1 though not for him1--,i  

could still truly say that ,i had never 
shed one for him1 and that was some     
comfort to my pride at least2--but for  
,fanny2 because ,i had sometimes thought
 that1 when she was well and ,i had time
 to think of anything besides her1 if ,i
 ever did tell anybody of the mistake   
and trouble ,i had fallen into1 ,i would
 tell her1--and now1 however much ,i    
might need advice and assistance1 that  
could never be4 ,my guardian and his    
wife were happy in each other1 and would
 be happier still after ,i roused       
myself1 as ,i must and ought1 and ceased
 to sadden their home4 ,the world in    
which ,i still must live was1 whatever  
people might say of it1 not all sin1    
sickness1 or sorrow4 ,even where ,i sat1
 in one of those spots which most       
persons accounted the dreariest in it1  
,i could hear the laughter of           
light-hearted children at their play1   
the soft lowing of cattle grazing in the
 pleasant fields1 and shouts of strong  
men at their wholesome1 useful work4 ,i 

knew there must be sickness1 sin1 and   
sorrow in it2 but could not ,i do some  
little to help them1 with my free hands 
and the health and strength which were  
almost always mine8 ,very good ,i was   
not myself1 but ,i had been watchfully  
brought up in an innocent home2 there   
was no crime upon my conscience1 and1   
even as ,i cast a rueful glance upon its
 blemishes1 ,i heard a well-remembered  
voice say from a grave once more3 ,have 
patience with my little daughter4 ,some 
of the richest fruits and souls are not 
the first to ripen4 ,the chief thing    
that she wants is time to mellow4  ,and 
one of the brightest points in all the  
bright side was1 that1 in living so     
constantly through her illness with     
,fanny1 who lived with ,god1 ,i had been
 perforce brought nearer to ,him1 and   
therefore naturally learned to dread    
,him less and love ,him more than ,i had
 done2 so that ,i hoped1 as ,i know my  
mother did1 that the sunshine of ,his   
grace would help to mellow me4  ,another

 bright point was1 that ,i need not go  
back to ,greenville4 ,the present       
mistress was glad to keep the school1   
and the committee willing to keep her4  
,my desultory thoughts still growing    
calmer1 ,i began to form plans for my   
way of living1 as ,i used to do aloud1  
when ,i could talk them over with my    
mother and ,fanny4 ,i did not plan      
anything great1 however1 because ,i was 
conscious of no great powers4--,i       
already1 ,i think1 began to divine the  
truth of what a wise woman afterwards   
said to me1 ,your own nature must settle
 your work1 or rather of what she       
implied1 though she did not say it3 ,in 
laying out your work1 you should do your
 best to take the diagonal between your 
nature and your circumstances4--,but ,i 
resolved1 such as ,i was1 to try to make
 the most of myself in every way1 for   
myself1 my neighbors1 and my ,god4  ,i  
was to stay at my guardian's for the    
present4 ,he forbade my trying to teach 
again1 for some months at least4 ,it was

 my duty1 as well as my pleasure1 to    
obey him4 ,in the mean time1 ,i could   
prepare myself to teach better when ,i  
began again4 ,i would draw and paint at 
odd times4 ,two hours a day ,i would try
 to divide between history and the      
,english classic poets1 of both of which
 ,i knew sadly little4 ,julia often     
drove out with her husband2 and then ,i 
could study by myself4 ,when she was at 
home1 if ,i could not always chat with  
her as formerly1 ,i could read to her in
 ,french1 which she liked to hear2 and  
that would be much more sociable and    
cheerful for her than my sitting mute4  
,i would now exert myself to walk out   
every day for exercise1 so that there   
would be no reason for her giving up her
 place in the ,doctor's chaise to me4 ,i
 blushed to think how often ,i had      
suffered myself to be foisted into it by
 her already4 ,by my walks1 ,i would    
earn leave to sit with her in-doors2 and
 then ,i could save her many steps and  
little household cares4 ,then what      

should ,i do for her husband8 ,sing to  
him in the evening1 and begin1 if he    
liked it1 to-night4 ,it might be a      
little hard the first time2 but if so1  
there was all the more reason for having
 the first time over4 ,there was no need
 of my choosing sad songs1 or any that  
,fanny was fond of4  ,but it was growing
 late4 ,they would be anxious4 ,i must  
get up and go home4 ,go home6--without  
my home-mates8--leave them here8--with  
no kiss1--no good-night8 ,i stood up1   
and sat down again4 ,the blinding1      
choking passion1 that had seemed over1  
swelled up into my eyes and throat once 
more4 ,o that lonely1 empty life6 ,must 
,i go back to it8 ,how long would it    
last8 ,this was my only real home4 ,when
 might ,i come here to sleep8  ,in an   
instant it would have been all over     
again with my hardly-won calm2 but in   
that instant a white and gray fluttering
 between the green graves caught my     
tear-blurred sight4 ,i thought it that  
of a living dove1 but1 going nearer1    

found only a piece of torn newspaper1   
which had been wrapped around the stems 
of the flowers1 playing in the wind2 and
 on it my attention was caught by these 
quaint and pithy lines1 printed in one  
corner in double columns3--      ,,the  
,,conditions4      ,sad soul1 long      
harboring fears and woes       ,within a
 haunted breast4     ,haste but to meet 
your lowly ,lord1       ,and he shall   
give you rest4      ,into his           
commonwealth alike       ,are ills and  
blessings thrown4     ,bear you your    
neighbors' loads2 and             99    
99       99       99       99           
,yield only up ,his price1 your heart1  
,into ,god's loving hold1--     ,he     
turns with heavenly alchemy       ,your 
lead of life to gold4      ,some needful
 pangs endure in peace1       ,nor yet  
for freedom pant1--     ,he cuts the    
bane you cleave to off1       ,then 444 
,the rest was torn away4 ',and1'        
repeated ,i1 impatiently1--',then'6     
',and--then'--what8 ,there was no       

answer1 or at least ,i heard none2 but  
the verses1 so far as they went1 struck 
my excited fancy as a kind of           
preternatural confirmation of the faint 
outline of life and duty which ,i had   
been sketching4 ,i marked the date of   
the day upon the white margin with my   
pencil1 and took the paper with me as a 
memento of the time and place1 trimmed  
its torn edges carefully1 and laid it in
 ,fanny's little ,bible4   ,,chapter ,v4
  ,the next morning1 at breakfast1 ,dr4 
,physick said3 ,you did me a good       
office1 ,katy1 by singing me to         
sleepiness last night4 ,i was as tired  
as a dog1--no1 as a whole pack of       
,esquimaux dogs1--and1 instead of lying 
awake and saying to myself1 every time  
,i turned over1 ',what in this wide     
world am ,i ever going to do with that  
poor little ,nelly ,fader8' ,i only     
repeated1 whenever ,i came to myself a  
little1 ',nelly ,bligh shuts her eye    
when she goes to sleep'2 and then ,i    
followed her example4  ,i only wish1    

said ,i1 that there was any good office 
beside that ,i could do you4  ,well1 now
 ,i think of it1 there is one that ,i   
should be very much obliged to you to   
do1 to me and ,nelly ,fader besides4    
,i've got to hurry off in the direction 
opposite to her ,uncle ,wardour's2 and  
you talked of walking4 ,take this paper4
 ,empty it into a wine-bottle4 ,fill it 
up with spring-water4 ,cork it4 ,gum    
these directions on it4 ,take them to   
,nelly4 ,read them to her1 and make her 
understand them if you can1 and follow  
them1 which ,i can't4 ,i happen to have 
a better sample of the drug than is     
often in the market2 and she may as well
 have the benefit of it4 ,her aunt's a  
goose1 and she's a baby4 ,but1 as she's 
likely to be a suffering baby for some  
time to come1 we must try to have       
patience1 and take extra pains with her4
  ,is she going to die8 asked ,i1       
anxiously4  ,no1 no6 ,i've no idea she  
is4 ,no such good luck1 poor little     
victim6 ',only nervous1' as people say4 

,i can't find out that there's much else
 the matter4 ,i utterly hate these      
cases4 ,she ought to be under the care  
of a sensible woman2 and if there only  
was such a one in the profession1 ,i'd  
guarantee her her hands full of patients
 out of my practice alone4  ,a female   
physician6 cried ,i1 in horror4  ,o     
,phil6 what will you say next8 exclaimed
 his wife1 laughing4  ,well1 only wait  
till you're a male physician1 then1 and 
see1 returned he1 jumping into his      
chaise1 and relieving his own nerves    
with a crack of the whip1 which put new 
vivacity into those of ,de ,quincey4  ,i
 made ready at once1 for the day was    
sulky4 ,it had been weeping1 and had not
 yet begun to smile4  ,nelly lived with 
her uncle1 the apothecary1 ,mr4         
,wardour1 and his widowed sister1 ,mrs4 
,cumberland4 ,as ,i neared the door1 ,i 
heard her voice1 which was not dulcet1  
from the parlor-kitchen3 ,what's this   
here winder open for8  ,it felt so close
 in here1 was the plaintive little      

answer2 and the ,doctor said ,i ought to
 have the air4  ,does he think we can   
afford wood enough to warm all out-doors
 with8  ,i knocked2 but ,mrs4           
,cumberland was deaf1 and went on3 ,my  
sakes alive1 child6 what's all this8    
,the stewed damsons4  ',stewed damsons1'
 indeed6--,stewed stalks and stewed     
leaves and stewed creaturs6 ,didn't you 
have faculty of yourself enough to know 
that they'd got to be picked over before
 they went into the pot8 ,there1 there1 
child6 don't you go to cryin'1 whatever 
you do4  ,i knocked louder4  ,there's   
somebody to the door2 mebbe it's the    
,doctor4 ,you go and see what's wanted1 
an' don't take no more concern about    
these4 ,i'll see to 'em4  ,after a      
little delay1 occasioned perhaps by the 
need of rubbing the eyelids1 which were 
red1 a little pallid lass1 apparently   
about sixteen years old1 shyly opened   
the door1 and looked relieved1 ,i       
thought1 to find only me at it4 ,she had
 a small and pretty nose and mouth1     

large1 heavy blue eyes1 flaxen hair     
drawn neatly1 but unbecomingly1 away    
from her face1 looked modest and        
refined1 but sadly moped1 and was       
dressed in dark green1 which set her off
 much as spinach does a dropped egg4    
,miss ,nelly8 said ,i4  ,yes1 ,miss     
,morne1 said she4  ,i had never seen her
 before2 but it afterwards came out that
 she had peeped at me through the blinds
 of her chamber4  ,i have brought you a 
little treat from ,dr4 ,physick4  ,o1   
said she1 looking rather pleased2 then  
isn't he coming to-day8  ,no2 he sent me
 instead4  ,i am glad to see you1 said  
she1 timidly1 but beginning to look     
really pretty1 as her countenance went  
on brightening4 ,won't you walk in8  ,i 
did so1 sat down opposite to her in the 
cold1 shaded best parlor1 and went over 
the directions to her aloud4 ,she kept  
her face civilly turned towards me2 but 
it grew utterly blank again1 and ,i saw 
she was not paying the least attention4 
,so ,i played her a genuine teacher's   

trick1 which ,i had learned in my       
school-room4 ,now1 continued ,i1 will   
you be so good as to repeat to me what  
,i have been saying1 so that ,i may be  
able to tell ,dr4 ,physick that ,i      
explained it to you perfectly8 ,he was  
rather particular about it4  ,of course 
she could not2 but this obliged her1 in 
common courtesy1 to listen the second   
time1 which was all ,i wanted4 ,then ,i 
rose4  ,she went with me to the door1   
saying1 ,i am sorry to give so much     
trouble4 ,you are very kind to take so  
much for me4  ,it will be a 'joyful     
trouble1' if it does you good4  ,you are
 very kind to me4 ,do you like roses8   
,indeed ,i do4 ,do not you8  ,i don't   
know4 ,i used to4  ,there were three    
blossoms and one bud on a monthly       
rose-bush1 which stood in an earthen pot
 by the front door4 ,in an instant she  
had gathered them all1 in spite of my   
protestations4 ,she added two or three  
from a heliotrope1 and the freshest     
sprigs from a diosma1 a myrtle1 and a   

geranium1 all somewhat languishing1 and 
tied them together for me with a long   
blade of grass4  ,it is plain1 said ,i1 
as ,i thanked her1 that you still care  
enough about flowers to arrange them    
most sweetly4 ,these look as if they    
were sitting for their picture4 ,i      
should like to paint them just as they  
are4  ,can you paint8  ,a little4       
,cannot you8  ,no2 ,i can't do anything4
  ,shall we make a bargain1 then8 ,i    
ventured to say1 as she looked and      
seemed so much like the poor baby the   
,doctor had called her4 ,we will each of
 us try to do something for the other4  
,if ,i succeed in painting your flowers1
 and you succeed in following your      
directions1 you shall have the picture4 
,she blushed deeply1 looked half ashamed
 and half gratified1 but altogether more
 alive than she had done till now1 and  
finally managed to stammer out3 ,it's   
too good an offer--too kind--to refuse2 
but it's more than ,i deserve1 a great  
deal4 ,so ,i'll try to mind ,dr4        

,physick1 to please you2 and then--if   
you liked to give me the picture1 ,i    
should prize it very much4  ,i nodded1  
laughed1 went home1 put the flowers in  
water on ,julia's work-table1 read to   
her1 and went into the heart of the town
 to do some shopping for her4 ,after our
 early dinner1 ,i said ,i was a little  
tired2 and she drove with her husband4  
,i took out my paper1 brushes1 and      
palette1 set ,nelly's nosegay in a      
becoming light1 and began to rub my     
paints2 when wheels and hoofs came near 
and stopped1 and presently the door-bell
 rang4  ,are the ladies at home8 asked a
 smooth1 silvery1 feminine voice1 with a
 peculiarly neat1 but unaffected        
enunciation4  ,no'm1 he ain't1 returned 
the portress1 mechanically2 an' he's    
druv ,missis out1 too4 ,here's the      
slate2 or ,miss ,kitty could take a     
message1 ,i s'pose1 without she's went  
out lately ago4  ,take this card1       
resumed the first voice1 if you please1 
to ,miss ,morne1 and say that1 if she is

 not engaged1 ,i should be glad to see  
her4  ,i rose in some confusion1 pushed 
my little table into the darkest corner 
of the room1 received the white card    
from ,rosanna's pink paw1 in which it   
lay like cream amidst five half-ripe    
,hovey's seedlings1 read ,miss ,dudley  
upon it1 told ,rosanna to ask her to    
please to walk in1 and took up my       
position just within the door1 in a     
state of some palpitation4  ,in another 
minute a gray-haired1 rather tall and   
slight1 and very well-made lady1 with   
delicate1 regular1 spirited features1   
was before me1 telling me with a        
peculiar kind of earnest cordiality1 and
 a sympathy that expressed itself fully 
in tones1 though not in words1 that she 
could not content herself with writing  
her acknowledgments to me2 she must come
 and see me herself1 to tell me how     
pleased and gratified and touched she   
was by the offering that ,i had sent    
her4  ,i felt myself too much moved by  
the associations connected with it1 and 

called up by her1 to answer readily2 and
 she1 as if conjecturing this1 led the  
conversation gently off1 at first to    
painting in general1 and afterwards1 as 
,i grew more at my ease with her1 back  
again1 with an appearance of genuine    
interest1 to mine4  ,there was one      
little shell1 said she1 in your native  
group1 which was quite new to me1       
and--which is more remarkable--to my    
brother4  ,was it like this8 asked ,i1  
taking a specimen from my paint-box4    
,precisely4 ,we felt sure the portrait  
must be true to life1 because all its   
companions were such faithful           
likenesses2 and then it had itself such 
an honest1 genuine1 individual look4    
,but is it to be found on this coast8   
,yes4 ,if ,mr4 ,dudley has not met with 
it1 it must no doubt be very rare2 but1 
near the same spot always1 just beyond  
,cedar ,point1 under the rocks in the   
little cove that lies farthest to the   
south1 ,i have found it more than once4 
,you must be quite an enthusiast in     

natural history4 ,have you studied it   
long8  ,no1 ma'am1 never4 ,i mean1      
continued ,i1 answering her look of     
surprise1 never from books4 ,i believe  
,i should enjoy it more than any other  
study2 but ,i know so little yet of     
other things1 and there are so many     
other things that one needs more to     
know4 ,i felt my cheeks burn2 for no    
sooner was ,i helplessly launched into  
this speech1 than ,i perceived what an  
awkward one it was to make to the sister
 of an eminent naturalist4              
,notwithstanding1 as ,i thought it was  
true1 ,i could not take it back4  ,i    
agree with you entirely1 said she with a
 reassuring smile4 ,such studies are    
fitted much more for the coping-stones  
than the foundation-stones of a good    
education4 ,but then1 if you will not   
think me too inquisitive1 pray let me   
ask you one thing more2 and that is1    
where and how you came by all the       
information that that group showed4     
,only by playing on the beaches and in  

the woods when ,i was a child4 ,my      
mother did not like to keep me in1      
because she thought that that had       
impaired my sister--here my voice would 
break1 but ,i would go on1--,fanny's    
dear name should not die out of memory  
while ,i lived--my sister ,fanny's      
health2 but they were afraid to let me  
run quite wild1 and so she--my          
sister--led me out often wherever ,i    
wished to go1 and helped me fill a      
little pasteboard museum which she made 
for me4  ,miss ,dudley's large1 soft1   
trusty brown eyes met mine tenderly1 as 
she said3 ,these things must indeed     
possess a more than common interest for 
you then4 ,have you that museum now8    
,no1 ma'am2 ,i sometimes wish ,i had4 ,i
 gave it away when ,i went to           
,greenville to keep school1 ,i added2   
not that ,i supposed it would matter    
anything to her1 but that ,i thought it 
just as well to make sure of her        
understanding my position in life4      
,that is so natural to us all1--to part 

with these little relics when we are    
still very young1 and then to wish them 
back again before we are much older6    
,you would smile to see a little museum 
that ,i keep for my brother1--not his   
scientific collection1 which ,i hope    
some day to have the pleasure of showing
 you1--but 'an olla podrida in an       
ancestral wardrobe1' as my little ,paul 
calls it1 of his and my two little      
nieces' first baby-shoes1 rattles1      
corals1 and bells1 wooden horses1       
primers1 picture-books1 and so forth1   
down to the cups and balls1 and         
copy-books1 which they have cast off    
within a month or two1 each labelled    
with the owner's name1 and the date of  
deposit4 ,no year goes by without       
leaving behind some memento of each of  
them1 or even without my laying aside   
there some trifling articles of dress   
that they have worn4 ,it is a fancy of  
my brother's4 ,he says that others may  
claim their after-years1 but their      
childhood is his own1--all of it that is

 not mine1--and he must keep it for     
himself1 and for them when they come    
back to visit him in his old age4 ,it is
 a birthday treat to them already to    
take the key from my split-ring1 and    
look together over the half-forgotten   
things4 ,but there is one thing there--a
 manuscript on the topmost shelf--which 
they do not know about1 but which we    
take out and laugh over sometimes when  
they are all in bed1--a record that ,i  
have kept of all the most diverting     
things which we have heard them say1    
ever since they began to learn to talk4 
,she checked herself1--,i fancied       
because she remembered that1 in her     
enthusiasm about the children1 she had  
forgotten to what a new acquaintance she
 was speaking4 ,she rose to take leave1 
and resumed1 shaking hands with me      
cordially1--she had1 ,i observed1 a     
remarkably cordial and pleasant1 earnest
 way of shaking hands1--,but upon the   
subject of my museum1 ,miss ,morne1 ,i  
need hardly beg you to be more discreet 

than ,i1 and not to mention a domestic  
trifle of so little general interest4   
,i could only bow1 but longed1 as ,i    
attended her to the door1 to assure her 
of the particular interest which ,i had 
already begun to feel in every trifle   
which belonged to her4  ,her little     
barouche1 and long-tailed1 dark-gray    
ponies1 vanished with her down the road2
 and ,i was left walking up and down the
 room4 ,the kind o' poor-lookin'1       
pale-lookin'1 queer-lookin' lady1 that  
,miss ,mehitable had described1--was    
this she8 ,how are we ever to know      
people by descriptions1 when the same   
person produces one impression on one   
mind and quite another on another1--nay1
 may have one set of inherent qualities 
brought out by contact with one         
character1 and quite another set by     
contact with another character8 ,have ,i
 described ,miss ,dudley8 ,no1--and ,i  
cannot4 ,she was both unique and        
indescribable4  ,most people impress us 
more1 perhaps1 by their outward and     

physical1 than by their inward and      
psychical life4 ,on a first interview   
with them1 especially1 we receive an    
impression of clothes1 good or          
otherwise1 of beauty or plainness or    
ugliness of feature1 and of correctness 
or uncouthness of manner4 ,these are the
 common people1 whether ladies and      
gentlemen1 or simple men and women4     
,there are1 however1 others1 in all     
ranks and conditions1 so instinct and   
replete with spirit1 that we chiefly    
feel1 when they have come in our way1   
that a spirit has passed by1--that a new
 life has been brought in contact with  
our own life4  ,of these was ,miss      
,dudley4 ,but because1 ever since the   
day ,i write of1 ,i have loved to think 
of her1 and because ,i know that1 when  
,i rejoin her1 ,i shall leave some      
behind me who will still love1 and have 
a right to hear of her1 ,i will indulge 
myself in saying something more4 ,that  
something shall be what ,i said to      
myself then1 as ,i promenaded to and    

fro1--that bodily exercise was one of my
 safety-valves in those times1--in the  
endeavor to work off so much of my      
superfluous animation as to be in a     
state to sit down and paint again2 and  
thus ,i spake3 ,i must have had before  
me an uncommonly fine specimen of a     
class whose existence ,i have           
conjectured before1 but by no means     
including all the wealthy1 who wear     
their purple and fine linen both        
gracefully and graciously1 fare not more
 sumptuously than temperately every day1
 and do a great deal1 not only directly 
by their ready beneficence1 but         
indirectly by their sunny benignity1 to 
light up the gloomy world of ,lazarus4  
,and though ,i was but a budding        
theorist in human nature1 and often made
 mistakes before and afterwards1 ,i     
never found myself mistaken there4      
,when ,julia came in an hour after1 she 
said to me1 as ,i looked up from my     
roses and my rose-colored revery1 ,katy1
 you look like an inspired sibyl6 ,what 

has come over you8  ,miss ,dudley1 said 
,i4  ,what6 has she really--been here8  
,how ,i wish ,i had seen her6 ,what did 
she wear8  ,i'm afraid ,i can't tell    
you4 ,wait1 ,i will try4 ,o yes6 it     
comes back to me2--a silver-gray shot   
poplin1 or silk1 made full1 but1 ,i     
think1 quite plain2 a large red         
,cashmere shawl1 rather more crimson and
 less scarlet than they usually are1--it
 glowed gloriously out from the         
gray2--then some kind of a thin1 gray   
bonnet1 with large gray and crimson     
crape and velvet flowers in             
it1--hibiscus or passion-flowers1 or    
really ,i don't know what1--that seemed 
just to marry the dress to the shawl4   
,pretty well for you1 ,katy6 ,rather    
heavy for the season2 but ,i suppose she
 was afraid of this east wind4 ,you     
liked her1 then8  ,very much4  ,so does 
the ,doctor1 always4 ,some people call  
her proud2 but he says1 that is only    
their way of expressing their view of   
the fact that she has a good deal to    

make her so1 and more than enough to    
make them so1 if they had it instead of 
her4  ,i dare say4 ,i should not think  
she was a person to take liberties with2
 but she was very sweet and kind to me4 
,you are not a person to take liberties 
with anybody1 nor to have any taken with
 you2 and so ,i dare say she recognized 
a kindred spirit4  ,now1 ,julia1 by your
 paying me such a compliment as that1 ,i
 am certain you must want to have your  
bonnet taken up stairs for you2 and so  
you shall4  ,ah6 now ,i shall always    
know what string to pull when ,i wish to
 put a skilful attendant in motion4     
,phil would take my bonnet up stairs for
 me in a moment1 if ,i bade him2 but    
when ,i went up myself after it1 it     
would be sure to stare me in the face1  
topsy-turvy1 dumped bolt upright on the 
feather4   ,,chapter ,,vi4  ,in another 
fortnight we had another ,physick in the
 family4 ,his papa called him a little  
dose1 and his mamma a pill1 in          
contradistinction to her previous ,phil4

 ,proving peaceful and reflective1 he   
also soon earned for himself the title  
of the infant ,philosopher4  ,mrs4      
,physick did not like the society of    
,mrs4 ,rocket1 the nurse1 whom the      
,doctor had chosen on account of the    
absence of her conversational powers4   
,mrs4 ,physick was accordingly always   
trying to get me into her chamber to sit
 with her4 ,mrs4 ,rocket accordingly did
 not like me1 and was always trying to  
get me out4 ,between these two          
contending powers above1 and the        
butcher1 the baker1 and                 
candlestick-maker below1 ,i was neither 
solitary nor idle4  ,there was much to  
do1 moreover1 in answering the kind     
inquiries1 and receiving and disposing  
of the whips1 jellies1 blanc-mangers1   
and other indigestible delicacies1 sent 
in by anxious friends4 ,these the       
grateful ,doctor pronounced1 in the     
privacy of domestic life1 poison for the
 patient1 but not quite so bad for the  
attendants4 ,accordingly1 we ate them   

together sociably1 at almost every meal2
 after which we went up stairs and told 
the patient how good they were1 while ,i
 presented her gruel1 and he would ask  
her1 with an earnest air of judicial and
 dispassionate investigation1 whether   
that was not nice4 ,this conduct she    
declared most unfeeling and ungrateful  
in us both1 and bound herself by many a 
vow to make us pay for it as soon as she
 had the ordering of our dinners again4 
,so we all made merry together over the 
little cradle that was called the       
pill-box4 ,its small tenant was from the
 first1 as ,i have hinted1 a virtuous   
child1 cried little1 slept much1 and    
when awake rewarded our attentions by   
making such preposterous faces as       
rendered it a most grateful task to     
watch him4 ,i soon1 therefore1 became   
much attached to him2 and ,i enjoyed one
 at least of the chief elements of the  
happiness of the individual1--the       
happiness of those among whom the       
individual lives4  ,in the mean time my 

guardian sometimes discussed with me    
some other things besides the jellies4  
,for instance1 ,katy1 said he at one of 
our tete-a-tete dinners1 you walk out   
every day1 ,i suppose2 or1 at least1 you
 ought4 ,i wish you would call now and  
then1 and take ,nelly ,fader with you4  
,she can hardly be a very entertaining  
companion to you1 ,i own1 but it would  
be a charity2 and1 for your mother's    
daughter1 that's enough4  ,certainly ,i 
will4 ,by the way1 speaking of her1 what
 did you mean by what you said that day 
about female physicians8  ,i meant what 
,i said1 returned he1 bluntly4 ,i meant 
just what ,i said4 ,we need them1 and we
 shall have them4 ,it is an experiment  
that has got to be tried1 and will be   
probably1 within your lifetime1 if not  
in mine4 ,i don't want you to be one of 
them1 though4 ,you ought to be as much  
cleverer than yourself as you are now   
than ,nelly ,fader1 in order to carry it
 through2 and even then it might be the 
carrying of a cross through life1--a    

grievous1 in the view of most men       
perhaps an ignominious cross1 to the    
pioneers4 ,especially it will be so1 if 
other good but uninformed and           
thoughtless women are going to cry out  
upon it1 as you and ,julia did the other
 day4 ,whether the experiment is to     
succeed or not depends1 under           
,providence1 very much on you and such  
as you4 ,but if that sort of outcry is  
to be raised1 it will probably have the 
effect of keeping out of the profession 
such women as1 from their integrity1    
ability1 culture1 and breeding1 could be
 ornaments to it1 and leave us shallow  
and low-minded smatterers1 that ,i      
wouldn't trust with the life of a       
canary-bird1--who will ask which is     
likely to be the most lucrative calling1
 medicine or millinery1 and take their  
choice accordingly1--and1 for want of   
better1 poor dupes will employ them4 ,if
 you can't bear female practitioners1   
you'll have to bear female              
quacktitioners4 ,he paused and looked at

 me4  ,i knew how jealous he always was 
for the honor of his craft4 ,he did not 
often come so near giving me a scolding2
 and ,i began to be afraid ,i might     
deserve one1 though ,i could not see    
how4 ,i am sorry1 said ,i2 ,i did not   
mean--,i did not think--,i did not      
know--  ,precisely1 kitten on the       
hearth1 returned he1 good-humoredly2 and
 as you are sorry1 and as you are       
besides usually rather less unmeaning   
and unthinking and unknowing than most  
other chits of your age1 ,i forgive you4
 ,learn to think and know before you    
hiss or purr1 and you will be wiser than
 most chits of any age or sex4 ,but now1
 consider3 you1 such as you are1        
yourself little more than a child1 have1
 in two or three short visits1 roused1  
interested1 and done that other poor    
child more good1 and1 ,i strongly       
suspect1 inspired her with more         
confidence1 than ,i--,i trust as upright
 a person and as sincere a              
well-wisher--have been able to do in a  

score4 ,and this you have been able to  
do1 in great part1 simply by virtue of  
your womanhood4 ,it comes more natural  
to her1 no doubt1 to talk with you4     
,nelly's is a case in point1 though by  
no manner of means so strong a case as  
others that ,i have in my mind4 ,now    
imagine another woman with your         
good-will and natural tact1 vivacity1   
and sympathy2 multiply these by double  
your age and intellect1 and again by    
triple your experience and information2 
calculate from these data her powers of 
doing good in such cases1 and then see  
whether1 in helping to brand her and    
fetter her in the exercise of such      
powers1 you may not 'haply be found to  
fight against ,god4'  ,i will not speak 
so again1--at least before ,i think and 
know4 ,you have forgiven me4 ,now       
appoint me my penance4  ,do what more   
you can for ,nelly1 then4 ,i can do     
little or nothing4 ,in fact1 my visits  
seem to embarrass and agitate her so    
much1 that ,i am sometimes afraid they  

hurt her more than they help her4 ,she  
suffers more in mind than body1 ,i      
suspect4 ,how1 she will not tell me1 and
 perhaps she cannot4 ,it may be that she
 is sick from sorrow2 or1 on the other  
hand1 her sorrow may be only an illusion
 of her sickness4 ,it is all1 from first
 to last1 a mere miserable groping and  
working in the dark4 ,in the mean time  
her constitution and character are      
forming for life4 ,it is enough to make 
one's heart ache to look at the poor    
baby1 and think what an unsatisfactory1 
profitless1 miserable life that may be4 
,i need not remind you1 ,katy1 that all 
this is a little piece of ,freemasonry  
between ourselves4 ,you are one of the  
exceptional and abnormal human people   
before whom one can safely think aloud4 
,i went to ,nelly that very afternoon1  
with some curiosity and with no         
unwillingness4 ,i had already begun to  
like her better than the ,doctor did1 as
 ,i began to know her better4 ,at first 
,i had been somewhat at a loss as to her

 real disposition1 between the constant 
civility of her manners1 and the        
occasional sullenness of her manner4 ,i 
was fast making up my mind that the     
civility was genuine2 the sullenness1   
apparent only1 the result of extreme    
shyness1 despondency1 and languor4 ,as  
fast as she became more and more at her 
ease with me1 just so fast did she      
become more and more engaging4 ,she was 
chaotic enough1 and like a different    
creature on different days2 but ,i found
 her1 though sometimes very childish1   
often sweet and never sour1 unvaryingly 
patient towards her very trying aunt1   
and only too subservient to her4  ,on   
this particular afternoon1 ,i spied her 
through the best-parlor window1 sobbing 
dismally4 ,when she heard and saw me1   
she tried to compose herself in vain2   
but the only account she had to give of 
her grief was1 that the mocking-bird    
sang so dreadfully1 and the ,doctor told
 ,aunt ,cumberland she ,nelly was not   
going to die4 ,there1 added she1 under  

her breath1 ,i didn't mean to say that6 
,we had no chance to say more2 for ,mrs4
 ,cumberland came in from her shopping1 
and inquired for some cap-ruffles1 which
 she had given ,nelly to make up for    
her4 ,she said she didn't feel well     
enough to go down town with me1 said    
,mrs4 ,cumberland2 an' so ,i left her   
them to hem1 'cause the ,doctor says she
 needs cheerful occupation2 an' them are
 just the pootiest kind o' work for     
young ladies1 an' ruther tryin' to old  
eyes4  ,this was unanswerable2 and as ,i
 was obliged myself to go to some shops1
 and ,nelly could not1 with her swollen 
lids1 ,i bade ,mrs4 ,cumberland good by2
 but told her niece that ,i meant to    
call for her soon again1 for the ,doctor
 thought it would do both of us good to 
take a walk every day4 ,she looked      
somewhat encouraged by this2 and ,i     
hoped that the plan would have the      
twofold effect of making her think it   
would be ungracious to refuse to        
accompany me a second time1 and of      

keeping her from crying lest she should 
again be caught at it4  ,when ,i reached
 home1 ,i found it a home of strife4    
,the pill was soon to be labelled4 ,dr4 
,physick wished to call it ,julius2 but 
nothing would do for his tyrannical wife
 but to have it bear his name4  ,thank  
you1 said the ,doctor1 as ,i entered4   
,aren't the sufferings of one generation
 under that dispensation enough for you8
 ,do as you would be done by1 ,julia4   
,how would you like yourself to be      
called ,philemon8  ,i can't help that1  
persisted ,mrs4 ,julia4 ,the name of    
,phil is a philter to me4 ,unless he    
bears it1 ,i shall hate him4  ,a likely 
story6 ,what should you have done if he 
had been a girl8  ,called him ,phillis1 
answered the ready ,julia1 sturdily4    
,then what should you say to ,philip1   
now8 interposed ,i in behalf of the     
helpless innocent1--7an interposition in
 return for which1 ever after we have   
finished his medical education with a   
year in ,paris1 he ought in common      

gratitude to prescribe for me gratis1 if
 ,i live to be as old and ill as ,joyce 
,heth2--for ,philip he was and is1 and  
will be1 ,i trust1 for many a fine      
day1--the fine1 honest1 clever1 useful  
fellow67  ,here's your fee1 ,katy1 for  
restoring my domestic supremacy--ahem6  
,i hope ,mrs4 ,physick did not hear1    
said the ,doctor2--domestic balance of  
power shall ,i say1 my love1--or system 
of compromises8  ,what my love desired  
him to say ,i cannot say1 for ,i was    
deep in the note which he had disgorged 
for me from his not only omnivorous1    
but1 alas6 too often oblivious pocket4  
,it was written on small-sized ,french  
paper1 in a beautiful ,english hand1    
bore date1 to my consternation1 some    
days back1 and ran as follows3--        
,,barberry ,,beach1 ,monday1 ,sept4--th1
 #ah--4  ,,dear ,,miss ,,morne3--  ,i   
have been wishing to see you again1 all 
through this month1 but scarcely        
expecting it till now2 because ,i knew  
how full your heart and hands must be at

 home4 ,now1 however1 since ,i have had 
the pleasure of hearing from the ,doctor
 that ,mrs4 ,physick is nearly well1    
perhaps it will not be too much to hope 
that you will find an hour to spare for 
me some day this week4 ,i have no       
engagements made2 and if you can appoint
 a time to come to me1 ,i shall be here 
and deny myself to other visitors4 ,i   
should send my barouche for you2 but one
 of the ponies has hurt its hoof1 and   
the ,doctor says that you confine       
yourself too closely to your household  
cares1 and that you would be all the    
better for a walk4  ,another indulgence 
which ,i have been promising            
myself1--that of painting some          
illustrations for my brother's next     
work1--,i find ,i must not only put off1
 but forego4 ,it would be some          
consolation to me to be able to make it 
over to you1 and believe that you found 
half as much enjoyment in it as ,i have1
 on former occasions4 ,the usual terms1 
when he has paid for such work1 have    

been 444 here she named a liberal sum2  
but of course1 if you like to undertake 
it1 you will feel at liberty to name    
your own2 and ,i shall be1 as ,i am1    
,very gratefully yours1                 
,,elizabeth ,,dudley4     ,,miss        
,,morne4  ,between surprise1 pleasure1  
and dismay at my apparent neglect1 ,i   
exclaimed simply1 ,what shall ,i do6    
,in all dilemmas1 consult your guardian1
 answered he2 and ,i handed him the note
 by way of a ,nemesis4  ,he read it     
aloud very honestly1 date and all2 and  
,i had the satisfaction to hear his     
wife1 who was fast getting him well in  
hand again1 rebuke him4  ,whew6 whistled
 he with most appropriate contrition2   
',monday'6 and it's ,thursday now1 and  
too late for to-day6 ,i wish ,i mayn't  
have lost you the job1 ,katy4 ,while the
 heart holds out1 however1 never give up
 the case6 ,put on your best bib and    
tucker when you get up to-morrow        
morning2 and1 as soon as you have got   
through ordering me an apple-dumpling1  

,i will take you over there1 and tell   
,miss ,dudley who was to blame1 and     
promise her1 if she will forgive us1    
never to give her any assafoetida4      
,,chapter ,,vii4  ,i could scarcely     
sleep that night for eagerness and      
anticipation4 ,ever since the afternoon 
when the vision of ,miss ,dudley        
appeared1 to startle me from my         
painting1 in the little south parlor1   
she had been the foremost figure in my  
brightest day-dreams1 as often as1 with 
little ,philip warm and slumberous on my
 knees1 ,i could find time for          
day-dreams4 ,accordingly1 ,i had been   
more than wishing--longing--to see her  
again2 though ,i put off returning her  
visit1 partly from real want of time1   
partly from uncertainty about what was  
the proper etiquette for me1 and partly 
from the dread of dispelling some       
pleasant illusions1 and finding that the
 ,miss ,dudley of my reveries belonged  
to the realm of my imagination rather   
than to that of my memory4 ,i dreamed of

 her all that night1 when ,i was not    
lying awake to think of her2 and when1  
in the morning1 ,i arose early to brush 
and brighten my somewhat faded black1   
the keen autumn air1 instead of chilling
 me1 seemed but to whet and sharpen my  
zest for my expedition4  ,julia's toilet
 was not made when ,i heard the clatter 
of the recalcitrant ,de ,quincey backing
 the chaise out of his beloved1 but     
little be-lived in1 stable4 ,she sat up 
in bed1 however1 when ,i went in to kiss
 her1 in spite of ,mrs4 ,rocket1 turned 
me round to the window to see whether ,i
 was looking my best1 or1 as she        
equivocally phrased it1 the best of     
which ,i was capable1 told me1 that ,i  
had got a little rouge the last time ,i 
was out1 and must ask ,miss ,dudley     
whether it was not becoming1 and hooked 
her forefingers into my naturally       
gekraeuseltes hair1 to pull it into what
 she always maintained to be the proper 
pose above my eyebrows4  ,then down ,i  
ran1 and off ,i went1 through the town  

and along the road1 between rocks and   
evergreens with here and there a gate   
among them that marked the entrance to  
the earthly paradise of some lucky      
gentleman4  ,sha'n't we be too early8   
asked ,i1 fidgeting1 for my prosperity  
appeared to me1 just now1 too perfect to
 be permanent4  ,no1 said the ,doctor4  
,they are early people at ,barberry     
,beach1--not ,sybarites in anything1 so 
far as ,i can judge4 ,it is near nine4  
,miss ,dudley tells me ,i shall almost  
always find her visible by that time4   
,if1 not hearing from you1 she has made 
other engagements1 you know she is more 
likely to be at leisure now than later4 
,she does not look well yet4 ,what was  
the matter with her8  ,angina pectoris4 
,that is ,greek to you1 ,katy4 ,pain in 
the heart1 then4  ,what made her have   
it8  ,that is a deep question in the    
most interesting of sciences1--that of  
the metamorphoses of diseases4 ,many men
 would answer it according to their many
 minds4 ,to the best of my belief1 the  

cause of ,miss ,dudley's having a pain  
in her heart lay in her                 
great-grandfather's toe4  ,o ,doctor6   
what do you mean8  ,the gout4  ,well1   
that sounds very aristocratic and       
imposing2 but1 notwithstanding1 ,i know 
you are laughing at me4  ,no1 ,i am not4
 ,it is no laughing matter4  ,why1 is it
 dangerous8  ,dangerous6 said he4 ,it is
 deadly4 ,why1 ,katy1 ,i never shall    
dare to tell you anything again1 if you 
are going to look so frightened6 ,she   
did not when ,i told her4  ,does she    
know8  ,yes1 and makes no secret of it1 
and is not unlikely to mention it before
 you2 so that you must accustom yourself
 to the idea1 and be prepared to face it
 as she does4  ,how came she to know8   
,she asked me4 ,i gave up very early in 
my practice1 for several reasons1 the   
habit of lying to my patients4 ,if they 
are cowards1 or if1 for any reason1 ,i  
think the truth and the whole truth     
would shorten their days1 ,i often tell 
them little or nothing2 but ,i tell them

 nothing but the truth4 ,she is not a   
person to be put off from knowing what  
she has a right to know4  ,how did she  
take it8  ,nobly and simply1 without any
 affectation of indifference4 ,as she   
put the question1 ,i laid my hand on her
 pulse2 and1 as it went on pretty       
firmly1 ,i went on too4 ,when ,i had    
said all there was to say1 she thanked  
me earnestly1 and said1 as sweetly as   
anything could possibly be said1 that   
the information would add double weight 
to the cautions and other counsels ,i   
had given her1 and told me that1 if ,i  
ever came to be in a situation like     
hers1 she trusted that ,i should find   
the comfort of being dealt with with    
candor and kindness like mine4 ,after   
all1 ,katy1 she may live yet many years1
 and die at last of something else2 and 
that is about the best that can be      
prognosticated of you and me1 my dear4  
',tis true the young may die1 but the   
old must1 thought ,i4 ,i was half       
comforted1 and only half4 ,yet the      

pensive shadow of coming doom--or shall 
,i not rather say the solemn dawn of    
approaching eternity8--seemed to lend a 
new and more unearthly charm to the     
lovely spiritual vision ,i cherished in 
my mind4  ,presently1 instead of passing
 a gate1 the ,doctor turned in at it1   
and drove smoothly up the gentle slope  
of a hard-rolled winding avenue lined   
with hemlocks4 ,pretty1 isn't it8 cried 
he4 ,o for the time when ,i shall retire
 upon my fortune1 and leave my office to
 ,phil the second6 ,there1 ,katy6 ,what 
do you think of that8  ,what did ,i     
think8 ,o1 too much to be told1 either  
then or now6 ,from the dark trees one   
forward step of each of ,de ,quincey's  
forefeet brought us out into a high     
amphitheatre1 at the instant flooded    
with sunshine4 ,a higher hill1 wooded   
with evergreens and bossed with         
boulders1 made a background behind it1  
on the right1 for a large1 low cottage  
of clear gray granite1 with broad       
piazzas curtained with ,virginia        

creepers and monthly honeysuckles1 and  
cloistered on the south4 ,in front of   
the cottage was a shaven lawn1 rimmed   
with a hedge of graceful barberries1 and
 lighted up by small circular spots of  
brown earth1 teeming with salvia and    
other splendid autumn flowers4 ,beyond  
and on the left ran a long reach of     
rocky headlands1 burning with golden-rod
 and wild-rose berries mingled with     
purple asters and white spiraea1 and all
 along from below1 but very near1 spread
 out far and wide the inexpressible     
ocean4 ,it was a rough1 ridgy1          
sage-greenish1 gray ocean1 ,i remember1 
that morning1 full of tumble and toss   
and long scalloped lines of spent foam1 
covered over with a dim1 low half-dome  
of sky1--with seagulls flickering1 and  
here and there a small1 wild1 ragged    
gypsy of a cloud1 of a little darker    
gray1 scudding lawlessly under1--and    
threw out in the strongest contrast the 
brilliant hues and sharp1 clear outlines
 of the shore4  ,the ,doctor sprang from

 the chaise1 left me in it1 and threw me
 the reins4 ,i always wished he         
wouldn't1 but he always would4 ,the most
 ,i had to gain by pulling them1 if ,de 
,quincey grew restless1 was to make him 
back2 and this was precisely what ,i    
least desired4 ,my reasonable           
expostulations1 however1 could never    
obtain any more grace from him who      
should have been my guardian than a     
promise1 if ,i would make no fuss1 and  
broken bones came of it1 that he would  
mend me softly4 ,therefore ,i thought it
 most prudent not to expostulate2 but my
 penance was this time a brief one4 ,he 
had hardly entered the door when the    
tall1 striking figure ,i recollected so 
well came dimly in view in one of the   
nearest bay-windows1 tapped on the glass
 with one slender white-frilled hand1   
and nodded with a bright1 glad smile2   
and back came the ,doctor to help me    
out4  ,it is all right1 ,katy4 ,miss    
,dudley wants you1 and does not want me4
 ,if it rains1 you can stay till ,i call

 for you4 ,otherwise1 come back when you
 like4 ,the first door to your left in  
the hall4  ,miss ,dudley met me in the  
parlor-door1 laughing4 ,i should have   
come out to make prize of you1 said she1
 but they say it is rather bleak this   
morning1 and ,i am still under orders4  
,i had almost given you up for this     
week2 but the ,doctor assures me that he
 has already been suitably dealt with   
and brought to repentance1 and so there 
is no more to be said on that point1    
especially as you have happened to hit  
on the very time when ,i am most alone1 
and when1 as ,i have been accustomed to 
be the busiest1 ,i feel my present      
idleness the most4 ,you drove here1     
after all4 ,you are not tired8 ,what    
should you say1 first1 to a walk with   
me8  ,a staid-looking1 exquisitely neat1
 elderly woman brought her bonnet1      
umbrella1 gloves1 and a large ,scotch   
plaid shawl1 in which she wrapped ,miss 
,dudley1 with much solicitude1 and was  
so prettily thanked for her pains that  

,i longed to have the wrapping up to do 
myself4  ,i really do not think ,i      
needed to be muffled up quite so closely
 to-day1 said my hostess1 as she stepped
 lightly from the piazza to the sunlit  
gravel-walk2 but ,bonner is ten years   
older than ,i1 and feels the cold a good
 deal herself1 and ,i do not like to    
make her anxious about me4 ,she had a   
great fright1 poor thing6 when ,i was   
ill4 ,where shall we go1 ,miss          
,morne8--to the garden or the shore8 ,i 
am not certain that those clouds mean to
 give us time for both4  ,not knowing   
which she would prefer1 ,i answered that
 ,i could hardly choose1 unless she     
would be so kind as to tell me which was
 the most beautiful4 ,to my joy1 she    
said the shore4 ,the path ran close to  
the edge of the cliffs2 and below our   
very feet were the beach and the        
breakers4 ,we both forgot ourselves at  
first1 ,i think1 in the sight and sound4
  ,at length she turned1 with a sudden  
movement1 and looked me in the face4 ,i 

do believe1 ,miss ,morne1 said she1 that
 you are one of the fortunate people who
 have the power to enjoy this to the    
full4 ,i trust that we may often still  
enjoy it here together4  ,shall ,i tell 
you how ,i enjoy it1 ma'am8 ,i          
exclaimed1 carried out of myself at     
sight of the enthusiasm that was tinging
 her delicate cheek and lighting up her 
eyes4 ,as we enjoy those things that it 
never comes into our heads to ask       
ourselves whether we like or not4 ,some 
things we have to ask ourselves1 whether
 we like or not1 before we know1 and    
even after we are scarcely sure2 and    
some things1 such as the poor little    
',marchioness's' orange-peel and water1 
we have to 'make believe very hard' in  
order to like at all4 ,but home when we 
have been away1 and friends when we have
 been lonely1 and water when we are     
thirsty1 and the sea always6--we never  
ask ourselves if those are good1--we    
know4 ,then my face burnt4 ,how it would
 burn in those girlish days6  ,and how  

foolish ,i felt1 or had begun to feel1  
when ,miss ,dudley slowly answered1     
looking mercifully away from me and at  
the waves3 ,very true1 ,miss ,morne6    
,you speak from your heart1 and to mine4
  ,the clouds were forbearing1 and      
allowed us time afterwards for a visit  
to the gorgeous garden4 ,we walked to   
the summer-house at the very end1 from  
which a winding path began to climb the 
hill4 ,there ,miss ,dudley paused4 ,my  
chamois days are over1 for the present1 
at least1 said she4 ,we must wait for my
 little nieces or nephew to escort you  
up there4 ,shall we go in8  ,when we did
 so1 ,i thought that the interior of the
 cottage was not much less grand1       
scarcely less beautiful1 than what we   
had seen without4 ,at that period most  
housekeepers held the hardly yet        
exploded heresy1 not only that fresh air
 was a dangerous and unwholesome luxury1
 to be denied1 as far as might be1 to   
any but the strongest constitutions1#b  
but that even sunshine within the doors 

was an inadmissible intrusion1 alike    
untidy and superfluous4 ,on these points
 this house set public opinion at       
defiance4 ,it was set1 of set purpose1  
at wrong angles to the points of the    
compass4 ,every wind of heaven could    
sweep it1 at the pleasure of the        
inmates1 through and through1 and the   
piazzas were so arranged that there was 
not a single apartment in it into which 
the sun could not look1 through one     
window or another1 once at least in the 
twenty-four hours4 ,the floors were     
tiled1 ingrained1 oiled1                
matted1--everything but carpeted1 except
 that of the state drawing-room2 and    
there the ,wilton had a covering over   
it1 removed1 as ,i afterwards found1    
only on occasions of state4 ,the whole  
atmosphere seemed full of health1       
purity1 cheerfulness1 warmth1 and       
brightness4 ,brilliant flowers peeped in
 at the windows1 and were set on the    
tables in vases1 or hung in them from   
the walls4 ,and there were pictures1 and

 there were statues1 but there too was  
,miss ,dudley1 paring a peach for me1   
for sociability's sake1--for she could  
not eat one herself1 so soon after her  
breakfast2 and1 as ,i knew the time must
 be running away very fast1--hard that  
it will always run fastest when we are  
the happiest6--,i seized my first       
opportunity to say that few things would
 give me greater pleasure than to       
furnish the illustrations she had       
mentioned1 if ,i could but succeed in   
executing them as ,i ought4  ,as to     
that1 ,i will be your sponsor1 returned 
she1 gayly1 if you would like to begin  
them here4 ,your touch is very firm and 
true2 and ,i will show you all our      
tricks of color4 ,here is my paint-box4 
,have you time to-day8  ,i had time1 and
 no excuse2 though1 in falling so       
suddenly into the midst of              
painting-lessons from ,miss ,dudley1 ,i 
really felt as if ,i was having         
greatness thrust upon me in a manner to 
take my breath away4 ,if ,i had only had

 a little more time to think about it1  
my touch might have been truer for the  
nonce4 ,her paint-box was so handsomely 
furnished1 too1 and so daintily ordered1
 that ,i scarcely dared touch it4 ,she  
gave me a little respite1 however1 by   
rubbing the colors for me1--colors1 some
 of them1 that1 for their costliness1 ,i
 could not allow myself at all at       
home1--and selected for me two such     
exquisite brushes from her store6 ,then 
she lay down beside me on a couch of    
,ind1 smiled as ,i laid her plaid over  
her feet1 and watched me at the work4   
,how that brought my poor ,fanny back to
 me6 ,but my new mistress went on       
unwearyingly1 teaching and encouraging  
me1 and1 if ,i was more than satisfied  
with her1 did not on her part show that 
she was less than satisfied with me4    
,the clock struck twelve before ,i      
dreamed of its taking upon itself to    
offer such an untimely interruption4    
,now ,i am nicely rested1 said she1 soon
 after2 and ,i am afraid you must begin 

to be nicely tired4 ,do you not8  ,no1  
indeed2 ,i seldom do till nine o'clock  
at night4  ,then we will indulge        
ourselves here still a little longer4   
,but hark6 ,are not there my little     
people back from school8  ,the          
expression common to those who love     
children stole into her face4 ,young    
voices were drawing nearer4  ,come to my
 arms1 ,o lovely cherub6 said one that  
had a boyish sound in it1 paternally4   
,look out and see them1 whispered ,miss 
,dudley to me4  ,i peeped through the   
blinds4 ,a handsome and very graceful   
olive-hued boy1 apparently about        
fourteen years old1 with a form like    
that of the ,mercury upborne by a       
zephyr1 eyes like stars1 lashes like    
star-beams1 and an expression that would
 have made him a good study for a       
picture of ,puck1 half leaning1 half    
sitting1 on the stone balustrade1 was   
tenderly dandling in his arms a huge1   
vulgar-looking1 gray1 striped           
stable-cat1 that rolled and writhed     

therein in transports of comfort and    
affection4  ,but1 indeed1 ,paul1        
remonstrated another voice1 tout comme  
un serin1 ,pet ought to be whipped      
instead of hugged6 ,lily says so4       
,tiger ,lily8 ,what a cruel girl6 ,o1 my
 ,pettitoes6 how can she say so8  ,why1 
answered another girlish voice1 a little
 firmer1 but hardly less sweet1 than the
 first1 only think6 ,while we were all  
in school1 he watched his opportunity   
and killed the robin that lives in the  
crab-apple-tree4 ,the gardener says he  
heard it cry1 and ran with his hoe2 and 
there was this wicked1 horrid1 grim1    
great ,pet galloping as fast as he could
 gallop to the stable1 with its poor    
little beak sticking out at one side of 
his grinning mouth1 and its tail at the 
other6  ,why1 ,pettitoes6 how very      
inconsiderate6 ,you won't serve it so   
another time1 will you8 ,though how a   
robin can have the face to squeak when  
he catches it himself at noon1 after    
cramming himself with worms the whole   

morning1 is more than ,i can see6  ,o   
no1 ,paul6 ,he was singing most sweetly6
 ,i heard him2 and so did ,rose4  ,and  
so did ,i4 ,he was singing through his  
nose as bad as ,deacon ,piper1 because  
he had a worm in his mouth4 ,he couldn't
 leave off gobbling one single          
minute1--not even to practise his music4
  ,let us go out1 said ,miss ,dudley4   
,we did so4 ,paul's retreating back was 
all that was to be seen of the boy1 with
 ,pet's peaceful chin pillowed upon his 
shoulder1 as1 borne off in triumph1 he  
looked calmly back at ,lily1 who stood  
shaking her small1 chiselled ivory      
finger at him4 ,rose was still beside   
her1 with her arm around her waist1 as  
if in propitiation4  ,two               
twelve-year-old twins1 in twin blue     
gingham frocks1--they were much addicted
 to blue and pink ginghams1--they had   
that indefinable look of blood which    
belonged to their kin1 which is         
sometimes1 to be sure1 to be found in   
families that have no                   

great-grandfathers1 after they have been
 well-fed1 well-read1 and well-bred for 
a generation or two1 but to which they  
had an uncommonly good right1 as their  
pedigree--so ,i afterwards found--ran   
straight back to the ,norman ,conquest1 
without a single probably in it4 ,they  
were1 for their age1 tall and slender1  
with yet more springy buoyancy than     
their aunt in pose and movement4        
,strangers were always mistaking them   
for each other4 ,that day ,i could      
scarcely tell them apart1 though        
afterwards ,i wondered at it4 ,rose was 
the very prettiest child ,i ever saw1   
and ,lily pretty nearly the most        
beautiful person4  ,lily was already the
 tallest4 ,her thick and wavy hair was  
blonde cendree1 and all her features    
were perfectly ,grecian4 ,her eyes were 
of a very dark blue1 that turned into   
nothing but clear radiance when she was 
opposed or in any way excited4 ,her     
complexion was healthful1 but would be  
described as soft and warm1 rather than 

brilliant4 ,her whole fair little face  
was about as firm and spirited as a fair
 girlish face could be4  ,rose's larger 
eyes were of a pure1 deep hazel4 ,her   
hair1 as thick and curly as ,lily's1 was
 far more glossy and flossy1 and of the 
yellowest1 brightest gold-color4 ,her   
nose--a most perfect little nose--was   
more aquiline than her sister's4 ,her   
skin was of the tints of the finest     
rare-ripe peaches1--pure white and      
deepening pink2 and all around her mouth
 were dimples lying in wait for her to  
laugh4  ,as they met ,miss ,dudley1 with
 the many-colored ,virginia creepers    
behind them and the flowers behind her1 
a better tableau vivant of first youth  
and first age could scarcely have been  
put together than they made4 ,it made me
 wish that ,i had been more than a      
painter of specimens4 ,the elder lady   
presented me to the younger ones2 and   
they greeted me with that pretty        
courtesy that always charms us twofold  
when we meet with it in children1       

because we scarcely expect it of them4  
,rose's radiant little countenance1     
especially1 seemed to say1 ,i have heard
 of you before1 and wished to know you2 
and that is one of the most winning     
expressions that a new countenance can  
wear4 ,then they put their arms round   
dear ,aunt ,lizzy1 coaxed her for       
peaches1 and obtained the remainder of  
our basketful without much difficulty2  
and then ,i had to depart1 but not quite
 without solace1 for ,rose ran after me 
to say1 ,aunt ,lizzy hopes1 if you are  
not otherwise engaged1 to see you again 
,monday morning at nine2 and she sends  
you this book that she forgot to give   
you4 ,it made her think of you1 she     
says1 when she was reading it4  ,it was 
,greenwood's ,sermons of ,consolation2  
and1 written in her hand on the         
fly-leaf1 ,i found my name4             
,,footnotes3  #b ,the old philosophy    
held1 that ,nature abhors a vacuum2 but 
modern observation shows that the       
natural ,yankee abhors the air4         

99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,bolivar4           
,with the steadfast stars above us1     
,and the molten stars below1     ,we    
sailed through the ,southern midnight1  
,by the coast of ,mexico4      ,alone1  
on the desolate1 dark-ringed1           
,rolling and flashing sea1     ,a grim  
old ,venezuelan       ,kept the deck    
with me1     ,and talked to me of his   
country1       ,and the long ,spanish   
war1     ,and told how a young ,republic
       ,forged the sword of ,bolivar4   
,of no base mundane metal       ,was the
 wondrous weapon made1     ,and in no   
earth-born fire       ,was fashioned the
 sacred blade4      ,but that it might  
shine the symbol       ,of law and light
 in the land1     ,dropped down as a    
star from heaven1       ,to flame in a  
hero's hand4      ,and be to the world a
 portent       ,of eternal might and    
right1     ,they chose for the steel a  
splinter       ,from a fallen aerolite4 
,then a virgin forge they builded       

,by the city1 and kindled it     ,with  
flame from a shattered palm-tree1       
,which the lightning's torch had lit1-- 
,that no fire of earthly passion        
,might taint the holy sword1     ,and no
 ancient error tarnish       ,the       
falchion of the ,lord4      ,for ,quito 
and ,new ,granada       ,and ,venezuela 
they pour     ,from three crucibles the 
dazzling       ,white meteoric ore4     
,in three ingots it is moulded1         
,and welded into one1     ,for an emblem
 of ,colombia1       ,bright daughter of
 the sun6      ,it is drawn on a virgin 
anvil1       ,it is heated and hammered 
and rolled1     ,it is shaped and       
tempered and burnished1       ,and set  
in a hilt of gold2      ,for thus by the
 fire and the hammer       ,of war a    
nation is built1     ,and ever the sword
 of its power       ,is swayed by a     
golden hilt4      ,then with pomp and   
oratory       ,the mustachioed senores  
brought     ,to the house of the        
,liberator       ,the weapon they had   

wrought2     ,and they said1 in their   
stately phrases1       ,o mighty in     
peace and war6     ,no mortal blade we  
bring you1       ,but a flaming meteor4 
,the sword of the ,spaniard is broken1  
,and to you in its stead is given1      
,to lead and redeem a nation1           
,this ray of light from heaven4         
,the gaunt-faced ,liberator       ,from 
their hands the symbol took1     ,and   
waved it aloft in the sunlight1         
,with a high1 heroic look2      ,and he 
called the saints to witness3       ,may
 these lips turn into dust1     ,and    
this right hand fail1 if ever       ,it 
prove recreant to its trust6      ,never
 the sigh of a bondman       ,shall     
cloud this gleaming steel1     ,but only
 the foe and the traitor       ,its     
vengeful edge shall feel4      ,never a 
tear of my country       ,its purity    
shall stain1     ,till into your hands1 
who gave it1       ,i render it again4  
,now if ever a chief was chosen         
,to cover a cause with shame1     ,and  

if ever there breathed a caitiff1       
,bolivar was his name4      ,from his   
place among the people       ,to the    
highest seat he went1     ,by the       
winding paths of party       ,and the   
stair of accident4      ,a restless1    
weak usurper1       ,striving to rear a 
throne1     ,filling his fame with      
counsels       ,and conquests not his   
own2--      ,now seeming to put from him
       ,the sceptre of command1         
,only that he might grasp it       ,with
 yet a firmer hand2--      ,his         
country's trusted leader1       ,in     
league with his country's foes1         
,stabbing the cause that nursed him1    
,and openly serving those2--      ,the  
chief of a great republic               
,plotting rebellion still1--     ,an    
apostate faithful only       ,to his own
 ambitious will4      ,drunk with a vain
 ambition1       ,in his feeble1        
reckless hand1     ,the sword of        
,eternal ,justice       ,became but a   
brawler's brand4      ,and ,colombia was

 dissevered1       ,rent by factions1   
till at last     ,her name among the    
nations       ,is a memory of the past4 
,here the grim old ,venezuelan          
,puffed fiercely his red cigar     ,a   
brief moment1 then in the ocean         
,it vanished like a star2      ,and he  
slumbered in his hammock2       ,and    
only the ceaseless rush     ,of the     
reeling and sparkling waters            
,filled the solemn midnight hush1       
,as ,i leaned by the swinging gunwale   
,of the good ship1 sailing slow1        
,with the steadfast heavens above her1  
,and the molten heavens below4          
,then ,i thought with sorrow and        
yearning       ,of my own distracted    
land1     ,and the sword let down from  
heaven       ,to flame in her ruler's   
hand1--      ,the sword of ,freedom1    
resplendent       ,as a beam of the     
morning star1     ,received1 reviled1   
and dishonored       ,by another than   
,bolivar6      ,and my prayers flew home
 to my country3       ,o ye tried and   

fearless crew6     ,o ye pilots of the  
nation6       ,now her safety is with   
you4      ,beware the traitorous        
captain1       ,and the wreckers on the 
shore2     ,guard well the noble vessel2
       ,and steadily evermore1      ,as 
ye steer through the perilous midnight1 
,let your faithful glances go     ,to   
the steadfast stars above her1          
,from their fickle gleams below4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,through ,,broadway4   ,the incessant  
demolition of which ,broadway is the    
scene denotes to the most careless eye  
that devotion to the immediate which ,de
 ,tocqueville maintains to be a         
democratic characteristic4 ,the huge    
piles of old bricks which block the     
way--with their array of placards       
heralding every grade of popular        
amusement1 from a tragedy of            
,shakespeare to a negro melody1 and from
 a menagerie to a clairvoyant           
exhibition1 and vaunting every kind of  
experimental charlatanism1 from quack   

medicine to flash literature--are mounds
 of less mystery1 but more human        
meaning1 than those which puzzle        
archaeologists on the ,mississippi and  
the ,ohio2 for they are the debris of   
mansions only half a century ago the    
aristocratic homes of families whose    
descendants are long since scattered1   
and whose social prominence and local   
identity are forgotten1 while trade has 
obliterated every vestige of their      
roof-tree and association of their      
hearth-stone4 ,such is the constant     
process4 ,as private residences give way
 to stores and offices1 the upper       
portion of the island is crowded with   
their enlarged dimensions and elaborate 
luxury2 churches are in the same manner 
sacrificed1 until ,st4 ,paul's and      
,trinity alone remain of the old sacred 
landmarks2 and the suburban             
feature--those fields where burgomasters
 foregathered1 the militia drilled1 and 
,hamilton's youthful eloquence roused   
the people to arms--is transferred to   

the other and distant end of ,manhattan1
 and expanded into a vast1 variegated1  
and beautiful rural domain1--that the   
,park may coincide in extent and        
attraction with the increase of the     
population and growth of the city's     
area4 ,thus a perpetual tide of         
emigration1 and the pressure of the     
business on the resident                
section1--involving change of domicile1 
substitution of uses1 the alternate     
destruction and erection of buildings1  
each being larger and more costly in    
material than its predecessor1--make the
 metropolis of the ,new ,world appear1  
to the visitor from the ,old1 a shifting
 bivouac rather than a stable city1     
where hereditary homes are impossible1  
and nomadic instincts prevalent1 and    
where local associations1 such as endear
 or identify the streets abroad1 seem as
 incongruous as in the ,eastern desert  
or ,western woods1 whose dwellers fold  
their tents like the ,arabs1 and as     
silently steal away4 ,the absence of the

 law of primogeniture necessitates the  
breaking up of estates1 and thus        
facilitates the methods whereby the     
elegant homestead becomes1 in the second
 or third generation1 a dry-goods store1
 a boarding or club house1 a milliner's 
show-room or a dentist's office4 ,here  
and there some venerable gossip will    
rehearse the triumphs of refined        
hospitality1 or describe the success of 
a belle or the brilliancy of a genial   
leader in politics or social pastime1   
which1 years ago1 consecrated a mansion 
or endeared a neighborhood1--whereof not
 a visible relic is now discoverable1   
save in a portrait or reminiscent paper 
conserved in the archives of the        
,historical ,society4 ,and in this      
speedy oblivion of domestic and social  
landmarks1 how easily we find a reason  
for the national irreverence1 and the   
exclusive interest in the future1 which 
make the life of ,america1 like the     
streets of her cities1 a scene of       
transition unhallowed by memorials4     

,yet1 despite its dead horses and       
vehicular entanglements1 its vile       
concert saloons1 the alternate meanness 
and magnificence of its architecture1   
the fragile character of its theatrical 
structures1 and their limited and       
hazardous means of exit1--despite       
falling walls and the necessity of      
police guardianship at the crossings1   
the reckless driving of butcher-boys and
 the dexterity of pickpockets1--despite 
the slippery pavement1 and the chronic  
cry for relief1--,broadway is a         
spectacle and an experience worth       
patient study1 and wonderfully prolific 
of life-pictures4 ,with a fountain at   
one end1 like a ,french town1 and a     
chime of bells at the other1 like a     
,german city1 the intermediate space is 
as representative a rendezvous as can be
 found in the world4  ,the first thing  
that strikes an experienced eye in ,new 
,york's great thoroughfare is the       
paucity of loiterers3 he sees1 at a     
glance1 that the flaneur is an exotic   

here4 ,there is that in the gait and    
look of every one that shows a settled  
and an eager purpose1--a goal sought    
under pressure4 ,a counting-room1       
office1 court1 mart1 or mansion is to be
 reached punctually1 and therefore the  
eye and step are straightforward1       
intent1 preoccupied4 ,but this          
peculiarity is chiefly obvious early and
 late in the day1 when business and     
professional men are on their way to and
 from the place of their daily          
vocations4 ,later1 and especially about 
two hours after noon1 it is the dress   
and number of the other sex that win    
attention2 and to one fresh from        
,london1 the street attire of ladies--or
 those who aspire1 with more or less    
justice1 to that title--is a startling  
incongruity2 for the showy colors and   
fine textures reserved across the sea   
for the opera1 the salon1 and the       
fashionable drive1 are here displayed on
 shopping expeditions1 for which an     
,english lady dresses in neutral tints  

and substantial fabrics1--avoiding      
rather than courting observation4 ,the  
vulgar impression derived in ,broadway  
from an opposite habit is vastly        
increased by modern fashions2 for the   
apology for a bonnet that leaves brow1  
cheek1 and head fully exposed1--the     
rustle and dimensions of crinoline1--the
 heavy masses of unctuous false hair    
attached to the back of the head1       
deforming its shape and often giving a  
coarse monstrosity to its naturally     
graceful poise and proportions1--the    
inappropriate display of jewelry and the
 long silk trains of the expensive robes
 trailing on the dirty walk1 and        
continually caught beneath the feet of  
careless pedestrians1--all unite to     
render the exhibition repulsive to      
taste1 good sense1 and that chivalric   
sympathy inspired by the sight of female
 beauty and grace1 so often co-existent 
with these anomalies4 ,broadway has     
often been compared to a                
kaleidoscope1--an appellation suggested 

by the variety of shifting tints1 from  
those of female dress to those of       
innumerable commodities1 from dazzling  
effects of sunshine to the radiance of  
equipage1 vivid paint1 gilded signs1 and
 dazzling wares4 ,and blent with this   
pervading language of colors are the    
local associations which the articles of
 merchandise hint4 ,consider how        
extensive is their scope1--,persian     
carpets1 ,lyons silks1 ,genoa velvets1  
ribbons from ,coventry and laces from   
,brussels1 the furs of the ,northwest1  
glass of ,bohemia1 ware of ,china1 nuts 
from ,brazil1 silver of ,nevada mines1  
,sicily lemons1 ,turkey figs1 metallic  
coffins and fresh violets1 ,arabian     
dates1 ,french chocolate1 pine-apples   
from the ,west ,indies1 venison from the
 ,adirondacs1 brilliant chemicals1      
gilded frames1 ,manchester cloth1       
,sheffield cutlery1 ,irish linens1 ruddy
 fruit1 salmon from the ,thousand       
,isles1 sables from ,russia1 watches    
from ,geneva1 carvings from             

,switzerland1 caricatures and           
,india-rubber garments1 saccharine      
temples1 books in tinted covers1 toys1  
wines1 perfumes1 drugs1 dainties1 art1  
luxury1 science1 all lavishing their    
products to allure the                  
throng1--phenomena common1 indeed1 to   
all streets devoted to trade1 but here  
uniquely combined with a fashionable    
promenade1 and affording the still-life 
of a variegated moving panorama4 ,it is 
characteristic1 also1 that the only     
palatial buildings along the crowded    
avenue are stores and hotels4           
,architecture thus glorifies the        
gregarious extravagance of the people4  
,the effect of the whole is indefinitely
 prolonged1 to an imaginative mind1 by  
the vistas at the lower extremity1 which
 reveal the river1 and1 at sunset1 the  
dark tracery of the shipping against the
 far and flushed horizon2 while1 if one 
lifts his eye to the telegraph wire1 or 
lowers it to some excavation which      
betrays the ,croton pipes1 a sublime    

consciousness is awakened of the        
relation of this swift and populous eddy
 of life's great ocean to its distant   
rural streams1 and the ebb and flow of  
humanity's eternal tide4 ,consider1 too1
 the representative economics and       
delectations around1 available to taste1
 necessity1 and cash1--how wonderful    
their contrast6 ,not long since1 an     
,egyptian museum1 with relics dating    
from the ,pharaohs1 was accessible to   
the ,broadway philosopher1 and a        
,turkish khan to the sybarite2 one has  
but to mount a staircase1 and find      
himself in the presence of authentic    
effigies of all the prominent men of the
 nation1 sun-painted for the million4   
,this pharmacist will exorcise his      
pain-demon2 that electrician place him  
en rapport with kindred hundreds of     
miles away1 or fortify his jaded nerves4
 ,down this street he may enjoy a       
,russian or ,turkish bath2 down that1 a 
water-cure4 ,here1 with skill undreamed 
of by civilized antiquity1 fine gold can

 be made to replace the decayed segment 
of a tooth2 there1 he has but to stretch
 out his foot1 and a chiropodist removes
 the throbbing bunion1 or a boy kneels  
to polish his boots4 ,a hackman is at   
hand to drive him to the ,park1 a       
telescope to show him the stars2 he has 
but to pause at a corner and buy a      
journal which will place him au courant 
with the events of the world1 or listen 
to an organ-grinder1 and think himself  
at the opera4 ,this temple is free for  
him to enter and muse till the fire     
burns2 on yonder bookseller's counter is
 an epitome of the wisdom of ages2 there
 he may buy a nosegay to propitiate his 
lady-love1 or a sewing-machine to       
beguile his womankind1 and here a       
crimson balloon or spring rocking-horse1
 to delight his little boy1 and rare    
gems or a silver service for a bridal   
gift4 ,this ,english tailor will provide
 him with a capital fit1 that ,german   
tobacconist with a creamy meerschaum4   
,at the artificial ,spa he may          

recuperate with ,vichy or ,kissingen1   
and at the phrenologist's have his      
mental and moral aptitudes defined2 now 
a medium invites him to a spiritual     
seance1 and now an antiquarian to a     
curiosity shop4 ,in one saloon is lager 
such as he drank in ,bavaria1 and in    
another1 the best bivalves in the world4
 ,here is a fine billiard-table1 there a
 gymnasium2--food for mind and body1    
gratification to taste2--all the        
external resources of civilization are  
at hand1--not always with the           
substantial superiority of those of     
,london or the elegant variety of       
,paris1 but with enough of both to make 
them available to the eclectic          
cosmopolite4  ,the historical epochs of 
,new ,york are adequately traceable by  
the successive pictures of her main     
thoroughfare1--beginning with the       
,indian village and the primeval forest 
which ,henry ,hudson found on the island
 of ,manhattan in #afji1 and advancing  
to the stockade fort of ,new ,amsterdam1

 built where the ,battery now is1 by    
,wouter ,van ,twiller1 the second ,dutch
 governor1 and thence to the era when   
the fur trade1 tobacco-growing1 and     
slavery were enriching the ,india       
,company1 when the ,wall was built on   
the site of the so-called financial     
rendezvous1 to protect the settlement   
from savage invasion1 and a deep valley 
marked the present junction of ,canal   
,street and ,broadway4 ,the advent of a 
new class of artisans signalizes the    
arrival of ,huguenot emigrants2 the     
rebellion of ,leisler marks the         
encroachment of new political agencies1 
and the substitution of ,pitt's statue  
for that of ,george ,,iii4 on the       
,bowling ,green in #aggj1 the dawn of   
,independence1 so sturdily ushered in   
and cherished by the ,liberty ,boys1 and
 culminating in the evacuation of the   
,british in #aghc1 the entrance of      
,washington with the ,american army1    
and1 two years after1 in the meeting of 
the first ,congress4 ,these vicissitudes

 left their impress on the street4      
,every church but the ,episcopal was    
turned by the ,english into a           
riding-school1 prison1 or stable2 each  
successive charter was more liberal in  
its municipal privileges4 ,the ,boston  
stage long went from the ,fort to the   
,park1 and so on by the old post-road1  
and was fourteen days en route2         
pestilence1 imported from the ,west     
,india islands1 depopulated the adjacent
 houses2 water was sold from carts2 and 
dimly lighted was the pedestrian on his 
midnight way1 while old-fashioned       
watchmen cried the hour2 and when1 in   
#ahjg1 ,robert ,fulton initiated steam  
navigation1 the vast system of ferriage 
was established which inundated the main
 avenue of the city with a perpetual    
tributary stream of floating population 
from all the outlying shores of the     
,hudson and ,east ,rivers1 ,staten and  
,long ,islands1 and the villages above  
,manhattan4 ,a lady who lived in ,new   
,york forty years ago1 and returned this

 season1 expressed her surprise that the
 matutinal procession of rustics she    
used to watch from the window of her    
fashionable domicile in the lower part  
of ,broadway had ceased1 so completely  
had suburban citizens usurped the       
farmers' old homes4 ,the beautiful      
pigeons that used to coo and cluster on 
the cobble stones had no resting-place  
for their coral feet on the ,russ       
pavement1 so thickly moved the drays1   
and so unremitted was the rush of man   
and beast4 ,in fact1 the one            
conservative feature eloquent of the    
past is the churchyard1--the old1       
moss-grown1 sloping                     
gravestones1--landmarks of finished     
life-journeys1 mutely invoking the      
hurrying crowd through the tall iron    
railings of ,trinity and ,st4 ,paul's4  
,it is a striking evidence of a new     
country1 that a youth from the ,far     
,west1 on arriving in ,new ,york by sea1
 was so attracted by these ancient      
cemeteries that he lingered amid them   

all day1--saying it was the first time  
he had ever seen a human memorial more  
than twenty years old1 except a tree6   
,and memorable was the ceremony whereby1
 a few years since1 the ,historical     
,society celebrated the bicentennial    
birthday of ,bradford1 the old colonial 
printer1 by renewing his headstone4 ,at 
noonday1 when the life-tide was at      
flood1 in lovely ,may weather1 a barrier
 was stretched across ,broadway2 and    
there1 at the head of eager             
gold-worshipping ,wall ,street1 in the  
heart of the bustling1 trafficking      
crowd1 a vacant place was secured in    
front of the grand and holy temple of   
,trinity4 ,the pensive chant arose2 a   
white band of choristers and priests    
came forth2 and eminent citizens        
gathered around to reconsecrate the     
tablet over the dust of one who1 two    
hundred years ago1 had practised a      
civilizing art in this fresh land1 and  
disseminated messages of religion and   
wisdom4 ,it was a singular picture1     

beautiful to the eye1 solemn to the     
feelings1 and a rare tribute to the     
past1 where the present sways with such 
absolute rule4 ,few ,broadway tableaux  
are so worthy of artistic preservation4 
,before1 the vista of a money-changers' 
mart2 above and below1 a long1 crowded  
avenue of metropolitan life2 behind1 the
 lofty spire1 gothic windows1 and       
archways of the church1 and the central 
group as picturesquely and piously      
suggestive as a mediaeval rite4  ,vainly
 would the most self-possessed          
reminiscent breast the living tide of   
the surging thoroughfare1 on a weekday1 
to realize in his mind's eye its ancient
 aspect2 but if it chance to him to land
 at the ,battery on a clear and still   
,sabbath morning1 and before the bells  
summon forth the worshippers1 and to    
walk thence to ,union ,square in company
 with an octogenarian ,knickerbocker of 
good memory1 local pride1 and fluent    
speech1 he will obtain a mental         
photograph of the past that transmutes  

the familiar scene by a quaint and vivid
 aerial perspective4 ,then the ,middle  
,road of the beginning of this century  
will reappear1--the traces of a         
wheat-field on the site of ,st4 ,paul's1
 still a fresh tradition2 ,oswego       
,market1 opposite ,liberty ,street1 is  
alive with early customers2 the         
reminiscent beholds the apparition of   
,rutgers's orchard1 whose remaining     
noble elms yet shade the green vista of 
the ,city ,hospital1 and which was a    
place for rifling bird's-nests in the   
boyhood of his pensive companion1 whose 
father played at skittles on the        
,bowling ,green1 hard by the ,governor's
 house1 while the ,dutch householders   
sat smoking long pipes in their broad   
porticos1 cosily discussing the last    
news from ,antwerp or ,delft1 their     
stout rosy daughters meanwhile taking a 
twilight ramble1 with their stalwart    
beaux1 to the utmost suburban limit of  
,manhattan1 where ,canal ,street now    
intersects ,broadway1--then an unpaved  

lane with scattered domiciles1 only     
grouped into civic contiguity around the
 ,battery1 and with many gardens        
enhancing its rural aspect4 ,somewhat   
later1 and ,munn's ,land ,office1 at the
 corner of what is now ,grand ,street1  
was suggestive of a growing settlement  
and the era of speculation2 an isolated 
coach-factory marked the site of the    
,st4 ,nicholas ,hotel2 people flocked   
along1 in domestic instalments1 to      
,vauxhall1 where now stands the ,astor  
,library1 to drink mead and see the     
,flying ,horses2 and capitalists        
invested in lots on ,bayard's ,farm1    
where ,niblo's and the ,metropolitan now
 flourish2 the one-story building at the
 present angle of ,prince ,street was   
occupied by ,grant ,thorburn's father2  
beyond lay the old road leading to      
,governor ,stuyvesant's ,bowerie1 with  
,sandy ,hill at the upper end4 ,in      
#affd1 ,heere ,stras was changed to     
,broadway4 ,at the ,king's ,arms and    
,burr's ,coffee-,house1 near the        

,battery1 the traitor ,arnold was wont  
to lounge1 and in the neighborhood dwelt
 the ,earl of ,stirling's mother4 ,at   
the corner of ,rector ,street was the   
old ,lutheran church frequented by the  
,palatine refugees4 ,beyond or within   
the ,park stood the old ,brewery1       
,pottery1 ,bridewell1 and ,poor-house2  
relics of an ,indian village were often 
found2 the ,drover's ,inn1 cattle-walk1 
and pastures marked the straggling      
precincts of the town2 and on the       
commons oxen were roasted whole on      
holidays1 and obnoxious officials hung  
in effigy4 ,anon rose the brick mansions
 of the ,rapelyes1 ,rhinelanders1       
,kingslands1 ,cuttings1 ,jays1 ,bogarts1
 ,depeysters1 ,duers1 ,livingstons1     
,verplancks1 ,van ,rensselaers1 ,de     
,lanceys1 ,van ,cortlands1 etc42 at     
first along the ,middle ,road1 and then 
in bystreets from the main thoroughfare 
down to the rivers2 and so1 gradually1  
the trees and shrubs that made a rus in 
urbe of the embryo city1 and the gables 

and tiles1 porches and pipes1 that      
marked the dynasty chronicled by old    
,diedrich1 gave way to palatial         
warehouses1 magnificent taverns1 and    
brown stone fronts4  ,the notes of old  
travellers best revive the scene ere it 
was lost in modern improvements4 ,mrs4  
,knight1 who visited ,new ,york in      
#agjd1 having performed the journey from
 ,boston all the way on horseback1      
enjoyed the vendues at ,manhattan1 where
 they gave drinks2 was surprised to see 
fireplaces that had no jambs and bricks 
of divers colors and laid in checkers1  
being glazed and looking very agreeable4
 ,the diversion in vogue was riding in  
sleighs about four miles out of town1   
where they have a house of entertainment
 at a place called the ,bowery4 ,in     
#agfi ,dr4 ,burnaby recognized but two  
churches1 ,trinity and ,st4 ,george1 and
 went in an ,italian chaise to a turtle 
feast on the ,east ,river4 ,in #aghh1   
,brissot found that the session of      
,congress there gave great eclat to ,new

 ,york1 but1 with republican            
indignation1 he laments the ravages of  
luxury and the ,english fashions visible
 in ,broadway1--silks1 gauzes1 hats1 and
 borrowed hair2444 equipages rare1 but  
elegant4 ,the men1 he adds1 have more   
simplicity of dress2 they disdain       
gewgaws2 but they take their revenge in 
the luxury of the table2--and luxury1 he
 observes1 forms a class dangerous to   
society1--,i mean bachelors1--the       
expense of women causing matrimony to be
 dreaded by men4 ,it is curious to find 
the ,french radical of eighty years ago 
drawing from the life of ,broadway      
inferences similar to those of the even 
more emphatic economical moralist of    
to-day4 ,in #agid1 ,wansey1 a commercial
 traveller1 found the ,tontine near the 
,battery the most eligible hotel1 and   
met there ,dr4 ,priestley1 breakfasted  
with ,gates1 and had a call from        
,livingston2 saw some good paintings by 
,trumbull1 at the ,federal ,hall1 and   
,hodgkinson1 at the theatre1 in ,a ,bold

 ,stroke for a ,husband2 dined with     
,comfort ,sands2 and ,mr4 ,jay1 brother 
to the ,ambassador1 took him to tea at  
the ,indian ,queen2--items of           
information that mark the social and    
political transition since the days of  
,dutch rule1 though the ,battery still  
remained the court end and nucleus of   
,manhattan4  ,but it is not local memory
 alone that the solitude of ,broadway   
awakens in our aged guide2 the vacant   
walk is peopled1 to his fancy1 with the 
celebrities of the past whom he has     
there gazed at or greeted1--,franklin1  
,jay1 ,tom ,paine1 ,schuyler1 ,cobbett1 
,freneau1 and ,colonel ,trumbull1 with  
their ,revolutionary prestige2 ,volney  
and ,genet1 with the memory of ,french  
radicalism2 ,da ,ponte and the old      
,italian opera2 ,colles and ,clinton and
 the ,erie ,canal days2 ,red ,jacket and
 the aborigines2 ,dunlap and ,dennie1   
the literary pioneers2 ,cooke1 ,kemble1 
,kean1 ,matthews1 and ,macready1        
followed so eagerly by urchin eyes1--the

 immortal heroes of the stage2          
,hamilton1 ,clinton1 ,morris1 ,burr1    
,gallatin1 and a score of political and 
civic luminaries whose names have passed
 into history2 ,decatur1 ,hull1 ,perry1 
and the brilliant throng of victorious  
naval officers grouped near the old     
,city ,hotel2 ,moreau1 ,louis ,philippe1
 ,talleyrand1 ,louis ,napoleon1         
,maroncelli1 ,foresti1 ,kossuth1        
,garibaldi1 and many other illustrious  
,european exiles2 ,jeffrey1 ,moore1     
,dickens1 ,thackeray1 ,trollope1 and the
 long line of literary lions1 from      
,basil ,hall to ,tupper2 ,chancellor    
,kent1 ,audubon1 ,fulton1 ,lafayette1   
,randolph1 the ,prince of ,wales1 and   
the ,queen of the ,sandwich ,islands1   
,turkish admirals1 ,japanese officials1 
artists1 statesmen1 actors1 soldiers1   
authors1 foreign savans1 and domestic   
eccentricities1 who have perambulated   
this central avenue of a cosmopolitan   
,american city4 ,could they have all    
been photographed1 what a reflex of     

modern society would such a             
picture-gallery afford6  ,the old ,dutch
 traders1 with the instinct of their    
,holland habitudes1 clung to the        
water-side1 and therefore their         
domiciles long extended at angles with  
what subsequently became the principal  
avenue of the settlement2 and until     
#afdb ,pearl ,street was the fashionable
 quarter4 ,meantime1 where now thousands
 of emigrants daily disembark1 and the  
offices of ocean steamships indicate the
 facility and frequency of              
,transatlantic travel1 the ,indian      
chiefs smoked the pipe of peace with the
 victorious colonists under the shadow  
of ,fort ,amsterdam1 and the latter held
 fairs there1 or gathered1 for defence  
and pastime1 round the little oasis of  
the metropolitan desert where carmen now
 read ,the ,sun4 ,no4 #a was the        
,kennedy ,house1 subsequently the tavern
 of ,mrs4 ,koch1--whose ,dutch husband  
was an officer in the ,indian wars1--and
 was successively the head-quarters of  

,clinton1 ,cornwallis1 and ,washington1 
and at last the ,prime ,mansion2 and    
farther up was ,mrs4 ,ryckman's         
boarding-house1--genial sojourn of      
,irving1 and the scene of his early     
pen-craft and youthful companionships1  
when ,new ,york was more handy1 and     
everybody knew everybody1 and there was 
more good-fellowship and ease of        
manners4 ,those were the days of        
ropewalks and selectmen1 of             
stage-coaches and oil-lamps4 ,the       
,yankee invasion had scarcely superseded
 the ,knickerbocker element4 ,the ,free 
,academy was undreamed of2 and the ,city
 ,hotel assemblies were the embryo      
,fifth ,avenue balls4 ,an old ,directory
 or a volume of ,valentine's ,manual1   
compared with the latest ,metropolitan  
,guide-,book and ,trow's last issue1    
will best illustrate the difference     
between ,broadway then and now4  ,but it
 is not so much the more substantial    
memorials as the dissolving views that  
give its peculiar character to the      

street4 ,entered at the lower extremity 
by the newly-arrived ,european1 on a    
rainy morning1 the first impression is  
the reverse of grand or winsome4 ,the   
squalor of the docks and the want of    
altitude in the buildings1 combined with
 the bustle and hubbub1 strike the eye  
as repulsive2 but as the scene grows    
familiar and is watched under the       
various aspects produced by different   
seasons1 weather1 and hours of the day1 
it becomes more and more significant and
 attractive4 ,indeed1 there is probably 
no street in the world subject to such  
violent contrasts4 ,it is one thing on a
 brilliant and cool ,october day and    
another in ,july4 ,white cravats and    
black coats mark ,anniversary week2     
broad brims and drab1 the ,yearly       
,meeting of the ,friends2 the moving day
 of the householders1 the opening day of
 the milliners1 ,christmas and ,new     
,year's1 sleighing-time and spring1     
early morning and midnight1 the ,sabbath
 and week-days1 a cold spell and the    

heated term1--every hour1 season1       
holiday1 panic1 pastime1 and parade     
brings into view new figures and        
phases1--diverse phenomena of crowd and 
character1--like the shifting segments  
of a panorama4 ,the news of victories   
during the war for the ,union could be  
read there in people's eyes and heard in
 their greetings4 ,sorrowful tidings    
seemed to magnetize with sadness the    
long procession4 ,something in the air  
foretold the stranger how beat the      
public pulse4 ,the undercurrent of the  
prevalent emotion seems to vibrate1 with
 electric sympathy1 along the human     
tide4  ,a walk in ,broadway is a most   
available remedy for domestic vexation  
and provincial egotism4 ,every          
individual spirit1 says ,schiller1 waxes
 in the great stream of multitudes4     
,stand awhile calmly by the rushing     
stream1 and note its representative     
significance1 or stroll slowly along1   
with observant eye1 to mark the         
commodities and nationalities by the    

way4 ,the scene is an epitome of the    
world4 ,here crouches a ,chinese        
mendicant1 there glides an ,italian     
image-vender2 a ,swedish sailor is hard 
pressed by a smoking ,cuban1 and a      
,hungarian officer is flanked by a      
,french loiterer2 here leers a wanton1  
there moans a waif2 now passes an ,irish
 funeral procession1 and again long     
files of ,teutonic ,turners2 the wistful
 eyes of a beggar stare at the piles of 
gold in the money-changer's show-window2
 a sister of charity walks beside a     
,jewish ,rabbi2 then comes a brawny     
negro1 then a bare-legged ,highlander2  
figures such as are met in the ,levant2 
school-boys with their books and        
lunch-boxes1 ,cockneys fresh from       
,piccadilly1 a student who reminds us of
 ,berlin1 an ,american ,indian1 in      
pantaloons2 a gaunt ,western1 a keen    
,yankee1 and a broad ,dutch physiognomy 
alternate2 flower-venders1 dog-pedlers1 
diplomates1 soldiers1 dandies1 and      
vagabonds1 pass and disappear2 a        

firemen's procession1 fallen horse1     
dead-lock of vehicles1 military halt1 or
 menagerie caravan1 checks momently the 
advancing throng2 and some beautiful    
face or elegant costume looms out of the
 confused picture like an exquisite     
vision2 great cubes of lake crystal     
glisten in the ice-carts hard by blocks 
of ebon coal from the forests of the    
primeval world2 there a letter-carrier  
threads his way1 and here a newsboy     
shouts his extra2 a milk-cart rattles   
by1 and a walking advertisement stalks  
on2 here is a fashionable doctor's gig1 
there a mammoth express-wagon2 a sullen 
,southerner contrasts with a grinning   
,gaul1 a darkly-vested bishop with a    
gayly-attired child1 a daintily-gloved  
belle with a mud-soiled drunkard2 a     
little shoe-black and a blind fiddler   
ply their trades in the shadow of       
,emmet's obelisk1 and a toy-merchant has
 ,montgomery's mural tablet for a       
background2 on the fence is a string of 
favorite ballads and popular songs2 a   

mock auctioneer shouts from one door1   
and a silent wax effigy gazes from      
another4 ,pisani1 who accompanied       
,prince ,napoleon in his yacht-voyage to
 ,america1 calls ,broadway a bazaar made
 up of savagery and civilization1 a mile
 and a half long2 and ,m4 ,fisch1 a     
,french pasteur1 was surprised at the   
sight of palaces six or seven stories   
high devoted to commerce and les figures
 fines et gracieuses1 la demarche legere
 et libre des femmes1 les allures vives 
de toute la population4 ,the shopkeepers
 are urbanely courteous1 says one       
traveller4 ,horses and harness are fine1
 but equipages inferior1 observes       
another2 while a third remarks1 after   
witnessing the escapade of vehicles in  
,broadway3 ,american coachmen are the   
most adroit in the world4  ,it has been 
said that a ,paris gamin would laugh at 
our fetes2 and yet1 if such a loyal     
custodian as one of the old sacristans  
we meet abroad1 who has kept a          
life-vigil in a famous cathedral1 or    

such a vigilant chronicler as was ,dr4  
,gemmelaro1 who for years noted in a    
diary the visitors to ,a,etna1 and all  
the phenomena of the volcano1--if such a
 fond sentinel were to have watched1    
even for less than a century1 and       
recorded the civic1 military1 and       
industrial processions of ,broadway1    
what a panoramic view we should have of 
the fortunes1 development1 and          
transitions of ,new ,york6 ,the last of 
the cocked-hats would appear with the   
final relics of ,dutch and ,quaker      
costume2 the celebration of the opening 
of the ,erie ,canal would seem          
consummated by the festivals that       
signalized the introduction of ,croton1 
and the success of the ,atlantic        
,telegraph2 the funeral cortege of      
,washington would precede that of scores
 of patriots and heroes1 from ,hamilton 
and ,lawrence to ,john ,quincy ,adams   
and ,general ,wadsworth2 ,scott would   
reappear victorious from ,mexico1       
,kossuth's plumed hat wave again to the 

crowd1 grim ,jackson's white head loom  
once more to the eager multitude1 and   
,lafayette's courteous greetings win    
their cheers2 ,st4 ,patrick's           
interminable line of followers would    
contrast with the robes and tails of the
 ,japanese1--the lanterns of a political
 battalion1 with the badges of a masonic
 fraternity1--the obsolete uniform of   
the ,old ,continentals1 with the red    
shirts of the firemen and the miniature 
banners of a ,sunday-school             
phalanx1--the gay citizen soldiers who  
turned out to honor ,independence or    
,evacuation ,day1 with the bronzed and  
maimed veterans bringing home their     
bullet-torn flags from the bloody field 
of a triumphant patriotic war1--the     
first negro regiment raised therefor    
cheerily escorted by the ,union ,league 
,club1 with the sublime funeral train of
 the martyred ,president4 ,including    
party demonstrations1 popular ovations1 
memorable receptions and                
obsequies1--,broadway processions1      

historically speaking1 uniquely         
illustrate the civic growth1 the        
political freedom1 the cosmopolitan     
sympathies1 and the social prosperity of
 ,new ,york4  ,the mutations and        
ameliorations of ,broadway are          
singularly rapid4 ,it is but a few years
 since the eye of the passenger therein 
often caught sight of pleasant domestic 
nooks1--bulbs in bloom1 a canary1       
gold-fish1 or a graceful head bent over 
a book or crochet-work1 at the cheerful 
window1--where now iron fronts and      
plate-glass of enormous size proclaim   
the prosperous warehouse4 ,one of those 
sudden and sweeping conflagrations1     
which so frequently make a breach in the
 long line of edifices1 destroyed within
 a few months the tall white walls of   
the ,american ,museum1 with its flaring 
effigies of giants1 dwarfs1 and         
monsters1 and its band of musicians in  
the balcony1 so alluring to the rustic  
visitor4 ,the picturesque church of ,st4
 ,thomas and the heavy granite facade of

 the ,stuyvesant ,institute1 the        
,tabernacle1 the ,art-,academy1 and the 
,society ,library buildings have given  
way to palaces of trade1 and been       
transferred to the indefinitely         
extensive region of up town4 ,stewart's 
lofty marble stores redeemed the        
character of the east side1 long        
neglected in favor of the more crowded  
and showy opposite walk2 and his example
 has been followed by so many other     
enterprising capitalists1 that the      
original difference1 both of aspect and 
prestige1 has all but vanished4  ,among 
the most noticeable of the later        
features are the prevalence of          
flower-venders1 and the increase of     
beggars2 as well as the luxurious       
attractiveness of the leading           
confectioners' establishments1 which1 in
 true ,american eclectic style1 combine 
the ,parisian cafe with the ,london     
pastry-cooks and the ,continental       
restaurant1--delectable rendezvous of   
women who lunch extravagantly4 ,another 

and more refined feature is the increase
 of elegant ,art stores1 where ,gerome's
 latest miracle of ,oriental            
delineation1 a fresh landscape of       
,auchenbach1 or a naive gem by ,frere1  
is freely exposed to the public eye1    
beside new and elaborate engravings1 and
 graphic war-groups of ,rogers1 or the  
latest crayon of ,darley1 sunset of     
,church1 or rock-study by ,haseltine4   
,these free glimpses of modern ,art are 
indicative of the growing taste for and 
interest therein among us4 ,pictures    
were never such profitable and precious 
merchandise here1 and the fortunes of   
artists are different from what they    
were in the days when ,cole used to     
bring his new landscape to town1 deposit
 it in the house of a friend1 and       
personally call the attention thereto of
 the few who cared for such things1 and 
when the fashionable portrait-painter   
was the exclusive representative of the 
guild in ,gotham4  ,the ,astor ,house   
was the first of the large hotels on    

,broadway2 and its erection marks a new 
era in that favorite kind of enterprise 
and entertainment of which ,bunker's    
,mansion ,house was so long the         
comfortable1 respectable1 and home-like 
ideal4 ,yet it is noteworthy that inns  
rarely have or keep a representative    
character with us1 but blend popularity 
with fashion1 as nowhere else4 ,one may 
be associated with ,rebeldom1 another   
with trade2 this be frequented by       
,eastern1 and that by ,western          
travellers2 and nationalities may be    
identified with certain resorts4 ,but   
the tendency is towards the eclectic and
 homogeneous2 individuality not less    
than domesticity is trenched upon and   
fused in these extravagant              
caravanseries2 and there is no fact more
 characteristic of the material luxury  
and gregarious standard of ,new ,york   
life1 than that the only temple erected 
to her patron saint is a marble tavern6 
,broadway has always had its eccentric  
or notable habitues4 ,the ,muse of      

,halleck1 in her palmy days1            
immortalized not a few2 and many persons
 still recall the crazy poet ,clarke1   
the ,lime-,kiln man1 the courteous and  
venerable ,toussaint1--,new ,york's best
 image of ,god carved in ebony1--tall   
gentleman ,george ,barrett1 and a host  
of familiar faces associated with local 
fame or social traits4 ,the             
representative clergy1 physicians1      
lawyers1 merchants1 editors1            
politicians1 bards1 and beauties1 men   
about town1 and actors1 were there      
identified1 saluted1 and observed2 and  
of all these1 few seemed so             
appropriately there as the last2 for    
often there was and is a melodramatic   
aspect and association in the scene1 and
 ,burton1 ,placide1 or the elder        
,wallack walked there with a kind of    
professional self-complacency4          
,thackeray1 who had a quick and trained 
eye for the characteristic in cities1   
delighted in ,broadway1 for its cheerful
 variety1 its perpetual comedy of life2 

the significance whereof is only more   
apparent to the sympathetic observer1   
because now and then through the eager  
throng glides the funeral car to the    
sound of muffled drums1 the ,black      
,maria with its convict load1 or the    
curtained hospital litter with its dumb 
and maimed burden4 ,and then1 to the    
practised frequenter1 how1 one by one1  
endeared figures and faces disappear    
from that diurnal stage6 ,it seems but  
yesterday since we met there ,dr4       
,francis's cheering salutation1 or      
listened to ,dr4 ,bethune's and ,fenno  
,hoffman's genial and ,john ,stephens's 
truthful talk1--watched ,general        
,scott's stalwart form1 ,dr4 ,kane's    
lithe frame1 ,cooper's self-reliant     
step1 ,peter ,parley's juvenile         
cheerfulness1--and grasped ,henry       
,inman's cordial hand1 or listened to   
,irving's humorous reminiscence1 and met
 the benign smile of dear old ,clement  
,moore4 ,as to fairer faces and more    
delicate shapes1--to encounter which was

 the crowning joy of our promenade1--and
 cheeks grown holy with the lapse of    
years1 memory holds them too sacred for 
comment4 ,passing away is the perpetual 
refrain in the chorus of humanity in    
this bustling thoroughfare1 to the sober
 eye of maturity4 ,the never-ending     
procession1 to the sensitive and the    
observant1 has also infinite degrees of 
language4 ,some faces seem to welcome1  
others to defy1 some to lower1 and some 
to brighten1 many to ignore1 a few to   
challenge or charm1--as we pass4 ,and   
what lessons of fortune and of character
 are written thereon1--the blush of     
innocence and the hardihood of          
recklessness1 the candid grace of honor 
and the mean deprecatory glance of      
knavery1 intelligence and stupidity1    
soulfulness and vanity1 the glad smile  
of friendship1 the shrinking eye of     
fallen fortune1 the dubious recognition 
of disgrace1 the effrontery of the      
adventurer1 and the calm1 pleasant      
bearing of rectitude1--all that is      

beautiful and base in humanity1 gleams1 
glances1 and disappears as the crowd    
pass on4  ,richard ,cobden1 when in ,new
 ,york1 was caught and long detained in 
a mesh of drays and carriages in        
,broadway1 and he remarked that the     
absence of passionate profanity among   
the carmen and drivers1 and the         
good-natured patience they manifested1  
were in striking contrast with the      
blasphemous violence exhibited in       
,london under like circumstances2 and he
 attributed it to the greater           
self-respect bred in this class of men  
here by the prospect and purpose of a   
higher vocation4 ,it is curious to      
observe how professional are the        
impressions and observations of         
,broadway pedestrians4 ,walk there with 
a portrait-painter1 and he will infer   
character or discover subjects of art in
 every salient physiognomy4 ,the        
disparities of fortune and the signs of 
depravity will impress the moralist4    
,the pictorial effects1 the adventurous 

possibilities1 the enterprise1 care1 or 
pastime of the scene1 elicit comments in
 accordance with the idiosyncrasies or  
aptitudes of the observer4 ,what        
gradations of greeting1 from the curt   
recognition to the hilarious salute6    
,what variety of attraction and         
repulsion1 according as your            
acquaintance is a bore or a beauty1 a   
benefactor or a bankrupt6 ,the natural  
language of affairs1 however1 is the    
predominant expression4 ,from the days  
of ,rip ,van ,dam to those of ,john     
,pintard1 it is as a commercial city    
that ,new ,york has drawn both her rural
 and foreign population4 ,and her chief 
thoroughfare retains the distinctive    
aspect thereof1 as the extension of the 
city has eliminated therefrom all other 
social elements1--fashion being         
transferred to the ,fifth ,avenue1      
indigence to the ,five ,points1 and     
equipages to the ,central ,park4 ,police
 reports abound with the ruses and      
roughnesses of metropolitan life1 as    

developed in the most frequented        
streets1 where rogues seek safety in    
crowds4 ,a rheumatic friend of ours     
dropped a guinea in the ,strand1 and1   
being unable to stoop1 placed his foot  
upon the coin1 and waited and watched   
for the right man to ask to pick it up  
for him4 ,he was astonished at the      
difficulty of the choice4 ,one passer   
was too elegant1 another too abstracted1
 one looked dishonest1 and another      
haughty4 ,at last he saw approaching a  
serious1 kindly-looking1 middle-aged    
loiterer1 with a rusty black suit and   
white cravat1--apparently a poor curate 
taking his constitutional4 ,our friend  
explained his dilemma1 and was assured1 
in the most courteous terms1 that the   
stranger would accommodate him with     
pleasure4 ,very deliberately the latter 
picked up the guinea1 wiped it carefully
 on his coat-sleeve1 and transferred it 
to his vest-pocket1--walking off with a 
cheerful nod4 ,indignant at the trick1  
the invalid called out ,stop1 thief6    

,the rascal was chased and caught1 and1 
when taken to the police office1 proved 
to be ,bristol ,bill1--one of the most  
notorious and evasive burglars in       
,london4 ,many like instances of false  
pretences are traditional in            
,broadway1--where there are sometimes   
visible scenic personages1 like a quack 
doctor whose costume and bearing were   
borrowed from ,don ,pasquale1 and ,dr4  
,knickerbocker in the elegant and       
obselete breeches1 buckles1 and cocked  
hat of the olden time4  ,a peculiar     
hardihood and local wit are claimed for 
what are called the ,b'hoys4 ,a cockney1
 in pursuit of knowledge under          
difficulties1 was walking up ,broadway  
with the hospitable citizen to whose    
guidance he had been specially commended
 by a ,london correspondent4  ,i want1  
said the stranger1 to see a b'hoy1--a   
real b'hoy4  ,there's one1 replied his  
companion1 pointing to a strapping      
fellow1 in a red shirt and crush hat1   
waiting for a job at the corner4  ,ah1  

how curious6 replied ,john ,bull1       
examining this new species with his     
double eye-glass1--very curious2 ,i     
never saw a real b'hoy before4 ,i should
 like to hear him speak4  ,then1 why    
don't you talk to him8  ,i don't know   
what to say4  ,ask him the way to       
,laight ,street4  ,the inquisitive      
traveller crossed the street1 and1      
deferentially approaching the new genus1
 lisped1 ,ha--ah--how d' do1 ha8 ,i want
 to go to ,laight ,street4  ,then why in
 hell don't you go8 loudly and gruffly  
asks the b'hoy4  ,cockney nervously     
rejoined his friend1 saying1--,very     
curious1 the ,broadway b'hoys6  ,to     
realize the extent and character of the 
,celtic element in our population1 walk 
down this thronged avenue on a holiday1 
when the ,irish crowd the sidewalks1    
waiting for a pageant2 and all you have 
ever read or dreamed of savagery will   
gleam1 with latent fire1 from those     
myriads of sullen or daredevil eyes1 and
 lurk in the wild tones of those        

unchastened voices1 as the untidy or    
gaudily dressed and interminable line of
 expectants1 flushed with alcohol1 yield
 surlily to the backward wave of the    
policeman's baton4 ,the materials of    
riot in the heart of the vast and       
populous city then strike one with      
terror4 ,we see the worst elements of   
,european life cast upon our shore1 and 
impending1 as it were1 like a huge wave1
 over the peacefulness and prosperity of
 the nation4 ,the corruptions of ,new   
,york local government are explained at 
a glance4 ,the reason why even patriotic
 citizens shrink from the primary       
meetings whence spring the practical    
issues of municipal rule is easily      
understood2 and the absolute necessity  
of a reform in the legislative          
machinery1 whereby property and         
character may find adequate             
representation1 is brought home to the  
most careless observer of ,broadway     
phenomena4 ,but it is when threading the
 normal procession therein that distrust

 wanes1 in view of so much that is      
hopeful in enterprise and education1 and
 auspicious in social intelligence and  
sympathy4 ,it may be that on one of our 
bright and balmy days of early spring1  
or on a cool and radiant autumnal       
afternoon1 you behold1 in your walk from
 ,union ,square to the ,battery1 an     
eminent representative of each function 
and phase of high civilization2--wealth 
vested in real estate in the person of  
an ,astor1 peerless nautical            
architecture in a ,webb2 the alert step 
and venerable head of the poet of       
nature1 as ,bryant glides by1 and the   
still bright eye of the poet of         
patriotism and wit1 as ,halleck greets  
you with the zest of a rural visitor    
refreshed by the sight of old1 familiar 
faces2 anon comes ,bancroft1 a          
chronicler of ,america's past1 yet      
moving sympathetically through living   
history the while2 ,verplanck1 the      
,knickerbocker ,nestor1 and the         
gentlemen of the old school represented 

by ,irving's old friend1 the            
companionable and courteous ,governor   
,kemble2 pensive1 olive-cheeked1        
sad-eyed ,hamlet1 in the person of      
,edwin ,booth1 our native histrionic    
genius2 ,vandyke-looking ,charles       
,elliot1 the portrait-painter2 ,paez1   
the exiled ,south ,american general2    
,farragut1 the naval hero2 ,hancock1    
,hooker1 ,barlow1 or some other gallant 
army officer1--volunteer heroes1 maimed 
veterans of the ,union war2 merchants1  
whose names are synonymous with         
beneficence and integrity2 artists1     
whose landscapes have revealed the      
loveliness of this hemisphere to the    
,old ,world2 women who lend grace to    
society and feed the poor2 men of       
science1 who alleviate1 and of          
literature1 who console1 the sorrows of 
humanity2 the stanch in friendship1 the 
loyal in national sentiment1 the        
indomitable in duty1 the exemplary in   
,christian faith1 the tender and true in
 domestic life1--the redeeming and      

recuperative elements of civic society4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,my ,,heathen ,,at ,,home4   ,kicking  
my ,dutch wife1#c that comfortable      
,batavian device1 to the foot of the    
bed1 and turning over with a delicious  
stretch just as day began to dawn1 ,i   
opened my eyes with a drowsy sense of   
refreshing favor1--a half-dream1 mixed  
of burning and breeze1--and discovered  
old ,karlee1 my pearl of bhearers1#d    
waiting in still patience on the outside
 of the tent-like mosquito curtain1     
punka in hand1 and tenderly waving a    
balmy blessing across the               
sirocco-plagued sand of my slumber4     
,good morning1 ,karlee4  ,salaam1       
,sahib-bhote-bhote salaam6#e ,master    
catch plenty good isleep this night1    
,karlee hope4  ,so1 so1--so1 so4 ,but   
you look happy this morning2 your eyes  
are bright1 and your kummerbund#f       
jaunty1 and you sport a new turban4     
,what's the good news1 old man8  ,yes1  
,sahib4 ,large joy ,karlee have         

got1--happy kismut1#g--too much jolly   
good luck1 master1 please4  ,aha6 ,i'm  
glad of it4 ,none too jolly for my      
patient ,karlee1 ,i'll engage1--not a   
whit too happy and proud for my         
faithful1 grateful1 humble old man4 ,and
 what is it8  ,by master's favor1 one   
man-child have got2 one fine son he come
 this night1 please master's            
graciousness4  ,a son--your wife6--what1
 you1 ,karlee1 you8  ,please master's   
pardon1 no1--,karlee wife1 no2 ,karlee  
daughter1 ,karlee ison-in-law1 one      
man-child have catch this night1 by     
,sahib's merciful goodness4  ,so6 your  
daughter and her husband1 the young     
kitmudgar1#h they that were married last
 year4 ,good6 let us exalt our horn1 let
 us glorify ourselves2 for is it not    
written1 ',by a son a man shall obtain  
victory over all people2 by a son's son 
he shall enjoy immortality2 and by a    
son's son's son he shall reach the solar
 abodes'8 ,verily it is pleasant to have
 a boy-butcha in the house1--the heir   

and lord4 ,so we will even make merry   
to-day2 to-day we will take holiday4    
,let the buttons wait1 and the beard go 
awry2 send the barber away1 and tell the
 tailor to come to-morrow2 for one day  
,sahib1 the master of earth1 abdicates  
in favor of ,puttro1 the ',deliverer    
from ,hell1' the true king for every    
pious ,hindoo4 ,and here are some rupees
 to buy him a happy horoscope with1 and 
to pay the gooroo#i for a good strong   
charm1 warranted to avert the ,evil     
,eye4  ,ah6 ,master's bountiful favor   
too much compassion have1--too much     
pitiful munif--  ,that's all right1 old 
man4 ,salaam now2 and good luck to the  
baby4  ,now here1 thought ,i1 is a      
chance to observe my pagan at home1     
under the most favorable circumstances4 
,karlee will devote the occasion to the 
domestic felicities2 he will spread     
holiday fare1 and there will be         
neighborly congratulations1 and a       
hospitable relaxation in the family of  
the orthodox heathen rigor4 ,i will make

 a surprise party of myself1 and on the 
recommendation of a string of corals for
 the new butcha ,i'll catch him in the  
very dishabille of his ,hindooism4 ,and 
,i did4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,i had often heard that    
,karlee lived well1 and that his        
household enjoyed substantial comfort in
 a degree notably superior to the       
general circumstances of his class4     
,with eminent intelligence and devotion 
he had served for more than forty years 
various ,american gentlemen residing in 
,calcutta1 by whom1 in his              
neat-handedness1 he was esteemed a sort 
of he-,phillis2 and for his housewifely 
dusting of books and furniture1 his     
orderly keeping of drawers and trunks1  
his sharp eye to punkas and             
mosquito-nets1 and his exacting         
discipline of sweepers and messengers1  
barbers1 tailors1 and washermen1 he had 
been rewarded with generous buksheesh   
over and above his stipulated1 wages1   
which were liberal2 so that among       

bhearers he was distinguished for       
respectability1 by income as well as    
influence1 and represented the best     
society4 ,between his own savings and   
those of his wife1--who1 as an ayah1 or 
nurse1 in an ,english family high in the
 ,civil ,service1 was extravagantly     
prized for her fidelity1 skill1 and     
patience1--,karlee had laid up a little 
fortune of ten thousand rupees2 but that
 was partly by dint of a clever         
speculation now and then in curiosities 
and choice presents1 which he disposed  
of among those of his ,american or      
,english patrons who happened to be     
homeward bound4 ,as it is not permitted 
to a bhearer to engage directly in      
trade1 these neat little transactions   
were in all cases shrewdly managed by a 
friend of ,karlee's1 a smart sircar1#aj 
in the employ of a banyan1#aa the       
bhearer resting strictly in the         
background1 a silent partner1 and       
limiting his co-operation to the prompt 
furnishing of capital1 which consisted  

not of rupees merely1 but of many a     
cunning hint as well1 as to the tastes1 
ways1 and weaknesses of his customers4  
,it was a mutual understanding3 we knew 
of ,karlee's interest in these          
sentimental operations1 and we openly   
patronized him2 he knew which of us had 
wives1 and which sweethearts1 across the
 black water1 and he mysteriously       
patronized us4 ,on that subject my      
heathen was always at home2 and so it   
happened1 by a happy dispensation of    
cause and effect1 that at home he lived 
like a gentleman4  ,through narrow1     
dingy miles of scrambling bazaar1       
redolent of all the unfragrances of that
 dusty1 sweaty1 greasy1 jabbering       
quarter1 ,i rolled in my light buggy1   
behind a nimble ,arab mare1 to a        
suburban retreat on the eastern skirt of
 the ,black ,town1 where1 just beyond a 
cluster of mean huts of the sooa-logue1 
the low laboring rabble1 ,i found       
,karlee's genteel abode1 and was        
refreshed by the contrast it presented  

to the hovel of his next neighbor1 whose
 single windowless apartment1 and walls 
of alternate rows of straw and reeds1   
plastered with mud1 proclaimed most     
unpicturesquely the hard fate of him who
 springs from the soles of ,brahma's    
feet4 ,karlee's walls were of solid clay
 of substantial thickness4 ,his floor   
was raised a foot or two above the      
ground1 and there was a neatly thatched 
roof over all1 swelling out in an       
elongated dome1 and oddly resembling an 
inverted boat4 ,as in the rural         
districts1 ,karlee had fenced in his    
privacy with a thick hedge of clipped   
bamboo surmounting a quadrangular       
embankment4 ,before the grateful porch  
two beautiful tamarind-trees and a palm 
bestowed their kindly shade1 and in the 
hedge the bamboos1 with their golden    
stems and bright green leaves1 rustled  
cheerfully4  ,on the other side of the  
road1 and shyly retired from it in a    
close bamboo covert1 dwelt ,karlee's    
partner in the curiosity and general    

fancy line1 the sharp sircar1 with whom 
7both being soodras1#ab and of the same 
sect7 his social relations were intimate
 and free4 ,the sircar1 having thriven  
under the patronage of more than one    
rich and liberal baboo1#ac to whose     
favor he had recommended himself by his 
business alertness and his ever-politic 
compliance1 had attained unto the honor 
of a brick house of two stories1        
plastered and whitewashed without and   
within1 with a flat roof1 having a low  
parapet1 and laid with a rain-proof     
composition of clay and lime4 ,though   
his stairs are narrow1 his veranda is   
commodious2 and when he shall have made 
his fortune in the curiosity and general
 fancy line1 he will have wings1 with a 
central area open to the sky1 and a     
double veranda with a lattice4 ,then1   
his accommodations being sufficiently   
enlarged1 the proudest wish of his heart
 shall be gratified in the reunion of   
his entire family--children and         
grandchildren1 even uncles and aunts1   

nephews and nieces--under the same roof4
  ,as ,i drove up to ,karlee's hedge1   
and1 tossing the reins to my syce1#ad   
passed under the tamarind-trees to the  
little porch1 the old man came out to   
meet me with unwonted precipitation2    
and1 although he maintained with        
admirable presence of mind that         
imperturbable gravity1 that tranquil1   
expectant self-possession1 which is the 
study of a ,hindoo's life1 and to which 
he gives all his mind from the time when
 he first begins to have any1 ever      
solicitous to be master of himself      
though ,china fall1 it was not difficult
 on this occasion to detect in the      
fluttering lights and shades of his     
countenance an expression mixed of      
astonishment1 gratification1 and        
confusion1 very natural to a poor       
bhearer who had never before been taken 
by a ,sahib in the very bosom of his    
family4 ,there was something at once    
pitiful and comical in the subdued      
fidget with which1 applying his joined  

palms to his forehead1 and lowly        
louting1 he made his most obsequious    
salaam again and again4  ,master have   
command for ,karlee8 ,any wrong thing   
happen1 master8 ,dhobee#ae come8        
,mehtur#af not sweep room8              
,punka-wallah#ag run away8 ,sahibs make 
visit8 ,kitmudgar not--  ,no1 no2       
everything all right and proper4 ,i have
 come to bring good wishes and a lucky  
eye to all this house1 and a small      
salaamee1 a pretty gift1 for the new    
,suntoshum1--the jewel that hangs on its
 mother's bosom4  ,ah6 master make slave
 too much happy honor4 ,master's pitiful
 graciousness all same ,barra ,lard     
,sahib 7the ,governor-,general74 ,poor1 
foolish bhearer kiss master's feet4     
,well1 another time for that4 ,lead the 
way now1 and let me make my salaam to   
your coolest mat and your largest punka1
 for ,i am hot and tired4  ,s'pose      
,sahib like1 ,belatta pawnee have got8  
,acha2 ,belatta pawnee lou4#ah  ,here1  
indeed1 was a wide stride in the        

direction of refinement and ,evangelism6
 ,soda-water in a bhearer's house6      
,karlee had not served the ,sahibs1 and 
observed ,young ,bengal baboos1 in vain4
 ,from ,belatta pawnee to ,isherryshrob 
and ,simpkin 7sherry and champagne7 is  
not far1 and well does ,young ,bengal   
know the way4  ,a quick glance1 as ,i   
passed in1 informed me that ,karlee's   
house consisted of four rooms2 probably 
two sleeping apartments1 one for the men
 and another for the women1 a kitchen1  
and a common room for meals1 family     
chats1 and visitors4 ,like all true     
,hindoo houses1 uncorrupted by the      
,european innovations which snobbish    
baboos affect1 it contained but few     
articles of furniture1 and those of the 
simplest and most indispensable         
description1--nothing for luxury1       
nothing for show4 ,to the outfit of the 
poorest laborer's domicile he added     
little more than a white cloth spread   
over checkered ,chinese matting1 to     
stand for chair1 table1 and bed2 a      

cushion or two to recline upon2 a few   
earthen vessels of the better quality1  
to hold rice or water2 a brass lamp for 
cocoa-nut oil2 several more primitive   
lamps rudely made of the shell of the   
cocoa-nut2 an iron mortar and           
pestle--foreign1 of course--for pounding
 curry2 a couple of charpoys1 or wooden 
cots2 a few brass lotahs1 or            
drinking-cups2 and two or three         
hubble-bubbles4 ,but the crowning       
glories were a ,chinese extension chair1
 of bamboo and wicker1 and quite a      
pretty hookah1--both evidently dedicated
 to company occasions4 ,these were all  
that ,i could see in the two rooms to   
which ,i was admitted1 and these were no
 doubt the very splendors of ,karlee's  
establishment4 ,if he had been a rich   
,anglicized baboo1 he would have had a  
profusion of hot1 tawdry chairs1 and a  
vulgar-gorgeous cramming of gilt-edged  
tables1 sweaty red sofas1 coarse        
pictures in overdone frames1 ,bowery    
mirrors1 and ,brummagem chandeliers4    

,comfortably installed in the ,chinese  
chair1 and refreshed with the ,belatta  
pawnee1 ,i proceeded to take notes4     
,karlee had discarded his working dress 
for festal attire1--the difference being
 one of quality merely4 ,round his waist
 he wore a dhotee of coarse muslin1     
tight above1 so as to form the          
kummerbund1 or waistband1 but thence    
falling in loose and not ungraceful     
folds down the legs to the ankles4 ,over
 his body another ample mantle1 in no   
respect differing from the dhotee as to 
texture or color1 was wrapped like a    
broad scarf1 and carelessly flung over  
the shoulder in the fashion of a        
,highland plaid4 ,in the cold season he 
would draw this over his head for a     
hood4 ,these sheets of cloth are worn   
just as they come from the loom2 needle 
or pin has never touched them1 and they 
are held in place by tucking the ends   
under the folds4  ,being a ,hindoo      
gentleman of the old school1 ,karlee    
repudiated the headdress at home2 for   

the puggree1 at least in its present    
form1 was adopted from the ,mohammedan  
conquerors1 and is1 historically1 a     
badge of subjugation4 ,so when he met me
 at the door his head was uncovered2 but
 ,i had no sooner crossed the threshold 
than he made haste to don his flat      
turban1--reflecting1 perhaps1 that ,i   
had never seen him without it1 and might
 resent his bare head as an indignity4  
,of course his feet were unshod4 ,to    
have worn his sandals in my presence    
would have been a flagrant insult2 but  
on the porch ,i espied those two queer  
clogs of wood1 shaped to the sole of the
 foot1 and having no other fastening    
than an impracticable-looking knob1 to  
be held between the toes4  ,this is the 
orthodox ,hindoo dress2 but the costume 
for public occasions of many ,hindoos of
 rank has been for a quarter of a       
century in a state of transition from   
,mohammedan to ,british4 ,by way of     
turbans1 loose trousers1 ,cashmere      
shawls1 and embroidered slippers1 they  

are marching on toward pantaloons1      
waistcoats1 shoes and stockings1        
stove-pipe hats1 and tail-coats4 ,a     
baboo of superlative fashion1 according 
to the code of ,young ,bengal1 paid me a
 visit one day in a state of confirmed  
pants and ,congress gaiters2 and1 on    
seating himself1 he took off his turban 
and held it on his knee4 ,i need hardly 
say that he was a fool and an infidel4  
,and ,i have seen an intrepid buffoon of
 this class in an ,english shirt1 which 
he wore over his pantaloons1 and hanging
 down to his knees4 ,but1 after all1    
these clumsy desecrations are confined  
to a small minority of the population1  
if not strictly to that set which is    
brought most closely in contact with    
,europeans2 such as a few native        
gentlemen in the ,presidency capitals1  
some of the pleaders and principal      
employes of the higher courts1 not a few
 of the teachers and pupils in the      
,anglo-,indian schools1 and many of the 
native ,christians4  ,karlee's          

politeness1 superior to that of the more
 servile bhearers1 was a fair type of   
the pure ,hindoo manners of that        
well-bred middle class which clings with
 orthodox conservatism to its dear      
traditions1 and spurns as               
unconstitutional all upstart and dandy  
amendments of the old social and        
religious law4 ,he had invariably one   
salutation for an equal1--the right hand
 gently raised1 and the head as gently  
inclined to meet it2 another1 for what  
,i may term a familiar superior 7such as
 myself71--the hands joined palm to     
palm1 and so applied twice or thrice to 
the forehead2 and still other1 and more 
and more reverential1 ceremonials for   
gooroos1 ,brahmins1 holy sages1 and     
princes1--the brow touching the ground1 
or the whole body prostrated4  ,if it   
was an indispensable requirement of     
respect that he should leave his        
slippers at the door on entering any    
house1 it was no less important that he 
should resume them on taking his leave4 

,to have appeared in public with        
uncovered feet would have been a gross  
breach of propriety4 ,fine old ,hindoo  
gentlemen1 all of the olden time1 find  
it difficult to express their mingled   
contempt1 indignation1 and regret for   
the innovation which substitutes the    
,cheapside shoe for the ceremonial      
slipper1 or permits the wearing of the  
latter in a ,sahib's office or          
drawing-room4 ,it shows1 they say1 that 
the natives are losing their respect for
 the ,sahibs4 ,and yet the ,british     
authorities stupidly sanction it1 even  
set the seal of fashion upon it1 by     
allowing natives of rank1 who visit     
,government ,house1 to appear in the    
presence of the ,governor-,general1 and 
the elite of the ,european society1 in  
their slippers4 ,the fact is1 these     
impious disturbings of the established  
order of things are most shocking to the
 well-regulated heathen mind1 to which  
no spectacle can be more monstrous than 
that of a ,hindoo of good caste and old 

family performing with some arf-and-arf 
,cockney visitor a duet on the          
pump-handle1 and directly afterward     
wreathing his apoplectic neck with      
flowers1 and sprinkling his asthmatic   
waistcoat with rose-water4 ,you see they
 both back ,young ,bengal in the        
,barrackpore races4  ,when ,karlee      
visits his friend the sircar1 he is     
scrupulous not to make his parting      
salaam until his host has given the     
customary signal4 ,he waits to be       
dismissed1 or rather to receive         
permission to withdraw4 ,the etiquette  
supposes that his inclination is to     
prolong the enjoyment he derives from   
the society of so agreeable a gentleman2
 it is1 therefore1 not until rose-water 
has been presented to him1 or           
betel-leaf1 or sweetmeats1 that he will 
venture to take his sandals and his     
leave4  ,the style of ,hindoo politeness
 is format and imperturbably grave1     
utterly devoid of heartiness or         
impulsiveness2 and the cordiality which 

distinguishes the intercourse of        
,american friends appears to the native 
gentleman boisterous and vulgar4 ,i     
never saw ,karlee laugh2 and if ,i had  
happened to snatch him from sudden death
 by fire or water1 ,i think he would    
have acknowledged the obligation with   
precisely the same mathematical salaam1 
or at most the same sententious         
obsequiousness1 with which he accepted a
 buksheesh of a half-rupee2 and yet in  
both good-humor and gratitude he was as 
cheerful and as worthy as the most giddy
 and gushing of damsels4 ,but ,i must   
acknowledge there was something truly   
corpsy in the solemnity with which he   
would lay out a clean shirt4 ,even so1  
in the midst of all the jolly uproar of 
a mess dinner1 our ,kitmudgars would    
stand in grim deadliness at our backs1  
like so many executioners1 only waiting 
for a sign from the ruthless ,kousomar1 
who was just then horribly popping the  
champagne corks1 to behead us1--each his
 own doomed ,sahib4  ,no wonder ,karlee 

was a gentleman2 for the ,vishnu ,pooran
 was his ,chesterfield1 and he had its  
precepts by heart4 ,a wise man1 he would
 say to the pert young ,kitmudgars1 as  
they bragged and wrangled1 between their
 hubble-bubbles1 on the back stairs1--a 
wise man will never address another with
 the least unkindness2 but will always  
speak gently1 and with truth1 and never 
make public another's faults4 ,he will  
never engage in a dispute with either   
his superiors or his inferiors3         
controversy and marriage are permitted  
only between equals4 ,nor will he ever  
associate with wicked persons3 half an  
instant is the utmost time he should    
allow himself to remain in their        
company4 ,a wise man1 when sitting1 will
 not put one foot over the other1 nor   
stretch forth his foot in the presence  
of a superior2 but he will sit with     
modesty1 in the posture styled virasama4
 ,above all1 he will not expectorate at 
the time of eating1 offering oblations1 
or repeating prayers1 or in the presence

 of any respectable person2 nor will he 
ever cross the shadow of a venerable man
 or of an idol4  ,for those who imagine 
that polygamy is a popular institution  
in ,hindostan1 the answer of a ,hill-man
 to a ,mofussil magistrate should       
suffice4 ,do you keep more than one     
wife8 ,we can hardly feed one2 why      
should we keep more8 ,in fact1 the      
privilege of maintaining a plurality of 
wives is restricted to a very           
few1--those only of the largest means   
and smallest scruples1--except in the   
case of ,kooleen ,brahmins1 that        
superlative aristocracy of caste which  
is supposed to be descended from certain
 illustrious families who settled in    
,bengal several centuries ago4 ,wealthy 
,hindoos of low degree eagerly aspire to
 the honor of mixing their puddle blood 
with the quintessentially clarified     
fluid that glorifies the circulatory    
systems of these demigods1 and the      
result is a very pretty and profitable  
branch of the ,brahmin                  

business1--,kooleen marrying sometimes  
as many as fifty of such nut-brown maids
 of baser birth1 in consideration of a  
substantial dowry attached to each      
bride1 and a solemn obligation1 accepted
 and signed by the paternal ,puddle1    
forever to feed at home her and her     
improved progeny4 ,so the fifty continue
 to roost in the old paternal coops1    
while ,kooleen1 like a pampered         
,brahmapootra1 struts1 in pompous       
patronage1 from one to the other1 his   
sense of duty satisfied when he has left
 a crow and a cackle behind him4 ,it is 
said that many fine fowls of the        
,brahmin breed1 who do not happen to be 
,kooleens1 complain of the monopoly4    
,so ,karlee had but one wife1--the      
handy1 thrifty ayah already mentioned4  
,she was nine and he twelve years old   
when they were betrothed1 and they never
 saw each other until they were married4
 ,a professional match-maker1 or        
go-between1--female1 of course1--was    
employed by the parents to negotiate    

terms and arrange the preliminaries2 and
 when horoscopes had been compared and  
the stars found all right1 with a little
 consequential chaffering1 the hymeneal 
instruments were executed4 ,there was no
 trouble on the score of caste1 both    
families being soodra2 otherwise1 the   
sensitive social balance would have had 
to be adjusted by the payment of a sum  
of money4 ,when the skirts of the bride 
and bridegroom had been fastened        
together with blades of the             
sweet-scented cusa grass1--when he had  
said1 ,may that heart which is thine    
become my heart1 and this heart which is
 mine become thy heart1--when1 hand in  
hand1 they had stept into the seventh of
 the mystic circles1--,mr4 and ,mrs4    
,karlee were an accomplished ,hindoo    
fact4  ,to the parents on both sides1   
the wedding was a costly performance4   
,there were the irrepressible and       
voracious ,brahmins to propitiate1 the  
hungry friends of both families to feast
 for three days1 the musicians and the  

nautch-girls and the tamasha-wallahs#ai 
to be bountifully buksheeshed2 and when 
the bridal palanquin was borne homeward1
 it was a high-priced indispensability  
that the procession should satisfy the  
best soodra society1--      ,with the   
yellow torches gleaming1     ,and the   
scarlet mantles streaming1     ,and the 
canopy above     ,swaying as they slowly
 move4  ,karlee has assured me that     
neither his father nor his              
father-in-law1 although both were       
soodras of fair credit and condition1   
ever quite recovered from the financial 
shock of that awspidges okashn4  ,a     
,hindoo very rarely pronounces the name 
of his wife1 even to his most intimate  
friends1--to strangers1 and especially  
foreigners1 never2 on the part of a     
native visitor it is the etiquette to   
ignore her altogether1 and for the      
husband to allude to her familiarly is  
an unpardonable breach of decorum4      
,when1 therefore1 ,karlee1 to gratify my
 friendly curiosity1 led in the happy   

grandmother1 ,i felt that ,i was the    
recipient of an extraordinary mark of   
respect and confidence1 involving a     
generous sacrifice of prejudice4 ,as she
 made her modest salaam1 and1 in the    
manner of a shy child1 sank to the floor
 in the habitual posture of an ayah1 ,i 
had before me the well-preserved remains
 of a ,hindoo beauty1 according to the  
standard of the ,shasters1--a placid1   
reposeful woman1 almost fat1 with rather
 delicate features of ,rajpoot fairness1
 the complexion of high caste1 wealth1  
and ease1 such as her less-favored      
sisters vainly strive to imitate with a 
sort of saffron rouge4 ,her expression  
was chaste and gentle1 her voice dulcet2
 and to the practice of carrying light  
burdens on her head she was indebted for
 a carriage erect and graceful4 ,on     
,broadway or ,tremont ,street1 ,mrs4    
,karlee would have passed for a very    
comely colored woman4 ,if she was not   
like ,rama1 fair as the jasmine1 or the 
moon1 or the fibres of the lotos1       

neither had she1 like ,krishna1 the     
complexion of a cloud4 ,if she was not  
so delicate as that dainty beauty who   
bewitched the hard heart of ,surajah    
,dowlah1 and weighed but sixty-four     
pounds1 neither did she reproduce the   
unwieldy charms of that ,venus of one of
 the ,shasters whose gait was the gait  
of a drunken elephant or a goose4 ,a    
prudent man1 says the ,vishnoo ,pooran1 
will not marry a woman who has a beard1 
or one who has thick ankles1 or one who 
speaks with a shrill voice1 or one who  
croaks like a raven1 or one whose       
eyebrows meet1 or one whose teeth       
resemble tusks4 ,and ,karlee was a      
prudent man4  ,from the extravagant and 
clumsy complications1 the stupid        
caprices and discords1 and studious     
indecencies of our women's fashions1 to 
the prudent simplicity1 the unconscious 
poetry and picturesqueness and musically
 blended modesty and freedom of the good
 ayah's unchangeable attire1 my thought 
reverts with a mingled sense of         

refreshment and regret4 ,a single web of
 cloth1 eight or nine yards long1 having
 a narrow blue border1 was drawn in     
self-forming folds around her shoulders 
and bosom1 and hung down to her         
feet1--the material muslin1 the texture 
somewhat coarse1 the color white4 ,no   
dressmaker had ever played fantastic    
tricks with it3 it was pure and simple  
in its entireness as it came from the   
loom4  ,other women1 of the laboring    
class1 and very poor1 passed to and fro 
on the street1 half naked1 their legs   
and shoulders bare1 and with only a     
piece of dirty cloth--blue1 red1 or     
yellow--around the loins and hips2 while
 here and there some superfine baboo's  
wife floated past in her close          
palanquin1 or sat with her children on  
the flat roof of her house1 or peeped   
through her narrow windows into the     
street1 arrayed in fancy bodice and     
petticoat1--,mohammedan fashion4  ,but  
the simplicity of ,mrs4 ,karlee's attire
 began and ended with her drapery4 ,her 

ornaments were cumbersome1 clumsy1 and  
grotesque4 ,on her arms and ankles were 
many fetter-like bands of silver and    
copper2 rude rings of gold and silver   
adorned her fingers and great toes2     
small silver coins were twisted in her  
hair2 and the naturally delicate outline
 of her lips was deformed by a broad    
gold ring1 which she wore1 like a       
fractious ox1 in her nose4 ,this latter 
vanity is as precious as it is ugly2 in 
some of the minor castes its absence is 
regarded as a badge of widowhood2 and   
for no inducement would the pious ayah  
have removed it from its place1 even for
 an instant4 ,had it fallen1 by any     
dreadful chance1 the house would have   
been filled with horror and lamentation4
 ,the half-naked wife of my syce        
rejoices in a nose-ring of brass or     
pewter1 and her wrists and ankles are   
gay with hoops of painted shell-lac2 and
 even she stains her eyelids with       
lampblack1 and tinges her nails with    
henna4 ,much lovelier was our pretty    

ayah in her maidenhood1 when her dainty 
bosom was decked with shells and        
sweet-scented flowers1 and her raven    
hair lighted up with sprays of the      
,indian jasmine1 which first she had    
offered to ,seeta4  ,but that reminds me
 that1 when ,i approached her1 and      
presented the string of corals1 my small
 salaamee1 and bade ,karlee tell her    
that it was for the baby1--for she      
understood not a word of ,english1--and 
that ,i wished him happy stars and a    
good name1 riches and honors1 and a     
houseful of sons1--she uttered not a    
word2 but with eyes brimming with       
gratitude1 flattered to tears1 by a     
sudden graceful movement she touched my 
foot with her hand and immediately laid 
it on her head1--and then1 with many shy
 and mute1 but eloquent salaams1        
retired4 ,it is difficult to imagine    
such a woman scolding and slang-whanging
 as low ,hindoo women do1 accompanying  
with passionate attitudes and gestures a
 reckless torrent of words1 and fitting 

the foulest action to the most          
scandalous epithet4  ,the wives of the  
native servants are generally           
industrious4 ,this one1 ,karlee boasted1
 was a notable housewife4 ,before she   
went out to service as an ayah she had  
cleaned the rice1 pounded the curry1    
cooked all the meals1 brought water from
 the tank in earthen jars on her head1  
swept and scrubbed the floor1 cultivated
 a small kitchen garden1 shopped at the 
bazaar1 spun endless supplies of cotton 
thread on a very primitive reel1        
consisting of a piece of wire with a    
ball of clay at the end of it1 which she
 twirled with one hand while she fed it 
with the other2 and every morning she   
bathed in the ,hooghly1 and returned    
home before daybreak4 ,sewing and       
knitting were unknown arts to her1--she 
had no use for either2 and her washing  
and ironing were done by a hired dhobee4
  ,true1 it was not permitted to her to 
eat with her husband2 when ,karlee dined
 she sat at the respectful orthodox     

distance1 and waited2 and if at any time
 they walked out together1 ayah must    
keep her legal place in the rear4 ,saith
 the ,shaster1 ,is it not the practice  
of women of immaculate chastity to eat  
after their lords have eaten1 to sleep  
only after they have slept1 and to rise 
from sleep before them8 ,and again1 ,let
 a wife who wishes to perform sacred    
ablution wash the feet of her lord1 and 
drink the water4 ,nevertheless1 ayah    
exercised an influence over her husband 
as decided as it was wholesome2 she did 
not hesitate to rebuke him when occasion
 required2 and in all that related to   
the moral government of her children she
 was free to dispute his authority1 and 
try parental conclusions with           
him1--kindly but firmly4 ,as for the    
tyrannical immuring of the ,oriental    
female1 the cruel caging of the pretty  
birds who are supposed to be forever    
longing and pining for the gossip of the
 ghaut and the bustle of the bazaar1 the
 only fault she had to find with it was 

that she did not get enough of it4 ,the 
well-trained ,hindoo woman has been     
taught to regard such seclusion as her  
most charming compliment1 and a precious
 proof of her husband's affection2 to be
 kept jealously veiled from the staring 
world1 is associated in her mind with   
ideas of wealth and rank1--it is the    
very aristocracy of fashion4  ,according
 to the ,code of ,menyu1 a believer in  
,scripture may receive pure knowledge   
even from a soodra1 a lesson of the     
highest virtue even from a chandala1 and
 a woman bright as a gem even from the  
lowest family4 ,so if ,karlee's wife1   
instead of being of the same social rank
 as himself1 had come of basest caste1  
she would still have been a treasure4   
,soon after she had retired1 she gently 
pushed into the room1 to pay his        
respects to the ,sahib1 a shy little boy
 of five years1 whom ,karlee presented  
to me as the child of his only son1 a   
bhearer in the service of an ,english   
officer stationed at ,fort ,william4    

,the mother had died in blessing her    
husband with this bright little puttro4 
,in costume he was the exact miniature  
of his grandfather1 except that he wore 
no puggree1 and his hair was cut short  
round the forehead in a quaint frill1   
like the small boys one sees running    
about the streets in ,orissa4 ,his      
ankles1 too1 were loaded with massive   
silver rings1 which noticeably impeded  
the childish freedom of his steps4 ,when
 he has begun to understand what the    
word wife means1 these must be laid     
aside4 ,in his manners1 likewise1 little
 ,karlee was the very tautology of his  
namesake with the gray moustache1--the  
same wary self-possession1 the same     
immovable gravity and nice decorum4     
,like a little courtier1 he made his    
small salaam1 and through his           
grandfather replied to some playful     
questions ,i addressed to him1 with good
 emphasis and discretion1 without either
 awkwardness or boldness1 and especially
 without a smile4 ,when ,i gave him a   

rupee1 he construed it as the customary 
signal1 and with another small salaam   
immediately dismissed himself4  ,little 
,karlee must have taken lessons in      
deportment with his primal pap2 and in  
,india all good little boys1 who hope to
 go to heaven when they die1 keep their 
noses clean1 and never romp or whistle4 
,as to girls it matters less2 the       
midwife gets only half price for        
consummating that sort of blunder2 for  
when you are dead only a son can carry  
you out and bury you dacent1--no        
daughter1 though she pray with the power
 and perseverance of the ,seven         
,penitents1 can procure you a           
respectable metempsychosis4  ,so far    
little ,karlee had been lucky4 ,this    
house1 where he was born1 was lucky1--no
 one had ever died in it4 ,when his dear
 mother could not spin any more1 they   
carried her to the ,hooghly on a        
charpoy1 and she had breathed her last  
on the banks of the sacred river4       
,besides1 his grandfather had           

immediately stuck up a cooking-pot1     
striped with perpendicular white lines1 
on a pole at the side of the house2 so  
he had never been in any danger from    
malicious incantations and the ,evil    
,eye4 ,his education had been begun on a
 propitious day1 else he might have died
 or turned out a dunce4 ,the very day he
 was born1 a ,brahmin--,o so pious6--had
 hung a charm round his neck1 and only  
charged grandpa fifty rupees for it2    
when he went to the bazaar with his     
grandmother he was always dressed in    
rags1 to avert envy1 and no one out of  
the family knew his real name except his
 gooroo2 all the other boys1 and the    
neighbors1 called him ,teencowry 7three 
cowries#bj71--such a nice mean name     
against spells and cross-eyed people6   
,once a strange ,melican ,sahib had     
said1 ,hello1 ,buster6 to him2 but he   
wasn't at all frightened1 for his gooroo
 had taught him how to say a holy       
mautra#ba backwards2 and when the       
,melican ,sahib passed on1 he spat on   

his shadow and said it4 ,last week a    
lizard dropped on his foot1 and         
yesterday he saw a cow on his right hand
 three times1--he had always been so    
lucky6  ,now1 time1 place1 and mood     
being favorable1 ,i called for the      
company hookah1 and1 extending the long 
,chinese chair1 smoked myself to sleep  
under the punka4 ,my nap was a long one1
 and when ,i awoke there watched and    
waited ,karlee1 tenderly patient1 with  
the fly-flapper4  ,in the hospitalities 
thus far so handsomely extended to me1  
the reader will recognize and appreciate
 an extraordinary display of liberal    
ideas1 for which1 however1 considering  
the sound common sense of my            
affectionate old bhearer1 ,i was not    
altogether unprepared2 but when1 his    
little grandson being gone1 he conducted
 me into another room1 to partake of    
what he humbly styled a chota khana1 a  
trifle of luncheon1 my astonishment     
exceeded my gratification4 ,i doubt if  
such a thing had ever before happened in

 the life of a bhearer4  ,on the floor a
 broad sheet1 of spotless whiteness1 was
 spread1 and beside it a narrow mattress
 of striped seersucker1 very clean and  
cool1 and with a double cushion at the  
head to support the elbow2 on this my   
host invited me to recline4 ,here then  
were table and chair1 but as yet the    
board was bare4 ,presently little       
,karlee reappeared1 bringing a great    
round hand-punka1 formed of a single    
huge palm-leaf1 and1 standing behind my 
shoulder1 began to fan me solemnly4     
,immediately there was a subdued and    
mysterious clapping of hands1 and the   
old man1 going to the door1 received1   
from behind the red curtain which hung  
across it1 a bowl of coarse unglazed    
earthenware1 but smoking and savory1    
which he set before me1 together with a 
smaller bowl of the same material1      
empty2 and to my lively surprise these  
were followed by ,english bunns and     
pickles1 a jar of chutney1 a bottle of  
,allsop's ale1 my own silver beer-mug1  

knives and forks1 table and dessert     
spoons1 fruit-knife1 and napkin1--all   
from our quarters in ,cossitollah1 two  
miles away4 ,by what conjuration and    
mighty magic ,karlee had procured these 
from my kitmudgar without a chittee1 or 
order1 ,i have not yet discovered4  ,the
 tureen contained delicious             
,mulligatawney soup1 of which1 as       
,karlee well knew1 ,i was inordinately  
fond2 and as he opened the ale he       
modestly congratulated himself on my    
vigorous enjoyment of it4  ,after the   
soup came curried prawns1 a very piquant
 dish1 in eminent repute among the      
,sahibs1 and a famous appetizer4 ,tonic1
 hot1 and pungent as it is1 with spices1
 betel1 and chillies1 it is hard to     
imagine what the torpid livers of the   
,civil ,service would do without their  
rousing curry4  ,the curry was followed 
by a tender bouilli of kid1 sauced with 
a delicate sort of onions stewed in ghee
 7boiled butter71 and flanked with      
boiled rice1 sweet pumpkin1 and fried   

bananas1 all served on green leaves4    
,next came pine-apple1 covered with     
sherry-wine and sugar1 in company with  
,english walnuts and cheese2 and1 last  
of all1 sweetmeats and coffee1--the     
former a not unpleasant compound of     
ground rice and sugar with curds and the
 crushed kernel of the cocoa-nut2 the   
coffee was served in a diminutive gourd1
 and was not sweetened4 ,last of the    
last1 the hookah4  ,and all these       
wonders had been wrought since the      
grateful ayah retired with the corals6  
,but then the bazaar was close at hand1 
and in the sircar's house help was      
handy4  ,whilst ,i kanahed#bb and       
smoked1 ,karlee1 humbly squatting at my 
back1 allowed me to draw from him all   
that ,i have here related of his house  
and family1 and much more that ,i have  
not space to relate4 ,of course1 he     
could not have shared the repast with   
me1--all the holy water of ,ganges could
 never have washed out so deep a        
defilement1--but he accompanied my      

hookah with his hubble-bubble4 ,the     
reader has observed that1 although the  
viands were choice enough1 they were    
laid on the cheapest pottery1 and even  
on leaves1 that the plate from which ,i 
ate was of unglazed earthenware1 and    
that the coffee was served in a gourd4  
,this was in order that they might be at
 once destroyed4 ,by no special         
dispensation could those vessels ever   
again be purified for the use of a      
respectable ,hindoo2 even a pariah would
 have felt insulted if he had been asked
 to eat from them2 and if the knives and
 forks and spoons had not been my own1  
they must have shared the fate of the   
platters4 ,but this prejudice must be   
taken in a ,pickwickian sense1--it      
covered no objection simply personal to 
the ,sahib4 ,in some castes it is       
forbidden to eat from any plate twice1  
even in the strictest privacy of the    
family2 and many natives1 however       
wealthy1 scrupulously insist upon       
leaves4 ,all respectable ,hindoos lift  

their food with their fingers1 using    
neither knife1 fork1 nor spoon2 and for 
this purpose they employ the right hand 
only1 the left being reserved for baser 
purposes4 ,in drinking water1 many of   
them will not allow the lotah to touch  
the lips2 but1 throwing the head back1  
and holding the vessel at arm's length  
on high1 with an odd expertness they let
 the water run into their mouths4 ,the  
sect of ,ramanujas obstinately refuse to
 sit down to a meal while any one is    
standing by or looking on2 nor will they
 chew betel in company with a man of low
 caste4 ,ward has written1 ,if a        
,european of the highest rank touch the 
food of a ,hindoo of the lowest caste1  
the latter will instantly throw it away1
 although he may not have another morsel
 to allay the pangs of hunger2--but this
 is true only of certain very strait    
sects4 ,there are numerous sects that   
admit proselytes from every caste2 but  
at the same time they will not partake  
of food1 except with those of their own 

religious party4 ,here1 says ,kerr1 the 
spirit of sect has supplanted even the  
spirit of caste1--as at the temple of   
,juggernath in ,orissa1 where the       
pilgrims of all castes take their khana 
in common4  ,at our quarters in         
,cossitollah even this progressive      
,karlee will not taste of the food which
 has been served at our mess-table1     
though it be returned to the kitchen    
untouched4 ,but at least he is          
consistent2 for neither will he take    
medicine from the hand of a ,sahib1     
however ill he may be2 nor have ,i ever 
known him to decline or postpone the    
performance of this or that duty because
 it was ,sunday1--as many knavish       
bhearers do when they have set their    
hearts on a cock-fight4 ,to compound for
 sins one is inclined to1 by damning    
those one has no mind to1 it is not     
indispensable that one should be a      
,christian4  ,the amiable ,mr4 ,james   
,kerr1 of the ,hindoo ,college of       
,calcutta1 has contrived an ingenious   

and plausible apology for the           
constitutional 7or geographical7        
laziness of ,bengalese servants4 ,he    
says3 ,a love of repose may be          
considered one of the most striking     
features in the character of the people 
of ,india4 ,the ,hindoos may be said to 
have deified this state4 ,their favorite
 notion of a ,supreme ,being is that of 
one who reposes in himself1 in a dream  
of absolute quiescence4 ,this idea is1  
doubtless1 in the first instance1 a     
reflection of their own character2 but1 
in whatever way it originated1 it tends 
to sanctify in their eyes a state of    
repose4 ,when removed from this world of
 care1 their highest hope is to become a
 part of the great ,quiescent4 ,it will 
naturally appear to them the best       
preparation for the repose of a future  
life to cultivate repose in this4       
,therefore1 if your kitmudgar1 nodding  
behind your chair1 permits his          
astonished fly-flapper to become a part 
of the great ,quiescent1 or if your     

punka-wallah1 having subsided into a    
comatose beatitude1 suddenly invites his
 compliant machine to repose in himself1
 in a dream of absolute stagnation1 with
 the thermometer at #abj deg4 outside   
the refrigerator1 you must not say1     
,damn that boy1--he's asleep again6--but
 patiently survey and intelligently     
admire the spiritual processes by which 
an exalted sentient force prepares      
itself for the repose of a future life4 
,but our reckless ,karlee took no       
thought for the everlasting rest into   
which his soul should enter when removed
 from this world of care1 according to  
the ingenious psychological system of   
the amiable ,kerr ,sahib2 for when he   
had anything to do1 he kept on doing it 
until it was done1 and when he caught   
the punka-wallah reposing in a dream of 
absolute quiescence1 he bumped his head 
against the wall1 and called him a sooa1
 and a banchut1 and a junglee-wallah4#bc
  ,though possessed of a lively         
imagination and all his race's sympathy 

with what is vast1 though he saw nothing
 extravagant in the ,hindoo chronology1 
nor aught that was monstrous in ,hindoo 
mythology1 ,karlee yet served to        
illustrate the arguments of those who   
contend that ,hindoos need not          
necessarily be all boasters1 servile    
liars1 and flatterers4 ,he was not      
forever saying1 ,master very wise man2  
master all time do good2 master all time
 ispeak right4 ,he never told me that my
 words were pearls and diamonds that ,i 
dropped munificently from my mouth4 ,he 
never called me your highness1 or said  
,i was his father and mother1 and the   
lord of the world2 and if ,i said at    
noonday1 ,it is night1 he did not       
exclaim1 ,behold the moon and stars6 ,he
 never tried to prove to me that the    
earth revolved on its axis once in      
twenty-four hours by my favor4 ,what6   
dost thou think him a ,christian that he
 would go about to deceive thee8 ,no1 he
 was as proudly truthful as a ,rajpoot1 
as frank and manly as a ,goorkah1 and as

 honest as an up-country ,durwan4  ,good
 by1 my best of bhearers4 ,to the new   
baby a good name1 and to the faithful   
ayah enviable enlargement of liver6     
,khoda rukho ki beebi-ka kulle-jee bhee 
itui burri hoga6#bd--;,i owe thee for a 
day of hospitable edifications2 and when
 thou comest to my country1 thou shalt  
find thy ,heathen at ,home4             
,,footnotes3  #c ,a long1 round1 narrow 
bolster1 stuffed with very light        
materials 7often with paper71 and not   
for the head1 but embraced in the arms1 
so as to help the sleeper to a cool and 
comfortable posture4  #d ,body-servants4
  #e ,a salutation of particular respect
 and well-wishing4  #f ,waistband4  #g  
,destiny1 fortune4  #h ,a table-servant4
  #i ,a spiritual teacher4  #aj ,writer1
 clerk4  #aa ,banker1 merchant in       
foreign trade4  #ab ,the fourth         
caste--originally laborers4  #ac ,a     
native gentleman1 of wealth1 education1 
and influence4  #ad ,hostler and        
footman4  #ae ,washerman4  #af ,sweeper4

  #ag ,lit4 ,fan-fellow4  #ah ,good6    
,bring the ,europe-water1--,bengali for 
soda-water4  #ai ,showmen and           
puppet-dancers4  #bj ,little shells1    
used as coins by the poorest people to  
make the smallest change4  #ba ,text4   
#bb ,dined4  #bc ,pig1 sot1 and         
jungle-animal4  #bd ,god grant the lady 
a substantial liver6--the happiness and 
honors which should follow upon the     
birth of a male child being figuratively
 comprehended in that liberality of the 
liver whence comes the good digestion   
for which alone life is worth the       
living4--,child-,life by the ,ganges4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,friend4       ,a friend6--,it seems
 a simple boon to crave1--           ,an
 easy thing to have4     ,yet our world 
differs somewhat from the days          
,of the romancer's lays4     ,a friend8 
,why1 all are friends in ,christian     
lands4           ,we smile and clasp the
 hands     ,with merry fellows o'er     
cigars and wine4           ,we          

breakfast1 walk1 and dine     ,with     
social men and women4 ,yes1 we are      
friends2--           ,and there the     
music ends6     ,no close               
heart-heats1--a cool sweet ice-cream    
feast1--           ,mild thaws1 to say  
the least2--     ,the faint1 slant smile
 of winter afternoons2--           ,the 
inconstant moods of moons1              
,sometimes too late1 sometimes too early
 rising1--           ,but for a night   
sufficing1     ,showing a half-face1    
clouded1 shy1 and null1--               
,once in a month at full1--     ,lending
 to-night what from the sun they borrow1
           ,quenched in his light       
to-morrow4     ,if thou'rt my friend1   
show me the life that sleeps            
,down in thy spirit's deeps4     ,give  
all thy heart1 the thought within thy   
thought4           ,nay1 ,i've already  
caught     ,its meaning in thine eyes1  
thy tones4 ,what need           ,of     
words8 ,flowers keep their seed4     ,i 
love thee ere thou tellest me ,i love4  

,we both are raised above     ,the      
ball-room puppets with their varnished  
faces1           ,whispering dead       
commonplaces1     ,doing their best to  
dress their lifeless thought            
,in tinselled phrase worth naught2      
,or at the best1 throwing a passing     
spark           ,like fire-flies in the 
dark2--     ,not the continuous         
lamp-light of the soul1                 
,which1 though the seasons roll         
,without on tides of ever-varying winds1
           ,the watcher never finds     
,flickering in draughts1 or dim for lack
 of oil4           ,there is a clime1 a 
soil1     ,where loves spring up        
twin-stemmed from mere chance seed      
,dropped by a word1 a deed4     ,as     
travellers toiling through the ,alpine  
snow           ,see ,italy below2--     
,down glacier slopes and craggy cliffs  
and pines           ,descend upon the   
vines1     ,and meet the welcoming      
,south who half-way up           ,lifts 
her o'erbrimming cup1--      ,so1 blest 

is he1 from peaks of human ice          
,lit on this ,paradise2--     ,who 'mid 
the jar of tongues hears music sweet2-- 
,who in some foreign street             
,thronged with cold eyes catches a hand1
 a glance1           ,that deifies his  
chance1     ,that turns the dreary city 
to a home1           ,the blank hotel to
 a dome     ,of splendor1 while the     
unsympathizing crowd           ,seems   
with his light endowed4     ,many there 
be who call themselves our friends4     
,but ah6 if ,heaven sends     ,one1 only
 one1 the fellow to our soul1           
,to make our half a whole1     ,rich    
beyond price are we4 ,the millionnaire  
,without such boon is bare1     ,bare to
 the skin1--a gilded tavern-sign        
,creaking with fitful whine     ,beneath
 chill winds1 with none to look at him  
,save as a label grim     ,to the good  
cheer and company within           ,his 
comfortable inn4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,,the             
,,singing-,,school ,,romance4   ,father 

sits at the head of our pew4 ,in old    
,indian times they say that the male    
head of the family always took that     
place1 on account of the possible whoops
 of the savages1 who sometimes came down
 on a congregation like wolves on the   
fold4 ,it was necessary that the men    
should be ready to rise at once to      
defend their families4 ,whatever the old
 reason was1 the new is sufficient4 ,men
 must sit near the pew doors now on     
account of the hoops of the ladies4 ,the
 cause is different1 the effect is the  
same4  ,father1 then1 sits at the head  
of the pew2 mother next2 ,aunt ,clara   
next2 next ,i1 and then ,jerusha4 ,that 
has been the arrangement ever since ,i  
can remember4 ,any change in our places 
would be as fatal to our devotions as   
the dislodgment of ,baron ,rothschild   
from his particular pillar was once to  
the business of the ,london ,stock      
,exchange4 ,he could not negotiate if   
not at his post4 ,we could not worship  
if not in our precise places4 ,i think1 

by the fussing and fidgeting which      
taking seats in the church always       
causes1 that everybody has the same     
feeling4  ,it was ,sunday afternoon4    
,the good minister1 ,parson ,oliver1 had
 finished his sermon4 ,the text         
was--well1 ,i can't pretend to remember4
 ,aunt ,clara's behavior in meeting1 and
 what she said to us that afternoon1    
have put the text1 sermon1 and all out  
of my head forever4 ,that is no matter2 
or rather1 it is all the better2 for    
when the same sermon comes again1 in its
 triennial round1 ,i shall not recognize
 an old acquaintance4  ,the sermon      
finished1 we took up our hymn-books1 of 
course4 ,but the minister gave out no   
hymn4 ,he sat down with a patient look  
at the choir1 as much as to say1 ,now1  
do your worst6 ,then we understood that 
we were to be treated to an extra       
performance1 not in our books4 ,there   
had been a renewal of interest in the   
choir1 and there was a new              
singing-master4 ,we were to have the    

results of the late practisings and the 
first fruits of the new school4 ,the    
piece they sung was that in which occur 
the lines1--      ,i'd soar and touch   
the heavenly strings1     ,and vie with 
,gabriel1 while he sings1       ,in     
notes almost divine6  ,we always1 when  
we rise during the singing1 face round  
to the choir4 ,i don't know why4        
,perhaps it is to complete our view of  
the congregation1 since during the rest 
of the time we look the other way1 and1 
unless we faced about1 should see only  
half4 ,i like to peep at father1 to     
discover whether he appreciates the     
performance4 ,to-day he just turned his 
head away4 ,mother sat down4 ,aunt      
,clara looked straight ahead1 and her   
old-fashioned bonnet hid her face2 but  
,i could discover that something more   
than usual was working under her cap4 ,i
 looked at every one of the singers1 and
 then at the players1 from the big      
bass-viol down to the tenor1 and not a  
bit of reason could ,i perceive for the 

twitter the heads of our pew had        
certainly got themselves into4 ,there's 
a pattern old lady1 ,prudence ,clark1   
presidentess of the ,dorcas ,society1--a
 spinster1 just ,aunt ,clara's age1--a  
woman who knows everything1 and more    
too4 ,she sits in the pew before us4    
,she turned her head and gave a sly peep
 at ,aunt ,clara4 ,they both laughed in 
meeting4 ,i know they did1 and they     
can't deny it4 ,i peeped round at the   
minister1 and1 if he did not laugh too1 
his face was scarlet1 and he was taken  
with a wonderful fit of coughing4 ,such 
strange proceedings in meeting ,i never 
had seen4 ,the minister1 the deacon     
7father is a deacon71 and the oldest    
members were setting us young folks a   
very bad example4 ,but we tolerate      
anything in our good old parson4 ,he was
 a youth when our old folks were young1 
and as to us young folks1 he remembers  
us longer than we do ourselves4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,we were all home1 and tea was          

over1--the early tea with substantials1 
as is the custom in the primitive       
districts of ,new ,england on ,sunday   
afternoon4 ,the double accumulation of  
dishes was disposed of2 for at noon we  
take a cold collation1 doughnuts and    
cheese1 and bread and butter1 and we    
never descend to servile employments    
till after tea4 ,then many hands make   
light work4 ,i suppose light work does  
not break the ,sabbath1 especially as it
 is done in our ,sunday best1 with      
sleeves tucked up1 and an extra apron4  
,the laughing in church was the point   
upon which1 as yet1 we had obtained no  
satisfaction4 ,jerusha and ,i1 in an    
uncertain hope that we should find out  
something in due time1 were discussing  
the music4 ,the particular point in     
debate was1 why village choirs will     
astonish the people with pieces of music
 in which nobody can join them4 ,we did 
not settle it1 nor has anybody ever     
solved the riddle that ,i know of4 ,we  
don't even know whether it comes under  

the ontological or psychological        
departments4 7,there1 now6 ,haven't ,i  
brought in the famous words that our new
 schoolmaster astonished us with at the 
teachers' meeting8 ,he need not think   
that ,webster ,unabridged is his        
particular field1 in which nobody else  
may hunt47  ,we were1 as ,i said1       
discussing the music4 ,mother was       
flitting round1 giving the final        
dust-off and brush-about after our early
 tea4 ,aunt ,clara was sitting quietly  
at the window1 pretending to read       
,baxter's ,saint's ,rest4 ,jerusha and  
,i tried to imitate the tune1 and we did
 it1 as well as we could1 and ,i am sure
 we are not bad singers4 ,mother slipped
 out of the room just as we came to     
,and vie with ,gabriel1 while he sings4 
,she ran as if something had stung her1 
and she was making for the hartshorn or 
some fresh brook-mud4 ,aunt ,clara's    
face laughed all over1 and ,i said3     
,come1 now1 ,aunt ,clara1 you are really
 irreverent4 ,you began laughing in     

meeting1 and you are keeping it up over 
that good book4  ,downright wicked1 said
 ,jerusha4  ,now ,i am a ,normal        
graduate1 and ,jerusha is not yet       
finished4 ,that will account for the    
greater elegance of my expressions4     
,aunt ,clara paid no heed to either of  
us1 but laughed on4 ,the most provoking 
thing in the world is a laugh that you  
don't understand4 ,here was the whole   
,dorcas ,society laughing through its   
presidentess1 and ,aunt ,clara joining  
in the laugh in meeting1 and aggravating
 the offence by stereotyping the smirk  
in her face4 ,in came mother again1     
evidently afraid to stay out1 and not   
liking for some reason to stay in4      
,again we tried the tune1 and had just  
got to      ,and vie with ,gabriel1     
while he sings4  ,up jumped mother      
again1 stopping in the door1 and holding
 up a warning finger to ,aunt ,clara4   
,that gesture spurred my curiosity to   
the utmost point4 ,as to my beloved     
parent's running in and out1 that ,i    

should not have heeded4 ,she is like    
,martha1 careful of many things4 ,she is
 unlike ,martha1 for she wants no       
assistance2 but when the rest of us are 
disposed to be quiet1 she will keep     
flitting here and there1 and is vexed if
 we follow4 ,if father is talking1 and  
has just reached the point of his story1
 off she goes1 as if the common topic   
were nothing to her4 ,father says she is
 a perturbed spirit4 ,but then he is    
always saying queer things1 which poor  
mother cannot understand4 ,aunt ,clara  
seems to know him a great deal better4  
,i wonder he had not taken to wife a    
woman like ,aunt ,clara4 ,he would have 
taken her1 ,i suppose1 if she were not  
his own sister4  ,i besought mother1 as 
she fled1 to tell me what ailed aunty4  
,don't ask me1 she answered4 ,the dear  
only knows4 ,as for me1 ,i have given up
 thinking1 let alone asking1 what either
 your aunt or your father would be at4  
,and away she went1 perturbed-spirit    
fashion1 and ,aunt ,clara laughed louder

 than ever4 ,indeed1 before she had only
 chuckled and silently shaken her sides2
 now she broke out into a scream4       
,well1 ,i never6 she said4 ,that flounce
 of your mother's out of the room was   
certainly as much like old times as if  
the thing had happened yesterday4  ,what
 had happened yesterday8 asked ,jerusha 
and ,i1 both in a breath4  ,o1 ,i shall 
die of laughing1 said ,aunt ,clara4  ,we
 shall die of impatience1 said ,i1 if   
you don't tell us what you mean4  ,no   
you won't4 ,nobody1 especially no woman1
 ever yet died of unsatisfied curiosity4
 ,it rather keeps folks alive4  ,we very
 well knew that nothing would be made of
 ,aunt ,clara by teasing her4 ,so       
,jerusha turned over the great family   
,bible1 her custom always of a ,sunday  
afternoon4 ,over her shoulder ,i        
happened to see that the good book was  
open at the first chapter of ,i         
,chronicles1 ,adam1 ,sheth1 ,enosh1     
,kenan1 ,mahalaleel1 ,jared4 ,though her
 lips moved diligently1 ,i am afraid she

 did not make much of it4 ,as for me1 ,i
 turned to the window1 and studied the  
landscape4 ,father1 his custom of a     
,sunday afternoon1 walked down into the 
meadow1 and the cattle came             
affectionately up to him4 ,it was the   
salt in his broad pocket that they were 
after4 ,i might salt them of a ,monday1 
he says1 but they kind of look for it1  
and it isn't kind to disappoint the     
creetur's on a ,sabba'-day4 ,and the    
merciful man is merciful to his beasts4 
,the flies droned and buzzed that summer
 afternoon4 ,jerusha nodded over the big
 ,bible4 ,aunt ,clara tried to look     
serious over the book she held4 ,but the
 latent laugh was coursing among the    
dimples in her face1 like a spark among 
tinder4 ,i stole up behind1 and1 leaning
 over her shoulder1 kissed her4  ,o1    
yes1 said aunty4 ,fine words butter no  
parsnips1 and fine kisses are no better4
  ,jerusha's head made an awful plunge1 
then a reactionary lift back1 and then  
she opened her eyes and her mouth with  

such a yawn6  ,why1 what a mouth6 ,i    
cried4 ,master ,minim would rejoice if  
you would thus open out in              
singing-school1      ',and vie with     
,gabriel1 while he sings4'  ,off went   
,aunt ,clara in the laugh again1 and    
this time till the tears came4 ,we saw  
now that there was something in that    
line which provoked her mirth2 but what 
,gabriel could have to do with her      
strange behavior we could not imagine1  
and were wisely silent4  ,girls1 she    
said1 as soon as she could speak for    
laughing1 ,i will tell you4  ,we knew   
she would1 provided we were not too     
anxious to hear4 ,so ,jerusha turned    
over her leaf to the second chapter of  
,i ,chronicles1 ,reuben1 ,simeon1 ,levi4
 ,i pretended to be more than ever      
interested out of doors4 ,aunt ,clara   
took off her specs1 closed her book1    
smoothed her apron1 and began3--  ,when 
,i was a girl--  ,now that we knew the  
story was coming1 we pretended to no    
more indifference4 ,once get aunty      

started1 and1 like a horse balky at the 
jump1 she was good for the journey4 ,so 
,jerusha shut the ,bible1 and we both   
sat down at her feet4  ,not too close1  
girls4 ,it's dreadful warm4  ,her face  
worked and her sides heaved with her    
provoking laugh1 and we were half afraid
 of a disappointment4 ,but there was no 
danger4 ,she was by this time quite as  
ready to tell as we to hear4  ,when ,i  
was a girl ,i went to singing-school4   
,dear me6 how many of the scholars are  
dead and gone6 ,there was my brother    
,william1 poor fellow6 he died away off 
in ,calcutty4 ,and ,sarah ,morgan1 she  
never would own to it that she liked    
him4 ,but actions speak plainer than    
words4 ,she never held up her head      
after4 ,and she's dead now1 too4  ,aunt 
,clara's face--she is a dear old        
aunty--had now lost every trace of      
mirth4 ,the golden sunset touched her   
fine head1 and made her look so sweetly 
beautiful that ,i wondered why no man   
had had the good taste1 long ago1 to    

relieve her of her maiden name4 ,perhaps
 she will tell us some day1 and if she  
does1 perhaps we will tell you4 ,she sat
 two or three minutes1 thinking and     
looking1 as if she waited to see the    
loved and lost4 ,there was a rustle1 and
 she started from her revery4 ,it was   
only mother1 flitting into the room with
 one of her uneasy glances4 ,but we were
 all so still and serious and           
,sabbath-like1 that a look of relief    
came over her countenance4 ,she vanished
 again1 and through the window ,i saw   
her join her husband in the meadow4     
,there1 now1 before they come in1 said  
,aunt ,clara4 ,when ,i was a girl1 ,i   
went to singing-school4 ,dear me6 ,but  
we will not think of the dead any more4 
,there was one of the girls1--she       
thought she had a very good voice4 ,but 
she never sings now4  ,why8 asked       
,jerusha4  ,the dear knows4 ,i suppose  
because she is married4 ,married people 
never sing1 ,i believe4 ,so1 girls1 if  
you would keep your voices1 you must    

stay single4 ,well1 there was one of the
 boys1 he thought he had a good voice4  
,and he never sings now either4  ,why8  
said ,i4  ,o1 he's married too4 ,so     
don't you get cheated into thinking you 
have mated a robin4 ,he will turn out a 
crow1 like as any way4 ,i suppose they  
both did have good voices1 and1 for all 
that ,i know1 they have still4 ,they    
were the singing-master's especial      
wonders and his pattern pieces4 ,he     
never was tired of praising them up to  
the skies1 to mortify the rest of us    
into good behavior4 ,she was the wonder 
for the girls' side and he for the      
boys'1--two copies that we were to sing 
up to4 ,i think they were a little proud
 of the distinction4 ,they were kind of 
brought together by it1 so that they did
 not see any harm at all in singing out 
of the same note-book4  ,i suppose not1 
said ,jerusha4  ,well1 there was one    
girl in the school1--,i dare say she was
 a giggling1 mischief-making thing1 for 
everybody said so--  ,is she living now8

 ,i asked4  ,yes1 indeed4  ,does she    
sing now8 asked ,jerusha4  ,well1--not  
much4  ,then1 said ,i1 she must be      
married1 too4  ,no1 she is not1 said    
,aunt ,clara1 with a plaintive and very 
positive emphasis on the negative       
particle1--no1 she is not4  ,then why   
does she not sing8 ,i asked4  ,nobody   
will look over the same note-book with  
her1 said ,jerusha4  ,o1 you girls may  
have your own fun now1 said ,aunt       
,clara4 ,you will see the world with a  
sadder face by and by4  ,not if we look 
at it through your spectacles1 aunty1 ,i
 answered4  ,dear me2 well1 the ,lord   
has been kind1 to me1 said ,aunt ,clara1
 if ,i am a spinster still4 ,but we must
 make haste4 ,the old folks are coming  
back4  ,old folks6 ,i thought1 and ,aunt
 ,clara is older than either of them4   
,father stopped and gave an ugly weed a 
whack with his cane4 ,then he stooped   
and rooted it up1 ,sabbath-day though it
 was4 ,i presume he considered it an ox 
in a pit1 for the moment4  ,aunt ,clara 

continued3--,the same tune you were at  
this afternoon used to be a great       
favorite in our school4 ,it's as old as 
the hills4 ,i wonder if ,israel did not 
let out his voice in it6 ,and ,sally1   
she wouldn't be behind him1 ,i warrant  
you4  ,jerusha and ,i exchanged glances4
  ,it happened1 one evening1--and that's
 what ,i was laughing at this afternoon4
 ,you see1 the singing-master1 if the   
music was not going to suit him1 would  
pull the class straight up in the middle
 of it1 and make them begin again4 ,the 
giggling girl that ,i was speaking of1  
she was always fuller of her own        
nonsense than of learning4 ,this        
particular evening she was tempted of   
the ,evil ,one to alter the words to her
 own purposes1 just for the confusion of
 those close to her2 and a dreadful mess
 she would get them into4 ,it was wrong1
 very wrong indeed1 ,aunt ,clara added1 
with a face that was meant to be        
serious1 while her voice laughed1 in    
spite of her4  ,on this evening1 they   

were singing the very tune1 as ,i told  
you4 ,something went wrong4 ,the        
singing-master stopped his viol1 and    
called out to the class to stop singing4
 ,but the heedless girl had got into    
mischief1 and could not stop with the   
rest1 or she did not hear1 or she did   
not wish to4 ,so on she went1 all alone1
 right out1 at the top of her voice3--  
',and vie with ,israel1 while he sings1 
,in notes almost divine6'  ,and there   
she broke down1 and sat down1 and1      
graceless hussy as she was1 laughed as  
if she was mad4 ,the truth was1 that    
'vying with ,israel' was a byword with  
us4 ,we were always teasing ,sally about
 her vying with ,israel1 as she         
certainly did1 while they sung out of   
the same book1 and thought a deal more  
of each other than they did of the      
music4 ,everybody took the joke1 and    
such a time as there was6 ,prudence     
,clark1 who turned round and looked at  
me in meeting to-day1 she laughed the   
most spitefully of anybody1 for she had 

a great notion of your fath--,i mean of 
,israel4 ,as to ,israel and ,sarah1 if  
ever you did see two persons who did not
 know whether to stand still or to run1 
to cry or to laugh1 they were the       
couple4 ,the master1 he tried to read us
 a solemn lecture2 but he was so full of
 suppressed fun that he hugged his viol 
under his arm till one of the strings   
snapped4 ,that gave the pitch1 and we   
had a laughing chorus4 ,all joined in1  
except ,israel and ,sarah4 ,she pouted1 
and ,i do believe he grit his teeth4    
,here ,aunt ,clara gave herself up to   
the comic reminiscence1 till her eyes   
filled again4  ,well1 and what came of  
it all8 asked ,jerusha4  ,why1 it broke 
up the school for that season1 and made 
town-talk for nine days4 ,parson        
,oliver1--he was a young man then1--he  
went for to give the mischievous girl a 
good talking to4 ,he needn't have tried 
that2 for he was too young to scold a   
young girl1 full of mischief1 and1      
though ,i say it that shouldn't say it1 

rather pretty4  ,why shouldn't you say  
she was pretty8 asked ,jerusha4  ,o1 you
 hush6 ,well1 the girl bent her head    
down1 and a few stray tears came1 for it
 was wicked1 and she knew it4 ,but      
before the water got head enough to fall
 from her eyes1 she kind of thought that
 the young minister's voice was getting 
shaky1 either with mirth or with        
sadness4 ,to find out which1 she slyly  
looked up1 and both she and the minister
 laughed long and loud4 ,so there was an
 end of the jobation that he meant to   
give her4  ,how did you know all this8  
said ,jerusha4 ,were you there8  ,i     
certainly was not far off4  ,but ,israel
 and ,sarah1 said ,i1 now seeing through
 the whole affair1 and understanding    
perfectly why father looked aside1 and  
mother sat down1 and ,aunt ,clara and   
,prudence ,clark of the ,dorcas ,society
 exchanged glances1 and the minister    
himself would have laughed in the       
pulpit1 if he had not turned it off with
 a cough1--but ,israel and ,sarah1 how  

did they fare8  ,why1 ,israel1 he said  
that ,sarah was just a pretty nobody1   
and ,prudence ,clark was a great deal   
more sensible1--for his part he never   
cared anything about ,sarah4 ,and       
,sarah1 she declared that ,israel was a 
hawbuck of a fellow1 that no girl would 
think of when he was out of sight4  ,it 
was too bad6 said ,jerusha4  ,too bad6  
,i echoed4  ,dreadful suz6 said aunty1  
mocking our tone4 ,never you fear1 if   
two young simpletons are once caught1   
that a joke is going to separate them6  
,and whenever you hear two people       
pretending to hate one another1 you may 
get your wedding present ready for them4
 ,the folks did tease them though1 too  
bad1 and so they had it1 back and forth4
 ,stories never lose anything by        
carrying1 especially the compliments    
between two quarrelling lovers4 ,so it  
went on for about a month1 when ,israel1
 on his way to see ,prudence ,clark1 who
 was sitting in her best1 waiting for   
him1 stopped to tell ,sarah that he     

never said so and so4 ,and ,sarah said1 
she never said so and so4 ,and they went
 into the house to finish their talk1   
and ,prudence ,clark was left lamenting4
 ,i know ,israel came home very late    
that night4  ,you know8 said ,jerusha4  
,and father's name is ,israel1 said ,i4 
,and mother's name is ,sarah1 said my   
sister4  ,hush1 hush2 here they come1   
said ,aunt ,clara4 ,but ,i don't believe
 they would ever have found out their   
own minds if it had not been for me4    
,and you were the giggling girl1 said   
,i4  ,she's no better now1 said my      
mother1 as she entered the room1 and    
readily guessed what we had been hearing
 from aunty4 ,father walked up to ,aunt 
,clara1 and pinched her ears for her4   
,what more he might have done ,i don't  
know1 if ,parson ,oliver had not dropped
 in4 ,we made quite a pleasant evening  
of it1 and the old folks discussed the  
reminiscence in all its bearings4 ,i    
like to hear old people talk4 ,they come
 straight to the pith of a subject1     

especially if it is love and matrimony4 
,and the more ,i hear them1 the better  
,i can realize the truth of the ,old    
,virginia admonition1--      ,ole folks1
 ole folks1 you better go to bed1       
,you only put the mischief in the young 
folks' head4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,autumn ,,song4  
,in ,spring the ,poet is glad1          
,and in ,summer the ,poet is gay2       
,but in ,autumn the ,poet is sad1       
,and has something sad to say3      ,for
 the wind moans in the wood1       ,and 
the leaf drops from the tree2     ,and  
the cold rain falls on the graves of the
 good1       ,and the cold mist comes up
 from the sea3      ,and the ,autumn    
songs of the ,poet's soul       ,are set
 to the passionate grief     ,of winds  
that sough and bells that toll          
,the dirge of the falling leaf4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,austria4   ,the     
great characteristic of aristocracies1  
according to their admirers1 is         

prudence2 and even democrats do not deny
 the soundness of the claim thus put    
forward in their behalf4 ,they are      
cautious1 and if they seldom accomplish 
anything brilliant1 neither do they put 
everything to hazard4 ,if they gain     
slowly1 they keep long what they have4  
,did not ,venice endure so long that1   
when she perished as a nation1 within   
living memory1 she was the oldest of    
great communities8 ,and was she not the 
most perfect of all aristocratically    
governed nations8 ,was she not the      
admiration of those ,english republicans
 of the seventeenth century whose names 
are held in the highest honor wherever  
freedom is worshipped8 ,aristocracies   
have their faults1 but they outlast     
every other kind of government1 and     
therefore are objects of reverence to   
all who love order4 ,the ,roman         
,republic was aristocratical in its     
polity1 and all that is great in ,roman 
history is due to the ascendency of the 
,senate in the government2 and when the 

,forum populace began to show its power1
 the decay of the commonwealth          
commenced1 and did not cease till       
despotism was established1--the natural 
effect of the resistance of the many to 
the government of the few being the     
formation of the government of one4     
,england's polity is1 and for ages has  
been1 aristocratical4 ,not even the     
passage of the ,reform ,bill materially 
lessened the power of the aristocracy2  
and the declaration of ,earl ,grey1 the 
father of the measure1 that it would be 
found the most aristocratical of        
measures1--as he was one of the most    
aristocratical of men1--does not seem so
 absurd now as it appeared              
four-and-thirty years since1 when we    
note how difficult it now is to lower   
the franchise in ,britain4 ,the firmest 
government in ,europe is that of        
,england1 in which property has greater 
influence than in that of any other     
nation4 ,the conclusion drawn by        
aristocrats and their admirers is1 that 

aristocracies are the most enduring of  
all the polities known to men1 and that 
they are so because aristocrats are the 
most prudent and cautious of men4 ,the  
governments they form and control wash  
and wear well1 and bid defiance to what 
,bacon calls the waves and weathers of  
time4  ,there is some truth in this4    
,aristocracies are cautious and prudent1
 and indisposed to risk present         
advantage in the hope of future gain4   
,therefore aristocratical polities often
 attain to great age1 and the nations   
that know them attain slowly to great   
and firmly-placed power4 ,rome and      
,venice and ,england are striking       
examples of these truths4 ,yet it is not
 the less true that aristocracies       
sometimes do behave with a rashness that
 cannot be paralleled from the histories
 of democracies and despotisms4 ,it has 
been the fortune of this age to see two 
examples of this rashness1 such as no   
other age ever witnessed or ever could  
have witnessed4 ,the first of these was 

presented in the action1 in #ahfj-fa1 of
 the ,american aristocracy4 ,the second 
was that of the ,austrian aristocracy1  
in #ahff4 ,the ,american                
aristocracy--the late slavocracy--was   
the most powerful body in the world2 so 
powerful1 that it was safe against      
everything but itself4 ,it had been     
gradually built up1 until it was as     
towering as its foundations were deep   
and broad4 ,not only was it unassailed1 
but there was no disposition in any     
influential quarter to assail it4 ,the  
few persons who did attack it1 from a   
distance1 produced scarcely more effect 
adverse to its ascendency1 than was     
produced by the labors of the first     
,christians against the ,capitoline     
,jupiter in the days of the ,julian     
,caesars4 ,abolitionists were annoyed   
and insulted even in the course of that 
political campaign which ended in the   
election of ,mr4 ,lincoln to the        
,presidency2 and not a few of the       
victors in that campaign were forward to

 declare1 that between their party and  
the friends of the slave there was      
neither friendship nor sympathy4 ,one of
 the most eminent of the ,republicans of
 ,massachusetts declared that he felt   
hurt at the thought that his party could
 be suspected of approving the conduct  
of ,captain ,john ,brown at ,harper's   
,ferry4 ,down to the spring-time of     
#ahfj1 it required1 on the part of the  
,american slaveholding interest1 only a 
moderate display of that prudence which 
is said to be the chief virtue of an    
aristocracy1 to secure all they         
possessed1--which was all the country   
had to give1--and to prepare the way for
 such gains as it might be found        
necessary to make1 as the ,american     
nation should increase in strength4 ,but
 this prudence the slaveholders would   
not display4 ,they annoyed and insulted 
the people of the ,free ,states4 ,they  
broke up the ,democratic party1 which   
was well disposed to do their work4     
,they pursued such a course as compelled

 the great majority of the ,american    
people to take up arms against them1 and
 to abolish slavery by an act of war4   
,the effect was the fall of a body of   
men who certainly were very powerful1   
and who were believed to be very wise in
 their generation4 ,it was impossible to
 attack them as long as they were true  
to their own interests1 and they could  
fall only through being attacked4 ,they 
made war on the nation1 and the nation  
was forced to defend herself1 and       
destroyed them4 ,it is the most         
wonderful case of suicide known to      
mankind4  ,the ,austrian aristocracy    
behaved almost as unwisely as the       
,american aristocracy4 ,as the ,republic
 of the ,united ,states is a union of   
,states1 which in reality was governed  
by the slaveholders down to #ahfa1 so is
 the ,austrian ,empire a collection of  
countries1 governed by a few great      
families1 at the head of which stand the
 imperial family1--the ,house of        
,austria1 or1 as it is now generally    

called1 the ,house of                   
,hapsburg-,lorraine4 ,that aristocracy  
might have prevented the occurrence of  
war last summer1 by ceding ,venetia to  
,italy2 and that it did not make such   
cession early in ,june1 when we know it 
was ready to make it early in ,july1 but
 plunged into a contest which1 according
 to the apologists for its terrible     
defeat1 it was wholly unprepared to     
wage1 speaks but poorly for its         
prudence1 though that is claimed to be  
the virtue of aristocracies4 ,the       
,austrian aristocrats behaved as        
senselessly in #ahff as the ,prussian   
aristocrats in #ahjf1 but with less     
excuse than the latter had4 ,by their   
action they caused their country's      
degradation4 ,from the rank of a        
first-rate power that country has been  
compelled to descend1 not so much       
through loss of territory and population
 as through loss of position4 ,for      
centuries the house of ,austria has been
 very powerful in ,europe1 though the   

,austrian empire can count but sixty    
years4 ,rudolph of ,hapsburg1 the first 
member of his line who rose to great    
eminence1 in the latter part of the     
thirteenth century1 founded the house of
 ,austria4 ,while holding the imperial  
throne1 he obtained for his own family  
,austria1 ,styria1 ,carinthia1 and      
,carniola2 but it was not till several  
generations after his death1 and in the 
fifteenth century1 that the imperial    
dignity became virtually1 though not in 
terms1 hereditary in the ,hapsburg line4
 ,for several centuries1 down to the    
extinction of the office1 there was no  
,emperor of ,germany who was not of that
 family4 ,every effort to divert the    
office from that house ended in failure4
 ,the consequence was1 that the house of
 ,austria became the first of reigning  
families2 and at one time it seemed     
about to grasp the sceptre of the world4
 ,when the ,empire ceased to exist1 the 
,austrian empire1 though of later       
creation than the ,french empire of     

,napoleon ,i41 had that appearance of   
antique grandeur which has so great an  
effect on men's minds4 ,it was looked   
upon as ancient because the imperial    
family really was ancient1 and could    
trace itself back through almost twelve 
hundred years1 to the sixth century1    
though in places the tracing was of the 
most shadowy character4 ,it profited    
from the greatness of the ,hapsburgs in 
the sixteenth1 seventeenth1 and         
eighteenth centuries1--a greatness which
 is among the most extraordinary things 
recorded in history4  ,should the       
history of royal marriages ever be      
written in a manner proportioned to its 
importance1 a large part of the work    
would have to be given to the marriages 
made by various princes of the house of 
,austria2 for those marriages had       
prodigious effect on the condition of   
the best portions of the human race1 and
 in the sixteenth century it seemed that
 they were about to bring1 not only most
 of ,europe1 but nearly all ,america1 a 

large part of ,asia1 and not a little of
 ,africa under the rule of one family1  
and that family by no means superior to 
that of ,valois or the ,plantagenets4   
,the extraordinary luck of the house of 
,austria in turning marriage into a     
source of profit was early remarked2 and
 in the latter part of the fifteenth    
century1 long before the best of the    
,austrian matrimonial alliances were    
made1 ,matthias ,corvinus1 the greatest 
of ,hungarian kings1 wrote a ,latin     
epigram on the subject1 which was even  
more remarkable as a prediction than as 
a statement of fact2 for it was as      
applicable to the marriage of ,napoleon 
,i4 and ,maria ,louisa1 and to that of  
,philip the ,fair and ,juana the        
,foolish1 as it was to that of          
,maximilian and ,mary4#be ,it is from   
the ,styrian line of the ,austrian house
 that all princes of that house who have
 reigned for four centuries and upward  
are descended4 ,ernest1 third son of    
that ,leopold who was defeated and slain

 at the battle of ,sempach by the       
,swiss1 became master of the duchies of 
,styria1 ,carniola1 and ,carinthia4 ,he 
was a pious prince1 and made a          
pilgrimage to ,palestine1 after the     
superstitious fashion of his time4 ,he  
was a quarrelsome prince1 and kept      
himself in a state of perpetual hot     
water with his brother4 ,he was an      
amorous and a chivalrous prince1 and1   
having lost his first wife1 he got him a
 second after a knightly fashion4       
,having heard much of the material and  
mental charms of the ,princess          
,cymburga1 a ,polish lady who had the   
blood of the ,yagellons in her veins1 he
 went to ,cracow in disguise1 found that
 report had not exaggerated her merits1 
and1 prudently making himself known1    
proposed for her hand1 and got it4 ,but 
,cymburga was not only very clever and  
very beautiful3 she was a muscular      
,christian in crinoline1--for hoops were
 known in those days among the ,poles1  
or might have been known to them1--and  

if they were1 no doubt ,cymburga1 like  
,american ladies of to-day1 had the     
sense and taste to use them4 ,she had   
such strength of fist that1 when she had
 occasion to drive a nail into anything1
 she dispensed with a hammer2 and she   
economized in nut-crackers1 as some     
independent people do in the item of    
pocket-handkerchiefs1 by using her      
fingers4 ,one would think that ,ernest  
would have hesitated to woo and wed a   
lady who was so capable of carrying     
matters with a high hand2 but then he   
was a very strong man1 and was surnamed 
,the ,iron1 so that he could venture    
where no other man would have thought of
 going4 ,this strong-handed as well as  
strong-minded couple1 who were both     
paired and matched1 must be taken as the
 real founders of that house of ,austria
 which has been so conspicuous in the   
history of ,christendom for almost four 
centuries1 though they and their        
descendants built on the broad and solid
 foundations established by ,rudolph of 

,hapsburg and his earlier descendants4  
,some authorities say that ,cymburga    
brought into the ,hapsburg family that  
thick lip--the ,austrian lip--so often  
mentioned in history2 but others call it
 the ,burgundian lip1 though the        
marriage between ,maximilian            
7,cymburga's grandson7 and ,mary of     
,burgundy 7,charles the ,bold's         
daughter7 did not take place till #adgg2
 and the ducal ,burgundian family was   
only a branch of the ,french royal line 
of ,valois4 ,it was no addition to the  
beauty of the imperial family1 no matter
 to whom that family was indebted for   
it4 ,it is certain that it appeared in  
the ,emperor ,frederick ,,iii41 son of  
,ernest and ,cymburga1 and father of    
that ,emperor who1 when an archduke1    
married the ,burgundian duchess1 if such
 ,mary can be called2 for ,menzel1 who  
must have seen portraits of him1 and who
 knew his history well1 speaks of him as
 a slow1 grave man1 with a large1       
protruding under-lip4  ,this ,frederick 

was a singular character4 ,he had the   
longest reign--fifty-three years--of all
 the ,german ,emperors1 and it may be   
said that he founded the house of       
,hapsburg1 considering it as an imperial
 line4 ,yet he is almost invariably     
spoken of contemptuously4 ,menzel says  
that no ,emperor had reigned so long and
 done so little4 ,mr4 ,bryce declares   
that under him the ,empire sank to its  
lowest point4 ,even ,archdeacon ,coxe1  
who held his memory in respect1 and did 
his best to make out a good character   
for him1 has to admit that he was a     
prince of a languid and inactive        
character1 and to make other damaging   
admissions that detract from the        
excellence of the elaborate portrait he 
has drawn of him4 ,there was something  
fantastical in his favorite             
pursuits1--astrology1 alchemy1          
antiquities1 alphabet-making1 and the   
like1--which the men of an iron age     
viewed with a contempt that probably had
 much to do with giving him that        

character which he has in history1      
contemporary opinion of a ruler         
generally being accepted1 and enduring4 
,a species of anagram1 says the ,english
 historian of his family1 consisting of 
the five vowels1 he adopted as          
indicative of the future greatness of   
the house of ,austria1 imprinted it on  
all his books1 carved it on all his     
buildings1 and engraved it on all his   
plate4 ,this riddle occupied the grave  
heads of his learned contemporaries1 and
 gave rise to many ridiculous           
conjectures1 till the important secret  
was disclosed after his death by an     
interpretation written in his own hand1 
in which the vowels form the initials of
 a sentence in ,latin and ,german1      
signifying1 ',the house of ,austria is  
to govern the whole world4'#bf          
,notwithstanding the archidiaconal      
sneer1 ,frederick ,,iii4's anagram came 
quite as near the truth as any          
uninspired prophecy that can be         
mentioned4 ,in little more than sixty   

years after the ,emperor's death1 the   
house of ,austria ruled over ,germany1  
the ,netherlands1 ,naples1 ,sicily1 the 
,milanese1 ,hungary1 ,bohemia1 the      
,spains1 ,england and ,ireland 7in      
virtue of ,philip ,,ii4's marriage with 
,mary ,i41 queen-regnant of ,england71  
the greater part of ,america1 from the  
extreme north to the extreme south1     
portions of ,northern ,africa1 the      
,philippines1 and some minor            
possessions2 and it really ruled1 though
 indirectly1 most of that part of       
,italy1 outside of the territory of     
,venice1 that had nominally an          
independent existence4 ,before          
,holland's independence was fully       
established1 but after the connection   
with ,england had ceased1 ,portugal     
passed under the dominion of the        
,spanish branch of the house of         
,austria1 with all her immense          
,american1 ,african1 and ,asiatic       
colonial possessions4 ,for years1       
,philip ,,ii4 was more powerful in      

,france than any one of her sovereigns  
could pretend to be4 ,frederick's       
prediction1 therefore1 came to pass     
almost literally1 and was less an       
exaggeration than ,st4 ,luke's assertion
 that a decree went forth from ,caesar  
,augustus that all the world should be  
taxed4 ,as ,augustus was lord of nearly 
all the world that a man like ,st4 ,luke
 could consider civilized and worth     
governing1 so might an ,austrian writer 
of the sixteenth century declare that   
the ,hapsburgs ruled over wellnigh all  
the world that could be looked upon as  
belonging to the ,christian             
commonwealth1 including not a little    
that had been stolen from the heathen by
 ,christians4  ,it was by marriage that 
the ,hapsburgs became so great in so    
short a time4 ,frederick ,,iii4 married 
,eleanor1 a ,portuguese princess1 whose 
mother was of the royal house of        
,castille4 ,portugal is not even of     
second rank now1 and the ,bragancas are 
not in the first rank of royal families4

 ,but in the fifteenth century ,portugal
 stood relatively and positively very   
high1 and the house of ,avis was above  
the house of ,austria1 though a king of 
,portugal was necessarily inferior to   
the head of the ,holy ,roman ,empire4   
,this marriage did not advance the      
fortunes of the ,austrian family1 though
 it connected them with three other     
great families1--the reigning houses of 
,portugal1 ,castille1 and ,england1 the 
,princess ,eleanor having ,plantagenet  
blood4 ,but the son of ,frederick and   
,eleanor1 afterward the ,emperor        
,maximilian ,i41#bg married ,mary of    
,burgundy in #adgg1 which gave a lift to
 his race that enabled it to increase in
 importance at a very rapid rate4 ,mary 
was in possession of most of the immense
 dominions of her father1 which he had  
intended to convert into a kingdom1 had 
he lived to complete his purpose4 ,his  
success would have had great effect on  
the after history of ,europe1 for he    
would have reigned over the finest of   

countries1 and his dominions would have 
extended from the ,north ,sea to        
,provence1--and over ,provence so       
powerful a sovereign would have had no  
difficulty in extending his             
power1--which done1 his dominions would 
have been touched by the ,mediterranean4
 ,louis ,,xi4 of ,france got hold of    
some of ,mary's inheritance2 but the    
greater part thereof she conveyed to    
,maximilian4 ,she died young1 leaving a 
son and a daughter4 ,the son was ,philip
 the ,fair1 who in #adif married ,juana1
 daughter of ,ferdinand and ,isabella1  
king of ,aragon1 and queen of ,castille1
 and heiress of the ,spanish monarchy1  
which had come to great glory through   
the conquest of ,granada1 and to        
wonderful influence through the         
discovery of the ,new ,world1--events   
that took place in the same year1 and   
but a short time before the marriage of 
the ,austrian archduke and the          
,peninsular princess4 ,this marriage1   
useful and brilliant as it was to the   

house of ,austria1 turned out bitterly  
bad to the parties to it1--and it is not
 an isolated case in that respect4      
,philip the ,fair was a very handsome   
fellow1 as became his designation1 or   
rather whence his designation came2 but 
on the principle that handsome is that  
handsome does1 he was one of the ugliest
 of men4 ,he was guilty of gallantry1   
the weakness of kings1 and of many of   
the sovereign people too4 ,when living  
in ,spain he had many amorous           
adventures2 and his wife1 who had       
brought him so great a fortune that she 
thought she had an especial claim on his
 fidelity1 became exceedingly jealous1  
and1 being a dague en jarretiere lady1  
as became one who was born to reign over
 ,andalucia1 killed her faithless       
husband1--not by stabbing him1 but by   
giving him poison4 ,this was in #aejf1  
when husband and wife were but          
twenty-eight and twenty-four years old1 
and had been but ten years married4     
,there were two sons and four daughters 

born of this marriage1 all of whom made 
important marriages4 ,the eldest son was
 the man whom ,mr4 ,stirling calls the  
greatest monarch of the memorable       
sixteenth century1--,charles ,v41       
,emperor of ,germany1 and the ,spanish  
,charles ,i4 ,he founded the ,spanish   
branch of the house of ,austria1 the    
elder branch4#bh ,he married ,isabella  
of ,portugal1 and their son was ,philip 
,,ii41 who added ,portugal to the       
possessions of the ,austrian family1 and
 one of whose wives was ,mary ,tudor1   
queen of ,england1 the ,bloody ,mary of 
fire-and-fagot memory2 and ,philip      
gladly would have placed ,mary's sister 
,elizabeth in his half-vacant bed4 ,the 
marriage of ,philip and ,mary was       
barren1 and poor ,mary's belief that a  
blessed baby was coming has been matter 
for laughter for more than three hundred
 years4 ,had her agonizing prayers for  
offspring been heard1 what a change     
would have been wrought in human        
destinies1 even had the child lived to  

be no older than ,edward ,,vi46 ,the    
second son of ,philip the ,fair and     
,juana was ,ferdinand1 named from his   
maternal grandfather1 ,ferdinand the    
,catholic1 king of ,argon4 ,he was the  
founder of the ,german branch of the    
house of ,austria1 the younger branch1  
which has long survived the elder       
branch1 though now it exists only in the
 female line1 and really is the house of
 ,lorraine4 ,ferdinand became ,ferdinand
 ,i41 ,emperor of ,germany1 and he did  
far more than was done by his elder     
brother to keep up the character of his 
family for making much through marriage4
 ,in #aebb1 when but nineteen1 he       
married ,anne ,yagellon1 princess of    
,hungary and ,bohemia1--a marriage that 
might not have proved very important1   
but that death came in and made it so1  
and also the births that came from it1  
as will presently appear4 ,charles and  
,ferdinand had four sisters1 and they   
all four made great marriages1 three of 
which were very useful to the ,austrian 

house4 ,the eldest of these ladies1     
,eleanora1 was married to ,emanuel1 king
 of ,portugal1--a man old enough to be  
her father1 with some years to          
spare1--being sacrificed to the ambition
 of her brother ,charles1 for she was   
attached to the ,count ,palatine4       
,becoming a widow1 she was compelled to 
give her hand to that popular rascal1   
,francis ,i4 of ,france1 when her       
brother wished to strengthen the treaty 
he made with his good brother at        
,madrid1 and which the ,frenchman had   
arranged to disregard even before he    
signed it4 ,the second sister1          
,isabella1 married ,christian ,,ii41    
king of ,denmark1 when she was but      
fourteen1 and died at twenty-four4      
,mary1 the third sister1 became the wife
 of ,louis ,,ii41 king of ,hungary and  
,bohemia1 and last of the ,yagellons4   
,the fourth sister1 ,catherine1 married 
,john ,,iii41 king of ,portugal4 ,it was
 the marriage of the third sister1      
,mary1 that1 in connection with his own 

marriage1 had the greatest effect on the
 fortunes of her brother ,ferdinand1 as 
his wife was the sister of ,louis ,,ii41
 ,mary's husband4 ,louis was defeated by
 the ,turks at the battle of ,mohacz1 in
 #aebf1 and lost his life while flying  
from the field4 ,ferdinand claimed the  
crowns of ,bohemia and ,hungary1 as     
,louis left no children1 and he was     
chosen king in both countries2 and      
though he disowned all other rights to  
the ,bohemian throne than that of the   
election1 it is certain he never would  
have been elected by either nation had  
he not married the sister of ,louis1 and
 had not ,louis married his sister4 ,all
 these marriages1 and other events that 
carried the power of the house of       
,austria to the greatest height1 took   
place only thirty-three years after the 
death of ,frederick ,,iii41 and some of 
his contemporaries may have lived to    
witness them all4  ,the marriages of the
 house of ,austria since the sixteenth  
century have not been so important as   

they were in that century1 but they have
 not been without influence on events1  
in exceptional cases4 ,the marriage of  
,marie ,antoinette and the ,french      
prince who became ,louis ,,xvi4 was     
fruitful of results2 and the marriage of
 ,napoleon ,i4 and ,marie ,louise1 by   
causing the ,french emperor to rely on  
,austrian aid in #ahac1 had memorable   
consequences4 ,louis ,,xiii4 and ,louis 
,,xiv4 married ,austrian princesses of  
the ,spanish branch2 and the marriage of
 ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,maria ,theresa led  
to the founding of that ,bourbon line   
which reigns over ,spain1 though the    
main line has ceased to reign in        
,france4 ,the greatness of the house of 
,austria in the seventeenth century is  
visible only in ,germany1 after the     
death of ,philip ,,iv4 of ,spain4 ,the  
,german ,hapsburgs had a powerful       
influence in the seventeenth century1   
playing then great parts1 but often     
finding themselves in danger of         
extinction before their ,spanish cousins

 had run out4#bi ,they were the rivals  
of the ,french kings of that century1   
and ,louis ,,xiv4 was talked of as a    
candidate for the imperial throne4 ,the 
course of ,english politics had a very  
favorable effect on the fortunes of the 
,hapsburgs1 the same conduct that gave  
supremacy to ,protestantism and         
constitutionalism in ,great ,britain    
working most favorably in behalf of that
 family which1 for ten generations1 has 
been identified with everything that is 
bigoted and intolerant in religion and  
politics4 ,james ,,ii41 after his fall1 
implored assistance from the ,emperor of
 ,germany1 ,leopold ,i42 and1           
considering that both were intensely    
,catholic1 his application ought to have
 been favorably received2 but the       
reigning ,emperor had little difficulty 
in showing that it was not in his power1
 as assuredly it was not for his        
interest1 to help the exiled king1--who 
was an exile only because of his        
attachment to that ancient ,church      

through which alone1 as ,leopold        
believed1 salvation could be secured4   
,he went with the heretical ,william    
,,iii4 ,england1 indeed1 has been the   
bulwark of the ,german ,hapsburgs on    
many occasions1 and has saved them on   
more than one occasion from overthrow2  
and she did her best to aid even the    
,spanish branch in its last years1 and  
then exerted herself to secure that     
branch's possessions for its relations  
at ,vienna4 ,it was ,english military   
genius that saved the ,emperor ,leopold 
,i4 from destruction4#cj ,when most of  
,continental ,europe showed itself      
hostile to the ,austrian house after the
 death of ,charles ,,vi41 ,england was  
the fast friend of ,maria ,theresa1 his 
daughter1 and aided her to get over     
difficulties that seemed about to       
overwhelm her2 and it was the fault     
rather of ,austria than of ,england that
 the two countries did not act together 
in the ,seven ,years' ,war1 when        
,england was1 as it were1 forced into   

the ,prussian alliance1 and helped      
,frederick win his astonishing          
victories4 ,austria came out of that    
memorable contest without having        
accomplished the purpose for which she  
entered it2 but she had displayed great 
power during its course1 and in the last
 half of the reign of the empress-queen1
 her reputation stood very high4 ,joseph
 ,,ii41 though he declared that he had  
failed in everything1 impressed himself 
very powerfully on the ,european mind1  
and was counted a great sovereign4 ,no  
common man could have entertained the   
projects that crowded his teeming mind1 
and which came to little in most        
instances because they were in advance  
of the time4  ,during the tremendous    
struggle that proceeded from the ,french
 ,revolution1 ,austria was almost always
 in the foreground1 and next to ,england
 showed greatest powers of endurance in 
combating the new order of things4 ,six 
times she made war on ,france1 and      
though in four of these wars she was    

beaten1 she had the fortune to decide   
the event of the fifth1--that of        
#ahad-ae2 and in #ahae she was as active
 against ,napoleon as circumstances     
permitted any of the ,allies to be1     
except ,england and ,prussia4 ,the      
effect of this pertinacity1 and of her  
decisive part in #ahac1 was to secure   
for her a degree of consideration       
altogether disproportioned to her real  
power4 ,men took her for what she       
appeared to be1 not as she was4 ,in     
truth1 very little was known of her     
condition1 and the few who were aware of
 her weakness were interested in keeping
 their knowledge to themselves4 ,the    
grand effort which she made in #ahji1   
single-handed almost1 to break the power
 of ,napoleon1 was everywhere looked    
upon as something alike herculean and   
heroical1 and as such it is spoken of in
 all those historical works from which  
most readers obtain knowledge of the    
early years of this century2 but now we 
know from other sources1 and            

particularly from the ,diary of ,gentz1 
that she never was in a worse state than
 she knew in the days of ,eckmuehl1     
,essling1 and ,wagram4 ,reading what    
,gentz wrote in the ten weeks that      
followed ,wagram1 we feel as if we were 
reading of the twenty days that followed
 ,sadowa4 ,but of this nobody outside of
 the empire seems to have known or      
suspected anything2 and the number of   
persons in the empire who knew it1 or   
suspected it1 was not large4 ,even      
,napoleon1 who was on the ground1 and   
who had the country more at his control 
than it was at that of ,francis ,,ii41  
seems to have been entirely ignorant of 
the true state of affairs4 ,he could    
have crumpled up ,austria with ease1 and
 have made half a dozen kingdoms or     
grand duchies of the spoils he had      
seized1--and yet he talked to ,general  
,bubna1 and to others of the ,austrian  
negotiators1 as if he considered        
,austria the greatest nation in ,europe1
 and sure swiftly to recover from the   

consequences of the blows he had dealt  
her4 ,he actually spoke of the ability  
she would secure to decide the future   
fate of ,europe1 and therein was a      
prophet of his own ruin4 ,it is possible
 that there may have been some          
affectation in what he said1 but there  
was as much sincerity1 for there is a   
great deal in the history of his career 
that shows he had a high opinion of     
,austrian power4 ,when ,europe was      
settled1 after his fall1 ,austria       
acquired the right to stand between     
,england and ,russia1 as their equal2   
and down to #ahdh she was the superior  
of both ,france and ,prussia4 ,the      
events of #ahdh-di did not essentially  
lessen her prestige1 and she had a      
commanding place during the ,russian    
war4 ,even her defeats in the ,italian  
war did not lead to any serious loss of 
consideration1 and against them was set 
the striking fact that the victorious   
,french had halted before the           
,quadrilateral1 and actually had begged 

for peace from the vanquished4  ,we know
 how deceptive were all appearances in  
regard to ,austrian strength2 but it was
 in the power of ,austrian statesmen to 
convert what was simply apparent into a 
solid reality4 ,had they been wise men1 
they would1 during the long peace that  
followed #ahae1 have made of ,austria a 
state as powerful in fact as the world  
believed her to be4 ,nothing could have 
been easier1 as her undeveloped         
resources ever have been vast2 but they 
did nothing of the kind1 their sole aim 
being to get over the present1 without  
any regard for the future4 ,hermayr says
 of ,thugut1 who was chief ,austrian    
minister in the closing years of the    
last century1 that his policy knew      
neither virtue nor vice1 only           
expedients2 and these words describe the
 policy of ,metternich completely1 and1 
with perhaps a little modification1 they
 describe that of all his successors4   
,so that when the ,prussian war came1   
,austria was in the same state that she 

was in #ahji1--seemingly very strong1   
actually very weak2 and she fell in a   
month1 with a great ruin1 much to the   
astonishment of almost all men4 ,but the
 difference between #ahji and #ahff is  
this1--that the light let into ,austria 
through chinks made by the ,prussian    
bayonet will prevent the game of        
deception from being renewed4  ,it is   
assumed by most persons1 that the house 
of ,austria has at last reached the turn
 of its fortunes1 and that1 having been 
beaten down by ,prussia1 it never will  
be able to rise again4 ,this is the     
reaction against the sentiment that     
prevailed so generally at the beginning 
of last summer1 just before the first   
blood was drawn in that war which proved
 so disastrous to ,austria4 ,in         
,america1 as in ,england1 not only was  
it assumed that the ,austrians had the  
better cause1 but that the better       
chances of success were clearly with    
them4 ,black and yellow would distance  
black and white1 and the two-headed     

eagle would tear and rend the           
single-headed eagle1 thus affording     
another proof that two heads are better 
than one4 ,now1 all is changed4 ,in     
,england1 opinion is setting almost as  
strongly ,prussiaward as it did in      
#ahae1 though the ,prussians and the    
,prussian government have made no       
apologies for those ungracious acts     
against ,englishmen which it was the    
fashion to cite as evidence of the      
dislike borne to the islanders by the   
countrymen of ,bismarck4 ,captain       
,heehaw1 of the ,coldstreams1 who       
thought--really1 'pon honor--that the   
,prussians would not be able to look    
half their number of ,austrians in the  
face1 has wheeled about1 converted by   
the fast flashes of the needle-gun2 and 
the gallant ,captain1 who would fight   
like an ,achilles should opportunity    
offer1 is a fair type of his fellows4   
,there is a complete change of front4   
,the ,english are countermarching1 and  
will take up their former ground1--if   

they have not already taken it1--that on
 which they stood when their ,parliament
 thanked ,bluecher and his ,prussians   
for helping ,wellington and his ,britons
 strike down ,napoleon and the ,french4 
,prussia now means a united ,germany1 to
 be ruled by the house of ,hohenzollern1
 whose head is an old king of threescore
 and ten years1 and who must1 in the    
regular course of things1 soon be       
displaced by a bold young prince1 whose 
brows are thickly covered with laurels  
gathered on the field of ,sadowa1 and   
whose wife is the eldest child of ,queen
 ,victoria4 ,why should not ,protestant 
,england rejoice with ,protestant       
,prussia1 and see her successes with    
gladness8 ,sure enough2 and ,english joy
 over the prodigious ,prussian triumph  
of last summer ought to be the most     
natural thing in the world4 ,but we     
cannot forget what was the color of     
,english opinion down to the time when  
it was demonstrated by the logic of     
cannon that the ,prussian cause was     

perfectly pure1 and that it was to fly  
in the face of ,providence to question  
its excellence4 ,if ever a man was hated
 in ,england1 ,count ,bismarck had the  
honor of being thus hated4 ,and it was  
an honor2 for next to the love of a     
great people1 their hatred is the best  
evidence of a man's greatness4 ,napoleon
 in #ahjg was not more detested by      
,englishmen than ,bismarck in #ahff4    
,the obnoxious ,prussian statesman was  
not even respected1 for he had done     
nothing to command the respect of       
enemies4 ,from the tone in which he was 
talked of1 it was plain that the        
,english considered him to be a         
mischievous1 malicious1 elfish sort of  
creature1 who could not do anything that
 would deserve to be considered great1  
but who did his utmost to make himself  
and his country the nuisances of        
,europe4 ,books have been made from     
,english journals to show how           
extraordinarily they berated this       
country during the ,secession war1      

because ,americans were so brutally     
perverse and so selfishly silly as not  
to submit their country's throat to the 
,southern sabre for the benefit of      
,britain1 which condescends to think    
that our national existence is something
 not altogether compatible with her     
safety4 ,but a collection made from the 
same journals of articles assailing     
,prussia in general1 and ,count         
,bismarck in particular1 would be even  
richer than anything that has been      
collected to show ,english sympathy with
 gentlemen who were fighting valiantly  
to establish that better kind of        
civilization which is based on slavery4 
,all is now changed toward ,prussia1 as 
most has been changed toward us for     
twenty months1 ever since the fall of   
,richmond4 ,if ,prussia should not soon 
establish a cordial understanding with  
,england1 vice ,france discarded1 it    
will be because she is not disposed to  
an ,english alliance1 or because her    
fortunes shall have undergone a change1 

and rendered her unworthy of being      
courted4 ,that ancient connection of    
,england and ,austria1 dating from the  
time that the ,bourbons became dangerous
 to ,europe1 and which was so often     
alluded to in the time of the ,italian  
war1 and in the days that immediately   
preceded the ,german conflict1 is       
thought little of by ,englishmen1 who   
prefer to think of ,pitt's connection   
with ,frederick when the latter was     
threatened with annihilation by         
,austria4 ,prussia has not only beaten  
the ,austrian armies2 she has conquered 
,english prejudices1--much the more     
difficult task of the two4  ,the        
,austrians must be amused by the change 
that has come over the ,english mind2   
but with their sense of the satire which
 that change may be said to embody1     
there is possibly mingled the reflection
 that their case1 bad as it is1 is not  
so bad as to deprive them of hope4      
,looking back over the history of the   
house of ,austria1 there is much in it  

to allow the belief that possibly it may
 again rise to the highest place in     
,europe4 ,that house has often fallen   
quite as low as we have seen it fall1   
and yet it has not passed away1 but has 
renewed its life and strength1 and has  
taken high part in effecting the        
punishment1 and even the destruction1 of
 those who might have destroyed it4     
,when ,matthias ,corvinus held          
,vienna1--when that city was besieged by
 the great ,solyman1 whose troops       
marched as far to the west as           
,ratisbon1--when ,charles ,v4 fled      
before ,maurice of ,saxony1 lest he     
might one fine morning be seized in his 
bed1--when ,andrew ,thonradtel took     
,ferdinand ,,ii4 by the buttons of his  
doublet1 and said1 ,nandel1 give in1    
thou must sign 7a paper containing the  
articles of the union of the ,austrian  
,estates with the ,bohemians1 which     
,ferdinand refused to sign1 and never   
signed71--when ,gustavus ,adolphus was  
beating or baffling all the ,imperial   

generals1--when ,wallenstein was        
directing his army of condottieri1 with 
which he had saved the ,austrian house1 
against that house1--when ,kara         
,mustapha1 at the head of two hundred   
thousand ,turks1 aided by the           
,hungarians1 and encouraged by the      
,french1 laid siege to ,vienna1 and sent
 his light cavalry to the banks of the  
,inn1 and came wellnigh succeeding in   
his undertaking1 and would have done so 
but for the coming in of ,john ,sobieski
 and his ,poles1--when the ,french and  
,bavarians1 in #agjd1 had brought the   
,empire to the brink of destruction1 so 
that it could be saved only through the 
combined exertions of such men as       
,eugene and ,marlborough1--when almost  
all ,continental ,europe that was       
possessed of power directed that power  
against the ,imperial house immediately 
after the death of ,charles ,,vi41 last 
male member of the line of              
,hapsburg1--when ,napoleon ,i4 destroyed
 an ,austrian army at ,ulm1 and took    

,vienna1 and beat to pieces the         
,austro-,russian army at                
,austerlitz1--when the same ,emperor    
took ,vienna the second time1 in #ahji1 
after a series of brilliant victories1  
wonderful even in his most wonderful    
history1 and won the victory of ,wagram1
 and allowed the ,austrian monarchy to  
exist only because he thought of        
marrying a daughter of its head1--when  
,hungarians1 ,italians1 ,germans1 and   
others of its subjects were in arms     
against it1 in #ahdh-di1--when          
,montebello and ,palestro were followed 
by ,magenta and ,solferino1--the        
condition of the house of ,austria was  
nearly as low as it is to-day1 and on   
some of these occasions probably it was 
even more reduced than it is at present4
 ,men were ready in #aebi1 in #aeeb1 in 
#afai1 in #afcb1 in #afhc1 in #agjd1 in 
#agda1 in #ahje1 in #ahji1 in #ahdi1 and
 in #ahei to say1 as now they say1 that 
the last hour of the fortunate dynasty  
was about to strike on the clock of     

,time1 forgetting all its earlier       
escapes from the last consequences of   
defeat1 recollection of which would have
 enabled them to form better judgments4 
,on a dozen occasions ,austria has risen
 superior to the effects of the direst  
misfortunes1 and she may do so again4   
,and her triumphs1 proceeding out of    
failures1 have not been won over common 
men or in ordinary contests4 ,she has   
rarely had to deal with mean            
antagonists1 and her singular victories 
have been enhanced in value by the high 
grade of her enemies4 ,francis ,i41     
,sultan ,solyman1 ,gustavus ,adolphus1  
,wallenstein1 ,richelieu1 ,louis ,,xiv41
 ,napoleon ,i41 and ,kossuth are        
conspicuous in the list of her enemies4 
,they were all great men1--deriving     
greatness some of them from their       
intellectual powers1 others from their  
positions as sovereigns1 and yet others 
from both their positions and their     
powers of mind4 ,yet she got the better 
of them all1#ca and some of them fell   

miserably because of her enmity to      
them1--as ,wallenstein and ,napoleon4   
,frederick the ,great was in some sense 
an exception1 as he accomplished most of
 his purposes at her expense2 and yet it
 cannot with propriety be said that he  
conquered her1 or that1 at the utmost1  
he was ever more than the equal of      
,maria ,theresa or ,joseph ,,ii41 with  
all his undoubted intellectual          
superiority4 ,when we compare the       
,austria of #ahac with the ,austria of  
#ahji1 and see how wonderfully fortune  
had worked in her favor under           
circumstances far from promising        
anything for her benefit1 we are not    
surprised that ,austrians should still  
be full of confidence1 or that a few    
other men should share what seems to be 
in them a well-founded hope4 ,a belief  
in good luck sometimes helps men to the 
enjoyment of good luck1--and if men1 why
 not nations8  ,yet against this        
reliance on her luck by ,austria must be
 placed the wonderful changes that have 

come over the world since those times   
when it was in the power of a government
 like the ,austrian to exert a great    
influence on the course of events4 ,down
 to the time of the ,french ,revolution1
 ,austrian contests were carried on     
against nations1 governments1 and       
dynasties1 and not against peoples4     
,even the wars that grew out of the     
,reformation were in no strict sense of 
a popular character1 but were waged by  
the great of the earth1 who found their 
account in being champions of           
progressive ideas1--the liberalism of   
those days4 ,almost all the renowned    
anti-,austrian leaders of the ,thirty   
,years' ,war were kings1 nobles1        
aristocrats of every grade1 most of     
whom1 we may suppose1 cared as little   
for political freedom as the ,hapsburgs 
cared for it4 ,gustavus ,adolphus could 
be as arbitrary as ,ferdinand ,,ii41 and
 some of his most ardent admirers are of
 opinion that he fell none too soon for 
his own reputation1 though much too soon

 for the good of ,europe1 when he was   
slain on the glorious field of ,luetzen4
 ,the most remarkable of all the wars   
waged by the ,austrian house against    
human rights was that which ,philip     
,,ii4 and his successor directed against
 the ,dutch3 the latter were the        
champions of liberty2 but the opponents 
of the ,spanish ,hapsburgs even in that 
war can hardly be called the people4    
,they were--at least the animating and  
inspiriting portion of them--the old    
,dutch municipal aristocracy1 who on    
most occasions were well supported by   
the people4 ,down to a time within      
living memory1 the ,german ,hapsburgs   
contended only against their equals in  
blood and birth1 if not always in power4
 ,in #agib a new age began4 ,the armies 
of ,revolutionary ,france were even more
 democratic than our own in the         
,secession war1 and not even ,napoleon's
 imperializing and demoralizing course  
could entirely change their character4  
,democracy and aristocracy1 each all    

armed1 were fairly pitted against each  
other1 in that long list of actions     
which began at ,jemappes and terminated 
at ,solferino4 ,the ,austrian army1 like
 the ,austrian government1 is the most  
aristocratic institution of the kind in 
the world1 and as such it was well      
ranged against the ,french army1 the    
only great armed democratic force       
,europe had ever seen till the present  
year4 ,democracy had the better in most 
of the engagements that took place1     
though it had ever to fight hard for it1
 the ,austrians rarely behaving         
otherwise than well in war4 ,the        
,prussian army that did such great      
things last summer was conscribed from  
the people to an extent that has no     
parallel since the ,french ,republic    
formed its armies2 and it broke down the
 aristocratical force of ,austria as    
effectively as ,cromwell's              
,ironsides1--who were enlisted and      
disciplined yeomen1--broke through1 cut 
down1 and rode over the high-born       

,cavaliers of ,england4 ,now what       
,austria's army encountered when it met 
the ,french and ,prussian armies1 the   
,austrian government has to encounter in
 the management of affairs4 ,in the old 
diplomatic school1 ,austria could hold  
her own with any foe1 or friend         
either1--the latter the more difficult  
matter of the two4 ,there seldom have   
been abler men in their way than        
,kaunitz and ,metternich1 but they would
 be utterly useless were they to come   
back and take charge of ,austrian       
diplomacy1 so changed is the world's    
state4 ,and their successors are of     
their school1 with abilities far        
inferior to theirs4 ,the people have now
 to be consulted1 even when treaties are
 arranged and political combinations    
made4 ,such a parcelling out of         
countries as was so easily effected at  
,vienna in #ahae would no more be       
possible now1 than it would be to get up
 a crusade1 or to revive the traffic in 
slaves4 ,the ground which the people    

have gained in fifty years' course they 
have no intention of giving up1 rather  
meaning to strengthen it and to extend  
it4  ,this is the reason why ,austria   
cannot very hopefully look for a revival
 of her power1 as it so often revived   
after defeat in old days1 and under an  
entirely different state of things from 
that which now exists4 ,a power has come
 into existence such as she has never   
been accustomed to deal with1 and of    
which her statesmen have no knowledge4  
,an ,austrian statesman is scarcely more
 advanced than a ,frenchman of the time 
of ,louis ,quatorze2 and we verily      
believe that ,louvois or ,torcy would be
 quite as much at home in ,european     
politics at this moment as ,mensdorff or
 ,belcredi4 ,had they been well informed
 as to the condition of the times1 they 
never would have so acted as to bring   
about the late war4 ,it was their       
reliance on the ability of mere         
governments to settle every question in 
dispute1 that caused them to plunge into

 a conflict with ,prussia and ,italy1   
when their master's empire was bankrupt1
 and when more or less of discontent    
existed in almost every part of that    
empire4 ,statesmen who knew the age1 and
 who were aware of the change that has  
come over ,europe in half a century1    
would have told the ,emperor that to    
rely on something turning up1 after the 
ancient ,austrian custom1 would not     
answer in #ahff1 and that peoples as    
well as princes had much to do with the 
ordering of every nation's policy2 and  
with every people ,austria is unpopular4
 ,it is not difficult now to understand 
that ,francis ,joseph had a profound    
reliance on ,napoleon ,,iii41 that he   
believed the ,frenchman would prevent   
his being driven to the wall1 and that  
,prussia would be the greatest sufferer 
by the war1 as she would be forced to   
part with the ,rhine provinces4 ,his    
mistake with respect to ,france was not 
a great one1 as the ,french saw the     
triumph of ,prussia with much bitterness

 of feeling1 and gladly would have      
joined the ,austrians2 but the mistake  
he made in regard to ,germany was very  
great1 and shows that he and his        
advisers knew nothing of ,germanic      
feeling4 ,if they could thus err on a   
point that was plain to every           
intelligent foreigner1 how can we expect
 them to exhibit more intelligence and  
more sense with respect to the new state
 of things proceeding from the event of 
the war8 ,if they could not comprehend  
matters of fact at the beginning of last
 ,june1 why should we conclude that they
 will be ,solomons hereafter8 ,brought  
face to face with a new state of things1
 they so proceeded as to convince all   
impartial observers that they were      
wellnigh as ignorant of what had been   
going on among men1 as the ,seven       
,sleepers were when roused from their   
long slumber4 ,but for this1 unless we  
assume that they were fools1 not only   
would they not have admitted war to be  
possible1 but they never would have     

allowed the coming about of such a state
 of things as led to the dispute with   
,prussia4 ,the entire action of the     
,austrian government with reference to  
the affairs of ,germany1 for several    
years1 was admirably calculated to lead 
to what has taken place this year4 ,that
 government1 had it been wise1 never    
would have acted with ,prussia in the   
matter of the ,danish duchies4 ,it would
 have insisted on the fulfilment of the 
arrangement that was made years before1 
in which case it would have been        
supported by the whole power of ,france 
and ,england1 and not improbably by that
 of ,russia2 and against so great an    
array of force1 ,prussia1 even if backed
 by the opinion of ,germany1 never would
 have thought of contending1--and some  
of the ,german governments would have   
sided with the allies1 and would have   
behaved much more efficiently than they 
did in the late war4 ,prussia would have
 been isolated1 as ,france was in #ahdj2
 and that party which was opposed to    

,bismarck's policy would have obtained  
control of her councils1 the effect of  
which would have been to preserve peace1
 the very thing that was most necessary 
to ,austria's welfare4 ,instead of      
opposing ,prussia1 ,austria joined her1 
and insisted on having a part in the    
very business that offended the ,germans
 as much as it disgusted foreigners4    
,thus a state of things was brought     
about which made a ,german war          
inevitable1 while ,austria was deprived 
of all aid from abroad4 ,england's      
sympathies were with ,austria1 as       
against ,prussia2 and yet ,england had  
been shabbily treated by ,austria in    
respect to the duchies1 and it was      
impossible for her either to forget or  
forgive such treatment4 ,france had less
 cause to be offended2 but ,napoleon    
,,iii4 could not have approved of action
 which seemed to be taken in disregard  
of his high position in ,europe1 and was
 calculated to advance the ends of      
,prussia1--the power least respected by 

the ,french1--and which finally made of 
that power the destroyer of the         
settlement of #ahae1cb a part the       
,emperor had intended for himself4      
,having acted thus unwisely1 and having 
no support from ,russia1 ,austria should
 have avoided war in #ahff1 at any cost2
 and it was in her power to avoid it    
down to the time that she made the      
,german ,diet so proceed as to furnish  
,prussia with an excellent reason for   
setting her well-prepared armies in     
motion against the ill-prepared forces  
of her foe4 ,noting the folly of        
,austria1 and observing that the ,french
 government1 if ,m4 de ,lavalette's     
circular can be depended upon as an     
expression of its sentiments1 is all for
 peace1 we can see no opening for that  
renewal of warfare in ,europe which the 
defeated party is said to desire1 as an 
ally of ,france1 in the expectation that
 she might recover the place she so     
lately lost4 ,the reopening of the      
,eastern ,question1 of which much is    

said1 might afford some hope to         
,austria1 but not to the extent that is 
supposed2 for she is not strong enough  
at this time to be a powerful ally of   
,russia as against ,turkey1 or of       
,england in support of ,turkey4 ,she has
 parted with her old importance2 for    
there is no further hiding from the     
world that her system is vicious1 and   
that nothing could be gained from an    
alliance with her1 while any country    
with which she should be associated     
would have to extend to her much        
support4 ,she may rise again1 but how1  
or in what manner1 it is not in any     
man's power to say4  ,,footnotes3  #be  
,the following is the epigram of        
,matthias ,corvinus3--      ,bella      
gerant alii2 tu felix nube6     ,nam    
quae ,mars aliis dat tibi regna ,venus4 
,which ,mr4 ,sterling thus renders3--   
,fight those who will2 let well-starred 
,austria wed1     ,and conquer kingdoms 
in the marriage-bed4  ,some other hand  
has given the following translation1 or 

rather amplification1 of the epigram3-- 
,glad ,austria wins by ,hymen's silken  
chain     ,what other states in doubtful
 battles gain1     ,and while fierce    
,mars enriches meaner lands1            
,receives possessions from fair ,venus' 
hands4  ,there would seem to be an end  
of these fortunate marriages1 no member 
of the ,austrian imperial family being  
now in condition to wed to much profit4 
,the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph1 who is  
yet a young man1 took to wife a         
,bavarian lady1 said to be of           
extraordinary beauty1 in #ahed2 and he  
has a daughter1 who was born in #ahef1  
the same year with the ,french ,prince  
,imperial1 whom she might marry1 but    
that the two are children4 ,besides1    
marriages between ,french princes and   
,austrian princesses have turned out so 
badly on two memorable occasions1 within
 less than a century1 that even the     
statesmen of ,vienna and ,paris might   
well be excused if they were to think a 
third alliance quite impossible4 ,the   

heir apparent to the ,austrian throne is
 but eight years old4 ,the ,emperor's   
next brother1 ,ferdinand                
,maximilian1--well known in this country
 as ,emperor of the ,mexicans1--made a  
good marriage1 his wife being a daughter
 of the late ,leopold ,i41 ,king of the 
,belgians4 ,she has labored with zeal to
 found an imperial dynasty in ,mexico1  
but the task is beyond human strength4  
,the imperial system fell in ,mexico on 
the same day that ,richmond fell into   
the hands of ,general ,grant4 ,the      
fortunes of the ,austrian prince and    
those of ,mr4 ,davis were bound up      
together1 and together they fell4  #bf  
,we give the imperial anagram3--        
,a3 ,austria ,alles     ,e3 ,est        
,erdreich     ,i3 ,imperare ,ist     ,o3
 ,orbi ,oesterreich     ,u3 ,universo   
,unterthan4  #bg ,mr4 ,bryce credits    
,maximilian ,i4 with the founding of the
 ,austrian monarchy4 ,of that monarchy1 
he observes1 and of the power of the    
house of ,hapsburg1 ,maximilian was1    

even more than ,rudolph his ancestor1   
the founder4 ,uniting in his person     
those wide domains through ,germany     
which1 had been dispersed among the     
collateral branches of his house1 and   
claiming by his marriage with ,mary of  
,burgundy most of the territories of    
,charles the ,bold1 he was a prince     
greater than any who had sat on the     
,teutonic throne since the death of     
,frederick ,,ii4 ,but it was as         
,archduke of ,austria1 ,count of ,tyrol1
 ,duke of ,styria and ,carinthia1 feudal
 superior of lands in ,swabia1 ,alsace1 
and ,switzerland1 that he was great1 not
 as ,roman ,emperor4 ,for just as from  
him the ,austrian monarchy begins1 so   
with him the ,holy ,empire in its old   
meaning ends4 7,the ,holy ,roman        
,empire1 pp4 #cdc1 #cdd47 ,mr4 ,bryce's 
work is one of the most valuable        
contributions to historical literature  
that have appeared in this century1 and 
great expectations are entertained from 
the future labors of one so liberally   

endowed with the historic faculty4  #bh 
,the division of the house of ,austria  
into two branches1 which alone prevented
 it from becoming supreme in ,europe1   
and over much of the rest of the world1 
took place in #aeba4 ,after the death of
 their grandfather1 ,charles and        
,ferdinand possessed the ,austrian      
territories in common1 but in #aeba they
 made a division thereof4 ,ferdinand    
obtained ,austria1 ,carinthia1          
,carniola1 and ,styria1 and1 in #aebb1  
the ,tyrol1 and other provinces4 ,in    
#aeca he was chosen ,king of the        
,romans1 which made him the successor of
 ,charles as ,emperor4 ,how ,charles    
came1 not merely to consent to his      
election1 but to urge it1 and to effect 
it in spite of opposition1 when he had a
 son in his fourth year1 is very        
strange4 ,the reasons commonly given for
 his course are by no means sufficient  
to account or it4 ,many years later he  
tried to undo his work1 in order to     
obtain the imperial dignity for his son2

 but ,ferdinand held on to what he      
possessed1 with true ,austrian tenacity4
 ,had ,charles kept the imperial crown  
for his son1 as he might have done1     
,philip's imperial position must have   
sufficed to give him control of the     
civilized world4 ,he would have made    
himself master of both ,france and      
,england1 and must have rendered the    
,reaction completely triumphant over the
 ,reformation4 ,fortunately1 he failed  
to become ,emperor1 and during a portion
 of his time the imperial throne was    
occupied by the best of all the         
,hapsburg sovereigns1--the wise1 the    
tolerant1 the humane1 and the upright   
,maximillian ,,ii41 who was the last man
 in ,europe likely to give him any aid  
in the prosecution of his vast          
tyrannical schemes4 ,besides1 there was 
a sort of coolness between the two      
branches of the great family1 that was  
not without its effect on the world's   
politics4 ,seldom has it happened that a
 more important event has occurred than 

the election of ,ferdinand as ,king of  
the ,romans4 ,we are not to measure what
 might have been done by ,philip ,,ii4  
as ,emperor1 by what was done by        
,charles ,v42 for ,charles was a        
statesman1 a politician1 and1 down to   
his latter years1 when his health was   
utterly gone1 he was no fanatic2 but    
,phillip was a fanatic only1 and a      
fierce one too1 with a power of         
concentration such as his father never  
possessed4 ,then the contest between the
 ,catholics and the ,protestants was a  
far more serious one in ,philip's time  
than it had been in that of ,charles1   
which alone would have sufficed to make 
his occupation of the imperial throne1  
had he occupied it1 a matter of the last
 importance4  #bi ,the main line of the 
,german ,hapsburgs ended in #afai1 with 
the death of the ,emperor ,matthias4 ,he
 was succeeded by ,ferdinand ,,ii41     
grandson of ,ferdinand ,i41 and son of  
that ,archduke ,charles who was         
sometimes spoken of in connection with  

the possible marriage of ,elizabeth of  
,england4 ,out of ,ferdinand ,,ii4's    
elevation grew a new union of the entire
 family of ,hapsburg4 ,during the long  
ascendency of the ,cardinal-,duke of    
,lerma in the ,spanish councils1 temp4  
,philip ,,iii41 the breach between the  
two branches1 which had been more       
apparent than real1 and yet not         
unimportant1 was made complete by the   
minister's action1 the policy he pursued
 being such as was highly displeasing to
 the ,german ,hapsburgs1 who had        
relapsed into bigotry4 ,philip ,,iii4   
set up pretensions to ,hungary and      
,bohemia1 as grandson of ,maximilian    
,,ii4 ,ferdinand1 who was not yet either
 emperor or king1 got rid of ,philip's  
pretensions by promising to resign to   
him the ,austrian possessions in        
,swabia4 ,this led to the fall of       
,lerma1 and to the reunion of the two   
branches of the ,austrian house1 but for
 which it is probable ,ferdinand ,,ii4  
might have been beaten in the early days

 of the ,thirty ,years' ,war4 ,it was to
 ,spanish aid that ,ferdinand owed his  
early triumphs in that contest2 and many
 years later1 in #afcd1 the great       
victory of ,nordlingen was gained for   
the ,imperialists by the presence of ten
 thousand ,spanish infantry in their    
army1--that infantry which was still the
 first military body in ,europe1 not    
then having met with the disaster of    
,rocroy1 which1 however1 was near at    
hand4 ,this was a kind of ,indian-summer
 revival of ,spanish power1 and at the  
beginning of the new alliance between   
,madrid and ,vienna1 there appeared1    
says ,ranke1 a prospect of founding a   
compact ,spanish hereditary dominion1   
which should directly link together     
,milan with the ,netherlands1 and so    
give the ,spanish policy a necessary    
preponderance in the affairs of ,europe4
 ,richelieu spoilt this fine prospect   
just as it seemed about to become a     
reality1 and the ,spanish ,hapsburgs    
gradually sank into insignificance1 and 

their line disappeared in #agjj1 on the 
death of ,charles ,,ii41 the most       
contemptible creature that ever wore a  
crown1 and scarcely man enough to be a  
respectable idiot4 ,such was the        
termination of the great                
,austro-,burgundian dynasty that was    
founded by ,charles ,v41--at one time as
 majestic as the broad and winding      
,rhine1 but again1 like the ,rhine1     
running fast to insignificance4  #cj ,if
 the house of ,austria was not in the   
greatest danger it ever experienced in  
#agjd1 its members and officers could   
affect to feel all but absolutely       
desperate4 ,the following letter1       
written in queer ,german-,french1 by the
 ,imperial ,minister near the ,english  
court1 ,count ,john ,wenceslaus         
,wratislaw1 to ,queen ,anne1 conveys an 
almost ludicrous idea of the fright     
under which the ,austrian chiefs        
suffered3--,madame1 ,le soussigne envoye
 extraordinaire de sa ,majeste          
,imperiale ayant represente de vive voix

 en diverses occasions aux ministres de 
votre ,majeste la dure extremite dans   
laquelle se trouve l',empire1 par       
l'introduction d'une armee nombreuse de 
,francois dans la ,baviere1 laquelle    
jointe a la revolte de la ,hongrie met  
les pais hereditaires de sa ,majeste    
,imperiale dans une confusion           
incroyable1 de sorte que si l'on        
n'apporte pas un remede prompt et       
proportionne au danger present1 dont on 
est menace on a a craindre une          
revolution entiere1 et une destruction  
totale de l',allemagne4 ,luckily for    
,austria1 ,marlborough was a man of as  
much moral as physical courage1 and he  
took the responsibility of leading his  
army into ,germany1--a decision that1   
perhaps1 no other commander of that time
 would have been equal to1--and by the  
junction of his forces with those of    
,eugene was enabled to fight and win the
 battle of ,blenheim 7,blindheim71 which
 put an end to the ascendency of        
,france4 ,emperor ,leopold was          

positively grateful for the services    
,marlborough rendered him1 and treated  
him differently from the manner in which
 he had treated ,sobieski for doing him 
quite as great a favor4 ,he wrote him a 
letter in his own hand1 gave him a      
lordship in fee1 and made him1 by the   
title of ,mindelheim1 a ,prince of the  
,holy ,roman ,empire4  #ca ,as it is    
generally assumed that ,richelieu got   
the better of the ,empire in that       
contest which he waged with it1 perhaps 
some readers may think we have gone too 
far in saying he was one of those       
antagonists of whom the ,austrian family
 got the better2 but all depends upon   
the point of view4 ,richelieu died when 
the war was at its height1 and did not  
live to see the success of his immediate
 policy2 but what he did was only an    
incident in a long contest4 ,the old    
rivalry of the house of ,valois and the 
house of ,austria was continued after   
the former was succeeded by the house of
 ,bourbon4 ,richelieu did but carry out 

the policy on which ,henry ,,iv4 had    
determined3 and when the two branches of
 the ,austrian family had united their  
powers1 and it seemed that the effect of
 their reunion would be to place ,europe
 at their command1 the great            
,cardinal-,duke had no choice but to    
follow the ancient course of ,france4   
,but the contest on which he entered1   
though in one sense fatal to his enemy1 
was not decided in his time1 nor till he
 had been in his grave more than sixty  
years4 ,he died just before the         
beginning of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41
 and that monarch took up and continued 
the contest which ,richelieu may be said
 to have renewed4 ,for an unusually long
 period the ,bourbons were successful1  
though without fully accomplishing their
 purpose4 ,from the battle of ,rocroy1  
in #afdc1 to the battle of ,blenheim1 in
 #agjd1 ,france was the first nation of 
,europe1 and the ,bourbons could boost  
of having humiliated the ,hapsburgs4    
,they obtained the crowns of ,spain and 

the ,indies2 and the ,spanish crowns are
 yet worn by a descendant of ,louis le  
,grand1 while another family reigns in  
,france4 ,but ,spain and her            
dependencies apart1 all was changed by  
the result at ,blenheim4 ,the ,austrian 
house was there saved1 and              
re-established2 and it was there that   
the policy of ,richelieu had its final  
decision4 ,the ,france of the old       
monarchy never recovered from the       
disasters its armies met with in the    
,war of the ,spanish ,succession2 and   
when ,louis ,,xv4 consented to the      
marriage of his grandson to an ,austrian
 princess1 he virtually admitted that   
the old rival of his family had         
triumphed in the long strife4 ,the      
quarrel was again renewed in the days of
 the ,republic1 maintained under the    
first ,french ,empire1 and had its last 
trial of arms under the second ,empire1 
in #ahei2 but the old ,french monarchy  
gave up the contest more than a century 
ago4 ,besides1 we are to distinguish    

between the ,german ,empire and the     
house of ,hapsburg that ruled from      
,vienna4 ,the ,peace of ,westphalia     
7#afdh7 left the ,germanic ,emperors in 
a contemptible state1 but the effect of 
it was highly favorable to these        
,emperors considered as chiefs of the   
,hapsburg family4 ,placed on the eastern
 verge of ,germany1 says ,mr4 ,bryce1   
the ,hapsburgs had added to their       
ancient lands in ,austria proper and the
 ,tyrol new ,german territories far more
 extensive1 and had thus become the     
chiefs of a separate and independent    
state4 ,they endeavored to reconcile its
 interests and those of the ,empire1 so 
long as it seemed possible to recover   
part of the old imperial prerogative4   
,but when such hopes were dashed by the 
defeats of the ,thirty ,years' ,war1    
they hesitated no longer between an     
elective crown and the rule of their    
hereditary states1 and comforted        
themselves thenceforth in ,european     
politics1 not as the representatives of 

,germany1 but as heads of the great     
,austrian monarchy4 7,the ,holy ,roman  
,empire1 new edition1 p4 #cee47 ,thus1  
by diverting the ,hapsburgs from their  
impracticable schemes1 and throwing them
 upon their hereditary possessions1     
,richelieu really helped them2 and in so
 far his policy was a failure1 as he    
sought to lessen the power of the house 
of ,austria1 which in his time ruled    
over ,spain1 as well as in ,germany1    
,bohemia1 ,hungary1 and other countries4
 ,it is intimated by some ,european     
writers1 that the ,austrian family will 
once more turn its attention to the     
,east1 and1 giving up all thought of    
regaining its place in ,germany1 seek   
compensation where it was found in the  
seventeenth century1 after the ,peace of
 ,westphalia4 ,but what was possible two
 hundred years ago might be found       
impossible to-day4 ,russia had no       
existence as a ,european power in those 
days1 whereas now she has one of the    
highest places in ,europe1 and a very   

peculiar interest in not allowing       
,austria1 or any other nation1 to obtain
 possession of countries like the       
,roumanian ,principalities1 the addition
 of which to his empire might afford    
compensation to ,francis ,joseph for all
 he has lost in the south and the west4 
,it is one of the infelicities of       
,austria's position that she cannot make
 a movement in any direction without    
treading on the toes of some giant1 or  
on those of a dwarf protected by some   
giant who who intends himself ultimately
 to devour him4  #cb ,prussia1 the most 
thoroughly anti-,gallican of all the    
parties to the ,treaty of ,vienna1      
completed the work of overthrowing the  
detested arrangements made by the       
framers of that treaty4 ,the federal act
 creating the ,germanic ,confederation  
was incorporated in the work of the     
,congress of ,vienna1 and was guaranteed
 by eight ,european powers1--,france1   
,england1 ,russia1 ,prussia1 ,sweden1   
,austria1 ,spain1 and ,portugal4        

,prussia destroyed the ,confederation   
without troubling herself about the     
wishes and opinions of the other seven  
parties to the arrangement of #ahae4    
,that all those parties to that         
arrangement were not always indifferent 
to their guaranty appears from the      
opposition made by ,russia1 ,france1 and
 ,england to ,prince ,schwarzenburg's   
proposition1 that ,austria should be    
allowed to introduce all her            
non-,germanic territories into the      
,confederation1 that is to say1 that the
 ,austrian ,empire1 which then included 
the ,lombardo-,venetian kingdom1 should 
become a part of ,germany1 which it     
would soon have ruled1 as well as       
overruled1 while it would have extended 
its dominion over ,italy4 ,had          
,schwarzenburg's project succeeded1 the 
course of ,european events during the   
last sixteen years must have been       
entirely changed1 or ,austria would have
 been made too strong to be harmed by   
the ,french in ,italy1 or by the        

,prussians in ,germany and ,bohemia4    
,russia was specially adverse to that   
project2 and the ,treaty of ,vienna was 
forcibly appealed to by her government  
in opposing it4 ,the time had not then  
come for making waste-paper of the      
arrangements of #ahae4         99       
99       99       99       99           
,,reconstruction4   ,the assembling of  
the ,second ,session of the             
,thirty-ninth ,congress may very        
properly be made the occasion of a few  
earnest words on the already much-worn  
topic of reconstruction4  ,seldom has   
any legislative body been the subject of
 a solicitude more intense1 or of       
aspirations more sincere and ardent4    
,there are the best of reasons for this 
profound interest4 ,questions of vast   
moment1 left undecided by the last      
session of ,congress1 must be manfully  
grappled with by this4 ,no political    
skirmishing will avail4 ,the occasion   
demands statesmanship4  ,whether the    
tremendous war so heroically fought and 

so victoriously ended shall pass into   
history a miserable failure1 barren of  
permanent results1--a scandalous and    
shocking waste of blood and treasure1--a
 strife for empire1 as ,earl ,russell   
characterized it1 of no value to liberty
 or civilization1--an attempt to        
re-establish a ,union by force1 which   
must be the merest mockery of a         
,union1--an effort to bring under       
,federal authority ,states into which no
 loyal man from the ,north may safely   
enter1 and to bring men into the        
national councils who deliberate with   
daggers and vote with revolvers1 and who
 do not even conceal their deadly hate  
of the country that conquered them2 or  
whether1 on the other hand1 we shall1 as
 the rightful reward of victory over    
treason1 have a solid nation1 entirely  
delivered from all contradictions and   
social antagonisms1 based upon loyalty1 
liberty1 and equality1 must be          
determined one way or the other by the  
present session of ,congress4 ,the last 

session really did nothing which can be 
considered final as to these questions4 
,the ,civil ,rights ,bill and the       
,freedmen's ,bureau ,bill and the       
proposed constitutional amendments1 with
 the amendment already adopted and      
recognized as the law of the land1 do   
not reach the difficulty1 and cannot1   
unless the whole structure of the       
government is changed from a government 
by ,states to something like a despotic 
central government1 with power to       
control even the municipal regulations  
of ,states1 and to make them conform to 
its own despotic will4 ,while there     
remains such an idea as the right of    
each ,state to control its own local    
affairs1--an idea1 by the way1 more     
deeply rooted in the minds of men of all
 sections of the country than perhaps   
any one other political idea1--no       
general assertion of human rights can be
 of any practical value4 ,to change the 
character of the government at this     
point is neither possible nor desirable4

 ,all that is necessary to be done is to
 make the government consistent with    
itself1 and render the rights of the    
,states compatible with the sacred      
rights of human nature4  ,the arm of the
 ,federal government is long1 but it is 
far too short to protect the rights of  
individuals in the interior of distant  
,states4 ,they must have the power to   
protect themselves1 or they will go     
unprotected1 spite of all the laws the  
,federal government can put upon the    
national statute-book4  ,slavery1 like  
all other great systems of wrong1       
founded in the depths of human          
selfishness1 and existing for ages1 has 
not neglected its own conservation4 ,it 
has steadily exerted an influence upon  
all around it favorable to its own      
continuance4 ,and to-day it is so strong
 that it could exist1 not only without  
law1 but even against law4 ,custom1     
manners1 morals1 religion1 are all on   
its side everywhere in the ,south2 and  
when you add the ignorance and servility

 of the ex-slave to the intelligence and
 accustomed authority of the master1 you
 have the conditions1 not out of which  
slavery will again grow1 but under which
 it is impossible for the ,federal      
government to wholly destroy it1 unless 
the ,federal government be armed with   
despotic power1 to blot out ,state      
authority1 and to station a ,federal    
officer at every cross-road4 ,this1 of  
course1 cannot be done1 and ought not   
even if it could4 ,the true way and the 
easiest way is to make our government   
entirely consistent with itself1 and    
give to every loyal citizen the elective
 franchise1--a right and power which    
will be ever present1 and will form a   
wall of fire for his protection4  ,one  
of the invaluable compensations of the  
late ,rebellion is the highly           
instructive disclosure it made of the   
true source of danger to republican     
government4 ,whatever may be tolerated  
in monarchical and despotic governments1
 no republic is safe that tolerates a   

privileged class1 or denies to any of   
its citizens equal rights and equal     
means to maintain them4 ,what was theory
 before the war has been made fact by   
the war4  ,there is cause to be thankful
 even for rebellion4 ,it is an          
impressive teacher1 though a stern and  
terrible one4 ,in both characters it has
 come to us1 and it was perhaps needed  
in both4 ,it is an instructor never a   
day before its time1 for it comes only  
when all other means of progress and    
enlightenment have failed4 ,whether the 
oppressed and despairing bondman1 no    
longer able to repress his deep         
yearnings for manhood1 or the tyrant1 in
 his pride and impatience1 takes the    
initiative1 and strikes the blow for a  
firmer hold and a longer lease of       
oppression1 the result is the           
same1--society is instructed1 or may be4
  ,such are the limitations of the      
common mind1 and so thoroughly          
engrossing are the cares of common life1
 that only the few among men can discern

 through the glitter and dazzle of      
present prosperity the dark outlines of 
approaching disasters1 even though they 
may have come up to our very gates1 and 
are already within striking distance4   
,the yawning seam and corroded bolt     
conceal their defects from the mariner  
until the storm calls all hands to the  
pumps4 ,prophets1 indeed1 were abundant 
before the war2 but who cares for       
prophets while their predictions remain 
unfulfilled1 and the calamities of which
 they tell are masked behind a blinding 
blaze of national prosperity8  ,it is   
asked1 said ,henry ,clay1 on a memorable
 occasion1 ,will slavery never come to  
an end8 ,that question1 said he1 was    
asked fifty years ago1 and it has been  
answered by fifty years of unprecedented
 prosperity4 ,spite of the eloquence of 
the earnest ,abolitionists1--poured out 
against slavery during thirty           
years1--even they must confess1 that1 in
 all the probabilities of the case1 that
 system of barbarism would have         

continued its horrors far beyond the    
limits of the nineteenth century but for
 the ,rebellion1 and perhaps only have  
disappeared at last in a fiery conflict1
 even more fierce and bloody than that  
which has now been suppressed4  ,it is  
no disparagement to truth1 that it can  
only prevail where reason prevails4 ,war
 begins where reason ends4 ,the thing   
worse than rebellion is the thing that  
causes rebellion4 ,what that thing is1  
we have been taught to our cost4 ,it    
remains now to be seen whether we have  
the needed courage to have that cause   
entirely removed from the ,republic4 ,at
 any rate1 to this grand work of        
national regeneration and entire        
purification ,congress must now address 
itself1 with full purpose that the work 
shall this time be thoroughly done4 ,the
 deadly upas1 root and branch1 leaf and 
fibre1 body and sap1 must be utterly    
destroyed4 ,the country is evidently not
 in a condition to listen patiently to  
pleas for postponement1 however         

plausible1 nor will it permit the       
responsibility to be shifted to other   
shoulders4 ,authority and power are here
 commensurate with the duty imposed4    
,there are no cloud-flung shadows to    
obscure the way4 ,truth shines with     
brighter light and intenser heat at     
every moment1 and a country torn and    
rent and bleeding implores relief from  
its distress and agony4  ,if time was at
 first needed1 ,congress has now had    
time4 ,all the requisite materials from 
which to form an intelligent judgment   
are now before it4 ,whether its members 
look at the origin1 the progress1 the   
termination of the war1 or at the       
mockery of a peace now existing1 they   
will find only one unbroken chain of    
argument in favor of a radical policy of
 reconstruction4 ,for the omissions of  
the last session1 some excuses may be   
allowed4 ,a treacherous ,president stood
 in the way2 and it can be easily seen  
how reluctant good men might be to admit
 an apostasy which involved so much of  

baseness and ingratitude4 ,it was       
natural that they should seek to save   
him by bending to him even when he      
leaned to the side of error4 ,but all is
 changed now4 ,congress knows now that  
it must go on without his aid1 and even 
against his machinations4 ,the advantage
 of the present session over the last is
 immense4 ,where that investigated1 this
 has the facts4 ,where that walked by   
faith1 this may walk by sight4 ,where   
that halted1 this must go forward1 and  
where that failed1 this must succeed1   
giving the country whole measures where 
that gave us half-measures1 merely as a 
means of saving the elections in a few  
doubtful districts4 ,that ,congress saw 
what was right1 but distrusted the      
enlightenment of the loyal masses2 but  
what was forborne in distrust of the    
people must now be done with a full     
knowledge that the people expect and    
require it4 ,the members go to          
,washington fresh from the inspiring    
presence of the people4 ,in every       

considerable public meeting1 and in     
almost every conceivable way1 whether at
 court-house1 school-house1 or          
cross-roads1 in doors and out1 the      
subject has been discussed1 and the     
people have emphatically pronounced in  
favor of a radical policy4 ,listening to
 the doctrines of expediency and        
compromise with pity1 impatience1 and   
disgust1 they have everywhere broken    
into demonstrations of the wildest      
enthusiasm when a brave word has been   
spoken in favor of equal rights and     
impartial suffrage4 ,radicalism1 so far 
from being odious1 is now the popular   
passport to power4 ,the men most        
bitterly charged with it go to ,congress
 with the largest majorities1 while the 
timid and doubtful are sent by lean     
majorities1 or else left at home4 ,the  
strange controversy between the         
,president and ,congress1 at one time so
 threatening1 is disposed of by the     
people4 ,the high reconstructive powers 
which he so confidently1 ostentatiously1

 and haughtily claimed1 have been       
disallowed1 denounced1 and utterly      
repudiated2 while those claimed by      
,congress have been confirmed4  ,of the 
spirit and magnitude of the canvass     
nothing need be said4 ,the appeal was to
 the people1 and the verdict was worthy 
of the tribunal4 ,upon an occasion of   
his own selection1 with the advice and  
approval of his astute ,secretary1 soon 
after the members of ,congress had      
returned to their constituents1 the     
,president quitted the executive        
mansion1 sandwiched himself between two 
recognized heroes1--men whom the whole  
country delighted to honor1--and1 with  
all the advantage which such company    
could give him1 stumped the country from
 the ,atlantic to the ,mississippi1     
advocating everywhere his policy as     
against that of ,congress4 ,it was a    
strange sight1 and perhaps the most     
disgraceful exhibition ever made by any 
,president2 but1 as no evil is entirely 
unmixed1 good has come of this1 as from 

many others4 ,ambitious1 unscrupulous1  
energetic1 indefatigable1 voluble1 and  
plausible1--a political gladiator1 ready
 for a set-to in any crowd1--he is      
beaten in his own chosen field1 and     
stands to-day before the country as a   
convicted usurper1 a political criminal1
 guilty of a bold and persistent attempt
 to possess himself of the legislative  
powers solemnly secured to ,congress by 
the ,constitution4 ,no vindication could
 be more complete1 no condemnation could
 be more absolute and humiliating4      
,unless reopened by the sword1 as       
recklessly threatened in some circles1  
this question is now closed for all     
time4  ,without attempting to settle    
here the metaphysical and somewhat      
theological question 7about which so    
much has already been said and written71
 whether once in the ,union means always
 in the ,union1--agreeably to the       
formula1 ,once in grace always in       
grace1--it is obvious to common sense   
that the rebellious ,states stand       

to-day1 in point of law1 precisely where
 they stood when1 exhausted1 beaten1    
conquered1 they fell powerless at the   
feet of ,federal authority4 ,their      
,state governments were overthrown1 and 
the lives and property of the leaders of
 the ,rebellion were forfeited4 ,in     
reconstructing the institutions of these
 shattered and overthrown ,states1      
,congress should begin with a clean     
slate1 and make clean work of it4 ,let  
there be no hesitation4 ,it would be a  
cowardly deference to a defeated and    
treacherous ,president1 if any account  
were made of the illegitimate1          
one-sided1 sham governments hurried into
 existence for a malign purpose in the  
absence of ,congress4 ,these pretended  
governments1 which were never submitted 
to the people1 and from participation in
 which four millions of the loyal people
 were excluded by ,presidential order1  
should now be treated according to their
 true character1 as shams and           
impositions1 and supplanted by true and 

legitimate governments1 in the formation
 of which loyal men1 black and white1   
shall participate4  ,it is not1 however1
 within the scope of this paper to point
 out the precise steps to be taken1 and 
the means to be employed4 ,the people   
are less concerned about these than the 
grand end to be attained4 ,they demand  
such a reconstruction as shall put an   
end to the present anarchical state of  
things in the late rebellious           
,states1--where frightful murders and   
wholesale massacres are perpetrated in  
the very presence of ,federal soldiers4 
,this horrible business they require    
shall cease4 ,they want a reconstruction
 such as will protect loyal men1 black  
and white1 in their persons and         
property2 such a one as will cause      
,northern industry1 ,northern capital1  
and ,northern civilization to flow into 
the ,south1 and make a man from ,new    
,england as much at home in ,carolina as
 elsewhere in the ,republic4 ,no        
,chinese wall can now be tolerated4 ,the

 ,south must be opened to the light of  
law and liberty1 and this session of    
,congress is relied upon to accomplish  
this important work4  ,the plain1       
common-sense way of doing this work1 as 
intimated at the beginning1 is simply to
 establish in the ,south one law1 one   
government1 one administration of       
justice1 one condition to the exercise  
of the elective franchise1 for men of   
all races and colors alike4 ,this great 
measure is sought as earnestly by loyal 
white men as by loyal blacks1 and is    
needed alike by both4 ,let sound        
political prescience but take the place 
of an unreasoning prejudice1 and this   
will be done4  ,men denounce the negro  
for his prominence in this discussion2  
but it is no fault of his that in peace 
as in war1 that in conquering ,rebel    
armies as in reconstructing the         
rebellious ,states1 the right of the    
negro is the true solution of our       
national troubles4 ,the stern logic of  
events1 which goes directly to the      

point1 disdaining all concern for the   
color or features of men1 has determined
 the interests of the country as        
identical with and inseparable from     
those of the negro4  ,the policy that   
emancipated and armed the negro--now    
seen to have been wise and proper by the
 dullest--was not certainly more sternly
 demanded than is now the policy of     
enfranchisement4 ,if with the negro was 
success in war1 and without him failure1
 so in peace it will be found that the  
nation must fall or flourish with the   
negro4  ,fortunately1 the ,constitution 
of the ,united ,states knows no         
distinction between citizens on account 
of color4 ,neither does it know any     
difference between a citizen of a ,state
 and a citizen of the ,united ,states4  
,citizenship evidently includes all the 
rights of citizens1 whether ,state or   
national4 ,if the ,constitution knows   
none1 it is clearly no part of the duty 
of a ,republican ,congress now to       
institute one4 ,the mistake of the last 

session was the attempt to do this very 
thing1 by a renunciation of its power to
 secure political rights to any class of
 citizens1 with the obvious purpose to  
allow the rebellious ,states to         
disfranchise1 if they should see fit1   
their colored citizens4 ,this           
unfortunate blunder must now be         
retrieved1 and the emasculated          
citizenship given to the negro          
supplanted by that contemplated in the  
,constitution of the ,united ,states1   
which declares that the citizens of each
 ,state shall enjoy all the rights and  
immunities of citizens of the several   
,states1--so that a legal voter in any  
,state shall be a legal voter in all the
 ,states4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,,reviews ,,and ,,literary 
,,notices4   ,history of the ,united    
,states1 from the ,discovery of the     
,american ,continent4 ,by ,,george      
,,bancroft4 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,boston3        
,little1 ,brown1  ,co4  ,this volume of 
,mr4 ,bancroft's ,history1 the ninth of 

the entire work and the third of the    
narrative of the ,american ,revolution1 
comprises the period between ,july1     
#aggf1 and ,april1 #aggh1 including the 
battles of ,long ,island and ,white     
,plains1 the surrender of ,fort         
,washington1 the retreat of ,washington 
through the ,jerseys1 the brilliant     
military successes of ,trenton and      
,princeton1 the capture of ,philadelphia
 by ,sir ,william ,howe1 and the        
memorable event which insured the       
success of the ,revolution1--the        
surrender of ,burgoyne4 ,this           
enumeration is enough to show that1 in  
the ground he has traversed1 ,mr4       
,bancroft has found ample scope for the 
display of those peculiar literary      
characteristics with which the readers  
of his former volumes are so            
familiar1--his rapid and condensed      
narration1 his sweeping and sometimes   
rather vague generalizations1 his       
brilliant pictures1 his pointed         
reflections1 and the sharp1 cutting     

strokes with which he carves rather than
 paints characters4 ,his usual diligence
 in the search of materials has not     
deserted him here2 and he has been even 
more than usually successful in the     
amount and character of what he has     
found4 ,in addition to very full        
collections relating to the war from the
 archives of ,england and ,france1 he   
has obtained large masses of papers from
 ,germany1 among which last are many of 
great importance1 especially for the    
study of military operations in #aggg4  
,very valuable documents from the       
,spanish have been secured1 through the 
courtesy of the ,spanish government and 
the kind offices of that distinguished  
scholar and most amiable man1 ,don      
,pascual de ,gayangos4  ,investigators  
of the past are naturally inclined to   
overestimate the value of any new       
sources of information opened by their  
own diligence or sagacity of research1  
and a little of this feeling is         
perceptible in ,mr4 ,bancroft's         

,preface2 but1 after all1 we apprehend  
that the new evidence he has so         
diligently collected will not shake the 
deliberate verdict already passed alike 
upon men and events4 ,here and there a  
gleam is thrown upon some single        
incident1 or the motives and conduct of 
a particular actor2 but the general     
lights and shadows of the historical    
landscape remain undisturbed4 ,the      
statements and the views of ,marshall   
and ,sparks are substantially sustained4
 ,the patriotic ,american will not      
regret to see that ,mr4 ,bancroft's     
investigations and conclusions lead him 
to exalt ,washington in comparison with 
the soldiers and civilians who stood    
around him2 and the reader of his pages 
will have fresh cause to admire1 not    
merely the firmness and self-command of 
that illustrious man1 but his abilities 
as a commander and a statesman4 ,we have
 especially to thank ,mr4 ,bancroft for 
the distinctness with which he shows how
 much the success of the ,northern army 

was due to ,washington's disinterested  
advice4 ,his high praise of the         
commander-in-chief sometimes glances    
aslope1 and lights in the form of       
censure of some of his subordinate      
officers2 and we should not be surprised
 if some of his strictures provoked     
replies and led to controversies4 ,some 
of those whom he criticises have left   
descendants1 and those who have left no 
descendants have partisans who are      
jealous of the fame of their favorites1 
and will not lightly allow a leaf of    
their laurels to be blighted4  ,during  
the period embraced by this volume the  
constitutions of several of the ,states 
were formed1 and the ,articles of       
,confederation were adopted which gave  
to the several ,states a semblance of   
unity1 and smoothed the path to the more
 perfect union which was established ten
 years later4 ,these events present     
themes peculiarly congenial to ,mr4     
,bancroft's powers of brilliant         
generalization and rapid condensation1  

and tempt him into that field of        
discursive reflection where he is fond  
of lingering1 and where we follow him   
always with interest1 and generally with
 assent4 ,we quote with peculiar        
pleasure the following observations from
 the fifteenth chapter1 on the          
constitutions of the several ,states of 
,america1 as being sound in substance   
and happy in expression3--  ,the spirit 
of the age moved the young1 nation to   
own justice as antecedent and superior  
to the state1 and to found the rights of
 the citizen on the rights of man4 ,and 
yet1 in regenerating its institutions1  
it was not guided by any speculative    
theory or laborious application of      
metaphysical distinctions4 ,its form of 
government grew naturally out of its    
traditions1 by the simple rejection of  
all personal hereditary authority1 which
 in ,america had never had much more    
than a representative existence4 ,its   
people were industrious and frugal4     
,accustomed to the cry of liberty and   

property1 they harbored no dream of a   
community of goods2 and their love of   
equality never degenerated into envy of 
the rich4 ,no successors of the         
fifth-monarchy men proposed to          
substitute an unwritten higher law1     
interpreted by individual conscience1   
for the law of the land and the decrees 
of human tribunals4 ,the people         
proceeded with self-possession and      
moderation1 after the manner of their   
ancestors4 ,their large inheritance of  
,english liberties saved them from the  
necessity and from the wish to uproot   
their old political institutions2 and as
 happily the scaffold was not wet with  
the blood of their statesmen1 there was 
no root of a desperate hatred of        
,england1 such as the ,netherlands kept 
up for centuries against ,spain4 ,the   
wrongs inflicted or attempted by the    
,british king were felt to have been    
avenged by independence4 ,respect and   
affection remained behind for the parent
 land1 from which the ,united ,states   

had derived trial by jury1 the writ for 
personal liberty1 the practice of       
representative government1 and the      
separation of the three great           
co-ordinate powers in the state4 ,from  
an essentially aristocratic model1      
,america took just what suited her      
condition1 and rejected the rest4 ,thus 
the transition of the ,colonies into    
self-existent commonwealths was free    
from vindictive bitterness1 and attended
 by no violent or wide departure from   
the past4  ,a considerable portion of   
this volume is occupied by a            
consideration of the relations between  
,europe and ,america4 ,advancing years  
do not seem to chill ,mr4 ,bancroft's   
faith in progress1 his confidence in    
democracy1 his love of popular          
institutions1 or to check his tendency  
to throw his speculations into an       
aphoristic form1 and to present his     
conclusions positively1 and with less of
 qualification and limitation than men  
of a more cautious temperament would do4

 ,so far as literary merit is concerned1
 the ,european chapters will be found   
the most attractive in the volume4 ,they
 are sparkling1 rapid1 condensed1 and   
pointed2 they gratify our national      
pride2 their animated and picturesque   
style never suffers the attention to    
flag for a moment2--and yet it is in    
these very chapters that judicial       
criticism will find the most frequent   
occasion to pause and doubt1 whether we 
consider the direction in which the     
stream of thought flows1 or their merely
 rhetorical features4 ,mr4 ,bancroft's  
glittering generalizations do not always
 seem to us to wear the sober livery of 
truth4 ,for instance1 on page #ejj we   
read3 ,the most stupendous thought that 
ever was conceived by man1 such as never
 had been dared by ,socrates or the     
,academy1 by ,aristotle or the ,stoics1 
took possession of ,descartes on a      
,november night in his meditations on   
the banks of the ,danube4 ,it may be    
coldness of temperament1 it may be the  

chilling influence of advancing years1  
but we cannot admire statements like    
these1 and we are constrained to think  
them exaggerated and extravagant4  ,and 
on the next page ,mr4 ,bancroft says3   
,edwards1 ,reid1 ,kant1 and ,rousseau   
were all imbued with religiosity1 and   
all except the last1 who spoiled his    
doctrine by dreamy indolence1 were      
expositors of the active powers of man4 
,it is certainly an ingenious mind that 
finds a resemblance between ,edwards and
 ,rousseau4 ,what exactly is the meaning
 of religiosity1 we cannot say2 but if  
it be used as a synonyme of religion1 we
 demur to the assertion that ,rousseau  
was imbued with religion1--,rousseau1   
who in his youth allowed an innocent    
girl to be ruined by accusing her of a  
theft which he himself had committed1   
and in his ripened manhood sent to a    
foundling hospital the children he had  
had by his mistress1--whose life was    
despicable and whose moral creed seemed 
to be summed up in the doctrine that    

every natural impulse is to be indulged4
 ,rousseau was an enthusiast and a      
sentimentalist2 he was a man of the     
exquisite organization of genius1 and   
there are many passages in his writings 
which are colored with a                
half-voluptuous1 half-devotional glow2  
but it seems to us a plain confusion of 
very obvious moral distinctions to      
represent such a man as imbued with the 
spirit of religion4  ,one of the most   
animated of ,mr4 ,bancroft's chapters is
 the eighth1 on the course of opinion in
 ,england1 in which we have glimpses of 
,wilkes1 of ,barre1 of ,wedderburn1 of  
,lord ,north1 of ,burke1 and an         
elaborate character of ,fox4 ,this last 
is a happy specimen of ,mr4 ,bancroft's 
peculiar style of portrait-drawing4 ,the
 merits and defects of the subject are  
presented in a series of pointed and    
aphoristic sentences2 and the likeness  
is gained1 as in a portrait of          
,rembrandt1 by the powerful contrast and
 proximity of lights and shadows4       

,virtues and vices stand side by side1  
like the black and white squares of a   
chess-board4 ,brilliant as the execution
 is1 the man ,charles ,james ,fox seems 
to us reproduced with more distinctness 
and individuality in the easier1        
simpler1 more flowing sentences of ,lord
 ,brougham4 ,mr4 ,bancroft's sketch has 
something of the coldness as well as the
 sharp outline of bas-relief4 ,and      
strange to say1 considering ,fox's love 
of liberty1 his love of ,america1 and   
his hatred of slavery1 the historian of 
liberty and democracy seems hardly to   
have done him justice4 ,in the summary  
of the contents of the chapters prefixed
 to the volume1 he unreservedly writes  
down ,fox not a great man1 and such is  
the impression which the text leaves on 
the mind2 but if ,fox was not a great   
man1 to whom in the sphere of government
 and politics can that praise be        
accorded8  ,in his ,preface to this     
volume1 ,mr4 ,bancroft informs us that  
one more volume will complete the       

,american ,revolution1 including the    
negotiations for peace in #aghb2 and    
that for this the materials are         
collected and arranged1 and that it will
 be completed and published without any 
unnecessary delay4 ,this volume will    
bring into the field ,spain1 ,france1   
and ,great ,britain1 as well as the     
,united ,states1 and1 from the nature of
 the subject it presents1 will          
undoubtedly be so treated by ,mr4       
,bancroft as to be not inferior in      
interest or value to any of its         
predecessors4   ,griffith ,gaunt2 or    
,jealousy4 ,by ,,charles ,,reade4 ,with 
,illustrations4 ,boston3 ,ticknor and   
,fields4  ,in discussing the qualities  
of this remarkable novel before the     
readers of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly1 we  
shall have an advantage not always      
enjoyed by criticism2 for we shall speak
 to an audience perfectly familiar with 
every detail of the story1 and shall not
 be troubled to resumer its events and  
characters4 ,there has been much doubt  

among many worthy people concerning ,mr4
 ,reade's management of the moralities  
and the proprieties1 but no question at 
all1 we think1 as to the wonderful power
 he has shown1 and the interest he has  
awakened4 ,even those who have blamed   
him have followed him eagerly1--without 
doubt to see what crowning insult he    
would put upon decency1 and to be       
confirmed in their virtuous abhorrence  
of his work4 ,it is to be hoped that    
these have been disappointed1 for it    
must be confessed that1 in the          
denouement of the novel1 others who     
totally differed from them in purpose   
and opinion have been brought to some   
confusion4  ,it is not as a moralist    
that we have primarily to find fault    
with ,mr4 ,reade1 but as an artist1 for 
his moral would have been good if his   
art had been true4 ,the work1 up to the 
conclusion of ,catharine ,gaunt's trial1
 is in all respects too fine and high to
 provoke any reproach from us2 after    
that1 we can only admire it as a piece  

of literary gallantry and desperate     
resolution4 ,c'est magnifique2 mais ce  
n'est pas la guerre4 ,it is courageous1 
but it is not art4 ,it is because of the
 splendid elan in all ,mr4 ,reade       
writes1 that in his failure he does not 
fall flat upon the compassion of his    
reader1 as ,mr4 ,dickens does with his  
,golden ,dustman4 ,but it is a failure1 
nevertheless2 and it must become a      
serious question in aesthetics how far  
the spellbound reader may be tortured   
with an interest which the power        
awakening it is not adequate to gratify4
 ,is it generous1 is it just in a       
novelist1 to lift us up to a pitch of   
tragic frenzy1 and then drop us down    
into the last scene of a comic opera8   
,we refuse to be comforted by the fact  
that the novelist does not1 perhaps1    
consciously mock our expectation4  ,let 
us take the moral of ,griffith          
,gaunt1--so poignant and effective for  
the most part1--and see how lamentably  
it suffers from the defective art of the

 denouement4 ,in brief3 up to the end of
 ,mrs4 ,gaunt's trial we are presented  
with a terrible image of the evils that 
jealousy1 anger1 and lies bring upon    
their guilty and innocent victims4      
,griffith ,gaunt is made to suffer--as  
men in life suffer--a dreadful remorse  
and anguish for the crimes he has       
committed and the falsehoods to which   
they have committed him4 ,a man with a  
heart at first tender and true becomes a
 son of perdition1 utterly incapable of 
tenderness and truth1--consciously held 
away from them by ever-cumulative force4
 ,the spectacle is not new1--it is old  
as sin itself2 but it is here revealed  
with the freshest and most authentic    
power1 and with a repelling efficacy    
which we have seldom seen equalled in   
literature4 ,mrs4 ,gaunt justly endures 
the trouble brought upon her by pride   
and unbridled bad temper1 and           
unavoidably endures the consequences of 
another's wrong4 ,mercy ,vint is a      
guiltless and lovely sacrifice to both  

almost equally4  ,what is the end8      
,mercy ,vint is given in marriage to the
 honestest and faithfulest gentleman in 
the book1 whose heroism we admire       
without envying4 ,but in any case so    
good a woman would have achieved peace  
for herself1 and it is at some cost to  
our regard for her entirety that we     
consent to see her rewarded by being    
made a nobleman's wife and the mother of
 nine children4 ,in this character she  
lives a life less perfect and consequent
 than she might have led in a station   
less exalted1 but distant from the      
circles in which she could not appear at
 the same time with the man who had     
infamously wronged her without exciting 
whispers painful to herself and         
embarrassing to her husband4 ,indeed1   
there seems to be rather more of        
vicarious expiation in her fate than the
 interests of population and of young   
women who have been betrayed have any   
right to demand4  ,mrs4 ,gaunt fully    
expiates her error before her trial     

ends4 ,but how of her husband8 ,mr4     
,reade seems to like his ,griffith      
,gaunt1 who is not to our mind1 and who 
is never less worthy of happiness than  
at the moment when his wife forgives    
him4 ,it is not that he is a bigamist   
and betrayer of innocence that his      
redemption seems impossible through the 
means employed2 but how can ,catharine  
,gaunt love a coward and sneak1 even in 
the wisdom which a court of justice has 
taught her8 ,this furious and stupid    
traitor is afraid to appear and save his
 wife lest he be branded in the hand2   
and we are to pardon him because1 at no 
risk to himself1 he gives the worthless 
blood of his veins to rescue her from   
death4 ,if the fable teaches anything in
 ,griffith ,gaunt's case1 it is this3   
,betray two noble women1 and after some 
difficulty you shall get rid of one1 be 
forgiven by the other1 come into a      
handsome property1 and have a large and 
interesting family4 ,if the reader will 
take the fate of ,griffith ,gaunt and   

contrast it with that of ,tito ,melema1 
in ,romola1 he shall see all the        
difference that passes between an       
artificial and an artistic solution of a
 moral problem4  ,defective art is      
noticeable in the minor as well as the  
principal features of the denouement of 
,griffith ,gaunt4 ,there is the case of 
the unhappy little baby of ,mercy4 ,it  
is plain that the infant is a           
stumbling-block in its mother's path to 
,neville ,cross2 but we have scarcely   
begun to lament its presence1 when it is
 swiftly put to death by a special      
despatch from the obliging destiny of   
the denouement4 ,the event is a         
coincidence1 to say the least1 and is   
scarcely less an operation than the     
transfusion of blood by which ,griffith 
,gaunt and his wife are preserved to a  
long life of happiness4 ,but this part  
of the work is full of wonders4 ,the    
cruel enchantments are all dissolved by 
more potent preternatural agencies1 and 
a superhuman prosperity dwells alike    

with the just and the unjust1--,mrs4    
,ryder excepted1 who will probably go to
 the ,devil as some slight compensation 
for the loss of ,griffith ,gaunt4  ,but 
if the conclusion of the fiction is     
weak1 how great it is in every other    
part6 ,the management of the plot was so
 masterly1 that the story proceeded     
without a pause or an improbability     
until the long fast of a month falling  
between the feasts of its publication   
became almost insupportable4 ,it was a  
plot that grew naturally out of the     
characters1 for humanity is prolific of 
events1 and these characters are all    
human beings4 ,they are not in the least
 anachronistic4 ,they act and speak a   
great deal in the coarse fashion of the 
good old times4 ,griffith ,gaunt is half
 tipsy when ,kate plights her troth to  
him2 and he is drunk upon an occasion   
not less solemn and interesting4 ,they  
are of an age that was very gallant and 
brutal1 that wore gold-lace upon its    
coat1 and ever so much profanity upon   

its speech2 and ,mr4 ,reade has treated 
them with undeniable frankness and      
sincerity4 ,mercy ,vint alone seems to  
belong to a better time2 but then       
goodness and purity are the             
contemporaries of every generation1 and1
 besides1 ,mercy ,vint's puritan        
character is an exceptional phase of the
 life of the time4 ,it is admirable to  
see in this fiction1 as we often see in 
the world1 how wise and refined religion
 makes an ignorant and lowly-bred       
person4 ,as a retrospective study1      
,griffith ,gaunt cannot be placed below 
,henry ,esmond4 ,as a study of passions 
and principles that do not change with  
civilizations1 it is even more          
excellent4 ,griffith ,gaunt himself is  
the most perfect figure in the book1    
because the plot does not at any period 
interfere with his growth4 ,we start    
with a knowledge of the frankness and   
generosity native to a somewhat coarse  
texture of mind1 and we readily perceive
 why a nature so prone to love and wrath

 should fall a helpless prey to         
jealousy1 which is a thing altogether   
different from the suspicion of         
ungenerous spirits4 ,it is jealousy     
which drives ,griffith to deceive ,mercy
 ,vint1 for even his desolation and his 
need of her consoling care cannot bring 
him to it1 and it is only when his      
triumphing rival appears that this frank
 and kindly soul consents to enact a    
cruel lie4 ,the crime committed1 there  
is no longer virtue or courage in the   
man1 and we see without surprise his    
cowardly reluctance to do the one brave 
and noble thing possible to him1 lest he
 be arrested for bigamy4 ,the letter1 so
 weak and so boisterous1 which he gives 
,mercy ,vint to prove him alive before  
the court1 is in keeping with the       
development of his character2 and it is 
not unnatural that he should think the  
literal gift of his blood to his wife a 
sort of compensation and penance for his
 sins against her4 ,the wonder is that  
the author should fall into the same    

error1 as he seems to do4  ,the         
character of ,kate ,gaunt is treated in 
the denouement with a violence which    
almost destroys its identity1 but       
throughout the whole previous progress  
of the story it is a most artistic and  
consistent creation4 ,from the beautiful
 girl1 so virginal and dreamy and       
insecure of her destiny in the world1   
with her high aspirations and her high  
temper1 there is a certain lapse to the 
handsome matron united with a man       
beneath her in mind and spirit1 and     
assured of the commonplace fact that in 
her love and duty to him is her         
happiness2 but as ,love must often mate 
men and women unequally1 it is perfectly
 natural that ,love in her case should  
strive to keep his eyes shut when no    
longer blind4 ,great exigencies         
afterwards develop her character1 and it
 gains in dignity and beauty from her   
misfortunes1 and we do not again think  
compassionately of her till she is      
reunited with ,griffith4 ,in spite of   

all her faults1 she is wonderfully      
charming4 ,the reader himself falls in  
love with her1 and perhaps a subtile    
sense of jealousy and personal loss     
mingles with his dissatisfaction in     
seeing her given up again to her        
unworthy husband4 ,she should have been 
left a lovely and stately widow1 to whom
 we could all have paid our court1      
without suffering too poignantly when   
,sir ,george ,neville finally won her4  
,evangeline1 a ,tale of ,acadie4 ,by    
,,henry ,w4 ,,longfellow4 ,with         
,illustrations by ,f4,o4,c4 ,darley4    
,boston3 ,ticknor and ,fields4  ,maud   
,muller4 ,by ,,john ,g4 ,,whittier4     
,with ,illustrations by ,w4,j4          
,hennessy4 ,boston3 ,ticknor and        
,fields4  ,the ,vision of ,sir ,launfal4
 ,by ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell4 ,with  
,illustrations by ,s4 ,eytinge1 ,jr4    
,boston3 ,ticknor and ,fields4          
,flower-de-,luce4 ,by ,,henry           
,,wadsworth ,,longfellow4 ,with         
,illustrations4 ,boston3 ,ticknor and   

,fields4  ,of these volumes three have  
long since taken their place in the     
letters of ,america1 and in the hearts  
of all who know and love the purest1 the
 truest1 and the best that poesy can    
offer4 ,to them in their secure position
 will now be added                      
,flower-de-,luce1--,mr4 ,longfellow's   
latest volume1--which1 containing indeed
 for the most part only such lyrics as  
he has already contributed for desultory
 publication1 is yet rich with the fruit
 of the deep insight1 wise thought1     
earnest feeling1 and ripe scholarship of
 his full maturity4  ,but it is not our 
purpose to pause in criticism over works
 that may fairly be said to have passed 
beyond the province of contemporary     
criticism4 ,rather is it our desire to  
welcome them as they are tendered to us 
in a new form1 and to commend the       
artistic character of their             
presentation4 ,for these books indicate 
that out of the many attempts which have
 been made in this country--some of them

 most creditable1 too1 and nearly       
approaching thorough excellence--to     
produce illustrative and mechanical     
effects equal to those of ,england and  
continental ,europe1 there has at last  
come an absolute accomplishment1 from   
which we hope and are ready to believe  
there will be no recession4  ,one book  
of great beauty would hardly raise our  
faith so far4 ,it might be the result of
 a fortunate combination of propitious  
circumstances1 an accident of which the 
best intent in the world could not cause
 a deliberate repetition1--for chance   
can work well as easily as ill1 may make
 a plan as simply as mar it1 and none   
need be told how often the best-devised 
schemes gang a-gley by reason of some   
fortuity for which no allowance had been
 made4  ,but when from the same press   
there emanate in a single season several
 books1 prepared at different times by  
different hands1 although1 of course1   
under the same general direction and    
supervision1 the natural inference is1  

that something positive has been        
attained1 either in the principle of    
manufacture1 or in a better             
understanding of the elements which must
 enter into the composition of a really 
elegant book1 and a juster estimate of  
the manner in which these elements are  
to be combined4  ,in the four books     
under consideration1 all the necessary  
conditions appear to have been          
recognized and fulfilled4 ,it is1 of    
course1 too much to say that they are   
perfect1 and many who are versed in the 
particulars of lineal art will perhaps  
find things which they might wish       
otherwise4 ,but with all such           
qualification1 these volumes show       
indisputably that in the matter of      
illustration and typography the ,new    
,world is now quite the equal of the    
,old4  ,the artists engaged--to whose   
names1 as mentioned above1 should be    
added those of ,h4 ,fenn1 ,g4 ,perkins1 
,s4 ,colman1 ,jr41 and ,w4 ,waud1 as    
illustrators of ,flower-de-,luce--are   

all men well known1 and most of them are
 eminent in their profession4 ,each has 
had a subject which suited closely his  
capacity and taste1 together1 evidently1
 with the liberty of treating his theme 
according to his own discretion1 and as 
amply as he pleased1--the brief poem1   
,maud ,muller1 for instance1 having been
 supplied by ,mr4 ,hennessy with        
thirteen illustrations1 while in the    
other volumes equal liberality is       
manifest4  ,we have not the space to    
make1 as we should like to do1 an exact 
analysis of these volumes1 comparing    
each artist's series of drawings1 one by
 one1 with his chosen passages of the   
text2 but a careful examination         
convinces us that as a whole these      
designs are remarkably appreciative and 
apt4 ,every person will not expect his  
own ideal ,evangeline or ,sir ,launfal  
to appear before him on the page1 but   
every reflective mind will find1 we     
think1 such a parallelism between poetry
 and picture as is not only consistent  

with exactness1 but will further serve  
to illuminate and beautify the text4    
,intelligent or even inspired drawing is
 vain1 if to it be not added            
faithfulness and fervor on the part of  
those whose handiwork follows that of   
the draughtsman1 and upon whom his fate 
and fame greatly depend1--the engraver  
and the printer4 ,heretofore it has     
seemed almost impossible for ,american  
representatives of these three arts to  
work together for good4 ,the drawing    
might be faultless as it lay intact upon
 the wood1 but the graver in a heedless 
hand or the manipulation of an          
injudicious pressman left little except 
the broad1 indestructible               
characteristics in the impression which 
was eventually made public4  ,at last1  
let us be thankful1 a new era has       
dawned1 and we have here woodcuts which 
may confidently invite comparison with  
any as examples of the highest          
excellence which has yet been reached in
 this department4 ,the thorough and     

intelligent workmanship of the          
,university ,press has preserved to us  
every line and shade which was intrusted
 to its care1 and the prints are free   
alike from fade indistinctness and from 
ruinous weight of color4 ,the engraving 
which is so admirably represented is    
thoroughly good1 and1 to our thinking1  
it is of a better school than that which
 largely obtains in ,england at this    
time1 and the degeneracy and            
slovenliness of which have been of late 
so much criticised and deplored by the  
best judges4 ,the most of the designs   
have been engraved by ,mr4 ,a4,v4,s4    
,anthony1 who ranks probably at the head
 of ,american engravers1 and whose      
delicacy of feeling and touch1          
beautifully exemplified in the eighth   
and twelfth pictures of ,maud ,muller1  
entitle much of his work to an          
estimation not far below that accorded  
to ,linton or ,thompson4 ,the few       
remaining blocks were cut by ,mr4 ,j4,p4
 ,davis and ,mr4 ,henry ,marsh1 who     

emulate most praiseworthily the         
excellence1 skill1 and fidelity of ,mr4 
,anthony4   ,an ,american ,family in    
,germany4 ,by ,j4 ,,ross ,,browne4 ,new 
,york3 ,harper  ,brothers4  ,if the     
author of this amusing book had been    
less devoted to his purpose of making   
fun1 we think he could have made us a   
picture of ,german life which we should 
have been very glad to have in the      
absence of much honest information on   
the subject and the presence of a great 
deal of flimsy idealizing4 ,as it is1 we
 fear that his work1 for the most part a
 truthful portraiture1 will present     
itself only as a caricature to those    
unacquainted with the original1 and     
that1 for all ,mr4 ,browne says to the  
contrary1 many worthy people must go on 
thinking ,german life a romantic1       
,christmas-tree affair1 full of pretty  
amenity1 and tender ballads1 and        
bon-bons4 ,but some day1 the truth will 
avenge itself1 and without the least air
 of burlesque show us that often narrow 

and sordid existence1 abounding in      
sensual appetites1 coarse or childish   
pleasures1 and paltry aims1 and         
varnished with a weak and extravagant   
sentimentality1--that social order still
 so feudally aristocratic and feudally  
plebeian1 in which the poor are little  
better than vassals1 and their women    
toil in the fields like beasts of       
burden1 and the women of all classes are
 treated with rude and clumsy disesteem4
  ,mr4 ,browne's book is devotedly      
funny1 as we hinted1 but1 in spite of   
this1 is really very amusing4 ,a        
,californian1 rich from the subiti      
guadagni of his shares in the ,washoe   
mines1 is carried to ,frankfort by his  
enthusiastic wife1 who is persuaded that
 ,germany is the proper place to bring  
up ,american children4 ,they live there 
in the ,german fashion1--,mrs4          
,butterfield charmed and emulous of     
,german civilization1 ,mr4 ,butterfield 
willing1 but incorrigibly ,californian  
to the last1 and retaining throughout   

that amazing local pride in the         
institutions1 productions1 and scenery  
of his adopted ,state which ,americans  
so swiftly acquire in drifting from one 
section of the ,union to another4 ,the  
invention of this family is not the     
least truthful thing in the book1 which 
in many respects is full of droll       
good-sense and good humor4   ,charles   
,lamb4 ,a ,memoir4 ,by ,,barry          
,,cornwall4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4
  ,it is not to any very definable cause
 that this charming book owes the       
interest with which it holds the reader 
throughout4 ,it can scarcely be said to 
present the life or character of ,lamb  
in a novel aspect1 and even the         
anecdotic material in which it abounds  
does not appear altogether fresh4 ,the  
very manner in which the subject is     
treated is that to which we are         
accustomed3 for who has ever been able  
to write of ,charles ,lamb but in a tone
 of tender and compassionate admiration8
  ,something1 however1 better than      

novelty of matter or method appears in  
this ,memoir1 and makes it the best ever
 written concerning the fine poet1      
exquisite humorist1 and noble man1 who  
it brings nearer than ever to our       
hearts4 ,much was to be expected of ,mr4
 ,proctor in such a work1 though much   
would have been forgiven him if he had  
indulged himself far more than he has   
done in an old man's privilege to be    
garrulous upon old times and old        
friends1 and had confined himself less  
strictly to the life and character      
illustrative of ,lamb's4 ,as it is1     
there is nothing concerning any of      
,lamb's contemporaries that we would    
willingly lose from this book4 ,in these
 sketches of the humorist's friends the 
subtile and delightful touches bring out
 his own nature more clearly1 and he    
appears in the people who surrounded him
 hardly less than in his essays or the  
events of his career2 while ,mr4        
,proctor's long acquaintance with ,lamb 
becomes the setting to a more careful   

picture than we have yet had of his     
singularly great and unselfish life2 and
 we behold1 not a study of the man in   
this or that mood only1 but a portrait  
in which his whole character is seen4   
,the sweetest and gentlest of hosts1    
moving among his guests and charming all
 hearers with his stammered1 inimitable 
pleasantry2 the clerk at his desk at the
 ,india ,house1 and finally released    
from it into a life of illimitable      
leisure2 the quaint little scholar of   
,christ's ,hospital2 the quaint old     
humorist taking his long walks about his
 beloved ,london2 the author1 known and 
endeared by his books2 the careworn and 
devoted man1 hurrying through the       
streets with his maniac sister on his   
arm1 to place her in the shelter of a   
mad-house1--it is not some one of these 
alone1 but all of these together1 that  
we remember1 after the perusal of this  
,memoir1 so graceful in manner1 so      
simple in style1 and so thoroughly      
beautiful and unaffected in spirit4     

,there is no story from which the reader
 can turn with a higher sense of        
another's greatness and goodness1 or an 
humbler sense of his own4   ,character  
and ,characteristic ,men4 ,by ,,edwin   
,p4 ,,whiffle4 ,boston3 ,ticknor and    
,fields4  ,if we should say this is a   
book that brings its author under its   
title1 and that he is in every page of  
it to the unconscious subject of his own
 pen1 we might sufficiently express our 
sense of its reality and vital strength4
 ,but no self-introduction could be more
 modest or undesigned4 ,we know of no   
volume in which vigor walks with less   
attendance of vanity1 or less motion of 
covert egotism in the stalwart stride2  
yet the style1 which proverbially is the
 man1 does not lack decisive stamp1 but 
is too peculiar to be confounded with   
any other4 ,it is not flaming1 or       
flowing1 or architectural4 ,it is not   
built1 but wrought1 with blows of the   
hammer4 ,we should emphasize the        
writer's historic taste1 but that his   

learning is so at the service of his    
philosophy that it never burdens1 but   
only arms4 ,there is a tough welding of 
principle with fact1 and fetching of    
opposite poles together in the constant 
circulation betwixt ideas and events4   
,sometimes an excess of antithesis shows
 a little too much the wrinkled brow of 
thought1 striving to put more into a    
sentence than it will fairly carry1 and 
corrugating the elsewhere smoother      
lines1--as in a hilly country there was 
said to be too much soil to be evenly   
disposed of1 and so part of it had to be
 pushed up into the sky4 ,but this      
roughness is better than thinness2 and  
in ,mr4 ,whipple's book there are       
passages of swift1 grand eloquence1 and 
of intense peace and depth4 ,wit and    
humor1 native to our author1 with no    
malignity or pride for an ally1 combine 
with sentiment and reflection1 and his  
talent is never wrapped up in a merely  
elegant phrase1 but in plain and homely 
words is the delivery of his sense4 ,we 

would cite1 in proof of the justness of 
our criticism1 such essays as those on  
,character1 ,intellectual ,character1   
and ,washington and the ,principles of  
the ,revolution4 ,those on ,thackeray   
and ,nathaniel ,hawthorne show1 with    
appreciative praise1 the literary       
doctor's fatal feeling of the patient's 
pulse4 ,the courtesy of ,everett is     
gracefully owned2 and there is a fine   
glimpse of that face of ,thomas ,starr  
,king1 which did not seem so much to    
mirror the sun as to make the sunbeam a 
shadow of itself2 while a just tribute  
is paid to the original and courageous  
genius and research of our great        
enthusiast and naturalist1 ,agassiz4    
,but this is a book to be mastered only 
by a thorough perusal1 and no hasty     
diagonal glance along the leaves can    
render justice to it4 ,while deserving  
attention for its general merits of     
intelligence1 morality1 humanity1 and a 
spiritual faith1 which no eye of        
friendship is needed to discern1 in the 

judiciary department of letters it has  
an unrivalled claim4 ,for faculty of    
pure criticism we know not ,mr4         
,whipple's equal4 ,the judgment-seat    
shines in his eye4 ,we seem to be       
hearing all the time the kindly sentence
 of an infallible sight4 ,we should be  
afraid of the decree which such         
knowledge1 intuition1 imagination1 and  
logic combine to pronounce1 but that no 
grudge provokes1 or bribe can ever bias 
the court2 and1 while its just          
conscience cannot acquit hollow         
pretensions1 over its own decisions     
preside an absolute purity and the      
loftiest ideal of human life4