,,is ,,life ,,wor? ,,liv+8 ,,by ,,william ,,hurrell ,,mallock ,,au?or ,,( ',,! ,,new ,,republic' ,,etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ',man walke? 9 a va9 %ad[1 & disquiete? himself 9 va94' ',h[ die? ! wise man8 ,z ! fool4444 ,t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? ! bea/s1 ev5 "o ?+ befalle? !m2 z ! "o die? s die? ! o!r1 yea !y h all "o brea?2 s t man ha? no preem95ce above a bea/2 = all is vanity4' ',greek3 talaipros eg an?rpos1 tis me rudetai ek t\ smatos t\ ?anat\ t\t\2' 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,york ,g4,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons #ahb ,fif? ,av5ue #ahgi ,i ,,inscribe ,,?is ,,book ,,to ,,john ,,rusk9 ,,to ,,john ,,rusk94 ,my de> ,mr4 ,rusk91--,y h giv5 me v great pleasure by all[+ me to inscribe ?is book to y1 & = two reasons2 = ,i h two k9ds ( ackn[l$gm5t t ,i wi% to make to y--fir/1 t ( an intellectual debtor to a public tea*]2 secondly1 t ( a private fri5d to ! k9de/ ( private fri5ds4 ,! tribute ,i h to (f] y is1 x is true1 a small "o2 & x is possibly m bless$ = me to give ?an x is = y to receive x4 ,9 s f>1 at lea/1 z ,i repres5t any influ5ce ( y\rs1 y may v possibly n ?9k me a satisfactory repres5tative4 ,b !re is "o fact--& ,i w lay all ! /ress ,i c on x--:i* makes me less diffid5t ?an ,i might be1 9 (f]+ ?is book ei!r to y or to ! _w g5]ally4 ,! import ( ! book is indep5d5t ( ! book itself1 & ( ! au?or ( x2 nor d ! argum5ts x conta9s /& or fall ) my success 9 /at+ !m2 & ^! la/ at lea/ ,i may associate ) y\r "n4 ,!y are n m9e4 ,i h n discov]$ or inv5t$ !m4 ,!y are s obvi\s t any "o :o *ooses may see !m2 & ,i h be5 only mov$ to m$dle ) !m1 because1 f be+ s obvi\s1 x seems t no "o w s mu* z deign to look at !m1 or at any rate to put !m toge!r ) any c>e or complet5ess4 ,!y might be be=e ev]ybody's eyes2 b in/ead !y are "u ev]ybody's feet4 ,my occupation has be5 m]ely to kneel 9 ! mud1 & to pick up ! tru?s t are be+ trampl$ into x1 by a head/rong & un$ucat$ g5]ation4 ,) :at success ,i h done ?is1 x is n = me to judge4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c be confid5t ( ! value ( :at ,i h done1 ,i am confid5t en\gh ( ! value ( :at ,i h tri$ to d4 ,f a lit]>y po9t ( view _m faults may be f\nd ) me4 ,!re may be faults yet deep]1 to :i* possibly ,i %all h to plead guilty4 ,i may--,i _c tell--h unduly emphasiz$ "s po9ts1 & n put en\gh emphasis on o!rs4 ,i may be convict$--no?+ is m likely--( _m v]bal inconsi/5cies4 ,b let ! argum5ts ,i h done my be/ to embody be tak5 z a :ole1 & !y h a vitality t does n dep5d ^u me2 nor c !y be prov$ false1 because my ignorance or weakness may "h or !re h associat$ !m )1 or illu/rat$ !m by1 a falsehood4 ,i am n myself consci\s ( any su* falsehoods 9 my book2 b if su* are po9t$ out to me1 ,i %all d my be/ to correct !m4 ,if :at ,i h done prove n wor? correction1 o!rs com+ aft] me w be pref]r$ be=e me1 & are sure be=e long to address !mselves successfully to ! same task 9 :i* ,i p]haps h fail$4 ,:at inde$ c we ea* ( u look = b a l>ge measure ( failure1 especially :5 we are mov+ n ) ! tide b aga9/ x--:5 ! ?+s we wre/le ) are pr9cipalities & p[]s1 & spiritual /upidity 9 high places--& :5 we are ourselves p>tly weak5$ by ! v influ5ces aga9/ :i* we are /ruggl+8 ,b ?is is n all4 ,!re is 9 ! way ano!r difficulty4 ,writ+ z ! well-wi%]s ( tru? & goodness1 we f9d1 z ! _w n[ /&s1 t our *ief foes are !y ( our own h\sehold4 ,! insol5ce1 ! ignorance1 & ! /upidity ( ! age has embodi$ itself1 & f\nd its m\?piece1 9 m5 :o are p]sonally ! negations ( all t !y repres5t !oretically4 ,we h m5 :o 9 private are full ( ! mo/ graci\s mode/y1 repres5t+ 9 _! philosophies ! mo/ ludicr\s arrogance2 we h m5 :o practise e virtue !mselves1 proclaim+ ! pr9ciples ( e vice to o!rs2 we h m5 :o h ma/]$ _m k9ds ( k1 act+ on ! _w only z embodim5ts ( ! complete/ & mo/ p]nici\s ignorance4 ,i h _h occasion to deal cont9ually ) c]ta9 ( ^! by "n4 ,) ! exception ( "o--:o has di$ prematurely1 :il/ ?is book 0 9 ! press--^? ,i h nam$ (t5e/ are /ill liv+4 ,_m ( !m probably are kn[n to y p]sonally1 ?\gh none ( !m are s kn[n to me2 & y w appreciate ! sort ( difficulty ,i h felt1 bett] ?an ,i c express x4 ,i c only hope t z ! falsehood ( _! argum5ts _c bl9d any ( u to _! p]sonal m]its1 s no intellectual dem]its 9 my case w be prejudicial to ! tru? ( my argum5ts4 ,to me ! /range ?+ is t su* argum5ts %\ld h to be us$ all2 & p]haps a ?+ /rang] /ill t x %\ld fall to me to use !m--to me1 an outsid] 9 philosophy1 9 lit]ature1 & 9 !ology4 ,b ! ju/ification ( my speak+ is t !re is any op5+ = me to speak2 & o!rs mu/ be blam$1 n ,i1 if ! lyre s long div9e ,deg5]ates into h&s l m9e4 ,at any rate1 h[ev] all ?is may be1 :at ,i "h inscribe to y1 my fri5d & tea*]1 ,i am confid5t is n unwor?y ( y4 ,x is n :at ,i h done2 x is :at ,i h tri$ to d4 ,z su* ,i beg y to accept x1 & to believe me /ill1 ?\gh n[ s seldom ne> y1 ,y\r admir+ & affectionate fri5d1 ,w4,h4 ,,mallock4 ,p4,s4--,mu* ( ! sub/ance ( ! foll[+ book y h se5 already1 9 two ,essays ( m9e t 7 publi%$ 9 ! ',contempor>y ,review1' & 9 five ,essays t 7 publi%$ 9 ! ',n9ete5? ,c5tury4' ,x _h at "o "t be5 my int5tion1 by ! k9dness ( ! respective ,editors1 to h repr9t$ ^! ,essays 9 _! orig9al =m4 ,b !re 0 s mu* to add1 to omit1 to re>range1 & to jo9 toge!r1 t ,i h f\nd x necess>y to rewrite ne>ly ! :ole2 & ?us y w f9d ! pres5t volume virtually new4 ,torquay1 ,may1 #ahgi4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,import ,,( ,,! ,,"q4 ,,page ,! "q may seem vague & useless2 b if we consid] its real mean+ we %all see t x is n s #a ,9 ! pres5t day x has acquir$ a new importance #b ,its exact mean+4 ,x does n "q ! fact ( human happ9ess #c ,b ! nature ( happ9ess1 & ! p]man5ce ( its basis #d ,= :at we call ! high] happ9ess is ess5tially a complex ?+ #e ,we _c be sure t all its elem5ts are p]man5t #g ,)\t c]ta9 ( its elem5ts x has be5 decl>$ by ! wise/ m5 to be valueless #h ,& x is precisely ! elem5ts 9 "q t mod]n ?\ght is elim9at+ #aa ,x is cont5d$ t !y h (t5 be5 elim9at$ be=e2 & t yet ! wor? ( life has n suff]$ #ac ,b ?is cont5tion is entirely false4 ,!y 7 nev] be=e elim9at$ z mod]n ?\ght is elim9at+ !m n[ #ag ,! pres5t age c f9d no g5u9e p>allels 9 ! pa/ #ai ,its position is made peculi> by ?ree facts #ai ,fir/ly1 by ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity #ai ,secondly1 ! insignificance to :i* sci5ce has r$uc$ ! e>? #bc ,?irdly1 ! int5se self-consci\sness t has be5 develop$ 9 ! mod]n _w #be ,x is (t5 said t a p>allel to our pres5t case is to be f\nd 9 ,buddhism #bg ,b ?is is absolutely false4 ,buddhi/ positivism is ! exact rev]se ( ,we/]n positivism #bi ,9 %ort1 ! life-problem ( our day is di/9ctly a new & an z yet unansw]$ "o #ca ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,morality ,,& ,,! ,,prize ,,( ,,life4 ,! wor? ! positive s*ool claim = life1 is ess5tially a moral wor? #cc ,z its mo/ celebrat$ expon5ts explicitly tell u #cd ,?is means t life conta9s "s special prize1 to :i* morality is ! only road #cd ,& ! value ( life dep5ds on ! value ( ?is prize #ce ,j4,s4 ,mill1 ,g4 ,eliot1 & ,pr(essor ,huxley admit t ?is is a correct way ( /at+ ! case #cf ,b all ?is language z x /&s at pres5t is too vague to be ( any use to u #ch ,! prize 9 "q is to be won 9 ?is life1 if any:]e2 & mu/ !re=e be m or less describable #ci ,:at !n is x8 #dj ,unless x is describable x _c be a moral end at all #da ,z a consid]ation ( ! raison d'tre ( all moral sy/ems w %[ u #db ,! value ( ! prize mu/ be v]ifiable by positive me?ods #dc ,& be v]ifiably great]1 beyond all comp>ison1 ?an t ( all o!r prizes #dd ,has su* a prize any real exi/5ce8 ,?is is our "q #dd ,x has nev] yet be5 answ]$ prop]ly #de ,& ?\gh two sets ( answ]s h be5 giv5 x1 nei!r ( !m are satisfactory #de ,i %all deal ) ^! two que/ions 9 ord] #dg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,sociology ,,z ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,morality4 ,! positive !ory is t ! heal? ( ! social organism is ! real f\ndation ( morals #di ,b social heal? is no?+ b ! p]sonal heal? ( all ! memb]s ( ! society #ea ,x is n happ9ess itself1 b ! negative conditions t make happ9ess = all #ea ,/ill less is social heal? any high k9d ( happ9ess #ed ,x c only be ma9ta9$ to be s1 by suppos+ #ee ,ei!r1 t all k9ds ( happ9ess are equally high t d n int]f]e ) o!rs #ee ,or1 t x is only a high k9d ( happ9ess t c be %>$ by all #ef ,bo? ( :i* suppositions are false #eg ,! conditions ( social heal? are a moral end only :5 we ea* feel a p]sonal delight 9 ma9ta9+ !m #eh ,9 ?is case !y w supply u ) a small portion ( ! moral aid ne$$ #ei ,b ?is case is n a possible "o #fj ,!re is inde$ ! natural impulse ( sympa?y t might t5d to make x s #fa ,b ?is is c\nt]balanc$ by ! correspond+ impulse ( selfi%ness #fc ,& ?is impulse ( sympa?y itself is ( v limit$ p[] #fc ,except "u v r>e conditions #fc ,! conditions ( g5]al happ9ess are f> too vague to d m ?an v slightly excite x #fd ,or give x p[] en\gh to neutralise any p]sonal temptation #ff ,at all ev5ts !y w\ld excite no en?usiasm #fg ,= ?is purpose !re mu/ be "s prize be=e u1 ( recognis$ positive value1 m or less def9ite #fg ,& be=e all ?+s1 to be enjoy$ by u individually #fg ,unless ?is prize be ( great value to beg9 )1 its value w n become great because great numb]s obta9 x #ga ,nor until we "k :at x is1 d we ga9 any?+ by ! hope t m5 may m completely make x _! own 9 ! future #gb ,! mod]n positive s*ool requires a great g5]al en?usiasm = ! g5]al good #gc ,!y !re=e presuppose an extreme value = ! individual good #gd ,our fir/ enquiry mu/ be !re=e :at ! high] individual good is #gf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,goodness ,,z ,,its ,,own ,,rew>d4 ,:at has be5 said 9 ! la/ *apt] is really admitt$ by ! positive s*ool !mselves #gg ,z we c le>n explicitly f ,george ,eliot #gh ,9 ,daniel ,d]onda #gh ,t ! fundam5tal moral "q is1 ',9 :at way %all ! individual make life pleasant8' #gi ,& ! "r way1 = ! positivi/s1 z = ! ,*ri/ians1 is an inw>d way #hj ,! moral end is a c]ta9 inw>d /ate ( ! he>t1 & ! positivi/s say x is a suffici5t attraction 9 itself1 )\t any aid f religion #ha ,& !y support ?is view by num]\s examples #hb ,b all su* examples are useless #hc ,because ?\gh we may get rid ( religion 9 its pure =m #hc ,!re is mu* t we h n got rid (1 embodi$ /ill 9 ! moral end #hd ,to te/ ! intr9sic value ( ! end1 we mu/ sublimate ?is religion out ( x #hf ,= ?is purpose we w consid]1 fir/1 ! ?ree g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! moral end1 viz4 #hh ,its inw>dness #hh ,its importance #hi ,& its absolute "* #ia ,n[ all ^! ?ree *>act]i/ics c be expla9$ by religion #ic ,& _c be expla9$ )\t x #if ,! positive moral end mu/ !re=e be completely dive/$ ( !m #ajj ,! next "q is1 w x be equally attractive !n8 #ajj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,love ,,z ,a ,,te/ ,,( ,,goodness4 ,! positivi/s repres5t love z a ?+ ^: value is self-dep5d5t #aja ,& :i* gives to life a positive & incalculable wor? #ajc ,b ?is is suppos$ to be true ( "o =m ( love only #ajd ,& ! v opposite is suppos$ to hold good ( all o!r =ms #aje ,! "r =m dep5ds on ! con=mity ( ea* ( ! lov]s to a c]ta9 inw>d /&>d #aje ,z we c see exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ,o!llo & ,desdemona1 etc4 #ajg ,! k9d & n ! degree ( ! love is :at gives love its special value #ajh ,& ! selection ( ?is k9d c be nei!r made nor ju/ifi$ on positive pr9ciples #aji ,z ! foll[+ quotations f ,?ophile ,gauti] w %[ u #aaj ,:i* are suppos$ by _m to embody ! true view ( love #aaj ,accord+ to ?is view1 purity is simply a disease bo? 9 man & woman1 or at any rate no m]it #aaf ,if love is to be a moral end1 ?is view mu/ be absolutely condemn$ #aag ,b positivism _c condemn x1 or support ! opposite view #aag ,z we %all see by recurr+ to ,pr(essor ,huxley's argum5t #aah ,:i* w %[ u t all moral language z appli$ to love is ei!r di/9ctly religi\s or else altoge!r ludicr\s #abb ,= x is cle>ly only on moral gr\nds t we c give t blame to vice1 :i* is ! measure ( ! praise we give to virtue #abc ,! mis]y ( ! =m] dep5ds on religi\s anticipations #abd ,& s does also ! bless$ness ( ! latt] #abe ,z we c see 9 num]\s lit]>y expressions ( x #abf ,positivism1 by de/roy+ ^! anticipations1 *anges ! :ole "* ( ! love 9 "q #abh ,& prev5ts love f supply+ u ) any moral /&>d #aca ,! loss su/a9$ by love w indicate ! g5]al loss su/a9$ by life #aca ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,life ,,z ,,its ,,own ,,rew>d4 ,we mu/ n[ exam9e :at w be ! practical result on life 9 g5]al ( ! loss j indicat$ #acb ,to d ?is1 we w take life z reflect$ 9 ! mirror ( ! great dramatic art ( ! _w #acd ,& ?is w %[ u h[ ! moral judgm5t is ! *ief faculty to :i* all t is great or int5se 9 ?is art appeals #acf ,we %all see ?is1 = in/ance1 9 ,macbe? #acg ,9 ,hamlet #acg ,9 ,antigone #acg ,9 ,measure = ,measure1 & 9 ,fau/ #ach ,& also 9 degrad$ art j z well z 9 sublime art #aci ,9 pr(ligate & cynical art1 su* z ,congreve's #adj ,& 9 concupisc5t art #ada ,su* z ,mademoiselle de ,maup9 #ada ,or su* works z t ( ,meursius1 or ! wor/ sc5es 9 ,petronius #adb ,! sup]natural moral judgm5t is ! *ief ?+ ev]y:]e #adc ,take away ?is judgm5t1 & art loses all its /range int]e/ #add ,& s w x be ) life #ade ,! moral l&scape w be ru9$ #ade ,ev5 ! m]e s5su\s joy ( liv+ 9 heal? w gr[ dull] #adf ,nor w culture be ( ! lea/ avail )\t ! sup]natural moral elem5t #adh ,nor w ! devotion to tru? = its own sake1 :i* is ! la/ refuge ( ! positivi/s :5 9 despair #adi ,= ?is la/ has no mean+ :atev]1 except z a =m ( concrete !ism #aeb ,! rev]5ce = ,nature is b ano!r =m ( ! devotion to tru?1 & its only possible mean+ is equally !i/ic #aeg ,?us all ! high] res\rces ( positivism fail toge!r #afa ,& ! highe/ positive value ( life w\ld be some?+ less ?an its pres5t value #afa ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,sup]/ition ,,( ,,positivism4 ,f :at we h j se51 ! vision>y "* ( ! positivi/ conception ( progress becomes evid5t #afc ,its object is f> m pla9ly an illusion ?an ! ,*ri/ian heav5 #afd ,all ! objections urg$ aga9/ ! latt] apply ) f> m =ce to ! =m] #afe ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no possible object suffici5t to />t ! en?usiasm requir$ by ! positivi/s #afg ,to make ! requir$ en?usiasm possible human nature w\ld h to be completely *ang$ #afh ,two exi/+ qualities1 = in/ance1 w\ld h to be magnifi$ to an impossible ext5t--imag9ation #afi ,& unselfi%ness #agj ,if we /ate ! positive sy/em 9 t]ms ( common life1 its vision>y "* becomes evid5t #agb ,! examples :i* h sugge/$ its possibility are q mislead+ #agc ,! positive sy/em is really f> m bas$ on sup]/ition ?an any religion #age ,its appe>ance c only be acc\nt$ = by ! *>act]s & circum/ances ( its orig9ators #age ,& a consid]ation ( ^! w help u m ?an any?+ to e/imate x rightly #agh ,& w let u see t its only practical t5d5cy is to dead5 all our pres5t int]e/s1 n to create any new ones #agi ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,prospect4 ,x is n cont5d$ t ! prospect j describ$ w1 z a fact1 ev] be realis$ #ahc ,b only t x w be realis$ if c]ta9 o!r prospects are realis$ #ahe ,:i* prospects may or may n be vision>y #ahf ,b ! progress t[>ds :i* is already begun #ahg ,& also ! o!r results1 t h be5 describ$ already #ahg ,positive pr9ciples h already produc$ a moral det]ioration1 ev5 9 places :]e we %\ld lea/ imag9e x #ahg ,z we %all see if we pi]ce b5ea? ! surface #ahi ,9 ! curi\s condition ( m5 :o h lo/ fai?1 b h reta9$ ! love ( virtue #ahi ,! /ruggle 0 h>d1 :5 !y _h all ! helps ( religion #aij ,x is h>d] n[ #aij ,consci5ce /ill survives1 b x has lo/ its re/ra9+ p[] #aia ,temptation almo/ inevitably de?rones x #aib ,& its full pre/ige c nev] be recov]$ #aic ,x c d no?+ b deplore2 x _c rem$y #aid ,9 su* cases ! m9d's decad5ce has begun2 & its symptoms are #aid ,self-reproa* #aie ,life-we>9ess #aie ,& indiff]5ce #aie ,! class ( m5 to :om ?is applies is increas+1 & !y are ! true repres5tatives ( ! "w ( positive ?\ght #aif ,x is h>d to realise ?is om9\s fact #aig ,b by look+ /eadily & dispassionately at ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pres5t epo* we may le>n to d s #aih ,we %all see t ! op9ions n[ =m+ w h a weight & p[] t no op9ions ev] _h be=e #aii ,& _! t5d5cy1 z yet lat5t1 t[>ds pessimism is !re=e mo/ mom5t\s #bjj ,if x is to be cur$1 x mu/ be fac$ #bjj ,x takes ! =m ( a suppress$ long+ = ! religi\s fai? t is lo/ #bjj ,& ?is long+ is wide-spread1 ?\gh only express$ indirectly #bja ,x is felt ev5 by m5 ( sci5ce #bjb ,b ! long+ seems fruitless #bjc ,?is dejection is 9 fact %>$ by ! believ]s #bjc ,& is ev5 au?oritatively recognis$ by ,ca?olicism #bjd ,! great "q = ! _w n[1 & ! "o on :i* its :ole future dep5ds1 is1 w ! lo/ fai? ev] be recov]$8 #bje ,! answ] to ?is w probably h to be decisive1 "o way or ! o!r #bjf ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,negation4 ,:at gives ! d5ials ( positivism _! g5]al weight1 is ! impression t !y repres5t reason #bjh ,!y are support$ by ?ree k9ds ( argum5ts3 physical1 moral1 & hi/orical #bji ,! two fir/ be> ^u all religion2 ! latt] only on special revelations #baj ,natural religion is ! belief 9 ,god1 immortality1 & ! possibility ( miracles g5]ally #baj ,physical sci5ce pref]s to de/roy natural religion by its connection ( m9d ) matt] #baj #a/4 ,mak+ consci\s life a function ( ! bra94 #bnd4 ,evolv+ ! liv+ organisms f lifeless matt]4 #crd4 ,mak+ ?is mat]ial evolution automatic #baj ,?us all ext]nal pro(s ( ,god are de/roy$ #bab ,& also ( ! s\l's immortality #bac ,ext]nal pro( is decl>$ to be ! te/ ( reality #bac ,& !re=e all religion is set d[n z a dream #bae ,b we believe t pro( is ! te/ ( reality1 n because x is prov$ to be s1 b because ( ! au?ority ( ^? :o tell u s #bae ,b x w be f\nd t ^! m5 d n und]/& _! own pr9ciple #baf ,&1 t 9 :at !y consid] _! mo/ important conclusions !y emphatically disreg>d x #bag ,"o or o!r1 !re=e1 ( _! op9ions is wor?less--_! d5ial ( religion or _! affirmation ( morality #bai ,b we %all see ?is m cle>ly 9 consid]+ ! "q ( consci\sness & w #bbj ,we %all see t1 z f> z sci5ce c in=m u1 man is no?+ b an automaton #bbj ,b ! positive s*ool are afraid to admit ?is #bba ,& n d>+ to meet ! "q1 !y make a desp]ate ef=t to confuse x #bbb ,two problems are involv$ 9 ! matt]3 #a/4 ,h[ is bra9 action connect$ ) consci\sness #bbc #bnd4 ,is ! consci\sness t is connect$ ) x some?+ sep>able f1 & indep5d5t ( x #bbc ,! fir/ ( ^! problems has no be>+ at all on any moral or religi\s "q4 ,x is insoluble4 ,x leaves u n 9 d\bt b 9 ignorance #bbd ,! d\bt1 & ! religi\s "q is connect$ solely ) ! second problem #bbh ,to :i* !re are two alt]native solutions #bbh ,& mod]n sci5ce is s confus$ t x w accept nei!r #bbh ,z ,dr4 ,tyndall's treatm5t ( ! subject v =cibly %[s u #bcj ,& ,dr4 ,tyndall 9 ?is way is a p]fect repres5tative ( ! :ole mod]n positive s*ool #bca ,let u comp>e ! molecules ( ! bra9 to ! six mov+ billi>d-balls #bca ,! "q is1 are ^! movem5ts due to ! /roke ( "o cue or ( two #bcc ,! positive s*ool pr(ess to answ] ?is "q bo? ways #bcd ,b ?is pr(ession is nons5se #bcf ,:at !y really mean is1 #a/4 ,t ! connection ( consci\sness ) matt] is a my/]y2 z to t !y c give no answ]4 #bnd4 ,t z to :e!r consci\sness is :olly a mat]ial ?+ or no1 !y w give no answ] #bcg ,b :y are !y 9 ?is /ate ( susp5se8 #bch ,?\gh _! sy/em does n 9 ! lea/ require ! hypo!sis ( an immat]ial elem5t 9 consci\sness #bci ,!y see t ! moral value ( life does #bci ,! same reasons t w w>rant _! say+ x may exi/1 w con/ra9 !m to say x mu/ #bdj ,physical sci5ce1 ) its pro(s1 c say no?+ 9 ! matt]1 ei!r z to w1 immortality1 or ,god #bdb ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x w =ce u1 if we believe 9 w1 to admit ! reality ( miracles #bdc ,s f> z sci5ce goes1 morality & religion are bo? on ! same foot+ #bdc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,morality ,,& ,,natural ,,!ism4 ,suppos+ sci5ce n to be inconsi/5t ) !ism1 may n !ism be inconsi/5t ) morality8 #bdg ,x seems to be s2 b x is no m s ?an is morality ) itself4 ,two difficulties common to bo?3--#a/4 ,! exi/5ce ( evil2 #bnd4 ,man's free w & ,god's free w #bdh ,james ,mill's /atem5t ( ! case repres5ts ! popul> anti-religi\s argum5ts #bdi ,b 8 way ( putt+ ! case is full ( di/ortion & exagg]ation #bej ,?\gh c]ta9 ( ! difficulties he po9t$ out 7 real #bea ,& ^? we _c expla9 away2 b if we are to believe 9 our moral be+ at all1 we mu/ "o & all accept #beb ,we c escape f !m by none ( ! rationali/ic sub/itutes = religion #beb ,a simil> difficulty is ! fre$om ( ! w #beg ,?is belief is an intellectual impossibility #beh ,b at ! same "t a moral necessity #bfj ,x is typical ( all ! difficulties att5dant on an ass5t to our own moral nature #bfj ,! vagu] difficulties t appeal to ! moral imag9ation we mu/ meet 9 ! same way #bfa ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,human ,,race ,,& ,,revelation4 ,%\ld ! intellect ( ! _w return to !ism1 w x ev] aga9 ackn[l$ge a special revelation8 #bfd ,we c see t ?is is an urg5t "q #bfe ,by _m g5]al consid]ations #bfe ,especially ! c>e] ( ,prote/antism #bfg ,:i* is visibly evaporat+ into a m]e natural !ism #bfh ,&1 z su*1 is los+ all re/ra9+ p[] 9 ! _w #bga ,:]e !n %all we look = a revelation8 ,n 9 any ( ! ,ea/]n cre$s #bge ,! claims ( ! ,roman ,*ur* are ! only ones wor? consid]+ #bgf ,h] position is absolutely di/9ct f t ( ,prote/antism1 & %e is n involv$ 9 its fall #bgg ,9 !ory %e is all t ! enlight5$ _w c\ld require #bgi ,! only "q is1 is %e s 9 practice8 ,?is br+s u to difficulties #bhb #a/4 ,! p>tial success ( h] revelation2 & h] suppos$ condemnation ( ! virtues ( unbeliev]s4 ,b h] p>tial success is simply ! old my/]y ( evil #bhb ,& ?r\gh h] inf9ite *>ity1 %e does no?+ to increase t difficulty #bhc ,! value ( or?odoxy is analog\s to ! value ( true physical sci5ce #bhe ,all %\ld try to le>n ! tru? :o c2 b we d n condemn o!rs :o _c #bhf ,ev5 among/ ,ca?olics g5]ally no recondite !ological k is requir$ #bhg ,! facts ( ! ,ca?olic religion are simple4 ,!ology is ! complex sci5tific explanation ( !m #bhh ,ca?olicism is misund]/ood because ! outside _w confuses ) its religion--#a/4 ,! complex explanations ( x #bhi #bnd4 ,matt]s ( discipl9e1 & practical rules #bij #crd4 ,! pi\s op9ions1 or ! sci5tific errors ( private p]sons1 or p>ticul> epo*s #bia ,none ( :i* really are any integral "p ( ! ,*ur* #bic ,nei!r are ! peculi> exagg]ations ( moral feel+ t h be5 preval5t at diff]5t times #bic ,! ,*ur* !oretically is a liv+1 gr[+1 self-adapt+ organism #bie ,%e is1 9 fact1 ! gr[+1 moral s5se ( mank9d organis$ & develop$ "u a sup]natural tutelage #bie ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,! ,,claims ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ,*ur* 9 relation to hi/ory & ext]nal hi/orical criticism #big #a/4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity2 #bnd4 ,! hi/ory ( o!r religions #bih ,criticism has robb$ ! ,bible ( ne>ly all ! suppos$ int]nal evid5ces ( its sup]natural "* #bih ,x has trac$ ! *ief ,*ri/ian dogmas to non-,*ri/ian s\rces #cjj ,x has %[n t ! hi/ories ( o!r religions are /rangely analog\s to ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity #cjj ,& to ,prote/antism ^! discov]ies are fatal #cjb ,b !y are n fatal to ,ca?olicism1 ^: attitude to hi/ory is made utt]ly diff]5t by ! doctr9e ( ! p]petual infallibility ( ! ,*ur* #cje ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* tea*es u to believe ! ,bible = h] sake1 n h] = ! ,bible's #cje ,& ev5 ?\gh h] dogmas may h exi/$ 9 "s =m else:]e1 !y become new revelations to u1 by h] sup]natural selection ( !m #cjf ,! ,*ur* is a liv+ organism1 = ev] select+ & assimilat+ fre% nutrim5t #cjg ,ev5 f among/ ! wisdom ( h] bitt]e/ enemies #cji ,all false revelations1 9 s f> z !y h pr(ess$ to be infallible1 are1 f ! ,ca?olic /&po9t1 abortive ,ca?olicisms #caa ,ca?olicism has succe$$ 9 ! same attempt 9 :i* !y h fail$ #cac ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,belief ,,& ,,w4 ,! aim ( ?is book #cae ,has be5 to cle> ! great "q z to man's nature1 & ! prop] way ( reg>d+ him1 f ! confusion at pres5t surr\nd+ x #cag ,& to %[ t ! answ] w f9ally re/1 n on out] evid5ce1 b on himself1 & on 8 own w1 if he h a w #cai ,,note4 ,9 ?is book ! words 'positive1' 'positivi/1' & 'positivism' are ( con/ant occurr5ce z appli$ to mod]n ?\ght & ?9k]s4 ,to avoid any *ance ( confusion or misconception1 x w be well to say t ^! words z us$ by me h no special ref]5ce to ! sy/em ( ,comte or 8 disciples1 b are appli$ to ! common views & position ( ! :ole sci5tific s*ool1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t memb]s ( :i*--,i mean ,pr(essor ,huxley--has be5 ! mo/ tr5*ant & contemptu\s critic t 'positivism' 9 its n>r[] s5se has met )4 ,ov] 'positivism' 9 ?is s5se ,pr(essor ,huxley & ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison h _h "s public battles4 ,positivism 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ by me1 applies to ! pr9ciples z to :i* ! above writ]s explicitly agree1 n to ^? z to :i* !y diff]4 ,w4,h4,m4 ,is ,life ,wor? ,liv+8 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,import ,,( ,,! ,,"q4 ,a *ange 0 com+ ov] ! _w1 ! mean+ & direction ( :i* ev5 /ill is hidd5 f u1 a *ange f era to era4--,fr\de's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 i4 ,:at ,i am ab\t to deal ) 9 ?is book is a "q :i* may well /rike _m1 at fir/ sight1 z a "q t has no s]i\s mean+1 or none at any rate = ! sane & heal?y m9d4 ,i am ab\t to attempt inquir+1 n s5tim5tally1 b ) all calmness & sobriety1 into ! true value ( ?is human life ( ours1 z tri$ by ^? te/s ( reality :i* ! mod]n _w is accept+1 & to ask dispassionately if x be really wor? ! liv+4 ,! inquiry c]ta9ly has (t5 be5 made be=e2 b x has nev] be5 made prop]ly2 x has nev] be5 made 9 ! true sci5tific _s4 ,x has always be5 vitiat$ ei!r by diffid5ce or by p]sonal feel+2 & ! positive s*ool1 ?\gh !y rejoice to "q ev]y?+ else1 h1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 left ! wor? ( life alone4 ,!y may n[ & !n1 p]haps1 h affect$ to exam9e x2 b _! exam9ation has be5 m]ely =mal1 l t ( a cu/oms-h\se (fic]1 :o passes a portmanteau1 :i* he has only op5$4 ,!y h be5 z t5d] ) x z ,don ,quixote 0 ) 8 m5d$ helmet1 :5 he w\ld n put 8 c>d-pap] vizor to ! te/ ( ! /eel sword4 ,i propose to supply ?is defici5cy 9 _! inve/igations4 ,i propose to apply exact ?\ght to ! only great subject to :i* x has n be5 appli$ already4 ,to numb]s1 z ,i h j said1 ?is w ( c\rse seem useless4 ,!y w ?9k t ! "q nev] really 0 an op5 "o2 or t1 if x ev] 7 s1 ! common s5se ( mank9d has long ago f9ally settl$ x4 ,to ask x aga91 !y w ?9k idle1 or worse ?an idle4 ,x w express to !m1 if x expresses any?+1 no p]plexity ( ! intellect1 b m]ely "s vague disease ( ! feel+s4 ,!y w say t x is b ! old ejaculation ( satiety or despair1 z old z human nature itself2 x is a k9d ( maund]+ common to all moral dyspepsia2 !y h (t5 he>d x be=e1 & !y wi% !y may nev] he> x aga94 ,b let !m be a little less impati5t4 ,let !m look at ! "q clos]1 & m calmly2 & x w n be long be=e its import beg9s to *ange = !m4 ,!y w see t ?\gh x may h (t5 be5 ask$ idly1 x is yet capable ( a mean+ t is v f> f idle2 & t h[ev] old !y may ?9k x1 yet z ask$ by our g5]ation x is really completely new--t x be>s a mean+ :i* is inde$ n f> f any "o ( !m1 b :i* is practical & press+--,i might almo/ say port5t\s--& :i* is some?+ lit]ally unexampl$ 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,i am aw>e t ?is position is n only n at fir/ sight obvi\s1 b t1 ev5 :5 bett] und]/ood1 x w probably be call$ false4 ,my fir/ c>e1 !re=e1 w be to expla9 x at l5g?1 & cle>ly4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ consid] two po9ts 9 ord]2 fir/1 :at is ! exact d\bt we int5d to express by our "q2 & next1 :y 9 our day ?is d\bt %\ld h su* a special & fre% significance4 ,let u !n make x q pla91 at />t+1 t :5 we ask ',is life wor? liv+8' we are n ask+ :e!r its balance ( pa9s is necess>ily & always 9 excess ( its balance ( pleasures4 ,we are n ask+ :e!r any "o has be51 or :e!r any "o is happy4 ,to ! unjaundic$ eye no?+ is m cle> ?an t happ9ess ( v>i\s k9ds has be51 & is1 cont9ually atta9$ by m54 ,& +5i\s pessimi/s d b wa/e _! lab\r :5 !y try to conv9ce a happy man t he really mu/ be mis]able4 ,:at ,i am go+ to discuss is n ! sup]flu\s truism t life has be5 f\nd wor? liv+ by _m2 b ! pr(\ndly diff]5t proposition t x ought to be f\nd wor? liv+ by all4 ,= ?is is :at life is pron\nc$ to be1 :5 ^? claims are made = x t at pres5t univ]sally are made2 :51 z a g5]al tru?1 x is said to be wor? liv+2 or :5 any ( ^? augu/ epi!ts are appli$ to x t are at pres5t appli$ s con/antly4 ,at pres5t1 z we all "k1 x is call$ sacr$1 solemn1 e>ne/1 significant1 & s =?4 ,to )hold su* epi!ts is consid]$ a k9d ( blasphemy4 ,& ! mean+ ( all su* language is ?is3 x means t life has "s deep inh]5t wor? ( its own1 beyond :at x c acquire or lose by ! caprice ( circum/ance--a wor?1 :i* ?\gh x may be mo/ fully reveal$ to a man1 ?r\gh c]ta9 =ms ( success1 is yet n de/roy$ or made a m9us quantity by failure4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( love1 = in/ance1 are held 9 a special way to reveal ?is wor? to u2 b ! wor? t a successful love is ?us suppos$ to reveal is a wor? t a hopeless love is suppos$ n to de/roy4 ,! wor? is a "p ( life's ess5ce1 n a m]e *ance accid5t1 z heal? or ri*es are2 & we are suppos$ to lose x by no acts b our own4 ,n[ x is evid5t t su* a wor? z ?is1 is1 9 "o s5se1 no m]e fancy4 ,numb]s actually h f\nd x2 & numb]s actually /ill cont9ue to f9d x4 ,! "q is n :e!r ! wor? exi/s1 b on :at is ! wor? bas$4 ,h[ f> is ! treasure incorruptible2 & h[ f> w our increas+ k act z mo? & ru/ to x8 ,!re are "s ?+s ^: value is completely e/abli%$ by ! m]e fact t m5 d value !m4 ,!y appeal to s+le ta/es1 !y defy fur!r analysis1 & !y ?us =m1 z x 71 ! bases ( all pleasures & happ9ess4 ,b ^! are few 9 numb]2 !y are h>dly ev] met ) 9 a p]fectly pure /ate2 & _! effect1 :5 !y are s met1 is ei!r mom5t>y1 or f> f vivid4 ,z a rule !y are f\nd 9 comb9ations ( great complexity1 fus$ into an inf9ity ( new sub/ances by ! action ( beliefs & associations2 & ^! two ag5ts are (t5 ( m importance 9 ! result ?an are ! ?+s !y act ^u4 ,take = in/ance a boy at ,eton or ,ox=d1 :o affects a ta/e 9 w9e4 ,give him a bottle ( gooseb]ry *ampagne2 tell him x is ( ! f9e/ br&1 & t x co/ two hundr$ %ill+s a doz54 ,he w sniff1 & w9k at x 9 ec/asy2 he w sip x sl[ly ) an air ( kn[+ rev]5ce2 & 8 enjoym5t ( x probably w be f> ke5]1 ?an x w\ld be1 7 ! w9e really all he fancies x1 & he _h liv$ ye>s en\gh to h come to disc]n its qualities4 ,"h ! "p play$ by belief & associations is ( c\rse evid5t4 ,! boy's enjoym5t is real1 & x re/s to a c]ta9 ext5t on a f\ndation ( solid fact2 ! ta/e ( ! gooseb]ry *ampagne is an actual pleasure to 8 palate4 ,any?+ nause\s1 black dose = in/ance1 c\ld nev] raise him to ! /ate ( delight 9 "q4 ,b ?is simple pleasure ( s5se is b a small "p ( ! pleasure he actually exp]i5ces4 ,t pleasure1 z a :ole1 is a highly complex ?+1 & re/s ma9ly on a basis t1 by a little k1 c\ld be annihilat$ 9 a mom5t4 ,tell ! boy :at ! *ampagne really is1 he has be5 prais+2 & ! /ate ( 8 m9d & face w und]go a curi\s trans=mation4 ,our s5se ( ! wor? ( life is simil> 9 its complexity to ! boy's s5se ( ! wor? ( 8 w9e4 ,beliefs & associations play exactly ! same "p 9 x4 ,! beliefs 9 ?is la/ case may ( c\rse be tru]4 ,! "q t ,i h to ask is1 are !y8 ,9 "s individual cases c]ta9ly1 !y h n be54 ,miss ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 = in/ance1 judg+ life f h] own exp]i5ce ( x1 0 q p]suad$ t x 0 a mo/ solemn & satisfactory ?+1 & %e has told ! _w z mu*1 9 no hesitat+ mann]4 ,b a "p at lea/ ( ! solemn satisfaction %e felt 9 x 0 due to a grotesque ov]-e/imate ( h] own social & intellectual importance4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a wor? 9 life1 real en\gh to ! p]son :o f\nd x1 b :i* a little k ( ! _w w\ld h at once tak5 away f h]4 ,does ! g5]al rev]5ce ) :i* life is at pres5t reg>d$ re/ 9 any degree ^u any simil> misconception8 ,& if s1 to :at ext5t does x8 ,w x fall to pieces be=e ! brea? ( a l>g] k8 or has x t firm f\ndation 9 fact t w enable x to survive 9 spite ( all enlight5m5t1 & p]haps ev5 to increase 9 consequ5ce ( x8 ,su* is ! outl9e ( ! "q ,i propose to deal )4 ,i w n[ %[ :y x is s press+1 & :y1 9 ! pres5t crisis ( ?\ght1 x is s ne$ful t x %\ld be dealt )4 ,! fir/ impression x produces1 z ,i h said1 is t x is sup]flu\s4 ,our belief 9 life seems to re/ on too wide an exp]i5ce = u to ent]ta9 any g5u9e d\bt ( ! tru? ( x4 ,b ?is fir/ impression does n g = mu*4 ,x is a m]e sup]ficial ?+1 & w we> (f imm$iately4 ,we h b to rememb] t a belief t 0 suppos$ to re/ on an equally wide basis--! belief 9 ,god1 & 9 a sup]natural ord]--has 9 ^! days1 n be5 que/ion$ only1 b has be5 to a great degree1 successfully annihilat$4 ,! only philosophy t belongs to ! pres5t age1 ! only philosophy t is a really new ag5t 9 progress1 has decl>$ ?is belief to be a dissolv+ dream ( ! pa/4 ,& ?is belief1 z we %all see pres5tly1 is1 among/ civiliz$ m5 at lea/1 f> old] ?an ! belief 9 life2 x has be5 f> m widely spread1 & exp]i5ce has be5 held to confirm x ) an equal c]ta9ty4 ,if ?is !n is inevitably dis9tegrat$ by ! action ( a wid5+ k1 x _c be tak5 = grant$ t ! belief 9 life w n f>e likewise4 ,x may d s2 b until we h exam9$ x m closely we _c be c]ta9 t x w4 ,common cons5t & exp]i5ce1 until !y are analys$1 are fallaci\s te/s = ! seek]s aft] positive tru?4 ,! emotions may =bid u to ask our "q2 b 9 mod]n philosophy ! emotions play no "p z organs ( discov]y4 ,!y are facts 9 !mselves1 & z su* are ( c\rse ( value2 b !y po9t to no facts beyond !mselves4 ,t m5 lov$ ,god & felt 8 pres5ce close to !m proves no?+1 to ! positive ?9k]1 z to ,god's exi/5ce4 ,nor w ! m]e emotion ( rev]5ce t[>ds life necess>ily g any f>!r t[>ds prov+ t x des]ves rev]5ce4 ,x is di/9ctly ass]t$ by ! mod]n s*ool t ! "r /ate 9 :i* to approa* ev]y?+ is a /ate ( enlight5$ scepticism4 ,we are to consid] ev]y?+ d\btful1 until x is prov$ c]ta91 or unless1 f its v nature1 x is n possible to d\bt x4 ,nor is ?is all2 =1 ap>t f ^! mod]n canons1 ! "q ( life's wor? has1 z a matt] ( fact1 be5 always recognis$ z 9 a c]ta9 s5se an op5 "o4 ,! greate/ intellects ( ! _w1 9 all ages1 h be5 at times incl9$ to d\bt x4 ,& ^! times h n seem$ to !m times ( bl9dness2 b on ! contr>y1 ( specially cle> insight4 ,scales1 z x 71 h fall5 f _! eyes = a mom5t or two1 & ! beauty & wor? ( exi/5ce has appe>$ to !m z b a deceiv+ %[4 ,an entire book ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures is devot$ to a delib]ate exposition ( ?is philosophy4 ,9 '! mo/ high & palmy /ate' ( ,a!ns x 0 express$ fitfully also z ! deepe/ wisdom ( h] mo/ triumphant dramati/4#a ,& 9 ,%akspe>e x appe>s s con/antly1 t x mu/ evid5tly h _h = him "s directly p]sonal mean+4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 ev5 by mo/ ( ^? :o h held x1 has be5 felt to be really only a half-view 9 ! guise ( a :ole "o4 ,to ,%akspe>e1 = in/ance1 x 0 full ( a pr(\nd t]ror4 ,x cru%$1 & appall$1 & t\*$ him2 & !re 0 n only impli$ 9 x t = u life does mean little1 b t by "s possibility x might h meant mu*4 ,or else1 if ! pessimism has be5 m complete ?an ?is1 x has probably be5 adopt$ z a k9d ( solemn affectation1 or has else be5 lam5t$ z a =m ( diseas$ melan*oly4 ,x is a view t heal?y intellects h hi!rto decl9$ to ent]ta94 ,its advocates h be5 met ) neglect1 contempt1 or ca/igation1 n ) argum5ts4 ,!y h be5 piti$ z insane1 avoid$ z cynical1 or pass$ ov] z frivol\s4 ,& yet1 b = "o reason1 to t :ole ,european _w ^: progress we are n[ inh]it+1 ?is view w\ld h seem$ n only n unt5able1 b ev5 obvi\s4 ,! empt9ess ( ! ?+s ( ?is life1 ! incomplet5ess ( ev5 its highe/ pleasures1 & _! utt] p[]lessness to make u really happy1 has be51 at lea/ = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 a commonplace1 bo? ) sa9ts & sages4 ,! conception t any?+ 9 ?is life c\ld ( itself be ( any great mom5t to u1 0 consid]$ z mu* a pu]ility unwor?y ( a man ( ! _w1 z a disloyalty to ,god4 ,exp]i5ce ( life1 & m$itation on life1 seem$ to tea* no?+ b ! same lesson1 seem$ to prea* a s]mon de contemptu mundi4 ,! view ! eag] monk began )1 ! sat$ mon>* end$ )4 ,b matt]s did n end "h4 ,!re 0 some?+ m to come1 by :i* ?is view 0 altoge!r transmut$1 & :i* made ! wild]ness & ! wa/e place at once blossom z ! rose4 ,judg$ ( by itself1 ?is life w\ld inde$ be vanity2 b x 0 n to be judg$ ( by itself4 ,all its ways seem$ to break %ort aimlessly into precipices1 or to be lo/ hopelessly 9 des]ts4 ,!y l$ to no visible end4 ,true2 b !y l$ to ends t 7 invisible--to spiritual & et]nal de/9ies1 to triumphs beyond all hope1 & port5t\s failures beyond all fe>4 ,?is all m5 might see1 if !y w\ld only *oose to see4 ,! mo/ trivial ( our daily actions became ?us inve/$ ) an immeasurable mean+4 ,life 0 ?us evid5tly n vanity1 n an idiot's tale1 n unpr(itable2 ^? :o affect$ to ?9k x 01 7 naturally disreg>d$ z ei!r insane or ins9c]e3 & we may ?us admit t hi!rto1 = ! progressive nations ( ! _w1 ! wor? ( life has be5 capable ( demon/ration1 & safe beyond ! rea* ( any rational que/ion+4 ,b n[1 "u ! influ5ce ( positive ?\ght1 all ?is is *ang+4 ,life1 z we h all ( u inh]it$ x1 is col\r$ ) ! int5se col\rs ( ,*ri/ianity2 let u ourselves be p]sonally ,*ri/ians or n1 we are in/9ct ) feel+s ) reg>d to x t 7 applicable to x 9 its ,*ri/ian /ate3 & ^! feel+s x is t we are /ill resolv$ to reta94 ,z ! mo/ popul> ,engli% expon5t ( ! new s*ool says3 ',all positive me?ods ( treat+ man1 ( a compreh5sive k9d1 adopt to ! full all t has ev] be5 said ab\t ! dignity ( man's moral & spiritual life4' ,b "h comes ! difficulty4 ,?is adoption we speak ( mu/ be ju/ifi$ ^u q new reasons4 ,inde$ x is practically ! boa/ ( its advocates t x mu/ be4 ,an extreme value1 z we see1 !y are resolv$ to give to life2 !y w n tol]ate ^? :o d5y its exi/5ce4 ,b !y are oblig$ to f9d x 9 ! v place :]e hi!rto x has be5 ?\ght to be conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 no bett] or wid] future1 :]e inju/ice %all be turn$ to ju/ice1 tr\ble into re/1 & bl9dness into cle> sight2 = no su* future awaits u4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 life itself1 9 ?is e>?ly life1 ?is life betwe5 ! cradle & ! grave2 & ?\gh imag9ation & sympa?y may enl>ge & ext5d ?is = ! individual1 yet ! limits ( its ext5sion are v soon arriv$ at4 ,x is limit$ by ! "t ! human race c exi/1 by ! space 9 ! univ]se t ! human race occupies1 & ! capacities ( enjoym5t t ! human race possesses4 ,"h1 !n1 is a di/9ct & intelligible task t ! positive ?9k]s h set !mselves4 ,!y h tak5 ev]y?+ away f life t to wise m5 hi!rto has seem$ to r$eem x f vanity4 ,!y h to prove to u t !y h n left x va94 ,!y h to prove ^? ?+s to be solid t h hi!rto be5 ?\ght holl[2 ^? ?+s to be s]i\s t h hi!rto be5 ?\ght contemptible4 ,!y mu/ prove to u t we %all be cont5t$ ) :at has nev] yet cont5t$ u1 & t ! wide/ m9ds w ?rive )9 limits t h hi!rto be5 ?\ght too n>r[ = ! n>r[e/4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 s f> z we c tell )\t exam9+ ! matt]1 !y may be able to accompli% ?is revolution4 ,!re is no?+ on ! face ( x t is impossible4 ,x may be t our eyes are only bl9d$ to ! beauty ( ! e>? by hav+ gaz$ s long & s va9ly into an empty heav51 & t :5 we h le>nt to use !m a little m to ! purpose1 we %all see close at h& 9 ?is life :at we _h be5 look+ =1 all ?is :ile1 9 ano!r4 ,b /ill1 ev5 if ?is revolution be possible1 ! fact rema9s t x is a revolution1 & x _c be accompli%$ )\t "s ef=t4 ,our positive ?9k]s h a case to be prov$4 ,!y mu/ n beg ! v po9t t is mo/ op5 to contradiction1 & :i*1 :5 once duly appreh5d$1 w be mo/ sure to provoke x4 ,if ?is life be n incapable ( satisfy+ u1 let !m %[ u conclusively t x is n4 ,b !y c h>dly expect t1 )\t any su* %[+ at all1 ! _w w delib]ately repel z a blasphemy :at x has hi!rto accept$ z a commonplace4 ,?is objection is itself s obvi\s t x has n escap$ notice4 ,b ! v fact ( its obvi\sness has t5d$ to hide ! true =ce ( x1 & com+ s readily to ! surface1 x has be5 set d[n z sup]ficial4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v con/antly recognis$1 & is be+ met on all sides ) a v elaborate answ]4 ,x is ?is answ] t ,i %all n[ proce$ to consid]4 ,x is a v important "o1 & x des]ves our mo/ close att5tion1 z x conta9s ! *ief pres5t argum5t = ! positive fai? 9 life4 ,i %all %[ h[ ?is argum5t is vitiat$ by a fundam5tal fallacy4 ,x is admitt$ t to a ha/y glance !re may c]ta9ly seem "s dang] ( our fai? 9 life's value collaps+1 toge!r ) our belief 9 ,god4 ,x is admitt$ t ?is is n 9 ! lea/ irrational4 ,b x is cont5d$ t a sci5tific /udy ( ! pa/ w %[ u t ^! fe>s are gr\ndless1 & w reassure u z to ! future4 ,we are ref]r$ to a new bran* ( k1 ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 & we are assur$ t by ?is all our d\bts w be set at re/4 ,?is philosophy ( hi/ory resembles1 on an ext5d$ scale1 ! practical wisdom le>nt by ! man ( ! _w4 ,z long z a man is inexp]i5c$ & new to life1 ea* calamity z x comes to him seems some?+ unique & ov]:elm+1 b z he lives on1 suff]s m ( !m1 & yet f9ds t he is n ov]:elm$1 he le>ns to r$uce !m to _! "r dim5sions1 & is able1 ) suffici5t self-possession1 to let ea* ( !m tea* "s useful lesson to him4 ,?us we1 x is said1 if we 7 n bett] in/ruct$1 might naturally take ! pres5t decl9e ( fai? to be an unprec$5t$ calamity t 0 u%]+ 9 an eve ( d>kness & utt] ru94 ,b ! philosophy ( hi/ory puts ! :ole matt] 9 a diff]5t light4 ,x tea*es u t ! condition ( ! _w 9 our day1 ?\gh n normal1 is yet by no means peculi>4 ,x po9ts to num]\s p>allels 9 =m] ages1 & treats ! rise & fall ( cre$s z regul> ph5om5a 9 human hi/ory1 ^: causes & recurr5ce we c di/9ctly trace4 ,o!r nations & races h _h cre$s1 & h lo/ !m2 !y h ?\ght1 z "s ( u ?9k1 t ! loss w\ld ru9 !m3 & yet !y h n be5 ru9$4 ,cre$s1 x is cont5d$1 7 imag9ative1 provisional1 & mi/ak5 expressions ( ! und]ly+ & inde/ructible s5se ( ! nobility ( human life4 ,!y 7 arti/ic1 n sci5tific4 ,a /atue ( ,apollo1 = in/ance1 or a picture ( ! ,madonna1 7 really repres5tations ( :at m5 aim$ at produc+ on e>?1 n ( :at actually _h any exi/5ce 9 heav54 ,& if we look back at ! greate/ civilisations ( antiquity1 we %all f9d1 x is said1 t :at gave !m vig\r & int5sity 7 purely human int]e/s3 & ?\gh religion may c]ta9ly h _h "s reflex action on life1 ?is action 0 ei!r m]ely political or 0 else injuri\s4 ,x is ?us t int5se ,greek life is pres5t$ to u1 ! influ5ce ( :i* is /ill felt 9 ! _w4 ,its ma9 /imulus we are told 0 frankly human4 ,x w\ld h lo/ none ( its ke5ness if its !ology _h be5 tak5 f x4 ,& !re1 x is said1 we see ! positive wor? ( life2 we see already realis$ :at we are n[ gr[+ to realise once m4 ,*ri/ianity1 ) its sup]natural aims & objects1 is spok5 ( z an 'episode ( disease & delirium2' x is a confus+ dream1 f :i* we are at la/ awak+2 & ! feel+s ( ! mod]n s*ool are express$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce ( a di/+ui%$ mod]n writ]3#b ',j z ! travell]1' he says1 ':o has be5 worn to ! bone by ye>s ( we>y /riv+ among m5 ( ano!r sk91 sudd5ly gazes ) d\bt+ eyes ^u ! :ite face ( a bro!r1 s if we travel backw>ds 9 ?\ght ov] ! d>k] ages ( ! hi/ory ( ,europe we at l5g? rea* back ) su* b\nd+ he>t to m5 :o _h l hopes ) ourselves1 & %ake h&s across t va/ ) 444 our own spiritual ance/ors4' ,nor are ! ,greeks ! only nation ^: hi/ory is suppos$ to be ?us s reassur+ to u4 ,! e>ly ,jews are po9t$ to1 9 ! same way1 z hav+ felt pre-em95tly ! dignity ( ?is life1 & hav+ yet be5 absolutely )\t any belief 9 ano!r4 ,b ! example1 :i* = u is p]haps ! mo/ =cible ( all1 is to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ,rome1 dur+ h] ye>s ( wide/ activity4 ,we are told to look at su* m5 z ,cic]o or z ,cs>--above all to su* m5 z ,cs>--& to rememb] :at a reality life 0 to !m4 ,cs> c]ta9ly _h little religion en\gh2 & :at he may h _h1 play$ no "p 9 mak+ 8 life e>ne/4 ,he took ! _w z he f\nd x1 z all heal?y m5 h tak5 x2 &1 z x is said1 all heal?y m5 w /ill cont9ue to take x4 ,nor 0 su* a life z ,cs>'s peculi> to himself4 ,x repres5ts t purely human life t fl\ri%$ g5]ally 9 su* vig\r among/ ! ,romans4 ,& ! consid]ation ( x is said to be all ! m in/ructive1 because x fl\ri%$ 9 ! face ( j ! same conditions t we ?9k s di%e>t5+ n[4 ,!re 0 9 ^? times1 z !re is 9 ours1 a wide dis9tegration ( ! old fai?s2 & to _m1 !n z n[1 ?is fact seem$ at once sad & t]rify+4 ,z we read ,juv5al1 ,petronius1 ,lucian1 or ,apuleius1 we are a/\nd$ at ! lik5ess ( ^? times to ^!4 ,ev5 9 m9ute details1 !y correspond ) a m>vell\s exactness4 ,& h5ce !re seems a /range =ce 9 ! /atem5t t hi/ory repeats itself1 & t ! wisdom le>nt f ! pa/ c be appli$ to ! pres5t & ! future4 ,b all ?is1 ?\gh x is d\btless true1 is 9 reality only half ! tru?2 & z us$ 9 ! argum5ts ( ! day1 x am\nts practically to a pr(\nd falsehood4 ,hi/ory 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ( c\rse1 does repeat itself2 & ! ?+ t has be5 is 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! ?+ t %all be4 ,b !re is a deep] & a wid] s5se 9 :i*1 ?is is n s4 ,let u take ! life ( an individual man1 = in/ance4 ,a man ( fifty w reta9 v likely _m ( ! ta/es & tricks t 7 81 :5 a boy ( t53 & p :o h kn[n him long w (t5 exclaim t he is j ! same z he always 04 ,b 9 spite ( ?is1 !y w "k t he is v diff]5t4 ,8 hopes w h dw9dl$ d[n2 ! gl[1 ! col\r1 & ! bright haze w h gone f !m2 ?+s t once amus$ him w amuse him no m3 ?+s he once ?\ght important1 he w consid] we>y trifles2 & if he ?9ks any?+ s]i\s at all1 !y w n be ?+s he ?\ght s]i\s :5 a boy4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! ye>1 & its *ang+ seasons4 ,! hi/ory ( a s+le ye> may be1 9 "o s5se1 said to repeat itself e day4 ,!re is ! same recurr5ce ( light & d>kness1 ( sunrise & ( sunset3 & a man :o _h liv$ only = a mon? or two1 might fancy t ?is recurr5ce 0 complete4 ,b let him live a little long]1 & he w come to see t ?is is n s4 ,sl[ly ?r\gh ! summ] he w beg9 to disc]n a *ange2 until at la/ he c contra/ ! days & nights ( w9t] ) ! days & nights ( summ]1 & see h[ fl[]s t once op5$ fre% e morn+1 n[ nev] op5 or close at all4 ,!n he w see t ! two seasons1 ?\gh 9 _m po9ts s l ea* o!r1 are yet1 9 a f> deep] way1 diff]5t4 ,& s x is ) ! _w's hi/ory4 ,isolate c]ta9 ph5om5a1 & !y d1 )\t d\bt1 repeat !mselves2 b x is only :5 isolat$ t !y c be said to d s4 ,9 _m po9ts ! ,european ?\ght & civilisation ( to-day may seem to be a repetition ( :at has be5 be=e2 we may fancy t we recognise our bro!rs 9 ! pa/1 & t we c1 z ! writ] above quot$ says1 %ake h&s ) !m across ! int]v5+ ye>s4 ,b ?is is really only a deceiv+ fancy1 :5 appli$ to su* deep & univ]sal que/ions z ^? we h n[ to deal )--to religion1 to positive ?\ght1 & to ! wor? ( life4 ,! positivi/s & ! unbeliev]s ( ! mod]n _w1 are n ! same z ^? ( ! anci5t _w4 ,ev5 :5 _! language is id5tical1 !re is an immeasurable gulf betwe5 !m4 ,9 our d5ials & ass]tions !re are c]ta9 new factors1 :i* at once make all su* comp>isons wor?less4 ,! importance ( ^! w by-&-by appe> m cle>ly1 b ,i %all give a brief acc\nt ( !m n[4 ,! fir/ ( ^! factors is ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t va/ & und\bt$ *ange 9 ! _w ( :i* x has be5 at once ! cause & ! index4 ,x has done a "w1 & t "w /ill rema9s3 & we all feel ! effects ( x1 :e!r we w or no4 ,describ$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 t "w has be5 ?is4 ,! sup]natural1 9 ! anci5t _w1 0 some?+ vague & indef9ite3 & ! classical !ologies at any rate1 ?\gh !y 7 to "s ext5t =mal embodim5ts ( x1 c\ld embody really b a v small "p4 ,zeus & ! ,olympian hi]>*ies 7 dimly p]ceiv$ to be encircl$ by "s va/] my/]y2 :i* to ! popul> m9d 0 altoge!r =mless1 & :i* ev5 su* m5 z ,plato c\ld only describe inadequately4 ,! sup]natural 0 l a dim & diffus$ light1 bright] 9 "s places1 & d>k] 9 o!rs1 b focalis$ & conc5trat$ n[h]e4 ,*ri/ianity has focalis$ x1 unit$ into "o ! scatt]$ po9ts ( brightness1 & collect$ o!r rays t 7 be=e altoge!r imp]ceptible4 ,t vague 'idea ( ! good1' ( :i* ,plato said mo/ m5 dimly augur$ ! exi/5ce1 b c\ld n express _! augury1 has be5 giv5 a def9ite %ape to by ,*ri/ianity 9 ! =m ( its ,deity4 ,t ,deity1 f an ext]nal po9t ( view1 may be said to h acquir$ ,8 sov]eignty z did ! ,roman ,cs>4 ,he absorb$ into ,8 own p]son ! (fices ( all ! gods t 7 be=e him1 z ! ,roman ,cs> absorb$ all ! (fices ( ! /ate2 & 9 ,8 case also1 z has be5 said ( ! ,roman ,cs>1 ! :ole 0 immeasurably great] ?an ! m]e sum ( ! p>ts4 ,sci5tifically & philosophically ,he became ! fir/ cause ( ! _w2 ,he became ! fa!r ( ! human s\l1 & its judge2 & :at is m1 its re/ & its delight1 & its desire4 ,"u ! light ( ?is conception1 man appe>$ an ampl] be+4 ,8 ?\ghts 7 = ev] be+ gaz$ on by ! great controll] ( all ?+s2 he 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! ,"l ( lords2 he 0 ( k9 to ! p[] be=e :i* all ! visible _w trembl$2 & e detail 9 ! life ( a human s\l became va/]1 beyond all comp>ison1 ?an ! dep?s ( space & "t4 ,b n only did ! s5se ( man's dignity ?us develop1 & become def9ite4 ,! accompany+ s5se ( 8 degradation became int5s] & m def9ite also4 ,! gloom ( a s5se ( s9 is to be f\nd 9 s*ylus1 b ?is gloom 0 vague & =mless4 ,*ri/ianity gave to x bo? dep? & =m2 only ! despair t might h be5 produc$ 9 ?is way 0 n[ s(t5$ by hope4 ,*ri/ianity has1 9 fact1 decl>$ cle>ly a sup]natural ( :i* m5 be=e 7 m or less ignorantly consci\s4 ,! decl>ation may or may n h be5 a complete "o1 b at any rate x is ! complete/ t ! _w has yet kn[n4 ,& ! practical result is ?is3 :5 we1 9 ^! days1 d5y ! sup]natural1 we are d5y+ x 9 a way 9 :i* x 0 nev] d5i$ be=e4 ,our d5ial is beyond all comp>ison m complete4 ,! sup]natural1 = ! anci5t _w1 0 l a p]fume sc5t+ life1 out ( a hundr$ diff]5t vessels1 ( :i* only two or ?ree 7 visible to ! same m5 or nations4 ,!y !re=e might get rid ( ^!1 & yet ! l>g] "p ( ! sc5t w\ld /ill rema9 to !m4 ,b = u1 x is z ?\gh all ! p]fume _h be5 collect$ into a s+le vessel2 & if we get rid ( ?is1 we %all get rid ( ! sc5t altoge!r4 ,our air w be altoge!r od\rless4 ,! mat]ialism ( ,lucretius is a good in/ance ( ?is4 ,9 _m ways 8 d5ials be> a /rong resemblance to ours4 ,b ! resemblance ceases a little bel[ ! surface4 ,he d5i$ ! !ology ( 8 "t z /rongly z our positive ?9k]s d5y ! !ology ( ours4 ,b ! !ology he d5i$ 0 incomplete & pu]ile4 ,he 0 n d5y+ any ',all-embrac] & ,all-su/a9]1' = he knew ( none su*4 ,& 8 d5ial ( ! gods he did d5y left him room = ! affirmation ( o!rs1 ^: exi/5ce1 if consid]$ accurately1 0 equally inconsi/5t ) 8 own sci5tific premisses4 ,aga91 9 8 d5ial ( any immortality = man1 :at he d5i$ is n ! future t we are d5y+4 ,! only future he knew ( 0 "o a belief 9 :i* _h no influ5ce on u1 except = sadness4 ,x 0 a protraction only ( :at is wor/ 9 life2 x 0 9 no way a completion ( :at is be/ 9 x4 ,b ) u ! case is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,=m]ly ! sup]natural c\ld n be d5i$ completely1 because x 0 n kn[n completely4 ,n to affirm is a v diff]5t ?+ f to d5y4 ,& _m beliefs :i* ! positivi/s ( ! mod]n _w are d5y+1 ! positivi/s ( ! anci5t _w m or less consci\sly liv$ by4 ,next1 !re is ?is po9t to rememb]4 ,:il/ dur+ ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 ! devotion to a sup]natural & extramundane aim has be5 eng5d]+1 z a rec5t writ] has obs]v$ ) indignation1 a degrad+ 'pessimism z to ! ess5tial dignity ( man1'#c ! _w :i* we h be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t disreg>d+ has be5 *ang+ its "* = u4 ,9 a numb] ( ways1 :il/ we h n be5 p]ceiv+ x1 its objective gr&eur has be5 dw9dl+2 & ! imag9ation1 :5 aga9 call$ to ! feat1 _c re9ve/ x ) its old gorge\s col\r+4 ,once ! _w1 ) ! human race1 :o 7 ! ma/]s ( x1 0 a ?+ ( va/ magnitude--! c5tre ( ! :ole creation4 ,! m9d _h no l>g] conceptions t 7 vivid en\gh to dw>f x4 ,b n[ all ?is has *ang$4 ,9 ! words ( a well-kn[n mod]n ,engli% hi/orian1 ',! floor ( heav51 inlaid ) />s1 has sunk back into an inf9ite abyss ( immeasurable space2 & ! firm e>? itself1 unfix$ f its f\ndations1 is se5 to be b a small atom 9 ! awful eas9ess ( ! univ]se4'#d ,! :ole position1 inde$1 is rev]s$4 ,! skies once seem$ to pay ! e>? homage1 & to s]ve x ) light & %elt]4 ,n[ !y d no?+1 s f> z ! imag9ation is conc]n$1 b spurn & dw>f x4 ,& :5 we come to ! details ( ! e>?'s surface itself1 ! case is j ! same4 ,x1 9 its ext5t1 has gr[n little & paltry to u4 ,! wond] & ! my/]y has gone f x4 ,a ,cockney excursioni/ goes r\nd x 9 a holiday trip2 !re are no ,gold5 cities1 t5 mon?s j\rney deep1 ,9 f> ,t>t>ian wilds2#e nor d ! conf9es ( civilisation1 melt z !y once did1 into any unkn[n & unexplor$ wond]l&s4 ,& ?us a l>ge mass ( s5tim5t t 0 once p[]ful 9 ! _w is n[ rapidly dw9dl+1 &1 s f> z we c see1 !re is no?+ t c ev] exactly replace x4 ,patriotism1 = in/ance1 c nev] aga9 be ! religion x 0 to ,a!ns1 or ! pride x 0 to ,rome4 ,m5 are n aw$ & mov$ z once !y 7 by local & mat]ial spl5d\rs4 ,! pride ( life1 x is true1 is /ill eag]ly covet$2 b by ^? at lea/ :o are mo/ famili> ) x1 x is c\rt$ & s\ght = ) a c]ta9 contempt & cynicism4 ,x is treat$ l a c\rtesan1 r ?an l a goddess4 ,:il/ z to ! high] en?usiasm t 0 once excit$ by ext]nal ?+s1 ! _w 9 its pres5t /ate c\ld no m "w itself up to ?is ?an a girl1 aft] ?ree seasons1 c\ld aga9 g = dissipation to h] dolls4 ,%e might look back to ! "t ( dolls ) regret4 ,%e might see t ! int]e/ !y excit$ 9 h] 01 p]haps1 f> m pleas+ ?an any %e _h f\nd 9 love4 ,b ! dolls w\ld nev] rival h] lov]s1 none ! less4 ,& ) man1 & 8 aims & objects1 ! case is j ! same4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t to realise ke5ly ! pot5cy ( a pa/ ideal1 is no indication t practically x w ev] aga9 be p[]ful4 ,briefly1 !n1 ! positive s*ool ( to-day we see ?us f> to be 9 ?is position4 ,x has to make dem&s ^u human life t 7 nev] made be=e2 & human life is1 9 _m ways1 less able ?an x ev] 0 to answ] to !m4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,!re is a ?ird matt] yet left to consid]--a ?ird factor 9 ! case1 peculi> to ! pres5t crisis4 ,t is ! int5se self-consci\sness t is n[ develop$ 9 ! _w1 & :i* is some?+ altoge!r new to x4 ,dur+ ! la/ few g5]ations man has be5 curi\sly *ang+4 ,mu* ( 8 old spontaneity ( action has gone f him4 ,he has become a creature look+ be=e & aft]2 & 8 native hue ( resolution has be5 sickl$ ov] by ?\ght4 ,we admit no?+ n[ )\t "q2 we h le>nt to take to pieces all motives to actions4 ,we n only "k m ?an we h done be=e1 b we are p]petually *ew+ ! cud ( our k4 ,?us positive ?\ght r$uces all religions to ideals creat$ by man2 & z su*1 n only admits t !y h _h va/ influ5ce1 b tea*es u also t we 9 ! future mu/ con/ruct new ideals = ourselves4 ,only !re w be ?is diff]5ce4 ,we %all n[ "k t !y are ideals1 we %all no long] mi/ake !m = objective facts4 ,b our positive ?9k]s =get ?is4 ,!y =get t ! ideals t 7 once active 9 ! _w 7 active among/ p :o ?\ght t !y 7 m ?an ideals1 & :o v c]ta9ly did mi/ake !m = facts2 & !y =get h[ diff]5t _! position w be1 z soon z _! true nature is recognis$4 ,!re is no example1 s f> z ,i "k1 to be f\nd 9 all hi/ory1 ( m5 hav+ be5 /imulat$ or affect$ 9 any important way--none1 at any rate1 ( _! hav+ be5 re/ra9$ or curb$--by a m]e ideal t 0 kn[n to h no reality to correspond to x4 ,a *ild is fright5$ :5 its nurse tells x t a black man w come d[n ! *imney & take x away4 ,! black man1 x is true1 is only an ideal2 & yet ! *ild is affect$4 ,b x w\ld cease to be affect$ ! in/ant x knew ?is4 ,z we g on ) our enquiry ^! consid]ations w become pla9] to u4 ,b en\gh has ev5 n[ be5 said to %[ h[ di/9ct ! pres5t position is f any t h gone be=e x1 & h[ little ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ is really fitt$ to reassure u4 ,greek & ,roman ?\ght 0 positive1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 only 9 a v small degree4 ,! ?\ght ( ! o!r anci5t empires 0 n positive at all4 ,! olde/ civilisation ( :i* any record is left to u--! civilisation ( ,egypt--0 bas$ on a !ism :i*1 ( all o!r !isms1 mo/ ne>ly approa*es ours4 ,& ! doctr9e ( a future life 0 fir/ le>nt by ! ,jews f _! ma/]s dur+ ! ,captivity4 ,we se>* utt]ly 9 va9 ?r\gh hi/ory = any p>allel to our own negations4 ,i h spok5 hi!rto ( ^? peoples only ^: hi/ory m or less directly has affect$ ours4 ,b !re is a va/ portion ( ! human race ) :i*1 r\ghly speak+1 our progress has _h no connection2 & ! religions ( ^! races1 :i* are n[ = ! fir/ "t beg9n+ to be accurately /udi$1 are con/antly be+ appeal$ to 9 support ( ! positive doctr9es4 ,?us x is urg$ by ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 t '! briefe/ outl9e ( ! religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d %[s t cre$s :i* c c\nt m adh]5ts ?an ,*ri/ianity1 & h fl\ri%$ ?r\gh a long] p]iod1 h omitt$ all t makes ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( a future /ate 'valuable 9 ! eyes ( ! support]s2' & ,dr4 ,tyndall po9ts ) ! same delight$ confid5ce to ! gospel ( ,buddhism1 z "o ( 'pure human e?ics1 divorc$ n only f ,brahma & ! ,brahm9ic ,tr9ity1 b ev5 f ! exi/5ce ( ,god4'#f ,_m o!r su* appeals are made to :at are some:at vaguely call$ '! multitud9\s cre$s ( ! ,ea/2' b x is to ,buddhism1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 t !y w\ld all seem to apply4 ,let u n[ consid] ! real result ( !m4 ,our positivi/s h appeal$ to ,buddhism1 & to ,buddhism !y %all c]ta9ly g4 ,x is "o ( ! va/e/ & mo/ significant ( all human facts4 ,b its significance is some:at diff]5t f :at x is popul>ly suppos$ to be4 ,t ! ,buddhi/ religion has _h a wide hold on ! _w is true4 ,inde$1 =ty p] c5t4 ( ! :ole human race at ?is mom5t pr(ess x4 ,except ! ,judaic1 x is ! olde/ ( exi/+ cre$s2 & beyond all comp>ison x numb]s mo/ adh]5ts4 ,& x is q true also t x does n1 9 its pure /ate1 base its tea*+ on ! belief 9 any p]sonal ,god1 or (f] z an end ( action any happ9ess 9 any immortal life4 ,b x does n = ?is reason be> any real resemblance to our mod]n ,we/]n positivism1 nor give x any reason to be sangu9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is mo/ absolutely oppos$ to x2 & its success is due to doctr9es :i* ,we/]n positivism mo/ emphatically repudiates4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s f> f be+ bas$ on exact ?\ght1 ,buddhism takes = its v f\ndation f\r great my/]ies1 t are explicitly beyond ! rea* ei!r ( pro( or reason2 & ( ^! ! =emo/ & mo/ intelligible is ! transmigration & r5ewal ( ! exi/5ce ( ! individual4 ,x is by ?is my/ical doctr9e1 & by ?is alone1 t ,buddhism ga9s a hold on ! common he>t ( man4 ,?is is ! great fulcrum ( its lev]4 ,!n fur!r--& ?is is m important /ill--:]eas ! doctr9e ( ,we/]n positivism is t human life is good1 or may be made good2 & t 9 ! possibility ( ! enjoym5t ( x consi/s ! great /imulus to action2 ! doctr9e ( ,buddhism is t human life is evil1 & t man's "r aim is n to gratify1 b to ext+ui%1 8 desire = x4 ,love1 = in/ance1 z ,i h said be=e1 is by mo/ ,we/]n positivi/s held to be a high bless+4 ,buddhism tells u we %\ld avoid x 'z ?\gh x 7 a pit ( burn+ coals4' ,! mo/ influ5tial positive writ] 9 ,engl&#g has said3 ',i desire no future t w break ! ties ( ! pa/4' ,buddhism says t we %\ld desire no pres5t t w create any ties = ! future4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,buddhi/ tea*+ is ! int5se mis]y ( life2 ! rew>d ( ,buddhi/ hol9ess is to1 at la/1 live no long]4 ,if we die 9 our s9s1 we %all be oblig$ to live aga9 on ! e>?2 & x w n be1 p]haps1 till aft] _m lives t ! necessity = fre% bir?s w be exhau/$4 ,b :5 we h atta9$ p]fection1 ! evil spell is brok52 & '!n ! wise man1' x is said1 'is ext+ui%$ z ?is lamp4' ,! highe/ life 0 "o ( seclusion & asceticism4 ,! f\nd] ( ,buddhism 0 met1 dur+ 8 fir/ prea*+1 ) ! objection t 8 sy/em1 if c>ri$ out fully1 w\ld be ! ru9 & ! ext]m9ation ( humanity4 ,& he did n d5y ! *>ge2 b said t :at 8 que/ion]s call$ ru91 0 9 reality ! highe/ good4 ,x is !n h>d to conceive an appeal m s+ul>ly infelicit\s ?an t :i* our mod]n positivi/s make to ,buddhism4 ,x is ! appeal ( optimi/s to invet]ate pessimi/s1 & ( exact ?9k]s to invet]ate my/ics4 ,if ! consid]ation ( x tells u any?+ ( importance1 x tells u ?is--t by f> ! l>ge/ mass ( mank9d t has ev] be5 unit$ by a s+le cre$ has explicitly d5i$ e *ief po9t t our ,we/]n tea*]s ass]t4 ,s f> !n f help+ to close ! "q we are to deal )--! "q z to ! positive wor? ( life1 ! te/imony ( ,buddhism1 if x be ( any weight at all1 c only g to conv9ce u t ! "q is at once new & op5--new1 because x has nev] yet be5 ask$ s fully2 & op51 because 9 s f> z x has be5 ask$1 ne>ly half mank9d has repudiat$ ! answ] t we are s desir\s ( giv+ x4 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 calls ,buddhism 'a /up5d\s fact1' & ,i q agree ) him t x is s2 b tak5 9 connection ) ! pres5t philosophy ( ,europe1 x is h>dly a fact to /r5g!n our confid5ce 9 ! ess5tial dignity ( man1 or ! wor? ( man's life4 ,9 %ort1 ! m we consid] ! matt]1 & ! m v>i\s ! po9ts f :i* we d s1 ! m pla9 w x become to u t ! problem ! pres5t age is confront$ by is an altoge!r unansw]$ "o2 & t ! close/ seem+ p>allels to be f\nd among/ o!r times & races1 h f> less really ( p>allelism 9 !m ?an ( contra/4 ,! pa? ( ?\ght1 z x 71 has tak5 a sudd5 turn r\nd a m\nta92 & our bewild]$ eyes are />+ on an undream$-( prospect4 ,! lead]s ( progress ?us f> h greet$ ! sight ) acclamation1 & h confid5tly decl>$ t we are look+ on ! promis$ l&4 ,b to ! m ?\ghtful1 & to ! less impulsive1 x is pla9 t a mi/ hangs ov] x1 & t we h no "r to be sure :e!r x is ! promis$ l& or no4 ,!y see grave reasons = mak+ a clos] scrut9y1 & = ask+ if1 :5 ! mi/ lifts1 :at we see w be n spl5d\r1 b desolation4 ,su*1 9 brief outl9e1 is ! "q we are to deal )4 ,we w n[ g on to approa* x 9 a m detail$ way4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,vide ,sophocles1 ,o,edipus ,coloneus4 #b ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 ^: /udy ( hi/ory leads him to reg>d ,ca?olicism z no?+ m ?an an 'episode' 9 ! hi/ory ( ,we/]n progress4 #c ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison4 #d ,mr4 ,fr\de1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *ap4 i4 #e ,wordswor?4 #f ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,tyndall f ,pr(essor ,blackie4 #g ,george ,eliot4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,prize ,,( ,,life4 ',! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto a treasure hid 9 a field4' ,hav+ ?us se5 broadly :at is meant by t claim = life t we are ab\t to analyse1 we mu/ n[ exam9e x m m9utely1 z made by ! positive s*ool !mselves4 ,?is w at once make evid5t "o important po9t4 ,! wor? 9 "q is closely b\nd up ) :at we call morality4 ,9 ?is respect our d5i]s ( ! sup]natural claim to be on z firm a foot+ z ! believ]s 9 x4 ,!y w n admit t ! e>ne/ness ( life is less5$ = !m2 or t !y h op5$ any door ei!r to levity or to lic5ti\sness4 ,x is true inde$ t x is all[$ occasionally t ! loss ( a fai? 9 ,god1 & ( ! life 9 a future1 may1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be a real loss to u4 ,o!rs aga9 cont5d t ?is loss is a ga94 ,su* views z ^!1 h[ev]1 are n mu* to ! purpose4 ,= ^? ev51 accord+ to :om life has lo/ mo/ 9 ?is way1 d n consid] ! loss a v important1 /ill less a fatal "o4 ,! good is /ill to be an aim = u1 & our devotion to x w be m valuable because x w be q dis9t]e/$4 ,?us ,dr4 ,tyndall in=ms u t ?\gh he has n[ reject$ ! religion ( 8 e>li] ye>s1 yet grant+ him prop] heal? ( body1 !re is 'no spiritual exp]i5ce1' su* z he !n knew1 'no resolve ( duty1 no ^w ( m]cy1 no act ( self-r5\ncem5t1 no solemnity ( ?\ght1 no joy 9 ! life & aspects ( nature1 t w\ld n /ill be' 84 ,! same is ! implicit tea*+ ( all ,george ,eliot's novels2 :il/ ,pr(essor ,huxley tells u t come :at may to our 'intellectual beliefs & ev5 education1' '! beauty ( hol9ess & ! ugl9ess ( s9' w rema9 = ^? t h eyes to see !m1 'no m]e metaphors1 b real & int5se feel+s4' ,^! are b a few examples1 b ! view ( life !y illu/rate is s well kn[n t ^! few w suffice4 ,! po9t on :i* ! mod]n positivi/ s*ool is mo/ vehem5t1 is t x does n de/roy1 b t on ! contr>y x int5sifies1 ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,& n[ let u consid] :at1 accord+ to all positive !ories1 ?is supremacy ( morality means4 ,x means t !re is a c]ta9 c\rse ( active life1 & a c]ta9 c\rse only1 by :i* life c be made by ev]yone a beautiful & a noble ?+3 & life is call$ e>ne/1 because su* a prize is )9 our rea*1 & solemn because !re is a risk t we may fail to rea* x4 ,7 ?is n s1 "r & wrong c\ld h no g5]al & objective mean+4 ,!y w\ld be purely p]sonal matt]s--m]e mislead+ names1 9 fact1 = ! private likes & ! dislikes ( ea* ( u2 & to talk ( "r1 & good1 & morality1 z ?+s t we ought all to con=m to1 & to live by1 w\ld be simply to talk nons5se4 ,:at ! v exi/5ce ( a moral sy/em implies is1 t :atev] may be our p]sonal incl9ations naturally1 !re is "s common patt]n to :i* !y %\ld be all adju/$2 ! reason be+ t we %all s all become p>tak]s 9 "s common happ9ess1 :i* is great] beyond comp>ison ?an e o!r k9d4 ,"h we are pres5t$ ) two obvi\s tasks3 ! fir/1 to enquire :at ?is happ9ess is1 :at are ! qualities & attractions g5]ally ascrib$ to x2 ! second1 to analyse x1 z x is ?us held up to u1 & to see if its pr(ess$ +r$i5ts are suffici5t to make up ! result4 ,to proce$ !n1 all moral sy/ems mu/1 z we h j se51 po/ulate "s end ( action1 an end to :i* morality is ! only road4 ,fur!r1 ?is end is ! "o ?+ 9 life t is really wor? atta9+2 & s9ce we h to d ) no life o!r ?an ?is "o1 x mu/ be f\nd among/ ! days & ye>s ( :i* ?is %ort life is ! aggregate4 ,on ! adequacy ( ?is univ]sal end dep5ds ! :ole "q ( ! positive wor? ( life1 & ! ess5tial dignity ( man4 ,t ?is is at lea/ "o way ( /at+ ! case has be5 (t5 ackn[l$g$ by ! positive morali/s !mselves4 ,! foll[+ passage1 = in/ance1 is f ! autobiography ( ,j4,s4 ,mill4 ',f ! w9t] ( #ahba1' he writes1 ':5 ,i fir/ read ,b5?am4444 ,i _h :at might truly be call$ an object 9 life1 to be a re=m] ( ! _w4444 ,i endeav\r$ to pick up z _m fl[]s z ,i c\ld by ! way2 b z a s]i\s & p]man5t p]sonal satisfaction to re/ ^u1 my :ole reliance 0 plac$ on ?is4444 ,b ! "t came :5 ,i awak5$ f ?is z f a dream4444 ,x occurr$ to me to put ! "q directly to myself3 ,suppose t all y\r objects 9 life realis$2 t all ! *anges 9 in/itutions & op9ions :i* y 7 look+ =w>d to1 c\ld be completely effect$ 9 ?is v in/ant1 w\ld ?is be a v great joy & happ9ess to y8 ,& an irrepressible self-consci\sness di/9ctly answ]$ ,no6 ,at ?is my he>t sank )9 me3 ! :ole f\ndation on :i* my life 0 con/ruct$ fell d[n4444 ,! end _h ceas$ to *>m1 & h[ c\ld !re ev] aga9 be any int]e/ 9 ! means8 ,i seem$ to h no?+ left to live =4444 ,! l9es 9 ,col]idge's ,dejection exactly describe my case3-- ,o grief )\t a pang1 void1 d>k & dre>1 ,a dre>y1 /ifl$1 unimpassion$ grief1 ,:i* f9ds no natural outlet nor relief ,9 ^w1 or sigh1 or te>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"w )\t hope draws nect> 9 a sieve1 ,& life )\t an object _c live4' ,& ! =ego+ confession is made m significant by ! au?or's subsequ5t comm5t on x4 ',?\gh my dejection1' he says1 'hone/ly look$ at1 c\ld n be call$ o!r ?an egoti/ical1 produc$ by ! ru91 z ,i ?\ght1 ( my fabric ( happ9ess1 yet ! de/9y ( mank9d 0 ev] 9 my ?\ghts1 & c\ld n be sep>at$ f my own4 ,i felt t ! flaw 9 my life mu/ be a flaw 9 life itself2 & t ! "q 0 :e!r1 if ! re=m]s ( society & gov]nm5t c\ld succe$ 9 _! objects1 & e p]son 9 ! community 7 free1 & 9 a /ate ( physical com=t1 ! pleasures ( life be+ no long] kept up by /ruggle & privation1 w\ld cease to be pleasures4 ,& ,i felt t unless ,i c\ld see "s bett] hope ?an ?is = human happ9ess 9 g5]al1 my dejection mu/ cont9ue4' ,x is true t 9 ,mill's case ! dejection did n cont9ue2 & t 9 c]ta9 ways at :i* x is n yet "t to t\*1 he succe$$1 to 8 own satisfaction1 9 f9d+ ! end he 0 ?us ask+ =4 ,i only quote him to %[ h[ necess>y he consid]$ su* an end to be4 ,he ackn[l$g$ ! fact1 n only !oretically1 or ) 8 lips1 b by mon?s ( mis]y1 by int]mitt5t ?\ghts ( suicide1 & by ye>s ( recurr+ melan*oly4 ,"s ultimate end ( action1 "s k9d ( satisfy+ happ9ess--?is1 & ?is alone1 he felt1 c\ld give any mean+ to "w1 or make possible any k9d ( virtue4 ,& a yet lat] au?ority has told u precisely ! same ?+4 ,he has told u t ! "o great "q t education is ( value = answ]+1 is ?is v "q t 0 s e>ne/ly ask$ by ,mill4 ',! ultimate end ( education1' says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 'is to promote morality & ref9em5t1 by tea*+ m5 to discipl9e !mselves1 & by lead+ !m to see t ! highe/1 z x is ! only cont5t1 is to be atta9$ n by grovell+ 9 ! rank & /eam+ valleys ( s5se1 b by cont9ually /riv+ t[>ds ^? high peaks1 :]e1 re/+ 9 et]nal calm1 reason disc]ns ! undef9$ b bright ideal ( ! highe/ good--a cl\d by day1 a pill> ( fire by night4' ,& ^! words are an excell5t specim5 ( ! g5]al moral exhortations ( ! new s*ool4 ,n[ all ?is is v well z f> z x goes2 & 7 !re n "o ?+ lack+1 x w\ld be j ! answ] t we are at pres5t s anxi\s to elicit4 ,b ! "o ?+ lack+1 is en\gh to make x valueless4 ,x may mean a great deal2 b !re is no possibility ( say+ exactly :at x means4 ,be=e we c beg9 to /rive t[>ds ! 'highe/ good1' we mu/ "k some?+ ( :at ?is 'highe/ good' is4 ,we mu/ make ?is 'high] ideal' /& & unfold itself4 ,if x _c be made to d ?is1 if x vani%es into mi/ z we ne> x1 & takes a diff]5t %ape to ea* ( u z we rec$e f x2 /ill m1 if only "s c see x1 & to o!rs x is q invisible--!n we mu/ simply set x d[n z an illusion1 & wa/e no m "t 9 pursuit ( x4 ,b t x is n an illusion is ! great positivi/ claim = x4 ,heav5 & ! love ( ,god1 we are told1 7 illusions4 ,?is 'highe/ good' we are (f]$1 /&s out 9 cle> contradi/9ction to ^!4 ,x is an actual atta9able ?+1 a ?+ = fle% & blood creatures2 x is to be won & enjoy$ by !m 9 _! common daily life4 ,x is1 z its prophets di/9ctly & unanim\sly tell u1 "s =m ( happ9ess t results 9 ?is life to u1 f c]ta9 conduct2 x is a ?+ ess5tially = ! pres5t2 & 'x is obvi\sly1' says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 '9 no way affect$ by abbreviation or prolongation ( our consci\s life4' ,?is be+ ! case1 x is cle>ly n unreasonable to dem& "s explicit acc\nt ( x2 or if no s\nd acc\nt ( x be extant1 to enquire dilig5tly :at sort ( acc\nt ( x is possible4 ,& let x be rememb]$ t to make ?is dem& is 9 no way to violate ! great rule ( ,ari/otle1 & to dem& a great] accuracy ?an ! nature ( ! subject w admit (4 ,! 'highe/ good1' x is q possible1 may be a vague ?+2 n capable1 l a figure 9 ,euclid1 ( be+ def9$ exactly4 ,b _m vague ?+s c be describ$ exactly en\gh = all practical purposes4 ,!y c be describ$ s t we at once "k :at is meant1 & s t we c at once f9d & recognise !m4 ,feel+s1 *>act]s1 & p]sonal appe>ance are ?+s ( ?is sort2 s too is ! ta/e ( food1 ! /yle ( furniture1 or ! g5]al tone & t5\r ( our life1 "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,& ! 'good' we are n[ consid]+ c surely be n less describable ?an ^!4 ,:5 !re=e our exact ?9k]s speak to u ab\t ! highe/ happ9ess1 we want to "k :at mean+ !y atta* to ! words4 ,has ,pr(essor ,huxley1 = in/ance1 ev] enjoy$ x himself1 or does he ev] hope to d s8 ,if s1 :51 :]e1 & h[8 ,:at mu/ be done to get x1 & :at mu/ be left undone8 ,& :5 x is got1 :at w x be l8 ,is x some?+ brief1 raptur\s1 & int]mitt5t1 z ! language (t5 us$ ab\t x might seem to sugge/ to "o8 ,is x kn[n only 9 brief mom5ts ( ,neoplatonic ec/asy1 to :i* all ! acts ( life %\ld be /epp+ /ones8 ,x c]ta9ly _c be t4 ,our exact ?9k]s are ess5tially no my/ics1 & ! highe/ happ9ess mu/ be some?+ f> m solid ?an transc5d5tal ec/asies4 ,surely1 !re=e1 if x exi/s at all we mu/ be able some:]e to lay our h&s ^u x4 ,x is a pill> ( fire by night2 surely !n x w be visible4 ,x is to be lift$ up1 & is to draw all m5 unto x4 ,x is no?+ if n ?is3 & we %all see m cle>ly if we consid] ! matt] fur!r4 ,?is *ief good1 or ?is highe/ happ9ess1 be+ ! end ( moral action1 "o po9t ab\t x is at once evid5t4 ,its value is ( c\rse recognis$ by ^? :o practise morality1 or :o enunciate moral sy/ems4 ,virtu\s m5 are virtu\s because ! end ga9$ by virtue is an end t !y desire to ga94 ,b ?is is n en\gh2 x is n en\gh t to m5 :o are already seek+ ! good ! good %\ld appe> 9 all its full attractiv5ess4 ,x mu/ be capable ( be+ made attractive = ^? :o d n "k x1 & :o h nev] s\ght x1 b :o h1 on ! contr>y1 always turn$ away f ev]y?+ t is suppos$ to lead to x4 ,x mu/ be able1 9 o!r words1 n only to satisfy ! virtu\s ( ! wisdom ( _! virtue1 x mu/ be able to conv9ce ! vici\s ( ! folly ( _! vice4 ,vice is only bad 9 ! eye ( ! positive morali/ because ( ! preci\s some?+ t we are at ! pres5t mom5t los+ by x4 ,he c only conv9ce u ( our error by giv+ u "s picture ( our loss4 ,& he mu/ be able to d ?is1 if 8 sy/em is wor? any?+2 & 9 promulgat+ 8 sy/em he pr(esses t he c d x4 ,! physician's "w is to heal ! sick2 8 skill mu/ n end 9 expla9+ 8 own heal?4 ,x is cle> t if a morality is incapable ( be+ prea*$1 x is useless to say t x is wor?y ( be+ practis$4 ,! /atem5t w be mean+less1 except to ^? = :om x is sup]flu\s4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial to ! moral end t 9 "s way or o!r x be g5]ally pres5table1 s t its excell5ce %all appeal to "s common s5se 9 man4 ,& aga91 be x obs]v$1 t we are dem&+ no ma!matical accuracy4 ,we dem& only t ! pres5tation %all be accurate en\gh to let u recognise its correspond+ fact 9 life4 ,n[ :at is a code ( morals1 & :y has ! _w any ne$ ( "o8 ,a code ( morals is a numb] ( re/ra9+ ord]s2 x rigor\sly bids u walk 9 c]ta9 pa?s4 ,b :y8 ,:at is ! use ( bidd+ u8 ,because !re are a numb] ( o!r pa?s t we are naturally incl9$ to walk 94 ,! "r pa? is "r because x leads to ! highe/ k9d ( happ9ess2 ! wrong pa?s are wrong because !y lead to l[] k9ds ( happ9ess4 ,b :5 m5 *oose vice in/ead ( virtue1 :at is happ5+8 ,!y are consid]+ ! l[] or ! less] happ9ess bett] ?an ! great] or ! high]4 ,x is ?is mi/ake t is ! ess5ce & cause ( immorality2 x is ?is mi/ake t mank9d is ev] incl9$ to make1 & x is only because ( ?is incl9ation t any moral sy/em is ( any g5]al value4 ,7 we all naturally incl9$ to morality1 ! analysis ( x1 x is true1 might h great speculative int]e/2 b a moral sy/em w\ld n be ne$$ z x is = a great practical purpose4 ,! law1 z we all "k1 has aris5 because ( transgressions1 & ! morali/ has to m$dle ) human nature ma9ly because x is incon/ant & corrupt$4 ,x is a wild horse t has n s mu* to be brok51 once = all1 z to be driv5 & re9$ 9 p]petually4 ,& ! art ( ! morali/ is1 by op5+ ! m9d's eye to ! true end ( life1 to make u %>ply consci\s ( :at we lose by los+ x4 ,& ! m5 to :om we %all *iefly want to pres5t ?is end are n m51 let u rememb]1 :o desire to see x1 or :o w seek = x ( _! own accord1 b m5 :o are turn$ away f x1 & on ^: sight x mu/ be ?ru/4 ,x is n ! righte\s b ! s9n]s t h to be call$ to rep5tance4 ,& n ?is only3 n only mu/ ! end 9 "q be ?us pres5table1 b :5 pres5t$ x mu/ be able to /& ! invet]ate criticism ( ^? :o fe> be+ allur$ by x1 :o are cont5t z !y are1 & h no wi% to be made discont5t$4 ,^! m5 w submit x to e te/ by :i* !y may hope to prove t its attractions are delusive4 ,!y w te/ x ) reason1 z we te/ a metal by an acid4 ,!y w ask :at x is bas$ ^u1 & ( :at x is comp\nd$4 ,!y w submit x to an analysis z m]ciless z t by :i* _! advis]s h dissolv$ !ism4 ,"h !n is a fact t all positive morality presupposes4 ,x presupposes t life by its v nature conta9s ! possibility 9 x ( "s "o k9d ( happ9ess1 :i* is op5 to all m51 & :i* is bett] ?an all o!rs4 ,x is suffici5tly pres5table ev5 to ^? :o h n exp]i5c$ x2 & its excell5ce is n vaguely app>5t only1 b c be exactly prov$ f obvi\s & ackn[l$g$ facts4 ,fur!r1 ?is happ9ess mu/ be remov$ f its alt]natives by "s v great int]val4 ,! pr\de/1 ! s]5e/1 ! mo/ successful life ( vice1 mu/ be mis]able :5 comp>$ ) ! mo/ pa9ful life ( virtue1 & mis]able 9 a v high degree2 = morality is mom5t\s exactly 9 proportion to ! int]val betwe5 ! ?+s to be ga9$ & escap$ by x4 ,& unless ?is int]val be a v pr(\nd "o1 ! language at pres5t curr5t z to ! importance ( virtue1 ! dignity ( life1 & ! e>ne/ness ( ! moral /ruggle1 w be altoge!r ov]/ra9$ & ludicr\s4 ,n[ is su* a happ9ess a reality or is x a my?8 ,t is ! great "q4 ,c human life1 cut (f utt]ly f e hope beyond itself--c human life supply x8 ,if x _c1 !n evid5tly !re c be no morality )\t religion4 ,b p]haps x c4 ,p]haps life has great] capacities ?an we h hi!rto giv5 x cr$it =4 ,p]haps ?is happ9ess may be really close at h& = ea* ( u1 & we h only ov]look$ x hi!rto because x 0 too directly be=e our eyes4 ,at all ev5ts1 :]ev] x is let x be po9t$ out to u4 ,x is useless1 z we h se51 if n g5]ally pres5table4 ,to ^? :o mo/ ne$ x1 x is useless until pres5t$4 ,inde$1 until x is pres5t$ we are b act+ on ! maxim ( its advocates by refus+ to believe 9 its exi/5ce4 ',no simplicity ( m9d1' says ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 'no obscurity ( /ation1 c escape ! univ]sal duty ( que/ion+ all t we believe4' ,! "q1 !n1 t we want answ]$ has by ?is "t1 ,i ?9k1 be5 /at$ ) suffici5t cle>ness1 & its importance & its legitimacy be5 plac$ beyond a d\bt4 ,i %all n[ g on to expla9 9 detail h[ completely unsatisfactory are ! answ]s t are at pres5t giv5 x2 h[ x is evad$ by "s & begg$ by o!rs2 & h[ ^? t are mo/ plausible are really made wor?less1 by a subtle b pr(\nd defect4 ,^! answ]s divide !mselves into two classes1 :i*1 ?\gh inv>iably confus$ by ^? t give !m1 are 9 reality q di/9ct & sep>able4 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s ( our positive ?9k]s1 %all help u to und]/& ^!4 ,he is go+ to tell u1 let u rememb]1 ab\t ! 'highe/ good'--! happ9ess1 9 o!r words1 t we h j be5 discuss+--! secret ( our life's wor?1 & ! te/ ( all our conduct4 ,?is happ9ess he divides into two k9ds4#h ,he says t !re are two ?+s t we may mean :5 we speak ab\t x4 ,we may mean ! happ9ess ( a society ( m51 or we may mean ! happ9ess ( ! memb]s ( t society4 ,& :5 we speak ( morality1 we may mean two ?+s also2 & ^! two ?+s mu/ be kept di/9ct4 ,we may mean :at ,pr(essor ,huxley calls 'social morality1' & ( ?is ! te/ & object is ! happ9ess ( societies2 or we may mean :at he calls 'p]sonal morality1' & ( ?is ! te/ & object is ! happ9ess ( individuals4 ,& ! answ]s :i* our positive morali/s make to u divide !mselves into two classes1 accord+ to ! sort ( happ9ess !y ref] to4 ,x is be=e all ?+s important t ?is division be und]/ood1 & be kept q cle> 9 our m9ds1 if we w\ld see hone/ly :at our positive mod]n sy/ems am\nt to4 ,= :at makes !m at pres5t s v h>d to deal )1 is ! fact t _! expon5ts are p]petually p]plex+ !mselves betwe5 ^! two classes ( answ]s1 fir/ giv+ "o1 & !n ! o!r1 & imag9+ t1 by a k9d ( confusion ( sub/ance1 !y c bo? af=d solutions ( ! same que/ions4 ,?us !y cont9ually speak ( life z ?\gh its cr[n+ a*ievem5t 7 "s k9d ( p]sonal happ9ess2 & !n be+ ask$ to expla9 ! nature & basis ( ?is1 !y at once %ift _! gr\nd1 & talk to u ( ! laws & conditions ( social happ9ess4 ,pr(essor ,huxley w aga9 supply u ) a v excell5t example4 ,he />ts ) ! !sis t bo? sorts ( morality are /rong en\gh to hold _! own1 )\t sup]natural aid2 & :5 we look to see on :at gr\nd he holds !y are1 we f9d x to consi/ 9 ! foll[+ explanation t "o is4 ',giv51' he says1 'a society ( human be+s "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & ! "q :e!r a p>ticul> action on ! "p ( "o ( its memb]s w t5d to increase ! g5]al happ9ess or n1 is a "q ( natural k1 & z su* is a p]fectly legitimate subject ( sci5tific inquiry4444 ,if x c be %[n by obs]vation or exp]im5t1 t !ft1 murd]1 & adult]y d n t5d to dim9i% ! happ9ess ( society1 !n1 9 ! abs5ce ( any b natural k1 !y are n social immoralities4' ,n[1 9 ! above passage we h at lea/ "o ?+4 ,we h a %ort epitome ( "o ( ^? classes ( answ]s t our positive morali/s are (f]+ u4 ,x is ) ?is class t ,i %all deal 9 ! foll[+ *apt]2 & po9t out z briefly z may be its complete irrelevance4 ,aft] t1 ,i %all g on to ! o!r4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,vide ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #ecf1 #ecg4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,sociology ,,z ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,morality4 ,society1 says ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 is ! highe/ ( all organisms2#i & its organic nature1 he tells u1 is "o ( ^? great facts :i* our own g5]ation has be5 ! fir/ to /ate rationally4 ,x is our und]/&+ ( ?is t enables u to supply morals ) a positive basis4 ,x is1 he proce$s1 because society is organic1 't actions :i*1 z individual1 are insignificant1 are mass$ toge!r into 444 important movem5ts4 ,co-op]ation or b&-"w is ! life ( x4' ,& 'x is ! practice ( b&-"w1' he adds1 t1 unkn[n till lately ?\gh its nature 0 to u1 has s m\ld$ man z 'to create 9 him two specially human faculties1 ! consci5ce & ! intellect2' ( :i* ! =m]1 we are told1 gives u ! desire = ! good1 & ! latt] in/ructs u h[ to atta9 ?is desire by action4 ,s too ,pr(essor ,huxley1 once m to recur to him1 says t t /ate ( man w\ld be 'a true civitas ,dei1 9 :i* ea* man's moral faculty %all be su* z leads him to control all ^? desires :i* run c\nt] to ! good ( mank9d4' ,& ,j4,s4 ,mill1 ^: d\bts z to ! value ( life we h already dwelt ^u1 pr(ess$ to h at la/ satisfi$ himself by a precisely simil> answ]4 ,he _h nev] 'wav]$ 9 ! conviction1' he tells u1 ev5 all ?r\gh 8 p]plexity1 t1 if life _h any value at all1 'happ9ess' 0 its "o 'end1' & ! 'te/ ( its rule ( conduct2' b he n[ ?\ght t ?is end 0 to be atta9$ by n mak+ x ! direct end1 b 'by fix+ ! m9d on "s object o!r ?an "o's own happ9ess2 on ! happ9ess ( o!rs--on ! improvem5t ( mank9d4' ,! same ?+ is be+ told u on all sides1 & 9 c\ntless ways4 ,! common "n = ?is !ory is ,utilit>ianism2 & its great boa/1 & its special pr(ess$ /r5g?1 is t x gives morals a positive basis 9 ! ackn[l$g$ sci5ce ( sociology4 ,:e!r sociology c really supply su* a basis is :at we n[ h to enquire4 ,!re are _m practical rules = :i* x no d\bt c d s2 b w ^! rules correspond ) :at we mean by morals8 ,n[ ! prov9ce ( ! sociologi/1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 is cle> en\gh4 ,8 /udy is to ! social body :at ! /udy ( ! physician is to ! individual body4 ,x is ! /udy ( human action z productive1 or non-productive1 ( "s c]ta9 g5]al good4 ,b "h comes ! po9t at issue--,:at is ?is g5]al good1 & :at is includ$ by x8 ,! positive s*ool cont5d t x is g5]al happ9ess2 & !re1 !y say1 is ! answ] to ! great "q--,:at is ! te/ ( conduct1 & ! true end ( life8 ,b ?\gh1 z we %all see 9 ano!r mom5t1 !re is "s plausibility 9 ?is1 !re is really no?+ 9 x ( ! special answ] we want4 ,our "q is1 ,:at is ! true happ9ess8 ,& :at is ! answ] ?us f>8--,t ! true happ9ess is g5]al happ9ess2 t x is ! happ9ess ( m5 9 societies2 t x is happ9ess equally di/ribut$4 ,b ?is avails u no?+4 ,! covet$ happ9ess is /ill a lock$ casket4 ,we "k no?+ z yet ( its cont5ts4 ,a happy society nei!r does nor c mean any?+ b a numb] ( happy individuals1 s organis$ t _! individual happ9ess is secur$ to !m4 ,b :at d ! individuals want8 ,be=e we c try to secure x = !m1 we mu/ "k t4 ,grant$ t we "k :at w make ! individuals happy1 !n we %all "k :at w make society happy4 ,& !n social morality w be1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley says1 a p]fectly legitimate subject ( sci5tific enquiry--!n1 b n till !n4 ,b ?is is :at ! positive s*ool are p]petually los+ sight (2 & ! reason ( ! confusion is n f> to seek4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 x is q true1 ! g5]al good is a suffici5tly obvi\s matt]1 & beyond ! rea* ( any rational dispute4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 c]ta9 rules ) reg>d to conduct t we c arrive at & ju/ify by /rictly sci5tific me?ods4 ,we c demon/rate t !re are c]ta9 actions :i* we mu/ nev] tol]ate1 & :i* we mu/ jo9 toge!r1 z be/ we may1 to suppress4 ,actions1 = in/ance1 t w\ld t5d to g5]ate pe/il5ce1 or to de/roy our good fai? 9 our fell[s1 or to r5d] our lives & prop]ty insecure1 are actions ! badness ( :i* c be sci5tifically v]ifi$4 ,b ! g5]al good by :i* ^! actions are te/$ is some?+ q di/9ct f happ9ess1 ?\gh x und\bt$ly has a close connection ) x4 ,x is no k9d ( happ9ess1 high or l[1 9 p>ticul>2 x is simply ^? negative conditions requir$ equally by e k9d4 ,if we are to be happy 9 any way1 no matt] :at1 we mu/ ( c\rse h our lives1 &1 next to our lives1 our heal? & our possessions secur$ to u4 ,b to secure u ^! does n secure u happ9ess4 ,x simply leaves u free to secure x1 if we c1 = ourselves4 ,once let u h "s common agreem5t z to :at ?is happ9ess is1 we may !n be able to =mulate o!r rules = atta9+ x4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* agreem5t1 ! only possible aim ( social morality1 ! only possible mean+ ( ! g5]al good1 is n any k9d or any k9ds ( happ9ess1 b ! security ( ^? conditions )\t :i* all happ9ess w\ld be impossible4 ,suppose ! human race 7 a set ( can>ies 9 a cage1 & t we 7 9 grave d\bt z to :at se$ to give !m--hemp-se$1 rape-se$1 or can>y-se$1 or all ?ree mix$ 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,t w\ld exactly repres5t ! /ate ( our case ?us f>4 ,!re is ! "q t we want ! positive s*ool to answ]4 ,x is surely evid5t t1 9 ?is p]plexity1 x is beside ! po9t to tell u t ! birds mu/ n peck ea* o!r's eyes out1 & t !y mu/ all h access to ! tr\gh t we are ignorant h[ to fill4 ,! fault !n1 s cont9ually committ$ by ! positive s*ool1 is ?is4 ,!y confuse ! negative conditions ( happ9ess ) ! positive mat]ials ( x4 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 a passage ,i h already quot$1 is caught1 s to speak1 9 ! v act ( committ+ x4 ',!ft1 murd]1 & adult]y1' all ^! ?ree1 x w be rememb]$1 he classes toge!r1 & seems to ?9k t !y /& ^u ! same foot+4 ,b f :at has j be5 po9t$ out1 x is pla9 t !y d n d s4 ,we condemn !ft & murd] = "o reason4 ,we condemn adult]y = q ano!r4 ,we condemn ! =m] because !y are incompatible ) any =m ( happ9ess4 ,we condemn ! latt] because x is ! suppos$ de/ruction ( "o p>ticul> =m2 or ! sub/itution1 r1 ( a =m suppos$ to be less complete1 = ano!r =m suppos$ to be m complete4 ,if ! 'highe/ good1' if ! be/ k9d ( happ9ess1 be ! end we are 9 se>* (1 ! tru?s ( sociology w help u b a v %ort way t[>ds x4 ,by ! practice ( 'b&-"w' alone we %all nev] le>n to con/ruct a 'true ,civitas ,dei4' ,b&-"w ) ! same p]fection may be practis$ = opposite ends4 ,s5d an army 9 a j w> or an unju/ "o1 9 ei!r case x w ne$ ! same discipl9e4 ,!re mu/ be ord] among/ ?ieves1 z well z among/ hone/ m54 ,!re c be an ord]ly bro!l z well z an ord]ly nunn]y1 & all ord] re/s on co-op]ation4 ,we presume co-op]ation4 ,we require an end = :i* to co-op]ate4 ,i h already comp>$ ! sci5ce ( sociology to t ( m$ic9e2 & ! comp>ison w aga9 be a v in/ructive "o4 ,! aim ( bo? sci5ces is to produce heal?2 & ! relation ( heal? to happ9ess is 9 bo? cases ! same4 ,x is an important condition ( ! full enjoym5t ( any?+3 b x w by no means ( itself give or guide u to ! be/ ?+4 ,a man may be 9 excell5t heal?1 & yet1 if he be prud5t1 be lead+ a degrad+ life4 ,s1 too1 may a society4 ,! ,cities ( ! ,pla9 may1 = all we "k to ! contr>y1 h be5 9 excell5t social heal?2 inde$1 !re is e reason to believe !y 74 ,!y 71 app>5tly1 to a high degree /rong & prosp]\s2 & ! sort ( happ9ess t _! citiz5s set mo/ /ore by 0 only too g5]ally atta9able4 ,!re 7 n t5 m5 to be f\nd 9 !m by :om ! highe/ good _h n be5 realis$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two suppositions1 on :i* ! g5]al good1 or ! heal? ( ! social organism1 c be giv5 a m def9ite mean+1 & made 9 "s s5se an adequate te/ ( conduct4 ,& "o or o!r ( ^! suppositions is app>5tly always lurk+ 9 ! positivi/ m9d4 ,b ?\gh1 :5 unexpress$1 & only b>ely ass5t$ to1 !y may seem to be true1 _! entire falsehood w appe> ! mom5t !y are di/9ctly /at$4 ,"o ( ^! suppositions is1 t = human happ9ess heal? is alone requisite--heal? 9 ! social organism includ+ suffici5t weal? & fre$om2 & t man's life1 :5ev] x is n int]f]$ )1 w be moral1 dignifi$1 & delightful naturally1 no matt] h[ he lives x4 ,b ?is supposition1 f a morali/1 is ( c\rse nons5se4 ,=1 7 x true1 z we h j se51 ,sodom might h be5 z moral z ! t5ts ( ,abraham2 & 9 a p]fect /ate !re w\ld be a fitt+ place = bo?4 ,! social organism inde$1 9 its highe/ /ate ( p]fection1 w\ld manife/ ! ri*e/ v>iety 9 ! developm5t ( su* v>i\s p>ts4 ,x might consi/ ( a numb] ( motley communes#aj ( monogami/s & ( free-lov]s1 ( ascetics & syb>ites1 ( sa9ts & ,greek3 paid]a/ai--ea* ( !m be+ /ones 9 ?is true ,civitas ,dei1 ?is holy city ( ,god4 ,( c\rse x may be cont5d$ t ?is /ate ( ?+s w\ld be desirable2 t1 h[ev]1 is q a diff]5t "q4 ,b :atev] else x 01 x w\ld c]ta9ly n be moral1 9 any s5se 9 :i* ! ^w has yet be5 us$4 ,! second supposition ,i spoke (1 ?\gh less op5ly absurd ?an ?is "o1 is really q z false4 ,x consi/s ( a vague idea t1 = "s reason or o!r1 happ9ess c nev] be di/ribut$ 9 an equal measure to all1 unless x be n only equal 9 degree b also ! same 9 k9d2 & t ! "o k9d t c be ?us di/ribut$ is a k9d t is 9 h>mony ) our conceptions ( moral excell5ce4 ,n[ ?is is inde$ s f> true1 t !re are d\btless c]ta9 k9ds ( happ9ess :i*1 if enjoy$ at all1 c be enjoy$ by ! few alone2 & t ! conditions "u :i* alone ! few c enjoy !m di/urb ! conditions ( all happ9ess = ! _m4 ,! g5]al good1 !re=e1 gives u at once a te/ by :i* su* k9ds ( happ9ess c be condemn$4 ,b to elim9ate ^! w by no means leave u a residue ( virtue2 = ^! s f> f be+ co-ext5sive ) moral evil1 d 9 reality lie only on ! bord]s ( x2 & ! condemnation atta*$ to !m is a legal r ?an a moral "o4 ,x is bas$1 t is1 n s mu* on ! k9d ( happ9ess itself z on ! circum/ances "u :i* we are at pres5t oblig$ to seek x4 ,?us ! practice ( s$uction may be said to be condemn$ suffici5tly by ! mis]y br\ght by x to its victims1 & its victims' families4 ,b suppose ! victims are will+1 & ! families complac5t1 ?is gr\nd ( condemnation goes2 ?\gh 9 ! eye ( ! morali/1 matt]s 9 ?is la/ w be f> worse ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,x is !re=e q a mi/ake to say t ! k9d ( happ9ess :i* x is ! end ( life to realise is def9$ or n>r[$ d[n appreciably by ! fact t x is a g5]al end4 ,vice c be enjoy$ 9 common1 j z well z virtue2 nor if wisely regulat$ w x exhau/ ! ta/es t x appeals to4 ,regulat$ ) equal skill1 & ) equal f>-sight$ness1 x w take its place side by side ) virtue2 nor w sociology or social morality give u any reason = pref]r+ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,we may obs]ve accord+ly1 t if happ9ess ( "s c]ta9 k9d be ! moral te/1 :at ,pr(essor ,huxley calls 'social morality'--! rule t is1 = produc+ ! negative conditions ( happ9ess1 x is n 9 itself morality at all4 ,x may inde$ become s1 :5 ! consci\sness t we are con=m+ to x becomes "o ( ! factors ( our own p]sonal happ9ess4 ,x !n suff]s a k9d ( apo!osis4 ,x is tak5 up into ourselves1 & becomes "p & p>cel ( our own p]sonal morality4 ,b x !n becomes q a diff]5t matt]1 z we %all see v %ortly2 & ev5 !n x supplies u ) b a v small "p ( ! answ]4 ,?us f> :at has be5 made pla9 is ?is4 ,g5]al1 or social happ9ess1 unless expla9$ f>!r1 is simply = moral purposes an unmean+ phrase4 ,x evades ! :ole "q we are ask+2 = happ9ess is no m diff]5tiat$ by say+ t x is g5]al1 ?an food is by say+ t ev]yone at a table is eat+ x2 or ?an a language is by say+ t e "o 9 a room is talk+ x4 ,! social happ9ess ( all ( u means no?+ b ! p]sonal happ9ess ( ea* ( u2 & if social happ9ess h any s+le mean+--9 o!r words1 if x be a te/ ( morals--x mu/ po/ulate a p]sonal happ9ess ( "s hi!rto unexpla9$ k9d4 ,else sociology w be subsidi>y to no?+ b individual lic5se2 g5]al law w be b ! protection ( individual lawlessness2 & ! complete/ social morality b ! condition ( ! complete/ p]sonal un-morality4 ,! social organism we may comp>e to a yew-tree4 ,sci5ce w expla9 to u h[ x has gr[n up f ! gr\nd1 & h[ all its twigs mu/ h fitt+ room to exp& 94 ,x w n %[ u h[ to clip ! yew-tree into a peacock4 ,morality1 x is true1 mu/ re/ ultimately on ! prov$ facts ( sociology2 & ?is is n only true b evid5t4 ,b x re/s ^u !m z a /atue re/s ^u its p$e/al1 & ! same p$e/al w support an ,a!n or a ,priapus4 ,! matt]1 h[ev]1 is n yet altoge!r dispos$ (4 ,! type ( p]sonal happ9ess t social morality po/ulates1 z a :ole1 we h /ill to seek =4 ,b a "p ( x1 z ,i j po9t$ out1 w1 beyond d\bt1 be a will+ ob$i5ce by ea* to ! rules t make x 9 its entirety )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,ab\t ?is ob$i5ce1 h[ev]1 !re is a c]ta9 ?+ to rememb]3 x mu/ be will+1 n en=c$4 ,! laws w ( c\rse d all !y c to en=ce x2 b n only c !y nev] d ?is completely1 b ev5 if !y c\ld1 !y w\ld n produce morality4 ,conduct :i*1 if will+1 we %\ld call highly moral1 we %all1 if en=c$ only1 call no?+ m ?an legal4 ,we d n call a wild be> tame because x is s well cag$ t !re is no fe> ( its attack+ u2 nor d we call a man good because1 ?\gh 8 desires are evil1 we h made him afraid to gratify !m4 ,fur!r1 x is n en\gh t ! ob$i5ce 9 "q be will+ 9 ! s5se t x does n give u pa94 ,if x is to be a moral quality1 x mu/ also give u positive pleasure4 ,inde$1 x mu/ n s mu* be ob$i5ce to ! law z an impassion$ co-op]ation ) x4 ,n[ ?is1 if producible1 ev5 ?\gh no fur!r moral aim 0 connect$ ) x1 w\ld und\bt$ly be ( itself a moral elem5t4 ,suppose two pigs1 = in/ance1 _h only a s+le wall[+-place1 & ea* w\ld l naturally to wall[ 9 x = ev]4 ,if ea* pig 9 turn 7 to rejoice to make room = 8 bro!r1 & 7 consci\sly to regulate 8 delight 9 becom+ fil?y himself by an equal delight 9 see+ 8 bro!r becom+ fil?y also1 we %\ld d\btless "h be 9 ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 moral elem5t4 ,& ?\gh ?is1 9 a human society1 might n c>ry u s f> z we require to be c>ri$1 x w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 if producible1 c>ry u a c]ta9 way4 ,! "q is1 ,is ?is moral elem5t1 ?is impassion$ & unselfi% co-op]ation ) ! social law1 producible1 9 ! abs5ce ( any f>!r end to :i* ! social law is to be subord9ate8 ,! positive s*ool app>5tly ?9k x is2 & ?is op9ion has a seem+ f\ndation 9 fact4 ,we w !re=e c>efully exam9e :at ?is f\ndation is1 & see h[ f> x is really able to support ! weight t is laid ^u x4 ,t fact1 9 itself a q und\bt$ "o1 is ! possession by man ( a c]ta9 special & important feel+1 :i*1 view$ f its passive side1 we call sympa?y1 & f its active side1 b5evol5ce4 ,x exi/s 9 v>i\s degrees 9 diff]5t p1 b to "s degree or o!r x probably exi/s 9 all4 ,mo/ p1 = in/ance1 if !y he> an amus+ /ory1 at once it* to tell x to an appreciative fri5d2 = !y f9d t ! amusem5t1 if %>$1 is d\bl$4 ,two epicures toge!r1 = ! same reason1 w enjoy a d9n] bett] ?an if !y ea* d9$ s+ly4 ,9 su* cases ! enjoym5t ( ano!r plays ! "p ( a reflector1 :i* ?r[s "o's own enjoym5t back on "o4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,x is n only true t we (t5 desire o!rs to be pleas$ ) u2 we (t5 desire o!rs to be pleas$ in/ead ( u4 ,= in/ance1 if !re be b "o easy *air 9 a room1 "o man w (t5 give x up to ano!r1 & pref] himself to /&1 or p]haps sit on ! table4 ,to contemplate discom=t is (t5 m annoy+ ?an to suff] x4 ,?is is ! fact 9 human nature on :i* ! positive s*ool rely = _! practical motive p[]4 ,x is ?is sympa?y & b5evol5ce t is ! secret ( ! social union2 & x is by ^! t ! rules ( social morality are to be absorb$ & attract$ into ourselves1 & made ! directors ( all our o!r impulses4 ,! feel+s1 h[ev]1 t are ?us reli$ on w be f\nd1 on consid]ation1 to be altoge!r inadequate4 ,!y are und\bt$ facts1 x is true1 & are ours by ! v con/itution ( our nature2 b !y d n possess ! importance t is assign$ to !m1 & _! limits are soon rea*$4 ,!y are unequal 9 _! di/ribution2 !y are p>tial & caprici\s 9 _! action2 & !y are di/urb$ & c\nt]balanc$ by ! opposite impulse ( selfi%ness1 :i* is j z mu* a "p ( our nature1 & :i* is j z g5]ally di/ribut$4 ,x mu/ be a v "o-sid$ view ( ! case t w lead u to d5y ?is2 & by su* eclectic me?ods ( obs]vation we c support any !ory we please4 ,?us !re are _m /ories ( unselfi% h]oism display$ by r\gh m5 on occasions su* z %ipwrecks1 & display$ q spontane\sly4 ,& did we conf9e our att5tion to ?is s+le set ( examples1 we might naturally conclude t we _h "h ! real nature ( man bur/+ =? 9 all its int5se entirety--a con/ant b suppress$ =ce1 :i* we %all le>n by-&-by to utilise g5]ally4 ,b if we ext5d our obs]vations a little f>!r1 we %all f9d ano!r set ( examples1 9 :i* selfi%ness is j z pr$om9ant z unselfi%ness 0 9 ! fir/ set4 ,! sailor1 = in/ance1 :o might /ruggle to save a woman on a s9k+ %ip1 w trample h] to dea? to escape f a burn+ !atre4 ,& if we w b hone/ly e/imate ! composite nature ( man1 we %all f9d t ! sailor1 9 ?is latt] case1 embodies a t5d5cy f> common]1 & f> m to be c\nt$ on1 ?an he does 9 ! =m]4 ,no fair /ud5t ( life or hi/ory w1 ,i ?9k1 be able to d5y ?is4 ,! lives ( ! _w's greate/ m51 be !y ,goe!s or ,napoleons1 w be ! fir/ to %[ u t x is s4 ,:il/ ! _w's be/ m51 :o h be5 mo/ successful 9 conqu]+ _! selfi% nature1 w be ! fir/ to be> witness to ! p]si/5t /r5g? ( x4 ,b ev5 giv+ ^! unpromis+ facts ! lea/ weight possible1 ! case w practically be n mu* m5d$4 ,! unselfi% impulses1 let !m be diffus$ nev] s widely1 w be f\nd1 z a g5]al rule1 to be v limit$ 9 p[]2 & to be int5se only = %ort p]iods1 & "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,!y are int5se only--9 ! abs5ce ( any fur!r motive--:5 ! ?+ to be won = ano!r becomes inve/$ = ! mom5t ) an abnormal value1 & ! ?+ to be lo/ by oneself becomes abnormally depreciat$2 :5 all int]m$iate possibilities are sudd5ly swept away f u1 & ! only surviv+ alt]natives are %ame & h]oism4 ,b ?is nev] happ5s1 except 9 ! case ( great cata/rophes1 ( su*1 = in/ance1 z a %ipwreck2 & ?us ! only conditions "u :i* an impassion$ unselfi%ness c be c\nt$ on1 are among/ ! fir/ conditions t we tru/ to progress to elim9ate4 ,! common /ate ( life1 !n1 :5 ! feel+s are 9 ?is normal /ate ( t5sion1 is all t 9 ?is connection we c really be conc]n$ 9 deal+ )4 ,& !re1 unselfi%ness1 ?\gh z sure a fact z selfi%ness1 is1 spontane\sly & ap>t f a fur!r motive1 ess5tially unequal to ! "w x is ask$ to d4 ,?us1 ?\gh z ,i obs]v$ j n[1 a man may (t5 pref] to sit on a table & give up ! arm-*air to a fri5d1 !re are o!r times :5 he w be v lo? to d s4 ,he w d s :5 ! pleasure ( look+ at com=t is great] ?an ! pleasure ( feel+ x4 ,& 9 c]ta9 /ates ( m9d & body ?is is v (t5 ! case4 ,b let him be sleepy & really 9 ne$ ( re/1 ! selfi% impulse w at once eclipse ! unselfi%1 &1 unless "u ! action ( "s ali5 motive1 he w keep ! arm-*air = himself4 ,s1 too1 9 ! case ( ! two epicures1 if !re be suffici5t ( ! be/ da9ties = bo?1 ea* w feel t x is s mu* ! bett]4 ,b :5ev] ! da9ties 9 "q _c be divid$1 x w be ! t5d5cy ( ea* to take !m furtively = himself4 ,& :5 we come to ! conditions ( happ9ess ! matt] w be j ! same4 ,if )\t incommod+ ourselves we c1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley says1 repress 'all ^? desires :i* run c\nt] to ! good ( mank9d1' we %all no d\bt all will+ly d s2 only 9 t case little m ne$ be said4 ,! ',civitas ,dei' we are promis$ may be left to take c>e ( itself1 & x w d\btless v soon beg9 'to rise l an exhalation4' ,b if ?is self-repression be a matt] ( great difficulty1 & "o requir+ a con/ant /ruggle on our "p1 x w be ne$ful = u to int5sely realise1 :5 we ab/a9 f any action1 t ! happ9ess x w\ld take f o!rs w be f> great] ?an ! happ9ess x w\ld give to ourselves4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a man 7 9 love ) 8 fri5d's wife1 & _h engag$ on a c]ta9 night to take h] to ! !atre4 ,he w\ld in/antly give ! engagem5t up c\ld he "k t ! p 9 ! gall]y w\ld be burnt to dea? if he did n4 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly n give x up because by ! sight ( 8 proce$+s ! moral tone ( ! /alls might be inf9itesimally l[]$2 /ill less w\ld he d s because ano!r wife's husb& might be made inf9itely jeal\s4 ,:5ev] we give up any s\rce ( p]sonal happ9ess = ! sake ( ! happ9ess ( ! community at l>ge1 ! two k9ds ( happ9ess h to be weigh$ toge!r 9 a balance4 ,b ! latt]1 except 9 v few cases1 is at a great disadvantage3 only a "p ( x1 s to speak1 c be got into ! scale4 ,:at adds to my s5se ( pleasure 9 ! proportion ( a million p\nds may be only tax+ society 9 ! proportion ( half a f>?+ a head4 ,unselfi%ness ) reg>d to society is ?us ess5tially a diff]5t ?+ f unselfi%ness ) reg>d to an individual4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ?+s to be weigh$ toge!r are comm5surate3 n s is ! =m]4 ,9 ! latt] case1 z we h se51 an impassion$ self-devotion may be at times produc$ by ! sudd5 pres5tation to a man ( two extreme alt]natives2 b 9 ! =m] case su* alt]natives are n pres5table4 ,i may "k t a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct w on ! "o h& give me great pleasure1 & t on ! o!r h&1 if x 7 practis$ by ev]yone1 x w\ld produce mu* g5]al mis*ief2 b ,i %all "k t my practis+ x1 w1 z a fact1 be h>dly felt at all by ! community1 or at all ev5ts only 9 a v small degree4 ,& !re=e my *oice is n t ( ! sailor's 9 ! %ipwreck4 ,x does n lie betwe5 sav+ my life at ! exp5se ( a woman's1 or sav+ a woman's life at ! exp5se ( m9e4 ,x lies r1 z x 71 betwe5 lett+ h] lose h] e>-r+ & break+ my own arm4 ,x w appe>1 !re=e1 t ! g5]al conditions ( an entirely undef9$ happ9ess =m an ideal utt]ly unfitt$ to c\nt]balance individual temptation or1 to give ev5 will+ness1 let alone ard\r1 to ! self-d5ials t are requir$ ( u4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! conditions are s vague t ev5 9 ! extreme/ cases ! individual w f9d x difficult to realise t he is appreciably di/urb+ !m4 ,& 9 ! second place1 until he kn[s t ! happ9ess 9 "q is some?+ ( extreme value he w be unable to feel mu* ard\r 9 help+ to make x possible4 ,if we knew t ! social organism 9 its /ate ( complete/ heal? _h no high] pleasure ?an sleep & eat+1 ! cause ( its complete/ heal? w\ld h>dly excite en?usiasm4 ,& ev5 if we did n rebel aga9/ any sacrifices = s poor a result z ?is1 we %\ld at ! be/ be resign$ r ?an ble/ 9 mak+ !m4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a moral end t ! sci5ce ( sociology w ( itself supply to u is an end t1 9 all probability1 m5 w n foll[ at all1 or t w produce 9 !m1 if !y d1 no happi] /ate ?an a passionless & passive acquiesc5ce4 ,if we want any?+ m ?an ?is we mu/ deal ) happ9ess itself1 n ) ! negative conditions ( x4 ,we mu/ disc]n ! highe/ good t is )9 ! rea* ( ea* ( u1 & ?is may p]haps supply u ) a motive = endeav\r+ to secure ! same bless+ = all4 ,b ! matt] dep5ds entirely on :at ?is highe/ good is--on ! end to :i*1 giv5 ! social heal?1 ! social heal? w be direct$4 ,! real answ] to ?is "q c be giv51 z ,i h said be=e1 9 t]ms ( ! individual only4 ,social happ9ess is a m]e set ( ciph]s till ! unit ( p]sonal happ9ess is plac$ be=e x4 ,a man's happ9ess may ( c\rse dep5d on o!r be+s1 b /ill x is none ! less conta9$ 9 himself4 ,if our greate/ delight 7 to see ea* o!r dance ! c-c1 !n x might be morality = u all to dance4 ,none ! less w\ld ?is be a happy _w1 n because we 7 all danc+1 b because we ea* enjoy$ ! sight ( su* a spectacle4 ,_m "y (fic]s take int5se pride 9 _! regim5ts1 & ! "* ( su* regim5ts may 9 a c]ta9 s5se be call$ a corporate ?+4 ,b x dep5ds entirely on ! p]sonal "* ( _! memb]s1 & all t ! phrase really indicates is t a set ( m5 take pleasure 9 simil> ?+s4 ,?us x is ! boa/ ( "o "y (fic] t ! memb]s ( 8 regim5t all sp5d too mu*1 ( ano!r t !y all dr9k too mu*1 ( ano!r t !y are di/+ui%$ = _! high rank1 & ( ano!r t !y are di/+ui%$ = ! l[ness ( _! s5suality4 ,:at diff]5tiates "o regim5t f ano!r is fir/ & be=e all ?+s "s p]sonal s\rce ( happ9ess common to all its memb]s4 ,& z x is ) ! "* ( a regim5t1 s too is x ) ! "* ( life 9 g5]al4 ,:5 we say t ,humanity may become a glori\s ?+ z a :ole1 we mu/ mean t ea* man may atta9 "s positive glory z an individual4 ,:at %all ,i get8 & ,i8 & ,i8 & ,i8 ,:at d y (f] me8 & me8 & me8 ,?is is ! fir/ "q t ! common s5se ( mank9d asks4 ',y mu/ promise some?+ to ea* ( u1' x says1 'or v c]ta9ly y w be able to promise no?+ to all ( u4' ,!re is no real escape 9 say+ t we mu/ all "w = "o ano!r1 & t our happ9ess is to be f\nd 9 t4 ,! "q m]ely confronts u ) two o!r facets ( itself4 ,:at sort ( happ9ess %all ,i secure = o!rs8 & :at sort ( happ9ess w o!rs secure = me8 ,:at w x be l8 ,w x be wor? hav+8 ,9 ! positivi/ ,utopia1 we are told1 ea* man's happ9ess is b\nd up 9 ! happ9ess ( all ! re/1 & is ?us inf9itely int5sifi$4 ,all mank9d are made a mighty :ole1 by ! fus+ p[] ( b5evol5ce4 ,b5evol5ce1 h[ev]1 means simply ! wi%+ t our neighb\rs 7 happy1 ! help+ to make !m s1 & la/ly ! be+ glad t !y are s4 ,b happ9ess mu/ pla9ly be some?+ besides b5evol5ce2 else1 if ,i "k t a man's highe/ happ9ess is 9 kn[+ t o!rs are happy1 all ,i %all try to procure = o!rs is ! k t ,i am happy2 & ?us ! ,utopian happ9ess w\ld be express$ completely 9 ! some:at homely =mula1 ',i am s glad t y are glad t ,i am glad4' ,b ?is is1 ( c\rse1 n en\gh4 ,all ?is gladness mu/ be ab\t some?+ besides itself4 ,our good wi%es = our neighb\rs mu/ h "s f>!r cont5t ?an t !y %all wi% u well 9 return4 ,:at ,i wi% !m & :at !y wi% me mu/ be some?+ t bo? !y & ,i1 ea* ( u1 take delight 9 = ourselves4 ,x w c]ta9ly be no delight to m5 to procure = o!rs :at !y w take no delight 9 !mselves1 if procur$ by o!rs = !m4 ',= a joyful life1 t is to say a pleasant life1' z ,sir ,?omas ,m pi?ily puts x1 'is ei!r evil2 & if s1 !n ?\ %\lde/ n only help no man !reto1 b r z mu* z 9 !e lie? )draw all m5 f x z noisome & hurtful2 or else if ?\ n only maye/1 b also ( duty art b\nd to procure x = o!rs1 :y n *iefly = ?yself1 to :om ?\ art b\nd to %[ z mu* fav\r & g5tl5ess z to o!rs8' ,! fundam5tal "q is1 !n1 :at life %\ld a man try to procure = himself8 ,h[ %all he make x mo/ joyful8 & h[ joyful w x be :5 he has done 8 utmo/ = x8 ,x is 9 t]ms ( ! individual1 & ( ! individual only1 t ! value ( life c at fir/ be intelligibly /at$4 ,if ! co9 be n itself g5u9e1 we %all nev] be able to make x s by m]ely %uffl+ x ab\t f h& to h&1 nor ev5 by indef9itely multiply+ x4 ,a million %am bank notes w n make u any ri*] ?an a s+le "o4 ,grant+ t ! ri*es are really g5u9e1 !n ! k ( _! diffusion may magnify = ea* ( u our own pleasure 9 possess+ !m4 ,b x w only d ?is if ! %>e t is possess$ by ea* be itself some?+ v great to beg9 )4 ,c]ta9 int5se k9ds ( happ9ess may p]haps be rais$ to ec/asy by ! ?\ght t ano!r %>es !m4 ,b if ! feel+ 9 "q be no?+ m ?an *e]fulness1 a man w n be made ec/atic by ! k t any numb] ( o!r p are *e]ful z well z he4 ,:5 ! happ9ess ( two or m p rises to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 !n x is true a c]ta9 fusion may take place1 & !re may p]haps be a c]ta9 jo9t result1 aris+ f ! sum ( ! p>ts4 ,b bel[ ?is melt+ po9t no fusion or union takes place at all1 nor w any numb] ( less] happ9esses melt & be mass$ toge!r into "o great "o4 ,two great wits may increase ea* o!r's brilliancy1 b two half-wits w n make a s+le :ole "o4 ,a bad picture w n become good by be+ magnifi$1 nor w a m]ely readable novel become m ?an readable by ! publication ( a million copies ( x4 ,suppose x 7 a matt] ( life & dea? to t5 m5 to walk to ,york f ,london 9 a day4 ,7 ?is feat a possible "o1 !y might no d\bt ea* d _! be/ to help ! o!rs to accompli% x4 ,b if x 7 beyond ! p[] ( ea* s+ly1 !y w\ld n accompli% x z a body1 by ! :ole t5 leav+ ,*>+ ,cross toge!r1 & ea* ( !m walk+ "o t5? ( ! way4 ,! di/ance !y c\ld all walk w\ld be no great] ?an ! di/ance !y c\ld ea* walk4 ,9 ! same way ! value ( human life1 z a :ole1 dep5ds on ! capacities ( ! individual human be+1 z an enjoy+ animal4 ,if ^! capacities be great1 we %all be eag] 9 our desire to gratify !m--c]ta9ly = ourselves1 & p]haps also = o!rs2 & ?is second desire may p]haps be great en\gh to modify & to guide ! fir/4 ,b unless ^! capacities be great1 & ! means ( gratify+ !m def9ite1 our impulses on our own behalf w become weak & sluggi%1 :il/ ^? on behalf ( o!rs w become less able to control !m4 ,x w be app>5t f>!r f ?is1 t j z happ9ess1 unless "s di/9ct positive quality1 ga9s no?+ z an end ( action1 ei!r 9 value or di/9ctness1 by a m]e diffusion 9 ! pres5t--by an ext5sion1 z x 71 lat]ally--s w x ga9 no?+ fur!r by giv+ x ano!r dim5sion1 & by prospectively increas+ x 9 ! future4 ,we mu/ "k :at x is fir/1 be=e we "k :e!r x is capable ( increase4 ,ap>t f ?is k1 ! conception ( progress & ! hope ( "s bright] de/9y c add no?+ to t requir$ some?+1 :i*1 s f> z sociology c def9e x = u1 we h se5 to be s utt]ly inadequate4 ,social conditions1 x is true1 we may expect w g on improv+2 we may hope t ! social ma*9]y w come gradually to run m smoo?ly4 ,b unless we "k some?+ positive to ! contr>y1 ! outcome ( all ?is progress may be no?+ b a m undi/urb$ ennui or a m s\lless s5suality4 ,! rose-leaves may be laid m smoo?ly1 & yet ! man t lies on !m may be we>i] or m degrad$4 ,to-morr[1 & to-morr[1 & to-morr[ ,creeps 9 ?is petty pace f day to day2 ,& all our ye/]days h light$ fools ,! way to du/y dea?4 ,?is1 = all t sociology c in=m u to ! contr>y1 may be ! lesson really taught u by ! positive philosophy ( progress4 ,b :at ! positivi/s !mselves le>n f x1 is some?+ v diff]5t4 ,! foll[+ v]ses are ,george ,eliot's3 ,oh may ,i jo9 ! *oir invisible ,( ^? immortal dead :o live aga9 ,9 lives made bett] by _! pres5ce4 ,s ,to live is heav54444 ,to make undy+ music 9 ! _w1 ,brea?+ u beaute\s ord] t controls ,) gr[+ sway ! gr[+ life ( man4 ,s we inh]it t sweet purity ,= :i* we /ruggl$1 groan$1 & agonis$ ,) wid5+ retrospect1 t br$ despair4444 ,t bett] self %all live till human "t ,%all fold its eyelids1 & ! human sky ,be ga!r$ l a scroll )9 ! tomb ,unread = ev]4 ,?is is life to come1 ,:i* m>tyr$ m5 h made m glori\s ,= u :o /rive to foll[4 ,may ,i rea* ,t pure/ heav51 & be to o!r s\ls ,t cup ( /r5g? 9 "s great agony1 ,enk9dle g5]\s ard\r1 fe$ pure love1 ,beget ! smiles t h no cruelty1 ,be ! sweet pres5ce ( a good diffus$1 ,& 9 diffusion ev] m int5se2 ,s %all ,i jo9 t *oir invisible ,^: music is ! gladness ( ! _w4 ,"h is ! positive religion ( b5evol5ce & progress1 z prea*$ to ! mod]n _w 9 ! "n ( exact ?\ght1 pres5t$ to u 9 an impassion$ epitome4 ,"h is hope1 ard\r1 sympa?y1 & resolution1 en\gh & to sp>e4 ,! fir/ "q is1--,h[ are ^! k9dl$1 & :at are !y all ab\t8 ,!y mu/1 z we h se51 be ab\t some?+ t ! sci5ce ( sociology w n discov] = u4 ,nor c !y la/1 if1 l an empty /oma*1 !y prey only ^u !mselves4 ,!y mu/ h "s solid cont5t1 & ! great ?+ ne$ful is to disc]n ?is4 ,x is q true t to suff]1 or ev5 to die1 w (t5 seem dulce et decorum to a man2 b x w only seem s :5 ! end he dies or suff]s = is1 9 8 e/imation1 a wor?y "o4 ,a ,*ri/ian might be gladly crucifi$ if by s do+ he c\ld turn m5 f vice to virtue2 b a connoisseur 9 w9e w\ld n be crucifi$ t 8 be/ fri5d might pref] dry *ampagne to sweet4 ,all ! agony & ! /ruggles1 !n1 t ! positivi/ sa9t suff]s ) su* en?usiasm1 dep5d alike = _! value & _! possibility on ! object t is suppos$ to cause !m4 ,& 9 ! v]ses j quot$ ?is object is inde$ nam$ sev]al times2 b x is nam$ only incid5tally & 9 vague t]ms1 z if its nature & its value 7 self-evid5t1 & c\ld be left to take c>e ( !mselves2 & ! great ?+ to be dwelt ^u 7 ! means & n ! end3 :]eas ! =m] are really only ! creatures ( ! latt]1 & c h no m hon\r ?an ! latt] is able to be/[ ^u !m4 ,n[ ! only positive ends nam$ 9 ^! v]ses are '! bett] self1' 'sweet purity1' & 'smiles t h no cruelty4' ,! conditions ( ^! are beaute\s ord]1' & ! result ( !m is ! 'gladness ( ! _w4' ,! re/ ( ! language us$ adds no?+ to our positive k1 b m]ely makes u feel ! want ( x4 ,! pure/ heav51 we are told1 t ! m5 ( any g5]ation c look =w>d to1 w be ! increas$ gladness t _! "r conduct w secure = a com+ g5]ation3 & t gladness1 :5 x comes1 w be1 z x 71 ! s]aphic song ( ! bless$ & holy dead4 ,?us e pres5t1 = ! positivi/1 is ! future life ( ! pa/2 e>? is heav5 p]petually realis+ itself2 x is1 z x 71 an et]nal *oir-practice1 9 :i* ! p]=m]s1 ?\gh a little out ( tune at pres5t1 are becom+ mom5tly m & m p]fect4 ,if ?is be s1 !re is a heav5 ( "s sort ab\t u at ?is mom5t4 ,!re is a musical gladness e day 9 our e>s1 our actual delight 9 :i* x might h be5 a heav5 to our great-gr&fa!rs to h anticipat$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,n[ x is pla9 t ?is alleg$ music is n ev]y:]e4 ,:]e1 !n1 is x8 ,& w x1 :5 we h f\nd x1 be f\nd to m]it all ! praise t is be/[$ ^u x8 ,sociology1 z we h se51 may %[ u h[ to secure to ea* p]=m] 8 voice or 8 in/rum5t2 b x w n %[ u h[ to make ei!r ! voice or ! in/rum5t a good "o2 nor w x decide :e!r ! or*e/ra %all p]=m ,bee?ov5 or ,(f5ba*1 or :e!r ! *orus %all s+ a p5it5tial psalm or a dr9k+ song4 ,:5 we h discov]$ :at ! _w's highe/ gladness c consi/ (1 we w aga9 come to ! "q ( h[ f> su* gladness c be a g5]al end ( action4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,vide ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,octob]1 #ahgg4 #aj ',z ,mr4 ,sp5c] po9ts out1 society does n resemble ^? organisms :i* are s highly c5tralis$ t ! unity ( ! :ole is ! important ?+1 & e "p mu/ die if sep>at$ f ! re/2 b r ^? t w be> sep>ation & reunion2 because1 al?\gh !re is a c]ta9 union & organisation ( ! p>ts 9 reg>d to "o ano!r1 yet ! f> m important fact is ! life ( ! p>ts sep>ately4 ,! true heal? ( society dep5ds ^u ! communes1 ! villages & t[n%ips1 inf9itely m ?an on ! =m & pageantry ( an imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,if 9 !m !re is b&-"w1 union = a common ef=t1 conv]se 9 ! work+ out ( a common ?\ght1 !re ! ,republic is4'--,pr(essor ,clif=d1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,octob]1 #ahgg4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,goodness ,,z ,,its ,,own ,,rew>d4 ',:o *ooses me mu/ give1 & haz>d all he ha?4' ,inscription on ! ,lead5 ,casket4 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,:at ,i h be5 urg+ 9 ! la/ *apt] is really no?+ m ?an ! positivi/s admit !mselves4 ,x w be f\nd1 if we /udy _! utt]ances z a :ole1 t !y by no means believe practically 9 _! own pr(essions1 or consid] t ! end ( action c be ei!r def9$ & v]ifi$ by sociology1 or made attractive by sympa?y4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y confess pla9ly h[ inadequate ^! are by !mselves1 by cont9ually supplem5t+ !m ) additions f q ano!r qu>t]4 ,b _! fault is t ?is confession is1 app>5tly1 only half consci\s ) !m2 & !y are = ev] reproduc+ argum5ts z suffici5t :i* !y h already 9 o!r mom5ts implicitly condemn$ z mean+less4 ,my aim has be51 !re=e1 to put ^! argum5ts out ( c\rt altoge!r1 & safely %ut ! doors on !m4 ,hi!rto !y h play$ j ! "p ( an idle populace1 (t5 turn$ out ( doors1 b z (t5 break+ 9 aga91 & confus+ ) _! noisy *e]s a judgm5t t has n yet be5 giv54 ,let u h done1 !n1 ) ! conditions ( happ9ess till we "k :at happ9ess is4 ,let u h done ) en?usiasm till we "k if !re is any?+ to be en?usia/ic ab\t4 ,i h quot$ ,george ,eliot's *e]s already1 z express+ :at ?is en?usiasm is4 ,i w n[ quote h] aga91 z %[+ h[ fully %e recognises t its value dep5ds ^u its object1 & t its only possible object mu/ be ( a def9ite1 & 9 ! fir/ place1 ( a p]sonal nature4 ,9 h] novel ( ,daniel ,d]onda1 ! l>ge "p ( ! int]e/ hangs on :i* way ! h]o9e's "* w develop itself2 & ?is int]e/1 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?oress1 is ( a v int5se k9d4 ,:y %\ld x be8 %e asks explicitly4 ,& %e gives h] answ] 9 ! foll[+ v rem>kable & v in/ructive passage3 ',c\ld !re be a sl5d]]1 m insignificant ?read1' %e says1 '9 human hi/ory1 ?an ?is consci\sness ( a girl1 busy ) h] small inf]5ces ( ! way 9 :i* %e c\ld make h] life pleasant8 9 a "t too1 :5 ideas 7 ) fre% vig\r mak+ armies ( !mselves1 & ! univ]sal k9%ip 0 decl>+ itself fi]cely3 :5 wom5 on ! o!r side ( ! _w w\ld n m\rn = ! husb&s & sons :o di$ bravely 9 a common cause2 & m51 /9t$ ( bread1 on "o side ( ! _w1 he>d ( t will+ loss & 7 pati5t2 a "t :5 ! s\l ( man 0 wak+ ! pulses :i* _h = c5turies be5 beat+ 9 him unhe>d1 until _! full s5se made a new life ( t]ror or ( joy4 ',:at 9 ! mid/ ( t mighty drama are girls & _! bl9d visions8 ,!y are ! ,yea or ,nay ( t good = :i* m5 are endur+ & fight+4 ,9 ^! delicate vessels is borne onw>d ?r\gh ! ages ! treasure ( human affections4' ,n[ "h we come to solid gr\nd at la/4 ,"h is an emphatic & frank admission ( all t ,i 0 urg+ 9 ! la/ *apt]2 & ! requir$ end ( action & te/ ( conduct is br\ght to a focus & localiz$4 ,x is n describ$1 x is true2 b a n>r[ circle is drawn r\nd x1 & our future se>* = x becomes a matt] ( comp>ative ease4 ,we are 9 a position n[ to decide :e!r x exi/s1 or does n exi/4 ,x consi/s prim>ily & be=e all ?+s 9 ! *oice by ! individual ( "o out ( _m modes ( happ9ess--! election ( a c]ta9 'way1' 9 ,george ,eliot's words1 '9 :i* he w make 8 life pleasant4' ,!re are _m sets ( pleasure op5 to him2 b !re is "o set1 x is said1 m excell5t1 beyond comp>ison1 ?an ! o!rs2 & to *oose ^!1 & ^! alone1 is :at w give u "p 9 ! holy value ( life4 ,! *oice & ! refusal ( !m is ! ,yea & ! ,nay ( all t makes life wor? liv+2 & is ! s\rce1 to ! positivi/s1 ( ! solemnity1 ! t]rors1 & sweetness ( ! :ole e?ical vocabul>y4 ',:at !n are ! alt]native pleasures t life (f]s me8 ,9 h[ _m ways am ,i capable ( feel+ my exi/5ce a bless+8 & 9 :at way %all ,i feel ! bless+ ( x mo/ ke5ly8' ,?is is ! great life-"q2 x may be ask$ indiff]5tly by any individual2 & 9 ! positivi/ answ] to x1 :i* w be ! same = all1 & ( univ]sal application1 mu/ lie ! f\ndation ( ! positive moral sy/em4 ,& t sy/em1 z ,i h said be=e1 pr(esses to be ess5tially a moral "o1 9 ! old religi\s s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x reta9s ! old e?ical vocabul>y2 & lays ! same int5se /ress on ! old e?ical di/9ctions4 ,nor is ?is a m]e pr(ession only4 ,we %all see t ! sy/em logically requires x4 ,"o ( its *ief virtues--inde$ ! only virtue 9 x we h def9$ hi!rto--is1 z has be5 se51 an habitual self-d5ial4 ,b a d5ial ( :at8 ,( some?+1 pla9ly1 t if d5i$ to ourselves1 c be convey$ z a negative or positive good to o!rs4 ,b ! good ?+s t are ?us transf]able _c pla9ly be ! 'highe/ good1' or morality w\ld consi/ l>gely ( a surr5d] ( its own end4 ,?is end mu/ evid5tly be some?+ inw>d & inali5able1 j z ! religi\s end 04 ,x is a c]ta9 inw>d /ate ( ! he>t1 & ( ! he>t's affections4 ,= ?is inw>d /ate to be fully produc$1 & ma9ta9$ g5]ally1 a c]ta9 suffici5cy ( mat]ial well-be+ may be requisite2 b )\t ?is inw>d /ate su* suffici5cy w be morally valueless4 ,day by day we mu/ ( c\rse h our daily bread4 ,b ! positivi/s mu/ ma9ta91 j z ! ,*ri/ians did1 t man does n live by bread alone2 & t 8 life does n consi/ 9 ! abundance ( ! ?+s t he possesses4 ,& ?us :5 !y are br\ght face to face ) ! matt]1 we f9d !m all1 ) "o cons5t1 condemn+ z false ! same allurem5ts t 7 condemn$ by ,*ri/ianity2 & po9t+1 z x did1 to "s o!r treasure t w n wax old--"s wat]1 ! man :o dr9ks ( :i* w nev] ?ir/ m4 ,n[ :at is ?is treasure--?is inw>d /ate ( ! he>t8 ,:at is its analysis1 & :y is x s preci\s8 ,z yet we are q 9 ! d>k z to ?is4 ,no positive morali/ has z yet %[n u1 9 any satisfactory way1 ei!r ( ^! ?+s4 ,?is /atem5t1 ,i "k1 w be contradict$ by _m2 &1 until x is expla9$ fur!r1 x is only natural t x %\ld be4 ,x w be said t a positive human happ9ess ( j ! k9d ne$$ has be5 put be=e ! _w aga9 & aga92 & n only put be=e x1 b e>ne/ly foll[$ & rev]5tly enjoy$ by _m4 ,h n tru?1 b5evol5ce1 purity1 &1 above all1 pure affection1 be51 to _m1 positive ends ( action = _! own sakes1 )\t any ?\ght1 z ,dr4 ,tyndall says1 '( any rew>d or puni%m5t loom+ 9 ! future'8 ,is n virtue foll[$ 9 ! noble/ way1 :5 its foll[]s1 if ask$ :at rew>d !y look =1 c say to x1 z ,?omas ,aqu9as said to ,*ri/1 ',nil nisi te1 ,dom9e'8 ,& has n x s be5 foll[$8 & is n ! positivi/ position1 to a l>ge ext5t at any rate1 prov$8 ,is x n true1 z has be5 said by a rec5t writ]1 t#aa 'lives n\ri%$1 & invigorat$ by a purely human ideal h be51 & /ill may be1 se5 among/ u1 & ! appe>ance ( b a s+le example proves ! adequacy ( ! belief8' ,i reply t ! fact is entirely true1 & ! inf]5ce entirely false4 ,& ?is br+s me at once to a po9t ,i h be=e allud$ to--to ! mo/ subtle s\rce ( ! entire positivi/ error--! s\rce secret & unsuspect$1 ( s mu* ra% confid5ce4 ,! positive s*ool c1 & d1 z we h se51 po9t to c]ta9 ?+s 9 life :i* h e appe>ance1 at fir/ sight1 ( adequate moral ends4 ,_! adequacy seems to be v]ifi$ by e "r feel+1 & also by practical exp]im5t4 ,b !re is "o great fact t is =gott54 ,! positive s*ool1 :5 !y deal ) life1 pr(ess to exhibit its res\rces to u :olly free f ! false aids ( religion4 ,!y pr(ess 7if ,i may co9 a ^w7 to h de-religioniz$ x be=e !y deal ) x4 ,b ab\t ?is matt] !y betray a mo/ /range ignorance4 ,!y ?9k ! task is f> simpl] ?an x is4 ,!y seem to look on religion z exi/+ n[h]e except 9 its pure =m1 9 ! =m ( di/9ct devotional feel+1 or 9 ! consci\s ass5ts ( fai?2 &1 ^! once got rid (1 !y fancy t life is de-religioniz$4 ,b ! process ?us f> is really only begun2 inde$1 z f> z imm$iate results g1 x is h>dly ev5 begun2 = x is really b a v small proportion ( religion t exi/s pure4 ,! great] "p ( x has ent]$ into comb9ation ) ! acts & feel+s ( life1 ?us =m+ z x 71 a k9d ( amalgam ) !m1 giv+ !m new prop]ties1 a new col\r1 a new consi/5ce4 ,to de-religionize life1 !n1 x is n en\gh to condemn cre$s & to aboli% pray]s4 ,we mu/ fur!r sublimate ! beliefs & feel+s1 :i* pray]s & cre$s hold pure1 out ( ! lay life ar\nd u4 ,"u ?is process1 ev5 if imp]fectly p]=m$1 x w soon become cle> t religion 9 great] or less proportions is lurk+ ev]y:]e4 ,we %all see x yield$ up ev5 by ?+s 9 :i* we %\ld lea/ look = x--by wit1 by hum\r1 by secul> ambition1 by mo/ =ms ( vice1 & by our daily light amusem5ts4 ,mu* m %all we see x yield$ up by h]oism1 by purity1 by affection1 & by love ( tru?--by all ^? ?+s t ! positivi/s mo/ specially praise4 ,! positivi/s ?9k1 x w\ld seem1 t !y _h b to kill ,god1 & t 8 inh]itance %all be ours4 ,!y /rike out accord+ly ! !i/ic beliefs 9 "q1 & !n turn in/antly to life3 !y sort its res\rces1 c\nt its treasures1 & !n say1 ',aim at ?is1 & ?is1 & ?is4 ,see h[ beautiful is hol9ess2 see h[ raptur\s is pleasure4 ,surely ^! are wor? seek+ = _! own sakes1 )\t any rew>d or puni%m5t loom+ 9 ! future4' ,!y f9d1 9 fact1 ! int]e/s & ! s5tim5ts ( ! _w's pres5t life--all ! gl[ & all ! gloom ( x--ly+ be=e !m l ! col\rs on a pa9t]'s palette1 & ?9k !y h no?+ to d b set to "w & use !m4 ,b let !m wait a mom5t2 !y are 9 f> too great a hurry4 ,! palette & its col\rs are n ne>ly ready = !m4 ,"o ( ! col\rs ( life--religion1 t is--a col\r :i*1 by _! own admission1 has be5 hi!rto an important "o1 !y h swept clean away4 ,!y h swept x clean away1 & let !m rememb] :y !y h done s4 ,x may be a pleas+ col\r1 or x may n3 t is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,b ! reason :y x is to be got rid ( is t x is n a fa/ col\r4 ,x is f\nd to fade in/antly 9 ! spread+ sunlight ( k4 ,x is rapidly gett+ dim & dull & dead4 ,:5 once x is gone1 we %all nev] be able to re/ore x1 & our future pictures ( life mu/ be t9t$ )\t its aid4 ,!y !re=e pr(ess l\dly t !y w employ x no long]4 ,b !re is ?is po9t1 ?is all-important po9t1 t q escapes !m4 ,!y sweep ! col\r1 9 its pure /ate1 clean (f ! palette2 & !n pr(ess to %[ u by exp]im5t t !y c get on p]fectly well )\t x4 ,b !y nev] seem to suspect t x may be mix$ up ) ! col\rs !y reta91 & be ! secret ( _! dep? & lu/re4 ,let !m see :e!r religion be n lurk+ !re1 z a subtle col\r+ pr9ciple 9 all _! pigm5ts1 ev5 a gra9 ( x produc+ effects t else 7 q impossible4 ,let !m only beg9 ?is analysis1 & x w v soon be cle> to !m t to cleanse life ( religion is n s simple a process z !y seem to fancy x4 ,its actual dogmas may be readily put away f u2 n s ! effect :i* ^! dogmas h work$ dur+ ! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,9 disguis$ =ms !y are ar\nd u ev]y:]e2 !y confront u 9 e human int]e/1 9 e human pleasure4 ,!y h beat5 !mselves into life2 !y h eat5 _! way into x4 ,l a secret sap !y h flav\r$ e fruit 9 ! g>d54 ,!y are l a p[]ful drug1 a /imulant1 t has be5 inject$ into our :ole sy/em4 ,if !n we c\ld appraise ! vig\r & value ( life indep5d5t ( religion1 we c draw no direct conclusions f obs]v+ x 9 its pres5t /ate4 ,be=e su* obs]vations c tea* u any?+1 !re is a great deal t w h to be made all[ance =3 & ! positive s*ool1 :5 !y reason f life z x is1 are build+ !re=e on an utt]ly uns\nd f\ndation4 ,x is emphatically untrue to say t a s+le example 9 ! pres5t day1 or = matt] ( t any numb] ( examples1 ei!r goes or c g any way t[>ds prov+ ! adequacy ( any non-religi\s =mula4 ,= all su* =mul h fir/ to be fur!r analys$ be=e we "k h[ f> !y are really non-religi\s2 & secondly ! religi\s elem5t t w be c]ta9ly f\nd exi/+ 9 !m w h1 hypo!tically1 to be remov$4 ,x w\ld be well if ! positive s*ool w\ld sp5d 9 ?is spiritual analysis b a little ( t skill !y h atta9$ to 9 _! analysis ( matt]4 ,9 _! exp]im5ts1 = in/ance1 on spontane\s g5]ation1 :at untold pa9s h be5 tak56 ,) :at labori\s ?\ght1 ) :at emul\s +5uity1 h !y /ruggl$ to completely /]ilise ! fluids 9 :i* !y are to seek = ! new production ( life6 ,h[ jeal\sly d !y gu>d aga9/ leav+ !re any already exi/+ g]ms6 ,h[ easily d !y tell u _! exp]im5ts may be vitiat$ by ! smalle/ ov]sight6 ,surely spiritual matt]s are wor?y ( an equally c>eful treatm5t4 ,= :at we h "h to /udy is n ! production ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life1 b ! highe/ =ms ( human happ9ess4 ,^! 7 once ?\ght to be always due to religion4 ,! mod]n doctr9e is t !y are producible )\t su* aid4 ,let u treat1 !n1 ! beauty ( hol9ess1 ! love ( tru?1 '! treasure ( human affection1' & s =?1 z ,dr4 ,tyndall has treat$ ! infusions 9 :i* life is said to orig9ate4 ,let u boil !m d[n1 s to speak1 & de/roy e g]m ( religion 9 !m1 & !n see h[ f> !y w g5]ate ! same ec/atic happ9ess4 ,& let u treat 9 ?is way vice no less ?an virtue4 ,hav+ once done ?is1 we may hone/ly claim :atev] yet rema9s to u4 ,!n1 we %all see :at mat]ials ( happ9ess we c1 z positive ?9k]s1 call our own4 ,!n1 a positive moral sy/em1 if any su* be possible1 w beg9 to h a real value = u--!n1 b n till !n4 ,su* an analysis z ?is mu/ be naturally a "w ( "t2 & mu* ( x mu/ be p]=m$ by ea* "o ( u = ourselves4 ,b a sample ( ! op]ation c be giv5 "h1 :i* w %[ pla9ly en\gh its nature1 & ! ultimate results ( x4 ,i %all beg91 = ?is purpose1 ) reconsid]+ ! moral end g5]ally1 & ! ?ree prim>y *>act]i/ics t are ascrib$1 by all p>ties1 to x1 z ess5tials4 ,i %all po9t out1 g5]ally also1 h[ mu* ( religion is embodi$ 9 all ^!2 & %all !n proce$ to "o or two concrete examples1 tak5 f ! pleasures & passions t animate ! life ar\nd u4 ,^! ?ree *>act]i/ics ( ! moral end are its inw>dness1 its importance1 &1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 its absolute "*4 ,i beg9 ) its inw>dness4 ,i h spok5 ( ?is sev]al times already1 b ! matt] is s important t x w well be> repetition4 ,by call+ ! moral end inw>d1 ,i mean t x resides prim>ily n 9 action1 b 9 motives to action2 9 ! w1 n 9 ! de$2 n 9 :at we actually d1 b 9 :at we actually endeav\r to d2 9 ! love we give1 r ?an 9 ! love t we receive4 ,:at defiles a man is t :i* comes out ( 8 he>t--evil ?\ghts1 murd]s1 adult]ies4 ,! ?\ghts may nev] f9d utt]ance 9 a ^w1 ! murd]s & adult]ies may nev] be fulfill$ 9 act2 & yet1 if a man be re/ra9$1 n by 8 own w1 b only by out] circum/ances1 8 immorality w be ! same4 ,! prim>y ?+s we are 'responsible =1' obs]ves a rec5t positive writ]1#ab are 'frames ( m9d into :i* we kn[+ly & will+ly "w ourselves'3 & :5 ^! are once wrong1 he adds1 '!y are wrong = ev]3 no accid5tal failure ( _! good or evil fruits c possibly alt] t4' ,& z ) :at is wrong or vici\s1 s ) :at is "r or virtu\s2 ?is 9 a l mann] proce$s out ( ! m9d or he>t4 ',! gladness ( true h]oism1' says ,dr4 ,tyndall1 'visits ! he>t ( him :o is really compet5t to say1 ,i c\rt tru?4' ,x is n1 be x obs]v$1 ! objective atta9m5t ( tru? t creates ! gladness4 ,x is ! subjective desire1 ! subjective resolution4 ,! moral end1 = ! positivi/ j z mu* z = ! believ]1 is a c]ta9 inw>d /ate ( ! he>t1 or m9d--a /ate :i* w ( necessity1 if possible1 express itself 9 action1 b ^: value is n to be measur$ by ! success ( t expression4 ,! battle-gr\nd ( good & evil is )9 u2 & ! great human ev5t is ! issue ( ! /ruggle betwe5 !m4 ,& ?is leads u on to ! second po9t4 ,! language us$ on all h&s respect+ ?is /ruggle1 implies t its issue is ( an importance great out ( all proportion to our own consci\sness ( ! results ( x1 nay1 ev5 t x is indep5d5t ( our consci\sness4 ,x is impli$ t ?\gh a man may be q ignorant ( ! /ate ( 8 own he>t1 & ?\gh no "o else c s mu* z guess at x1 :at t /ate is is ( great & peculi> mom5t4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 & ! importance ( our inn] /ate _h ref]5ce only to our own feel+s ab\t x1 self-deception w\ld be z good z virtue4 ,to believe we 7 upright1 pure1 & b5evol5t w\ld be z good z to be s4 ,we might h all ! pleasures ( morality ) none ( its inconv5i5ces2 = x is easy1 if ,i may borr[ a phrase ( ,mr4 ,t5nyson's1 to become s false t we take ourselves = true2 & ?us1 te/$ by any pa9 or joy t we ourselves 7 consci\s (1 ! results ( ! complete/ falsehood w\ld be ! same z ^? ( ! complete/ virtue4 ,b let a man be nev] s p]fect an in/ance ( a result l ?is1 no positivi/ morali/ w\ld cont5d t he 0 virtu\s1 or t he c\ld be said1 at 8 dea?1 to h f\nd ! true treasure ( life4 ,on ! contr>y 8 c>e] w\ld be reg>d$ z1 9 ! pr(\nde/ s5se1 a trag$y4 ,x is = ?is reason t su* a value is set at pres5t ^u fem99e purity1 & t we are accu/om$ to call ! woman ru9$ t has lo/ x4 ,! out] h>m done may n be great1 & may lead to no ill consequ5ces4 ,! h>m is all )93 ! trag$y is 9 ! s\l itself4 ,b--& ?is is m important /ill--ev5 "h ! h>m may n be recognis$3 ! act 9 "q may lead to no remorse2 & yet despite ?is1 ! case w be made no bett]4 ,on ! contr>y x w be made a great deal worse4 ,any fa!r or husb& w\ld recognise ?is1 :o 0 n pr(ess$ly c>eless ab\t all moral matt]s altoge!r4 ,x w\ld n1 = in/ance1 console a positivi/ = 8 daught]'s s$uction to "k t ! matt] 0 hu%$ up1 & t x gave ! lady h]self no conc]n :atev]4 ,x is impli$ 9 ! language ( all :o pr(ess to reg>d morality1 t :e!r ! guilty p]son be consci\s or no ( any remorse or sorr[1 ! same h>m has be5 done by :at we call guilt4 ,!re is1 h[ev] 7& ?is br+s u to ! ?ird po9t71 a v l>ge "p ( ! _w t1 z a fact1 no matt] :at x pr(esses1 really sets ^u morality no true value :atev]4 ,if x has ev] realis$ at all :at morality is1 x has done s only p>tially2 x has be5 m impress$ ) its drawbacks ?an ) its attractions1 & x becomes practically happi] & m cont5t$1 ! m x =gets ! v idea ( virtue4 ,b x is impli$1 z we h se51 9 ! usual language ( all ( u t1 let ! vici\s be z happy z possible1 !y h no "r to su* a happ9ess1 & t if !y *oose to take x1 x w 9 "s way or o!r be ! worse = !m4 ,?is language evid5tly implies f>!r t !re is "s /&>d by :i* happ9ess is to be measur$1 q ap>t f its complet5ess1 & f our individual desire = x4 ,t /&>d is some?+ absolute1 beyond & above ! ta/e ( any s+le man or ( any body ( m54 ,x is a /&>d to :i* ! human race c be au?oritatively ord]$ to con=m1 or be despis$1 d]id$1 & hat$1 if x refuse to d s4 ,x is impli$ t ^? :o f9d _! happ9ess 9 virtue h a "r to ord] & to =ce1 if possible1 all o!rs to d ! same4 ,unless we believ$ ?is !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z moral e>ne/ness 9 ! propagation ( any sy/em4 ,!re c\ld1 inde$1 be no su* ?+ z propag&ism at all4 ,if a man 7to use an example ( ,mill's7 pref]r$ to be a cont5t$ pig r ?an a discont5t$ ,socrates1 we %\ld h no positive reason = ?9k+ him wrong2 ev5 did we ?9k s we %\ld h no motive = tell+ him s2 ev5 if we told him1 we %\ld h no means ( conv9c+ him4 ,^?1 !n1 :o reg>d morality z ! rule ( action1 & ! "o key t c unlock = ea* ( u ! true treasure ( life1 :o talk ( ?+s be+ noble & sacr$ & h]oic1 :o call our responsibilities & our privileges#ac awful1 & :o urge on a li/less _w ! e>ne/ness & ! solemnity ( exi/5ce--all ^?1 ,i say1 :o use su* language z ?is1 imply ( ! moral end ?ree necess>y ?+s3 fir/1 t its ess5ce is inw>d1 9 ! he>t ( man2 secondly1 t its value is incalculable1 & its atta9m5t ! only true happ9ess = u2 ?irdly1 t its /&>d is some?+ absolute1 & n 9 ! compet5ce ( any man or ( all m5 to alt] or aboli%4 ,t ?is is true may be v easily se54 ,d5y any "o ( ^! propositions2 say t ! moral end consi/s 9 some?+ outw>d & ali5able1 n 9 some?+ inw>d & inali5able2 t its importance is small1 & second to _m o!r ?+s2 t its /&>d is n absolute1 b v>ies accord+ to individual ta/e2 & morality becomes at once impossible to prea*1 & n wor? prea*+4 ,n[ = all ^! *>act]i/ics ( ! end ( life1 ! !ism t mod]n ?\ght is reject+ c\ld (f] a /rictly logical basis4 ,& fir/1 z to its importance4 ,"h x may be said1 c]ta9ly1 t !ism cuts ! knot1 & does n untie x4 ,b at all ev5ts x gets rid ( x2 & 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! !i/ confesses freely t ! importance ( ! moral end is a ?+ t ! facts ( life1 z we n[ "k !m1 w nev] prop]ly expla9 to u4 ,x c at pres5t be div9$ & augur$ only2 its value is "o ( promise r ?an ( p]=mance2 & ! possession itself is a ?+ t passes und]/&+4 ,x belongs to a region ( my/]y into :i* nei!r logic nor exp]im5t w ev] suffice to c>ry u2 & ^: secrets are beyond ! rea* ( any intellectual a]onaut4 ,b x is a "p ( ! !i/ic cre$ t su* a region is2 & t ! ?+s t pass und]/&+ are ! mo/ important ?+s ( life4 ,no?+ w\ld be ga9$1 h[ev]1 by po/ulat+ m]ely a my/]y--an unkn[able4 ,?is mu/ be s f> kn[n by ! !i/1 t he kn[s its connection ) himself4 ,he mu/ "k1 too1 t if ?is connection is to h any effect on him1 x mu/ be n m]ely tempor>y1 b p]man5t & indissoluble4 ,su* a connection he f9ds 9 8 two di/9ctive doctr9es--! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 :i* gives him ! connection2 & 8 own p]sonal immortality1 :i* p]petuates x4 ,?us ! !i/1 ^u 8 own !ory1 has an eye ev] ^u him4 ,he is 9 con/ant relation%ip ) a consci\s omnipot5t ,be+1 9 ^: lik5ess he is 9 "s sort =m$1 & to :i* he is 9 "s sort k94 ,to none ( 8 actions is ?is ,be+ indiff]5t2 & ) ?is ,be+ 8 relations = good or evil w nev] cease4 ,?us1 ?\gh he may n realise _! true nature n[1 ?\gh he may n realise h[ inf9itely good ! good is1 or h[ inf9itely evil ! evil1 !re is a day 9 /ore = him :5 8 eyes w be op5$1 & :at he n[ sees only ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 he w see face to face4 ,! objectivity ( ! moral end--or r ! objective /&>d ( ! subjective end--is expla9$ 9 ! same way4 ,! /&>d is ,god's w1 n man's imm$iate happ9ess4 ,& yet to ?is w1 z soon z1 by natural or sup]natural means1 we disc]n x1 ! ,godlike "p ( our nature at once responds3 x at once ackn[l$ges x z et]nal & div9e1 al?\gh we c give no logical reasons = su* ackn[l$gm5t4 ,by ! light1 too1 ( ^! same beliefs1 ! inw>dness ( ! moral end assumes an explicable mean+4 ,man's prim>y duty is t[>ds ,god2 8 second>y duty is t[>ds 8 bro!r m52 & x is only f ! filial relation t ! frat]nal spr+s4 ,! moral end1 !n1 is s preci\s 9 ! eyes ( ! !i/1 because ! inw>d /ate t x consi/s ( is agreeable to :at ,god wills--a ,god :o reads ! he>t1 & :o _c be deceiv$4 ,& ! !i/'s peace or gladness 9 8 highe/ moral actions spr+s n s mu* f ! consci\sness ( :at he does or is1 z ( ! reasons :y he does or is x--reasons t rea* f> away beyond ! e>? & its de/9ies1 & connect him ) "s timeless & holy my/]y4 ,?us !ism1 :e!r x be true or no1 c give a logical & a full acc\nt ( ! suppos$ nature ( ! moral end1 & ( its suppos$ importance4 ,let u turn n[ to positivism1 & consid] :at is its position4 ,! positivi/1 we mu/ rememb]1 conceives ( ! moral end 9 ! same way1 & sets ^u x ! same value4 ,let u see h[ f> 8 own premisses w give him any support 9 ?is4 ,^! premisses1 s f> z !y diff] f ^? ( !ism1 consi/ ( two great d5ials3 !re is no p]sonal ,god1 & !re is no p]sonal immortality4 ,we w glance rapidly at ! direct results ( ^!4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y conf9e all ! life ) :i* we c h ! lea/ moral connection to ! surface ( ?is e>?1 & to ! limit$ "t = :i* life & consci\sness c exi/ ^u x4 ,!y isolate ! moral law1 z ,i %all %[ m cle>ly h]eaft]1 f any law or =ce 9 ! univ]se t may be wid] & m p]man5t4 ,:5 ! individual dies1 he c only be said to live by metaphor1 9 ! results ( 8 outw>d actions4 ,:5 ! race dies1 9 no ?9kable way c we say t x w live at all4 ,ev]y?+ w !n be z ?\gh x nev] _h be54 ,:atev] humanity may h done be=e its end arrives1 h[ev] high x may h rais$ itself1 h[ev] l[ x may h sunk itself1 ,! ev5t ,w trammel up ! consequ5ce1 & cat* ,) its success surcease4 ,all ! vice ( ! _w1 & all its virtue1 all its pleasures & all its pa9s1 w h effect$ no?+4 ,!y w all h fad$ l an unsub/antial pageant1 & n left a wrack beh9d4 ,"h1 !n1 ! importance ( morality at once *anges bo? its dim5sions & its k9d4 ,x is conf9$ )9 n>r[ limitations ( space & "t4 ,x is no long] a ?+ we c talk vaguely ab\t1 or to :i* any s\nd+ b indef9ite phrases w be applicable4 ,we c no long] say ei!r to ! individual or ! race1 ,*oose well1 & y\r *oice is ,brief1 b yet endless4#ad ,we c only say t x is brief1 & t bye & bye :at x 0 w be no matt] to anyone4 ,/ill )9 ^! limits x may be said1 c]ta9ly1 t x is a great ?+ = u t we %\ld be happy2 & if x be true t ! moral end br+s ! greate/ happ9ess1 !n x is man's greate/ a*ievem5t to atta9 to ! moral end4 ,b :5 we say t ! greate/ happ9ess resides 9 ! moral end1 we mu/ be c>eful to see :at x is we mean4 ,we may mean t z a matt] ( fact m5 g5]ally give a full ass5t to ?is1 & act accord+ly1 :i* is ! mo/ obvi\s falsehood t c\ld be utt]$ on any subject2 or we may mean--inde$1 if we mean any?+ we mu/ mean--t !y w\ld give a full ass5t1 & act accord+ly1 c\ld _! pres5t /ate ( m9d und]go a complete *ange1 & _! eyes be op5$1 :i* at pres5t are fa/ clos$4 ,b accord+ to ! positivi/ !ory1 ?is hypo!sis is 9 mo/ cases an impossibility4 ,! moral end1 z we h se51 is an inw>d /ate ( ! he>t2 & ! he>t1 on ! %[+ ( ! positivi/s1 is = ea* man an absolute solitude4 ,no "o c ga9 admission to x b by 8 assi/ance2 & to ! l>g] "p no "o c ev] ga9 admission at all4 ,?us 9 ! seas ( life enisl$1 ,) e*o+ /raits betwe5 u ?r[n1 ,dott+ ! %oreless wat]y wild1 ,we mortal myriads live alone4 ,s says ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold2 & ! g5tle ,keble utt]s ! same s5tim5t1 rem>k+1 ) a delicate pa?os1 h[ seldom ^? ev5 :o h kn[n u be/ & longe/ ,"k half ! reason :y we smile or sigh4 ,?us 9 ! recesses ( 8 own s\l ea* man is1 = ! positivi/1 z mu* alone z if he 7 ! only consci\s ?+ 9 ! univ]se2 & 8 :ole inn] life1 :5 he dies1 w1 to use "s words ( ,george ,eliot's t ,i h already quot$1 ,be ga!r$ l a scroll )9 ! tomb1 ,unread = ev]4 ,no "o %all enquire into 8 inw>d ?\ghts1 mu* less %all anyone judge him = !m4 ,to no "o except himself c he 9 any way h to answ] = !m4 ,su* is ! condition ( ! individual accord+ to ! positivi/ !ory4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t "o ( ! fir/ results ( positivism is to de/roy ev5 ! rudim5ts ( any ma*9]y by :i* "o man c\ld gov]n1 ) au?ority1 ! inw>d k+dom ( ano!r2 & ! moral imp]ative is r$uc$ to an empty vaunt4 ,= :at c be an empti] fl\ri% ?an = "o set ( m51 & ^! a confess$ m9ority1 to proclaim imp]i\s laws to o!rs1 :i* !y c nev] get ! o!rs to obey1 & :i* are ess5tially mean+less to ! only p to :om !y are n sup]flu\s8 ,suppose t1 on positive gr\nds1 ,i f9d pleasure 9 humility1 & my fri5d f9ds pleasure 9 pride1 & s f> z we c =m a judgm5t ! happ9ess ( u bo? is equal2 :at possible gr\nds c ,i h = call+ my /ate bett] ?an 88 ,7 ,i a !i/1 ,i %\ld h ! be/ ( gr\nds1 = ,i %\ld believe t h]eaft] my fri5d's pres5t cont5tm5t w\ld be dissipat$1 & w\ld give place to despair4 ,b z a positivi/1 if 8 cont5tm5t d b la/ 8 lifetime1 :at c ,i say except ?is1 t he has *os5 :at1 = him1 0 8 bett] "p = ev]1 & no ,god or man w ev] take x away f him8 ,to say !n t 8 immoral /ate 0 worse ?an my moral /ate w\ld be a phrase incapable ( any practical mean+4 ,x might mean t1 c\ld my fri5d be made to ?9k z ,i d1 he w\ld be happi] ?an he is at pres5t2 b we h "h an impossible hypo!sis1 & an unv]ifiable conclusion4 ,x is true en\gh t ,i might pres5t to my fri5d "s image ( my own inw>d /ate1 & ( all ! happ9ess x gave me2 b if1 hav+ comp>$ 8 happ9ess & m9e z well z he c\ld1 he /ill lik$ 8 own be/1 exhortation w\ld h no p[]1 & reproa* no mean+4 ,"h1 !n1 are ?ree results--simple1 imm$iate1 & necess>y--( positivism1 on ! moral end4 ,( ! ?ree *>act]i/ics at pres5t suppos$ ess5tial to x1 positivism elim9ates two & mat]ially modifies ! ?ird4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! importance ( ! moral end is altoge!r *ang$ 9 "*4 ,x has no?+ 9 x :atev] ( ! inf9ite1 & a sci5tific =eca/ c already see ! end ( x4 ,9 ! second place1 x is no?+ absolute1 & n be+ absolute is incapable ( be+ en=c$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 its value1 su* z x is1 is measur$ only by ! consci\s happ9ess t its possession gives u1 or ! consci\s pa9s t its loss gives u4 ,/ill x may be cont5d$ ) plausibility t ! moral end1 :5 once se51 is suffici5t to attract u by its own inali5able *>m1 & c hold its own indep5d5tly ( any fur!r !ories z to its nature & its univ]sality4 ,x rema9s n[ to come to practical life1 & see if ?is really be s2 to see if ! pleasures 9 life t are suppos$ ! highe/ w n lose _! attractiv5ess :5 robb$ ( ! ?ree *>act]i/ics ( :i* ! positive !ory robs !m4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,vide ,pessimism1 by ,james ,sully4 #ab ,pr(essor ,clif=d2 ',e?ics ( ,belief1' ,contempor>y ,review1 ,jan4 #ahgg4 #ac ',an awful privilege1 & an awful responsibility1 t we %\ld help to create a _w 9 :i* po/]ity w live6'--,pr(essor ,clif=d4 #ad ,goe!1 translat$ by ,c>lyle4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,love ,,z ,a ,,te/ ,,( ,,goodness4 ,greek3 ,erta de1 ton tyrannon &rn1 ,ton tas ,aphroditas ,philtatn ?alamn ,kld\*on1 ou sebizom51 ,p]?onta4--,euripides4 ,i w aga9 re-/ate1 9 o!r words ?an my own1 ! !ory we are n[ go+ to te/ by ! actual facts ( life4 ',! ass]tion1' says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 't morality is 9 any way dep5d5t on c]ta9 philosophical problems1 produces ! same effect on my m9d z if "o %\ld say t a man's vision dep5ds on 8 !ory ( sight1 or t he has no bus9ess to be sure t g+] is hot 9 8 m\?1 unless he has =m$ def9ite views z to ! nature ( g+]4' ,or1 to put ! matt] 9 slightly diff]5t language1 ! sorts ( happ9ess1 we are told1 t are secur$ to u by moral conduct are facts1 s f> z reg>ds our own consci\sness ( !m1 z simple1 z con/ant & z univ]sal1 z is ! p]ception ( ! out] _w secur$ to u by our eyesight1 or z ! s5sation =m$ on ! palate by ! application ( g+] to x4 ,love1 = in/ance1 accord+ to ?is view1 is z simple a delight = m5 9 its highe/ =ms z x is = animals 9 its l[e/4 ,:at ,george ,eliot calls '! treasure ( human affection' dep5ds z little = its value on any beliefs outside itself z does ! treasure ( animal appetite2 & j z no want ( religi\s fai? c deprive ! animals ( ! la/1 s no want ( religi\s fai? c deprive mank9d ( ! fir/4 ,x w rema9 a /able possession to u1 amid ! wreck ( cre$s1 giv+ life a solemn & int5se value ( its own4 ,x w nev] fail u z a sure te/ ( conduct4 ,:atev] guides u to ?is treasure we %all "k is moral2 :atev] t5ds to )draw u f x we %all "k is immoral4 ,su* is ! positivi/ !ory z to all ! high] pleasures ( life1 ( :i* affection confess$ly is "o ( ! *ief1 & also ! mo/ obvi\sly human4 ,let u proce$ n[ f g5]alities to special concrete facts1 & see h[ f> ?is !ory is borne out by !m4 ,& we c f9d none bett] ?an ^? :i* are n[ be=e u--! special concrete facts ( affection1 & ( sexual affection 9 p>ticul>4 ,! affection ( man = woman--or1 z x w be be/ to call x1 love--has be5 ev] s9ce "t 01 "o ( ! *ief elem5ts 9 ! life ( man4 ,b x 0 n till ,*ri/ianity _h v fully develop$ itself t x assum$ ! peculi> importance t is n[ claim$ = x4 ,= ! anci5t _w x 0 a passion sure to come to mo/ m51 & t w\ld br+ joy or sorr[ to !m z ! case might be4 ,! worldly wisdom ( "s conv9c$ !m t x gave m joy ?an sorr[2 s !y took & us$ x z long z x *anc$ to please !m4 ,! worldly wisdom ( o!rs conv9c$ !m t x gave m sorr[ ?an joy1 s !y did all !y c\ld1 l ,lucretius1 to s*ool !mselves into a contempt = x4 ,b = ! mod]n _w x is on q a diff]5t foot+1 & its value does n dep5d on su* a *ance balance ( pa9s & pleasures4 ,! latt] are n ( ! same nature z ! =m]1 & s _c be outweigh$ by !m4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! mod]n _w1 ',tis bett] to h lov$ & lo/ ,?an nev] to h lov$ at all4 ,to love1 9 fact1 ?\gh n exactly said to be incumb5t ^u all m51 is yet end[$ ) some?+ t is almo/ ( ! nature ( a duty4 ,if a man _c love1 x is look$ on z a sort ( moral mis=tune1 if n z a moral fault 9 him4 ,& :5 a man c love1 & does love successfully1 !n x is held t 8 :ole nature has bur/ out into blossom4 ,! imag9ative lit]ature ( ! mod]n _w c5tres *iefly ab\t ?is human crisis2 & its importance 9 lit]ature is b a reflection ( its importance 9 life4 ,x is1 z x 71 ! sun ( ! _w ( s5tim5t--! s\rce ( its lights & col\rs1 & also ( its %ad[s4 ,x is ! cr[n ( man's exi/5ce2 x gives life its highe/ quality2 &1 if we c believe :at ^? :o h kn[n x tell u1 e>? "u its influ5ce seems to be melt+ into1 & to be almo/ jo9$ )1 heav54 ,all ?is language1 h[ev]1 ab\t love1 no matt] h[ true 9 a c]ta9 s5se x may be1 is emphatically true ab\t x 9 a c]ta9 s5se only1 & is by no means to be tak5 )\t res]ve4 ,x is emphatically n true ab\t love 9 g5]al1 b only ab\t love z modifi$ 9 a c]ta9 special way4 ,! =m ( ! affection1 s to speak1 is m important ?an ! sub/ance ( x4 ,x w ne$ b little consid]ation to %[ u t ?is is s4 ,love is a ?+ t c take c\ntless =ms2 & 7 n ! =m1 = ! mod]n _w1 ! ?+ ( ! fir/ importance1 ! praise be/[$ ^u all =ms ( x w\ld be equal1 or graduat$ only ) ref]5ce to int5sity4 ,b ! v rev]se ( ?is is ! case really4 ,9 our e/imate ( an affection1 its int5sity1 ?\gh d\btless ( great importance1 is yet ( an importance t is cle>ly second>y4 ,else ?+s t ! mod]n _w reg>ds z ! mo/ abom9able might be on a level ) ! ?+s x reg>ds z mo/ pure & holy2 ! lov]s ( ,a!ns might ev5 put to %ame ) _! passion ! calm sacram5tal con/ancy ( _m a ,*ri/ian pair2 & ! :ole fabric ( mod]n morals w\ld be und]m9$4 ,=1 accord+ to ! mod]n conception ( morals1 love c n only give life its highe/ quality1 b its l[e/ also4 ,if x c raise man to ! angels1 x c also s9k him bel[ ! bea/s2 & z to its int5sity1 x is a =ce :i* w c>ry him 9 ! "o direction j z well z ! o!r4 ,k9d & n degree is ! fir/ ?+ ne$ful4 ,x is ! =m]1 & n ! latt]1 t ess5tially sep>ates ,david & ,jona?an f ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 ,/4 ,elizabe? f ,cleopatra1 ! belov$ disciple f ,ant9\s4 ,h[ %all we love8 is ! great "q = u4 ,x comes long be=e1 ,h[ mu* %all we love8 ,let u imag9e a bride & bridegroom ( ! type t w\ld n[ be mo/ highly rev]5c$1 & try to und]/& some?+ ( :at _! affection is4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible "h to treat su* a subject adequately2 =1 z ,mr4 ,c>lyle says1 'except musically1 & 9 ! language ( poetry1 x c h>dly be s mu* z spok5 ab\t4' ,b en\gh = ! pres5t purpose c p]haps be said4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ! affection 9 "q w be se5 to re/ ma9ly ^u two ?+s--fir/ly1 on ! consci\sness ( _! own respective *>act]s on ! "p ( ea*2 &1 secondly1 on ! idea =m$ by ea* ( ! "* ( ! o!r4 ,ea* mu/ h a fai?1 = in/ance1 9 8 or h] own purity1 & ea* mu/ h a l fai?1 also 9 ! purity ( ! o!r4 ,?us1 to beg9 ) ! fir/ requisites1 a man c only love a woman 9 ! highe/ s5se :5 he does s ) a p]fectly cle> consci5ce4 ,!re mu/ be no ob/acle betwe5 !m :i* %ocks 8 s5se ( "r1 or :i*1 if kn[n by ! woman1 w\ld %ock h]s4 ,7 ! affection indulg$ 91 9 spite ( su* an ob/acle1 its f9e quality w\ld be injur$1 no matt] h[ great its int5sity2 &1 in/ead ( a moral bless+1 x w\ld become a moral curse4 ,an exquisite expression ( ! necessity ( ?is p]sonal s5se ( rightness may be read into ! well-kn[n l9es1 ,i c\ld n love !e1 de>1 s well1 ,lov$ ,i n hon\r m4 ,nor %all we look on hon\r "h z hav+ ref]5ce only to ext]nal acts & conditions4 ,x has ref]5ce equally1 if n m1 to ! inw>d /ate ( ! he>t4 ,! man mu/ be consci\s n only t he is lov+ ! "r woman1 b t he is lov+ h] 9 ! "r way4 ',if ,i lov$ n purity m ?an y1' he w\ld say to h]1 ',i 7 n wor?y ( y4' ,& fur!r1 j z he requires to possess ?is ta9tless consci5ce himself1 s does he require to be assur$ t ! l is possess$ by h]4 ,unless he kn[s t %e loves purity m ?an him1 !re is no mean+ 9 8 aspiration t he may be f\nd wor?y ( h]4 ,! gift ( h] affection t is ( su* value to him1 is n ( value because x is affection simply1 b because x is affection ( a high k9d2 & its elevation is ( m consequ5ce to him ?an its int5sity1 or ev5 ?an its cont9uance4 ,he w\ld soon] t at ! exp5se ( its int5sity x rema9$ pure1 ?an t at ! exp5se ( its purity x rema9$ int5se4 ,o!llo 0 c]ta9ly n a husb& ( ! highe/ type1 & yet we see some?+ ( ?is ev5 9 8 case4 ,8 suff]+s at 8 wife's suppos$ incon/ancy h d\btless 9 !m a l>ge selfi% elem5t4 ,mu* ( !m is caus$ by ! m]e passion ( jeal\sy4 ,b ! deepe/ /+ ( all does n lie "h4 ,x lies r 9 ! ?\ght ( :at 8 wife has done to h]self1 ?an ( :at %e has done to him4 ,?is is :at ov]comes him4 ,! bawdy w9d1 t kisses all x meets1 ,is hu%$ )9 ! holl[ m9e ( e>?1 ,& w n he> x4 ,he c\ld h borne any?+ b a s\l's trag$y l ?is3 ,alas6 to make me ,a fix$ figure = ! "t ( scorn ,to po9t 8 sl[ unmov+ f+] at6 ,yet ,i c\ld be> t too1 well--v well3 ,b !re1 :]e ,i h g>n]$ up my he>t1 ,:]e ,i mu/ ei!r live1 or be> no life2 ,! f\nta9 f ! :i* my curr5t runs ,or else dries up2 to be disc>d$ !nce6 ,or keep x z a ci/]n = f\l toads ,to knot & g5d] 96 ,:5ev] he 0 ) h]1 ,desdemona might /ill be devot$ to him4 ,%e might only give to ,cassio :at %e c\ld n give to h] husb&4 ,b to ,o!llo ?is w\ld be no com=t4 ,! f\nta9 w\ld be pollut$ 'f :i* 8 curr5t runs'2 & ?\gh its wat]s might /ill fl[ = him1 he w\ld n c>e to t\* !m4 ,if ?is feel+ is manife/ 9 su* a love z ,o!llo's1 mu* m is x manife/ 9 love ( a high] type4 ,x is express$ ?us1 = in/ance1 by ! h]o9e ( ,mrs4 ,crav5's ',rcit d'une ,soeur4' ',i c inde$ say1' %e says1 't we nev] lov$ ea* o!r s mu* z :5 we saw h[ we bo? lov$ ,god3' & aga91 ',my husb& w\ld n h lov$ me z he did1 if he _h n lov$ ,god a great deal m4' ,?is language is ( c\rse di/9ctly religi\s2 b x embodies a mean+ t is appreciat$ by ! positive s*ool z well4 ,9 positivi/ language x might be express$ ?us3 ',my husb& w\ld n h lov$ me z he did1 if he w\ld n1 soon] ?an love me 9 any o!r way1 h ceas$ to love me altoge!r4' ,x is cle> t ?is s5tim5t is prop]1 nay ess5tial1 to positivi/ affection1 j z well z to ,*ri/ian4 ,any pure & exalt$ love w\ld at once *ange its "*1 if1 )\t any fur!r *ange1 x m]ely believ$ x 7 free to *ange x4 ,its /ronge/ elem5t is ! consci\sness1 n t x is ( su* a "* only1 b t ?is "* is ! "r "o4 ,! ideal bride & bridegroom1 ! ideal man & wife1 w\ld n value purity z !y are suppos$ to d1 did !y n believe t x 0 n only diff]5t f impurity1 b ess5tially & incalculably bett] ?an x4 ,= ! positivi/1 j z mu* z ! ,*ri/ian1 ?is s5se ( rightness 9 love is int]fus$ ) ! affection prop]1 & does z x 7 give w+s to x4 ,x f> m ?an makes good = ! lov]s any loss ( int5sity t may be creat$ by ! *a/5+ d[n ( passion3 & figuratively at lea/1 x may be said to make !m consci\s t 'und]nea? !m are ! ev]la/+ arms4' ,"h !n 9 love1 z ! positive s*ool at pres5t (f] x to u1 are all ^! ?ree *>act]i/ics to :i* t s*ool1 z we h se51 mu/ r5\nce all "r4 ,x is *>act]is$ z con=m+ to "s special & absolute /&>d1 ( :i* no positive acc\nt c be giv52 ! con=mity is inw>d1 & s _c be en=c$2 & = all t positive k c %[ u1 its importance may be a dream4 ,we %all realise ?is bett] if we consid] a love f :i* ^! ?ree *>act]i/ics h1 z f> z possible1 be5 ab/ract$--a love :i* pr(esses frankly to re/ ^u its own attractions1 & :i* repudiates all su* epi!ts z worse or bett]4 ,?is w at once %[ u n only ( :at v>i\s developm5ts ! passion ( love is capable1 b also h[ false x is to imag9e t ! highe/ k9d ne$ naturally be ! mo/ attractive4 ,i h quot$ ,o!llo1 & ,mrs4 ,crav5's h]o9e z types ( love :5 religioniz$4 ,we w g to ! mod]n ,p>isian s*ool = ! type ( love :5 de-religioniz$--a s*ool :i*1 />t+ f ! same premisses z d ! positive morali/s1 yet come to a practical tea*+ t is s+ul>ly diff]5t4 ,& let u rememb] t j z ! ideal we h be5 consid]+ already1 is ! ideal mo/ ard5tly look$ to by "o "p ( ! _w1 s is ! ideal we are go+ to consid] n[1 look$ to ) an equal ard\r by ano!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! writ] 9 p>ticul> f :om ,i am ab\t to quote has be5 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( all mod]n romanc]s2 & has be5 hail$ by m5 ( ! mo/ fa/idi\s culture z a prea*] to ^! latt] g5]ations ( a bold] & m wor?y gospel4 ',?is1'#ae says "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( our liv+ poets1 ( ! "w t ,i select to quote f-- ,?is is ! gold5 book ( _s & s5se1 ,! holy writ ( beauty4 ,( ?is 'holy writ' ! *ief !me is love4 ,let u g on to see h[ love is !re pres5t$ to u4 ',y "k1' says ,?ophile ,gauti]'s be/-kn[n h]o1 9 a lett] to a fri5d1 'y "k ! eag]ness ) :i* ,i h s\ght = physical beauty1 ! importance ,i atta* to outw>d =m1 & h[ ! _w ,i am 9 love ) is ! _w t ! eyes c see3 or to put ! matt] 9 m conv5tional language1 ,i am s corrupt & blas t my fai? 9 moral beauty is gone1 & my p[] ( /riv+ aft] x also4 ,i h lo/ ! faculty to disc]n betwe5 good & evil1 & ?is loss has well nigh br\ght me back to ! ignorance ( ! *ild or savage4 ,to tell ! pla9 tru?1 no?+ seems to me to be wor?y ei!r ( praise or blame1 & ,i am b little p]turb$ by ev5 ! mo/ abnormal actions4 ,my consci5ce is deaf & dumb4 ,adult]y seems to me ! mo/ commonplace ?+ possible4 ,i see no?+ %ock+ 9 a "y girl sell+ h]self4'444 ',i f9d t ! e>? is all z fair z heav51 & virtue = me is no?+ b ! p]fection ( =m4' ',_m a "t & long1' he cont9ues f>!r on1 'h ,i paus$ 9 "s ca!dral1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! m>ble foliage1 :5 ! lights 7 quiv]+ 9 ?r\gh ! /a9$ w9d[s1 :5 ! organ unbidd5 made a l[ murmur+ ( itself1 & ! w9d 0 brea?+ among/ ! pipes2 & ,i h plung$ my gaze f> into ! pale blue dep?s ( ! almond-%ap$ eyes ( ! ,madonna4 ,i h foll[$ ) a t5d] rev]5ce ! curves ( t wa/$ figure ( h]s1 & ! ar* ( h] eyebr[s1 j visible & no m ?an t4 ,i h admir$ h] smoo? & lu/r\s br[1 h] temples ) _! transp>5t *a/ity1 & h] *eeks %ad$ ) a sob] virg9al col\r1 m t5d] ?an ! col\r ( a pea*-fl[]4 ,i h c\nt$ "o by "o ! fair & gold5 la%es t ?rew _! tremul\s %ade ^u x4 ,i h trac$ out ) c>e 9 ! subdu$ tone t surr\nds h]1 ! evanesc5t l9es ( h] ?roat1 s fragile & incl9$ s mode/ly4 ,i h ev5 lift$ ) an adv5tur+ h& ! folds ( h] tunic1 & h se5 unveil$ t bosom1 maid5 & full ( milk1 t has nev] be5 press$ by any except div9e lips4 ,i h trac$ out ! r>e cle> ve9s ( x1 ev5 to _! fa9te/ bran*+s4 ,i h laid my f+] on x1 to draw ! :ite drops =?1 ( ! draught ( heav54 ,i h s mu* z t\*$ ) my lips ! v bud ( ! rosa my/ica4 ',well1 & ,i confess x hone/ly1 all ?is immat]ial beauty1 ?is ?+ s w+$ & s a]ial t "o kn[s well en\gh x is soon go+ to fly away f "o1 has nev] mov$ me to any great degree4 ,i love ! ,v5us ,anadyom5e bett]1 bett] a ?\s& times4 ,^! old-_w eyes1 slightly rais$ at ! corn]s6 ^! lips s pure & s firmly *isell$1 s amor\s1 & s fit = kiss+6 ?is l[1 broad br[6 ^! tresses ) ! curves 9 !m ( ! sea wat]1 & b\nd beh9d h] head 9 a knot1 neglig5tly6 ^! firm & %9+ %\ld]s6 ?is back1 ) its ?\s& allur+ cont\rs6 all ^! fair & r\nd$ outl9es1 ?is air ( sup]human vig\r 9 a body s div9ely fem99e--all ?is enraptures & en*ants me 9 a way ( :i* y c h no idea--y ! ,*ri/ian & ! philosoph]4 ',m>y1 despite ! humble air affect$ by h]1 is a deal too haughty = me4 ,x is z mu* z h] foot does1 swa!d 9 its :ite cov]+s1 if x j t\*es ! e>?1 n[ purpl+ :]e ! old s]p5t wri!s4 ,h] eyes are ! lovelie/ eyes 9 ! _w2 b !y are always turn$ heav5w>ds1 or else !y are ca/ d[n4 ,!y nev] look y /raight 9 ! face4 ,!y h nev] s]v$ z ! mirror ( a human =m4444 ,v5us comes1 f ! sea to take possession ( ! _w1 z a goddess :o loves m5 %\ld--q nak$ & q alone4 ,e>? is m to h] lik+ ?an is ,olympus1 & among/ h] lov]s %e has m m5 ?an gods4 ,%e drapes h]self 9 no fa9t veils ( my/]y4 ,%e /&s /raight upright1 h] dolph9 beh9d h]1 & h] foot ^u h] opal-col\r$ %ell4 ,! sun /rikes full ^u h] smoo? limbs1 & h] :ite h& holds 9 air ! waves ( h] fair locks1 :i* old fa!r ,ocean has spr9kl$ ) 8 mo/ p]fect pe>ls4 ,"o c see h]4 ,%e hides no?+2 = mode/y 0 only made = ^? :o h no beauty4 ,x is an inv5tion ( ! mod]n _w2 ! *ild ( ! ,*ri/ian contempt = =m & matt]4 ',oh anci5t _w6 all t y held 9 rev]5ce is held 9 scorn by u4 ,?9e idols are ov]?r[n 9 ! du/2 fle%less an*orites clad 9 rags & tatt]s1 m>tyrs ) ! blood fre% on !m1 & _! %\ld]s torn by ! tig]s ( ?y circuses1 h p]*$ !mselves on ! p$e/als ( ?y fair desirable gods4 ,! ,*ri/ has envelop$ ! :ole _w 9 8 w9d+-%eet4444 ,oh purity1 plant ( bitt]ness1 born on a blood-soak$ soil1 & ^: deg5]ate & sickly blossom exp&s ) difficulty 9 ! dank %ade ( cloi/]s1 "u a *ill baptismal ra92 rose )\t sc5t1 & spik$ all r\nd ) ?orns1 ?\ ha/ tak5 ! place = u ( ! glad & graci\s roses1 ba!d ) n>d & w9e1 ( ! danc+ girls ( ,syb>is6 ',! anci5t _w knew !e n1 oh /]ile fl[]6 ?\ wa/ nev] enwov5 9 its *aplets ( deliri\s p]fume4 ,9 t vigor\s & heal?y society !y w\ld h spurn$ !e "u foot disda9fully4 ,purity1 my/icism1 melan*oly--?ree words unkn[n to !e1 ?ree new maladies br\ght into our life by ! ,*ri/6444 ,= me1 ,i look on woman 9 ! old _w mann]1 l a fair slave1 made only = our pleasures4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 my eyes1 has done no?+ to rehabilitate h]4444 ,to say ! tru?1 ,i _c conceive = :at reason !re %\ld be ?is desire 9 woman to be look$ on z on a level ) m54444 ,i h made "s love-v]ses 9 my "t1 or at lea/ some?+ t aspir$ to pass = su* 444 & !re is n a ve/ige 9 !m ( ! mod]n feel+ ( love4444 ,!re is no?+ !re1 z 9 all ! love-poetry s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era1 ( a s\l :i*1 because x loves1 begs ano!r s\l to love x back aga92 no?+ !re ( a blue & %9+ lake1 :i* begs a /ream to p\r itself into its bosom1 t bo? toge!r !y may mirror ! />s ( heav52 no?+ !re ( a pair ( r+-doves1 op5+ _! w+s toge!r1 t !y may bo? toge!r fly to ! same ne/4'#af ,su* is ! acc\nt ! h]o gives ( ! nature ( 8 love = woman4 ,nor does he give ?is acc\nt regretfully1 or ?9k t x %[s him to be 9 any diseas$ condition4 ,x %[s r a return1 on 8 "p1 to a heal? t o!rs h lo/4 ,z he looks r\nd ^u ! mod]n _w & ! purity t ,george ,eliot says 9 h] v]ses %e w\ld die =1 ',woman1' he exclaims m\rnfully1 'is become ! symbol ( moral & physical beauty4 ,! real fall ( man 0 on ! bir?day ( ! babe ( ,be?lehem4'#ag ,x w be in/ructive to notice fur!r t ^! views are c>ri$ out by him to _! full legitimate consequ5ces1 ev5 ?\gh ?is1 to "s degree1 is aga9/ 8 w4 ',sometimes1' he says1 ',i try to p]suade myself t su* passions are abom9able1 & ,i say z mu* to myself 9 z sev]e a way z ,i c4 ,b ! words come only f my lips4 ,!y are argum5ts t ,i make4 ,!y are n argum5ts t ,i feel4 ,! ?+ 9 "q really seems q natural to me1 & anyone else 9 my place w\ld1 x seems to me1 d z ,i d4'#ah ,nor is ?is conception ( love peculi> to ! h]o only4 ,! h]o9e's conception is its exact c\nt]p>t1 & exactly fits x4 ,! h]o9e z completely z ! h]o has fre$ h]self f any disc]nm5t betwe5 good & evil4 ,%e recoils f abnormal impurity no m ?an f normal1 & ! climax ( ! book is h] full indulg5ce 9 bo?4 ,n[ "h we h a specim5 ( love rais$ to int5sity1 b dive/$ z f> z possible ( ! religi\s elem5t4 ,i say dive/$ z f> z possible1 because ev5 "h1 z ,i %all prove h]eaft]1 ! process is n complete1 & some?+ ( religion is /ill left f]m5t+4 ,b x is q complete en\gh = our pres5t purpose4 ,x w rem9d u 9 ! %>pe/ & cle>e/ way t love is no =ce :i* is naturally con/ant 9 its developm5t1 or :i* if left to itself c be 9 any way a moral director to u4 ,x w %[ u t _m ( its developm5ts are :at ! morali/ calls abom9able1 & t ! v wor/ ( ^! may p]haps be ! mo/ attractive1 & be delib]ately pres5t$ to u z su* by m5 ( ! mo/ elaborate culture4 ,we %all ?us see t love z a te/ ( conduct1 z an aim ( life1 or z an object ( any h]oic devotion1 is n love 9 g5]al1 b love ( a special k9d1 & t to fulfil ?is function x mu/ n only be select$ f ! re/1 b also remov$ f !m1 & set above !m at a q incalculable di/ance4 ,& ! k9d ?us *os51 let me repeat aga9 7= ?is1 ?\gh less obvi\s1 is m important /ill71 is n *os5 because x is naturally int5se1 b x becomes int5se because x is ! *os5 "o4 ,"h !n lies ! weak po9t 9 ! position ( ! positive morali/s1 :5 !y hold up su* love to u z s supreme a treasure 9 life4 ,!y obs]ve1 & q correctly1 t x is look$ ^u z a treasure2 b ! s\rce ( its preci\sness is some?+ t _! sy/em expressly takes f x4 ,t *oice among/ ! loves1 s solemn & s imp]i\s & yet s t5d]1 :i* desc5ds l a tongue ( flame ^u ! love x delights to hon\r2 :i* fixes on a despis$ & a weak affection1 tak+ x l ,eli%a f 8 furr[s1 or l ,david f 8 pa/ures1 sett+ x above all its fell[s1 & mak+ x at once a que5 & prophetess--?is is a *oice t positivism has no p[] to make2 or :i*1 if x makes1 x makes only a caprice1 or a li/less pref]5ce4 ,x does n1 inde$1 conf\nd pure love ) impure1 b x sets !m on an equal foot+2 & ^? :o cont5d t ! =m] "u ^! conditions is intr9sically m attractive to m5 ?an ! latt]1 betray a mo/ nave ignorance ( :at human nature is4 ,suppos+1 = argum5t's sake1 t to !mselves x may be s1 ?is fact is n ( ! slighte/ use to !m4 ,x is m]ely ! possession on _! "p ( a c]ta9 p]sonal ta/e1 :i* ^? :o d n %>e x may reg>d z disease or weakness1 & :i* !y !mselves c nei!r def5d nor inculcate4 ,x is true !y may call _! oppon5ts h>d names if !y *oose2 b _! oppon5ts c call !m h>d names back aga92 b 9 ! abs5ce ( any common /&>d1 ! recrim9ations on nei!r side c h ! lea/ /+ 9 !m4 ,c\ld1 h[ev]1 any argum5t on su* a matt] be possible1 x is ! devotees ( impurity t w\ld h ! /ronge/ case2 = ! pleasures ( indulg5ce are admitt$ by bo? sides1 :ile ! m]its ( ab/5tion are admitt$ by only "o4 ,let u g back1 = in/ance1 9 connection ) ?is matt]1 to :at ,pr(essor ,huxley has told u is ! gr& result ( education4 ,x leads u away1 he says1 f '! rank & /eam+ valleys ( s5se1' up to ! 'highe/ good1' :i* is 'disc]n$ by reason1' 're/+ 9 et]nal calm4' ,& let u ask him aga91 :at1 z utt]$ by a positivi/1 ^! words c by any possibility mean4 ',! rank & /eam+ valleys ( s5se'6 ,:y are !y rank & /eam+8 ,or1 if !y are1 :y is t any condemnation ( !m8 ,or1 if we d condemn !m1 :at else are we to praise8 ,! entire raw mat]ial1 n ( our pleasures only1 b ( our k also1 is giv5 u1 say ! positive s*ool1 by ! s5ses4 ,surely !n to condemn ! s5ses mu/ be to condemn life4 ,let u imag9e ,pr(essor ,huxley talk+ 9 ?is way to ,?ophile ,gauti]4 ,let u imag9e him fr[n+ grimly at ! lic5ti\s ,fr5*man1 & urg+ him ) all vehem5ce to turn to ! highe/ good4 ,! answ] w at once be1 ',t is exactly1 my de> ,pr(essor1 :at ,i d turn to4 ,&1 li/51' he might say--! foll[+ is aga9 a passage f 8 own writ+s--'to ! way 9 :i* ,i figure ! highe/ good to myself4 ,x is a huge build+1 ) its out] walls all bl9d & w9d[less2 a huge c\rt )91 surr\nd$ by a colonnade ( :ite m>ble2 9 ! mid/ a musical f\nta9 ) a jet ( quick-silv] 9 ! ,arabian fa%ion2 leaves ( orange-trees & pomegranates plac$ alt]nately2 ov]head ! blue/ ( skies & ! mell[e/ ( suns2 great long-nos$ greyh\nds %\ld be sleep+ "h & !re2 f "t to "t b>efoot negresses ) gold5 ankle-r+s1 fair wom5 s]vants :ite & sl5d]1 & clad 9 ri* /range g>m5ts1 %\ld pass betwe5 ! holl[ ar*es1 basket on arm1 or urn pois$ on head4#ai ,?ree ?+s give me pleasure1 gold1 m>ble1 & purple--brilliance1 mass1 & col\r4 ,^! are ! /uffs out ( :i* my dreams are made2 & all my ideal palaces are con/ruct$ ( ^! mat]ials4'#bj ,:at answ] c\ld ,pr(essor ,huxley make to ?is t w\ld n seem to ! o!r at once b>b>\s & nons5sical8 ,! be/ answ] he c\ld make w\ld be simply1 ',i d n agree ) y4' ,& to ?is aga9 ! answ] w\ld at once be1 ',t is because y are /ill hamp]$ by prejudices1 ^: only possible f\ndations we h bo? remov$2 & because ,i am a man ( culture1 & y are n4' ,let u also consid] aga9 t o!r utt]ance ( ,pr(essor ,huxley's1 ) :i* ,i began ?is *apt]4 ,accord+ to ! positive view ( morals1 he says1 ^? special sets ( happ9ess t a moral sy/em selects = u1 h no m to d ) any !ory z to ! reason ( _! selection1 ?an a man's sight has to d ) 8 !ory ( vision1 or ?an ! hot ta/e ( g+] has to d ) a k ( its analysis4 ,t is a mo/ cle> & succ9ct /atem5t ( ! :ole positive position2 & we %all n[ be able to pr(it by its cle>ness1 & to see h[ all t x does is to reveal confusion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,pr(essor ,huxley's comp>isons really illu/rate ! v fact t he designs !m to invalidate4 ,x is precisely on 8 !ory ( vision t a man's sight practically does dep5d4 ,all sight1 s f> z x conveys any mean+ to him1 is an act ( inf]5ce2 & ?\gh g5]ally ?is process may be s rapid t x is n p]ceiv$ by him1 yet ! d\bt (t5 felt ab\t di/ant or unusual objects w make him ke5ly consci\s ( x4 ,:il/ z to g+] & ! ta/e produc$ by x1 ! moral "q is n :e!r x is hot or n2 b :e!r or no x w be = our advantage to eat x2 & ?is resolves itself into two fur!r que/ions2 fir/ly1 :e!r its heat is pleasant1 & secondly :e!r its heat is :olesome4 ,on ! fir/ ( ^! ,pr(essor ,huxley ?r[s no light :atev]2 :il/ z to ! second1 x really hangs entirely on ! v po9t t he cit$ z indiff]5t4 ,we mu/ h "s k1 ev5 ?\gh x be only vague & negative1 ( ! nature ( a food1 be=e we "k :e!r x w be well = u 9 ! long run to habitually eat x1 or to ab/a9 f x4 ,let u apply ?is illu/ration to love4 ,pr(essor ,huxley's g+] %all /& = ! sort ( love he w\ld mo/ approve (2 & love1 z a :ole1 w be repres5t$ by a v>i$ dess]t1 ( :i* g+] is "o ( ! di%es4 ,n[ :at ,pr(essor ,huxley has to d is to recomm5d ?is g+]1 & to %[ t x is divid$ by an inf9ite gulf--say f prunes or f ,huntley & ,palm]'s biscuits4 ,b h[ is he to d ?is8 ,to say t g+] is hot is to say no?+4 ,to _m1 t may condemn in/ead ( recomm5d+ x3 & !y w h z mu* to say = _! own ta/es if !y rejo9 t prunes & biscuits are sweet4 ,if he c prove to !m t :at !y *oose is un:olesome1 & t if !y eat x !y w be too unwell to say _! pray]s1 !n1 suppos+ !y want to say _! pray]s1 he w h ga9$ 8 po9t4 ,b if he _c prove t x is un:olesome1 or if 8 fri5ds h no pray]s to say1 8 entire recomm5dation dw9dles to a decl>ation ( 8 own p]sonal ta/e4 ,b 9 ?is case 8 :ole tone w be diff]5t4 ,!re w be no?+ 9 x ( ! moral imp]ative4 ,he w be only laugh$ at & n li/5$ to1 if he proclaims 8 own ta/e 9 sweetmeats ) all ! ?und]s ( ,s9ai4 ,& ! *oice betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( love is1 on positive pr9ciples1 only a *oice betwe5 sweetmeats4 ,x is ?is1 & no?+ m1 ?an ?is1 av[$ly2 & yet ! positivi/s w\ld keep = x ! e>ne/ language ( ! ,*ri/ian1 = :om x is a *oice1 n betwe5 sweetmeats & sweetmeats1 b betwe5 a confection]'s waf] & ! ,ho/4 ,x may p]haps be urg$ by "s t1 accord+ to ?is view ( x1 purity is degrad$ into a bitt] some?+1 :i* we only accept reluctantly1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( its alt]natives4 ,& x is q true t a fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( wrong love is insep>ably connect$ ) our s5se ( ! value ( "r love4 ,b ?is is a necessity ( ! case2 ! quality ( ! "r love is 9 no way l[]$ by x1 & x w lead u to consid] ano!r important po9t4 ,x is impossible to hold t "o ?+ is incalculably bett] ?an o!rs1 )\t hold+ also t o!rs are incalculably worse ?an x4 ,inde$1 ! sure/ te/ we c give ( ! praise we be/[ on :at we *oose1 is ! measure ( condemnation we be/[ on :at we reject4 ,if we ma9ta9 t virtu\s love con/itutes its own heav51 we mu/ also ma9ta9 t vici\s love con/itutes its own hell4 ,if we _c d ! la/ we c]ta9ly _c d ! fir/4 ,& ! positive s*ool c d nei!r4 ,x c nei!r elevate "o k9d ( love nor depress ! o!rs2 & = ?is reason4 ,! results ( love 9 bo? cases are1 accord+ to _! tea*+1 b\nd$ by our pres5t consci\sness2 & our pres5t consci\sness1 divorc$ f all future expectation1 has no room 9 x = s va/ an int]val z all moral sy/ems po/ulate betwe5 ! "r love & ! wrong4 ,inde$1 if happ9ess be ! te/ ( "r1 x _c1 z a g5]al tru?1 be said t !y are practically sep>able at all4 ,x is notori\s t1 z f> z ! pres5t life goes1 a man ( ev5 ! vile/ affections may effectually elude all pa9 f !m4 ,sometimes !y may injure 8 heal?1 x is true2 b !y ne$ n ev5 d t2 & if !y d1 x necessitates no moral condemnation ( !m1 = _m h]oic lab\rs w\ld d j ! same4 ,injury to ! heal?1 at any rate1 is a m]e accid5t2 s is also injury to ! reputation2 & conditions are easily conceivable by :i* bo? ^! dang]s w\ld be obviat$4 ,! suppos$ evils ( impurity h b a v slight ref]5ce to ^!4 ,!y dep5d1 n on any pres5t consci\sness1 b on ! expectations ( a future consci\sness--a consci\sness t w reveal ?+s to u h]eaft] :i* we c only augur "h4 ,i d n "k !m n[1 b aft] dea? ,god kn[s ,i "k ! faces ,i %all see3 ,ea* "o a murd]$ self ) la/ l[ brea?1 ',i am ?yself2 :at ha/ ?\ done to me8' ',& ,i1 & ,i ?yself6' lo ea* "o sai?1 ',& ?\ ?yself1 to all et]nity4'#ba ,su* is ! expectation on :i* ! suppos$ evils ( impurity dep5d4 ,accord+ to positive pr9ciples1 ! expectation w nev] be fulfill$2 ! evils !re=e exi/ only 9 a diseas$ imag9ation4 ,& ) ! beauty ( purity ! case is j ! same4 ,accord+ to ! view :i* ! positivi/s h adopt$1 s little c\nt+ ! co/ ( x1 a pure human affection is a union ( two ?+s4 ,x is n a possession only1 b a promise2 n a s5tim5t only1 b a pre-s5tim5t2 n a ta/e only1 b a =eta/e2 & ! *ief sweetness said to be f\nd 9 ! =m]1 is dep5d5t altoge!r ^u ! latt]4 ',bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1 = !y %all see ,god1' is ! belief :i*1 :e!r true or false z a fact1 is impli$ 9 ! :ole mod]n cultus ( love1 & ! religi\s rev]5ce ) :i* x has come to be reg>d$4 ,9 no o!r way c we expla9 ei!r its eclecticism or its supreme importance4 ,nor is ! belief 9 "q a ?+ t is impli$ only4 ,cont9ually x is express$ also1 & ?is ev5 by writ]s :o !oretically repudiate x4 ,goe!1 = in/ance1 _c pres5t ! moral aspects ( ,m>g>et's love-/ory )\t assum+ x4 ,& ,george ,eliot has be5 oblig$ to presuppose x 9 h] *>act]s1 & to exhibit ! virtues %e reg>ds z noble/1 on ! p$e/al ( a belief t %e reg>ds z mo/ irrational4 ,b its complete/ expression is naturally to be f\nd else:]e4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a v]se ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n+'s1 :o1 h[ev] we rank him o!rwise1 is p]haps unrivall$ = 8 subtle analysis ( ! emotions3 ,de>1 :5 our "o s\l und]/&s ,! great s\l t makes all ?+s new1 ,:5 e>? breaks up1 & heav5 exp&s1 ,h[ w ! *ange /rike me & y1 ,9 ! h\se n made ) h&s8 ,"h1 aga91 is ano!r1 9 :i* ! same s5tim5t is pres5t$ 9 a some:at diff]5t =m3 ,is !re n\ght bett] ?an to enjoy8 ,no de$ :i* done1 w make "t break1 ,lett+ u p5t-up creatures ?r\gh ,into et]nity1 our due-- ,no =c+ e>? tea* heav5's employ8 ,no wise beg9n+1 "h & n[1 ,:i* _c gr[ complete 7e>?'s feat7 ,& heav5 mu/ f9i% !re & !n8 ,no ta/+ e>?'s true food = m51 ,its sweet 9 sad1 its sad 9 sweet8 ,to ! la/ ( ^! v]ses a s+ul> p>allel may be f\nd 9 ! works ( a mu* e>li]1 & a v diff]5t writ]1 only ! affection !re dealt ) is filial & n m>ital4 ,9 spite ( ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 x w /ill be mu* 9 po9t4 ',! day 0 fa/ approa*+1' says ,augu/9e1 ':]eon my "m 0 to dep>t ?is life1 :5 x happ5$1 ,"l1 z ,i believe by ?y special ord9ance1 t %e & ,i 7 alone toge!r1 lean+ 9 a c]ta9 w9d[ t look$ into ! g>d5 ( ! h\se1 :]e we 7 !n /ay+ at ,o/ia4 ,we 7 talk+ toge!r alone1 v sweetly1 & 7 wond]+ :at ! life w\ld be ( ,god's sa9ts 9 heav54 ,& :5 our disc\rse 0 come to t po9t1 t ! highe/ delight & brighte/ ( all ! c>nal s5ses seem$ n fit to be s mu* z nam$ ) t life's sweetness1 we1 lift+ ourselves yet m ard5tly to ! ,un*ang+ ,"o1 did by degrees pass ?r\gh all ?+s bodily--beyond ! heav5 ev51 & ! sun & />s4 ,yea1 we so>$ high] yet by inw>d mus+4 ,we came to our own m9ds1 & we pass$ beyond !m1 t we might rea* t place ( pl5ty1 :]e ,?\ fe$e/ ,israel = ev] ) ! food ( tru?1 & :]e life is ! ,wisdom by :i* all ^! ?+s are made4 ,& :il/ we 7 disc\rs+ & pant+ aft] h]1 we slightly t\*$ on h] ) ! :ole ef=t ( our he>t2 & we sigh$1 & !re left b\nd ! fir/ fruits ( ! _s1 & came back aga9 to ! s\nds ( our own m\?s--to our own f9ite language4 ,& :at we !n said 0 9 ?is wise3 ,if to any ! tumult ( ! fle% 7 hu%$1 hu%$ ! images ( ! e>? & air & wat]s1 hu%$ too ! poles ( heav51 yea ! v s\l be hu%$ to h]self1 & by n ?9k+ on self transc5d self1 hu%$ all dreams & imag9>y revelations1 e tongue & e sign1 & :atev] exi/s only 9 transition--if ^! %\ld all be hu%$1 hav+ only r\s$ our e>s to ,him t made !m1 & ,he speak alone1 n by !m b by ,himself1 t we might he> ,8 ^w1 n ?r\gh any tongue ( fle%1 nor angel's voice1 nor s\nd ( ?und]1 nor 9 ! d>k riddle ( a similitude1 b might he> ,him1 :om 9 ^! ?+s we love--,8 v self )\t any aid f ^! 7ev5 z we two = t brief mom5t _h t\*$ ! et]nal ,wisdom7--c\ld ?is be cont9u$ on1 & o!r visions1 f> unlike x1 be )drawn1 & ?is "o ravi% & absorb & wrap up its behold]s amid ^! inw>d joys1 s t life might be = ev] l t "o mom5t ( und]/&+1 7 n ?is1 ,ent] ?\ into ! joy ( ?y ,"l8 ,& :5 %all t be8 ,%all x be :5 we rise aga91 b %all n all be *ang$8'#bb ,9 ?is exce$+ly /rik+ passage we h ! :ole case be=e u4 ,! belief on :i* mod]n love re/s1 & :i* makes x s s+le & s sacr$ is1 z x 71 drawn = u on an enl>g$ scale3 & we see t x is a belief to :i* positivism has no "r4 ,! belief1 inde$1 is by no means a mod]n ?+4 ,rudim5ts ( x on ! contr>y are z old z man himself1 & may repres5t a some?+ t inh]es 9 8 v nature4 ,b none ! m = ?is w x be ( any s]vice to ! positivi/2 = ?is some?+ c only be ( p[] or value if ! prophecy x inevitably developes into be reg>d$ z a true "o4 ,9 ! consci\sness ( ! anci5t _w x lay undeciph]$ l ! d>k s5t5ce ( an oracle2 & ?\gh x might be rev]$ by "s1 x c\ld n be d5i$ by any4 ,b its mean+ is n[ translat$ = u1 & !re is a new factor 9 ! case4 ,we n[ c d5y x2 & if we d1 its :ole p[] is p>alys$4 ,?is :5 once recognis$ mu/ be evid5t en\gh4 ,b a curi\s confusion ( ?\ght has prev5t$ ! positive s*ool f see+ x4 ,!y h imag9$ t :at religion adds to love is ! hope ( prolongation only1 n ( developm5t also2 & ?us we f9d ,pr(essor ,huxley curtly dismiss+ ! "q by say+ t ! quality ( su* a pleasure 'is obvi\sly 9 no way affect$ by ! abbreviation or prolongation ( our consci\s life4' ,h[ utt]ly ?is is beside ! po9t may be %[n in/antly by a v simple example4 ,a pa9t]1 we w say1 inspir$ ) "s great conception1 sets to "w at a picture1 & f9ds a week ( ! int5se/ happ9ess 9 prep>+ 8 canvas & lay+ 8 fir/ col\rs4 ,n[ ! happ9ess ( t week is1 ( c\rse1 a fact = him4 ,x w\ld n h be5 great] _h x la/$ a :ole =tnight2 & x w\ld n h be5 less _h he di$ at ! week's end4 ,b ?\gh obvi\sly1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley says1 x 9 no way dep5ds on its prolongation1 :at x does dep5d on is ! belief t x w be prolong$1 & t 9 be+ prolong$ x w *ange its "*4 ,x dep5ds on ! belief on ! pa9t]'s "p t he w be able to cont9ue 8 pa9t+1 & t z he cont9ues x1 8 picture w advance to completion4 ,! positivi/s h confus$ ! true say+ t ! pleasure ( pa9t+ "o picture does n dep5d on ! fact t we %all pa9t _m1 ) ! false say+ t ! pleasure ( beg9n+ t "o does n dep5d on ! belief t we %all f9i% x4 ,on ?is la/ belief x is pla9 t ! pleasure does dep5d1 l>gely if n entirely2 & x is precisely ?is la/ belief t positivism takes away4 ,to return aga91 !n1 to ! subject ( human love--we are n[ 9 a position to see t1 z (f]$ u at pres5t by ! positive s*ool ( morali/s1 x _c1 prop]ly speak+1 be call$ a positive pleasure at all1 b t1 x is /ill ess5tially a religi\s "o2 & t :5 ! religi\s elem5t is eradicat$1 its entire "* w *ange4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 cont5d$ t ! religi\s elem5t is in]adicable3 b ?is is simply ei!r to call positivism an impossibility1 or religion an incurable disease4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are t\*+ on a side issue1 :i* ,i %all by & by return to1 b :i* is at pres5t beside ! po9t4 ,my aim n[ is n to argue ei!r t positivism c or _c be accept$ by humanity1 b to %[ :at1 if accept$1 x w h to (f] u4 ,i wi% to po9t out ! error1 = in/ance1 ( su* writ]s z ,george ,eliot1 :o1 :il/ d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( any sun-god 9 ! heav5s1 are yet p]petually ador+ ! sunlight on ! e>?2 :o pr(ess to ext+ui% all fire on pr9ciple1 & !n (f] u boil+ wat] to supply its place2 or :o1 s5d+ love to u z a m]e ,cass&ra1 cont9ue to quote z ,scripture ! prophecies !y h j discr$it$4 ,?us f> :at we h se5 is ?is4 ,love z a positive pleasure1 if x be ev] r$uc$ to su*1 w be a v diff]5t ?+ f :at our positivi/ morali/s at pres5t see x to be4 ,x w p]=m none ( ^? functions = :i* !y n[ look to x4 ,x w no long] supply !m1 z n[1 ) any special p9nacle on :i* human life may raise itself4 ,! "o type ( x t is at pres5t on an em95ce w s9k to ! same level z ! o!rs4 ,all ^! w be (f]$ to u indiscrim9ately1 & our *oice betwe5 !m w h no moral value4 ,none ( ! e?ical epi!ts by :i* ^! v>ieties are at pres5t s %>ply di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r w h any virtue left 9 !m4 ,morality 9 ?is connection w be a ^w )\t a mean+4 ,i h z yet dealt only ) "o ( ^? res\rces1 :i* h be5 suppos$ to imp>t to life a positive g5]al value4 ,?is "o1 h[ev]1 has be5 ! mo/ important & ! mo/ compreh5sive ( all2 & its case w expla9 t ( ! o!rs1 & p]haps1 ) b few exceptions1 include !m4 ,"o or two ( ^! o!rs ,i %all by & by treat sep>ately2 b we w fir/ enquire into ! results on life ( ! *ange we h be5 consid]+ already4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,mr4 ,a4,c4 ,sw9burne4 #af ,mademoiselle de ,maup91 pp4 #bac-bbb4 ,ed4 ,p>is4 #ahge4 #ag ,mademoiselle de ,maup91 p4 #bbc4 #ah ,ibid41 p4 #bbe4 #ai ,mademoiselle de ,maup91 p4 #bbb4 #bj ,ibid41 p4 #baa4 #ba ,dante ,gabriel ,rosetti4 #bb ,aug4 ,conf41 lib4 ix4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! passage ! extreme r$undancy ( ! orig9al has be5 curtail$ some:at4 ,9 ! r5d]+ "h giv5 ,i h to a great ext5t foll[$ ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,life ,,z ,,its ,,own ,,rew>d4 ',if 9 ?is life only we h hope--' ,:at we h n[ be=e u is a c]ta9 subtraction sum4 ,we h to take f life "o ( its /ronge/ pres5t elem5ts2 & see z well z we c :at w !n be ! rema9d]4 ,an exact answ] we %all1 ( c\rse1 n expect2 b we c arrive at an approximate "o )\t mu* difficulty4 ,:at we h to subtract has be5 %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]2 b x may aga9 be describ$ briefly 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,life 9 its pres5t /ate1 z we h j se51 is a union ( two sets ( feel+s1 & ( two k9ds ( happ9ess1 & is p>tly ! sum ( ! two1 & p>tly a compromise betwe5 !m4 ,its res\rces1 by "o classification1 are sep>able into two gr\ps1 accord+ z 9 !mselves !y *ance to repel or please u2 & ! mo/ obvi\s measure ( happ9ess w\ld seem to be no?+ m ?an our ga9 ( :at is ?us pleasant1 & our %irk+ ( :at is ?us pa9ful4 ,b if we exam9e life z x actually exi/s ab\t u1 we %all see t ?is classification has be5 trav]s$ by ano!r4 ,_m ?+s naturally repell5t h receiv$ a sup]natural bless+2 _m ?+s naturally pleasant h receiv$ a sup]natural curse2 & ?us our highe/ happ9ess is (t5 compos$ ( pa91 & our pr(\nde/ mis]y is ne>ly always bas$ on pleasure4 ,accord+ly1 :]eas happ9ess naturally w\ld seem ! te/ ( "r1 "r has come sup]naturally to be ! te/ ( happ9ess4 ,& s completely is ?is notion engra9$ 9 ! _w's consci\sness1 t 9 all our deep] views ( life1 no matt] :e!r we be sa9ts or s9n]s1 "r & wrong are ! ?+s t fir/ appeal to u1 n happ9ess & mis]y4 ,a c]ta9 sup]natural moral judgm5t1 9 fact1 has become a prim>y faculty ) u1 & x mixes ) e e/imate we =m ( ! _w ar\nd u4 ,x is ?is faculty t positivism1 if accept$ fully1 mu/ ei!r de/roy or p>alyse2 x is ?is1 !re=e1 t 9 imag9ation we mu/ n[ try to elim9ate4 ,to d ?is--to see :at w be left 9 life to u1 )\t ?is faculty1 we mu/ fir/ see 9 g5]al1 h[ mu* is at pres5t dep5d5t on x4 ,?is might at fir/ sight seem a h>d task to p]=m2 ! int]e/s we %all h to deal ) are s _m & s v>i\s4 ,b ! difficulty may be elud$4 ,i h already gone to lit]ature = examples ( special feel+s on ! "p ( individuals1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,we w n[ g to x = a k9dr$1 ?\gh n = ! same assi/ance2 & = ?is end we %all approa* x 9 a slightly diff]5t way4 ,:at we did be=e 0 ?is4 ,we took c]ta9 works ( lit]>y art1 & select+1 z x 71 "o or two special pat*es ( col\r1 we analys$ ! composition ( ^!4 ,:at we %all n[ d w be to take ! pictures z organic :oles1 ) a view to analys+ ! effect ( !m z pictures--! h>mony or ! contra/ ( _! col\rs1 & ! mass+ ( _! lights & %ad[s4 ,if we reflect = a mom5t :at art is--lit]>y & poetical art 9 p>ticul>--we %all at once see h[1 exam9$ 9 ?is way1 x w be ( use to u4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 :at is art8 & :at is ! reason t x pleases u8 ,x is a reflection1 a reproduction ( ! pleasures ( life1 & is altoge!r relative to ^!1 & dep5d5t on !m4 ,we %\ld1 = in/ance1 take no int]e/ 9 portraits unless we took "s int]e/ 9 ! human face4 ,we %\ld take none 9 /atues if we took none 9 ! human =m4 ,we mu/ "k some?+ ( love z a feel+1 or we %\ld nev] c>e = love-songs4 ,art may s5d u back to ^! ) int5s] appreciation ( !m1 b we mu/ br+ to art f life ! appreciation we want int5sifi$4 ,art is a factor 9 common human happ9ess1 because by its means common m5 are made p>tak]s 9 ! vision ( uncommon m54 ,great art is a speculum reflect+ life z ! ke5e/ eyes h se5 x4 ,all its =ms & imag]y are ( value only z ?is4 ,tak5 by !mselves1 '! be/ 9 ?is k9d are b %ad[s4' ,we h to 'piece out _! imp]fections1 ) our ?\ghts2' 'imag9ation has to am5d !m1' & 'x mu/ be our imag9ation1 n !irs4'#bc ,9 exam9+ a "w ( art1 !n1 we are exam9+ life itself2 or r1 9 exam9+ ! int]e/ :i* we take 9 a "w ( art1 9 exam9+ ! reasons :y we ?9k x beautiful1 or great1 or int]e/+1 we are exam9+ our own feel+s z to ! realities repres5t$ by x4 ,& n[ rememb]+ ?is1 let u turn to c]ta9 ( ! _w's greate/ works ( art--,i mean its dramas3 = j z poetry is ! mo/ articulate ( all ! arts1 s is ! drama ! mo/ compreh5sive =m ( poetry4 ,9 ! drama we h ! v ?+ we are n[ 9 want (4 ,we h life z a :ole--t complex aggregate ( details1 :i* =ms1 z x 71 ! m5tal l&scape ( exi/5ce1 pres5t$ to u 9 a 'que/ionable %ape1' at once conc5trat$ & int5sifi$4 ,& x is no exagg]ation to say t ! reasons :y m5 ?9k life wor? liv+1 c be all f\nd 9 ! reasons :y !y ?9k a great drama great4 ,let u turn1 !n1 to "s ( ! greate/ works ( ,sophocles1 ( ,%akespe>e1 & ( ,goe!1 & consid] briefly h[ ^! pres5t life to u4 ,let u take ,macbe?1 ,hamlet1 ,measure = ,measure1 & ,fau/4 ,we h "h five pres5tations ( life1 "u :at confess$ly are its mo/ /rik+ aspects1 & ) su* int]e/s z m5 h be5 able to f9d 9 x1 rais$ to _! greate/ int5sity4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! way 9 :i* ^! works are reg>d$1 & x is only 9 virtue ( ?is e/imate t !y are call$ great4 ,n[1 9 produc+ ?is e/imate1 :at is ! *ief faculty 9 u t !y appeal to8 ,x w ne$ b little ?\ght to %[ u t !y appeal prim>ily to ! sup]natural moral judgm5t2 t ?is judgm5t is p]petually be+ express$ explicitly 9 ! works !mselves2 &1 :i* is f> m important1 t x is always pre-suppos$ 9 u4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! supreme pres5tations ( life are pres5tations ( m5 /ruggl+1 or fail+ to /ruggle1 n aft] natural happ9ess1 b aft] sup]natural "r2 & x is always pre-suppos$ on our "p t we admit ?is /ruggle to be ! "o important ?+4 ,& ?is importance1 we %all see fur!r1 is bas$1 n on ! ext]nal & ! social consequ5ces ( conduct1 b ess5tially & prim>ily on its int]nal & its p]sonal consequ5ces4 ,9 ,macbe?1 = in/ance1 ! ma9 incid5t1 ! tragic-col\r+ matt] ( ! drama1 is ! murd] ( ,duncan4 ,b 9 :at aspect ( ?is does ! real trag$y lie8 ,n 9 ! fact t ,duncan is murd]$1 b 9 ! fact t ,macbe? is ! murd]]4 ,:at appals u1 :at purges our passions ) pity & ) t]ror z we contemplate x1 is n ! ext]nal1 ! social effect ( ! act1 b ! p]sonal1 ! int]nal effect ( x4 ,z = ,duncan1 he is 9 8 grave2 aft] life's fitful fev] he sleeps well4 ,:at our m9ds are made to dwell ^u is n t ,duncan %all sleep = ev]1 b t ,macbe? %all sleep no m2 x is n ! ext9ction ( a dyna/y1 b ! ru9 ( a "*4 ,we see 9 ,hamlet precisely ! same ?+4 ,! action !re t our int]e/ c5tres 91 is ! h]o's /ruggle to con=m to an int]nal p]sonal /&>d ( "r1 utt]ly irrespective ( use to o!rs1 or ( natural happ9ess to himself4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is /ruggle1 inde$1 he does no?+ b ru9 ! happ9ess ar\nd him2 & ?is ru9 adds greatly to ! pa?os ( ! spectacle4 ,b we are n indignant ) ,hamlet1 z be+ ! cause ( x4 ,we %\ld h be5 indignant r ) him if ! case _h be5 rev]s$1 & if1 in/ead ( sacrific+ social happ9ess = ! sake ( p]sonal "r1 he _h sacrific$ p]sonal "r = ! sake ( social happ9ess4 ,9 ,antigone ! case is j ! same1 only !re its nature is yet m di/9ctly exhibit$4 ,we h = ! c5tral int]e/ ! same p]sonal /ruggle aft] "r1 n aft] use or happ9ess2 & "o ( ! f9e/ passages 9 t :ole m>vell\s drama is a di/9ct /atem5t by ! h]o9e t ?is is s4 ,! "o rule %e says1 t %e is resolv$ to live by1 & n live by only1 b if ne$s be to die =1 is no human rule1 is no /&>d ( man's devis+1 nor c x be modifi$ to suit our *ang+ ne$s2 b x is ,! unwritt5 & ! endur+ laws ( ,god1 ,:i* are n ( to-day nor ye/]day1 ,b live f ev]la/+1 & none brea!s ,:o kn[s !m1 :5ce begott54 ,9 ,measure = ,measure & ,fau/ we c see ! matt] r$uc$ to a n>r[] issue /ill4 ,9 bo? ^! plays we c see at once t "o moral judgm5t at lea/1 n to "n o!rs1 is be=e all ?+s pre-suppos$ 9 u4 ,?is is a h>d & fix$ judgm5t ) reg>d to female *a/ity1 & ! sup]natural value ( x4 ,x is only because we ass5t to ?is judgm5t t ,isabella is h]oic to u2 & prim>ily = ! same reason t ,m>g>et is un=tunate4 ,let u susp5d ?is judgm5t = a mom5t1 & :at w become ( ^! two dramas8 ,! t]ror & ! pity ( !m w vani% in/antly l a dream4 ,! fitte/ "n = bo? ( !m w be ',mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+4' ,x w ?us be se51 & ! m we consid] ! matt] ! m pla9 w x become to u--t 9 all su* art z t :i* we h be5 n[ consid]+1 ! premiss on :i* all its p[] & greatness re/s is ?is3 ,! gr& relation ( man is n fir/ to 8 bro!r m51 b to some?+ else1 t is beyond humanity--t is at once )\t & also beyond himself2 to ?is fir/1 & to 8 bro!r m5 ?r\gh ?is4 ,we are n our own2 we are b\ght ) a price4 ,our bodies are ,god's temples1 & ! joy & ! t]ror ( life dep5ds on our keep+ ^! temples pure1 or defil+ !m4 ,su* are ! solemn & pr(\nd beliefs1 :e!r consci\s or unconsci\s1 on :i* all ! high] art ( ! _w has bas$ itself4 ,all ! pr(undity & solemnity ( x is borr[$ f ^!1 & exi/s = u 9 exact proportion to ! int5sity ) :i* we hold !m4 ,nor is ?is true ( sublime & s]i\s art only4 ,x is true ( cynical1 pr(ligate1 & concupisc5t art z well4 ,x is true ( ,congreve z x is true ( ,sophocles2 x is true ( ,mademoiselle de ,maup9 z x is true ( ,measure = ,measure4 ,?is art diff]s f ! =m] 9 t ! end pres5t$ 9 x z ! object ( /ruggle is n only n ! morally "r1 b is also to a c]ta9 ext5t ess5tially ! morally wrong4 ,9 ! case ( cynical & pr(ligate art ?is is obvi\s4 ,= su* art does n s mu* dep5d on ! sub/itution ( "s new object1 z 9 putt+ insult on ! pres5t "o4 ,x does n make "r & wrong *ange places2 on ! contr>y x c>efully keeps !m :]e !y are2 b x insults ! =m] by transf]r+ its insignia to ! latt]4 ,x is n ! ignor+ ( ! "r1 b ! d5ial ( x4 ,cynicism & pr(ligacy are ess5tially ! spirits t d5y1 b !y mu/ reta9 ! exi/+ affirmations = _! d5ial to prey ^u4 ,_! function is n to de/roy ! good1 b to keep x 9 l+]+ torture4 ,x is a k9d ( spiritual be>-bait+4 ,!y hate ! good1 & its exi/5ce piques !m2 b !y mu/ "k t ! good exi/s none ! less4 ',i'd no soon]1' says "o ( ,congreve's *>act]s1 'play ) a man t slight$ 8 ill-=tune1 ?an ,i'd make love to a woman :o und]valu$ ! loss ( h] reputation4' ,9 ?is "o s5t5ce is conta9$ ! :ole secret ( pr(ligacy2 & pr(ligacy is ! same z cynicism1 only x is cynicism s5sualiz$4 ,n[ we h 9 ! above s5t5ce ! exact c\nt]p>t to ! words ( ,antigone t ,i h already quot$4 ,= j z h] life lay 9 con=mity to ',! unwritt51 & ! endur+ laws ( ,god1' s does ! life ( ! pr(ligate lie 9 ! violation ( !m4 ,to ea* ! exi/5ce ( laws is equally ess5tial4 ,= pr(ligacy is n m]ely ! gratification ( ! appetites1 b ! gratification ( !m at ! exp5se ( some?+ else4 ,bea/s are n pr(ligate4 ,we _c h a pr(ligate goat4 ,9 :at ,i h call$ concupisc5t art1 ! case might seem diff]5t1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t x is s4 ,! objects ( /ruggle t we are !re pres5t$ ) are meant to be pres5t$ z pleasures1 n 9 defiance ( "r & wrong1 b indep5d5tly ( !m4 ,! *ief ( ^!1 inde$1 z ,?ophile ,gauti] has told u1 are ! physical ende>m5ts ( a man & a woman1 ) no o!r qualification ?an t !y are bo? ( !m "y & beautiful4 ,b ?\gh ?is art pr(esses to be ?us indep5d5t ( ! moral judgm5t1 & to tru/ = none ( its effects to ! disc]nm5t betwe5 good & evil1 ?is really is v f> f be+ ! case4 ,let u turn once aga9 to ! romance we h already quot$ f4 ,! h]o says1 z we h se5 already1 t he has completely lo/ ! p[] ( disc]nm5t 9 "q4 ,n[1 ev5 ?is1 z might be %[n easily1 is n entirely true2 = argum5t's sake1 h[ev]1 we may grant him t x is s4 ,! real po9t 9 ! matt] to notice is t he is at any rate consci\s ( ! loss4 ,he is a man t+l+ ) ! excitem5t ( hav+ ca/ (f "s burd54 ,! burd5 may be gone1 b x is /ill pres5t 9 ! %>p effects ( its abs5ce4 ,he is a k9d ( moral poa*]1 :o1 ?\gh he may n live by law1 takes mu* ( 8 life's tone f ! s5se t he is elud+ x4 ,8 pleasures1 ?\gh pleasurable 9 !mselves1 yet h ?is quality height5$ by ! s5se ( contra/4 ',i am at any rate n virtu\s1' 8 mi/ress says to him1 '& t is always some?+ ga9$4' ,george ,eliot says ( ,maggie ,tulliv]1 t %e lik$ h] aunt ,pullet *iefly because %e 0 n h] aunt ,gleg4 ,?ophile ,gauti]'s h]o likes ! ,v5us ,anadyom5e1 p>tly at lea/1 because %e is n ! ,madonna4 ,nay1 let u ev5 desc5d to worse spectacles--to ! sight ( m5 /ruggl+ = enjoym5ts t are yet m obvi\sly mat]ial1 m devoid yet ( any trace ( m9d or morals1 & we %all see pla9ly1 if we consult ! mirror ( art1 t ! moral elem5t is pres5t ev5 "h4 ,we %all trace x ev5 9 su* abnormal lit]ature ( indulg5ce z ! erotic "w commonly ascrib$ to ,meursius4 ,we %all trace x 9 ! orgies ( ,tib]ius at ,capri2 or ( ,qu>tilla1 z ,petronius describes !m1 at ,neapolis4 ,x is l a ray ( light com+ 9 at ! top ( a d>k cav]n1 ^: inmates see n x1 b by x2 & :i* only br+s to !m a consci\sness ( %ad[4 ,x is ?is sup]natural elem5t t leav5s natural passion1 & gives its mad rage to x4 ,x creates = x 'a twilight :]e virtues are vices4' ,! pleasures ?us s\ght = are suppos$ to en?ral m5 n 9 proportion to _! int5sity 7= ?is ?r\gh all _! v>ieties w\ld be probably ne>ly equal7 b 9 proportion to _! l[ness--to _! sully+ p[]4 ,degradation is ! measure ( enjoym5t2 or r x is an increas+ num]al by :i* "o con/ant figure ( enjoym5t is multipli$4 ,ah1 :]e %all we g !n1 = pa/ime1 ,if ! wor/ t c be has be5 done8 ,?is is ! great "q ( ! vot>ies ( su* joys z ^!4#bd ,?us if we look at life 9 ! mirror ( art1 we %all see h[ ! sup]natural is ev] pres5t to u4 ,if we climb up into heav5 x is !re2 if we g d[n into hell x is !re also4 ,we %all see x at ! bottom ( ^? two opposite sets ( pleasures1 to ! "o or ! o!r ( :i* all human pleasures belong4 ,! s\rce ( "o is an impassion$ /ruggle aft] ! sup]natural "r1 or an impassion$ s5se ( re/ ^u atta9+ x2 ! s\rce ( ! o!r is ! s5se ( revolt aga9/ x1 :i* 9 v>i\s ways flatt]s or excites u4 ,9 bo? cases ! sup]natural moral judgm5t is ! s5se appeal$ to1 prim>ily 9 ! fir/ case1 & second>ily if n prim>ily 9 ! second4 ,all ! life ab\t u is col\r$ by ?is1 & naturally if ?is be de/roy$ or wreck$1 ! :ole aspect ( life w *ange = u4 ,:at !n w ?is *ange be8 ,look+ /ill into ! mirror ( art1 ! g5]al "* ( x w be v readily p]ceptible4 ,i notic$ j n[1 9 pass+1 h[ ,measure = ,measure & ,fau/ w\ld suff] 9 _! mean+ & _! int]e/1 by ! abs5ce on our "p ( a c]ta9 moral judgm5t4 ,!y w\ld become l a p]son s++ to a deaf audi5ce--a s]ies ( dumb grimaces ) no mean+ 9 !m4 ,! same ?+ is equally true 9 all ! o!r cases4 ,antigone's h]oism w evaporate2#be %e w be left ob/9ate only4 ,! lives ( ,macbe? & ,hamlet w be tales ( little mean+ = u1 ?\gh ! words are /rong4 ,!y w be full ( s\nd & fury1 b !y w signify no?+4 ,:at !y produce 9 u w be n int]e/ b a k9d ( wond]+ we>9ess--we>9ess at ! we>y fate ( m5 :o c\ld '?9k s bra9sickly ( ?+s4' ,s 9 l mann] w all ! emphasis & elaboration 9 ! lit]ature ( s5suality become a we>9ess )\t mean+1 also4 ,congreve's cau/ic wit w turn to spasmodic truism2 & ,?ophile ,gauti]'s excess ( erotic ard\r1 into prolix & fanta/ic affectation4 ,all its sublimity1 its brilliance1 & a l>ge "p ( its int]e/1 dep5d 9 art on ! exi/5ce ( ! moral s5se1 & w\ld 9 its abs5ce be absolutely unproducible4 ,! reason ( ?is is pla94 ,! natural pa9s & pleasures ( life1 m]ely manipulat$ by ! imag9ation & ! memory1 h too little v>iety or magnitude 9 !m )\t fur!r aid4 ,art )\t ! moral s5se to play ^u1 is l a piani/ ^: keybo>d is r$uc$ to a s+le octave4 ,& exactly ! same w be ! case ) life4 ,life w lose j ! same qualities t art w--nei!r m nor less4 ,!re w be no introduction ( any new int]e/s1 b m]ely ! elim9ation ( c]ta9 exi/+ ones4 ,! subtraction ( ! moral s5se w n revolutionise human purposes1 b simply make !m li/less4 ,x w r$uce to a p>ti-col\r$ level ! :ole field ( pa9s & pleasures4 ,! moral elem5t gives ?is level a new dim5sion4 ,work+ und]nea? x z a subt]ranean =ce1 x convulses & divides its surface4 ,"h va/ areas subside into valleys & deep abysses2 !re m\nta9 peaks %oot up heav5w>ds4 ,my/]i\s %ad[s beg9 to ?rong ! holl[s2 new t9ts & half-t9ts flick] & %ift ev]y:]e2 mi/s hang float+ ov] rav9es & precipices2 ! vegetation gr[s m v>i\s1 "h sl5d]]1 !re ri*] & m luxuriant2 :il/ high ov] all1 bright on ! topmo/ summits1 is a new /range some?+--! :ite sn[s ( purity1 cat*+ ! morn+ /reaks on !m ( a bright] day1 t has nev] z yet ris5 ^u ! _w bel[4 ,) ! subtraction1 or nullify+1 ( ! moral =ce1 all ?is w g4 ,! m\nta9s w s9k1 ! valleys be fill$ up2 all w be once m dead level--/ill inde$ p>ti-col\r$1 b )\t light & %ad[1 & ) ! col\rs r$uc$ 9 numb]1 & robb$ ( all _! vividness4 ,! *i>o-oscuro w h gone f life2 ! moral l&scape1 ^: beauty & gr&eur is at pres5t s mu* extoll$1 w h dissolv$ l an insub/antial pageant4 ,vice & virtue w be set be=e u 9 ! same grey light2 e deep] feel+ ei!r ( joy or sorr[1 ( desire or ( repulsion1 w lose its vig\r1 & cease any m to be resonant4 ,x may be said inde$1 & v truly1 t "u fav\rable circum/ances !re mu/ always rema9 a joy 9 ! m]e act ( liv+1 9 ! ex]cis+ ( ! bodily functions1 & 9 ! excit+ & appeas+ ( ! bodily appetites4 ,w any?+1 x may be ask$1 = in/ance1 rob ! sun%9e ( its gladness1 or dead5 ! vital influ5ce ( a spr+ morn+8--:5 ! sky is a cl\dless blue1 & ! sea is l a wild hyac9?1 :5 ! p\r+ brooks seem to live z !y sp>kle1 & ! e>ly air among/ ! woodl&s has ! brea? 9 x ( unse5 violets8 ,all ?is1 x is q true1 w be left to u2 ?is & a great deal m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b "o side ( ! picture4 ,if life has its own natural gladness :i* is express$ by spr+1 x has also its own natural sadness :i* is express$ by w9t]2 & ! wor? ( life1 if ?is is all we tru/ to1 w be z v>i\s & z *ang+ z ! wea!r is4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,ev5 ?is wor?1 su* z x is1 dep5ds = u at pres5t1 9 a l>ge measure1 ^u religion--n directly inde$1 b indirectly4 ,?is life ( air1 & n]ve1 & muscle1 ?is buoyant consci\sness ( joy\s & ab\nd+ heal?1 :i* seems s little to h connection ) fai?s or !ories1 is = u impregnat$ ) a life t is impregnat$ ) ^!1 & ?us _! subtle influ5ce p]vades x ev]y:]e4 ,!re is no impulse f )\t :i* /irs or excites ! s5ses1 t does n ei!r br+ to u1 or s5d u on to1 a some?+ beyond itself4 ,9 ea* ( ^! pleasures t seems to u s simple1 floats a sw>m ( hopes & memories1 l ! gnats 9 a summ] twilight4 ,!re is n a sight1 a s\nd1 a smell1 n a brea? f sea or g>d51 t is n full ( !m1 & on :i*1 busy & numb]less1 !y are n waft$ into u4 ,& ea* ( ^! volatile pres5ces br+s ! notions ( "r & wrong ) x2 & x is ^! t make s5su\s life t+le ) s /range & s elaborate an excitem5t4 ,indirectly !n1 ?\gh n directly1 ! m]e joy 9 ! act ( liv+ w suff] f ! loss ( religion1 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh p]haps n 9 ! same degree1 z ! o!r joys w4 ,x w n lose its exi/5ce1 b x w lose ze/4 ,! fabric ( its pleasures w ( c\rse rema9 :at x ev] 02 b its brighte/ inhabitants w h left x4 ,x w be z desolate z ,mayfair 9 ,septemb]1 or z a des]t$ college dur+ a long vacation4 ,we may "h pause 9 pass+1 to rem>k on ! %all[ness ( t philosophy ( culture1 to be met ) 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 :i*1 :il/ admitt+ all t c be said z to ! de/ruction = u ( any moral obligation1 yet advises u /ill to pr(it by ! v>iety ( moral di/9ctions4 ',ea* mom5t1' says ,mr4 ,pat] = in/ance1 '"s =m gr[s p]fect 9 h& or face2 "s tone on ! hills or sea is *oic] ?an ! re/2 "s mood ( passion or insight or intellectual excitem5t1 is irresi/ibly real & attractive = u4' ,& ?us1 he adds1 ':ile all melts "u our feet1 we may well cat* at any exquisite passion1 or any contribution to k1 t seems by a lift$ horizon to set ! _s free = a mom5t1 or any /irr+ ( ! s5ses1 /range dyes1 /range fl[]s1 & curi\s od\rs1 or ! "w ( ! arti/'s h&1 or ! face ( "o's fri5d4' ,x is pla9 t ?is positive tea*+ ( culture is op5 to ! same objections1 & is bas$ on ! same fallacy1 z ! positive tea*+ ( morals4 ,x does n tea* u1 inde$1 to let "r & wrong guide u 9 ! *oice ( our pleasures1 9 ! s5se t we %\ld *oose ! "o sort & es*ew ! o!r2 b tea*+ u to *oose ! two1 9 "o s5se indiff]5tly1 x yet tea*es u to *oose !m z di/9ct & contra/$ ?+s4 ,x tea*es u 9 fact to comb9e ! two fruits )\t confus+ _! flav\rs4 ,b 9 ! case ( good & evil1 z has be5 se51 ?is is q impossible2 = good is only good z ! ?+ t ought to be *os52 evil is only evil z ! ?+ t ought n to be *os52 & ! only reasons t c\ld ju/ify u 9 comb9+ !m w\ld altoge!r prev5t our di/+ui%+ !m4 ,! tea*+s ( positive culture1 9 fact1 re/ on ! nave supposition t %9e & %ad[1 z x 71 are portable ?+s2 & t we c take bright objects out ( ! sun%9e1 & d>k objects out ( ! %ad[1 & sett+ !m bo? toge!r 9 ! diffus$ grey light ( a /udio1 make a magical mosaic out ( !m1 ( gloom & glitt]4 ,or su* tea*+s1 to put ! matt] yet m simply1 are l tell+ u to pick a primrose at noonday1 & to set x by our b$-side = a night-light4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t1 9 t loss ( ze/ & int]e/1 :i* ! dead5+ ( ! moral s5se1 z we h se51 mu/ br+ to life1 we %all get no help !re4 ,! massy fabric ( :i* sa9ts & h]oes 7 ! build]s1 w nev] be re-elect$ by ?is m9c+ moral d&yism4 ,b !re is ano!r la/ res\rce ( ! mod]n s*ool1 :i* is f> m wor?y ( att5tion1 & :i*1 be+ entirely sui g5]is1 ,i h res]v$ to treat ( "h4 ,t res\rce is ! devotion to tru? z tru?2 n = ! sake ( its consequ5ces1 b 9 scorn ( !m4 ,"h we are told we h at lea/ "o moral end t c nev] be tak5 away f u4 ,x w /ill survive to give life a mean+1 a dignity1 & a value1 ev5 %\ld ! pursuit ( x prove de/ructive to all ! o!rs4 ,! language us$ by ! mod]n s*ool ^u ?is subject is v curi\s & in/ructive4 ,i w take two typical in/ances4 ,! common argum5t1 says ,dr4 ,tyndall1 9 fav\r ( belief is ! com=t & ! gladness t x br+s u1 its r$emption ( life1 9 fact1 f t dead & dull condition we h be5 j consid]+4 ',to ?is1' he says1 'my reply is t ,i *oose ! nobl] "p ( ,em]son :51 aft] v>i\s dis5*antm5ts1 he exclaim$ ,i covet tru?6 ,! gladness ( true h]oism1 visits ! he>t ( him :o is really compet5t to say ?is4' ,! foll[+ s5t5ces are ,pr(essor ,huxley's3 ',if x is demon/rat$ to me1' he says1 't )\t ?is or t !ological dogma ! human race w lapse into bip$al cattle1 m brutal ?an ! bea/s by reason ( _! great] clev]ness1 my next "q is to ask = ! pro( ( ! dogma4 ,if ?is pro( is =?com+1 x is my conviction t no dr[n+ sailor ev] clut*$ a h5-coop m t5aci\sly ?an mank9d w hold by su* dogma1 :atev] x may be4 ,b if n1 !n ,i v]ily believe t ! human race w g its own evil way2 & my only consolation lies 9 ! reflection t1 h[ev] bad our po/]ity may become1 s long z !y hold by ! pla9 rule ( n pret5d+ to believe :at !y h no reason to believe1 because x may be to _! advantage s to pret5d1 !y w n h rea*$ ! l[e/ dep?s ( immorality4' ,i w cont5t myself ) ^! two in/ances1 b o!rs ( a simil> k9d might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,n[ by a simple sub/itution ( t]ms1 su* language z ?is w reveal at once "o important fact to u4 ,accord+ to ! av[$ pr9ciples ( positive morality1 morality has no o!r te/ b happ9ess4 ,immorality1 !re=e1 c h no conceivable mean+ b unhapp9ess1 or at lea/ ! means to x1 :i* 9 ?is case are h>dly di/+ui%able f ! end2 & ?us1 accord+ to ! above rigid reason]s1 ! human race w n h rea*$ ! l[e/ dep?s ( mis]y s long z x rejects ! "o ?+ :i* ex hypo!si might r5d] x less mis]able4 ,ei!r !n all ?is talk ab\t tru? mu/ really be s mu* irrelevant nons5se1 or else1 if x be n nons5se1 ! te/ ( conduct is some?+ di/9ct f happ9ess4 ,! "q be=e u is a pla9 "o1 :i* may be answ]$ 9 "o ( two ways1 b :i* positivism _c possibly answ] 9 bo?4 ,is tru? to be s\ght only because x conduces to happ9ess1 or is happ9ess only to be s\ght = :5 x is bas$ on tru?8 ,9 ! latt] case tru?1 n happ9ess1 is ! te/ ( conduct4 ,are our positive morali/s prep>$ to admit ?is8 ,if s1 let !m explicitly & consi/5tly say s4 ,let !m keep ?is te/ & reject ! o!r1 = ! two _c be fus$ toge!r4 ,greek3 oxos t' aleipha t' eg*eas taut kutei di*o/at\nt an ou philo9 pros5nepois4 ,?is inconsi/5cy is "h1 h[ev]1 only a side po9t--a pass+ illu/ration ( ! slov5l9ess ( ! positivi/ logic4 ,z f> z my pres5t argum5t goes1 we may let ?is pass altoge!r1 & all[ ! jo9t exi/5ce ( ^! mutually exclusive ends4 ,:at ,i am ab\t to d is to %[ t on positive gr\nds ! la/ ( ^! is m hopelessly inadequate ?an ! fir/--t tru? z a moral end has ev5 m ( religion 9 its composition ?an happ9ess1 & t :5 ?is religion goes1 its value w ev5 m hopelessly evaporate4 ,at fir/ sight ?is may seem impossible4 ,! devotion to tru? may seem z simple z x is sacr$4 ,b if we consid] ! matt] fur!r1 we %all soon ?9k diff]5tly4 ,to beg9 !n2 tru?1 z ! positivi/s speak ( x1 is pla9ly a ?+ t is to be wor%ipp$ 9 two ways--fir/ly by its discov]y1 & secondly by its publication4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,huxley1 h[ev] mu* x may pa9 him1 w n hide f himself ! fact t !re is no ,god2 & h[ev] bad ?is k may be = humanity1 8 highe/ & mo/ sacr$ duty /ill consi/s 9 imp>t+ x4 ,n[ :y %\ld ?is be8 ,i ask4 ,is x simply because ! fact 9 "q is ! tru?8 ,t surely _c be s1 z a few o!r examples w %[ u4 ,a man discov]s t 8 wife has be5 s$uc$ by 8 be/ fri5d4 ,is !re any?+ v high or v sacr$ 9 t discov]y8 ,hav+ made x1 does he feel any consolation 9 ! k t x is ! entire tru?8 ,& w ! 'gladness ( true h]oism' visit him if he proclaims x to ev]yone 9 8 club8 ,a *att]+ nurse betrays 8 dang] to a sick man4 ,! sick man takes fright & dies4 ,0 ! discov]y ( ! tru? ( 8 dang] v glori\s = ! pati5t8 or 0 its publication v sacr$ 9 ! nurse8 ,cle>ly ! tru?s t x is sacr$ to f9d out & to publi% are n all tru?s1 b tru?s ( a c]ta9 k9d only4 ,!y are n p>ticul> tru?s l ^!1 b ! univ]sal & et]nal tru?s t und]lie !m4 ,!y are 9 fact :at we call ! tru?s ( ,nature1 & ! appreh5sion ( !m1 or tru? z atta9$ by u1 means ! putt+ ourselves en rapport ) ! life ( t inf9ite exi/5ce :i* surr\nds & su/a9s all ( u4 ,n[ s9ce x is ?is k9d ( tru? only t is suppos$ to be s sacr$1 x is cle> t its sacr$ness does n dep5d on itself1 b on its object4 ,tru? is sacr$ because ,nature is sacr$2 ,nature is n sacr$ because tru? is2 & our supreme duty to tru? means nei!r m nor less ?an a supreme fai? 9 ,nature4 ,x means t !re is a some?+ 9 ! ,inf9ite outside ourselves t corresponds to a c]ta9 some?+ )9 ourselves2 t ?is latt] some?+ is ! /ronge/ & ! highe/ "p ( u1 & t x c f9d no re/ b 9 communion ) its l>g] c\nt]p>t4 ,tru? s\ght = 9 ?is way is evid5tly a di/9ct ?+ f ! tru? ( utilit>ianism4 ,x is no false reflection ( human happ9ess 9 ! cl\ds4 ,= x is to be s\ght = none ! less1 z our positivi/s decid$ly tell u1 ev5 ?\gh all o!r happ9ess %\ld be ru9$ by x4 ,n[ :at on positive pr9ciples is ! gr\ndwork ( ?is tea*+8 ,all e?ical epi!ts su* z sacr$1 h]oic1 & s =?--all ! words1 9 fact1 t are by implication appli$ to ,nature--h absolutely no mean+ save z appli$ to consci\s be+s2 & z a subject = positive obs]vation1 !re exi/s no consci\sness 9 ! univ]se outside ?is e>?4 ,by :at conceivable means1 !n1 c ! positivi/s transf] to ,nature 9 g5]al qualities :i*1 s f> z !y "k1 are peculi> to human nature only8 ,!y c only d ?is 9 "o ( two ways--bo? ( :i* !y w\ld equally repudiate--ei!r by an act ( fancy1 or by an act ( fai?4 ,te/$ rigidly by _! own fundam5tal common pr9ciples1 x is z unmean+ to call ! univ]se sacr$ z to say t ! moon talks ,fr5*4 ,let u h[ev] pass ?is by2 let u refuse to subject _! tea*+ to ! extreme rig\r ( ev5 _! own law2 & let u grant t by "s mix$ use ( fancy or ( my/icism1 !y c turn to ,nature z to "s va/ moral hi]oglyph4 ,:at sort ( morality d !y f9d 9 x8 ,nature1 z positive obs]vation reveals h] to u1 is a ?+ t c h no claim ei!r on our rev]5ce or our approbation4 ,once apply any moral te/ to h] conduct1 & z ,j4,s4 ,mill has s =cibly po9t$ out1 %e becomes a mon/]4 ,!re is no crime t m5 abhor or p]petrate t ,nature does n commit daily on an exagg]at$ scale4 ,%e kn[s no s5se ei!r ( ju/ice or m]cy4 ,cont9ually inde$ %e seems to be t5d]1 & lov+1 & b\ntiful2 b all t1 at su* times1 ^? t "k h] c exclaim to h]1 is ,mis]i quibus ,int5tata nites4 ,at "o mom5t %e w be bless+ a c\ntry ) pl5ty1 peace1 & sun%9e2 & %e w ! next mom5t ru9 ! :ole ( x by an e>?quake4 ,n[ %e is ! image ( ?rift1 n[ ( prodigality2 n[ ( ! utmo/ purity1 n[ ( ! mo/ revolt+ fil?2 & if1 z ,i say1 %e is to be judg$ by any moral /&>d at all1 h] capacities = :at is admirable n only make h] crimes ! d>k]1 b !y also make h] virtues p>take ( ! nature ( s94 ,h[1 !n1 c an intimacy ) ?is et]nal crim9al be an ennobl+ or a sacr$ ?+8 ,! !i/1 ( c\rse1 believes t tru? is sacr$4 ,b 8 belief re/s on a f\ndation t has be5 altoge!r r5\nc$ by ! positivi/s4 ,he values tru? because1 9 :atev] direction x takes him1 x takes him ei!r to ,god or t[>ds ,him--,god1 to :om he is 9 "s sort ak91 & aft] ^: lik5ess he is 9 "s sort made4 ,he sees ,nature to be cruel1 wick$1 & bewild]+ :5 view$ by itself4 ,b beh9d ,nature he sees a va/] p[]--8 fa!r--9 :om my/]i\sly all contradictions are reconcil$4 ,nature = him is ,god's1 b x is n ,god2 & '?\gh ,god slay me1' he says1 'yet w ,i tru/ 9 ,him4' ,?is tru/ c be atta9$ to only by an act ( fai? l ?is4 ,no obs]vation or exp]im5t1 or any positive me?od ( any k9d1 w be en\gh to give x u2 r1 )\t fai?1 obs]vation & exp]im5t w d no?+ b make x seem impossible4 ,?us a belief 9 ! sacr$ness ( ,nature1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! ess5tial value ( tru?1 is z /rictly an act ( religion1 z /rictly a defiance ( ! :ole positive =mula1 z any article 9 any ecclesia/ical cre$4 ,x is simply a concrete =m ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian symbol1 ',i believe 9 ,god ! ,fa!r ,almighty4' ,x re/s on ! same f\ndation1 nei!r m nor less4 ,nor is x too mu* to say t )\t a religion1 )\t a belief 9 ,god1 no feti%-wor%ip 0 ev] m ridicul\s ?an ?is cultus ( natural tru?4 ,?is subject is s important t x w be well to dwell on x a little long]4 ,i w take ano!r passage f ,dr4 ,tyndall1 :i* pres5ts x to u 9 a slightly diff]5t light1 & :i* speaks explicitly n ( tru? itself1 b ( t sacr$ ,object beyond1 ( :i* tru? is only ! sacram5tal *annel to u4 ',two ?+s1 said ,imanuel ,kant' 7x is ?us ,dr4 ,tyndall writes71 'fill me ) awe--! />ry heav5s1 & ! s5se ( moral responsibility 9 man4 ,& 9 ! h\rs ( heal? & /r5g? & sanity1 :5 ! /roke ( action has ceas$1 & :5 ! pause ( reflection has set 91 ! sci5tific inve/igator f9ds himself ov]%ad[$ by ! same awe4 ,break+ contact ) ! hamp]+ details ( e>?1 x associates him ) a p[] :i* gives fulness & tone to 8 exi/5ce1 b :i* he c nei!r analyse nor compreh5d4' ,?is1 ,dr4 ,tyndall tells u1 is ! only rational /atem5t ( ! fact ( t 'div9e communion1' ^: nature is 'simply di/ort$ & desecrat$' by ! unw>rant$ assumptions ( !ism4 ,n[ let u try to consid] accurately :at ,dr4 ,tyndall's /atem5t means4 ,k ( ,nature1 he says1 associates him ) ,nature4 ,x )draws him f '! hamp]+ details ( e>?1' & enables ! individual human be+ to h communion ) a some?+ t is beyond humanity4 ,b :at is communion8 ,x is a ^w ) no mean+ at all save z ref]r+ to consci\s be+s4 ,!re c\ld be no communion betwe5 two corpses2 nor1 aga91 betwe5 a corpse & a liv+ man4 ,dr4 ,tyndall1 = in/ance1 c\ld h no communion ) a dead can>y4 ,communion implies ! exi/5ce on bo? sides ( a common some?+4 ,n[ :at is !re 9 common betwe5 ,dr4 ,tyndall & ! />ry heav5s1 or t 'p[]' ( :i* ! />ry heav5s are ! embodim5t8 ,dr4 ,tyndall expressly says t he n only does n "k :at !re is 9 common1 b t he 'd>e' n ev5 say t1 z consci\s be+s1 !y two h any?+ 9 common at all4#bf ,! only ?+s he c "k ab\t ! p[] 9 "q are t x is va/1 & t x is uni=m2 b a contemplation ( ^! qualities by !mselves1 mu/ t5d r to produce 9 him a s5se ( sep>ation f x ?an ( union ) x4 ,unit$ ) x1 9 "o s5se1 he ( c\rse is2 he is a fraction ( ! sum ( ?+s1 & ev]y?+1 9 a c]ta9 way1 is dep5d5t ^u ev]y?+ else4 ,b 9 ?is union !re is no?+ special4 ,its exi/5ce is an obvi\s fact1 common to all m51 :e!r !y dwell ^u x or no3 & ?\gh by a k ( ,nature we may gr[ to realise x m ke5ly1 x is impossible to make ! union 9 ! lea/ degree clos]1 or to turn x into any?+ t c be 9 any way call$ a communion4 ,inde$1 = ! positivi/s to talk ab\t communion or association ) ,nature is ab\t z rational z to talk ab\t communion or association ) a /eam-eng9e4 ,! />ry skies at night are d\btless an impos+ spectacle2 b man1 on positive pr9ciples1 c be no m rais$ by wat*+ !m ?an a comm]cial travell] c by wat*+ a duke--probably f> less3 = if ! duke 7 well behav$1 ! comm]cial travell] might p]haps le>n "s mann]s f him2 b !re is no?+ 9 ! panorama ( ! univ]se t c 9 any way be any model = ! positivi/4 ,!re are b two respects 9 :i* he c comp>e himself to ! re/ ( nature--fir/ly1 z a reveal$ =ce2 &1 secondly1 z a =ce t works by law4 ,b ! =ces t are reveal$ by ! />s1 = in/ance1 are va/1 & ! =ce reveal$ 9 himself is small2 & he1 z he consid]s1 is a self-det]m9+ ag5t1 & ! />s are n4 ,!re are b two po9ts ( comp>ison betwe5 ! two2 & 9 ^! two po9ts !y are contra/s1 & n lik5esses4 ,x is true1 inde$1 z ,i said j n[1 t a s5se ( awe & ( hu%$ solemnity is1 z a fact1 born 9 u at ! spectacle ( ! />ry heav5s--_w ^u lum9\s _w %9+ & quiv]+ sil5tly2 x is true1 too1 t a spontane\s feel+ connects su* a s5se someh[ ) our deepe/ moral be+4 ,b ?is1 on positive pr9ciples1 mu/ be feel+ only4 ,x means absolutely no?+3 x c h no objective fact t corresponds to x4 ,x is an illusion1 a pa!tic fallacy4 ,& to say t ! heav5s ) _! />s decl>e to u any?+ high or holy1 is no m rational ?an to say t ,brighton does1 :i* itself1 se5 at night f ! sea1 is a long braid ( />s desc5d$ ^u ! wide horizon4 ,all t ! /udy ( nature1 all t ! love ( tru?1 c d = ! positivi/ is n to guide him to any communion ) a va/] p[]1 b to %[ him t no su* communion is possible4 ,8 devotion to tru?1 if x mean any?+--& ! language he (t5 uses ab\t x betrays ?is--let u "k ! wor/1 n let u f9d out ! be/3--a wi% :i* is nei!r m nor less noble ?an ! wi% to sit d[n at once 9 a slop ^u ! floor r ?an su/a9 oneself any long] above x on a *air t is discov]$ to be rickety4 ,"h !n aga91 9 ?is la/ res\rce ( positivism we h religion embodi$ z a yet m important elem5t ?an 9 any ( ! o!rs2 & :5 ?is elem5t is driv5 out ( x1 x collapses yet m hopelessly ?an !y d4 ,by ! :ole positive sy/em we are b\nd to human life4 ,!re is no my/ical ma*9]y by :i* we c rise above x4 ,x is by its own isolat$ wor? t ?is life mu/ /& or fall4 ,& :at1 let u aga9 ask1 w ?is wor?1 be8 ,! "q is ( c\rse1 z ,i h said1 too vague to admit ( m ?an a g5]al answ]1 b a g5]al answ]1 z ,i h said also1 may be giv5 confid5tly en\gh4 ,man :5 fully imbu$ ) ! positive view ( himself1 w inevitably be an animal ( f> few] capacities ?an he at pres5t is4 ,he w n be able to suff] s mu*2 b also he w n be able to enjoy s mu*4 ,surr\nd him1 9 imag9ation1 ) ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances2 let social progress h be5 c>ri$ to ! utmo/ p]fection2 & let him h access to e happ9ess ( :i* we c conceive him capable4 ,x is impossible ev5 ?us to conceive ( life z a v valuable possession to him4 ,x w\ld at any rate be f> less valuable ?an x is to _m m5 n[1 "u out] circum/ances t are f> less fav\rable4 ,! goal to :i* a purely human progress is capable ( conduct+ u1 is ?us no vague condition ( glory & felicity1 9 :i* m5 %all develop new & ampl] p[]s4 ,x is a condition 9 :i*1 ! ke5e/ life atta9able has cont9ually be5 f> surpass$ already1 )\t any?+ hav+ be5 arriv$ at t 9 itself seem$ ( surpass+ value4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ',hippolyta4--,?is is ! sillie/ /uff ,i ev] he>d4 ,!seus4--,! be/ 9 ?is k9d are b %ad[s1 & ! wor/ no worse1 if imag9ation am5d !m4 ,hippolyta4--,x mu/ be y\r imag9ation !n1 n !irs4'--,midsumm]'s ,night's ,dream1 ,act ,v4 ',piece out our imp]fections ) y\r ?\ghts4'--,prologue to ,h5ry ,v4 #bd ,s5eca says ( virtue1 ',non quia delectat placet1 s$ quia placet delectat4' ,( vice 9 ! same way we may say1 ',non quia delectat pudet1 s$ quia pudet delectat4' #be ,x w be ( c\rse recollect$ t 9 ?is ab/raction ( ! moral s5se1 we h to ab/ract x f ! *>act]s z well z ourselves4 #bf ',:5 ,i attempt to give ! p[] :i* ,i see manife/$ 9 ! univ]se an objective =m1 p]sonal or o!rwise1 x slips away f me1 decl9+ all intellectual manipulation4 ,i d>e n1 save poetically1 use ! pron\n ,he reg>d+ x4 ,i d>e n call x a ,m9d4 ,i refuse ev5 to call x a ,cause4 ,its my/]y ov]%ad[s me2 b x rema9s a my/]y1 :ile ! objective frames :i* my neighb\rs try to make x fit1 simply di/ort & desecrate x4'--,dr4 ,tyndall1 ',mat]ialism & its ,oppon5ts4' ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,sup]/ition ,,( ,,positivism4 ,gl5d[]4 ,i c call spirits f ! va/y deep4 ,hotspur4 ,:y s c ,i1 or s c any man1 ,b w !y come :5 y d call = !m8 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,"p #a4 ,g5]al & indef9ite z ! =ego+ consid]ations h be51 !y are q def9ite en\gh to be ( ! utmo/ practical import4 ,!y are def9ite en\gh to %[ ! utt] holl[ness ( t vague fai? 9 progress1 & ! glori\s prospects t lie be=e humanity1 on :i* ! positive s*ool at pres5t s mu* rely1 & ab\t :i* s mu* is said4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 inde$1 a fai? 9 progress is p]fectly rational & well gr\nd$4 ,!re are _m imp]fections 9 life1 :i* ! c\rse ( ev5ts t5ds manife/ly to less5 if n to d away )1 & s f> z ^! are conc]n$1 improvem5ts may g on indef9itely4 ,b ! ?+s t ?is progress t\*es are1 z has be5 said be=e1 n happ9ess1 b ! negative conditions ( x4 ,a belief 9 ?is k9d ( progress is n peculi> to positivism4 ,x is common to all educat$ m51 no matt] :at _! cre$ may be4 ,:at is peculi> to positivism is ! /range coroll>y to ?is belief1 t man's subjective p[]s ( happ9ess w g on exp&+ likewise4 ,x is ! belief n only t ! exi/+ pleasures w become m diffus$1 b t !y w1 z ,george ,eliot says1 become 'm int5se 9 diffusion4' ,x is ?is belief on :i* ! positivi/s rely to create t en?usiasm1 t impassion$ b5evol5ce1 :i* is to be ! motive p[] ( _! :ole e?ical ma*9]y4 ,!y h tak5 away ! ,*ri/ian heav51 & h ?us turn$ adrift a numb] ( hopes & aspirations t 7 once p[]ful4 ,^! hopes & aspirations !y ackn[l$ge to be ( ! fir/ necessity2 !y are facts1 !y say1 ( human nature1 & no high] progress w\ld be possible )\t !m4 ,:at ! enlight5$ ?\ght is to d is n to ext+ui%1 b to transf] !m4 ,!y are to be giv5 a new object m satisfactory ?an ! old "o2 n our own private glory 9 ano!r _w1 b ! common glory ( our :ole race 9 ?is4 ,n[ let u consid] = a mom5t "s ( ! positive criticisms on ! ,*ri/ian heav51 & !n apply !m to ! propos$ sub/itute4 ,! belief 9 heav51 say ! positivi/s1 is to be set aside = two great reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is no objective pro( ( its exi/5ce1 & 9 ! second place !re is subjective pro( ( its impossibility4 ,n only is x n d$ucible1 b x is n ev5 ?9kable4 ,give ! imag9ation c>te blan*e to con/ruct x1 & ! imag9ation w ei!r d no?+1 or w d some?+ ridicul\s4 ',my position ) reg>d to ?is matt]' says a popul> liv+ writ]1#bg 'is ?is--,! idea ( a glorifi$ en]gy 9 an ampl] life1 is an idea utt]ly incompatible ) exact ?\ght1 "o :i* evaporates 9 contradictions1 9 phrases1 :i* :5 press$ h no mean+4' ,n[ if ?is criticism has ! lea/ =ce1 z us$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian heav51 x has c]ta9ly f> m z us$ aga9/ ! future glories ( humanity4 ,! positivi/s ask ! ,*ri/ians h[ !y expect to enjoy !mselves 9 heav54 ,! ,*ri/ians may1 ) f> m =ce1 ask ! positivi/s h[ !y expect to enjoy !mselves on e>?4 ,= ! ,*ri/ians' heav5 be+ ex hypo!si an unkn[n _w1 !y d n /ultify _! expectations f be+ unable to describe !m4 ,on ! contr>y x is a "p ( _! fai? t !y are indescribable4 ,b ! positivi/s' heav5 is altoge!r 9 ?is _w2 & no my/ical fai? has any place 9 _! sy/em4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! o!r1 x is pla9 t ! te/s 9 "q are altoge!r complete & f9al4 ,to ! ,*ri/ians1 inde$1 x is q op5 to make _! suppos$ %ame _! glory1 & to say t _! heav5 w\ld be no?+ if describable4 ,! positivi/s h b\nd !mselves to admit t !irs is no?+ unless describable4 ,:at !n1 let u ask ! en?usia/s ( humanity1 w humanity be l 9 its ideally p]fect /ate8 ,let !m %[ u "s sample ( ! g5]al future p]fection2 let !m describe "o ( ! nobl]1 ampl]1 glorifi$ human be+s ( ! future4 ,:at w he be l8 ,:at w he long =8 ,:at w he take pleasure 98 ,h[ w he sp5d 8 days8 ,h[ w he make love8 ,:at w he laugh at8 ,& let him be describ$ 9 phrases :i* :5 press$ d n evaporate 9 contradictions1 b :i* h "s di/9ct mean+1 & are n incompatible ) exact ?\ght4 ,d our exact ?9k]s 9 ! lea/ "k :at !y are prophesy+8 ,if n1 :at is ! mean+ ( _! prophecy8 ,! prophecies ( ! positive s*ool are rigid sci5tific inf]5ces2 !y are t or no?+4 ,& "o _c inf] an ev5t ( ^: nature "o is :olly ignorant4 ,let ^! obvi\s que/ions be put to our positive morali/s--^! que/ions !y h !mselves sugge/$1 & ! grotesque unreality ( ?is vague optimism w be at once app>5t4 ,nev] 0 vag>y ( m$ival fai? s gr\ndless z ?is4 ,! ,e>?ly ,p>adise t ! m$ival _w believ$ 9 0 n m my?ical ?an ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise believ$ 9 by our exact ?9k]s n[2 & ,george ,eliot might j z well />t 9 a ,cun>d /eam] to f9d ! "o1 z s5d h] fai? into ! future to f9d ! o!r4 ,c\ld x be %[n t ^! spl5did anticipations 7 well f\nd$1 !y might p]haps k9dle "s new & active en?usiasm2 ?\gh x is v d\btful1 ev5 !n1 if ! desire w\ld be ard5t en\gh to br+ ab\t its own accompli%m5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x is q useless to consid]1 ! anticipations 9 "q be+ simply an empty dream4 ,a c]ta9 k9d ( improvem5t1 z ,i h said1 we are no d\bt "r 9 look+ =1 n only ) confid5ce1 b ) complac5cy4 ,b positivism1 s f> f bright5+ ?is prospect1 makes x indef9itely dull] ?an x w\ld be o!rwise4 ,! practical results !re=e to be look$ = f a fai? 9 progress may be se5 at _! utmo/ already 9 ! _w ar\nd u2 & ! positivi/s may make ! sob]+ reflection t _! sy/em c only *ange ^! f :at !y already see !m1 n by /r5g!n+1 b by weak5+ !m4 ,take ! _w !n z x is at pres5t1 & ! s5se1 on ! individual's "p1 t he p]sonally is promot+ its progress1 c belong to1 & c /imulate1 exceptional m5 only1 :o are do+ "s public "w2 & x w be f\nd ev5 9 ^! cases t ! pleasure :i* ?is s5se gives !m is l>gely =tifi$ 7z is said ( w9e7 by ! entirely ali5 s5se ( fame & p[]4 ,on ! g5]ality ( m5 x nei!r has1 nor c h1 any effect :atev]1 or ev5 if x gives a gl[ to _! incl9ations 9 "s cases1 x w at any rate nev] curb !m 9 any4 ,! fact inde$ t ?+s 9 g5]al d t5d to get bett] 9 c]ta9 ways1 mu/ produce 9 mo/ m5 n ef=t b acquiesc5ce4 ,x may1 :5 ! imag9ation br+s x home to !m1 %$ a pleas+ light occasionally ov] ! surface ( _! private lives3 b x w\ld be z irrational to c\nt on ?is z a /imulus to f>!r action1 z to expect t ! summ] sun%9e w\ld "w a /eam-eng9e4 ,if we consid]1 !n1 t ev5 ! pres5t condition ( ?+s is f> m calculat$ to produce ! en?usiasm ( humanity ?an ! condition t ! positivi/s are prep>+ = !mselves1 we %all see h[ utt]ly *im]ical is _! entire practical sy/em4 ,x is l a draw+ ( a ca!dral1 :i* looks magnific5t at ! fir/ glance1 b :i* a second glance %[s to be compos$ ( /ructural impossibilities--blocks ( masonry re/+ on no f\ndations1 columns hang+ f ! ro(s1 in/ead ( support+ !m1 & doors & w9d[s ) inv]t$ ar*es4 ,! positive sy/em c\ld only "w practically 7 human nature to suff] a complete *ange--a *ange :i* x has no spontane\s t5d5cy to make1 :i* no kn[n p[] c\ld ev] t5d to =ce on x1 & :i*1 9 %ort1 !re is no gr\nd ( any k9d = expect+4 ,!re are two *>act]i/ics 9 m51 = in/ance1 :i*1 ?\gh !y und\bt$ly d exi/1 ! positive sy/em requires to be indef9itely magnifi$--! imag9ation1 & unselfi%ness4 ,! "w ( ! imag9ation is to pres5t to ! individual consci\sness ! remote ends to :i* all progress is to be direct$2 & ! desire to "w = ^! is1 on ! positive supposition1 to conqu] all m]e p]sonal impulses4 ,n[ m5 h already _h an end set be=e !m1 9 ! %ape ( ! joys ( heav51 :i* 0 f> bright] & f> m real to !m ?an ^! o!rs c ev] be2 & yet ! imag9ation has s fail$ to keep ?is be=e !m1 t its small effect ^u _! lives is a commonplace ) ! positivi/s !mselves4 ,h[ !n c ^! latt] hope t _! own pale & di/ant ideal w h a m vivid effect on ! _w ?an t ne> & gl[+ "o1 9 ^: place !y put x8 ,w x incite m5 to virtues to :i* heav5 c\ld n incite !m8 or lure !m away f vices f :i* hell-fire w\ld n sc>e !m8 ,be=e x c d s1 x is pla9 t human nature mu/ h completely *ang$1 & its elem5ts h be5 re-mix$1 9 completely new proportions4 ,9 a /ate ( ?+s :]e su* a result 0 possible1 a man w\ld d a bett] day's "w = a p5ny to be giv5 to 8 unborn gr&son1 ?an he w\ld n[ d = a p\nd to be paid to himself at sunset4 ,= argum5t's sake1 h[ev]1 let u suppose su* a *ange possible4 ,let u suppose ! imag9ation to be s develop$ t ! remote end ( progress--t happi] /ate ( m5 9 "s f> (f c5tury--is ev] vividly pres5t to u z a possibility we may help to realise4 ,ano!r "q /ill rema9s = u4 ,to pres]ve ?is happ9ess = o!rs1 we are told1 we mu/ to a l>ge ext5t sacrifice our own4 ,is x 9 human nature to make ?is sacrifice8 ,! positive morali/s assure u t x is1 & = ?is reason4 ,man1 !y say1 is an animal :o enjoys vic>i\sly ) almo/ z mu* ze/ z 9 8 own p]son2 & !re=e to procure a great] pleasure = o!rs makes him f> happi] ?an to procure a less "o = himself4 ,9 ?is /atem5t1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 !re is no d\bt a c]ta9 g5]al tru?2 b h[ f> x w hold good 9 p>ticul> in/ances dep5ds altoge!r on p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,x dep5ds on ! temp]am5t ( ! p]son :o is to make ! sacrifice1 on ! nature ( 8 feel+s t[>ds ! p]son = :om he is to make x1 & on ! proportion betwe5 ! pleasure he is to =ego himself1 & ! pleasure he is to secure = ano!r4 ,n[ if we consid] human nature z x is1 & ! utmo/ developm5t ( x t on positive gr\nds is possible1 ! conditions t c produce ! requisite self-sacrifice w be f\nd to be altoge!r want+4 ,! future we are to lab\r =1 ev5 :5 view$ 9 its brighte/ light1 w only excel ! pres5t 9 hav+ few] mis]ies4 ,s f> z its happ9ess goes x w be di/9ctly less int5se4 ,x w1 z we h se5 already1 be b a vapid consummation at its be/2 & ! m vividly x is br\ght be=e u 9 imag9ation1 ! less likely %all we be to '/ruggle1 groan1 & agonize1' = ! sake ( ha/5+ x 9 reality4 ,x w d no?+1 at any rate1 to increase ! t5d5cy to self-sacrifice t is n[ at "w 9 ! _w2 & ?is1 ?\gh />tl+ u n[ & !n by "s spasmodic manife/ation1 is n /rong en\gh to h mu* g5]al effect on ! pres5t2 /ill less w x h m effect on ! future4 ,vic>i\s happ9ess z a rule is only possible :5 ! object ga9$ = ano!r is enorm\sly great] ?an ! object lo/ by self2 & x is n always possible ev5 !n3 :il/ :5 ! ga9s on ei!r side are ne>ly equal1 x ceases altoge!r4 ,& necess>ily s4 ,if x did n1 ev]y?+ w\ld be at a dead-lock4 ,life w\ld be a p]petual hold+ back1 in/ead ( a pu%+ =w>d4 ,ev]yone w\ld be wait+ at ! door1 & say+ to ev]yone else1 ',aft] y4' ,b all ^! practical consid]ations are entirely =gott5 by ! positivi/s4 ,!y live 9 a _w ( _! own imag9+1 9 :i* all ! rules ( ?is _w are turn$ upside d[n4 ,!re1 ! defeat$ c&idate 9 an election w\ld be radiant at 8 rival's victory4 ,:5 a w 0 read1 ! anxiety ( ea* relative w\ld be t he or %e %\ld be exclud$ 9 fav\r ( ! o!rs2 or m probably /ill t !y %\ld be all exclud$ 9 fav\r ( a hospital4 ,two rivals1 9 love ) ! same woman1 w\ld be ea* anxi\s t 8 own suit might be ?w>t$4 ,& a man w\ld gladly involve himself 9 any ludicr\s mis=tune1 because he knew t ! sight ( 8 cata/rophe w\ld rejoice 8 :ole circle ( fri5ds4 ,! c\rse ( human progress1 9 fact1 w\ld be "o gigantic donkey-race1 9 :i* ^? 7 ! w9n]s :o 7 f>!/ (f f ! prize4 ,we h b to /ate ! matt] 9 t]ms ( common life1 to see h[ impossible is ! only condition ( ?+s t w\ld make ! positive sy/em practicable4 ,! fir/ wond] t sugge/s itself1 is h[ s grotesque a conception c\ld ev] h orig9at$4 ,b its g5esis is n f> to seek4 ,! positivi/s d n po/ulate any new elem5ts 9 human nature1 b ! r$uction ( "s1 elim9ation ( o!rs1 & ! magnify+ ( o!rs4 ,& !y actually f9d cases :]e ?is process has be5 effect$4 ,b !y q =get ! circum/ances t h made su* an ev5t possible4 ,!y =get t 9 _! v nature !y h be5 altoge!r exceptional & transitory2 & t x is impossible to con/ruct a ,utopia 9 :i* !y %all exi/ at all4 ,we c1 = in/ance1 no d\bt po9t to ,leonidas & ! ?ree hundr$ z specim5s ( :at human h]oism c rise to2 & we c po9t to ! ,/oics z specim5s ( human self-control4 ,b to make a new ,!rmopyl we want a new ,b>b>ian2 & be=e we c recoil f temptation z ! ,/oics did1 we mu/ make pleasure z p]il\s & z t]rible z x 0 "u ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,su* developm5ts ( humanity are at _! v ess5ce abnormal2 & to suppose t !y c\ld ev] become ! common type ( "*1 w\ld be z absurd z to suppose t all mank9d c\ld be k+s4 ,i w take ano!r in/ance t is m to ! po9t yet4 ,a fav\rite positivi/ p>able is t ( ! mis]4 ,! mis] 9 ! fir/ place desires gold because x c buy pleasure4 ,next he comes to desire x m ?an ! pleasure x c buy4 ,9 ! same way1 x is said1 m5 c be taught to desire virtue by inve/+ x ) ! attractions ( ! end1 to :i*1 /rictly speak+ x is no m ?an ! means4 ,b ?is p>able really disproves ! v possibility x is design$ to illu/rate4 ,x is design$ to illu/rate ! possibility ( our *oos+ actions t w give pleasure to o!rs1 9 contradi/9ction to actions t w give pleasure to ourselves4 ,b ! mis] desires gold = an exactly opposite reason4 ,he desires x z pot5tial selfi%ness1 n z pot5tial philan?ropy4 ,secondly1 we are to *oose ! actions 9 "q because !y w make u happy4 ,b ! v "n we give ! mis] %[s t ! analog\s *oice 9 8 case makes him mis]able4 ,?irdly1 ! mat]ial mis] is an exceptional "*2 !re is no kn[n means by :i* x c be made m common2 & ) ! moral mis] ! case w be j ! same4 ,la/ly1 if su* a "* be b>ely producible ev5 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 mu* less w x be producible :5 human capacities %all h be5 curtail$ by positivism1 :5 ! pleasures t ! gold ( virtue repres5ts are less int5se ?an at pres5t1 & ! value ( ! covet$ co9 is indef9itely depreciat$4 ,mu* m might be add$ to ! same purpose1 b en\gh has be5 said already to make ^! two po9ts cle>3--fir/ly1 t ! positive sy/em1 if x is to d any practical "w 9 ! _w1 requires t ! :ole human "* %all be pr(\ndly alt]$2 & secondly1 t ! requir$ alt]ation is "o t may inde$ be dreamt ab\t1 b :i* c nev] possibly be made4 ,ev5 7 x made1 ! results w\ld n be spl5did2 b no matt] h[ spl5did !y might be1 ?is is ( no possible mom5t to u4 ,!re are few ?+s on :i* x is idl] to speculate ?an ! issues ( impossible cont+5cies4 ,& ! positivi/s w\ld be talk+ j z mu* to ! purpose z !y d n[1 7 !y to tell u h[ fa/ we %\ld travel suppos+ we _h w+s1 or :at deep wat] we c\ld wade ?r\gh if we 7 tw5ty-f\r feet high4 ,^! la/1 inde$1 are j ! suppositions t !y d make4 ,betwe5 our human nature & ! nature !y desid]ate !re is a deep & =dless riv]1 ov] :i* !y c ?r[ no bridge1 & all _! talk supposes t we %all be able to fly or wade across x1 or else t x w dry up ( itself4 ,ru/icus expectat dum defluat amnis1 at ille ,labitur et labetur1 9 omne volubilis vum4 ,s utt]ly grotesque & *im]ical is ?is :ole positive !ory ( progress1 t1 z an outcome ( ! pres5t age1 x seems little %ort ( a miracle4 ,pr(ess+ to embody :at t age consid]s its special *>act]i/ics1 :at x really embodies is ! mo/ emphatic negation ( ^!4 ,x pr(esses to re/ on exp]i5ce1 & yet no ,*ri/ian leg5d ev] contradict$ exp]i5ce m4 ,x pr(esses to be su/a9$ by pro(1 & yet ! pr(essions ( no conjur+ quack ev] appeal$ m exclusively to cr$ulity4 ,its appe>ance1 h[ev]1 w cease to be wond]ful1 & its real significance w become m app>5t1 if we consid] ! class ( ?9k]s :o h elaborat$ & popul>is$ x4 ,!y h be5 m5 & wom51 = ! mo/ "p1 :o h _h ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics 9 common4 ,_! e>ly tra9+ has be5 religi\s2#bh _! temp]am5ts h be5 naturally grave & e>ne/2 !y h _h few /rong passions2 !y h be5 br\ght up kn[+ little ( :at is commonly call$ ! _w2 _! intellects h be5 vigor\s & active2 & f9ally !y h reject$ 9 maturity ! religion by :i* all _! ?\ghts h be5 col\r$4 ,! result has be5 ?is4 ,! dea? ( _! religion has left a quantity ( moral emotions )\t an object2 & ?is disord] ( ! moral emotions has left _! m5tal en]gies )\t a lead]4 ,a new object in/antly becomes a necessity4 ,!y are e?ical ,don ,quixotes 9 want ( a ,dulc9ea2 ! be/ !y c f9d is happ9ess & ! progress ( ,humanity2 & to ?is _! imag9ation soon gives ! requisite gl[4 ,_! /rong intellects1 _! activity1 & _! lit]>y culture ea* supplem5ts ! p[] t x und\bt$ly does give1 ) a s5se ( kn[+ ! _w t is altoge!r fictiti\s4 ,!y imag9e t _! own n>r[ lives1 _! own feeble temptations1 & _! own exceptional ambitions repres5t ! univ]sal elem5ts ( human life & "*2 & !y ?us expect t an object :i* has really be5 b ! creature ( an impulse 9 !mselves1 w be ! creator ( a l impulse 9 o!rs2 & t 9 ! case ( o!rs1 x w revolutionise ! :ole natural "*1 :]eas x has only be5 a symbol ( x 9 _! own4 ,mo/ ( our positive morali/s1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 h be5 & are p ( su* excell5t "*1 & su* e>ne/ & high purpose1 t !re is some?+ pa9ful 9 hav+ to taunt !m ) an ignorance :i* is n _! own fault1 & :i* mu/ make _! :ole position ridicul\s4 ,! *>ge1 h[ev]1 is "o t x is q necess>y to make1 z we %all nev] prop]ly e/imate _! sy/em if we pass x ov]4 ,x w be said1 probably1 t ! simplicity z to worldly matt]s ,i attribute to !m1 s f> f tell+ aga9/ !m1 is really ess5tial to _! "* z moral tea*]s4 ,& to moral tea*]s ( a c]ta9 k9d x may be ess5tial4 ,b x is n s to !m4 ,! religi\s morali/ might well in/ruct ! _w1 ?\gh he knew little ( its ways & passions2 = ! aim ( 8 tea*+ 0 to )draw m5 f ! _w4 ,b ! aim ( ! positive morali/ is precisely opposite2 x is to keep m5 9 ! _w4 ,x is n to tea* m5 to despise ?is life1 b to adore x4 ,! positions ( ! two morali/s are 9 fact ! exact conv]ses ( ea* o!r4 ,= ! div9e1 e>? is an illusion1 heav5 a reality2 = ! positivi/1 e>? is a reality1 & heav5 an illusion4 ,! =m] 9 8 retirem5t /udi$ int5sely ! _w t he ?\ght real1 & he c\ld d ?is ! bett] = be+ n di/ract$ by ! o!r4 ,! positivi/s imitate ! div9e 9 neglect+ :at !y ?9k is an illusion2 b !y d n attempt to imitate him 9 /udy+ :at !y ?9k is ! reality4 ,! consequ5ce is1 z ,i h j be5 po9t+ out1 t ! _w !y live 9 & to :i* alone _! sy/em c\ld be applicable1 is a _w ( _! own creation1 & its bloodless populations are all ( !m idola specs4 ,if we w b ?9k all ?is calmly ov]1 & try really to sympa?ise ) ! position ( ^! poor en?usia/s1 we %all soon see _! sy/em 9 its true light1 & %all le>n at once to realise & to excuse its fatuity4 ,we %all see t x ei!r has no mean+ :atev]1 or t its mean+ is "o t its au?ors h already repudiat$1 & only d n recognise n[1 because !y h s inadequately re-express$ x4 ,we %all see t _! sy/em has no motive p[] at all 9 x1 or t its motive p[] is simply ! !i/ic fai? !y reject$1 n[ ti$ up 9 a sack & left to fl\nd] in/ead ( walk+ upright4 ,we %all see t _! sy/em is ei!r no?+1 or t x is a mutilat$ reproduction ( ! v ?+ x pr(esses to be sup]s$+4 ,once set x ^u its own pr(ess$ f\ndations1 & ! entire quasi-religi\s /ructure1 ) its vision>y hopes1 its impossible en?usiasms--all its elaborate app>atus = enl>g+ ! s+le life1 & ! g5]ation t surr\nds x1 falls to e>? in/antly l a ca/le ( c>ds4 ,we are left simply ea* ( u ) our own lives1 & ) ! life ab\t u1 amplifi$ inde$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by sympa?y1 b to a c]ta9 ext5t only--an ext5t ^: limits we are q famili> ) f exp]i5ce1 & :i* positivism1 if x t5ds to move !m at all1 c only n>r[1 & c by no possibility ext5d4 ,we are left ) ?is life1 *ang$ only 9 "o way4 ,x w h no?+ add$ to x1 b x w h mu* tak5 f x4 ,ev]y?+ w h gone t is at pres5t ke5e/ 9 x--joys & mis]ies z well4 ,9 ?is way positivism is inde$ an eng9e ( *ange1 & may inaugurate if n complete a mo/ mom5t\s k9d ( progress4 ,t progress is ! gradual de-religioniz+ ( life1 ! sl[ sublimat+ out ( x ( its concrete !ism--! sl[ de/ruction ( its :ole moral civilisation4 ,& z ?is progress cont9ues !re w n only fade out ( ! human consci\sness ! ?+s ,i h be=e dwelt on--all capacity = ! ke5] pa9s & pleasures1 b !re w fade out ( x also t /range s5se :i* is ! union ( all ^!--! :ite light wov5 ( all ^! rays2 t is1 ! vague b deep s5se ( "s special dignity 9 ourselves--a s5se :i* we feel to be our bir?right1 inali5able except by our own act & de$2 a s5se :i*1 at pres5t1 9 success sob]s u1 & 9 failure su/a9s u1 & :i* is visible m or less di/9ctly 9 our mann]s1 9 our be>+1 & ev5 9 ! v expression ( ! human c\nt5ance3 x is1 9 o!r words1 ! s5se t life is wor? liv+1 n accid5tally b ess5tially4 ,& z ?is s5se goes its place w be tak5 by "o precisely opposite--! s5se t life1 9 s f> z x is wor? liv+ at all1 is wor? liv+ n ess5tially1 b accid5tally2 t x dep5ds entirely ^u :at ( its pleasures we c ea* "o ( u realise2 t x w v>y z a positive quantity1 l weal?1 & t x may become also a v>i\s quantity1 l pov]ty2 & t beh9d & beyond ^! vicissitudes x c h no abid+ value4 ,to realise fully a /ate ( ?+s l ?is is = u n possible4 ,b we c1 h[ev]1 und]/& some?+ ( its nature4 ,i conceive ^? to be altoge!r wrong :o say t su* a /ate w\ld be "o ( any wild lic5se1 or any?+ t we %\ld call v revolt+ depravity4 ,(f5ces1 c]ta9ly1 t we consid] ! mo/ abom9able w\ld d\btless be committ$ cont9ually & z matt]s ( c\rse4 ,su* a feel+ z %ame ab\t !m w\ld be altoge!r unkn[n4 ,b ! normal =ms ( passion w\ld rema91 ,i conceive1 ! mo/ important2 & x is probable1 t ?\gh no =m ( vice w\ld h ! lea/ ana!ma atta*$ to x1 ! rage = ! sexual pleasures w\ld be f> less fi]ce ?an x is 9 _m cases n[4 ,! sort ( condition to :i* ! _w w\ld be t5d+ w\ld be a condition r ( dulness ?an :at we1 9 our p>lance1 %\ld n[ call degradation4 ,inde$ ! /ate ( ?+s to :i* ! positive view ( life seems to promise u1 & :i* to "s ext5t x is actually n[ br++ on u1 is exactly :at 0 pr$ict$ long ago1 ) an accuracy t seems little less ?an inspir$1 at ! end ( ,pope's ,dunciad4 ,9 va91 9 va93 ! all-compos+ h\r ,resi/less falls6 ! muse obeys ! p[]4 ,%e comes6 %e comes6 ! sable ?rone behold ,( night primval & ( *aos old4 ,be=e h]1 fancy's gild$ cl\ds decay1 ,& all its v>y+ ra9b[s die away4 ,wit %oots 9 va9 its mom5t>y fires1 ,! meteor drops1 & 9 a fla% expires4 ,z "o by "o1 at dread ,m$ea's /ra91 ,! sick5+ />s fade (f ! e!real pla92 ,z ,argus' eyes1 by ,h]mes' w& oppress'd ,clos'd "o by "o to ev]la/+ re/2 ,?us1 at h] felt approa* & secret might1 ,art aft] art goes out1 & all is night4 ,see skulk+ tru? to h] old cav]n fl$1 ,m\nta9s ( casui/ry heap'd o'er h] head4 ,philosophy1 t lean'd on heav5 be=e1 ,%r9ks to h] second cause1 & is no m4 ,physic ( metaphysic begs def5ce1 ,& metaphysic calls = aid on s5se6 ,see my/]y to ma!matics fly4 ,9 va93 !y gaze1 turn giddy1 rave1 & die4 ,religion1 blu%+1 veils h] sacr$ fires2 ,&1 unaw>es1 morality expires4 ,nor public flame1 nor private1 d>es to %9e1 ,nor human sp>k is left1 nor glimpse div9e4 ,lo6 ?y dread empire1 ,*aos6 is re/or'd1 ,light dies be=e ?y uncreat+ ^w1 ,?y h&1 great ,an>*6 lets ! curta9 fall2 ,& univ]sal d>kness buries all4 ,dr4 ,johnson said t ^! v]ses 7 ! noble/ 9 ,engli% poetry4 ,c\ld he h read !m 9 our day1 & h realis$ ) :at a pitiful accuracy _! prophecy might soon beg9 to fulfil itself1 he w\ld probably h be5 too busy ) dissatisfaction at ! matt] ( x to h any "t to sp>e = an arti/ic approbation ( ! mann]4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison4 #bh ,! case ( ,j4,s4 ,mill may seem at fir/ sight to be an exception to ?is4 ,b x is really n s4 ,?\gh he 0 br\ght up )\t any religi\s tea*+1 yet ! sev]e & e>ne/ influ5ces ( 8 *ildhood w\ld h be5 impossible except 9 a religi\s c\ntry4 ,he 0 9 fact br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e 7if ,i may borr[ ) a slight *ange a phrase ( ,pr(essor ,huxley's7 ( ,puritanism m9us ,*ri/ianity4 ,x may be rememb]$ f>!r t ,mill says ( himself1 ',i am "o ( ! v few examples ( "o :o has n ?r[n (f religi\s belief1 b nev] _h x4' ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,prospect4 ,n f ! />s d ,i my judgm5t pluck4444 ,nor c ,i =tune to brief m9utes tell4 ,%akespe>e1 ,sonnet ,,xiv4 ,! prospects ,i h be5 j describ+ z ! goal ( positive progress w seem1 no d\bt1 to _m to be q impossible 9 its *e]lessness4 ,if ! future glory ( our race 0 a dream1 n wor? dwell+ on1 mu* m s1 !y w say1 is su* a future abasem5t ( x z ?is4 ,!y w say t optimism may at times h p]haps be5 ov]-sangu9e1 b t ?is 0 simply ! exub]ance ( heal?2 :]eas pessimism is1 9 its v nature1 ! gloom & languor ( a disease4 ,n[ ) mu* ( ?is view ( ! matt] ,i entirely agree4 ,i admit t ! prospect ,i h describ$ may be an impossible "o2 p]sonally1 ,i believe x is s4 ,i admit also t pessimism is ! consci\sness ( disease1 confess+ itself4 ,b ! significance ( ^! admissions is ! v opposite ( :at x is commonly suppos$ to be4 ,!y d n make ! pessimism ,i h be5 argu+ "o :it less wor?y ( att5tion2 on ! contr>y1 !y make x m wor?y4 ,?is is ! po9t on :i* ,i may mo/ readily be misund]/ood4 ,i w !re=e try to make my mean+ z cle> z possible4 ,pessimism1 !n1 repres5ts1 to ! popul> m9d1 a philosophy or view ( life ! v "n ( :i* is en\gh to condemn x4 ,! popul> m9d1 h[ev]1 ov]looks "o important po9t4 ,pessimism is a vague ^w4 ,x does n repres5t "o philosophy1 b sev]al2 & be=e we1 9 any case1 reject its claims on our att5tion1 we %\ld take c>e to see :at its exact mean+ is4 ,! views ( life x includes may be classifi$ 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are ei!r :at we may call critical pessimisms or prospective pessimisms3 ( :i* ! !sis ( ! fir/ is t human life is ess5tially evil2 & ( ! second1 t :atev] human life may be n[1 its t5d5cy is to get worse in/ead ( bett]4 ,! "o is ! d5ial ( human happ9ess2 ! o!r ! d5ial ( human hope4 ,b !re is a second classification to make1 trav]s+ ?is "o1 & f> m important4 ,pessimism may be ei!r absolute or hypo!tical4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ma9ta9s its !ses z /atem5ts ( actual facts2 ! second1 :i* is1 ( its nature1 prospective ma9ly1 only ma9ta9s !m z /atem5ts ( :at w be facts1 9 ! ev5t ( c]ta9 possible ?\gh x may be remote cont+5cies4 ,n[1 absolute pessimism1 :e!r x be critical or prospective1 c be no?+1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 b an exhibition ( ill temp] or folly4 ,x is h>d to imag9e a great] wa/e ( +5uity ?an ! attempts t h be5 made sometimes to d$uce f ! nature ( pa9 & pleasure1 t ! balance 9 life mu/ be always 9 fav\r ( ! =m]1 & t life itself is necess>ily & univ]sally an evil4 ,let ! argum5ts be nev] s elaborate1 !y are bl[n away l cobwebs by a brea? ( op5-air exp]i5ce4 ,equally useless are ! attempts to pr$ict ! gloom ( ! future4 ,su* pr$ictions ei!r mean no?+1 or else !y are m]e loose conjectures1 sugge/$ by l[ spirits or disappo9tm5t4 ,!y are ( no philosophic or sci5tific value2 & ?\gh 9 "s cases !y may give lit]>y expression to moods already exi/+1 !y w nev] produce conviction 9 m9ds t w\ld else be unconv9c$4 ,! gift ( prophecy z to g5]al human hi/ory is n a gift t any philosophy c be/[4 ,x c\ld only be acquir$ ?r\gh a sup]human inspiration :i* is d5i$ to man or ?r\gh a sup]human sagacity :i* is nev] atta9$ by him4 ,! hypo!tical pessimism t is conta9$ 9 my argum5ts is a v diff]5t ?+ f ?is1 & f> humbl]4 ,x makes no fooli% attempts to say any?+ g5]al ab\t ! pres5t1 or any?+ absolute ab\t ! future4 ,z to ! future1 x only takes ! absolute ?+s t h be5 said by o!rs2 & n pr(ess+ any c]ta9ty ab\t _! tru?1 m]ely expla9s _! mean+4 ,x deals ) a c]ta9 *ange 9 human beliefs1 n[ confid5tly pr$ict$2 b x does n say t ?is pr$iction w be fulfill$4 ,x says only t if x be1 a *ange1 n at pres5t c\nt$ on1 w be effect$ 9 human life4 ,x says t human life w deg5]ate if ! cre$ ( positivism be ev] g5]ally accept$2 b x n only does n say t x ev] w be accept$ by ev]ybody3 r1 x emphatically po9ts out t z yet x has be5 accept$ fully by nobody4 ,! positive s*ool say t _! view ( life is ! only s\nd "o4 ,!y boa/ t x is f\nd$ on ! rock ( fact1 n on ! s&-bank ( s5tim5t2 t x is ! f9al philosophy1 t w la/ z long z man la/s1 & t v soon x w h se5 ! ext9ction ( all ! o!rs4 ,x is ! positivi/s :o are ! prophets1 n ,i4 ,my aim has be5 n to confirm ! prophecy1 b to expla9 its mean+2 & my argum5ts w be all ! m opportune at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! m reason we h to ?9k ! prophecy false4 ,x may be ask$ :y1 if we ?9k x false1 we %\ld tr\ble our heads ab\t x4 ,& ! answ] to ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! pres5t age itself4 ,:atev] may be ! future fate ( positive ?\ght1 :atev] confid5ce may be felt by any ( u t x _c 9 ! long run ga9 a f9al hold ^u ! _w1 its pres5t p[] & ! pres5t results ( x _c be ov]look$4 ,t degradation ( life t ,i h be5 describ+ z ! result ( positivism--( :at ! age we live 9 calls ! only rational view ( ?+s--may inde$ nev] be complet$2 b let u look c>efully ar\nd u1 & we %all see t x is already begun4 ,! process1 x is true1 is at pres5t n v app>5t2 or if x is1 its nature is altoge!r mi/ak54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only makes x m mom5t\s2 & ! great reason :y x is desirable to deal s rudely ) ! optimi/ sy/em ( ! positivi/s is t x lies l a mi/y veil ov] ! real surface ( facts1 & conceals ! v *ange t x pr(esses to make impossible4 ,x is a k9d ( moral *lor(orm1 :i*1 in/ead ( cur+ an illness1 only makes u fatally unconsci\s ( its mo/ al>m+ symptoms4 ,b ?\gh an ef=t be ?us requir$ to realise our true condition1 x is an ef=t :i*1 be=e all ?+s1 we ought to make2 & :i*1 if we try1 we c all make readily4 ,a little c>eful memory1 a little c>eful obs]vation1 w op5 ! eyes ( mo/ ( u to ! real tru? ( ?+s2 x w reveal to u a spectacle t is inde$ appall+1 & ! m c&idly we survey x1 ! m %all we feel agha/ at x4 ,to beg91 !n1 let u once m consid] two notori\s facts3 fir/1 t ov] all ! _w at ! pres5t day a d5ial is spread+ itself ( all religions dogmas1 m complete ?an has ev] be=e be5 kn[n2 &1 secondly1 t 9 spite ( ?is speculative d5ial1 & 9 ! places :]e x has done its "w mo/ ?or\ghly1 a mass ( moral e>ne/ness seems to survive unt\*$4 ,i d n attempt to d5y ! fact2 ,i desire1 on ! contr>y1 to draw all att5tion to x4 ,b ! condition 9 :i* x survives is commonly n 9 ! lea/ realis$4 ,! class ( m5 conc]n$ ) x are l soldi]s :o may be fight+ m bravely p]haps ?an ev]2 b :o are fight+1 ?\gh none obs]ve x1 ) ! dea?-w\nd "u _! uni=ms4 ,( all ! signs ( ! times1 ^! high-m9d$ unbeliev]s are ?\ght to be ! mo/ reassur+2 b really !y are ! v rev]se ( ?is4 ,! reason :y _! true condition has pass$ unnotic$ is1 t x is a condition t is naturally sil5t1 & t has great difficulty 9 f9d+ a m\?piece4 ,! only two p>ties :o h _h any int]e/ 9 comm5t+ on x h be5 ! v p>ties lea/ able to und]/&1 & mo/ c]ta9 to di/ort x4 ,!y h be5 ei!r ! pr(ess$ *ampions ( !ism1 or else ! vision>y optimi/s ( positivism2 ! =m] ( :om h _h no sympa?y ) positive pr9ciples1 & ! latt] no disc]nm5t ( _! results4 ,! class ( m5 we are consid]+ are equally at v>iance ) bo? ( ^!2 !y agree ) ea* 9 "o respect1 & 9 ano!r !y agree ) nei!r4 ,!y agree ) ! "o t religi\s belief is false2 !y agree ) ! o!r t unbelief is mis]able4 ,:at wond] !n t !y %\ld h kept _! condition to !mselves8 ,ne>ly all public deal+ ) x has be5 left to m5 :o c praise ! only doctr9es t !y c prea* z true1 or :o else c condemn z false ! doctr9es t !y deplore z mis*iev\s4 ,z = ! o!rs1 ^: m5tal & moral convictions are at v>iance1 !y h nei!r any he>t to proclaim ! "o1 nor any intellectual /&po9t f :i* to proclaim ! o!r4 ,_! only impulse is to /ruggle & to endure 9 sil5ce4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 try to intrude ^u _! privacy1 ev5 ?\gh x be rudely & pa9fully1 & see :at _! real /ate is2 = x is ^! m5 :o are ! true product ( ! pres5t age1 its mo/ special & di/+ui%+ feature1 & ! fir/-fruits ( :at we are told is to be ! philosophy ( ! enlight5$ future4 ,to beg91 !n1 let u rememb] :at ^! m5 7 :5 ,*ri/ians2 & we %all be bett] able to realise :at !y are n[4 ,!y 7 m5 :o believ$ firmly 9 ! supreme & solemn importance ( life1 9 ! privilege t x 0 to live1 despite all temporal sorr[4 ,!y _h a rule ( conduct :i* w\ld guide !m1 !y believ$1 to ! true end ( _! be+--to an exi/5ce satisfy+ & excell5t beyond any?+ t imag9ation c\ld sugge/ to !m2 !y _h ! dread ( a correspond+ ru9 to =tify !mselves 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ ! wrong2 & !y _h a ,god ev] pres5t1 to help & he>1 & take pity on !m4 ,& yet ev5 ?us1 selfi%ness w\ld beset ! mo/ unselfi%1 & we>9ess ! mo/ det]m9$4 ,h[ h>d ! battle 01 is kn[n to all2 x has be5 ! mo/ prom95t commonplace 9 human ?\ght & language4 ,! con/ancy & ! /r5g? ( temptation1 & ! insidi\sness ( ! argum5ts x 0 support$ by1 has be5 prov]bial4 ,to expla9 away ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil1 to subtly /eal its mean+ out ( long-suff]+ & self-d5ial1 &1 above all1 to argue t 9 s9n+ 'we %all n surely die1' a "w :i* 0 suppos$ to belong especially to ! devil1 has be5 suppos$ to h be5 accompli%$ by him ) a success cont9ually irresi/ible4 ,:at1 !n1 is likely to be ! case n[1 ) m5 :o are /ill beset ) ! same temptations1 :5 n only !y h no hell to fright51 no heav5 to allure1 & no ,god to help !m2 b :5 all ! argum5ts t !y once felt belong$ to ! fa!r ( lies1 are press$ on !m f e side z ! mo/ solemn & univ]sal tru?s8 ,?us f> ! result has be5 a s+ul> "o4 ,) an a/oni%+ vig\r ! moral impetus /ill survives ! cessation ( ! =ces t orig9at$ & su/a9$ x2 & 9 _m cases !re is no dim9ution ( x traceable1 s f> z action goes4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only true1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( m5 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 9 :om habits ( virtue h gr[n /rong1 & ^: age1 position1 & circum/ances secure !m f /rong temptation4 ,to see ! real "w ( positive ?\ght we mu/ g to y\ng] m51 ^: *>act]s are less =m$1 ^: c>e]s are /ill be=e !m1 & on :om temptation ( all k9ds has /rong] hold4 ,we %all f9d su* m5 ) ! s5se ( virtue equally vivid 9 !m1 & ! desire to practise x probably f> m passionate2 b ! effect ( positive ?\ght on !m we %all see to be v diff]5t4 ,n[1 ! positive s*ool itself w say t su* m5 h all !y ne$4 ,!y confess$ly h consci5ce left to !m--! sup]natural moral judgm5t1 t is1 z appli$ to !mselves--:i* has be5 analys$1 b n de/roy$2 & ! position ( :i*1 we are told1 has be5 *ang$ only by its be+ set on a f\ndation ( fact1 in/ead ( a f\ndation ( sup]/ition4 ,mill said t hav+ le>nt :at ! sunset cl\ds 7 made (1 he /ill f\nd t he admir$ !m z mu* z ev]2 '!re=e1' he said1 ',i saw at once t !re 0 no?+ to be fe>$ f analysis4' ,& ?is is exactly :at ! positive s*ool say ( consci5ce4 ,a %all[] falsehood1 h[ev]1 x is n easy to conceive4 ,x is true t consci5ce 9 "o way may1 = a "t at lea/1 survive any k9d ( analysis4 ,x may cont9ue1 ) undim9i%$ di/9ctness1 its old approvals & m5aces4 ,b t alone is no?+ at all to ! po9t4 ,consci5ce is ( practical value1 n only because x says c]ta9 ?+s1 b because x says !m1 z we ?9k1 ) au?ority4 ,if its au?ority goes1 & its advice cont9ues1 x may inde$ mole/1 b x w no long] direct u4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! voice ( consci5ce may1 z ! positive s*ool say1 survive _! analysis ( x1 its au?ority w n4 ,t au?ority has always tak5 ! =m ( a m5ace1 z well z ( an approval2 & ! m5ace at any rate1 ^u all positive pr9ciples1 is no?+ b big words t c break no bones4 ,z soon z we realise x to be b ?is1 its effect mu/ cease in/antly4 ,! p[] ( consci5ce resides n 9 :at we he> x to be1 b 9 :at we believe x to be4 ,a h\semaid may be det]r$ f go+ to meet h] lov] 9 ! g>d51 because a h[l+ gho/ is believ$ to haunt ! laurels2 b %e w g to him fa/ en\gh :5 %e discov]s t ! s\nds t al>m$ h] 7 n a s\l 9 torture1 b ! cat 9 love4 ,! case ( consci5ce is exactly analog\s to ?is4 ,& n[ let u turn aga9 to ! case 9 "q4 ,m5 ( su* a "* z ,i h be5 j describ+ may f9d consci5ce q equal to giv+ a gl[1 by its approval1 to _! virtu\s wi%es2 b !y w f9d x q unequal to su/a9+ !m aga9/ _! vici\s ones2 & ! m vigor\s ! intellect ( ! man1 ! m feeble w be ! p[] ( consci5ce4 ,:5 a man is v /rongly tempt$ to d a ?+ :i* he believes to be wrong1 x is almo/ inevitable t he w te/ to ! utmo/ ! reasons ( ?is belief2 or if he does n d ?is be=e he yields to ! temptation1 yet if he does happ5 to yield to x1 he w c]ta9ly d s aft]4 ,?us1 unless we suppose human nature to be completely *ang$1 & all our p[]s ( obs]vation completely mislead+1 ! inw>d condition ( ! class 9 "q is ?is4 ,h[ev] calm ! out] surface ( _! lives may seem1 "u ! surface !re is a cont9ual discord2 & also1 ?\gh !y alone may p]ceive x1 a cont9u$ decad5ce4 ,9 v>i\s degrees !y all yield to temptation2 all m5 9 ! vig\r ( _! manhood d2 & consci5ce /ill fills !m ) its old monitions & reproa*es4 ,b x _c en=ce ob$i5ce4 ,!y feel x to be ! tru?1 b at ! same "t !y "k x to be a lie2 & ?\gh !y long to be co]c$ by x1 !y f9d x _c co]ce !m4 ,reason1 :i* 0 once its m9i/]1 is n[ ! tribune ( _! passions1 & =bids !m1 9 times ( passion1 to submit to x4 ,!y are n suff]$ to =get t x is n :at x says x is1 t ,x nev] came f on high1 ,& nev] rose f bel[3 & !y _c help *id+ !mselves ) ! irrepressible self-reproa*1 ,am ,i to be ov]aw$ ,by :at ,i _c b "k1 ,is a juggle born ( ! bra98 ,?us _! consci5ce1 ?\gh n /ifl$1 is de?ron$2 x is become a fugitive ,pret5d]2 & t "p ( !m t w\ld desire its re/oration is set d[n z an intellectual malignant1 p[]less inde$ to re/ore its sov]eign4 ,invalidasque tibi t5d5s1 heu non tua1 palmas4 ,consci5ce1 9 %ort1 z soon z its p[] is ne$$1 is l _! own selves de?ron$ )9 !mselves1 wr++ its h&s ov] a rebellion x is p[]less to suppress4 ,& !n1 :5 ! /orm is ov]1 :5 ! passions aga9 subside1 & _! lives once m return to _! wont$ *annels1 x c only come back humbly & deject$1 & give !m 9 a timid voice a fa9t1 di%on\r$ bless+4 ,su* lives z ^! are all ( !m really 9 a /ate ( moral consumption4 ,! disease 9 its e>li] /age is a v subtle "o2 & x may n be g5]ally fatal = ye>s1 or ev5 = g5]ations4 ,b x is a disease t c be transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild2 & its progress is none ! less sure because x is sl[2 nor is x less fatal & pa9ful because x may (t5 give a new beauty to ! complexion4 ,on v>i\s con/itutions x takes hold 9 v>i\s ways1 & its pres5ce is fir/ detect$ by ! suff]] "u v>i\s trials1 & betray$ to ! obs]v] by v>i\s symptoms4 ,:at ,i h j be5 describ+ is ! action t is at ! root ( x2 b ) ! individual x does n always take t =m4 ,(t5 inde$ x does2 b (t5] /ill p]haps x is discov]$ n 9 ! helpless yet reluctant yield+ to vice1 b 9 ! sadness & ! despond5cy ) :i* virtue is practis$--9 ! dull lead5 h\rs ( blank endurance or ( difficult endeav\r2 or 9 ! little satisfaction t1 :5 ! /ruggle has ceas$1 ! rew>d ( /ruggle br+s ) x4 ,an e>li]1 & p]haps m g5]al symptom /ill1 is "o t is n p]sonal4 ,x consi/s n 9 ! way 9 :i* m5 reg>d !mselves1 b 9 ! way 9 :i* !y reg>d o!rs4 ,9 _! own case1 _! habitual desire ( "r1 & _! habitual av]sion to wrong1 may h be5 en\gh to keep !m f any op5 brea* ) consci5ce1 or f putt+ x to an op5 %ame4 ,b its prec>i\s position is reveal$ to !m :5 !y turn to o!rs4 ,s9 f :i* !y recoil !mselves !y see committ$ 9 ! life ar\nd !m1 & !y f9d t x _c excite ! horror or disapproval1 :i* f its suppos$ nature x %\ld4 ,!y f9d !mselves p[]less to pass any g5]al judgm5t1 or to ext5d ! law !y live by to any beyond !mselves4 ,! :ole prospect t environs !m has become morally col\rless2 & !y disc]n 9 _! attitude t[>ds ! _w )\t1 :at x mu/ "o day come to be t[>ds ! _w )94 ,a /ate ( m9d l ?is is no dream4 ,x is a malady ( ! mod]n _w--a malady ( our own g5]ation1 :i* c escape no eyes t w look = x4 ,x is betray+ itself e mom5t ar\nd u1 9 conv]sation1 9 lit]ature1 & 9 legislation4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! condition ( t l>ge & increas+ class on :i* mod]n ?\ght is beg9n+ to d its "w4 ,its "w mu/ be look$ = "h1 & n 9 n>r[] qu>t]s2 n among/ pr(essors & lectur]s1 b among/ ! busy cr[d ab\t u2 n on ! plat=ms ( in/itutions1 or 9 ! lay s]mons ( speciali/s1 b among/ politicians1 arti/s1 sportsm51 m5 ( bus9ess1 lov]s--9 '! tides ( life1 & 9 ! /orm ( action'--among/ m5 :o h _! own way to =ce or *oose 9 ! _w1 & _! daily balance to /rike betwe5 self-d5ial & pleasure--on :om ! positive pr9ciples h be5 =c$ z true1 & :o h no "t or tal5t to d any?+ else b live by !m4 ,x is among/ ^! t we mu/ look to see :at su* pr9ciples really result 92 & ( ^! we mu/ *oose n ^? :o w\ld welcome lic5se1 b ^? :o long passionately to live by law4 ,x is ! condition ( su* m5 t ,i h be5 j describ+4 ,its *>act]i/ics are va9 self-reproa*1 joyless comm5dation1 we>y /ruggle1 li/less success1 g5]al indiff]5ce1 & ! prospect t if matt]s are go+ ?us badly ) !m1 !y w g ev5 worse ) _! *ildr54 ,su* a spectacle c]ta9ly is n "o t has mu* promise = ! optimi/2 & ! m we consid] x1 ! m sad & om9\s w x appe> to u4 ,inde$1 :5 ! pres5t age %all realise its own condition truly1 ! dejection ( :i* x is sl[ly gr[+ consci\s may p]haps give way to despair4 ,?is condition1 h[ev]1 is s port5t\s t x is difficult to p]suade ourselves t x is :at x seems to be1 & t x is n a dream4 ,b ! m /eadily we look at x1 ! m real w its appall+ features appe> to u4 ,we are lit]ally 9 an age to :i* hi/ory c %[ no p>allel1 & :i* is new to ! exp]i5ce ( humanity2 & ?\gh ! moral dejection we h be5 dwell+ on may h _h _m seem+ c\nt]p>ts 9 o!r times1 ?is is1 z x 71 solid sub/ance1 :]eas !y 7 only %ad[s4 ,i h po9t$ out already 9 my fir/ *apt] h[ unexampl$ is ! /ate 9 :i* ! _w n[ f9ds itself2 b we w dwell once aga9 ^u its m g5]al features4 ,)9 less ?an a c5tury1 di/ance has be5 all b annihilat$1 & ! e>? has practically1 & to ! imag9ation1 be5 r$uc$ to a fraction ( its =m] size4 ,its possible res\rces h become mean & n>r[1 set be=e u z matt]s ( e-day /ati/ics4 ,all ! old haze ( wond] is melt+ away f x2 & ! old local en?usiasms1 :i* dep5d$ s l>gely on ignorance & isolation1 are melt+ likewise4 ,k has accumulat$ 9 a way nev] be=e dream$ (4 ,! f\nta9s ( ! pa/ seem to h be5 brok5 up1 & to be p\r+ all _! secrets into ! consci\sness ( ! pres5t4 ,= ! fir/ "t man's wide & v>i$ hi/ory has become a coh]5t :ole to him4 ,p>tly a cause & p>tly a result ( ?is1 a new s5se has sprung up 9 him--an int5se self-consci\sness z to 8 own position2 & 8 entire view ( himself is und]go+ a vague *ange3 :il/ ! positive basis on :i* k has be5 plac$1 has giv5 x a con/ant & co]cive =ce1 & has made ! same *ange common to ! :ole civilis$ _w4 ,?\ght & feel+ among/ ! we/]n nations are con=m+ to a s+le patt]n3 !y are los+ _! old *ivalr\s "*1 _! possibilities ( isolat$ conque/ & intellectual adv5ture4 ,!y are settl+ d[n into a uni=m mass1 t moves or /agnates l a mod]n army1 & ^: alt]native l9es ( m>* h be5 mapp$ out be=eh&4 ,su* is ! condition ( ! we/]n _w2 & ! we/]n _w is beg9n+ n[1 at all po9ts1 to be> ^u ! ea/4 ,?us op9ions t ! pres5t age is =m+ = itself h a weight & a volume t op9ions nev] be=e possess$4 ,!y are ! fir/ beg9n+s1 n ( natural1 or ( social1 b ( human op9ion--an oecum5ical self-consci\sness on ! "p ( man z to 8 own prospects & 8 own position4 ,! great "q is1 :at %ape f9ally w ?is dawn+ self-consci\sness take8 ,w x conta9 9 x t negation ( ! sup]natural :i* our positive ass]tions are at pres5t suppos$ to necessitate8 ,if s1 !n x is n possible to conceive t ?is la/ developm5t ( humanity1 ?is /up5d\s break f ! pa/ :i* is be+ accompli%$ by our und]/&+ ( x1 w n be ! sort ( break :i* takes place :5 a man awakes f a dream1 & f9ds all t he mo/ priz$ vani%$ f him4 ,x is impossible to conceive t ?is awak5+1 ?is discov]y by man ( himself1 w n be ! beg9n+ ( 8 decad5ce2 t x w n be ! discov]y on 8 "p t he is a less] & a l[] ?+ ?an he ?\ght he 01 & t 8 condition w n s9k till x tallies ) 8 own op9ion ( x4 ,if ?is be really ! case1 we %all n be able to dispose ( pessimism by call+ x a disease2 = ! disease w be real & univ]sal1 & pessimism w be no?+ b ! sci5tific description ( x4 ,! pessimi/ is only sil5c$ by be+ call$ diseas$1 :5 x is meant t ! disease imput$ to him is ei!r hypo*ondriacal or peculi> to himself4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case ! disease is real1 deep-seat$1 & ext5d+ /eadily4 ,! only "q = u is1 is x curable or incurable8 ,?is ! ev5t alone c answ]3 b z no future c be produc$ b ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! pres5t1 ! ev5t1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 mu/ be 9 our own h&s4 ,= u1 at any rate1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to face boldly our own pres5t condition1 & ! causes t are produc+ x4 ,to become alive to our dang] is ! "o way to escape f x4 ,b ! dang] is at pres5t felt r ?an kn[n4 ,! class ( m5 we are consid]+ are consci\s1 z ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold says1 '( a void t m9es ! brea/2' b ea* ?9ks t ?is is a fancy only1 & h>dly d>es communicate x to 8 fell[s4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 by accid5t1 x is already f9d+ un9t5d$ expression2 & signs come to ! surface ( ! vague di/ru/ & misgiv+ t are work+ "u x4 ,! =m x takes among/ ! g5]al masses t are affect$ by x is1 z might be expect$1 practical r ?an analytical4 ,!y are consci\s ( ! loss t ! loss ( fai? is to !m2 & m or less coh]5tly !y long = its recov]y4 ,outw>dly1 inde$1 !y may (t5 sne] at x2 b outw>d signs 9 su* matt]s are v deceiv+4 ,mu* ( ! bitt] & arrogant c]titude to be f\nd ab\t u 9 ! expression ( unbelief1 is really l ! bitt]ness ( a woman aga9/ h] lov]1 :i* has n be5 ! cause ( h] resolv+ to leave him1 b :i* has be5 caus$ by 8 hav+ left h]4 ,9 e/imat+ :at is really ! /ate ( feel+ ab\t u1 we mu/ n look only at ! surface4 ,we mu/ rememb] t deep feel+ (t5 expresses itself by contradict+ itself2 also t x (t5 exi/s :]e x is n express$ at all1 or :]e x betrays r ?an expresses itself2 &1 fur!r1 t dur+ ! h\rs ( common int]c\rse1 x t5ds1 = ! "t be+1 to disappe>4 ,p _c be always exclaim+ 9 draw+-rooms t !y h lo/ _! ,"l2 & ! fact may be tempor>ily =gott5 because !y h lo/ _! portmanteau4 ,all s]i\s reflections are l reflections 9 wat]--a pebble w di/urb !m1 & make a dull pond sp>kle4 ,b ! sp>kle dies1 & ! reflection comes aga94 ,& !re are _m ab\t u1 ?\gh !y nev] confess _! pa91 & p]haps !mselves h>dly l to ackn[l$ge x1 ^: he>ts are a*+ = ! religion t !y c no long] believe 94 ,_! lonely h\rs1 betwe5 ! int]vals ( gaiety1 are pass$ ) b>r5 & sombre ?\ghts2 & a cry rises to _! lips b nev] passes !m4 ,among/ su* a class x is someh[ />tl+ to f9d ! mo/ unlikely p at times plac+ !mselves4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 = in/ance1 :o ( all our pres5t positivi/s is mo/ upro>i\s 9 8 optimism1 has yet admitt$ t ! religion he invites u to trample on is1 "u c]ta9 =ms1 an ennobl+ & su/a9+ ?+2 & = su* !ism z t ( ,*>les ,k+sley's he has express$ 8 deepe/ rev]5ce4 ,aga91 !re is ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,he d5ies ) ! mo/ dogmatic & unb5d+ sev]ity any "r to man to any sup]natural fai?2 & he 'w n = a mom5t admit' t our high] life w suff] 9 consequ5ce4#bi ,& yet '! lov] ( moral beauty1' he says wi/fully1 '/ruggl+ ?r\gh a _w ( sorr[ & s91 is surely z mu* ! /rong] = believ+ t soon] or lat] a vision ( p]fect peace & goodness w bur/ ^u him1 z ! toil] up a m\nta9 = ! belief t beyond crag & sn[ lie home & re/4' ,& he adds1 z we h se5 already1 t c\ld a fai? l :at he "h indicates be plac$ ^u a firm basis1 mank9d w\ld cl+ to x z 't5aci\sly z ev] a dr[n+ sailor did to a h5-coop4' ,b all ?is wide-spread & increas+ feel+ is felt at pres5t to be ( no avail4 ,! wi% to believe is !re2 b ! belief is z f> (f z ev]4 ,!re is a p[] 9 ! air ar\nd u by :i* man's fai? seems p>alys$4 ,! intellect1 we 7 ?9k+ b n[1 _h acquir$ a new vig\r & a cle>] vision2 b ! result ( ?is gr[? is1 ) _m1 to h made x an incubus1 & x lies ^u all _! deepe/ hopes & wi%es ,l a weight ,heavy z fro/1 & deep almo/ z life4 ,su* is ! condition ( m9d t is n[ spread+ rapidly1 & :i*1 soon] or lat]1 we mu/ look /eadily 9 ! face4 ,nor is x conf9$ to ^? :o are its direct victims4 ,^? :o /ill cl+1 & cl+ firmly1 to belief are 9 an indirect way t\*$ by x4 ,religion _c fail to be *ang$ by ! neighb\rhood ( irreligion4 ,if x is p]secut$1 x may burn up ) great] f]v\r2 b if x is n p]secut$1 x mu/ 9 "s measure be *ill$4 ,believ]s & unbeliev]s1 sep>at$ z !y are by _! t5ets1 are yet 9 ^! days mix$ toge!r 9 all ! acts & relations ( life4 ,!y are unit$ by habits1 by blood1 & by fri5d%ip1 & !y are ea* oblig$ cont9ually to ignore or excuse :at !y hold to be ! errors ( ! o!r4 ,9 a /ate ( ?+s l ?is1 x is pla9 t ! conviction ( believ]s c h nei!r ! fi]ce int5sity t belongs to a m9ority "u p]secution1 nor ! placid confid5ce t belongs to an ov]:elm+ majority4 ,!y c nei!r hate ! unbeliev]s1 = !y daily live 9 amity ) !m1 nor despise altoge!r _! judgm5t1 = ! mo/ em95t ?9k]s ( ! day belong to !m4 ,by su* conditions z ^! ! /ronge/ fai? _c fail to be affect$4 ,z reg>ds ! individuals :o reta9 x1 x may n lose its firmness1 b x mu/ lose some?+ ( its f]v\r2 & z reg>ds its own future hold ^u ! human race1 x is fai? no long]1 b is anxi\s d\bt1 or1 at be/1 a desp]ate tru/4 ,dr4 ,newman has po9t$ out h[ ev5 ! ,pope has recognis$ 9 ! s$ate & om9\s rise ( our mod]n e>?-born positivism "s ph5om5on va/] & ( a diff]5t nature f ! outbur/ ( a petulant h]esy2 he seems to recognise x z a bellig]5t r ?an a rebel4#cj ',"o ?+1' says ,dr4 ,newman1 'except by an almo/ miracul\s int]position1 _c be2 & t is a return to ! univ]sal religi\s s5tim5t1 ! public op9ion1 ( ! m$ival "t4 ,! ,pope himself calls ^? c5turies ! ages ( fai?4 ,su* endemic fai? may c]ta9ly be decre$ = "s future "t2 b z f> z we h ! means ( judg+ at pres5t1 c5turies mu/ run out fir/4'#ca ,9 ?is la/ s5t5ce is indicat$ ! va/ & univ]sal "q1 :i* ! m9d ( humanity is ga!r+ itself toge!r to ask--w ! fai? t we are s fa/ los+ ev] aga9 revive = u8 ,& my "o aim 9 ?is book has be5 to demon/rate t ! entire future tone ( life1 & ! entire c\rse ( future civilisation1 dep5ds on ! answ] :i* ?is "q receives4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is fur!r po9t to consid]4 ,ne$ ! answ] we are speak+ ( be def9ite & univ]sal8 or c we look =w>d to its rema9+ undecid$ till ! end ( "t8 ,n[ ,i h already tri$ to make x evid5t t = ! individual1 at any rate1 x mu/ by-&-by be def9ite "o way or ! o!r4 ,! ?or\gh positive ?9k] w n be able to reta9 9 supreme p[] pr9ciples :i* h no positive basis4 ,he _c g on ador+ a hung] :i* he kn[s c nev] be satisfi$1 or cr++ be=e fe>s :i* he kn[s w nev] be realis$4 ,& ev5 if ?is %\ld = a "t be possible1 8 case w be worse1 n bett]4 ,consci5ce1 if x /ill rema9s ) him1 w rema9 n z a liv+ ?+--a sev]e b k9dly guide--b z ! m5ac+ gho/ ( ! religion he has murd]$1 & :i* comes to embitt] degradation1 n to raise x4 ,! moral life1 x is true1 w /ill exi/ = him1 b x w probably1 9 lit]al tru?1 ,creep on a brok5 w+ ,?r\gh cells ( madness1 haunts ( horror & fe>4 ,b a /ate ( ?+s l ?is c h>dly be look$ =w>d to z conceivably ( any long cont9uance4 ,religion w\ld come back1 or consci5ce w\ld g4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ! future :i* ,dr4 ,newman seems to anticipate c be reg>d$ z probable ei!r4 ,he seems to anticipate a cont9uance side by side ( fai? & positivism1 ea* ) _! own adh]5ts1 & fight+ a ceaseless battle 9 :i* nei!r ga9s ! victory4 ,i v5ture to submit t ! new =ms n[ at "w 9 ! _w are n =ms t w d _! "w by halves4 ,:5 once ! age %all h ma/]$ !m1 !y w be ei!r "o ?+ or ! o!r--!y w be ei!r impot5t or omnipot5t4 ,_! public expon5ts at pres5t boa/ t !y w be omnipot5t2 & m & m ! _w ab\t u is beg9n+ to believe ! boa/4 ,b ! _w feels uneasily t ! import ( x w be v diff]5t f :at we are assur$ x is4 ,"o ,engli% writ]1 inde$1 on ! positive side1 has already se5 cle>ly :at ! movem5t really means1 ^: cont9uance & ^: consummation he decl>es to u to be a necessity4 ',nev]1' he says1 '9 ! hi/ory ( man has s t]rific a calamity befall5 ! race z t :i* all :o look may n[ behold1 advanc+ z a deluge1 black ) de/ruction1 resi/less 9 might1 uproot+ our mo/ *]i%$ hopes1 engulf+ our mo/ preci\s cre$1 & bury+ our highe/ life 9 m9dless desolation4'#cb ,! "q ,i %all n[ proce$ to is ! exact causes ( ?is movem5t1 & ! *ances & ! p[]s t ! human race has ( resi/+ x4 ,,footnotes3 #bi ',= my own "p1 ,i d n = "o mom5t admit t morality is n /rong en\gh to hold its own4'--,pr(4 ,huxley1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may1 #ahgg4 #cj ,^! words may no d\bt be easily press$ into a s5se :i* ,ca?olics w\ld repudiate4 ,b if n press$ unduly1 !y repres5t :at w1 ,i believe1 be admitt$ to be a fact4 #ca ,a lett] to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 by ,j4,h4 ,newman1 ,d4,d41 p4 #ce4 ,pick]+3 #ahge4 #cb ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism4 ,by ,physicus4 ,trbn] ,co43 #ahgh4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,negation4 ,i am ,sir ,oracle1 ,& :5 ,i ope my m\? let no dog b>k4 ,be=e beg9n+ to analyse ! =ces t are decompos+ religi\s belief1 x w be well to rem>k briefly on ! means by :i* ^! =ces are appli$ to ! _w at l>ge4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t !y are appli$ directly2 t is1 _m ( ! facts t are n[ becom+ obvi\s ! common s5se ( all m5 assimilates spontane\sly1 & d]ives1 unbidd51 its own d\bts or d5ials f !m4 ,b ! *ief p[] ( positivism is d]iv$ o!rwise4 ,x is d]iv$ n directly f ! premisses t x puts be=e u1 b f ! intellectual pre/ige ( its expon5ts1 :o1 to ! de/ruction ( private judgm5t1 are =c+ on u _! own p]sonal conclusions f !m4 ,?is pre/ige1 inde$1 is by no means to be wond]$ at4 ,if m5 ev] believ$ a tea*] '= 8 works' sake1' ! positive s*ool is associat$ ) en\gh signs & wond]s4 ,all ^? a/oni%+ p[]s t man has acquir$ 9 ?is c5tury are ) mu* ju/ice claim$ by x z its works & gifts4 ,! :ole s5su\s surr\nd+s ( our lives are its subjects1 & are do+ x daily homage2 & !re is n a conque/ ov] di/ance1 disease1 or d>kness t does n seem to be> witness to its intellectual supremacy4 ,! op9ion1 !re=e1 t is n[ abroad 9 ! _w is t ! positive s*ool are ! monopoli/s ( unbiass$ reason2 t reason1 !re=e1 is altoge!r fatal to religion2 & t ^? :o d5y ?is1 only d s ?r\gh ignorance or ?r\gh wilful bl9dness4 ,z long z ?is op9ion la/s1 ! revival ( fai? is hopeless4 ,:at we are n[ ab\t to exam9e is1 h[ f> ?is op9ion is well f\nd$4 ,! argum5ts :i* op]ate aga9/ religion ) ! lead]s ( mod]n ?\ght1 & ?r\gh _! intellectual example on ! _w at l>ge1 divide !mselves into ?ree classes1 & are d]iv$ f ?ree di/9ct bran*es ( ?\ght & /udy4 ,!y may be di/+ui%$ z physical1 moral1 & hi/orical4 ,few ( ^! argum5ts1 tak5 sep>ately1 c be call$ altoge!r new4 ,_! new p[] has be5 caus$ by ! simultane\s fill+ up & completion ( all ( !m2 by _! transmutation f filmy visions into massive & va/ realities2 f unau?oris$ misgiv+s into ! mo/ rigid & compell+ ( demon/rations3 & /ill m1 by ! brilliant & sudd5 annihilation ( ! mo/ obvi\s difficulties1 :i* till v lately _h neutralis$ & held _! p[] 9 *eck4 ,( ^! ?ree sets ( argum5ts1 ! two fir/ be> ^u all religion1 :il/ ! ?ird be>s ^u x only z embodi$ 9 "s exclusive =m4 ,?us ! physici/ argues1 = example1 t consci\sness be+ a function ( ! bra91 unless ! univ]se be a s+le bra9 itself1 !re c be no consci\s ,god4#cc ,! moral philosoph] argues t s9 & mis]y be+ s preval5t1 !re c be no ,almighty & all-m]ciful ,god4 ,& ! hi/orian argues t all alleg$ revelations c be %[n to h _h analog\s hi/ories2 & t !re=e1 ev5 if ,god exi/s1 !re is no "o religion ?r\gh :i* ,he has specially reveal$ ,himself4 ,^! are r\gh specim5s solubly1 s f> z obs]vation c c>ry u1 m9d ) matt]4 ,! great gulf betwe5 ! two has at la/ be5 spann$4 ,! bridge across x1 t 0 s long se5 9 dreams & despair$ (1 has be5 ?r[n triumphantly--a solid compact fabric1 on :i* a hundr$ intellectual masons are /ill at "w1 add+ /one on pond]\s /one to x4 ,sci5ce1 to put ! matt] 9 o!r words1 has accompli%$ ^! ?ree ?+s4 ,fir/ly1 to use ! words ( a well-kn[n writ]1 'x has e/abli%$ a functional relation to exi/ betwe5 e fact ( ?9k+1 will+1 or feel+1 on ! "o side1 & "s molecul> *ange 9 ! body on ! o!r side4' ,secondly1 x has connect$1 ?r\gh c\ntless elusive /ages1 ?is organic human body ) ! univ]sal lifeless matt]4 ,& ?irdly1 x claims to h plac$ ! univ]sal matt] itself 9 a new position = u1 & to exhibit all =ms ( life z develop$ f x1 ?r\gh its own spontane\s motion4 ,?us = ! fir/ "t1 beyond ! rea* ( "q1 ! entire s5sible univ]se is br\ght )9 ! scope ( ! physici/4 ,ev]y?+ t is1 is matt] mov+4 ,life itself is no?+ b motion ( an inf9itely complex k9d4 ,x is matt] 9 its f9e/ f]m5t4 ,! fir/ traceable beg9n+s ( x are to be f\nd 9 ! ph5om5on ( cry/allisation2 we h !re1 we are told by ! highe/ sci5tific au?ority1 '! fir/ grop+s ( ! s-call$ vital =ce2' & we le>n f ! same qu>t]1 t betwe5 ^! & ! bra9 ( ,*ri/ !re is a diff]5ce 9 degree only1 n 9 k9d3 !y are ea* ( !m 'an assemblage ( molecules1 act+ & re-act+ accord+ to law4' ',we believe1' says ,dr4 ,tyndall1 't e ?\ght & e feel+ has its def9ite me*anical correlative--t x is accompani$ by a c]ta9 break+ up & re-m>%all+ ( ! atoms ( ! bra94' ,& ?\gh he ( c\rse admits t to trace out ! processes 9 detail is inf9itely beyond our p[]s1 yet '! quality ( ! problem & ( our p[]s1' he says1 'are1 we believe1 s relat$1 t a m]e expansion ( ! latt] w\ld enable !m to cope ) ! =m]4' ,n[h]e is !re any break 9 ,nature2 & 'suppos+1' 9 ,dr4 ,tyndall's words1 'a planet c>v$ f ! sun1 set sp9n+ on an axis1 & s5t revolv+ r\nd ! sun at a di/ance equal to t ( our e>?1' sci5ce po9ts to ! conclusion t z ! mass cool$1 x w\ld fl[] out 9 places into j su* ano!r race z ours--creatures ( z l>ge disc\rse1 &1 l ourselves1 look+ be=e & aft]4 ,! result is obvi\s4 ,e exi/+ ?+ t we c ev] "k1 or hope to "k1 9 ! :ole inw>d z well z 9 ! :ole outw>d _w--ev]y?+ f a /> to a ?\ght1 or f a fl[] to an affection1 is connect$ ) c]ta9 mat]ial figures1 & ) c]ta9 me*anical =ces4 ,all h a c]ta9 bulk & a c]ta9 place 9 space1 & c\ld conceivably be made ! subjects ( "s physical exp]im5t4 ,fai?1 sanctity1 d\bt1 sorr[1 & love1 c\ld conceivably be all gaug$ & detect$ by "s sci5tific in/rum5t--by a cam]a or by a spectroscope2 & _! conditions & _! int5sity be repres5t$ by "s sort ( diagram4 ,^! m>vell\s a*ievem5ts1 z ,i h said1 h be5 (t5 be=e dream$ (4 ,n[ !y are accompli%$4 ,z appli$ to natural religion1 ! effect ( !m is z foll[s4 ,fir/ly1 ) reg>d to ,god1 !y h tak5 away e ext]nal pro( ( ,8 exi/5ce1 &1 /ill m1 e sign ( ,8 daily provid5ce4 ,!y de/roy !m completely at a sudd5 & s+le bl[1 & s5d !m fall+ ab\t u l s _m dead flies4 ,god1 z connect$ ) ! ext]nal _w1 0 conceiv$ ( 9 ?ree ways--z a ,mov]1 z a ,design]1 & z a ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,9 ! fir/ two capacities ,he 0 requir$ by ?\ght2 9 ! la/1 ,he 0 suppos$ to be reveal$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b n[ 9 none ( ^! is ,he requir$ or reveal$ long]4 ,s f> z ?\ght goes1 ,he has become a sup]fluity2 s f> z exp]i5ce goes1 ,he has become a fanciful sugge/ion4 ,secondly1 ) reg>d to man1 ! life & s\l are pres5t$ to u1 n z an entity di/9ct f ! body1 & !re=e capable ( surviv+ x1 b z a function ( x1 or ! sum ( its functions1 :i* has demon/rably gr[n ) its gr[?1 :i* is demon/rably dep5d5t ^u ev5 its m9ute/ *anges1 & :i*1 = any sign or h9t to ! contr>y1 w be dissolv$ ) its dissolution4 ,a ,god1 !re=e1 t is ! ma/] ( matt]1 & a human s\l t is indep5d5t ( x--any second _w1 9 fact1 ( ali5 & trans-mat]ial =ces1 is r$uc$1 on physical gr\nds1 to an utt]ly unsupport$ hypo!sis4 ,7 ?is all1 h[ev]1 x w\ld logically h on religion no effect at all4 ,x w\ld supply u ) no?+ b ! b>r5 v]bal proposition t ! immat]ial 0 n mat]ial1 or t we c\ld f9d no trace ( x by m]ely /udy+ matt]4 ,its :ole =ce re/s on ! foll[+ suppress$ premiss1 t no?+ exi/s b :at ! /udy ( matt] conceivably c\ld reveal to u2 or t1 9 o!r words1 ! immat]ial equals ! nonexi/5t4 ,! case /&s ?us4 ,! =ces ( ?\ght & _s 7 suppos$ =m]ly to be q di/9ct f matt]1 & to be capable ( act+ )\t ! lea/ connection ) x4 ,n[1 x is %[n t e smalle/ revelation ( ^! to u1 is accompli%$ by "s local atomic movem5t1 :i*1 on a sci5tific in/rum5t f9e en\gh1 w\ld leave a di/9ct impression2 & ?us x is argu$ t no =ce is reveal$ ?r\gh matt] t is n insep>able f ! =ms reveal+ x4 ,"h we see ! mean+ ( t great mod]n axiom1 t v]ification is ! te/ ( tru?2 or t we c build on no?+ z c]ta9 b :at we c prove true4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w 'pro(' by itself may p]haps be some:at hazy2 b ! mean+ t positive sci5ce atta*es to x is pla9 en\gh4 ,a fact is only prov$ :5 ! evid5ce x re/s ^u leaves u no room = d\bt--:5 x =ces on e m9d ! same inv9cible conviction2 t is1 9 o!r words1 :51 directly or indirectly1 its mat]ial equival5t c be impress$ ^u our bodily s5ses4 ,?is is ! fulcrum ( ! mod]n intellectual lev]4 ,ask anyone oppress$ & embitt]$ by ! want ( religion ! reason :y he does n aga9 embrace x1 & ! answ] w /ill be ?is--t !re is no pro( t x is true4 ,grant+1 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 t a religi\s cre$ w\ld be b5eficial1 'my next /ep is to ask = a pro( ( its dogmas4' ,& ) contemptu\s passion ano!r well-kn[n writ]1 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 has classifi$ all beliefs1 accord+ z we c prove or n prove !m1 into realities & empty dreams4 ',! ignorant & *ildi%1' he says1 'are hopelessly unable to draw ! l9e betwe5 dreaml& & reality2 b ! imag]y :i* takes its rise 9 ! imag9ation z di/+ui%$ f ! p]ceptions1 be>s indelible traces ( its orig9 9 comp>ative unsub/antiality & vagu5ess ( outl9e4' ,& 'n[1' he exclaims1 turn+ to ! g5]ation ar\nd him1 'at la/ y\r cre$ is decay+4 ,p h discov]$ t y "k no?+ ab\t x2 t heav5 & hell belong to dreaml&2 t ! imp]t95t "y curate :o tells me t ,i %all be burnt ev]la/+ly = n %>+ 8 sup]/ition1 is j z ignorant z ,i myself1 & t ,i "k z mu* z my dog4'#cd ,su* is t syllogism ( ! physical sci5ces :i* is n[ suppos$ to be s inv9cible aga9/ all religion1 & :i* has already gone s f> t[>ds de/roy+ ! _w's fai? 9 x4 ,n[ z to ! m9or premiss1 t !re is no pro( ( religion1 we may conc$e1 at lea/ provisionally1 t x is completely true4 ,:at x is really important to exam9e is ! major premiss1 t we c be c]ta9 ( no?+ t we _c support by pro(4 ,?is x is pla9 does n /& on ! same foot+ z ! =m]1 = x is ( its v nature n capable ( be+ prov$ itself4 ,its f\ndation is some?+ f> less def9able--! g5]al "* = wisdom ( ! lead+ ?9k]s :o h adopt$ x1 & ! g5]al acceptance ( its consequ5ces by ! common s5se ( mank9d4 ,n[ if we exam9e its value by ^! te/s1 ! result w be some:at />tl+4 ,we f9d t n only are mank9d at l>ge z yet b v p>tially aw>e ( its consequ5ces1 b t its true scope & mean+ has n ev5 dawn$ dimly on ! lead+ ?9k]s !mselves4 ,few spectacles1 inde$1 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ?\ght are m ludicr\s ?an t ( ! mod]n positive s*ool ) _! great doctr9e ( v]ification4 ,!y apply x rigor\sly to "o set ( facts1 & !n utt]ly fail to see t x is equally applicable to ano!r4 ,!y apply x to religion1 & decl>e t ! dogmas ( religion are dreams2 b :5 !y pass f ! dogmas ( religion to ^? ( morality1 !y n only d n use _! te/1 b unconsci\sly !y d5\nce x ) ! utmo/ vehem5ce4 ,?us ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 9 ! v essay f :i* ,i h j n[ quot$1 n only has rec\rse1 = giv+ weight to 8 argum5ts1 to su* e?ical epi!ts z l[1 l(ty1 & ev5 sacr$1 b he puts =w>d z 8 own motive = speak+1 a belief :i* on 8 own %[+ is a dream4 ,t motive1 he says1 is devotion to tru? = its own sake--! only pr9ciple t is really wor?y ( man4 ,8 argum5t is simply ?is4 ,x is man's holie/ & mo/ important duty to discov] ! tru? at all co/s1 & ! "o te/ ( tru? is physical v]ification4 ,"h he tells u we f9d ! only high morality1 & ! m5 :o cl+ to religi\s dream-dogmas :i* !y _c physically v]ify1 c only answ] _! oppon5ts1 says ,mr4 ,/eph51 'by a %riek or a sne]4' ',! s5tim5t1' he proce$s1 ':i* ! dream] mo/ ?or\ghly hates & misund]/&s1 is ! love ( tru? = its own sake4 ,he _c conceive :y a man %\ld attack a lie simply because x is a lie4' ,mr4 ,/eph5 is wrong4 ,t is exactly :at ! dream] c d1 & no "o else b he2 & ,mr4 ,/eph5 is himself a dream] :5 he writes & feels l ?is4 ,:y1 let me ask him1 %\ld ! tru? be lov$8 ,d ! 'p]ceptions1' :i* are = him ! only valid guides1 tell him s8 ,! p]ceptions tell him1 z he expressly says1 t ! tru?s ( nature1 s f> z man is conc]n$ ) !m1 are 'h>%' tru?s4 ,:y %\ld 'h>%' ?+s be loveable8 ,or suppos+ ,mr4 ,/eph5 does love !m1 :y is t love 'l(ty'8 & :y %\ld he s brusquely comm& all o!r m5 to %>e x8 ,l[ & l(ty--:at has ,mr4 ,/eph5 to d ) words l ^!8 ,!y are "p ( ! language ( dreaml&1 n ( real life4 ,mr4 ,/eph5 has no "r to !m4 ,if he has1 he mu/ be able to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 !m2 = if 8 conceptions ( !m be 'vague 9 outl9e' & 'unsub/antial1' !y belong by 8 own express def9ition to ! l& ( dreams4 ,b ?is is :at ,mr4 ,/eph51 ) ! solemn imbecility ( 8 s*ool1 is q incapable ( see+4 ,pr(essor ,huxley is 9 exactly ! same case4 ,he says1 z we h se5 already1 t1 come :at may ( x1 our highe/ morality is to foll[ tru?2 t ! 'l[e/ dep? ( immorality' is to pret5d to believe :at we see no reason = believ+2' & t our only prop] reasons = belief are "s physical1 "s p]ceptible evid5ce4 ,& yet at ! same "t he says t to 'attempt to upset morality' by ! help ( ! physical sci5ces is ab\t z rational or z possible z to 'attempt to upset ,euclid by ! help ( ! ,rig ,v$a4' ,n[ on ,pr(essor ,huxley's pr9ciples1 ?is la/ s5t5ce1 ?\gh x s\nds v weighty1 is1 if s ungraci\s a ^w may be all[$ me1 no?+ %ort ( nons5se4 ,x w\ld be ! l[e/ dep? ( immorality1 he says1 to believe 9 ,god1 :5 we see t !re is no physical evid5ce to ju/ify ! belief4 ,& physical sci5ce 9 ?is way he admits--he inde$ proclaims--has upset religion4 ,h[ !n has physical sci5ce 9 ! same way fail$ to upset morality8 ,! f\ndation ( morality1 he says1 is ! belief t tru? = its own sake is sacr$4 ,b :at pro( c he discov] ( ?is sacr$ness8 ,does any positive me?od ( exp]i5ce or obs]vation s mu* z t5d to sugge/ x8 ,we h already se5 t x does n4 ,:at ,pr(essor ,huxley's philosophy really proves to him is t x is true t no?+ is sacr$2 n t x is a sacr$ ?+ to discov] ! tru?4 ,we saw all ?is already :5 we 7 exam9+ 8 comp>ison ( ! p]ception ( moral beauty to ! p]ception ( ! heat ( g+]4 ,x is ! same ?+ ) :i* we are aga9 deal+ n[1 only we are approa*+ x f a slightly diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,:at we saw be=e1 0 t )\t an ass5t to ! religi\s dogmas1 ! moral dogmas c h no logical mean+4 ,we h n[ se5 t ev5 7 ! two logically indep5d5t1 !y yet belong bo? ( !m to ! same ord] ( ?+s2 & t if our te/s ( tru? prove ! =m] to be illusions1 !y w1 ) precisely ! same =ce1 prove ! same ?+ ( ! latt]4 ,b ! mo/ crucial te/ ( all we h /ill to come to1 :i* w put ?is conclusion 9 a yet cle>] & a m unmi/akable light4 ,?us f> :at we h se5 has am\nt$ to only ?is--t if sci5ce c take f man 8 religi\s fai?1 x leaves him a be+ )\t any moral guidance4 ,:at we %all n[ see is t1 by ! same argum5ts1 x w prove him to be n a moral be+ at all2 t x w prove n only t he has no rule by :i* to direct 8 w1 b also t he has no w to direct4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ return to physical sci5ce1 & to ! exact results t h be5 accompli%$ by x4 ,we h se5 h[ completely1 f "o po9t ( view1 x has connect$ m9d ) matt]1 & h[ triumphantly x is suppos$ to h unifi$ ! app>5t dualism ( ?+s4 ,x has reveal$ ! bra9 to u z matt] 9 a comb9ation ( inf9ite complexity1 :i* x has rea*$ at la/ ?r\gh its own automatic work+s2 & x has reveal$ consci\sness to u z a function ( ?is bra91 & z altoge!r insep>able f x4 ,b = ?is1 ! old dualism n[ suppos$ to be obsolete w\ld rema9 undi/urb$4 ,inde$1 if ?is doctr9e 7 d5i$1 su* a dualism w\ld be ! only alt]native4 ,= e ?\ght1 !n1 t we ?9k1 & e feel+ or desire t we feel1 !re takes place 9 ! bra9 "s def9ite mat]ial movem5t1 on ! =ce or figure ( :i* ! ?\ghts & feel+s are dep5d5t4 ,n[ if physical obs]vations are to be ! only ?+s t guide u1 "o important fact w become at once evid5t4 ,matt] exi/$ & f]m5t$ long be=e ! evolution ( m9d2 m9d is n an exhibition ( new =ces1 b ! outcome ( a special comb9ation ( old4 ,m5tal facts are !re=e ess5tially dep5d5t on molecul> facts2 molecul> facts are n dep5d5t on m5tal4 ,!y may seem to be s1 b ?is is only seem+4 ,!y are z mu* ! outcome ( molecul> gr\p+s & movem5ts z ! figures 9 a kaleidoscope are ( ! gr\p+s & movem5ts ( ! color$ bits ( glass4 ,!y are ?+s entirely by ! way2 & !y c z little be consid]$ l9ks 9 any *a9 ( causes z c ! figure 9 a kaleidoscope be call$ ! cause ( ! figure t succe$s x4 ,! conclusion1 h[ev]1 is s di/a/eful to mo/ m51 t b few ( !m c be br\ght ev5 to face x1 /ill less to accept x4 ,!re is n a s+le physici/ ( em95ce--none at lea/ :o has spok5 publicly on ! moral aspects ( life--:o has hone/ly & fairly consid]$ x1 & said pla9ly :e!r he accepts x1 rejects x1 or is 9 d\bt ab\t x4 ,on ! contr>y1 in/ead ( meet+ ?is "q1 !y all d _! be/ to avoid x1 & to hide x f !mselves & o!rs 9 a vague haze ( my/]y4 ,& !re is a peculi>ity 9 ! nature ( ! subject t has made ?is task an easy "o4 ,b ! du/ !y h rais$ is n imp5etrable1 & c1 ) a little pati5ce1 be laid altoge!r4 ,! ph5om5on ( consci\sness is 9 "o way unique4 ,x is ! only ph5om5on ) :i* sci5ce comes 9 contact1 ( :i* ! sci5tific imag9ation _c =m a coh]5t picture4 ,x has a side1 x is true1 t we c picture well en\gh--'! ?rill+ ( ! n]ves1' z ,dr4 ,tyndall says1 '! dis*>g+ ( ! muscles1 & all ! subsequ5t *anges ( ! organism4' ,b ( h[ ^! *anges come to h ano!r side1 we c =m no picture4 ,?is1 x is p]fectly true1 is a complete my/]y4 ,& ?is my/]y x is t our mod]n physici/s seize on1 & try to hide & lose 9 ! %ad[ ( x a conclusion :i* !y admit t1 9 any o!r case1 a rigor\s logic w\ld =ce on !m4 ,! foll[+ is a typical example ( ! way 9 :i* !y d ?is4 ,x is tak5 f ,dr4 ,tyndall4 ',! me*anical philosoph]1 z su*1' he says1 'w nev] place a /ate ( consci\sness & a gr\p ( molecules 9 ! position ( mov] & mov$4 ,obs]vation proves !m to int]act2 b 9 pass+ f "o to ! o!r1 we meet a blank :i* ! logic ( d$uction is unable to fill4444 ,i lay b>e unsp>+ly ! initial difficulty ( ! mat]iali/1 & tell him t ! facts ( obs]vation :i* he consid]s s simple are almo/ z difficult to be seiz$ z ! idea ( a s\l4 ,i g fur!r1 & say 9 effect3 ,if y ab&on ! int]pretation ( gross] m9ds1 :o image ! s\l z a ,psy*e :i* c\ld be ?r[n out ( ! w9d[--an entity :i* is usually occupi$ we "k n h[1 among ! molecules ( ! bra91 b :i* on due occasion1 su* z ! intrusion ( a bullet1 or ! bl[ ( a club1 c fly away into o!r regions ( space--if ab&on+ ?is hea!n notion y approa* ! subject 9 ! only way 9 :i* approa* is possible--if y cons5t to make y\r s\l a poetic r5d]+ ( a ph5om5on :i*--z ,i h tak5 m pa9s ?an anyone else to %[ y--refuses ! ord9>y yoke ( physical laws1 !n ,i1 = "o1 w\ld n object to ?is ex]cise ( ideality4 ,i say x /rongly1 b ) good temp]1 t ! !ologian :o hacks & sc\rges me = putt+ ! matt] 9 ?is light is guilty ( black +ratitude4' ,n[ if we exam9e ?is v typical passage1 we %all see t 9 x are confus$ two que/ions :i*1 z reg>ds our own relation to !m1 are on a totally diff]5t foot+4 ,"o ( ^! que/ions _c be answ]$ at all4 ,! o!r c be answ]$ 9 di/9ct & opposite ways4 ,ab\t ! "o we mu/ re/ 9 wond]2 ab\t ! o!r we mu/ make a *oice4 ,& ! feat :i* our mod]n physici/s are try+ to p]=m is to hide ! importunate nature ( ! second 9 ! d>k folds ( ! fir/4 ,?is fir/ "q is1 ,:y %\ld consci\sness be connect$ ) ! bra9 at all8 ,! second "q is1 ,:at is x :5 connect$8 ,is x simply ! product ( ! bra9's movem5t2 or is ! bra9's movem5t 9 any degree produc$ by x8 ,we only "k x1 s to speak1 z ! noise made by ! work+ ( ! bra9's ma*9]y--z ! cra%1 ! ro>1 or ! :isp] ( its re/less collid+ molecules4 ,is ?is ma*9]y self-mov+1 or is x1 at lea/1 modulat$1 if n mov$1 by "s =ce o!r ?an itself8 ,! bra9 is ! organ ( consci\sness1 j z ! in/rum5t call$ an organ is an organ ( music2 & consci\sness itself is z a tune em]g+ f ! organ-pipes4 ,express$ 9 t]ms ( ?is metaphor our two que/ions are z foll[s4 ,! fir/ is1 ,:y1 :5 ! air goes ?r\gh !m1 are ! organ-pipes resonant8 ,! second is1 ,:at controls ! me*anism by :i* ! air is regulat$--a musician1 or a revolv+ b>rel8 ,n[ :at our mod]n physici/s fail to see is1 n only t ^! two que/ions are di/9ct 9 detail1 b t also !y are di/9ct 9 k9d2 t a want ( p[] to answ] !m means1 9 ! two cases1 n a di/9ct ?+ only1 b also an opposite ?+2 & t our confess$ impot5ce to =m any conjecture at all z to ! fir/1 does n 9 ! lea/ exon]ate u f *oos+ betwe5 conjectures z to ! second4 ,z to ! fir/ "q1 our discov]y ( ! fact x is conc]n$ )1 & our utt] inability to acc\nt = ?is fact1 has really no be>+ at all ^u ! great dilemma--! dilemma z to ! unity or ! dualism ( exi/5ce1 & ! indep5d5ce or automatism ( ! life & w ( man4 ,all t sci5ce tells u on ?is fir/ head ! :ole _w may agree )1 ) ! utmo/ read9ess2 & if any !ologian 'hacks & sc\rges' ,dr4 ,tyndall = 8 views ?us f>1 he mu/1 beyond all d\bt1 be a v fooli% !ologian inde$4 ,! :ole be>+ ( ?is matt] mod]n sci5ce seems to confuse & magnify1 & x fancies itself assault$ by oppon5ts :o 9 reality h no exi/5ce4 ,let a man be nev] s !ological1 & nev] s pl$g$ to a fai? 9 my?s & my/]ies1 he w\ld n h ! lea/ int]e/ 9 d5y+ t ! bra91 ?\gh we "k n h[1 is ! only seat = u ( ?\ght & m9d & _s4 ,let him h nev] s firm a fai? 9 life immortal1 yet ?is immortal has1 he kn[s1 put on mortality1 ?r\gh an inexplicable contact ) matt]2 & 8 fai? is n 9 ! lea/ %ak5 by le>n+ t ?is po9t ( contact is ! bra94 ,he c admit ) ! utmo/ read9ess t ! bra9 is ! only in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* sup]natural life is made at ! same "t natural life4 ,he c admit t ! moral /ate ( a sa9t might be detect$ by "s =m ( spectroscope4 ,at fir/ sight1 d\btless1 ?is may appe> some:at />tl+2 b !re is no?+ really 9 x t is ei!r /range or =midable4 ,dr4 ,tyndall says t ! view indicat$ c1 'he ?9ks1' be ma9ta9$ 'aga9/ all attack4' ,b :y he %\ld appreh5d any attack at all1 & :y he %\ld only '?9k' x w\ld be unsuccessful1 x is some:at h>d to conceive4 ,to say t a spectroscope z appli$ to ! bra9 might conceivably detect su* a ?+ z sanctity1 is little m ?an to say t our eyes z appli$ to ! face c actually detect su* a ?+ z ang]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 t doctr9e to al>m ! mo/ my/ical ( believ]s4 ,9 ! complet5ess ) :i* x is n[ br\ght be=e u x is d\btless new & wond]ful1 & w d\btless t5d pres5tly to cl>ify human ?\ght4 ,b no "o ne$ fe> to accept x z a tru?2 & probably be=e long we %all all accept x z a truism4 ,x is n d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a s\l to say t x _c move 9 matt] )\t leav+ "s impress 9 matt]1 any m ?an x is d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( an organi/ to say t he _c play to u )\t /rik+ ! notes ( 8 organ4 ,dr4 ,tyndall !n ne$ h>dly h us$ s mu* emphasis & it]ation 9 affirm+ t 'e ?\ght & feel+ has its def9ite me*anical correlative1 t x is accompani$ by a c]ta9 break+-up & re-m>%all+ ( ! atoms ( ! bra94' ,& he is no m likely to be 'hack$ & sc\rg$' = do+ s ?an he w\ld be = affirm+ t e note we he> 9 a piece ( music has its def9ite correlative 9 ! me*anics ( ! organ1 & t x is accompani$ by a depression & a ris+ aga9 ( "s p>ticul> key4 ,9 8 views ?us f> ! :ole _w may agree ) him2 :il/ :5 he adds s emphatically t 9 ^! views !re is /ill involv$ a my/]y1 we %all n s mu* say t ! _w agrees ) him z t he1 l a good s5sible man1 agrees ) ! _w4 ,! passage f m9d to matt] is1 ,dr4 ,tyndall says1 un?9kable4 ,! common s5se ( mank9d has always said ! same4 ,we h "h a some?+1 n :i* we are d\btful h[ to expla91 b :i* we _c expla9 at all4 ,we h n to *oose or halt betwe5 alt]native conjectures1 = !re are absolutely no conjectures to halt betwe54 ,we are n[1 z to ?is po9t1 9 ! same /ate ( m9d 9 :i* we h always be51 only ?is /ate ( m9d has be5 reveal$ to u m cle>ly4 ,we are 9 !oretical ignorance1 b we are 9 no practical p]plexity4 ,! p]plexity comes 9 ) ! second "q2 & x is "h t ! issue lies betwe5 ! affirmation & ! d5ial ( a second & a sup]natural ord]4 ,we w see1 fir/1 h[ ?is "q is put & treat$ by ,dr4 ,tyndall1 & we w !n see :at 8 treatm5t comes to4 ,is x true1 he asks1 z _m physici/s hold x is1 't ! physical processes are complete 9 !mselves1 & w\ld g on j z !y d if consci\sness 7 n at all implicat$1' z an eng9e might g on work+ ?\gh x made no noise1 or z a b>rel-organ might g on play+ ev5 ?\gh !re 7 no e> to li/5 to x8 ,or d '/ates ( consci\sness ent] z l9ks into ! *a9 ( antec$5ce & sequ5ce :i* gives rise to bodily actions8' ,su* is ! "q 9 ,dr4 ,tyndall's own phrases2 & "h1 9 8 own phrases also1 comes 8 answ]4 ',i h no p[]1' he says1 '( imag9+ su* /ates int]pos$ betwe5 ! molecules ( ! bra91 & influ5c+ ! transf]5ce ( motion among ! molecules4 ,! ?+ eludes all m5tal pres5tation4 ,b1' he adds1 '! production ( consci\sness by molecul> motion is q z unpres5table to ! m5tal vision z ! production ( molecul> motion by consci\sness4 ,if ,i reject "o result1 ,i reject bo?4 ,i1 h[ev]1 reject nei!r1 & ?us /& 9 ! pres5ce ( two ,incompreh5sibles1 in/ead ( "o ,incompreh5sible4' ,n[ :at does all ?is mean8 ,!re is "o mean+ ( :i* ! words are capable1 :i* w\ld make !m p]fectly cle> & coh]5t2 b t mean+1 z we %all see pres5tly1 _c possibly be ,dr4 ,tyndall's4 ,!y w\ld be p]fectly cle> & coh]5t if he meant ?is by !m--t ! bra9 0 a natural in/rum5t1 9 ! h&s ( a sup]natural play]2 b t :y ! in/rum5t %\ld be able to be play$ ^u1 & h[ ! play] %\ld be able to play ^u x1 7 bo? matt]s on :i* he c\ld ?r[ no light4 ,b else:]e he has told u expressly t he does n mean ?is4 ,?is he expressly says is '! int]pretation ( gross] m9ds1' & sci5ce w n = a mom5t p]mit u to reta9 x4 ,! bra9 conta9s no 'entity usually occupi$ we "k n h[ among/ its molecules1' b at ! same "t sep>able f !m4 ,accord+ to him1 ?is is a 'hea!n' notion1 &1 until we ab&on x1 'no approa*1' he says1 'to ! subject is possible4' ,:at does he mean1 !n1 :5 he tells u he rejects nei!r result2 :5 he tells u t he believes t molecul> motion produces consci\sness1 & also t consci\sness 9 its turn produces molecul> motion8--:5 he tells u di/9ctly ( ^! two t 'obs]vation proves !m to int]act'8 ,if su* language z ?is means any?+1 x mu/ h ref]5ce to two di/9ct =ces1 "o mat]ial & ! o!r immat]ial4 ,inde$1 does he n himself say s8 ,does he n tell u t "o ( ! beliefs he does n reject is ! belief 9 '/ates ( consci\sness int]pos$ betwe5 ! molecules ( ! bra91 & influ5c+ ! transf]5ce ( motion among ! molecules'8 ,x is p]fectly cle>1 !n1 t ^! /ates are n molecules2 9 o!r words1 !y are n mat]ial4 ,b if n mat]ial1 :at are !y1 act+ on matt]1 & yet di/9ct f matt]8 ,:at c !y belong to b t 'hea!n' ?+ ! s\l--t 'entity :i* c\ld be ?r[n out ( ! w9d[1' & :i*1 z ,dr4 ,tyndall has said else:]e1 sci5ce =bids u to believe 98 ,surely = an exact ?9k] ?is is ?\ght 9 /range confusion4 ',matt]1' he says1 ',i def9e z t my/]i\s some?+ by :i* all ?is is accompli%$2' & yet "h we f9d him1 9 ! face ( ?is1 invok+ "s second my/]y z well4 ,& = :at reason8 ,?is is ! /range/ ?+ ( all4 ,he believes 9 8 second ,incompreh5sible because he believes 9 8 fir/ ,incompreh5sible4 ',if ,i reject "o result1' he says1 ',i mu/ reject bo?4 ,i1 h[ev]1 reject nei!r4' ,b :y8 ,because "o und\bt$ fact is a my/]y1 is e my/]y an und\bt$ fact8 ,su* is ,dr4 ,tyndall's logic 9 ?is rem>kable utt]ance3 & if ?is logic be valid1 we c at once prove to him ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 & a v>iety ( o!r 'hea!n' doctr9es also4 ,b1 appli$ 9 ?is way1 x is evid5t t ! argum5t fails to move him2 = a belief 9 a p]sonal ,god is "o ( ! fir/ ?+s t 8 sci5ce rejects4 ,:at %all we say ( him1 !n1 :5 he applies ! argum5t 9 8 own way8 ,we c say simply ?is--t 8 m9d = ! "t be+ is 9 a /ate ( su* confusion1 t he is incapable really ( cle>ly mean+ any?+4 ,:at 8 position logically mu/ be--:at1 on o!r occasions1 he cle>ly av[s x to be--is pla9 en\gh4 ,x is ess5tially t ( a man confront$ by "o ,incompreh5sible1 n confront$ by two4 ,b1 look$ at 9 c]ta9 ways1 or r look$ f 9 c]ta9 ways1 ?is position seems to /agg] him4 ,! problem ( exi/5ce reels & gr[s dim be=e him1 & he fancies t he detects ! pres5ce ( two ,incompreh5sibles1 :5 he has really1 9 8 /ate ( m5tal insobriety1 only se5 "o ,incompreh5sible d\ble4 ,if ?is be n ! case1 x mu/ be "o t1 intellectually1 is ev5 weak] ?an ?is4 ,x mu/ be t1 n ( a man ) a s+le coh]5t !ory :i* 8 intellect 9 its less vigor\s mom5ts sometimes relaxes its hold ^u1 b x mu/ be t ( a man ) two ho/ile !ories :i* he va9ly imag9es to be "o1 & :i* he inculcates alt]nately1 ea* ) an equal emphasis4 ,if ?is bewild]m5t 7 peculi> to ,dr4 ,tyndall1 ,i %\ld h no motive or mean+ 9 ?us dwell+ on x4 ,b x is no peculi>ity ( 84 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole s*ool he belongs to2 x is inh]5t 9 our :ole mod]n positivism--! :ole ( our exact & enlight5$ ?\ght4 ,i m]ely *oose ,dr4 ,tyndall z my example1 n because !re is m confusion 9 8 m9d ?an !re is 9 t ( 8 fell[-physici/s1 b because he is1 z x 71 ! enfant t]rible ( 8 family1 :o publicly lets out ! secrets :i* ! o!rs are m c>eful to conceal4 ,b ,i h n done ) ?is matt] yet4 ,we are "h deal+ ) ! c5tral problem ( ?+s1 & we mu/ n leave x till we h made x z pla9 z possible4 ,i w !re=e re-/ate x 9 t]ms ( ano!r metaphor4 ,let u comp>e ! univ]sal matt]1 ) its inf9ity ( molecules1 to a numb] ( balls on a billi>d-table1 set 9 motion by ! viol5t /roke ( a cue4 ,! balls at once beg9 to /rike ea* o!r & reb\nd f ! cu%ions at all angles & 9 all directions1 & assume ) reg>d to ea* o!r positions ( e k9d4 ,at la/ six ( !m collide or cannon 9 a p>ticul> corn] ( ! table1 & ?us gr\p !mselves s z to =m a human bra92 & _! v>i\s *anges !reaft]1 s long z ! bra9 rema9s a bra91 repres5t ! v>i\s *anges att5dant on a man's consci\s life4 ,n[ 9 ?is life let u take "s moral crisis4 ,let u suppose ! l[ desire to cl+ to "s pleas+ or com=t+ sup]/ition is cont5d+ ) ! h]oic desire to face ! nak$ tru? at all co/s4 ,! man 9 "q is at fir/ ab\t to yield to ! l[ desire4 ,= a "t !re is a pa9ful /ruggle 9 him4 ,at la/ !re is a %>p decisive pang2 ! h]oic desire is ! conqu]or1 ! sup]/ition is ca/ away1 & '?\gh tru? slay me1' says ! man1 'yet w ,i tru/ 9 x4' ,su* is ! aspect ( ! "q :5 approa*$ f "o side4 ,b :at is x :5 approa*$ f ! o!r8 ,! six billi>d balls h simply *ang$ _! places4 ,:5 !y correspond$ to l[ desire1 !y =m$1 let u say1 an oval2 :5 !y correspond$ to ! h]oic desire1 !y =m$1 let u say1 a circle4 ,n[ :at is ! cause & :at ! conditions ( ?is *ange8 ,cle>ly a c]ta9 impetus imp>t$ to ! balls1 & c]ta9 fix$ laws "u :i* t impetus op]ates4 ,! "q is :at laws & :at impetus are ^!8 ,are !y ! same or n ! same1 n[ ! balls correspond to consci\sness1 z !y 7 be=e1 :5 ! balls did n correspond to x8 ,"o ( two ?+s mu/ happ54 ,ei!r ! balls g on mov+ by exactly ! same laws & =ces !y h always mov$ by1 & are 9 ! grasp ( ! same inv9cible necessity1 or else !re is "s new & di/urb+ =ce 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 ) :i* we h to reckon4 ,b if consci\sness is insep>able f matt]1 ?is _c be4 ,d ! billi>d-balls :5 s gr\p$ z to repres5t consci\sness g5]ate "s second motive p[] di/9ct f1 at v>iance )1 & (t5 /rong] ?an1 ! orig9al impetus8 ,cle>ly no sci5tific ?9k] c admit ?is4 ,to d s w\ld be to und]m9e ! entire fabric ( sci5ce1 to contradict :at is its fir/ axiom & its la/ conclusion4 ,if !n ! motion ( our six billi>d balls has any?+1 :5 x corresponds to consci\sness1 di/9ct 9 k9d f :at x always _h1 x c only d]ive ?is f "o cause4 ,t cause is a second cue1 tamp]+ ) ! balls & int]f]+ ) !m1 or ev5 m ?an ?is--a second h& tak+ !m up & arrang+ !m arbitr>ily 9 c]ta9 figures4 ,sci5ce places ! positive s*ool on ! horns ( a dilemma4 ,! m9d or _s is ei!r arrang$ entirely by ! molecules x is connect$ )1 & ^! molecules move ) ! same automatic necessity t ! e>? moves )2 or else ^! molecules are1 p>tially at lea/1 arrang$ by ! m9d or _s4 ,if we d n accept ! =m] !ory we mu/ accept ! latt]3 !re is no ?ird c\rse op5 to u4 ,if man is n an automaton1 8 consci\sness is no m]e function ( any physical organ4 ,x is an ali5 & di/urb+ elem5t4 ,its impress on physical facts1 its di/urbance ( physical laws1 may be d\btless ! only ?+s ?r\gh :i* we c p]ceive its exi/5ce2 b x is z di/9ct f ! ?+s by :i* we c alone at pres5t p]ceive x1 z a h& unse5 9 ! d>k1 t %\ld arre/ or *ange ! c\rse ( a phosphoresc5t billi>d-ball4 ,once let u d5y ev5 9 ! mo/ qualifi$ way t ! m9d 9 ! mo/ absolute way is a mat]ial ma*9e1 an automaton1 & 9 t d5ial we are affirm+ a second & immat]ial univ]se1 indep5d5t ( ! mat]ial1 & obey+ diff]5t laws4 ,b ( ?is univ]se1 if x exi/s1 no natural pro( c be giv51 because ex hypo!si x lies q beyond ! region ( nature4 ,"o !ory !n ( man's life is t x is a union ( two ord]s ( ?+s2 ano!r1 t x is s+le1 & belongs to only "o4 ,& ( ^! !ories--opposite1 & mutually exclusive1 ,dr4 ,tyndall1 & mod]n positivism ) him1 says ',i reject nei!r4'#ce ,n[ ?is /atem5t ( _! position1 if tak5 z !y /ate x1 is ( c\rse nons5se4 ,x is impossible to consid] matt] z 't my/]i\s some?+ by :i* all t is is accompli%$2' & !n to solve ! "o *ief riddle ( ?+s by a second my/]i\s some?+ t is n mat]ial4 ,nor c we 'reject1' z ! positivi/s say !y d1 an 'outside build]' ( ! _w1 & !n claim ! assi/ance ( an outside ord]] ( ! bra94 ,! positivi/s w\ld probably tell u t !y d n d s1 or t !y d n mean to d s4 ,& we may well believe !m4 ,_! fault is t !y d n "k :at !y mean4 ,i w try to %[ !m4 ,fir/1 !y mean some?+1 ) :i*1 z ,i h said already1 we may all agree4 ,!y mean t matt] mov+ "u c]ta9 laws 7:i* may possibly be "p & p>cel ( its own ess5ce7 comb9es aft] _m *anges into ! human bra91 e motion ( :i* has its def9ite connection ) consci\sness1 & its def9ite correspond5ce to "s /ate ( x4 ,& ?is fact is a my/]y1 ?\gh x may be que/ion$ if x be m my/]i\s :y matt] %\ld ?9k ( itself1 ?an :y x %\ld move ( itself4 ,at any rate1 ?us f> we are all agre$2 & :atev] my/]y we may be deal+ )1 x is "o t leaves u 9 ignorance b n 9 d\bt4 ,! d\bt comes 9 at ! next /ep4 ,we h !n n to wond] at "o fact1 b1 ! my/]y be+ 9 ei!r case ! same1 to *oose betwe5 two hypo!ses4 ,! fir/ is t !re is 9 consci\sness "o ord] ( =ces only1 ! second is t !re are two4 ,& :5 ! positive s*ool say t !y reject nei!r ( ^!1 :at !y really mean to say is t z to ! second !y nei!r d>e op5ly d "o ?+ or ! o!r--to d5y x or accept x1 b t !y rema9 l an awkw>d *ild :5 (f]$ "s m pudd+1 blu%+ & look+ d[n1 & utt]ly unable to say ei!r yes or no4 ,n[ ! "q to ask ! positive s*ool is ?is4 ,:y are !y 9 ?is /ate ( susp5se8 ',!re is an iron /r5g? 9 ! logic1' z ,dr4 ,tyndall himself says1 t rejects ! second ord] altoge!r4 ,! hypo!sis ( its exi/5ce expla9s no fact ( obs]vation4 ,! s*eme ( nature1 if x _c be :olly expla9$ )\t x1 c1 at any rate1 be expla9$ bett] )\t x ?an ) x4 ,inde$ f ! /&po9t ( ! ?9k] :o holds t all t is is matt]1 x seems a ?+ too sup]flu\s1 too unmean+1 to be ev5 wor? d5ial4 ,& yet ! positive s*ool ann\nce solemnly t !y w n d5y x4 ,n[ :y is ?is8 ,x is true t !y _c prove its non-exi/5ce2 b ?is is no reason = pr(ess+ a solemn unc]ta9ty z to its exi/5ce4 ,we _c prove t ea* "t a cab drives d[n ,reg5t ,/reet a /ick ( b>ley-sug> is n creat$ 9 ,sirius4 ,b we d n proclaim1 to ! _w our et]nal ignorance z to :e!r or no ?is is s4 ,:y !n %\ld our positivi/s treat 9 ?is way ! alleg$ immat]ial "p ( consci\sness8 ,:y ?is emphatic prote/ation on _! "p t !re may exi/ a some?+ :i*1 z f> z ! ne$s ( _! sci5ce g1 is sup]flu\s1 & z f> z ! logic ( _! sci5ce goes is impossible8 ,! answ] is pla94 ,?\gh _! sci5ce does n ne$ x1 ! moral value ( life does4 ,z to t value !y h c]ta9 =egone conclusions1 :i* !y _c resolve to ab&on1 b :i* _! sci5ce c make no room =4 ,two alt]natives are (f]$ !m--to admit t life has n ! mean+ !y ?\ght x _h1 or t _! sy/em has n ! complet5ess !y ?\ght x _h2 & ( ^! two alt]natives !y w accept nei!r4 ,!y c\ld tell u ') an iron /r5g? ( logic' t all human sorr[ 0 z involunt>y & z unmean+ z sea-sickness2 t love & fai? 7 b di/illations ( :at exi/s dilut$ 9 mutton-*ops & be]2 & t ! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness 0 no?+ b an automatic metamorphosis ( ! locu/s & wild honey4 ,!y c\ld tell u ') an iron /r5g? ( logic' t all ! ?\ghts & moral /ruggles ( humanity 7 b z ! clang+ :irr ( a ma*9e1 :i* if a little bett] adju/$ might = ! future g on sp9n+ 9 sil5ce4 ,b !y see t ! discov]y on man's "p t 8 life 0 no?+ m ?an ?is w\ld mean a complete *ange 9 its me*anism1 & t !nce=w>d its entire action w\ld be diff]5t4 ,!y !re=e seek a refuge 9 say+ x may be m ?an ?is4 ,b :at d !y mean by may be8 ,d !y mean t 9 spite ( all t sci5ce c tea* !m1 9 spite ( t uni=mity absolute & omnipres5t :i* alone x reveals to !m1 :i* day by day x is =c+ ) m vividness on _! imag9ations1 & :i* seems to h no room = any?+ besides itself--d !y mean t 9 spite ( ?is !re may /ill be a second some?+1 a p[] ( a diff]5t ord]1 act+ on man's bra9 & grappl+ ) its automatic movem5ts8 ,d !y mean t t 'hea!n' & 'gross' conception ( an immat]ial s\l is probably aft] all ! true "o8 ,ei!r !y mu/ mean ?is or else !y mu/ mean ! exact opposite4 ,!re is no ?ird c\rse op5 to !m4#cf ,_! op9ion1 z soon z !y =m "o1 mu/ re/ ei!r on ?is extreme or t4 ,!y w see1 z exact & sci5tific ?9k]s1 t if x be n practically c]ta9 t !re is "s sup]natural entity 9 u1 x is practically c]ta9 t !re is n "o4 ,to say m]ely t x may exi/ is b to put an ounce 9 "o scale :il/ !re is a ton 9 ! o!r4 ,x is an admission t is utt]ly dead & mean+less4 ,!y c only ent]ta9 ! "q ( its exi/5ce because its exi/5ce is ess5tial to man z a moral be+4 ,! only reason t c tempt u to say x may be =ces u 9 ! same mom5t to say t x mu/ be1 & t x is4 ,:i* answ] ev5tually ! positive s*ool w *oose1 & :i* answ] m5 9 g5]al w accept1 ,i make z ,i h said be=e1 no attempt to answ]4 ,my only purpose to %[ is1 t if man has any moral be+ at all1 he has x 9 virtue ( 8 immat]ial w--a =ce1 a some?+ ( :i* physical sci5ce c give no acc\nt :atev]1 & :i* x has no %ad[ ( au?ority ei!r = affirm+ or = d5y+2 & fur!r1 t if we are n prev5t$ by x f affirm+ 8 immat]ial w1 we are n prev5t$ f affirm+ 8 immortality1 & ! exi/5ce ( ,god likewise4 ,& n[ ,i come to t ?ird po9t :i* ,i said ,i %\ld deal ) "h1 b :i* ,i h n yet t\*$ ^u4 ,e logical reason] :o admits ! p[] ( w mu/ admit n only ! possibility ( miracles1 b also ! actual fact ( _! daily & h\rly occurr5ce4 ,e ex]tion ( ! human w is a miracle 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w2 only x takes place privately1 )9 ! clos$ walls ( ! bra94 ,! molecules ( ! bra9 are arrang$ & ord]$ by a sup]natural ag5cy4 ,_! natural automatic movem5ts are susp5d$1 or direct$ & int]f]$ )4 ,x is true t 9 common usage ! ^w miracle has a m re/rict$ s5se4 ,x is appli$ g5]ally n to ! action ( man's w1 b ( ,god's4 ,b ! s5se 9 bo? cases is ess5tially ! same4 ,god's w is conceiv$ ( z di/urb+ ! automatic movem5ts ( matt] )\t ! skull1 9 j ! same way z man's w is conceiv$ ( z di/urb+ ^? ( ! bra9 )9 x4 ,nor1 ?\gh ! alleg$ manife/ations ( ! =m] d m viol5ce to ! sci5tific imag9ation ?an d ^? ( ! latt]1 are !y 9 ! eye ( reason "o :it m impossible4 ,! erection ( a pyramid at ! w ( an ,egyptian k+ w\ld z mu* di/urb ! c\rse ( nature z ! removal ( a m\nta9 by ! fai? ( a ,galilean fi%]man2 :il/ ! flood+ ( ! ,sah>a at ! w ( a speculat+ company w\ld int]f]e ) ! wea!r ( ,europe f> m ?an ! mo/ believ+ ( m5 ev] ?\ght t any answ] to pray] w\ld4 ,x w ?us be se5 t morality & religion are1 s f> z sci5ce goes1 on "o & ! same foot+--( "o & ! same sub/ance1 & t z assail$ by sci5ce !y ei!r fall toge!r or /& toge!r4 ,x w be se5 too t ! p[] ( sci5ce aga9/ !m resides n 9 itself1 b 9 a c]ta9 intellectual fulcrum t we ourselves supply x )4 ,t its me?ods c discov] no trace ( ei!r ( !m1 ( itself proves no?+1 unless we fir/ lay d[n z a dogma t its me?ods ( discov]y are ! only me?ods4 ,if we are prep>$ to abide by ?is1 !re is little m to be said4 ,! re/1 x is becom+ daily pla9]1 is a v simple process2 & :at we h to urge aga9/ religion w !nce=? am\nt to ?is4 ,!re is no sup]natural1 because ev]y?+ is natural2 !re is no _s1 because ev]y?+ is matt]2 or !re is no air1 because ev]y?+ is e>?2 !re is no fire1 because ev]y?+ is wat]2 a rose has no smell because our eyes _c detect any4 ,?is1 9 its simple/ =m1 is ! s-call$ argum5t ( mod]n mat]ialism4 ,argum5t1 h[ev]1 x is q pla9 x is n4 ,x is a m]e dogmatic /atem5t1 t c give no logical acc\nt ( itself1 & mu/ tru/1 = its acceptance1 to ! _w's vague s5se ( its fitness4 ,! mod]n _w1 x is true1 has mi/ak5 x = an argum5t1 & has be5 c[$ by x accord+ly2 b ! mi/ake is a simple "o1 & c be readily acc\nt$ =4 ,! dogmatism ( d5ial 0 =m]ly a sort ( crude rebellion1 inconsi/5t ) itself1 & vuln]able 9 a ?\s& places4 ,nature1 z !n kn[n1 01 to all :o c\ld weigh ! wond] ( x1 a ?+ inexplicable )\t "s sup]natural ag5cy4 ,inde$1 m>ks ( su* an ag5cy seem$ to meet m5 ev]y:]e4 ,b n[ all ?is has *ang$4 ,/ep by /ep sci5ce has be5 unravell+ ! tangle1 & has loos5$ ) its human f+]s ! knots t once seem$ deo digni v9dice4 ,x has enabl$ u to see 9 nature a complete ma*9e1 ne$+ no aid f )\t4 ,x has made a conception ( ?+s rational & coh]5t t 0 =m]ly absurd & arbitr>y4 ,sci5ce has done all ?is2 b ?is is all t x has done4 ,! dogmatism ( d5ial x has left z x f\nd x1 an unv]ifi$ & unv]ifiable ass]tion4 ,x has simply made ?is dogmatism consi/5t ) itself4 ,b 9 do+ ?is1 z m5 w soon come to see1 x has done a great deal m ?an its *ief ma/]s b>ga9$ =4 ,nature1 z expla9$ by sci5ce1 is no?+ m ?an a va/ automaton2 & man ) all 8 ways & works is simply a "p ( ,nature1 & c1 by no device ( ?\ght1 be deta*$ f or set above x4 ,he is z absolutely automatic z a tree is1 or z a fl[] is2 & is an incapable z a tree or fl[] ( any spiritual responsibility or significance4 ,"h we see ! real limits ( sci5ce4 ,x w expla9 ! facts ( life to u1 x is true1 b x w n expla9 ! value t hi!rto we h atta*$ to !m4 ,is t solemn value a fact or fancy8 ,z f> z pro( & reason g1 we c answ] ei!r way4 ,we h two simple & opposite /atem5ts set aga9/ ea* o!r1 betwe5 :i* argum5t w give u no help 9 *oos+1 & betwe5 :i* ! only arbit] is a judgm5t =m$ ^u utt]ly ali5 gr\nds4 ,z = pro(1 ! nature ( ! case does n admit ( x4 ,! _w ( moral facts1 if x exi/$ a ?\s& times1 c\ld give no m pro( ( its exi/5ce ?an x does n[4 ,if on o!r gr\nds we believe t x does exi/1 !n signs1 if n pro(s ( x1 at once surr\nd u ev]y:]e4 ,b let ! belief 9 its reality fail u1 & in/antly ! :ole cl\d ( witnesses vani%es4 ,= sci5ce to dem& a pro( t %all conv9ce x on its own premisses is to dem& an impossibility1 & to involve a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,sci5ce is only possible on ! assumption t nature is uni=m4 ,morality is only possible on ! assumption t ?is uni=mity is int]f]$ ) by ! w4 ,! _w ( morals is z di/9ct f ! _w ( sci5ce z a w9e is f ! cup t holds x2 & to say t x does n exi/ because sci5ce c f9d no trace ( x1 is to say t a bird has n fl[n ov] a des]t because x has left no footpr9ts 9 ! s&4 ,& z ) morals1 s x is ) religion4 ,sci5ce w all[ u to d5y or to affirm bo?4 ,reason w n all[ u to d5y or affirm only "o4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,! argum5t has be5 us$ 9 ?is exact =m by ,pr(essor ,clif=d4 #cd ,dreams & ,realities1 by ,leslie ,/eph54 #ce ,! feebl5ess & vacillation ( ,dr4 ,tyndall's :ole views ( ?+s1 z soon z !y be> on matt]s t are ( any univ]sal mom5t1 is s typical ( ! entire positive ?\ght ( ! day1 t ,i may ) advantage give "o or two fur!r illu/rations ( x4 ,al?\gh 9 "o place he proclaims l\dly t ! em]g5ce ( consci\sness f matt] mu/ ev] rema9 a my/]y1 he yet %[s indication ( a hope t x may yet be solv$4 ,he quotes ) approval1 & ) an implication t he himself leans to ! view express$ 9 !m1 ! foll[+ words ( ,ueb]weg1 :om he calls '"o ( ! subtle/ heads t ,g]many has produc$4' ',:at happ5s 9 ! bra91 says ,ueb]weg1 'w\ld 9 my op9ion n be possible if ! process :i* "h appe>s 9 its greate/ conc5tration1 did n obta9 g5]ally1 only 9 a va/ly dim9i%$ degree4 ,take a pair ( mice1 & a cask ( fl\r4 ,by copi\s n\ri%m5t ! animals increase & multiply1 & 9 ! same proportion s5sations & feel+s augm5t4 ,! quantity ( ^! pres]v$ by ! fir/ pair is n simply diffus$ among _! desc5dants1 = 9 t case ! la/ w\ld feel m fully ?an ! fir/4 ,! s5sations & ! feel+s mu/ necess>ily be ref]r$ back to ! fl\r1 :]e !y exi/1 weak & pale1 x is true1 & n conc5trat$1 z 9 ! bra94' ',we may n1' ,dr4 ,tyndall adds1 by way ( a gloss to ?is1 'be able to ta/e or smell alcohol 9 a tub ( f]m5t$ *]ries1 b by di/illation we obta9 f !m conc5trat$ ,kirs*wass]4 ,h5ce ,ueb]weg's comp>ison ( ! bra9 to a /ill1 :i* conc5trates ! s5sation & feel+ pre-exi/+1 b dilut$1 9 ! food4' ,let u n[ comp>e ?is ) ! foll[+4 ',x is no explanation1' says ,dr4 ,tyndall1 'to say t objective & subjective are two sides ( "o & ! same ph5om5on4 ,:y %\ld ph5om5a h two sides8 ,!re are pl5ty ( molecul> motions :i* d n exhibit ?is two-sid$ness4 ,does wat] ?9k or feel :5 x runs into fro/-f]ns ^u a w9d[ pane8 ,if n1 :y %\ld ! molecul> motions ( ! bra9 be yok$ to ?is my/]i\s companion consci\sness8' ,"h we h two views1 diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r1 ! "o sugge/$ ) approval1 & ! o!r impli$ z 8 own1 by ! same writ]1 & 9 ! same %ort essay4 ,! fir/ view is t consci\sness is ! g5]al prop]ty ( all matt]1 j z motion is4 ,! second view is t consci\sness is n ! g5]al prop]ty ( matt]1 b ! inexplicable prop]ty ( ! bra9 only4 ,"h aga9 we h a simil> inconsi/5cy4 ,^u "o page ,dr4 ,tyndall says t :5 we h 'exhau/$ physics1 & rea*$ its v rim1 a mighty ,my/]y /ills looms beyond u4 ,we h made no /ep t[>ds its solution4 ,& ?us x w ev] loom4' ,& on ! opposite page he says ?us3 ',if ask$ :e!r sci5ce has solv$1 or is likely 9 our day to solve1 ! problem ( ! univ]se1 ,i mu/ %ake my head 9 d\bt4' ,fur!r1 ,i w rem9d ! read] ( ,dr4 ,tyndall's argum5ts1 on "o occasion1 aga9/ any outside build] or creator ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,he argu$ t su* did n exi/1 because 8 suppos$ action 0 n def9itely pres5table4 ',i %\ld enquire aft] its %ape1' he says3--',has x legs or arms8 ,if n1 ,i w\ld wi% x to be made cle> to me h[ a ?+ )\t ^! appliances c act s p]fectly ! "p ( a build]8 ,he *all5g$ ! !i/ 7! !i/ address$ at ! "t 0 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau7 to give him "s acc\nt ( 8 ,god's work+s2 & ',:5 he does ?is1' said ,dr4 ,tyndall1 ',i %all dem& ( him an imm$iate ex]cise ( ! p[] ( def9ite m5tal pres5tation4' ,if he fails "h1 ,dr4 ,tyndall argues1 8 case is at once disprov$2 = no?+ exi/s t is n ?us pres5table4 ,let u comp>e ?is ) 8 deal+ ) ! fact ( consci\sness4 ,consci\sness1 he admits1 is n ?us pres5table2 & yet consci\sness1 he admits1 exi/s4 ,in/ances might be multipli$ ( ! same vacillation & confusion ( ?\ght--! same fem99e inability to be con/ant to "o tra9 ( reason+4 ,b ^? j giv5 suffice4 ,:at weight c we atta* to a man's philosophy1 :o aft] tell+ u t consci\sness may possibly be an inh]5t prop]ty ( matt]1 ( :i* '! receit ( reason is a limbec only1' adds 9 ! same brea? almo/1 t matt] g5]ally is c]ta9ly n consci\s1 & t consci\sness comes to ! bra9 we "k n :5ce nor :]e=e8 ,:at %all we say ( a man :o 9 "o s5t5ce tells u t x is impossible t sci5ce c ev] solve ! riddle ( ?+s1 & tells u 9 ! next s5t5ce t x is d\btful if ?is impossibility w be accompli%$ )9 ! next fifty ye>s8--:o argues t ,god is a my/]y1 & !re=e ,god is a fiction2 :o admits t consci\sness is a fact1 & yet proclaims t x is a my/]y2 & :o says t ! fact ( matt] produc+ consci\sness be+ a my/]y1 proves ! my/]y ( consci\sness act+ on matt] to be a fact8 #cf ,x is true t "o ( ! fav\rite tea*+s ( ! positive s*ool is1 t z to ?is "q ! prop] attitude is t ( ,agno/icism2 9 o!r words1 t a /ate ( p]petual susp5se on ?is subject is ! only rational "o4 ,!y are ask$1 h we a s\l1 a w1 & consequ5tly any moral responsibility8 ,& ! answ] is t !y mu/ %ake _! heads 9 d\bt4 ,x is true !y tell u t x is b z m5 ( sci5ce t !y %ake _! heads4 ,b ,dr4 ,tyndall tells u :at ?is admission means4 ',if ! mat]iali/ is conf\nd$1' he says1 '& sci5ce r5d]$ dumb1 :o else is prep>$ ) an answ]8 ,let u l[] our heads & ackn[l$ge our ignorance1 prie/ & philosoph]--"o & all4' ,9 l mann]1 ref]r+ to ! feel+ :i* o!rs h suppos$ to be a s5se ( ,god's pres5ce & maje/y3 ?is1 = ! 'man ( sci5ce1' he says is ! s5se ( a 'p[] :i* gives fulness & =ce1 to 8 exi/5ce1 b :i* he c nei!r analyse nor compreh5d4' ,:i* means1 t because a physical speciali/ _c analyse ?is s5se1 x is !re=e incapable ( analysis4 ,a bi%op might ) equal propriety use j ! same language ab\t a glass ( port w9e1 & argue )1 equal cog5cy t x 0 a prim>y & simple elem5t4 ,:at is meant is1 t ! facts ( ! mat]iali/ are ! only facts we c be c]ta9 (2 & because ^! c give man no moral guidance1 t !re=e man c h no moral guidance at all4 ,let u illu/rate ! case by "s example t is m5tally pres5table4 ,"s ru9$ girl1 we w say1 oppress$ ) a s5se ( degradation1 comes to ,dr4 ,tyndall & lays h] case be=e him4 ',i h he>d y are a v wise man1' %e says to him1 '& t y h prov$ t ! prie/ is all wrong1 :o prep>$ me a ye> ago = my confirmation4 ,n[ tell me1 ,i besee* y tell me1 is m9e really ! desp]ate /ate ,i h be5 taught to ?9k x is8 ,may my body be lik5$ to ! temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/ defil$8 or d ,i owe x no m rev]5ce ?an ,i owe ! ,alhambra ,!atre8 ,am ,i guilty1 & mu/ ,i seek rep5tance8 or am ,i n guilty1 & may ,i g on j z ,i please8' ',my de> girl1' ,dr4 ,tyndall replies to h]1 ',i mu/ %ake my head 9 d\bt4 ,come1 let its l[] our heads1 & ackn[l$ge our ignorance z to :e!r y are a wret*$ girl or no4 ,mat]ialism is conf\nd$1 & sci5ce r5d]$ dumb by que/ions su* z y\rs2 !y c1 !re=e1 nev] be answ]$1 & mu/ always rema9 op54 ,i may add1 h[ev]1 t if y ask me p]sonally :e!r ,i consid] y to be degrad$1 ,i lean to ! affirmative4 ,b ,i c give y no reason 9 support ( ?is judgm5t1 s y may atta* to x :at value y w4' ,su* is ! position ( agno/ics1 :5 br\ght face to face ) ! _w4 ,!y are undecid$ only ab\t "o "q1 & ?is is ! "o "q :i* _c be left undecid$4 ,m5 _c rema9 agno/ics z to belief t _! actions mu/ dep5d ^u1 any m ?an a man :o is compell$ to g on walk+ c refra9 f *oos+ "o road or o!r :5 !re are two op5 to him4 ,nor does x matt] t our believ+ may 9 nei!r case am\nt to a complete c]titude4 ,x is suffici5t t ! balance ( probability be on "o side or ! o!r4 ,two ounces w out-weigh "o ounce1 q z surely z a ton w4 ,b :at our philosoph]s pr(ess to tea* u 79 s f> z !y pr(ess to be agno/ics1 & disclaim be+ dogmati/s7 is1 t !re is no balance ei!r way4 ,! message !y %\t to u is1 t !y h no message at all2 & t because !y are )\t "o1 ! :ole _w is 9 ! same condition4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,morality ,,& ,,natural ,,!ism4 ,cr$o quia impossibile e/4 ,if we look calmly at ! possible future ( human ?\ght1 x w appe> f :at we h j se51 t physical sci5ce ( itself c d little to control or cramp x2 nor until man cons5ts to resign 8 belief 9 virtue & 8 own dignity altoge!r1 w x be able to repress religi\s fai?1 %\ld o!r causes t5d to produce a new outbreak ( x4 ,b ! *ief difficulties 9 ! matt] are /ill 9 /ore = u4 ,let u see nev] s cle>ly t sci5ce1 if we are moral be+s1 c d no?+ to weak5 our belief 9 ,god & immortality1 b /ill leaves u free1 if we w1 to believe 9 !m1 x seems gett+ cle>] & yet m cle> t ^! beliefs are inconsi/5t ) !mselves1 & conflict ) ^! v moral feel+s1 ( :i* !y are invok$ z an explanation4 ,"h x is true t reason does confront u1 & :at answ] to make to x is a v s]i\s "q4 ,?is applies ev5 to natural religion 9 its hazie/ & mo/ compliant =m2 & z appli$ to any =m ( or?odoxy its =ce is d\bl$4 ,:at we h se5 ?us f> is1 t if !re be a moral _w at all1 our k ( nature conta9s no?+ inconsi/5t ) !ism4 ,we h n[ to enquire h[ f> !ism is inconsi/5t ) our conceptions ( ! moral _w4 ,9 treat+ ^! difficulties1 we w = ! pres5t consid] !m z apply+ only to religion 9 g5]al1 n to any special =m ( x4 ,! position ( or?odoxy we w res]ve = a sep>ate treatm5t4 ,= conv5i5ce' sake1 h[ev]1 ,i %all take z a symbol ( all religion ! vagu] & m g5]al tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity2 b ,i %all be adduc+ !m n z tea*+s reveal$ by heav51 b simply z develop$ by ! religi\s consci\sness ( m54 ,to beg9 !n ) ! great prim>y difficulties3 ^!1 ?\gh !y take v>i\s =ms1 c all 9 ! la/ resort be r$uc$ to two--! exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! face ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & ! fre$om ( man's w 9 ! face ( ! w ( ,god4 ,& :at ,i %all try to make pla9 ) respect to ^! is ?is3 n t !y are n difficulties--n t !y are n insoluble difficulties2 b t !y are n difficulties due to religion or !ism1 nor by ab&on+ !ism c we 9 any way escape f !m4 ,!y />t into be+ n ) ! belief 9 ,god1 & a future ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 b ) ! belief 9 ! moral law & 9 virtue1 & !y are common to all sy/ems 9 :i* ! wor? ( virtue is recognis$4 ,! vulg> view ( ! matt] _c be bett] /at$ ?an 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt giv5 by ,j4,s4 ,mill ( ! anti-religi\s reason+s ( 8 fa!r4 ,he look$ ^u religion1 says 8 son1 'z ! greate/ enemy ( morality2 fir/1 by sett+ up fictiti\s excell5ces--belief 9 cre$s1 devotional feel+s1 & c]emonies1 n connect$ ) ! good ( humank9d1 & caus+ !m to be accept$ z sub/itutes = g5u9e virtues2 b above all by radically vitiat+ ! /&>d ( morals1 mak+ x consi/ 9 do+ ! w ( a be+1 on :om1 inde$1 x lavi%es all ! phrases ( adulation1 b :om1 9 sob] tru?1 x depicts z em95tly hateful4 ,i h a hundr$ times he>d him say t all ages & nations h repres5t$ _! gods z wick$ 9 a con/antly increas+ progression2 t mank9d _h gone on add+ trait aft] trait1 till !y rea*$ ! mo/ p]fect expression ( wick$ness :i* ! human m9d c devise1 & h call$ ?is ,god1 & pro/rat$ !mselves be=e x4 ,! ne plus ultra ( wick$ness he consid]$ to be embodi$ 9 :at is commonly pres5t$ to mank9d z ! cre$ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?9k 7he us$ to say7 ( a be+ :o w\ld make a hell--:o w\ld create ! human race ) ! infallible =ekn[l$ge1 & !re=e ) ! int5tion1 t ! great majority ( !m1 %\ld be consign$ to horrible & ev]la/+ torm5t4' ,james ,mill1 adds 8 son1 knew q well t ,*ri/ians 7 n1 9 fact1 z demoralis$ by ?is mon/r\s cre$ z1 if !y 7 logically consi/5t1 !y ought to be4 ',! same slov5l9ess ( ?\ght 7he said7 & subjection ( ! reason to fe>s1 wi%es1 & affections1 :i* enable !m to accept a !ory involv+ a contradiction 9 t]ms1 prev5t !m f p]ceiv+ ! logical consequ5ce ( ! !ory4' ,n[1 9 spite ( its co>se & exagg]at$ acrimony1 ?is passage d\btless expresses a great tru?1 :i* pres5tly ,i %all g on to consid]4 ,b x conta9s also a v *>act]i/ic falsehood1 ( :i* we mu/ fir/ dive/ x4 ,god is "h repres5t$ z mak+ a hell1 ) ! express int5tion ( =cibly putt+ m5 into x1 & ,8 ma9 hatefulness consi/s 9 ?is caprici\s & wanton cruelty4 ,su* a repres5tation is1 h[ev]1 an ess5tially false "o4 ,x is n only n true to ! true ,*ri/ian tea*+1 b x is absolutely oppos$ to x4 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity does n make hell2 /ill less does ,he delib]ately put m5 into x4 ,x is made by m5 !mselves2 ! ess5ce ( its torm5t consi/s 9 ! loss ( ,god2 & ^? t lose ,him1 lose ,him by _! own act1 f hav+ delib]ately made !mselves incapable ( lov+ ,him4 ,god nev] wills ! dea? ( ! s9n]4 ,x is to ! s9n]'s own w t ! s9n]'s dea? is due4 ,all ?is rhetoric1 !re=e1 ab\t ,god's malevol5ce & wick$ness is entirely beside ! po9t1 nor does x ev5 t\* ! difficulty t1 9 8 he>t1 ,james ,mill is aim+ at4 ,8 ma9 difficulty is no?+ m ?an ?is3 ,h[ c an inf9ite w t rules ev]y:]e1 f9d room = a f9ite w n 9 h>mony ) itself8 ,:il/ ! only f>!r p]plexity t ! passage indicates1 is ! exi/5ce ( ^? evil conditions by :i* ! f9ite w1 already s weak & wav]+1 is yet f>!r hamp]$4 ,n[ ^! difficulties are d\btless q z great z ,james ,mill ?\ght !y 72 b we mu/ obs]ve ?is1 t !y are n ( ! same k9d4 ,!y are m]ely intellectual difficulties4 ,!y are n moral difficulties at all4 ,mill truly says t !y involve a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,b :y8 ,n1 z ,mill says1 because a wick$ ,god is set up z ! object ( moral wor%ip1 b because1 9 spite ( all ! wick$ness exi/+1 ! ,au?or ( all exi/5ces is affirm$ n to be wick$4 ,nor1 aga91 is ,mill "r 9 say+ t ?is contradiction is due to 'slov5l9ess ( ?\ght4' ,!ology accepts x ) its eyes wide op51 mak+ no attempt to expla9 ! inexplicable2 & ! human w x treats 9 ! same way4 ,x makes no (f] to u to cle> up ev]y?+1 or to enable ?\ght to put a girdle r\nd ! univ]se4 ,on ! contr>y1 x proclaims ) emphasis t its fir/ axioms are un?9kable2 & its mo/ r5[n$ philosophic motto is1 ',i believe because x is impossible4' ,:at %all x say1 !n1 :5 assail$ by ! rational morali/8 ,x w n d5y its own condition1 b x w %[ its oppon5t t 8 is really ! same4 ,x w %[ him t1 let him give 8 morality :at base he w1 he _c conceive ( ?+s )\t ! same contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,if good be a ?+ ( any spiritual value--if x be1 9 o!r words1 :at e moral sy/em supposes x to be--t good c co-exi/ ) evil is j z un?9kable z t ,god c4 ,! value ( moral good is suppos$ to lie 9 ?is--t by x we are put en rapport ) some?+ t is bett] ?an ourselves--"s '/ream ( t5d5cy1' let u say1 't makes = righte\sness1' ,b if ?is /ream ( t5d5cy be n a p]sonal ,god1 :at is x8 ,is x ,nature8 ,nature1 we h se5 already1 is op5 to j ! same objections t ,god is4 ,x is equally guilty ( all ! evil t is conta9$ 9 x4 ,is x ,tru?1 !n--pure ,tru? = its own sake8 ,aga91 we h se5 already t z little c x be t4 ,is x ,human ,nature z oppos$ to ,nature8--,man z di/9ct f1 & holi] ?an1 any individual m58 ,( all ! sub/itutes = ,god ?is at fir/ sight seems ! mo/ promis+1 or1 at any rate1 ! mo/ practical4 ,b1 ap>t f all ! o!r objections to ?is1 :i* we h already be5 consid]+ 9 su* detail1 x w v soon be app>5t t x involves ! v same inconsi/5cy1 ! same contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! fact ( moral evil /ill confronts u1 & ! humanity to :i* we lift our he>ts up is /ill taxable ) t4 ,b p]haps we sep>ate ! good 9 humanity f ! evil1 & only wor%ip ! =m] z /ruggl+ to get free f ! latt]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be ( little help to u4 ,if :at we call humanity is no?+ b ! good "p ( x1 we c only v9dicate its goodness at ! exp5se ( its /r5g?4 ,evil is at lea/ an equal mat* = x1 & 9 mo/ ( ! battles hi!rto x is evil t has be5 victori\s4 ,b to conceive ( good 9 ?is way is really to de/roy our conception ( x4 ,goodness is 9 itself an incomplete notion2 x is b "o facet ( a figure :i*1 approa*$ f o!r sides1 appe>s to u z et]nity1 z omnipres5ce1 &1 above all1 z supreme /r5g?2 & to r$uce goodness to no?+ b ! high] "p ( humanity--to make x a wav]+ fitful flame t cont9ually s9ks & flick]s1 t at its be/ c b blaze = a :ile1 & at its brighte/ c ?r[ no light beyond ?is paltry p>i% ( a _w--is to deprive x ( its :ole mean+ & hold on u4 ,or aga91 ev5 7 ?is n s1 & c\ld we believe1 & be /r5g!n$ by believ+1 t ! good 9 humanity w\ld "o day ga9 ! victory1 & t "s high] future1 :i* ev5 we might p>take 9 by prep>+1 0 9 /ore = ! human race1 w\ld our conception ( ! matt] !n be any m h>moni\s8 ,z we survey$ our race z a :ole1 w\ld its bright] future ev] d away ) its pa/8 ,w\ld n ! dep? & ! d>kness ( ! %ad[ gr[ m port5t\s z ! light grew bright]8 ,& w\ld n man's hi/ory /rike m cle>ly on u z ! gha/ly embodim5t ( a va/ inju/ice8 ,b x may be said t ! sorr[s ( ! pa/ w h]eaft] be dead & done )2 t evil w lit]ally be z ?\gh x _h nev] be54 ,well1 & s 9 a %ort "t w ! good likewise2 & if we are ev] to ?9k lightly ( ! _w's s9ful & sorr[ful pa/1 we %all h to ?9k equally lightly ( its s9less & *e]ful future4 ,let u pass n[ to ! second>y po9ts4 ,oppon5ts ( !ism1 or ( religion 9 g5]al1 are p]petually attack+ x = its !ories ( a future life4 ,its et]nal rew>ds & puni%m5ts are to !m p]man5t /umbl+-blocks4 ,a future life ( happ9ess !y ?9k an unmean+ promise2 & a future life ( mis]y !y ?9k an unwor?y & brutal ?reat4 ,& if reason & obs]vation are to be our only guides1 we _c say t !y d n argue ) ju/ice4 ,if we believe 9 heav51 we believe 9 some?+ t ! imag9ation fails to grasp4 ,if we believe 9 hell1 we believe 9 some?+ t our moral s5se revolts at3 = ?\gh hell may be no?+ b ! consci\s loss ( ,god1 & ?\gh ^? t lose ,him may h made _! own hell = !mselves1 /ill _! loss1 if et]nal1 w be an et]nal flaw & disease 9 ! sum ( ?+s--! et]nal self-ass]tion aga9/ omnipot5ce ( "s deprav$ & ali5 p[]4 ,f ^! difficulties x is impossible to escape4 ,all we c d "h1 z 9 ! =m] case1 is to %[ t !y are n peculi> to ! special doctr9es to :i* !y are suppos$ g5]ally to be due2 b t !y are equally insep>able f any ( ! propos$ sub/itutes4 ,we c only %[ t !y are inevitable1 n t !y are n insoluble4 ,if we condemn a belief 9 heav5 because x is un?9kable1 we mu/ = ! same reason1 z we h se5 already1 condemn a ,utopia on e>?--! ?+ we are n[ told we %\ld fix our hopes ^u1 in/ead ( x4 ,z to ! second "q--t ( et]nal puni%m5t1 we may c]ta9ly "h get rid ( "o difficulty by adopt+ ! doctr9e ( a f9al re/itution4 ,b1 ?\gh "o difficulty w be ?us got rid (1 ano!r equally great w take its place4 ,our moral s5se1 x is true1 w no m be %ock$ by ! conception ( an et]nal discord 9 ?+s1 b we %all be confront$ by a fatalism t w all[ to u no moral be+ at all4 ,if we %all all rea* ! same place 9 ! end--if inevitably we %all all d s--x is q pla9 t our fre$om to *oose 9 ! matt] is a fre$om t is app>5t only4 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 x seems1 sees ?is cle>ly en\gh4 ,once give morality its spiritual & sup]natural mean+1 & !re is1 he holds1 '"s und]ly+ logical necessity :i* b9ds a belief 9 hell indissolubly ) ! prim>y articles ( ! fai?4' ,su* a sy/em ( retribution1 he adds1 is 'creat$ spontane\sly' by ! 'consci5ce4 ,heav5 & hell are coroll>ies t rise & fall toge!r4444 ,:atev] ! mean+ ( ,greek3 ainios1 ! fe>ful emotion :i* is symbolis$1 is et]nal or indep5d5t ( "t1 by ! same "r z ! ec/atic emotion4' ,he sees ?is cle>ly en\gh2 b ! /range ?+ is t he does n see ! conv]se4 ,he sees t ! ,*ri/ian conception ( morality necessitates ! affirmation ( hell4 ,he does n see t ! d5ial ( hell is ! d5ial ( ,*ri/ian morality1 & t 9 call+ ! =m] a dream1 z he does1 he does n call ! latt] a dream likewise4 ,we c close our eyes to none ( ^! p]plexities4 ,! only way to resi/ _! p[] is n to ignore !m1 b to realise to ! full _! magnitude1 & to see h[1 if we let !m take away f u any?+1 !y w 9 ano!r mom5t take ev]y?+2 to see t we mu/ ei!r set our foot ^u _! necks1 or t !y w set _! feet on ours2 to see t we c look !m d[n1 b t we c nev] look !m ?r\gh2 to see t we c make !m impot5t if we w1 b t if !y are n impot5t !y w be omnipot5t4 ,b ! /ronge/ example ( ?is is yet to come3 & ?is is n any special belief ei!r z to religion or morals1 b a belief und]ly+ bo? ( ^!1 & )\t :i* nei!r ( !m 7 possible4 ,x is a belief :i* f "o po9t ( view we h already t\*$ ^u--! belief 9 ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,b we h z yet only consid]$ x 9 relation to physical sci5ce4 ,:at we h n[ to d is to consid] x 9 relation to itself4 ,:at1 !n1 let u ask1 is ! nature ( ! belief8 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! answ] is v easy4 ,:5 we speak & ?9k ( free-w ord9>ily1 we "k q well :at we mean by x2 & we "o & all ( u mean exactly ! same ?+4 ,x is true t :5 pr(essors speak ^u ?is "q1 !y make c\ntless ef=ts to di/+ui% betwe5 ! mean+ :i* !y atta* to ! belief1 & ! mean+ :i* ! _w atta*es to x4 ,& x is possible t 9 _! /udies or _! lecture-rooms !y may contrive = ! "t be+ to di/ort or to confuse = !mselves ! common view ( ! matt]4 ,b let ! pr(essor once =get 8 !ories1 & be =c$ to buffet aga9/ 8 life's importunate & /]n realities3 let him qu>rel ) 8 h\sekeep] because %e has mislaid 8 spectacles1 or 8 night-cap1 or1 preoccupi$ ) h] bible1 has n mix$ 8 gruel prop]ly2 & 8 conception ( free-w w rev]t 9 an in/ant to ! univ]sal type1 & ! good woman w disc]n only too pla9ly t h] ma/]'s convictions z to x are precisely ! same ?+s z h] own4 ,ev]y:]e1 inde$1 9 all ! life t surr\nds u--9 ! social & moral judgm5ts on :i* ! fabric ( society has re>$ itself1 9 ! p]sonal judgm5ts on :i* s mu* dep5ds 9 fri5d%ip & antipa?ies--ev]y:]e1 9 conduct1 9 emotion1 9 art1 9 language1 & 9 law1 we see man's common belief 9 w writt51 broad1 & pla91 & cle>4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no belief to :i*1 = practical purposes1 he atta*es s important & s pla9 a mean+4 ,su* is free-w :5 look$ at f a di/ance4 ,b let u look at x m closely1 & see :at happ5s !n4 ,! result is /range4 ,l a pa? se5 at dusk across a moorl&1 pla9 & visible f a di/ance1 b fad+ gradually f u ! m ne> we draw to x1 s does ! belief 9 free-w fade be=e ! ne> inspection ( reason4 ,x at fir/ gr[s hazy2 at la/ x becomes indi/+ui%able4 ,at fir/ we beg9 to be unc]ta9 ( :at we mean by x2 at la/ we f9d ourselves c]ta9 t s f> z we tru/ to reason1 we _c possibly h any mean+ at all4 ,exam9$ 9 ?is way1 e act ( our lives--all our *oices & refusals1 seem no?+ b ! necess>y outcome ( ?+s t h gone be=e4 ,x is true t betwe5 "s actions ! *oice hangs at times s ev5ly1 t our w may seem ! "o ?+ t at la/ turns ! balance4 ,b let u analyse ! matt] a little m c>efully1 & we %all see t !re are a ?\s& microscopic motives1 too small = u to be entirely consci\s (1 :i*1 accord+ to h[ !y settle on u1 w really decide ! "q4 ,nor %all we see only t ?is is s4 ,let u g a little fur!r1 & reason w tell u t x mu/ be s4 ,7 ?is n ! case1 !re w\ld h be5 an escape left = u4 ,?\gh admitt+ t :at controll$ our actions c\ld be no?+ b ! /ronge/ motive1 x might yet be cont5d$ t ! w c\ld int5sify any motive x *ose1 & t ?us motives really 7 only tools 9 its h&s4 ,b ?is does b po/pone ! difficulty1 n solve x4 ,:at is ?is free-w :5 x comes to use its tools8 ,x is a some?+1 we %all f9d1 t our m9ds _c give h>b\r to4 ,x is a ?+ contr>y to e analogy ( nature4 ,x is a ?+ :i* is =ev] caus+1 b :i* is 9 itself uncaus$4 ,to escape f ?is difficulty is altoge!r hopeless4 ,age aft] age has tri$ to d s1 b tri$ 9 va94 ,!re h be5 always metaphysical exp]ts ready to engage to make free-w a some?+ intellectually conceivable4 ,b !y all ei!r leave ! "q :]e !y f\nd x1 or else !y only seem to expla9 x1 by d5y+ cov]tly ! fact t really wants expla9+4 ,su* is free-w :5 exam9$ by ! natural reason--a ?+ t melts away inevitably fir/ to haze1 & !n to utt] no?+ness4 ,& = a "t we feel conv9c$ t x really is no?+4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 aga9 retire f x to ! common di/ance1 & ! phantom we ?\ght exorcis$ is aga9 back 9 an in/ant4 ,!re is ! sph9x once m1 di/9ct & cle> z ev]1 hold+ 9 its h& ! scales ( good & evil1 & dem&+ a curse or a bless+ = e human action4 ,we are once m c]ta9--m c]ta9 ( ?is ?an any?+--t we are1 z we always ?\ght we 71 free ag5ts1 free to *oose1 & free to refuse2 & t 9 virtue ( ?is fre$om1 & 9 virtue ( ?is alone1 we are responsible = :at we d & are4 ,let u consid] ?is po9t well4 ,let u consid] fir/ h[ free-w is a moral necessity2 next h[ x is an intellectual impossibility2 & la/ly h[1 ?\gh x be impossible1 we yet1 9 defiance ( intellect1 cont9ue1 z moral be+s1 to believe 9 x4 ,let u b once realise t we d ?is1 t all mank9d univ]sally d ?is & h done--& ! difficulties (f]$ u by !ism w no long] /agg] u4 ,we %all be prep>$ = !m1 prep>$ n to drive !m away1 b to endure _! pres5ce4 ,if 9 spite ( my reason ,i c believe t my w is free1 9 spite ( my reason ,i c believe t ,god is good4 ,! latt] belief is n ne>ly s h>d z ! =m]4 ,! greate/ /umbl+-block 9 ! moral _w lies 9 ! ?re%old by :i* to ent] x4 ,su* !n are ! moral difficulties1 prop]ly s call$1 t beset !ism2 b !re are c]ta9 o!rs ( a vagu] nature1 t we mu/ glance at likewise4 ,x is some:at h>d to "k h[ to classify ^!2 b x w be correct en\gh to say t :]eas ^? we h j dealt ) appeal to ! moral intellect1 ! ones we are to deal ) n[ appeal to ! moral imag9ation4 ,! facts t ^! dep5d on1 & :i* are practically new discov]ies = ! mod]n _w1 are ! insignificance ( ! e>?1 :5 comp>$ ) ! univ]se1 ( :i* x is visibly & demon/rably an integral b insignificant fragm5t2 ! enorm\s p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce = :i* man has _h no religi\s hi/ory1 & has be51 s f> z we c tell1 n a religi\s be+ at all2 & ! va/ majority ( ! race t are /ill /agnant & semi-b>b>\s4 ,is x possible1 we ask1 t a ,god1 ) s _m />s to att5d to1 %\ld busy himself ) ?is paltry e>?1 & make x ! sc5e ( ev5ts m /up5d\s ?an ! c\rses ( c\ntless sy/ems8 ,is x possible t ( ! sw>ms1 vici\s & aimless1 t bre$ ^u x1 ea* individual--,bu%man1 ,*9aman1 or ,negro--is a preci\s immortal be+1 ) a bir?right 9 inf9ity & et]nity8 ,! effect ( ^! consid]ations is sometimes ov]:elm+4 ,a/ronomy oppresses u ) ! gulfs ( space2 geology ) ! gulfs ( "t2 hi/ory & travel ) a babel ( va9 exi/5ce4 ,& "h z 9 ! =m] case1 our p]plexities _c be expla9$ away4 ,we c only meet !m by see+ t if !y h any p[] at all1 !y are all-p[]ful1 & t !y w n de/roy religion only1 b ! entire moral conception ( man also4 ,religi\s belief1 & moral belief likewise1 involve bo? ( !m "s va/ my/]y2 & reason c d no?+ b focalise1 n solve x4 ,all1 !n1 t ,i am try+ to make evid5t is ?is--& ?is mu/ be suffici5t = u--n t !ism1 ) its att5dant doctr9es1 pres5ts u ) no difficulties1 necessitates no baffl+ contradictions 9 t]ms1 & confronts u ) no t]rible & pite\s spectacles1 b t all ?is is n peculi> to !ism4 ,x is n ! price we pay = ris+ f morality to religion4 ,x is ! price we pay = ris+ f ! natural to ! sup]natural4 ,once d\ble ! sum ( ?+s by add+ ?is second _w to x1 & x swells to su* a size t our reason c no long] encircle x4 ,we are torn ?is way & t by convictions1 ea* ( :i* is equally necess>y1 b ea* ( :i* excludes ! o!rs4 ,:5 we try to grasp !m all at once1 our m9d is l a man ti$ to wild horses2 or l ,phaeton 9 ! ,sun's *>iot1 bewild]$ & p[]less ov] ! intractable & ! t]rible team4 ,we c only recov] our /r5g? by a full confession ( our weakness4 ,we c only lay hold on ! beliefs t we see to be ne$ful1 by ask+ fai? to jo9 h&s ) reason4 ,if we refuse to d ?is1 !re is b "o alt]native4 ,)\t fai? we c p]haps expla9 ?+s if we w2 b we mu/ fir/ make !m n wor? expla9+4 ,we c only ?9k !m out entirely by reg>d+ !m z some?+ n wor? ?9k+ out at all4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,human ,,race ,,& ,,revelation4 ',! sc&al ( ! pi\s ,*ri/ian1 & ! fallaci\s triumph ( ! infidel1 %\ld cease z soon z !y recollect n only by :om1 b likewise to :om1 ! ,div9e ,revelation 0 giv54'--,gibbon4#cg ,& n[ let u suppose ourselves conv9c$1 at lea/ = ! sake ( argum5t1 t man w always believe 9 himself z a moral be+1 & t he w1 "u no compulsion1 let ?is belief g4 ,grant+ ?is1 f :at we h j se51 ?us mu* w be pla9 to u1 t !ism1 %\ld x ev] t5d to reass]t itself1 c h no *eck to fe> at ! h&s ( positive ?\ght4 ,let u1 !re=e1 suppose fur!r1 t su* a revival ( fai? is imm95t1 & t ! enlight5$ _w1 ) its eyes wide op51 is ab\t to turn once aga9 to religi\s desires & aims4 ,?is br+s u face to face ) ! second "q1 t we h n z yet t\*$ ^u3 w ! religion ?us turn$ to be a natural religion only1 or is x possible t "s exclusive dogmatism may be recognis$ z a sup]natural re-/atem5t ( x8 ,be=e go+ fur!r ) ?is "q x w be well to say a few words z to ! exact position x occupies4 ,?is1 ) reg>d to ! ne$s ( man1 is some:at diff]5t to ! position ( natural !ism4 ,t a natural !ism is ess5tial to man's moral be+ is a proposition t c be m or less rigidly demon/rat$2 b t a revelation is ess5tial z a supplem5t to natural !ism c be impress$ ^u u only 9 a mu* loos] way4 ,inde$1 _m m5 :o believe mo/ firmly t )\t religion human life w be dead1 re/ _! hopes = ! future n on ! revival & triumph ( any "o alleg$ revelation1 b on ! gradual evanesc5ce ( ! special claims ( all4 ,nor c we f9d any %>p & def9$ l9e ( argum5t to conv9ce !m t !y are wrong4 ,! objections1 h[ev]1 to :i* ?is position is op5 are1 ,i ?9k1 none ! less cog5t because !y are some:at g5]al2 & to all practical m51 conv]sant ) life & hi/ory1 x mu/ be pla9 t ! necessity ( do+ ,god's w be+ grant$1 x is a mo/ anxi\s & e>ne/ "q :e!r t w has n be5 9 "s special & articulate way reveal$ to u4 ,take ! mass ( religi\s humanity1 & giv+ x a natural cre$1 x w be f\nd t in/9ctively & inevitably x asks = m4 ,su* a cre$ by itself has excit$ m long+s ?an x has satisfi$1 & rais$ m p]plexities ?an x has set at re/4 ,x is true t x has suppli$ m5 ) a suffici5t analysis ( ! wor? !y atta* to life1 & ( ! mom5t\s issues att5dant on ! way 9 :i* !y live x4 ,b :5 !y come practically to *oose _! way1 !y f9d t su* religion is ( little help to !m4 ,x nev] puts out a h& to lift or lead !m4 ,x is an allur+ voice1 he>d f> (f ?r\gh a fog1 & call+ to !m1 ',foll[ me6' b x leaves !m 9 ! fog to pick _! own way out t[>ds x1 ov] rocks & /reams & pitfalls1 :i* !y c b half di/+ui%1 & among/ :i* !y may be ei!r kill$ or crippl$1 & are almo/ c]ta9 to gr[ bewild]$4 ,& ev5 %\ld !re be a small m9ority1 :o feel t ?is is n true ( !mselves1 !y c h>dly help feel+ t x is true ( ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,a purely natural !ism1 ) no organs ( human spee*1 & ) no ma*9]y = mak+ its _s articulate1 nev] has rul$ m51 &1 s f> z we c see1 nev] possibly c rule !m4 ,! *oices :i* our life consi/s ( are def9ite ?+s4 ,! rule :i* is to guide our *oices mu/ be some?+ def9ite also4 ,& "h x is t natural !ism fails4 ,x may supply u ) ! major premiss1 b x is vague & unc]ta9 ab\t ! m9or4 ,x c tell u ) suffici5t emphasis t all vice is to be avoid$2 x is cont9ually at a loss to tell u :e!r ?is ?+ or :e!r t ?+ is vici\s4 ,inde$1 ?is practical insuffici5cy ( natural !ism is borne witness to by ! v exi/5ce ( all alleg$ revelations4 ,=1 if none ( ^! be really ! special ^w ( ,god1 a belief 9 !m is all ! m a sign ( a g5]al ne$ 9 man4 ,if none ( !m repres5t ! actual atta9m5t ( help1 !y all ( !m embody ! passionate & p]si/5t cry = x4 ,we %all und]/& ?is m cle>ly if we consid] "o ( ! fir/ *>act]i/ics t a revelation necess>ily claims1 & ! results t are at ?is mom5t1 9 a c]ta9 prom95t case1 att5d+ on a d5ial ( x4 ,! *>act]i/ic ,i speak ( is an absolute infallibility4 ,any sup]natural religion t r5\nces its claim to ?is1 x is cle> c pr(ess to be a semi-revelation only4 ,x is a hybrid ?+1 p>tly natural & p>tly sup]natural1 & x ?us practically has all ! qualities ( a religion t is :olly natural4 ,9 s f> z x pr(esses to be reveal$1 x ( c\rse pr(esses to be infallible2 b if ! reveal$ "p be 9 ! fir/ place h>d to di/+ui%1 & 9 ! second place h>d to und]/&--if x may mean _m ?+s1 & _m ( ^? ?+s contradictory--x might j z well h be5 nev] made at all4 ,to make x 9 any s5se an infallible revelation1 or 9 o!r words a revelation at all1 to u1 we ne$ a p[] to int]pret ! te/am5t t %all h equal au?ority ) t te/am5t itself4 ,simple z ?is tru? seems1 mank9d h be5 a long "t 9 le>n+ x4 ,inde$1 x is only 9 ! pres5t day t its practical mean+ has come g5]ally to be recognis$4 ,b n[ at ?is mom5t ^u all sides ( u1 hi/ory is tea*+ x to u by an example1 s cle>ly t we c no long] mi/ake x4 ,t example is ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity1 & ! condition to :i*1 aft] ?ree c5turies1 x is n[ visibly br++ itself4 ,x is at la/ beg9n+ to exhibit to u ! true result ( ! d5ial ( infallibility to a religion t pr(esses to be sup]natural4 ,we are at la/ beg9n+ to see 9 x nei!r ! purifi] ( a corrupt$ revelation1 nor ! corrupt] ( a pure revelation1 b ! practical d5i] ( all revelation :atsoev]4 ,x is fa/ evaporat+ into a m]e natural !ism1 & is ?us %[+ u :at1 z a gov]n+ p[]1 natural !ism is4 ,let u look at ,engl&1 ,europe1 & ,am]ica1 & consid] ! condition ( ! entire ,prote/ant _w4 ,religion1 x is true1 we %all /ill f9d 9 x2 b x is religion f :i* n only ! sup]natural elem5t is disappe>+1 b 9 :i* ! natural elem5t is fa/ becom+ nebul\s4 ,x is inde$ gr[+1 z ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 says x is1 into a religion ( dreams4 ,all its doctr9es are gr[+ vague z dreams1 & l dreams _! outl9es are = ev] *ang+4 ,mr4 ,/eph5 has pit*$ on a v happy illu/ration ( ?is4 ,a di/+ui%$ cl]gyman ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 he rem9ds u1 has prea*$ & publi%$ a set ( s]mons1#ch 9 :i* he d5ies emphatically any belief 9 et]nal puni%m5t1 al?\gh admitt+ at ! same "t t ! op9ion ( ! ,*ri/ian _w is aga9/ him4 ,^! s]mons gave rise to a discussion 9 "o ( ! lead+ mon?ly reviews1 to :i* ,prote/ant div9es ( all %ades ( op9ion contribut$ _! v>i\s argum5ts4 ',x is b>ely possible1' says ,mr4 ,/eph51 ') ! be/ int5tions1 to take su* a discussion s]i\sly4 ,boswell tells u h[ a lady int]rogat$ ,dr4 ,johnson z to ! nature ( ! spiritual body4 ,%e seem$ desir\s1 he adds1 ( kn[+ m2 b he left ! subject 9 obscurity4 ,we smile at ,boswell's evid5t impression t ,johnson c\ld1 if he _h *os51 h dispell$ ! d>kness4 ,:5 we f9d a numb] ( educat$ g5tlem5 s]i\sly enquir+ z to ! conditions ( exi/5ce 9 ! next _w1 we feel t !y are %>+ ,boswell's navet )\t 8 excuse4 ,:at c any human be+ outside a pulpit say ^u su* a subject :i* does n am\nt to a confession ( 8 own ignorance1 c\pl$1 x may be1 ) m or less sugge/ion ( %ad[y hopes & fe>s8 ,h ! secrets ( ! prison-h\se really be5 reveal$ to ,canon ,f>r> or ,mr4 ,b]es=d ,hope8444 ,:5 m5 se>* into ! unkn[able1 !y naturally arrive at v diff]5t results4' ,& ,mr4 ,/eph5 argues ) p]fect ju/ice t if we are to judge ,*ri/ianity f su* discussions z ^!1 its doctr9es ( a future life are all visibly rec$+ into a vague 'dreaml&2' & we %all be q ready to admit1 z he says1 9 words ,i h already quot$1 't ! imp]t95t "y curate :o tells him he w be burnt ev]la/+ly = n %>+ su* sup]/itions1 is j z ignorant z ,mr4 ,/eph5 himself1 & t ,mr4 ,/eph5 kn[s z mu* z 8 dog4' ,! critic1 9 ! =ego+ passages1 draws 8 conclusion f ! condition ( b "o ,prote/ant doctr9e4 ,b he might draw ! same conclusion f all2 = ! condition ( all ( !m is ! same4 ,! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ! nature ( 8 atonem5t1 ! con/itution ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! efficacy ( ! sacram5ts1 ! inspiration ( ! ,bible--!re is n "o ( ^! po9ts on :i* ! doctr9es1 once s fi]cely f\ght =1 are n n[1 among ! ,prote/ants1 gett+ z vague & v>y+1 z weak & z compliant to ! caprice ( ea* individual ?9k]1 z ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,& ,mr4 ,/eph5 & 8 s*ool exagg]ate no?+ 9 ! way 9 :i* !y repres5t ! spectacle4 ,prote/antism1 9 fact1 is at la/ becom+ explicitly :at x always 0 implicitly1 n a sup]natural religion :i* fulfils ! natural1 b a natural religion :i* d5ies ! sup]natural4 ,& :at1 z a natural religion1 is its work+ p[] 9 ! _w8 ,mu* ( its e>li] influ5ce d\btless /ill survives2 b t is a survival only ( :at is pass+1 & we mu/ n judge x by t4 ,we mu/ judge x by :at x is gr[+ into1 n by :at x is gr[+ out (4 ,& judg$ 9 ?is way1 its practical p[]--its moral1 its tea*+1 its guid+ p[]--is fa/ gr[+ z weak & z unc]ta9 z its !ology4 ,z long z its traditional moral sy/em is 9 accordance ) :at m51 on o!r gr\nds1 approve (1 x may s]ve to express ! g5]al t5d5cy impressively1 & to inve/ x ) ! sanction ( _m rev]5d associations4 ,b let ! g5]al t5d5cy once beg9 to conflict ) x1 & its inh]5t weakness 9 an in/ant becomes app>5t4 ,we may see ?is by consid]+ ! moral "* ( ,*ri/1 & ! sort ( weight t is claim$ = ,8 example4 ,?is example1 s ! ,*ri/ian _w tea*es1 is faultless & infallible2 & z long z we believe ?is1 ! example has supreme au?ority4 ,b apply to ?is ! true ,prote/ant me?od1 & ! au?ority soon %[s signs ( wav]+4 ,let u once d5y t ,*ri/ 0 m ?an a faultless man1 & we lose by t d5ial our au?ority = ass]t+ t he 0 z mu* z a faultless man4 ,ev5 %\ld x s happ5 t we d approve entirely ( 8 conduct1 x is we :o are approv+ ( him1 n he :o is approv+ ( u4 ,! old position is rev]s$3 we become ! patrons ( our mo/ wor?y ,judge et]nal2 & ! moral infallibility is transf]r$ f him to ourselves4 ,9 o!r words1 ! practical ,prote/ant =mula c be no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,! ,prote/ant tea*] says to u1 ',su* a way ( life is ! be/1 take my ^w = x3 & if y want an example1 g to t excell5t ,son ( ,david1 :o1 take my ^w = x1 0 ! v be/ ( m54' ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! "q arises1 h[ %all ! ,prote/ants int]pret ! "* t !y praise8 ,& to ?is !y c nev] give any satisfactory answ]4 ,:at really happ5s ) !m is inevitable & obvi\s4 ,! "* is simply = !m a symbol ( :at ea* happ5s to ?9k mo/ admirable2 & ! id5tity 9 all cases ( its hi/orical details does n produce an id5tity z ( a s+le portrait1 b an id5tity z ( "o frame appli$ to _m4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 = in/ance1 sees 9 ,jesus "o sort ( man1 ,fa!r ,newman ano!r1 ,*>les ,k+sley ano!r1 & ,m4 ,r5an ano!r2 & ! ,imitatio ,*ri/i1 z und]/ood by ^!1 w be f\nd 9 ea* case to mean a v diff]5t ?+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! m51 h[ev]1 w seem almo/ unanimity1 if we comp>e !m ) o!rs :o1 s f> z logic & au?ority g1 h j z good a claim on our att5tion4 ,!re is h>dly any conceivable ab]ration ( moral lic5ce t has n1 9 "s qu>t] or o!r1 embodi$ itself into a rule ( life1 & claim$ to be ! prop] outcome ( ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity4 ,nor is ?is true only ( ! wild] & m ecc5tric sects4 ,x is true ( grav] & m weighty ?9k]s also2 s mu* s1 t a !ological s*ool 9 ,g]many has ma9ta9$ boldly 't =nication is blameless1 & t x is n int]dict$ by ! precepts ( ! ,gospel4'#ci ,! matt]1 h[ev]1 does n end ?us4 ,! m5 ,i h j m5tion$ agree1 all ( !m1 t ,*ri/'s moral example 0 p]fect2 & _! only disagreem5t has be5 z to :at t example 04 ,b ! ,prote/ant logic w by no means leave u "h4 ,t alleg$ p]fection1 if we ourselves are to be ! judges ( x1 is sure1 by-&-by1 to exhibit to u traces ( imp]fection4 ,& ?is is exactly ! ?+ t has already begun to happ54 ,a g5]ation ago "o ( ! highe/-m9d$ & mo/ logical ( our ,engli% ,prote/ants1 ,pr(essor ,francis ,newman1 decl>$ t 9 ,*ri/'s "* !re 7 c]ta9 moral defici5cies2#dj & ! la/ bl[ to ! moral au?ority ( ,prote/antism 0 /ruck by "o ( its own h\sehold4 ,x is true t ,pr(essor ,newman's c5sures 7 small & 7 n irrev]5t4 ,b if ^! c\ld come f a man ( 8 int5se piety1 :at w & :at d come f o!r qu>t]s may be readily conjectur$4 ,inde$1 ! fact is daily gr[+ m & m evid5t1 t = ! _w t /ill calls itself ,prote/ant1 ! autocracy ( ,*ri/'s moral example is gone2 & its nom9al ret5tion ( p[] only makes its real loss ( x ! m visible4 ,x m]ely reflects & focalises ! unc]ta9ty t m5 are aga9 feel+--! unc]ta9ty & ! sad bewild]m5t4 ,! words & ! c\nt5ance1 once s sure & /eadfa/1 n[ *ange1 z we look at1 & li/5 to !m1 into new acc5ts & aspects2 & ! m e>ne/ly we gaze & li/51 ! less c we di/+ui% cle>ly :at we he> or see4 ',:at %all we d to be sav$8' m5 are aga9 cry+4 ,& ! lips t 7 once oracul> n[ m]ely seem to murmur back confus$ly1 ',alas6 :at %all y d8' ,su* & s helpless1 ev5 n[1 is natural !ism %[+ itself2 & 9 ! dim & mom5t\s *anges t are com+ ov] ?+s1 9 ! va/ flux ( op9ion t is prep>+1 9 ! e>?quake t is rock+ ! moral gr\nd "u u1 ov]turn+ & engulf+ ! =m] l&m>ks1 & re-op5+ ! graves ( ! buri$ lu/s ( paganism1 x w %[ itself v soon m helpless /ill4 ,its feet are on ! e>?1 only4 ,! e>? trembles1 & x trembles3 x is 9 ! same case z we are4 ,x /ret*es 9 va9 its implor+ h&s to heav54 ,b ! heav5 takes no he$ ( x4 ,no div9e h& rea*es d[n to x to uphold & guide x4 ,?is mu/ be ! feel+1 ,i believe1 ( mo/ hone/ & practical m51 ) reg>d to natural religion1 & its necess>y practical ineffici5cy4 ,nor w ! want x necess>ily leaves ( a moral rule be ! only consid]ation t w =ce ?is conviction on !m4 ,! he>t1 z ! phrase goes1 w corroborate ! evid5ce ( ! head4 ,x w be felt1 ev5 m =cibly ?an x c be reason$1 t if !re be inde$ a ,god :o loves & c>es = m51 he mu/ surely1 or almo/ surely1 h spok5 9 "s audible & c]ta9 way to !m4 ,at any rate ,i %all n be )\t _m :o agree ) me1 :5 ,i say t = ! w\ld-be religi\s _w x is an anxi\s & e>ne/ "q :e!r any special & explicit revelation f ,god exi/ = u2 & ?is be+ ! case1 x w be n lo/ "t if we try to deal fairly & dispassionately ) ! "q4 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 h[ev]1 let u call to m9d two ?+s4 ,let u rememb] fir/1 t if we expect to f9d a revelation at all1 x is morally c]ta9 t x mu/ be a revelation already 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is h>dly possible1 if we consid] t all ! sup]natural claims t h be5 made hi!rto are false1 to expect t a new manife/ation1 altoge!r diff]5t 9 k9d1 is 9 /ore = ! _w 9 ! future4 ,secondly1 our enquiries be+ ?us conf9$ to religions t are already 9 exi/5ce1 :at we are practically conc]n$ ) is ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity only4 ,x is true t we h he>d1 on all sides1 ( ! sup]iority ( o!r religions to ! ,*ri/ian4 ,b ! m5 :o hold su* language1 ?\gh !y may affect to ?9k t su* religions are sup]ior 9 c]ta9 moral po9ts1 yet nev] dream ( claim+ = !m ! miracul\s & sup]natural au?ority t !y d5y to ,*ri/ianity4 ,no man d5ies t ,*ri/ 0 born ( a virg91 9 ord] to make ! same claim = ,buddha3 or d5ies ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity 9 ord] to affirm ! ,brahm9ic4 ,!re is b "o alleg$ revelation t1 z a revelation1 ! progressive nations ( ! _w are conc]n$ )1 or ^: sup]natural claims are /ill wor?y ( be+ exam9$ by u3 & t religion is ! ,*ri/ian4 ,^! claims1 x is true1 are be+ fa/ discr$it$2 b /ill1 z yet !y h n be5 sil5c$ :olly2 & :at ,i propose to ask n[ is1 :at *ance is !re ( _! p[] aga9 reviv+4 ,n[ consid]+ ! way 9 :i* ,i h j spok5 ( ,prote/antism1 x may seem to _m t ,i h dismiss$ ?is "q already4 ,) ! 'enlight5$' ,engli% ?9k] su* c]ta9ly w be ! fir/ impression4 ,b !re is "o po9t t su* ?9k]s all =get3 ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity is n ! only =m ( x4 ,!y h /ill ! =m to deal ) :i* is ! olde/1 ! mo/ legitimate1 & ! mo/ coh]5t--! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,!y surely _c =get ! exi/5ce ( ?is ,*ur* or h] magnitude4 ,to suppose ?is w\ld be to attribute to !m too insul>1 or r too prov9cial1 an ignorance4 ,! cause1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly is ignorance1 & an ignorance :i*1 ?\gh less surpris+1 is f> deep]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! popul> conception ( ,rome has be5 s di/ort$ by our famili>ity ) ,prote/antism1 t ! true conception ( h] is some?+ q /range to u4 ,our div9es h exhibit$ h] to u z ?\gh %e 7 a laps$ ,prote/ant sect1 & !y h attack$ h] = be+ false to doctr9es t 7 nev] really h]s4 ,!y h fail$ to see t ! fir/ & ess5tial diff]5ce :i* sep>ates h] f !m lies1 prim>ily n 9 any special dogma1 b 9 ! au?ority on :i* all h] dogmas re/4 ,prote/ants1 bas+ _! religion on ! ,bible solely1 h conceiv$ t ,ca?olics ( c\rse pr(ess to d s likewise2 & h cov]$ !m ) invective = be+ traitors to _! suppos$ pr(ession4 ,b ! ,*ur*'s prim>y doctr9e is h] own p]petual infallibility4 ,%e is inspir$1 %e decl>es1 by ! same ,_s t inspir$ ! ,bible2 & h] voice is1 equally ) ! ,bible1 ! voice ( ,god4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 ^u :i* really h] :ole fabric re/s1 popul> ,prote/antism ei!r ignores altoge!r1 or treats x z if x 7 a mod]n sup]/ition1 :i*1 s f> f be+ ess5tial to ! ,*ur*'s sy/em1 is1 on ! contr>y1 inconsi/5t ) x4 ,look$ at 9 ?is way1 ,rome to ! ,prote/ant's m9d has seem$ naturally to be a mass ( sup]/itions & di%one/ies2 & x is ?is view ( h] t1 /rangely en\gh1 our mod]n advanc$ ?9k]s h accept$ )\t "q4 ,?\gh !y h tru/$ ! ,prote/ants 9 no?+ else1 !y h tru/$ !m "h4 ,!y h tak5 ! ,prote/ants' ^w = x1 t ,prote/antism is m reasonable ?an ,romanism2 & !y ?9k1 !re=e1 t if !y h de/roy$ ! =m]1 =tiori h !y de/roy$ ! latt]4#da ,no conception ( ! matt]1 h[ev]1 c\ld be m false ?an ?is4 ,to :atev] criticism ! ,ca?olic position may be op51 x is c]ta9ly n ?us includ$ 9 ,prote/antism1 nor is x rea*$ ?r\gh x4 ,let u try & consid] ! matt] a little m truly4 ,let u grant all t ho/ile criticism c say aga9/ ,prote/antism z a sup]natural religion3 9 o!r words1 let u set x aside altoge!r4 ,let u suppose no?+1 to />t )1 9 ! _w b a natural moral s5se1 & a simple natural !ism2 & let u !n see ! relation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome to t4 ,approa*$ 9 ?is way1 ! religi\s _w w appe> to u z a body ( natural !i/s1 all agree+ t !y mu/ d ,god's w1 b diff]+ widely among/ !mselves z to :at ,8 w & ,8 nature are4 ,_! moral & religi\s views w be equally vague & dreamlike--m dreamlike ev5 ?an ^? ( ! ,prote/ant _w at pres5t4 ,_! !ories z to ! future w be b '%ad[y hopes & fe>s4' ,_! practice1 9 ! pres5t1 w v>y f asceticism to ! wide/ lic5se4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( all ?is confusion & diff]5ce1 !re w be among/ !m a vague t5d5cy to unanimity4 ,ea* man w be dream+ 8 own spiritual dream1 & ! dreams ( all w be diff]5t4 ,all _! dreams1 x w be pla91 _c repres5t reality2 & yet ! belief w be common to all t "s common reality is repres5t$ by !m4 ,m51 !re=e1 w beg9 to comp>e _! dreams toge!r1 & try to draw out ( !m ! common elem5t1 s t ! dream may come sl[ly to be ! same = all2 t1 if x gr[s1 x may gr[ by "s recognizable laws2 t x may1 9 o!r words1 lose its "* ( a dream1 & assume t ( a reality4 ,we suppose1 !re=e1 t our natural !i/s =m !mselves into a k9d ( p>liam5t1 9 :i* !y may comp>e1 adju/1 & give %ape to ! ideas t 7 be=e s wav]+1 & :i* %all conta9 "s ma*9]y = =mulat+ su* agreem5ts z may be come to4 ,! common religi\s s5se ( ! _w is ?us organiz$1 & its conclusions regi/]$4 ,we h no long] ! wav]+ dreams ( m52 we h in/ead ( !m ! con/ant vision ( man4 ,n[ 9 su* a univ]sal p>liam5t we see :at ! ,*ur* ( ,rome ess5tially is1 view$ f h] natural side4 ,%e is ideally1 if n actually1 ! p>liam5t ( ! believ+ _w4 ,h] doctr9es1 z %e "o by "o unfolds !m1 em]ge ^u u l petals f a half-clos$ bud4 ,!y are n add$ arbitr>ily f )\t2 !y are develop$ f )94 ,!y are ! fl[]s conta9$ f ! fir/ 9 ! bud ( our moral consci\sness4 ,:5 %e =mulates 9 ^! days some?+ t has n be5 =mulat$ be=e1 %e is no m enunciat+ a new tru? ?an 0 ,newton :5 he enunciat$ ! !ory ( gravitation4 ,:atev] tru?s1 hi!rto hidd51 %e may 9 ! c\rse ( "t gr[ consci\s (1 %e holds t ^! 7 always impli$ 9 h] tea*+1 ?\gh be=e %e did n "k x2 j z gravitation 0 impli$ 9 _m asc]ta9$ facts t m5 knew well en\gh long be=e !y knew t x 0 impli$ 9 !m4 ,?us f>1 !n1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome ess5tially is ! spiritual s5se ( humanity1 speak+ to m5 ?r\gh its prop] & only possible organ4 ,its intricate ma*9]y1 su* z its sy/ems ( repres5tation1 its me?ods ( vot+1 ! appo9tm5t ( its speak]1 & ! legal =malities requir$ 9 ! record+ ( its decrees1 are ?+s accid5tal only2 or if !y are necess>y1 !y are necess>y only 9 a second>y way4 ,b ! picture ( ! ,*ur* ?us f> is only half drawn4 ,%e is all ?is1 b %e is some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,%e is n only ! p>liam5t ( spiritual man1 b %e is su* a p>liam5t guid$ by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,! "w ( t ,_s may be secret1 & to ! natural eyes untraceable1 z ! "w ( ! human w is 9 ! human bra94 ,b none ! less x is !re4 ,totam infusa p] artus ,m5s agitat molem1 et magno se corpore miscet4 ,! analogy ( ! human bra9 is "h ( great help to u4 ,! human bra9 is an arrangem5t ( mat]ial p>ticles :i* c become connect$ ) consci\sness only 9 virtue ( su* a special arrangem5t4 ,! ,*ur* is !oretically an arrangem5t ( individuals :i* c become connect$ ) ! ,_s ( ,god only 9 virtue ( an arrangem5t equally special4 ,if ?is be a true picture ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ! place :i* ! only revelation we are conc]n$ ) ideally holds 9 ! _w1 !re c be no priori difficulty 9 ! passage f a natural religion to su* a sup]natural "o4 ,! difficulties beg9 :5 we comp>e ! ideal picture ) ! actual facts2 & x is true1 :5 we d ?is1 t !y at once confront u ) a /r5g? t seems altoge!r di%e>t5+4 ,^! difficulties are ( two di/9ct k9ds2 "s1 z 9 ! case ( natural !ism1 are moral2 o!rs are hi/orical4 ,we w deal ) ! =m] fir/1 beg9n+ ) t :i* is at once ! pr(\nde/ & ! mo/ obvi\s4 ,! ,*ur*1 z has be5 said already1 is ideally ! p>liam5t ( ! :ole believ+ _w2 b we f9d1 z a matt] ( fact1 t %e is ! p>liam5t ( a small "p only4 ,n[ :at %all we say to ?is8 ,if ,god w\ld h all m5 d ,8 w1 :y %\ld ,he place ! k ( x )9 rea* ( su* a small m9ority ( !m8 ,& to ?is "q we c give no answ]4 ,x is a my/]y1 & we mu/ ackn[l$ge frankly t x is "o4 ,b !re is ?is to say yet--t x is n a new my/]y4 ,we already suppose ourselves to h accept$ x 9 a simpl] =m3 9 ! =m ( ! pres5ce ( evil1 & ! p>tial preval5ce ( good4 ,by ackn[l$g+ ! claim ( ! special revelation 9 "q1 we are n add+ to ! complexity ( t old _w-problem4 ,i am aw>e1 h[ev]1 t _m ?9k j ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,i w !re=e dwell ^u ! subject = a few mom5ts long]4 ,to _m :o c accept ! difficulty ( ! p>tial pres5ce ( good1 ! difficulty seems wantonly aggravat$ by ! claims ( a special revelation4 ,^! claims seem to !m to d two ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are ?\ght to make ! pres5ce ( good ev5 m p>tial ?an x o!rwise w\ld be2 & secondly--:i* is a /ill great] /umbl+-block--to oblige u to condemn z evil mu* t w\ld else seem good ( ! pure/ k9d4 ,!re are _m m51 z we mu/ all "k1 )\t ! ,*ur*1 :o are do+ _! be/ to fight _! way to ,god2 & or?odoxy is suppos$ to pass a cruel condemnation on ^!1 because !y h n ass5t$ to "s obscure !ory1 _! rejection or ignorance ( :i* has pla9ly /a9$ nei!r _! lives nor he>ts4 ,& ( or?odoxy "u c]ta9 =ms ?is is no d\bt true2 b x is n true ( ! or?odoxy ( ,ca?olicism4 ,!re is no po9t1 probably1 connect$ ) ?is "q1 ab\t :i* ! g5]al _w is s mis9=m$ & ignorant1 z ! sob] b b\ndless *>ity ( :at x calls ! ana!matis+ ,*ur*4 ,s little inde$ is ?is *>ity und]/ood g5]ally1 t to ass]t x seems a />tl+ p>adox4 ,mo/ p>adoxes are d\btless 9 reality ! lies !y at fir/ sight seem to be2 b n s ?is "o4 ,x is ! simple /atem5t ( a fact4 ,nev] 0 !re a religi\s body1 except ! ,roman1 t laid ! int5se /ress %e does on all h] dogmatic tea*+s1 & _h yet ! ju/ice t comes ( sympa?y = ^? t _c receive !m4 ,%e condemns no goodness1 %e condemns ev5 no e>ne/ wor%ip1 ?\gh x be outside h] pale4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e decl>es explicitly t a k ( '! "o true ,god1 our ,creator & ,"l1' may be atta9$ to by ! 'natural light ( human reason1' mean+ by 'reason' fai? un5light5$ by revelation2 & %e decl>es ^? to be ana!ma :o d5y ?is4 ,! holy & humble m5 ( he>t :o d n "k h]1 or :o 9 good fai? reject h]1 %e commits ) confid5ce to ,god's uncov5ant$ m]cies2 & ^! %e kn[s are inf9ite2 b1 except z reveal$ to h]1 %e c ( necessity say no?+ di/9ct ab\t !m4 ,x is admitt$ by ! _w at l>ge1 t ( h] suppos$ bigotry %e has no bitt]] or m extreme expon5ts ?an ! ,jesuits2 & ?is is :at a ,jesuit !ologian says ^u ?is matt]3 ',a h]etic1 s long z he believes 8 sect to be m or equally des]v+ ( belief1 has no obligation to believe ! ,*ur* 444 & :5 m5 :o h be5 br\ght up 9 h]esy1 are p]suad$ f boyhood t we impugn & attack ! ^w ( ,god1 t we are idolat]s1 pe/il5t deceiv]s1 & are !re=e to be %unn$ z pe/il5ce1 !y _c1 :ile ?is p]suasion la/s1 ) a safe consci5ce he> u4'#db ,?us = ^? )\t h] ! ,*ur* has "o condemnation only4 ,h] ana!mas are on none b ^? :o reject h] ) _! eyes op51 by tamp]+ ) a conviction t %e really is ! tru?4 ,^! are condemn$1 n = n see+ t ! tea*] is true1 b because hav+ really se5 ?is1 !y cont9ue to close _! eyes to x4 ,!y w n obey :5 !y "k !y ought to obey4 ,& ?us ! moral (f5ce ( a ,ca?olic 9 d5y+ "s recondite doctr9e1 does n lie m]ely1 & ne$ n lie at all1 9 ! imm$iate bad effects t su* a d5ial w\ld necessitate2 b 9 ! disob$i5ce1 ! self-w1 & ! rebellion t mu/ 9 su* a case be bo? a cause & a result ( x4 ,9 ! light ( ^! consid]ations1 ?\gh ! old p]plexity ( evil w /ill confront u1 x w be se5 t ! claims ( ,ca?olic or?odoxy d no?+ at all to add to x4 ,if or?odoxy1 h[ev]1 admit s mu* good )\t itself1 we may p]haps be incl9$ to ask :at special good x claims )9 itself1 & :at possible motives c exi/ = ei!r und]/&+ or tea*+ x4 ,b we might ask ) exactly equal =ce1 :at is ! good ( true physical sci5ce1 & :y %\ld we try to impress on ! _w its tea*+s8 ,su* a "q1 we c at once see1 is absurd4 ,because a l>ge numb] ( m5 "k no?+ ( physical sci5ce1 & are app>5tly n ! worse = _! ignorance1 we d n = t reason ?9k physical sci5ce wor?less4 ,we believe1 on ! :ole1 t a k ( ! laws ( matt]1 includ+ ^? ( our organisms & _! environm5ts1 w /eadily t5d to bett] our lives1 9 s f> z !y are mat]ial4 ,x w t5d1 = in/ance1 to a bett] pres]vation ( our heal?4 ,b we d n = ?is reason d5y t _m individuals may pres]ve _! heal? :o are b v p>tially acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( x4 ,nor d we d5y ! value ( a ?or\gh /udy ( a/ronomy & meteorology because a c]ta9 practical k ( ! wea!r & ( navigation may be atta9$ )\t x4 ,on ! contr>y1 we hold t ! fulle/ k we c acquire on su* matt]s x is our duty to acquire1 & n acquire only1 b z f> z possible promulgate4 ,x is true t ! mass ( m5 may nev] ma/] su* k ?or\ghly2 b :at !y d ma/] ( x we feel conv9c$ %\ld be ! tru?1 & ev5 :at !y d n1 w1 we feel conv9c$1 be "s indirect pr(it to !m4 ,& ! case ( spiritual sci5ce is entirely analog\s to ! case ( natural sci5ce4 ,a man to :om ! tru? is op5 is n excus$ f f9d+ x because he kn[s x is n s op5 to all4 ,a h]etic :o d5ies ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur* has 8 c\nt]p>t 9 ! quack :o d5ies ! v]ifi$ conclusions ( sci5ce4 ,! moral condemnation t is giv5 to ! "o is illu/rat$ by ! intellectual condemnation t is giv5 to ! o!r4 ,if we w ?9k ?is ov] c>efully1 we %all get a cle>] view ( ! moral value claim$ = itself by or?odoxy4 ,"s ( its doctr9es1 ! great & picturable p>ts ( !m1 t appeal to all1 & t 9 "s degree c be tak5 9 by all1 x decl>es d\btless to be sav+1 9 _! own nature4 ,b = ! mass ( m5 ! case is q diff]5t ) ! facts und]ly+ ^!4 ,t we eat ,*ri/'s body 9 ! ,eu*>i/ is a belief t1 9 a practical way1 c be und]/ood p]fectly by anyone2 b ! philosophy t is involv$ 9 ?is belief w\ld be to mo/ m5 ! m]e/ gibb]i%4 ,yet x is no m unimportant t ^? :o d und]/& ?is philosophy1 %\ld d s truly & transmit x fai?fully1 ?an x is unimportant t a physician %\ld und]/& ! action ( alcohol1 because anyone indep5d5t ( su* k c tell t s _m glasses ( w9e w h su* & su* an effect on him4 ,!ology is to ! spiritual body :at anatomy & m$ic9e are to ! natural body4 ,! p>ts !y ea* play 9 our lives are analog\s1 & 9 _! respective worlds _! raison d'tre is ! same4 ,:at !n c be %all[] ?an ! rhetoric ( su* ?9k]s z ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 9 :i* natural religion & or?odoxy are held up to u z contra/s & z opposites1 ! =m] be+ prais$ z simple & go+ /raight to ! he>t1 & ! latt] describ$ & declaim$ aga9/ z ! v rev]se ( ?is8 ',on ! "o h&1' x is said1 'see ! s\l go+ /raight to its ,god1 feel+ ,8 love1 & cont5t t o!rs %\ld feel x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 see ?is pure & free communion1 di/ract$ & int]rupt$ by a ?\s& tortu\s reason+s z to ! exact nature ( x4 ,:at c obscure intellectual propositions1' x is ask$1 'h to d ) a religion ( ! he>t8 ,& d n !y *eck ! latt] by be+ ?us b\nd up ) x8' ,b :at really c be m mislead+ ?an ?is8 ,natural religion is d\btless simpl] 9 "o s5se ?an reveal$ religion2 b x is only simple because x has no au?oritative sci5ce ( itself4 ,x is simple = ! same reason t a boy's acc\nt ( hav+ giv5 himself a heada*e is simpl] ?an a physician's w\ld be4 ,! boy says m]ely1 ',i ate t5 t>ts1 & drank ?ree bottles ( g+]-be]4' ,! physician1 7 he to expla9 ! cata/rophe1 w\ld describe a numb] ( f> m complex processes4 ,! boy's acc\nt w\ld be ( c\rse ! simple/1 & w\ld c]ta9ly g m home to ! g5]al he>t ( boyhood2 b x w\ld n = t reason be ! correcte/ or ! mo/ important4 ,& j l ?is w be ! case ( ! div9e communion1 :i* ! simple sa9t may feel1 & ! subtle !ologian analyse4 ,b x w be well to obs]ve1 fur!r1 t ! simplicity ( a religion c ( itself be no te/ ( ! probable tru? ( x4 ,& 9 ! case ( natural religion1 :at is call$ simplicity is 9 g5]al no?+ m ?an vagu5ess4 ,if simplicity us$ 9 ?is way be a t]m ( praise1 we might praise a l&scape z simple because x 0 half-dr[n$ 9 mi/4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! religion ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 putt+ out ( ! "q its !ology1 is a ?+ f> simpl] ?an ! outside _w supposes2 nor is !re a doctr9e 9 x )\t a direct moral mean+ = u1 & n t5d+ to h a direct effect on ! "*4 ,b ! outside _w misjudges ( all ?is = v>i\s reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x c rea* x z a rule ?r\gh explanations only2 & ! explanation or ! acc\nt ( any?+ is always f> m intricate ?an ! appreh5sion ( ! ?+ itself4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! practice ( ! invocation ( sa9ts4 ,?is seems to _m to complicate ! :ole relation ( ! s\l to ,god1 to be introduc+ a numb] ( new & unnecess>y g-betwe5s1 & to make u1 z x 71 communicate ) ,god ?r\gh a dragoman4 ,b ! case really is v diff]5t4 ,( c\rse x may be cont5d$ t int]cessory pray]1 or t pray] ( any k9d1 is an absurdity2 b = ^? :o d n ?9k ?is1 !re c be no?+ to object to 9 ! invocation ( sa9ts4 ,x is admitt$ by su* m5 t we are n wrong 9 ask+ ! liv+ to pray = u4 ,surely1 !re=e1 x is n wrong to make a l reque/ ( ! dead4 ,9 ! same way1 to ^? :o believe 9 purgatory1 to pray = ! dead is z natural & z rational z to pray = ! liv+4 ,next1 z to ?is doctr9e ( purgatory itself--:i* has s long be5 a /umbl+-block to ! :ole ,prote/ant _w--"t goes on1 & ! view m5 take ( x is *ang+4 ,x is becom+ fa/ recogniz$ on all sides t x is ! only doctr9e t c br+ a belief 9 future rew>ds & puni%m5ts into any?+ l accordance ) our notions ( :at is j or reasonable4 ,s f> f its be+ a sup]flu\s sup]/ition1 x is se5 to be j :at is dem&$ at once by reason & morality2 & a belief 9 x to be n an intellectual ass5t only1 b a p>tial h>monis+ ( ! :ole moral ideal4 ,& ! :ole ,ca?olic religion1 if we only di/+ui% & appreh5d x rightly1 w pres5t itself to u 9 ! same light4 ,b !re are o!r reasons besides ^? j describ$1 by :i* outsid]s are h9d]$ f arriv+ at su* a "r view ( ! matt]4 ,n only does ! intricacy ( ,ca?olicism describ$1 bl9d !m to ! simplicity ( ,ca?olicism exp]i5c$1 b !y confuse ) ! po9ts ( fai?1 n only ! sci5tific acc\nts ! !ologians give ( !m1 b m]e rules ( discipl9e1 & pi\s op9ions also4 ,x is suppos$ popul>ly1 = in/ance1 to be ( ,ca?olic fai? t celibacy is ess5tial to ! prie/hood4 ,?is z a fact1 h[ev]1 is no m a "p ( ! ,ca?olic fai? ?an ! celibacy ( a college fell[ is a "p ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 or ?an ! skill ( an ,engli% naval (fic] dep5ds on 8 n hav+ 8 wife ) him on %ipbo>d4 ,nor aga91 to take ano!r popul> in/ance1 is ! head%ip ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* connect$ ess5tially ) ,rome1 any m ?an ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t is ess5tially connect$ ) ,we/m9/]4 ,! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ?+s t are ( fai?1 f m]e pi\s op9ions1 is a m subtle "o4 ,f ! confusion caus$ by x1 ! ,*ur* seems pl$g$ to all sorts ( grotesque /ories ( sa9ts1 & acc\nts ( ! place & aspect ( heav51 ( hell & purgatory1 & to be logically b\nd to /& & fall by ^!4 ,?us ,sir ,james ,/eph5 happ5$ once 9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ to light on an op9ion ( ,bell>m9e's1 & c]ta9 argum5ts by :i* he support$ x1 z to ! place ( purgatory4 ,x is q true t to u ,bell>m9e's op9ion seems suffici5tly ludicr\s2 & ,sir ,james ,/eph5 argu$ t ! ,roman ,*ur* is ludicr\s 9 j ! same degree4 ,b if he _h /udi$ ! matt] a little deep]1 he w\ld soon h dropp$ 8 argum5t4 ,he w\ld h se5 t he 0 attack+1 n ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 b simply an op9ion1 n inde$ condemn$ by h]1 b held av[$ly )\t h] sanction4 ,_h he /udi$ ,bell>m9e to a little m purpose1 he w\ld h se5 t t writ] expressly /ates x to be 'a "q :]e purgatory is1 b t ! ,*ur* has def9$ no?+ on ?is po9t4' ,he w\ld also h le>n$ f ! same s\rce t x is no article ( ,ca?olic fai?1 ?\gh x 0 ( ,bell>m9e's op9ion1 t !re is 9 purgatory any mat]ial fire2 & t1 'z to ! int5sity ( ! pa9s ( purgatory1 ?\gh all admit t !y are great] ?an any?+ t we suff] 9 ?is life1 /ill x is d\btful h[ ?is is to be expla9$ & und]/ood4' ,he w\ld h le>n$ too t1 accord+ to ,bonav5tura1 '! suff]+s ( purgatory are only sev]] ?an ^? ( ?is life1 inasmu* z ! greate/ suff]+ 9 purgatory is m sev]e ?an ! greate/ suff]+ endur$ 9 ?is life2 ?\gh !re may be a degree ( puni%m5t 9 purgatory less int5se ?an :at may sometimes be und]gone 9 ?is _w4' ,& f9ally he w\ld h le>n$--:at 9 ?is connection w\ld h be5 well wor? 8 att5tion--t ! duration ( pa9s 9 purgatory is accord+ to ,bell>m9e1 's completely unc]ta91 t x is ra% to pret5d to det]m9e any?+ ab\t x4' ,"h is "o in/ance1 t w be z good z _m1 ( ! way 9 :i* ! private op9ions ( individual ,ca?olics1 or ! transitory op9ions ( p>ticul> epo*s1 are tak5 = ! unalt]able tea*+s ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* h]self2 & x is no m logical to condemn ! latt] z false because ! =m] are1 ?an x w\ld be to say t all mod]n geography is false because geograph]s may /ill ent]ta9 false op9ions ab\t regions z to :i* !y d n pr(ess c]ta9ty4 ,m$ival doctors ?\ght t purgatory might be ! middle ( ! e>?4 ,mod]n geograph]s h ?\ght t !re might be an op5 sea at ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,b t wrong conjectures h be5 haz>d$ 9 bo? cases1 c prove 9 nei!r t !re h be5 no true discov]ies4 ,! ,*ur*1 x is und5iable1 has = a long "t liv$ & mov$ among/ c\ntless false op9ions2 & to ! ext]nal eye !y h naturally seem$ a "p ( h]4 ,b sci5ce moves on1 & x is %[n t %e c ca/ !m (f4 ,%e has ca/ (f "s already2 soon d\btless %e w ca/ (f o!rs2 n 9 any petulant ang]1 b ) a compos$ det]m9$ g5tl5ess1 z "s new light gravely dawns ^u h]4 ,grant+ all ?is1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s a yet subtl] *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* goes to make h] a rock ( (f5ce to _m2 & t is1 ! temp] & ! intellectual tone :i* %e seems to develop 9 h] memb]s4 ,b "h1 aga91 we mu/ call to our aid consid]ations simil> to ^? we h j be5 dwell+ on4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! p>ticul> tone & temp] t (f5ds u is n necess>ily ,ca?olicism4 ,! temp] ( ! ,ca?olic _w may *ange1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 does *ange4 ,x is n ! same1 inde$1 9 any two c\ntries1 or 9 any two eras4 ,& x may h a new & unsuspect$ future 9 /ore = x4 ,x may absorb ideas t we %\ld consid] broad]1 bold]1 & m rational ?an any x seems to possess at pres5t4 ,b if ev] x does s1 ! ,*ur*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,ca?olics1 w n be gr[+ false to h]self2 %e w only1 9 due "t1 be unfold+ h] own _s m fully4 ,?us "s p associate ,ca?olic conceptions ( extreme sanctity ) a neglect ( p]sonal cleanl9ess2 & imag9e t a clean ,ca?olic c1 accord+ to 8 own cre$1 nev] come v ne> p]fection4 ,b ! ,*ur* has nev] giv5 ?is view h] sanction2 %e has nev] made x ( fai? t dirt is sacr$2 %e has add$ no n9? beatitude 9 fav\r ( an un*ang$ %irt4 ,_m ( ! greate/ sa9ts 7 d\btless dirty2 b !y 7 dirty n because ( ! ,*ur* !y belong$ to1 b because ( ! age !y liv$ 94 ,su* an expression ( sanctity = !mselves1 x is probable1 w be loa!d by ! sa9ts ( ! future2 yet !y may none ! less rev]5ce1 = all t1 ! sa9ts :o s express$ x 9 ! pa/4 ,?is is b a s+le in/ance2 b x may s]ve z a type ( ! wide circle ( *anges t ! ,*ur* z a liv+ organism1 /ill full ( vig\r & p[] ( self-adaptation1 w be able to develop1 z ! _w develops r\nd h]1 & yet lose no?+ ( h] sup]natural sam5ess4 ,to sum up1 !n2 if we w\ld obta9 a true view ( ! g5]al "* ( ,ca?olicism1 we mu/ beg9 by mak+ a clean sweep ( all ! views t1 z outsid]s1 we h be5 taught to ent]ta9 ab\t h]4 ,we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 le>n to conceive ( h] z a liv+1 spiritual body1 z infallible & z au?oritative n[ z %e ev] 01 ) h] eyes undimm$ & h] /r5g? n abat$1 cont9u+ to gr[ /ill z %e has cont9u$ to gr[ hi!rto3 & ! gr[? ( ! new dogmas t %e may f "t to "t enunciate1 we mu/ le>n to see are1 f h] own /&-po9t1 signs ( life & n signs ( corruption4 ,& fur!r1 :5 we come to look into h] m closely1 we mu/ sep>ate c>efully ! div]se elem5ts we f9d 9 h]--h] discipl9e1 h] pi\s op9ions1 h] !ology1 & h] religion4 ,let hone/ enquir]s d ?is to ! be/ ( _! p[]1 & _! views w und]go an unlook$-= *ange4 ,o!r difficulties ( a m circum/antial k9d1 x is true1 /ill rema9 = !m2 & ( ^! ,i %all speak pres5tly4 ,b putt+ ^! = ! mom5t aside1 & reg>d+ ! "q "u its wide/ aspects only--reg>d+ x only 9 connection ) ! l>g] g5]alisations ( sci5ce1 & ! prim>y po/ulates ( man's spiritual exi/5ce--! !i/ w f9d 9 ,ca?olicism no new difficulties4 ,he w f9d 9 x ! logical developm5t ( our natural moral s5se1 develop$1 inde$1 & /ill develop+1 "u a special & sup]natural c>e--b ess5tially ! same ?+2 ) ! same negations1 ! same ass]tions1 ! same positive tru?s1 & ! same imp5etrable my/]ies2 & ) no?+ new add$ to !m1 b help1 & c]ta9ty1 & guidance4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,x is curi\s to reflect t :at ,gibbon said z a s>casm1 is really a s]i\s & pr(\nd tru?1 & leads to conclusions exactly opposite to ^? drawn f x 9 t witty & mo/ fasc9at+ *apt] f :i* ! above words are quot$4 #ch ,our ,et]nal ,hope4 ,by ,canon ,f>r>4 #ci ,see ,dll+]'s ,cont9uation ( ,hortig's ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,j4,b4 ,rob]tson1 9 8 ,memoir ( ,dr4 ,moehl]4 #dj ,see ,phases ( my ,fai?1 by ,francis ,newman4 #da ,x is difficult on any o!r supposition to acc\nt = ! m>k$ fact t h>dly any ( our ,engli% rationali/s h criticis$ ,*ri/ianity1 except z pres5t$ to !m 9 a =m ess5tially ,prote/ant2 & t a l>ge proportion ( _! criticisms are solely applicable to ?is4 ,x is amus+1 too1 to obs]ve h[1 to m5 ( (t5 su* really wide m9ds1 all !ological au?ority is repres5t$ by ! v>i\s social types ( contempor>y ,anglican or diss5t+ dignit>ies4 ,m5 su* z ,pr(essors ,huxley & ,clif=d1 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 & ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 c f9d no repres5tatives ( dogmatism b 9 bi%ops1 deans1 curates1 ,presbyt]ian m9i/]s--&1 above all1 curates4 ,! "o m\?piece ( ! ,ecclesia doc5s is = !m ! p>i% pulpit2 & ! m ignorant be its occupant ! m repres5tative d !y ?9k 8 utt]ances4 ,:il/ ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold app>5tly ?9ks ! :ole cause ( reveal$ religion /&s & falls ) ! vag>ies ( ! pres5t ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/]4 #db ,bus5baum1 quot$ by ,dr4 ,j4,h4 ,newman1 ,lett] to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 p4 #fe4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,! ,,claims ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*4 ,oh ! little m1 & h[ mu* x is1 ,& ! little less1 & :at worlds away6--,rob]t ,br[n+4 ,& n[ we come to ! la/ objections left u1 ( ^? :i* mod]n ?\ght has array$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation2 & ^! to _m m9ds are ! mo/ conclusive & ov]:elm+ ( all--! objections rais$ aga9/ x by a critical /udy ( hi/ory4 ,hi!rto we h be5 consid]+ ! ,*ur* only ) ref]5ce to our g5]al s5se ( ! fitness & ! rational probability ( ?+s4 ,we h n[ to consid] h] ) ref]5ce to special facts4 ,h] claims & h] "*1 z %e exi/s at pres5t1 may make p]haps appeal ov]p[]+ly to u2 b %e _c be judg$ only by ^!4 ,= ^! are closely b\nd up ) a long e>?ly hi/ory1 :i* ! ,*ur* h]self has writt5 9 "o way1 b9d+ h]self to /& or fall by ! tru? ( x2 & ?is all ! secul> wisdom ( ! _w seems to be re-writ+ 9 q ano!r4 ,?is subject is s va/ & intricate t ev5 to approa* ! details ( x w\ld require volumes1 n a s+le *apt]4 ,b room 9 a *apt] may be f\nd = "o ?+1 ( prior importance to any mass ( detail2 & t is a simple /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples--unkn[n to1 or =gott5 by ext]nal critics--by :i* all ?is mass ( detail is to be int]pret$4 ,let u rememb] fir/1 !n1 to take a g5]al view ( ! matt]1 t hi/ory z cit$ 9 witness aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation1 divides itself into two ma9 bran*es4 ,! "o is a critical exam9ation ( ,*ri/ianity1 tak5 by itself--! au?or%ip1 & ! au!nticity ( its sacr$ books1 & ! orig9 & gr[? ( its doctr9es4 ,! o!r is a critical exam9ation ( ,*ri/ianity z comp>$ ) o!r religions4 ,& ! result ( bo? ^! l9es ( /udy is1 to ^? br\ght up 9 ! old fai?1 to ! la/ degree />tl+1 & 9 appe>ance at lea/ altoge!r disa/r\s4 ,let u sum up briefly ! g5]al results ( !m2 & fir/ ( ^! ! hi/orical4 ,we %all beg9 naturally ) ! ,bible1 z giv+ u ! e>lie/ hi/orical po9t at :i* ,*ri/ianity is assailable4 ,:at !n has mod]n criticism accompli%$ on ! ,bible8 ,! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! creation x has %[n to be1 9 its lit]al s5se1 an impossible fable4 ,to passages ?\ght my/ical & prophetic x has assign$ ! homelie/1 & (t5 retrospective mean+s4 ,ev]y:]e at its t\* :at seem$ sup]natural has be5 humaniz$1 & ! div9ity t h$g$ ! records has rapidly ab&on$ !m4 ,& n[ look$ at 9 ! common daylight _! :ole aspect *anges = u2 & /ories t we once accept$ ) a solemn rev]5ce seem *ildi%1 ridicul\s1 grotesque1 & n unfrequ5tly b>b>\s4 ,or if we are h>dly prep>$ to admit s mu* z ?is1 ?is mu* at lea/ has be5 e/abli%$ firmly--t ! ,bible1 if x does n give ! lie itself to ! a/oni%+ claims t h be5 made = x1 conta9s no?+ 9 itself1 at any rate1 t c ( itself be suffici5t to support !m4 ,?is applies to ! ,new ,te/am5t j z mu* z to ! ,old2 & ! consequ5ces "h are ev5 m mom5t\s4 ,weigh$ z m]e human te/imony1 ! value ( ! ,gospels becomes d\btful or insignificant4 ,= ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 & = 8 sup]human nature1 !y conta9 little evid5ce1 t ev5 t5ds to be satisfactory2 & ev5 8 daily words & actions x seems probable may h be5 inaccurately report$1 9 "s cases p]haps inv5t$1 & 9 o!rs suppli$ by a deceiv+ memory4 ,:5 we pass f ! ,gospels to ! ,epi/les1 a k9dr$ sight pres5ts itself4 ,we disc]n 9 !m ! writ+s ( m5 n inspir$ f above2 b1 ) _m disagreem5ts among/ !mselves1 /ruggl+ upw>ds f bel[1 influ5c$ by a v>iety ( exi/+ views1 & d\btful :i* ( !m to assimilate4 ,we disc]n 9 !m1 z we d 9 o!r writ]s1 ! products ( _! age & ( _! circum/ances4 ,! mat]ials out ( :i* !y =m$ _! doctr9es we c f9d 9 ! lay _w ar\nd !m4 ,& z we foll[ ! ,*ur*'s hi/ory f>!r1 & exam9e ! appe>ance & ! gr[? ( h] great subsequ5t dogmas1 we c trace all ( !m to a natural & a non-,*ri/ian orig94 ,we c see1 = in/ance1 h[ 9 "p1 at lea/1 m5 conceiv$ ! idea ( ! ,tr9ity f ! tea*+s ( ,greek ,my/icism2 & h[ ! !ory ( ! ,atonem5t 0 %ap$ by ! ideas ( ,roman ,jurisprud5ce4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 fact1 9 ! holy build+ suppos$ to h come d[n f ,god1 we detect fragm5ts ( old] /ructures1 confess$ly ( e>?ly workman%ip4 ,b ! matt] does n end "h4 ,hi/orical sci5ce n only %[s u ,*ri/ianity1 ) its sacr$ hi/ory1 9 ?is new light2 b x sets o!r religions by ! side ( x1 & %[s u t _! c\rse ?r\gh ! _w has be5 /rangely simil>4 ,!y too h _h _! sacr$ books1 & _! inc>nate ,gods = prophets2 !y h _h _! prie/hoods1 _! traditions1 & _! gr[+ bodies ( doctr9e3 !re is no?+ 9 ,*ri/ianity t _c f9d its c\nt]p>t1 ev5 to ! mo/ m>k$ details1 9 ! life ( its f\nd]4 ,two c5turies1 = in/ance1 be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 ,buddha is said to h be5 born )\t human fa!r4 ,angels sang 9 heav5 to ann\nce 8 adv5t2 an ag$ h]mit bless$ him 9 8 "m's arms2 a mon>* 0 advis$1 ?\gh he refus$1 to de/roy ! *ild1 :o1 x 0 pr$ict$1 %\ld be a univ]sal rul]4 ,x is told h[ he 0 once lo/1 & 0 f\nd aga9 9 a temple2 & h[ 8 "y wisdom a/oni%$ all ! doctors4 ,a woman 9 a cr[d 0 rebuk$ by him = exclaim+1 ',bless$ is ! womb t b>e !e4' ,8 prophetic c>e] began :5 he 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s old2 & "o ( ! mo/ solemn ev5ts ( x is 8 temptation 9 solitude by ! evil "o4 ,ev]y:]e1 inde$1 9 o!r religions we are discov]+ ?+s t we once ?\ght peculi> to ! ,*ri/ian4 ,& ?us ! fatal inf]5ce is be+ drawn on all sides1 t !y h all sprung f a common & an e>?ly root1 & t "o has no m c]ta9ty ?an ano!r4 ,& ?us ano!r bl[ is dealt to a fai? t 0 already weak5$4 ,n only1 x is ?\ght1 c ,*ri/ianity n prove itself 9 any sup]natural s5se to be sacr$1 b o!r religions prove t ev5 9 a natural s5se x is n s+ul>4 ,x has n come d[n f heav53 x is n exceptional ev5 9 its attempt to rise to x4 ,su* are ! broad conclusions :i* 9 ^! days seem to be =c$ ^u u2 & :i* k1 z x daily wid5s1 w\ld seem to be daily /r5g!n+4 ,b are ^! altoge!r s de/ructive z !y seem8 ,let u enquire into ?is m closely4 ,if we d ?is1 x w be soon app>5t t ! s-call$ enlight5$ & critical mod]n judgm5t has be5 misl$ z to ?is po9t by an error ,i h already dwelt ^u4 ,x has consid]$ ,*ri/ianity solely z repres5t$ by ,prote/antism2 or if x has glanc$ at ,rome at all1 x has ignorantly dismiss$ z weaknesses ! doctr9es :i* are ! ess5ce ( h] /r5g?4 ,n[1 z f> z ,prote/antism is conc]n$1 ! mod]n critical judgm5t is und\bt$ly 9 ! "r4 ,n only1 z ,i h po9t$ out already1 has exp]i5ce prov$ ! practical incoh]5cy ( its sup]/ructure1 b criticism has wa%$ away l s& e ve/ige ( its sup]natural f\ndation4 ,if ,*ri/ianity relies solely1 9 pro( ( its reveal$ message to u1 on ! ext]nal evid5ces z to its hi/ory & ! s\rce ( its doctr9es1 x c nev] aga9 hope to conv9ce m54 ,! supports ( ext]nal evid5ce are q inadequate to ! weight t is put ^u !m4 ,!y might possibly s]ve z props2 b !y cru% & crumble in/antly1 :5 !y are us$ z pill>s4 ,& z pill>s x is t ,prote/antism is compell$ to use !m4 ,x w be q suffici5t1 "h1 to conf9e our att5tion to ! ,bible1 & ! place :i* x occupies 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,prote/ant fabric4 ',!re--9 t book1' says ,prote/antism1 'is ! ,^w ( ,god2 !re is my un]r+ guide2 ,i li/5 to none b t4 ,all special ,*ur*es h v>i$1 & h !re=e err$2 b x is my fir/ axiom t t book has nev] err$4 ,on t book1 & on t book only1 d ,i re/ myself2 & out ( its m\? %all y judge me4' ,& = a long "t ?is language _h mu* =ce 9 x2 = ! ,prote/ant axiom 0 receiv$ by all p>ties4 ,x is true1 inde$1 z we h se5 already1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( an au?oritative int]pret]1 an ambigu\s te/am5t w\ld itself h little au?ority4 ,b x took a long "t = m5 to p]ceive ?is2 & all admitt$ mean:ile t ! te/am5t 0 !re1 & x at any rate meant some?+4 ,b n[ all ?is is *ang$4 ,! great ,prote/ant axiom is receiv$ by ! _w no long]4 ,to _m x seems n an axiom1 b an absurdity2 at be/ x appe>s b z a v d\btful fact3 & if ext]nal pro( is to be ! ?+ t guides u1 we %all ne$ m pro( to conv9ce u t ! ,bible is ! ,^w ( ,god1 ?an t ,prote/antism is ! religion ( ! ,bible4 ,we ne$ n pursue ! enquiry fur!r1 nor ask h[ ,prote/antism w f>e at ! h&s ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology4 ,! bl[ dealt by ,biblical criticism is to all appe>ances mortal1 & !re is no ne$ to look ab\t = a second4 ,b let u turn to ,ca?olicism1 & we %all see t ! :ole case is diff]5t4 ,to its pa/ hi/ory1 to ext]nal evid5ce1 & to ! religions outside itself1 ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity be>s "o relation1 & ,roman ,*ri/ianity q ano!r4 ,prote/antism (f]s itself to ! _w z a /range s]vant might1 br++ ) x a numb] ( writt5 te/imonials4 ,x asks u to exam9e !m1 & by !m to judge ( its m]its4 ,x expressly begs u n to tru/ to its own ^w4 ',i _c1' x says1 'rely ^u my memory4 ,x has fail$ me (t52 x may fail me aga94 ,b look at ^! te/imonials 9 my fav\r1 & judge me only by !m4' ,& ! _w looks at !m1 exam9es !m c>efully2 x at la/ sees t !y look suspici\s1 & t !y may1 v possibly1 be =g]ies4 ,x ask ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* to prove !m g5u9e2 & ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* _c4 ,b ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* comes to u 9 an exactly opposite way4 ,%e too br+s ) h] ! v same te/imonials2 b %e kn[s ! unc]ta9ty t obscures all remote evid5ces1 & s at fir/ %e does n lay mu* /ress ^u !m4 ,fir/ %e asks u to make "s acqua9tance ) h]self2 to look into h] liv+ eyes1 to he> ! words ( h] m\?1 to wat* h] ways & works1 & to feel h] inn] _s2 & !n %e says to u1 ',c y tru/ me8 ,if y c1 y mu/ tru/ me all 9 all2 = ! v fir/ ?+ ,i decl>e to y is1 ,i h nev] li$4 ,c y tru/ me ?us f>8 ,!n li/51 & ,i w tell y my hi/ory4 ,y h he>d x told "o way1 ,i "k2 & t way (t5 goes aga9/ me4 ,my c>e]1 ,i admit x myself1 has _m suspici\s circum/ances4 ,b none ( !m positively condemn me3 all are capable ( a guiltless int]pretation4 ,& :5 y "k me1 z ,i am1 y w give me ! b5efit ( e d\bt4' ,x is ?us t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* pres5ts ! ,bible to u4 ',believe ! ,bible1 = my sake1' %e says1 'n me = ! ,bible's4' ,& ! book1 z ?us (f]$ u1 *anges its :ole "*4 ,we h n ! =mal te/imonials ( a /rang]2 we h in/ead ! memor&a ( a fri5d4 ,we h n[ t presumption 9 _! fav\r t 9 ! =m] case 0 want+ altoge!r2 & all t we ask ( ! records n[ is1 n t !y conta9 any inh]5t evid5ce ( _! tru?1 b t !y conta9 no inh]5t evid5ce ( _! falsehood4 ,f>!r1 !re is ?is po9t to rememb]4 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant alike decl>e ! ,bible to be inspir$4 ,b ! ,ca?olics c atta* to inspiration a f> wid]1 & less assailable mean+3 = _! ,*ur* claims = h]self a p]petual liv+ p[]1 :i* c always conc5trate ! inspir$ elem5t1 be x nev] s diffus$2 :]eas = ! ,prote/ants1 unless t elem5t be closely b\nd up ) ! lett]1 x at once becomes intangible & eludes !m altoge!r4 ,& ?us1 :il/ ! latt] h committ$ !mselves to def9ite /atem5ts1 n[ prov$ unt5able1 z to :at inspiration is1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 /rangely en\gh1 has nev] done any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,%e has decl>$ no?+ on ! subject t is to be held ( fai?4 ,! :ole "q is /ill1 )9 limits1 an op5 "o4 ,z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 !n1 /&s at pres5t1 x seems h>d to say t1 7 we = o!r reasons incl9$ to tru/ h]1 %e makes any claims1 on behalf ( h] sacr$ books1 :i*1 9 ! face ( imp>tial hi/ory1 w\ld prev5t our do+ s4 ,let u n[ g f>!r1 & consid] ^? great ,*ri/ian doctr9es :i*1 ?\gh x is claim$ t !y are all impli$ 9 ! ,bible1 are confess$ly n express$ 9 x1 & 7 confess$ly n consci\sly ass5t$ to by ! ,*ur*1 till long aft] ! ,*ri/ian ,canon 0 clos$4 ,& "h let u grant ! mod]n critics _! mo/ ho/ile & extreme position4 ,let u grant t all ! doctr9es 9 "q c be trac$ to ext]nal1 & (t5 to non-,*ri/ian s\rces4 ,& :at is ! result on ,romanism8 ,does ?is logically g any way :atev] t[>ds discr$it+ its claims8 ,let u consid] ! matt] fairly1 & we %all see t x has n ev5 a t5d5cy to d s4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,bible1 ! ,*ur*'s doctr9e ( h] infallibility meets all objections4 ,= ! real "q "h is1 n 9 :at /oreh\se ( op9ions ! ,*ur* f\nd h] doctr9es1 b :y %e select$ ^? %e did1 & :y %e reject$ & condemn$ ! re/4 ,hi/ory & sci5tific criticism _c answ] ?is4 ,hi/ory c %[ u only :o bak$ ! sep>ate bricks2 x _c %[ u :o made or design$ ! build+4 ,no "o believes t ! devil made ! plans ( ,cologne ,ca!dral2 b 7 we incl9$ to ?9k he did1 ! /ory w\ld be disprov$ 9 no way by our discov]+ f :at qu>ries e /one _h be5 tak54 ,& ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* are b z ! /ones 9 a build+1 ! lett]s ( an alphabet1 or ! words ( a language4 ,_m are (f]$ & few *os54 ,! sup]natural action is to be detect$ 9 ! *oice4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 9 fact1 z %e h]self tells x1 may be describ$ z a hi/ory ( sup]natural selection4 ,x is q possible t %e may claim x to be m ?an t2 b c\ld %e v9dicate = h]self b ?is "o faculty ( an infallible *oice1 %e w\ld v9dicate to ! full h] claim to be "u a sup]human guidance4 ,! ,*ur* may be conceiv$ ( z a liv+ organism1 = ev] & on all sides putt+ =? feel]s & t5tacles1 t seize1 try1 & seem to dally ) all k9ds ( nutrim5t4 ,a "p ( ?is %e at l5g? takes into h]self4 ,a l>ge "p %e at l5g? puts d[n aga94 ,mu* t is ?us reject$ %e seems = a long "t on ! po9t ( *oos+4 ,b h[ev] sl[ may be ! f9al decision 9 com+1 h[ev] reluctant or hesitat+ x may seem to be1 :5 x is once made1 x is claim$ = x t x is infallible4 ,& ?is claim is "o1 z we %all see :5 we und]/& its nature1 t no /udy ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 no /udy ( comp>ative my?ology c invalidate n[1 or ev5 promise to invalidate4 ,!re is no?+ ra% 9 say+ ?is4 ,! ,*ur* kn[s ! difficulties t h] pa/ records pres5t to u1 especially t ( ! div9e "* ( ! ,bible4 ,b %e kn[s too t ?is div9ity is at pres5t protect$ by its vagu5ess2 nor is %e likely to expose x m op5ly to its enemies1 till "s sure plan ( def5ce has be5 devis$ = x4 ,rigid z 7 ! op9ions ent]ta9$ z to ,biblical inspiration1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ,*ur*'s hi/ory1 ! ,*ur* has nev] =mally assum$ !m z articles ( fai?4 ,_h %e done s1 %e might inde$ h be5 convict$ ( error1 = _m ( ^! op9ions c be %[n to be at v>iance ) fact4 ,b ?\gh %e liv$ & brea!d = s _m c5turies among/ !m1 ?\gh = ages none ( h] memb]s p]haps ev] d\bt$ _! tru?1 %e has n laid !m on succe$+ ages3 %e has left !m op9ions /ill4 ,a ,ca?olic might well adduce ?is z an in/ance1 n inde$ ( h] sup]natural selection1 b ( its c\nt]p>t1 h] sup]natural rejection4 ,& n[1 to turn f ! pa/ to ! future1 h] possible future conduct 9 ?is matt] w give u a v vivid illu/ration ( h] :ole pa/ proc$ure4 ,x may be t be=e ! ,*ur* def9es inspiration exactly 7if %e ev] does s71 %e w wait till lay criticism has done all x c d4 ,%e may !n consid] :at views ( ! ,bible are hi/orically t5able1 & :at n2 & may fai?fully %ape h] tea*+ by ! le>n+ ( ?is _w1 ?\gh x may h be5 ga!r$ toge!r = ! express purpose ( ov]?r[+ h]4 ,a!i/ic s*ol>s may be quot$ 9 h] c\ncils2 & sup]cili\s & sceptical philologi/s1 c\ld !y live ano!r hundr$ ye>s1 might p]haps recognise _! discov]ies1 ev5 _! words & phrases1 embodi$ 9 an ecclesia/ical def9ition4 ,to ! out] _w su* a def9ition w\ld seem to be a m]e natural production4 ,b 9 ! eyes ( a ,ca?olic x w\ld be z truly sup]natural1 z truly ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s1 z if x _h come d[n ready-made out ( heav51 ) all ! accompanim5ts ( a ru%+ mighty w9d1 & ( visible tongues ( flame4 ,sangu9e critics might expose ! inmo/ hi/ory ( ! c\ncil 9 :i* ! def9ition 0 made2 !y might %[ ! :ole conduct ( x1 f "o side1 to be b a me%work ( accid5t & ( human motives2 & !y w\ld ask triumphantly = any traces ( ! action ( ! div9e _s4 ,b ! ,*ur*1 w\ld be unaba%$4 ,%e w\ld answ] 9 ! words ( ,job1 ',behold ,i g =w>d1 b ,he is n !re2 & backw>d1 b ,i _c p]ceive ,him2 b ,he kn[e? ! way t ,i take2 :5 ,he ha? tri$ me1 ,i %all come =? z gold4 ,behold my witness is 9 heav51 & my *ampion is on high4' ,& ?us ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*'s infallibility has a side t is j ! opposite ( t :i* is commonly ?\ght to be its only "o4 ,x is suppos$ to h simply g5d]$ bondage2 n to h g5d]$ lib]ty4 ,b z a matt] ( fact x has done bo?2 & if we view ! matt] fairly1 we %all see t x has done ! latt] at lea/ z completely z ! =m]4 ,! doctr9e ( infallibility is und\bt$ly a rope t te!rs ^? t hold x to c]ta9 real or suppos$ facts ( ! pa/2 b x is a rope t is capable ( indef9ite l5g!n+4 ,x is n a fett] only2 x is a support also2 & ^? :o cl+ to x c v5ture fe>lessly1 z explor]s1 into curr5ts ( speculation t w\ld sweep away altoge!r m5 :o did b tru/ to _! own p[]s ( swimm+4 ,nor does1 z is (t5 suppos$1 ! c5traliz+ ( ?is infallibility 9 ! p]son ( "o man pres5t any difficulty f ! ,ca?olic po9t ( view4 ,x is said t ! ,pope might any day make a dogma ( any absurdities t might happ5 to occur to him2 & t ! ,ca?olic w\ld be b\nd to accept ^!1 h[ev] /rongly 8 reason might repudiate !m4 ,& x is q true t ! ,pope might d ?is any day1 9 ! s5se t !re is no ext]nal p[] to prev5t him4 ,b he :o has ass5t$ to ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,ca?olicism kn[s t he nev] w4 ,& x is precisely ! obvi\s abs5ce ( any re/ra9t f )\t t br+s home to ! ,ca?olic 8 fai? 9 ! guid+ p[] f )94 ,su*1 !n1 & s compact$ is ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 z a visible & e>?ly body1 ) a pa/ & future hi/ory4 ,& ) s s+ul> a firmness & flexibility is h] frame knit toge!r1 t none ( h] mod]n enemies c get any la/+ hold on h]1 or dismemb] h] or dislocate h] limbs on ! racks ( _! criticism4 ,b grant+ all ?is1 :at does ?is d = h]8 ,does x d m ?an pres5t h] to u z ! t\ghe/ & mo/ =tunate religion1 out ( _m co-ord9ate & compet+ ones8 ,does x t5d 9 any way to set h] on a diff]5t plat=m f ! o!rs8 ,& ! answ] to ?is is1 t1 s f> z exact pro( goes1 we h no?+ to expect or deal ) 9 ! matt]1 ei!r "o way or ! o!r4 ,! evid5ces at our disposal w imp>t a g5]al t5d5cy to our op9ions1 b no m ?an t4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy "h1 h[ev]1 is ! v rev]se ( :at x is vulg>ly suppos$ to be4 ,s f> f ! simil>ities to h] 9 o!r religions tell+ aga9/ ! special claims ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 !y mu/ really1 ) ! c&id !i/1 tell v /rongly 9 h] fav\r4 ,= ! !i/1 all !isms h a pr(\nd elem5t ( tru? 9 !m2 & all alleg$ revelations w1 9 8 eyes1 be natural !isms1 /ruggl+ to embody !mselves 9 "s au?oris$ & au?oritative =m4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 z we h se51 is a human organism1 capable ( receiv+ ! ,div9e ,_s2 & ?is is :at all o!r religi\s bodies1 9 s f> z !y h claim$ au?ority = _! tea*+1 h consci\sly or unconsci\sly attempt$ to be likewise2 only ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* repres5ts success1 :]e ! o!rs repres5t failure3 & ?us ^!1 f ! ,ca?olic /&-po9t1 are abortive & incomplete ,ca?olicisms4 ,! ,be!sda ( human fai? is _w-wide & z old z "t2 only 9 "o p>ticul> spot an angel has come d[n & tr\bl$ x2 & ! wat]s h be5 circl+ !re1 !nce=?1 9 a heal+ vortex4 ,su* is ! sort ( claim t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* makes = h]self2 &1 if ?is be s1 :at %e is1 does n belie :at %e claims to be4 ,inde$1 ! m we comp>e h] ) ! o!r religions1 h] rivals1 ! m1 ev5 :]e %e mo/ resembles !m1 %all we see 9 h] a some?+ t m>ks h] (f f !m4 ,! o!rs are l vague & va9 attempts at a =gott5 tune2 %e is l ! tune itself1 :i* is recognis$ ! in/ant x is he>d1 & :i* has be5 s ne> to u all ! "t1 ?\gh s immeasurably f> away f u4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! only dogmatic religion t has se5 :at dogmatism really implies1 & :at w1 9 ! long run1 be dem&$ ( x1 & %e conta9s 9 h]self all appliances = meet+ ^! dem&s4 ,%e alone has se5 t if !re is to be an infallible voice 9 ! _w1 ?is voice mu/ be a liv+ "o1 z capable ( speak+ n[ z x ev] 0 9 ! pa/2 & t z ! _w's capacities = k gr[1 ! tea*] mu/ be always able to unfold to x a full] tea*+4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! only hi/orical religion t c conceivably ?us adapt itself to ! wants ( ! pres5t day1 )\t virtually ceas+ to be itself4 ,x is ! only religion t c keep its id5tity )\t los+ its life1 & keep its life )\t los+ its id5tity2 t c enl>ge its tea*+s )\t *ang+ !m2 t c be always ! same1 & yet be always develop+4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 does n prove t ,ca?olicism is ! tru?2 b x w %[ ! !i/ t1 = all t ! mod]n _w c tell him1 x may be4 ,& ?us mu* at lea/ w by-&-by come to be recognis$ g5]ally4 ,op9ion1 t has be5 cl>ifi$ on s _m subjects1 _c rema9 =ev] turbid "h4 ,a *ange mu/ come1 & a *ange c only be = ! bett]4 ,at pres5t ! s-call$ lead]s ( enlight5$ & lib]al ?\ght are 9 ?is matt]1 s f> z fairness & insight g1 on a level ) ! wives & mo!rs ( our small prov9cial %opkeep]s1 or ! beadle or *ur*w>d5 ( a c\ntry p>i%4 ,b prejudice1 ev5 :5 s virul5t & s dogg$ z ?is1 w lift & disappe> "s day l a ,london fog2 & !n ! l9eam5ts ( ! "q w confront u cle>ly--! "q3 b :o %all decide ! answ]8 ,:at ,i h left to say be>s solely ^u ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,belief ,,& ,,w4 ',abraham believ$ ,god1 & x 0 c\nt$ to him = righte\sness4' ,argum5ts are l ! se$1 or l ! s\l1 z ,paul conceiv$ ( x1 :i* he comp>$ to se$4 ,!y are n quick5$ unless !y die4 ,z long z !y rema9 = u 9 ! =m ( argum5ts !y d no "w4 ,_! "w beg9s only1 aft] a "t & 9 secret1 :5 !y h sunk d[n into ! memory1 & h be5 left to lie !re2 :5 ! ho/ility & di/ru/ !y 7 reg>d$ ) dies away2 :51 unp]ceiv$1 !y melt into ! m5tal sy/em1 &1 becom+ "p ( oneself1 effect a turn+ r\nd ( ! s\l4 ,?is is true1 at lea/1 :5 ! matt]s dealt ) are su* z h engag$ u "h4 ,x may be true1 too1 ( ^? :o disc]n & urge ! argum5ts1 j z well z ( ^? ^u :om !y urge !m4 ,b ! imm$iate b>r5ness ( mu* pati5t & c>eful reason+ %\ld n make u ?9k t x is lo/ lab\r4 ,"o way or o!r x w "s day be> its fruit4 ,sometimes ! intellect is ! s]vant ( ! he>t4 ,at o!r times ! he>t mu/ foll[ sl[ly ^u ! heels ( ! intellect4 ,& su* is ! case n[4 ,= c5turies man's fai? & all 8 l(ti] feel+s _h _! way made pla9 be=e !m4 ,! :ole empire ( human ?\ght belong$ to !m4 ,b ?is old /ate ( ?+s endures no long]4 ,^u ?is ,empire1 z ^u t ( ,rome1 calamity has at la/ fall54 ,a horde ( intellectual b>b>ians has bur/ 9 ^u x1 & has occupi$ by =ce ! l5g? & bread? ( x4 ,! result has be5 a/\nd+4 ,_h ! invad]s be5 b>b>ians only1 !y might h be5 repell$ easily2 b !y 7 b>b>ians arm$ ) ! mo/ p[]ful weapons ( civilisation4 ,!y 7 a ph5om5on new to hi/ory3 !y %[$ u real k 9 ! h&s ( real ignorance2 & ! "w ( ! comb9ation ?us f> has be5 ru91 n reorganisation4 ,few great movem5ts at ! beg9n+ h be5 consci\s ( _! own true t5d5cy2 b no great movem5t has mi/ak5 x l mod]n ,positivism4 ,see+ j too well to h ! true in/9ct ( bl9dness1 & too ill to h ! prop] guidance f sight1 x has tight5$ its clut* ^u ! _w ( ?\ght1 only to imp>t to x its own confusion4 ,:at lies be=e m5 n[ is to r$uce ?is confusion to ord]1 by a pati5t & calm employm5t ( ! intellect4 ,intellect itself w nev] re-k9dle fai?1 or re/ore any ( ^? p[]s t are at pres5t s fail+ & s feeble2 b x w "w l a pione] to prep>e _! way be=e !m1 if !y are ev] reviv$ o!rwise1 enc\rag$ 9 its lab\rs1 p]haps n ev5 by hope1 b at any rate by ! hope ( hope4 ,z a pione]1 & n z a prea*]1 ,i h tri$ to indicate ! real position 9 :i* mod]n k has plac$ u1 & ! way 9 :i* x puts ! problem ( life be=e u4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t1 :atev] ultimately its t5d5cy may prove to be1 x _c be ! t5d5cy t1 by ! s*ool t has giv5 x to u1 x is suppos$ to h be52 & t x ei!r does a great deal m ?an t s*ool ?9ks x does1 or a great deal less4 ,hi/ory w\ld tea* u ?is1 ev5 if no?+ else did4 ,! s*ool 9 "q has proce$$ f d5ial to d5ial1 ?9k+ at ea* successive mom5t t x _h rea*$ its f9al halt+-place1 & _h /ruck at la/ on a solid & firm f\ndation4 ,fir/1 x d5i$ ! ,*ur* to ass]t ! ,bible2 !n x d5i$ ! ,bible to ass]t ,god2 !n x d5i$ ,god to ass]t ! moral dignity ( man3 & !re1 if x c\ld rema91 x w\ld4 ,b :at x w\ld d is ( no avail4 ,x is n its own ma/]2 x is compell$ to move onw>ds2 & n[1 "u ! =ce ( its own rel5tless logic1 ?is la/ re/+-place is beg9n+ to fail also4 ,x pr(ess$ to comp5sate = its d5ials ( ,god's exi/5ce by a fre] & m conv9c+ re-ass]tion ( man's dignity4 ,b ! pr9ciples :i* oblig$ x to d5y ! fir/ belief are f\nd to be ev5 m fatal to ! sub/itute4 ',unless ,i h se5 ) my eyes ,i w n believe1' expresses a c]ta9 m5tal t5d5cy t has always _h exi/5ce4 ,b till ,sci5ce & its positive me?ods began to dawn on ! _w1 ?is t5d5cy 0 vague & wav]+4 ,positive ,sci5ce suppli$ x ) solid nutrim5t4 ,its body grew d5s]2 its %ape m & m def9ite2 & n[ ! complet$ port5t is spread+ its d5ials ?r\gh ! :ole univ]se4 ,s f> z _s goes & spiritual aspirations1 x has left exi/5ce empty1 swept & g>ni%$4 ,if _s is to ent] 9 aga9 & dwell !re1 we mu/ seek by o!r me?ods = x4 ,mod]n ?\ght has n creat$ a new d\bt2 x has simply made p]fect an old "o2 & has advanc$ x f ! di/ant regions ( !ory into ! v middle ( our he>ts & lives4 ,x has made ! "q ( belief or ( unbelief ! supreme practical "q = u4 ,x has =c$ u to /ake ev]y?+ on ! ca/ ( a s+le die4 ,:at are we8 ,h we be5 hi!rto deceiv$ 9 ourselves1 or h we n8 ,& is e hope t has hi!rto n]v$ our lives1 melt+ at la/ away f u1 utt]ly & = ev]8 ,or are we inde$ :at we h be5 taught to ?9k we are8 ,h we inde$ "s aims t we may /ill call high & holy--/ill "s aims t are m ?an transitory8 ,& h we /ill "s "r to t rev]5ce t we h le>nt to *]i% = ourselves8 ,"h lie ! difficulties4 ,! battle is to be f\ght "h--"h at ! v ?re%old--at ! entrance to ! spiritual _w4 ,are we moral & spiritual be+s1 or are we n8 ,t is ! decisive "q1 :i* we mu/ say our ,yes or ,no to4 ,if1 ) our eyes op51 & ) all our he>ts1 x be giv5 u to say ,yes--to say ,yes )\t fe>1 & firmly1 & 9 ! face ( ev]y?+--!n !re w be little m to fe>4 ,we %all h f\ght ! good fight1 we %all h kept ! fai?2 & :atev] we lack m1 w )\t d\bt be add$ to u4 ,f ?is belief 9 ourselves we %all pass to ! belief 9 ,god1 z its only rational basis & its only emotional completion2 &1 p]haps1 f a belief 9 ,god1 to a recognition ( ,8 audible voice among/ u4 ,b at any rate1 :atev] aft]-difficulties beset u1 !y w n be new difficulties2 only ^? we _h brav$ at fir/1 %[+ !mselves m cle>ly4 ,b t fir/ decision--h[ %all we make x8 ,:o or :at %all help u1 or give u c\nsel8 ,!re is no evid5ce t c d s 9 ! s5sible _w ar\nd u4 ,! univ]se1 z positive ?\ght approa*es x1 is bl9d & dumb ab\t x4 ,sci5ce & hi/ory are sull51 & bl9d1 & dumb4 ,!y await ^u our decision be=e !y w utt] a s+le ^w to u3 & t decision1 if we h a w at all1 x lies ) our own w--) our w alone1 to make4 ,x may1 inde$1 be said t ! w has to create itself by an initial ex]cise ( itself1 9 an ass5t to its own exi/5ce4 ,if x c d ?is1 "o set ( ob/acles is surm\nt$2 b o!rs yet confront u4 ,! _w into :i* ! moral w has borne itself--n a mat]ial _w1 b a spiritual--a _w :i* ! w's exi/5ce alone makes possible1 ?is _w is n sil5t1 l ! o!r1 b x is torn & divid$ aga9/ itself1 & is resonant ) un5d+ contradictions4 ,its fir/ aspect is t ( a place ( torture1 a hell ( ! intellect1 9 :i* reason is to be rack$ = ev] by a tribe ( sph9x-l mon/]s1 !mselves despair+4 ,good & evil inhabit !re1 confront+ ea* o!r1 = ev] unreconcil$3 !re is omnipot5t p[] baffl$1 & omnipot5t m]cy unex]cis$4 ,is ! w /rong en\gh to hold on ?r\gh ?is baffl+ & mon/r\s _w1 & n to %r9k back & bid ! vision vani%8 ,c we /ill resolve to say1 ',i believe1 al?\gh x is impossible'8 ,is ! w to ass]t our own moral nature--our own bir?right 9 et]nity1 /rong en\gh to be> u on8 ,! trial is a h>d "o1 & :il/ we d\bt & hesitate "u x ! univ]sal sil5ce ( ! va/ physical _w itself di%e>t5s u4 ,:o are we1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is unhe$+ univ]se1 t we c claim = ourselves s supreme a h]itage2 t we c ass]t = ourselves o!r laws ?an ^? :i* seem to be all-p]vad+1 & t we c dream ( break+ ?r\gh !m into a some?+ else beyond8 ,& yet x may be t fai? w succe$ & conqu] sight--t ! preci\sness ( ! treasure we cl+ to w n]ve u ) en\gh /r5g? to reta9 x4 ,x may be t man1 hav+ se5 ! way t1 unaid$1 he is =c$ to g1 w *ange 8 attitude2 t1 f9d+ only weakness 9 pride1 he w seek = /r5g? 9 humility1 & w aga9 le>n to say1 ',i believe1 al?\gh ,i nev] c compreh5d4' ,once let him say ?is1 8 pa? w aga9 gr[ cle>] = him4 ,?r\gh confusion1 & d\bt1 & d>kness1 ! brightness ( ,god's c\nt5ance w aga9 be visible2 & by-&-by aga9 he may he> ! ,^w call+ him4 ,f 8 fir/ ass5t to 8 own moral nature he mu/ rise to a !ism1 & he may rise to ! recognition ( a ,*ur*--to a visible embodim5t ( t moral nature ( 81 z direct$ & jo9$ to its "o aim & end--to its delight1 & its desire1 & its completion4 ,!n he w see all t is high & holy tak+ a di/9ct & help+ =m = him4 ,grace & m]cy w come to him ?r\gh set & c]ta9 *annels4 ,8 nature w be r$eem$ visibly f its weakness & f its littl5ess--r$eem$1 n 9 dreams or 9 fancy1 b 9 fact4 ,god ,himself w be 8 bro!r & 8 fa!r2 he w be ne> ak9 to ! ,p[] t is always1 & is ev]y:]e4 ,8 love ( virtue w be no long] a m]e ta/e ( 8 own3 x w be ! disc]nm5t & tak+ to himself ( ! et]nal /r5g? & ( ! et]nal treasure2 &1 :atev] he mo/ rev]es 9 "m1 or wife1 or si/]--?is he w "k is holy1 ev]y:]e & = ev]1 & is exalt$ high ov] all ?+s 9 "o ( l nature ) !irs1 ! ,"m ( grace1 ! ,p>5t ( sweet clem5cy1 :o w protect him f ! enemy1 & save him 9 ! h\r ( dea?4 ,su* is ! conception ( himself1 & ( 8 place 9 exi/5ce1 t1 always implicit 9 man1 man has at la/ develop$4 ,he has at la/ conceiv$ 8 race--! fai?ful ( x--z ! bride ( ,god4 ,is ?is maje/ic conception a true "o1 or is x a dream only1 ) no abid+ sub/ance8 ,is x m]ely a mi/y vision ris+ up l an exhalation f ! e>?1 or does a some?+ m come d[n to x out ( heav51 & /rike into x sub/ance & reality8 ,?is figure ( human dreams has gr[n & gr[n 9 /ature3 does any?+ div9e desc5d to x1 & s mu* z t\* its lips or its lift$ h&s8 ,if s1 x is b ! "w ( a mom5t4 ,! contact is complete4 ,life1 & tru?1 & =ce1 l an electric curr5t1 pass into ! :ole frame4 ,x lives1 x moves1 x brea!s3 x has a body & a be+3 ! div9e & ! et]nal is inde$ dwell+ among/ u4 ,& ?us1 ?\gh mature k may seem1 z x /ill wid5s1 to deep5 ! night ar\nd u2 ?\gh ! univ]se yawn wid] on all sides ( u1 9 va/] dep?s1 9 m unfa?omable1 s\lless gulfs2 ?\gh ! ro> ( ! loom ( "t gr[ m audible & m deaf5+ 9 our e>s--yet ?r\gh ! night & ?r\gh ! d>kness ! div9e light ( our lives w only burn ! cle>]3 & ?is speck ( a _w z x moves ?r\gh ! blank imm5sity w be> ! light ( all ! worlds ^u its bosom4 ,?9k]s l ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 say t su* beliefs z ^! belong to dreaml&2 & !y are welcome if !y please to keep _! names4 ,_! t]m9ology at lea/ has ?is m]it1 t x recognises ! dualism ( ! two ord]s ( ?+s x deals )4 ,let !m keep _! names if !y w2 & 9 _! language ! case am\nts to ?is--t x is only = ! sake ( ! dreams t visit x t ! _w ( reality has any c]ta9 value = u4 ,w n ! dreams cont9ue1 :5 ! reality has pass$ away8 ,g4,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons h 9 prep>ation a s]ies ( volumes1 to be issu$ "u ! title ( ,,curr5t ,,discussion1 ,a ,,collection ,,f ,,! ,,*ief ,,engli% ,,essays ,,on ,,que/ions ,,( ,,! ,,"t4 ,! s]ies w be edit$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,burl+ame1 & is design$ to br+ toge!r1 = ! conv5i5ce ( read]s & = a la/+ place 9 ! libr>y1 ^? important & repres5tative pap]s f rec5t ,engli% p]iodicals1 :i* may fairly be said to =m ! be/ hi/ory ( ! ?\ght & inve/igation ( ! la/ few ye>s4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( rec5t ?\ght & sci5ce1 t a mu* l>g] proportion ?an ev] be=e ( _! mo/ important "w has appe>$ 9 ! =m ( contributions to reviews & magaz9es2 ! ?9k]s ( ! day submitt+ _! results at once to ! great public1 :i* is easie/ rea*$ 9 ?is way1 & hold+ _! discussions be=e a l>ge audi5ce1 r ?an 9 ! old =m ( monographs rea*+ ! special /ud5t only4 ,z a consequ5ce !re are subjects ( ! deepe/ pres5t & p]man5t int]e/1 almo/ all ( ^: lit]ature exi/s only 9 ! %ape ( deta*$ pap]s1 individually s fam\s t _! topics & op9ions are 9 ev]ybody's m\?--yet collectively only accessible1 = re-read+ & comp>ison1 to ^? :o h c>efully pres]v$ !m1 or :o are pa9/ak+ en\gh to /udy long files ( p]iodicals4 ,9 s collect+ ^! sep>ate pap]s z to give ! read] a fair if n complete view ( ! discussions 9 :i* !y =m a "p2 to make !m conv5i5t = ref]5ce 9 ! future progress ( ^? discussions2 & especially to enable !m to be pres]v$ z an important "p ( ! hi/ory ( mod]n ?\ght1--x is believ$ t ?is s]ies w d a s]vice t w be widely appreciat$4 ,su* pap]s naturally include ?ree classes3--^? :i* by _! orig9ality h rec5tly l$ discussion into altoge!r new *annels2 ^? :i* h attract$ des]v$ att5tion z p[]ful special pleas ^u "o side or ! o!r 9 great curr5t que/ions2 & f9ally1 purely critical & analytical diss]tations4 ,! s]ies w aim to include ! be/ repres5tatives ( ea* ( ^! classes ( expression4 ,x is design$ to arrange ! essays includ$ 9 ! ,s]ies "u su* g5]al divisions z ! foll[+1 to ea* ( :i* "o or m volumes w be devot$3-- ,,int]national ,,politics1 ,,natural ,,sci5ce1 ,,rec5t ,,ar*,,ological ,,discov]y1 ,,que/ions ,,( ,,belief1 ,,economical ,,& ,,social ,,sci5ce1 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,biography1 ,,lit]>y ,,topics4 ,among ! mat]ial select$ = ! fir/ volume 7,int]national ,politics71 :i* w be issu$ imm$iately1 are ! foll[+ pap]s3 ,ar*ibald ,=bes's ,essay on ,! ,russians1 ,turks1 & ,bulg>ians2 ,vsct4 ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe's ,turkey2 ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,mont5egro2 ,pr(essor ,goldw9 ,smi?'s ,pap] on ,! ,political ,de/9y ( ,canada1 & 8 ,essay call$ ,! ,slavehold] & ! ,turk2 ,pr(essor ,blackie's ,prussia 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 ,edw>d ,dicey's ,future ( ,egypt2 ,l\is ,kossu?'s ,:at is 9 ,/ore = ,europe2 & ,pr(essor ,freeman's ,relation ( ! ,engli% ,p to ! ,w>4 ,among ! cont5ts ( ! second volume 7,que/ions ( ,belief71 are3 ,! two well-kn[n ,mod]n ,symposia2 ! ,discussion by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ,mr4 ,hutton1 ,sir ,j4,f4 ,/eph51 ,"l ,selborne1 ,james ,m>t9eau1 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 ! ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 & o!rs1 on ,! ,influ5ce ,^u ,morality ( a ,decl9e 9 a ,religi\s ,belief2 & ! ,discussion by ,huxley1 ,hutton1 ,"l ,blat*=d1 ! ,hon4 ,rod5 ,noel1 ,"l ,selborne1 ,canon ,b>ry1 ,greg1 ! ,rev4 ,baldw9 ,br[n1 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 & o!rs1 on ,! ,s\l & ,future ,life4 ,also1 ,pr(essor ,cald]wood's ,e?ical ,aspects ( ! ,developm5t ,!ory2 ,mr4 ,g4,h4 ,lewes's ,pap] on ,! ,c\rse ( ,mod]n ,?\ght2 ,?omas ,hughes on ,! ,condition & ,prospects ,( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 ,w4,h4 ,mallock's ,is ,life ,wor? ,liv+8 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison's ,! ,s\l & ,future ,life2 & ! ,rev4 ,r4,f4 ,littl$ale's ,! ,pan!i/ic ,factor 9 ,*ri/ian ,?\ght4 ,! volumes w be pr9t$ 9 a h&some cr[n octavo =m1 & w sell = ab\t #a4ej ea*4 ,g4,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons1 #ahb ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york4 ,,publications ,,( ,g4,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature4 ,by ,moses ,coit ,tyl]1 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,volumes ,i & ,,ii1 compris+ ! p]iod1 #afjg-agfe4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ab\t #gjj pages1 h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 extra1 gilt top1 #e4jj2 half calf1 extra1 #i #ej ,! ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature1 n[ (f]$ to ! public1 is ! fir/ attempt ev] made to give a sy/ematic & critical acc\nt ( ! lit]>y developm5t ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,x is n a m]e cyclopdia ( lit]ature1 or a s]ies ( deta*$ biographical sket*es accompani$ by lit]>y extracts3 b an analytic & su/a9$ n>rative ( our lit]>y hi/ory f ! e>lie/ ,engli% settlem5t 9 ,am]ica d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,! "w is ! result ( orig9al & indep5d5t /udies prosecut$ by ! au?or = ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 & gives an altoge!r new analysis ( ,am]ican lit]>y =ces & results dur+ ne>ly ?ree c5turies4 ,! pres5t two volumes--a complete "w 9 !mselves--cov] ! :ole field ( our hi/ory dur+ ! colonial "t4 ,an important national "w4--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,! lit]>y ev5t ( ! decade4--,h>t=d ,c\rant4 ,a book m int]e/+ ?an half ! new novels4--,! ,nation4 ,a "w ( great & p]man5t importance4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable publications ( ! c5tury4--,bo/on ,po/4 ,a book actually fasc9at+ f beg9n+ to end4--,pre/4 ,j4,b4 ,angell4 ,z ! "w /&s1 x may rightfully claim a place on ! libr>y table ( e cultivat$ ,am]ican4--,new ,york ,times4 ,no "w ( simil> scope & magnitude & erudition exi/s1 or has be5 attempt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4--,new ,york ,evangeli/4 ,a unique & valuable "w4--,*icago ,tribune4 ,a "w :i* w rank ) ^? ( ,sismondi1 ,ticknor1 & ,ta9e4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,express4 ,x is ?is philosophical "* ( ! "w :i* br+s x n f> di/ant f ! works ( ,ta9e1 ( ,buckle1 & ( ,lecky4--,buffalo ,express4 ,"o c h>dly speak too /rongly 9 praise ( ^! consci5ti\s1 c>eful & successful volumes1 :i* des]ve to be /udi$ alike by s*ol>s & patriots4--,rev4 ,h5ry ,m>tyn ,dext]1 ,d4,d4 ,b ! plan ( ,pr(essor ,tyl]'s book is s va/ & its execution s fe>less1 t no read] c expect or wi% to agree ) all its p]sonal judgm5ts4 ,x is a book truly admirable1 bo? 9 design & 9 g5]al execution2 ! le>n+ is great1 ! treatm5t wise1 ! /yle fre% & vigor\s4 ,"h & !re occurs a phrase :i* a sev]] revision w\ld p]haps exclude1 b all su* criticisms are trivial 9 view ( s signal a success4 ,l ,p>kman1 ,pr(essor ,tyl] may almo/ be said to h creat$1 n m]ely 8 volumes1 b _! !me4 ,l ,p>kman1 at any rate1 he has tak5 a :ole dep>tm5t ( human hi/ory1 rescu$ x f oblivion1 & made x h5ce=w>d a matt] ( deep int]e/ to e ?9k+ m9d4--,t4,w4 ,higg9son1 9 ,! ,nation4 ,! "w betrays acute philosophical insight1 a r>e p[] ( hi/orical rese>*1 & a cultivat$ lit]>y habit1 :i* 0 p]haps no less ess5tial ?an ! two =m] conditions1 to its successful accompli%m5t4 ,! /yle ( ! au?or is m>k$ by vigor1 orig9ality1 compreh5siv5ess1 & a curi\s in/9ct 9 ! selection ( words4 ,9 ?is latt] respect1 ?\gh n 9 ! m\ld+ ( s5t5ces1 ! read] may p]haps be rem9d$ ( ! *oice & fragrant vocabul>y ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 ^: words alone (t5 leave an exquisite odor l ! p]fume ( sweet-bri> & arbutus4--,george ,ripley1 9 ! ,tribune4 ,pr(essor ,moses ,coit ,tyl]'s ',hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature1' ( :i* ! fir/ two volumes h j be5 issu$1 w take rank at once z a book ( la/+ value1 ev5 ?\gh ! au?or %\ld advance no fur!r ?an he has already done 9 ! s*eme ( 8 "w4 ,we are n unm9dful ( ! em95t hi/orians ?is c\ntry has produc$1 :5 we express our op9ion t 8 hi/ory is ! be/ /udy ( ,am]ican hi/oric mat]ial t has be5 writt5 by an ,am]ican4 ,!re has be5 manife/ly no limit to ! en?usiasm1 consci5ti\sness & indu/ry ) :i* he has possess$ himself ( ! entire body ( ! lit]ature ( :i* he treats1 & at ! same "t he has display$ ! qualities ( a true lit]>y arti/ 9 giv+ =m1 color & p]spective to 8 "w4--,daniel ,gray1 9 ! ,buffalo ,c\ri]4 ,,van ,,laun4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature4 ,by ,h5ri ,van ,laun1 ,translator ( ,ta9e's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ! ,works ( ,molire1 etc4 ,vol ,i4 ,f its ,orig9 to ! ,r5aissance4 #hvo1 clo? extra #b #ej ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,f ! ,r5aissance to ! ,close ( ! ,reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 #hvo1 clo? extra #b #ej ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,f ! ,reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 to t ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 #hvo1 clo? extra #b #ej ,! set1 ?ree volumes1 9 box1 half calf1 #ae4jj2 clo? extra1 #g #ej ,we h to deal ) a p ess5tially spirit$ & intellectual1 ^: _s & intellect h be5 inv>iably ! wond] & admiration1 if n ! model & mold ( contempor>y ?\ght1 & ^: lit]>y triumphs rema9 to ?is day among ! mo/ notable l&m>ks ( mod]n lit]ature4 99 99 99--,extract f ,au?or's ,preface4 ,mr4 ,van ,laun has n giv5 u a m]e critical /udy ( ! works he consid]s1 b has done 8 be/ to br+ _! au?ors1 _! way ( life1 & ! ways ( ^? ar\nd !m1 be=e u 9 a liv+ lik5ess4--,london ,daily ,news4 ,?is hi/ory is extremely int]e/+ 9 its exposition ( ! lit]>y progress ( ! age1 9 connection ) ! social & political influ5ces :i* help$ to m\ld ! "* & ! de/9ies ( ! p4--,bo/on ,daily ,globe4 ,x is full ( ke5e/ int]e/ = e p]son :o kn[s or wi%es to le>n any?+ ( ,fr5* lit]ature1 or ( ,fr5* lit]>y hi/ory or biography4 ,sc>cely any book ( rec5t orig91 inde$1 is bett] fitt$ ?an ?is to w9 g5]al favor ) all classes ( p]sons4--,n4,y4 ,ev5+-,po/4 ,,?i]s 7,l\is ,adolphe7 ,life (4 ,by ,francois ,le ,g(f1 ,docteur-s-lettres1 ,au?or ( a ,hi/ory ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,national ,def5se 9 ! ,prov9ces1 etc4 ,translat$1 f ! au?or's unpubli%$ manuscript1 by ,!odore ,/anton1 ,a4,m4 ,octavo1 ) ,portrait1 clo? extra4 7,9 ,press47 ,?is book is writt5 especially = ! ,am]ican public by ,m4 ,francois ,le ,g(f1 ( ,p>is1 a ,fr5* publici/ ( ! ,cons]vative-,republican s*ool1 :o knew ,?i]s p]sonally & :o is ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! hi/ory & politics ( ,france4 ,besides ! biographical n>rative1 :i* is enliv5$ by _m fre% anecdotes1 ! writ] attempts to pres5t su* a connect$ view ( ,fr5* political hi/ory = ! la/ fifty ye>s1 z w ?r[ light ^u ! pres5t crisis 9 ,france1 s incompreh5sible to mo/ ,am]icans4 ,! "w w also be int]e/+ z an able def5se ( ! unity ( ,?i]s' political life1 a position r>ely assum$ by ev5 ! mo/ ard5t fri5ds ( ! great /atesman4 ,x is illu/rat$ by a fac-simile ( 8 h&writ+ & autograph1 a view ( 8 home1 etc4 ,,brief ,,biographies4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,contempor>y ,/atesm5 ( ,europe4 ,edit$ by ,?omas ,w5twor? ,higg9son4 ,!y are h&somely pr9t$ 9 squ>e #afmo1 & attractively b\nd 9 clo? extra4 ,price p] vol4 #a #ej ,vol4 ,i4 ,engli% ,/atesm54 ,by ,t4,w4 ,higg9son4 ,,ii4 ,engli% ,radical ,lead]s4 ,by ,r4,j4 ,h9ton4 ,,iii4 ,fr5* ,lead]s4 ,by ,edw>d ,k+4 ,,iv4 ,g]man ,political ,lead]s4 ,by ,h]b]t ,tuttle4 ,^! volumes are plann$ to meet ! desire :i* exi/s = accurate & graphic in=mation 9 reg>d to ! lead]s ( political action 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,!y w give portraitures ( ! m5 & analysis ( _! lives & "w1 t w be vivid & picturesque1 z well z accurate & fai?ful1 & t w comb9e ! au?ority ( c>eful hi/oric n>ration ) ! int]e/ atta*+ to anecdote & p]sonal del9eation4 ,compact & readable 99 99 99 leaves little to be desir$4--,n4,y4 ,nation4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,page #bcb--;,*ang$ spell+ ( conqu]] to conqu]or4