by ! ,biblio!que nationale de ,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr7 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution----,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,/udy ( ,,pueblo ,,pott]y ,,z ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,zu,i ,,culture ,,gr[?4 ,,by ,,frank ,,hamilton ,,cu%+4 ,,cont5ts4 ,habitations affect$ by environm5t #dgc ,rectangul> =ms develop$ f circul> #dge ,flat & t]rac$ ro(s develop$ f slop+ mesa-sites #dgg ,add$ /ories develop$ f limitations ( cliff-h\se sites #dgi ,communal pueblos develop$ f congregation ( cliff-h\se tribes #dhj ,pott]y affect$ by environm5t #dhb ,anticipat$ by basketry #dhc ,sugge/$ by clay-l9$ basketry #dhe ,influ5c$ by local m9]als #dic ,influ5c$ by mat]ials & me?ods us$ 9 burn+ #die ,evolution ( =ms #dig ,evolution ( decoration #ejf ,decorative symbolism #eaj ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,page4 #dij4--;,a ,navajo hut or hogan #dgc #dia4--,p]spective view ( e>lie/ or ,r\nd-h\se /ructures ( lava #dgd #dib4--,plan ( same #dge #dic4--,section ( same #dge #did4--;,evolution ( rectangul> =ms 9 primitive ar*itecture #dgf #die4--,section illu/rat+ evolution ( flat ro( & t]race #dgg #dif4--,p]spective view ( a typical solit>y-h\se #dgh #dig4--,plan ( a typical solit>y-h\se #dgh #dih4--,typical cliff-dwell+ #dgi #dii4--,typical t]rac$-pueblo--communal type #dhj #ejj4--;,anci5t g\rd-vessel encas$ 9 wick] #dhc #eja4--;,havasupa roa/+-tray1 ) clay l9+ #dhd #ejb4--,zui roa/+-tray ( e>!nw>e #dhe #ejc4--;,havasupa boil+-basket #dhf #ejd4--,sket* illu/rat+ ! fir/ /age 9 manufacture ( latt] #dhf #eje4--,sket* illu/rat+ ! second /age 9 manufacture ( latt] #dhf #ejf4--,sket* illu/rat+ ! ?ird /age 9 manufacture ( latt] #dhf #ejg4--,typical example ( basket decoration #dhg #ejh4--,typical example ( basket decoration #dhg #eji4--,typical example ( basket decoration #dhg #eaj4--,t]rac$ loz5ge decoration or ,d\ble-spl9t-/it*-=m4 7,% k#8u tu lia ts nan7 #dhh #eaa4--,t]rac$ loz5ge decoration or ,d\ble-spl9t-/it*-=m4 7,% k#8u tu lia ts nan7 #dhh #eab4--;,d\ble-spl9t-/it*1 f :i* same 0 elaborat$ #dhh #eac4--;,d\ble-spl9t-/it*1 f :i* same 0 elaborat$ #dhh #ead4--;,diagonal p>allel-l9e decoration4 7,% k#8i% pa ts nan7 #dhh #eae4--,/udy ( spl9ts at neck ( unf9i%$ basket illu/rat+ evolution ( latt] #dhi #eaf4--;,example ( ind5t$ decoration on corrugat$ w>e #dij #eag4--;,example ( ind5t$ decoration on corrugat$ w>e #dij #eah4--;,cook+ pot ( spirally built or corrugat$ w>e1 %[+ conical projections ne> rim #dij #eai4--,! same1 illu/rat+ modification ( latt] #dia #ebj4--,wick] wat]-bottle1 %[+ d\ble loops = susp5sion #dia #eba4--,wat]-bottle ( corrugat$ w>e1 %[+ d\ble h&le #dib #ebb4--,! same1 %[+ also pla9 bottom #dib #ebc4--;,food tr5*] or b[l ( imp]vi\s wick]-"w #dig #ebd4--,latt] inv]t$1 z us$ 9 =m+ b[ls #dig #ebe4--;,anci5t b[l ( corrugat$ w>e1 %[+ comp>ative %all[ness #dih #ebf4--;,basket-b[l z base-mold = l>ge vessels #dii #ebg4--;,clay nucleus illu/rat+ beg9n+ ( a vessel #dii #ebh4--,! same %ap$ to =m ! base ( a vessel #dii #ebi4--,! same z fir/ plac$ 9 base-mold1 %[+ beg9n+ ( spiral build+ #ejj #ecj4--;,fir/ =m ( vessel #ejj #eca4--,second>y =m 9 mold1 %[+ orig9 ( sph]oidal type ( j> #eja #ecb4--,scrap]s or tr[els ( g\rd & e>!n-w>e = smoo?+ pott]y #eja #ecc4--;,f9i%$ =m ( a vessel 9 mold1 %[+ am\nt ( contraction 9 dry+ #eja #ecd4--,pr(ile ( olla or mod]n wat]-j> #ejb #ece4--;,base ( same1 %[+ circul> ind5tation at bottom #ejb #ecf4--,section ( same1 %[+ c5tral concavity & circul> depression #ejb #ecg4--,milkmaid's boss1 or annul> mat ( wick] = support+ r\nd vessels on ! head 9 c>ry+ #ejc #ech4--,use ( annul> mat illu/rat$ #ejc #eci4--,section ( incipi5t vessel 9 convex-bottom$ basket-mold #ejd #edj4--,section ( same z support$ on annul> mat & wad ( s(t sub/ance1 = dry+ #ejd #eda4--,mod]n base-mold z made f ! bottom ( wat] j> #ejd #edb4--;,example ( ,pueblo pa9t$-ornam5tation illu/rat+ decorative value ( op5 spaces #ejf #edc & #edd4--;,amazonian basket-decorations1 illu/rat+ evolution ( ! above *>act]i/ic #ejg #ede4--;,b[l1 %[+ op5 or unjo9$ space 9 l9es ne> rim #eaj #edf4--,wat]-j>1 %[+ op5 or unjo9$ space 9 l9es ne> rim #eaj #edg4--;,conical or flat-belli$ cante5 #eab #edh & #edi4--,! same1 comp>$ ) human mamm>y gl& #eac #eej4--;,d\ble-lob$ or hunt] cante5 7,me wi k#8i lik ton ne71 %[+ teat-l projections & op5 spaces ( contigu\s l9es #ead #eea4--,native pa9t+ ( de]1 %[+ space-l9e f m\? to he>t #eae #eeb4--,native pa9t+ ( sea s]p5t1 %[+ space-l9e f m\? to he>t #eae #eec4--,! fret ( basket decoration #eaf #eed4--,! fret ( pott]y decoration #eaf #eee4--,scroll z evolv$ f fret 9 pott]y decoration #eaf #eef4--;,anci5t ,pueblo m$ic9e-j> #eag #eeg4--;,decoration ( above comp>$ ) mod]n ,moki ra9 symbol #eag #eeh4--,zui pray]-meal b[l illu/rat+ symbolism 9 =m & decoration #eah #eei4--,native pa9t+s ( sacr$ butt]fly #eai #efj4--,native pa9t+ ( sacr$ migratory summ] bird #eai #efa4--,rectangul> or ,iroquois type ( e>!n vessel #eai #efb4--,kidney-%ap$ type ( vessel ( ,nic>agua #ebj #efc4--;,iroquois b>k vessel1 %[+ angles ( juncture #ebj #efd4--,porcup9e quill decoration on b>k vessel1 = comp>ison ) ,fig4 #efa #eba 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,pueblo ,,pott]y ,,z ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,zu,i ,,culture-,,gr[?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,frank ,h4 ,,cu%+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,habitations ,,affect$ ,,by ,,environm5t4 ,x is conc$$ t ! peculi>ities ( a culture-/atus are due *iefly to ! necessities enc\nt]$ dur+ its developm5t4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,pueblo phase ( life 01 l ! ,egyptian1 ! product ( a des]t environm5t4 ,giv5 t a tribe or /ock ( p is weak1 !y w be encroa*$ ^u by neighbor+ /rong] tribes1 & driv5 to new surr\nd+s if n subdu$4 ,su* we may believe 0 ! influ5ce :i* l$ ! ance/ors ( ! ,pueblo tribes to adopt an almo/ wat]less area = _! habitat4 ,x is app>5t at lea/ t !y ent]$ ! c\ntry :]e9 _! rema9s occur :ile comp>atively a rude p1 & work$ out !re almo/ :olly _! incipi5t civilization4 ,( ?is !re is important l+ui/ic evid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dij4--;,a ,navajo hut4 ,a ,navajo hogan1 or hut1 is a beehive-%ap$ or conical /ructure 7see ,fig4 #dij7 ( /icks & turf or e>?1 sometimes ev5 ( /ones *9k$ ) mud4 ,yet its mod]n ,zui "n is hm pon ne1 f ha we1 dri$ bru%1 sprigs or leaves2 & p an ne1 cov]+1 %elt] or ro( 7po a to place ov] & ne ! nom9al suffix72 :i*1 int]pret$1 signifies a bru% or leaf %elt]4 ,?is leads to ! inf]5ce t ! tempor>y %elt] ) :i* ! ,zuis 7 acqua9t$ :5 !y =mulat$ ! "n "h giv51 presumably 9 _! e>lie/ condition1 0 9 %ape l ! ,navajo hogan1 b 9 mat]ial1 ( bru% or l p]i%able sub/ance4 ,! ar*aic "n = a build+ or wall$ inclosure is h %o ta1 a contraction ( ! n[ obsolete t]m1 h %o ta pon ne1 f h %o1 gum1 or res9-l2 % tai e1 lean$ or plac$ toge!r conv]g+ly2 & t po an ne1 a ro( ( wood or a ro( support$ by wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dia4--,p]spective view ( e>lie/ or ,r\nd-h\se /ructure ( lava4 ,! mean+ ( all ?is w\ld be obscure did n ! olde/ rema9s ( ! ,pueblos occur 9 ! almo/ inaccessible lava wa/es bord]+ ! s\?we/]n des]ts & int]sect+ !m & 7 n ! h\ses ( ^! ru9s built on ! plan ( %elt]s1 r\nd 7see ,figs4 #dia1 #dib1 #dic71 r ?an rectangul>4 ,fur!rmore1 n only does ! lava-rock ( :i* _! walls h be5 rudely con/ruct$ resemble natural asphaltum 7h %o7 & possess a cleavage exactly l t ( pion-gum & alli$ sub/ances 7also h %o71 b "s =ms ( lava are actually kn[n z he %o or gum-rock4 ,f ^! consid]ations inf]r+ t ! "n h %o ta pon ne d]ivatively signifies some?+ l a gum-rock %elt] ) ro( supports ( wood1 we may also inf] t ! ,pueblos on _! com+ into ! des]t regions dispossess$ e>li] inhabitants or t !y *ose ! lava-wa/es ! bett] to secure !mselves f invasion2 moreov] t ! olde/ =m ( build+ kn[n to !m 0 !re=e an inclosure ( lava-/ones1 :5ce ! application ( ! contraction h %o ta1 & its re/riction to mean a wall$ inclosure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dib4--,plan ( ,pueblo /ructure ( lava4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dic4--,section ( ,pueblo /ructure ( lava4 ,,rectangul> ,,=ms ,,develop$ ,,f ,,circul>4 ,x may be well 9 ?is connection to cite a !ory ent]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,victor ,m9deleff1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ^: wide exp]i5ce among ! s\?we/]n ru9s entitles 8 judgm5t to high consid]ation4 ,9 8 op9ion ! rectangul> =m ( ar*itecture1 :i* succe$s ! type "u discussion1 mu/ h be5 evolv$ f ! circul> =m by ! br++ toge!r1 )9 a limit$ area1 ( _m h\ses4 ,?is w\ld result 9 caus+ ! wall ( "o circul> /ructure to encroa* ^u t ( ano!r1 sugge/+ ! p>tition in/ead ( ! d\ble wall4 ,?is p>tition w\ld naturally be built /raight z a tw(old measure ( economy4 ,suppos+ ?ree su* h\ses to be contigu\s to a c5tral "o1 ea* sep>at$ f ! latt] by a /raight wall1 x may be se5 t 7z 9 ! accompany+ plan7 ! ?ree sides ( a squ>e are already =m$1 sugge/+ ! p>allelogramic z a conv5i5t /yle ( sequ5t ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #did4--;,evolution ( rectangul> =ms 9 primitive ar*itecture4 ,all ?is1 ,i ne$ sc>cely add1 agrees n only ) my own obs]vations 9 ! field b ) ! k9d ( l+ui/ic rese>* above record$4 ,x w\ld also app>5tly expla9 ! occurr5ce ( ! circul> semisubt]ranean k wi tsi we1 or e/ufas4 ,^! be+ sacr$ h reta9$ ! pri/9e =m long aft] ! adoption ( a modifi$ type ( /ructure = ord9>y or secul> purposes1 accord+ to ! well kn[n law ( survival 9 c]emonial appurt5ances4 ,9 a majority ( ! lava ru9s 7= example ^? occurr+ ne> ,prescott1 ,arizona71 ,i h obs]v$ t ! slop+ sides r ?an ! level tops ( mesa headl&s h be5 *os5 by ! anci5ts z build+-sites4 ,"h1 ! rude1 squ>e type ( build+ prevails1 n1 h[ev]1 to ! entire exclusion ( ! circul> type1 :i*1 is repres5t$ by loosely con/ruct$ walls1 always on ! outskirts ( ! ma9 ru9s4 ,! rectangul> rooms are1 z a rule1 built r[ above r[4 ,"s ( ! h\ses 9 ! upp] r[s give evid5ce ( hav+ ov]lapp$ o!rs bel[4 7,see section1 ,fig4 #die47 ,,flat ,,& ,,t]rac$ ,,ro(s ,,develop$ ,,f ,,slop+ ,,mesa-,,sites4 ,we _c fail to take notice ( ! indications :i* ?is br+s be=e u4 7#a7 ,x is q probable t ! ov]lapp+ result$ f an increase 9 ! numb]s ( ! anci5t build]s relative to available area1 ?is1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 lead+ to a fur!r mass+ toge!r ( ! h\ses4 7#b7 ,x sugge/$ ! employm5t ( raft]s & ! =mation ( ! flat ro(1 z a means ( supply+ a level entrance way & floor to rooms :i*1 built above & to ! re> ( a fir/ l9e ( h\ses1 yet ext5d$ p>tially ov] ! latt]4 7#c7 ,?is is ,i ?9k ! e>lie/ =m ( ! t]race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #die4--,section illu/rat+ evolution ( flat ro( & t]race ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ! flat ro( ( to-day is nam$ t k#8os kwn ne1 f te1 space1 region1 ext5sion1 k#8os kwi e1 to cut (f 9 ! s5se ( clos+ or %utt+ 9 f "o side1 & kwn ne1 place (4 ,nor is x rem>kable t no type ( ru9 9 ! ,s\?we/ seems to connect ^! fir/ t]rac$ t[ns ) ! lat] n only t]rac$ b also lit]ally cellul> build+s1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ nev]!less z develop$ f !m4 ,! reason = ?is w become evid5t on fur!r exam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dif4--,p]spective view ( a typical solit>y h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dig4--,plan ( a typical solit>y h\se4 ,! mod]n "n = h\se is k#8i kwn ne1 f k#8i we1 wat]1 & kw9 ne1 place (1 lit]ally wat]+ place2 :i* is evid5ce t ! fir/ prop]ly s call$ h\ses kn[n to ! ,pueblos 7 solit>y & built ne> spr+s1 pools1 /reams1 or well-places4 ,! univ]sal occurr5ce ( ! ve/iges ( s+le h\ses ?r\gh\t ! less =bidd+ tracts ( ! ,pueblo c\ntry 7see ,figs4 #dif & #dig7 leads to ?is inf]5ce & to ! supposition t ! necessity = protection be+ at la/ ov]come1 ! d5iz5s ( ! lava-fields1 :]e plant+ 0 well-nigh impossible1 desc5d$1 build+ :]ev] conditions favor$ ! horticulture :i* gradually came to be _! *ief means ( support4 ,z irrigation 0 n kn[n until long aft]w>ds1 arable areas 7 limit$1 h5ce !y 7 compell$ to divide into families or small clans1 ea* occupy+ a s+le h\se4 ,! traces ( ^! solit>y f>m-h\ses %[ t !y 7 at fir/ s+le-/ori$4 ,! "n ( an upp] room indicates h[ ! idea ( ! second or ?ird /ory 0 develop$1 z x is % t5 u ?lan1 f % t51 a %all[ cave1 or rock-%elt]1 & ?la nai e1 plac$ ar\nd1 embrac+1 inclusive (4 ,?is goes to %[ t x 0 n until aft] ! build+ ( ! fir/ small f>m-h\ses 7:i* gave ! "n to h\ses7 t ! caves or rock-%elt]s ( ! cliffs 7 occupi$4 ,if pr$atory bord]-tribes1 tempt$ by ! food-/ores ( ! horticultural f>m-h\se build]s1 made incursions on ! latt]1 !y w\ld f9d !m1 scatt]$ z !y 71 an easy prey4 ,,add$ ,,/ories ,,= ,,cliff ,,dwell+s ,,develop$ ,,f ,,limitations ,,( ,,cliff-,,h\se ,,sites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dih4--;,a typical cliff-dwell+4 ,?is condition ( ?+s w\ld drive ! p to seek security 9 ! neighbor+ cliffs ( f]tile canons1 :]e n only might !y build _! dwell+ places 9 ! num]\s rock-%elt]s1 b !y c\ld also cultivate _! crops 9 comp>ative safety along ! limit$ tracts :i* ^! eyries ov]look$4 ,! n>r[ foo?old af=d$ by _m ( ^! elevat$ cliff-%elves or %elt]s w\ld =ce ! fugitives to con/ruct h\se ov] h\se2 t is1 build a second or upp] /ory ar\nd ! ro( ( ! cav]n4 ,:at m natural ?an t ?is upp] room %\ld take a "n mo/ descriptive ( its situation--z t portion built ar\nd ! cav]n-%elt] or % t5--or t1 :5 ! int]v5tion ( peace made return to ! ab&on$ f>ms ( ! pla9s or a *ange ( condition possible1 ! idea ( ! second /ory %\ld be c>ri$ along & ! "n fir/ appli$ to x survive1 ev5 to ! pres5t day8 ,t ! upp] /ory took its "n f ! rock-%elt] may be fur!r illu/rat$4 ,! ^w % t5 comes f %o nan te1 ! condition ( be+ dusky1 dank1 or mildewy2 cle>ly descriptive ( a cav]n1 b n ( ! mo/ op51 be/ light$1 & drie/ room 9 a ,pueblo h\se4 ,to cont9ue1 we may see h[ ! necessity = protection w\ld drive ! petty clans m & m to ! cliffs1 h[ ! latt] at e available po9t w\ld ultimately come to be occupi$1 & ?us h[ ! ,cliff-dwell+ 7see ,fig4 #dih71 0 conf9$ to no "o section b 0 z univ]sal z ! f>m-h\se type ( ar*itecture itself1 s widespread1 9 fact1 t x has be5 h]et(ore reg>d$ z ! monum5t ( a great1 n[ ext9ct race ( p6 ,,communal ,,pueblos ,,develop$ ,,f ,,congregation ,,( ,,cliff-,,h\se ,,tribes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dii4--,typical t]rac$ communal pueblo4 ,we may see1 f9ally1 h[ at la/ ! caons prov$ too limit$ & 9 o!r ways undesirable = occupation1 ! result ( :i* 0 ! conf$]ation ( ! scatt]$ cliff-dwell+ clans1 & ! con/ruction1 fir/ on ! ov]hang+ cliff-tops1 !n on mesas1 & f>!r & f>!r away1 ( great1 _m-/ori$ t[ns1 any "o ( :i* 0 nam$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! br++ toge!r 9 x ( _m h\ses & clans1 ?lu l lon ne1 f ?lu a1 _m spr++ up1 & l lon a1 t :i* /&s1 or ^? :i* /&2 9 o!r words1 _m built /&+ toge!r4 ,?is _c be reg>d$ z ref]r+ to ! simple fact t a village is necess>ily compos$ ( _m h\ses /&+ toge!r4 ,! "n = any o!r village ?an a communal pueblo is t na kwn ne1 f t na--_m sitt+ ar\nd1 & kwn ne1 place (4 ,?is t]m is appli$ by ! ,zuis to all villages save _! own & ^? ( ourselves1 :i* latt] !y reg>d z ,pueblos1 9 _! acceptation ( ! above native ^w4 ,"h1 !n1 9 /rict accordance )1 ! tea*+s ( my?1 folk-lore & tradition1 ,i h us$ ! l+ui/ic argum5t z briefe/ & mo/ conv9c+ 9 indicat+ ! probable sequ5ce ( ar*itectural types 9 ! evolution ( ! ,pueblo2 f ! bru% lodge1 ( :i* only ! "n survives1 to ! rec5t & pres5t t]rac$1 _m-/ori$1 communal /ructures1 :i* we may f9d ?r\gh\t ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 & contigu\s p>ts ( ! neighbor+ ,t]ritories4#a #a ,see = confirmation ! la/ ,annual ,report to ! ,ar*ological ,in/itute ( ,am]ica1 by ,adolph ,f4 ,b&eli]1 "o ( ! mo/ indefatigable explor]s & c>eful /ud5ts ( e>ly ,spani% hi/ory 9 ,am]ica4 ,,pott]y ,,affect$ ,,by ,,environm5t4 ,!re is no o!r section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! pott]'s art 0 s ext5sively practic$1 or :]e x rea*$ su* a degree ( p]fection1 z )9 ! limits ( ^! anci5t ,pueblo regions4 ,to ?is /atem5t n ev5 ! prolific valleys ( ! ,mississippi & its tribut>ies =m an exception4 ,on exam9+ a l>ge & v>i$ collection ( ?is pott]y1 "o w\ld naturally reg>d x ei!r z ! product ( f\r di/9ct peoples or z belong+ to f\r diff]5t eras1 ) an incl9ation to ! *ronologic division4 ,:5 we see ! reasonable probability t ! ar*itecture1 ! primeval arts & indu/ries1 & ! culture ( ! ,pueblos are ma9ly indig5\s to ! des]t & semi-des]t regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we are 9 ! way t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ! orig9 & rem>kable degree ( developm5t 9 ! c]amic art4 ,9 ^! regions wat] n only occurs 9 small quantities1 b is obta9able only at po9ts sep>at$ by great di/ances1 h5ce to ! ,pueblos ! fir/ necessity ( life is ! transportation & pres]vation ( wat]4 ,! sk9s & paun*es ( animals c\ld be us$ 9 ! ef=t to meet ?is want ) b small success1 z ! heat & aridity ( ! atmosph]e w\ld 9 a %ort "t r5d] wat] ?us kept unfit = use1 & ! membranes once empty w\ld be liable to de/ruction by dry+4 ,s f> z language indicates ! "* ( ! e>lie/ wat] vessels :i* to any ext5t met ! requirem5ts ( ! ,zui ance/ry1 !y 7 tubes ( wood or sections ( canes4 ,! latt]1 9 rituali/ic recitation1 are said to h be5 ! receptacles t ! creation-prie/s fill$ ) ! sacr$ wat] f ! ocean ( ! cave-wombs ( e>?1 :5ce m5 & creatures 7 born1 & ! "n = "o ( ^! cane wat] vessels is % tom me1 f % e1 cane or canes1 & tm me1 a wood5 tube4 ,yet1 al?\gh 9 ! extreme we/]n bord]s ( ! des]ts1 :i* 7 probably ! fir/ p5etrat$ by ! ,pueblos1 ! cane gr[s to great size & 9 abundance along ! two riv]s ( t c\ntry1 its use1 if ev] ext5sive1 mu/ h spe$ily giv5 way to ! use ( g\rds1 :i* grew luxuriantly at ^! places & 7 ( bett] %apes & ( l>g] capacity4 ,! "n ( ! g\rd z a vessel is %o tom me1 f % e1 canes1 p pon nai e1 bladd]-%ap$1 & tm me1 a wood5 tube2 a seem+ d]ivation 7) ! exception ( ! int]polat$ s\nd significant ( =m7 f % tom me4 ,! g\rd itself is call$ m ?l 1 h>d fruit4 ,! inf]5ce is t :5 us$ z a vessel1 & call$ %o tom me1 x mu/ h be5 nam$ aft] an old] =m ( vessel1 in/ead ( aft] ! plant or fruit :i* produc$ x4 ,:ile ! g\rd 0 l>ge & conv5i5t 9 =m1 x 0 difficult ( transportation ow+ to its fragility4 ,to ov]come ?is x 0 encas$ 9 a co>se sort ( wick]-"w1 compos$ ( fibr\s yucca leaves or ( flexible spl9ts4 ,( ?is we h evid5ce 9 a s]ies ( g\rd-vessels among ! ,zuis1 into :i* ! sacr$ wat] is said to h be5 transf]r$ f ! tubes1 & a pair ( :i* "o ( ! prie/s1 :o came ea/ ) me two ye>s ago1 br\ght f ,new ,mexico to ,bo/on 9 8 h&s--s preci\s 7 !y consid]$ z relics--= ! purpose ( repl5i%+ !m ) wat] f ! ,atlantic4 ,^! vessels are encas$ rudely b /rongly 9 a me%+ ( spl9ts 7see ,fig4 #ejj71 & :ile ,i d n positively claim t !y h be5 pi\sly pres]v$ s9ce ! "t ( ! univ]sal use ( g\rds z wat]-vessels by ! ance/ry ( ?is p1 !y are nev]!less ( consid]able antiquity4 ,_! orig9 is attribut$ to ! prie/-gods1 & !y %[ t x mu/ h once be5 a common practice to encase g\rds1 z above describ$1 9 osi]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejj4--;,g\rd vessel enclos$ 9 wick]4 ,,pott]y ,,anticipat$ ,,by ,,basketry4 ,?is crude beg9n+ ( ! wick]-art 9 connection ) wat]-vessels po9ts t[>d ! developm5t ( ! wond]ful wat]-tight basketry ( ! s\?we/1 expla9+1 too1 ! resemblance ( _m ( its typical =ms to ! %apes ( g\rd-vessels4 ,7 we unc]ta9 ( ?is1 we might aga9 turn to language1 :i* designates ! imp]vi\s wick] wat]-receptacle ( :atev] outl9e z tm ma1 an evid5t d]ivation f ! re/rict$ use ( ! ^w tm me 9 connection ) g\rd or cane vessels1 s9ce a basket ( any o!r k9d is call$ ts le4 ,x is readily conceivable t wat]-tight osi]y1 once kn[n1 h[ev] difficult ( manufacture1 w\ld displace ! g5]al use ( g\rd-vessels4 ,:ile ! gr[? ( ! g\rd 0 re/rict$ to limit$ areas1 ! mat]ials = basketry 7 ev]y:]e at h&4 ,n only s1 b basket-vessels 7 f> /rong] & m durable1 h5ce m readily transport$ full ( wat]1 to any di/ance4 ,by virtue ( _! r\gh surfaces1 any leakage 9 su* vessels 0 in/antly /opp$ by a daub+ ( pit* or m9]al asphaltum1 coat$ ext]nally ) s& or co>se clay to h>d5 x & ov]come its adhesiv5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eja4--;,havasupai clay-l9$ roa/+-tray4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t s long z ! ,pueblo ance/ry 7 semi-nomadic1 basketry suppli$ ! place ( pott]y1 z x /ill does = ! less advanc$ tribes ( ! ,s\?we/1 except 9 cook]y4 ,possibly = a "t basketry ( ?is k9d s]v$ 9 place ( pott]y ev5 = cook]y1 z ) "o ( ! above-m5tion$ tribes1 ! ,ha va su pa or ,coon9os1 ( ,cat>act ,caon1 ,arizona4 ,^! p1 until rec5tly1 7 cut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w by _! almo/ imp5etrable caon1 ne>ly half a mile 9 dep? at ! po9t :]e !y inhabit x4 ,= example1 :5 ,i visit$ !m 9 #ahha1 !y /ill haft$ %>p5$ bits ( iron1 l celts1 9 wood4 ,!y _h n yet =gott5 h[ to boil food 9 wat]-tight basketry1 by means ( hot /ones1 & cont9u$ to roa/ se$s1 crickets1 & bits ( meat 9 wick]-trays1 coat$ inside ) gritty clay4 7,see ,fig4 #eja47 ,! me?od ( prep>+ & us+ ^! roa/+-trays has an important be>+ on sev]al que/ions to :i* ref]5ce w be made fur!r on4 ,a r\nd basket-tray1 ei!r loosely or closely wov51 is ev5ly coat$ inside ) clay1 into :i* has be5 knead$ a v l>ge proportion ( s&1 to prev5t contraction & consequ5t crack+ f dry+4 ,?is l9+ ( clay is press$1 :ile /ill s(t1 into ! basket z closely z possible ) ! h&s & !n all[$ to dry4 ,! tray is ?us made ready = use4 ,! se$s or o!r sub/ances to be p>*$ are plac$ inside ( x1 toge!r ) a quantity ( gl[+ wood-coals4 ,! op]ator1 quickly squatt+1 grasps ! tray at opposite edges1 &1 by a rapid spiral motion up & d[n1 succe$s 9 keep+ ! coals & se$s con/antly %ift+ places & turn+ ov] z !y dance aft] "o ano!r ar\nd & ar\nd ! tray1 mean:ile bl[+ or puff+1 ! emb]s ) e brea? to keep !m free f a%es & gl[+ at _! hotte/4 ,t ?is clay l9+ %\ld gr[ h>d f cont9ual heat+1 & 9 "s in/ances sep>ate f its matrix ( osi]s1 is app>5t4 ,! clay =m ?us deta*$ w\ld itself be a p]fect roa/+-vessel4 ,,pott]y ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,clay-,,l9$ ,,basketry4 ,?is w\ld sugge/ ! ag5cy ( gradual heat 9 r5d]+ clay fit = use 9 cook]y & pref]able to any previ\s make%ift4 ,! mod]n ,zui "n = a p>*+-pan1 :i* is a %all[ b[l ( black-w>e1 is ?l mon ne1 ! "n = a basket-tray be+ ?l l9 ne4 ,! latt] "n signifies a %all[ vessel ( twigs1 or ?l we2 ! =m] etymologically int]pret$1 al?\gh ( e>!nw>e1 is a hemisph]ical vessel ( ! same k9d & mat]ial4 ,all ?is w\ld indicate t ! ?l l9 ne1 coat$ ) clay = roa/+1 _h giv5 bir? to ! ?l mon ne1 or p>*+-pan ( e>!nw>e4 7,see ,fig4 #ejb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejb4--,zui e>!nw>e roa/+ tray4 ,among ! ,havasupa1 /ill surviv+ z a sort ( bucket1 is ! basket-pot or boil+-basket1 = use ) hot /ones1 :i* =m ,i h also f\nd 9 "s ( ! cave deposits ?r\gh\t ! anci5t ,zui c\ntry4 ,^! vessels 7see ,fig4 #ejc7 7 bottle-%ap$ & provid$ ne> ! rims ( _! r n>r[ m\?s ) a sort ( cord or /rap-h&le1 atta*$ to two loops or eyes 7,fig4 #ejc a7 wov5 into ! basket1 to facilitate h&l+ :5 ! vessel 0 fill$ ) hot wat]4 ,9 ! manufacture ( "o ( ^! vessels1 :i* are good examples ( ! helix or spirally-coil$ type ( basket1 ! beg9n+ 0 made at ! c5t] ( ! bottom4 ,a small wisp ( f9e1 flexible grass /ems or osi]s s(t5$ 9 wat] 0 fir/ spirally wrapp$ a little at "o end ) a flat1 limb] spl9t ( t\gh wood1 usually will[ 7see ,fig4 #ejd74 ,?is wrapp$ portion 0 !n w\nd ^u itself2 ! out] coil ?us =m$ 7see ,fig4 #eje7 be+ firmly fa/5$ z x progress$ to ! "o already made by pass+ ! spl9t wrapp+ ( ! wisp ea* "t x 0 w\nd ar\nd ! latt] ?r\gh "s /r&s ( ! contigu\s inn] coil1 ) ! aid ( a bodk94 7,see ,fig4 #ejf47 ,! bottom 0 r\nd$ upw>d & ! sides 7 made by coil+ ! wisp high] & high]1 fir/ outw>d1 to produce ! bulge ( ! vessel1 !n inw>d1 to =m ! tap]+ upp] "p & neck1 into :i*1 ! two little twigs or spl9t loop-eyes 7 firmly wov54 7,see aga9 ,fig4 #ejc a47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejc4--;,havasupa boil+-basket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejd4 ,,fig4 #eje4 ,,fig4 #ejf4 ,sket*es illu/rat+ manufacture ( spirally-coil$ basketry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejg4--,typical basket decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejh4--,typical basket decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eji4--,typical basket decoration4 ,^! & especially k9dr$ =ms ( basket-vessels 7 (t5 q elaborately ornam5t$1 ei!r by ! ins]tion at prop] po9ts ( dy$ wrapp+-spl9ts1 s+ly1 9 pairs1 or 9 sets1 or by ! alt]nate pa9t+ ( pairs1 sets1 or s]ies ( /it*es4 ,?us 7 produc$ angul> devices1 l s]rat$ b&s1 diagonal or zigzag l9es1 *evrons1 ev5 t]races & frets4 7,see ,figs4 #ejg1 #ejh1 #eji47 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! /yles & ways ( decoration 7 develop$1 along ) ! weav+ ( baskets1 simply by elaborat+ on sugge/ions ( ! l9es & figures unavoidably produc$ 9 wick]-"w ( any k9d :5 /r&s ( diff]5t colors happ5$ to be employ$ toge!r4 ,ev5 slight discolorations 9 occasional spl9ts w\ld result 9 su* sugge/ions1 = ! /it*es w\ld "h %[1 !re disappe>4 ,! probability ( ?is view ( ! accid5tal orig9 ( basket-ornam5tation may be enhanc$ by a consid]ation ( ! etymology ( a few ,zui decorative t]ms1 m ( :i* might be giv5 did space admit4 ,a t]rac$ loz5ge 7see ,figs4 #eaj1 #eaa71 in/ead ( be+ nam$ aft] ! ab/ract ^w a wi ?lui ap p t*i na1 :i* signifies a d\ble t]race or two t]races jo9$ toge!r at ! base1 is designat$ %u k#8u tu li a tsi nan1 f %u e1 spl9ts or fib]s2 k#8u tsu1 a d\ble fold1 space1 or /it* 7see ,figs4 #eab1 #eac72 li a1 an int]polation ref]r+ to =m2 & tsi nan1 m>k2 9 o!r words1 ! d\ble spl9t-/it*-=m m>k4 ,likewise1 a patt]n1 compos$ pr9cipally ( a s]ies ( diagonal or oblique p>allel l9es en masse 7see ,fig4 #ead71 is call$ %u k#8i% pa ts nan1 f % e1 spl9ts2 k#8i% pai e1 tap]+ 7k#8i% pon ne1 neck or small] "p ( any?+72 & ts nan1 m>k2 t is1 tap]+ or neck-spl9t m>k4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 9 a bottle-%ap$ basket z x approa*es completion ! spl9ts ( ! tap]+ "p or neck all lean spirally side by side ( "o ano!r 7see ,fig4 #eae71 & a t]m descriptive ( ?is has come to be us$ z t appli$ to l9es resembl+ x1 in/ead ( a d]ivative f s sl lai e1 signify+ an oblique or lean+ l9e4 ,:]e spl9ts v>i\sly arrang$1 or /it*es1 h giv5 names to decorations--appli$ ev5 to pa9t$ & embroid]$ designs--x is n difficult = u to see t ^! same comb9ations1 at fir/ un9t5tional1 mu/ h sugge/$ ! =ms to :i* !y gave names z decorations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eaj4 ,,fig4 #eaa4 ,t]rac$ loz5ge decoration1 or d\ble-spl9t-/it*-=ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eab4 ,,fig4 #eac4 ,d\ble-spl9t-/it*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ead4--;,diagonal p>allel-l9e decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eae4--,spl9ts at neck ( unf9i%$ basket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eaf4 ,,fig4 #eag4 ,examples ( ind5t$ decoration on corrugat$ w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eah4--;,cook+-pot ( corrugat$ w>e1 %[+ conical projections ne> rim4 ,pueblo coil$ pott]y develop$ f basketry4--,seiz+ ! sugge/ion af=d$ by ! rude tray-mold$ p>*+-b[ls1 p>ticul>ly aft] x 0 discov]$ t if well burn$ !y resi/$ ! effects ( wat] z well z ( heat1 ! anci5t pott] w\ld naturally attempt 9 "t to reproduce ! boil+-basket 9 clay4 ,%e w\ld f9d t to accompli% ?is %e c\ld n use z a mold ! inside ( ! boil+-basket1 z %e _h ! inside ( ! tray1 because its neck 0 small] ?an its body4 ,nor c\ld %e =m ! vase by pla/]+ ! clay outside ( ! vessel1 n only = ! same reason1 b also because ! clay 9 dry+ w\ld contract s mu* t x w\ld crack or scale (f4 ,naturally1 !n1 %e pursu$ ! process %e 0 accu/om$ to 9 ! manufacture ( ! basket-bottle4 ,t is1 %e =m$ a ?9 rope ( s(t clay1 :i*1 l ! wisp ( ! basket1 %e coil$ ar\nd & ar\nd a c5t] to =m ! bottom1 !n spirally ^u itself1 n[ wid5+ ! diamet] ( ea* coil m & m1 !n contract+ z %e progress$ upw>d until ! desir$ height & =m 7 atta9$4 ,z ! clay 0 adhesive1 ea* coil 0 atta*$ to ! "o already =m$ by p9*+ or press+ toge!r ! connect+ edges at %ort int]vals z ! w9d+ w5t on4 ,?is produc$ corrugations or ind5tations m>vel\sly resembl+ ! /it*es ( basket-"w4 ,h5ce accid5tally ! vessel ?us built up appe>$ s simil> to ! basket :i* _h s]v$ z its model t evid5tly x did n seem complete until ?is feature _h be5 height5$ by art4 ,at any rate1 ! majority ( specim5s belong+ to ?is type ( pott]y--especially ^? ( ! old] p]iods dur+ :i* x 0 pr$om9ant--are di/+ui%$ by an ind5t$ or incis$ decoration exactly reproduc+ ! zigzags1 s]rations1 *evrons1 t]races1 & o!r *>act]i/ic devices ( wat]-tight basketry4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #eaf1 #eag ) ,figs4 #ejg1 #ejh47 ,evid5tly ) a l int5tion two little cone-l projections 7 atta*$ to ! neck ne> ! rim ( ! vessel 7see ,fig4 #eah7 :i* may h5ce be reg>d$ z survivals ( ! loops :]eby x has be5 se5 ! ends ( ! /rap-h&le 7 atta*$ to ! boil+-basket4 7,see aga9 ,fig4 #ejc1 a47 ,al?\gh v>i$ 9 lat] times to =m scrolls1 rosettes1 & o!r ornate figures 7see ,fig4 #eai71 !y cont9u$ ev] aft] q fai?ful features ( ! spiral type ( pot1 & may ev5 sometimes be se5 on ! cook+-vessels ( mod]n ,zui4 ,to add yet ano!r l9k to ?is *a9 ( connection betwe5 ! coil$ boil+-basket & ! spirally-built cook+-pot1 ! names ( ! two k9ds ( vessels may be giv54 ,! boil+-basket 0 kn[n z w li a k#8ia ni tu li a tom me1 ! corrugat$ cook+ pot z wo li a k#8ia te ni tu li a ton ne1 ! =m] signify+ coil$ cook+-basket1 ! latt] coil$ e>!nw>e cook+-basket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eai--;,cook+-pot ( corrugat$ w>e1 %[+ modifi$ projections ne> rim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebj4--,wick] wat]-bottle1 %[+ d\ble loops = susp5sion4 ,o!r v important types ( vessels 7 made 9 a simil> way4 ,i ref] especially to cante5s & wat]-bottles4 ,! wat]-bottle ( wick] diff]$ little f ! boil+-basket4 ,x 0 g5]ally r\nd]-bodi$1 long] & n>r[] neck$1 & provid$ at "o side ne> ! %\ld]s or rim ) two loops ( hair or /rong fib]1 usually braid$4 7,see ,fig4 #ebj47 ,! ends ( ! burd5-/rap pass$ ?r\gh ^! loops made susp5sion ( ! vessel easy1 or :5 ! latt] 0 us$ simply z a receptacle1 ! pair ( loops s]v$ z a h&le4 ,sometimes ^! basket-bottles 7 /r5g!n$ at ! bottom ) ra:ide or bucksk91 /uck on ) gum4 ,:51 9 ! evolution ( ! pit*]1 ?is type ( basket 0 reproduc$ 9 clay1 n only 0 ! g5]al =m pres]v$1 b also ! details above describ$4 ,t is1 )\t ref]5ce to usefulness--9 fact at no small exp5se ( tr\ble--! h&les 7 almo/ always made d\ble 7see ,fig4 #eba72 inde$1 (t5 braid$1 al?\gh ( clay4 ,frequ5tly1 especially z "t w5t on1 ! bottoms 7 left pla91 z if to simulate ! smoo? sk9-bottom+ ( ! basket-bottles4 7,see ,fig4 #ebb47 ,at fir/ x seems odd t ) all ^! po9ts ( simil>ity ! two k9ds ( wat]-vessel %\ld h totally dissimil> names2 ! basket-bottle be+ kn[n z ! k#8i pu k#8ia tom me1 f k#8i pu ka1 = c>ry+ or plac+ wat] 91 & tm me2 ! h&l$ e>!n receptacle1 z ! mu% ton ne4 ,yet :5 we consid] t ! latt] 0 design$ n = transport+ wat]1 = :i* x 0 less suit$ ?an ! =m]1 b = hold+ x1 = :i* x 0 ev5 pref]able1 ! discrepancy is expla9$1 s9ce ! "n mu% ton ne is f i mu1 to sit1 & tm me1 a tube4 ,?is indicates1 too1 :y ! basket-bottle 0 n displac$ by ! e>!n bottle4 ,:ile ! =m] cont9u$ 9 use = br++ wat] f a di/ance1 ! latt] 0 employ$ = /or+ x4 ,z ! fragile e>!n vessels 7 mu* m readily made & less liable to become ta9t$1 !y 7 exclusively us$ z receptacles1 remov+ ! necessity ( ! t$i\s manufacture ( a l>ge numb] ( ! basket-bottles4 ,aga91 z ! pit*] 0 ?us us$ exclusively z a receptacle1 to be set aside 9 h\sehold or camp1 ! "n mu% ton ne suffic$ )\t ! int]polation te--e>!nw>e--to di/+ui% x z ( t]ra cotta1 in/ead ( osi]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eba4--,wat]-bottle ( corrugat$ w>e1 %[+ d\ble h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebb4--,wat]-bottle ( corrugat$ w>e1 %[+ pla9 bottom4 ,,pott]y ,,influ5c$ ,,by ,,local ,,m9]als4 ,be=e discuss+ ! orig9 ( o!r =ms1 x may be well to consid] briefly "s influ5ces1 m or less local1 :i*1 9 addition to ! g5]al effect ( g\rd-=ms 9 sugge/+ basket-types & ( ! latt] 9 %ap+ e>!nw>e1 _h consid]able be>+ on ! developm5t ( c]amic art 9 ! ,s\?we/1 pu%+ x to high] degrees ( p]fection & div]sity 9 "s p>ts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,p]haps fir/ 9 importance among ^! influ5ces 0 ! m9]al "* ( a locality4 ,:]e clay occurr$ ( a f9e t\gh texture1 easily m9$ & manipulat$1 ! "w 9 t]ra cotta became proportionately m elaborate 9 v>iety & f9] 9 quality4 ,!re are to be f\nd ab\t ! sites ( "s anci5t pueblos1 pot%]ds incr$ibly abundant & indicat+ great advancem5t 9 decorative art1 :ile ne> o!rs1 ar*itecturally simil>1 ev5 :]e evid5ce ( e?nic connection is n want+1 only co>se1 crudely-mold$1 & pa9t$ fragm5ts are discov]able1 & ^! 9 limit$ quantity4 ,an example 9 po9t is ! ru9$ pueblo ( ,a wat u i or ,aguatbi1 z x 0 kn[n to ! ,spani>ds at ! "t ( ! conque/1 :5 x 0 ! lead+ city ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,tusayan1 n[ ,moki4 ,ov] ! entire ext5t ( ?is ru91 & to a consid]able di/ance ar\nd x1 fragm5ts ( ! greate/ v>iety 9 color1 %ape1 size1 & f9i% ( w>e occur 9 abundance4 ,9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 h[ev]1 are ext5sive1 readily accessible =mations produc+ sev]al k9ds ( clay & ne>ly all ! color m9]als us$ 9 ! ,pueblo pott]'s art4 ,yet at ! greate/ ru9 on ! upp] ,colorado ,*iquito 79 an arm ( ! valley ( :i* riv] ,a wat i itself occurs71 :]e ! fall5 walls betok5 equal advancem5t 9 ! /atus ( ! anci5t build]s & indicate by _! va/ ext5t _m times ! population ( ,a wat u i1 ! pot%]ds are co>se1 irregul> 9 curvature1 badly decay$1 & exceptionally sc>ce4 ,9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ?is ru91 ,i ne$ n add1 clay is ( r>e occurr5ce & poor 9 quality4 ,a m reliable example is furni%$ by ! f>m+ pueblos ( ,zui4 ,at ,h %o ta ts nan or ,ojo del ,pescado1 fifte5 miles ea/ ( ,zui1 clays ( sev]al v>ieties & color m9]als are abundant4 ,! f9e/ pott]y ( ! tribe is made !re 9 great quantity1 :ile1 not)/&+ ! facilities = transportation :i* ! ,zuis n[ possess1 at ! opposite f>m+ t[n ( ,k#8ip kwai na kw91 or ,los ,ojos ,cali5tes1 :]e clay is sc>ce & ( poor texture1 ! pott]y1 al?\gh some:at abundant1 is ( mis]able quality & ( bad %ape4 ,9 quality ( art q z mu* z 9 t ( mat]ial ?is local influ5ce 0 great4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ru9$ pueblos :i* occur ne> m9]al deposits furni%+ a great v>iety ( pigm5t-mat]ial1 ! decoration ( ! c]amic rema9s is s surpris+ly & univ]sally elaborate1 beautiful1 & v>i$ z to lead ! obs]v] to reg>d ! p :o dwelt !re z diff]5t f ! p :o _h inhabit$ t[ns ab\t ! sites ( :i* ! %]ds %[ n only meag] skill & less pr(use decorative v>iety1 b almo/ typical dissimil>ity4 ,yet tradition & analogy1 ev5 hi/ory 9 r>e in/ances1 may decl>e t ! inhabitants ( bo? sections 7 ( common d]ivation1 if n closely relat$ & contemporane\s4 ,probably1 at no "o po9t 9 ! ,s\?we/ 0 c]amic decoration c>ri$ to a high] degree ( developm5t ?an at ,a wat u i1 yet ! ,oraibes1 by desc5t ! mod]n repres5tatives ( ! ,a wat u i ans are ! poore/ pott]s & pa9t]s among ! ,mokis4 ,ne> _! pueblo ! clay & o!r m9]al deposits m5tion$ z abundant at ,a wat u i are meag] & inaccessible4 ,/ill1 x may be urg$ t "t may h introduc$ o!r ?an natural causes = *ange2 ?is c\ld n be said ( ano!r example p]ta9+ to "o p]iod & a s+le tribe4 ,i ref] aga9 to ! ,zuis4 ,! manufactures ( ,pescado probably surpass 9 decorative excell5ce all o!r mod]n ,pueblo pott]y1 :ile bo? 9 _! lack ( v>iety & 9 delicacy ( execution ( _! pa9t$ patt]ns ! fictiles ( ,ojo ,cali5te are s inf]ior & div]se f ! o!r ,zui "w t ! future ar*ologi/ w h ne$ to bew>e1 or 7judg+ alone f ! c]amic rema9s :i* he f9ds at ! two pueblos7 he w attribute !m at lea/ to di/9ct p]iods1 p]haps to div]se peoples4 ,,pott]y ,,influ5c$ ,,by ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,me?ods ,,us$ ,,9 ,,burn+4 ,o!r influ5ces1 to a less ext5t local1 _h no inconsid]able effect on primitive ,pueblo pott]y3 mat]ials employ$ & me?ods resort$ to 9 burn+4 ,only "o k9d ( fuel1 except = a s+le class ( vessels1 is n[ us$ 9 pott]y-fir+2 namely1 dri$ cakes or slabs ( %eep-dung4 ,anci5tly1 sev]al v>ieties1 su* z extremely dry sage-bru% or grease-wood1 pion & o!r res9\s woods1 dung ( h]bivora :5 obta9able1 *>coal1 & also bitum9\s or cannel-coal 7 employ$4 ,! pr9cipal ag5t seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 dead-wood or spunk1 pulv]iz$ & moi/5$ ) "s adhesive mixture s t flat cakes c\ld be =m$ ( x4 ,i inf] ?is n alone f ,zui tradition1 :i* is n ample1 b f ! fact t ! %eep-dung n[ us$ is call$1 9 ! condition ( fuel1 k ne a1 :ile its "n 9 ! ab/ract or z %eep-dung simply is m he4 ,dry-rot wood or spunk is kn[n z k me4 ,9 ! %ape ( flat cakes x w\ld be t]m$ k mo we or k me a1 :5ce ,i d\bt n ! mod]n ^w k ne a is d]iv$4 ,( me?ods1 f\r 7 9 vogue4 ,! simple/ & wor/ consi/$ 9 bury+ ! vessel to be burn$ "u hot a%es & build+ a fire ar\nd x1 or inv]t+ x ov] a b$ ( emb]s & encircl+ x ) a blaz+ fire ( bru%-wood1 z is /ill ! practice ( ! ,m>icopas & o!r s$5t>y tribes ( ! ,gila4 ,! mo/ common 0 build+ a little cone or dome ( fuel ov] ! articles to be bak$ & fir+2 ! mo/ p]fect 0 to dig or con/ruct "u gr\nd a little ci/ or kiln1 l9e x ev5ly ) fuel1 leav+ a c5tral space = ! gre5 w>e1 & sl[ly fire ! :ole mass4 ,irrespective ( ! k9d ( fuel us$1 ! bak+ by a%-burial made ! w>e gray1 cl\dy1 or d+y1 & n v durable4 ,pott]y burn$ ) sage or grease-wood 0 firm1 light gray unless ( o*]\s clay1 less cl\dy ?an if a%-bak$1 yet mottl$4 ,turf & dung1 al?\gh easily manag$1 did n ?or\ghly h>d5 ! pott]y1 b burn$ x v ev5ly2 dead wood or spunk-cakes bak$ z ev5ly z any ( ! mat]ials ?us f> m5tion$1 & m ?or\ghly ?an ! o!rs4 ,res9\s or pit*y woods1 :ile !y produc$ a mu* high] degree ( heat1 c\ld be us$ only :5 color 0 unimportant1 z !y /ill are us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! fir+ ( black-w>e or cook+ pots4 ,! latt]1 :ile /ill hot f a prelim9>y burn+1 if coat$ ext]nally ) ! mucilag9\s juice ( gre5 cactus1 int]nally ) pion gum or pit*1 & fir$ a second or ev5 a ?ird "t ) res9\s wood-fuel1 are r5d]$ absolutely fire-pro(1 semi-glaz$ ) a black gloss inside1 & wond]fully durable4 ,tradition repres5ts t by f> ! mo/ p]fect fuel 0 f\nd to be cannel coal1 & t1 :]e abundant1 accessible1 & ( an extremely bitum9\s quality1 x 0 mu* us$4 ,! traces ( little pit-kilns fill$ )1 c9d]s ( m9]al coal ab\t _m ( ! ru9s 9 ! nor?we/]n portion ( ! ,pueblo region1 c\pl$ ) ! semi-fusion & well-pres]v$ condition ( mo/ ( ! anci5t j>s f\nd associat$ ) !m1 c]ta9ly give support to ?is tradition4 ,happily ,i h additional confirmation4 ,:51 two ye>s ago1 ,i 0 engag$ 9 mak+ e?nologic collections at ,moki = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 "s ,indians ( ! ,te wa pueblo br\ght me a quantity ( pott]y4 ,x _h be5 made ) ! purpose ( deceiv+ me1 9 c>eful imitation ( anci5t types1 & 0 c]ta9ly equal to ! latt] 9 lightness & ! condition ( ! burn+4 ,i paid ^! ent]pris+ ,indians z good a price z !y _h be5 accu/om$ to gett+ = g5u9e anci5t specim5s1 b told !m t1 be+ a ,zui1 ,i 0 almo/ "o ( !mselves1 h5ce !y c\ld n deceive me1 & ask$ !m h[ !y _h s clev]ly succe$$ 9 burn+ ! w>e4 ,!y laugh+ly repli$ t !y _h simply dug "s bitum9\s coal 7u ko7 & us$ x 9 little pits4 ,:5 ,i fur!r ask$ !m :y !y did n burn _! h\sehold ut5sils ?us1 !y said x 0 too unc]ta92 repres5t+ t ! pots did n l to be burn$ 9 ! u ko1 probably because x 0 s hot1 h5ce !y broke m frequ5tly ?an if fir$ 9 ! common way ) dri$ %eep-dung2 fur!rmore ! latt] 0 less tr\blesome1 requir+ only to be dug f ! corrals ne> at h& & dri$ to make x ready = use4 ,?is p>tially expla9s :y ! art ( wat]-tight basket-mak+ has "h gradually decl9$ s9ce ! ,spani% conque/1 z ! c]amic indu/ry has increas$ ) ! introduction ( ! %eep1 :i* furni%es fuel = ! burn+1 & ! horse1 be=e unkn[n1 has facilitat$ transportation1 :]eby trade = ?is class ( basketry ) ! di/ant nomadic tribes :o /ill make x is r5d]$ easy4 ,)al1 h[ev]1 ! quality ( pott]y has n improv$1 b has det]iorat$2 z %eep-dung is b an inf]ior fuel = fir+4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,=ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebc4--;,food tr5*] ( wick]-"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebd4--,latt] inv]t$1 z us$ 9 =m+ b[ls ,be>+ ^! /atem5ts 9 m9d1 ! discussion ( ! evolution z well z ( ! di/ribution ( =m1 & lat] ( ! evolution ( decoration1 9 pott]y w become easi]4 ,by l+]+ /eps !re 0 e>ly develop$ a me?od ( build+ up vessels by a process diff]+ 9 "p f ! spiral4 ,z ! p>*+-b[l _h be5 evolv$ f ! roa/+-tray1 s1 we may inf]1 ! food-b[l 0 sugge/$ by ! hemisph]ical food-tr5*] ( wick]-"w4 7,see ,fig4 #ebc47 ,yet1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! inside ( ! latt] seems n at fir/ to h be5 us$ 9 mold+ ! food-b[l1 z1 x w be rememb]$1 ! tray _h be5 9 =m+ ! p>*+-pan4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! clay 0 coil$ ar\nd & ar\nd ! outside ( ! bottom ( an inv]t$ basket b[l 7see ,fig4 #ebd71 in/ead ( be+ press$ ev5ly into x4 ,z ) ! cook+ pot1 s ) ?is2 z ! coil+ progress$ x 0 corrugat$1 n s mu*1 h[ev] f necessity1 z f habit4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 remov+ ^! b[l-=ms f ! bottoms ( ! baskets--:i* _h to be done :ile !y 7 /ill pla/ic1 to keep !m f crack+--!y 7 made v %all[4 ,h5ce ! specim5s f\nd among ! old] ru9s & graves are n only corrugat$ outside1 b are also v wide 9 proportion to _! height4 7,see ,fig4 #ebe47 ,z "t w5t on x 0 f\nd t b[ls might be made deep]1 & yet readily be tak5 (f f ! basket bottoms1 if slightly moi/5$ outside & press$ ev5ly all ar\nd1 or1 bett] /ill1 scrap$2 =1 be+ pla/ic1 ?is proce$+ caus$ !m to gr[ ?9n]1 consequ5tly l>g]1 !reby to loos5 f ! basket ov] :i* !y _h be5 mold$4 ,z a result ( ?is scrap+1 h[ev]1 ! corrugat$ surface 0 de/roy$1 nor c\ld x easily be re/or$4 ,!re=e b[ls :5 made deep 71 z a rule1 smoo? on ! outside z well z on ! int]ior surface4 ,:5 by a p]fectly natural sequ5ce ( ev5ts--z w be %[n fur!r on--ornam5tation by pa9t+ came to be appli$ fir/ to ! pla9 int]iors ( ! b[ls1 ! smoo? out] surface 0 f\nd pref]able to ! corrugat$ surface1 n only because x took pa9t m readily1 b also because ! b[l1 :5 pa9t$ outside z well z inside1 =m$ a f> h&som] ut5sil = h\sehold use ?an if simply decorat$ by ! old] me?ods4 ,z a consequ5ce1 we f9d t1 :ile ! l>g] vessels cont9u$ to be corrugat$ & ind5t$1 ! smoo!d & pa9t$ b[l came into g5]al use4 ,associat$ lat] on ) ?is second>y type ( b[ls occurr$ ! l>g] vessels pla9 at ! bottoms1 /ill corrugat$ at ! sides4 ,nor is ?is surpris+1 z ! b[l1 mold$ on ! basket bottom & !re smoo!d1 c\ld be aft]w>d built up by ! spiral process4 ,:5 9 "t ! huge hemisph]ical cante5s or wat] c>ri]s ( e>!n-w>e replac$ ! basket bottles1 s also ! wat] j> or olla replac$ ! h&l$ sitt] or pit*]1 s9ce x c\ld be made l>g] to receive m copi\s supplies ( wat] ?an ! /r5g? ( ! frail h&les on ! pit*]s w\ld w>rant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebe4--;,anci5t b[l ( corrugat$ w>e4 ,! wat] j>1 l ! food-b[l1 is a conspicu\s h\sehold article2 = :i* reason ! ,zui woman exp5ds all h] ability to r5d] !m h&some4 ,judg+ by ?is1 ! desire to decorate ! wat]-vessel ) pa9t1 l its con/ant companion ! food-b[l1 w\ld e>ly lead to ! attempt to make its surface smoo?4 ,?is w\ld ne$ to be effect$ :ile ! article 0 /ill s(t2 :i* necessity probably l$ to ! discov]y t aj> ( ! corrugat$ or simply coil$ type may be smoo!d :ile /ill pla/ic )\t dang] ( di/ortion1 no matt] :at its size1 if support$ at ! bottom 9 a basket or o!r mold s t x may be %ift$ or turn$ ab\t )\t direct h&l+4 7,see ,fig4 #ebf47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebf4--;,basket-b[l z base-mold = l>ge vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebg4--;,clay nucleus = a vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebh4--;,clay nucleus %ap$ to =m ! base ( a vessel4 ,aft] ?is discov]y 0 made1 ! mold+ ( l>ge vessels 0 no long] accompli%$ by ! spiral me?od exclusively4 ,a lump ( clay1 holl[$ out 7see ,fig4 #ebg71 0 %ap$ h[ rudely s ev] on ! bottom ( ! basket or 9 ! h& 7see ,fig4 #ebh71 !n plac$ inside ( a hemisph]ical basket-b[l & /rok$ until press$ outw>d to con=m ) ! %ape1 & to project a little above ! edges ( its tempor>y mold1 :5ce x 0 built up spirally 7see ,fig4 #ebi7 until ! desir$ =m _h be5 atta9$1 aft] :i* x 0 smoo!d by scrap+ 7see ,fig4 #ecj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ebi4--;,clay nucleus 9 base-mold1 ) beg9n+ ( spiral build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecj4--;,fir/ =m ( vessel4 ,! necks & ap]tures ( ^! e>lie/ =ms ( ! wat] j> 7 made v small 9 proportion to _! o!r dim5sions1 presumably on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( (t5 c>ry+ !m full ( wat] ov] /eep & r\gh mesa pa?s1 c\pl$ p]haps ) ! imitation ( o!r =ms4 ,to r5d] !m z light z possible !y 7 also made v ?94 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( all ?is 0 t :5 l>ge !y c\ld n be /rok$ inside1 z ! %\ld]s or utt]mo/ upp] p]iph]ies ( ! vessel c\ld n be rea*$ ) ! h& or scrap] ?r\gh ! small op5+s4 ,! effect ( ! pressure ex]t$ 9 smoo?+ !m on ! outside1 !re=e1 naturally caus$ ! upp] p>ts to s9k d[n1 g5]at+ ! sph]oidal %ape ( ! j>4 7see ,fig4 #eca71 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful types ( ! olla ev] kn[n to ! ,pueblos4 ,at ,zui1 wi%+ to h an anci5t j> ( ?is =m :i* ,i _h se51 reproduc$1 ,i %[$ a draw+ ( x to a woman exp]t 9 ! manufacture ( pott]y4 ,)\t any in/ructions f me beyond a m]e /atem5t ( my wi%es1 %e proce$$ at once to spr9kle ! inside ( a basket-b[l ) s&1 manag+ ! clay 9 a way above describ$ & cont9u+ ! vessel-%ap+ upw>d by spiral build+4 ,%e did n at fir/ make ! %\ld]s l[ or slop+1 b r\nd$ or ar*$ !m upw>d & outw>d 7see aga9 ,fig4 #ebi74 ,at ?is ,i remon/rat$1 b %e gave no he$ o!r ?an to ejaculate w na ni1 n6 :i* meant j wait1 w y6 ,:5 %e _h f9i%$ ! rim1 %e easily caus$ ! %\ld]s to s9k1 simply by /rok+ !m--m :]e unev5 ?an else:]e--) a wet scrap] ( g\rd 7see ,fig4 #ecb1 a7 until %e _h exactly reproduc$ ! =m ( ! draw+4 ,%e !n set ! vessel aside 9 ! basket4 ,)9 two days x %rank by dry+ at ! rate ( ab\t "o in* 9 twelve1 leav+ ! basket f> too l>ge4 7,see ,fig4 #ecc47 ,x c\ld h5ce be remov$ )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eca4--,second>y =m1 9 ! mold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecb4--,scrap]s ( g\rd & e>!nw>e = smoo?+ pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecc4--;,f9i%$ =m ( vessel 9 mold1 %[+ am\nt ( contraction 9 dry+4 ,! s& _h prev5t$ contact ) ! basket :i* w\ld h caus$ ! clay vessel to crack z ! latt] 0 v ?94 ,?is process exi/s 9 full =ce to-day ) ! ,oraibes 9 ! model+ ( convex-bottom$ vessels1 & ! ,zuis ?us make _! l>ge b[ls & huge drum-j>s4 ,^u ! bottoms ( _m j>s ( ^! =ms1 ,i h obs]v$ ! impressions ( ! wick] b[ls 9 :i* !y _h be5 mold$--n entirely to be remov$1 x seems1 by ! mo/ assidu\s smoo?+ be=e burn+2 =1 h[ev] smoo? any exceptional specim5 may appe>1 a squeeze 9 pla/] w /ill reveal traces ( ^! impressions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecd4--,pr(ile ( olla1 or mod]n wat]-jug4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ^! old] =ms ( ! wat]-j> is t !y are inv>iably flat or r\nd-bottom$1 :ile m rec5t & all mod]n types ( ! olla 7see ,fig4 #ecd7 are concave or holl[$ at ! base 7see ,fig4 #ece7 to facilitate balanc+ on ! head4 ,outside ( ?is concavity & entirely surr\nd+ x 7,fig4 #ecf1 a7 is (t5 to be obs]v$ an ind5tation 7see ,fig4 #ecf1 b7 usually slight al?\gh sometimes pron\nc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ece4--;,base ( olla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecf4--,section ( olla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecg4--;,annul> mat ( wick]1 or milkmaid's boss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ech4--,use ( annul> mat illu/rat$4 ,?is has no use1 b !re is ( c\rse a reason = its occurr5ce :i*1 if inve/igat$1 may ?r[ light on ! orig9 ( ! mod]n type ( ! olla itself4 ,! old] or r\nd-bottom$ j>s 7 balanc$ on ! head 9 c>ry+1 by means ( a wick]-"w r+1 a k9d ( milk-maid's boss4 7,see ,fig4 #ecg47 ,^! annul> mats are /ill f\nd among ! ru9s & cave-deposits1 & cont9ue 9 use ) ! mod]n ,pueblos = support+ convex-bottom cook+ pots on ! floor z well z = facilitat+ ! balanc+ ( l>ge food-b[ls on ! head4 7,see ,fig4 #ech47 ,obvi\sly ! latt] di%es h nev] be5 holl[$ z ! ollas h be51 because1 s9ce !y 7 us$ z eat+-b[ls1 ! food c\ld be remov$ f a pla9 bottom m easily ?an f a convex surface1 :i* w\ld result f ! holl[+ und]nea?4 ,suppos+ t a wat]-j> *anc$ to be model$ 9 "o ( ! convex-bottom bread-baskets 7see ,fig4 #eci71 x w\ld become necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ^! wick] b[ls1 to remove ! =m f ! mold be=e x dri$4 ,by absorption x w\ld dry s rapidly t x w\ld crack1 especially 9 contract+ aga9/ ! convexity 9 ! c5t] ( ! basket-bottom4 7,see ,fig4 #eci1 a47 ,9 ord] t ?is =m might be support$ 9 an upright position until dry1 x w\ld naturally be plac$ on "o ( ! wick]-r+s4 ,moreov]1 t ! bottom might n s9k d[n or fall out1 a wad ( "s s(t sub/ance w\ld be plac$ )9 ! r+4 7,see ,fig4 #edj1 a47 ,z a consequ5ce ! weight ( ! pla/ic vessel w\ld press ! /ill s(t bottom aga9/ ! c5tral wad1 7,fig4 #edj1 a7 & ! wick] r+ 7,fig4 #edj1 c7 suffici5tly to cause ! r\nd+ upw>d ( ! cavity 7,fig4 #edj1 b7 fir/ made by ! convex-bottom ( ! basket-mold1 z well z =m ! encircl+ ind5tation 7,fig4 #edj1 c74 ,?us by accid5t1 probably1 only possibly by int5tion1 0 evolv$ ! mo/ useful & di/9ctive feature ( ! mod]n wat]-j> or olla1 ! concave bottom4 ,?is1 once produc$1 w\ld be held to be peculi>ly conv5i5t1 disp5s+ ) ! use ( a tr\blesome auxili>y4 ,its reproduction w\ld pres5t grave difficulties unless ! bottom ( ! fir/ vessel1 ?ickly coat$ ) s& to prev5t crack+1 0 employ$ z a mold1 in/ead ( ! absorb5t convex-c5t]$ basket-b[l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eci4--,section ( incipi5t vessel 9 basket-mold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edj4--,section ( vessel support$ = dry+4 ,i inf] ?is because1 to-day1 a ,zui woman is q at a loss h[ to holl[ ! bottom ( a wat]-j> if %e does n possess a =m or mold made f ! base ( "s previ\sly brok5 j> ( ! same type4 ,%e !re=e1 c>efully pres]ves ^! preci\s bottoms ( h] brok5 ollas1 ev5 cem5t+ toge!r fractur$ ones1 :5 n too badly %iv]$1 ) a mixture ( pit* or m9]al asphaltum & s&4 ,i h se5 z _m z a doz5 or m ( ^! molds 7see ,fig4 #eda7 9 a s+le /ore room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eda4--;,base-mold 7bottom ( wat]-j>74 ,z ! practice ( mold+ all new vessels ( ?is class 9 ! bottoms ( old] ones 0 g5]al--,i might say inv>iable--any peculi>ities ( =m 9 ! orig9als mu/ h be5 communicat$ to ^? ensu+2 f ! latt] to o!rs1 & s on1 ?\gh 9 less & less degree1 to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is !ory is b t5tative1 yet x w\ld also expla91 on ! score ( association1 :y ! ,pueblo wom5 slightly pref] ! j>s %[+ ! ind5tation 9 "q to m regul> ones4 ,) ! *ange f elevat$ cliff or mesa habitations to m accessible ones1 ! ,pueblo ,indians 7 enabl$ to enl>ge ! ap]tures ( _! wat]-j>s1 s9ce n only did ! concave bases ( ! latt] make ! balanc+ ( !m m secure1 b ! trails ov] :i* !y _h to be c>ri$ f wat]+ place to habitation 7 less rugg$4 ,a natural result ( ?is enl>gem5t ( ! op5+s1 :i* admitt$ access ) ! scrap] to ! int]ior p]iph]ies ( ! ?9-wall$ j>s1 0 ! r\nd+ upw>d ( _! %\ld]s1 mak+ !m tall] 9 proportion to _! diamet]s4 ,?is modification ( =m 9 ! wat]-j>1 tak5 9 connection ) ! fact t ?us *ang$1 x displac$ ! daily use ( ! cante51 expla9s ! totally dissimil> names :i* 7 appli$ to ! two types4 ,! old]1 or sph]oidal olla1 0 kn[n z ! k#8ip ton ne1 f k#8ia pu1 to place or c>ry wat] 91 & tm me2 :ile ! new] olla is call$ k#8i wih na k#8ia t le1 f k#8i wih na ki#8a na ki#8a1 = br++ ( wat]3 t1 e>!n-w>e1 & le or l lai e1 to /& or /&+4 ,! latt] t]m1 t le1 is g5]ic1 be+ appli$ to ne>ly all t]ra cotta vessels :i* are tall] ?an !y are broad4 ,t1 e>!n w>e1 is d]iv$ f t'eh1 ! root also ( t ne a1 to res\nd1 to s\nd holl[2 :ile le1 f l le or l lai 1 to /&1 is obvi\sly appli$ 9 significance ( comp>ative height z well z ( function4 ,?us ,i h ?r[n toge!r a few conjectures & sugge/ions relative to ! orig9 ( ! ,s\?we/]n pott]y & ! evolution ( its pr9cipal =ms4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,decoration ,i might g on1 appeal+ to language to acc\nt = ne>ly e v>iety ( pott]y f\nd exi/+ z a type ?r\gh\t ! region ref]r$ to2 b a subject insep>ably connect$ ) ?is1 ?r[+ light on x 9 _m ways1 & possess+ 9 itself great int]e/1 claims treatm5t on ! few rema9+ pages ( ?is essay4 ,i ref] to ! evolution & significance or symbolism ( ,pueblo c]amic decorations4 ,be=e proce$+ ) ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t ,i am z mu* indebt$ to ! tea*+s ( ,mr4 ,e4,b4 ,tylor1 9 8 rem>kable works on ,man's ,e>ly ,hi/ory & ,primitive ,culture1 to ,lubbock1 ,daniel ,wilson1 ,evans1 & o!rs1 = ! direction or impetus ( ^! inquiries1 z ,i am to my own obs]vations & exp]im5ts = its developm5t4 ,! l9e ( gradual developm5t 9 c]amic decorations1 especially ( ! symbolic elem5t1 treat$ z a subject1 is wid] 9 its applicability to ! /udy ( primitive man1 because m cle>ly illu/rative ( ! gr[? ( culture4 ,i regret1 !re=e1 t x mu/ "h be dealt ) only 9 a mo/ cursory mann]4 ,l>ge collections = illu/ration w\ld be ess5tial to a full] treatm5t1 ev5 7 space unlimit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edb4--;,example ( ,pueblo pa9t$ ornam5tation4 ,decoratively1 ,pueblo pott]y is *>act]iz$ by two m>k$ features3 angul> designs pr$om9ate & ornam5tal effect dep5ds z mu* on ! op5 or undecorat$ space z on ! pa9t$ l9es & areas 9 ! devices4 7,see ,fig4 #edb47 ,:ile ?is is true ( rec5t & mod]n w>es1 x is m & m notably ! case ) o!r specim5s 9 a ratio increas+ 9 proportion to _! antiquity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edc4 ,,fig4 #edd4--;,amazonian basket decorations4 ,we _c expla9 ^! *>act]i/ics1 & ! conv5tional aspect ( ! high] & symbolic ,pueblo c]amic decorations :i* grew out ( !m1 9 a bett] way ?an to suppose !m1 l ! =ms ( ?is pott]y1 to be ! survivals ( ! influ5ce ( basketry4 7,see1 = comp>ison1 ,figs4 #edc1 #edd47 ,i %all be p>don$1 !re=e1 = elaborat+ sugge/ions already made 9 ?is direction1 9 ! p>agraphs :i* treat$ ( ! ornam5tation ( spiral w>e1 & ( ! d]ivation ( basket decorations f /it*- & spl9t-sugge/$ figures4 ,all /ud5ts ( e>ly man und]/& 8 t5d5cy to reproduce habitual =ms 9 accu/om$ association4 ,?is feel+1 exagg]at$ ) savages by a belief 9 ! actual relation%ip ( resemblance1 is %[n 9 ! reproduction ( ! decorations ( basket vessels on ! clay vessels made f !m or 9 imitation ( !m4 ,9 entire con=mity ) ?is1 ! succession 9 ! me?ods ( ! ornam5tation ( ,pueblo pott]y seems to h be5 fir/ by incision or ind5tation2 !n by relief2 aft]w>d by pa9t+ 9 black on a natural or light surface2 f9ally1 by pa9t+ 9 color on a :ite or color$ surface4 ,z be=e sugge/$1 ! patt]ns on ! coil$1 regul>ly ind5t$ pott]y 7:i* came to be fir/ kn[n to ! _w z a type1 ! corrugat$1 ?r\gh ! e>li] explorations & reports ( ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,holmes7 7 produc$ simply by emphasiz$ ind5tation1 m r>ely by incision1 & 7 almo/ inv>iably angul>1 reproduc+ exactly ! designs on wick] "w4 ,ev5 9 comp>atively rec5t examples ( ! corrugat$ w>e ?is is true2 =1 once connect$ ) a type1 a /yle ( decoration1 bo? seem to h be5 ev] aft] insep>able1 ) at mo/ b slight modification ( ! latt]4 ,"o ( ^! modifications1 9 bo? me?od & effect1 0 9 ! adoption ( ! rais$ or relief /yle ( ornam5tation f\nd1 ) r>e exceptions 9 ! ,s\?we/1 only on corrugat$ w>e1 & on ! class :i* 9 mod]n times has replac$ x !re1 vessels us$ 9 cook]y4 ,al?\gh nev] univ]sal1 ?is /yle des]ves pass+ att5tion z ! outgr[? ( an ef=t to atta9 ! effect ( contra/ produc$ by dy$ or pa9t$ spl9ts on wick$ "w be=e ! use ( pa9t 0 kn[n 9 connection ) pott]y4 ,! same k9d ( inve/igation indicates t ! ,pueblos l>gely ow$ _! textile indu/ries & designs1 z well z _! pott]'s art1 to ! necessity :i* gave rise to ! mak+ ( wat]-tight basketry4 ,! t]ms connect$ ) ! rudim5t>y processes ( weav+ & embroid]y1 & ! pr9cipal patt]ns ( bo? 7on1 = example1 blankets1 kirtles1 sacr$ girdles1 & wom5's belts71 are mo/ly susceptible ( int]pretation1 l ! t]ms 9 pott]y1 z hav+ a mean+ connect$ ) ! processes ( basket plait+ & pa9t+4 ,?is r5d]s ! conv5tional "* ( ,pueblo textile ornam5ts easy ( compreh5sion1 z well1 z ! v e>ly1 if n ! e>lie/1 orig9 ( loom-weav+ among our ,indians 9 ! des]t regions ( ,am]ica4 ,h5ce=w>d1 !n1 we h only to consid] decoration by pa9t+4 ,! probability is t ?is began z soon z ! smoo? surface 9 pott]y 0 g5]ally made2 evid5ce ( :i* seem+ly exi/s2 z eat+ b[ls are1 ev5 to ! pres5t day1 decorat$ pr9cipally on ! int]ior2 n1 z may be suppos$1 because ! ext]ior is m hidd5 f view1 b because1 z we h se5 on a =m] page1 b[ls 7 made pla9 inside be=e ! corrugat$ type =m$ on basket bottoms _h be5 displac$ by ! smoo!d type2 & 7 naturally fir/ decorat$ !re ) pa9t4 ,x mu/ be con/antly borne 9 m9d t a /yle ( decoration once c\pl$ ) a k9d ( w>e1 or ev5 a portion ( a vessel1 reta9$ its association p]man5tly4 ,x mu/ h be5 e>ly obs]v$ t clay ( "o k9d1 appli$ ev5 ?9ly to ! ext]ior ( a vessel ( ano!r k9d1 produc$1 :5 burn$1 a diff]5t color4 ,) ! discov]y t clays ( diff]5t k9ds burn$ 9 a v>iety ( colors1 to "s ext5t irrespective ( ! me?ods & ! mat]ials us$ 9 fir+1 !re mu/ likewise h be5 h9t$1 we may safely conclude1 ! efficacy ( clay wa%es z pa9t1 & ( pa9t z a decorative ag5t4 ,among ! c]amic rema9s f ! olde/ pueblo sites ( ! ,s\?we/1 pott]y occurs1 mo/ly 9 f\r v>ieties3 ! corrugat$ or spiral2 ! pla91 yet r\gh gray2 :ite decorat$ ) geometric figures 9 black2 & r$1 ei!r pla9 or decorat$ ) geometric devices 9 black & :ite4 ,! gray or d+y br[n1 r\gh v>iety1 result$ :5 a corrugat$ or coil$ j> _h be5 simply smoo!d ) ! f+]s & scrap] be=e x 0 fir$4 ,a /ep 9 advance1 easily & soon tak51 0 ! additional smoo?+ ( ! vessel by slightly wett+ & rubb+ its out] surface4 ,ev5 ?is 0 productive only ( a mod]ately smoo? surface1 s9ce1 z le>n$ by ! ,indian pott]s long be=e1 9 _! exp]i5ce ) ! clay-pla/]$ p>*+-tray1 x 0 necess>y to mix ! clay ( vessels ) a temp]+ ( s&1 cru%$ pot%]ds1 or ! l1 to prev5t x f crack+ :ile dry+2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 no am\nt ( rubb+ w\ld remove4 ,h5ce1 by ano!r easy /ep1 clay unmix$ ) a grit-temp]+1 made into a ?9 pa/e ) wat]1 & ?ickly appli$ to ! half-dri$ j> ) a dab or bra% ( s(t fib]1 gave a beautifully smoo? surface1 especially if poli%$ aft]w>d by rubb+ ) wat]-worn pebbles4 ,! vessel ?us prep>$1 :5 burn$1 assum$ inv>iably a creamy1 pure :ite1 r$-br[n or1 o!r color1 accord+ to ! quality or k9d ( ! clay us$ 9 mak+ ! pa/e ) :i* x _h be5 smoo!d or wa%$4 ,?us 0 a*iev$ ! art ( produc+ at w fictiles ( diff]5t colors1 ) :i* simple sugge/ion pa9t+ also became easy4 ,black1 aside f clay pa/e1 0 almo/ ! fir/ pigm5t discov]$2 q likely because ! m9]al blacks f iron ores1 coal1 & ! v>i\s rocks us$ univ]sally among ,indians = /a9+ spl9ts1 etc41 w\ld be ! e>lie/ tri$1 & !n adopt$1 z !y rema9$ un*ang$ by fir+4 ,?us x came ab\t1 z evid5c$ by ! sequ5ce ( e>ly rema9s 9 ! ,s\?we/1 t ! :ite & black v>ieties ( pott]y 7 ! fir/ made1 !n ! r$ & black1 & lat] ! r$ ) :ite & black decoration4 ,take1 z an example1 ! latt]4 ,( c\rse x 0 a simple mode to employ ! r$ 7o*]\s7 clay = ! wa%1 ! blue clay 7:i* burn$ :ite7 = ! :ite pigm5t 9 mak+ l9es1 & any ( ! black m9]als above m5tion$ = o!r m>k+4 ,9 ^! e>lie/ k9ds ( pa9t$ pott]y ! angul> decorations ( ! corrugat$ w>e or ( basketry 7 repeat$1 or at ! f>!/ only elaborat$1 al?\gh on "s specim5s ! sugge/ions ( ! curv$ ornam5t already occurr$4 ,^! result$1 ,i may n fe> to claim1 f c>elessness or awkw>dness 9 draw+1 = in/ance1 ! corn]s ( acute angles1 :i*1 cutt+ across-lot w\ld1 x may be se51 produce ! wavy or me&]+ l9e f ! zigzag1 ! ellipsoid f ! rectangle1 & s on4 ,precisely 9 accordance ) ?is !ory 7 ! /udies ( my preceptor1 ! lam5t$ ,pr(4 ,*>les ,fr$4 ,h>tt4 ,9 a pap] ,on ,evolution 9 ,ornam5t1 publi%$ 9 sev]al p]iodicals1 among !m ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly ( ,janu>y1 #ahge1 ?is gift$ naturali/ illu/rat$ 8 /udies by actual examples f\nd on decorat$ burial urns f ,m>aj ,isl&4 ,i mu/ take ! lib]ty ( sugge/+1 h[ev]1 t ^u "s antec$5t k9d ( vessel1 ! eyes ( ! ,amazonian ,isl&]s may h be51 to give ,pr(essor ,h>tt's idea1 tra9$ to take physiological & /hetic delight 9 regul>ly recurr+ l9es & dots2 n on ! pott]y itself1 z he seem$ to ?9k1 = decoration 0 old 9 basketry & ! textiles :5 pott]y 0 fir/ made4 ,,decorative ,,symbolism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ede4--;,food-b[l4 ,,fig4 #edf4--,wat]-j>4 7,%[+ op5 or jo9$ space 9 l9e ne> rim47 ,on e class ( food- & wat]-vessels1 9 collections ( bo? anci5t & mod]n ,pueblo pott]y 7except1 x is important to note1 on pit*]s & "s sacr$ receptacles71 x may be obs]v$ z a s+ul>1 yet almo/ con/ant feature1 t encircl+ l9es1 (t5 ev5 ornam5tal zones1 are left op5 or n z x 7 clos$ at ! ends4 7,see ,figs4 #ede1 a1 #edf1 a47 ,?is is cle>ly a conv5tional quality & seem+ly ( int5tional significance4 ,an explanation mu/ be s\ght 9 v>i\s directions1 & once f\nd w be useful 9 guid+ to an und]/&+ ( ! symbolic elem5t 9 ,pueblo c]amic art4 ,i ask$ ! ,indian wom51 :5 ,i saw !m mak+ ^! little spaces ) great c>e1 :y !y took s mu* pa9s to leave !m op54 ,!y repli$ t to close !m 0 ak ta ni1 fe>ful6--t ?is little space ?r\gh ! l9e or zone on a vessel 0 ! exit trail ( life or be+1 o ne y?l kwi na1 & ?is 0 all4 ,h[ x came to be fir/ left op5 & :y reg>d$ z ! exit trail1 !y c\ld n tell4 ,if "o /udies ! my?ology ( ?is p & _! ways ( ?9k+1 !n wat*es !m closely1 he w1 h[ev]1 get o!r clews4 ,:5 a woman has made a vessel1 dri$1 poli%$1 & pa9t$ x1 %e w tell y ) an air ( relief t x is a ,made ,be+4 ,h] /atem5t is confirm$ z a sort ( article ( fai?1 :5 y obs]ve t z %e places ! vessel 9 ! kiln1 %e also places 9 & beside x food4 ,evid5tly %e vaguely gives some?+ ab\t ! vessel a p]sonal exi/5ce4 ,! "q arises h[ did ^! p come to reg>d food-receptacles or wat]-receptacles z possess$ ( or accompani$ by consci\s exi/5ces4 ,i h f\nd t ! ,zui argues actual & ess5tial relation%ip f simil>ity 9 ! appe>ance1 function1 or o!r attributes ( ev5 g5]ically div]se ?+s4#b #b ,i w\ld ref] ^?1 :o may wi% to f9d ?is *>act]i/ic m fully set =?1 to ! introductory pages ( my essay on ,zui ,feti*es1 publi%$ 9 ! second volume ( ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology by ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology2 also to a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ! ,relations to "o ano!r ( ! ,zui ,my?ologic & ,sociologic ,sy/ems1 publi%$1 ,i regret to say1 )\t my revision1 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 = ,july1 #ahhb4 ,i "h allude to ?is m5tal bias because x has bo? influ5c$ ! decoration ( pott]y & has be5 itself influ5c$ by x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! noise made by a pot :5 /ruck or :5 simm]+ on ! fire is suppos$ to be ! voice ( its associat$ be+4 ,! clang ( a pot :5 x breaks or sudd5ly cracks 9 burn+ is ! cry ( ?is be+ z x escapes or sep>ates f ! vessel4 ,t x has dep>t$ is argu$ f ! fact t ! vase :5 crack$ or fragm5t>y nev] res\nds z x did :5 :ole4 ,?is vague exi/5ce nev] cries out viol5tly unprovok$2 b x is suppos$ to acquire ! p[] ( do+ s by imitation2 h5ce1 no "o s+s1 :i/les1 or makes o!r /range or musical s\nds resembl+ ^? ( e>!nw>e "u ! circum/ances above describ$ dur+ ! smoo?+1 poli%+1 pa9t+1 or o!r processes ( f9i%+4 ,! be+ ?us incit$1 !y ?9k1 w\ld surely /rive to come out1 & w\ld break ! vessel 9 s do+4 ,9 ?is we f9d a p>tial explanation ( ! native belief t a pot is accompani$ by a consci\s exi/5ce4 ,! re/ ( ! solution ( ?is problem 9 belief is involv$ 9 ! native philosophy & wor%ip ( wat]4 ,wat] conta9s ! s\rce ( cont9u$ life4 ,! vessel holds ! wat]2 ! s\rce ( life accompanies ! wat]1 h5ce its dwell+ place is 9 ! vessel ) ! wat]4 ,f9ally1 ! vessel is suppos$ to conta9 ! treasur$ s\rce1 irrespective ( ! wat]--z d wells & spr+s1 or ev5 ! places :]e !y h be54 ,if ! encircl+ l9es inside ( ! eat+ b[l1 outside ( ! wat] j>1 7 clos$1 !re w\ld be no exit trail = ?is invisible s\rce ( life or = its influ5ce or brea?4 ,yet1 :y1 x maybe ask$1 mu/ ! s\rce ( life or its influ5ce be provid$ ) a trail by :i* to pass out f ! vessel8 ,9 reply to ?is ,i w submit two consid]ations4 ,x has be5 /at$ t on ! e>lie/ ,s\?we/]n pott]ies decoration 0 effect$ by incis$ or rais$ ornam5tation4 ,any "o :o has (t5 attempt$ to make vessels accord+ to primitive me?ods z ,i h has f\nd h[ difficult x is to smoo?ly jo9 a l9e incis$ ar\nd a /ill s(t clay pot1 & t ?is difficulty is ev5 great] :5 ! ornam5tal b& is laid on 9 relief4 ,x w\ld be a natural outgr[? ( ?is pr$icam5t to leave ! ends unjo9$1 :i* inde$ ! savage (t5 did4 ,:5 pa9t in/ead ( incision or relief came to be ! decorative ag5t1 ! l9es or b&s w\ld be left unjo9$ 9 imitation4 ,z ^? acqua9t$ ) ,tylor's ,e>ly ,hi/ory w realize1 & my? ( obs]vation l ! above w\ld come to be assign$ 9 aft] ages4 ,?is may or may n be true ( ! case 9 "q2 =1 z be=e obs]v$1 "s classes ( sacr$ receptacles1 z well z ! mo/ anci5t pa9t$ b[ls1 are n *>act]iz$ by ! unjo9$ l9es4 ,:e!r true or n1 x is an insuffici5t solution ( ! problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edg4--;,conical or flat-belli$ cante54 ,x is natural = ! ,pueblo to consid] wat] z ! prime s\rce ( life1 or z accompani$ by x1 = )\t ! pres5ce ( liv+ wat] v few ?+s gr[ 9 8 des]t l&4 ,dur+ _m a dr\ght *ronicl$ 9 8 oral annals1 plants1 animals1 & m5 h di$ z ( a contagi\s sc\rge4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 he has come to reg>d wat] z ! milk ( adults1 to speak ( x z su*1 & z ! all-suffici5t n\ri%m5t :i* ! e>? 79 8 conception ( x z ! "m ( m57 yields4 ,9 ! times :5 8 0 a race ( cliff & mesa dwell]s1 ! mo/ common vessel app]ta9+ to 8 daily life 0 ! flat-belli$ cante5 or wat]-c>ri]4 7,see ,fig4 #edg47 ,?is 0 susp5d$ by a b& across ! =ehead1 s z to hang aga9/ ! back1 ?us leav+ ! h&s z well z ! feet free = assi/ance 9 climb+4 ,x n[ survives only = use on long j\rneys or at camps di/ant f wat]4 ,! orig9al sugge/ion ( its =m seems to h be5 t ( ! human mamm>y gl&1 or p]haps its peculi> =m may h sugge/$ a relation%ip betwe5 ! two4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #edh1 #edi47 ,at any rate1 its "n 9 ,zui is me he ton ne1 :ile me ha na is ! "n ( ! human mamm>y gl&4 ,me he ton ne is f me ha na1 mamma1 e ton nai e1 conta9+ )91 & tom me4 ,f me ha na comes wo ha na1 hang+ or plac$ aga9/ any?+1 obvi\sly because ! mamm>ies hang or are plac$ aga9/ ! brea/2 or1 possibly1 m ha na may be d]iv$ f w ha na by a rev]sal ( reason+1 :i* view does n affect ! argum5t 9 "q4 ,x is probable t ! me he ton 0 at fir/ left op5 at ! apex 7,fig4 #edi4;a7 in/ead ( at ! top 7,fig4 #edi4;b72 b1 be+ f\nd liable to leak :5 furni%$ ) ! ap]ture s l[1 ?is 0 clos$4 ,a surviv+ sup]/ition incl9es me to ?is view4 ,:5 a ,zui woman has complet$ ! me he ton ne>ly to ! apex1 by ! coil+-process1 & be=e %e has ins]t$ ! nozzle 7,fig4 #edi4;b71 %e prep>es a little w$ge ( clay1 &1 z %e closes ! apex ) x1 %e turns h] eyes away4 ,if y ask h] :y %e does ?is1 %e w tell y t x is ak ta ni 7fe>ful7 to look at ! vessel :ile clos+ x at ?is po9t2 t1 if %e look at x dur+ ?is op]ation1 %e w be liable to become b>r52 or t1 if *ildr5 be born to h]1 !y w die dur+ infancy2 or t %e maybe /rick5 ) bl9dness2 or ^? :o dr9k f ! vessel w be afflict$ ) disease & wa/+ away6 ,my impression is t1 reason+ f analogy 7:i* ) ^! p means actual relation%ip or connection1 x w be rememb]$71 ! ,zui woman supposes t by clos+ ! apex ( ?is artificial mamma %e closes ! exit-way = ! s\rce ( life2 fur!r1 t ! woman :o closes ?is exit-way kn[+ly 79 h] own sight1 t is7 volunt>ily closes ! exit-way = ! s\rce ( life 9 h] own mamm2 fur!r /ill1 t = ?is reason ! privilege ( be>+ infants may be tak5 away f h]1 or at any rate 7exp]i5ce %[+ ! fallacy ( ?is philosophy7 %e des]ves ! loss ( ! s5se 7sight7 :i* enabl$ h] to kn[+ly close ! exit-way ( ! s\rce ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edh4 ,,fig4 #edi4 ,conical cante5 comp>$ ) human mamm>y gl&4 ,by t t5acity ( cons]vative reason+ :i* is a m>k$ m5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! s$5t>y ,pueblo1 o!r types ( ! cante51 ( lat] orig91 n only reta9$ ! "n-root ( ?is primeval =m1 b also its attribut$ functions4 ,= example1 ! me wi k#8i lik ton ne 7,see ,fig4 #eej7 is nam$ ?us f me we1 mamm>ies1 i k lk to e1 jo9$ toge!r by a neck1 & tom me4 ,n[1 :5 clos+ ! ends 7,fig4 #eej1 c1 c7 ( ?is curi\s vessel 9 mold+ x1 ! wom5 are z c>eful to turn ! eyes away z 9 clos+ ! apex ( ! old] =m4 ,z ! resemblance ( ei!r ( ! ends ( ?is vessel to ! mamma is n /rik+1 !y place on ei!r side ( ! nozzle a pair ( little conical projections1 resembl+ ! teats1 & s call$4 7,fig4 #eej1 b47 ,!re are f\r ( ^!1 in/ead (1 z we might reasonably expect1 two4 ,! reason = ?is seems to be t ! me wi k'i lik ton ne is ! cante5 design$ = use by ! hunt] 9 pref]5ce to all o!r vessels1 because x may be easily wrapp$ 9 a blanket & ti$ to ! back4 ,o!r =ms w\ld n d1 z ! hunt] mu/ h ! free use n only ( 8 h&s b also ( 8 head1 t he may turn quickly ?is way or t 9 look+ = or wat*+ game4 ,! prop] n\ri%m5t ( ! hunt] is ! game he kills2 h5ce1 ! s\rce ( 8 life1 l t ( ! "y ( ?is game1 is symboliz$ 9 ! cante5 by ! mamm>ies1 n ( human be+s1 b ( game-animals4 ,a feature 9 ^! cante5s dep5d5t ^u all ?is br+s u ne>] to an und]/&+ ( ! "q "u discussion4 ,:5 ornam5tal b&s are pa9t$ ar\nd ei!r end ( ! neck ( "o ( !m 7,fig4 #eej1 b71 !y are int]rupt$ at ! little projections 7,fig4 #eej1 b174 ,inde$1 ,i h obs]v$ specim5s on :i* ^! l9es1 if plac$ f>!r out1 7 int]rupt$ at ! top 7,fig4 #eej1 a a7 opposite ! little projections4 ,s1 by analogy1 x w\ld seem ! ,pueblos came to reg>d pa9t1 l clay1 a b>ri] to ! exit ( ! s\rce ( life4 ,?is idea ( ! s\rce ( life once associat$ ) ! cante5 w\ld readily become connect$ ) ! wat]-j>1 :i*1 if n ! (fspr+ ( ! cante51 at lea/ usurp$ its place 9 ! h\sehold economy ( ^! p4 ,f ! wat]-j> x w\ld pass naturally to dr9k+-vessels & eat+-b[ls1 expla9+ ! abs5ce ( ! int]rupt$ l9es on ! olde/ ( ^! & _! con/ant occurr5ce on rec5t & mod]n examples2 = ! pa9t$ l9es be+ left op5 at ! apexes1 or ne> ! projections on ! cante5s1 !y %\ld also be unjo9$ on o!r vessels ) :i* ! same ideas 7 associat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eej4--;,d\ble lob$ or hunt] cante54 ,s1 also1 x w be obs]v$ t 9 pa9t+s ( animals !re is n only a l9e drawn f ! m\? to ! pla9ly depict$ he>t1 b a little space is left d[n ! c5t] or ei!r side ( ?is l9e 7see ,figs4 #eea1 #eeb71 :i* is call$ ! o ne y?l kwa to na1 or ! entrance trail 7( ! s\rce or brea? ( life74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eea4--,pa9t+ ( de]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eeb4--,pa9t+ ( sea-s]p5t4 ,by ?is long & involv$ exam9ation ( "o elem5t 9 ! symbolism ( ,pueblo c]amic decoration1 we ga9 "s idea h[ _m o!rs n q s /rik+1 yet equally curi\s1 grew up2 h[1 also1 !y might be expla9$4 ,_! inve/igation1 h[ev]1 w\ld be att5d$ ) su* intricate /udies1 involv+ s _m subjects n at sight relat$ to ! "o 9 h&1 t ,i mu/ ha/5 to pres5t two o!r po9ts4 ,mu* wond] has be5 express$ t ! ,pueblos1 s advanc$ 9 pott]y decoration1 h n attempt$ m repres5tations ( natural objects4 ,!re is less gr\nd = ?is wond] ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! orig9al angul> models :i* ! ,pueblo _h1 out ( :i* to develop 8 art1 bequea!d to him an extremely conv5tional conception ( ?+s4 ,?is1 add$ to 8 peculi> way ( int]pret+ relation%ip & p]sonify+ ph5om5a & ev5 functions1 has result$ 9 mak+ 8 depictions obscure4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 9 ! decoration ( c]ta9 classes ( 8 pott]y he has attempt$ ! reproduction ( almo/ ev]y?+ & ( e ph5om5on 9 nature held z sacr$ or my/]i\s by him4 ,on c]ta9 o!r classes he has develop$1 imitatively1 _m typical decorations :i* n[ h no special symbolism1 b :i* once _h def9ite significance2 &1 f9ally1 he has sometimes relegat$ def9ite mean+s to designs :i* at fir/ _h no significance1 except z decorative ag5ts1 aft] w>d us+ !m accord+ to ?is int]pretation 9 8 attempts to del9eate natural objects1 _! ph5om5a1 & functions4 ,i w illu/rate by examples1 ! la/ po9t fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eec4--,! fret ( basket decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eed4--,! fret ( pott]y decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eee4--,scroll z evolv$ f fret 9 pott]y decoration4 ,go+ back to basketry1 we f9d already ! fully develop$ fret4 7,see ,fig4 #eec47 ,i d\bt n t f ?is 0 evolv$1 9 accordance ) ,pr(essor ,h>tt's !ory1 ! scroll or volute z x appe>s lat] on pott]y4 7,see ,figs4 #eed1 #eee47 ,to bo? ( ^! designs1 & modifications ( !m ages lat]1 ! ,pueblo has atta*$ mean+s4 ,^? :o h visit$ ! ,s\?we/ & ridd5 ov] ! wide1 b>r5 pla9s1 dur+ late autumn or e>ly spr+1 h be5 a/oni%$ to f9d trac$ on ! s& by no visible ag5cy1 p]fect conc5tric circles & scrolls or volutes y>ds long & z regul> z ?\gh drawn by a skill$ arti/4 ,! circles are made by ! w9d driv+ p>tly brok5 we$-/alks ar\nd & ar\nd _! places ( atta*m5t1 until ! fib]s by :i* !y are an*or$ sev] & ! /alks are bl[n away4 ,! volutes are =m$ by ! /ems ( r$-top grass & ( a r\nd-topp$ v>iety ( ! *5opodium1 drift$ onw>d by ! :irlw9d yet ar\nd & ar\nd _! bu%y adhesive tops4 ,! ,pueblos1 obs]v+ ^! m>ks1 especially t !y are abundant aft] a w9d /orm1 h wond]$ at _! simil>ity to ! pa9t$ scrolls on ! pott]y ( _! ance/ors4 ,ev5 to-day !y believe ! s& m>ks to be ! tracks ( ! :irlw9d1 :i* is a ,god 9 _! my?ology ( su* di/9ctive p]sonality t ! circl+ eagle is suppos$ to be relat$ to him4 ,!y h naturally1 !re=e1 expla9$ ! analogy above not$ by ! inf]5ce t _! ance/ors1 9 pa9t+ ! volute1 _h int5d$ to symbolize ! :irlw9d by repres5t+ 8 tracks4 ,!nce=w>d ! scroll 0 drawn on c]ta9 classes ( pott]y to repres5t ! :irlw9d1 modifications ( x 7= in/ance1 by ! color-sign belong+ to any "o ( ! six regions7 to signify o!r p]sonifi$ w9ds4 ,s1 also1 ! semicircle is class$ z emblematic ( ! ra9b[ 7a mi to lan ne72 ! obtuse angle1 z ( ! sky 7a po yan ne72 ! zigzag l9e z lightn+ 7wi lo lo an ne72 t]races z ! sky horizons 7awi ?lui a we71 & modifications ( ! latt] z ! my?ic anci5t sacr$ place ( ! spaces 7,te ?l %i na kwn71 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eef4--;,anci5t ,pueblo m$ic9e-j>4 ,by comb9+ sev]al ( ^! elem5t>y symbols 9 a s+le device1 sometimes a my?ic idea 0 beautifully express$4 ,take1 z an example1 ! ra9 totem adopt$ by ! late ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan z a title illum9ation1 f ,maj4 ,j4,w4 ,p[ell1 :o receiv$ x f ! ,moki4 ,pueblos ( ,arizona z a tok5 ( 8 induction into ! ra9 g5s ( t p4 7,see ,fig4 #eeg1 a47 ,an e>li] & simpl] =m ( ?is occurs on a v anci5t sacr$ m$ic9e j> :i* ,i f\nd 9 ! ,s\?we/4 7,see ,fig4 #eef47 ,by ref]5ce to an enl>g$ draw+ ( ! *ief decoration ( ?is j> 7see ,fig4 #eeg71 x may be se5 t ! sky1 a1 ! anci5t place ( ! spaces 7region ( ! sky gods71 b1 ! cl\d l9es1 c1 & ! fall+ ra91 d1 are comb9$ & depict$ to symbolize ! /orm1 :i* 0 ! objective ( ! exhortations1 rituals1 & c]emonials to :i* ! j> 0 an appurt5ance4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,mod]n ,moki ra9 symbol4 b4 ,enl>g$ decoration ( m$ic9e-j>4 ,,fig4 #eeg4--;,decoration ( anci5t m$ic9e-j> comp>$ ) ra9 symbol ( mod]n ,moki totem4 ,?us1 ^u all sacr$ vessels1 f ! drums ( ! esot]ic m$ic9e societies ( ! prie/hood & all vases p]ta9+ to !m to ! k]amic appurt5ances ( ! sacr$ dance or ,k k1 all decorations 7 int5tionally emblematic4 ,( ?is num]\s class ( vessels1 ,i w *oose b "o = illu/ration--! pray]-meal-b[l ( ! ,k k4 ,9 ?is1 bo? =m & ornam5tation are significant4 7,see ,fig4 #eeh47 ,9 expla9+ h[ ! =m ( ?is vessel is held to be symbolic ,i w quote a passage f ! creation my? z ,i r5d]$ x 9 an article on ! orig9 ( corn1 belong+ to a s]ies on ,zui ,bread/uff1 publi%$ ?is ye> 9 ! ,mill/one ( ,indianapolis1 ,indiana4 ,is n ! b[l ! emblem ( ! e>?1 our "m8 ,= f h] we draw bo? food & dr9k1 z a babe draws n\ri%m5t f ! brea/ ( its "m2 & r\nd1 z is ! rim ( a b[l1 s is ! horizon1 t]rac$ ) m\nta9s :5ce rise ! cl\ds4 ,?is alludes to a m$ic9e b[l1 n to "o ( ! h&l$ k9d1 b ,i w apply x z f> z x goes to ! latt]4 ,! two t]races on ei!r side ( ! h&le 7,fig4 #eeh1 a a7 are 9 repres5tation ( ! anci5t sacr$ place ( ! spaces1 ! h&le be+ ! l9e ( ! sky1 & sometimes pa9t$ ) ! ra9b[ figure4 ,n[ ! decorations are a trifle m complex4 ,we may readily p]ceive t !y repres5t tadpoles 7,fig4 #eeh1 b b71 dragonflies 7,fig3 #eeh1 c c71 ) also ! frog or toad 7,fig4 #eeh72 all ?is is ( easy int]pretation4 ,z ! tadpole frequ5ts ! pools ( spr+ "t he has be5 adopt$ z ! symbol ( spr+ ra9s2 ! dragon-fly hov]s ov] pools 9 summ]1 h5ce typifies ! ra9s ( summ]2 & ! frog1 matur+ 9 !m lat]1 symbolizes ! ra9s ( ! lat] seasons2 = all ^! pools are due to ra9 fall4 ,:51 sometimes1 ! figure ( ! sacr$ butt]fly 7see ,fig4 #eei1 a b7 replaces t ( ! dragon-fly1 or alt]nates ) x1 x symbolizes ! b5efic5ce ( summ]2 s9ce1 by a rev]se ord] ( reason+1 ! ,zuis ?9k t ! butt]flies & migratory birds 7see ,fig4 #efj7 br+ ! w>m season f ! ,l& ( ev]la/+ summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eeh4--,zui pray]-meal-b[l4 ,^u vessels ( special function1 l ^! we h j notic$1 peculi> figures may be reg>d$ z emblematic2 on o!r classes1 no matt] h[ evid5tly conv5tional & expressive decorations may seem1 except+ always1 totemic designs1 x is wise to use great caution 9 _! int]pretation z int5tional & n m]ely imitative4 ,a g5]al exam9ation1 ev5 ( ! mo/ mod]n ( ,pueblo pott]y1 %[s u t c]ta9 types ( decoration h once be5 conf9$ to c]ta9 types ( vessels1 all :i* has its due signification b an exam9ation ( :i* w\ld prop]ly =m ! subject ( ano!r essay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eei4--,pa9t+s ( sacr$ butt]fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efj4--,pa9t+ ( summ]-bird4 ,happily1 a "w collat]al to ! "o :i* ,i h "h m]ely begun1 w1 ,i h reason to hope1 be c>ri$ to a high degree ( p]fection 9 ! =?com+ monographs on ! exhau/less c]amic collections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,holmes4 ,?is au?or & arti/ w approa* 8 task f a /&po9t diff]+ f m9e1 rea*+ !reby1 x may be1 conclusions at v>iance ) ! =ego+2 b by means ( 8 weal? ( mat]ial & illu/ration /ud5ts w h opportunity ( pass+ a judgm5t ^u ! m]its ( n only 8 "w1 b ( my own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efa4--,rectangul> type ( e>!n vessel4 ,9 conclusion1 let me v briefly ref] to two di/9ctive ,am]ican types ( pott]y1 unconnect$ ) ! ,s\?we/]n1 :i*1 consid]$ 9 conjunction ) ^? ( ! latt] region1 seem to me to indicate t ! c]amic art has _h indep5d5t c5t]s ( orig9 9 ,am]ica4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 ,i may "n ^! types ! rectangul> 7see ,fig4 #efa7 or ,iroquois1 & ! bisymmetrical or kidney-%ap$ 7see ,fig4 #efb71 ( ,nic>agua4 ,! "o is almo/ con/ant 9 ! lake regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! o!r equally con/ant 9 sections ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 collections ga!r$ f any tribe ( our ,algonqu9 or ,iroquois ,indians1 "o may obs]ve vessels ( ! t\gh bir*- or l9d5-b>k1 "s ( :i* are sph]ical or hemisph]ical4 ,to produce ?is =m ( ut5sil f a s+le piece ( b>k1 x is necess>y to cut pieces out ( ! m>g9 & fold x4 ,ea* fold1 :5 /it*$ toge!r 9 ! %ap+ ( ! vessel1 =ms a corn] at ! upp] "p4 7,see ,fig4 #efc47 ,^! corn]s & ! bord]s :i* !y =m are decorat$ ) %ort l9es & comb9ations ( l9es1 compos$ ( co>se embroid]ies ) dy$ porcup9e quills4 7,see ,fig4 #efd7 ,may n ! b>k vessel h giv5 rise to ! rectangul> type ( pott]y & its quill ornam5tation to ! incis$ /raight-l9e decorations8 7,comp>e ,fig4 #efa47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efb4--,kidney-%ap$ vessel1 ,nic>agua4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efc4--;,iroquois b>k-vessel4 ,s1 too1 9 ! unsymmetrical urns ( ,c5tral & ,i/hmean ,am]ica1 :i* are *>act]iz$ by ! location ( ! ap]ture at ! upp] "p ( "o ( ! extremities & by /reak-l decorations1 we h a decid$ sugge/ion ( ! animal paun* or bladd] & ( ! visible ve9s on its surface :5 di/5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efd4--,porcup9e quill decoration4 ,if ^! conjectures be accept$ z approximately correct1 ev5 9 t5d5cy1 we may hope by a pati5t /udy ( ! c]amic rema9s ( a p1 no matt] :]e situat$1 to discov] :at 0 ! type ( _! pre-c]amic vessels1 & !reby we might also le>n :e!r1 at ! "t ( ! orig9 ( ! pott]'s art or dur+ its developm5t1 !y _h1 l ! ,pueblos1 be5 indig5\s to ! areas 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd1 or :e!r !y _h1 l "s ( ! ,c5tral ,am]icans1 7to make a concrete example & judge x by ?is me?od7 app>5tly immigrat$ 9 "p f des]t ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 "p f ! wild]ness ( an equatorial region 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,awatui pott]y #dic ,basketry anticipat$ pott]y #dhc-dhe ,basketry cook+ ut5sils #dhd-dhf ,basketry copi$ 9 pott]y #ddi ,basketry decl9$1 ,manufacture ( wat]tight #dif ,boil+ basket #dhe ,burn+ influ5ce pott]y1 ,mat]ials & me?ods us$ 9 #die1 #dif ,cane tubes to c>ry wat] #dhb ,cliff-dwell+s #dgh1 #dgi-dhj ,coal us$ 9 pott]y fir+1 ,m9]al #die-dif ,coil$ pott]y1 h[ made #ejj ,communal ,pueblos #dhj1 #dha ,environm5ts affect+ habitations #dgc ,environm5ts affect+ pott]y #dhb ,flat & t]rac$ ro(s #dgg ,=m evolv$ 9 pott]y f basketry #dig ,fuel us$ 9 pott]y fir+ #die ,g\rd vessels to c>ry wat] #dhb1 #dhc ,habitations affect$ by environm5t #dgc ,hogan1 or hut1 ,navajo #dgc ,h\ses built ne> wat]1 ,pueblo #dgg ,lava inclosure e>lie/ =m ( ,navajo hut #dge ,l+ui/ic indications z to habitations #dgd ,l+ui/ic indications z to primitive wat] vessels #dhb ,m9deleff1 ,victor1 on developm5t ( rectangul> ar*itecture #dge ,m9]als influ5c+ pott]y #dic ,mode ( mak+ pott]y vessels #dii-ejj ,moki pott]y #dic ,navajo hogan1 or hut #dgc ,ojo ,cali5te pott]y #dia ,ollas #dih1 #ejj ,ornam5t1 ,c]amic #dhh ,ornam5tation ( coil$ basketry #dhg ,pescado pott]y #did ,pott]y affect$ by environm5t #dhb ,pott]y anticipat$ by basketry #dhc-dhe ,pott]y decl9$ 9 quality ) introduction ( dome/ic animals #dif ,pott]y develop$ f basketry #dhe ,pueblo primitive habitations #dge ,pueblos1 ,communal #dhj1 #dha ,rectangul> =ms develop$ f circul> 9 ar*itecture #dge ,roa/+ tray #dhd ,/ories add$ 9 cliff-build+s #dgi ,tusayan1 ,prov9ce ( #dic ,wat] important to ,pueblos1 ,transportation & pres]vation ( #dhb ,wick] cov] = g\rd vessels #dhc ,zui prie/s' j\rney to ! ,atlantic #dhc ,zui skill on wat] j>s #dih1 #ejj