,,armag$don--,,& ,,aft]                 
,,by         ,w4,l4 ,,c\rtney1 ,m4,a41  
,,ll4,d4                  ,,london      
,,*apman  ,,hall1 ,,ltd4                
#aiad                   ,,d$icat$       
,,) ,,all ,,humility ,,& ,,admiration   
,,to   ,,! ,,"y ,,ideali/s ,,( ,,all    
,,c\ntries  ,,:o ,,w ,,n ,,all[ ,,!     
,,dreams ,,( ,,_!       ,,y\? ,,to ,,be 
,,t>ni%$ ,,by ,,!           ,,exp]i5ces 
,,( ,,an              ,,outworn ,,age   
,,preface   ,i d$icate ?is little book  
to ! "y ideali/s ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 =
 sev]al reasons4 ,!y mu/1 obvi\sly1 be  
"y1 because _! old] contempor>ies1 ) a  
l>ge am\nt ( exp]i5ce ( e>li]           
conditions1 w h>dly h ! c\rage to deal )
 ! novel data4 ,i take x t1 aft] !      
conclusion ( ! pres5t w>1 !re w come an 
uneasy p]iod ( exhau/ion & anxiety :5 we
 %all be told t ^? :o hold milit>y p[] 9
 _! h&s are alone qualifi$ to act z     
savi\rs ( society4 ,t conclusion1 z ,i  
und]/& ! matt]1 "y ideali/s w /r5u\sly  
oppose4 ,!y w be q aw>e t all !         

cons]vative elem5ts w be aga9/ !m2 !y w 
appreciate also ! eag]ness ) :i* a l>ge 
numb] ( p w po9t out t ! safe/ way is to
 leave matt]s m or less alone1 & to all[
 ! situation to be controll$ by soldi]s 
& diplomati/s4 ,( c\rse !re is obvi\s   
tru? 9 ! ass]tion t ! imm$iate settlem5t
 ( peace conditions mu/1 to a l>ge      
ext5t1 be left 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o br\ght ! 
w> to a successful conclusion4 ,b !     
relief f press+ anxiety :5 ?is horrible 
/rife is ov]1 & ! feel+ ( gratitude to  
^? :o h deliv]$ u mu/ n be all[$ to gild
 & consecrate1 z x 71 sy/ems prov$      
effete & policies :i* intellig5t m5     
recognise z bankrupt4 ,! mom5t (        
deliv]ance w be too unique & too spl5did
 to be left 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o h gr[n1 if n
 cynical1 at all ev5ts a little we>y ( !
 notori\s defects ( humanity1 & :o are1 
p]haps naturally1 tempt$ to all[        
,european progress to fall back into !  
old well-worn ruts4 ,x is ! "y m5 :o mu/
 take ! matt] 9 h&1 ) _! ard5t hopes &  
_! ke5 imag9ation1 & only s f> z !y     

believe 9 ! possibility ( a great       
amelioration w !y h any *ance ( do+     
yeoman s]vice = humanity4  ,! dawn ( a  
new era mu/ be pl5>ily accept$ z a      
wond]ful opportunity = re=m4 ,if view$ 9
 any o!r _s1 ! spl5d\rs ( ! morn+ w soon
 give way be=e ! ob/9ate cl\ds hang+ on 
! horizon4 ,9 "s fa%ion or o!r x mu/ be 
ackn[l$g$ t old] me?ods ( deal+ )       
int]national affairs h be5 tri$ & f\nd  
want+4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! anci5t     
pr9ciples help$ to br+ ab\t ! trem5d\s  
cata/rophe 9 :i* we are at pres5t       
involv$1 & t a ?or\gh re-organisation is
 requir$ if ! new ,europe is to />t "u  
bett] auspices4 ,t is :y ,i appeal to ! 
y\ng] ideali/s1 because !y are n likely 
to be det]r$ by invet]ate prejudices2 !y
 w be only too eag] to exam9e ?+s ) a   
fre% intellig5ce ( _! own4 ,someh[ or   
o!r we mu/ get rid ( ! absurd idea t !  
nations ( ,europe are always on ! look  
out to d ea* o!r an injury4 ,we h to    
e/abli% ! doctr9es ( ,"r on a prop]     
basis1 & de?rone t ugly phantom (       

,might1 :i* is ! object ( ,potsdam      
wor%ip4 ,int]national law mu/ be built  
up ) its prop] sanctions2 & virtues1 :i*
 are ,*ri/ian & humane1 mu/ f9d _! prop]
 place 9 ! ord9>y deal+s ( /ates ) "o   
ano!r4 ,mu* clev] dialectics w probably 
be employ$ 9 ord] to prove t ideali/ic  
dreams are va94 ,"y m5 w n be afraid (  
su* argum5ts2 !y w n be det]r$ by purely
 logical difficulties4 ,let u rememb] t 
?is w> has be5 wag$ 9 ord] to make w> = 
! future impossible4 ,if t be ! presid+ 
idea ( m5's m9ds1 !y w keep _! re=m+    
c\rse /eadily direct$ t[>ds ideal ends1 
pati5tly work+ = ! recon/ruction (      
,europe & a bett] lot = humanity at     
l>ge4  ,once m let me repeat t x is only
 "y ideali/s :o are suffici5t = ^! ?+s4 
,!y may call !mselves democrats1 or     
sociali/s1 or futuri/s1 or m]ely re=m]s4
 ,! "n is unimportant3 ! ma9 po9t is t  
!y mu/ ?or\ghly exam9e _! cre$ 9 ! light
 ( _! f9e/ hopes & aspirations4 ,!y w n 
be ! slaves ( any =mul1 & !y w hold out 
_! "r h&s to e man--:atev] may be !     

label he puts on 8 !ories--:o is /riv+ 9
 s+le-m9d$ devotion = a mill5nial peace4
 ,! new era w h to be ( a spiritual1    
e?ical type4 ,co>s] =ms ( mat]ialism1   
:e!r 9 ?\ght or life1 w h to be bani%$1 
because ! scales h at la/ dropp$ f our  
eyes1 & we int5d to reg>d a human be+ no
 long] z a ?+ ( luxury1 or weal?1 or    
gre$y passions1 b z ! possessor ( a liv+
 s\l4  ,w4,l4,c4  ,novemb] #aj1 #aiad4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,i wi% to ackn[l$ge my obligation to    
,mr4 ,h4,n4 ,brails=d's ,! ,w> ( ,/eel &
 ,gold 7,bell74 ,i d n pret5d to agree )
 all t ,mr4 ,brails=d says3 b ,i h f\nd 
8 book always int]e/+1 & sometimes      
inspir+4     ,,cont5ts                  
,,page  ,,*apt] ,i ,,problems ,,( ,,!   
,,future                             #a 
,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lessons ,,( ,,! ,,pa/    
#cb  ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,"s ,,sugge/$       
,,re=ms                            #fc  
,,armag$don--,,& ,,aft]     ,,*apt] ,i  
,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,future   ,!        
newspap]s h lately be5 mak+ l>ge        

quotations f ! poems ( ,mr4 ,rudy>d     
,kipl+4 ,!y might1 if !y _h be5 s m9d$1 
h laid "u simil> contribution !         
,revelation ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e4 ,!re1 
too1 ) all ! imag]y usual 9 ,apocalyptic
 lit]ature1 is to be f\nd a description 
( vague & confus$ fight+1 :5 mo/ ( !    
,k+s ( ! e>? come toge!r to fight a la/ 
& desp]ate battle4 ,! ,sev5 ,angels g   
=?1 ea* arm$ ) a vial1 ! fir/ poison+ ! 
e>?1 ! second ! sea1 ! ?ird ! riv]s &   
f\nta9s ( wat]s1 ! f\r? ! sun4 ,!n out (
 ! m\? ( ! dragon1 ( ! bea/1 & ( !      
,anti*ri/ come ! ly+ spirits :i* p]suade
 ! ,k+s ( ! e>? to ga!r all ! p = t     
great day ( ,god ,almighty into a place 
call$ 9 ! ,hebrew tongue ,armag$don4    
,translat$ into our language ! acc\nt   
might v well s]ve = ! mod]n assemblage (
 troops 9 :i* ne>ly all ! k+doms ( ! e>?
 h to play _! "p1 ) few1 & n v          
important1 exceptions4 ,x is almo/      
absurd to speak ( ! ev5ts ( ! pa/ ?ree  
mon?s z ?\gh !y 7 m]ely incid5ts 9 a    
great & important campaign4 ,!re is no?+

 9 hi/ory l !m s f> z we are aw>e4 ,9 ! 
cla% ( ! two great ,european            
organisations--! ,triple ,alliance & !  
,triple ,ent5te--we h all ^? wild       
features ( univ]sal *aos :i* ! writ] ( !
 ,apocalypse saw ) prophetic eye z u%]+ 
9 ! great day ( ! ,"l1 & pav+ ! way = a 
,new ,heav5 & a ,new ,e>?4   ,a         
,,colossal ,,upheaval  ,x is a colossal 
upheaval4 ,b :at sort ( ,new ,heav5 &   
,new ,e>? is x likely to u%] 98 ,?is is 
a "q :i* x is h>dly too e>ly to discuss1
 = x makes a va/ diff]5ce1 to u ,engli% 
9 especial1 if1 fight+ = :at we deem to 
be a j cause1 we c look =w>d to an issue
 9 ! long run b5eficial to ourselves & !
 _w4 ,we "k ! "* ( ! desp]ate conflict  
:i* has yet to be accompli%$ be=e our   
eyes4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to a long /]n w>1   
:i* _c be complet$ 9 a s+le campaign4 ,e
 "o kn[s t ,"l ,kit*5] is suppos$ to h  
prophesi$ a w> ( ?ree ye>s1 & we c h>dly
 ignore ! op9ion ( s good a judge4 ,if  
we ask :y1 ! obvi\s answ] is t e nation 
engag$ is n fight+ = m]e victory 9      

battle1 nor yet = ext5sion ( t]ritory2 b
 = some?+ m important ?an ^!4 ,!y fight 
= ! triumph ( _! respective ideas1 & x w
 make ! greate/ diff]5ce to ,europe & ! 
_w :i* ( ! ideas is ev5tually conqu]or4 
,suppos+ ! ,g]man invasion ( ,france    
ends 9 failure2 t1 cle>ly1 w n f9i% !   
w>4 ,suppos+ ev5 t ,b]l9 is tak5 by !   
,russians1 we _c affirm t s great an    
ev5t w necess>ily complete ! campaign4  
,! :ole ( ,g]many w h to be invad$ &    
subdu$1 & t is a process :i* w take a v 
long "t ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable auspices4
 ,or take ! opposite hypo!sis4 ,let u   
suppose t ! ,g]mans capture ,p>is1 &    
manage by =c$ m>*es to def5d _! c\ntry  
aga9/ ! ,muscovite incursion4 ,ev5 s1   
no?+ is accompli%$ ( a la/+ "*4 ,france 
w g on fight+ z %e did aft] #ahgj1 & we 
%all be f\nd at h] side4 ,or1 assum+ !  
wor/ hypo!sis ( all1 t ,france lies     
pro/rate "u ! heel ( h] ,g]man conqu]or1
 does any "o suppose t ,great ,brita9 w 
desi/ f fight+8 ,we "k p]fectly well t1 
) ! aid ( our ,fleet1 we %all /ill be 9 

a position to defy ! ,g]man invad] &    
make use ( our enorm\s res]ves to we>   
out ev5 ,teutonic ob/9acy4 ,! great sign
 & seal ( ?is battle to ! dea? is !     
rec5t cov5ant ent]$ into by ! ?ree      
memb]s ( ! ,triple ,ent5te4#a ,!y h     
decl>$ 9 ! mo/ =mal fa%ion1 ov] !       
signatures ( _! ?ree repres5tatives1    
,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 ,m4 ,paul ,cambon1 & 
,c\nt ,b5ck5dorff1 t !y w n make a      
sep>ate peace1 t !y w cont9ue to act 9  
unison1 & fight1 n z ?ree nations1 b z  
"o4 ,p]haps "o ( ! lea/ expect$ results 
( ! pres5t conjuncture is t ! ,triple   
,ent5te1 :i* 0 suppos$ to possess less  
cohesive effici5cy ?an ! rival          
organisation1 has prov$1 on ! contr>y1 !
 /rong] ( ! two4 ,! ,triple ,alliance is
 n true to its "n4 ,italy1 ! ?ird &     
unwill+ memb]1 /ill pres]ves h]         
neutrality1 & decl>es t h] int]e/s are n
 imm$iately involv$4  #a ,subsequ5tly   
jo9$ by ,japan4   ,,nev] ,,aga96  ,9    
ord] to attempt to discov] ! va/ *anges 
t are likely to come z a direct         

consequ5ce ( ! pres5t ,armag$don1 x is  
necess>y to ref] 9 brief retrospect to  
"s ( ! ma9 causes & features ( ! great  
,european w>4 ,mean:ile1 ,i ?9k ! g5]al 
feel+ among/ all ?\ghtful m5 is be/     
express$ 9 ! phrase1 ,nev] aga94 ,nev]  
aga9 mu/ we h to face ! possibility (   
su* a _w-wide cata/rophe4 ,nev] aga9 mu/
 x be possible = ! pursuit ( m]ely      
selfi% int]e/s to "w su* colossal havoc4
 ,nev] aga9 mu/ we h w> z ! only        
solution ( national diff]5ces4 ,nev]    
aga9 mu/ all ! arts ( peace be susp5d$  
:ile ,europe r+s to ! tramp ( arm$      
millions4 ,nev] aga9 mu/ spiritual1     
moral1 arti/ic culture be subm]g$ "u a  
wave ( b>b>ism4 ,nev] aga9 mu/ ! ,rul] (
 ?is ,univ]se be address$ z ! ,god (    
battles4 ,nev] aga9 %all a new          
,wordswor? hail c>nage z ,god's daught]4
 ,! illogicality ( x all is too pat5t4  
,t ev]y?+ :i* we respect & rev]e 9 ! way
 ( sci5ce or ?\ght1 or culture1 or      
music1 or poetry1 or drama1 %\ld be ca/ 
into ! melt+-pot to satisfy dyna/ic     

ambition is a ?+ too pu]ile z well z too
 appall+ to be ev5 consid]$4 ,& ! horror
 ( x all is some?+ m ?an our n]ves w /&4
 ,! be/ bra9s & intellects ( ,europe1 ! 
brighte/ & mo/ promis+ y\?s1 all !      
manhood ev]y:]e 9 ,europe to be %rivell$
 & consum$ 9 a holocau/ l ?is--x is su* 
a reign ( ! ,devil & ,anti*ri/ on e>? t 
x mu/ be bani%$ 9 p]petuity if          
civilisation & progress are to endure4  
,nev] aga96   ,,unexpect$ ,,w>  ,h[ did 
we get into su* a /upid & appall+       
calamity8 ,let u ?9k = a mom5t4 ,i d n  
suppose x w\ld be wrong to say t no "o  
ev] expect$ w> 9 our days4 ,take up any 
( ! rec5t books4 ,) ! exception ( ! fi]y
 m>tial pamphlets ( ,g]many1 ! "w ( a   
von d] ,goltz or a ,treits*ke1 or a     
,b]nh>di1 we %all f9d a g5]al cons5sus (
 op9ion t w> on a l>ge scale 0          
impossible because too ru9\s1 t ! v size
 ( ! ,european armam5ts made w>         
impracticable4 ,or else1 to take !      
extreme case ( ,mr4 ,norman ,angell1 !  
entanglem5ts ( mod]n f9ance 7 said to h 

put w> out ( c\nt z an absurdity4 ,we 7 
a little too ha/y 9 our judgm5ts4 ,x is 
cle> t a s+le det]m9$ man1 if he is     
p[]ful en\gh1 may embroil ,europe4      
,h[ev] de/ructive mod]n armam5ts may be1
 & h[ev] co/ly a campaign may prove1 yet
 !re are m5 :o w face ! co/ & confront !
 :olesale de/ruction ( life t mod]n     
w>f>e entails4 ,h[ pitiful x is1 h[     
/range also1 to look back ^u ! solemn   
assev]ation ( ! ,kais] & ! ,ts>1 n s _m 
mon?s ago 7,port ,baltic1 ,july #aiab71 
t ! division ( ,europe into ! two great 
conf$]ations kn[n z ! ,triple ,alliance 
& ! ,triple ,ent5te provid$ a safegu>d  
aga9/ ho/ilities6 ,we 7 con/antly assur$
 t diplomats 7 work+ = a ,balance (     
,p[]1 su* an equilibrium ( rival =ces t 
! total result w\ld be /ability & peace4
 ,arbitration1 too1 0 consid]$ by _m z !
 panacea1 to say no?+ ( ! ,hague ,palace
 ( ,peace4 ,& n[ we discov] t nations   
may possibly ref] to arbitration po9ts (
 small importance 9 _! qu>rels1 b t !   
great] ?+s :i* are suppos$ to t\*       

national hon\r & ! pres]vation (        
national life are tacitly1 if n =mally1 
exempt$ f ! category ( arbitrable       
disputes4 ,diplomacy1 ,arbitration1     
,palaces ( ,peace seem equally useless4 
,,proximate ,,& ,,ultimate ,,causes  ,9 
attempt+ to und]/& h[ ,europe has 7to   
use ,"l ,roseb]y's phrase7 rattl$ into  
b>b>ism 9 ! uncompromis+ fa%ion :i* we  
see be=e our eyes1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5
 rec5t op]ative causes & ^? m sl[ly     
evolv+ antec$5t conditions :i* play a   
consid]able1 ?\gh n necess>ily an obvi\s
 "p 9 ! result4 ,rec5t op]ative causes  
are su* ?+s z ! murd] ( ! ,ar*duke      
,franz ,f]d9& at ,s]ajevo1 ! consequ5t  
,au/rian ultimatum to ,s]via1 ! ha/y &  
intemp]ate action ( ! ,kais] 9 =c+ w>1  
&--f a m g5]al po9t ( view--! p>ticul>  
=m ( milit>ism preval5t 9 ,g]many4      
,ult]ior antec$5t conditions are to be  
f\nd 9 ! *ang+ hi/ory ( ,european ,/ates
 & _! mutual relations 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a
 c5tury2 ! ambition ( ,g]many to create 
an ,imp]ial fleet2 ! ambition ( ,g]many 

to h a place 9 ! sun & become a l>ge    
colonial p[]2 ! =mation ( a ,triple     
,ent5te foll[+ on ! =mation ( a ,triple 
,alliance2 ! rivalry betwe5 ,teuton &   
,slav2 & ! mutations ( diplomacy &      
,real-politik4 ,x is n always possible  
to keep ! two sets ( causes1 ! rec5t & !
 ult]ior1 sep>ate1 = !y naturally t5d   
ei!r to ov]lap or to int]p5etrate "o    
ano!r4 ,g]man ,milit>ism1 = in/ance1 is 
only a specific =m ( ! g5]al ambition ( 
,g]many1 & ! ,au/rian desire to av5ge   
h]self on ,s]via is a "p ( h] secul>    
animosity t[>ds ,slavdom & its          
protector1 ,russia4 ,nor yet1 :5 we are 
consid]+ ! pres5t dbcle ( civilisation1 
ne$ we int]e/ ourselves ov]mu* 9 !      
imm$iate occasions & circum/ances ( !   
huge qu>rel4 ,we want to "k n h[ ,europe
 fl>$ into w>1 b :y4 ,our object is s to
 und]/& ! pres5t imbroglio z to prev5t1 
if we c1 ! possibility = ! future ( any 
simil> _w-wide cata/rophe4   ,,european 
,,dictators  ,let u fix our att5tion on 
"o or two sali5t po9ts4 ,europe has (t5 

be5 accu/om$ to wat* ) anxiety ! rise ( 
"s pot5t arbit] ( h] de/9ies :o seems to
 arrogate to himself a l>ge p]sonal     
dom9ion4 ,!re 0 ,philip ,,ii4 ,!re 0    
,l\is ,,xiv4 ,!re 0 ,napoleon a hundr$  
ye>s ago4 ,!n1 a m]e %ad[ ( 8 great     
ance/or1 !re 0 ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,!n1    
aft] ! ,franco-,g]man w>1 !re 0         
,bism>ck4 ,n[ x is ,kais] ,wilhelm ,,ii4
 ,! em]g5ce ( "s ambiti\s p]sonality    
naturally makes ,europe suspici\s &     
wat*ful1 & leads to ! =mation ( leagues 
& conf$]ations aga9/ him4 ,! only ?+1   
h[ev]1 :i* seems to h any p[] ( real    
resi/ance to ! pot5tial tyrant is n !   
manoeuvr+ ( diplomats1 b ! /eady gr[? ( 
democracy 9 ,europe1 :i*1 9 virtue ( its
 "* & pr9ciples1 /eadily objects to !   
despotism ( any giv5 individual1 & !    
arbitr>y designs ( a p]sonal w4 ,we _h  
hop$ t ! spread ( democracies 9 all     
,european nations w\ld progressively    
r5d] dyna/ic w>s an impossibility4 ,!   
peoples w\ld cry out1 we hop$1 aga9/ be+
 but*]$ to make a holiday = any         

latt]-day ,cs>4 ,b democracy is a sl[   
gr[?1 & exi/s 9 v v>y+ degrees ( /r5g? 9
 diff]5t p>ts ( our cont95t4 ,evid5tly x
 has n yet discov]$ its own p[]4 ,we h  
sadly to recognise t its range (        
influ5ce & ! new _s :i* x seeks to      
introduce into ! _w are z yet impot5t   
aga9/ ! p]sonal asc5dancy ( a mon>* & ! 
old conceptions ( high politics4        
,european democracy is /ill too vague1  
too disp]s$1 too unorganis$1 to prev5t !
 break+ out ( a bloody int]national     
conflict4   ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,factor      
,europe !n has /ill to reckon ) !       
p]sonal factor--) all its vag>ies & its 
desolat+ ambitions4 ,let u see h[ ?is   
has work$ 9 ! case be=e u4 ,9 #ahhh !   
pres5t ,g]man ,emp]or asc5d$ ! ?rone4   
,two ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 ,m>* #ahij1 !     
,pilot 0 dropp$--,bism>ck resign$4 ,!   
*ange 0 some?+ m ?an a m]e sub/itution (
 m5 l ,caprivi & ,hoh5lohe = ! ,iron    
,*ancellor4 ,!re 0 involv$ a radical    
alt]ation 9 policy4 ,! ,g]many :i* 0 !  
ideal ( ,bism>ck's dreams 0 an exce$+ly 

prosp]\s self-conta9$ c\ntry1 :i* %\ld  
fl\ri% ma9ly because x develop$ its     
int]nal indu/ries z well z paid att5tion
 to its agriculture1 & secur$ its       
some:at p]il\s position 9 ! c5tre (     
,europe by skilful diplomatic means (   
s[+ diss5sion among/ its neighb\rs4 ,?us
 ,bism>ck disc\rag$ colonial ext5sions4 
,he ?\ght !y might weak5 ,g]many4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 he enc\rag$ ,fr5* colonial      
policy1 because he ?\ght x w\ld div]t ! 
,fr5* f _! preoccupation ) ! idea (     
revan*e4 ,he play$1 m or less           
successfully1 ) ,engl&1 sometimes tempt+
 h] ) plausible sugge/ions t %e %\ld jo9
 ! ,teutonic ,empires on ! ,cont95t1    
sometimes ?w>t+ h] aims by s[+          
diss5sions betwe5 h] & h] ne>e/         
neighb\r1 ,france4 ,b !re 0 "o empire   
:i*1 c]ta9ly1 ,bism>ck dread$ n s mu*   
because %e 0 actually ( mu* importance1 
b because %e might be4 ,t empire 0      
,russia4 ,! la/ ?+ 9 ! _w ,bism>ck      
desir$ 0 precisely t approximation      
betwe5 ,france & ,russia :i* end$ 9 !   

/range ph5om5on ( an (f5sive & def5sive 
alliance betwe5 a we/]n republic & a    
semi-ea/]n despotic empire4   ,,kais]   
,,wilhelm  ,kais] ,wilhelm ,,ii _h v    
diff]5t ideals = ,g]many1 & 9 _m po9ts  
he simply rev]s$ ! policy ( ,bism>ck4   
,he began to develop ! ,g]man colonial  
empire1 & 9 ord] t x might be protect$  
he did all 9 8 p[] to enc\rage ! =mation
 ( a l>ge ,g]man navy4 ,he ev5 all[$    
himself to say t ! future ( ,g]many 0 on
 ! sea4 ,x 0 "p ( t peculi> =m ( p]sonal
 autocracy :i* ! ,kais] introduc$ t he  
%\ld f "t to "t inv5t phrases sugge/ive 
( diff]5t pr9ciples ( 8 policy4 ,side by
 side ) ! ass]tion t ,g]many's future 0 
on ! sea1 we h ! phrases ,g]many wants  
h] place 9 ! sun & t ! drag ( ,teutonic 
developm5t is t[>ds ! ,ea/4 ,! reality &
 imm95ce ( a yell[ p]il 0 ano!r ( 8     
devices = /imulat+ ! ef=ts ( 8 c\ntrym54
 ,?us ! new policy 0 expansion1         
evolution z a _w-p[]1 colonisation2 &   
ea* 9 turn br\ght him up aga9/ ! old]   
arrangem5t ( ,european ,p[]s4 ,8        

colonial policy1 especially 9 ,africa1  
l$ to collisions ) bo? ,france & ,great 
,brita94 ,! build+ ( ! fleet1 ! ,kiel   
,canal1 & o!r details ( m>itime policy  
naturally made ,engl& v suspici\s1 :ile 
! /eady drag t[>ds ! ,ea/ r5d]$ :olly   
unavoidable ! conflict betwe5 ,teutonism
 & ! ,slav races4 ,g]many look$1        
und\bt$ly1 t[>ds ,asia ,m9or1 & = ?is   
reason made great advances to & _m      
pr(essions ( fri5d%ip = ! ,ottoman      
,empire4 ,turkey1 inde$1 9 sev]al       
phrases 0 decl>$ to be ! natural ally ( 
,g]many 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,& if we ask :y1 
! answ] n[adays is obvi\s4 ,n only 0    
,turkey to l5d h]self to ! enc\ragem5t (
 ,g]man comm]cial ent]prise 9 ,asia     
,m9or1 b %e 01 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,emp]or1 
! "o p[] :i* c\ld 9 "t ( tr\ble make    
h]self especially obnoxi\s to ,great    
,brita94 ,%e c\ld enc\rage revolt 9     
,egypt1 & /ill m1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce (    
,mahomm$anism1 /ir up disaffection 9    
,india4#b  #b ,turkey has n[ jo9$       
,g]many4   ,,an ,,aggressive ,,policy   

,& n[ let u wat* ?is policy 9 action 9  
rec5t ev5ts4 ,9 #ahig ,g]many dem&$     
rep>ation f ,*9a = ! rec5t murd] ( two  
,g]man mission>ies4 ,troops 7 l&$ at    
,kiao-*au ,bay1 a l>ge pecuni>y         
indemnity ( ab\t #ce1jjj 0 refus$1 &    
,kiao-*au itself ) ! adjac5t t]ritory 0 
c$$ to ,g]many4 ,t 0 a significant      
demon/ration ( ! ,emp]or's det]m9ation  
to make 8 c\ntry a _w-p[]1 s t1 z 0 /at$
 aft]w>ds1 no?+ %\ld occur 9 ! :ole _w 9
 :i* ,g]many w\ld n h h] say4 ,mean:ile1
 9 ,europe itself ev5t aft] ev5t occurr$
 to prove ! p]si/5t "* ( ,g]man         
aggressiv5ess4 ,on ,m>* #ca1 #aije1 !   
,g]man ,emp]or l&$ at ,tangi]1 9 ord] to
 aid ! ,sultan ( ,morocco 9 8 dem& = a  
,conf]5ce ( ! ,p[]s to *eck ! milit>y   
dispositions ( ,france4 ,m4 ,delcass1   
,france's ,=eign ,m9i/]1 demurr$ to ?is 
proposal1 ass]t+ t a ,conf]5ce 0 :olly  
unnecess>y4 ,!reupon ,pr9ce ,bl[ us$    
m5ac+ language1 & ,delcass resign$ 9    
,june #aije4 ,! ,conf]5ce ( ,algeiras 0 
held 9 ,janu>y #aijf1 9 :i* ,au/ria     

prov$ h]self a brilliant second to      
,g]many4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #aijh1   
came /ill fur!r pro(s ( ,g]many's       
ambition4 ,au/ria annex$ ,bosnia &      
,h]zegov9a4 ,russia imm$iately prote/$2 
s did mo/ ( ! o!r ,great ,p[]s4 ,b      
,g]many at once took up ! ,au/rian      
cause1 & /ood 9 %9+ arm\r side by side )
 h] ally4 ,inasmu* z ,russia 01 9 #aijh1
 only j recov]+ f ! effects ( h]        
disa/r\s w> ) ,japan1 & 0 !re=e 9 no    
condition to take ! (f5sive1 ! ,triple  
,alliance ga9$ a di/9ct victory4 ,?ree  
ye>s lat] occurr$ ano!r /rik+ ev5t4 ,9  
,july #aiaa ! _w 0 />tl$ by ! news t !  
,g]man gunboat ,pan!r1 jo9$ %ortly      
aft]w>ds by ! cruis] ,b]l91 _h be5 s5t  
to ,agadir4 ,cle>ly ,b]l9 int5d$ to     
reop5 ! :ole ,moroccan "q1 & ! t5sion   
betwe5 ! ,p[]s 0 = "s "t acute4 ,nor did
 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george make x mu* bett] by
 a fi]y spee* at ! ,mansion ,h\se on    
,july #ba1 :i* consid]ably flutt]$ !    
,cont95tal dovecots4 ,! imm$iate        
problem1 h[ev]1 0 solv$ by ! cession (  

ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles (       
t]ritory 9 ! ,congo bas9 by ,france to  
,g]many 9 comp5sation = ,g]man          
acquiesc5ce 9 ! ,fr5* protectorate ov]  
,morocco4 ,i ne$ n1 p]haps1 ref] to o!r 
m rec5t ev5ts4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be
 omitt$4 ,! issue ( ! ,balkan w>s 9     
#aiab caus$ a di/9ct disappo9tm5t to bo?
 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,turkey's defeat    
less5$ ! importance ( ! ,ottoman ,empire
 z an ally4 ,au/ria _h to curb h]       
desires 9 ! direction ( ,salonica4 ,& ! 
enemies :o _h prev5t$ ! realisation (   
wide ,teutonic s*emes 7 ,s]via & h]     
protector1 ,russia4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds    
,au/ria wait$ = an opportunity to av5ge 
h]self on ,s]via1 :ile ,g]many1 9 close 
union ) h] ally1 began to /udy !        
situation 9 relation to ! ,great ,nor!rn
 ,empire 9 an em95tly bellicose _s4     
,,milit>ism  ,n[ t we h ! prop] /&po9t f
 :i* to wat* ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ev5ts l   
^!1 we c =m "s e/imate ( ! nature (     
,g]man ambition & ! results ( ! p]sonal 
asc5dancy ( ! ,kais]4 ,we speak vaguely 

( milit>ism4 ,=tunately1 we h a v       
valuable docum5t to enable u to und]/&  
:at precisely ,g]man milit>ism          
signifies4 ,g5]al von ,b]nh>di's ,g]many
 & ! ,next ,w> is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 z 
well z mo/ sugge/ive1 ( books1 int5d$ to
 illu/rate ! _s ( ,g]man ambition4      
,b]nh>di writes l a soldi]4 ,su*        
philosophy z he possesses he has tak5 f 
,nietzs*e4 ,8 applications ( hi/ory come
 f ,treits*ke4 ,he has p]suad$ himself t
 ! ma9 object ( human life is w>1 & !   
high] ! nation ! m p]si/5tly mu/ x      
pursue prep>ations = w>4 ,h5ce ! be/ m5 
9 ! ,/ate are ! fight+ m54 ,e?ics &     
religion1 s f> z !y deprecate fight+ &  
plead = peace1 are absolutely p]nici\s4 
,culture does n mean1 z we hop$ & ?\ght1
 ! be/ developm5t ( sci5tific & arti/ic 
enlight5m5t1 b m]ely an all-absorb+     
w-p[]1 an all-dev\r+ ambition to be on !
 top & to cru% e "o else4 ,! assumption 
?r\gh\t is t ! ,g]man is ! highe/       
specim5 ( humanity4 ,g]many is          
especially qualifi$ to be ! lead]1 & !  

only way 9 :i* x c become ! lead] is to 
h su* ov]:elm+ milit>y p[] t no "o has  
any *ance ( resi/+4 ,moreov]1 all me?ods
 are ju/ifi$ 9 ! sacr$ cause ( ,g]man   
culture--duplicity1 viol5ce1 ! delib]ate
 s[+ ( diss5sions betwe5 possible       
rivals1 incitem5ts ( ,asiatics to rise  
aga9/ ,europeans4 ,all means are to be  
adopt$ to w9 ! ultimate great victory1  
&1 ( c\rse1 :5 ! /ruggle comes !re mu/  
be no misplac$ l5i5cy to any ( ! inf]ior
 races :o int]pose betwe5 ,g]many & h]  
legitimate place 9 ! sun4#c ,! ideal is 
almo/ too nave & too f]oci\s to be      
conceiv$ by ord9>y m9ds4 ,yet "h x all  
/&s 9 black & :ite4 ,accord+ to         
,b]nh>di's volume ,g]man milit>ism means
 at lea/ two ?+s4 ,fir/ ! suppression ( 
e o!r nationality except ! ,g]man2      
second ! suppression ( ! :ole civilian  
elem5t 9 ! population "u ! heel ( !     
,g]man drill-s]geant4 ,is x any wond] t 
! rec5t w> has be5 conduct$ by ,b]l9 )  
su* appall+ b>b>ism & f]ocity8  #c      
,g]many & ! ,next ,w>1 by ,f4 von       

,b]nh>di4 ,see especially ,*ap4 ,v1     
,_w-,p[] or ,d[nfall4 ,o!r works :i* may
 be consult$ are ,pr(essor ,j4,a4       
,cramb's ,g]many & ,engl& 7esp4 pp4     
#aaa-aab7 & ,pr(essor ,u%]'s            
,pan-,g]manism4   ,,! ,,evils ,,(       
,,autocracy  ,our inquiry s f> has l$ to
 two conclusions4 ,we h discov]$ by     
bitt] exp]i5ce t a p]sonal asc5dancy1   
su* z ! ,g]man ,emp]or wields1 is 9 !   
highe/ degree p]il\s to ! int]e/s (     
peace3 & t a milit>ism su* z t :i* holds
 9 its ?rall ! ,g]man ,empire is an op5 
m5ace to intellectual culture & to      
,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,b we mu/ n suppose t ^!
 conclusions are only true s f> z !y    
apply to ! ,teutonic race1 & t ! same   
ph5om5a obs]v$ else:]e are comp>atively 
innocu\s4 ,alas6 autocracy 9 any & e    
c\ntry seems to be inimical to ! be/ &  
highe/ ( social ne$s1 & milit>ism1 :]ev]
 f\nd1 is ! enemy ( pacific social      
developm5t4 ,let u take a few in/ances  
at haphaz>d ( ! dang] ( ! p]sonal factor
 9 ,european politics4 ,!re is h>dly a  

p]son to be f\nd n[adays :o def5ds !    
,crimean w>1 or inde$ ?9ks t x 0 9 any  
s5se inevitable4 ,yet if !re 0 "o man m 
?an ano!r ^: p]sonal w br\ght x ab\t1 x 
0--n ,"l ,ab]de5 :o ought to h be5      
responsible--b ,"l ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe4
 ,! great ,elt*i1 z he 0 call$1 0 our   
,ambassador at ,con/ant9ople1 a man (   
uncommon /r5g? ( w1 :i*1 z is (t5 ! case
 ) ^! p[]ful natures1 n infrequ5tly     
deg5]at$ into %e] ob/9acy4 ,he _h made  
up 8 m9d t ,engl& 0 to support ,turkey &
 fight ) ,russia1 & inasmu* z ,l\is     
,napoleon1 = ! sake ( p]sonal glory1 _h 
simil> op9ions1 ,france z well z ,engl& 
0 dragg$ into a co/ly & q useless w>4   
,napoleon ,,iii has already figur$ among
 ^? aspir+ mon>*s :o wi% to sit 9 ! *air
 ( ,europe4 ,x 0 8 p]sonal w once m :i* 
s5t ! unhappy ,maximilian to 8 dea? 9   
,mexico1 & 8 p]sonal jeal\sy ( ,prussia 
:i* laun*$ him 9 ! fatal ent]prise      
,b]l9 9 #ahgj4 ,9 ! latt] case we f9d   
ano!r p]sonal influ5ce1 /ill m s9i/]--t 
( ! ,empress ,eugnie1 ^: caprici\s      

ambition & int]f]5ce 9 milit>y matt]s   
directly l$ to ! ru9\s disa/] ( ,s$an4  
,! ,fr5* p1 :o _h to suff]1 discov]$ x  
too late4 ,quicquid delirant reges      
plectuntur ,a*ivi4 ,or take ano!r m     
rec5t in/ance4 ,:o 0 responsible = !    
,russo-,japanese w>8 ,n ,kuropatk91     
assur$ly1 nor yet ! ,russian ,prime     
,m9i/]1 b c]ta9 ( ! ,gr& ,dukes &       
probably ! ,ts> himself1 :o 7 int]e/$ 9 
! =e/s ( ! ,yalu di/rict & _h no m9d to 
lose ! money !y _h inve/$ 9 a purely    
f9ancial op]ation4 ,! tru? is t mod]n   
,europe has no room = pranc+            
,pro-consuls1 & no long] takes /ock 9   
autocrats4 ,!y are1 or ought to be1     
sup]annuat$1 out ( date4 ,to use an     
expressive colloquialism !y are a back  
numb]4 ,! progress ( ! _w dem&s !       
developm5t ( peoples2 x has no use =    
m$ival mon>*ies l t ( ,potsdam4 ,"o ( ! 
?+s we ought to bani% = ev] is !        
horrible idea t :ole nations c be       
massacr$ & civilisation indef9itely     
po/pon$ to suit ! individual caprice ( a

 bragg+ & self-op9ionat$ despot :o calls
 himself ,god's elect4 ,n[ t we "k ! ru9
 he c cause1 let u fight %y ( !         
,sup]man1 & ! :ole range ( ideas :i* he 
connotes4   ,,! ,,milit>y ,,ca/e        
,milit>ism is ano!r ( our maladies4 ,"h 
we mu/ di/+ui% ) "s c>e4 ,a milit>y _s  
is "o ?+3 milit>ism is ano!r4 ,x is     
probable t no nation is wor?y to survive
 :i* does n possess a milit>y _s1 or1 9 
o!r words1 ! in/9ct to def5d itself &   
its lib]ties aga9/ an aggressor4 ,x is a
 virtue :i* is closely int]fus$ ) high  
moral qualities--self-respect1 a prop]  
pride1 self-reliance--& is compatible ) 
real mode/y & sobriety ( m9d4 ,b        
milit>ism has no?+ e?ical ab\t x4 ,x is 
n c\rage1 b %e] pugnacity &             
qu>relsom5ess1 & z exemplifi$ 9 our     
mod]n hi/ory x means ! dom9ion ( a      
clique1 ! reign ( a few self-op9ionat$  
(ficials4 ,t ^! individuals %\ld possess
 only a limit$ intellig5ce is almo/     
inevitable4 ,exi/+ = ! purposes ( w>1 !y
 naturally look at ev]y?+ f an oblique &

 p]v]t$ po9t ( view4 ,!y reg>d nations1 
n z peaceful communities ( citiz5s1 b z 
mat]ial to be work$ up into armies4 ,_! 
assumption is t w>1 be+ an indelible    
feature 9 ! hi/ory ( our common         
humanity1 mu/ be ceaselessly prep>$ = by
 ! pil+ up ( huge armam5ts & weapons (  
de/ruction4 ,_! inv>iable motto is t if 
y wi% = peace y mu/ prep>e = w>--si vis 
pacem1 p>a bellum--a notori\sly false   
apoph!gm1 because armam5ts are          
provocative1 n soo?+1 & ! man :o is a   
swa%-buckl] invites attack4 ,x is       
ne$less to say t ?\s&s ( milit>y m5 d n 
belong to ?is category3 no "o dreads w> 
s mu* z ! man :o kn[s :at x means4 ,i am
 n speak+ ( individuals1 ,i am speak+ ( 
a p>ticul> ca/e1 milit>y (ficials 9 !   
ab/ract1 if y l to put x s1 :o1 because 
_! bus9ess is w>1 h n ! slighte/ idea   
:at ! pacific social developm5t ( a p   
really means4 ,milit>ism is simply a    
"o-sid$1 p>tial po9t ( view1 & to en=ce 
t ^u a nation is z ?\gh a man ) a       
pron\nc$ squ9t 7 to be accept$ z a man (

 normal vision4 ,we h se5 :at x involves
 9 ,g]many4 ,9 a less (f5sive =m1 h[ev]1
 x exi/s 9 mo/ /ates1 & its root idea is
 usually t ! civilian z su* belongs to a
 l[] ord] ( humanity1 & is n s important
 to ! ,/ate z ! (fic] :o dis*>ges vague 
& = ! mo/ "p useless functions 9 ! ,w>  
,(fice4#d ,x is a swoll51 ov]-develop$  
milit>ism t has got u into ! pres5t     
mess1 & "o ( our e>lie/ conc]ns1 :5 !   
/orm is ov]1 mu/ be to put x into its   
prop] place4 ,let him :o uses ! sword   
p]i% by ! sword4  #d ,?us x 0 ! ,milit>y
 p>ty 9 ,bulg>ia :i* drove h] to !      
disa/r\s second ,balkan w>1 & ! ,milit>y
 p>ty 9 ,au/ria :i* insi/$ on !         
ultimatum to ,s]via4   ,,diplomacy  ,&  
,i fe> t !re is ano!r anci5t piece ( our
 int]national /rategy :i* has be5 f\nd  
want+4 ,i approa* ) "s hesitation !     
subject ( diplomacy1 because x conta9s s
 _m elem5ts ( value to a /ate1 & has    
giv5 s _m opportunities = active &      
orig9al m9ds4 ,its wor/ feature is t its
 op]ations h to be conduct$ 9 secret3   

its be/ is t x af=ds a f9e              
exemplification ( ! way 9 :i* ! hi/ory &
 =tunes ( /ates are--to _!              
advantage--dep5d5t ^u ! initiative (    
gift$ & patriotic individuals4 ,b if we 
look back ov] ! hi/ory ( rec5t ye>s1 we 
%all discov] t diplomacy has n fulfill$ 
its especial mission4 ,accord+ to a     
well-kn[n cynical dictum a diplomati/ is
 a man :o is paid to lie = 8 c\ntry4 ,&1
 inde$1 x is "o ( ! lea/ graci\s aspects
 ( ! diplomatic c>e] t x seems          
necess>ily to involve ! use ( a c]ta9   
am\nt ( *ican]y & falsehood1 ! object   
be+ to jockey oppon5ts by means (       
skilful ruses into a position 9 :i* !y  
f9d !mselves at a disadvantage4 ,cle>ly1
 h[ev]1 !re are bett] aims ?an ^! =     
diplomacy--"o aim 9 p>ticul>1 :i* is !  
pres]vation ( peace4 ,a diplomat is     
suppos$ to h fail$ if ! result ( 8 "w   
leads to w>4 ,x is n 8 bus9ess to br+   
ab\t w>4 ,any k+ or prime m9i/] or g5]al
 c d t1 v (t5 ) conspicu\s ease4 ,a     
diplomat is a skilful /atesman v]s$ 9   

int]national politics1 :o makes ! be/   
provision he c = ! int]e/s ( 8 c\ntry1  
c>efully /e]+ x away f ^? rocks ( angry 
ho/ility on :i* possibly 8 good %ip may 
f\nd]4   ,,balance ,,( ,,p[]  ,n[ :at   
has diplomacy done = u dur+ ! la/ few   
ye>s8 ,x has =m$ c]ta9 und]/&+s &       
alliances betwe5 diff]5t /ates2 x has   
tri$ to safegu>d our position by creat+ 
sympa!tic bonds ) ^? nations :o are     
alli$ to u 9 policy4 ,x has also        
attempt$ to produce t k9d ( ,balance (  
,p[] 9 ,europe :i* on its own %[+ makes 
= peace4 ,?is ,balance ( ,p[]1 s (t5 & s
 my/]i\sly allud$ to by ! diplomatic _w1
 has become a v]itable feti%4 ,p]haps   
its supreme a*ievem5t 0 rea*$ :5 two    
autocratic mon>*s--! ,ts> ( ,russia & ! 
,g]man ,emp]or--solemnly prop\nd$ a     
/atem5t1 z we h se51 at ,port ,baltic t 
! ,balance ( ,p[]1 z di/ribut$ betwe5 ! 
,triple ,alliance & ! ,triple ,ent5te1  
_h prov$ itself valuable 9 ! int]e/s (  
,european peace4 ,t 0 only two ye>s ago1
 & ! ?+ seems a mock]y n[4 ,if we exam9e

 precisely :at is meant by a ,balance ( 
,p[]1 we %all see t x presupposes c]ta9 
conditions ( animosity & attempts to    
neutralise !m by ! exhibition ( sup]ior 
or1 at all ev5ts1 equival5t =ces4 ,a    
,balance ( ,p[] 9 ! cont95tal sy/em     
assumes1 = all practical purposes1 t !  
nations ( ,europe are ready to fly at   
ea* o!r's ?roats1 & t ! only way to det]
 !m is to make !m realise h[ extremely  
p]il\s to !mselves w\ld be any su*      
milit>y ent]prise4 ,c any "o d\bt t ?is 
is ! real mean+ ( ! phrase8 ,if we li/5 
to ! ,delphic oracles ( diplomacy on ?is
 subject ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]1 we %all   
und]/& t 9 n9e cases out ( t5 a man     
invok+ ?is phrase means t he wants !    
,balance ( ,p[] to be fav\rable to      
himself4 ,x is n s mu* an exact         
equipoise t he desires1 z a c]ta9 t5d5cy
 ( ! scales to dip 9 8 direction4 ,if   
,g]many feels h]self weak %e n only     
associates ,au/ria & ,italy ) h]self1 b 
looks ea/w>d to get ! assi/ance (       
,turkey1 or1 p]haps1 attempts--z x s    

happ5s )\t any success--to create       
sympa?y = h]self 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (    
,am]ica4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,france feels
 h]self 9 dang]1 %e n only =ms an       
alliance ) ,russia1 b also an ent5te )  
,engl& &1 on ! pr9ciple t ! fri5ds (    
"o's fri5ds ought to be accept$1        
produces a fur!r ent5te betwe5 ,engl& & 
,russia4 ,engl&1 on h] "p1 if = :atev]  
reason %e feels t %e is liable to       
attack1 goes ev5 s f> z to make an      
alliance ) an ,asiatic nation--,japan--9
 ord] to safegu>d h] ,asiatic int]e/s 9 
,india4 ,?us1 :5 diplomati/s invoke !   
necessity ( a ,balance ( ,p[]1 !y are   
really try+ to "w = a prepond]ance ( p[]
 on _! side4 ,x is inevitable t ?is %\ld
 be s4 ,an exact ,balance ( ,p[] mu/    
result 9 a /alemate4   ,,*ange ,,(      
,,policy  ,obs]ve :at has happ5$ to     
,great ,brita9 dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,:5 %e 0
 rul$ by t extremely cle>-head$ ?\gh    
ob/9ate /atesman1 ,"l ,salisbury1 %e    
rema9$1 at 8 advice1 outside ! circle ( 
cont95tal entanglem5ts & rejoic$ 9 :at 0

 kn[n z a policy ( ,spl5did ,isolation4 
,x 01 ( c\rse1 a selfi% policy4 ,x re/$ 
on s\nd geographical gr\nds1 because1   
mak+ use ( ! =tunate accid5t t ,great   
,brita9 is an isl&1 x sugge/$ t %e c\ld 
pursue h] own comm]cial c>e] &1 ?anks to
 ! ,engli% ,*annel1 let ! :ole ( ! re/ (
 ! _w g hang4 ,su* a position c\ld n    
possibly la/1 p>tly because ,great      
,brita9 is n only an isl&1 b also an    
empire scatt]$ ov] ! sev5 seas2 p>tly   
because we c\ld n rema9 ali5 f ^? social
 & economic int]e/s :i* necess>ily l9k  
our c>e] ) cont95tal nations4 ,s we     
became "p ( ! cont95tal sy/em1 & x      
became necess>y = u to *oose fri5ds &   
p>tn]s & m>k (f o!r peoples z our       
enemies4 ,x might h be5 possible a c]ta9
 numb] ( ye>s ago = u to jo9 ! ,triple  
,alliance4 ,at "o "t ,pr9ce ,bl[ seem$  
anxi\s t we %\ld d s1 & ,mr4 ,*amb]la9  
on our side 0 by no means unwill+4 ,b   
gradually we discov]$ t ,g]many 0       
int5sely jeal\s ( u z a colonial p[] & z
 a great sea-p[]1 & = ?is reason1 z well

 z = o!rs1 we pref]r$ to compose our    
anci5t diff]5ces ) ,france & promote an 
und]/&+ betwe5 ,engli% & ,fr5* z ! ne>e/
 ( neighb\rs & ! mo/ conv5i5t ( allies4 
,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t e /ep 9 ! process 0 a 
*all5ge1 & a *all5ge :i* ! rival aim$ at
 c\ld n possibly ignore4 ,! conclusion (
 ! ,fr5* ,ent5te ,cordiale 9 #aijd1 !   
laun*+ ( ! ,dreadn\ght 9 #aijf1 !       
=mation ( ! ,russian agreem5t 9 #aijg1 &
 c]ta9 *anges :i* we made 9 our own army
 7 obvi\sly int5d$ z w>n+s to ,g]many t 
we 7 dang]\s p to attack4#e ,g]many     
naturally s\ght reprisals 9 h] fa%ion1 &
 gradually ,europe 0 trans=m$ into a    
huge arm$ camp1 divid$ into two p[]ful  
organisations :i* necess>ily wat*$ ea*  
o!r ) no fri5dly gaze4  #e ,see ,! ,w> (
 ,/eel & ,gold1 by ,h4,n4 ,brails=d     
7,bell7--op5+ *apt] on ,! ,balance (    
,p[]4   ,,balance ,,or ,,conc]t8  ,i d n
 say t ! c\rse ( ev5ts c\ld possibly h  
be5 alt]$4 ,:5 once we became "p ( !    
cont95tal sy/em1 x 0 necess>y = u to    
*oose betwe5 fri5ds & enemies4 ,i only  

say t if diplomacy calls itself an ag5cy
 = prev5t+ w>1 x _c be said to be       
altoge!r successful4 ,its fam\s doctr9e 
( a ,balance ( ,p[] is 9 reality a m]e  
phrase4 ,if "o comb9ation be repres5t$ z
 ,x & ! o!r z ,y1 & ,x increases itself 
up to ,x#b1 x becomes necess>y t ,y %\ld
 simil>ly increase itself to ,y#b1 a    
process :i*1 cle>ly1 does n make =      
peace4 ,i %\ld imag9e t ! be/ (         
diplomati/s are q aw>e ( ?is4 ,inde$1   
!re seems reason to suppose t ,sir      
,edw>d ,grey1 ow+ to def9ite exp]i5ce 9 
! la/ two ye>s1 n only discov]$ !       
uselessness ( ! pr9ciple ( a ,balance ( 
,p[]1 b did 8 be/ to sub/itute some?+   
entirely diff]5t--! ,conc]t ( ,europe4  
,all ! negotiations he conduct$ dur+ &  
aft] ! two ,balkan w>s1 8 con/ant ef=t  
to summon ,london ,conf]5ces & o!r ?+s1 
7 int5d$ to create a ,conc]t ( ,european
 ,p[]s1 discuss+ among/ !mselves ! be/  
measures to secure ! peace ( ! _w4      
,alas6 ! :ole ( ! fabric 0 de/roy$1 !   
fair prospects hopelessly cl\d$ ov]1 by 

! intemp]ate ambition ( ! ,kais]1 :o1 j 
because he believ$ t ! ,balance ( ,p[] 0
 fav\rable to himself1 t ,russia 0      
unready1 t ,france 0 involv$ 9 s]i\s    
dome/ic tr\ble1 t ,engl& 0 on ! br9k (  
civil w>1 set fire to ! magaz9e &       
eng9e]$ ! pres5t colossal explosion4    
,,control ,,( ,,=eign ,,policy  ,"o _c  
feel sure t diplomacy z hi!rto recognis$
 w be able1 or1 inde$1 ought to be able1
 to survive ! %ock4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 z 9  
o!rs1 diplomacy has be5 consid]$ a      
highly specialis$ sci5ce1 :i* c only be 
conduct$ by tra9$ m5 & by me?ods (      
entire secrecy4 ,z a m]e matt] ( fact1  
,engl& has f> less control ov] h] =eign 
policy ?an any ( ! cont95tal ,p[]s4 ,9  
,g]many =eign affairs come be=e !       
,rei*/ag1 9 ,france !y are survey$ by ! 
,s5ate1 9 ,am]ica !re is a special      
dep>tm5t ( ! ,s5ate emp[]$ to deal )    
=eign conc]ns4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 !re is 
no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,p>liam5t has practically 
no control :atsoev] ov] =eign affairs1 x
 is n ev5 consult$ 9 ! =mation (        

treaties & arrangem5ts ) o!r nations4   
,nor yet has ! ,cab9et any real control1
 because x mu/ act toge!r z a :ole1 & a 
det]m9$ criticism ( a =eign secret>y    
means ! resignation ( ! ,gov]nm5t4      
,=tunately1 our diplomacy has be5 left =
 ! mo/ "p 9 v able h&s4 ,nev]!less1 x is
 surely a p>adox t ! ,engli% p %\ld "k s
 little ab\t =eign affairs z to be      
absolutely incapable ( any control 9    
que/ions t affect _! life or dea?4      
,democracy1 ?\gh x is suppos$ to be     
incompet5t to manage =eign relations1   
c\ld h>dly h made a worse mess ( x ?an !
 highly-tra9$ ,*ancell]ies4 ,:5 ! new   
,europe arises out ( ! a%es ( ! old1 x  
is n v haz>d\s to prophesy t diplomacy1 
) its secret me?ods1 its belief 9       
phrases & ab/ract pr9ciples1 & its      
assumption ( a special pr(essional k1 w 
f9d ! range ( its p[]s & ! sph]e ( its  
au?ority s5sibly curtail$4     ,,*apt]  
,,ii  ,,lessons ,,( ,,! ,,pa/   ,!      
problems t lie be=e u 9 ! recon/itution 
( ,europe are s _m & s v>i\s t we c only

 hope to take a few sep>ately1          
especially ^? :i* seem to ?r[ mo/ light 
on a possible future4 ,i h us$ ! phrase 
recon/itution ( ,europe1 because ,i d n 
"k h[ o!rwise to *>act]ise ! g5]al tr5d 
( ! ideas g]m9at+ 9 _m m5's m9ds z !y   
survey ! pres5t crisis & its probable   
outcome4 ,europe w h to be recon/itut$ 9
 m respects ?an "o4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 
or r be=e ! pres5t w> broke out1 x 0    
gov]n$ by phrases & conceptions :i* _h  
become sup]annuat$4 ,an uneasy equipoise
 betwe5 ! ,great ,p[]s repres5t$ !      
highe/ culm9ation ( our diplomatic      
ef=ts4 ,some?+ mu/ cle>ly be sub/itut$ =
 ?is uneasy equipoise4 ,x is n en\gh t  
aft] trem5d\s ef=ts ! relative balance (
 =ces betwe5 great /ates %\ld1 on !     
:ole1 dissuade !m f w>4 ,z a matt] (    
fact1 x has n done s4 ,! und]ly+        
conception has be5 t nations are s      
ard5tly bellicose t !y require to be    
re/ra9$ f headlong conflicts by !       
d\btful & dang]\s "* ( su* milit>y ef=ts
 z might be practicable4 ,h5ce ,europe1 

z divid$ into arm$ camps1 repres5ts "o (
 ! old-fa%ion$ ideas t we want to       
aboli%4 ,we wi% to put 9 its /ead some?+
 l a ,conc]t ( ,europe4 ,we h be=e our  
eyes a vague1 b inspir+ vision n (      
trem5d\s & rival armam5ts1 b ( a ,unit$ 
,/ates ( ,europe1 ea* compon5t elem5t   
/riv+ = ! public weal1 & = fur!r        
advances 9 g5]al cultivation & welf>e r 
?an comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,! la/ is a    
vital po9t1 = x does n require mu* k (  
mod]n hi/ory to discov] t ! race =      
comm]cial advantage is exactly "o ( !   
reasons :y ,europe is at w> at ! pres5t 
mom5t4 ,a va/ increase 9 ! comm]cial    
prosp]ity ( any "o /ate means a frantic 
ef=t on ! "p ( its rivals to pull d[n   
?is advantage4 ,9 "s fa%ion1 !re=e1 we h
 to sub/itute = endless competition !   
pr9ciple ( co-op]ation1 national welf>e 
be+ con/ru$ at ! same "t n 9 t]ms (     
ov]:elm+ weal?1 b ( ?or\gh sanity &     
heal? 9 ! body corporate4   ,,nak$      
,,/r5g?  ,all ?is s\nds %ad[y & ab/ruse 
until x is translat$ into some?+        

concrete & def9ite4 ,:at is x we want to
 dispossess & bani% f ! ,europe (       
to-day8 ,we h to f9d some?+ to take !   
place ( :at is call$ milit>ism4 ,i dealt
 ) ! g5]al features ( milit>ism 9 my la/
 essay2 ,i w !re=e cont5t myself ) say+ 
t milit>ism 9 ,europe has meant two ?+s 
above all4 ,fir/1 ! wor%ip ( might1 z   
express$ 9 =midable armam5ts2 next1 !   
correspond+ wor%ip ( weal? to enable !  
burd5 ( armam5ts to be borne )          
comp>ative ease4 ,! wor%ip ( nak$ /r5g? 
involves sev]al d$uctions4 ,"r          
disappe>s1 or r is translat$ 9 t]ms (   
might4 ,int]national morality equally   
disappe>s4 ,individuals1 x is true1 seek
 to be gov]n$ by ! consci\sness (       
univ]sal moral laws4 ,b a nation1 z su*1
 has no consci5ce1 & is n b\nd to       
recognise ! supremacy ( any?+ high] ?an 
itself4 ,morality1 ?\gh x may b9d !     
individual1 does n b9d ! ,/ate1 or1 z   
,g5]al von ,b]nh>di has express$ x1     
political morality diff]s f individual  
morality because !re is no p[] above !  

,/ate4 ,9 simil> fa%ion ! wor%ip ( weal?
 c>ries num]\s consequ5ces ) x1 :i* are 
well wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,b ! ma9     
po9t1 s f> z x affects my pres5t        
argum5t1 is t x sub/itutes mat]iali/ic  
objects ( endeav\r = e?ical & spiritual 
aims4 ,once m morality is defeat$4 ,!   
ideal is n ! supremacy ( good1 b !      
supremacy ( t range & sph]e ( mat]ial   
effici5cy t is procurable by weal?4     
,,public ,,"r  ,let u try to be m       
concrete /ill1 & 9 ?is context let u    
turn to su* def9ite /atem5ts z are      
available ( ! views ent]ta9$ by our *ief
 /atesm51 politicians1 & lead]s ( public
 op9ion4 ,i turn to ! spee* :i* ,mr4    
,asqui? deliv]$ on ,friday ev5+1        
,septemb] #be1 9 ,dubl91 z "p ( !       
crusade :i* he & o!rs are und]tak+ = !  
g5]al enlight5m5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,i %\ld l1
 said ,mr4 ,asqui?1 to ask y\r att5tion 
& t ( my fell[-c\ntrym5 to ! end :i*1 9 
?is w>1 we ought to keep 9 view4        
,=ty-f\r ye>s ago1 at ! "t ( ! w> (     
#ahgj1 ,mr4 ,glad/one us$ ^! words4 ,he 

said3 ',! greate/ triumph ( our "t w be 
! en?ronem5t ( ! idea ( public "r z !   
gov]n+ idea ( ,european politics4'      
,ne>ly fifty ye>s h pass$4 ,little      
progress1 x seems1 has z yet be5 made   
t[>ds t good & b5efic5t *ange1 b x seems
 to me to be n[ at ?is mom5t z good a   
def9ition z we c h ( our ,european      
policy--! idea ( public "r4 ,:at does x 
mean :5 translat$ into concrete t]ms8 ,x
 means1 fir/ & =emo/1 ! cle>+ ( ! gr\nd 
by ! def9ite repudiation ( milit>ism z !
 gov]n+ factor 9 ! relation ( /ates & ( 
! future m\ld+ ( ! ,european _w4 ,x     
means next t room mu/ be f\nd & kept = !
 indep5d5t exi/5ce & ! free developm5t (
 ! small] nationalities1 ea* ) a        
corporate consci\sness ( its own4444 ,& 
x means1 f9ally1 or x ought to mean1    
p]haps1 by a sl[ & gradual process1 !   
sub/itution = =ce1 = ! cla% ( compet+   
ambition1 = gr\p+s & alliances1 ( a real
 ,european p>tn]%ip bas$ on !           
recognition ( equal "r & e/abli%$ &     
en=c$ by a common w4#f  ,mu* ! same     

language has be5 us$ by ,sir ,edw>d     
,grey & by ,mr4 ,w9/on ,*ur*ill4  #f ,! 
,times1 ,septemb] #bf4   ,a ,,common ,,w
  ,obs]ve t !re are ?ree po9ts "h4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place--if ,i d n misappreh5d ,mr4  
,asqui?'s drift--9 work+ = ! abolition (
 milit>ism1 we are work+ = a great      
dim9ution 9 ^? armam5ts :i* h become a  
nightm>e to ! mod]n _w4 ,! second po9t  
is t we h to help 9 e fa%ion small      
nationalities1 or1 9 o!r words1 t we h  
to see t c\ntries l ,belgium1 ,holl&1   
,switz]l&1 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1       
,greece & ! ,balkan ,/ates1 &1 p]haps1 m
 specially1 ! ,slav nationalities %all h
 a free *ance 9 ,europe1 %all h _! place
 9 ! sun1 & n be br[beat5 & raid$ &     
ov]:elm$ by _! p[]ful neighb\rs4 ,& !   
?ird po9t1 p]haps m important ?an all1  
is ! creation ( :at ,mr4 ,asqui? calls a
 ,european p>tn]%ip bas$ on !           
recognition ( equal "r & e/abli%$ &     
en=c$ by a common w4 ,we h to recognise 
t !re is su* a ?+ z public "r2 t !re is 
su* a ?+ z int]national morality1 & t ! 

,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe h to keep z _!  
ideal ! affirmation ( ?is public "r1 &  
to en=ce x by a common w4 ,t creation ( 
a common w is at once ! mo/ difficult & 
! mo/ imp]ative ?+ ( all4 ,e "o mu/ be  
aw>e h[ difficult x is4 ,we "k1 =       
in/ance1 h[ ! common law is en=c$ 9 any 
specifi$ /ate1 because x has a sanction1
 or1 9 o!r words1 because ^? :o break x 
c be puni%$4 ,b ! weakness = a long "t  
pa/ ( int]national law1 f ! "t (        
,grotius onw>ds1 is t x app>5tly has no 
real sanction4 ,h[ are we to puni% an   
(f5d+ /ate8 ,x c only be done by !      
gradual developm5t ( a public consci5ce 
9 ,europe1 & by means ( def9ite         
agreem5ts s t ! re/ ( ! civilis$ _w %all
 compel a recalcitrant memb] to abide by
 ! common decrees4 ,if only ?is common w
 ( ,europe ev] came into exi/5ce1 we    
%\ld h solv$ mo/1 if n all1 our tr\bles4
 ,b ! "q is3 ,h[8   ,a ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s  
,,ago  ,x may be depress+1 b x c]ta9ly  
is an in/ructive lesson to g back j a   
hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ! condition (       

,europe 0 9 _m respects simil> to t :i* 
prevails n[4 ,! problems t unroll$      
!mselves be=e ! nations af=d useful     
po9ts ( comp>ison4 ,! great enemy 0 !n  
,napoleon & ,france4 ,napoleon's views (
 empire 7 precisely ( t univ]sal        
pr$atory type :i* we h le>nt to         
associate ) ! ,kais] & ! ,g]man ,empire4
 ,! autocratic rule ( ! s+le p]sonal w 0
 weigh+ heavily on ne>ly e qu>t] ( !    
globe4 ,!n came a "t :5 ! pr9ciple (    
nationality1 :i* ,napoleon _h ev]y:]e   
defi$1 gradually grew 9 /r5g? until x 0 
able to %ake (f ! yoke ( ! conqu]or4 ,9 
,g]many1 & ,spa91 & ,italy ! pr9ciple ( 
nationality /eadily grew1 :ile 9 ,engl& 
!re _h always be5 a /eady opposition to 
! tyranny ( ,napoleon on ! precise gr\nd
 t x int]f]$ ) ! indep5d5t exi/5ce (    
nations4 ,! defeat ( ,napoleon1 !re=e1 0
 hail$ by our =efa!rs a hundr$ ye>s ago 
z ! dawn ( a new era4 ,f\r great        
,p[]s--,great ,brita91 ,russia1 ,au/ria1
 & ,prussia--_h be=e !m z _! task !     
settlem5t ( ,europe1 "o ( ! noble/ tasks

 t c\ld possibly be assign$ to ^? :o1   
hav+ suff]$ "u ! old regime1 7 desir\s  
to secure peace & base x on j &         
equitable f\ndations4 ,!re is ?us an    
obvi\s p>allelism betwe5 ! conditions ( 
affairs 9 #ahae & ^? :i* w1 z we hope1  
obta9 if & :5 ! ,g]man tyrant is defeat$
 & ! nations ( ,europe comm5ce _! solemn
 task ( recon/itut+ ,europe4 ,( c\rse1  
we mu/ n press ! analogy too f>4 ,! dawn
 ( a new era might h be5 welcom$ 9      
#ahae1 b ! proviso 0 always kept 9 !    
backgr\nd t mo/ ( ! old] traditions %\ld
 be pres]v$4 ,diplomacy 0 /ill inspir$  
by its traditional wat*words4 ,above    
all1 ! trans=mation s ke5ly & s vaguely 
desir$ 0 9 ! h&s ( sov]eigns :o 7 m     
anxi\s ab\t _! own int]e/s ?an p]haps 0 
consi/5t ) ! common weal4               
,,equilibrium  ,at fir/ ! f\r ,great    
,p[]s proce$$ v t5tatively4 ,!y wi%$ to 
conf9e ,france--! dang]\s elem5t 9      
,europe--)9 h] legitimate b\nd>ies4     
,next1 !y desir$ to arrange an          
equilibrium ( ,p[]s 7obs]ve1 9 pass+1 ! 

old doctr9e ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]7 s t no 
individual /ate %\ld = ! future be 9 a  
position to upset ! g5]al tranquillity4 
,revolution>y ,france 0 to be held "u by
 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( its anci5t dyna/y4   
,h5ce ,l\is ,,xviii 0 to be re/or$4 ,!  
o!r object 0 to be obta9$ by a c>eful   
p>cell+ out ( ! v>i\s t]ritories (      
,europe1 on ! basis1 s f> z possible1 ( 
old rights consecrat$ by treaties4 ,x is
 unnecess>y to g into detail 9 ?is      
matt]4 ,we may say summ>ily t ,g]many 0 
recon/itut$ z a ,conf$]ation ( ,sov]eign
 ,/ates2 ,au/ria receiv$ ! ,presid5cy ( 
! ,f$]al ,diet2 9 ,italy                
,lomb>do-,v5etia 0 erect$ into a k+dom  
"u ,au/rian hegemony1 :ile ! ,l[        
,c\ntries 7 annex$ to ! cr[n ( ,holl& s 
z to =m1 "u ! title ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s1
 an effici5t b>ri] aga9/ ,fr5*          
aggression nor?w>ds4 ,x 0 tr\blesome to 
satisfy ,alex&] ,i ( ,russia because ( 8
 ambition to secure = himself ! k+dom ( 
,pol&4 ,inde$1 z we %all see pres5tly1 !
 p]sonality ( ,alex&] 0 a p]man5t       

/umbl+-block to mo/ ( ! projects (      
,european /atesm54 ,z a :ole1 x _c be   
d5i$ t ?is p>ticul> p]iod ( hi/ory1     
betwe5 ,napoleon's abdication 9 #ahad & 
! meet+ ( ! ,european ,congress at      
,v]ona 9 #ahhb1 pres5t$ a pr(\ndly      
di/ress+ picture ( int]national egotism4
 ,! ru9 ( _! common enemy1 reliev+ !    
memb]s ( ! ,european family f !         
necessity ( ma9ta9+ concord1 also       
releas$ _! individual selfi%nesses & _! 
long-suppress$ mutual jeal\sies4#g  #g  
,see ,! ,conf$]ation ( ,europe1 by      
,walt] ,alison ,phillips 7,longmans71   
esp4 ,*apt]s ,v & ,,vi4 ,cf4 also       
,political & ,lit]>y ,essays1 by ! ,e>l 
( ,crom]1 #bnd s]ies 7,macmillan71 on ,!
 ,conf$]ation ( ,europe4   ,,! ,,holy   
,,alliance  ,! figure ( ,alex&] ,i      
dom9ates ?is epo*4 ,8 "* exhibits a v   
curi\s mixture ( autocratic ambition & a
 my/ical ve9 ( %e] undilut$ idealism4   
,probably x w\ld be true to say t he    
began by be+ an ideali/1 & 0 =c$ by !   
pressure ( ev5ts to adopt reaction>y    

tactics4 ,p]haps also1 deeply emb$d$ 9 !
 ,russian nature we g5]ally f9d a c]ta9 
unpracticalness & a t5d5cy to my/ical   
dreams1 f> remote f ! ord9>y necessities
 ( e day4 ,x 0 ,alex&]'s dream to f\nd a
 ,union ( ,europe1 & to consecrate its  
political by its spiritual aims4 ,he    
reta9$ v>i\s nebul\s ?9k]s ar\nd 8      
?rone2 he also d]iv$ mu* ( 8 crusade f !
 inspiration ( a woman--,b>oness von    
,krd5]1 :o is suppos$ to h ow$ h] own   
conv]sion to ! tea*+ ( a pi\s cobbl]4   
,ev5 if we h to describe ,alex&]'s dream
 z futile1 we _c af=d to dismiss x z    
:olly inop]ative4 ,= x _h z its fruit ! 
s-call$ ,holy ,alliance1 :i* 0 9 a s5se 
! direct ance/or ( ! peace programmes ( 
! ,hague1 &1 ?r\gh a diff]5t *a9 (      
ideas1 ! ,monroe ,doctr9e ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates4 ,we are apt sometimes to confuse
 ! ,holy ,alliance ) ! ,gr& ,alliance4  
,! second1 h[ev]1 0 a union ( ! f\r     
,great ,p[]s1 to :i* ,france 0          
ultimately admitt$4 ,! fir/ 0 n an      
alliance at all1 h>dly1 p]haps1 ev5 a   

treaty4 ,x 0 9 its orig9al conception a 
s+le-he>t$ attempt to arrange ,europe on
 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 !   
v>i\s nations be+ reg>d$ z bro!rs :o    
ought to h prop] bro!rly affection = "o 
ano!r4 ,we "k t1 ev5tually1 ! ,holy     
,alliance became an in/rum5t ( some?+ l 
autocratic despotism1 b 9 its ess5ce x 0
 s f> f be+ reaction>y t1 accord+ to !  
,emp]or ,alex&]1 x involv$ ! grant (    
lib]al con/itutions by pr9ces to _!     
subjects4   ,,diplomatic ,,criticism  ,b
 j because x b\nd its signatories to act
 on c]ta9 vague pr9ciples = no          
well-def9$ ends1 x 0 b\nd to become !   
mock]y ( diplomati/s tra9$ 9 an old]    
s*ool4 ,mett]ni*1 = in/ance1 call$ x a  
l\d s\nd+ no?+2 ,ca/l]eagh a piece (    
sublime my/icism & nons5se1 :ile ,cann+ 
decl>$ t = 8 "p he want$ no m (         
,areopagus & ! l ( t4 ,:at happ5$ on ?is
 occasion is :at ord9>ily happ5s )      
well-int5tion$ ideali/s :o happ5 also to
 be amateur /atesm54 ,try+ to regulate  
practical politics1 ! ,holy ,alliance 0 

deflect$ f its orig9al purpose because  
its *ief au?or1 ,alex&] ,i1 came "u !   
influ5ce ( ,mett]ni* & 0 fright5$ by    
revolution>y movem5ts 9 ,italy & )9 8   
own dom9ions4 ,?us ! in/rum5t orig9ally 
int5d$ to pres]ve nationalities & secure
 ! con/itutional rights ( p 0 conv]t$   
into a weapon = ! use ( autocrats only  
anxi\s to pres]ve _! own ?rones4        
,nev]!less1 ?\gh x may h be5 a failure1 
! ,holy ,alliance did n leave itself )\t
 witness 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,x tri$ to       
regulate ord9>y diplomacy 9 accordance )
 e?ical & spiritual pr9ciples2 & !      
dream+ m9d ( its fir/ f\nd] 0 reproduc$ 
9 t lat] desc5dant ( 8 :o initiat$ !    
,hague propag&a ( peace4   ,,failure    
,^! ?+s 7 writt5 = our ensamples1 & we  
%\ld be fooli% inde$ if we did n take   
/ock ( !m ) an anxi\s eye to ! future4  
,! ma9 & />tl+ fact is t ) e app>5t     
desire = ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ,europe on   
bett] l9es1 ,europe1 z a matt] ( fact1  
drift$ back into ! old welt] ( conflict+
 nationalities1 :ile ! v in/rum5t (     

peace--! ,holy ,alliance--0 us$ by      
autocratic gov]nm5ts = ! subjection (   
small] nationalities & ! de/ruction (   
popul> fre$om4 ,x is accord+ly v        
necess>y t we %\ld /udy ! conditions "u 
:i* s />tl+ a trans=mation took place4  
,ev5 9 ,engl& h]self x _c be said t ! p 
7 9 any s5se b5efit$ by ! conclusions ( 
! w>4 ,!y _h borne its burd5s1 b at its 
end f\nd !mselves hamp]$ z be=e 9 ! free
 developm5t ( a democracy4 ,mean:ile1   
,europe at l>ge pres5t$ a spectacle (   
despotism temp]$ by occasional popul>   
outbreaks1 :ile 9 ! majority ( cases !  
old fett]s 7 rivet$ anew by cunn+ & by  
no means dis9t]e/$ h&s4   ,a ,,deceptive
 ,,p>allel  ,:at we h to ask ourselves  
is :e!r ! conditions a hundr$ ye>s ago h
 any real simil>ity ) ^? likely to obta9
 :5 ,europe beg9s anew to set its h\se 9
 ord]4 ,to ?is1 =tunately1 we c return a
 decid$ negative4 ,we h already %[n t ! 
g5]al outl9es pres5t a c]ta9 simil>ity1 
b ! p>allelism is at mo/ sup]ficial1 & 9
 _m respects deceptive4 ,a despot has to

 be ov]?r[n1 an end has to be put to a  
p>ticul> =m ( autocratic regime1 &      
small] /ates h to be protect$ aga9/ !   
exactions ( _! /rong] neighb\rs--t is ! 
ext5t ( ! analogy4 ,b x is to be hop$ t 
we %all comm5ce our lab\rs "u mu* bett] 
auspices4 ,! p]sonal =ces involv$1 =    
in/ance1 are :olly diff]5t4 ,among/ ^?  
:o took ^u !mselves to solve ! problems 
( ! "t is to be f\nd ! wide/ possible   
div]g5ce 9 "* & aims4 ,on ! "o side we h
 a %e] my/ic & ideali/ 9 ! p]son (      
,alex&] ,i1 ) all k9ds ( vision>y       
*>act]s at 8 side--,la ,h>pe1 :o 0 8    
tutor1 a ,jacob9 pure & simple1 & a     
f]v5t apo/le ( ! tea*+s ( ,jean ,jacques
 ,r\sseau2 ,cz>toryski1 a ,pole1 s9c]ely
 anxi\s = ! reg5]ation ( 8 k+dom2 &     
,capo d',i/ria1 a *ampion ( ,greek      
nationality4 ,to ^! we h to add ! curi\s
 figure ( ! ,b>oness von ,krd5]1 an     
admirable repres5tative ( ! religi\s    
sickl9ess ( ! age4 ,i h imm5se ?+s to   
say to him1 %e said1 ref]r+ to !        
,emp]or1 ! ,"l alone c prep>e 8 he>t to 

receive !m4 ,%e _h1 inde$1 _m ?+s to say
 to him1 b h] influ5ce 0 evanesc5t & 8  
,imp]ial he>t 0 h>d5$ ev5tually to q    
diff]5t issues4   ,,mett]ni*            
,absolutely at ! o!r extreme 0 a man l  
,mett]ni*1 tra9$ 9 ! old s*ool (        
politics1 wily ) ! wil9ess ( a practis$ 
diplomatic tra9+1 naturally impati5t (  
speculative dream]s1 ?or\ghly practical 
9 ! only s5se 9 :i* he und]/ood ! t]m1 t
 is to say1 det]m9$ to pres]ve ,au/rian 
supremacy4 ,to a reaction>y ( ?is k9d ! 
,holy ,alliance repres5t$ no?+ b words4 
,he knew1 ) ! cynicism br$ ( long       
exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 t ! rivalries &      
jeal\sies betwe5 diff]5t /ates w\ld     
prev5t _! union 9 any common purpose1 & 
9 ! long run ! int5sity ) :i* he pursu$ 
8 objects1 n>r[ & limit$ z x 01 prevail$
 ov] ! l>ge & vague g5]osity ( ,alex&]'s
 nature4 ,to ! same type belong$ bo?    
,talleyr& & ,ri*elieu1 :o conc5trat$    
!mselves on ! s+le task ( w9n+ back =   
,france h] old] position 9 ! ,european  
commonweal?--a laudable aim = patriots  

to esp\se1 b "o :i* 0 n likely to help !
 cause ( ! ,holy ,alliance4             
,,ca/l]eagh ,,& ,,cann+  ,half-way      
betwe5 ^! two extremes ( unpractical    
ideali/s & extremely practical b        
n>r[-m9d$ reaction>ies come ! ,engli%   
/atesm51 ,ca/l]eagh1 ,well+ton1 &       
,cann+4 ,mu* inju/ice has be5 done to ! 
fir/ ( ^!4 ,= _m critics h be5 misl$ by 
,byron's d5unciation ( ,ca/l]eagh1 j z  
o!rs h spok5 lightly ( ! /ubborn        
cons]vatism ( ,well+ton1 or ! easy &    
half-cynical ins\ciance ( ! au?or ( !   
,anti-,jacob94 ,z a matt] ( fact1       
,ca/l]eagh 0 by no means an oppon5t ( ! 
pr9ciples ( ! ,holy ,alliance4 ,he jo9$ 
) ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ,prussia z a n    
unwill+ memb] ( ! successive            
,congresses1 b bo? he & ,well+ton1 true 
to _! national in/9cts1 s\ght to        
subord9ate all proposals to ! int]e/s ( 
,great ,brita91 & to conf9e discussions 
to imm$iate objects1 su* z ! limitation 
( ,fr5* p[] & ! suppression ( dang]\s   
revolution>y ideas4 ,!y 7 n1 x is true1 

ideali/s 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,alex&] ,i      
und]/ood ! t]m4 ,& yet1 on ! :ole1 bo?  
,ca/l]eagh & ,cann+ did m = ! pr9ciple (
 nationality ?an any ( ! o!r diplomati/s
 ( ! "t4 ,! reason :y ,cann+ broke ) !  
,holy ,alliance1 aft] ,troppau1 ,laiba*1
 & ,v]ona1 0 because he disc]n$ some?+ m
 ?an a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ,cont95tal      
,/ates to cru% ! free developm5t (      
peoples1 especially 9 ref]5ce to !      
,lat9-,am]ican ,/ates ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x
 is true t 9 ^! matt]s he & 8 successor 
7 guid$ by a %rewd notion ( ,briti%     
int]e/1 b x w\ld be h>dly j to blame !m 
on ?is acc\nt4 ,y "k my politics well   
en\gh1 wrote ,cann+ 9 #ahbb to ! ,briti%
 ,ambassador 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 to "k :at
 ,i mean :5 ,i say t = ,europe ,i %\ld  
be desir\s n[ & !n to read ,engl&4      
,ca/l]eagh 01 no d\bt1 m conciliatory   
?an ,cann+1 b he saw ! fundam5tal       
difficulty ( organis+ an int]national   
sy/em & yet hold+ ! balance betwe5      
conflict+ nations4 ,& ?us we get to a   
result su* z seems to h rejoic$ ! he>t (

 ,cann+1 :5 he said 9 #ahbc t ! issue ( 
,v]ona has split ! "o & indivisible     
alliance into ?ree p>ts z di/9ct z !    
con/itutions ( ,engl&1 ,france1 &       
,muscovy4 ,?+s are gett+ back1 he add$1 
to a :olesome /ate aga94 ,e nation =    
itself & ,god = u all4 ,only bid y\r    
,emp]or 7,alex&] ,i7 be quiet1 = ! "t = 
,areopagus & ! l ( t is gone by4#h  #h  
,! ,conf$]ation ( ,europe1 by ,w4,a4    
,phillips1 p4 #bhj4   ,,e>!n ,,vessels  
,if1 !n1 ! ard5t hopes ( a reg5]at$     
,europe 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury
 fail$1 ! result 0 due 9 l>ge measure to
 ! fact t ! bus9ess 0 committ$ to wrong 
h&s4 ,! organs = work+ ! *ange 7 = ! mo/
 "p autocratic mon>*s & old-_w          
diplomati/s--! la/ p 9 ! _w likely to   
br+ ab\t a workable mill5nium4 ,a great 
crisis dem&s v c>eful manipulation4     
,cynicism mu/ n be all[$ to play any "p 
9 x4 ,traditional wat*words are n ( mu* 
use4 ,!oretical idealism itself may turn
 out to be a mo/ =midable /umbl+-block4 
,yet no "o c d\bt t a solution ( !      

problem1 :5ev] x is arriv$ at1 mu/ come 
along ! pa? ( idealism4 ,long ago a man 
( ! _w 0 def9$ z a man :o 9 e s]i\s     
crisis is inv>iably wrong4 ,he is wrong 
because he applies old-fa%ion$ exp]i5ce 
to a novel situation--old w9e 9 new     
bottles--& because he has no fai? 9     
g5]\s aspirations1 hav+ not$ _! cont9u\s
 failure 9 ! pa/4 ,yet1 aft] all1 x is  
only fai? :i* c move m\nta9s1 & ! ,holy 
,alliance itself 0 n s mu* wrong 9 !    
pr9ciples to :i* x appeal$ z x 0 9 !    
p]sonages :o sign$ x4 ,we h notic$      
already t1 l all o!r great ideas1 x did 
n :olly die4 ,! propag&a ( peace1 h[ev] 
futile may be "s ( ! discussions (      
pacifi/s1 is ! h]itage :i* ev5 s        
wrong-head$ a man z ,alex&] ,i has left 
to ! _w4 ,! idea ( arbitration betwe5   
nations1 ! solution ( difficulties by   
argum5ts r ?an by swords1 ! p[] :i*     
democracies hold 9 _! h&s = guid+ !     
future de/9ies ( ! _w--all ^! 9 _! v>i\s
 =ms rema9 ) u z legacies ( t spl5did1  
?\gh ineffective1 idealism :i* lay at ! 

root ( ! ,holy ,alliance4   ,,small     
,,nationalities  ,& n[ aft] ?is         
digression1 :i* has be5 necess>y to cle>
 ! gr\nd1 & also to sugge/ apt p>allels1
 let u return to :at ,mr4 ,asqui? said 9
 ,dubl9 on ! ultimate objects ( ! pres5t
 w>4 ,he borr[$ f ,mr4 ,glad/one !      
phrase ! en?ronem5t ( ! idea ( public "r
 z ! gov]n+ idea ( ,european politics1 &
 9 develop+ x z applicable to ! pres5t  
situation he po9t$ out t = u ?ree       
def9ite objects are involv$4 ,! fir/1   
ass5t$ to by e publici/ ( ! day1 ap>t f 
^? educat$ 9 ,g]many1 is ! :olesale     
oblit]ation ( ! notion t /ates exi/     
simply = ! sake ( go+ to w>4 ,?is k9d ( 
milit>ism1 9 all its diff]5t aspects1 w 
h to be aboli%$4 ,! next po9t br+s u at 
once to ! he>t ( "s ( ! controv]sies    
rais$ 9 #ahae & onw>ds4 ,room1 said ,mr4
 ,asqui?--agree+ 9 ?is matt] ) ,mr4     
,w9/on ,*ur*ill--room mu/ be f\nd1 &    
kept1 = ! indep5d5t exi/5ce & ! free    
developm5t ( ! small] nationalities1 ea*
 ) a corporate consci\sness ( its own4  

,n[ ?is is a pla9 issue :i* e "o c      
und]/&4 ,n only did we g to w> 9 ord] to
 help a small nationality--,belgium--b !
 v pr9ciple ( nationality is "o ( !     
famili> phrases :i* h *>act]is$ ,briti% 
policy ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury4 ,our pr9ciple is to live & let  
live1 to all[ small] /ates to exi/ &    
?rive by ! side ( _! l>ge neighb\rs )\t 
undue int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! latt]4 ,ea* 
di/9ct nationality is to h its voice1 at
 all ev5ts1 9 ! free direction ( its own
 future4 ,&1 above all1 its pres5t &    
future position mu/ be det]m9$ n by !   
int]e/s ( ! big ,p[]s1 b by a sort (    
plebiscite ( ! :ole nationality4   ,,"s 
,,pla9 ,,issues  ,apply+ su* pr9ciples  
to ,europe z x exi/s to-day1 & z x is   
likely to exi/ to-morr[1 we arrive at   
c]ta9 v def9ite conclusions4 ,!         
indep5d5ce ( ,belgium mu/ be secur$1 s  
also mu/ ! indep5d5ce ( ,holl& & ,d5m>k4
 ,alsace & ,lorra9e mu/1 if !           
inhabitants s wi%1 be re/or$ to ,france1
 & !re c be little d\bt t ,alsace at all

 ev5ts w be only too glad to resume h]  
old allegiance to ! ,fr5* nation4 ,!    
,du*ies ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 mu/ also    
decide :e!r !y w\ld l to be reunit$ to  
,d5m>k4 ,& we are already aw>e t ! ,ts> 
has promis$ to give indep5d5ce to !     
c\ntry ( ,pol&--a po9t :i* =ms a curi\s 
analogy ) ! same (f] orig9ally propos$  
by ! ,ts>'s ance/or1 ,alex&] ,i4 ,(     
c\rse1 ^! d n exhau/ by any means !     
*anges t mu/ be =?com+4 ,f9l& w h to be 
lib]at$2 ^? portions ( ,transylvania :i*
 are ak9 to ,r\mania mu/ be all[$ to    
gravitate t[>ds _! own /ock4 ,italy mu/ 
arrogate to h]self--if %e is wise en\gh 
to jo9 h] =ces ) ^? ( ! ,triple         
,ent5te--^? t]ritories :i* come "u !    
g5]al title ( unr$eem$ ,italy--! ,tr5t9o
 & ,trie/e1 to say no?+ ( :at ,italy    
claims on ! ,adriatic littoral4         
,possibly ! greate/ *anges ( all w take 
place 9 ref]5ce to ! ,slavs4 ,s]via &   
,mont5egro w cle>ly wi% to incorporate 9
 a great ,slav k+dom a great _m ( _!    
k9sm5 :o at pres5t are held 9 uneasy    

subjection by ,au/ria4#i ,nor mu/ we    
=get h[ ^! same pr9ciples apply to !    
,teutonic ,/ates4 ,if ! pr9ciple (      
nationality is to guide u1 we mu/       
pres]ve ! ,g]man nation1 ev5 ?\gh we    
desire to r$uce its dang]\s elem5ts to  
impot5ce4 ,prussia mu/ rema9 ! home (   
all ^? ,g]mans :o accept ! hegemony (   
,b]l91 b x does n foll[ t ! s\!rn /ates 
( ! ,g]man ,empire--:o h n be5          
p>ticul>ly fond ( _! nor!rn             
neighb\rs--%\ld h to endure any long] ! 
,prussian yoke4 ,la/ly1 ! ,g]man        
colonies c h>dly be p]mitt$ to rema9 "u 
! dom9ion ( ! ,kais]4#aj ,"h are only a 
few ( ! *anges :i* may metamorphose !   
face ( ,europe z a direct result ( en=c+
 ! pr9ciple ( nationalities4  #i ,!     
entrance ( ,turkey into ! qu>rel ( c\rse
 br+s new factors into ! ultimate       
settlem5t4  #aj ,cf4 ,:o is             
,responsible8 by ,cl\desley ,br]eton    
7,h>rap71 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ,! ,settlem5t4   
,,european ,,p>tn]%ip  ,b !re is a fur!r
 po9t to :i* ,mr4 ,asqui? ref]r$1 "o :i*

 is m important ?an any?+ else1 because 
x repres5ts ! f>-(f ideal ( ,european   
peace & ! peace ( ! _w4 ,we h got to    
sub/itute by a sl[ & gradual process1   
said ,mr4 ,asqui?1 in/ead ( =ce1 in/ead 
( ! cla% ( compell+ ambition1 in/ead (  
gr\p+s & alliances1 a real ,european    
p>tn]%ip1 bas$ on ! recognition ( equal 
"r & e/abli%$ & en=c$ by a common w4    
,!re we h ! :ole crux ( ! situation1 &1 
un=tunately1 we are =c$ to add1 its ma9 
difficulty4 ,= if we desire to summ>ise 
9 a s+le s5t5ce ! rock on :i* ,european 
negotiations f #ahae to #ahbi ultimately
 split1 x 0 ! union ( two su*           
contradictory ?+s z indep5d5t           
nationalities & an int]national         
committee or sy/em ( public law4        
,intr9sically ! two ideas are oppos$1 = 
"o sugge/s absolute fre$om1 & ! o!r     
sugge/s control1 sup]9t5d5ce1 int]f]5ce4
 ,if ! "o recognises ! entire indep5d5ce
 ( a nationality )9 its own limits1 !   
o!r seeks to en=ce some?+ ( ! nature ( a
 ,european police to see t e nation does

 its duty4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ?is   
public w ( ,europe mu/ be incorporat$ 9 
a k9d ( p>liam5t1 to :i* ! sep>ate      
nations mu/ s5d _! repres5tatives1 & t  
?us 9 a fa%ion ea* nation w h its prop] 
say 9 any ( ! conclusions arriv$ at4 ,b 
"h ! difficulty />ts anew ow+ to !      
relative size1 & !re=e ! relative       
importance ( ! diff]5t /ates con/itut+ !
 union4 ,if all alike are giv5 an       
equival5t vote1 x is r h>d on ! big     
/ates1 :i* repres5t l>g] numb]s & !re=e 
control l>g] de/9ies4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 
we adopt ! pr9ciple ( proportional      
repres5tation1 we may be pretty c]ta9 t 
! l>g] /ates w press some:at heavily on 
! small]4 ,= in/ance1 suppose t "s /ate 
violates1 or ?reat5s to violate1 !      
public law ( ! _w4 ,9 t case ! ,univ]sal
 ,union mu/1 ( c\rse1 try to br+ x to   
reason by peaceful means fir/1 b if t   
%\ld fail1 ! only o!r alt]native is by  
=ce ( arms4 ,if once we admit ! "r ( !  
_w-organisation to co]ce its            
recalcitrant memb]s1 :at becomes ( !    

sov]eign indep5d5ce ( nations8 ,t1 z we 
h said1 0 ! ma9 difficulty confront+ !  
,european peace-mak] ( a hundr$ ye>s    
ago1 &1 h[ev] we may *oose to reg>d x1 x
 rema9s a difficulty1 we w n say        
insup]able1 b at all ev5ts exce$+ly     
=midable1 = ! ,european peace-mak]s ( ! 
tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! anti!sis is ! old    
anti!sis betwe5 ord] & progress2 betwe5 
co]cion & indep5d5ce2 betwe5 ! public   
voice1 or1 if we l to phrase x s1 !     
public consci5ce1 & ! arbitr>9ess &     
irresponsibility ( individual units4 ,or
 we might put ! problem 9 a /ill wid]   
=m4 ,a patriot is a man :o believes     
int5sely 9 ! rights ( 8 own nationality4
 ,b if we h to =m a ,unit$ ,/ates (     
,europe we %all h gradually to s(t51    
dim9i%1 or p]haps ev5 de/roy ! n>r[]    
conceptions ( patriotism4 ,! ultimate   
evolution ( democracy 9 ! v>i\s peoples 
means ! mutual recognition ( _! common  
int]e/s1 z aga9/ despotism & autocracy4 
,x is cle> t su* a process mu/ gradually
 wipe out ! di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t  

peoples1 & sub/itute = p>ticul>ism      
some?+ ( univ]sal import4 ,9 su* a      
process :at1 we ask once m1 becomes ( ! 
pr9ciple ( nationality1 :i* is "o ( our 
imm$iate aims8 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x is     
obvi\s t1 f a /rictly logical /&po9t1 ! 
w ( ,europe1 or ! public "r ( ,europe1 &
 ! free indep5d5ce ( nationalities are  
anti!tical t]ms1 & w cont9ue to rema9 s1
 h[ev] cunn+ly1 by a s]ies (            
compromises1 we may conceal _! ess5tial 
div]g5ce4 ,t is ! real problem :i*      
confronts u q z ob/9ately z x did our   
=efa!rs aft] ! de/ruction ( !           
,napoleonic p[]4 ,& x w h to be fac$ by 
all re=m]s1 :e!r !y are pacifi/s or     
ideali/s1 on e?ical or political gr\nds4
   ,a ,,moral ,,= ,,pacifi/s  ,:at is ! 
outcome ( ! =ego+ consid]ations8 ,! only
 moral at pres5t :i* ,i am dispos$ to   
draw is "o :i* may be address$ to       
pacifi/s 9 g5]al1 & to all ^? :o avail  
!mselves ( l>ge & g5]\s phrases1 su* z !
 public w ( ,europe1 or ! common        
consci\sness ( civilis$ /ates4 ,!       

solution ( ! problem be=e u is n to be  
ga9$ by ! use ( ab/ract t]ms1 b by v    
def9ite & concrete exp]i5ce us$ 9 ! mo/ 
practical way to secure imm$iate re=ms4 
,we dem&1 = in/ance1 ! creation ( :at is
 to all int5ts & purposes an            
int]national f$]al sy/em appli$ to      
,europe at l>ge4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t a    
f$]al sy/em c be creat$ among/ nations m
 or less at ! same level ( civilisation1
 inspir$ by mu* ! same ideals1 ackn[l$g+
 ! same end ( _! political & social     
activity4 ,b 9 :at s5se is ?is true (   
,europe z we "k x8 ,!re is e k9d (      
div]sity betwe5 ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! 
sugge/$ f$]ation4 ,!re is no real       
uni=mity ( political in/itutions &      
ideals4 ,b 9 ord] t our object may be   
realis$ x is precisely ?is uni=mity (   
political in/itutions & ideals among/ ! 
nations :i* we require4 ,h[ is a public 
op9ion =m$ 9 any giv5 /ate8 ,x comes    
into be+ ow+ to a c]ta9 community (     
s5tim5ts1 op9ions1 & prejudices1 & )\t  
su* community x _c develop4 ,! same ?+  

holds true ( int]national affairs4 ,if  
we desid]ate ! public voice ( ,europe1  
or ! public consci5ce ( ,europe1 ,europe
 mu/ gr[ to be f> m concordant ?an x is 
at pres5t1 bo? 9 actual political       
in/itutions & 9 ^? inspir+ ideals :i* =m
 ! life-blood ( in/itutions4 ,h[ _m     
/ates1 = in/ance1 recognise or put into 
practice a really repres5tative sy/em ( 
gov]nm5t8   ,,compulsory ,,arbitration  
,if we turn to ! programme ( ! pacifi/s1
 we %all be confront$ by simil>         
difficulties4 ,pacifism1 z su*1 involves
 an appeal to all ! democracies1 ask+ !m
 to come into l9e1 z x 71 = ! execution 
( c]ta9 def9ite projects int5d$ to seek 
peace & ensure x4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! peace
 movem5t is ! g5]al recognition ( !     
pr9ciple ( arbitration betwe5 /ates4 ,t 
fir/ p]iod has1 we may take x1 be5      
already realis$4 ,! second /age is !    
recognition ( compulsory arbitration4   
,:51 9 #aijg1 ! second ,hague ,conf]5ce 
0 held1 ?is pr9ciple 0 support$ by      
?irty-two diff]5t /ates1 repres5t+ m ?an

 a ?\s& million human be+s4 ,some?+ l   
?ree or f\r hundr$ millions rema9$ n yet
 prep>$ to admit ! pr9ciple 9 its       
entirety4 ,i may rem>k 9 pass+ t ! v]bal
 acceptance ( a g5]al pr9ciple is "o ?+1
 ! application1 z we h lately _h mu*    
reason to discov]1 is q ano!r4 ,we may  
recognise1 h[ev]1 t ?is second /age ( ! 
pacifi/ programme has1 und\bt$ly1 made  
l>ge advances4 ,b ( c\rse x mu/         
necess>ily be foll[$ by its consequ5ce1 
a ?ird /age :i* %all ensure respect =1 &
 ob$i5ce to arbitration v]dicts4        
,recalcitrant /ates w h to be co]c$1 & !
 "o ?+ t c co]ce !m is an int]national  
police adm9i/]$ by an int]national      
executive p[]4 ,t is to say1 we mu/ h a 
p>liam5t ( p>liam5ts1 a univ]sal        
p>liam5t1 ! repres5tatives ( :i* mu/ be 
select$ by ! diff]5t con/itu5t memb]s ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe4 ,:5 ?is has  
be5 done1 & only :5 ?is has be5 done1 c 
we arrive at a f\r? /age1 t ( a g5]al   
dis>mam5t4 ,9 ! mill5nium t is to be x  
is only ! int]national police :i* %all  

be all[$ to use weapons ( w> 9 ord] to  
execute ! decrees ( ! c5tral p>liam5t   
repres5t+ ! common ,european w4         
,,democratic ,,unanimity  ,"h we h all !
 old difficulties />t+ anew1 &          
especially ! ma9 "o--democratic         
unanimity4 ,h[ f> ! democracies ( !     
,european ,commonweal? c "w 9 unison is 
"o ( ! problems :i* ! future w h to     
solve4 ,at pres5t !y1 obvi\sly1 d n d s4
 ,! ,social ,democrats ( ,g]many agre$  
to make w> on ! democrats ( o!r         
c\ntries4 ,old in/9cts 7 too /rong = !m4
 ,= x mu/ always be rememb]$ t only s f>
 z a cosmopolitan _s takes ! place (    
n>r[ national prejudices c we hope to   
rea* ! level ( a common consci5ce1 or a 
common w ( ,europe4 ,& are we prep>$ to 
say t national prejudices ought to be   
oblit]at$ & ignor$8 ,! v pr9ciple (     
nationality =bids x4  ,i d n wi%1 h[ev]1
 to end on a note ( pessimism4 ,! mi/ake
 ( ! pacifi/ has all along be5 !        
assumption t bellicose impulses h di$   
away4 ,!y h done no?+ ( ! k9d1 & are n  

likely to d s4 ,b1 happily1 all pa/     
exp]i5ce 9 ! _w's hi/ory %[s u t ideas 9
 a real s5se gov]n ! _w1 & t a logical  
difficulty is n necess>ily a practical  
impossibility4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 o!rs1 a 
noble & g5]\s idea ( ,european peace w  
gradually "w its own fulfilm5t1 if we   
are n 9 too mu* ( a hurry to =ce ! pace1
 or imag9e t ! ideal has be5 rea*$ ev5  
be=e ! prelim9>y f\ndations h be5 laid4 
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,"s ,,sugge/$ ,,re=ms   
,x is an obvi\s criticism on !          
consid]ations :i* h be5 occupy+ u 9 !   
prec$+ *apt]s t !y are too purely       
!oretical to be ( any value4 ,!y are    
inde$ speculative1 &1 p]haps1 f "o po9t 
( view come "u ! edge ( ! usual         
condemnation ( prophecy4 ,prophecy is1 (
 c\rse1 if "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 also "o (
 ! mo/ dang]\s ( human +5uities1 & !    
usual fate ( prophets is1 9 n9e cases   
out ( t51 to be prov$ wrong4 ,moreov]1 x
 is possible t !re may come an issue to 
! pres5t w> :i* w\ld be by f> ! wor/ :i*
 ! human m9d c conceive4 ,x may end 9 a 

deadlock1 a /alemate1 an impasse1       
because ! two oppos+ =ces are s equal t 
nei!r side c get ! bett] ( ! o!r4 ,if   
peace has to be made because ( su* a    
balance betwe5 ! oppos+ =ces z ?is1 x   
w\ld be a calamity almo/ worse ?an !    
orig9al w>4 ,g]man milit>ism w\ld /ill  
be unsubdu$1 ! ,kais]'s pret5sions to   
univ]sal sov]eignty1 al?\gh clipp$1 w\ld
 n be wip$ out1 & we %\ld f9d rema9+ 9  
all ! nations ( ! e>? a sort ( sull5    
res5tm5t :i* c\ld n possibly lead to    
any?+ else ?an a purely tempor>y truce4 
,! only logical object ( w> is to make  
w> impossible1 & if m]ely an indecisive 
result 7 a*iev$ 9 ! pres5t w>1 x w\ld be
 z c]ta9 z any?+ human c be t a fre% w> 
w\ld soon arise4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t we  
confess t !re is an ugly possibility (  
?is k9d1 & t x is "o ( ! mo/ =midable   
p]ils ( future civilisation4   ,,an     
,,ignoble ,,pacification  ,x is s       
imm5sely important1 h[ev]1 t ! cause ( !
 ,allies %\ld prevail n = _! own sakes  
alone1 b = ! sake ( ! _w1 t x is        

difficult to imag9e _! cons5t+ to an    
ignoble pacification4 ,! ,allies h sign$
 an important docum5t1 9 ord] to prove  
_! solid>ity1 t no "o ( !m w sign peace 
)\t ! sanction ( ! o!r p>tn]s4 ,let u   
suppose t ! rival armies h f\ght ea* o!r
 to a /&/ill2 let u suppose t ,france is
 exhau/$2 let u fur!r suppose t ! ,g]man
 troops1 by _! mobility & _! tactical   
skill1 are able to hold ! ,russians 9 ! 
ea/]n sph]e ( w>4 ,we c suppose all ^!  
?+s1 b :at we _c imag9e ev5 = a mom5t is
 t ,great ,brita9--to conf9e ourselves  
only to our own case--w ev] cons5t to   
/op until %e has a*iev$ h] object4      
,am]ica may /rive to make ! combatants  
desi/ f ho/ilities1 p>tly because %e is 
a great pacific p[] h]self1 & p>tly     
because x is a practical object ) h] z a
 comm]cial nation to secure tranquil    
conditions4 ,yet1 ev5 s1 !re w\ld be no 
answ] to ! "q :i* mo/ ?\ghtful m9ds w\ld
 prop\nd3 ,:y did we g to w>1 & :at h we
 ga9$ by ! w>8 ,if we w5t to w> = l>ge  
cosmic purposes1 !n we _c cons5t to a   

peace :i* leaves ^? ultimate purposes   
unfulfill$4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 we c put     
aside ?is extremely uncom=table         
sugge/ion t ! w> may possibly end 9 a   
deadlock1 because1 9 ! la/ resort1      
,great ,brita91 ) h] fleet1 h] si/]     
dom9ions ov] ! seas1 h] colonies1 & h]  
ea/]n ally ,japan1 w always1 to use !   
famili> phrase1 h some?+ up h] sleeve1  
ev5 ?\gh cont95tal nations %\ld rea* a  
pit* ( absolute exhau/ion4   ,a ,,new   
,,europe  ,x foll[s !n t1 ev5 if we     
admit ! purely speculative "* ( our     
argum5t1 x is n only "r & prop]1 b      
absolutely necess>y t we %\ld prep>e    
ourselves = some?+ :i* we c really      
describe z a new ,europe4 ,?\ghtful m9ds
 ought imag9atively to put !mselves 9 ! 
position ( a spectator ( a recon/itut$  
_w1 or r ( a _w t waits to be           
recon/itut$4 ,x is necess>y t ?is %\ld  
be done1 because s _m old] prejudices h 
to be swept away1 s _m novel conceptions
 h to be ent]ta9$4 ,let u take only a   
s+le example4 ,if we look back ov]      

hi/ory1 we %all see t all ! great       
nations h made !mselves great by w>4    
,!re is a possible exception 9 ! case ( 
,italy1 ^: pres5t greatness has fl[$ f  
loyal help r5d]$ h] by o!r k9dr$        
nations1 & by realis+ = h]self c]ta9    
l>ge patriotic ideals ent]ta9$ by great 
m9ds4 ,b = ! majority ( nations x is    
c]ta9ly true t !y h f\ght _! way into ! 
ranks ( supreme p[]s4 ,f ?is ! d$uction 
is easy t greatness dep5ds on !         
possession ( =midable milit>y p[]4      
,inde$1 all ! argum5ts ( ^? :o are v    
anxi\s t we %\ld n r$uce our armam5ts is
 entirely bas$ on ?is supposition4 ,!   
/rong man arm$ keepe? 8 goods 9 peace2 8
 only fe> is t a /rong] man may come )  
bett] arms & take away 8 possessions4   
,n[ if ! new ,europe dawns n inde$ = ^? 
:o are pa/ middle age--= !y w h di$ be=e
 its realisation--b = ! y\ng] g5]ation =
 ^: sake we are be>+ ! toil & burd5 ( ! 
day1 ! "o ?+ :i* is absolutely necess>y 
is t ! index ( greatness mu/ no long] be
 f\nd 9 armies & navies4 ,cle>ly x w    

take a long "t = m5 to get us$ to ?is   
novel conception4 ,invet]ate prejudices 
w /& 9 ! way4 ,we %all be told ov] & ov]
 aga9 t peace-lov]s are no patriots2 t  
imp]ialism dem&s ! possible sacrifice ( 
our manhood to ! exig5cies ( w>2 & t !  
only class ( m5 :o are ev] respect$ 9   
?is _w are ^? :o c fight4 ,& s1 ev5 ?\gh
 we h _h ocul> demon/ration ( ! appall+ 
ru9 :i* milit>ism c produce1 we may yet1
 if we are n c>eful1 =get all our       
exp]i5ce & drift back into notions :i*  
are n really sep>able f precisely ^?    
ideas :i* we are at pres5t reprobat+ 9 !
 ,g]man nation4 ,! real te/ is ?is3 ,is1
 or is n1 w> a supreme evil8 ,x is no   
answ] to ?is "q to sugge/ t w> educes _m
 spl5did qualities4 ,( c\rse x does4 ,& 
s1 too1 does exploration ( ,pol>        
solitudes1 or ev5 climb+ ,alp9e or      
,himalayan heights4 ,ei!r w> is a       
dete/able solution ( our difficulties1  
or x is n4 ,if x is n1 !n we h no "r    
:atsoev] to object to ! ,prussian ideal4
 ,b if x is1 let u call x by its prop]  

"n4 ,let u say t x is devil's "w1 & h   
done ) x4   ,,evil ,,( ,,armam5ts  ,we  
are try+ n only to und]/& :at ,europe w 
be l if1 z we hope1 ?is w> ends         
successfully = ! ,allies1 b :at sort (  
new ,europe x w be 9 ! h&s ( ! conqu]ors
 to frame4 ,^? :o come aft] u are to f9d
 9 t new ,europe real possibilities (   
advance 9 all ! high] k9ds (            
civilisation4 ,n only are ! v>i\s /ates 
to conta9 sane & heal?y p :o desire to  
live 9 peace ) _! neighb\rs1 b p :o w   
desire to realise !mselves 9 sci5ce1 9  
philosophic ?\ght1 9 art1 9 lit]ature4  
,:at is an indisp5sable condition = an  
evolution ( ?is sort8 ,x mu/ be ! abs5ce
 ( all uneas9ess1 ! gr[? ( a s]5e       
confid5ce & tru/1 ! oblit]ation ( envy1 
jeal\sy1 & e k9d ( unreasonabl5ess4 ,!  
cause1 above all o!rs1 :i* has produc$  
an opposite condition ( ?+s1 :i* has    
creat$ ! un=tunate ,europe 9 :i* we h   
hi!rto _h to live1 is ! gr[? & ext5sion 
( armam5ts4 ,! ma9 factor1 !n1 9 our    
problem is ! exi/5ce ( su* swoll5       

armam5ts z h wa/$ ! res\rces ( e nation 
& embitt]$ ! m9ds ( rival peoples4 ,h[  
are we to meet ?is intol]able evil (    
armam5ts8   ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,provocation  
,9 ! fir/ place1 let u rem>k t on our   
supposition--! ev5tual victory ( !      
,allies--"o ( ! great di/urb+ elem5ts w 
h be5 put out ( ! field4 ,europe has    
hi!rto be5 lull$ into an uneasy &       
fracti\s sleep by ! balance ( two great 
organisations4 ,"u ! happie/ hypo!sis ! 
,triple ,alliance & ! ,triple ,ent5te w 
h disappe>$ into ! deep backw>d & abysm 
( "t4 ,= all practical purposes !re w be
 no ,triple ,alliance1 & !re=e no       
,triple ,ent5te to confront x4 ,)       
,au/ria wip$ out ( ! map = all purposes 
( (f5ce1 & ,g]many re/rict$ )9 mode/    
dim5sions1 ! ?ree p[]s ( ! ,triple      
,ent5te--,great ,brita91 ,france1 &     
,russia--c d :at !y l1 & z !y are sworn 
fri5ds & allies !y c take _! own /eps   
undi/urb$ by fe>s ( ho/ile comb9ations4 
,:y %\ld ^! ?ree allies cons5t any fur!r
 to keep up bloat$ armam5ts8 ,x is aga9/

 _! own int]e/s & aga9/ ! int]e/s ( !   
_w4 ,s long z ,g]many exi/$ z a p[] &   
develop$ h] own ambitions1 we 7 always  
on ! edge ( a cata/rophe4 ,) ! conque/ (
 ,g]many t nightm>e w h gone4 ,& obs]ve 
"s ( ! consequ5ces :i* mu/ inevitably   
foll[4 ,x 0 aga9/ ! m5ace ( ,g]many t   
,france _h to pass h] ?ree ye>s' law (  
milit>y s]vice3 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,g]man   
army ,france c r$uce z %e pleases h]    
milit>y e/abli%m5t4 ,x 0 aga9/ ! m5ace (
 a ,g]man fleet t we _h to incur an     
outlay ( millions ( p\nds3 9 ! abs5ce ( 
! ,g]man fleet we1 too1 c d :at we      
please4 ,x is c]ta9 also t ,russia1 s   
long z ! deep-seat$ antagonism betwe5   
,teuton & ,slav rema9$1 0 "u /rong      
compulsion to re=m & re9=ce h] army4    
,,fe> ,,( ,,russia  ,!re may1 x is true1
 rema9 9 "s m9ds a c]ta9 fe> ab\t       
,russia1 because x is difficult to      
dispel ! old conception ( a great       
despotic ,russian autocracy1 or1 if we l
 to say s1 a semi-ea/]n & half-b>b>\s   
p[] bid+ h] "t to pu% h] conque/s bo?   

t[>ds ! ris+ & ! sett+ sun4 ,b _m happy 
signs ( q a new _s 9 ,russia h help$ to 
allay our fe>s4 ,x looks z if a re=m$   
,russia might arise1 ) ideas (          
con/itutionalism & lib]ty & a mu* tru]  
conception ( :at ! evolution ( a /ate   
means4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! w> ! ,ts>     
issu$ a /rik+ proclamation to ! ,poles1 
promis+ !m a re/oration ( ! national    
fre$om :i* !y _h lo/ a c5tury & a half  
previ\sly4 ,?is d\btless 0 a good /roke 
( policy1 b also x seem$ some?+ m--a    
pro( ( t b5evol5t idealism :i* belongs  
to ! ,russian nature1 & ( :i* ! ,ts>    
himself has giv5 _m signs4 ,( ! ?ree    
nations :o control ! ,poles1 ! ,au/rians
 h done mo/ = _! subjects3 at all ev5ts1
 ! ,poles "u ,au/rian control are       
suppos$ to be ! mo/ happy & cont5t$4 ,!n
 come ! ,russian ,poles4 ,b ! ,poles "u 
,g]man gov]nm5t are ! mo/ mis]able (    
all1 ma9ly because all ,g]man           
adm9i/ration is s me*anical1 s h>d1 9 a 
real s5se s inhuman4 ,b ?is det]m9ation 
( ! ,ts> to d "s ju/ice to ! ,poli%     

subjects is n ! only sign ( a new] _s we
 h to deal )4 ,!re 0 also a proclamation
 promis+ lib]ty to ! ,jews--a v necess>y
 piece ( re=m--& giv+1 z an e>ne/ ( !   
good int5tions ( ! ,gov]nm5t1           
commissions to ,jews 9 ! army4 ,bett]   
?an all o!r evid5ce is ! extraord9>y    
outbur/ ( patriotic feel+ 9 all sections
 ( ! ,russian p4 ,x looks z if ?is w>   
has really unit$ ,russia 9 a s5se 9 :i* 
x has nev] be5 unit$ be=e4 ,:5 we see   
volunt>y s]vice (f]$ on ! "p ( ^? :o    
hi!rto h felt !mselves ! victims (      
,russian autocracy1 we may be pretty    
c]ta9 t ev5 ! re=m]s 9 ! great nor!rn   
k+dom h satisfi$ !mselves t _!          
long-def]r$ hopes may at l5g? ga9       
fulfilm5t4 ,nor ought we to =get t      
spl5did act ( re=m :i* has aboli%$ !    
,imp]ial monopoly ( ! sale ( vodka4 ,if 
by "o /roke ( ! p5 ! ,ts> c sacrifice   
n9ety-?ree millions ( rev5ue 9 ord] t   
,russia may be sob]1 x is n v           
extravagant to hope t 9 virtue ( ! same 
k9d ( b5evol5t despotism ,russia may    

secure a lib]al con/itution & ! ,russian
 p be set free4#aa  #aa ,see ,our       
,russian ,ally1 by ,sir ,donald         
,mack5zie ,wallace 7,macmillan74        
,,milit>y ,,autocracy  ,! end ( a great 
w>1 h[ev]1 has "o inevitable result1 t x
 leaves a milit>y autocracy 9 supreme   
control ( affairs4 ,! armies :i* h won !
 v>i\s campaigns1 ! g5]als :o h l$ !m1 !
 ,comm&]s-9-,*ief :o h c>ri$ out !      
successful /rategy1 ^! are naturally    
left ) almo/ complete au?ority 9 _! h&s4
 ,well+ton1 = in/ance1 a hundr$ ye>s    
ago1 held an extraord9>ily /rong        
position 9 decid+ ! fate ( ,europe4 ,&  
s1 too1 did ! ,russian ,ts>1 ^: armies  
_h done s mu* to de/roy ! leg5d (       
,napoleonic inv9cibility4 ,simil>       
conditions mu/ be expect$ on ! pres5t   
occasion4 ,&1 p]haps1 ! real use (      
diplomats1 if !y are prud5t &           
level-head$ m51 is to control !         
ambitions ( ! milit>y elem5t1 to adopt a
 wid] outlook1 to consid] ! ultimate    
consequ5ces r ?an ! imm$iate effects (  

?+s4 ,x w\ld inde$ be a lam5table result
 if a w> :i* 0 int5d$ to de/roy         
milit>ism 9 ,europe %\ld end by sett+ up
 milit>ism 9 high places4   ,,limitation
 ,,( ,,armam5ts  ,?us we seem to see    
/ill m cle>ly ?an be=e t ! size (       
armam5ts 9 ,europe con/itutes a         
fundam5tal problem ) :i* we h to        
grapple4 ,e soldi]1 z a matt] ( c\rse1  
believes 9 milit>y armam5ts1 & is incl9$
 to exagg]ate _! social & n m]ely _!    
(f5sive value4 ,^? ( u :o are n soldi]s1
 b :o are int]e/$ 9 ! social & economic 
developm5t ( ! nation1 "k1 on ! contr>y1
 t ! mo/ de/ructive & wa/eful =m (      
exp5diture is t :i* is occupi$ )        
armam5ts gr[n s bloat$ t !y g f> to r5d]
 ! mo/ press+ dome/ic re=ms absolutely  
impossible4 ,h[1 !n1 c we limit ! size (
 armam5ts8 ,:at provision c we make to  
keep 9 *eck t desire to =tify itself1 to
 entr5* itself 9 an absolutely comm&+   
position1 :i* inh]5tly belongs to !     
milit>y m9d8 ,9 ! case ( bo? navies &   
armies some?+ dep5ds on geographical    

conditions1 & some?+ on f9ancial        
possibilities4 ,! fir/ repres5ts1 z x 71
 ! m9imum requir$ = safety2 ! second !  
maximum burd5 :i* a /ate c endure )\t   
go+ into bankruptcy4#ab ,our own c\ntry1
 we %\ld say1 requires fleets1 s f> z   
geographical conditions are conc]n$1 = !
 protection ( h] %ores1 &1 inasmu* z %e 
is a scatt]$ empire1 we mu/ h our w>%ips
 9 all ! ,sev5 ,seas4 ,france1 9 h]     
turn1 requires a navy :i* %all protect  
h] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & especially r5d]  
access easy to h] ,nor? ,african        
possessions4 ,on ! supposition t %e is  
good fri5ds ) ,engl&1 %e does n require 
%ips 9 ! ,nor? ,sea or 9 ! ,engli%      
,*annel1 :ile1 vice v]sa1 ,engl&1 s long
 z ,france is /rong 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1   
ne$ only keep q small deta*m5ts at      
,gibralt>1 ,malta1 & else:]e4 ,russia   
mu/ h a fleet = ! ,baltic1 & also a     
fleet 9 ! ,black ,sea4 ,beyond t h]     
requirem5ts assur$ly d n g4 ,italy's    
activities are ma9ly 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4  
,"u ! supposition t %e is conqu]$1      

,g]many /&s 9 "s dang] ( los+ h] navy   
altoge!r4  #ab ,brails=d's ,w> ( ,/eel &
 ,gold3 ,*ap4 ,,ix4   ,,protection ,,(  
,,comm]ce  ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t if we 
conf9e ourselves purely to geographical 
conditions1 & adh]e to ! pr9ciple t     
navies are requir$ = ! protection (     
coa/s1 we c at once r$uce1 )9 relatively
 small limits1 ! build+ ( arm\r$ %ips4  
,! reason :y l>ge navies h hi!rto be5   
necess>y is because x has be5 assum$ t  
!y d n m]ely protect coa/s1 b protect   
l9es ( comm]ce4 ,we h be5 told1 =       
in/ance1 t inasmu* z we _c fe$ our own  
population1 & our national food comes to
 u f ,canada1 ,am]ica1 ! ,arg5t9e1      
,russia1 & else:]e1 we mu/ possess a v  
l>ge am\nt ( cruis]s to safegu>d ! %ips 
t are convey+ to u our daily bread4 ,if 
we ask :y our %ips mu/ n only protect   
our %ores1 b our m]*&ise--! latt] be+ = 
! mo/ "p a comm]cial ent]prise work$ by 
individual companies--! answ] turns on t
 mu*-discuss$ pr9ciple1 ! ,"r ( ,capture
 at ,sea1 :i* 0 debat$ at ! la/ ,hague  

,conf]5ce1 & z a matt] ( fact /\tly     
def5d$ bo? by ,g]many & ourselves4 ,if  
we look at ?is doctr9e--! suppos$ "r t a
 p[] possesses to capture ! m]*&ise (   
private individuals :o belong to an     
enemy c\ntry 9 times ( w>--we %all      
p]haps feel "s surprise t a pr9ciple :i*
 is n admitt$ 9 l& w>f>e %\ld /ill      
prevail at sea4 ,accord+ to ! m b5evol5t
 notions ( conduct+ a campaign sugge/$1 
& inde$ en=c$ by ,hague ,conv5tions &   
su* l1 an army has no "r to /eal ! food 
( a c\ntry :i* x has invad$4 ,x mu/ pay 
= :at x takes4 ,well-conduct$ armies1 z 
a matt] ( fact1 behave 9 ?is fa%ion3 !  
necessity ( pay+ = :at !y take is v     
/rictly en=c$ by responsible (fic]s4    
,:y1 !re=e1 at sea an opposite /ate (   
affairs %\ld prevail is really n easy to
 und]/&4 ,mo/ ( ! enemy's m]*ant %ips   
:i* h be5 captur$ 9 ! rec5t w> belong to
 private individuals1 or private        
companies4 ,b !y are tak51 subject to ! 
decision ( ,prize ,c\rts1 z "p ( !      
spoils ( a successful m>itime p[]4 ,i am

 aw>e t ! "q is an exce$+ly controv]sial
 "o1 & t ,great ,brita9 has hi!rto be5 v
 firm1 or1 p]haps1 ,i might be all[$ to 
say1 ob/9ate 9 uphold+ ! law ( capture  
at sea4 ,b ,i also "k t a great _m      
compet5t lawy]s & politicians d n       
believe 9 ! validity ( su* a pr9ciple1 &
 w\ld n be sorry to h x aboli%$4#ac ,at 
all ev5ts1 x is cle> en\gh t if x 7     
aboli%$ "o ( ! ma9 argum5ts = keep+ up a
 /rong navy w\ld fall to ! gr\nd4 ,we   
%\ld !n require no patrol ( cruis]s 9 ! 
,atlantic1 9 ! ,pacific1 & 9 !          
,m$it]ranean4 ,"o ?+ at lea/ is c]ta91 t
 if we c ev] arrive at a "t :5 a real   
,conc]t ( ,europe prevails1 "o ( ! fir/ 
?+s :i* x mu/ take 9 h& is a ?or\gh     
exam9ation ( ! ext5t ( def5sive =ce :i* 
a nation requires z a m9imum = !        
pres]vation ( its indep5d5ce & lib]ty4  
#ac ,notably ,"l ,loreburn1 9 8 ,capture
 at ,sea 7,me?u574   ,,trade ,,9        
,,armam5ts  ,c]ta9ly "o cry+ evil exi/s 
:i* ought to be dealt ) promptly &      
effectively 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( 

common s5se z well z common morality4 ,i
 ref] to ! trade 9 armam5ts c>ri$ on by 
private companies1 ^: only int]e/ x is  
to fom5t1 or p]haps actually to produce1
 w> sc>es 9 ord] t munitions ( w> may be
 gre$ily pur*as$4 ,a notori\s example is
 furni%$ by ! great works at ,ess5 own$ 
by ,krupp4 ,9 ! same position are !     
great ,fr5* works at ,creusot1 own$ by  
,s*neid]1 & ^? ( our own ,engli% firms1 
,arm/rongs1 ,vick]s1 ,john ,br[n1 &     
,cammell ,laird4 ,^! are all successful 
conc]ns1 & ! %>ehold]s h reap$ l>ge     
pr(its4 ,i believe t at ,creusot !      
divid5ds h rea*$ tw5ty p] c5t41 &       
,arm/rongs yield r>ely less ?an t5 p]   
c5t4 ,x is necess>y to speak v pla9ly   
ab\t indu/ries ( ?is k9d1 because1 h[ev]
 we l to phrase x1 !y repres5t !        
realisation ( private pr(it ?r\gh !     
in/rum5ts ( dea? & slaught]4 ,x w\ld be 
bad en\gh if !y rema9$ purely private   
companies1 b !y really repres5t ! mo/   
solid public organisations 9 ! _w4 ,we  
"k ! intimate relations betwe5 ,krupp & 

! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 & d\btless also     
betwe5 ,messrs4 ,s*neid] & ! ,fr5*      
,gov]nm5t4 ,?is sordid manufacture ( !  
in/rum5ts ( dea? con/itutes a va/       
bus9ess1 ) all k9ds ( ramifications1 & !
 ma9 & deadly /igma on x is t x is b\nd 
to enc\rage & promote w>4 ,let me quote 
"s en]getic s5t5ces f ,mr4 ,h4,g4 ,wells
 on ?is po9t3 ,k+s & ,kais]s mu/ cease  
to be comm]cial travell]s ( mon/r\s     
armam5t conc]ns4444 ,i d n ne$ to argue1
 :at is manife/1 :at e ,g]man kn[s1 :at 
e intellig5t educat$ man 9 ! _w kn[s4 ,!
 ,krupp conc]n & ! tawdry ,imp]ialism ( 
,b]l9 are l9k$ l ?ief & receiv]2 ! h&s (
 ! ,g]man pr9ces are dirty ) ! trade4   
,all ov] ! _w /atecraft & royalty h be5 
approa*$ & t\*$ & ta9t$ by ^! va/ firms1
 b x is 9 ,b]l9 t ! corruption is c5tr$1
 x is f ,b]l9 t ! intol]able pressure to
 arm & /ill to arm has come4#ad  ,:at is
 ! obvi\s cure = ?is /ate ( ?+s8 ,x />es
 u 9 ! face4 ,gov]nm5ts alone %\ld be   
all[$ to manufacture weapons4 ,?is ought
 n to be an indu/ry left 9 private h&s4 

,if a nation1 ?r\gh its accr$it$        
repres5tatives1 ?9ks x is necess>y to   
arm itself1 x mu/ keep 9 its own h&s ?is
 le?al indu/ry4 ,beyond ! ,gov]nm5t     
factories !re cle>ly ought to be no mak+
 ( weapons all ov] ,europe & ! _w4  #ad 
,!re are "o or two pamphlets on ?is     
subject :i* are wor? consult+1          
especially ,! ,w> ,trad]s1 by ,g4,h4    
,p]ris 7,national ,peace ,c\ncil1 ,/4   
,/eph5's ,h\se1 ,we/m9/]71 & ,! ,w>     
,tru/ ,expos$1 by ,j4,f4 ,walton        
,newbold 7! ,national ,lead] ,press1    
,man*e/]74 ,see also ,! ,w> ( ,/eel &   
,gold1 by ,h4,n4 ,brails=d1 ,*apt] ,,ii1
 ,real ,politics1 p4 #hi4 ,! s5t5ces    
quot$ f ,mr4 ,wells come f ,! ,w> t w   
end ,w> 7,f4 & ,c4 ,palm]71 p4 #ci4     
,,f9ancial ,,int]e/s  ,x has already be5
 rem>k$ t ! conditions :i* limit &      
control ! size ( armam5ts are p>tly     
geographical & p>tly f9ancial1 & t :ile 
! =m] repres5t ! m9imum1 ! latt] /& = ! 
maximum ( protective =ce4 ,i ne$ say    
no?+ fur!r ab\t ! geographical          

conditions4 ,e "o :o /udies a map c see 
= himself :at is requir$ by a c\ntry    
anxi\s to protect its %ores or its      
b\nd>ies4 ,if we suppose t armam5ts are 
/rictly limit$ to ! ne$s ( self-def5ce1 
& if we fur!r assume t 9 ! new ,europe  
c\ntries are n animat$ by ! /ronge/     
dislikes aga9/ "o ano!r1 b are prep>$ to
 live & let live 7a tol]ably l>ge       
assumption1 ,i am aw>e71 we c readily   
imag9e a /eady process ( curtailm5t 9 ! 
absolutely necess>y armam5t4 ,fur!r1 if 
,great ,brita9 gave up its doctr9e ( !  
,"r ( ,capture at ,sea 7& if ,great     
,brita9 surr5d]$ x1 we may be pretty    
sure t1 aft] ,g]many has be5 made       
p[]less1 no o!r c\ntry w\ld wi% to reta9
 x71 ! suppos$ necessity ( protect+ l9es
 ( comm]ce w\ld disappe> & a fur!r      
r$uction 9 cruis]s w\ld take place4 ,i  
_c imag9e t ei!r ,am]ica or ,japan w\ld 
wi% to revive ! ,"r ( ,capture !ory if  
we ourselves _h giv5 x up4 ,& !y are !  
mo/ important m>itime & comm]cial       
nations aft] ourselves4#ae  ,! f9ancial 

conditions1 h[ev]1 des]ve /udy because  
!y lead /raight to ! v he>t ( ! mod]n   
bellicose t5d5cies4 ,9 an obvi\s &      
sup]ficial s5se1 f9ancial conditions    
repres5t ! maximum 9 ! provision (      
armam5ts1 because ultimately x becomes a
 "q ( h[ mu* a nation c af=d to sp5d )\t
 go+ bankrupt or be+ fatally hamp]$ 9   
its exp5diture on necess>y social re=ms4
 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n p]haps ! mo/         
significant po9t4 ,f9ancial conditions  
act mu* m subtly ?an ?is4 ,:y has x gr[n
 s imp]ative on /ates to h l>ge armies  
or l>ge navies1 or bo?8 ,because--s we h
 be5 told ov] & ov] aga9--diplomacy _c  
speak ) effect unless x is back$ by p[]4
 ,& :at are ! ma9 occasions on :i*      
diplomacy has to speak effectively8 ,we 
%\ld be incl9$ to answ] (f-h& t x mu/   
possess ?is /5torian p[] :5 !re is any  
"q ab\t national hon\r--:5 ! c\ntry =   
:om x speaks is insult$ or bulli$1 or   
defraud$ ( its j rights2 :5 treaties are
 torn up & disreg>d$2 :5 its plight$ ^w 
has be5 giv5 & ano!r nation acts z ?\gh 

no su* pl$ge _h be5 made2 :5 its        
t]ritory is m5ac$ ) invasion & s =?4    
#ae ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
are oppos$ to ! ,capture at ,sea        
pr9ciple4   ,,protection ,,( ,,f9anci]s 
,b ^! ju/ifiable occasions d n exhau/ ! 
:ole field4 ,sometimes diplomacy is     
br\ght to be> on mu* m d\btful issues4  
,x is us$ to support ! concession-hunt]1
 & to co]ce a relatively p[]less nation 
to grant concessions4 ,x backs up a bank
 :i* has f9anc$ a company to build      
railroads or develop ! int]nal res\rces 
( a c\ntry2 or to exploit m9es or       
oil-fields1 or to d ^? ?\s&-&-"o ?+s :i*
 con/itute :at is call$ peaceful        
p5etration4 ,?9k ( ! rec5t deal+s )     
,turkey1#af & ! int]national rivalry1   
always suspici\s & inflammatory1 :i* has
 practically divid$ up h] ,asiatic      
dom9ions betwe5 ,european ,/ates--s t   
,arm5ia is to belong to ,russia1 ,syria 
to ,france1 ,arabia to ,great ,brita91 &
 ,anatolia & ,i "k n :at besides to     
,g]many6 ,?9k ( ! competition = ! c>ry+ 

out ( railways 9 ,asia ,m9or & ! con/ant
 friction z to :i* p[] has obta9$1 by   
fair means or f\l1 ! greate/ influ5ce6  
,or let u rememb] ! rec5t disputes z to 
! prop] float+ ( a loan to ,*9a & !     
bick]+ ab\t ! ,five-,p[] ,gr\p & !      
det]m9ation on ! "p ( ! la/ nam$ t no "o
 else %\ld %>e ! spoil6 ,or %all we     
transf] our att5tion to ,mexico1 :]e !  
sev]e /ruggle betwe5 ! two rival ,oil   
,companies--! ,c[dray gr\p & ! ,am]ican 
gr\p--?rew into ! %ade ! qu>rel betwe5  
,hu]ta & ,c>ranza8 ,^! are only a few   
in/ances tak5 at r&om to illu/rate !    
deal+s ( mod]n f9ance4 ,relatively small
 h>m w\ld be done if f9anci]s 7 all[$ to
 fight out _! own qu>rels4 ,un=tunately1
 h[ev]1 diplomacy is br\ght 9 to support
 ?is side or t3 & ambassadors h to speak
 9 sev]e t]ms if a ,*9ese m&>9 does n   
fav\r our s-call$ nationals1 or if      
corrupt ,turki% (ficials are n          
suffici5tly squeezable to suit our      
patriotic purposes4 ,our armam5ts are   
big n m]ely to protect ! nation's hon\r1

 b to provide l>ge divid5ds =           
speculative conc]ns held 9 private h&s4 
#af ,turkey has n[ ?r[n 9 h] lot )      
,g]many4   ,,inve/+ ,,money ,,abroad  ,!
 tru? is1 ( c\rse1 t ! hon\rable "n (   
comm]ce is n[ us$ to cov] v diff]5t k9ds
 ( ent]prise4 ,we us$ to export goods2  
n[ we export ca%4 ,weal?y m51 n be+     
cont5t ) ! s\nd1 b n magnific5t int]e/  
on home securities1 take _! money abroad
 & inve/ 9 extremely remun]ative--?\gh (
 c\rse speculative--bus9esses 9 ,s\?    
,africa1 or ,s\? ,am]ica1 conc]n$ )     
rubb]1 petroleum1 or :atnot4 ,(t5 !y    
subscribe to a =eign loan--9 itself a   
p]fectly legitimate & h>mless op]ation1 
b n h>mless or legitimate if "o ( !     
conditions ( ! loan is t ! c\ntry to :i*
 x is l5t %\ld pur*ase its artill]y f   
,ess5 or ,creusot1 or its battle%ips f  
our y>ds4 ,= t is precisely "o ( ! ways 
9 :i* ! traffic 9 munitions ( w> goes on
 increas+ & itself helps to br+ ab\t a  
conflagration4 ,f9ancial ent]prise is1 (
 c\rse1 ! life-blood ( mod]n /ates4 ,b  

:y %\ld our army & navy be br\ght 9 to  
protect f9anci]s8 ,let !m take _! own   
risks1 l e o!r man :o pursues a haz>d\s 
pa? = 8 own private ga94 ,private       
inve/m5t 9 =eign securities does n      
increase ! volume ( a nation's comm]ce4 
,! individual may make a colossal =tune1
 b ! nation pays mu* too de>ly = !      
enri*m5t ( f9anci]s if x all[s itself to
 be dragg$ into w> on acc\nt ( _! beaux 
yeux4   ,,ideal ,,aims  ,x is "t to ga!r
 toge!r 9 a summ>y fa%ion "s ( !        
consid]ations :i* h be5 pres5t$ to u 9 !
 c\rse ( our inquiry4 ,we h gone to w>  
p>tly = direct1 p>tly = indirect        
objects4 ,! direct objects are !        
protection ( small nationalities1 !     
de/ruction ( a p>ticul>ly (f5sive k9d ( 
milit>ism 9 ,g]many1 ! secur+ ( respect 
= treaties1 & ! pres]vation ( our own & 
,european lib]ty4 ,b !re are also       
indirect objects at :i* we h to aim1 & x
 is "h1 ( c\rse1 t ! speculative "* (   
our inquiry is mo/ cle>ly reveal$4 ,ap>t
 f ! pres]vation ( ! small]             

nationalities1 ,mr4 ,asqui? has himself 
told u t we %\ld aim at ! organisation (
 a ,public ,w ( ,europe1 a sort (       
,collective ,consci5ce :i* %\ld act z a 
corrective ( national defects & z a     
support ( int]national morality4 ,no?+  
c\ld well be m speculative or vague ?an 
?is1 & we h already se5 ! k9d (         
difficulties :i* surr\nd ! conception1  
especially ! conflict betwe5 a          
collective ,european con/ra9t & an eag] 
& en]getic patriotism4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1
 be det]r$ by ! nebul\s "* ( "s ( !     
ideals :i* are float+ ?r\gh our m9ds4   
,ideals are always nebul\s1 & always    
resi/$ by ! n>r[ sort ( practical m5 :o 
sugge/ t we are metaphysical dream]s    
unaw>e ( ! /]n facts ( life4 ,nev]!less1
 ! actual progress ( ! _w dep5ds on !   
visions ( ideali/s1 & :5 ! "t comes = ! 
recon/itution ( ,europe on a new basis  
we mu/ already h imag9atively ?\ght out 
"s ( ! ends t[>ds :i* we are /riv+4 ,we 
mu/ also be c>eful n to n>r[ our        
conceptions to ! level ( imm$iate       

ne$s--t is n ! "r way ( any re=m4 ,our  
conceptions mu/ be z l>ge & z wide & z  
philan?ropical z imag9ation c make !m2  
o!rwise ,europe w miss "o ( ! greate/   
opportunities t x has ev] _h to deal )1 
& we %all incur ! bitt]e/ ( all         
disappo9tm5ts--n to be awake :5 ! dawn  
appe>s4   ,,greatness ,,( ,,/ates  ,:at1
 !n1 are "s ( ^? nebul\s visions :i*    
come be=e ! m9ds ( eag] ideali/s8 ,we h 
got to envisage = ourselves a new idea (
 :at con/itutes greatness 9 a /ate4     
,hi!rto we h measur$ national greatness 
by milit>y /r5g?1 because mo/ ( !       
,european nations h atta9$ _! pres5t    
position ?r\gh successful w>4 ,s long z 
we *]i% a notion l ?is1 s long %all we  
be "u ! heel ( a gr9d+ milit>ism4 ,we h 
set out z crusad]s to de/roy ,prussian  
milit>ism1 & 9 pursuit ( ?is que/ we h  
invok$1 z a matt] ( necessity1 ! aid (  
our milit>i/s4 ,b :5 _! "w is done1 all 
peoples :o value fre$om & indep5d5ce w  
refuse to be "u ! heel ( any milit>y    
p>ty4 ,to be great is n1 necess>ily1 to 

be /rong = w>4 ,!re are o!r qualities   
:i* ought to ent] into ! def9ition1 a   
high /&>d ( civilisation & culture--n   
culture 9 ! ,prussian s5se1 b t :i* we  
und]/& by ! t]m--! great developm5t &   
ext5sion ( k1 room = ! discov]ies (     
sci5ce1 quick susceptibility 9 ! doma9 (
 art1 ! organisation ( lit]ature--all ^!
 ?+s are "p & p>cel ( greatness1 z we   
want to und]/& x 9 ! future4 ,x is      
precisely ^! ?+s t milit>ism1 z su*1    
c>es no?+ =4 ,!re=e1 if we are out = w> 
aga9/ milit>ism1 ! :ole end & object (  
our endeav\r mu/ be by means ( w> to    
make w> impossible4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 z a 
matt] ( c\rse1 t ! new ,europe mu/ take 
v s]i\s & en]getic /eps to dim9i%       
milit>y e/abli%m5ts & to limit ! size ( 
armam5ts4 ,if once ! new ma/]s ( ,europe
 und]/& ! imm5se importance ( r$uc+ _!  
milit>y equipm5t1 !y h x 9 _! p[] to    
relieve nations ( "o ( ! greate/ burd5s 
:i* h ev] *eck$ ! social & economic     
developm5t ( ! _w4 ,sugge/ions h already
 be5 made z to ! r$uction ( armam5ts1 &1

 al?\gh su* s*emes z h be5 set =w>d are1
 9 ! true/ s5se1 speculative1 x does n  
foll[ t !y1 or some?+ l !m1 _c h]eaft]  
be realis$4 ,nor yet 9 our conception ( 
greatness mu/ we include ano!r false    
idea ( ! pa/4 ,if a nation is n         
necess>ily great because x is /rong =   
w>1 nei!r is x necess>ily great because 
x conta9s a numb] ( cosmopolitan        
f9anci]s try+ to exploit = _! own       
purposes v>i\s undevelop$ tracts ( !    
_w's surface4 ,^! f9anci]s are c]ta9ly n
 patriots because1 among/ o!r ?+s1 !y   
take p>ticul> c>e to inve/ 9 =eign      
securities1 ! int]e/ ( home inve/m5ts n 
be+ suffici5t = _! f9ancial gre$4 ,x w n
 be ! lea/ ( ! _m b5efits :i* may accrue
 to u aft] ! end ( ?is disa/r\s w> if a 
vulg> & crude mat]ialism1 bas$ on !     
notion ( weal?1 is de?ron$ f its pres5t 
sov]eignty ov] m5's m9ds4 ,! m we /udy !
 c\rses ( ?is _w's hi/ory1 ! m c]ta9ly d
 we discov] t a love ( money is ! root (
 mo/ ( ! evils :i* beset humanity4      
,,apo/les ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,era  ,z we    

survey ! possible re=ms :i* are to set  
up a new & bett] ,europe on ! ru9 ( !   
old1 we naturally ask ourselves ) "s    
disquietude3 ,:o are ! p]sonalities1 &  
:at are ! =ces requir$ = s trem5d\s a   
*ange8 ,:o are suffici5t = ^! ?+s8 ,are 
k+s likely to be savi\rs ( society8 ,pa/
 exp]i5ce h>dly fav\rs ?is sugge/ion4 ,w
 soldi]s & great g5]als help u8 ,"h1    
aga91 we may be p>don$ = a v natural    
suspicion4 ,e "o kn[s t a b5evol5t      
despotism has mu* to recomm5d x4 ,b1    
un=tunately1 ! b5evol5t are n usually   
despotic1 nor are despots z a rule      
b5evol5t4 ,c diplomati/s help u8 ,n s f>
 z !y cont9ue to mumble ! wat*words ( _!
 anci5t my/]y3 !y w h to le>n a new set 
( =mul1 or m likely1 p]haps1 !y w f9d t 
ord9>y p1 :o h se5 to :at a pass        
diplomacy has br\ght u1 may "w out =    
!mselves "s bett] sy/em4 ,cle>ly ! tasks
 ( ! future w dep5d on ! co-op]ation (  
intellig5t1 f>-sight$ philan?ropic      
re=m]s 9 ! v>i\s /ates ( ! _w1 :o w     
recognise t at critical p]iods ( ! _w's 

hi/ory !y mu/ set to "w ) a new ard\r to
 ?9k out problems f ! v beg9n+4 ,we want
 fre% & intellig5t m9ds1 specially ( !  
y\ng] ideali/s1 ke51 ard5t1 & en]getic  
s\ls1 t\*$ ) ! sacr$ fire1 erect+ !     
fabric ( humanity on a novel basis4     
,democracy w h a great deal to d 9 ! new
 ,europe4 ,x1 too1 _h bett] refurbi% its
 old wat*words4 ,x has got to set itself
 pati5tly to ! bus9ess ( prev5t+ future 
w>s by ! ext5sion ( its sympa?ies & its 
cle> disc]nm5t ( all t imp]ils its      
future developm5t & progress4 ,above    
all1 x has got to solve t mo/ difficult 
problem ( creat+ a ,public ,w & a       
,common ,consci5ce 9 ,europe1 a         
consci5ce s5sitive to ! dem&s ( a high] 
e?ics1 & a w to en=ce its decrees aga9/ 
ob/ructives & recalcitrants4 ,we d n see
 our way cle> z yet1 x is true4 ,b we h 
a dim idea ( ! f>-se5 peaks t[>ds :i* we
 mu/ lift up our eyes4 ,x is ! greate/  
ent]prise :i* humanity has ev] be5 call$
 ^u to face1 &1 h[ev] difficult1 x is   
also ! mo/ spl5did4   ,,pr9t$ ,,9       

,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,clay    
,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,brunswick ,,/41     
,,/am=d ,,/41 ,s4,e41 ,,& ,,bungay1     
,,suffolk4