file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #agadi-;h4htm or #agadi-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/g_ /a_/d_/agadi_/agadi-;h_/#agadi-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/g_ /a_/d_/agadi_/agadi-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,und]scores be=e & aft] words d5ote italics4 ,und]score & d5ote subscripts4 ,footnotes mov$ to end ( book4 ,! book />ts us+ ! ^w ,,*apt] only aft] its *apt] numb] ,,xi4 ,i h left x ! same 9 ?is text4 ,! ,c5tury ,books ( ,useful ,sci5ce ,,creative ,,*emi/ry ,descriptive ( ,rec5t ,a*ievem5ts 9 ! ,*emical ,indu/ries by ,,edw9 ,e4 ,,slosson1 ,m4,s41 ,,ph4,d4 ,lit]>y ,editor ( ,! ,indep5d5t1 ,associate 9 ,columbia ,s*ool ( ,j\rnalism ,au?or ( ,great ,am]ican ,univ]sities1 ,major ,prophets ( ,today1 ,six ,major ,prophets1 ,on ,acylhalog5am9e ,d]ivatives & ! ,beckmann ,re>rangem5t1 ,composition ( ,wyom+ ,petroleum1 etc4 ,) ,_m ,illu/rations ,illu/ration 7,decorative7 ,new ,york ,! ,c5tury ,co4 ,copyright1 #aiai1 by ,! ,c5tury ,co4 ,copyright1 #aiag1 #aiah1 #aiai1 by ,! ,indep5d5t ,corporation ,publi%$1 ,octob]1 #aiai ,illu/ration3 ,f ,am]ica's ,munitions ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,new ,,& ,,/rong] ,,=ms ,,( ,,/eel ,,is ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,greate/ ,,triumphs ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry ,! photograph %[s ! manufacture ( a #ab-;in* gun at ! plant ( ! ,midvale ,/eel ,company dur+ ! late w>4 ,! gun tube1 #da feet long1 has j be5 drawn f ! furnace :]e x 0 temp]$ at :ite heat & is n[ ready = qu5*+4 ,,to ,,my ,,fir/ ,,tea*] ,,pr(essor ,e4,h4,s4 ,,bailey ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,kansas ,,& ,,my ,,la/ ,,tea*] ,,pr(essor ,,julius ,,/ieglitz ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,gratefully ,,d$icat$ ,,cont5ts ,i ,,?ree ,,p]iods ,,( ,,progress #c ,,ii ,,nitrog5 #ad ,,iii ,,fe$+ ,,! ,,soil #cg ,,iv ,,coal-,,t> ,,colors #fj ,v ,,syn!tic ,,p]fumes ,,& ,,flavors #ic ,,vi ,,cellulose #aaj ,,vii ,,syn!tic ,,pla/ics #abh ,,viii ,,! ,,race ,,= ,,rubb] #ade ,,ix ,,! ,,rival ,,sug>s #afd ,x ,,:at ,,comes ,,f ,,corn #aha ,,xi ,,solidifi$ ,,sun%9e #aif ,,xii ,,fight+ ,,) ,,fumes #bah ,,xiii ,,products ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,furnace #bcf ,,xiv ,,metals1 ,,old ,,& ,,new #bfc ,,read+ ,,ref]5ces #big ,,index #cji ,a ,,c>d ,,( ,,?anks ,?is book orig9at$ 9 a s]ies ( articles prep>$ = ,! ,indep5d5t 9 #aiag-ah = ! purpose ( int]e/+ ! g5]al read] 9 ! rec5t a*ievem5ts ( indu/rial *emi/ry & provid+ supplem5t>y read+ = /ud5ts ( *emi/ry 9 colleges & high s*ools4 ,i am indebt$ to ,hamilton ,holt1 editor ( ,! ,indep5d5t1 & to ,k>l ,v4,s4 ,h[l&1 its publi%]1 = /imulus & opportunity to und]take ! writ+ ( ^! pages & = ! privilege ( repr9t+ !m 9 ?is =m4 ,9 ga!r+ ! mat]ial = ?is volume ,i h receiv$ ! k9dly aid ( s _m companies & individuals t x is impossible to ?ank !m all b ,i mu/ at lea/ m5tion z ^? to :om ,i am especially grateful = in=mation1 advice & criticism3 ,?omas ,h4 ,norton ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce2 ,dr4 ,b]nh>d ,c4 ,hesse2 ,h4,s4 ,bailey ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 ,pr(essor ,julius ,/ieglitz ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago2 ,l4,e4 ,edg> ( ! ,du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,company2 ,milton ,:itney ( ! ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,soils2 ,dr4 ,h4,n4 ,mc,coy2 ,k4,f4 ,kell]man ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry4 ,e4,e4,s4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,! production ( new & /rong] =ms ( /eel is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( mod]n *emi/ry ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,! h& gr5ades conta9 pot5tial *emical en]gy capable ( caus+ a va/ am\nt ( de/ruction :5 releas$ #af ,wom5 9 a munition plant engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( tri-nitro-toluol #ag ,a *emical reaction on a l>ge scale #cb ,burn+ air 9 a ,birkel&-,eyde furnace at ! ,du,pont plant #cc ,a batt]y ( ,birkel&-,eyde furnaces = ! fixation ( nitrog5 at ! ,du,pont plant #cc ,fix+ nitrog5 by calcium c>bide #dj ,a b>r[ full ( pota% salts extract$ f six tons ( gre5 kelp by ! gov]nm5t *emi/s #da ,nature's sil5t me?od ( nitrog5 fixation #da ,9 ord] to secure a new supply ( pota% salts ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t set up an exp]im5tal plant at ,su!rl&1 ,cali=nia1 = utilization ( kelp #eb ,ov]head suction at ! ,san ,diego :>f pump+ kelp f ! b>ge to ! dige/ion tanks #ec ,! kelp h>ve/] ga!r+ ! seawe$ f ! ,pacific ,ocean #ec ,a batt]y ( ,kopp]s by-product coke-ov5s at ! plant ( ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,company1 ,sp>r[s ,po9t1 ,m>yl& #fj ,9 ^! mix+ vats at ! ,buffalo ,works1 anil9e dyes are prep>$ #fa ,a pap] mill 9 action #abj ,cellulose f wood pulp is n[ made into a l>ge v>iety ( useful articles ( :i* a few examples are "h pictur$ #aba ,plantation rubb] #afj ,=e/ rubb] #afj ,9 mak+ g>d5 hose ! rubb] is =m$ into a tube by ! ma*9e on ! "r & coil$ on ! table to ! left #afa ,! rival sug>s #agf ,int]ior ( a sug> mill %[+ ! ma*9]y = cru%+ cane to extract ! juice #agg ,vacuum pans ( ! ,am]ican ,sug> ,ref9]y ,company #agg ,cotton se$ oil z x is squeez$ f ! se$ by ! presses #bjj ,cotton se$ oil z x comes f ! compressors fl[+ out ( ! faucets #bja ,splitt+ coconuts on ! isl& ( ,tahiti #baf ,! electric curr5t pass+ ?r\gh salt wat] 9 ^! cells decomposes ! salt into cau/ic soda & *lor9e gas #bag ,g]mans />t+ a gas attack on ! ,russian l9es #bbd ,fill+ ! canni/]s ( gas masks ) *>coal made f fruit pits--,long ,isl& ,city #bbe ,! *lorpicr9 plant at ! ,bdgewood ,ars5al #bcd ,repair+ ! brok5 /]n po/ ( ! ,u4,s4,s4 ,nor!rn ,pacific1 ! bigge/ m>9e weld 9 ! _w #bce ,mak+ aloxite 9 ! electric furnaces by fus+ coke & bauxite #bdj ,a block ( c>borundum cry/als #bda ,mak+ c>borundum 9 ! electric furnace #bda ,types ( gas mask us$ by ,am]ica1 ! ,allies & ,g]many dur+ ! w> #bef ,pump+ melt$ :ite phosphorus into h& gr5ades fill$ ) wat]--,edgewood ,ars5al #beg ,fill+ %ell ) mu/>d gas #beg ,photomicrographs %[+ ! /ructure ( /eel made by ,pr(essor ,e4,g4 ,mah9 ( ,purdue ,univ]sity #bgb ,! microscopic /ructure ( metals #bgc ,,introduction ,,by ,,julius ,,/ieglitz ,=m]ly ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,! rec5t w> z nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w br\ght to ! nations ( ! e>? a realization ( ! vital place :i* ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry holds 9 ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( a nation4 ,"s ( ! mo/ picturesque features ( ?is awak5+ rea*$ ! great public ?r\gh ! press4 ,?us1 ! adv5tur\s trips ( ! ,deuts*l& ) its c>goes ( conc5trat$ anil9e dyes1 valu$ at millions ( doll>s1 emphasiz$ z no o!r incid5t our =m] dep5d5ce ^u ,g]many = ^! products ( h] *emical indu/ries4 ,! public read1 too1 t h] *emi/s sav$ ,g]many f an e>ly disa/r\s defeat1 bo? 9 ! field ( milit>y op]ations & 9 ! matt] ( economic supplies3 unque/ionably1 )\t ! trem5d\s expansion ( h] plants = ! production ( nitrates & ammonia f ! air by ! processes ( ,hab]1 ,o/wald & o!rs ( h] great *emi/s1 ! w> w\ld h end$ 9 #aiae1 or e>ly 9 #aiaf1 f exhau/ion ( ,g]many's supplies ( nitrate explosives1 if n inde$ f exhau/ion ( h] food supplies z a consequ5ce ( ! lack ( nitrate & ammonia f]tiliz] = h] fields4 ,inv5tions ( sub/itutes = cotton1 copp]1 rubb]1 wool & _m o!r basic ne$s h be5 report$4 ,^! feats ( *emi/ry1 p]=m$ "u ! /ress ( dire necessity1 h1 no d\bt1 excit$ ! wond] & int]e/ ( our public4 ,x is f> m important at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 :5 bo? = w> & = peace ne$s1 ! res\rces ( our c\ntry are /ra9$ to ! utmo/1 t ! public %\ld awak5 to a cle> realization ( :at ?is sci5ce ( *emi/ry really means = mank9d1 to ! realization t its wiz>dry p]meates ! :ole life ( ! nation z a vitaliz+1 protective & con/ructive ag5t v mu* 9 ! same way z our blood1 c\rs+ ?r\gh our ve9s & art]ies1 c>ries ! con/ructive1 def5sive & life-br++ mat]ials to e organ 9 ! body4 ,if ! layman w b und]/& t *emi/ry is ! fundam5tal sci5ce ( ! trans=mation ( matt]1 he w readily accept ! validity ( ?is sweep+ ass]tion3 he w realize1 = in/ance1 :y exactly ! same fundam5tal laws ( ! sci5ce apply to1 & make possible sci5tific control (1 su* widely div]g5t national indu/ries z agriculture & /eel manufactur+4 ,x gov]ns ! trans=mation ( ! salts1 m9]als & humus ( our fields & ! compon5ts ( ! air into corn1 :eat1 cotton & ! innum]able o!r products ( ! soil2 x gov]ns no less ! trans=mation ( crude ores into /eel & alloys1 :i*1 ) ! cunn+ born ( *emical k1 may be giv5 practically any conceivable quality ( h>dness1 ela/icity1 t\ghness or /r5g?4 ,& exactly ! same ?+ may be said ( ! hundr$s ( national activities t lie betwe5 ! two extremes ( agriculture & /eel manufacture6 ,moreov]1 ! doma9 ( ! sci5ce ( ! trans=mation ( matt] includes ev5 life itself z its l(tie/ phase3 f our bir? to our return to du/ ! laws ( *emi/ry are ! controll+ laws ( life1 heal?1 disease & dea?1 & ! ev] cle>] recognition ( ?is relation is ! /ronge/ =ce t is rais+ m$ic9e f ! unc]ta9 realm ( an art to ! saf] sph]e ( an exact sci5ce4 ,to _m sci5tific m9ds x has ev5 become evid5t t ^? mo/ wond]ful facts ( life1 h]$ity & "*1 mu/ f9d _! f9al explanation 9 ! *emical composition ( ! compon5ts ( life produc+1 g]m9al protoplasm3 m]e =m & %ape are no long] supreme b are relegat$ to _! prop] place z ! h\s+ only ( ! liv+ matt] :i* functions *emically4 ,x mu/ be q obvi\s n[ :y ?\ghtful m5 are insi/+ t ! public %\ld be awak5$ to a broad realization ( ! significance ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry = its national life4 ,x is a difficult sci5ce 9 its details1 because x has f\nd t x c be/ int]pret ! visible ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w on ! basis ( ! conception ( invisible m9ute mat]ial atoms & molecules1 ea* a _w 9 itself1 ^: prop]ties may be nev]!less accurately d$uc$ by a rigor\s logic controll+ ! highe/ type ( sci5tific imag9ation4 ,b a layman is int]e/$ 9 ! wond]s ( great bridges & ( monum5tal build+s )\t feel+ ! ne$ ( inquir+ into ! pa9fully m9ute & ext5d$ calculations ( ! eng9e] & ar*itect ( ! /ra9s & /resses to :i* e p9 & e b> ( ! great bridge & e bit ( /one1 e foot ( ar* 9 a monum5tal edifice1 w be expos$4 ,s ! public may und]/& & appreciate ) ! ke5e/ int]e/ ! results ( *emical ef=t )\t ! ne$ ( in/ruction 9 ! intricacies ( our logic1 ( our deal+s ) our m9ute1 invisible p>ticles4 ,! :ole nation's welf>e dem&s1 inde$1 t our public be enlight5$ 9 ! matt] ( ! relation ( *emi/ry to our national life4 ,?us1 if our comm]ce & our indu/ries are to survive ! t]rific competition t mu/ foll[ ! re/abli%m5t ( peace1 our public mu/ insi/ t its repres5tatives 9 ,congress pres]ve t indep5d5ce 9 *emical manufactur+ :i* ! w> has =c$ ^u u 9 ! matt] ( dyes1 ( numb]less invaluable rem$ies to cure & relieve suff]+2 9 ! matt]1 too1 ( hundr$s ( *emicals1 :i* our indu/ries ne$ = _! successful exi/5ce4 ,unless we are indep5d5t 9 ^! fields1 h[ easily might an unscrupul\s compet+ nation d u untold h>m by ! m]e device1 = in/ance1 ( delay+ supplies1 or by s5d+ inf]ior mat]ials to ?is c\ntry or by und]sell+ our *emical manufactur]s &1 aft] ! de/ruction ( our *emical indep5d5ce1 h&icapp+ our indu/ries z !y 7 9 ! fir/ ye> or two ( ! great w>6 ,?is is n a m]e possibility creat$ by ! imag9ation1 = our economic hi/ory conta9s in/ance aft] in/ance ( ! purposeful und]m9+ & de/ruction ( our indu/ries 9 f9] *emicals1 dyes & drugs by =eign int]e/s b5t on pres]v+ _! monopoly4 ,if "o recalls t ?r\gh control1 = in/ance1 ( dyes by a compet+ nation1 control is 9 fact also e/abli%$ ov] products1 valu$ 9 ! hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s1 9 :i* dyes ent] z an ess5tial factor1 "o may realize inde$ ! trem5d\s indu/rial & comm]cial p[] :i* is controll$ by ! s+le lev]--*emical dyes4 ,( ev5 m vital mom5t is *emi/ry 9 ! doma9 ( heal?3 ! pitiful calls ( our hospitals = local ane/hetics to alleviate suff]+ on ! op]at+ table1 ! frantic appeals = ! hypnotic t soo!s ! epileptic & /aves (f 8 seizure1 ! almo/ furi\s dem&s = rem$y aft] rem$y1 t came 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! w>1 are /ill r++ 9 ! he>ts ( _m ( u4 ,no wond] t our small army ( *emi/s is grimly det]m9$ n to give up ! indep5d5ce 9 *emi/ry :i* w> has a*iev$ = u6 ,only a widely enlight5$ public1 h[ev]1 c insure ! p]man5ce ( :at f>see+ m5 h />t$ to accompli% 9 develop+ ! p[] ( *emi/ry ?r\gh rese>* 9 e doma9 :i* *emi/ry t\*es4 ,! g5]al public %\ld realize t 9 ! support ( great *emical rese>* laboratories ( univ]sities & te*nical s*ools x w be su/a9+ important c5t]s f :i* ! sci5ce :i* improves products1 aboli%es wa/e1 e/abli%es new indu/ries & pres]ves life1 may rea* out helpfully into all ! activities ( our great nation1 t are dep5d5t on ! trans=mation ( matt]4 ,! public is to be congratulat$ ^u ! fact t ! writ] ( ! pres5t volume is bett] qualifi$ ?an any o!r man 9 ! c\ntry to br+ home to 8 read]s "s ( ! great results ( mod]n *emical activity z well z "s ( ! big problems :i* mu/ cont9ue to engage ! att5tion ( our *emi/s4 ,dr4 ,slosson has inde$ ! unique quality ( comb9+ an exact & intimate k ( *emi/ry ) ! exquisite cl>ity & po9t$ness ( expression ( a born writ]4 ,we h "h an exposition by a ma/] m9d1 an exposition %orn ( ! t]rify+ & obscur+ te*nicalities ( ! lecture room1 t w be z absorb+ read+ z any ?rill+ romance4 ,= ! /ory ( sci5tific a*ievem5t is ! greate/ epic ! _w has ev] kn[n1 & l ! great national epics ( bygone ages1 %\ld quick5 ! life ( ! nation by a realization ( its p[]s & a picture ( its possibilities4 ,,creative ,,*emi/ry ,la ,*imie possde cette facult cratrice un degr plus m95t que les autres sci5ces1 p>ce qu'elle pntre plus pr(ondm5t et atte9t jusqu'aux lm5ts naturels des tres4 --,b]!lot4 ,i ,,?ree ,,p]iods ,,( ,,progress ,! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe is an allegory ( human hi/ory4 ,man is a ca/away ^u a des]t planet1 isolat$ f o!r inhabit$ worlds--if !re be any su*--by millions ( miles ( untrav]sable space4 ,he is absolutely dep5d5t ^u 8 own ex]tions1 = ?is _w ( 81 z ,wells says1 has no imports except meteorites & no exports ( any k9d4 ,man has no wreck$ %ip f a =m] civilization to draw ^u = tools & weapons1 b mu/ utilize z be/ he may su* raw mat]ials z he c f9d4 ,9 ?is conque/ ( nature by man !re are ?ree /ages di/+ui%able3 #a4 ,! ,appropriative ,p]iod #b4 ,! ,adaptive ,p]iod #c4 ,! ,creative ,p]iod ,^! eras ov]lap1 & ! human race1 or r its vangu>d1 civiliz$ man1 may be pass+ into ! ?ird /age 9 "o field ( human endeavor :ile /ill l+]+ 9 ! second or fir/ 9 "s o!r respect4 ,b 9 any p>ticul> l9e ?is sequ5ce is foll[$4 ,! primitive man picks up :atev] he c f9d available = 8 use4 ,8 successor 9 ! next /age ( culture %apes & develops ?is crude in/rum5t until x becomes m suitable = 8 purpose4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( "t man (t5 f9ds t he c make some?+ new :i* is bett] ?an any?+ 9 nature or naturally produc$4 ,! savage discov]s4 ,! b>b>ian improves4 ,! civiliz$ man inv5ts4 ,! fir/ f9ds4 ,! second fa%ions4 ,! ?ird fabricates4 ,! primitive man 0 a troglodyte4 ,he s\ght %elt] 9 any cave or crevice t he c\ld f9d4 ,lat] he dug x out to make x m roomy & pil$ up /ones at ! entrance to keep out ! wild bea/s4 ,?is artificial b>ricade1 ?is false faade1 0 gradually ext5d$ & solidifi$ until f9ally man c\ld build a cave = himself any:]e 9 ! op5 field f /ones he qu>ri$ out ( ! hill4 ,b man 0 n cont5t ) su* mat]ials & n[ puts up a build+ :i* may be compos$ ( /eel1 brick1 t]ra cotta1 glass1 concrete & pla/]1 none ( :i* mat]ials are to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,! untutor$ savage might cross a /ream a/ride a float+ tree trunk4 ,by & by x occurr$ to him to sit inside ! log in/ead ( on x1 s he holl[$ x out ) fire or fl9t4 ,lat]1 mu* lat]1 he con/ruct$ an ocean l9]4 ,ca91 or :oev] x 0 fir/ slew 8 bro!r man1 made use ( a /one or /ick4 ,aft]w>d x 0 f\nd a bett] weapon c\ld be made by ty+ ! /one to ! end ( ! /ick1 & z murd] develop$ into a f9e art ! /ick 0 conv]t$ into ! b[ & ?is into ! catapult & f9ally into ! cannon1 :ile ! /one 0 develop$ into ! high explosive projectile4 ,! fir/ music to soo! ! savage brea/ 0 ! s\gh+ ( ! w9d ?r\gh ! trees4 ,!n /r+s 7 /ret*$ across a crevice = ! w9d to play ^u & !re 0 ! olian h>p4 ,! second /age 0 ent]$ :5 ,h]mes /rung ! tortoise %ell & pluck$ x ) 8 f+]s & :5 ,a!na1 rais+ ! w9d f h] own lungs1 =c$ x ?r\gh a holl[ re$4 ,f ^! beg9n+s we h ! organ & ! or*e/ra1 produc+ su* s\nds z no?+ 9 nature c equal4 ,! fir/ idol 0 d\btless a meteorite fall5 f heav5 or a fulgurite or concretion pick$ up f ! s&1 be>+ "s slight resemblance to a human be+4 ,lat] man made gods 9 8 own image1 & s sculpture & pa9t+ grew until n[ ! creations ( futuri/ic art c\ld be wor%ip$--if "o want$ to--)\t violation ( ! second comm&m5t1 = !y are n ! lik5ess ( any?+ t is 9 heav5 above or t is 9 ! e>? b5ea? or t is 9 ! wat] "u ! e>?4 ,9 ! textile indu/ry ! same developm5t is obs]vable4 ,! primitive man us$ ! sk9s ( animals he _h sla9 to protect 8 own sk94 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t he--or m probably 8 wife1 = x is to ! wom5 r ?an to ! m5 t we owe ! e>ly /eps 9 ! arts & sci5ces--fa/5$ leaves toge!r or p\nd$ out b>k to make g>m5ts4 ,lat] fib]s 7 pluck$ f ! %eepsk91 ! cocoon & ! cotton-ball1 twi/$ toge!r & wov5 into clo?4 ,n[adays x is possible to make a complete suit ( clo!s1 f hat to %oes1 ( any desirable texture1 =m & color1 & n include any sub/ance to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,! fir/ metals available 7 ^? f\nd free 9 nature su* z gold & copp]4 ,9 a lat] age x 0 f\nd possible to extract iron f its ores & today we h artificial alloys made ( multif>i\s comb9ations ( r>e metals4 ,! m$ic9e man dos$ 8 pati5ts ) decoctions ( su* roots & h]bs z _h a bad ta/e or que] look4 ,! ph>maci/ discov]$ h[ to extract f ^! _! m$ic9al pr9ciple su* z morph9e1 qu99e & coca9e1 & ! creative *emi/ has discov]$ h[ to make innum]able drugs adapt$ to specific diseases & individual idiosyncrasies4 ,9 ! lat] or creative /ages we ent] ! doma9 ( *emi/ry1 = x is ! *emi/ alone :o possesses ! p[] ( r$uc+ a sub/ance to its con/itu5t atoms & f !m produc+ sub/ances entirely new4 ,b ! *emi/ has be5 sl[ to realize 8 unique p[] & ! _w has be5 /ill sl[] to utilize 8 invaluable s]vices4 ,until rec5tly inde$ ! lead]s ( *emical sci5ce expressly disclaim$ :at %\ld h be5 _! pr\de/ boa/4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/ ,lavoisi] 9 #agic def9$ *emi/ry z ! sci5ce ( analysis4 ,! ,g]man *emi/ ,g]h>dt 9 #ahdd said3 ,i h demon/rat$ t ! *emi/ works 9 opposition to liv+ nature1 t he burns1 de/roys1 analyzes1 t ! vital =ce alone op]ates by syn!sis1 t x recon/ructs ! edifice torn d[n by ! *emical =ces4 ,x is q true t *emi/s up to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury 7 s absorb$ 9 ! de/ructive side ( _! sci5ce t !y 7 bl9d to ! con/ructive side ( x4 ,9 ?is respect !y 7 less presci5t ?an _! contemn$ pr$ecessors1 ! al*emi/s1 :o1 fooli% & pret5ti\s z !y 71 aspir$ at lea/ to ! =mation ( some?+ new4 ,x 01 ,i ?9k1 ! ,fr5* *emi/ ,b]!lot :o fir/ cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! d\ble aspect ( *emi/ry1 = he def9$ x z ! sci5ce ( analysis & syn!sis1 ( tak+ ap>t & ( putt+ toge!r4 ,! motto ( *emi/ry1 z ( all ! empirical sci5ces1 is savoir c'e/ p\voir1 to "k 9 ord] to d4 ,?is is ! pragmatic te/ ( all useful k4 ,b]!lot goes on to say3 ,*emi/ry creates its object4 ,?is creative faculty1 comp>able to t ( art itself1 di/+ui%es x ess5tially f ! natural & hi/orical sci5ces4444 ,^! sci5ces d n control _! object4 ,?us !y are too (t5 condemn$ to an et]nal impot5ce 9 ! se>* = tru? ( :i* !y mu/ cont5t !mselves ) possess+ "s few & (t5 unc]ta9 fragm5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! exp]im5tal sci5ces h ! p[] to realize _! conjectures4444 ,:at !y dream ( t !y c manife/ 9 actuality4444 ,*emi/ry possesses ?is creative faculty to a m em95t degree ?an ! o!r sci5ces because x p5etrates m pr(\ndly & atta9s ev5 to ! natural elem5ts ( exi/5ces4 ,s9ce ,b]!lot's "t1 t is1 )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 *emi/ry has won its *ief triumphs 9 ! field ( syn!sis4 ,organic *emi/ry1 t is1 ! *emi/ry ( ! c>bon comp\nds1 s call$ because x 0 =m]ly assum$1 z ,g]h>dt says1 t !y c\ld only be =m$ by vital =ce ( organiz$ plants & animals1 has tak5 a developm5t f> ov]%ad[+ inorganic *emi/ry1 or ! *emi/ry ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,*emi/s h prep>$ or "k h[ to prep>e hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( su* organic comp\nds1 few ( :i* occur 9 ! natural _w4 ,b ?is conception ( *emi/ry is yet f> f hav+ be5 accept$ by ! _w at l>ge4 ,?is 0 br\ght =cibly to my att5tion dur+ ! publication ( ^! *apt]s 9 ,! ,indep5d5t by v>i\s lett]s1 rais+ su* objections z ! foll[+3 ,:5 y say 9 y\r article on ,:at ,comes f ,coal ,t> t ,art c g ahead ( nature 9 ! dye/uff bus9ess y h d\btless = ! mom5t all[$ y\r en?usiasm to sweep y away f ! moor+s ( reason4 ,%akespe>e1 anticipat+ y & y\r ,creative ,*emi/ry1 has %[n ! utt] unt5abl5ess ( y\r position3 ,nature is made bett] by no mean1 ,b nature makes t mean3 s o'er t art1 ,:i*1 y say1 adds to nature1 is an art ,t nature makes4 ,h[ c y say t art surpasses nature :5 y "k v well t no?+ man is able to make c 9 any way equal ! p]fection ( all nature's products8 ,x is blasphem\s ( y to claim t man c improve ! works ( ,god z !y appe> 9 nature4 ,only ! ,creator c create4 ,man only imitates1 de/roys or defiles ,god's h&iwork4 ,no1 x 0 n 9 mom5t>y abs5ce ( m9d t ,i claim$ t man c\ld improve ^u nature 9 ! mak+ ( dyes4 ,i n only said x1 b ,i prov$ x4 ,i n only prov$ x1 b ,i c back x up4 ,i w give a million doll>s to anybody f9d+ 9 nature dye/uffs z num]\s1 v>i$1 brilliant1 pure & *eap z ^? t are manufactur$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,i hav5't t am\nt ( money ) me at ! mom5t1 b ! dy]s w\ld be glad to put x up = ! discov]y ( a satisfactory natural s\rce = _! t9ctorial mat]ials4 ,?is is n an op9ion ( m9e b a matt] ( fact1 n to be decid$ by ,%akespe>e1 :o 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! anil9e products4 ,%akespe>e 9 ! passage quot$ is indulg+ 9 8 favorite amusem5t ( a play ^u words4 ,!re is a possible & a prop] s5se ( ! ^w nature t makes x include ev]y?+ except ! sup]natural4 ,!re=e man & all 8 works belong to ! realm ( nature4 ,a t5em5t h\se 9 ?is s5se is z natural z a bird's ne/1 a peapod or a cry/al4 ,b su* a wide ext5sion ( ! t]m de/roys its di/9ctive value4 ,x is m conv5i5t & q z correct to use nature z ,i h us$ x1 9 contradi/9ction to art1 mean+ by ! =m] ! products ( ! m9]al1 vegetable & animal k+doms1 exclud+ ! designs1 inv5tions & con/ructions ( man :i* we call art4 ,we _c1 9 a g5]al & ab/ract fa%ion1 say :i* is sup]ior1 art or nature1 because x all dep5ds on ! po9t ( view4 ,! worm loves a rott5 log into :i* he c bore4 ,man pref]s a /eel cab9et into :i* ! worm _c bore4 ,if man _c improve ,^u nature he has no motive = mak+ any?+4 ,artificial products are !re=e sup]ior to natural products z measur$ by man's conv5i5ce1 o!rwise !y w\ld h no reason = exi/5ce4 ,sci5ce & ,*ri/ianity are at "o 9 abhorr+ ! natural man & call+ ^u ! civiliz$ man to fight & subdue him4 ,! conque/ ( nature1 n ! imitation ( nature1 is ! :ole duty ( man4 ,met*nik(f & ,/4 ,paul unite 9 criticiz+ ! body we 7 born )4 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,huxley are 9 agreem5t z to ! et]nal conflict betwe5 man & nature4 ,9 8 ,romanes lecture on ,evolution & ,e?ics ,huxley said3 ,! e?ical progress ( society dep5ds1 n on imitat+ ! cosmic process1 /ill less on runn+ away f x1 b on combat+ x1 & aga93 ,! hi/ory ( civilization details ! /eps by :i* man has succe$$ 9 build+ up an artificial _w )9 ! cosmos4 ,!re speaks ! true evolutioni/1 ^: "o desire is to get away f nature z fa/ & f> z possible4 ,imitate ,nature8 ,yes1 :5 we _c improve ^u h]4 ,admire ,nature8 ,possibly1 b be n bl9d$ to h] defects4 ,le>n f ,nature8 ,we %\ld sit humbly at h] feet until we c /& erect & g our own way4 ,love ,nature8 ,nev]6 ,%e is our trea*]\s & unsleep+ foe1 ev] to be fe>$ & wat*$ & circumv5t$1 = at any mom5t & 9 spite ( all our vigilance %e may wipe out ! human race by fam9e1 pe/il5ce or e>?quake & )9 a few c5turies oblit]ate e trace ( its a*ievem5t4 ,! wild bea/s t man has kept at bay = a few c5turies w 9 ! end invade 8 palaces3 ! moss w envelop 8 walls & ! li*5 disrupt !m4 ,! clam may survive man by z _m mill5nia z x prec$$ him4 ,9 ! ultimate devolution ( ! _w animal life w disappe> be=e vegetable1 ! high] plants w be kill$ (f be=e ! l[]1 & f9ally ! ?ree k+doms ( nature w be r$uc$ to "o1 ! m9]al4 ,civiliz$ man1 en?ron$ 9 8 citadel & def5d$ by all ! =ces ( nature t he has br\ght "u 8 control1 is aft] all 9 ! same situation z a savage1 %iv]+ 9 ! d>kness beside 8 fire1 li/5+ to ! pad ( pr$atory feet1 ! ru/le ( s]p5ts & ! cry ( birds ( prey1 kn[+ t only ! fire keeps 8 enemies (f1 b kn[+ too t e /ick he lays on ! fire less5s 8 fuel supply & ha/5s ! inevitable "t :5 ! bea/s ( ! jungle w make _! fatal ru%4 ,*aos is ! natural /ate ( ! univ]se4 ,cosmos is ! r>e & tempor>y exception4 ,( all ! million sph]es ?is is app>5tly ! only "o habitable & ( ?is only a small "p--! read] may draw ! b\nd>ies to suit himself--c be call$ civiliz$4 ,an>*y is ! natural /ate ( ! human race4 ,x prevail$ exclusively all ov] ! _w up to "s five ?\s& ye>s ago1 s9ce :i* a few peoples h = a "t succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a c]ta9 degree ( peace & ord]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c be ma9ta9$ only by /r5u\s & p]si/5t ef=ts1 = society t5ds naturally to s9k into ! *aos out ( :i* x has aris54 ,x is only by ov]com+ nature t man c rise4 ,! sole salvation = ! human race lies 9 ! removal ( ! primal curse1 ! s5t5ce ( h>d labor = life t 0 impos$ on man z he left ,p>adise4 ,"s folks are try+ to elevate ! labor+ classes2 "s are try+ to keep !m d[n4 ,! sci5ti/ has a m radical rem$y2 he wants to annihilate ! labor+ classes by aboli%+ labor4 ,!re is no long] any ne$ = human labor 9 ! s5se ( p]sonal toil1 = ! physical en]gy necess>y to accompli% all k9ds ( "w may be obta9$ f ext]nal s\rces & x c be direct$ & controll$ )\t extreme ex]tion4 ,man's fir/ ef=t 9 ?is direction 0 to ?r[ "p ( 8 burd5 ^u ! horse & ox or ^u o!r m54 ,b )9 ! la/ c5tury x has be5 discov]$ t nei!r human nor animal s]vitude is necess>y to give man leisure = ! high] life1 = by means ( ! ma*9e he c d ! "w ( giants )\t exhau/ion4 ,b ! introduction ( ma*9es1 l e o!r /ep ( human progress1 met ) ! mo/ viol5t opposition f ^? x 0 to b5efit4 ,sma% 'em6 cri$ ! work+man4 ,sma% 'em6 cri$ ! poet4 ,sma% 'em6 cri$ ! arti/4 ,sma% 'em6 cri$ ! !ologian4 ,sma% 'em6 cri$ ! magi/rate4 ,?is opposition yet l+]s & e new inv5tion1 especially 9 *emi/ry1 is greet$ ) g5]al di/ru/ & (t5 ) legislative prohibition4 ,man is ! tool-us+ animal1 & ! ma*9e1 t is1 ! p[]-driv5 tool1 is 8 peculi> a*ievem5t4 ,x is purely a creation ( ! human m9d4 ,! :eel1 its ess5tial feature1 does n exi/ 9 nature4 ,! lev]1 ) its to-&-fro motion1 we f9d 9 ! limbs ( all animals1 b ! cont9u\s & revolv+ lev]1 ! :eel1 _c be =m$ ( bone & fle%4 ,man z a motive p[] is a poor ?+4 ,he c only conv]t ?ree or f\r ?\s& calories ( en]gy a day & he does t v ineffici5tly4 ,b he c make an eng9e t w h&le a hundr$ ?\s& times t1 twice z effici5tly & ?ree times z long4 ,9 ?is way only c he get rid ( pa9 & toil & ga9 ! weal? he wants4 ,gradually !n he w sub/itute = ! natural _w an artificial _w1 mold$ ne>] to 8 he>t's desire4 ,man ! ,artifex w ultimately ma/] ,nature & reign supreme ov] 8 own creation until *aos %all come aga94 ,9 ! anci5t drama x 0 deus ex ma*9a t came 9 at ! end to solve ! problems ( ! play4 ,x is to ! same sup]natural ag5cy1 ! div9ity 9 ma*9]y1 t we mu/ look = ! salvation ( society4 ,x is by means ( appli$ sci5ce t ! e>? c be made habitable & a dec5t human life made possible4 ,creative evolution is at la/ becom+ consci\s4 ,,ii ,,nitrog5 ,,pres]v] ,,& ,,de/roy] ,,( ,,life ,9 ! eyes ( ! *emi/ ! ,great ,w> 0 ess5tially a s]ies ( explosive reactions result+ 9 ! lib]ation ( nitrog54 ,no?+ l x has be5 se5 9 any previ\s w>s4 ,! fir/ battles 7 f\ght ) cellulose1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( clubs4 ,! next 7 f\ght ) silica1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( fl9t arr[heads & spe>-po9ts4 ,!n came ! metals1 bronze to beg9 ) & lat] iron4 ,! nitrog5\s era 9 w>f>e began :5 ,fri> ,rog] ,bacon or ,fri> ,s*w>tz--:i*ev] x 0--gr\nd toge!r 9 8 mort> saltpet]1 *>coal & sulfur4 ,! ,*9ese1 to be sure1 _h inv5t$ gunp[d] long be=e1 b !y--poor innoc5ts--did n "k ( any?+ worse to d ) x ?an to make x into fire-crack]s4 ,) ! introduction ( villa9\s saltpet] w> ceas$ to be ! vocation ( ! nobleman & s9ce ! nobleman _h no o!r vocation he began to become ext9ct4 ,a bullet fir$ f a mile away is no respect] ( p]sons4 ,x is j z likely to kill a knight z a peasant1 & a brave man z a c[>d4 ,y _c f5ce ) a cannon ball nor ov]awe x ) a plum$ hat4 ,! only ?+ y c d is to hide & %oot back4 ,n[ y _c hide if y s5d up a column ( smoke by day & a pill> ( fire by night--! mo/ conspicu\s ( signals--e "t y %oot4 ,s ! next /ep 0 ! inv5tion ( a smokeless p[d]4 ,9 ?is ! oxyg5 necess>y = ! combu/ion is already 9 su* close comb9ation ) its fuel1 ! c>bon & hydrog51 t no black p>ticles ( c>bon c get away unburnt4 ,9 ! old-fa%ion$ gunp[d] ! oxyg5 necess>y = ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon & sulfur 0 9 a sep>ate package1 9 ! molecule ( potassium nitrate1 & h[ev] f9ely ! mixture 0 gr\nd1 "s ( ! atoms1 9 ! excitem5t ( ! explosion1 fail$ to f9d _! prop] p>tn]s at ! mom5t ( disp]sal4 ,! new gunp[d] besides be+ smokeless is a%less4 ,!re is no black /icky mass ( potassium salts left to f\l ! gun b>rel4 ,! gunp[d] p]iod ( w>f>e 0 actively initiat$ at ! battle ( ,cressy1 9 :i*1 z a contempor>y hi/orian says1 ,! ,engli% guns made noise l ?und] & caus$ mu* loss 9 m5 & horses4 ,smokeless p[d] z inv5t$ by ,paul ,vieille 0 adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahhg4 ,?is1 !n1 might be call$ ! beg9n+ ( ! guncotton or nitrocellulose p]iod--or1 p]haps 9 def]5ce to ! caveman's club1 ! second cellulose p]iod ( human w>f>e4 ,bett]1 d\btless1 to call x ! high explosive p]iod1 = v>i\s o!r nitro-comp\nds besides guncotton are be+ us$4 ,! important ?+ to note is t all ! explosives f gunp[d] d[n conta9 nitrog5 z ! ess5tial elem5t4 ,x is cu/om>y to call nitrog5 an in]t elem5t because x 0 h>d to get x into comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts4 ,x might1 on ! o!r h&1 be look$ ^u z an active elem5t because x acts s en]getically 9 gett+ out ( its comp\nds4 ,we c dodge ! "q by say+ t nitrog5 is a mo/ unreliable & unsociable elem5t4 ,l ,kipl+'s cat x walks by its wild lone4 ,x is n s bad z ,argon ! ,lazy & ! o!r celibate gases ( t family1 :]e ea* individual atom goes (f by itself & absolutely refuses to unite ev5 tempor>ily ) any o!r atom4 ,! nitrog5 atoms w pair (f ) ea* o!r & /ick toge!r1 b !y are reluctant to associate ) o!r elem5ts & :5 !y d ! comb9ation is likely to break up any mom5t4 ,y all "k p l t1 good en\gh :5 by !mselves b sure to break up any club1 *ur* or society !y get into4 ,n[1 ! value ( nitrog5 9 w>f>e is due to ! fact t all ! atoms des]t 9 a body on ! field ( battle4 ,millions ( !m may be ly+ pack$ 9 a gun c>tridge1 z quiet z y please1 b let a little di/urbance />t 9 ! neighborhood--say a gra9 ( m]cury fulm9ate fl>es up--& all ! nitrog5 atoms get to trembl+ s viol5tly t !y _c be re/ra9$4 ,! %ock spreads rapidly ?r\gh ! :ole mass4 ,! hydrog5 & c>bon atoms cat* up ! oxyg5 & 9 an in/ant !y are (f on a /amp$e1 cr[d+ 9 e direction to f9d an exit1 & gett+ m heat$ up all ! "t4 ,! only movable side is ! cannon ball 9 front1 s !y all p\nd aga9/ t & give x su* a %ove t x goes t5 miles be=e x /ops4 ,! ext]nal bomb>dm5t by ! cannon ball is1 !re=e1 prec$$ by an int]nal bomb>dm5t on ! cannon ball by ! molecules ( ! hot gases1 ^: spe$ is ab\t z great z ! spe$ ( ! projectile t !y propel4 ,illu/ration3 ,und]wood ,und]wood ,,! ,,h& ,,gr5ades ,,:i* ,,^! ,,wom5 ,,are ,,bor+ w conta9 pot5tial *emical en]gy capable ( caus+ a va/ am\nt ( de/ruction :5 releas$4 ,dur+ ! w> ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t plac$ ord]s = #fh1jjj1jjj su* gr5ades z are "h %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]national ,film ,s]vice1 ,inc4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,a ,,munition ,,plant ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,tri-,,nitro-,,toluol1 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,( ,,mod]n ,,high ,,explosives ,! active ag5t 9 all ^! explosives is ! nitrog5 atom 9 comb9ation ) two oxyg5 atoms1 :i* ! *emi/ calls ! nitro gr\p & :i* he repres5ts by ,,no#b4 ,?is gr\p 01 z ,i h said1 orig9ally us$ 9 ! =m ( saltpet] or potassium nitrate1 b s9ce ! *emi/ did n want ! potassium "p ( x--= x f\l$ 8 guns--he took ! nitro gr\p out ( ! nitrate by means ( sulfuric acid & by ! same means hook$ x on to "s comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog5 t w\ld burn )\t leav+ any residue1 & give no?+ b gases4 ,"o ( ! simple/ ( ^! hydroc>bon d]ivatives is glyc]91 ! same z y use = sunburn4 ,?is mix$ ) nitric & sulfuric acids gives nitroglyc]91 an easy ?+ to make1 ?\gh ,i %\ld n advise anybody to try mak+ x unless he has 8 life insur$4 ,b nitroglyc]9 is unc]ta9 /uff to keep & be+ a liquid is awkw>d to h&le4 ,s x 0 mix$ ) sawdu/ or por\s e>? or some?+ else t w\ld soak x up4 ,?is mold$ into /icks is our ord9>y dynamite4 ,if in/ead ( glyc]9 we take cellulose 9 ! =m ( wood pulp or cotton & treat ?is ) nitric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( sulfuric we get nitrocellulose or guncotton1 :i* is ! *ief +r$i5t ( smokeless p[d]4 ,n[ guncotton looks l common cotton4 ,x is too light & loose to pack well into a gun4 ,s x is dissolv$ ) e!r & alcohol or acetone to make a pla/ic mass t c be mold$ into rods & cut into gra9s ( suitable %ape & size to burn at ! prop] spe$4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a liquid explosive1 nitroglyc]91 t has to be soak$ up 9 "s por\s solid1 & a por\s solid1 guncotton1 t has to soak up "s liquid4 ,:y n solve bo? difficulties toge!r by dissolv+ ! guncotton 9 ! nitroglyc]9 & s get a d\ble explosive8 ,?is is a simple idea4 ,any ( u c see ! s5se ( x--once x is sugge/$ to u4 ,b ,alfr$ ,nobel1 ! ,sw$i% *emi/1 :o ?\ght x out fir/ 9 #ahgh1 made millions out ( x4 ,!n1 app>5tly al>m$ at ! possible consequ5ces ( 8 inv5tion1 he bequea!d ! =tune he _h made by x to f\nd int]national prizes = m$ical1 *emical & physical discov]ies1 ideali/ic lit]ature & ! promotion ( peace4 ,b 8 po/hum\s ef=ts = ! advancem5t ( civilization & ! abolition ( w> did n am\nt to mu* & 8 high explosives 7 lat] employ$ to bl[ into pieces ! doctors1 *emi/s1 au?ors & pacifi/s he wi%$ to rew>d4 ,nobel's inv5tion1 cordite1 is compos$ ( nitroglyc]9 & nitrocellulose ) a little m9]al jelly or vasel9e4 ,besides cordite & simil> mixtures ( nitroglyc]9 & nitrocellulose !re are two o!r classes ( high explosives 9 common use4 ,"o is made f c>bolic acid1 :i* is famili> to u all by its use z a dis9fectant4 ,if ?is is treat$ ) nitric & sulfuric acids we get f x picric acid1 a yell[ cry/all9e solid4 ,e gov]nm5t has its own secret =mula = ?is type ( explosive4 ,! ,briti% call !irs lyddite1 ! ,fr5* mel9ite & ! ,japanese %imose4 ,! ?ird k9d ( high explosives uses z its base toluol4 ,?is is n s famili> to u z glyc]91 cotton or c>bolic acid4 ,x is "o ( ! coal t> products1 an inflammable liquid1 resembl+ b5z5e4 ,:5 treat$ ) nitric acid 9 ! usual way x takes up l ! o!rs ?ree nitro gr\ps & s becomes tri-nitro-toluol4 ,realiz+ t p c\ld n be expect$ to use su* a m\?ful ( a ^w1 ! *emi/s h sugge/$ v>i\s pretty nicknames1 trotyl1 tritol1 tr9ol1 tolite & trilit1 b ! public1 ) ! wilfulness x always %[s 9 ! matt] ( names1 p]si/s 9 call+ x ,,tnt1 z ?\gh x 7 an au?or l ,g4,b4,s41 or ,g4,k4,c1 or ,f4,p4,a4 ,,tnt is ! late/ ( ^! high explosives & 9 "s ways ! be/ ( !m4 ,picric acid has ! bad habit ( attack+ ! metals ) :i* x re/s 9 contact =m+ s5sitive picrates t are easily set (f1 b ,,tnt is in]t t[>d metals & keeps well4 ,,tnt melts f> bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( wat] s c be readily liquefi$ & p\r$ into %ells4 ,x is ins5sitive to ord9>y %ocks4 ,a rifle bullet c be fir$ ?r\gh a case ( x )\t sett+ x (f1 & if light$ ) a mat* x burns quietly4 ,! amaz+ ?+ ab\t ^! mod]n explosives1 ! organic nitrates1 is ! way !y w /& bang+ ab\t & burn+1 yet ! t]rific viol5ce ) :i* !y bl[ up :5 %ak5 by an explosive wave ( a p>ticul> velocity l t ( a fulm9at+ cap4 ,l picric acid1 ,,tnt /a9s ! sk9 yell[ & causes sor5ess & sometimes s]i\s cases ( poison+ among ! employees1 mo/ly girls1 9 ! munition factories4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! girls work+ ) cordite get to us+ x z *ew+ gum2 a h>mful habit1 n because ( any dang] ( be+ bl[n up by x1 b because nitroglyc]9 is a he>t /imulant & !y d n ne$ t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ,nitric ,acid ,f ,w4,q4 ,:itman's ,! ,/ory ( ,nitrates 9 ! ,w>1 ,g5]al ,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly ,,tnt is by no means smokeless4 ,! ,g]man %ells t explod$ ) a cl\d ( black smoke & :i* ,briti% soldi]s call$ ,black ,m>ias1 coal-boxes or ,jack ,johnsons 7 load$ ) x4 ,b x is an advantage to h a %ell %[ :]e x /rikes1 al?\gh a disadvantage to h x %[ :]e x />ts4 ,x is ^! high explosives t h revolutioniz$ w>f>e4 ,z soon z ! fir/ ,g]man %ell pack$ ) ^! new nitrates bur/ inside ! ,gruson cupola at ,lige & tore out its /eel & concrete by ! roots ! _w knew t ! day ( ! fix$ =tress 0 gone4 ,! armies des]t$ _! exp5sively prep>$ =tifications & took to ! tr5*es4 ,! ,briti% troops 9 ,france f\nd _! weapons futile & s5t across ! ,*annel ! cry ( ,s5d u high explosives or we p]i%6 ,! home ,gov]nm5t 0 sl[ to he$ ! appeal1 b no progress 0 made aga9/ ! ,g]mans until ! ,allies _h ! means to bla/ !m out ( _! entr5*m5ts by %ells load$ ) five hundr$ p\nds ( ,,tnt4 ,all ^! explosives are made f nitric acid & ?is us$ to be made f nitrates su* z potassium nitrate or saltpet]4 ,b nitrates are r>ely f\nd 9 l>ge quantities4 ,napoleon & ,lee _h a h>d "t to scrape up en\gh saltpet] f ! compo/ heaps1 cell>s & caves = _! gunp[d]1 & !y did n use z mu* nitrog5 9 a :ole campaign z 0 fre$ 9 a few days' cannonad+ on ! ,somme4 ,n[ !re is "o place 9 ! _w--& s f> z we "k "o only--:]e nitrates are to be f\nd abundantly4 ,?is is 9 a des]t on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,&es :]e anci5t guano deposits h decompos$ & !re 0 n en\gh ra9 to wa% away _! salts4 ,"h is a b$ two miles wide1 two hundr$ miles long & five feet deep yield+ "s tw5ty to fifty p] c5t4 ( sodium nitrate4 ,! deposit orig9ally belong$ to ,p]u1 b ,*ile f\ght h] = x & got x 9 #ahha4 ,"h all c\ntries came to get _! nitrates = agriculture & p[d] mak+4 ,g]many 0 ! l>ge/ cu/om] & import$ #gej1jjj tons ( ,*ilean nitrate 9 #aiac1 besides us+ #ajj1jjj tons ( o!r nitrog5 salts4 ,by ?is means h] old1 worn\t fields 7 made to yield great] h>ve/s ?an our fre% l&4 ,g]many & ,engl& 7 l two dueli/s buy+ p[d] at ! same %op4 ,! ,*ilean ,gov]nm5t1 pocket+ an export duty t aggregat$ half a billion doll>s1 p]mitt$ ! saltpet] to be %ovel$ imp>tially into ,briti% & ,g]man %ips1 & s two nitrog5 atoms1 torn f _! ,pacific home & p>t$1 l ,evangel9e & ,gabriel1 by transportation ov]sea1 may h f\nd !mselves flung into ea* o!r's arms f ! m\?s ( oppos+ h[itz]s 9 ! air ( ,fl&]s4 ,goe! c\ld write a romance on su* a !me4 ,n[ ! mom5t w> broke out ?is s\rce ( supply 0 %ut (f to bo? p>ties1 = !y blockad$ ea* o!r4 ,! ,briti% fleet clos$ up ! ,g]man ports :ile ! ,g]man cruis]s 9 ! ,pacific took up a position (f ! coa/ ( ,*ile 9 ord] to int]cept ! %ips c>ry+ nitrates to ,engl& & ,france4 ,! ,panama ,canal1 design$ to af=d relief 9 su* an em]g5cy1 cav$ 9 mo/ inopportunely4 ,! ,briti% s5t a fleet to ! ,pacific to cle> ! nitrate r\te1 b x 0 outrang$ & defeat$ on ,novemb] #a1 #aiad4 ,!n a /rong] ,briti% fleet 0 s5t out & sma%$ ! ,g]mans (f ! ,falkl& ,isl&s on ,decemb] #h4 ,b = sev5 weeks ! nitrate r\te _h be5 clos$ :ile ! *emical reactions on ! ,m>ne & ,ys] 7 decompos+ nitrog5-comp\nds at an unhe>d ( rate4 ,engl& 0 n[ free to get nitrates = h] munition factories1 b ,g]many 0 /ill bottl$ up4 ,%e _h /or$ up ,*ilean nitrates 9 anticipation ( ! w> & z soon z x 0 se5 to be com+ %e b\ght all %e c\ld get 9 ,europe4 ,b ?is supply 0 altoge!r inadequate & ! w> w\ld h come to an end 9 ! fir/ w9t] if ,g]man *emi/s _h n provid$ = su* a cont+5cy 9 advance by work+ out me?ods ( gett+ nitrog5 f ! air4 ,long ago x 0 said t ! ,briti% rul$ ! sea & ! ,fr5* ! l& s t left no?+ to ! ,g]man b ! air4 ,! ,g]mans seem to h tak5 ?is jibe s]i\sly & to h set !mselves to make ! mo/ ( ! a]ial realm 9 ord] to *all5ge ! ,briti% & ,fr5* 9 ! fields !y _h appropriat$4 ,!y _h succe$$ s f> t ! ,kais] :5 he decl>$ w> might well h consid]$ himself ! ,pr9ce ( ! ,p[] ( ! ,air4 ,he _h a fleet ( ,zeppel9s & he _h means = ! fixation ( nitrog5 su* z no o!r nation possess$4 ,! ,zeppel9s bur/ l w9d bags1 b ! nitrog5 plants work$ & made ,g]many indep5d5t ( ,*ile n only dur+ ! w>1 b 9 ! "t ( peace4 ,g]many dur+ ! w> us$ #bjj1jjj tons ( nitric acid a ye> 9 explosives1 yet h] supply ( nitrog5 is exhau/less4 ,illu/ration3 ,_w production & consumption ( fix$ inorganic nitrog5 express$ 9 tons nitrog5 ,f ,! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,m>*1 #aiai4 ,nitrog5 is free z air4 ,t is ! tr\ble2 x is too free4 ,x is fix$ nitrog5 t we want & t we are will+ to pay =2 nitrog5 9 comb9ation ) "s o!r elem5ts 9 ! =m ( food or f]tiliz] s we c make use ( x z we set x free4 ,fix$ nitrog5 9 its *eape/ =m1 ,*ile saltpet]1 rose to #bej dur+ ! w>4 ,free nitrog5 co/s no?+ & is good = no?+4 ,if a l&-own] has a "r to an exp&+ pyramid ( air above him to ! limits ( ! atmosph]e--z1 ,i believe1 ! c\rts h decid$ 9 ! eaves-dropp+ cases--!n = e squ>e foot ( 8 gr\nd he owns z mu* nitrog5 z he c\ld buy = #bejj4 ,! air is f\r-fif?s free nitrog5 & if we c\ld absorb x 9 our lungs z we d ! oxyg5 ( ! o!r fif? a few m9utes brea?+ w\ld give u a full meal4 ,b we let ?is free nitrog5 all out aga9 ?r\gh our noses & !n g & pay #ce c5ts a p\nd = /eak or #fj c5ts a doz5 = eggs 9 ord] to get en\gh comb9$ nitrog5 to live on4 ,?\gh man is imm]s$ 9 an ocean ( nitrog51 yet he _c make use ( x4 ,he is l ,col]idge's ,anci5t ,m>9] ) wat]1 wat]1 ev]y:]e1 nor any drop to dr9k4 ,nitrog5 is1 z ,hood said n s truly ab\t gold1 h>d to get & h>d to hold4 ,! bact]ia t =m ! nodules on ! roots ( peas & beans h ! p[] t man has n ( utiliz+ free nitrog54 ,in/ead ( ?is quiet inconspicu\s process man has to call ^u ! lightn+ :5 he wants to fix nitrog54 ,! air conta9s ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 :i* x is desir$ to comb9e to =m nitrates b ! atoms are pair$1 l to l4 ,pass+ an electric sp>k ?r\gh ! air breaks up "s ( ^! pairs & 9 ! confusion ( ! %ock ! lonely atoms seize on _! ne>e/ neighbor & s may get p>tn]s ( ! o!r sort4 ,i h se5 ?is same ?+ happ5 9 a squ>e dance :]e somebody made a blund]4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! reaction if we repres5t ! atoms ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 by ! initials ( _! names 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,,nn ,,oo -- ,,no ,,no nitrog5 oxyg5 nitric oxide ,! -- repres5ts ,jove's ?und]bolt1 a /roke ( artificial lightn+4 ,we see on ! left ! molecules ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 be=e tak+ ! electric treatm5t1 z sep>ate elem5tal pairs1 & !n to ! "r ( ! arr[ we f9d !m z comp\nd molecules ( nitric oxide4 ,?is takes up ano!r atom ( oxyg5 f ! air & becomes ,,noo1 or us+ a subscript figure to indicate ! numb] ( atoms & s avoid repeat+ ! lett]1 ,,no#b :i* is ! famili> nitro gr\p ( nitric acid 7,,ho--,,no#b7 & ( its salts1 ! nitrates1 & ( its organic comp\nds1 ! high explosives4 ,! ,,no#b is a br[n & evil-smell+ gas :i* :5 dissolv$ 9 wat] 7,,hoh7 & fur!r oxidiz$ is completely conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,! app>atus :i* effects ?is trans=mation is ess5tially a gigantic arc light 9 a *imney ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( hot air is bl[n4 ,! m ?or\ghly ! air comes "u ! action ( ! electric arc ! m molecules ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 w be brok5 up & re>rang$1 b on ! o!r h& if ! mixture ( gases rema9s 9 ! pa? ( ! dis*>ge ! ,,no molecules are also brok5 up & g back into _! orig9al =m ( ,,nn & ,,oo4 ,s ! object is to spread out ! electric arc z widely z possible & !n run ! air ?r\gh x rapidly4 ,9 ! ,s*nh]r process ! electric arc is a spiral flame tw5ty-?ree feet long ?r\gh :i* ! air /reams ) a vortex motion4 ,9 ! ,birkel&-,eyde furnace !re is a s]ies ( semi-circul> arcs spread out by ! repell5t =ce ( a p[]ful electric magnet 9 a flam+ disc sev5 feet 9 diamet] ) a temp]ature ( #fcjj ,f4 ,9 ! ,paul+ furnace ! electrodes betwe5 :i* ! curr5t /rikes are two ca/ iron tubes curv+ upw>d & outw>d l ! horns ( a ,texas /e] & cool$ by a /ream ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh !m4 ,^! electric furnaces produce two or ?ree ounces ( nitric acid = ea* kil[att-h\r ( curr5t consum$4 ,:e!r !y c compete ) ! natural nitrates & ! products ( o!r processes dep5ds ^u h[ *eaply !y c get _! electricity4 ,be=e ! w> !re 7 sev]al l>ge in/allations 9 ,norway & else:]e :]e abundant wat] p[] 0 available & n[ ! ,norwegians are us+ half a million horse p[] cont9u\sly 9 ! fixation ( nitrog5 & ! re/ ( ! _w z mu* aga94 ,! ,g]mans _h inve/$ l>gely 9 ^! =eign oxidation plants1 b %ortly be=e ! w> !y _h sold out & turn$ _! att5tion to o!r processes n requir+ s mu* electrical en]gy1 = _! c\ntry is poorly provid$ ) wat] p[]4 ,! ,hab] process1 t !y made mo/ (1 is bas$ ^u z simple a reaction z t we h be5 consid]+1 = x consi/s 9 unit+ two elem5tal gases to make a comp\nd1 b ! elem5ts 9 ?is case are n nitrog5 & oxyg51 b nitrog5 & hydrog54 ,?is gives ammonia in/ead ( nitric acid1 b ammonia is useful = its own purposes & x c be conv]t$ into nitric acid if ?is is desir$4 ,! reaction is3 ,,nn ,,hh ,,hh ,,hh -- ,,nhhh ,,nhhh ,nitrog5 hydrog5 ammonia ,! animals g 9 two by two1 b !y come out f\r by f\r4 ,f\r molecules ( ! mix$ elem5ts are turn$ into two molecules & s ! gas %r9ks to half its volume4 ,at ! same "t x acquires an odor--famili> to u :5 we are cur+ a cold--t nei!r ( ! orig9al gases _h4 ,! ag5t t effects ! trans=mation 9 ?is case is n ! electric sp>k--= ?is w\ld t5d to "w ! reaction backw>ds--b uranium1 a r>e metal1 :i* has ! peculi> prop]ty ( help+ along a reaction :ile seem+ to take no "p 9 x4 ,su* a sub/ance is call$ a cataly/4 ,! action ( a cataly/ is r my/]i\s & :5ev] we h a my/]y we ne$ an analogy4 ,we may1 !n1 comp>e ! cataly/ to :at is kn[n z a good mix] 9 society4 ,y "k ! sort ( man ,i mean4 ,he may n be brilliant or especially talkative1 b someh[ !re is always some?+ do+ at a picnic or h\se-p>ty :5 he is along4 ,! tactful ho/ess1 ! salon lead]1 is a social cataly/4 ,! tr\ble ) cataly/s1 ei!r human or metallic1 is t !y are r>e & t sometimes !y get sulky & won't "w if ! +r$i5ts !y are suppos$ to mix are unsuitable4 ,b ! uranium1 osmium1 plat9um or :atev] metal is us$ z a catalyz+ ag5t is exp5sive & al?\gh x is n us$ up x is easily poison$1 z ! *emi/s say1 by impurities 9 ! gases4 ,! nitrog5 & ! hydrog5 = ! ,hab] process mu/ !n be prep>$ & purifi$ be=e try+ to comb9e !m into ammonia4 ,! nitrog5 is obta9$ by liquefy+ air by cold & pressure & !n boil+ (f ! nitrog5 at #aid ,c4 ,! oxyg5 left is useful = o!r purposes4 ,! hydrog5 ne$$ is extract$ by a simil> process ( fractional di/illation f wat]-gas1 ! blue-flame burn+ gas us$ = heat+4 ,!n ! nitrog5 & hydrog51 mix$ 9 ! proportion ( "o to ?ree1 z %[n 9 ! reaction giv5 above1 are compress$ to two hundr$ atmosph]es1 heat$ to #acjj ,f4 & pass$ ov] ! f9ely divid$ uranium4 ,! /ream ( gas t comes out conta9s ab\t f\r p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 :i* is cond5s$ to a liquid by cool+ & ! uncomb9$ hydrog5 & nitrog5 pass$ aga9 ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,! ammonia c be employ$ 9 refrig]ation & o!r ways b if x is desir$ to get ! nitrog5 into ! =m ( nitric acid x has to be oxidiz$ by ! s-call$ ,o/wald process4 ,?is is ! reaction3 ,,nh#c #d,o -- ,,hno#c ,h#b,o ammonia oxyg5 nitric acid wat] ,! cataly/ us$ to effect ?is comb9ation is ! metal plat9um 9 ! =m ( f9e wire gauze1 s9ce ! action takes place only on ! surface4 ,! ammonia gas is mix$ ) air :i* supplies ! oxyg5 & ! heat$ mixture run ?r\gh ! plat9um gauze at ! rate ( sev]al y>ds a second4 ,al?\gh ! gases come 9 contact ) ! plat9um only a five-hundr$? "p ( a second yet eighty-five p] c5t4 is conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,! ,hab] process = ! mak+ ( ammonia by direct syn!sis f its con/itu5t elem5ts & ! supplem5tal ,o/wald process = ! conv]sion ( ! ammonia into nitric acid 7 ! salvation ( ,g]many4 ,z soon z ! ,g]mans saw t _! da% t[>d ,p>is _h be5 /opp$ at ! ,m>ne !y knew t !y 7 9 = a long w> & at once made plans = a supply ( fix$ nitrog54 ,! *ief ,g]man dye factories1 ! ,badis*e ,anil9 & ,soda-,fabrik1 promptly put #ajj1jjj1jjj into enl>g+ its plant & rais$ its production ( ammonium sulfate f #cj1jjj to #cjj1jjj tons4 ,"o ,g]man electrical firm ) aid f ! city ( ,b]l9 contract$ to provide #ff1jjj1jjj p\nds ( fix$ nitrog5 a ye> at a co/ ( ?ree c5ts a p\nd = ! next tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! #gej1jjj tons ( ,*ilean nitrate import$ annually by ,g]many conta9$ ab\t #aaf1jjj tons ( ! ess5tial elem5t nitrog54 ,! f\rte5 l>ge plants erect$ dur+ ! w> c fix 9 ! =m ( nitrates #ejj1jjj tons ( nitrog5 a ye>1 :i* is m ?an twice ! am\nt ne$$ = int]nal consumption4 ,s ,g]many is n[ n only indep5d5t ( ! outside _w b w h a surplus ( nitrog5 products :i* c\ld be sold ev5 9 ,am]ica at ab\t half :at ! f>m] has be5 pay+ = ,s\? ,am]ican saltpet]4 ,besides ! ,hab] or direct process !re are o!r me?ods ( mak+ ammonia :i* are1 at lea/ outside ( ,g]many1 ( m importance4 ,mo/ prom95t ( ^! is ! cyanamid process4 ,?is requires electrical p[] s9ce x />ts ) a product ( ! electrical furnace1 calcium c>bide1 famili> to u all z a s\rce ( acetyl5e gas4 ,if a /ream ( nitrog5 is pass$ ov] hot calcium c>bide x is tak5 up by ! c>bide accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3 ,ca,c#b ,n#b -- ,ca,c,n#b ,c calcium c>bide nitrog5 calcium cyanamid c>bon ,calcium cyanamid 0 discov]$ 9 #ahie by ,c>o & ,franke :5 !y 7 try+ to "w out a new process = mak+ cyanide to use 9 extract+ gold4 ,x looks l /one &1 "u ! "n ( lime-nitrog51 or ,kalk/ick/(f1 or nitrolim1 is sold z a f]tiliz]4 ,if x is desir$ to get ammonia1 x is treat$ ) sup]heat$ /eam4 ,! reaction produces heat & pressure1 s x is necess>y to c>ry x on 9 /\t autoclaves or enclos$ kettles4 ,! cyanamid is completely & quickly conv]t$ into pure ammonia & calcium c>bonate1 :i* is ! same z ! lime/one f :i* c>bide 0 made4 ,! reaction is3 ,ca,c,n#b #c;,h#b,o -- ,ca,c,o#c #b,,nh#c calcium cyanamid wat] calcium c>bonate ammonia ,ano!r electrical furnace me?od1 ! ,s]pek process1 uses alum9um in/ead ( calcium = ! fixation ( nitrog54 ,bauxite1 or impure alum9um oxide1 ! ord9>y m9]al us$ 9 ! manufacture ( metallic alum9um1 is mix$ ) coal & heat$ 9 a revolv+ electrical furnace ?r\gh :i* nitrog5 is pass+4 ,! equation is3 ,al#b,o#c #c;,c ,n#b -- #b;,al,n #c;,,co alum9um c>bon nitrog5 alum9um c>bon oxide nitride monoxide ,!n ! alum9um nitride is treat$ ) /eam "u pressure1 :i* produces ammonia & gives back ! orig9al alum9um oxide1 b 9 a pur] =m ?an ! m9]al f :i* 0 made #b;,al,n #c;,h#b,o -- #b,,nh#c ,al#b,o#c ,alum9um wat] ammonia alum9um oxide nitride ,! ,s]pek process is employ$ to "s ext5t 9 ,france 9 connection ) ! alum9um indu/ry4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal processes = ! fixation ( nitrog5 n[ 9 use1 b !y by no means exhau/ ! possibilities4 ,= in/ance1 ,pr(essor ,john ,c4 ,bu*]1 ( ,br[n ,univ]sity1 creat$ a s5sation 9 #aiag by ann\nc+ a new process :i* he _h work$ out ) admirable complet5ess & :i* has "s v attractive features4 ,x ne$s no electric p[] or high pressure retorts or liquid air app>atus4 ,he simply fills a tw5ty-foot tube ) briquets made out ( soda a%1 iron & coke & passes produc] gas ?r\gh ! heat$ tube4 ,produc] gas conta9s nitrog5 s9ce x is made by pass+ air ov] hot coal4 ,! reaction is3 #b,na#b;,,co#c #d;,c ,n#b #b,na,c,n #c;,,co sodium c>bon nitrog5 sodium c>bon c>bonate cyanide monoxide ,! iron "h acts z ! cataly/ & conv]ts two h>mless sub/ances1 sodium c>bonate1 :i* is common wa%+ soda1 & c>bon1 into two ( ! mo/ deadly comp\nds kn[n to man1 cyanide & c>bon monoxide1 :i* is :at kills y :5 y bl[ out ! gas4 ,sodium cyanide is a salt ( hydrocyanic acid1 :i* =1 "s curi\s reason is call$ ,prussic acid4 ,x is s viol5t a poison t1 z ! fre%man said 9 a *emi/ry recitation1 a s+le drop ( x plac$ on ! tongue ( a dog w kill a man4 ,b sodium cyanide is n only useful 9 itself1 = ! extraction ( gold & clean+ ( silv]1 b c be conv]t$ into ammonia1 & a v>iety ( o!r comp\nds su* z urea & oxamid1 :i* are good f]tiliz]s2 sodium f]rocyanide1 t makes ,prussian blue2 & oxalic acid us$ 9 dye+4 ,pr(essor ,bu*] claim$ t 8 furnace c\ld be set up 9 a day at a co/ ( less ?an #ajj & c\ld turn out #aej p\nds ( sodium cyanide 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is process 0 plac$ freely at ! disposal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t = ! w> & a #aj-ton plant 0 built at ,saltville1 ,va41 by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,b ! armi/ice put a /op to its op]ations & left ! future ( ! process undet]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*emical ,,reaction ,,on ,a ,,l>ge ,,scale ,f ! *emi/'s /&po9t mod]n w>f>e consi/s 9 ! rapid lib]ation ( nitrog5 f its comp\nds ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,e4,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co4 ,,burn+ ,,air ,,9 ,a ,,birkel&-,,eyde ,,furnace ,,at ,,! ,,du ,,pont ,,plant ,an electric arc consum+ ab\t #djjj horse-p[] ( en]gy is pass+ betwe5 ! ,u-%ap$ electrodes :i* are made ( copp] tube cool$ by an int]nal curr5t ( wat]4 ,on ! sides ( ! *amb] are se5 ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! air passes imp++ directly on bo? sides ( ! surface ( ! disk ( flame4 ,?is flame is approximately sev5 feet 9 diamet] & appe>s to be cont9u\s al?\gh an alt]nat+ curr5t ( fifty cycles a second is us$4 ,! electric arc is spread into ?is disk flame by ! repell5t p[] ( an electro-magnet ! po9t$ pole ( :i* is se5 at bottom ( ! picture4 ,"u ?is int5se heat a "p ( ! nitrog5 & oxyg5 ( ! air comb9e to =m oxides ( nitrog5 :i* :5 dissolv$ 9 wat] =m ! nitric acid us$ 9 explosives4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,e4,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co4 ,a ,,batt]y ,,( ,,birkel&-,,eyde ,,furnaces ,,= ,,! ,,fixation ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,at ,,! ,,du ,,pont ,,plant ,we might h expect$ t ! fixation ( nitrog5 by pass+ an electrical sp>k ?r\gh hot air w\ld h be5 an ,am]ican inv5tion1 s9ce x 0 ,frankl9 :o snat*$ ! lightn+ f ! heav5s z well z ! scept] f ! tyrant & s9ce our output ( hot air is unequal$ by any o!r nation4 ,b little att5tion 0 paid to ! nitrog5 problem until #aiaf :5 x became evid5t t we %\ld soon be drawn into a w> ) a fir/ class p[]4 ,on ,june #c1 #aiaf1 ,congress plac$ #bj1jjj1jjj at ! disposal ( ! presid5t = inve/igation ( ! be/1 *eape/ & mo/ available means = ! production ( nitrate & o!r products = munitions ( w> & useful 9 ! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s & o!r useful products by wat] p[] or any o!r p[]4 ,b by ! "t w> 0 decl>$ on ,april #f1 #aiag1 no def9ite program _h be5 approv$ & by ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 no plants 7 9 active op]ation4 ,b five plants _h be5 />t$ & two ( !m 7 ne>ly ready to beg9 "w :5 !y 7 clos$ by ! end+ ( ! w>4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,nitrate ,plant ,no4 #a 0 locat$ at ,%effield1 ,alabama1 & 0 design$ = ! production ( ammonia by direct action f nitrog5 & hydrog5 accord+ to ! plans ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,company4 ,its capacity 0 calculat$ at #fj1jjj p\nds ( anhydr\s ammonia a day1 half ( :i* 0 to be oxidiz$ to nitric acid4 ,plant ,no4 #b 0 erect$ at ,muscle ,%oals1 ,alabama1 to use ! process ( ! ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,company4 ,?is 0 contract$ to produce #aaj1jjj tons ( ammonium nitrate a ye> & lat] two o!r cyanamid plants ( half t capacity 7 />t$ at ,tol$o & ,ancor1 ,ohio4 ,at ,muscle ,%oals a mu%room city ( #bj1jjj sprang up on an ,alabama cotton field 9 six mon?s4 ,! raw mat]ial1 air1 0 z abundant !re z any:]e & ! p[]1 wat]1 c\ld be obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t hydro-electric plant on ! ,t5nessee ,riv]1 b ?is 0 n available dur+ ! w>1 s /eam 0 employ$ in/ead4 ,! heat ( ! coal 0 us$ to cool ! air d[n to ! liquefy+ po9t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is process is simple4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t heat exp&s & cold contracts1 b n ev]ybody has realiz$ ! conv]se ( ?is rule1 t expansion cools & compression heats4 ,if air is =c$ into small] space1 z 9 a tire pump1 x heats up & if all[$ to exp& to ord9>y pressure x cools (f aga94 ,b if ! air :ile compress$ is cool$ & !n all[$ to exp& x mu/ get /ill cold] & ! process c g on till x becomes cold en\gh to congeal4 ,t is1 by exp&+ a great deal ( air1 a little ( x c be r$uc$ to ! liquefy+ po9t4 ,at ,muscle ,%oals ! plant = liquefy+ air1 9 ord] to get ! nitrog5 out ( x1 consi/$ ( two doz5 t[]s ea* capable ( produc+ #agfe cubic feet ( pure nitrog5 p] h\r4 ,! air 0 drawn 9 ?r\gh two pipes1 a y>d across1 & pass$ ?r\gh scrubb+ t[]s to remove impurities4 ,! air 0 !n compress$ to #fjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,n9e t5?s ( ! air 0 p]mitt$ to exp& to #ej p\nds & ?is expansion cool$ d[n ! o!r t5?1 /ill "u high pressure1 to ! liquefy+ po9t4 ,rectify+ t[]s #bd feet high 7 /ack$ ) trays ( liquid air f :i* ! nitrog5 0 cont9ually bubbl+ (f s9ce its boil+ po9t is twelve degrees c5tigrade l[] ?an t ( oxyg54 ,pure nitrog5 gas collect$ at ! top ( ! t[] & ! residual liquid air1 n[ ab\t half oxyg51 0 all[$ to escape at ! bottom4 ,! nitrog5 0 !n run ?r\gh pipes into ! lime-nitrog5 ov5s4 ,!re 7 #aecf ( ^! ab\t f\r feet squ>e & ea* hold+ #afjj p\nds ( pulv]iz$ calcium c>bide4 ,?is is at fir/ heat$ by an electrical curr5t to />t ! reaction :i* aft]w>ds produces en\gh heat to keep x go+4 ,z ! /ream ( nitrog5 gas passes ov] ! f9ely divid$ c>bide x is absorb$ to =m calcium cyanamid z describ$ on a previ\s page4 ,?is product is cool$1 p[d]$ & wet to de/roy any quicklime or c>bide left un*ang$4 ,!n x is *>g$ into autoclaves & /eam at high temp]ature & pressure is admitt$4 ,! /eam act+ on ! cyanamid sets free ammonia gas :i* is c>ri$ to t[]s d[n :i* cold wat] is spray$1 giv+ ! ammonia wat]1 famili> to ! kit*5 & ! ba?room4 ,b s9ce nitric acid r ?an ammonia 0 ne$$ = munitions1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air _h to be call$ into play4 ,?is process1 z already expla9$1 is c>ri$ on by aid ( a catalyz]1 9 ?is case plat9um wire4 ,at ,muscle ,%oals !re 7 #fif ( ^! catalyz] boxes4 ,! ammonia gas1 mix$ ) air to provide ! necess>y oxyg51 0 admitt$ at ! top & pass$ d[n ?r\gh a %eet ( plat9um gauze ( #hj me% to ! in*1 heat$ to inc&esc5ce by electricity4 ,9 contact ) ?is ! ammonia is conv]t$ into gase\s oxides ( nitrog5 7! famili> r$ fumes ( ! laboratory7 :i*1 c>ri$ (f 9 pipes1 cool$ & dissolv$ 9 wat]1 =m nitric acid4 ,b s9ce none ( ! national plants c\ld be got into action dur+ ! w>1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 compell$ to draw ^u ,s\? ,am]ica = its supply4 ,! imports ( ,*ilean saltpet] rose f half a million tons 9 #aiad to a million & a half 9 #aiag4 ,aft] peace 0 made ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,w> turn$ ov] to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture its surplus ( saltpet]1 #aej1jjj tons1 & x 0 sold to ,am]ican f>m]s at co/1 #ha a ton4 ,= nitrog5 plays a d\ble rle 9 human economy4 ,x appe>s l ,brahma 9 two aspects1 ,vi%nu ! ,pres]v] & ,siva ! ,de/roy]4 ,"h ,i h be5 consid]+ nitrog5 9 its malefic5t aspect1 its use 9 w>4 ,we n[ turn to its b5efic5t aspect1 its use 9 peace4 ,,iii ,,fe$+ ,,! ,,soil ,! ,great ,w> n only />v$ p3 x />v$ ! l&4 ,en\gh nitrog5 0 ?r[n away 9 "s indecisive battle on ! ,aisne to save ,india f a fam9e4 ,! population ( ,europe z a :ole has n be5 less5$ by ! w>1 b ! soil has be5 robb$ ( its p[] to support ! population4 ,a plant requires c]ta9 *emical elem5ts = its gr[? & all ( ^! mu/ be )9 rea* ( its rootlets1 = x w accept no sub/itutes4 ,a :eat /alk 9 ,france be=e ! w> _h plac$ at its feet nitrates f ,*ile1 phosphates f ,florida & pota% f ,g]many4 ,all ^! 7 %ut (f by ! fir+ l9e & ! %ortage ( %ipp+4 ,out ( ! eighty elem5ts only ?irte5 are necess>y = crops4 ,f\r ( ^! are gases3 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog5 & *lor9e4 ,five are metals3 potassium1 magnesium1 calcium1 iron & sodium4 ,f\r are non-metallic solids3 c>bon1 sulfur1 phosphorus & silicon4 ,?ree ( ^!1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & c>bon1 mak+ up ! bulk ( ! plant1 are obta9able ad libitum f ! air & wat]4 ,! o!r t5 9 ! =m ( salts are dissolv$ 9 ! wat] t is suck$ up f ! soil4 ,! quantity ne$$ by ! plant is s small & ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! soil is s great t ord9>ily we ne$ n bo!r ab\t ! supply except 9 case ( ?ree ( !m4 ,!y are nitrog51 potassium & phosphorus4 ,^! w\ld be useless or fatal to plant life 9 ! elem5tal =m1 b fix$ 9 neutral salt !y are ess5tial plant foods4 ,a ton ( :eat takes away f ! soil ab\t #dg p\nds ( nitrog51 #ah p\nds ( phosphoric acid & #ab p\nds ( pota%4 ,if !n ! f>m] does n re/ore ?is mu* to 8 field e ye> he is draw+ ^u 8 capital & ?is mu/ lead to bankruptcy 9 ! long run4 ,s mu* is easy to see1 b actually ! "q is extremely complicat$4 ,:5 ! ,g]man *emi/1 ,ju/us von ,liebig1 po9t$ out 9 #ahdj ! possibility ( ma9ta9+ soil f]tility by ! application ( *emicals x seem$ at fir/ z ?\gh ! "q 7 practically solv$4 ,*emi/s assum$ t all !y _h to d 0 to analyze ! soil & analyze ! crop & f ?is figure out1 z easily z balanc+ a bank book1 j h[ mu* ( ea* +r$i5t w\ld h to be re/or$ to ! soil e ye>4 ,b someh[ x did n "w out t way & ! practical agriculturi/1 f9d+ t ! =mulas did n fit 8 f>m1 sne]$ at ! pr(essors & :5ev] !y cit$ ,liebig to him he irrev]5tly transpos$ ! syllables ( ! "n4 ,! *emi/ :5 he w5t deep] into ! subject saw t he _h to deal ) ! colloids1 damp1 unpleasant1 gummy bodies t he _h hi!rto f\ght %y ( because !y w\ld n cry/allize or filt]4 ,s ! *emi/ call$ to 8 aid ! physici/ on ! "o h& & ! biologi/ on ! o!r & !n !y bo? _h _! h&s full4 ,! physici/ f\nd t he _h to deal ) a polyv>iant sy/em ( solids1 liquids & gases mutually miscible 9 phases too num]\s to be h&l$ by ,gibbs's ,rule4 ,! biologi/ f\nd t he _h to deal ) ! invisible flora & fauna ( a new _w4 ,plants obey ! injunction ( ,t5nyson & rise on ! /epp+ /ones ( _! dead selves to high] ?+s4 ,ea* successive g5]ation lives on :at is left ( ! la/ 9 ! soil plus :at x adds f ! air & sun%9e4 ,z soon z a leaf or tree trunk falls to ! gr\nd x is tak5 9 *>ge by a wreck+ crew compos$ ( a myriad ( microscopic organisms :o proce$ to break x up into its compon5t p>ts s ^! c be us$ = build+ a new edifice4 ,! process is call$ rott+ & ! product1 ! black1 gummy /uff ( a f]tile soil1 is call$ humus4 ,! plants1 t is1 ! high] plants1 are n able to live on _! own proteids z ! animals are4 ,b !re are l[] plants1 c]ta9 k9ds ( bact]ia1 t c break up ! big complicat$ proteid molecules into _! compon5t p>ts & r$uce ! nitrog5 9 !m to ammonia or ammonia-l comp\nds4 ,hav+ done ?is !y /op & turn ov] ! job to ano!r set ( bact]ia to be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! next /ep4 ,= y mu/ "k t soil society is z complex & specializ$ z t above gr\nd & ! t9ie/ bact]ium w\ld die r ?an violate ! union rules4 ,! second set ( bact]ia *ange ! ammonia ov] to nitrites & !n a ?ird set1 ! ,amalgamat$ ,union ( ,nitrate ,work]s1 /eps 9 & completes ! process ( oxidation ) an effici5cy t ,o/wald might envy1 = n9ety-six p] c5t4 ( ! ammonia ( ! soil is conv]t$ into nitrates4 ,b if ! conditions are n j "r1 if ! food is insuffici5t or un:olesome or if ! air t circulates ?r\gh ! soil is contam9at$ ) poison gases1 ! bact]ia g on a /rike4 ,! f>m]1 n see+ ! ?+ f ! /&po9t ( ! bact]ia1 says ! soil is sick & he proce$s to doctor x accord+ to 8 own notion ( :at ails x4 ,fir/ p]haps he tries runn+ 9 /rike break]s4 ,he goes to "o ( ! firms t makes a bus9ess ( supply+ nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia f ! scabs or nodules ( ! clov] roots & scatt]s ^! colonies ov] ! field4 ,b if ! liv+ conditions rema9 bad ! newcom]s w soon quit "w too & ! f>m] loses 8 money4 ,if he is wise1 !n1 he w rem$y ! conditions1 putt+ a bett] v5tilation sy/em 9 8 soil p]haps or neutraliz+ ! s\rness by means ( lime or kill+ (f ! ameboid b&itti t prey ^u ! peaceful bact]ia engag$ 9 ! nitrog5 indu/ry4 ,x is n an easy job t ! f>m] has 9 keep+ billions ( billions ( subt]ranean s]vants cont5t$ & work+ toge!r1 b if he does n succe$ at ?is he wa/es 8 se$ & labor4 ,! layman reg>ds ! soil z a plat=m or an*or+ place on :i* to set plants4 ,he measures its value by its sup]ficial area )\t consid]+ its cont5ts1 :i* is z absurd z to e/imate a man's weal? by ! size ( 8 safe4 ,! diff]5ce 9 po9t ( view is well illu/rat$ by ! old /ory ( ! city *ap :o 0 %[+ 8 f>m] uncle ! sights ( ,new ,york4 ,:5 he took him to ,c5tral ,p>k he tri$ to a/oni% him by say+ ,?is l& is wor? #ejj1jjj an acre4 ,! old f>m] dug 8 toe into ! gr\nd1 kick$ out a clod1 broke x op51 look$ at x1 spit on x & squeez$ x 9 8 h& & !n said1 ,don't y believe x2 'ta9't wor? t5 doll>s an acre4 ,mighty poor soil ,i call x4 ,bo? 7 "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,co4 ,,fix+ ,,nitrog5 ,,by ,,calcium ,,c>bide ,a view ( ! ov5 room 9 ! plant ( ! ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,company4 ,! /eel cyl9d]s /&+ 9 ! backgr\nd are pack$ ) ! c>bide & !n put into ! ov5s sunk 9 ! floor4 ,:5 ^! are heat$ int]nally by electricity to #bjjj degrees ,fahr5heit pure nitrog5 is let 9 & absorb$ by ! c>bide1 mak+ cyanamid1 :i* may be us$ z a f]tiliz] or = ammonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,int]national ,film ,s]vice ,a ,,b>r[ ,,full ,,( ,,pota% ,,salts ,,extract$ ,,f ,,six ,,tons ,,( ,,gre5 ,,kelp ,,by ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,*emi/s ,illu/ration3 ,,nature',s ,,sil5t ,,me?od ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,fixation ,! nodules on ! vet* roots conta9 colonies ( bact]ia :i* h ! p[] ( tak+ ! free nitrog5 out ( ! air & putt+ x 9 comp\nds suitable = plant food4 ,! mod]n agriculturi/ realizes t ! soil is a laboratory = ! production ( plant food & he ord9>ily takes m pa9s to provide a balanc$ ration = x ?an he does = 8 family4 ,( c\rse ! necessity ( fe$+ ! soil has be5 kn[n ev] s9ce man began to settle d[n & ! anci5t me?ods ( ma9ta9+ its f]tility1 ?\gh discov]$ accid5tally & foll[$ bl9dly1 7 s\nd & efficaci\s4 ,virgil1 :o l ,lib]ty ,hyde ,bailey 0 fond ( publi%+ agricultural bullet9s 9 poetry1 wrote two ?\s& ye>s ago3 ,b sweet vicissitudes ( re/ & toil ,make easy labor & r5ew ! soil ,yet spr9kle sordid a%es all ar\nd ,& load ) fatt'n+ dung ?y fall[ soil4 ,! a%es suppli$ ! pota% & ! dung ! nitrate & phosphate4 ,long be=e ! discov]y ( ! nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia1 ! cu/om prevail$ ( s[+ pea-l plants e ?ird ye> & !n pl[+ !m "u to enri* ! soil4 ,b su* local supplies 7 always inadequate & z soon z deposits ( f]tiliz]s 7 discov]$ any:]e 9 ! _w !y 7 drawn ^u4 ,! ri*e/ ( ^! 0 ! ,*9*a ,isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 :]e millions ( p5gu9s & pelicans _h liv$ 9 a mo/ untidy mann] = untold c5turies4 ,! guano compos$ ( ! excrem5t ( ! birds mix$ ) ! rema9s ( dead birds & ! fi%es !y f$ ^u 0 pil$ up to a dep? ( #abj feet4 ,f ?is ,isle ( ,p5gu9s--:i* is n t describ$ by ,anatole ,france--a billion doll>s' wor? ( guano 0 tak5 & ! deposit 0 soon exhau/$4 ,!n ! att5tion ( ! _w 0 direct$ to ! ma9l& ( ,p]u & ,*ile1 :]e simil> guano deposits _h be5 accumulat$ &1 n be+ wa%$ away on acc\nt ( ! lack ( ra91 _h be5 deposit$ z sodium nitrate1 or saltpet]4 ,^! b$s 7 discov]$ by a ,g]man1 ,taddeo ,ha5ke1 9 #ahji1 b x 0 n until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury t ! nitrates came into common use z a f]tiliz]4 ,s9ce !n m ?an #ec1jjj1jjj tons h be5 tak5 out ( ^! b$s & ! exportation has ris5 to a rate ( #b1ejj1jjj to #c1jjj1jjj tons a ye>4 ,h[ mu* long] !y w la/ is a matt] ( op9ion & op9ion is l>gely influ5c$ by :e!r y h y\r money inve/$ 9 ,*ilean nitrate /ock or 9 "o ( ! new syn!tic processes = mak+ nitrates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture says ! nitrate b$s w be exhau/$ 9 a few ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,*ilean ,inspector ,g5]al ( ,nitrate ,deposits 9 8 late/ (ficial report says t !y w la/ = two hundr$ ye>s at ! pres5t rate & t !n !re are incalculable areas ( l[ grade deposits1 conta9+ less ?an elev5 p] c5t41 to be drawn ^u4 ,anyh[1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican b$s _c long supply ! _w's ne$ ( nitrates & we %all "s "t be />v+ unless creative *emi/ry comes to ! rescue4 ,9 #ahih ,sir ,william ,crookes--! discov]] ( ! ,crookes tubes1 ! radiomet] & radiant matt]--/>tl$ ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce by decl>+ t ! _w 0 ne>+ ! limit ( :eat production & t by #aica ! bread-eat]s1 ! ,caucasians1 w\ld h to turn to o!r gra9s or re/rict _! population :ile ! rice & millet eat]s ( ,asia w\ld cont9ue to increase4 ,sir ,william 0 laugh$ at !n z a s5sationali/4 ,he 01 b 8 s5sations 7 apt to prove true & x is already evid5t t he 0 too ne> "r = com=t4 ,be=e we 7 half way to ! date he set we _h two :eatless days a week1 ?\gh t 0 because we p]si/$ 9 %oot+ nitrates into ! air4 ,! area produc+ :eat 0 by decades3#a ,,! ,,:eat ,,fields ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,acres #ahha-ij #aib1jjj1jjj #ahij-aijj #baa1jjj1jjj #aijj-aj #bdb1jjj1jjj ,probable limit #cjj1jjj1jjj ,if #cjj1jjj1jjj acres c be br\ght "u cultivation = :eat & ! av]age yield rais$ to tw5ty bu%els to ! acre1 t w give en\gh to fe$ a billion p if !y eat six bu%els a ye> z d ! ,engli%4 ,:e!r ?is maximum is correct or n !re is evid5tly "s limit to ! area :i* has suitable soil & climate = gr[+ :eat1 s we are ultimately ?r[n back ^u ,crookes's solution ( ! problem2 t is1 we mu/ increase ! yield p] acre & ?is c only be done by ! use ( f]tiliz]s & especially by ! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,crookes e/imat$ ! av]age yield ( :eat at #ab4g bu%els to ! acre1 :i* is m ?an x is 9 ! new l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,au/ralia & ,russia1 b less ?an 9 ,europe1 :]e ! soil is well f$4 ,:at c be done to increase ! yield may be se5 f ^! figures3 ,,ga9 ,,9 ,,! ,,yield ,,( ,,:eat ,,9 ,,bu%els ,,p] ,,acre #ahhi-ij #aiac ,g]many #ai #ce ,belgium #cj #ce ,france #ag #bj ,unit$ ,k+dom #bh #cb ,unit$ ,/ates #ab #ae ,! greate/ ga9 0 made 9 ,g]many & we see a reason = x 9 ! fact t ! ,g]man importation ( ,*ilean saltpet] 0 #ee1jjj tons 9 #ahhj & #gdg1jjj tons 9 #aiac4 ,9 potatoes1 too1 ,g]many gets twice z big a crop f ! same gr\nd z we d1 #bbc bu%els p] acre in/ead ( our #aac bu%els4 ,b ! ,unit$ ,/ates uses on ! av]age only #bh p\nds ( f]tiliz] p] acre1 :ile ,europe uses #bjj4 ,x is cle> t we _c rely ^u ,*ile1 b make nitrates = ourselves z ,g]many _h to 9 w> "t4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] we consid]$ ! new me?ods ( fix+ ! free nitrog5 f ! air4 ,b ! fixation ( nitrog5 is a new bus9ess 9 ?is c\ntry & our *ief reliance s f> has be5 ! coke ov5s4 ,:5 coal is heat$ 9 retorts or ov5s = mak+ coke or gas a lot ( ammonia comes (f ) ! o!r products ( decomposition & is caught 9 ! sulfuric acid us$ to wa% ! gas z ammonium sulfate4 ,our ,am]ican coke-mak]s h be5 9 ! habit ( lett+ ?is escape into ! air & consequ5tly we h be5 los+ "s #gjj1jjj tons ( ammonium salts e ye>1 en\gh to keep our l& ri* & give u all ! explosives we %\ld ne$4 ,b n[ !y are re=m+ & putt+ 9 ov5s t save ! by-products su* z ammonia & coal t>1 s 9 #aiaf we got f ?is s\rce #cbe1jjj tons a ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,consumption ( pota% = agricultural purposes 9 diff]5t c\ntries ,g]many _h a natural monopoly ( pota% z ,*ile _h a natural monopoly ( nitrates4 ,! agriculture ( ,europe & ,am]ica has be5 virtually dep5d5t ^u ^! two s\rces ( plant foods4 ,n[ :5 ! _w 0 cleft 9 twa9 by ! %ock ( ,augu/1 #aiad1 ! ,alli$ ,p[]s _h ! nitrates & ! ,c5tral ,p[]s _h ! pota%4 ,if ,g]many _h n _h up h] sleeve a new process = mak+ nitrates %e c\ld n long h c>ri$ on a w> & d\btless w\ld n h v5tur$ ^u x4 ,b ! outside _w _h no su* sub/itute = ! ,g]man pota% salts & has n yet discov]$ "o4 ,consequ5tly ! price ( pota% 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates jump$ f #dj to #djj & ! co/ ( food w5t up ) x4 ,ev5 "u ! /imulus ( prices t5 times ! normal & ) *emi/s se>*+ furnace crannies & bad l&s ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 able to scrape up less ?an #aj1jjj tons ( pota% 9 #aiaf1 & ?is 0 b>ely en\gh to satisfy our ne$s = two weeks6 ,illu/ration3 ,:at happ5$ to pota% :5 ! w> broke out4 ,?is diagram f ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry ( ,july1 #aiag1 %[s h[ ! supply ( potassium muriate f ,g]many 0 %ut (f 9 #aiad & h[ its price rose4 ,yet pota% comp\nds are z *eap z dirt4 ,pick up a h&ful ( gravel & y w be able to f9d mu* ( x feldsp> or o!r m9]al conta9+ "s t5 p] c5t4 ( pota%4 ,un=tunately x is 9 comb9ation ) silica1 :i* is h>d] to break up ?an a tru/4 ,b con/ant wa%+ we>s away /ones & ! pota% t ! metallurgi/ f9ds too h>d to extract 9 8 hotte/ furnace is wa%$ out 9 ! c\rse ( "t ?r\gh ! dropp+ ( ! g5tle ra9 f heav54 ,all riv]s run to ! sea & s ! sea gets salt1 all sorts ( salts1 pr9cipally sodium *loride 7our table salt7 & next magnesium1 calcium & potassium *lorides or sulfates 9 ?is ord] ( abundance4 ,b if we evaporate sea-wat] d[n to dryness all ^! are left 9 a mix toge!r & x is h>d to sort !m out4 ,only pati5t ,nature has "t = x & %e only did on a l>ge scale 9 "o place1 t is at ,/assfurt1 ,g]many4 ,x seems t 9 ! days :5 nor?we/]n ,prussia 0 undet]m9$ :e!r x %\ld be sea or l& x 0 flood$ annually by sea-wat]4 ,z ?is sl[ly evaporat$ ! dissolv$ salts cry/alliz$ out at ! critical po9ts1 leav+ b$s ( v>i\s comb9ations4 ,ea* ye> !re w\ld be deposit$ ?ree to five in*es ( salts ) a ?9 lay] ( calcium sulfate or gypsum on top4 ,c\nt+ ^! annual lay]s1 l ! r+s on a /ump1 we f9d t ! ,/assfurt b$s 7 t5 ?\s& ye>s 9 ! mak+4 ,!y 7 fir/ work$ = _! salt1 common salt1 alone1 b 9 #ahcg ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t began prospect+ = new & deep] deposits & f\nd1 n ! clean rock salt t !y want$1 b bitt]n1 l>gely magnesium sulfate or ,epsom salt1 :i* is n at all nice = table use4 ,?is /uff 0 fir/ ?r[n away until x 0 realiz$ t x 0 mu* m valuable = ! pota% x conta9s ?an 0 ! rock salt !y 7 aft]4 ,!n ! ,g]mans began to purify ! ,/assfurt salts & m>ket !m ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!y conta9 f fifte5 to tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( magnesium *loride mix$ ) magnesium *loride 9 c>nallite1 ) magnesium sulfate 9 ka9ite & sodium *loride 9 sylv9ite4 ,m ?an ?irty ?\s& m9]s & workm5 are employ$ 9 ! ,/assfurt works4 ,!re are "s sev5ty di/9ct e/abli%m5ts engag$ 9 ! bus9ess1 b !y are 9 comb9ation4 ,9 fact !y are compell$ to be1 = ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t is z anxi\s to promote tru/s z ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t is to prev5t !m4 ,once ! ,/assfurt firms _h a fall+ out & began a cut?roat competition4 ,b ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t objects to its p cutt+ ea* o!r's ?roats4 ,am]ican deal]s 7 gett+ unhe>d ( b>ga9s :5 ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t /epp$ 9 & compell$ ! compet+ corporations to recomb9e "u ?reat ( putt+ on an export duty t w\ld eat up _! pr(its4 ,! advantages ( su* bus9ess cop]ation are specially %[n 9 op5+ up a new m>ket = an unkn[n product z 9 ! case ( ! introduction ( ! ,/assfurt salts into ,am]ican agriculture4 ,! f>m] 9 any c\ntry is apt to be set 9 8 ways & :5 x comes to induc+ him to sp5d 8 h>d-e>n$ money = *emicals t he nev] he>d ( & c\ld n pron\nce he--q rightly--has to be %[n4 ,well1 he 0 %[n4 ,x 01 if ,i rememb] "r1 e>ly 9 ! n9eties t ! ,g]man ,kali ,syndikat began op]ations 9 ,am]ica & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t became its *ief adv]tis+ ag5t4 ,9 e /ate !re 0 an agricultural exp]im5t /ation & ^! 7 provid$ lib]ally ) illu/rat$ lit]ature on ,/assfurt salts ) color$ wall *>ts & sets ( samples & free sacks ( salts = field exp]im5ts4 ,! /ation m51 f9d+ t !y c\ld rely ^u ! sci5tific accuracy ( ! in=mation suppli$ by ,kali & t ! exp]im5ts work$ out well1 became en?usia/ic advocates ( pota% f]tiliz]s4 ,! /ation bullet9s--:i* ,uncle ,sam 0 k9d en\gh to c>ry free to all ! f>m]s ( ! /ate--sometimes 7 word$ s l ! ,kali ,company adv]tis+ t ! company might h rais$ a compla9t ( plagi>iz+1 b !y nev] did4 ,! ,*ilean nitrates1 :i* are "u ,briti% control1 7 lat] introduc$ by simil> me?ods ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! /ate agricultural exp]im5t /ations4 ,z a result ( all ?is mission>y "w1 :i* co/ ! ,kali ,company #ej1jjj a ye>1 ! att5tion ( a l>ge proportion ( ,am]ican f>m]s 0 turn$ t[>d int5sive f>m+ & !y began to realize ! necessity ( fe$+ ! soil t 0 fe$+ !m4 ,!y grew dep5d5t ^u ^! two =eign & widely sep>at$ s\rces ( supply4 ,9 ! ye> be=e ! w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ a million tons ( ,/assfurt salts1 = :i* ! f>m]s paid m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,!n a decl>ation ( ,am]ican indep5d5ce--! ,g]man emb>go ( #aiae--;cut u (f f ,/assfurt & = five ye>s we _h to rely ^u our own res\rces4 ,we h se5 h[ ,g]many--%ut (f f ,*ile--solv$ ! nitrog5 problem = h] fields & munition plants4 ,x 0 n s easy = u--%ut (f f ,g]many--to solve ! pota% problem4 ,!re is no m lack ( pota% 9 ! rocks ?an !re is ( nitrog5 9 ! air1 b ! nitrog5 is free & has only to be caught & comb9$1 :ile ! pota% is %ut up 9 a granite prison f :i* x is h>d to get x free4 ,x is n ! p]c5tage 9 ! soil b ! p]c5tage 9 ! soil wat] t c\nts4 ,a f>m] ) 8 pota% lock$ up 9 silicates is l ! m]*ant :o has left ! key ( 8 safe at home 9 8 o!r tr\s]s4 ,he may be solv5t1 b he _c meet a sight draft4 ,x is only solv5t pota% t passes curr5t4 ,9 ! days ( our gr&fa!rs we _h n only national indep5d5ce b h\sehold indep5d5ce4 ,e home/ead _h its own pota% plant & soap factory4 ,! frugal h\sewife dump$ ! maple wood a%es ( ! fireplace into a holl[ log set up on end 9 ! backy>d4 ,wat] p\r$ ov] ! a%es lea*$ out ! lye1 :i* dra9$ into a bucket b5ea?4 ,?is gave h] a solution ( pe>l a% or potassium c>bonate ^: conc5tration %e te/$ ) an egg z a hydromet]4 ,9 ! meantime %e _h be5 sav+ up all ! wa/e grease f ! fry+ pan & pork r9ds f ! plate & by try+ out ^! %e got h] soap fat4 ,!n on a day set ap>t = ?is disagreeable process 9 *emical te*nology %e boil$ ! fat & ! lye toge!r & got s(t soap1 or z ! *emi/ w\ld call x1 potassium /e>ate4 ,if %e want$ h>d soap %e salt$ x out ) br9e4 ,! sodium /e>ate be+ less soluble 0 precipitat$ to ! top & cool$ into a solid cake t c\ld be cut into b>s by pack ?read4 ,b ! frugal h\sewife ?rew away 9 ! wa/e wat] :at we n[ consid] ! mo/ valuable +r$i5ts1 ! pota% & ! glyc]94 ,b ! old lye-lea* is only to be f\nd 9 ru9s on an ab&on$ f>m & we no long] burn wood at ! rate ( a log a night4 ,9 #aiaf ev5 "u ! /imulus ( t5fold prices ! am\nt ( pota% produc$ z pe>l a% 0 only #dab tons--& we ne$ #cjj1jjj tons 9 "s =m4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be v desirable z a cons]vation measure if all ! sawdu/ & wa/e wood 7 utiliz$ by *>r+ x 9 retorts4 ,! gas makes a h&y fuel4 ,! t> wa%$ f ! gas conta9s a lot ( valuable products4 ,& pota% c be lea*$ out ( ! *>coal or f its a%es :5ev] x is burn$4 ,b ?is at be/ w\ld n g f> t[>d solv+ ! problem ( our national supply4 ,!re are o!r pota%-be>+ wa/es t might be utiliz$4 ,! cem5t mills :i* use feldsp> 9 comb9ation ) lime/one give (f a pota% du/1 v mu* to ! annoyance ( _! neighbors4 ,?is c be collect$ by runn+ ! furnace cl\ds into l>ge settl+ *amb]s or long flues1 :]e ! du/ may be caught 9 bags1 or wa%$ out by wat] sprays or ?r[n d[n by electricity4 ,! bla/ furnaces = iron also ?r[ (f pota%-be>+ fumes4 ,our six-million-ton crop ( sug> beets conta9s "s #ab1jjj tons ( nitrog51 #djjj tons ( phosphoric acid & #ah1jjj tons ( pota%1 all ( :i* is lo/ except :]e ! wa/e liquors f ! sug> factory are us$ 9 irrigat+ ! beet l&4 ,! beet molasses1 aft] extract+ all ! sug> possible by means ( lime1 leaves a wa/e liquor f :i* ! pota% c be recov]$ by evaporation & *>r+ & lea*+ ! residue4 ,! ,g]mans get #ejjj tons ( potassium cyanide & z mu* ammonium sulfate annually f ! wa/e liquor ( _! beet sug> factories & if x pays !m to save ?is x ought to pay u :]e pota% is de>]4 ,v>i\s o!r indu/ries c put 9 a bit :5 ,uncle ,sam passes ar\nd ! contribution basket m>k$ ,pota% = ! ,poor4 ,wool wa/es & fi% refuse make valuable f]tiliz]s1 al?\gh !y w n g f> t[>d solv+ ! problem4 ,if we sav$ all our pota% by-products !y w\ld n supply m ?an fifte5 p] c5t4 ( our ne$s4 ,?\gh no pota% b$s comp>able to ^? ( ,/assfurt h yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 yet 9 ,nebraska1 ,utah1 ,cali=nia & o!r we/]n /ates !re are a numb] ( alkali lakes1 wet or dry1 conta9+ a consid]able am\nt ( pota% mix$ ) soda salts4 ,( ^! deposits ! l>ge/ is ,se>les ,lake1 ,cali=nia4 ,"h !re are "s twelve squ>e miles ( salt cru/ "s sev5ty feet deep & ! br9e z pump$ out conta9s ab\t f\r p] c5t4 ( potassium *loride4 ,! quantity is suffici5t to supply ! c\ntry = ov] tw5ty ye>s1 b x is n an easy or *eap job to sep>ate ! potassium f ! sodium salts :i* are five times m abundant4 ,^! be+ less soluble ?an ! potassium salts cry/allize out fir/ :5 ! br9e is evaporat$4 ,! f9al cry/allization is done 9 vacuum pans z 9 gett+ sug> f ! cane juice4 ,9 ?is way ! ,am]ican ,trona ,corporation is produc+ "s #dejj tons ( pota% salts a mon? besides a ?\s& tons ( borax4 ,! borax :i* is conta9$ 9 ! br9e to ! ext5t ( #a-a_/b p] c5t4 is remov$ f ! f]tiliz] = a d\ble reason4 ,x is salable by itself & x is detrim5tal to plant life4 ,ano!r m9]al s\rce ( pota% is alunite1 :i* is a sort ( natural alum1 or d\ble sulfate ( potassium & alum9um1 ) ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( pota%4 ,x conta9s a lot ( extra alum9a1 b aft] roa/+ 9 a kiln ! potassium sulfate c be lea*$ out4 ,! alunite b$s ne> ,m>ysville1 ,utah1 7 work$ = all !y 7 wor? dur+ ! w>1 b ! process does n give pota% *eap en\gh = our ne$s 9 ord9>y times4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,int]national ,film ,s]vice ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,secure ,a ,,new ,,supply ,,( ,,pota% ,,salts ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t set up an exp]im5tal plant at ,su!rl&1 ,cali=nia1 = ! utilization ( kelp4 ,! h>ve/] cuts #dj tons ( kelp at a load ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kelp ,,h>ve/] ,,ga!r+ ,,! ,,seawe$ ,,f ,,! ,,pacific ,,ocean ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,h]cules ,p[d] ,co4 ,,ov]head ,,suction ,,at ,,! ,,san ,,diego ,,:>f ,,pump+ ,,kelp ,,f ,,! ,,b>ge ,,to ,,! ,,dige/ion ,,tanks ,! t\ri/ go+ ?r\gh ,wyom+ on ! ,union ,pacific w h to ! nor? ( him :at is m>k$ on ! map z ! ,leucite ,hills4 ,if he looks up ! ^w 9 ! ,unabridg$ t he c>ries 9 8 sat*el he w f9d t leucite is a k9d ( lava & t x conta9s pota%4 ,b he w also obs]ve t ! pota% is comb9$ ) alum9a & silica1 :i* are h>d to get out & useless :5 y get !m out4 ,"o ( ! lavas ( ! ,leucite ,hills1 t nam$ f its native /ate ,wyom+ite1 gives fifty-sev5 p] c5t4 ( its pota% 9 a soluble =m on roa/+ ) alunite--b ?is co/s too mu*4 ,! same may be said ( all ! pota% feldsp>s & mica4 ,!y are abundant en\gh1 b until we f9d a way ( utiliz+ ! by-products1 say ! silica 9 cem5t & ! alum9um z a metal1 !y _c solve our problem4 ,s9ce x is s h>d to get pota% f ! l& x has be5 sugge/$ t we h>ve/ ! sea4 ,! exp]ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture h plac$ high hopes 9 ! kelp or giant seawe$ :i* floats 9 great masses 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean n f> (f f ! ,cali=nia coa/4 ,?is is h>ve/$ ) ocean reap]s run by gasol9e eng9es & br\ght 9 b>ges to ! %ore1 :]e x may be dri$ & us$ locally z a f]tiliz] or burn$ & ! potassium *loride lea*$ out ( ! *>coal a%es4 ,b x is h>d to h&le ! bulky1 slimy seawe$ *eaply en\gh to get out ( x ! small am\nt ( pota% x conta9s4 ,s ef=ts are n[ be+ made to get m out ( ! kelp ?an ! pota%4 ,in/ead ( burn+ ! seawe$ x is f]m5t$ 9 vats produc+ acetic acid 7v9eg>74 ,f ! result+ liquid c be obta9$ lime acetate1 potassium *loride1 potassium iodide1 acetone1 e?yl acetate 7us$ z a solv5t = guncotton7 & alg91 a gelat9-l gum4 ,,production ,,( ,,pota% ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #aiaf #aiag ,s\rce ,tons ,k#b,o ,p] c5t4 ,tons ,k#b,o ,p] c5t4 ( total ( total production production ,m9]al s\rces3 ,natural br9es #c1iid #da4a #bj1feb #fc4d ,altmite #a1hej #ai4j #b1djb #g4c ,du/ f cem5t mills #a1fba #e4j ,du/ f bla/ furnaces #ahe #j4f ,organic ,s\rces3 ,kelp #a1eef #af4j #c1geb #aj4i ,molasses residue f di/ill]s #a1hde #ai4j #b1hdf #h4h ,wood a%es #dab #d4b #fba #a4i ,wa/e liquors f beet-sug> ref9]ies #cfi #a4a ,miscellane\s indu/rial wa/es #fc 4#g #cje #a4j ,total #i1gbj #ajj4j #cb1egc #ajj4j --,f ,u ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es ,report1 #aiah4 ,?is table %[s h[ inadequate 0 ! reaction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! w> dem& = potassium salts4 ,! m9imum ye>ly requirem5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are e/imat$ to be #bej1jjj tons ( pota%4 ,?is completes our survey ( ! visible s\rces ( pota% 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #aiag "u ! pressure ( ! emb>go & unprec$5t$ prices ! output ( pota% 7,k#b,o7 9 v>i\s =ms 0 rais$ to #cb1egc tons1 b ?is is only ab\t a t5? z mu* z we ne$$4 ,9 #aiah pota% production 0 fur!r rais$ to #eb1ace tons1 *iefly ?r\gh ! increase ( ! output f natural br9es to #ci1bee tons1 ne>ly twice :at x 0 ! ye> be=e4 ,! ru/ 9 cotton & ! result+ decrease 9 yield dur+ ! w> are laid to lack ( pota%4 ,truck crops gr[n 9 soils defici5t 9 pota% d n /& transportation well4 ,! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry has %[n 9 exp]im5ts 9 ,aroo/ook ,c\nty1 ,ma9e1 t ! addition ( mod]ate am\nts ( pota% d\bl$ ! yield ( potatoes4 ,pr(essor ,o/wald1 ! great ,leipzig *emi/1 boa/$ 9 ! w>3 ,am]ica w5t into ! w> l a man ) a rope r\nd 8 neck :i* is 9 8 enemy's h&s & is pretty tightly drawn4 ,) its trem5d\s deposits ,g]many has a _w monopoly 9 pota%1 a po9t ( imm5se value :i* _c be reckon$ too highly :5 once ?is w> is go+ to be settl$4 ,x is 9 ,g]many's p[] to dictate :i* ( ! nations %all h pl5ty ( food & :i* %all />ve4 ,if1 inde$1 "s m9]alogi/ or metallurgi/ w cut t rope by %[+ u a supply ( *eap pota% we w erect him a monum5t z big z ,wa%+ton's4 ,b ,o/wald is wrong 9 suppos+ t ,am]ica is z dep5d5t z ,g]many ^u pota%4 ,! bulk ( our food crops are at pres5t rais$ )\t ! use ( any f]tiliz]s :atev]4 ,z ! cession ( ,lorra9e 9 #ahga gave ,g]many ! phosphates %e ne$$ = f]tiliz]s s ! retrocession ( ,alsace 9 #aiai gives ,france ! pota% %e ne$$ = f]tiliz]s4 ,t5 ye>s be=e ! w> a b$ ( pota% 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,monnebruck1 ne> ,h>tmannsweil]kopf1 ! peak = :i* ,fr5* & ,g]mans conte/$ s fi]cely & s long4 ,! lay] ( potassium salts is #af-a_/b feet ?ick & ! total deposit is e/imat$ to be #bge1jjj1jjj tons ( pota%4 ,at any rate x is a =midable rival ( ,/assfurt & its acquisition by ,france breaks ! ,g]man monopoly4 ,:5 we turn to ! consid]ation ( ! ?ird plant food we feel bett]4 ,:ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates has no su* monopoly ( phosphates z ,g]many _h ( pota% & ,*ile _h ( nitrates we h an abundance & to sp>e4 ,:]eas we =m]ly import$ ab\t #ag1jjj1jjj wor? ( pota% f ,g]many & #bj1jjj1jjj wor? ( nitrates f ,*ile a ye> we export$ #g1jjj1jjj wor? ( phosphates4 ,:oev] x 0 :o fir/ notic$ t ! grass grew ?ick] ar\nd a buri$ bone he liv$ s long ago t we _c d honor to 8 p[]s ( obs]vation1 b ev] s9ce !n--:5ev] x 0--old bones h be5 us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,b we long ago us$ up all ! buffalo bones we c\ld f9d on ! prairies & our pack+ h\ses c\ld n give u en\gh bone-meal to g ar\nd1 s we h _h to draw ^u ! old bone-y>ds ( prehi/oric animals4 ,deposits ( lime phosphate ( su* orig9 7 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #ahgj & 9 ,florida 9 #ahhh4 ,s9ce !n ! indu/ry has develop$ ) amaz+ rapidity until 9 #aiac ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ ov] ?ree million tons ( phosphates1 ne>ly half ( :i* 0 s5t abroad4 ,! *ief s\rce at pres5t is ! ,florida pebbles1 :i* are dr$g$ up f ! bottoms ( lakes & riv]s or wa%$ out f ! banks ( /reams by a hydraulic jet4 ,! gravel is wa%$ free f ! s& & clay1 scre5$ & dri$1 & !n is ready = %ipm5t4 ,! rock deposits ( ,florida & ,s\? ,c>ol9a are m limit$ ?an ! pebble b$s & may be exhau/$ 9 tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s1 b ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky h a lot 9 res]ve & beh9d !m are ,idaho1 ,wyom+ & o!r we/]n /ates ) millions ( acres ( phosphate l&1 s 9 ?is respect we are indep5d5t4 ,b ev5 "h ! w> hit u h>d4 ,= ! calcium phosphate z x comes f ! gr\nd is n altoge!r available because x is n v soluble & ! plants c only use :at !y c get 9 ! wat] t !y suck up f ! soil4 ,b if ! phosphate is treat$ ) sulfuric acid x becomes m soluble & ?is product is sold z sup]phosphate4 ,! sulfuric acid is made mo/ly f iron pyrite & ?is we h be5 cont5t to import1 ov] #hjj1jjj tons ( x a ye>1 l>gely f ,spa91 al?\gh we h an abundance at home4 ,s9ce ! %ortage ( %ipp+ %ut (f ! =eign supply we are us+ m ( our own pyrite & also our deposits ( native sulfur along ! ,gulf coa/4 ,b z a consequ5ce ( ?is sulfuric acid dur+ ! w> w5t up f #e to #be a ton & acidulat$ phosphates rose correspond+ly4 ,g]many is %ort on natural phosphates z %e is long on natural pota%4 ,b %e has made up = x by utiliz+ a by-product ( h] /eelworks4 ,:5 phosphorus occurs 9 iron ore1 ev5 9 m9ute am\nts1 x makes ! /eel brittle4 ,mu* ( ! iron ores ( ,alsace-,lorra9e 7 =m]ly consid]$ unworkable because ( ?is impurity1 b %ortly aft] ,g]many took ^! prov9ces f ,france 9 #ahga a me?od 0 discov]$ by two ,briti% metallurgi/s1 ,?omas & ,gil*ri/1 by :i* ! phosphorus is remov$ f ! iron 9 ! process ( conv]t+ x into /eel4 ,?is consi/s 9 l9+ ! crucible or conv]t] ) lime & magnesia1 :i* takes up ! phosphorus f ! melt$ iron4 ,?is slag l9+1 n[ ri* 9 phosphates1 c be tak5 out & gr\nd up = f]tiliz]4 ,s ! phosphorus :i* us$ to be a detrim5t is n[ an additional s\rce ( pr(it & ?is ,briti% inv5tion has enabl$ ,g]many to make use ( ! t]ritory %e /ole f ,france to out/rip ,engl& 9 ! /eel bus9ess4 ,9 #aiaj ,g]many produc$ #b1jjj1jjj tons ( ,?omas slag :ile only #afj1jjj tons 7 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! op5 he>? process n[ *iefly us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates gives an acid in/ead ( a basic phosphate slag1 n suitable z a f]tiliz]4 ,! iron ore ( ,am]ica1 ) ! exception ( "s ( ! s\!rn ores1 c>ries s small a p]c5tage ( phosphorus z to make a basic process inadvisable4 ,rec5tly ! ,g]mans h be5 exp]im5t+ ) a comb9$ f]tiliz]1 ,s*rd]'s potassium phosphate1 :i* is said to be z good z ,?omas slag = phosphates & z good z ,/assfurt salts = pota%4 ,! ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,company is j putt+ out a simil> product1 ,ammo-,phos1 9 :i* ! ammonia c be v>i$ f ?irte5 to tw5ty p] c5t4 & ! phosphoric acid f tw5ty to =ty-sev5 p] c5t4 s z to give ! proportions desir$ = any crop4 ,we h !n ! possibility ( gett+ ! ?ree ess5tial plant foods altoge!r 9 "o comp\nd ) ! elim9ation ( mo/ ( ! extrane\s elem5ts su* z lime & magnesia1 *lorids & sulfates4 ,= ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! ,am]ican p h be5 liv+ on ! une>n$ increm5t ( ! unoccupi$ l&4 ,b n[ t all our l& has be5 /ak$ out 9 home/eads & we _c turn to new soil :5 we h us$ up ! old1 we mu/ le>n1 z ! old] races h le>n$1 h[ to keep up ! supply ( plant food4 ,only 9 ?is way c our population increase & prosp]4 ,z we h se51 ! phosphate "q ne$ n bo!r u & we c see our way cle> t[>d solv+ ! nitrate "q4 ,we gave ! ,gov]nm5t #bj1jjj1jjj to exp]im5t on ! production ( nitrates f ! air & ! results w s]ve = fields z well z fire>ms4 ,b ! "q ( an indep5d5t supply ( *eap pota% is /ill unsolv$4 ,,iv ,,coal-,,t> ,,colors ,if y put a bit ( s(t coal into a te/ tube 7or1 if y hav5't a te/ tube1 into a clay tobacco pipe & lute x ov] ) clay7 & heat x y w f9d a gas com+ out ( ! end ( ! tube t w burn ) a yell[ smoky flame4 ,aft] all ! gas comes (f y w f9d 9 ! bottom ( ! te/ tube a *unk ( dry1 por\s coke4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! two ma9 products ( ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal4 ,b if y are an unusually obs]vant p]son1 t is1 if y are a born *emi/ ) an eye to by-products1 y w notice along 9 ! middle ( ! tube :]e x is nei!r too hot nor too cold "s dirty drops ( wat] & "s black /icky /uff4 ,if y are j an ord9>y p]son1 y won't pay any att5tion to ?is because !re is only a little ( x & because :at y are aft] is ! coke & gas4 ,y reg>d ! na/y1 smelly mess t comes 9 betwe5 z m]ely a nuisance because x clogs up & spoils y\r nice1 clean tube4 ,n[ t is ! way ! gas-mak]s & coke-mak]s--be+ = ! mo/ "p ord9>y p]sons & n born *emi/s--us$ to reg>d ! wat] & t> t got into _! pipes4 ,!y wa%$ x out s z to h ! gas clean & !n ran x into ! creek4 ,b ! neighbors--especially ^? :o fi%$ 9 ! /ream bel[ ! gas-works--made a fuss ab\t spoil+ ! wat]1 s ! gas-m5 gave away ! t> to ! boys = use 9 celebrat+ ! ,f\r? ( ,july & election night or sold x = ro(+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,coal ,,t> ,a batt]y ( ,kopp]s by-product coke-ov5s at ! plant ( ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,company1 ,sp>r[s ,po9t1 ,m>yl&4 ,! coke is be+ pu%$ out ( "o ( ! ov5s into ! wait+ c>4 ,! vapors giv5 (f f ! coal conta9 ammonia & ! b5z5e comp\nd us$ to make dyes & explosives ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,^! ,,mix+ ,,vats ,,at ,,! ,,buffalo ,,works1 ,,anil9e ,,dyes ,,are ,,prep>$ ,b ?is same t>1 :i* = a hundr$ ye>s 0 ?r[n away & ne>ly half ( :i* is ?r[n away yet 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 turns out to be "o ( ! mo/ useful ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,x is "o ( ! /rategic po9ts 9 w> & comm]ce4 ,x w\nds & heals4 ,x supplies munitions & m$ic9es4 ,x is l ! magic purse ( ,=tunatus f :i* any?+ wi%$ = c\ld be drawn4 ,! *emi/ puts 8 h& into ! black mass & draws out all ! colors ( ! ra9b[4 ,?is evil-smell+ sub/ance beats ! rose 9 ! production ( p]fume & surpasses ! honey-comb 9 sweetness4 ,bi%op ,b]keley1 aft] hav+ prov$ t all matt] 0 9 y\r m9d1 wrote a book to prove t wood t> w\ld cure all diseases4 ,nobody reads x n[4 ,! "n is en\gh to fright5 !m (f3 ,siris3 ,a ,*a9 ( ,philosophical ,reflections & ,inquiries ,conc]n+ ! ,virtues ( ,t> ,wat]4 ,he _h a sort ( my/ical idea t t> conta9$ ! qu9tess5ce ( ! =e/1 ! purifi$ _s ( ! trees1 :i* c\ld someh[ revive ! _s ( man4 ,p said he 0 crazy on ! subject1 & d\btless he 01 b ! int]e/+ ?+ ab\t x is t n ev5 8 active & +5i\s imag9ation c\ld beg9 to sugge/ all ( ! /range ?+s t c be got out ( t>1 :e!r wood or coal4 ,! reason :y t> supplies all sorts ( useful mat]ial is because x is inde$ ! qu9tess5ce ( ! =e/1 ( ! =e/s ( untold mill5niums if x is coal t>4 ,if y are acqua9t$ ) a village t9k]1 "o ( ^? all-r\nd me*anics :o /ill survive 9 ?is age ( specialization & c m5d any?+ f a baby-c>riage to an automobile1 y w "k t he has on ! floor ( 8 back %op a heap ( brok5 ma*9]y f :i* he c get almo/ any?+ he wants1 a copp] wire1 a z9c plate1 a brass screw or a /eel rod4 ,n[ coal t> is ! scrap-heap ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x conta9s a little ( almo/ ev]y?+ t makes up trees4 ,b y mu/ n imag9e t all t comes out ( coal t> is conta9$ 9 x4 ,!re are only ab\t a doz5 prim>y products extract$ f coal t>1 b f ^! ! *emi/ is able to build up hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( new sub/ances4 ,?is is true creative *emi/ry1 = mo/ ( ^! comp\nds are n to be f\nd 9 plants & nev] exi/$ be=e !y 7 made 9 ! laboratory4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t organic comp\nds1 ! products ( vegetable & animal life1 c\ld only be produc$ by organiz$ be+s1 t !y 7 creat$ out ( inorganic matt] by ! magic t\* ( "s vital pr9ciple4 ,b s9ce ! *emi/ has le>n$ h[1 he f9ds x easi] to make organic ?an inorganic sub/ances & he is confid5t t he c reproduce any comp\nd t he c analyze4 ,he _c only imitate ! manufactur+ processes ( ! plants & animals1 b he c (t5 beat !m at _! own game4 ,:5 coal is heat$ 9 ! op5 air x is burn$ up & no?+ b ! a%es is left4 ,b heat ! coal 9 an enclos$ vessel1 say a big fireclay retort1 & x _c burn up because ! oxyg5 ( ! air _c get to x4 ,s x breaks up4 ,all p>ts ( x t c be volatiz$ at a high heat pass (f ?r\gh ! outlet pipe & no?+ is left 9 ! retort b coke1 t is c>bon ) ! a% x conta9s4 ,:5 ! escap+ vapors rea* a cool "p ( ! outlet pipe ! oily & t>ry matt] cond5ses out4 ,!n ! gas is pass$ up ?r\gh a t[] d[n :i* wat] spray is fall+ & ?us is wa%$ free f ammonia & ev]y?+ else t is soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is process is call$ de/ructive di/illation4 ,:at products come (f dep5ds n only ^u ! composition ( ! p>ticul> v>iety ( coal us$1 b ^u ! heat1 pressure & rapidity ( di/illation4 ,! way y run x dep5ds ^u :at y are mo/ anxi\s to h4 ,if y want illum9at+ gas y w leave 9 x ! b5z5e4 ,if y are aft] ! greate/ yield ( t> products1 y impov]i% ! gas by tak+ out ! b5z5e & get a blue in/ead ( a bright yell[ flame4 ,if all y are aft] is *eap coke1 y d n bo!r ab\t ! by-products1 b let !m escape & burn z !y please4 ,! t\ri/ pass+ across ! coal region at night c\ld see ?r\gh 8 c> w9d[ ! flames ( hundr$s ( old-fa%ion$ bee-hive coke-ov5s & if he 7 ( economical m9d he might reflect t ?is display ( fireworks 0 co/+ ! c\ntry #ge1jjj1jjj a ye> besides consum+ ! irreplaceable fuel supply ( ! future4 ,b s9ce ! gas 0 n ne$$ outside ( ! cities & s9ce ! coal t>1 if x c\ld be sold at all1 br\ght only a c5t or two a gallon1 h[ c\ld ! coke-mak]s be expect$ to ?r[ out _! old bee-hive ov5s & put 9 ! exp5sive retorts & t[]s necess>y to ! recov]y ( ! by-products8 ,b )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ! by-product ov5s h come into use & n[ ne>ly half our coke is made 9 !m4 ,al?\gh ! products ( de/ructive di/illation v>y )9 wide limits1 yet ! foll[+ table may s]ve to give an approximate idea ( :at may be got f a ton ( s(t coal3 #a ton ( coal may give ,gas1 #ab1jjj cubic feet ,liquor 7,wa%+s7 ammonium sulfate 7#g-be p\nds7 ,t> 7#abj p\nds7 b5z5e 7#aj-bj p\nds7 tolu5e 7#c p\nds7 xyl5e 7#a-a_/b p\nds7 ph5ol 7#a_/b p\nd7 naph?al5e 7#c_/h p\nd7 an?rac5e 7#a_/d p\nd7 pit* 7#hj p\nds7 ,coke 7#abjj-aejj p\nds7 ,:5 ! t> is r$i/ill$ we get1 among o!r ?+s1 ! t5 crudes :i* are fundam5tal mat]ial = mak+ dyes4 ,_! names are3 b5z5e1 tolu5e1 xyl5e1 ph5ol1 cresol1 naph?al5e1 an?rac5e1 me?yl an?rac5e1 ph5an?r5e & c>bazol4 ,!re6 ,i _h to introduce y to ! :ole receiv+ l9e1 b n[ t t c]emony is ov] we are at lib]ty to d z we d at a reception1 meet our old fri5ds1 get acqua9t$ ) "o or two m & turn our backs on ! re/4 ,two ( !m1 ,i am sure1 y've met be=e1 ph5ol1 :i* is common c>bolic acid1 & naph?al5e1 :i* we use = mo?balls4 ,b notice "o ?+ 9 pass+1 t n "o ( !m is a dye4 ,!y are all colorless liquids or :ite solids4 ,also !y all h an indescribable odor--all odors t y don't "k are indescribable--:i* gives !m & _! prog5y1 ev5 :5 odorless1 ! "n ( aromatic comp\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,diagram ( ! products obta9$ f coal & "s ( _! uses4 ,! mo/ important ( ! t5 because he is ! fa!r ( ! family is b5z5e1 o!rwise call$ b5zol1 b mu/ n be confus$ ) b5z9e spell$ ) an i :i* we us$ to burn & clean our clo!s )4 ,b5z9e is a k9d ( gasol9e1 b b5z5e alias b5zol has q ano!r con/itution1 al?\gh x looks & burns ! same4 ,n[ ! se>* = ! con/itution ( b5z5e is "o ( ! mo/ excit+ *apt]s 9 *emi/ry2 also "o ( ! mo/ intricate *apt]s1 b1 9 spite ( t1 ,i believe ,i c make ! ma9 po9t ( x cle> ev5 to ^? :o h nev] /udi$ *emi/ry--provid$ !y reta9 _! *ildi% lik+ = puzzles4 ,x is really mu* l putt+ toge!r ! old six-block ,*9ese puzzle4 ,! *emi/ c "w bett] if he has a picture ( :at he is work+ )4 ,n[ 8 unit is ! molecule1 :i* is too small ev5 to analyze ) ! microscope1 no matt] h[ high p[]$4 ,s he makes up a sort ( diagram ( ! molecule1 & s9ce he kn[s ! numb] ( atoms & t !y are someh[ atta*$ to "o ano!r1 he repres5ts ea* atom by ! fir/ lett] ( its "n & ! po9ts ( atta*m5t or bonds by /raight l9es connect+ ! atoms ( ! diff]5t elem5ts4 ,n[ x is "o ( ! rules ( ! game t all ! bonds mu/ be connect$ or hook$ up ) atoms at bo? ends1 t !re %all be no free h&s rea*+ out into empty space4 ,c>bon1 = in/ance1 has f\r bonds & hydrog5 only "o4 ,!y unite1 !re=e1 9 ! proportion ( "o atom ( c>bon to f\r ( hydrog51 or ,,*#d1 :i* is me?ane or m>% gas & obvi\sly ! simple/ ( ! hydroc>bons4 ,b we h m complex hydroc>bons su* z ,c#f;,h#ad1 kn[n z hexane4 ,n[ if y try to draw ! diagrams or /ructural =mulas ( ^! two comp\nds y w easily get ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h-,c-,h ,h-,c-,c-,c-,c-,c-,c-,h ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h me?ane hexane ,ea* c>bon atom1 y see1 has its f\r h&s out/ret*$ & duly grasp$ by "o-h&$ hydrog5 atoms or by neighbor+ c>bon atoms 9 ! *a94 ,we c h su* *a9s z long z y please1 ?irty or m 9 a *a92 !y are all conta9$ 9 k]os5e & p>aff94 ,s f> ! *emi/ f\nd x ea/ to con/ruct diagrams t w\ld satisfy 8 s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s1 b :5 he f\nd t b5z5e _h ! compo/ion ,c#f;,h#f he 0 puzzl$4 ,if y try to draw ! picture ( ,c#f;,h#f y w get some?+ l ?is3 -,c-,c-,c-,c-,c-,c- ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h :i* is an absurdity because m ?an half ( ! c>bon h&s are wav+ wildly ar\nd ask+ to be held by some?+4 ,b5z5e1 ,c#f;,h#f1 evid5tly is l hexane1 ,c#f;,h#ad1 9 hav+ a *a9 ( six c>bon atoms1 b x has dropp$ its ,h's l an ,engli%man4 ,eight ( ! ,h's are miss+4 ,n[ "o ( ! m5 :o 0 worri$ ov] ?is b5z5e puzzle 0 ! ,g]man *emi/1 ,kekul4 ,"o ev5+ aft] work+ ov] ! problem all day he 0 sitt+ by ! fire try+ to re/1 b he c\ld n ?r[ x (f 8 m9d4 ,! c>bon & ! hydrog5 atoms danc$ l imps on ! c>pet & z he wat*$ !m ?r\gh 8 half-clos$ eyes he sudd5ly saw t ! *a9 ( six c>bon atoms _h jo9$ at ! ends & =m$ a r+ :ile ! six hydrog5 atoms 7 hold+ on to ! outside h&s1 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,h ,c _/ ,h-,c ,c-,h ,h-,c ,c-,h _/_/ ,c ,h ,pr(essor ,kekul saw at once t ! demons ( 8 subconsci\s self _h furni%$ him ) a clue to ! labyr9?1 & s x prov$4 ,we ne$ n suppose t ! b5z5e molecule if we c\ld see x w\ld look any?+ l ?is diagram ( x1 b ! !ory works & t is all ! sci5ti/ asks ( any !ory4 ,by its use ?\s&s ( new comp\nds h be5 con/ruct$ :i* h prov$ ( ine/imable value to man4 ,! mod]n *emi/ is n a discov]]1 he is an inv5tor4 ,he sits d[n at 8 desk & draws a ,kekul r+ or r hexagon4 ,!n he rubs out an ,h & hooks a nitro gr\p 7,,no#b7 on to ! c>bon 9 place ( x2 next he rubs out ! ,o#b ( ! nitro gr\p & puts 9 ,h#b2 !n he hit*es on su* o!r elem5ts1 or c>bon *a9s & r+s z he likes4 ,he works l an ar*itect design+ a h\se & :5 he gets a picture ( ! propos$ comp\nds to suit him he goes into ! laboratory to make x4 ,fir/ he takes d[n ! bottle ( b5z5e & boils up "s ( ?is ) nitric acid & sulfuric acid4 ,?is he puts 9 ! nitro gr\p & makes nitro-b5z5e1 ,c#f;,h#e,,no#b4 ,he treats ?is ) hydrog51 :i* displaces ! oxyg5 & gives ,c#f;,h#e,,nh#b or anil9e1 :i* is ! basis ( s _m ( ^! comp\nds t !y are all commonly call$ ! anil9e dyes4 ,b anil9e itself is n a dye4 ,x is a colorless or br[ni% oil4 ,x is n necess>y to foll[ our *emi/ any f>!r n[ t we h se5 h[ he works1 b be=e we pass on we w j look at "o ( 8 products1 n "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ b /ill complicat$ en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,a molecule ( a coal-t> dye ,! "n ( ?is is sodium ditolyl-disazo-beta-naph?ylam9e- #f-sulfonic-beta-naph?ylam9e-#c4f-;disul fonate4 ,^! *emical names ( organic comp\nds are disc\rag+ to ! beg9n] & amus+ to ! layman1 b t is because nei!r ( !m realizes t !y are n really words b =mulas4 ,!y are hyph5at$ because !y come f ,g]many4 ,! "n giv5 above is no m ( a m\?ful ?an a-squ>e-plus-two-a-b-plus-b-squ>e or ,?ird ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,w> to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! trade "n ( ?is dye is ,brilliant ,congo1 b :ile t is h&i] to say x does n mean any?+4 ,nobody b an exp]t 9 dyes w\ld "k :at x 01 :ile f ! =mula "n any *emi/ famili> ) su* comp\nds c\ld draw its picture1 tell h[ x w\ld behave & :at x 0 made f1 or ev5 make x4 ,! old al*emi/ 0 a secretive & pret5ti\s p]son & us$ to inv5t que] names = ! purpose ( my/ify+ & aw+ ! ignorant4 ,b ! *emi/ 9 dropp+ ! al- has dropp$ ! idea ( secrecy & 8 names1 ?\gh equally appall+ to ! layman1 are design$ to reveal & n to conceal4 ,f ?is brief explanation ! read] :o has n /udi$ *emi/ry w1 ,i ?9k1 be able to get "s idea ( h[ ^! v intricate comp\nds are built up /ep by /ep4 ,a complet$ h\se is h>d to und]/&1 b :5 we see ! mason lay+ "o brick on top ( ano!r x does n seem s difficult1 al?\gh if we tri$ to d x we %\ld n f9d x s easy z we ?9k4 ,anyh[1 let me give y a h9t4 ,if y want to make a good impression on a *emi/ don't tell him t he seems to y a sort ( magician1 ma/] ( a black art1 & all t nons5se4 ,! *emi/ has be5 try+ = ?ree hundr$ ye>s to live d[n ! reputation ( be+ inspir$ ( ! devil & x makes him mad to h 8 pa/ ?r[n up at him 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,if 8 tactless admir]s w\ld /op say+ x is all a my/]y & a miracle to me1 & ,i _c und]/& x & pay att5tion to :at he is tell+ !m !y w\ld und]/& x & w\ld f9d t x is no m ( a my/]y or a miracle ?an any?+ else4 ,y c make an electrician mad 9 ! same way by int]rupt+ 8 explanation ( a dynamo by ask+3 ,b y _c tell me :at electricity really is4 ,! electrician does n c>e a rap :at electricity really is--if !re really is any mean+ to t phrase4 ,all he wants to "k is :at he c d ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,coal ,,& ,,its ,,di/illation ,,products ,f ,hesse's ,! ,indu/ry ( ! ,coal ,t> ,dyes1 ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,decemb]1 #aiad ,! t> obta9$ f ! gas plant or ! coke plant has n[ to be r$i/ill$1 giv+ (f ! t5 crudes already m5tion$ & leav+ 9 ! /ill sixty-five p] c5t4 ( pit*1 :i* may be us$ = ro(+1 pav+ & ! l4 ,! t5 prim>y products or crudes are !n conv]t$ into second>y products or int]m$iates by processes l t = ! conv]sion ( b5z5e into anil9e4 ,!re are "s ?ree hundr$ ( ^! int]m$iates 9 use & f !m are built up m ?an ?ree times z _m dyes4 ,! ye> be=e ! w> ! ,am]ican cu/om h\se li/$ #efgd di/9ct br&s ( syn!tic dyes import$1 *iefly f ,g]many1 b "s ( ^! 7 trade names = ! same product made by diff]5t firms or repres5t$ by diff]5t degrees ( purity or =m ( prep>ation4 ,al?\gh ! numb] ( possible products is unlimit$ & ov] five ?\s& dyes are kn[n1 yet only ab\t n9e hundr$ are 9 use4 ,we c summ>ize ! situation s3 ,coal-t> -- #aj crudes -- #cjj int]m$iates -- #ijj dyes -- #ejjj br&s4 ,or1 to borr[ ! neat simile us$ by ,dr4 ,b]nh>d ,c4 ,hesse1 x is l clo?-mak+ :]e t5 fib]s make #cjj y>ns :i* are wov5 into #ijj patt]ns4 ,! advantage ( ! artificial dye/uffs ov] ^? f\nd 9 nature lies 9 _! v>iety & adaptability4 ,practically any desir$ t9t or %ade c be made = any p>ticul> fabric4 ,if my lady wants a new k9d ( gre5 = h] /ock+s or h] hair %e c h x4 ,c&ies & jellies & dr9ks c be made m attractive & !re=e m appetiz+ by v>i$ colors4 ,ea/] eggs & ,ea/] bonnets take on new & bright] hues4 ,m & m ! *emi/ is becom+ ! ar*itect ( 8 own =tunes4 ,he does n make discov]ies by pick+ up a beak] & p\r+ into x a little f ea* bottle on ! %elf to see :at happ5s4 ,he g5]ally kn[s :at he is aft]1 & he g5]ally gets x1 al?\gh he is /ill (t5 baffl$ & occasionally happ5s on some?+ q unexpect$ & p]haps m valuable ?an :at he 0 look+ =4 ,columbus 0 look+ = ,india :5 he ran into an ob/acle t prov$ to be ,am]ica4 ,william ,h5ry ,p]k9 0 look+ = qu99e :5 he blund]$ into t ri* & undiscov]$ c\ntry1 ! anil9e dyes4 ,william ,h5ry 0 a que] boy4 ,he _h r li/5 to a *emi/ry lecture ?an eat4 ,:5 he 0 att5d+ ! ,city ( ,london ,s*ool at ! age ( ?irte5 !re 0 an extra c\rse ( lectures on *emi/ry giv5 at ! noon recess1 s he skipp$ 8 lun* to take !m 94 ,he>+ t a ,g]man *emi/ nam$ ,h(mann _h op5$ a laboratory 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,london he head$ = t4 ,h(mann obvi\sly _h no fe> ( =c+ ! "y intellect prematurely4 ,he p]haps _h nev] he>d t ! t5d] petals ( ! adolesc5t m9d mu/ be all[$ to op5 sl[ly4 ,he admitt$ "y ,p]k9 at ! age ( fifte5 & />t$ him on rese>* at ! end ( 8 second ye>4 ,an ,am]ican /ud5t n[adays ?9ks he is lucky if he gets />t$ on 8 rese>* five ye>s old] ?an ,p]k94 ,n[ if ,h(mann _h /udi$ p$agogical psy*ology he w\ld h be5 in=m$ t no?+ *ills ! ardor ( ! adolesc5t m9d l be+ set at tasks too great = its p[]s4 ,if he _h he>d ?is & believ$ x1 he w\ld n h all[$ ,p]k9 to sp5d two ye>s 9 fruitless endeavors to isolate ph5an?r5e f coal t> & to prep>e artificial qu99e--& 9 t case ,p]k9 w\ld nev] h discov]$ ! anil9e dyes4 ,b ,p]k91 s f> f be+ disc\rag$1 set up a private laboratory s he c\ld "w ov]-"t4 ,:ile work+ "h dur+ ! ,ea/] vacation ( #ahef--! date is z well wor? rememb]+ z #ajff--;he 0 oxidiz+ "s anil9e oil :5 he got :at *emi/s mo/ dete/1 a black1 t>ry mass in/ead ( nice1 clean cry/als4 ,:5 he w5t to wa% ?is out ) alcohol he 0 surpris$ to f9d t x gave a beautiful purple solution4 ,?is 0 mauve1 ! fir/ ( ! anil9e dyes4 ,! funny ?+ ab\t x 0 t :5 ,p]k9 tri$ to repeat ! exp]im5t ) pur] anil9e he c\ld n get 8 color4 ,x 0 because he 0 work+ ) impure *emicals1 ) anil9e conta9+ a little toluid9e1 t he discov]$ mauve4 ,x 01 z ,i said1 a lucky accid5t4 ,b x 0 n accid5tal t ! accid5t happ5$ to ! "y fell[ :o sp5t 8 noon+s & vacations at ! /udy ( *emi/ry4 ,a man may n f9d :at he is look+ =1 b he nev] f9ds any?+ unless he is look+ = some?+4 ,mauve 0 a product ( creative *emi/ry1 = x 0 a sub/ance t _h nev] exi/$ be=e4 ,p]k9's next great triumph1 t5 ye>s lat]1 0 9 rival+ ,nature 9 ! manufacture ( "o ( h] own *oice products4 ,?is is aliz>91 ! color+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! madd] root4 ,x 0 an anci5t & ori5tal dye/uff1 kn[n z ,turkey r$ or by its ,arabic "n ( aliz>i4 ,:5 madd] 0 introduc$ into ,france x became a pr(itable crop & at "o "t half a million tons a ye> 7 rais$4 ,a c\ple ( ,fr5* *emi/s1 ,robiquet & ,col91 extract$ f madd] its active pr9ciple1 aliz>91 9 #ahbh1 b x 0 n until =ty ye>s lat] t x 0 discov]$ t aliz>9 _h = its base "o ( ! coal-t> products1 an?rac5e4 ,!n came a neck-&-neck race betwe5 ,p]k9 & 8 ,g]man rivals to see :i* c\ld discov] a *eap process = mak+ aliz>9 f an?rac5e4 ,! ,g]man *emi/s beat him to ! pat5t (fice by "o day6 ,graebe & ,lieb]mann fil$ _! application = a pat5t on ! sulfuric acid process z ,no4 #aicf on ,june #be1 #ahfi4 ,p]k9 fil$ 8 = ! same process z ,no4 #aidh on ,june #bf4 ,x _h requir$ tw5ty ye>s to det]m9e ! con/itution ( aliz>91 b )9 six mon?s f its fir/ syn!sis ! comm]cial process 0 develop$ & )9 a few ye>s ! sale ( artificial aliz>9 rea*$ #h1jjj1jjj annually4 ,! madd] fields ( ,france 7 put to o!r uses & ev5 ! ,fr5* soldi]s became dep5d5t on made-9-,g]many dyes = _! r$ tr\s]s4 ,! ,briti% soldi]s 7 plac$ 9 a simil> situation z reg>ds _! r$ coats :5 aft] #ahgh ! azo sc>lets put ! co*9eal bug out ( bus9ess4 ,! mod]n *emi/ has robb$ royalty ( its mo/ di/9ctive insignia1 ,tyrian purple4 ,9 anci5t times to be porphyrog5e1 t is born to ! purple1 0 l admission to ! ,almana* de ,go?a at ! pres5t "t1 = only pr9ces or _! weal?y rivals c\ld af=d to pay #fjj a p\nd = crimson$ l954 ,! preci\s dye is secret$ by a snail-l %ellfi% ( ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,f a t9y sac beh9d ! head a drop ( ?ick :iti% liquid1 smell+ l g>lic1 c be extract$4 ,if ?is is spread ^u clo? ( any k9d & expos$ to air & sunlight x turns fir/ gre51 next blue & !n purple4 ,if ! clo? is wa%$ ) soap--t is1 set by alkali--x becomes a fa/ crimson1 su* z ,ca?olic c>d9als /ill we> z pr9ces ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,pho5ician m]*ants made =tunes out ( _! monopoly1 b aft] ! fall ( ,tyre x became "o ( ! lo/ arts--& accord+ly consid]$ by ^? ^: faces are set t[>d ! pa/ z mu* m wond]ful ?an any ( ! new arts4 ,b 9 #aiji ,fri$l&] put an end to ! sup]/ition by analyz+ ,tyrian purple & f9d+ t x 0 already kn[n4 ,x 0 ! same z a dye t _h be5 prep>$ five ye>s be=e by ,sa*s b _h n come into comm]cial use because ( its inf]iority to o!rs 9 ! m>ket4 ,x requir$ #ab1jjj ( ! mollusks to supply ! little mat]ial ne$$ = analysis1 b once ! *emi/ _h id5tifi$ x he did n ne$ to bo!r ! ,murex fur!r1 = he c\ld make x by ! ton if he _h want$ to4 ,! color+ pr9ciple turn$ out to be a di-brom indigo1 t is ! same z ! sub/ance extract$ f ! ,indian plant1 b ) ! addition ( two atoms ( brom9e4 ,:y a p>ticul> k9d ( a %ellfi% %\ld h got ! habit ( extract+ ?is r>e elem5t f sea wat] & /[+ x away 9 ?is peculi> =m is "o ( ^? ?+s no fell[ c f9d out4 ,b accord+ to ! *emi/ ! ,murex mollusk made a mi/ake 9 hit*+ ! brom9e to ! wrong c>bon atoms4 ,he f9ds z he w\ld ^w x t ! #f3f' di-brom indigo secret$ by ! %ellfi% is n s good z ! #e3e' di-brom indigo n[ manufactur$ at a *eap rate & 9 unlimit$ quantity4 ,b we mu/ n expect too mu* ( a mollusk's m9d4 ,9 _! *eapness lies ! (f5se ( ! anil9e dyes 9 ! m9ds ( "s p4 ,our mod]n ari/ocrats w\ld delight to be entitl$ porphyrog5iti & to we> exclusive g[ns ( purple & sc>let f ! isles ( ,eli%ah z 0 done 9 ,ezekiel's "t1 b :5 any %opgirl or sailor c we> ! royal color x spoils its beauty 9 _! eyes4 ,appli$ sci5ce accompli%es a real democracy su* z legislation has ev] fail$ to e/abli%4 ,any k9d ( dye f\nd 9 nature c be made 9 ! laboratory :5ev] its composition is und]/ood & usually x c be made *eap] & pur] ?an x c be extract$ f ! plant4 ,b to "w out a pr(itable process = mak+ x syn!tically is sometimes a task requir+ high skill1 p]si/5t labor & heavy exp5diture4 ,"o ( ! late/ & mo/ /rik+ ( ^! a*ievem5ts ( syn!tic *emi/ry is ! manufacture ( indigo4 ,indigo is "o ( ! olde/ & fa/e/ ( ! dye/uffs4 ,to see t x is bo? anci5t & la/+ look at ! unfad$ blue clo?s t enwrap an ,egyptian mummy4 ,:5 ,caes> conqu]$ our ,briti% ance/ors he f\nd !m tattoo$ ) woad1 ! native indigo4 ,b ! *ief s\rce ( indigo 01 z its "n implies1 ,india4 ,9 #ahig ne>ly a million acres 9 ,india 7 gr[+ ! indigo plant & ! annual value ( ! crop 0 #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,!n ! fall began & by #aiad ,india 0 produc+ only #cjj1jjj wor?6 ,:at _h happ5$ to de/roy ?is pr(itable indu/ry8 ,"s blight or insect8 ,no1 x 0 simply t ! ,badis*e ,anil9-und-,soda ,fabrik _h work$ out a practical process = mak+ artificial indigo4 ,t indigo on break+ up gave (f anil9e 0 discov]$ z e>ly z #ahdj4 ,9 fact t 0 h[ anil9e got its "n1 = :5 ,fritzs*e di/ill$ indigo ) cau/ic soda he call$ ! colorless di/illate anil9e1 f ! ,arabic "n = indigo1 anil or al-nil1 t is1 ! blue-/uff4 ,b h[ to rev]se ! process & get indigo f anil9e puzzl$ *emi/s = m ?an =ty ye>s until f9ally x 0 solv$ by ,adolf von ,baey] ( ,muni*1 :o di$ 9 #aiag at ! age ( eighty-f\r4 ,he work$ on ! problem ( ! con/itution ( indigo = fifte5 ye>s & discov]$ sev]al ways ( mak+ x4 ,x is possible to />t f b5z5e1 tolu5e or naph?al5e4 ,! fir/ process 0 ! easie/1 b if y w ref] to ! products ( ! di/illation ( t> y w f9d t ! am\nt ( tolu5e produc$ is less ?an ! naph?al5e1 :i* is h>d to dispose (4 ,t is1 if a dye factory _h work$ out a process = mak+ indigo f tolu5e x w\ld n be practicable because !re 0 n en\gh tolu5e produc$ to supply ! dem& = indigo4 ,s ! m complicat$ nap?al5e process 0 *os5 9 pref]5ce to ! o!rs 9 ord] to utilize ?is by-product4 ,! ,badis*e ,anil9-und-,soda ,fabrik sp5t #e1jjj1jjj & sev5te5 ye>s 9 *emical rese>* be=e !y c\ld make indigo1 b !y ga9$ a monopoly 7or1 to be exact1 n9ety-six p] c5t47 ( ! _w's production4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago indigo co/ z mu* z #d a p\nd4 ,9 #aiad we 7 pay+ fifte5 c5ts a p\nd = x4 ,ev5 ! paup] labor ( ,india c\ld n compete ) ! ,g]man *emi/s at t price4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ,g]many 0 pay+ m ?an #c1jjj1jjj a ye> = indigo4 ,f\rte5 ye>s lat] ,g]many 0 sell+ indigo to ! am\nt ( #ab1fjj1jjj4 ,besides its *eapness1 artificial indigo is pref]able because x is ( uni=m quality & great] purity4 ,vegetable indigo conta9s f =ty to eighty p] c5t4 ( impurities1 among !m v>i\s o!r t9ctorial sub/ances4 ,artificial indigo is made pure & ( any desir$ /r5g?1 s ! dy]s c dep5d on x4 ,! value ( ! anil9e colors lies 9 _! inf9ite v>iety4 ,"s are fa/1 "s w fade1 "s w /& we> & wea!r z long z ! fabric1 "s w wa% out on ! spot4 ,dyes c be made t w atta* !mselves to wool1 to silk or to cotton1 & give x any %ade ( any color4 ,! p]iod ( discov]y by accid5t has long gone by4 ,! *emi/ n[adays decides fir/ j :at k9d ( a dye he wants1 & !n goes to "w sy/ematically to make x4 ,he beg9s by draw+ a diagram ( ! molecule1 d\ble-l9k+ nitrog5 or c>bon & oxyg5 atoms to give ! requir$ int5sity1 putt+ 9 acid or basic radicals to fa/5 x to ! fib]1 %ift+ ! color back & =? along ! spectrum at w by introduc+ me?yl gr\ps1 until he gets x j to 8 lik+4 ,art c g ahead ( nature 9 ! dye/uff bus9ess4 ,be=e man f\nd t he c\ld make all ! dyes he want$ f ! t> he _h be5 burn+ up at home he se>*$ ! wide _w ov] to f9d colors by :i* he c\ld make himself--or 8 wife--g>m5ts z beautiful z ^? t array$ ! fl[]1 ! bird & ! butt]fly4 ,he s5t div]s d[n into ! ,m$it]ranean to rob ! murex ( 8 purple4 ,he s5t %ips to ! new _w to get ,brazil wood & to ! olde/ _w = indigo4 ,he robb$ ! lady co*9eal ( h] sc>let coat4 ,:y ^! peculi> sub/ances 7 =m$ only by ^! p>ticul> plants1 mussels & insects x is h>d to und]/&4 ,i don't "k t ,mrs4 ,cacti ,coccus d]iv$ any b5efit f h] sc>let uni=m :5 khaki w\ld be saf]1 & ,i c't imag9e t to a %ellfi% x 0 ( advantage to turn r$ z x rots or to an indigo plant t its leaves 9 decompos+ %\ld turn blue4 ,b anyh[1 x 0 man t took advantage ( !m until he le>n$ h[ to make 8 own dye/uffs4 ,our indep5d5t ance/ors got along s f> z possible ) :at grew 9 ! neighborhood4 ,sweetapple b>k gave a f9e saffron yell[4 ,ribbons 7 giv5 ! hue ( ! rose by poke b]ry juice4 ,! ,conf$]ates 9 _! butt]nut-color$ uni=m 7 almo/ z invisible z if 9 khaki or feldgrau4 ,madd] 0 cultivat$ 9 ! kit*5 g>d54 ,only logwood f ,jamaica & indigo f ,india _h to be import$4 ,t we are n s indep5d5t today is our own fault1 = we wa/e en\gh coal t> to supply ourselves & o!r c\ntries ) all ! new dyes ne$$4 ,x is ess5tially a "q ( economy & organization4 ,we h =gott5 h[ to economize1 b we h le>n$ h[ to organize4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t gave ! discov]] ( mauve a title1 b x did n give him any support 9 8 endeavors to develop ! indu/ry1 al?\gh ,engl& l$ ! _w 9 textiles & ne$$ m dyes ?an any o!r c\ntry4 ,s 9 #ahgd ,sir ,william ,p]k9 rel9qui%$ ! attempt to manufacture ! dyes he _h discov]$ because1 z he said1 ,ox=d & ,cambridge refus$ to educate *emi/s or to c>ry on rese>*4 ,_! /ud5ts1 tra9$ 9 ! classics = ! pr(ession ( be+ a g5tleman1 %[$ a decid$ repugnance to ! laboratory on acc\nt ( its bad smells4 ,s :5 ,h(mann w5t home he virtually took ! infant indu/ry along ) him to ,g]many1 :]e ,ph4,d4's 7 *eap & pl5tiful & n afraid ( bad smells4 ,!re ! bus9ess ?rove amaz+ly1 & by #aiad ! ,g]mans 7 manufactur+ m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( all ! coal-t> products ( ! _w & supply+ mat]ial = mo/ ( ! re/4 ,! ,briti% curs$ ! univ]sities = ?us imp]il+ ! nation ?r\gh _! n>r[ness & neglect2 b ?is accusation1 ?\gh natural1 0 n altoge!r fair1 = at lea/ half ! blame %\ld g to ! ,briti% dy]1 :o did n c>e :]e 8 colors came f1 s long z !y 7 *eap4 ,:5 f9ally ! univ]sities did turn ov] a new leaf & began to educate *emi/s1 ! manufactur]s w\ld n employ !m4 ,be=e ! w> six ,engli% factories produc+ dye/uffs employ$ only #ce *emi/s altoge!r1 :ile "o ,g]man color works1 ! ,h*/] ,f>bw]ke1 employ$ #cjg exp]t *emi/s & #gd te*nologi/s4 ,?is firm unit$ ) ! six o!r lead+ dye companies ( ,g]many on ,janu>y #a1 #aiaf1 to =m a tru/ to la/ = fifty ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t !y w ma9ta9 uni=m prices & uni=m wage scales & h\rs ( labor1 & ex*ange pat5ts & secrets4 ,!y w divide ! =eign bus9ess pro rata & %>e ! pr(its4 ,! ,g]man *emical works made big pr(its dur+ ! w>1 mo/ly f munitions & m$ic9es1 & w be1 ?r\gh ?is new comb9ation1 9 a /rong] position ?an ev] to pu% ! export trade4 ,z a consequ5ce ( lett+ ! dye bus9ess get away f h]1 ,engl& f\nd h]self 9 a fix :5 w> broke out4 ,%e did n h dyes = h] uni=ms & flags1 & %e did n h drugs = h] w\nd$4 ,%e c\ld n take advantage ( ! blockade to capture ! ,g]man trade 9 ,asia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 because %e c\ld n color h] textiles4 ,a blue cotton dye/uff t sold be=e ! w> at sixty c5ts a p\nd1 br\ght #cd a p\nd4 ,a bright p9k rhodam9e =m]ly quot$ at a doll> a p\nd jump$ to #dh4 ,:5 "o keg ( dye ord9>ily wor? #ae 0 put up at =c$ auction sale 9 #aiae x 0 knock$ d[n at #aejj4 ,! ,highl&]s c\ld n get ! colors = _! kilts until "s ,g]man dyes 7 smuggl$ into ,engl&4 ,! textile indu/ries ( ,great ,brita91 t br\ght 9 a billion doll>s a ye> & employ$ "o & a half million work]s1 7 crippl$ = lack ( dyes4 ,! dem& = high explosives f ! front c\ld n be met because ^! also are l>gely coal-t> products4 ,picric acid is bo? a dye & an explosive4 ,x is made f c>bolic acid & ! fam\s tr9itrotolu5e is made f tolu5e1 bo? ( :i* y w f9d 9 ! li/ ( ! t5 fundam5tal crudes4 ,bo? ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates realiz$ ! dang] ( all[+ ,g]many to recov] h] =m] monopoly1 & bo? h %[n a read9ess to ca/ ov]bo>d _! traditional policies to meet ?is em]g5cy4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t has discov]$ t a c\ntry )\t a t>iff is a l& )\t walls4 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t has discov]$ t an indu/ry is n b5efit$ by be+ cut up into small pieces4 ,bo? gov]nm5ts are n[ do+ all !y c to build up big conc]ns & to provide !m ) protection4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t assi/$ 9 ! =mation ( a national company = ! manufacture ( syn!tic dyes by tak+ "o-six? ( ! /ock & provid+ #ejj1jjj = a rese>* laboratory4 ,b ?is ef=t is n[ report$ to be a great failure because ! ,gov]nm5t put x 9 *>ge ( ! politicians in/ead ( ! *emi/s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 l ,engl&1 _h become dep5d5t ^u ,g]many = its dye/uffs4 ,we import$ n9e-t5?s ( :at we us$ & mo/ ( ^? t 7 produc$ "h 7 made f import$ int]m$iates4 ,:5 ! w> broke out !re 7 only sev5 firms & #ebh p]sons employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( dyes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,s*oelkopf ,anil9e & ,*emical ,works1 ( ,buffalo1 des]ves m5tion1 = x _h /uck x out ev] s9ce #ahgi1 & 9 #aiad 0 mak+ #ajf dyes4 ,9 ,june1 #aiag1 ?is firm1 ) ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,bureau ( ,=eign & ,dome/ic ,comm]ce1 jo9$ ) "s ( ! o!r ,am]ican produc]s to =m a trade comb9ation1 ! ,national ,anil9e & ,*emical ,company4 ,! ,du ,pont ,company also ent]$ ! field on an ext5sive scale & soon !re 7 #aah conc]ns engag$ 9 x ) great pr(it4 ,dur+ ! w> #bjj1jjj1jjj 0 inve/$ 9 ! dome/ic dye/uff indu/ry4 ,to protect ?is indu/ry ,congress put on a specific duty ( five c5ts a p\nd & an ad valorem duty ( #cj p] c5t4 on import$ dye/uffs2 b if1 aft] five ye>s1 ,am]ican manufactur]s are n produc+ #fj p] c5t4 9 value ( ! dome/ic consumption1 ! protection is to be remov$4 ,= "s reason1 n cle>ly und]/ood & !re=e hotly discuss$1 ,congress at ! la/ mom5t /ruck (f ! specific duty f two ( ! mo/ important ( ! dye/uffs1 indigo & aliz>91 z well z f all m$ic9als & flavors4 ,! manufacture ( dyes is n a big bus9ess1 b x is a /rategic bus9ess4 ,heligol& is n a big isl&1 b ,engl& w\ld h be5 glad to buy x back dur+ ! w> at a high price p] squ>e y>d4 ,am]ican indu/ries employ+ ov] two million m5 & wom5 & produc+ ov] ?ree billion doll>s' wor? ( products a ye> are dep5d5t ^u dyes4 ,*ief ( ^! is ( c\rse textiles1 us+ m ?an half ! dyes2 next come lea!r1 pap]1 pa9t & ink4 ,we h be5 import+ m ?an #ab1jjj1jjj wor? ( coal-t> products a ye>1 b ! cottonse$ oil we export$ 9 #aiab w\ld alone suffice to pay t bill twice ov]4 ,b al?\gh ! manufacture ( dyes _c be call$ a big bus9ess1 9 comp>ison ) "s o!rs1 x is a pay+ bus9ess :5 well manag$4 ,! ,g]man conc]ns paid on an av]age #bb p] c5t4 divid5ds on _! capital & sometimes z high z #ej p] c5t4 ,mo/ ( ! /&>d dyes h be5 s long 9 use t ! pat5ts are (f & ! processes are well en\gh kn[n4 ,we h ! coal t> & we h ! *emi/s1 s !re seems no good reason :y we %\ld n make our own dyes1 at lea/ en\gh ( !m s we w n be caught napp+ z we 7 9 #aiad4 ,x 0 decid$ly humiliat+ = our ,gov]nm5t to h to beg ,g]many to sell u en\gh colors to pr9t our /amps & gre5backs & !n h to beg ,great ,brita9 = p]mission to br+ !m ov] by ,dut* %ips4 ,! raw mat]ial = ! production ( coal-t> products we h 9 abundance if we w only take ! tr\ble to save x4 ,9 #aiad ! crude light oil collect$ f ! coke-ov5s w\ld h produc$ only ab\t #d1ejj1jjj gallons ( b5zol & #a1ejj1jjj gallons ( toluol1 b 9 #aiag ?is output 0 rais$ to #dj1bjj1jjj gallons ( b5zol & #aj1bjj1jjj ( toluol4 ,! toluol 0 us$ mo/ly 9 ! manufacture ( tr9itrotoluol = use 9 ,europe4 ,:5 ! w> broke out 9 #aiad x %ut (f our supply ( ph5ol 7c>bolic acid7 = :i* we 7 dep5d5t ^u =eign s\rces4 ,?is ?reat5$ n only to afflict u ) heada*es by depriv+ u ( aspir9 b also to remov$ ! consolation ( music1 = ph5ol is us$ 9 mak+ phonographic records4 ,mr4 ,edison ) 8 accu/om$ en]gy put up a factory )9 a few weeks = ! manufacture ( syn!tic ph5ol4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> ! ne$ = ph5ol became yet m imp]ative1 = x 0 ne$$ to make picric acid = fill+ bombs4 ,?is dem& 0 met1 & 9 #aiag !re 7 fifte5 new plants turn+ out #fd1adf1dii p\nds ( ph5ol valu$ at #bc1gai1hje4 ,"s ( ! coal-t> products1 z we see1 s]ve _m purposes4 ,= in/ance1 picric acid appe>s 9 ?ree places 9 ?is book4 ,x is a high explosive4 ,x is a p[]ful & p]man5t yell[ dye z any "o :o has t\*$ x kn[s4 ,?irdly x is us$ z an antiseptic to cov] burn$ sk94 ,o!r coal-t> dyes are us$ = ! same purpose1 mala*ite gre51 brilliant gre51 cry/al violet1 e?yl violet & ,victoria blue1 s a pati5t 9 a milit>y hospital is decorat$ l an ,ea/] egg4 ,dur+ ! la/ five ye>s surgeons h un=tunately _h unprec$5t$ opportunities = ! /udy ( w\nds & =tunately !y h be5 unprec$5t$ly successful 9 f9d+ improv$ me?ods ( treat+ !m4 ,9 =m] w>s a s]i\s w\nd meant usually dea? or amputation4 ,n[ ne>ly n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! w\nd$ are able to cont9ue 9 ! s]vice4 ,! reason = ?is improvem5t is t m$ic9es are n[ be+ made to ord] in/ead ( be+ ga!r$ f ,*9a to ,p]u4 ,! old h]b doctor pick$ up any /range plant t he c\ld f9d & tri$ x on any sick man t w\ld let him4 ,?is empirical me?od1 ?\gh h>d on ! pati5ts1 result$ 9 ! c\rse ( five ?\s& ye>s 9 ! discov]y ( a numb] ( useful rem$ies4 ,b ! mod]n m$ic9e man :5 he kn[s ! cause ( ! disease is usually able to devise ways ( c\nt]act+ x directly4 ,= in/ance1 he kn[s1 ?anks to ,pa/eur & ,met*nik(f1 t ! cause ( w\nd infection is ! bact]ial enemies ( man :i* sw>m by ! million into any brea* 9 8 protective armor1 ! sk94 ,n[ :5 a brea* is made 9 a l9e ( intr5*m5ts ! def5d]s ru% troops to ! ?reat5$ spot = two purposes1 con/ructive & de/ructive1 eng9e]s & w>riors1 ! =m] to build up ! ramp>t ) s&bags1 ! latt] to kill ! enemy4 ,s :5 ! human body is invad$ ! blood br+s to ! brea* two k9ds ( def5d]s4 ,"o is ! s]um :i* neutralizes ! bact]ial poison & by coagulat+ =ms a new sk9 or scab ov] ! expos$ fle%4 ,! o!r is ! phagocytes or :ite corpuscles1 ! free lances ( our corporeal militia1 :i* attack & kill ! invad+ bact]ia4 ,! aim ( ! physician !n is to aid ^! def5d]s z mu* z possible )\t int]f]+ ) !m4 ,!re=e ! antiseptic he is seek+ is "o t w assi/ ! s]um 9 protect+ & repair+ ! brok5 tissues & w kill ! ho/ile bact]ia )\t kill+ ! fri5dly phagocytes4 ,c>bolic acid1 ! mo/ famili> ( ! coal-t> antiseptics1 w de/roy ! bact]ia :5 x is dilut$ ) #bej p>ts ( wat]1 b un=tunately x puts a /op to ! fight+ activities ( ! phagocytes :5 x is only half t /r5g?1 or "o to #ejj1 s x _c de/roy ! infection )\t h9d]+ ! heal+4 ,9 ?is se>* = sub/ances t w\ld attack a specific disease g]m "o ( ! lead+ inve/igators 0 ,pr(4 ,paul ,ehrli*1 a ,g]man physician ( ! ,hebrew race4 ,he f\nd t ! anil9e dyes 7 useful = /a9+ slides "u ! microscope1 = !y w\ld pick out p>ticul> cells & leave o!rs uncolor$ & f ?is />t+ po9t he work$ out organic & metallic comp\nds :i* w\ld de/roy ! bact]ia & p>asites t cause "s ( ! mo/ dreadful ( diseases4 ,a ye> aft] ! w> broke out ,pr(essor ,ehrli* di$ :ile work+ 9 8 laboratory on h[ to heal ) coal-t> comp\nds ! w\nds inflict$ by explosives f ! same s\rce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! anil9e antiseptics employ$ by ,ehrli* is flav9e or1 if ! read] pref]s to call x by its full "n1 diam9ome?ylacrid9ium *loride4 ,flav9e1 z its "n implies1 is a yell[ dye & w kill ! g]ms caus+ ord9>y abscesses :5 9 solution z dilute z "o "p ( ! dye to #bjj1jjj p>ts ( wat]1 b x does n int]f]e ) ! bact]icidal action ( ! :ite blood corpuscles unless ! solution is #djj times z /rong z ?is1 t is "o "p 9 #ejj4 ,unlike c>bolic acid & o!r antiseptics x is said to /imulate ! s]um in/ead ( impair+ its activity4 ,ano!r antiseptic ( ! coal-t> family :i* has rec5tly be5 br\ght into use by ,dr4 ,dak9 ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute is t call$ by ,european physicians *loram9e-,t & by ,am]ican physicians *loraz5e & by *emi/s p>a-tolu5e-sodium-sulfo-*loramide4 ,?is may s]ve to illu/rate h[ a *emi/ is able to make su* rem$ies z ! doctor ne$s1 in/ead ( dep5d+ ^u ! accid5tal by-products ( plants4 ,on an e>li] page ,i expla9$ h[ by />t+ ) ! simple/ ( r+-comp\nds1 ! b5z5e ( coal t>1 we c\ld get anil9e4 ,suppose we g a /ep fur!r & boil ! anil9e oil ) acetic acid1 :i* is ! acid ( v9eg> m9us its wat]4 ,?is easy process gives u acetanilid1 :i* :5 introduc$ into ! m>ket "s ye>s ago "u ! "n ( antifebr9 made a =tune = its mak]s4 ,! mak+ ( m$ic9es f coal t> began 9 #ahgd :5 ,kolbe made salicylic acid f c>bolic acid4 ,salicylic acid is a rheumatism rem$y & _h previ\sly be5 extract$ f will[ b>k4 ,if n[ we treat salicylic acid ) conc5trat$ acetic acid we get aspir94 ,f anil9e aga9 are made ph5acet91 antipyr9 & a lot ( o!r drugs t h become altoge!r too popul> z heada*e rem$ies--say r heada*e reliev]s4 ,ano!r class ( syn!tics equally useful & likewise abus$1 are ! soporifics1 su* z sulphonal1 v]onal & m$9al4 ,:5 x is n desir$ to put ! pati5t to sleep b m]ely to r5d] ins5sible a p>ticul> place1 z :5 a too? is to be pull$1 coca9 may be us$4 ,?is1 l alcohol & morph9e1 has prov$ a curse z well z a bless+ & its sale has _h to be re/rict$ because ( ! _m victims to ! habit ( us+ ?is drug4 ,coca9 is obta9$ f ! leaves ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican coca tree1 b c be made artificially f coal-t> products4 ,! laboratory is sup]ior to ! =e/ because o!r =ms ( local ane/hetics1 su* z euca9 & novoca91 c be made t are bett] ?an ! natural alkaloid because m effective & less poison\s4 ,i mu/ n =get to m5tion ano!r lot ( coal-t> d]ivatives 9 :i* "s ( my read]s w take a p]sonal int]e/4 ,t is ! photographic develop]s4 ,i am old en\gh to rememb] :5 we us$ to develop our plates 9 f]r\s sulfate solution & y nev] saw nic] negatives ?an we got ) x4 ,b :5 pyrogallic acid came 9 we swit*$ ov] to t ev5 ?\gh x did /a9 our f+]s & sometimes our plates4 ,lat] came a sw>m ( new organic r$uc+ ag5ts "u v>i\s fancy names1 su* z metol1 hydro 7%ort = hydro-qu9one7 & eikong5 7! image-mak]74 ,e fell[ fix$ up 8 own =mula & call$ 8 fell[-memb]s ( ! cam]a club fools = n adopt+ x ?\gh he secretly hop$ !y w\ld n4 ,"u ! d\ble /imulus ( patriotism & high prices ! ,am]ican drug & dye/uff indu/ry develop$ rapidly4 ,9 #aiag ab\t z _m p\nds ( dyes 7 manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica z 7 import$ 9 #aiac & our exports ( ,am]ican-made dyes exce$$ 9 value our imports be=e ! w>4 ,9 #aiad ! output ( ,am]ican dyes 0 valu$ at #b1ejj1jjj4 ,9 #aiag x am\nt$ to ov] #eg1jjj1jjj4 ,?is does n mean t ! problem 0 solv$1 = ! home products 7 n equal 9 v>iety & sometimes n 9 quality to ^? made 9 ,g]many4 ,_m valuable dyes 7 lack+ & ! co/ 0 ( c\rse mu* high]4 ,:e!r ! ,am]ican indu/ry c compete ) ! =eign 9 an op5 m>ket & on equal t]ms is impossible to say because su* conditions did n prevail be=e ! w> & !y are n go+ to prevail 9 ! future4 ,=m]ly ! l>ge ,g]man c>tels ?r\gh _! ag5ts & bran*es 9 ?is c\ntry kept ! bus9ess 9 _! own h&s & n[ ! ,am]ican manufactur]s are det]m9$ to ma9ta9 ! indep5d5ce !y h acquir$4 ,!y w n dep5d h]eaft] ^u ! t>iff to cut (f competition b h adopt$ m effective measures4 ,! #dejj ,g]man *emical pat5ts t _h be5 seiz$ by ! ,ali5 ,prop]ty ,cu/odian 7 sold by him = #bej1jjj to ! ,*emical ,f\ndation1 an association ( ,am]ican manufactur]s organiz$ = ! ,am]icanization ( su* in/itutions z may be affect$ !reby1 = ! exclusion or elim9ation ( ali5 int]e/s ho/ile or detrim5tal to said indu/ries & = ! advancem5t ( *emical & alli$ sci5ce & indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,f\ndation has a l>ge fight+ fund s t x may be able to comm5ce imm$iately & prosecute ) ! utmo/ vigor infr+em5t proce$+s :5ev] ! fir/ ,g]man attempt %all h]eaft] be made to import into ?is c\ntry4 ,s mu* my/]y has be5 made ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ,g]man *emi/s--z ?\gh ! ,teutonic bra9 _h a special lobe = t faculty1 lack+ 9 o!r craniums--t ,i want to quote :at ,dr4 ,hesse says ab\t 8 fir/ impressions ( a ,g]man laboratory ( indu/rial rese>*3 ,directly aft] graduat+ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago 9 #ahif1 ,i ent]$ ! employ ( ! l>ge/ coal-t> dye works 9 ! _w at its plant 9 ,g]many & inde$ 9 "o ( its rese>* laboratories4 ,?is 0 my fir/ trip outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates & x 01 ( c\rse1 an ev5t ( ! fir/ magnitude = me to be 9 ,europe1 &1 z a *emi/1 to be 9 ,g]many1 9 a ,g]man coal-t> dye plant1 & to cap x all 9 its rese>* laboratory--a real sanctum sanctorum = *emi/s4 ,9 a %ort "t ! daily r\t9e wore ! novelty (f my exp]i5ce & ,i !n settl$ d[n to calm analysis & dispassionate appraisal ( my surr\nd+s & to comp>e :at 0 actually be=e & ar\nd me ) my expectations4 ,i f\nd t ! g5]al laboratory equipm5t 0 no bett] ?an :at ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to2 t my colleagues _h no bett] fundam5tal tra9+ ?an ,i _h enjoy$ nor any bett] fact--or manipulative--equipm5t ?an ,i2 t ^? 9 *>ge ( ! "w _h no bett] g5]al intellectual equipm5t nor any m native ability ?an _h my in/ructors2 9 %ort1 !re 0 no?+ new ab\t x all1 no?+ t we did n h back home1 no?+--except ! specific problems t 7 engag+ _! att5tion1 & ! special opportunities ( attack+ !m4 ,^? problems 7 ( no high] ord] ( complexity ?an ^? ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to = ye>s1 9 fact1 mo/ ( !m 7 n v complex f a purely intellectual viewpo9t4 ,!re 0 no?+ inh]5tly uncanny1 magical or wiz>dly ab\t _! occupation :atev]4 ,x 0 no?+ b pla9 h>d "w & keep+ ev]la/+ly at x4 ,n[1 :at 0 ! actual ?+ beh9d t *emical laboratory t we did n h at home8 ,x 0 money1 will+ to back su* activity1 conv9c$ t 9 ! f9al outcome1 a pr(it w\ld be made2 money1 will+ to take univ]sity graduates expect+ f !m no special k o!r ?an a good & ?or\gh gr\nd+ 9 sci5tific rese>* & provide !m ) opportunity to become speciali/s suit$ to ! factory's ne$s4 ,x is evid5tly n impossible to make ! ,unit$ ,/ates self-suffici5t 9 ! matt] ( coal-t> products4 ,we've got ! t>2 we've got ! m52 we've got ! money1 too4 ,:e!r su* a policy w\ld pay u 9 ! long run or :e!r x is necess>y z a measure ( milit>y or comm]cial self-def5se is ano!r "q t _c "h be decid$4 ,b :atev] %>e we may h 9 x ! coal-t> indu/ry has increas$ ! economy ( civilization & add$ to ! weal? ( ! _w by %[+ h[ a wa/e by-product c\ld be utiliz$ = mak+ new dyes & valuable m$ic9es1 a bett] use = t> ?an z fuel = political bonfires & z clo?+ = ! nak$ness ( social outca/s4 ,v ,,syn!tic ,,p]fumes ,,& ,,flavors ,! primitive man got 8 liv+ out ( su* wild plants & animals z he c\ld f9d4 ,next he1 or m likely 8 wife1 began to cultivate ! plants & tame ! animals s z to insure a con/ant supply4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>d civilization1 = :5 m5 _h to settle d[n 9 a community 7civitas7 !y _h to ameliorate _! mann]s & make laws protect+ l& & prop]ty4 ,9 ?is settl$ & ord]ly life ! plants & animals improv$ z well z man & return$ a hundr$fold = ! pa9s t _! ma/] _h tak5 9 _! tra9+4 ,b /ill man 0 dep5d5t ^u ! *ance b\nties ( nature4 ,he c\ld select1 b he c\ld n inv5t4 ,he c\ld cultivate1 b he c\ld n create4 ,if he want$ sug> he _h to s5d to ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,if he want$ spices he _h to s5d to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,if he want$ indigo he _h to s5d to ,india4 ,if he want$ a febrifuge he _h to s5d to ,p]u4 ,if he want$ a f]tiliz] he _h to s5d to ,*ile4 ,if he want$ rubb] he _h to s5d to ! ,congo4 ,if he want$ rubies he _h to s5d to ,m&alay4 ,if he want$ otto ( roses he _h to s5d to ,turkey4 ,man 0 n yet ma/] ( 8 environm5t4 ,?is p]iod ( cultivation1 ! second /age ( civilization1 began be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory & la/$ until rec5t times4 ,we might almo/ say up to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 = x 0 n until ! fundam5tal laws ( h]$ity 7 discov]$ t man c\ld orig9ate new species ( plants & animals accord+ to a pr$et]m9$ plan by comb9+ su* *>act]i/ics z he desir$ to p]petuate4 ,& x 0 n until ! fundam5tal laws ( *emi/ry 7 discov]$ t man c\ld orig9ate new comp\nds m suitable to 8 purpose ?an any to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,s9ce ! progress ( mank9d is cont9u\s x is impossible to draw a date l9e1 unless a v jagg$ "o1 along ! fronti] ( human culture1 b x is evid5t t we are j ent]+ ^u ! ?ird era ( evolution 9 :i* man w make :at he ne$s in/ead ( try+ to f9d x some:]e4 ,! new epo* has h>dly dawn$1 yet already a man may /ay at home 9 ,new ,york or ,london & make 8 own rubb] & rubies1 8 own indigo & otto ( roses4 ,m ?an ?is1 he c make gems & colors & p]fumes t nev] exi/$ s9ce "t began4 ,! man ( sci5ce has sign$ a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce ( ! l[] _w & we are n[ 9 ! mid/ ( ! revolution4 ,our eyes are dazzl$ by ! dawn ( ! new era4 ,we "k :at ! hunt] & ! horticulturi/ h already done = man1 b we _c imag9e :at ! *emi/ c d4 ,if we look ahead ?r\gh ! eyes ( "o ( ! greate/ ( ,fr5* *emi/s1 ,b]!lot1 ?is is :at we %all see3 ,! problem ( food is a *emical problem4 ,:5ev] en]gy c be obta9$ economically we c beg9 to make all k9ds ( alim5t1 ) c>bon borr[$ f c>bonic acid1 hydrog5 tak5 f ! wat] & oxyg5 & nitrog5 drawn f ! air4444 ,! day w come :5 ea* p]son w c>ry = 8 n\ri%m5t 8 little nitrog5\s tablet1 8 pat ( fatty matt]1 8 package ( />* or sug>1 8 vial ( aromatic spices suit$ to 8 p]sonal ta/e2 all manufactur$ economically & 9 unlimit$ quantities2 all indep5d5t ( irregul> seasons1 dr\ght & ra91 ( ! heat t )]s ! plant & ( ! fro/ t blights ! fruit2 all free f pa?og5ic microbes1 ! orig9 ( epidemics & ! enemies ( human life4 ,on t day *emi/ry w h accompli%$ a _w-wide revolution t _c be e/imat$4 ,!re w no long] be hills cov]$ ) v9ey>ds & fields fill$ ) cattle4 ,man w ga9 9 g5tl5ess & morality because he w cease to live by ! c>nage & de/ruction ( liv+ creatures4444 ,! e>? w be cov]$ ) grass1 fl[]s & woods & 9 x ! human race w dwell 9 ! abundance & joy ( ! leg5d>y age ( gold--provid$ t a spiritual *emi/ry has be5 discov]$ t *anges ! nature ( man z pr(\ndly z our *emi/ry trans=ms mat]ial nature4 ,b ?is is look+ s f> into ! future t we c tru/ no man's eyesight1 n ev5 ,b]!lot's4 ,!re is app>5tly no impossibility ab\t ! manufacture ( syn!tic food1 b at pres5t !re is no app>5t probability ( x4 ,!re is no likelihood t ! laboratory w ev] rival ! :eat field4 ,! corn/alk w always be able to "w *eap] ?an ! *emi/ 9 ! manufacture ( />*4 ,b 9 r>] & *oic] products ( nature ! *emi/ has prov$ 8 ability to compete & ev5 to excel4 ,:at h be5 f ! dawn ( hi/ory to ! rise ( syn!tic *emi/ry ! mo/ co/ly products ( nature8 ,:at c\ld tempt a m]*ant to brave ! p]ils ( a c>avan j\rney ov] ! des]ts ( ,asia beset ) ,arab robb]s8 ,:at induc$ ! ,portuguese & ,spani% m>9]s to risk _! frail b>ks on p]il\s wat]s ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope or ! ,horn8 ,! *ief prizes 7 p]fumes1 spices1 drugs & gems4 ,& :y ^! r ?an :at n[ con/itutes ! bulk ( ov]sea & ov]l& comm]ce8 ,because !y 7 preci\s1 portable & imp]i%able4 ,if ! m]*ant got back safe aft] a ye> or two ) a little flask ( otto ( roses1 a package ( camphor & a few pe>ls conceal$ 9 8 g>m5ts 8 =tune 0 made4 ,if a s+le %ip ( ! argosy s5t out f ,lisbon came back ) a load ( s&alwood1 indigo or nutmeg x 0 reg>d$ z a successful v5ture4 ,y "k f read+ ! ,bible1 or if n t1 f y\r read+ ( ,arabian ,nights1 t a few gra9s ( frank9c5se or a few drops ( p]fum$ oil 7 reg>d$ z gifts wor?y ! acceptance ( a k+ or a god4 ,^! products ( ! ,ori5t 7 equally 9 dem& by ! toilet & ! temple4 ,! unctorium 0 an adjunct ( ! ,roman ba?room4 ,k+s _h to be greas$ & fumigat$ be=e !y 7 ?\ght fit to sit ^u a ?rone4 ,!re 0 a !ory1 n yet altoge!r ext9ct1 t m$ic9es br\ght f a di/ance 7 mo/ efficaci\s1 especially if1 besides be+ exp5sive1 !y ta/$ bad l myrrh or smell$ bad l asafetida4 ,& if ^! fail$ to save ! pr9cely pati5t he 0 embalm$ 9 aromatics or1 z we n[ call !m1 antiseptics ( ! b5z5e s]ies4 ,today1 z always1 m5 are will+ to pay high = ! titillation ( ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e4 ,! ,african savage w trade (f an ivory tusk = a piece ( soap reek+ ) syn!tic musk4 ,! clubman w pay #aj = a bottle ( w9e :i* consi/s mo/ly ( wat] ) ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 wor? a c5t or two1 b conta9s an unweighable am\nt ( ! b\quet t c only be produc$ on ! sunny slopes ( ,*ampagne or 9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e4 ,b v likely ! read] is q z extravagant1 = :5 "o buys ! natural violet p]fum]y he is pay+ at ! rate ( m ?an #aj1jjj a p\nd = ! odorif]\s oil x conta9s2 ! re/ is m]e wat] & alcohol4 ,b y w\ld n want ! pure undilut$ oil if y c\ld get x1 = x is un5durable4 ,a s+le :iff ( x p>alyzes y\r s5se ( smell = a "t j z a l\d noise deaf5s y4 ,( ! five s5ses1 ?ree are physical & two *emical4 ,by t\* we disc]n pressures & surface textures4 ,by he>+ we receive impressions ( c]ta9 air waves & by sight ( c]ta9 e!r waves4 ,b smell & ta/e lead u to ! he>t ( ! molecule & enable u to tell h[ ! atoms are put toge!r4 ,^! tw9 s5ses /& l s5tries at ! portals ( ! body1 :]e !y closely scrut9ize ev]y?+ t ent]s4 ,s\nds & sights may be disagreeable1 b !y are nev] fatal4 ,a man c live 9 a boil] factory or 9 a cubi/ art gall]y1 b he _c live 9 a room conta9+ hydrog5 sulfide4 ,s9ce x is m important to be w>n$ ( dang] ?an guid$ to delights our s5ses are made m s5sitive to pa9 ?an pleasure4 ,we c detect by ! smell "o two-million? ( a milligram ( oil ( roses or musk1 b we c detect "o two-billion? ( a milligram ( m]captan1 :i* is ! vile/ smell+ comp\nd t man has s f> inv5t$4 ,if y d n "k h[ mu* a milligram is consid] a drop pick$ up by ! po9t ( a ne$le & imag9e t divid$ into two billion p>ts4 ,also try to e/imate ! weight ( ! odor\s p>ticles t guide a dog to ! fox or w>n a de] ( ! pres5ce ( man4 ,! unaid$ no/ril c rival ! spectroscope 9 ! detection & analysis ( unweighable am\nts ( matt]4 ,:at we call flavor or savor is a jo9t effect ( ta/e & odor 9 :i* ! latt] pr$om9ates4 ,!re are only f\r ta/es ( importance1 acid1 alkal9e1 bitt] & sweet4 ,! acid1 or s\r ta/e1 is ! p]ception ( hydrog5 atoms *>g$ ) positive electricity4 ,! alkal9e1 or soapy ta/e1 is ! p]ception ( hydroxyl radicles *>g$ ) negative electricity4 ,! bitt] & sweet ta/es & all ! odors dep5d ^u ! *emical con/itution ( ! comp\nd1 b ! laws ( ! relation h n yet be5 work$ out4 ,s9ce ^! s5se organs1 ! ta/e & smell buds1 are sunk 9 ! moi/ muc\s membrane !y c only be t\*$ by sub/ances soluble 9 wat]1 & to rea* ! s5se ( smell !y mu/ also be volatile s z to be diffus$ 9 ! air inhal$ by ! nose4 ,! ta/e ( food is mo/ly due to ! volatile odors ( x t creep up ! back-/airs into ! olfactory *amb]4 ,a *emi/ giv5 an unkn[n sub/ance w\ld h to make an elem5t>y analysis & "s t$i\s te/s to det]m9e :e!r x conta9$ me?yl or e?yl gr\ps1 :e!r x 0 an aldehyde or an e/]1 :e!r ! c>bon atoms 7 s+ly or d\bly l9k$ & :e!r x 0 an op5 *a9 or clos$4 ,b let him get a :iff ( x & he c give in/antly a pretty %rewd guess z to ^! po9ts4 ,8 nose kn[s4 ,al?\gh ! *emi/ does n yet "k en\gh to tell = c]ta9 f look+ at ! /ructural =mula :at sort ( odor ! comp\nd w\ld h or :e!r x w\ld h any1 yet we c divide odorif]\s sub/ances into classes accord+ to _! con/itution4 ,:at are commonly kn[n z fruity odors belong mo/ly to :at ! *emi/ calls ! fatty or aliphatic s]ies4 ,= in/ance1 we may h 9 a ripe fruit an alcohol 7say e?yl or common alcohol7 & an acid 7say acetic or v9eg>7 & a comb9ation ( ^!1 ! e/] or organic salt 79 ?is case e?yl acetate71 :i* is m odor\s ?an ei!r ( its compon5ts4 ,^! e/]s ( ! fatty acids give ! *>act]i/ic savor to _m ( our favorite fruits1 c&ies & bev]ages4 ,! pe> flavor1 amyl acetate1 is made f acetic acid & amyl alcohol--?\gh amyl alcohol 7fusel oil7 has a dete/able smell4 ,p9eapple is e?yl butyrate--b ! acid "p ( x 7butyric acid7 is :at gives ,limburg] *eese its aroma4 ,^! ess5tial oils are easily made 9 ! laboratory1 b _c be extract$ f ! fruit = sep>ate use4 ,if ! c>bon *a9 conta9s "o or m d\ble l9kages we get ! fl[]y p]fumes4 ,= in/ance1 "h is ! symbol ( g]aniol1 ! *ief +r$i5t ( otto ( roses3 7,,*#c7b;,c ,,**#b;,,*#b;,c7,,*#c7b ,,**#b,,oh ,! rose w\ld smell z sweet "u ano!r "n1 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r x w\ld /& be+ call$ by ! "n ( dime?yl-#b-f-octadi5e-#b-f-ol-#h4 ,g]aniol by oxidation goes into ! aldehyde1 citral1 :i* occurs 9 lemons1 oranges & v]b5a fl[]s4 ,ano!r comp\nd ( ?is gr\p1 l9alool1 is f\nd 9 lav5d]1 b]gamot & _m fl[]s4 ,g]aniol1 z y w\ld see if y drew up its /ructural =mula 9 ! way ,i describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 conta9s a *a9 ( six c>bon atoms1 t is1 ! same numb] z make a b5z5e r+4 ,n[ if we %ake up g]aniol & o!r comp\nds ( ?is gr\p 7! diolef9es7 ) dilut$ sulfuric acid ! c>bon *a9 hooks up to =m a b5z5e r+1 b ) ! o!r c>bon atoms /ret*$ across x2 r too complicat$ to depict "h4 ,^! bridg$ r+s ( ! =mula ,c#e;,h#h1 or "s multiple ( t1 con/itute ! important gr\p ( ! t]p5es :i* occur 9 turp5t9e & su* wild & woodsy ?+s z sage1 lav5d]1 c>away1 p9e ne$les & eucalyptus4 ,go+ fur!r 9 ?is direction we are l$ into ! realm ( ! heavy ori5tal odors1 pat*\li1 s&alwood1 c$>1 cubebs1 g+] & camphor4 ,camphor c n[ be made directly f turp5t9e s we may be indep5d5t ( ,=mosa & ,borneo4 ,:5 we h a six c>bon r+ )\t d\ble l9k+s 7cyclo-aliphatic7 or ) "o or two su*1 we get s(t & delicate p]fumes l ! violet 7ionone & irone74 ,b :5 ^! pass into ! b5z5e r+ ) its ?ree d\ble l9kages ! odor becomes m p[]ful & s *>act]i/ic t ! "n aromatic comp\nd has be5 ext5d$ to ! entire class ( b5z5e d]ivatives1 al?\gh _m ( !m are odorless4 ,! ess5tial oils ( jasm9e1 orange blossoms1 musk1 heliotrope1 tub]ose1 ylang ylang1 etc41 consi/ mo/ly ( ?is class & c be made f ! common s\rce ( aromatic comp\nds1 coal t>4 ,! syn!tic flavors & p]fumes are made 9 ! same way z ! dyes by />t+ ) "s coal-t> product or o!r crude mat]ial & build+ up ! molecule to ! desir$ complexity4 ,= in/ance1 let u />t ) ph5ol1 ! ill-smell+ & poison\s c>bolic acid ( disagreeable associations & evil fame4 ,treat ?is to soda-wat] & x is trans=m$ into salicylic acid1 a :ite odorless p[d]1 us$ z a pres]vative & z a rheumatism rem$y4 ,add to ?is me?yl alcohol :i* is obta9$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood & is mu* m poison\s ?an ord9>y e?yl alcohol4 ,! alcohol & ! acid heat$ toge!r w unite ) ! aid ( a little sulfuric acid & we get :at ! *emi/ calls me?yl salicylate & o!r p call oil ( w9t]gre51 ! same z is f\nd 9 w9t]gre5 b]ries & bir* b>k4 ,we h inh]it$ a ta/e = ?is f our pione] ance/ors & we use x ext5sively to flavor our s(t dr9ks1 gum1 too? pa/e & c&y1 b ! ,europeans h n yet f\nd out h[ nice x is4 ,b1 />t+ ) ph5ol aga91 let u heat x ) cau/ic alkali & *lor(orm4 ,?is gives u two new comp\nds ( ! same composition1 b diff]+ a little 9 ! ord] ( ! atoms4 ,if y ref] back to ! diagram ( ! b5z5e r+ :i* ,i gave 9 ! la/ *apt]1 y w see t !re are six hydrog5 atoms atta*$ to x4 ,n[ any or all ^! hydrog5 atoms may be replac$ by o!r elem5ts or gr\ps & :at ! product is dep5ds n only on :at ! new elem5ts are1 b :]e !y are put4 ,x is l spell+ words4 ,! ?ree lett]s t1 r & a mean v diff]5t ?+s accord+ to :e!r !y are put toge!r z art1 t> or rat4 ,or1 to take a m apposite illu/ration1 e ho/ess kn[s t ! success ( h] d9n] dep5ds ^u h[ %e seats h] gue/s ar\nd ! table4 ,s 9 ! case ( aromatic comp\nds1 a little diff]5ce 9 ! seat+ arrangem5t ar\nd ! b5z5e r+ *anges ! "*4 ,! two d]ivatives ( ph5ol1 :i* we are n[ consid]+1 h two sub/itut+ gr\ps4 ,"o is--,o-,h 7call$ ! hydroxyl gr\p74 ,! o!r is--,,*o 7call$ ! aldehyde gr\p74 ,if ^! are opposite 7call$ ! p>a position7 we h an odorless :ite solid4 ,if !y are side by side 7call$ ! or?o position7 we h an oil ) ! odor ( mead[sweet4 ,treat+ ! odorless solid ) me?yl alcohol we get audep9e 7or anisic aldehyde7 :i* is ! p]fume ( haw?orn blossoms4 ,b treat+ ! o!r ( ! tw9 products1 ! fragrant oil1 ) dry acetic acid 7,p]k9's reaction7 we get cum>91 :i* is ! p]fume "p ( ! tonka or tonqu9 beans t our =efa!rs us$ to c>ry 9 _! snuff boxes4 ,"o ounce ( cum>9 is equal to f\r p\nds ( tonka beans4 ,x smells suffici5tly l vanilla to be us$ z a sub/itute = x 9 *eap extracts4 ,9 p]fum]y x is kn[n z new m[n hay4 ,y may rememb] :at ,i said on a =m] page ab\t ! c>e] ( ,william ,h5ry ,p]k91 ! boy :o lov$ *emi/ry bett] ?an eat+1 & h[ he discov]$ ! coal-t> dyes4 ,well1 x is also to 8 +5i\s m9d t we owe ! />t+ ( ! coal-t> p]fume bus9ess :i* has _h almo/ z important a developm5t4 ,p]k9 made cum>9 9 #ahfh1 b ?is1 l ! dye indu/ry1 escap$ f ,engli% h&s & flew ov] ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,be=e ! w> ,g]many 0 export+ #a1ejj1jjj wor? ( syn!tic p]fumes a ye>4 ,"p ( ^! w5t to ,france1 :]e !y 7 mix$ & put up 9 fancy bottles ) ,fr5* names & sold to ,am]icans at fancy prices4 ,! real vanilla flavor1 vanill91 0 made by ,tiemann 9 #ahgd4 ,at fir/ x sold = ne>ly #hjj a p\nd1 b n[ x may be _h = #aj4 ,h[ ext5sively x is n[ us$ 9 *ocolate1 ice cream1 soda wat]1 cakes & ! l we all "k4 ,x %\ld be not$ t cum>9 & vanill91 h[ev] !y may be made1 are n imitations1 b id5tical ) ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! tonka & vanilla beans &1 ( c\rse1 are equally :olesome or h>mless4 ,b ! nice palate c di/+ui% a ri*] flavor 9 ! natural extracts1 = !y conta9 small quantities ( o!r savory +r$i5ts4 ,a true p]fume consi/s ( a l>ge numb] ( odorif]\s *emical comp\nds mix$ 9 su* proportions z to produce a s+le h>moni\s effect ^u ! s5se ( smell 9 a f9e br& ( p]fume may be comp\nd$ a doz5 or tw5ty diff]5t +r$i5ts & ^!1 if !y are natural ess5ces1 are complex mixtures ( a doz5 or s di/9ct sub/ances4 ,p]fum]y is "o ( ! f9e arts4 ,! p]fum]1 l ! or*e/ra lead]1 mu/ "k h[ to comb9e & cord9ate 8 in/rum5ts to produce a desir$ s5sation4 ,a ,wagn]ian op]a requires #ajc musicians4 ,a ,/rauss op]a requires #aab4 ,n[ if ! conc]t manag] wants to economize he w insi/ ^u cutt+ d[n on ! mo/ exp5sive musicians & dropp+ out "s ( ! o!rs1 say1 ! sup]num]>y viol9i/s & ! man :o bl[s a s+le bla/ or t9kles a triangle once 9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+4 ,only ! tra9$ e> w detect ! diff]5ce & ! manag] c make m money4 ,suppose our m]c5>y impres>io 7 unable to get into ! conc]t hall ( 8 fam\s rival4 ,he w\ld !n li/5 outside ! w9d[ & analyze ! s\nd 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,fifty p] c5t4 ( ! s\nd is made by ! tuba1 #bj p] c5t4 by ! bass drum1 #ae p] c5t4 by ! 'cello & #aj p] c5t4 by ! cl>9et4 ,!re are "s o!r in/rum5ts1 b !y are n l\d & ,i guess if we c leave !m out nobody w "k ! diff]5ce4 ,s he makes up 8 or*e/ra out ( ^! f\r alone & _m p d n "k ! diff]5ce4 ,! *eap p]fum] goes ab\t x 9 ! same way4 ,he analyzes1 = in/ance1 ! otto or oil ( roses :i* co/ dur+ ! w> #djj a p\nd--if y c\ld get x at any price--& he f9ds t ! *ief +r$i5t is g]aniol1 co/+ only #e1 & next is citronelol1 co/+ #bj2 !n comes n]ol & o!rs4 ,s he makes up a *eap br& ( p]fum]y out ( ?ree or f\r su* comp\nds4 ,b ! g5u9e oil ( roses1 l o!r natural ess5ces1 conta9s a doz5 or m con/itu5ts & to leave _m ( !m out is l r$uc+ an or*e/ra to a few l\d-s\nd+ in/rum5ts or a pa9t+ to a ?ree-color pr9t4 ,a few ye>s ago an attempt 0 made to make music electrically by produc+ sep>ately ea* k9d ( s\nd vibration conta9$ 9 ! in/rum5ts imitat$4 ,!oretically t seems easy1 b practically ! tone 0 n satisfactory because ! tones & ov]tones ( a full or*e/ra or ev5 ( a s+le viol9 are too num]\s & complex to be reproduc$ individually4 ,s ! syn!tic p]fumes h n driv5 out ! natural p]fumes1 b1 on ! contr>y1 h aid$ & /imulat$ ! gr[? ( fl[]s = ess5ces4 ,! otto or att> ( roses1 favorite ( ! ,p]sian mon>*s & romances1 has 9 rec5t ye>s come *iefly f ,bulg>ia4 ,b w>s are n made ) rosewat] & ! ,bulg>s = ! la/ five ye>s h be5 engag$ 9 o!r bus9ess ?an cultivat+ _! own g>d5s4 ,! alembic or /ill 0 inv5t$ by ! ,arabian al*emi/s = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! ess5tial oil or att> ( roses4 ,b di/illation1 ev5 ) ! aid ( /eam1 is n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,= in/ance1 ! di/ill$ rose oil conta9s any:]e f #aj to #gd p] c5t4 ( a p>aff9 wax 7/e>opt57 t is odorless &1 on ! o!r h&1 ph5yl-e?yl alcohol1 :i* is an important con/itu5t ( ! sc5t ( roses1 is brok5 up 9 ! process ( di/illation4 ,s ! p]fum] c improve on ! natural or r ! di/ill$ oil by leav+ out "p ( ! p>aff9 & add+ ! miss+ alcohol4 ,ev5 ! import$ article tak5 direct f ! /ill is n always g5u9e1 = ! wily ,bulg> sometimes increases ! yield by spr9kl+ 8 roses 9 ! vat ) syn!tic g]aniol j z ! wily ,italian p\rs a b>rel ( ,am]ican cottonse$ oil ov] 8 olives 9 ! press4 ,ano!r me?od ( extract+ ! sc5t ( fl[]s is by enfleurage1 :i* takes advantage ( ! t5d5cy ( fats to absorb odors4 ,y "k h[ butt] set beside fi% 9 ! ice box w get a fi%y flavor4 ,9 enfleurage moi/ air is c>ri$ up a t[] pass+ alt]nately ov] trays ( fre% fl[]s1 say violets1 & ov] glass plates cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( l>d4 ,! p]fum$ l>d may !n be us$ z a pomade or ! p]fume may be extract$ by alcohol4 ,b _m sweet fl[]s d n readily yield an ess5tial oil1 s 9 su* oases we h to rely altoge!r ^u m or less successful sub/itutes4 ,= in/ance1 ! p]fumes sold "u ! names ( heliotrope1 lily ( ! valley1 lilac1 cyclam51 honeysuckle1 sweet pea1 arbutus1 mayfl[] & magnolia are n produc$ f ^! fl[]s b are simply imitations made f o!r ess5ces1 syn!tic or natural4 ,among ! ?\s& fl[]s t contribute to ! ,eau de ,mille ,fleurs are ! civet cat1 ! musk de] & ! sp]m :ale4 ,"s ( ! publi%$ =mulas = ,jockey ,club call = civet or amb]gris & ^? ( ,lav5d] ,wat] = musk & civet4 ,! less said ab\t ! orig9 ( ^! ?ree animal p]fumes ! bett]4 ,=tunately !y are becom+ too exp5sive to use & are be+ displac$ by syn!tic products m agreeable to a ref9$ imag9ation4 ,! musk de] may n[ be sav$ f ext9ction s9ce we c make tri-nitro-butyl-xyl5e f coal t>4 ,?is syn!tic musk passes mu/] to human no/rils1 b a cat w turn up h] nose at x4 ,! syn!tic musk is n only mu* *eap] ?an ! natural1 b a doz5 times z /rong1 or let u say1 goes a doz5 times z f>1 = nobody wants x any /rong]4 ,su* p[]ful sc5ts z ^! are only pleasant :5 highly dilut$1 yet !y are1 z we h se51 ess5tial +r$i5ts ( ! f9e/ p]fumes4 ,= in/ance1 ! natural oil ( jasm9e & o!r fl[]s conta9 traces ( indols & skatols :i* h mo/ disgu/+ odors4 ,?\gh our olfactory organs _c detect _! pres5ce yet we p]ceive _! abs5ce s !y h to be put into ! artificial p]fume4 ,j s a brief b viol5t discord 9 a piece ( music or a gl>+ color contra/ 9 a pa9t+ may be necess>y to ! h>mony ( ! :ole4 ,x is absurd to object to artificial p]fumes1 = practically all p]fumes n[ sold are artificial 9 ! s5se ( be+ comp\nd$ by ! art ( ! p]fum] & :e!r ! mat]ials he uses are d]iv$ f ! fl[]s ( ye/]ye> or ( ,c>bonif]\s ,era is nobody's bus9ess b 84 ,& he does n tell4 ,! mat]ials c be pur*as$ 9 ! op5 m>ket4 ,v>i\s recipes c be f\nd 9 ! books4 ,b e fam\s p]fum] gu>ds well ! secret ( 8 =mulas & h&s x z a legacy to 8 po/]ity4 ,! anci5t ,roman family ( ,frangipani has be5 made immortal by "o su* h]$it>y recipe4 ,! ,f>9a family /ill claims to h ! exclusive k ( h[ to make ,eau de ,cologne4 ,?is fam\s p]fume 0 fir/ comp\nd$ by an ,italian1 ,giovanni ,m>ia ,f>9a1 :o came to ,cologne 9 #agji4 ,x soon became fa%ionable & 0 = a "t ! only sc5t all[$ at "s ( ! ,g]man c\rts4 ,! v>i\s publi%$ recipes conta9 f six to a doz5 +r$i5ts1 *iefly ! oils ( n]oli1 rosem>y1 b]gamot1 lemon & lav5d] dissolv$ 9 v pure alcohol & all[$ to age l w9e4 ,! inv5tion1 9 #ahie1 ( artificial n]oli 7orange fl[]s7 has improv$ ! product4 ,fr5* p]fum]y1 l ! ,g]man1 _h its orig9 9 ,italy1 :5 ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici came to ,p>is z ! bride ( ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,%e br\ght ) h]1 among o!r arti/s1 h] p]fum]1 ,sieur ,t\b>elli1 :o e/abli%$ himself 9 ! fl[]y l& ( ,grasse4 ,"h = f\r hundr$ ye>s ! indu/ry has rema9$ root$ & ! family =mulas h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,9 ! city ( ,grasse !re 7 at ! outbreak ( ! w> fifty e/abli%m5ts mak+ p]fumes4 ,! ,fr5* p]fum] does n conf9e himself to a s+le s5se4 ,he appeals z well to sight & s\nd & association4 ,he adds to ! attractiv5ess ( 8 creation by a qua9tly %ap$ bottle1 an arti/ic box & an entic+ "n su* z ,dans les ,nues1 ,le ,coeur de ,jeannette1 ,nuit de ,*9e1 ,un ,air ,embaum1 ,le ,v]tige1 ,bon ,vieux ,temps1 ,l',heure ,bleue1 ,nuit d',am\r1 ,quelques ,fleurs1 ,dj]-,kiss4 ,! requirem5ts ( a successful sc5t are v /rict4 ,a p]fume mu/ be la/+1 b n /rong4 ,all its +r$i5ts mu/ cont9ue to evaporate 9 ! same proportion1 o!rwise x w *ange odor & det]iorate4 ,sc5ts kill "o ano!r z colors d4 ,! m9ute/ trace ( "s impurity or =eign odor may spoil ! :ole effect4 ,to mix ! +r$i5ts 9 a vessel ( any metal b alum9um or ev5 to filt] ?r\gh a t9 funnel is likely to impair ! p]fume4 ,! odorif]\s comp\nds are v s5sitive & un/able bodies1 o!rwise !y w\ld h no effect ^u ! olfactory organ4 ,! comb9ation t w\ld be suitable = a toilet wat] w\ld n be good = a talcum p[d] & might spoil 9 a soap4 ,p]fum]y is us$ ev5 9 ! sc5tless p[d]s & soaps4 ,9 fact x is n[ us$ m ext5sively1 if less int5sively1 ?an ev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,dur+ ! ,unwa%$ ,ages1 commonly call$ ! ,d>k ,ages1 betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ba?s & ! con/ruction ( ! mod]n ba?room1 ! art ( ! p]fum]1 l all ! f9e arts1 suff]$ an eclipse4 ,! odor ( sanctity 0 9 highe/ e/eem & :at t odor 0 may be imag9$ f read+ ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ! ref9em5ts ( life began to seep back into ,europe f ! ,ea/ by means ( ! ,arabs & ,crusad]s1 & *emi/ry1 !n *iefly ! art ( cosmetics1 began to revive4 ,:5 sci5ce1 ! greate/ democratiz+ ag5t on e>?1 got into action x elevat$ ! poor to ! ranks ( k+s & prie/s 9 ! delights ( ! palate & ! nose4 ,we %\ld n despise ^! delights1 = ! pleasure !y conf] is great]1 9 am\nt at lea/1 ?an t ( ! s-call$ high] s5ses4 ,we eat ?ree times a day2 "s ( u dr9k (t5]2 few ( u visit ! conc]t hall or ! art gall]y z (t5 z we d ! d9+ room4 ,!n1 too1 ^! primitive s5ses h a /rong] influ5ce ^u our emotional nature ?an ^? acquir$ lat] 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,z ,kipl+ puts x3 ,smells are sur] ?an s\nds or sights ,to make y\r he>t-/r+s crack4 ,,vi ,,cellulose ,organic comp\nds1 on :i* our life & liv+ dep5d1 consi/ *iefly ( f\r elem5ts3 c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,^! comp\nds are sometimes h>d to analyze1 b :5 once ! *emi/ has asc]ta9$ _! con/itution he c usually make !m out ( _! elem5ts--if he wants to4 ,he w n want to d x z a bus9ess unless x pays & x w n pay unless ! manufactur+ process is *eap] ?an ! natural process4 ,?is dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! co/ ( ! crude mat]ials4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! m>ket price ( ^! f\r elem5ts8 ,oxyg5 & nitrog5 are free z air1 & z we h se5 9 ! second *apt]1 _! direct comb9ation by ! electric sp>k is possible4 ,hydrog5 is free 9 ! =m ( wat] b exp5sive to extricate by means ( ! electric curr5t4 ,b we ne$ m c>bon ?an any?+ else & :]e %all we get t8 ,bits ( cry/alliz$ c>bon c be pick$ up 9 ,s\? ,africa & else:]e1 b ^? :o c af=d to buy !m pref] to we> !m r ?an use !m 9 mak+ syn!tic food4 ,graphite is r>e & h>d to melt4 ,we mu/ !n h rec\rse to ! comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,! simple/ ( ^!1 c>bon dioxide1 exi/s 9 ! air b only f\r p>ts 9 t5 ?\s& by volume4 ,to extract ! c>bon & get x into comb9ation ) ! o!r elem5ts w\ld be a difficult & exp5sive process4 ,"h1 !n1 we mu/ call 9 *eap labor1 ! *eape/ ( all labor]s1 ! plants4 ,p9e trees on ! highl&s & cotton plants on ! l[l&s keep _! gre5 traps set all ! day long & ) ! captur$ c>bon dioxide build up cellulose4 ,if1 !n1 man wants free c>bon he c be/ get x by *>r+ wood 9 a kiln or digg+ up t :i* has be5 *>r$ 9 nature's kiln dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s ,era4 ,b !re is no reason :y he %\ld want to g back to elem5tal c>bon :5 he c h x already comb9$ ) hydrog5 9 ! rema9s ( mod]n or fossil vegetation4 ,! syn!tic products on :i* mod]n *emi/ry prides itself1 su* z vanill91 camphor & rubb]1 are n built up out ( _! elem5ts1 ,c1 ,h & ,o1 al?\gh !y might be z a laboratory /unt4 ,in/ead ( t ! raw mat]ial ( ! organic *emi/ is *iefly cellulose1 or ! products ( its rec5t or remote de/ructive di/illation1 t> & oil4 ,x is unnecess>y to tell ! read] :at cellulose is s9ce he n[ holds a specim5 ( x 9 8 h&1 pretty pure cellulose except = ! siz+ & ! specks ( c>bon t m> ! :it5ess ( its surface4 ,?is utilization ( cellulose is ! *ief cause ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mod]n _w & ! anci5t1 = :at is call$ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ is ess5tially ! inv5t+ ( pap]4 ,! ,romans made type to /amp _! co9s & lead pipes ) & if !y _h _h pap] to pr9t ^u ! _w might h escap$ ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,b ! clay tablets ( ! ,babylonians 7 cumb]some2 ! wax tablets ( ! ,greeks 7 p]i%able2 ! papyrus ( ! ,egyptians 0 fragile2 p>*m5t 0 exp5sive & p5n+ 0 sl[1 s x 0 n until lit]ature 0 put on a pap] basis t democratic education became possible4 ,at ! pres5t "t %eepsk9 is only us$ = diplomas1 treaties & o!r antiquat$ docum5ts4 ,& ev5 if y\r diploma is writt5 9 ,lat9 x is likely to be made ( sulfat$ cellulose4 ,! textile indu/ry has foll[$ ! same law ( developm5t t ,i h indicat$ 9 ! o!r indu/ries4 ,"h aga9 we f9d ! ?ree /ages ( progress1 7#a7 utilization ( natural products1 7#b7 cultivation ( natural products1 7#c7 manufacture ( artificial products4 ,! anci5ts 7 dep5d5t ^u plants1 animals & insects = _! fib]s4 ,*9a us$ silk1 ,greece & ,rome us$ wool1 ,egypt us$ flax & ,india us$ cotton4 ,9 ! c\rse ( cultivation = ?ree ?\s& ye>s ! animal & vegetable fib]s 7 l5g!n$ & /r5g!n$ & *eap5$4 ,b at la/ man has ris5 to ! level ( ! worm & c sp9 ?reads to suit himself4 ,he c n[ rival ! wasp 9 ! mak+ ( pap]4 ,he is no long] dep5d5t ^u ! flax & ! cotton plant1 b gr9ds up trees to get 8 cellulose4 ,a ,new ,york newspap] uses up ne>ly #bjjj acres ( =e/ a ye>4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gr9ds up ab\t five million cords ( wood a ye> 9 ! manufacture ( pulp = pap] & o!r purposes4 ,9 mak+ me*anical pulp ! blocks ( wood1 mo/ly spruce & hemlock1 are simply press$ sidewise ( ! gra9 aga9/ wet gr9d/ones4 ,b 9 wood fib] ! cellulose is 9 "p comb9$ ) lign91 :i* is worse ?an useless4 ,to break up ! ligno-cellulose comb9e *emicals are us$4 ,! logs = ?is are n gr\nd f9e1 b cut up by disk *ipp]s4 ,! *ips are dige/$ = sev]al h\rs "u heat & pressure ) acid or alkali4 ,!re are ?ree processes 9 vogue4 ,9 ! mo/ common process ! reag5t is calcium sulfite1 made by pass+ sulfur fumes 7,,s#b7 into lime wat]4 ,9 ano!r process a solution ( cau/ic ( soda is us$ to dis9tegrate ! wood4 ,! ?ird1 kn[n z ! sulfate process1 %\ld r be call$ ! sulfide process s9ce ! active ag5t is an alkal9e solution ( sodium sulfide made by roa/+ sodium sulfate ) ! c>bonace\s matt] extract$ f ! wood4 ,?is sulfate process1 ?\gh ! mo/ rec5t ( ! ?ree1 is be+ increas+ly employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 = by means ( x ! res9\s p9e wood ( ! ,s\? c be work$ up & ! f9al product1 kn[n z kraft pap] because x is /rong1 is us$ = wrapp+4 ,b :atev] ! process we get ne>ly pure cellulose :i*1 z y c see by exam9+ ?is page "u a microscope1 consi/s ( a tangl$ web ( ?9 :ite fib]s1 ! rema9s ( ! orig9al cell walls4 ,ow+ to ! sev]e treatm5t x has und]gone wood pulp pap] does n la/ s long z ! l95 rag pap] us$ by our ance/ors4 ,! pages ( ! newspap]s1 magaz9es & books pr9t$ n[adays are likely to become br[n & brittle 9 a few ye>s1 no great loss = ! mo/ "p s9ce !y h s]v$ _! purpose1 ?\gh x is a pity t a few copies ( ! wor/ ( !m c\ld n be pr9t$ on p]man5t pap] = pres]vation 9 libr>ies s t future g5]ations c\ld congratulate !mselves on _! progress 9 civilization4 ,b 9 our absorption 9 ! pr9t$ page we mu/ n =get ! o!r uses ( pap]4 ,! pap] clo?+1 s (t5 prophesi$1 has n yet arriv$4 ,ev5 pap] coll>s h gone out ( fa%ion--if !y ev] 7 94 ,9 ,g]many dur+ ! w> pap] 0 us$ = socks1 %irts & %oes z well z h&k]*iefs & napk9s b x c\ld n /& we> & wa%+4 ,our sanit>y eng9e]s h set u to dr9k+ out ( %>p-edg$ pap] cups & we blot our faces in/ead ( wip+ !m4 ,tw9e is spun ( pap] & furniture made ( ! tw9e1 a rival ( rattan4 ,clo? & matt+ wov5 ( pap] y>n are be+ us$ = burlap & grass 9 ! mak+ ( bags & suitcases4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are n s mu* int]e/$ 9 manufactures ( cellulose itself1 t is1 wood1 pap] & cotton1 z we are 9 its *emical d]ivatives4 ,cellulose1 z we c see f ! symbol1 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e1 is compos$ ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,^! are pres5t 9 ! same proportion z 9 />* 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e71 :ile glucose or grape sug> 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 has "o molecule ( wat] m4 ,b glucose is soluble 9 cold wat] & />* is soluble 9 hot1 :ile cellulose is soluble 9 nei!r4 ,consequ5tly cellulose _c s]ve u = food1 al?\gh "s ( ! veget>ian animals1 notably ! goat1 h a dige/ive app>atus t c h&le x4 ,9 ,f9l& & ,g]many bir* wood pulp & /raw 7 us$ n only z an +r$i5t ( cattle food b also put into w> bread4 ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t ! human /oma* ev5 "u ! pressure ( fam9e is able to get mu* nutrim5t out ( sawdu/4 ,b by dige/+ ) dilute acid sawdu/ c be trans=m$ into sug>s & ^! by f]m5tation into alcohol1 s x w\ld be possible = a man aft] he has read 8 morn+ pap] to get drunk on x4 ,if ! cellulose1 in/ead ( be+ dige/$ a long "t 9 dilute acid1 is dipp$ into a solution ( sulfuric acid 7#ej to #hj p] c5t47 & !n wa%$ & dri$ x acquires a h>d1 t\gh & transluc5t coat+ t makes x wat]-pro( & grease-pro(4 ,?is is ! p>*m5t pap] t has l>gely replac$ %eepsk94 ,/rong alkali has a simil> effect to /rong acid4 ,9 #ahdd ,john ,m]c]1 a ,lanca%ire calico pr9t]1 discov]$ t by pass+ cotton clo? or y>n ?r\gh a cold #cj p] c5t4 solution ( cau/ic soda ! fib] is %ort5$ & /r5g!n$4 ,= ov] =ty ye>s little att5tion 0 paid to ?is discov]y1 b :5 x 0 f\nd t if ! mat]ial 0 /ret*$ s t x c\ld n %r9k on dry+ ! twi/$ ribbons ( ! cotton fib] 7 *ang$ into smoo?-wall$ cyl9d]s l silk1 ! process came into g5]al use & n[adays mu* t passes = silk is m]c]iz$ cotton4 ,ano!r /ep 0 tak5 :5 ,cross ( ,london discov]$ t :5 ! m]c]iz$ cotton 0 treat$ ) c>bon disulfide x 0 dissolv$ to a yell[ liquid4 ,?is liquid conta9s ! cellulose 9 solution z a cellulose xan?ate & on acidify+ or heat+ ! cellulose is recov]$ 9 a hydrat$ =m4 ,if ?is yell[ solution ( cellulose is squirt$ out ( tubes ?r\gh extremely m9ute holes into acidulat$ wat]1 ea* t9y /ream becomes in/antly solidifi$ into a silky ?read :i* may be spun & wov5 l t eject$ f ! sp9n]et ( ! silkworm4 ,! orig9 ( natural silk1 if we ?9k ab\t x1 r detracts f ! pleasure ( we>+ x1 & if he :o ne$lessly sets foot ^u a worm is to be avoid$ z a fri5d we mu/ hope t ! advance ( ! artificial silk indu/ry w be rapid en\gh to relieve u ( ! necessity ( boil+ ?\s&s ( baby worms 9 _! cradles :5ev] we want silk /ock+s4 ,on a pla9 ru% hurdle a silkworm lay ,:5 a pr\d "y pr9cess came t way4 ,! haughty daught] ( a lordly k+ ,?rew a sidelong glance at ! humble ?+1 ,little ?9k+ %e walk$ 9 pride ,9 ! w9d+ %eet :]e ! silkworm di$4 ,b s f> we h n rea*$ a /age :]e we c altoge!r disp5se ) ! s]vices ( ! silkworm4 ,! viscose ?reads made by ! process look z well z silk1 b !y are n s /rong1 especially :5 wet4 ,besides ! viscose me?od !re are sev]al o!r me?ods ( gett+ cellulose into solution s t artificial fib]s may be made f x4 ,a /rong solution ( z9c *loride w s]ve & ?is process us$ to be employ$ = mak+ ! ?reads to be *>r$ into c>bon filam5ts = inc&esc5t bulbs4 ,cellulose is also soluble 9 an ammoniacal solution ( copp] hydroxide4 ,! liquid ?us =m$ is squirt$ ?r\gh a f9e nozzle into a precipitat+ solution ( cau/ic soda & glucose1 :i* br+s back ! cellulose to its orig9al =m4 ,9 ! *apt] on explosives ,i expla9$ h[ cellulose treat$ ) nitric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( sulfuric acid 0 nitrat$4 ,! cellulose molecule hav+ ?ree hydroxyl 7--,,oh7 gr\ps1 c take up "o1 two or ?ree nitrate gr\ps 7--,,ono#b74 ,! high] nitrates are kn[n z guncotton & =m ! basis ( mod]n dynamite & smokeless p[d]4 ,! l[] nitrates1 kn[n z pyroxyl91 are less explosive1 al?\gh /ill v inflammable4 ,all ^! nitrates are1 l ! orig9al cellulose1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b unlike ! orig9al cellulose1 soluble 9 a mixture ( e!r & alcohol4 ,! solution is call$ collodion & is n[ 9 common use to spread a new sk9 ov] a w\nd4 ,! great w> might be trac$ back to ,nobel's cut f+]4 ,alfr$ ,nobel 0 a ,sw$i% *emi/--& a pacifi/4 ,"o day :ile work+ 9 ! laboratory he cut 8 f+]1 z *emi/s are apt to d1 &1 aga9 z *emi/s are apt to d1 he dissolv$ "s guncotton 9 e!r-alcohol & swabb$ x on ! w\nd4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 8 conduct div]ges f ! ord9>y1 = in/ead ( /&+ idle1 impati5tly wav+ 8 h& 9 ! air to dry ! film z mo/ p1 includ+ *emi/s1 are apt to d1 he put 8 m9d on x & x occurr$ to him t ?is /icky /uff1 sl[ly h>d5+ to an ela/ic mass1 might be j ! ?+ he 0 hunt+ z an absorb5t & solidifi] ( nitroglyc]94 ,s in/ead ( ?r[+ away ! extra collodion t he _h made he mix$ x ) nitroglyc]9 & f\nd t x set to a jelly4 ,! bla/+ gelat9 ?us discov]$ prov$ to be s ins5sitive to %ock t x c\ld be safely transport$ or fir$ f a cannon4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( ! high explosives t h be5 ! *ief factor 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,b on ! :ole1 collodion has heal$ m w\nds ?an x has caus$ besides be+ ( inf9ite s]vice to mank9d o!rwise4 ,x has made mod]n photography possible1 = ! film we use 9 ! cam]a & mov+ picture projector consi/s ( a gelat9 coat+ on a pyroxyl9 back+4 ,if collodion is =c$ ?r\gh f9e glass tubes in/ead ( ?r\gh a slit1 x comes out a ?read in/ead ( a film4 ,if ! collodion jet is run into a vat ( cold wat] ! e!r & alcohol dissolve2 if x is run into a *amb] ( w>m air !y evaporate4 ,! ?read ( nitrat$ cellulose may be r5d]$ less inflammable by tak+ out ! nitrate gr\ps by treatm5t ) ammonium or calcium sulfide4 ,?is re/ores ! orig9al cellulose1 b n[ x is an endless ?read ( any desir$ ?ickness1 :]eas ! native fib] 0 9 size & l5g? adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! cottonse$ in/ead ( ! ne$s ( man4 ,! old motto1 ,if y want a ?+ done ! way y want x y mu/ d x y\rself1 expla9s :y ! *emi/ has be5 call$ 9 to supplem5t ! "w ( nature 9 cat]+ to human wants4 ,in/ead ( nitric acid we may use /rong acetic acid to dissolve ! cotton4 ,! result+ cellulose acetates are less inflammable ?an ! nitrates1 b !y are m brittle & m exp5sive4 ,motion picture films made f !m c be us$ 9 any hall )\t ! necessity ( imprison+ ! op]ator 9 a fire-pro( box :]e if any?+ happ5s he c burn up all by himself )\t di/urb+ ! audi5ce4 ,! cellulose acetates are be+ us$ = auto goggles & gas masks z well z = w9d[s 9 lea!r curta9s & transp>5t cov]+s = index c>ds4 ,a new use t has lately become important is ! v>ni%+ ( a]oplane w+s1 z x does n readily absorb wat] or cat* fire & makes ! clo? taut & air-tight4 ,a]oplane w+s c be made ( cellulose acetate %eets z transp>5t z ^? ( a dragon-fly & n easy to see aga9/ ! sky4 ,! nitrates1 sulfates & acetates are ! salts or e/]s ( ! respective acids1 b rec5tly true e!rs or oxides ( cellulose h be5 prep>$ t may prove /ill bett] s9ce !y conta9 no acid radicle & are neutral & /able4 ,^! are 9 brief ! *ief processes = mak+ :at is commonly b q improp]ly call$ artificial silk4 ,!y are n ! same sub/ance z silkworm silk & ought n to be--?\gh !y sometimes are--sold z su*4 ,!y are none ( !m z /rong z ! silk fib] :5 wet1 al?\gh if ,i %\ld v5ture to say :i* ( ! v>i\s makes weak5s ! mo/ on wett+ ,i %\ld get myself into tr\ble4 ,i w only say t if y h a grudge aga9/ "s fi%]man give him a fly l9e ( artificial silk1 'mo/ any k9d4 ,! nitrate process 0 discov]$ by ,c\nt ,hilaire de ,*>donnet :ile he 0 at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool ( ,p>is1 & he devot$ 8 life & 8 =tune try+ to p]fect x4 ,samples ( ! artificial silk 7 exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exposition 9 #ahhi & two ye>s lat] he />t$ a factory at ,basanon4 ,9 #ahib1 ,cross & ,bevan1 ,engli% *emi/s1 discov]$ ! viscose or xan?ate process1 & lat] ! acetate process4 ,b al?\gh all f\r ( ^! processes 7 inv5t$ 9 ,france & ,engl&1 ,g]many reap$ mo/ b5efit f ! new indu/ry1 :i* 0 br++ into t c\ntry #f1jjj1jjj a ye> be=e ! w>4 ,! l>ge/ produc] 9 ! _w 0 ! ,v]e9igte ,glanz/(f-,fabrik5 ( ,elb]feld1 :i* 0 pay+ annual divid5ds ( #cd p] c5t4 9 #aiad4 ,! raw mat]ials1 z may be se51 are *eap & abundant1 m]ely cellulose1 salt1 sulfur1 c>bon1 air & wat]4 ,any k9d ( cellulose c be us$1 cotton wa/e1 rags1 pap]1 or ev5 wood pulp4 ,! processes are v>i\s1 ! names ( ! products are num]\s & ! uses are innum]able4 ,ev5 ! mo/ inatt5tive mu/ h notic$ ! widespread employm5t ( ^! new =ms ( cellulose4 ,we c buy f a /reet b>r[ = fifte5 c5ts ne>-silk neckties t look z well z ^? sold = sev5ty-five4 ,z = we>--well1 !y all ( !m we> till aft] we get tir$ ( we>+ !m4 ,pap] vulcaniz$ by be+ run ?r\gh a #cj p] c5t4 solution ( z9c *loride & subject$ to hydraulic pressure comes out h>d & horny & may be us$ = trunks & suit cases4 ,viscose tubes = sausage conta9]s are m sanit>y & appetiz+ ?an ! cu/om>y cas+s4 ,viscose replaces ramie or cotton 9 ! ,welsba* gas mantles4 ,viscose film1 transp>5t & a ?\s&? ( an in* ?ick 7cellophane71 s]ves = c&y wrapp]s4 ,cellulose acetate cyl9d]s spun out ( l>g] orifices ?an silk are try+--n v successfully z yet--to compete ) hog's bri/les & horsehair4 ,/ir p[d]$ metals into ! cellulose solution & y h ! ,bayko y>n4 ,bayko 7f ! manufactur]s1 ,f>b5fabrik5 vorm4 ,fri$r4 ,bay] & ,company7 is "o ( ^? telescop$ names l ,socony1 ,nylic1 ,fom9co1 ,alco1 ,ropeco1 ,ripans1 ,p5n-,yan1 ,anzac1 ,dagor1 ,dora & ,cadets1 :i* w be ! despair ( future philolog]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pap] ,,mill ,,9 ,,action ,?is photograph 0 tak5 9 ! b>k+ room ( ! big pulp mill ( ! ,great ,nor!rn ,pap] ,company at ,mill9ocket1 ,ma9e ,illu/ration3 ,,cellulose ,,f ,,wood ,,pulp ,?is is n[ made into a l>ge v>iety ( useful articles ( :i* a few examples are "h pictur$ ,soluble cellulose may enable u 9 "t to disp5se ) ! weav] z well z ! silkworm4 ,x may by "o op]ation give u fabrics in/ead ( ?reads4 ,a ma*9e has be5 inv5t$ = manufactur+ net & lace1 ! liquid mat]ial be+ p\r$ on "o side ( a roll] & ! fabric be+ reel$ (f on ! o!r side4 ,! process seems capable ( indef9ite ext5sion & application to v>i\s sorts ( wov51 knit & reticulat$ goods4 ,! raw mat]ial is cotton wa/e & ! f9i%$ fabric is a good sub/itute = silk4 ,z 9 ! process ( mak+ artificial silk ! cellulose is dissolv$ 9 a cupro-ammoniacal solution1 b in/ead ( be+ =c$ out ?r\gh m9ute op5+s to =m ?reads1 z 9 t process1 ! pa/e is all[$ to fl[ ^u a revolv+ cyl9d] :i* is engrav$ ) ! patt]n ( ! desir$ textile4 ,a scrap] removes ! excess & ! turn+ ( ! cyl9d] br+s ! pa/e 9 ! engrav$ l9es d[n into a ba? :i* solidifies x4 ,tulle or net is n[ :at is *iefly be+ turn$ out1 b ! engrav$ design may be z elaborate & arti/ic z desir$1 & v>i\s mat]ials c be us$4 ,s9ce ! ?reads :]ev] !y cross are unit$1 ! fabric is naturally /rong] ?an ! ord9>y4 ,x is all ( a piece & n compos$ ( p>ts4 ,9 %ort1 we seem to be on ! eve ( a revolution 9 textiles t is ! same z t tak+ place 9 build+ mat]ials4 ,our concrete /ructures1 h[ev] great1 are all "o /one4 ,!y are n built up out ( blocks1 b ca/ z a :ole4 ,lace has always be5 ! ari/ocrat among textiles4 ,x has ma9ta9$ its exclusiv5ess hi!rto by be+ bas$ ^u h& labor4 ,9 no o!r way c\ld "o get s mu* pa9ful1 pati5t toil put into su* a light & portable =m4 ,a filmy ?+ tw9$ ab\t a neck or dropp+ f a wri/ repres5t$ ye>s ( "w by poor peasant girls or pallid1 unpaid nuns4 ,a visit to a lace factory1 ev5 to ! public rooms :]e ! worn\t wom5 7 n to be se51 is en\gh to make "o resolve nev] to pur*ase any su* ?+ made by h& aga94 ,b our good resolutions d n la/ long & 9 "t we =get ! /ra9$ eyes & b[$ backs1 or1 :at is worse1 value our bit ( lace all ! m because x means t "s poor woman has put h] life & heal? into x1 nett+ & weav+1 purl+ & knott+1 tw9+ & twi/+1 ?r[+ & draw+1 ?read by ?read1 day aft] day1 until h] eyes c no long] see & h] f+]s h become /iff5$4 ,b man is n naturally cruel4 ,he does n really enjoy be+ a slave driv]1 ei!r ( human or animal slaves1 al?\gh he c be h>d5$ to x ) %ock+ ease if !re seems no o!r way ( gett+ :at he wants4 ,s he usually welcomes t ,great ,lib]ator1 ! ,ma*9e4 ,he pref]s to drive ! tireless eng9e ?an to :ip ! /ra9+ horses4 ,he _h r see ! f>m] rid+ at ease 9 a m[+ ma*9e ?an b5d+ 8 back ov] a scy!4 ,! ,ma*9e is n only ! ,great ,lib]ator1 x is ! ,great ,level] also4 ,x is ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! =ces = democracy4 ,an ari/ocracy c h>dly be ma9ta9$ except by di/9ction 9 dress1 & di/9ction 9 dress c only be ma9ta9$ by sumptu>y laws or co/l9ess4 ,sumptu>y laws are uncon/itutional 9 ?is c\ntry1 h5ce ! /ress laid ^u co/l9ess4 ,b ma*9]y t5ds to br+ /yles & fabrics )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,! %opgirl is almo/ z well dress$ on ! /reet z h] ri* cu/om]4 ,! man :o buys ready-made clo?+ is only a few weeks beh9d ! vangu>d ( ! fa%ion4 ,!re is (t5 no diff]5ce p]ceptible to ! ord9>y eye betwe5 *eap & high-pric$ clo?+ once ! price tag is (f4 ,jewels z a portable =m ( conc5trat$ co/l9ess h be5 9 favor f ! e>lie/ ages1 b n[ !y are los+ _! factiti\s value ?r\gh ! advance ( inv5tion4 ,rubies ( unprec$5t$ size1 n imitation1 b g5u9e rubies1 c n[ be manufactur$ at reasonable rates4 ,& n[ we may hope t lace may soon be )9 ! rea* ( all1 n m]ely lace ( ! e/abli%$ =ms1 b new & m v>i$ & intricate & beautiful designs1 su* z ! imag9ation has be5 able to conceive1 b ! h& _c execute4 ,dissolv+ nitrocellulose 9 e!r & alcohol we get ! collodion v>ni% t we are all famili> ) s9ce we h us$ x on our cut f+]s4 ,spread x on clo? in/ead ( y\r sk9 & x makes a v good lea!r sub/itute4 ,z we all "k to our co/ ! numb] ( animals to be sk9n$ has n increas$ s rapidly 9 rec5t ye>s z ! numb] ( feet to be %od4 ,aft] hav+ gone b>efoot = a million ye>s or s ! majority ( mank9d h decid$ to we> %oes & ?is *ange 9 fa%ion comes at a "t1 r\ghly speak+1 :5 pa/ure l& is gett+ sc>ce4 ,also !re are books to be b\nd & o!r new ?+s to be done = :i* lea!r is ne$$4 ,! w> has int5sifi$ ! /r+5cy2 s has fem99e fa%ion4 ,! conv5tions require t ! %oe-tops ext5d ne>ly to skirt-bottom & ?is means t an in* or s mu/ be add$ to ! %oe-top e ye>4 ,consequ5t to ?is rise 9 lea!r we h to pay z mu* = "o %oe z we us$ to pay = a pair4 ,"h1 !n1 is a *ance = ,necessity to ex]cise h] mat]nal function4 ,& %e has respond$ nobly4 ,a prog5y ( new sub/ances h be5 br\ght =? &1 :at is mo/ enc\rag+ to see1 !y are no long] try+ to worm _! way into favor z surreptiti\s surrogates "u ! names ( lea!ret1 lea!r9e1 lea!roid & lea!r-?is-or-t b come out boldly "u names ( _! own co9age & decl>e !mselves n an imitation1 n ev5 a sub/itute1 b bett] ?an lea!r4 ,?is policy has _h ! curi\s result ( compell+ ! c[hide m5 to take full pages 9 ! magaz9es to call att5tion to ! =gott5 virtues ( good old-fa%ion$ sole-lea!r6 ,!re are n[ ^u ! m>ket syn!tic %oes t a veget>ian c\ld we> ) a cle> consci5ce4 ,! soles are made ( "s rubb] composition2 ! upp]s ( cellulose fabric 7canvas7 coat$ ) a cellulose solution su* z ,i h describ$4 ,ea* firm keeps its own process = su* sub/ance a dead secret1 b )\t pry+ into ^! we c le>n en\gh to satisfy our legitimate curiosity4 ,! fir/ ( ! artificial fabrics 0 ! old-fa%ion$ & /ill indisp5sable oil-clo?1 t is canvas pa9t$ or pr9t$ ) l9se$ oil c>ry+ ! desir$ pigm5ts4 ,l9se$ oil belongs to ! class ( comp\nds t ! *emi/ calls unsaturat$ & ! psy*ologi/ w\ld call unsatisfi$4 ,!y take up oxyg5 f ! air & become solid1 h5ce are call$ ! dry+ oils1 al?\gh ?is does n mean t !y lose wat]1 = !y h n any to lose4 ,lat]1 gr\nd cork 0 mix$ ) ! l9se$ oil & !n x w5t by its ,lat9 "n1 l9oleum4 ,! next /ep 0 to cut loose altoge!r f ! natural oils & use = ! v>ni% a solution ( "s ( ! cellulose e/]s1 usually ! nitrate 7pyroxyl9 or guncotton71 m r>ely ! acetate4 ,z a solv5t ! e!r-alcohol mixture =m+ collodion 01 z we h se51 ! fir/ to be employ$1 b n[ v>i\s o!r solv5ts are 9 use1 among !m ca/or oil1 me?yl alcohol1 acetone1 & ! acetates ( amyl or e?yl4 ,"s ( ^! w be recogniz$ z belong+ to ! fruit ess5ces t we consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1 & d\btless mo/ ( u h p]ceiv$ an odor z ( ov]-ripe pe>s1 bananas or apples my/]i\sly emanat+ f a newly lacqu]$ radiator4 ,) p[d]$ bronze1 imitation gold1 alum9um or some?+ ( ! k9d a metallic f9i% c be put on any surface4 ,canvas coat$ or impregnat$ ) su* soluble cellulose gives u new flexible & durable fabrics t h o!r advantages ov] lea!r besides be+ *eap] & m abundant4 ,)\t su* mat]ial = curta9s & cu%ions ! automobile bus9ess w\ld h be5 sorely hamp]$4 ,x promises to provide u ) a book b9d+ t w n crumble to p[d] 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,l95 coll>s may be wat]-pro($ & possibly ,dame ,fa%ion--be+ a fickle lady--may "s day rel5t & let u we> su* sanit>y & economical neckwe>4 ,= %oes1 purses1 belts & ! l ! cellulose v>ni% or v5e] is usually color$ & /amp$ to resemble ! gra9 ( any k9d ( lea!r desir$1 ev5 snake or alligator4 ,if in/ead ( dissolv+ ! cellulose nitrate & spread+ x on fabric we comb9e x ) camphor we get celluloid1 a pla/ic solid capable ( innum]able applications4 ,b t is ano!r /ory & mu/ be res]v$ = ! next *apt]4 ,b be=e leav+ ! subject ( cellulose prop] ,i mu/ ref] back aga9 to its *ief s\rce1 wood4 ,we inh]it$ f ! ,indians a well-wood$ cont95t4 ,b ! pione] c>ri$ an ax on 8 %\ld] & began us+ x imm$iately4 ,= ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! trees h be5 cut d[n fa/] ?an !y c\ld gr[1 fir/ to cle> ! l&1 next = fuel1 !n = lumb] & la/ly = pap]4 ,consequ5tly we are )9 sight ( a %ortage ( wood z we are ( coal & oil4 ,b ! coal & oil are irrecov]able :ile ! wood may be regr[n1 ?\gh x w\ld require ano!r ?ree hundr$ ye>s & m to gr[ "s ( ! trees we h cut d[n4 ,= fuel a p\nd ( coal is ab\t equal to two p\nds ( wood1 & a p\nd ( gasol9e to ?ree p\nds ( wood 9 heat+ value1 s !re w\ld be a great loss 9 effici5cy & economy if ! _w _h to g back to a wood basis4 ,b :5 t "t %all come1 z1 ( c\rse1 x mu/ come "s "t1 ! wood w d\btless n be burn$ 9 its natural /ate b w be conv]t$ into hydrog5 & c>bon monoxide 9 a gas produc] or w be di/ill$ 9 clos$ ov5s giv+ *>coal & gas & sav+ ! by-products1 ! t> & acid liquors4 ,z x is n[ ! lumb]man wa/es two-?irds ( e tree he cuts d[n4 ,! re/ is left 9 ! =e/ z /ump & tops or ?r[n out at ! mill z sawdu/ & slabs4 ,! slabs & o!r scraps may be us$ z fuel or work$ up into small wood articles l la?s & clo!s-p9s4 ,! sawdu/ is burn$ or left to rot4 ,b x is possible1 al?\gh x may n be pr(itable1 to save all ?is wa/e4 ,9 a =m] *apt] ,i %[$ ! advantages ( ! introduction ( by-product coke-ov5s4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to wood z to coal4 ,if a cord ( wood 7#abh cubic feet7 is subject$ to a process ( de/ructive di/illation x yields ab\t #ej bu%els ( *>coal1 #aa1ejj cubic feet ( gas1 #be gallons ( t>1 #aj gallons ( crude wood alcohol & #bjj p\nds ( crude acetate ( lime4 ,res9\s woods su* z p9e & fir di/ill$ ) /eam give turp5t9e & ros94 ,! acetate ( lime gives acetic acid & acetone4 ,! wood 7me?yl7 alcohol is almo/ z useful z gra9 7e?yl7 alcohol 9 arts & indu/ry & has ! advantage ( kill+ (f ^? :o dr9k x promptly in/ead ( sl[ly4 ,! *emi/ is an economical s\l4 ,he is nev] cont5t until he has conv]t$ e k9d ( wa/e product into "s k9d ( pr(itable by-product4 ,he n[ has 8 glitt]+ eye fix$ ^u ! m\nta9s ( sawdu/ t pile up ab\t ! lumb] mills4 ,he also has a notion t he c beat lumb] = "s purposes4 ,,vii ,,syn!tic ,,pla/ics ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i told h[ ,alfr$ ,nobel cut 8 f+] &1 daub+ x ov] ) collodion1 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( high explosive1 dynamite4 ,i rem>k$ t ! fir/ "p ( ?is process--! hurt+ & ! heal+ ( ! f+]--might happ5 to anybody b n ev]ybody w\ld be l$ to discov]y !reby4 ,t is true en\gh1 b we mu/ n ?9k t ! ,sw$i% *emi/ 0 ! only obs]vant man 9 ! _w4 ,ab\t ?is same "t a "y man 9 ,albany1 nam$ ,john ,wesley ,hyatt1 got a sore f+] & resort$ to ! same rem$y & 0 l$ to z great a discov]y4 ,8 fa!r 0 a blacksmi? & 8 education 0 conf9$ to :at he c\ld get at ! sem9>y ( ,eddyt[n1 ,new ,york1 be=e he 0 sixte54 ,at t age he set out = ! ,we/ to make 8 =tune4 ,he made x1 b aft] a long1 h>d /ruggle4 ,8 trade ( typesett] gave him a liv+ 9 ,ill9ois1 ,new ,york or :]ev] he want$ to g1 b he 0 n cont5t ) 8 wages or 8 h\rs4 ,h[ev]1 he did n /rike to r$uce 8 h\rs or increase 8 wages4 ,on ! contr>y1 he increas$ 8 work+ "t & us$ x to increase 8 income4 ,he sp5t 8 nights & ,sundays 9 mak+ billi>d balls1 n at all ! sort ( ?+ y w\ld expect ( a "y man ( 8 ,*ri/ian "n4 ,b work+ ) billi>d balls is m pr(itable ?an play+ ) !m--?\gh t is n ! sort ( ?+ y w\ld expect a man ( my surname to say4 ,hyatt _h se5 9 ! pap]s an (f] ( a prize ( #aj1jjj = ! discov]y ( a satisfactory sub/itute = ivory 9 ! mak+ ( billi>d balls & he set out to get t prize4 ,i don't "k :e!r he ev] got x or n1 b ,i h 9 my h& a newly publi%$ circul> ann\nc+ t ,mr4 ,hyatt has n[ p]fect$ a process = mak+ billi>d balls bett] ?an ivory4 ,meantime he has turn$ out sev]al hundr$ o!r inv5tions1 _m ( !m mu* m useful & pr(itable1 b ,i imag9e t he takes less satisfaction 9 any ( !m ?an he does 9 hav+ solv$ ! problem t he und]took fifty ye>s ago4 ,! reason = ! prize 0 t ! game on ! billi>d table 0 gett+ m popul> & ! game 9 ! ,african jungle 0 gett+ sc>c]1 especially elephants hav+ tusks m ?an #b-g_/af in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! rais+ ( elephants is n an indu/ry t promises z quick returns z rais+ *ick5s or ,belgian h>es4 ,to make a ball hav+ exactly ! weight1 color & resili5cy to :i* billi>d play]s h become accu/om$ seem$ an impossibility4 ,hyatt tri$ compress$ wood1 b :ile he did n succe$ 9 mak+ billi>d balls he did build up a pr(itable bus9ess 9 /amp$ *eck]s & dom9oes4 ,sett+ type 9 ! way !y did x 9 ! sixties 0 h>d on ! h&s4 ,& if ! sk9 got worn ?9 or brok5 ! dirty lead type 7 liable to infect ! f+]s4 ,"o day 9 #ahfc ,hyatt1 f9d+ 8 f+]s 7 gett+ raw1 w5t to ! cupbo>d :]e 0 kept ! liquid cuticle us$ by ! pr9t]s4 ,b :5 he got !re he f\nd x 0 b>e1 = ! vial _h tipp$ ov]--y "k h[ easily !y tip ov]--& ! collodion _h run out & solidifi$ on ! %elf4 ,possibly ,hyatt 0 annoy$1 b if s he did n wa/e "t rag+ ar\nd ! (fice to f9d out :o tipp$ ov] t bottle4 ,in/ead he pull$ (f f ! wood a bit ( ! dri$ film z big z 8 ?umb nail & exam9$ x ) t 'satiable curtiosity1 z ,kipl+ calls x1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! born inv5tor4 ,he f\nd x t\gh & ela/ic & x occurr$ to him t x might be wor? #aj1jjj4 ,x turn$ out to be wor? _m times t4 ,collodion1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 is a solution 9 e!r & alcohol ( guncotton 7o!rwise kn[n z pyroxyl9 or nitrocellulose71 :i* is made by ! action ( nitric acid on cotton4 ,hyatt tri$ mix+ ! collodion ) ivory p[d]1 also us+ x to cov] balls ( ! necess>y weight & solidity1 b !y did n "w v well & besides 7 explosive4 ,a ,colorado saloon keep] wrote 9 to compla9 t "o ( ! billi>d play]s _h t\*$ a ball ) a light$ cig>1 :i* set x (f & e man 9 ! room _h drawn 8 gun4 ,! tr\ble ) ! dissolv$ guncotton 0 t x c\ld n be mold$4 ,x did n swell up & set2 x m]ely dri$ up & %runk4 ,:5 ! solv5t evaporat$ x left a wr9kl$1 %rivel$1 horny film1 satisfactory to ! surgeon b n to ! man :o want$ to make balls & hairp9s & knife h&les out ( x4 ,9 ,engl& ,alex&] ,p>kes began work+ on ! problem 9 #ahee & /uck to x = t5 ye>s be=e he1 or r 8 back]s1 gave up4 ,he tri$ mix+ 9 v>i\s ?+s to /iff5 up ! pyroxyl94 ,( ^!1 camphor1 :i* he tri$ 9 #ahfe1 work$ ! be/1 b s9ce he us$ ca/or oil to s(t5 ! mass articles made ( p>kes9e did n hold up 9 all wea!rs4 ,ano!r ,engli%man1 ,daniel ,spill1 an associate ( ,p>kes1 took up ! problem :]e he _h dropp$ x & turn$ out a bett] product1 xylonite1 ?\gh /ill /ick+ to ! idea t ca/or oil 0 necess>y to get ! two solids1 ! guncotton & ! camphor1 toge!r4 ,b ,hyatt1 he>+ t camphor c\ld be us$ & n kn[+ en\gh ab\t :at o!rs _h done to foll[ _! false trails1 simply mix$ 8 camphor & guncotton toge!r )\t any solv5t & put ! mixture 9 a hot press4 ,! two solids dissolv$ "o ano!r & :5 ! press 0 op5$ !re 0 a cle>1 solid1 homog5e\s block (--:at he nam$--celluloid4 ,! problem 0 solv$ & 9 ! simple/ imag9able way4 ,tissue pap]1 t is1 cellulose1 is treat$ ) nitric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( sulfuric acid4 ,! nitration is n c>ri$ s f> z to produce ! guncotton us$ 9 explosives b only f> en\gh to make a soluble nitrocellulose or pyroxyl94 ,?is is pulp$ & mix$ ) half ! quantity ( camphor1 press$ into cakes & dri$4 ,if ?is mixture is put into /eam-heat$ molds & subject$ to hydraulic pressure x takes any desir$ =m4 ,! process rema9s ess5tially ! same z 0 work$ out by ! ,hyatt bro!rs 9 ! factory !y set up 9 ,new>k 9 #ahgb & "s ( _! orig9al ma*9es are /ill 9 use4 ,b ?is protean pla/ic takes innum]able =ms & almo/ z _m names4 ,ea* factory has its own secrets & lays claim to peculi> m]its4 ,! fundam5tal product itself is n pat5t$1 s trade names are copyright$ to protect ! product4 ,i h already m5tion$ ?ree1 p>kes9e1 xylonite & celluloid1 & ,i may add1 )\t exhau/+ ! li/ ( species belong+ to ?is g5us1 viscoloid1 li?oxyl1 fib]loid1 coral9e1 eburite1 pulv]oid1 ivor9e1 p]gamoid1 duroid1 ivortus1 cry/alloid1 transp>5e1 litnoid1 petroid1 pasbos5e1 cellonite & pyral94 ,celluloid c be giv5 any color or colors by mix+ 9 anil9e dyes or metallic pigm5ts4 ,! color may be conf9$ to ! surface or to ! int]ior or p]vade ! :ole4 ,if ! nitrat$ tissue pap] is blea*$ ! celluloid is transp>5t or colorless4 ,9 t case x is necess>y to add an antacid su* z urea to prev5t its gett+ yell[ or opaque4 ,to make x opaque & less inflammable oxides or *lorides ( z9c1 alum9um1 magnesium1 etc41 are mix$ 94 ,)\t go+ into ! "q ( _! v>iations & relative m]its we may consid] ! advantages ( ! pyroxyl9 pla/ics 9 g5]al4 ,"h we h a new sub/ance1 ! product ( ! creative g5ius ( man1 & !re=e adaptable to 8 ne$s4 ,x is h>d b light1 t\gh b ela/ic1 easily made & tol]ably *eap4 ,heat$ to ! boil+ po9t ( wat] x becomes s(t & flexible4 ,x c be turn$1 c>v$1 gr\nd1 poli%$1 b5t1 press$1 /amp$1 mold$ or bl[n4 ,to make a block ( any desir$ size simply pile up ! %eets & put !m 9 a hot press4 ,to get %eets ( any desir$ ?ickness1 simply %ave !m (f ! block4 ,to make a tube ( any desir$ size1 %ape or ?ickness squirt out ! mixture ?r\gh a r+-%ap$ hole or roll ! %eets ar\nd a hot b>4 ,cut ! tube into sections & y h r+s to be %ap$ & /amp$ into box bodies or napk9 r+s4 ,pr9t words or pictures on a celluloid %eet1 put a ?9 transp>5t %eet ov] x & weld !m toge!r1 !n y h some?+ l ! horn book ( our ance/ors1 b bett]4 ,n[adays su* ?+s z celluloid & pyral9 c be sold "u _! own "n1 b 9 ! e>ly days ! artificial pla/ics1 l e new ?+1 _h to resort to cam\flage1 a v humiliat+ exp$i5t s9ce 9 "s cases !y 7 bett] ?an ! mat]ial !y 7 =c$ to imitate4 ,tortoise %ell1 = in/ance1 cracks1 splits & twi/s1 b a tortoise %ell comb ( celluloid looks z well & la/s bett]4 ,horn articles are limit$ to size ( ! c]at9\s app5dages t c be borne on ! animal's head1 b an imitation ( horn c be made ( any ?ickness by wrapp+ celluloid %eets ab\t a cone4 ,ivory1 :i* also has a lam9at$ /ructure1 may be imitat$ by roll+ toge!r alt]nate :ite opaque & colorless transluc5t %eets4 ,"s ( ! %eets are wr9kl$ 9 ord] to produce ! knots & irregul>ities ( ! gra9 ( natural ivory4 ,man's *ief difficulty 9 all su* "w is to imitate ! imp]fections ( nature4 ,8 :ites are too :ite1 8 surfaces are too smoo?1 8 %apes are too regul>1 8 products are too pure4 ,! preci\s r$ coral ( ! ,m$it]ranean c be p]fectly imitat$ by tak+ a ca/ ( a coral bran* & fill+ 9 ! mold ) celluloid ( ! same color & h>dness4 ,! cle> lu/] ( amb]1 ! dead black ( ebony1 ! cl\d9ess ( onyx1 ! opalesc5ce ( alaba/]1 ! gl[ ( c>nelian--once conf9$ to ! selfi% enjoym5t ( ! ri*--are n[ )9 ! rea* ( e "o1 ?anks to ?is *ameleon mat]ial4 ,mosaics may be multipli$ indef9itely by lay+ toge!r %eets & /icks ( celluloid1 suitably cut & color$ to make up ! picture1 fus+ ! mass1 & !n %av+ (f ?9 lay]s f ! end4 ,t *ef d'oeuvre ( ! ,v5etian glass mak]s1 ! ,battle ( ,isus1 f ! ,h\se ( ! ,faun 9 ,pompeii1 c be reproduc$ z fa/ z ! ma*9e c %ave !m (f ! block4 ,& ! tess]ae d n fall out l ^? y b\ght on ! ,rialto4 ,! process ?us does = mosaics1 ivory & coral :at pr9t+ does = pictures4 ,x is a me*anical multipli] & only by su* means c we ev] atta9 to a /ate ( democratic luxury4 ,! product1 9 cases :]e ! imitation is accurate1 is equally valuable except to ^? :o delight 9 ?9k+ t coral insects1 ,italian craftsm5 & elephants h be5 labor+ = ye>s to put a tr9ket into _! h&s4 ,! ,"l may be tru/$ to deal ) su* selfi% s\ls accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,b x is v l[ praise = a syn!tic product t x c pass itself (f1 m or less acceptably1 z a natural product4 ,if t is all we c\ld d )\t x4 ,x mu/ be an improvem5t 9 "s respects on any?+ to be f\nd 9 nature or x does n repres5t a real advance4 ,s celluloid & its cong5]s are n conf9$ to ! %apes ( %ell & coral & cry/al1 or to ! gra9 ( ivory & wood & horn1 ! colors ( amb] & ame?y/ & lapis lazuli1 b c be giv5 =ms & textures & t9ts t 7 nev] kn[n be=e #ahfi4 ,let me see n[1 h ,i m5tion$ all ! uses ( celluloid8 ,oh1 no1 !re are h&les = canes1 umbrellas1 mirrors & bru%es1 knives1 :i/les1 toys1 bl[n animals1 c>d cases1 *a9s1 *>ms1 broo*es1 badges1 bracelets1 r+s1 book b9d+s1 hairp9s1 campaign buttons1 cuff & coll> buttons1 cuffs1 coll>s & dickies1 tags1 cups1 knobs1 pap] cutt]s1 picture frames1 *essm51 pool balls1 p+ pong balls1 piano keys1 d5tal plates1 masks = disfigur$ faces1 p5hold]s1 eyeglass frames1 goggles1 play+ c>ds--& y c c>ry on ! li/ z f> z y l4 ,celluloid has its disadvantages4 ,y may mold1 y may color ! /uff z y w1 ! sc5t ( ! camphor w cl+ ar\nd x /ill4 ,?is is n usually objectionable except :]e ! celluloid is try+ to pass itself (f = some?+ else1 9 :i* case x des]ves no sympa?y4 ,x is attack$ & dissolv$ by hot acids & alkalies4 ,x s(t5s up :5 heat$1 :i* is h&y 9 %ap+ x ?\gh n s desirable aft]w>d4 ,b ! wor/ ( its fail+s is its combu/ibility4 ,x is n explosive1 b x takes fire f a flame & burns furi\sly ) cl\ds ( black smoke4 ,b celluloid is only "o ( _m pla/ic sub/ances t h be5 introduc$ to ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,a new & important gr\p ( !m is n[ be+ op5$ up1 ! s-call$ cond5sation products4 ,if y w take d[n any old volume ( *emical rese>* y w f9d occasionally words to ?is effect3 ,! reaction result$ 9 no?+ b an insoluble res9 :i* 0 n fur!r inve/igat$4 ,su* a passage w\ld be m>k$ ) a te> if *emi/s 7 giv5 to cry+ ov] _! failures4 ,= x is ! epitaph ( a buri$ hope4 ,x likely meant ! loss ( mon?s ( labor4 ,! reason ! *emi/ did n d any?+ fur!r ) ! gummy /uff t /uck up 8 te/ tube 0 because he did n "k :at to d ) x4 ,x c\ld n be dissolv$1 x c\ld n be cry/alliz$1 x c\ld n be di/ill$1 !re=e x c\ld n be purifi$1 analyz$ & id5tifi$4 ,:at _h happ5$ 0 9 mo/ cases ?is4 ,! molecule ( ! comp\nd t ! *emi/ 0 try+ to make _h comb9$ ) o!rs ( its k9d to =m a molecule too big to be manag$ by su* means4 ,f9anci]s call ! process a m]g]4 ,*emi/s call x polym]ization4 ,! res9 0 a molecul> tru/1 indissoluble1 uncontrollable & contam9at+ ev]y?+ x t\*$4 ,b *emi/s--l gov]nm5ts--h le>n$ wisdom 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,!y h n yet discov]$ 9 all cases h[ to undo ! process ( polym]ization1 or1 if y pref] ! f9ancial phrase1 h[ to unscramble ! eggs4 ,b !y h f\nd t ^! molecul> m]g]s are v useful ?+s 9 _! way4 ,= in/ance !re is a liquid kn[n z isopr5e 7,c#e;,h#h74 ,?is on heat+ or /&+ turns into a gum1 t is no?+ less ?an rubb]1 :i* is "s multiple ( ,c#e;,h#h4 ,= ano!r in/ance !re is =maldehyde1 an acrid smell+ gas1 us$ z a dis9fectant4 ,?is has ! simple/ possible =mula = a c>bohydrate1 ,,*#b,o4 ,b 9 ! leaf ( a plant ?is molecule multiplies itself by six & turns into a sweet solid glucose 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f71 or ) ! loss ( wat] into />* 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7 or cellulose 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e74 ,b =maldehyde is s insatiate t x n only comb9es ) itself b seizes ^u o!r sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly ^? hav+ an acquisitive nature l its own4 ,su* a sub/ance is c>bolic acid 7ph5ol7 :i*1 z we all "k1 is us$ z a dis9fectant l =maldehyde because x1 too1 has ! p[] ( attack+ decomposable organic matt]4 ,n[ ,pr(4 ,adolf von ,baey] discov]$ 9 #ahgb t :5 ph5ol & =maldehyde 7 br\ght into contact !y seiz$ ^u "o ano!r & =m$ a comb9e ( unusual t5acity1 t is1 a res94 ,b z ,i h said1 *emi/s 9 ^? days 7 %y ( res9s4 ,kleeb]g 9 #ahia tri$ to make some?+ out ( x & ,w4,h4 ,/ory 9 #ahie w5t s f> z to "n ! product res9ite1 b no?+ came ( x until #aiji :5 ,l4,h4 ,baekel& und]took a s]i\s & sy/ematic /udy ( ?is reaction 9 ,new ,york4 ,baekel& 0 a ,belgian *emi/1 born at ,gh5t 9 #ahfc & pr(essor at ,bruges4 ,:ile a /ud5t at ,gh5t he took up photography z a hobby & began to "w on ! problem ( do+ away ) ! d>k-room by produc+ a pr9t+ pap] t c\ld be develop$ "u ord9>y light4 ,:5 he came ov] to ,am]ica 9 #ahhi he br\ght 8 idea ) him & f\r ye>s lat] turn$ out ,velox1 ) :i* d\btless ! read] is famili>4 ,velox 0 nev] pat5t$ because1 z ,dr4 ,baekel& expla9$ 9 8 spee* ( acceptance ( ! ,p]k9 m$al f ! *emi/s ( ,am]ica1 lawsuits are too exp5sive4 ,manufactur]s seem to be com+ g5]ally to ! op9ion t a syn!tic "n copyright$ z a tradem>k af=ds bett] protection ?an a pat5t4 ,lat] ,dr4 ,baekel& turn$ 8 att5tion to ! ph5ol cond5sation products1 work+ gradually up f te/ tubes to ton vats accord+ to 8 motto3 ,make y\r mi/akes on a small scale & y\r pr(its on a l>ge scale4 ,he f\nd t :5 equal weights ( ph5ol & =maldehyde 7 mix$ & w>m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( an alkal9e catalytic ag5t ! solution sep>at$ into two lay]s1 ! upp] aque\s & ! l[] a res9\s precipitate4 ,?is res9 0 s(t1 visc\s & soluble 9 alcohol or acetone4 ,b if x 0 heat$ "u pressure x *ang$ into ano!r & a new k9d ( res9 t 0 h>d1 inela/ic1 unpla/ic1 infusible & insoluble4 ,! *emical "n ( ?is product is polym]iz$ oxyb5zyl me?yl5e glycol anhydride1 b nobody calls x t1 n ev5 *emi/s4 ,x is call$ ,bakelite aft] its inv5tor4 ,! two /ages 9 its prep>ation are conv5i5t 9 _m ways4 ,= in/ance1 por\s wood may be soak$ 9 ! s(t res9 & !n by heat & pressure x is *ang$ to ! bakelite =m & ! wood comes out ) a h>d f9i% t may be giv5 ! brilliant poli% ( ,japanese lacqu]4 ,pap]1 c>dbo>d1 clo?1 wood pulp1 sawdu/1 asbe/os & ! l may be impregnat$ ) ! res91 produc+ t\gh & h>d mat]ial suitable = v>i\s purposes4 ,brass "w pa9t$ ) x & !n bak$ at #cjj ,f4 acquires a lacqu]$ surface t is unaffect$ by soap4 ,=c$ 9 p[d] or %eet =m into molds "u a pressure ( #abjj to #bjjj p\nds to ! squ>e in* x takes ! mo/ delicate impressions4 ,billi>d balls ( bakelite are claim$ to be bett] ?an ivory because1 hav+ no gra91 !y d n swell unequally ) heat & humidity & s lose _! sph]icity4 ,pipe/ems & beads ( bakelite h ! cle> brilliancy ( amb] & great] /r5g?4 ,f\nta9 p5s made ( x are transp>5t s y c see h[ mu* ink y h left4 ,a new & enl>g+ field = bakelite & alli$ products is ! mak+ ( noiseless ge>s = automobiles & o!r ma*9]y1 also ( air-plane propell]s4 ,celluloid is m pla/ic & ela/ic ?an bakelite4 ,x is !re=e m easily work$ 9 %eets & small objects4 ,celluloid c be made p]fectly transp>5t & colorless :ile bakelite is conf9$ to ! range betwe5 a cle> amb] & an opaque br[n or black4 ,on ! o!r h& bakelite has ! advantage 9 be+ ta/eless1 odorless1 in]t1 insoluble & non-inflammable4 ,?is la/ quality & its high electrical resi/ance give bakelite its *ief field ( usefulness4 ,electricity 0 discov]$ by ! ,greeks1 :o f\nd t amb] 7electron7 :5 rubb$ w\ld pick up /raws4 ,?is means simply t amb]1 l all su* res9\s sub/ances1 natural or artificial1 is a non-conductor or di-electric & does n c>ry (f & scatt] ! electricity collect$ on ! surface by ! friction4 ,bakelite is us$ 9 its liquid =m = impregnat+ coils to keep ! wires f %ortcircuit+ & 9 its solid =m = commutators1 magnetos1 swit* blocks1 di/ributors1 & all sorts ( electrical app>atus = automobiles1 telephones1 wireless telegraphy1 electric light+1 etc4 ,bakelite1 h[ev]1 is only "o ( an indef9ite numb] ( su* cond5sation products4 ,z ,baey] said long ago3 ,x seems t all ! aldehydes w1 "u suitable circum/ances1 unite ) ! aromatic hydroc>bons to =m res9s4 ,s in/ead ( ph5ol1 o!r coal t> products su* z cresol1 naph?ol or b5z5e itself may be us$4 ,! c>bon l9ks 7-,,*#b-1 me?yl5e7 necess>y to hook ^! c>bon r+s toge!r may be obta9$ f o!r sub/ances ?an ! aldehydes1 = in/ance f ! am9es1 or ammonia d]ivatives4 ,?ree *emi/s1 ,l4,v4 ,k$man1 ,a4,j4 ,wei? & ,f4,p4 ,broek1 work+ 9 #aiaj on ! ,indu/rial ,fell[%ips ( ! late ,rob]t ,k5n$y ,duncan at ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 develop$ a process us+ =m9 in/ead ( =maldehyde4 ,=m9--or1 if y insi/ ^u its full "n1 hexa-me?yl5e-tetram9e--is a sug>-l sub/ance ) a fi%-l smell4 ,?is mix$ ) cry/alliz$ c>bolic acid & slightly w>m$ melts to a gold5 liquid t sets on p\r+ into molds4 ,x is /ill pla/ic & c be b5t into any desir$ %ape1 b on fur!r heat+ x becomes h>d )\t ! ne$ ( pressure4 ,ammonia is giv5 (f 9 ?is process in/ead ( wat] :i* is ! by-product 9 ! case ( =maldehyde4 ,! product is simil> to bakelite1 exactly h[ simil> is a "q t ! c\rts w h to decide4 ,! inv5tors ?reat5$ to call x ,ph5yl-endeka-salig5o-salig591 b1 rightly fe>+ t ?is w\ld int]f]e ) its salability1 !y h nam$ x r$manol4 ,a ph5olic cond5sation product closely relat$ to bakelite & r$manol is cond5site1 ! inv5tion ( ,jonas ,walt] ,ayleswor?4 ,ayleswor? 0 tra9$ 9 :at he ref]r$ to z ! greate/ univ]sity ( ! _w1 ! ,edison laboratory4 ,he ent]$ ?is univ]sity at ! age ( n9ete5 at a sal>y ( #c a week1 b ,edison soon f\nd t he _h 9 8 new boy an assi/ant :o c\ld /& be+ %ut up 9 ! laboratory work+ day & night z long z he c\ld4 ,aft] n9e ye>s ( close association ) ,edison he set up a little laboratory 9 8 own back y>d to "w out new pla/ics4 ,he f\nd t by act+ on naph?al5e--! mo?-ball /uff--) *lor9e he got a s]ies ( useful products call$ hal[axes4 ,! l[] *lor9at$ products are oils1 :i* may be us$ = impregnat+ pap] or s(t wood1 mak+ x non-inflammable & impregnable to wat]4 ,if f\r atoms ( *lor9e ent] ! naph?al5e molecule ! product is a h>d wax t r+s l a metal4 ,cond5site is anhydr\s & infusible1 & l its rivals f9ds its *ief employm5t 9 ! insulation p>ts ( electrical app>atus4 ,! records ( ! ,edison phonograph are made ( x4 ,s are ! buttons ( our blue-jackets4 ,! ,gov]nm5t at ! outbreak ( ! w> ord]$ #dj1jjj goggles 9 cond5site frames to protect ! eyes ( our gunn]s f ! gl>e & acid fumes4 ,! v>i\s syn!tics play$ an important "p 9 ! w>4 ,accord+ to an anci5t milit>y pun ! endurance ( soldi]s dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( _! soles4 ,! new comp\nd rubb] soles 7 f\nd useful 9 our army & ! ,g]mans attribute _! success 9 mak+ a little lea!r g a long way dur+ ! late w> to ! use ( a new syn!tic tann+ mat]ial kn[n z n]adol4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( ?is4 ,"s are ph5olic cond5sation products ( =maldehyde l ^? we h be5 consid]+1 b "s use coal-t> comp\nds hav+ no ph5ol gr\ps1 su* z naph?al5e sulfonic acid4 ,^! are n[ be+ made 9 ,engl& "u su* names z p>adol1 cresyntan & syntan4 ,!y h ! advantage ( ! natural tann9s su* z b>k 9 t !y are ( kn[n /r5g? & c be v>i$ to suit4 ,?is v grasp+ comp\nd1 =maldehyde1 w attack almo/ any?+1 ev5 molecules _m times its size4 ,gelat9\s & album9\s sub/ances ( all sorts are solidifi$ by x4 ,glue1 skimm$ milk1 blood1 eggs1 yea/1 brew]'s slops1 may by ?is magic ag5t be rescu$ f wa/e & reappe> 9 our buttons1 hairp9s1 ro(+1 phonographs1 %oes or %oe-poli%4 ,! ,fr5* h made great use ( case9 h>d5$ by =maldehyde into :at is kn[n z galali? 7i4e41 milk/one74 ,?is is h>d] ?an celluloid & non-inflammable1 b has ! disadvantages ( be+ m brittle & ( absorb+ moi/ure4 ,a mixture ( case9 & celluloid has some?+ ( ! m]its ( bo?4 ,! ,japanese1 z we %\ld expect1 are us+ ! juice ( ! soy bean1 famili> z a condim5t to all :o patronize *op-sueys or use ,worce/]%ire sauce4 ,! soy gluc9e coagulat$ by =mal9 gives a pla/ic said to be bett] & *eap] ?an celluloid4 ,its inv5tor1 ,s4 ,sato1 ( ,s5dai ,univ]sity1 has nam$ x1 accord+ to ,am]ican prec$5t1 ,satolite1 & has organiz$ a million-doll> ,satolite ,company at ,mukojima4 ,! alg9 extract$ f ! ,pacific kelp c be us$ z a rubb] surrogate = wat]-pro(+ clo?4 ,:5 comb9$ ) heavi] alkal9e bases x =ms a t\gh & ela/ic sub/ance t c be roll$ into transp>5t %eets l celluloid or turn$ into buttons & knife h&les4 ,9 ,au/ralia :5 ! w> %ut (f ! supply ( t9 ! ,gov]nm5t commission appo9t$ to devise means ( pres]v+ fruits recomm5d$ ! use ( c>dbo>d conta9]s v>ni%$ ) magramite4 ,?is is a "n ! ,au/ralians co9$ = syn!tic res9 made f ph5ol & =maldehyde l bakelite4 ,magramite dissolv$ 9 alcohol is pa9t$ on ! c>dbo>d cans & :5 ^! are /ov$ ! coat+ becomes insoluble4 ,t>as(f has made a s]ies ( cond5sation products f ph5ol & =maldehyde ) ! addition ( sulfonat$ oils4 ,^! are =m$ by ! action ( sulfuric acid on coconut1 ca/or1 cottonse$ or m9]al oils4 ,! products ( ?is comb9ation are :ite pla/ics1 opaque1 insoluble & infusible4 ,s9ce ,i am "h *iefly conc]n$ ) ,creative ,*emi/ry1 t is1 ) ! art ( mak+ sub/ances n f\nd 9 nature1 ,i h n spok5 ( %ellac1 asphaltum1 ros91 ozoc]ite & ! innum]able gums1 res9s & waxes1 animal1 m9]al & vegetable1 t are us$ ei!r by !mselves or 9 comb9ation ) ! syn!tics4 ,:at p>ticul> dope or mud is us$ to coat a canvas or =m a telephone receiv] is (t5 h>d to f9d out4 ,! manufactur] f9ds secrecy saf] ?an ! pat5t (fice & ! *emi/ ( a rival e/abli%m5t is apt to be baffl$ 9 8 attempt to analyze & imitate4 ,b we ( ! outside _w are n conc]n$ ) ?is1 ?\gh we are int]e/$ 9 ! manifold applications ( ^! new mat]ials4 ,!re seems to be no limit to ^! comp\nds & e week ! j\rnals report new processes & pat5ts4 ,b we mu/ n all[ ! new ones to cr[d out ! remembrance ( ! olde/ & mo/ fam\s ( ! syn!tic pla/]s1 h>d rubb]1 to :i* a sep>ate *apt] mu/ be devot$4 ,,viii ,,! ,,race ,,= ,,rubb] ,!re is "o law t regulates all animate & inanimate ?+s4 ,x is =mulat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 = in/ance3 ,runn+ d[n a hill is easy4 ,9 ,lat9 x reads1 facilis desc5sus ,av]ni4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] calls x ! dissolution ( def9ite coh]5t het]og5eity into indef9ite incoh]5t homog5eity4 ,"m ,goose expresses x 9 ! fable ( ,humpty ,dumpty1 & ! bus9ess man extracts ! moral z1 ,y c't unscramble an egg4 ,! !ologian calls x ! dogma ( natural depravity4 ,! physici/ calls x ! second law ( !rmodynamics4 ,clausius =mulates x z ,! entropy ( ! _w t5ds t[>d a maximum4 ,x is easi] to sma% up ?an to build up4 ,*ildr5 f9d t ?is is true ( _! toys2 ! ,bol%eviki h f\nd t x is true ( a civilization4 ,s1 too1 ! *emi/ kn[s analysis is easi] ?an syn!sis & t creative *emi/ry is ! highe/ bran* ( 8 art4 ,?is expla9s :y *emi/s discov]$ h[ to take rubb] ap>t ov] sixty ye>s be=e !y c\ld f9d out h[ to put x toge!r4 ,! fir/ is easy4 ,j put "s raw rubb] into a retort & heat x4 ,if y c /& ! odor y w obs]ve ! ca\t*\c decompos+ & a b5z9e-l liquid di/ill+ ov]4 ,?is is call$ isopr5e4 ,any ,fre%man *emi/ c\ld write ! reaction = ?is op]ation4 ,x is simply ,c#aj;,h#af -- #b;,c#e;,h#h ca\t*\c isopr5e ,t is1 "o molecule ( ! gum splits up into two molecules ( ! liquid4 ,x is j z easy to write ! reaction 9 ! rev]se directions1 z #b isopr5e-- #a ca\t*\c1 b nobody c\ld make x g 9 t direction4 ,yet x c\ld be done4 ,x _h be5 done4 ,b ! man :o did x did n "k h[ he did x & c\ld n d x aga94 ,pr(essor ,tild5 9 ,may1 #ahib1 read a pap] be=e ! ,birm+ham ,philosophical ,society 9 :i* he said3 ,i 0 surpris$ a few weeks ago at f9d+ ! cont5ts ( ! bottles conta9+ isopr5e f turp5t9e entirely *ang$ 9 appe>ance4 ,9 place ( a limpid1 colorless liquid ! bottles conta9$ a d5se syrup 9 :i* 7 float+ sev]al l>ge masses ( a yell[i% color4 ,^u exam9ation ?is turn$ out to be ,india rubb]4 ,b nei!r ,pr(essor ,tild5 nor any "o else c\ld repeat ?is accid5tal metamorphosis4 ,x 0 tantaliz+1 = ! _w 0 will+ to pay #b1jjj1jjj1jjj a ye> = rubb] & ! =e/s ( ! ,amazon & ,congo 7 fail+ to meet ! dem&4 ,a l>ge %>e ( ^! millions w\ld h gone to any *emi/ :o c\ld f9d out h[ to make syn!tic rubb] & make x *eaply en\gh4 ,) su* a rew>d ( fame & =tune ! competition among *emi/s 0 int5se4 ,x took ! =m ( an int]national conte/ 9 :i* ,engl& & ,g]many 7 neck & neck4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,india ,rubb] ,_w4 ,:at goes into rubb] & :at is made out ( x ,! ,engli%1 :o _h be5 beat5 by ! ,g]mans 9 ! dye bus9ess :]e !y _h ! />t1 7 det]m9$ n to lose 9 ?is4 ,pr(4 ,w4,h4 ,p]k91 ( ,man*e/] ,univ]sity1 0 "o ( ! mo/ eag]1 = he 0 inspir$ by a p]sonal grudge aga9/ ! ,g]mans z well z by patriotism & sci5tific zeal4 ,x 0 8 fa!r :o _h1 fifty ye>s be=e1 discov]$ mauve1 ! fir/ ( ! anil9 dyes1 b ,engl& c\ld n hold ! bus9ess & its ri* rew>ds w5t ov] to ,g]many4 ,s 9 #aiji a corps ( *emi/s set to "w "u ,pr(essor ,p]k9 9 ! ,man*e/] laboratories to solve ! problem ( syn!tic rubb]4 ,:at reag5t c\ld be f\nd t w\ld rev]se ! reaction & conv]t ! liquid isopr5e into ! solid rubb]8 ,x 0 discov]$1 by accid5t1 we may say1 b x %\ld be und]/ood t su* advantage\s accid5ts happ5 only to ^? :o are work+ = !m & "k h[ to utilize !m4 ,9 ,july1 #aiaj1 ,dr4 ,mat!ws1 :o _h *>ge ( ! rese>*1 set "s isopr5e to dry+ ov] metallic sodium1 a common laboratory me?od ( free+ a liquid f ! la/ traces ( wat]4 ,9 ,septemb] he f\nd t ! flask 0 fill$ ) a solid mass ( real rubb] in/ead ( ! volatile colorless liquid he _h put into x4 ,tw5ty ye>s be=e ! discov]y w\ld h be5 useless1 = sodium 0 !n a r>e & co/ly metal1 a little ( x 9 a seal$ glass tube be+ pass$ ar\nd ! *emi/ry class once a ye> z a curiosity1 or a t9y bit cut (f & dropp$ 9 wat] to see :at a fuss x made4 ,b n[adays metallic sodium is *eaply produc$ by ! aid ( electricity4 ,! difficulty lay r 9 ! co/ ( ! raw mat]ial1 isopr5e4 ,9 indu/rial *emi/ry x is n suffici5t t a ?+ c be made2 x mu/ be made to pay4 ,isopr5e c\ld be obta9$ f turp5t9e1 b ?is 0 too exp5sive & limit$ 9 supply4 ,x w\ld m]ely mean ! de/ruction ( p9e =e/s in/ead ( rubb] =e/s4 ,/>* 0 f9ally decid$ ^u z ! be/ mat]ial1 s9ce ?is c be obta9$ = ab\t a c5t a p\nd f potatoes1 corn & _m o!r s\rces4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! *emi/ came to ! end ( 8 rope & _h to call ! bact]iologi/ to 8 aid4 ,! splitt+ ( ! />* molecule is too big a job = man2 only ! l[] organisms1 ! yea/ plant1 = example1 "k en\gh to d t4 ,ow+ p]haps to ! ent5te cordiale a ,fr5* biologi/ 0 call$ into ! comb9ation1 ,pr(essor ,f]nba*1 ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 & aft] eighte5 mon?s' h>d "w he discov]$ a process ( f]m5tation by :i* a l>ge am\nt ( fusel oil c be obta9$ f any />*y /uff4 ,hi!rto ! aim 9 f]m5tation & di/illation _h be5 to obta9 z small a proportion ( fusel z possible1 = fusel oil is a mixture ( ! heavi] alcohols1 all ( !m m poison\s & malodor\s ?an common alcohol4 ,b "h1 z has (t5 happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( indu/rial *emi/ry1 ! by-product turn$ out to be m valuable ?an ! product4 ,f fusel oil by ! use ( *lor9e isopr5e c be prep>$1 s ! *a9 0 complete4 ,b mean:ile ! ,g]mans _h be5 mak+ equal progress4 ,9 #aije ,pr(4 ,k>l ,h>ries1 ( ,b]l91 f\nd out ! "n ( ! ca\t*\c molecule4 ,?is discov]y 0 to ! *emi/s :at ! ar*itect's plan ( a h\se is to ! build]4 ,!y knew !n :at !y 7 try+ to con/ruct & c\ld g ab\t _! task intellig5tly4 ,m>k ,twa9 said t he c\ld und]/& some?+ ab\t h[ a/ronom]s c\ld measure ! di/ance ( ! planets1 calculate _! weights & s =?1 b he nev] c\ld see h[ !y c\ld f9d out _! names ev5 ) ! l>ge/ telescopes4 ,?is is a joke 9 a/ronomy b x is n 9 *emi/ry4 ,= :5 ! *emi/ f9ds out ! /ructure ( a comp\nd he gives x a "n :i* means t4 ,! /uff came to be call$ ca\t*\c1 because t 0 ! way ! ,spani>ds ( ,columbus's "t caught ! ,indian ^w cahu*u4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,prie/ley call$ x ,india rubb] he told m]ely :]e x came f & :at x 0 good =4 ,b :5 ,h>ries nam$ x #a-e-;dime?yl-cyclo-octadi5-#a-e any *emi/ c\ld draw a picture ( x & give a guess z to h[ x c\ld be made4 ,ev5 a p]son )\t any k ( *emi/ry c get ! ma9 po9t ( x by m]ely look+ at ?is diagram3 ,c ,c ,c---,c ,c--,c ,c ,c--,c ,c -- ,c ,c--,c ,c ,c--,c ,c ,c ,c---,c ,illu/ration3 isopr5e turns into ca\t*\c ,i h dropp$ ! #af ,h's or hydrog5 atoms ( ! =mula = simplicity's sake4 ,!y simply hook on :]ev] !y c4 ,y w see t ! isopr5e consi/s ( a *a9 ( f\r c>bon atoms 7repres5t$ by ! ,c's7 ) an extra c>bon on ! side4 ,9 ! trans=mation ( ?is colorless liquid into s(t rubb] two ( ! d\ble l9kages break & s p]mit ! two *a9s ( #d ,c's to unite to =m "o r+ ( eight4 ,if y h ev] play$ r+-ar\nd-a-rosy y w get ! idea4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv ,i expla9$ t ! anil9 dyes are built up ^u ! b5z5e r+ ( six c>bon atoms4 ,! rubb] r+ consi/s ( eight at lea/ & probably m4 ,any sub/ance conta9+ t peculi> c>bon *a9 ) two d\ble l9ks ,c,c-,c,c c d\ble up--polym]ize1 ! *emi/ calls x--into a rubb]-l sub/ance4 ,s we may h _m k9ds ( rubb]1 "s ( :i* may prove to be m useful ?an t :i* happ5s to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,) ! /ructural =mula ( ,h>ries z a clue *emi/s all ov] ! _w plung$ into ! problem ) r5ew$ hope4 ,! fam\s ,bay] dye works at ,elb]feld took x up & !re 9 ,augu/1 #aiji1 ,dr4 ,fritz ,h(mann work$ out a process = ! conv]t+ ( pure isopr5e into rubb] by heat4 ,!n 9 #aiaj ,h>ries happ5$ ^u ! same sodium reaction z ,mat!ws1 b :5 he came to get x pat5t$ he f\nd t ! ,engli%man _h beat5 him to ! pat5t (fice by a few weeks4 ,?is ,anglo-,g]man rivalry came to a dramatic climax 9 #aiab at ! great hall ( ! ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york :5 ,dr4 ,c>l ,duisb]g1 ( ! ,elb]feld factory1 deliv]$ an address on ! late/ a*ievem5ts ( ! *emical indu/ry be=e ! ,eigh?--& ! la/ = a long "t--,int]national ,congress ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry4 ,duisb]g insi/$ ^u talk+ 9 ,g]man1 al?\gh m ( 8 auditors w\ld h und]/ood him 9 ,engli%4 ,he laid full emphasis ^u ,g]man a*ievem5ts & ca/ d\bt ^u ! claim ( ! ,engli%man ,tild5 to h prep>$ artificial rubb] 9 ! eighties4 ,p]k91 ( ,man*e/]1 confront$ him ) 8 new process = mak+ rubb] f potatoes1 b ,duisb]g c\nt]$ by pr\dly display+ two automobile tires made ( syn!tic rubb] ) :i* he _h made a ?\s&-mile run4 ,! int5se antagonism betwe5 ! ,briti% & ,g]man *emi/s at ?is congress 0 felt by all pres5t1 b we did n =esee t 9 two ye>s f t date !y w\ld be engag$ 9 manufactur+ poison gas to fire at "o ano!r4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 realiz$ t m 0 at /ake ?an p]sonal reputation & national pre/ige4 ,"u pressure ( ! new dem& = automobiles ! price ( rubb] jump$ f #a4be to #c a p\nd 9 #aiaj1 & millions _h be5 inve/$ 9 plantations4 ,if ,pr(essor ,p]k9 0 "r :5 he told ! congress t by 8 process rubb] c\ld be made = less ?an #be c5ts a p\nd x meant t ^! plantations w\ld g ! way ( ! indigo plantations :5 ! ,g]mans succe$$ 9 mak+ artificial indigo4 ,if ,dr4 ,duisb]g 0 "r :5 he told ! congress t syn!tic rubb] w\ld c]ta9ly appe> on ! m>ket 9 a v %ort "t1 x meant t ,g]many 9 w> or peace w\ld become indep5d5t ( ,brazil 9 ! matt] ( rubb] z %e _h become indep5d5t ( ,*ile 9 ! matt] ( nitrates4 ,z x turn$ out bo? sci5ti/s 7 too sangu9e4 ,syn!tic rubb] has n prov$ capable ( displac+ natural rubb] by und]bidd+ x nor ev5 ( replac+ natural rubb] :5 ?is is %ut out4 ,:5 ,g]many 0 blockad$ & ! success ( h] armies dep5d$ on rubb]1 price 0 no object4 ,?ree ,dani% sailors :o 7 caught by ,unit$ ,/ates (ficials try+ to smuggle d5tal rubb] into ,g]many confess$ t !y _h be5 sell+ x !re = gas masks at #gc a p\nd4 ,! ,g]man gas masks 9 ! latt] "p ( ! w> 7 made )\t rubb] & 7 frail & leaky4 ,!y c\ld n h )/ood ! new gases :i* ,am]ican *emi/s 7 prep>+ on an unprec$5t$ scale4 ,e scrap ( old rubb] 9 ,g]many 0 sav$ & work$ ov] & ov] & dilut$ ) fill]s & surrogates to ! limit ( ela/icity4 ,spr+ tires 7 sub/itut$ = pneumatics4 ,s x is evid5t t ! supply ( syn!tic rubb] c\ld n h be5 adequate or satisfactory4 ,nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 h ! ,briti% made a success ( ! ,p]k9 process1 al?\gh !y sp5t #bjj1jjj on x 9 ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 n ! same necessity = x z 9 ! case ( ,g]many1 = ,engl& _h practically a monopoly ( ! _w's supply ( natural rubb] ei!r ?r\gh own+ plantations or controll+ %ipp+4 ,if rubb] c\ld n be manufactur$ pr(itably 9 ,g]many :5 ! dem& 0 imp]ative & price no consid]ation x c h>dly be expect$ to compete ) ! natural "u peace conditions4 ,! problem ( syn!tic rubb] has !n be5 solv$ sci5tifically b n indu/rially4 ,x c be made b _c be made to pay4 ,! difficulty is to f9d a *eap en\gh mat]ial to />t )4 ,we c make rubb] out ( potatoes--b potatoes h o!r uses4 ,x w\ld require m l& & m valuable l& to raise ! potatoes ?an to raise ! rubb]4 ,we c get isopr5e by ! di/illation ( turp5t9e--b :y n ble$ a rubb] tree z well z a p9e tree8 ,turp5t9e is nei!r *eap nor abundant en\gh4 ,any k9d ( wood1 sawdu/ = in/ance1 c be utiliz$ by conv]t+ ! cellulose ov] into sug> & f]m5t+ ?is to alcohol1 b ! process is n likely to prove pr(itable4 ,petroleum :5 crack$ up to make gasol9e gives isopr5e or o!r d\ble-bond comp\nds t g ov] into "s =m ( rubb]4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ promis+ ( all is ! complete inorganic syn!sis t disp5ses ) ! aid ( vegetation & />ts ) coal & lime4 ,^! heat$ toge!r 9 ! electric furnace =m calcium c>bide & ?is1 z e automobili/ kn[s1 gives acetyl5e by contact ) wat]4 ,f ?is gas isopr5e c be made & ! isopr5e conv]t$ into rubb] by sodium1 or acid or alkali or simple heat+4 ,acetone1 :i* is also made f acetyl5e1 c be conv]t$ directly into rubb] by fum+ sulfuric acid4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! process *iefly us$ by ! ,g]mans dur+ ! w>4 ,sev]al c>bide factories 7 devot$ to x4 ,b ! int]m$iate & by-products ( ! process1 su* z alcohol1 acetic acid & acetone1 7 9 z mu* dem& = w> purposes z rubb]4 ,! ,g]mans made "s rubb] f pit* import$ f ,sw$54 ,!y also f\nd a useful sub/itute 9 alum9um naph!nate made f ,baku petroleum1 = x is ela/ic & pla/ic & c be vulcaniz$4 ,s al?\gh rubb] c be made 9 _m diff]5t ways x is n pr(itable to make x 9 any ( !m4 ,we h to rely /ill ^u ! natural product1 b we c greatly improve ^u ! way nature produces x4 ,:5 ! call came = m rubb] = ! electrical & automobile indu/ries ! fir/ attempt to increase ! supply 0 to put pressure ^u ! natives to br+ 9 m ( ! latex4 ,z a consequ5ce ! trees 7 bl$ to dea? & sometimes also ! natives4 ,! ,belgian atrocities 9 ! ,congo %ock$ ! civiliz$ _w & at ,putumayo on ! upp] ,amazon ! same cause produc$ ! same horrible effects4 ,b no matt] :at cruelty 0 practic$ ! tropical =e/s c\ld n be made to yield a suffici5t increase1 s ! cultivation ( ! rubb] 0 begun by f>-sight$ m5 9 ,dut* ,java1 ,sumatra & ,borneo & 9 ,briti% ,malaya & ,ceylon4 ,brazil1 feel+ secure 9 ! possession ( a natural monopoly1 made no ef=t to compete ) ^! p>v5us4 ,x co/ ab\t z mu* to ga!r rubb] f ! ,amazon =e/s z x did to raise x on a ,malay plantation1 t is1 #be c5ts a p\nd4 ,! ,brazilian ,gov]nm5t clapp$ on ano!r #be c5ts export duty & sp5t ! money lavi%ly4 ,9 #aiaa ! treasury ( ,p>a took 9 #b1jjj1jjj f ! rubb] tax & a good %>e ( ! money 0 sp5t on a magnific5t new !at] at ,manaos--n on sett+ out rubb] trees4 ,! result ( ?is rivalry betwe5 ! collector & ! cultivator is %[n by ! fact t 9 ! decade #aijg-aiag ! _w's output ( plantation rubb] increas$ f #ajjj to #bjd1jjj tons1 :ile ! output ( wild rubb] decreas$ f #fh1jjj to #ec1jjj4 ,besides ?is ! plantation rubb] is a clean] & m ev5 product1 c>efully coagulat$ by acetic acid in/ead ( be+ smok$ ov] a =e/ fire4 ,x comes 9 pale yell[ %eets in/ead ( big black balls load$ ) ! dirt or /icks & /ones t ! hone/ ,indian sometimes adds to make a bigg] lump4 ,:at's bett]1 ! man :o milks ! rubb] trees on a plantation may live at home :]e he c be dec5tly look$ aft]4 ,! agriculturi/ & ! *emi/ may d :at ! philan?ropi/ & /atesman c\ld n accompli%3 put an end to ! cruelties involv$ 9 ! int]national /ruggle = black gold4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates uses ?ree-f\r?s ( ! _w's rubb] output & gr[s none ( x4 ,:at is ! use ( tropical possessions if we d n make use ( !m8 ,! ,philipp9es c\ld gr[ all our rubb] & keep a #cjj1jjj1jjj bus9ess "u our flag4 ,santo ,dom+o1 :]e rubb] 0 fir/ discov]$1 is n[ "u our sup]vision & c\ld be enri*$ by ! indu/ry4 ,! ,guianas1 :]e ! rubb] tree 0 fir/ /udi$1 might be pur*as$4 ,x is *iefly = lack ( a def9ite colonial policy t our rubb] indu/ry1 by f> ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 has to be dep5d5t ^u =eign s\rces = all its raw mat]ials4 ,because ! ,philipp9es are likely to be ca/ (f at any mom5t1 ,am]ican manufactur]s are plac+ _! plantations 9 ! ,dut* or ,briti% possessions4 ,! ,goodye> ,company has secur$ a concession ( #bj1jjj acres ne> ,m$an 9 ,dut* ,sumatra4 ,:ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates is plann+ to rel9qui% its ,pacific possessions ! ,briti% h m ?an d\bl$ _! hold+s 9 ,new ,gu9ea by ! acquisition ( ,kais] ,wilhelm's ,l&1 good rubb] c\ntry4 ,! ,briti% ,malay ,/ates 9 #aiag export$ ov] #aah1jjj1jjj wor? ( plantation-gr[n rubb] & c\ld h sold m if %ipp+ _h n be5 %ort & production re/rict$4 ,fully #ij p] c5t4 ( ! cultivat$ rubb] is n[ gr[n 9 ,briti% colonies or on ,briti% plantations 9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4 ,to protect ?is monopoly an act has be5 pass$ prev5t+ =eign]s f buy+ m l& 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,! ,japanese h acquir$ !re #ej1jjj acres1 on :i* !y are gr[+ m ?an a million doll>s' wor? ( rubb] a ye>4 ,! ,briti% ,tropical ,life says ( ! ,am]ican invasion3 ,z ,am]ica is s extremely weal?y ,uncle ,sam c well af=d to cont9ue to buy our rubb] z he has be5 do+ in/ead ( com+ 9 to produce rubb] to r$uce 8 competition z a buy] 9 ! _w's m>ket4 ,! ,malaya e/ates calculate to pay a divid5d ( #bj p] c5t4 on ! inve/m5t ) rubb] sell+ at #cj c5ts a p\nd & e two c5ts additional on ! price br+s a fur!r #c-a_/b p] c5t4 divid5d4 ,! output is re/rict$ by ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association s z to keep ! price up to #ej-gj c5ts4 ,:5 ! plantations fir/ came into be>+ 9 #aiaj rubb] 0 br++ ne>ly #c a p\nd1 & s9ce x c be produc$ at less ?an #cj c5ts a p\nd we c imag9e ! pr(its ( ! e>ly birds4 ,! fact t ! _w's rubb] trade 0 9 ! control ( ,great ,brita9 caus$ ,am]ica great anxiety & f9ancial loss 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w> :5 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 suspect+--n )\t reason--t "s ,am]ican rubb] goods 7 gett+ into ,g]many ?r\gh neutral nations1 sudd5ly %ut (f our supply4 ,?is ?reat5$ to kill ! f\r? l>ge/ ( our indu/ries & x 0 only by ! submission ( ,am]ican rubb] deal]s to ! close/ sup]vision & re/riction by ! ,briti% au?orities t !y 7 all[$ to cont9ue _! bus9ess4 ,sir ,francis ,hopwood1 9 lay+ d[n ^! regulations1 gave emphatic w>n+ t 9 case any manufactur]1 import] or deal] came "u suspicion 8 p]mits %\ld be imm$iately revok$4 ,re9/atem5t w be sl[ & difficult4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t w cancel fir/ & inve/igate aft]w>d4 ,( c\rse ! ,briti% _h a "r to say "u :at conditions !y %\ld sell _! rubb] & we _c blame !m = tak+ su* precautions to prev5t its gett+ to _! enemies1 b x plac$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a humiliat+ position & if we _h n be5 9 sympa?y ) _! side x w\ld h ar\s$ m res5tm5t ?an x did4 ,b x made evid5t ! desirability ( hav+ at lea/ "p ( our supply "u our own control &1 if possible1 )9 our own c\ntry4 ,rubb] is n r>e 9 nature1 = x is conta9$ 9 almo/ e milky juice4 ,e c\ntry boy kn[s t he c get a self-fe$+ mucilage bru% by cutt+ (f a milkwe$ /alk4 ,! only native s\rce s f> utiliz$ is ! guayule1 :i* gr[s wild on ! des]ts ( ! ,mexican & ! ,am]ican bord]4 ,! plant 0 discov]$ 9 #aheb by ,dr4 ,j4,m4 ,bigel[ ne> ,escondido ,creek1 ,texas4 ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray describ$ x & nam$ x ,p>!nium arg5tatum1 or ! silv] ,pallas4 ,:5 *opp$ up & mac]at$ guayule gives a satisfactory quality ( ca\t*\c 9 pr(itable am\nts4 ,9 #aiaa sev5 ?\s& tons ( guayule 7 import$ f ,mexico2 9 #aiag only sev5te5 hundr$ tons4 ,:y ?is fall+ (f8 ,because ! eag] exploit]s _h kill$ ! goose t laid ! gold5 egg1 or 9 pla9 language1 pull$ up ! plant by ! roots4 ,n[ guayule is be+ cultivat$ & is reap$ in/ead ( be+ uproot$4 ,exp]im5ts at ! ,tucson laboratory h rec5tly remov$ ! difficulty ( gett+ ! se$ to g]m9ate "u cultivation4 ,?is seems ! mo/ promis+ ( ! home-gr[n plants &1 until artificial rubb] c be made pr(itable1 gives u ! only *ance ( be+ 9 "p indep5d5t ( ov]sea supply4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r gums f\nd 9 nature t c = "s purposes be sub/itut$ = ca\t*\c4 ,gutta p]*a1 = in/ance1 is pliable & t\gh ?\gh n v ela/ic4 ,x becomes pla/ic by heat s x c be mold$1 b unlike rubb] x _c be h>d5$ by heat+ ) sulfur4 ,a lump ( gutta p]*a 0 br\ght f ,java 9 #agff & plac$ 9 a ,briti% museum1 :]e x lay = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s be=e x occurr$ to anybody to d any?+ ) x except to look at x4 ,b a ,g]man electrician1 ,siem5s1 discov]$ 9 #ahdg t gutta p]*a 0 valuable = insulat+ telegraph l9es & x f\nd ext5sive employm5t 9 subm>9e cables z well z = golf balls1 & ! l4 ,balata1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,guianas1 is betwe5 gutta p]*a & rubb]1 n s good = insulation b useful = %oe soles & ma*9e belts4 ,! b>k ( ! tree is s ?ick t ! latex does n run (f l ca\t*\c :5 ! b>k is cut4 ,s ! b>k has to be cut (f & squeez$ 9 h& presses4 ,=m]ly ?is meant cutt+ d[n ! tree1 b n[ alt]nate /rips ( ! b>k are cut (f & squeez$ s ! tree cont9ues to live4 ,:5 ,columbus discov]$ ,santo ,dom+o he f\nd ! natives play+ ) balls made f ! gum ( ! ca\t*\c tree4 ,! soldi]s ( ,piz>ro1 :5 !y conqu]$ ,inca-,l&1 adopt$ ! ,p]uvian cu/om ( sme>+ ca\t*\c ov] _! coats to keep out ! ra94 ,a ,fr5* sci5ti/1 ,m4 de la ,condam9e1 :o w5t to ,s\? ,am]ica to measure ! e>?1 came back 9 #agde ) "s specim5s ( ca\t*\c f ,p>a z well z qu99e f ,p]u4 ,! vessel on :i* he return$1 ! brig ,m9]va1 _h a n>r[ escape f capture by an ,engli% cruis]1 = ,great ,brita9 0 jeal\s ( any trespass+ on h] ,am]ican sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,! ,old ,_w ne$ n h wait$ = ! discov]y ( ! ,new1 = ! rubb] tree gr[s wild 9 ,annam z well z ,brazil1 b none ( ! ,asiatics seems to h discov]$ any ( ! _m uses ( ! juice t exudes f breaks 9 ! b>k4 ,! fir/ practical use t 0 made ( x gave x ! "n t has /uck to x 9 ,engli% ev] s9ce4 ,magellan ann\nc$ 9 #aggb t x 0 good to remove p5cil m>ks4 ,a lump ( x 0 s5t ov] f ,france to ,prie/ley1 ! cl]gyman *emi/ :o discov]$ oxyg5 & 0 mobb$ out ( ,man*e/] = be+ a republican & took refuge 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,he cut ! lump into little cubes & gave !m to 8 fri5ds to eradicate _! mi/akes 9 writ+ or figur+4 ,!n !y ask$ him :at ! que] ?+s 7 & he said t !y 7 ,india rubb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=e/ ,,rubb] ,comp>e ?is tropical tangle & gn>l$ trunk ) ! /raight tree & cle>$ gr\nd ( ! plantation4 ,at ! foot ( ! trunk are cups collect+ rubb] juice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plantation ,,rubb] ,?is spiral cut draws (f ! milk z completely & quickly z possible )\t h>m+ ! tree4 ,! man is pull+ (f a /rip ( coagulat$ rubb] t clogs x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,g>d5 ,,hose ,,! ,,rubb] ,,is ,,=m$ ,,into ,a ,,tube ,,by ,,! ,,ma*9e ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,& ,,coil$ ,,on ,,! ,,table ,,to ,,! ,,left ,! ,p]uvian natives _h us$ ca\t*\c = wat]-pro( clo?+1 %oes1 bottles & syr+es1 b ,europe 0 sl[ to take x up1 = ! /uff 0 too /icky & smell$ too bad 9 hot wea!r to become fa%ionable 9 fa/idi\s circles4 ,9 #ahbe ,mack9to% made 8 "n immortal by putt+ a lay] ( rubb] betwe5 two clo?s4 ,a ,g]man *emi/1 ,lud]sdorf1 discov]$ 9 #ahcb t ! gum c\ld be h>d5$ by treat+ x ) sulfur dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e4 ,b x 0 left to a ,yankee inv5tor1 ,*>les ,goodye>1 ( ,connecticut1 to "w out a practical solution ( ! problem4 ,a fri5d ( 81 ,hayw>d1 told him t x _h be5 reveal$ to him 9 a dream t sulfur w\ld h>d5 rubb]1 b un=tunately ! angel or defunct *emi/ :o inspir$ ! vision fail$ to reveal ! details ( ! process4 ,s ,hayw>d sold out 8 dream to ,goodye>1 :o sp5t all 8 own money & all he c\ld borr[ f 8 fri5ds try+ to conv]t x into a reality4 ,he work$ = t5 ye>s on ! problem be=e ! lucky accid5t came to him4 ,"o day 9 #ahci he happ5$ to drop on ! hot /ove ( ! kit*5 t he us$ z a laboratory a mixture ( ca\t*\c & sulfur4 ,to 8 surprise he saw ! two sub/ances fuse toge!r into some?+ new4 ,in/ead ( ! s(t1 tacky gum & ! yell[1 brittle brim/one he _h ! t\gh1 /able1 ela/ic solid t has done s mu* s9ce to make our foot+ & :eel+ safe1 swift & noiseless4 ,! gum%oes or galo%es t he 0 !n enabl$ to make /ill g by ! "n ( rubb]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh we d n use !m = p5cil eras]s4 ,goodye> f\nd t he c\ld v>y ?is vulcaniz$ rubb] at w4 ,by add+ a little m sulfur he got a h>d sub/ance :i*1 h[ev]1 c\ld be s(t5$ by heat s z to be mold$ into any =m want$4 ,out ( ?is h>d rubb] vulcanite or ebonite 7 made combs1 hairp9s1 p5hold]s & ! l1 & x has n yet be5 sup]s$$ = "s purposes by any ( its rec5t rivals1 ! syn!tic res9s4 ,! new =m ( rubb] made by ! ,g]mans1 me?yl rubb]1 is said to be a sup]ior sub/itute = ! h>d v>iety b n satisfactory = ! s(t4 ,! electrical resi/ance ( ! syn!tic product is #bj p] c5t1 high] ?an ! natural1 s x is excell5t = insulation1 b x is inf]ior 9 ela/icity4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! w> ! me?yl rubb] 0 manufactur$ at ! rate ( #afe tons a mon?4 ,! fir/ pneumatic tires1 kn[n !n z pat5t a]ial :eels1 7 inv5t$ by ,rob]t ,william ,?omson ( ,london 9 #ahdf4 ,on ! foll[+ ye> a c>riage equipp$ ) !m 0 se5 9 ! /reets ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,b ! pneumatic tire did n come into use until aft] #ahhh1 :5 an ,iri% horse-doctor1 ,john ,boyd ,dunlop1 ( ,belfa/1 ti$ a rubb] tube ar\nd ! :eels ( 8 little son's velocip$e4 ,)9 sev5 ye>s aft] t a #be1jjj1jjj corporation 0 manufactur+ ,dunlop tires4 ,lat] ,am]ica took ! lead 9 ?is bus9ess4 ,9 #aiac ! ,unit$ ,/ates export$ #c1jjj1jjj wor? ( tires & tubes4 ,9 #aiag ! ,am]ican exports rose to #ac1jjj1jjj1 n c\nt+ :at w5t to ! ,allies4 ,! numb] ( pneumatic tires sold 9 #aiag is e/imat$ at #ah1jjj1jjj1 :i* at an av]age co/ ( #be w\ld am\nt to #dej1jjj1jjj4 ,no matt] h[ mu* syn!tic rubb] may be manufactur$ or h[ _m rubb] trees are set out !re is no dang] ( glutt+ ! m>ket1 = z ! price falls ! uses ( rubb] become m num]\s4 ,"o c ?9k ( a ?\s& ways 9 :i* rubb] c\ld be us$ if x 7 only *eap en\gh4 ,9 ! =m ( pads & spr+s & tires x w\ld d mu* to r5d] traffic noiseless4 ,ev5 ! elevat$ railroad & ! subway might be op5$ to conv]sation1 & ! city made habitable = mild voic$ & g5tle folk4 ,x w\ld make "o's /ep sure1 noiseless & spr+y1 :e!r x 0 us$ individuali/ically z rubb] heels or collectivi/ically z c>pet+ & pav+4 ,9 ro(+ & sid+ & pa9t x w\ld make our build+s w>m] & m durable4 ,x w\ld r$uce ! co/ & p]mit ! ext5sion ( electrical appliances ( almo/ all k9ds4 ,9 %ort1 !re is h>dly any o!r mat]ial ^: abundance w\ld contribute m to our com=t & conv5i5ce4 ,noise is an automatic al>m indicat+ lo/ motion & wa/$ en]gy4 ,sil5ce is economy & resili5cy is sup]ior to resi/ance4 ,a gum%oe outla/s a hobnail$ sole & a rubb] tube full ( air is bett] ?an a /eel tire4 ,,ix ,,! ,,rival ,,sug>s ,! anci5t ,greeks1 be+ an inquisitive & acquisitive p1 7 fond ( collect+ tales ( /range l&s4 ,!y did n c>e mu* :e!r ! /ories 7 true or n s long z !y 7 int]e/+4 ,among ! m>vels t ! ,greeks he>d f ! ,f> ,ea/ two ( ! /range/ 7 t 9 ,india !re 7 plants t bore wool )\t %eep & re$s t bore honey )\t bees4 ,^! incr$ible tales turn$ out to be true & 9 ! c\rse ( "t ,europe began to get a little calico f ,calicut & a k9d ( edible gravel t ! ,arabs :o br\ght x call$ sukk>4 ,b ( c\rse only k+s & que5s c\ld af=d to dress 9 calico & h sug> prescrib$ = !m :5 !y 7 sick4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! ,arabs invad$ ,spa9 & =c$ ^u ! unwill+ inhabitants ( ,europe su* in/rum5talities ( high] civilization z ari?metic & algebra1 soap & sug>4 ,lat] ! ,spani>ds by an act ( equally unw>rant$ & b5efic5t aggression c>ri$ ! sug> cane to ! ,c>ibbean1 :]e x ?riv$ amaz+ly4 ,! ,we/ ,indies !n became a rival ( ! ,ea/ ,indies z a treasure-h\se ( tropical weal? & = sev]al c5turies ! ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 ,dut*1 ,engli%1 ,danes & ,fr5* f\ght l wildcats to ga9 possession ( ?is little ne/ ( isl&s & ! r\tes lead+ !reunto4 ,! ,engli% f9ally ov]came all ^! enemies1 :e!r !y f\ght h] s+ly or comb9$4 ,great ,brita9 became mi/ress ( ! seas & took su* ,c>ibbean l&s z %e want$4 ,b 9 ! end h] cont95tal foes came out ahead1 = !y r5d]$ h] victory valueless4 ,!y 7 defeat$ 9 geography b !y won 9 *emi/ry4 ,cann+ boa/$ t ! ,new ,_w _h be5 call$ into exi/5ce to r$ress ! balance ( ! ,old4 ,napoleon might h boa/$ t he _h call$ 9 ! sug> beet to balance ! sug> cane4 ,france 0 !n1 z ,g]many 0 a c5tury lat]1 ?reat5+ to dom9ate ! _w4 ,engl&1 !n z 9 ! ,great ,w>1 %ut (f f ! seas ! %ipp+ ( ! aggressive p[]4 ,france !n1 l ,g]many lat]1 felt mo/ ke5ly ! lack ( tropical products1 *ief among :i*1 !n b n 9 ! rec5t crisis1 0 sug>4 ,! cause ( ?is vital *ange is t 9 #agdg ,m>ggraf1 a ,b]l9 *emi/1 discov]$ t x 0 possible to extract sug> f beets4 ,!re 0 only a little sug> 9 ! beet root !n1 "s six p] c5t41 & :at he got out 0 dirty & bitt]4 ,"o ( 8 pupils 9 #ahja set up a beet sug> factory ne> ,breslau "u ! patronage ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 b ! indu/ry 0 n a success until ,napoleon took x up & 9 #ahaj (f]$ a prize ( a million francs = a practical process4 ,h[ ! ,fr5* did make fun ( him = ?is crazy notion6 ,9 a comic pap] ( t day y w f9d a c>toon ( ,napoleon 9 ! nurs]y beside ! cradle ( 8 son & heir1 ! ,k+ ( ,rome--kn[n to ! read]s ( ,ro/& z l',aiglon4 ,! ,emp]or is squeez+ ! juice ( a beet into 8 c(fee & ! nurse has put a beet into ! m\? ( ! infant ,k+1 say+3 ,suck1 de>1 suck4 ,y\r fa!r says x's sug>4 ,9 l mann] did ! wits ridicule ,frankl9 = fool+ ) electricity1 ,rum=d = try+ to improve *imneys1 ,p>m5ti] = ?9k+ potatoes 7 fit to eat1 & ,jeff]son = believ+ t some?+ might be made ( ! c\ntry we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,9 all ages ridicule has be5 ! *ief weapon ( cons]vatism4 ,if y want to "k :at l9e human progress w take 9 ! future read ! funny pap]s ( today & see :at !y are fight+4 ,! satire ( e c5tury f ,ari/ophanes to ! late/ vaudeville has be5 direct$ aga9/ ^? :o are try+ to make ! _w wis] or bett]1 aga9/ ! tea*] & ! prea*]1 ! sci5ti/ & ! re=m]4 ,9 spite ( ! ridicule %[]$ ^u x ! despis$ beet ye> by ye> ga9$ 9 sweetness ( he>t4 ,! p]c5tage ( sug> rose f six to eighte5 & by improv$ me?ods ( extraction became f9ally z pure & palatable z ! sug> ( ! cane4 ,an acre ( ,g]man beets produces m sug> ?an an acre ( ,l\isiana cane4 ,cont95tal ,europe wax$ weal?y :ile ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies sank into decay4 ,z ! beets ( ,europe became sweet] ! population ( ! isl&s became black]4 ,be=e ! w> ,engl& 0 pay+ out #abe1jjj1jjj = sug>1 & m ?an two-?irds ( ?is money 0 go+ to ,g]many & ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,fo/]$ by sci5tific /udy1 protect$ by t>iff duties1 & /imulat$ by export b\nties1 ! beet sug> indu/ry became "o ( ! f9ancial =ces ( ! _w4 ,! ,engli% at home1 especially ! m>malade-mak]s1 at fir/ rejoic$ at ! idea ( gett+ sug> = less ?an co/ at ! exp5se ( h] cont95tal rivals4 ,b ! suff]+ colonies took ano!r view ( ! situation4 ,9 #ahhh a conf]5ce ( ! p[]s call$ at ,london agre$ to /op compet+ by ! p]nici\s practice ( export b\nties1 b ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates refus$ to ent]1 s ! agreem5t fell ?r\gh4 ,ano!r conf]5ce t5 ye>s lat] likewise fail$1 b :5 ! p>v5u beet sug> v5tur$ to invade ! hi/oric home ( ! cane ! limit ( tol]ation _h be5 rea*$4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,india put on c\nt]vail+ duties to protect _! homegr[n cane f ! b\nty-f$ beet4 ,?is =c$ ! call+ ( a conv5tion at ,brussels 9 #aijc to equalize ! conditions ( competition betwe5 beet sug> & cane sug> ( ! v>i\s c\ntries1 at :i* ! p[]s agre$ to a mutual suppression ( b\nties4 ,beet sug> !n divid$ ! _w's m>ket equally ) cane sug> & ! two rivals /ay$ sub/antially neck & neck until ! ,great ,w> came4 ,?is %ut out f ,engl& ! product ( ,g]many1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,belgium1 nor!rn ,france & ,russia & took ! f>m]s f _! fields4 ,! battle l9es ( ! ,c5tral ,p[]s enclos$ ! l& :i* us$ to gr[ a ?ird ( ! _w's supply ( sug>4 ,9 #aiac ! beet & ! cane ea* suppli$ ab\t n9e million tons ( sug>4 ,9 #aiag ! output ( cane sug> 0 #aa1bjj1jjj & ( beet sug> #e1cjj1jjj tons4 ,consequ5tly ! ,old ,_w _h to draw ^u ! ,new4 ,cuba1 on :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates us$ to dep5d = half its sug> supply1 s5t ov] #gjj1jjj tons ( raw sug> to ,engl& 9 #aiaf4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates s5t z mu* m ref9$ sug>4 ,! lack ( %ipp+ int]f]$ ) our gett+ sug> f our tropical dep5d5cies1 ,hawaii1 ,porto ,rico & ! ,philipp9es4 ,! homegr[n beets give u only a fif? & ! cane ( ,l\isiana & ,texas only a fifte5? ( ! sug> we ne$4 ,z a result we 7 oblig$ to file a claim 9 advance to get a p\nd ( sug> f ! corn] groc]y & !n we 7 apt to be put (f ) rock c&y1 muscovado or honey4 ,lemon drops prov$ useful = ,russian tea & ! long sweet5+ ( our =efa!rs came aga9 into vogue 9 ! =m ( v>i\s syrups4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 accu/om$ to consume almo/ a fif? ( all ! sug> produc$ 9 ! _w--& !n we c\ld n get x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,european ,,beet ,,sug> ,,factories--,,also ,,battle ,,l9es ,,at ,,close ,,( #aiah ,,e/imat$ ,,t ,,"o-,,?ird ,,( ,,worlds ,,production ,,be=e ,,! ,,w> ,,0 ,,produc$ ,,)9 ,,battle ,,l9es ,c\rtesy ,am]ican ,sug> ,ref9+ ,co4 ,! %ortage made u realize h[ dep5d5t we h become ^u sug>4 ,yet x 01 z we h se51 practically unkn[n to ! anci5ts & only )9 ! pres5t g5]ation has x become an ess5tial factor 9 our diet4 ,z soon z ! *emi/ made x possible to produce sug> at a reasonable price all nations began to buy x 9 proportion to _! means4 ,am]icans1 z ! weal?ie/ p 9 ! _w1 ate ! mo/1 n9ety p\nds a ye> on ! av]age = e man1 woman & *ild4 ,9 o!r words we ate our weight ( sug> e ye>4 ,! ,engli% consum$ ne>ly z mu* z ! ,am]icans2 ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans ab\t half z mu*2 ! ,balkan peoples less ?an t5 p\nds p] annum2 & ! ,african savages none4 ,illu/ration3 ,h[ ! sug> beet has ga9$ enorm\sly 9 sug> cont5t "u *emical control ,pure :ite sug> is ! fir/ & greate/ contribution ( *emi/ry to ! _w's diet>y4 ,x is unique 9 be+ a s+le def9ite *emical comp\nd1 sucrose1 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,all natural nutrim5ts are m or less complex mixtures4 ,_m ( !m1 l :eat or milk or fruit1 conta9 9 v>i\s proportions all ( ! ?ree factors ( foods1 ! fats1 ! proteids & ! c>bohydrates1 z well z wat] & ! m9]als & o!r +r$i5ts necess>y to life4 ,b sug> is a simple sub/ance1 l wat] or salt1 & l !m is incapable ( su/a9+ life alone1 al?\gh unlike !m x is nutriti\s4 ,9 fact1 except ! fats !re is no m nutriti\s food ?an sug>1 p\nd = p\nd1 = x conta9s no wat] & no wa/e4 ,x is !re=e ! quicke/ & usually ! *eape/ means ( supply+ bodily en]gy4 ,b z may be se5 f its =mula z giv5 above x conta9s only ?ree elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 & omits nitrog5 & o!r elem5ts necess>y to ! body4 ,an eng9e requires n only coal b also lubricat+ oil1 wat] & bits ( /eel & brass to keep x 9 repair4 ,b z a s\rce ( ! en]gy ne$$ 9 our /r5u\s life sug> has no equal & only "o rival1 alcohol4 ,alcohol is ! (fspr+ ( sug>1 a deg5]ate desc5dant t reta9s b few ( ! good qualities ( its sire & has acquir$ "s evil traits ( its own4 ,alcohol1 l sug>1 may s]ve to furni% ! en]gy ( a /eam eng9e or a human body4 ,us$ z a fuel alcohol has c]ta9 advantages1 b us$ z a food x has ! disqualification ( d]ang+ ! bodily me*anism4 ,ev5 a little alcohol w impair ! accuracy & spe$ ( ?\ght & action1 :ile a l>ge quantity1 z we all "k f obs]vation if n exp]i5ce1 w produce tempor>y incapacitation4 ,:5 man fe$s on sug> he splits x up by ! aid ( air into wat] & c>bon dioxide 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa #ab,o#b -- #aa;,h#b,o #ab;,,co#b cane sug> oxyg5 wat] c>bon dioxide ,:5 sug> is burn$ ! reaction is j ! same4 ,b :5 ! yea/ plant fe$s on sug> x c>ries ! process only "p way & in/ead ( wat] ! product is alcohol1 a v diff]5t ?+1 s !y say :o h tri$ bo? z bev]ages4 ,! yea/ or f]m5tation reaction is ?is3 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa ,h#b,o -- #d;,c#b;,h#f,o #d;,,co#b cane sug> wat] alcohol c>bon dioxide ,alcohol !n is ! fir/ product ( ! decomposition ( sug>1 a dang]\s half-way h\se4 ,! tw9 product1 c>bon dioxide or c>bonic acid1 is a gas ( slightly s\r ta/e :i* gives an attractive tang & eff]vesc5ce to ! be]1 w9e1 cid] or *ampagne4 ,t is to say1 "o ( ^! tw9s is a pe/il5tial fell[ & ! o!r is decid$ly agreeable4 ,yet = sev]al ?\s& ye>s mank9d took to ! fir/ & let ! second = ! mo/ "p escape into ! air4 ,b :5 ! *emi/ appe>$ on ! sc5e he discov]$ a way ( sep>at+ ! two & bottl+ ! h>mless "o = ^? :o pref] x4 ,an increas+ numb] ( p 7 f\nd to pref] x1 s ! ,am]ican soda-wat] f\nta9 is gradually driv+ ,demon ,rum out ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! brew] n[adays cat]s to two classes ( cu/om]s4 ,he bottles up ! be] ) ! alcohol & a little c>bonic acid 9 x = ! saloon & he cat*es ! re/ ( ! c>bonic acid t he us$ to wa/e & sells x to ! drug /ores = soda-wat] or uses x to *>ge "s non-alcoholic be] ( 8 own4 ,?is cat]+ to rival trades is n an uncommon ?+ ) ! *emi/4 ,z we h se51 ! syn!tic p]fumes are us$ to improve ! natural p]fumes4 ,cottonse$ is sep>at$ into oil & meal2 ! oil go+ to make m>g>9 & ! meal go+ to fe$ ! c[s t produce butt]4 ,"s p h be5 dr9k+ c(fee1 al?\gh !y d n l ! ta/e ( x1 because !y want ! /imulat+ effect ( its alkaloid1 caffe94 ,o!r p lik$ ! w>m? & flavor ( c(fee b f9d t caffe9 does n agree ) !m4 ,=m]ly "o _h to take ! c(fee :ole or let x alone4 ,n[ "o c h 8 *oice1 = ! caffe9 is extract$ = use 9 c]ta9 popul> cold dr9ks & ! re/ ( ! bean sold z caffe9-free c(fee4 ,mo/ ( ! s(t dr9ks t are n[ gradually displac+ ! h>d ones consi/ ( sug>1 wat] & c>bonic acid1 ) v>i\s flavors1 *iefly ! e/]s ( ! fatty & aromatic acids1 su* z ,i describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,^! are /ill usually made f fruits & spices & 9 "s cases ! law or public op9ion requires ?is1 b ev5tually1 ,i presume1 ! syn!tic flavors w displace ! natural & !n we %all get rid ( su* extrane\s & indige/ible matt] z se$s1 sk9s & b>k4 ,suppose ! _w _h always be5 us$ to syn!tic & h5ce se$less figs1 /rawb]ries & blackb]ries4 ,suppose !n "s manufactur] ( fig pa/e or /rawb]ry jam %\ld put 9 t5 p] c5t4 ( little r\nd h>d wood5 nodules1 j ! sort to get /uck betwe5 ! tee? or caught 9 ! v]mi=m app5dix4 ,h[ long w\ld x be be=e he 0 s5t to jail = adult]at+ food8 ,b nei!r jail nor boycott has any re=matory effect on ,nature4 ,nature is q human 9 t respect4 ,b y c re=m ,nature z y c human be+s by look+ out = h]$ity & culture4 ,9 ?is way ,"m ,nature has be5 q cur$ ( h] bad habit ( putt+ se$s 9 bananas & oranges4 ,figs %e /ill p]si/s 9 adult]at+ ) p>ticles ( cellulose z nutriti\s z sawdu/4 ,b we c circumv5t ! old lady at ?is4 ,i got on ,*ri/mas a package ( figs f ,cali=nia )\t a se$ 9 !m4 ,somebody _h tak5 out all ! se$s--x mu/ h be5 a big job--& !n put ! figs toge!r aga9 z natural look+ z life & v mu* bett] ta/+4 ,sug> & alcohol are bo? f\nd 9 ,nature2 sug> 9 ! ripe fruit1 alcohol :5 x beg9s to decay4 ,b x 0 ! *emi/ :o discov]$ h[ to extract !m4 ,he fir/ work$ ) alcohol & un=tunately succe$$4 ,previ\s to ! inv5tion ( ! /ill by ! ,arabian *emi/s man c\ld n get drunk z quickly z he want$ to because 8 liquors 7 limit$ to :at ! yea/ plant c\ld /& )\t intoxication4 ,:5 ! alcoholic cont5t ( w9e or be] rose to sev5te5 p] c5t4 at ! mo/ ! process ( f]m5tation /opp$ because ! yea/ plants got drunk & quit work+4 ,t meant t a man conf9$ to ord9>y w9e or be] _h to dr9k t5 or tw5ty qu>ts ( wat] to get "o qu>t ( ! /uff he 0 aft]1 & he _h no lik+ = wat]4 ,s ! *emi/ help$ him out ( ?is difficulty & got him into worse tr\ble by di/ill+ ! w9e4 ,! m volatile "p t came ov] fir/ conta9$ ! flavor & mo/ ( ! alcohol4 ,9 ?is way he c\ld get liquors l br&y & :isky1 rum & g91 conta9+ f ?irty to eighty p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! mod]n liquor problem4 ,! w9e ( ! anci5ts 0 /rong en\gh to knock out ,noah & put ! companions ( ,socrates "u ! table1 b x 0 n until di/ill$ liquors came 9 t alcoholism became *ronic1 epidemic & ru9\s to :ole populations4 ,b ! *emi/ lat] tri$ to undo ! ru9 he _h q inadv]t5tly wr\ght by introduc+ alcohol into ! _w4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ successful measures 0 ! production ( *eap & pure sug> :i*1 z we h se51 has become a l>ge factor 9 ! diet>y ( civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,z a c\ntry sob]s up x takes to sug> z a self-/>t] to provide ! en]gy ne$$ = ! /r5u\s life4 ,a five o'clock c&y is a bett] re/orative ?an a five o'clock highball or ev5 a five o'clock tea1 = x is a true nutri5t in/ead ( a m]e /imulant4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t ^? :o l sweets usually d n l alcohol4 ,wom51 = in/ance1 are apt to eat c&y b d n commonly take to alcoholic bev]ages4 ,look ar\nd y at a banquet table & y w g5]ally f9d t ^? :o turn d[n _! w9e glasses g5]ally take two lumps 9 _! demi-tasses4 ,we (t5 he> x said t :5ev] a c&y /ore op5s up a saloon 9 ! same block closes up4 ,our gr&mo!rs us$ to w>n _! daught]s3 ,don't m>ry a man :o does n want sug> 9 8 tea4 ,he is likely to take to dr9k4 ,s1 "y man1 :5 next y give a box ( c&y to y\r be/ girl & %e (f]s y "s1 don't decl9e x4 ,eat x & pret5d to l x1 at lea/1 = x is q possible t %e look$ into a physiology & is try+ y out4 ,y nev] c tell :at girls are up to4 ,9 ! army & navy ration ! same *ange has tak5 place z 9 ! popul> diet>y4 ,! ration ( rum has be5 mo/ly replac$ by an equival5t am\nt ( c&y or m>malade4 ,in/ead ( ! tippl+ troop] ( =m] days we h ! *ocolate soldi]4 ,no previ\s w> 9 hi/ory has be5 f\ght s l>gely on sug> & s little on alcohol z ! la/ "o4 ,:5 ! w> r$uc$ ! supply & increas$ ! dem& we all felt ! sug> fam9e & x became a m>k ( patriotism to refuse c&y & to dr9k c(fee unsweet5$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n1 z "s ?9k1 ! m]e curtailm5t ( a sup]flu\s or h>mful luxury1 ! sacrifice ( a pleasant s5sation4 ,x is a real deprivation & a s]i\s loss to national nutrition4 ,= !re is no reason to ?9k ! con/antly ris+ curve ( sug> consumption has yet rea*$ its maximum or optimum4 ,individuals ov]eat1 b n ! population z a :ole4 ,accord+ to exp]im5ts ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture m5 do+ heavy labor may add ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( sug> to _! daily diet )\t any delet]i\s effects4 ,?is is at ! rate ( #bge p\nds a ye>1 :i* is ?ree times ! av]age consumption ( ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,b ! ,dep>tm5t does n /ate h[ mu* a girl do+ no?+ ought to eat betwe5 meals4 ,( ! #bejj to #cejj calories ( en]gy requir$ to keep a man go+ = a day ! be/ s\rce ( supply is ! c>bohydrates1 t is1 ! sug>s & />*es4 ,! fats are m conc5trat$ b are m exp5sive & less easily assimilable4 ,! prote9s are also m exp5sive & _! decomposition products are m apt to clog up ! sy/em4 ,common sug> is almo/ an ideal food4 ,*eap1 clean1 :ite1 portable1 imp]i%able1 unadult]at$1 pleasant-ta/+1 g]m-free1 highly nutriti\s1 completely soluble1 altoge!r dige/ible1 easily assimilable1 requires no cook+ & leaves no residue4 ,its only fault is its p]fection4 ,x is s pure t a man _c live on x4 ,f\r squ>e lumps give "o hundr$ calories ( en]gy4 ,b tw5ty-five or ?irty-five times t am\nt w\ld n con/itute a day's ration1 9 fact "o w\ld ultimately />ve on su* f>e4 ,x w\ld be l supply+ an army ) an abundance ( p[d] b neglect+ to provide any bullets1 clo?+ or food4 ,to make sug> ! sole food is impossible4 ,to make x ! ma9 food is unwise4 ,x is q prop] = man to sep>ate out ! di/9ct +r$i5ts ( natural products--to extract ! butt] f ! milk1 ! case9 f ! *eese1 ! sug> f ! cane--b he mu/ n =get to comb9e !m aga9 at ea* meal ) ! o!r ess5tial food/uffs 9 _! prop] proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rival ,,sug>s ,! sug> beet ( ! nor? has become a close rival ( ! sug> cane ( ! s\? ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,sug> ,,mill ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,= ,,cru%+ ,,cane ,,to ,,extract ,,! ,,juice ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,am]ican ,sug> ,ref9]y ,co4 ,,vacuum ,,pans ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,sug> ,,ref9]y ,,company ,9 ^! air-tight vats ! wat] is boil$ (f f ! cane juice "u dim9i%$ atmosph]ic pressure until ! sug> cry/allizes out ,sug> is n a syn!tic product & ! bus9ess ( ! *emi/ has be5 m]ely to extract & purify x4 ,b ?is is n s simple z x seems & e sug> factory has _h to h its *emi/4 ,he has analyz$ e "m beet = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,he has wat*$ e /ep ( ! process f ! cane to ! cry/al le/ ! sucrose %\ld inv]t to ! less sweet & non-cry/allizable glucose4 ,he has te/$ ) pol>iz$ light e %ipm5t ( sug> t has pass$ ?r\gh ! cu/om h\se1 mu* to ! my/ification ( congressm5 :o h (t5 wond]$ at ! money & argum5tation exp5d$ 9 a t>iff discussion ov] ! "q ( ! precise angle ( rotation ( ! plane ( vibration ( inf9itesimal waves 9 a hypo!tical e!r4 ,! reason = ?is pa9/ak+ is t !re are doz5s ( diff]5t sug>s1 s mu* alike t !y are difficult to sep>ate4 ,!y are all compos$ ( ! same ?ree elem5ts1 ,c1 ,h & ,o1 & (t5 9 ! same proportion4 ,sometimes two sug>s diff] only 9 t "o has a "r-h&$ & ! o!r a left-h&$ twi/ to its molecule4 ,!y be> ! same resemblance to "o ano!r z ! two gloves ( a pair4 ,cane sug> & beet sug> are :5 completely purifi$ ! same sub/ance1 t is1 sucrose1 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,! br[n & /raw-color$ sug>s1 :i* our =efa!rs us$ & :i* we took to us+ dur+ ! w>1 are ess5tially ! same b h n be5 s completely fre$ f moi/ure & ! color+ & flavor+ matt] ( ! cane juice4 ,maple sug> is mo/ly sucrose4 ,s p>tly is honey4 ,c&ies are made *iefly ( sucrose ) ! addition ( glucose1 gums or />*1 to give !m ! necess>y consi/5cy & ( su* colors & flavors1 natural or syn!tic1 z may be desir$4 ,practically all c&y1 ev5 ! *eape/1 is n[adays free f delet]i\s +r$i5ts 9 ! manufacture1 ?\gh x is liable to become contam9at$ 9 ! h&l+4 ,9 fact sug> is ab\t ! only food t is nev] adult]at$4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d any?+ *eap] to add to x t w\ld n be easily detect$4 ,s&+ ! sug>1 ! crime ( :i* groc]s are g5]ally accus$1 is ! "o !y are lea/ likely to be guilty (4 ,besides ! big family ( sug>s :i* are all m or less sweet1 simil> 9 /ructure & ab\t equally nutriti\s1 !re are1 v curi\sly1 o!r *emical comp\nds ( altoge!r diff]5t composition :i* ta/e l sug> b are n nutriti\s at all4 ,"o ( ^! is a coal-t> d]ivative1 discov]$ accid5tally by an ,am]ican /ud5t ( *emi/ry1 ,ira ,rems51 aft]w>d presid5t ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 & nam$ by him sac*>94 ,?is has ! composition ,c#f;,h#d;,,coso#b,,nh1 & z y may obs]ve f ! symbol x conta9s sulfur 7,s7 & nitrog5 7,n7 & ! b5z5e r+ 7,c#f;,h#d7 t are n f\nd 9 any ( ! sug>s4 ,x is sev]al hundr$ times sweet] ?an sug>1 ?\gh x has also a slightly bitt] aft]ta/e4 ,a m9ute quantity ( x c !re=e take ! place ( a l>ge am\nt ( sug> 9 syrups1 c&ies & pres]ves1 s because x l5ds itself readily to deception its use 9 food has be5 prohibit$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries4 ,b dur+ ! w>1 on acc\nt ( ! %ortage ( sug>1 x came aga9 into use4 ,! ,european gov]nm5ts enc\rag$ :at !y =m]ly tri$ to prev5t1 & x became cu/om>y 9 ,g]many or ,italy to c>ry ab\t a package ( sac*>9 tablets 9 ! pocket & drop "o or two into ! tea or c(fee4 ,su* rev]sals ( adm9i/rative attitude are n uncommon4 ,:5 ! use ( hops 9 be] 0 new x 0 prohibit$ by ,briti% law4 ,b hops became cu/om>y nev]!less & n[ ! law requires hops to be us$ 9 be]4 ,:5 work+m5 fir/ want$ to =m unions1 laws 7 pass$ to prev5t !m4 ,b n[1 9 ,au/ralia = in/ance1 ! laws require work+m5 to =m unions4 ,gov]nm5ts naturally t5d to a cons]vative reaction aga9/ any?+ new4 ,x is amus+ to turn back to ! pure food agitation ( t5 ye>s ago & read ! s5sational articles 9 ! newspap]s ab\t ! poison\s nature ( ?is dang]\s drug1 sac*>91 9 view ( ! fact t x is be+ us$ by millions ( p 9 ,europe 9 am\nts great] ?an once seem$ to upset ! t5d] /oma*s ( ! ,wa%+ton poison squads4 ,b sac*>9 does n appe> to be responsible = any fatalities yet1 ?\gh p are said to be he>tily sick ( x4 ,& well !y may be1 = x is n a sub/itute = sug> except to ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,glucose may correctly be call$ a sub/itute = sucrose z m>g>9 = butt]1 s9ce !y n only ta/e mu* ! same b h ab\t ! same food value4 ,b to s]ve sac*>9 9 ! place ( sug> is l giv+ a rubb] bone to a dog4 ,x is report$ f ,europe t ! con/ant use ( sac*>9 gives "o ev5tually a di/a/e = all sweets4 ,?is is q likely1 al?\gh x means ! rev]sal )9 a few ye>s ( prehi/oric food habits4 ,mank9d has always associat$ sweetness ) food value1 = !re are few sweet ?+s f\nd 9 nature except ! sug>s4 ,we ?9k we eat sug> because x is sweet4 ,b we d n4 ,we eat x because x is good = u4 ,! reason x ta/es sweet to u is because x is good = u4 ,s man makes a virtue out ( necessity1 a pleasure out ( duty1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( e?ics4 ,9 ! anci5t days ( ,ind ! great ,raja ,tri%anku possess$ an e>?ly p>adise t _h be5 con/ruct$ = 8 delectation by a magician4 ,!re9 grew all mann] ( beautiful fl[]s1 savory h]bs & delici\s fruits su* z _h nev] be5 kn[n be=e outside heav54 ,( !m all ! ,raja & 8 h>ems lik$ none bett] ?an ! re$ f :i* !y c\ld suck honey4 ,b ,indra1 be+ a jeal\s god1 0 wro? :5 he look$ d[n & beheld m]e mortals enjoy+ su* delights4 ,s he will$ ! de/ruction ( ! en*ant$ g>d54 ,) dr\ght & tempe/ x 0 deva/at$1 ) fire & hail1 until n a leaf 0 left ( its luxuriant vegetation & ! gr\nd 0 b>e z a ?re%+ floor4 ,b ! roots ( ! sug> cane are n de/roy$ ?\gh ! /alk be cut d[n2 s :5 m5 v5tur$ to ent] ! des]t :]e once _h be5 ?is g>d5 ( ,ed51 !y f\nd ! cane _h gr[n up aga9 & !y c>ri$ away cutt+s ( x & cultivat$ x 9 _! g>d5s4 ,?us x happ5$ t ! nect> ( ! gods desc5d$ fir/ to mon>*s & _! favorites1 !n 0 spread among ! p & c>ri$ abroad to o!r l&s until n[ any *ild ) a p5ny 9 8 h& may buy ( ! be/ ( x4 ,s x has be5 ) _m ?+s4 ,s may x be ) all ?+s4 ,x ,,:at ,,comes ,,f ,,corn ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica d[]$ mank9d ) a _w ( new flora4 ,! e>ly explor]s 9 _! ha/e to ga!r up gold paid little att5tion to ! m valuable products ( field & =e/1 b 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies _! usefulness has become univ]sally recogniz$4 ,! potato & tomato1 :i* ,europe at fir/ consid]$ z unfit = food or ev5 z poison\s1 h n[ become indisp5sable among all classes4 ,new ,_w drugs l qu99e & coca9e h be5 adopt$ into e ph>macopeia4 ,cocoa is prov+ a rival ( tea & c(fee1 & ev5 ! banana has made its appe>ance 9 ,european m>kets4 ,tobacco & *icle occupy ! no/rils & jaws ( a l>ge "p ( ! human race4 ,maize & rubb] are become ! common prop]ty ( mank9d1 b /ill may be call$ ,am]ican4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates alone raises f\r-fif?s ( ! corn & uses ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ca\t*\c ( ! _w4 ,all fle% is grass4 ,?is may be tak5 9 a diet>y z well z a metaphorical s5se4 ,! gram9aceae provide ! great] "p ( ! su/5ance ( man & bea/2 hay & c]eals1 :eat1 oats1 rye1 b>ley1 rice1 sug> cane1 sorghum & corn4 ,f an ,am]ican viewpo9t ! greate/ ( ^!1 physically & f9ancially1 is corn4 ,! corn crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #aiag1 am\nt+ to #c1aei1jjj1jjj bu%els1 br\ght 9 m money ?an ! :eat1 cotton1 potato & rye crops all toge!r4 ,:5 ,columbus rea*$ ! ,we/ ,indies he f\nd ! savages play+ ) rubb] balls1 smok+ inc5se /icks ( tobacco & eat+ cakes made ( a new gra9 t !y call$ mahiz4 ,:5 ,piz>ro invad$ ,p]u he f\nd ?is same c]eal us$ by ! natives n only = food b also = mak+ alcoholic liquor1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,incas to en=ce prohibition4 ,:5 ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs p5etrat$ into ! woods back ( ,plym\? ,h>bor !y discov]$ a ca*e ( ,indian corn4 ,s ?r\gh\t ! ?ree ,am]icas1 f ,canada to ,p]u1 corn 0 k+ & x has prov$ wor?y to rank ) ! rival c]eals ( o!r cont95ts1 ! :eat ( ,europe & ! rice ( ,asia4 ,b food habits are h>d to *ange & = ! mo/ "p ! p ( ! ,old ,_w are /ill ignorant ( ! delights ( ha/y pudd+ & ,indian pudd+1 ( hoe-cake & hom9y1 ( sweet corn & popcorn4 ,i rememb] ?irty ye>s ago see+ on a ,london /& a heap ( deject$ popcorn balls label$ ,novel ,am]ican ,confection4 ,please ,try ,"o4 ,b nobody compli$ ) ?is pitiful appeal b me & ,i 0 sorry t ,i did4 ,am]icans us$ to respond ) a %ipload ( corn :5ev] an appeal came f fam9e suff]]s 9 ,arm5ia1 ,russia1 ,irel&1 ,india or ,au/ria1 b _! g5]osity 0 *ill$ :5 !y f\nd t _! gift 0 res5t$ z an insult or z an attempt to poison ! impov]i%$ population1 :o decl>$ t !y w\ld r die ?an eat x--& "s ( !m did4 ,our ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture s5t maize mission>ies to ,europe ) f>m]s & mill]s z educators & exp]t cooks to s]ve free flapjacks & pones1 b ! propag&a made little impression & today ,am]icans are urg$ to eat m ( _! own corn because ! fami%$ families ( ! w>-/rick5 region w n t\* x4 ,j s ! begg>s ( ,muni* revolt$ at potato s\p :5 ! pione] ( ,am]ican food *emi/s1 ,bum=d1 attempt$ to introduce ?is transatlantic di%4 ,b "h we are n s mu* conc]n$ ) corn foods z we are ) its manufactur$ products4 ,if y split a k]nel 9 two y w f9d t x consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 a h>d & horny hull on ! outside1 a small oily & nitrog5\s g]m at ! po9t1 & a :ite body consi/+ mo/ly ( />*4 ,ea* ( ^! is work$ up into v>i\s products1 z may be se5 f ! accompany+ table4 ,! hull =ms bran & may be mix$ ) ! glut5 z a cattle food4 ,! corn /eep$ = sev]al days ) sulfur\s acid is dis9tegrat$ & on be+ gr\nd ! g]ms are float$ (f1 ! glut5 or nitrog5\s portion wa%$ out1 ! />* gra9s settl$ d[n & ! residue press$ toge!r z oil cake fodd]4 ,! ref9$ oil f ! g]m is m>ket$ z a table or cook+ oil "u ! "n ( ,mazola & comes into competition ) olive1 peanut & cottonse$ oil 9 ! mak+ ( vegetable sub/itutes = l>d & butt]4 ,inf]ior grades may be us$ = soaps or = glyc]9 & p]haps nitroglyc]94 ,a bu%el ( corn yields a p\nd or m ( oil4 ,f ! corn g]m also is extract$ a gum call$ p>agol t =ms an acceptable sub/itute = rubb] 9 c]ta9 uses4 ,! r$ rubb] sponges & ! eras] tips to p5cils may be made ( x & x c contribute "s tw5ty p] c5t4 to ! syn!tic soles ( %oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,corn ,,products ,/>*1 :i* con/itutes fifty-five p] c5t4 ( ! corn k]nel1 c be conv]t$ into a v>iety ( products = diet>y & indu/rial uses4 ,z f\nd 9 corn1 potatoes or any o!r vegetables />* consi/s ( small1 r\nd1 :ite1 h>d gra9s1 ta/eless1 & insoluble 9 cold wat]4 ,b hot wat] conv]ts x into a soluble1 /icky =m :i* may s]ve = />*+ clo!s or mak+ corn/>* pudd+4 ,c>ry+ ! process fur!r ) ! aid ( a little acid or o!r cataly/ x takes up wat] & goes ov] into a sug>1 dextrose1 commonly call$ glucose4 ,express$ 9 *emical %or?& ?is reaction is ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e ,h#b,o -- ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f />* wat] dextrose ,?is reaction is c>ri$ out on =ty million bu%els ( corn a ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! />* milk1 t is1 ! />* gra9s wa%$ out f ! dis9tegrat$ corn k]nel by wat]1 is dige/$ 9 l>ge pressure tanks "u fifty p\nds ( /eam ) a few t5?s ( "o p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid until ! requir$ degree ( conv]sion is rea*$4 ,!n ! rema9+ acid is neutraliz$ by cau/ic soda1 & !reby conv]t$ into common salt1 :i* 9 ?is small am\nt does n int]f]e b r enhances ! ta/e4 ,! product is ! comm]cial glucose or corn syrup1 :i* may if desir$ be evaporat$ to a :ite p[d]4 ,x is a mixture ( ?ree d]ivatives ( />* 9 ab\t ?is proportion3 ,maltose #de p] c5t4 ,dextrose #bj p] c5t4 ,dextr9 #ce p] c5t4 ,!re are also pres5t ?ree- or f\r-t5?s ( "o p] c5t4 salt & z mu* ( ! corn prote9 & a v>iable am\nt ( wat]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! glucose 7dextrose71 :i* gives "n to ! :ole1 is ! lea/ ( ! ?ree +r$i5ts4 ,maltose1 or malt sug>1 has ! same composition z cane sug> 7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa71 b is n ne>ly s sweet4 ,dextr91 or />* pa/e1 is n sweet at all4 ,dextrose or glucose is o!rwise kn[n2 z grape sug>1 = x is commonly f\nd 9 grapes & o!r ripe fruits4 ,x =ms half ( honey & x is "o ( ! two products into :i* cane sug> splits up :5 we take x into ! m\?4 ,x is n s sweet z cane sug> & _c be s readily cry/alliz$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r a disadvantage4 ,! process ( *ang+ />* into dextrose t takes place 9 ! great /eam kettles ( ! glucose factory is ess5tially ! same z t :i* takes place 9 ! rip5+ ( fruit & 9 ! dige/ion ( />*4 ,a l>ge "p ( our nutrim5t1 !re=e1 consi/s ( glucose ei!r eat5 z su* 9 ripe fruits or produc$ 9 ! m\? or /oma* by ! decomposition ( ! />* ( unripe fruit1 vegetables & c]eals4 ,glucose may be reg>d$ z a pr$ige/$ food4 ,9 spite ( ?is well-kn[n fact we /ill sometimes read poor food articles 9 :i* glucose is d5\nc$ z a dang]\s adult]ant & ev5 class$ z a poison4 ,! o!r +r$i5ts ( comm]cial glucose1 ! maltose & dextr91 h ( c\rse ! same food value z ! dextrose1 s9ce !y are made ov] into dextrose 9 ! process ( dige/ion4 ,:e!r ! glucose syrup is fit to eat dep5ds1 l any?+ else1 on h[ x is made4 ,if1 z 0 =m]ly sometimes ! case1 sulfuric acid 0 us$ to effect ! conv]sion ( ! />* or sulfur\s acid to blea* ! glucose & ^! acids 7 n altoge!r elim9at$1 ! product might be un:olesome or worse4 ,"s ye>s ago 9 ,engl& !re 0 a my/]i\s epidemic ( ars5ical poison+ among be] dr9k]s4 ,on trac+ x back x 0 f\nd t ! be] _h be5 made f glucose :i* _h be5 made f sulfuric acid :i* _h be5 made f sulfur :i* _h be5 made f a bat* ( iron pyrites :i* conta9$ a little ars5ic4 ,! replacem5t ( sulfuric acid by hydro*loric has done away ) t dang] & ! glucose n[ produc$ is pure4 ,! old recipe = home-made c&y call$ = ! addition ( a little v9eg> to ! sug> syrup to prev5t gra9+4 ,! purpose ( ! acid 0 ( c\rse to inv]t "p ( ! cane sug> to glucose s z to keep x f cry/alliz+ out aga94 ,! pr(essional c&y-mak] n[ uses ! corn glucose = t purpose1 s if we accuse him ( adult]ation on t gr\nd we mu/ levy ! same accusation aga9/ our gr&mo!rs4 ,! introduction ( glucose into c&y manufacture has n injur$ b greatly increas$ ! sale ( sug> = ! same purpose4 ,?is is n an uncommon effect ( sci5tific progress1 = z we h obs]v$1 ! introduction ( syn!tic p]fumes has /imulat$ ! production ( odorif]\s fl[]s & ! price ( butt] has gone up ) ! introduction ( m>g>94 ,s1 too1 !re are m weav]s employ$ & !y get high] wages ?an 9 ! days :5 !y sma%$ up ! fir/ weav+ ma*9es1 & ! same is true ( pr9t]s & typesett+ ma*9es4 ,! popul> animosity display$ t[>d any new a*ievem5t ( appli$ sci5ce is nev] ju/ifi$1 = x b5efits n only ! _w z a :ole b usually ev5 ^? int]e/s ) :i* x seems at fir/ to conflict4 ,! *emi/ is an economiz]4 ,x is 8 special bus9ess to hunt up wa/e products & make !m useful4 ,he 01 = in/ance1 worri$ ov] ! wa/e ( ! cores & sk9s & scraps t 7 be+ ?r[n away :5 apples 7 put up4 ,apple pulp conta9s pect91 :i* is :at makes jelly jell1 & b]ries & fruits t are %ort ( x w refuse to jell4 ,b us+ ^! = _! flavor he adds apple pulp = pect9 & glucose = smoo?ness & sug> = sweetness &1 if necess>y1 syn!tic dyes = color1 he is able to put on ! m>ket a v>iety ( jellies1 jams & m>malades at v l[ price4 ,! same pr9ciple applies "h z 9 ! case ( all comp\nd$ food products4 ,if !y are made 9 cleanly fa%ion1 conta9 no h>mful +r$i5ts & are tru?fully label$ !re is no reason = object+ to !m4 ,b if ! manufactur] goes s f> z to put /rawb]ry se$s--or hayse$--into 8 artificial /rawb]ry jam ,i ?9k t might prop]ly be call$ adult]ation1 = x is imitat+ ! imp]fections ( nature1 & man ought to be too pr\d to d t4 ,! old-fa%ion$ op5 kettle molasses consi/$ mo/ly ( glucose & o!r inv]t sug>s toge!r ) su* cane sug> z c\ld n be cry/alliz$ out4 ,b :5 ! vacuum pan 0 introduc$ ! molasses 0 impov]i%$ ( its sweetness & beet sug> does n yield any molasses4 ,s we n[ h 9 its place ! corn syrups consi/+ ( ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( glucose & #ae p] c5t4 ( sug> flavor$ ) maple or vanill9 or :atev] we l4 ,x is enc\rag+ to see ! bill bo>ds proclaim+ ! virtues ( ,k>o syrup & ,mazola oil :5 only a few ye>s ago ! products ( our national c]eal 7 )\t honor 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,_m o!r products besides foods are made f corn />*4 ,dextr9 s]ves 9 place ( ! old gum arabic = ! mucilage ( our envelopes & /amps4 ,ano!r =m ( dextr9 sold z ,kordex is us$ to hold toge!r ! s& ( ! cores ( ca/+s4 ,aft] ! ca/+ has be5 made ! scor*$ core c be %ak5 out4 ,glucose is us$ 9 place ( sug> z a fill] = *eap soaps & = lea!r4 ,altoge!r m ?an a hundr$ diff]5t comm]cial products are n[ made f corn1 n c\nt+ cob pipes4 ,e ye> ! factories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "w up ov] #ej1jjj1jjj bu%els ( corn into #hjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( corn syrup1 #fjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( />*1 #bcj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( corn sug>1 #fbe1jjj1jjj p\nds ( glut5 fe$1 #ij1jjj1jjj p\nds ( oil & #ij1jjj1jjj p\nds ( oil cake4 ,two million bu%els ( cobs are wa/$ e ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c't some?+ be made out ( !m8 ,?is is ! "q t is agitat+ ! *emi/s ( ! ,c>bohydrate ,laboratory ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at ,wa%+ton4 ,!y h f\nd x possible to "w up ! corn cobs into glucose & xylose by heat+ ) acid4 ,b glucose c be m *eaply obta9$ f o!r />*y or woody mat]ials & !y _c f9d a m>ket = ! xylose4 ,?is is a sort ( a sug> b only ab\t half z sweet z t f cane4 ,:o c inv5t a use = x6 ,m promis+ is ! discov]y by ?is laboratory t by dige/+ ! cobs ) hot wat] !re c be extract$ ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( a gum suitable = bill po/+ & label+4 ,s9ce ! />*es & sug>s belong to ! same class ( comp\nds z ! celluloses !y also c be act$ ^u by nitric acid ) ! production ( explosives l guncotton4 ,nitro-sug> has n come into common use1 b nitro-/>* is f\nd to be "o ( safe/ ( ! high explosives4 ,on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( decomposition & spontane\s explosion f ! pres5ce ( =eign sub/ances ! mat]ials 9 explosives mu/ be ( ! pure/ possible4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t tapioca mu/ be import$ f ,java = mak+ nitro-/>*4 ,b dur+ ! w> :5 %ipp+ 0 %ort1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t f\nd t x c\ld be made bett] & *eap] f our home-gr[n corn />*4 ,:5 ! w> clos$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 mak+ #a1gbj1jjj p\nds ( nitro-/>* a mon? = load+ h& gr5ades4 ,s1 too1 ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t discov]$ t x c\ld use mucilage made ( corn dextr9 z well z t :i* us$ to be made f tapioca4 ,?is is progress 9 ! "r direction4 ,x w\ld be well to div]t "s ( ! en]getic ef=ts n[ devot$ to ! increase ( comm]ce to ! discov]y ( ways ( r$uc+ ! ne$ = comm]ce by ! developm5t ( home products4 ,!re is no m]it 9 simply haul+ ?+s ar\nd ! _w4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw h[ dextrose or glucose c\ld be conv]t$ by f]m5tation into alcohol4 ,s9ce corn />*1 z we h se51 c be conv]t$ into dextrose1 x c s]ve z a s\rce ( alcohol4 ,?is 01 9 fact1 "o ( ! e>lie/ misuses to :i* corn 0 put1 & be=e ! w> put a /op to x #cd1jjj1jjj bu%els w5t into ! mak+ ( :iskey 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates e ye>1 n c\nt+ ! moon%9]s' output4 ,b ev5 ?\gh we left (f dr9k+ :iskey ! di/ill]s c\ld /ill ?rive4 ,m>s is m ?ir/y ?an ,bac*us4 ,! output ( :iskey1 d5atur$ = indu/rial purposes1 is m ?an ?ree times :at is 0 be=e ! w>1 & ! price has ris5 f #cj c5ts a gallon to #fg c5ts4 ,?is may make x pr(itable to utilize sug>s1 />*es & cellulose t =m]ly 7 out ( ! "q4 ,accord+ to ! calculations ( ! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory ( ,madison x co/s f #cg to #dd c5ts a gallon to make alcohol f corn1 b x may be made f sawdu/ at a co/ ( f #ad to #bj c5ts4 ,?is is n wood alcohol 7t is1 me?yl alcohol1 ,,*#d,o7 su* z is made by ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood1 b g5u9e gra9 alcohol 7e?yl alcohol1 ,c#b;,h#f,o71 su* z is made by ! f]m5tation ( glucose or o!r sug>4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process is to dige/ ! sawdu/ or *ips ) dilute sulfuric acid "u heat & pressure4 ,?is conv]ts ! cellulose 7wood fib]7 9 l>ge "p into glucose 7corn sug>7 :i* may be extract$ by hot wat] 9 a diffusion batt]y z 9 extract+ ! sug> f beet *ips4 ,?is glucose solution may !n be f]m5t$ by yea/ & ! result+ alcohol di/ill$ (f4 ,! process is p]fectly practicable b has yet to be prov$ pr(itable4 ,b ! sulfite liquors ( ! pap] mills are be+ work$ up successfully into indu/rial alcohol4 ,! rapidly approa*+ exhau/ion ( our oil fields :i* ! w> has accel]at$ leads u to look ar\nd to see :at we c get to take ! place ( gasol9e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ promis+ ( ! sugge/$ sub/itutes is alcohol4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is exceptionally ri* 9 m9]al oil1 b "s c\ntries1 = in/ance ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france & ,au/ralia1 h little or none4 ,! ,au/ralian ,advisory ,c\ncil ( ,sci5ce1 call$ to consid] ! problem1 recomm5ds alcohol = /ation>y eng9es & motor c>s4 ,alcohol has ! disadvantage ( be+ less volatile ?an gasol9e s x is h>d to />t up ! eng9e f ! cold4 ,b ! l[] volatility & ignition po9t ( alcohol are an advantage 9 t x c be put "u a pressure ( #aej p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,a p\nd ( gasol9e conta9s fifty p] c5t4 m pot5tial en]gy ?an a p\nd ( alcohol1 b s9ce ! alcohol vapor c be put "u twice ! compression ( ! gasol9e & requires only "o-?ird ! am\nt ( air1 ! !rmal effici5cy ( an alcohol eng9e may be fifty p] c5t4 high] ?an t ( a gasol9e eng9e4 ,alcohol also has sev]al o!r conv5i5ces t c c\nt 9 its favor4 ,9 ! case ( incomplete combu/ion ! cyl9d]s are less likely to be clogg$ ) c>bon & ! escap+ gases d n h ! (f5sive odor ( ! gasol9e smoke4 ,alcohol does n ignite s easily z gasol9e & ! fire is m readily put out1 = wat] ?r[n ^u blaz+ alcohol dilutes x & puts out ! flame :ile gasol9e floats on wat] & ! fire is spread by x4 ,x is possible to increase ! inflammability ( alcohol by mix+ ) x "s hydroc>bon su* z gasol9e1 b5z5e or acetyl5e4 ,9 ! ,taylor-,:ite process ! vapor f l[-grade alcohol conta9+ #ag p] c5t4 wat] is pass$ ov] calcium c>bide4 ,?is takes out ! wat] & adds acetyl5e gas1 mak+ a suitable mixture = an int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,alcohol c be made f any?+ ( a />*y1 sug>y or woody nature1 t is1 f ! ma9 sub/ance ( all vegetation4 ,if we />t ) wood 7cellulose7 we conv]t x fir/ into sug> 7glucose7 &1 ( c\rse1 we c\ld /op "h & use x = food in/ead ( c>ry+ x on into alcohol4 ,?is provides "o factor ( our food1 ! c>bohydrate1 b by gr[+ ! yea/ plants on glucose & fe$+ !m ) nitrates made f ! air we c get ! prote9 & fat4 ,s x is q possible to live on sawdu/1 al?\gh x w\ld be too exp5sive a diet = anybody b a millionaire1 & he w\ld n enjoy x4 ,glucose has be5 made f =maldehyde & ?is 9 turn made f c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 s ! syn!tic production ( food f ! elem5ts is n su* an absurdity z x 0 ?\ght :5 ,b]!lot sugge/$ x half a c5tury ago4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! mak+ ( alcohol is to *ange ! />* ov] into sug>4 ,?is trans=mation is effect$ 9 ! natural c\rse ( spr\t+ by :i* ! insoluble />* /or$ up 9 ! se$ is conv]t$ into ! soluble glucose = ! sap ( ! gr[+ plant4 ,?is malt+ process is t ma9ly made use ( 9 ! production ( alcohol f gra94 ,b !re are o!r ways ( effect+ ! *ange4 ,x may be done by heat+ ) acid z we h se51 or accord+ to a me?od n[ be+ develop$ ! f9al conv]sion may be accompli%$ by mold in/ead ( malt4 ,9 apply+ ?is me?od1 kn[n z ! amylo process1 to corn1 ! meal is mix$ ) twice its weight ( wat]1 acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid & /eam$4 ,! ma% is !n cool$ d[n some:at1 dilut$ ) /]iliz$ wat] & innoculat$ ) ! mucor filam5ts4 ,z ! ma% molds ! />* is gradually *ang$ ov] to glucose & if ?is is ! product desir$ ! process may be /opp$ at ?is po9t4 ,b if alcohol is want$ yea/ is add$ to f]m5t ! sug>4 ,by keep+ x alkal9e & treat+ ) ! prop] bact]ia a high yield ( glyc]9 c be obta9$4 ,9 ! f]m5tation process = mak+ alcoholic liquors a little glyc]9 is produc$ z a by-product4 ,glyc]91 o!rwise call$ glyc]ol1 is int]m$iate betwe5 sug> & alcohol4 ,its molecule conta9s ?ree c>bon atoms1 :ile glucose has six & alcohol two4 ,x is possible to increase ! yield ( glyc]9 if desir$ by v>y+ ! =m ( f]m5tation4 ,?is 0 desir$ mo/ e>ne/ly 9 ,g]many dur+ ! w>1 = ! ,briti% blockade %ut (f ! importation ( ! fats & oils f :i* ! ,g]mans extract$ ! glyc]9 = _! nitroglyc]94 ,"u pressure ( ?is necessity !y work$ out a process ( gett+ glyc]9 9 quantity f sug> &1 news ( ?is be+ br\ght to ?is c\ntry by ,dr4 ,alonzo ,taylor1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t set up a special laboratory to "w out ?is problem4 ,john ,r4 ,e(f & o!r *emi/s work+ 9 ?is laboratory succe$$ 9 gett+ a yield ( tw5ty p] c5t4 ( glyc]9 by f]m5t+ black /rap molasses or o!r syrup ) ,cali=nia w9e yea/4 ,dur+ ! f]m5tation x is necess>y to neutralize ! acetic acid =m$ ) sodium or calcium c>bonate4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t glyc]9 c\ld be made f wa/e sug>s at ab\t a qu>t] ( its w>-"t co/1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! process w\ld be pr(itable at normal prices4 ,we c1 if we l1 disp5se ) ei!r yea/ or bact]ia 9 ! production ( glyc]94 ,glucose syrup susp5d$ 9 oil "u /eam pressure ) f9ely divid$ nickel z a cataly/ & treat$ ) nasc5t hydrog5 w take up ! hydrog5 & be conv]t$ into glyc]94 ,b ! yield is poor & ! process exp5sive4 ,food s]ves sub/antially ! same purpose 9 ! body z fuel 9 ! eng9e4 ,x provides ! en]gy = "w4 ,! c>bohydrates1 t is ! sug>s1 />*es & celluloses1 c all be us$ z fuels & c all--ev51 z we h se51 ! cellulose--be us$ z foods4 ,! f9al products1 wat] & c>bon dioxide1 are 9 bo? cases ! same & necess>ily !re=e ! am\nt ( en]gy produc$ is ! same 9 ! body z 9 ! eng9e4 ,corn is a good example ( ! equival5ce ( ! two s\rces ( en]gy4 ,!re are few bett] foods & no bett] fuels4 ,i c rememb] ! good old days 9 ,kansas :5 we _h corn to burn4 ,x 0 bo? an economy & a luxury1 =--at t5 c5ts a bu%el--x 0 *eap] ?an coal or wood & pref]able to ei!r at any price4 ,! long yell[ e>s1 ea* wrapp$ 9 its own k9dl+1 c\ld be h&l$ )\t crock+ ! f+]s4 ,ea* k]nel z x crackl$ s5t out a blaz+ jet ( oil & ! cobs left a f9e b$ ( coals = ! corn popp] to be %ak5 ov]4 ,driftwood & ! pyrote*nic fuel !y make n[ by soak+ /icks 9 /rontium & copp] salts _c comp>e ) ! old-fa%ion$ corn-f$ fire 9 beauty & ! p[] ( evok+ visions4 ,d\btless su* luxury w\ld be condemn$ z wick$ n[adays1 b ^? :o h kn[n ! calorific value ( corn w\ld f9d x h>d to ab&on x altoge!r1 & ,i fancy t ! ,we/]n f>m]'s wife1 :5 %e has an extra bat* ( bak+ to d1 w /ill /eal a few e>s f ! crib4 ,,xi ,,solidifi$ ,,sun%9e ,all life & all t life accompli%es dep5d ^u ! supply ( sol> en]gy /or$ 9 ! =m ( food4 ,! *ief s\rces ( ?is vital en]gy are ! fats & ! sug>s4 ,! =m] conta9 two & a qu>t] times ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! latt]4 ,bo?1 :5 completely purifi$1 consi/ ( no?+ b c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg52 elem5ts t are to be f\nd freely ev]y:]e 9 air & wat]4 ,s :5 ! sunny s\?l& exports fats & oils1 />*es & sug>1 x is !n s5d+ away no?+ mat]ial b :at comes back to x 9 ! next w9d4 ,:at x is s5d+ to ! regions ( m slant+ sun%9e is m]ely "s ( ! surplus ( ! radiant en]gy x has receiv$ s abundantly1 compact$ = conv5i5ce into a portable & edible =m4 ,9 previ\s *apt]s ,i h dealt ) "s ( ! uses ( cotton1 its employm5t = clo?1 = pap]1 = artificial fib]s1 = explosives1 & = pla/ics4 ,b ,i h ignor$ ! ?+ t cotton is atta*$ to & = :i*1 9 ! economy ( nature1 ! fib]s are =m$2 t is1 ! se$4 ,x is z ?\gh ,i _h describ$ ! a]oplane & ignor$ ! aviator :om x 0 design$ to c>ry4 ,b 9 ?is neglect ,i am b foll[+ ! example ( ! human race1 :i* = ?ree ?\s& ye>s us$ ! fib] b made no use ( ! se$ except to plant ! next crop4 ,j z mank9d is n[ divid$ into ! two great classes1 ! :eat-eat]s & ! rice-eat]s1 s ! anci5t _w 0 divid$ into ! wool-we>]s & ! cotton-we>]s4 ,! p ( ,india wore cotton2 ! ,europeans wore wool4 ,:5 ! ,greeks "u ,alex&] f\ght _! way to ! ,f> ,ea/ !y 7 surpris$ to f9d wool gr[+ on trees4 ,lat] travel]s return+ f ,ca?ay told ( ! same m>vel & travel]s :o /ay$ at home & wrote ab\t :at !y _h n se51 l ,sir ,john ,maundeville1 misund]/ood ^! reports & elaborat$ a leg5d ( a tree t bore live lambs z fruit4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is h[ a ,fr5* poetical botani/1 ,delacroix1 describ$ x 9 #agia1 z translat$ f 8 ,lat9 v]se3 ,^u a /alk is fix$ a liv+ brute1 ,a root$ plant be>s quadrup$ = fruit2 ,x has a fleece1 nor does x want = eyes1 ,& f its br[s two wooly horns arise4 ,! rude & simple c\ntry p say ,x is an animal t sleeps by day ,& wakes at night1 ?\gh root$ to ! gr\nd1 ,to fe$ on grass )9 its rea* ar\nd4 ,b mod]n comm]ce broke d[n ! b>ri] betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,a new cotton c\ntry1 ! be/ 9 ! _w1 0 discov]$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,cotton invad$ ,engl& & aft] a h>d fight1 ) fi/s z well z f9ance1 wool 0 beat5 9 its *ief /ronghold4 ,cotton became ,k+ & ! wool-sack 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords lo/ its symbolic significance4 ,/ill two-?irds ( ! cotton crop1 ! se$1 0 wa/$ & x is only )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s t me?ods ( us+ x h be5 develop$ to any ext5t4 ,! cotton crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #aiag am\nt$ to ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj bales ( #ejj p\nds ea*4 ,:5 ! ,great ,w> broke out & no cotton c\ld be export$ to ,g]many & little to ,engl& ! ,s\? 0 9 despair1 = cotton w5t d[n to five or six c5ts a p\nd4 ,! national ,gov]nm5t1 reg>dless ( /ates' rights1 0 call$ ^u = aid & ev]ybody 0 bes\ght to buy a bale4 ,^? :o respond$ to ?is patriotic appeal 7 well rew>d$1 = cotton rose z ! w> w5t on & sold at tw5ty-n9e c5ts a p\nd4 ,,illu/ration3 ,,products ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,cottonse$ ,b ! *emi/ has add$ "s #aej1jjj1jjj a ye> to ! value ( ! crop by discov]+ ways ( utiliz+ ! cottonse$ t us$ to be ?r[n away or burn$ z fuel4 ,! g5ealogical table ( ! prog5y ( ! cottonse$ h]e) pr9t$ w give "s idea ( _! v>iety4 ,if y w exam9e a cottonse$ y w see fir/ t !re is a f9e fuzz ( cotton fib] /ick+ to x4 ,^! l9t]s c be remov$ by ma*9]y & us$ = any purpose :]e l5g? ( fib] is n ess5tial4 ,= in/ance1 !y may be nitrat$ z describ$ 9 previ\s articles & us$ = mak+ smokeless p[d] or celluloid4 ,on cutt+ op5 ! se$ y w obs]ve t x consi/s ( an oily1 mealy k]nel encas$ 9 a ?9 br[n hull4 ,! hulls1 am\nt+ to #gjj or #ijj p\nds 9 a ton ( se$1 7 =m]ly burn$4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !y br+ f #d to #aj a ton because !y c be gr\nd up into cattle-fe$ or pap] /ock or us$ z f]tiliz]4 ,! k]nel ( ! cottonse$ on be+ press$ yields a yell[ oil & leaves a mealy cake4 ,?is la/1 mix$ ) ! hulls1 makes a good fodd] = fatt5+ cattle4 ,also1 add+ tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! ref9$ cottonse$ meal to our w> bread made x m nutriti\s & no less palatable4 ,cottonse$ meal conta9s ab\t =ty p] c5t4 ( prote9 & is !re=e a highly conc5trat$ & v valuable fe$+ /uff4 ,be=e ! w> we 7 export+ ne>ly half a million tons ( cottonse$ meal to ,europe1 *iefly to ,g]many & ,d5m>k1 :]e x is us$ = dairy c[s4 ,! ,briti% yeoman1 8 c\ntry's pride1 has n yet be5 won ov] to ! use ( any su* newfangl$ fodd] & consequ5tly ! ,briti% manufactur] c\ld n compete ) 8 cont95tal rivals 9 ! se$-cru%+ bus9ess1 = he c\ld n dispose ( 8 meal-cake by-product z did !y4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,cottonse$ ,oil ,z ,x ,is ,squeez$ ,f ,! ,se$ ,by ,! ,presses ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,cottonse$ ,oil ,z ,x ,comes ,f ,! ,compressors ,fl[+ ,out ,( ,! ,faucets ,:5 cold x is firm & :ite l l>d ,let u n[ turn to ! mo/ valuable ( ! cottonse$ products1 ! oil4 ,! se$ conta9s ab\t tw5ty p] c5t4 ( oil1 mo/ ( :i* c be squeez$ out ( ! hot se$s by hydraulic pressure4 ,x comes out z a r$ liquid ( a disagreeable odor4 ,?is is decoloriz$1 deodoriz$ & o!rwise purifi$ 9 v>i\s ways3 by treatm5t ) alkalies or acids1 by bl[+ air & /eam ?r\gh x1 by %ak+ up ) full]'s e>?1 by settl+ & filt]+4 ,! ref9$ product is a yell[ oil1 suitable = table use4 ,=m]ly1 on acc\nt ( ! popul> prejudice aga9/ any novel food products1 x us$ to masqu]ade z olive oil4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x boldly competes ) its anci5t rival 9 ! l&s ( ! olive tree & ,am]ica %ips "s #gjj1jjj b>rels ( cottonse$ oil a ye> to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t tri$ to *eck ! spread ( cottonse$ oil by call+ x an adult]ant & prohibit+ its mixture ) olive oil4 ,! result 0 t ! sale ( ,turki% olive oil fell (f because p f\nd its flavor too /rong :5 undilut$4 ,italy imports cottonse$ oil & exports h] olive oil4 ,d5m>k imports cottonse$ meal & m>g>9e & exports h] butt]4 ,nor!rn nations are accu/om$ to h>d fats & d n take to oils = cook+ or table use z d ! s\!rn]s4 ,butt] & l>d are pref]r$ to olive oil & ghee4 ,b ?is does n rule out cottonse$4 ,x c be comb9$ ) ! h>d fats ( animal or vegetable orig9 9 m>g>9e or x may itself be h>d5$ by hydrog54 ,to und]/& ?is int]e/+ reaction :i* is pr(\ndly affect+ int]national relations x w be necess>y to dip into ! *emi/ry ( ! subject4 ,"h are ! symbols ( ! *ief +r$i5ts ( ! fats & oils4 ,please look at !m4 ,l9oleic acid ,c#ah;,h#cb,o#b ,oleic acid ,c#ah;,h#cd,o#b ,/e>ic acid ,c#ah;,h#cf,o#b ,don't skip ^! because y h n /udi$ *emi/ry4 ,t's :y ,i am giv+ !m to y4 ,if y _h /udi$ *emi/ry y w\ld "k !m )\t my tell+4 ,j exam9e !m & y w discov] ! secret4 ,y w see t all ?ree are compos$ ( ! same elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,notice next ! numb] ( atoms 9 ea* elem5t z indicat$ by ! little l[ figures on ! "r ( ea* lett]4 ,y obs]ve t all ?ree conta9 ! same numb] ( atoms ( c>bon & oxyg5 b diff] 9 ! am\nt ( hydrog54 ,?is trifl+ diff]5ce 9 composition makes a great diff]5ce 9 behavior4 ,! less ! hydrog5 ! l[] ! melt+ po9t4 ,or to say ! same ?+ 9 o!r words1 fatty sub/ances l[ 9 hydrog5 are apt to be liquids & ^? ) a full complem5t ( hydrog5 atoms are apt to be solids at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! air4 ,x is common to call ! =m] oils & ! latt] fats1 b t implies too great a dissimil>ity1 = ! di/9ction dep5ds on :e!r we are liv+ 9 ! tropics or ! arctic4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to lump !m all toge!r & call !m s(t fats & h>d fats1 respectively4 ,fats ( ! ?ird ord]1 ! /e>ic gr\p1 are call$ saturat$ because !y h tak5 up all ! hydrog5 !y c hold4 ,fats ( ! o!r two gr\ps are call$ unsaturat$4 ,! fir/1 :i* h ! lea/ hydrog51 are ! mo/ eag] = m4 ,if hydrog5 is n h&y !y w take up o!r ?+s1 = in/ance oxyg54 ,l9se$ oil1 :i* consi/s l>gely1 z ! "n implies1 ( l9oleic acid1 w absorb oxyg5 on exposure to ! air & become h>d4 ,t is :y x is us$ 9 pa9t+4 ,su* oils are call$ dry+ oils1 al?\gh ! h>d5+ process is n really dry+1 s9ce !y conta9 no wat]1 b is oxidation4 ,! semi-dry+ oils1 ^? t w h>d5 some:at on exposure to ! air1 include ! oils ( cottonse$1 corn1 sesame1 soy bean & ca/or bean4 ,olive oil & peanut oil are non-dry+ & conta9 oleic comp\nds 7ole974 ,! h>d fats1 su* z /e>91 palmit9 & m>g>91 are mo/ly ( animal orig91 tall[ & l>d1 ?\gh coconut & palm oil conta9 a l>ge proportion ( su* saturat$ comp\nds4 ,?\gh ! *emi/ talks ( ! fatty acids1 nobody else w\ld call !m s because !y are n s\r4 ,b !y d behave l ! acids 9 =m+ salts ) bases4 ,! alkali salts ( ! fatty acids are kn[n to u z soaps4 ,9 ! natural fats !y exi/ n z free acids b z salts ( an organic base1 glyc]91 z ,i expla9$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! natural fats & oils consi/ ( complex mixtures ( ! glyc]9 comp\nds ( ^! acids 7kn[n z ole91 /e>91 etc471 z well z v>i\s o!rs ( a simil> sort4 ,if y w set a bottle ( salad oil 9 ! ice-box y w see x sep>ate into two p>ts4 ,! :ite1 cry/all9e solid t sep>ates out is l>gely /e>94 ,! "p t rema9s liquid is l>gely ole94 ,y might sep>ate !m by filt]+ x cold & if !n y tri$ to sell ! two products y w\ld f9d t ! h>d fat w\ld br+ a high] price ?an ! oil1 ei!r = food or soap4 ,if y tri$ to keep !m y w\ld f9d t ! h>d fat kept neutral & sweet long] ?an ! o!r4 ,y may rememb] t ! p]fumes 7z well z _! odor\s opposites7 7 mo/ly unsaturat$ comp\nds4 ,s we f9d t x is ! free & unsaturat$ fatty acids t cause butt] & oil to become rank & rancid4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 we c\ld make money if we c\ld turn s(t1 unsaturat$ fats l ole9 into h>d1 saturat$ fats l /e>94 ,ref]r+ to ! symbols we see t all t is ne$$ to effect ! *ange is to get ! =m] to unite ) hydrog54 ,?is requires a little coax+4 ,! coax] is call$ a cataly/4 ,a cataly/1 z ,i h previ\sly expla9$1 is a sub/ance t by its m]e pres5ce causes ! union ( two o!r sub/ances t might o!rwise rema9 sep>ate4 ,= t reason ! cataly/ is ref]r$ to z a *emical p>son4 ,f9ely divid$ metals h a /rong catalytic action4 ,plat9um sponge is excell5t b too exp5sive4 ,s 9 ?is case nickel is us$4 ,a nickel salt mix$ ) *>coal or pumice is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate by heat+ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,!n x is dropp$ into ! tank ( oil & hydrog5 gas is bl[n ?r\gh4 ,! hydrog5 may be obta9$ by splitt+ wat] into its two compon5ts1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 by means ( ! electrical curr5t1 or by pass+ /eam ov] spongy iron :i* takes out ! oxyg54 ,! /ream ( hydrog5 bl[n ?r\gh ! hot oil conv]ts ! l9oleic acid to oleic & !n ! oleic into /e>ic4 ,if y figur$ up ! weights f ! symbols giv5 above y w\ld f9d t x takes ab\t "o p\nd ( hydrog5 to conv]t a hundr$ p\nds ( ole9 to /e>9 & ! co/ is only ab\t "o c5t a p\nd4 ,! nickel is un*ang$ & is easily sep>at$4 ,a trace ( nickel may rema9 9 ! product1 b z x is v mu* less ?an ! am\nt dissolv$ :5 food is cook$ 9 nickel-plat$ vessels x _c be reg>d$ z h>mful4 ,ev5 m unsaturat$ fats may be hydrog5at$4 ,fi% oil has hi!rto be5 almo/ unusable because ( its p[]ful & p]si/5t odor4 ,?is is *iefly due to a fatty acid :i* prop]ly be>s ! uneuphoni\s "n ( clupanodonic acid & has ! composition ( ,c#ah;,h#bh,o#b4 ,by comp>+ ?is ) ! symbol ( ! odorless /e>ic acid1 ,c#ah;,h#cf,o#b1 y w see t all ! rank fi% oil lacks to make x respectable is eight hydrog5 atoms4 ,a ,japanese *emi/1 ,tsujimoto1 has discov]$ h[ to add !m & n[ ! re=m$ fi% oil "u ! names ( talgol & c&elite s]ves = lubricant & ev5 ent]s high] circles z a soap or food4 ,?is process ( h>d5+ fats by hydrog5ation result$ f ! exp]im5ts ( a ,fr5* *emi/1 ,pr(essor ,sabati] ( ,t\l\se1 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury1 b1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 ! ,g]mans 7 ! fir/ to take x up & pr(it by x4 ,be=e ! w> ! copra or coconut oil f ! ,briti% ,asiatic colonies ( ,india1 ,ceylon & ,malaya w5t to ,g]many at ! rate ( #ae1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,! palm k]nels gr[n 9 ,briti% ,we/ ,africa 7 %ipp$1 n to ,liv]pool1 b to ,hamburg1 #ai1jjj1jjj wor? annually4 ,"h ! oil 0 press$ out & us$ = m>g>9 & ! residual cake us$ = fe$+ c[s produc$ butt] or = fe$+ hogs produc$ l>d4 ,half ( ! copra rais$ 9 ! ,briti% possessions 0 s5t to ,g]many & half ( ! oil f x 0 resold to ! ,briti% m>g>9 c&le & soap mak]s at a h&some pr(it4 ,! ,briti% *emi/s 7 n bl9d to ?is1 b !y c\ld d no?+1 fir/ because ! ,engli% politician 0 w$d$ to free trade1 second1 because ! ,engli% f>m] w\ld n use oil cake = 8 /ock4 ,france 0 9 a simil> situation4 ,m>seilles produc$ #ae1ejj1jjj gallons ( oil f peanuts gr[n l>gely 9 ! ,fr5* ,african colonies--b %ipp$ ! oil-cake on to ,hamburg4 ,mean:ile ! ,g]mans1 9 pursuit ( _! policy ( atta9+ economic indep5d5ce1 7 /riv+ to develop _! own tropical t]ritory4 ,! subjects ( ,k+ ,george :o because !y _h ! mis=tune to live 9 ,india 7 exclud$ f ! ,briti% ,s\? ,african dom9ions or mi/reat$ :5 !y did come1 7 invit$ to come to ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa & set to rais+ peanuts 9 rivalry to ,fr5* ,s5egal & ,briti% ,corom&el4 ,be=e ! w> ,g]many got half ( ! ,egyptian cottonse$ & half ( ! ,philipp9e copra4 ,t is "o ( ! reasons :y ,g]man w>%ips tri$ to *eck ,dewey at ,manila 9 #ahih & ,g]man troops tri$ to conqu] ,egypt 9 #aiae4 ,b ! tide ( w> set ! o!r way & ! ,g]man plantations ( palmnuts & peanuts 9 ,africa h come into ,briti% possession & n[ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t is />t+ an educational campaign to tea* _! f>m]s to fe$ oil cake l ! ,g]mans & _! p to eat peanuts l ! ,am]icans4 ,! ,g]mans %ut (f f ! tropical fats supply 7 h>d up = food & = soap1 = lubricants & = munitions4 ,e p]son 0 giv5 a fat c>d t r$uc$ 8 weekly all[ance to ! m9imum4 ,mill]s 7 requir$ to remove ! g]ms f _! c]eals & deliv] !m to ! w> dep>tm5t4 ,*ildr5 7 set to ga!r+ horse-*e/nuts1 eld]b]ries1 l9d5-balls1 grape se$s1 *]ry /ones & sunfl[] heads1 = ^! conta9 f six to tw5ty p] c5t4 ( oil4 ,ev5 ! blue-bottle fly--hi!rto an idle creature = :om ,beelzebub f\nd mis*ief--0 conscript$ into ! national s]vice & set to lay+ eggs by ! billion on fi% refuse4 ,)9 a few days !re is a crop ( l>vae :i*1 to quote ! ,*emis*e ,z5tralblatt1 yields =ty-five grams p] kilogram ( a yell[ oil4 ,?is product1 we %\ld hope1 is us$ = axle-grease & nitroglyc]91 al?\gh prop]ly purifi$ x w\ld be z nutriti\s z any o!r--to "o :o has no imag9ation4 ,driv5 to su* /raits ,g]many w\ld h giv5 a good deal = "o ( ^? tropical isl&s t we are s c>eless ab\t4 ,x might h be5 suppos$ t s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates possess$ ! be/ l& 9 ! _w = ! production ( cottonse$1 coconuts1 peanuts1 & corn t x w\ld h l$ all o!r c\ntries 9 ! utilization ( vegetable oils = food4 ,t ?is c\ntry has n s us$ its advantage is due to ! fact t ! new products h n m]ely _h to ov]come popul> cons]vatism1 ignorance & prejudice--h>d ?+s to fight 9 any case--b h be5 delib]ately *eck$ & hamp]$ by ! /ate & national gov]nm5ts 9 def5se ( ve/$ int]e/s4 ,! f>m] vote is a p[] t no politician likes to defy & ! dairy bus9ess 9 e /ate 0 ?or\ghly organiz$4 ,9 ,new ,york ! oleom>g>9 indu/ry t 9 #ahgi 0 turn+ out products valu$ at m ?an #e1jjj1jjj a ye> 0 completely cru%$ out by /ate legislation4#b ,! output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 9 #aijb _h ris5 to #abf1jjj1jjj p\nds1 0 cut d[n to #dc1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #aiji by f$]al legislation4 ,accord+ to ! dis+5u\s cu/om ( ,am]ican lawmak]s ! ,act ( #aijb 0 pass$ ?r\gh ,congress z a rev5ue measure1 al?\gh x meant a loss to ! ,gov]nm5t ( m ?an ?ree million doll>s a ye> ov] :at might be produc$ by a /raight two c5ts a p\nd tax4 ,a :olesale deal] 9 oleom>g>9 0 made to pay a high] lic5se ?an a :olesale liquor deal]4 ,! f$]al law put a tax ( t5 c5ts a p\nd on yell[ oleom>g>9 & a qu>t] ( a c5t a p\nd on ! uncolor$4 ,b p--d\btless f pure prejudice--pref] a yell[ spread = _! bread1 s ! economical h\sewife has to "w ov] h] oleom>g>9 ) ! annatto :i* is giv5 to h] :5 %e buys a package or1 if ! law prohibits ?is1 :i* %e is p]mitt$ to /eal f an op5 box on ! groc]'s c\nt]4 ,a plausible pretext = su* legislation is af=d$ by ! fact t ! butt] sub/itutes are s mu* l butt] t !y _c be easily di/+ui%$ f x unless ! use ( annatto is p]mitt$ to butt] & prohibit$ to its competitors4 ,fradul5t sales ( sub/itutes ( any k9d ought to be prev5t$1 b ! rec5t pure food legislation 9 ,am]ica has %[n t x is possible to secure tru?ful label+ )\t resort+ to su* dra/ic measures4 ,9 ,europe ! laws aga9/ sub/itution 7 v /rict1 b n devis$ to re/rict ! indu/ry4 ,consequ5tly ! m>g>9 output ( ,g]many d\bl$ 9 ! five ye>s prec$+ ! w> & ! output ( ,engl& tripl$4 ,9 ,d5m>k ! consumption ( m>g>9 rose f #h4h p\nds p] capita 9 #ahij to #cb4f p\nds 9 #aiab4 ,yet ! butt] bus9ess1 ,d5m>k's pride1 0 n injur$1 & ,g]many & ,engl& import$ m butt] ?an ev] be=e4 ,n[ t ! price ( butt] 9 ,am]ica has gone ov] ! sev5ty-five c5t m>k ,congress may conclude t x no long] ne$s to be protect$ aga9/ competition4 ,! comp\nd l>ds or l>d comp\nds1 consi/+ usually ( cottonse$ oil & oleo-/e>91 al?\gh ! latt] may n[ be replac$ by h>d5$ oil1 met ) ! same popul> prejudice & attempt$ legislative int]f]5ce1 b succe$$ m easily 9 com+ into common use "u su* names z ,cottosuet1 ,kream ,krisp1 ,kuxit1 ,korno1 ,cottol5e & ,crisco4 ,oleom>g>91 n[ g5]ally abbreviat$ to m>g>91 orig9at$1 l _m o!r inv5tions1 9 milit>y necessity4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahfi (f]$ a prize = a butt] sub/itute = ! army t %\ld be *eap] & bett] ?an butt] 9 t x did n spoil s easily4 ,! prize 0 won by a ,fr5* *emi/1 ,mge-,m\ries1 :o f\nd t by *ill+ beef fat ! solid /e>9 c\ld be sep>at$ f an oil 7oleo7 :i* 0 ! sub/antially same z t 9 milk & h5ce 9 butt]4 ,neutral l>d acts ! same4 ,?is discov]y ( h[ to sep>ate ! h>d & s(t fats 0 foll[$ by improv$ me?ods = purify+ !m & lat] by ! process = conv]t+ ! s(t into ! h>d fats by hydrog5ation4 ,! net result 0 to put into ! h&s ( ! *emi/ ! ability to draw 8 mat]ials at w f any l& & f ! vegetable & animal k+doms & to comb9e !m z he w to make new fat foods = e use2 h>d = summ]1 s(t = w9t]2 solid = ! nor!rn]s & liquid = ! s\!rn]s2 :ite1 yell[ or any o!r color1 & flavor$ to suit ! ta/e4 ,! ,h9du c eat no fat f ! sacr$ c[2 ! ,mohamm$an & ! ,jew c eat no fat f ! abhorr$ pig2 ! veget>ian w t\* nei!r2 o!r p w take bo?4 ,no matt]1 all c be accommodat$4 ,all ! fats & oils1 ?\gh !y consi/ ( scores ( diff]5t comp\nds1 h practically ! same food value :5 fre$ f ! extrane\s matt] t gives !m _! *>act]i/ic flavors4 ,!y are all practically ta/eless & colorless4 ,! v>i\s vegetable & animal oils & fats h ab\t ! same dige/ibility1 #ih p] c5t41#c & are all ord9>ily completely utiliz$ 9 ! body1 supply+ x ) two & a qu>t] times z mu* en]gy z any o!r food4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! products4 ,! m>g>9 m5 accuse butt] ( h>bor+ tub]culosis g]ms f :i* _! product1 because x has be5 heat$ or is made f vegetable fats1 is free4 ,! butt] m5 retort t m>g>9 is lack+ 9 vitam9es1 ^? my/]i\s sub/ances :i* 9 m9ute am\nts are necess>y = life & especially = gr[?4 ,bo? ! claim & ! objection lose a l>ge "p ( _! =ce :]e ! m>g>91 z is cu/om>ily ! case1 is mix$ ) butt] or *urn$ up ) milk to give x ! famili> flavor4 ,b ! difficulty c be easily ov]come4 ,! milk us$ = ei!r butt] or m>g>9 %\ld be free or fre$ f disease g]ms4 ,if m>g>9 is altoge!r sub/itut$ = butt]1 ! necess>y vitam9es may be suffici5tly provid$ by milk1 eggs & gre5s4 ,ow+ to ^! new processes all ! fatty sub/ances ( all l&s h be5 br\ght into competition ) ea* o!r4 ,9 su* a conte/ ! vegetable is likely to beat ! animal & ! s\!rn to w9 ov] ! nor!rn zones4 ,9 ,europe be=e ! w> ! proportion ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts us$ to make butt] sub/itutes 0 z foll[s3 ,,av]age ,,composition ,,( ,,european ,,m>g>9 ,p] ,c5t4 ,animal h>d fats #be ,vegetable h>d fats #ce ,copra #bi ,palm-k]nel #f ,vegetable s(t fats #bf ,cottonse$ #ac ,peanut #f ,sesame #f ,soya-bean #a ,wat]1 milk1 salt #ad #ajj ,?is is n ! composition ( any p>ticul> br& b ! av]age ( !m all4 ,! use ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! oil ( ! sesame se$ is requir$ by ! laws ( ,g]many & ,d5m>k because x c be easily detect$ by a *emical color te/ & s s]ves to prev5t ! m>g>9 conta9+ x f be+ sold z butt]4 ,op5 sesame6 is ! password to ^! m>kets4 ,rememb]+ t m>g>9 orig9ally 0 made up entirely ( animal fats1 s(t & h>d1 we c see f ! above figures h[ rapidly !y are be+ displac$ by ! vegetable fats4 ,! cottonse$ & peanut oils h replac$ ! orig9al oleo oil & ! tropical oils f ! coconut 7copra7 & ,african palm are cr[d+ out ! animal h>d fats4 ,s9ce n[ we c h>d5 at w any ( ! vegetable oils x is possible to get along altoge!r )\t animal fats4 ,su* vegetable m>g>9s 7 orig9ally prep>$ = sale 9 ,india1 b prov$ unexpect$ly popul> 9 ,europe1 & are n[ be+ introduc$ into ,am]ica4 ,!y are sold "u v>i\s trade names sugge/+ _! orig91 su* z palmira1 palmona1 milkonut1 cocose1 coconut oleom>g>9 & nucoa nut m>g>94 ,! la/ nam$ is /at$ to be made ( coconut oil 7= ! h>d fat7 & peanut oil 7= ! s(t fat71 *urn$ up ) a culture ( pa/euriz$ milk 7to imp>t ! butt] flavor74 ,! law requires su* a product to be br&$ oleom>g>9e al?\gh x is n4 ,su* cases ( compulsory mislabel+ are n r>e4 ,y rememb] ! ,pigs is ,pigs /ory4 ,peanut butt] has won its way into ! ,am]ican m5u )\t any cam\flage :atev]1 & z a salad oil x is almo/ equally frank ab\t its l[ly orig94 ,?is nut1 :i* gr[s on a v9e in/ead ( a tree1 & is dug f ! gr\nd l potatoes in/ead ( be+ pick$ ) a pole1 goes by v>i\s names accord+ to locality1 peanuts1 gr\nd-nuts1 monkey-nuts1 ara*ides & goob]s4 ,z x takes ! place ( cotton oil 9 "s ( its products s x takes its place 9 ! fields & oilmills ( ,texas left vacant by ! bollweevil4 ,! once despis$ peanut add$ "s #ef1jjj1jjj to ! weal? ( ! ,s\? 9 #aiaf4 ,! peanut is ri* 9 ! ri*e/ ( foods1 "s #ej p] c5t4 ( oil & #cj p] c5t4 ( prote94 ,! latt] c be work$ up into meat sub/itutes t w make ! veget>ian cease to envy 8 omnivor\s neighbor4 ,?anks l>gely to ! *emi/ :o has op5$ ^! new fields ( usefulness1 ! peanut-rais] got #a4be a bu%el 9 #aiag in/ead ( ! #cj c5ts t he got f\r ye>s be=e4 ,x w\ld be impossible to enum]ate all ! available s\rces ( vegetable oils1 = all se$s & nuts conta9 m or less fatty matt] & z we become m economical we %all utilize ( :at we n[ ?r[ away4 ,! g]m ( ! corn k]nel1 once disc>d$ 9 ! manufacture ( />*1 n[ yields a popul> table oil4 ,f tomato se$s1 "o ( ! wa/e products ( ! cann+ factory1 c be extract$ #bb p] c5t4 ( an edible oil4 ,oats conta9 #g p] c5t4 ( oil4 ,f rape se$ ! ,japanese get #bj1jjj tons ( oil a ye>4 ,to ! s\rces previ\sly m5tion$ may be add$ pumpk9 se$s1 poppy se$s1 raspb]ry se$s1 tobacco se$s1 cockleburs1 hazelnuts1 walnuts1 bee*nuts & acorns4 ,! oil-be>+ se$s ( ! tropics are innum]able & w become increas+ly ess5tial to ! inhabitants ( nor!rn l&s4 ,x 0 ! realization ( ?is t br\ght on ! /ruggle ( ! great p[]s = ! possession ( tropical t]ritory :i*1 = ye>s be=e1 !y did n ?9k wor? :ile rais+ a flag ov]4 ,no c\ntry 9 ! future c consid] itself safe unless x has secure access to su* s\rces4 ,we _h a %>p lesson 9 ?is dur+ ! w>4 ,palm oil1 x seems1 is necess>y = ! manufacture ( t9plate1 an indu/ry t 0 built up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,mc,kinley t>iff4 ,! ,briti% possessions 9 ,we/ ,africa 7 ! *ief s\rce ( palm oil & ! ,g]mans _h ! h&l+ ( x4 ,dur+ ! w> ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t assum$ control ( ! palm oil products ( ! ,briti% & ,g]man colonies & prohibit$ _! export to o!r c\ntries ?an ,engl&4 ,am]icans prote/$ & besee*$1 b 9 va94 ,! ,briti% held1 q correctly1 t !y ne$$ all ! oil !y c\ld get = food & lubrication & nitroglyc]94 ,b ! ,briti% also ne$$ cann$ meat f ,am]ica = _! soldi]s & :5 x 0 at l5g? br\ght to _! att5tion t ! pack]s c\ld n %ip meat unless !y _h cans & t cans c\ld n be made )\t t9 & t t9 c\ld n be made )\t palm oil ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t cons5t$ to let u buy a little ( _! palm oil4 ,! lesson is t ( ,voltaire's /ory1 ,c&ide1 ,let u cultivate our own g>d5--& plant a few palm trees 9 x--also rubb] trees1 b t is ano!r /ory4 ,! int]national /ruggle = oil l$ to ! p>tition ( ! ,pacific z ! /ruggle = rubb] l$ to ! p>tition ( ,africa4 ,!odor ,web]1 z ,/ev5son says1 h>ri$ ! ,samoans to get copra mu* z ,k+ ,leopold ( ,belgium h>ri$ ! ,congoese to get ca\t*\c4 ,x 0 ,web] :o fir/ fully realiz$ t ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 =m]ly giv5 ov] to cannibals1 pirates & mission>ies1 might be made imm5sely valuable ?r\gh ! cultivation ( ! coconut palms4 ,:5 ! ripe coconut is split op5 & expos$ to ! sun ! meat dries up & %rivels & 9 ?is =m1 call$ copra1 x c be cut out & %ipp$ to ! factory :]e ! oil is extract$ & ref9$4 ,web] :ile ,g]man ,consul 9 ,samoa 0 also manag] ( :at 0 locally kn[n z ! long-h&l$ conc]n 7,deuts*e ,h&els und ,plantag5 ,gesells*aft d] ,sdsee ,inseln zu ,hamburg71 a pione] comm]cial & semi-(ficial corporation t play$ a "p 9 ! ,pacific some:at l ! ,briti% ,hudson ,bay ,company 9 ,canada or ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ,h9du/an4 ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ?is corporation on ! />t ,g]many acquir$ a virtual monopoly ( ! transportation & ref9+ ( coconut oil & w\ld h become ! dom9ant p[] 9 ! ,pacific if %e _h n be5 *eck$ by =ce ( arms4 ,9 ,apia ,bay 9 #ahhi & aga9 9 ,manila ,bay 9 #ahih an ,am]ican fleet fac$ a ,g]man fleet ready = action :ile a ,briti% w>%ip lay betwe54 ,s we rescu$ ! ,philipp9es & ,samoa f ,g]man rule & 9 #aiad ,g]man p[] 0 elim9at$ f ! ,pacific4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s be=e ! w>1 ! production ( copra 9 ! ,g]man isl&s m ?an d\bl$ & ?is 0 only ! beg9n+ ( ! bus9ess4 ,n[ ^! isl&s h be5 divid$ up among ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal& & ,japan1 & ^! c\ntries are plann+ to take c>e ( ! copra4 ,b al?\gh we get no ext5sion ( t]ritory f ! w> we /ill h ! ,philipp9es & "s ( ! ,samoan ,isl&s1 & ^! are capable ( great developm5t4 ,f h] %>e ( ! ,samoan ,isl&s ,g]many got a million doll>s' wor? ( copra & we might get m f ours4 ,! ,philipp9es n[ lead ! _w 9 ! production ( copra1 b ,java is a close second & ,ceylon n f> beh9d4 ,if we d n look out we w be beat5 bo? by ! ,dut* & ! ,briti%1 = !y are und]tak+ ! cultivation ( ! coconut on a l>g] scale & 9 a m sy/ematic way4 ,accord+ to an (ficial bullet9 ( ! ,philipp9e ,gov]nm5t a coconut plantation %\ld br+ 9 divid5ds rang+ f #aj to #ge p] c5t4 f ! t5? to ! hundr$? ye>4 ,& ?is be+ pr9t$ 9 #aiac figur$ ! price ( copra at #c-a_/b c5ts1 :]eas x br\ght #d-a_/b c5ts 9 #aiah1 s ! prospect is /ill m enc\rag+4 ,! copra is half fat & c be *eaply %ipp$ to ,am]ica1 :]e x c be cru%$ 9 ! s\!rn oilmills :5 !y are n busy on cottonse$ or peanuts4 ,b ev5 ?is co/ ( transportation c be r$uc$ by extract+ ! oil 9 ! isl&s & %ipp+ x 9 bulk l petroleum 9 tank /eam]s4 ,9 ! ye> end+ ,june1 #aiah1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ f ! ,philipp9es #aee1jjj1jjj p\nds ( coconut oil wor? #ah1jjj1jjj & #bbj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( copra wor? #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,b ?is 0 ab\t half our total importations2 ! re/ ( x we _h to get f =eign c\ntries4 ,panama palms may give u a little relief f ?is dep5d5ce on =eign s\rces4 ,9 #aiag we import$ #ai1jjj1jjj :ole coconuts f ,panama valu$ at #gjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,splitt+ ,,coconuts ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,tahiti ,aft] dry+ 9 ! sun ! meat is pick$ & ! oil extract$ = mak+ coconut butt] ,illu/ration3 ,f ,am]ica's ,munitions ,,! ,,electric ,,curr5t ,,pass+ ,,?r\gh ,,salt ,,wat] ,,9 ,,^! ,,cells ,,decomposes ,,! ,,salt ,,into ,,cau/ic ,,soda ,,& ,,*lor9e ,,gas ,!re 7 eight rooms l ?is 9 ! ,edgewood plant1 capable ( produc+ #bjj1jjj p\nds ( *lor9e a day ,a new =m ( fat t has rapidly come into our m>ket is ! oil ( ! soya or soy bean4 ,9 #aiah we import$ ov] #cjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( soy-bean oil1 mo/ly f ,man*uria4 ,! oil is us$ 9 manufacture ( sub/itutes = butt]1 l>d1 *eese1 milk & cream1 z well z = soap & pa9t4 ,! soy-bean c be rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]ev] corn c be gr[n & provides prov5d] = man & bea/4 ,! soy meal left aft] ! extraction ( ! oil makes a good cattle food & ! f]m5t$ juice af=ds ! %oya sauce made famili> to u ?r\gh ! popul>ity ( ! *op-suey re/aurants4 ,z meat & dairy products become sc>c] & de>] we %all become increas+ly dep5d5t ^u ! vegetable fats4 ,we %\ld !re=e devise means ( sav+ :at we n[ ?r[ away1 raise z mu* z we c "u our own flag1 keep op5 av5ues = our =eign supply & enc\rage our cooks to make use ( ! new products inv5t$ by our *emi/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,fight+ ,,) ,,fumes ,! ,g]mans op5$ ! w> us+ projectiles sev5te5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y clos$ x us+ projectiles "o "o-hundr$ million? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,& ! latt] 7 m effective ?an ! =m]4 ,z ! dim5sions 7 r$uc$ f mol> to molecul> ! battle became m int5se4 ,= :5 ! ,big ,b]?a _h %ot its bolt1 t 0 ! end ( x4 ,:omev] x hit 0 hurt1 b aft] t ! /eel fragm5ts ( ! %ell lay on ! gr\nd h>mless & in]t4 ,! m5 9 ! dug\ts c\ld he> ! %ells :i/le ov]head )\t al>m4 ,b ! poison gas c\ld p5etrate :]e ! rifle ball c\ld n4 ,! malignant molecules seem$ to se>* out _! victims4 ,!y crept ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! subt]ranean %elt]s4 ,!y hunt$ = ! p9holes 9 ! face masks4 ,!y lay 9 wait = days 9 ! tr5*es = ! soldi]s' return z a cat wat*es at ! hole ( a m\se4 ,! cannon ball c\ld be se5 & he>d4 ,! poison gas 0 invisible & inaudible1 & sometimes ev5 ! *emical s5se :i* nature has giv5 man = 8 protection1 ! s5se ( smell1 fail$ to give w>n+ ( ! approa* ( ! foe4 ,! small] ! matt] t man c deal ) ! m he c get out ( x4 ,s long z man 0 dep5d5t = p[] ^u w9d & wat] 8 work+ capacity 0 v limit$4 ,b z soon z he pass$ ov] ! bord] l9e f physics into *emi/ry & le>n$ h[ to use ! molecule1 8 effici5cy 9 "w & w>f>e 0 multipli$ manifold4 ,! molecul> bomb>dm5t ( ! pi/on by /eam or ! gases ( combu/ion runs 8 eng9es & propels 8 c>s4 ,! fir/ man :o want$ to kill ano!r f a safe di/ance ?rew ! /one by 8 arm's /r5g?4 ,david add$ to 8 arm ! c5trifugal =ce ( a sl+ :5 he slew ,golia?4 ,! ,romans improv$ on ?is by conc5trat+ 9 a catapult ! /r5g? ( a score ( slaves & ca/+ /one cannon balls to ! top ( ! city wall4 ,b f9ally man got clos] to nature's secret & discov]$ t by loos+ a sw>m ( gase\s molecules he c\ld ?r[ 8 projectile sev5ty-five miles & !n by ! same =ce bur/ x into fly+ fragm5ts4 ,!re is no small] projectile ?an ! atom unless our bellig]5t *emi/s c f9d a way ( us+ ! electron /ream ( ! ca?ode ray4 ,b ?is s f> has figur$ only 9 ! pages ( our sci5tific romanc]s & has n yet appe>$ on ! battlefield4 ,if1 h[ev]1 man c\ld tap ! res]voir ( sub-atomic en]gy he ne$ d no m "w & w\ld make no m w>1 = unlimit$ p[]s ( con/ruction & de/ruction w\ld be at 8 comm&4 ,! =ces ( ! inf9itesimal are inf9ite4 ,! reason :y a gas is s active is because x is s egoi/ic4 ,psy*ologically int]pret$1 a gas consi/s ( p>ticles hav+ ! utmo/ av]sion to "o ano!r4 ,ea* tries to get z f> away f e o!r z x c4 ,!re is no cohesive =ce2 no attractive impulse2 no?+ to draw !m toge!r except ! all too feeble p[] ( gravitation4 ,! hott] !y get ! m !y try to disp]se & s ! gas exp&s4 ,! gas repres5ts ! extreme ( individualism z /eel repres5ts ! extreme ( collectivism4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two works wond]s4 ,a hot gas 9 a /eel cyl9d] is ! mo/ p[]ful ag5cy kn[n to man1 & by means ( x he accompli%es 8 greate/ a*ievem5ts 9 peace or w> "t4 ,! projectile is ?r[n f ! gun by ! expansive =ce ( ! gases releas$ f ! p[d] & :5 x rea*es its de/9ation x is bl[n to pieces by ! same =ce4 ,?is is ! end ( x if x is a %ell ( ! old-fa%ion$ sort1 = ! gases ( combu/ion m+le h>mlessly ) ! air ( :i* !y are normal con/itu5ts4 ,b if x is a poison gas %ell ea* molecule z x is releas$ goes (f /raight into ! air ) a spe$ twice t ( ! cannon ball & c>ries dea? ) x4 ,a man may be hit by a heavy piece ( lead or iron & /ill survive1 b an unweighable am\nt ( le?al gas may be fatal to him4 ,mo/ ( ! novelties ( ! w> 7 m]ely ext5sions ( :at 0 already kn[n4 ,to increase ! calib] ( a cannon f #ch to #db c5timet]s or its range f #cj to #ge miles does inde$ make necess>y a decid$ *ange 9 tactics1 b x is n comp>able to ! revolution effect$ by ! introduction ( new weapons ( unprec$5t$ p[] su* z airplanes1 subm>9es1 tanks1 high explosives or poison gas4 ,if any army _h be5 z well equipp$ ) ^! 9 ! beg9n+ z all armies 7 at ! end x might easily h won ! w>4 ,t is to say1 if ! g5]al /aff ( any ( ! p[]s _h _h ! =esight & confid5ce to develop & practise ^! modes ( w>f>e on a l>ge scale 9 advance x w\ld h be5 irresi/ible aga9/ an enemy unprep>$ to meet !m4 ,b no milit>y g5ius appe>$ on ei!r side ) suffici5t c\rage & imag9ation to "w out su* s*emes 9 secret be=e try+ !m out on a small scale 9 ! op54 ,consequ5tly ! enemy _h fair w>n+ & ample "t to le>n h[ to meet !m & me?ods ( def5se develop$ concurr5tly ) me?ods ( attack4 ,= in/ance1 consid] ! motor =tresses to :i* ,lud5dorff ascribes 8 defeat4 ,! ,briti% fir/ s5t out a few clumsy tanks aga9/ ! ,g]man l9es4 ,!n !y set ab\t mak+ a lot ( /rong] & liveli] ones1 b by ! "t ^! 7 ready ! ,g]mans _h field guns to sma% !m & *a9 f5ces ) concrete po/s to /op !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ,g]mans _h foll[$ up _! advantage :5 !y fir/ set ! cl\d ( *lor9e float+ ov] ! battlefield ( ,ypres !y might h won ! w> 9 ! spr+ ( #aiae in/ead ( los+ x 9 ! fall ( #aiah4 ,= ! ,briti% 7 unprep>$ & unprotect$ aga9/ ! sil5t dea? t swept d[n ^u !m on ! #bbnd ( ,april1 #aiae4 ,:at happ5$ !n is be/ told by ,sir ,ar?ur ,conan ,doyle 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,f ! base ( ! ,g]man tr5*es ov] a consid]able l5g? !re appe>$ jets ( :iti% vapor1 :i* ga!r$ & swirl$ until !y settl$ into a def9ite l[ cl\d-bank1 gre5i%-br[n bel[ & yell[ above1 :]e x reflect$ ! rays ( ! s9k+ sun4 ,?is om9\s bank ( vapor1 impell$ by a nor!rn breeze1 drift$ swiftly across ! space :i* sep>at$ ! two l9es4 ,! ,fr5* troops1 />+ ov] ! top ( _! p>apet at ?is curi\s scre5 :i* ensur$ !m a tempor>y relief f fire1 7 obs]v$ sudd5ly to ?r[ up _! h&s1 to clut* at _! ?roats1 & to fall to ! gr\nd 9 ! agonies ( asphyxiation4 ,_m lay :]e !y _h fall51 :ile _! comrades1 absolutely helpless aga9/ ?is diabolical ag5cy1 ru%$ madly out ( ! mephitic mi/ & made = ! re>1 ov]-runn+ ! l9es ( tr5*es beh9d !m4 ,_m ( !m nev] halt$ until !y _h rea*$ ,ypres1 :ile o!rs ru%$ we/w>ds & put ! canal betwe5 !mselves & ! enemy4 ,! ,g]mans1 mean:ile1 advanc$1 & took possession ( ! successive l9es ( tr5*es1 t5ant$ only by ! dead g>risons1 ^: black5$ faces1 contort$ figures1 & lips fr+$ ) ! blood & foam f _! bur/+ lungs1 %[$ ! agonies 9 :i* !y _h di$4 ,"s ?\s&s ( /upefi$ prison]s1 eight batt]ies ( ,fr5* field-guns1 & f\r ,briti% #d4g's1 :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 a wood beh9d ! ,fr5* position1 7 ! trophies won by ?is disgraceful victory4 ,"u ! %att]+ bl[ :i* !y _h receiv$1 a bl[ p>ticul>ly demoraliz+ to ,african troops1 ) _! fe>s ( magic & ! unkn[n1 x 0 impossible to rally !m effectually until ! next day4 ,x is to be rememb]$ 9 explanation ( ?is disorganization t x 0 ! fir/ exp]i5ce ( ^! poison tactics1 & t ! troops engag$ receiv$ ! gas 9 a v mu* m sev]e =m ?an our own m5 on ! "r ( ,langem>ck4 ,= a "t !re 0 a gap five miles broad 9 ! front ( ! position ( ! ,allies1 & !re 7 _m h\rs dur+ :i* !re 0 no sub/antial =ce betwe5 ! ,g]mans & ,ypres4 ,!y wa/$ _! "t1 h[ev]1 9 consolidat+ _! gr\nd1 & ! *ance ( a great c\p pass$ =ev]4 ,!y _h sold _! s\ls z soldi]s1 b ! ,devil's price 0 a poor "o4 ,_h !y _h a corps ( cavalry ready1 & pu%$ !m ?r\gh ! gap1 x w\ld h be5 ! mo/ dang]\s mom5t ( ! w>4 ,a des]t] _h come ov] f ! ,g]man side a week be=e & told !m t cyl9d]s ( poison gas _h be5 laid 9 ! front tr5*es1 b no "o believ$ him or paid any att5tion to 8 tale4 ,w> 0 !n1 9 ! ,engli%man's op9ion1 a g5tleman's game1 ! royal sport1 & poison 0 prohibit$ by ! ,hague rules4 ,b ! ,g]mans 7 n play+ ! game accord+ to ! rules1 s ! ,briti% soldi]s 7 /rangl$ 9 _! own tr5*es & fell easy victims to ! advanc+ foe4 ,)9 half an h\r aft] ! gas 0 turn$ on #hj p] c5t4 ( ! oppos+ troops 7 knock$ out4 ,! ,canadians1 ) wet h&k]*iefs ov] _! faces1 clos$ 9 to /op ! gap1 b if ! ,g]mans _h be5 prep>$ = su* success !y c\ld h cle>$ ! way to ! coa/4 ,b aft] su* trials ! ,g]mans /opp$ ! use ( free *lor9e & began ! prep>ation ( m poison\s gases4 ,9 "s way t may n be reveal$ till ! secret hi/ory ( ! w> is publi%$1 ! ,briti% ,intellig5ce ,dep>tm5t obta9$ a copy ( ! lecture notes ( ! in/ructions to ! ,g]man /aff giv+ details ( ! new sy/em ( gas w>f>e to be />t$ 9 ,decemb]4 ,among ! comp\nds nam$ 0 phosg5e1 a gas s le?al t "o "p 9 t5 ?\s& ( air may be fatal4 ,! antidote = x is hexame?yl5e tetram9e4 ,?is is n some?+ ! soldi]--or anybody else--is accu/om$ to c>ry ar\nd ) him1 b ! ,briti% hav+ _h a *ance to cram up 9 advance on ! /ol5 lecture notes 7 ready ) gas helmets soak$ 9 ! reag5t ) ! long "n4 ,! ,g]mans rejoic$ :5 gas bombs took ! place ( bayonets because ?is 0 a field 9 :i* intellig5ce c\nt$ = m ?an brute =ce & 9 :i* !re=e !y expect$ to be supreme4 ,z usual !y 7 "r 9 _! major premise b wrong 9 _! conclusion1 ow+ to ! egoism ( _! implicit m9or premise4 ,x does inde$ give ! advantage to skill & sci5ce1 b ! ,g]mans 7 beat5 at _! own game1 = by ! end ( ! w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 able to turn out toxic gases at a rate ( #bjj tons a day1 :ile ! output ( ,g]many or ,engl& 0 only ab\t #cj tons4 ,a gas plant 0 />t$ at ,edgewood1 ,m>yl&1 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag4 ,by ,m>* x 0 fill+ %ell & be=e ! w> put a /op to its activities 9 ! fall x 0 produc+ #a1cjj1jjj p\nds ( *lor9e1 #a1jjj1jjj p\nds ( *lorpicr91 #a1cjj1jjj p\nds ( phosg5e & #gjj1jjj p\nds ( mu/>d gas a mon?4 ,*lor9e1 ! fir/ gas us$1 is unpleasantly famili> to e "o :o has ent]$ a *emical laboratory or :o has smell$ ! brea? ( blea*+ p[d]4 ,x is a gre5i%-yell[ gas made f common salt4 ,! ,g]mans employ$ x at ,ypres by lay+ cyl9d]s ( ! liquefi$ gas 9 ! tr5*es1 ab\t a y>d ap>t1 & runn+ a lead dis*>ge pipe ov] ! p>apet4 ,:5 ! /op cocks are turn$ ! gas /reams out & s9ce x is two & a half times z heavy z air x rolls ov] ! gr\nd l a noisome mi/4 ,x works be/ :5 ! gr\nd slopes g5tly d[n t[>d ! enemy & :5 ! w9d bl[s 9 t direction at a rate betwe5 f\r & twelve miles an h\r4 ,b ! w9d1 be+ /rictly neutral1 may *ange its direction )\t w>n+ & !n ! gases turn back 9 _! flight & attack _! own side1 some?+ t rifle bullets h nev] be5 kn[n to d4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]national ,film ,s]vice ,,g]mans ,,/>t+ ,a ,,gas ,,attack ,,on ,,! ,,russian ,,l9es ,beh9d ! cyl9d]s f :i* ! gas /reams are se5 ?ree l9es ( ,g]man troops wait+ to attack4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 f above by a ,russian airman ,illu/ration3 ,press ,illu/rat+ ,s]vice ,,fill+ ,,! ,,canni/]s ,,( ,,gas ,,masks ,,) ,,*>coal ,,made ,,f ,,fruit ,,pits ,,9 ,,long ,,isl& ,,city ,because free *lor9e w\ld n /ay put & 0 dep5d5t on ! favor ( ! w9d = its effect1 x 0 lat] employ$1 n z an elem5tal gas1 b 9 "s volatile liquid t c\ld be fir$ 9 a %ell & s releas$ at any p>ticul> po9t f> back ( ! front tr5*es4 ,! mo/ commonly us$ ( ^! comp\nds 0 phosg5e1 :i*1 z ! read] c see by inspection ( its =mula1 ,c,o,cl#b1 consi/s ( *lor9e 7,cl7 comb9$ ) c>bon monoxide 7,,co71 ! cause ( dea?s f illum9at+ gas4 ,^! two poison\s gases1 *lor9e & c>bon monoxide1 :5 mix$ toge!r1 w n readily unite1 b if a ray ( sunlight falls ^u ! mixture !y comb9e at once4 ,= ?is reason ,john ,davy1 :o discov]$ ! comp\nd ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago1 nam$ x phosg5e1 t is1 produc$ by light4 ,! same roots recur 9 hydrog51 s nam$ because x is produc$ f wat]1 & phosphorus1 because x is a light-be>]4 ,9 its mod]n manufacture ! catalyz] or in/igator ( ! comb9ation is n sunlight b por\s c>bon4 ,?is is pack$ 9 iron boxes eight feet long1 ?r\gh :i* ! mixture ( ! two gases 0 =c$4 ,c>bon monoxide may be made by burn+ coke ) a supply ( air insuffici5t = complete combu/ion1 b 9 ord] to get ! pure gas necess>y = ! phosg5e common air 0 n us$1 b in/ead pure oxyg5 extract$ f x by a liquid air plant4 ,phosg5e is a gas t may be cond5s$ easily to a liquid by cool+ x d[n to #df degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,a mixture ( ?ree-qu>t]s *lor9e ) "o-qu>t] phosg5e has be5 f\nd mo/ effective4 ,by itself phosg5e has an in(f5sive odor some:at l gre5 corn & s may fail to ar\se appreh5sion until a toxic conc5tration is rea*$4 ,b ev5 small doses h su* an effect ^u ! he>t action = days aft]w>d t a slight ex]tion may prove fatal4 ,! comp\nd manufactur$ 9 l>ge/ am\nt 9 ,am]ica 0 *lorpicr94 ,?is1 l ! o!rs1 is n s unfamili> z x seems4 ,z may be se5 f its =mula1 ,c,cl#c,,no#b1 x is =m$ by jo9+ ! nitric acid radical 7,,no#b71 f\nd 9 all explosives1 ) ! ma9 "p ( *lor(orm 7,h,c,cl#c74 ,?is is n q s poison\s z phosg5e1 b x has ! advantage t x causes nausea & vomit+4 ,! soldi] s affect$ is =c$ to take (f 8 gas mask & !n may fall victim to m toxic gases s5t ov] simultane\sly4 ,*lorpicr9 is a liquid & is commonly load$ 9 a %ell or bomb ) #bj p] c5t4 ( t9 *loride1 :i* produces d5se :ite fumes t g ?r\gh gas masks4 ,x is made f picric acid 7tr9itroph5ol71 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! high explosives1 by treatm5t ) *lor9e4 ,! *lor9e is obta9$1 z x is 9 ! h\sehold1 f common blea*+ p[d]1 or *loride ( lime4 ,?is is mix$ ) wat] to =m a cream 9 a /eel /ill #ah feet high & #h feet 9 diamet]4 ,a solution ( calcium picrate1 t is1 ! lime salt ( picric acid1 is pump$ 9 & z ! reaction beg9s ! mixture heats up & ! *lorpicr9 di/ils ov] ) ! /eam4 ,:5 ! di/illate is cond5s$ ! *lorpicr91 be+ ! heavi] liquid1 settles out "u ! lay] ( wat] & may be drawn (f to fill ! %ell4 ,mu* ( :at a /ud5t le>ns 9 ! *emical laboratory he is apt to =get 9 lat] life if he does n foll[ x up4 ,b !re are two gases t he always rememb]s1 *lor9e & hydrog5 sulfide4 ,he is lucky if he has escap$ be+ *ok$ by ! =m] or sick5$ by ! latt]4 ,he c imag9e :at ! effect w\ld be if two (f5sive fumes c\ld be comb9$ )\t los+ _! (f5sive features4 ,n[ a comb9ation some?+ l ?is is ! s-call$ mu/>d gas1 :i* is n a gas & is n made f mu/>d4 ,b x is easily gasifi$1 & oil ( mu/>d is ab\t z ne> z ,nature d>e come to mak+ su* s9ful /uff4 ,x 0 fir/ made by ,gu?rie1 an ,engli%man1 9 #ahfj1 & r$iscov]$ by a ,g]man *emi/1 ,victor ,mey]1 9 #ahhf1 b he f\nd x s dang]\s to "w ) t he ab&on$ ! inve/igation4 ,nobody else c>$ to take x up1 = nobody c\ld see any use = x4 ,s x rema9$ 9 innocu\s desuetude1 a m]e "n 9 ,beil/e9's ,diction>y1 toge!r ) ! ?\s&s ( o!r organic comp\nds t h be5 inv5t$ & nev] utiliz$4 ,b on ,july #ab1 #aiag1 ! ,briti% hold+ ! l9e at ,ypres 7 bespr9kl$ ) ?is villa9\s sub/ance4 ,its success 0 s great t ! ,g]mans h5ce=? made x _! ma9 reliance & soon ! ,allies foll[$ suit4 ,9 "o (f5sive ( t5 days ! ,g]mans are said to h us$ a million %ells conta9+ #bejj tons ( mu/>d gas4 ,! mak+ ( s dang]\s a comp\nd on a l>ge scale 0 "o ( ! mo/ difficult tasks set be=e ! *emi/s ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 yet x 0 successfully solv$4 ,! raw mat]ials are *lor9e1 alcohol & sulfur4 ,! alcohol is pass$ ) /eam ?r\gh a v]tical iron tube fill$ ) kaol9 & heat$4 ,?is conv]ts ! alcohol into a gas kn[n z e?yl5e 7,c#b;,h#d74 ,pass+ a /ream ( *lor9e gas into a tank ( melt$ sulfur produces sulfur mono*loride & ?is treat$ ) ! e?yl5e makes ! mu/>d4 ,! f9al reaction 0 c>ri$ on at ! ,edgewood ,ars5al 9 sev5 airtight tanks or reactors1 ea* hav+ a capacity ( #cj1jjj p\nds4 ,! e?yl5e gas be+ l$ into ! tank & di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! liquid sulfur *loride by por\s blocks or f9e nozzles1 ! two *emicals comb9$ to =m :at is (ficially nam$ di-*lor-di-e?yl-sulfide 7,cl,c#b;,h#d,,sc#b;,h#d;,cl74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is too big a m\?ful1 s ev5 ! *emi/s 7 glad to fall 9 ) ! commonalty & call x mu/>d gas4 ,! effectiv5ess ( mu/>d dep5ds ^u its p]si/5ce4 ,x is a /able liquid1 evaporat+ sl[ly & n easily decompos$4 ,x l+]s ab\t tr5*es & dug\ts & impregnates soil & clo? = days4 ,gas masks d n af=d complete protection1 = ev5 if !y are imp5etrable !y mu/ be tak5 (f "s "t & ! gas lies 9 wait = t "t4 ,9 "s cases ! masks 7 worn cont9u\sly = twelve h\rs aft] ! attack1 b :5 !y 7 remov$ ! soldi]s 7 ov]p[]$ by ! poison4 ,a place may seem to be free f x b :5 ! sun heats up ! gr\nd ! liquid volatilizes & ! vapor soaks ?r\gh ! clo?+4 ,z ! m5 become w>m$ up by "w _! sk9 is bli/]$1 especially "u ! armpits4 ,! mu/>d acts l /eam1 produc+ burns t range f a m]e r$d5+ to s]i\s ulc]ations1 always pa9ful & incapacitat+1 b if treat$ promptly 9 ! hospital r>ely caus+ dea? or p]man5t sc>s4 ,! gas attacks ! eyes1 ?roat1 nose & lungs & may lead to bron*itis or pneumonia4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y at ! front to put all ! clo?+ ( ! soldi]s into ! /]iliz+ ov5s e night to remove all traces ( mu/>d4 ,g5]al ,johnson & 8 /aff 9 ! #gg? ,division 7 poison$ 9 _! dug\ts because !y tri$ to alleviate ! discom=t ( _! camp cots by b$d+ tak5 f a neighbor+ village t _h be5 %ell$ ! day be=e4 ,( ! #ibe cases requir+ m$ical att5tion at ! ,edgewood ,ars5al #fgd 7 due to mu/>d4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/ #c-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! mu/>d plant =ce 7 s5t to ! hospital ea* day on ! av]age4 ,b ! record ( ! ,edgewood ,ars5al is a /rik+ demon/ration ( :at c be done 9 ! prev5tion ( indu/rial accid5ts by ! ex]cise ( sci5tific prud5ce4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t f ?ree to elev5 ?\s& m5 7 employ$ at ! plant = ! ye> #aiah & turn$ out "s tw5ty ?\s& tons ( ! mo/ poison\s gases kn[n to man1 !re 7 only ?ree fatalities & n a s+le case ( bl9dness4 ,besides ! f\r toxic gases previ\sly describ$1 *lor9e1 phosg5e1 *lorpicr9 & mu/>d1 v>i\s o!r comp\nds h be5 & _m o!rs might be made4 ,a li/ ( ^? employ$ 9 ! pres5t w> enum]ates ?irty1 among !m comp\nds ( brom9e1 ars5ic & cyanog5 t may prove m =midable ?an any s f> us$4 ,am]ican *emi/s kept v mum dur+ ! w> b occasionally "o c\ld n refra9 f say+3 ,if ! ,kais] knew :at ,i "k he w\ld surr5d] unconditionally by telegraph4 ,no d\bt ! sci5ce ( *emical w>f>e is 9 its infancy & e =esight$ p[] has conceal$ weapons ( its own 9 res]ve4 ,"o deadly comp\nd1 ^: id5tity has n yet be5 disclos$1 is kn[n z ,lewisite1 f ,pr(essor ,lewis ( ,nor?we/]n1 :o 0 manufactur+ x at ! rate ( t5 tons a day 9 ! ,m\se ,trap /ockade ne> ,clevel&4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( w>f>e ! art ( def5se has kept pace ) ! art ( (f5se & ! c\rage ( man has nev] fail$1 no matt] to :at new dang] he 0 expos$4 ,z ea* new gas employ$ by ! enemy 0 detect$ x became ! bus9ess ( our *emi/s to discov] "s me?od ( absorb+ or neutraliz+ x4 ,por\s *>coal1 be/ made f su* d5se wood z coconut %ells1 0 pack$ 9 ! respirator box toge!r ) lay]s ( su* *emicals z w cat* ! gases to be expect$4 ,*>coal absorbs l>ge quantities ( any gas4 ,soda lime & potassium p]manganate & nickel salts 7 among ! neutraliz]s us$4 ,! mask is fitt$ tightly ab\t ! face or ov] ! head ) rubb]4 ,! no/rils are kept clos$ ) a clip s brea?+ mu/ be done ?r\gh ! m\? & no air c be inhal$ except t pass+ ?r\gh ! absorb5t cyl9d]4 ,m5 )9 five miles ( ! front 7 requir$ to we> ! masks slung on _! *e/s s !y c\ld be put on )9 six seconds4 ,a well-made mask ) a fre% box af=d$ almo/ complete immunity = a "t & ! soldi]s le>n$ )9 a few days to h&le _! masks adroitly4 ,s ! problem ( def5se aga9/ ?is new (f5sive 0 solv$ satisfactorily1 :ile no su* adequate protection aga9/ ! old] weapons ( bayonet & %rapnel has yet be5 devis$4 ,!n ! problem ( ! (f5se 0 to cat* ! oppon5t ) 8 mask (f or to make him take x (f4 ,"h ! la*rymators & ! /]nutators1 ! te> gases & ! sneeze gases1 came into play4 ,ph5ylc>bylam9e *loride w\ld make ! brave/ soldi] weep on ! battlefield ) ! ab&onm5t ( a ,greek h]o4 ,di-ph5yl-*loro-ars9e w\ld set him sneez+4 ,! ,g]mans alt]nat$ ^! ) diabolical +5uity s z to cat* u unaw>es4 ,"s %ells gave (f volum9\s smoke or a vile /5* )\t do+ mu* h>m1 b by ! "t our m5 got us$ to ^! & grew c>eless ab\t _! masks a few %ells ( "s extremely poison\s gas 7 mix$ ) !m4 ,! ideal gas = bellig]5t purposes w\ld be odorless1 colorless & invisible1 toxic ev5 :5 dilut$ by a million p>ts ( air1 n set on fire or explod$ by ! detonator ( ! %ell1 n decompos$ by wat]1 n readily absorb$1 /able en\gh to /& /orage = six mon?s & capable ( be+ manufactur$ by ! ?\s&s ( tons4 ,no "o gas w s]ve all aims4 ,= in/ance1 phosg5e be+ v volatile & quickly dissipat$ is ?r[n into tr5*es t are soon to be tak5 :ile mu/>d gas be+ v t5aci\s c\ld n be employ$ 9 su* a case = ! tr5*es c\ld n be occupi$ if !y 7 captur$4 ,! ext5sive use ( poison gas 9 w>f>e by all ! bellig]5ts is a v9dication ( ! ,am]ican prote/ at ! ,hague ,conf]5ce aga9/ its prohibition4 ,at ! ,fir/ ,conf]5ce ( #ahii ,capta9 ,mahan argu$ v s5sibly t gas %ells 7 no worse ?an o!r projectiles & might inde$ prove m m]ciful & t x 0 illogical to prohibit a weapon m]ely because ( its novelty4 ,! ,briti% delegates vot$ ) ! ,am]icans 9 opposition to ! clause ! contract+ p>ties agree to ab/a9 f ! use ( projectiles ! sole object ( :i* is ! diffusion ( asphyxiat+ or delet]i\s gases4 ,b bo? ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many lat] agre$ to ! provision4 ,! use ( poison gas by ,g]many )\t w>n+ 0 !re=e an act ( trea*]y & a violation ( h] pl$ge1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates has consi/5tly refus$ to b9d h]self to any su* re/riction4 ,! facts report$ by ,g5]al ,amos ,a4 ,fries1 9 comm& ( ! ov]seas bran* ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 give ample support to ! ,am]ican cont5tion at ,! ,hague3 ,out ( #ajjj gas casualties !re are f #cj to #dj fatalities1 :ile out ( #ajjj high explosive casualties ! numb] ( fatalities run f #bjj to #bej4 ,:ile exact figures are z yet n available conc]n+ ! m5 p]man5tly crippl$ or bl9d$ by high explosives "o has only to witness ! deb>kation ( a %ipload ( troops to be conv9c$ t ! numb] is v l>ge4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is1 s f> z kn[n at pres5t1 n a s+le case ( p]man5t disability or bl9dness among our troops due to gas & ?is 9 face ( ! fact t ! ,g]mans us$ relatively l>ge quantities ( ?is mat]ial4 ,9 ! light ( ^! facts ! prejudice aga9/ ! use ( gas mu/ gradually give way2 = ! /atem5t made to ! effect t its use is contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( humanity w apply ) f> great] =ce to ! use ( high explosives4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 = c]ta9 purposes toxic gas is an ideal ag5t4 ,= example1 x is difficult to imag9e any ag5t m effective or m humane t may be us$ to r5d] an oppos+ batt]y ineffective or to protect retreat+ troops4 ,capta9 ,mahan's argum5t at ,! ,hague aga9/ ! propos$ prohibition ( poison gas is s cog5t & well express$ t x has be5 quot$ 9 treatises on int]national law ev] s9ce4 ,^! reasons 71 briefly3 #a4 ,t no %ell emitt+ su* gases is z yet 9 practical use or has und]gone adequate exp]im5t2 consequ5tly1 a vote tak5 n[ w\ld be tak5 9 ignorance ( ! facts z to :e!r ! results w\ld be ( a decisive "* or :e!r injury 9 excess ( t necess>y to atta9 ! end ( w>f>e--! imm$iate disabl+ ( ! enemy--w\ld be inflict$4 #b4 ,t ! reproa* ( cruelty & p]fidy1 address$ aga9/ ^! suppos$ %ells1 0 equally utt]$ =m]ly aga9/ fire>ms & torp$oes1 bo? ( :i* are n[ employ$ )\t scruple4 ,until we "k ! effects ( su* asphyxiat+ %ells1 !re 0 no say+ :e!r !y w\ld be m or less m]ciful ?an missiles n[ p]mitt$4 ,t x 0 illogical1 & n demon/rably humane1 to be t5d] ab\t asphyxiat+ m5 ) gas1 :5 all are prep>$ to admit t x 0 all[able to bl[ ! bottom out ( an ironclad at midnight1 ?r[+ f\r or five hundr$ into ! sea1 to be *ok$ by wat]1 ) sc>cely ! remote/ *ance ( escape4 ,z ,capta9 ,mahan says1 ! same objection has be5 rais$ at ! introduction ( ea* new weapon ( w>1 ev5 ?\gh x prov$ to be no m cruel ?an ! old4 ,! mod]n rifle ball1 swift & small & /]iliz$ by heat1 does n make s bad a w\nd z ! anci5t sword & spe>1 b we all rememb] h[ gunp[d] 0 reg>d$ by ! d&ies ( ,hotspur's "t3 ,& x 0 great pity1 s x 01 ,?is villa9\s saltpet] %\ld be digg'd ,out ( ! b[els ( ! h>mless e>? ,:i* _m a good tall fell[ _h de/roy'd ,s c[>dly2 & b = ^! vile guns ,he w\ld himself h be5 a soldi]4 ,! real reason = ! in/9ctive av]sion manife/$ aga9/ any new arm or mode ( attack is t x reveals to u ! intr9sic horror ( w>4 ,we naturally revolt aga9/ prem$itat$ homicide1 b we h become s accu/om$ to ! sword & latt]ly to ! rifle t !y d n %ock u z !y ought :5 we ?9k ( :at !y are made =4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates prohibits ! infliction ( cruel & unusual puni%m5ts4 ,! two adjectives 7 app>5tly us$ almo/ synonym\sly1 z ?\gh any unusual puni%m5t 7 necess>ily cruel1 & s inde$ x /rikes u4 ,b our +5i\s lawy]s 7 able to p]suade ! c\rts t electrocution1 ?\gh unkn[n to ! ,fa!rs & und5iably unusual1 0 n uncon/itutional4 ,dumdum bullets are rightfully rul$ out because !y inflict frightful & (t5 incurable w\nds1 & ! aim ( humane w>f>e is to disable ! enemy1 n p]man5tly to injure him4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,am]ica's ,munitions ,,! ,,*lorpicr9 ,,plant ,,at ,,! ,,edgewood ,,ars5al ,f ^! /ills1 fill$ ) a mixture ( blea*+ p[d]1 lime1 & picric acid1 ! poison\s gas1 *lorpicr91 di/ills (f4 ,?is plant produc$ #ca tons 9 "o day ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,metal & ,!rmit ,corporation1 ,n4,y4 ,,repair+ ,,! ,,brok5 ,,/]n ,,po/ ,,( ,,! ,u4,s4,s4 ,,nor!rn ,,pacific1 ,,! ,,bigge/ ,,m>9e ,,weld ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,on ! "r ! fractur$ /]n po/ is %[n4 ,on ! left x is be+ m5d$ by means ( !rmit4 ,two crucibles ea* conta9+ #gjj p\nds ( ! !rmit mixture are se5 on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,f ! bottom ( ^! ! melt$ /eel fl[$ d[n to fill ! fracture ,9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! ,am]ican & ,briti% delegates ! ,fir/ ,hague ,conf]5ce adopt$ ! clause1 ,! contract+ p[]s agree to ab/a9 f ! use ( projectiles ! sole object ( :i* is ! diffusion ( asphyxiat+ or delet]i\s gases4 ,! ^w sole 7unique7 :i* appe>s 9 ! orig9al ,fr5* text ( ,! ,hague conv5tion is left out ( ! (ficial ,engli% translation4 ,?is is a /range omission consid]+ t ! ,fr5* & ,briti% def5d$ _! use ( explosives :i* diffuse asphyxiat+ & delet]i\s gases on ! gr\nd t ?is 0 n ! sole purpose ( ! bombs b m]ely an accid5tal effect ( ! nitric p[d] us$4 ,! ,hague ,congress ( #aijg plac$ 9 its rules = w>3 ,x is expressly =bidd5 to employ poisons or poison\s weapons4 ,b su* attempts to rule out new & m effective means ( w>f>e are likely to prove futile 9 any s]i\s conflict & ! re/riction gives ! advantage to ! mo/ unscrupul\s side4 ,we ,am]icans1 if ev] we give our ass5t to su* an agreem5t1 w\ld ( c\rse keep x1 b our enemy--:oev] he may be 9 ! future--w be1 z he always has be51 utt]ly )\t pr9ciple & w n hesitate to employ any weapon aga9/ u4 ,besides1 z ! ,g]mans held1 *emical w>f>e favors ! army t is mo/ intellig5t1 res\rceful & discipl9$ & ! nation t /&s highe/ 9 sci5ce & indu/ry4 ,?is advantage1 let u hope1 w be on our side4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,products ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,furnace ,! control ( man ov] ! mat]ials ( nature has be5 va/ly enhanc$ by ! rec5t ext5sion ( ! range ( temp]ature at 8 comm&4 ,:5 ,fahr5heit /uck ! bulb ( 8 !rmomet] into a mixture ( sn[ & salt he ?\ght he _h rea*$ ! nadir ( temp]ature1 s he scrat*$ a m>k on ! tube :]e ! m]cury /ood & call$ x z]o4 ,b we "k t absolute z]o1 ! total abs5ce ( heat1 is #dei ( ,fahr5heit's degrees l[] ?an 8 z]o po9t4 ,! mod]n sci5ti/ c get close to t l[e/ limit by mak+ use ( ! cool+ by ! expansion pr9ciple4 ,he fir/ liquefies air "u pressure & !n releas+ ! pressure all[s x to boil (f4 ,a tube ( hydrog5 imm]s$ 9 ! liquid air z x evaporates is cool$ d[n until x c be liquefi$4 ,!n ! boil+ hydrog5 is us$ to liquefy helium1 & z ?is boils (f x l[]s ! temp]ature to )9 ?ree or f\r degrees ( absolute z]o4 ,! e>ly metallurgi/ _h no hott] a fire ?an he c\ld make by bl[+ *>coal ) a bell[s4 ,?is 0 b>ely en\gh = ! smelt+ ( iron4 ,b by ! br++ ( two c>bon rods toge!r1 z 9 ! electric arc light1 we c get en\gh heat to volatilize ! c>bon at ! tips1 & ?is means ov] #gjjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,by putt+ a pressure ( tw5ty atmosph]es onto ! arc light we c raise x to p]haps #ad1jjj degrees1 :i* is #cjjj degrees hott] ?an ! sun4 ,?is gives ! mod]n man a work+ range ( ab\t #ad1ejj degrees1 s x is no wond] t he c p]=m miracles4 ,:5 a build] wants to make an old h\se ov] into a new "o he takes x ap>t brick by brick & /one by /one1 !n he puts !m toge!r 9 su* new fa%ion z he likes4 ,! electric furnace enables ! *emi/ to take 8 mat]ials ap>t 9 ! same way4 ,z ! temp]ature rises ! *emical & physical =ces t hold a body toge!r gradually weak54 ,fir/ ! solid loos5s up & becomes a liquid1 !n ?is breaks bonds & becomes a gas4 ,comp\nds break up into _! elem5ts4 ,! elem5tal molecules break up into _! compon5t atoms & f9ally ^! beg9 to ?r[ (f corpuscles ( negative electricity eighte5 hundr$ times small] ?an ! smalle/ atom4 ,^! electrons appe> to be ! build+ /ones ( ! univ]se4 ,no indication ( any small] units has be5 discov]$1 al?\gh we ne$ n assume t 9 ! electron sci5ce has deliv]$1 :at has be5 call$1 its ultim-atom4 ,! ,greeks call$ ! elem5tal p>ticles ( matt] atoms because !y e/eem$ !m indivisible1 b n[ 9 ! light ( ! ,x-ray we c witness ! dis9tegration ( ! atom into electrons4 ,all ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( matt]1 except p]haps weight1 seem to dep5d ^u ! numb] & movem5t ( ! negative & positive electrons & by _! re>rangem5t "o elem5t may be trans=m$ into ano!r4 ,s ! electric furnace1 :]e ! highe/ atta9able temp]ature is comb9$ ) ! divisive & directive =ce ( ! curr5t1 is a magical ma*9e = accompli%m5t ( ! metamorphoses desir$ by ! creative *emi/4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ,davy1 by dipp+ ! poles ( 8 batt]y into melt$ soda lye1 saw =m+ on "o ( !m a %9+ globule l quicksilv]4 ,x 0 ! metal sodium1 nev] be=e se5 by man4 ,n[adays ?is process ( electrolysis 7electric loos5+7 is c>ri$ out daily by ! ton at ,niag>a4 ,! rev]se process1 electro-syn!sis 7electric comb9+71 is equally simple & ev5 m important4 ,by pass+ a /rong electric curr5t ?r\gh a mixture ( lime & coke ! metal calcium dis5gages itself f ! oxyg5 ( ! lime & atta*es itself to ! c>bon4 ,or1 to put x briefly1 ,ca,o #c;,c -- ,ca,c#b ,,co lime coke calcium c>bon c>bide monoxide ,?is reaction is ( peculi> importance because x bridges ! gulf betwe5 ! organic & inorganic worlds4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t ! sub/ances f\nd 9 plants & animals1 mo/ly complex comp\nds ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 c\ld only be produc$ by vital =ces4 ,if ?is 7 true x meant t *emi/ry 0 limit$ to ! m9]al k+dom & to ! extraction ( su* c>bon comp\nds z happ5$ to exi/ ready =m$ 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,b =tunately ?is b>ri] to human a*ievem5t prov$ purely illusory4 ,! organic field1 once man _h brok5 into x1 prov$ easi] to "w 9 ?an ! inorganic4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t man is dreadfully clumsy ab\t x yet4 ,he takes a ?\s& horsep[] eng9e & an electric furnace at sev]al ?\s& degrees to get c>bon into comb9ation ) hydrog5 :ile ! little gre5 leaf 9 ! sun%9e does x quietly )\t gett+ hot ab\t x4 ,evid5tly man is work+ z wa/efully z :5 he us$ a ?\s& slaves to drag a /one to ! pyramid or burn$ d[n a h\se to roa/ a pig4 ,n until 8 laboratory is z cool & calm & com=table z ! =e/ & ! field c ! *emi/ call himself completely successful4 ,b 9 spite ( 8 clums9ess ! *emi/ is actually mak+ ?+s t he wants & _c get else:]e4 ,! calcium c>bide t he manufactures f inorganic mat]ial s]ves z ! raw mat]ial = produc+ all sorts ( organic comp\nds4 ,! electric furnace 0 fir/ employ$ on a l>ge scale by ! ,c[les ,electric ,smelt+ & ,alum9um ,company at ,clevel& 9 #ahhe4 ,on ! dump 7 f\nd c]ta9 lumps ( por\s gray /one :i*1 dropp$ into wat]1 gave (f a gas t explod$ at t\* ( a mat* ) a spl5did bang & fl>e4 ,?is gas 0 acetyl5e1 & we c repres5t ! reaction ?us3 ,ca,c#b #b ,h#b,o -- ,c#b;,h#b ,ca,o#b;,h#b calcium c>bide add$ to wat] gives acetyl5e & slak$ lime ,we are all famili> ) ?is reaction n[1 = x is acetyl5e t gives ! dazzl+ light ( ! automobiles & ( ! automatic signal buoys ( ! seacoa/4 ,:5 burn$ ) pure oxyg5 in/ead ( air x gives ! hotte/ ( *emical flames1 hott] ev5 ?an ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe4 ,= al?\gh a giv5 weight ( hydrog5 w give (f m heat :5 x burns ?an c>bon w1 yet acetyl5e w give (f m heat ?an ei!r ( its elem5ts or bo? ( !m :5 !y are sep>ate4 ,?is is because acetyl5e has /or$ up heat 9 its =mation in/ead ( giv+ x (f z 9 mo/ reactions1 or to put x 9 *emical language1 acetyl5e is an endo!rmic comp\nd4 ,x has requir$ en]gy to br+ ! ,h & ! ,c toge!r1 !re=e x does n require en]gy to sep>ate !m1 b1 on ! contr>y1 en]gy is releas$ :5 !y are sep>at$4 ,t is to say1 acetyl5e is explosive n only :5 mix$ ) air z coal gas is b by itself4 ,"u a suitable impulse acetyl5e w break up into its orig9al c>bon & hydrog5 ) great viol5ce4 ,x explodes ) twice z mu* =ce )\t air z ord9>y coal gas ) air4 ,x =ms an explosive comp\nd ) copp]1 s x has to be kept out ( contact ) brass tubes & /opcocks4 ,b compress$ 9 /eel cyl9d]s & dissolv$ 9 acetone1 x is safe & commonly us$ = weld+ & melt+4 ,x is a m>vel\s ?\gh n an unusual sight on city /reets to see a man ) blue glasses on cutt+ d[n ?r\gh a /eel rail ) an oxy-acetyl5e bl[pipe z easily z a c>p5t] saws (f a bo>d4 ,) su* a flame he c c>ve out a patt]n 9 a /eel plate 9 a way t rem9ds me ( ! days :5 ,i us$ to make brackets ) a scroll saw out ( cig> boxes4 ,! tor* w travel ?r\gh a /eel plate an in* or two ?ick at a rate ( six to t5 in*es a m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,c>borundum ,company1 ,niag>a ,falls ,,mak+ ,,aloxite ,,9 ,,! ,,electric ,,furnaces ,,by ,,fus+ ,,coke ,,& ,,bauxite ,9 ! backgr\nd are ! circul> furnaces4 ,9 ! =egr\nd are ! fus$ masses ( ! product ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,c>borundum ,co41 ,niag>a ,falls ,a ,,block ,,( ,,c>borundum ,,cry/als ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,c>borundum ,co41 ,niag>a ,falls ,,mak+ ,,c>borundum ,,9 ,,! ,,electric ,,furnace ,at ! end may be se5 ! atta*m5ts = ! wires c>ry+ ! electric curr5t & on ! side ! flames f ! burn+ c>bon4 ,! temp]atures atta9able ) v>i\s fuels 9 ! comp\nd bl[pipe are said to be3 ,acetyl5e ) oxyg5 #ghgh ,f4 ,hydrog5 ) oxyg5 #fghe ,f4 ,coal gas ) oxyg5 #fege ,f4 ,gasol9e ) oxyg5 #eghh ,f4 ,if we comp>e ! =mula ( acetyl5e1 ,c#b;,h#b ) t ( e?yl5e1 ,c#b;,h#d1 or ) e?ane1 ,c#b;,h#f1 we see t acetyl5e c\ld take on two or f\r m atoms4 ,x is evid5tly :at ! *emi/s call an unsaturat$ comp\nd1 "o t has n rea*$ its limit ( hydrog5ation4 ,x is !re=e a v active & en]getic comp\nd1 ready to pick up on ! slighte/ in/igation hydrog5 or oxyg5 or *lor9e or any o!r elem5ts t happ5 to be h&y4 ,?is is :y x is s useful z a />t+ po9t = syn!tic *emi/ry4 ,to build up f ?is simple sub/ance1 acetyl5e1 ! high] comp\nds ( c>bon & oxyg5 x is necess>y to call 9 ! aid ( t my/]i\s ag5cy1 ! cataly/4 ,acetyl5e is n always act$ ^u by wat]1 z we "k1 = we see x bubbl+ up ?r\gh ! wat] :5 prep>$ f ! c>bide4 ,b if to ! wat] be add$ a little acid & a m]cury salt1 ! acetyl5e gas w unite ) ! wat] =m+ a new comp\nd1 acetaldehyde4 ,we c %[ ! *ange mo/ simply 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,c#b;,h#b ,h#b,o -- ,c#b;,h#d,o acetyl5e add$ to wat] =ms acetaldehyde ,acetaldehyde is n ( mu* importance 9 itself1 b is useful z a transition4 ,if its vapor mix$ ) hydrog5 is pass$ ov] f9ely divid$ nickel1 s]v+ z a cataly/1 ! two unite & we h alcohol1 accord+ to ?is reaction3 ,c#b;,h#d,o ,h#b -- ,c#b;,h#f,o acetaldehyde add$ to hydrog5 =ms alcohol ,alcohol we are all famili> )--"s ( u too famili>1 b ! prohibition laws w correct t4 ,! po9t to be not$ is t ! alcohol we h made f su* unpromis+ mat]ials z lime/one & coal is exactly ! same alcohol z is obta9$ by ! f]m5tation ( fruits & gra9s by ! yea/ plant z 9 w9e & be]4 ,x is n a sub/itute or imitation4 ,x is n ! wood spirits 7me?yl alcohol1 ,,*#d,o71 produc$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood1 equally s]viceable z a solv5t or fuel1 b undr9kable & poison\s4 ,n[1 z we all "k1 cid] & w9e :5 expos$ to ! air gradually turn into v9eg>1 t is1 by ! gr[? ( bact]ia ! alcohol is oxidiz$ to acetic acid4 ,we c1 if we l1 disp5se ) ! bact]ia & spe$ up ! process by employ+ a cataly/4 ,acetaldehyde1 :i* is halfway betwe5 alcohol & acid1 may also be easily oxidiz$ to acetic acid4 ,! relation%ip is readily se5 by ?is3 ,c#b;,h#f,o -- ,,cc#b;,h#d,o -- ,c#b;,h#d,o#c alcohol acetaldehyde acetic acid ,acetic acid1 famili> to u 9 a dilut$ & flavor$ =m z v9eg>1 is :5 conc5trat$ ( great value 9 indu/ry1 especially z a solv5t4 ,i h already ref]r$ to its use 9 comb9ation ) cellulose z a dope = v>ni%+ airplane canvas or mak+ non-inflammable film = motion pictures4 ,its comb9ation ) lime1 calcium acetate1 :5 heat$ gives acetone1 :i*1 z may be se5 f its =mula 7,c#c;,h#f,o7 is closely relat$ to ! o!r comp\nds we h be5 consid]+1 b x is nei!r an alcohol nor an acid4 ,x is ext5sively employ$ z a solv5t4 ,acetone is n only useful = dissolv+ solids b x w "u pressure dissolve _m times its volume ( gase\s acetyl5e4 ,?is is a conv5i5t way ( transport+ & h&l+ acetyl5e = light+ or weld+4 ,if in/ead ( simply mix+ ! acetone & acetyl5e 9 a solution we comb9e !m *emically we c get isopr5e1 :i* is ! "m sub/ance ( ord9>y ,india rubb]4 ,f acetone also is made ! w> rubb] ( ! ,g]mans 7me?yl rubb]71 :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! ,g]mans _h be5 gett+ ab\t half _! supply ( acetone f ,am]ican acetate ( lime & ?is 0 ( c\rse %ut (f4 ,t :i* 0 produc$ 9 ,g]many by ! di/illation ( bee* wood 0 n ev5 en\gh = ! high explosives ne$$ at ! front4 ,s ! ,g]mans resort$ to rott+ potatoes--or r let u say1 s9ce x s\nds bett]--to ! cultivation ( ,bacillus mac]ans4 ,?is p>ticul> bacillus conv]ts ! />* ( ! potato into two-?irds alcohol & "o-?ird acetone4 ,b soon potatoes got too sc>ce to be us$ up 9 ?is fa%ion1 s ! ,g]mans turn$ to calcium c>bide z a s\rce ( acetone & be=e ! w> end$ !y _h a factory capable ( manufactur+ #bjjj tons ( me?yl rubb] a ye>4 ,?is %[s ! advantage ( hav+ sev]al /r+s to a b[4 ,! reason :y acetyl5e is su* an active & acquisitive ?+ ! *emi/ expla9s1 or r expresses1 by pictur+ its /ructure 9 ?is %ape3 ,h-,ctriple bond,c-,h ,n[ ! c>bon atoms are hold+ ea* o!r's h&s because !y h no?+ else to d4 ,!re are no o!r elem5ts ar\nd to hit* on to4 ,b ! two c>bons ( acetyl5e readily loos5 up & keep+ ! connection betwe5 !m by a s+le bond rea* out 9 ?is fa%ion ) _! two dis5gag$ arms & grab :atev] ali5 atoms happ5 to be 9 ! vic9ity3 ,h-,c-,c-,h ,c>bon atoms belong to ! quadrumani l ! monkeys1 s !y are peculi>ly fitt$ to =m+ *a9s & r+s4 ,?is acc\nts = ! v>iety & complexity ( ! c>bon comp\nds4 ,s :5 acetyl5e gas mix$ ) o!r gases is pass$ ov] a cataly/1 su* z a heat$ mass ( iron ore or clay 7hydrates or silicates ( iron or alum9um71 x =ms all sorts ( curi\s comb9ations4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( /eam we may get su* simple comp\nds z acetic acid1 acetone & ! l4 ,b :5 ?ree acetyl5e molecules jo9 to =m a r+ ( six c>bon atoms we get comp\nds ( ! b5z5e s]ies su* z 7 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ! coal-t> colors4 ,if ammonia is mix$ ) acetyl5e we may get r+s ) ! nitrog5 atom 9 place ( "o ( ! c>bons1 l ! pyrid9s & qu9ol9s1 pung5t bases su* z are f\nd 9 opium & tobacco4 ,or if hydrog5 sulfide is mix$ ) ! acetyl5e we may get ?ioph5es1 :i* h sulfur 9 ! r+4 ,s1 />t+ ) ! simple comb9ation ( two atoms ( c>bon ) two ( hydrog51 we c get directly by ?is s+le process "s ( ! mo/ complicat$ comp\nds ( ! organic _w1 z well z _m o!rs n f\nd 9 nature4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! electric furnace ,am]ica play$ a pione] "p4 ,provo/ ,smi? ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 :o is ! be/ au?ority on ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry 9 ,am]ica1 claims = ,rob]t ,h>e1 a ,philadelphia *emi/ born 9 #agha1 ! honor ( con/ruct+ ! fir/ electrical furnace4 ,) ?is crude app>atus & ) no great] electromotive =ce ?an c\ld be atta9$ f a voltaic pile1 he conv]t$ *>coal into graphite1 volatiliz$ phosphorus f its comp\nds1 isolat$ metallic calcium & syn!siz$ calcium c>bide4 ,x is to ,h>e also t we owe ! inv5tion 9 #ahja ( ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe1 :i* n[adays is us$ ) acetyl5e z well z hydrog54 ,) ?is in/rum5t he 0 able to fuse /rontia & volatilize plat9um4 ,b ! electrical furnace c\ld n be us$ on a comm]cial scale until ! dynamo replac$ ! batt]y z a s\rce ( electricity4 ,! indu/rial developm5t ( ! electrical furnace c5t]$ ab\t ! se>* = a *eap me?od ( prep>+ alum9um4 ,?is is ! metallic base ( clay & !re=e is common en\gh4 ,b clay1 z we "k f its use 9 mak+ porcela91 is v infusible & difficult to decompose4 ,sixty ye>s ago alum9um 0 pric$ at #adj a p\nd1 b "o w\ld h _h difficulty 9 buy+ su* a l>ge quantity z a p\nd at any price4 ,at int]national expositions a small b> ( x might be se5 9 a case label$ silv] f clay4 ,me*anics 7 anxi\s to get ! new metal1 = x 0 light & unt>ni%able1 b ! metallurgi/s c\ld n furni% x to !m at a l[ en\gh price4 ,9 ord] to extract x f clay a m active metal1 sodium1 0 ess5tial4 ,b sodium also 0 r>e & exp5sive4 ,9 ^? days a pr(essor ( *emi/ry us$ to keep a little /ick ( x 9 a bottle "u k]os5e & once a ye> he :ittl$ (f a piece ! size ( a pea & ?rew x into wat] to %[ ! class h[ x sizzl$ & gave (f hydrog54 ,! way to get *eap] alum9um 01 x seem$1 to get *eap] sodium & ,hamilton ,"y ,ca/n] set himself at ?is problem4 ,he 0 a ,brooklyn boy1 a /ud5t ( ,*&l]'s at ,columbia4 ,y c see ! bronze tablet 9 8 honor at ! entrance ( ,havemey] ,hall4 ,9 #ahhf he produc$ metallic sodium by mix+ cau/ic soda ) iron & *>coal 9 an iron pot & heat+ 9 a gas furnace4 ,be=e ?is exp]im5t sodium sold at #b a p\nd2 aft] x sodium sold at tw5ty c5ts a p\nd4 ,b al?\gh ,ca/n] _h succe$$ 9 8 exp]im5t he 0 defeat$ 9 8 object4 ,= :ile he 0 p]fect+ ! sodium process = mak+ alum9um ! electrolytic process = gett+ alum9um directly 0 discov]$ 9 ,ob]l94 ,s ! #bej1jjj plant ( ! ,alum9ium ,company ,ltd4 t ,ca/n] _h got erect$ at ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 did n make alum9um at all1 b produc$ sodium = o!r purposes in/ead4 ,ca/n] !n turn$ 8 att5tion to ! electrolytic me?od ( produc+ sodium by ! use ( ! p[] ( ,niag>a ,falls1 electric p[]4 ,"h 9 #ahid he succe$$ 9 sep>at+ common salt into its compon5t elem5ts1 *lor9e & sodium1 by pass+ ! electric curr5t ?r\gh br9e & collect+ ! sodium 9 ! m]cury floor ( ! cell4 ,! sodium by ! action ( wat] goes into cau/ic soda4 ,n[adays sodium & *lor9e & _! compon5ts are made 9 enorm\s quantities by ! decomposition ( salt4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 #aiah procur$ ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj p\nds ( *lor9e = gas w>f>e4 ,! discov]y ( ! electrical process ( mak+ alum9um t displac$ ! sodium me?od 0 due to ,*>les ,m4 ,hall4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,congregational m9i/] & z a boy took a fancy to *emi/ry ?r\gh happ5+ ^u an old text-book ( t sci5ce 9 8 fa!r's libr>y4 ,he nev] knew :o ! au?or 01 = ! cov] & title page _h be5 torn (f4 ,! ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! electrolytic production ( alum9um 01 z ,i h said1 because its comp\nds 7 s h>d to melt t ! curr5t c\ld n pass ?r\gh4 ,9 #ahhf1 :5 ,hall 0 tw5ty-two1 he solv$ ! problem 9 ! laboratory ( ,ob]l9 ,college ) no o!r app>atus ?an a small crucible1 a gasol9e burn] to heat x ) & a galvanic batt]y to supply ! electricity4 ,he f\nd t a ,gre5l& m9]al1 kn[n z cryolite 7a d\ble fluoride ( sodium & alum9um71 0 readily fus$ & w\ld dissolve alum9a 7alum9um oxide74 ,:5 an electric curr5t 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! melt$ mass ! metal alum9um w\ld collect at "o ( ! poles4 ,9 work+ out ! process & def5d+ 8 claims ,hall us$ up all 8 own money1 8 bro!r's & 8 uncle's1 b he won out 9 ! end & ,judge ,taft held t 8 pat5t _h priority ov] ! ,fr5* claim ( ,hrault4 ,on 8 dea?1 a few ye>s ago1 ,hall left 8 l>ge =tune to 8 ,alma ,mat]1 ,ob]l94 ,two o!r "y m5 f ,ohio1 ,alfr$ & ,eug5e ,c[les1 ) :om ,hall 0 = a "t associat$1 wore ! fir/ to develop ! wide possibilities ( ! electric furnace on a comm]cial scale4 ,9 #ahhe !y />t$ ! ,c[les ,electric ,smelt+ & ,alum9um ,company at ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 us+ ,niag>a p[]4 ,! v>i\s alum9um bronzes made by absorb+ ! electrolyz$ alum9um 9 copp] attract$ imm$iate att5tion by _! beauty & usefulness 9 electrical "w & lat] ! company turn$ out o!r products besides alum9um1 su* z calcium c>bide1 phosphorus1 & c>borundum4 ,!y got c>borundum z e>ly z #ahhe b miscall$ x cry/alliz$ silicon1 s its introduction 0 left to ,e4,a4 ,a*eson1 :o 0 a graduate ( ,edison's laboratory4 ,9 #ahia he pack$ clay & *>coal into an iron b[l1 connect$ x to a dynamo & /uck into ! mixture an electric light c>bon connect$ to ! o!r pole ( ! dynamo4 ,:5 he pull$ out ! rod he f\nd its end encru/$ ) glitt]+ cry/als ( an unkn[n sub/ance4 ,!y 7 blue & black & iridesc5t1 exce$+ly h>d & v beautiful4 ,he sold !m at fir/ by ! c>at at a rate t w\ld am\nt to #efj a p\nd4 ,!y 7 z well wor? buy+ z diamond du/1 b ^? :o pur*as$ !m mu/ h regrett$ x1 = mu* f9] cry/als 7 soon on sale at t5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,! my/]i\s sub/ance turn$ out to be a comp\nd ( c>bon & silicon1 ! simple/ possible comp\nd1 "o atom ( ea*1 ,c,si4 ,a*eson set up a factory at ,niag>a1 :]e he made x 9 t5-ton bat*es4 ,! furnace consi/$ simply ( a brick box fifte5 feet long & sev5 feet wide & deep1 ) big c>bon electrodes at ! ends4 ,betwe5 !m 0 pack$ a mixture ( coke to supply ! c>bon1 s& to supply ! silicon1 sawdu/ to make ! mass por\s & salt to make x fusible4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ ,am]ican electric furnace1 con/ruct$ by ,rob]t ,h>e ( ,philadelphia4 ,f ,*emi/ry 9 ,am]ica1 by ,edg> ,fahs ,smi? ,! sub/ance ?us produc$ at ,niag>a ,falls is kn[n z c>borundum s\? ( ! ,am]ican-,canadian b\nd>y & z cry/olon nor? ( ?is l9e1 z c>bolon by ano!r firm1 & z silicon c>bide by *emi/s ! _w ov]4 ,s9ce x is next to ! diamond 9 h>dness x takes (f metal fa/] ?an em]y 7alum9um oxide71 us+ less p[] & wa/+ less heat 9 futile fireworks4 ,x is us$ = gr9d/ones ( all sizes1 includ+ ^? ! d5ti/ uses on y\r tee?4 ,x has revolutioniz$ %op-practice1 = articles c be gr\nd into %ape bett] & quick] ?an !y c be cut4 ,:at is m1 ! artificial abrasives d n injure ! lungs ( ! op]atives l s&/one4 ,! output ( artificial abrasives 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada = #aiag 03 ,tons ,value ,silicon c>bide #h1cbc #a1jgd1aeb ,alum9um oxide #dh1dfc #f1ifi1chg ,a new use = c>borundum 0 f\nd dur+ ! w> :5 ,uncle ,sam assum$ ! rle ( ,jove z cl\d-compell]4 ,act+ on c>borundum ) *lor9e--also1 y rememb]1 a product ( electrical dissolution--! *lor9e displaces ! c>bon1 =m+ silicon tetra-*loride 7,si,cl#d71 a colorless liquid resembl+ *lor(orm4 ,:5 ?is comes 9 contact ) moi/ air x gives (f ?ick1 :ite fumes1 = wat] decomposes x1 giv+ a :ite p[d] 7silicon hydroxide7 & hydro*loric acid4 ,if ammonia is pres5t ! acid w unite ) x1 giv+ fur!r :ite fumes ( ! salt1 ammonium *loride4 ,s a mixture ( two p>ts ( silicon *loride ) "o "p ( dry ammonia 0 us$ 9 ! w> to produce smoke-scre5s = ! concealm5t ( ! movem5ts ( troops1 batt]ies & vessels or put 9 %ells s ! outlook c\ld see :]e !y bur/ & s get ! range4 ,titanium tetra-*loride1 a simil> sub/ance1 prov$ #ej p] c5t4 bett] ?an silicon1 b phosphorus--:i* also we get f ! electric furnace--0 ! mo/ effective mi/ifi] ( all4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! artificial abrasives f9e gr9d+ 0 mo/ly done by em]y1 :i* is an impure =m ( alum9um oxide f\nd 9 nature4 ,a pur] =m is made f ! m9]al bauxite by driv+ (f its comb9$ wat]4 ,bauxite is ! ore f :i* is made ! pure alum9um oxide us$ 9 ! electric furnace = ! production ( metallic alum9um4 ,=m]ly we import$ a l>ge "p ( our bauxite f ,france1 b :5 ! w> %ut (f ?is s\rce we develop$ our dome/ic fields 9 ,arkansas1 ,alabama & ,georgia1 & ^! are n[ produc+ half a million tons a ye>4 ,bauxite simply fus$ 9 ! electric furnace makes a bett] abrasive ?an ! natural em]y or corundum1 & x is sold = ?is purpose "u ! "n ( aloxite1 alundum1 exolon1 lionite or coralox4 ,:5 ! fus$ bauxite is work$ up ) a bond+ mat]ial into crucibles or muffles & bak$ 9 a kiln x =ms ! alundum refractory w>e4 ,s9ce alundum is por\s & n attack$ by acids x is us$ = filt]+ hot & corrosive liquids t w\ld eat up filt]-pap]4 ,c>borundum or cry/olon is also made up into refractory w>e = high temp]ature "w4 ,:5 ! fus$ mass ( ! c>borundum furnace is brok5 up !re is f\nd surr\nd+ ! c>borundum core a simil> sub/ance ?\gh n q s h>d & infusible1 kn[n z c>borundum s& or siloxicon4 ,?is is mix$ ) fireclay & us$ = furnace l9+s4 ,_m new =ms ( refractories h come into use to meet ! dem&s ( ! new high temp]ature "w4 ,! ess5tials are t x %\ld n melt or crumble at high heat & %\ld n exp& & contract greatly "u *anges ( temp]ature 7l[ coeffici5t ( !rmal expansion74 ,:e!r x is desirable t x %\ld heat ?r\gh readily or sl[ly 7coeffici5t ( !rmal conductivity7 dep5ds on :e!r x is want$ z a crucible or z a furnace l9+4 ,lime 7calcium oxide7 fuses only at ! highe/ heat ( ! electric furnace1 b x breaks d[n into du/4 ,magnesia 7magnesium oxide7 is bett] & is mo/ ext5sively employ$4 ,= e ton ( /eel produc$ five p\nds ( magnesite is ne$$4 ,=m]ly we import$ #ij p] c5t4 ( our supply f ,au/ria1 b n[ we get x f ,cali=nia & ,wa%+ton4 ,9 #aiac ! ,am]ican production ( magnesite 0 only #ifjj tons4 ,9 #aiah x 0 #bbe1jjj4 ,zirconia 7zirconium oxide7 is /ill m refractory & 9 spite ( its great] co/ zirkite is com+ into use z a l9+ = electric furnaces4 ,silicon is next to oxyg5 ! commone/ elem5t 9 ! _w4 ,x =ms a qu>t] ( ! e>?'s cru/1 yet x is unfamili> to mo/ ( u4 ,t is because x is always f\nd comb9$ ) oxyg5 9 ! =m ( silica z qu>tz cry/al or s&4 ,?is us$ to be consid]$ too refractory to be bl[n b is f\nd to be easily manipulable at ! high temp]atures n[ at ! comm& ( ! glass-bl[]4 ,s ! *emi/ rejoices 9 flasks t he c heat r$ hot 9 ! ,buns5 burn] & !n plunge into ice wat] )\t break+1 & ! cook c bake & s]ve 9 a di% ( pyrex1 :i* is #hj p] c5t4 silica4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury m9ute specim5s ( silicon 7 sold z laboratory curiosities at ! price ( #ajj an ounce4 ,two ye>s lat] x 0 turn$ out by ! b>relful at ,niag>a z an accid5tal by-product & c\ld n f9d a m>ket at t5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,silicon f ! electric furnace appe>s 9 ! =m ( h>d1 glitt]+ metallic cry/als4 ,an alloy ( iron & silicon1 f]ro-silicon1 made by heat+ a mixture ( iron ore1 s& & coke 9 ! electrical furnace1 is us$ z a deoxidiz+ ag5t 9 ! manufacture ( /eel4 ,s9ce silicon has be5 robb$ ) difficulty ( its oxyg5 x takes x on aga9 ) great avidity4 ,?is has be5 made use ( 9 ! mak+ ( hydrog54 ,a mixture ( silicon 7or ( ! f]ro-silicon alloy conta9+ #ij p] c5t4 ( silicon7 ) soda & slak$ lime is in]t1 compact & c be transport$ to any po9t :]e hydrog5 is ne$$1 say at a battle front4 ,!n ! hydrog5ite1 z ! mixture is nam$1 is ignit$ by a hot iron ball & goes (f l !rmit ) ! production ( great heat & ! evolution ( a va/ volume ( hydrog5 gas4 ,or ! f]ro-silicon may be simply burn$ 9 an atmosph]e ( /eam 9 a clos$ tank aft] ignition ) a p9* ( gunp[d]4 ,! iron & ! silicon rev]t to _! oxides :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] is set free4 ,! ,fr5* silikol me?od consi/s 9 treat+ silicon ) a #dj p] c5t4 solution ( soda4 ,ano!r s\rce ( hydrog5 orig9at+ ) ! electric furnace is hydroli?1 :i* consi/s ( calcium hydride4 ,metallic calcium is prep>$ f lime 9 ! electric furnace4 ,!n pieces ( ! calcium are spread out 9 an ov5 heat$ by electricity & a curr5t ( dry hydrog5 pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! gas is absorb$ by ! metal1 =m+ ! hydride 7,ca,h#b74 ,?is is pack$ up 9 cans & :5 hydrog5 is desir$ x is simply dropp$ into wat]1 :5 x gives (f ! gas j z calcium c>bide gives (f acetyl5e4 ,?is la/ reaction 0 also us$ 9 ,g]many = fill+ ,zeppel9s4 ,= calcium c>bide is conv5i5t & portable & acetyl5e1 :5 x is once />t$1 z by an electric %ock1 decomposes spontane\sly by its own int]nal heat into hydrog5 & c>bon4 ,! latt] is left z a f9e1 pure lampblack1 suitable = pr9t]'s ink4 ,napoleon1 :o 0 always on ! look\t = new inv5tions t c\ld be utiliz$ = milit>y purposes1 seiz$ imm$iately ^u ! balloon z an obs]vation /ation4 ,)9 a few ye>s aft] ! fir/ asc5t _h be5 made 9 ,p>is ,napoleon took balloons & app>atus = g5]at+ hydrog5 ) him on 8 ar*eological exp$ition to ,egypt 9 :i* he hop$ to conqu] ,asia4 ,b ! ,briti% fleet 9 ! ,m$it]ranean put a /op to ?is exp]im5t by int]cept+ ! %ip1 & milit>y aviation wait$ until ! ,great ,w> = its full developm5t4 ,?is caus$ a sudd5 dem& = imm5se quantities ( hydrog5 & all mann] ( means 0 tak5 to get x4 ,wat] is easily decompos$ into hydrog5 & oxyg5 by pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,9 v>i\s electrolytical processes hydrog5 has be5 a wa/$ by-product s9ce ! balloon dem& 0 slight & x 0 m bo!r ?an x 0 wor? to collect & purify ! hydrog54 ,ano!r way ( gett+ hydrog5 9 quantity is by pass+ /eam ov] r$-hot coke4 ,?is produces ! blue wat]-gas1 :i* conta9s ab\t #ej p] c5t4 hydrog51 #dj p] c5t4 c>bon monoxide & ! re/ nitrog5 & c>bon dioxide4 ,! la/ is remov$ by runn+ ! mix$ gases ?r\gh lime4 ,!n ! nitrog5 & c>bon monoxide are froz5 out 9 an air-liquefy+ app>atus & ! hydrog5 escapes to ! /orage tank4 ,! liquefi$ c>bon monoxide1 all[$ to rega9 its gase\s =m1 is us$ 9 an int]nal combu/ion eng9e to run ! plant4 ,!re are !n _m ways ( produc+ hydrog51 b x is s light & bulky t x is difficult to get x :]e x is want$4 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t 9 ! w> made use ( /eel cyl9d]s ea* hold+ #afa cubic feet ( ! gas "u a pressure ( #bjjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,ev5 ! hydrog5 us$ by ! troops 9 ,france 0 %ipp$ f ,am]ica 9 ?is =m4 ,= field use ! f]ro-silicon & soda process 0 adopt$4 ,a portable g5]ator ( ?is type 0 capable ( produc+ #aj1jjj cubic feet ( ! gas p] h\r4 ,! discov]y by a ,kansas *emi/ ( natural s\rces ( helium may make x possible to free balloon+ ( its great dang]1 = helium is non-inflammable & almo/ z light z hydrog54 ,o!r uses ( hydrog5 besides balloon+ h already be5 ref]r$ to 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,x is comb9$ ) nitrog5 to =m syn!tic ammonia4 ,x is comb9$ ) oxyg5 9 ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe to produce heat4 ,x is comb9$ ) vegetable & animal oils to conv]t !m into solid fats4 ,!re is also ! possibility ( us+ x z a fuel 9 ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e 9 place ( gasol9e1 b = ?is purpose we mu/ f9d "s way ( gett+ hydrog5 portable or producible 9 a compact =m4 ,alum9um1 l silicon1 sodium & calcium1 has be5 rescu$ by viol5ce f its atta*m5t to oxyg5 & l ^! metals x rev]ts ) read9ess to its =m] aff9ity4 ,dr4 ,golds*midt made use ( ?is reaction 9 8 !rmit process4 ,p[d]$ alum9um is mix$ ) iron oxide 7ru/74 ,if ! mixture is heat$ at any po9t a furi\s /ruggle takes place ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass betwe5 ! iron & ! alum9um z to :i* metal %all get ! oxyg51 & ! alum9um always comes out ahead4 ,! temp]ature runs up to "s #fjjj degrees ,fahr5heit )9 ?irty seconds & ! fre$ iron1 completely liquefi$1 runs d[n into ! bottom ( ! crucible1 :]e x may be drawn (f by op5+ a trap door4 ,! newly =m$ alum9um oxide 7alum9a7 floats z slag on top4 ,! applications ( ! !rmit process are innum]able4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x is desir$ to m5d a brok5 rail or crank %aft )\t mov+ x f its place1 ! two ends are br\ght toge!r or fix$ at ! prop] di/ance ap>t4 ,a crucible fill$ ) ! !rmit mixture is set up above ! jo9t & ! !rmit ignit$ ) a prim+ ( alum9um & b>ium p]oxide to />t x (f4 ,! b>ium p]oxide hav+ a sup]abundance ( oxyg5 gives x up readily & ! alum9um ?us enc\rag$ attacks ! iron oxide & robs x ( its oxyg54 ,z soon z ! iron is melt$ x is run (f ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! crucible & fills ! space betwe5 ! rail ends1 be+ kept f spread+ by a mold ( refractory mat]ial su* z magnesite4 ,! two ends ( ! rail are !re=e jo9$ by a section ( ! same size1 %ape1 sub/ance & /r5g? z !mselves4 ,! same process c be us$ = m5d+ a fracture or supply+ a miss+ fragm5t ( a /eel ca/+ ( any size1 su* z a %ip's propell] or a cog:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,gas ,,mask ,,us$ ,,by ,,am]ica1 ,,! ,,allies1 ,,& ,,g]many ,,dur+ ,,! ,,w> ,9 ! top r[ are ! ,am]ican masks1 *ronologically1 f left to "r3 ,u4,s4 ,navy mask 7obsolete71 ,u4,s4 ,navy mask 7f9al type71 ,u4,s4 ,army box respirator 7us$ ?r\gh\t ! w>71 ,u4,s4,r4,f4,k4 respirator1 ,u4,s4,a4,t4 respirator 7an all-rubb] mask71 ,u4,s4,k4,t4 respirator 7a sew$ fabric mask71 & ,u4,s4 ,model #aiai1 ready = production :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,9 ! middle r[1 left to "r1 are3 ,briti% veil 7! orig9al em]g5cy mask us$ 9 ,april1 #aiae71 ,briti% ,p4,h4 helmet 7! next em]g5cy mask71 ,briti% box respirator 7/&>d ,briti% army type71 ,fr5* ,m#b mask 7orig9al type71 ,fr5* ,tissot artill]y mask1 & ,fr5* ,a4,r4,s4 mask 7late/ type74 ,9 ! front r[3 ! late/ ,g]man mask1 ! ,russian mask1 ,italian mask1 ,briti% motor corps mask1 ,u4,s4 re> area em]g5cy respirator1 & ,u4,s4 ,connell mask ,illu/ration3 ,,pump+ ,,melt$ ,,:ite ,,phosphorus ,,into ,,h& ,,gr5ades ,,fill$ ,,) ,,wat]--,,edgewood ,,ars5al ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+ ,,%ell ,,) ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,empty %ells are be+ plac$ on small trucks to be run into ! fill+ *amb]4 ,! l>ge truck 9 ! =egr\nd conta9s load$ %ell ,= small] "w !rmit has two rivals1 ! oxy-acetyl5e tor* & electric weld+4 ,! =m] has be5 describ$ & ! latt] is r out ( ! range ( ?is volume1 al?\gh ,i may m5tion t 9 ! latt] "p ( #aiah !re 0 laun*$ f a ,briti% %ipy>d ! fir/ rivotless /eel vessel4 ,9 ?is ! /eel plates =m+ ! %ell1 bulkheads & floors are weld$ in/ead ( be+ fa/5$ toge!r by rivets4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods ( do+ ?is dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! plates & ! sort ( /ra9 !y are subject to4 ,! plates may be ov]lapp$ & tack$ toge!r at int]vals by press+ ! two electrodes on opposite sides ( ! same po9t until ! spot is suffici5tly heat$ to fuse toge!r ! plates "h4 ,or roll] electrodes may be drawn sl[ly along ! l9e ( ! desir$ weld1 fus+ ! plates toge!r cont9u\sly z !y g4 ,or1 ?irdly1 ! plates may be butt-weld$ by be+ pu%$ toge!r edge to edge )\t ov]lapp+ & ! electric curr5t be+ pass$ f "o plate to ! o!r heats up ! jo9t :]e ! conductivity is int]rupt$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! !rmit process is ess5tially l ! ord9>y bla/ furnace process ( smelt+ iron & o!r metals except t alum9um is us$ in/ead ( c>bon to take ! oxyg5 away f ! metal 9 ! ore4 ,?is has an advantage 9 case c>bon-free metals are desir$ & ! process is us$ = produc+ manganese1 tung/51 titanium1 molybd5um1 vanadium & _! all[s ) iron & copp]4 ,dur+ ! w> !rmit f\nd a new & t]rible employm5t1 z x 0 us$ by ! airm5 = sett+ build+s on fire & explod+ ammunition dumps4 ,! ,g]man inc5di>y bombs consi/$ ( a p]=at$ /eel nose-piece1 a tail to keep x fall+ /raight & a cyl9drical body :i* conta9$ a tube ( !rmit pack$ ar\nd ) m9]al wax conta9+ potassium p]*lorate4 ,! fuse 0 ignit$ z ! missile 0 releas$ & ! !rmit1 z x heat$ up1 melt$ ! wax & all[$ x to fl[ out toge!r ) ! liquid iron ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! nose-piece4 ,! ,am]ican inc5di>y bombs 7 ( a /ill m malignant type4 ,!y weigh$ ab\t =ty p\nds apiece & 7 *>g$ ) oil emulsion1 !rmit & metallic sodium4 ,sodium decomposes wat] s t if any attempt 7 made to put out ) a hose a fire />t$ by "o ( ^! bombs ! /ream ( wat] w\ld be in/antane\sly *ang$ into a jet ( blaz+ hydrog54 ,besides its use 9 comb9+ & sep>at+ diff]5t elem5ts ! electric furnace is able to *ange a s+le elem5t into its v>i\s =ms4 ,c>bon1 = in/ance1 is f\nd 9 ?ree v di/9ct =ms3 9 h>d1 transp>5t & colorless cry/als z ! diamond1 9 black1 opaque1 metallic scales z graphite1 & 9 %apeless masses & p[d] z *>coal1 coke1 lampblack1 & ! l4 ,9 ! int5se heat ( ! electric arc ^! =ms are conv]tible "o into ! o!r accord+ to ! conditions4 ,s9ce ! ?ird =m is ! *eape/ ! object is to *ange x into "o ( ! o!r two4 ,graphite1 plumbago or blacklead1 z x is /ill sometimes call$1 is n f\nd 9 _m places & m r>ely f\nd pure4 ,! supply 0 n equal to ! dem& until ,a*eson work$ out ! process ( mak+ x by pack+ p[d]$ an?racite betwe5 ! electrodes ( 8 furnace4 ,9 ?is way graphite c be *eaply produc$ 9 any desir$ quantity & quality4 ,s9ce graphite is infusible & incombu/ible except at exce$+ly high temp]atures1 x is ext5sively us$ = crucibles & electrodes4 ,^! electrodes are made 9 all sizes = ! v>i\s =ms ( electric lamps & furnaces f rods "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet] to b>s a foot ?ick & six feet long4 ,x is graphite mix$ ) f9e clay to give x ! desir$ degree ( h>dness t =ms ! fill+ ( our lead p5cils4 ,f9ely gr\nd & floccul5t graphite treat$ ) tann9 may be held 9 susp5sion 9 liquids & ev5 pass ?r\gh filt]-pap]4 ,! mixture ) wat] is sold "u ! "n ( aquadag1 ) oil z oildag & ) grease z gr$ag1 = lubrication4 ,! smoo?1 slipp]y scales ( graphite 9 susp5sion slide ov] ea* o!r easily & keep ! be>+s f rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! o!r & m difficult metamorphosis ( c>bon1 ! trans=mation ( *>coal into diamond1 0 successfully accompli%$ by ,moissan 9 #ahid4 ,h5ri ,moissan 0 a toxicologi/1 t is to say1 a ,pr(essor ( ,poison+1 9 ! ,p>is ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy1 :o took to exp]im5t+ ) ! electric furnace 9 8 leisure h\rs & did m to demon/rate its possibilities ?an any o!r man4 ,) x he isolat$ fluor9e1 mo/ active ( ! elem5ts1 & he prep>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 _! purity _m ( ! r>e metals t h s9ce f\nd indu/rial employm5t4 ,he also made ! c>bides ( ! v>i\s metals1 includ+ ! n[ common calcium c>bide4 ,among ! problems t he und]took & solv$ 0 ! manufacture ( artificial diamonds4 ,he fir/ made pure *>coal by burn+ sug>4 ,?is 0 pack$ ) iron 9 ! holl[ ( a block ( lime into :i* ext5d$ f opposite sides ! c>bon rods connect$ to ! dynamo4 ,:5 ! iron _h melt$ & dissolv$ all ! c>bon x c\ld1 ,moissan dump$ x into wat] or bett] into melt$ lead or into a hole 9 a copp] block1 = ?is cool$ x mo/ rapidly4 ,aft] a cru/ 0 =m$ x 0 left to solidify sl[ly4 ,! sudd5 cool+ ( ! iron on ! outside subject$ ! c>bon1 :i* 0 held 9 solution1 to int5se pressure & :5 ! bit ( iron 0 dissolv$ 9 acid "s ( ! c>bon 0 f\nd to be cry/alliz$ z diamond1 al?\gh mo/ ( x 0 graphite4 ,to be sure1 ! diamonds 7 h>dly big en\gh to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 b s9ce ,moissan's aim 0 to make diamonds1 n big diamonds1 he ceas$ 8 ef=ts at ?is po9t4 ,to produce l>ge diamonds ! c>bon w\ld h to be liquefi$ 9 consid]able quantity & kept 9 t /ate :ile x sl[ly cry/alliz$4 ,b t c\ld only be accompli%$ at a temp]ature & pressure & duration unatta9able z yet4 ,"u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure c>bon passes ov] f ! solid to ! gase\s phase )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! liquid1 j z sn[ on a cold1 cle> day w evaporate )\t melt+4 ,probably "s "o 9 ! future w take up ! problem :]e ,moissan dropp$ x & f9d out h[ to make diamonds ( any size4 ,b x is n a "q t greatly int]e/s ei!r ! sci5ti/ or ! indu/riali/ because !re is n mu* to be le>n$ f x & n mu* to be made out ( x4 ,if ! inv5tor ( a process = mak+ *eap diamonds c\ld keep 8 electric furnace secretly 9 8 cell> & m>ket 8 diamonds cauti\sly he might get ri* out ( x1 b he w\ld n d>e to turn out v l>ge /ones or too _m ( !m1 = if a suspicion got ar\nd t he 0 mak+ !m ! price w\ld fall to almo/ no?+ ev5 if he did sell ano!r "o4 ,= ! high price ( ! diamond is purely fictiti\s4 ,x is 9 ! fir/ place kept up by limit+ ! output ( ! natural /one by ! comb9ation ( deal]s &1 fur!r1 ! diamond is valu$ n = its usefulness or beauty b by its real or suppos$ r>ity4 ,*e/]ton says3 ,all is gold t glitt]s1 = ! glitt] is ! gold4 ,?is is n s true ( gold1 = if gold 7 z *eap z nickel x w\ld be v valuable1 s9ce we %\ld gold-plate our ma*9]y1 our %ips1 our bridges & our ro(s4 ,b if diamonds 7 *eap !y w\ld be good = no?+ except gr9d/ones & drills4 ,an imitation diamond made ( heavy glass 7pa/e7 _c be di/+ui%$ f ! g5u9e gem except by an exp]t4 ,x sp>kles ab\t z brilliantly1 = its refractive index is ne>ly z high4 ,! reason :y x is n pric$ s highly is because ! natural /one has presumably be5 obta9$ ?r\gh ! toil & sweat ( hundr$s ( negroes se>*+ 9 ! blue gr\nd ( ! ,transvaal = _m mon?s4 ,x is valu$ exclusively by its co/4 ,to we> a diamond necklace is ! same z hang+ a c]tifi$ *eck = #ajj1jjj by a /r+ ar\nd ! neck4 ,real values are enhanc$ by r$uction 9 ! co/ ( ! price ( production4 ,fictiti\s values are de/roy$ by x4 ,alum9um at tw5ty-five c5ts a p\nd is imm5sely m valuable to ! _w ?an :5 x is a curiosity 9 ! *emi/'s cab9et & pric$ at #afj a p\nd4 ,s ! scope ( ! electric furnace rea*es f ! co/ly b comp>atively valueless diamond to ! *eap b indisp5sable /eel4 ,z ,f4,j4 ,tone says1 if ! automobile manufactur]s 7 depriv$ ( ,niag>a products1 ! abrasives1 alum9um1 acetyl5e = weld+ & high-spe$ tool /eel1 a factory n[ turn+ out five hundr$ c>s a day w\ld be r$uc$ to "o hundr$4 ,i h "h be5 *iefly conc]n$ ) electricity z effect+ *emical *anges 9 comb9+ or sep>at+ elem5ts1 b ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion its rapidly ext5d+ use z a s\rce ( heat1 z 9 ! production & ca/+ ( /eel4 ,9 #aijh !re 7 only fifty-five tons ( /eel produc$ by ! electric furnace 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b by #aiah ?is _h ris5 to #eaa1cfd tons4 ,& besides ord9>y /eel ! electric furnace has giv5 u alloys ( iron ) ! once r>e metals t h creat$ a new sci5ce ( metallurgy4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,metals1 ,,old ,,& ,,new ,! primitive metallurgi/ c\ld only make use ( su* metals z he f\nd free 9 nature1 t is1 su* z _h n be5 attack$ & corrod$ by ! ubiquit\s oxyg54 ,^! 7 prim>ily gold or copp]1 ?\gh possibly "s orig9al g5ius may h happ5$ ^u a bit ( meteoric iron & p\nd$ x out into a sword4 ,b :5 man f\nd t ! r$ o*] he _h hi!rto us$ only z a cosmetic c\ld be made to yield iron by melt+ x ) *>coal he op5$ a new era 9 civilization1 ?\gh d\btless ! o*] arti/s ( t day d5\nc$ him z a utilit>ian & deplor$ ! decad5ce ( ! times4 ,iron is "o ( ! mo/ timid ( metals4 ,x has a great dis9cl9ation to be alone4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ altrui/ic ( ! elem5ts4 ,x likes almo/ e o!r elem5t bett] ?an itself4 ,x has an especial affection = oxyg51 &1 s9ce ?is is 9 bo? air & wat]1 & ^! are ev]y:]e1 iron is n long )\t a mate4 ,! result ( ?is union goes by v>i\s names 9 ! m9]alogical & *emical worlds1 b 9 common language1 :i* is q good en\gh = our purpose1 x is call$ iron ru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,by c\rtesy ,m9]al ,foote-,notes4 ,f ,agricola's ,de ,re ,metallica #aeej4 ,primitive furnace = smelt+ iron ore4 ,n _m ( u h ev] se5 iron1 ! pure metal1 s(t1 ductile & :ite l silv]4 ,z soon z x is expos$ to ! air x veils itself ) a ?9 film ( ru/ & becomes black & !n r$4 ,= t reason !re is practically no iron 9 ! _w except :at man has made4 ,x is r>] ?an gold1 ?an diamonds2 we f9d 9 ! e>? no nuggets or cry/als ( x ! size ( ! fi/ z we f9d ( ^!4 ,b occasionally !re fall d[n ^u u out ( ! cle> sky great *unks ( x weigh+ tons4 ,^! meteorites are ! mav]icks ( ! univ]se4 ,we d n "k :]e !y come f or :at sun or planet !y belong$ to4 ,!y are our only visitors f space1 & if all ! o!r sph]es are l ^! fragm5ts we "k we are alone 9 ! univ]se4 ,= !y conta9 ru/less iron1 & :]e iron does n ru/ man _c live1 nor c any o!r animal or any plant4 ,iron ru/s = ! same reason t a /one rolls d[n hill1 because x gets rid ( its en]gy t way4 ,all ?+s 9 ! univ]se are con/antly try+ to get rid ( en]gy except man1 :o is always try+ to get m ( x4 ,or1 on second ?\ght1 we see t man is ! greate/ sp5d?rift ( all1 = he wants to exp5d s mu* m en]gy ?an he has t he borr[s f ! w9ds1 ! /reams & ! coal 9 ! rocks4 ,he robs m9]als & plants ( ! en]gy :i* !y h /or$ up to sp5d = _! own purposes1 j z he robs ! bee ( its honey & ! silk worm ( its cocoon4 ,man's *ief bus9ess is 9 rev]s+ ! processes ( nature4 ,t is ! way he gets 8 liv+4 ,& "o ( 8 greate/ triumphs 0 :5 he discov]$ h[ to undo iron ru/ & get ! metal out ( x4 ,9 ! f\r ?\s& ye>s s9ce he fir/ did ?is he has accompli%$ m ?an 9 ! millions ( ye>s be=e4 ,)\t kn[+ ! value ( iron ru/ man c\ld atta9 only to ! culture ( ! ,aztecs & ,incas1 ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,assyrians4 ,! prosp]ity ( mod]n /ates is dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( iron ru/ :i* !y possess & utilize4 ,engl&1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 all nations are compet+ to see :i* c dig ! mo/ iron ru/ out ( ! gr\nd & make out ( x railroads1 bridges1 build+s1 ma*9]y1 battle%ips & su* o!r tools & toys & !n let !m relapse into ru/ aga94 ,civilization c be measur$ by ! am\nt ( iron ru/$ p] capita1 or bett]1 by ! am\nt rescu$ f ru/4 ,b we are devot+ s mu* space to ! consid]ation ( ! mat]ial aspects ( iron t we are l to neglect its e/hetic & e?ical uses4 ,! beauty ( nature is v l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! fact t iron ru/ &1 9 fact1 all ! common comp\nds ( iron are color$4 ,few elem5ts c assume s _m t9ts4 ,look at ! pa9t pot caons ( ! ,yell[/one4 ,*eap glass bottles turn out br[n1 gre51 blue1 yell[ or black1 accord+ to ! am\nt & k9d ( iron !y conta94 ,we build a h\se ( cream-color$ brick1 v>i$ ) speckl$ brick & adorn$ ) t]ra cotta ornam5ts ( r$1 yell[ & gre51 all due to iron4 ,iron ru/s1 !re=e x mu/ be pa9t$2 b :at is !re bett] to pa9t x ) ?an iron ru/ itself8 ,x is *eap & durable1 = x _c ru/ any m ?an a dead man c die4 ,& :at is also ( importance1 x is a good1 /rong1 clean look+1 endurable color4 ,:5ev] we take a trip on ! railroad & see ! miles ( c>s1 ! acres ( ro(+ & wall1 ! t[ns full ( brick build+s1 we rejoice t iron ru/ is r$1 n :ite or "s leas satisfy+ color4 ,we d n "k :y x is s4 ,z9c & alum9um are metals v mu* l iron 9 *emical prop]ties1 b all _! salts are colorless4 ,:y is x t ! mo/ useful ( ! metals =ms ! mo/ beautiful comp\nds8 ,"s say1 ,provid5ce2 "s say1 *ance2 "s say no?+4 ,b if x _h n be5 s we w\ld h lo/ mo/ ( ! beauty ( rocks & trees & human be+s4 ,= ! leaves & ! fl[]s w\ld all be :ite1 & all ! m5 & wom5 w\ld look l walk+ corpses4 ,)\t color 9 ! fl[] :at w\ld ! bees & pa9t]s d8 ,if all ! grass & trees 7 :ite1 x w\ld be l w9t] all ! ye> r\nd4 ,if we _h :ite blood 9 our ve9s l "s ( ! insects x w\ld be h>d l9es = our poets4 ,& :at w\ld become ( our morality if we c\ld n blu%8 ,z = me1 ,i ?rill to see ,! bloom a velvet *eek discloses6 ,made ( du/6 ,i well believe x1 ,s are lilies1 s are roses4 ,an etiolat$ e>? w\ld be h>dly wor? liv+ 94 ,! *lorophyll ( ! leaves & ! hemoglob9 ( ! blood are simil> 9 con/itution4 ,*lorophyll conta9s magnesium 9 place ( iron b iron is necess>y to its =mation4 ,we all "k h[ pale a plant gets if its soil is %ort ( iron4 ,x is ! iron 9 ! leaves t enables ! plants to /ore up ! en]gy ( ! sun%9e = _! own use & ours4 ,x is ! iron 9 our blood t enables u to get ! iron out ( iron ru/ & make x into ma*9es to supplem5t our feeble h&s4 ,iron is = u int]nally ! c>ri] ( en]gy1 j z 9 ! =m ( a trolley wire or ( a ?ird rail x conveys p[] to ! electric c>4 ,)draw ! iron f ! blood z indicat$ by ! pallor ( ! *eeks1 & we become weak1 fa9t & f9ally die4 ,if ! am\nt ( iron 9 ! blood gets too small ! disease g]ms t are always attack+ u are no long] de/roy$1 b multiply )\t *eck & conqu] u4 ,:5 ! iron ceases to "w effici5tly we are kill$ by ! poison we ourselves g5]ate4 ,c\nt+ ! numb] ( iron-be>+ corpuscles 9 ! blood is n[ a common me?od ( det]m9+ disease4 ,x might also be useful 9 moral diagnosis4 ,a microscopical & *emical laboratory atta*$ to ! c\rtroom w\ld give in=mation ( m value ?an "s ( ! evid5ce n[ obta9$4 ,= ! anemic & ! florid vices ne$ v diff]5t treatm5t4 ,an excess or a defici5cy ( iron 9 ! body is liable to result 9 crim9ality4 ,a *emical sy/em ( morals might be develop$ on ?is basis4 ,among ! f]rug9\s s9s w\ld be plac$ murd]1 viol5ce & lic5ti\sness4 ,among ! non-f]rug9\s1 c[>dice1 slo? & ly+4 ,! =m] w\ld be mo/ly s9s ( commission1 ! latt]1 s9s ( omission4 ,! virtues c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be simil>ly classifi$2 ! f]rug9\s virtues w\ld include c\rage1 self-reliance & hopefulness2 ! non-f]rug9\s1 peaceabl5ess1 meekness & *a/ity4 ,accord+ to ?is e?ical crit]ion ! moral man w\ld be def9$ z "o ^: conduct is bett] ?an we %\ld expect f ! p] c5t4 ( iron 9 8 blood4 ,! reason :y iron is able to s]ve ?is unique purpose ( convey+ life-giv+ air to all p>ts ( ! body is because x ru/s s readily4 ,oxidation & de-oxidation proce$ s quietly t ! t5d]e/ cells are f$ )\t injury4 ,! blood *anges f r$ to blue & vice v]sa ) great] ease & rapidity ?an 9 ! correspond+ alt]nations ( social /atus 9 a democracy4 ,x is because iron is s ru/able t x is s useful4 ,! factories ) big scrap-heaps ( ru/+ ma*9]y are mak+ ! mo/ money4 ,! pyramids are ! mo/ endur+ /ructures rais$ by ! h& ( man1 b !y h n %elt]$ s _m p 9 _! =ty c5turies z our skyscrap]s t are already ru/+4 ,we h to c>ry on ?is et]nal conflict aga9/ ru/ because oxyg5 is ! mo/ ubiquit\s ( ! elem5ts & iron c only escape its ard5t embraces by hid+ away 9 ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,! unit$ elem5ts1 kn[n to ! *emi/ z iron oxide & to ! outside _w z ru/1 are among ! commone/ ( comp\nds & _! colors1 yell[ & r$ l ! ,spani% flag1 are display$ on e m\nta9side4 ,f ! "t ( ,tubal ,ca9 man has ceaselessly labor$ to divorce ^! elem5ts &1 hav+ once sep>at$ !m1 to keep !m ap>t s t ! iron may be reta9$ 9 8 s]vice4 ,b "h1 z usual1 man is fight+ aga9/ nature & 8 ga9s1 z always1 are only tempor>y4 ,soon] or lat] 8 vigilance is circumv5t$ & ! metal t he has extricat$ by ! fi]y furnace returns to its natural aff9ity4 ,! fl9t arr[heads1 ! bronze spe>po9ts1 ! gold ornam5ts1 ! wood5 idols ( prehi/oric man are /ill to be se5 9 our museums1 b 8 e>lie/ /eel swords h long s9ce crumbl$ into du/4 ,e ye> ! bla/ furnaces ( ! _w release #gb1jjj1jjj tons ( iron f its oxides & e ye> a l>ge "p1 said to be a qu>t] ( t am\nt1 rev]ts to its primeval =ms4 ,if s1 !n man aft] five ?\s& ye>s ( metallurgical indu/ry has b>ely got ?ree ye>s ahead ( nature1 & %\ld he cease 8 ef=ts = a g5]ation !re w\ld be little left to %[ t man _h ev] le>n$ to extract iron f its ores4 ,! old "q1 ,:at becomes ( all ! p9s8 may be z well ask$ ( rails1 pipes & ?re%+ ma*9es4 ,! end ( all iron is ! same4 ,h[ev] _m may be its metamorphoses :ile 9 ! s]vice ( man x relapses at la/ into its orig9al /ate ( oxidation4 ,to save a p\nd ( iron f corrosion is !n z mu* a b5efit to ! _w z to produce ano!r p\nd f ! ore4 ,9 fact x is ( mu* great] b5efit1 = x takes f\r p\nds ( coal to produce "o p\nd ( /eel1 s :5ev] a piece ( iron is all[$ to oxidize x means t f\r times z mu* coal mu/ be oxidiz$ 9 ord] to replace x4 ,& ! b$s ( coal w be exhau/$ be=e ! b$s ( iron ore4 ,if we are ev] to get ahead1 if we are to ga9 any respite f ?is enorm\s wa/e ( labor & natural res\rces1 we mu/ f9d ways ( prev5t+ ! iron :i* we h obta9$ & fa%ion$ into useful tools f be+ lo/ ?r\gh oxidation4 ,n[ !re is only "o way ( keep+ iron & oxyg5 f unit+ & t is to keep !m ap>t4 ,a v ?9 divid+ wall w s]ve = ! purpose1 = in/ance1 a film ( oil4 ,b ord9>y oil w rub (f1 s x is bett] to cov] ! surface ) an oil-l l9se$ :i* oxidizes to a h>d ela/ic & adhesive coat+4 ,if ) l9se$ oil we mix iron oxide or "s o!r pigm5t we h a pa9t t w protect iron p]fectly s long z x is unbrok54 ,b let ! pa9t we> (f or crack s t air c get at ! iron1 !n ru/ w =m & spread und]nea? ! pa9t on all sides4 ,! same is true ( ! porcela9-l enamel ) :i* our kit*5 iron w>e is n[adays coat$4 ,s long z ! enamel holds x is all "r b once x is brok5 ?r\gh at any po9t x beg9s to scale (f & gets into our food4 ,obvi\sly x w\ld be bett] = "s purposes if we c\ld coat our iron ) ano!r & less easily oxidiz$ metal ?an ) su* dissimil> sub/ances z pa9t or porcela94 ,n[ ! ne>e/ relative to iron is nickel1 & a lay] ( ?is ( any desir$ ?ickness may be easily deposit$ by electricity ^u any surface h[ev] irregul>4 ,nickel takes a bright poli% & keeps x well1 s nickel plat+ has become ! favorite me?od ( protection = small objects :]e ! exp5se is n prohibitive4 ,copp] plat+ is us$ = f9e wires4 ,a %eet ( iron dipp$ 9 melt$ t9 comes out coat$ ) a ?9 adhesive lay] ( ! latt] metal4 ,su* t9n$ plate commonly kn[n z t9 has become ! favorite mat]ial = pans & cans4 ,b if ! t9 is scrat*$ ! iron b5ea? ru/s m rapidly ?an if ! t9 7 n !re1 = an electrolytic action is set up & ! iron1 be+ ! negative elem5t ( ! c\ple1 suff]s at ! exp5se ( ! t94 ,) z9c x is q ! opposite4 ,z9c is negative t[>d iron1 s :5 ! two are 9 contact & expos$ to ! wea!r ! z9c is oxidiz$ fir/4 ,a z9c plat+ af=ds ! protection ( a ,swiss ,gu>d1 x holds out z long z possible & :5 brok5 x p]i%es to ! la/ atom be=e x lets ! oxyg5 get at ! iron4 ,! z9c may be appli$ 9 f\r diff]5t ways4 7#a7 ,x may be deposit$ by electrolysis z 9 nickel plat+1 b ! z9c coat+ is m apt to be por\s4 7#b7 ,! %eets or articles may be dipp$ 9 a ba? ( melt$ z9c4 ,?is gives u ! famili> galvaniz$ iron1 ! mo/ useful & :5 well done ! mo/ effective ( ru/ prev5tives4 ,besides ^! old] me?ods ( apply+ z9c !re are n[ two new ones4 7#c7 ,"o is ! ,s*oop process by :i* a wire ( z9c or o!r metal is f$ into an oxy-hydrog5 air bla/ ( su* heat & p[] t x is project$ z a spray ( m9ute drops ) ! spe$ ( bullets & any object subject$ to ! bomb>dm5t ( ?is metallic mi/ receives a coat+ z ?ick z desir$4 ,! z9c spray is s f9e & cool t x may be receiv$ on clo?1 lace1 or ! b>e h&4 ,! ,s*oop metalliz+ process has rec5tly be5 improv$ by ! use ( ! electric curr5t in/ead ( ! bl[pipe = melt+ ! metal4 ,two z9c wires connect$ ) any electric sy/em1 pref]ably ! direct1 are f$ into ! pi/ol4 ,:]e ! wires meet an electric arc is set up & ! melt$ z9c is spray$ out by a jet ( compress$ air4 7#d7 ,9 ! ,%]>diz+ process ! articles are put into a tight drum ) z9c du/ & heat$ to #hjj ,f4 ,! z9c at ?is temp]ature attacks ! iron & =ms a s]ies ( alloys rang+ f pure z9c on ! top to pure iron at ! bottom ( ! coat+4 ,ev5 if ?is cracks 9 "p ! iron is m or less protect$ f corrosion s long z any z9c rema9s4 ,alum9um is us$ simil>ly 9 ! caloriz+ process = coat+ iron1 copp] or brass4 ,fir/ a surface alloy is =m$ by heat+ ! metal ) alum9um p[d]4 ,!n ! temp]ature is rais$ to a high degree s z to cause ! alum9um on ! surface to diffuse into ! metal & aft]w>ds x is aga9 bak$ 9 contact ) alum9um du/ :i* puts ^u x a protective plat+ ( ! pure alum9um :i* does n oxidize4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photomicrographs ,,%[+ ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,/eel ,,made ,,by ,,pr(essor ,e4,g4 ,,m>t9 ,,( ,,purdue ,,univ]sity #a4 ,cold-work$ /eel %[+ f]rite & sorbite 7enl>g$ #ejj times7 #b4 ,/eel %[+ pe>lite cry/als 7enl>g$ #ejj times7 #c4 ,/ructure *>act]i/ic ( air-cool$ /eel 7enl>g$ #ej times7 #d4 ,! triangul> /ructure *>act]i/ic ( ca/ /eel %[+ f]rite & pe>lite 7enl>g$ #ej times7 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,e4,g4 ,mah9 ,,! ,,microscopic ,,/ructure ,,( ,,metals #a4 ,malleabiliz$ ca/+2 temp] c>bon 9 f]rite 7enl>g$ #ej times7 #b4 ,type metal2 lead-antimony alloy 9 matrix ( lead 7enl>g$ #ajj times7 #c4 ,gray ca/ iron2 c>bon z graphite 7enl>g$ #ejj times7 #d4 ,/eel compos$ ( cem5tite 7:ite7 & pe>lite 7black7 7enl>g$ #ej times7 ,ano!r way ( protect+ iron w>e f ru/+ is to ru/ x4 ,?is is a sort ( prophylactic me?od l t adopt$ by mod]n m$ic9e :]e inoculation ) a mild culture prev5ts a s]i\s attack ( ! disease4 ,! action ( air & wat] on iron =ms a s]ies ( comp\nds & mixtures ( !m4 ,^? t conta9 lea/ oxyg5 are h>d1 black & magnetic l iron itself4 ,^? t h mo/ oxyg5 are r$ & yell[ p[d]s4 ,by putt+ on a tight coat+ ( ! black oxide we c prev5t or h9d] ! oxidation f go+ on into ! pulv]ul5t /age4 ,?is is done 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 ! ,b[]-,b>ff process ! articles to be treat$ are put into a clos$ retort & a curr5t ( sup]heat$ /eam pass$ ?r\gh = tw5ty m9utes foll[$ by a curr5t ( produc] gas 7c>bon monoxide71 to r$uce any high] oxides t may h be5 =m$4 ,9 ! ,gesn] process a curr5t ( gasol9e vapor is us$ z ! r$uc+ ag5t4 ,! blue+ ( wat* h&s1 buckles & ! l may be done by dipp+ !m into an oxidiz+ ba? su* z melt$ saltpet]4 ,b 9 ord] to af=d complete protection ! lay] ( black oxide mu/ be ?ick5$ by repeat+ ! process :i* adds to ! "t & exp5se4 ,?is causes a slight enl>gem5t & ! high temp]ature (t5 w>ps ! w>e s x is n suitable = nicely adju/$ p>ts ( ma*9]y & ( c\rse tools w\ld lose _! temp] by ! heat4 ,a new me?od ( ru/ pro(+ :i* is free f ^! disadvantages is ! phosphate process inv5t$ by ,?omas ,watts ,coslett1 an ,engli% *emi/1 9 #aijg1 & develop$ 9 ,am]ica by ! ,p>k] ,company ( ,detroit4 ,?is consi/s simply 9 dipp+ ! %eet iron or articles into a tank fill$ ) a dilute solution ( iron phosphate heat$ ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t by /eam pipes4 ,bubbles ( hydrog5 /ream (f rapidly at fir/1 !n sl[]1 & at ! end ( half an h\r or long] ! action ceases1 & ! process is complete4 ,:at has happ5$ is t ! iron has be5 conv]t$ into a basic iron phosphate to a dep? dep5d+ ^u ! d5sity ( articles process$4 ,any "o :o has /udi$ elem5t>y qualitative analysis w rememb] t :5 he add$ ammonia to 8 unkn[n solution1 iron & phosphoric acid1 if pres5t1 7 precipitat$ toge!r1 or 9 o!r words1 iron phosphate is insoluble except 9 acids4 ,!re=e a sup]ficial film ( su* phosphate w protect ! iron und]nea? except f acids4 ,?is film is n a coat+ add$ on ! outside l pa9t & enamel or t9 & nickel plate4 ,x is !re=e n apt to scale (f & x does n increase ! size ( ! article4 ,no high heat is requir$ z 9 ! ,%]>diz+ & ,b[]-,b>ff processes1 s /eel tools c be treat$ )\t los+ _! temp] or edge4 ,! deposit consi/+ ( f]r\s & f]ric phosphates mix$ ) black iron oxide may be v>i$ 9 composition1 texture & color4 ,x is ord9>ily a dull gray & oil+ gives a s(t mat black m 9 accordance ) mod]n ta/e ?an ! %9y nickel plat+ t delight$ our fa!rs4 ,ev5 ! milit>y n[adays %[ m quiet ta/e ?an =m]ly & h ab&on$ _! glitt]+ acc\trem5ts4 ,! phosphate ba? is n exp5sive & c be us$ cont9u\sly = mon?s by add+ m ( ! conc5trat$ solution to keep up ! /r5g? & remov+ ! sludge t is precipitat$4 ,besides ! iron ! solution conta9s ! phosphates ( o!r metals su* z calcium or /rontium1 manganese1 molybd5um1 or tung/51 accord+ to ! p>ticul> purpose4 ,s9ce ! phosphat+ solution does n act on nickel x may be us$ on articles t h be5 p>tly nickel-plat$ s !re may be produc$1 = in/ance1 a bright rais$ design aga9/ a dull black backgr\nd4 ,!n1 too1 ! surface left by ! ,p>k] process is f9ely et*$ s x af=ds a good atta*m5t = pa9t or enamel if fur!r protection is ne$$4 ,ev5 if ! enamel does crack1 ! iron b5ea? is n s apt to ru/ & scale (f ! coat+4 ,^!1 !n1 are "s ( ! me?ods :i* are n[ be+ us$ to combat our et]nal enemy1 ! ru/ t do? corrupt4 ,all ( !m are useful 9 _! sev]al ways4 ,no "o ( !m is be/ = all purposes4 ,! claim ( ru/-pro( is no m to be tak5 s]i\sly ?an fire-pro(4 ,we %\ld r1 if we 7 f9ical1 h to speak ( ru/-resi/+ coat+s z we d ( sl[-burn+ build+s4 ,nature is insidi\s & unceas+ 9 h] ef=ts to br+ to ru9 ! a*ievem5ts ( mank9d & we ne$ all ! weapons we c f9d to fru/rate h] de/ructive det]m9ation4 ,b x is n en\gh = u to make iron sup]ficially resi/ant to ru/ f ! atmosph]e4 ,we %\ld l also to make x s t x w\ld )/& corrosion by acids1 !n x c\ld be us$ 9 place ( ! l>ge & exp5sive plat9um or porcela9 evaporat+ pans & simil> ut5sils employ$ 9 *emical works4 ,?is requirem5t also has be5 met 9 ! non-corrosive =ms ( iron1 :i* h come into use )9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,"o ( ^!1 tantiron1 inv5t$ by a ,briti% metallurgi/1 ,rob]t ,n4 ,l5nox1 9 #aiab1 conta9s #ae p] c5t4 ( silicon4 ,simil> products are kn[n z duriron & ,bufloka/ 9 ,am]ica1 metilure 9 ,france1 ileanite 9 ,italy & neutraleis5 9 ,g]many4 ,x is a silv]y-:ite close-gra9$ iron1 v h>d & r brittle1 some:at l ca/ iron b ) silicon z ! ma9 additional +r$i5t 9 place ( c>bon4 ,x is difficult to cut or drill b may be gr\nd into %ape by ! new abrasives4 ,x is ru/pro( & is n attack$ by sulfuric1 nitric or acetic acid1 hot or cold1 dilut$ or conc5trat$4 ,x does n resi/ s well hydro*loric acid or sulfur dioxide or alkalies4 ,! value ( iron lies 9 its v]satility4 ,x is a doz5 metals 9 "o4 ,x c be made h>d or s(t1 brittle or malleable1 t\gh or weak1 resi/ant or flexible1 ela/ic or pliant1 magnetic or non-magnetic1 m or less conductive to electricity1 by slight *anges ( composition or m]e diff]5ces ( treatm5t4 ,no wond] t ! m$ieval m9d ascrib$ ^! my/]i\s trans=mations to wit*craft4 ,b ! mod]n micrometallurgi/1 by et*+ ! surface ( /eel & photograph+ x1 %[s x up z composite z a block ( granite4 ,he is !n able to pick out its compon5t m9]als1 f]rite1 au/5ite1 m>t5site1 pe>lite1 graphite1 cem5tite1 & to %[ h[ _! abundance1 %ape & arrangem5t contribute to ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! specim54 ,! la/ ( ^! con/itu5ts1 cem5tite1 is a def9ite *emical comp\nd1 an iron c>bide1 ,fe#c;,c1 conta9+ #f4f p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 s h>d z to scrat* glass1 v brittle1 & imp>t+ ^! prop]ties to h>d5$ /eel & ca/ iron4 ,) ?is k at 8 disposal ! iron-mak] c "w ) 8 eyes op5 & s regulate 8 melt z to cause ^! v>i\s con/itu5ts to cry/allize out z he wants !m to4 ,besides1 he is no long] conf9$ to ! alloys ( iron & c>bon4 ,he has ransack$ ! *emical diction>y to f9d new elem5ts to add to 8 alloys1 & "s ( ^! r>ities h prov$ to possess great practical value4 ,vanadium1 = in/ance1 us$ to be put into a f9e pr9t p>agraph 9 ! back ( ! *emi/ry book1 :]e ! class did n get to x until ! t]m clos$4 ,yet if x _h n be5 = vanadium /eel we %\ld h no ,=d c>s4 ,tung/51 too1 0 relegat$ to ! re>1 & if ! /ud5t rememb]$ x at all x 0 because x bo!r$ him to und]/& :y its symbol %\ld be ,w in/ead ( ,t4 ,b ! /ud5t ( today /udies 8 lesson 9 ! light ( a tung/5 wire & relieves 8 m9d by li/5+ to a phonograph record play$ ) a tungs-tone /ylus4 ,:5 ,i 0 assi/ant 9 *emi/ry an analysis ( /eel consi/$ m]ely 9 ! det]m9ation ( its p]c5tage ( c>bon1 & ,i us$ to take ,saturday = x s ,i c\ld h "t en\gh to complete ! combu/ion4 ,n[ ! *emi/s ( a /eel works' laboratory may h to det]m9e also ! tung/51 *romium1 vanadium1 titanium1 nickel1 cobalt1 phosphorus1 molybd5um1 manganese1 silicon & sulfur1 any or all ( !m1 & be spry ab\t x1 because if !y d n get ! report out )9 fifte5 m9utes :ile ! /eel is melt+ 9 ! electrical furnace ! :ole bat* ( #ge tons may g wrong4 ,i'm glad ,i quit ! laboratory be=e !y got to spe$+ up *emi/s s4 ,! quality ( ! /eel dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce & ! relative proportions ( ^! +r$i5ts1 & a v>iation ( a t5? ( #a p] c5t4 9 c]ta9 ( !m w make a diff]5t metal out ( x4 ,= in/ance1 ! /eel becomes /rong] & t\gh] z ! proportion ( nick$ is increas$ up to ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ,rais+ ! p]c5tage to #be we get an alloy t does n ru/ or corrode & is non-magnetic1 al?\gh bo? its compon5t metals1 iron & nickel1 are by !mselves attract$ by ! magnet4 ,) #cf p] c5t4 nickel & #e p] c5t4 manganese we get ! alloy kn[n z inv>1 because x exp&s & contracts v little ) *anges ( temp]ature4 ,a b> ( ! be/ =m ( inv> w exp& less ?an "o-million? "p ( its l5g? = a rise ( "o degree ,c5tigrade at ord9>y atmosph]ic temp]ature4 ,= ?is reason x is us$ 9 wat*es & measur+ in/rum5ts4 ,! alloy ( iron ) #df p] c5t4 nickel is call$ plat9ite because its rate ( expansion & contraction is ! same z plat9um & glass1 & s x c be us$ to replace ! plat9um wire pass+ ?r\gh ! glass ( an electric light bulb4 ,a manganese /eel ( #aa to #ad p] c5t4 is too h>d to be ma*9$4 ,x has to be ca/ or gr\nd into %ape & is us$ = burgl>-pro( safes & armor plate4 ,*rome /eel is also h>d & t\gh & f9ds use 9 files1 ball be>+s & projectiles4 ,titanium1 :i* ! iron-mak] us$ to reg>d z 8 implacable enemy1 has be5 draft$ into s]vice z a deoxidiz]1 increas+ ! /r5g? & ela/icity ( ! /eel4 ,x is report$ f ,france t ! addition ( ?ree-t5?s ( #a p] c5t4 ( zirconium to nickel /eel has made x m resi/ant to ! ,g]man p]=at+ bullets ?an any /eel hi!rto kn[n4 ,! new /a9less cutl]y conta9s #ab to #ad p] c5t4 ( *romium4 ,) ! introduction ( h>d] /eels came ! ne$ ( t\gh] tools to "w !m4 ,n[ ! virtue ( a good tool /eel is ! same z ( a good man4 ,x mu/ be able to get hot )\t los+ its temp]4 ,/eel ( ! old-fa%ion$ sort1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 gets its temp] by be+ heat$ to r$ness & sudd5ly cool$ by qu5*+ or plung+ x into wat] or oil4 ,b :5 ! po9t gets heat$ up aga91 z x does by friction 9 a la!1 x s(t5s & loses its cutt+ edge4 ,s ! necessity ( keep+ ! tool cool limit$ ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e4 ,b ab\t #ahfh a ,%effield metallurgi/1 ,rob]t ,f4 ,mu%et1 f\nd t a piece ( /eel he 0 work+ ) did n require qu5*+ to h>d5 x4 ,he _h x analyz$ to discov] ! mean+ ( ?is peculi>ity & le>n$ t x conta9$ tung/51 a r>e metal unrecogniz$ 9 ! metallurgy ( t day4 ,fur!r inve/igation %[$ t /eel to :i* tung/5 & manganese or *romium _h be5 add$ 0 t\gh] & reta9$ its temp] at high temp]ature bett] ?an ord9>y c>bon /eel4 ,tools made f x c\ld be work$ up to a :ite heat )\t los+ _! cutt+ p[]4 ,! new tools ( ?is type inv5t$ by ,effici5cy ,taylor at ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,works 9 ! n9eties h revolutioniz$ %op practice ! _w ov]4 ,a tool ( ! old sort c\ld n cut at a rate fa/] ?an ?irty feet a m9ute )\t ov]heat+1 b ! new tung/5 tools w pl[ ?r\gh /eel t5 times z fa/ & c cut away a ton ( ! mat]ial 9 an h\r4 ,by means ( ^! high-spe$ tools ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 able to turn out five times ! munitions t x c\ld o!rwise h done 9 ! same "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,g]many alone _h possess$ ! secret ( ! mod]n /eels no p[] c\ld h )/ood h]4 ,a slight sup]iority 9 metallurgy has be5 ! decid+ factor 9 _m a battle4 ,^? ( my read]s :o h _h ! advantages ( ,sunday s*ool tra9+ w recall ! case describ$ 9 ,i ,samuel #ac3ai-bb4 ,by means ( ^! new metals armor plate has be5 made invuln]able--except to projectiles po9t$ ) simil> mat]ial4 ,fly+ has be5 made possible ?r\gh eng9es weigh+ no m ?an two p\nds p] horse p[]4 ,! cyl9d]s ( combu/ion eng9es & ! cas+ ( cannon h be5 made to )/& ! unprec$5t$ pressure & corrosive action ( ! fi]y gases evolv$ )94 ,ca/+s are made s h>d t !y _c be cut--save ) tools ( ! same sort4 ,9 ! high-spe$ tools n[ us$ #bj or #cj p] c5t1 ( ! iron is displac$ by o!r +r$i5ts2 = example1 tung/5 f #ad to #be p] c5t41 *romium f #b to #g p] c5t41 vanadium f #a_/b to #a-a_/b p] c5t41 c>bon f #f to #h p] c5t41 ) p]haps cobalt up to #d p] c5t4 ,molybd5um or uranium may replace "p ( ! tung/54 ,"s ( ! new] alloys = high-spe$ tools conta9 no iron at all4 ,t :i* be>s ! poetic "n ( />-/one1 /ellite1 is compos$ ( *romium1 cobalt & tung/5 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,/ellite keeps a h>d cutt+ edge & gets t\gh] z x gets hott]4 ,x is v h>d & z good = jewelry z plat9um except t x is n s exp5sive4 ,coop]ite1 its rival1 is an alloy ( nickel & zirconium1 /rong]1 light] & *eap] ?an /ellite4 ,be=e ! w> ne>ly half ( ! _w's supply ( tung/5 ore 7wolframite7 came f ,burma4 ,b al?\gh ,burma _h belong$ to ! ,briti% = a hundr$ ye>s !y _h n develop$ its m9]al res\rces & ! tung/5 trade 0 monopoliz$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,all ! ore 0 %ipp$ to ,g]many & ! ,briti% ,admiralty 0 cont5t to buy f ! ,g]mans :at tung/5 0 ne$$ = armor plate & heavy guns4 ,:5 ! w> broke out ! ,briti% _h ! ore supply1 b 7 unable at fir/ to "w x because !y 7 n famili> ) ! processes4 ,g]many1 be+ %ort ( tung/51 _h to sneak ov] a little f ,baltimore 9 ! subm>9e ,deuts*l&4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e ! w> tung/5 ore 0 sell+ at #f4ej a unit1 b by ! beg9n+ ( #aiaf x _h jump$ to #he a unit4 ,a unit is #a p] c5t4 ( tung/5 trioxide to ! ton1 t is1 tw5ty p\nds4 ,b\ld] ,c\nty1 ,colorado1 & ,san ,b]n>d9o1 ,cali=nia1 !n _h m9+ booms1 rem9d+ "o ( old] times4 ,betwe5 ,may & ,decemb]1 #aiah1 !re 0 manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m ?an #de1ejj1jjj p\nds ( tung/5 /eel conta9+ "s #h1jjj1jjj p\nds ( tung/54 ,if tung/5 ores 7 m abundant & ! metal m easily manipulat$1 x w\ld displace /eel = _m purposes4 ,x is h>d] ?an /eel or ev5 qu>tz4 ,x nev] ru/s & is insoluble 9 acids4 ,its expansion by heat is "o-?ird t ( iron4 ,x is m ?an twice z heavy z iron & its melt+ po9t is twice z high4 ,its electrical resi/ance is half t ( iron & its t5sile /r5g? is a ?ird great] ?an ! /ronge/ /eel4 ,x c be work$ into wire 4#jjjb ( an in* 9 diamet]1 almo/ too ?9 to be se51 b z /rong z copp] wire t5 times ! size4 ,! tung/5 wires 9 ! electric lamps are ab\t 4#jc ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & !y give ?ree times ! light = ! same consumption ( electricity z ! old c>bon filam5t4 ,! ,am]ican manufactur]s ( ! tung/5 bulb h v appropriately nam$ _! lamp ,mazda aft] ! light god ( ! ,zoroa/rians4 ,to get ! tung/5 into wire =m 0 a problem t long baffl$ ! inv5tors ( ! _w1 = x 0 too refractory to be melt$ 9 mass & too brittle to be drawn4 ,dr4 ,w4,d4 ,coolidge succe$$ 9 accompli%+ ! feat 9 #aiab by r$uc+ ! tung/ic acid by hydrog5 & mold+ ! metallic p[d] into a b> by pressure4 ,?is is rais$ to a :ite heat 9 ! electric furnace1 tak5 out & roll$ d[n1 & ! process repeat$ "s fifty times1 until ! wire is small en\gh s x c be drawn at a r$ heat ?r\gh diamond dies ( successively small] ap]tures4 ,! ,g]man me?od ( mak+ ! lamp filam5ts is to squirt a mixture ( tung/5 p[d] & ?orium oxide ?r\gh a p]=at$ diamond ( ! desir$ diamet]4 ,! filam5t s produc$ is drawn ?r\gh a *amb] heat$ to #bejj ,c4 at a velocity ( eight feet an h\r1 :i* cry/allizes ! tung/5 into a cont9u\s ?read4 ,! fir/ metallic filam5t us$ 9 ! electric light on a comm]cial scale 0 made ( tantalum1 ! metal ( ,tantalus4 ,9 ! p]iod #aije-aiaa ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj tantalus lamps 7 sold1 b tung/5 displac$ !m z soon z t metal c\ld be drawn into wire4 ,a rec5t rival ( tung/5 bo? z a filam5t = lamps & h>d5] = /eel is molybd5um4 ,"o p\nd ( ?is metal w imp>t m resili5cy to /eel ?an ?ree or f\r p\nds ( tung/54 ,! molybd5um /eel1 because x does n easily crack1 is said to be s]viceable = armor-pi]c+ %ells1 gun l9+s1 air-plane /ruts1 automobile axles & propell] %afts4 ,9 comb9ation ) its rival z a tung/5-molybd5um alloy x is capable ( tak+ ! place ( ! intol]ably exp5sive plat9um1 = x resi/s corrosion :5 us$ = sp>k plugs & too? plugs4 ,european /eel m5 h tak5 to molybd5um m ?an ,am]icans4 ,! salts ( ?is metal c be us$ 9 dye+ & photography4 ,calcium1 magnesium & alum9um1 common en\gh 9 _! comp\nds1 h only come into use z metals s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! electric furnace4 ,n[ ! photograph] uses magnesium p[d] = 8 fla%light :5 he wants to take a picture ( 8 fri5ds inside ! h\se1 & ! aviator uses x :5 he wants to take a picture ( 8 enemies on ! op5 field4 ,! fl>es prep>$ by our ,gov]nm5t = ! w> consi/ ( a %eet iron cyl9d]1 f\r feet long & six in*es ?ick1 conta9+ a /ick ( magnesium atta*$ to a tightly roll$ silk p>a*ute tw5ty feet 9 diamet] :5 exp&$4 ,! :ole weigh$ #cb p\nds4 ,on be+ dropp$ f ! plane by press+ a button1 ! ru% ( air set sp9n+ a p9:eel at ! bottom :i* ignit$ ! magnesium /ick & detonat$ a *>ge ( black p[d] suffici5t to ?r[ (f ! case & release ! p>a*ute4 ,! burn+ fl>e gave (f a light ( #cbj1jjj c&le p[] la/+ = t5 m9utes z ! p>a*ute sl[ly desc5d$4 ,?is illum9at$ ! gr\nd on ! d>ke/ night suffici5tly = ! airman to aim 8 bombs or to take photographs4 ,! addition ( #e or #aj p] c5t4 ( magnesium to alum9um gives an alloy 7magnalium7 t is almo/ z light z alum9um & almo/ z /rong z /eel4 ,an alloy ( #ij p] c5t4 alum9um & #aj p] c5t4 calcium is light] & h>d] ?an alum9um & m resi/ant to corrosion4 ,! late/ ,g]man airplane1 ! ,junk]1 0 made entirely ( duralum94 ,ev5 ! w+s 7 =m$ ( corrugat$ %eets ( ?is alloy in/ead ( ! usual dop$ cotton-clo?4 ,duralum9 is compos$ ( ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( alum9um1 #e p] c5t4 ( copp]1 #e p] c5t4 ( z9c & #b p] c5t4 ( t94 ,:5 plat9um 0 fir/ discov]$ x 0 s *eap t +ots ( x 7 gild$ & sold z gold bricks to unw>y pur*as]s4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t us$ x z we use nickel1 = mak+ small co9s4 ,b ?is is an exception to ! rule t ! dem& creates ! supply4 ,plat9um is really a r>e metal1 n m]ely an unfamili> "o4 ,n[h]e except 9 ! ,urals is x f\nd 9 quantity1 & s9ce x seems indisp5sable 9 *emical & electrical appliances1 ! price has cont9ually gone up4 ,russia collaps$ into *aos j :5 ! w> "w made ! heavie/ dem& = plat9um1 s ! gov]nm5ts _h to put a /op to its use = jewelry & photography4 ,! gold brick s*eme w\ld n[ h to be rev]s$1 = gold is us$ z a *eap] metal to adult]ate plat9um4 ,all ! memb]s ( ! plat9um family1 =m]ly ignor$1 7 press$ into s]vice1 palladium1 rhodium1 osmium1 iridium1 & ^!1 alloy$ ) gold or silv]1 7 employ$ m or less satisfactorily by ! d5ti/1 *emi/ & electrician z sub/itutes = ! plat9um ( :i* !y _h be5 depriv$4 ,"o ( ^! alloys1 compos$ ( #bj p] c5t4 palladium & #hj p] c5t4 gold1 & be>+ ! telescop$ "n ( palau 7palladium au-rum7 makes v acceptable crucibles = ! laboratory & only co/s half z mu* z plat9um4 ,rhotanium is a simil> alloy rec5tly introduc$4 ,! po9ts ( our gold p5s are tipp$ ) an osmium-iridium alloy4 ,x is a pity t ?is family ( noble metals is s re/rict$1 = !y are unsurpass$ 9 t5acity & incorruptibility4 ,!y c\ld be ( great s]vice to ! _w 9 w> & peace4 ,z ! ,bad ,*ild says 9 8 ,book ( ,bea/s3 ,i %oot ! hippopotamus ) bullets made ( plat9um1 ,because if ,i use lead5 ones1 8 hide is sure to flatt5 'em4 ,along 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury *emi/s _h begun to p]ceive c]ta9 regul>ities & relation%ips among ! v>i\s elem5ts1 s !y conceiv$ ! idea t "s sort ( a pigeon-hole s*eme might be devis$ 9 :i* ! elem5ts c\ld be fil$ away 9 ! ord] ( _! atomic weights s t "o c\ld see j h[ a c]ta9 elem5t1 kn[n or unkn[n1 w\ld behave f m]ely obs]v+ its position 9 ! s]ies4 ,m5delef1 a ,russian *emi/1 devis$ ! mo/ +5i\s ( su* sy/ems call$ ! p]iodic law & gave pro( t !re 0 some?+ 9 8 !ory by pr$ict+ ! prop]ties ( ?ree metallic elem5ts1 !n unkn[n b = :i* 8 arrangem5t %[$ ?ree empty pigeon-holes4 ,sixte5 ye>s lat] all ?ree ( ^! pr$ict$ elem5ts _h be5 discov]$1 "o by a ,fr5*man1 "o by a ,g]man & "o by a ,sc&9avian1 & nam$ f patriotic impulse1 gallium1 g]manium & sc&ium4 ,?is 0 a triumph ( sci5tific presci5ce z /rik+ z ! ma!matical pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! planet ,neptune by ,lev]ri] be=e x _h be5 f\nd by ! telescope4 ,b al?\gh ,m5delef's law told ! tru?1 x gradually became evid5t t x did n tell ! :ole tru? & no?+ b ! tru?1 z ! lawy]s put x4 ,z usually happ5s 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ! hypo!sis 0 f\nd n to expla9 ?+s s simply & completely z 0 at fir/ assum$4 ,! anomalies 9 ! arrangem5t did n disappe> on clos] /udy1 b /uck out m conspicu\sly4 ,?\gh ,m5delef _h po9t$ out ?ree miss+ l9ks1 he _h fail$ to make provision = a :ole gr\p ( elem5ts s9ce discov]$1 ! in]t gases ( ! helium-argon gr\p4 ,z we n[ "k1 ! s*eme 0 built ^u ! false assumptions t ! elem5ts are immutable & t _! atomic weights are inv>iable4 ,! elem5ts t ! *emi/s _h mo/ difficulty 9 sort+ out & id5tify+ 7 ! heavy metals f\nd 9 ! r>e e>?s4 ,!re 7 ab\t tw5ty ( !m s mix$ up toge!r & s mu* alike z to baffle all ord9>y means ( sep>at+ !m4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s *emi/s work$ ov] !m & qu>rel$ ov] !m be=e !y discov]$ t !y _h a comm]cial value4 ,x 0 a problem z remote f practicality z any t c\ld be conceiv$4 ,! man 9 ! /reet did n see :y *emi/s %\ld c>e :e!r !re 7 two didymiums any m ?an :y !ologians %\ld c>e :e!r !re 7 two ,isaiahs4 ,b all ( a sudd51 9 #ahhe1 ! *emical puzzle became a bus9ess proposition4 ,! r>e e>?s became h\sehold ut5sils & x made a big diff]5ce ) our mon?ly gas bills :e!r ! c]ia & ! ?oria 9 ! burn] mantles 7 absolutely pure or conta9$ traces ( "s ( ! o!r elem5ts t 7 s difficult to sep>ate4 ,?is sudd5 *ange ( v5ue f pure to appli$ sci5ce came ab\t ?r\gh a ,vi5nese *emi/1 ,dr4 ,c>l ,au]1 lat] & 9 consequ5ce kn[n z ,b>on ,au] von ,welsba*4 ,he 0 try+ to sort out ! r>e e>?s by means ( ! spectroscopic me?od1 :i* consi/s ord9>ily 9 dipp+ a plat9um wire into a solution ( ! unkn[n sub/ance & hold+ x 9 a colorless gas flame4 ,z x burns (f1 ea* elem5t gives a *>act]i/ic color to ! flame1 :i* is se5 z a s]ies ( l9es :5 look$ at ?r\gh ! spectroscope4 ,b ! fla% ( ! flame f ! plat9um wire 0 too brief to be /udi$1 s ,dr4 ,au] hit ^u ! plan ( soak+ a ?read 9 ! liquid & putt+ ?is 9 ! gas jet4 ,! cotton ( c\rse burn$ (f at once1 b ! e>?s held toge!r & :5 heat$ gave (f a brilliant :ite light1 v mu* l ! calcium or limelight :i* is produc$ by heat+ a /ick ( quicklime 9 ! oxy-hydrog5 flame4 ,b ^! r>e e>?s d n require any su* int5se heat z t1 = !y w gl[ 9 an ord9>y gas jet4 ,s ! ,welsba* mantle burn] came into use ev]y:]e & rescu$ ! coal gas bus9ess f ! de/ruction ?reat5$ by ! electric light4 ,x 0 no long] necess>y to enri* ! gas ) oil to make its flame lum9\s1 = a *eap] fuel gas su* z is us$ = a gas /ove w give1 ) a mantle1 a f9e :ite light ( mu* high] c&le p[] ?an ! ord9>y gas jet4 ,! mantles are knit 9 n>r[ cyl9d]s on ma*9es1 cut (f at suitable l5g?s1 soak$ 9 a solution ( ! salts ( ! r>e e>?s & dri$4 ,artificial silk 7viscose7 has be5 f\nd bett] ?an cotton ?read = ! mantles1 = x is solid1 n holl[1 m uni=m 9 quality & cont9u\s in/ead ( be+ brok5 up into "o-in* fib]s4 ,!re is a great deal ( diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ^! mantles1 z e "o :o has us$ !m kn[s4 ,"s t give a bright gl[ at fir/ ) ! gas-cock only half op5 w soon break up or gr[ dull & require m gas to get any k9d ( a light out ( !m4 ,o!rs w la/ long & gr[ bett] to ! la/4 ,slight impurities 9 ! e>?s or ! gas w spe$ily spoil ! light4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ f a mixture ( #ii p>ts ?oria & #a "p c]ia4 ,x is ! c]ia t gives ! light1 yet a little m ( x w l[] ! lum9osity4 ,! non-*emical read] is apt to be confus$ by ! /range names & _! v>i$ t]m9ations1 b he ne$ n be :5 he le>ns t ! new metals are giv5 names end+ 9 -um1 su* z sodium1 c]ium1 ?orium1 & t _! oxides 7comp\nds ) oxyg51 ! e>?s7 are giv5 ! t]m9ation -a1 l soda1 c]ia1 ?oria4 ,s :5 he sees a "n end+ 9 -um let him picture to himself a metal1 any metal s9ce !y mo/ly look alike1 lead or silv]1 = example4 ,& :5 he comes across a "n end+ 9 -a he may imag9e a :ite p[d] l lime4 ,?orium1 = in/ance1 is1 z its "n implies1 a metal nam$ aft] ! ?und] god ,?or1 to :om we d$icate "o day 9 ea* week1 ,?ursday4 ,c]ium gets its "n f ! ,roman goddess ( agriculture by way ( ! a/]oid4 ,! *ief s\rces ( ! mat]ial = ! ,welsba* burn]s is monazite1 a glitt]+ yell[ s& compos$ ( phosphate ( c]ium ) "s #e p] c5t4 ( ?orium4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ #b1ejj1jjj p\nds ( monazite f ,brazil & ,india1 mo/ ( :i* us$ to g to ,g]many4 ,9 #ahie we got ov] a million & a half p\nds f ! ,c>ol9as1 b ! =eign s& is ri*] & *eap]4 ,! price ( ! salts ( ! r>e metals fluctuates wildly4 ,9 #ahie ?orium nitrate sold at #bjj a p\nd2 9 #aiac x fell to #b4fj1 & 9 #aiaf x rose to #h4 ,s9ce ! monazite conta9s m c]ium ?an ?orium & ! mantles made f x conta9 m ?orium ?an c]ium1 !re is a sup]fluity ( c]ium4 ,! manufactur]s give away a p\nd ( c]ium salts ) e pur*ase ( a hundr$ p\nds ( ?orium salts4 ,x annoy$ ,welsba* to see ! c]ium residues ?r[n away & accumulat+ ar\nd 8 mantle factory1 s he set out to f9d "s use = x4 ,he r$uc$ ! mix$ e>?s to a metallic =m & f\nd t x gave (f a %[] ( sp>ks :5 scrat*$4 ,an alloy ( c]ium ) #cj or #ce p] c5t4 ( iron prov$ ! be/ & 0 put on ! m>ket 9 ! =m ( automatic light]s4 ,a big bus9ess 0 soon built up 9 ,au/ria on ! basis ( ?is obscure *emical elem5t rescu$ f ! dump-heap4 ,! sale ( ! c]ite light]s 9 ,france ?reat5$ to upset ! f9ances ( ! republic1 :i* d]iv$ l>ge rev5ue f its monopoly ( mat*-mak+1 s ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t impos$ a tax ^u e man :o c>ri$ "o4 ,am]ican t\ri/s :o b\ght ^! light]s 9 ,g]many us$ to be mu* annoy$ at be+ held up on ! ,fr5* fronti] & compell$ to take out a lic5se4 ,dur+ ! w> ! c]ium sp>kl]s 7 mu* us$ 9 ! tr5*es = light+ cig>ettes1 b--z ^? :o h se5 ,! ,bett] ',ole w "k--!y sometimes fail to /rike fire4 ,au]-metal or c]ium-iron alloy 0 us$ 9 munitions to ignite h& gr5ades & to blazon ! flight ( trail] %ells4 ,!re are _m o!r pyrophoric 7light-produc+7 alloys1 includ+ /eel1 :i* our ance/ors us$ ) fl9t be=e mat*es & p]cussion caps 7 inv5t$4 ,!re are m ?an fifty metals kn[n & n half ( !m h come into common use1 s !re is /ill pl5ty ( room = ! expansion ( ! sci5ce ( metallurgy4 ,if ! read] has n =gott5 8 ari?metic ( p]mutations he c calculate h[ _m diff]5t alloys may be =m$ by v>y+ ! comb9ations & proportions ( ^! fifty4 ,we h se5 h[ quickly elem5ts =m]ly kn[n only to *emi/s--& to "s ( !m kn[n only by "n--h become indisp5sable 9 our daily life4 ,any "o ( ^? /ill unutiliz$ may be f\nd to h peculi> prop]ties t fit x = fill+ a long unfelt want 9 mod]n civilization4 ,:o1 = in/ance1 w f9d a use = gallium1 ! metal ( ,france8 ,x 0 describ$ 9 #ahfi by ,m5delef 9 advance ( its adv5t & has be5 kn[n 9 p]son s9ce #ahge1 b has n yet be5 set to "w4 ,x is su* a rem>kable metal t x mu/ be good = some?+4 ,if y saw x 9 a museum case on a cold day y might take x to be a piece ( alum9um1 b if ! curator let y hold x 9 y\r h&--:i* he won't--x w\ld melt & run ov] ! floor l m]cury4 ,! melt+ po9t is #hg ,fahr4 ,x might be us$ 9 !rmomet]s = measur+ temp]atures above ! boil+ po9t ( m]cury 7 x n = ! peculi> fact t gallium wets glass s x /icks to ! side ( ! tube in/ead ( =m+ a cle> convex curve on top l m]cury4 ,!n !re is columbium1 ! ,am]ican metal4 ,x is /range t an elem5t nam$ aft] ,columbia %\ld prove s impractical4 ,columbium is a metal closely resembl+ tantalum & tantalum f\nd a use z electric light filam5ts4 ,a columbium lamp %\ld appeal to our patriotism4 ,! s-call$ r>e elem5ts are really abundant en\gh consid]+ ! e>?'s cru/ z a :ole1 ?\gh !y are s ?9ly scatt]$ t !y are usually ov]look$ & h>d to extract4 ,b :5ev] "o ( !m is f\nd valuable x is soon f\nd available4 ,a sy/ematic se>* g5]ally reveals x some:]e 9 suffici5t quantity to be work$4 ,:o1 !n1 w be ! fir/ to discov] a use = indium1 g]manium1 t]bium1 ?ulium1 lan?anum1 neodymium1 sc&ium1 sam>ium & o!rs z unkn[n to u z tung/5 0 to our fa!rs8 ,z evid5ce ( ! /atem5t t x does n matt] h[ r>e an elem5t may be x w come into common use if x is f\nd to be commonly useful1 we may ref] to radium4 ,a good ri* specim5 ( radium ore1 pit*bl5de1 may conta9 z mu*1 z "o "p 9 #d1jjj1jjj4 ,madame ,curie1 ! brilliant ,poli% ,p>isian1 _h to "w = ye>s be=e %e c\ld prove to ! _w t su* an elem5t exi/$ & = ye>s aft]w>ds be=e %e c\ld get ! metal out4 ,yet n[ we c all af=d a bit ( radium to light up our wat* dials 9 ! d>k4 ,! am\nt ne$$ = ?is is inf9itesimal4 ,if x 7 m x w\ld scor* our sk9s1 = radium is an elem5t 9 eruption4 ,! atom ?r[s (f corpuscles at int]vals z a ,roman c&le ?r[s (f blaz+ balls4 ,"s ( ^! p>ticles1 ! alpha rays1 are atoms ( ano!r elem5t1 helium1 *>g$ ) positive electricity & are eject$ ) a velocity ( #ah1jjj miles a second4 ,"s ( !m1 ! beta rays1 are negative electrons1 only ab\t "o sev5-?\s&? ! size ( ! o!rs1 b are eject$ ) almo/ ! spe$ ( light1 #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,if "o ( ! alpha projectiles /rikes a slice ( z9c sulfide x makes a spla% ( light big en\gh to be se5 ) a microscope1 s we c n[ foll[ ! flight ( a s+le atom4 ,! lum9\s wat* dials consi/ ( a coat+ ( z9c sulfide "u cont9ual bomb>dm5t by ! radium projectiles4 ,sir ,william ,crookes inv5t$ ?is radium light app>atus & call$ x a sp9?>iscope1 :i* is ,greek = sp>k-se]4 ,evid5tly if radium is s wa/eful ( its sub/ance x _c la/ =ev] nor c\ld x h =ev] exi/$4 ,! elem5ts !n ate n necess>ily et]nal & immutable1 z us$ to be suppos$4 ,!y h a natural l5g? ( life2 !y are born & die & propagate1 at lea/ "s ( !m d4 ,radium1 = in/ance1 is ! (fspr+ ( ionium1 :i* is ! great-great-gr&son ( uranium1 ! heavie/ ( kn[n elem5ts4 ,putt+ ?is *emical g5ealogy into biblical language we might say3 ,uranium liv$ #e1jjj1jjj1jjj ye>s & begot ,uranium ,x#a1 :i* liv$ #bd4f days & begot ,uranium ,x#b1 :i* liv$ #fi seconds & begot ,uranium #b1 :i* liv$ #b1jjj1jjj ye>s & begot ,ionium1 :i* liv$ #bjj1jjj ye>s & begot ,radium1 :i* liv$ #ahej ye>s & begot ,niton1 :i* liv$ #c4he days & begot ,radium ,a1 :i* liv$ #c m9utes & begot ,radium ,b1 :i* liv$ #bf4h m9utes & begot ,radium ,c1 :i* liv$ #ai4e m9utes & begot ,radium ,d1 :i* liv$ #ab ye>s & begot ,radium ,e1 :i* liv$ #e days & begot ,polonium1 :i* liv$ #acf days & begot ,lead4 ,! figures ,i h giv5 are ! times :5 half ! p>5t sub/ance has gone ov] into ! next g5]ation4 ,x w be se5 t ! *emi/ is ev5 m lib]al 9 8 all[ance ( longevity ?an 0 ,moses ) ! patri>*s4 ,x appe>s f ! above t half ( ! radium 9 any giv5 specim5 w be trans=m$ 9 ab\t #bjjj ye>s4 ,half ( :at is left w disappe> 9 ! next #bjjj ye>s1 half ( t 9 ! next #bjjj & s on4 ,! read] c figure out = himself :5 x w all be gone4 ,he w !n h ! answ] to ! old ,eleatic conundrum ( :5 ,a*illes w ov]take ! tortoise4 ,b we may say t aft] #ajj1jjj ye>s !re w\ld n be left any radium wor? m5tion+1 or 9 o!r words practically all ! radium n[ 9 exi/5ce is y\ng] ?an ! human race4 ,! lead t is f\nd 9 uranium & has presumably desc5d$ f uranium1 behaves l o!r lead b is light]4 ,its atomic weight is only #bjf1 :ile ord9>y lead weighs #bjg4 ,x appe>s !n t ! same *emical elem5t may h diff]5t atomic weights accord+ to its ance/ry1 :ile on ! o!r h& diff]5t *emical elem5ts may h ! same atomic weight4 ,?is w\ld h seem$ %ock+ h]esy to ! *emi/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 :o prid$ !mselves on ! immutability ( ! elem5ts & did n take into consid]ation _! pa/ life or h]$ity4 ,! /udy ( ^! radioactive elem5ts has l$ to a new atomic !ory4 ,i suppose mo/ ( u 9 our y\? us$ to imag9e ! atom z a little r\nd h>d ball1 b n[ x is conceiv$ z a sort ( sol> sy/em ) an electropositive nucleus act+ z ! sun & negative electrons revolv+ ar\nd x l ! planets4 ,! numb] ( free positive electrons 9 ! nucleus v>ies f "o 9 hydrog5 to #ib 9 uranium4 ,?is leaves room = #ib possible elem5ts & ( ^! all b six are m or less c]ta9ly kn[n & def9itely plac$ 9 ! s*eme4 ,! atom ( uranium1 weigh+ #bch times ! atom ( hydrog51 is ! heavie/ kn[n & !re=e ! ultimate limit ( ! elem5ts1 ?\gh x is possible t elem5ts may be f\nd beyond x j z ! planet ,neptune 0 discov]$ outside ! orbit ( ,uranus4 ,consid]+ ! position ( uranium & its num]\s prog5y z m5tion$ above1 x is q appropriate t ?is elem5t %\ld be> ! "n ( ! fa!r ( all ! gods4 ,9 ^! radioactive elem5ts we h come ^u s\rces ( en]gy su* z 0 nev] dream$ ( 9 our philosophy4 ,! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity ( radium is t x is always a little w>m] ?an its surr\nd+s1 no matt] h[ w>m ^! may be4 ,sl[ly1 spontane\sly & cont9u\sly1 x decomposes & we "k no way ( ha/5+ or ( *eck+ x4 ,:e!r x is cool$ 9 liquefi$ air or heat$ to its melt+ po9t ! *ange goes on j ! same4 ,an ounce ( radium salt w give out en\gh heat 9 "o h\r to melt an ounce ( ice & 9 ! next h\r w raise ?is wat] to ! boil+ po9t1 & s on aga9 & aga9 )\t cessation = ye>s1 a fire )\t fuel1 a realization ( ! philosoph]'s lamp t ! al*emi/s s\ght 9 va94 ,! total en]gy s emitt$ is millions ( times great] ?an t produc$ by any *emical comb9ation su* z ! union ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 to =m wat]4 ,f ! heavy :ite salt !re is cont9ually ris+ a fa9t fire-mi/ l ! w-o'-!-wisp ov] a swamp4 ,?is gas is kn[n z ! emanation or niton1 ! %9+ "o4 ,a p\nd ( niton w\ld give (f en]gy at ! rate ( #bc1jjj horsep[]2 f9e /uff to run a /eam]1 "o w\ld ?9k1 b we mu/ rememb] t x does n la/4 ,by ! six? day ! p[] w\ld h fall5 (f by half4 ,besides1 no "o w\ld d>e to s]ve z eng9e]1 = ! radiation w rot away ! fle% ( a liv+ man :o comes ne> x1 caus+ gnaw+ ulc]s or cur+ !m4 ,x w n only break d[n ! complex & delicate molecules ( organic matt] b w attack ! atom itself1 *ang+1 x is believ$1 "o elem5t into ano!r1 aga9 ! fulfilm5t ( a dream ( ! al*emi/s4 ,& its rays1 unse5 & unfelt by u1 are yet /rong en\gh to p5etrate an armorplate & photograph :at is beh9d x4 ,b radium is n ! mo/ my/]i\s ( ! elem5ts b ! lea/ s4 ,x is giv+ out ! secret t ! o!r elem5ts h kept4 ,x sugge/s to u t all ! o!r elem5ts 9 proportion to _! weight h conceal$ )9 !m simil> /ores ( en]gy4 ,a/ronom]s h long dazzl$ our imag9ations by calculat+ ! horsep[] ( ! _w1 mak+ u feel *eap 9 talk+ ab\t our /eam eng9es & dynamos :5 a m9ute/ fraction ( ! wa/e dynamic en]gy ( ! sol> sy/em w\ld make u all z ri* z millionaires4 ,b ! heav5ly bodies are too big = u to utilize 9 ?is practical fa%ion4 ,& n[ ! *emi/s h become z exasp]at+ z ! a/ronom]s1 = !y give u a glimpse ( incalculable weal? 9 ! meane/ sub/ance4 ,= weal? is measur$ by ! available en]gy ( ! _w1 & if a few ounces ( any?+ w\ld drive an eng9e or manufacture nitrog5\s f]tiliz] f ! air all our tr\bles w\ld be ov]4 ,kipl+ 9 8 sket*1 ,) ! ,night ,mail1 & ,wells 9 8 novel1 ,! ,_w ,set ,free1 /ret*$ _! imag9ations 9 try+ to tell u :at x w\ld mean to h comm& ( ?is p[]1 b !y are a little hazy 9 _! descriptions ( ! ma*9]y by :i* x is utiliz$4 ,! atom is z mu* beyond our rea* z ! moon4 ,we _c rob its vault ( ! treasure4 ,,read+ ,,ref]5ces ,! =ego+ pages w n h a*iev$ _! aim unless _! read]s h become suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 ! developm5ts ( indu/rial *emi/ry to desire to pursue ! subject fur!r 9 "s ( its bran*es4 ,assum+ su* int]e/ has be5 ar\s$1 ,i am giv+ bel[ a few ref]5ces to books & articles :i* may s]ve to set ! read] ^u ! "r track = additional in=mation4 ,to foll[ ! rapid progress ( appli$ sci5ce x is necess>y to read cont9u\sly su* p]iodicals z ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry 7,new ,york71 ,metallurgical & ,*emical ,eng9e]+ 7,new ,york71 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry 7,london71 ,*emical ,ab/racts 7publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,ea/on1 ,pa471 & ! v>i\s j\rnals devot$ to special trades4 ,! read] may ne$ to be rem9d$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t publi%es = free di/ribution or at l[ price annual volumes or special reports deal+ ) sci5ce & indu/ry4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ,ye>book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey 9 two annual volumes1 ,vol4 ,i on ! metals & ,vol4 ,,ii on ! non-metals2 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 conta9+ select$ articles on pure & appli$ sci5ce2 ! daily ,comm]ce ,reports & special bullet9s ( ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,write = li/s ( publications ( ^! dep>tm5ts4 ,! foll[+ books on indu/rial *emi/ry 9 g5]al are recomm5d$ = read+ & ref]5ce3 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,comm]ce & ,"s ,*emical ,problems ( ,to-,day by ,rob]t ,k5n$y ,duncan 7,h>p]s1 ,n4,y471 ,mod]n ,*emi/ry & ,its ,wond]s by ,m>t9 7,van ,no/r&71 ,*emical ,discov]y & ,inv5tion 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury by ,sir ,william ,a4 ,tild5 7,dutton1 ,n4,y471 ,discov]ies & ,inv5tions ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury by ,edw>d ,cressy 7,dutton71 ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry by ,all5 ,rog]s 7,van ,no/r&74 ,ev]yman's ,*emi/ry by ,ellwood ,h5drick 7,h>p]s1 ,mod]n ,sci5ce ,s]ies7 is writt5 9 a lively /yle & assumes no previ\s k ( *emi/ry f ! read]4 ,! *apt]s on cellulose1 gums1 sug>s & oils are p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,*emi/ry ( ,famili> ,?+s by ,s4,s4 ,sadtl] 7,lipp9cott7 is bo? compreh5sive & compreh5sible4 ,! foll[+ are int5d$ = "y read]s b are n to be despis$ by _! eld]s :o may wi% to />t 9 on an easy up-grade3 ,*emi/ry ( ,common ,?+s 7,allyn ,bacon1 ,bo/on7 is a popul> high s*ool text-book b diff]+ f mo/ text-books 9 be+ readable & attractive4 ,its descriptions ( indu/rial processes are brief b cle>4 ,! ,a*ievem5ts ( ,*emical ,sci5ce by ,james ,c4 ,philip 7,macmillan7 is a h&y little book1 easy read+ = pupils4 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,sci5ce by ,w4,p4 ,smi? & ,e4,g4 ,jewett 7,macmillan7 t\*es ^u *emical topics 9 a simple way4 ,on ! hi/ory ( comm]ce & ! effect ( inv5tions on society ! foll[+ titles may be sugge/$3 ,outl9es ( ,indu/rial ,hi/ory by ,e4 ,cressy 7,macmillan72 ,! ,orig9 ( ,inv5tion1 a /udy ( primitive indu/ry1 by ,o4,t4 ,mason 7,scribn]72 ,! ,romance ( ,comm]ce by ,gordon ,selbridge 7,lane72 ,indu/rial & ,comm]cial ,geography or ,comm]ce & ,indu/ry by ,j4 ,russell ,smi? 7,holt72 ,h&book ( ,comm]cial ,geography by ,g4,g4 ,*i%olm 7,longmans74 ,! new] !ories ( *emi/ry & ! con/itution ( ! atom are expla9$ 9 ,! ,realities ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce by ,john ,mills 7,macmillan71 & ,! ,electron by ,r4,a4 ,millikan 7,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press71 b bo? require a k ( ma!matics4 ,! little book on ,matt] & ,en]gy by ,fr$]ick ,soddy 7,holt7 is bett] adapt$ to ! g5]al read]4 ,! mo/ rec5t text-book is ! ,introduction to ,g5]al ,*emi/ry by ,h4,n4 ,mc,coy & ,e4,m4 ,t]ry4 7,*icago1 #aiai47 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! read] :o may be int]e/$ 9 foll[+ up ?is subject w f9d ref]5ces to all ! lit]ature 9 ! summ>y by ,hel5 ,r4 ,hosm]1 ( ! ,rese>* ,laboratory ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,new ,york1 = ,april1 #aiag4 ,bu*]'s pap] may be f\nd 9 ! same j\rnal = ,m>*1 & ! issue = ,septemb] conta9s a full report ( ! action ( ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t & a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s processes4 ,s5d fifte5 c5ts to ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce 7or to ! ne>e/ cu/om h\se7 = ,bullet9 ,no4 #eb1 ,special ,ag5ts ,s]ies on ,utilization ( ,atmosph]ic ,nitrog5 by ,t4,h4 ,norton4 ,! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton has issu$ a pamphlet on ,s\rces ( ,nitrog5 ,comp\nds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! #aiac report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution !re are two f9e articles on ?is subject3 ,! ,manufacture ( ,nitrates f ! ,atmosph]e & ,! ,di/ribution ( ,mank9d1 :i* discusses ,sir ,william ,crookes' pr$iction ( ! exhau/ion ( :eat l&4 ,! ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,co41 ,new ,york1 publi%es a monograph on ,fixation ( ,atmosph]ic ,nitrog5 by ,j4 ,knox1 also ,,tnt & ,o!r ,nitrotolu5es by ,g4,c4 ,smi?4 ,! ,am]ican ,cyanamid ,company1 ,new ,york1 gives out "s attractive lit]ature on _! process4 ,am]ican ,munitions #aiag-aiah1 ! report ( ,b5$ict ,cr[ell1 ,director ( ,munitions1 to ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 gives a fully illu/rat$ acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( arms1 explosives & toxic gases4 ,our w> exp]i5ce 9 ! ,oxidation ( ,ammonia is told by ,c4,l4 ,p>sons 9 ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,june1 #aiai1 & v>i\s o!r articles on ! gov]nm5t munition "w appe>$ 9 ! same j\rnal 9 ! fir/ half ( #aiai4 ,! ,muscle ,%oals ,nitrate ,plant 9 ,*emical & ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+1 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture or y\r congressman w s5d y lit]ature on ! production & use ( f]tiliz]s4 ,f y\r /ate agricultural exp]im5t /ation y c procure in=mation z to local ne$s & products4 ,consult ! articles on pota% salts & phosphate rock 9 ! late/ volume ( ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,"p ,,ii ,non-,metals 7publi%$ free by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey74 ,also consult ! late/ ,ye>book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,= self-in/ruction1 problems & exp]im5ts get ,ext5sion ,c\rse 9 ,soils1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cee1 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agric4 ,a li/ ( all gov]nm5t publications on ,soil & ,f]tiliz]s is s5t free by ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry = ,july1 #aiag1 publi%es an article by ,w4,c4 ,ebaugh on ,pota% & a ,_w ,em]g5cy1 & v>i\s articles on ,am]ican s\rces ( pota% appe>$ 9 ! same ,j\rnal ,octob]1 #aiah1 & ,febru>y1 #aiah4 ,bullet9 #ajb1 ,"p #b1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum conta9s an int]pretation ( ! f]tiliz] situation 9 #aiag by ,j4,e4 ,poque4 ,on new pota% deposits 9 ,alsace & else:]e see ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,septemb] #ad1 #aiah4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,s5d t5 c5ts to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 ,wa%+ton1 = ,dye/uffs = ,am]ican ,textile & ,o!r ,indu/ries1 by ,?omas ,h4 ,norton1 ,special ,ag5ts' ,s]ies1 ,no4 #if4 ,a m te*nical bullet9 by ! same au?or is ,artificial ,dye/uffs ,us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,special ,ag5ts' ,s]ies1 ,no4 #aba1 ?irty c5ts4 ,dye/uff ,situation 9 ,u4,s41 ,special ,ag5ts' ,s]ies1 ,no4 #aaa1 five c5ts4 ,coal-,t> ,products1 by ,h4,g4 ,port]1 ,te*nical ,pap] #hi1 ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 five c5ts4 ,weal? 9 ,wa/e1 by ,waldem> ,kaempf]t1 ,mc,clure's1 ,april1 #aiag4 ,! ,evolution ( ,artificial ,dye/uffs1 by ,?omas ,h4 ,norton1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,july #ba1 #aiag4 ,g]many's ,comm]cial ,prep>$ness = ,peace1 by ,james ,arm/rong1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aiaf4 ,! ,conque/ ( ,comm]ce & ,am]ican ,made1 by ,edw9 ,e4 ,slosson 9 ,! ,indep5d5t ( ,septemb] #f & ,octob] #aa1 #aiae4 ,! ,h4 ,kopp]s ,company1 ,pittsburgh1 give out an illu/rat$ pamphlet on _! ,by-,product ,coke & ,gas ,ov5s4 ,! addresses deliv]$ dur+ ! w> on ,! ,anil9e ,color1 ,dye/uff & ,*emical ,conditions1 by ,i4,f4 ,/one1 presid5t ( ! ,national ,anil9e & ,*emical ,company1 h be5 collect$ 9 a volume by ! au?or4 ,= ,dye/uffs z ,m$ic9al ,ag5ts by ,g4 ,heyl1 see ,color ,trade ,j\rnal1 vol4 #d1 p4 #gc1 #aiai4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,syn!tic ,drugs by ,p]cy ,may1 & ,color 9 ,relation to ,*emical ,con/itution by ,e4,r4 ,watson are publi%$ 9 ,longmans' ,monographs on ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry4 ,enemy ,prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,a4 ,mit*ell ,palm] 9 ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,july #ai1 #aiai1 tells ( h[ ,g]many monopoliz$ *emical indu/ry4 ,! ,c>bonization ( ,coal by ,v4,b4 ,lewis 7,van ,no/r&1 #aiab74 ,rese>* 9 ! ,t> ,dye ,indu/ry by ,b4,c4 ,hesse 9 ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,septemb]1 #aiaf4 ,kekul tells h[ he discov]$ ! con/itution ( b5z5e 9 ! ,b]i*te d] ,deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,v4 ,,xxiii1 ,i1 p4 #acjf4 ,i h quot$ x ) "s o!r in/ances ( dream discov]ies 9 ,! ,indep5d5t ( ,jan4 #bf1 #aiah4 ,ev5 ?is innoc5t sci5tific vision has n escap$ ! f\l t\* ( ! ,freudians4 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,robitsek 9 ,symbolis*es ,d5k5 9 d] *emis*5 ,=s*ung1 ,imago1 ,v4 ,i1 p4 #hc1 has d$uc$ f x t ,kekul 0 morally guilty ( ! crime ( ,o,edipus z well z m9or misdemeanors4 ,,*apt] ,v ,read up on ! me?ods ( extract+ p]fumes f fl[]s 9 any encyclop$ia or 9 ,duncan's ,*emi/ry ( ,comm]ce or ,tild5's ,*emical ,discov]y 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury or ,rog]s' ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry4 ,! pamphlet conta9+ a synopsis ( ! lectures by ! late ,alois von ,isakovics on ,syn!tic ,p]fumes & ,flavors1 publi%$ by ! ,synfleur ,sci5tific ,laboratories1 ,monticello1 ,new ,york1 is imm5sely int]e/+4 ,van ,dyk ,co41 ,new ,york1 issue a pamphlet on ! composition ( oil ( rose4 ,gildemei/]'s ,! ,volatile ,oils is excell5t on ! hi/ory ( ! subject4 ,walt]'s ,manual = ! ,ess5ce ,indu/ry 7,wiley7 gives me?ods & recipes4 ,p>ry's ,*emi/ry ( ,ess5tial ,oils & ,artificial ,p]fumes1 #aiah edition4 ,*emi/ry & ,odorif]\s ,bodies ,s9ce #aiad by ,g4 ,satie 9 ,*emie et ,indu/rie1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bga1 #cic4 ,odor & ,*emical ,con/itution1 ,*emical ,ab/racts1 #aiag1 p4 #caga & ,j\rnal ( ,society = ,*emical ,indu/ry1 v4 #cf1 p4 #idb4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! bullet9 on ,by-,products ( ! ,lumb] ,indu/ry by ,h4,k4 ,b5son 7publi%$ by ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 ,wa%+ton1 #aj c5ts7 conta9s a description ( pap]-mak+ & wood di/illation4 ,!re is a good article on cellulose products by ,h4,s4 ,mork 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 & 9 ,pap]1 ,septemb] #bf1 #aiag4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory at ,madison1 ,wiscons91 publi%es te*nical pap]s on di/illation ( wood1 etc4 ,! ,=e/ ,s]vice ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is ! *ief s\rce ( in=mation on =e/ry4 ,! /&>d au?ority is ,cross & ,bevans' ,cellulose4 ,= ! acetates see ! eigh? volume ( ,word5's ,te*nology ( ! ,cellulose ,e/]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! spee*es made :5 ,hyatt 0 aw>d$ ! ,p]k9 m$al by ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society = ! discov]y ( celluloid may be f\nd 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry = #aiad1 p4 #bbe4 ,9 #aiaf ,baekel& receiv$ ! same m$al1 & ! proce$+s are report$ 9 ! same ,j\rnal1 v4 #ce1 p4 #bhe4 ,a compreh5sive te*nical pap] ) bibliography on ,syn!tic ,res9s by ,l4,v4 ,r$man appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,janu>y1 #aiad4 ,! controv]sy ov] pat5t rights may be foll[$ 9 ! same ,j\rnal1 v4 #h 7#aiae71 p4 #aaga1 & v4 #i 7#aiaf71 p4 #bjg4 ,! ,effects ( ,heat on ,celluloid h be5 exam9$ by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 ,wa%+ton 7,te*nological ,pap] ,no4 #ih71 ab/ract 9 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,june #bi1 #aiah4 ,= case9 see ,tague's article 9 ,rog]s' ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry 7,van ,no/r&74 ,see also ,word5's ,nitrocellulose ,indu/ry & ,te*nology ( ! ,cellulose ,e/]s 7,van ,no/r&72 ,hodgson's ,celluloid & ,cross & ,bevan's ,cellulose4 ,= ref]5ces to rec5t rese>* & new pat5t specifications on artificial pla/ics1 res9s1 rubb]1 lea!r1 wood1 etc41 see ! curr5t numb]s ( ,*emical ,ab/racts 7,ea/on1 ,pa47 & su* j\rnals z ! ,india ,rubb] ,j\rnal1 ,pap]1 ,textile ,_w1 ,lea!r ,_w & ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,lea!r ,*emical ,association4 ,! ,g5]al ,bakelite ,company1 ,new ,york1 ! ,r$manol ,products ,company1 ,*icago1 ! ,cond5site ,company1 ,bloomfield1 ,n4,j41 ! ,arl+ton ,company1 ,new ,york 7h&l+ pyral971 give out adv]tis+ lit]ature reg>d+ _! respective products4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,sir ,william ,tild5's ,*emical ,discov]y & ,inv5tion 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury 7,e4,p4 ,dutton ,co47 conta9s a readable *apt] on rubb] ) ref]5ces to 8 own discov]y4 ,! ,wond] ,book ( ,rubb]1 issu$ by ! ,b4,f4 ,goodri* ,rubb] ,company1 ,akron1 ,ohio1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( _! indu/ry4 ,iles3 ,lead+ ,am]ican ,inv5tors 7,h5ry ,holt ,co47 conta9s a life ( ,goodye>1 ! discov]] ( vulcanization4 ,potts3 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,rubb] ,indu/ry1 #aiab4 ,! ,rubb] ,indu/ry3 ,report ( ! ,int]national ,rubb] ,congress1 #aiad4 ,pond3 ,review ( ,pione] ,"w 9 ,rubb] ,syn!sis 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 #aiad4 ,bang3 ,syn!tic ,rubb] 9 ,metallurgical & ,*emical ,eng9e]+1 ,may #a1 #aiag4 ,ca/ellan3 ,l',indu/rie ca\t*\cire1 doctor's !sis1 ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 #aiae4 ,! ,india ,rubb] ,_w1 ,new ,york1 all numb]s1 especially ,:at ,i ,saw 9 ! ,philipp9es1 by ! ,editor1 #aiag4 ,pe>son3 ,production ( ,guayule ,rubb]1 ,comm]ce ,reports1 #aiah1 & ,india ,rubb] ,_w1 #aiai4 ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,*emi/ry ( ,rubb] by ,s4,c4 ,brad=d 9 ,sci5ce ,progress1 v4 ,,ii1 p4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,cane ,sug> ,indu/ry 7,bullet9 ,no4 #ec1 ,miscellane\s ,s]ies1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 #ej c5ts7 gives agricultural & manufactur+ co/s 9 ,hawaii1 ,porto ,rico1 ,l\isiana & ,cuba4 ,sug> & ,its ,value z ,food1 by ,m>y ,h9man ,abel4 7,f>m]'s ,bullet9 ,no4 #ece1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 free47 ,production ( ,sug> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,=eign ,c\ntries1 by ,p]ry ,elliott4 7,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aj c5ts47 ,conditions 9 ! ,sug> ,m>ket ,janu>y to ,octob]1 #aiag1 a pamphlet publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,sug> ,ref9+ ,company1 #aag ,wall ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 gives an admirable survey ( ! pres5t situation z se5 by ! ref9]s4 ,cuban ,cane ,sug>1 by ,rob]t ,wiles1 #aiaf 7,indianapolis3 ,bobbs-,m]rill ,co41 #ge c5ts71 an attractive little book 9 simple language4 ,! ,_w's ,cane ,sug> ,indu/ry1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 by ,h4,c4,p4 ,ge]+4 ,! ,/ory ( ,sug>1 by ,pr(4 ,g4,t4 ,surface ( ,yale 7,appleton1 #aiaj74 ,a v int]e/+ & reliable book4 ,! ,dige/ibility ( ,glucose is discuss$ 9 ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,augu/1 #aiag4 ,utilization ( ,beet ,molasses 9 ,metallurgical & ,*emical ,eng9e]+1 ,april #e1 #aiag4 ,,*apt] ,x ,maize1 by ,edw>d ,alb] 7,bullet9 ( ! ,pan-,am]ican ,union1 ,janu>y1 #aiae74 ,glucose1 by ,geo4 ,w4 ,rolfe 7,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,may #ae or ,novemb] #f1 #aiae1 & 9 ,bog]'s ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry74 ,on mak+ e?yl alcohol f wood1 see ,bullet9 ,no4 #aaj1 ,special ,ag5ts' ,s]ies1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce 7#aj c5ts71 & an article by ,f4,w4 ,kressmann 9 ,metallurgical & ,*emical ,eng9e]+1 ,july #ae1 #aiaf4 ,on ! manufacture & uses ( indu/rial alcohol ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has issu$ = free di/ribution ,f>m]'s ,bullet9 #bfi & #dbd1 & ,dep>tm5t ,bullet9 #ahb4 ,on ! ,utilization ( ,corn ,cobs1 see ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry1 ,nov41 #aiah4 ,= ,john ,w9?rop's exp]im5t1 see ! same ,j\rnal1 ,jan41 #aiai4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,presid5t ,s*]]'s ,cotton z a ,_w ,p[] 7,/okes1 #aiaf7 is a fasc9at+ volume t comb9es ! hi/ory1 sci5ce & politics ( ! plant & does n ignore ! poetry & leg5d4 ,9 ! ,ye>book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = #aiaf w be f\nd an int]e/+ article by ,h4,s4 ,bailey on ,"s ,am]ican ,vegetable ,oils 7sold sep>ate = five c5ts71 also ,! ,peanut3 ,a ,great ,am]ican ,food by same au?or 9 ! ,ye>book ( #aiag4 ,! ,soy ,bean ,indu/ry is discuss$ 9 ! same volume4 ,see also3 ,?ompson's ,cottonse$ ,products & ,_! ,competitors 9 ,nor!rn ,europe 7,"p ,i1 ,cake & ,meal2 ,"p ,,ii1 ,edible ,oils4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 #aj c5ts ea*74 ,production & ,cons]vation ( ,fats & ,oils 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,bullet9 ,no4 #gfi1 #aiai1 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture74 ,cottonse$ ,meal = ,fe$+ ,cattle 7,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,f>m]'s ,bullet9 #fee1 free74 ,cottonse$ ,indu/ry 9 ,=eign ,c\ntries1 by ,t4,h4 ,norton1 #aiae 7,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 #aj c5ts74 ,cottonse$ ,products 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,july #af1 #aiag1 & ,bask]ville's article 9 ! same j\rnal 7#aiae1 vol4 #g1 p4 #bgg74 ,dun/an's ,oil ,se$s & ,fe$+ ,cakes1 a volume on ,briti% problems s9ce ! w>4 ,ellis's ,! ,hydrog5ation ( ,oils 7,van ,no/r&1 #aiad74 ,copel&'s ,! ,coconut 7,macmillan74 ,b>rett's ,! ,philipp9e ,coconut ,indu/ry 7,bullet9 ,no4 #be1 ,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,agriculture74 ,coconuts1 ! ,consols ( ! ,ea/ by ,smi? & ,pope 7,london74 ,all ,ab\t ,coconuts by ,bel=t & ,hoy] 7,london74 ,num]\s articles on copra & o!r oils appe> 9 ,u4,s4 ,comm]ce ,reports & ,philipp9e ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ,_w ,wide ,se>* = ,oils 9 ,! ,am]icas 7,national ,city ,bank1 ,n4,y474 ,mod]n ,m>g>9e ,te*nology by ,w4 ,clayton 9 ,j\rnal ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,dec4 #e1 #aiag2 also see ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,sept4 #ba1 #aiah4 ,a c\rt decision on ! pat5t rights ( hydrog5ation is giv5 9 ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry = ,decemb]1 #aiag4 ,! /&>d "w on ! :ole subject is ,lewk[its*'s ,*emical ,te*nology ( ,oils1 ,fats & ,waxes 7#c vols41 ,macmillan1 #aiae74 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,a full acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,w>f>e ,s]vice has be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry 9 ! mon?ly issues f ,janu>y to ,augu/1 #aiai1 & an article on ! ,briti% s]vice 9 ! issue ( ,april1 #aiah4 ,see also ,cr[ell's ,report on ,am]ica's ,munitions1 publi%$ by ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,m>* #bi1 #aiai1 conta9s sev]al articles4 ,a4 ,russell ,bond's ,inv5tions ( ! ,great ,w> 7,c5tury7 conta9s *apt]s on poison gas & explosives4 ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,s4,j4,m4 ,auld1 ,*ief ,gas ,(fic] ( ,sir ,julian ,byng's army & a memb] ( ! ,briti% ,milit>y ,mission to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has publi%$ a volume on ,gas & ,flame 9 ,mod]n ,w>f>e 7,george ,h4 ,doran ,co474 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,see *apt] 9 ,cressy's ,discov]ies & ,inv5tions ( ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,oxy-,acetyl5e ,weld]s1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa1 ,f$]al ,bo>d ( ,vocational ,education1 ,wa%+ton1 ,june1 #aiah1 gives practical directions = weld+4 ,reactions1 a qu>t]ly publi%$ by ,golds*midt ,!rmit ,company1 ,n4,y41 reports late/ a*ievem5ts ( alum9o!rmics4 ,provo/ ,smi?'s ,*emi/ry 9 ,am]ica 7,appleton7 tells ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,rob]t ,h>e & o!r pione]s4 ,applications ( ,electrolysis 9 ,*emical ,indu/ry by ,a4,f4 ,hall 7,longmans74 ,= rec5t "w on artificial diamonds see ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,dec4 #h1 #aiag1 & ,augu/ #bd1 #aiah4 ,on acetyl5e see ,a ,/oreh\se ( ,sleep+ ,en]gy by ,j4,m4 ,morehead 9 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,janu>y #bg1 #aiag4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,spr+'s ,non-,te*nical ,talks on ,iron & ,/eel 7,/okes7 is a model ( popul> sci5ce writ+1 cle>1 compreh5sive & abundantly illu/rat$4 ,tild5's ,*emical ,discov]y 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury mu/ "h aga9 be ref]r$ to4 ,! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica is conv5i5t = ref]5ce on ! v>i\s metals m5tion$2 see ! article on ,light+ = ! ,welsba* burn]4 ,! annual ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,"p ,i1 conta9s articles on ! new] metals by ,frank ,w4 ,hess2 see ,tung/5 9 ! volume = #aiad1 also ,bullet9 ,no4 #feb1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 by same au?or4 ,foote-,notes1 ! h\se organ ( ! ,foote ,m9]al ,company1 ,philadelphia1 gives in=mation on ! r>e elem5ts4 ,int]e/+ adv]tis+ lit]ature may be obta9$ f ! ,titantium ,alloy ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4,y42 ,duriron ,ca/+s ,company1 ,dayton1 ,o42 ,buffalo ,f\ndry & ,ma*9e ,company1 ,buffalo1 ,n4,y41 manufactur]s ( ,bufloka/ acid-pro( app>atus1 & simil> conc]ns4 ,! foll[+ additional ref]5ces may be useful3 ,/ellite alloys 9 ,j\r4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 v4 #i1 p4 #igd2 ,rossi's "w on titantium 9 same j\rnal1 ,feb41 #aiah2 ,welsba* mantles 9 ,j\rnal ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 v4 #ad1 p4 #dja1 #ehe2 pure alloys 9 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,electro-,*emical ,society1 v4 #cb1 p4 #bfi2 molybd5um 9 ,eng9e]+1 #aiag1 or ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,oct4 #bj1 #aiag2 acid-resi/+ iron 9 ,sc4 ,am]4 ,sup41 ,may #ca1 #aiai2 f]ro-alloys 9 ,j\r4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 v4 #aj1 p4 #hca2 influ5ce ( vanadium1 etc41 on iron1 9 ,met4 ,*em4 ,eng41 v4 #ae1 p4 #ecj2 tung/5 9 ,eng9e]+1 v4 #ajd1 p4 #bad4 ,,index ,abrasives1 #bdi-bea ,acetanilid1 #hg ,acetone1 #abe1 #aed1 #bdc1 #bde ,acetyl5e1 #cj1 #aed1 #bdj-bdh1 #beg1 #cjg1 #cjh ,a*eson1 #bdi ,air1 liquefi$1 #cc ,alcohol1 e?yl1 #aja1 #ajb1 #abg1 #agd1 #aij-aid1 #bdb-bdd1 #cje me?yl1 #aja1 #ajb1 #abg1 #aia ,alum9um1 #ca1 #bdf-bdh1 #bee1 #bgb1 #bhd ,ammonia1 #bg1 #bi1 #ca1 #cc1 #ef1 #fd1 #bej ,am]ican dye indu/ry1 #hb ,anil9e dyes1 #fj-ib ,antiseptics1 #hf1 #hg ,argon1 #af ,art & nature1 #h1 #i1 #agj1 #agc ,artificial silk1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai ,aspir91 #hd ,atomic !ory1 #bic-bif1 #bii ,ayleswor?1 #adj ,baekel&1 #acg ,baey]1 ,adolf von1 #gg ,bakelite1 #ach1 #cjc ,balata1 #aei ,bauxite1 #ca ,beet sug>1 #afe1 #afi1 #cje ,b5z5e =mula1 #fg1 #cja1 #aja ,b]keley1 #fa ,b]!lot1 #g1 #id ,birkel&-,eyde process1 #bf 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