,!odicy ,essays on ! ,goodness ( ,god ! ,fre$om ( ,man & ! ,orig9 ( ,evil ,g4,w4 ,,leibniz ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,au/9 ,f>r]1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d ,translat$ by ,e4,m4 ,hugg>d f ,c4,j4 ,g]h>dt's ,edition ( ! ,collect$ ,philosophical ,works1 #ahge-ij ,op5 ,logo ,c\rt ,la ,salle1 ,ill9ois #facja 99 99 99 99 99 ,logo ,,op5 ,,c\rt & ! above logo are regi/]$ 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,tradem>k ,(fice4 ,publi%$ #aihe by ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company1 ,p]u1 ,ill9ois #faced4 ,?is edition fir/ publi%$ #aiea by ,r\tl$ge ,kegan ,paul ,limit$1 ,london4 ,second pr9t+ #aihh ,?ird pr9t+ #aiij ,f\r? pr9t+ #aiic ,fif? pr9t+ #aiif ,pr9t$ & b\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,libr>y ,,( ,,congress ,,catalog+-,,9-,,publication ,,data ,leibniz1 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm1 ,freih]r von1 #afdf-agaf4 ,!odicy3 essays on ! goodness ( ,god1 ! fre$om ( man1 & ! orig9 ( evil4 ,translation (3 ,essais de ,?odice4 ,includes index4 #a4 ,!odicy--,e>ly works to #ahjj4 ,i4 ,title4 ,b#beij4;,e#e #aihe #bca'4h #he-hhcc ,,isbn ,o-#hgedh-dcg-i #e 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,,editor',s ,,introduction page #g ,,preface #di ,,prelim9>y ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,con=mity ,,( ,,fai? ,,) #gc ,,reason ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! #abc1 #ahb1 #bgf ,,orig9 ,,( ,,evil1 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,p>ts ,,app5dices ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,controv]sy1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,=mal ,,argum5ts #cgg ,,excursus ,,on ,,!odicy1 #cib #chi ,,reflexions ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,t ,,mr4 ,,hobbes ,,publi%$ ,,9 #cic ,,engli% ,,on ',,fre$om1 ,,necessity ,,& ,,*ance' ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,book ,,conc]n+ ',,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,evil'1 #dje ,,publi%$ ,,rec5tly ,,9 ,,london ,,causa ,,dei ,,ass]ta #ddc ,,index #dde #g 99 99 99 99 99 ,,editor',s ,,introduction 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,leibniz 0 above all ?+s a metaphysician4 ,t does n mean t 8 head 0 9 ! cl\ds1 or t ! p>ticul> sci5ces lack$ int]e/ = him4 ,n at all--he felt a lively conc]n = !ological debate1 he 0 a ma!matician ( ! fir/ rank1 he made orig9al contributions to physics1 he gave a reali/ic att5tion to moral psy*ology4 ,b he 0 incapable ( look+ at ! objects ( any special enquiry )\t see+ !m z aspects or p>ts ( "o intelligible univ]se4 ,he /rove con/antly aft] sy/em1 & ! in/rum5t on :i* 8 ef=t reli$ 0 ! speculative reason4 ,he embodi$ 9 an extreme =m ! _s ( 8 age4 ,no?+ c\ld be less l ! _s ( ours4 ,to _m p n[ alive metaphysics means a body ( wild & mean+less ass]tions re/+ on spuri\s argum5t4 ,a pr(essor ( metaphysics may n[adays be held to deal h&somely ) ! duties ( 8 *air if he is prep>$ to h&le metaphysical /atem5ts at all1 ?\gh x be only = ! purpose ( gett+ rid ( !m1 by %[+ !m up z confus$ =ms ( some?+ else4 ,a *air 9 metaphysical philosophy becomes analog\s to a *air 9 tropical diseases3 :at is taught f x is n ! propagation b ! cure4 ,confid5ce 9 metaphysical con/ruction has ebb$ & fl[$ ?r\gh philosophical hi/ory2 p]iods ( speculation h be5 foll[$ by p]iods ( criticism4 ,! tide w fl[ aga91 b x has n turn$ yet1 & #h su* metaphysicians z survive sc>cely v5ture fur!r ?an to argue a case = ! possibility ( _! art4 ,x w\ld be an emb>rass+ task to op5 an approa* to ,leibnitian metaphysics f ! pres5t metaphysical position1 if !re is a pres5t position4 ,if we want an agre$ />t+-po9t1 x w h to be hi/orical4 ,! hi/orical importance ( ,leibniz's ideas is anyh[ unmi/akable4 ,if metaphysical ?9k+ is nons5sical1 its empire ov] ! human imag9ation mu/ /ill be confess$2 if x is z *im]ical a sci5ce z al*emy1 x is no less f]tile 9 by-products ( importance4 ,& if we are to consid] ,leibniz hi/orically1 we _c d bett] ?an take up 8 ,!odicy1 = two reasons4 ,x 0 ! only "o ( 8 ma9 philosophical works to be publi%$ 9 8 lifetime1 s t x 0 a pr9cipal means ( 8 direct influ5ce2 ! ,leibniz 8 own age knew 0 ! ,leibniz ( ! ,!odicy4 ,!n 9 ! second place1 ! ,!odicy itself is peculi>ly ri* 9 hi/orical mat]ial4 ,x reflects ! _w ( m5 & books :i* ,leibniz knew2 x expresses ! !ological sett+ ( metaphysical speculation :i* /ill pr$om9at$ 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,leibniz is rememb]$ = 8 philosophy2 he 0 n a pr(essional philosoph]4 ,he 0 (f]$ academic *airs1 b he decl9$ !m4 ,he 0 a g5tleman1 a p]son ( means1 libr>ian to a reign+ pr9ce1 & frequ5tly employ$ 9 /ate affairs ( tru/ & importance4 ,! libr>ian might at any mom5t become ! political secret>y1 & (f] 8 own contributions to policy4 ,leibniz 0 = ! great] "p ( 8 active life ! le>n$ & confid5tial s]vant ( ! ,h\se ( ,brunswick2 :5 ! ,duke _h no?+ bett] to d ) him1 he set him to rese>* into ducal hi/ory4 ,if ,leibniz _h a pr(ession 9 lit]ature1 x 0 hi/ory r ?an philosophy4 ,he 0 ev5 m closely b\nd to ! int]e/s ( 8 pr9ce ?an ,john ,locke 0 to ^? ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,! ,h\ses ( ,orange & ( ,brunswick 7 on ! same side 9 ! pr9cipal conte/ :i* divid$ ,europe1 ! battle betwe5 ,l\is ,,xiv & 8 enemies4 ,x 0 a turn+-po9t ( ! /ruggle :5 ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange supplant$ ,l\is's ,/u>t fri5ds on ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,x 0 a cont9uation ( ! same movem5t1 :5 ,leibniz's ma/]1 ,george ,i1 succe$$ to ! same ?rone1 & fru/rat$ ! re/oration ( ! ,/u>t heir4 ,locke return$ to ,engl& 9 ! wake ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 & became ! #i repres5tative ?9k] ( ! rgime4 ,leibniz wi%$ to come to ! ,engli% c\rt ( ,george ,i1 b 0 unk9dly ord]$ to att5d to ! duties ( 8 libr>ian%ip4 ,s he rema9$ 9 ,hanov]4 ,he 0 !n an old man1 & be=e ! tide ( fav\r _h turn$1 he di$4 ,po/]ity has reckon$ ,locke & ,leibniz ! heads ( rival sects1 b politically !y 7 on ! same side4 ,z aga9/ ,l\is's political absolutism & en=c$ religi\s uni=mity1 bo? *ampion$ religi\s tol]ation & ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 ,_! !ological lib]alism 0 political prud5ce2 x 0 n necess>ily = t reason ! less p]sonally s9c]e4 ,!y _h too mu* wisdom to meet bigotry ) bigotry1 or set ,prote/ant intol]ance aga9/ ,ca?olic absolutism4 ,b !y _h too mu* sympa?y ) ! _s ( ,europe to react into free ?9k+ or to make a frontal attack on reveal$ tru?4 ,!y took _! /& on a fundam5tal ,*ri/ian !ism1 ! common religion ( all good m52 !y repudiat$ ! negative enormities ( ,hobbes & ,sp9oza4 ,! ,*ri/ian 0 to hold a position cov]$ by ?ree l9es ( def5ces4 ,! base l9e 0 to be ! sub/ance ( ,*ri/ian !ism & ( ,*ri/ian morals1 & x 0 to be held by ! =ces ( %e] reason1 )\t aid f scriptural revelation4 ,! middle l9e 0 laid d[n by ! g5]al s5se ( ,scripture1 & ! def5ce ( x 0 ?is4 ',scriptural doctr9e is reconcilable ) ! f9d+s ( %e] reason1 b x goes beyond !m4 ,we believe ! ,scriptures1 because !y are au!nticat$ by m>ks ( sup]natural int]v5tion 9 ! circum/ances ( _! orig94 ,we believe !m1 b reason controls our int]pretation ( !m4' ,!re rema9$ ! mo/ =w>d & ! mo/ haz>d\s l9e3 ! special positions :i* a ,*ur*1 a sect1 or an individual might f\nd ^u ! scriptural revelation4 ,a prud5t man w\ld n hold 8 advance positions 9 ! same =ce or def5d !m ) ! same ob/9acy z ei!r ( ! l9es beh9d !m4 ,he c\ld argue = !m1 b he c\ld n require ass5t to !m4 ,"o _c help feel+1 inde$1 ! read9ess ( ^! writ]s to fall back1 n only f ! front l9e to ! middle l9e1 b f ! middle l9e itself to ! base l9e4 ,leibniz1 = example1 writes ) p]fect s]i\sness & dec5cy ab\t ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( r$emption1 b x h>dly looks l be+ = him a crucial deliv]ance f p]dition4 ,x is n ! int]v5tion ( ,m]cy1 by :i* alone ,he possesses himself ( #aj u3 x is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* supreme ,b5evol5ce c>ries out a cosmic policy2 & ,god's b5evol5ce is kn[n by pure reason1 & ap>t f ,*ri/ian revelation4 ,9 "o politically important p>ticul> ! !ological attitude ( ,leibniz diff]$ f t ( ,locke4 ,bo? /ood = tol]ation & = ! m9imiz+ ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sects4 ,?is 0 a s]i\s en\gh matt] 9 ,engl&1 b x 0 an ev5 m s]i\s matt] 9 ,g]many4 ,= ,g]many 0 divid$ betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants2 effective tol]ation mu/ embrace !m bo?4 ,engli% tol]ation might indulge a h>mless ,ca?olic m9ority1 :ile reject+ ! ,ca?olic rgime z ! embodim5t ( intol]ance4 ,b ?is 0 n practical politics on ! ,cont95t2 y mu/ tol]ate ,ca?olicism on an equal foot+1 & come to t]ms ) ,ca?olic rgimes4 ,leibniz 0 n go+ to damn ! ,pope ) true ,prote/ant f]v\r4 ,x 0 8 consi/5t aim to %[ t 8 !ological pr9ciples 7 z s]viceable to ,ca?olic ?9k]s z to ! doctors ( 8 own *ur*4 ,on "s po9ts1 inde$1 he f\nd 8 mo/ solid support f ,ca?olics2 9 o!r places !re are h9ts ( a jo9t ,ca?olic-,lu!ran front aga9/ ,calv9ism4 ,b on ! :ole ,leibniz's writ+s sugge/ t ! important decisions cut across all ! ,*ur*es1 & n betwe5 !m4 ,leibniz 0 impell$ to a compromise ) 'pop]y'1 n only by ! religi\s divisions ( ,g]many1 b 7at "o /age7 by ! political weakness ( ! ,g]man ,prote/ant ,/ates4 ,at ! po9t ( ,l\is ,,xiv's highe/ success1 ! ,prote/ant pr9ces _h no hope b 9 ,ca?olic ,au/ria1 & ,au/ria 0 di/ract$ by ,turki% pressure 9 ! re>4 ,leibniz hop$ to relieve ! situation by prea*+ a crusade4 ,c\ld n ! ,*ri/ian pr9ces s9k _! diff]5ces & unite aga9/ ! infidel8 ,& c\ld n ! ,*ri/ian alliance be cem5t$ by !ological agreem5t8 ,h5ce ,leibniz's fam\s negotiation ) ,bossuet = a basis ( ,ca?olic-,lu!ran concord4 ,x 0 pla9ly de/9$ to fail2 & x 0 b\nd to recoil ^u its au?or4 ,h[ c\ld he be a true ,prote/ant :o treat$ ! diff]5ces ) ! ,ca?olics z non-ess5tials8 ,h[ c\ld he h t\*$ pit* & tak5 no defilem5t8 ,leibniz 0 g5]ally admir$1 b he 0 n widely tru/$4 ,z a m]e politician1 he may be judg$ to h ov]-rea*$ himself4 ,x has be5 ! object ( ! prec$+ p>agraphs to %[ t ,leibniz#aa ! politician & ,leibniz ! !ologian 7 "o & ! same p]son2 n at all to sugge/ t 8 rational !ology 0 j political exp$i5cy4 ,we may apply to him a p>ody ( 8 own doctr9e1 ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 nature & grace4 ,ev]y?+ happ5s z ?\gh ,leibniz 7 a lib]al politician1 & 8 !ology express$ 8 politics4 ,yes1 b equally1 ev]y?+ happ5s z ?\gh ,leibniz 7 a philosophical !ologian1 & 8 politics express$ 8 !ology4 ,8 appreciation ( ,ca?olic speculation 0 natural & s9c]e2 8 dogmatic ance/ry is to be look$ = 9 ,?omism & ,ca?olic humanism z mu* z any:]e4 ,above all1 he _h himself a lib]al & g5]\s m9d4 ,x gave him pleasure to appreciate good :]ev] he c\ld see x1 & to discov] a s\l ( tru? 9 e op9ion4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ,leibniz became aw>e ( himself z an indep5d5t ?9k]1 he 0 ! man ( a doctr9e4 ,sometimes he call$ x 'my pr9ciples'1 sometimes '! new sy/em'1 sometimes 'pre-e/abli%$ h>mony'4 ,x c\ld be q briefly express$2 he 0 always ready to oblige 8 fri5ds ) a summ>y /atem5t1 ei!r 9 a lett] or an enclos$ memor&um1 & sev]al su* h come d[n to u4 ,! doctr9e may h be5 9 ,leibniz's view simple1 b x 0 applicable to e dep>tm5t ( human speculation or enquiry4 ,x provid$ a new alphabet ( philosophical ideas1 & ev]y?+ 9 heav5 & e>? c\ld be express$ 9 x2 n only c\ld be1 b ought to be1 & ,leibniz %[$ tireless en]gy 9 work+ out re/atem5ts ( /&+ problems4 ,z a man ) an idea1 ) a philosophical no/rum1 ,leibniz may be comp>$ to ,bi%op ,b]keley4 ,!re 0 nev] any m d\bt t ,leibniz 0 a ,leibnitian ?an t ,b]keley 0 a ,b]keleian4 ,b !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! two m5 9 ! wid? ( _! range4 ,ab\t _m ?+s ,b]keley nev] took ! tr\ble to ,b]keleianize4 ,to take ! mo/ surpris+ in/ance ( 8 neglect--he assur$ ! _w t 8 :ole doctr9e po9t$ to1 & hung ^u1 !ology4 ,b :at sort ( a !ology8 ,he sc>cely took ! fir/ /eps 9 ! =mulation ( x4 ,he pref]r$ to keep on def5d+ & expla9+ 8 esse e/ p]cipi4 ,) ,leibniz x is :olly diff]5t2 he c>ries 8 new tor* into e corn]1 to illum9ate ! d>k que/ions4 ,! wide applicability ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony might come home to its inv5tor z a ri* surprise4 ,! reflective hi/orian w f9d x less#ab surpris+1 = he w suspect t ! applications 7 9 view f ! />t4 ,:at 0 ,leibniz ?9k+ ( :5 ! new pr9ciple fla%$ ^u him8 ,:at 0 he n ?9k+ (8 ,he _h a _m-sid$ m9d4 ,if ! orig9s ( ! pr9ciple 7 complex1 little wond] t its applications 7 manifold4 ,e expositor ( ,leibniz :o does n wi% to be endlessly t$i\s mu/ conc5trate att5tion on "o aspect ( ,leibniz's pr9ciple1 & "o s\rce ( its orig94 ,we w "h give an acc\nt ( ! matt] :i*1 we tru/1 w g mo/ directly to ! he>t ( x1 b we w make no claims to suffici5t int]pretation ( ,leibniz's ?\ght-processes4 ,leibniz1 !n1 l all ! philosoph]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 re=m+ s*ola/icism 9 ! light ( a new physical sci5ce4 ,! sci5ce 0 ma!matical 9 its =m1 me*ani/ical 9 its doctr9e1 & unansw]able 9 its evid5ce--x got results4 ,b x 0 metaphysically intractable1 & ! doctr9es ( inf9ite & f9ite sub/ance :i* x g5]at$ furni% a gall]y ( metaphysical grotesques2 unless we are to except ,leibniz2 8 sy/em is1 if no?+ else1 a miracle ( +5uity1 & !re are mom5ts :5 we are 9 dang] ( believ+ x4 ,x is a natural mi/ake = ! /ud5t ( sev5te5?-c5tury ?\ght to und]e/imate ! t5acity ( s*ola/ic ,ari/otelianism4 ,desc>tes1 we all "k1 0 re>$ 9 x1 b !n ,desc>tes ov]?rew x2 & he _h done 8 "w & di$ by ! "t t ,leibniz 0 ( an age to philosophize at all4 ,we expect to see ,leibniz />t+ on 8 %\ld]s & climb+ on f !re4 ,we are disappo9t$4 ,leibniz himself tells u t he 0 rais$ 9 ! s*ola/ic tea*+4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ,desc>tes's op9ions 0 second-h&1 & !y 7 retail$ to him only t !y might be d]id$4 ,he agre$1 l an amiable y\?1 ) 8 preceptors4 ,! next phase ( 8 developm5t gave him a direct k ( ,c>tesian writ+s1 & ( o!r mod]n books beside1 su* z ^? ( ! atomi/ ,gass5di4 ,he 0 delight$ ) :at he read1 because ( its f]tility 9 ! field ( physics & ma!matics2 & = a %ort "t he 0 an en?usia/ic mod]n4 ,b pres5tly he became dissatisfi$4 ,! new sy/ems did n g f> en\gh1 !y 7 /ill sci5tifically inadequate4 ,at ! same "t !y w5t too f>1 & c>ri$ metaphysical p>adox beyond ! limits ( human cr$ulity4 #ac ,!re is no my/]y ab\t ,leibniz's sci5tific objections to ! new philosoph]s4 ,if he condemn$ !m "h1 x 0 on ! basis ( sci5tific ?\ght & obs]vation4 ,desc>tes's =mulation ( ! laws ( motion c\ld1 = example1 be refut$ by physical exp]im5t2 & if 8 g5]al view ( physical nature 0 b\nd up ) x1 !n s mu* ! worse = ! ,c>tesian philosophy4 ,b :5ce came ,leibniz's m /rictly metaphysical objections8 ,:]e _h he le>n$ t /&>d ( metaphysical adequacy :i* %[$ up ! inadequacy ( ! new metaphysicians8 ,8 own disciples might be satisfi$ to reply1 t he le>nt x f ,reason h]self2 b ! answ] w n pass ) u4 ,leibniz reason$1 inde$1 b he did n reason f n[h]e1 nor w\ld he h got any:]e if he _h4 ,8 conception ( metaphysical reason 0 :at 8 e>ly s*ola/ic tra9+ _h made x4 ,!re are c]ta9 absurd op9ions :i* we are sure we h be5 taught1 al?\gh1 :5 put to x1 we f9d x h>d to "n ! tea*]4 ,among !m is some?+ ( ?is sort4 ',leibniz 0 a s*ol>ly & sympa!tic ?9k]4 ,he _h m s5se ( hi/ory ?an 8 contempor>ies1 & he 0 in/9ctively eclectic4 ,he believ$ he c\ld le>n some?+ f ea* ( 8 great pr$ecessors4 ,we see him rea*+ back to cull a notion f ,plato or f ,ari/otle2 he ev5 f\nd some?+ ( use 9 ! s*ola/ics4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he pick$ out ! ,ari/otelian entele*y to /op a gap 9 ! philosophy ( 8 own age4' ,:at ?is =m ( /atem5t ignores is t ,leibniz 0 a s*ola/ic3 a s*ola/ic endeav\r+1 l ,desc>tes be=e him1 to revolutionize s*ola/icism4 ,! ^w 'entele*y' 01 inde$1 a piece ( antiquity :i* ,leibniz reviv$1 b ! ?+ = :i* x /ood 0 ! mo/ famili> ( curr5t s*ola/ic conceptions4 ',entele*y' means active pr9ciple ( :ol5ess or completion 9 an individual ?+4 ,s*ola/icism 0 cont5t to talk ab\t x "u ! "n ( 'sub/antial =m' or '=mal cause'4 ,b ! s*ola/ic int]pretation ( ! idea 0 hopelessly discr$it$ by ! new sci5ce1 & ! s*ola/ic t]ms %>$ ! discr$it ( s*ola/ic doctr9e4 ,leibniz want$ a t]m ) a m g5]al s\nd4 ',!re is an ,x'1 he want$ to say1 ':i* s*ola/icism has def9$ z sub/antial =m1 b ,i am go+ to give a new def9ition ( x4' ,entele*y 0 a useful "n = ,x1 ! m s z x _h ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 ! ma/] ( s*ola/icism4 ,"u ! "n ( entele*y ,leibniz 0 uphold+ ! s\l ( #ad s*ola/ic doctr9e1 :ile retr5*+ ! limbs & outw>d fl\ri%es4 ,! doctr9e ( sub/antial =m :i* he le>nt 9 8 y\? _h _h some?+ 9 x2 he c\ld n settle d[n 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,desc>tes or ( ,gass5di1 because bo? ignor$ ?is vital some?+4 ,s9ce ! requirem5ts ( a new sci5ce w\ld n all[ a return to %e] s*ola/icism1 x 0 necess>y to f9d a fre% philosophy1 9 :i* entele*y & me*anism might be accommodat$ side by side4 ,if "o _h ask$ any 'mod]n' ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to "n ! 'anci5t' doctr9e he mo/ abom9at$1 he w\ld mo/ likely h repli$1 ',sub/antial =m'4 ,let u recall :at 0 reject$ "u ?is "n1 & :y4 ,! m$ieval acc\nt ( physical nature _h be5 dom9at$ by :at we may call common-s5se biology4 ,biology1 inde$1 is ! sci5ce ( ! liv+1 & ! m$ievals 7 no m incl9$ ?an we are to end[ all physical bodies ) life4 ,:at !y did d 0 to take liv+ bodies z typical1 & to treat o!r bodies z imp]fectly analog\s to !m4 ,su* an approa* 0 a priori reasonable en\gh4 ,= we may be expect$ to "k be/ ! physical be+ close/ to our own2 & we1 at any rate1 are alive4 ,:y n argue f ! bett] kn[n to ! less kn[n1 f ! ne>] to ! m remote1 int]pret+ o!r ?+s by ! =mula ( our own be+1 & all[+ :atev] disc\nt is necess>y = _! degree ( unlik5ess to u8 ,common-s5se biology reasons z foll[s4 ,9 a liv+ body !re is a c]ta9 patt]n ( organiz$ p>ts1 a c]ta9 rhy?m ( successive motions1 & a c]ta9 range ( *>act]i/ic activities4 ,! patt]n1 ! %e] anatomy1 is basic2 b x _c long cont9ue to exi/ 7outside a refrig]ator7 )\t accompany+ vital rhy?ms 9 he>t1 respiration & dige/ion4 ,nor d ^! p]=m _! p>ts )\t ! int]mitt5t support ( v>iable b /ill *>act]i/ic activities3 dogs n only brea! & dige/1 !y run ab\t1 hunt _! food1 look = mates1 b>k at cats1 & s on4 ,! anatomical patt]n1 ! vital rhy?m1 & ! *>act]i/ic acts toge!r express dogg9ess2 !y reveal ! specific =m ( ! dog4 ,!y reveal x2 exactly :at ! specific =m consi/$ 9 0 ! subject ( mu* m$ieval speculation4 ,x ne$ n conc]n u "h4 ,tak+ ! =m ( ! species = grant$1 common-s5se biology proce$s to ask h[ x comes to be 9 a giv5 in/ance1 say 9 ! dog ,toby4 #ae ,be=e ?is dog 0 born or ?\ght (1 8 =m or species 0 display$ 9 ea* ( 8 p>5ts4 ,& n[ x looks z ?\gh ! =m ( dog _h deta*$ itself f !m ?r\gh ! g5]ative act1 & set up anew on its own acc\nt4 ,h[ does x d t8 ,by gett+ hold ( "s mat]ials 9 :i* to express itself4 ,at fir/ x takes !m f ! body ( ! "m1 aft]w>ds x collects !m f a wid] environm5t1 & :at ! dog eats becomes ! dog4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! relation ( ! assimilat$ mat]ials to ! dog-=m :i* assimilates !m8 ,be=e assimilation1 !y h _! own =m4 ,be=e ! dog eats ! leg ( mutton1 x has ! =m giv5 to x by its place 9 ! body ( a %eep4 ,:at happ5s to ! mutton8 ,is x )\t rema9d] transub/antiat$ f %eep into dog8 ,x loses all its di/9ctively %eep-l *>act]i/icsm b !re may be "s m basically mat]ial *>act]i/ics :i* x pres]ves4 ,!y und]lay ! /ructure ( ! mutton1 & !y cont9ue to und]lie ! /ructure ( ! dog's fle% :i* supplants x4 ,:atev] ^! *>act]i/ics may be1 let u call !m common mat]ial *>act]i/ics1 & let u say t !y belong to or compose a common mat]ial nature4 ,! common mat]ial nature has its own way ( exi/+1 & p]haps its own pr9ciples ( physical action4 ,we may suppose t we "k mu* or t we "k little ab\t x4 ,?is "o ?+ at lea/ we "k1 t x is capable ( becom+ alt]natively ei!r mutton or dog's fle%4 ,x is n ess5tial to x to be mutton1 or mutton x w\ld always be2 nor dog's fle%1 or x w\ld always be dog's fle%4 ,x is capable ( becom+ ei!r1 accord+ z x is captur$ by "o or o!r sy/em ( =mal organization4 ,s ! vot]s :o are to g to ! polls are1 by _! common nature1 ,engli%m52 !y are ess5tially nei!r ,sociali/ curs nor ,cons]vative %eep1 b intr9sically capable ( becom+ ei!r1 if !y become captur$ by ei!r sy/em ( p>ty organization4 ,accord+ to ?is way ( ?9k+1 !re is a c]ta9 loos5ess ab\t ! relation ( ! common mat]ial nature to ! high] =ms ( organization capable ( captur+ x4 ,consid]$ 9 itself alone1 x is p]haps to be se5 z gov]n$ by absolutely det]m9$ laws ( its own4 ,x is heavy1 !n x w fall unless ob/ruct$2 x is solid1 !n x w resi/ intrusions4 ,b consid]$ z mat]ial = organization by high] =ms1 x is indet]m9ate4 ,x acts 9 "o sort ( way "u ! p]suasion ( ! %eep-=m1 & 9 ano!r sort ( way "u ! p]suasion ( ! #af dog-=m1 & we _c tell h[ x w act until we "k :i* =m is go+ to capture x4 ,no am\nt ( /udy be/[$ on ! common mat]ial nature w enable u to judge h[ x w behave "u ! p]suasion ( ! high] organiz+ =m4 ,! only way to discov] t is to exam9e ! high] =m itself4 ,e =m1 !n1 w really be ! object ( a di/9ct sci5ce4 ,! =m ( ! %eep & ! =m ( ! dog h mu* 9 common1 b t m]ely happ5s to be s2 we _c dep5d ^u x1 or risk inf]5ces f %eep to dog3 we mu/ exam9e ea* 9 itself2 we %all really ne$ a sci5ce ( probatology ab\t %eep1 & cynology ab\t dogs4 ,aga91 ! common mat]ial nature has its own pr9ciples ( be+ & action1 s x w ne$ a sci5ce ( itself1 :i* we may call hylology4 ,ea* ( ^! sci5ces is mi/ress 9 h] own prov9ce2 b h[ _m !re are1 & h[ puzzl+ly !y ov]lap6 ,s long z we rema9 )9 ! prov9ce ( a s+le sci5ce1 we may be able to ?9k rigor\sly1 ev]y?+ w be 'tight'4 ,b z soon z we consid] bord]-issues betwe5 "o prov9ce & ano!r1 f>ewell to exactitude3 ev]y?+ w be 'loose'4 ,we c ?9k out hylology till we are blue 9 ! face1 b we %all nev] discov] any?+ ab\t ! entry ( mat]ial elem5ts into high] organizations1 or h[ !y behave :5 !y get !re4 ,we may =m p]fect def9itions & descriptions ( ! =m ( ! dog z su*1 & /ill d]ive no rules = tell+ :at elem5ts ( matt] w ent] into ! body ( a giv5 dog or h[ !y w be plac$ :5 !y d4 ,all we c be sure ( is1 t ! dog-=m w keep itself go+ 91 & by means (1 ! mat]ial x embodies--unless ! dog dies4 ,b :at happ5s to ! matt] 9 ! body ( ! dog is 'accid5tal' to ! nature ( ! matt]2 & ! use ( ?is matt]1 r ?an ( "s o!r equally suitable1 is accid5tal to ! nature ( ! dog4 ,no acc\nt ( mat]ial ev5ts c disp5se ) accid5tal relations altoge!r4 ,we mu/ at lea/ recognize t !re are accid5tal relations betwe5 p>ticul> ?+s4 ,accid5t 9 ! s5se ( brute fact _h to be ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ! tidie/ & mo/ dogmatic atomism ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,t atomism mu/ all[ x to be accid5tal1 9 ?is s5se1 t ! space surr\nd+ any giv5 atom 0 occupi$ by o!r atoms 9 a giv5 mann]4 ,x belong$ nei!r to ! nature ( space to be occupi$ by j ^? atoms 9 j ^? places1 nor to ! nature ( ! atoms to be #ag di/ribut$ j l t ov] space2 & s 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! environm5t ( any atom 0 an accid5tal environm5t4 ,t is1 ! p>ticul> arrangem5t ( ! environm5t 0 accid5tal4 ,! nature ( ! environm5t 0 n accid5tal at all4 ,x 0 prop] to ! nature ( ! atom to be 9 int]action ) o!r atoms ov] a spatial field1 & x nev] enc\nt]$ 9 ! fell[-d5iz5s ( space any o!r nature b its own4 ,x 0 n subject to ! accid5t ( meet+ /range natures1 nor ( becom+ sudd5ly subject to /range or unequal laws ( int]action4 ,all int]actions1 be+ ) its own k9d1 7 reciprocal & ob$i5t to a s+le set ( calculable laws4 ,b ! m$ieval philosophy _h ass]t$ accid5tal relations betwe5 di/9ct sorts ( natures1 ! =m ( liv+ dog & ! =m ( dead matt]1 = example4 ,no "o c\ld "k a priori :at effect an accid5tal relation w\ld produce1 & all accid5tal relations betwe5 diff]5t pairs ( natures 7 diff]5t3 at ! mo/ !re 0 analogy betwe5 !m4 ,e diff]5t nature _h to be sep>ately obs]v$1 & :5 y _h obs]v$ !m all1 y c\ld /ill simply write an inv5tory ( !m1 y c\ld n hope to rationalize y\r body ( k4 ,let u n>r[ ! field & consid] :at ?is doctr9e all[s u to "k ab\t ! wood ( a c]ta9 k9d ( tree4 ,we %all beg9 by obs]v+ ! impressions x makes on our sev]al s5ses1 & we %all attribute to x a sub/antial =m su* z naturally to give rise to ^! impressions1 )\t1 p]haps1 be+ s ra% z to claim a k ( :at ?is sub/antial =m is4 ,/ill we d n "k :at its capacities ( physical action & passion may be4 ,we %all f9d !m out by obs]v+ x 9 relation to diff]5t 'natures'4 ,x turns out to be combu/ible by fire1 resi/ant to wat]1 tractable to ! c>p5t]'s tools1 intractable to 8 dige/ive organs1 h>mless to o/ri*es1 n\ri%+ to wood-beetles4 ,ea* ( ^! capacities ( ! wood is di/9ct2 we _c relate !m intelligibly to "o ano!r1 nor d$uce !m f ! assum$ fundam5tal 'wood9ess'4 ,we c n[ see :y 'sub/antial =ms' 7 ! btes noires ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury philosoph]s4 ,x 0 because !y turn$ nature into an unmanageable jungle1 9 :i* trees1 bu%es1 & p>asites ( a ?\s& k9ds wildly int]lac$4 ,!re 0 no?+ = x1 if sci5ce 0 to proce$1 b to cle> ! gr\nd & replant ) spruce 9 r[s3 to po/ulate a s+le uni=m nature1 ( :i* !re %\ld be a s+le sci5ce4 ,n[ nei!r probatology nor cynology c\ld hope to be #ah univ]sal--! _w is n all %eep nor all dog3 x w\ld h to be hylology2 = ! _w is1 9 its spatial aspect1 all mat]ial4 ,let u say1 !n1 t !re is "o uni=m mat]ial nature ( ?+s1 & t ev]y?+ else consi/s 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! basic mat]ial nature2 z ! %[ ( t[]s & m\nta9s 9 ! sunset results simply f an arrangem5t ( vap\rs4 ,& let u suppose t ! int]actions ( ! p>ts ( matt] are all l ^? :i* we c obs]ve 9 dead manipulable bodies--9 me*anism1 9 fact4 ,su* 0 ! po/ulate ( ! new philosoph]s1 & x yield$ !m results4 ,x yield$ !m results1 & t 0 highly gratify+4 ,b :at1 mean:ile1 _h happ5$ to ^? palpable facts ( common exp]i5ce f :i* ! :ole philosophy ( sub/antial =ms _h tak5 its rise8 ,is ! :ol5ess ( a liv+ ?+ ! m]e resultant ( ! ord]ly op]ations ( its p>ts8 ,is a bee no m ess5tially "o ?an a sw>m is8 ,is ! life ( a liv+ animal indi/+ui%able f ! rhy?m ( a go+ wat*1 except 9 degree ( complication & subtlety ( contrivance8 ,& if an animal's body1 say my own1 is simply an agglom]ate ( m9ute int]act+ mat]ial units1 & its :ol5ess is m]ely accid5tal & app>5t1 h[ is my consci\s m9d to be adju/$ to x8 ,= my consci\sness appe>s to id5tify itself ) t :ole vital patt]n :i* us$ to be call$ ! sub/antial =m4 ,we are n[ told t ! patt]n is no?+ real or active1 b ! m]e accid5tal resultant ( di/9ct int]act+ =ces3 x does no "w1 x ex]cises no influ5ce or control1 x is no?+4 ,h[ !n c x be ! vehicle & in/rum5t ( my consci\s s\l8 ,x _c4 ,!n is my s\l homeless8 ,or is x to be id5tifi$ ) ! activity & =tunes ( a s+le atomic con/itu5t ( my body1 a s+le cog 9 ! animal clockwork8 ,if s1 h[ irrational6 ,= ! s\l does n exp]i5ce itself z ! s\l ( "o m9ute "p1 b z ! s\l ( ! body4 ,su* que/ions rose ?ick & fa/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury philosoph]s4 ,x w cause u no great surprise t ,leibniz %\ld h quickly felt t ! ,=mal ,pr9ciple ( ,ari/otle & ( ! ,s*ola/ic philosophy mu/ be by hook or by crook re9troduc$--n z ! dete/$ sub/antial =m1 b "u a "n by :i* x might hope to smell m sweet1 entele*y4 ,no?+ s tell+ly reveal$ ! difficulties ( ! new philosophy 9#ai deal+ ) liv+ bodies z ! insuffici5cy ( ! solutions ,desc>tes _h propos$4 ,he _h boldly decl>$ ! unity ( animal life to be purely me*anical1 & d5i$ t brutes _h s\ls at all1 or any s5sation4 ,he _h to admit s\l 9 man1 b he /ill d5i$ ! sub/antial unity ( ! human body4 ,x 0 put toge!r l a wat*1 x 0 _m ?+s1 n "o3 if ,desc>tes _h liv$ 9 our "t1 he w\ld h be5 delight$ to comp>e x ) a telephone sy/em1 ! n]ves tak+ ! place ( ! wires1 & be+ s arrang$ t all curr5ts ( 'animal _s' fl[+ 9 !m conv]g$ ^u a s+le unit1 a gl& at ! base ( ! bra94 ,9 ?is unit1 or 9 ! conv]g5ce ( all ! motions ^u x1 ! 'unity' ( ! body virtually consi/$2 & ! s\l 0 inc>nate1 n 9 ! plurality ( memb]s 7= h[ c\ld x1 be+ "o1 indwell _m ?+s871 b 9 ! s+le gl&4 ,ev5 s1 ! relation betwe5 ! s\l & ! gl& 0 absolutely un9telligible1 z ,desc>tes dis>m+ly confess$4 ,inc>nation 0 all v well 9 ! old philosophy3 ^? :o _h all[$ ! int]action ( disp>ate natures ?r\gh\t ! physical _w ne$ f9d no p>ticul> difficulty ab\t ! special case ( x provid$ by inc>nation4 ,:y %\ld n a =m ( consci\s life s int]act ) :at w\ld o!rwise be dead matt] z to 'indwell' x8 ,b ! v pr9ciple ( ! new philosophy disall[$ ! int]action ( disp>ate natures1 because su* an int]action did n all[ ( exact =mulation1 x 0 a 'loose' & n a 'tight' relation4 ,f a purely practical po9t ( view ! mu* d]id$ p9eal gl& !ory w\ld s]ve4 ,if we c\ld be cont5t to view ,desc>tes z a man :o want$ to make ! _w safe = physical sci5ce1 !n !re w\ld be a good deal to be said = 8 doctr9e4 ,9 ! old philosophy exact sci5ce _h be5 fru/rat$ by ! hypo!sis ( loose relations all ov] ! field ( nature4 ,desc>tes _h cle>$ !m f z mu* ( ! field z sci5ce 0 !n 9 a position to inve/igate2 he all[$ only "o su* relation to subsi/1 ! "o :i* exp]i5ce appe>$ unmi/akably to =ce ^u u--t betwe5 our own m9d & its bodily vehicle4 ,he _h exorciz$ ! spirits f ! re/ ( nature2 & ?\gh !re 0 a _s "h :i* c\ld n be exorciz$1 ! philosophic conjur] _h nev]!less conf9$ x & its unacc\ntable pranks )9 a m9utely n>r[ magic circle3 all m9d c\ld d 0 to turn ! "o t9y swit* at ! c5tre ( its #bj animal telephone sy/em4 ,x c\ld create no en]gy--x c\ld m]ely r$irect ! curr5ts actually fl[+4 ,practically ?is might d1 b speculatively x 0 mo/ di/urb+4 ,= if ! 'loose relation' _h to be admitt$ 9 "o in/ance1 x 0 admitt$ 9 pr9ciple2 & "o c\ld n get rid ( ! suspicion t x w\ld turn up else:]e1 & t ! bani%m5t ( x f e o!r field repres5t$ a conv5i5t pragmatic po/ulate r ?an a solid metaphysical tru?4 ,moreov]1 ! correlation ( ! unit>y s\l ) ! unit>y gl& might d ju/ice to a me*ani/ical philosophy1 b x did n d ju/ice to ! s\l's own consci\sness ( itself4 ,! s\l's consci\sness is ! 'idea' or 'repres5tation' ( ! life ( ! :ole body1 c]ta9ly n ( ! life ( ! p9eal gl& nor1 z ! unreflective n[adays w\ld say1 ( ! bra94 ,i am n consci\s 91 or (1 my bra9 except :5 ,i h a heada*e2 consci\sness is 9 my eyes & f+]-tips & s on4 ,x is physically true1 no d\bt1 t consci\sness 9 & ( my f+]-tips is n possible )\t ! function+ ( my bra92 b t is a poor reason = locat+ ! consci\sness 9 ! bra94 ,! filam5t ( ! electric bulb w n be inc&esc5t ap>t f ! function+ ( ! dynamo2 b t is a poor reason = say+ t ! inc&esc5ce is 9 ! dynamo4 ,c]ta9ly ! area ( repres5tation 9 our m9d is n simply equival5t to ! area ( our body4 ,b 9 s f> z ! conf9es ( m5tal repres5tation "p company ) ! conf9es ( ! body1 x is n t !y may contract & fall back ^u ! p9eal gl&1 b t !y may exp& & advance ov] ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,! m9d does n repres5t its own body m]ely1 x repres5ts ! _w 9 s f> z ! _w affects t body or is physically reproduc$ 9 x4 ,! m9d has no obs]vable natural relation to ! p9eal gl&4 ,x has only two natural relations3 to its body z a :ole & to its effective environm5t4 ,:at ,desc>tes _h really done 0 to pret5d t ! s\l 0 relat$ to ! p9eal gl& z x is 9 fact relat$ to its :ole body2 & !n t x 0 relat$ to ! bodily memb]s z 9 fact x is relat$ to out] environm5t4 ,! memb]s became an inn] environm5t1 kn[n only 9 s f> z !y affect$ ! p9eal gl&2 j z ! out] environm5t 9 its turn 0 to be kn[n only 9 s f> z x affect$ ! memb]s4 #ba ,?is doctr9e ( a d\ble environm5t 0 :olly artificial4 ,x 0 =c$ on ,desc>tes by ! requirem5ts ( me*ani/ical sci5ce3 if ! memb]s 7 simply a plurality ( ?+s1 !y mu/ really be p>ts ( environm5t2 ! body :i* ! s\l indwelt mu/ be a body2 presumably1 !n1 ! p9eal gl&4 ,an unt5able compromise1 surely1 betwe5 admitt+ & d5y+ ! reality ( ! s\l's inc>nation4 ,:at1 !n1 0 to be done8 ,desc>tes's rivals & successors attempt$ sev]al solutions1 :i* x w\ld be too long to exam9e "h4 ,!y dissatisfi$ ,leibniz & !y h c]ta9ly no less dissatisfi$ po/]ity4 ,x w be en\gh = u "h to consid] :at ,leibniz did4 ,he admitt$1 to beg9 )1 ! psy*ological fact4 ,! unity ( consci\sness is ! repres5tation ( a plurality--! plurality ( ! memb]s1 & ?r\gh !m ! plurality ( ! _w4 ,"h1 surely1 0 ! v pr9ciple ! new philosophy ne$$ = ! reconciliation ( sub/antial unity ) me*anical plurality ( p>ts4 ,= x is directly evid5t to u t consci\sness focuses ! plurality ( environ+ ?+s 9 a unity ( repres5tation4 ,?is is no philosophical !ory1 x is a simple fact4 ,our body1 !n1 z a physical sy/em is a me*anical plurality2 z focus$ 9 consci\sness x is a unity ( 'idea'4 ,v well3 b we h n got f> yet4 ,= ! old difficulty /ill rema9s--x is purely arbitr>y1 aft] all1 t a unit>y consci\sness %\ld be atta*$ to1 & repres5t1 a me*anical collection ( ?+s :i* happ5 to int]act 9 a sort ( patt]n4 ,if !re is a consci\sness atta*$ to human bodies1 !n :y n to sy/ems ( clockwork8 ,if ! body is repres5t$ z unity1 x mu/ surely be because x is unity1 z ! old philosophy _h held4 ,b h[ c we re9troduce unity into ! body )\t re9troduc+ sub/antial =m1 & de/roy+ ! me*ani/ical plurality :i* ! new sci5ce dem&$8 ,x is at ?is po9t t ,leibniz produces ! speculative po/ulate ( 8 sy/em4 ,:y n rev]se ! relation1 & make ! memb]s repres5t ! m9d z ! m9d repres5ts ! memb]s8 ,= !n ! unity ( p]son repres5t$ 9 ! m9d w become some?+ actual 9 ! memb]s also4 ,repres5tation appe>s to common s5se to be a "o-way sort ( traffic4 ,if my m9d repres5ts my bodily memb]s1 some?+ happ5s to my m9d1 = x becomes a repres5tation ( su* memb]s 9 su* a /ate2 b no?+ happ5s to ! memb]s by _! be+ s repres5t$ 9 ! m9d4 ,! #bb m5tal repres5tation obeys ! bodily facts2 ! bodily facts d n obey ! m5tal repres5tation4 ,x seems nons5se to say t my memb]s obey my m9d because !y are mirror$ 9 x4 ,& yet my memb]s d obey my m9d1 or at lea/ common s5se supposes s4 ,sometimes my m9d1 in/ead ( repres5t+ ! /ate my memb]s are 91 repres5ts a /ate :i* x int5ds t !y %all be 91 = example1 t my h& %\ld g ?r\gh ! motion ( writ+ ^! words4 ,& my h& obeys2 its action becomes ! mov+ diagram ( my ?\ght1 my ?\ght is repres5t$ or express$ 9 ! manual act4 ,"h ! relation ( m9d & memb]s appe>s to be rev]s$3 in/ead ( its repres5t+ !m1 !y repres5t x4 ,) ?is repres5tation x is ! opposite ( :at x 0 ) ! o!r4 ,by ! memb]s' be+ repres5t$ 9 ! m9d1 some?+ happ5$ to ! m9d1 & no?+ to ! memb]s2 by ! m9d's be+ repres5t$ 9 ! memb]s some?+ happ5s to ! memb]s & no?+ to ! m9d4 ,:y %\ld n we take ?is s]i\sly8 ,:y n all[ t !re is two-way traffic--by "o relation ! m9d repres5ts ! memb]s1 by ano!r ! memb]s repres5t ! m9d8 ,b !n aga91 h[ c we take x s]i\sly8 ,= repres5tation1 9 ! requir$ s5se1 is a m5tal act2 brute matt] c repres5t no?+1 only m9d c repres5t4 ,& ! memb]s are brute matt]4 ,b are !y8 ,h[ d we "k t8 ,by brute matt] we und]/& ext5d$ lumps ( /uff1 int]act+ ) "o ano!r me*anically1 z d1 = example1 two cogs 9 a piece ( clockwork4 ,b ?is is a l>ge-scale view4 ,! cogs are !mselves compos$ ( int]relat$ p>ts & ^? p>ts ( o!rs1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,:o kn[s :at ! ultimate con/itu5ts really are8 ,! 'mod]n' philosoph]s1 c]ta9ly1 h propos$ no hypo!sis ab\t !m :i* ev5 looks l mak+ s5se4 ,!y h suppos$ t ! app>5tly in]t lumps1 ! cogs1 are compos$ ( p>ts !mselves equally in]t1 & t by subdivision we %all /ill rea* no?+ b ! in]t4 ,b ?is supposition is 9 flat contradiction ) :at physical !ory dem&s4 ,we h to all[ ! reality ( =ce 9 physics4 ,n[ ! =ce :i* l>ge-scale bodies display may easily be ! block-effect ( activity 9 _! m9ute real con/itu5ts4 ,if n1 :]e does x come f8 ,let x be suppos$1 !n1 t ^! m9ute real con/itu5ts are active because !y are alive1 because !y are m9ds2 = inde$ we h no notion ( activity o!r ?an ! p]ception we h #bc ( our own4 ,we h no notion ( x except z some?+ m5tal4 ,on ! hypo!sis t ! con/itu5ts ( active body are also m5tal1 ?is limitation 9 our conception ( activity ne$ cause u nei!r sorr[ nor surprise4 ,! m9d-units :i* make up body w n ( c\rse be develop$ & fully consci\s m9ds l y\rs or m9e1 & x is only = want ( a bett] ^w t we call !m m9ds at all4 ,!y w be m]e unselfconsci\s repres5tations ( _! physical environm5t1 z x might be se5 f ! physical po9t to :i* !y belong by a human m9d pay+ no att5tion at all to its own see+4 ,h[ _m ( ^! rudim5t>y 'm9ds' w !re be 9 my body8 ,z _m z y l--z _m z x is possible !re %\ld be--say an inf9ite numb] & h done ) x4 ,we may n[ obs]ve h[ ?is hypo!sis introduces real =mal unity )\t prejudic+ me*anical plurality4 ,ea* ( ! m9d-units 9 my body is itself & sub/antially di/9ct4 ,b s9ce ea*1 9 its own way & accord+ to its own position1 repres5ts ! sup]ior & m develop$ m9d :i* ,i call 'me'1 !y w ord] !mselves accord+ to a common =m4 ,! ord] is real1 n accid5tal3 x is l ! ord] ( troops on a p>ade-gr\nd4 ,ea* man is a di/9ct active unit1 b ea* is really express+ by 8 action ! m9d ( ! (fic] 9 comm&4 ,he is express+ no less 8 relation to ! o!r m5 9 ! ranks--to obey ! (fic] is to keep 9 /ep ) !m4 ,s ! metaphysical units ( ! body1 be+ all m9ds1 repres5t "o ano!r z well z ! dom9ant m9d3 "o ano!r co-ord9ately1 ! dom9ant m9d subord9ately4 ,b if ! metaphysically real units ( ! body are ( ! nature ( m9d1 !n ! m9d is a m9d among m9ds1 a _s-atom among _s-atoms4 ,:at !n con/itutes its sup]iority or dom9ance1 & makes x a m9d p> excell5ce8 ,well1 :at con/itutes ! (fic] an (fic]8 ,two ?+s3 a m develop$ m5tality & ! fact ( be+ obey$4 ,9 milit>y life ^! two factors are n always p]fectly proportion$ to "o ano!r1 b 9 ! ord] ( ,leibniz's univ]se !y are4 ,a full] p[] to repres5t ! univ]se is necess>ily comb9$ ) dom9ance ov] an organiz$ troop ( memb]s2 = ! m9d kn[s ! univ]se only 9 s f> z ! univ]se is express$ 9 its body4 ,t is :at ! #bd f9itude ( ! m9d means4 ,only an inf9ite m9d appreciates ! :ole plurality ( ?+s 9 !mselves2 a f9ite m9d p]ceives !m 9 s f> z mirror$ 9 ! physical be+ ( an organiz$ body ( memb]s4 ,! m adequate ! mirror1 ! m adequate ! repres5tation3 ! m highly organiz$ ! body1 ! m develop$ ! m9d4 ,! develop$ m9d has an elaborate body2 b ! lea/ develop$ m9d has /ill "s body1 or x w\ld lack any mirror :atev] ?r\gh :i* to repres5t ! _w4 ,?is means1 9 effect1 t ,leibniz's sy/em is n an unmitigat$ spiritual atomism4 ,= ?\gh ! spiritual atoms1 or monads1 are ! ultimate con/itu5ts out ( :i* nature is compos$1 !y /& compos$ toge!r f ! beg9n+ 9 a m9imal ord] :i* _c be brok5 up4 ,ea* monad1 if x is to be any?+ at all1 mu/ be a cont9u+ f9ite repres5tation ( ! univ]se1 & to be t x mu/ h a body1 t is to say1 x mu/ h o!r monads 9 a p]man5t relation ( mutual correspond5ce ) x4 ,& if y said to ,leibniz1 ',b surely any physical body c be brok5 up1 & ?is mu/ mean ! dissolution ( ! organic relation betwe5 its monadical con/itu5ts1' he w\ld take refuge 9 ! inf9itesimal4 ,! wond]s reveal$ by t new miracle1 ! microscope1 sugge/$ :at ! intr9sic divisibility ( space itself sugge/s--:atev] organization is brok5 up1 !re w /ill be a m9ute organization )9 ea* ( ! fragm5ts :i* rema9s unbrok5--& s ad inf9itum4 ,y w nev] come d[n to loose monads1 monads out ( all organization4 ,y w nev] disembody ! monads1 & s remove _! repres5tative p[]2 y w only r$uce _! bodies & s impov]i% _! repres5tative p[]4 ,9 ?is s5se no animal dies & no animal is g5]at$4 ,dea? is ! r$uction & g5]ation ! enri*m5t ( "s exi/+ monad's body2 &1 by be+ t1 is ! enri*m5t or ! r$uction ( ! monad's m5tal life4 ',b1' our common s5se prote/s1 'x is too great a /ra9 on our cr$ulity to make ! real nature ( ?+s s utt]ly diff]5t f :at s5se & sci5ce make ( !m4 ,if ! real univ]se is :at y say x is1 :y d our m9ds repres5t x to u z !y d8' ,! philosoph]'s answ] is1 ',because !y repres5t x4 ,accord+ to ! tru? ( ?+s1 ea* monad is simply its own m5tal life1 its own _w-view1 its own ?\ghts & desires4 ,to "k ?+s z !y are w\ld be simultane\sly to live ov]1 z ?\gh f )9 & by a miracle ( sympa?y1 ! #be biographies ( an inf9ite numb] ( di/9ct monads4 ,?is is absolutely impossible4 ,our s5ses repres5t ! coexi/5t families ( monads 9 ! gross1 & !re=e conv5tionally2 :at is 9 fact ! mutual repres5tation ( monads 9 ord]$ sy/ems1 is repres5t$ z ! me*anical int]action ( spatially ext5d$ & mat]ial p>ts4' ,?is does n mean t sci5ce is ov]?r[n4 ,! physical _w-view is 9 t]ms ( ! conv5tion ( repres5tation1 b x is n1 = all t1 illusory4 ,x c1 ideally1 be made z true z x is capable ( be+4 ,!re is no reason :atev] = confus+ ! 'well-gr\nd$ seem+s' ( ! app>5t physical _w ) ! fanta/ic seem+s ( dream & halluc9ation4 ,s f> ! argum5t seems to draw :atev] cog5cy x has f ! simplicity & naturalness ( ! notion ( repres5tation4 ,! nature ( idea1 x is assum$1 is to repres5t plurality 9 a unifi$ view4 ,if idea did n repres5t1 x w\ld n be idea4 ,& s9ce !re is idea 7= our m9ds at lea/ exi/ & are made up ( idea7 !re is repres5tation4 ,x belongs to idea to repres5t1 & s9ce ! :ole _w has n[ be5 int]pret$ z a sy/em ( mutually repres5t+ ideations1 or ideators1 x might seem t all _! mutual relations are p]fectly natural1 a h>mony ( agreem5t :i* c\ld n be o!r ?an x is4 ,b if s1 :y does ,leibniz keep say+ t ! h>mony is pre-e/abli%$1 by special & inf9itely elaborate div9e decrees8 ,leibniz himself says t ! v nature ( repres5tation excludes int]action4 ,by repres5t+ environm5t a m9d does n d any?+ to environm5t1 t is pla94 ,b x is no less pla9 t environm5t does no?+ to x1 ei!r4 ,! act ( repres5t+ is simply ! act ( ! m9d2 x repres5ts 9 view ( environm5t1 ( c\rse1 b n "u ! causal influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,repres5tation is a bus9ess c>ri$ on by ! m9d on its own acc\nt1 & 9 virtue ( its innate p[] to repres5t4 ,v well2 b does ?is consid]ation really drive u into !ology8 ,is n ,leibniz ! victim ( a famili> fallacy1 t ( incompletely /at$ alt]natives8 ',ei!r f9ite be+s int]act or else !y d n directly condition "o ano!r4 ,monads d n int]act1 !re=e !y d n directly condition "o ano!r4 ,h[ !n expla9 ! actual con=mity ( _! mutual repres5tation1 )\t rec\rse to div9e =e-orda9+8' ,x seems suffici5t to introduce a fur!r alt]native 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ! argum5t1 & we are rid ( ! !ology4 ,?+s may condition ! #bf action ( a fur!r ?+1 )\t act+ ^u x4 ,x acts ( itself1 b x acts 9 view ( :at !y are4 ,we are tempt$ to conclude t ,leibniz has introduc$ ! ,deus ex ma*9a ) ! fatal facility ( 8 age4 ',:]e a little fur!r m$itation on ! *>act]s 9 ! play w\ld furni% a natural dn\em5t1 he sw+s div9e int]v5tion on to ! sc5e by wires f ! ceil+4 ,x is easy = u to recon/ruct = him ! end ( ! piece )\t rec\rse to /age-ma*9es4' ,is x8 ,no1 ,i fe> x is n4 ,!re is really no avoid+ ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,& s we %all discov]1 if we pursue our tra9 ( reflexion a little fur!r4 ,x is natural1 we 7 say+1 ?an an idea %\ld repres5t an environm5t2 inde$1 x is ! repres5tation ( "o4 ,giv5 no environm5t to repres5t1 x w\ld be empty1 a m]e capacity = repres5tation4 ,!n e idea or ideator1 tak5 m]ely 9 itself1 is an empty capacity4 ,b ( :at is ! environm5t ( ea* made up8 ,accord+ to ! ,leibnitian !ory1 ( fur!r ideas or ideators3 ( empty capacities1 !re=e4 ,!n no idea w ei!r be any?+ 9 itself1 or f9d any?+ 9 its neighb\rs to repres5t4 ,an unhappy pr$icam5t1 l t ( a lit]>y clique 9 :i* all ! memb]s are adepts at discuss+ "o ano!r's ideas--only t un=tunately none ( !m are provid$ ) any2 or l ! %aky economics ( ! fabl$ ,iri% village :]e !y all liv$ by tak+ 9 "o ano!r's wa%+4 ,x is useless1 !n1 to conceive repres5tations z simply com+ into exi/5ce 9 response to environm5t1 & modell+ !mselves on environm5t4 ,!y mu/ all mutually reflect environm5t or !y w\ld n be repres5tations2 b !y mu/ also exi/ z !mselves & 9 _! own "r or !re w\ld be no environm5t = !m mutually to repres5t4 ,s9ce ! _w is inf9itely v>i\s1 ea* repres5tor mu/ h its own di/9ct "* or nature1 z our m9ds h3 t is to say1 x mu/ repres5t 9 its own individual way2 & all ^! endlessly v>i\s repres5tations mu/ be s con/itut$ z to =m a mutually reflect+ h>mony4 ,consid]$ z a repres5tation1 ea* monadical exi/5ce simply reflects ! univ]se aft] its own mann]4 ,b consid]$ z some?+ to be repres5t$ by ! o!rs1 x is a self-exi/5t m5tal life1 or _w ( ideas4 ,n[ :5 we are consid]+ ! fact ( repres5tation1 t :i* is to be repres5t$ comes fir/ & ! repres5tation foll[s ^u x4 ,?us 9 consid]+ ! ,leibnitian univ]se1 we mu/ beg9 ) !#bg monads z self-exi/5t m5tal lives1 or worlds ( ideas2 _! repres5tation ( "o ano!r comes second4 ,no?+ surely1 !n1 b omnipot5t creative wisdom c\ld h pre-e/abli%$ betwe5 s _m di/9ct giv5 m5tal worlds t h>mony :i* con/itutes _! mutual repres5tation4 ,our common-s5se plurali/ic ?9k+ escapes f ! ne$ ( ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony by di/+ui%+ :at we are f :at we d4 ,let ! _w be made up ( a plurality ( ag5ts 9 a 'loose' ord]1 ) room to manoeuvre & to adju/ !mselves to "o ano!r4 ,!n1 by good luck or good managem5t1 ?r\gh friction & disa/]1 by trial & error1 by accid5t or inv5tion1 !y may "w out = !mselves a h>mony ( action4 ,!re is no ne$ = div9e preorda9+ "h4 ,b on ,leibniz's view :at ! monads d is to repres5t1 & :at !y are is repres5tation2 !re is no ultimate di/9ction betwe5 :at !y are & :at !y d3 all t !y d belongs to :at !y are4 ,! :ole sy/em ( action 9 ea* monad1 :i* fits ) su* inf9ite complexity ! sy/em ( action 9 ea* o!r monad1 is precisely ! exi/5ce ( t monad1 & ap>t f x ! monad is n4 ,! monads d n a*ieve a h>mony1 !y are a h>mony1 & !re=e !y are pre-e/abli%$ 9 h>mony4 ,leibniz d5i$ t he invok$ ,god to int]v5e 9 nature1 or t !re 0 any?+ arbitr>y or artificial ab\t 8 physical !ology4 ,he 0 simply analys+ nature & f9d+ x to be a sy/em ( mutual repres5tation2 he 0 analys+ mutual repres5tation & f9d+ x to be ( its nature intr9sically pre-e/abli%$1 & !re=e ,god-dep5d5t4 ,he 0 n add+ any?+ to mutual repres5tation1 he 0 j %[+ :at x necess>ily conta9$ or impli$4 ,at lea/ he 0 do+ no?+ worse ?an recogniz$ s*ola/ic practice4 ,s*ola/ic ,ari/otelianism expla9$ all natural causality z response to /imulus1 & !n _h to po/ulate a /imulus :i* /imulat$ )\t be+ /imulat$1 & ?is 0 ,god4 ,ap>t f ?is supreme & fir/ /imulus no?+ w\ld 9 fact be mov+4 ,! ,ari/otelians claim$ simply to be analys+ ! nature ( physical motion z !y p]ceiv$ x1 & to f9d ! necessity ( p]petually appli$ div9e /imulation implicit 9 x4 ,no viol5ce 0 !reby done to ! sy/em ( physical motion nor 0 any?+ br\ght 9 f )\t to pat* x up2 x 0 simply f\nd to be ( its own #bh nature ,god-dep5d5t4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! reproa*ful description ',deus ex ma*9a' %\ld be res]v$ = m arbitr>y exp$i5ts ?an ,ari/otle's or ,leibniz's1 say = ! occasionali/ !ory4 ,occasionalism appe>$ to introduce ,god t he might make physical matt] d :at x _h no natural t5d5cy to d1 viz4 to obey ! volitions ( f9ite m9d4 ,ideas1 on ! o!r h&1 h a natural t5d5cy to repres5t "o ano!r1 = to be an idea is to be a repres5tation2 ,god is n introduc$ by ,leibniz to make !m correspond1 he is introduc$ to "w a sy/em 9 :i* !y %all correspond4 ,?is may n be ,deus-ex-ma*9a philosophy1 b x is physical !ology2 t is to say1 x treats div9e action z "o factor among ! factors :i* toge!r con/itute ! work+ ( ! natural sy/em4 ,& ?is appe>s to be p]haps unsci5tific1 c]ta9ly blasphem\s3 ,god's action _c be a factor among factors2 ! ,creator works ?r\gh & 9 all creaturely action equally2 we c nev] say ',?is is ! creature1 & t is ,god' ( di/+ui%able causalities 9 ! natural _w4 ,! creature is1 9 its creaturely action1 self-suffici5t3 b because a creature1 insuffici5t to itself ?r\gh\t1 & su/a9$ by its ,creator bo? 9 exi/5ce & 9 action4 ,! only acceptable argum5t = !ism is t :i* corresponds to ! religi\s consci\sness1 & builds ^u ! insuffici5cy ( f9ite exi/5ce ?r\gh\t1 because x is f9ite4 ,all argum5ts to ,god's exi/5ce f a p>ticul> gap 9 our acc\nt ( ! _w ( f9ites are to be reject$4 ,!y d n indicate ,god1 !y indicate ! failure ( our p[] to analyse ! _w-ord]4 ,:5 ,leibniz discov]$ t 8 sy/em ( mutual repres5tations ne$$ to be pre-e/abli%$1 he ought to h se5 t he _h come up a cul-de-sac & back$ out2 he ought n to h said1 ',) ! help ( ,god ,i w leap ov] ! wall4' ,if we condemn ,leibniz = writ+ physical !ology1 we condemn n him b 8 age4 ,no contempor>y practice 0 any bett]1 & mu* ( x a good deal worse1 z ,leibniz lik$ some:at complac5tly to po9t out4 ,& because he comes to !ology ?r\gh physical !ology1 t does n mean t all 8 !ology 0 physical !ology & z su* to be writt5 (f4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,leibniz is l$ to wre/le ) _m problems :i* beset any philosophical !ism ( ! ,*ri/ian type4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s#bi 9 ! ,!odicy1 z its _m citations ( !ologians sugge/4 ,8 discussions nev] lack +5uity1 & ! sy/em ( creation & provid5ce 9 :i* !y result has mu* ( t lum9\s s]5ity :i* col\rs ! be/ works ( ! ,age ( ,reason4 ,e !i/ic philosoph] is b\nd1 ) :atev] cautions1 to conceive ,god by ! analogy ( ! human m9d4 ,:5 ,leibniz decl>es ! h>mony ( monads to be pre-e/abli%$ by ,god1 he is invok+ ! image ( intellig5t human pre-arrangem5t4 ,nor is he cont5t simply to leave x at t3 he endeav\rs z well z he may to conceive ! sort ( act by :i* ,god pre-arranges2 & ?is involves ! detail$ adaptation = !ological purposes ( ,leibnitian doctr9e ab\t ! human m9d4 ,! human m9d1 z we h se51 is ! m9d pr$om9ant 9 a c]ta9 sy/em ( 'm9ds'1 viz4 9 ^? :i* con/itute ! memb]s ( ! human body4 ,if we call x pr$om9ant1 we mean t its sy/em ( ideas is m develop$ ?an !irs1 s t !re are m po9ts 9 :i* ea* ( !m con=ms to x ?an 9 :i* x con=ms to any "o ( !m4 ,! conception ( a div9e pre-e/abli%+ m9d w be analog\s4 ,x w be ! conception ( a m9d absolutely dom9ant1 to ^: ideas1 t is to say1 ! :ole sy/em simply corresponds1 )\t any reciprocat+ correspond5ce on 8 side4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ?is is to make ,god ! ',m9d ( ! ,_w'2 & yet ! associations ( ! phrase are mislead+4 ,x sugge/s t ! _w is an organism or body 9 :i* ! div9e m9d is inc>nate1 & on :i* he relies = 8 repres5tations4 ,b t is nons5se2 ! _w is n a body1 nor is x organic to ,god4 ,absolute dom9ance involves absolute transc5d5ce3 if ev]y?+ 9 ! _w )\t rema9d] simply obeys ! div9e ?\ghts1 t is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! _w is ! creature ( ,god2 ! :ole sy/em is pre-e/abli%$ by him :o is absolute ,be+ & p]fectly indep5d5t ( ! _w4 ,( creat$ness1 or pre-e/abli%$ness1 !re is no m to be said3 we c ?9k ( x z no?+ b ! pure or absolute case ( subjection to dom9ant m9d4 ,x is no use ask+ fur!r h[ ,god's ?\ghts are obey$ 9 ! exi/5ce & action ( ?+s4 ,:at we c & mu/ enquire into fur!r1 is ! nature ( ! div9e ?\ghts :i* are ?us obey$4 ,!y mu/ be und]/ood to be volitions or decrees4 ,!re are inde$ two ways 9 :i* ?+s obey ! div9e ?\ght1 & correspond+ly two sorts ( div9e ?\ghts t !y obey4 ,9 s f> z creat$ ?+s con=m to #cj ! m]e univ]sal pr9ciples ( reason1 !y obey a reasonabl5ess :i* is an inh]5t *>act]i/ic ( ! div9e m9d itself4 ,if ,god wills ! exi/5ce ( any creature1 t creature's exi/5ce mu/ obs]ve ! limits prescrib$ by et]nal reason3 x _c1 = example1 bo? h & lack a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic 9 ! same s5se & at ! same "t2 nor c x conta9 two p>ts & two p>ts :i* are n also c\ntable z "o "p & ?ree p>ts4 ,f9ite ?+s1 if !y exi/ at all1 mu/ ?us con=m to ! reasonabl5ess ( ! div9e nature1 b :at ! div9e reasonabl5ess ?us prescribes is highly g5]al3 we c d$uce f x only c]ta9 laws :i* any f9ite ?+s mu/ obey1 we c nev] d$uce f x :i* f9ite ?+s !re are to be1 nor inde$ t !re are to be any4 ,f9ite ?+s are p>ticul> & individual3 ea* ( !m might h be5 o!r ?an x is or1 to speak m prop]ly1 in/ead ( any "o ( !m !re might h exi/$ some?+ else2 x 01 accord+ to ! m]e pr9ciples ( et]nal reason1 equally possible4 ,b if s1 ! :ole univ]se1 be+ made up ( ?+s ea* ( :i* might be o!rwise1 might z a :ole be o!rwise4 ,!re=e ! div9e ?\ghts :i* x obeys by exi/+ h ! nature ( *oices or decrees4 ,:at mat]ial does ! f9ite m9d supply = an analogical picture ( ! inf9ite m9d mak+ *oices or decrees8 ,if we use su* language ( ,god1 we are us+ language :i* has its fir/ & natural application to ourselves4 ,we all ( u *oose1 & ^? ( u :o are 9 au?ority make decrees4 ,:at is to *oose8 ,x involves a real fre$om 9 ! m9d4 ,a f9ite m9d1 let u rememb]1 is no?+ b a self-op]at+ succession ( p]ceptions1 ideas1 or repres5tations4 ,) reg>d to "s ( our ideas we h no fre$om1 ^?1 = example1 :i* repres5t to u our body4 ,we ?9k ( !m z con/itut+ our giv5 sub/ance4 ,!y are %e] datum = u1 & s are ^? reflexions ( our environm5t :i* !y m$iate to u4 ,!y make up a closely pack$ & confus$ mass2 !y p]sev]e 9 _! be+ ) an ob/9ate innate =ce1 ! spiritual c\nt]p>t ( ! =ce :i* we h to recognize 9 ?+s z physically int]pret$4 ,be+ real spiritual =ce1 x is quasi-volunt>y1 & inde$ d we n love our own exi/5ce &1 9 a s5se1 w x 9 all its necess>y circum/ances8 ,b if we c be said to w to be ourselves & to enact ) native =ce :at our body & its environm5t makes u1 we are #ca m]ely will+ to con=m to ! conditions ( our exi/5ce2 we are mak+ no *oice4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we ?9k freely or p]=m delib]ate acts1 !re is n only =ce b *oice 9 our activity4 ,*oice betwe5 :at8 ,betwe5 alt]native possibilities aris+ out ( our situation4 ,& *oice 9 virtue ( :at8 ,9 virtue ( ! appeal ex]cis$ by "o alt]native z seem+ly bett]4 ,c we adapt our s*eme ( *oice to ! description ( ,god's creative decrees8 ,we w take ! second po9t 9 x fir/3 our *oice is 9 virtue ( ! appeal ( ! seem+ be/4 ,surely ! only corrective necess>y 9 apply+ ?is to ,god is ! omission ( ! ^w 'seem+'4 ,8 *oice is 9 virtue ( ! appeal ( ! simply be/4 ,! o!r po9t causes m tr\ble4 ,we *oose betwe5 possibilities :i* arise = u out ( our situation 9 ! sy/em ( ! exi/+ _w4 ,b z ! _w does n exi/ be=e ,god's creative *oices1 he is 9 no _w-situation1 & no alt]native possibilities c arise out ( x1 betwe5 :i* he %\ld h to *oose4 ,b if ,god does n *oose betwe5 intr9sic possibilities ( "s k9d1 8 *oice becomes some?+ absolutely mean+less to u--x is n a *oice at all1 x is an arbitr>y & un9telligible fiat4 ,leibniz's solution is ?is3 :at are m]e possibilities ( ?\ght = u are possibilities ( action = ,god4 ,= a human subject1 possibilities ( action are limit$ to :at arises out ( 8 actual situation1 b possibilities = ?\ght are n s limit$4 ,i c conceive a _w diff]5t 9 _m respects f ?is _w1 9 :i*1 = example1 vegetables %\ld be gift$ ) ?\ght & spee*2 b ,i c d no?+ t[>ds br++ x ab\t4 ,my imag9>y _w is practically impossible b speculatively possible1 9 ! s5se t x contradicts no s+le pr9ciple ( necess>y & immutable reason4 ,i1 inde$1 c explore only a v little way into ! region ( %e] speculative possibility2 ,god does n explore x1 he simply possesses x all3 ! :ole region ( ! possible is b a "p ( ! cont5t ( 8 inf9ite m9d4 ,s among all possible creatures he *ooses ! be/ & creates x4 ,b ! :ole realm ( ! possible is an actual inf9ity ( ideas4 ,out ( ! consid]ation ( an inf9ity ( ideas1 h[ c ,god arrive at a *oice8 ,:y n8 ,8 m9d is n1 ( c\rse1 discursive2 he does n successively turn ov] ! leaves ( an inf9ite book ( sample worlds1 = !n he w\ld nev] come to ! end ( x4 ,embrac+ inf9ite possibility 9 #cb ! s+le act ( 8 m9d1 he settles 8 w ) intuitive imm$iacy ^u ! be/4 ,! inf]ior1 ! mon/r\s1 ! absurd is n a wild]ness ?r\gh :i* he pa9fully ?reads 8 way1 x is t f :i* he imm$iately turns2 8 wisdom is 8 elim9ation ( x4 ,b 9 s apply+ ! s*eme ( *oice to ,god's act1 h we n invalidat$ its application to our own8 ,= if ,god has *os5 ! :ole =m & fabric ( ! _w1 he has *os5 ev]y?+ 9 x1 includ+ ! *oices we %all make4 ,& if our *oices h already be5 *os5 = u by ,god1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t !y are n real op5 *oices on our "p at all1 b are pre-det]m9$4 ,& if !y are pre-det]m9$1 x w\ld seem t !y are n really ev5 *oices1 = a det]m9$ *oice is n a *oice4 ,b if we d n ourselves ex]cise real *oice 9 any degree1 !n we h no clue to :at any *oice w\ld be3 & if s1 we h no p[] ( conceiv+ div9e *oice1 ei!r2 & s ! :ole argum5t cuts its own ?roat4 ,!re are two possible l9es ( escape f ?is pr$icam5t4 ,"o is to def9e human *oice 9 su* a s5se t x all[s ( pre-det]m9ation )\t ceas+ to be *oice2 & ?is is ,leibniz's me?od1 & x c be /udi$ at l5g? 9 ! ,!odicy4 ,he c]ta9ly makes ! v be/ he c ( x1 & x h>dly seems t any ( ^? contempor>ies ^: views he criticizes 0 9 a position to answ] him4 ,! alt]native me?od is to make ! mo/ ( ! negative elem5t involv$ 9 all !ology4 ,aft] all1 we d n positively or adequately und]/& ! nature ( inf9ite creative w4 ,p]haps x is precisely ! transc5d5t glory ( div9e fre$om to be able to "w infallibly ?r\gh free in/rum5ts4 ,b s my/ical a p>adox is n ! sort ( ?+ we c expect to appeal to a late-sev5te5?-c5tury philosoph]4 ,"o criticism ( ,leibniz's argum5t we _c refra9 f mak+4 ,he all[s himself too easy a triumph :5 he says t ! only alt]native to a *oice det]m9$ by a prevail+ incl9ation t[>ds "o proposal is a *oice ( m]e caprice4 ,!re is a sort ( *oice ,leibniz nev] s mu* z consid]s & :i* appe>s at lea/ to fall q outside 8 categories1 & t is ! sort ( *oice ex]cis$ 9 arti/ic creativity4 ,9 su* *oice we freely feel aft] ! %ap+ ( a s*eme1 we d n arbitrate simply betwe5 %ap$ & giv5 possible s*emes4 ,& p]haps "s su* elem5t ent]s into all our *oices1 s9ce our life is to "s ext5t #cc freely design$ by ourselves4 ,if s1 our m9ds are ev5 m ak9 to ! div9e m9d ?an ,leibniz realiz$4 ,= ! sort ( *oice we are n[ ref]r+ to seems to be an intuitive turn+ away f an inf9ite1 or at lea/ indef9ite1 range ( less attractive possibility4 ,& su* is ! nature ( ! div9e creative *oice4 ,! consequ5ce ( su* a l9e ( speculation w\ld be1 t ! div9e m9d designs m ?r\gh u1 & less simply = u1 ?an ,leibniz all[$3 ! 'h>mony' into :i* we ent] w\ld be no long] simply 'pre-e/abli%$'4 ,leibniz1 9 fact1 c\ld h no?+ to d ) su* a sugge/ion1 & he w\ld h f\nd x easy to be ironical ab\t x if 8 contempor>ies _h propos$ x4 ,,ii ,leibniz wrote two books2 a consid]able numb] ( articles 9 le>n$ p]iodicals2 & an enorm\s numb] ( unpubli%$ notes1 pap]s & lett]s1 pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,electors ( ,hanov] n because ( ! philosophical significance ( "s ( !m1 b because ( ! political importance ( mo/ ( !m4 ,f among ?is great mass v>i\s exc]pts ( philosophical int]e/ h be5 made by successive editors ( ,leibniz's works4 ,x may be t ! mo/ pr(\nd und]/&+ ( 8 m9d is to be d]iv$ f "s ( ^! pieces1 b if we wi% to consid] ! public hi/ory ( ,leibniz1 we may set !m aside4 ,( ! two books1 "o 0 publi%$1 & ! o!r nev] 04 ,! ,new ,essays rema9$ 9 ,leibniz's desk1 ! ,!odicy saw ! light4 ,& s1 to 8 own & ! succe$+ g5]ation1 ,leibniz 0 kn[n z ! au?or ( ! ,!odicy4 ,! articles 9 j\rnals =m ! imm$iate backgr\nd to ! two books4 ,9 #afif ,leibniz he>d t a ,fr5* translation ( ,locke's ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ 0 be+ prep>$ at ,am/]dam4 ,he wrote "s polite comm5ts on ,locke's great "w1 & publi%$ !m4 ,he also s5t !m to ,locke1 hop+ t ,locke w\ld write a reply1 & t ,leibniz's reflexions & ,locke's reply might be app5d$ to ! project$ ,fr5* translation4 ,b ,locke set ,leibniz's comm5ts aside4 ,leibniz1 n to be defeat$1 set to "w ^u ! ,new ,essays1 9 :i* ! :ole sub/ance ( ,locke's book is sy/ematically discuss$ 9 dialogue4 ,! ,new ,essays 7 writt5 9 #agjc4 ,b mean:ile a pa9ful dispute _h brok5 out betwe5 ,leibniz #cd & ! disciples ( ,locke & ,newton1 9 :i* ! ,engli%1 & p]haps ,newton himself1 7 mu* to blame1 & ,leibniz ?\ght x impolitic to publi% 8 book4 ,x 0 n issu$ until long aft] 8 dea?1 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! discussion ) ,locke 0 a failure3 ,locke w\ld n play1 & ! book 9 :i* ! :ole controv]sy 0 to be sy/ematiz$ nev] appe>$4 ,! discussion ) ,bayle1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a model ( :at a discussion %\ld be4 ,bayle play$ up tirelessly1 & 0 nev] emb>rass+ly pr(\nd2 he provid$ j ! sort ( objections mo/ useful = draw+ =? illum9at+ expositions2 he 0 z good z a fictiti\s "* 9 a philosophical dialogue4 ,& ! book 9 :i* ! controv]sy 0 sy/ematiz$ duly appe>$ ) great clat4 ,"h is ! hi/ory ( ! controv]sy4 ,9 #afie ,leibniz 0 =ty-n9e ye>s old4 ,he _h j em]g$ f a p]iod ( close employm5t "u 8 pr9ce's comm&s1 & he ?\ght fit to try 8 metaphysical pr9ciples ^u ! polite _w & see :at w\ld come ( x4 ,he !re=e publi%$ an article 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,savants "u ! title3 ',new ,sy/em ( ,nature & ( ! ,communication ( ,sub/ances1 z well z ( ! ,union betwe5 ,s\l & ,body'4 ,9 ! same ye> ,f\*] publi%$ an article 9 ! ,j\rnal controv]t+ ,leibniz2 & 9 ! next ye> ,leibniz repli$ ) an ',explanation'4 ,a second explanation 9 ! same ye> appe>$ 9 ,basnage's ,hi/oire des ,ouvrages des ,savants1 9 answ] to reflexions by ! editor4 ,m4 ,pi]re ,bayle _h all ^! articles be=e him :5 he ins]t$ a note on ,leibniz's doctr9e 9 8 article on ',ror>ius'1 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,hi/orical & ,critical ,diction>y4 ,! po9t ( connexion betwe5 ,ror>ius & ,leibniz 0 no m ?an ?is1 t bo? held views ab\t ! s\ls ( bea/s4 ,pi]re ,bayle 0 ! son ( a ,calv9i/ pa/or1 e>ly conv]t$ to ,ca?olicism1 b recov]$ to 8 old fai? aft] a %ort "t4 ,he held academic employm5ts 9 ,switz]l& & ,holl&2 he promot$ & edit$ ! ,n\velles de la ,rpublique des ,lettres1 & he produc$ t extraord9>y "w ! ,hi/orical & ,critical ,diction>y4 ,! notices x conta9s ( au?ors & ?9k]s are little m ?an pegs ^u :i* ,bayle c\ld hang 8 philosophical reflexions4 ,he c\ld write an intellig5t discussion on any op9ion2 :at he c\ld n d 0 to reconcile ! po9ts ( view f :i* he felt impell$ to write ^u ?is au?or & t4#ce ,8 0 n a sy/ematic m9d4 ,s f> z he _h a philosophical op9ion1 he 0 a ,c>tesian2 9 !ology he 0 an or?odox ,calv9i/4 ,he c\ld n reconcile 8 !ology ) 8 ,c>tesianism & he did n try to4 ,he made a m]it ( ! oppositions ( fai? to reason & reason to itself1 s t he c\ld ?r[ himself ^u a m]itori\s & volunt>y fai?4 ,!re is no?+ orig9al 9 ?is position4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( decad5t s*ola/icism1 x squ>$ ) ,lu!r's exagg]ations ab\t ! impot5ce ( reason 9 fall5 man1 & ,pascal _h giv5 8 own highly p]sonal twi/ to x4 ,bayle has be5 hail$ z a =]unn] ( ,voltairean scepticism4 ,x w\ld be tru] to say t a ,voltairean sceptic c\ld read ,bayle's discussions 9 8 own s5se & = 8 own purposes if he wi%$4 ,b ,bayle 0 n a sceptic4 ,x is h>d to say :at he 02 8 :ole position z betwe5 fai? & reason is hopelessly confus$4 ,he 0 a s*ol>1 a wit1 & a philosophical sp>r+-p>tn] ( s p]fectly conv5i5t a k9d t if we _h n evid5ce ( 8 hi/orical reality1 we might h suspect$ ,leibniz ( inv5t+ him4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,diction>y1 "u ! article ',ror>ius'1 ,bayle gave a v fair acc\nt ( ,leibniz's doctr9e conc]n+ ! s\ls ( animals1 z x c\ld be collect$ f 8 article 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,savants1 #bg ,june #afie4 ,he !n proce$$ to comm5t ^u x 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ',!re are "s ?+s 9 ,mr4 ,leibniz's hypo!sis t are liable to "s difficulties1 ?\gh !y %[ ! great ext5t ( 8 g5ius4 ,he w h x1 = example1 t ! s\l ( a dog acts indep5d5tly ( outw>d bodies2 t x /&s ^u its own bottom1 by a p]fect spontaneity ) respect to itself1 & yet ) a p]fect con=mity to outw>d ?+s4444 ,t its int]nal p]ceptions arise f its orig9al con/itution1 t is to say1 ! repres5tative con/itution 7capable ( express+ be+s outside itself 9 relation to its organs7 :i* 0 be/[$ ^u x f ! "t ( its creation1 & makes its individual "* 7,j\rnal des ,savants1 #d ,july #afie74 ,f :5ce x results t x w\ld feel hung] & ?ir/ at su* & su* an h\r1 ?\gh !re 7 n any "o body 9 ! univ]se1 & ?\gh no?+ %\ld exi/ b ,god & t s\l4 ,he has expla9$ 7,hi/oire des ,ouvrages des ,savants1 ,feb4 #afif7 8 ?\ght by ! example ( two p5dulums t %\ld p]fectly agree3 t is1 he supposes t accord+ to ! p>ticul> laws :i* put ! s\l ^u action1 x mu/ feel hung] at su* an h\r2 #cf & t accord+ to ! p>ticul> laws :i* direct ! motion ( matt]1 ! body :i* is unit$ to t s\l mu/ be modifi$ at t same h\r z x is modifi$ :5 ! s\l is hungry4 ,i w =be> pref]r+ ?is sy/em to t ( occasional causes till ! le>n$ au?or has p]fect$ x4 ,i _c appreh5d ! connexion ( int]nal & spontane\s actions :i* w\ld h ?is effect1 t ! s\l ( a dog w\ld feel pa9 imm$iately aft] hav+ felt joy1 ?\gh x 7 alone 9 ! univ]se4 ,i und]/& :y a dog passes imm$iately f pleasure to pa9 :51 be+ v hungry & eat+ a piece ( bread1 he is sudd5ly /ruck ) a cudgel4 ,b ,i _c appreh5d t 8 s\l %\ld be s fram$ t at ! v mom5t ( 8 be+ beat5 he %\ld feel pa9 ?\gh he 7 n beat51 & ?\gh he %\ld cont9ue to eat bread )\t any tr\ble or h9drance4 ,nor d ,i see h[ ! spontaneity ( t s\l %\ld be consi/5t ) ! s5se ( pa91 & 9 g5]al ) any unpleas+ p]ceptions4 ',besides1 ! reason :y ?is le>n$ man does n l ! ,c>tesian sy/em seems to me to be a false supposition2 = x _c be said t ! sy/em ( occasional causes br+s 9 ,god act+ by a miracle 7ibid471 ,deum ex ma*9a1 9 ! mutual dep5d5cy ( ! body & s\l3 = s9ce ,god does only int]v5e accord+ to g5]al laws1 he _c be said to act 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,does ! int]nal & active virtue communicat$ to ! =ms ( bodies accord+ to ,m4 ,leibniz "k ! tra9 ( actions :i* x is to produce8 ,by no means2 = we "k by exp]i5ce t we are ignorant :e!r we %all h su* & su* p]ceptions 9 an h\r's "t4 ,x 7 !re=e necess>y t ! =ms %\ld be direct$ by "s int]nal pr9ciple 9 ! production ( _! acts4 ,b ?is w\ld be ,deus ex ma*9a1 z mu* z 9 ! sy/em ( occasional causes4 ,9 f9e1 z he supposes ) great reason t all s\ls are simple & indivisible1 x _c be appreh5d$ h[ !y c be comp>$ ) a p5dulum1 t is1 h[ by _! orig9al con/itution !y c div]sify _! op]ations by us+ ! spontane\s activity be/[$ ^u !m by _! ,creator4 ,x may cle>ly be conceiv$ t a simple be+ w always act 9 a uni=m mann]1 if no ext]nal cause h9d]s x4 ,if x 7 compos$ ( sev]al pieces1 z a ma*9e1 x w\ld act diff]5t ways1 because ! peculi> activity ( ea* piece might *ange e mom5t ! progress ( o!rs2 b h[ w y f9d 9 a simple sub/ance ! #cg cause ( a *ange ( op]ation8' ,leibniz publi%$ a reply to ,bayle 9 ! ,hi/oire des ,ouvrages des ,savants = ,july #afih4 ,z 9 all 8 ref]5ces to ,bayle1 he is /udi\sly polite & repays complim5t = complim5t4 ,! foll[+ are p]haps ! pr9cipal po9ts ( 8 answ]4 #a4 ,on ! example ( ! dog3 7a7 ,h[ %\ld x ( itself *ange its s5tim5t1 s9ce ev]y?+ left to itself cont9ues 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is8 ,because ! /ate may be a /ate ( *ange1 z 9 a mov+ body :i*1 unless h9d]$1 cont9ues to move4 ,& su* is ! nature ( simple sub/ances--!y cont9ue to evolve /eadily4 7b7 ,w\ld x really feel z ?\gh beat5 if x 7 n beat51 s9ce ,leibniz says t ! action ( e sub/ance takes place z ?\gh no?+ exi/$ b ,god & itself8 ,leibniz replies t 8 rem>k ref]s to ! causality beh9d an action1 n to ! reasons = x4 ,! spontane\s action ( ! dog1 :i* leads to ! feel+ ( pa91 is only decre$ to be :at x is1 = ! reason t ! dog is "p ( a _w ( mutually reflect+ sub/ances1 a _w :i* also includes ! cudgel4 7c7 ,:y %\ld ! dog ev] be displeas$ spontane\sly8 ,leibniz di/+ui%es ! spontane\s f ! volunt>y3 _m ?+s occur 9 ! m9d1 ( itself1 b n *os5 by x4 #b4 ,on ,c>tesianism & miracle3 ,c>tesianism 9 ! =m ( occasionalism does involve miracle1 = ?\gh ,god is said by x to act accord+ to laws 9 con=m+ body & m9d to "o ano!r1 he !reby causes !m to act beyond _! natural capacities4 #c4 ,on ! problem1 h[ c ! simple act o!rwise ?an uni=mly8 ,leibniz di/+ui%es3 "s uni=m action is monoton\s1 b "s is n4 ,a po9t moves uni=mly 9 describ+ a p>abola1 = x con/antly fulfils ! =mula ( ! curve4 ,b x does n move monoton\sly1 = ! curve con/antly v>ies4 ,su* is ! uni=mity ( ! action ( simple sub/ances4 ,bayle read ?is reply1 & 0 pleas$ b n satisfi$ ) x4 ,9 ! second edition ( ! diction>y1 "u ! same article ',ror>ius'1 he add$ ! foll[+ note3 ',i decl>e fir/ ( all t ,i am v glad ,i h propos$ "s small difficulties aga9/ ! sy/em ( t great philosoph]1 s9ce !y #ch h occasion$ "s answ]s :]eby t subject has be5 made cle>] to me1 & :i* h giv5 me a m di/9ct notion ( :at is mo/ to be admir$ 9 x4 ,i look n[ ^u t new sy/em z an important conque/1 :i* enl>ges ! b\nds ( philosophy4 ,we _h only two hypo!ses1 t ( ! ,s*ools & t ( ! ,c>tesians3 ! "o 0 a way ( influ5ce ( ! body ^u ! s\l & ( ! s\l ^u ! body2 ! o!r 0 a way ( assi/ance or occasional causality4 ,b "h is a new acquisition1 a new hypo!sis1 :i* may be call$1 z ,fr4 ,lami /yles x1 a way ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,we are behold5 = x to ,m4 ,leibniz1 & x is impossible to conceive any?+ t gives u a nobl] idea ( ! p[] & wisdom ( ! ,au?or ( all ?+s4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! advantage ( sett+ aside all notions ( a miracul\s conduct1 w\ld engage me to pref] ?is new sy/em to t ( ! ,c>tesians1 if ,i c\ld conceive any possibility 9 ! way ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ',i desire ! read] to take notice t ?\gh ,i confess t ?is way removes all notions ( a miracul\s conduct1 yet ,i d n retract :at ,i h said =m]ly1 t ! sy/em ( occasional causes does n br+ 9 ,god act+ miracul\sly4 7,see ,m4 ,leibniz's article 9 ,hi/oire des ,ouvrages des ,savants1 ,july #afih47 ,i am z mu* p]suad$ z ev] ,i 0 t an action _c be said to be miracul\s1 unless ,god produces x z an exception to ! g5]al laws2 & t ev]y?+ ( :i* he is imm$iately ! au?or accord+ to ^? laws is di/9ct f a miracle prop]ly s call$4 ,b be+ will+ to cut (f f ?is dispute z _m ?+s z ,i possibly c1 ,i cons5t x %\ld be said t ! sure/ way ( remov+ all notions t include a miracle is to suppose t all creat$ sub/ances are actively ! imm$iate causes ( ! effects ( nature4 ,i w !re=e lay aside :at ,i might reply to t "p ( ,m4 ,leibniz's answ]4 ',i w also omit all objections :i* are n m contr>y to 8 op9ion ?an to t ( "s o!r philosoph]s4 ,i w n !re=e propose ! difficulties t may be rais$ aga9/ ! supposition t a creature c receive f ,god ! p[] ( mov+ itself4 ,!y are /rong & almo/ unansw]able1 b ,m4 ,leibniz's sy/em does n lie m op5 to !m ?an t ( ! ,ari/otelians2 nay1 ,i d n "k :e!r ! ,c>tesians w\ld presume to say t ,god _c communicate to our s\ls a p[] ( act+4 ,if !y say s1 h[ c !y own t ,adam s9n$8 ,& if !y d>e n#ci say s !y weak5 ! argum5ts :]eby !y endeav\r to prove t matt] is n capable ( any activity4 ,nor d ,i believe t x is m difficult = ,m4 ,leibniz ?an = ! ,c>tesians or o!r philosoph]s1 to free himself f ! objection ( a fatal me*anism :i* de/roys human lib]ty4 ,:]e=e1 waiv+ ?is1 ,i %all only speak ( :at is peculi> to ! sy/em ( ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ',i4 ,my fir/ obs]vation %all be1 t x raises ! p[] & wisdom ( ! div9e art above ev]y?+ t c be conceiv$4 ,fancy to y\rself a %ip :i*1 )\t hav+ any s5se or k1 & )\t be+ direct$ by any creat$ or uncreat$ be+1 has ! p[] ( mov+ itself s seasonably z to h always ! w9d fav\rable1 to avoid curr5ts & rocks1 to ca/ an*or :]e x ought to be done1 & to retire into a h>b\r precisely :5 x is necess>y4 ,suppose su* a %ip sails 9 t mann] = sev]al ye>s successively1 be+ always turn$ & situat$ z x ought to be1 accord+ to ! sev]al *anges ( ! air & ! diff]5t situations ( seas & l&s2 y w ackn[l$ge t ,god1 not)/&+ 8 inf9ite p[]1 _c communicate su* a faculty to a %ip2 or r y w say t ! nature ( a %ip is n capable ( receiv+ x f ,god4 ,& yet :at ,m4 ,leibniz supposes ab\t ! ma*9e ( a human body is m admirable & m surpris+ ?an all ?is4 ,let u apply 8 sy/em conc]n+ ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body to ! p]son ( ,julius ,caes>4 ',,ii4 ,we mu/ say accord+ to ?is sy/em t ! body ( ,julius ,caes> did s ex]cise its mov+ faculty t f its bir? to its dea? x w5t ?r\gh cont9ual *anges :i* did mo/ exactly answ] ! p]petual *anges ( a c]ta9 s\l :i* x did n "k & :i* made no impression on x4 ,we mu/ say t ! rule accord+ to :i* t faculty ( ,caes>'s body p]=m$ su* actions 0 su*1 t he w\ld h gone to ! ,s5ate ^u su* a day & at su* an h\r1 t he w\ld h spok5 !re su* & su* words1 etc41 ?\gh ,god _h will$ to annihilate 8 s\l ! next day aft] x 0 creat$4 ,we mu/ say t ?is mov+ p[] did *ange & modify itself exactly accord+ to ! volubility ( ! ?\ghts ( t ambiti\s man1 & t x 0 affect$ precisely 9 a c]ta9 mann] r ?an 9 ano!r1 because ! s\l ( ,caes> pass$ f a c]ta9 ?\ght to ano!r4 ,c a bl9d p[] modify itself s exactly by virtue ( an impression communicat$ ?irty or =ty ye>s #dj be=e & nev] r5ew$ s9ce1 b left to itself1 )\t ev] kn[+ :at x is to d8 ,is n ?is mu* m incompreh5sible ?an ! navigation ,i spoke ( 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph8 ',,iii4 ,! difficulty w be great] /ill1 if x be consid]$ t ! human ma*9e conta9s an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( organs1 & t x is cont9ually expos$ to ! %ock ( ! bodies t surr\nd x1#a & :i* by an innum]able v>iety ( %ak+s produce 9 x a ?\s& sorts ( modifications4 ,h[ is x possible to conceive t ?is pre-e/abli%$ h>mony %\ld nev] be disord]$1 b g on /ill dur+ ! longe/ life ( a man1 not)/&+ ! inf9ite v>ieties ( ! reciprocal action ( s _m organs ^u "o ano!r1 :i* are surr\nd$ on all sides ) inf9ite corpuscles1 sometimes hot & sometimes cold1 sometimes dry & sometimes moi/1 & always act+1 & prick+ ! n]ves a ?\s& diff]5t ways8 ,suppose t ! multiplicity ( organs & ( ext]nal ag5ts be a necess>y in/rum5t ( ! almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( *anges 9 a human body3 w t v>iety h ! exactness "h requir$8 ,w x nev] di/urb ! correspond5ce ( ^? *anges ) ! *anges ( ! s\l8 ,?is seems to be altoge!r impossible4 #a ',accord+ to ,m4 ,leibniz :at is active 9 e sub/ance ought to be r$uc$ to a true unity4 ,s9ce !re=e ! body ( e man is compos$ ( sev]al sub/ances1 ea* ( !m ought to h a pr9ciple ( action really di/9ct f ! pr9ciple ( ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,he w h ! action ( e pr9ciple to be spontane\s4 ,n[ ?is mu/ v>y ! effects ad inf9itum1 & conf\nd !m4 ,= ! impression ( ! neighb\r+ bodies mu/ ne$s put "s con/ra9t ^u ! natural spontaneity ( e "o ( !m4' ',,iv4 ,x is 9 va9 to h rec\rse to ! p[] ( ,god1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 t brutes are m]e ma*9es2 x is 9 va9 to say t ,god 0 able to make ma*9es s artfully contriv$ t ! voice ( a man1 ! reflect$ light ( an object1 etc41 w /rike !m exactly :]e x is necess>y1 t !y may move 9 a giv5 mann]4 ,?is supposition is reject$ by ev]ybody except "s ,c>tesians2 & no ,c>tesian w\ld admit x if x 7 to be ext5d$ to man2 t is1 if anyone 7 to ass]t t ,god 0 able to =m su* bodies z w\ld me*anically d :atev] we see o!r m5 d4 ,by d5y+ ?is we d n pret5d to limit ! p[] & k ( ,god3 we only mean t ! nature ( ?+s does n p]mit t ! faculties imp>t$ to a creature %\ld n be necess>ily conf9$ )9 c]ta9 b\nds4 ,! actions ( creatures mu/ be #da necess>ily proportion$ to _! ess5tial /ate1 & p]=m$ accord+ to ! "* belong+ to ea* ma*9e2 = accord+ to ! maxim ( ! philosoph]s1 :atev] is receiv$ is proportionate to ! capacity ( ! subject t receives x4 ,we may !re=e reject ,m4 ,leibniz's hypo!sis z be+ impossible1 s9ce x is liable to great] difficulties ?an t ( ! ,c>tesians1 :i* makes bea/s to be m]e ma*9es4 ,x puts a p]petual h>mony betwe5 two be+s1 :i* d n act "o ^u ano!r2 :]eas if s]vants 7 m]e ma*9es1 & %\ld punctually obey _! ma/]s' comm&1 x c\ld n be said t !y d x )\t a real action ( _! ma/]s ^u !m2 = _! ma/]s w\ld speak words & make signs :i* w\ld really %ake & move ! organs ( ! s]vants4 ',v4 ,n[ let u consid] ! s\l ( ,julius ,caes>1 & we %all f9d ! ?+ m impossible /ill4 ,t s\l 0 9 ! _w )\t be+ expos$ to ! influ5ce ( any _s4 ,! p[] x receiv$ f ,god 0 ! only pr9ciple ( ! actions x produc$ at e mom5t3 & if ^? actions 7 diff]5t "o f ano!r1 x 0 n because "s ( !m 7 produc$ by ! unit$ influ5ce ( "s spr+s :i* did n contribute to ! production ( o!rs1 = ! s\l ( man is simple1 indivisible & immat]ial4 ,m4 ,leibniz owns x2 & if he did n ackn[l$ge x1 b if1 on ! contr>y1 he %\ld suppose ) mo/ philosoph]s & "s ( ! mo/ excell5t metaphysicians ( our age 7,mr4 ,locke1 = in/ance7 t a comp\nd ( sev]al mat]ial p>ts plac$ & dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 is capable ( ?9k+1 8 hypo!sis w\ld appe> to be on t v gr\nd absolutely impossible1 & ,i c\ld refute x sev]al o!r ways2 :i* ,i ne$ n m5tion s9ce he ackn[l$ges ! immat]iality ( our s\l & builds ^u x4 ',let u return to ! s\l ( ,julius ,caes>1 & call x an immat]ial automaton 7,m4 ,leibniz's own phrase71 & comp>e x ) an atom ( ,epicurus2 ,i mean an atom surr\nd$ ) a vacuum on all sides1 & :i* w nev] meet any o!r atom4 ,?is is a v j comp>ison3 = ?is atom1 on ! "o h&1 has a natural p[] ( mov+ itself & ex]ts x )\t any assi/ance1 & )\t be+ ret>d$ or h9d]$ by any?+3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s\l ( ,caes> is a _s :i* has receiv$ ! faculty ( produc+ ?\ghts1 & ex]ts x )\t ! influ5ce #db ( any o!r _s or ( any body4 ,x is nei!r assi/$ nor ?w>t$ by any?+ :atsoev]4 ,if y consult ! common notions & ! ideas ( ord]1 y w f9d t ?is atom c nev] /op1 & t hav+ be5 9 motion 9 ! =ego+ mom5t1 x w cont9ue 9 x at ! pres5t mom5t & 9 all ! mom5ts t %all foll[1 & t x w always move 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is is ! consequ5ce ( an axiom approv$ by ,m4 ,leibniz3 s9ce a ?+ does always rema9 9 ! same /ate :]e9 x happ5s to be1 unless x receives "s alt]ation f "s o!r ?+ 444 we conclude1 says he1 n only t a body :i* is at re/ w always be at re/1 b t a body 9 motion w always keep t motion or *ange1 t is1 ! same swiftness & ! same direction1 unless some?+ happ5s to h9d] x4 7,m4 ,leibniz1 ibid47 ',ev]yone cle>ly sees t ?is atom1 :e!r x moves by an innate p[]1 z ,democritus & ,epicurus w\ld h x1 or by a p[] receiv$ f ! ,creator1 w always move 9 ! same l9e equally & aft] a uni=m mann]1 )\t ev] turn+ or go+ back4 ,epicurus 0 laugh$ at1 :5 he inv5t$ ! motion ( decl9ation2 x 0 a ne$less supposition1 :i* he want$ 9 ord] to get out ( ! labyr9? ( a fatal necessity2 & he c\ld give no reason = ?is new "p ( 8 sy/em4 ,x 0 inconsi/5t ) ! cle>e/ notions ( our m9ds3 = x is evid5t t an atom :i* describes a /raight l9e = ! space ( two days _c turn away at ! beg9n+ ( a ?ird1 unless x meets ) "s ob/acle1 or has a m9d all ( a sudd5 to g out ( its road1 or conta9s "s spr+ :i* beg9s to play at t v mom5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! reasons _c be admitt$ 9 a vacuum4 ,! second is impossible1 s9ce an atom has n ! faculty ( ?9k+4 ,& ! ?ird is likewise impossible 9 a corpuscle t is a p]fect unity4 ,i mu/ make "s use ( all ?is4 ',,vi4 ,caes>'s s\l is a be+ to :i* unity belongs 9 a /rict s5se4 ,! faculty ( produc+ ?\ghts is a prop]ty ( its nature 7s ,m4 ,leibniz71 :i* x has receiv$ f ,god1 bo? z to possession & ex]cise4 ,if ! fir/ ?\ght x produces is a s5se ( pleasure1 !re is no reason :y ! second %\ld n likewise be a s5se ( pleasure2 = :5 ! total cause ( an effect rema9s ! same1 ! effect _c be alt]$4 ,n[ ?is s\l1 at ! second mom5t ( its exi/5ce1 does n receive a new faculty ( ?9k+2 x only pres]ves ! faculty x _h at ! fir/ mom5t1 & x is z indep5d5t ( ! conc\rse ( any o!r cause at ! second #dc mom5t z x 0 at ! fir/4 ,x mu/ !re=e produce aga9 at ! second mom5t ! same ?\ght x _h produc$ j be=e4 ,if x be object$ t x ought to be 9 a /ate ( *ange1 & t x w\ld n be 9 su* a /ate1 9 ! case t ,i h suppos$2 ,i answ] t its *ange w be l ! *ange ( ! atom2 = an atom :i* cont9ually moves 9 ! same l9e acquires a new situation at e mom5t1 b x is l ! prec$+ situation4 ,a s\l may !re=e cont9ue 9 its /ate ( *ange1 if x does b produce a new ?\ght l ! prec$+4 ',b suppose x to be n conf9$ )9 su* n>r[ b\nds2 x mu/ be grant$ at lea/ t its go+ f "o ?\ght to ano!r implies "s reason ( aff9ity4 ,if ,i suppose t 9 a c]ta9 mom5t ! s\l ( ,caes> sees a tree ) leaves & blossoms1 ,i c conceive t x does imm$iately desire to see "o t has only leaves1 & !n "o t has only blossoms1 & t x w ?us successively produce sev]al images aris+ f "o ano!r2 b "o _c conceive ! odd *ange ( ?\ghts1 :i* h no aff9ity )1 b are ev5 contr>y to1 "o ano!r1 & :i* are s common 9 m5's s\ls4 ,"o _c appreh5d h[ ,god c\ld place 9 ! s\l ( ,julius ,caes> ! pr9ciple ( :at ,i am go+ to say4 ,he 0 )\t d\bt prick$ ) a p9 m ?an once1 :5 he 0 suck+2 & !re=e accord+ to ,m4 ,leibniz's hypo!sis :i* ,i am "h consid]+1 8 s\l mu/ h produc$ 9 itself a s5se ( pa9 imm$iately aft] ! pleasant s5sations ( ! sweetness ( ! milk1 :i* x _h enjoy$ = ! space ( two or ?ree m9utes4 ,by :at spr+s 0 x det]m9$ to int]rupt its pleasures & to give itself all ( a sudd5 a s5se ( pa91 )\t receiv+ any intimation ( prep>+ itself to *ange1 & )\t any new alt]ation 9 its sub/ance8 ,if y run ov] ! life ( t ,roman emp]or1 e page w af=d y matt] = a /rong] objection ?an ?is is4 ',,vii4 ,! ?+ w\ld be less incompreh5sible if x 7 suppos$ t ! s\l ( man is n "o _s b r a multitude ( spirits1 ea* ( :i* has its functions1 t beg9 & end precisely z ! *anges made 9 a human body require4 ,by virtue ( ?is supposition x %\ld be said t some?+ analog\s to a great numb] ( :eels & spr+s1 or ( matt]s t f]m5t1 dispos$ accord+ to ! *anges ( our ma*9e1 awak5s or lulls asleep = a c]ta9 "t ! action ( ea* ( ^? spirits4 ,b !n ! s\l ( man w\ld be no long] a s+le sub/ance#dd b an ens p] aggregationem1 a collection & heap ( sub/ances j l all mat]ial be+s4 ,we are "h 9 que/ ( a s+le be+1 :i* produces 9 itself sometimes joy1 sometimes pa91 etc41 & n ( _m be+s1 "o ( :i* produces hope1 ano!r despair1 etc4 ',9 ^! obs]vations ,i h m]ely cle>$ & unfold$ ^? :i* ,m4 ,leibniz has done me ! hon\r to exam9e3 & n[ ,i %all make "s reflexions ^u 8 answ]s4 ',,viii4 ,he says 7ibid41 p4 #ccb7 t ! law ( ! *ange :i* happ5s 9 ! sub/ance ( ! animal transports him f pleasure to pa9 at ! v mom5t t a solution ( cont9uity is made 9 8 body2 because ! law ( ! indivisible sub/ance ( t animal is to repres5t :at is done 9 8 body z we exp]i5ce x1 & ev5 to repres5t 9 "s mann]1 & ) respect to t body1 :atev] is done 9 ! _w4 ,^! words are a v good explication ( ! gr\nds ( ?is sy/em2 !y are1 z x 71 ! unfold+ & key ( x2 b at ! same "t !y are ! v ?+s at :i* ! objections ( ^? :o take ?is sy/em to be impossible are levell$4 ,! law ,m4 ,leibniz speaks ( supposes a decree ( ,god1 & %[s :]e9 ?is sy/em agrees ) t ( occasional causes4 ,^? two sy/ems agree 9 ?is po9t1 t !re are laws accord+ to :i* ! s\l ( man is to repres5t :at is done 9 ! body ( man1 z we exp]i5ce x4 ,b !y disagree z to ! mann] ( execut+ ^? laws4 ,! ,c>tesians say t ,god executes !m2 ,m4 ,leibniz w h x1 t ! s\l itself does x2 :i* appe>s to me impossible1 because ! s\l has n ! necess>y in/rum5ts = su* an execution4 ,n[ h[ev] inf9ite ! p[] & k ( ,god be1 he _c p]=m ) a ma*9e depriv$ ( a c]ta9 piece1 :at requires ! conc\rse ( su* a piece4 ,he mu/ supply t defect2 b !n ! effect w\ld be produc$ by him & n by ! ma*9e4 ,i %all %[ t ! s\l has n ! in/rum5ts requisite = ! div9e law we speak (1 & 9 ord] to d x ,i %all make use ( a comp>ison4 ',fancy to y\rself an animal creat$ by ,god & design$ to s+ cont9ually4 ,x w always s+1 t is mo/ c]ta92 b if ,god designs him a c]ta9 tablature1 he mu/ necess>ily ei!r put x be=e 8 eyes or impr9t x ^u 8 memory or dispose 8 muscles 9 su* a mann] t accord+ to ! laws ( me*anism "o c]ta9 note w always come aft] ano!r1 agreeably to ! ord] ( ! tablature4 ,)\t ?is "o _c appreh5d t ! animal c always foll[ ! :ole set ( ! notes #de appo9t$ him by ,god4 ,let u apply ?is to man's s\l4 ,m4 ,leibniz w h x t x has receiv$ n only ! p[] ( produc+ ?\ghts cont9ually1 b also ! faculty ( foll[+ always a c]ta9 set ( ?\ghts1 :i* answ]s ! cont9ual *anges t happ5 9 ! ma*9e ( ! body4 ,?is set ( ?\ghts is l ! tablature prescrib$ to ! s++ animal above m5tion$4 ,c ! s\l *ange its p]ceptions or modifications at e mom5t accord+ to su* a set ( ?\ghts1 )\t kn[+ ! s]ies ( ! notes1 & actually ?9k+ ^u !m8 ,b exp]i5ce tea*es u t x kn[s no?+ ( x4 ,7 x n at lea/ necess>y t 9 default ( su* a k1 !re %\ld be 9 ! s\l a set ( p>ticul> in/rum5ts1 ea* ( :i* w\ld be a necess>y cause ( su* & su* a ?\ght8 ,mu/ !y n be s plac$ & dispos$ z to op]ate precisely "o aft] ano!r1 accord+ to ! correspond5ce pre-e/abli%$ betwe5 ! *anges ( ! body & ! ?\ghts ( ! s\l8 b x is mo/ c]ta9 t an immat]ial simple & indivisible sub/ance _c be made up ( su* an innum]able multitude ( p>ticul> in/rum5ts plac$ "o be=e ano!r1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ! tablature 9 "q4 ,x is n !re=e possible t a human s\l %\ld execute t law4 ',m4 ,leibniz supposes t ! s\l does n di/9ctly "k its future p]ceptions1 b t x p]ceives !m confus$ly1 & t !re are 9 ea* sub/ance traces ( :atev] ha? happ5$1 or %all happ5 to x3 b t an inf9ite multitude ( p]ceptions h9d]s u f di/+ui%+ !m4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ea* sub/ance is a natural consequ5ce ( its prec$+ /ate4 ,! s\l1 ?\gh nev] s simple1 has always a s5tim5t compos$ ( sev]al p]ceptions at "o "t3 :i* answ]s our end z well z ?\gh x 7 compos$ ( pieces1 l a ma*9e4 ,= ea* =ego+ p]ception has an influ5ce on ^? t foll[ agreeably to a law ( ord]1 :i* is 9 p]ceptions z well z 9 motions444,! p]ceptions t are toge!r 9 "o & ! same s\l at ! same "t1 includ+ an inf9ite multitude ( little & indi/+ui%able s5tim5ts t are to be unfold$1 we ne$ n wond] at ! inf9ite v>iety ( :at is to result f x 9 "t4 ,?is is only a consequ5ce ( ! repres5tative nature ( ! s\l1 :i* is1 to express :at happ5s & :at w happ5 9 its body1 by ! connexion & correspond5ce ( all ! p>ts ( ! _w4 ,i h b little to say 9 answ] to ?is3 ,i %all only obs]ve t ?is supposition :5 suffici5tly cle>$ is ! "r way ( solv+ all ! difficulties4 ,m4 ,leibniz1 ?r\gh ! #df p5etration ( 8 great g5ius1 has v well conceiv$ ! ext5t & /r5g? ( ?is objection1 & :at rem$y ought to be appli$ to ! ma9 inconv5i5cy4 ,i d n d\bt b t he w smoo? ! r\gh p>ts ( 8 sy/em1 & tea* u "s excell5t ?+s ab\t ! nature ( spirits4 ,nobody c travel m usefully or m safely ?an he 9 ! intellectual _w4 ,i hope t 8 curi\s explanations w remove all ! impossibilities :i* ,i h hi!rto f\nd 9 8 sy/em1 & t he w solidly remove my difficulties1 z well z ^? ( ,fa!r ,lami4 ,& ^! hopes made me say be=e1 )\t design+ to pass a complim5t ^u t le>n$ man1 t 8 sy/em ought to be look$ ^u z an important conque/4 ',he w n be mu* emb>rass$ by ?is1 viz4 t :]eas accord+ to ! supposition ( ! ,c>tesians !re is b "o g5]al law = ! union ( spirits & bodies1 he w h x t ,god gives a p>ticul> law to ea* _s2 f :5ce x seems to result t ! primitive con/itution ( ea* _s is specifically diff]5t f all o!rs4 ,d n ! ,?omi/s say1 t !re are z _m species z individuals 9 angelic nature8' ,leibniz ackn[l$g$ ,bayle's note 9 a fur!r reply1 :i* is writt5 z ?\gh = publication4 ,x 0 communicat$ to ,bayle1 b x 0 n 9 fact publi%$4 ,x is dat$ #agjb4 ,x may be f\nd 9 ! /&>d collections ( ,leibniz's philosophical works4 ,x reads almo/ l a sket* = ! ,!odicy4 ,! pr9cipal po9t develop$ by ,leibniz is ! ri*ness ( cont5t :i*1 accord+ to him1 is to be f\nd 9 ea* 'simple sub/ance'4 ,its simplicity is m l ! inf9itely ri* simplicity ( ! div9e ,be+1 ?an l ! simplicity ( ! atom ( ,epicurus1 ) :i* ,bayle _h *os5 to comp>e x4 ,x conta9s a cond5sation 9 confus$ idea ( ! :ole univ]se3 & its ess5ce is f ! fir/ def9$ by ! "p x is to play 9 ! total h>mony4 ,z to ! musical score 7'tablature ( notes'7 :i* ! individual s\l plays f1 9 ord] to p]=m its orda9$ "p 9 ! univ]sal h>mony1 ?is 'score' is to be f\nd 9 ! confus$ or implicit ideas at any mom5t pres5t1 f :i* an omnisci5t obs]v] c\ld always d$uce :at is to happ5 next4 ,to ! objection ',b ! creat$ s\l is n an omnisci5t obs]v]1 & if x _c read ! score1 ! score is useless to x'1#dg ,leibniz replies by affirm+ t mu* spontane\s action arises f subjective & yet unp]ceiv$ reasons1 z we are all p]fectly aw>e1 once we att5d to ! relevant facts4 ,all he claims to be do+ is to g5]alize ?is obs]vation4 ,all ev5ts :atsoev] arise f ! 'int]pretation ( ! score' by monads1 b v little ( ?is 'int]pretation' is 9 ! lea/ consci\s4 ,leibniz passes f ! rem>ks ab\t 8 own doctr9e "u ! article ',ror>ius' to o!r articles ( ,bayle's diction>y1 & t\*es ! "q ( ! orig9 ( evil1 & o!r matt]s :i* receive _! full] treatm5t 9 ! ,!odicy4 ,9 ! same ye> ,leibniz wrote a v fri5dly lett] to ,bayle himself1 (f]+ fur!r explanations ( disput$ po9ts4 ,he conclud$ x ) a p>agraph ( "s p]sonal int]e/1 comp>+ himself ! hi/orian-philosoph] ) ,bayle ! philosophic lexicograph]1 & reveal+ by ! way 8 attitude to philosophy1 sci5ce & hi/ory3 ',we h good reason to admire1 ,sir1 ! way 9 :i* y\r /rik+ reflexions on ! deepe/ que/ions ( philosophy rema9 unh9d]$ by y\r b\ndless rese>*es into matt]s ( fact4 ,i too am n always able to excuse myself f discussions ( ! sort1 & h ev5 be5 oblig$ to desc5d to que/ions ( g5ealogy1 :i* w\ld be /ill m trifl+1 7 x n t ! int]e/s ( ,/ates frequ5tly dep5d ^u !m4 ,i h work$ mu* on ! hi/ory ( ,g]many 9 s f> z x be>s ^u ^! c\ntries1 a /udy :i* has furni%$ me ) "s obs]vations belong+ to g5]al hi/ory4 ,s ,i h le>nt n to neglect ! k ( %e] facts4 ,b if ! *oice 7 op5 to me1 ,i %\ld pref] natural hi/ory to political1 & ! cu/oms & laws ,god has e/abli%$ 9 nature1 to :at is obs]v$ among mank9d4' ,leibniz n[ conceiv$ ! idea ( putt+ toge!r all ! passages 9 ,bayle's works :i* int]e/$ him1 & writ+ a sy/ematic answ] to !m4 ,be=e he _h leisure to f9i% ! task1 ,bayle di$4 ,! "w nev]!less appe>$ 9 #agaj z ! ,essays 9 ,!odicy4 #di 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has ev] be5 se5 t m5 9 g5]al h resort$ to outw>d =ms = ! expression ( _! religion3 s\nd piety1 t is to say1 light & virtue1 has nev] be5 ! portion ( ! _m4 ,"o %\ld n wond] at ?is1 no?+ is s mu* 9 accord ) human weakness4 ,we are impress$ by :at is outw>d1 :ile ! inn] ess5ce ( ?+s requires consid]ation ( su* a k9d z few p]sons are fitt$ to give4 ,z true piety consi/s 9 pr9ciples & practice1 ! outw>d =ms ( religion imitate ^!1 & are ( two k9ds3 ! "o k9d consi/s 9 c]emonial practices1 & ! o!r 9 ! =mul>ies ( belief4 ,c]emonies resemble virtu\s actions1 & =mul>ies are l %ad[s ( ! tru? & approa*1 m or less1 ! true light4 ,all ^! outw>d =ms w\ld be comm5dable if ^? :o inv5t$ !m _h r5d]$ !m appropriate to ma9ta9 & to express t :i* !y imitate--if religi\s c]emonies1 ecclesia/ical discipl9e1 ! rules ( communities1 human laws 7 always l a h$ge r\nd ! div9e law1 to )draw u f any approa* to vice1 to inure u to ! good & to make u famili> ) virtue4 ,t 0 ! aim ( ,moses & ( o!r good lawgiv]s1 ( ! wise m5 :o f\nd$ religi\s ord]s1 & above all ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 div9e f\nd] ( ! pure/ & mo/ enlight5$ religion4 ,x is j ! same ) ! =mul>ies ( belief3 !y w\ld be valid provid$ !re 7 no?+ #ej 9 !m inconsi/5t ) tru? unto salvation1 ev5 ?\gh ! full tru? conc]n$ 7 n !re4 ,b x happ5s only too (t5 t religion is *ok$ 9 c]emonial1 & t ! div9e light is obscur$ by ! op9ions ( m54 ,! pagans1 :o inhabit$ ! e>? be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 f\nd$1 _h only "o k9d ( outw>d =m3 !y _h c]emonies 9 _! wor%ip1 b !y _h no articles ( fai? & _h nev] dream$ ( draw+ up =mul>ies = _! dogmatic !ology4 ,!y knew n :e!r _! gods 7 real p]sons or symbols ( ! =ces ( ,nature1 z ! sun1 ! planets1 ! elem5ts4 ,_! my/]ies consi/$ n 9 difficult dogmas b 9 c]ta9 secret obs]vances1 :5ce ! pr(ane1 namely ^? :o 7 n initiat$1 7 exclud$4 ,^! obs]vances 7 v (t5 ridicul\s & absurd1 & x 0 necess>y to conceal !m 9 ord] to gu>d !m aga9/ contempt4 ,! pagans _h _! sup]/itions3 !y boa/$ ( miracles1 ev]y?+ ) !m 0 full ( oracles1 auguries1 port5ts1 div9ations2 ! prie/s inv5t$ signs ( ! ang] or ( ! goodness ( ! gods1 ^: int]pret]s !y claim$ to be4 ,?is t5d$ to sway m9ds ?r\gh fe> & hope conc]n+ human ev5ts2 b ! great future ( ano!r life 0 sc>ce envisag$2 "o did n tr\ble to imp>t to m5 true notions ( ,god & ( ! s\l4 ,( all anci5t peoples1 x appe>s t ! ,hebrews alone _h public dogmas = _! religion4 ,abraham & ,moses e/abli%$ ! belief 9 "o ,god1 s\rce ( all good1 au?or ( all ?+s4 ,! ,hebrews speak ( him 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! ,supreme ,sub/ance2 & "o wond]s at see+ ! inhabitants ( "o small region ( ! e>? m enlight5$ ?an ! re/ ( ! human race4 ,p]adv5ture ! wise m5 ( o!r nations h sometimes said ! same1 b !y h n _h ! good =tune to f9d a suffici5t foll[+ & to conv]t ! dogma into law4 ,nev]!less ,moses _h n ins]t$ 9 8 laws ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( s\ls3 x 0 consi/5t ) 8 ideas1 x 0 taught by oral tradition2 b x 0 n proclaim$ = popul> acceptance until ,jesus ,*ri/ lift$ ! veil1 &1 )\t hav+ =ce 9 8 h&1 taught ) all ! =ce ( a lawgiv] t immortal s\ls pass into ano!r life1 :]e9 !y %all receive ! wages ( _! de$s4 ,moses _h already express$ ! beautiful conceptions ( ! greatness & ! goodness ( ,god1 :]eto _m civiliz$ peoples to-day ass5t2 b ,jesus ,*ri/ demon/rat$ fully #ea ! results ( ^! ideas1 proclaim+ t div9e goodness & ju/ice are %[n =? to p]fection 9 ,god's designs = ! s\ls ( m54 ,i refra9 f consid]+ "h ! o!r po9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & ,i w %[ only h[ ,jesus ,*ri/ br\ght ab\t ! conv]sion ( natural religion into law1 & ga9$ = x ! au?ority ( a public dogma4 ,he alone did t :i* s _m philosoph]s _h endeav\r$ 9 va9 to d2 & ,*ri/ians hav+ at la/ ga9$ ! upp] h& 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ! ma/] ( ! great] "p ( ! kn[n e>?1 ! religion ( ! wise m5 became t ( ! nations4 ,lat] also ,mahomet %[$ no div]g5ce f ! great dogmas ( natural !ology3 8 foll[]s spread !m abroad ev5 among ! mo/ remote races ( ,asia & ( ,africa1 :i!r ,*ri/ianity _h n be5 c>ri$2 & !y aboli%$ 9 _m c\ntries hea!n sup]/itions :i* 7 contr>y to ! true doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god & ! immortality ( s\ls4 ,x is cle> t ,jesus ,*ri/1 complet+ :at ,moses _h begun1 wi%$ t ! ,div9ity %\ld be ! object n only ( our fe> & v5]ation b also ( our love & devotion4 ,?us he made m5 happy by anticipation1 & gave !m "h on e>? a =eta/e ( future felicity4 ,= !re is no?+ s agreeable z lov+ t :i* is wor?y ( love4 ,love is t m5tal /ate :i* makes u take pleasure 9 ! p]fections ( ! object ( our love1 & !re is no?+ m p]fect ?an ,god1 nor any great] delight ?an 9 him4 ,to love him x suffices to contemplate 8 p]fections1 a ?+ easy inde$1 because we f9d ! ideas ( ^! )9 ourselves4 ,! p]fections ( ,god are ^? ( our s\ls1 b he possesses !m 9 b\ndless measure2 he is an ,ocean1 :]e( to u only drops h be5 grant$2 !re is 9 u "s p[]1 "s k1 "s goodness1 b 9 ,god !y are all 9 _! entirety4 ,ord]1 proportions1 h>mony delight u2 pa9t+ & music are samples ( ^!3 ,god is all ord]2 he always keeps tru? ( proportions1 he makes univ]sal h>mony2 all beauty is an effusion ( 8 rays4 ,x foll[s manife/ly t true piety & ev5 true felicity consi/ 9 ! love ( ,god1 b a love s enlight5$ t its f]v\r is att5d$ by insight4 ,?is k9d ( love begets t pleasure 9 good actions :i* gives relief to virtue1 &1 relat+ all to ,god z to ! c5tre1 transports ! human to ! div9e4 ,= 9 do+ "o's duty1 9 obey+ reason1 "o #eb c>ries out ! ord]s ( ,supreme ,reason4 ,"o directs all "o's int5tions to ! common good1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! glory ( ,god4 ,?us "o f9ds t !re is no great] individual int]e/ ?an to esp\se t ( ! community1 & "o ga9s satisfaction = oneself by tak+ pleasure 9 ! acquisition ( true b5efits = m54 ,:e!r "o succe$s !re9 or n1 "o is cont5t ) :at comes to pass1 be+ once resign$ to ! w ( ,god & kn[+ t :at he wills is be/4 ,b be=e he decl>es 8 w by ! ev5t "o endeav\rs to f9d x out by do+ t :i* appe>s mo/ 9 accord ) 8 comm&s4 ,:5 we are 9 ?is /ate ( m9d1 we are n di%e>t5$ by ill success1 we regret only our faults2 & ! ungrateful ways ( m5 cause no relaxation 9 ! ex]cise ( our k9dly disposition4 ,our *>ity is humble & full ( mod]ation1 x presumes n to dom9e]2 att5tive alike to our own faults & to ! tal5ts ( o!rs1 we are incl9$ to criticize our own actions & to excuse & v9dicate ^? ( o!rs4 ,we mu/ "w out our own p]fection & d wrong to no man4 ,!re is no piety :]e !re is n *>ity2 & )\t be+ k9dly & b5efic5t "o _c %[ s9c]e religion4 ,good disposition1 fav\rable upbr++1 association ) pi\s & virtu\s p]sons may contribute mu* t[>ds su* a propiti\s condition = our s\ls2 b mo/ securely are !y gr\nd$ !re9 by good pr9ciples4 ,i h already said t insight mu/ be jo9$ to f]v\r1 t ! p]fect+ ( our und]/&+ mu/ accompli% ! p]fect+ ( our w4 ,! practices ( virtue1 z well z ^? ( vice1 may be ! effect ( a m]e habit1 "o may acquire a ta/e = !m2 b :5 virtue is reasonable1 :5 x is relat$ to ,god1 :o is ! supreme reason ( ?+s1 x is f\nd$ on k4 ,"o _c love ,god )\t kn[+ 8 p]fections1 & ?is k conta9s ! pr9ciples ( true piety4 ,! purpose ( religion %\ld be to impr9t ^! pr9ciples ^u our s\ls3 b 9 "s /range way x has happ5$ all too (t5 t m51 t tea*]s ( religion h /ray$ f> f ?is purpose4 ,contr>y to ! int5tion ( our div9e ,ma/]1 devotion has be5 r$uc$ to c]emonies & doctr9e has be5 cumb]$ ) =mulae4 ,all too (t5 ^! c]emonies h n be5 well fitt$ to ma9ta9 ! ex]cise ( virtue1 & ! =mulae sometimes h n be5 lucid4 ,c "o believe x8 ,"s ,*ri/ians h imag9$ t !y c\ld be dev\t )\t lov+ _! neighb\r1#ec & pi\s )\t lov+ ,god2 or else p h ?\ght t !y c\ld love _! neighb\r )\t s]v+ him & c\ld love ,god )\t kn[+ him4 ,_m c5turies h pass$ )\t recognition ( ?is defect by ! p at l>ge2 & !re are /ill great traces ( ! reign ( d>kness4 ,!re are div]s p]sons :o speak mu* ( piety1 ( devotion1 ( religion1 :o are ev5 busi$ ) ! tea*+ ( su* ?+s1 & :o yet prove to be by no means v]s$ 9 ! div9e p]fections4 ,!y ill und]/& ! goodness & ! ju/ice ( ! ,sov]eign ( ! univ]se2 !y imag9e a ,god :o des]ves nei!r to be imitat$ nor to be lov$4 ,?is inde$ seem$ to me dang]\s 9 its effect1 s9ce x is ( s]i\s mom5t t ! v s\rce ( piety %\ld be pres]v$ f infection4 ,! old errors ( ^? :o arraign$ ! ,div9ity or :o made !re( an evil pr9ciple h be5 r5ew$ sometimes 9 our own days3 p h plead$ ! irresi/ible p[] ( ,god :5 x 0 a "q r ( pres5t+ 8 supreme goodness2 & !y h assum$ a despotic p[] :5 !y %\ld r h conceiv$ ( a p[] ord]$ by ! mo/ p]fect wisdom4 ,i h obs]v$ t ^! op9ions1 apt to d h>m1 re/$ especially on confus$ notions :i* _h be5 =m$ conc]n+ fre$om1 necessity & de/9y2 & ,i h tak5 up my p5 m ?an once on su* an occasion to give explanations on ^! important matt]s4 ,b f9ally ,i h be5 compell$ to ga!r up my ?\ghts on all ^! connect$ que/ions1 & to imp>t !m to ! public4 ,x is ?is t ,i h und]tak5 9 ! ,essays :i* ,i (f] "h1 on ! ,goodness ( ,god1 ! ,fre$om ( ,man1 & ! ,orig9 ( ,evil4 ,!re are two fam\s labyr9?s :]e our reason v (t5 goes a/ray3 "o conc]ns ! great "q ( ! ,free & ! ,necess>y1 above all 9 ! production & ! orig9 ( ,evil2 ! o!r consi/s 9 ! discussion ( cont9uity & ( ! indivisibles :i* appe> to be ! elem5ts !re(1 & :]e ! consid]ation ( ! inf9ite mu/ ent] 94 ,! fir/ p]plexes almo/ all ! human race1 ! o!r ex]cises philosoph]s only4 ,i %all h p]*ance at ano!r "t an opportunity to decl>e myself on ! second1 & to po9t out t1 = lack ( a true conception ( ! nature ( sub/ance & matt]1 p h tak5 up false positions lead+ to insurm\ntable difficulties1 difficulties :i* %\ld prop]ly be appli$ to ! ov]?r[ ( ^! v positions4 ,b if ! #ed k ( cont9uity is important = speculative enquiry1 t ( necessity is none ! less s = practical application2 & x1 toge!r ) ! que/ions !re) connect$1 to wit1 ! fre$om ( man & ! ju/ice ( ,god1 =ms ! object ( ?is treatise4 ,m5 h be5 p]plex$ 9 well-nigh e age by a sophism :i* ! anci5ts call$ ! ',lazy ,reason'1 because x t5d$ t[>ds do+ no?+1 or at lea/ t[>ds be+ c>eful = no?+ & only foll[+ incl9ation = ! pleasure ( ! mom5t4 ,=1 !y said1 if ! future is necess>y1 t :i* mu/ happ5 w happ51 :atev] ,i may d4 ,n[ ! future 7s !y said7 is necess>y1 :e!r because ! ,div9ity =esees ev]y?+1 & ev5 pre-e/abli%es x by ! control ( all ?+s 9 ! univ]se2 or because ev]y?+ happ5s ( necessity1 ?r\gh ! concat5ation ( causes2 or f9ally1 ?r\gh ! v nature ( tru?1 :i* is det]m9ate 9 ! ass]tions t c be made on future ev5ts1 z x is 9 all ass]tions1 s9ce ! ass]tion mu/ always be true or false 9 itself1 ev5 ?\gh we "k n always :i* x is4 ,& all ^! reasons = det]m9ation :i* appe> diff]5t conv]ge f9ally l l9es ^u "o & ! same c5tre2 = !re is a tru? 9 ! future ev5t :i* is pr$et]m9$ by ! causes1 & ,god pre-e/abli%es x 9 e/abli%+ ! causes4 ,! false conception ( necessity1 be+ appli$ 9 practice1 has giv5 rise to :at ,i call ,fatum ,mahometanum1 fate aft] ! ,turki% fa%ion1 because x is said ( ! ,turks t !y d n %un dang] or ev5 ab&on places infect$ ) plague1 ow+ to _! use ( su* reason+ z t j record$4 ,= :at is call$ ,fatum ,/oicum 0 n s black z x is pa9t$3 x did n div]t m5 f ! c>e ( _! affairs1 b x t5d$ to give !m tranquillity 9 reg>d to ev5ts1 ?r\gh ! consid]ation ( necessity1 :i* r5d]s our anxieties & our vexations ne$less4 ,9 :i* respect ^! philosoph]s 7 n f> remov$ f ! tea*+ ( our ,"l1 :o deprecates ^! anxieties 9 reg>d to ! morr[1 comp>+ !m ) ! ne$less tr\ble a man w\ld give himself 9 lab\r+ to increase 8 /ature4 ,x is true t ! tea*+s ( ! ,/oics 7& p]haps also ( "s fam\s philosoph]s ( our "t71 conf9+ !mselves to ?is alleg$ necessity1 c only imp>t a =c$ pati5ce2 :]eas our ,"l inspires ?\ghts m sublime1 & ev5 in/ructs u 9 ! means ( ga9+ cont5tm5t by assur+ u t s9ce ,god1 be+ altoge!r good & #ee wise1 has c>e = ev]y?+1 ev5 s f> z n to neglect "o hair ( our head1 our confid5ce 9 him ought to be entire4 ,& ?us we %\ld see1 if we 7 capable ( und]/&+ him1 t x is n ev5 possible to wi% = any?+ bett] 7z mu* 9 g5]al z = ourselves7 ?an :at he does4 ,x is z if "o said to m53 ,d y\r duty & be cont5t ) t :i* %all come ( x1 n only because y _c resi/ div9e provid5ce1 or ! nature ( ?+s 7:i* may suffice = tranquillity1 b n = cont5tm5t71 b also because y h to d ) a good ma/]4 ,& t is :at may be call$ ,fatum ,*ri/ianum4 ,nev]!less x happ5s t mo/ m51 & ev5 ,*ri/ians1 introduce into _! deal+s "s mixture ( fate aft] ! ,turki% fa%ion1 al?\gh !y d n suffici5tly ackn[l$ge x4 ,x is true t !y are n inactive or neglig5t :5 obvi\s p]ils or great & manife/ hopes pres5t !mselves2 = !y w n fail to ab&on a h\se t is ab\t to fall & to turn aside f a precipice !y see 9 _! pa?2 & !y w burr[ 9 ! e>? to dig up a treasure half uncov]$1 )\t wait+ = fate to f9i% dislodg+ x4 ,b :5 ! good or ! evil is remote & unc]ta9 & ! rem$y pa9ful or little to our ta/e1 ! lazy reason seems to u to be valid4 ,= example1 :5 x is a "q ( pres]v+ "o's heal? & ev5 "o's life by good diet1 p to :om "o gives advice !reupon v (t5 answ] t our days are numb]$ & t x avails no?+ to try to /ruggle aga9/ t :i* ,god de/9es = u4 ,b ^! same p]sons run to ev5 ! mo/ absurd rem$ies :5 ! evil !y _h neglect$ draws ne>4 ,"o reasons 9 some:at ! same way :5 ! "q = consid]ation is some:at ?orny1 z = in/ance :5 "o asks oneself1 quod vitae sectabor it]8 :at pr(ession "o mu/ *oose2 :5 x is a "q ( a m>riage be+ arrang$1 ( a w> be+ und]tak51 ( a battle be+ f\ght2 = 9 ^! cases _m w be incl9$ to evade ! difficulty ( consid]ation & ab&on !mselves to fate or to incl9ation1 z if reason %\ld n be employ$ except 9 easy cases4 ,"o w !n all too (t5 reason 9 ! ,turki% fa%ion 7al?\gh ?is way is wrongly t]m$ tru/+ 9 provid5ce1 a ?+ t 9 reality occurs only :5 "o has done "o's duty7 & "o w employ ! lazy reason1 d]iv$ f ! idea ( inevitable fate1 to relieve oneself ( ! ne$ to reason prop]ly4 ,"o w ?us ov]look ! fact t if ?is #ef argum5t contr>y to ! practice ( reason 7 valid1 x w\ld always hold good1 :e!r ! consid]ation 7 easy or n4 ,?is laz9ess is to "s ext5t ! s\rce ( ! sup]/iti\s practices ( =tune-tell]s1 :i* meet ) j su* cr$ulity z m5 %[ t[>ds ! philosoph]'s /one1 because !y w\ld fa9 h %ort cuts to ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess )\t tr\ble4 ,i d n speak "h ( ^? :o ?r[ !mselves ^u =tune because !y h be5 happy be=e1 z if !re 7 some?+ p]man5t !re94 ,_! argum5t f ! pa/ to ! future has j z slight a f\ndation z ! pr9ciples ( a/rology & ( o!r k9ds ( div9ation4 ,!y ov]look ! fact t !re is usually an ebb & fl[ 9 =tune1 una m>ea1 z ,italians play+ basset are wont to call x4 ,) reg>d to ?is !y make _! own p>ticul> obs]vations1 :i* ,i w\ld1 nev]!less1 c\nsel none to tru/ too mu*4 ,yet ?is confid5ce t p h 9 _! =tune s]ves (t5 to give c\rage to m51 & above all to soldi]s1 & causes !m to h inde$ t good =tune !y ascribe to !mselves4 ,ev5 s d pr$ictions (t5 cause t to happ5 :i* has be5 =etold1 z x is suppos$ t ! op9ion ! ,mahometans hold on fate makes !m resolute4 ,?us ev5 errors h _! use at times1 b g5]ally z provid+ a rem$y = o!r errors3 & tru? is unque/ionably bett]4 ,b x is tak+ an unfair advantage ( ?is alleg$ necessity ( fate to employ x 9 excuse = our vices & our lib]t9ism4 ,i h (t5 he>d x said by sm>t "y p]sons1 :o wi%$ to play ! free?9k]1 t x is useless to prea* virtue1 to c5sure vice1 to create hopes ( rew>d & fe>s ( puni%m5t1 s9ce x may be said ( ! book ( de/9y1 t :at is writt5 is writt51 & t our behavi\r c *ange no?+ !re94 ,?us1 !y w\ld say1 x 7 be/ to foll[ "o's incl9ation1 dwell+ only ^u su* ?+s z may cont5t u 9 ! pres5t4 ,!y did n reflect ^u ! /range consequ5ces ( ?is argum5t1 :i* w\ld prove too mu*1 s9ce x w\ld prove 7= in/ance7 t "o %\ld take a pleasant bev]age ev5 ?\gh "o kn[s x is poison$4 ,= ! same reason 7if x 7 valid7 ,i c\ld say3 if x is writt5 9 ! records ( ! ,p>cae t poison w kill me n[ or w d me h>m1 ?is w happ5 ev5 ?\gh ,i 7 n to take ?is bev]age2 & if ?is is n writt51 x w n happ5 ev5 ?\gh ,i %\ld take ?is same bev]age2 consequ5tly ,i %all be able to foll[ ) impunity my incl9ation to #eg take :at is pleas+1 h[ev] injuri\s x may be2 ! result ( :i* reason+ is an obvi\s absurdity4 ,?is objection disconc]t$ !m a little1 b !y always rev]t$ to _! argum5t1 phras$ 9 diff]5t ways1 until !y 7 br\ght to und]/& :]e ! fault ( ! sophism lies4 ,x is untrue t ! ev5t happ5s :atev] "o may d3 x w happ5 because "o does :at leads !reto2 & if ! ev5t is writt5 be=eh&1 ! cause t w make x happ5 is writt5 also4 ,?us ! connexion ( effects & causes1 s f> f e/abli%+ ! doctr9e ( a necessity detrim5tal to conduct1 s]ves to ov]?r[ x4 ,yet1 )\t hav+ evil int5tions incl9$ t[>ds lib]t9ism1 "o may envisage diff]5tly ! /range consequ5ces ( an inevitable necessity1 consid]+ t x w\ld de/roy ! fre$om ( ! w1 s ess5tial to ! morality ( action3 = ju/ice & inju/ice1 praise & blame1 puni%m5t & rew>d _c atta* to necess>y actions1 & nobody w be "u obligation to d ! impossible or to ab/a9 f do+ :at is absolutely necess>y4 ,)\t any int5tion ( abus+ ?is consid]ation 9 ord] to fav\r irregul>ity1 "o w nev]!less n escape emb>rassm5t sometimes1 :5 x comes to a "q ( judg+ ! actions ( o!rs1 or r ( answ]+ objections1 among/ :i* !re are "s ev5 conc]n$ ) ! actions ( ,god1 :]e( ,i w speak pres5tly4 ,& z an insup]able necessity w\ld op5 ! door to impiety1 :e!r ?r\gh ! impunity "o c\ld !nce inf] or ! hopelessness ( any attempt to resi/ a torr5t t sweeps ev]y?+ along ) x1 x is important to note ! diff]5t degrees ( necessity1 & to %[ t !re are "s :i* _c d h>m1 z !re are o!rs :i* _c be admitt$ )\t giv+ rise to evil consequ5ces4 ,"s g ev5 fur!r3 n cont5t ) us+ ! pretext ( necessity to prove t virtue & vice d nei!r good nor ill1 !y h ! h>dihood to make ! ,div9ity access>y to _! lic5ti\s way ( life1 & !y imitate ! pagans ( old1 :o ascrib$ to ! gods ! cause ( _! crimes1 z if a div9ity drove !m to d evil4 ,! philosophy ( ,*ri/ians1 :i* recognizes bett] ?an t ( ! anci5ts ! dep5d5ce ( ?+s ^u ! fir/ ,au?or & 8 co-op]ation ) all ! actions ( creatures1 appe>s to h increas$ ?is difficulty4 ,"s able m5 9 our own "t h gone s f> z to d5y all action to #eh creatures1 & ,m4 ,bayle1 :o t5d$ a little t[>ds ?is extraord9>y op9ion1 made use ( x to re/ore ! laps$ dogma ( ! two pr9ciples1 or two gods1 ! "o good1 ! o!r evil1 z if ?is dogma 7 a bett] solution to ! difficulties ov] ! orig9 ( evil4 ,yet aga9 he ackn[l$ges t x is an indef5sible op9ion & t ! on5ess ( ! ,pr9ciple is inconte/ably f\nd$ on a priori reasons2 b he wi%es to inf] t our ,reason is conf\nd$ & _c meet h] own objections1 & t "o %\ld disreg>d !m & hold fa/ ! reveal$ dogmas1 :i* tea* u ! exi/5ce ( "o ,god altoge!r good1 altoge!r p[]ful & altoge!r wise4 ,b _m read]s1 conv9c$ ( ! irrefutable nature ( 8 objections & believ+ !m to be at lea/ z /rong z ! pro(s = ! tru? ( religion1 w\ld draw dang]\s conclusions4 ,ev5 ?\gh !re 7 no co-op]ation by ,god 9 evil actions1 "o c\ld n help f9d+ difficulty 9 ! fact t he =esees !m & t1 be+ able to prev5t !m ?r\gh 8 omnipot5ce1 he yet p]mits !m4 ,?is is :y "s philosoph]s & ev5 "s !ologians h r *os5 to d5y to ,god any k ( ! detail ( ?+s &1 above all1 ( future ev5ts1 ?an to admit :at !y believ$ repell5t to 8 goodness4 ,! ,soc9ians & ,conrad ,vor/ius lean t[>ds t side2 & ,?omas ,bon>tes1 an ,engli% ,jesuit disguis$ "u a pseudonym b exce$+ly le>n$1 :o wrote a book ,de ,concordia ,sci5tiae cum ,fide1 ( :i* ,i w speak lat]1 appe>s to h9t at ?is also4 ,!y are d\btless mu* mi/ak52 b o!rs are n less s :o1 conv9c$ t no?+ comes to pass save by ! w & ! p[] ( ,god1 ascribe to him int5tions & actions s unwor?y ( ! greate/ & ! be/ ( all be+s t "o w\ld say ^! au?ors h inde$ r5\nc$ ! dogma :i* recognizes ,god's ju/ice & goodness4 ,!y ?\ght t1 be+ supreme ,ma/] ( ! univ]se1 he c\ld )\t any detrim5t to 8 hol9ess cause s9s to be committ$1 simply at 8 w & pleasure1 or 9 ord] t he might h ! pleasure ( puni%+2 & ev5 t he c\ld take pleasure 9 et]nally afflict+ innoc5t p )\t do+ any inju/ice1 because no "o has ! "r or ! p[] to control 8 actions4 ,"s ev5 h gone s f> z to say t ,god acts ?us inde$2 & on ! plea t we are z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) him1 !y lik5 u to e>?worms :i* m5 cru% )\t he$+ z !y walk1 or 9 g5]al to animals t are n ( our species & :i* we d n #ei scruple to ill-treat4 ,i believe t _m p]sons o!rwise ( good int5tions are misl$ by ^! ideas1 because !y h n suffici5t k ( _! consequ5ces4 ,!y d n see t1 prop]ly speak+1 ,god's ju/ice is ?us ov]?r[n4 ,= :at idea %all we =m ( su* a ju/ice z has only w = its rule1 t is to say1 :]e ! w is n guid$ by ! rules ( good & ev5 t5ds directly t[>ds evil8 ,unless x be ! idea conta9$ 9 t tyrannical def9ition by ,?rasyma*us 9 ,plato1 :i* designat$ z j t :i* pleases ! /rong]4 ,su* inde$ is ! position tak5 up1 albeit unwitt+ly1 by ^? :o re/ all obligation ^u con/ra9t1 & 9 consequ5ce take p[] z ! gauge ( "r4 ,b "o w soon ab&on maxims s /range & s unfit to make m5 good & *>itable ?r\gh ! imitation ( ,god4 ,= "o w reflect t a ,god :o w\ld take pleasure 9 ! mis=tune ( o!rs _c be di/+ui%$ f ! evil pr9ciple ( ! ,mani*aeans1 assum+ t ?is pr9ciple _h become sole ma/] ( ! univ]se2 & t 9 consequ5ce "o mu/ attribute to ! true ,god s5tim5ts t r5d] him wor?y to be call$ ! good ,pr9ciple4 ,happily ^! extravagant dogmas sc>ce obta9 any long] among !ologians4 ,nev]!less "s a/ute p]sons1 :o are pleas$ to make difficulties1 revive !m3 !y seek to increase our p]plexity by unit+ ! controv]sies ar\s$ by ,*ri/ian !ology to ! disputes ( philosophy4 ,philosoph]s h consid]$ ! que/ions ( necessity1 ( fre$om & ( ! orig9 ( evil2 !ologians h add$ !reto ^? ( orig9al s91 ( grace & ( pr$e/9ation4 ,! orig9al corruption ( ! human race1 com+ f ! fir/ s91 appe>s to u to h impos$ a natural necessity to s9 )\t ! succ\r ( div9e grace3 b necessity be+ incompatible ) puni%m5t1 x w be inf]r$ t a suffici5t grace ought to h be5 giv5 to all m52 :i* does n seem to be 9 con=mity ) exp]i5ce4 ,b ! difficulty is great1 above all1 9 relation to ,god's dispositions = ! salvation ( m54 ,!re are few sav$ or *os52 !re=e ! *oice ( _m is n ,god's decre$ w4 ,& s9ce x is admitt$ t ^? :om he has *os5 des]ve x no m ?an ! re/1 & are n ev5 fundam5tally less evil1 ! goodness :i* !y h com+ only f ! gift ( ,god1 ! difficulty is increas$4 ,:]e is1 !n1 8 ju/ice #fj 7p w say71 or at ! lea/1 :]e is 8 goodness8 ,p>tiality1 or respect ( p]sons1 goes aga9/ ju/ice1 & he :o )\t cause sets b\nds to 8 goodness _c h x 9 suffici5t measure4 ,x is true t ^? :o are n *os5 are lo/ by _! own fault3 !y lack good w or liv+ fai?2 b x re/$ ) ,god alone to grant x !m4 ,we "k t besides inw>d grace !re are usually outw>d circum/ances :i* di/+ui% m51 & t tra9+1 conv]sation1 example (t5 correct or corrupt natural disposition4 ,n[ t ,god %\ld call =? circum/ances fav\rable to "s & ab&on o!rs to exp]i5ces :i* contribute to _! mis=tune1 w n t give u cause = a/oni%m5t8 ,& x is n en\gh 7s x seems7 to say ) "s t inw>d grace is univ]sal & equal = all4 ,= ^! same au?ors are oblig$ to resort to ! exclamations ( ,/4 ,paul1 & to say3 ',o ! dep?6' :5 !y consid] h[ m5 are di/+ui%$ by :at we may call outw>d graces1 t is1 by graces appe>+ 9 ! div]sity ( circum/ances :i* ,god calls =?1 :]e( m5 are n ! ma/]s1 & :i* h nev]!less s great an influ5ce ^u all t conc]ns _! salvation4 ,nor w x help u to say ) ,/4 ,augu/9e t1 all m5 be+ involv$ 9 ! damnation caus$ by ! s9 ( ,adam1 ,god might h left !m all 9 _! mis]y2 & t ?us 8 goodness alone induces him to deliv] "s ( !m4 ,= n only is x /range t ! s9 ( ano!r %\ld condemn anyone1 b !re /ill rema9s ! "q :y ,god does n deliv] all--:y he deliv]s ! less] numb] & :y "s 9 pref]5ce to o!rs4 ,he is 9 tru? _! ma/]1 b he is a good & j ma/]2 8 p[] is absolute1 b 8 wisdom p]mits n t he ex]cise t p[] 9 an arbitr>y & despotic way1 :i* w\ld be tyrann\s inde$4 ,moreov]1 ! fall ( ! fir/ man hav+ happ5$ only ) ,god's p]mission1 & ,god hav+ resolv$ to p]mit x only :5 once he _h consid]$ its consequ5ces1 :i* are ! corruption ( ! mass ( ! human race & ! *oice ( a small numb] ( elect1 ) ! ab&onm5t ( all ! re/1 x is useless to conceal ! difficulty by limit+ "o's view to ! mass already corrupt4 ,"o mu/1 9 spite ( oneself1 g back to ! k ( ! consequ5ces ( ! fir/ s91 prec$+ ! decree :]eby ,god p]mitt$ x1 & :]eby he p]mitt$ simultane\sly t #fa ! damn$ %\ld be involv$ 9 ! mass ( p]dition & %\ld n be deliv]$3 = ,god & ! sage make no resolve )\t consid]+ its consequ5ces4 ,i hope to remove all ^! difficulties4 ,i w po9t out t absolute necessity1 :i* is call$ also logical & metaphysical & sometimes geometrical1 & :i* w\ld alone be =midable 9 ?is connexion1 does n exi/ 9 free actions1 & t ?us fre$om is exempt n only f con/ra9t b also f real necessity4 ,i w %[ t ,god himself1 al?\gh he always *ooses ! be/1 does n act by an absolute necessity1 & t ! laws ( nature laid d[n by ,god1 f\nd$ ^u ! fitness ( ?+s1 keep ! mean betwe5 geometrical tru?s1 absolutely necess>y1 & arbitr>y decrees2 :i* ,m4 ,bayle & o!r mod]n philosoph]s h n suffici5tly und]/ood4 ,fur!r ,i w %[ t !re is an indiff]5ce 9 fre$om1 because !re is no absolute necessity = "o c\rse or ! o!r2 b yet t !re is nev] an indiff]5ce ( p]fect equipoise4 ,& ,i w demon/rate t !re is 9 free actions a p]fect spontaneity beyond all t has be5 conceiv$ hi!rto4 ,f9ally ,i w make x pla9 t ! hypo!tical & ! moral necessity :i* subsi/ 9 free actions are op5 to no objection1 & t ! ',lazy ,reason' is a pure sophism4 ,likewise conc]n+ ! orig9 ( evil 9 its relation to ,god1 ,i (f] a v9dication ( 8 p]fections t %all extol n less 8 hol9ess1 8 ju/ice & 8 goodness ?an 8 greatness1 8 p[] & 8 indep5d5ce4 ,i %[ h[ x is possible = ev]y?+ to dep5d ^u ,god1 = him to co-op]ate 9 all ! actions ( creatures1 ev51 if y w1 to create ^! creatures cont9ually1 & nev]!less n to be ! au?or ( s94 ,"h also x is demon/rat$ h[ ! privative nature ( evil %\ld be und]/ood4 ,mu* m ?an t1 ,i expla9 h[ evil has a s\rce o!r ?an ! w ( ,god1 & t "o is "r !re=e to say ( moral evil t ,god wills x n1 b simply p]mits x4 ,mo/ important ( all1 h[ev]1 ,i %[ t x has be5 possible = ,god to p]mit s9 & mis]y1 & ev5 to co-op]ate !re9 & promote x1 )\t detrim5t to 8 hol9ess & 8 supreme goodness3 al?\gh1 g5]ally speak+1 he c\ld h avoid$ all ^! evils4 ,conc]n+ grace & pr$e/9ation1 ,i ju/ify ! mo/ debatable ass]tions1 z = in/ance3 t we are conv]t$ only ?r\gh ! #fb prev5i5t grace ( ,god & t we _c d good except ) 8 aid2 t ,god wills ! salvation ( all m5 & t he condemns only ^? ^: w is evil2 t he gives to all a suffici5t grace provid$ !y wi% to use x2 t1 ,jesus ,*ri/ be+ ! s\rce & ! c5tre ( election1 ,god de/9$ ! elect = salvation1 because he =esaw t !y w\ld cl+ ) a lively fai? to ! doctr9e ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,yet x is true t ?is reason = election is n ! f9al reason1 & t ?is v pre-vision is /ill a consequ5ce ( ,god's ant]ior decree4 ,fai? likewise is a gift ( ,god1 :o has pr$e/9at$ ! fai? ( ! elect1 = reasons ly+ 9 a sup]ior decree :i* disp5ses grace & circum/ance 9 accordance ) ,god's supreme wisdom4 ,n[1 z "o ( ! mo/ gift$ m5 ( our "t1 ^: eloqu5ce 0 z great z 8 acum5 & :o gave great pro(s ( 8 va/ erudition1 _h appli$ himself ) a /range pr$ilection to call att5tion to all ! difficulties on ?is subject :i* ,i h j t\*$ 9 g5]al1 ,i f\nd a f9e field = ex]cise 9 consid]+ ! "q ) him 9 detail4 ,i ackn[l$ge t ,m4 ,bayle 7= x is easy to see t ,i speak ( him7 has on 8 side all ! advantages except t ( ! root ( ! matt]1 b ,i hope t tru? 7:i* he ackn[l$ges himself to be on our side7 by its v pla9ness1 & provid$ x be fitt+ly set =?1 w prevail ov] all ! ornam5ts ( eloqu5ce & erudition4 ,my hope = success !re9 is all ! great] because x is ! cause ( ,god ,i plead1 & because "o ( ! maxims "h upheld /ates t ,god's help is nev] lack+ = ^? t lack n good w4 ,! au?or ( ?is disc\rse believes t he has giv5 pro( ( ?is good w 9 ! att5tion he has br\ght to be> ^u ?is subject4 ,he has m$itat$ ^u x s9ce 8 y\?2 he has conf]r$ ) "s ( ! =emo/ m5 ( ! "t2 & he has s*ool$ himself by ! read+ ( good au?ors4 ,& ! success :i* ,god has giv5 him 7accord+ to ! op9ion ( sundry compet5t judges7 9 c]ta9 o!r pr(\nd m$itations1 ( :i* "s h mu* influ5ce on ?is subject1 gives him p]adv5ture "s "r to claim ! att5tion ( read]s :o love tru? & are fitt$ to se>* aft] x4 ,! au?or _h1 moreov]1 p>ticul> & weighty reasons induc+ him to take p5 9 h& = discussion ( ?is subject4 ,conv]sations :i* he _h conc]n+ ! same ) lit]>y & c\rt p]sonages1 9 ,g]many & 9 ,france1 & especially ) "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ accompli%$ #fc ( pr9cesses1 h repeat$ly prompt$ him to ?is c\rse4 ,he _h _h ! hon\r ( express+ 8 op9ions to ?is ,pr9cess ^u div]s passages ( ! admirable ,diction>y ( ,m4 ,bayle1 :]e9 religion & reason appe> z adv]s>ies1 & :]e ,m4 ,bayle wi%es to sil5ce reason aft] hav+ made x speak too l\d3 :i* he calls ! triumph ( fai?4 ,! pres5t au?or decl>$ !re & !n t he 0 ( a diff]5t op9ion1 b t he 0 nev]!less well pleas$ t a man ( su* great g5ius _h br\ght ab\t an occasion = go+ deeply into ^! subjects1 subjects z important z !y are difficult4 ,he admitt$ hav+ exam9$ !m also = "s long "t already1 & hav+ sometimes be5 m9d$ to publi% ^u ?is matt] "s reflexions ^: *ief aim %\ld be su* k ( ,god z is ne$$ to awak5 piety & to fo/] virtue4 ,?is ,pr9cess exhort$ & urg$ him to c>ry out 8 long-*]i%$ int5tion1 & "s fri5ds add$ _! p]suasions4 ,he 0 all ! m tempt$ to acc$e to _! reque/s s9ce he _h reason to hope t 9 ! sequel to 8 inve/igation ,m4 ,bayle's g5ius w\ld greatly aid him to give ! subject su* illum9ation z x might receive ) 8 support4 ,b div]s ob/acles int]v5$1 & ! dea? ( ! incomp>able ,que5 0 n ! lea/4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t ,m4 ,bayle 0 attack$ by excell5t m5 :o set !mselves to exam9e ! same subject2 he answ]$ !m fully & always +5i\sly4 ,i foll[$ _! dispute1 & 0 ev5 on ! po9t ( be+ involv$ !re94 ,?is is h[ x came ab\t4 ,i _h publi%$ a new sy/em1 :i* seem$ well adapt$ to expla9 ! union ( ! s\l & ! body3 x met ) consid]able applause ev5 f ^? :o 7 n 9 agreem5t ) x1 & c]ta9 compet5t p]sons te/ifi$ t !y _h already be5 ( my op9ion1 )\t hav+ rea*$ s di/9ct an explanation1 be=e !y saw :at ,i _h writt5 on ! matt]4 ,m4 ,bayle exam9$ x 9 8 ,hi/orical & ,critical ,diction>y1 article ',ror>ius'4 ,he ?\ght t my expositions 7 wor?y ( fur!r developm5t2 he drew att5tion to _! usefulness 9 v>i\s connexions1 & he laid /ress ^u :at might /ill cause difficulty4 ,i c\ld n b reply 9 a suitable way to expressions s civil & to reflexions s in/ructive z 84 ,9 ord] to turn !m to great] acc\nt1 ,i publi%$ "s elucidations 9 ! ,hi/oire des ,ouvrages des ,savants1 ,july #afih4 ,m4 ,bayle repli$ to !m 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,diction>y4 ,i s5t#fd him a rejo9d] :i* has n yet be5 publi%$2 ,i "k n :e!r he ev] made a fur!r reply4 ,mean:ile x happ5$ t ,m4 le ,cl]c _h ins]t$ 9 8 ,select ,libr>y an extract f ! ,intellectual ,sy/em ( ! late ,mr4 ,cudwor?1 & _h expla9$ !re9 c]ta9 'pla/ic natures' :i* ?is admirable au?or appli$ to ! =mation ( animals4 ,m4 ,bayle believ$ 7see ! cont9uation ( ,div]s ,?\ghts on ! ,comet1 *4 #ba1 art4 #aa7 t1 ^! natures be+ )\t cognition1 9 e/abli%+ !m "o weak5$ ! argum5t :i* proves1 ?r\gh ! m>vell\s =mation ( ?+s1 t ! univ]se mu/ h an intellig5t ,cause4 ,m4 le ,cl]c repli$ 7#d? art4 ( ! #e? vol4 ( 8 ,select ,libr>y7 t ^! natures requir$ to be direct$ by div9e wisdom4 ,m4 ,bayle insi/$ 7#g? article ( ! ,hi/oire des ,ouvrages des ,savants1 ,augu/ #agjd7 t direction alone 0 n suffici5t = a cause devoid ( cognition1 unless "o took ! cause to be a m]e in/rum5t ( ,god1 9 :i* case direction w\ld be ne$less4 ,my sy/em 0 t\*$ ^u 9 pass+2 & t gave me an opportunity to s5d a %ort essay to ! illu/ri\s au?or ( ! ,hi/oire des ,ouvrages des ,savants1 :i* he ins]t$ 9 ! mon? ( ,may #agje1 art4 #i4 ,9 ?is ,i endeav\r$ to make cle> t 9 reality me*anism is suffici5t to produce ! organic bodies ( animals1 )\t any ne$ ( o!r pla/ic natures1 provid$ !re be add$ !reto ! pre=mation already completely organic 9 ! se$s ( ! bodies t come into exi/5ce1 conta9$ 9 ^? ( ! bodies :5ce !y spr+1 "r back to ! prim>y se$s4 ,?is c\ld only proce$ f ! ,au?or ( ?+s1 inf9itely p[]ful & inf9itely wise1 :o1 creat+ all 9 ! beg9n+ 9 due ord]1 _h pre-e/abli%$ !re all ord] & artifice t 0 to be4 ,!re is no *aos 9 ! inw>d nature ( ?+s1 & !re is organism ev]y:]e 9 a matt] ^: disposition proce$s f ,god4 ,m & m ( x w\ld come to light if we press$ clos] our exam9ation ( ! anatomy ( bodies2 & we %\ld cont9ue to obs]ve x ev5 if we c\ld g on to inf9ity1 l ,nature1 & make subdivision z cont9u\s 9 our k z ,nature has made x 9 fact4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is m>vel ( ! =mation ( animals1 ,i made use ( a ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 t is to say1 ( ! same means ,i _h us$ to expla9 ano!r m>vel1 namely ! correspond5ce ( s\l ) body1 #fe :]e9 ,i prov$ ! uni=mity & ! fecundity ( ! pr9ciples ,i _h employ$4 ,x seems t ?is rem9d$ ,m4 ,bayle ( my sy/em ( acc\nt+ = ?is correspond5ce1 :i* he _h exam9$ =m]ly4 ,he decl>$ 79 *apt] #ahj ( 8 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #abec7 t he did n believe ,god c\ld give to matt] or to any o!r cause ! faculty ( becom+ organic )\t communicat+ to x ! idea & ! k ( organic nature4 ,also he 0 n yet dispos$ to believe t ,god1 ) all 8 p[] ov] ,nature & ) all ! =ekn[l$ge :i* he has ( ! cont+5cies t may arrive1 c\ld h s dispos$ ?+s t by ! laws ( me*anics alone a vessel 7= in/ance7 %\ld g to its port ( de/9ation )\t be+ /e]$ dur+ its passage by "s intellig5t guide4 ,i 0 surpris$ to see t limits 7 plac$ on ! p[] ( ,god1 )\t ! adduction ( any pro( & )\t indication t !re 0 any contradiction to be fe>$ on ! side ( ! object or any imp]fection on ,god's side4 ,:]eas ,i _h %[n be=e 9 my ,rejo9d] t ev5 m5 (t5 produce ?r\gh automata some?+ l ! movem5ts t come f reason1 & t ev5 a f9ite m9d 7b "o f> above ours7 c\ld accompli% :at ,m4 ,bayle ?9ks impossible to ! ,div9ity4 ,moreov]1 z ,god ord]s all ?+s at once be=eh&1 ! accuracy ( ! pa? ( ?is vessel w\ld be no m /range ?an t ( a fuse pass+ along a cord 9 fireworks1 s9ce ! :ole disposition ( ?+s pres]ves a p]fect h>mony betwe5 !m by means ( _! influ5ce "o ^u ! o!r4 ,?is decl>ation ( ,m4 ,bayle pl$g$ me to an answ]4 ,i !re=e purpos$ to po9t out to him1 t unless x be said t ,god =ms organic bodies himself by a p]petual miracle1 or t he has entru/$ ?is c>e to intellig5ces ^: p[] & k are almo/ div9e1 we mu/ hold ! op9ion t ,god pre=m$ ?+s 9 su* sort t new organisms are only a me*anical consequ5ce ( a prec$+ organic con/itution4 ,ev5 s d butt]flies come out ( silkworms1 an in/ance :]e ,m4 ,swamm]dam has %[n t !re is no?+ b developm5t4 ,& ,i w\ld h add$ t no?+ is bett] qualifi$ ?an ! pre=mation ( plants & ( animals to confirm my ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony betwe5 ! s\l & ! body4 ,= 9 ?is ! body is prompt$ by its orig9al con/itution to c>ry out ) ! help ( ext]nal ?+s all t x does 9 accordance ) ! w ( ! s\l4 ,s ! se$s by _! orig9al con/itution #ff c>ry out naturally ! int5tions ( ,god1 by an artifice great] /ill ?an t :i* causes our body to p]=m ev]y?+ 9 con=mity ) our w4 ,& s9ce ,m4 ,bayle himself deems ) reason t !re is m artifice 9 ! organism ( animals ?an 9 ! mo/ beautiful poem 9 ! _w or 9 ! mo/ admirable inv5tion :]e( ! human m9d is capable1 x foll[s t my sy/em ( ! connexion betwe5 ! body & ! s\l is z intelligible z ! g5]al op9ion on ! =mation ( animals4 ,= ?is op9ion 7:i* appe>s to me true7 /ates 9 effect t ! wisdom ( ,god has s made ,nature t x is compet5t 9 virtue ( its laws to =m animals2 ,i expla9 ?is op9ion & ?r[ m light ^u ! possibility ( x ?r\gh ! sy/em ( pre=mation4 ,:]eaft] !re w be no cause = surprise t ,god has s made ! body t by virtue ( its own laws x c c>ry out ! int5tions ( ! reason+ s\l3 = all t ! reason+ s\l c dem& ( ! body is less difficult ?an ! organization :i* ,god has dem&$ ( ! se$s4 ,m4 ,bayle says 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #ahb1 p4 #abid7 t x is only v rec5tly !re h be5 p :o h und]/ood t ! =mation ( liv+ bodies _c be a natural process4 ,?is he c\ld say also 79 accordance ) 8 pr9ciples7 ( ! communication betwe5 ! s\l & ! body1 s9ce ,god effects ?is :ole communication 9 ! sy/em ( occasional causes to :i* ?is au?or subscribes4 ,b ,i admit ! sup]natural "h only 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 9 respect ( ! fir/ =mation ( animals or 9 respect ( ! orig9al con/itution ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! s\l & ! body4 ,once t has come to pass1 ,i hold t ! =mation ( animals & ! relation betwe5 ! s\l & ! body are some?+ z natural n[ z ! o!r mo/ ord9>y op]ations ( ,nature4 ,a close p>allel is af=d$ by p's ord9>y ?9k+ ab\t ! in/9ct & ! m>vell\s behavi\r ( brutes4 ,"o recognizes reason !re n 9 ! brutes b 9 him :o creat$ !m4 ,i am1 !n1 ( ! g5]al op9ion 9 ?is respect2 b ,i hope t my explanation w h add$ cle>ness & lucidity1 & ev5 a m ample range1 to t op9ion4 ,n[ :5 prep>+ to ju/ify my sy/em 9 face ( ! new difficulties ( ,m4 ,bayle1 ,i purpos$ at ! same "t to communicate to him ! ideas :i* ,i _h _h = "s "t already1 on ! difficulties put =w>d by him#fg 9 opposition to ^? :o endeav\r to reconcile reason ) fai? 9 reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( evil4 ,inde$1 !re are p]haps few p]sons :o h toil$ m ?an ,i 9 ?is matt]4 ,h>dly _h ,i ga9$ "s tol]able und]/&+ ( ,lat9 writ+s :5 ,i _h an opportunity ( turn+ ov] books 9 a libr>y4 ,i flitt$ f book to book1 & s9ce subjects = m$itation pleas$ me z mu* z hi/ories & fables1 ,i 0 *>m$ by ! "w ( ,laur5tius ,valla aga9/ ,boe?ius & by t ( ,lu!r aga9/ ,erasmus1 al?\gh ,i 0 well aw>e t !y _h ne$ ( "s mitigation4 ,i did n omit books ( controv]sy1 & among/ o!r writ+s ( ?is nature ! records ( ! ,montbli>d ,conv]sation1 :i* _h reviv$ ! dispute1 appe>$ to me in/ructive4 ,nor did ,i neglect ! tea*+s ( our !ologians3 & ! /udy ( _! oppon5ts1 f> f di/urb+ me1 s]v$ to /r5g!n me 9 ! mod]ate op9ions ( ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,augsburg ,confession4 ,i _h opportunity on my j\rneys to conf] ) "s excell5t m5 ( diff]5t p>ties1 = in/ance ) ,bi%op ,pet] von ,wall5burg1 ,suffragan ( ,ma9z1 ) ,h]r ,johann ,ludwig ,fabricius1 premi] !ologian ( ,heidelb]g1 & f9ally ) ! celebrat$ ,m4 ,arnauld4 ,to him ,i ev5 t5d]$ a ,lat9 ,dialogue ( my own composition ^u ?is subject1 ab\t ! ye> #afgc1 :]e9 already ,i laid x d[n t ,god1 hav+ *os5 ! mo/ p]fect ( all possible worlds1 _h be5 prompt$ by 8 wisdom to p]mit ! evil :i* 0 b\nd up ) x1 b :i* /ill did n prev5t ?is _w f be+1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! be/ t c\ld be *os54 ,i h also s9ce read _m & v>i\s good au?ors on ^! subjects1 & ,i h endeav\r$ to make progress 9 ! k t seems to me prop] = bani%+ all t c\ld h obscur$ ! idea ( supreme p]fection :i* mu/ be ackn[l$g$ 9 ,god4 ,i h n neglect$ to exam9e ! mo/ rigor\s au?ors1 :o h ext5d$ fur!/ ! doctr9e ( ! necessity ( ?+s1 z = in/ance ,hobbes & ,sp9oza1 ( :om ! =m] advocat$ ?is absolute necessity n only 9 8 ,physical ,elem5ts & else:]e1 b also 9 a special book aga9/ ,bi%op ,bramhall4 ,& ,sp9oza insi/s m or less 7l an anci5t ,p]ipatetic philosoph] nam$ ,/rato7 t all has come f ! fir/ cause or f primitive ,nature by a bl9d & geometrical necessity1 ) complete abs5ce ( capacity = *oice1 = goodness & = und]/&+ 9 ?is fir/ s\rce ( ?+s4 #fh ,i h f\nd ! means1 s x seems to me1 ( demon/rat+ ! contr>y 9 a way t gives "o a cle> insight into ! inw>d ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,= hav+ made new discov]ies on ! nature ( active =ce & ! laws ( motion1 ,i h %[n t !y h no geometrical necessity1 z ,sp9oza appe>s to h believ$ !y _h4 ,nei!r1 z ,i h made pla91 are !y purely arbitr>y1 ev5 ?\gh ?is be ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,bayle & ( "s mod]n philosoph]s3 b !y are dep5d5t ^u ! fitness ( ?+s z ,i h already po9t$ out above1 or ^u t :i* ,i call ! 'pr9ciple ( ! be/'4 ,moreov] "o recognizes !re91 z 9 e o!r ?+1 ! m>ks ( ! fir/ sub/ance1 ^: productions be> ! /amp ( a supreme wisdom & make ! mo/ p]fect ( h>monies4 ,i h %[n also t ?is h>mony connects bo? ! future ) ! pa/ & ! pres5t ) ! abs5t4 ,! fir/ k9d ( connexion unites times1 & ! o!r places4 ,?is second connexion is display$ 9 ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body1 & 9 g5]al 9 ! communication ( true sub/ances ) "o ano!r & ) mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,b ! fir/ takes place 9 ! pre=mation ( organic bodies1 or r ( all bodies1 s9ce !re is organism ev]y:]e1 al?\gh all masses d n compose organic bodies4 ,s a pond may v well be full ( fi% or ( o!r organic bodies1 al?\gh x is n itself an animal or organic body1 b only a mass t conta9s !m4 ,?us ,i _h endeav\r$ to build ^u su* f\ndations1 e/abli%$ 9 a conclusive mann]1 a complete body ( ! ma9 articles ( k t reason pure & simple c imp>t to u1 a body :]e( all ! p>ts 7 prop]ly connect$ & capable ( meet+ ! mo/ important difficulties ( ! anci5ts & ! mod]ns4 ,i _h also 9 consequ5ce =m$ = myself a c]ta9 sy/em conc]n+ ! fre$om ( man & ! coop]ation ( ,god4 ,?is sy/em appe>$ to me to be su* z w\ld 9 no wise (f5d reason & fai?2 & ,i desir$ to submit x to ! scrut9y ( ,m4 ,bayle1 z well z ( ^? :o are 9 controv]sy ) him4 ,n[ he has dep>t$ f u1 & su* a loss is no small "o1 a writ] ^: le>n+ & acum5 few h equall$4 ,b s9ce ! subject is "u consid]ation & m5 ( tal5t are /ill occupi$ ) x1 :ile ! public also foll[s x att5tively1 ,i take ?is to be a fitt+ mom5t = ! publication ( c]ta9 ( my ideas4 ,x w p]haps be well to add ! obs]vation1 be=e f9i%+ ?is preface1 t 9 d5y+ ! physical influ5ce ( ! s\l ^u ! #fi body or ( ! body ^u ! s\l1 t is1 an influ5ce caus+ ! "o to di/urb ! laws ( ! o!r1 ,i by no means d5y ! union ( ! "o ) ! o!r :i* =ms ( !m a suppositum2 b ?is union is some?+ metaphysical1 :i* *anges no?+ 9 ! ph5om5a4 ,?is is :at ,i h already said 9 reply to ! objection rais$ aga9/ me1 9 ! ,mmoires de ,trv\x1 by ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r de ,t\rnem9e1 ^: wit & le>n+ are ( no ord9>y m\ld4 ,& = ?is reason "o may say also 9 a metaphysical s5se t ! s\l acts ^u ! body & ! body ^u ! s\l4 ,moreov]1 x is true t ! s\l is ! ,entele*y or ! active pr9ciple1 :]eas ! corporeal alone or ! m]e mat]ial conta9s only ! passive4 ,consequ5tly ! pr9ciple ( action is 9 ! s\l1 z ,i h expla9$ m ?an once 9 ! ,leipzig ,j\rnal4 ,m especially does ?is appe> 9 my answ] to ! late ,h]r ,/urm1 philosoph] & ma!matician ( ,altorf1 :]e ,i h ev5 demon/rat$ t1 if bodies conta9$ only ! passive1 _! diff]5t conditions w\ld be indi/+ui%able4 ,also ,i take ?is opportunity to say t1 hav+ he>d ( "s objections made by ! gift$ au?or ( ! book on ,self-k1 9 t same book1 to my ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 ,i s5t a reply to ,p>is1 %[+ t he has attribut$ to me op9ions ,i am f> f hold+4 ,on ano!r matt] rec5tly ,i met ) l treatm5t at ! h&s ( an anonym\s ,doctor ( ! ,sorbonne4 ,& ^! misconceptions w\ld h become pla9 to ! read] at ! outset if my own words1 :i* 7 be+ tak5 9 evid5ce1 _h be5 quot$4 ,?is t5d5cy ( m5 to make mi/akes 9 pres5t+ ! op9ions ( o!rs leads me to obs]ve also1 t :5 ,i said some:]e t man helps himself 9 conv]sion ?r\gh ! succ\r ( grace1 ,i mean only t he d]ives advantage f x ?r\gh ! cessation ( ! resi/ance ov]come1 b )\t any coop]ation on 8 "p3 j z !re is no co-op]ation 9 ice :5 x is brok54 ,= conv]sion is purely ! "w ( ,god's grace1 :]e9 man co-op]ates only by resi/+ x2 b human resi/ance is m or less great accord+ to ! p]sons & ! occasions4 ,circum/ances also contribute m or less to our att5tion & to ! motions t arise 9 ! s\l2 & ! co-op]ation ( all ^! ?+s1 toge!r ) ! /r5g? ( ! impression & ! condition ( ! w1 det]m9es ! op]ation ( grace1 al?\gh n r5d]+ x necess>y4 ,i h exp\nd$ suffici5tly else:]e t 9 relation to matt]s ( salvation #gj unreg5]ate man is to be consid]$ z dead2 & ,i greatly approve ! mann] :]e9 ! !ologians ( ! ,augsburg ,confession decl>e !mselves on ?is subject4 ,yet ?is corruption ( unreg5]ate man is1 x mu/ be add$1 no h9drance to 8 possession ( true moral virtues & 8 p]=mance ( good actions 9 8 civic life1 actions :i* spr+ f a good pr9ciple1 )\t any evil int5tion & )\t mixture ( actual s94 ,:]e9 ,i hope ,i %all be =giv51 if ,i h d>$ to div]ge f ! op9ion ( ,/4 ,augu/9e3 he 0 d\btless a great man1 ( admirable intellig5ce1 b incl9$ sometimes1 z x seems1 to exagg]ate ?+s1 above all 9 ! heat ( 8 controv]sies4 ,i greatly e/eem "s p]sons :o pr(ess to be disciples ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 among/ o!rs ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,qunel1 a wor?y successor ( ! great ,arnauld 9 ! pursuit ( controv]sies t h embroil$ !m ) ! mo/ fam\s ( ,societies4 ,b ,i h f\nd t usually 9 disputes betwe5 p ( conspicu\s m]it 7( :om !re are d\btless "s "h 9 bo? p>ties7 !re is "r on bo? sides1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t po9ts1 & x is r 9 ! matt] ( def5ce ?an attack1 al?\gh ! natural malevol5ce ( ! human he>t g5]ally r5d]s attack m agreeable to ! read] ?an def5ce4 ,i hope t ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,ptolemei1 :o does 8 ,society cr$it & is occupi$ 9 fill+ ! gaps left by ! fam\s ,bell>m9e1 w give u1 conc]n+ all ( t1 "s explanations wor?y ( 8 acum5 & 8 k1 & ,i ev5 d>e to add1 8 mod]ation4 ,& "o mu/ believe t among ! !ologians ( ! ,augsburg ,confession !re w arise "s new ,*emnitz or "s new ,callixtus2 ev5 z "o is ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ t m5 l ,uss]ius or ,daill w aga9 appe> among ! ,re=m$1 & t all w "w m & m to remove ! misconceptions :]e) ?is matt] is *>g$4 ,= ! re/ ,i %all be well pleas$ t ^? :o %all wi% to exam9e x closely read ! objections ) ! answ]s ,i h giv5 !reto1 =mulat$ 9 ! small treatise ,i h plac$ at ! end ( ! "w by way ( summ>y4 ,i h endeav\r$ to =e/all "s new objections4 ,i h expla9$1 = in/ance1 :y ,i h tak5 ! antec$5t & consequ5t w z prelim9>y & f9al1 aft] ! example ( ,?omas1 ( ,scotus & o!rs2 h[ x is possible t !re be incomp>ably m good 9 ! glory ( all ! sav$ ?an !re is evil 9 ! mis]y ( all ! damn$1 despite #ga t !re are m ( ! latt]2 h[1 9 say+ t evil has be5 p]mitt$ z a conditio s9e qua non ( good1 ,i mean n accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( necessity1 b accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,fur!rmore ,i %[ t ! pr$et]m9ation ,i admit is su* z always to pr$ispose1 b nev] to necessitate1 & t ,god w n refuse ! requisite new light to ^? :o h made a good use ( t :i* !y _h4 ,o!r elucidations besides ,i h endeav\r$ to give on "s difficulties :i* h be5 put be=e me ( late4 ,i h1 moreov]1 foll[$ ! advice ( "s fri5ds :o ?\ght x fitt+ t ,i %\ld add two app5dices3 ! "o treats ( ! controv]sy c>ri$ on betwe5 ,mr4 ,hobbes & ,bi%op ,bramhall t\*+ ,fre$om & ,necessity1 ! o!r ( ! le>n$ "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,evil1 publi%$ a %ort "t ago 9 ,engl&4 ,f9ally ,i h endeav\r$ 9 all ?+s to consid] edification3 & if ,i h conc$$ some?+ to curiosity1 x is because ,i ?\ght x necess>y to relieve a subject ^: s]i\sness may cause disc\ragem5t4 ,x is ) t 9 view t ,i h introduc$ into ?is diss]tation ! pleas+ *im]a ( a c]ta9 a/ronomical !ology1 hav+ no gr\nd = appreh5sion t x w ensn>e anyone & deem+ t to tell x & refute x is ! same ?+4 ,fiction = fiction1 in/ead ( imag9+ t ! planets 7 suns1 "o might conceive t !y 7 masses melt$ 9 ! sun & ?r[n out1 & t w\ld de/roy ! f\ndation ( ?is hypo!tical !ology4 ,! anci5t error ( ! two pr9ciples1 :i* ! ,ori5tals di/+ui%$ by ! names ,oromasdes & ,arimanius1 caus$ me to expla9 a conjecture on ! primitive hi/ory ( peoples4 ,x appe>s inde$ probable t ^! 7 ! names ( two great contempor>y pr9ces1 ! "o mon>* ( a "p ( upp] ,asia1 :]e !re h s9ce be5 o!rs ( ?is "n1 ! o!r k+ ( ! ,scy?ian ,celts :o made incursions into ! /ates ( ! =m]1 & :o 0 also nam$ among/ ! div9ities ( ,g]mania4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t ,zoroa/] us$ ! names ( ^! pr9ces z symbols ( ! invisible p[]s :i* _! exploits made !m resemble 9 ! ideas ( ,asiatics4 ,yet else:]e1 accord+ to ! acc\nts ( ,arab au?ors1 :o 9 ?is might well be bett] in=m$ ?an ! ,greeks1 x appe>s f detail$ records ( anci5t ori5tal hi/ory1 t ?is ,z]du/ or ,zoroa/]1 :om !y make contempor>y ) ! great ,d>ius1 did n look ^u ^! two pr9ciples z completely primitive & #gb indep5d5t1 b z dep5d5t ^u "o supreme & s+le pr9ciple4 ,!y relate t he believ$1 9 con=mity ) ! cosmogony ( ,moses1 t ,god1 :o is )\t an equal1 creat$ all & sep>at$ ! light f ! d>kness2 t ! light con=m$ ) 8 orig9al design1 b t ! d>kness came z a consequ5ce1 ev5 z ! %ad[ foll[s ! body1 & t ?is is no?+ b privation4 ,su* a !sis w\ld cle> ?is anci5t au?or ( ! errors ! ,greeks imput$ to him4 ,8 great le>n+ caus$ ! ,ori5tals to comp>e him ) ! ,m]cury or ,h]mes ( ! ,egyptians & ,greeks2 j z ! nor!rn peoples comp>$ _! ,wodan or ,od9 to ?is same ,m]cury4 ,t is :y ,m]cr$i 7,w$nesday71 or ! day ( ,m]cury1 0 call$ ,wodansdag by ! nor!rn peoples1 b day ( ,z]du/ by ! ,asiatics1 s9ce x is nam$ ,z>s*amba or ,dse>s*ambe by ! ,turks & ! ,p]sians1 ,z]da by ! ,hung>ians f ! nor?-ea/1 & ,sr$a by ! ,slavs f ! he>t ( ,great ,russia1 z f> z ! ,w5ds ( ! ,luneburg region1 ! ,slavs hav+ le>nt ! "n also f ! ,ori5tals4 ,^! obs]vations w p]haps n be displeas+ to ! curi\s4 ,& ,i flatt] myself t ! small dialogue end+ ! ,essays writt5 to oppose ,m4 ,bayle w give "s satisfaction to ^? :o are well pleas$ to see difficult b important tru?s set =? 9 an easy & famili> way4 ,i h writt5 9 a =eign language at ! risk ( mak+ _m errors 9 x1 because t language has be5 rec5tly us$ by o!rs 9 treat+ ( my subject1 & because x is m g5]ally read by ^? :om "o w\ld wi% to b5efit by ?is small "w4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! language errors w be p>don$3 !y are to be attribut$ n only to ! pr9t] & ! copyi/1 b also to ! ha/e ( ! au?or1 :o has be5 mu* di/ract$ f 8 task4 ,if1 moreov]1 any error has crept into ! ideas express$1 ! au?or w be ! fir/ to correct x1 once he has be5 bett] in=m$3 he has giv5 else:]e su* indications ( 8 love ( tru? t he hopes ?is decl>ation w n be reg>d$ z m]ely an empty phrase4 #gc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prelim9>y ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,con=mity ,,( ,,fai? ,,) ,,reason 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,i beg9 ) ! prelim9>y "q ( ! con=mity ( fai? ) reason1 & ! use ( philosophy 9 !ology1 because x has mu* influ5ce on ! ma9 subject ( my treatise1 & because ,m4 ,bayle introduces x ev]y:]e4 ,i assume t two tru?s _c contradict ea* o!r2 t ! object ( fai? is ! tru? ,god has reveal$ 9 an extraord9>y way2 & t reason is ! l9k+ toge!r ( tru?s1 b especially 7:5 x is comp>$ ) fai?7 ( ^? :]eto ! human m9d c atta9 naturally )\t be+ aid$ by ! light ( fai?4 ,?is def9ition ( reason 7t is to say ( /rict & true reason7 has surpris$ "s p]sons accu/om$ to inveigh aga9/ reason tak5 9 a vague s5se4 ,!y gave me ! answ] t !y _h nev] he>d ( any su* explanation ( x3 ! tru? is t !y h nev] conf]r$ ) p :o express$ !mselves cle>ly on ^! subjects4 ,!y h confess$ to me1 nev]!less1 t "o c\ld n f9d fault ) reason1 und]/ood 9 ! s5se :i* ,i gave to x4 ,x is 9 ! same s5se t sometimes reason is contra/$ ) exp]i5ce4 ,reason1 s9ce x consi/s 9 ! l9k+ toge!r ( tru?s1 is entitl$ to connect also ^? :]e) exp]i5ce has furni%$ x1 9 ord] !nce to draw mix$ conclusions2 b reason pure & simple1 z di/9ct f exp]i5ce1 only has to d ) tru?s indep5d5t ( ! s5ses4 ,& "o may comp>e fai? ) exp]i5ce1 s9ce fai? 79 respect ( ! motives t give x ju/ification7 dep5ds #gd ^u ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h se5 ! miracles :]eon revelation is f\nd$1 & ^u ! tru/wor?y tradition :i* has h&$ !m d[n to u1 :e!r ?r\gh ! ,scriptures or by ! acc\nt ( ^? :o h pres]v$ !m4 ,x is r z we rely ^u ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h se5 ,*9a & on ! cr$ibility ( _! acc\nt :5 we give cr$5ce to ! wond]s t are told u ( t di/ant c\ntry4 ,yet ,i w\ld also take into acc\nt ! inw>d motion ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :o takes possession ( s\ls & p]suades !m & prompts !m to good1 t is1 to fai? & to *>ity1 )\t always hav+ ne$ ( motives4 #b4 ,n[ ! tru?s ( reason are ( two k9ds3 ! "o k9d is ( ^? call$ ! ',et]nal ,v]ities'1 :i* are altoge!r necess>y1 s t ! opposite implies contradiction4 ,su* are ! tru?s ^: necessity is logical1 metaphysical or geometrical1 :i* "o _c d5y )\t be+ l$ into absurdities4 ,!re are o!rs :i* may be call$ positive1 because !y are ! laws :i* x has pleas$ ,god to give to ,nature1 or because !y dep5d ^u ^?4 ,we le>n !m ei!r by exp]i5ce1 t is1 a po/]iori1 or by reason & a priori1 t is1 by consid]ations ( ! fitness ( ?+s :i* h caus$ _! *oice4 ,?is fitness ( ?+s has also its rules & reasons1 b x is ! free *oice ( ,god1 & n a geometrical necessity1 :i* causes pref]5ce = :at is fitt+ & br+s x into exi/5ce4 ,?us "o may say t physical necessity is f\nd$ on moral necessity1 t is1 on ! wise "o's *oice :i* is wor?y ( 8 wisdom2 & t bo? ( ^! ought to be di/+ui%$ f geometrical necessity4 ,x is ?is physical necessity t makes ord] 9 ,nature & lies 9 ! rules ( motion & 9 "s o!r g5]al laws :i* x pleas$ ,god to lay d[n = ?+s :5 he gave !m be+4 ,x is !re=e true t ,god gave su* laws n )\t reason1 = he *ooses no?+ f caprice & z ?\gh by *ance or 9 pure indiff]5ce2 b ! g5]al reasons ( good & ( ord]1 :i* h prompt$ him to ! *oice1 may be ov]come 9 "s cases by /rong] reasons ( a sup]ior ord]4 #c4 ,?us x is made cle> t ,god c exempt creatures f ! laws he has prescrib$ = !m1 & produce 9 !m t :i* _! nature does n be> by p]=m+ a miracle4 ,:5 !y h ris5 to p]fections & faculties nobl] ?an ^? :]eto !y c by _! nature atta91 ! ,s*oolm5 call ?is faculty an ',ob$i5tial ,p[]'1 t is to say1 a #ge p[] :i* ! ?+ acquires by obey+ ! comm& ( him :o c give t :i* ! ?+ has n4 ,! ,s*oolm51 h[ev]1 usually give in/ances ( ?is p[] :i* to me appe> impossible3 !y ma9ta91 = example1 t ,god c give ! creature ! faculty to create4 ,x may be t !re are miracles :i* ,god p]=ms ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( angels1 :]e ! laws ( ,nature are n violat$1 any m ?an :5 m5 assi/ ,nature by art1 ! skill ( angels diff]+ f ours only by degree ( p]fection4 ,nev]!less x /ill rema9s true t ! laws ( ,nature are subject to be disp5s$ f by ! ,law-giv]2 :]eas ! et]nal v]ities1 z = in/ance ^? ( geometry1 admit no disp5sation1 & fai? _c contradict !m4 ,?us x is t !re _c be any inv9cible objection to tru?4 ,= if x is a "q ( pro( :i* is f\nd$ ^u pr9ciples or inconte/able facts & =m$ by a l9k+ toge!r ( et]nal v]ities1 ! conclusion is c]ta9 & ess5tial1 & t :i* is contr>y to x mu/ be false2 o!rwise two contradictories might be true at ! same "t4 ,if ! objection is n conclusive1 x c only =m a probable argum5t1 :i* has no =ce aga9/ fai?1 s9ce x is agre$ t ! ,my/]ies ( religion are contr>y to appe>ances4 ,n[ ,m4 ,bayle decl>es1 9 8 po/hum\s ,reply to ,m4 le ,cl]c1 t he does n claim t !re are demon/rations contr>y to ! tru?s ( fai?3 & z a result all ^! insup]able difficulties1 ^! s-call$ w>s betwe5 reason & fai?1 vani% away4 ,hi motus animorum atque haec discrim9a tanta1 ,pulv]is exigui jactu compressa quiescunt4 #d4 ,prote/ant !ologians z well z ^? ( ! ,roman confession admit ! maxims :i* ,i h j laid d[n1 :5 !y h&le ! matt] ) att5tion2 & all t is said aga9/ reason has no =ce save aga9/ a k9d ( c\nt]feit reason1 corrupt$ & delud$ by false appe>ances4 ,x is ! same ) our notions ( ! ju/ice & ! goodness ( ,god1 :i* are spok5 ( sometimes z if we _h nei!r any idea nor any def9ition ( _! nature4 ,b 9 t case we %\ld h no gr\nd = ascrib+ ^! attributes to him1 or laud+ him = !m4 ,8 goodness & 8 ju/ice z well z 8 wisdom diff] f ours only because !y are inf9itely m p]fect4 ,?us ! simple notions1 ! necess>y tru?s & ! conclusive results ( philosophy _c be contr>y to revelation4 ,& :5 "s #gf philosophical maxims are reject$ 9 !ology1 ! reason is t !y are consid]$ to h only a physical or moral necessity1 :i* speaks only ( t :i* takes place usually1 & is consequ5tly f\nd$ on appe>ances1 b :i* may be )held if ,god s pleases4 #e4 ,x seems1 accord+ to :at ,i h j said1 t !re is (t5 "s confusion 9 ! expressions ( ^? :o set at v>iance philosophy & !ology1 or fai? & reason3 !y confuse ! t]ms 'expla9'1 'compreh5d'1 'prove'1 'uphold'4 ,& ,i f9d t ,m4 ,bayle1 %rewd z he is1 is n always free f ?is confusion4 ,my/]ies may be expla9$ suffici5tly to ju/ify belief 9 !m2 b "o _c compreh5d !m1 nor give und]/&+ ( h[ !y come to pass4 ,?us ev5 9 natural philosophy we expla9 up to a c]ta9 po9t sundry p]ceptible qualities1 b 9 an imp]fect mann]1 = we d n compreh5d !m4 ,nor is x possible = u1 ei!r1 to prove ,my/]ies by reason2 = all t :i* c be prov$ a priori1 or by pure reason1 c be compreh5d$4 ,all t rema9s = u !n1 aft] hav+ believ$ 9 ! ,my/]ies by reason ( ! pro(s ( ! tru? ( religion 7:i* are call$ 'motives ( cr$ibility'7 is to be able to uphold !m aga9/ objections4 ,)\t t our belief 9 !m w\ld h no firm f\ndation2 = all t :i* c be refut$ 9 a s\nd & conclusive mann] _c b be false4 ,& su* pro(s ( ! tru? ( religion z c give only a moral c]ta9ty w\ld be balanc$ & ev5 outweigh$ by su* objections z w\ld give an absolute c]ta9ty1 provid$ !y 7 conv9c+ & altoge!r conclusive4 ,?is little might suffice me to remove ! difficulties conc]n+ ! use ( reason & philosophy 9 relation to religion if "o _h n to deal all too (t5 ) prejudic$ p]sons4 ,b z ! subject is important & x has fall5 into a /ate ( confusion1 x w be well to take x 9 great] detail4 #f4 ,! "q ( ! con=mity ( fai? ) reason has always be5 a great problem4 ,9 ! primitive ,*ur* ! able/ ,*ri/ian au?ors adapt$ !mselves to ! ideas ( ! ,platoni/s1 :i* 7 ! mo/ acceptable to !m1 & 7 at t "t mo/ g5]ally 9 fav\r4 ,little by little ,ari/otle took ! place ( ,plato1 :5 ! ta/e = sy/ems began to prevail1 & :5 !ology itself became m sy/ematic1 ow+ to ! decisions ( ! ,g5]al ,c\ncils1 :i* provid$ precise & positive =mul>ies4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,boe?ius & ,cassiodorus 9 ! ,we/1 & #gg ,/4 ,john ( ,damascus 9 ! ,ea/ contribut$ mo/ t[>ds r$uc+ !ology to sci5tific =m1 n to m5tion ,b$e1 ,alcu91 ,/4 ,anselm & "s o!r !ologians v]s$ 9 philosophy4 ,f9ally came ! ,s*oolm54 ,! leisure ( ! cloi/]s giv+ full scope = speculation1 :i* 0 assi/$ by ,ari/otle's philosophy translat$ f ! ,arabic1 !re 0 =m$ at la/ a comp\nd ( !ology & philosophy :]e9 mo/ ( ! que/ions arose f ! tr\ble t 0 tak5 to reconcile fai? ) reason4 ,b ?is _h n met ) ! full success hop$ =1 because !ology _h be5 mu* corrupt$ by ! unhapp9ess ( ! times1 by ignorance & ob/9acy4 ,moreov]1 philosophy1 9 addition to its own faults1 :i* 7 v great1 f\nd itself burd5$ ) ^? ( !ology1 :i* 9 its turn 0 suff]+ f association ) a philosophy t 0 v obscure & v imp]fect4 ,"o mu/ confess1 not)/&+1 ) ! incomp>able ,grotius1 t !re is sometimes gold hidd5 "u ! rubbi% ( ! monks' b>b>\s ,lat94 ,i h !re=e (t-times wi%$ t a man ( tal5t1 ^: (fice _h necessitat$ 8 le>n+ ! language ( ! ,s*oolm51 _h *os5 to extract !nce :atev] is ( wor?1 & t ano!r ,petau or ,?omasius _h done 9 respect ( ! ,s*oolm5 :at ^! two le>n$ m5 h done 9 respect ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,x w\ld be a v curi\s "w1 & v important = ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & x w\ld cont9ue ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogmas up to ! "t ( ! ,revival ( ,lett]s 7ow+ to :i* ! aspect ( ?+s has *ang$7 & ev5 beyond t po9t4 ,= sundry dogmas1 su* z ^? ( physical pr$et]m9ation1 ( m$iate k1 philosophical s91 objective precisions1 & _m o!r dogmas 9 speculative !ology & ev5 9 ! practical !ology ( cases ( consci5ce1 came into curr5cy ev5 aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 #g4 ,a little be=e ^! *anges1 & be=e ! great s*ism 9 ! ,we/ t /ill endures1 !re 0 9 ,italy a sect ( philosoph]s :i* disput$ ?is con=mity ( fai? ) reason :i* ,i ma9ta94 ,!y 7 dubb$ ',av]roi/s' because !y 7 adh]5ts ( a fam\s ,arab au?or1 :o 0 call$ ! ,comm5tator by pre-em95ce1 & :o appe>$ to be ! "o ( all 8 race t p5etrat$ fur!/ into ,ari/otle's mean+4 ,?is ,comm5tator1 ext5d+ :at ,greek expositors _h already taught1 ma9ta9$ t accord+ to ,ari/otle1 & ev5 accord+ to reason 7& at t "t ! two 7 consid]$ almo/ id5tical7 !re 0 no case = ! #gh immortality ( ! s\l4 ,"h is 8 reason+4 ,! human k9d is et]nal1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 !re=e if individual s\ls die n1 "o mu/ resort to ! metempsy*osis reject$ by t philosoph]4 ,or1 if !re are always new s\ls1 "o mu/ admit ! inf9ity ( ^! s\ls exi/+ f all et]nity2 b actual inf9ity is impossible1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! same ,ari/otle4 ,!re=e x is a necess>y conclusion t ! s\ls1 t is1 ! =ms ( organic bodies1 mu/ p]i% ) ! bodies1 or at lea/ ?is mu/ happ5 to ! passive und]/&+ t belongs to ea* "o individually4 ,?us !re w only rema9 ! active und]/&+ common to all m51 :i* accord+ to ,ari/otle comes f outside1 & :i* mu/ "w :]esoev] ! organs are suitably dispos$2 ev5 z ! w9d produces a k9d ( music :5 x is bl[n into prop]ly adju/$ organ pipes4 #h4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 weak] ?an ?is w\ld-be pro(4 ,x is n true t ,ari/otle refut$ metempsy*osis1 or t he prov$ ! et]nity ( ! human k9d2 & aft] all1 x is q untrue t an actual inf9ity is impossible4 ,yet ?is pro( pass$ z irresi/ible among/ ,ari/otelians1 & induc$ 9 !m ! belief t !re 0 a c]ta9 sublun>y intellig5ce & t our active intellect 0 produc$ by p>ticipation 9 x4 ,b o!rs :o adh]$ less to ,ari/otle w5t s f> z to advocate a univ]sal s\l =m+ ! ocean ( all individual s\ls1 & believ$ ?is univ]sal s\l alone capable ( subsi/+1 :il/ individual s\ls are born & die4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion ! s\ls ( animals are born by be+ sep>at$ l drops f _! ocean1 :5 !y f9d a body :i* !y c animate2 & !y die by be+ reunit$ to ! ocean ( s\ls :5 ! body is de/roy$1 z /reams are lo/ 9 ! sea4 ,_m ev5 w5t s f> z to believe t ,god is t univ]sal s\l1 al?\gh o!rs ?\ght t ?is s\l 0 subord9ate & creat$4 ,?is bad doctr9e is v anci5t & apt to dazzle ! common h]d4 ,x is express$ 9 ^! beautiful l9es ( ,v]gil 7,a541 ,,vi1 v4 #gbd73 ,pr9cipio coelum ac t]ram camposque liqu5tes1 ,luc5temque globum ,lunae ,titaniaque a/ra1 ,spiritus intus alit1 totamque infusa p] artus ,m5s agitat molem1 et magno se corpore miscet4 ,inde hom9um pecudumque g5us vitaeque volantum4 #gi ,& aga9 else:]e 7,georg41 ,,iv1 v4 #bba73 ,deum namque ire p] omnes ,t]rasque tractusque m>is caelumque pr(undum3 ,h9c pecudes1 arm5ta1 viros1 g5us omne f]>um1 ,quemque sibi t5ues nasc5tem arcess]e vitas4 ,scilicet huc r$di de9de ac resoluta ref]ri4 #i4 ,plato's ,s\l ( ! ,_w has be5 tak5 9 ?is s5se by "s1 b !re is m indication t ! ,/oics succumb$ to t univ]sal s\l :i* swall[s all ! re/4 ,^? :o are ( ?is op9ion might be call$ ',monopsy*ites'1 s9ce accord+ to !m !re is 9 reality only "o s\l t subsi/s4 ,m4 ,b]ni] obs]ves t ?is is an op9ion almo/ univ]sally accept$ among/ s*ol>s 9 ,p]sia & 9 ! ,/ates ( ! ,gr& ,mogul2 x appe>s ev5 t x has ga9$ a foot+ ) ! ,cabali/s & ) ! my/ics4 ,a c]ta9 ,g]man ( ,swabian bir?1 conv]t$ to ,judaism "s ye>s ago1 :o taught "u ! "n ,moses ,g]manus1 hav+ adopt$ ! dogmas ( ,sp9oza1 believ$ t ,sp9oza reviv$ ! anci5t ,cabala ( ! ,hebrews4 ,& a le>n$ man :o confut$ ?is proselyte ,jew appe>s to be ( ! same op9ion4 ,x is kn[n t ,sp9oza recognizes only sub/ance 9 ! _w1 :]e( individual s\ls are b transi5t modifications4 ,val5t9 ,weigel1 ,pa/or ( ,zs*opau 9 ,saxony1 a man ( wit1 ev5 ( excessive wit1 al?\gh p w\ld h x t he 0 a vision>y1 0 p]haps to "s ext5t ( t op9ion2 z 0 also a man kn[n z ,johann ,angelus ,silesius1 au?or ( c]ta9 q pleas+ little devotional v]ses 9 ,g]man1 9 ! =m ( epigrams1 :i* h j be5 repr9t$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! my/ics' doctr9e ( deification 0 liable to su* a s9i/] int]pretation4 ,g]son already has writt5 oppos+ ,ruysbroek1 a my/ical writ]1 ^: int5tion 0 evid5tly good & ^: expressions are excusable4 ,b x w\ld be bett] to write 9 a mann] t has no ne$ ( excuses3 al?\gh ,i confess t (t-times expressions :i* are extravagant1 & z x 7 poetical1 h great] =ce to move & to p]suade ?an correct =ms ( /atem5t4 #aj4 ,! annihilation ( all t belongs to u 9 our own "r1 c>ri$ to great l5g?s by ! ,quieti/s1 might equally well be veil$ irreligion 9 c]ta9 m9ds1 z is relat$1 = example1 conc]n+ ! ,quietism ( ,fo1 orig9ator ( a great ,*9ese sect4 ,aft] hav+ prea*$ 8 religion #hj = =ty ye>s1 :5 he felt dea? 0 approa*+1 he decl>$ to 8 disciples t he _h hidd5 ! tru? f !m "u ! veil ( metaphors1 & t all r$uc$ itself to ,no?+ness1 :i* he said 0 ! fir/ s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,t 0 /ill worse1 s x w\ld seem1 ?an ! op9ion ( ! ,av]roi/s4 ,bo? ( ^! doctr9es are indef5sible & ev5 extravagant2 nev]!less "s mod]ns h made no difficulty ab\t adopt+ ?is "o & univ]sal ,s\l t engulfs ! re/4 ,x has met ) only too mu* applause among/ ! s-call$ free?9k]s1 & ,m4 de ,preissac1 a soldi] & man ( wit1 :o dabbl$ 9 philosophy1 at "o "t air$ x publicly 9 8 disc\rses4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony is ! "o be/ qualifi$ to cure ?is evil4 ,= x %[s t !re are ( necessity sub/ances :i* are simple & )\t ext5sion1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t all ,nature2 t ^! sub/ances mu/ subsi/ indep5d5tly ( e o!r except ,god2 & t !y are nev] :olly sep>at$ f organic body4 ,^? :o believe t s\ls capable ( feel+ b incapable ( reason are mortal1 or :o ma9ta9 t none b reason+ s\ls c h feel+1 (f] a h&le to ! ,monopsy*ites4 ,= x w ev] be difficult to p]suade m5 t bea/s feel no?+2 & once ! admission has be5 made t t :i* is capable ( feel+ c die1 x is difficult to f\nd ^u reason a pro( ( ! immortality ( our s\ls4 #aa4 ,i h made ?is %ort digression because x appe>$ to me seasonable at a "t :5 !re is only too mu* t5d5cy to ov]?r[ natural religion to its v f\ndations4 ,i return !n to ! ,av]roi/s1 :o 7 p]suad$ t _! dogma 0 prov$ conclusively 9 accordance ) reason4 ,z a result !y decl>$ t man's s\l is1 accord+ to philosophy1 mortal1 :ile !y prote/$ _! acquiesc5ce 9 ,*ri/ian !ology1 :i* decl>es ! s\l's immortality4 ,b ?is di/9ction 0 held suspect1 & ?is divorce betwe5 fai? & reason 0 vehem5tly reject$ by ! prelates & ! doctors ( t "t1 & condemn$ 9 ! la/ ,lat]an ,c\ncil "u ,leo ,x4 ,on t occasion also1 s*ol>s 7 urg$ to "w = ! removal ( ! difficulties t appe>$ to set !ology & philosophy at v>iance4 ,! doctr9e ( _! incompatibility cont9u$ to hold its gr\nd incognito4 ,pomponazzi 0 suspect$ ( x1 al?\gh he decl>$ himself o!rwise2 & t v sect ( ! ,av]roi/s surviv$ z a s*ool4 ,x is ?\ght t ,caes> ,cremon9us1 #ha a philosoph] fam\s 9 8 "t1 0 "o ( its ma9/ays4 ,&reas ,cisalp9us1 a physician 7& an au?or ( m]it :o came ne>e/ aft] ,mi*ael ,s]vetus to ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood71 0 accus$ by ,nicolas ,taurel 79 a book entitl$ ,alpes ,caesae7 ( belong+ to ^! anti-religi\s ,p]ipatetics4 ,traces ( ?is doctr9e are f\nd also 9 ! ,circulus ,pisanus ,claudii ,b]ig>di1 an au?or ( ,fr5* nationality :o migrat$ to ,italy & taught philosophy at ,pisa3 b especially ! writ+s & ! lett]s ( ,gabriel ,naud1 z well z ! ,naudaeana1 %[ t ,av]roism /ill liv$ on :5 ?is le>n$ physician 0 9 ,italy4 ,corpuscul> philosophy1 introduc$ %ortly aft]1 appe>s to h ext+ui%$ ?is excessively ,p]ipatetic sect1 or p]haps to h be5 int]mix$ ) its tea*+4 ,x may be inde$ t !re h be5 ,atomi/s :o w\ld be incl9$ to tea* dogmas l ^? ( ! ,av]roi/s1 if circum/ances s p]mitt$3 b ?is abuse _c h>m su* good z !re is 9 ,corpuscul> philosophy1 :i* c v well be comb9$ ) all t is s\nd 9 ,plato & 9 ,ari/otle1 & br+ !m bo? into h>mony ) true !ology4 #ab4 ,! ,re=m]s1 & especially ,lu!r1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 spoke sometimes z if !y reject$ philosophy1 & deem$ x inimical to fai?4 ,b1 prop]ly speak+1 ,lu!r und]/ood by philosophy only t :i* is 9 con=mity ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature1 or p]haps ev5 philosophy z x 0 taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,?us = example he says t x is impossible 9 philosophy1 t is1 9 ! ord] ( ,nature1 t ! ^w be made fle%2 & he goes s f> z to ma9ta9 t :at is true 9 natural philosophy might be false 9 e?ics4 ,ari/otle 0 ! object ( 8 ang]2 & s f> back z ! ye> #aeaf he contemplat$ ! purg+ ( philosophy1 :5 he p]haps _h z yet no ?\ghts ( re=m+ ! ,*ur*4 ,b at la/ he curb$ 8 vehem5ce & 9 ! ,apology = ! ,augsburg ,confession all[$ a fav\rable m5tion ( ,ari/otle & 8 ,e?ics4 ,melan*?on1 a man ( s\nd & mod]ate ideas1 made little sy/ems f ! sev]al p>ts ( philosophy1 adapt$ to ! tru?s ( revelation & useful 9 civic life1 :i* des]ve to be read ev5 n[4 ,aft] him1 ,pi]re de la ,rame ent]$ ! li/s4 ,8 philosophy 0 mu* 9 fav\r3 ! sect ( ! ,rami/s 0 p[]ful 9 ,g]many1 ga9+ _m adh]5ts among ! ,prote/ants1 & ev5 conc]n+ itself ) !ology1 until ! revival ( ,corpuscul> philosophy1 :i* caus$ t ( ,rame to fall into #hb oblivion & weak5$ ! au?ority ( ! ,p]ipatetics4 #ac4 ,mean:ile sundry ,prote/ant !ologians1 deviat+ z f> z !y c\ld f ,s*ola/ic philosophy1 :i* prevail$ 9 ! opposite p>ty1 w5t s f> z to despise philosophy itself1 :i* to !m 0 suspect4 ,! controv]sy blaz$ up f9ally ow+ to ! ranc\r ( ,daniel ,h(fmann4 ,he 0 an able !ologian1 :o _h previ\sly ga9$ a reputation at ! ,conf]5ce ( ,qu$l9burg1 :5 ,tilemann ,he%usius & he _h support$ ,duke ,julius ( ,brunswick 9 8 refusal to accept ! ,=mula ( ,concord4 ,= "s reason or o!r ,dr4 ,h(fmann flew into a passion ) philosophy1 in/ead ( be+ cont5t to f9d fault ) ! wrong uses made !re( by philosoph]s4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 aim+ at ! fam\s ,caselius1 a man e/eem$ by ! pr9ces & s*ol>s ( 8 "t2 & ,h5ry ,julius1 ,duke ( ,brunswick 7son ( ,julius1 f\nd] ( ! ,univ]sity71 hav+ tak5 ! tr\ble himself to inve/igate ! matt]1 condemn$ ! !ologian4 ,!re h be5 "s small disputes ( ! k9d s9ce1 b x has always be5 f\nd t !y 7 misund]/&+s4 ,paul ,slevogt1 a fam\s ,pr(essor at ,j5a 9 ,?ur+ia1 ^: /ill extant treatises prove h[ well v]s$ he 0 9 ,s*ola/ic philosophy1 z also 9 ,hebrew lit]ature1 _h publi%$ 9 8 y\? "u ! title ( ,p]vigilium a little book 'de dissidio ,!ologi et ,philosophi 9 utriusque pr9cipiis fundato'1 be>+ on ! "q :e!r ,god is accid5tally ! cause ( s94 ,b x 0 easy to see t 8 aim 0 to demon/rate t !ologians sometimes misuse philosophical t]ms4 #ad4 ,to come n[ to ! ev5ts ( my own "t1 ,i rememb] t :5 9 #afff ,l\is ,mey]1 a physician ( ,am/]dam1 publi%$ anonym\sly ! book entitl$ ,philosophia ,scripturae ,int]pres 7by _m p]sons wrongly attribut$ to ,sp9oza1 8 fri5d7 ! !ologians ( ,holl& be/irr$ !mselves1 & _! writt5 attacks ^u ?is book gave rise to great disputes among !m4 ,div]s ( !m held ! op9ion t ! ,c>tesians1 9 confut+ ! anonym\s philosoph]1 _h conc$$ too mu* to philosophy4 ,jean de ,labadie 7be=e he _h sec$$ f ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 8 pretext be+ "s abuses :i* he said _h crept into public obs]vance & :i* he consid]$ intol]able7 attack$ ! book by ,h]r von ,wollzog51 & call$ x p]nici\s4 ,on ! o!r h& ,h]r ,vogelsang1 ,h]r van d] ,weye & "s o!r anti-,cocceans also assail$ ! same #hc book ) mu* acrimony4 ,b ! accus$ won 8 case 9 a ,synod4 ,aft]w>ds 9 ,holl& p spoke ( 'rational' & 'non-rational' !ologians1 a p>ty di/9ction (t5 m5tion$ by ,m4 ,bayle1 :o f9ally decl>$ himself aga9/ ! =m]4 ,b !re is no indication t any precise rules h yet be5 def9$ :i* ! rival p>ties accept or reject ) reg>d to ! use ( reason 9 ! int]pretation ( ,holy ,scripture4 #ae4 ,a l dispute has ?reat5$ ( late to di/urb ! peace 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,augsburg ,confession4 ,"s ,ma/]s ( ,arts 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig gave private lessons at _! homes1 to /ud5ts :o s\ght !m out 9 ord] to le>n :at is call$ ',sacra ,philologia'1 accord+ to ! practice ( ?is univ]sity & ( "s o!rs :]e ?is k9d ( /udy is n re/rict$ to ! ,faculty ( ,!ology4 ,^! ma/]s press$ ! /udy ( ! ,holy ,scriptures & ! practice ( piety fur!r ?an _! fell[s _h be5 wont to d4 ,x is alleg$ t !y _h c>ri$ c]ta9 ?+s to excess1 & ar\s$ suspicions ( c]ta9 doctr9al innovations4 ,?is caus$ !m to be dubb$ ',pieti/s'1 z ?\gh !y 7 a new sect2 & ?is "n is "o :i* has s9ce caus$ a great /ir 9 ,g]many4 ,x has be5 appli$ someh[ or o!r to ^? :om "o suspect$1 or pret5d$ to suspect1 ( fanaticism1 or ev5 ( hypocrisy1 conceal$ "u "s semblance ( re=m4 ,n[ "s ( ! /ud5ts att5d+ ^! ma/]s _h become conspicu\s = behavi\r :i* gave g5]al (f5ce1 & among/ o!r ?+s = _! scorn ( philosophy1 ev51 s x 0 said1 burn+ _! notebooks4 ,9 consequ5ce ! belief arose t _! ma/]s reject$ philosophy3 b !y ju/ifi$ !mselves v well2 nor c\ld !y be convict$ ei!r ( ?is error or ( ! h]esies t 7 be+ imput$ to !m4 #af4 ,! "q ( ! use ( philosophy 9 !ology 0 debat$ mu* among/ ,*ri/ians1 & difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ ov] settl+ ! limits ( its use :5 x came to detail$ consid]ation4 ,! ,my/]ies ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( ! ,inc>nation & ( ! ,holy ,communion gave mo/ occasion = dispute4 ,! new ,phot9ians1 disput+ ! fir/ two ,my/]ies1 made use ( c]ta9 philosophic maxims :i* ,&reas ,kessl]1 a !ologian ( ! ,augsburg ,confession1 summ>iz$ 9 ! v>i\s treatises t he publi%$ on ! p>ts ( ! ,soc9ian philosophy4 ,b z to _! metaphysics1 "o might in/ruct oneself bett] !re9 by read+ ! #hd "w ( ,*ri/oph] ,/egmann ! ,soc9ian4 ,x is n yet 9 pr9t2 b ,i saw x 9 my y\? & x has be5 rec5tly aga9 9 my h&s4 #ag4 ,calovius & ,s*]z]1 au?ors well v]s$ 9 ,s*ola/ic philosophy1 & sundry o!r able !ologians answ]$ ! ,soc9ians at great l5g?1 & (t5 ) success3 = !y w\ld n cont5t !mselves ) ! g5]al & some:at cavali] answ]s t 7 commonly us$ aga9/ t sect4 ,! drift ( su* answ]s 03 t _! maxims 7 good 9 philosophy & n 9 !ology2 t x 0 ! fault ( het]og5e\sness call$ ,greek3 metbasis eis llo gnos to apply ^? maxims to a matt] transc5d+ reason2 & t philosophy %\ld be treat$ z a s]vant & n a mi/ress 9 relation to !ology1 accord+ to ! title ( ! book by a ,scot nam$ ,rob]t ,b>onius1 ,philosophia ,!ologiae ancillans4 ,9 f9e1 philosophy 0 a ,hag> beside ,s>a & mu/ be driv5 f ! h\se ) h] ,i%mael :5 %e 0 refractory4 ,!re is some?+ good 9 ^! answ]s3 b "o might abuse !m1 & set natural tru?s & tru?s ( revelation at v>iance4 ,s*ol>s !re=e appli$ !mselves to di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at is necess>y & indisp5sable 9 natural or philosophic tru?s & t :i* is n s4 #ah4 ,! two ,prote/ant p>ties are tol]ably 9 agreem5t :5 x is a "q ( mak+ w> on ! ,soc9ians2 & z ! philosophy ( ^! sect>ies is n ( ! mo/ exact1 9 mo/ cases ! attack succe$$ 9 r$uc+ x4 ,b ! ,prote/ants !mselves _h diss5sions on ! matt] ( ! ,eu*>i/ic ,sacram5t4 ,a section ( ^? :o are call$ ,re=m$ 7namely ^? :o on t po9t foll[ r ,zw+li ?an ,calv97 seem$ to r$uce ! p>ticipation 9 ! body ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! ,holy ,communion to a m]e figurative repres5tation1 employ+ ! maxim ( ! philosoph]s :i* /ates t a body c only be 9 "o place at a "t4 ,contr>iwise ! ,evangelicals 7:o "n !mselves ?us 9 a p>ticul> s5se to di/+ui% !mselves f ! ,re=m$71 be+ m atta*$ to ! lit]al s5se ( ,scripture1 op9$ ) ,lu!r t ?is p>ticipation 0 real1 & t "h !re lay a sup]natural ,my/]y4 ,!y reject1 9 tru?1 ! dogma ( ,transub/antiation1 :i* !y believe to be )\t f\ndation 9 ! ,text2 nei!r d !y approve t ( ,consub/antiation or ( ,impanation1 :i* "o c\ld only impute to !m if "o 7 ill-in=m$ on _! op9ion4 ,= !y admit no inclusion ( ! body #he ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! bread1 nor d !y ev5 require any union ( ! "o ) ! o!r3 b !y dem& at lea/ a concomitance1 s t ^! two sub/ances be receiv$ bo? at ! same "t4 ,!y believe t ! ord9>y s5se ( ! words ( ,jesus ,*ri/ on an occasion s important z t :i* conc]n$ ! expression ( 8 la/ wi%es ought to be pres]v$4 ,?us 9 ord] to %[ t ?is s5se is free f all absurdity :i* c\ld make x repugnant to u1 !y ma9ta9 t ! philosophic maxim re/rict+ ! exi/5ce (1 & p>tak+ 91 bodies to "o place alone is simply a consequ5ce ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature4 ,!y make t no ob/acle to ! pres5ce1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 ( ! body ( our ,savi\r 9 su* =m z may be 9 keep+ ) ! mo/ glorifi$ body4 ,!y d n resort to a vague diffusion ( ubiquity1 :i* w\ld disp]se ! body & leave x n[h]e 9 p>ticul>2 nor d !y admit ! multiple-r$uplication !ory ( "s ,s*oolm51 z if to say "o & ! same body c\ld be at ! same "t seat$ "h & /&+ else:]e4 ,9 f9e1 !y s express !mselves t _m consid] ! op9ion ( ,calv91 au?oriz$ by sundry confessions ( fai? f ! ,*ur*es t h accept$ 8 tea*+1 to be n s f> remov$ f ! ,augsburg ,confession z "o might ?9k3 = he affirm$ a p>tak+ 9 ! sub/ance4 ,! div]g5ce re/s p]haps only ^u ! fact t ,calv9 dem&s true fai? 9 addition to ! oral reception ( ! symbols1 & consequ5tly excludes ! unwor?y4 #ai4 ,!nce we see t ! dogma ( real & sub/antial p>ticipation c be support$ 7)\t resort+ to ! /range op9ions ( "s ,s*oolm57 by a prop]ly und]/ood analogy betwe5 imm$iate op]ation & pres5ce4 ,_m philosoph]s h deem$ t1 ev5 9 ! ord] ( ,nature1 a body may op]ate f a di/ance imm$iately on _m remote bodies at ! same "t4 ,s d !y believe1 all ! m1 t no?+ c prev5t div9e ,omnipot5ce f caus+ "o body to be pres5t 9 _m bodies toge!r1 s9ce ! transition f imm$iate op]ation to pres5ce is b slight1 ! "o p]haps dep5d+ ^u ! o!r4 ,x is true t mod]n philosoph]s = "s "t n[ h d5i$ ! imm$iate natural op]ation ( "o body ^u ano!r remote f x1 & ,i confess t ,i am ( _! op9ion4 ,mean:ile remote op]ation has j be5 reviv$ 9 ,engl& by ! admirable ,mr4 ,newton1 :o ma9ta9s t x is ! nature ( bodies to be attract$ & gravitate "o t[>ds ano!r1 9 proportion#hf to ! mass ( ea* "o1 & ! rays ( attraction x receives4 ,accord+ly ! fam\s ,mr4 ,locke1 9 8 answ] to ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet1 decl>es t hav+ se5 ,mr4 ,newton's book he retracts :at he himself said1 foll[+ ! op9ion ( ! mod]ns1 9 8 ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 to wit1 t a body _c op]ate imm$iately ^u ano!r except by t\*+ x ^u its surface & driv+ x by its motion4 ,he ackn[l$ges t ,god c put prop]ties into matt] :i* cause x to op]ate f a di/ance4 ,?us ! !ologians ( ! ,augsburg ,confession claim t ,god may orda9 n only t a body op]ate imm$iately on div]s bodies remote f "o ano!r1 b t x ev5 exi/ 9 _! neighb\rhood & be receiv$ by !m 9 a way ) :i* di/ances ( place & dim5sions ( space h no?+ to d4 ,al?\gh ?is effect transc5ds ! =ces ( ,nature1 !y d n ?9k x possible to %[ t x surpasses ! p[] ( ! ,au?or ( ,nature4 ,= him x is easy to annul ! laws t he has giv5 or to disp5se ) !m z seems good to him1 9 ! same way z he 0 able to make iron float ^u wat] & to /ay ! op]ation ( fire ^u ! human body4 #bj4 ,i f\nd 9 comp>+ ! ,rationale ,!ologicum ( ,nicolaus ,v$elius ) ! refutation by ,johann ,musaeus t ^! two au?ors1 ( :om "o di$ :ile a ,pr(essor at ,franeck] aft] hav+ taught at ,g5eva & ! o!r f9ally became ! =emo/ !ologian at ,j5a1 are m or less 9 agreem5t on ! pr9cipal rules = ! use ( reason1 b t x is 9 ! application ( ^! rules !y disagree4 ,= !y bo? agree t revelation _c be contr>y to ! tru?s ^: necessity is call$ by philosoph]s 'logical' or 'metaphysical'1 t is to say1 ^: opposite implies contradiction4 ,!y bo? admit also t revelation w be able to combat maxims ^: necessity is call$ 'physical' & is f\nd$ only ^u ! laws t ! w ( ,god has prescrib$ = ,nature4 ,?us ! "q :e!r ! pres5ce ( "o & ! same body 9 div]s places is possible 9 ! sup]natural ord] only t\*es ! application ( ! rule2 & 9 ord] to decide ?is "q conclusively by reason1 "o mu/ ne$s expla9 exactly :]e9 ! ess5ce ( body consi/s4 ,ev5 ! ,re=m$ disagree !reon among/ !mselves2 ! ,c>tesians conf9e x to ext5sion1 b _! adv]s>ies oppose t2 & ,i ?9k ,i h ev5 obs]v$ t ,gisb]tus ,votius1 a fam\s !ologian ( ,utre*t1 #hg d\bt$ ! alleg$ impossibility ( plurality ( locations4 #ba4 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh ! two ,prote/ant p>ties agree t "o mu/ di/+ui% ^! two necessities :i* ,i h j indicat$1 namely metaphysical necessity & physical necessity1 & t ! fir/ excludes exceptions ev5 9 ! case ( ,my/]ies1 !y are n yet suffici5tly agre$ ^u ! rules ( int]pretation1 :i* s]ve to det]m9e 9 :at cases x is p]mitt$ to des]t ! lett] ( ,scripture :5 "o is n c]ta9 t x is contr>y to /rictly univ]sal tru?s4 ,x is agre$ t !re are cases :]e "o mu/ reject a lit]al int]pretation t is n absolutely impossible1 :5 x is o!rwise unsuitable4 ,= in/ance1 all comm5tators agree t :5 our ,"l said t ,h]od 0 a fox he meant x metaphorically2 & "o mu/ accept t1 unless "o imag9e ) "s fanatics t = ! "t ! words ( our ,"l la/$ ,h]od 0 actually *ang$ into a fox4 ,b x is n ! same ) ! texts on :i* ,my/]ies are f\nd$1 :]e ! !ologians ( ! ,augsburg ,confession deem t "o mu/ keep to ! lit]al s5se4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ?is discussion belongs to ! art ( int]pretation & n to t :i* is ! prop] sph]e ( logic1 we w n "h ent] !reon1 especially z x has no?+ 9 common ) ! disputes t h aris5 rec5tly ^u ! con=mity ( fai? ) reason4 #bb4 ,!ologians ( all p>ties1 ,i believe 7fanatics alone except$71 agree at lea/ t no article ( fai? mu/ imply contradiction or contrav5e pro(s z exact z ^? ( ma!matics1 :]e ! opposite ( ! conclusion c be r$uc$ ad absurdum1 t is1 to contradiction4 ,/4 ,a?anasius ) good reason made sport ( ! prepo/]\s ideas ( "s writ]s ( 8 "t1 :o ma9ta9$ t ,god _h suff]$ )\t any suff]+4 ',passus e/ impassibilit]4 ,o ludicram doctr9am a$ificantem simul et demoli5tem6' ,x foll[s !nce t c]ta9 writ]s h be5 too ready to grant t ! ,holy ,tr9ity is contr>y to t great pr9ciple :i* /ates t two ?+s :i* are ! same z a ?ird are also ! same z ea* o!r3 t is to say1 if ,a is ! same z ,b1 & if ,c is ! same z ,b1 !n ,a & ,c mu/ also be ! same z ea* o!r4 ,= ?is pr9ciple is a direct consequ5ce ( t ( contradiction1 & =ms ! basis ( all logic2 & if x ceases1 we c no long] reason ) c]ta9ty4 ,?us :5 "o says t ! ,fa!r is ,god1 t ! ,son is ,god & t ! ,holy ,_s is ,god1 & t nev]!less !re is only #hh "o ,god1 al?\gh ^! ?ree ,p]sons diff] f "o ano!r1 "o mu/ consid] t ?is ^w ,god has n ! same s5se at ! beg9n+ z at ! end ( ?is /atem5t4 ,inde$ x signifies n[ ! ,div9e ,sub/ance & n[ a ,p]son ( ! ,godhead4 ,9 g5]al1 "o mu/ take c>e nev] to ab&on ! necess>y & et]nal tru?s = ! sake ( uphold+ ,my/]ies1 le/ ! enemies ( religion seize ^u su* an occasion = decry+ bo? religion & ,my/]ies4 #bc4 ,! di/9ction :i* is g5]ally drawn betwe5 t :i* is above reason & t :i* is aga9/ reason is tol]ably 9 accord ) ! di/9ction :i* has j be5 made betwe5 ! two k9ds ( necessity4 ,= :at is contr>y to reason is contr>y to ! absolutely c]ta9 & inevitable tru?s2 & :at is above reason is 9 opposition only to :at "o is wont to exp]i5ce or to und]/&4 ,t is :y ,i am surpris$ t !re are p ( intellig5ce :o dispute ?is di/9ction1 & t ,m4 ,bayle %\ld be ( ?is numb]4 ,! di/9ction is assur$ly v well f\nd$4 ,a tru? is above reason :5 our m9d 7or ev5 e creat$ m9d7 _c compreh5d x4 ,su* is1 z x seems to me1 ! ,holy ,tr9ity2 su* are ! miracles res]v$ = ,god alone1 z = in/ance ,creation2 su* is ! *oice ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 :i* dep5ds ^u univ]sal h>mony1 & ^u ! cle> k ( an inf9ity ( ?+s at once4 ,b a tru? c nev] be contr>y to reason1 & once a dogma has be5 disput$ & refut$ by reason1 in/ead ( its be+ incompreh5sible1 "o may say t no?+ is easi] to und]/&1 nor m obvi\s1 ?an its absurdity4 ,= ,i obs]v$ at ! beg9n+ t by ,,reason "h ,i d n mean ! op9ions & disc\rses ( m51 nor ev5 ! habit !y h =m$ ( judg+ ?+s accord+ to ! usual c\rse ( ,nature1 b r ! inviolable l9k+ toge!r ( tru?s4 #bd4 ,i mu/ come n[ to ! great "q :i* ,m4 ,bayle br\ght up rec5tly1 to wit1 :e!r a tru?1 & especially a tru? ( fai?1 c prove to be subject to irrefutable objections4 ,?is excell5t au?or appe>s to answ] ) a bold affirmative3 he quotes !ologians ( repute 9 8 p>ty1 & ev5 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 :o appe> to say ! same z he affirms2 & he cites philosoph]s :o h believ$ t !re are ev5 philosophical tru?s ^: *ampions _c answ] ! objections t are br\ght up aga9/ !m4 ,he believes t ! !ological doctr9e ( #hi pr$e/9ation is ( ?is nature1 & 9 philosophy t ( ! composition ( ! ,cont9uum4 ,^! are1 inde$1 ! two labyr9?s :i* h ev] ex]cis$ !ologians & philosoph]s4 ,lib]tus ,fromondus1 a !ologian ( ,l\va9 7a great fri5d ( ,jans5ius1 ^: po/hum\s book entitl$ ,augu/9us he 9 fact publi%$71 :o also wrote a book entitl$ explicitly ,labyr9?us de ,compositione ,cont9ui1 exp]i5c$ 9 full measure ! difficulties inh]5t 9 bo? doctr9es2 & ! r5[n$ ,o*9o admirably pres5t$ :at he calls '! labyr9?s ( pr$e/9ation'4 #be4 ,b ^! writ]s h n d5i$ ! possibility ( f9d+ ?read 9 ! labyr9?2 !y h recogniz$ ! difficulty1 b !y h surely n turn$ difficulty into %e] impossibility4 ,z = me1 ,i confess t ,i _c agree ) ^? :o ma9ta9 t a tru? c admit ( irrefutable objections3 = is an objection any?+ b an argum5t ^: conclusion contradicts our !sis8 ,& is n an irrefutable argum5t a demon/ration8 ,& h[ c "o "k ! c]ta9ty ( demon/rations except by exam9+ ! argum5t 9 detail1 ! =m & ! matt]1 9 ord] to see if ! =m is good1 & !n if ea* premiss is ei!r admitt$ or prov$ by ano!r argum5t ( l =ce1 until "o is able to make d ) admitt$ premisses alone8 ,n[ if !re is su* an objection aga9/ our !sis we mu/ say t ! falsity ( ?is !sis is demon/rat$1 & t x is impossible = u to h reasons suffici5t to prove x2 o!rwise two contradictories w\ld be true at once4 ,"o mu/ always yield to pro(s1 :e!r !y be propos$ 9 positive =m or advanc$ 9 ! %ape ( objections4 ,& x is wrong & fruitless to try to weak5 oppon5ts' pro(s1 "u ! pretext t !y are only objections1 s9ce ! oppon5t c play ! same game & c rev]se ! d5om9ations1 exalt+ 8 argum5ts by nam+ !m 'pro(s' & s9k+ ours "u ! blight+ title ( 'objections'4 #bf4 ,x is ano!r "q :e!r we are always oblig$ to exam9e ! objections we may h to face1 & to reta9 "s d\bt 9 respect ( our own op9ion1 or :at is call$ =mido oppositi1 until ?is exam9ation has be5 made4 ,i w\ld v5ture to say no1 = o!rwise "o w\ld nev] atta9 to c]ta9ty & our conclusion w\ld be always provisional4 ,i believe t able geometricians w sc>ce be tr\bl$ by ! objections ( ,joseph ,scalig] aga9/ ,ar*im$es1 or by ^? ( ,mr4 ,hobbes #ij aga9/ ,euclid2 b t is because !y h fully und]/ood & are sure ( ! pro(s4 ,nev]!less x is sometimes well to %[ oneself ready to exam9e c]ta9 objections4 ,on ! "o h& x may s]ve to rescue p f _! error1 :ile on ! o!r we ourselves may pr(it by x2 = speci\s fallacies (t5 conta9 "s useful solution & br+ ab\t ! removal ( consid]able difficulties4 ,t is :y ,i h always lik$ +5i\s objections made aga9/ my own op9ions1 & ,i h nev] exam9$ !m )\t pr(it3 witness ^? :i* ,m4 ,bayle =m]ly made aga9/ my ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 n to m5tion ^? :i* ,m4 ,arnauld1 ,m4 l',abb ,f\*] & ,fa!r ,lami1 ,o4,s4,b41 made to me on ! same subject4 ,b to return to ! pr9cipal "q1 ,i conclude f reasons ,i h j set =? t :5 an objection is put =w>d aga9/ "s tru?1 x is always possible to answ] x satisfactorily4 #bg4 ,x may be also t ,m4 ,bayle does n mean 'insoluble objections' 9 ! s5se t ,i h j expla9$4 ,i obs]ve t he v>ies1 at lea/ 9 8 expressions3 = 9 8 po/hum\s ,reply to ,m4 le ,cl]c he does n admit t "o c br+ demon/rations aga9/ ! tru?s ( fai?4 ,x appe>s !re=e t he takes ! objections to be insoluble only 9 respect ( our pres5t degree ( enlight5m5t2 & 9 ?is ,reply1 p4 #ce1 he ev5 does n despair ( ! possibility t "o day a solution hi!rto unkn[n may be f\nd by someone4 ,conc]n+ t m w be said lat]4 ,i hold an op9ion1 h[ev]1 t w p]*ance cause surprise1 namely t ?is solution has be5 discov]$ entire1 & is n ev5 p>ticul>ly difficult4 ,inde$ a m$iocre intellig5ce capable ( suffici5t c>e1 & us+ correctly ! rules ( common logic1 is 9 a position to answ] ! mo/ emb>rass+ objection made aga9/ tru?1 :5 ! objection is only tak5 f reason1 & :5 x is claim$ to be a 'demon/ration'4 ,:atev] scorn ! g5]ality ( mod]ns h to-day = ! logic ( ,ari/otle1 "o mu/ ackn[l$ge t x tea*es infallible ways ( resi/+ error 9 ^! conjunctures4 ,= "o has only to exam9e ! argum5t accord+ to ! rules & x w always be possible to see :e!r x is lack+ 9 =m or :e!r !re are premisses su* z are n yet prov$ by a good argum5t4 #bh4 ,x is q ano!r matt] :5 !re is only a "q ( probabilities1 = ! art ( judg+ f probable reasons is n yet well e/abli%$2 s t our logic 9 ?is connexion is /ill v #ia imp]fect1 & to ?is v day we h little beyond ! art ( judg+ f demon/rations4 ,b ?is art is suffici5t "h3 = :5 x is a "q ( oppos+ reason to an article ( our fai?1 "o is n di/urb$ by objections t only atta9 probability4 ,ev]yone agrees t appe>ances are aga9/ ,my/]ies1 & t !y are by no means probable :5 reg>d$ only f ! /&po9t ( reason2 b x suffices t !y h 9 !m no?+ ( absurdity4 ,?us demon/rations are requir$ if !y are to be refut$4 #bi4 ,& d\btless we are s to und]/& x :5 ,holy ,scripture w>ns u t ! wisdom ( ,god is fooli%ness be=e m51 & :5 ,/4 ,paul obs]v$ t ! ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is fooli%ness unto ! ,greeks1 z well z unto ! ,jews a /umbl+-block4 ,=1 aft] all1 "o tru? _c contradict ano!r1 & ! light ( reason is no less a gift ( ,god ?an t ( revelation4 ,also x is a matt] ( no difficulty among !ologians :o are exp]t 9 _! pr(ession1 t ! motives ( cr$ibility ju/ify1 once = all1 ! au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture be=e ! tribunal ( reason1 s t reason 9 consequ5ce gives way be=e x1 z be=e a new light1 & sacrifices !reto all its probabilities4 ,x is m or less z if a new presid5t s5t by ! pr9ce mu/ %[ 8 lett]s pat5t 9 ! assembly :]e he is aft]w>ds to preside4 ,t is ! t5d5cy ( sundry good books t we h on ! tru? ( religion1 su* z ^? ( ,augu/9us ,/eu*us1 ( ,du ,plessis-,mornay or ( ,grotius3 = ! true religion mu/ ne$s h m>ks t ! false religions h n1 else w\ld ,zoroa/]1 ,brahma1 ,somonacodom & ,mahomet be z wor?y ( belief z ,moses & ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,nev]!less div9e fai? itself1 :5 x is k9dl$ 9 ! s\l1 is some?+ m ?an an op9ion1 & dep5ds n ^u ! occasions or ! motives t h giv5 x bir?2 x advances beyond ! intellect1 & takes possession ( ! w & ( ! he>t1 to make u act ) zeal & joyfully z ! law ( ,god comm&s4 ,!n we h no fur!r ne$ to ?9k ( reasons or to pause ov] ! difficulties ( argum5t :i* ! m9d may anticipate4 #cj4 ,?us :at we h j said ( human reason1 :i* is extoll$ & decri$ by turns1 & (t5 )\t rule or measure1 may %[ our lack ( exactitude & h[ mu* we are access>y to our own errors4 ,no?+ w\ld be s easy to t]m9ate z ^! disputes on ! rights ( fai? & ( reason if m5 w\ld make use ( ! commone/ rules ( logic & reason#ib ) ev5 a modicum ( att5tion4 ,in/ead ( t1 !y become involv$ 9 oblique & ambigu\s phrases1 :i* give !m a f9e field = declamation1 to make ! mo/ ( _! wit & _! le>n+4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t !y h no wi% to see ! nak$ tru?1 p]adv5ture because !y fe> t x may be m disagreeable ?an error3 = !y "k n ! beauty ( ! ,au?or ( all ?+s1 :o is ! s\rce ( tru?4 #ca4 ,?is neglig5ce is a g5]al defect ( humanity1 & "o n to be laid to ! *>ge ( any p>ticul> p]son4 ,abundamus dulcibus vitiis1 z ,qu9tilian said ( ! /yle ( ,s5eca1 & we take pleasure 9 go+ a/ray4 ,exactitude incommodes u & rules we reg>d z pu]ilities4 ,?us x is t common logic 7al?\gh x is m or less suffici5t = ! exam9ation ( argum5ts t t5d t[>ds c]ta9ty7 is relegat$ to s*oolboys2 & !re is n ev5 a ?\ght = a k9d ( logic :i* %\ld det]m9e ! balance betwe5 probabilities1 & w\ld be s necess>y 9 delib]ations ( importance4 ,s true is x t our mi/akes = ! mo/ "p come f scorn or lack ( ! art ( ?9k+3 = no?+ is m imp]fect ?an our logic :5 we pass beyond necess>y argum5ts4 ,! mo/ excell5t philosoph]s ( our "t1 su* z ! au?ors ( ,! ,art ( ,?9k+1 ( ,! ,se>* = ,tru? & ( ! ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 h be5 v f> f indicat+ to u ! true means fitt$ to assi/ ! faculty ^: bus9ess x is to make u weigh ! probabilities ( ! true & ! false3 n to m5tion ! art ( discov]y1 9 :i* success is /ill m difficult ( atta9m5t1 & :]e( we h no?+ beyond v imp]fect samples 9 ma!matics4 #cb4 ,"o ?+ :i* might h contribut$ mo/ t[>ds ,m4 ,bayle's belief t ! difficulties ( reason 9 opposition to fai? _c be obviat$ is t he seems to dem& t ,god be ju/ifi$ 9 "s su* mann] z t commonly us$ = plead+ ! cause ( a man accus$ be=e 8 judge4 ,b he has n rememb]$ t 9 ! tribunals ( m51 :i* _c always p5etrate to ! tru?1 "o is (t5 compell$ to be guid$ by signs & probabilities1 & above all by presumptions or prejudices2 :]eas x is agre$1 z we h already obs]v$1 t ,my/]ies are n probable4 ,= in/ance1 ,m4 ,bayle w n h x t "o c ju/ify ! goodness ( ,god 9 ! p]mission ( s91 because probability w\ld be aga9/ a man t %\ld happ5 to be 9 circum/ances comp>able 9 our eyes to #ic ?is p]mission4 ,god =esees t ,eve w be deceiv$ by ! s]p5t if he places h] 9 ! circum/ances :]e9 %e lat] f\nd h]self2 & nev]!less he plac$ h] !re4 ,n[ if a fa!r or a gu>dian did ! same 9 reg>d to 8 *ild or 8 w>d1 if a fri5d did s 9 reg>d to a "y p]son ^: behavi\r 0 8 conc]n1 ! judge w\ld n be satisfi$ by ! excuses ( an advocate :o said t ! man only p]mitt$ ! evil1 )\t do+ x or will+ x3 he w\ld r take ?is p]mission z a sign ( ill int5tion1 & w\ld reg>d x z a s9 ( omission1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! "o convict$ !re( access>y 9 ano!r's s9 ( commission4 #cc4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t :5 "o has =ese5 ! evil & has n prev5t$ x al?\gh x seems z if "o c\ld h done s ) ease1 & "o has ev5 done ?+s t h facilitat$ x1 x does n foll[ on t acc\nt necess>ily t "o is access>y !reto4 ,x is only a v /rong presumption1 su* z commonly replaces tru? 9 human affairs1 b :i* w\ld be de/roy$ by an exact consid]ation ( ! facts1 suppos+ we 7 capable ( t 9 relation to ,god4 ,= among/ lawy]s t is call$ 'presumption' :i* mu/ provisionally pass = tru? 9 case ! contr>y is n prov$2 & x says m ?an 'conjecture'1 al?\gh ! ,diction>y ( ! ,academy has n sift$ ! diff]5ce4 ,n[ !re is e reason to conclude unque/ionably t "o w\ld f9d ?r\gh ?is consid]ation1 if only x 7 atta9able1 t reasons mo/ j1 & /rong] ?an ^? :i* appe> contr>y to !m1 h compell$ ! ,all-,wise to p]mit ! evil1 & ev5 to d ?+s :i* h facilitat$ x4 ,( ?is "s in/ances w be giv5 lat]4 #cd4 ,x is none too easy1 ,i confess1 = a fa!r1 a gu>dian1 a fri5d to h su* reasons 9 ! case "u consid]ation4 ,yet ! ?+ is n absolutely impossible1 & a skill$ writ] ( fiction might p]*ance f9d an extraord9>y case t w\ld ev5 ju/ify a man 9 ! circum/ances ,i h j indicat$4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ,god !re is no ne$ to suppose or to e/abli% p>ticul> reasons su* z may h induc$ him to p]mit ! evil2 g5]al reasons suffice4 ,"o kn[s t he takes c>e ( ! :ole univ]se1 :]e( all ! p>ts are connect$2 & "o mu/ !nce inf] t he has _h innum]able consid]ations ^: result made him deem x inadvisable to prev5t c]ta9 evils4 #ce4 ,x %\ld ev5 be conclud$ t !re mu/ h be5 great or #id r inv9cible reasons :i* prompt$ ! div9e ,wisdom to ! p]mission ( ! evil t surprises u1 f ! m]e fact t ?is p]mission has occurr$3 = no?+ c come f ,god t is n altoge!r consi/5t ) goodness1 ju/ice & hol9ess4 ,?us we c judge by ! ev5t 7or a po/]iori7 t ! p]mission 0 indisp5sable1 al?\gh x be n possible = u to %[ ?is 7a priori7 by ! detail$ reasons t ,god c h _h !re=2 z x is n necess>y ei!r t we %[ ?is to ju/ify him4 ,m4 ,bayle himself aptly says conc]n+ t 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #afe1 p4 #ajfg73 ,s9 made its way into ! _w2 ,god !re=e 0 able to p]mit x )\t detrim5t to 8 p]fections2 ab actu ad pot5tiam valet consequ5tia4 ,9 ,god ?is conclusion holds good3 he did ?is1 !re=e he did x well4 ,x is n1 !n1 t we h no notion ( ju/ice 9 g5]al fit to be appli$ also to ,god's ju/ice2 nor is x t ,god's ju/ice has o!r rules ?an ! ju/ice kn[n ( m51 b t ! case 9 "q is q diff]5t f ^? :i* are common among m54 ,univ]sal "r is ! same = ,god & = m52 b ! "q ( fact is q diff]5t 9 _! case & 84 #cf4 ,we may ev5 assume or pret5d 7z ,i h already obs]v$7 t !re is some?+ simil> among m5 to ?is circum/ance 9 ,god's actions4 ,a man might give su* great & /rong pro(s ( 8 virtue & 8 hol9ess t all ! mo/ app>5t reasons "o c\ld put =w>d aga9/ him to *>ge him ) an alleg$ crime1 = in/ance a l>c5y or murd]1 w\ld des]ve to be reject$ z ! calumnies ( false witnesses or z an extraord9>y play ( *ance :i* sometimes ?r[s suspicion on ! mo/ innoc5t4 ,?us 9 a case :]e e o!r w\ld run ! risk ( be+ condemn$ or put to ! torture 7accord+ to ! laws ( ! c\ntry71 ?is man w\ld be absolv$ by 8 judges unanim\sly4 ,n[ 9 ?is case1 :i* inde$ is r>e1 b :i* is n impossible1 "o might say 9 a s5se 7sano s5su7 t !re is a conflict betwe5 reason & fai?1 & t ! rules ( law are o!r 9 respect ( ?is p]son ?an !y are 9 respect ( ! rema9d] ( mank9d4 ,b t1 :5 expla9$1 w signify only t appe>ances ( reason "h give way be=e ! fai? t is due to ! ^w & ! integrity ( ?is great & holy man1 & t he is privileg$ above o!r m52 n inde$ z if !re 7 "o law = o!rs & ano!r = him1 nor z if "o _h no und]/&+ ( :at ju/ice is 9 relation to him4 ,x is r because ! rules ( univ]sal ju/ice d n f9d "h #ie ! application t !y receive else:]e1 or because !y fav\r him in/ead ( accus+ him1 s9ce !re are 9 ?is p]sonage qualities s admirable1 t by virtue ( a good logic ( probabilities "o %\ld place m fai? 9 8 ^w ?an 9 t ( _m o!rs4 #cg4 ,s9ce x is p]mitt$ "h to imag9e possible cases1 may "o n suppose ?is incomp>able man to be ! ,adept or ! ,possessor ( 't bless$ ,/one ,able to enri* all e>?ly ,k+s alone' & t he sp5ds e day prodigi\s sums 9 ord] to fe$ & to rescue f di/ress c\ntless numb]s ( poor m58 ,be !re nev] s _m witnesses or appe>ances ( e k9d t5d+ to prove t ?is great b5efactor ( ! human race has j committ$ "s l>c5y1 is x n true t ! :ole e>? w\ld make mock ( ! accusation1 h[ev] speci\s x might be8 ,n[ ,god is inf9itely above ! goodness & ! p[] ( ?is man1 & consequ5tly !re are no reasons at all1 h[ev] app>5t !y be1 t c hold good aga9/ fai?1 t is1 aga9/ ! assurance or ! confid5ce 9 ,god :]e) we c & ought to say t ,god has done all ?+s well4 ,! objections are !re=e n insoluble4 ,!y only involve prejudices & probabilities1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 ov]?r[n by reasons incomp>ably /rong]4 ,"o mu/ n say ei!r t :at we call ju/ice is no?+ 9 relation to ,god1 t he is ! absolute ,ma/] ( all ?+s ev5 to ! po9t ( be+ able to condemn ! innoc5t )\t violat+ 8 ju/ice1 or f9ally t ju/ice is some?+ arbitr>y :]e he is conc]n$4 ,^? are ra% & dang]\s expressions1 :]eunto "s h be5 l$ a/ray to ! discr$it ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,= if su* 7 ! case !re w\ld be no reason = prais+ 8 goodness & 8 ju/ice3 r w\ld x be z if ! mo/ wick$ _s1 ! ,pr9ce ( evil g5ii1 ! evil pr9ciple ( ! ,mani*aeans1 7 ! sole ma/] ( ! univ]se1 j z ,i obs]v$ be=e4 ,:at means w\ld !re be ( di/+ui%+ ! true ,god f ! false ,god ( ,zoroa/] if all ?+s dep5d$ ^u ! caprice ( an arbitr>y p[] & !re 7 nei!r rule nor consid]ation = any?+ :atev]8 #ch4 ,x is !re=e m ?an evid5t t no?+ compels u to commit ourselves to a doctr9e s /range1 s9ce x suffices to say t we #if h n en\gh k ( ! facts :5 !re is a "q ( answ]+ probabilities :i* appe> to ?r[ d\bt ^u ! ju/ice & ! goodness ( ,god1 & :i* w\ld vani% away if ! facts 7 well kn[n to u4 ,we ne$ nei!r r5\nce reason 9 ord] to li/5 to fai? nor bl9d ourselves 9 ord] to see cle>ly1 z ,que5 ,*ri/9e us$ to say3 x is en\gh to reject ord9>y appe>ances :5 !y are contr>y to ,my/]ies2 & ?is is n contr>y to reason1 s9ce ev5 9 natural ?+s we are v (t5 undeceiv$ ab\t appe>ances ei!r by exp]i5ce or by sup]ior reasons4 ,all t has be5 set d[n "h 9 advance1 only ) ! object ( %[+ m pla9ly :]e9 ! fault ( ! objections & ! abuse ( reason consi/s 9 ! pres5t case1 :]e ! claim is made t reason has greate/ =ce aga9/ fai?3 we %all come aft]w>ds to a m exact discussion ( t :i* conc]ns ! orig9 ( evil & ! p]mission ( s9 ) its consequ5ces4 #ci4 ,= n[1 x w be well to cont9ue our exam9ation ( ! important "q ( ! use ( reason 9 !ology1 & to make reflexions ^u :at ,m4 ,bayle has said !reon 9 div]s passages ( 8 works4 ,z he paid p>ticul> att5tion 9 8 ,hi/orical & ,critical ,diction>y to exp\nd+ ! objections ( ! ,mani*aeans & ^? ( ! ,pyrrhonians1 & z ?is proc$ure _h be5 criticiz$ by "s p]sons zeal\s = religion1 he plac$ a diss]tation at ! end ( ! second edition ( ?is ,diction>y1 :i* aim$ at %[+1 by examples1 by au?orities & by reasons1 ! innoc5ce & usefulness ( 8 c\rse ( action4 ,i am p]suad$ 7z ,i h said above7 t ! speci\s objections "o c urge aga9/ tru? are v useful1 & t !y s]ve to confirm & to illum9e x1 giv+ opportunity to intellig5t p]sons to f9d new op5+s or to turn ! old to bett] acc\nt4 ,b ,m4 ,bayle seeks !re9 a usefulness q ! rev]se ( ?is3 x w\ld be t ( display+ ! p[] ( fai? by %[+ t ! tru?s x tea*es _c su/a9 ! attacks ( reason & t x nev]!less holds its own 9 ! he>t ( ! fai?ful4 ,m4 ,nicole seems to call t '! triumph ( ,god's au?ority ov] human reason'1 9 ! words ( 8 quot$ by ,m4 ,bayle 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial 7*4 #agg1 p4 #abj74 ,b s9ce reason is a gift ( ,god1 ev5 z fai? is1 cont5tion betwe5 !m w\ld cause ,god to cont5d aga9/ ,god2 & if ! objections ( reason aga9/ any article ( fai? are insoluble1 !n x mu/ be said t ?is alleg$ article w be false & n reveal$3 ?is w be #ig a *im]a ( ! human m9d1 & ! triumph ( ?is fai? w be capable ( comp>ison ) bonfires light$ aft] a defeat4 ,su* is ! doctr9e ( ! damnation ( unbaptiz$ *ildr51 :i* ,m4 ,nicole w\ld h u assume to be a consequ5ce ( orig9al s92 su* w\ld be ! et]nal damnation ( adults lack+ ! light t is necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( salvation4 #dj4 ,yet ev]yone ne$ n ent] into !ological discussions2 & p]sons ^: condition all[s n ( exact rese>*es %\ld be cont5t ) in/ruction on fai?1 )\t be+ di/urb$ by ! objections2 & if "s exce$+ great difficulty %\ld happ5 to /rike !m1 x is p]mitt$ to !m to av]t ! m9d f x1 (f]+ to ,god a sacrifice ( _! curiosity3 = :5 "o is assur$ ( a tru? "o has no ne$ to li/5 to ! objections4 ,z !re are _m p ^: fai? is r small & %all[ to )/& su* dang]\s te/s1 ,i ?9k "o mu/ n pres5t !m ) t :i* might be poison\s = !m2 or1 if "o _c hide f !m :at is only too public1 ! antidote mu/ be add$ to x2 t is to say1 "o mu/ try to add ! answ] to ! objection1 c]ta9ly n )hold x z unobta9able4 #da4 ,! passages f ! excell5t !ologians :o speak ( ?is triumph ( fai? c & %\ld receive a mean+ appropriate to ! pr9ciples ,i h j affirm$4 ,!re appe> 9 "s objects ( fai? two great qualities capable ( mak+ x triumph ov] reason1 ! "o is incompreh5sibility1 ! o!r is ! lack ( probability4 ,b "o mu/ bew>e ( add+ !reto ! ?ird quality :]e( ,m4 ,bayle speaks1 & ( say+ t :at "o believes is indef5sible3 = t w\ld be to cause reason 9 its turn to triumph 9 a mann] t w\ld de/roy fai?4 ,incompreh5sibility does n prev5t u f believ+ ev5 natural tru?s4 ,= in/ance 7z ,i h already po9t$ out7 we d n compreh5d ! nature ( od\rs & sav\rs1 & yet we are p]suad$1 by a k9d ( fai? :i* we owe to ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 t ^! p]ceptible qualities are f\nd$ ^u ! nature ( ?+s & t !y are n illusions4 #db4 ,!re are also ?+s contr>y to appe>ances1 :i* we admit :5 !y are suffici5tly v]ifi$4 ,!re is a little romance ( ,spani% orig91 ^: title /ates t "o mu/ n always believe :at "o sees4 ,:at 0 !re m speci\s ?an ! lie ( ! false ,m>t9 ,gu]re1 :o 0 ackn[l$g$ z ! true ,m>t9 by ! true ,m>t9's wife & #ih relatives1 & caus$ ! judges & ! relatives to wav] = a long "t ev5 aft] ! arrival ( ! o!r8 ,nev]!less ! tru? 0 kn[n 9 ! end4 ,x is ! same ) fai?4 ,i h already obs]v$ t all "o c oppose to ! goodness & ! ju/ice ( ,god is no?+ b appe>ances1 :i* w\ld be /rong aga9/ a man1 b :i* are nullifi$ :5 !y are appli$ to ,god & :5 !y are weigh$ aga9/ ! pro(s t assure u ( ! inf9ite p]fection ( 8 attributes4 ,?us fai? triumphs ov] false reasons by means ( s\nd & sup]ior reasons t h made u embrace x2 b x w\ld n triumph if ! contr>y op9ion _h = x reasons z /rong z or ev5 /rong] ?an ^? :i* =m ! f\ndation ( fai?1 t is1 if !re 7 inv9cible & conclusive objections aga9/ fai?4 #dc4 ,x is well also to obs]ve "h t :at ,m4 ,bayle calls a 'triumph ( fai?' is 9 "p a triumph ( demon/rative reason aga9/ app>5t & deceptive reasons :i* are improp]ly set aga9/ ! demon/rations4 ,= x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t ! objections ( ! ,mani*aeans are h>dly less contr>y to natural !ology ?an to reveal$ !ology4 ,& suppos+ "o surr5d]$ to !m ,holy ,scripture1 orig9al s91 ! grace ( ,god 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! pa9s ( hell & ! o!r articles ( our religion1 "o w\ld n ev5 s be deliv]$ f _! objections3 = "o _c d5y t !re is 9 ! _w physical evil 7t is1 suff]+7 & moral evil 7t is1 crime7 & ev5 t physical evil is n always di/ribut$ "h on e>? accord+ to ! proportion ( moral evil1 z x seems t ju/ice dem&s4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 ?is "q ( natural !ology1 h[ a sole ,pr9ciple1 all-good1 all-wise & all-p[]ful1 has be5 able to admit evil1 & especially to p]mit s91 & h[ x c\ld resolve to make ! wick$ (t5 happy & ! good unhappy8 #dd4 ,n[ we h no ne$ ( reveal$ fai? to "k t !re is su* a sole ,pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 entirely good & wise4 ,reason tea*es u ?is by infallible pro(s2 & 9 consequ5ce all ! objections tak5 f ! c\rse ( ?+s1 9 :i* we obs]ve imp]fections1 are only bas$ on false appe>ances4 ,=1 if we 7 capable ( und]/&+ ! univ]sal h>mony1 we %\ld see t :at we are tempt$ to f9d fault ) is connect$ ) ! plan mo/ wor?y ( be+ *os52 9 a ^w1 we %\ld see1 & %\ld n believe only1 t :at ,god has done is ! be/4 ,i call 'see+' "h :at "o kn[s a priori by ! causes2 & #ii 'believ+' :at "o only judges by ! effects1 ev5 ?\gh ! "o be z c]ta9ly kn[n z ! o!r4 ,& "o c apply "h too ! say+ ( ,/4 ,paul 7#b ,cor4 v4 #g71 t we walk by fai? & n by sight4 ,= ! inf9ite wisdom ( ,god be+ kn[n to u1 we conclude t ! evils we exp]i5ce _h to be p]mitt$1 & ?is we conclude f ! effect or a po/]iori1 t is to say1 because !y exi/4 ,x is :at ,m4 ,bayle ackn[l$ges2 & he ought to cont5t himself ) t1 & n claim t "o mu/ put an end to ! false appe>ances :i* are contr>y !reto4 ,x is z if "o ask$ t !re %\ld be no m dreams or optical illusions4 #de4 ,& x is n to be d\bt$ t ?is fai? & ?is confid5ce 9 ,god1 :o gives u insight into 8 inf9ite goodness & prep>es u = 8 love1 9 spite ( ! appe>ances ( h>%ness t may repel u1 are an admirable ex]cise = ! virtues ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 :5 ! div9e grace 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ ar\ses ^! motions )9 u4 ,t is :at ,lu!r aptly obs]v$ 9 opposition to ,erasmus1 say+ t x is love 9 ! highe/ degree to love him :o to fle% & blood appe>s s unlovable1 s h>% t[>d ! un=tunate & s ready to condemn1 & to condemn = evils 9 :i* he appe>s to be ! cause or access>y1 at lea/ 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o all[ !mselves to be dazzl$ by false reasons4 ,"o may !re=e say t ! triumph ( true reason illum9$ by div9e grace is at ! same "t ! triumph ( fai? & love4 #df4 ,m4 ,bayle appe>s to h tak5 ! matt] q o!rwise3 he decl>es himself aga9/ reason1 :5 he might h be5 cont5t to c5sure its abuse4 ,he quotes ! words ( ,cotta 9 ,cic]o1 :]e he goes s f> z to say t if reason 7 a gift ( ! gods provid5ce w\ld be to blame = hav+ giv5 x1 s9ce x t5ds to our h>m4 ,m4 ,bayle also ?9ks t human reason is a s\rce ( de/ruction & n ( edification 7,hi/orical & ,critical ,diction>y1 p4 #bjbf1 col4 #b71 t x is a runn] :o kn[s n :]e to /op1 & :o1 l ano!r ,p5elope1 h]self de/roys h] own "w4 ,de/ruit1 a$ificat1 mutat quadrata rotundis4 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gbe74 ,b he takes pa9s especially to pile up _m au?orities "o ^u ! o!r1 9 ord] to %[ t !ologians ( all p>ties reject ! use ( reason j z he does1 & t !y call att5tion to su* gleams ( reason z oppose religion only t !y may sacrifice !m to fai? by a m]e #ajj repudiation1 answ]+ no?+ b ! conclusion ( ! argum5t t is br\ght aga9/ !m4 ,he beg9s ) ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 cont5t to say3 ',foll[ ,me' 7,luke v4 #bg2 ix4 #ei74 ,! ,apo/les said3 ',believe1 & ?\ %alt be sav$' 7,acts xvi4 #c74 ,/4 ,paul ackn[l$ges t 8 'doctr9e is obscure' 7#a ,cor4 xiii4 #ab71 t '"o c compreh5d no?+ !re9' unless ,god imp>t a spiritual disc]nm5t1 & )\t t x only passes = fooli%ness 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #ad74 ,he exhorts ! fai?ful 'to bew>e ( philosophy' 7,col4 ii4 #h7 & to avoid disputations 9 t sci5ce1 :i* _h caus$ _m p]sons to lose fai?4 #dg4 ,z = ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ,m4 ,bayle ref]s u to ! collection ( passages f !m aga9/ ! use ( philosophy & ( reason :i* ,m4 de ,launoy made 7,de ,v>ia ,ari/otelis ,=tuna1 cap4 #b7 & especially to ! passages f ,/4 ,augu/9e collect$ by ,m4 ,arnauld 7aga9/ ,mallet71 :i* /ate3 t ! judgem5ts ( ,god are inscrutable2 t !y are n any ! less j = t !y are unkn[n to u2 t x is a deep abyss1 :i* "o _c fa?om )\t runn+ ! risk ( fall+ d[n ! precipice2 t "o _c )\t tem]ity try to elucidate t :i* ,god will$ to keep hidd52 t 8 w _c b be j2 t _m m51 hav+ tri$ to expla9 ?is incompreh5sible dep?1 h fall5 into va9 imag9ations & op9ions full ( error & bewild]m5t4 #dh4 ,! ,s*oolm5 h spok5 9 l mann]4 ,m4 ,bayle quotes a beautiful passage f ,c>d9al ,cajetan 7,"p ,i1 ,summ41 qu4 #bb1 art4 #d7 to ?is effect3 ',our m9d'1 he says1 're/s n ^u ! evid5ce ( kn[n tru? b ^u ! imp5etrable dep? ( hidd5 tru?4 ,& z ,/4 ,gregory says3 ,he :o believes t\*+ ! ,div9ity only t :i* he c gauge ) 8 m9d belittles ! idea ( ,god4 ,yet ,i d n surmise t x is necess>y to d5y any ( ! ?+s :i* we "k1 or :i* we see z app]ta9+ to ! immutability1 ! actuality1 ! c]ta9ty1 ! univ]sality1 etc41 ( ,god3 b ,i ?9k t !re is "h "s secret1 ei!r 9 reg>d to ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ,god & ! ev5t1 or 9 respect ( :at connects ! ev5t itself ) 8 prevision4 ,?us1 reflect+ t ! und]/&+ ( our s\l is ! eye ( ! owl1 ,i f9d ! s\l's repose only 9 ignorance4 ,= x is bett] bo? = ! ,ca?olic ,fai? & = ,philosophic ,fai? to confess our bl9dness1 ?an to affirm z evid5t :at does n af=d our m9d ! cont5tm5t :i* self-evid5ce gives4 ,i d n accuse ( presumption1 on t acc\nt1 all ! le>n$ m5 :o #aja /amm]+ly h endeav\r$ to sugge/1 z f> z 9 !m lay1 ! immobility & ! sov]eign & et]nal efficacy ( ! und]/&+1 ( ! w & ( ! p[] ( ,god1 ?r\gh ! infallibility ( div9e election & div9e relation to all ev5ts4 ,no?+ ( all t int]f]es ) my surmise t !re is "s dep? :i* is hidd5 f u4' ,?is passage ( ,cajetan is all ! m notable s9ce he 0 an au?or compet5t to rea* ! he>t ( ! matt]4 #di4 ,lu!r's book aga9/ ,erasmus is full ( vigor\s comm5ts ho/ile to ^? :o desire to submit reveal$ tru?s to ! tribunal ( our reason4 ,calv9 (t5 speaks 9 ! same tone1 aga9/ ! inquisitive d>+ ( ^? :o seek to p5etrate into ! c\nsels ( ,god4 ,he decl>es 9 8 treatise on pr$e/9ation t ,god _h j causes = damn+ "s m51 b causes unkn[n to u4 ,f9ally ,m4 ,bayle quotes sundry mod]n writ]s :o h spok5 to ! same effect 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #afa et seq474 #ej4 ,b all ^! expressions & innum]able o!rs l !m d n prove t ! objections oppos$ to fai? are s insoluble z ,m4 ,bayle supposes4 ,x is true t ! c\nsels ( ,god are inscrutable1 b !re is no inv9cible objection :i* t5ds to ! conclusion t !y are unju/4 ,:at appe>s inju/ice on ! "p ( ,god1 & fooli%ness 9 our fai?1 only appe>s s4 ,! fam\s passage ( ,t]tullian 7,de ,c>ne ,*ri/i71 'mortuus e/ ,dei filius1 cr$ibile e/1 quia ineptum e/2 et sepultus revixit1 c]tum e/1 quia impossibile'1 is a sally t c only be meant to conc]n appe>ances ( absurdity4 ,!re are o!rs l !m 9 ,lu!r's book on ,freewill 9 ,bondage1 z :5 he says 7*4 #agd73 ',si placet tibi ,deus indignos coronans1 non debet displic]e imm]itos damnans4' ,:i* be+ r$uc$ to m temp]ate phras+1 means3 ,if y approve t ,god give et]nal glory to ^? :o are n bett] ?an ! re/1 y %\ld n disapprove t he ab&on ^? :o are n worse ?an ! re/4 ,& to judge t he speaks only ( appe>ances ( inju/ice1 "o only has to weigh ^! words ( ! same au?or tak5 f ! same book3 ',9 all ! re/'1 he says1 'we recognize 9 ,god a supreme maje/y2 !re is only ju/ice t we d>e to "q3 & we w n believe provisionally tantisp] t he is j1 albeit he has promis$ u t ! "t %all come :5 8 glory be+ reveal$ all m5 %all see cle>ly t he has be5 & t he is j4' #ajb #ea4 ,x w be f\nd also t :5 ! ,fa!rs ent]$ into a discussion !y did n simply reject reason4 ,&1 9 disputations ) ! pagans1 !y endeav\r usually to %[ h[ paganism is contr>y to reason1 & h[ ! ,*ri/ian religion has ! bett] ( x on t side also4 ,orig5 %[$ ,celsus h[ reasonable ,*ri/ianity is & :y1 not)/&+1 ! majority ( ,*ri/ians %\ld believe )\t exam9ation4 ,celsus _h je]$ at ! behavi\r ( ,*ri/ians1 ':o1 will+'1 he said1 'nei!r to li/5 to y\r reasons nor to give y any = :at !y believe1 are cont5t to say to y3 ,exam9e n1 only believe1 or3 ,y\r fai? w save y2 & !y hold ?is z a maxim1 t ! wisdom ( ! _w is an evil4' #eb4 ,orig5 gives ! answ] ( a wise man1 & 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples we h e/abli%$ 9 ! matt]4 ,= reason1 f> f be+ contr>y to ,*ri/ianity1 s]ves z a f\ndation = ?is religion1 & w br+ ab\t its acceptance by ^? :o c a*ieve ! exam9ation ( x4 ,b1 z few p are capable ( ?is1 ! heav5ly gift ( pla9 fai? t5d+ t[>ds good suffices = m5 9 g5]al4 ',if x 7 possible'1 he says1 '= all m51 neglect+ ! affairs ( life1 to apply !mselves to /udy & m$itation1 "o ne$ seek no o!r way to make !m accept ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,=1 to say no?+ likely to (f5d anyone' 7he ins9uates t ! pagan religion is absurd1 b he w n say s explicitly71 '!re w be f\nd !re9 no less exactitude ?an else:]e1 :e!r 9 ! discussion ( its dogmas1 or 9 ! elucidation ( ! enigmatical expressions ( its prophets1 or 9 ! int]pretation ( ! p>ables ( its gospels & ( c\ntless o!r ?+s happ5+ or orda9$ symbolically4 ,b s9ce nei!r ! necessities ( life nor ! infirmities ( m5 p]mit ( ?is application to /udy1 save = a v small numb] ( p]sons1 :at means c\ld "o f9d m qualifi$ to b5efit ev]yone else 9 ! _w ?an ^? ,jesus ,*ri/ wi%$ to be us$ = ! conv]sion ( ! nations8 ,& ,i w\ld fa9 ask ) reg>d to ! great numb] ( ^? :o believe1 & :o !reby h )drawn !mselves f ! quagmire ( vices :]e9 be=e !y 7 plung$1 :i* w\ld be ! bett]3 to h ?us *ang$ "o's morals & re=m$ "o's life1 believ+ )\t exam9ation t !re are puni%m5ts = s9 & rew>ds = good actions2 or to h wait$ = "o's conv]sion until "o n only believ$ b _h exam9$ ) c>e ! f\ndations ( ^! dogmas8 ,x is c]ta9 t1 7 ?is me?od to be foll[$1 few#ajc inde$ w\ld rea* t po9t :i!r !y are l$ by _! pla9 & simple fai?1 b ! majority w\ld rema9 9 _! corruption4' #ec4 ,m4 ,bayle 79 8 explanation conc]n+ ! objections ( ! ,mani*aeans1 plac$ at ! end ( ! second edition ( ! ,diction>y7 takes ^? words :]e ,orig5 po9ts out t religion c /& ! te/ ( hav+ h] dogmas discuss$1 z if x 7 n meant 9 relation to philosophy1 b only 9 relation to ! accuracy :]e) ! au?ority & ! true mean+ ( ,holy ,scripture is e/abli%$4 ,b !re is no?+ to indicate ?is re/riction4 ,orig5 wrote aga9/ a philosoph] :om su* a re/riction w\ld n h suit$4 ,& x appe>s t ?is ,fa!r wi%$ to po9t out t among ,*ri/ians !re 0 no less exactitude ?an among ! ,/oics & "s o!r philosoph]s1 :o e/abli%$ _! doctr9e z mu* by reason z by au?orities1 z1 = example1 ,*rysippus did1 :o f\nd 8 philosophy ev5 9 ! symbols ( pagan antiquity4 #ed4 ,celsus br+s up /ill ano!r objection to ! ,*ri/ians1 9 ! same place4 ',if !y )draw'1 he says1 'regul>ly into _! ,exam9e n1 only believe1 !y mu/ tell me at lea/ :at are ! ?+s !y wi% me to believe4' ,!re9 he is d\btless "r1 & t tells aga9/ ^? :o w\ld say t ,god is good & j1 & :o yet w\ld ma9ta9 t we h no notion ( goodness & ( ju/ice :5 we attribute ^! p]fections to him4 ,b "o mu/ n always dem& :at ,i call 'adequate notions'1 involv+ no?+ t is n expla9$1 s9ce ev5 p]ceptible qualities1 l heat1 light1 sweetness1 _c give u su* notions4 ,?us we agre$ t ,my/]ies %\ld receive an explanation1 b ?is explanation is imp]fect4 ,x suffices = u to h "s analogical und]/&+ ( a ,my/]y su* z ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 to ! end t 9 accept+ !m we pron\nce n words altoge!r devoid ( mean+3 b x is n necess>y t ! explanation g z f> z we w\ld wi%1 t is1 to ! ext5t ( compreh5sion & to ! h[4 #ee4 ,x appe>s /range !re=e t ,m4 ,bayle rejects ! tribunal ( common notions 79 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 pp4 #ajfb & #aadj7 z if "o %\ld n consult ! idea ( goodness 9 answ]+ ! ,mani*aeans2 :]eas he _h decl>$ himself q diff]5tly 9 8 ,diction>y4 ,( necessity !re mu/ be agreem5t ^u ! mean+ ( good & bad1 among/ ^? :o are 9 dispute#ajd ov] ! "q :e!r !re is only "o pr9ciple1 altoge!r good1 or :e!r !re are two1 ! "o good & ! o!r bad4 ,we und]/& some?+ by union :5 we are told ( ! union ( "o body ) ano!r or ( a sub/ance ) its accid5t1 ( a subject ) its adjunct1 ( ! place ) ! mov+ body1 ( ! act ) ! pot5cy2 we also mean some?+ :5 we speak ( ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body to make !re( "o s+le p]son4 ,= albeit ,i d n hold t ! s\l *anges ! laws ( ! body1 or t ! body *anges ! laws ( ! s\l1 & ,i h introduc$ ! ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony to avoid ?is d]angem5t1 ,i nev]!less admit a true union betwe5 ! s\l & ! body1 :i* makes !re( a suppositum4 ,?is union belongs to ! metaphysical1 :]eas a union ( influ5ce w\ld belong to ! physical4 ,b :5 we speak ( ! union ( ! ,^w ( ,god ) human nature we %\ld be cont5t ) an analogical k1 su* z ! comp>ison ( ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body is capable ( giv+ u4 ,we %\ld1 moreov]1 be cont5t to say t ! ,inc>nation is ! close/ union t c exi/ betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creature2 & fur!r we %\ld n want to g4 #ef4 ,x is ! same ) ! o!r ,my/]ies1 :]e mod]ate m9ds w ev] f9d an explanation suffici5t = belief1 b nev] su* z w\ld be necess>y = und]/&+4 ,a c]ta9 :at x is 7,greek3 ti e/i7 is en\gh = u1 b ! h[ 7,greek3 ps7 is beyond u1 & is n necess>y = u4 ,"o may say conc]n+ ! explanations ( ,my/]ies :i* are giv5 out "h & !re1 :at ! ,que5 ( ,sw$5 inscrib$ ^u a m$al conc]n+ ! cr[n %e _h ab&on$1 ',non mi bisogna1 e non mi ba/a4' ,nor h we any ne$ ei!r 7z ,i h already obs]v$7 to prove ! ,my/]ies a priori1 or to give a reason = !m2 x suffices u t ! ?+ is ?us 7,greek3 to hoti7 ev5 ?\gh we "k n ! :y 7,greek3 to dioti71 :i* ,god has res]v$ = himself4 ,^! l9es1 writt5 on t !me by ,joseph ,scalig]1 are beautiful & r5[n$3 ,ne curiosus qua]e causas omnium1 ,quaecumque libris vis ,prophet>um indidit ,afflata caelo1 pl5a v]aci ,deo3 ,nec op]ta sacri supp>o sil5tii ,irrump]e aude1 s$ pud5t] praet]i4 ,page #aje ,nescire velle1 quae ,magi/] optimus ,doc]e non vult1 erudita inscitia e/4 ,m4 ,bayle1 :o quotes !m 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ajee71 holds ! likely op9ion t ,scalig] made !m ^u ! disputes betwe5 ,arm9ius & ,gom>us4 ,i ?9k ,m4 ,bayle repeat$ !m f memory1 = he put sacrata in/ead ( afflata4 ,b x is app>5tly ! pr9t]'s fault t prud5t] /&s 9 place ( pud5t] 7t is1 mode/ly7 :i* ! metre requires4 #eg4 ,no?+ c be m judici\s ?an ! w>n+ ^! l9es conta92 & ,m4 ,bayle is "r 9 say+ 7p4 #gbi7 t ^? :o claim t ! behavi\r ( ,god ) respect to s9 & ! consequ5ces ( s9 conta9s no?+ b :at !y c acc\nt =1 deliv] !mselves up to ! m]cy ( _! adv]s>y4 ,b he is n "r 9 comb9+ "h two v diff]5t ?+s1 'to acc\nt = a ?+'1 & 'to uphold x aga9/ objections'2 z he does :5 he pres5tly adds3 ',!y are oblig$ to foll[ him _! adv]s>y ev]y:]e :i!r he %all wi% to lead !m1 & x w\ld be to retire ignom9i\sly & ask = qu>t]1 if !y 7 to admit t our intellig5ce is too weak to remove completely all ! objections advanc$ by a philosoph]4' #eh4 ,x seems "h t1 accord+ to ,m4 ,bayle1 'acc\nt+ =' comes %ort ( 'answ]+ objections'1 s9ce he ?reat5s "o :o %\ld und]take ! fir/ ) ! result+ obligation to pass on to ! second4 ,b x is q ! opposite3 he :o ma9ta9s a !sis 7! respond5s7 is n b\nd to acc\nt = x1 b he is b\nd to meet ! objections ( an oppon5t4 ,a def5dant 9 law is n b\nd 7z a g5]al rule7 to prove 8 "r or to produce 8 title to possession2 b he is oblig$ to reply to ! argum5ts ( ! pla9tiff4 ,i h m>vell$ _m times t a writ] s precise & s %rewd z ,m4 ,bayle s (t5 "h confuses ?+s :]e s mu* diff]5ce exi/s z betwe5 ^! ?ree acts ( reason3 to compreh5d1 to prove1 & to answ] objections2 z if :5 x is a "q ( ! use ( reason 9 !ology "o t]m 7 z good z ano!r4 ,?us he says 9 8 po/hum\s ,conv]sations1 p4 #gc3 ',!re is no pr9ciple :i* ,m4 ,bayle has m (t5 inculcat$ ?an ?is1 t ! incompreh5sibility ( a dogma & ! insolubility ( ! objections t oppose x provide no legitimate reason = reject+ x4' ,?is is true z reg>ds ! incompreh5sibility1 b x is n ! same ) ! insolubility4 ,& x is inde$ j z if "o said t an inv9cible reason aga9/ a #ajf !sis 0 n a legitimate reason = reject+ x4 ,= :at o!r legitimate reason = reject+ an op9ion c "o f9d1 if an inv9cible oppos+ argum5t is n su* an "o8 ,& :at means %all "o h !reaft] ( demon/rat+ ! falsity1 & ev5 ! absurdity1 ( any op9ion8 #ei4 ,x is well to obs]ve also t he :o proves a ?+ a priori acc\nts = x ?r\gh ! effici5t cause2 & :osoev] c ?us acc\nt = x 9 a precise & adequate mann] is also 9 a position to compreh5d ! ?+4 ,!re=e x 0 t ! ,s*ola/ic !ologians _h already c5sur$ ,raymond ,lully = hav+ und]tak5 to demon/rate ! ,tr9ity by philosophy4 ,?is s-call$ demon/ration is to be f\nd 9 8 ,works2 & ,b>?olomaeus ,keck]mann1 a writ] r5[n$ 9 ! ,re=m$ p>ty1 hav+ made an attempt ( j ! same k9d ^u ! same ,my/]y1 has be5 no less c5sur$ = x by "s mod]n !ologians4 ,!re=e c5sure w fall ^u ^? :o %all wi% to acc\nt = ?is ,my/]y & make x compreh5sible1 b praise w be giv5 to ^? :o %all toil to uphold x aga9/ ! objections ( adv]s>ies4 #fj4 ,i h said already t !ologians usually di/+ui% betwe5 :at is above reason & :at is aga9/ reason4 ,!y place above reason t :i* "o _c compreh5d & :i* "o _c acc\nt =4 ,b aga9/ reason w be all op9ion t is oppos$ by inv9cible reasons1 or ! contr>y ( :i* c be prov$ 9 a precise & s\nd mann]4 ,!y av[1 !re=e1 t ! ,my/]ies are above reason1 b !y d n admit t !y are contr>y to x4 ,! ,engli% au?or ( a book :i* is +5i\s1 b has met ) disapproval1 entitl$ ,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s1 wi%$ to combat ?is di/9ction2 b x does n seem to me t he has at all weak5$ x4 ,m4 ,bayle also is n q satisfi$ ) ?is accept$ di/9ction4 ,?is is :at he says on ! matt] 7vol4 ,,iii ( ! ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #aeh74 ,fir/ly 7p4 #iih7 he di/+ui%es1 toge!r ) ,m4 ,saur91 betwe5 ^! two !ses3 ! "o1 all ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity are 9 con=mity ) reason2 ! o!r1 human reason kn[s t !y are 9 con=mity ) reason4 ,he affirms ! fir/ & d5ies ! second4 ,i am ( ! same op9ion1 if 9 say+ 't a dogma con=ms to reason' "o means t x is possible to acc\nt = x or to expla9 its h[ by reason2 = ,god c\ld d\btless d s1 & we _c4 ,b ,i ?9k t "o mu/ affirm bo? !ses if by #ajg 'kn[+ t a dogma con=ms to reason' "o means t we c demon/rate1 if ne$ be1 t !re is no contradiction betwe5 ?is dogma & reason1 repudiat+ ! objections ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ?is dogma is an absurdity4 #fa4 ,m4 ,bayle expla9s himself "h 9 a mann] n at all conv9c+4 ,he ackn[l$ges fully t our ,my/]ies are 9 accordance ) ! supreme & univ]sal reason t is 9 ! div9e und]/&+1 or ) reason 9 g5]al2 yet he d5ies t !y are 9 accordance ) t "p ( reason :i* man employs to judge ?+s4 ,b ?is portion ( reason :i* we possess is a gift ( ,god1 & consi/s 9 ! natural light t has rema9$ ) u 9 ! mid/ ( corruption2 ?us x is 9 accordance ) ! :ole1 & x diff]s f t :i* is 9 ,god only z a drop ( wat] diff]s f ! ocean or r z ! f9ite f ! inf9ite4 ,!re=e ,my/]ies may transc5d x1 b !y _c be contr>y to x4 ,"o _c be contr>y to "o "p )\t be+ contr>y to ! :ole4 ,t :i* contradicts a proposition ( ,euclid is contr>y to ! ,elem5ts ( ,euclid4 ,t :i* 9 u is contr>y to ! ,my/]ies is n reason nor is x ! natural light or ! l9k+ toge!r ( tru?s2 x is corruption1 or error1 or prejudice1 or d>kness4 #fb4 ,m4 ,bayle 7p4 #ajjb7 is n satisfi$ ) ! op9ion ( ,josua ,/egman & ( ,m4 ,turret91 ,prote/ant !ologians :o tea* t ! ,my/]ies are contr>y only to corrupt reason4 ,he asks1 mock+ly1 :e!r by "r reason is meant p]*ance t ( an or?odox !ologian & by corrupt reason t ( an h]etic2 & he urges ! objection t ! evid5ce ( ! ,my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity 0 no great] 9 ! s\l ( ,lu!r ?an 9 ! s\l ( ,soc9ius4 ,b z ,m4 ,desc>tes has well obs]v$1 good s5se is di/ribut$ to all3 ?us "o mu/ believe t bo? ! or?odox & h]etics are end[$ !re)4 ,"r reason is a l9k+ toge!r ( tru?s1 corrupt reason is mix$ ) prejudices & passions4 ,& 9 ord] to discrim9ate betwe5 ! two1 "o ne$ b proce$ 9 good ord]1 admit no !sis )\t pro(1 & admit no pro( unless x be 9 prop] =m1 accord+ to ! commone/ rules ( logic4 ,"o ne$s nei!r any o!r crit]ion nor o!r arbitrator 9 que/ions ( reason4 ,x is only ?r\gh lack ( ?is consid]ation t a h&le has be5 giv5 to ! sceptics1 & t ev5 9 !ology ,franois ,vron & "s o!rs1 :o #ajh exac]bat$ ! dispute ) ! ,prote/ants1 ev5 to ! po9t ( di%one/y1 plung$ headlong into scepticism 9 ord] to prove ! necessity ( accept+ an infallible ext]nal judge4 ,_! c\rse meets ) no approval f ! mo/ exp]t1 ev5 9 _! own p>ty3 ,calixtus & ,daill d]id$ x z x des]v$1 & ,bell>m9e argu$ q o!rwise4 #fc4 ,n[ let u come to :at ,m4 ,bayle says 7p4 #iii7 on ! di/9ction we are conc]n$ )4 ',x seems to me'1 he says1 't an ambiguity has crept into ! celebrat$ di/9ction drawn betwe5 ?+s t are above reason & ?+s t are aga9/ reason4 ,! ,my/]ies ( ! ,gospel are above reason1 s x is usually said1 b !y are n contr>y to reason4 ,i ?9k t ! same s5se is n giv5 to ! ^w reason 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is axiom z 9 ! second3 by ! fir/ is und]/ood r ! reason ( man1 or reason 9 concreto & by ! second reason 9 g5]al1 or reason 9 ab/racto4 ,= suppos+ t x is und]/ood always z reason 9 g5]al or ! supreme reason1 ! univ]sal reason t is 9 ,god1 x is equally true t ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,gospels are n above reason & t !y are n aga9/ reason4 ,b if 9 bo? p>ts ( ! axiom human reason is meant1 ,i d n cle>ly see ! s\ndness ( ! di/9ction3 = ! mo/ or?odox confess t we "k n h[ our ,my/]ies c con=m to ! maxims ( philosophy4 ,x seems to u1 !re=e1 t !y are n 9 con=mity ) our reason4 ,n[ t :i* appe>s to u n to be 9 con=mity ) our reason appe>s contr>y to our reason1 j z t :i* appe>s to u n 9 con=mity ) tru? appe>s contr>y to tru?4 ,?us :y %\ld n "o say1 equally1 t ! ,my/]ies are aga9/ our feeble reason1 & t !y are above our feeble reason8' ,i answ]1 z ,i h done already1 t 'reason' "h is ! l9k+ toge!r ( ! tru?s t we "k by ! light ( nature1 & 9 ?is s5se ! axiom is true & )\t any ambiguity4 ,! ,my/]ies transc5d our reason1 s9ce !y conta9 tru?s t are n compris$ 9 ?is sequ5ce2 b !y are n contr>y to our reason1 & !y d n contradict any ( ! tru?s :]eto ?is sequ5ce c lead u4 ,accord+ly !re is no "q "h ( ! univ]sal reason t is 9 ,god1 b ( our reason4 ,z = ! "q :e!r we "k ! ,my/]ies to con=m ) our reason1 ,i answ] t at lea/ we nev] "k ( any non-con=mity or any opposition betwe5 ! ,my/]ies & reason4 ,moreov]1 we c always aboli% su* alleg$ #aji opposition1 & s1 if ?is c be call$ reconcil+ or h>moniz+ fai? ) reason1 or recogniz+ ! con=mity betwe5 !m1 x mu/ be said t we c recognize ?is con=mity & ?is h>mony4 ,b if ! con=mity consi/s 9 a reasonable explanation ( ! h[1 we _c recognize x4 #fd4 ,m4 ,bayle makes "o m +5i\s objection1 :i* he draws f ! example ( ! s5se ( sight4 ',:5 a squ>e t[]'1 he says1 'f a di/ance appe>s to u r\nd1 our eyes te/ify v cle>ly n only t !y p]ceive no?+ squ>e 9 ?is t[]1 b also t !y discov] !re a r\nd %ape1 incompatible ) ! squ>e %ape4 ,"o may !re=e say t ! tru? :i* is ! squ>e %ape is n only above1 b ev5 aga9/1 ! witness ( our feeble sight4' ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is obs]vation is correct1 & al?\gh x be true t ! appe>ance ( r\ndness comes simply f ! effacem5t ( ! angles1 :i* di/ance causes to disappe>1 x is true1 not)/&+1 t ! r\nd & ! squ>e are opposites4 ,!re=e my answ] to ?is objection is t ! repres5tation ( ! s5ses1 ev5 :5 !y d all t 9 !m lies1 is (t5 contr>y to ! tru?2 b x is n ! same ) ! faculty ( reason+1 :5 x does its duty1 s9ce a /rictly reason$ argum5t is no?+ b a l9k+ toge!r ( tru?s4 ,& z = ! s5se ( sight 9 p>ticul>1 x is well to consid] t !re are yet o!r false appe>ances :i* come n f ! 'feebl5ess ( our eyes' nor f ! loss ( visibility br\ght ab\t by di/ance1 b f ! v nature ( vision1 h[ev] p]fect x be4 ,x is ?us1 = in/ance1 t ! circle se5 sideways is *ang$ into t k9d ( oval :i* among geometricians is kn[n z an ellipse1 & sometimes ev5 into a p>abola or a hyp]bola1 or actually into a /raight l9e1 witness ! r+ ( ,saturn4 #fe4 ,! ext]nal s5ses1 prop]ly speak+1 d n deceive u4 ,x is our inn] s5se :i* (t5 makes u g too fa/4 ,t occurs also 9 brute bea/s1 z :5 a dog b>ks at 8 reflexion 9 ! mirror3 = bea/s h consecutions ( p]ception :i* resemble reason+1 & :i* occur also 9 ! inn] s5se ( m51 :5 _! actions h only an empirical quality4 ,b bea/s d no?+ :i* compels u to believe t !y h :at des]ves to be prop]ly call$ a reason+ s5se1 z ,i h %[n else:]e4 ,n[ :5 ! und]/&+ uses & foll[s ! false decision ( ! inn] s5se 7z :5 ! fam\s ,galileo ?\ght t ,saturn _h#aaj two h&les7 x is deceiv$ by ! judgem5t x makes ^u ! effect ( appe>ances1 & x inf]s f !m m ?an !y imply4 ,= ! appe>ances ( ! s5ses d n promise u absolutely ! tru? ( ?+s1 any m ?an dreams d4 ,x is we :o deceive ourselves by ! use we make ( !m1 t is1 by our consecutions4 ,inde$ we all[ ourselves to be delud$ by probable argum5ts1 & we are incl9$ to ?9k t ph5om5a su* z we h f\nd l9k$ toge!r (t5 are s always4 ,?us1 z x happ5s usually t t :i* appe>s )\t angles has none1 we readily believe x to be always ?us4 ,su* an error is p>donable1 & sometimes inevitable1 :5 x is necess>y to act promptly & *oose t :i* appe>ances recomm5d2 b :5 we h ! leisure & ! "t to collect our ?\ghts1 we are 9 fault if we take = c]ta9 t :i* is n s4 ,x is !re=e true t appe>ances are (t5 contr>y to tru?1 b our reason+ nev] is :5 x proce$s /rictly 9 accordance ) ! rules ( ! art ( reason+4 ,if by reason "o meant g5]ally ! faculty ( reason+ :e!r well or ill1 ,i confess t x might deceive u1 & does inde$ deceive u1 & ! appe>ances ( our und]/&+ are (t5 z deceptive z ^? ( ! s5ses3 b "h x is a "q ( ! l9k+ toge!r ( tru?s & ( objections 9 due =m1 & 9 ?is s5se x is impossible = reason to deceive u4 #ff4 ,?us x may be se5 f all ,i h j said t ,m4 ,bayle c>ries too f> ! be+ above reason1 z if x includ$ ! insoluble nature ( objections3 = accord+ to him 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #acj1 p4 #fea7 'once a dogma is above reason1 philosophy c nei!r expla9 x nor compreh5d x1 nor meet ! difficulties t are urg$ aga9/ x'4 ,i agree ) reg>d to compreh5sion1 b ,i h already %[n t ! ,my/]ies receive a necess>y v]bal explanation1 to ! end t ! t]ms employ$ be n s9e m5te soni1 words signify+ no?+4 ,i h %[n also t x is necess>y = "o to be capable ( answ]+ ! objections1 & t o!rwise "o mu/ ne$s reject ! !sis4 #fg4 ,he adduces ! au?ority ( !ologians1 :o appe> to recognize ! insoluble nature ( ! objections aga9/ ! ,my/]ies4 ,lu!r is "o ( ! *ief ( ^!2 b ,i h already repli$1 9 #ab1 to ! passage :]e he seems to say t philosophy contradicts !ology4 ,!re is ano!r passage 7,de ,s]vo ,arbitrio1 *4 #bdf7 :]e he says t ! app>5t inju/ice ( ,god is prov$ by argum5ts tak5 f ! #aaa adv]sity ( good p & ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$1 an argum5t irresi/ible bo? = all reason & = natural intellig5ce 7',argum5tis talibus traducta1 quibus nulla ratio aut lum5 naturae pote/ resi/]e'74 ,b soon aft]w>ds he %[s t he means x only ( ^? :o "k no?+ ( ! life to come1 s9ce he adds t an expression 9 ! ,gospel dissipates ?is difficulty1 tea*+ u t !re is ano!r life1 :]e t :i* has n be5 puni%$ & rew>d$ 9 ?is life %all receive its due4 ,! objection is !n f> f be+ insup]able1 & ev5 )\t ! aid ( ! ,gospel "o c\ld be?9k oneself ( ?is answ]4 ,!re is also quot$ 7,reply1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #feb7 a passage f ,m>t9 ,*emnitz1 criticiz$ by ,v$elius & def5d$ by ,johann ,musaeus1 :]e ?is fam\s !ologian seems to say cle>ly t !re are tru?s 9 ! ^w ( ,god :i* are n only above reason b also aga9/ reason4 ,b ?is passage mu/ be tak5 z ref]r+ only to ! pr9ciples ( reason t are 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( ,nature1 z ,musaeus also int]prets x4 #fh4 ,x is true nev]!less t ,m4 ,bayle f9ds "s au?orities :o are m fav\rable to him1 ,m4 ,desc>tes be+ "o ( ! *ief4 ,?is great man says positively 7,"p ,i ( 8 ,pr9ciples1 art4 #da7 't we %all h n ! slighte/ tr\ble 9 ridd+ ourselves ( ! difficulty' 7:i* "o may h 9 h>moniz+ ! fre$om ( our w ) ! ord] ( ! et]nal provid5ce ( ,god7 'if we obs]ve t our ?\ght is f9ite1 & t ! ,k & ! ,omnipot5ce ( ,god1 :]eby he has n only kn[n f all et]nity all t :i* is or :i* c be1 b also has will$ x1 is inf9ite4 ,we h !re=e q en\gh intellig5ce to recognize cle>ly & di/9ctly t ?is k & ?is p[] are 9 ,god2 b we h n en\gh s to compreh5d _! scope t we c "k h[ !y leave ! actions ( m5 entirely free & undet]m9$4 ,yet ! ,p[] & ! ,k ( ,god mu/ n prev5t u f believ+ t we h a free w2 = we %\ld be wrong to d\bt ( t :]e( we are inw>dly consci\s1 & :i* we "k by exp]i5ce to be )9 u1 simply because we d n compreh5d "s o!r ?+ :i* we "k to be incompreh5sible 9 its nature4' #fi4 ,?is passage f ,m4 ,desc>tes1 foll[$ by 8 adh]5ts 7:o r>ely ?9k ( d\bt+ :at he ass]ts71 has always appe>$ /range to me4 ,n cont5t ) say+ t1 z = him1 he sees no way ( reconcil+ #aab ! two dogmas1 he puts ! :ole human race1 & ev5 all rational creatures1 9 ! same case4 ,yet c\ld he h be5 unaw>e t !re is no possibility ( an insup]able objection aga9/ tru?8 ,= su* an objection c\ld only be a necess>y l9k+ toge!r ( o!r tru?s ^: result w\ld be contr>y to ! tru? t "o ma9ta9s2 & consequ5tly !re w\ld be contradiction betwe5 ! tru?s1 :i* w\ld be an utt] absurdity4 ,moreov]1 albeit our m9d is f9ite & _c compreh5d ! inf9ite1 ( ! inf9ite nev]!less x has pro(s ^: /r5g? or weakness x compreh5ds2 :y !n %\ld x n h ! same compreh5sion 9 reg>d to ! objections8 ,& s9ce ! p[] & ! wisdom ( ,god are inf9ite & compreh5d ev]y?+1 !re is no pretext = d\bt+ _! scope4 ,fur!r1 ,m4 ,desc>tes dem&s a fre$om :i* is n ne$$1 by 8 insi/5ce t ! actions ( ! w ( man are altoge!r undet]m9$1 a ?+ :i* nev] happ5s4 ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,bayle himself ma9ta9s t ?is exp]i5ce or ?is inw>d s5se ( our indep5d5ce1 ^u :i* ,m4 ,desc>tes f\nds ! pro( ( our fre$om1 does n prove x3 = f ! fact t we are n consci\s ( ! causes :]eon we dep5d1 x does n foll[1 accord+ to ,m4 ,bayle1 t we are indep5d5t4 ,b t is some?+ we w speak ( 9 its prop] place4 #gj4 ,x seems t ,m4 ,desc>tes confesses also1 9 a passage ( 8 ,pr9ciples1 t x is impossible to f9d an answ] to ! difficulties on ! division ( matt] to inf9ity1 :i* he nev]!less recognizes z actual4 ,arriaga & o!r ,s*oolm5 make well-nigh ! same confession3 b if !y took ! tr\ble to give to ! objections ! =m ^! ought to h1 !y w\ld see t !re are faults 9 ! reason+1 & sometimes false assumptions :i* cause confusion4 ,"h is an example4 ,a man ( p>ts "o day br\ght up to me an objection 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,let ! /raight l9e ,,ba be cut 9 two equal p>ts at ! po9t ,c1 & ! "p ,,ca at ! po9t ,d1 & ! "p ,,da at ! po9t ,e1 & s on to inf9ity2 all ! halves1 ,,bc1 ,,cd1 ,,de1 etc41 toge!r make ! :ole ,,ba2 !re=e !re mu/ be a la/ half1 s9ce ! /raight l9e ,,ba f9i%es at ,a4 ,b ?is la/ half is absurd3 = s9ce x is a l9e1 x w be possible aga9 to cut x 9 two4 ,!re=e division to inf9ity _c be admitt$4 ,b ,i po9t$ out to him t "o is n ju/ifi$ 9 ! inf]5ce t !re mu/ be a la/ half1 al?\gh !re be a la/ po9t ,a1 = ?is la/ po9t belongs to all ! halves ( its side4 ,& my fri5d ackn[l$g$ x #aac himself :5 he endeav\r$ to prove ?is d$uction by a =mal argum5t2 on ! contr>y1 j because ! division goes on to inf9ity1 !re is no la/ half4 ,& al?\gh ! /raight l9e ,,ab be f9ite1 x does n foll[ t ! process ( divid+ x has any f9al end4 ,! same confusion arises ) ! s]ies ( numb]s go+ on to inf9ity4 ,"o imag9es a f9al end1 a numb] t is inf9ite1 or inf9itely small2 b t is all simple fiction4 ,e numb] is f9ite & specific2 e l9e is s likewise1 & ! inf9ite or inf9itely small signify only magnitudes t "o may take z great or z small z "o wi%es1 to %[ t an error is small] ?an t :i* has be5 specifi$1 t is to say1 t !re is no error2 or else by ! inf9itely small is meant ! /ate ( a magnitude at its vani%+ po9t or its beg9n+1 conceiv$ aft] ! patt]n ( magnitudes already actualiz$4 #ga4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be well to consid] ! argum5t t ,m4 ,bayle puts =w>d to %[ t "o _c refute ! objections :i* reason opposes to ! ,my/]ies4 ,x is 9 8 comm5t on ! ,mani*aeans 7p4 #cadj ( ! second edition ( 8 ,diction>y74 ',x is en\gh = me'1 he says1 't x be unanim\sly ackn[l$g$ t ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,gospel are above reason4 ,= !nce comes ! necess>y conclusion t x is impossible to settle ! difficulties rais$ by ! philosoph]s1 & 9 consequ5ce t a dispute :]e only ! light ( ,nature is foll[$ w always end unfav\rably = ! !ologians1 & t !y w see !mselves =c$ to give way & to take refuge 9 ! canon ( ! sup]natural light4' ,i am surpris$ t ,m4 ,bayle speaks 9 su* g5]al t]ms1 s9ce he has ackn[l$g$ himself t ! light ( ,nature is aga9/ ! ,mani*aeans1 & = ! on5ess ( ! ,pr9ciple1 & t ! goodness ( ,god is prov$ incontrov]tibly by reason4 ,yet ?is is h[ he cont9ues3 #gb4 ',x is evid5t t reason c nev] atta9 to t :i* is above x4 ,n[ if x c\ld supply answ]s to ! objections :i* are oppos$ to ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity & t ( hypo/atic union1 x w\ld atta9 to ^? two ,my/]ies1 x w\ld h !m 9 subjection & submit !m to ! /ricte/ exam9ation by comp>ison ) its fir/ pr9ciples1 or ) ! aphorisms t spr+ f common notions1 & proce$ until f9ally x _h drawn ! conclusion t !y are 9 accordance ) natural light4 ,x w\ld !re=e d :at exce$s its p[]s1 x w\ld so> above its #aad conf9es1 & t is a =mal contradiction4 ,"o mu/ !re=e say t x _c provide answ]s to its own objections1 & t ?us !y rema9 victori\s1 s long z "o does n h rec\rse to ! au?ority ( ,god & to ! necessity ( subjugat+ "o's und]/&+ to ! ob$i5ce ( fai?4' ,i d n f9d t !re is any =ce 9 ?is reason+4 ,we c atta9 to t :i* is above u n by p5etrat+ x b by ma9ta9+ x2 z we c atta9 to ! sky by sight1 & n by t\*4 ,nor is x necess>y t1 9 ord] to answ] ! objections :i* are made aga9/ ! ,my/]ies1 "o %\ld h !m 9 subjection to oneself1 & submit !m to exam9ation by comp>ison ) ! fir/ pr9ciples t spr+ f common notions4 ,= if he :o answ]s ! objections _h to g s f>1 he :o proposes ! objections ne$s mu/ d x fir/4 ,x is ! "p ( ! objection to op5 up ! subject1 & x is en\gh = him :o answ]s to say ,yes or ,no4 ,he is n oblig$ to c\nt] ) a di/9ction3 x w d1 9 case ( ne$1 if he d5ies ! univ]sality ( "s proposition 9 ! objection or criticizes its =m1 & "o may d bo? ^! ?+s )\t p5etrat+ beyond ! objection4 ,:5 someone (f]s me a pro( :i* he ma9ta9s is inv9cible1 ,i c keep sil5ce :ile ,i compel him m]ely to prove 9 due =m all ! enunciations t he br+s =w>d1 & su* z appe> to me 9 ! slighte/ degree d\btful4 ,= ! purpose ( d\bt+ only1 ,i ne$ n at all probe to ! he>t ( ! matt]2 on ! contr>y1 ! m ignorant ,i am ! m %all ,i be ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+4 ,m4 ,bayle cont9ues ?us3 #gc4 ',let u endeav\r to cl>ify t4 ,if "s doctr9es are above reason !y are beyond its rea*1 x _c atta9 to !m2 if x _c atta9 to !m1 x _c compreh5d !m4' 7,he c\ld h begun "h ) ! 'compreh5d'1 say+ t reason _c compreh5d t :i* is above x47 ',if x _c compreh5d !m1 x c f9d 9 !m no idea' 7,non valet consequ5tia3 =1 to 'compreh5d' some?+1 x is n en\gh t "o h "s ideas !re(2 "o mu/ h all ! ideas ( ev]y?+ t goes to make x up1 & all ^! ideas mu/ be cle>1 di/9ct1 adequate4 ,!re are a ?\s& objects 9 ,nature 9 :i* we und]/& some?+1 b :i* we d n !re=e necess>ily compreh5d4 ,we h "s ideas on ! rays ( light1 we demon/rate ^u !m up to a c]ta9 po9t2 b !re ev] rema9s some?+ :i* makes u confess t we d n yet compreh5d ! :ole nature ( light47 'nor any pr9ciple su*#aae z may give rise to a solution2' 7,:y %\ld n evid5t pr9ciples be f\nd m+l$ ) obscure & confus$ k87 '& consequ5tly ! objections t reason has made w rema9 unansw]$2' 7,by no means2 ! difficulty is r on ! side ( ! oppos]4 ,x is = him to seek an evid5t pr9ciple su* z may give rise to "s objection2 & ! m obscure ! subject1 ! m tr\ble he w h 9 f9d+ su* a pr9ciple4 ,moreov]1 :5 he has f\nd x he w h /ill m tr\ble 9 demon/rat+ an opposition betwe5 ! pr9ciple & ! ,my/]y3 =1 if x happ5$ t ! ,my/]y 0 evid5tly contr>y to an evid5t pr9ciple1 x w\ld n be an obscure ,my/]y1 x w\ld be a manife/ absurdity47 'or :at is ! same ?+1 answ] w be made ) "s di/9ction z obscure z ! v !sis t w h be5 attack$4' 7,"o c d )\t di/9ctions1 if ne$ be1 by d5y+ ei!r "s premiss or "s conclusion2 & :5 "o is d\btful ( ! mean+ ( "s t]m us$ by ! oppos] "o may dem& ( him its def9ition4 ,?us ! def5d] has no ne$ to incommode himself :5 x is a "q ( answ]+ an adv]s>y :o claims t he is (f]+ u an inv9cible pro(4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ! def5d]1 p]*ance be+ k9dly dispos$1 or = ! sake ( brevity1 or because he feels himself /rong en\gh1 %\ld himself v\*safe to %[ ! ambiguity conceal$ 9 ! objection1 & to remove x by mak+ "s di/9ction1 ?is di/9ction ne$ n ( necessity lead to any?+ cle>] ?an ! fir/ !sis1 s9ce ! def5d] is n oblig$ to elucidate ! ,my/]y itself47 #gd4 ',n[ x is c]ta9'1 s ,m4 ,bayle cont9ues1 't an objection :i* is f\nd$ on di/9ct notions rema9s equally victori\s1 :e!r y give to x no answ]1 or y make an answ] :]e none c compreh5d any?+4 ,c ! conte/ be equal betwe5 a man :o alleges 9 objection to y t :i* y & he v cle>ly conceive1 & y1 :o c only def5d y\rself by answ]s :]e9 nei!r ( y und]/&s any?+8' 7,x is n en\gh t ! objection be f\nd$ on q di/9ct notions1 x is necess>y also t "o apply x 9 contradiction ( ! !sis4 ,& :5 ,i answ] someone by d5y+ "s premiss1 9 ord] to compel him to prove x1 or "s conclusion1 to compel him to put x 9 good =m1 x _c be said t ,i answ] no?+ or t ,i answ] no?+ intelligible4 ,= z x is ! d\btful premiss ( ! adv]s>y t ,i d5y1 my d5ial w be #aaf z intelligible z 8 affirmation4 ,f9ally1 :5 ,i am s oblig+ z to expla9 myself by means ( "s di/9ction1 x suffices t ! t]ms ,i employ h "s mean+1 z 9 ! ,my/]y itself4 ,?us some?+ 9 my answ] w be compreh5d$3 b "o ne$ n ( necessity compreh5d all t x involves2 o!rwise "o w\ld compreh5d ! ,my/]y also47 #ge4 ,m4 ,bayle cont9ues ?us3 ',e philosophical dispute assumes t ! disputant p>ties agree on c]ta9 def9itions' 7,?is w\ld be desirable1 b usually x is only 9 ! dispute itself t "o rea*es su* a po9t1 if ! necessity arises47 '& t !y admit ! rules ( ,syllogisms1 & ! signs = ! recognition ( bad argum5ts4 ,aft] t ev]y?+ lies 9 ! inve/igation z to :e!r a !sis con=ms m$iately or imm$iately to ! pr9ciples "o is agre$ ^u' 7:i* is done by means ( ! syllogisms ( him :o makes objections72 ':e!r ! premisses ( a pro( 7advanc$ by ! oppos]7 'are true2 :e!r ! conclusion is prop]ly drawn2 :e!r a f\r-t]m ,syllogism has be5 employ$2 :e!r "s aphorism ( ! *apt] de oppositis or de sophi/icis el5*is1 etc41 has n be5 violat$4' 7,x is en\gh1 putt+ x briefly1 to d5y "s premiss or "s conclusion1 or f9ally to expla9 or get expla9$ "s ambigu\s t]m47 ',"o comes (f victori\s ei!r by %[+ t ! subject ( dispute has no connexion ) ! pr9ciples :i* _h be5 agre$ ^u' 7t is to say1 by %[+ t ! objection proves no?+1 & !n ! def5d] w9s ! case71 'or by r$uc+ ! def5d] to absurdity' 7:5 all ! premisses & all ! conclusions are well prov$74 ',n[ "o c r$uce him to t po9t ei!r by %[+ him t ! conclusions ( 8 !sis are yes & no at once1 or by con/ra9+ him to say only intelligible ?+s 9 answ]4' 7,?is la/ emb>rassm5t he c always avoid1 because he has no ne$ to advance new !ses47 ',! aim 9 disputes ( ?is k9d is to ?r[ light ^u obscurities & to arrive at self-evid5ce4' 7,x is ! aim ( ! oppos]1 = he wi%es to demon/rate t ! ,my/]y is false2 b ?is _c "h be ! aim ( ! def5d]1 = 9 admitt+ ,my/]y he agrees t "o _c demon/rate x47 ',?is leads to ! op9ion t dur+ ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s victory sides m or less ) ! def5d] or ) ! oppos]1 accord+ to :e!r !re is m or less cl>ity 9 ! propositions ( ! "o ?an 9 ! propositions ( ! o!r4' 7,t #aag is speak+ z if ! def5d] & ! oppos] 7 equally unprotect$2 b ! def5d] is l a besieg$ comm&]1 cov]$ by 8 def5ce works1 & x is = ! attack] to de/roy !m4 ,! def5d] has no ne$ "h ( self-evid5ce1 & he seeks x n3 b x is = ! oppos] to f9d x aga9/ him1 & to break ?r\gh ) 8 batt]ies 9 ord] t ! def5d] may be no long] protect$47 #gf4 ',f9ally1 x is judg$ t victory goes aga9/ him ^: answ]s are su* t "o compreh5ds no?+ 9 !m1' 7,x is a v equivocal sign ( victory3 = !n "o mu/ ne$s ask ! audi5ce if !y compreh5d any?+ 9 :at has be5 said1 & (t5 _! op9ions w\ld be divid$4 ,! ord] ( =mal disputes is to proce$ by argum5ts 9 due =m & to answ] !m by d5y+ or mak+ a di/9ction47 '& :o confesses t !y are incompreh5sible4' 7,x is p]mitt$ to him :o ma9ta9s ! tru? ( a ,my/]y to confess t ?is my/]y is incompreh5sible2 & if ?is confession 7 suffici5t = decl>+ him vanqui%$ !re w\ld be no ne$ ( objection4 ,x w be possible = a tru? to be incompreh5sible1 b nev] s f> z to ju/ify ! /atem5t t "o compreh5ds no?+ at all !re94 ,x w\ld be 9 t case :at ! anci5t ,s*ools call$ ,sc9dapsus or ,blityri 7,clem4 ,alex41 ,/romateis1 #h71 t is1 words devoid ( mean+47 ',he is condemn$ !nce=? by ! rules = aw>d+ victory2 & ev5 :5 he _c be pursu$ 9 ! mi/ :]e) he has cov]$ himself1 & :i* =ms a k9d ( abyss betwe5 him & 8 antagoni/s1 he is believ$ to be utt]ly defeat$1 & is comp>$ to an army :i*1 hav+ lo/ ! battle1 /eals away f ! pursuit ( ! victor only "u cov] ( night4' 7,mat*+ allegory ) allegory1 ,i w say t ! def5d] is n vanqui%$ s long z he rema9s protect$ by 8 entr5*m5ts2 & if he risks "s sortie beyond 8 ne$1 x is p]mitt$ to him to )draw )9 8 =t1 )\t be+ op5 to blame = t47 #gg4 ,i 0 especially at pa9s to analyse ?is long passage :]e ,m4 ,bayle has put d[n 8 /ronge/ & mo/ skilfully reason$ /atem5ts 9 support ( 8 op9ion3 & ,i hope t ,i h %[n cle>ly h[ ?is excell5t man has be5 misl$4 ,t happ5s all too easily to ! able/ & %rewde/ p]sons :5 !y give free re9 to _! wit )\t ex]cis+ ! pati5ce necess>y = delv+ d[n to ! v f\ndations ( _! sy/ems4 ,! details we h ent]$ into "h w s]ve z #aah answ] to "s o!r argum5ts ^u ! subject :i* are disp]s$ ?r\gh ! works ( ,m4 ,bayle1 z = in/ance :5 he says 9 8 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial 7vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #acc1 p4 #fhe73 ',to prove t "o has br\ght reason & religion into h>mony "o mu/ %[ n only t "o has philosophic maxims fav\rable to our fai?1 b also t ! p>ticul> maxims ca/ up aga9/ u z n be+ consi/5t ) our ,cate*ism are 9 reality consi/5t ) x 9 a cle>ly conceiv$ way4' ,i d n see t "o has ne$ ( all t1 unless "o aspire to press reason+ z f> z ! h[ ( ! ,my/]y4 ,:5 "o is cont5t to uphold its tru?1 )\t attempt+ to r5d] x compreh5sible1 "o has no ne$ to resort to philosophic maxims1 g5]al or p>ticul>1 = ! pro(2 & :5 ano!r br+s up "s philosophic maxims aga9/ u1 x is n = u to prove cle>ly & di/9ctly t ^! maxims are consi/5t ) our dogma1 b x is = our oppon5t to prove t !y are contr>y !reto4 #gh4 ,m4 ,bayle cont9ues ?us 9 ! same passage3 ',= ?is result we ne$ an answ] z cle>ly evid5t z ! objection4' ,i h already %[n t x is obta9$ :5 "o d5ies ! premisses1 b t = ! re/ x is n necess>y = him :o ma9ta9s ! tru? ( ! ,my/]y always to advance evid5t propositions1 s9ce ! pr9cipal !sis conc]n+ ! ,my/]y itself is n evid5t4 ,he adds fur!r3 ',if we mu/ make reply & rejo9d]1 we mu/ nev] re/ 9 our positions1 nor claim t we h accompli%$ our design1 s long z our oppon5t %all make answ] ) ?+s z evid5t z our reasons c be4' ,b x is n = ! def5d] to adduce reasons2 x is en\gh = him to answ] ^? ( 8 oppon5t4 #gi4 ,f9ally ! au?or draws ! conclusion3 ',if x 7 claim$ t1 on mak+ an evid5t objection1 a man has to be satisfi$ ) an answ] :i* we c only /ate z a ?+ possible ?\gh incompreh5sible to u1 t w\ld be unfair4' ,he repeats ?is 9 ! po/hum\s ,dialogues1 aga9/ ,m4 ,jacquelot1 p4 #fi4 ,i am n ( ?is op9ion4 ,if ! objection 7 completely evid5t1 x w\ld triumph1 & ! !sis w\ld be ov]?r[n4 ,b :5 ! objection is only f\nd$ on appe>ances or on in/ances ( ! mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce1 & :5 he :o makes x desires to draw f x a univ]sal & c]ta9 conclusion1 he :o upholds ! ,my/]y may answ] ) ! in/ance ( a b>e possibility4 ,= su* an in/ance #aai suffices to %[ t :at "o wi%$ to inf] f ! premisses1 is nei!r c]ta9 nor g5]al2 & x suffices = him :o upholds ! ,my/]y to ma9ta9 t x is possible1 )\t hav+ to ma9ta9 t x is probable4 ,=1 z ,i h (t5 said1 x is agre$ t ! ,my/]ies are aga9/ appe>ances4 ,he :o upholds ! ,my/]y ne$ n ev5 adduce su* an in/ance2 & %\ld he adduce x1 x 7 inde$ a "w ( sup]]ogation1 or else an in/rum5t ( great] confusion to ! adv]s>y4 #hj4 ,!re are passages ( ,m4 ,bayle 9 ! po/hum\s reply t he made to ,m4 ,jacquelot :i* seem to me /ill wor?y ( scrut9y4 ',m4 ,bayle' 7accord+ to pp4 #cf1 #cg7 'con/antly ass]ts 9 8 ,diction>y1 :5ev] ! subject all[s1 t our reason is m capable ( refut+ & de/roy+ ?an ( prov+ & build+2 t !re is sc>cely any philosophical or !ological matt] 9 respect ( :i* x does n create great difficulties4 ,?us'1 he says1 'if "o desir$ to foll[ x 9 a disputati\s _s1 z f> z x c g1 "o w\ld (t5 be r$uc$ to a /ate ( tr\blesome p]plexity2 & 9 f9e1 !re are doctr9es c]ta9ly true1 :i* x disputes ) insoluble objections4' ,i ?9k t :at is said "h 9 reproa* ( reason is to its advantage4 ,:5 x ov]?r[s "s !sis1 x builds up ! oppos+ !sis4 ,& :5 x seems to be ov]?r[+ ! two oppos+ !ses at ! same "t1 x is !n t x promises u some?+ pr(\nd1 provid$ t we foll[ x z f> z x c g1 n 9 a disputati\s _s b ) an ard5t desire to se>* out & discov] ! tru?1 :i* w always be recomp5s$ ) a great measure ( success4 #ha4 ,m4 ,bayle cont9ues3 't "o mu/ !n ridicule ^! objections1 recogniz+ ! n>r[ b\nds ( ! human m9d4' ,& ,i ?9k1 on ! o!r h&1 t "o mu/ recognize ! signs ( ! =ce ( ! human m9d1 :i* causes x to p5etrate into ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,^! are new op5+s &1 z x 71 rays ( ! dawn :i* promises u a great] light3 ,i mean 9 philosophical subjects or ^? ( natural !ology4 ,b :5 ^! objections are made aga9/ reveal$ fai? x is en\gh t "o be able to repel !m1 provid$ t "o d s 9 a submissive & zeal\s _s1 ) int5t to su/a9 & exalt ! glory ( ,god4 ,& :5 we succe$ 9 respect ( 8 ju/ice1 we %all likewise be impress$ by 8 greatness & *>m$ by 8 goodness1 :i* w %[ !mselves ?r\gh ! cl\ds ( a seem+ reason t is deceiv$ by outw>d #abj appe>ances1 9 proportion z ! m9d is elevat$ by true reason to t :i* to u is invisible1 b none ! less sure4 #hb4 ',?us' 7to cont9ue ) ,m4 ,bayle7 'reason w be compell$ to lay d[n its arms1 & to subjugate itself to ! ob$i5ce ( ! fai?1 :i* x c & ought to d1 9 virtue ( "s ( its mo/ inconte/able maxims4 ,?us also 9 r5\nc+ "s ( its o!r maxims x acts nev]!less 9 accordance ) t :i* x is1 t is to say1 9 reason4' ,b "o mu/ "k 't su* maxims ( reason z mu/ be r5\nc$ 9 ?is case are only ^? :i* make u judge by appe>ances or accord+ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4' ,?is reason enjo9s ^u u ev5 9 philosophical subjects1 :5 !re are inv9cible pro(s to ! contr>y4 ,x is ?us t1 be+ made confid5t by demon/rations ( ! goodness & ! ju/ice ( ,god1 we disreg>d ! appe>ances ( h>%ness & inju/ice :i* we see 9 ?is small portion ( 8 ,k+dom t is expos$ to our gaze4 ,hi!rto we h be5 illum9$ by ! light ( ,nature & by t ( grace1 b n yet by t ( glory4 ,"h on e>? we see app>5t inju/ice1 & we believe & ev5 "k ! tru? ( ! hidd5 ju/ice ( ,god2 b we %all see t ju/ice :5 at la/ ! ,sun ( ,ju/ice %all %[ himself z he is4 #hc4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,m4 ,bayle c only be und]/ood z mean+ ^? o/5sible maxims :i* mu/ give way be=e ! et]nal v]ities2 = he ackn[l$ges t reason is n 9 reality contr>y to fai?4 ,9 ^! po/hum\s ,dialogues he compla9s 7p4 #gc1 aga9/ ,m4 ,jacquelot7 ( be+ accus$ ( ! belief t our ,my/]ies are 9 reality aga9/ reason1 & 7p4 #i1 aga9/ ,m4 le ,cl]c7 ( ! ass]tion made t he :o ackn[l$ges t a doctr9e is expos$ to irrefutable objections ackn[l$ges also by a necess>y consequ5ce ! falsity ( ?is doctr9e4 ,nev]!less "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 ! ass]tion if ! irrefutability 7 m ?an an outw>d appe>ance4 #hd4 ,x may be1 !re=e1 t hav+ long cont5d$ ?us aga9/ ,m4 ,bayle on ! matt] ( ! use ( reason ,i %all f9d aft] all t 8 op9ions 7 n fundam5tally s remote f m9e z 8 expressions1 :i* h provid$ matt] = our consid]ations1 h l$ "o to believe4 ,x is true t frequ5tly he appe>s to d5y absolutely t "o c ev] answ] ! objections ( reason aga9/ fai?1 & t he ass]ts ! necessity ( compreh5d+1 9 ord] to a*ieve su* an end1 h[ ! ,my/]y comes #aba to be or exi/s4 ,yet !re are passages :]e he becomes mild]1 & cont5ts himself ) say+ t ! answ]s to ^! objections are unkn[n to him4 ,"h is a v precise passage1 tak5 f ! excursus on ! ,mani*aeans1 :i* is f\nd at ! end ( ! second edition ( 8 ,diction>y3 ',= ! great] satisfaction ( ! mo/ punctili\s read]s1 ,i desire to decl>e "h' 7he says1 p4 #cadh7 't :]ev] ! /atem5t is to be met ) 9 my ,diction>y t su* & su* argum5ts are irrefutable ,i d n wi% x to be tak5 t !y are s 9 actuality4 ,i mean naught else ?an t !y appe> to me irrefutable4 ,t is ( no consequ5ce3 ea* "o w be able to imag9e1 if he pleases1 t if ,i deem ?us ( a matt] x is ow+ to my lack ( acum54' ,i d n imag9e su* a ?+2 8 great acum5 is too well kn[n to me3 b ,i ?9k t1 aft] hav+ appli$ 8 :ole m9d to magnify+ ! objections1 he _h n en\gh att5tion left ov] = ! purpose ( answ]+ !m4 #he4 ,m4 ,bayle confesses1 moreov]1 9 8 po/hum\s "w aga9/ ,m4 le ,cl]c1 t ! objections aga9/ fai? h n ! =ce ( pro(s4 ,x is !re=e ad hom9em only1 or r ad hom9es1 t is1 9 relation to ! exi/+ /ate ( ! human race1 t he deems ^! objections irrefutable & ! subject unexpla9able4 ,!re is ev5 a passage :]e he implies t he despairs n ( ! possibility t ! answ] or ! explanation may be f\nd1 & ev5 9 our "t4 ,= "h is :at he says 9 8 po/hum\s ,reply to ,m4 le ,cl]c 7p4 #ce73 ',m4 ,bayle d>$ to hope t 8 toil w\ld put on _! mettle "s ( ^? great m5 ( g5ius :o create new sy/ems1 & t !y c\ld discov] a solution hi!rto unkn[n4' ,x seems t by ?is 'solution' he means su* an explanation ( ,my/]y z w\ld p5etrate to ! h[3 b t is n necess>y = reply+ to ! objections4 #hf4 ,_m h und]tak5 to r5d] ?is h[ compreh5sible1 & to prove ! possibility ( ,my/]ies4 ,a c]ta9 writ] nam$ ,?omas ,bon>tes ,nordtanus ,anglus1 9 8 ,concordia ,sci5tiae cum ,fide1 claim$ to d s4 ,?is "w seem$ to me +5i\s & le>n$1 b crabb$ & involv$1 & x ev5 conta9s indef5sible op9ions4 ,i le>n$ f ! ,apologia ,cyriacorum ( ! ,dom9ican ,fa!r ,v9c5t ,b>on t t book 0 c5sur$ 9 ,rome1 t ! au?or 0 a ,jesuit1 & t he suff]$ = hav+ publi%$ x4 ,! ,rev]5d ,fa!r des ,bosses1 :o n[ tea*es ,!ology 9 ! ,jesuit ,college ( ,hilde%eim1 & :o has comb9$ #abb r>e erudition ) great acum51 :i* he displays 9 philosophy & !ology1 has in=m$ me t ! real "n ( ,bon>tes 0 ,?omas ,b>ton1 & t aft] leav+ ! ,society he retir$ to ,irel&1 :]e ! mann] ( 8 dea? br\ght ab\t a fav\rable v]dict on 8 la/ op9ions4 ,i pity ! m5 ( tal5t :o br+ tr\ble ^u !mselves by _! toil & _! zeal4 ,some?+ ( l nature happ5$ 9 "t pa/ to ,pi]re ,abel>d1 to ,gilb]t de la ,porree1 to ,john ,wyclif1 & 9 our day to ! ,engli%man ,?omas ,albius1 z well z to "s o!rs :o plung$ too f> into ! explanation ( ! ,my/]ies4 #hg4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 h[ev] 7z well z ,m4 ,bayle71 does n despair ( ! possibility t ! desir$ solution may be f\nd ^u e>?2 b ?is ,fa!r believes x to be res]v$ = "s holy man illum9$ by a peculi> grace3 ',e/ aliqua causa =tassis occultior1 quae melioribus sanctioribusque res]vatur1 illius gratia potius quam m]itis illorum' 79 ,de ,g5esi ad ,lit]am1 lib4 #aa1 c4 #d74 ,lu!r res]ves ! k ( ! ,my/]y ( ,election = ! academy ( heav5 7lib4 ,de ,s]vo ,arbitrio1 c4 #agd73 ',illic ,deus gratiam et mis]icordiam sp>git 9 indignos1 8 iram et sev]itatem sp>git 9 imm]itos2 utrobique nimius et iniquus apud hom9es1 s$ ju/us et v]ax apud se ipsum4 ,nam quomodo hoc ju/um sit ut indignos coronet1 incompreh5sibile e/ modo1 videbimus autem1 cum illuc v5]imus1 ubi jam non cr$etur1 s$ revelata facie videbitur4 ,ita quomodo hoc ju/um sit1 ut imm]itos damnet1 incompreh5sibile e/ modo1 cr$itur tam51 donec revelabitur filius hom9is4' ,x is to be hop$ t ,m4 ,bayle n[ f9ds himself surr\nd$ by t light :i* is lack+ to u "h bel[1 s9ce !re is reason to suppose t he 0 n lack+ 9 good w4 ,,virgil ,c&idus insueti miratur lim5 ,olympi1 ,sub p$ibusque videt nubes et sid]a ,daphnis4 ,,lucan 444,illic po/quam se lum9e v]o ,implevit1 /ellasque vagas miratur et a/ra ,fixa polis1 vidit quanta sub nocte jac]et ,no/ra dies4 #abc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,evil 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,"o #a4 ,hav+ s settl$ ! rights ( fai? & ( reason z r to place reason at ! s]vice ( fai? ?an 9 opposition to x1 we %all see h[ !y ex]cise ^! rights to support & h>monize :at ! light ( nature & ! light ( revelation tea* u ( ,god & ( man 9 relation to evil4 ,! difficulties are di/+ui%able into two classes4 ,! "o k9d spr+s f man's fre$om1 :i* appe>s incompatible ) ! div9e nature2 & nev]!less fre$om is deem$ necess>y1 9 ord] t man may be deem$ guilty & op5 to puni%m5t4 ,! o!r k9d conc]ns ! conduct ( ,god1 & seems to make him p>ticipate too mu* 9 ! exi/5ce ( evil1 ev5 ?\gh man be free & p>ticipate also !re94 ,& ?is conduct appe>s contr>y to ! goodness1 ! hol9ess & ! ju/ice ( ,god1 s9ce ,god co-op]ates 9 evil z well physical z moral1 & co-op]ates 9 ea* ( !m bo? morally & physically2 & s9ce x seems t ^! evils are manife/$ 9 ! ord] ( nature z well z 9 t ( grace1 & 9 ! future & et]nal life z well z1 nay1 m ?an1 9 ?is transitory life4 #b4 ,to pres5t ^! difficulties 9 brief1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t fre$om is oppos$1 to all appe>ance1 by det]m9ation or c]ta9ty ( any k9d :atev]2 & nev]!less ! common dogma ( our philosoph]s /ates t ! tru? ( cont+5t futurities is det]m9$4 ,! =ekn[l$ge (#abd ,god r5d]s all ! future c]ta9 & det]m9$1 b 8 provid5ce & 8 =eord9ance1 :]eon =ekn[l$ge itself appe>s f\nd$1 d mu* m3 = ,god is n z a man1 able to look ^u ev5ts ) unconc]n & to susp5d 8 judgem5t1 s9ce no?+ exi/s save z a result ( ! decrees ( 8 w & ?r\gh ! action ( 8 p[]4 ,& ev5 ?\gh "o leave out ( acc\nt ! co-op]ation ( ,god1 all is p]fectly connect$ 9 ! ord] ( ?+s1 s9ce no?+ c come to pass unless !re be a cause s dispos$ z to produce ! effect1 ?is tak+ place no less 9 volunt>y ?an 9 all o!r actions4 ,accord+ to :i* x appe>s t man is compell$ to d ! good & evil t he does1 & 9 consequ5ce t he des]ves !re= nei!r recomp5se nor *a/isem5t3 ?us is ! morality ( actions de/roy$ & all ju/ice1 div9e & human1 %ak54 #c4 ,b ev5 ?\gh "o %\ld grant to man ?is fre$om :]e) he arrays himself to 8 own hurt1 ! conduct ( ,god c\ld n b provide matt] = a criticism support$ by ! presumptu\s ignorance ( m51 :o w\ld wi% to exculpate !mselves :olly or 9 "p at ! exp5se ( ,god4 ,x is object$ t all ! reality & :at is t]m$ ! sub/ance ( ! act 9 s9 itself is a production ( ,god1 s9ce all creatures & all _! actions d]ive f him t reality !y h4 ,:5ce "o c\ld inf] n only t he is ! physical cause ( s91 b also t he is its moral cause1 s9ce he acts ) p]fect fre$om & does no?+ )\t a complete k ( ! ?+ & ! consequ5ces t x may h4 ,nor is x en\gh to say t ,god has made = himself a law to co-op]ate ) ! wills or resolutions ( man1 :e!r we express ourselves 9 t]ms ( ! common op9ion or 9 t]ms ( ! sy/em ( occasional causes4 ,n only w x be f\nd /range t he %\ld h made su* a law = himself1 ( ^: results he 0 n ignorant1 b ! pr9cipal difficulty is t x seems ! evil w itself _c exi/ )\t co-op]ation1 & ev5 )\t "s pr$et]m9ation1 on 8 "p1 :i* contributes t[>ds begett+ ?is w 9 man or 9 "s o!r rational creature4 ,= an action is n1 = be+ evil1 ! less dep5d5t on ,god4 ,:5ce "o w come at la/ to ! conclusion t ,god does all1 ! good & ! evil1 indiff]5tly2 unless "o pret5d ) ! ,mani*aeans t !re are two pr9ciples1 ! "o good & ! o!r evil4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion ( !ologians & philosoph]s1 cons]vation be+ a #abe p]petual creation1 x w be said t man is p]petually creat$ corrupt & err+4 ,!re are1 fur!rmore1 mod]n ,c>tesians :o claim t ,god is ! sole ag5t1 ( :om creat$ be+s are only ! purely passive organs2 & ,m4 ,bayle builds n a little ^u t idea4 #d4 ,b ev5 grant+ t ,god %\ld co-op]ate 9 actions only ) a g5]al co-op]ation1 or ev5 n at all1 at lea/ 9 ^? t are bad1 x suffices1 s x is said1 to inculpate him & to r5d] him ! moral cause t no?+ comes to pass )\t 8 p]mission4 ,to say no?+ ( ! fall ( ! angels1 he kn[s all t :i* w come to pass1 if1 hav+ creat$ man1 he places him 9 su* & su* circum/ances2 & he places him !re not)/&+4 ,man is expos$ to a temptation to :i* x is kn[n t he w succumb1 !reby caus+ an inf9itude ( frightful evils1 by :i* ! :ole human race w be infect$ & br\ght z x 7 into a necessity ( s9n+1 a /ate :i* is nam$ 'orig9al s9'4 ,?us ! _w w be br\ght into a /range confusion1 by ?is means dea? & diseases be+ introduc$1 ) a ?\s& o!r mis=tunes & mis]ies t 9 g5]al afflict ! good & ! bad2 wick$ness w ev5 hold sway & virtue w be oppress$ on e>?1 s t x w sc>ce appe> t a provid5ce gov]ns affairs4 ,b x is mu* worse :5 "o consid]s ! life to come1 s9ce b a small numb] ( m5 w be sav$ & s9ce all ! re/ w p]i% et]nally4 ,fur!rmore ^! m5 de/9$ = salvation w h be5 )drawn f ! corrupt mass ?r\gh an unreason+ election1 :e!r x be said t ,god 9 *oos+ !m has _h reg>d to _! future actions1 to _! fai? or to _! works1 or "o claim t he has be5 pleas$ to give !m ^! good qualities & ^! actions because he has pr$e/9$ !m to salvation4 ,= ?\gh x be said 9 ! mo/ l5i5t sy/em t ,god wi%$ to save all m51 & ?\gh 9 ! o!r sy/ems commonly accept$ x be grant$1 t he has made 8 ,son take human nature ^u him to expiate _! s9s1 s t all !y :o %all believe 9 him ) a lively & f9al fai? %all be sav$1 x /ill rema9s true t ?is lively fai? is a gift ( ,god2 t we are dead to all good works2 t ev5 our w itself mu/ be ar\s$ by a prev5i5t grace1 & t ,god gives u ! p[] to w & to d4 ,& :e!r t be done ?r\gh a grace efficaci\s ( itself1 t is to say1 ?r\gh a div9e inw>d motion :i* :olly det]m9es our #abf w to ! good t x does2 or :e!r !re be only a suffici5t grace1 b su* z does n fail to atta9 its end1 & to become efficaci\s 9 ! inw>d & outw>d circum/ances :]e9 ! man is & has be5 plac$ by ,god3 "o mu/ return to ! same conclusion t ,god is ! f9al reason ( salvation1 ( grace1 ( fai? & ( election 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& be ! election ! cause or ! result ( ,god's design to give fai?1 x /ill rema9s true t he gives fai? or salvation to :om he pleases1 )\t any disc]nible reason = 8 *oice1 :i* falls ^u b few m54 #e4 ,s x is a t]rible judgem5t t ,god1 giv+ 8 only ,son = ! :ole human race & be+ ! sole au?or & ma/] ( ! salvation ( m51 yet saves s few ( !m & ab&ons all o!rs to ! devil 8 enemy1 :o torm5ts !m et]nally & makes !m curse _! ,creator1 ?\gh !y h all be5 creat$ to diffuse & %[ =? 8 goodness1 8 ju/ice & 8 o!r p]fections4 ,& ?is outcome inspires all ! m horror1 z ! sole cause :y all ^! m5 are wret*$ to all et]nity is ,god's hav+ expos$ _! p>5ts to a temptation t he knew !y w\ld n resi/2 z ?is s9 is inh]5t & imput$ to m5 be=e _! w has p>ticipat$ 9 x2 z ?is h]$it>y vice impels _! w to commit actual s9s2 & z c\ntless m51 9 *ildhood or maturity1 t h nev] he>d or h n he>d en\gh ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,savi\r ( ! human race1 die be=e receiv+ ! necess>y succ\r = _! )drawal f ?is abyss ( s94 ,^! m5 too are condemn$ to be = ev] rebelli\s aga9/ ,god & plung$ 9 ! mo/ horrible mis]ies1 ) ! wick$e/ ( all creatures1 ?\gh 9 ess5ce !y h n be5 m wick$ ?an o!rs1 & sev]al among !m h p]*ance be5 less guilty ?an "s ( t little numb] ( elect1 :o 7 sav$ by a grace )\t reason1 & :o !reby enjoy an et]nal felicity :i* !y _h n des]v$4 ,su* 9 brief are ! difficulties t\*$ ^u by sundry p]sons2 b ,m4 ,bayle 0 "o :o insi/$ on !m ! mo/1 z w appe> subsequ5tly :5 we exam9e 8 passages4 ,i ?9k t n[ ,i h record$ ! ma9 ess5ce ( ^! difficulties3 b ,i h deem$ x fitt+ to refra9 f "s expressions & exagg]ations :i* might h caus$ (f5ce1 :ile n r5d]+ ! objections any /rong]4 #f4 ,let u n[ turn ! m$al & let u also po9t out :at c be said 9 answ] to ^? objections2 & "h a c\rse ( explanation ?r\gh #abg full] diss]tation w be necess>y3 = _m difficulties c be op5$ up 9 few words1 b = _! discussion "o mu/ dilate ^u !m4 ,our end is to bani% f m5 ! false ideas t repres5t ,god to !m z an absolute pr9ce employ+ a despotic p[]1 unfitt$ to be lov$ & unwor?y ( be+ lov$4 ,^! notions are ! m evil 9 relation to ,god inasmu* z ! ess5ce ( piety is n only to fe> him b also to love him above all ?+s3 & t _c come ab\t unless !re be k ( 8 p]fections capable ( ar\s+ ! love :i* he des]ves1 & :i* makes ! felicity ( ^? t love him4 ,feel+ ourselves animat$ by a zeal su* z _c fail to please him1 we h cause to hope t he w enlight5 u1 & t he w himself aid u 9 ! execution ( a project und]tak5 = 8 glory & = ! good ( m54 ,a cause s good gives confid5ce3 if !re are plausible appe>ances aga9/ u !re are pro(s on our side1 & ,i w\ld d>e to say to an adv]s>y3 ,aspice1 quam mage sit no/rum p5etrabile telum4 #g4 ,god is ! fir/ reason ( ?+s3 = su* ?+s z are b\nd$1 z all t :i* we see & exp]i5ce1 are cont+5t & h no?+ 9 !m to r5d] _! exi/5ce necess>y1 x be+ pla9 t "t1 space & matt]1 unit$ & uni=m 9 !mselves & indiff]5t to ev]y?+1 might h receiv$ entirely o!r motions & %apes1 & 9 ano!r ord]4 ,!re=e "o mu/ seek ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 :i* is ! :ole assemblage ( cont+5t ?+s1 & seek x 9 ! sub/ance :i* c>ries ) x ! reason = its exi/5ce1 & :i* 9 consequ5ce is necess>y & et]nal4 ,moreov]1 ?is cause mu/ be intellig5t3 = ?is exi/+ _w be+ cont+5t & an inf9ity ( o!r worlds be+ equally possible1 & hold+1 s to say1 equal claim to exi/5ce ) x1 ! cause ( ! _w mu/ ne$s h _h reg>d or ref]5ce to all ^! possible worlds 9 ord] to fix ^u "o ( !m4 ,?is reg>d or relation ( an exi/5t sub/ance to simple possibilities c be no?+ o!r ?an ! und]/&+ :i* has ! ideas ( !m1 :ile to fix ^u "o ( !m c be no?+ o!r ?an ! act ( ! w :i* *ooses4 ,x is ! p[] ( ?is sub/ance t r5d]s its w efficaci\s4 ,p[] relates to be+1 wisdom or und]/&+ to tru?1 & w to good4 ,& ?is intellig5t cause ought to be inf9ite 9 all ways1 & absolutely p]fect 9 p[]1 9 wisdom & 9 goodness1 s9ce x relates to all t :i* is possible4 #abh ,fur!rmore1 s9ce all is connect$ toge!r1 !re is no gr\nd = admitt+ m ?an "o4 ,its und]/&+ is ! s\rce ( ess5ces1 & its w is ! orig9 ( exi/5ces4 ,!re 9 few words is ! pro( ( "o only ,god ) 8 p]fections1 & ?r\gh him ( ! orig9 ( ?+s4 #h4 ,n[ ?is supreme wisdom1 unit$ to a goodness t is no less inf9ite1 _c b h *os5 ! be/4 ,= z a less] evil is a k9d ( good1 ev5 s a less] good is a k9d ( evil if x /&s 9 ! way ( a great] good2 & !re w\ld be some?+ to correct 9 ! actions ( ,god if x 7 possible to d bett]4 ,z 9 ma!matics1 :5 !re is no maximum nor m9imum1 9 %ort no?+ di/+ui%$1 ev]y?+ is done equally1 or :5 t is n possible no?+ at all is done3 s x may be said likewise 9 respect ( p]fect wisdom1 :i* is no less ord]ly ?an ma!matics1 t if !re 7 n ! be/ 7optimum7 among all possible worlds1 ,god w\ld n h produc$ any4 ,i call ',_w' ! :ole succession & ! :ole agglom]ation ( all exi/5t ?+s1 le/ x be said t sev]al worlds c\ld h exi/$ 9 diff]5t times & diff]5t places4 ,= !y mu/ ne$s be reckon$ all toge!r z "o _w or1 if y w1 z "o ,univ]se4 ,& ev5 ?\gh "o %\ld fill all times & all places1 x /ill rema9s true t "o might h fill$ !m 9 innum]able ways1 & t !re is an inf9itude ( possible worlds among :i* ,god mu/ ne$s h *os5 ! be/1 s9ce he does no?+ )\t act+ 9 accordance ) supreme reason4 #i4 ,"s adv]s>y n be+ able to answ] ?is argum5t w p]*ance answ] ! conclusion by a c\nt]-argum5t1 say+ t ! _w c\ld h be5 )\t s9 & )\t suff]+s2 b ,i d5y t !n x w\ld h be5 bett]4 ,= x mu/ be kn[n t all ?+s are connect$ 9 ea* "o ( ! possible worlds3 ! univ]se1 :atev] x may be1 is all ( "o piece1 l an ocean3 ! lea/ movem5t ext5ds its effect !re to any di/ance :atsoev]1 ev5 ?\gh ?is effect become less p]ceptible 9 proportion to ! di/ance4 ,!re9 ,god has ord]$ all ?+s be=eh& once = all1 hav+ =ese5 pray]s1 good & bad actions1 & all ! re/2 & ea* ?+ z an idea has contribut$1 be=e its exi/5ce1 to ! resolution t has be5 made ^u ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s2 s t no?+ c be *ang$ 9 ! univ]se 7any m ?an 9 a numb]7 save its ess5ce or1 if y w1 save its num]ical individuality4 ,?us1 if ! smalle/ evil t comes to pass 9 ! _w 7 miss+ 9 x1 x #abi w\ld no long] be ?is _w2 :i*1 ) no?+ omitt$ & all all[ance made1 0 f\nd ! be/ by ! ,creator :o *ose x4 #aj4 ,x is true t "o may imag9e possible worlds )\t s9 & )\t unhapp9ess1 & "o c\ld make "s l ,utopian or ,sev>ambian romances3 b ^! same worlds aga9 w\ld be v inf]ior to ours 9 goodness4 ,i _c %[ y ?is 9 detail4 ,= c ,i "k & c ,i pres5t inf9ities to y & comp>e !m toge!r8 ,b y mu/ judge ) me ab effectu1 s9ce ,god has *os5 ?is _w z x is4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t (t5 an evil br+s =? a good :]eto "o w\ld n h atta9$ )\t t evil4 ,(t5 inde$ two evils h made "o great good3 ,et si fata volunt1 b9a v55a juvant4 ,ev5 s two liquids sometimes produce a solid1 witness ! _s ( w9e & _s ( ur9e mix$ by ,van ,helmont2 or s d two cold & d>k bodies produce a great fire1 witness an acid solution & an aromatic oil comb9$ by ,h]r ,h(fmann4 ,a g5]al makes sometimes a =tunate mi/ake :i* br+s ab\t ! w9n+ ( a great battle2 & d !y n s+ on ! eve ( ,ea/]1 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,roman rite3 ,o c]te necess>ium ,adae peccatum1 quod ,*ri/i morte deletum e/6 ,o felix culpa1 quae talem ac tantum m]uit hab]e ,r$emptorem6 #aa4 ,! illu/ri\s prelates ( ! ,gallican *ur* :o wrote to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xii aga9/ ,c>d9al ,sfondrati's book on pr$e/9ation1 be+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 h said ?+s well fitt$ to elucidate ?is great po9t4 ,! c>d9al appe>s to pref] ev5 to ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 ! /ate ( *ildr5 dy+ )\t baptism1 because s9 is ! greate/ ( evils1 & !y h di$ innoc5t ( all actual s94 ,m w be said ( t bel[4 ,! prelates h obs]v$ t ?is op9ion is ill f\nd$4 ,! apo/le1 !y say 7,rom4 iii4 #h71 is "r to disapprove ( ! do+ ( evil t good may come1 b "o _c disapprove t ,god1 ?r\gh 8 exce$+ p[]1 d]ive f ! p]mitt+ ( s9s great] goods ?an su* z occurr$ be=e ! s9s4 ,x is n t we ought to take pleasure 9 s91 ,god =bid6 b t we believe ! same apo/le :5 he says 7,rom4 v4 #bj7 t :]e s9 ab\nd$1 grace did mu* m #acj ab\nd2 & we rememb] t we h ga9$ ,jesus ,*ri/ himself by reason ( s94 ,?us we see t ! op9ion ( ^! prelates t5ds to ma9ta9 t a sequ5ce ( ?+s :]e s9 ent]s 9 may h be5 & has be51 9 effect1 bett] ?an ano!r sequ5ce )\t s94 #ab4 ,use has ev] be5 made ( comp>isons tak5 f ! pleasures ( ! s5ses :5 ^! are m+l$ ) t :i* bord]s on pa91 to prove t !re is some?+ ( l nature 9 intellectual pleasures4 ,a little acid1 %>pness or bitt]ness is (t5 m pleas+ ?an sug>2 %ad[s enhance col\rs2 & ev5 a dissonance 9 ! "r place gives relief to h>mony4 ,we wi% to be t]rifi$ by rope-danc]s on ! po9t ( fall+ & we wi% t trag$ies %all well-nigh cause u to weep4 ,d m5 reli% heal? en\gh1 or ?ank ,god en\gh = x1 )\t hav+ ev] be5 sick8 ,& is x n mo/ (t5 necess>y t a little evil r5d] ! good m disc]nible1 t is to say1 great]8 #ac4 ,b x w be said t evils are great & _m 9 numb] 9 comp>ison ) ! good3 t is errone\s4 ,x is only want ( att5tion t dim9i%es our good1 & ?is att5tion mu/ be giv5 to u ?r\gh "s admixture ( evils4 ,if we 7 usually sick & seldom 9 good heal?1 we %\ld be wond]fully s5sible ( t great good & we %\ld be less s5sible ( our evils4 ,b is x n bett]1 not)/&+1 t heal? %\ld be usual & sickness ! exception8 ,let u !n by our reflexion supply :at is lack+ 9 our p]ception1 9 ord] to make ! good ( heal? m disc]nible4 ,_h we n ! k ( ! life to come1 ,i believe !re w\ld be few p]sons :o1 be+ at ! po9t ( dea?1 7 n cont5t to take up life aga91 on condition ( pass+ ?r\gh ! same am\nt ( good & evil1 provid$ always t x 7 n ! same k9d3 "o w\ld be cont5t ) v>iety1 )\t requir+ a bett] condition ?an t :]e9 "o _h be54 #ad4 ,:5 "o consid]s also ! fragility ( ! human body1 "o looks 9 wond] at ! wisdom & ! goodness ( ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 :o has made ! body s endur+ & its condition s tol]able4 ,t has (t5 made me say t ,i am n a/oni%$ m5 are sometimes sick1 b t ,i am a/oni%$ !y are sick s little & n always4 ,?is also ought to make u ! m e/eem ! div9e contrivance ( ! me*anism ( animals1 ^: ,au?or has made ma*9es s fragile & s subject to corruption#aca & yet s capable ( ma9ta9+ !mselves3 = x is ,nature :i* cures u r ?an m$ic9e4 ,n[ ?is v fragility is a consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ?+s1 unless we are to w t ?is k9d ( creature1 reason+ & clo!d 9 fle% & bones1 be n 9 ! _w4 ,b t1 to all appe>ance1 w\ld be a defect :i* "s philosoph]s ( old w\ld h call$ vacuum =m>um1 a gap 9 ! ord] ( species4 #ae4 ,^? ^: hum\r x is to be well satisfi$ ) ,nature & ) =tune & n to compla9 ab\t !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld n be ! be/ end[$1 appe> to me pref]able to ! o!r sort2 = besides t ^! compla9ts are ill f\nd$1 x is 9 effect murmur+ aga9/ ! ord]s ( provid5ce4 ,"o mu/ n readily be among ! malcont5ts 9 ! ,/ate :]e "o is1 & "o mu/ n be s at all 9 ! city ( ,god1 :]e9 "o c only wrongfully be ( _! numb]4 ,! books ( human mis]y1 su* z t ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii1 to me seem n ( ! mo/ s]viceable3 evils are d\bl$ by be+ giv5 an att5tion t ought to be av]t$ f !m1 to be turn$ t[>ds ! good :i* by f> prepond]ates4 ,ev5 less d ,i approve books su* z t ( ,abb ,esprit1 ,on ! ,falsity ( ,human ,virtues1 ( :i* we h lately be5 giv5 a summ>y3 = su* a book s]ves to turn ev]y?+ wrong side out1 & cause m5 to be su* z x repres5ts !m4 #af4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t !re are disord]s 9 ?is life1 :i* appe> especially 9 ! prosp]ity ( sundry evil m5 & 9 ! mis=tune ( _m good p4 ,!re is a ,g]man prov]b :i* ev5 grants ! advantage to ! evil ones1 z if !y 7 commonly ! mo/ =tunate3 ,je krmm] ,holz1 je bessre ,krcke3 ,je rg] ,s*alck1 je grss] ,glcke4 ,& x 7 to be desir$ t ?is say+ ( ,horace %\ld be true 9 our eyes3 ,r>o antec$5tem scele/um ,des]uit p$e po5a claudo4 ,yet x (t5 comes to pass also1 ?\gh ?is p]*ance n ! mo/ (t51 #acb ,t 9 ! _w's eyes ,heav5 is ju/ifi$1 & t "o may say ) ,claudian3 ,ab/ulit hunc t&em ,ruf9i po5a tumultum1 ,absolvitque deos444 #ag4 ,b ev5 ?\gh t %\ld n happ5 "h1 ! rem$y is all prep>$ 9 ! o!r life3 religion & reason itself tea* u t1 & we mu/ n murmur aga9/ a respite :i* ! supreme wisdom has ?\ght fit to grant to m5 = rep5tance4 ,yet !re objections multiply on ano!r side1 :5 "o consid]s salvation & damnation3 = x appe>s /range t1 ev5 9 ! great future ( et]nity1 evil %\ld h ! advantage ov] good1 "u ! supreme au?ority ( him :o is ! sov]eign good1 s9ce !re w be _m t are call$ & few t are *os5 or are sav$4 ,x is true t "o sees f "s l9es ( ,prud5tius 7,hymn4 ante ,somnum71 ,idem tam5 b5ignus ,ultor retundit iram1 ,paucosque non piorum ,patitur p]ire 9 aevum1 t div]s m5 believ$ 9 8 "t t ! numb] ( ^? wick$ en\gh to be damn$ w\ld be v small4 ,to "s inde$ x seems t m5 believ$ at t "t 9 a sph]e betwe5 ,hell & ,p>adise2 t ?is same ,prud5tius speaks z if he 7 satisfi$ ) ?is sph]e2 t ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa also incl9es 9 t direction1 & t ,/4 ,j]ome leans t[>ds ! op9ion accord+ :]eunto all ,*ri/ians w\ld f9ally be tak5 into grace4 ,a say+ ( ,/4 ,paul :i* he himself gives out z my/]i\s1 /at+ t all ,israel w be sav$1 has provid$ mu* food = reflexion4 ,sundry pi\s p]sons1 le>n$ also1 b d>+1 h reviv$ ! op9ion ( ,orig51 :o ma9ta9s t good w pr$om9ate 9 due "t1 9 all & ev]y:]e1 & t all rational creatures1 ev5 ! bad angels1 w become at la/ holy & bless$4 ,! book ( ! et]nal ,gospel1 publi%$ lately 9 ,g]man & support$ by a great & le>n$ "w entitl$ ,greek3 ',apokat/asis pntn1 has caus$ mu* /ir ov] ?is great p>adox4 ,m4 le ,cl]c also has +5i\sly plead$ ! cause ( ! ,orig5i/s1 b )\t decl>+ himself = !m4 #acc #ah4 ,!re is a man ( wit :o1 pu%+ my pr9ciple ( h>mony ev5 to arbitr>y suppositions t ,i 9 no wise approve1 has creat$ = himself a !ology well-nigh a/ronomical4 ,he believes t ! pres5t confusion 9 ?is _w bel[ began :5 ! ,presid+ ,angel ( ! globe ( ! e>?1 :i* 0 /ill a sun 7t is1 a /> t 0 fix$ & lum9\s ( itself7 committ$ a s9 ) "s less] angels ( 8 dep>tm5t1 p]haps ris+ inopportunely aga9/ an angel ( a great] sun2 t simultane\sly1 by ! ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony ( ! ,realms ( ,nature & ( ,grace1 & consequ5tly by natural causes occurr+ at ! appo9t$ "t1 our globe 0 cov]$ ) /a9s1 r5d]$ opaque & driv5 f its place2 :i* has made x become a w&]+ /> or planet1 t is1 a ,satellite ( ano!r sun1 & ev5 p]haps ( t "o ^: sup]iority its angel refus$ to recognize2 & t !re9 consi/s ! fall ( ,lucif]4 ,n[ ! *ief ( ! bad angels1 :o 9 ,holy ,scripture is nam$ ! pr9ce1 & ev5 ! god ( ?is _w1 be+1 ) ! angels ( 8 tra91 envi\s ( t rational animal :i* walks on ! surface ( ?is globe1 & :i* ,god has set up !re p]haps to comp5sate himself = _! fall1 /rives to r5d] x access>y 9 _! crimes & a p>ticipator 9 _! mis=tunes4 ,:]eupon ,jesus ,*ri/ came to save m54 ,he is ! et]nal ,son ( ,god1 ev5 z he is 8 only ,son2 b 7accord+ to "s anci5t ,*ri/ians1 & accord+ to ! au?or ( ?is hypo!sis7 hav+ tak5 ^u him at fir/1 f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 ! mo/ excell5t nature among creat$ be+s1 to br+ !m all to p]fection1 he set himself among/ !m3 & ?is is ! second filiation1 :]eby he is ! fir/-born ( all creatures4 ,?is is he :om ! ,cabali/s call$ ,adam ,kadmon4 ,haply he _h plant$ 8 tab]nacle 9 t great sun :i* illum9es u2 b he came at la/ into ?is globe :]e we are1 he 0 born ( ! ,virg91 & took human nature ^u him to save mank9d f ! h&s ( _! enemy & 84 ,& :5 ! "t ( judgem5t %all draw ne>1 :5 ! pres5t face ( our globe %all be ab\t to p]i%1 he w return to x 9 visible =m1 !nce to )draw ! good1 transplant+ !m1 x may be1 into ! sun1 & to puni% "h ! wick$ ) ! demons t h allur$ !m2 !n ! globe ( ! e>? w beg9 to burn & w be p]haps a comet4 ,?is fire w la/ = aeons ^u aeons4 ,! tail ( ! comet is int5d$ by ! smoke :i* w rise incessantly1 accord+ to ! ,apocalypse1 & ?is fire w be hell1 or ! second#acd dea? :]e( ,holy ,scripture speaks4 ,b at la/ hell w r5d] up its dead1 dea? itself w be de/roy$2 reason & peace w beg9 to hold sway aga9 9 ! spirits t _h be5 p]v]t$2 !y w be s5sible ( _! error1 !y w adore _! ,creator1 & w ev5 beg9 to love him all ! m = see+ ! greatness ( ! abyss :5ce !y em]ge4 ,simultane\sly 7by virtue ( ! h>monic p>allelism ( ! ,realms ( ,nature & ( ,grace7 ?is long & great conflagration w h purg$ ! e>?'s globe ( its /a9s4 ,x w become aga9 a sun2 its ,presid+ ,angel w resume 8 place ) ! angels ( 8 tra92 humans t 7 damn$ %all be ) !m numb]$ among/ ! good angels2 ?is *ief ( our globe %all r5d] homage to ! ,messiah1 *ief ( creat$ be+s4 ,! glory ( ?is angel reconcil$ %all be great] ?an x 0 be=e 8 fall4 ,inque ,deos it]um factorum lege receptus ,aureus aet]num no/] regnabit ,apollo4 ,! vision seem$ to me pleas+1 & wor?y ( a foll[] ( ,orig53 b we h no ne$ ( su* hypo!sis or fictions1 :]e ,wit plays a great] "p ?an ,revelation1 & :i* ev5 ,reason _c turn to acc\nt4 ,= x does n appe> t !re is "o pr9cipal place 9 ! kn[n univ]se des]v+ 9 pref]5ce to ! re/ to be ! seat ( ! elde/ ( creat$ be+s2 & ! sun ( our sy/em at lea/ is n x4 #ai4 ,hold+ !n to ! e/abli%$ doctr9e t ! numb] ( m5 damn$ et]nally w be incomp>ably great] ?an t ( ! sav$1 we mu/ say t ! evil c\ld n b seem to be almo/ z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! good1 :5 "o contemplates ! true va/ness ( ! city ( ,god4 ,coelius ,secundus ,curio wrote a little book1 ,de ,amplitud9e ,regni ,coele/is1 :i* 0 repr9t$ n long s9ce2 b he is inde$ f> f hav+ appreh5d$ ! compass ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! anci5ts _h puny ideas on ! works ( ,god1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 = want ( kn[+ mod]n discov]ies1 0 at a loss :5 !re 0 "q ( expla9+ ! preval5ce ( evil4 ,x seem$ to ! anci5ts t !re 0 only "o e>? inhabit$1 & ev5 ( t m5 held ! antipodes 9 dread3 ! rema9d] ( ! _w 01 accord+ to !m1 a few %9+ globes & a few cry/all9e sph]es4 ,to-day1 :atev] b\nds are giv5 or n giv5 to ! univ]se1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !re is an inf9ite numb] ( globes1 z great z & great] ?an ours1 :i* h z mu* "r z#ace x to hold rational inhabitants1 ?\gh x foll[s n at all t !y are human4 ,x is only "o planet1 t is to say "o ( ! six pr9cipal satellites ( our sun2 & z all fix$ />s are suns also1 we see h[ small a ?+ our e>? is 9 relation to visible ?+s1 s9ce x is only an app5dix ( "o among/ !m4 ,x may be t all suns are peopl$ only by bless$ creatures1 & no?+ con/ra9s u to ?9k t _m are damn$1 = few in/ances or few samples suffice to %[ ! advantage :i* good extracts f evil4 ,moreov]1 s9ce !re is no reason = ! belief t !re are />s ev]y:]e1 is x n possible t !re may be a great space beyond ! region ( ! />s8 ,:e!r x be ! ,empyrean ,heav51 or n1 ?is imm5se space encircl+ all ?is region may 9 any case be fill$ ) happ9ess & glory4 ,x c be imag9$ z l ! ,ocean1 :i!r fl[ ! riv]s ( all bless$ creatures1 :5 !y %all h rea*$ _! p]fection 9 ! sy/em ( ! />s4 ,:at w become ( ! consid]ation ( our globe & its inhabitants8 ,w x n be some?+ incomp>ably less ?an a physical po9t1 s9ce our e>? is z a po9t 9 comp>ison ) ! di/ance ( "s fix$ />s8 ,?us s9ce ! proportion ( t "p ( ! univ]se :i* we "k is almo/ lo/ 9 no?+ness comp>$ ) t :i* is unkn[n1 & :i* we yet h cause to assume1 & s9ce all ! evils t may be rais$ 9 objection be=e u are 9 ?is ne> no?+ness1 haply x may be t all evils are almo/ no?+ness 9 comp>ison ) ! good ?+s :i* are 9 ! univ]se4 #bj4 ,b x is necess>y also to meet ! m speculative & metaphysical difficulties :i* h be5 m5tion$1 & :i* conc]n ! cause ( evil4 ,! "q is ask$ fir/ ( all1 :5ce does evil come8 ,si ,deus e/1 unde malum8 ,si non e/1 unde bonum8 ,! anci5ts attribut$ ! cause ( evil to matt]1 :i* !y believ$ uncreate & indep5d5t ( ,god3 b we1 :o d]ive all be+ f ,god1 :]e %all we f9d ! s\rce ( evil8 ,! answ] is1 t x mu/ be s\ght 9 ! ideal nature ( ! creature1 9 s f> z ?is nature is conta9$ 9 ! et]nal v]ities :i* are 9 ! und]/&+ ( ,god1 indep5d5tly ( 8 w4 ,= we mu/ consid] t !re is an orig9al imp]fection 9 ! creature be=e s91 because ! creature is limit$ 9 its ess5ce2 :5ce ensues t x _c "k all1 & t x c deceive itself & commit o!r errors4 ,plato said 9 ,timaeus t ! _w orig9at$ 9 #acf ,und]/&+ unit$ to ,necessity4 ,o!rs h unit$ ,god & ,nature4 ,?is c be giv5 a reasonable mean+4 ,god w be ! ,und]/&+2 & ! ,necessity1 t is1 ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s1 w be ! object ( ! und]/&+1 9 s f> z ?is object consi/s 9 ! et]nal v]ities4 ,b ?is object is inw>d & abides 9 ! div9e und]/&+4 ,& !re9 is f\nd n only ! primitive =m ( good1 b also ! orig9 ( evil3 ! ,region ( ! ,et]nal ,v]ities mu/ be sub/itut$ = matt] :5 we are conc]n$ ) seek+ out ! s\rce ( ?+s4 ,?is region is ! ideal cause ( evil 7z x 77 z well z ( good3 b1 prop]ly speak+1 ! =mal "* ( evil has no effici5t cause1 = x consi/s 9 privation1 z we %all see1 namely1 9 t :i* ! effici5t cause does n br+ ab\t4 ,t is :y ! ,s*oolm5 are wont to call ! cause ( evil defici5t4 #ba4 ,evil may be tak5 metaphysically1 physically & morally4 ,metaphysical evil consi/s 9 m]e imp]fection1 physical evil 9 suff]+1 & moral evil 9 s94 ,n[ al?\gh physical evil & moral evil be n necess>y1 x is en\gh t by virtue ( ! et]nal v]ities !y be possible4 ,& z ?is va/ ,region ( ,v]ities conta9s all possibilities x is necess>y t !re be an inf9itude ( possible worlds1 t evil ent] into div]s ( !m1 & t ev5 ! be/ ( all conta9 a measure !re(4 ,?us has ,god be5 induc$ to p]mit evil4 #bb4 ,b someone w say to me3 :y speak y to u ( 'p]mitt+'8 ,is x n ,god t doe? ! evil & t wille? x8 ,"h x w be necess>y to expla9 :at 'p]mission' is1 s t x may be se5 h[ ?is t]m is n employ$ )\t reason4 ,b be=e t "o mu/ expla9 ! nature ( w1 :i* has its own degrees4 ,tak+ x 9 ! g5]al s5se1 "o may say t w consi/s 9 ! incl9ation to d some?+ 9 proportion to ! good x conta9s4 ,?is w is call$ antec$5t :5 x is deta*$1 & consid]s ea* good sep>ately 9 ! capacity ( a good4 ,9 ?is s5se x may be said t ,god t5ds to all good1 z good1 ad p]fectionem simplicit] simplicem1 to speak l ! ,s*oolm51 & t by an antec$5t w4 ,he is e>ne/ly dispos$ to sanctify & to save all m51 to exclude s91 & to prev5t damnation4 ,x may ev5 be said t ?is w is efficaci\s ( itself 7p] se71 t is1 9 su* sort t ! effect w\ld ensue if !re 7 n "s /rong] reason to prev5t x3 = ?is w does n pass into f9al ex]cise 7ad summum conatum71 else x w\ld nev] fail to produce its full effect1 ,god be+ ! #acg ma/] ( all ?+s4 ,success entire & infallible belongs only to ! consequ5t w1 z x is call$4 ,?is x is :i* is complete2 & 9 reg>d to x ?is rule obta9s1 t "o nev] fails to d :at "o wills1 :5 "o has ! p[]4 ,n[ ?is consequ5t w1 f9al & decisive1 results f ! conflict ( all ! antec$5t wills1 ( ^? :i* t5d t[>ds good1 ev5 z ( ^? :i* repel evil2 & f ! concurr5ce ( all ^! p>ticul> wills comes ! total w4 ,s 9 me*anics comp\nd movem5t results f all ! t5d5cies t concur 9 "o & ! same mov+ body1 & satisfies ea* "o equally1 9 s f> z x is possible to d all at "o "t4 ,x is z if ! mov+ body took equal acc\nt ( ^! t5d5cies1 z ,i once %[$ 9 "o ( ! ,p>is ,j\rnals 7#g ,sept4 #afic71 :5 giv+ ! g5]al law ( ! compositions ( movem5t4 ,9 ?is s5se also x may be said t ! antec$5t w is efficaci\s 9 a s5se & ev5 effective ) success4 #bc4 ,!nce x foll[s t ,god wills antec$5tly ! good & consequ5tly ! be/4 ,& z = evil1 ,god wills moral evil n at all1 & physical evil or suff]+ he does n w absolutely4 ,?us x is t !re is no absolute pr$e/9ation to damnation2 & "o may say ( physical evil1 t ,god wills x (t5 z a p5alty ow+ to guilt1 & (t5 also z a means to an end1 t is1 to prev5t great] evils or to obta9 great] good4 ,! p5alty s]ves also = am5dm5t & example4 ,evil (t5 s]ves to make u sav\r good ! m2 sometimes too x contributes to a great] p]fection 9 him :o suff]s x1 z ! se$ t "o s[s is subject to a k9d ( corruption be=e x c g]m9ate3 ?is is a beautiful similitude1 :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ himself us$4 #bd4 ,conc]n+ s9 or moral evil1 al?\gh x happ5s v (t5 t x may s]ve z a means ( obta9+ good or ( prev5t+ ano!r evil1 x is n ?is t r5d]s x a suffici5t object ( ! div9e w or a legitimate object ( a creat$ w4 ,x mu/ only be admitt$ or p]mitt$ 9 s f> z x is consid]$ to be a c]ta9 consequ5ce ( an indisp5sable duty3 z = in/ance if a man :o 0 det]m9$ n to p]mit ano!r's s9 7 to fail ( 8 own duty1 or z if an (fic] on gu>d at an important po/ 7 to leave x1 especially 9 "t ( dang]1 9 ord] to prev5t a qu>rel 9 ! t[n betwe5 two soldi]s ( ! g>rison :o want$ to kill ea* o!r4 #be4 ,! rule :i* /ates1 non esse faci5da mala1 ut ev5iant bona1 & :i* ev5 =bids ! p]mission ( a moral evil ) ! end ( #ach obta9+ a physical good1 f> f be+ violat$1 is "h prov$1 & its s\rce & its reason are demon/rat$4 ,"o w n approve ! action ( a que5 :o1 "u ! pretext ( sav+ ! ,/ate1 commits or ev5 p]mits a crime4 ,! crime is c]ta9 & ! evil = ! ,/ate is op5 to "q4 ,moreov]1 ?is mann] ( giv+ sanction to crimes1 if x 7 accept$1 w\ld be worse ?an a disruption ( "s "o c\ntry1 :i* is liable en\gh to happ5 9 any case1 & w\ld p]*ance happ5 all ! m by reason ( su* means *os5 to prev5t x4 ,b 9 relation to ,god no?+ is op5 to "q1 no?+ c be oppos$ to ! rule ( ! be/1 :i* suff]s nei!r exception nor disp5sation4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,god p]mits s93 = he w\ld fail 9 :at he owes to himself1 9 :at he owes to 8 wisdom1 8 goodness1 8 p]fection1 if he foll[$ n ! gr& result ( all 8 t5d5cies to good1 & if he *ose n t :i* is absolutely ! be/1 not)/&+ ! evil ( guilt1 :i* is involv$ !re9 by ! supreme necessity ( ! et]nal v]ities4 ,h5ce ! conclusion t ,god wills all good 9 himself antec$5tly1 t he wills ! be/ consequ5tly z an end1 t he wills :at is indiff]5t1 & physical evil1 sometimes z a means1 b t he w only p]mit moral evil z ! s9e quo non or z a hypo!tical necessity :i* connects x ) ! be/4 ,!re=e ! consequ5t w ( ,god1 :i* has s9 = its object1 is only p]missive4 #bf4 ,x is aga9 well to consid] t moral evil is an evil s great only because x is a s\rce ( physical evils1 a s\rce exi/+ 9 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( creatures1 :o is also mo/ capable ( caus+ ^? evils4 ,= an evil w is 9 its dep>tm5t :at ! evil pr9ciple ( ! ,mani*aeans w\ld be 9 ! univ]se2 & reason1 :i* is an image ( ! ,div9ity1 provides = evil s\ls great means ( caus+ mu* evil4 ,"o s+le ,caligula1 "o ,n]o1 has caus$ m evil ?an an e>?quake4 ,an evil man takes pleasure 9 caus+ suff]+ & de/ruction1 & = t !re are only too _m opportunities4 ,b ,god be+ incl9$ to produce z mu* good z possible1 & hav+ all ! k & all ! p[] necess>y = t1 x is impossible t 9 him !re be fault1 or guilt1 or s92 & :5 he p]mits s91 x is wisdom1 x is virtue4 #bg4 ,x is inde$ beyond "q t we mu/ refra9 f prev5t+ ! s9 ( o!rs :5 we _c prev5t _! s9 )\t s9n+ ourselves4 ,b someone w p]haps br+ up ! objection t x is ,god himself#aci :o acts & :o effects all t is real 9 ! s9 ( ! creature4 ,?is objection leads u to consid] ! physical co-op]ation ( ,god ) ! creature1 aft] we h exam9$ ! moral co-op]ation1 :i* 0 ! m p]plex+4 ,"s h believ$1 ) ! celebrat$ ,dur& de ,sa9t-,p\ra9 & ,c>d9al ,aureolus1 ! fam\s ,s*oolman1 t ! co-op]ation ( ,god ) ! creature 7,i mean ! physical coop]ation7 is only g5]al & m$iate1 & t ,god creates sub/ances & gives !m ! =ce !y ne$2 & t !reaft] he leaves !m to !mselves1 & does naught b cons]ve !m1 )\t aid+ !m 9 _! actions4 ,?is op9ion has be5 refut$ by ! great] numb] ( ,s*ola/ic !ologians1 & x appe>s t 9 ! pa/ x met ) disapproval 9 ! writ+s ( ,pelagius4 ,nev]!less a ,capu*9 nam$ ,l\is ,p]eir ( ,dole1 ab\t ! ye> #afcj1 wrote a book expressly to revive x1 at lea/ 9 relation to free actions4 ,"s mod]ns incl9e !reto1 & ,m4 ,b]ni] supports x 9 a little book on fre$om & freewill4 ,b "o _c say 9 relation to ,god :at 'to cons]ve' is1 )\t rev]t+ to ! g5]al op9ion4 ,also x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt t ! action ( ,god 9 cons]v+ %\ld h "s ref]5ce to t :i* is cons]v$1 accord+ to :at x is & to ! /ate :]e9 x is2 ?us 8 action _c be g5]al or indet]m9ate4 ,^! g5]alities are ab/ractions n to be f\nd 9 ! tru? ( individual ?+s1 & ! cons]vation ( a man /&+ is diff]5t f ! cons]vation ( a man seat$4 ,?is w\ld n be s if cons]vation consi/$ only 9 ! act ( prev5t+ & w>d+ (f "s =eign cause :i* c\ld de/roy t :i* "o wi%es to cons]ve2 z (t5 happ5s :5 m5 cons]ve some?+4 ,b ap>t f ! fact t we are oblig$ ourselves sometimes to ma9ta9 t :i* we cons]ve1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t cons]vation by ,god consi/s 9 ! p]petual imm$iate influ5ce :i* ! dep5d5ce ( creatures dem&s4 ,?is dep5d5ce atta*es n only to ! sub/ance b also to ! action1 & "o c p]haps n expla9 x bett] ?an by say+1 ) !ologians & philosoph]s 9 g5]al1 t x is a cont9u$ creation4 #bh4 ,! objection w be made t ,god !re=e n[ creates man a s9n]1 he t 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ him innoc5t4 ,b "h x mu/ be said1 ) reg>d to ! moral aspect1 t ,god be+ supremely wise _c fail to obs]ve c]ta9 laws1 & to act accord+ to ! rules1 z well #adj physical z moral1 t wisdom has made him *oose4 ,& ! same reason t has made him create man innoc5t1 b liable to fall1 makes him re-create man :5 he falls2 = ,god's k causes ! future to be = him z ! pres5t1 & prev5ts him f resc9d+ ! resolutions made4 #bi4 ,z = physical co-op]ation1 "h "o mu/ consid] ! tru? :i* has made already s mu* /ir 9 ! ,s*ools s9ce ,/4 ,augu/9e decl>$ x1 t evil is a privation ( be+1 :]eas ! action ( ,god t5ds to ! positive4 ,?is answ] is acc\nt$ a quibble1 & ev5 some?+ *im]ical 9 ! m9ds ( _m p4 ,b "h is an in/ance some:at simil>1 :i* w s]ve to disabuse !m4 #cj4 ,! celebrat$ ,kepl] & ,m4 ,desc>tes 79 8 lett]s7 aft] him h spok5 ( ! 'natural in]tia ( bodies'2 & x is some?+ :i* may be reg>d$ z a p]fect image & ev5 z a sample ( ! orig9al limitation ( creatures1 to %[ t privation con/itutes ! =mal "* ( ! imp]fections & disadvantages t are 9 sub/ance z well z 9 its actions4 ,let u suppose t ! curr5t ( "o & ! same riv] c>ri$ along ) x v>i\s boats1 :i* diff] among !mselves only 9 ! c>go1 "s be+ lad5 ) wood1 o!rs ) /one1 & "s m1 ! o!rs less4 ,t be+ s1 x w come ab\t t ! boats mo/ heavily lad5 w g m sl[ly ?an ! o!rs1 provid$ x be assum$ t ! w9d or ! o>1 or "s o!r simil> means1 assi/ !m n at all4 ,x is n1 prop]ly speak+1 weight :i* is ! cause ( ?is ret>dation1 s9ce ! boats are go+ d[n & n upw>ds2 b x is ! same cause :i* also increases ! weight 9 bodies t h great] d5sity1 :i* are1 t is to say1 less por\s & m *>g$ ) matt] t is prop] to !m3 = ! matt] :i* passes ?r\gh ! pores1 n receiv+ ! same movem5t1 mu/ n be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x is !re=e matt] itself :i* orig9ally is incl9$ to sl[ness or privation ( spe$2 n inde$ ( itself to less5 ?is spe$1 hav+ once receiv$ x1 s9ce t w\ld be action1 b to mod]ate by its receptivity ! effect ( ! impression :5 x is to receive x4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce m matt] is mov$ by ! same =ce ( ! curr5t :5 ! boat is m lad51 x is necess>y t x g m sl[ly2 & exp]im5ts on ! impact ( bodies1 z well z reason1 %[ t twice z mu* =ce #ada mu/ be employ$ to give equal spe$ to a body ( ! same matt] b ( twice ! size4 ,b t inde$ w\ld n be necess>y if ! matt] 7 absolutely indiff]5t to repose & to movem5t1 & if x _h n ?is natural in]tia :]e( we h j spok5 to give x a k9d ( repugnance to be+ mov$4 ,let u n[ comp>e ! =ce :i* ! curr5t ex]cises on boats1 & communicates to !m1 ) ! action ( ,god1 :o produces & cons]ves :atev] is positive 9 creatures1 & gives !m p]fection1 be+ & =ce3 let u comp>e1 ,i say1 ! in]tia ( matt] ) ! natural imp]fection ( creatures1 & ! sl[ness ( ! lad5 boat ) ! defects to be f\nd 9 ! qualities & ! action ( ! creature2 & we %all f9d t !re is no?+ s j z ?is comp>ison4 ,! curr5t is ! cause ( ! boat's movem5t1 b n ( its ret>dation2 ,god is ! cause ( p]fection 9 ! nature & ! actions ( ! creature1 b ! limitation ( ! receptivity ( ! creature is ! cause ( ! defects !re are 9 its action4 ,?us ! ,platoni/s1 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ! ,s*oolm5 7 "r to say t ,god is ! cause ( ! mat]ial elem5t ( evil :i* lies 9 ! positive1 & n ( ! =mal elem5t1 :i* lies 9 privation4 ,ev5 s "o may say t ! curr5t is ! cause ( ! mat]ial elem5t ( ! ret>dation1 b n ( ! =mal3 t is1 x is ! cause ( ! boat's spe$ )\t be+ ! cause ( ! limits to ?is spe$4 ,& ,god is no m ! cause ( s9 ?an ! riv]'s curr5t is ! cause ( ! ret>dation ( ! boat4 ,=ce also 9 relation to matt] is z ! _s 9 relation to ! fle%2 ! _s is will+ & ! fle% is weak1 & spirits act444 quantum non noxia corpora t>dant4 #ca4 ,!re is1 !n1 a :olly simil> relation betwe5 su* & su* an action ( ,god1 & su* & su* a passion or reception ( ! creature1 :i* 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s is p]fect$ only 9 proportion to its 'receptivity'1 su* is ! t]m us$4 ,& :5 x is said t ! creature dep5ds ^u ,god 9 s f> z x exi/s & 9 s f> z x acts1 & ev5 t cons]vation is a cont9ual creation1 ?is is true 9 t ,god gives ev] to ! creature & produces cont9ually all t 9 x is positive1 good & p]fect1 e p]fect gift com+ f ! ,fa!r ( lights4 ,! imp]fections1 on ! o!r h&1 & ! defects 9 op]ations spr+ f ! orig9al limitation t ! creature c\ld n b #adb receive ) ! fir/ beg9n+ ( its be+1 ?r\gh ! ideal reasons :i* re/rict x4 ,= ,god c\ld n give ! creature all )\t mak+ ( x a ,god2 !re=e !re mu/ ne$s be diff]5t degrees 9 ! p]fection ( ?+s1 & limitations also ( e k9d4 #cb4 ,?is consid]ation w s]ve also to satisfy "s mod]n philosoph]s :o g s f> z to say t ,god is ! only ag5t4 ,x is true t ,god is ! only "o ^: action is pure & )\t admixture ( :at is t]m$ 'to suff]'3 b t does n preclude ! creature's p>ticipation 9 actions1 s9ce ! action ( ! creature is a modification ( ! sub/ance1 fl[+ naturally f x & conta9+ a v>iation n only 9 ! p]fections t ,god has communicat$ to ! creature1 b also 9 ! limitations t ! creature1 be+ :at x is1 br+s ) x4 ,?us we see t !re is an actual di/9ction betwe5 ! sub/ance & its modification or accid5ts1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( "s mod]ns & 9 p>ticul> ( ! late ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 :o spoke ( t 9 a little ,disc\rse on ,religion rec5tly repr9t$4 ,evil is !re=e l d>kness1 & n only ignorance b also error & malice consi/ =mally 9 a c]ta9 k9d ( privation4 ,"h is an example ( error :i* we h already employ$4 ,i see a t[] :i* f a di/ance appe>s r\nd al?\gh x is squ>e4 ,! ?\ght t ! t[] is :at x appe>s to be fl[s naturally f t :i* ,i see2 & :5 ,i dwell on ?is ?\ght x is an affirmation1 x is a false judgem5t2 b if ,i pursue ! exam9ation1 if "s reflexion causes me to p]ceive t appe>ances deceive me1 lo & behold1 ,i ab&on my error4 ,to abide 9 a c]ta9 place1 or n to g fur!r1 n to espy "s l&m>k1 ^! are privations4 #cc4 ,x is ! same 9 respect ( malice or ill w4 ,! w t5ds t[>ds good 9 g5]al1 x mu/ /rive aft] ! p]fection t befits u1 & ! supreme p]fection is 9 ,god4 ,all pleasures h )9 !mselves "s feel+ ( p]fection4 ,b :5 "o is limit$ to ! pleasures ( ! s5ses1 or to o!r pleasures to ! detrim5t ( great] good1 z ( heal?1 ( virtue1 ( union ) ,god1 ( felicity1 x is 9 ?is privation ( a fur!r aspiration t ! defect consi/s4 ,9 g5]al p]fection is positive1 x is an absolute reality2 defect is privative1 x comes f limitation & t5ds t[>ds new privations4 ,?is say+ is !re=e z true z x is anci5t3 bonum ex causa integra1 malum ex quolibet defectu2 z also t :i* /ates3 malum causam habet non effici5tem1 s$ #adc defici5tem4 ,& ,i hope t ! mean+ ( ^! axioms w be bett] appreh5d$ aft] :at ,i h j said4 #cd4 ,! physical co-op]ation ( ,god & ( creatures ) ! w contributes also to ! difficulties exi/+ 9 reg>d to fre$om4 ,i am ( op9ion t our w is exempt n only f con/ra9t b also f necessity4 ,ari/otle has already obs]v$ t !re are two ?+s 9 fre$om1 to wit1 spontaneity & *oice1 & !re9 lies our ma/]y ov] our actions4 ,:5 we act freely we are n be+ =c$1 z w\ld happ5 if we 7 pu%$ on to a precipice & ?r[n f top to bottom2 & we are n prev5t$ f hav+ ! m9d free :5 we delib]ate1 z w\ld happ5 if we 7 giv5 a draught to deprive u ( disc]nm5t4 ,!re is cont+5cy 9 a ?\s& actions ( ,nature2 b :5 !re is no judgem5t 9 him :o acts !re is no fre$om4 ,& if we _h judgem5t n accompani$ by any incl9ation to act1 our s\l w\ld be an und]/&+ )\t w4 #ce4 ,x is n to be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t our fre$om consi/s 9 an indet]m9ation or an indiff]5ce ( equipoise1 z if "o mu/ ne$s be incl9$ equally to ! side ( yes & ( no & 9 ! direction ( diff]5t c\rses1 :5 !re are sev]al ( !m to take4 ,?is equipoise 9 all directions is impossible3 = if we 7 equally incl9$ t[>ds ! c\rses ,a1 ,b & ,c1 we c\ld n be equally incl9$ t[>ds ,a & t[>ds n ,a4 ,?is equipoise is also absolutely contr>y to exp]i5ce1 & 9 scrut9iz+ oneself "o w f9d t !re has always be5 "s cause or reason incl9+ u t[>ds ! c\rse tak51 al?\gh v (t5 we be n aw>e ( t :i* prompts u3 j 9 ! same way "o is h>dly aw>e :y1 on issu+ f a door1 "o has plac$ ! "r foot be=e ! left or ! left be=e ! "r4 #cf4 ,b let u pass to ! difficulties4 ,philosoph]s agree to-day t ! tru? ( cont+5t futurities is det]m9ate1 t is to say t cont+5t futurities are future1 or t !y w be1 t !y w happ53 = x is z sure t ! future w be1 z x is sure t ! pa/ has be54 ,x 0 true already a hundr$ ye>s ago t ,i %\ld write to-day1 z x w be true aft] a hundr$ ye>s t ,i h writt54 ,?us ! cont+5t is n1 because x is future1 any ! less cont+5t2 & det]m9ation1 :i* w\ld be call$ c]ta9ty if x 7 kn[n1 is n incompatible ) cont+5cy4 ,(t5 ! c]ta9 & ! det]m9ate are tak5 z "o ?+1 because a det]m9ate tru? is capable ( be+ #add kn[n3 ?us x may be said t det]m9ation is an objective c]ta9ty4 #cg4 ,?is det]m9ation comes f ! v nature ( tru?1 & _c injure fre$om3 b !re are o!r det]m9ations tak5 f else:]e1 & 9 ! fir/ place f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 :i* _m h held to be contr>y to fre$om4 ,!y say t :at is =ese5 _c fail to exi/1 & !y say s truly2 b x foll[s n t :at is =ese5 is necess>y1 = necess>y tru? is t :]e( ! contr>y is impossible or implies contradiction4 ,n[ ?is tru? :i* /ates t ,i %all write tomorr[ is n ( t nature1 x is n necess>y4 ,yet suppos+ t ,god =esees x1 x is necess>y t x come to pass2 t is1 ! consequ5ce is necess>y1 namely1 t x exi/1 s9ce x has be5 =ese52 = ,god is infallible4 ,?is is :at is t]m$ a hypo!tical necessity4 ,b our conc]n is n ?is necessity3 x is an absolute necessity t is requir$1 to be able to say t an action is necess>y1 t x is n cont+5t1 t x is n ! effect ( a free *oice4 ,besides x is v easily se5 t =ekn[l$ge 9 itself adds no?+ to ! det]m9ation ( ! tru? ( cont+5t futurities1 save t ?is det]m9ation is kn[n3 & ?is does n augm5t ! det]m9ation or ! 'futurition' 7z x is t]m$7 ( ^! ev5ts1 t :]eon we agre$ at ! outset4 #ch4 ,?is answ] is d\btless v correct4 ,x is agre$ t =ekn[l$ge 9 itself does n make tru? m det]m9ate2 tru? is =ese5 because x is det]m9ate1 because x is true2 b x is n true because x is =ese53 & !re9 ! k ( ! future has no?+ t is n also 9 ! k ( ! pa/ or ( ! pres5t4 ,b "h is :at an oppon5t w be able to say3 ,i grant y t =ekn[l$ge 9 itself does n make tru? m det]m9ate1 b x is ! cause ( ! =ekn[l$ge t makes x s4 ,= x ne$s mu/ be t ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god h its f\ndation 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & ?is f\ndation1 mak+ ! tru? pr$et]m9ate1 w prev5t x f be+ cont+5t & free4 #ci4 ,x is ?is difficulty t has caus$ two p>ties to spr+ up1 "o ( ! pr$et]m9ators1 ! o!r ( ! support]s ( m$iate k4 ,! ,dom9icans & ! ,augu/9ians are = pr$et]m9ation1 ! ,franciscans & ! mod]n ,jesuits on ! o!r h& are = m$iate k4 ,^! two p>ties appe>$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury & a little lat]4 ,mol9a himself1 :o is p]haps "o ( ! #ade fir/1 ) ,fonseca1 to h sy/ematiz$ ?is po9t1 & f :om ! o!rs d]iv$ _! "n ( ,mol9i/s1 says 9 ! book t he wrote on ! reconciliation ( freewill ) grace1 ab\t ! ye> #aegj1 t ! ,spani% doctors 7he means pr9cipally ! ,?omi/s71 :o _h be5 writ+ !n = tw5ty ye>s1 f9d+ no o!r way to expla9 h[ ,god c\ld h a c]ta9 k ( cont+5t futurities1 _h introduc$ pr$et]m9ation z be+ necess>y to free actions4 #dj4 ,z = himself1 he ?\ght to h f\nd ano!r way4 ,he consid]s t !re are ?ree objects ( div9e k1 ! possibles1 ! actual ev5ts & ! conditional ev5ts t w\ld happ5 9 consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 condition if x 7 translat$ into action4 ,! k ( possibilities is :at is call$ ! 'k ( m]e intellig5ce'2 t ( ev5ts occurr+ actually 9 ! progress ( ! univ]se is call$ ! 'k ( intuition'4 ,& z !re is a k9d ( mean betwe5 ! m]ely possible & ! pure & absolute ev5t1 to wit1 ! conditional ev5t1 x c be said also1 accord+ to ,mol9a1 t !re is a m$iate k betwe5 t ( intuition & t ( intellig5ce4 ,in/ance is giv5 ( ! fam\s example ( ,david ask+ ! div9e oracle :e!r ! inhabitants ( ! t[n ( ,keilah1 :]e he design$ to %ut himself 91 w\ld deliv] him to ,saul1 suppos+ t ,saul %\ld besiege ! t[n4 ,god answ]$ yes2 :]eupon ,david took a diff]5t c\rse4 ,n[ "s advocates ( ?is m$iate k are ( op9ion t ,god1 =esee+ :at m5 w\ld d ( _! own accord1 suppos+ !y 7 plac$ 9 su* & su* circum/ances1 & kn[+ t !y w\ld make ill use ( _! free w1 decrees to refuse !m grace & fav\rable circum/ances4 ,& he may ju/ly s decree1 s9ce 9 any case ^! circum/ances & ^! aids w\ld n h s]v$ !m aught4 ,b ,mol9a cont5ts himself ) f9d+ !re9 g5]ally a reason = ! decrees ( ,god1 f\nd$ on :at ! free creature w\ld d 9 su* & su* circum/ances4 #da4 ,i w n ent] into all ! detail ( ?is controv]sy2 x w suffice = me to give "o in/ance4 ,c]ta9 old] writ]s1 n acceptable to ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 fir/ disciples1 appe> to h _h ideas some:at approa*+ ^? ( ,mol9a4 ,! ,?omi/s & ^? :o call !mselves disciples ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 7b :om _! oppon5ts call ,jans5i/s7 combat ?is doctr9e on philosophical & !ological gr\nds4 ,"s #adf ma9ta9 t m$iate k mu/ be includ$ 9 ! k ( m]e intellig5ce4 ,b ! pr9cipal objection is aim$ at ! f\ndation ( ?is k4 ,= :at f\ndation c ,god h = see+ :at ! p ( ,keilah w\ld d8 ,a simple cont+5t & free act has no?+ 9 itself to yield a pr9ciple ( c]ta9ty1 unless "o look ^u x z pr$et]m9$ by ! decrees ( ,god1 & by ! causes t are dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,consequ5tly ! difficulty exi/+ 9 actual free actions w exi/ also 9 conditional free actions1 t is to say1 ,god w "k !m only "u ! condition ( _! causes & ( 8 decrees1 :i* are ! fir/ causes ( ?+s3 & x w n be possible to sep>ate su* actions f ^? causes s z to "k a cont+5t ev5t 9 a way t is indep5d5t ( ! k ( its causes4 ,!re=e all mu/ ( necessity be trac$ back to ! pr$et]m9ation ( ,god's decrees1 & ?is m$iate k 7s x w be said7 w (f] no rem$y4 ,! !ologians :o pr(ess to be adh]5ts ( ,/4 ,augu/9e claim also t ! sy/em ( ! ,mol9i/s w\ld discov] ! s\rce ( ,god's grace 9 ! good qualities ( man1 & ?is !y deem an infr+em5t ( ,god's hon\r & contr>y to ,/4 ,paul's tea*+4 #db4 ,x w\ld be long & we>isome to ent] "h into ! replies & rejo9d]s com+ f "o side & ! o!r1 & x w suffice = me to expla9 h[ ,i conceive t !re is tru? on bo? sides4 ,= ?is result ,i resort to my pr9ciple ( an inf9itude ( possible worlds1 repres5t$ 9 ! region ( et]nal v]ities1 t is1 9 ! object ( ! div9e intellig5ce1 :]e all conditional futurities mu/ be compris$4 ,= ! case ( ! siege ( ,keilah =ms "p ( a possible _w1 :i* diff]s f ours only 9 all t is connect$ ) ?is hypo!sis1 & ! idea ( ?is possible _w repres5ts t :i* w\ld happ5 9 ?is case4 ,?us we h a pr9ciple = ! c]ta9 k ( cont+5t futurities1 :e!r !y happ5 actually or mu/ happ5 9 a c]ta9 case4 ,= 9 ! region ( ! possibles !y are repres5t$ z !y are1 namely1 z free cont+5cies4 ,!re=e nei!r ! =ekn[l$ge ( cont+5t futurities nor ! f\ndation = ! c]ta9ty ( ?is =ekn[l$ge %\ld cause u p]plexity or seem to prejudice fre$om4 ,& ?\gh x 7 true & possible t cont+5t futurities consi/+ 9 free actions ( reasonable creatures 7 entirely indep5d5t ( ! decrees ( ,god & ( ext]nal causes1 !re w\ld #adg /ill be means ( =esee+ !m2 = ,god w\ld see !m z !y are 9 ! region ( ! possibles1 be=e he decrees to admit !m into exi/5ce4 #dc4 ,b if ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god has no?+ to d ) ! dep5d5ce or indep5d5ce ( our free actions1 x is n s ) ! =eord9ance ( ,god1 8 decrees1 & ! sequ5ce ( causes :i*1 z ,i believe1 always contribute to ! det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,& if ,i am = ! ,mol9i/s 9 ! fir/ po9t1 ,i am = ! pr$et]m9ators 9 ! second1 provid$ always t pr$et]m9ation be tak5 z n necessitat+4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i am ( op9ion t ! w is always m incl9$ t[>ds ! c\rse x adopts1 b t x is nev] b\nd by ! necessity to adopt x4 ,t x w adopt ?is c\rse is c]ta91 b x is n necess>y4 ,! case corresponds to t ( ! fam\s say+1 ,a/ra incl9ant1 non necessitant1 al?\gh "h ! simil>ity is n complete4 ,= ! ev5t t[>ds :i* ! />s t5d 7to speak ) ! common h]d1 z if !re 7 "s f\ndation = a/rology7 does n always come to pass1 :]eas ! c\rse t[>ds :i* ! w is m incl9$ nev] fails to be adopt$4 ,moreov] ! />s w\ld =m only a "p ( ! incl9ations t co-op]ate 9 ! ev5t1 b :5 "o speaks ( ! great] incl9ation ( ! w1 "o speaks ( ! result ( all ! incl9ations4 ,x is almo/ z we h spok5 above ( ! consequ5t w 9 ,god1 :i* results f all ! antec$5t wills4 #dd4 ,nev]!less1 objective c]ta9ty or det]m9ation does n br+ ab\t ! necessity ( ! det]m9ate tru?4 ,all philosoph]s ackn[l$ge ?is1 ass]t+ t ! tru? ( cont+5t futurities is det]m9ate1 & t nev]!less !y rema9 cont+5t4 ,! ?+ inde$ w\ld imply no contradiction 9 itself if ! effect did n foll[2 & !re9 lies cont+5cy4 ,! bett] to und]/& ?is po9t1 we mu/ take into acc\nt t !re are two great pr9ciples ( our argum5ts4 ,! "o is ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 /at+ t ( two contradictory propositions ! "o is true1 ! o!r false2 ! o!r pr9ciple is t ( ! det]m9ant reason3 x /ates t no?+ ev] comes to pass )\t !re be+ a cause or at lea/ a reason det]m9+ x1 t is1 some?+ to give an a priori reason :y x is exi/5t r ?an non-exi/5t1 & 9 ?is wise r ?an 9 any o!r4 ,?is great pr9ciple holds = all ev5ts1 & a contr>y in/ance w nev] be suppli$3 & al?\gh m (t5 ?an n we are insuffici5tly #adh acqua9t$ ) ^! det]m9ant reasons1 we p]ceive nev]!less t !re are su*4 ,7 x n = ?is great pr9ciple we c\ld nev] prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & we %\ld lose an inf9itude ( v j & v pr(itable argum5ts :]e( x is ! f\ndation2 moreov]1 x suff]s no exception1 = o!rwise its =ce w\ld be weak5$4 ,besides1 no?+ is s weak z ^? sy/ems :]e all is un/eady & full ( exceptions4 ,t fault _c be laid to ! *>ge ( ! sy/em ,i approve1 :]e ev]y?+ happ5s 9 accordance ) g5]al rules t at mo/ are mutually re/rictive4 #de4 ,we mu/ !re=e n imag9e ) "s ,s*oolm51 ^: ideas t5d t[>ds ! *im]ical1 t free cont+5t futurities h ! privilege ( exemption f ?is g5]al rule ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,!re is always a prevail+ reason :i* prompts ! w to its *oice1 & = ! ma9t5ance ( fre$om = ! w x suffices t ?is reason %\ld incl9e )\t necessitat+4 ,t is also ! op9ion ( all ! anci5ts1 ( ,plato1 ( ,ari/otle1 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! w is nev] prompt$ to action save by ! repres5tation ( ! good1 :i* prevails ov] ! opposite repres5tations4 ,?is is admitt$ ev5 9 relation to ,god1 ! good angels & ! s\ls 9 bliss3 & x is ackn[l$g$ t !y are none ! less free 9 consequ5ce ( t4 ,god fails n to *oose ! be/1 b he is n con/ra9$ s to d3 nay1 m1 !re is no necessity 9 ! object ( ,god's *oice1 = ano!r sequ5ce ( ?+s is equally possible4 ,= t v reason ! *oice is free & indep5d5t ( necessity1 because x is made betwe5 sev]al possibles1 & ! w is det]m9$ only by ! prepond]at+ goodness ( ! object4 ,?is is !re=e n a defect :]e ,god & ! sa9ts are conc]n$3 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld be a great defect1 or r a manife/ absurdity1 7 x o!rwise1 ev5 9 m5 "h on e>?1 & if !y 7 capable ( act+ )\t any incl9+ reason4 ,( su* absurdity no example w ev] be f\nd2 & ev5 suppos+ "o takes a c]ta9 c\rse out ( caprice1 to demon/rate "o's fre$om1 ! pleasure or advantage "o ?9ks to f9d 9 ?is conceit is "o ( ! reasons t5d+ t[>ds x4 #df4 ,!re is !re=e a fre$om ( cont+5cy or1 9 a way1 ( indiff]5ce1 provid$ t by 'indiff]5ce' is und]/ood t no?+ necessitates u to "o c\rse or ! o!r2 b !re is nev] any indiff]5ce ( equipoise1 t is1 :]e all is completely ev5 on #adi bo? sides1 )\t any incl9ation t[>ds ei!r4 ,innum]able great & small movem5ts1 int]nal & ext]nal1 co-op]ate ) u1 = ! mo/ "p unp]ceiv$ by u4 ,& ,i h already said t :5 "o leaves a room !re are su* & su* reasons det]m9+ u to put ! "o foot fir/1 )\t paus+ to reflect4 ,= !re is n ev]y:]e a slave1 z 9 ,trimal*io's h\se 9 ,petronius1 to cry to u3 ! "r foot fir/4 ,all t we h j said agrees entirely also ) ! maxims ( ! philosoph]s1 :o tea* t a cause _c act )\t hav+ a disposition t[>ds action4 ,x is ?is disposition :i* conta9s a pr$et]m9ation1 :e!r ! do] h receiv$ x f )\t1 or h _h x 9 consequ5ce ( 8 own antec$5t "*4 #dg4 ,?us we h no ne$ to resort1 9 company ) "s new ,?omi/s1 to a new imm$iate pr$et]m9ation by ,god1 su* z may cause ! free creature to ab&on 8 indiff]5ce1 & to a decree ( ,god = pr$et]m9+ ! creature1 mak+ x possible = ,god to "k :at ! creature w d3 = x suffices t ! creature be pr$et]m9$ by its prec$+ /ate1 :i* incl9es x to "o c\rse m ?an to ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 all ^! connexions ( ! actions ( ! creature & ( all creatures 7 repres5t$ 9 ! div9e und]/&+1 & kn[n to ,god ?r\gh ! k ( m]e intellig5ce1 be=e he _h decre$ to give !m exi/5ce4 ,?us we see t1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 "o may disp5se ) bo? ! m$iate k ( ! ,mol9i/s & ! pr$et]m9ation :i* a ,baez or an ,alv>ez 7writ]s o!rwise ( great pr(undity7 h taught4 #dh4 ,by ?is false idea ( an indiff]5ce ( equipoise ! ,mol9i/s 7 mu* emb>rass$4 ,!y 7 ask$ n only h[ x 0 possible to "k 9 :at direction a cause absolutely indet]m9ate w\ld be det]m9$1 b also h[ x 0 possible t !re %\ld f9ally result !refrom a det]m9ation = :i* !re is no s\rce3 to say ) ,mol9a t x is ! privilege ( ! free cause is to say no?+1 b simply to grant t cause ! privilege ( be+ *im]ical4 ,x is pleas+ to see _! h>ass$ ef=ts to em]ge f a labyr9? :5ce !re is absolutely no means ( egress4 ,"s tea* t ! w1 be=e x is det]m9$ =mally1 mu/ be det]m9$ virtually1 9 ord] to em]ge f its /ate ( equipoise2 & ,fa!r ,l\is ( ,dole1 9 8 book on ! ,co-op]ation ( ,god1 quotes ,mol9i/s :o attempt to take refuge 9 ?is exp$i5t3 #aej = !y are compell$ to ackn[l$ge t ! cause mu/ ne$s be dispos$ to act4 ,b !y ga9 no?+1 !y only def] ! difficulty3 = !y w /ill be ask$ h[ ! free cause comes to be det]m9$ virtually4 ,!y w !re=e nev] extricate !mselves )\t ackn[l$g+ t !re is a pr$et]m9ation 9 ! prec$+ /ate ( ! free creature1 :i* incl9es x to be det]m9$4 #di4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! case also ( ,buridan's ass betwe5 two mead[s1 impell$ equally t[>ds bo? ( !m1 is a fiction t _c occur 9 ! univ]se1 9 ! ord] ( ,nature1 al?\gh ,m4 ,bayle be ( ano!r op9ion4 ,x is true t1 if ! case 7 possible1 "o mu/ say t ! ass w\ld />ve himself to dea?3 b fundam5tally ! "q deals 9 ! impossible1 unless x be t ,god br+ ! ?+ ab\t expressly4 ,= ! univ]se _c be halv$ by a plane drawn ?r\gh ! middle ( ! ass1 :i* is cut v]tically ?r\gh its l5g?1 s t all is equal & alike on bo? sides1 9 ! mann] :]e9 an ellipse1 & e plane figure ( ! numb] ( ^? ,i t]m 'ambidext]'1 c be ?us halv$1 by any /raight l9e pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,nei!r ! p>ts ( ! univ]se nor ! visc]a ( ! animal are alike nor are !y ev5ly plac$ on bo? sides ( ?is v]tical plane4 ,!re w !re=e always be _m ?+s 9 ! ass & outside ! ass1 al?\gh !y be n app>5t to u1 :i* w det]m9e him to g on "o side r ?an ! o!r4 ,& al?\gh man is free1 & ! ass is n1 nev]!less = ! same reason x mu/ be true t 9 man likewise ! case ( a p]fect equipoise betwe5 two c\rses is impossible4 ,fur!rmore x is true t an angel1 or ,god c]ta9ly1 c\ld always acc\nt = ! c\rse man has adopt$1 by assign+ a cause or a pr$ispos+ reason :i* has actually induc$ him to adopt x3 yet ?is reason w\ld (t5 be complex & incompreh5sible to ourselves1 because ! concat5ation ( causes l9k$ toge!r is v long4 #ej4 ,h5ce x is t ! reason ,m4 ,desc>tes has advanc$ to prove ! indep5d5ce ( our free actions1 by :at he t]ms an int5se inw>d s5sation1 has no =ce4 ,we _c prop]ly speak+ be s5sible ( our indep5d5ce1 & we are n aw>e always ( ! causes1 (t5 imp]ceptible1 :]eon our resolution dep5ds4 ,x is z ?\gh ! magnetic ne$le took pleasure 9 turn+ t[>ds ! nor?3 = x w\ld ?9k t x 0 turn+ indep5d5tly ( any o!r cause1 n be+ aw>e ( ! imp]ceptible movem5ts ( ! magnetic matt]4 ,nev]!less we %all #aea see lat] 9 :at s5se x is q true t ! human s\l is altoge!r its own natural pr9ciple 9 relation to its actions1 dep5d5t ^u itself & indep5d5t ( all o!r creatures4 #ea4 ,z = volition itself1 to say t x is an object ( free w is incorrect4 ,we w to act1 /rictly speak+1 & we d n w to w2 else we c\ld /ill say t we w to h ! w to w1 & t w\ld g on to inf9ity4 ,besides1 we d n always foll[ ! late/ judgem5t ( practical und]/&+ :5 we resolve to w2 b we always foll[1 9 our will+1 ! result ( all ! incl9ations t come f ! direction bo? ( reasons & passions1 & ?is (t5 happ5s )\t an express judgem5t ( ! und]/&+4 #eb4 ,all is !re=e c]ta9 & det]m9$ be=eh& 9 man1 z ev]y:]e else1 & ! human s\l is a k9d ( spiritual automaton1 al?\gh cont+5t actions 9 g5]al & free action 9 p>ticul> are n on t acc\nt necess>y ) an absolute necessity1 :i* w\ld be truly incompatible ) cont+5cy4 ,?us nei!r futurition 9 itself1 c]ta9 z x is1 nor ! infallible prevision ( ,god1 nor ! pr$et]m9ation ei!r ( causes or ( ,god's decrees de/roys ?is cont+5cy & ?is fre$om4 ,t is ackn[l$g$ 9 respect ( futurition & prevision1 z has already be5 set =?4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ,god's decree consi/s solely 9 ! resolution he =ms1 aft] hav+ comp>$ all possible worlds1 to *oose t "o :i* is ! be/1 & br+ x into exi/5ce toge!r ) all t ?is _w conta9s1 by means ( ! all-p[]ful ^w ,fiat1 x is pla9 to see t ?is decree *anges no?+ 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s3 ,god leaves !m j z !y 7 9 ! /ate ( m]e possibility1 t is1 *ang+ no?+ ei!r 9 _! ess5ce or nature1 or ev5 9 _! accid5ts1 :i* are repres5t$ p]fectly already 9 ! idea ( ?is possible _w4 ,?us t :i* is cont+5t & free rema9s no less s "u ! decrees ( ,god ?an "u 8 prevision4 #ec4 ,b c\ld ,god himself 7x w be said7 !n *ange no?+ 9 ! _w8 ,assur$ly he c\ld n n[ *ange x1 )\t d]ogation to 8 wisdom1 s9ce he has =ese5 ! exi/5ce ( ?is _w & ( :at x conta9s1 & s9ce1 likewise1 he has =m$ ?is resolution to br+ x into exi/5ce3 = he _c be mi/ak5 nor rep5t1 & x did n behove him to f an imp]fect resolution apply+ to "o "p & n ! #aeb :ole4 ,?us1 all be+ ord]$ f ! beg9n+1 x is only because ( ?is hypo!tical necessity1 recogniz$ by ev]yone1 t aft] ,god's prevision or aft] 8 resolution no?+ c be *ang$3 & yet ! ev5ts 9 !mselves rema9 cont+5t4 ,= 7sett+ aside ?is supposition ( ! futurition ( ! ?+ & ( ! prevision or ( ! resolution ( ,god1 a supposition :i* already lays x d[n z a fact t ! ?+ w happ51 & 9 accordance ) :i* "o mu/ say1 ',unumquodque1 qu&o e/1 oportet esse1 aut unumquodque1 siquidem erit1 oportet futurum esse'71 ! ev5t has no?+ 9 x to r5d] x necess>y & to sugge/ t no o!r ?+ might h happ5$ 9 its /ead4 ,& z = ! connexion betwe5 causes & effects1 x only incl9$1 )\t necessitat+1 ! free ag5cy1 z ,i h j expla9$2 ?us x does n produce ev5 a hypo!tical necessity1 save 9 conjunction ) some?+ f outside1 to wit1 ?is v maxim1 t ! prevail+ incl9ation always triumphs4 #ed4 ,x w be said also t1 if all is ord]$1 ,god _c !n p]=m miracles4 ,b "o mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! miracles :i* happ5 9 ! _w 7 also enfold$ & repres5t$ z possible 9 ?is same _w consid]$ 9 ! /ate ( m]e possibility2 & ,god1 :o has s9ce p]=m$ !m1 :5 he *ose ?is _w _h ev5 !n decre$ to p]=m !m4 ,aga9 ! objection w be made t v[s & pray]s1 m]its & dem]its1 good & bad actions avail no?+1 s9ce no?+ c be *ang$4 ,?is objection causes mo/ p]plexity to p 9 g5]al1 & yet x is purely a sophism4 ,^! pray]s1 ^! v[s1 ^! good or bad actions t occur to-day 7 already be=e ,god :5 he =m$ ! resolution to ord] ?+s4 ,^? ?+s :i* happ5 9 ?is exi/+ _w 7 repres5t$1 ) _! effects & _! consequ5ces1 9 ! idea ( ?is same _w1 :ile x 0 /ill possible only2 !y 7 repres5t$ !re91 attract+ ,god's grace :e!r natural or sup]natural1 requir+ puni%m5ts or rew>ds1 j z x has happ5$ actually 9 ?is _w s9ce ,god *ose x4 ,! pray] or ! good action 7 ev5 !n an ideal cause or condition1 t is1 an incl9+ reason able to contribute to ! grace ( ,god1 or to ! rew>d1 z x n[ does 9 reality4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 all is wisely connect$ toge!r 9 ! _w1 x is cle> t ,god1 =esee+ t :i* w\ld happ5 freely1 ord]$ all o!r ?+s on t basis be=eh&1 or 7:at is ! same7 he *ose t possible _w 9 #aec :i* ev]y?+ 0 ord]$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 #ee4 ,?is consid]ation demoli%es at ! same "t :at ! anci5ts call$ ! ',lazy ,sophism' 7,greek3 logos argos7 :i* end$ 9 a decision to d no?+3 = 7p w\ld say7 if :at ,i ask is to happ5 x w happ5 ev5 ?\gh ,i %\ld d no?+2 & if x is n to happ5 x w nev] happ51 no matt] :at tr\ble ,i take to a*ieve x4 ,?is necessity1 suppos$ly exi/5t 9 ev5ts1 & deta*$ f _! causes1 might be t]m$ ,fatum ,mahometanum1 z ,i h already obs]v$ above1 because a simil> l9e ( reason+1 s x is said1 causes ! ,turks n to %un places ravag$ by plague4 ,b ! answ] is q ready3 ! effect be+ c]ta91 ! cause t %all produce x is c]ta9 also2 & if ! effect comes ab\t x w be by virtue ( a proportionate cause4 ,?us y\r laz9ess p]*ance w br+ x ab\t t y w obta9 naught ( :at y desire1 & t y w fall into ^? mis=tunes :i* y w\ld by act+ ) c>e h avoid$4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! connexion ( causes ) effects1 f> f caus+ an un5durable fatality1 provides r a means ( obviat+ x4 ,!re is a ,g]man prov]b :i* says t dea? w ev] h a cause2 & no?+ is s true4 ,y w die on t day 7let u presume x is s1 & t ,god =esees x73 yes1 )\t d\bt2 b x w be because y w d :at %all lead y ?i!r4 ,x is likewise ) ! *a/isem5ts ( ,god1 :i* also dep5d ^u _! causes4 ,& x w be apposite 9 ?is connexion to quote ?is fam\s passage f ,/4 ,ambrose 79 cap4 ,i ,lucae71 ',novit ,dom9us mut>e s5t5tiam1 si tu nov]is mut>e delictum'1 :i* is n to be und]/ood z ( reprobation1 b ( d5unciation1 su* z t :i* ,jonah dealt out = ,god to ! ,n9evites4 ,?is common say+3 ',si non es pra$e/9atus1 fac ut pra$e/9]is'1 mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally1 its true s5se be+ t he :o has d\bts ( 8 pr$e/9ation ne$ only d :at is requir$ = him to obta9 x by ! grace ( ,god4 ,! sophism :i* ends 9 a decision to tr\ble oneself ov] no?+ w haply be useful sometimes to induce c]ta9 p to face dang] fe>lessly4 ,x has be5 appli$ 9 p>ticul> to ,turki% soldi]s3 b x seems t ha%i% is a m important factor ?an ?is sophism1 n to m5tion ! fact t ?is resolute _s 9 ! ,turks has greatly beli$ itself 9 our days4 #ef4 ,a le>n$ physician ( ,holl& nam$ ,johan van ,bev]wyck took ! tr\ble to write ,de ,t]m9o ,vitae & to collect sundry answ]s1 #aed lett]s & disc\rses ( "s le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t on ?is subject4 ,?is collection has be5 pr9t$1 & x is a/oni%+ to see !re h[ (t5 p are misl$1 & h[ !y h confus$ a problem :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 is ! easie/ 9 ! _w4 ,aft] t x is no wond] t !re are v _m d\bts :i* ! human race _c ab&on4 ,! tru? is t p love to lose !mselves1 & ?is is a k9d ( ramble ( ! m9d1 :i* is unwill+ to subject itself to att5tion1 to ord]1 to rules4 ,x seems z ?\gh we are s accu/om$ to games & je/+ t we play ! fool ev5 9 ! mo/ s]i\s occupations1 & :5 we lea/ ?9k to d s4 #eg4 ,i fe> t 9 ! rec5t dispute betwe5 ! !ologians ( ! ,augsburg ,confession1 ,de ,t]m9o ,pa5it5tiae ,p]emptorio1 :i* has call$ =? s _m treatises 9 ,g]many1 "s misund]/&+1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t nature1 has slipp$ 94 ,! t]ms prescrib$ by ! laws are among/ lawy]s kn[n z fatalia4 ,x may be said1 9 a s5se1 t ! p]emptory t]m1 prescrib$ to man = 8 rep5tance & am5dm5t1 is c]ta9 9 ! sight ( ,god1 ) :om all is c]ta94 ,god kn[s :5 a s9n] w be s h>d5$ t !reaft] no?+ c be done = him3 n inde$ t x w\ld be impossible = him to d p5ance or t suffici5t grace ne$s mu/ be refus$ to him aft] a c]ta9 t]m1 a grace t nev] fails2 b because !re w be a "t :]eaft] he w no m approa* ! ways ( salvation4 ,b we nev] h c]ta9 m>ks = recogniz+ ?is t]m1 & we are nev] ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ a man utt]ly ab&on$3 t w\ld be to pass a ra% judgem5t4 ,x 7 bett] always to h room = hope2 & ?is is an occasion1 ) a ?\s& o!rs1 :]e our ignorance is b5eficial4 ,prud5s futuri temporis exitum ,calig9osa nocte premit ,deus4 #eh4 ,! :ole future is d\btless det]m9$3 b s9ce we "k n :at x is1 nor :at is =ese5 or resolv$1 we mu/ d our duty1 accord+ to ! reason t ,god has giv5 u & accord+ to ! rules t he has prescrib$ = u2 & !reaft] we mu/ h a quiet m9d1 & leave to ,god himself ! c>e = ! outcome4 ,= he w nev] fail to d t :i* %all be ! be/1 n only 9 g5]al b also 9 p>ticul>1 = ^? :o h true confid5ce 9 him1 t is1 a confid5ce compos$ #aee ( true piety1 a lively fai? & f]v5t *>ity1 by virtue ( :i* we w1 z f> z 9 u lies1 neglect no?+ app]ta9+ to our duty & 8 s]vice4 ,x is true t we _c 'r5d] s]vice' to him1 = he has ne$ ( no?+3 b x is 's]v+ him'1 9 our p>lance1 :5 we /rive to c>ry out 8 presumptive w1 co-op]at+ 9 ! good z x is kn[n to u1 :]ev] we c contribute !reto4 ,= we mu/ always presume t ,god is prompt$ t[>ds ! good we "k1 until ! ev5t %[s u t he _h /rong] reasons1 al?\gh p]haps unkn[n to u1 :i* h made him subord9ate ?is good t we s\ght to "s o!r great] good ( 8 own design+1 :i* he has n fail$ or w n fail to effect4 #ei4 ,i h j %[n h[ ! action ( ! w dep5ds ^u its causes2 t !re is no?+ s appropriate to human nature z ?is dep5d5ce ( our actions2 & t o!rwise "o w\ld slip into a prepo/]\s & un5durable fatality1 namely into ! ,fatum ,mahometanum1 :i* is ! wor/ ( all because x ov]?r[s =esight & good c\nsel4 ,x is well to %[1 not)/&+1 h[ ?is dep5d5ce ( volunt>y actions does n fundam5tally preclude ! exi/5ce )9 u ( a wond]ful spontaneity1 :i* 9 a c]ta9 s5se makes ! s\l 9 its resolves indep5d5t ( ! physical influ5ce ( all o!r creatures4 ,?is spontaneity1 hi!rto little recogniz$1 :i* exalts our comm& ov] our actions to ! highe/ pit*1 is a consequ5ce ( ! ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 ( :i* ,i mu/ give "s explanation "h4 ,! ,s*ola/ic philosoph]s believ$ t !re 0 a reciprocal physical influ5ce betwe5 body & s\l3 b s9ce x has be5 recogniz$ t ?\ght & dim5sional mass h no mutual connexion1 & t !y are creatures diff]+ toto g5]e1 _m mod]ns h ackn[l$g$ t !re is no physical communication betwe5 s\l & body1 despite ! metaphysical communication always subsi/+1 :i* causes s\l & body to compose "o & ! same suppositum1 or :at is call$ a p]son4 ,?is physical communication1 if !re 7 su*1 w\ld cause ! s\l to *ange ! degree ( spe$ & ! directional l9e ( "s motions t are 9 ! body1 & vice v]sa ! body to *ange ! sequ5ce ( ! ?\ghts t are 9 ! s\l4 ,b ?is effect _c be inf]r$ f any notion conceiv$ 9 ! body & 9 ! s\l2 ?\gh no?+ be bett] kn[n to u ?an ! s\l1 s9ce x is inmo/ to u1 t is to say inmo/ to itself4 #aef #fj4 ,m4 ,desc>tes wi%$ to compromise & to make a "p ( ! body's action dep5d5t ^u ! s\l4 ,he believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a rule ( ,nature to ! effect1 accord+ to him1 t ! same quantity ( movem5t is cons]v$ 9 bodies4 ,he deem$ x n possible t ! influ5ce ( ! s\l %\ld violate ?is law ( bodies1 b he believ$ t ! s\l not)/&+ might h p[] to *ange ! direction ( ! movem5ts t are made 9 ! body2 mu* z a rid]1 ?\gh giv+ no =ce to ! horse he m\nts1 nev]!less controls x by guid+ t =ce 9 any direction he pleases4 ,b z t is done by means ( ! bridle1 ! bit1 ! spurs & o!r mat]ial aids1 x is conceivable h[ t c be2 !re are1 h[ev]1 no in/rum5ts su* z ! s\l may employ = ?is result1 no?+ inde$ ei!r 9 ! s\l or 9 ! body1 t is1 ei!r 9 ?\ght or 9 ! mass1 :i* may s]ve to expla9 ?is *ange ( ! "o by ! o!r4 ,9 a ^w1 t ! s\l %\ld *ange ! quantity ( =ce & t x %\ld *ange ! l9e ( direction1 bo? ^! ?+s are equally inexplicable4 #fa4 ,moreov]1 two important tru?s on ?is subject h be5 discov]$ s9ce ,m4 ,desc>tes' day4 ,! fir/ is t ! quantity ( absolute =ce :i* is 9 fact cons]v$ is diff]5t f ! quantity ( movem5t1 z ,i h demon/rat$ else:]e4 ,! second discov]y is t ! same direction is /ill cons]v$ 9 all bodies toge!r t are assum$ z int]act+1 9 :atev] way !y come into collision4 ,if ?is rule _h be5 kn[n to ,m4 ,desc>tes1 he w\ld h tak5 ! direction ( bodies to be z indep5d5t ( ! s\l z _! =ce2 & ,i believe t t w\ld h l$ direct to ! ,hypo!sis ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 :i!r ^! same rules h l$ me4 ,= ap>t f ! fact t ! physical influ5ce ( "o ( ^! sub/ances on ! o!r is inexplicable1 ,i recogniz$ t )\t a complete d]angem5t ( ! laws ( ,nature ! s\l c\ld n act physically ^u ! body4 ,& ,i did n believe t "o c\ld "h li/5 to philosoph]s1 compet5t 9 o!r respects1 :o produce a ,god1 z x 71 ex ma*9a1 to br+ ab\t ! f9al solution ( ! piece1 ma9ta9+ t ,god ex]ts himself delib]ately to move bodies z ! s\l pleases1 & to give p]ceptions to ! s\l z ! body requires4 ,= ?is sy/em1 :i* is call$ t ( occasional causes 7because x tea*es t ,god acts on ! body at ! in/ance ( ! s\l1 & vice v]sa71 besides introduc+ p]petual miracles to e/abli% communication #aeg betwe5 ^! two sub/ances1 does n obviate ! d]angem5t ( ! natural laws obta9+ 9 ea* ( ^! same sub/ances1 :i*1 9 ! g5]al op9ion1 _! mutual influ5ce w\ld cause4 #fb4 ,be+ on o!r consid]ations already conv9c$ ( ! pr9ciple ( ,h>mony 9 g5]al1 ,i 0 9 consequ5ce conv9c$ likewise ( ! pre=mation & ! ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony ( all ?+s among/ !mselves1 ( t betwe5 nature & grace1 betwe5 ! decrees ( ,god & our actions =ese51 betwe5 all p>ts ( matt]1 & ev5 betwe5 ! future & ! pa/1 ! :ole 9 con=mity ) ! sov]eign wisdom ( ,god1 ^: works are ! mo/ h>moni\s x is possible to conceive4 ,?us ,i c\ld n fail to arrive at ! sy/em :i* decl>es t ,god creat$ ! s\l 9 ! beg9n+ 9 su* a fa%ion t x mu/ produce & repres5t to itself successively t :i* takes place )9 ! body1 & ! body also 9 su* a fa%ion t x mu/ d ( itself t :i* ! s\l orda9s4 ,consequ5tly ! laws t connect ! ?\ghts ( ! s\l 9 ! ord] ( f9al causes & 9 accordance ) ! evolution ( p]ceptions mu/ produce pictures t meet & h>monize ) ! impressions ( bodies on our organs2 & likewise ! laws ( movem5ts 9 ! body1 :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 ! ord] ( effici5t causes1 meet & s h>monize ) ! ?\ghts ( ! s\l t ! body is induc$ to act at ! "t :5 ! s\l wills x4 #fc4 ,f> f its be+ prejudicial1 no?+ c be m fav\rable to fre$om ?an t sy/em4 ,& ,m4 ,jacquelot has demon/rat$ well 9 8 book on ! ,con=mity ( ,fai? ) ,reason1 t x is j z if he :o kn[s all t ,i %all ord] a s]vant to d ! :ole day long on ! morr[ made an automaton entirely resembl+ ?is s]vant1 to c>ry out to-morr[ at ! "r mom5t all t ,i %\ld ord]2 & yet t w\ld n prev5t me f ord]+ freely all t ,i %\ld please1 al?\gh ! action ( ! automaton t w\ld s]ve me w\ld n be 9 ! lea/ free4 #fd4 ,moreov]1 s9ce all t passes 9 ! s\l dep5ds1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 only ^u ! s\l1 & its subsequ5t /ate is d]iv$ only f x & f its pres5t /ate1 h[ c "o give x a great] indep5d5ce8 ,x is true t !re /ill rema9s "s imp]fection 9 ! con/itution ( ! s\l4 ,all t happ5s to ! s\l dep5ds ^u x1 b dep5ds n always ^u its w2 t 7 too mu*4 ,nor are su*#aeh happ5+s ev5 recogniz$ always by its und]/&+ or p]ceiv$ ) di/9ctness4 ,= !re is 9 ! s\l n only an ord] ( di/9ct p]ceptions1 =m+ its dom9ion1 b also a s]ies ( confus$ p]ceptions or passions1 =m+ its bondage3 & !re is no ne$ = a/oni%m5t at t2 ! s\l w\ld be a ,div9ity if x _h none b di/9ct p]ceptions4 ,x has nev]!less "s p[] ov] ^! confus$ p]ceptions also1 ev5 if 9 an indirect mann]4 ,= al?\gh x _c *ange its passions =?)1 x c "w f af> t[>ds t end ) en\gh success1 & endue itself ) new passions & ev5 habits4 ,x ev5 has a l p[] ov] ! m di/9ct p]ceptions1 be+ able to endue itself indirectly ) op9ions & int5tions1 & to h9d] itself f hav+ ?is "o or t1 & /ay or ha/5 its judgem5t4 ,= we c seek means be=eh& to arre/ ourselves1 :5 occasion arises1 on ! slid+ /ep ( a ra% judgem5t2 we c f9d "s incid5t to ju/ify po/ponem5t ( our resolution ev5 at ! mom5t :5 ! matt] appe>s ready to be judg$4 ,al?\gh our op9ion & our act ( will+ be n directly objects ( our w 7z ,i h already obs]v$71 "o sometimes1 takes measures nev]!less1 to w & ev5 to believe 9 due "t1 t :i* "o does n w1 or believe1 n[4 ,s great is ! pr(undity ( ! _s ( man4 #fe4 ,& n[1 to br+ to a conclusion ?is "q ( spontaneity1 x mu/ be said t1 on a rigor\s def9ition1 ! s\l has )9 x ! pr9ciple ( all its actions1 & ev5 ( all its passions1 & t ! same is true 9 all ! simple sub/ances scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,nature1 al?\gh !re be fre$om only 9 ^? t are intellig5t4 ,9 ! popul> s5se not)/&+1 speak+ 9 accordance ) appe>ances1 we mu/ say t ! s\l dep5ds 9 "s way ^u ! body & ^u ! impressions ( ! s5ses3 mu* z we speak ) ,ptolemy & ,ty*o 9 ev]yday conv]se1 & ?9k ) ,cop]nicus1 :5 x is a "q ( ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( ! sun4 #ff4 ,"o may h[ev] give a true & philosophic s5se to ?is mutual dep5d5ce :i* we suppose betwe5 ! s\l & ! body4 ,x is t ! "o ( ^! two sub/ances dep5ds ^u ! o!r ideally1 9 s f> z ! reason ( t :i* is done 9 ! "o c be furni%$ by t :i* is 9 ! o!r4 ,?is _h already happ5$ :5 ,god ord]$ be=eh& ! h>mony t !re w\ld be betwe5 !m4 ,ev5 s w\ld t #aei automaton1 t %\ld fulfil ! s]vant's function1 dep5d ^u me ideally1 9 virtue ( ! k ( him :o1 =esee+ my future ord]s1 w\ld h r5d]$ x capable ( s]v+ me at ! "r mom5t all ?r\gh ! morr[4 ,! k ( my future int5tions w\ld h actuat$ ?is great craftsman1 :o w\ld accord+ly h fa%ion$ ! automaton3 my influ5ce w\ld be objective1 & 8 physical4 ,= 9 s f> z ! s\l has p]fection & di/9ct ?\ghts1 ,god has accommodat$ ! body to ! s\l1 & has arrang$ be=eh& t ! body is impell$ to execute its ord]s4 ,& 9 s f> z ! s\l is imp]fect & z its p]ceptions are confus$1 ,god has accommodat$ ! s\l to ! body1 9 su* sort t ! s\l is sway$ by ! passions aris+ out ( corporeal repres5tations4 ,?is produces ! same effect & ! same appe>ance z if ! "o dep5d$ imm$iately ^u ! o!r1 & by ! ag5cy ( a physical influ5ce4 ,prop]ly speak+1 x is by its confus$ ?\ghts t ! s\l repres5ts ! bodies :i* encompass x4 ,! same ?+ mu/ apply to all t we und]/& by ! actions ( simple sub/ances "o ^u ano!r4 ,= ea* "o is assum$ to act ^u ! o!r 9 proportion to its p]fection1 al?\gh ?is be only ideally1 & 9 ! reasons ( ?+s1 z ,god 9 ! beg9n+ ord]$ "o sub/ance to accord ) ano!r 9 proportion to ! p]fection or imp]fection t !re is 9 ea*4 7,)al action & passion are always reciprocal 9 creatures1 because "o "p ( ! reasons :i* s]ve to expla9 cle>ly :at is done1 & :i* h s]v$ to br+ x into exi/5ce1 is 9 ! "o ( ^! sub/ances1 & ano!r "p ( ^! reasons is 9 ! o!r1 p]fections & imp]fections be+ always m+l$ & %>$47 ,?us x is we attribute action to ! "o1 & passion to ! o!r4 #fg4 ,b aft] all1 :atsoev] dep5d5ce be conceiv$ 9 volunt>y actions1 & ev5 ?\gh !re 7 an absolute & ma!matical necessity 7:i* !re is n7 x w\ld n foll[ t !re w\ld n be a suffici5t degree ( fre$om to r5d] rew>ds & puni%m5ts j & reasonable4 ,x is true t g5]ally we speak z ?\gh ! necessity ( ! action put an end to all m]it & all dem]it1 all ju/ification = praise & blame1 = rew>d & puni%m5t3 b x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is conclusion is n entirely correct4 ,i am v f> f %>+ ! op9ions ( ,bradw>d9e1 ,wyclif1 ,hobbes & ,sp9oza1 :o advocate1 s x seems1#afj ?is entirely ma!matical necessity1 :i* ,i ?9k ,i h adequately refut$1 & p]haps m cle>ly ?an is cu/om>y4 ,yet "o mu/ always be> te/imony to ! tru? & n impute to a dogma any?+ t does n result f x4 ,moreov]1 ^! argum5ts prove too mu*1 s9ce !y w\ld prove j z mu* aga9/ hypo!tical necessity1 & w\ld ju/ify ! lazy sophism4 ,= ! absolute necessity ( ! sequ5ce ( causes w\ld 9 ?is matt] add no?+ to ! infallible c]ta9ty ( a hypo!tical necessity4 #fh4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 x mu/ be agre$ t x is p]mitt$ to kill a madman :5 "o _c by o!r means def5d oneself4 ,x w be grant$ also t x is p]mitt$1 & (t5 ev5 necess>y1 to de/roy v5om\s or v noxi\s animals1 al?\gh !y be n s by _! own fault4 #fi4 ,secondly1 "o inflicts puni%m5ts ^u a bea/1 despite its lack ( reason & fre$om1 :5 "o deems t ?is may s]ve to correct x3 ?us "o puni%es dogs & horses1 & inde$ ) mu* success4 ,rew>ds s]ve u no less 9 ! manag+ ( animals3 :5 an animal is hungry1 ! food t is giv5 to him causes him to d :at o!rwise w\ld nev] be obta9$ f him4 #gj4 ,?irdly1 "o w\ld inflict ev5 on bea/s capital puni%m5ts 7:]e x is no long] a "q ( correct+ ! bea/ t is puni%$7 if ?is puni%m5t c\ld s]ve z an example1 or inspire t]ror 9 o!rs1 to make !m cease f evil do+4 ,ror>ius1 9 8 book on reason 9 bea/s1 says t 9 ,africa !y crucifi$ lions1 9 ord] to drive away o!r lions f ! t[ns & frequ5t$ places1 & t he _h obs]v$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! prov9ce ( ,jli* t !y hang$ wolves !re 9 ord] to ensure great] safety = ! %eepfolds4 ,!re are p 9 ! villages also :o nail birds ( prey to ! doors ( h\ses1 ) ! idea t o!r birds ( ! same k9d w !n n s readily appe>4 ,^! measures w\ld always be ju/ifi$ if !y 7 ( any avail4 #ga4 ,!n1 9 ! f\r? place1 s9ce exp]i5ce proves t ! fe> ( *a/isem5ts & ! hope ( rew>ds s]ves to make m5 ab/a9 f evil & /rive to d good1 "o w\ld h good reason to avail oneself ( su*1 ev5 ?\gh m5 7 act+ "u necessity1 :atev] ! necessity might be4 ,! objection w be rais$ t if good or evil is necess>y x is useless to avail oneself ( means to obta9 x or to h9d] x3 b ! answ] has already be5 giv5 above 9 ! passage combat+ ! lazy #afa sophism4 ,if good or evil 7 a necessity )\t ^! means1 !n su* means w\ld be unavail+2 b x is n s4 ,^! goods & evils come only ) ! aid ( ^! means1 & if ^! results 7 necess>y ! means w\ld be a "p ( ! causes r5d]+ !m necess>y1 s9ce exp]i5ce tea*es u t (t5 fe> or hope h9d]s evil or advances good4 ,?is objection1 !n1 diff]s h>dly at all f ! lazy sophism1 :i* we raise aga9/ ! c]ta9ty z well z ! necessity ( future ev5ts4 ,?us "o may say t ^! objections are direct$ equally aga9/ hypo!tical necessity & absolute necessity1 & t !y prove z mu* aga9/ ! "o z aga9/ ! o!r1 t is to say1 no?+ at all4 #gb4 ,!re 0 a great dispute betwe5 ,bi%op ,bramhall & ,mr4 ,hobbes1 :i* began :5 !y 7 bo? 9 ,p>is1 & :i* 0 cont9u$ aft] _! return to ,engl&2 all ! p>ts ( x are to be f\nd collect$ 9 a qu>to volume publi%$ 9 ,london 9 ! ye> #afef4 ,!y are all 9 ,engli%1 & h n be5 translat$ z f> z ,i "k1 nor ins]t$ 9 ! ,collection ( ,works 9 ,lat9 by ,mr4 ,hobbes4 ,i _h already read ^! writ+s1 & h obta9$ !m aga9 s9ce4 ,& ,i _h obs]v$ at ! outset t he _h n at all prov$ ! absolute necessity ( all ?+s1 b _h %[n suffici5tly t necessity w\ld n ov]?r[ all ! rules ( div9e or human ju/ice1 & w\ld n prev5t altoge!r ! ex]cise ( ?is virtue4 #gc4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( ju/ice & a c]ta9 sort ( rew>ds & ( puni%m5ts :i* appe> n s applicable to ^? :o %\ld act by an absolute necessity1 suppos+ su* necessity exi/$4 ,x is t k9d ( ju/ice :i* has = its goal nei!r improvem5t nor example1 nor ev5 r$ress ( ! evil4 ,?is ju/ice has its f\ndation only 9 ! fitness ( ?+s1 :i* dem&s a c]ta9 satisfaction = ! expiation ( an evil action4 ,! ,soc9ians1 ,hobbes & "s o!rs d n admit ?is punitive ju/ice1 :i* prop]ly speak+ is av5g+ ju/ice4 ,god res]ves x = himself 9 _m cases2 b he does n fail to grant x to ^? :o are entitl$ to gov]n o!rs1 & he ex]cises x ?r\gh _! ag5cy1 provid$ t !y act "u ! influ5ce ( reason & n ( passion4 ,! ,soc9ians believe x to be )\t f\ndation1 b x always has "s f\ndation 9 t fitness ( ?+s :i* gives satisfaction n only to ! injur$ b also to ! wise :o see x2 ev5 z a beautiful piece ( music1 or aga9 a good piece ( ar*itecture1 satisfies cultivat$ #afb m9ds4 ,& ! wise lawgiv] hav+ ?reat5$1 & hav+1 s to speak1 promis$ a *a/isem5t1 x befits 8 consi/5cy n to leave ! action completely unpuni%$1 ev5 ?\gh ! puni%m5t w\ld no long] avail to correct anyone4 ,b ev5 ?\gh he %\ld h promis$ no?+1 x is en\gh t !re is a fitness ( ?+s :i* c\ld h prompt$ him to make ?is promise1 s9ce ! wise man likewise promises only t :i* is fitt+4 ,& "o may ev5 say t !re is "h a c]ta9 comp5sation ( ! m9d1 :i* w\ld be sc&aliz$ by disord] if ! *a/isem5t did n contribute t[>ds re/or+ ord]4 ,"o c also consult :at ,grotius wrote aga9/ ! ,soc9ians1 ( ! satisfaction ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! answ] ( ,crellius !reto4 #gd4 ,?us x is t ! pa9s ( ! damn$ cont9ue1 ev5 :5 !y no long] s]ve to turn !m away f evil1 & t likewise ! rew>ds ( ! bless$ cont9ue1 ev5 :5 !y no long] s]ve = /r5g!n+ !m 9 good4 ,"o may say nev]!less t ! damn$ ev] br+ ^u !mselves new pa9s ?r\gh new s9s1 & t ! bless$ ev] br+ ^u !mselves new joys by new progress 9 goodness3 = bo? are f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! fitness ( ?+s1 :i* has se5 to x t affairs 7 s ord]$ t ! evil action mu/ br+ ^u itself a *a/isem5t4 ,!re is good reason to believe1 foll[+ ! p>allelism ( ! two realms1 t ( f9al causes & t ( effici5t causes1 t ,god has e/abli%$ 9 ! univ]se a connexion betwe5 puni%m5t or rew>d & bad or good action1 9 accordance :]e) ! fir/ %\ld always be attract$ by ! second1 & virtue & vice obta9 _! rew>d & _! puni%m5t 9 consequ5ce ( ! natural sequ5ce ( ?+s1 :i* conta9s /ill ano!r k9d ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony ?an t :i* appe>s 9 ! communication betwe5 ! s\l & ! body4 ,=1 9 a ^w1 all t ,god does1 z ,i h said already1 is h>moni\s to p]fection4 ,p]haps !n ?is pr9ciple ( ! fitness ( ?+s w\ld no long] apply to be+s act+ )\t true fre$om or exemption f absolute necessity2 & 9 t case corrective ju/ice alone w\ld be adm9i/]$1 & n punitive ju/ice4 ,t is ! op9ion ( ! fam\s ,conr+ius1 9 a diss]tation he publi%$ on :at is j4 ,& inde$1 ! reasons ,pomponazzi employ$ 9 8 book on fate1 to prove ! usefulness ( *a/isem5ts & rew>ds1 ev5 ?\gh all %\ld come ab\t 9 our actions by a fatal necessity1#afc conc]n only am5dm5t & n satisfaction1 ,greek3 kolas9 ou timrian4 ,moreov]1 x is only = ! sake ( outw>d appe>ances t "o de/roys animals access>y to c]ta9 crimes1 z "o razes ! h\ses ( rebels1 t is1 to inspire t]ror4 ,?us x is an act ( corrective ju/ice1 :]e9 punitive ju/ice has no "p at all4 #ge4 ,b we w n amuse ourselves n[ by discuss+ a "q m curi\s ?an necess>y1 s9ce we h %[n suffici5tly t !re is no su* necessity 9 volunt>y actions4 ,nev]!less x 0 well to %[ t imp]fect fre$om alone1 t is1 fre$om :i* is exempt only f con/ra9t1 w\ld suffice z f\ndation = *a/isem5ts & rew>ds ( ! k9d conducive to ! avoidance ( evil1 & to am5dm5t4 ,"o sees also f ?is t "s p]sons ( intellig5ce1 :o p]suade !mselves t ev]y?+ is necess>y1 are wrong 9 say+ t none mu/ be prais$ or blam$1 rew>d$ or puni%$4 ,app>5tly !y say s only to ex]cise _! wit3 ! pretext is t all be+ necess>y no?+ w\ld be 9 our p[]4 ,b ?is pretext is ill f\nd$3 necess>y actions w\ld be /ill 9 our p[]1 at lea/ 9 s f> z we c\ld p]=m !m or omit !m1 :5 ! hope or ! fe> ( praise or blame1 ( pleasure or pa9 prompt$ our w !reto1 :e!r !y prompt$ x ( necessity1 or 9 prompt+ x !y left spontaneity1 cont+5cy & fre$om all alike unimpair$4 ,?us praise & blame1 rew>ds & puni%m5ts w\ld pres]ve always a l>ge "p ( _! use1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 a true necessity 9 our actions4 ,we c praise & blame also natural good & bad qualities1 :]e ! w has no "p--9 a horse1 9 a diamond1 9 a man2 & he :o said ( ,cato ( ,utica t he act$ virtu\sly ?r\gh ! goodness ( 8 nature1 & t x 0 impossible = him to behave o!rwise1 ?\ght to praise him ! m4 #gf4 ,! difficulties :i* ,i h endeav\r$ up to n[ to remove h be5 almo/ all common to natural & reveal$ !ology4 ,n[ x w be necess>y to come to a "q ( reveal$ !ology1 conc]n+ ! election or ! reprobation ( m51 ) ! disp5sation or use ( div9e grace 9 connexion ) ^! acts ( ! m]cy or ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,b :5 ,i answ]$ ! prec$+ objections1 ,i op5$ up a way to meet ^? t rema94 ,?is confirms ! obs]vation ,i made !reon 7,prelim9>y ,diss]tation1 #dc7 t !re is r a conflict betwe5 ! true #afd reasons ( natural !ology & ! false reasons ( human appe>ances1 ?an betwe5 reveal$ fai? & reason4 ,= on ?is subject sc>cely any difficulty arises t is new1 & n d]iv+ its orig9 f ^? :i* c be plac$ 9 ! way ( ! tru?s disc]n$ by reason4 #gg4 ,n[ z !ologians ( all p>ties are divid$ among !mselves on ?is subject ( pr$e/9ation & grace1 & (t5 give diff]5t answ]s to ! same objections1 accord+ to _! v>i\s pr9ciples1 "o _c avoid t\*+ on ! diff]5ces :i* prevail among !m4 ,"o may say 9 g5]al t "s look ^u ,god m metaphysically & o!rs m morally3 & x has already be5 /at$ on o!r occasions t ! ,c\nt]-,remon/rants took ! fir/ c\rse & ! ,remon/rants ! second4 ,b to act rightly we mu/ affirm alike on "o side ! indep5d5ce ( ,god & ! dep5d5ce ( creatures1 & on ! o!r side ! ju/ice & goodness ( ,god1 :i* makes him dep5d5t ^u himself1 8 w ^u 8 und]/&+ or 8 wisdom4 #gh4 ,"s gift$ & well-int5tion$ au?ors1 desir+ to %[ ! =ce ( ! reasons advocat$ by ! two pr9cipal p>ties1 9 ord] to p]suade !m to a mutual tol]ance1 deem t ! :ole controv]sy is r$uc$ to ?is ess5tial po9t1 namely3 ,:at 0 ,god's pr9cipal aim 9 mak+ 8 decrees ) reg>d to man8 ,did he make !m solely 9 ord] to %[ =? 8 glory by manife/+ 8 attributes1 & =m+1 to t end1 ! great plan ( creation & provid5ce8 ,or has he _h reg>d r to ! volunt>y movem5ts ( intellig5t sub/ances :i* he design$ to create1 consid]+ :at !y w\ld w & d 9 ! diff]5t circum/ances & situations :]e9 he might place !m1 s z to =m a fitt+ resolve !reupon8 ,x appe>s to me t ! two answ]s to ?is great "q ?us giv5 z opposites to "o ano!r are easy to reconcile1 & t 9 consequ5ce ! two p>ties w\ld be agre$ 9 pr9ciple1 )\t any ne$ ( tol]ance1 if all 7 r$uc$ to ?is po9t4 ,9 tru? ,god1 9 design+ to create ! _w1 purpos$ solely to manife/ & communicate 8 p]fections 9 ! way t 0 mo/ efficaci\s1 & mo/ wor?y ( 8 greatness1 8 wisdom & 8 goodness4 ,b t v purpose pl$g$ him to consid] all ! actions ( creatures :ile /ill 9 ! /ate ( pure possibility1 t he might =m ! mo/ fitt+ plan4 ,he is l a great ar*itect ^: aim 9 view is ! satisfaction or ! glory ( hav+#afe built a beautiful palace1 & :o consid]s all t is to ent] into ?is con/ruction3 ! =m & ! mat]ials1 ! place1 ! situation1 ! means1 ! workm51 ! exp5se1 be=e he =ms a complete resolve4 ,= a wise p]son 9 lay+ 8 plans _c sep>ate ! end f ! means2 he does n contemplate any end )\t kn[+ if !re are means ( atta9+ !reto4 #gi4 ,i "k n :e!r !re are also p]*ance p]sons :o imag9e t1 ,god be+ ! absolute ma/] ( all ?+s1 "o c !nce inf] t ev]y?+ outside him is indiff]5t to him1 t he consid]s himself alone1 )\t conc]n = o!rs1 & t ?us he has made "s happy & o!rs unhappy )\t any cause1 )\t *oice1 )\t reason4 ,b to tea* s ab\t ,god 7 to deprive him ( wisdom & ( goodness4 ,we ne$ only obs]ve t he consid]s himself & neglects no?+ ( :at he owes to himself1 to conclude t he consid]s 8 creatures also1 & t he uses !m 9 ! mann] mo/ consi/5t ) ord]4 ,= ! m a great & good pr9ce is m9dful ( 8 glory1 ! m he w ?9k ( mak+ 8 subjects happy1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 ! mo/ absolute ( all mon>*s1 & ?\gh 8 subjects 7 slaves f bir?1 bondsm5 79 lawy]s' p>lance71 p entirely 9 subjection to arbitr>y p[]4 ,calv9 himself & "s o!rs ( ! greate/ def5d]s ( ! absolute decree rightly ma9ta9$ t ,god _h great & j reasons = 8 election & ! disp5sation ( 8 grace1 al?\gh ^! reasons be unkn[n to u 9 detail3 & we mu/ judge *>itably t ! mo/ rigid pr$e/9ators h too mu* reason & too mu* piety to dep>t f ?is op9ion4 #hj4 ,!re w !re=e be no argum5t = debate on t po9t 7z ,i hope7 ) p :o are at all reasonable4 ,b !re w always be argum5t among ^? :o are call$ ,univ]sali/s & ,p>ticul>i/s1 accord+ to :at !y tea* ( ! grace & ! w ( ,god4 ,yet ,i am some:at incl9$ to believe t ! heat$ dispute betwe5 !m on ! w ( ,god to save all m51 & on t :i* dep5ds ^u x 7:5 "o keeps sep>ate ! doctr9e de ,auxiliis1 or ( ! assi/ance ( grace71 re/s r 9 expressions ?an 9 ?+s4 ,= x is suffici5t to consid] t ,god1 z well z e wise & b5efic5t m9d1 is incl9$ t[>ds all possible good1 & t ?is incl9ation is proportionate to ! excell5ce ( ! good4 ,moreov]1 ?is results 7if we take ! #aff matt] precisely & 9 itself7 f an 'antec$5t w'1 z x is t]m$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n always foll[$ by its complete effect1 because ?is wise m9d mu/ h _m o!r incl9ations besides4 ,?us x is ! result ( all ! incl9ations toge!r t makes 8 w complete & decretory1 z ,i h already expla9$4 ,"o may !re=e v well say ) anci5t writ]s t ,god wills to save all m5 accord+ to 8 antec$5t w1 b n accord+ to 8 consequ5t w1 :i* nev] fails to be foll[$ by its effect4 ,& if ^? :o d5y ?is univ]sal w d n all[ t ! antec$5t incl9ation be call$ a w1 !y are only tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t a "q ( "n4 #ha4 ,b !re is a "q m s]i\s 9 reg>d to pr$e/9ation to et]nal life & to all o!r de/9ation by ,god1 to wit1 :e!r ?is de/9ation is absolute or respective4 ,!re is de/9ation to good & de/9ation to evil2 & z evil is moral or physical1 !ologians ( all p>ties agree t !re is no de/9ation to moral evil1 t is to say1 t none is de/9$ to s94 ,z = ! greate/ physical evil1 :i* is damnation1 "o c di/+ui% betwe5 de/9ation & pr$e/9ation3 = pr$e/9ation appe>s to conta9 )9 itself an absolute de/9ation1 :i* is ant]ior to ! consid]ation ( ! good or evil actions ( ^? :om x conc]ns4 ,?us "o may say t ! reprobate are de/9$ to be condemn$1 because !y are kn[n to be imp5it5t4 ,b x _c s well be said t ! reprobate are pr$e/9$ to damnation3 = !re is no absolute reprobation1 its f\ndation be+ f9al =ese5 imp5it5ce4 #hb4 ,x is true t !re are writ]s :o ma9ta9 t ,god1 wi%+ to manife/ 8 m]cy & 8 ju/ice 9 accordance ) reasons wor?y ( him1 b unkn[n to u1 *ose ! elect1 & 9 consequ5ce reject$ ! damn$1 prior to all ?\ght ( s91 ev5 ( ,adam1 t aft] ?is resolve he ?\ght fit to p]mit s9 9 ord] to be able to ex]cise ^! two virtues1 & t he has be/[$ grace 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ to "s 9 ord] to save !m1 :ile he has refus$ x to o!rs 9 ord] to be able to puni% !m4 ,h5ce ^! writ]s are nam$ ',supralaps>ians'1 because ! decree to puni% prec$es1 accord+ to !m1 ! k ( ! future exi/5ce ( s94 ,b ! op9ion mo/ common to-day among/ ^? :o are call$ ,re=m$1 & "o t is fav\r$ by ! ,synod ( ,dordre*t1 is t ( ! ',infralaps>ians'1 correspond+ some:at to ! conception ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,= he ass]ts t ,god hav+ resolv$ to p]mit ! #afg s9 ( ,adam & ! corruption ( ! human race1 = reasons j b hidd51 8 m]cy made him *oose "s ( ! corrupt mass to be freely sav$ by ! m]it ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 8 ju/ice made him resolve to puni% ! o!rs by ! damnation t !y des]v$4 ,t is :y1 ) ! ,s*oolm51 only ! sav$ 7 call$ ,pra$e/9ati & ! damn$ 7 call$ ,praesciti4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t "s ,infralaps>ians & o!rs speak sometimes ( pr$e/9ation to damnation1 foll[+ ! example ( ,fulg5tius & ( ,/4 ,augu/9e himself3 b t signifies ! same z de/9ation to !m1 & x avails no?+ to wrangle ab\t words4 ,t pretext1 not)/&+1 0 9 "t pa/ us$ = maltreat+ t ,godescalc :o caus$ a /ir ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury1 & :o took ! "n ( ,fulg5tius to indicate t he foll[$ t au?or4 #hc4 ,z = ! de/9ation ( ! elect to et]nal life1 ! ,prote/ants1 z well z ^? ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 dispute mu* among !mselves z to :e!r election is absolute or is f\nd$ on ! prevision ( f9al liv+ fai?4 ,^? :o are call$ ,evangelicals1 t is1 ^? ( ! ,augsburg ,confession1 hold ! latt] op9ion3 !y believe t "o ne$ n g into ! hidd5 causes ( election :ile "o may f9d a manife/ cause ( x %[n 9 ,holy ,scripture1 :i* is fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2 & x appe>s to !m t ! prevision ( ! cause is also ! cause ( ! prevision ( ! effect4 ,^? :o are call$ ,re=m$ are ( a diff]5t op9ion3 !y admit t salvation comes f fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 b !y obs]ve t (t5 ! cause ant]ior to ! effect 9 execution is po/]ior 9 int5tion1 z :5 ! cause is ! means & ! effect is ! end4 ,?us ! "q is1 :e!r fai? or salvation is ant]ior 9 ! int5tion ( ,god1 t is1 :e!r ,god's design is r to save man ?an to make him a believ]4 #hd4 ,h5ce we see t ! "q betwe5 ! ,supralaps>ians & ! ,infralaps>ians 9 "p1 & aga9 betwe5 !m & ! ,evangelicals1 comes back to a "r conception ( ! ord] t is 9 ,god's decrees4 ,p]haps "o might put an end to ?is dispute at once by say+ t1 prop]ly speak+1 all ! decrees ( ,god t are "h conc]n$ are simultane\s1 n only 9 respect ( "t1 z ev]yone agrees1 b also 9 signo rationis1 or 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,& inde$1 ! ,=mula ( ,concord1 build+ ^u "s passages ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 compris$ 9 ! same #afh ,decree ( ,election salvation & ! means t conduce to x4 ,to demon/rate ?is syn*ronism ( de/9ations or ( decrees ) :i* we are conc]n$1 we mu/ rev]t to ! exp$i5t t ,i h employ$ m ?an once1 :i* /ates t ,god1 be=e decree+ any?+1 consid]$ among o!r possible sequ5ces ( ?+s t "o :i* he aft]w>ds approv$4 ,9 ! idea ( ?is is repres5t$ h[ ! fir/ p>5ts s9 & corrupt _! po/]ity2 h[ ,jesus ,*ri/ r$eems ! human race2 h[ "s1 aid$ by su* & su* graces1 atta9 to f9al fai? & to salvation2 & h[ o!rs1 ) or )\t su* or o!r graces1 d n atta9 !reto1 cont9ue 9 s91 & are damn$4 ,god grants 8 sanction to ?is sequ5ce only aft] hav+ ent]$ into all its detail1 & ?us pron\nces no?+ f9al z to ^? :o %all be sav$ or damn$ )\t hav+ pond]$ ^u ev]y?+ & comp>$ x ) o!r possible sequ5ces4 ,?us ,god's pron\ncem5t conc]ns ! :ole sequ5ce at ! same "t2 he simply decrees its exi/5ce4 ,9 ord] to save o!r m51 or 9 a diff]5t way1 he mu/ ne$s *oose an altoge!r diff]5t sequ5ce1 see+ t all is connect$ 9 ea* sequ5ce4 ,9 ?is conception ( ! matt]1 :i* is t mo/ wor?y ( ! ,all-wise1 all ^: actions are connect$ toge!r to ! highe/ possible degree1 !re w\ld be only "o total decree1 :i* is to create su* a _w4 ,?is total decree comprises equally all ! p>ticul> decrees1 )\t sett+ "o ( !m be=e or aft] ano!r4 ,yet "o may say also t ea* p>ticul> act ( antec$5t w ent]+ into ! total result has its value & ord]1 9 proportion to ! good :]eto ?is act incl9es4 ,b ^! acts ( antec$5t w are n call$ decrees1 s9ce !y are n yet inevitable1 ! outcome dep5d+ ^u ! total result4 ,accord+ to ?is conception ( ?+s1 all ! difficulties t c "h be made am\nt to ! same z ^? ,i h already /at$ & remov$ 9 my inquiry conc]n+ ! orig9 ( evil4 #he4 ,!re rema9s only "o important matt] ( discussion1 :i* has its peculi> difficulties4 ,x is t ( ! disp5sation ( ! means & circum/ances contribut+ to salvation & to damnation4 ,?is comprises among/ o!rs ! subject ( ! ,aids ( ,grace 7de auxiliis gratiae71 on :i* ,rome 7s9ce ! ,congregation de ,auxiliis "u ,clem5t ,,viii1 :5 a debate took place betwe5 ! ,dom9icans & ! ,jesuits7 does n readily p]mit books to be publi%$4 ,ev]yone mu/ agree t ,god is #afi altoge!r good & j1 t 8 goodness makes him contribute ! lea/ possible to t :i* c r5d] m5 guilty1 & ! mo/ possible to t :i* s]ves to save !m 7possible1 ,i say1 subject to ! g5]al ord] ( ?+s72 t 8 ju/ice prev5ts him f condemn+ innoc5t m51 & f leav+ good actions )\t rew>d2 & t he ev5 keeps an exact proportion 9 puni%m5ts & rew>ds4 ,nev]!less1 ?is idea t "o %\ld h ( ! goodness & ! ju/ice ( ,god does n appe> en\gh 9 :at we "k ( 8 actions ) reg>d to ! salvation & ! damnation ( m53 & x is t :i* makes difficulties conc]n+ s9 & its rem$ies4 #hf4 ,! fir/ difficulty is h[ ! s\l c\ld be infect$ ) orig9al s91 :i* is ! root ( actual s9s1 )\t inju/ice on ,god's "p 9 expos+ ! s\l !reto4 ,?is difficulty has giv5 rise to ?ree op9ions on ! orig9 ( ! s\l itself4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( human s\ls 9 ano!r _w or 9 ano!r life1 :]e !y _h s9n$ & on t acc\nt _h be5 condemn$ to ?is prison ( ! human body1 an op9ion ( ! ,platoni/s :i* is attribut$ to ,orig5 & :i* ev5 to-day f9ds adh]5ts4 ,h5ry ,m1 an ,engli% s*ol>1 advocat$ some?+ l ?is dogma 9 a book writt5 ) t express purpose4 ,"s ( ^? :o affirm ?is pre-exi/5ce h gone z f> z metempsy*osis4 ,! y\ng] van ,helmont held ?is op9ion1 & ! +5i\s au?or ( "s metaphysical ,m$itations1 publi%$ 9 #afgh "u ! "n ( ,william ,w&]1 appe>s to h "s lean+ t[>ds x4 ,! second op9ion is t ( ,traduction1 z if ! s\l ( *ildr5 7 eng5d]$ 7p] traducem7 f ! s\l or s\ls ( ^? f :om ! body is eng5d]$4 ,/4 ,augu/9e incl9$ to ?is judgem5t ! bett] to expla9 orig9al s94 ,?is doctr9e is taught also by mo/ ( ! !ologians ( ! ,augsburg ,confession4 ,nev]!less x is n completely e/abli%$ among !m1 s9ce ! ,univ]sities ( ,j5a & ,helm/$t1 & o!rs besides1 h long be5 oppos$ to x4 ,! ?ird op9ion1 & t mo/ widely accept$ to-day1 is t ( ,creation3 x is taught 9 ! majority ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 b x is fraught ) ! greate/ difficulty 9 respect ( orig9al s94 #hg4 ,into ?is controv]sy ( !ologians on ! orig9 ( ! human s\l has ent]$ ! philosophic dispute on ! orig9 ( =ms4 ,ari/otle & s*ola/ic philosophy aft] him call$ ,=m t :i* is a #agj pr9ciple ( action & is f\nd 9 t :i* acts4 ,?is inw>d pr9ciple is ei!r sub/antial1 be+ !n t]m$ ',s\l'1 :5 x is 9 an organic body1 or accid5tal1 & cu/om>ily t]m$ ',quality'4 ,! same philosoph] gave to ! s\l ! g5]ic "n ( ',entele*y' or ,act4 ,?is ^w ',entele*y' app>5tly takes its orig9 f ! ,greek ^w signify+ 'p]fect'1 & h5ce ! celebrat$ ,ermolao ,b>b>o express$ x lit]ally 9 ,lat9 by p]fectihabia3 = ,act is a realization ( pot5cy4 ,& he _h no ne$ to consult ! ,devil1 z m5 say he did1 9 ord] to le>n t4 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] ( ,/agira supposes t !re are two k9ds ( ,act1 ! p]man5t act & ! successive act4 ,! p]man5t or la/+ act is no?+ b ! ,sub/antial or ,accid5tal ,=m3 ! sub/antial =m 7z = example ! s\l7 is altoge!r p]man5t1 at lea/ accord+ to my judgem5t1 & ! accid5tal is only s = a "t4 ,b ! altoge!r mom5t>y act1 ^: nature is transitory1 consi/s 9 action itself4 ,i h %[n else:]e t ! notion ( ,entele*y is n altoge!r to be scorn$1 & t1 be+ p]man5t1 x c>ries ) x n only a m]e faculty = action1 b also t :i* is call$ '=ce'1 'ef=t'1 'conatus'1 f :i* action itself mu/ foll[ if no?+ prev5ts x4 ,faculty is only an attribute1 or r sometimes a mode2 b =ce1 :5 x is n an +r$i5t ( sub/ance itself 7t is1 =ce :i* is n primitive b d]ivative71 is a quality1 :i* is di/9ct & sep>able f sub/ance4 ,i h %[n also h[ "o may suppose t ! s\l is a primitive =ce :i* is modifi$ & v>i$ by d]ivative =ces or qualities1 & ex]cis$ 9 actions4 #hh4 ,n[ philosoph]s h tr\bl$ !mselves exce$+ly on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( sub/antial =ms4 ,= to say t ! comp\nd ( =m & matt] is produc$ & t ! =m is only comproduc$ means no?+4 ,! common op9ion 0 t =ms 7 d]iv$ f ! pot5cy ( matt]1 ?is be+ call$ ,eduction4 ,t also meant 9 fact no?+1 b x 0 expla9$ 9 a s5se by a comp>ison ) %apes3 = t ( a /atue is produc$ only by removal ( ! sup]flu\s m>ble4 ,?is comp>ison might be valid if =m consi/$ 9 a m]e limitation1 z 9 ! case ( %ape4 ,"s h ?\ght t =ms 7 s5t f heav51 & ev5 creat$ expressly1 :5 bodies 7 produc$4 ,julius ,scalig] h9t$ t x 0 possible t =ms 7 r d]iv$ f ! active pot5cy ( ! effici5t cause 7t is to say1 ei!r f t ( ,god 9 ! #aga case ( ,creation or f t ( o!r =ms 9 ! case ( g5]ation71 ?an f ! passive pot5cy ( matt]4 ,& t1 9 ! case ( g5]ation1 meant a return to traduction4 ,daniel ,s5n]t1 a fam\s doctor & physici/ at ,witt5b]g1 *]i%$ ?is op9ion1 p>ticul>ly 9 relation to animate bodies :i* are multipli$ ?r\gh se$4 ,a c]ta9 ,julius ,caes> della ,galla1 an ,italian liv+ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & a doctor ( ,gron+5 nam$ ,johan ,freitag wrote ) mu* vehem5ce 9 opposition to ,s5n]t4 ,johann ,sp]l+1 a pr(essor at ,witt5b]g1 made a def5ce ( 8 ma/]1 & f9ally came into conflict ) ,johann ,zeisold1 a pr(essor at ,j5a1 :o upheld ! belief t ! human s\l is creat$4 #hi4 ,b traduction & eduction are equally inexplicable :5 x is a "q ( f9d+ ! orig9 ( ! s\l4 ,x is n ! same ) accid5tal =ms1 s9ce !y are only modifications ( ! sub/ance1 & _! orig9 may be expla9$ by eduction1 t is1 by v>iation ( limitations1 9 ! same way z ! orig9 ( %apes4 ,b x is q ano!r matt] :5 we are conc]n$ ) ! orig9 ( a sub/ance1 ^: beg9n+ & de/ruction are equally difficult to expla94 ,s5n]t & ,sp]l+ did n v5ture to admit ! subsi/5ce & ! inde/ructibility ( ! s\ls ( bea/s or ( o!r primitive =ms1 al?\gh !y all[$ t !y 7 indivisible & immat]ial4 ,b ! fact is t !y confus$ inde/ructibility ) immortality1 :]eby is und]/ood 9 ! case ( man t n only ! s\l b also ! p]sonality subsi/s4 ,9 say+ t ! s\l ( man is immortal "o implies ! subsi/5ce ( :at makes ! id5tity ( ! p]son1 some?+ :i* reta9s its moral qualities1 cons]v+ ! consci\sness1 or ! reflective inw>d feel+1 ( :at x is3 ?us x is r5d]$ susceptible to *a/isem5t or rew>d4 ,b ?is cons]vation ( p]sonality does n occur 9 ! s\ls ( bea/s3 t is :y ,i pref] to say t !y are imp]i%able r ?an to call !m immortal4 ,yet ?is misappreh5sion appe>s to h be5 ! cause ( a great inconsi/5cy 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,?omi/s & ( o!r good philosoph]s3 !y recogniz$ ! immat]iality or indivisibility ( all s\ls1 )\t be+ will+ to admit _! inde/ructibility1 greatly to ! prejudice ( ! immortality ( ! human s\l4 ,john ,scot1 t is1 ! ,scotsman 7:i* =m]ly signifi$ ,hib]nian or ,erig5a71 a fam\s writ] ( ! "t ( ,l\is ! ,debonair & ( 8 sons1 0 = ! cons]vation ( all s\ls3 & ,i see n :y !re %\ld be less #agb objection to mak+ ! atoms ( ,epicurus or ( ,gass5di endure1 ?an to affirm+ ! subsi/5ce ( all truly simple & indivisible sub/ances1 :i* are ! sole & true atoms ( ,nature4 ,& ,py?agoras 0 "r 9 say+ g5]ally1 z ,ovid makes him say3 ,morte c>5t animae4 #ij4 ,n[ z ,i l maxims :i* hold good & admit ( ! fewe/ exceptions possible1 "h is :at has appe>$ to me mo/ reasonable 9 e s5se on ?is important "q4 ,i consid] t s\ls & simple sub/ances altoge!r _c beg9 except by creation1 or end except by annihilation4 ,moreov]1 z ! =mation ( organic animate bodies appe>s explicable 9 ! ord] ( nature only :5 "o assumes a pre=mation already organic1 ,i h !nce inf]r$ t :at we call g5]ation ( an animal is only a trans=mation & augm5tation4 ,?us1 s9ce ! same body 0 already furni%$ ) organs1 x is to be suppos$ t x 0 already animate1 & t x _h ! same s\l3 s ,i assume vice v]sa1 f ! cons]vation ( ! s\l :5 once x is creat$1 t ! animal is also cons]v$1 & t app>5t dea? is only an envelopm5t1 !re be+ no likelihood t 9 ! ord] ( nature s\ls exi/ entirely sep>at$ f all body1 or t :at does n beg9 naturally c cease ?r\gh natural =ces4 #ia4 ,consid]+ t s admirable an ord] & rules s g5]al are e/abli%$ 9 reg>d to animals1 x does n appe> reasonable t man %\ld be completely exclud$ f t ord]1 & t ev]y?+ 9 relation to 8 s\l %\ld come ab\t 9 him by miracle4 ,besides ,i h po9t$ out repeat$ly t x is ( ! ess5ce ( ,god's wisdom t all %\ld be h>moni\s 9 8 works1 & t nature %\ld be p>allel ) grace4 ,x is ?us my belief t ^? s\ls :i* "o day %all be human s\ls1 l ^? ( o!r species1 h be5 9 ! se$1 & 9 ! prog5itors z f> back z ,adam1 & h consequ5tly exi/$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 always 9 a k9d ( organic body4 ,on ?is po9t x seems t ,m4 ,swamm]dam1 ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 ,m4 ,bayle1 ,mr4 ,pitcairne1 ,m4 ,h>tsoek] & num]\s o!r v able p]sons %>e my op9ion4 ,?is doctr9e is also suffici5tly confirm$ by ! microscope obs]vations ( ,m4 ,leeuw5hoek & o!r good obs]v]s4 ,b x also = div]s reasons appe>s likely to me t !y exi/$ !n z s5ti5t or animal #agc s\ls only1 end[$ ) p]ception & feel+1 & devoid ( reason4 ,fur!r ,i believe t !y rema9$ 9 ?is /ate up to ! "t ( ! g5]ation ( ! man to :om !y 7 to belong1 b t !n !y receiv$ reason1 :e!r !re be a natural means ( rais+ a s5ti5t s\l to ! degree ( a reason+ s\l 7a ?+ ,i f9d x difficult to imag9e7 or :e!r ,god may h giv5 reason to ?is s\l ?r\gh "s special op]ation1 or 7if y w7 by a k9d ( transcreation4 ,?is latt] is easi] to admit1 inasmu* z revelation tea*es mu* ab\t o!r =ms ( imm$iate op]ation by ,god ^u our s\ls4 ,?is explanation appe>s to remove ! ob/acles t beset ?is matt] 9 philosophy or !ology4 ,= ! difficulty ( ! orig9 ( =ms ?us disappe>s completely2 & besides x is mu* m appropriate to div9e ju/ice to give ! s\l1 already corrupt$ physically or on ! animal side by ! s9 ( ,adam1 a new p]fection :i* is reason1 ?an to put a reason+ s\l1 by creation or o!rwise1 9 a body :]e9 x is to be corrupt$ morally4 #ib4 ,n[ ! s\l be+ once "u ! dom9ation ( s91 & ready to commit s9 9 actual fact z soon z ! man is fit to ex]cise reason1 a new "q arises1 to wit3 :e!r ?is t5d5cy 9 a man :o has n be5 reg5]at$ by baptism suffices to damn him1 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld nev] come to commit s91 z may happ51 & happ5s (t51 :e!r he die be=e rea*+ ye>s ( discretion or he become dull ( s5se be=e he has made use ( 8 reason4 ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzos is suppos$ to h d5i$ ?is 7,orat4 de ,baptismo72 b ,/4 ,augu/9e is = ! affirmative1 & ma9ta9s t orig9al s9 ( itself is suffici5t to e>n ! flames ( hell1 al?\gh ?is op9ion is1 to say ! lea/1 v h>%4 ,:5 ,i speak "h ( damnation or ( hell1 ,i mean pa9s1 & n m]e deprivation ( supreme felicity2 ,i mean po5am s5sus1 non damni4 ,gregory ( ,rim9i1 ,g5]al ( ! ,augu/9ians1 ) a few o!rs foll[$ ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 opposition to ! accept$ op9ion ( ! ,s*ools ( 8 "t1 & = t reason he 0 call$ ! tortur] ( *ildr51 tortor infantum4 ,! ,s*oolm51 in/ead ( s5d+ !m into ! flames ( hell1 h assign$ to !m a special ,limbo1 :]e !y d n suff]1 & are only puni%$ by privation ( ! beatific vision4 ,! ,revelations ( ,/4 ,birgitta 7z !y are call$71 mu* e/eem$ 9 ,rome1 also uphold ?is dogma4 ,salm]on & ,mol9a1 & be=e !m ,ambrose ,ca?>9 & #agd o!rs1 grant !m a c]ta9 natural bliss2 & ,c>d9al ,sfondrati1 a man ( le>n+ & piety1 :o approves ?is1 latt]ly w5t s f> z to pref] 9 a s5se _! /ate1 :i* is ! /ate ( happy innoc5ce1 to t ( a s9n] sav$1 z we may see 9 8 ,nodus ,pra$e/9ationis ,solutus4 ,t1 h[ev]1 seems to g too f>4 ,c]ta9ly a s\l truly enlight5$ w\ld n wi% to s91 ev5 ?\gh x c\ld by ?is means obta9 all imag9able pleasures4 ,b ! case ( *oos+ betwe5 s9 & true bliss is simply *im]ical1 & x is bett] to obta9 bliss 7ev5 aft] rep5tance7 ?an to be depriv$ ( x = ev]4 #ic4 ,_m prelates & !ologians ( ,france :o are well pleas$ to diff] f ,mol9a1 & to jo9 ) ,/4 ,augu/9e1 seem to incl9e t[>ds ! op9ion ( ?is great doctor1 :o condemns to et]nal flames *ildr5 t die 9 ! age ( innoc5ce be=e hav+ receiv$ baptism4 ,?is is :at appe>s f ! lett] m5tion$ above1 writt5 by five di/+ui%$ prelates ( ,france to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xii1 aga9/ t po/hum\s book by ,c>d9al ,sfondrati4 ,b !re9 !y did n v5ture to condemn ! doctr9e ( ! purely privative puni%m5t ( *ildr5 dy+ )\t baptism1 see+ x approv$ by ! v5]able ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & by o!r great m54 ,i d n speak ( ^? :o are call$ on "o side ,jans5i/s & on ! o!r disciples ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 = !y decl>e !mselves entirely & firmly = ! op9ion ( ?is ,fa!r4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ?is op9ion has n suffici5t f\ndation ei!r 9 reason or 9 ,scripture1 & t x is outrage\sly h>%4 ,m4 ,nicole makes r a poor apology = x 9 8 book on ! ,unity ( ! ,*ur*1 writt5 to oppose ,m4 ,jurieu1 al?\gh ,m4 ,bayle takes 8 side 9 *apt] #agh ( ! ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii4 ,m4 ,nicole makes use ( ?is pretext1 t !re are also o!r dogmas 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion :i* appe> h>%4 ,on ! "o h&1 h[ev]1 t does n lead to ! conclusion t ^! in/ances ( h>%ness may be multipli$ )\t pro(2 & on ! o!r we mu/ take into acc\nt t ! o!r dogmas m5tion$ by ,m4 ,nicole1 namely orig9al s9 & et]nity ( puni%m5t1 are only h>% & unju/ to outw>d appe>ance1 :ile ! damnation ( *ildr5 dy+ )\t actual s9 & )\t reg5]ation w\ld 9 tru? be h>%1 s9ce x w\ld be 9 effect ! damn+ ( innoc5ts4 ,= t reason ,i believe t ! p>ty :i* advocates ?is op9ion w nev] altoge!r h ! upp] h& 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* itself4 ,evangelical#age !ologians are accu/om$ to speak ) fair mod]ation on ?is "q1 & to surr5d] ^! s\ls to ! judgem5t & ! clem5cy ( _! ,creator4 ,nor d we "k all ! wond]ful ways t ,god may *oose to employ = ! illum9ation ( s\ls4 #id4 ,"o may say t ^? :o condemn = orig9al s9 alone1 & :o consequ5tly condemn *ildr5 dy+ unbaptiz$ or outside ! ,cov5ant1 fall1 9 a s5se1 )\t be+ aw>e ( x1 into a c]ta9 attitude to man's incl9ation & ,god's =ekn[l$ge :i* !y disapprove 9 o!rs4 ,!y w n h x t ,god %\ld refuse 8 grace to ^? ^: resi/ance to x he =esees1 nor t ?is expectation & ?is t5d5cy %\ld cause ! damnation ( ^! p]sons3 & yet !y claim t ! t5d5cy :i* con/itutes orig9al s91 & 9 :i* ,god =esees t ! *ild w s9 z soon z he %all rea* ye>s ( discretion1 suffices to damn ?is *ild be=eh&4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! "o & reject ! o!r d n pres]ve en\gh uni=mity & connexion 9 _! dogmas4 #ie4 ,!re is sc>cely less difficulty 9 ! matt] ( ^? :o rea* ye>s ( discretion & plunge into s91 foll[+ ! incl9ation ( corrupt nature1 if !y receive n ! succ\r ( ! grace necess>y = !m to /op on ! edge ( ! precipice1 or to drag !mselves f ! abyss :]e9 !y h fall54 ,= x seems h>d to damn !m et]nally = hav+ done t :i* !y _h no p[] to prev5t !mselves f do+4 ,^? t damn ev5 *ildr51 :o are )\t discretion1 tr\ble !mselves ev5 less ab\t adults1 & "o w\ld say t !y h become call\s ?r\gh ! v expectation ( see+ p suff]4 ,b x is n ! same ) o!r !ologians1 & ,i w\ld be r on ! side ( ^? :o grant to all m5 a grace suffici5t to draw !m away f evil1 provid$ !y h a suffici5t t5d5cy to pr(it by ?is succ\r1 & n to reject x volunt>ily4 ,! objection is made t !re has be5 & /ill is a c\ntless multitude ( m51 among civiliz$ peoples & among b>b>ians1 :o h nev] _h ?is k ( ,god & ( ,jesus ,*ri/ :i* is necess>y = ^? :o w\ld tread ! wont$ pa?s to salvation4 ,b )\t excus+ !m on ! plea ( a s9 purely philosophical1 & )\t /opp+ at a m]e p5alty ( privation1 ?+s = :i* !re is no opportunity ( discussion "h1 "o may d\bt ! fact3 = h[ d we "k :e!r !y d n receive ord9>y or extraord9>y succ\r ( #agf k9ds unkn[n to u8 ,?is maxim1 ,quod faci5ti1 quod 9 se e/1 non d5egatur gratia necess>ia1 appe>s to me to h et]nal tru?4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,ar*bi%op ,bradw>d9e & o!rs h h9t$ t1 9 reg>d to ?is1 some?+ comes to pass ( :i* we are n aw>e4 7,?om4 que/4 ,,xiv1 ,de ,v]itate1 artic4 ,,xi1 ad ,i et alibi4 ,bradw>d9e1 ,de ,causa ,dei1 non procul ab initio47 ,& sundry !ologians ( great au?ority 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* itself h taught t a s9c]e act ( ! love ( ,god above all ?+s1 :5 ! grace ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ar\ses x1 suffices = salvation4 ,fa!r ,francis ,xavi] answ]$ ! ,japanese t if _! ance/ors _h us$ well _! natural light ,god w\ld h giv5 !m ! grace necess>y = salvation2 & ! ,bi%op ( ,g5eva1 ,francis ( ,sales1 gives full approval to ?is answ] 7,book #d1 ,on ! ,love ( ,god1 *4 #e74 #if4 ,?is ,i po9t$ out "s "t ago to ! excell5t ,m ,plisson1 to %[ him t ! ,roman ,*ur*1 go+ fur!r ?an ! ,prote/ants1 does n damn utt]ly ^? :o are outside its communion1 & ev5 outside ,*ri/ianity1 by us+ z its only crit]ion explicit fai?4 ,nor did he refute x1 prop]ly speak+1 9 ! v k9d answ] he gave me1 & :i* he publi%$ 9 ! f\r? "p ( 8 ,reflexions1 also do+ me ! hon\r ( add+ to x my lett]4 ,i (f]$ him !n = consid]ation :at a fam\s ,portuguese !ologian1 by "n ,jacques ,payva ,&radius1 envoy to ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 wrote conc]n+ ?is1 9 opposition to ,*emnitz1 dur+ ?is same ,c\ncil4 ,& n[1 )\t cit+ _m o!r au?ors ( em95ce1 ,i w cont5t myself ) nam+ ,fa!r ,fri$ri* ,spee1 ! ,jesuit1 "o ( ! mo/ excell5t 9 8 ,society1 :o also held ?is common op9ion ^u ! efficacy ( ! love ( ,god1 z is app>5t 9 ! preface to ! admirable book :i* he wrote 9 ,g]many on ! ,*ri/ian virtues4 ,he speaks ( ?is obs]vation z ( a highly important secret ( piety1 & expatiates ) great cle>ness ^u ! p[] ( div9e love to blot out s91 ev5 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 provid$ "o scorn !m n1 = t w\ld n at all be compatible ) ?is love4 ,& a v great p]sonage1 ^: "* 0 "o ( ! mo/ l(ty to be f\nd 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 0 ! fir/ to make me acqua9t$ ) x4 ,fa!r ,spee 0 ( a noble family ( ,we/phalia 7x may be said 9 pass+7 & he di$ 9 ! od\r ( sanctity1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( him :o publi%$ ?is book 9 ,cologne ) ! #agg approval ( ! ,sup]iors4 #ig4 ,! memory ( ?is excell5t man ought to be /ill preci\s to p]sons ( k & good s5se1 because he is ! au?or ( ! book entitl$3 ,cautio ,crim9alis circa ,processus contra ,sagas1 :i* has caus$ mu* /ir1 & has be5 translat$ into sev]al languages4 ,i le>nt f ! ,gr& ,elector ( ,ma9z1 ,johann ,philipp von ,s*onborn1 uncle ( ,8 ,highness ! pres5t ,elector1 :o walks glori\sly 9 ! foot/eps ( t wor?y pr$ecessor1 ! /ory t foll[s4 ,t ,fa!r 0 9 ,franconia :5 !re 0 a fr5zy !re = burn+ alleg$ sorc]]s4 ,he accompani$ ev5 to ! pyre _m ( !m1 all ( :om he recogniz$ z be+ innoc5t1 f _! confessions & ! rese>*es t he _h made !reon4 ,!re=e 9 spite ( ! dang] incurr$ at t "t by "o tell+ ! tru? 9 ?is matt]1 he resolv$ to compile ?is "w1 )\t h[ev] nam+ himself4 ,x bore great fruit & on ?is matt] conv]t$ t ,elector1 at t "t /ill a simple canon & aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,wrzburg1 f9ally also ,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 :o1 z soon z he came to p[]1 put an end to ^! burn+s4 ,!re9 he 0 foll[$ by ! ,dukes ( ,brunswick1 & f9ally by ! majority ( ! o!r pr9ces & /ates ( ,g]many4 #ih4 ,?is digression appe>$ to me to be seasonable1 because t writ] des]ves to be m widely kn[n4 ,return+ n[ to ! subject ,i make a fur!r obs]vation4 ,suppos+ t to-day a k ( ,jesus ,*ri/ accord+ to ! fle% is absolutely necess>y to salvation1 z inde$ x is safe/ to tea*1 x w be possible to say t ,god w give t k to all ^? :o d1 humanly speak+1 t :i* 9 !m lies1 ev5 ?\gh ,god mu/ ne$s give x by a miracle4 ,moreov]1 we _c "k :at passes 9 s\ls at ! po9t ( dea?2 & if sundry le>n$ & s]i\s !ologians claim t *ildr5 receive 9 baptism a k9d ( fai?1 al?\gh !y d n rememb] x aft]w>ds :5 !y are que/ion$ ab\t x1 :y %\ld "o ma9ta9 t no?+ ( a l nature1 or ev5 m def9ite1 c\ld come ab\t 9 ! dy+1 :om we _c int]rogate aft] _! dea?8 ,?us !re are c\ntless pa?s op5 to ,god1 giv+ him means ( satisfy+ 8 ju/ice & 8 goodness3 & ! only ?+ "o may allege aga9/ ?is is t we "k n :at way he employs2 :i* is f> f be+ a valid objection4 #agh #ii4 ,let u pass on to ^? :o lack n p[] to am5d1 b good w4 ,!y are d\btless n to be excus$2 b !re always rema9s a great difficulty conc]n+ ,god1 s9ce x re/$ ) him to give !m ?is same good w4 ,he is ! ma/] ( wills1 ! he>ts ( k+s & ^? ( all o!r m5 are 9 8 h&4 ,holy ,scripture goes s f> z to say t ,god at times h>d5$ ! wick$ 9 ord] to display 8 p[] by puni%+ !m4 ,?is h>d5+ is n to be tak5 z mean+ t ,god inspires m5 ) a k9d ( anti-grace1 t is1 a k9d ( repugnance to good1 or ev5 an incl9ation t[>ds evil1 j z ! grace t he gives is an incl9ation t[>ds good4 ,x is r t ,god1 hav+ consid]$ ! sequ5ce ( ?+s t he e/abli%$1 f\nd x fitt+1 = sup]ior reasons1 to p]mit t ,ph>aoh1 = example1 %\ld be 9 su* circum/ances z %\ld increase 8 wick$ness1 & div9e wisdom will$ to d]ive a good f ?is evil4 #ajj4 ,?us x all (t5 comes d[n to circum/ances1 :i* =m a "p ( ! comb9ation ( ?+s4 ,!re are c\ntless examples ( small circum/ances s]v+ to conv]t or to p]v]t4 ,no?+ is m widely kn[n ?an ! ,tolle1 lege 7,take & read7 cry :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e he>d 9 a neighb\r+ h\se1 :5 he 0 pond]+ on :at side he %\ld take among ! ,*ri/ians divid$ into sects1 & say+ to himself1 ,quod vitae sectabor it]8 ,?is br\ght him to op5 at r&om ! book ( ! ,holy ,scriptures :i* he _h be=e him1 & to read :at came be=e 8 eyes3 & ^! 7 words :i* f9ally induc$ him to give up ,mani*aeism4 ,! good ,/5o1 a ,dane1 :o 0 titul> ,bi%op ( ,titianopolis1 ,vic> ,apo/olic 7z !y say7 ( ,hanov] & ! region ar\nd1 :5 !re 0 a ,duke ,reg5t ( 8 religion1 told u t some?+ ( t k9d _h happ5$ to him4 ,he 0 a great anatomi/ & deeply v]s$ 9 natural sci5ce2 b he un=tunately gave up rese>* !re91 & f be+ a great physici/ he became a m$iocre !ologian4 ,he w\ld almo/ li/5 to no?+ m ab\t ! m>vels ( ,nature1 & an express ord] f ! ,pope 9 virtute sanctae ob$i5tiae 0 ne$$ to extract f him ! obs]vations ,m4 ,?v5ot ask$ ( him4 ,he told u !n t :at _h greatly help$ t[>ds induc+ him to place himself on ! side ( ! ,roman ,*ur* _h be5 ! voice ( a lady 9 ,flor5ce1 :o _h cri$ out to him f a w9d[3 ',g n on#agi ! side :]e y are ab\t to g1 sir1 g on ! o!r side4' ',t voice /ruck me1' he told u1 'because ,i 0 j m$itat+ ^u religion4' ,?is lady knew t he 0 seek+ a man 9 ! h\se :]e %e 01 &1 :5 %e saw him mak+ 8 way to ! o!r h\se1 wi%$ to po9t out :]e 8 fri5d's room 04 #aja4 ,fa!r ,john ,davidius1 ! ,jesuit1 wrote a book entitl$ ,v]idicus ,*ri/ianus1 :i* is l a k9d ( ,bibliomancy1 :]e "o takes passages at r&om1 aft] ! patt]n ( ! ,tolle1 lege ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & x is l a devotional game4 ,b ! *ances to :i*1 9 spite ( ourselves1 we are subject1 play only too l>ge a "p 9 :at br+s salvation to m51 or removes x f !m4 ,let u imag9e tw9 ,poli% *ildr51 ! "o tak5 by ! ,t>t>s1 sold to ! ,turks1 br\ght to apo/asy1 plung$ 9 impiety1 dy+ 9 despair2 ! o!r sav$ by "s *ance1 fall+ !n into good h&s to be educat$ prop]ly1 p]meat$ by ! s\nde/ tru?s ( religion1 ex]cis$ 9 ! virtues t x comm5ds to u1 dy+ ) all ! feel+s ( a good ,*ri/ian4 ,"o w lam5t ! mis=tune ( ! =m]1 prev5t$ p]haps by a slight circum/ance f be+ sav$ l 8 bro!r1 & "o w m>vel t ?is slight *ance %\ld h decid$ 8 fate = et]nity4 #ajb4 ,someone w p]*ance say t ,god =esaw by m$iate k t ! =m] w\ld h be5 wick$ & damn$ ev5 if he _h rema9$ 9 ,pol&4 ,!re are p]haps conjunctures :]e9 some?+ ( ! k9d takes place4 ,b w x !re=e be said t ?is is a g5]al rule1 & t n "o ( ^? :o 7 damn$ among/ ! pagans w\ld h be5 sav$ if he _h be5 among/ ,*ri/ians8 ,w\ld t n be to contradict our ,"l1 :o said t ,tyre & ,sidon w\ld h pr(it$ bett] by 8 prea*+1 if !y _h _h ! good =tune to he> x1 ?an ,cap]naum8 #ajc4 ,b 7 "o to admit ev5 "h ?is use ( m$iate k aga9/ all appe>ances1 ?is k /ill implies t ,god consid]s :at a man w\ld d 9 su* & su* circum/ances2 & x always rema9s true t ,god c\ld h plac$ him 9 o!r circum/ances m fav\rable1 & giv5 him inw>d or outw>d succ\r capable ( vanqui%+ ! mo/ abysmal wick$ness exi/+ 9 any s\l4 ,i %all be told t ,god is n b\nd to d s1 b t is n en\gh2 x mu/ be add$ t great] reasons prev5t him f mak+ all 8 goodness felt by all4 ,?us !re mu/ #ahj ne$s be *oice2 b ,i d n ?9k "o mu/ seek ! reason altoge!r 9 ! good or bad nature ( m54 ,= if ) "s p "o assume t ,god1 *oos+ ! plan :i* produces ! mo/ good1 b :i* involves s9 & damnation1 has be5 prompt$ by 8 wisdom to *oose ! be/ natures 9 ord] to make !m objects ( 8 grace1 ?is grace w\ld n suffici5tly appe> to be a free gift4 ,accord+ly man w be di/+ui%able by a k9d ( inborn m]it1 & ?is assumption seems remote f ! pr9ciples ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ev5 f ^? ( ,supreme ,reason4 #ajd4 ,x is true t !re are reasons = ,god's *oice1 & ! consid]ation ( ! object1 t is1 ! nature ( man1 mu/ ne$s ent] !re92 b x does n seem t ?is *oice c be subject$ to a rule su* z we are capable ( conceiv+1 & su* z may flatt] ! pride ( m54 ,"s fam\s !ologians believe t ,god (f]s m grace1 & 9 a m fav\rable way1 to ^? ^: resi/ance he =esees w be less1 & t he ab&ons ! re/ to _! self-w4 ,we may readily suppose t ?is is (t5 ! case1 & ?is exp$i5t1 among ^? :i* make man di/+ui%able by any?+ fav\rable 9 8 nature1 is ! f>!/ remov$ f ,pelagianism4 ,b ,i w\ld n v5ture1 not)/&+1 to make ( x a univ]sal rule4 ,moreov]1 t we may n h cause to vaunt ourselves1 x is necess>y t we be ignorant ( ! reasons = ,god's *oice4 ,^? reasons are too div]se to become kn[n to u2 & x may be t ,god at times %[s ! p[] ( 8 grace by ov]com+ ! mo/ ob/9ate resi/ance1 to ! end t none may h cause ei!r to despair or to be puff$ up4 ,/4 ,paul1 z x w\ld seem1 _h ?is 9 m9d :5 he (f]$ himself z an example4 ,god1 he said1 has _h m]cy ^u me1 to give a great example ( 8 pati5ce4 #aje4 ,x may be t fundam5tally all m5 are equally bad1 & consequ5tly incapable ( be+ di/+ui%$ ! "o f ! o!r ?r\gh _! good or less bad natural qualities2 b !y are n bad all 9 ! same way3 = !re is an inh]5t individual diff]5ce betwe5 s\ls1 z ! ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony proves4 ,"s are m or less incl9$ t[>ds a p>ticul> good or a p>ticul> evil1 or t[>ds _! opposites1 all 9 accordance ) _! natural dispositions4 ,b s9ce ! g5]al plan ( ! univ]se1 *os5 by ,god = sup]ior reasons1 causes m5 to be 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 ^? :o meet ) su* z are m #aha fav\rable to _! nature w become m readily ! lea/ wick$1 ! mo/ virtu\s1 ! mo/ happy2 yet x w be always by aid ( ! influ5ce ( t inw>d grace :i* ,god unites ) ! circum/ances4 ,sometimes x ev5 comes to pass1 9 ! progress ( human life1 t a m excell5t nature succe$s less1 = lack ( cultivation or opportunities4 ,"o may say t m5 are *os5 & rang$ n s mu* accord+ to _! excell5ce z accord+ to _! con=mity ) ,god's plan4 ,ev5 s x may occur t a /one ( less] quality is made use ( 9 a build+ or 9 a gr\p because x proves to be ! p>ticul> "o = fill+ a c]ta9 gap4 #ajf4 ,b1 9 f9e1 all ^! attempts to f9d reasons1 :]e !re is no ne$ to adh]e altoge!r to c]ta9 hypo!ses1 s]ve only to make cle> to u t !re are a ?\s& ways ( ju/ify+ ! conduct ( ,god4 ,all ! disadvantages we see1 all ! ob/acles we meet )1 all ! difficulties "o may raise = oneself1 are no h9drance to a belief f\nd$ on reason1 ev5 :5 x _c /& on conclusive pro(1 z has be5 %[n & w lat] become m app>5t1 t !re is no?+ s exalt$ z ! wisdom ( ,god1 no?+ s j z 8 judgem5ts1 no?+ s pure z 8 hol9ess1 & no?+ m va/ ?an 8 goodness4 #ahb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,evil 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,two #ajg4 ,hi!rto ,i h devot$ myself to giv+ a full & cle> exposition ( ?is :ole subject3 & al?\gh ,i h n yet spok5 ( ,m4 ,bayle's objections 9 p>ticul>1 ,i h endeav\r$ to anticipate !m1 & to sugge/ ways ( answ]+ !m4 ,b z ,i h tak5 ^u myself ! task ( meet+ !m 9 detail1 n only because !re w p]haps /ill be passages call+ = elucidation1 b also because 8 argum5ts are usually full ( wit & erudition1 & s]ve to ?r[ great] light on ?is controv]sy1 x w be well to give an acc\nt ( ! *ief objections t are disp]s$ ?r\gh 8 works1 & to add my answ]s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ,i obs]v$ 't ,god co-op]ates 9 moral evil1 & 9 physical evil1 & 9 ea* ( !m bo? morally & physically2 & t man co-op]ates !re9 also morally & physically 9 a free & active way1 becom+ 9 consequ5ce subject to blame & puni%m5t'4 ,i h %[n also t ea* po9t has its own difficulty2 b ! greate/ ( ^! lies 9 ma9ta9+ t ,god co-op]ates morally 9 moral evil1 t is1 9 s91 )\t be+ ! orig9ator ( ! s91 & ev5 )\t be+ access>y !reto4 #ajh4 ,he does ?is by p]mitt+ x ju/ly1 & by direct+ x wisely t[>ds ! good1 z ,i h %[n 9 a mann] t appe>s tol]ably intelligible4 ,b z x is "h pr9cipally t ,m4 ,bayle und]takes #ahc to discomfit ^? :o ma9ta9 t !re is no?+ 9 fai? :i* _c be h>moniz$ ) reason1 x is also "h especially ,i mu/ %[ t my dogmas are =tifi$ 7to make use ( 8 own allegory7 ) a ramp>t1 ev5 ( reasons1 :i* is able to resi/ ! fire ( 8 /ronge/ batt]ies4 ,he has rang$ !m aga9/ me 9 *apt] #add ( 8 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial 7vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #hab71 :]e he includes ! !ological doctr9e 9 sev5 propositions & opposes !reto n9ete5 philosophic maxims1 l s _m l>ge cannon capable ( brea*+ my ramp>t4 ,let u beg9 ) ! !ological propositions4 #aji4 ,i4 ',god1' he says1 '! ,be+ et]nal & necess>y1 inf9itely good1 holy1 wise & p[]ful1 possesses f all et]nity a glory & a bliss t c nev] ei!r increase or dim9i%4' ,?is proposition ( ,m4 ,bayle's is no less philosophical ?an !ological4 ,to say t ,god possesses a 'glory' :5 he is alone1 t dep5ds ^u ! mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,"o may say1 ) "s1 t glory is ! satisfaction "o f9ds 9 be+ aw>e ( "o's own p]fections2 & 9 ?is s5se ,god possesses x always4 ,b :5 glory signifies t o!rs become aw>e ( ^! p]fections1 "o may say t ,god acquires x only :5 he reveals himself to intellig5t creatures2 ev5 ?\gh x be true t ,god !reby ga9s no new good1 & x is r ! rational creatures :o !nce d]ive advantage1 :5 !y appreh5d aright ! glory ( ,god4 #aaj4 ,,ii4 ',he resolv$ freely ^u ! production ( creatures1 & he *ose f among an inf9ite numb] ( possible be+s ^? :om x pleas$ him to *oose1 to give !m exi/5ce1 & to compose ! univ]se ( !m1 :ile he left all ! re/ 9 no?+ness4' ,?is proposition is also1 j l ! prec$+ "o1 9 close con=mity ) t "p ( philosophy :i* is call$ natural !ology4 ,"o mu/ dwell a little on :at is said "h1 t he *ose ! possible be+s ':om x pleas$ him to *oose'4 ,= x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t :5 ,i say1 't pleases me'1 x is z ?\gh ,i 7 say+1 ',i f9d x good'4 ,?us x is ! ideal goodness ( ! object :i* pleases1 & :i* makes me *oose x among _m o!rs :i* d n please or :i* please less1 t is to say1 :i* conta9 less ( t goodness :i* moves me4 ,n[ x is only ! g5u9ely good t is capable ( pleas+ ,god3 & consequ5tly t :i* pleases ,god mo/1 & :i* meets 8 *oice1 is ! be/4 #ahd #aaa4 ,,iii4 ',human nature hav+ be5 among ! ,be+s t he will$ to produce1 he creat$ a man & a woman1 & grant$ !m among/ o!r fav\rs free w1 s t !y _h ! p[] to obey him2 b he ?reat5$ !m ) dea? if !y %\ld disobey ! ord] t he gave !m to ab/a9 f a c]ta9 fruit4' ,?is proposition is 9 "p reveal$1 & %\ld be admitt$ )\t difficulty1 provid$ t free w be und]/ood prop]ly1 accord+ to ! explanation ,i h giv54 #aab4 ,,iv4 ',!y ate !re( nev]!less1 & !nce=? !y 7 condemn$1 !y & all _! po/]ity1 to ! mis]ies ( ?is life1 to temporal dea? & et]nal damnation1 & made subject to su* a t5d5cy to s9 t !y ab&on$ !mselves !reto endlessly & )\t ceas+4' ,!re is reason to suppose t ! =bidd5 action by itself entail$ ^! evil results 9 accordance ) a natural effect1 & t x 0 = t v reason1 & n by a purely arbitr>y decree1 t ,god _h =bidd5 x3 mu* z "o =bids knives to *ildr54 ,! fam\s ,fludde or de ,fluctibus1 an ,engli%man1 once wrote a book ,de ,vita1 ,morte et ,resurrectione "u ! "n ( ,r4 ,otreb1 :]e9 he ma9ta9$ t ! fruit ( ! =bidd5 tree 0 a poison3 b we _c ent] into ?is detail4 ,x suffices t ,god =bade a h>mful ?+2 "o mu/ n !re=e suppose t ,god act$ "h simply 9 ! "* ( a legislator :o enacts a purely positive law1 or ( a judge :o imposes & inflicts a puni%m5t by an ord] ( 8 w1 )\t any connexion betwe5 ! evil ( guilt & ! evil ( puni%m5t4 ,& x is n necess>y to suppose t ,god 9 ju/ifiable annoyance delib]ately put a corruption 9 ! s\l & ! body ( man1 by an extraord9>y action1 9 ord] to puni% him3 mu* z ! ,a!nians gave hemlock-juice to _! crim9als4 ,m4 ,bayle takes ! matt] ?us3 he speaks z if ! orig9al corruption _h be5 put 9 ! s\l ( ! fir/ man by an ord] & op]ation ( ,god4 ,x is t :i* calls =? 8 objection 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #agh1 p4 #abah7 't reason w\ld n comm5d ! mon>* :o1 9 ord] to *a/ise a rebel1 condemn$ him & 8 desc5dants to h a t5d5cy t[>ds rebellion'4 ,b ?is *a/isem5t happ5s naturally to ! wick$1 )\t any ord9ance ( a legislator1 & !y become addict$ to evil4 ,if drunk>ds begot *ildr5 incl9$ to ! same vice1 by a natural consequ5ce ( :at takes place 9 bodies1 t w\ld be a puni%m5t ( _! prog5itors1 b x w\ld #ahe n be a p5alty ( law4 ,!re is some?+ comp>able to ?is 9 ! consequ5ces ( ! fir/ man's s94 ,= ! contemplation ( div9e wisdom leads u to believe t ! realm ( nature s]ves t ( grace2 & t ,god z an ,ar*itect has done all 9 a mann] befitt+ ,god consid]$ z a ,mon>*4 ,we d n suffici5tly "k ! nature ( ! =bidd5 fruit1 or t ( ! action1 or its effects1 to judge ( ! details ( ?is matt]3 nev]!less we mu/ d ,god ju/ice s f> z to believe t x compris$ some?+ o!r ?an :at pa9t]s depict = u4 #aac4 ,v4 ',x has pleas$ him by 8 inf9ite m]cy to deliv] a v few m5 f ?is condemnation2 &1 leav+ !m expos$ dur+ ?is life to ! corruption ( s9 & mis]y1 he has giv5 !m aids :i* enable !m to obta9 ! nev]-end+ bliss ( p>adise4' ,_m 9 ! pa/ h d\bt$1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 :e!r ! numb] ( ! damn$ is s great z is g5]ally suppos$2 & x appe>s t !y believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( "s int]m$iate /ate betwe5 et]nal damnation & p]fect bliss4 ,b we h no ne$ ( ^! op9ions1 & x is en\gh to keep to ! ideas accept$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ?is connexion x is well to obs]ve t ?is proposition ( ,m4 ,bayle's is conceiv$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( suffici5t grace1 giv5 to all m51 & suffic+ !m provid$ t !y h good w4 ,al?\gh ,m4 ,bayle holds ! opposite op9ion1 he wi%$ 7z he /ates 9 ! m>g97 to avoid ! t]ms t w\ld n agree ) a sy/em ( decrees subsequ5t to ! prevision ( cont+5t ev5ts4 #aad4 ,,vi4 ',he =esaw f et]nity all t :i* %\ld happ51 he ord]$ all ?+s & plac$ !m ea* "o 9 its own place1 & he guides & controls !m cont9ually1 accord+ to 8 pleasure4 ,?us no?+ is done )\t 8 p]mission or aga9/ 8 w1 & he c prev5t1 z seems good to him1 z mu* & z (t5 z seems good to him1 all t does n please him1 & 9 consequ5ce s91 :i* is ! ?+ 9 ! _w t mo/ (f5ds him & t he mo/ dete/s2 & he c produce 9 ea* human s\l all ! ?\ghts t he approves4' ,?is !sis is also purely philosophic1 t is1 recognizable by ! light ( natural reason4 ,x is opportune also1 z "o has dwelt 9 !sis ,,ii on t :i* pleases1 to dwell "h ^u t :i* seems good1 t is1 ^u t :i* ,god f9ds good to d4 ,he c avoid or put away z 'seems good to him' all 't does n please him'4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t "s objects ( 8 av]sion1 su* z c]ta9 evils1 & especially s91 :i* 8 #ahf antec$5t w repell$1 c\ld only h be5 reject$ by 8 consequ5t or decretory w1 9 s f> z x 0 prompt$ by ! rule ( ! be/1 :i* ! ,all-wise mu/ *oose aft] hav+ tak5 all into acc\nt4 ,:5 "o says 't s9 (f5ds ,god mo/1 & t he dete/s x mo/'1 ^! are human ways ( speak+4 ,god _c1 prop]ly speak+1 be (f5d$1 t is1 injur$1 di/urb$1 disquiet$ or ang]$2 & he dete/s no?+ ( t :i* exi/s1 9 ! s5se t to dete/ some?+ is to look ^u x ) abom9ation & 9 a way t causes u disgu/1 t greatly pa9s & di/resses u2 = ,god _c suff] ei!r vexation1 or grief or discom=t2 he is always altoge!r cont5t & at ease4 ,yet ^! expressions 9 _! true s5se are ju/ifi$4 ,! supreme goodness ( ,god causes 8 antec$5t w to repel all evil1 b moral evil m ?an any o!r3 x only admits evil at all = irresi/ible sup]ior reasons1 & ) great correctives :i* repair its ill effects to good advantage4 ,x is true also t ,god c\ld produce 9 ea* human s\l all ! ?\ghts t he approves3 b ?is w\ld be to act by miracles1 m ?an 8 mo/ p]fectly conceiv$ plan admits4 #aae4 ,,vii4 ',he (f]s grace to p t he kn[s are de/9$ n to accept x1 & s de/9$ by ?is refusal to make !mselves m crim9al ?an !y w\ld be if he _h n (f]$ !m t grace2 he assures !m t x is 8 ard5t wi% t !y accept x1 & he does n give !m ! grace :i* he kn[s !y w\ld accept4' ,x is true t ^! p become m crim9al ?r\gh _! refusal ?an if "o _h (f]$ !m no?+1 & t ,god kn[s ?is4 ,yet x is bett] to p]mit _! crime ?an to act 9 a way :i* w\ld r5d] ,god himself blamewor?y1 & provide ! crim9als ) "s ju/ification = ! compla9t t x 0 n possible = !m to d bett]1 ev5 ?\gh !y _h or might h wi%$ x4 ,god desires t !y receive su* grace f him z !y are fit to receive1 & t !y accept x2 & he desires to give !m 9 p>ticul> t grace ^: acceptance by !m he =esees3 b x is always by a w antec$5t1 deta*$ or p>ticul>1 :i* _c always be c>ri$ out 9 ! g5]al plan ( ?+s4 ,?is !sis also is among ! numb] ( ^? :i* philosophy e/abli%es no less ?an revelation1 l ?ree o!rs ( ! sev5 t we h j /at$ "h1 ! ?ird1 f\r? & fif? be+ ! only ones :]e revelation is necess>y4 #ahg #aaf4 ,"h n[ are ! n9ete5 philosophic maxims :i* ,m4 ,bayle opposes to ! sev5 !ological propositions4 ,i4 ',z ! inf9itely p]fect ,be+ f9ds 9 himself a glory & a bliss t c nev] ei!r dim9i% or increase1 8 goodness alone has det]m9$ him to create ?is univ]se3 nei!r ! ambition to be prais$1 nor any int]e/$ motive ( pres]v+ or augm5t+ 8 bliss & 8 glory1 has _h any "p !re94' ,?is maxim is v good3 praises ( ,god d him no s]vice1 b !y are ( s]vice to ! m5 :o praise him1 & he desir$ _! good4 ,nev]!less1 :5 "o says t goodness alone det]m9$ ,god to create ?is univ]se1 x is well to add t 8 ,,goodness prompt$ him antec$5tly to create & to produce all possible good2 b t 8 ,,wisdom made ! *oice & caus$ him to select ! be/ consequ5tly2 & f9ally t 8 ,,p[] gave him ! means to c>ry out actually ! great design :i* he _h =m$4 #aag4 ,,ii4 ',! goodness ( ! inf9itely p]fect ,be+ is inf9ite1 & w\ld n be inf9ite if "o c\ld conceive ( a goodness great] ?an ?is4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( inf9ity is prop] also to all 8 o!r p]fections1 to love ( virtue1 hatr$ ( vice1 etc41 !y mu/ be ! greate/ "o c imag9e4 7,see ,m4 ,jurieu 9 ! fir/ ?ree sections ( ! ,judgem5t on ,me?ods1 :]e he argues con/antly ^u ?is pr9ciple1 z ^u a prim>y notion4 ,see also 9 ,witti*1 ,de ,provid5tia ,dei1 n4 #ab1 ^! words ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 lib4 ,i1 ,de ,doctr9a ,*ri/iana1 c4 #g3 ,cum cogitatur ,deus1 ita cogitatur1 ut aliquid1 quo nihil melius sit atque sublimius4 ,et paulo po/3 ,nec quisquam inv5iri pote/1 qui hoc ,deum cr$at esse1 quo melius aliquid e/47' ,?is maxim is altoge!r to my lik+1 & ,i draw f x ?is conclusion1 t ,god does ! v be/ possible3 o!rwise ! ex]cise ( 8 goodness w\ld be re/rict$1 & t w\ld be re/rict+ 8 goodness itself1 if x did n prompt him to ! be/1 if he 7 lack+ 9 good w4 ,or aga9 x w\ld be re/rict+ 8 wisdom & 8 p[]1 if he lack$ ! k necess>y = disc]n+ ! be/ & = f9d+ ! means to obta9 x1 or if he lack$ ! /r5g? necess>y = employ+ ^! means4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ambiguity 9 ! ass]tion t love ( virtue & hatr$ ( vice are inf9ite 9 ,god3 if t 7 absolutely & unres]v$ly true1 9 practice !re w\ld be no vice 9 ! _w4 ,b al?\gh ea* "o ( ,god's p]fections is inf9ite 9 itself1 x is ex]cis$ only 9 proportion to ! object & z ! nature ( ?+s prompts x4 ,?us love ( ! be/ 9 ! :ole c>ries ! day ov] #ahh all o!r individual incl9ations or hatr$s2 x is ! only impulse ^: v ex]cise is absolutely inf9ite1 no?+ hav+ p[] to prev5t ,god f decl>+ himself = ! be/2 & "s vice be+ comb9$ ) ! be/ possible plan1 ,god p]mits x4 #aah4 ,,iii4 ',an inf9ite goodness hav+ guid$ ! ,creator 9 ! production ( ! _w1 all ! *>act]i/ics ( k1 skill1 p[] & greatness t are display$ 9 8 "w are de/9$ = ! happ9ess ( intellig5t creatures4 ,he wi%$ to %[ =? 8 p]fections only to ! end t creatures ( ?is k9d %\ld f9d _! felicity 9 ! k1 ! admiration & ! love ( ! ,supreme ,be+4' ,?is maxim appe>s to me n suffici5tly exact4 ,i grant t ! happ9ess ( intellig5t creatures is ! pr9cipal "p ( ,god's design1 = !y are mo/ l him2 b nev]!less ,i d n see h[ "o c prove t to be 8 sole aim4 ,x is true t ! realm ( nature mu/ s]ve ! realm ( grace3 b1 s9ce all is connect$ 9 ,god's great design1 we mu/ believe t ! realm ( grace is also 9 "s way adapt$ to t ( nature1 s t nature pres]ves ! utmo/ ord] & beauty1 to r5d] ! comb9ation ( ! two ! mo/ p]fect t c be4 ,& !re is no reason to suppose t ,god1 = ! sake ( "s less5+ ( moral evil1 w\ld rev]se ! :ole ord] ( nature4 ,ea* p]fection or imp]fection 9 ! creature has its value1 b !re is none t has an inf9ite value4 ,?us ! moral or physical good & evil ( rational creatures does n inf9itely exce$ ! good & evil :i* is simply metaphysical1 namely t :i* lies 9 ! p]fection ( ! o!r creatures2 & yet "o w\ld be b\nd to say ?is if ! pres5t maxim 7 /rictly true4 ,:5 ,god ju/ifi$ to ! ,prophet ,jonah ! p>don t he _h grant$ to ! inhabitants ( ,n9eveh1 he ev5 t\*$ ^u ! int]e/ ( ! bea/s :o w\ld h be5 involv$ 9 ! ru9 ( ?is great city4 ,no sub/ance is absolutely contemptible or absolutely preci\s be=e ,god4 ,& ! abuse or ! exagg]at$ ext5sion ( ! pres5t maxim appe>s to be 9 "p ! s\rce ( ! difficulties t ,m4 ,bayle puts =w>d4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,god sets great] /ore by a man ?an a lion2 nev]!less x c h>dly be said ) c]ta9ty t ,god pref]s a s+le man 9 all respects to ! :ole ( lion-k9d4 ,ev5 %\ld t be s1 x w\ld by no means foll[ t ! int]e/ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 w\ld prevail ov] ! #ahi consid]ation ( a g5]al disord] diffus$ ?r\gh an inf9ite numb] ( creatures4 ,?is op9ion w\ld be a remnant ( ! old & some:at discr$it$ maxim1 t all is made solely = man4 #aai4 ,,iv4 ',! b5efits he imp>ts to ! creatures t are capable ( felicity t5d only to _! happ9ess4 ,he !re=e does n p]mit t ^! %\ld s]ve to make !m unhappy1 &1 if ! wrong use t !y made ( !m 7 capable ( de/roy+ !m1 he w\ld give !m sure means ( always us+ !m well4 ,o!rwise !y w\ld n be true b5efits1 & 8 goodness w\ld be small] ?an t we c conceive ( 9 ano!r b5efactor4 7,i mean1 9 a ,cause t unit$ ) its gifts ! sure skill to make good use ( !m47' ,!re already is ! abuse or ! ill effect ( ! prec$+ maxim4 ,x is n /rictly true 7?\gh x appe> plausible7 t ! b5efits ,god imp>ts to ! creatures :o are capable ( felicity t5d solely to _! happ9ess4 ,all is connect$ 9 ,nature2 & if a skill$ artisan1 an eng9e]1 an ar*itect1 a wise politician (t5 makes "o & ! same ?+ s]ve sev]al ends1 if he makes a d\ble hit ) a s+le ?r[1 :5 t c be done conv5i5tly1 "o may say t ,god1 ^: wisdom & p[] are p]fect1 does s always4 ,t is husb&+ ! gr\nd1 ! "t1 ! place1 ! mat]ial1 :i* make up z x 7 8 outlay4 ,?us ,god has m ?an "o purpose 9 8 projects4 ,! felicity ( all rational creatures is "o ( ! aims he has 9 view2 b x is n 8 :ole aim1 nor ev5 8 f9al aim4 ,!re=e x happ5s t ! unhapp9ess ( "s ( ^! creatures may come ab\t by concomitance1 & z a result ( o!r great] goods3 ?is ,i h already expla9$1 & ,m4 ,bayle has to "s ext5t ackn[l$g$ x4 ,! goods z su*1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are ! object ( ! antec$5t w ( ,god4 ,god w produce z mu* reason & k 9 ! univ]se z 8 plan c admit4 ,"o c conceive ( a mean betwe5 an antec$5t w altoge!r pure & primitive1 & a consequ5t & f9al w4 ,! primitive antec$5t w has z its object ea* good & ea* evil 9 itself1 deta*$ f all comb9ation1 & t5ds to advance ! good & prev5t ! evil4 ,! m$iate w relates to comb9ations1 z :5 "o atta*es a good to an evil3 !n ! w w h "s t5d5cy t[>ds ?is comb9ation :5 ! good exce$s ! evil !re94 ,b ! f9al & decisive w results f consid]ation ( all ! goods & all ! evils t ent] into our delib]ation1 x results f a total comb9ation4 ,?is %[s#aij t a m$iate w1 al?\gh x may 9 a s5se pass z consequ5t 9 relation to a pure & primitive antec$5t w1 mu/ be consid]$ antec$5t 9 relation to ! f9al & decretory w4 ,god gives reason to ! human race2 mis=tunes arise !nce by concomitance4 ,8 pure antec$5t w t5ds t[>ds giv+ reason1 z a great good1 & prev5t+ ! evils 9 "q4 ,b :5 x is a "q ( ! evils t accompany ?is gift :i* ,god has made to u ( reason1 ! comp\nd1 made up ( ! comb9ation ( reason & ( ^! evils1 w be ! object ( a m$iate w ( ,god1 :i* w t5d t[>ds produc+ or prev5t+ ?is comp\nd1 accord+ z ! good or ! evil prevails !re94 ,b ev5 ?\gh x %\ld prove t reason did m h>m ?an good to m5 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i d n admit71 :]eupon ! m$iate w ( ,god w\ld disc>d x ) all its concomitants1 x might /ill be ! case t x 0 m 9 accordance ) ! p]fection ( ! univ]se to give reason to m51 not)/&+ all ! evil consequ5ces :i* x might h ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,consequ5tly1 ! f9al w or ! decree ( ,god1 result+ f all ! consid]ations he c h1 w\ld be to give x to !m4 ,&1 f> f be+ subject to blame = ?is1 he w\ld be blamewor?y if he did n s4 ,?us ! evil1 or ! mixture ( goods & evils :]e9 ! evil prevails1 happ5s only by concomitance1 because x is connect$ ) great] goods t are outside ?is mixture4 ,?is mixture1 !re=e1 or ?is comp\nd1 is n to be conceiv$ z a grace or z a gift f ,god to u2 b ! good t is f\nd m+l$ !re9 w nev]!less be good4 ,su* is ,god's gift ( reason to ^? :o make ill use !re(4 ,x is always a good 9 itself2 b ! comb9ation ( ?is good ) ! evils t proce$ f its abuse is n a good ) reg>d to ^? :o 9 consequ5ce !re( become unhappy4 ,yet x comes to be by concomitance1 because x s]ves a great] good 9 relation to ! univ]se4 ,& x is d\btless t :i* prompt$ ,god to give reason to ^? :o h made x an in/rum5t ( _! unhapp9ess4 ,or1 to put x m precisely1 9 accordance ) my sy/em ,god1 hav+ f\nd among ! possible be+s "s rational creatures :o misuse _! reason1 gave exi/5ce to ^? :o are includ$ 9 ! be/ possible plan ( ! univ]se4 ,?us no?+ prev5ts u f admitt+ t ,god grants goods :i* turn into evil by ! fault ( m51 ?is (t5 happ5+ to m5 9 j puni%m5t ( ! misuse !y _h made ( ,god's grace4 ,aloysius #aia ,nov>9us wrote a book ,de ,occultis ,dei ,b5eficiis3 "o c\ld write "o ,de ,occultis ,dei ,po5is4 ,?is say+ ( ,claudian w\ld be 9 place "h ) reg>d to "s p]sons3 ,tolluntur 9 altum1 ,ut lapsu graviore ruant4 ,b to say t ,god %\ld n give a good :i* he kn[s an evil w w abuse1 :5 ! g5]al plan ( ?+s dem&s t he give x2 or aga9 to say t he %\ld give c]ta9 means = prev5t+ x1 contr>y to ?is same g5]al ord]3 t is to wi% 7z ,i h obs]v$ already7 t ,god himself become blamewor?y 9 ord] to prev5t man f be+ s4 ,to object1 z p d "h1 t ! goodness ( ,god w\ld be small] ?an t ( ano!r b5efactor :o w\ld give a m useful gift1 is to ov]look ! fact t ! goodness ( a b5efactor is n measur$ by a s+le b5efit4 ,x may well be t a gift f a private p]son is great] ?an "o f a pr9ce1 b ! gifts ( ?is private p]son all tak5 toge!r w be mu* inf]ior to ! pr9ce's gifts all toge!r4 ,?us "o c e/eem fitt+ly ! good ?+s done by ,god only :5 "o consid]s _! :ole ext5t by relat+ !m to ! entire univ]se4 ,moreov]1 "o may say t ! gifts giv5 9 ! expectation t !y w h>m are ! gifts ( an enemy1 ,greek3 he*?rn dra adra1 ,ho/ibus ev5iant talia dona meis4 ,b t applies to :5 !re is malice or guilt 9 him :o gives !m1 z !re 0 9 t ,eutrapelus ( :om ,horace speaks1 :o did good to p 9 ord] to give !m ! means ( de/roy+ !mselves4 ,8 design 0 evil1 b ,god's design _c be bett] ?an x is4 ,mu/ ,god spoil 8 sy/em1 mu/ !re be less beauty1 p]fection & reason 9 ! univ]se1 because !re are p :o misuse reason8 ,! common say+s are 9 place "h3 ,abusus non tollit usum2 !re is sc&alum datum et sc&alum acceptum4 #abj4 ,v4 ',a malefic5t be+ is v capable ( heap+ magnific5t gifts ^u 8 enemies1 :5 he kn[s t !y w make !re( a use t w de/roy !m4 ,x !re=e does n beseem ! inf9itely good ,be+ to give to creatures a free w1 :]e(1 z he kn[s = c]ta91 !y w\ld make a use t w\ld r5d] !m unhappy4 ,!re=e if he gives !m free w he comb9es ) x ! art ( us+ x always opportunely1 & p]mits n t !y neglect ! practice ( ?is art 9 any #aib conjuncture2 & if !re 7 no sure means ( det]m9+ ! good use ( ?is free w1 he w\ld r take f !m ?is faculty1 ?an all[ x to be ! cause ( _! unhapp9ess4 ,t is ! m manife/1 z free w is a grace :i* he has giv5 !m ( 8 own *oice & )\t _! ask+ = x2 s t he w\ld be m answ]able = ! unhapp9ess x w\ld br+ ^u !m ?an if he _h only grant$ x 9 response to _! importunate pray]s4' ,:at 0 said at ! end ( ! rem>k on ! prec$+ maxim ought to be repeat$ "h1 & is suffici5t to c\nt] ! pres5t maxim4 ,moreov]1 ! au?or is /ill presuppos+ t false maxim advanc$ z ! ?ird1 /at+ t ! happ9ess ( rational creatures is ! sole aim ( ,god4 ,if t 7 s1 p]haps nei!r s9 nor unhapp9ess w\ld ev] occur1 ev5 by concomitance4 ,god w\ld h *os5 a sequ5ce ( possibles :]e all ^! evils w\ld be exclud$4 ,b ,god w\ld fail 9 :at is due to ! univ]se1 t is1 9 :at he owes to himself4 ,if !re 7 only spirits !y w\ld be )\t ! requir$ connexion1 )\t ! ord] ( "t & place4 ,?is ord] dem&s matt]1 movem5t & its laws2 to adju/ ^! to spirits 9 ! be/ possible way means to return to our _w4 ,:5 "o looks at ?+s only 9 ! mass1 "o imag9es to be practicable a ?\s& ?+s t _c prop]ly take place4 ,to wi% t ,god %\ld n give free w to rational creatures is to wi% t !re be none ( ^! creatures2 & to wi% t ,god %\ld prev5t !m f misus+ x is to wi% t !re be none b ^! creatures alone1 toge!r ) :at 0 made = !m only4 ,if ,god _h none b ^! creatures 9 view1 he w\ld d\btless prev5t !m f de/roy+ !mselves4 ,"o may say 9 a s5se1 h[ev]1 t ,god has giv5 to ^! creatures ! art ( always mak+ good use ( _! free w1 = ! natural light ( reason is ?is art4 ,b x w\ld be necess>y always to h ! w to d good1 & (t5 creatures lack ! means ( giv+ !mselves ! w !y ought to h2 (t5 !y ev5 lack ! w to use ^? means :i* indirectly give a good w4 ,( ?is ,i h already spok5 m ?an once4 ,?is fault mu/ be admitt$1 & "o mu/ ev5 ackn[l$ge t ,god w\ld p]haps h be5 able to exempt creatures f t fault1 s9ce !re is no?+ to prev5t1 s x seems1 ! exi/5ce ( "s ^: nature x w\ld be always to h good w4 ,b ,i reply t x is n necess>y1 & t x 0 n feasible = all rational creatures to h s great a p]fection1#aic & su* z w\ld br+ !m s close to ! ,div9ity4 ,x may ev5 be t t c only be made possible by a special div9e grace4 ,b 9 ?is case1 w\ld x be prop] = ,god to grant x to all1 t is1 always to act miracul\sly 9 respect ( all rational creatures8 ,no?+ w\ld be less rational ?an ^! p]petual miracles4 ,!re are degrees among creatures3 ! g5]al ord] requires x4 ,& x appe>s q consi/5t ) ! ord] ( div9e gov]nm5t t ! great privilege ( /r5g!n+ 9 ! good %\ld be grant$ m easily to ^? :o _h a good w :5 !y 7 9 a m imp]fect /ate1 9 ! /ate ( /ruggle & ( pilgrimage1 9 ,ecclesia militante1 9 /atu viatorum4 ,! good angels !mselves 7 n creat$ incapable ( s94 ,nev]!less ,i w\ld n d>e to ass]t t !re are no bless$ creatures born1 or su* z are s9less & holy by _! nature4 ,!re are p]haps p :o give ?is privilege to ! ,bless$ ,virg91 s9ce1 moreov]1 ! ,roman ,*ur* to-day places h] above ! angels4 ,b x suffices u t ! univ]se is v great & v v>i$3 to wi% to limit x is to h little k !re(4 ',b'1 ,m4 ,bayle goes on1 ',god has giv5 free w to creatures capable ( s9n+1 )\t _! hav+ ask$ him = ?is grace4 ,& he :o gave su* a gift w\ld be m answ]able = ! unhapp9ess t x br\ght ^u ^? :o made use ( x1 ?an if he _h grant$ x only 9 response to _! importunate pray]s4' ,b importunity 9 pray]s makes no diff]5ce to ,god2 he kn[s bett] ?an we :at we ne$1 & he only grants :at s]ves ! int]e/ ( ! :ole4 ,x seems t ,m4 ,bayle "h makes free w consi/ 9 ! faculty = s9n+2 yet he ackn[l$ges else:]e t ,god & ! ,sa9ts are free1 )\t hav+ ?is faculty4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,i h already %[n fully t ,god1 do+ :at 8 wisdom & 8 goodness comb9$ orda91 is n answ]able = ! evil t he p]mits4 ,ev5 m51 :5 !y d _! duty1 are n answ]able = consequ5ces1 :e!r !y =esee !m or n4 #aba4 ,,vi4 ',x is z sure a means ( tak+ a man's life to give him a silk cord t "o kn[s c]ta9ly he w make use ( freely to /rangle himself1 z to plant a few dagg] ?ru/s 9 8 body4 ,"o desires 8 dea? n less :5 "o makes use ( ! fir/ way1 ?an :5 "o employs ! second3 x ev5 seems z ?\gh "o desires x ) a m malici\s int5tion1 s9ce "o t5ds to leave to him ! :ole tr\ble & ! :ole blame ( 8 de/ruction4' #aid ,^? :o write treatises on ,duties 7,de ,(ficiis7 z1 = in/ance1 ,cic]o1 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,grotius1 ,opal5ius1 ,%>rok1 ,ra*elius1 ,puf5dorf1 z well z ! ,casui/s1 tea* t !re are cases :]e "o is n oblig$ to return to its own] a ?+ deposit$3 = example1 "o w n give back a dagg] :5 "o kn[s t he :o has deposit$ x is ab\t to /ab someone4 ,let u pret5d t ,i h 9 my h&s ! fatal draught t ,meleag]'s "m w make use ( to kill him2 ! magic javel9 t ,cephalus w unwitt+ly employ to kill 8 ,procris2 ! horses ( ,!seus t w te> to pieces ,hippolytus1 8 son3 ^! ?+s are dem&$ back f me1 & ,i am "r 9 refus+ !m1 kn[+ ! use t w be made ( !m4 ,b h[ w x be if a compet5t judge ord]s me to re/ore !m1 :5 ,i _c prove to him :at ,i "k ( ! evil consequ5ces t re/itution w h1 ,apollo p]*ance hav+ giv5 to me1 z to ,cass&ra1 ! gift ( prophecy "u ! condition t ,i %all n be believ$8 ,i %\ld !n be compell$ to make re/itution1 hav+ no alt]native o!r ?an my own de/ruction3 ?us ,i _c escape f contribut+ t[>ds ! evil4 ,ano!r comp>ison3 ,jupit] promises ,semele1 ! ,sun ,phaeton1 ,cupid ,psy*e to grant :atev] fav\r ! o!r %all ask4 ,!y swe> by ! ,/yx1 ,di cujus jur>e tim5t et fall]e ,num54 ,"o w\ld gladly /op1 b too late1 ! reque/ half he>d1 ,voluit ,deus ora loqu5tis ,opprim]e2 exi]at jam vox prop]ata sub auras4 ,"o w\ld gladly draw back aft] ! reque/ 0 made1 mak+ va9 remon/rances2 b !y press y1 !y say to y3 ',d y make oa?s t y w n keep8' ,! law ( ! ,/yx is inviolable1 "o mu/ ne$s submit to x2 if "o has err$ 9 mak+ ! oa?1 "o w\ld err m 9 n keep+ x2 ! promise mu/ be fulfill$1 h[ev] h>mful x may be to him :o exacts x4 ,x w\ld be ru9\s to y if y did n fulfil x4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! moral ( ^! fables implies t a supreme necessity may con/ra9 "o to comply ) evil4 ,god1 9 tru?1 kn[s no o!r judge t c compel him to give :at may turn to evil1 he is n l ,jupit] :o fe>s ! ,/yx4 ,b 8 own wisdom is ! greate/ judge t he c f9d1 !re is no appeal f its judgem5ts3 !y are ! decrees ( de/9y4 ,! et]nal v]ities1 objects ( 8 wisdom1 are m #aie inviolable ?an ! ,/yx4 ,^! laws & ?is judge d n con/ra93 !y are /rong]1 = !y p]suade4 ,wisdom only %[s ,god ! be/ possible ex]cise ( 8 goodness3 aft] t1 ! evil t occurs is an inevitable result ( ! be/4 ,i w add some?+ /rong]3 ,to p]mit ! evil1 z ,god p]mits x1 is ! greate/ goodness4 ,si mala su/ul]at1 non erat ille bonus4 ,"o w\ld ne$ to h a b5t t[>ds p]v]sity to say aft] ?is t x is m malici\s to leave to someone ! :ole tr\ble & ! :ole blame ( 8 de/ruction4 ,:5 ,god does leave x to a man1 x has belong$ to him s9ce be=e 8 exi/5ce2 x 0 already 9 ! idea ( him z /ill m]ely possible1 be=e ! decree ( ,god :i* makes him to exi/4 ,c "o1 !n1 leave x or give x to ano!r8 ,!re is ! :ole matt]4 #abb4 ,,vii4 ',a true b5efactor gives promptly1 & does n wait to give until ^? he loves h suff]$ long mis]ies f ! privation ( :at he c\ld h imp>t$ to !m at fir/ v easily1 & )\t caus+ any inconv5i5ce to himself4 ,if ! limitation ( 8 =ces does n p]mit him to d good )\t inflict+ pa9 or "s o!r inconv5i5ce1 he acquiesces 9 ?is1 b only regretfully1 & he nev] employs ?is way ( r5d]+ s]vice :5 he c r5d] x )\t m+l+ any k9d ( evil 9 8 fav\rs4 ,if ! pr(it "o c\ld d]ive f ! evils he inflict$ c\ld spr+ z easily f an unalloy$ good z f ^? evils1 he w\ld take ! /raight road ( unalloy$ good1 & n ! indirect road t w\ld lead f ! evil to ! good4 ,if he %[]s ri*es & hon\rs1 x is n to ! end t ^? :o h enjoy$ !m1 :5 !y come to lose !m1 %\ld be all ! m deeply afflict$ 9 proportion to _! previ\s exp]i5ce ( pleasure1 & t ?us !y %\ld become m unhappy ?an ! p]sons :o h always be5 depriv$ ( ^! advantages4 ,a malici\s be+ w\ld %[] good ?+s at su* a price ^u ! p = :om he _h ! mo/ hatr$4' 7,comp>e ?is passage ( ,ari/otle1 ,rhetor41 #a4 #b1 c4 #bc1 p4 m4 #ddf3 ,greek3 hoion ei doi an tis t9i h9a aphelom5os leipsi2 ho!n kai t\t' eirtai1 ,greek3 pollois ho daimn ou kat' eunoian ph]n ,greek3 ,megala dids9 euty*mat'1 all' h9a ,greek3 tas symphoras labs9 epiphane/]as4 #aif ,id e/3 ,veluti si quis alicui aliquid det1 ut 7po/ea7 hoc 7ipsi7 erepto 7ipsum7 afficiat dolore4 ,unde etiam illud e/ dictum3 ,bona magna multis non amicus dat ,deus1 ,insigniore ut rursus 8 privet malo47 ,all ^! objections dep5d almo/ on ! same sophism2 !y *ange & mutilate ! fact1 !y only half record ?+s3 ,god has c>e = m51 he loves ! human race1 he wi%es x well1 no?+ s true4 ,yet he all[s m5 to fall1 he (t5 all[s !m to p]i%1 he gives !m goods t t5d t[>ds _! de/ruction2 & :5 he makes someone happy1 x is aft] _m suff]+s3 :]e is 8 affection1 :]e is 8 goodness or aga9 :]e is 8 p[]8 ,va9 objections1 :i* suppress ! ma9 po9t1 :i* ignore ! fact t x is ( ,god "o speaks4 ,x is z ?\gh "o 7 speak+ ( a "m1 a gu>dian1 a tutor1 ^: well-nigh only c>e is conc]n$ ) ! upbr++1 ! pres]vation1 ! happ9ess ( ! p]son 9 "q1 & :o neglect _! duty4 ,god takes c>e ( ! univ]se1 he neglects no?+1 he *ooses :at is be/ on ! :ole4 ,if 9 spite ( all t someone is wick$ & unhappy1 x behov$ him to be s4 ,god 7s !y say7 c\ld h giv5 happ9ess to all1 he c\ld h giv5 x promptly & easily1 & )\t caus+ himself any inconv5i5ce1 = he c d all4 ,b %\ld he8 ,s9ce he does n s1 x is a sign t he _h to act altoge!r diff]5tly4 ,if we inf] f ?is ei!r t ,god only regretfully1 & ow+ to lack ( p[]1 fails to make m5 happy & to give ! good fir/ ( all & )\t admixture ( evil1 or else t he lacks ! good w to give x unres]v$ly & = good & all1 !n we are comp>+ our true ,god ) ! ,god ( ,h]odotus1 full ( envy1 or ) ! demon ( ! poet ^: iambics ,ari/otle quotes1 & ,i h j translat$ into ,lat91 :o gives good ?+s 9 ord] t he may cause m affliction by tak+ !m away4 ,t w\ld be trifl+ ) ,god 9 p]petual an?ropomorphisms1 repres5t+ him z a man :o mu/ give himself up completely to "o p>ticul> bus9ess1 ^: goodness mu/ be *iefly ex]cis$ ^u ^? objects alone :i* are kn[n to u1 & :o lacks ei!r aptitude or good w4 ,god is n lack+ !re91 he c\ld d ! good t we w\ld desire2 he ev5 wi%es x1 tak+ x sep>ately1 b he mu/ n d x 9 pref]5ce to o!r great] goods :i* are oppos$ to x4 ,moreov]1 "o has no cause to compla9 ( ! fact t usually #aig "o atta9s salvation only ?r\gh _m suff]+s1 & by be>+ ! cross ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,^! evils s]ve to make ! elect imitators ( _! ma/]1 & to increase _! happ9ess4 #abc4 ,,viii4 ',! greate/ & ! mo/ sub/antial glory t he :o is ! ma/] ( o!rs c ga9 is to ma9ta9 among/ !m virtue1 ord]1 peace1 cont5tm5t ( m9d4 ,! glory t he w\ld d]ive f _! unhapp9ess c be no?+ b a false glory4' ,if we knew ! city ( ,god j z x is1 we %\ld see t x is ! mo/ p]fect /ate :i* c be devis$2 t virtue & happ9ess reign !re1 z f> z is possible1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ! be/2 t s9 & unhapp9ess 7^: entire exclusion f ! nature ( ?+s reasons ( ! supreme ord] did n p]mit71 are well-nigh no?+ !re 9 comp>ison ) ! good1 & ev5 are ( s]vice = great] good4 ,n[ s9ce ^! evils 7 to exi/1 !re mu/ ne$s be "s appo9t$ to be subject to !m1 & we are ^? p4 ,if x 7 o!rs1 w\ld !re n be ! same appe>ance ( evil8 ,or r1 w\ld n ^! o!rs be ^? kn[n z ,we8 ,:5 ,god d]ives "s glory f ! evil ?r\gh hav+ made x s]ve a great] good1 x 0 prop] t he %\ld d]ive t glory4 ,x is n !re=e a false glory1 z w\ld be t ( a pr9ce :o ov]?rew 8 /ate 9 ord] to h ! hon\r ( sett+ x up aga94 #abd4 ,,ix4 ',! way :]eby t ma/] c give pro( ( greate/ love = virtue is to cause x1 if he c1 to be always practis$ )\t any mixture ( vice4 ,if x is easy = him to procure = 8 subjects ?is advantage1 & nev]!less he p]mits vice to raise its head1 save t he puni%es x f9ally aft] hav+ long tol]at$ x1 8 affection = virtue is n ! greate/ "o c conceive2 x is !re=e n inf9ite4' ,i am n yet half way ?r\gh ! n9ete5 maxims1 & already ,i am we>y ( refut+1 & mak+ ! same answ] always4 ,m4 ,bayle multiplies unnecess>ily 8 s-call$ maxims 9 opposition to my dogmas4 ,if ?+s connect$ toge!r may be sep>at$1 ! p>ts f _! :ole1 ! human k9d f ! univ]se1 ,god's attributes ! "o f ! o!r1 p[] f wisdom1 x may be said t ,god c cause virtue to be 9 ! _w )\t any mixture ( vice1 & ev5 t he c d s easily4 ,b1 s9ce he has p]mitt$ vice1 x mu/ be t t ord] ( ! univ]se :i* 0 f\nd pref]able to e o!r plan requir$ x4 ,"o mu/ believe t x is n p]mitt$ to d o!rwise1 s9ce x is n #aih possible to d bett]4 ,x is a hypo!tical necessity1 a moral necessity1 :i*1 f> f be+ contr>y to fre$om1 is ! effect ( its *oice4 ,quae rationi contr>ia sunt1 ea nec fi]i a ,sapi5te posse cr$5dum e/4 ,! objection is made "h1 t ,god's affection = virtue is !re=e n ! greate/ :i* c be conceiv$1 t x is n inf9ite4 ,to t an answ] has already be5 giv5 on ! second maxim1 9 ! ass]tion t ,god's affection = any creat$ ?+ :atsoev] is proportionate to ! value ( ! ?+4 ,virtue is ! noble/ quality ( creat$ ?+s1 b x is n ! only good quality ( creatures4 ,!re are innum]able o!rs :i* attract ! incl9ation ( ,god3 f all ^! incl9ations !re results ! mo/ possible good1 & x turns out t if !re 7 only virtue1 if !re 7 only rational creatures1 !re w\ld be less good4 ,midas prov$ to be less ri* :5 he _h only gold4 ,& besides1 wisdom mu/ v>y4 ,to multiply "o & ! same ?+ only w\ld be sup]fluity1 & pov]ty too4 ,to h a ?\s& well-b\nd ,v]gils 9 "o's libr>y1 always to s+ ! airs f ! op]a ( ,cadmus & ,h]mione1 to break all ! *9a 9 ord] only to h cups ( gold1 to h only diamond buttons1 to eat no?+ b p>tridges1 to dr9k only ,hung>ian or ,%iraz w9e--w\ld "o call t reason8 ,nature _h ne$ ( animals1 plants1 inanimate bodies2 !re are 9 ^! creatures1 devoid ( reason1 m>vels :i* s]ve = ex]cise ( ! reason4 ,:at w\ld an intellig5t creature d if !re 7 no un9tellig5t ?+s8 ,:at w\ld x ?9k (1 if !re 7 nei!r movem5t1 nor matt]1 nor s5se8 ,if x _h only di/9ct ?\ghts x w\ld be a ,god1 its wisdom w\ld be )\t b\nds3 t is "o ( ! results ( my m$itations4 ,z soon z !re is a mixture ( confus$ ?\ghts1 !re is s5se1 !re is matt]4 ,= ^! confus$ ?\ghts come f ! relation ( all ?+s "o to ! o!r by way ( duration & ext5t4 ,?us x is t 9 my philosophy !re is no rational creature )\t "s organic body1 & !re is no creat$ _s entirely deta*$ f matt]4 ,b ^! organic bodies v>y no less 9 p]fection ?an ! spirits to :i* !y belong4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ,god's wisdom mu/ h a _w ( bodies1 a _w ( sub/ances capable ( p]ception & incapable ( reason2 s9ce1 9 %ort1 x 0 necess>y to *oose f all ! ?+s possible :at produc$ ! be/ effect toge!r1 & s9ce vice ent]$ 9 by ?is door1 ,god w\ld n h be5 altoge!r good1 altoge!r wise if he _h exclud$ x4 #aii #abe4 ,x4 ',! way to ev9ce ! greate/ hatr$ = vice is n inde$ to all[ x to prevail = a long "t & !n *a/ise x1 b to cru% x be=e its bir?1 t is1 prev5t x f %[+ itself any:]e4 ,a k+1 = example1 :o put 8 f9ances 9 su* good ord] t no malv]sation 0 ev] committ$1 w\ld ?us display m hatr$ = ! wrong done by faction>ies ?an if1 aft] hav+ suff]$ !m to batt5 on ! blood ( ! p1 he _h !m hang$4' ,x is always ! same song1 x is an?ropomorphism pure & simple4 ,a k+ %\ld g5]ally h no?+ s mu* at he>t z to keep 8 subjects free f oppression4 ,"o ( 8 greate/ int]e/s is to br+ good ord] into 8 f9ances4 ,nev]!less !re are times :5 he is oblig$ to tol]ate vice & disord]s4 ,he has a great w> on 8 h&s1 he is 9 a /ate ( exhau/ion1 he has no *oice ( g5]als1 x is necess>y to hum\r ^? he has1 ^? possess$ ( great au?ority ) ! soldi]s3 a ,braccio1 a ,s=za1 a ,wall5/e94 ,he lacks money = ! mo/ press+ ne$s1 x is necess>y to turn to great f9anci]s1 :o h an e/abli%$ cr$it1 & he mu/ at ! same "t connive at _! malv]sations4 ,x is true t ?is un=tunate necessity arises mo/ (t5 f previ\s errors4 ,x is n ! same ) ,god3 he has ne$ ( no man1 he commits no error1 he always does ! be/4 ,"o _c ev5 wi% t ?+s may g bett]1 :5 "o und]/&s !m3 & x w\ld be a vice 9 ! ,au?or ( ?+s if he wi%$ to *ange any?+ :atsoev] 9 !m1 if he wi%$ to exclude ! vice t 0 f\nd !re4 ,is ?is ,/ate ) p]fect gov]nm5t1 :]e good is will$ & p]=m$ z f> z x is possible1 :]e evil ev5 s]ves ! greate/ good1 comp>able ) ! ,/ate ( a pr9ce ^: affairs are 9 ru9 & :o escapes z be/ he c8 ,or ) t ( a pr9ce :o enc\rages oppression 9 ord] to puni% x1 & :o delights to see ! little m5 ) begg+ b[ls & ! great on scaffolds8 #abf4 ,,xi4 ',a rul] devot$ to ! int]e/s ( virtue1 & to ! good ( 8 subjects1 takes ! utmo/ c>e to ensure t !y nev] disobey 8 laws2 & if he mu/ ne$s *a/ise !m = _! disob$i5ce1 he sees to x t ! p5alty cures !m ( ! incl9ation to evil1 & re/ores 9 _! s\l a /rong & con/ant t5d5cy t[>ds good3 s f> is he f any desire t ! p5alty = ! error %\ld incl9e !m m & m t[>ds evil4' #bjj ,to make m5 bett]1 ,god does all t is due1 & ev5 all t c be done on 8 side )\t detrim5t to :at is due4 ,! mo/ usual aim ( puni%m5t is am5dm5t2 b x is n ! sole aim1 nor t :i* ,god always int5ds4 ,i h said a ^w on t above4 ,orig9al s91 :i* disposes m5 t[>ds evil1 is n m]ely a p5alty = ! fir/ s92 x is a natural consequ5ce !re(4 ,on t too a ^w has be5 said1 9 ! c\rse ( an obs]vation on ! f\r? !ological proposition4 ,x is l drunk5ness1 :i* is a p5alty = excess 9 dr9k+ & is at ! same "t a natural consequ5ce t easily leads to new s9s4 #abg4 ,,xii4 ',to p]mit ! evil t "o c\ld prev5t is n to c>e :e!r x be committ$ or n1 or is ev5 to wi% t x be committ$4' ,by no means4 ,h[ _m times d m5 p]mit evils :i* !y c\ld prev5t if !y turn$ all _! ef=ts 9 t direction8 ,b o!r m important c>es prev5t !m f do+ s4 ,"o w r>ely resolve ^u adju/+ irregul>ities 9 ! co9age :ile "o is involv$ 9 a great w>4 ,& ! action ( an ,engli% ,p>liam5t 9 ?is direction a little be=e ! ,peace ( ,ryswyck w be r prais$ ?an imitat$4 ,c "o conclude f ?is t ! ,/ate has no anxiety ab\t ?is irregul>ity1 or ev5 t x desires x8 ,god has a f> /rong] reason1 & "o f> m wor?y ( him1 = tol]at+ evils4 ,n only does he d]ive f !m great] goods1 b he f9ds !m connect$ ) ! greate/ goods ( all ^? t are possible3 s t x w\ld be a fault n to p]mit !m4 #abh4 ,,xiii4 ',x is a v great fault 9 ^? :o gov]n1 if !y d n c>e :e!r !re be disord] 9 _! ,/ates or n4 ,! fault is /ill great] if !y wi% & ev5 desire disord] !re4 ,if by hidd5 & indirect1 b infallible1 ways !y /irr$ up a s$ition 9 _! ,/ates to br+ !m to ! br9k ( ru91 9 ord] to ga9 = !mselves ! glory ( %[+ t !y h ! c\rage & ! prud5ce necess>y = sav+ a great k+dom on ! po9t ( p]i%+1 !y w\ld be mo/ des]v+ ( condemnation4 ,b if !y /irr$ up ?is s$ition because !re 7 no o!r means ?an t1 ( av]t+ ! total ru9 ( _! subjects & ( /r5g!n+ on new f\ndations1 & = sev]al c5turies1 ! happ9ess ( nations1 "o mu/ ne$s lam5t ! un=tunate necessity 7see above1 pp4 #adf1 #adg1 :at has be5 said ( ! =ce (#bja necessity7 to :i* !y 7 r$uc$1 & praise !m = ! use t !y made !re(4' ,?is maxim1 ) div]s o!rs set =? "h1 is n applicable to ! gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,n to m5tion ! fact t x is only ! disord]s ( a v small "p ( 8 k+dom :i* are br\ght up 9 objection1 x is untrue t he has no anxiety ab\t evils1 t he desires !m1 t he br+s !m into be+1 to h ! glory ( allay+ !m4 ,god wills ord] & good2 b x happ5s sometimes t :at is disord] 9 ! "p is ord] 9 ! :ole4 ,i h already /at$ ?is legal axiom3 ,incivile e/ nisi tota lege inspecta judic>e4 ,! p]mission ( evils comes f a k9d ( moral necessity3 ,god is con/ra9$ to ?is by 8 wisdom & by 8 goodness2 ?is necessity is happy1 :]eas t ( ! pr9ce spok5 ( 9 ! maxim is unhappy4 ,8 ,/ate is "o ( ! mo/ corrupt2 & ! gov]nm5t ( ,god is ! be/ ,/ate possible4 #abi4 ,,xiv4 ',! p]mission ( a c]ta9 evil is only excusable :5 "o _c rem$y x )\t introduc+ a great] evil2 b x _c be excusable 9 ^? :o h 9 h& a rem$y m efficaci\s aga9/ ?is evil1 & aga9/ all ! o!r evils t c\ld spr+ f ! suppression ( ?is "o4' ,! maxim is true1 b x _c be br\ght =w>d aga9/ ! gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,supreme reason con/ra9s him to p]mit ! evil4 ,if ,god *ose :at w\ld n be ! be/ absolutely & 9 all1 t w\ld be a great] evil ?an all ! individual evils :i* he c\ld prev5t by ?is means4 ,?is wrong *oice w\ld de/roy 8 wisdom & 8 goodness4 #acj4 ,,xv4 ',! ,be+ inf9itely p[]ful1 ,creator ( matt] & ( spirits1 makes :atev] he wills ( ?is matt] & ^! spirits4 ,!re is no situation or %ape t he _c communicate to spirits4 ,if he !n p]mitt$ a physical or a moral evil1 ?is w\ld n be = ! reason t o!rwise "s o!r /ill great] physical or moral evil w\ld be altoge!r inevitable4 ,none ( ^? reasons = ! mixture ( good & evil :i* are f\nd$ on ! limitation ( ! =ces ( b5efactors c apply to him4' ,x is true t ,god makes ( matt] & ( spirits :atev] he wills2 b he is l a good sculptor1 :o w make f 8 block ( m>ble only t :i* he judges to be ! be/1 & :o judges well4 ,god makes ( matt] ! mo/ excell5t ( all possible ma*9es2 he makes ( spirits ! mo/ excell5t ( all gov]nm5ts conceivable2 & ov] & above all t1 he e/abli%es = _! union ! mo/ p]fect ( all h>monies1 #bjb accord+ to ! sy/em ,i h propos$4 ,n[ s9ce physical evil & moral evil occur 9 ?is p]fect "w1 "o mu/ conclude 7contr>y to ,m4 ,bayle's assurance "h7 t o!rwise a /ill great] evil w\ld h be5 altoge!r inevitable4 ,?is great evil w\ld be t ,god w\ld h *os5 ill if he _h *os5 o!rwise ?an he has *os54 ,x is true t ,god is inf9itely p[]ful2 b 8 p[] is indet]m9ate1 goodness & wisdom comb9$ det]m9e him to produce ! be/4 ,m4 ,bayle makes else:]e an objection :i* is peculi> to him1 :i* he d]ives f ! op9ions ( ! mod]n ,c>tesians4 ,!y say t ,god c\ld h giv5 to s\ls :at ?\ghts he w\ld1 )\t mak+ !m dep5d ^u any relation to ! body3 by ?is means s\ls w\ld be sp>$ a great numb] ( evils :i* only spr+ f d]angem5t ( ! body4 ,m w be said ( ?is lat]2 n[ x is suffici5t to be> 9 m9d t ,god _c e/abli% a sy/em ill-connect$ & full ( dissonances4 ,x is to "s ext5t ! nature ( s\ls to repres5t bodies4 #aca4 ,,xvi4 ',"o is j z mu* ! cause ( an ev5t :5 "o br+s x ab\t 9 moral ways1 z :5 "o br+s x ab\t 9 physical ways4 ,a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 :o1 )\t go+ out ( 8 /udy1 & simply by utiliz+ ! passions ( ! lead]s ( a faction1 ov]?rew all _! plots1 w\ld ?us be br++ ab\t ! ru9 ( ?is faction1 no less ?an if he de/roy$ x by a surprise attack4' ,i h no?+ to say aga9/ ?is maxim4 ,evil is always attribut$ to moral causes1 & n always to physical causes4 ,"h ,i obs]ve simply t if ,i c\ld n prev5t ! s9 ( o!rs except by committ+ a s9 myself1 ,i %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 p]mitt+ x1 & ,i %\ld n be access>y !reto1 or its moral cause4 ,9 ,god1 e fault w\ld repres5t a s92 x w\ld be ev5 m ?an s91 = x w\ld de/roy ,div9ity4 ,& x w\ld be a great fault 9 him n to *oose ! be/4 ,i h said s _m times4 ,he w\ld !n prev5t s9 by some?+ worse ?an all s9s4 #acb4 ,,xvii4 ',x is all ! same :e!r "o employ a necess>y cause1 or employ a free cause :ile *oos+ ! mom5ts :5 "o kn[s x to be det]m9$4 ,if ,i imag9e t gunp[d] has ! p[] to ignite or n to ignite :5 fire t\*es x1 & if ,i "k = c]ta9 t x w be dispos$ to ignite at eight o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ,i %all be j z mu* ! cause ( its effects if ,i apply ! fire to x at t h\r1 z ,i %\ld be 9 assum+1 z is ! case1 t x is a necess>y cause4 #bjc ,= :]e ,i am conc]n$ x w\ld no long] be a free cause4 ,i %\ld be cat*+ x at ! mom5t :5 ,i knew x to be necessitat$ by its own *oice4 ,x is impossible = a be+ to be free or indiff]5t ) reg>d to t to :i* x is already det]m9$1 & at ! "t :5 x is det]m9$ !reto4 ,all t :i* exi/s exi/s ( necessity :ile x exi/s4 ,greek3 ,to e9ai to on hotan i1 kai to m e9ai hotan m i1 anank4 ,necesse e/ id quod e/1 qu&o e/1 esse2 et id quod non e/1 qu&o non e/1 non esse3 ,ari/41 ,de ,int]pret41 cap4 #i4 ,! ,nom9ali/s h adopt$ ?is maxim ( ,ari/otle4 ,scotus & sundry o!r ,s*oolm5 appe> to reject x1 b fundam5tally _! di/9ctions come to ! same ?+4 ,see ! ,jesuits ( ,coimbra on ?is passage f ,ari/otle1 p4 #chj et seq47' ,?is maxim may pass also2 ,i w\ld wi% only to *ange some?+ 9 ! phraseology4 ,i w\ld n take 'free' & 'indiff]5t' = "o & ! same ?+1 & w\ld n place 'free' & 'det]m9$' 9 anti!sis4 ,"o is nev] altoge!r indiff]5t ) an indiff]5ce ( equipoise2 "o is always m incl9$ & consequ5tly m det]m9$ on "o side ?an on ano!r3 b "o is nev] necessitat$ to ! *oice t "o makes4 ,i mean "h a necessity absolute & metaphysical2 = x mu/ be admitt$ t ,god1 t wisdom1 is prompt$ to ! be/ by a moral necessity4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ also t "o is necessitat$ to ! *oice by a hypo!tical necessity1 :5 "o actually makes ! *oice2 & ev5 be=e "o is necessitat$ !reto by ! v tru? ( ! futurition1 s9ce "o w d x4 ,^! hypo!tical necessities d no h>m4 ,i h spok5 suffici5tly on ?is po9t already4 #acc4 ,,xviii4 ',:5 a :ole great p has become guilty ( rebellion1 x is n %[+ clem5cy to p>don ! hundr$ ?\s&? "p1 & to kill all ! re/1 n except+ ev5 babes & suckl+s4' ,x seems to be assum$ "h t !re are a hundr$ ?\s& times m damn$ ?an sav$1 & t *ildr5 dy+ unbaptiz$ are includ$ among ! =m]4 ,bo? ^! po9ts are disput$1 & especially ! damnation ( ^! *ildr54 ,i h spok5 ( ?is above4 ,m4 ,bayle urges ! same objection else:]e 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #agh1 p4 #abbc73 ',we see cle>ly'1 he says1 't ! ,sov]eign :o wi%es to ex]cise bo? ju/ice & clem5cy :5 a city has revolt$ mu/ be cont5t ) ! puni%m5t ( a small numb] ( mut9e]s1 & #bjd p>don all ! re/4 ,= if ! numb] ( ^? :o are *a/is$ is z a ?\s& to "o1 9 comp>ison ) ^? :om he freely p>dons1 he _c be acc\nt$ mild1 b1 on ! contr>y1 cruel4 ,he w\ld assur$ly be acc\nt$ an abom9able tyrant if he *ose puni%m5ts ( long duration1 & if he es*ew$ blood%$ only because he 0 conv9c$ t m5 w\ld pref] dea? to a mis]able life2 & if1 f9ally1 ! desire to take rev5ge 7 m responsible = 8 sev]ities ?an ! desire to turn to ! s]vice ( ! common weal ! p5alty t he w\ld inflict on almo/ all ! rebels4 ,crim9als :o are execut$ are consid]$ to expiate _! crimes s completely by ! loss ( _! life1 t ! public requires no?+ m1 & is indignant :5 execution]s are clumsy4 ,^! w\ld be /on$ if !y 7 kn[n delib]ately to give repeat$ /rokes ( ! axe2 & ! judges :o are pres5t at ! execution w\ld n be immune f dang] if !y 7 ?\ght to take pleasure 9 ?is evil sport ( ! execution]s1 & to h surreptiti\sly urg$ !m to practise x4' 7,note t ?is is n to be und]/ood z /rictly univ]sal4 ,!re are cases :]e ! p approve ( ! sl[ kill+ ( c]ta9 crim9als1 z :5 ,francis ,i ?us put to dea? "s p]sons accus$ ( h]esy aft] ! notori\s ,plac>ds ( #aecd4 ,no pity 0 %[n to ,ravaillac1 :o 0 tortur$ 9 div]s horrible ways4 ,see ! ,fr5* ,m]cury1 vol4 ,i1 fol4 m41 #dee et seq4 ,see also ,pi]re ,mat?ieu 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,dea? ( ,h5ry ,,iv2 & d n =get :at he says on page m4 #ii conc]n+ ! discussion by ! judges ) reg>d to ! torture ( ?is p>ricide47 ',f9ally x is an exceptionally notori\s fact t ,rul]s :o %\ld be guid$ by ,/4 ,paul1 ,i mean :o %\ld condemn to ! extreme p5alty all ^? :om he condemns to et]nal dea?1 w\ld be acc\nt$ enemies ( ! human k9d & de/roy]s ( _! communities4 ,x is inconte/able t _! laws1 f> f be+ fitt$1 9 accordance ) ! aim ( legislators1 to uphold society1 w\ld be its complete ru94 7,apply "h ^! words ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,epi/41 #bb1 lib4 #h3 ,m&emus memoriae quod vir mitissimus1 et ob hoc quoque maximus1 ,?rasea crebro dic]e solebat1 ,qui vitia odit1 hom9es odit47' ,he adds t x 0 said ( ! laws ( ,draco1 an ,a!nian lawgiv]1 t !y _h n be5 writt5 ) ink1 b ) blood1 because !y puni%$ all s9s ) ! extreme p5alty1 & because damnation is a p5alty ev5 worse ?an dea?4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t damnation is a consequ5ce ( s94 ,?us ,i #bje once answ]$ a fri5d1 :o rais$ z an objection ! disproportion exi/+ betwe5 an et]nal puni%m5t & a limit$ crime1 t !re is no inju/ice :5 ! cont9uation ( ! puni%m5t is only a result ( ! cont9uation ( ! s94 ,i w speak fur!r on ?is po9t lat]4 ,z = ! numb] ( ! damn$1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be incomp>ably great] among m5 ?an ! numb] ( ! sav$1 t w\ld n preclude ! possibility t 9 ! univ]se ! happy creatures inf9itely outnumb] ^? :o are unhappy4 ,su* examples z t ( a pr9ce :o puni%es only ! lead]s ( rebels or ( a g5]al :o has a regim5t decimat$1 are ( no importance "h4 ,self-int]e/ compels ! pr9ce & ! g5]al to p>don ! guilty1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld rema9 wick$4 ,god only p>dons ^? :o become bett]3 he c di/+ui% !m2 & ?is sev]ity is m consi/5t ) p]fect ju/ice4 ,b if anyone asks :y ,god gives n to all ! grace ( conv]sion1 ! "q is ( a diff]5t nature1 hav+ no relation to ! pres5t maxim4 ,i h already answ]$ x 9 a s5se1 n 9 ord] to f9d ,god's reasons1 b to %[ t he _c lack su*1 & t !re are no oppos+ reasons ( any validity4 ,moreov]1 we "k t sometimes :ole cities are de/roy$ & ! inhabitants put to ! sword1 to inspire t]ror 9 ! re/4 ,t may s]ve to %ort5 a great w> or a rebellion1 & w\ld mean a sav+ ( blood ?r\gh ! %$d+ ( x3 !re is no decimation !re4 ,we _c ass]t1 inde$1 t ! wick$ ( our globe are puni%$ s sev]ely 9 ord] to intimidate ! inhabitants ( ! o!r globes & to make !m bett]4 ,yet an abundance ( reasons 9 ! univ]sal h>mony :i* are unkn[n to u1 because we "k n suffici5tly ! ext5t ( ! city ( ,god1 nor ! =m ( ! g5]al republic ( spirits1 nor ev5 ! :ole ar*itecture ( bodies1 may produce ! same effect4 #acd4 ,,xix4 ',^? physicians :o *ose1 among _m rem$ies capable ( cur+ a sick man1 :]e( div]s 7 su* z !y well knew he w\ld take ) enjoym5t1 precisely t "o :i* !y knew he w\ld refuse to take1 w\ld va9ly urge & pray him n to refuse x2 we %\ld /ill h j cause = ?9k+ t !y _h no desire to cure him3 = if !y wi%$ to d s1 !y w\ld *oose = him among ^? good m$ic9es "o :i* !y knew he w\ld will+ly swall[4 ,if1 moreov]1 !y knew t rejection ( ! rem$y !y (f]$ him w\ld augm5t 8 sickness to#bjf ! po9t ( mak+ x fatal1 "o c\ld n help say+ t1 despite all _! exhortations1 !y mu/ c]ta9ly be desir\s ( ! sick man's dea?4' ,god wi%es to save all m53 t means t he w\ld save !m if m5 !mselves did n prev5t x1 & did n refuse to receive 8 grace2 & he is n b\nd or prompt$ by reason always to ov]come _! evil w4 ,he does s sometimes nev]!less1 :5 sup]ior reasons all[ ( x1 & :5 8 consequ5t & decretory w1 :i* results f all 8 reasons1 makes him resolve ^u ! election ( a c]ta9 numb] ( m54 ,he gives aids to all = _! conv]sion & = p]sev]ance1 & ^! aids suffice 9 ^? :o h good w1 b !y d n always suffice to give good w4 ,m5 obta9 ?is good w ei!r ?r\gh p>ticul> aids or ?r\gh circum/ances :i* cause ! success ( ! g5]al aids4 ,god _c refra9 f (f]+ o!r rem$ies :i* he kn[s m5 w reject1 br++ ^u !mselves all ! great] guilt3 b %all "o wi% t ,god be unju/ 9 ord] t man may be less crim9al8 ,moreov]1 ! grace t does n s]ve ! "o may s]ve ! o!r1 & inde$ always s]ves ! totality ( ,god's plan1 :i* is ! be/ possible 9 conception4 ,%all ,god n give ! ra91 because !re are l[-ly+ places :i* w be !reby incommod$8 ,%all ! sun n %9e z mu* z x %\ld = ! _w 9 g5]al1 because !re are places :i* w be too mu* dri$ up 9 consequ5ce8 ,9 %ort1 all ^! comp>isons1 spok5 ( 9 ^! maxims t ,m4 ,bayle has j giv51 ( a physician1 a b5efactor1 a m9i/] ( ,/ate1 a pr9ce1 are exce$+ly lame1 because x is well kn[n :at _! duties are & :at c & ought to be ! object ( _! c>es3 !y h sc>ce m ?an ! "o affair1 & !y (t5 fail !re9 ?r\gh neglig5ce or malice4 ,god's object has 9 x some?+ inf9ite1 8 c>es embrace ! univ]se3 :at we "k !re( is almo/ no?+1 & we desire to gauge 8 wisdom & 8 goodness by our k4 ,:at tem]ity1 or r :at absurdity6 ,! objections are on false assumptions2 x is s5seless to pass judgem5t on ! po9t ( law :5 "o does n "k ! matt] ( fact4 ,to say ) ,/4 ,paul1 ,o altitudo diviti>um et sapi5tiae1 is n r5\nc+ reason1 x is r employ+ ! reasons t we "k1 = !y tea* u t imm5sity ( ,god :]e( ! ,apo/le speaks4 ,b !re9 we confess our ignorance ( ! facts1 & we ackn[l$ge1 moreov]1 be=e we see x1 t ,god does all ! be/ #bjg possible1 9 accordance ) ! inf9ite wisdom :i* guides 8 actions4 ,x is true t we h already be=e our eyes pro(s & te/s ( ?is1 :5 we see some?+ entire1 "s :ole complete 9 itself1 & isolat$1 s to speak1 among ! works ( ,god4 ,su* a :ole1 %ap$ z x 7 by ! h& ( ,god1 is a plant1 an animal1 a man4 ,we _c wond] en\gh at ! beauty & ! contrivance ( its /ructure4 ,b :5 we see "s brok5 bone1 "s piece ( animal's fle%1 "s sprig ( a plant1 !re appe>s to be no?+ b confusion1 unless an excell5t anatomi/ obs]ve x3 & ev5 he w\ld recognize no?+ !re9 if he _h n be=e se5 l pieces atta*$ to _! :ole4 ,x is ! same ) ! gov]nm5t ( ,god3 t :i* we h be5 able to see hi!rto is n a l>ge en\gh piece = recognition ( ! beauty & ! ord] ( ! :ole4 ,?us ! v nature ( ?+s implies t ?is ord] 9 ! ,div9e ,city1 :i* we see n yet "h on e>?1 %\ld be an object ( our fai?1 ( our hope1 ( our confid5ce 9 ,god4 ,if !re are any :o ?9k o!rwise1 s mu* ! worse = !m1 !y are malcont5ts 9 ! ,/ate ( ! greate/ & ! be/ ( all mon>*s2 & !y are wrong n to take advantage ( ! examples he has giv5 !m ( 8 wisdom & 8 inf9ite goodness1 :]eby he reveals himself z be+ n only wond]ful1 b also wor?y ( love beyond all ?+s4 #ace4 ,i hope x w be f\nd t no?+ ( :at is compris$ 9 ! n9ete5 maxims ( ,m4 ,bayle1 :i* we h j consid]$1 has be5 left )\t a necess>y answ]4 ,x is likely t1 hav+ (t5 be=e m$itat$ on ?is subject1 he w h put !re all 8 /ronge/ convictions t\*+ ! moral cause ( moral evil4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 /ill sundry passages "h & !re 9 8 works :i* x w be well n to pass ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,v (t5 he exagg]ates ! difficulty :i* he assumes ) reg>d to free+ ,god f ! imputation ( s94 ,he obs]ves 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #afa1 p4 #ajbd7 t ,mol9a1 if he reconcil$ free w ) =ekn[l$ge1 did n reconcile ! goodness & ! hol9ess ( ,god ) s94 ,he praises ! s9c]ity ( ^? :o bluntly decl>e 7z he claims ,piscator did7 t ev]y?+ is to be trac$ back to ! w ( ,god1 & :o ma9ta9 t ,god c\ld n b be j1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 ! au?or ( s91 ev5 ?\gh he condemn$ innoc5ce4 ,& on ! o!r side1 or 9 o!r passages1 he seems to %[ m approval ( ! op9ions ( ^? :o pres]ve ,god's goodness at #bjh ! exp5se ( 8 greatness1 z ,plut>* does 9 8 book aga9/ ! ,/oics4 ',x 0 m reasonable'1 he says1 'to say' 7) ! ,epicureans7 't innum]able p>ts' 7or atoms fly+ ab\t at haphaz>d ?r\gh an inf9ite space7 'by _! =ce prevail$ ov] ! weakness ( ,jupit] &1 9 spite ( him & aga9/ 8 nature & w1 did _m bad & irrational ?+s1 ?an to agree t !re is nei!r confusion nor wick$ness b he is ! au?or !re(4' ,:at may be said = bo? ^! p>ties1 ,/oics & ,epicureans1 appe>s to h l$ ,m4 ,bayle to ! ,greek3 epe*e9 ( ! ,pyrrhonians1 ! susp5sion ( 8 judgem5t 9 respect ( reason1 s long z fai? is set ap>t2 & to t he pr(esses s9c]e submission4 #acf4 ,pursu+ 8 argum5ts1 h[ev]1 he has gone z f> z attempt+ almo/ to revive & re9=ce ^? ( ! disciples ( ,manes1 a ,p]sian h]etic ( ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 or ( a c]ta9 ,paul1 *ief ( ! ,mani*aeans 9 ,arm5ia 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 f :om !y 7 nam$ ,paulicians4 ,all ^! h]etics r5ew$ :at an anci5t philosoph] ( ,upp] ,asia1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,zoroa/]1 _h taught1 s x is said1 ( two intellig5t pr9ciples ( all ?+s1 ! "o good1 ! o!r bad1 a dogma t _h p]haps come f ! ,indians4 ,among !m numb]s ( p /ill cl+ to _! error1 "o t is exce$+ly prone to ov]take human ignorance & sup]/ition1 s9ce v _m b>b>\s peoples1 ev5 9 ,am]ica1 h be5 delud$ by x1 )\t hav+ _h ne$ ( philosophy4 ,! ,slavs 7accord+ to ,helmold7 _h _! ,z]nebog or black ,god4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans1 wise z !y seem to be1 _h a ,vejovis or ,anti-,jupit]1 o!rwise call$ ,pluto1 & num]\s o!r malefic5t div9ities4 ,! ,goddess ,nemesis took pleasure 9 abas+ ^? :o 7 too =tunate2 & ,h]odotus 9 "s passages h9ts at 8 belief t all ,div9ity is envi\s2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n 9 h>mony ) ! doctr9e ( ! two pr9ciples4 #acg4 ,plut>*1 9 8 treatise ,on ,isis & ,osiris1 kn[s ( no writ] m anci5t ?an ,zoroa/] ! magician1 z he calls him1 t is likely to h taught ! two pr9ciples4 ,trogus or ,ju/9 makes him a ,k+ ( ! ,bactrians1 :o 0 conqu]$ by ,n9us or ,semiramis2 he attributes to him ! k ( a/ronomy & ! inv5tion ( magic4 ,b ?is magic 0 app>5tly ! religion ( ! fire-wor%ipp]s3 & x appe>s t he look$ ^u light & heat z ! good pr9ciple1 :ile he add$ ! #bji evil1 t is to say1 opacity1 d>kness1 cold4 ,pl9y cites ! te/imony ( a c]ta9 ,h]mippus1 an int]pret] ( ,zoroa/]'s books1 accord+ to :om ,zoroa/] 0 a disciple 9 ! art ( magic to "o nam$ ,azonacus2 unless inde$ ?is be a corruption ( ,oromases1 ( :om ,i %all speak pres5tly1 & :om ,plato 9 ! ,alcibiades names z ! fa!r ( ,zoroa/]4 ,mod]n ,ori5tals give ! "n ,z]du/ to him :om ! ,greeks nam$ ,zoroa/]2 he is reg>d$ z correspond+ to ,m]cury1 because ) "s nations ,w$nesday 7m]cr$i7 takes its "n f him4 ,x is difficult to dis5tangle ! /ory ( ,zoroa/] & "k exactly :5 he liv$4 ,suidas puts him five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! tak+ ( ,troy4 ,"s ,anci5ts cit$ by ,pl9y & ,plut>* took x to be t5 times z f> back4 ,b ,xan?us ! ,lydian 79 ! preface to ,diog5es ,la]tius7 put him only six hundr$ ye>s be=e ! exp$ition ( ,x]xes4 ,plato decl>es 9 ! same passage1 z ,m4 ,bayle obs]ves1 t ! magic ( ,zoroa/] 0 no?+ b ! /udy ( religion4 ,mr4 ,hyde 9 8 book on ! religion ( ! anci5t ,p]sians tries to ju/ify ?is magic1 & to cle> x n only ( ! crime ( impiety b also ( idolatry4 ,fire-wor%ip prevail$ among ! ,p]sians & ! ,*aldaeans also2 x is ?\ght t ,abraham left x :5 he dep>t$ f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees4 ,mi?ras 0 ! sun & he 0 also ! ,god ( ! ,p]sians2 & accord+ to ,ovid's acc\nt horses 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice to him1 ,placat equo ,p]sis radiis ,hyp]iona c9ctum1 ,ne detur cel]i victima t>da ,deo4 ,b ,mr4 ,hyde believes t !y only made use ( ! sun & fire 9 _! wor%ip z symbols ( ! ,div9ity4 ,x may be necess>y to di/+ui%1 z else:]e1 betwe5 ! ,wise & ! ,multitude4 ,!re are 9 ! spl5did ru9s ( ,p]sepolis or ( ,ts*elm9a> 7:i* means =ty columns7 sculptur$ repres5tations ( _! c]emonies4 ,an ambassador ( ,holl& _h _h !m sket*$ at v great co/ by a pa9t]1 :o _h devot$ a consid]able "t to ! task3 b by "s *ance or o!r ^! sket*es fell into ! h&s ( a well-kn[n travell]1 ,m4 ,*>d91 accord+ to :at he tells u himself4 ,x w\ld be a pity if !y 7 lo/4 ,^! ru9s are "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ beautiful monum5ts ( ! e>?2 & 9 ?is respect ,i wond] at su* lack ( curiosity 9 a c5tury s curi\s z ours4 #baj #ach4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ! mod]n ,ori5tals agree 9 say+ t ,zoroa/] call$ ! good ,god ,oromazes1 or r ,oromasdes1 & ! evil ,god ,arimanius4 ,:5 ,i pond]$ on ! fact t great pr9ces ( ,upp] ,asia _h ! "n ( ,hormisdas & t ,irm9ius or ,h]m9ius 0 ! "n ( a god or anci5t h]o ( ! ,scy?ian ,celts1 t is1 ( ! ,g]mani1 x occurr$ to me t ?is ,arimanius or ,irm9ius might h be5 a great conqu]or ( v anci5t "t com+ f ! we/1 j z ,g5ghis ,khan & ,tamburla9e 7 lat]1 com+ f ! ea/4 ,arimanius w\ld !re=e h come f ! nor?-we/1 t is1 f ,g]mania & ,s>matia1 ?r\gh ! t]ritory ( ! ,alani & ,massagetae1 to raid ! dom9ions ( "o ,ormisdas1 a great k+ 9 ,upp] ,asia1 j z o!r ,scy?ians did 9 ! days ( ,cyax>es1 ,k+ ( ! ,m$es1 accord+ to ! acc\nt giv5 by ,h]odotus4 ,! mon>* gov]n+ civiliz$ peoples1 & work+ to def5d !m aga9/ ! b>b>ians1 w\ld h gone d[n to po/]ity1 among/ ! same peoples1 z ! good god2 b ! *ief ( ^! deva/ators w h become ! symbol ( ! evil pr9ciple3 t is altoge!r reasonable4 ,x appe>s f ?is same my?ology t ^! two pr9ces cont5d$ = long1 b t nei!r ( !m 0 victori\s4 ,?us !y bo? held _! own1 j z ! two pr9ciples %>$ ! empire ( ! _w accord+ to ! hypo!sis attribut$ to ,zoroa/]4 #aci4 ,x rema9s to be prov$ t an anci5t god or h]o ( ! ,g]mani 0 call$ ,h]man1 ,arimanius or ,irm9ius4 ,tacitus relates t ! ?ree tribes :i* compos$ ,g]mania1 ! ,+aevones1 ! ,i/aevones & ! ,h]m9ones or ,h]miones1 7 ?us nam$ f ! ?ree sons ( ,mannus4 ,:e!r t be true or n1 he wi%$ 9 any case to indicate t !re 0 a h]o nam$ ,h]m9ius1 f :om he 0 told ! ,h]m9ones 7 nam$4 ,h]m9ones1 ,h]m5n]1 ,h]munduri all mean ! same1 t is1 ,soldi]s4 ,ev5 9 ! ,d>k ,ages ,arimanni 7 viri milit>es1 & !re is feudum ,arim&iae 9 ,lomb>d law4 #adj4 ,i h %[n else:]e t app>5tly ! "n ( "o "p ( ,g]mania 0 giv5 to ! :ole1 & t f ^! ,h]m9ones or ,h]munduri all ! ,teutonic peoples 7 nam$ ,h]manni or ,g]mani4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two words is only 9 ! =ce ( ! aspiration3 !re is ! same diff]5ce ( initial lett] betwe5 ! ,g]mani ( ! ,lat9s & ,h]manos ( ! ,spani>ds1 or 9 ! ,gamm>us ( ! ,lat9s & ! ,humm] 7t is1 m>9e crayfi%7 ( ! ,l[ ,g]mans4 #baa ,besides x is v usual = "o "p ( a nation to give ! "n to ! :ole3 s all ! ,g]mani 7 call$ ,alemanni by ! ,fr5*1 & yet ?is1 accord+ to ! old nom5clature1 only appli$ to ! ,suabians & ! ,swiss4 ,al?\gh ,tacitus did n actually "k ! orig9 ( ! "n ( ! ,g]mani1 he said some?+ :i* supports my op9ion1 :5 he obs]v$ t x 0 a "n :i* inspir$ t]ror1 tak5 or giv5 ob metum4 ,9 fact x signifies a w>rior3 ,he]1 ,h>i is army1 :5ce comes ,h>iban1 or 'call to ,h>o'1 t is1 a g5]al ord] to be ) ! army1 s9ce corrupt$ into ,arrireban4 ,?us ,h>iman or ,ariman1 ,g]man ,gu]re-man1 is a soldi]4 ,= z ,h>i1 ,he] means army1 s ,wehr signifies arms1 ,wehr5 to fight1 to make w>1 ! ^w ,gu]re1 ,gu]ra com+ d\btless f ! same s\rce4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! feudum ,arim&iae3 n only did ,h]m9ones or ,g]mani signify ! same1 b also t anci5t ,h]man1 s-call$ son ( ,mannus1 appe>s to h be5 giv5 ?is "n z be+ pre-em95tly a w>rior4 #ada4 ,n[ x is n ! passage 9 ,tacitus only :i* indicates = u ?is god or h]o3 we _c d\bt ! exi/5ce ( "o ( ?is "n among ^! peoples1 s9ce ,*>lemagne f\nd & de/roy$ ne> ! ,wes] ! column call$ ,irm9sule1 erect$ 9 hon\r ( ?is god4 ,& t comb9$ ) ! passage 9 ,tacitus leaves u ) ! conclusion t x 0 n t fam\s ,arm9ius :o 0 an enemy ( ! ,romans1 b a mu* great] & m anci5t h]o1 t ?is cult conc]n$4 ,arm9ius bore ! same "n z ^? :o are call$ ,h]mann to-day4 ,arm9ius 0 n great en\gh1 nor =tunate en\gh1 nor well en\gh kn[n ?r\gh\t ,g]mania to atta9 to ! hon\r ( a public cult1 ev5 at ! h&s ( remote tribes1 l ! ,saxons1 :o came long aft] him into ! c\ntry ( ! ,*]usci4 ,& our ,arm9ius1 tak5 by ! ,asiatics = ! evil ,god1 provides ample confirmation ( my op9ion4 ,= 9 ^! matt]s conjectures confirm "o ano!r )\t any logical circle1 :5 _! f\ndations t5d t[>ds "o & ! same end4 #adb4 ,x is n beyond belief t ! ,h]mes 7t is1 ,m]cury7 ( ! ,greeks is ! same ,h]m9ius or ,arimanius4 ,he may h be5 an inv5tor or promot] ( ! arts & ( a slightly m civiliz$ life among 8 own p & 9 ! c\ntries :]e he held supremacy1 :ile among/ 8 enemies he 0 look$ ^u z ! au?or ( confusion4 ,:o kn[s b t he may h p5etrat$ ev5 into ,egypt1 l ! ,scy?ians :o 9 #bab pursuit ( ,seso/ris came ne>ly s f>4 ,!ut1 ,m5es & ,h]mes 7 kn[n & rev]$ 9 ,egypt4 ,!y might h be5 ,tuiscon1 8 son ,mannus & ,h]man1 son ( ,mannus1 accord+ to ! g5ealogy ( ,tacitus4 ,m5es is held to be ! mo/ anci5t k+ ( ! ,egyptians2 ',!ut' 0 ) !m a "n = ,m]cury4 ,at lea/ ,!ut or ,tuiscon1 f :om ,tacitus d]ives ! desc5t ( ! ,g]mani1 & f :om ! ,teutons1 ,tuits*e 7t is1 ,g]mani7 ev5 to-day h _! "n1 is ! same z t ,teutates :o accord+ to ,lucan 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,gauls1 & :om ,caes> took pro ,dite ,patre1 = ,pluto1 because ( ! resemblance betwe5 8 ,lat9 "n & t ( ,teut or ,?iet1 ,titan1 ,!odon2 ?is 9 anci5t times signifi$ m51 p1 & also an excell5t man 7l ! ^w 'b>on'71 9 %ort1 a pr9ce4 ,!re are au?orities = all ^! significations3 b "o mu/ n delay ov] ?is po9t4 ,h]r ,otto ,sp]l+1 :o is well kn[n = v>i\s le>n$ writ+s1 b has _m m 9 read9ess to appe>1 9 a special diss]tation has treat$ ! "q ( ?is ,teutates1 ,god ( ! ,celts4 ,"s obs]vations :i* ,i imp>t$ to him on t subject h be5 publi%$1 ) 8 reply1 9 ! ,lit]>y ,news ( ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,he int]prets ?is passage f ,lucan some:at o!rwise ?an ,i d3 ,teutates1 poll5sque f]is alt>ibus ,hesus1 ,et ,tam>is ,scy?icae non mitior ara ,dianae4 ,hesus 01 x appe>s1 ! ,god ( ,w>1 :o 0 call$ ,ares by ! ,greeks & ,eri* by ! anci5t ,g]mani1 :5ce /ill rema9s ,eri*tag1 ,tuesday4 ,! lett]s ,r & ,s1 :i* are produc$ by ! same organ1 are easily int]*ang$1 = in/ance3 ,moor & ,moos1 ,g]5 & ,ges51 ,er w> & ,er 01 ,f]1 ,hi]ro1 ,eiron1 ,eis54 ,likewise ,papisius1 ,valesius1 ,fusius1 in/ead ( ,papirius1 ,val]ius1 ,furius1 ) ! anci5t ,romans4 ,z = ,t>amis or p]haps ,t>anis1 "o kn[s t ,t>an 0 ! ?und]1 or ! ,god ( ,?und]1 ) ! anci5t ,celts1 call$ ,?or by ! ,g]mani ( ! nor?2 :5ce ! ,engli% h pres]v$ ! "n ',?ursday'1 jeudi1 diem ,jovis4 ,& ! passage f ,lucan means t ! alt> ( ,t>an1 ,god ( ! ,celts1 0 n less cruel ?an t ( ,diana 9 ,tauris3 ,t>anis aram non mitiorem ara ,dianae ,scy?icae fuisse4 #adc4 ,x is also n impossible t !re 0 a "t :5 ! we/]n #bac or ,celtic pr9ces made !mselves ma/]s ( ,greece1 ( ,egypt & a good "p ( ,asia1 & t _! cult rema9$ 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,:5 "o consid]s ) :at rapidity ! ,huns1 ! ,s>ac5s & ! ,t>t>s ga9$ possession ( a great "p ( our cont95t "o w be ! less surpris$ at ?is2 & x is confirm$ by ! great numb] ( words 9 ! ,greek & ,g]man tongues :i* correspond s closely4 ,callima*us1 9 a hymn 9 hon\r ( ,apollo1 seems to imply t ! ,celts :o attack$ ! ,temple at ,delphi1 "u _! ,br5nus1 or *ief1 7 desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,titans & ,giants :o made w> on ,jupit] & ! o!r gods1 t is to say1 on ! ,pr9ces ( ,asia & ( ,greece4 ,x may be t ,jupit] is himself desc5d$ f ! ,titans or ,!odons1 t is1 f ! e>li] ,celto-,scy?ian pr9ces2 & ! mat]ial collect$ by ! late ,abb de la ,*>moye 9 8 ,celtic ,orig9s con=ms to t possibility4 ,yet !re are op9ions on o!r matt]s 9 ?is "w by ?is le>n$ writ] :i* to me d n appe> probable1 especially :5 he excludes ! ,g]mani f ! numb] ( ! ,celts1 n hav+ recall$ suffici5tly ! facts giv5 by anci5t writ]s & n be+ suffici5tly aw>e ( ! relation betwe5 ! anci5t ,gallic & ,g]manic tongues4 ,n[ ! s-call$ ,giants1 :o wi%$ to scale ! heav5s1 7 new ,celts :o foll[$ ! pa? ( _! ance/ors2 & ,jupit]1 al?\gh ( _! k9dr$1 z x 71 0 con/ra9$ to resi/ !m4 ,j s did ! ,visigo?s e/abli%$ 9 ,gallic t]ritory resi/1 toge!r ) ! ,romans1 o!r peoples ( ,g]mania & ,scy?ia1 :o succe$$ !m "u ,attila _! lead]1 he be+ at t "t 9 control ( ! ,scy?ian1 ,s>matic & ,g]manic tribes f ! fronti]s ( ,p]sia up to ! ,rh9e4 ,b ! pleasure "o feels :5 "o ?9ks to f9d 9 ! my?ologies ( ! gods "s trace ( ! old hi/ory ( fabul\s times has p]haps c>ri$ me too f>1 & ,i "k n :e!r ,i %all h be5 any m successful ?an ,goropius ,becanus1 ,s*rieckius1 ,h]r ,rudbeck & ! ,abbe de la ,*>moye4 #add4 ,let u return to ,zoroa/]1 :o l$ u to ,oromasdes & ,arimanius1 ! s\rces ( good & evil1 & let u assume t he look$ ^u !m z two et]nal pr9ciples oppos$ to ea* o!r1 al?\gh !re is reason to d\bt ?is assumption4 ,x is ?\ght t ,m>cion1 disciple ( ,c]don1 0 ( ?is op9ion be=e ,manes4 ,m4 ,bayle ackn[l$ges t ^! m5 us$ lam5table argum5ts2 b he ?9ks t !y did n suffici5tly #bad recognize _! advantages or "k h[ to apply _! pr9cipal in/rum5t1 :i* 0 ! difficulty ov] ! orig9 ( evil4 ,he believes t an able man on _! side w\ld h ?or\ghly emb>rass$ ! or?odox1 & x seems z ?\gh he himself1 fail+ any o!r1 wi%$ to und]take a task s unnecess>y 9 ! op9ion ( _m p4 ',all ! hypo!ses' 7he says1 ,diction>y1 v41 ',m>cion'1 p4 #bjci7 't ,*ri/ians h e/abli%$ p>ry b poorly ! bl[s aim$ at !m3 !y all triumph :5 !y act on ! (f5sive2 b !y lose _! :ole advantage :5 !y h to su/a9 ! attack4' ,he confesses t ! ',duali/s' 7z ) ,mr4 ,hyde he calls !m71 t is1 ! *ampions ( two pr9ciples1 w\ld soon h be5 r\t$ by a priori reasons1 tak5 f ! nature ( ,god2 b he ?9ks t !y triumph 9 _! turn :5 "o comes to ! a po/]iori reasons1 :i* are tak5 f ! exi/5ce ( evil4 #ade4 ,he treats ( ! matt] ) abundant detail 9 8 ,diction>y1 article ',mani*aeans'1 p4 #bjbe1 :i* we mu/ exam9e a little1 9 ord] to ?r[ great] light ^u ?is subject3 ',! sure/ & cle>e/ ideas ( ord] tea* u'1 he says1 't a ,be+ :o exi/s ?r\gh himself1 :o is necess>y1 :o is et]nal1 mu/ be s+le1 inf9ite1 all p[]ful1 & end[$ ) all k9ds ( p]fections4' ,?is argum5t des]ves to h be5 develop$ m completely4 ',n[ x is necess>y to see'1 he goes on1 'if ! ph5om5a ( nature c be conv5i5tly expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( "o s+le pr9ciple4' ,i h expla9$ x suffici5tly by %[+ t !re are cases :]e "s disord] 9 ! "p is necess>y = produc+ ! greate/ ord] 9 ! :ole4 ,b x appe>s t ,m4 ,bayle asks a little too mu*3 he wi%es = a detail$ exposition ( h[ evil is connect$ ) ! be/ possible s*eme = ! univ]se4 ,t w\ld be a complete explanation ( ! ph5om5a3 b ,i d n und]take to give x2 nor am ,i b\nd to d s1 = !re is no obligation to d t :i* is impossible = u 9 our exi/+ /ate4 ,x is suffici5t = me to po9t out t !re is no?+ to prev5t ! connexion ( a c]ta9 individual evil ) :at is ! be/ on ! :ole4 ,?is incomplete explanation1 leav+ some?+ to be discov]$ 9 ! life to come1 is suffici5t = answ]+ ! objections1 ?\gh n = a compreh5sion ( ! matt]4 #adf4 ',! heav5s & all ! re/ ( ! univ]se'1 adds ,m4 ,bayle1 'prea* ! glory1 ! p[]1 ! on5ess ( ,god4' ,!nce ! conclusion #bae %\ld h be5 drawn t ?is is ! case 7z ,i h already obs]v$ above7 because !re is se5 9 ^! objects some?+ entire & isolat$1 s to speak4 ,e "t we see su* a "w ( ,god1 we f9d x s p]fect t we mu/ wond] at ! contrivance & ! beauty !re(3 b :5 we d n see an entire "w1 :5 we only look ^u scraps & fragm5ts1 x is no wond] if ! good ord] is n evid5t !re4 ,our planet>y sy/em composes su* an isolat$ "w1 :i* is complete also :5 x is tak5 by itself2 ea* plant1 ea* animal1 ea* man furni%es "o su* "w1 to a c]ta9 po9t ( p]fection3 "o recognizes !re9 ! wond]ful contrivance ( ! au?or4 ,b ! human k9d1 s f> z x is kn[n to u1 is only a fragm5t1 only a small portion ( ! ,city ( ,god or ( ! republic ( ,spirits1 :i* has an ext5t too great = u1 & :]e( we "k too little1 to be able to obs]ve ! wond]ful ord] !re94 ',man alone1' says ,m4 ,bayle1 't ma/]piece ( 8 ,creator among ?+s visible1 man alone1 ,i say1 gives rise to great objections ) reg>d to ! on5ess ( ,god4' ,claudian made ! same obs]vation1 unburd5+ 8 he>t 9 ^! well-kn[n l9es3 ,saepe mihi dubiam traxit s5t5tia m5tem1 etc4 ,b ! h>mony exi/+ 9 all ! re/ all[s ( a /rong presumption t x w\ld exi/ also 9 ! gov]nm5t ( m51 & g5]ally 9 t ( ,spirits1 if ! :ole 7 kn[n to u4 ,"o mu/ judge ! works ( ,god z wisely z ,socrates judg$ ^? ( ,h]aclitus 9 ^! words3 ,:at ,i h und]/ood !re( pleases me2 ,i ?9k t ! re/ w\ld please me no less if ,i und]/ood x4 #adg4 ,"h is ano!r p>ticul> reason = ! disord] app>5t 9 t :i* conc]ns man4 ,x is t ,god1 9 giv+ him intellig5ce1 has pres5t$ him ) an image ( ! ,div9ity4 ,he leaves him to himself1 9 a s5se1 9 8 small dep>tm5t1 ut ,sp>tam quam nactus e/ ornet4 ,he ent]s !re only 9 a secret way1 = he supplies be+1 =ce1 life1 reason1 )\t %[+ himself4 ,x is !re t free w plays its game3 & ,god makes game 7s to speak7 ( ^! little ,gods t he has ?\ght good to produce1 z we make game ( *ildr5 :o foll[ pursuits :i* we secretly enc\rage or h9d] accord+ z x pleases u4 ,?us man is !re l a little god 9 8 own _w or ,microcosm1 :i* he gov]ns #baf aft] 8 own fa%ion3 he sometimes p]=ms wond]s !re91 & 8 art (t5 imitates nature4 ,jupit] 9 p>vo cum c]n]et ae!ra vitro1 ,risit et ad ,sup]os talia dicta d$it3 ,hucc9e mortalis progressa pot5tia1 ,divi8 ,jam meus 9 fragili luditur orbe labor4 ,jura poli r]umque fidem legesque ,deorum ,cuncta ,syracusius tran/ulit arte ,s5ex4 ,quid falso insontem tonitru ,salmonea miror8 ,aemula ,naturae e/ p>va rep]ta manus4 ,b he also commits great errors1 because he ab&ons himself to ! passions1 & because ,god ab&ons him to 8 own way4 ,god puni%es him also = su* errors1 n[ l a fa!r or tutor1 tra9+ or *a/is+ *ildr51 n[ l a j judge1 puni%+ ^? :o =sake him3 & evil comes to pass mo/ frequ5tly :5 ^! intellig5ces or _! small worlds come into collision4 ,man f9ds himself ! worse = ?is1 9 proportion to 8 fault2 b ,god1 by a wond]ful art1 turns all ! errors ( ^! little worlds to ! great] adornm5t ( 8 great _w4 ,x is z 9 ^? devices ( p]spective1 :]e c]ta9 beautiful designs look l m]e confusion until "o re/ores !m to ! "r angle ( vision or "o views !m by means ( a c]ta9 glass or mirror4 ,x is by plac+ & us+ !m prop]ly t "o makes !m s]ve z adornm5t = a room4 ,?us ! app>5t de=mities ( our little worlds comb9e to become beauties 9 ! great _w1 & h no?+ 9 !m :i* is oppos$ to ! on5ess ( an inf9itely p]fect univ]sal pr9ciple3 on ! contr>y1 !y increase our wond] at ! wisdom ( him :o makes evil s]ve ! great] good4 #adh4 ,m4 ,bayle cont9ues3 't man is wick$ & mis]able2 t !re are ev]y:]e prisons & hospitals2 t hi/ory is simply a collection ( ! crimes & calamities ( ! human race4' ,i ?9k t !re is exagg]ation 9 t3 !re is incomp>ably m good ?an evil 9 ! life ( m51 z !re are incomp>ably m h\ses ?an prisons4 ,) reg>d to virtue & vice1 a c]ta9 m$iocrity prevails4 ,ma*iavelli has already obs]v$ t !re are few v wick$ & v good m51 & t ?is causes ! failure ( _m great ent]prises4 ,i f9d x a great fault 9 hi/orians t !y keep _! m9d on ! evil m ?an on ! #bag good4 ,! *ief end ( hi/ory1 z also ( poetry1 %\ld be to tea* prud5ce & virtue by examples1 & !n to display vice 9 su* a way z to create av]sion to x & to prompt m5 to avoid x1 or s]ve t[>ds t end4 #adi4 ,m4 ,bayle av[s3 't "o f9ds ev]y:]e bo? moral good & physical good1 "s examples ( virtue1 "s examples ( happ9ess1 & t ?is is :at makes ! difficulty4 ,= if !re 7 only wick$ & unhappy p'1 he says1 '!re w\ld be no ne$ to resort to ! hypo!sis ( ! two pr9ciples4' ,i wond] t ?is admirable man c\ld h ev9c$ s great an incl9ation t[>ds ?is op9ion ( ! two pr9ciples2 & ,i am surpris$ at 8 n hav+ tak5 into acc\nt t ?is romance ( human life1 :i* makes ! univ]sal hi/ory ( ! human race1 lay fully devis$ 9 ! div9e und]/&+1 ) innum]able o!rs1 & t ! w ( ,god only decre$ its exi/5ce because ?is sequ5ce ( ev5ts 0 to be mo/ 9 keep+ ) ! re/ ( ?+s1 to br+ =? ! be/ result4 ,& ^! app>5t faults 9 ! :ole _w1 ^! spots on a ,sun :]e( ours is b a ray1 r enhance its beauty ?an dim9i% x1 contribut+ t[>ds t end by obta9+ a great] good4 ,!re are 9 tru? two pr9ciples1 b !y are bo? 9 ,god1 to wit1 8 und]/&+ & 8 w4 ,! und]/&+ furni%es ! pr9ciple ( evil1 )\t be+ sulli$ by x1 )\t be+ evil2 x repres5ts natures z !y exi/ 9 ! et]nal v]ities2 x conta9s )9 x ! reason :]e=e evil is p]mitt$3 b ! w t5ds only t[>ds good4 ,let u add a ?ird pr9ciple1 namely p[]2 x prec$es ev5 und]/&+ & w1 b x op]ates z ! "o displays x & z ! o!r requires x4 #aej4 ,"s 7l ,campanella7 h call$ ^! ?ree p]fections ( ,god ! ?ree primordialities4 ,_m h ev5 believ$ t !re 0 !re9 a secret connexion ) ! ,holy ,tr9ity3 t p[] relates to ! ,fa!r1 t is1 to ! s\rce ( ,div9ity1 wisdom to ! ,et]nal ,^w1 :i* is call$ logos by ! mo/ sublime ( ! ,evangeli/s1 & w or ,love to ! ,holy ,_s4 ,well-nigh all ! expressions or comp>isons d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! intellig5t sub/ance t5d t way4 #aea4 ,x seems to me t if ,m4 ,bayle _h tak5 into acc\nt :at ,i h j said ( ! pr9ciples ( ?+s1 he w\ld h answ]$ 8 own que/ions1 or at ! lea/ he w\ld n h cont9u$ to ask1 z he does 9 ^! :i* foll[3 ',if man is ! "w ( a s+le pr9ciple #bah supremely good1 supremely holy1 supremely p[]ful1 c he be subject to diseases1 to cold1 heat1 hung]1 ?ir/1 pa91 grief8 ,c he h s _m evil t5d5cies8 ,c he commit s _m crimes8 ,c supreme goodness produce an unhappy creature8 ,%all n supreme p[]1 unit$ to an inf9ite goodness1 %[] bless+s ^u its "w1 & %all x n bani% all t might (f5d or grieve8' ,prud5tius 9 8 ,ham>tig5ia pres5t$ ! same difficulty3 ,si non vult ,deus esse malum1 cur non vetat8 inquit4 ,non ref]t auctor fu]it1 factorve malorum4 ,anne op]a 9 vitium scel]is pul*]rima v]ti1 ,cum possit prohib]e1 s9at2 quod si velit omnes ,innocuos ag]e ,omnipot5s1 ne sancta voluntas ,deg5]et1 facto nec se manus inqu9et ullo8 ,condidit ergo malum ,dom9us1 quod spectat ab alto1 ,et patitur fi]ique probat1 tanquam ipse cre>it4 ,ipse creavit enim1 quod si disclud]e possit1 ,non abolet1 longoque s9it grass>i] usu4 ,b ,i h already answ]$ t suffici5tly4 ,man is himself ! s\rce ( 8 evils3 j z he is1 he 0 9 ! div9e idea4 ,god1 prompt$ by ess5tial reasons ( wisdom1 decre$ t he %\ld pass into exi/5ce j z he is4 ,m4 ,bayle w\ld p]*ance h p]ceiv$ ?is orig9 ( evil 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,i demon/rate x "h1 if he _h h]e9 comb9$ ! wisdom ( ,god ) 8 p[]1 8 goodness & 8 hol9ess4 ,i w add1 9 pass+1 t 8 hol9ess is no?+ o!r ?an ! highe/ degree ( goodness1 j z ! crime :i* is its opposite is ! wor/ ( all evil4 #aeb4 ,m4 ,bayle places ! ,greek philosoph] ,melissus1 *ampion ( ! on5ess ( ! fir/ pr9ciple 7& p]haps ev5 ( ! on5ess ( sub/ance7 9 conflict ) ,zoroa/]1 z ) ! fir/ orig9ator ( duality4 ,zoroa/] admits t ! hypo!sis ( ,melissus is m consi/5t ) ord] & a priori reasons1 b he d5ies its con=mity ) exp]i5ce & a po/]iori reasons4 ',i surpass y'1 he said1 '9 ! explanation ( ph5om5a1 :i* is ! pr9cipal m>k ( a good sy/em4' ,b1 9 my op9ion1 x is n a v good explanation ( a ph5om5on to assign to x an ad hoc pr9ciple3 to evil1 a pr9cipium maleficum1 to cold1 a primum frigidum2 !re is no?+ s easy & no?+ s dull4 ,x is well-nigh z if someone 7 to say t ! #bai ,p]ipatetics surpass ! new ma!maticians 9 ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! />s1 by giv+ !m ad hoc intellig5ces to guide !m4 ,accord+ to t1 x is q easy to conceive :y ! planets make _! way ) su* precision2 :]eas !re is ne$ ( mu* geometry & reflexion to und]/& h[ f ! gravity ( ! planets1 :i* be>s !m t[>ds ! sun1 comb9$ ) "s :irlw9d :i* c>ries !m along1 or ) _! own motive =ce1 c spr+ ! elliptic movem5t ( ,kepl]1 :i* satisfies appe>ances s well4 ,a man incapable ( reli%+ deep speculations w at fir/ applaud ! ,p]ipatetics & w treat our ma!maticians z dream]s4 ,"s old ,gal5i/ w d ! same ) reg>d to ! faculties ( ! ,s*oolm53 he w admit a *ylific1 a *ymific & a sanguific1 & he w assign "o ( ^! ad hoc to ea* op]ation2 he w ?9k he has work$ wond]s1 & w laugh at :at he w call ! *im]as ( ! mod]ns1 :o claim to expla9 ?r\gh me*anical /ructure :at passes 9 ! body ( an animal4 #aec4 ,! explanation ( ! cause ( evil by a p>ticul> pr9ciple1 p] pr9cipium maleficum1 is ( ! same nature4 ,evil ne$s no su* explanation1 any m ?an d cold & d>kness3 !re is nei!r primum frigidum nor pr9ciple ( d>kness4 ,evil itself comes only f privation2 ! positive ent]s !re9 only by concomitance1 z ! active ent]s by concomitance into cold4 ,we see t wat] 9 freez+ is capable ( break+ a gun-b>rel :]e9 x is conf9$2 & yet cold is a c]ta9 privation ( =ce1 x only comes f ! dim9ution ( a movem5t :i* sep>ates ! p>ticles ( fluids4 ,:5 ?is sep>at+ motion becomes weak5$ 9 ! wat] by ! cold1 ! p>ticles ( compress$ air conceal$ 9 ! wat] collect2 &1 becom+ l>g]1 !y become m capable ( act+ outw>ds ?r\gh _! buoyancy4 ,! resi/ance :i* ! surfaces ( ! proportions ( air meet 9 ! wat]1 & :i* opposes ! =ce ex]t$ by ^! portions t[>ds dilation1 is f> less1 & consequ5tly ! effect ( ! air great]1 9 l>ge air-bubbles ?an 9 small1 ev5 ?\gh ^! small bubbles comb9$ %\ld =m z great a mass z ! l>ge4 ,= ! resi/ances1 t is1 ! surfaces1 increase by ! squ>e1 & ! =ces1 t is1 ! cont5ts or ! volumes ( ! sph]es ( compress$ air1 increase by ! cube1 ( _! diamet]s4 ,?us x is by accid5t t privation involves action & =ce4 ,i h already %[n h[ privation is en\gh to cause error & malice1 & #bbj h[ ,god is prompt$ to p]mit !m1 despite t !re be no malignity 9 him4 ,evil comes f privation2 ! positive & action spr+ f x by accid5t1 z =ce spr+s f cold4 #aed4 ,! /atem5t t ,m4 ,bayle attributes to ! ,paulicians1 p4 #bcbc1 is n conclusive1 to wit1 t free w mu/ come f two pr9ciples1 to ! end t x may h p[] to turn t[>ds good & t[>ds evil3 =1 be+ simple 9 itself1 x %\ld r h come f a neutral pr9ciple if ?is argum5t held good4 ,b free w t5ds t[>ds good1 & if x meets ) evil x is by accid5t1 = ! reason t ?is evil is conceal$ b5ea? ! good1 & mask$1 z x 74 ,^! words :i* ,ovid ascribes to ,m$ea1 ,video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor1 imply t ! morally good is ma/]$ by ! agreeably good1 :i* makes m impression on s\ls :5 !y are di/urb$ by ! passions4 #aee4 ,fur!rmore1 ,m4 ,bayle himself supplies ,melissus ) a good answ]2 b a little lat] he disputes x4 ,"h are 8 words1 p4 #bjbe3 ',if ,melissus consults ! notions ( ord]1 he w answ] t man 0 n wick$ :5 ,god made him2 he w say t man receiv$ f ,god a happy /ate1 b t n hav+ foll[$ ! light ( consci5ce1 :i* 9 accordance ) ! int5tion ( its au?or %\ld h guid$ him along ! pa? ( virtue1 he has become wick$1 & has des]v$ t ,god ! supremely good %\ld make him feel ! effects ( 8 ang]4 ,x is !re=e n ,god :o is ! cause ( moral evil3 b he is ! cause ( physical evil1 t is1 ( ! puni%m5t ( moral evil4 ,& ?is puni%m5t1 f> f be+ incompatible ) ! supremely good pr9ciple1 ( necessity emanates f t "o ( its attributes1 ,i mean its ju/ice1 :i* is n less ess5tial to x ?an its goodness4 ,?is answ]1 ! mo/ reasonable t ,melissus c give1 is fundam5tally good & s\nd1 b x may be disput$ by some?+ m speci\s & m dazzl+4 ,= inde$ ,zoroa/] objects t ! inf9itely good pr9ciple ought to h creat$ man n only )\t actual evil1 b also )\t ! incl9ation t[>ds evil2 t ,god1 hav+ =ese5 s9 ) all its consequ5ces1 ought to h prev5t$ x2 t he ought to h impell$ man to moral good1 & n to h all[$ him any =ce = t5d+ t[>ds crime4' ,t is q easy to say1 b x is n practicable if "o foll[s ! pr9ciples #bba ( ord]3 x c\ld n h be5 accompli%$ )\t p]petual miracles4 ,ignorance1 error & malice foll[ "o ano!r naturally 9 animals made z we are3 %\ld ?is species1 !n1 h be5 miss+ 9 ! univ]se8 ,i h no d\bt b t x is too important !re1 despite all its weaknesses1 = ,god to h cons5t$ to its abolition4 #aef4 ,m4 ,bayle1 9 ! article entitl$ ',paulicians' ins]t$ by him 9 8 ,diction>y1 foll[s up ! pron\ncem5ts he made 9 ! article on ! ,mani*aeans4 ,accord+ to him 7p4 #bccj1 lit4 ,h7 ! or?odox seem to admit two fir/ pr9ciples1 9 mak+ ! devil ! orig9ator ( s94 ,m4 ,beck]1 a =m] m9i/] ( ,am/]dam1 au?or ( ! book entitl$ ,! ,_w ,bewit*$1 has made use ( ?is idea 9 ord] to demon/rate t "o %\ld n assign su* p[] & au?ority to ! ,devil z w\ld all[ ( 8 comp>ison ) ,god4 ,!re9 he is "r3 b he pu%es ! conclusions too f>4 ,& ! au?or ( ! book entitl$ ,greek3 ,apokata/asis ,pantn believes t if ! ,devil _h nev] be5 vanqui%$ & despoil$1 if he _h always kept 8 prey1 if ! title ( inv9cible _h belong$ to him1 t w\ld h done injury to ! glory ( ,god4 ,b x is a poor advantage to keep ^? :om "o has l$ a/ray 9 ord] to %>e _! puni%m5t = ev]4 ,& z = ! cause ( evil1 x is true t ! ,devil is ! au?or ( s94 ,b ! orig9 ( s9 comes f f>!r away1 its s\rce is 9 ! orig9al imp]fection ( creatures3 t r5d]s !m capable ( s9n+1 & !re are circum/ances 9 ! sequ5ce ( ?+s :i* cause ?is p[] to ev9ce itself 9 action4 #aeg4 ,! devils 7 angels l ! re/ be=e _! fall1 & x is ?\ght t _! lead] 0 "o ( ! *ief among angels2 b ,scripture is n explicit en\gh on t po9t4 ,! passage ( ! ,apocalypse t speaks ( ! /ruggle ) ! ,dragon1 z ( a vision1 leaves mu* 9 d\bt1 & does n suffici5tly develop a subject :i* by ! o!r sacr$ writ]s is h>dly m5tion$4 ,x is n 9 place "h to ent] into ?is discussion1 & "o mu/ /ill admit t ! common op9ion agrees be/ ) ! sacr$ text4 ,m4 ,bayle exam9es "s replies ( ,/4 ,basil1 ( ,lactantius & o!rs on ! orig9 ( evil4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y are conc]n$ ) physical evil1 ,i po/pone discussion !re(1 & ,i w proce$ ) ! exam9ation ( ! difficulties ov] ! moral cause ( moral evil1 :i* arise 9 sev]al passages ( ! works ( our gift$ au?or4 #bbb #aeh4 ,he disputes ! p]mission ( ?is evil1 he w\ld wi% "o to admit t ,god wills x4 ,he quotes ^! words ( ,calv9 7on ,g5esis1 *4 #c73 ',! e>s ( "s are (f5d$ :5 "o says t ,god will$ x4 ,b ,i ask y1 :at else is ! p]mission ( him :o is entitl$ to =bid1 or r :o has ! ?+ 9 8 own h&s1 b an act ( w8' ,m4 ,bayle expla9s ^! words ( ,calv91 & ^? :i* prec$e !m1 z if he admitt$ t ,god will$ ! fall ( ,adam1 n 9 s f> z x 0 a crime1 b "u "s o!r conception t is unkn[n to u4 ,he quotes casui/s :o are some:at lax1 :o say t a son c desire ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 n 9 s f> z x is an evil = himself b 9 s f> z x is a good = 8 heirs 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #adg1 p4 #hej74 ,x seems to me t ,calv9 only says t ,god will$ man's fall = "s reason unkn[n to u4 ,9 ! ma91 :5 x is a "q ( a decisive w1 t is1 ( a decree1 ^! di/9ctions are useless3 "o wills ! action ) all its qualities1 if x is true t "o wills x4 ,b :5 x is a crime1 ,god c only w ! p]mission ( x3 ! crime is nei!r an end nor a means1 x is only a conditio s9e qua non2 ?us x is n ! object ( a direct w1 z ,i h already demon/rat$ above4 ,god _c prev5t x )\t act+ aga9/ :at he owes to himself1 )\t do+ some?+ t w\ld be worse ?an ! crime ( man1 )\t violat+ ! rule ( ! be/2 & t w\ld be to de/roy div9ity1 z ,i h already obs]v$4 ,god is !re=e b\nd by a moral necessity1 :i* is 9 himself1 to p]mit moral evil 9 creatures4 ,!re is precisely ! case :]e9 ! w ( a wise m9d is only p]missive4 ,i h already said ?is3 he is b\nd to p]mit ! crime ( o!rs :5 he _c prev5t x )\t himself fail+ 9 t :i* he owes to himself4 #aei4 ',b among all ^! inf9ite comb9ations'1 says ,m4 ,bayle 7p4 #hec71 'x pleas$ ,god to *oose "o :]e9 ,adam 0 to s91 & by 8 decree he made x1 9 pref]5ce to all ! o!rs1 ! plan t %\ld come to pass4' ,v good2 t is speak+ my language2 s long z "o applies x to ! comb9ations :i* compose ! :ole univ]se4 ',y w !re=e nev] make u und]/&'1 he adds1 'h[ ,god did n w t ,eve & ,adam %\ld s91 s9ce he reject$ all ! comb9ations :]e9 !y w\ld n h s9n$4' ,b ! ?+ is 9 g5]al v easy to und]/&1 f all t ,i h j said4 ,?is comb9ation t makes ! :ole univ]se is ! be/2 ,god !re=e c\ld n refra9 f *oos+ x )\t #bbc incurr+ a lapse1 & r ?an incur su*1 a ?+ altoge!r inappropriate to him1 he p]mits ! lapse or ! s9 ( man :i* is involv$ 9 ?is comb9ation4 #afj4 ,m4 ,jacquelot1 ) o!r able m51 does n diff] 9 op9ion f me1 :5 = example he says1 p4 #ahf ( 8 treatise on ! ,con=mity ( ,fai? ) ,reason3 ',^? :o are puzzl$ by ^! difficulties seem to be too limit$ 9 _! outlook1 & to wi% to r$uce all ,god's designs to _! own int]e/s4 ,:5 ,god =m$ ! univ]se1 8 :ole prospect 0 himself & 8 own glory1 s t if we _h k ( all creatures1 ( _! div]se comb9ations & ( _! diff]5t relations1 we %\ld und]/& )\t difficulty t ! univ]se corresponds p]fectly to ! inf9ite wisdom ( ! ,almighty4' ,he says else:]e 7p4 #bcb73 ',suppos+ ! impossible1 t ,god c\ld n prev5t ! wrong use ( free w )\t de/roy+ x1 x w be agre$ t s9ce 8 wisdom & 8 glory det]m9$ him to =m free creatures ?is p[]ful reason mu/ h prevail$ ov] ! griev\s consequ5ces :i* _! fre$om might h4' ,i h endeav\r$ to develop ?is /ill fur!r ?r\gh ! reason ( ! be/ & ! moral necessity :i* l$ ,god to make ?is *oice1 despite ! s9 ( "s creatures :i* is involv$ !re94 ,i ?9k t ,i h cut d[n to ! root ( ! difficulty2 nev]!less ,i am well pleas$1 = ! sake ( ?r[+ m light on ! matt]1 to apply my pr9ciple ( solution to ! peculi> difficulties ( ,m4 ,bayle4 #afa4 ,"h is "o1 set =? 9 ^! t]ms 7*4 #adh1 p4 #hef73 ',w\ld x 9 a pr9ce be a m>k ( 8 k9dness3 #a4 ,to give to a hundr$ mess5g]s z mu* money z is ne$$ = a j\rney ( two hundr$ leagues8 #b4 ,to promise a recomp5se to all ^? :o %\ld f9i% ! j\rney )\t hav+ borr[$ any?+1 & to ?reat5 ) imprisonm5t all ^? :om _! money %\ld n h suffic$8 #c4 ,to make *oice ( a hundr$ p]sons1 ( :om he w\ld "k = c]ta9 t !re 7 b two :o %\ld e>n ! recomp5se1 ! n9ety-eight o!rs be+ de/9$ to f9d on ! way ei!r a mi/ress or a game/] or "s o!r ?+ :i* w\ld make !m incur exp5ses1 & :i* he w\ld himself h be5 at pa9s to dispose 9 c]ta9 places along _! pa?8 #d4 ,to imprison actually n9ety-eight ( ^! mess5g]s on ! mom5t ( _! return8 ,is x n abundantly evid5t t he w\ld h no k9dness = !m1 & t on ! contr>y he w\ld int5d = !m1 n ! propos$ recomp5se1 b prison8 #bbd ,!y w\ld des]ve x1 c]ta9ly2 b he :o _h wi%$ !m to des]ve x & plac$ !m 9 ! sure way t[>ds des]v+ x1 %\ld he be wor?y ( be+ call$ k9d1 on ! pretext t he _h recomp5s$ ! two o!rs8' ,x w\ld d\btless n be on t acc\nt t he e>n$ ! title ( 'k9d'4 ,yet o!r circum/ances may contribute1 :i* w\ld avail to r5d] him wor?y ( praise = hav+ employ$ ?is artifice 9 ord] to "k ^? p1 & to make trial ( !m2 j z ,gideon made use ( "s extraord9>y means ( *oos+ ! mo/ valiant & ! lea/ squeami% among 8 soldi]s4 ,& ev5 if ! pr9ce 7 to "k already ! disposition ( all ^! mess5g]s1 may he n put !m to ?is te/ 9 ord] to make !m kn[n also to ! o!rs8 ,ev5 ?\gh ^! reasons be n applicable to ,god1 !y make x cle>1 nev]!less1 t an action l t ( ?is pr9ce may appe> prepo/]\s :5 x is deta*$ f ! circum/ances indicat+ its cause4 ,all ! m mu/ "o deem t ,god has act$ well1 & t we %\ld see ?is if we fully knew ( all t he has done4 #afb4 ,m4 ,desc>tes1 9 a lett] to ! ,pr9cess ,elizabe? 7vol4 #a1 lett] #aj7 has made use ( ano!r comp>ison to reconcile human fre$om ) ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ',he imag9es a mon>* :o has =bidd5 duels1 & :o1 kn[+ = c]ta9 t two noblem51 if !y meet1 w fight1 takes sure /eps to br+ ab\t _! meet+4 ,!y meet inde$1 !y fight3 _! disob$i5ce ( ! law is an effect ( _! free w1 !y are puni%able4 ,:at a k+ c d 9 su* a case 7he adds7 conc]n+ "s free actions ( 8 subjects1 ,god1 :o has inf9ite =ekn[l$ge & p[]1 c]ta9ly does conc]n+ all ^? ( m54 ,be=e he s5t u into ?is _w he knew exactly :at all ! t5d5cies ( our w w\ld be3 he has endu$ u !re)1 he also has dispos$ all o!r ?+s t are outside u1 to cause su* & su* objects to pres5t !mselves to our s5ses at su* & su* a "t4 ,he knew t z a result ( ?is our free w w\ld det]m9e u t[>d "s p>ticul> ?+1 & he has will$ x ?us2 b he has n = t will$ to con/ra9 our free w !reto4 ,9 ?is k+ "o may di/+ui% two diff]5t degrees ( w1 ! "o :]eby he will$ t ^! noblem5 %\ld fight1 s9ce he br\ght ab\t _! meet+1 & ! o!r :]eby he did n w x1 s9ce he =bade duels4 ,ev5 s !ologians di/+ui% 9 ,god an absolute & indep5d5t w1 :]eby he wills t all ?+s be done j z !y are done1 #bbe & ano!r :i* is relative1 & :i* conc]ns ! m]it or dem]it ( m51 :]eby he wills t 8 ,laws be obey$' 7,desc>tes1 lett] #aj ( vol4 #a1 pp4 #ea1 #eb4 ,comp>e ) t ! quotation made by ,m4 ,arnauld1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bhh et seqq4 ( 8 ,reflexions on ! ,sy/em ( ,malebran*e1 f ,?omas ,aqu9as1 on ! antec$5t & consequ5t w ( ,god74 #afc4 ,"h is ,m4 ,bayle's reply to t 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #aed1 p4 #idc73 ',?is great philosoph] is mu* mi/ak51 x seems to me4 ,!re w\ld n be 9 ?is mon>* any degree ( w1 ei!r small or great1 t ^! two noblem5 %\ld obey ! law1 & n fight4 ,he w\ld w entirely & solely t !y %\ld fight4 ,t w\ld n exculpate !m1 !y w\ld only foll[ _! passion1 !y w\ld be unaw>e t !y con=m$ to ! w ( _! sov]eign3 b he w\ld be 9 tru? ! moral cause ( _! enc\nt]1 & he w\ld n m entirely wi% x suppos+ he 7 to inspire !m ) ! desire or to give !m ! ord] = x4 ,imag9e to y\rself two pr9ces ea* ( :om wi%es 8 elde/ son to poison himself4 ,"o employs con/ra9t1 ! o!r cont5ts himself ) secretly caus+ a grief t he kn[s w be suffici5t to induce 8 son to poison himself4 ,w y be d\btful :e!r ! w ( ! latt] is less complete ?an ! w ( ! =m]8 ,m4 ,desc>tes is !re=e assum+ an unreal fact & does n at all solve ! difficulty4' #afd4 ,"o mu/ confess t ,m4 ,desc>tes speaks some:at crudely ( ! w ( ,god 9 reg>d to evil 9 say+ n only t ,god knew t our free w w\ld det]m9e u t[>d "s p>ticul> ?+1 b also t he also wi%$ x1 albeit he did n w to con/ra9 ! w !reto4 ,he speaks no less h>%ly 9 ! eigh? lett] ( ! same volume1 say+ t n ! slighte/ ?\ght ent]s into ! m9d ( a man :i* ,god does n w1 & has n will$ f all et]nity1 to ent] !re4 ,calv9 nev] said any?+ h>%]2 & all t c only be excus$ if x is to be und]/ood ( a p]missive w4 ,m4 ,desc>tes' solution am\nts to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! w express$ 9 ! sign & ! w expressive ( ! good pleasure 7int] voluntatem signi et b5eplaciti7 :i* ! mod]ns h tak5 f ! ,s*oolm5 z reg>ds ! t]ms1 b to :i* !y h giv5 a mean+ n usual among ! anci5ts4 ,x is true t ,god may comm& some?+ & yet n w t x be done1 z :5 he comm&$ ,abraham to sacrifice 8 son3 he will$ ! ob$i5ce1 & he did n w ! action4 ,b :5 ,god comm&s ! virtu\s action & #bbf =bids ! s91 he wills inde$ t :i* he orda9s1 b x is only by an antec$5t w1 z ,i h expla9$ m ?an once4 #afe4 ,m4 ,desc>tes' comp>ison is !re=e n satisfactory2 b x may be made s4 ,"o mu/ make "s *ange 9 ! facts1 inv5t+ "s reason to oblige ! pr9ce to cause or p]mit ! two enemies to meet4 ,!y mu/1 = in/ance1 be toge!r 9 ! army or 9 o!r obligatory functions1 a circum/ance ! pr9ce himself _c h9d] )\t endang]+ 8 ,/ate4 ,= example1 ! abs5ce ( ei!r ( !m might be responsible = ! disappe>ance ( innum]able p]sons ( 8 p>ty f ! army or cause grumbl+ among ! soldi]s & give rise to "s great di/urbance4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 "o may say t ! pr9ce does n w ! duel3 he kn[s ( x1 b he p]mits x not)/&+1 = he pref]s p]mitt+ ! s9 ( o!rs to committ+ "o himself4 ,?us ?is correct$ comp>ison may s]ve1 provid$ t "o obs]ve ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & ! pr9ce4 ,! pr9ce is =c$ into ?is p]mission by 8 p[]lessness2 a m p[]ful mon>* w\ld h no ne$ ( all ^! consid]ations2 b ,god1 :o has p[] to d all t is possible1 only p]mits s9 because x is absolutely impossible to anyone at all to d bett]4 ,! pr9ce's action is p]adv5ture n free f sorr[ & regret4 ,?is regret is due to 8 imp]fection1 ( :i* he is s5sible2 !re9 lies displeasure4 ,god is incapable ( su* a feel+ & f9ds1 moreov]1 no cause !re=2 he is inf9itely consci\s ( 8 own p]fection1 & x may ev5 be said t ! imp]fection 9 creatures tak5 individually *anges = him into p]fection 9 relation to ! :ole1 & t x is an add$ glory = ! ,creator4 ,:at m c "o wi%1 :5 "o possesses a b\ndless wisdom & :5 "o is z p[]ful z "o is wise2 :5 "o c d all & :5 "o has ! be/8 #aff4 ,hav+ once und]/ood ^! ?+s1 we are h>d5$ suffici5tly1 s x seems to me1 aga9/ ! /ronge/ & mo/ spirit$ objections4 ,i h n conceal$ !m3 b !re are "s we %all m]ely t\* ^u1 because !y are too odi\s4 ,! ,remon/rants & ,m4 ,bayle 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #aeb1 end page #iai7 quote ,/4 ,augu/9e1 say+1 'crudelem esse mis]icordiam velle aliquem mis]um esse ut eius mis]e>is'3 9 ! same s5se is cit$ ,s5eca ,de ,b5ef41 ,l4 #f1 c4 #cf1 #cg4 ,i confess t "o w\ld h "s reason to urge t aga9/ ^? :o believ$ t ,god has no o!r cause = p]mitt+ s9 ?an ! #bbg design to h some?+ :]e) to ex]cise punitive ju/ice aga9/ ! majority ( m51 & 8 m]cy t[>ds a small numb] ( elect4 ,b x mu/ be consid]$ t ,god _h reasons = 8 p]mission ( s91 m wor?y ( him & m pr(\nd 9 relation to u4 ,someone has d>$ to comp>e ,god's c\rse ( action ) t ( a ,caligula1 :o has 8 edicts writt5 9 s small a h& & has !m plac>d$ 9 s high a place t x is n possible to read !m2 ) t ( a "m :o neglects h] daught]'s hon\r 9 ord] to atta9 h] own selfi% ends2 ) t ( ,que5 ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 :o is said to h abett$ ! love-affairs ( h] ladies 9 ord] to le>n ( ! intrigues ( ! great2 & ev5 ) t ( ,tib]ius1 :o arrang$1 ?r\gh ! extraord9>y s]vices ( ! execution]1 t ! law =bidd+ ! subjection ( a virg9 to capital puni%m5t %\ld no long] apply to ! case ( ,sejanus's daught]4 ,?is la/ comp>ison 0 propos$ by ,pet] ,b]tius1 !n an ,arm5ian1 b f9ally a memb] ( ! ,roman communion4 ,& a sc&al\s comp>ison has be5 made betwe5 ,god & ,tib]ius1 :i* is relat$ at l5g? by ,&reas ,c>oli 9 8 ,memorabilia ,ecclesia/ica ( ! la/ c5tury1 z ,m4 ,bayle obs]ves4 ,b]tius us$ x aga9/ ! ,gom>i/s4 ,i ?9k t argum5ts ( ?is k9d are only valid aga9/ ^? :o ma9ta9 t ju/ice is an arbitr>y ?+ 9 relation to ,god2 or t he has a despotic p[] :i* c g s f> z be+ able to condemn innoc5ts2 or1 9 %ort1 t good is n ! motive ( 8 actions4 #afg4 ,at t same "t an +5i\s satire 0 compos$ aga9/ ! ,gom>i/s1 entitl$ ,fur pra$e/9atus1 de gepr$e/9e]d$ief1 :]e9 !re is introduc$ a ?ief condemn$ to be hang$1 :o attributes to ,god all ! evil he has done2 :o believes himself pr$e/9$ to salvation not)/&+ 8 wick$ actions2 :o imag9es t ?is belief is suffici5t = him1 & :o defeats by argum5ts ad hom9em a ,c\nt]-remon/rant m9i/] call$ to prep>e him = dea?3 b ?is ?ief is f9ally conv]t$ by an old pa/or :o _h be5 dismiss$ = 8 ,arm9ianism1 :om ! gaol]1 9 pity = ! crim9al & = ! weakness ( ! m9i/]1 _h br\ght to him secretly4 ,replies 7 made to ?is lampoon1 b replies to satires nev] please z mu* z ! satires !mselves4 ,m4 ,bayle 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #aed1 p4 #ich7 says t ?is book 0 pr9t$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! #bbh "t ( ,cromwell1 & he appe>s n to h be5 in=m$ t x 0 only a translation ( ! mu* old] orig9al ,flemi%4 ,he adds t ,dr4 ,george ,k5dal wrote a confutation ( x at ,ox=d 9 ! ye> #afeg1 "u ! title ( ,fur pro ,tribunali1 & t ! dialogue is !re ins]t$4 ,?is dialogue presupposes1 contr>y to ! tru?1 t ! ,c\nt]-remon/rants make ,god ! cause ( evil1 & tea* a k9d ( pr$e/9ation 9 ! ,mahometan mann] accord+ to :i* x does n matt] :e!r "o does good or evil1 & ! assumption t "o is pr$e/9$ assures ! fact4 ,!y by no means g s f>4 ,nev]!less x is true t !re are among !m "s ,supralaps>ians & o!rs :o f9d x h>d to decl>e !mselves 9 cle> t]ms ^u ! ju/ice ( ,god & ! pr9ciples ( piety & morals 9 man4 ,= !y imag9e despotism 9 ,god1 & dem& t man be conv9c$1 )\t reason1 ( ! absolute c]ta9ty ( 8 election1 a c\rse t is liable to h dang]\s consequ5ces4 ,b all ^? :o ackn[l$ge t ,god produces ! be/ plan1 hav+ *os5 x f among all possible ideas ( ! univ]se2 t he !re f9ds man incl9$ by ! orig9al imp]fection ( creatures to misuse 8 free w & to plunge into mis]y2 t ,god prev5ts ! s9 & ! mis]y 9 s f> z ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 :i* is an emanation f 81 may p]mit x3 ^?1 ,i say1 %[ =? m cle>ly t ,god's int5tion is ! "o mo/ "r & holy 9 ! _w2 t ! creature alone is guilty1 t 8 orig9al limitation or imp]fection is ! s\rce ( 8 wick$ness1 t 8 evil w is ! sole cause ( 8 mis]y2 t "o _c be de/9$ to salvation )\t also be+ de/9$ to ! hol9ess ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 & t all hope ( election "o c h c only be f\nd$ ^u ! good w infus$ into "o's he>t by ! grace ( ,god4 #afh4 ,metaphysical consid]ations also are br\ght up aga9/ my explanation ( ! moral cause ( moral evil2 b !y w tr\ble me less s9ce ,i h dismiss$ ! objections d]iv$ f moral reasons1 :i* 7 m impressive4 ,^! metaphysical consid]ations conc]n ! nature ( ! possible & ( ! necess>y2 !y g aga9/ my fundam5tal assumption t ,god has *os5 ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,!re are philosoph]s :o h ma9ta9$ t !re is no?+ possible except t :i* actually happ5s4 ,^! are ^? same p :o ?\ght or c\ld h ?\ght t all is necess>y unconditionally4 ,"s 7 ( ?is #bbi op9ion because !y admitt$ a brute & bl9d necessity 9 ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s3 & x is ^! ,i h mo/ reason = oppos+4 ,b !re are o!rs :o are mi/ak5 only because !y misuse t]ms4 ,!y confuse moral necessity ) metaphysical necessity3 !y imag9e t s9ce ,god _c help act+ = ! be/ he is ?us depriv$ ( fre$om1 & ?+s are endu$ ) t necessity :i* philosoph]s & !ologians endeav\r to avoid4 ,) ^! writ]s my dispute is only "o ( words1 provid$ !y admit 9 v de$ t ,god *ooses & does ! be/4 ,b !re are o!rs :o g fur!r1 !y ?9k t ,god c\ld h done bett]4 ,?is is an op9ion :i* mu/ be reject$3 = al?\gh x does n altoge!r deprive ,god ( wisdom & goodness1 z d ! advocates ( bl9d necessity1 x sets b\nds !reto1 ?us d]ogat+ f ,god's supreme p]fection4 #afi4 ,! "q ( ! possibility ( ?+s t d n happ5 has already be5 exam9$ by ! anci5ts4 ,x appe>s t ,epicurus1 to pres]ve fre$om & to avoid an absolute necessity1 ma9ta9$1 aft] ,ari/otle1 t cont+5t futurities 7 n susceptible ( det]m9ate tru?4 ,= if x 0 true ye/]day t ,i %\ld write to-day1 x c\ld !re=e n fail to happ51 x 0 already necess>y2 &1 = ! same reason1 x 0 f all et]nity4 ,?us all t :i* happ5s is necess>y1 & x is impossible = any?+ diff]5t to come to pass4 ,b s9ce t is n s x w\ld foll[1 accord+ to him1 t cont+5t futurities h no det]m9ate tru?4 ,to uphold ?is op9ion1 ,epicurus w5t s f> z to d5y ! fir/ & ! greate/ pr9ciple ( ! tru?s ( reason1 he d5i$ t e ass]tion 0 ei!r true or false4 ,"h is ! way !y conf\nd$ him3 ',y d5y t x 0 true ye/]day t ,i %\ld write to-day2 x 0 !re=e false4' ,! good man1 n be+ able to admit ?is conclusion1 0 oblig$ to say t x 0 nei!r true nor false4 ,aft] t1 he ne$s no refutation1 & ,*rysippus might h sp>$ himself ! tr\ble he took to prove ! great pr9ciple ( contradictories1 foll[+ ! acc\nt by ,cic]o 9 8 book ,de ,fato3 ',cont5dit omnes n]vos ,*rysippus ut p]suadeat omne ,greek3 ,axima aut v]um esse aut falsum4 ,ut enim ,epicurus v]etur ne si hoc concess]it1 conc$5dum sit1 fato fi]i quaecunque fiant2 si enim alt]um ex aet]nitate v]um sit1 esse id etiam c]tum2 si c]tum1 etiam necess>ium2 ita et necessitatem et fatum confirm>i putat2 sic ,*rysippus metuit ne non1 si non obt9u]it omne#bcj quod enuncietur aut v]um esse aut falsum1 omnia fato fi]i poss9t ex causis aet]nis r]um futur>um4' ,m4 ,bayle obs]ves 7,diction>y1 article ',epicurus'1 let4 ,t1 p4 #aada7 't nei!r ( ^! two great philosoph]s ,epicurus & ,*rysippus und]/ood t ! tru? ( ?is maxim1 e proposition is true or false1 is indep5d5t ( :at is call$ fatum3 x c\ld n !re=e s]ve z pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! fatum1 z ,*rysippus ma9ta9$ & z ,epicurus fe>$4 ,*rysippus c\ld n h conc$$1 )\t damag+ 8 own position1 t !re are propositions :i* are nei!r true nor false4 ,b he ga9$ no?+ by ass]t+ ! contr>y3 =1 :e!r !re be free causes or n1 x is equally true t ?is proposition1 ,! ,gr& ,mogul w g hunt+ to-morr[1 is true or false4 ,m5 rightly reg>d$ z ridicul\s ?is spee* ( ,tiresias3 ,all t ,i %all say w happ5 or n1 = great ,apollo conf]s on me ! faculty ( prophesy+4 ,if1 assum+ ! impossible1 !re 7 no ,god1 x w\ld yet be c]ta9 t ev]y?+ ! greate/ fool 9 ! _w %\ld pr$ict w\ld happ5 or w\ld n happ54 ,t is :at nei!r ,*rysippus nor ,epicurus has tak5 into consid]ation4' ,cic]o1 lib4 ,i1 ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 ) reg>d to ! evasions ( ! ,epicureans express$ ! s\nd op9ion 7z ,m4 ,bayle obs]ves t[>ds ! end ( ! same page7 t x w\ld be mu* less %ameful to admit t "o _c answ] "o's oppon5t1 ?an to h rec\rse to su* answ]s4 ,yet we %all see t ,m4 ,bayle himself confus$ ! c]ta9 ) ! necess>y1 :5 he ma9ta9$ t ! *oice ( ! be/ r5d]$ ?+s necess>y4 #agj4 ,let u come n[ to ! possibility ( ?+s t d n happ51 & ,i w give ! v words ( ,m4 ,bayle1 albeit !y are some:at discursive4 ,?is is :at he says on ! matt] 9 8 ,diction>y 7article ',*rysippus'1 let4 ,s1 p4 #ibi73 ',! celebrat$ dispute on ?+s possible & ?+s impossible ow$ its orig9 to ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics conc]n+ fate4 ,! "q 0 to "k :e!r1 among ! ?+s :i* h nev] be5 & nev] w be1 !re are "s possible2 or :e!r all t is n1 all t has nev] be51 all t w nev] be1 0 impossible4 ,a fam\s dialectician ( ! ,meg>ic ,sect1 nam$ ,diodorus1 gave a negative answ] to ! fir/ ( ^! two que/ions & an affirmative to ! second2 b ,*rysippus vehem5tly oppos$ him4 ,"h are two passages ( ,cic]o 7epi/4 #d1 lib4 #i1 ,ad ,famili>473 ,greek3 p]i dynatn me scito ,greek3 kata ,diodron kr9e94 ,quapropt] si v5turus es1 scito #bca necesse esse te v5ire4 ,s9 autem non es1 ,greek3 tn adynatn e/ te v5ire4 ,nunc vide utra te ,greek3 krisis magis delectet1 ,greek3 ,*rysippeia ne1 an haec2 quam no/] ,diodorus a ,/oic :o = a long "t _h liv$ 9 ,cic]o's h\se non concoquebat4 ,?is is quot$ f a lett] t ,cic]o wrote to ,v>ro4 ,he sets =? m compreh5sively ! :ole /ate ( ! "q1 9 ! little book ,de ,fato4 ,i am go+ to quote a few pieces 7,cic41 ,de ,fato1 p4 m4 #fe73 ,vigila1 ,*rysippe1 ne tuam causam1 9 qua tibi cum ,diodoro val5te ,dialectico magna luctatio e/1 des]as 444 omne ergo quod falsum dicitur 9 futuro1 id fi]i non pote/4 ,at hoc1 ,*rysippe1 m9ime vis1 maximeque tibi de hoc ipso cum ,diodoro c]tam5 e/4 ,ille enim id solum fi]i posse dicit1 quod aut sit v]um1 aut futurum sit v]um2 et quicquid futurum sit1 id dicit fi]i necesse esse2 et quicquid non sit futurum1 id negat fi]i posse4 ,tu etiam quae non s9t futura1 posse fi]i dicis1 ut frangi hanc gemmam1 etiamsi id nunquam futurum sit3 neque necesse fuisse ,cypselum regn>e ,cor9?i1 quamquam id millesimo ante anno ,apoll9is ,oraculo editum esset4444 ,placet ,diodoro1 id solum fi]i posse1 quod aut v]um sit1 aut v]um futurum sit3 qui locus att+it hanc quae/ionem1 nihil fi]i1 quod non necesse fu]it2 et quicquid fi]i possit1 id aut esse jam1 aut futurum esse3 nec magis commut>i ex v]is 9 falsa ea posse quae futura sunt1 quam ea quae facta sunt3 s$ 9 factis immutabilitatem app>]e2 9 futuris quibusdam1 quia non app>5t1 ne inesse quidem vid]i3 ut 9 eo qui mortif]o morbo urgeatur1 v]um sit1 hic morietur hoc morbo3 at hoc idem si v]e dicatur 9 eo1 9 quo tanta vis morbi non app>eat1 nihilom9us futurum sit4 ,ita fit ut commutatio ex v]o 9 falsum1 ne 9 futuro quidem ulla fi]i possit4 ,cic]o makes x cle> en\gh t ,*rysippus (t5 f\nd himself 9 difficulties 9 ?is dispute1 & t is no matt] = a/oni%m5t3 = ! c\rse he _h *os5 0 n b\nd up ) 8 dogma ( fate1 &1 if he _h kn[n h[1 or _h d>$1 to reason consi/5tly1 he w\ld readily h adopt$ ! :ole hypo!sis ( ,diodorus4 ,we h se5 already t ! fre$om he assign$ to ! s\l1 & 8 comp>ison ( ! cyl9d]1 did n preclude ! possibility t 9 reality all ! acts ( ! human w 7 unavoidable consequ5ces ( fate4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ev]y?+ :i* does n happ5 is impossible1 & t !re is no?+ possible b t :i* actually comes to pass4 ,plut>* 7,de ,/oicor4 ,repugn41 pp4 #ajec1 #ajed7 discomfits him completely1 on t po9t z well z on ! dispute #bcb ) ,diodorus1 & ma9ta9s t 8 op9ion on possibility is altoge!r contr>y to ! doctr9e ( fatum4 ,obs]ve t ! mo/ em95t ,/oics _h writt5 on ?is matt] )\t foll[+ ! same pa?4 ,arrian 79 ,epict41 lib4 #b1 c4 #bi1 p4 m4 #aff7 nam$ f\r ( !m1 :o are ,*rysippus1 ,clean!s1 ,ar*idemus & ,antipat]4 ,he ev9ces great scorn = ?is dispute2 & ,m4 ,m5age ne$ n h cit$ him z a writ] :o _h spok5 9 comm5dation ( ! "w ( ,*rysippus ,greek3 p]i dynatn 7citatur honorifice apud ,arrianum1 ,m5ag4 9 ,la]t41 ,i1 #g1 #cda7 = assur$ly ^! words1 ,greek3 gegraphe de kai ,*rysippos ?auma/s1 etc41 de 8 rebus mira scripsit ,*rysippus1 etc41 are n 9 t connexion a eulogy4 ,t is %[n by ! passages imm$iately be=e & aft] x4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus 7,de ,collocat4 ,v]bor41 c4 #ag1 p4 m4 #aa7 m5tions two treatises by ,*rysippus1 :]e91 "u a title t promis$ some?+ diff]5t1 mu* ( ! logicians' t]ritory _h be5 explor$4 ,! "w 0 entitl$ ,greek3 p]i ts syntaxes tn t\ log\ m]n1 de p>tium orationis collocatione1 & treat$ only ( propositions true & false1 possible & impossible1 cont+5t & equivocal1 etc41 matt] t our ,s*oolm5 h p\nd$ d[n & r$uc$ to its ess5ce4 ,take note t ,*rysippus recogniz$ t pa/ ?+s 7 necess>ily true1 :i* ,clean!s _h n be5 will+ to admit4 7,arrian1 ubi supra1 p4 m4 #afe47 ,greek3 ,ou pan de p>elly?os al!s anankaion e/i1 ka?ap] hoi p]i ,klean?n ph]e/hai dok\si4 ,non omne praet]itum ex necessitate v]um e/1 ut illi qui ,clean!m sequuntur s5tiunt4 ,we h already se5 7p4 #efb1 col4 #b7 t ,abl>d is alleg$ to h taught a doctr9e :i* resembles t ( ,diodorus4 ,i ?9k t ! ,/oics pl$g$ !mselves to give a wid] range to possible ?+s ?an to future ?+s1 = ! purpose ( mitigat+ ! odi\s & frightful conclusions :i* 7 drawn f _! dogma ( fatality4' ,x is suffici5tly evid5t t ,cic]o :5 writ+ to ,v>ro ! words t h j be5 quot$ 7lib4 #i1 ,ep4 #d1 ,ad ,famili>47 _h n en\gh compreh5sion ( ! effect ( ,diodorus's op9ion1 s9ce he f\nd x pref]able4 ,he pres5ts tol]ably well 9 8 book ,de ,fato ! op9ions ( ^? writ]s1 b x is a pity t he has n always add$ ! reasons :i* !y employ$4 ,plut>* 9 8 treatise on ! contradictions ( ! ,/oics & ,m4 ,bayle are bo? surpris$ t ,*rysippus 0 n ( ! same op9ion z ,diodorus1 s9ce he fav\rs fatality4 ,b ,*rysippus & ev5 8 ma/] ,clean!s 7 on t po9t m reasonable ?an is suppos$4 #bcc ,t w be se5 z we proce$4 ,x is op5 to "q :e!r ! pa/ is m necess>y ?an ! future4 ,clean!s held ! op9ion t x is4 ,! objection is rais$ t x is necess>y ex hypo!si = ! future to happ51 z x is necess>y ex hypo!si = ! pa/ to h happ5$4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t x is n possible to act on ! pa/ /ate1 t w\ld be a contradiction2 b x is possible to produce "s effect on ! future4 ,yet ! hypo!tical necessity ( bo? is ! same3 ! "o _c be *ang$1 ! o!r w n be2 & once t is pa/1 x w n be possible = x to be *ang$ ei!r4 #aga4 ,! fam\s ,pi]re ,abl>d express$ an op9ion resembl+ t ( ,diodorus 9 ! /atem5t t ,god c d only t :i* he does4 ,x 0 ! ?ird ( ! f\rte5 propositions tak5 f 8 works :i* 7 c5sur$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,s5s4 ,x _h be5 tak5 f ! ?ird book ( 8 ,introduction to ,!ology1 :]e he treats especially ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,! reason he gave = 8 /atem5t 0 t ,god c d only t :i* he wills4 ,n[ ,god _c w to d any?+ o!r ?an t :i* he does1 because1 ( necessity1 he mu/ w :atev] is fitt+4 ,h5ce x foll[s t all t :i* he does n1 is n fitt+1 t he _c w to d x1 & consequ5tly t he _c d x4 ,abl>d admits himself t ?is op9ion is peculi> to him1 t h>dly anyone %>es 9 x1 t x seems contr>y to ! doctr9e ( ! sa9ts & to reason & d]ogatory to ! greatness ( ,god4 ,x appe>s t ?is au?or 0 a little too mu* incl9$ to speak & to ?9k diff]5tly f o!rs3 = 9 reality ?is 0 only a dispute ab\t words3 he 0 *ang+ ! use ( t]ms4 ,p[] & w are diff]5t faculties1 ^: objects also are diff]5t2 x is confus+ !m to say t ,god c d only t :i* he wills4 ,on ! contr>y1 among v>i\s possibles1 he wills only t :i* he f9ds ! be/4 ,= all possibles are reg>d$ z objects ( p[]1 b actual & exi/+ ?+s are reg>d$ z ! objects ( 8 decretory w4 ,abl>d himself ackn[l$g$ x4 ,he raises ?is objection = himself3 a reprobate c be sav$2 b he c only be sav$ if ,god saves him4 ,god c !re=e save him1 & consequ5tly d some?+ t he does n4 ,abl>d answ]s t x may inde$ be said t ?is man c be sav$ 9 respect ( ! possibility ( human nature1 :i* is capable ( salvation3 b t x may n be said t ,god c save him 9 respect ( ,god himself1 because x is impossible t ,god %\ld d t :i* he#bcd mu/ n d4 ,b ,abl>d admits t x may v well be said 9 a s5se1 speak+ absolutely & sett+ aside ! assumption ( reprobation1 t su* an "o :o is reprobate c be sav$1 & t ?us (t5 t :i* ,god does n c be done4 ,he c\ld !re=e h spok5 l ! re/1 :o mean no?+ diff]5t :5 !y say t ,god c save ?is man1 & t he c d t :i* he does n4 #agb4 ,! s-call$ necessity ( ,wyclif1 :i* 0 condemn$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 seems to arise simply f ?is same misund]/&+4 ,i ?9k t m5 ( tal5t d wrong to tru? & to !mselves :51 )\t reason1 !y br+ into use new & displeas+ expressions4 ,9 our own "t ! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,hobbes support$ ?is same op9ion1 t :at does n happ5 is impossible4 ,he proves x by ! /atem5t t all ! conditions requisite = a ?+ t %all n exi/ 7omnia rei non futurae requisita7 are nev] f\nd toge!r1 & t ! ?+ _c exi/ o!rwise4 ,b :o does n see t t only proves a hypo!tical impossibility8 ,x is true t a ?+ _c exi/ :5 a requisite condition = x is lack+4 ,b z we claim to be able to say t ! ?+ c exi/ al?\gh x does n exi/1 we claim 9 ! same way to be able to say t ! requisite conditions c exi/ al?\gh !y d n exi/4 ,?us ,mr4 ,hobbes's argum5t leaves ! matt] :]e x is4 ,! op9ion :i* 0 held conc]n+ ,mr4 ,hobbes1 t he taught an absolute necessity ( all ?+s1 br\ght ^u him mu* discr$it1 & w\ld h done him h>m ev5 _h x be5 8 only error4 #agc4 ,sp9oza w5t fur!r3 he appe>s to h explicitly taught a bl9d necessity1 hav+ d5i$ to ! ,au?or ( ,?+s und]/&+ & w1 & assum+ t good & p]fection relate to u only1 & n to him4 ,x is true t ,sp9oza's op9ion on ?is subject is some:at obscure3 = he grants ,god ?\ght1 aft] hav+ dive/$ him ( und]/&+1 cogitationem1 non intellectum conc$it ,deo4 ,!re are ev5 passages :]e he rel5ts on ! "q ( necessity4 ,nev]!less1 z f> z "o c und]/& him1 he ackn[l$ges no goodness 9 ,god1 prop]ly speak+1 & he tea*es t all ?+s exi/ ?r\gh ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 )\t any act ( *oice by ,god4 ,we w n wa/e "t "h 9 refut+ an op9ion s bad1 & inde$ s inexplicable4 ,my own op9ion is f\nd$ on ! nature ( ! possibles1 t is1 ( ?+s t imply #bce no contradiction4 ,i d n ?9k t a ,sp9ozi/ w say t all ! romances "o c imag9e exi/ actually n[1 or h exi/$1 or w /ill exi/ 9 "s place 9 ! univ]se4 ,yet "o _c d5y t romances su* z ^? ( ,mademoiselle de ,scudry1 or z ,octavia1 are possible4 ,let u !re=e br+ up aga9/ him ^! words ( ,m4 ,bayle1 :i* please me well1 on page #cij1 ',x is to-day'1 he says1 'a great emb>rassm5t = ! ,sp9ozi/s to see t1 accord+ to _! hypo!sis1 x 0 z impossible f all et]nity t ,sp9oza1 = in/ance1 %\ld n die at ,! ,hague1 z x is impossible = two & two to make six4 ,!y are well aw>e t x is a necess>y conclusion f _! doctr9e1 & a conclusion :i* di%e>t5s1 affrights1 & /irs ! m9d to revolt1 because ( ! absurdity x involves1 diametrically oppos$ to common s5se4 ,!y are n well pleas$ t "o %\ld "k !y are subv]t+ a maxim s univ]sal & s evid5t z ?is "o3 ,all t :i* implies contradiction is impossible1 & all t :i* implies no contradiction is possible4' #agd4 ,"o may say ( ,m4 ,bayle1 'ubi b5e1 nemo melius'1 al?\gh "o _c say ( him :at 0 said ( ,orig51 'ubi male1 nemo pejus'4 ,i w only add t :at has j be5 indicat$ z a maxim is 9 fact ! def9ition ( ! possible & ! impossible4 ,m4 ,bayle1 h[ev]1 adds "h t[>ds ! end a rem>k :i* some:at spoils 8 em95tly reasonable /atem5t4 ',n[ :at contradiction w\ld !re be if ,sp9oza _h di$ 9 ,leyd58 ,w\ld ,nature !n h be5 less p]fect1 less wise1 less p[]ful8' ,he confuses "h :at is impossible because x implies contradiction ) :at _c happ5 because x is n meet to be *os54 ,x is true t !re w\ld h be5 no contradiction 9 ! supposition t ,sp9oza di$ 9 ,leyd5 & n at ,! ,hague2 !re w\ld h be5 no?+ s possible3 ! matt] 0 !re=e indiff]5t 9 respect ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,b "o mu/ n suppose t any ev5t1 h[ev] small x be1 c be reg>d$ z indiff]5t 9 respect ( 8 wisdom & 8 goodness4 ,jesus ,*ri/ has said div9ely well t ev]y?+ is numb]$1 ev5 to ! hairs ( our head4 ,?us ! wisdom ( ,god did n p]mit t ?is ev5t :]e( ,m4 ,bayle speaks %\ld happ5 o!rwise ?an x happ5$1 n z if by itself x w\ld h be5 m des]v+ ( *oice1 b on acc\nt ( its connexion ) t entire sequ5ce ( ! univ]se :i* des]v$ to be giv5 pref]5ce4 ,to say t :at has already happ5$ 0 ( no int]e/ to ! wisdom ( ,god1 &#bcf !nce to inf] t x is !re=e n necess>y1 is to make a false assumption & argue incorrectly to a true conclusion4 ,x is confus+ :at is necess>y by moral necessity1 t is1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ,wisdom & ,goodness1 ) :at is s by metaphysical & brute necessity1 :i* occurs :5 ! contr>y implies contradiction4 ,sp9oza1 moreov]1 s\ght a metaphysical necessity 9 ev5ts4 ,he did n ?9k t ,god 0 det]m9$ by 8 goodness & by 8 p]fection 7:i* ?is au?or treat$ z *im]as 9 relation to ! univ]se71 b by ! necessity ( 8 nature2 j z ! semicircle is b\nd to enclose only "r angles1 )\t ei!r kn[+ or will+ ?is4 ,= ,euclid demon/rat$ t all angles enclos$ betwe5 two /raight l9es drawn f ! extremities ( ! diamet] t[>ds a po9t on ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle are ( necessity "r angles1 & t ! contr>y implies contradiction4 #age4 ,!re are p :o h gone to ! o!r extreme3 "u ! pretext ( free+ ! div9e nature f ! yoke ( necessity !y wi%$ to reg>d x z altoge!r indiff]5t1 ) an indiff]5ce ( equipoise4 ,!y did n take into acc\nt t j z metaphysical necessity is prepo/]\s 9 relation to ,god's actions ad extra1 s moral necessity is wor?y ( him4 ,x is a happy necessity :i* obliges wisdom to d good1 :]eas indiff]5ce ) reg>d to good & evil w\ld indicate a lack ( goodness or ( wisdom4 ,& besides1 ! indiff]5ce :i* w\ld keep ! w 9 a p]fect equipoise w\ld itself be a *im]a1 z has be5 already %[n3 x w\ld (f5d aga9/ ! great pr9ciple ( ! det]m9ant reason4 #agf4 ,^? :o believe t ,god e/abli%$ good & evil by an arbitr>y decree are adopt+ t /range idea ( m]e indiff]5ce1 & o!r absurdities /ill /rang]4 ,!y deprive ,god ( ! designation good3 = :at cause c\ld "o h to praise him = :at he does1 if 9 do+ some?+ q diff]5t he w\ld h done equally well8 ,& ,i h v (t5 be5 surpris$ t div]s ,supralaps>ian !ologians1 z = in/ance ,samuel ,ru!r=d1 a ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ,scotl&1 :o wrote :5 ! controv]sies ) ! ,remon/rants 7 at _! height1 c\ld h be5 delud$ by s /range an idea4 ,ru!r=d 79 8 ,ex]citationes ,apologeticae pro ,gratia7 says positively t no?+ is unju/ or morally bad 9 ,god's eyes be=e he has =bidd5 x3 ?us )\t ?is prohibition x w\ld be a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r "o murd]$ or sav$ a #bcg man1 lov$ ,god or hat$ him1 prais$ or blasphem$ him4 ,no?+ is s unreasonable z t4 ,"o may tea* t ,god e/abli%$ good & evil by a positive law1 or "o may ass]t t !re 0 some?+ good & j be=e 8 decree1 b t he is n requir$ to con=m to x1 & t no?+ prev5ts him f act+ unju/ly & f p]haps condemn+ innoc5ce3 b x all comes to ! same ?+1 (f]+ almo/ equal di%on\r to ,god4 ,= if ju/ice 0 e/abli%$ arbitr>ily & )\t any cause1 if ,god came ^u x by a k9d ( haz>d1 z :5 "o draws lots1 8 goodness & 8 wisdom are n manife/$ 9 x1 & !re is no?+ at all to atta* him to x4 ,if x is by a purely arbitr>y decree1 )\t any reason1 t he has e/abli%$ or creat$ :at we call ju/ice & goodness1 !n he c annul !m or *ange _! nature4 ,?us "o w\ld h no reason to assume t he w obs]ve !m always1 z x w\ld be possible to say he w obs]ve !m on ! assumption t !y are f\nd$ on reasons4 ,! same w\ld hold good m or less if 8 ju/ice 7 diff]5t f ours1 if 7= example7 x 7 writt5 9 8 code t x is j to make ! innoc5t et]nally unhappy4 ,accord+ to ^! pr9ciples also1 no?+ w\ld compel ,god to keep 8 ^w or w\ld assure u ( its fulfilm5t4 ,= :y %\ld ! law ( ju/ice1 :i* /ates t reasonable promises mu/ be kept1 be m inviolable = him ?an any o!r laws8 #agg4 ,all ^! ?ree dogmas1 albeit a little diff]5t f "o ano!r1 namely1 7#a7 t ! nature ( ju/ice is arbitr>y1 7#b7 t x is fix$1 b x is n c]ta9 t ,god w obs]ve x1 & f9ally 7#c7 t ! ju/ice we "k is n t :i* he obs]ves1 de/roy ! confid5ce 9 ,god t gives u tranquillity1 & ! love ( ,god t makes our happ9ess4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t su* a ,god f behav+ z a tyrant & an enemy ( hone/ folk1 & f tak+ pleasure 9 t :i* we call evil4 ,:y %\ld he n1 !n1 j z well be ! evil pr9ciple ( ! ,mani*aeans z ! s+le good pr9ciple ( ! or?odox8 ,at lea/ he w\ld be neutral &1 z x 71 susp5d$ betwe5 ! two1 or ev5 sometimes ! "o & sometimes ! o!r4 ,t w\ld be z if someone 7 to say t ,oromasdes & ,arimanius reign 9 turns1 accord+ to :i* ( ! two is ! /rong] or ! m adroit4 ,x is l ! say+ ( a c]ta9 ,moghul woman4 ,%e1 s x seems1 hav+ he>d x said t =m]ly "u ,g5ghis ,khan & 8 successors h] nation _h _h dom9ion ov] mo/ #bch ( ! ,nor? & ,ea/1 told ! ,muscovites rec5tly1 :5 ,m4 ,isbr& w5t to ,*9a on behalf ( ! ,cz>1 ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( ^? ,t>t>s1 t ! god ( ! ,moghuls _h be5 driv5 f ,heav51 b t "o day he w\ld take 8 own place aga94 ,! true ,god is always ! same3 natural religion itself dem&s t he be ess5tially z good & wise z he is p[]ful4 ,x is sc>cely m contr>y to reason & piety to say t ,god acts )\t cognition1 ?an to ma9ta9 t he has cognition :i* does n f9d ! et]nal rules ( goodness & ( ju/ice among its objects1 or aga9 to say t he has a w su* z he$s n ^! rules4 #agh4 ,"s !ologians :o h writt5 ( ,god's "r ov] creatures appe> to h conc$$ to him an unre/rict$ "r1 an arbitr>y & despotic p[]4 ,!y ?\ght t w\ld be plac+ div9ity on ! mo/ exalt$ level t may be imag9$ = x1 & t x w\ld abase ! creature be=e ! ,creator to su* an ext5t t ! ,creator is b\nd by no laws ( any k9d ) respect to ! creature4 ,!re are passages f ,twiss1 ,ru!r=d & "s o!r ,supralaps>ians :i* imply t ,god _c s9 :atev] he may d1 because he is subject to no law4 ,m4 ,bayle himself consid]s t ?is doctr9e is mon/r\s & contr>y to ! hol9ess ( ,god 7,diction>y1 v4 ',paulicians'1 p4 #bccb 9 initio72 b ,i suppose t ! int5tion ( "s ( ^! writ]s 0 less bad ?an x seems to be4 ,app>5tly !y meant by ! t]m "r1 ,greek3 anypeu?ynian1 a /ate :]e9 "o is responsible to none = "o's actions4 ,b !y w n h d5i$ t ,god owes to himself :at goodness & ju/ice dem& ( him4 ,on t matt] "o may see ,m4 ,amyraut's ,apology = ,calv93 x is true t ,calv9 appe>s or?odox on ?is subject1 & t he is by no means "o ( ! extreme ,supralaps>ians4 #agi4 ,?us1 :5 ,m4 ,bayle says some:]e t ,/4 ,paul extricates himself f pr$e/9ation only ?r\gh ! consid]ation ( ,god's absolute "r1 & ! incompreh5sibility ( 8 ways1 x is impli$ t1 if "o und]/ood !m1 "o w\ld f9d !m consi/5t ) ju/ice1 ,god n be+ able to use 8 p[] o!rwise4 ,/4 ,paul himself says t x is a dep?1 b a dep? ( wisdom 7altitudo sapi5tiae71 & ju/ice is includ$ 9 ! goodness ( ! ,all-wise4 ,i f9d t ,m4 ,bayle speaks v well else:]e on ! application ( our notions ( goodness to ! actions ( ,god 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #ha1 p4 #aci73 ',"o mu/ n ass]t "h'1 he says1 't ! goodness ( ! #bci inf9ite ,be+ is n subject to ! same rules z ! goodness ( ! creature4 ,= if !re is 9 ,god an attribute t c be call$ goodness1 ! m>ks ( goodness 9 g5]al mu/ apply to him4 ,n[ :5 we r$uce goodness to ! mo/ g5]al ab/raction1 we f9d !re9 ! w to d good4 ,divide & subdivide into z _m k9ds z y %all please ?is g5]al goodness1 into inf9ite goodness1 f9ite goodness1 k+ly goodness1 goodness ( a fa!r1 goodness ( a husb&1 goodness ( a ma/]1 y w f9d 9 ea*1 z an insep>able attribute1 ! w to d good4' #ahj4 ,i f9d also t ,m4 ,bayle combats admirably ! op9ion ( ^? :o ass]t t goodness & ju/ice dep5d solely ^u ! arbitr>y *oice ( ,god2 :o suppose1 moreov]1 t if ,god _h be5 det]m9$ by ! goodness ( ?+s !mselves to act1 he w\ld be entirely subject$ to necessity 9 8 actions1 a /ate incompatible ) fre$om4 ,t is confus+ metaphysical necessity ) moral necessity4 ,"h is :at ,m4 ,bayle says 9 objection to ?is error 7,reply1 *4 #hi1 p4 #bjc73 ',! consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e w be1 t be=e ,god resolv$ ^u creat+ ! _w he saw no?+ bett] 9 virtue ?an 9 vice1 & t 8 ideas did n %[ him t virtue 0 m wor?y ( 8 love ?an vice4 ,t leaves no di/9ction betwe5 natural "r & positive "r2 !re w no long] be any?+ unalt]able or inevitable 9 morals2 x w h be5 j z possible = ,god to comm& p to be vici\s z to comm& !m to be virtu\s2 & "o w h no c]ta9ty t ! moral laws w n "o day be abrogat$1 z ! c]emonial laws ( ! ,jews 74 ,?is1 9 a ^w1 leads u /raight to ! belief t ,god 0 ! free au?or1 n only ( goodness & ( virtue1 b also ( tru? & ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,t is :at c]ta9 ( ! ,c>tesians ass]t1 & ,i confess t _! op9ion 7see ! ,cont9uation ( ,div]s ,?\ghts on ! ,comet1 p4 #eed7 might be ( "s avail 9 c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,yet x is op5 to dispute = s _m reasons1 & subject to consequ5ces s tr\blesome 7see *apt] #aeb ( ! same ,cont9uation7 t !re are sc>cely any extremes x 7 n bett] to suff] r ?an plunge into t "o4 ,x op5s ! door to ! mo/ exagg]at$ ,pyrrhonism3 = x leads to ! ass]tion t ?is proposition1 ?ree & ?ree make six1 is only true :]e & dur+ ! "t :5 x pleases ,god2 t x is p]haps false 9 "s p>ts ( ! univ]se2 & t p]haps x w be s among m5 9 ! com+ ye>4#bdj ,all t dep5ds on ! free w ( ,god c\ld h be5 limit$ to c]ta9 places & c]ta9 times1 l ! ,judaic c]emonies4 ,?is conclusion w be ext5d$ to all ! laws ( ! ,decalogue1 if ! actions !y comm& are 9 _! nature dive/$ ( all goodness to ! same degree z ! actions !y =bid4' #aha4 ,to say t ,god1 hav+ resolv$ to create man j z he is1 c\ld n b h requir$ ( him piety1 sobriety1 ju/ice & *a/ity1 because x is impossible t ! disord]s capable ( ov]?r[+ or di/urb+ 8 "w c please him1 t is to rev]t 9 effect to ! common op9ion4 ,virtues are virtues only because !y s]ve p]fection or prev5t ! imp]fection ( ^? :o are virtu\s1 or ev5 ( ^? :o h to d ) !m4 ,& !y h t p[] by _! nature & by ! nature ( rational creatures1 be=e ,god decrees to create !m4 ,to hold a diff]5t op9ion w\ld be z if someone 7 to say t ! rules ( proportion & h>mony are arbitr>y ) reg>d to musicians because !y occur 9 music only :5 "o has resolv$ to s+ or to play "s in/rum5t4 ,b t is exactly :at is meant by be+ ess5tial to good music3 = ^? rules belong to x already 9 ! ideal /ate1 ev5 :5 none yet ?9ks ( s++1 s9ce x is kn[n t !y mu/ ( necessity belong to x z soon z "o %all s+4 ,9 ! same way virtues belong to ! ideal /ate ( ! rational creature be=e ,god decrees to create x2 & x is = t v reason we ma9ta9 t virtues are good by _! nature4 #ahb4 ,m4 ,bayle has ins]t$ a special *apt] 9 8 ,cont9uation ( ,div]s ,?\ghts on ! ,comet 7x is *apt] #aeb7 :]e he %[s 't ! ,*ri/ian ,doctors tea* t !re are ?+s :i* are j antec$5tly to ,god's decrees'4 ,"s !ologians ( ! ,augsburg ,confession c5sur$ "s ( ! ,re=m$ :o appe>$ to be ( a diff]5t op9ion2 & ?is error 0 reg>d$ z if x 7 a consequ5ce ( ! absolute decree1 :i* doctr9e seems to exempt ! w ( ,god f any k9d ( reason1 ubi /at pro ratione voluntas4 ,b1 z ,i h obs]v$ already on v>i\s occasions1 ,calv9 himself ackn[l$g$ t ! decrees ( ,god are 9 con=mity ) ju/ice & wisdom1 al?\gh ! reasons t might prove ?is con=mity 9 detail are unkn[n to u4 ,?us1 accord+ to him1 ! rules ( goodness & ( ju/ice are ant]ior to ! decrees ( ,god4 ,m4 ,bayle1 9 ! same place1 quotes a passage f ! celebrat$ ,m4 ,turret9 :i* draws a di/9ction betwe5 natural div9e laws & positive #bda div9e laws4 ,moral laws are ( ! fir/ k9d & c]emonial ( ! second4 ,samuel ,desm>e/s1 a celebrat$ !ologian =m]ly at ,gron+51 & ,h]r ,/r9esius1 :o is /ill at ,frank=t on ! ,od]1 advocat$ ?is same di/9ction2 & ,i ?9k t x is ! op9ion mo/ widely accept$ ev5 among ! ,re=m$4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & all ! ,?omi/s 7 ( ! same op9ion1 ) ! bulk ( ! ,s*oolm5 & ! !ologians ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! ,casui/s also held to t idea3 ,i c\nt ,grotius among ! mo/ em95t ( !m1 & he 0 foll[$ 9 ?is po9t by 8 comm5tators4 ,h]r ,puf5dorf appe>$ to be ( a diff]5t op9ion1 :i* he insi/$ on ma9ta9+ 9 ! face ( c5sure f "s !ologians2 b he ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt1 n hav+ advanc$ f> en\gh 9 subjects ( ?is k9d4 ,he makes a vigor\s prote/ aga9/ ! absolute decree1 9 8 ,fecialis div9us1 & yet he approves :at is wor/ 9 ! op9ions ( ! *ampions ( ?is decree1 & )\t :i* ?is decree 7z o!rs ( ! ,re=m$ expla97 becomes endurable4 ,ari/otle 0 v or?odox on ?is matt] ( ju/ice1 & ! ,s*oolm5 foll[$ him3 !y di/+ui%1 j z ,cic]o & ! ,juri/s d1 betwe5 p]petual "r1 :i* is b9d+ on all & ev]y:]e1 & positive "r1 :i* is only = c]ta9 times & c]ta9 peoples4 ,i once read ) enjoym5t ! ,eu?yphro ( ,plato1 :o makes ,socrates uphold ! tru? on t po9t1 & ,m4 ,bayle has call$ att5tion to ! same passage4 #ahc4 ,m4 ,bayle himself upholds ?is tru? ) consid]able =ce 9 a c]ta9 passage1 :i* x w be well to quote "h 9 its entirety1 long z x is 7vol4 ,,ii ( ! ,cont9uation ( ,div]s ,?\ghts on ! ,comet1 *4 #aeb1 p4 #gga seqq473 ',accord+ to ! tea*+ ( c\ntless writ]s ( importance'1 he says1 '!re is 9 nature & 9 ! ess5ce ( c]ta9 ?+s a moral good or evil t prec$es ! div9e decree4 ,!y prove ?is doctr9e pr9cipally ?r\gh ! frightful consequ5ces t att5d ! opposite dogma4 ,?us f ! proposition t to d wrong to no man w\ld be a good action1 n 9 itself b by an arbitr>y disp5sation ( ,god's w1 x w\ld foll[ t ,god c\ld h giv5 to man a law directly oppos$ at all po9ts to ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue4 ,t is horrify+4 ,b "h is a m direct pro(1 "o d]iv$ f metaphysics4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is n an effect ( 8 w4 ,he exi/s n because he wills 8 exi/5ce1 b ?r\gh ! #bdb necessity ( 8 inf9ite nature4 ,8 p[] & 8 k exi/ ?r\gh ! same necessity4 ,he is all-p[]ful1 he kn[s all ?+s1 n because he wills x ?us1 b because ^! are attributes necess>ily id5tifi$ ) him4 ,! dom9ion ( 8 w relates only to ! ex]cise ( 8 p[]1 he gives effect outside himself only to t :i* he wills1 & he leaves all ! re/ 9 ! /ate ( m]e possibility4 ,!nce x comes t ?is dom9ion ext5ds only ov] ! exi/5ce ( creatures1 & n ov] _! ess5tial be+4 ,god 0 able to create matt]1 a man1 a circle1 or leave !m 9 no?+ness1 b he 0 n able to produce !m )\t giv+ !m _! ess5tial prop]ties4 ,he _h ( necessity to make man a rational animal & to give ! r\nd %ape to a circle1 s9ce1 accord+ to 8 et]nal ideas1 indep5d5t ( ! free decrees ( 8 w1 ! ess5ce ( man lay 9 ! prop]ties ( be+ animal & rational1 & s9ce ! ess5ce ( ! circle lay 9 hav+ a circumf]5ce equally di/ant f ! c5tre z to all its p>ts4 ,?is is :at has caus$ ! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s to ackn[l$ge t ! ess5ces ( ?+s are et]nal1 & t !re are propositions ( et]nal tru?2 consequ5tly t ! ess5ces ( ?+s & ! tru? ( ! fir/ pr9ciples are immutable4 ,t is to be und]/ood n only ( !oretical b also ( practical fir/ pr9ciples1 & ( all ! propositions t conta9 ! true def9ition ( creatures4 ,^! ess5ces & ^! tru?s emanate f ! same necessity ( nature z ! k ( ,god4 ,s9ce !re=e x is by ! nature ( ?+s t ,god exi/s1 t he is all-p[]ful1 & t he has p]fect k ( all ?+s1 x is also by ! nature ( ?+s t matt]1 ! triangle1 man & c]ta9 actions ( man1 etc41 h su* & su* prop]ties ess5tially4 ,god saw f all et]nity & 9 all necessity ! ess5tial relations ( numb]s1 & ! id5tity ( ! subject & pr$icate 9 ! propositions t conta9 ! ess5ce ( ea* ?+4 ,he saw likewise t ! t]m j is includ$ 9 ^! propositions3 to e/eem :at is e/imable1 be grateful to "o's b5efactor1 fulfil ! conditions ( a contract1 & s on1 ) _m o!rs relat+ to morals4 ,"o is !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! precepts ( natural law assume ! reasonabl5ess & ju/ice ( t :i* is enjo9$1 & t x w\ld be man's duty to practise :at !y conta9 ev5 ?\gh ,god %\ld h be5 s indulg5t z to orda9 no?+ 9 t respect4 ,pray obs]ve t 9 go+ back ) our vision>y ?\ghts to t ideal mom5t :5 ,god has yet decre$ no?+1 we f9d 9 ! #bdc ideas ( ,god ! pr9ciples ( morals "u t]ms t imply an obligation4 ,we und]/& ^! maxims z c]ta91 & d]iv$ f ! et]nal & immutable ord]3 x beseems ! rational creature to con=m to reason2 a rational creature con=m+ to reason is to be comm5d$1 b n con=m+ !reto is blamewor?y4 ,y w\ld n d>e to d5y t ^! tru?s impose ^u man a duty 9 relation to all acts :i* are 9 con=mity ) /rict reason1 su* z ^!3 "o mu/ e/eem all t is e/imable2 r5d] good = good2 d wrong to no man2 hon\r "o's fa!r2 r5d] to e man t :i* is 8 due1 etc4 ,n[ s9ce by ! v nature ( ?+s1 & be=e ! div9e laws1 ! tru?s ( morality impose ^u man c]ta9 duties1 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,grotius 7 ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t if !re 7 no ,god we %\ld nev]!less be oblig$ to con=m to natural law4 ,o!rs h said t ev5 suppos+ all rational be+s 9 exi/5ce 7 to p]i%1 true propositions w\ld rema9 true4 ,cajetan ma9ta9$ t if he rema9$ alone 9 ! univ]se1 all o!r ?+s )\t any exception hav+ be5 de/roy$1 ! k t he _h ( ! nature ( a rose w\ld nev]!less subsi/4' #ahd4 ,! late ,jacob ,?omasius1 a celebrat$ ,pr(essor at ,leipzig1 made ! apt obs]vation 9 8 elucidations ( ! philosophic rules ( ,daniel ,/ahl1 a ,j5a pr(essor1 t x is n advisable to g altoge!r beyond ,god1 & t "o mu/ n say1 ) "s ,scoti/s1 t ! et]nal v]ities w\ld exi/ ev5 ?\gh !re 7 no und]/&+1 n ev5 t ( ,god4 ,= x is1 9 my judgem5t1 ! div9e und]/&+ :i* gives reality to ! et]nal v]ities1 albeit ,god's w h no "p !re94 ,all reality mu/ be f\nd$ on some?+ exi/5t4 ,x is true t an a!i/ may be a geometrician3 b if !re 7 no ,god1 geometry w\ld h no object4 ,& )\t ,god1 n only w\ld !re be no?+ exi/5t1 b !re w\ld be no?+ possible4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n h9d] ^? :o d n see ! connexion ( all ?+s "o ) ano!r & ) ,god f be+ able to und]/& c]ta9 sci5ces1 )\t kn[+ _! fir/ s\rce1 :i* is 9 ,god4 ,ari/otle1 al?\gh he also sc>cely knew t s\rce1 nev]!less said some?+ ( ! same k9d :i* 0 v apposite4 ,he ackn[l$g$ t ! pr9ciples ( individual =ms ( k dep5d on a sup]ior k :i* gives ! reason = !m2 & ?is sup]ior k mu/ h be+1 & consequ5tly ,god1 !#bdd s\rce ( be+1 = its object4 ,h]r ,drei] ( ,knigsb]g has aptly obs]v$ t ! true metaphysics :i* ,ari/otle s\ght1 & :i* he call$ ,greek3 tn zt\m5n1 8 desid]atum1 0 !ology4 #ahe4 ,yet ! same ,m4 ,bayle1 :o says s mu* t is admirable 9 ord] to prove t ! rules ( goodness & ju/ice1 & ! et]nal v]ities 9 g5]al1 exi/ by _! nature1 & n by an arbitr>y *oice ( ,god1 has spok5 v hesitat+ly ab\t !m 9 ano!r passage 7,cont9uation ( ,div]s ,?\ghts on ! ,comet1 vol4 ,,ii1 *4 #aad1 t[>ds ! end74 ,aft] hav+ giv5 an acc\nt ( ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,desc>tes & a section ( 8 foll[]s1 :o ma9ta9 t ,god is ! free cause ( tru?s & ( ess5ces1 he adds 7p4 #eed73 ',i h done all t ,i c\ld to ga9 true und]/&+ ( ?is dogma & to f9d ! solution ( ! difficulties surr\nd+ x4 ,i confess to y q simply t ,i /ill _c prop]ly fa?om x4 ,t does n disc\rage me2 ,i suppose1 z o!r philosoph]s 9 o!r cases h suppos$1 t "t w unfold ! mean+ ( ?is noble p>adox4 ,i wi% t ,fa!r ,malebran*e _h ?\ght fit to def5d x1 b he took o!r measures4' ,is x possible t ! enjoym5t ( d\bt c h su* influ5ce ^u a gift$ man z to make him wi% & hope = ! p[] to believe t two contradictories nev] exi/ toge!r = ! sole reason t ,god =bade !m to1 &1 moreov]1 t ,god c\ld h issu$ !m an ord] to ensure t !y always walk$ toge!r8 ,!re is inde$ a noble p>adox6 ,fa!r ,malebran*e %[$ great wisdom 9 tak+ o!r measures4 #ahf4 ,i _c ev5 imag9e t ,m4 ,desc>tes c h be5 q s]i\sly ( ?is op9ion1 al?\gh he _h adh]5ts :o f\nd ?is easy to believe1 & w\ld 9 all simplicity foll[ him :]e he only made pret5ce to g4 ,x 0 app>5tly "o ( 8 tricks1 "o ( 8 philosophic fe9ts3 he prep>$ = himself "s loophole1 z :5 = in/ance he discov]$ a trick = d5y+ ! movem5t ( ! e>?1 :ile he 0 a ,cop]nican 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,i suspect t he _h 9 m9d "h ano!r extraord9>y mann] ( speak+1 ( 8 own inv5tion1 :i* 0 to say t affirmations & negations1 & acts ( inn] judgem5t 9 g5]al1 are op]ations ( ! w4 ,?r\gh ?is artifice ! et]nal v]ities1 :i* until ! "t ( ,desc>tes _h be5 nam$ an object ( ! div9e und]/&+1 sudd5ly became an object ( ,god's w4 ,n[ ! acts ( 8 w are free1 !re=e ,god is ! free cause ( ! v]ities4 ,t #bde is ! outcome ( ! matt]4 ,spectatum admissi4 ,a slight *ange 9 ! mean+ ( t]ms has caus$ all ?is commotion4 ,b if ! affirmations ( necess>y tru?s 7 actions ( ! w ( ! mo/ p]fect m9d1 ^! actions w\ld be any?+ b free1 = !re is no?+ to *oose4 ,x seems t ,m4 ,desc>tes did n decl>e himself suffici5tly on ! nature ( fre$om1 & t 8 conception ( x 0 some:at unusual3 = he ext5d$ x s f> t he ev5 held ! affirmations ( necess>y tru?s to be free 9 ,god4 ,t 0 pres]v+ only ! "n ( fre$om4 #ahg4 ,m4 ,bayle1 :o ) o!rs conceives ?is to be a fre$om ( indiff]5ce1 t ,god _h _h to e/abli% 7= in/ance7 ! tru?s ( numb]s1 & to orda9 t ?ree times ?ree made n9e1 :]eas he c\ld h comm&$ !m to make t51 imag9es 9 ?is /range op9ion1 suppos+ x 7 possible to def5d x1 "s k9d ( advantage ga9$ aga9/ ! ,/ratoni/s4 ,/rato 0 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ari/otle1 & ! successor ( ,!ophra/us2 he ma9ta9$ 7accord+ to ,cic]o's acc\nt7 t ?is _w _h be5 =m$ su* z x is by ,nature or by a necess>y cause devoid ( cognition4 ,i admit t t might be s1 if ,god _h s pre=m$ matt] z to cause su* an effect by ! laws ( motion alone4 ,b )\t ,god !re w\ld n ev5 h be5 any reason = exi/5ce1 & /ill less = any p>ticul> exi/5ce ( ?+s3 ?us ,/rato's sy/em is n to be fe>$4 #ahh4 ,nev]!less ,m4 ,bayle is 9 difficulties ov] ?is3 he w n admit pla/ic natures devoid ( cognition1 :i* ,mr4 ,cudwor? & o!rs _h introduc$1 = fe> t ! mod]n ,/ratoni/s1 t is1 ! ,sp9ozi/s1 take advantage ( x4 ,?is has involv$ him 9 disputes ) ,m4 le ,cl]c4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is error1 t a non-intellig5t cause c produce no?+ :]e contrivance appe>s1 he is f> f conc$+ to me t pre=mation :i* produces naturally ! organs ( animals1 & ! sy/em ( a h>mony pre-e/abli%$ by ,god 9 bodies1 to make !m respond 9 accordance ) _! own laws to ! ?\ghts & ! wills ( s\ls4 ,b x ought to h be5 tak5 into acc\nt t ?is non-intellig5t cause1 :i* produces su* beautiful ?+s 9 ! gra9s & se$s ( plants & animals1 & effects ! actions ( bodies z ! w orda9s !m1 0 =m$ by ! h& ( ,god3 & ,god is inf9itely m skilful ?an a wat*mak]1 :o himself makes ma*9es & automata t are #bdf capable ( produc+ z wond]ful effects z if !y possess$ intellig5ce4 #ahi4 ,n[ to come to ,m4 ,bayle's appreh5sions conc]n+ ! ,/ratoni/s1 9 case "o %\ld admit tru?s t are n dep5d5t ^u ! w ( ,god3 he seems to fe> le/ !y may take advantage aga9/ u ( ! p]fect regul>ity ( ! et]nal v]ities4 ,s9ce ?is regul>ity spr+s only f ! nature & necessity ( ?+s1 )\t be+ direct$ by any cognition1 ,m4 ,bayle fe>s t "o might ) ,/rato !nce inf] t ! _w also c\ld h become regul> ?r\gh a bl9d necessity4 ,b x is easy to answ] t4 ,9 ! region ( ! et]nal v]ities are f\nd all ! possibles1 & consequ5tly ! regul> z well z ! irregul>3 !re mu/ be a reason acc\nt+ = ! pref]5ce = ord] & regul>ity1 & ?is reason c only be f\nd 9 und]/&+4 ,moreov] ^! v tru?s c h no exi/5ce )\t an und]/&+ to take cognizance ( !m2 = !y w\ld n exi/ if !re 7 no div9e und]/&+ :]e9 !y are realiz$1 s to speak4 ,h5ce ,/rato does n atta9 8 end1 :i* is to exclude cognition f t :i* ent]s into ! orig9 ( ?+s4 #aij4 ,! difficulty t ,m4 ,bayle has imag9$ 9 connexion ) ,/rato seems a little too subtle & f>-fet*$4 ,t is t]m$3 tim]e1 ubi non e/ timor4 ,he makes ano!r difficulty1 :i* has j z slight a f\ndation1 namely1 t ,god w\ld be subject$ to a k9d ( fatum4 ,"h are 8 words 7p4 #eee73 ',if !y are propositions ( et]nal tru?1 :i* are su* by _! nature & n by ,god's in/itution1 if !y are n true by a free decree ( 8 w1 b if on ! contr>y he has recogniz$ !m z true ( necessity1 because su* 0 _! nature1 !re is a k9d ( fatum to :i* he is subject$2 !re is an absolutely insurm\ntable natural necessity4 ,!nce comes also ! result t ! div9e und]/&+ 9 ! inf9ity ( its ideas has always & at ! outset hit ^u _! p]fect con=mity ) _! objects1 )\t ! guidance ( any cognition2 = x w\ld be a contradiction to say t any exempl>y cause _h s]v$ z a plan = ! acts ( ,god's und]/&+4 ,"o w\ld nev] t way f9d et]nal ideas or any fir/ intellig5ce4 ,"o mu/ say1 !n1 t a nature :i* exi/s ( necessity always f9ds its way1 )\t any ne$ = x to be %[n4 ,h[ !n %all we ov]come ! ob/9acy ( a ,/ratoni/8' #aia4 ,b aga9 x is easy to answ]4 ,?is s-call$ fatum1 :i* #bdg b9ds ev5 ! ,div9ity1 is no?+ b ,god's own nature1 8 own und]/&+1 :i* furni%es ! rules = 8 wisdom & 8 goodness2 x is a happy necessity1 )\t :i* he w\ld be nei!r good nor wise4 ,is x to be desir$ t ,god %\ld n be b\nd to be p]fect & happy8 ,is our condition1 :i* r5d]s u liable to fail1 wor? envy+8 ,& %\ld we n be well pleas$ to ex*ange x = s9lessness1 if t dep5d$ ^u u8 ,"o mu/ be inde$ we>y ( life to desire ! fre$om to de/roy oneself & to pity ! ,div9ity = n hav+ t fre$om4 ,m4 ,bayle himself reasons ?us else:]e aga9/ ^? :o laud to ! skies an extravagant fre$om :i* !y assume 9 ! w1 :5 !y w\ld make ! w indep5d5t ( reason4 #aib4 ,moreov]1 ,m4 ,bayle wond]s 't ! div9e und]/&+ 9 ! inf9ity ( its ideas always & at ! outset hits ^u _! p]fect con=mity ) _! objects1 )\t ! guidance ( any cognition'4 ,?is objection is null & void4 ,e di/9ct idea is1 ?r\gh its di/9ctness1 9 con=mity ) its object1 & 9 ,god !re are di/9ct ideas only4 ,at fir/1 moreov]1 ! object exi/s n[h]e2 b :5 x comes into exi/5ce1 x w be =m$ accord+ to ?is idea4 ,besides1 ,m4 ,bayle kn[s v well t ! div9e und]/&+ has no ne$ ( "t = see+ ! connexion ( ?+s4 ,all tra9s ( reason+ are 9 ,god 9 a transc5d5t =m1 & !y pres]ve an ord] among/ !m 9 8 und]/&+1 z well z 9 ours3 b ) him x is only an ord] & a priority ( nature1 :]eas ) u !re is a priority ( "t4 ,x is !re=e n to be wond]$ at t he :o p5etrates all ?+s at "o /roke %\ld always /rike true at ! outset2 & x mu/ n be said t he succe$s )\t ! guidance ( any cognition4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is because 8 k is p]fect t 8 volunt>y actions are also p]fect4 #aic4 ,up to n[ ,i h %[n t ! ,w ( ,god is n indep5d5t ( ! rules ( ,wisdom1 al?\gh inde$ x is a matt] = surprise t "o %\ld h be5 con/ra9$ to argue ab\t x1 & to d battle = a tru? s great & s well e/abli%$4 ,b x is h>dly less surpris+ t !re %\ld be p :o believe t ,god only half obs]ves ^! rules1 & does n *oose ! be/1 al?\gh 8 wisdom causes him to recognize x2 &1 9 a ^w1 t !re %\ld be writ]s :o hold t ,god c\ld h done bett]4 ,t is m or less ! error ( ! fam\s ,alfonso1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 :o 0 elect$ ,k+ ( ! ,romans by #bdh c]ta9 ,electors1 & orig9at$ ! a/ronomical tables t be> 8 "n4 ,?is pr9ce is report$ to h said t if ,god 9 mak+ ! _w _h consult$ him he w\ld h giv5 ,god good advice4 ,app>5tly ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 :i* prevail$ at t "t1 0 displeas+ to him4 ,he believ$ !re=e t some?+ bett] plann$ c\ld h be5 made1 & he 0 "r4 ,b if he _h kn[n ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 ) ! discov]ies ( ,kepl]1 n[ ext5d$ by k ( ! gravity ( ! planets1 he w\ld inde$ h confess$ t ! contrivance ( ! true sy/em is m>vell\s4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t "h ! "q conc]n$ ! m or less only2 ,alfonso ma9ta9$ t bett] c\ld h be5 done1 & 8 op9ion 0 c5sur$ by ev]yone4 #aid4 ,yet philosoph]s & !ologians d>e to support dogmatically su* a belief2 & ,i h _m times wond]$ t gift$ & pi\s p]sons %\ld h be5 capable ( sett+ b\nds to ! goodness & ! p]fection ( ,god4 ,= to ass]t t he kn[s :at is be/1 t he c d x & t he does x n1 is to av[ t x re/$ ) 8 w only to make ! _w bett] ?an x is2 b t is :at "o calls lack+ goodness4 ,x is act+ aga9/ t axiom already quot$3 ,m9us bonum habet rationem mali4 ,if "s adduce exp]i5ce to prove t ,god c\ld h done bett]1 !y set !mselves up z ridicul\s critics ( 8 works4 ,to su* w be giv5 ! answ] giv5 to all ^? :o criticize ,god's c\rse ( action1 & :o f ?is same assumption1 t is1 ! alleg$ defects ( ! _w1 w\ld inf] t !re is an evil ,god1 or at lea/ a ,god neutral betwe5 good & evil4 ,& if we hold ! same op9ion z ,k+ ,alfonso1 we %all1 ,i say1 receive ?is answ]3 ,y h kn[n ! _w only s9ce ! day be=e ye/]day1 y see sc>ce f>!r ?an y\r nose1 & y c>p at ! _w4 ,wait until y "k m ( ! _w & consid] !re9 especially ! p>ts :i* pres5t a complete :ole 7z d organic bodies72 & y w f9d !re a contrivance & a beauty transc5d+ all imag9ation4 ,let u !nce draw conclusions z to ! wisdom & ! goodness ( ! au?or ( ?+s1 ev5 9 ?+s t we "k n4 ,we f9d 9 ! univ]se "s ?+s :i* are n pleas+ to u2 b let u be aw>e t x is n made = u alone4 ,x is nev]!less made = u if we are wise3 x w s]ve u if we use x = our s]vice2 we %all be happy 9 x if we wi% to be4 #bdi #aie4 ,someone w say t x is impossible to produce ! be/1 because !re is no p]fect creature1 & t x is always possible to produce "o :i* w\ld be m p]fect4 ,i answ] t :at c be said ( a creature or ( a p>ticul> sub/ance1 :i* c always be surpass$ by ano!r1 is n to be appli$ to ! univ]se1 :i*1 s9ce x mu/ ext5d ?r\gh all future et]nity1 is an inf9ity4 ,moreov]1 !re is an inf9ite numb] ( creatures 9 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt]1 because ( ! actual division ( ! cont9uum to inf9ity4 ,& inf9ity1 t is to say1 ! accumulation ( an inf9ite numb] ( sub/ances1 is1 prop]ly speak+1 n a :ole any m ?an ! inf9ite numb] itself1 :]e( "o _c say :e!r x is ev5 or unev54 ,t is j :at s]ves to confute ^? :o make ( ! _w a ,god1 or :o ?9k ( ,god z ! ,s\l ( ! _w2 = ! _w or ! univ]se _c be reg>d$ z an animal or z a sub/ance4 #aif4 ,x is !re=e n a "q ( a creature1 b ( ! univ]se2 & ! adv]s>y w be oblig$ to ma9ta9 t "o possible univ]se may be bett] ?an ! o!r1 to inf9ity2 b !re he w\ld be mi/ak51 & x is t :i* he _c prove4 ,if ?is op9ion 7 true1 x w\ld foll[ t ,god _h n produc$ any univ]se at all3 = he is incapable ( act+ )\t reason1 & t w\ld be ev5 act+ aga9/ reason4 ,x is z if "o 7 to suppose t ,god _h decre$ to make a mat]ial sph]e1 ) no reason = mak+ x ( any p>ticul> size4 ,?is decree w\ld be useless1 x w\ld c>ry ) x t :i* w\ld prev5t its effect4 ,x w\ld be q ano!r matt] if ,god decre$ to draw f a giv5 po9t "o /raight l9e to ano!r giv5 /raight l9e1 )\t any det]m9ation ( ! angle1 ei!r 9 ! decree or 9 its circum/ances4 ,= 9 ?is case ! det]m9ation w\ld spr+ f ! nature ( ! ?+1 ! l9e w\ld be p]p5dicul>1 & ! angle w\ld be "r1 s9ce t is all t is det]m9$ & di/+ui%able4 ,x is ?us "o mu/ ?9k ( ! creation ( ! be/ ( all possible univ]ses1 all ! m s9ce ,god n only decrees to create a univ]se1 b decrees also to create ! be/ ( all4 ,= ,god decrees no?+ )\t k1 & he makes no sep>ate decrees1 :i* w\ld be no?+ b antec$5t acts ( w3 & ^! we h suffici5tly expla9$1 di/+ui%+ !m f g5u9e decrees4 #aig4 ,m4 ,diroys1 :om ,i knew 9 ,rome1 !ologian to ,c>d9al d',e/res1 wrote a book entitl$ ,pro(s & ,assumptions 9 ,fav\r ( ! #bej ,*ri/ian ,religion1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #afhc4 ,m4 ,bayle 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #afe1 p4 #ajeh7 rec\nts ?is objection br\ght up by ,m4 ,diroys3 ',!re is "o m difficulty'1 he says1 ':i* x is no less important to meet ?an ^? giv5 e>li]1 s9ce x causes m tr\ble to ^? :o judge goods & evils by consid]ations f\nd$ on ! pure/ & mo/ l(ty maxims4 ,?is is t ,god be+ ! supreme wisdom & goodness1 x seems to !m t he ought to d all ?+s z wise & virtu\s p]sons w\ld wi% !m to be done1 foll[+ ! rules ( wisdom & ( goodness :i* ,god has impr9t$ 9 !m1 & z !y w\ld be oblig$ !mselves to d ^! ?+s if !y dep5d$ ^u !m4 ,?us1 see+ t ! affairs ( ! _w d n g s well z1 9 _! op9ion1 !y might g1 & z !y w\ld g if !y int]f]$ !mselves1 !y conclude t ,god1 :o is inf9itely bett] & wis] ?an !y1 or r wisdom & goodness itself1 does n conc]n himself ) ^! affairs4' #aih4 ,m4 ,diroys makes "s apt rem>ks conc]n+ ?is1 :i* ,i w n repeat1 s9ce ,i h suffici5tly answ]$ ! objection 9 m ?an "o passage1 & t has be5 ! *ief end ( all my disc\rse4 ,b he makes "o ass]tion ) :i* ,i _c agree4 ,he claims t ! objection proves too mu*4 ,"o mu/ aga9 quote 8 own words ) ,m4 ,bayle1 p4 #ajei3 ',if x does n behove ! supreme ,wisdom & ,goodness to fail to d :at is be/ & mo/ p]fect1 x foll[s t all ,be+s are et]nally1 immutably & ess5tially z p]fect & z good z !y c be1 s9ce no?+ c *ange except by pass+ ei!r f a /ate less good to a bett]1 or f a bett] to a less good4 ,n[ t _c happ5 if x does n behove ,god to fail to d t :i* is be/ & mo/ p]fect1 :5 he c d x4 ,x w !re=e be necess>y t all be+s be et]nally & ess5tially fill$ ) a k & a virtue z p]fect z ,god c give !m4 ,n[ all t :i* is et]nally & ess5tially z p]fect z ,god c make x proce$s ess5tially f him2 9 a ^w1 is et]nally & ess5tially good z he is1 & consequ5tly x is ,god1 z he is4 ,t is ! be>+ ( ?is maxim1 t x is repugnant to supreme ju/ice & goodness n to make ?+s z good & p]fect z !y c be4 ,= x is ess5tial to ess5tial wisdom & goodness to bani% all t is repugnant to x altoge!r4 ,"o mu/ !re=e ass]t z a prim>y tru? conc]n+ ! conduct ( ,god 9 relation to creatures t !re is no?+ repugnant to ?is goodness & ?is wisdom 9 mak+ ?+s less p]fect ?an #bea !y c\ld be1 or 9 p]mitt+ ! goods t x has produc$ ei!r completely to cease to be or to *ange & det]iorate4 ,= x causes no (f5ce to ,god t !re %\ld be o!r ,be+s ?an he1 t is be+s :o c be n :at !y are1 & d n :at !y d or d :at !y d n4' #aii4 ,m4 ,bayle calls ?is answ] paltry1 b ,i f9d 8 c\nt]-objection involv$4 ,m4 ,bayle w h ^? :o are = ! two pr9ciples to take _! /& *iefly on ! assumption ( ! supreme fre$om ( ,god3 = if he 7 compell$ to produce all t :i* he c1 he w\ld produce also s9s & sorr[s4 ,?us ! ,duali/s c\ld f ! exi/5ce ( evil conclude no?+ contr>y to ! on5ess ( ! pr9ciple1 if ?is pr9ciple 7 z mu* incl9$ to evil z to good4 ,!re ,m4 ,bayle c>ries ! notion ( fre$om too f>3 = ev5 ?\gh ,god be supremely free1 x does n foll[ t he ma9ta9s an indiff]5ce ( equipoise3 & ev5 ?\gh he be incl9$ to act1 x does n foll[ t he is compell$ by ?is incl9ation to produce all t :i* he c4 ,he w produce only t :i* he wills1 = 8 incl9ation prompts him to good4 ,i admit ! supreme fre$om ( ,god1 b ,i d n confuse x ) indiff]5ce ( equipoise1 z if he c\ld act )\t reason4 ,m4 ,diroys !re=e imag9es t ! ,duali/s1 9 _! insi/5ce t ! s+le good pr9ciple produce no evil1 ask too mu*2 = by ! same reason1 accord+ to ,m4 ,diroys1 !y ought also to ask t he %\ld produce ! greate/ good1 ! less good be+ a k9d ( evil4 ,i hold t ! ,duali/s are wrong 9 respect ( ! fir/ po9t1 & t !y w\ld be "r 9 respect ( ! second1 :]e ,m4 ,diroys blames !m )\t cause2 or r t "o c reconcile ! evil1 or ! less good1 9 "s p>ts ) ! be/ 9 ! :ole4 ,if ! ,duali/s dem&$ t ,god %\ld d ! be/1 !y w\ld n be dem&+ too mu*4 ,!y are mi/ak5 r 9 claim+ t ! be/ 9 ! :ole %\ld be free f evil 9 ! p>ts1 & t !re=e :at ,god has made is n ! be/4 #bjj4 ,b ,m4 ,diroys ma9ta9s t if ,god always produces ! be/ he w produce o!r ,gods2 o!rwise ea* sub/ance t he produc$ w\ld n be ! be/ nor ! mo/ p]fect4 ,b he is mi/ak51 ?r\gh n tak+ into acc\nt ! ord] & connexion ( ?+s4 ,if ea* sub/ance tak5 sep>ately 7 p]fect1 all w\ld be alike2 :i* is nei!r fitt+ nor possible4 ,if !y 7 ,gods1 x w\ld n h be5 possible to #beb produce !m4 ,! be/ sy/em ( ?+s w !re=e n conta9 ,gods2 x w always be a sy/em ( bodies 7t is1 ?+s arrang$ accord+ to "t & place7 & ( s\ls :i* repres5t & are aw>e ( bodies1 & 9 accordance ) :i* bodies are 9 great measure direct$4 ,s1 z ! design ( a build+ may be ! be/ ( all 9 respect ( its purpose1 ( exp5se & ( circum/ances2 & z an arrangem5t ( "s figur$ repres5tations ( bodies :i* is giv5 to y may be ! be/ t "o c f9d1 x is easy to imag9e likewise t a /ructure ( ! univ]se may be ! be/ ( all1 )\t becom+ a god4 ,! connexion & ord] ( ?+s br+s x ab\t t ! body ( e animal & ( e plant is compos$ ( o!r animals & ( o!r plants1 or ( o!r liv+ & organic be+s2 consequ5tly !re is subord9ation1 & "o body1 "o sub/ance s]ves ! o!r3 ?us _! p]fection _c be equal4 #bja4 ,m4 ,bayle ?9ks 7p4 #ajfc7 t ,m4 ,diroys has confus$ two diff]5t propositions4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 ,god mu/ d all ?+s z wise & virtu\s p]sons w\ld wi% t !y %\ld be done1 by ! rules ( wisdom & ( goodness t ,god has impr9t$ 9 !m1 & z !y w\ld be oblig$ !mselves to d !m if ^? ?+s dep5d$ ^u !m4 ,! o!r is t x is n consi/5t ) supreme wisdom & goodness to fail to d :at is be/ & mo/ p]fect4 ,m4 ,diroys 79 ,m4 ,bayle's op9ion7 sets up ! fir/ proposition z an objection = himself1 & replies to ! second4 ,b !re9 he is ju/ifi$1 z x seems to me4 ,= ^! two propositions are connect$1 ! second is a result ( ! fir/3 to d less good ?an "o c\ld is to be lack+ 9 wisdom or 9 goodness4 ,to be ! be/1 & to be desir$ by ^? :o are mo/ virtu\s & wise1 comes to ! same ?+4 ,& x may be said t1 if we c\ld und]/& ! /ructure & ! economy ( ! univ]se1 we %\ld f9d t x is made & direct$ z ! wise/ & mo/ virtu\s c\ld wi% x1 s9ce ,god _c fail to d ?us4 ,?is necessity nev]!less is only ( a moral nature3 & ,i admit t if ,god 7 =c$ by a metaphysical necessity to produce t :i* he makes1 he w\ld produce all ! possibles1 or no?+2 & 9 ?is s5se ,m4 ,bayle's conclusion w\ld be fully correct4 ,b z all ! possibles are n compatible toge!r 9 "o & ! same _w-sequ5ce1 = t v reason all ! possibles _c be produc$1 & x mu/ be said t ,god is n =c$1 metaphysically speak+1 #bec into ! creation ( ?is _w4 ,"o may say t z soon z ,god has decre$ to create some?+ !re is a /ruggle betwe5 all ! possibles1 all ( !m lay+ claim to exi/5ce1 & t ^? :i*1 be+ unit$1 produce mo/ reality1 mo/ p]fection1 mo/ significance c>ry ! day4 ,x is true t all ?is /ruggle c only be ideal1 t is to say1 x c only be a conflict ( reasons 9 ! mo/ p]fect und]/&+1 :i* _c fail to act 9 ! mo/ p]fect way1 & consequ5tly to *oose ! be/4 ,yet ,god is b\nd by a moral necessity1 to make ?+s 9 su* a mann] t !re c be no?+ bett]3 o!rwise n only w\ld o!rs h cause to criticize :at he makes1 b1 m ?an t1 he w\ld n himself be satisfi$ ) 8 "w1 he w\ld blame himself = its imp]fection2 & t conflicts ) ! supreme felicity ( ! div9e nature4 ,?is p]petual s5se ( 8 own fault or imp]fection w\ld be to him an inevitable s\rce ( grief1 z ,m4 ,bayle says on ano!r occasion 7p4#iec74 #bjb4 ,m4 ,diroys' argum5t conta9s a false assumption1 9 8 /atem5t t no?+ c *ange except by pass+ f a /ate less good to a bett] or f a bett] to a less good2 & t ?us1 if ,god makes ! be/1 :at he has produc$ _c be *ang$3 x w\ld be an et]nal sub/ance1 a god4 ,b ,i d n see :y a ?+ _c *ange its k9d 9 relation to good or evil1 )\t *ang+ its degree4 ,9 ! transition f enjoym5t ( music to enjoym5t ( pa9t+1 or vice v]sa f ! pleasure ( ! eyes to t ( ! e>s1 ! degree ( enjoym5t may rema9 ! same1 ! latt] ga9+ no advantage ov] ! =m] save t ( novelty4 ,if ! quadrature ( ! circle %\ld come to pass or 7:at is ! same ?+7 ! circulature ( ! squ>e1 t is1 if ! circle 7 *ang$ into a squ>e ( ! same size1 or ! squ>e into a circle1 x w\ld be difficult to say1 on ! :ole1 )\t hav+ reg>d to "s special use1 :e!r "o w\ld h ga9$ or lo/4 ,?us ! be/ may be *ang$ into ano!r :i* nei!r yields to x nor surpasses x3 b !re w always be an ord] among !m1 & t ! be/ ord] possible4 ,tak+ ! :ole sequ5ce ( ?+s1 ! be/ has no equal2 b "o "p ( ! sequ5ce may be equall$ by ano!r "p ( ! same sequ5ce4 ,besides x might be said t ! :ole sequ5ce ( ?+s to inf9ity may be ! be/ possible1 al?\gh :at exi/s all ?r\gh ! univ]se 9 ea* portion ( "t be n ! be/4 ,x might be !re=e t ! univ]se became ev5 #bed bett] & bett]1 if ! nature ( ?+s 7 su* t x 0 n p]mitt$ to atta9 to ! be/ all at once4 ,b ^! are problems ( :i* x is h>d = u to judge4 #bjc4 ,m4 ,bayle says 7p4 #ajfd7 t ! "q :e!r ,god c\ld h made ?+s m p]fect ?an he made !m is also v difficult1 & t ! reasons = & aga9/ are v /rong4 ,b x is1 s x seems to me1 z if "o 7 to "q :e!r ,god's actions are consi/5t ) ! mo/ p]fect wisdom & ! greate/ goodness4 ,x is a v /range ?+1 t by *ang+ ! t]ms a little "o ?r[s d\bt ^u :at is1 if prop]ly und]/ood1 z cle> z any?+ c be4 ,! reasons to ! contr>y h no =ce1 be+ f\nd$ only on ! semblance ( defects2 & ,m4 ,bayle's objection1 :i* t5ds to prove t ! law ( ! be/ w\ld impose ^u ,god a true metaphysical necessity1 is only an illusion t spr+s f ! misuse ( t]ms4 ,m4 ,bayle =m]ly held a diff]5t op9ion1 :5 he comm5d$ t ( ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 :i* 0 ak9 to m9e on ?is subject4 ,b ,m4 ,arnauld hav+ writt5 9 opposition to ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 ,m4 ,bayle alt]$ 8 op9ion2 & ,i suppose t 8 t5d5cy t[>ds d\bt1 :i* increas$ 9 him ) ! ye>s1 0 conducive to t result4 ,m4 ,arnauld 0 d\btless a great man1 & 8 au?ority has great weight3 he made sundry good obs]vations 9 8 writ+s aga9/ ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 b he 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 conte/+ ^? ( 8 /atem5ts t 7 ak9 to m9e on ! rule ( ! be/4 #bjd4 ,! excell5t au?or ( ,! ,se>* = ,tru?1 hav+ pass$ f philosophy to !ology1 publi%$ f9ally an admirable treatise on ,nature & ,grace4 ,"h he %[$ 9 8 way 7z ,m4 ,bayle expla9$ 9 8 ,div]s ,?\ghts on ! ,comet1 *4 #bcd7 t ! ev5ts :i* spr+ f ! en=cem5t ( g5]al laws are n ! object ( a p>ticul> w ( ,god4 ,x is true t :5 "o wills a ?+ "o wills also 9 a s5se ev]y?+ t is necess>ily atta*$ to x1 & 9 consequ5ce ,god _c w g5]al laws )\t also will+ 9 a s5se all ! p>ticul> effects t mu/ ( necessity be d]iv$ f !m4 ,b x is always true t ^! p>ticul> ev5ts are n will$ = _! own sake1 & t is :at is meant by ! expression t !y are n will$ by a p>ticul> & direct w4 ,!re is no d\bt t :5 ,god resolv$ to act outside himself1 he made *oice ( a mann] ( action :i* %\ld be wor?y #bee ( ! supremely p]fect ,be+1 t is1 :i* %\ld be inf9itely simple & uni=m1 b yet ( an inf9ite productivity4 ,"o may ev5 suppose t ?is mann] ( action by g5]al acts ( w appe>$ to him pref]able--al?\gh !re mu/ !nce result "s sup]flu\s ev5ts 7& ev5 bad if !y are tak5 sep>ately1 t is my own addition7--to ano!r mann] m compos$ & m regul>2 su* is ,fa!r ,malebran*e's op9ion4 ,no?+ is m appropriate ?an ?is assumption 7accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,bayle1 :5 he wrote 8 ,div]s ,?\ghts on ! ,comet7 to solve a ?\s& difficulties :i* are br\ght up aga9/ div9e provid5ce3 ',to ask ,god'1 he says1 ':y he has made ?+s :i* s]ve to r5d] m5 m wick$1 t w\ld be to ask :y ,god has c>ri$ out 8 plan 7:i* c only be ( inf9ite beauty7 by ! simple/ & mo/ uni=m me?ods1 & :y1 by a complexity ( decrees t w\ld unceas+ly cut across "o ano!r1 he has n prev5t$ ! wrong use ( man's free w4' ,he adds 't miracles be+ p>ticul> acts ( w mu/ h an end wor?y ( ,god'4 #bje4 ,on ^! f\ndations he makes "s good reflexions 7*4 #bca7 conc]n+ ! inju/ice ( ^? :o compla9 ( ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$4 ',i %all h no scruples'1 he says1 'ab\t say+ t all ^? :o are surpris$ at ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ h pond]$ v little ^u ! nature ( ,god1 & t !y h r$uc$ ! obligations ( a cause :i* directs all ?+s1 to ! scope ( a provid5ce altoge!r subord9ate2 & t is small-m9d$4 ,:at !n6 ,%\ld ,god1 aft] hav+ made free causes & necess>y causes1 9 a mixture inf9itely well fitt$ to %[ =? ! wond]s ( 8 inf9ite wisdom1 h e/abli%$ laws consi/5t ) ! nature ( free causes1 b s lack+ 9 firmness t ! slighte/ tr\ble t came ^u a man w\ld ov]?r[ !m entirely1 to ! ru9 ( human fre$om8 ,a m]e city gov]nor w become an object ( ridicule if he *anges 8 regulations & ord]s z (t5 z someone is pleas$ to murmur aga9/ him4 ,& %all ,god1 ^: laws conc]n a good s univ]sal t all ( ! _w t is visible to u p]*ance ent]s into x z no m ?an a trifl+ access>y1 be b\nd to dep>t f 8 laws1 because !y to-day displease ! "o & to-morr[ ! o!r8 ,or aga9 because a sup]/iti\s p]son1 deem+ wrongly t a mon/rosity presages some?+ deadly1 proce$s f 8 error to a crim9al sacrifice8 ,or because a good s\l1 :o yet does n value virtue highly en\gh to #bef believe t to h none is puni%m5t en\gh 9 itself1 is %ock$ t a wick$ man %\ld become ri* & enjoy vigor\s heal?8 ,c "o =m any fals] notions ( a univ]sal provid5ce8 ,ev]yone agrees t ?is law ( nature1 ! /rong prevails ov] ! weak1 has be5 v wisely laid d[n1 & t x w\ld be absurd to ma9ta9 t :5 a /one falls on a fragile vase :i* is ! delight ( its own]1 ,god %\ld dep>t f ?is law 9 ord] to sp>e t own] vexation4 ,%\ld "o !n n confess t x is j z absurd to ma9ta9 t ,god mu/ dep>t f ! same law to prev5t a wick$ man f gr[+ ri* at ! exp5se ( a good man8 ,! m ! wick$ man sets himself above ! prompt+s ( consci5ce & ( hon\r1 ! m does he exce$ ! good man 9 /r5g?1 s t if he comes to grips ) ! good man he mu/1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( nature1 ru9 him4 ,if1 moreov]1 !y are bo? engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( f9ance1 ! wick$ man mu/1 accord+ to ! same c\rse ( nature1 gr[ ri*] ?an ! good man1 j z a fi]ce fire consumes m wood ?an a fire ( /raw4 ,^? :o w\ld wi% sickness = a wick$ man are sometimes z unfair z ^? :o w\ld wi% t a /one fall+ on a glass %\ld n break x3 = 8 organs be+ arrang$ z !y are1 nei!r ! food t he takes nor ! air t he brea!s c1 accord+ to natural laws1 be detrim5tal to 8 heal?4 ,!re=e ^? :o compla9 ab\t 8 heal? compla9 ( ,god's failure to violate ! laws :i* he has e/abli%$4 ,& 9 ?is !y are all ! m unfair because1 ?r\gh comb9ations & concat5ations :i* 7 9 ! p[] ( ,god alone1 x happ5s (t5 en\gh t ! c\rse ( nature br+s ab\t ! puni%m5t ( s94' #bjf4 ,x is a ?\s& pities t ,m4 ,bayle s soon quitt$ ! way he _h s auspici\sly begun1 ( reason+ on behalf ( provid5ce3 = 8 "w w\ld h be5 fruitful1 & 9 say+ f9e ?+s he w\ld h said good ?+s z well4 ,i agree ) ,fa!r ,malebran*e t ,god does ?+s 9 ! way mo/ wor?y ( him4 ,b ,i g a little fur!r ?an he1 ) reg>d to 'g5]al & p>ticul> acts ( w'4 ,z ,god c d no?+ )\t reasons1 ev5 :5 he acts miracul\sly1 x foll[s t he has no w ab\t individual ev5ts b :at results f "s g5]al tru? or w4 ,?us ,i w\ld say t ,god nev] has a p>ticul> w su* z ?is ,fa!r implies1 t is to say1 a p>ticul> primitive w4 #beg #bjg4 ,i ?9k ev5 t miracles h no?+ to di/+ui% !m f o!r ev5ts 9 ?is reg>d3 = reasons ( an ord] sup]ior to t ( ,nature prompt ,god to p]=m !m4 ,?us ,i w\ld n say1 ) ?is ,fa!r1 t ,god dep>ts f g5]al laws :5ev] ord] requires x3 he dep>ts f "o law only = ano!r law m applicable1 & :at ord] requires _c fail to be 9 con=mity ) ! rule ( ord]1 :i* is "o ( ! g5]al laws4 ,! di/+ui%+ m>k ( miracles 7tak5 9 ! /ricte/ s5se7 is t !y _c be acc\nt$ = by ! natures ( creat$ ?+s4 ,t is :y1 %\ld ,god make a g5]al law caus+ bodies to be attract$ ! "o to ! o!r1 he c\ld only a*ieve its op]ation by p]petual miracles4 ,& likewise1 if ,god will$ t ! organs ( human bodies %\ld con=m to ! w ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( occasional causes1 ?is law also w\ld come into op]ation only ?r\gh p]petual miracles4 #bjh4 ,?us "o mu/ suppose t1 among ! g5]al rules :i* are n absolutely necess>y1 ,god *ooses ^? :i* are ! mo/ natural1 :i* x is easie/ to expla91 & :i* also are ( greate/ s]vice = ! explanation ( o!r ?+s4 ,t is d\btless ! conclusion mo/ excell5t & mo/ pleas+2 & ev5 ?\gh ! ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony 7 n necess>y o!rwise1 because x bani%es sup]flu\s miracles1 ,god w\ld h *os5 x z be+ ! mo/ h>moni\s4 ,! ways ( ,god are ^? mo/ simple & uni=m3 = he *ooses rules t lea/ re/rict "o ano!r4 ,!y are also ! mo/ productive 9 proportion to ! simplicity ( ways & means4 ,x is z if "o said t a c]ta9 h\se 0 ! be/ t c\ld h be5 con/ruct$ at a c]ta9 co/4 ,"o may1 inde$1 r$uce ^! two conditions1 simplicity & productivity1 to a s+le advantage1 :i* is to produce z mu* p]fection z is possible3 ?us ,fa!r ,malebran*e's sy/em 9 ?is po9t am\nts to ! same z m9e4 ,ev5 if ! effect 7 assum$ to be great]1 b ! process less simple1 ,i ?9k "o might say t1 :5 all is said & done1 ! effect itself w\ld be less great1 tak+ into acc\nt n only ! f9al effect b also ! m$iate effect4 ,= ! wise/ m9d s acts1 z f> z x is possible1 t ! means are also 9 a s5se ends1 t is1 !y are desirable n only on acc\nt ( :at !y d1 b on acc\nt ( :at !y are4 ,! m intricate processes take up too mu* gr\nd1 too mu* space1 too mu* place1 too mu* "t t might h be5 bett] employ$4 #beh #bji4 ,n[ s9ce ev]y?+ resolves itself into ?is greate/ p]fection1 we return to my law ( ! be/4 ,= p]fection includes n only ! moral good & ! physical good ( intellig5t creatures1 b also ! good :i* is purely metaphysical1 & conc]ns also creatures devoid ( reason4 ,x foll[s t ! evil t is 9 rational creatures happ5s only by concomitance1 n by antec$5t w b by a consequ5t w1 z be+ involv$ 9 ! be/ possible plan2 & ! metaphysical good :i* includes ev]y?+ makes x necess>y sometimes to admit physical evil & moral evil1 z ,i h already expla9$ m ?an once4 ,x s happ5s t ! anci5t ,/oics 7 n f> remov$ f ?is sy/em4 ,m4 ,bayle rem>k$ ^u ?is himself 9 8 ,diction>y 9 ! article on ',*rysippus'1 rem4 ,t4 ,x is ( importance to give 8 own words1 9 ord] sometimes to face him ) 8 own objections & to br+ him back to ! f9e s5tim5ts t he _h =m]ly pron\nc$3 ',*rysippus'1 he says 7p4 #icj71 '9 8 "w on ,provid5ce exam9$ among/ o!r que/ions ?is "o3 ,did ! nature ( ?+s1 or ! provid5ce t made ! _w & ! human k9d1 make also ! diseases to :i* m5 are subject8 ,he answ]s t ! *ief design ( ,nature 0 n to make !m sickly1 t w\ld n be 9 keep+ ) ! cause ( all good2 b ,nature1 9 prep>+ & produc+ _m great ?+s excell5tly ord]$ & ( great usefulness1 f\nd t "s drawbacks came z a result1 & ?us ^! 7 n 9 con=mity ) ! orig9al design & purpose2 !y came ab\t z a sequel to ! "w1 !y exi/$ only z consequ5ces4 ,= ! =mation ( ! human body1 ,*rysippus said1 ! f9e/ idea z well z ! v utility ( ! "w dem&$ t ! head %\ld be compos$ ( a tissue ( ?91 f9e bones2 b because ( t x 0 b\nd to h ! disadvantage ( n be+ able to resi/ bl[s4 ,nature made heal?1 & at ! same "t x 0 necess>y by a k9d ( concomitance t ! s\rce ( diseases %\ld be op5$ up4 ,! same ?+ applies ) reg>d to virtue2 ! direct action ( ,nature1 :i* br\ght x =?1 produc$ by a c\nt] /roke ! brood ( vices4 ,i h n translat$ lit]ally1 = :i* reason ,i give "h ! actual ,lat9 ( ,aulus ,gellius1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o und]/& t language 7,aul4 ,gellius1 lib4 #f1 cap4 #a73 ,idem ,*rysippus 9 eod4 lib4 7qu>to1 ,greek3 p]i pronoias7 tractat consid]atque1 dignumque esse id qua]i putat1 ,greek3 ei hai tn an?rpn nosoi kata phys9 gignontai4 ,id e/1 naturane ipsa r]um1 vel provid5tia quae compagem hanc mundi et #bei g5us hom9um fecit1 morbos quoque et debilitates et aegritud9es corporum1 quas patiuntur hom9es1 fec]it4 ,exi/imat autem non fuisse hoc pr9cipale naturae consilium1 ut fac]et hom9es morbis obnoxios4 ,nunquam enim hoc conv5isse naturae auctori p>5tique r]um omnium bon>um4 ,s$ quum multa1 inquit1 atque magna gign]et1 p>]etque aptissima et utilissima1 alia quoque simul agnata sunt incommoda iis ipsis1 quae faciebat1 coha]5tia3 eaque non p] naturam1 s$ p] sequelas quasdam necess>ias facta dicit1 quod ipse appellat ,greek3 kata p>akol\?s94 ,sicut1 inquit1 quum corpora hom9um natura f+]et1 ratio subtilior et utilitas ipsa op]is po/ulavit ut t5uissimis m9utisque ossiculis caput comp+]et4 ,s$ hanc utilitatem rei majoris alia qua$am incommoditas extr9secus consecuta e/1 ut fi]et caput t5uit] munitum et ictibus (f5sionibusque p>vis fragile4 ,pro9de morbi quoque et aegritud9es p>tae sunt1 dum salus p>itur4 ,sic ,h]cle1 inquit1 dum virtus hom9ibus p] consilium naturae gignitur1 vitia ibidem p] aff9itatem contr>iam nata sunt4 ,i d n ?9k t a pagan c\ld h said any?+ m reasonable1 consid]+ 8 ignorance ( ! fir/ man's fall1 ! k ( :i* has only rea*$ u ?r\gh revelation1 & :i* inde$ is ! true cause ( our mis]ies4 ,if we _h sundry l extracts f ! works ( ,*rysippus1 or r if we _h 8 works1 we %\ld h a m fav\rable idea ?an we h ( ! beauty ( 8 g5ius4' #baj4 ,let u n[ see ! rev]se ( ! m$al 9 ! alt]$ ,m4 ,bayle4 ,aft] hav+ quot$ 9 8 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial 7vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #aee1 p4 #ifb7 ^! words ( ,m4 ,jacquelot1 :i* are mu* to my lik+3 ',to *ange ! ord] ( ! univ]se is some?+ ( inf9itely great] consequ5ce ?an ! prosp]ity ( a good man1' he adds3 ',?is ?\ght has some?+ dazzl+ ab\t x3 ,fa!r ,malebran*e has plac$ x 9 ! be/ possible light2 & he has p]suad$ "s ( 8 read]s t a sy/em :i* is simple & v productive is m consi/5t ) ,god's wisdom ?an a sy/em m composite & less productive 9 proportion1 b m capable ( av]t+ irregul>ities4 ,m4 ,bayle 0 "o ( ^? :o believ$ t ,fa!r ,malebran*e 9 t way gave a wond]ful solution4' 7,x is ,m4 ,bayle himself speak+47 ',b x is almo/ impossible to be satisfi$ ) x aft] hav+ read ,m4 ,arnauld's books aga9/ ?is sy/em1 & aft] hav+ contemplat$ ! va/ & b\ndless idea ( ! supremely #bfj p]fect ,be+4 ,?is idea %[s u t no?+ is easi] = ,god ?an to foll[ a plan :i* is simple1 productive1 regul> & opportune = all creatures simultane\sly4' #baa4 ,:ile ,i 0 9 ,france ,i %[$ to ,m4 ,arnauld a dialogue ,i _h compos$ 9 ,lat9 on ! cause ( evil & ! ju/ice ( ,god2 x 0 n only be=e 8 disputes ) ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 b ev5 be=e ! book on ,! ,se>* = ,tru? appe>$4 ,t pr9ciple :i* ,i uphold "h1 namely t s9 _h be5 p]mitt$ because x _h be5 involv$ 9 ! be/ plan = ! univ]se1 0 already appli$ !re2 & ,m4 ,arnauld did n seem to be />tl$ by x4 ,b ! slight cont5tions :i* he has s9ce _h ) ,fa!r ,malebran*e h giv5 him cause to exam9e ?is subject ) clos] att5tion1 & to be m sev]e 9 8 judgem5t !re(4 ,yet ,i am n altoge!r pleas$ ) ,m4 ,bayle's mann] ( expression "h on ?is subject1 & ,i am n ( ! op9ion 't a m composite & less productive plan might be m capable ( av]t+ irregul>ities'4 ,rules are ! expression ( g5]al w3 ! m "o obs]ves rules1 ! m regul>ity !re is2 simplicity & productivity are ! aim ( rules4 ,i %all be met ) ! objection t a uni=m sy/em w be free f irregul>ities4 ,i answ] t x w\ld be an irregul>ity to be too uni=m1 t w\ld (f5d aga9/ ! rules ( h>mony4 ,et ci?>o$us ,ridetur *orda qui semp] ob]rat eadem4 ,i believe !re=e t ,god c foll[ a simple1 productive1 regul> plan2 b ,i d n believe t ! be/ & ! mo/ regul> is always opportune = all creatures simultane\sly2 & ,i judge a po/]iori1 = ! plan *os5 by ,god is n s4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 also %[n ?is a priori 9 examples tak5 f ma!matics1 & ,i w pres5tly give ano!r "h4 ,an ,orig5i/ :o ma9ta9s t all rational creatures become happy 9 ! end w be /ill easi] to satisfy4 ,he w say1 9 imitation ( ,/4 ,paul's say+ ab\t ! suff]+s ( ?is life1 t ^? :i* are f9ite are n wor?y to be comp>$ ) et]nal bliss4 #bab4 ,:at is deceptive 9 ?is subject1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 is t "o feels an incl9ation to believe t :at is ! be/ 9 ! :ole is also ! be/ possible 9 ea* "p4 ,"o reasons ?us 9 geometry1 :5 x is a "q de maximis et m9imis4 ,if ! road f ,a to ,b t "o proposes to take is ! %orte/ possible1 & if ?is road passes by ,c1 !n ! road f ,a to ,c1 "p ( ! fir/1 mu/ also be ! %orte/ possible4 ,b ! inf]5ce f quantity to quality is n always#bfa "r1 any m ?an t :i* is drawn f equals to simil>s4 ,= equals are ^? ^: quantity is ! same1 & simil>s are ^? n diff]+ accord+ to qualities4 ,! late ,h]r ,/urm1 a fam\s ma!matician 9 ,altorf1 :ile 9 ,holl& 9 8 y\? publi%$ !re a small book "u ! title ( ,euclides ,ca?olicus4 ,"h he endeav\r$ to give exact & g5]al rules 9 subjects n ma!matical1 be+ enc\rag$ 9 ! task by ! late ,h]r ,erh>d ,weigel1 :o _h be5 8 tutor4 ,9 ?is book he transf]s to simil>s :at ,euclid _h said ( equals1 & he =mulates ?is axiom3 ,si similibus addas similia1 tota sunt similia4 ,b s _m limitations 7 necess>y to ju/ify ?is new rule1 t x w\ld h be5 bett]1 9 my op9ion1 to en\nce x at ! outset ) a res]vation1 by say+1 ,si similibus similia addas similit]1 tota sunt similia4 ,moreov]1 geometricians (t5 require non tantum similia1 s$ et similit] posita4 #bac4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 quantity & quality appe>s also 9 our case4 ,! "p ( ! %orte/ way betwe5 two extreme po9ts is also ! %orte/ way betwe5 ! extreme po9ts ( ?is "p2 b ! "p ( ! be/ ,:ole is n ( necessity ! be/ t "o c\ld h made ( ?is "p4 ,= ! "p ( a beautiful ?+ is n always beautiful1 s9ce x c be extract$ f ! :ole1 or m>k$ out )9 ! :ole1 9 an irregul> mann]4 ,if goodness & beauty always lay 9 some?+ absolute & uni=m1 su* z ext5sion1 matt]1 gold1 wat]1 & o!r bodies assum$ to be homog5e\s or simil>1 "o mu/ say t ! "p ( ! good & ! beautiful w\ld be beautiful & good l ! :ole1 s9ce x w\ld always h resemblance to ! :ole3 b ?is is n ! case 9 ?+s t h mutual relations4 ,an example tak5 f geometry w be appropriate to expla9 my idea4 #bad4 ,!re is a k9d ( geometry :i* ,h]r ,jung ( ,hamburg1 "o ( ! mo/ admirable m5 ( 8 "t1 call$ 'empiric'4 ,x makes use ( conclusive exp]im5ts & proves v>i\s propositions ( ,euclid1 b especially ^? :i* conc]n ! equality ( two figures1 by cutt+ ! "o 9 pieces1 & putt+ ! pieces toge!r aga9 to make ! o!r4 ,9 ?is mann]1 by cutt+ c>efully 9 p>ts ! squ>es on ! two sides ( ! "r-angl$ triangle1 & arrang+ ^! p>ts c>efully1 "o makes f !m ! squ>e on ! hypot5use2 t is demon/rat+ empirically ! #dg? proposition ( ! fir/ book ( ,euclid4 ,n[ suppos+ t "s ( ^! pieces tak5 f ! two small] squ>es are lo/1 some?+#bfb w be lack+ 9 ! l>ge squ>e t is to be =m$ f !m2 & ?is defective comb9ation1 f> f pleas+1 w be disagreeably ugly4 ,if !n ! pieces t rema9$1 compos+ ! faulty comb9ation1 7 tak5 sep>ately )\t any reg>d to ! l>ge squ>e to ^: =mation !y ought to contribute1 "o w\ld gr\p !m toge!r q diff]5tly to make a tol]ably good comb9ation4 ,b z soon z ! lo/ pieces are retriev$ & ! gap 9 ! faulty comb9ation is fill$1 !re w ensue a beautiful & regul> ?+1 ! complete l>ge squ>e3 ?is p]fect comb9ation w be f> m beautiful ?an ! tol]ably good comb9ation :i* _h be5 made f ! pieces "o _h n mislaid alone4 ,! p]fect comb9ation corresponds to ! univ]se 9 its entirety1 & ! faulty comb9ation t is a "p ( ! p]fect "o corresponds to "s "p ( ! univ]se1 :]e we f9d defects :i* ! ,au?or ( ?+s has all[$1 because o!rwise1 if he _h wi%$ to re-%ape ?is faulty "p & make !re( a tol]ably good comb9ation1 ! :ole w\ld n !n h be5 s beautiful4 ,= ! p>ts ( ! faulty comb9ation1 gr\p$ bett] to make a tol]ably good comb9ation1 c\ld n h be5 us$ prop]ly to =m ! :ole & p]fect comb9ation4 ,?omas ,aqu9as _h an inkl+ ( ^! ?+s :5 he said3 ad prud5tem gub]natorem p]t9et1 neglig]e aliquem defectum bonitatis 9 p>te1 ut faciat augm5tum bonitatis 9 toto 7,?om41 ,contra ,g5tiles1 lib4 #b1 c4 #ga74 ,?omas ,gatacre1 9 8 ,notes on ! book ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 7lib4 #e1 cap4 #h1 ) ,m4 ,bayle71 cites also passages f au?ors :o say t ! evil ( ! p>ts is (t5 ! good ( ! :ole4 #bae4 ,let u return to ,m4 ,bayle's illu/rations4 ,he imag9es a pr9ce 7p4 #ifc7 :o is hav+ a city built1 & :o1 9 bad ta/e1 aims r at airs ( magnific5ce !re91 & a bold & unusual /yle ( ar*itecture1 ?an at ! provision ( conv5i5ces ( all k9ds = ! inhabitants4 ,b if ?is pr9ce has true magnanimity he w pref] ! conv5i5t to ! magnific5t ar*itecture4 ,t is ,m4 ,bayle's judgem5t4 ,i consid]1 h[ev]1 t !re are cases :]e "o w ju/ifiably pref] beauty ( con/ruction 9 a palace to ! conv5i5ce ( a few dome/ics4 ,b ,i admit t ! con/ruction w\ld be bad1 h[ev] beautiful x might be1 if x 7 a cause ( diseases to ! inhabitants2 provid$ x 0 possible to make "o t w\ld be bett]1 tak+ into acc\nt beauty1 conv5i5ce & heal? all toge!r4 ,x may be1 inde$1 t "o _c h all ^!#bfc advantages at once4 ,?us1 suppos+ "o wi%$ to build on ! nor!rn & m brac+ side ( ! m\nta91 if ! ca/le 7 !n b\nd to be ( an un5durable con/ruction1 "o w\ld pref] to make x face s\?w>d4 #baf4 ,m4 ,bayle raises ! fur!r objection1 t x is true t our legislators c nev] inv5t regulations su* z are conv5i5t = all individuals1 ',nulla lex satis commoda omnibus e/2 id modo qua]itur1 si majori p>ti et 9 summam prode/4 7,cato apud ,livium1 ,l4 #cd1 circa init47' ,b ! reason is t ! limit$ condition ( _! k compels !m to cl+ to laws :i*1 :5 all is tak5 into acc\nt1 are m advantage\s ?an h>mful4 ,no?+ ( all t c apply to ,god1 :o is z inf9ite 9 p[] & und]/&+ z 9 goodness & true greatness4 ,i answ] t s9ce ,god *ooses ! be/ possible1 "o _c tax him ) any limitation ( 8 p]fections2 & 9 ! univ]se n only does ! good exce$ ! evil1 b also ! evil s]ves to augm5t ! good4 #bag4 ,he obs]ves also t ! ,/oics d]iv$ a blasphemy f ?is pr9ciple1 say+ t evils mu/ be endur$ ) pati5ce1 or t !y 7 necess>y1 n only to ! well-be+ & complet5ess ( ! univ]se1 b also to ! felicity1 p]fection & cons]vation ( ,god1 :o directs x4 ,! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius gave expression to t 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! fif? book ( 8 ,m$itations4 ',duplici ratione'1 he says1 'diligas oportet1 quidquid ev5]it tibi2 alt]a quod tibi natum et tibi coord9atum et ad te quodammodo affectum e/2 alt]a quod univ]si gub]natori prosp]itatis et consummationis atque adeo p]mansionis ipsius procur&ae 7,greek3 ts euodias kai ts synteleias kai ts symmons auts7 ex p>te causa e/4' ,?is precept is n ! mo/ reasonable ( ^? /at$ by t great emp]or4 ,a diligas oportet 7,greek3 /]ge9 *r7 is ( no avail2 a ?+ does n become pleas+ j because x is necess>y1 & because x is de/9$ = or atta*$ to someone3 & :at = me w\ld be an evil w\ld n cease to be su* because x w\ld be my ma/]'s good1 unless ?is good reflect$ back on me4 ,"o good ?+ among o!rs 9 ! univ]se is t ! g5]al good becomes 9 reality ! individual good ( ^? :o love ! ,au?or ( all good4 ,b ! pr9cipal error ( ?is emp]or & ( ! ,/oics 0 _! assumption t ! good ( ! univ]se mu/ please ,god himself1 because !y imag9$ ,god z ! s\l ( ! _w4 ,?is error has no?+ 9 common ) my dogma1 #bfd accord+ to :i* ,god is ,intellig5tia extramundana1 z ,m>tianus ,capella calls him1 or r supramundana4 ,fur!r1 he acts to d good1 & n to receive x4 ,melius e/ d>e quam accip]e2 8 bliss is ev] p]fect & c receive no increase1 ei!r f )9 or f )\t4 #bah4 ,i come n[ to ! pr9cipal objection ,m4 ,bayle1 aft] ,m4 ,arnauld1 br+s up aga9/ me4 ,x is complicat$3 !y ma9ta9 t ,god w\ld be "u compulsion1 t he w\ld act ( necessity1 if he 7 b\nd to create ! be/2 or at lea/ t he w\ld h be5 lack+ 9 p[] if he c\ld n h f\nd a bett] exp$i5t = exclud+ s9s & o!r evils4 ,t is 9 effect d5y+ t ?is univ]se is ! be/1 & t ,god is b\nd to insi/ ^u ! be/4 ,i h met ?is objection adequately 9 m ?an "o passage3 ,i h prov$ t ,god _c fail to produce ! be/2 & f t assumption x foll[s t ! evils we exp]i5ce c\ld n h be5 reasonably exclud$ f ! univ]se1 s9ce !y are !re4 ,let u see1 h[ev]1 :at ^! two excell5t m5 br+ up1 or r let u see :at ,m4 ,bayle's objection is1 = he pr(esses to h pr(it$ by ! argum5ts ( ,m4 ,arnauld4 #bai4 ',w\ld x be possible'1 he says1 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #aeh1 p4 #hij1 't a nature ^: goodness1 hol9ess1 wisdom1 k & p[] are inf9ite1 :o loves virtue supremely1 & hates vice supremely1 z our cle> & di/9ct idea ( him %[s u1 & z well-nigh e page ( ,scripture assures u1 c\ld h f\nd 9 virtue no means fitt+ & suit$ = 8 ends8 ,w\ld x be possible t vice alone _h (f]$ him ?is means8 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght on ! contr>y t no?+ beseem$ ?is nature m ?an to e/abli% virtue 9 8 "w to ! exclusion ( all vice4' ,m4 ,bayle "h exagg]ates ?+s4 ,i agree t "s vice 0 connect$ ) ! be/ plan ( ! univ]se1 b ,i d n agree ) him t ,god c\ld n f9d 9 virtue any means suit$ = 8 ends4 ,?is objection w\ld h be5 valid if !re 7 no virtue1 if vice took its place ev]y:]e4 ,he w say x suffices t vice prevails & t virtue is trifl+ 9 comp>ison4 ,b ,i am f> f agree+ ) him !re1 & ,i ?9k t 9 reality1 prop]ly speak+1 !re is incomp>ably m moral good ?an moral evil 9 rational creatures2 & ( ^! we h k ( b few4 #bbj4 ,?is evil is n ev5 s great 9 m5 z x is decl>$ to be4 ,x#bfe is only p ( a malici\s disposition or ^? :o h become some:at misan?ropic ?r\gh mis=tunes1 l ,lucian's ,timon1 :o f9d wick$ness ev]y:]e1 & :o poison ! be/ actions by ! int]pretations !y give to !m4 ,i speak ( ^? :o d x 9 all s]i\sness1 to draw !nce evil conclusions1 by :i* _! conduct is ta9t$2 = !re are "s :o only d x to %[ (f _! own acum54 ,p h f\nd t fault 9 ,tacitus1 & t aga9 is ! criticism ,m4 ,desc>tes 79 "o ( 8 lett]s7 makes ( ,mr4 ,hobbes's book ,de ,cive1 ( :i* only a few copies _h at t "t be5 pr9t$ = di/ribution among fri5ds1 b to :i* "s notes by ! au?or 7 add$ 9 ! second edition :i* we h4 ,= al?\gh ,m4 ,desc>tes ackn[l$ges t ?is book is by a man ( tal5t1 he obs]ves !re9 "s v dang]\s pr9ciples & maxims1 9 ! assumption !re made t all m5 are wick$1 or ! provision ( !m ) motives = be+ s4 ,! late ,h]r ,jacob ,?omasius said 9 8 admirable ,tables ( ,practical ,philosophy t ! ,greek3 prton pseudos1 ! prim>y cause ( errors 9 ?is book by ,mr4 ,hobbes1 0 t he took /atum legalem pro naturali1 t is to say t ! corrupt /ate s]v$ him z a gauge & rule1 :]eas x is ! /ate mo/ befitt+ human nature :i* ,ari/otle _h _h 9 view4 ,= accord+ to ,ari/otle1 t is t]m$ natural :i* con=ms mo/ closely to ! p]fection ( ! nature ( ! ?+2 b ,mr4 ,hobbes applies ! t]m natural /ate to t :i* has lea/ art1 p]haps n tak+ into acc\nt t human nature 9 its p]fection c>ries art ) x4 ,b ! "q ( "n1 t is to say1 ( :at may be call$ natural1 w\ld n be ( great importance 7 x n t ,ari/otle & ,hobbes fa/5$ ^u x ! notion ( natural "r1 ea* "o foll[+ 8 own signification4 ,i h said "h already t ,i f\nd 9 ! book on ! ,falsity ( human ,virtues ! same defect z ,m4 ,desc>tes f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,hobbes's ,de ,cive4 #bba4 ,b ev5 if we assume t vice exce$s virtue 9 ! human k9d1 z x is assum$ ! numb] ( ! damn$ exce$s t ( ! elect1 x by no means foll[s t vice & mis]y exce$ virtue & happ9ess 9 ! univ]se3 "o %\ld r believe ! opposite1 because ! ,city ( ,god mu/ be ! mo/ p]fect ( all possible /ates1 s9ce x 0 =m$ & is p]petually gov]n$ by ! greate/ & be/ ( all ,mon>*s4 ,?is answ] confirms ! obs]vation ,i made e>li]1 :5 speak+ ( ! con=mity ( fai? ) reason1 namely1 t "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( fallacy#bff 9 ! objections is ! confusion ( ! app>5t ) ! real4 ,& "h by ! app>5t ,i mean n simply su* z w\ld result f an exact discussion ( facts1 b t :i* has be5 d]iv$ f ! small ext5t ( our exp]i5ces4 ,x w\ld be s5seless to try to br+ up appe>ances s imp]fect1 & hav+ su* slight f\ndation1 9 opposition to ! pro(s ( reason & ! revelations ( fai?4 #bbb4 ,f9ally1 ,i h already obs]v$ t love ( virtue & hatr$ ( vice1 :i* t5d 9 an undef9$ way to br+ virtue into exi/5ce & to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( vice1 are only antec$5t acts ( w1 su* z is ! w to br+ ab\t ! happ9ess ( all m5 & to save !m f mis]y4 ,^! acts ( antec$5t w make up only a portion ( all ! antec$5t w ( ,god tak5 toge!r1 ^: result =ms ! consequ5t w1 or ! decree to create ! be/4 ,?r\gh ?is decree x is t love = virtue & = ! happ9ess ( rational creatures1 :i* is undef9$ 9 itself & goes z f> z is possible1 receives "s slight limitations1 on acc\nt ( ! he$ t mu/ be paid to good 9 g5]al4 ,?us "o mu/ und]/& t ,god loves virtue supremely & hates vice supremely1 & t nev]!less "s vice is to be p]mitt$4 #bbc4 ,m4 ,arnauld & ,m4 ,bayle appe> to ma9ta9 t ?is me?od ( expla9+ ?+s & ( e/abli%+ a be/ among all ! plans = ! univ]se1 "o su* z may n be surpass$ by any o!r1 sets a limit to ,god's p[]4 ',h y consid]$'1 says ,m4 ,arnauld to ,fa!r ,malebran*e 79 8 ,reflexions on ! ,new ,sy/em ( ,nature & ,grace1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #che71 't 9 mak+ su* assumptions y take x ^u y\rself to subv]t ! fir/ article ( ! cre$1 :]eby we make pr(ession ( believ+ 9 ,god ! ,fa!r ,almighty8' ,he _h said already 7p4 #cfb73 ',c "o ma9ta91 )\t try+ to bl9d oneself1 t a c\rse ( action :i* c\ld n fail to h ?is griev\s result1 namely1 t ! majority ( m5 p]i%1 be>s ! /amp ( ,god's goodness m ?an a diff]5t c\rse ( action1 :i* w\ld h caus$1 if ,god _h foll[$ x1 ! salvation ( all m58' ,&1 z ,m4 ,jacquelot does n diff] f ! pr9ciples ,i h j laid d[n1 ,m4 ,bayle raises l objections 9 8 case 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #aea1 p4 #ijj73 ',if "o adopts su* explanations'1 he says1 '"o sees oneself con/ra9$ to r5\nce ! mo/ obvi\s notions on ! nature ( ! supremely p]fect ,be+4 ,^! tea* u t all ?+s n imply+ contradiction are possible = him1 #bfg t consequ5tly x is possible = him to save p :om he does n save3 = :at contradiction w\ld result suppos+ ! numb] ( ! elect 7 great] ?an x is8 ,!y tea* u besides t1 s9ce he is supremely happy1 he has no w :i* he _c c>ry out4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we und]/& t he wills to save all m5 & t he _c d s8 ,we s\ght "s light to help u out ( ! p]plexities we feel 9 comp>+ ! idea ( ,god ) ! /ate ( ! human k9d1 & lo6 we are giv5 elucidations t ca/ u into d>kness m d5se4' #bbd4 ,all ^! ob/acles vani% be=e ! exposition ,i h j giv54 ,i agree ) ,m4 ,bayle's pr9ciple1 & x is also m9e1 t ev]y?+ imply+ no contradiction is possible4 ,b z = me1 hold+ z ,i d t ,god did ! be/ t 0 possible1 or t he c\ld n h done bett] ?an he has done1 deem+ also t to pass any o!r judgem5t ^u 8 "w 9 its entirety w\ld be to wrong 8 goodness or 8 wisdom1 ,i mu/ say t to make some?+ :i* surpasses 9 goodness ! be/ itself1 t inde$ w\ld imply contradiction4 ,t w\ld be z if someone ma9ta9$ t ,god c\ld draw f "o po9t to ano!r a l9e %ort] ?an ! /raight l9e1 & accus$ ^? :o d5y ?is ( subv]t+ ! article ( fai? :]eby we believe 9 ,god ! ,fa!r ,almighty4 #bbe4 ,! inf9ity ( possibles1 h[ev] great x may be1 is no great] ?an t ( ! wisdom ( ,god1 :o kn[s all possibles4 ,"o may ev5 say t if ?is wisdom does n exce$ ! possibles ext5sively1 s9ce ! objects ( ! und]/&+ _c g beyond ! possible1 :i* 9 a s5se is alone intelligible1 x exce$s !m int5sively1 by reason ( ! inf9itely inf9ite comb9ations x makes !re(1 & its _m delib]ations conc]n+ !m4 ,! wisdom ( ,god1 n cont5t ) embrac+ all ! possibles1 p5etrates !m1 comp>es !m1 weighs !m "o aga9/ ! o!r1 to e/imate _! degrees ( p]fection or imp]fection1 ! /rong & ! weak1 ! good & ! evil4 ,x goes ev5 beyond ! f9ite comb9ations1 x makes ( !m an inf9ity ( inf9ites1 t is to say1 an inf9ity ( possible sequ5ces ( ! univ]se1 ea* ( :i* conta9s an inf9ity ( creatures4 ,by ?is means ! div9e ,wisdom di/ributes all ! possibles x _h already contemplat$ sep>ately1 into s _m univ]sal sy/ems :i* x fur!r comp>es ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,! result ( all ^! comp>isons & delib]ations is ! *oice ( ! be/ f among all ^! possible sy/ems1 :i* wisdom makes 9 #bfh ord] to satisfy goodness completely2 & su* is precisely ! plan ( ! univ]se z x is4 ,moreov]1 all ^! op]ations ( ! div9e und]/&+1 al?\gh !y h among !m an ord] & a priority ( nature1 always take place toge!r1 no priority ( "t exi/+ among !m4 #bbf4 ,! c>eful consid]ation ( ^! ?+s w1 ,i hope1 induce a diff]5t idea ( ! greatness ( ! div9e p]fections1 & especially ( ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 f any t c exi/ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o make ,god act at r&om1 )\t cause or reason4 ,& ,i d n see h[ !y c\ld avoid fall+ into an op9ion s /range1 unless !y ackn[l$g$ t !re are reasons = ,god's *oice1 & t ^! reasons are d]iv$ f 8 goodness3 :5ce x foll[s ( necessity t :at 0 *os5 _h ! advantage ( goodness ov] :at 0 n *os51 & consequ5tly t x is ! be/ ( all ! possibles4 ,! be/ _c be surpass$ 9 goodness1 & x is no re/riction ( ! p[] ( ,god to say t he _c d ! impossible4 ,is x possible1 said ,m4 ,bayle1 t !re is no bett] plan ?an t "o :i* ,god c>ri$ out8 ,"o answ]s t x is v possible & inde$ necess>y1 namely t !re is none3 o!rwise ,god w\ld h pref]r$ x4 #bbg4 ,x seems to me t ,i h prov$ suffici5tly t among all ! possible plans ( ! univ]se !re is "o bett] ?an all ! re/1 & t ,god has n fail$ to *oose x4 ,b ,m4 ,bayle claims to inf] !nce t ,god is !re=e n free4 ,?is is h[ he speaks on t "q 7ubi supra1 *4 #aea1 p4 #hii73 ',i ?\ght to argue ) a man :o assum$ z ,i d t ! goodness & ! p[] ( ,god are inf9ite1 z well z 8 wisdom2 & n[ ,i see t 9 reality ?is man assumes t ,god's goodness & p[] are enclos$ )9 r n>r[ b\nds4' ,z to t1 ! objection has already be5 met3 ,i set no b\nds to ,god's p[]1 s9ce ,i recognize t x ext5ds ad maximum1 ad omnia1 to all t implies no contradiction2 & ,i set none to 8 goodness1 s9ce x atta9s to ! be/1 ad optimum4 ,b ,m4 ,bayle goes on3 ',!re is !re=e no fre$om 9 ,god2 he is compell$ by 8 wisdom to create1 & !n to create precisely su* a "w1 & f9ally to create x precisely 9 su* ways4 ,^! are ?ree s]vitudes :i* =m a m ?an ,/oic fatum1 & :i* r5d] impossible all t is n )9 _! sph]e4 ,x seems t1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ,god c\ld h said1 ev5 be=e %ap+ 8 decrees3 ,i #bfi _c save su* & su* a man1 nor condemn su* & su* ano!r1 quippe vetor fatis1 my wisdom p]mits x n4' #bbh4 ,i answ] t x is goodness :i* prompts ,god to create ) ! purpose ( communicat+ himself2 & ?is same goodness comb9$ ) wisdom prompts him to create ! be/3 a be/ t includes ! :ole sequ5ce1 ! effect & ! process4 ,x prompts him !reto )\t compell+ him1 = x does n r5d] impossible t :i* x does n cause him to *oose4 ,to call t fatum is tak+ x 9 a good s5se1 :i* is n contr>y to fre$om3 fatum comes f f>i1 to speak1 to pron\nce2 x signifies a judgem5t1 a decree ( ,god1 ! aw>d ( 8 wisdom4 ,to say t "o _c d a ?+1 simply because "o does n w x1 is to misuse t]ms4 ,! wise m9d wills only ! good3 is x !n a s]vitude :5 ! w acts 9 accordance ) wisdom8 ,& c "o be less a slave ?an to act by "o's own *oice 9 accordance ) ! mo/ p]fect reason8 ,ari/otle us$ to say t t man is 9 a natural s]vitude 7natura s]vus7 :o lacks guidance1 :o has ne$ ( be+ direct$4 ,slav]y comes f )\t1 x leads to t :i* (f5ds1 & especially to t :i* (f5ds ) reason3 ! =ce ( o!rs & our own passions enslave u4 ,god is nev] mov$ by any?+ outside himself1 nor is he subject to inw>d passions1 & he is nev] l$ to t :i* c cause him (f5ce4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ,m4 ,bayle gives odi\s names to ! be/ ?+s 9 ! _w1 & turns our ideas upside-d[n1 apply+ ! t]m slav]y to ! /ate ( ! greate/ & mo/ p]fect fre$om4 #bbi4 ,he _h also said n long be=e 7*4 #aea1 p4 #hia73 ',if virtue1 or any o!r good at all1 _h be5 z appropriate z vice = ! ,creator's ends1 vice w\ld n h be5 giv5 pref]5ce2 x mu/ !re=e h be5 ! only means t ! ,creator c\ld h us$2 x 0 !re=e employ$ purely ( necessity4 ,z !re=e he loves 8 glory1 n ) a fre$om ( indiff]5ce1 b by necessity1 he mu/ by necessity love all ! means )\t :i* he c\ld n manife/ 8 glory4 ,n[ if vice1 z vice1 0 ! only means ( atta9+ to ?is end1 x w foll[ t ,god ( necessity loves vice z vice1 a ?\ght :i* c only inspire u ) horror2 & he has reveal$ q ! contr>y to u4' ,he obs]ves at ! same "t t c]ta9 doctors among ! ,supralaps>ians 7l ,ru!r=d1 = example7 d5i$ t ,god wills s9 z s91 :il/ !y admitt$ #bgj t he wills s9 p]missively 9 s f> z x is puni%able & p>donable4 ,b he urges 9 objection1 t an action is only puni%able & p>donable 9 s f> z x is vici\s4 #bcj4 ,m4 ,bayle makes a false assumption 9 ^! words t we h j read1 & draws f !m false conclusions4 ,x is n true t ,god loves 8 glory by necessity1 if !reby x is und]/ood t he is l$ by necessity to acquire 8 glory ?r\gh 8 creatures4 ,= if t 7 s1 he w\ld acquire 8 glory always & ev]y:]e4 ,! decree to create is free3 ,god is prompt$ to all good2 ! good1 & ev5 ! be/1 incl9es him to act2 b x does n compel him1 = 8 *oice creates no impossibility 9 t :i* is di/9ct f ! be/2 x causes no implication ( contradiction 9 t :i* ,god refra9s f do+4 ,!re is !re=e 9 ,god a fre$om t is exempt n only f con/ra9t b also f necessity4 ,i mean ?is 9 respect ( metaphysical necessity2 = x is a moral necessity t ! wise/ %\ld be b\nd to *oose ! be/4 ,x is ! same ) ! means :i* ,god *ooses to atta9 8 glory4 ,& z = vice1 x has be5 %[n 9 prec$+ pages t x is n an object ( ,god's decree z means1 b z conditio s9e qua non1 & t = t reason alone x is p]mitt$4 ,"o is ev5 less ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t vice is ! only means2 x w\ld be at mo/ "o ( ! means1 b "o ( ! lea/ among innum]able o!rs4 #bca4 ',ano!r frightful consequ5ce1' ,m4 ,bayle goes on1 '! fatality ( all ?+s1 ensues3 ,god w n h be5 free to arrange ev5ts 9 a diff]5t way1 s9ce ! means he *ose to %[ =? 8 glory 0 ! only means befitt+ 8 wisdom4' ,?is s-call$ fatality or necessity is only moral1 z ,i h j %[n3 x does n affect fre$om2 on ! contr>y1 x assumes ! be/ use !re(2 x does n r5d] impossible ! objects set aside by ,god's *oice4 ',:at1 !n1 w become'1 he adds1 '( man's free w8 ,w !re n h be5 necessity & fatality = ,adam to s98 ,= if he _h n s9n$1 he w\ld h ov]?r[n ! sole plan t ,god _h ( necessity creat$4' ,t is aga9 a misuse ( t]ms4 ,adam s9n+ freely 0 se5 ( ,god among ! ideas ( ! possibles1 & ,god decre$ to admit him into exi/5ce z he saw him4 ,?is decree does n *ange ! nature ( ! objects3 x does n r5d] necess>y t :i* 0 cont+5t 9 itself1 or impossible t :i* 0 possible4 #bga #bcb4 ,m4 ,bayle goes on 7p4 #hib73 ',! subtle ,scotus ass]ts ) mu* disc]nm5t t if ,god _h no fre$om ( indiff]5ce no creature c\ld h ?is k9d ( fre$om4' ,i agree provid$ x is n meant z an indiff]5ce ( equipoise1 :]e !re is no reason incl9+ m to "o side ?an ! o!r4 ,m4 ,bayle ackn[l$ges 7f>!r on 9 *apt] #afh1 p4 #aaaa7 t :at is t]m$ indiff]5ce does n exclude prev5i5t incl9ations & pleasures4 ,x suffices !re=e t !re be no metaphysical necessity 9 ! action :i* is t]m$ free1 t is to say1 x suffices t a *oice be made betwe5 sev]al c\rses possible4 #bcc4 ,he goes on aga9 9 ! said *apt] #aeg1 p4 #hic3 ',if ,god is n det]m9$ to create ! _w by a free motion ( 8 goodness1 b by ! int]e/s ( 8 glory1 :i* he loves by necessity1 & :i* is ! only ?+ he loves1 = x is n diff]5t f 8 sub/ance2 & if ! love t he has = himself has compell$ him to %[ =? 8 glory ?r\gh ! mo/ fitt+ means1 & if ! fall ( man 0 ?is same means1 x is evid5t t ?is fall happ5$ entirely by necessity & t ! ob$i5ce ( ,eve & ,adam to ,god's comm&s 0 impossible4' ,/ill ! same error4 ,! love t ,god be>s to himself is ess5tial to him1 b ! love = 8 glory1 or ! w to acquire 8 glory1 is n s by any means3 ! love he has = himself did n impel him by necessity to actions )\t2 !y 7 free2 & s9ce !re 7 possible plans :]eby ! fir/ p>5ts %\ld n s91 _! s9 0 !re=e n necess>y4 ,f9ally1 ,i say 9 effect :at ,m4 ,bayle ackn[l$ges "h1 't ,god resolv$ to create ! _w by a free motion ( 8 goodness'2 & ,i add t ?is same motion prompt$ him to ! be/4 #bcd4 ,! same answ] holds good aga9/ ?is /atem5t ( ,m4 ,bayle's 7*4 #afe1 p4 #ajga73 ',! means mo/ appropriate = atta9+ an end is ( necessity "o alone' 7t is v well said1 at lea/ = ! cases :]e ,god has *os574 ',!re=e if ,god 0 prompt$ irresi/ibly to employ ?is means1 he employ$ x by necessity4' 7,he 0 c]ta9ly prompt$ !reto1 he 0 det]m9$1 or r he det]m9$ himself !reto3 b t :i* is c]ta9 is n always necess>y1 or altoge!r irresi/ible2 ! ?+ might h gone o!rwise1 b t did n happ51 & ) good reason4 ,god *ose betwe5 diff]5t c\rses all possible3 ?us1 metaphysically speak+1 he c\ld h *os5 or done :at 0 n ! be/2 b he c\ld n morally speak+ h done s4 ,let u make use ( a comp>ison #bgb f geometry4 ,! be/ way f "o po9t to ano!r 7leav+ out ( acc\nt ob/acles & o!r consid]ations accid5tal to ! m$ium7 is "o alone3 x is t "o :i* passes by ! %orte/ l9e1 :i* is ! /raight l9e4 ,yet !re are innum]able ways f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,!re is !re=e no necessity :i* b9ds me to g by ! /raight l9e2 b z soon z ,i *oose ! be/1 ,i am det]m9$ to g t way1 al?\gh ?is is only a moral necessity 9 ! wise4 ,t is :y ! foll[+ conclusions fail47 ',!re=e he c\ld only d t :i* he did4 ,!re=e t :i* has n happ5$ or w nev] happ5 is absolutely impossible4' 7,^! conclusions fail1 ,i say3 = s9ce !re are _m ?+s :i* h nev] happ5$ & nev] w happ51 & :i* nev]!less are cle>ly conceivable1 & imply no contradiction1 h[ c "o say !y are altoge!r impossible8 ,m4 ,bayle has refut$ t himself 9 a passage oppos+ ! ,sp9ozi/s1 :i* ,i h already quot$ "h1 & he has frequ5tly ackn[l$g$ t !re is no?+ impossible except t :i* implies contradiction3 n[ he *anges /yle & t]m9ology47 ',!re=e ,adam's p]sev]ance 9 innoc5ce 0 always impossible2 !re=e 8 fall 0 altoge!r inevitable1 & ev5 antec$5tly to ,god's decree1 = x impli$ contradiction t ,god %\ld be able to w a ?+ oppos$ to 8 wisdom3 x is1 aft] all1 ! same ?+ to say1 t x is impossible = ,god1 z to say1 ,god c\ld d x1 if he s will$1 b he _c w x4' 7,x is misus+ t]ms 9 a s5se to say "h3 "o c w1 "o w w2 'c' "h conc]ns ! actions t "o does w4 ,nev]!less x implies no contradiction t ,god %\ld w--directly or p]missively--a ?+ n imply+ contradiction1 & 9 ?is s5se x is p]mitt$ to say t ,god c w x47 #bce4 ,9 a ^w1 :5 "o speaks ( ! possibility ( a ?+ x is n a "q ( ! causes t c br+ ab\t or prev5t its actual exi/5ce3 o!rwise "o w\ld *ange ! nature ( ! t]ms1 & r5d] useless ! di/9ction betwe5 ! possible & ! actual4 ,?is ,abel>d did1 & ,wyclif appe>s to h done aft] him1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y fell ne$lessly into unsuitable & disagreeable expressions4 ,t is :y1 :5 "o asks if a ?+ is possible or necess>y1 & br+s 9 ! consid]ation ( :at ,god wills or *ooses1 "o alt]s ! issue4 ,= ,god *ooses among ! possibles1 & = t v reason he *ooses #bgc freely1 & is n compell$2 !re w\ld be nei!r *oice nor fre$om if !re 7 b "o c\rse possible4 #bcf4 ,"o mu/ also answ] ,m4 ,bayle's syllogisms1 s z to neglect none ( ! objections ( a man s gift$3 !y occur 9 ,*apt] #aea ( 8 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial 7vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ijj1 #ija74 ,,fir/ ,,syllogism ',god c w no?+ t is oppos$ to ! necess>y love :i* he has = 8 wisdom4 ',n[ ! salvation ( all m5 is oppos$ to ! necess>y love :i* ,god has = 8 wisdom4 ',!re=e ,god _c w ! salvation ( all m54' ,! major is self-evid5t1 = "o c d no?+ :]e( ! opposite is necess>y4 ,b ! m9or _c be accept$1 =1 albeit ,god loves 8 wisdom ( necessity1 ! actions :]eto 8 wisdom prompts him _c b be free1 & ! objects :]eto 8 wisdom does n prompt him d n cease to be possible4 ,moreov]1 8 wisdom has prompt$ him to w ! salvation ( all m51 b n by a consequ5t & decretory w4 ,yet ?is consequ5t w1 be+ only a result ( free antec$5t acts ( w1 _c fail to be free also4 ,,second ,,syllogism ',! "w mo/ wor?y ( ,god's wisdom involves among/ o!r ?+s ! s9 ( all m5 & ! et]nal damnation ( ! majority ( m54 ',n[ ,god wills ( necessity ! "w mo/ wor?y ( 8 wisdom4 ',he wills !re=e ( necessity ! "w t involves among/ o!r ?+s ! s9 ( all m5 & ! et]nal damnation ( ! majority ( m54' ,! major holds good1 b ! m9or ,i d5y4 ,! decrees ( ,god are always free1 ev5 ?\gh ,god be always prompt$ !reto by reasons :i* lie 9 ! int5tion t[>ds good3 = to be morally compell$ by wisdom1 to be b\nd by ! consid]ation ( good1 is to be free2 x is n compulsion 9 ! metaphysical s5se4 ,& metaphysical necessity alone1 z ,i h obs]v$ s _m times1 is oppos$ to fre$om4 #bch4 ,i %all n exam9e ! syllogisms t ,m4 ,bayle urges 9 objection 9 ! foll[+ *apt] 7,*4 #aeb71 aga9/ ! sy/em ( ! ,supralaps>ians1 & p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! oration made by ,!odore de ,bze at ! #bgd ,conf]5ce ( ,montbli>d 9 ! ye> #aehf4 ,?is conf]5ce also only s]v$ to increase ! acrimony ( ! p>ties4 ',god creat$ ! ,_w to 8 glory3 8 glory is n kn[n 7accord+ to ,bze71 if 8 m]cy & 8 ju/ice are n decl>$2 = ?is cause simply by 8 grace he decre$ = "s m5 life et]nal1 & = o!rs by a j judgem5t et]nal damnation4 ,m]cy presupposes mis]y1 ju/ice presupposes guilt4' 7,he might h add$ t mis]y also supposes guilt47 ',nev]!less ,god be+ good1 inde$ goodness itself1 he creat$ man good & righte\s1 b un/able1 & capable ( s9n+ ( 8 own free w4 ,man did n fall at r&om or ra%ly1 or ?r\gh causes orda9$ by "s o!r ,god1 z ! ,mani*aeans hold1 b by ! provid5ce ( ,god2 9 su* a way not)/&+1 t ,god 0 n involv$ 9 ! fault1 inasmu* z man 0 n con/ra9$ to s94' #bci4 ,?is sy/em is n ( ! be/ conceiv$3 x is n well fitt$ to %[ =? ! wisdom1 ! goodness & ! ju/ice ( ,god2 & happily x is almo/ ab&on$ to-day4 ,if !re 7 n o!r m pr(\nd reasons capable ( induc+ ,god to p]mit guilt1 ! s\rce ( mis]y1 !re w\ld be nei!r guilt nor mis]y 9 ! _w1 = ! reasons alleg$ "h d n suffice4 ,he w\ld decl>e 8 m]cy bett] 9 prev5t+ mis]y1 & he w\ld decl>e 8 ju/ice bett] 9 prev5t+ guilt1 9 advanc+ virtue1 9 recomp5s+ x4 ,besides1 "o does n see h[ he :o n only causes a man to be capable ( fall+1 b :o s disposes circum/ances t !y contribute t[>ds caus+ 8 fall1 is n culpable1 if !re are no o!r reasons compell+ him !reto4 ,b :5 "o consid]s t ,god1 altoge!r good & wise1 mu/ h produc$ all ! virtue1 goodness1 happ9ess :]e( ! be/ plan ( ! univ]se is capable1 & t (t5 an evil 9 "s p>ts may s]ve ! great] good ( ! :ole1 "o readily concludes t ,god may h giv5 room = unhapp9ess1 & ev5 p]mitt$ guilt1 z he has done1 )\t des]v+ to be blam$4 ,x is ! only rem$y t supplies :at all sy/ems lack1 h[ev] !y arrange ! decrees4 ,^! ?\ghts h already be5 fav\r$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & "o may say ( ,eve :at ! poet said ( ! h& ( ,mucius ,scaevola3 ,si non errasset1 fec]at illa m9us4 #bdj4 ,i f9d t ! fam\s ,engli% prelate :o wrote an +5i\s book on ! orig9 ( evil1 "s passages ( :i* 7 disput$ by ,m4 ,bayle #bge 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 :ile disagree+ ) "s ( ! op9ions t ,i h upheld "h & appe>+ to resort sometimes to a despotic p[]1 z if ! w ( ,god did n foll[ ! rules ( wisdom 9 relation to good or evil1 b decre$ arbitr>ily t su* & su* a ?+ mu/ be consid]$ good or evil2 & z if ev5 ! w ( ! creature1 9 s f> z x is free1 did n *oose because ! object appe>s good to him1 b by a purely arbitr>y det]m9ation1 indep5d5t ( ! repres5tation ( ! object2 ?is bi%op1 ,i say1 9 o!r passages nev]!less says ?+s :i* seem m 9 fav\r ( my doctr9e ?an ( :at appe>s contr>y !reto 9 8 own4 ,he says t :at an inf9itely wise & free cause has *os5 is bett] ?an :at x has n *os54 ,is n t recogniz+ t goodness is ! object & ! reason ( 8 *oice8 ,9 ?is s5se "o w "h aptly say3 ,sic placuit sup]is2 qua]]e plura1 nefas4 #bgf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,evil 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,?ree #bda4 ,n[ at la/ ,i h dispos$ ( ! cause ( moral evil2 physical evil1 t is1 sorr[s1 suff]+s1 mis]ies1 w be less tr\blesome to expla91 s9ce ^! are results ( moral evil4 ,po5a e/ malum passionis1 quod infligitur ob malum actionis1 accord+ to ,grotius4 ,"o suff]s because "o has act$2 "o suff]s evil because "o does evil4 ,no/rorum causa malorum ,nos sumus4 ,x is true t "o (t5 suff]s ?r\gh ! evil actions ( o!rs2 b :5 "o has no "p 9 ! (f5ce "o mu/ look ^u x z a c]ta9ty t ^! suff]+s prep>e = u a great] happ9ess4 ,! "q ( physical evil1 t is1 ( ! orig9 ( suff]+s1 has difficulties 9 common ) t ( ! orig9 ( metaphysical evil1 examples :]e( are furni%$ by ! mon/rosities & o!r app>5t irregul>ities ( ! univ]se4 ,b "o mu/ believe t ev5 suff]+s & mon/rosities are "p ( ord]2 & x is well to be> 9 m9d n only t x 0 bett] to admit ^! defects & ^! mon/rosities ?an to violate g5]al laws1 z ,fa!r ,malebran*e sometimes argues1 b also t ^! v mon/rosities are 9 ! rules1 & are 9 con=mity ) g5]al acts ( w1 ?\gh we be n capable ( disc]n+ ?is con=mity4 ,x is #bgg j z sometimes !re are appe>ances ( irregul>ity 9 ma!matics :i* issue f9ally 9 a great ord] :5 "o has f9ally got to ! bottom ( !m3 t is :y ,i h already 9 ?is "w obs]v$ t accord+ to my pr9ciples all individual ev5ts1 )\t exception1 are consequ5ces ( g5]al acts ( w4 #bdb4 ,x %\ld be no cause = a/oni%m5t t ,i endeav\r to elucidate ^! ?+s by comp>isons tak5 f pure ma!matics1 :]e ev]y?+ proce$s 9 ord]1 & :]e x is possible to fa?om !m by a close contemplation :i* grants u an enjoym5t1 s to speak1 ( ! vision ( ! ideas ( ,god4 ,"o may propose a succession or s]ies ( numb]s p]fectly irregul> to all appe>ance1 :]e ! numb]s increase & dim9i% v>iably )\t ! em]g5ce ( any ord]2 & yet he :o kn[s ! key to ! =mula1 & :o und]/&s ! orig9 & ! /ructure ( ?is succession ( numb]s1 w be able to give a rule :i*1 be+ prop]ly und]/ood1 w %[ t ! s]ies is p]fectly regul>1 & t x ev5 has excell5t prop]ties4 ,"o may make ?is /ill m evid5t 9 l9es4 ,a l9e may h twi/s & turns1 ups & d[ns1 po9ts ( reflexion & po9ts ( inflexion1 int]ruptions & o!r v>iations1 s t "o sees nei!r rhyme nor reason !re91 especially :5 tak+ into acc\nt only a portion ( ! l9e2 & yet x may be t "o c give its equation & con/ruction1 :]e9 a geometrician w\ld f9d ! reason & ! fitt+ness ( all ^! s-call$ irregul>ities4 ,t is h[ we mu/ look ^u ! irregul>ities con/itut$ by mon/rosities & o!r s-call$ defects 9 ! univ]se4 #bdc4 ,9 ?is s5se "o may apply t f9e adage ( ,/4 ,b]n>d 7,ep4 #bgf1 ,ad ,eug541 ,,iii73 ',ord9atissimum e/1 m9us int]dum ord9ate fi]i aliquid4' ,x belongs to ! great ord] t !re %\ld be "s small disord]4 ,"o may ev5 say t ?is small disord] is app>5t only 9 ! :ole1 & x is n ev5 app>5t :5 "o consid]s ! happ9ess ( ^? :o walk 9 ! ways ( ord]4 #bdd4 ,:5 ,i m5tion mon/rosities ,i include num]\s o!r app>5t defects besides4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) h>dly any?+ b ! surface ( our globe2 we sc>ce p5etrate into its int]ior beyond a few hundr$ fa?oms4 ,t :i* we f9d 9 ?is cru/ ( ! globe appe>s to be ! effect ( "s great upheavals4 ,x seems t ?is globe 0 once on fire1 & t ! rocks =m+ ! base ( ?is cru/ ( ! e>? are scoria rema9+ f a great fusion4 ,9 _! entrails are f\nd metal & m9]al #bgh products1 :i* closely resemble ^? emanat+ f our furnaces3 & ! entire sea may be a k9d ( oleum p] deliquium1 j z t>t>ic oil =ms 9 a damp place4 ,= :5 ! e>?'s surface cool$ aft] ! great conflagration ! moi/ure t ! fire _h driv5 into ! air fell back ^u ! e>?1 wa%$ its surface & dissolv$ & absorb$ ! solid salt t 0 left 9 ! c9d]s1 f9ally fill+ up ?is great cavity 9 ! surface ( our globe1 to =m ! ocean fill$ ) salt wat]4 #bde4 ,b1 aft] ! fire1 "o mu/ conclude t e>? & wat] made ravages no less4 ,x may be t ! cru/ =m$ by ! cool+1 hav+ bel[ x great cavities1 fell 91 s t we live only on ru9s1 z among o!rs ,?omas ,burnet1 ,*apla9 to ! late ,k+ ( ,great ,brita91 aptly obs]v$4 ,sundry deluges & inundations h left deposits1 :]e( traces & rema9s are f\nd :i* %[ t ! sea 0 9 places t to-day are mo/ remote f x4 ,b ^! upheavals ceas$ at la/1 & ! globe assum$ ! %ape t we see4 ,moses h9ts at ^! *anges 9 few words3 ! sep>ation ( light f d>kness indicates ! melt+ caus$ by ! fire2 & ! sep>ation ( ! moi/ f ! dry m>ks ! effects ( inundations4 ,b :o does n see t ^! disord]s h s]v$ to br+ ?+s to ! po9t :]e !y n[ are1 t we owe to !m our ri*es & our com=ts1 & t ?r\gh _! ag5cy ?is globe became fit = cultivation by u4 ,^! disord]s pass$ into ord]4 ,! disord]s1 real or app>5t1 t we see f af> are sunspots & comets2 b we d n "k :at uses !y supply1 nor ! rules prevail+ !re94 ,"t 0 :5 ! planets 7 held to be w&]+ />s3 n[ _! motion is f\nd to be regul>4 ,p]adv5ture x is ! same ) ! comets3 po/]ity w "k4 #bdf4 ,"o does n include among ! disord]s inequality ( conditions1 & ,m4 ,jacquelot is ju/ifi$ 9 ask+ ^? :o w\ld h ev]y?+ equally p]fect1 :y rocks are n cr[n$ ) leaves & fl[]s8 :y ants are n peacocks8 ,& if !re mu/ ne$s be equality ev]y:]e1 ! poor man w\ld s]ve notice ( appeal aga9/ ! ri*1 ! s]vant aga9/ ! ma/]4 ,! pipes ( an organ mu/ n be ( equal size4 ,m4 ,bayle w say t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 a privation ( good & a disord]2 betwe5 a disord] 9 inanimate ?+s1 :i* is purely metaphysical1 & a disord] 9 rational creatures1 :i* is compos$ ( crime & #bgi suff]+s4 ,he is "r 9 mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 !m1 & ,i am "r 9 comb9+ !m4 ,god does n neglect inanimate ?+s3 !y d n feel1 b ,god feels = !m4 ,he does n neglect animals3 !y h n intellig5ce1 b ,god has x = !m4 ,he w\ld reproa* himself = ! slighte/ actual defect !re 7 9 ! univ]se1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 p]ceiv$ ( none4 #bdg4 ,x seems ,m4 ,bayle does n approve any comp>ison betwe5 ! disord]s :i* may exi/ 9 inanimate ?+s & ^? :i* tr\ble ! peace & happ9ess ( rational creatures2 nor w\ld he agree to our ju/ify+ ! p]mission ( vice on ! pretext ( ! c>e t mu/ be tak5 to avoid di/urb+ ! laws ( motion4 ,"o might !nce conclude1 accord+ to him 7po/hum\s ,reply to ,m4 ,jacquelot1 p4 #ahc71 't ,god creat$ ! _w only to display 8 inf9ite skill 9 ar*itecture & me*anics1 :il/ 8 prop]ty ( goodness & love ( virtue took no "p 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is great "w4 ,?is ,god w\ld pride himself only on skill2 he w\ld pref] to let ! :ole human k9d p]i% r ?an suff] "s atoms to g fa/] or m sl[ly ?an g5]al laws require4' ,m4 ,bayle w\ld n h made ?is anti!sis if he _h be5 in=m$ on ! sy/em ( g5]al h>mony :i* ,i assume1 :i* /ates t ! realm ( effici5t causes & t ( f9al causes are p>allel to ea* o!r2 t ,god has no less ! quality ( ! be/ mon>* ?an t ( ! greate/ ar*itect2 t matt] is s dispos$ t ! laws ( motion s]ve z ! be/ guidance = spirits2 & t consequ5tly x w prove t he has atta9$ ! utmo/ good possible1 provid$ "o reckon ! metaphysical1 physical & moral goods toge!r4 #bdh4 ,b 7,m4 ,bayle w say7 ,god hav+ p[] to av]t innum]able evils by "o small miracle1 :y did he n employ x8 ,he gives s mu* extraord9>y help to fall5 m52 b slight help ( su* a k9d giv5 to ,eve w\ld h prev5t$ h] fall & r5d]$ ! temptation ( ! s]p5t ineffective4 ,i h suffici5tly met objections ( ?is sort ) ?is g5]al answ]1 t ,god ought n to make *oice ( ano!r univ]se s9ce he has *os5 ! be/1 & has only made use ( ! miracles necess>y !reto4 ,i _h answ]$ ,m4 ,bayle t miracles *ange ! natural ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,he replies1 t t is an illusion1 & t ! miracle ( ! w$d+ at ,cana 7= in/ance7 made no *ange 9 ! air ( ! room1 except t in/ead ( receiv+ into its pores "s corpuscles ( wat]1 x #bhj receiv$ corpuscles ( w9e4 ,b "o mu/ be> 9 m9d t once ! be/ plan ( ?+s has be5 *os5 no?+ c be *ang$ !re94 #bdi4 ,z = miracles 7conc]n+ :i* ,i h already said some?+ 9 ?is "w71 !y are p]haps n all ( "o & ! same k9d3 !re are _m1 to all appe>ances1 :i* ,god br+s ab\t ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( invisible sub/ances1 su* z ! angels1 z ,fa!r ,malebran*e also believes4 ,^! angels or ^! sub/ances act accord+ to ! ord9>y laws ( _! nature1 be+ comb9$ ) bodies m r>efi$ & m vigor\s ?an ^? we h at our comm&4 ,& su* miracles are only s by comp>ison1 & 9 relation to u2 j z our works w\ld be consid]$ miracul\s among/ animals if !y 7 capable ( rem>k+ ^u !m4 ,! *ang+ ( wat] into w9e might be a miracle ( ?is k9d4 ,b ! ,creation1 ! ,inc>nation & "s o!r actions ( ,god exce$ all ! p[] ( creatures & are truly miracles1 or inde$ ,my/]ies4 ,if1 nev]!less1 ! *ang+ ( wat] into w9e at ,cana 0 a miracle ( ! highe/ k9d1 ,god w\ld h !reby *ang$ ! :ole c\rse ( ! univ]se1 because ( ! connexion ( bodies2 or else he w\ld h be5 b\nd to prev5t ?is connexion miracul\sly also1 & cause ! bodies n conc]n$ 9 ! miracle to act z if no miracle _h happ5$4 ,aft] ! miracle 0 ov]1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to re/ore all ?+s 9 ^? v bodies conc]n$ to ! /ate !y w\ld h rea*$ )\t ! miracle3 :]eaft] all w\ld h return$ to its orig9al c\rse4 ,?us ?is miracle dem&$ m ?an at fir/ appe>s4 #bej4 ,z = physical evil 9 creatures1 to wit _! suff]+s1 ,m4 ,bayle cont5ds vigor\sly aga9/ ^? :o endeav\r to ju/ify by means ( p>ticul> reasons ! c\rse ( action pursu$ by ,god 9 reg>d to ?is4 ,"h ,i set aside ! suff]+s ( animals1 & ,i see t ,m4 ,bayle insi/s *iefly on ^? ( m51 p]haps because he ?9ks t brute bea/s h no feel+4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! inju/ice !re w\ld be 9 ! suff]+s ( bea/s t div]s ,c>tesians wi%$ to prove t !y are only ma*9es1 quoniam sub ,deo ju/o nemo innoc5s mis] e/3 x is impossible t an innoc5t creature %\ld be unhappy "u su* a ma/] z ,god4 ,! pr9ciple is good1 b ,i d n ?9k x w>rants ! inf]5ce t bea/s h no feel+1 because ,i ?9k t1 prop]ly speak+1 p]ception is n suffici5t to cause mis]y if x is n accompani$ #bha by reflexion4 ,x is ! same ) happ9ess3 )\t reflexion !re is none4 ,o =tunatos nimium1 sua qui bona nor9t6 ,"o _c reasonably d\bt ! exi/5ce ( pa9 among animals2 b x seems z if _! pleasures & _! pa9s are n s ke5 z !y are 9 man3 = animals1 s9ce !y d n reflect1 are susceptible nei!r to ! grief t accompanies pa91 nor to ! joy t accompanies pleasure4 ,m5 are sometimes 9 a /ate approa*+ t ( ! bea/s1 :5 !y act almo/ on in/9ct alone & simply on ! impressions made by ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses3 &1 9 ?is /ate1 _! pleasures & _! pa9s are v slight4 #bea4 ,b let u pass f ! bea/s & return to rational creatures4 ,x is ) reg>d to !m t ,m4 ,bayle discusses ?is "q3 :e!r !re is m physical evil ?an physical good 9 ! _w8 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,ii1 *4 #ge47 ,to settle x aright1 "o mu/ expla9 :]e9 ^! goods & evils lie4 ,we are agre$ t physical evil is simply displeasure & "u t head+ ,i include pa91 grief1 & e o!r k9d ( discom=t4 ,b does physical good lie solely 9 pleasure8 ,m4 ,bayle appe>s to be ( ?is op9ion2 b ,i consid] t x lies also 9 a middle /ate1 su* z t ( heal?4 ,"o is well en\gh :5 "o has no ill2 x is a degree ( wisdom to h no folly3 ,sapi5tia prima e/1 ,/ultitia c>uisse4 ,9 ! same way "o is wor?y ( praise :5 "o _c ) ju/ice be blam$3 ,si non culpabor1 sat mihi laudis erit4 ,t be+ ! case1 all ! s5sations n unpleas+ to u1 all ! ex]cises ( our p[]s t d n incommode u1 & ^: prev5tion w\ld incommode u1 are physical goods1 ev5 :5 !y cause u no pleasure2 = privation ( !m is a physical evil4 ,besides we only p]ceive ! good ( heal?1 & o!r l goods1 :5 we are depriv$ ( !m4 ,on ^? t]ms ,i w\ld d>e to ma9ta9 t ev5 9 ?is life goods exce$ evils1 t our com=ts exce$ our discom=ts1 & t ,m4 ,desc>tes 0 ju/ifi$ 9 writ+ 7vol4 ,i1 ,lett] #i7 't natural reason tea*es u t we h m goods ?an evils 9 ?is life'4 #bhb #beb4 ,x mu/ be add$ t pleasures enjoy$ too (t5 & to excess w\ld be a v great evil4 ,!re are "s :i* ,hippocrates comp>$ to ! fall+ sickness1 & ,scioppius d\btless only made pret5ce ( envy+ ! sp>r[s 9 ord] to be agreeably playful 9 a le>n$ & f> f playful "w4 ,highly season$ foods are injuri\s to heal? & impair ! nic5ess ( a delicate s5se2 & 9 g5]al bodily pleasures are a k9d ( exp5diture ( ! _s1 ?\gh !y be made good 9 "s bett] ?an 9 o!rs4 #bec4 ,z pro(1 h[ev]1 t ! evil exce$s ! good is quot$ ! in/ance ( ,m4 de la ,motte le ,vay] 7,lett] #acd71 :o w\ld n h be5 will+ to return to ! _w1 suppos+ he _h _h to play ! same "p z provid5ce _h already assign$ to him4 ,b ,i h already said t ,i ?9k "o w\ld accept ! proposal ( him :o c\ld re-knot ! ?read ( ,fate if a new "p 7 promis$ to u1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld n be bett] ?an ! fir/4 ,?us f ,m4 de la ,motte le ,vay]'s say+ x does n foll[ t he w\ld n h wi%$ = ! "p he _h already play$1 provid$ x _h be5 new1 z ,m4 ,bayle seems to take x4 #bed4 ,! pleasures ( ! m9d are ! pure/1 & ( greate/ s]vice 9 mak+ joy endure4 ,c>dan1 :5 already an old man1 0 s cont5t ) 8 /ate t he prote/$ solemnly t he w\ld n ex*ange x = ! /ate ( ! ri*e/ ( "y m5 :o at ! same "t 0 ignorant4 ,m4 de la ,motte le ,vay] quotes ! say+ himself )\t criticiz+ x4 ,k has d\btless *>ms :i* _c be conceiv$ by ^? :o h n ta/$ !m4 ,i d n mean a m]e k ( facts )\t t ( reasons1 b k l t ( ,c>dan1 :o ) all 8 faults 0 a great man1 & w\ld h be5 incomp>able )\t ^? faults4 ,felix1 qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas6 ,ille metus omnes et inexorabile fatum ,subjecit p$ibus4 ,x is no small ?+ to be cont5t ) ,god & ) ! univ]se1 n to fe> :at de/9y has 9 /ore = u1 nor to compla9 ( :at befalls u4 ,acqua9tance ) true pr9ciples gives u ?is advantage1 q o!r ?an t ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans d]iv$ f _! philosophy4 ,!re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 true morality & !irs z !re is #bhc betwe5 joy & pati5ce3 = _! tranquillity 0 f\nd$ only on necessity1 :ile ours mu/ re/ ^u ! p]fection & beauty ( ?+s1 ^u our own happ9ess4 #bee4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we say ( bodily suff]+s8 ,may !y n be suffici5tly acute to di/urb ! sage's tranquillity8 ,ari/otle ass5ts2 ! ,/oics 7 ( a diff]5t op9ion1 & ev5 ! ,epicureans likewise4 ,m4 ,desc>tes reviv$ ! doctr9e ( ^! philosoph]s2 he says 9 ! lett] j quot$3 't ev5 amid ! wor/ mis=tunes & ! mo/ ov]:elm+ suff]+s "o may always be cont5t1 if only "o kn[s h[ to ex]cise reason'4 ,m4 ,bayle says conc]n+ ?is 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #aeg1 p4 #iia7 't x is say+ no?+1 t x is prescrib+ = u a rem$y ^: prep>ation h>dly anyone und]/&s'4 ,i hold t ! ?+ is n impossible1 & t m5 c\ld atta9 x by d9t ( m$itation & practice4 ,= ap>t f ! true m>tyrs & ^? :o h be5 aid$ 9 wond]ful wise f on high1 !re h be5 c\nt]feits :o imitat$ !m4 ,t ,spani% slave :o kill$ ! ,c>?ag9ian gov]nor 9 ord] to av5ge 8 ma/] & :o ev9c$ great joy 9 8 de$1 ev5 9 ! greate/ tortures1 may %ame ! philosoph]s4 ,:y %\ld n "o g z f> z he8 ,"o may say ( an advantage1 z ( a disadvantage3 ,cuivis pote/ accid]e1 quod cuiquam pote/4 #bef4 ,b ev5 to-day entire tribes1 su* z ! ,hurons1 ! ,iroquois1 ! ,galibis & o!r peoples ( ,am]ica tea* u a great lesson on ?is matt]3 "o _c read )\t a/oni%m5t ( ! intrepidity & well-nigh ins5sibility :]e) !y brave _! enemies1 :o roa/ !m ov] a sl[ fire & eat !m by slices4 ,if su* p c\ld reta9 _! physical sup]iority & _! c\rage1 & comb9e !m ) our acquirem5ts1 !y w\ld surpass u 9 e way1 ,extat ut 9 m$iis turris aprica casis4 ,!y w\ld be1 9 comp>ison ) u1 z a giant to a dw>f1 a m\nta9 to a hill3 ,quantus ,eryx1 et quantus ,a?os1 gaudetque nivali ,v]tice se attoll5s pat] ,ap5n9us ad auras4 #bhd #beg4 ,all t :i* is effect$ by a wond]ful vig\r ( body & m9d 9 ^! savages1 :o p]si/ ob/9ately 9 ! /range/ po9t ( hon\r1 might be acquir$ 9 our case by tra9+1 by well-season$ mortifications1 by an ov]ma/]+ joy f\nd$ on reason1 by great practice 9 pres]v+ a c]ta9 pres5ce ( m9d 9 ! mid/ ( ! di/ractions & impressions mo/ liable to di/urb x4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d is relat$ ( ! anci5t ,assass9s1 subjects & pupils ( ! ,old ,man or r ! ,seigneur 7,s5ior7 ( ! ,m\nta94 ,su* a s*ool 7= a bett] purpose7 w\ld be good = mission>ies :o w\ld wi% to return to ,japan4 ,! ,gymnosophi/s ( ! anci5t ,indians _h p]haps some?+ resembl+ ?is1 & t ,calanus1 :o provid$ = ,alex&] ! ,great ! spectacle ( 8 burn+ alive1 _h d\btless be5 enc\rag$ by ! great examples ( 8 ma/]s & tra9$ by great suff]+s n to fe> pa94 ,! wives ( ^! same ,indians1 :o ev5 to-day ask to be burn$ ) ! bodies ( _! husb&s1 seem /ill to keep some?+ ( ! c\rage ( ^? anci5t philosoph]s ( _! c\ntry4 ,i d n expect t !re %\ld /raightway be f\nd$ a religi\s ord] ^: purpose w\ld be to exalt man to t high pit* ( p]fection3 su* p w\ld be too mu* above ! re/1 & too =midable = ! au?orities4 ,z x r>ely happ5s t p are expos$ to extremes :]e su* great /r5g? ( m9d w\ld be ne$$1 "o w sc>ce ?9k ( provid+ = x at ! exp5se ( our usual com=ts1 albeit incomp>ably m w\ld be ga9$ ?an lo/ !reby4 #beh4 ,nev]!less ! v fact t "o has no ne$ ( t great rem$y is a pro( t ! good already exce$s ! evil4 ,euripides also said3 ,greek3 plei ta *r/a tn kakn e9ai brotois4 ,mala no/ra longe judico v9ci a bonis4 ,hom] & div]s o!r poets 7 ( ano!r m9d1 & m5 9 g5]al agree ) !m4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! evil ar\ses our att5tion r ?an ! good3 b ?is same reason proves t ! evil is m r>e4 ,"o mu/ !re=e n cr$it ! petulant expressions ( ,pl9y1 :o w\ld h x t ,nature is a /epmo!r1 & :o ma9ta9s t man is ! mo/ unhappy & mo/ va9 ( all creatures4 ,^! two epi!ts d n agree3 "o is n s v unhappy1 :5 "o is full ( oneself4 ,x is #bhe true t m5 hold human nature only too mu* 9 contempt1 app>5tly because !y see no o!r creatures capable ( ar\s+ _! emulation2 b !y h all too mu* self-e/eem1 & individually are b too easily satisfi$4 ,i !re=e agree ) ,m]ic ,casaubon1 :o 9 8 notes on ! ,x5ophanes ( ,diog5es ,la]tius praises exce$+ly ! admirable s5tim5ts ( ,euripides1 go+ s f> z to cr$it him ) hav+ said ?+s quae spirant ,greek3 !opneu/on pectus4 ,s5eca 7,lib4 #d1 c4 #e1 ,de ,b5efic47 speaks eloqu5tly ( ! bless+s ,nature has heap$ ^u u4 ,m4 ,bayle 9 8 ,diction>y1 article ',x5ophanes'1 br+s up sundry au?orities aga9/ ?is1 & among o!rs t ( ! poet ,diphilus 9 ! ,collections ( ,/obaeus1 ^: ,greek might be ?us express$ 9 ,lat93 ,=tuna cya?is bib]e nos datis jub5s1 ,infundit uno t]na pro bono mala4 #bei4 ,m4 ,bayle believes t if x 7 a "q only ( ! evil ( guilt1 or ( moral evil among m51 ! case w\ld soon be t]m9at$ to ! advantage ( ,pl9y1 & ,euripides w\ld lose 8 action4 ,to t ,i am n oppos$2 our vices d\btless exce$ our virtues1 & ?is is ! effect ( orig9al s94 ,x is nev]!less true t also on t po9t m5 9 g5]al exagg]ate ?+s1 & t ev5 "s !ologians disp>age man s mu* t !y wrong ! provid5ce ( ! ,au?or ( mank9d4 ,t is :y ,i am n 9 fav\r ( ^? :o ?\ght to d great hon\r to our religion by say+ t ! virtues ( ! pagans 7 only spl5dida peccata1 spl5did vices4 ,x is a sally ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's :i* has no f\ndation 9 holy ,scripture1 & :i* (f5ds reason4 ,b "h we are only discuss+ a physical good & evil1 & "o mu/ comp>e 9 detail ! prosp]ities & ! adv]sities ( ?is life4 ,m4 ,bayle w\ld wi% almo/ to set aside ! consid]ation ( heal?2 he lik5s x to ! r>efi$ bodies1 :i* are sc>cely felt1 l air1 = example2 b he lik5s pa9 to ! bodies t h mu* d5sity & mu* weight 9 slight volume4 ,b pa9 itself makes u aw>e ( ! importance ( heal? :5 we are b]eft ( x4 ,i h already obs]v$ t excess ( physical pleasures w\ld be a real evil1 & ! matt] ought n to be o!rwise2 x is too important = ! _s to be free4 ,lactantius 7,div94 ,in/it41 lib4 #c1 cap4 #ah7 _h said t m5 are s squeami% t !y compla9 ( ! slighte/ ill1 z if x swall[$ up all ! goods !y h enjoy$4 ,m4 ,bayle says1 conc]n+ ?is1 t ! v fact t m5 h ?is feel+ w>rants ! #bhf judgem5t t !y are 9 evil case1 s9ce x is feel+ :i* measures ! ext5t ( good or evil4 ,b ,i answ] t pres5t feel+ is any?+ r ?an ! true measure ( good & evil pa/ & future4 ,i grant t "o is 9 evil case :ile "o makes ^! peevi% reflexions2 b t does n exclude a previ\s /ate ( well-be+1 nor imply t1 ev]y?+ reckon$ 9 & all all[ance made1 ! good does n exce$ ! evil4 #bfj4 ,i d n wond] t ! pagans1 dissatisfi$ ) _! gods1 made compla9ts aga9/ ,prome!us & ,epime!us = hav+ =g$ s weak an animal z man4 ,nor d ,i wond] t !y acclaim$ ! fable ( old ,sil5us1 fo/]-fa!r ( ,bac*us1 :o 0 seiz$ by ,k+ ,midas1 & z ! price ( 8 deliv]ance taught him t o/5sibly f9e maxim t ! fir/ & ! greate/ ( goods 0 n to be born1 & ! second1 to dep>t f ?is life ) dispat* 7,cic41 ,tuscul41 lib4 #a74 ,plato believ$ t s\ls _h be5 9 a happi] /ate1 & _m ( ! anci5ts1 among/ o!rs ,cic]o 9 8 ,consolation 7accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,lactantius71 believ$ t = _! s9s !y 7 conf9$ 9 bodies z 9 a prison4 ,!y r5d]$ ?us a reason = our ills1 & ass]t$ _! prejudices aga9/ human life3 = !re is no su* ?+ z a beautiful prison4 ,b q ap>t f ! consid]ation t1 ev5 accord+ to ^! same pagans1 ! evils ( ?is life w\ld be c\nt]balanc$ & exce$$ by ! goods ( pa/ & future lives1 ,i make bold to say t we %all f9d1 ^u unbiass$ scrut9y ( ! facts1 t tak+ all 9 all human life is 9 g5]al tol]able4 ,& add+ !reto ! motives ( religion1 we %all be cont5t ) ! ord] ,god has set !re94 ,moreov]1 = a bett] judgem5t ( our goods & our evils1 x w be well to read ,c>dan1 ,de ,utilitate ex ,adv]sis ,capi5da1 & ,nov>9i1 ,de ,occultis ,dei ,b5eficiis4 #bfa4 ,m4 ,bayle dilates ^u ! mis=tunes ( ! great1 :o are ?\ght to be ! mo/ =tunate3 ! con/ant exp]i5ce ( ! fair aspect ( _! condition r5d]s !m unaw>e ( good1 b greatly aw>e ( evil4 ,someone w say3 s mu* ! worse = !m2 if !y "k n h[ to enjoy ! advantages ( nature & =tune1 is t ! fault ( ei!r8 ,!re are nev]!less great m5 possess$ ( m wisdom1 :o "k h[ to pr(it by ! fav\rs ,god has %[n !m1 :o are easily consol$ = _! mis=tunes1 & :o ev5 turn _! own faults to acc\nt4 ,m4 ,bayle #bhg pays no he$ to t3 he pref]s to li/5 to ,pl9y1 :o ?9ks t ,augu/us1 "o ( ! pr9ces mo/ fav\r$ by =tune1 exp]i5c$ at lea/ z mu* evil z good4 ,i admit t he f\nd great causes ( tr\ble 9 8 family & t remorse = hav+ cru%$ ! ,republic may h torm5t$ him2 b ,i ?9k t he 0 too wise to grieve ov] ! =m]1 & t ,maec5as app>5tly made him und]/& t ,rome _h ne$ ( a ma/]4 ,_h n ,augu/us be5 conv]t$ on ?is po9t1 ,v]gil w\ld nev] h said ( a lo/ s\l3 ,v5didit hic auro patriam ,dom9umque pot5tem ,imposuit1 fixit leges pretio atque refixit4 ,augu/us w\ld h ?\ght t he & ,caes> 7 allud$ to 9 ^! l9es1 :i* speak ( a ma/] giv5 to a free /ate4 ,b !re is e indication t he appli$ x j z little to 8 dom9ion1 :i* he reg>d$ z compatible ) lib]ty & z a necess>y rem$y = public evils1 z ! pr9ces ( to-day apply to !mselves ! words us$ ( ! k+s c5sur$ 9 ,m4 de ,cambray's ,telema*us4 ,ea* "o consid]s himself )9 8 rights4 ,tacitus1 an unbiass$ writ]1 ju/ifies ,augu/us 9 two words1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,annals4 ,b ,augu/us 0 bett] able ?an anyone to judge ( 8 good =tune4 ,he appe>s to h di$ cont5t1 z may be inf]r$ f a pro( he gave ( cont5t$ness ) 8 life3 = 9 dy+ he repeat$ to 8 fri5ds a l9e 9 ,greek1 :i* has ! signification ( t ,plaudite t 0 wont to be spok5 at ! conclusion ( a well-act$ play4 ,suetonius quotes x3 ,greek3 ,dote kroton kai pantes hymeis meta *>as ktypsate4 #bfb4 ,b ev5 ?\gh !re %\ld h fall5 to ! lot ( ! human k9d m evil ?an good1 x is en\gh :]e ,god is conc]n$ t !re is incomp>ably m good ?an evil 9 ! univ]se4 ,rabbi ,maimonides 7^: m]it is n suffici5tly recogniz$ 9 ! /atem5t t he is ! fir/ ( ! ,rabbis to h ceas$ talk+ nons5se7 also gave wise judgem5t on ?is "q ( ! pr$om9ance ( good ov] evil 9 ! _w4 ,"h is :at he says 9 8 ,doctor ,p]plexorum 7cap4 #ab1 p4 #c73 ',!re arise (t5 9 ! he>ts ( ill-in/ruct$ p]sons ?\ghts :i* p]suade !m !re is m evil ?an good 9 ! _w3 & "o (t5 f9ds 9 ! poems & songs ( ! pagans t x is z x 7 a miracle :5 some?+ good comes to pass1 :]eas evils are usual & con/ant4 ,?is error has #bhh tak5 hold n ( ! common h]d only1 ^? v p]sons :o wi% to be consid]$ wise h be5 beguil$ !reby4 ,a celebrat$ writ] nam$ ,alrasi1 9 8 ,seph] ,elohu?1 or ,!osophy1 among/ o!r absurdities has /at$ t !re are m evils ?an goods1 & t ^u comp>ison ( ! recreations & ! pleasures man enjoys 9 times ( tranquillity ) ! pa9s1 ! torm5ts1 ! tr\bles1 faults1 c>es1 griefs & afflictions :]eby he is ov]:elm$ our life w\ld prove to be a great evil1 & an actual p5alty inflict$ ^u u to puni% u4' ,maimonides adds t ! cause ( _! extravagant error is _! supposition t ,nature 0 made = !m only1 & t !y hold ( no acc\nt :at is sep>ate f _! p]son2 :5ce !y inf] t :5 some?+ unpleas+ to !m occurs all goes ill 9 ! univ]se4 #bfc4 ,m4 ,bayle says t ?is obs]vation ( ,maimonides is n to ! po9t1 because ! "q is :e!r among m5 evil exce$s good4 ,b1 ^u consid]ation ( ! ,rabbi's words1 ,i f9d t ! "q he =mulates is g5]al1 & t he wi%$ to refute ^? :o decide x on "o p>ticul> motive d]iv$ f ! evils ( ! human race1 z if all _h be5 made = man2 & x seems z ?\gh ! au?or :om he refutes spoke also ( good & evil 9 g5]al4 ,maimonides is "r 9 say+ t if "o took into acc\nt ! littl5ess ( man 9 relation to ! univ]se "o w\ld compreh5d cle>ly t ! pr$om9ance ( evil1 ev5 ?\gh x prevail$ among m51 ne$ n on t acc\nt occur among ! angels1 nor among ! heav5ly bodies1 nor among ! elem5ts & inanimate comp\nds1 nor among _m k9ds ( animals4 ,i h %[n else:]e t 9 suppos+ t ! numb] ( ! damn$ exce$s t ( ! sav$ 7a supposition :i* is nev]!less n altoge!r c]ta97 "o might admit t !re is m evil ?an good 9 respect ( ! human k9d kn[n to u4 ,b ,i po9t$ out t t nei!r precludes ! exi/5ce ( incomp>ably m good ?an evil1 bo? moral & physical1 9 rational creatures 9 g5]al1 nor prev5ts ! city ( ,god1 :i* conta9s all creatures1 f be+ ! mo/ p]fect /ate4 ,s also on consid]ation ( ! metaphysical good & evil :i* is 9 all sub/ances1 :e!r end[$ ) or devoid ( intellig5ce1 & :i* tak5 9 su* scope w\ld include physical good & moral good1 "o mu/ say t ! univ]se1 su* z x actually is1 mu/ be ! be/ ( all sy/ems4 #bhi #bfd4 ,moreov]1 ,m4 ,bayle w n h x t our transgression %\ld h any?+ to d ) ! consid]ation ( our suff]+s4 ,he is "r :5 x is simply a matt] ( apprais+ ^! suff]+s2 b ! case is n ! same :5 "o asks :e!r !y %\ld be ascrib$ to ,god1 ?is inde$ be+ ! pr9cipal cause ( ,m4 ,bayle's difficulties :5 he places reason or exp]i5ce 9 opposition to religion4 ,i "k t he is wont to say t x is ( no avail to resort to our free w1 s9ce 8 objections t5d also to prove t ! misuse ( free w mu/ no less be laid to ! acc\nt ( ,god1 :o has p]mitt$ x & :o has co-op]at$ !re94 ,he /ates x z a maxim t = "o difficulty m or less "o mu/ n ab&on a sy/em4 ,?is he advances especially 9 fav\r ( ! me?ods ( ! /rict & ! dogma ( ! ,supralaps>ians4 ,= he supposes t "o c subscribe to _! op9ion1 al?\gh he leaves all ! difficulties 9 _! entirety1 because ! o!r sy/ems1 albeit !y put an end to "s ( ! difficulties1 _c meet !m all4 ,i hold t ! true sy/em ,i h exp\nd$ satisfies all4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 7 t n s1 ,i confess t ,i _c reli% ?is maxim ( ,m4 ,bayle's1 & ,i %\ld pref] a sy/em :i* w\ld remove a great portion ( ! difficulties1 to "o :i* w\ld meet none ( !m4 ,& ! consid]ation ( ! wick$ness ( m51 :i* br+s ^u !m well-nigh all _! mis=tunes1 %[s at lea/ t !y h no "r to compla94 ,no ju/ice ne$ tr\ble itself ov] ! orig9 ( a sc\ndrel's wick$ness :5 x is only a "q ( puni%+ him3 x is q ano!r matt] :5 x is a "q ( prev5tion4 ,"o kn[s well t disposition1 upbr++1 conv]sation1 & (t5 *ance itself1 h mu* %>e 9 t orig93 is ! man any ! less des]v+ ( puni%m5t8 #bfe4 ,i confess t !re /ill rema9s ano!r difficulty4 ,if ,god is n b\nd to acc\nt to ! wick$ = _! wick$ness1 x seems z if he owes to himself1 & to ^? :o hon\r him & love him1 ju/ification = 8 c\rse ( action ) reg>d to ! p]mission ( vice & crime4 ,b ,god has already giv5 t satisfaction1 z f> z x is ne$$ "h on e>?3 by grant+ u ! light ( reason he has be/[$ ^u u ! means :]eby we may meet all difficulties4 ,i hope t ,i h made x pla9 9 ?is disc\rse1 & h elucidat$ ! matt] 9 ! prec$+ portion ( ^! ,essays1 almo/ z f> z x c be done ?r\gh g5]al argum5ts4 ,!reaft]1 ! p]mission ( s9 be+ ju/ifi$1 ! o!r evils #bij t are a consequ5ce !re( pres5t no fur!r difficulty4 ,?us also ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 re/rict+ myself "h to ! evil ( guilt to acc\nt = ! evil ( puni%m5t1 z ,holy ,scripture does1 & likewise well-nigh all ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,prea*]s4 ,&1 to ! end t none may say t is only good p] la pr$ica1 x is en\gh to consid] t1 aft] ! solutions ,i h giv51 no?+ mu/ seem m "r or m exact ?an ?is me?od4 ,= ,god1 hav+ f\nd already among ?+s possible1 be=e 8 actual decrees1 man misus+ 8 fre$om & br++ ^u himself 8 mis=tune1 yet c\ld n avoid admitt+ him into exi/5ce1 because ! g5]al plan requir$ ?is4 ,:]e=e x w no long] be necess>y to say ) ,m4 ,jurieu t "o mu/ dogmatize l ,/4 ,augu/9e & prea* l ,pelagius4 #bff4 ,?is me?od1 d]iv+ ! evil ( puni%m5t f ! evil ( guilt1 _c be op5 to c5sure1 & s]ves especially to acc\nt = ! greate/ physical evil1 :i* is damnation4 ,ern/ ,sonn]1 sometime ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,altorf 7a univ]sity e/abli%$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! free city ( ,nuremb]g71 :o 0 consid]$ an excell5t ,ari/otelian1 b 0 f9ally recogniz$ z be+ secretly a ,soc9ian1 _h compos$ a little disc\rse entitl$3 ,demon/ration aga9/ ! ,et]nity ( ,puni%m5t4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on ?is some:at trite pr9ciple1 t !re is no proportion betwe5 an inf9ite puni%m5t & a f9ite guilt4 ,x 0 convey$ to me1 pr9t$ 7s x seem$7 9 ,holl&2 & ,i repli$ t !re 0 "o ?+ to be consid]$ :i* _h escap$ ! late ,h]r ,sonn]3 namely t x 0 en\gh to say t ! duration ( ! guilt caus$ ! duration ( ! p5alty4 ,s9ce ! damn$ rema9$ wick$ !y c\ld n be )drawn f _! mis]y2 & ?us "o ne$ n1 9 ord] to ju/ify ! cont9uation ( _! suff]+s1 assume t s9 has become ( inf9ite weight ?r\gh ! inf9ite nature ( ! object (f5d$1 :o is ,god4 ,?is !sis ,i _h n explor$ en\gh to pass judgem5t !reon4 ,i "k t ! g5]al op9ion ( ! ,s*oolm51 accord+ to ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces1 is t 9 ! o!r life !re is nei!r m]it nor dem]it2 b ,i d n ?9k t1 tak5 lit]ally1 x c pass = an article ( fai?4 ,h]r ,fe*t1 a fam\s !ologian at ,ro/ock1 well refut$ t 9 8 book on ,! ,/ate ( ! ,damn$4 ,x is q wrong1 he says 7 #ei72 ,god _c *ange 8 nature2 ju/ice is ess5tial to him2 dea? has clos$ ! door ( grace1 b n t ( ju/ice4 #bia #bfg4 ,i h obs]v$ t sundry able !ologians h acc\nt$ = ! duration ( ! pa9s ( ! damn$ z ,i h j done4 ,johann ,g]h>d1 a fam\s !ologian ( ! ,augsburg ,confession 79 ,locis ,!ol41 loco de ,inf]no1 #fj71 br+s =w>d among/ o!r argum5ts t ! damn$ h /ill an evil w & lack ! grace t c\ld r5d] x good4 ,za*>ias ,urs9us1 a !ologian ( ,heidelb]g1 :o foll[s ,calv91 hav+ =mulat$ ?is "q 79 8 treatise ,de ,fide7 :y s9 m]its an et]nal puni%m5t1 advances fir/ ! common reason1 t ! p]son (f5d$ is inf9ite1 & !n also ?is second reason1 quod non cessante peccato non pote/ cess>e po5a4 ,& ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,drexl] says 9 8 book entitl$ ,nicetas1 or ,incont95ce ,ov]come 7book #b1 *4 #aa1 #i73 ',nec mirum damnatos semp] torqu]i1 cont9ue blasphemant1 et sic quasi semp] peccant1 semp] ergo plectuntur4' ,he decl>es & approves ! same reason 9 8 "w on ,et]nity 7book #b1 *4 #ae7 say+3 ',sunt qui dicant1 nec displicet responsum3 scel]ati 9 locis inf]nis semp] peccant1 ideo semp] puniuntur4' ,& he indicates !reby t ?is op9ion is v common among le>n$ m5 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,he alleges1 x is true1 ano!r m subtle reason1 d]iv$ f ,pope ,gregory ! ,great 7lib4 #d1 ,dial4 c4 #dd71 t ! damn$ are puni%$ et]nally because ,god =esaw by a k9d ( m$iate k t !y w\ld always h s9n$ if !y _h always liv$ ^u e>?4 ,b x is a hypo!sis v mu* op5 to "q4 ,h]r ,fe*t quotes also v>i\s em95t ,prote/ant !ologians = ,h]r ,g]h>d's op9ion1 al?\gh he m5tions also "s :o ?9k diff]5tly4 #bfh4 ,m4 ,bayle himself 9 v>i\s places has suppli$ me ) passages f two able !ologians ( 8 p>ty1 :i* h "s ref]5ce to ^! /atem5ts ( m9e4 ,m4 ,jurieu 9 8 book on ! ,unity ( ! ,*ur*1 9 opposition to t writt5 by ,m4 ,nicole on ! same subject1 gives ! op9ion 7p4 #cgi7 't reason tells u t a creature :i* _c cease to be crim9al c also n cease to be mis]able'4 ,m4 ,jacquelot 9 8 book on ,! ,con=mity ( ,fai? ) ,reason 7p4 #bbj7 is ( op9ion 't ! damn$ mu/ rema9 et]nally depriv$ ( ! glory ( ! bless$1 & t ?is deprivation might well be ! orig9 & ! cause ( all _! pa9s1 ?r\gh ! reflexions ^! unhappy creatures make ^u _! crimes :i* h depriv$ !m ( an et]nal bliss4 ,"o kn[s :at burn+ regrets1 :at pa9 envy causes to ^? :o see !mselves depriv$ ( a good1 ( a notable hon\r :i* _h be5 (f]$ to !m1 & :i* #bib !y reject$1 especially :5 !y see o!rs inve/$ ) x4' ,?is position is a little diff]5t f t ( ,m4 ,jurieu1 b bo? agree 9 ?is s5tim5t1 t ! damn$ are !mselves ! cause ( ! cont9uation ( _! torm5ts4 ,m4 le ,cl]c's ,orig5i/ does n entirely diff] f ?is op9ion :5 he says 9 ! ,select ,libr>y 7vol4 #g1 p4 #cda73 ',god1 :o =esaw t man w\ld fall1 does n condemn him on t acc\nt1 b only because1 al?\gh he has ! p[] to recov] himself1 he yet does n d s1 t is1 he freely reta9s 8 evil ways to ! end ( 8 life4' ,if he c>ries ?is reason+ on beyond ?is life1 he w ascribe ! cont9uation ( ! pa9s ( ! wick$ to ! cont9uation ( _! guilt4 #bfi4 ,m4 ,bayle says 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #age1 p4 #aahh7 't ?is dogma ( ! ,orig5i/ is h]etical1 9 t x tea*es t damnation is n f\nd$ simply on s91 b on volunt>y imp5it5ce'3 b is n ?is volunt>y imp5it5ce a cont9uation ( s98 ,i w\ld n simply say1 h[ev]1 t x is because man1 hav+ ! p[] to recov] himself1 does n2 & w\ld wi% to add t x is because man does n take advantage ( ! succ\r ( grace to aid him to recov] himself4 ,b aft] ?is life1 ?\gh "o assume t ! succ\r ceases1 !re is always 9 ! man :o s9s1 ev5 :5 he is damn$1 a fre$om :i* r5d]s him culpable1 & a p[]1 albeit remote1 ( recov]+ himself1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld nev] pass into action4 ,& !re is no reason :y "o may n say t ?is degree ( fre$om1 exempt f necessity1 b n exempt f c]ta9ty1 rema9s 9 ! damn$ z well z 9 ! bless$4 ,moreov]1 ! damn$ h no ne$ ( a succ\r t is ne$$ 9 ?is life1 = !y "k only too well :at "o mu/ believe "h4 #bgj4 ,! illu/ri\s prelate ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* :o publi%$ rec5tly a book on ! orig9 ( evil1 conc]n+ :i* ,m4 ,bayle made "s obs]vations 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,reply1 speaks ) mu* subtlety ab\t ! pa9s ( ! damn$4 ,?is prelate's op9ion is pres5t$ 7accord+ to ! au?or ( ! ,n\velles de la ,rpublique des ,lettres1 ,june #agjc7 z if he made '( ! damn$ j s _m madm5 :o w feel _! mis]ies acutely1 b :o w nev]!less congratulate !mselves on _! own behavi\r1 & :o w r *oose to be1 & to be t :i* !y are1 ?an n to be at all4 ,!y w love _! /ate1 unhappy z x w be1 ev5 z angry p1 lov]s1 ! ambiti\s1 ! #bic envi\s take pleasure 9 ! v ?+s t only augm5t _! mis]y4 ,fur!rmore ! ungodly w h s accu/om$ _! m9d to wrong judgem5ts t !y w h5ce=? nev] make any o!r k9d1 & w p]petually pass f "o error into ano!r4 ,!y w n be able to refra9 f desir+ p]petually ?+s ^: enjoym5t w be d5i$ !m1 &1 be+ depriv$ ( :i*1 !y w fall into inconceivable despair1 :ile exp]i5ce c nev] make !m wis] = ! future4 ,= by _! own fault !y w h altoge!r corrupt$ _! und]/&+1 & w h r5d]$ x incapable ( pass+ a s\nd judgem5t on any matt]4' #bga4 ,! anci5ts already imag9$ t ! ,devil dwells remote f ,god volunt>ily1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 torm5ts1 & t he is unwill+ to r$eem himself by an act ( submission4 ,!y inv5t$ a tale t an an*orite 9 a vision receiv$ a promise f ,god t he w\ld receive into grace ! ,pr9ce ( ! bad angels if he w\ld ackn[l$ge 8 fault2 b t ! devil rebuff$ ?is m$iator 9 a /range mann]4 ,at ! lea/1 ! !ologians usually agree t ! devils & ! damn$ hate ,god & blaspheme him2 & su* a /ate _c b be foll[$ by cont9uation ( mis]y4 ,conc]n+ t1 "o may read ! le>n$ treatise ( ,h]r ,fe*t on ! ,/ate ( ! ,damn$4 #bgb4 ,!re 7 times :5 ! belief 0 held t x 0 n impossible = a lo/ s\l to be deliv]$4 ,! /ory told ( ,pope ,gregory ! ,great is well kn[n1 h[ by 8 pray]s he _h )drawn f hell ! s\l ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 ^: goodness 0 s r5[n$ t to new emp]ors ! wi% 0 (f]$ t !y %\ld surpass ,augu/us 9 good =tune & ,trajan 9 goodness4 ,x 0 ?is t won = ! latt] ! pity ( ! ,holy ,fa!r4 ,god acc$$ to 8 pray]s 7x is said71 b he =bade him to make ! l pray]s 9 future4 ,accord+ to ?is fable1 ! pray]s ( ,/4 ,gregory _h ! =ce ( ! rem$ies ( ,aesculapius1 :o recall$ ,hippolytus f ,hades2 &1 if he _h cont9u$ to make su* pray]s1 ,god w\ld h wax$ wro?1 l ,jupit] 9 ,v]gil3 ,at pat] omnipot5s aliquem indignatus ab umbris ,mortalem inf]nis ad lum9a surg]e vitae1 ,ipse rep]torem m$ic9ae talis et artis ,fulm9e ,phoebig5am ,/ygias detrusit ad undas4 #bid ,godescalc1 a monk ( ! n9? c5tury1 :o set at v>iance ! !ologians ( 8 day1 & ev5 ^? ( our day1 ma9ta9$ t ! reprobate %\ld pray ,god to r5d] _! pa9s m be>able2 b "o is nev] ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ oneself reprobate s long z "o is alive4 ,! passage 9 ! ,mass = ! dead is m reasonable3 x asks = ! abatem5t ( ! torm5ts ( ! damn$1 &1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis t ,i h j /at$1 "o mu/ wi% = !m meliorem m5tem4 ,orig5 hav+ appli$ ! passage f ,psalm lxxvii1 v]se #aj3 ,god w n =get to be graci\s1 nei!r w he %ut up 8 lov+-k9dness 9 displeasure1 ,/4 ,augu/9e replies 7,en*irid41 c4 #aab7 t x is possible t ! pa9s ( ! damn$ la/ et]nally1 & t !y may nev]!less be mitigat$4 ,if ! text impli$ t1 ! abatem5t w\ld1 z reg>ds its duration1 g on to inf9ity2 & yet t abatem5t w\ld1 z reg>ds its ext5t1 h a non plus ultra4 ,ev5 s !re are asymptote figures 9 geometry :]e an inf9ite l5g? makes only a f9ite progress 9 bread?4 ,if ! p>able ( ! wick$ ri* man repres5t$ ! /ate ( a def9itely lo/ s\l1 ! hypo!sis :i* makes ^! s\ls s mad & s wick$ w\ld be gr\ndless4 ,b ! *>ity t[>ds 8 bro!rs attribut$ to him 9 ! p>able does n seem to be consi/5t ) t degree ( wick$ness :i* is ascrib$ to ! damn$4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great 7,,ix ,mor41 #ci7 ?9ks t ! ri* man 0 afraid le/ _! damnation %\ld increase 83 b x seems z ?\gh ?is fe> is n suffici5tly consi/5t ) ! disposition ( a p]fectly wick$ w4 ,bonav5tura1 on ! ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces1 says t ! wick$ ri* man w\ld h desir$ to see ev]yone damn$2 b s9ce t 0 n to be1 he desir$ ! salvation ( 8 bro!rs r ?an t ( ! re/4 ,?is reply is by no means s\nd4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mission ( ,laz>us t he desir$ w\ld h s]v$ to save _m p2 & he :o takes s mu* pleasure 9 ! damnation ( o!rs t he desires x = ev]yone w p]haps desire t damnation = "s m ?an o!rs2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 he w h no incl9ation to ga9 salvation = anyone4 ,h[ev] t may be1 "o mu/ admit t all ?is detail is problematical1 ,god hav+ reveal$ to u all t is ne$$ to put u 9 fe> ( ! greate/ ( mis=tunes1 & n :at is ne$$ = our und]/&+ !re(4 #bgc4 ,n[ s9ce x is h5ce=? p]mitt$ to h rec\rse to ! misuse ( free w1 & to evil w1 9 ord] to acc\nt = o!r evils1 #bie s9ce ! div9e p]mission ( ?is misuse is pla9ly en\gh ju/ifi$1 ! ord9>y sy/em ( ! !ologians meets ) ju/ification at ! same "t4 ,n[ we c seek ) confid5ce ! orig9 ( evil 9 ! fre$om ( creatures4 ,! fir/ wick$ness is well kn[n to u1 x is t ( ! ,devil & 8 angels3 ! ,devil s9ne? f ! beg9n+1 & = ?is purpose ! ,son ( ,god 0 manife/$1 t he might de/roy ! works ( ! ,devil 7#a ,john iii4 #h74 ,! ,devil is ! fa!r ( wick$ness1 he 0 a murd]] f ! beg9n+1 & abode n 9 ! tru? 7,john viii4 #dd74 ,& !re=e ,god sp>$ n ! angels t s9n$1 b ca/ !m d[n to ,hell1 & deliv]$ !m into *a9s ( d>kness1 to be res]v$ unto judgem5t 7#b ,pet4 ii4 #d74 ,& ! angels :i* kept n _! own habitation1 he ha? res]v$ 9 et]nal 7t is to say ev]la/+7 *a9s "u d>kness unto ! judgem5t ( ! great day 7,jude i4 #f74 ,:5ce x is easy to obs]ve t "o ( ^! two lett]s mu/ h be5 se5 by ! au?or ( ! o!r4 #bgd4 ,x seems z if ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse wi%$ to ?r[ light ^u :at ! o!r canonical writ]s _h left obscure3 he gives u an acc\nt ( a battle t took place 9 ,heav54 ,mi*ael & 8 angels f\ght aga9/ ! ,dragon1 & ! ,dragon f\ght & 8 angels4 ',b !y prevail$ n1 nei!r 0 _! place f\nd any m 9 heav54 ,& ! great ,dragon 0 ca/ out1 t old s]p5t1 call$ ! ,devil1 & ,satan1 :i* deceive? ! :ole _w3 & he 0 ca/ out into ! e>?1 & 8 angels 7 ca/ out ) him' 7,rev4 xii4 #g1 #h1 #i74 ,= al?\gh ?is acc\nt is plac$ aft] ! flight ( ! woman into ! wild]ness1 & x may h be5 int5d$ to indicate !reby "s revulsion fav\rable to ! ,*ur*1 x appe>s z ?\gh ! au?or's design 0 to %[ simultane\sly ! old fall ( ! fir/ enemy & a new fall ( a new enemy4 #bge4 ,ly+ or wick$ness spr+s f ! ,devil's own nature1 ,greek3 ek tn idin f 8 w1 because x 0 writt5 9 ! book ( ! et]nal v]ities1 :i* conta9s ! ?+s possible be=e any decree ( ,god1 t ?is creature w\ld freely turn t[>d evil if x 7 creat$4 ,x is ! same ) ,eve & ,adam2 !y s9n$ freely1 albeit ! ,devil tempt$ !m4 ,god gives ! wick$ ov] to a reprobate m9d 7,rom4 i4 #bh71 ab&on+ !m to !mselves & d5y+ !m a grace :i* he owes !m n1 & inde$ ought to d5y to !m4 #bgf4 ,x is said 9 ! ,scriptures t ,god h>d5e? 7,exod4 iv4 #ba &#bif vii4 #c2 ,isa4 lxiii4 #ag72 t ,god s5de? a ly+ _s 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #bc72 /rong delusion t !y %\ld believe a lie 7#b ,!ss4 ii4 #aa72 t he deceiv$ ! prophet 7,ezek4 xiv4 #i72 t he comm&$ ,%imei to curse 7#b ,sam xvi4 #aj72 t ! *ildr5 ( ,eli he>k5$ n unto ! voice ( _! fa!r1 because ! ,"l w\ld slay !m 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #be72 t ! ,"l took away ,job's sub/ance1 ev5 al?\gh t 0 done ?r\gh ! malice ( brig&s 7,job i4 #ba72 t he rais$ up ,ph>aoh1 to %[ 8 p[] 9 him 7,exod4 ix4 #ai2 ,rom4 ix4 #ag7 t he is l a pott] :o make? a vessel unto di%on\r 7,rom4 ix4 #ba72 t he hide? ! tru? f ! wise & prud5t 7,matt4 xi4 #be72 t he speake? 9 p>ables unto !m t are )\t1 t see+ !y may see & n p]ceive1 & he>+ !y may he> & n und]/&1 le/ at any "t !y might be conv]t$1 & _! s9s might be =giv5 !m 7,m>k iv4 #ab2 ,luke viii4 #aj72 t ,jesus 0 deliv]$ by ! det]m9ate c\nsel & =ekn[l$ge ( ,god 7,acts ii4 #bc72 t ,pontius ,pilate & ,h]od ) ! ,g5tiles & ! p ( ,israel did t :i* ! h& & ! c\nsel ( ,god _h det]m9$ be=e to be done 7,acts iv4 #bg1 #bh72 t x 0 ( ! ,"l to h>d5 ! he>ts ( ! enemy1 t !y %\ld come aga9/ ,israel 9 battle1 t he might de/roy !m utt]ly1 & t !y might h no fav\r 7,jo%ua xi4 #bj72 t ! ,"l m+l$ a p]v]se _s 9 ! mid/ ( ,egypt1 & caus$ x to err 9 all its works1 l a drunk5 man 7,isa4 xix4 #ad72 t ,rehoboam he>k5$ n unto ! ^w ( ! p1 = ! cause 0 f ! ,"l 7#a ,k+s xii4 #ae72 t he turn$ ! he>ts ( ! ,egyptians to hate 8 p 7,ps4 cv4 #be74 ,b all ^! & o!r l expressions sugge/ only t ! ?+s ,god has done are us$ z occasion = ignorance1 error1 malice & evil de$s1 & contribute !reto1 ,god inde$ =esee+ ?is1 & int5d+ to use x = 8 ends1 s9ce sup]ior reasons ( p]fect wisdom h det]m9$ him to p]mit ^! evils1 & ev5 to co-op]ate !re94 ',s$ non s9]et bonus fi]i male1 nisi omnipot5s etiam de malo posset fac]e b5e'1 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e's words4 ,b ?is has be5 exp\nd$ m fully 9 ! prec$+ "p4 #bgg4 ,god made man 9 8 image 7,g54 i4 #bf72 he made him upright 7,eccles4 vii4 #bi74 ,b also he made him free4 ,man has behav$ badly1 he has fall52 b !re rema9s /ill a c]ta9 fre$om aft] ! fall4 ,moses said z f ,god3 ',i call heav5 & e>? to record ?is day aga9/ y1 t ,i h set be=e y life & dea?1 bless+ & curs+2 !re=e #big *oose life' 7,deut4 xxx4 #ai74 ',?us sai? ! ,"l3 ,behold1 ,i set be=e y ! way ( life1 & ! way ( dea?' 7,j]4 xxi4 #h74 ,he has left man 9 ! p[] ( 8 c\nsel1 giv+ him 8 ord9ances & 8 comm&m5ts4 ',if ?\ wilt1 ?\ %alt keep ! comm&m5ts' 7or !y %all keep !e74 ',he ha? set be=e !e fire & wat]1 to /ret* =? ?9e h& to :i*ev] ?\ wilt' 7,sira* xv4 #ad1 #ae1 #af74 ,fall5 & unreg5]ate man is "u ! dom9ation ( s9 & ( ,satan1 because x pleases him s to be2 he is a volunt>y slave ?r\gh 8 evil lu/4 ,?us x is t free w & w 9 bondage are "o & ! same ?+4 #bgh4 ',let no man say1 ,i am tempt$ ( ,god'2 'b e man is tempt$1 :5 he is drawn away ( 8 own lu/ & entic$' 7,jas4 i4 #ac1 #ad74 ,& ,satan contributes !reto4 ,he 'bl9de? ! m9ds ( !m :i* believe n' 7#b ,cor4 iv4 #d74 ,b man is deliv]$ up to ! ,devil by 8 covet\s desire3 ! pleasure he f9ds 9 evil is ! bait t hooks him4 ,plato has said s already1 & ,cic]o repeats x3 ',plato voluptatem dicebat escam malorum4' ,grace sets ov] aga9/ x a great] pleasure1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e obs]v$4 ,all pleasure is a feel+ ( "s p]fection2 "o loves an object 9 proportion z "o feels its p]fections2 no?+ surpasses ! div9e p]fections4 ,:5ce x foll[s t *>ity & love ( ,god give ! greate/ pleasure t c be conceiv$1 9 t proportion 9 :i* "o is p5etrat$ by ^! feel+s1 :i* are n common among m51 busi$ & tak5 up z m5 are ) ! objects t are conc]n$ ) _! passions4 #bgi4 ,n[ z our corruption is n altoge!r inv9cible & z we d n necess>ily s9 ev5 :5 we are "u ! bondage ( s91 x mu/ likewise be said t we are n aid$ inv9cibly2 &1 h[ev] efficaci\s div9e grace may be1 !re is ju/ification = say+ t "o c resi/ x4 ,b :5 x inde$ proves victori\s1 x is c]ta9 & infallible be=eh& t "o w yield to its allurem5ts1 :e!r x h its /r5g? ( itself or :e!r x f9d a way to triumph ?r\gh ! congruity ( circum/ances4 ,?us "o mu/ always di/+ui% betwe5 ! infallible & ! necess>y4 #bhj4 ,! sy/em ( ^? :o call !mselves ,disciples ( ,/4 ,augu/9e is n f> remov$ f ?is1 provid$ "o exclude c]ta9 obnoxi\s ?+s1 :e!r 9 ! expressions or 9 ! dogmas !mselves4 ,9 ! expressions ,i f9d t x is pr9cipally ! use ( t]ms l #bih 'necess>y' or 'cont+5t'1 'possible' or 'impossible'1 :i* sometimes gives a h&le & causes mu* ado4 ,t is :y1 z ,h]r ,ls*] ! y\ng] aptly obs]v$ 9 a le>n$ diss]tation on ! ,p>oxysms ( ! ,absolute ,decree1 ,lu!r desir$1 9 8 book ,on ! ,w 9 ,bondage1 to f9d a ^w m fitt+ = t :i* he wi%$ to express ?an ! ^w necessity4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 x appe>s m reasonable & m fitt+ to say t ob$i5ce to ,god's precepts is always possible1 ev5 = ! unreg5]ate2 t ! grace ( ,god is always resi/ible1 ev5 9 ^? mo/ holy1 & t fre$om is exempt n only f con/ra9t b also f necessity1 al?\gh x be nev] )\t infallible c]ta9ty or )\t incl9+ det]m9ation4 #bha4 ,nev]!less !re is on ! o!r h& a s5se :]e9 x w\ld be p]mitt$ to say1 9 c]ta9 conjunctures1 t ! p[] to d good is (t5 lack+1 ev5 9 ! j2 t s9s are (t5 necess>y1 ev5 9 ! reg5]ate2 t x is impossible sometimes = "o n to s92 t grace is irresi/ible2 t fre$om is n exempt f necessity4 ,b ^! expressions are less exact & less pleas+ 9 ! circum/ances t prevail ab\t u to-day4 ,!y are also 9 g5]al m op5 to misuse2 & moreov] !y sav\r some:at ( ! spee* ( ! p1 :]e t]ms are employ$ ) great latitude4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 circum/ances :i* r5d] !m acceptable & ev5 s]viceable4 ,x is ! case t sacr$ & or?odox writ]s1 & ev5 ! holy ,scriptures1 h made use ( expressions on bo? sides1 & no real contradiction has aris51 any m ?an betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,james1 or any error on ei!r side t might be attributable to ! ambiguity ( ! t]ms4 ,"o is s well accu/om$ to ^! v>i\s ways ( speak+ t (t5 "o is put to x to say precisely :i* s5se is ! m ord9>y & ! m natural1 & ev5 t m int5d$ by ! au?or 7quis s5sus magis naturalis1 obvius1 int5tus74 ,= ! same writ] has diff]5t aims 9 diff]5t passages1 & ! same ways ( speak+ are m or less accept$ or acceptable be=e or aft] ! decision ( "s great man or ( "s au?ority t "o respects & foll[s4 ,z a result ( ?is "o may well au?orize or ban1 z opportunity arises & at c]ta9 times1 c]ta9 expressions2 b x makes no diff]5ce to ! s5se1 or to ! cont5t ( fai?1 if suffici5t explanations ( ! t]ms are n add$4 #bhb4 ,x is !re=e only necess>y to und]/& fully "s di/9ctions1 su* z t ,i h v (t5 urg$ betwe5 ! necess>y & ! #bii c]ta91 & betwe5 metaphysical necessity & moral necessity4 ,x is ! same ) possibility & impossibility1 s9ce ! ev5t ^: opposite is possible is cont+5t1 ev5 z t ^: opposite is impossible is necess>y4 ,a di/9ction is rightly drawn also betwe5 a proximate pot5cy & a remote pot5cy2 &1 accord+ to ^! diff]5t s5ses1 "o says n[ t a ?+ may be & n[ t x may n be4 ,x may be said 9 a c]ta9 s5se t x is necess>y t ! bless$ %\ld n s92 t ! devils & ! damn$ %\ld s92 t ,god himself %\ld *oose ! be/2 t man %\ld foll[ ! c\rse :i* aft] all attracts him mo/4 ,b ?is necessity is n oppos$ to cont+5cy2 x is n ( ! k9d call$ logical1 geometrical or metaphysical1 ^: opposite implies contradiction4 ,m4 ,nicole has made use some:]e ( a comp>ison :i* is n amiss4 ,x is consid]$ impossible t a wise & s]i\s magi/rate1 :o has n tak5 leave ( 8 s5ses1 %\ld publicly commit "s outrage\s action1 z x w\ld be1 = in/ance1 to run ab\t ! /reets nak$ 9 ord] to make p laugh4 ,x is ! same1 9 a s5se1 ) ! bless$2 !y are /ill less capable ( s9n+1 & ! necessity t =bids !m to s9 is ( ! same k9d4 ,f9ally ,i also hold t 'w' is a t]m z equivocal z pot5cy & necessity4 ,= ,i h already obs]v$ t ^? :o employ ?is axiom1 t "o does n fail to d :at "o wills :5 "o c1 & :o !nce inf] t ,god !re=e does n w ! salvation ( all1 imply a decretory w4 ,only 9 t s5se c "o support ?is proposition1 t wisdom nev] wills :at x kn[s to be among ! ?+s t %all n happ54 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o may say1 tak+ w 9 a s5se m g5]al & m 9 con=mity ) cu/om>y use1 t ! wise w is incl9$ antec$5tly to all good1 al?\gh x decrees f9ally to d t :i* is mo/ fitt+4 ,?us "o w\ld be v wrong to d5y to ,god ! s]i\s & /rong incl9ation to save all m51 :i* ,holy ,scripture attributes to him2 or ev5 to attribute to him an orig9al di/a/e :i* div]ts him f ! salvation ( a numb] ( p]sons1 odium antec$aneum4 ,"o %\ld r ma9ta9 t ! wise m9d t5ds t[>ds all good1 z good1 9 proportion to 8 k & 8 p[]1 b t he only produces ! be/ t c be a*iev$4 ,^? :o admit t1 & yet d5y to ,god ! antec$5t w to save all m51 are wrong only 9 _! misuse ( ! t]m1 provid$ t !y ackn[l$ge1 besides1 t ,god gives to all help suffici5t to enable !m to w9 #cjj salvation if only !y h ! w to avail !mselves !re(4 #bhc4 ,9 ! dogmas !mselves held by ! ,disciples ( ,/4 ,augu/9e ,i _c approve ! damnation ( unreg5]ate *ildr51 nor 9 g5]al damnation result+ f orig9al s9 alone4 ,nor c ,i believe t ,god condemns ^? :o are )\t ! necess>y light4 ,"o may believe1 ) _m !ologians1 t m5 receive m aid ?an we are aw>e (1 7 x only :5 !y are at ! po9t ( dea?4 ,x does n appe> necess>y ei!r t all ^? :o are sav$ %\ld always be sav$ ?r\gh a grace efficaci\s ( itself1 indep5d5tly ( circum/ances4 ,also ,i consid] x unnecess>y to say t all ! virtues ( ! pagans 7 false or t all _! actions 7 s9s2 ?\gh x be true t :at does n spr+ f fai?1 or f ! uprightness ( ! s\l be=e ,god1 is infect$ ) s91 at lea/ virtually4 ,f9ally ,i hold t ,god _c act z if at r&om by an absolutely absolute decree1 or by a w indep5d5t ( reasonable motives4 ,& ,i am p]suad$ t he is always actuat$1 9 ! disp5sation ( 8 grace1 by reasons :]e9 ! nature ( ! objects p>ticipates4 ,o!rwise he w\ld n act 9 accordance ) wisdom4 ,i grant nev]!less t ^! reasons are n ( necessity b\nd up ) ! good or ! less evil natural qualities ( m51 z if ,god gave 8 grace only accord+ to ^! good qualities4 ,yet ,i hold1 z ,i h expla9$ already "h1 t ^! qualities are tak5 into consid]ation l all ! o!r circum/ances1 s9ce no?+ c be neglect$ 9 ! designs ( supreme wisdom4 #bhd4 ,save = ^! po9ts1 & "s few o!rs1 :]e ,/4 ,augu/9e appe>s obscure or ev5 repell5t1 x seems z ?\gh "o c con=m to 8 sy/em4 ,he /ates t f ! sub/ance ( ,god only a ,god c proce$1 & t ?us ! creature is d]iv$ f no?+ness 7,augu/9e ,de ,lib4 ,arb41 lib4 #a1 c4 #b74 ,t is :at makes ! creature imp]fect1 faulty & corruptible 7,de ,g5esi ad ,lit41 c4 #ae1 ,contra ,epi/olam ,mani*aei1 c4 #cf74 ,evil comes n f nature1 b f evil w 7,augu/9e1 9 ! :ole book ,on ! ,nature ( ,good74 ,god c comm& no?+ t w\ld be impossible4 ',firmissime cr$itur ,deum ju/um et bonum impossibilia non potuisse praecip]e' 7,lib4 de ,nat4 et ,grat41 c4 #dc1 p4 #fi74 ,nemo peccat 9 eo1 quod cav]i non pote/ 7lib4 #c1 ,de ,lib4 ,arb41 c4 #af1 #ag1 lib4 #a ,retract4 c4 #aa1 #ac1 #ae74 ,"u a j ,god1 none c be unhappy :o des]ves n s to be1 'neque sub ,deo ju/o mis] esse #cja quisquam1 nisi m]eatur1 pote/' 7lib4 #a1 c4 #ci74 ,free w _c c>ry out ,god's comm&s )\t ! aid ( grace 7,ep4 ad ,hil>4 ,caes>augu/an474 ,we "k t grace is n giv5 accord+ to des]ts 7,ep4 #ajf1 #ajg1 #abj74 ,man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce _h ! aid necess>y to enable him to d good if he wi%$2 b ! wi% dep5d$ on free w1 'habebat adjutorium1 p] quod posset1 et s9e quo non vellet1 s$ non adjutorium quo vellet' 7,lib4 de ,corrept41 c4 #aa et c4 #aj1 #ab74 ,god let angels & m5 try :at !y c\ld d by _! free w1 & aft] t :at 8 grace & 8 ju/ice c\ld a*ieve 7ibid41 c4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab74 ,s9 turn$ man away f ,god1 to turn him t[>ds creatures 7lib4 #a1 qu4 #b1 ,ad ,simplicium74 ,to take pleasure 9 s9n+ is ! fre$om ( a slave 7,en*irid41 c4 #ajc74 ',lib]um arbitrium usque adeo 9 peccatore non p]iit1 ut p] illud pecc5t maxime omnes1 qui cum delectatione peccant' 7lib4 #a1 ,ad ,bonifac41 c4 #b1 #c74 #bhe4 ,god said to ,moses3 ',i w be graci\s to :om ,i w be graci\s1 & w %ew m]cy on :om ,i w %ew m]cy' 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #ai74 ',s !n x is n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %ewe? m]cy' 7,rom4 ix4 #ae1 #af74 ,t does n prev5t all ^? :o h good w1 & :o p]sev]e !re91 f be+ sav$4 ,b ,god gives !m ! will+ & ! do+4 ',!re=e ha? he m]cy on :om he w h m]cy1 & :om he w he h>d5e?' 7,rom4 ix4 #ah74 ,& yet ! same ,apo/le says t ,god wille? t all m5 %\ld be sav$1 & come to ! k ( ! tru?2 :i* ,i w\ld n int]pret 9 accordance ) "s passages ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 z if x signifi$ t no m5 are sav$ except ^? ^: salvation he wills1 or z if he w\ld save non s+ulos g5]um1 s$ g5]a s+ulorum4 ,b ,i w\ld r say t !re is none ^: salvation he wille? n1 9 s f> z ?is is p]mitt$ by great] reasons4 ,= ^! br+ x ab\t t ,god only saves ^? :o accept ! fai? he has (f]$ to !m & :o surr5d] !mselves !reto by ! grace he has giv5 !m1 9 accordance ) :at 0 consi/5t ) ! plan ( 8 works 9 its entirety1 ?an :i* none c be bett] conceiv$4 #bhf4 ,z = pr$e/9ation to salvation1 x includes also1 accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! ord9ance ( ! means t %all lead to salvation4 ',pra$e/9atio sanctorum nihil aliud e/1 quam praesci5tia et praep>atio b5eficiorum ,dei1 quibus c]tissime lib]antur quicunque lib]antur' 7,lib4 de ,p]sev41 c4 #ad74 ,he does n !n und]/& x !re z an #cjb absolute decree2 he ma9ta9s t !re is a grace :i* is n reject$ by any h>d5$ he>t1 because x is giv5 9 ord] to remove especially ! h>dness ( he>ts 7,lib4 de ,pra$e/41 c4 #h2 ,lib4 de ,grat41 c4 #ac1 #ad74 ,i d n f9d1 h[ev]1 t ,/4 ,augu/9e conveys suffici5tly t ?is grace1 :i* subdues ! he>t1 is always efficaci\s ( itself4 ,& "o might p]haps h ass]t$ )\t (f5ce to him t ! same degree ( inw>d grace is victori\s 9 ! "o1 :]e x is aid$ by outw>d circum/ances1 b n 9 ! o!r4 #bhg4 ,w is proportionate to ! s5se we h ( ! good1 & foll[s ! s5se :i* prevails4 ',si utrumque tantundem diligimus1 nihil horum dabimus4 ,item3 ,quod amplius nos delectat1 secundum id op]emur necesse e/' 79 c4 #e1 ,ad ,gal474 ,i h expla9$ already h[1 despite all t1 we h inde$ a great p[] ov] our w4 ,/4 ,augu/9e takes x some:at diff]5tly1 & 9 a way t does n g f>1 :5 he says t no?+ is s mu* )9 our p[] z ! action ( our w4 ,& he gives a reason :i* is almo/ tautological3 = 7he says7 ?is action is ready at ! mom5t :5 we w4 ',nihil tam 9 no/ra pote/ate e/1 quam ipsa voluntas1 ea enim mox ut volumus prae/o e/' 7lib4 #c1 ,de ,lib4 ,arb41 c4 #c2 lib4 #e1 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 c4 #aj74 ,b t only means t we w :5 we w1 & n t we w t :i* we wi% to w4 ,!re is m reason = say+ ) him3 'aut voluntas non e/1 aut lib]a dic5da e/' 7d4 #a1 #c1 c4 #c72 & t :at incl9es ! w t[>ds good infallibly1 or c]ta9ly1 does n prev5t x f be+ free4 ',p]quam absurdum e/1 ut ideo dicamus non p]t9]e ad voluntatem lib]tatem no/ram1 quod beati esse volumus1 quia id omn9o nolle non possumus1 nescio qua bona con/rictione naturae4 ,nec dic]e audemus ideo ,deum non voluntatem lib]tatem1 s$ necessitatem hab]e ju/itiae1 quia non pote/ velle pecc>e4 ,c]te ,deus ipse numquid quia pecc>e non pote/1 ideo lib]um arbitrium hab]e neg&us e/8' 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat41 c4 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di74 ,he also says aptly1 t ,god gives ! fir/ good impulse1 b t aft]w>ds man acts also4 ',aguntur ut agant1 non ut ipsi nihil agant' 7,de ,corrept41 c4 #b74 #bhh4 ,i h prov$ t free w is ! proximate cause ( ! evil ( guilt1 & consequ5tly ( ! evil ( puni%m5t2 al?\gh x is true t ! orig9al imp]fection ( creatures1 :i* is already pres5t$ 9 ! et]nal ideas1 is ! fir/ & mo/ remote cause4 ,m4 ,bayle #cjc nev]!less always disputes ?is use ( ! notion ( free w2 he w n h ! cause ( evil ascrib$ to x4 ,"o mu/ li/5 to 8 objections1 b fir/ x w be well to ?r[ fur!r light on ! nature ( fre$om4 ,i h %[n t fre$om1 accord+ to ! def9ition requir$ 9 ! s*ools ( !ology1 consi/s 9 intellig5ce1 :i* involves a cle> k ( ! object ( delib]ation1 9 spontaneity1 :]eby we det]m9e1 & 9 cont+5cy1 t is1 9 ! exclusion ( logical or metaphysical necessity4 ,intellig5ce is1 z x 71 ! s\l ( fre$om1 & ! re/ is z its body & f\ndation4 ,! free sub/ance is self-det]m9+ & t accord+ to ! motive ( good p]ceiv$ by ! und]/&+1 :i* incl9es x )\t compell+ x3 & all ! conditions ( fre$om are compris$ 9 ^! few words4 ,x is nev]!less well to po9t out t ! imp]fection pres5t 9 our k & our spontaneity1 & ! infallible det]m9ation t is involv$ 9 our cont+5cy1 de/roy nei!r fre$om nor cont+5cy4 #bhi4 ,our k is ( two k9ds1 di/9ct or confus$4 ,di/9ct k1 or intellig5ce1 occurs 9 ! actual use ( reason2 b ! s5ses supply u ) confus$ ?\ghts4 ,& we may say t we are immune f bondage 9 s f> z we act ) a di/9ct k1 b t we are ! slaves ( passion 9 s f> z our p]ceptions are confus$4 ,9 ?is s5se we h n all ! fre$om ( _s t 7 to be desir$1 & we may say ) ,/4 ,augu/9e t be+ subject to s9 we h ! fre$om ( a slave4 ,yet a slave1 slave z he is1 nev]!less has fre$om to *oose accord+ to ! /ate :]e9 he is1 al?\gh m (t5 ?an n he is "u ! /]n necessity ( *oos+ betwe5 two evils1 because a sup]ior =ce prev5ts him f atta9+ ! goods :]eto he aspires4 ,t :i* 9 a slave is effect$ by bonds & con/ra9t 9 u is effect$ by passions1 ^: viol5ce is sweet1 b none ! less p]nici\s4 ,9 tru? we w only t :i* pleases u3 b unhappily :at pleases u n[ is (t5 a real evil1 :i* w\ld displease u if we _h ! eyes ( ! und]/&+ op54 ,nev]!less t evil /ate ( ! slave1 :i* is also our own1 does n prev5t u1 any m ?an him1 f mak+ a free *oice ( t :i* pleases u mo/1 9 ! /ate to :i* we are r$uc$1 9 proportion to our pres5t /r5g? & k4 #bij4 ,z = spontaneity1 x belongs to u 9 s f> z we h )9 u ! s\rce ( our actions1 z ,ari/otle rightly conceiv$4 ,! #cjd impressions ( ext]nal ?+s (t51 inde$1 div]t u f our pa?1 & x 0 commonly believ$ t1 at lea/ 9 ?is respect1 "s ( ! s\rces ( our actions 7 outside ourselves4 ,i admit t "o is b\nd to speak ?us1 adapt+ oneself to ! popul> mode ( expression1 z "o may1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 )\t do+ viol5ce to tru?4 ,b :5 x is a "q ( express+ oneself accurately ,i ma9ta9 t our spontaneity suff]s no exception & t ext]nal ?+s h no physical influ5ce ^u u1 ,i mean 9 ! /rictly philosophical s5se4 #bia4 ,= bett] und]/&+ ( ?is po9t1 "o mu/ "k t true spontaneity is common to u & all simple sub/ances1 & t 9 ! intellig5t or free sub/ance ?is becomes a ma/]y ov] its actions4 ,t _c be bett] expla9$ ?an by ! ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 :i* ,i inde$ prop\nd$ "s ye>s ago4 ,!re ,i po9t$ out t by nature e simple sub/ance has p]ception1 & t its individuality consi/s 9 ! p]petual law :i* br+s ab\t ! sequ5ce ( p]ceptions t are assign$ to x1 spr++ naturally f "o ano!r1 to repres5t ! body t is allott$ to x1 & ?r\gh its in/rum5tality ! entire univ]se1 9 accordance ) ! po9t ( view prop] to ?is simple sub/ance & )\t its ne$+ to receive any physical influ5ce f ! body4 ,ev5 s ! body also = its "p adapts itself to ! wi%es ( ! s\l by its own laws1 & consequ5tly only obeys x accord+ to ! prompt+s ( ^! laws4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! s\l has 9 itself a p]fect spontaneity1 s t x dep5ds only ^u ,god & ^u itself 9 its actions4 #bib4 ,z ?is sy/em 0 n kn[n =m]ly1 o!r ways 7 s\ght = em]g+ f ?is labyr9?1 & ! ,c>tesians !mselves 7 9 difficulties ov] ! subject ( free w4 ,!y 7 no long] satisfi$ by ! 'faculties' ( ! ,s*oolm51 & !y consid]$ t all ! actions ( ! s\l appe> to be det]m9$ by :at comes f )\t1 accord+ to ! impressions ( ! s5ses1 & t1 ultimately1 all is controll$ 9 ! univ]se by ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,!nce arose naturally ! objection t !re is !re=e no fre$om4 ,to t ,m4 ,desc>tes repli$ t we are assur$ ( ,god's provid5ce by reason2 b t we are likewise assur$ ( our fre$om by exp]i5ce !re( )9 ourselves2 & t we mu/ believe 9 bo?1 ev5 ?\gh we see n h[ x is possible to reconcile !m4 #cje #bic4 ,t 0 cutt+ ! ,gordian knot1 & answ]+ ! conclusion ( an argum5t n by refut+ x b by oppos+ !reto a contr>y argum5t4 ,:i* proc$ure does n con=m to ! laws = philosophical disputes4 ,not)/&+1 mo/ ( ! ,c>tesians cont5t$ !mselves ) ?is1 albeit ! inw>d exp]i5ce !y adduce does n prove _! ass]tion1 z ,m4 ,bayle has cle>ly %[n4 ,m4 ,regis 7,philos41 vol4 #a1 ,metaph41 book #b1 "p #b1 c4 #bb7 ?us p>aphrases ,m4 ,desc>tes' doctr9e3 ',mo/ philosoph]s'1 he says1 'h fall5 into error4 ,"s1 n be+ able to und]/& ! relation exi/+ betwe5 free actions & ! provid5ce ( ,god1 h d5i$ t ,god 0 ! fir/ effici5t cause ( free w3 b t is sacrilegi\s4 ,! o!rs1 n be+ able to appreh5d ! relation betwe5 ,god's efficacy & free actions1 h d5i$ t man 0 end[$ ) fre$om3 & t is a blasphemy4 ,! mean to be f\nd betwe5 ^! two extremes is to say' 7id4 ibid41 p4 #dhe7 't1 ev5 ?\gh we 7 n able to und]/& all ! relations exi/+ betwe5 fre$om & ,god's provid5ce1 we %\ld nev]!less be b\nd to ackn[l$ge t we are free & dep5d5t ^u ,god4 ,= bo? ^! tru?s are equally kn[n1 ! "o ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 & ! o!r ?r\gh reason2 & prud5ce =bids "o to ab&on tru?s :]e( "o is assur$1 "u ! pretext t "o _c appreh5d all ! relations exi/+ betwe5 !m & o!r tru?s well kn[n4' #bid4 ,m4 ,bayle "h rem>ks p]t95tly 9 ! m>g91 't ^! expressions ( ,m4 ,regis fail to po9t out t we are aw>e ( relations betwe5 man's actions & ,god's provid5ce1 su* z appe> to u to be incompatible ) our fre$om4' ,he adds t ^! expressions are ov]-circumspect1 weak5+ ! /atem5t ( ! problem4 ',au?ors assume'1 he says1 't ! difficulty arises solely f our lack ( enlight5m5t2 :]eas !y ought to say t x arises 9 ! ma9 f ! enlight5m5t :i* we h1 & _c reconcile' 79 ,m4 ,bayle's op9ion7 ') our ,my/]ies4' ,t is exactly :at ,i said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w1 t if ! ,my/]ies 7 irreconcilable ) reason1 & if !re 7 unansw]able objections1 f> f f9d+ ! my/]y incompreh5sible1 we %\ld compreh5d t x 0 false4 ,x is true t "h !re is no "q ( a my/]y1 b only ( natural religion4 #bie4 ,?is is h[ ,m4 ,bayle combats ^? inw>d exp]i5ces1 :]eon #cjf ! ,c>tesians make fre$om re/3 b he beg9s by reflexions ) :i* ,i _c agree4 ',^? :o d n make pr(\nd exam9ation'1 he says 7,diction>y1 art4 ',hel54'1 lit4 ,greek3 ,,td71 '( t :i* passes )9 !m easily p]suade !mselves t !y are free1 & t1 if _! w prompts !m to evil1 x is _! fault1 x is ?r\gh a *oice :]e( !y are ! ma/]s4 ,^? :o judge o!rwise are p]sons :o h /udi$ ) c>e ! spr+s & ! circum/ances ( _! actions1 & :o h ?\ght ov] ! progress ( _! s\l's impulses4 ,^? p]sons usually h d\bts ab\t _! free w1 & ev5 come to p]suade !mselves t _! reason & m9d are slaves1 )\t p[] to resi/ ! =ce t c>ries !m along :]e !y w\ld n g4 ,x 0 pr9cipally p]sons ( ?is k9d :o ascrib$ to ! gods ! cause ( _! evil de$s4' #bif4 ,^! words rem9d me ( ^? ( ,*ancellor ,bacon1 :o says t a little philosophy incl9e? u away f ,god1 b t dep? 9 philosophy br+e? m5's m9ds ab\t to him4 ,x is ! same ) ^? :o reflect ^u _! actions3 x appe>s to !m at fir/ t all we d is only impulsion f o!rs1 & t all we appreh5d comes f )\t ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & is trac$ ^u ! void ( our m9d tanquam 9 tabula rasa4 ,b m pr(\nd m$itation %[s u t all 7ev5 p]ceptions & passions7 comes to u f our own inn] be+1 ) complete spontaneity4 #big4 ,yet ,m4 ,bayle cites poets :o pret5d to exon]ate m5 by lay+ ! blame ^u ! gods4 ,m$ea 9 ,ovid speaks ?us3 ,fru/ra1 ,m$ea1 repugnas1 ,nescio quid ,deus ob/at1 ait4 ,& a little lat] ,ovid makes h] add3 ,s$ trahit invitam nova vis1 aliudque ,cupido1 ,m5s aliud suadet2 video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor4 ,b "o c\ld set aga9/ t a passage f ,v]gil1 :o makes ,nisus say ) f> m reason3 ,di ne hunc ardorem m5tibus addunt1 ,euryale1 an sua cuique ,deus fit dira cupido8 #bih4 ,h]r ,witti* seems to h ?\ght t 9 reality our indep5d5ce is only app>5t4 ,= 9 8 ,diss4 de provid5tia ,dei actuali 7n4 #fa7 #cjg he makes free w consi/ 9 our be+ incl9$ t[>ds ! objects t pres5t !mselves to our s\l = affirmation or d5ial1 love or hate1 9 su* a way t we d n feel we are be+ det]m9$ by any outw>d =ce4 ,he adds t x is :5 ,god himself causes our volitions t we act ) mo/ fre$om2 & t ! m efficaci\s & p[]ful ,god's action is ^u u1 ! m we are ma/]s ( our actions4 ',quia enim ,deus op]atur ipsum velle1 quo efficacius op]atur1 eo magis volumus2 quod autem1 cum volumus1 facimus1 id maxime habemus 9 no/ra pote/ate4' ,x is true t :5 ,god causes a volition 9 u he causes a free action4 ,b x seems to me t ! "q "h is n ( ! univ]sal cause or ( t production ( our w :i* is prop] to x 9 s f> z x is a creat$ effect1 ^: positive elem5ts are actually creat$ cont9ually ?r\gh ,god's co-op]ation1 l all o!r absolute reality ( ?+s4 ,we are conc]n$ "h ) ! reasons = will+1 & ! means ,god uses :5 he gives u a good w or p]mits u to h an evil w4 ,x is always we :o produce x1 good or evil1 = x is our action3 b !re are always reasons t make u act1 )\t impair+ ei!r our spontaneity or our fre$om4 ,grace does no m ?an give impressions :i* are conducive to mak+ w op]ate ?r\gh fitt+ motives1 su* z w\ld be an att5tion1 a dic cur hic1 a prev5i5t pleasure4 ,& x is q evid5t t t does n int]f]e ) fre$om1 any m ?an c\ld a fri5d :o gives c\nsel & furni%es motives4 ,?us ,h]r ,witti* has n suppli$ an answ] to ! "q1 any m ?an ,m4 ,bayle1 & rec\rse to ,god is ( no avail "h4 #bii4 ,b let me give ano!r mu* m reasonable passage f ! same ,m4 ,bayle1 :]e he disputes ) great] =ce ! s-call$ lively s5se ( fre$om1 :i* accord+ to ! ,c>tesians is a pro( ( fre$om4 ,8 words are inde$ full ( wit1 & wor?y ( consid]ation1 & occur 9 ! ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial 7vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #adj1 p4 #gfa seqq474 ,"h !y are3 ',by ! cle> & di/9ct s5se we h ( our exi/5ce we d n disc]n :e!r we exi/ ?r\gh ourselves or d]ive our be+ f ano!r4 ,we disc]n t only by reflexion1 t is1 ?r\gh m$itation ^u our p[]lessness 9 ! matt] ( cons]v+ ourselves z mu* z we w\ld1 & ( free+ ourselves f dep5d5ce ^u ! be+s t surr\nd u1 etc4 ,x is inde$ c]ta9 t ! pagans 7! same mu/ be said ( ! ,soc9ians1 s9ce !y d5y ! creation7 nev] atta9$#cjh to ! k ( t true dogma t we 7 creat$ f no?+1 & t we are d]iv$ f no?+ness at e mom5t ( our cont9uance4 ,!y !re=e ?\ght errone\sly t all sub/ances 9 ! univ]se exi/ ( !mselves & c nev] be r$uc$ to no?+1 & t ?us !y dep5d ^u no o!r ?+ save 9 respect ( _! modifications1 :i* are liable to be de/roy$ by ! action ( an ext]nal cause4 ,does n ?is error spr+ f ! fact t we are unconsci\s ( ! creative action :i* cons]ves u1 & t we are only consci\s ( our exi/5ce8 ,t we are consci\s ( x1 ,i say1 9 su* a way t we %\ld = ev] rema9 ignorant ( ! cause ( our be+ if o!r k did n aid u8 ,let u say also1 t ! cle> & di/9ct s5se we h ( ! acts ( our w _c make u disc]n :e!r we give !m ourselves to ourselves or receive !m f t same cause :i* gives u exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ h rec\rse to reflexion or to m$itation 9 ord] to effect ?is discrim9ation4 ,n[ ,i ass]t t "o c nev] by purely philosophical m$itations arrive at an e/abli%$ c]ta9ty t we are ! effici5t cause ( our volitions3 = e p]son :o makes due inve/igation w recognize cle>ly1 t if we 7 only passive subjects ) reg>d to w we %\ld h ! same s5sations ( exp]i5ce z we h :5 we ?9k t we are free4 ,assume1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ,god s ord]$ ! laws ( ! union betwe5 s\l & body t all ! modalities ( ! s\l1 )\t a s+le exception1 are ( necessity l9k$ toge!r ) ! int]position ( ! modalities ( ! bra94 ,y w !n und]/& t no?+ w happ5 to u except t ( :i* we are consci\s3 !re w be 9 our s\l ! same sequ5ce ( ?\ghts f ! p]ception ( objects ( ! s5ses1 :i* is its fir/ /ep1 up to ! mo/ def9ite volitions1 :i* are its f9al /ep4 ,!re w be 9 ?is sequ5ce ! consci\sness ( ideas1 t ( affirmations1 t ( irresolutions1 t ( velleities & t ( volitions4 ,= :e!r ! act ( will+ be impress$ ^u u by an ext]nal cause or we br+ x ab\t ourselves1 x w be equally true t we w1 & t we feel t we w4 ,moreov]1 z ?is ext]nal cause c bl5d z mu* pleasure z x w ) ! volition :i* x impresses ^u u1 we %all be able to feel at times t ! acts ( our w please u inf9itely1 & t !y lead u accord+ to ! b5t ( our /ronge/ incl9ations4 ,we %all feel no con/ra9t2 y "k ! maxim3 voluntas non pote/ cogi4 ,d#cji y n cle>ly und]/& t a wea!r-vane1 always hav+ communicat$ to x simultane\sly 79 su* a way1 h[ev]1 t priority ( nature or1 if "o w1 a real mom5t>y priority1 %\ld atta* to ! desire = motion7 movem5t t[>ds a c]ta9 po9t on ! horizon1 & ! wi% to turn 9 t direction1 w\ld be p]suad$ t x mov$ ( itself to fulfil ! desires :i* x conceiv$8 ,i assume t x w\ld n "k t !re 7 w9ds1 or t an ext]nal cause *ang$ ev]y?+ simultane\sly1 bo? its situation & its desires4 ,t is ! /ate we are 9 by our nature3 we "k n :e!r an invisible cause makes u pass suffici5tly f "o ?\ght to ano!r4 ,x is !re=e natural t m5 are p]suad$ t !y det]m9e _! own acts4 ,b x rema9s to be discov]$ :e!r !y are mi/ak5 9 t1 z 9 c\ntless o!r ?+s !y affirm by a k9d ( in/9ct & )\t hav+ made use ( philosophic m$itation4 ,s9ce !re=e !re are two hypo!ses z to :at takes place 9 man3 ! "o t he is only a passive subject1 ! o!r t he has active virtues1 "o _c 9 reason pref] ! second to ! fir/1 s long z "o c only adduce pro(s ( feel+4 ,= we %\ld feel ) an equal =ce t we wi% ?is or t1 :e!r all our volitions 7 impr9t$ ^u our s\l by an ext]ior & invisible cause1 or we =m$ !m ourselves4' #cjj4 ,!re are "h excell5t argum5ts1 :i* are valid aga9/ ! usual sy/ems2 b !y fail 9 respect ( ! ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 :i* takes u fur!r ?an we 7 able to g =m]ly4 ,m4 ,bayle ass]ts1 = in/ance1 't by purely philosophical m$itations "o c nev] atta9 to an e/abli%$ c]ta9ty t we are ! effici5t cause ( our volitions'4 ,b ?is is a po9t :i* ,i d n conc$e to him3 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is sy/em demon/rates beyond a d\bt t 9 ! c\rse ( nature ea* sub/ance is ! sole cause ( all its actions1 & t x is free ( all physical influ5ce f e o!r sub/ance1 save ! cu/om>y co-op]ation ( ,god4 ,& ?is sy/em %[s t our spontaneity is real1 & n only app>5t1 z ,h]r ,witti* believ$ x to be4 ,m4 ,bayle ass]ts also on ! same reasons 7*4 #agj1 p4 #aacb7 t if !re 7 a fatum ,a/rologicum ?is w\ld n de/roy fre$om2 & ,i w\ld conc$e t to him1 if fre$om consi/$ only 9 an app>5t spontaneity4 #cja4 ,! spontaneity ( our actions c !re=e no long] be que/ion$2 & ,ari/otle has def9$ x well1 say+ t an action is #caj spontane\s :5 its s\rce is 9 him :o acts4 ',spontaneum e/1 cujus pr9cipium e/ 9 ag5te4' ,?us x is t our actions & our wills dep5d entirely ^u u4 ,x is true t we are n directly ! ma/]s ( our w1 al?\gh we be its cause2 = we d n *oose volitions1 z we *oose our actions by our volitions4 ,yet we h a c]ta9 p[] also ov] our w1 because we c contribute indirectly t[>ds will+ ano!r "t t :i* we w\ld fa9 w n[1 z ,i h "h already %[n3 t1 h[ev]1 is no velleity1 prop]ly speak+4 ,!re also we h a ma/]y1 individual & ev5 p]ceptible1 ov] our actions & our wills1 result+ f a comb9ation ( spontaneity ) intellig5ce4 #cjb4 ,up to ?is po9t ,i h exp\nd$ ! two conditions ( fre$om m5tion$ by ,ari/otle1 t is1 spontaneity & intellig5ce1 :i* are f\nd unit$ 9 u 9 delib]ation1 :]eas bea/s lack ! second condition4 ,b ! ,s*oolm5 dem& yet a ?ird1 :i* !y call indiff]5ce4 ,& inde$ "o mu/ admit x1 if indiff]5ce signifies z mu* z 'cont+5cy'2 = ,i h already said "h t fre$om mu/ exclude an absolute & metaphysical or logical necessity4 ,b1 z ,i h decl>$ m ?an once1 ?is indiff]5ce1 ?is cont+5cy1 ?is non-necessity1 if ,i may v5ture s to speak1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic attribute ( fre$om1 does n prev5t "o f hav+ /rong] incl9ations t[>ds ! c\rse "o *ooses2 nor does x by any means require t "o be absolutely & equally indiff]5t t[>ds ! two oppos+ c\rses4 #cjc4 ,i !re=e admit indiff]5ce only 9 ! "o s5se1 imply+ ! same z cont+5cy1 or non-necessity4 ,b1 z ,i h decl>$ m ?an once1 ,i d n admit an indiff]5ce ( equipoise1 & ,i d n ?9k t "o ev] *ooses :5 "o is absolutely indiff]5t4 ,su* a *oice w\ld be1 z x 71 m]e *ance1 )\t det]m9+ reason1 :e!r app>5t or hidd54 ,b su* a *ance1 su* an absolute & actual =tuity1 is a *im]a :i* nev] occurs 9 nature4 ,all wise m5 are agre$ t *ance is only an app>5t ?+1 l =tune3 only ignorance ( causes gives rise to x4 ,b if !re 7 su* a vague indiff]5ce1 or r if we 7 to *oose )\t hav+ any?+ to prompt u to ! *oice1 *ance w\ld !n be some?+ actual1 resembl+ :at1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 took place 9 t little deviation ( ! atoms1 occurr+ )\t cause or reason4 ,epicurus _h introduc$ x 9 ord] to evade necessity1 &#caa ,cic]o ) good reason ridicul$ x4 #cjd4 ,?is deviation _h a f9al cause 9 ! m9d ( ,epicurus1 8 aim be+ to free u f fate2 b x c h no effici5t cause 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 x is "o ( ! mo/ impossible ( *im]as4 ,m4 ,bayle himself refutes x admirably1 z we %all see pres5tly4 ,& yet x is surpris+ t he appe>s to admit else:]e himself some?+ ( l nature ) ?is suppos$ deviation3 "h is :at he says1 :5 speak+ ( ,buridan's ass 7,diction>y1 art4 ',buridan'1 lit4 #ac73 ',^? :o advocate free w prop]ly s call$ admit 9 man a p[] ( det]m9+1 ei!r to ! "r h& or ! left1 ev5 :5 ! motives are p]fectly uni=m on ! side ( ea* ( ! two oppos+ objects4 ,= !y ma9ta9 t our s\l c say1 )\t hav+ any reason o!r ?an t ( us+ its fre$om3 ,i pref] ?is to t1 al?\gh ,i see no?+ m wor?y ( my *oice 9 ! "o ?an ! o!r4' #cje4 ,all ^? :o admit a free w prop]ly s call$ w n = t reason conc$e to ,m4 ,bayle ?is det]m9ation spr++ f an indet]m9ate cause4 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ! ,?omi/s believe t all is det]m9$4 ,& "o sees t _! oppon5ts resort also to ! circum/ances :i* contribute to our *oice4 ,exp]i5ce by no means approves ! *im]a ( an indiff]5ce ( equipoise2 & "o c employ "h ! argum5t t ,m4 ,bayle himself employ$ aga9/ ! ,c>tesians' mann] ( prov+ fre$om by ! lively s5se ( our indep5d5ce4 ,= al?\gh ,i d n always see ! reason = an incl9ation :i* makes me *oose betwe5 two app>5tly uni=m c\rses1 !re w always be "s impression1 h[ev] imp]ceptible1 t det]m9es u4 ,! m]e desire to make use ( "o's fre$om has no effect ( specify+1 or det]m9+ u to ! *oice ( "o c\rse or ! o!r4 #cjf4 ,m4 ,bayle goes on3 ',!re are at ! v lea/ two ways :]eby man c extricate himself f ! sn>es ( equipoise4 ,"o1 :i* ,i h already m5tion$1 is = a man to flatt] himself ) ! pleas+ fancy t he is ma/] 9 8 own h\se1 & t he does n dep5d ^u objects4' ,?is way is block$3 = all t "o might wi% to play ma/] 9 "o's own h\se1 t has no det]m9+ effect1 nor does x fav\r "o c\rse m ?an ! o!r4 ,m4 ,bayle goes on3 ',he w\ld make ?is ,act3 ,i w pref] ?is to t1 because x pleases me to behave ?us4' ,b #cab ^! words1 'because x pleases me'1 'because su* is my pleasure'1 imply already a lean+ t[>ds '! object t pleases'4 #cjg4 ,!re is !re=e no ju/ification = cont9u+ ?us3 ',& s t :i* det]m9$ him w\ld n be tak5 f ! object2 ! motive w\ld be d]iv$ only f ! ideas m5 h ( _! own p]fections1 or ( _! natural faculties4 ,! o!r way is t ( ! lot or *ance3 ! %ort /raw w\ld decide4' ,?is way has an outlet1 b x does n rea* ! goal3 x w\ld alt] ! issue1 = 9 su* a case x is n man :o decides4 ,or aga9 if "o ma9ta9s t x is /ill ! man :o decides by lot1 man himself is no long] 9 equipoise1 because ! lot is n1 & ! man has atta*$ himself to x4 ,!re are always reasons 9 ,nature :i* cause t :i* happ5s by *ance or ?r\gh ! lot4 ,i am some:at surpris$ t a m9d s %rewd z ,m4 ,bayle's c\ld h all[$ itself to be s misl$ on ?is po9t4 ,i h set out else:]e ! true rejo9d] to ! ,buridan sophism3 x is t ! case ( p]fect equipoise is impossible1 s9ce ! univ]se c nev] be halv$1 s z to make all impressions equival5t on bo? sides4 #cjh4 ,let u see :at ,m4 ,bayle himself says else:]e aga9/ ! *im]ical or absolutely undef9$ indiff]5ce4 ,cic]o _h said 79 8 book ,de ,fato7 t ,c>neades _h f\nd some?+ m subtle ?an ! deviation ( atoms1 attribut+ ! cause ( a s-call$ absolutely undef9$ indiff]5ce to ! volunt>y motions ( s\ls1 because ^! motions h no ne$ ( an ext]nal cause1 com+ z !y d f our nature4 ,b ,m4 ,bayle 7,diction>y1 art4 ',epicurus'1 p4 #aadc7 aptly replies t all t :i* spr+s f ! nature ( a ?+ is det]m9$3 ?us det]m9ation always rema9s1 & ,c>neades' evasion is ( no avail4 #cji4 ,he %[s else:]e 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #ij1 l4 #b1 p4 #bbi7 't a fre$om f> remov$ f ?is s-call$ equipoise is incomp>ably m b5eficial4 ,i mean'1 he says1 'a fre$om su* z may always foll[ ! judgem5ts ( ! m9d1 & su* z _c resi/ objects cle>ly recogniz$ z good4 ,i "k ( no p :o d n agree t tru? cle>ly recogniz$ necessitates' 7det]m9es r1 unless "o speak ( a moral necessity7 '! ass5t ( ! s\l2 exp]i5ce tea*es u t4 ,9 ! s*ools !y tea* con/antly t z ! true is ! object ( #cac ! und]/&+1 s ! good is ! object ( ! w4 ,s likewise !y tea* t z ! und]/&+ c nev] affirm any?+ save t :i* is %[n to x "u ! semblance ( tru?1 ! w c nev] love any?+ :i* to x does n appe> to be good4 ,"o nev] believes ! false z su*1 & "o nev] loves evil z evil4 ,!re is 9 ! und]/&+ a natural det]m9ation t[>ds ! true 9 g5]al1 & t[>ds ea* individual tru? cle>ly recogniz$4 ,!re is 9 ! w a natural det]m9ation t[>ds good 9 g5]al2 :5ce _m philosoph]s conclude t f ! mom5t :5 individual goods are cle>ly recogniz$ by u we are ( necessity compell$ to love !m4 ,! und]/&+ susp5ds its actions only :5 its objects %[ !mselves obscurely1 s t !re is cause = d\bt z to :e!r !y are false or true4 ,t leads _m p]sons to ! conclusion t ! w rema9s 9 equipoise only :5 ! s\l is unc]ta9 :e!r ! object pres5t$ to x is a good ) reg>d to x2 b t also1 ! mom5t ! s\l decides 9 ! affirmative1 x ( necessity cl+s to t object until o!r judgem5ts ( ! m9d det]m9e x o!rwise4 ,^? :o exp\nd fre$om 9 ?is fa%ion ?9k to f9d !re9 pl5tiful en\gh mat]ial = m]it or dem]it4 ,= !y assume t ^! judgem5ts ( ! m9d proce$ f a free att5tion ( ! s\l 9 exam9+ ! objects1 comp>+ !m toge!r1 & discrim9at+ betwe5 !m4 ,i mu/ n =get t !re are v le>n$ m5' 7su* z ,bell>m9e1 lib4 #c1 ,de ,gratia et ,lib]o ,arbitrio1 c4 #h1 et #i1 & ,cam]on1 9 ,responsione ad ,epi/olam ,viri ,docti1 id e/ ,episcopii7 ':o ma9ta9 ) v cog5t reasons t ! w always ( necessity foll[s ! la/ practical act ( ! und]/&+4' #caj4 ,"o mu/ make "s obs]vations on ?is disc\rse4 ,a v cle> recognition ( ! be/ det]m9es ! w2 b x does n necessitate x1 prop]ly speak+4 ,"o mu/ always di/+ui% betwe5 ! necess>y & ! c]ta9 or infallible1 z ,i h already obs]v$ m ?an once1 & di/+ui% metaphysical necessity f moral necessity4 ,i ?9k also t x is only ,god's w :i* always foll[s ! judgem5ts ( ! und]/&+3 all intellig5t creatures are subject to "s passions1 or to p]ceptions at lea/1 t are n compos$ entirely ( :at ,i call adequate ideas4 ,& al?\gh 9 ! bless$ ^! passions always t5d t[>ds ! true good1 by virtue ( ! laws ( ,nature & ! sy/em ( ?+s pre-e/abli%$ 9 relation to !m1 yet ?is does n always #cad happ5 9 su* a way t !y h a p]fect k ( t good4 ,x is ! same ) !m z ) u1 :o d n always und]/& ! reason = our in/9cts4 ,! angels & ! bless$ are creat$ be+s1 ev5 z we are1 9 :om !re is always "s confus$ p]ception m+l$ ) di/9ct k4 ,su>ez said some?+ simil> conc]n+ !m4 ,he ?9ks 7,treatise on ,pray]1 book ,i1 *4 #aa7 t ,god has s ord]$ ?+s be=eh& t _! pray]s1 :5 !y are made ) a full w1 always succe$3 t is an example ( a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,z = u1 9 addition to ! judgem5t ( ! und]/&+1 ( :i* we h an express k1 !re are m+l$ !re) confus$ p]ceptions ( ! s5ses1 & ^! beget passions & ev5 imp]ceptible incl9ations1 ( :i* we are n always aw>e4 ,^! movem5ts (t5 ?w>t ! judgem5t ( ! practical und]/&+4 #caa4 ,z = ! p>allel betwe5 ! relation ( ! und]/&+ to ! true & t ( ! w to ! good1 "o mu/ "k t a cle> & di/9ct p]ception ( a tru? conta9s )9 x actually ! affirmation ( ?is tru?3 ?us ! und]/&+ is necessitat$ 9 t direction4 ,b :atev] p]ception "o may h ( ! good1 ! ef=t to act 9 accordance ) ! judgem5t1 :i* 9 my op9ion =ms ! ess5ce ( ! w1 is di/9ct f x4 ,?us1 s9ce !re is ne$ ( "t to raise ?is ef=t to its climax1 x may be susp5d$1 & ev5 *ang$1 by a new p]ception or incl9ation :i* passes a?w>t x1 :i* div]ts ! m9d f x1 & :i* ev5 causes x sometimes to make a contr>y judgem5t4 ,h5ce x comes t our s\l has s _m means ( resi/+ ! tru? :i* x kn[s1 & t ! passage f m9d to he>t is s long4 ,especially is ?is s :5 ! und]/&+ to a great ext5t proce$s only by fa9t ?\ghts1 :i* h only slight p[] to affect1 z ,i h expla9$ else:]e4 ,?us ! connexion betwe5 judgem5t & w is n s necess>y z "o might ?9k4 #cab4 ,m4 ,bayle goes on to say1 ) tru? 7p4 #bba73 ',inde$1 x _c be a fault 9 man's s\l t x has no fre$om ( indiff]5ce z reg>ds good 9 g5]al4 ,x w\ld be r a disord]1 an inord9ate imp]fection1 if "o c\ld say tru?fully3 ,x is all "o to me :e!r ,i am happy or unhappy2 ,i h no m det]m9ation to love ! good ?an to hate x2 ,i c d bo? equally4 ,n[ if x is a praisewor?y & advantage\s quality to be det]m9ate z reg>ds good 9 g5]al1 x _c be a fault if #cae "o is necessitat$ z reg>ds ea* individual good recogniz$ pla9ly z = our good4 ,x seems ev5 z ?\gh x 7 a necess>y conclusion1 t if ! s\l has no fre$om ( indiff]5ce z reg>ds good 9 g5]al1 x also has none 9 respect ( p>ticul> goods :i* aft] due exam9ation x judges to be goods 9 relation to x4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a s\l :i*1 hav+ =m$ t judgem5t1 _h1 & prid$ itself on hav+1 ! p[] n to love ^! goods1 & ev5 to hate !m1 & :i* said3 ,i recognize cle>ly t ^! are goods = me1 ,i h all ! enlight5m5t necess>y on t po9t2 nev]!less ,i w n love !m1 ,i w hate !m2 my decision is made1 ,i act ^u x2 x is n t any reason' 7t is1 any o!r reason ?an t :i* is f\nd$ ^u ',su* is my good pleasure'7 'urges me !reto1 b x pleases me s to behave3 :at %\ld we ?9k1 ,i say1 ( su* a s\l8 ,%\ld we n f9d x m imp]fect & m unhappy ?an if x _h n ?is fre$om ( indiff]5ce8 #cac4 ',n only does ! doctr9e t subjects ! w to ! f9al acts ( ! und]/&+ give a m fav\rable idea ( ! /ate ( ! s\l1 b x %[s also t x is easi] to lead man to happ9ess along t road ?an along ! road ( indiff]5ce4 ,x w suffice to enlight5 8 m9d ^u 8 true int]e/s1 & /raightway 8 w w comply ) ! judgem5ts t reason %all h pron\nc$4 ,b if he has a fre$om indep5d5t ( reason & ( ! quality ( objects cle>ly recogniz$1 he w be ! mo/ intractable ( all animals1 & x w nev] be possible to rely ^u mak+ him *oose ! "r c\rse4 ,all ! c\nsels1 all ! argum5ts 9 ! _w may prove unavail+2 y w give him explanations1 y w conv9ce 8 m9d1 & yet 8 w w play ! haughty madam & rema9 motionless z a rock4 ,v]gil1 ,a541 lib4 #f1 v4 #dgj3 ,non magis incepto vultum s]mone movetur1 ,quam si dura silex1 aut /et ,m>pesia cautes4 ,a caprice1 an empty :im w make h] /iff5 aga9/ reasons ( all k9ds2 x w n please h] to love h] cle>ly recogniz$ good1 x w please h] to hate x4 ,d y consid] su* a faculty1 sir1 to be ! ri*e/ pres5t ,god c h made to man1 & ! sole in/rum5t ( our happ9ess8 ,is x n r an ob/acle to our felicity8 ,is !re cause = boa/+ 9 be+ able to say3 ,i h scorn$ all ! judgem5ts ( #caf my reason1 & ,i h foll[$ an altoge!r diff]5t pa?1 simply f consid]ations ( my own good pleasure8 ,) :at regrets w\ld "o n be torn1 9 t case1 if ! det]m9ation made _h an ill result8 ,su* a fre$om w\ld !re=e be m h>mful ?an pr(itable to m51 because ! und]/&+ w\ld n pres5t all ! goodness ( ! objects cle>ly en\gh to deprive ! w ( ! p[] ( rejection4 ,x w\ld be !re=e inf9itely bett] = man to be always ( necessity det]m9$ by ! judgem5t ( ! und]/&+1 ?an to p]mit ! w to susp5d its action4 ,= by ?is means x w\ld a*ieve its aim ) great] ease & c]ta9ty4' #cad4 ,^u ?is disc\rse ,i make ! fur!r obs]vation1 t x is v true t a fre$om ( indiff]5ce1 undef9$ & )\t any det]m9+ reason1 w\ld be z h>mful1 & ev5 objectionable1 z x is impracticable & *im]ical4 ,! man :o wi%$ to behave ?us1 or at ! lea/ appe> to be act+ )\t due cause1 w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be look$ ^u z irrational4 ,b x is v true also t ! ?+ is impossible1 :5 x is tak5 /rictly 9 accordance ) ! assumption4 ,z soon z "o tries to give an example ( x "o misses "o's aim & /umbles ^u ! case ( a man :o1 :ile he does n come to a decision )\t cause1 does s r "u ! influ5ce ( incl9ation or passion ?an ( judgem5t4 ,z soon z "o says3 ',i scorn ! judgem5ts ( my reason simply f consid]ations ( my own good pleasure1 x pleases me to behave ?us'1 x is z if "o 7 to say3 ,i pref] my incl9ation to my int]e/1 my pleasure to my pr(it4 #cae4 ,ev5 s "s caprici\s man1 fancy+ t x is ignom9i\s = him to foll[ ! advice ( 8 fri5ds or 8 s]vants1 might pref] ! satisfaction ( contradict+ !m to ! pr(it he c\ld d]ive f _! c\nsel4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t 9 a matt] ( small mom5t a wise man acts irregul>ly & aga9/ 8 own int]e/ 9 ord] to ?w>t ano!r :o tries to re/ra9 him or direct him1 or t he may disconc]t ^? :o wat* 8 /eps4 ,x is ev5 well at times to imitate ,brutus by conceal+ "o's wit1 & ev5 to feign madness1 z ,david did be=e ! ,k+ ( ! ,phili/9es4 #caf4 ,m4 ,bayle admirably supplem5ts 8 rem>ks ) ! object ( %[+ t to act aga9/ ! judgem5t ( ! und]/&+ w\ld be a great imp]fection4 ,he obs]ves 7p4 #bbe7 t1 ev5 accord+ to ! #cag ,mol9i/s1 '! und]/&+ :i* does its ,,duty well indicates t :i* is ,,! ,,be/'4 ,he introduces ,god 7*4 #ia1 p4 #bbg7 say+ to our fir/ p>5ts 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed53 ',i h giv5 y my k1 ! faculty ( judg+ ?+s1 & full p[] to dispose y\r wills4 ,i %all give y in/ructions & ord]s2 b ! free w t ,i h be/[$ ^u y is ( su* a nature t y h equal p[] 7accord+ to circum/ances7 to obey me & to disobey me4 ,y w be tempt$3 if y make a good use ( y\r fre$om y w be happy2 & if y use x ill y w be unhappy4 ,x is = y to see if y wi% to ask ( me1 z a new grace1 ei!r t ,i p]mit y to abuse y\r fre$om :5 y %all make resolve to d s1 or t ,i prev5t y f do+ s4 ,consid] c>efully1 ,i give y f\r & tw5ty h\rs4 ,d y n cle>ly und]/&' 7adds ,m4 ,bayle7 't _! reason1 :i* _h n yet be5 obscur$ by s91 w\ld h made !m conclude t !y mu/ ask ,god1 z ! cr[n+ po9t ( ! fav\rs :]e) he _h hon\r$ !m1 n to p]mit !m to de/roy !mselves by an ill use ( _! p[]s8 ,& mu/ "o n admit t if ,adam1 ?r\gh wrongly mak+ x a po9t ( hon\r to ord] 8 own go+s1 _h refus$ a div9e direction t w\ld h safegu>d$ 8 happ9ess1 he w\ld h be5 ! prototype ( all su* z ,phaeton & ,ic>us8 ,he w\ld h be5 well-nigh z ungodly z ! ,ajax ( ,sophocles1 :o wi%$ to conqu] )\t ! aid ( ! gods1 & :o said t ! mo/ crav5 w\ld put _! enemies to flight ) su* aid4' #cag4 ,m4 ,bayle also %[s 7*4 #hj7 t "o congratulates oneself no less1 or ev5 takes m cr$it to oneself1 = hav+ be5 aid$ f above1 ?an = ow+ "o's happ9ess to "o's own *oice4 ,& if "o does well ?r\gh hav+ pref]r$ a tumultu\s in/9ct1 :i* arose sudd5ly1 to reasons maturely consid]$1 "o feels an extraord9>y joy 9 ?is2 = "o assumes t ei!r ,god1 or our ,gu>dian ,angel1 or some?+ or o!r :i* "o pictures to oneself "u ! vague "n ( good luck has impell$ u !reto4 ,inde$1 ,sulla & ,caes> boa/$ m ( _! good luck ?an ( _! prud5ce4 ,! pagans1 & p>ticul>ly ! poets 7,hom] especially71 det]m9$ _! h]oes' acts by div9e prompt+s4 ,! h]o ( ! ,a5eid proce$s only "u ! direction ( a ,god4 ,x 0 v great praise (f]$ to ! ,emp]ors if "o said t !y 7 victori\s bo? ?r\gh _! troops & ?r\gh _! gods :om !y l5t to #cah _! g5]als3 ',te copias1 te consilium et tuos praeb5te ,divos1' said ,horace4 ,! g5]als f\ght "u ! auspices ( ! ,emp]ors1 z if tru/+ to ! ,emp]or's good luck1 = subord9ate (fic]s _h no rights reg>d+ ! auspices4 ,"o takes cr$it to oneself = be+ a fav\rite ( heav51 "o rates oneself m highly = ! possession ( good =tune ?an ( tal5t4 ,!re are no p t ?9k !mselves m =tunate ?an ! my/ics1 :o imag9e t !y keep /ill :ile ,god acts )9 !m4 #cah4 ',on ! o!r h&'1 ,m4 ,bayle adds 7*4 #hc71 'a ,/oic philosoph]1 :o atta*es to ev]y?+ an inevitable necessity1 is z susceptible z ano!r man to ! pleasure ( hav+ *os5 well4 ,& e man ( s5se w f9d t1 f> f tak+ pleasure 9 ! ?\ght ( hav+ delib]at$ long & f9ally *os5 ! mo/ hon\rable c\rse1 "o feels incr$ible satisfaction 9 p]suad+ oneself t "o is s firmly root$ 9 ! love ( virtue t )\t ! slighte/ resi/ance "o w\ld repel a temptation4 ,a man to :om is sugge/$ ! do+ ( a de$ contr>y to 8 duty1 8 hon\r & 8 consci5ce1 :o answ]s =?) t he is incapable ( su* a crime1 & :o is c]ta9ly n capable ( x1 is f> m cont5t$ ) himself ?an if he ask$ = "t to consid] x1 & 7 = "s h\rs 9 a /ate ( indecision z to :i* c\rse to take4 ,"o is on _m occasions regretful ov] n be+ able to make up "o's m9d betwe5 two c\rses1 & "o w\ld be well pleas$ t ! c\nsel ( a good fri5d1 or "s succ\r f above1 %\ld impel u to make a good *oice4' ,all t demon/rates = u ! advantage a det]m9ate judgem5t has ov] t vague indiff]5ce :i* leaves u 9 unc]ta9ty4 ,b inde$ ,i h prov$ suffici5tly t only ignorance or passion has p[] to keep u 9 d\bt1 & h ?us giv5 ! reason :y ,god is nev] 9 d\bt4 ,! ne>] "o comes to him1 ! m p]fect is fre$om1 & ! m x is det]m9$ by ! good & by reason4 ,! "* ( ,cato1 ( :om ,velleius said t x 0 impossible = him to p]=m a di%on\rable action1 w always be pref]r$ to t ( a man :o is capable ( wav]+4 #cai4 ,i h be5 well pleas$ to pres5t & to support ^! argum5ts ( ,m4 ,bayle aga9/ vague indiff]5ce1 z mu* = ! elucidation ( ! subject z to confront him ) himself1 & to demon/rate t he ought !re=e n to compla9 ( ! alleg$ necessity impos$ ^u ,god1 #cai ( *oos+ ! be/ way t is possible4 ,= ei!r ,god w act ?r\gh a vague indiff]5ce & at r&om1 or aga9 he w act on caprice or ?r\gh "s o!r passion1 or f9ally he mu/ act ?r\gh a prevail+ incl9ation ( reason :i* prompts him to ! be/4 ,b passions1 :i* come f ! confus$ p]ception ( an app>5t good1 _c occur 9 ,god2 & vague indiff]5ce is some?+ *im]ical4 ,x is !re=e only ! /ronge/ reason t c regulate ,god's *oice4 ,x is an imp]fection 9 our fre$om t makes u capable ( *oos+ evil in/ead ( good1 a great] evil in/ead ( ! less] evil1 ! less] good in/ead ( ! great] good4 ,t arises f ! appe>ances ( good & evil1 :i* deceive u2 :]eas ,god is always prompt$ to ! true & ! greate/ good1 t is1 to ! absolutely true good1 :i* he _c fail to "k4 #cbj4 ,?is false idea ( fre$om1 conceiv$ by ^? :o1 n cont5t ) exempt+ x1 ,i d n say f con/ra9t1 b f necessity itself1 w\ld also exempt x f c]ta9ty & det]m9ation1 t is1 f reason & p]fection1 nev]!less pleas$ "s ,s*oolm51 p :o (t5 become entangl$ 9 _! own subtleties1 & take ! /raw ( t]ms = ! gra9 ( ?+s4 ,!y assume "s *im]ical notion1 :5ce !y ?9k to d]ive "s use1 & :i* !y endeav\r to ma9ta9 by quibbl+s4 ,complete indiff]5ce is ( ?is nature3 to conc$e x to ! w is to grant x a privilege ( ! k9d t "s ,c>tesians & "s my/ics f9d 9 ! div9e nature1 ( be+ able to d ! impossible1 to produce absurdities1 to cause two contradictory propositions to be true simultane\sly4 ,to claim t a det]m9ation comes f a complete indiff]5ce absolutely indet]m9ate is to claim t x comes naturally f no?+4 ,let x be assum$ t ,god does n give ?is det]m9ation3 x has accord+ly no f\nta9head 9 ! s\l1 nor 9 ! body1 nor 9 circum/ances1 s9ce all is assum$ to be indet]m9ate2 & yet !re x is1 appe>+ & exi/+ )\t prep>ation1 no?+ mak+ ready = x1 no angel1 n ev5 ,god himself1 be+ able to see or to %[ h[ x exi/s4 ,t w\ld be n only ! em]g5ce ( some?+ f no?+1 b its em]g5ce !nce ( itself4 ,?is doctr9e introduces some?+ z prepo/]\s z ! !ory already m5tion$1 ( ! deviation ( atoms1 :]eby ,epicurus ass]t$ t "o ( ^! small bodies1 go+ 9 a /raight l9e1 w\ld turn aside all at once f its pa?1 )\t any#cbj reason1 simply because ! w s comm&s4 ,take note moreov] t he resort$ to t only to ju/ify ?is alleg$ fre$om ( complete indiff]5ce1 a *im]ical notion :i* appe>s to be ( v anci5t orig92 & "o may ) good reason say3 ,*ima]a ,*ima]am p>it4 #cba4 ,?is is ! way ,signor ,m>*etti has express$ x 9 8 admirable translation ( ,lucretius into ,italian v]se1 :i* has n yet be5 publi%$ 7,book #b73 ,m *'i pr9cipii poi non corran punto ,della lor dritta via1 *i v$] puote8 ,s f9alm5te ogni lor moto sempre ,insieme s'aggruppa1 e dall' antico ,sempre con ord9 c]to il nuovo nasce2 ,ne tracci&o i primi semi1 fanno ,di moto un tal pr9cipio1 il qual poi rompa ,i decreti del fato1 acci non segua ,l'una causa dell' altra 9 inf9ito2 ,onde han que/a1 di*' io1 del fato sciolta ,lib]a volunt1 p] cui ciascuno ,va dove pi l'agrada8 ,i moti ancora ,si decl9an sov5te1 e non 9 tempo ,c]to1 ne c]ta region1 m solo ,qu&o e dove comm&a il no/ro arbitrio2 ,poi*e s5z' alcun dubbio que/e cose ,d sol pr9cipio il vol] proprio1 e qu9di ,van poi scorr5do p] le membra i moti4 ,x is comical t a man l ,epicurus1 aft] hav+ disc>d$ ! gods & all incorporeal sub/ances1 c\ld h suppos$ t ! w1 :i* he himself takes z compos$ ( atoms1 c\ld h _h control ov] ! atoms1 & div]t$ !m f _! pa?1 )\t its be+ possible = "o to say h[4 #cbb4 ,c>neades1 n go+ s f> back z to ! atoms1 claim$ to f9d at once 9 ! s\l ( man ! reason = ! s-call$ vague indiff]5ce1 assum+ z reason = ! ?+ j t = :i* ,epicurus s\ght a reason4 ,c>neades ga9$ no?+ !reby1 except t he m easily deceiv$ c>eless p1 9 transf]r+ ! absurdity f "o subject1 :]e x is some:at too evid5t1 to ano!r subject :]e x is easi] to confuse matt]s1 t is to say1 f ! body to ! s\l4 ,= mo/ philosoph]s _h n v di/9ct notions ( ! nature ( ! s\l4 #cba ,epicurus1 :o compos$ x ( atoms1 0 at lea/ "r 9 seek+ ! orig9 ( its det]m9ation 9 t :i* he believ$ to be ! orig9 ( ! s\l itself4 ,t is :y ,cic]o & ,m4 ,bayle 7 wrong to f9d s mu* fault ) him1 & to be indulg5t t[>ds1 & ev5 praise1 ,c>neades1 :o is no less irrational4 ,i d n und]/& h[ ,m4 ,bayle1 :o 0 s cle>-sight$1 0 ?us satisfi$ by a disguis$ absurdity1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( call+ x ! greate/ ef=t ! human m9d c make on ?is matt]4 ,x is z if ! s\l1 :i* is ! seat ( reason1 7 m capable ?an ! body ( act+ )\t be+ det]m9$ by "s reason or cause1 int]nal or ext]nal2 or z if ! great pr9ciple :i* /ates t no?+ comes to pass )\t cause only relat$ to ! body4 #cbc4 ,x is true t ! ,=m or ! ,s\l has ?is advantage ov] matt]1 t x is ! s\rce ( action1 hav+ )9 itself ! pr9ciple ( motion or ( *ange1 9 a ^w1 ,greek3 to autok9ton1 z ,plato calls x2 :]eas matt] is simply passive1 & has ne$ ( be+ impell$ to act1 agitur1 ut agat4 ,b if ! s\l is active ( itself 7z x inde$ is71 = t v reason x is n ( itself absolutely indiff]5t to ! action1 l matt]1 & x mu/ f9d 9 itself a gr\nd ( det]m9ation4 ,accord+ to ! ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony ! s\l f9ds 9 itself1 & 9 its ideal nature ant]ior to exi/5ce1 ! reasons = its det]m9ations1 adju/$ to all t %all surr\nd x4 ,t way x 0 det]m9$ f all et]nity 9 its /ate ( m]e possibility to act freely1 z x does1 :5 x atta9s to exi/5ce4 #cbd4 ,m4 ,bayle himself rem>ks aptly t fre$om ( indiff]5ce 7su* z mu/ be admitt$7 does n exclude incl9ations & does n dem& equipoise4 ,he demon/rates amply en\gh 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 *4 #aci1 p4 #gdh seqq47 t ! s\l may be comp>$ to a balance1 :]e reasons & incl9ations take ! place ( weights4 ,accord+ to him1 "o c expla9 :at passes 9 our resolutions by ! hypo!sis t ! w ( man is l a balance :i* is at re/ :5 ! weights ( its two pans are equal1 & :i* always incl9es ei!r to "o side or ! o!r accord+ to :i* ( ! pans is ! m heavily lad54 ,a new reason makes a heavi] weight1 a new idea %9es m brightly ?an ! old2 ! fe> ( a heavy p5alty prevails ov] "s pleasure2 :5 two passions dispute ! gr\nd1 x is always ! /rong] :i* ga9s ! ma/]y1 unless ! o!r be assi/$ by reason or by "s o!r #cbb contribut+ passion4 ,:5 "o fl+s away m]*&ise 9 ord] to save oneself1 ! action1 :i* ! ,s*oolm5 call mix$1 is volunt>y & free2 & yet love ( life indubitably prevails ov] love ( possessions4 ,grief arises f remembrance ( lo/ possessions1 & "o has all ! great] difficulty 9 mak+ "o's resolve1 ! ne>] ! approa* to ev5 weight 9 ! oppos+ reasons1 z also we see t ! balance is det]m9$ m promptly :5 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! weights4 #cbe4 ,nev]!less1 z v (t5 !re are div]s c\rses to *oose f1 "o might1 in/ead ( ! balance1 comp>e ! s\l ) a =ce :i* puts =? ef=t on v>i\s sides simultane\sly1 b :i* acts only at ! spot :]e action is easie/ or !re is lea/ resi/ance4 ,= in/ance1 air if x is compress$ too firmly 9 a glass vessel w break x 9 ord] to escape4 ,x puts =? ef=t at e "p1 b f9ally fl+s itself ^u ! weake/4 ,?us d ! incl9ations ( ! s\l ext5d ov] all ! goods t pres5t !mselves3 !y are antec$5t acts ( w2 b ! consequ5t w1 :i* is _! result1 is det]m9$ 9 ! direction ( t :i* t\*es mo/ closely4 #cbf4 ,?is asc5dancy ( incl9ations1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t man f be+ ma/] 9 8 own doma91 provid$ t he kn[s h[ to make use ( 8 p[]4 ,8 dom9ion is t ( reason3 he has only to prep>e himself 9 good "t to resi/ ! passions1 & he w be capable ( *eck+ ! vehem5ce ( ! mo/ furi\s4 ,let u assume t ,augu/us1 ab\t to give ord]s = putt+ to dea? ,fabius ,maximus1 acts1 z is 8 wont1 ^u ! advice a philosoph] _h giv5 him1 to recite ! ,greek alphabet be=e do+ any?+ 9 ! fir/ heat ( 8 ang]3 ?is reflexion w be capable ( sav+ ! life ( ,fabius & ! glory ( ,augu/us4 ,b )\t "s =tunate reflexion1 :i* "o owes sometimes to a special div9e m]cy1 or )\t "s skill acquir$ be=eh&1 l t ( ,augu/us1 calculat$ to make u reflect fitt+ly z to "t & place1 passion w prevail ov] reason4 ,! driv] is ma/] ov] ! horses if he controls !m z he %\ld1 & z he c2 b !re are occasions :5 he becomes neglig5t1 & !n = a "t he w h to let g ! re9s3 ,f]tur equis auriga1 nec audit currus hab5as4 #cbg4 ,"o mu/ admit t !re is always )9 u en\gh p[] ov] #cbc our w1 b we d n always be?9k ourselves ( employ+ x4 ,t %[s1 z ,i h obs]v$ m ?an once1 t ! p[] ( ! s\l ov] its incl9ations is a control :i* c only be ex]cis$ 9 an indirect mann]1 almo/ z ,bell>m9e w\ld h _h ! ,popes ex]cise rights ov] ! temporal p[] ( k+s4 ,9 tru?1 ! ext]nal actions t d n exce$ our p[]s dep5d absolutely ^u our w2 b our volitions dep5d ^u our w only ?r\gh c]ta9 artful twi/s :i* give u means ( susp5d+ our resolutions1 or ( *ang+ !m4 ,we are ma/]s 9 our own h\se1 n z ,god is 9 ! _w1 he hav+ b to speak1 b z a wise pr9ce is 9 8 dom9ions or z a good fa!r ( a family is 9 8 home4 ,m4 ,bayle sometimes takes ! matt] diff]5tly1 z ?\gh we mu/ h1 9 ord] to boa/ ( a free w1 an absolute p[] ov] ourselves1 indep5d5t ( reasons & ( means4 ,b ev5 ,god has n su* a p[]1 & mu/ n h 9 ?is s5se1 9 relation to 8 w3 he _c *ange 8 nature1 nor act o!rwise ?an accord+ to me?od2 & h[ c\ld man trans=m himself all ( a sudd58 ,i h already said ,god's dom9ion1 ! dom9ion ( wisdom1 is t ( reason4 ,x is only ,god1 h[ev]1 :o always wills :at is mo/ to be desir$1 & consequ5tly he has no ne$ ( ! p[] to *ange 8 w4 #cbh4 ,if ! s\l is mi/ress 9 its own h\se 7says ,m4 ,bayle1 p4 #gec7 x has only to w1 & /raightway t vexation & pa9 :i* is att5dant ^u victory ov] ! passions w vani% away4 ,= ?is effect x w\ld suffice1 9 8 op9ion1 to give oneself indiff]5ce to ! objects ( ! passions 7p4 #geh74 ,:y1 !n1 d m5 n give !mselves ?is indiff]5ce 7he says71 if !y are ma/]s 9 _! own h\se8 ,b ?is objection is exactly z if ,i 7 to ask :y a fa!r ( a family does n give himself gold :5 he has ne$ !re(8 ,he c acquire "s1 b ?r\gh skill1 & n1 z 9 ! age ( ! fairies1 or ( ,k+ ,midas1 ?r\gh a m]e comm& ( ! w or by 8 t\*4 ,x w\ld n suffice to be ma/] 9 "o's own h\se2 "o mu/ be ma/] ( all ?+s 9 ord] to give oneself all t "o wi%es2 = "o does n f9d ev]y?+ 9 "o's own h\se4 ,work+ ?us ^u oneself1 "o mu/ d z 9 work+ ^u some?+ else2 "o mu/ h k ( ! con/itution & ! qualities ( "o's object1 & adapt "o's op]ations !reto4 ,x is !re=e n 9 a mom5t & by a m]e act ( ! w t "o corrects oneself1 & t "o acquires a bett] w4 #cbd #cbi4 ,nev]!less x is well to obs]ve t ! vexations & pa9s att5dant ^u victory ov] ! passions 9 "s p turn into pleasure1 ?r\gh ! great satisfaction !y f9d 9 ! lively s5se ( ! =ce ( _! m9d1 & ( ! div9e grace4 ,ascetics & true my/ics c speak ( ?is f exp]i5ce2 & ev5 a true philosoph] c say some?+ !re(4 ,"o c atta9 to t happy /ate1 & x is "o ( ! pr9cipal means ! s\l c use to /r5g!n its dom9ion4 #ccj4 ,if ! ,scoti/s & ! ,mol9i/s appe> to fav\r vague indiff]5ce 7appe>1 ,i say1 = ,i d\bt :e!r !y d s 9 reality1 once !y h le>nt to "k x71 ! ,?omi/s & ! disciples ( ,augu/9e are = pr$et]m9ation4 ,= "o mu/ h ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,?omas ,aqu9as is a writ] :o is accu/om$ to reason on s\nd pr9ciples1 & ! subtle ,scotus1 seek+ to contradict him1 (t5 obscures matt]s in/ead ( ?r[+ light ^u !m4 ,! ,?omi/s z a g5]al rule foll[ _! ma/]1 & d n admit t ! s\l makes its resolve )\t ! exi/5ce ( "s pr$et]m9ation :i* contributes !reto4 ,b ! pr$et]m9ation ( ! new ,?omi/s is n p]haps exactly t :i* "o ne$s4 ,dur& de ,sa9t-,p\ra91 :o (t5 en\gh =m$ a p>ty ( 8 own1 & :o oppos$ ! idea ( ! special co-op]ation ( ,god1 0 nev]!less 9 fav\r ( a c]ta9 pr$et]m9ation4 ,he believ$ t ,god saw 9 ! /ate ( ! s\l1 & ( its surr\nd+s1 ! reason = 8 det]m9ations4 #cca4 ,! anci5t ,/oics 7 9 t almo/ ( ! same op9ion z ! ,?omi/s4 ,!y 7 at ! same "t 9 fav\r ( det]m9ation & aga9/ necessity1 al?\gh !y h be5 accus$ ( atta*+ necessity to ev]y?+4 ,cic]o says 9 8 book ,de ,fato t ,democritus1 ,h]aclitus1 ,emp$ocles & ,ari/otle believ$ t fate impli$ necessity2 t o!rs 7 oppos$ to t 7he means p]haps ,epicurus & ! ,academicians72 & t ,*rysippus s\ght a middle c\rse4 ,i ?9k t ,cic]o is mi/ak5 z reg>ds ,ari/otle1 :o fully recogniz$ cont+5cy & fre$om1 & w5t ev5 too f>1 say+ 7inadv]t5tly1 z ,i ?9k7 t propositions on cont+5t futurities _h no det]m9ate tru?2 on :i* po9t he 0 ju/ifiably ab&on$ by mo/ ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,ev5 ,clean!s1 ! tea*] ( ,*rysippus1 al?\gh he upheld ! det]m9ate tru? ( future ev5ts1 d5i$ _! necessity4 ,_h ! ,s*oolm51 s fully conv9c$ ( ?is #cbe det]m9ation ( cont+5t futurities 7z 7 = in/ance ! ,fa!rs ( ,coimbra1 au?ors ( a fam\s ,c\rse ( ,philosophy71 se5 ! connexion betwe5 ?+s 9 ! =m :]e9 ! ,sy/em ( ,g5]al ,h>mony proclaims x1 !y w\ld h judg$ t "o _c admit prelim9>y c]ta9ty1 or det]m9ation ( futurition1 )\t admitt+ a pr$et]m9ation ( ! ?+ 9 its causes & 9 its reasons4 #ccb4 ,cic]o has endeav\r$ to exp\nd = u ! middle c\rse tak5 by ,*rysippus2 b ,ju/us ,lipsius obs]v$1 9 8 ,/oic ,philosophy1 t ! passage f ,cic]o 0 mutilat$1 & t ,aulus ,gellius has pres]v$ = u ! :ole argum5t ( ! ,/oic philosoph] 7,noct4 ,att41 lib4 #f1 c4 #b74 ,"h x is 9 epitome4 ,fate is ! inevitable & et]nal connexion ( all ev5ts4 ,aga9/ ?is is urg$ 9 objection1 t x foll[s t ! acts ( ! w w\ld be necess>y1 & t crim9als1 be+ co]c$ into evil1 %\ld n be puni%$4 ,*rysippus answ]s t evil spr+s f ! orig9al con/itution ( s\ls1 :i* =ms "p ( ! de/9$ sequ5ce2 t s\ls :i* are ( a good natural disposition (f] /rong] resi/ance to ! impressions ( ext]nal causes2 b t ^? ^: natural defects _h n be5 correct$ by discipl9e all[$ !mselves to be p]v]t$4 ,next he di/+ui%es 7accord+ to ,cic]o7 betwe5 pr9cipal causes & access>y causes1 & uses ! comp>ison ( a cyl9d]1 ^: rotatory =ce & spe$ or ease 9 motion comes *iefly f its %ape1 :]eas x w\ld be ret>d$ by any r\ghness 9 =mation4 ,nev]!less x has ne$ ( impulsion1 ev5 z ! s\l ne$s to be act$ ^u by ! objects ( ! s5ses1 & receives ?is impression accord+ to its own con/itution4 #ccc4 ,cic]o consid]s t ,*rysippus becomes s confus$ t1 :e!r he w or no1 he confirms ! necessity ( fate4 ,m4 ,bayle is almo/ ( ! same op9ion 7,diction>y1 art4 ',*rysippus'1 lit4 ,h74 ,he says t ?is philosoph] does n get out ( ! bog1 s9ce ! cyl9d] is regul> or unev5 accord+ to :at ! craftsman has made x2 & ?us ,god1 provid5ce1 fate w be ! causes ( evil 9 su* a way z to r5d] x necess>y4 ,ju/us ,lipsius answ]s t1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 evil came f matt]4 ,t is 7to my m9d7 z if he _h said t ! /one on :i* ! craftsman work$ 0 sometimes too r\gh & too irregul> to produce a good cyl9d]4 ,m4 ,bayle cites aga9/ ,*rysippus ! fragm5ts ( ,onomaus & ,diog5ianus t ,eusebius has pres]v$ = u 9 ! ,praep>atio#cbf ,evangelica 7lib4 #f1 c4 #g1 #h72 & above all he relies ^u ,plut>*'s refutation 9 8 book aga9/ ! ,/oics1 quot$ art4 ',paulicians'1 lit4 ,g4 ,b ?is refutation does n am\nt to v mu*4 ,plut>* ma9ta9s t x w\ld be bett] to d5y p[] to ,god ?an to impute to him ! p]mission ( evils2 & he w n admit t evil may s]ve a great] good4 ,i h already %[n1 on ! contr>y1 t ,god _c b be all-p[]ful1 ev5 ?\gh he c d no bett] ?an produce ! be/1 :i* includes ! p]mission ( evil4 ,moreov]1 ,i h po9t$ out repeat$ly t :at is to ! disadvantage ( a "p tak5 sep>ately may s]ve ! p]fection ( ! :ole4 #ccd4 ,*rysippus _h already made an obs]vation to ?is effect1 n only 9 8 f\r? book on ,provid5ce1 z giv5 by ,aulus ,gellius 7lib4 #f1 c4 #a7 :]e he ass]ts t evil s]ves to br+ ! good to notice 7a reason :i* is n suffici5t "h71 b /ill bett] :5 he applies ! comp>ison ( a /age play1 9 8 second book on ,nature 7z ,plut>* quotes x himself74 ,!re he says t !re are sometimes portions 9 a com$y :i* are ( no wor? 9 !mselves & :i* nev]!less l5d grace to ! :ole poem4 ,he calls ^! portions epigrams or inscriptions4 ,we h n en\gh acqua9tance ) ! nature ( ! anci5t com$y = full und]/&+ ( ?is passage f ,*rysippus2 b s9ce ,plut>* ass5ts to ! fact1 !re is reason to believe t ?is comp>ison 0 n a poor "o4 ,plut>* replies 9 ! fir/ place t ! _w is n l a play to provide ent]ta9m5t4 ,b t is a poor answ]3 ! comp>ison lies 9 ?is po9t alone1 t "o bad "p may make ! :ole bett]4 ,he replies secondly t ?is bad passage is only a small "p ( ! com$y1 :]eas human life sw>ms ) evils4 ,?is reply is ( no value ei!r3 = he ought to h tak5 into acc\nt t :at we "k is also a v small "p ( ! univ]se4 #cce4 ,b let u return to ! cyl9d] ( ,*rysippus4 ,he is "r 9 say+ t vice spr+s f ! orig9al con/itution ( "s m9ds4 ,he 0 met ) ! objection t ,god =m$ !m1 & he c\ld only reply by po9t+ to ! imp]fection ( matt]1 :i* did n p]mit ,god to d bett]4 ,?is reply is ( no value1 = matt] 9 itself is indiff]5t to all =ms1 & ,god made x4 ,evil spr+s r f ! ,=ms !mselves 9 _! deta*$ /ate1 t is1 f ! ideas t ,god has n produc$ by an act ( 8 w1 any m ?an he ?us produc$ numb]s & #cbg figures1 & all possible ess5ces :i* "o mu/ reg>d z et]nal & necess>y2 = !y are 9 ! ideal region ( ! possibles1 t is1 9 ! div9e und]/&+4 ,god is !re=e n ! au?or ( ess5ces 9 s f> z !y are only possibilities4 ,b !re is no?+ actual to :i* he has n decre$ & giv5 exi/5ce2 & he has p]mitt$ evil because x is involv$ 9 ! be/ plan exi/+ 9 ! region ( possibles1 a plan :i* supreme wisdom c\ld n fail to *oose4 ,?is notion satisfies at once ! wisdom1 ! p[] & ! goodness ( ,god1 & yet leaves a way op5 = ! entrance ( evil4 ,god gives p]fection to creatures 9 s f> z x is possible 9 ! univ]se4 ,"o gives a turn to ! cyl9d]1 b any r\ghness 9 its %ape re/ricts ! swiftness ( its motion4 ,?is comp>ison made by ,*rysippus does n greatly diff] f m9e1 :i* 0 tak5 f a lad5 boat t is c>ri$ along by ! riv] curr5t1 its pace becom+ sl[] z ! load gr[s heavi]4 ,^! comp>isons t5d t[>ds ! same end2 & t %[s t if we 7 suffici5tly in=m$ conc]n+ ! op9ions ( anci5t philosoph]s1 we %\ld f9d !re9 m reason ?an is suppos$4 #ccf4 ,m4 ,bayle himself comm5ds ! passage f ,*rysippus 7art4 ',*rysippus'1 lit4 ,t7 t ,aulus ,gellius quotes 9 ! same place1 :]e ?is philosoph] ma9ta9s t evil has come by concomitance4 ,t also is made cle> by my sy/em4 ,= ,i h demon/rat$ t ! evil :i* ,god p]mitt$ 0 n an object ( 8 w1 z an end or a means1 b simply z a condition1 s9ce x _h to be involv$ 9 ! be/4 ,yet "o mu/ confess t ! cyl9d] ( ,*rysippus does n answ] ! objection ( necessity4 ,he ought to h add$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x is by ! free *oice ( ,god t "s ( ! possibles exi/2 secondly1 t rational creatures act freely also1 9 accordance ) _! orig9al nature1 :i* exi/$ already 9 ! et]nal ideas2 & la/ly1 t ! motive p[] ( good incl9es ! w )\t compell+ x4 #ccg4 ,! advantage ( fre$om :i* is 9 ! creature )\t d\bt exi/s to an em95t degree 9 ,god4 ,t mu/ be und]/ood 9 s f> z x is g5u9ely an advantage & 9 s f> z x presupposes no imp]fection4 ,= to be able to make a mi/ake & g a/ray is a disadvantage1 & to h control ov] ! passions is 9 tru? an advantage1 b "o t presupposes an imp]fection1 namely passion itself1 ( :i* ,god is #cbh incapable4 ,scotus 0 ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t if ,god 7 n free & exempt f necessity1 no creature w\ld be s4 ,b ,god is incapable ( be+ indet]m9ate 9 any?+ :atsoev]3 he _c be ignorant1 he _c d\bt1 he _c susp5d 8 judgem5t2 8 w is always decid$1 & x c only be decid$ by ! be/4 ,god c nev] h a primitive p>ticul> w1 t is1 indep5d5t ( laws or g5]al acts ( w2 su* a ?+ w\ld be unreasonable4 ,he _c det]m9e ^u ,adam1 ,pet]1 ,judas or any individual )\t ! exi/5ce ( a reason = ?is det]m9ation2 & ?is reason leads ( necessity to "s g5]al enunciation4 ,! wise m9d always acts accord+ to pr9ciples2 always accord+ to rules1 & nev] accord+ to exceptions1 save :5 ! rules come into collision ?r\gh oppos+ t5d5cies1 :]e ! /ronge/ c>ries ! day3 or else1 ei!r !y w /op "o ano!r or "s ?ird c\rse w em]ge z a result4 ,9 all ^! cases "o rule s]ves z an exception to ! o!r1 & !re are nev] any orig9al exceptions ) "o :o always acts 9 a regul> way4 #cch4 ,if !re are p :o believe t election & reprobation are accompli%$ on ,god's "p by a despotic absolute p[]1 n only )\t any app>5t reason b actually )\t any reason1 ev5 a conceal$ "o1 !y ma9ta9 an op9ion t de/roys alike ! nature ( ?+s & ! div9e p]fections4 ,su* an absolutely absolute decree 7s to speak7 w\ld be )\t d\bt insupportable4 ,b ,lu!r & ,calv9 7 f> f su* a belief3 ! =m] hopes t ! life to come w make u compreh5d ! j reasons ( ,god's *oice2 & ! latt] prote/s explicitly t ^! reasons are j & holy1 al?\gh !y be unkn[n to u4 ,i h already 9 t connexion quot$ ,calv9's treatise on pr$e/9ation1 & "h are ! actual words3 ',god be=e ! fall ( ,adam _h reflect$ ^u :at he _h to d1 & t = causes conceal$ f u4444 ,x is evid5t !re=e t he _h j causes = ! reprobation ( "s ( mank9d1 b causes to u ,,unkn[n4' #cci4 ,?is tru?1 t all ,god does is reasonable & _c be bett] done1 /rikes at ! outset e man ( good s5se1 & extorts1 s to speak1 8 approbation4 ,& yet ! mo/ subtle ( philosoph]s h a fatal prop5sity = (f5d+ sometimes )\t obs]v+ x1 dur+ ! c\rse & 9 ! heat ( disputes1 aga9/ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( good s5se1 :5 ^! are %r\d$ 9 t]ms t disguise !m4 ,we h "h #cbi already se5 h[ ! excell5t ,m4 ,bayle1 ) all 8 %rewdness1 has nev]!less combat$ ?is pr9ciple :i* ,i h j indicat$1 & :i* is a sure consequ5ce ( ! supreme p]fection ( ,god4 ,he ?\ght to def5d 9 t way ! cause ( ,god & to exempt him f an imag9>y necessity1 by leav+ him ! fre$om to *oose f among v>i\s goods ! lea/4 ,i h already spok5 ( ,m4 ,diroys & o!rs :o h also be5 delud$ by ?is /range op9ion1 "o t is f> too commonly accept$4 ,^? :o uphold x d n obs]ve t x implies a wi% to pres]ve =1 or r be/[ ^u1 ,god a false fre$om1 :i* is ! fre$om to act unreasonably4 ,t is r5d]+ 8 works subject to correction1 & mak+ x impossible = u to say or ev5 to hope t any?+ reasonable c be said ^u ! p]mission ( evil4 #cdj4 ,?is error has mu* impair$ ,m4 ,bayle's argum5ts1 & has b>r$ 8 way ( escape f _m p]plexities4 ,t appe>s aga9 9 relation to ! laws ( ! realm ( ,nature3 he believes !m to be arbitr>y & indiff]5t1 & he objects t ,god c\ld bett] h atta9$ 8 end 9 ! realm ( grace if he _h n clung to ^! laws1 if he _h m (t5 disp5s$ ) _! obs]vance1 or ev5 if he _h made o!rs4 ,he believ$ ?is especially ) reg>d to ! law ( ! union betwe5 ! s\l & ! body4 ,= he is p]suad$1 ) ! mod]n ,c>tesians1 t ! ideas ( ! p]ceptible qualities t ,god gives 7accord+ to !m7 to ! s\l1 occasion$ by movem5ts ( ! body1 h no?+ repres5t+ ^! movem5ts or resembl+ !m4 ,accord+ly x 0 a purely arbitr>y act on ,god's "p to give u ! ideas ( heat1 cold1 light & o!r qualities :i* we exp]i5ce1 r ?an to give u q diff]5t ideas occasion$ 9 ! same way4 ,i h (t5 wond]$ t p s tal5t$ %\ld h be5 capable ( reli%+ notions s unphilosophic & s contr>y to ! fundam5tal maxims ( reason4 ,= no?+ gives cle>] indication ( ! imp]fection ( a philosophy ?an ! necessity exp]i5c$ by ! philosoph] to confess t some?+ comes to pass1 9 accordance ) 8 sy/em1 = :i* !re is no reason4 ,t applies to ! idea ( ,epicurus on ! deviation ( atoms4 ,:e!r x be ,god or ,nature t op]ates1 ! op]ation w always h its reasons4 ,9 ! op]ations ( ,nature1 ^! reasons w dep5d ei!r ^u necess>y tru?s or ^u ! laws t ,god has f\nd ! mo/ reasonable2 & 9 ! op]ations ( ,god1 !y w dep5d ^u ! *oice ( ! supreme #ccj reason :i* causes !m to act4 #cda4 ,m4 ,regis1 a fam\s ,c>tesian1 _h ass]t$ 9 8 ',metaphysics' 7"p #b1 book #b1 c4 #bi7 t ! faculties ,god has giv5 to m5 are ! mo/ excell5t t !y 7 capable ( 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al ord] ( nature4 ',consid]+ only'1 he says1 '! p[] ( ,god & ! nature ( man by !mselves1 x is v easy to conceive t ,god c\ld h made man m p]fect3 b if "o w consid] man1 n 9 himself & sep>ately f all o!r creatures1 b z a memb] ( ! univ]se & a portion :i* is subject to ! g5]al laws ( motions1 "o w be b\nd to ackn[l$ge t man is z p]fect z he c\ld h be54' ,he adds 't we _c conceive t ,god c\ld h employ$ any o!r means m appropriate ?an pa9 = ! cons]vation ( our bodies'4 ,m4 ,regis is "r 9 a g5]al way 9 say+ t ,god _c d bett] ?an he has done 9 relation to all4 ,& al?\gh !re be app>5tly 9 "s places 9 ! univ]se rational animals m p]fect ?an man1 "o may say t ,god 0 "r to create e k9d ( species1 "s m p]fect ?an o!rs4 ,x is p]haps n impossible t !re be some:]e a species ( animals mu* resembl+ man & m p]fect ?an we are4 ,x may be ev5 t ! human race w atta9 9 "t to a great] p]fection ?an t :i* we c n[ envisage4 ,?us ! laws ( motions d n prev5t man f be+ m p]fect3 b ! place ,god has assign$ to man 9 space & 9 "t limits ! p]fections he 0 able to receive4 #cdb4 ,i also d\bt1 ) ,m4 ,bayle1 :e!r pa9 be necess>y 9 ord] to w>n m5 ( p]il4 ,b ?is writ] goes too f> 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,ii1 *4 #gg1 p4 #ajd73 he seems to ?9k t a feel+ ( pleasure c\ld h ! same effect1 & t1 9 ord] to prev5t a *ild f go+ too ne> ! fire1 ,god c\ld give him ideas ( pleasure 9 proportion to ! di/ance he kept f x4 ,?is exp$i5t does n appe> v practicable ) reg>d to all evils1 unless a miracle 7 involv$4 ,x is m natural t :at if x 7 too ne> w\ld cause an evil %\ld cause "s =ebod+ ( evil :5 x is a little less ne>4 ,yet ,i admit t x is possible su* a =ebod+ w be some?+ less ?an pa91 & usually ?is is ! case4 ,?us x inde$ appe>s t pa9 is n necess>y = caus+ "o to %un pres5t p]il2 x is wont r to s]ve z a p5alty = hav+ actually plung$ into evil1 & a w>n+ aga9/ #cca fur!r lapse4 ,!re are also _m pa9ful evils ! avoidance :]e( re/s n ) u4 ,z a dissolution ( ! cont9uity ( our body is a consequ5ce ( _m accid5ts t may happ5 to u1 x 0 natural t ?is imp]fection ( ! body %\ld be repres5t$ by "s s5se ( imp]fection 9 ! s\l4 ,nev]!less ,i w\ld n gu>antee t !re 7 no animals 9 ! univ]se ^: /ructure 0 cunn+ en\gh to cause a s5se ( indiff]5ce z accompanim5t to ?is dissolution ( cont9uity1 z = in/ance :5 a gangr5\s limb is cut (f2 or ev5 a s5se ( pleasure1 z if "o 7 only scrat*+ oneself4 ,= ! imp]fection t att5ds ! dissolution ( ! body might lead to ! s5se ( a great] p]fection1 :i* 0 susp5d$ or *eck$ by ! cont9uity :i* is n[ brok53 & 9 ?is respect ! body w\ld be z x 7 a prison4 #cdc4 ,!re is also no?+ to preclude ! exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se ( animals resembl+ t "o :i* ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac enc\nt]$ 9 ! sun4 ,! body ( ?is animal be+ a sort ( fluid compos$ ( innum]able small animals1 t 7 capable ( rang+ !mselves 9 accordance ) ! desires ( ! great animal1 by ?is means x trans=m$ itself 9 a mom5t1 j z x pleas$2 & ! dissolution ( cont9uity caus$ x no m hurt ?an ! /roke ( an o> c cause to ! sea4 ,b1 aft] all1 ^! animals are n m51 !y are n 9 our globe or 9 our pres5t c5tury2 & ,god's plan ensur$ t !re %\ld n be lack+ "h on e>? a rational animal clo!d 9 fle% & bones1 ^: /ructure involves susceptibility to pa94 #cdd4 ,b ,m4 ,bayle fur!r opposes ?is on ano!r pr9ciple1 "o :i* ,i h already m5tion$4 ,x seems t he ?9ks ! ideas :i* ! s\l conceives 9 relation to ! feel+s ( ! body are arbitr>y4 ,?us ,god might h caus$ ! dissolution ( cont9uity to give u pleasure4 ,he ev5 ma9ta9s t ! laws ( motion are entirely arbitr>y4 ',i w\ld wi% to "k'1 he says 7vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #aff1 p4 #ajhj71 ':e!r ,god e/abli%$ by an act ( 8 fre$om ( indiff]5ce g5]al laws on ! communication ( movem5ts1 & ! p>ticul> laws on ! union ( ! human s\l ) an organic body8 ,9 ?is case1 he c\ld h e/abli%$ q diff]5t laws1 & adopt$ a sy/em ^: results involv$ nei!r moral evil nor physical evil4 ,b if ! answ] is giv5 t ,god 0 con/ra9$ by supreme wisdom to e/abli% ! laws t he has e/abli%$1 !re we h nei!r m nor less ?an ! ,fatum ( #ccb ! ,/oics4 ,wisdom w h m>k$ out a way = ,god1 ! ab&onm5t :]e( w h be5 z impossible to him z 8 own self-de/ruction4' ,?is objection has be5 suffici5tly ov]?r[n3 x is only a moral necessity2 & x is always a happy necessity to be b\nd to act 9 accordance ) ! rules ( p]fect wisdom4 #cde4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s to me t ! reason = ! belief held by _m t ! laws ( motion are arbitr>y comes f ! fact t few p h prop]ly exam9$ !m4 ,x is kn[n n[ t ,m4 ,desc>tes 0 mu* mi/ak5 9 8 /atem5t ( !m4 ,i h prov$ conclusively t cons]vation ( ! same quantity ( motion _c occur1 b ,i consid] t ! same quantity ( =ce is cons]v$1 :e!r absolute or directive & respective1 :e!r total or p>tial4 ,my pr9ciples1 :i* c>ry ?is subject z f> z x c g1 h n yet be5 publi%$ 9 full2 b ,i h communicat$ !m to fri5ds compet5t to judge ( !m1 :o h approv$ !m1 & h conv]t$ "s o!r p]sons ( ackn[l$g$ erudition & ability4 ,i discov]$ at ! same "t t ! laws ( motion actually exi/+ 9 ,nature1 & confirm$ by exp]im5ts1 are n 9 reality absolutely demon/rable1 z a geometrical proposition w\ld be2 b nei!r is x necess>y t !y be s4 ,!y d n spr+ entirely f ! pr9ciple ( necessity1 b r f ! pr9ciple ( p]fection & ord]2 !y are an effect ( ! *oice & ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,i c demon/rate ^! laws 9 div]s ways1 b mu/ always assume some?+ t is n ( an absolutely geometrical necessity4 ,?us ^! admirable laws are wond]ful evid5ce ( an intellig5t & free be+1 z oppos$ to ! sy/em ( absolute & brute necessity1 advocat$ by ,/rato or ,sp9oza4 #cdf4 ,i h f\nd t "o may acc\nt = ^! laws by assum+ t ! effect is always equal 9 =ce to its cause1 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 t ! same =ce is cons]v$ always3 b ?is axiom ( high] philosophy _c be demon/rat$ geometrically4 ,"o may aga9 apply o!r pr9ciples ( l nature1 = in/ance ! pr9ciple t action is always equal to reaction1 "o :i* assumes 9 ?+s a di/a/e = ext]nal *ange1 & _c be d]iv$ ei!r f ext5sion or imp5etrability2 & t o!r pr9ciple1 t a simple movem5t has ! same prop]ties z ^? :i* might belong to a comp\nd movem5t su* z w\ld produce #ccc ! same ph5om5a ( locomotion4 ,^! assumptions are v plausible1 & are successful z an explanation ( ! laws ( motion3 no?+ is s appropriate1 all ! m s9ce !y are 9 accord ) ea* o!r4 ,b !re is to be f\nd 9 !m no absolute necessity1 su* z may compel u to admit !m1 9 ! way "o is compell$ to admit ! rules ( logic1 ( ari?metic & geometry4 #cdg4 ,x seems1 :5 "o consid]s ! indiff]5ce ( matt] to motion & to re/1 t ! l>ge/ body at re/ c\ld be c>ri$ along )\t any resi/ance by ! smalle/ body 9 motion1 9 :i* case !re w\ld be action )\t reaction & an effect great] ?an its cause4 ,!re is also no necessity to say ( ! motion ( a ball :i* runs freely on an ev51 horizontal plane1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( spe$1 t]m$ ,a1 t ?is motion mu/ h ! prop]ties ( t motion :i* x w\ld h if x 7 go+ ) less] spe$ 9 a boat1 itself mov+ 9 ! same direction ) ! residue ( ! spe$1 to ensure t ! ball1 se5 f ! bank1 advance ) ! same degree ,a4 ,=1 al?\gh ! same appe>ance ( spe$ & ( direction results ?r\gh ?is m$ium ( ! boat1 x is n because x is ! same ?+4 ,nev]!less x happ5s t ! effects ( ! collision ( ! balls 9 ! boat1 ! motion 9 ea* "o sep>ately comb9$ ) t ( ! boat giv+ ! appe>ance ( t :i* goes on outside ! boat1 also give ! appe>ance ( ! effects t ^! same balls collid+ w\ld h outside ! boat4 ,all t is admirable1 b "o does n see its absolute necessity4 ,a movem5t on ! two sides ( ! "r-angl$ triangle composes a movem5t on ! hypot5use2 b x does n foll[ t a ball mov+ on ! hypot5use mu/ produce ! effect ( two balls ( its own size mov+ on ! two sides3 yet t is true4 ,no?+ is s appropriate z ?is result1 & ,god has *os5 ! laws t produce x3 b "o sees no geometrical necessity !re94 ,yet x is ?is v lack ( necessity :i* enhances ! beauty ( ! laws t ,god has *os51 :]e9 div]s admirable axioms exi/ 9 conjunction1 & x is impossible = "o to say :i* ( !m is ! prim>y4 #cdh4 ,i h also %[n t !re9 is obs]v$ t excell5t law ( cont9uity1 :i* ,i h p]haps be5 ! fir/ to /ate1 & :i* is a k9d ( t\*/one ^: te/ ! rules ( ,m4 ,desc>tes1 ( ,fa!r ,fabry1 ,fa!r ,p>dies1 ,fa!r de ,malebran*e & o!rs _c pass4 ,9 virtue ( ?is law1 "o mu/ be able to reg>d re/ z a movem5t vani%+ #ccd aft] hav+ cont9ually dim9i%$1 & likewise equality z an inequality t vani%es also1 z w\ld happ5 ?r\gh ! cont9ual dim9ution ( ! great] ( two unequal bodies1 :ile ! small] reta9s its size4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is consid]ation1 ! g5]al rule = unequal bodies1 or bodies 9 motion1 mu/ apply also to equal bodies or to bodies "o ( :i* is at re/1 z to a p>ticul> case ( ! rule4 ,?is does result 9 ! true laws ( motion1 & does n result 9 c]ta9 laws inv5t$ by ,m4 ,desc>tes & by "s o!r m5 ( tal5t1 :i* already on t score alone prove to be ill-conc]t$1 s t "o may pr$ict t exp]im5t w n fav\r !m4 #cdi4 ,^! consid]ations make x pla9 t ! laws ( ,nature regulat+ movem5ts are nei!r entirely necess>y nor entirely arbitr>y4 ,! middle c\rse to be tak5 is t !y are a *oice ( ! mo/ p]fect wisdom4 ,& ?is great example ( ! laws ( motion %[s ) ! utmo/ cl>ity h[ mu* diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ^! ?ree cases1 to wit1 fir/ly an absolute necessity1 metaphysical or geometrical1 :i* may be call$ bl9d1 & :i* does n dep5d ^u any b effici5t causes2 9 ! second place1 a moral necessity1 :i* comes f ! free *oice ( wisdom 9 relation to f9al causes2 & f9ally 9 ! ?ird place1 some?+ absolutely arbitr>y1 dep5d+ ^u an indiff]5ce ( equipoise1 :i* is imag9$1 b :i* _c exi/1 :]e !re is no suffici5t reason ei!r 9 ! effici5t or 9 ! f9al cause4 ,consequ5tly "o mu/ conclude h[ mi/ak5 x is to confuse ei!r t :i* is absolutely necess>y ) t :i* is det]m9$ by ! reason ( ! be/1 or ! fre$om t is det]m9$ by reason ) a vague indiff]5ce4 #cej4 ,?is also settles ,m4 ,bayle's difficulty1 = he fe>s t1 if ,god is always det]m9ate1 ,nature c\ld disp5se ) him & br+ ab\t t same effect :i* is attribut$ to him1 ?r\gh ! necessity ( ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,t w\ld be true if ! laws ( motion = in/ance1 & all ! re/1 _h _! s\rce 9 a geometrical necessity ( effici5t causes2 b 9 ! la/ analysis "o is oblig$ to resort to some?+ dep5d+ ^u f9al causes & ^u :at is fitt+4 ,?is also utt]ly de/roys ! mo/ plausible reason+ ( ! ,naturali/s4 ,dr4 ,johann ,joa*im ,be*]1 a ,g]man physician1 well kn[n = 8 books on *emi/ry1 _h compos$ a pray] :i* look$ l gett+ him into tr\ble4 ,x began3 ',o sancta#cce mat] natura1 aet]ne r]um ordo'4 ,& x end$ by say+ t ?is ,nature mu/ =give him 8 errors1 s9ce %e h]self 0 _! cause4 ,b ! nature ( ?+s1 if tak5 z )\t intellig5ce & )\t *oice1 has 9 x no?+ suffici5tly det]m9ant4 ,h]r ,be*] did n suffici5tly take into acc\nt t ! ,au?or ( ?+s 7natura naturans7 mu/ be good & wise1 & t we c be evil )\t complicity on 8 "p 9 our acts ( wick$ness4 ,:5 a wick$ man exi/s1 ,god mu/ h f\nd 9 ! region ( possibles ! idea ( su* a man =m+ "p ( t sequ5ce ( ?+s1 ! *oice ( :i* 0 dem&$ by ! greate/ p]fection ( ! univ]se1 & 9 :i* errors & s9s are n only puni%$ b ev5 repair$ to great] advantage1 s t !y contribute to ! greate/ good4 #cea4 ,m4 ,bayle1 h[ev]1 has ext5d$ ! free *oice ( ,god a little too f>4 ,speak+ ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,/rato 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #ahj1 p4 #abci71 :o ass]t$ t ev]y?+ _h be5 br\ght =? by ! necessity ( a nature devoid ( intellig5ce1 he ma9ta9s t ?is philosoph]1 on be+ ask$ :y a tree has n ! p[] to =m bones & ve9s1 might h ask$ 9 8 turn3 ,:y has matt] precisely ?ree dim5sions8 :y %\ld n two h suffic$ = x8 :y has x n f\r8 ',if "o _h answ]$ t !re c be nei!r m nor less ?an ?ree dim5sions he w\ld h dem&$ ! cause ( ?is impossibility4' ,^! words lead "o to believe t ,m4 ,bayle suspect$ t ! numb] ( ! dim5sions ( matt] dep5d$ ^u ,god's *oice1 ev5 z x dep5d$ ^u him to cause or n to cause trees to produce animals4 ,inde$1 h[ d we "k :e!r !re are n planet>y globes or e>?s situat$ 9 "s m remote place 9 ! univ]se :]e ! fable ( ! ,b>nacle-geese ( ,scotl& 7birds t 7 said to be born ( trees7 proves true1 & ev5 :e!r !re are n c\ntries :]e "o c\ld say3 444 populos umbrosa creavit ,frax9us1 et foeta viridis pu] excidit alno8 ,b ) ! dim5sions ( matt] x is n ?us3 ! t]n>y numb] is det]m9$ = x n by ! reason ( ! be/1 b by a geometrical necessity1 because ! geometricians h be5 able to prove t !re are only ?ree /raight l9es p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r :i* c int]sect at "o & ! same po9t4 ,no?+ m appropriate c\ld h be5 #ccf *os5 to %[ ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! moral necessity t acc\nts = ! *oice ( wisdom & ! brute necessity ( ,/rato & ! adh]5ts ( ,sp9oza1 :o d5y to ,god und]/&+ & w1 ?an a consid]ation ( ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! reason = ! laws ( motion & ! reason = ! t]n>y numb] ( ! dim5sions3 = ! fir/ lies 9 ! *oice ( ! be/ & ! second 9 a geometrical & bl9d necessity4 #ceb4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! laws ( bodies1 t is1 ( ! rules ( motion1 let u come to ! laws ( ! union betwe5 body & s\l1 :]e ,m4 ,bayle believes t he f9ds aga9 "s vague indiff]5ce1 some?+ absolutely arbitr>y4 ,"h is ! way he speaks ( x 9 8 ,reply 7vol4 ,,ii1 *4 #hd1 p4 #afc73 ',x is a puzzl+ "q :e!r bodies h "s natural prop]ty ( do+ h>m or good to man's s\l4 ,if "o answ]s yes1 "o plunges into an insane labyr9?3 =1 z man's s\l is an immat]ial sub/ance1 "o w be b\nd to say t ! local movem5t ( c]ta9 bodies is an effici5t cause ( ! ?\ghts 9 a m9d1 a /atem5t contr>y to ! mo/ obvi\s notions t philosophy imp>ts to u4 ,if "o answ]s no1 "o w be con/ra9$ to admit t ! influ5ce ( our organs ^u our ?\ghts dep5ds nei!r ^u ! int]nal qualities ( matt]1 nor ^u ! laws ( motion1 b ^u an arbitr>y in/itution ( ! creator4 ,"o mu/ !n admit t x dep5d$ altoge!r ^u ,god's fre$om to comb9e p>ticul> ?\ghts ( our s\l ) p>ticul> modifications ( our body1 ev5 :5 he _h once e/abli%$ all ! laws = ! action ( bodies "o ^u ano!r4 ,:5ce x results t !re is 9 ! univ]se no portion ( matt] :i* by its proximity c h>m u1 save :5 ,god wills x2 & consequ5tly1 t ! e>? is z capable z any o!r place ( be+ ! abode ( ! happy man4444 ,9 %ort x is evid5t t !re is no ne$1 9 ord] to prev5t ! wrong *oices ( fre$om1 to transport man outside ! e>?4 ,god c\ld d on e>? ) reg>d to all ! acts ( ! w :at he does 9 respect ( ! good works ( ! pr$e/9$ :5 he settles _! outcome1 :e!r by efficaci\s or by suffici5t grace3 & t grace1 )\t 9 any way impair+ fre$om1 is always foll[$ by ! ass5t ( ! s\l4 ,x w\ld be z easy = him on e>? z 9 heav5 to br+ ab\t ! det]m9ation ( our s\ls to a good *oice4' #cec4 ,i agree ) ,m4 ,bayle t ,god c\ld h s ord]$ bodies & #ccg s\ls on ?is globe ( e>?1 :e!r by ways ( nature or by extraord9>y graces1 t x w\ld h be5 a p]petual p>adise & a =eta/e ( ! cele/ial /ate ( ! bless$4 ,!re is no reason :y !re %\ld n be worlds happi] ?an ours2 b ,god _h good reasons = will+ t ours %\ld be su* z x is4 ,nev]!less1 9 ord] to prove t a bett] /ate w\ld h be5 possible "h1 ,m4 ,bayle _h no ne$ to resort to ! sy/em ( occasional causes3 x ab\nds 9 miracles & 9 hypo!ses = :i* _! v orig9ators confess !re is no ju/ification2 & ^! are two defects su* z w mo/ ( all e/range a sy/em f true philosophy4 ,x is a cause = surprise1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,m4 ,bayle did n be?9k himself ( ! ,sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony :i* he _h exam9$ be=e1 & :i* = ?is matt] 0 s opportune4 ,b z 9 ?is sy/em all is connect$ & h>moni\s1 all foll[+ f reasons & no?+ be+ left incomplete or expos$ to ! ra% discretion ( p]fect indiff]5ce1 x seems t x 0 n pleas+ to ,m4 ,bayle3 = he 0 "h some:at biass$ 9 fav\r ( su* indiff]5ce1 :i*1 not)/&+1 he conte/$ s /rongly on o!r occasions4 ,he 0 mu* giv5 to pass+ f "o extreme to ! o!r1 n ) an ill int5tion or aga9/ 8 own conviction1 b because !re 0 z yet no?+ settl$ 9 8 m9d on ! "q conc]n$4 ,he cont5t$ himself ) :atev] suit$ him = fru/rat+ ! oppon5t he _h 9 m9d1 8 aim be+ only to p]plex philosoph]s1 & %[ ! weakness ( our reason2 & nev]1 9 my op9ion1 did ei!r ,arcesilaus or ,c>neades argue = & aga9/ ) m eloqu5ce & m wit4 ,b1 aft] all1 "o mu/ n d\bt = ! sake ( d\bt+3 d\bts mu/ s]ve u z a gangway to ! tru?4 ,t is :at ,i (t5 said to ! late ,abb ,f\*]1 a few specim5s ( ^: "w prove t he design$ to d ) reg>d to ! ,academicians :at ,lipsius & ,scioppius _h done = ! ,/oics1 & ,m4 ,gass5di = ,epicurus1 & :at ,m4 ,daci] has s well begun = ,plato4 ,x mu/ n be possible = u to (f] true philosoph]s su* a reproa* z t impli$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,casaubon's answ] to ^? :o1 9 %[+ him ! hall ( ! ,sorbonne1 told him t debate _h be5 c>ri$ on !re = "s c5turies4 ,:at conclusions h be5 rea*$8 he said to !m4 #ced4 ,m4 ,bayle goes on 7p4 #aff73 ',x is true t s9ce ! laws ( motion 7 in/itut$ 9 su* =ms z we see n[ 9 ! _w1 x is an inevitable necessity t a hamm] /rik+ a nut %\ld break x1 &#cch t a /one fall+ on a man's foot %\ld cause "s bruise or "s d]angem5t ( its p>ts4 ,b t is all t c foll[ ! action ( ?is /one ^u ! human body4 ,if y want x 9 addition to cause a feel+ ( pa91 !n "o mu/ assume ! in/itution ( a code o!r ?an t "o :i* regulates ! action & reaction ( bodies "o ^u ano!r2 "o mu/1 ,i say1 h rec\rse to ! p>ticul> sy/em ( ! laws ( union betwe5 ! s\l & c]ta9 bodies4 ,n[ z ?is sy/em is n ( necessity connect$ ) ! o!r1 ! indiff]5ce ( ,god does n cease 9 relation to ! "o imm$iately ^u 8 *oice ( ! o!r4 ,he !re=e comb9$ ^! two sy/ems ) a complete fre$om1 l two ?+s :i* did n foll[ naturally ! "o f ! o!r4 ,?us x is by an arbitr>y in/itution he has orda9$ t w\nds 9 ! body %\ld cause pa9 9 ! s\l :i* is unit$ to ?is body4 ,x !re=e only re/$ ) him to h *os5 ano!r sy/em ( union betwe5 s\l & body3 he 0 !re=e able to *oose "o 9 accordance :]e) w\nds only evoke ! idea ( ! rem$y & an int5se b agreeable desire to apply x4 ,he 0 able to arrange t all bodies :i* 7 on ! po9t ( break+ a man's head or pi]c+ 8 he>t %\ld evoke a lively s5se ( dang]1 & t ?is s5se %\ld cause ! body to remove itself promptly out ( rea* ( ! bl[4 ,all t w\ld h come to pass )\t miracles1 s9ce !re w\ld h be5 g5]al laws on ?is subject4 ,! sy/em :i* we "k by exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! det]m9ation ( ! movem5t ( c]ta9 bodies *anges 9 pursuance ( our desires4 ,x 0 !re=e possible = a comb9ation to be effect$ betwe5 our desires & ! movem5t ( c]ta9 bodies1 :]eby ! nutritive juices 7 s modifi$ t ! good arrangem5t ( our organs 0 nev] affect$4' #cee4 ,x is evid5t t ,m4 ,bayle believes t ev]y?+ accompli%$ ?r\gh g5]al laws is accompli%$ )\t miracles4 ,b ,i h %[n suffici5tly t if ! law is n f\nd$ on reasons & does n s]ve to expla9 ! ev5t ?r\gh ! nature ( ?+s1 x c only be put into execution by a miracle4 ,if1 = example1 ,god _h orda9$ t bodies mu/ h a circul> motion1 he w\ld h ne$$ p]petual miracles1 or ! m9i/ry ( angels1 to put ?is ord] into execution3 = t is contr>y to ! nature ( motion1 :]eby ! body naturally ab&ons ! circul> l9e to cont9ue 9 ! tang5t /raight l9e if no?+ holds x #cci back4 ,!re=e x is n en\gh = ,god to orda9 simply t a w\nd %\ld excite an agreeable s5sation3 natural means mu/ be f\nd = t purpose4 ,! real means :]eby ,god causes ! s\l to be consci\s ( :at happ5s 9 ! body h _! orig9 9 ! nature ( ! s\l1 :i* repres5ts ! bodies1 & is s made be=eh& t ! repres5tations :i* are to spr+ up "o f ano!r )9 x1 by a natural sequ5ce ( ?\ghts1 correspond to ! *anges 9 ! body4 #cef4 ,! repres5tation has a natural relation to t :i* is to be repres5t$4 ,if ,god %\ld h ! r\nd %ape ( a body repres5t$ by ! idea ( a squ>e1 t w\ld be an unsuitable repres5tation3 = !re w\ld be angles or projections 9 ! repres5tation1 :ile all w\ld be ev5 & smoo? 9 ! orig9al4 ,! repres5tation (t5 suppresses some?+ 9 ! objects :5 x is imp]fect2 b x c add no?+3 t w\ld r5d] x1 n m ?an p]fect1 b false4 ,moreov]1 ! suppression is nev] complete 9 our p]ceptions1 & !re is 9 ! repres5tation1 confus$ z x is1 m ?an we see !re4 ,?us !re is reason = suppos+ t ! ideas ( heat1 cold1 col\rs1 etc41 also only repres5t ! small movem5ts c>ri$ out 9 ! organs1 :5 "o is consci\s ( ^! qualities1 al?\gh ! multiplicity & ! dim9utive "* ( ^! movem5ts prev5ts _! cle> repres5tation4 ,almo/ 9 ! same way x happ5s t we d n di/+ui% ! blue & ! yell[ :i* play _! "p 9 ! repres5tation z well z 9 ! composition ( ! gre51 :5 ! microscope %[s t :at appe>s to be gre5 is compos$ ( yell[ & blue p>ts4 #ceg4 ,x is true t ! same ?+ may be repres5t$ 9 diff]5t ways2 b !re mu/ always be an exact relation betwe5 ! repres5tation & ! ?+1 & consequ5tly betwe5 ! diff]5t repres5tations ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,! projections 9 p]spective ( ! conic sections ( ! circle %[ t "o & ! same circle may be repres5t$ by an ellipse1 a p>abola & a hyp]bola1 & ev5 by ano!r circle1 a /raight l9e & a po9t4 ,no?+ appe>s s diff]5t nor s dissimil> z ^! figures2 & yet !re is an exact relation betwe5 ea* po9t & e o!r po9t4 ,?us "o mu/ all[ t ea* s\l repres5ts ! univ]se to itself accord+ to its po9t ( view1 & ?r\gh a relation :i* is peculi> to x2 b a p]fect h>mony always subsi/s !re94 ,god1 if he wi%$ to effect repres5tation ( ! dissolution ( cont9uity ( #cdj ! body by an agreeable s5sation 9 ! s\l1 w\ld n h neglect$ to ensure t ?is v dissolution %\ld s]ve "s p]fection 9 ! body1 by giv+ x "s new relief1 z :5 "o is fre$ ( "s burd5 or loos$ f "s bond4 ,b organic bodies ( su* k9ds1 al?\gh possible1 d n exi/ ^u our globe1 :i* d\btless lacks innum]able inv5tions t ,god may h put to use else:]e4 ,nev]!less x is en\gh t1 due all[ance be+ made = ! place our _w holds 9 ! univ]se1 no?+ c be done = x bett] ?an :at ,god does4 ,he makes ! be/ possible use ( ! laws ( nature :i* he has e/abli%$ & 7z ,m4 ,regis also ackn[l$g$ 9 ! same passage7 '! laws t ,god has e/abli%$ 9 nature are ! mo/ excell5t x is possible to conceive'4 #ceh4 ,i w add to t ! rem>k f ! ,j\rnal des ,savants ( ! #af? ,m>* #agje1 :i* ,m4 ,bayle has ins]t$ 9 *apt] #afb ( ! ,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial 7vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ajcj74 ,! matt] 9 "q is ! extract f a v +5i\s mod]n book on ! ,orig9 ( ,evil1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$ "h4 ,x is /at$3 't ! g5]al solution 9 respect ( physical evil :i* ?is book gives is t ! univ]se mu/ be reg>d$ z a "w compos$ ( v>i\s pieces :i* =m a :ole2 t1 accord+ to ! laws e/abli%$ 9 nature1 "s p>ts _c be bett] unless o!rs become worse1 :5ce w\ld result a sy/em less p]fect z a :ole4 ,?is pr9ciple'1 ! writ] goes on1 'is good2 b if no?+ is add$ to x1 x does n appe> suffici5t4 ,:y has ,god e/abli%$ laws t give rise to s _m difficulties8 philosoph]s :o are some:at precise w say4 ,c\ld he n h e/abli%$ o!rs ( a k9d n subject to any defects8 ,& to cut ! matt] %ort1 h[ comes x t he has prescrib$ laws = himself8 ,:y does he n act )\t g5]al laws1 9 accordance ) all 8 p[] & all 8 goodness8 ,! writ] has n c>ri$ ! difficulty z f> z t4 ,by dis5tangl+ 8 ideas "o might inde$ possibly f9d means ( solv+ ! difficulty1 b !re is no developm5t ( ! subject 9 8 "w4' #cei4 ,i suppose t ! gift$ au?or ( ?is extract1 :5 he ?\ght ! difficulty c\ld be solv$1 _h 9 m9d some?+ ak9 to my pr9ciples on ?is matt]4 ,if he _h v\*saf$ to decl>e himself 9 ?is passage1 he w\ld to all appe>ance h repli$1 l ,m4 ,regis1 t ! laws ,god e/abli%$ 7 ! mo/ excell5t t c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,he w\ld h ackn[l$g$1 at ! same "t1 t ,god c\ld n h refra9$#cda f e/abli%+ laws & foll[+ rules1 because laws & rules are :at makes ord] & beauty2 t to act )\t rules w\ld be to act )\t reason2 & t because ,god call$ into action all 8 goodness ! ex]cise ( 8 omnipot5ce 0 consi/5t ) ! laws ( wisdom1 to secure z mu* good z 0 possible ( atta9m5t4 ,f9ally1 he w\ld h said1 ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 p>ticul> disadvantages :i* /rike u is a sure indication t ! be/ plan did n p]mit ( _! avoidance1 & t !y assi/ 9 ! a*ievem5t ( ! total good1 an argum5t :]e) ,m4 ,bayle 9 m ?an "o place expresses agreem5t4 #cfj4 ,n[ t ,i h prov$ suffici5tly t ev]y?+ comes to pass accord+ to det]m9ate reasons1 !re _c be any m difficulty ov] ^! pr9ciples ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge4 ,al?\gh ^! det]m9ations d n compel1 !y _c b be c]ta91 & !y =e%ad[ :at %all happ54 ,x is true t ,god sees all at once ! :ole sequ5ce ( ?is univ]se1 :5 he *ooses x1 & t ?us he has no ne$ ( ! connexion ( effects & causes 9 ord] to =esee ^! effects4 ,b s9ce 8 wisdom causes him to *oose a sequ5ce 9 p]fect connexion1 he _c b see "o "p ( ! sequ5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,x is "o ( ! rules ( my sy/em ( g5]al h>mony1 t ! pres5t is big ) ! future1 & t he :o sees all sees 9 t :i* is t :i* %all be4 ,:at is m1 ,i h prov$ conclusively t ,god sees 9 ea* portion ( ! univ]se ! :ole univ]se1 ow+ to ! p]fect connexion ( ?+s4 ,he is inf9itely m disc]n+ ?an ,py?agoras1 :o judg$ ! height ( ,h]cules by ! size ( 8 footpr9t4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be no d\bt t effects foll[ _! causes det]m9ately1 9 spite ( cont+5cy & ev5 ( fre$om1 :i* nev]!less exi/ toge!r ) c]ta9ty or det]m9ation4 #cfa4 ,dur& de ,sa9t-,p\ra91 among o!rs1 has indicat$ ?is cle>ly 9 say+ t cont+5t futurities are se5 det]m9ately 9 _! causes1 & t ,god1 :o kn[s all1 see+ all t %all h p[] to tempt or repel ! w1 w see !re9 ! c\rse x %all take4 ,i c\ld cite _m o!r au?ors :o h said ! same ?+1 & reason does n all[ ! possibility ( ?9k+ o!rwise4 ,m4 ,jacquelot implies also 7,con=mity ( ,fai? ) ,reason1 p4 #cah et seqq471 z ,m4 ,bayle obs]ves 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #adb1 p4 #gif71 t ! dispositions ( ! human he>t & ^? ( circum/ances acqua9t ,god un]r+ly ) ! *oice t man %all make4 ,m4 ,bayle #cdb adds t "s ,mol9i/s say ! same1 & ref]s u to ^? :o are quot$ 9 ! ,suavis ,concordia ( ,pi]re de ,s4 ,joseph1 ! ,feuillant 7pp4 #egi1 #ehj74 #cfb4 ,^? :o h confus$ ?is det]m9ation ) necessity h fabricat$ mon/]s 9 ord] to fight !m4 ,to avoid a reasonable ?+ :i* !y _h disguis$ "u a hide\s %ape1 !y h fall5 into great absurdities4 ,= fe> ( be+ oblig$ to admit an imag9>y necessity1 or at lea/ "o diff]5t f t 9 "q1 !y h admitt$ some?+ :i* happ5s )\t ! exi/5ce ( any cause or reason = x4 ,?is am\nts to ! same z ! absurd deviation ( atoms1 :i* accord+ to ,epicurus happ5$ )\t any cause4 ,cic]o1 9 8 book on ,div9ation1 saw cle>ly t if ! cause c\ld produce an effect t[>ds :i* x 0 entirely indiff]5t !re w\ld be a true *ance1 a g5u9e luck1 an actual =tuit\s case1 t is1 "o :i* w\ld be s n m]ely 9 relation to u & our ignorance1 accord+ to :i* "o may say3 ,s$ ,te ,nos facimus1 ,=tuna1 ,deam1 caeloque locamus1 b ev5 9 relation to ,god & to ! nature ( ?+s4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld be impossible to =esee ev5ts by judg+ ( ! future by ! pa/4 ,he adds fitt+ly 9 ! same passage3 ',qui pote/ provid]i1 quicquam futurum esse1 quod neque causam habet ullam1 neque notam cur futurum sit8' & soon aft]3 ',nihil e/ tam contr>ium rationi et con/antiae1 quam =tuna2 ut mihi ne 9 ,deum quidem cad]e videatur1 ut sciat quid casu et =tuito futurum sit4 ,si enim scit1 c]te illud ev5iet3 s9 c]te ev5iet1 nulla =tuna e/4' ,if ! future is c]ta91 !re is no su* ?+ z luck4 ,b he wrongly adds3 ',e/ autum =tuna2 r]um igitur =tuit>um nulla praes5sio e/4' ,!re is luck1 !re=e future ev5ts _c be =ese54 ,he ought r to h conclud$ t1 ev5ts be+ pr$et]m9$ & =ese51 !re is no luck4 ,b he 0 !n speak+ aga9/ ! ,/oics1 9 ! "* ( an ,academician4 #cfc4 ,! ,/oics already d]iv$ f ! decrees ( ,god ! prevision ( ev5ts4 ,=1 z ,cic]o says 9 ! same book3 ',sequitur porro nihil ,deos ignor>e1 quod omnia ab iis s9t con/ituta4' ,&1 accord+ to my sy/em1 ,god1 hav+ se5 ! possible _w t he desir$ to create1 =esaw#cdc ev]y?+ !re94 ,?us "o may say t ! div9e k ( vision diff]s f ! k ( simple intellig5ce only 9 t x adds to ! latt] ! acqua9tance ) ! actual decree to *oose ?is sequ5ce ( ?+s :i* simple intellig5ce _h already pres5t$1 b only z possible2 & ?is decree n[ makes ! pres5t univ]se4 #cfd4 ,?us ! ,soc9ians _c be excus$ = d5y+ to ,god ! c]ta9 k ( future ev5ts1 & above all ( ! future resolves ( a free creature4 ,= ev5 ?\gh !y _h suppos$ t !re is a fre$om ( complete indiff]5ce1 s t ! w c *oose )\t cause1 & t ?us ?is effect c\ld n be se5 9 its cause 7:i* is a great absurdity71 !y ought always to take into acc\nt t ,god 0 able to =esee ?is ev5t 9 ! idea ( ! possible _w t he resolv$ to create4 ,b ! idea :i* !y h ( ,god is unwor?y ( ! ,au?or ( ?+s1 & is n comm5surate ) ! skill & wit :i* ! writ]s ( ?is p>ty (t5 display 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> discussions4 ,! au?or ( ! ,reflexion on ! ,picture ( ,soc9ianism 0 n altoge!r mi/ak5 9 say+ t ! ,god ( ! ,soc9ians w\ld be ignorant & p[]less1 l ! ,god ( ,epicurus1 e day conf\nd$ by ev5ts & liv+ f "o day to ! next1 if he only kn[s by conjecture :at ! w ( m5 is to be4 #cfe4 ,! :ole difficulty "h has !re=e only come f a wrong idea ( cont+5cy & ( fre$om1 :i* 0 ?\ght to h ne$ ( a complete indiff]5ce or equipoise1 an imag9>y ?+1 ( :i* nei!r a notion nor an example exi/s1 nor ev] c exi/4 ,app>5tly ,m4 ,desc>tes _h be5 imbu$ ) ! idea 9 8 y\?1 at ! ,college ( la ,fl*e4 ,t caus$ him to say 7"p ,i ( 8 ,pr9ciples1 art4 #da73 ',our ?\ght is f9ite1 & ! k & omnipot5ce ( ,god1 :]eby he has n only kn[n f all et]nity ev]y?+ t is1 or t c be1 b also has will$ x1 is inf9ite4 ,?us we h en\gh intellig5ce to recognize cle>ly & di/9ctly t ?is p[] & ?is k are 9 ,god2 b we h n en\gh s to compreh5d _! ext5t t we c "k h[ !y leave ! actions ( m5 entirely free & indet]m9ate4' ,! cont9uation has already be5 quot$ above4 ',entirely free'1 t is "r2 b "o spoils ev]y?+ by add+ 'entirely indet]m9ate'4 ,"o has no ne$ ( inf9ite k 9 ord] to see t ! =ekn[l$ge & ! provid5ce ( ,god all[ fre$om to our actions1 s9ce ,god has =ese5 ^? actions 9 #cdd 8 ideas1 j z !y are1 t is1 free4 ,laur5tius ,valla inde$1 9 8 ,dialogue aga9/ ,boe?ius 7:i* ,i w pres5tly quote 9 epitome7 ably und]takes to reconcile fre$om ) =ekn[l$ge1 b does n v5ture to hope t he c reconcile x ) provid5ce4 ,yet !re is no m difficulty 9 ! "o ?an ! o!r1 because ! decree to give exi/5ce to ?is action no m *anges its nature ?an does "o's m]e consci\sness !re(4 ,b !re is no k1 h[ev] inf9ite x be1 :i* c reconcile ! k & provid5ce ( ,god ) actions ( an indet]m9ate cause1 t is to say1 ) a *im]ical & impossible be+4 ,! actions ( ! w are det]m9$ 9 two ways1 by ! =ekn[l$ge or provid5ce ( ,god1 & also by ! dispositions ( ! p>ticul> imm$iate cause1 :i* lie 9 ! incl9ations ( ! s\l4 ,m4 ,desc>tes foll[$ ! ,?omi/s on ?is po9t2 b he wrote ) 8 usual circumspection1 s z n to come into conflict ) "s o!r !ologians4 #cff4 ,m4 ,bayle relates 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #adb1 p4 #hjd7 t ,fa!r ,gibieuf ( ! ,oratory publi%$ a ,lat9 treatise on ! fre$om ( ,god & ( ! creature1 9 ! ye> #afci2 t he 0 met ) prote/s1 & 0 %[n a collection ( sev5ty contradictions tak5 f ! fir/ book ( 8 "w2 & t1 tw5ty ye>s aft]1 ,fa!r ,annat1 ,confessor to ! ,k+ ( ,france1 reproa*$ him 9 8 book ,de ,incoacta ,lib]tate 7ed4 ,rome1 #afed1 9 #dto471 = ! sil5ce he /ill ma9ta9$4 ,:o w\ld n ?9k 7adds ,m4 ,bayle71 aft] ! upro> ( ! de ,auxiliis ,congregations1 t ! ,?omi/s taught ?+s t\*+ ! nature ( free w :i* 7 entirely oppos$ to ! op9ion ( ! ,jesuits8 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o consid]s ! passages t ,fa!r ,annat quot$ f ! works ( ! ,?omi/s 79 a pamphlet entitl$3 ,jans5ius a ,?omi/is1 gratiae p] se ipsam efficacis def5soribus1 condemnatus1 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #afed 9 #dto47 "o c 9 reality only see v]bal controv]sies betwe5 ! two sects4 ,! grace efficaci\s ( itself1 accord+ to ! "o side1 leaves to free w q z mu* p[] ( resi/ance z ! congru5t grace ( ! o!rs4 ,m4 ,bayle ?9ks "o c say almo/ z mu* ( ,jans5ius himself4 ,he 0 7s he says7 an able man1 ( a me?odical m9d & ( great assiduity4 ,he work$ = tw5ty-two ye>s at 8 ,augu/9us4 ,"o ( 8 aims 0 to refute ! ,jesuits on ! dogma ( free w2 yet no decision has yet be5 rea*$ z to :e!r he rejects or adopts fre$om ( indiff]5ce4 ,f 8 "w innum]able passages #cde are quot$ = & aga9/ ?is op9ion1 z ,fa!r ,annat has himself %[n 9 ! "w t has j be5 m5tion$1 ,de ,incoacta ,lib]tate4 ,s easy is x to r5d] ?is subject obscure1 z ,m4 ,bayle says at ! conclusion ( ?is disc\rse4 ,z = ,fa!r ,gibieuf1 x mu/ be admitt$ t he (t5 alt]s ! mean+ ( 8 t]ms1 & t consequ5tly he does n answ] ! "q 9 ! ma91 albeit he (t5 writes ) good s5se4 #cfg4 ,inde$1 confusion spr+s1 m (t5 ?an n1 f ambiguity 9 t]ms1 & f "o's failure to take tr\ble ov] ga9+ cle> ideas ab\t !m4 ,t gives rise to ^! et]nal1 & usually mi/ak51 cont5tions on necessity & cont+5cy1 on ! possible & ! impossible4 ,b provid$ t x is und]/ood t necessity & possibility1 tak5 metaphysically & /rictly1 dep5d solely ^u ?is "q1 :e!r ! object 9 itself or t :i* is oppos$ to x implies contradiction or n2 & t "o takes into acc\nt t cont+5cy is consi/5t ) ! incl9ations1 or reasons :i* contribute t[>ds caus+ det]m9ation by ! w2 provid$ also t "o kn[s h[ to di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 necessity & det]m9ation or c]ta9ty1 betwe5 metaphysical necessity1 :i* admits ( no *oice1 pres5t+ only "o s+le object z possible1 & moral necessity1 :i* con/ra9s ! wise/ to *oose ! be/2 f9ally1 provid$ t "o is rid ( ! *im]a ( complete indiff]5ce1 :i* c only be f\nd 9 ! books ( philosoph]s1 & on pap] 7= !y _c ev5 conceive ! notion 9 _! heads1 or prove its reality by an example 9 ?+s7 "o w easily escape f a labyr9? ^: unhappy ,da$alus 0 ! human m9d4 ,t labyr9? has caus$ inf9ite confusion1 z mu* ) ! anci5ts z ) ^? ( lat] times1 ev5 s f> z to lead m5 into ! absurd error ( ! ,lazy ,sophism1 :i* closely resembles fate aft] ! ,turki% fa%ion4 ,i d n wond] if 9 reality ! ,?omi/s & ! ,jesuits1 & ev5 ! ,mol9i/s & ! ,jans5i/s1 agree toge!r on ?is matt] m ?an is suppos$4 ,a ,?omi/ & ev5 a wise ,jans5i/ w cont5t himself ) c]ta9 det]m9ation1 )\t go+ on to necessity3 & if someone goes s f>1 ! error mayhap w lie only 9 ! ^w4 ,a wise ,mol9i/ w be cont5t ) an indiff]5ce oppos$ to necessity1 b su* z %all n exclude preval5t incl9ations4 #cfh4 ,^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 h greatly impress$ ,m4 ,bayle1 :o#cdf 0 m incl9$ to dwell on !m ?an to solve !m1 al?\gh he might p]haps h _h bett] success ?an anyone if he _h ?\ght fit to turn 8 m9d 9 t direction4 ,"h is :at he says ( !m 9 8 ,diction>y1 art4 ',jans5ius'1 lit4 ,g1 p4 #afbf3 ',someone has said t ! subject ( ,grace is an ocean :i* has nei!r %ore nor bottom4 ,p]haps he w\ld h spok5 m correctly if he _h comp>$ x to ! ,/rait ( ,mess9a1 :]e "o is always 9 dang] ( /rik+ "o reef :ile endeav\r+ to avoid ano!r4 ,dextrum ,scylla latus1 laevum implacata ,*>ybdis ,obsidet4 ,ev]y?+ comes back 9 ! end to ?is3 ,did ,adam s9 freely8 ,if y answ] yes1 !n y w be told1 8 fall 0 n =ese54 ,if y answ] no1 !n y w be told1 he is n guilty4 ,y may write a hundr$ volumes aga9/ ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! conclusions1 & yet y w confess1 ei!r t ! infallible prevision ( a cont+5t ev5t is a my/]y impossible to conceive1 or t ! way 9 :i* a creature :i* acts )\t fre$om s9s nev]!less is altoge!r incompreh5sible4' #cfi4 ,ei!r ,i am greatly mi/ak5 or ^! two alleg$ incompreh5sibilities are end$ altoge!r by my solutions4 ,w\ld to ,god x 7 z easy to answ] ! "q h[ to cure fev]s1 & h[ to avoid ! p]ils ( two *ronic sicknesses t may orig9ate1 ! "o f n cur+ ! fev]1 ! o!r f cur+ x wrongly4 ,:5 "o ass]ts t a free ev5t _c be =ese51 "o is confus+ fre$om ) indet]m9ation1 or ) indiff]5ce t is complete & 9 equipoise2 & :5 "o ma9ta9s t ! lack ( fre$om w\ld prev5t man f be+ guilty1 "o means a fre$om exempt1 n f det]m9ation or f c]ta9ty1 b f necessity & f con/ra9t4 ,?is %[s t ! dilemma is n well express$1 & t !re is a wide passage betwe5 ! two p]il\s reefs4 ,"o w reply1 !re=e1 t ,adam s9n$ freely1 & t ,god saw him s9n+ 9 ! possible /ate ( ,adam1 :i* became actual 9 accordance ) ! decree ( ! div9e p]mission4 ,x is true t ,adam 0 det]m9$ to s9 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 prevail+ incl9ations3 b ?is det]m9ation de/roys nei!r cont+5cy nor fre$om4 ,moreov]1 ! c]ta9 det]m9ation to s9 :i* exi/s 9 man does n deprive him ( ! p[] to avoid s9n+ 7speak+ g5]ally7 or1 s9ce he does s91 prev5t him f be+ guilty & des]v+ #cdg puni%m5t4 ,?is is m especially s s9ce ! puni%m5t may be ( s]vice to him or o!rs1 to contribute t[>ds det]m9+ !m ano!r "t n to s94 ,!re is besides punitive ju/ice1 :i* goes beyond comp5sation & am5dm5t1 & :]e9 also !re is no?+ liable to be %ak5 by ! c]ta9 det]m9ation ( ! cont+5t resolutions ( ! w4 ,x may be said1 on ! contr>y1 t ! p5alties & rew>ds w\ld be to "s ext5t unavail+1 & w\ld fail 9 "o ( _! aims1 t ( am5dm5t1 if !y c\ld n contribute t[>ds det]m9+ ! w to d bett] ano!r "t4 #cgj4 ,m4 ,bayle cont9ues3 ',:]e fre$om is conc]n$ !re are only two c\rses to take3 "o is to say t all ! causes di/9ct f ! s\l1 & co-op]at+ ) x1 leave x ! p[] to act or n to act2 ! o!r is to say t !y s det]m9e x to act t x _c =be> to d s4 ,! fir/ c\rse is t tak5 by ! ,mol9i/s1 ! o!r is t ( ! ,?omi/s & ,jans5i/s & ! ,prote/ants ( ! ,g5eva ,confession4 ,yet ! ,?omi/s h clamor\sly ma9ta9$ t !y 7 n ,jans5i/s2 & ! latt] h ma9ta9$ ) equal w>m? t :]e fre$om 0 conc]n$ !y 7 n ,calv9i/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,mol9i/s h ma9ta9$ t ,/4 ,augu/9e did n tea* ,jans5ism4 ,?us ! "o side n wi%+ to admit t !y 7 9 con=mity ) p :o 7 consid]$ h]etics1 & ! o!r side n wi%+ to admit t !y 7 9 opposition to a le>n$ sa9t ^: op9ions 7 always consid]$ or?odox1 h bo? p]=m$ a hundr$ feats ( contortion1 etc4' #cga4 ,! two c\rses :i* ,m4 ,bayle di/+ui%es "h d n exclude a ?ird c\rse1 accord+ to :i* ! det]m9ation ( ! s\l does n come solely f ! co-op]ation ( all ! causes di/9ct f ! s\l1 b also f ! /ate ( ! s\l itself & its incl9ations :i* m+le ) ! impressions ( ! s5ses1 /r5g!n+ or weak5+ !m4 ,n[ all ! int]nal & ext]nal causes tak5 toge!r br+ x ab\t t ! s\l is det]m9$ c]ta9ly1 b n ( necessity3 = no contradiction w\ld be impli$ if ! s\l 7 to be det]m9$ diff]5tly1 x be+ possible = ! w to be incl9$1 b n possible = x to be compell$ by necessity4 ,i w n v5ture ^u a discussion ( ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! ,jans5i/s & ! ,re=m$ on ?is matt]4 ,!y are n p]haps always fully 9 accord #cdh ) !mselves z reg>ds ?+s1 or z reg>ds expressions1 on a matt] :]e "o (t5 loses "o's way 9 bewild]+ subtleties4 ,fa!r ,!ophile ,raynaud1 9 8 book entitl$ ,calv9ismus ,religio ,be/i>um1 wi%$ to /rike at ! ,dom9icans1 )\t nam+ !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o pr(ess$ to be foll[]s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e reproa*$ ! ,mol9i/s ) ,pelagianism or at ! lea/ semi-,pelagianism4 ,?+s 7 c>ri$ to excess at times by bo? sides1 :e!r 9 _! def5ce ( a vague indiff]5ce & ! grant+ ( too mu* to man1 or 9 _! tea*+ det]m9ationem ad unum secundum qualitatem actus licet non quoad ejus sub/antiam1 t is to say1 a det]m9ation to evil 9 ! non-reg5]ate1 z if !y did no?+ b s94 ,aft] all1 ,i ?9k "o mu/ n reproa* any b ! adh]5ts ( ,hobbes & ,sp9oza ) de/roy+ fre$om & cont+5cy2 = !y ?9k t t :i* happ5s is alone possible1 & mu/ happ5 by a brute geometrical necessity4 ,hobbes made ev]y?+ mat]ial & subject$ x to ma!matical laws alone2 ,sp9oza also dive/$ ,god ( intellig5ce & *oice1 leav+ him a bl9d p[]1 :5ce all emanates ( necessity4 ,! !ologians ( ! two ,prote/ant p>ties are equally zeal\s 9 refut+ an un5durable necessity4 ,al?\gh ^? :o foll[ ! ,synod ( ,dordre*t tea* sometimes t x suffices = fre$om to be exempt f con/ra9t1 x seems t ! necessity !y leave 9 x is only hypo!tical1 or r t :i* is m appropriately t]m$ c]ta9ty & infallibility4 ,?us x results t v (t5 ! difficulties only lie 9 ! t]ms4 ,i say z mu* ) reg>d to ! ,jans5i/s1 al?\gh ,i d n wi% to make excuse = ^? p 9 ev]y?+4 #cgb4 ,) ! ,hebrew ,cabali/s1 ,malcu? or ! ,k+dom1 ! la/ ( ! ,sephiro?1 signifi$ t ,god controls ev]y?+ irresi/ibly1 b g5tly & )\t viol5ce1 s t man ?9ks he is foll[+ 8 own w :ile he c>ries out ,god's4 ,!y said t ,adam's s9 _h be5 truncatio ,malcu? a caet]is plantis1 t is to say1 t ,adam _h cut back ! la/ ( ! ,sephiro?1 by mak+ a dom9ion = himself )9 ,god's dom9ion1 & by assum+ = himself a fre$om indep5d5t ( ,god1 b t 8 fall _h taught him t he c\ld n subsi/ ( himself1 & t m5 mu/ ne$s be r$eem$ by ! ,messiah4 ,?is doctr9e may receive a good int]pretation4 ,b ,sp9oza1 :o 0 v]s$ 9 ! ,cabala ( ! writ]s ( 8 race1 & :o says 7,tractatus ,politicus1 c4 #b1 n4 #f7 t m51 conceiv+ ( fre$om z !y d1 e/abli% a dom9ion )9 ,god's dom9ion1 has #cdi gone too f>4 ,! dom9ion ( ,god is ) ,sp9oza no?+ b ! dom9ion ( necessity1 & ( a bl9d necessity 7z ) ,/rato71 :]eby ev]y?+ emanates f ! div9e nature1 :ile no *oice is left to ,god1 & man's *oice does n exempt him f necessity4 ,he adds t m51 9 ord] to e/abli% :at is t]m$ ,imp]ium 9 ,imp]io1 suppos$ t _! s\l 0 a direct creation ( ,god1 some?+ :i* c\ld n be produc$ by natural causes1 fur!rmore t x _h an absolute p[] ( det]m9ation1 a /ate ( ?+s contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,sp9oza is "r 9 oppos+ an absolute p[] ( det]m9ation1 t is1 "o )\t any gr\nds2 x does n belong ev5 to ,god4 ,b he is wrong 9 ?9k+ t a s\l1 t a simple sub/ance1 c be produc$ naturally4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t ! s\l to him 0 only a transi5t modification2 & :5 he pret5ds to make x la/+1 & ev5 p]petual1 he sub/itutes = x ! idea ( ! body1 :i* is purely a notion & n a real & actual ?+4 #cgc4 ,! /ory ,m4 ,bayle relates ( ,johan ,br$5burg1 a citiz5 ( ,rott]dam 7,diction>y1 art4 ',sp9oza'1 lit4 ,h1 p4 #bggd7 is curi\s4 ,he publi%$ a book aga9/ ,sp9oza1 entitl$3 ,en]vatio ,tractatus ,!ologico-politici1 una cum demon/ratione geometrico ord9e disposita1 ,naturam non esse ,deum1 cujus effati contr>io pra$ictus ,tractatus unice innititur4 ,"o 0 surpris$ to see t a man :o did n foll[ ! pr(ession ( lett]s1 & :o _h b slight education 7hav+ writt5 8 book 9 ,flemi%1 & _h x translat$ into ,lat971 _h be5 able to p5etrate ) su* subtlety all ! pr9ciples ( ,sp9oza1 & succe$ 9 ov]?r[+ !m1 aft] hav+ r$uc$ !m by a c&id analysis to a /ate :]e9 !y c\ld appe> 9 _! full =ce4 ,i h be5 told 7adds ,m4 ,bayle7 t ?is writ] aft] copi\s reflexion ^u 8 answ]1 & ^u ! pr9ciple ( 8 oppon5t1 f9ally f\nd t ?is pr9ciple c\ld be r$uc$ to ! =m ( a demon/ration4 ,he und]took !re=e to prove t !re is no cause ( all ?+s o!r ?an a nature :i* exi/s necess>ily1 & :i* acts accord+ to an immutable1 inevitable & irrevocable necessity4 ,he exam9$ ! :ole sy/em ( ! geometricians1 & aft] hav+ con/ruct$ 8 demon/ration he scrut9iz$ x f e imag9able angle1 he endeav\r$ to f9d its weak spot & 0 nev] able to discov] any means ( de/roy+ x1 or ev5 ( weak5+ x4 ,t caus$ him real di/ress3 he groan$ ov] x & begg$ ! mo/ tal5t$ ( 8 #cej fri5ds to help him 9 se>*+ out ! defects ( ?is demon/ration4 ,= all t1 he 0 n well pleas$ t copies ( ! book 7 made4 ,franz ,cup]1 a ,soc9ian 7:o _h writt5 ,arcana ,a!ismi ,revelata aga9/ ,sp9oza1 ,rott]dam1 #afgf1 9 #dto471 hav+ obta9$ a copy1 publi%$ x j z x 01 t is1 9 ,flemi%1 ) "s reflexions1 & accus$ ! au?or ( be+ an a!i/4 ,! accus$ made 8 def5ce 9 ! same tongue4 ,orobio1 a v able ,jewi% physician 7t "o :o 0 refut$ by ,m4 ,limb\rg1 & :o repli$1 s ,i h he>d say1 9 a "w po/hum\sly circulat$1 b unpubli%$71 br\ght out a book oppos+ ,br$5burg's demon/ration1 entitl$3 ,c]tam5 ,philosophicum ,propugnatae ,v]itatis ,div9ae ac ,naturalis1 adv]sus ,j4,b4 pr9cipia1 ,am/]dam1 #afhd4 ,m4 ,aub]t de ,v]s also wrote 9 opposition to him ! same ye> "u ! "n ( ,lat9us ,s]battus ,s>t5sis4 ,br$5burg prote/$ t he 0 conv9c$ ( free w & ( religion1 & t he wi%$ he might be %[n a possibility ( refut+ 8 own demon/ration4 #cgd4 ,i w\ld desire to see ?is alleg$ demon/ration1 & to "k :e!r x t5d$ to prove t primitive ,nature1 :i* produces all1 acts )\t *oice & )\t k4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i admit t 8 pro( 0 ,sp9ozi/ic & dang]\s4 ,b if he meant p]haps t ! div9e nature is det]m9$ t[>d t :i* x produces1 by its *oice & ?r\gh ! motive ( ! be/1 !re 0 no ne$ = him to grieve ab\t ?is s-call$ immutable1 inevitable1 irrevocable necessity4 ,x is only moral1 x is a happy necessity2 & in/ead ( de/roy+ religion x %[s div9e p]fection to ! be/ advantage4 #cge4 ,i take ?is opportunity to add t ,m4 ,bayle quotes 7p4 #bggc7 ! op9ion ( ^? :o believe t ! book entitl$ ,lucii ,anti/ii ,con/antis de ,jure ,ecclesia/icorum ,lib] ,s+ul>is1 publi%$ 9 #affe1 is by ,sp9oza4 ,b ,i h reason = d\bt+ ?is1 despite t ,m4 ,col]us1 :o has pass$ on to me an acc\nt he wrote ( ! life ( t fam\s ,jew1 is also ( t op9ion4 ,! initial lett]s ,l4,a4,c4 lead me to believe t ! au?or ( ?is book 0 ,m4 de la ,c\r or ,van d5 ,ho(1 fam\s = works on ! ,int]e/ ( ,holl&1 ,political ,equipoise1 & num]\s o!r books t he publi%$ 7"s ( !m "u ! signature ,v4,d4,h47 attack+ ! p[] ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,holl&1 :i* 0 at t "t consid]$ a dang] to ! ,republic2 = ! memory ( ,pr9ce ,william ! ,second's attempt ^u ! city ( ,am/]dam 0 /ill q fre%4#cea ,mo/ ( ! ecclesia/ics ( ,holl& 7 on ! side ( ?is pr9ce's son1 :o 0 !n a m9or1 & !y suspect$ ,m4 de ,witt & :at 0 call$ ! ,l[5/e9 faction ( fav\r+ ! ,arm9ians1 ! ,c>tesians1 & o!r sects t 7 fe>$ /ill m1 endeav\r+ to r\se ! populace aga9/ !m1 & n )\t success1 z ! ev5t prov$4 ,x 0 ?us v natural t ,m4 de la ,c\r %\ld publi% ?is book4 ,x is true t p seldom keep to ! happy mean 9 works publi%$ to fur!r p>ty int]e/s4 ,i w say 9 pass+ t a ,fr5* v]sion ( ! ,int]e/ ( ,holl& by ,m4 de la ,c\r has j be5 publi%$1 "u ! deceptive title ( ,mmoires de ,m4 le ,gr&-,p5sionnaire de ,witt2 z if ! ?\ghts ( a private individual1 :o 01 to be sure1 ( de ,witt's p>ty1 & a man ( tal5t1 b :o _h n en\gh acqua9tance ) public affairs or en\gh ability to write z t great ,m9i/] ( ,/ate might h writt51 c\ld pass = ! production ( "o ( ! fir/ m5 ( 8 "t4 #cgf4 ,i saw ,m4 de la ,c\r z well z ,sp9oza on my return f ,france by way ( ,engl& & ,holl&1 & ,i le>nt f !m a few good anecdotes on ! affairs ( t "t4 ,m4 ,bayle says1 p4 #bggj1 t ,sp9oza /udi$ ,lat9 "u a physician nam$ ,franz van d5 ,ende4 ,he tells at ! same "t1 on ! au?ority ( ,seba/ian ,kor?olt 7:o ref]s to x 9 ! preface to ! second edition ( ! book by 8 late fa!r1 ,de ,tribus ,impo/oribus1 ,h]b]to ,l4 ,b4 de ,*]bury1 ,hobbio et ,sp9oza7 t a girl in/ruct$ ,sp9oza 9 ,lat91 & t %e aft]w>ds m>ri$ ,m4 ,k]k]+1 :o 0 h] pupil at ! same "t z ,sp9oza4 ,9 connexion ) t ,i note t ?is "y lady 0 a daught] ( ,m4 van d5 ,ende1 & t %e assi/$ h] fa!r 9 ! "w ( tea*+4 ,van d5 ,ende1 :o 0 also call$ ,a4 ,f9ibus1 lat] w5t to ,p>is1 & !re kept a bo>d+-s*ool 9 ! ,faub\rg ,/4 ,anto9e4 ,he 0 consid]$ excell5t z an in/ructor1 & he told me1 :5 ,i call$ ^u him !re1 t he w\ld wag] t 8 audi5ces w\ld always pay att5tion to 8 words4 ,he _h ) him z well at t "t a "y girl :o also spoke ,lat91 & work$ ^u geometrical demon/rations4 ,he _h ins9uat$ himself into ,m4 ,arnauld's good graces1 & ! ,jesuits began to be jeal\s ( 8 reputation4 ,b he disappe>$ %ortly aft]w>ds1 hav+ be5 mix$ up 9 ! ,*evali] de ,rohan's conspiracy4 #cgg4 ,i ?9k ,i h suffici5tly prov$ t nei!r ! =ekn[l$ge nor ! provid5ce ( ,god c impair ei!r 8 ju/ice or 8 goodness1 #ceb or our fre$om4 ,!re rema9s only ! difficulty aris+ f ,god's co-op]ation ) ! actions ( ! creature1 :i* seems to conc]n m closely bo? 8 goodness1 9 relation to our evil actions1 & our fre$om1 9 relation to good actions z well z to o!rs4 ,m4 ,bayle has br\ght out ?is also ) 8 usual acut5ess4 ,i w endeav\r to ?r[ light ^u ! difficulties he puts =w>d1 & !n ,i %all be 9 a position to conclude ?is "w4 ,i h already prov$ t ! co-op]ation ( ,god consi/s 9 giv+ u cont9ually all t is real 9 u & 9 our actions1 9 s f> z x involves p]fection2 b t all t is limit$ & imp]fect !re9 is a consequ5ce ( ! previ\s limitations :i* are orig9ally 9 ! creature4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 e action ( ! creature is a *ange ( its modifications1 x is obvi\s t action arises 9 ! creature 9 relation to ! limitations or negations :i* x has )9 itself1 & :i* are div]sifi$ by ?is *ange4 #cgh4 ,i h already po9t$ out m ?an once 9 ?is "w t evil is a consequ5ce ( privation1 & ,i ?9k t ,i h expla9$ t intelligibly en\gh4 ,/4 ,augu/9e has already put =w>d ?is idea1 & ,/4 ,basil said some?+ ( ! same k9d 9 8 ,hexam]on1 ,homil4 #b1 't vice is n a liv+ & animate sub/ance1 b an affection ( ! s\l contr>y to virtue1 :i* arises f "o's ab&on+ ! good2 & !re is !re=e no ne$ to look = an orig9al evil'4 ,m4 ,bayle1 quot+ ?is passage 9 8 ,diction>y 7art4 ',paulicians'1 lit4 ,d1 p4 #bcbe7 comm5ds a rem>k by ,h]r ,pfann] 7:om he calls a ,g]man !ologian1 b he is a juri/ by pr(ession1 ,c\nsellor to ! ,dukes ( ,saxony71 :o c5sures ,/4 ,basil = n be+ will+ to admit t ,god is ! au?or ( physical evil4 ,d\btless ,god is its au?or1 :5 ! moral evil is assum$ to be already 9 exi/5ce2 b speak+ g5]ally1 "o might ass]t t ,god p]mitt$ physical evil by implication1 9 p]mitt+ moral evil :i* is its s\rce4 ,x appe>s t ! ,/oics knew also h[ sl5d] is ! entity ( evil4 ,^! words ( ,epictetus are an indication3 ',sicut ab]r&i causa meta non ponitur1 sic nec natura mali 9 mundo exi/it4' #cgi4 ,!re 0 !re=e no ne$ to h rec\rse to a pr9ciple ( evil1 z ,/4 ,basil aptly obs]ves4 ,nor is x necess>y ei!r to seek ! orig9 ( evil 9 matt]4 ,^? :o believ$ t !re 0 a *aos be=e ,god laid 8 h& ^u x s\ght !re9 ! s\rce ( disord]4 ,x 0 an op9ion :i* ,plato introduc$ into 8 ,timaeus4 ,ari/otle f\nd fault ) him = t 79 8 ?ird book on ,heav51 *4 #b7 because1 #cec accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 disord] w\ld be orig9al & natural1 & ord] w\ld h be5 introduc$ aga9/ nature4 ,?is ,anaxagoras avoid$ by mak+ matt] rema9 at re/ until x 0 /irr$ by ,god2 & ,ari/otle 9 ! same passage comm5ds him = x4 ,accord+ to ,plut>* 7,de ,iside et ,osiride1 & ,tr4 de ,animae ,procreatione ex ,timaeo7 ,plato recogniz$ 9 matt] a c]ta9 malefic5t s\l or =ce1 rebelli\s aga9/ ,god3 x 0 an actual blemi%1 an ob/acle to ,god's plans4 ,! ,/oics also believ$ t matt] 0 ! s\rce ( defects1 z ,ju/us ,lipsius %[$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,physiology ( ! ,/oics4 #chj4 ,ari/otle 0 "r 9 reject+ *aos3 b x is n always easy to dis5tangle ! conceptions ( ,plato1 & su* a task w\ld be /ill less easy 9 respect ( "s anci5t au?ors ^: works are lo/4 ,kepl]1 "o ( ! mo/ excell5t ( mod]n ma!maticians1 recogniz$ a species ( imp]fection 9 matt]1 ev5 :5 !re is no irregul> motion3 he calls x its 'natural in]tia'1 :i* gives x a resi/ance to motion1 :]eby a great] mass receives less spe$ f "o & ! same =ce4 ,!re is s\ndness 9 ?is obs]vation1 & ,i h us$ x to advantage 9 ?is "w1 9 ord] to h a comp>ison su* z %\ld illu/rate h[ ! orig9al imp]fection ( ! creatures sets b\nds to ! action ( ! ,creator1 :i* t5ds t[>ds good4 ,b z matt] is itself ( ,god's creation1 x only furni%es a comp>ison & an example1 & _c be ! v s\rce ( evil & ( imp]fection4 ,i h already %[n t ?is s\rce lies 9 ! =ms or ideas ( ! possibles1 = x mu/ be et]nal1 & matt] is n s4 ,n[ s9ce ,god made all positive reality t is n et]nal1 he w\ld h made ! s\rce ( evil1 if t did n r lie 9 ! possibility ( ?+s or =ms1 t :i* alone ,god did n make1 s9ce he is n ! au?or ( 8 own und]/&+4 #cha4 ,yet ev5 ?\gh ! s\rce ( evil lies 9 ! possible =ms1 ant]ior to ! acts ( ,god's w1 x is nev]!less true t ,god co-op]ates 9 evil 9 ! actual p]=mance ( introduc+ ^! =ms into matt]3 & ?is is :at causes ! difficulty 9 "q "h4 ,dur& de ,sa9t-,p\ra91 ,c>d9al ,aureolus1 ,nicolas ,taurel1 ,fa!r ,l\is de ,dole1 ,m4 ,b]ni] & "s o!rs1 speak+ ( ?is co-op]ation1 w\ld h x only g5]al1 = fe> ( impair+ ! fre$om ( man & ! hol9ess ( ,god4 ,!y seem to ma9ta9 t ,god1 hav+ giv5 to creatures ! p[] to act1 cont5ts himself ) cons]v+ ?is p[]4 ,on ! #ced o!r h&1 ,m4 ,bayle1 accord+ to "s mod]n writ]s1 c>ries ! coop]ation ( ,god too f>3 he seems to fe> le/ ! creature be n suffici5tly dep5d5t ^u ,god4 ,he goes s f> z to d5y action to creatures2 he does n ev5 ackn[l$ge any real di/9ction betwe5 accid5t & sub/ance4 #chb4 ,he places great reliance especially on t doctr9e accept$ ( ! ,s*oolm51 t cons]vation is a cont9u$ creation4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ?is doctr9e w\ld seem to be t ! creature nev] exi/s1 t x is ev] newborn & ev] dy+1 l "t1 movem5t & o!r transi5t be+s4 ,plato believ$ ?is ( mat]ial & tangible ?+s1 say+ t !y are 9 a p]petual flux1 semp] fluunt1 nunquam sunt4 ,b ( immat]ial sub/ances he judg$ q diff]5tly1 reg>d+ !m alone z real3 nor 0 he 9 t altoge!r mi/ak54 ,yet cont9u$ creation applies to all creatures )\t di/9ction4 ,sundry good philosoph]s h be5 oppos$ to ?is dogma1 & ,m4 ,bayle tells t ,david de ,rodon1 a philosoph] r5[n$ among ^? ( ! ,fr5* :o h adh]$ to ,g5eva1 delib]ately refut$ x4 ,! ,arm9ians also d n approve ( x2 !y are n mu* 9 fav\r ( ^! metaphysical subtleties4 ,i w say no?+ ( ! ,soc9ians1 :o reli% !m ev5 less4 #chc4 ,= a prop] enquiry z to :e!r cons]vation is a cont9u$ creation1 x w\ld be necess>y to consid] ! reasons :]eon ?is dogma is f\nd$4 ,! ,c>tesians1 aft] ! example ( _! ma/]1 employ 9 ord] to prove x a pr9ciple :i* is n conclusive en\gh4 ,!y say t '! mom5ts ( "t hav+ no necess>y connexion ) "o ano!r1 x does n foll[ t because ,i am at ?is mom5t ,i %all exi/ at ! mom5t :i* %all foll[1 if ! same cause :i* gives me be+ = ?is mom5t does n also give x to me = ! in/ant foll[+4' ,! au?or ( ! ,reflexion on ! ,picture ( ,soc9ianism has made use ( ?is argum5t1 & ,m4 ,bayle 7p]haps ! au?or ( ?is same ,reflexion7 quotes x 7,reply to ! ,que/ions ( a ,prov9cial1 vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #ada1 p4 #gga74 ,"o may answ] t 9 fact x does n foll[ ( necessity t1 because ,i am1 ,i %all be2 b ?is foll[s naturally1 nev]!less1 t is1 ( itself1 p] se1 if no?+ prev5ts x4 ,x is ! di/9ction t c be drawn betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! natural4 ,= ! same movem5t endures naturally unless "s new cause prev5ts x or *anges x1 because ! reason :i* makes x cease at ?is in/ant1 if x is no new reason1 #cee w\ld h already made x cease soon]4 #chd4 ,! late ,h]r ,erh>d ,weigel1 a celebrat$ ma!matician & philosoph] at ,j5a1 well kn[n = 8 ,analysis ,euclidea1 8 ma!matical philosophy1 "s neat me*anical inv5tions1 & f9ally ! tr\ble he took to induce ! ,prote/ant pr9ces ( ! ,empire to und]take ! la/ re=m ( ! ,almanac1 ^: success1 not)/&+1 he did n witness2 ,h]r ,weigel1 ,i say1 communicat$ to 8 fri5ds a c]ta9 demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 :i* inde$ am\nt$ to ?is idea ( cont9u$ creation4 ,z he 0 wont to draw p>allels betwe5 reckon+ & reason+--witness 8 ,ari?metical ,e?ics 7re*5s*aftli*e ,sitt5lehre7--he said t ! f\ndation ( ! demon/ration 0 ?is beg9n+ ( ! ,py?agorean ,table1 once "o is "o4 ,^! repeat$ unities 7 ! mom5ts ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 ea* "o ( !m dep5d+ ^u ,god1 :o resuscitates1 z x 71 all ?+s outside himself at ea* mom5t3 fall+ away z !y d at ea* mom5t1 !y mu/ ev] h "o :o %all resuscitate !m1 & t _c be any o!r ?an ,god4 ,b !re w\ld be ne$ ( a m exact pro( if t is to be call$ a demon/ration4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to prove t ! creature always em]ges f no?+ness & relapses ?i!r =?)4 ,9 p>ticul> x mu/ be %[n t ! privilege ( endur+ m ?an a mom5t by its nature belongs to ! necess>y be+ alone4 ,! difficulties on ! composition ( ! cont9uum ent] also into ?is matt]4 ,?is dogma appe>s to resolve "t into mom5ts1 :]eas o!rs reg>d mom5ts & po9ts z m]e modalities ( ! cont9uum1 t is1 z extremities ( ! p>ts t c be assign$ to x1 & n z con/itu5t p>ts4 ,b ?is is n ! place = ent]+ into t labyr9?4 #che4 ,:at c be said = c]ta9 on ! pres5t subject is t ! creature dep5ds cont9ually ^u div9e op]ation1 & t x dep5ds ^u t no less aft] ! "t ( its beg9n+ ?an :5 x fir/ beg9s4 ,?is dep5d5ce implies t x w\ld n cont9ue to exi/ if ,god did n cont9ue to act2 9 %ort1 t ?is action ( ,god is free4 ,= if x 7 a necess>y emanation1 l t ( ! prop]ties ( ! circle1 :i* issue f its ess5ce1 x mu/ !n be said t ,god 9 ! beg9n+ produc$ ! creature by necessity2 or else x mu/ be %[n h[1 9 creat+ x once1 he impos$ ^u himself ! necessity ( cons]v+ x4 ,n[ !re is no reason :y ?is cons]v+ action %\ld n be #cef call$ production1 & ev5 creation1 if "o w3 = ! dep5d5ce be+ z great aft]w>ds z at ! beg9n+1 ! extr9sic designation ( be+ new or n does n *ange ! nature ( t action4 #chf4 ,let u !n admit 9 su* a s5se t cons]vation is a cont9u$ creation1 & let u see :at ,m4 ,bayle seems to inf] !nce 7p4 #gga7 aft] ! au?or ( ! ,reflexion on ! ,picture ( ,soc9ianism1 9 opposition to ,m4 ,jurieu4 ',x seems to me'1 ?is writ] says1 't "o mu/ conclude t ,god does all1 & t 9 all creation !re are no fir/ or second or ev5 occasional causes1 z c be easily prov$4 ,at ?is mom5t :5 ,i speak1 ,i am su* z ,i am1 ) all my circum/ances1 ) su* ?\ght1 su* action1 :e!r ,i sit or /&1 t if ,god creates me 9 ?is mom5t su* z ,i am1 z "o mu/ ( necessity say 9 ?is sy/em1 he creates me ) su* ?\ght1 su* action1 su* movem5t & su* det]m9ation4 ,"o _c say t ,god creates me 9 ! fir/ place1 & t once ,i am creat$ he produces ) me my movem5ts & my det]m9ations4 ,t is indef5sible = two reasons4 ,! fir/ is1 t :5 ,god creates me or cons]ves me at ?is in/ant1 he does n cons]ve me z a be+ )\t =m1 l a species1 or ano!r ( ! ,univ]sals ( ,logic4 ,i am an individual2 he creates me & cons]ves me z su*1 & z be+ all t ,i am 9 ?is in/ant1 ) all my att5dant circum/ances4 ,! second reason is t if ,god creates me 9 ?is in/ant1 & "o says t aft]w>ds he produces ) me my actions1 x w be necess>y to imag9e ano!r in/ant = action3 = be=e act+ "o mu/ exi/4 ,n[ t w\ld be two in/ants :]e we only assume "o4 ,x is !re=e c]ta9 9 ?is hypo!sis t creatures h nei!r m connexion nor m relation ) _! actions ?an !y _h ) _! production at ! fir/ mom5t ( ! fir/ creation4' ,! au?or ( ?is ,reflexion draws !nce v h>% conclusions :i* "o c picture to oneself2 & he te/ifies at ! end t "o w\ld be deeply indebt$ to any man t %\ld tea* ^? :o approve ?is sy/em h[ to extricate !mselves f ^! frightful absurdities4 #chg4 ,m4 ,bayle c>ries ?is /ill fur!r4 ',y "k'1 he says 7p4 #gge71 't x is demon/rat$ 9 ! ,s*ola/ic writ+s' 7he cites ,arriaga1 ,disp4 #i1 ,phys41 sect4 #f et praes]tim1 sub-sect4 #c7 't ! creature _c be ei!r ! total cause or ! p>tial cause ( its cons]vation3 = if x 71 x w\ld exi/ be=e exi/+1 :i* is #ceg contradictory4 ,y "k t ! argum5t proce$s l ?is3 t :i* cons]ves itself acts2 n[ t :i* acts exi/s1 & no?+ c act be=e x has atta9$ complete exi/5ce2 !re=e1 if a creature cons]v$ itself1 x w\ld act be=e be+4 ,?is argum5t is n f\nd$ ^u probabilities1 b ^u ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,metaphysics1 non entis nulla sunt accid5tia1 op]>i sequitur esse1 axioms z cle> z daylight4 ,let u g fur!r4 ,if creatures co-op]at$ ) ,god 7"h is meant an active coop]ation1 & n co-op]ation by a passive in/rum5t7 to cons]ve !mselves !y w\ld act be=e be+3 t has be5 demon/rat$4 ,n[ if !y co-op]at$ ) ,god = ! production ( any o!r ?+1 !y w\ld also act be=e be+2 x is !re=e z impossible = !m to co-op]ate ) ,god = ! production ( any o!r ?+ 7su* z local movem5t1 an affirmation1 volition1 entities actually di/9ct f _! sub/ance1 s x is ass]t$7 z = _! own cons]vation4 ,s9ce _! cons]vation is a cont9u$ creation1 & s9ce all human creatures 9 ! _w mu/ confess t !y _c co-op]ate ) ,god at ! fir/ mom5t ( _! exi/5ce1 ei!r to produce !mselves or to give !mselves any modality1 s9ce t w\ld be to act be=e be+ 7obs]ve t ,?omas ,aqu9as & sundry o!r ,s*oolm5 tea* t if ! angels _h s9n$ at ! fir/ mom5t ( _! creation ,god w\ld be ! au?or ( ! s93 see ! ,feuillant ,pi]re de ,/4 ,joseph1 p4 #cah1 et seqq41 ( ! ,suavis ,concordia ,humanae ,lib]tatis2 x is a sign t !y ackn[l$ge t at ! fir/ in/ant ! creature _c act 9 any?+ :atsoev]71 x foll[s manife/ly t !y _c co-op]ate ) ,god 9 any "o ( ! subsequ5t mom5ts1 ei!r to produce !mselves or to produce any o!r ?+4 ,if !y c\ld co-op]ate !re9 at ! second mom5t ( _! exi/5ce1 no?+ w\ld prev5t _! be+ able to coop]ate at ! fir/ mom5t4' #chh4 ,?is is ! way x w be necess>y to answ] ^! argum5ts4 ,let u assume t ! creature is produc$ anew at ea* in/ant2 let u grant also t ! in/ant excludes all priority ( "t1 be+ indivisible2 b let u po9t out t x does n exclude priority ( nature1 or :at is call$ ant]iority 9 signo rationis1 & t ?is is suffici5t4 ,! production1 or action :]eby ,god produces1 is ant]ior by nature to ! exi/5ce ( ! creature t is produc$2 ! creature tak5 9 itself1 ) its nature & its necess>y prop]ties1 is ant]ior to its accid5tal affections & to its actions2 & yet all ^! ?+s are 9 be+ #ceh 9 ! same mom5t4 ,god produces ! creature 9 con=mity ) ! exig5cy ( ! prec$+ in/ants1 accord+ to ! laws ( 8 wisdom2 & ! creature op]ates 9 con=mity ) t nature :i* ,god conveys to x 9 creat+ x always4 ,! limitations & imp]fections arise !re9 ?r\gh ! nature ( ! subject1 :i* sets b\nds to ,god's production2 ?is is ! consequ5ce ( ! orig9al imp]fection ( creatures4 ,vice & crime1 on ! o!r h&1 arise !re ?r\gh ! free inw>d op]ation ( ! creature1 9 s f> z ?is c occur )9 ! in/ant1 repetition aft]w>ds r5d]+ x disc]nible4 #chi4 ,?is ant]iority ( nature is a commonplace 9 philosophy3 ?us "o says t ! decrees ( ,god h an ord] among !mselves4 ,:5 "o ascribes to ,god 7& rightly s7 und]/&+ ( ! argum5ts & conclusions ( creatures1 9 su* sort t all _! demon/rations & syllogisms are kn[n to him1 & are f\nd 9 him 9 a transc5d5t way1 "o sees t !re is 9 ! propositions or tru?s a natural ord]2 b !re is no ord] ( "t or int]val1 to cause him to advance 9 k & pass f ! premisses to ! conclusion4 #cij4 ,i f9d 9 ! argum5ts t h j be5 quot$ no?+ :i* ^! reflexions fail to satisfy4 ,:5 ,god produces ! ?+ he produces x z an individual & n z a univ]sal ( logic 7,i admit72 b he produces its ess5ce be=e its accid5ts1 its nature be=e its op]ations1 foll[+ ! priority ( _! nature1 & 9 signo ant]iore rationis4 ,?us "o sees h[ ! creature c be ! true cause ( ! s91 :ile cons]vation by ,god does n prev5t ! s92 ,god disposes 9 accordance ) ! prec$+ /ate ( ! same creature1 9 ord] to foll[ ! laws ( 8 wisdom not)/&+ ! s91 :i* 9 ! fir/ place w be produc$ by ! creature4 ,b x is true t ,god w\ld n 9 ! beg9n+ h creat$ ! s\l 9 a /ate :]e9 x w\ld h s9n$ f ! fir/ mom5t1 z ! ,s*oolm5 h ju/ly obs]v$3 = !re is no?+ 9 ! laws ( 8 wisdom t c\ld h induc$ him s to d4 #cia4 ,?is law ( wisdom br+s x ab\t also t ,god reproduces ! same sub/ance1 ! same s\l4 ,su* 0 ! answ] t c\ld h be5 giv5 by ! ,abb :om ,m4 ,bayle introduces 9 8 ,diction>y 7art4 ',pyrrhon4' lit4 ,b1 p4 #bdcb74 ,?is wisdom effects ! connexion ( ?+s4 ,i conc$e !re=e t ! creature does n co-op]ate ) ,god to cons]ve #cei himself 79 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h j expla9$ cons]vation74 ,b ,i see no?+ to prev5t ! creature's co-op]ation ) ,god = ! production ( any o!r ?+3 & especially might ?is conc]n its inw>d op]ation1 z 9 ! case ( a ?\ght or a volition1 ?+s really di/9ct f ! sub/ance4 #cib4 ,b !re ,i am once m at grips ) ,m4 ,bayle4 ,he ma9ta9s t !re are no su* accid5ts di/9ct f ! sub/ance4 ',! reasons'1 he says1 ':i* our mod]n philosoph]s h employ$ to demon/rate t ! accid5ts are n be+s 9 reality di/9ct f ! sub/ance are n m]e difficulties2 !y are argum5ts :i* ov]:elm "o1 & :i* _c be refut$4 ,take ! tr\ble'1 he adds1 'to look = !m 9 ! writ+s ( ,fa!r ,maignan1 or ,fa!r ,malebran*e or ,m4 ,calli' 7,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,ca57 'or 9 ! ,accid5tia pr(ligata ( ,fa!r ,sagu5s1 disciple ( ,fa!r ,maignan1 ! extract f :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,n\velles de la ,rpublique des ,lettres1 ,june #agjb4 ,or if y wi% "o au?or only to suffice y1 *oose ,dom ,franois ,lami1 a ,b5$ict9e monk1 & "o ( ! /ronge/ ,c>tesians to be f\nd 9 ,france4 ,y w f9d among 8 ,philosophical ,lett]s1 pr9t$ at ,trv\x 9 #agjc1 t "o :]e9 by ! geometricians' me?od he demon/rates t ,god is ! sole true cause ( all t :i* is real4 ,i w\ld wi% to see all ^! books2 & z = ?is la/ proposition1 x may be true 9 a v good s5se3 ,god is ! "o pr9cipal cause ( pure & absolute realities1 or ( p]fections4 ,causae secundae agunt 9 virtute primae4 ,b :5 "o comprises limitations & privations "u ! t]m realities "o may say t ! second causes co-op]ate 9 ! production ( t :i* is limit$2 o!rwise ,god w\ld be ! cause ( s91 & ev5 ! sole cause4 #cic4 ,x is well to bew>e1 moreov]1 le/ 9 confus+ sub/ances ) accid5ts1 9 depriv+ creat$ sub/ances ( action1 "o fall into ,sp9ozism1 :i* is an exagg]at$ ,c>tesianism4 ,t :i* does n act does n m]it ! "n ( sub/ance4 ,if ! accid5ts are n di/9ct f ! sub/ances2 if ! creat$ sub/ance is a successive be+1 l movem5t2 if x does n endure beyond a mom5t1 & does n rema9 ! same 7dur+ "s /at$ portion ( "t7 any m ?an its accid5ts2 if x does n op]ate any m ?an a ma!matical figure or a numb]3 :y %all "o n say1 ) ,sp9oza1 t ,god is ! only sub/ance1 & #cfj t creatures are only accid5ts or modifications8 ,hi!rto x has be5 suppos$ t ! sub/ance rema9s1 & t ! accid5ts *ange2 & ,i ?9k "o ought /ill to abide by ?is anci5t doctr9e1 = ! argum5ts ,i rememb] hav+ read d n prove ! contr>y1 & prove m ?an is ne$$4 #cid4 ',"o ( ! absurdities'1 says ,m4 ,bayle 7p4 #ggi71 't arise f ! s-call$ di/9ction :i* is alleg$ to exi/ betwe5 sub/ances & _! accid5ts is t creatures1 if !y produce ! accid5ts1 w\ld possess a p[] ( creation & annihilation4 ,accord+ly "o c\ld n p]=m ! slighte/ action )\t creat+ an innum]able numb] ( real be+s1 & )\t r$uc+ to no?+ness an endless multitude ( !m4 ,m]ely by mov+ ! tongue to cry out or to eat1 "o creates z _m accid5ts z !re are movem5ts ( ! p>ts ( ! tongue1 & "o de/roys z _m accid5ts z !re are p>ts ( t :i* "o eats1 :i* lose _! =m1 :i* become *yle1 blood1 etc4' ,?is argum5t is only a k9d ( bugbe>4 ,:at h>m w\ld be done1 suppos+ t an inf9ity ( movem5ts1 an inf9ity ( figures spr+ up & disappe> at e mom5t 9 ! univ]se1 & ev5 9 ea* "p ( ! univ]se8 ,x c be demon/rat$1 moreov]1 t t mu/ be s4 #cie4 ,z = ! s-call$ creation ( ! accid5ts1 :o does n see t "o ne$s no creative p[] 9 ord] to *ange place or %ape1 to =m a squ>e or a column1 or "s o!r p>ade-gr\nd figure1 by ! movem5t ( ! soldi]s :o are drill+2 or aga9 to fa%ion a /atue by remov+ a few pieces f a block ( m>ble2 or to make "s figure 9 relief1 by *ang+1 decreas+ or increas+ a piece ( wax8 ,! production ( modifications has nev] be5 call$ creation1 & x is an abuse ( t]ms to sc>e ! _w ?us4 ,god produces sub/ances f no?+1 & ! sub/ances produce accid5ts by ! *anges ( _! limits4 #cif4 ,z = ! s\ls or sub/antial =ms1 ,m4 ,bayle is "r 9 add+3 't !re is no?+ m inconv5i5t = ^? :o admit sub/antial =ms ?an ! objection :i* is made t !y c\ld n be produc$ save by an actual creation1 & t ! ,s*oolm5 are pitiable 9 _! endeav\rs to answ] ?is4' ,b !re is no?+ m conv5i5t = me & = my sy/em ?an ?is same objection4 ,= ,i ma9ta9 t all ! ,s\ls1 ,entele*ies or primitive =ces1 sub/antial =ms1 simple sub/ances1 or ,monads1 :atev] "n "o may apply to !m1 c nei!r spr+ up #cfa naturally nor p]i%4 ,& ! qualities or d]ivative =ces1 or :at are call$ accid5tal =ms1 ,i take to be modifications ( ! primitive ,entele*y1 ev5 z %apes are modifications ( matt]4 ,t is :y ^! modifications are p]petually *ang+1 :ile ! simple sub/ance rema9s4 #cig4 ,i h %[n already 7"p ,i1 #hf seqq47 t s\ls _c spr+ up naturally1 or be d]iv$ f "o ano!r1 & t x is necess>y t ours ei!r be creat$ or be pre-exi/5t4 ,i h ev5 po9t$ out a c]ta9 middle way betwe5 a creation & an entire pre-exi/5ce4 ,i f9d x appropriate to say t ! s\l preexi/+ 9 ! se$s f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s 0 only s5ti5t1 b t x 0 elevat$ to ! sup]ior degree1 :i* is t ( reason1 :5 ! man to :om ?is s\l %\ld belong 0 conceiv$1 & :5 ! organic body1 always accompany+ ?is s\l f ! beg9n+1 b "u _m *anges1 0 det]m9$ = =m+ ! human body4 ,i consid]$ also t "o might attribute ?is elevation ( ! s5ti5t s\l 7:i* makes x rea* a m sublime degree ( be+1 namely reason7 to ! extraord9>y op]ation ( ,god4 ,nev]!less x w be well to add t ,i w\ld disp5se ) miracles 9 ! g5]at+ ( man1 z 9 t ( ! o!r animals4 ,x w be possible to expla9 t1 if "o imag9es t 9 ?is great numb] ( s\ls & ( animals1 or at lea/ ( liv+ organic bodies :i* are 9 ! se$s1 ^? s\ls alone :i* are de/9$ to atta9 "o day to human nature conta9 ! reason t %all appe> !re9 "o day1 & ! organic bodies ( ^! s\ls alone are pre=m$ & pr$ispos$ to assume "o day ! human %ape1 :ile ! o!r small animals or sem9al liv+ be+s1 9 :i* no su* ?+ is pre-e/abli%$1 are ess5tially diff]5t f !m & possess$ only ( an inf]ior nature4 ,?is production is a k9d ( traduction1 b m manageable ?an t k9d :i* is commonly taught3 x does n d]ive ! s\l f a s\l1 b only ! animate f an animate1 & x avoids ! repeat$ miracles ( a new creation1 :i* w\ld cause a new & pure s\l to ent] a body t mu/ corrupt x4 #cih4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 ( ! same op9ion z ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 t1 9 g5]al1 creation prop]ly und]/ood is n s difficult to admit z might be suppos$1 & t x is 9 a s5se involv$ 9 ! notion ( ! dep5d5ce ( creatures4 ',h[ /upid & ridicul\s are ! ,philosoph]s6' 7he exclaims1 9 8 ,*ri/ian ,m$itations1 #i1 ,no4 #c74 ',!y assume t ,creation is impossible1 because !y _c conceive h[ ,god's p[] #cfb is great en\gh to make some?+ f no?+4 ,b c !y any bett] conceive h[ ! p[] ( ,god is capable ( /irr+ a /raw8' ,he adds1 aga9 ) great tru? 7,no4 #e71 ',if matt] 7 uncreate1 ,god c\ld n move x or =m any?+ f x4 ,= ,god _c move matt]1 or arrange x wisely1 if he does n "k x4 ,n[ ,god _c "k x1 if he does n give x be+3 he c d]ive 8 k only f himself4 ,no?+ c act on him or enlight5 him4' #cii4 ,m4 ,bayle1 n cont5t ) say+ t we are creat$ cont9ually1 insi/s also on ?is o!r doctr9e :i* he w\ld fa9 d]ive !nce3 t our s\l _c act4 ,?is is ! way he speaks on t matt] 7*4 #ada1 p4 #gfe73 ',he has too mu* acqua9tance ) ,c>tesianism' 7x is ( an able oppon5t he is speak+7 'n to "k ) :at =ce x has be5 ma9ta9$ 9 our day t !re is no creature capable ( produc+ motion1 & t our s\l is a purely passive subject 9 relation to s5sations & ideas1 & feel+s ( pa9 & ( pleasure1 etc4 ,if ?is has n be5 c>ri$ z f> z ! volitions1 t is on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( reveal$ tru?s2 o!rwise ! acts ( ! w w\ld h be5 f\nd z passive z ^? ( ! und]/&+4 ,! same reasons :i* prove t our s\l does n =m our ideas1 & does n /ir our organs1 w\ld prove also t x _c =m our acts ( love & our volitions1 etc' ,he might add3 our vici\s actions1 our crimes4 #djj4 ,! =ce ( ^! pro(s1 :i* he praises1 mu/ n be s great z he ?9ks1 = if x 7 !y w\ld prove too mu*4 ,!y w\ld make ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,i admit t ! s\l _c /ir ! organs by a physical influ5ce2 = ,i ?9k t ! body mu/ h be5 s =m$ be=eh& t x w\ld d 9 "t & place t :i* responds to ! volitions ( ! s\l1 al?\gh x be true nev]!less t ! s\l is ! pr9ciple ( ! op]ation4 ,b if x be said t ! s\l does n produce its ?\ghts1 its s5sations1 its feel+s ( pa9 & ( pleasure1 t is some?+ = :i* ,i see no reason4 ,9 my sy/em e simple sub/ance 7t is1 e true sub/ance7 mu/ be ! true imm$iate cause ( all its actions & inw>d passions2 &1 speak+ /rictly 9 a metaphysical s5se1 x has none o!r ?an ^? :i* x produces4 ,^? :o hold a diff]5t op9ion1 & :o make ,god ! sole ag5t1 are ne$lessly becom+ involv$ 9 expressions :5ce !y w only ) difficulty extricate !mselves )\t (f5ce aga9/ religion2 #cfc moreov]1 !y unque/ionably (f5d aga9/ reason4 #dja4 ,"h is1 h[ev]1 ! f\ndation ( ,m4 ,bayle's argum5t4 ,he says t we d n d t ( :i* we "k n ! way x is done4 ,b x is a pr9ciple :i* ,i d n conc$e to him4 ,let u li/5 to 8 diss]tation 7p4 #gfg seqq473 ',x is an a/oni%+ ?+ t almo/ all philosoph]s 7) ! exception ( ^? :o exp\nd$ ,ari/otle1 & :o admitt$ a univ]sal intellig5ce di/9ct f our s\l1 & cause ( our p]ceptions3 see 9 ! ,hi/orical & ,critical ,diction>y1 ,note ,e ( ! article ,av]roes7 h %>$ ! popul> belief t we =m our ideas actively4 ,yet :]e is ! man :o kn[s n on ! "o h& t he is 9 absolute ignorance z to h[ ideas are made1 & on ! o!r h&1 t he c\ld n sew two /it*es if he 7 ignorant ( h[ to sew8 ,is ! sew+ ( two /it*es 9 itself a "w m difficult ?an ! pa9t+ 9 "o's m9d ( a rose1 ! v fir/ "t "o's eyes re/ ^u x1 & al?\gh "o has nev] le>nt ?is k9d ( pa9t+8 ,does x n appe> on ! contr>y t ?is m5tal portrait is 9 itself a "w m difficult ?an trac+ on canvas ! %ape ( a fl[]1 a ?+ we _c d )\t hav+ le>nt x8 ,we are all conv9c$ t a key w\ld be ( no use to u = op5+ a *e/ if we 7 ignorant z to h[ to use ! key1 & yet we imag9e t our s\l is ! effici5t cause ( ! movem5t ( our arms1 despite t x kn[s nei!r :]e ! n]ves are :i* mu/ be us$ = ?is movem5t1 nor :5ce to obta9 ! animal spirits t are to fl[ into ^! n]ves4 ,we h ! exp]i5ce e day t ! ideas we w\ld fa9 recall d n come1 & t !y appe> ( !mselves :5 we are no long] ?9k+ ( !m4 ,if t does n prev5t u f ?9k+ t we are _! effici5t cause1 :at reliance %all "o place on ! pro( ( feel+1 :i* to ,m4 ,jacquelot appe>s s conclusive8 ,does our au?ority ov] our ideas m (t5 fall %ort ?an our au?ority ov] our volitions8 ,if we 7 to c\nt up c>efully1 we %\ld f9d 9 ! c\rse ( our life m velleities ?an volitions1 t is1 m evid5ces ( ! s]vitude ( our w ?an ( its dom9ion4 ,h[ _m times does "o & ! same man n exp]i5ce an inability to d a c]ta9 act ( w 7= example1 an act ( love = a man :o _h j injur$ him2 an act ( scorn = a f9e sonnet t he _h compos$2 an act ( hatr$ = a mi/ress2 an act ( approval ( an absurd epigram4 ,take note t ,i speak only ( inw>d acts1 #cfd express$ by an ,i w1 su* z ,i w scorn1 approve1 etc47 ev5 if !re 7 a hundr$ pi/oles to be ga9$ =?)1 & he ard5tly desir$ to ga9 ^! hundr$ pi/oles1 & he 7 fir$ ) ! ambition to conv9ce himself by an exp]im5tal pro( t he is ma/] 9 8 own doma98 #djb4 ',to put toge!r 9 few words ! :ole =ce ( :at ,i h j said to y1 ,i w obs]ve t x is evid5t to all ^? :o g deeply into ?+s1 t ! true effici5t cause ( an effect mu/ "k ! effect1 & be aw>e also ( ! way 9 :i* x mu/ be produc$4 ,t is n necess>y :5 "o is only ! in/rum5t ( ! cause1 or only ! passive subject ( its action2 b "o _c conceive ( x z n necess>y to a true ag5t4 ,n[ if we exam9e ourselves well we %all be /rongly conv9c$1 7#a7 t1 indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce1 our s\l is j z little aw>e ( :at a volition is z ( :at an idea is2 7#b7 t aft] a long exp]i5ce x is no m fully aw>e ( h[ volitions are =m$ ?an x 0 be=e hav+ will$ any?+4 ,:at is "o to conclude f t1 save t ! s\l _c be ! effici5t cause ( its volitions1 any m ?an ( its ideas1 & ( ! motion ( ! spirits :i* cause our arms to move8 7,take note t no pret5ce is made ( decid+ ! po9t "h absolutely1 x is only be+ consid]$ 9 relation to ! pr9ciples ( ! objection47' #djc4 ,t is inde$ a /range way ( reason+6 ,:at necessity is !re = "o always to be aw>e h[ t :i* is done is done8 ,are salts1 metals1 plants1 animals & a ?\s& o!r animate or inanimate bodies aw>e h[ t :i* !y d is done1 & ne$ !y be aw>e8 ,mu/ a drop ( oil or ( fat und]/& geometry 9 ord] to become r\nd on ! surface ( wat]8 ,sew+ /it*es is ano!r matt]3 "o acts = an end1 "o mu/ be aw>e ( ! means4 ,b we d n =m our ideas because we w to d s1 !y =m !mselves )9 u1 !y =m !mselves ?r\gh u1 n 9 consequ5ce ( our w1 b 9 accordance ) our nature & t ( ?+s4 ,! foetus =ms itself 9 ! animal1 & a ?\s& o!r wond]s ( nature are produc$ by a c]ta9 in/9ct t ,god has plac$ !re1 t is by virtue ( div9e pre=mation1 :i* has made ^! admirable automata1 adapt$ to produce me*anically su* beautiful effects4 ,ev5 s x is easy to believe t ! s\l is a spiritual automaton /ill m admirable1 & t x is ?r\gh div9e pre=mation t x produces ^! beautiful ideas1 :]e9 our w has no "p & to :i* our #cfe art _c atta94 ,! op]ation ( spiritual automata1 t is ( s\ls1 is n me*anical1 b x conta9s 9 ! highe/ degree all t is beautiful 9 me*anism4 ,! movem5ts :i* are develop$ 9 bodies are conc5trat$ 9 ! s\l by repres5tation z 9 an ideal _w1 :i* expresses ! laws ( ! actual _w & _! consequ5ces1 b ) ?is diff]5ce f ! p]fect ideal _w :i* is 9 ,god1 t mo/ ( ! p]ceptions 9 ! o!r sub/ances are only confus$4 ,= x is pla9 t e simple sub/ance embraces ! :ole univ]se 9 its confus$ p]ceptions or s5sations1 & t ! succession ( ^! p]ceptions is regulat$ by ! p>ticul> nature ( ?is sub/ance1 b 9 a mann] :i* always expresses all ! nature 9 ! univ]se2 & e pres5t p]ception leads to a new p]ception1 j z e movem5t t x repres5ts leads to ano!r movem5t4 ,b x is impossible t ! s\l c "k cle>ly its :ole nature1 & p]ceive h[ ?is innum]able numb] ( small p]ceptions1 pil$ up or r conc5trat$ toge!r1 %apes itself !re3 to t end x mu/ ne$s "k completely ! :ole univ]se :i* is embrac$ by !m1 t is1 x mu/ ne$s be a ,god4 #djd4 ,z reg>ds velleities1 !y are only a v imp]fect k9d ( conditional w4 ,i w\ld1 if ,i c\ld3 lib]et si lic]et2 & 9 ! case ( a velleity1 we d n w1 prop]ly speak+1 to w1 b to be able4 ,t expla9s :y !re are none 9 ,god2 & !y mu/ n be confus$ ) antec$5t w4 ,i h expla9$ suffici5tly else:]e t our control ov] volitions c be ex]cis$ only indirectly1 & t "o w\ld be unhappy if "o 7 suffici5tly ma/] 9 "o's own doma9 to be able to w )\t cause1 )\t rhyme or reason4 ,to compla9 ( n hav+ su* a control w\ld be to argue l ,pl9y1 :o c>ps at ! p[] ( ,god because ,god _c de/roy himself4 #dje4 ,i int5d$ to f9i% "h aft] hav+ met 7z x seems to me7 all ! objections ( ,m4 ,bayle on ?is matt] t ,i c\ld f9d 9 8 works4 ,b rememb]+ ,laur5tius ,valla's ,dialogue on ,free ,w1 9 opposition to ,boe?ius1 :i* ,i h already m5tion$1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be opportune to quote x 9 ab/ract1 reta9+ ! dialogue =m1 & !n to cont9ue f :]e x ends1 keep+ up ! fiction x initiat$2 & t less ) ! purpose ( enliv5+ ! subject1 ?an 9 ord] to expla9 myself t[>ds ! end ( my diss]tation z cle>ly z ,i c1 & 9 a way #cff mo/ likely to be g5]ally und]/ood4 ,?is ,dialogue ( ,valla & 8 books on ,pleasure & ! ,true ,good make x pla9 t he 0 no less a philosoph] ?an a humani/4 ,^! f\r books 7 oppos$ to ! f\r books on ! ,consolation ( ,philosophy by ,boe?ius1 & ! ,dialogue to ! fif? book4 ,a c]ta9 ,spani>d nam$ ,antonio ,gl>ea reque/s ( him elucidation on ! difficulty ( free w1 :]e( little is kn[n z x is wor?y to be kn[n1 = ^u x dep5d ju/ice & inju/ice1 puni%m5t & rew>d 9 ?is life & 9 ! life to come4 ,laur5tius ,valla answ]s him t we mu/ console ourselves = an ignorance :i* we %>e ) ! :ole _w1 j z "o consoles oneself = n hav+ ! w+s ( birds4 #djf4 ,,antonio--,i "k t y c give me ^? w+s1 l ano!r ,da$alus1 s t ,i may em]ge f ! prison ( ignorance1 & rise to ! v region ( tru?1 :i* is ! homel& ( s\ls4 ,! books t ,i h se5 h n satisfi$ me1 n ev5 ! fam\s ,boe?ius1 :o meets ) g5]al approval4 ,i "k n :e!r he fully und]/ood himself :at he says ( ,god's und]/&+1 & ( et]nity sup]ior to "t2 & ,i ask = y\r op9ion on 8 way ( reconcil+ =ekn[l$ge ) fre$om4 ,,laur5t--,i am fe>ful ( giv+ (f5ce to _m p1 if ,i confute ?is great man2 yet ,i w give pref]5ce ov] ?is fe> to ! consid]ation ,i h = ! entreaties ( a fri5d1 provid$ t y make me a promise4 ,,ant4--,:at8 ,,laur4--,x is1 t :5 y h d9$ ) me y d n ask me to give y supp]1 t is to say1 ,i desire t y be cont5t ) ! answ] to ! "q y h put to me1 & d n put a fur!r "q4 #djg4 ,,ant4--,i promise y4 ,"h is ! he>t ( ! difficulty4 ,if ,god =esaw ! treason ( ,judas1 x 0 necess>y t he %\ld betray1 x 0 impossible = him n to betray4 ,!re is no obligation to d ! impossible4 ,he !re=e did n s91 he did n des]ve to be puni%$4 ,t de/roys ju/ice & religion1 & ! fe> ( ,god4 ,,laur4--,god =esaw s92 b he did n compel man to commit x2 s9 is volunt>y4 ,,ant4--,t w 0 necess>y1 s9ce x 0 =ese54 ,,laur4--,if my k does n cause ?+s pa/ or pres5t to exi/1 nei!r w my =ekn[l$ge cause future ?+s to exi/4 #djh4 ,,ant4--,t comp>ison is deceptive3 nei!r ! pres5t nor ! pa/ c be *ang$1 !y are already necess>y2 b ! future1 movable 9 itself1 becomes fix$ & necess>y ?r\gh =ekn[l$ge4 ,let u #cfg pret5d t a god ( ! hea!n boa/s ( kn[+ ! future3 ,i w ask him if he kn[s :i* foot ,i %all put =emo/1 !n ,i w d ! opposite ( t :i* he %all h =etold4 ,,laur4--,?is ,god kn[s :at y are ab\t to d4 ,,ant4--,h[ does he "k x1 s9ce ,i w d ! opposite ( :at he %all h said1 & ,i suppose t he w say :at he ?9ks8 ,,laur4--,y\r supposition is false3 ,god w n answ] y2 or aga91 if he 7 to answ] y1 ! v5]ation y w\ld h = him w\ld make y ha/5 to d :at he _h said2 8 pr$iction w\ld be to y an ord]4 ,b we h *ang$ ! "q4 ,we are n conc]n$ ) :at ,god w =etell b ) :at he =esees4 ,let u !re=e return to =ekn[l$ge1 & di/+ui% betwe5 ! necess>y & ! c]ta94 ,x is n impossible = :at is =ese5 n to happ52 b x is infallibly sure t x w happ54 ,i c become a ,soldi] or ,prie/1 b ,i %all n become "o4 #dji4 ,,ant4--,"h ,i h y firmly held4 ,! philosoph]s' rule ma9ta9s t all t :i* is possible c be consid]$ z exi/+4 ,b if t :i* y affirm to be possible1 namely an ev5t diff]5t f :at has be5 =ese51 actually happ5$1 ,god w\ld h be5 mi/ak54 ,,laur4--,! rules ( ! philosoph]s are n oracles = me4 ,?is "o 9 p>ticul> is n correct4 ,two contradictories are (t5 bo? possible4 ,c !y also bo? exi/8 ,b1 = y\r fur!r enlight5m5t1 let u pret5d t ,sextus ,t>qu9ius1 com+ to ,delphi to consult ! ,oracle ( ,apollo1 receives ! answ]3 ,exul inopsque cades irata pulsus ab urbe4 ,a begg>$ outca/ ( ! city's rage1 ,beside a =eign %ore cut %ort ?y age4 ,! "y man w compla93 ,i h br\ght y a royal gift1 ,o ,apollo1 & y proclaim = me a lot s unhappy8 ,apollo w say to him3 ,y\r gift is pleas+ to me1 & ,i w d t :i* y ask ( me1 ,i w tell y :at w happ54 ,i "k ! future1 b ,i d n br+ x ab\t4 ,g make y\r compla9t to ,jupit] & ! ,p>cae4 ,sextus w\ld be ridicul\s if he cont9u$ !reaft] to compla9 ab\t ,apollo4 ,is n t true8 ,,ant4--,he w say3 ,i ?ank y1 ,o holy ,apollo1 = n hav+ repaid me ) sil5ce1 = hav+ reveal$ to me ! ,tru?4 ,b :5ce comes x t ,jupit] is s cruel t[>ds me1 t he prep>es s h>d a fate = an#cfh innoc5t man1 = a dev\t wor%ipp] ( ! ,gods8 ,,laur4--,y innoc5t8 ,apollo w say4 ,"k t y w be pr\d1 t y w commit adult]ies1 t y w be a traitor to y\r c\ntry4 ,c\ld ,sextus reply3 ,x is y :o are ! cause1 ,o ,apollo2 y compel me to d x1 by =esee+ x8 ,,ant4--,i admit t he w\ld h tak5 leave ( 8 s5ses if he 7 to make ?is reply4 ,,laur4--,!re=e nei!r c ! traitor ,judas compla9 ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge4 ,& !re is ! answ] to y\r "q4 #daj4 ,,ant4--,y h satisfi$ me beyond my hopes1 y h done :at ,boe?ius 0 n able to d3 ,i %all be behold5 to y all my life long4 ,,laur4--,yet let u c>ry our tale a little fur!r4 ,sextus w say3 ,no1 ,apollo1 ,i w n d :at y say4 ,,ant4--,:at6 ! ,god w say1 d y mean !n t ,i am a li>8 ,i repeat to y once m1 y w d all t ,i h j said4 ,,laur4--,sextus1 mayhap1 w\ld pray ! ,gods to alt] fate1 to give him a bett] he>t4 ,,ant4--,he w\ld receive ! answ]3 ,des9e fata ,deum flecti sp]>e prec&o4 ,he _c cause div9e =ekn[l$ge to lie4 ,b :at !n w ,sextus say8 ,w he n break =? into compla9ts aga9/ ! ,gods8 ,w he n say8 ,:at8 ,i am !n n free8 ,x is n 9 my p[] to foll[ virtue8 ,,laur4--,apollo w say to him p]haps3 ,"k1 my poor ,sextus1 t ! ,gods make ea* "o z he is4 ,jupit] made ! wolf rav5+1 ! h>e timid1 ! ass /upid1 & ! lion c\rage\s4 ,he gave y a s\l t is wick$ & irreclaimable2 y w act 9 con=mity ) y\r natural disposition1 & ,jupit] w treat y z y\r actions %all des]ve2 he has sworn x by ! ,/yx4 #daa4 ,,ant4--,i confess to y1 x seems to me t ,apollo 9 excus+ himself accuses ,jupit] m ?an he accuses ,sextus1 & ,sextus w\ld answ] him3 ,jupit] !re=e condemns 9 me 8 own crime2 x is he :o is ! only guilty "o4 ,he c\ld h made me altoge!r diff]5t3 b1 made z ,i am1 ,i mu/ act z he has will$4 ,:y !n does he puni% me8 ,c\ld ,i h resi/$ 8 w8 ,,laur4--,i confess t ,i am br\ght to a pause "h z y are4 ,i h made ! ,gods appe> on ! sc5e1 ,apollo & ,jupit]1 to make y di/+ui% betwe5 div9e =ekn[l$ge & provid5ce4 ,i h %[n t ,apollo & =ekn[l$ge d n impair fre$om2 b ,i _c satisfy y on ! decrees ( ,jupit]'s w1 t is to say1 on ! ord]s ( provid5ce4 ,,ant4--,y h dragg$ me out ( "o abyss1 & y #cfi plunge me back into ano!r & great] abyss4 ,,laur4--,rememb] our contract3 ,i h giv5 y d9n]1 & y ask me to give y supp] also4 #dab4 ,,ant4--,n[ ,i discov] y\r cunn+3 ,y h caught me1 ?is is n an hone/ contract4 ,,laur4--,:at w\ld y h me d8 ,i h giv5 y w9e & meats f my home produce1 su* z my small e/ate c provide2 z = nect> & ambrosia1 y w ask ! ,gods = !m3 t div9e nurture is n f\nd among m54 ,let u he>k5 to ,/4 ,paul1 t *os5 vessel :o 0 c>ri$ ev5 to ! ?ird heav51 :o he>d !re unutt]able words3 he w answ] y ) ! comp>ison ( ! pott]1 ) ! incompreh5sibility ( ! ways ( ,god1 & wond] at ! dep? ( 8 wisdom4 ,nev]!less x is well to obs]ve t "o does n ask :y ,god =esees ! ?+1 = t is und]/ood1 x is because x w be3 b "o asks :y he orda9s ?us1 :y he h>d5s su* an "o1 :y he has compassion on ano!r4 ,we d n "k ! reasons :i* he may h = ?is2 b s9ce he is v good & v wise t is en\gh to make u deem t 8 reasons are good4 ,z he is j also1 x foll[s t 8 decrees & 8 op]ation d n de/roy our fre$om4 ,"s m5 h s\ght "s reason !re94 ,!y h said t we are made f a corrupt & impure mass1 inde$ ( mud4 ,b ,adam & ! ,angels 7 made ( silv] & gold1 & !y s9n$ not)/&+4 ,"o sometimes becomes h>d5$ aga9 aft] reg5]ation4 ,we mu/ !re=e seek ano!r cause = evil1 & ,i d\bt :e!r ev5 ! ,angels are aw>e ( x2 yet !y cease n to be happy & to praise ,god4 ,boe?ius he>k5$ m to ! answ] ( philosophy ?an to t ( ,/4 ,paul2 t 0 ! cause ( 8 failure4 ,let u believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 he is ! virtue & ! wisdom ( ,god3 he tea*es u t ,god wille? ! salvation ( all1 t he wille? n ! dea? ( ! s9n]4 ,let u !re=e put our tru/ 9 ! div9e m]cy1 & let u n by our vanity & our malice disqualify ourselves to receive x4 #dac4 ,?is dialogue ( ,valla's is excell5t1 ev5 ?\gh "o mu/ take exception to "s po9ts 9 x3 b its *ief defect is t x cuts ! knot & t x seems to condemn provid5ce "u ! "n ( ,jupit]1 mak+ him almo/ ! au?or ( s94 ,let u !re=e c>ry ! little fable /ill fur!r4 ,sextus1 quitt+ ,apollo & ,delphi1 seeks out ,jupit] at ,dodona4 ,he makes sacrifices & !n he exhibits 8 compla9ts4 ,:y h y condemn$ me1 ,o great ,god1 to be wick$ & unhappy8 ,*ange #cgj my lot & my he>t1 or ackn[l$ge y\r error4 ,jupit] answ]s him3 ,if y w r5\nce ,rome1 ! ,p>cae %all sp9 = y diff]5t fates1 y %all become wise1 y %all be happy4 ,,sextus--,:y mu/ ,i r5\nce ! hope ( a cr[n8 ,c ,i n come to be a good k+8 ,,jupit]--,no1 ,sextus2 ,i "k bett] :at is ne$ful = y4 ,if y g to ,rome1 y are lo/4 ,sextus1 n be+ able to resolve ^u s great a sacrifice1 w5t =? f ! temple1 & ab&on$ himself to 8 fate4 ,!odorus1 ! ,high ,prie/1 :o _h be5 pres5t at ! dialogue betwe5 ,god & ,sextus1 address$ ^! words to ,jupit]3 ,y\r wisdom is to be rev]$1 ,o great ,rul] ( ! ,gods4 ,y h conv9c$ ?is man ( 8 error2 he mu/ h5ce=? impute 8 unhapp9ess to 8 evil w2 he has n a ^w to say4 ,b y\r fai?ful wor%ipp]s are a/oni%$2 !y w\ld fa9 wond] at y\r goodness z well z at y\r greatness3 x re/$ ) y to give him a diff]5t w4 ,,jupit]--,g to my daught] ,pallas1 %e w in=m y :at ,i 0 b\nd to d4 #dad4 ,!odorus j\rney$ to ,a!ns3 he 0 bidd5 to lie d[n to sleep 9 ! temple ( ! ,goddess4 ,dream+1 he f\nd himself transport$ into an unkn[n c\ntry4 ,!re /ood a palace ( unimag9able spl5d\r & prodigi\s size4 ,! ,goddess ,pallas appe>$ at ! gate1 surr\nd$ by rays ( dazzl+ maje/y4 ,qualisque vid]i ,coelicolis et quanta solet4 ,%e t\*$ ! face ( ,!odorus ) an olive-bran*1 :i* %e 0 hold+ 9 h] h&4 ,& lo6 he _h become able to confront ! div9e radiancy ( ! daught] ( ,jupit]1 & ( all t %e %\ld %[ him4 ,jupit] :o loves y 7%e said to him7 has comm5d$ y to me to be in/ruct$4 ,y see "h ! palace ( ! fates1 :]e ,i keep wat* & w>d4 ,"h are repres5tations n only ( t :i* happ5s b also ( all t :i* is possible4 ,jupit]1 hav+ survey$ !m be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! exi/+ _w1 classifi$ ! possibilities into worlds1 & *ose ! be/ ( all4 ,he comes sometimes to visit ^! places1 to enjoy ! pleasure ( recapitulat+ ?+s & ( r5ew+ 8 own *oice1 :i* _c fail to please him4 ,i h only to speak1 & we %all see a :ole _w t my fa!r might h produc$1 :]e9 w be repres5t$ any?+ t c be ask$ ( him2 & 9 ?is way "o may "k also :at w\ld happ5 if any p>ticul> possibility %\ld atta9 unto #cga exi/5ce4 ,& :5ev] ! conditions are n det]m9ate en\gh1 !re w be z _m su* worlds diff]+ f "o ano!r z "o %all wi%1 :i* w answ] diff]5tly ! same "q1 9 z _m ways z possible4 ,y le>nt geometry 9 y\r y\?1 l all well-in/ruct$ ,greeks4 ,y "k !re=e t :5 ! conditions ( a requir$ po9t d n suffici5tly det]m9e x1 & !re is an inf9ite numb] ( !m1 !y all fall into :at ! geometricians call a locus1 & ?is locus at lea/ 7:i* is (t5 a l9e7 w be det]m9ate4 ,?us y c picture to y\rself an ord]$ succession ( worlds1 :i* %all conta9 ea* & e "o ! case t is 9 "q1 & %all v>y its circum/ances & its consequ5ces4 ,b if y put a case t diff]s f ! actual _w only 9 "o s+le def9ite ?+ & 9 its results1 a c]ta9 "o ( ^? det]m9ate worlds w answ] y4 ,^! worlds are all "h1 t is1 9 ideas4 ,i w %[ y "s1 :]e9 %all be f\nd1 n absolutely ! same ,sextus z y h se5 7t is n possible1 he c>ries ) him always t :i* he %all be7 b sev]al ,sextuses resembl+ him1 possess+ all t y "k already ( ! true ,sextus1 b n all t is already 9 him imp]ceptibly1 nor 9 consequ5ce all t %all yet happ5 to him4 ,y w f9d 9 "o _w a v happy & noble ,sextus1 9 ano!r a ,sextus cont5t ) a m$iocre /ate1 a ,sextus1 inde$1 ( e k9d & endless div]sity ( =ms4 #dae4 ,!reupon ! ,goddess l$ ,!odorus into "o ( ! halls ( ! palace3 :5 he 0 )91 x 0 no long] a hall1 x 0 a _w1 ,solemque suum1 sua sid]a norat4 ,at ! comm& ( ,pallas !re came )9 view ,dodona ) ! temple ( ,jupit]1 & ,sextus issu+ !nce2 he c\ld be he>d say+ t he w\ld obey ! ,god4 ,& lo6 he goes to a city ly+ betwe5 two seas1 resembl+ ,cor9?4 ,he buys !re a small g>d52 cultivat+ x1 he f9ds a treasure2 he becomes a ri* man1 enjoy+ affection & e/eem2 he dies at a great age1 belov$ ( ! :ole city4 ,!odorus saw ! :ole life ( ,sextus z at "o glance1 & z 9 a /age pres5tation4 ,!re 0 a great volume ( writ+s 9 ?is hall3 ,!odorus c\ld n refra9 f ask+ :at t meant4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( ?is _w :i* we are n[ visit+1 ! ,goddess told him2 x is ! book ( its fates4 ,y h se5 a numb] #cgb on ! =ehead ( ,sextus4 ,look 9 ?is book = ! place :i* x indicates4 ,!odorus look$ = x1 & f\nd !re ! hi/ory ( ,sextus 9 a =m m ample ?an ! outl9e he _h se54 ,put y\r f+] on any l9e y please1 ,pallas said to him1 & y w see repres5t$ actually 9 all its detail t :i* ! l9e broadly indicates4 ,he obey$1 & he saw com+ into view all ! *>act]i/ics ( a portion ( ! life ( t ,sextus4 ,!y pass$ into ano!r hall1 & lo6 ano!r _w1 ano!r ,sextus4 :o1 issu+ f ! temple1 & hav+ resolv$ to obey ,jupit]1 goes to ,?race4 ,!re he m>ries ! daught] ( ! k+1 :o _h no o!r *ildr52 he succe$s him1 & he is ador$ by 8 subjects4 ,!y w5t into o!r rooms1 & always !y saw new sc5es4 #daf4 ,! halls rose 9 a pyramid1 becom+ ev5 m beautiful z "o m\nt$ t[>ds ! apex1 & repres5t+ m beautiful worlds4 ,f9ally !y rea*$ ! highe/ "o :i* complet$ ! pyramid1 & :i* 0 ! mo/ beautiful ( all3 = ! pyramid _h a beg9n+1 b "o c\ld n see its end2 x _h an apex1 b no base2 x w5t on increas+ to inf9ity4 ,t is 7z ! ,goddess expla9$7 because among/ an endless numb] ( possible worlds !re is ! be/ ( all1 else w\ld ,god n h det]m9$ to create any2 b !re is n any "o :i* has n also less p]fect worlds bel[ x3 t is :y ! pyramid goes on desc5d+ to inf9ity4 ,!odorus1 ent]+ ?is highe/ hall1 became entranc$ 9 ec/asy2 he _h to receive succ\r f ! ,goddess1 a drop ( a div9e liquid plac$ on 8 tongue re/or$ him2 he 0 beside himself = joy4 ,we are 9 ! real true _w 7said ! ,goddess7 & y are at ! s\rce ( happ9ess4 ,behold :at ,jupit] makes ready = y1 if y cont9ue to s]ve him fai?fully4 ,"h is ,sextus z he is1 & z he w be 9 reality4 ,he issues f ! temple 9 a rage1 he scorns ! c\nsel ( ! ,gods4 ,y see him go+ to ,rome1 br++ confusion ev]y:]e1 violat+ ! wife ( 8 fri5d4 ,!re he is driv5 out ) 8 fa!r1 beat51 unhappy4 ,if ,jupit] _h plac$ "h a ,sextus happy at ,cor9? or ,k+ 9 ,?race1 x w\ld be no long] ?is _w4 ,& nev]!less he c\ld n h fail$ to *oose ?is _w1 :i* surpasses 9 p]fection all ! o!rs1 & :i* =ms ! apex ( ! pyramid4 ,else w\ld ,jupit] h r5\nc$ 8 wisdom1 he w\ld h bani%$ me1 me 8 daught]4 ,y see t my fa!r did n make ,sextus wick$2 he 0 s f all #cgc et]nity1 he 0 s always & freely4 ,my fa!r only grant$ him ! exi/5ce :i* 8 wisdom c\ld n refuse to ! _w :]e he is includ$3 he made him pass f ! region ( ! possible to t ( ! actual be+s4 ,! crime ( ,sextus s]ves = great ?+s3 x r5d]s ,rome free2 !nce w arise a great empire1 :i* w %[ noble examples to mank9d4 ,b t is no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! wor? ( ?is :ole _w1 at ^: beauty y w m>vel1 :51 aft] a happy passage f ?is mortal /ate to ano!r & bett] "o1 ! ,gods %all h fitt$ y to "k x4 #dag4 ,at ?is mom5t ,!odorus wakes up1 he gives ?anks to ! ,goddess1 he owns ! ju/ice ( ,jupit]4 ,8 _s p]vad$ by :at he has se5 & he>d1 he c>ries on ! (fice ( ,high ,prie/1 ) all ! zeal ( a true s]vant ( 8 ,god1 & ) all ! joy :]e( a mortal is capable4 ,x seems to me t ?is cont9uation ( ! tale may elucidate ! difficulty :i* ,valla did n wi% to treat4 ,if ,apollo has repres5t$ aright ,god's k ( vision 7t :i* conc]ns be+s 9 exi/5ce71 ,i hope t ,pallas w h n discr$itably fill$ ! role ( :at is call$ k ( simple intellig5ce 7t :i* embraces all t is possible71 :]e9 at la/ ! s\rce ( ?+s mu/ be s\ght4 #cgg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dices ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,=mal ,,argum5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s p]sons ( disc]nm5t h wi%$ me to make ?is addition4 ,i h ! m readily def]r$ to _! op9ion1 because ( ! opportunity !reby ga9$ = meet+ c]ta9 difficulties1 & = mak+ obs]vations on c]ta9 matt]s :i* 7 n treat$ 9 suffici5t detail 9 ! "w itself4 ,,objection ,i ,:oev] does n *oose ! be/ c\rse is lack+ ei!r 9 p[]1 or k1 or goodness4 ,god did n *oose ! be/ c\rse 9 creat+ ?is _w4 ,!re=e ,god 0 lack+ 9 p[]1 or k1 or goodness4 ,,answ] ,i d5y ! m9or1 t is to say1 ! second premiss ( ?is syllogism1 & ! oppon5t proves x by ?is ,,prosyllogism ,:oev] makes ?+s 9 :i* !re is evil1 & :i* c\ld h be5 made )\t any evil1 or ne$ n h be5 made at all1 does n *oose ! be/ c\rse4 ,god made a _w :]e9 !re is evil2 a _w1 ,i say1 :i* c\ld h be5 made )\t any evil or :i* ne$ n h be5 made at all4 #cgh ,!re=e ,god did n *oose ! be/ c\rse4 ,,answ] ,i admit ! m9or ( ?is prosyllogism3 = "o mu/ confess t !re is evil 9 ?is _w :i* ,god has made1 & t x w\ld h be5 possible to make a _w )\t evil or ev5 n to create any _w1 s9ce its creation dep5d$ ^u ! free w ( ,god4 ,b ,i d5y ! major1 t is1 ! fir/ ( ! two premisses ( ! prosyllogism1 & ,i might cont5t myself ) ask+ = its pro(4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to give a cle>] exposition ( ! matt]1 ,i w\ld ju/ify ?is d5ial by po9t+ out t ! be/ c\rse is n always t "o :i* t5ds t[>ds avoid+ evil1 s9ce x is possible t ! evil may be accompani$ by a great] good4 ,= example1 ! g5]al ( an army w pref] a great victory ) a slight w\nd to a /ate ( affairs )\t w\nd & )\t victory4 ,i h prov$ ?is 9 fur!r detail 9 ?is "w by po9t+ out1 ?r\gh in/ances tak5 f ma!matics & else:]e1 t an imp]fection 9 ! "p may be requir$ = a great] p]fection 9 ! :ole4 ,i h foll[$ !re9 ! op9ion ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o said a hundr$ times t ,god p]mitt$ evil 9 ord] to d]ive f x a good1 t is to say1 a great] good2 & ,?omas ,aqu9as says 79 libr4 #b1 ,s5t4 ,di/4 #cb1 qu4 #a1 art4 #a7 t ! p]mission ( evil t5ds t[>ds ! good ( ! univ]se4 ,i h %[n t among old] writ]s ! fall ( ,adam 0 t]m$ felix culpa1 a =tunate s91 because x _h be5 expiat$ ) imm5se b5efit by ! inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god3 = he gave to ! univ]se some?+ m noble ?an any?+ !re w\ld o!rwise h be5 among/ creat$ be+s4 ,= ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! matt] ,i add$1 foll[+ ! example ( _m good au?ors1 t x 0 consi/5t ) ord] & ! g5]al good = ,god to grant to c]ta9 ( 8 creatures ! opportunity to ex]cise _! fre$om1 ev5 :5 he =esaw t !y w\ld turn to evil3 = ,god c\ld easily correct ! evil1 & x 0 n fitt+ t 9 ord] to prev5t s9 he %\ld always act 9 an extraord9>y way4 ,x w !re=e suffici5tly refute ! objection to %[ t a _w ) evil may be bett] ?an a _w )\t evil4 ,b ,i h gone /ill fur!r 9 ! "w1 & h ev5 %[n t ?is univ]se mu/ be inde$ bett] ?an e o!r possible univ]se4 #cgi ,,objection ,,ii ,if !re is m evil ?an good 9 intellig5t creatures1 !re is m evil ?an good 9 all ,god's "w4 ,n[ !re is m evil ?an good 9 intellig5t creatures4 ,!re=e !re is m evil ?an good 9 all ,god's "w4 ,,answ] ,i d5y ! major & ! m9or ( ?is conditional syllogism4 ,z = ! major1 ,i d n admit x because ?is suppos$ inf]5ce f ! "p to ! :ole1 f intellig5t creatures to all creatures1 assumes tacitly & )\t pro( t creatures devoid ( reason _c be comp>$ or tak5 into acc\nt ) ^? t h reason4 ,b :y might n ! surplus ( good 9 ! non-intellig5t creatures t fill ! _w comp5sate = & ev5 exce$ incomp>ably ! surplus ( evil 9 rational creatures8 ,x is true t ! value ( ! latt] is great]2 b by way ( comp5sation ! o!rs are incomp>ably great] 9 numb]2 & x may be t ! proportion ( numb] & quantity surpasses t ( value & quality4 ,! m9or also ,i _c admit1 namely1 t !re is m evil ?an good 9 intellig5t creatures4 ,"o ne$ n ev5 agree t !re is m evil ?an good 9 ! human k9d4 ,= x is possible1 & ev5 a v reasonable ?+1 t ! glory & ! p]fection ( ! bless$ may be incomp>ably great] ?an ! mis]y & imp]fection ( ! damn$1 & t "h ! excell5ce ( ! total good 9 ! small] numb] may exce$ ! total evil :i* is 9 ! great] numb]4 ,! bless$ draw ne> to div9ity ?r\gh a div9e ,m$iator1 s f> z c belong to ^! creat$ be+s1 & make su* progress 9 good z is impossible = ! damn$ to make 9 evil1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld approa* z ne>ly z may be ! nature ( demons4 ,god is inf9ite1 & ! ,devil is f9ite2 good c & does g on ad inf9itum1 :]eas evil has its b\nds4 ,x may be !re=e1 & x is probable1 t !re happ5s 9 ! comp>ison betwe5 ! bless$ & ! damn$ ! opposite ( :at ,i said c\ld happ5 9 ! comp>ison betwe5 ! happy & ! unhappy1 namely t 9 ! latt] ! proportion ( degrees surpasses t ( numb]s1 :ile 9 ! comp>ison betwe5 intellig5t & non-intellig5t ! proportion ( numb]s is great] ?an t ( values4 ,"o is ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t a ?+ may be s z long z "o does n prove t x is impossible1 & inde$ :at is "h #chj put =w>d goes beyond assumption4 ,b secondly1 ev5 %\ld "o admit t !re is m evil ?an good 9 ! human k9d1 "o /ill has e reason = n admitt+ t !re is m evil ?an good 9 all intellig5t creatures4 ,= !re is an inconceivable numb] ( ,spirits1 & p]haps ( o!r rational creatures besides3 & an oppon5t _c prove t 9 ! :ole ,city ( ,god1 compos$ z mu* ( ,spirits z ( rational animals )\t numb] & ( endless diff]5t k9ds1 ! evil exce$s ! good4 ,al?\gh "o ne$ n1 9 ord] to answ] an objection1 prove t a ?+ is1 :5 its m]e possibility suffices1 ,i h nev]!less %[n 9 ?is pres5t "w t x is a result ( ! supreme p]fection ( ! ,sov]eign ( ! ,univ]se t ! k+dom ( ,god %\ld be ! mo/ p]fect ( all /ates or gov]nm5ts possible1 & t 9 consequ5ce :at little evil !re is %\ld be requir$ to provide ! full measure ( ! va/ good exi/+ !re4 ,,objection ,,iii ,if x is always impossible n to s91 x is always unju/ to puni%4 ,n[ x is always impossible n to s91 or r all s9 is necess>y4 ,!re=e x is always unju/ to puni%4 ,! m9or ( ?is is prov$ z foll[s4 ,,fir/ ,,prosyllogism ,ev]y?+ pr$et]m9$ is necess>y4 ,e ev5t is pr$et]m9$4 ,!re=e e ev5t 7& consequ5tly s9 also7 is necess>y4 ,aga9 ?is second m9or is prov$ ?us4 ,,second ,,prosyllogism ,t :i* is future1 t :i* is =ese51 t :i* is involv$ 9 causes is pr$et]m9$4 ,e ev5t is ( ?is k9d4 ,!re=e e ev5t is pr$et]m9$4 ,,answ] ,i admit 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! conclusion ( ! second prosyllogism1 :i* is ! m9or ( ! fir/2 b ,i %all d5y ! major ( ! fir/ #cha prosyllogism1 namely t ev]y?+ pr$et]m9$ is necess>y2 tak+ 'necessity'1 say ! necessity to s91 or ! impossibility ( n s9n+1 or ( n do+ "s action1 9 ! s5se relevant to ! argum5t1 t is1 z a necessity ess5tial & absolute1 :i* de/roys ! morality ( action & ! ju/ice ( puni%m5t4 ,if anyone meant a diff]5t necessity or impossibility 7t is1 a necessity only moral or hypo!tical1 :i* w be expla9$ pres5tly7 x is pla9 t we w\ld d5y him ! major /at$ 9 ! objection4 ,we might cont5t ourselves ) ?is answ]1 & dem& ! pro( ( ! proposition d5i$3 b ,i am well pleas$ to ju/ify my mann] ( proc$ure 9 ! pres5t "w1 9 ord] to make ! matt] cle> & to ?r[ m light on ?is :ole subject1 by expla9+ ! necessity t mu/ be reject$ & ! det]m9ation t mu/ be all[$4 ,! tru? is t ! necessity contr>y to morality1 :i* mu/ be avoid$ & :i* w\ld r5d] puni%m5t unju/1 is an insup]able necessity1 :i* w\ld r5d] all opposition unavail+1 ev5 ?\gh "o %\ld wi% ) all "o's he>t to avoid ! necess>y action1 & ?\gh "o %\ld make all possible ef=ts to t end4 ,n[ x is pla9 t ?is is n applicable to volunt>y actions1 s9ce "o w\ld n d !m if "o did n s desire4 ,?us _! prevision & pr$et]m9ation is n absolute1 b x presupposes w3 if x is c]ta9 t "o w d !m1 x is no less c]ta9 t "o w w to d !m4 ,^! volunt>y actions & _! results w n happ5 :atev] "o may d & :e!r "o w !m or n2 b !y w happ5 because "o w d1 & because "o w w to d1 t :i* leads to !m4 ,t is involv$ 9 prevision & pr$et]m9ation1 & =ms ! reason !re(4 ,! necessity ( su* ev5ts is call$ conditional or hypo!tical1 or aga9 necessity ( consequ5ce1 because x presupposes ! w & ! o!r requisites4 ,b ! necessity :i* de/roys morality1 & r5d]s puni%m5t unju/ & rew>d unavail+1 is f\nd 9 ! ?+s t w be :atev] "o may d & :atev] "o may w to d3 9 a ^w1 x exi/s 9 t :i* is ess5tial4 ,?is x is :i* is call$ an absolute necessity4 ,?us x avails no?+ ) reg>d to :at is necess>y absolutely to orda9 int]dicts or comm&m5ts1 to propose p5alties or prizes1 to blame or to praise2 x w come to pass no m & no less4 ,9 volunt>y actions1 on ! contr>y1 & 9 :at dep5ds ^u !m1 precepts1 arm$ ) p[] to#chb puni% & to rew>d1 v (t5 s]ve1 & are includ$ 9 ! ord] ( causes t make action exi/4 ,?us x comes ab\t t n only pa9s & ef=t b also pray]s are effective1 ,god hav+ _h ev5 ^! pray]s 9 m9d be=e he ord]$ ?+s1 & hav+ made due all[ance = !m4 ,t is :y ! precept ,ora et labora 7,pray & "w7 rema9s intact4 ,?us n only ^? :o 7"u ! empty pretext ( ! necessity ( ev5ts7 ma9ta9 t "o c sp>e oneself ! pa9s dem&$ by affairs1 b also ^? :o argue aga9/ pray]s1 fall into t :i* ! anci5ts ev5 9 _! "t call$ '! ,lazy ,sophism'4 ,s ! pr$et]m9ation ( ev5ts by _! causes is precisely :at contributes to morality in/ead ( de/roy+ x1 & ! causes incl9e ! w )\t necessitat+ x4 ,= ?is reason ! det]m9ation we are conc]n$ ) is n a necessitation4 ,x is c]ta9 7to him :o kn[s all7 t ! effect w foll[ ?is incl9ation2 b ?is effect does n foll[ !nce by a consequ5ce :i* is necess>y1 t is1 ^: contr>y implies contradiction2 & x is also by su* an inw>d incl9ation t ! w is det]m9$1 )\t ! pres5ce ( necessity4 ,suppose t "o has ! greate/ possible passion 7= example1 a great ?ir/71 y w admit t ! s\l c f9d "s reason = resi/+ x1 ev5 if x 7 only t ( display+ its p[]4 ,?us ?\gh "o may nev] h complete indiff]5ce ( equipoise1 & !re is always a pr$om9ance ( incl9ation = ! c\rse adopt$1 t pr$om9ance does n r5d] absolutely necess>y ! resolution tak54 ,,objection ,,iv ,:oev] c prev5t ! s9 ( o!rs & does n s1 b r contributes to x1 al?\gh he be fully appris$ ( x1 is access>y !reto4 ,god c prev5t ! s9 ( intellig5t creatures2 b he does n s1 & he r contributes to x by 8 co-op]ation & by ! opportunities he causes1 al?\gh he is fully cognizant ( x4 ,!re=e1 etc4 ,,answ] ,i d5y ! major ( ?is syllogism4 ,x may be t "o c prev5t ! s91 b t "o ought n to d s1 because "o c\ld n d s )\t committ+ a s9 oneself1 or 7:5 ,god is conc]n$7 )\t act+ unreasonably4 ,i h giv5 in/ances ( t1 & h appli$ !m to#chc ,god himself4 ,x may be also t "o contributes to ! evil1 & t "o ev5 op5s ! way to x sometimes1 9 do+ ?+s "o is b\nd to d4 ,& :5 "o does "o's duty1 or 7speak+ ( ,god7 :51 aft] full consid]ation1 "o does t :i* reason dem&s1 "o is n responsible = ev5ts1 ev5 :5 "o =esees !m4 ,"o does n w ^! evils2 b "o is will+ to p]mit !m = a great] good1 :i* "o _c 9 reason help pref]r+ to o!r consid]ations4 ,?is is a consequ5t w1 result+ f acts ( antec$5t w1 9 :i* "o wills ! good4 ,i "k t "s p]sons1 9 speak+ ( ! antec$5t & consequ5t w ( ,god1 h meant by ! antec$5t t :i* wills t all m5 be sav$1 & by ! consequ5t t :i* wills1 9 consequ5ce ( p]si/5t s91 t !re be "s damn$1 damnation be+ a result ( s94 ,b ^! are only examples ( a m g5]al notion1 & "o may say ) ! same reason1 t ,god wills by 8 antec$5t w t m5 s9 n1 & t by 8 consequ5t or f9al & decretory w 7:i* is always foll[$ by its effect7 he wills to p]mit t !y s91 ?is p]mission be+ a result ( sup]ior reasons4 ,"o has inde$ ju/ification = say+1 9 g5]al1 t ! antec$5t w ( ,god t5ds t[>ds ! production ( good & ! prev5tion ( evil1 ea* tak5 9 itself1 & z x 7 deta*$ 7p>ticul>it] et secundum quid3 ,?om41 ,i1 qu4 #ai1 art4 #f7 accord+ to ! measure ( ! degree ( ea* good or ( ea* evil4 ,likewise "o may say t ! consequ5t1 or f9al & total1 div9e w t5ds t[>ds ! production ( z _m goods z c be put toge!r1 ^: comb9ation !reby becomes det]m9$1 & involves also ! p]mission ( "s evils & ! exclusion ( "s goods1 z ! be/ possible plan ( ! univ]se dem&s4 ,arm9ius1 9 8 ,antip]k9sus1 expla9$ v well t ! w ( ,god c be call$ consequ5t n only 9 relation to ! action ( ! creature consid]$ be=eh& 9 ! div9e und]/&+1 b also 9 relation to o!r ant]ior acts ( div9e w4 ,b x is en\gh to consid] ! passage cit$ f ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & t f ,scotus 7,i1 di/4 #df1 qu4 #aa71 to see t !y make ?is di/9ction z ,i h made x "h4 ,nev]!less if anyone w n suff] ?is use ( ! t]ms1 let him put 'previ\s' 9 place ( 'antec$5t' w1 & 'f9al' or 'decretory' 9 place ( 'consequ5t' w4 ,= ,i d n wi% to wrangle ab\t words4 #chd ,,objection ,v ,:oev] produces all t is real 9 a ?+ is its cause4 ,god produces all t is real 9 s94 ,!re=e ,god is ! cause ( s94 ,,answ] ,i might cont5t myself ) d5y+ ! major or ! m9or1 because ! t]m 'real' admits ( int]pretations capable ( r5d]+ ^! propositions false4 ,b 9 ord] to give a bett] explanation ,i w make a di/9ction4 ',real' ei!r signifies t :i* is positive only1 or else x includes also privative be+s3 9 ! fir/ case1 ,i d5y ! major & ,i admit ! m9or2 9 ! second case1 ,i d ! opposite4 ,i might h conf9$ myself to t2 b ,i 0 will+ to g fur!r1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is di/9ction4 ,i h !re=e be5 well pleas$ to po9t out t e purely positive or absolute reality is a p]fection1 & t e imp]fection comes f limitation1 t is1 f ! privative3 = to limit is to )hold ext5sion1 or ! m beyond4 ,n[ ,god is ! cause ( all p]fections1 & consequ5tly ( all realities1 :5 !y are reg>d$ z purely positive4 ,b limitations or privations result f ! orig9al imp]fection ( creatures :i* re/ricts _! receptivity4 ,x is z ) a lad5 boat1 :i* ! riv] c>ries along m sl[ly or less sl[ly 9 proportion to ! weight t x be>s3 ?us ! spe$ comes f ! riv]1 b ! ret>dation :i* re/ricts ?is spe$ comes f ! load4 ,also ,i h %[n 9 ! pres5t "w h[ ! creature1 9 caus+ s91 is a defici5t cause2 h[ errors & evil incl9ations spr+ f privation2 & h[ privation is efficaci\s accid5tally4 ,& ,i h ju/ifi$ ! op9ion ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 7lib4 ,i1 ,ad4 ,simpl41 qu4 #b7 :o expla9s 7= example7 h[ ,god h>d5s ! s\l1 n 9 giv+ x some?+ evil1 b because ! effect ( ! good he impr9ts is re/rict$ by ! resi/ance ( ! s\l1 & by ! circum/ances contribut+ to ?is resi/ance1 s t he does n give x all ! good t w\ld ov]come its evil4 ',nec 7inquit7 ab illo erogatur aliquid quo homo fit det]ior1 s$ tantum quo fit melior non erogatur4' ,b if ,god _h will$ to d m "h he mu/ ne$s h produc$ ei!r fre% natures 9 8 creatures or fre% miracles to *ange _! natures1 & ?is ! be/ plan did n all[4 ,x is j z if ! curr5t ( ! riv] mu/ ne$s be m rapid ?an its slope p]mits or ! boats !mselves be less lad51 if !y #che _h to be impell$ at a great] spe$4 ,s ! limitation or orig9al imp]fection ( creatures br+s x ab\t t ev5 ! be/ plan ( ! univ]se _c admit m good1 & _c be exempt$ f c]ta9 evils1 ^!1 h[ev]1 be+ only ( su* a k9d z may t5d t[>ds a great] good4 ,!re are "s disord]s 9 ! p>ts :i* wond]fully enhance ! beauty ( ! :ole1 j z c]ta9 dissonances1 appropriately us$1 r5d] h>mony m beautiful4 ,b t dep5ds ^u ! answ] :i* ,i h already giv5 to ! fir/ objection4 ,,objection ,,vi ,:oev] puni%es ^? :o h done z well z x 0 9 _! p[] to d is unju/4 ,god does s4 ,!re=e1 etc4 ,,answ] ,i d5y ! m9or ( ?is argum5t4 ,& ,i believe t ,god always gives suffici5t aid & grace to ^? :o h good w1 t is to say1 :o d n reject ?is grace by a fre% s94 ,?us ,i d n admit ! damnation ( *ildr5 dy+ unbaptiz$ or outside ! ,*ur*1 or ! damnation ( adult p]sons :o h act$ accord+ to ! light t ,god has giv5 !m4 ,& ,i believe t1 if anyone has foll[$ ! light he _h1 he w und\bt$ly receive !re( 9 great] measure z he has ne$1 ev5 z ! late ,h]r ,hulsemann1 :o 0 celebrat$ z a pr(\nd !ologian at ,leipzig1 has some:]e obs]v$2 & if su* a man _h fail$ to receive light dur+ 8 life1 he w\ld receive x at lea/ 9 ! h\r ( dea?4 ,,objection ,,vii ,:oev] gives only to "s1 & n to all1 ! means ( produc+ effectively 9 !m good w & f9al sav+ fai? has n en\gh goodness4 ,god does s4 ,!re=e1 etc4 ,,answ] ,i d5y ! major4 ,x is true t ,god c\ld ov]come ! greate/ resi/ance ( ! human he>t1 & inde$ he sometimes does s1 #chf :e!r by an inw>d grace or by ! outw>d circum/ances t c greatly influ5ce s\ls2 b he does n always d s4 ,:5ce comes ?is di/9ction1 someone w say1 & :]e=e does 8 goodness appe> to be re/rict$8 ,! tru? is t x w\ld n h be5 9 ord] always to act 9 an extraord9>y way & to d]ange ! connexion ( ?+s1 z ,i h obs]v$ already 9 answ]+ ! fir/ objection4 ,! reasons = ?is connexion1 :]eby ! "o is plac$ 9 m fav\rable circum/ances ?an ! o!r1 are hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( ,god's wisdom3 !y dep5d ^u ! univ]sal h>mony4 ,! be/ plan ( ! univ]se1 :i* ,god c\ld n fail to *oose1 requir$ ?is4 ,"o concludes ?us f ! ev5t itself2 s9ce ,god made ! univ]se1 x 0 n possible to d bett]4 ,su* managem5t1 f> f be+ contr>y to goodness1 has r be5 prompt$ by supreme goodness itself4 ,?is objection ) its solution might h be5 inf]r$ f :at 0 said ) reg>d to ! fir/ objection2 b x seem$ advisable to t\* ^u x sep>ately4 ,,objection ,,viii ,:oev] _c fail to *oose ! be/ is n free4 ,god _c fail to *oose ! be/4 ,!re=e ,god is n free4 ,,answ] ,i d5y ! major ( ?is argum5t4 ,r is x true fre$om1 & ! mo/ p]fect1 to be able to make ! be/ use ( "o's free w1 & always to ex]cise ?is p[]1 )\t be+ turn$ aside ei!r by outw>d =ce or by inw>d passions1 :]e( ! "o enslaves our bodies & ! o!r our s\ls4 ,!re is no?+ less s]vile & m befitt+ ! highe/ degree ( fre$om ?an to be always l$ t[>ds ! good1 & always by "o's own incl9ation1 )\t any con/ra9t & )\t any displeasure4 ,& to object t ,god !re=e _h ne$ ( ext]nal ?+s is only a sophism4 ,he creates !m freely3 b :5 he _h set be=e him an end1 t ( ex]cis+ 8 goodness1 8 wisdom det]m9$ him to *oose ! means mo/ appropriate = obta9+ ?is end4 ,to call t a ne$ is to take ! t]m 9 a s5se n usual1 :i* cle>s x ( all imp]fection1 some:at z "o does :5 speak+ ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,s5eca says some:]e1 t ,god comm&$ only once1 b t he obeys#chg always1 because he obeys ! laws t he will$ to orda9 = himself3 semel jussit1 semp] p>et4 ,b he _h bett] h said1 t ,god always comm&s & t he is always obey$3 = 9 will+ he always foll[s ! t5d5cy ( 8 own nature1 & all o!r ?+s always foll[ 8 w4 ,& z ?is w is always ! same "o _c say t he obeys t w only :i* he =m]ly _h4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh 8 w is always indefectible & always t5ds t[>ds ! be/1 ! evil or ! less] good :i* he rejects w /ill be possible 9 itself4 ,o!rwise ! necessity ( good w\ld be geometrical 7s to speak7 or metaphysical1 & altoge!r absolute2 ! cont+5cy ( ?+s w\ld be de/roy$1 & !re w\ld be no *oice4 ,b necessity ( ?is k9d1 :i* does n de/roy ! possibility ( ! contr>y1 has ! "n by analogy only3 x becomes effective n ?r\gh ! m]e ess5ce ( ?+s1 b ?r\gh t :i* is outside !m & above !m1 t is1 ?r\gh ! w ( ,god4 ,?is necessity is call$ moral1 because = ! wise :at is necess>y & :at is ow+ are equival5t ?+s2 & :5 x is always foll[$ by its effect1 z x inde$ is 9 ! p]fectly wise1 t is1 9 ,god1 "o c say t x is a happy necessity4 ,! m ne>ly creatures approa* ?is1 ! clos] d !y come to p]fect felicity4 ,moreov]1 necessity ( ?is k9d is n ! necessity "o endeav\rs to avoid1 & :i* de/roys morality1 rew>d & comm5dation4 ,= t :i* x br+s to pass does n happ5 :atev] "o may d & :atev] "o may w1 b because "o desires x4 ,a w to :i* x is natural to *oose well des]ves mo/ to be comm5d$2 & x c>ries ) x its own rew>d1 :i* is supreme happ9ess4 ,& z ?is con/itution ( ! div9e nature gives an entire satisfaction to him :o possesses x1 x is also ! be/ & ! mo/ desirable f ! po9t ( view ( ! creatures :o are all dep5d5t ^u ,god4 ,if ! w ( ,god _h n z its rule ! pr9ciple ( ! be/1 x w\ld t5d t[>ds evil1 :i* w\ld be wor/ ( all2 or else x w\ld be indiff]5t someh[ to good & to evil1 & guid$ by *ance4 ,b a w t w\ld always drift along at r&om w\ld sc>cely be any bett] = ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se ?an ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( corpuscles1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( div9ity4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ,god %\ld ab&on himself to *ance only 9 "s cases1 & 9 a c]ta9 way 7z he w\ld if he did n always t5d entirely t[>ds ! be/1 & if he 7 capable ( pref]r+ a less] good to a great] good1 t is1 an evil to a good1 s9ce t :i* #chh prev5ts a great] good is an evil7 he w\ld be no less imp]fect ?an ! object ( 8 *oice4 ,!n he w\ld n des]ve absolute tru/2 he w\ld act )\t reason 9 su* a case1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se w\ld be l c]ta9 games equally divid$ betwe5 reason & luck4 ,?is all proves t ?is objection :i* is made aga9/ ! *oice ( ! be/ p]v]ts ! notions ( free & necess>y1 & repres5ts ! be/ to u actually z evil3 b t is ei!r malici\s or absurd4 #chi 99 99 99 99 99 ,,excursus ,,on ,,!odicy #cib publi%$ by ! au?or 9 ,mmoires de ,trv\x ,july #agab 99 99 99 99 99 ,febru>y #agab ,i said 9 my essays1 #cib1 t ,i wi%$ to see ! demon/rations m5tion$ by ,m4 ,bayle & conta9$ 9 ! six? lett] pr9t$ at ,trv\x 9 #agjc4 ,fa!r des ,bosses has %[n me ?is lett]1 9 :i* ! writ] essays to demon/rate by ! geometrical me?od t ,god is ! sole true cause ( all t is real4 ,my p]usal ( x has confirm$ me 9 ! op9ion :i* ,i indicat$ 9 ! same passage1 namely1 t ?is proposition c be true 9 a v good s5se1 ,god be+ ! only cause ( pure & absolute realities1 or p]fections2 b :5 "o includes limitations or privations "u ! "n ( realities "o c say t second causes co-op]ate 9 ! production ( :at is limit$1 & t o!rwise ,god w\ld be ! cause ( s91 & ev5 its sole cause4 ,& ,i am some:at incl9$ to ?9k t ! gift$ au?or ( ! lett] does n greatly diff] 9 op9ion f me1 al?\gh he seems to include all modalities among ! realities ( :i* he decl>es ,god to be ! sole cause4 ,= 9 actual fact ,i ?9k he w n admit t ,god is ! cause & ! au?or ( s94 ,inde$1 he expla9s himself 9 a mann] :i* seems to ov]?r[ 8 !sis & to grant real action to creatures4 ,= 9 ! pro( ( ! eigh? coroll>y ( 8 second proposition ^! words occur3 ',! natural motion ( ! s\l1 al?\gh det]m9ate 9 itself1 is indet]m9ate 9 respect ( its objects4 ,= x is love ( good 9 g5]al4 ,x is ?r\gh ! ideas ( good appe>+ #cij 9 individual objects t ?is motion becomes individual & det]m9ate 9 relation to ^? objects4 ,& ?us z ! m9d has ! p[] ( v>y+ its own ideas x c also *ange ! det]m9ations ( its love4 ,& = t purpose x is n necess>y t x ov]come ! p[] ( ,god or oppose 8 action4 ,^! det]m9ations ( motion t[>ds individual objects are n inv9cible4 ,x is ?is non9v9cibility :i* causes ! m9d to be free & capable ( *ang+ !m2 b aft] all ! m9d makes ^! *anges only ?r\gh ! motion :i* ,god gives to x & cons]ves = x4' ,9 my own /yle ,i w\ld h said t ! p]fection :i* is 9 ! action ( ! creature comes f ,god1 b t ! limitations to be f\nd !re are a consequ5ce ( ! orig9al limitation & ! prec$+ limitations t occurr$ 9 ! creature4 ,fur!r1 ?is is s n only 9 m9ds b also 9 all o!r sub/ances1 :i* !reby are causes co-op]at+ 9 ! *ange :i* comes to pass 9 !mselves2 = ?is det]m9ation ( :i* ! au?or speaks is no?+ b a limitation4 ,n[ if aft] t "o reviews all ! demon/rations or coroll>ies ( ! lett]1 "o w be able to admit or reject ! majority ( its ass]tions1 9 accordance ) ! int]pretation "o may make ( !m4 ,if by 'reality' "o means only p]fections or positive realities1 ,god is ! only true cause2 b if t :i* involves limitations is includ$ "u ! realities1 "o w d5y a consid]able portion ( ! !ses1 & ! au?or himself w h %[n u ! example4 ,x is 9 ord] to r5d] ! matt] m compreh5sible t ,i us$ 9 ! ,essays ! example ( a lad5 boat1 :i*1 ! m lad5 x is1 is ! m sl[ly c>ri$ along by ! /ream4 ,!re "o sees cle>ly t ! /ream is ! cause ( :at is positive 9 ?is motion1 ( ! p]fection1 ! =ce1 ! spe$ ( ! boat1 b t ! load is ! cause ( ! re/riction ( ?is =ce1 & t x br+s ab\t ! ret>dation4 ,x is praisewor?y 9 anyone to attempt to apply ! geometrical me?od to metaphysical matt]s4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t hi!rto success has seldom be5 atta9$3 & ,m4 ,desc>tes himself1 ) all t v great skill :i* "o _c d5y 9 him1 nev] p]haps _h less success ?an :5 he essay$ to d ?is 9 "o ( 8 answ]s to objections4 ,= 9 ma!matics x is easi] to succe$1 because numb]s1 figures & calculations make good ! defects conceal$ 9 words2 b 9 metaphysics1 :]e "o is depriv$ ( ?is aid 7at lea/ 9 ord9>y #cia argum5tation71 ! /rictness employ$ 9 ! =m ( ! argum5t & 9 ! exact def9itions ( ! t]ms mu/ ne$s supply ?is lack4 ,b 9 nei!r argum5t nor def9ition is t /rictness "h to be se54 ,! au?or ( ! lett]1 :o und\bt$ly displays mu* ard\r & p5etration1 sometimes goes a little too f>1 z :5 he claims to prove t !re is z mu* reality & =ce 9 re/ z 9 motion1 accord+ to ! fif? coroll>y ( ! second proposition4 ,he ass]ts t ! w ( ,god is no less positive 9 re/ ?an 9 motion1 & t x is n less inv9cible4 ,be x s1 b does x foll[ t !re is z mu* reality & =ce 9 ea* ( ! two8 ,i d n see ?is conclusion1 & ) ! same argum5t "o w\ld prove t !re is z mu* =ce 9 a /rong motion z 9 a weak motion4 ,god 9 will+ re/ wills t ! body be at ! place ,a1 :]e x 0 imm$iately be=e1 & = t x suffices t !re be no reason to prompt ,god to ! *ange4 ,b :5 ,god wills t aft]w>ds ! body be at ! place ,b1 !re mu/ ne$s be a new reason1 ( su* a k9d z to det]m9e ,god to w t x be 9 ,b & n 9 ,c or 9 any o!r place1 & t x be !re m or less promptly4 ,x is ^u ^! reasons1 ! volitions ( ,god1 t we mu/ assess ! =ce & ! reality exi/5t 9 ?+s4 ,! au?or speaks mu* ( ! w ( ,god1 b he does n speak mu* 9 ?is lett] ( ! reasons :i* prompt ,god to w1 & ^u :i* all dep5ds4 ,& ^! reasons are tak5 f ! objects4 ,i obs]ve fir/1 inde$1 ) reg>d to ! second coroll>y ( ! fir/ proposition1 t x is v true1 b t x is n v well prov54 ,! writ] affirms t if ,god only ceas$ to w ! exi/5ce ( a be+1 t be+ w\ld no long] exi/2 & "h is ! pro( giv5 ^w = ^w3 ',demon/ration4 ,t :i* exi/s only by ! w ( ,god no long] exi/s once t w has ceas$4' 7,b t is :at mu/ be prov$4 ,! writ] endeav\rs to prove x by add+37 ',remove ! cause1 y remove ! effect4' 7,?is maxim ought to h be5 plac$ among ! axioms :i* are /at$ at ! beg9n+4 ,b unhappily ?is axiom may be reckon$ among ^? rules ( philosophy :i* are subject to _m exceptions47 ',n[ by ! prec$+ proposition & by its fir/ coroll>y no be+ exi/s save by ! w ( ,god4 ,!re=e1 etc4' ,!re is ambiguity 9 ?is expression1 t no?+ exi/s save by ! w ( ,god4 ,if "o means t ?+s #cib beg9 to exi/ only ?r\gh ?is w1 "o is ju/ifi$ 9 ref]r+ to ! prec$+ propositions2 b if "o means t ! exi/5ce ( ?+s is at all times a consequ5ce ( ! w ( ,god1 "o assumes m or less :at is 9 "q4 ,!re=e x 0 necess>y to prove fir/ t ! exi/5ce ( ?+s dep5ds ^u ! w ( ,god1 & t x is n only a m]e effect ( t w1 b a dep5d5ce1 9 proportion to ! p]fection :i* ?+s conta92 & once t is assum$1 !y w dep5d ^u ,god's w no less aft]w>ds ?an at ! beg9n+4 ,t is ! way ,i h tak5 ! matt] 9 my ,essays4 ,nev]!less ,i recognize t ! lett] ^u :i* ,i h j made obs]vations is admirable & well des]v+ ( p]usal1 & t x conta9s noble & true s5tim5ts1 provid$ x be tak5 9 ! s5se ,i h j indicat$4 ,& argum5ts 9 ?is =m may s]ve z an introduction to m$itations some:at m advanc$4 #cic 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reflexions ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,t ,,mr4 ,,hobbes ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,engli% ,,on ',,fre$om1 ,,necessity ,,& ,,*ance' 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,z ! "q ( ,necessity & ,fre$om1 ) o!r que/ions dep5d+ !reon1 0 at "o "t debat$ betwe5 ! fam\s ,mr4 ,hobbes & ,dr4 ,john ,bramhall1 ,bi%op ( ,d]ry1 9 books publi%$ by ea* ( !m1 ,i h deem$ x appropriate to give a cle> acc\nt ( !m 7al?\gh ,i h already m5tion$ !m m ?an once72 & ?is all ! m s9ce ^! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,hobbes h hi!rto only appe>$ 9 ,engli%1 & s9ce ! works ( ?is au?or usually conta9 some?+ good & +5i\s4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry & ,mr4 ,hobbes1 hav+ met 9 ,p>is at ! h\se ( ! ,m>quis1 aft]w>ds ,duke1 ( ,newca/le 9 ! ye> #afdf1 ent]$ into a discussion on ?is subject4 ,! dispute 0 conduct$ ) extreme re/ra9t2 b ! bi%op %ortly aft]w>ds s5t a note to ,my ,"l ,newca/le1 desir+ him to induce ,mr4 ,hobbes to answ] x4 ,he answ]$2 b at ! same "t he express$ a wi% t 8 answ] %\ld n be publi%$1 because he believ$ x possible = ill-in/ruct$ p]sons to abuse dogmas su* z 81 h[ev] true !y might be4 ,x s happ5$1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,hobbes himself pass$ x to a ,fr5* fri5d1 & all[$ a "y ,engli%man to translate x into ,fr5* = ! b5efit ( ?is fri5d4 ,?is "y man kept a copy ( ! ,engli% orig9al1 & publi%$ x lat] 9 ,engl& )\t ! au?or's k4 ,?us ! bi%op 0 oblig$ to reply to x1 & ,mr4 ,hobbes to make a rejo9d]1 & to #cid publi% all ! pieces toge!r 9 a book ( #cdh pages pr9t$ 9 ,london 9 ! ye> #afef1 9 #dto41 entitl$1 ,que/ions conc]n+ ,fre$om1 ,necessity & ,*ance1 elucidat$ & discuss$ betwe5 ,doctor ,bramhall1 ,bi%op ( ,d]ry1 & ,?omas ,hobbes ( ,malmesbury4 ,!re is a lat] edition1 ( ! ye> #afhd1 9 a "w entitl$ ,hobbes's ,tripos1 :]e are to be f\nd 8 book on human nature1 8 treatise on ! body politic & 8 treatise on fre$om & necessity2 b ! latt] does n conta9 ! bi%op's reply1 nor ! au?or's rejo9d]4 ,mr4 ,hobbes argues on ?is subject ) 8 usual wit & subtlety2 b x is a pity t 9 bo? ! "o & ! o!r we /umble ^u petty tricks1 su* z arise 9 excitem5t ov] ! game4 ,! bi%op speaks ) mu* vehem5ce & behaves some:at arrogantly4 ,mr4 ,hobbes = 8 "p is n dispos$ to sp>e ! o!r1 & manife/s r too mu* scorn = !ology1 & = ! t]m9ology ( ! ,s*oolm51 :i* is app>5tly fav\r$ by ! bi%op4 #b4 ,"o mu/ confess t !re is some?+ /range & indef5sible 9 ! op9ions ( ,mr4 ,hobbes4 ,he ma9ta9s t doctr9es t\*+ ! div9ity dep5d entirely ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! sov]eign1 & t ,god is no m ! cause ( ! good ?an ( ! bad actions ( creatures4 ,he ma9ta9s t all t :i* ,god does is j1 because !re is none above him ) p[] to puni% & con/ra9 him4 ,yet he speaks sometimes z if :at is said ab\t ,god 7 only complim5ts1 t is to say expressions prop] = pay+ him hon\r1 b n = kn[+ him4 ,he te/ifies also t x seems to him t ! pa9s ( ! wick$ mu/ end 9 _! de/ruction3 ?is op9ion closely approa*es t ( ! ,soc9ians1 b x seems t ,mr4 ,hobbes goes mu* fur!r4 ,8 philosophy1 :i* ass]ts t bodies alone are sub/ances1 h>dly appe>s fav\rable to ! provid5ce ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,on o!r subjects nev]!less he says v reasonable ?+s4 ,he %[s cle>ly t no?+ comes ab\t by *ance1 or r t *ance only signifies ! ignorance ( causes t produce ! effect1 & t = ea* effect !re mu/ be a concurr5ce ( all ! suffici5t conditions ant]ior to ! ev5t1 n "o ( :i*1 manife/ly1 c be lack+ :5 ! ev5t is to foll[1 because !y are conditions3 ! ev5t1 moreov]1 does n fail to foll[ :5 ^! conditions exi/ all toge!r1 because !y are suffici5t conditions4 ,all :i* am\nts to ! same z ,i h said s _m times1 t ev]y?+ comes to pass z a result ( det]m9+ reasons1 ! k #cie :]e(1 if we _h x1 w\ld make u "k at ! same "t :y ! ?+ has happ5$ & :y x did n g o!rwise4 #c4 ,b ?is au?or's hum\r1 :i* prompts him to p>adoxes & makes him seek to contradict o!rs1 has made him draw out exagg]at$ & odi\s conclusions & expressions1 z if ev]y?+ happ5$ ?r\gh an absolute necessity4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry1 on ! o!r h&1 has aptly obs]v$ 9 ! answ] to article #ce1 page #cbg1 t !re results only a hypo!tical necessity1 su* z we all grant to ev5ts 9 relation to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 :ile ,mr4 ,hobbes ma9ta9s t ev5 div9e =ekn[l$ge alone w\ld be suffici5t to e/abli% an absolute necessity ( ev5ts4 ,?is 0 also ! op9ion ( ,wyclif1 & ev5 ( ,lu!r1 :5 he wrote ,de ,s]vo ,arbitrio2 or at lea/ !y spoke s4 ,b x is suffici5tly ackn[l$g$ to-day t ?is k9d ( necessity :i* is t]m$ hypo!tical1 & spr+s f =ekn[l$ge or f o!r ant]ior reasons1 has no?+ 9 x to ar\se "o's al>m3 :]eas x w\ld be q o!rwise if ! ?+ 7 necess>y ( itself1 9 su* a way t ! contr>y impli$ contradiction4 ,mr4 ,hobbes refuses to li/5 to any?+ ab\t a moral necessity ei!r1 on ! gr\nd t ev]y?+ really happ5s ?r\gh physical causes4 ,b "o is nev]!less ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! necessity :i* con/ra9s ! wise to d good1 & :i* is t]m$ moral1 exi/+ ev5 9 relation to ,god1 & t bl9d necessity :]eby accord+ to ,epicurus1 ,/rato1 ,sp9oza1 & p]haps ,mr4 ,hobbes1 ?+s exi/ )\t intellig5ce & )\t *oice1 & consequ5tly )\t ,god4 ,inde$1 !re w\ld accord+ to !m be no ne$ ( ,god1 s9ce 9 consequ5ce ( ?is necessity all w\ld h exi/5ce ?r\gh its own ess5ce1 j z necess>ily z two & ?ree make five4 ,& ?is necessity is absolute1 because ev]y?+ x c>ries ) x mu/ happ51 :atev] "o may d2 :]eas :at happ5s by a hypo!tical necessity happ5s z a result ( ! supposition t ?is or t has be5 =ese5 or resolv$1 or done be=eh&2 & moral necessity conta9s an obligation impos$ by reason1 :i* is always foll[$ by its effect 9 ! wise4 ,?is k9d ( necessity is happy & desirable1 :5 "o is prompt$ by good reasons to act z "o does2 b necessity bl9d & absolute w\ld subv]t piety & morality4 #d4 ,!re is m reason 9 ,mr4 ,hobbes's disc\rse :5 he admits t #cif our actions are 9 our p[]1 s t we d t :i* we w :5 we h ! p[] to d x1 & :5 !re is no h9drance4 ,he ass]ts not)/&+ t our volitions !mselves are n s )9 our p[] t we c give ourselves1 )\t difficulty & accord+ to our good pleasure1 incl9ations & wills :i* we might desire4 ,! bi%op does n appe> to h tak5 notice ( ?is reflexion1 :i* ,mr4 ,hobbes also does n develop en\gh4 ,! tru? is t we h "s p[] also ov] our volitions1 b obliquely1 & n absolutely & indiff]5tly4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ 9 "s passages ( ?is "w4 ,f9ally ,mr4 ,hobbes %[s1 l o!rs be=e him1 t ! c]ta9ty ( ev5ts1 & necessity itself1 if !re 7 any 9 ! way our actions dep5d ^u causes1 w\ld n prev5t u f employ+ delib]ations1 exhortations1 blame & praise1 puni%m5ts & rew>ds3 = ^! are ( s]vice & prompt m5 to produce actions or to refra9 f !m4 ,?us1 if human actions 7 necess>y1 !y w\ld be s ?r\gh ^! means4 ,b ! tru? is1 t s9ce ^! actions are n necess>y absolutely :atev] "o may d1 ^! means contribute only to r5d] ! actions det]m9ate & c]ta91 z !y are inde$2 = _! nature %[s t !y are n subject to an absolute necessity4 ,he gives also a good en\gh notion ( fre$om1 9 s f> z x is tak5 9 a g5]al s5se1 common to intellig5t & non-intellig5t sub/ances3 he /ates t a ?+ is deem$ free :5 ! p[] :i* x has is n imp$$ by an ext]nal ?+4 ,?us ! wat] t is damm$ by a dyke has ! p[] to spread1 b n ! fre$om4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has n ! p[] to rise above ! dyke1 al?\gh no?+ w\ld prev5t x !n f spread+1 & al?\gh no?+ f outside prev5ts x f ris+ s high4 ,to t end x w\ld be necess>y t ! wat] itself %\ld come f a high] po9t or t ! wat]-level %\ld be rais$ by an increas$ fl[4 ,?us a prison] lacks ! fre$om1 :ile a sick man lacks ! p[]1 to g 8 way4 #e4 ,!re is 9 ,mr4 ,hobbes's preface an ab/ract ( ! disput$ po9ts1 :i* ,i w give "h1 add+ "s expression ( op9ion4 ,on "o side 7he says7 ! ass]tion is made1 7#a7 't x is n 9 ! pres5t p[] ( man to *oose = himself ! w t he %\ld h'4 ,t is well said1 especially 9 relation to pres5t w3 m5 *oose ! objects ?r\gh w1 b !y d n *oose _! pres5t wills1 :i* spr+ f reasons & dispositions4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t "o c seek new #cig reasons = oneself1 & ) "t give oneself new dispositions2 & by ?is means "o c also obta9 = oneself a w :i* "o _h n & c\ld n h giv5 oneself =?)4 ,x is 7to use ! comp>ison ,mr4 ,hobbes himself uses7 z ) hung] or ) ?ir/4 ,at ! pres5t x does n re/ ) my w to be hungry or n2 b x re/s ) my w to eat or n to eat2 yet1 = ! "t to come1 x re/s ) me to be hungry1 or to prev5t myself f be+ s at su* & su* an h\r ( day1 by eat+ be=eh&4 ,9 ?is way x is possible (t5 to avoid an evil w4 ,ev5 ?\gh ,mr4 ,hobbes /ates 9 8 reply 7,no4 #ad1 p4 #ach7 t x is ! mann] ( laws to say1 y mu/ d or y mu/ n d ?is1 b t !re is no law say+1 y mu/ w1 or y mu/ n w x1 yet x is cle> t he is mi/ak5 9 reg>d to ! ,law ( ,god1 :i* says non concupisces1 ?\ %alt n covet2 x is true t ?is prohibition does n conc]n ! fir/ motions1 :i* are involunt>y4 ,x is ass]t$ 7#b7 ',t haz>d' 7*ance 9 ,engli%1 casus 9 ,lat97 'produces no?+'1 t is1 t no?+ is produc$ )\t cause or reason4 ,v "r1 ,i admit x1 if "o !reby int5ds a real haz>d4 ,= =tune & haz>d are only appe>ances1 :i* spr+ f ignorance ( causes or f disreg>d ( !m4 7#c7 ',t all ev5ts h _! necess>y causes4' ,wrong3 !y h _! det]m9+ causes1 :]eby "o c acc\nt = !m2 b ^! are n necess>y causes4 ,! contr>y might h happ5$1 )\t imply+ contradiction4 7#d7 ',t ! w ( ,god makes ! necessity ( all ?+s4' ,wrong3 ! w ( ,god produces only cont+5t ?+s1 :i* c\ld h gone diff]5tly1 s9ce "t1 space & matt] are indiff]5t ) reg>d to all k9ds ( %ape & movem5t4 #f4 ,on ! o!r side 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,hobbes7 x is ass]t$1 7#a7 ',t man is free' 7absolutely7 n only 'to *oose :at he wills to d1 b also to *oose :at he wills to w4' ,t is ill said3 "o is n absolute ma/] ( "o's w1 to *ange x =?)1 )\t mak+ use ( "s means or skill = t purpose4 7#b7 ',:5 man wills a good action1 ! w ( ,god co-op]ates ) 81 o!rwise n4' ,t is well said1 provid$ "o means t ,god does n w evil actions1 al?\gh he wills to p]mit !m1 to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( some?+ :i* w\ld be worse ?an ^! s9s4 7#c7 ',t ! w c *oose :e!r x wills to w or n4' ,wrong1 ) reg>d to pres5t volition4 7#d7 ',t ?+s happ5 )\t necessity by *ance4' ,wrong3 :at happ5s )\t necessity #cih does n because ( t happ5 by *ance1 t is to say1 )\t causes & reasons4 7#e7 ',not)/&+ t ,god may =esee t an ev5t w happ51 x is n necess>y t x happ51 s9ce ,god =esees ?+s1 n z futurities & z 9 _! causes1 b z pres5t4' ,t beg9s well1 & f9i%es ill4 ,"o is ju/ifi$ 9 admitt+ ! necessity ( ! consequ5ce1 b "o has no reason to resort to ! "q h[ ! future is pres5t to ,god3 = ! necessity ( ! consequ5ce does n prev5t ! ev5t or consequ5t f be+ cont+5t 9 itself4 #g4 ,our au?or ?9ks t s9ce ! doctr9e reviv$ by ,arm9ius _h be5 fav\r$ 9 ,engl& by ,ar*bi%op ,laud & by ! ,c\rt1 & important ecclesia/ical promotions _h be5 only = ^? ( t p>ty1 ?is contribut$ to ! revolt :i* caus$ ! bi%op & him to meet 9 _! exile 9 ,p>is at ! h\se ( ,"l ,newca/le1 & to ent] into a discussion4 ,i w\ld n approve all ! measures ( ,ar*bi%op ,laud1 :o _h m]it & p]haps also good w1 b :o appe>s to h goad$ ! ,presbyt]ians excessively4 ,nev]!less "o may say t ! revolutions1 z mu* 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries z 9 ,great ,brita91 9 "p arose f ! extreme intol]ance ( ! /rict p>ty4 ,"o may say also t ! def5d]s ( ! absolute decree 7 at lea/ z /rict z ! o!rs1 hav+ oppress$ _! oppon5ts 9 ,holl& ) ! au?ority ( ,pr9ce ,maurice & hav+ fom5t$ ! revolts 9 ,engl& aga9/ ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ,b ^! are ! faults ( m51 & n ( dogmas4 ,_! oppon5ts d n sp>e !m ei!r1 witness ! sev]ity us$ 9 ,saxony aga9/ ,nicolas ,krell & ! proce$+s ( ! ,jesuits aga9/ ! ,bi%op ( ,ypres's p>ty4 #h4 ,mr4 ,hobbes obs]ves1 aft] ,ari/otle1 t !re are two s\rces = pro(s3 reason & au?ority4 ,z = reason1 he says t he admits ! reasons d]iv$ f ! attributes ( ,god1 :i* he calls argum5tative1 & ! notions :]e( are conceivable2 b he ma9ta9s t !re are o!rs :]e9 "o conceives no?+1 & :i* are only expressions by :i* we aspire to hon\r ,god4 ,b ,i d n see h[ "o c hon\r ,god by expressions t h no mean+4 ,x may be t ) ,mr4 ,hobbes1 z ) ,sp9oza1 wisdom1 goodness1 ju/ice are only fictions 9 relation to ,god & ! univ]se1 s9ce ! prime cause1 accord+ to !m1 acts ?r\gh ! necessity ( its p[]1 & n by ! *oice ( its wisdom4 ,t is #cii an op9ion ^: falsity ,i h suffici5tly prov$4 ,x appe>s t ,mr4 ,hobbes did n wi% to decl>e himself en\gh1 = fe> ( caus+ (f5ce to p2 on :i* po9t he is to be comm5d$4 ,x 0 also on t acc\nt1 z he says himself1 t he _h desir$ t :at _h pass$ betwe5 ! bi%op & him 9 ,p>is %\ld n be publi%$4 ,he adds t x is n good to say t an action :i* ,god does n w happ5s1 s9ce t is to say 9 effect t ,god is lack+ 9 p[]4 ,b he adds also at ! same "t t x is n good ei!r to say ! opposite1 & to attribute to ,god t he wills ! evil2 because t is n seemly1 & w\ld appe> to accuse ,god ( lack ( goodness4 ,he believes1 !re=e1 t 9 ^! matt]s tell+ ! tru? is n advisable4 ,he w\ld be "r if ! tru? 7 9 ! p>adoxical op9ions t he ma9ta9s4 ,= inde$ x appe>s t accord+ to ! op9ion ( ?is writ] ,god has no goodness1 or r t t :i* he calls ,god is no?+ b ! bl9d nature ( ! mass ( mat]ial ?+s1 :i* acts accord+ to ma!matical laws1 foll[+ an absolute necessity1 z ! atoms d 9 ! sy/em ( ,epicurus4 ,if ,god 7 z ! great are sometimes "h on e>?1 x w\ld n be fitt+ to utt] all ! tru?s conc]n+ him4 ,b ,god is n z a man1 ^: designs & actions (t5 mu/ be conceal$2 r x is always p]missible & reasonable to publi% ! c\nsels & ! actions ( ,god1 because !y are always glori\s & wor?y ( praise4 ,?us x is always "r to utt] tru?s conc]n+ ! div9ity2 "o ne$ n anyh[ refra9 f fe> ( giv+ (f5ce4 ,& ,i h expla9$1 s x seems to me1 9 a way :i* satisfies reason1 & does n w\nd piety1 h[ x is to be und]/ood t ,god's w takes effect1 & concurs ) s91 )\t compromis+ 8 wisdom & 8 goodness4 #i4 ,z to ! au?orities d]iv$ f ,holy ,scripture1 ,mr4 ,hobbes divides !m into ?ree k9ds2 "s1 he says1 are = me1 ! second k9d are neutral1 & ! ?ird seem to be = my oppon5t4 ,! passages :i* he ?9ks fav\rable to 8 op9ion are ^? :i* ascribe to ,god ! cause ( our w4 ,?us ,g54 xlv4 #e1 :]e ,joseph says to 8 bre?r51 ',be n griev$1 nor angry ) y\rselves1 t y sold me hi!r3 = ,god did s5d me be=e y to pres]ve life'2 & v]se #h1 'x 0 n y t s5t me hi!r1 b ,god4' ,& ,god said 7,exod4 vii4 #c71 ',i w h>d5 ,ph>aoh's he>t4' ,& ,moses said 7,deut4 ii4 #cj71 ',b ,sihon ,k+ ( #djj ,he%bon w\ld n let u pass by him3 = ! ,"l ?y ,god h>d5$ 8 _s1 & made 8 he>t ob/9ate1 t he might deliv] him into ?y h&4' ,& ,david said ( ,%imei 7#b ,sam4 xvi4 #aj71 ',let him curse1 because ! ,"l ha? said unto him3 ,curse ,david4 ,:o %all !n say1 :]e=e ha/ ?\ done s8' ,& 7#a ,k+s xii4 #ae71 ',! ,k+ ,rehoboam he>k5$ n unto ! p2 = ! cause 0 f ! ,"l4' ,job xii4 #af3 ',! deceiv$ & ! deceiv] are 84' v4 #ag3 ',he make? ! judges fools'2 v4 #bd3 ',he take? away ! he>t ( ! *ief ( ! p ( ! e>?1 & cause? !m to w&] 9 a wild]ness'2 v4 #be3 ',he make? !m to /agg] l a drunk5 man4' ,god said ( ! ,k+ ( ,assyria 7,isa4 x4 #f71 ',aga9/ ! p w ,i give him a *>ge1 to take ! spoil1 & to take ! prey1 & to tread !m d[n l ! mire ( ! /reets4' ,& ,j]emiah said 7,j]4 x4 #bc71 ',o ,"l1 ,i "k t ! way ( man is n 9 himself3 x is n 9 man t walke? to direct 8 /eps4' ,& ,god said 7,ezek4 iii4 #bj71 ',:5 a righte\s man do? turn f 8 righte\sness1 & commit iniquity1 & ,i lay a /umbl+-block be=e him1 he %all die4' ,& ! ,savi\r said 7,john vi4 #dd71 ',no man c come to me1 except ! ,fa!r :i* ha? s5t me draw him4' ,& ,/4 ,pet] 7,acts ii4 #bc71 ',jesus hav+ be5 deliv]$ by ! det]m9ate c\nsel & =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 ye h tak54' ,& ,acts iv4 #bg1 #bh1 ',bo? ,h]od & ,pontius ,pilate1 ) ! ,g5tiles & ! p ( ,israel1 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 = to d :atsoev] ?y h& & ?y c\nsel det]m9$ be=e to be done4' ,& ,/4 ,paul 7,rom4 ix4 #af71 ',x is n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %[e? m]cy4' ,& v4 #ah3 ',!re=e ha? he m]cy on :om he w h m]cy1 & :om he w he h>d5e?'2 v4 #ai3 ',?\ wilt say !n unto me1 :y do? he yet f9d fault8 ,= :o ha? resi/$ 8 w8'2 v4 #bj3 ',nay b1 ,o man1 :o art ?\ t replie/ aga9/ ,god8 ,%all ! ?+ =m$ say to him t =m$ x1 :y ha/ ?\ made me ?us8' ,& #a ,cor4 iv4 #g3 ',= :o make? !e to diff] f ano!r8 & :at ha/ ?\ t ?\ did/ n receive8' ,& #a ,cor4 xii4 #f3 ',!re are div]sities ( op]ations1 b x is ! same ,god :i* worke? all 9 all4' ,& ,eph4 ii4 #aj3 ',we are 8 workman%ip1 creat$ 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus unto good works1 :i* ,god ha? be=e orda9$ t we %\ld walk 9 !m4' ,& ,phil4 ii4 #ac3 ',x is ,god :i* worke? 9 y bo? to w & to d ( 8 good pleasure4' ,"o may add to ^! passages all ^? :i* make ,god ! au?or ( all grace & ( all good #dja incl9ations1 & all ^? :i* say t we are z dead 9 s94 #aj4 ,"h n[ are ! neutral passages1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,hobbes4 ,^! are ^? :]e ,holy ,scripture says t man has ! *oice to act if he wills1 or n to act if he wills n4 ,= example ,deut4 xxx4 #ai3 ',i call heav5 & e>? to record ?is day aga9/ y1 t ,i h set be=e y life & dea?1 bless+ & curs+3 !re=e *oose life1 t bo? ?\ & ?y se$ may live4' ,& ,jo%ua xxiv4 #ae3 ',*oose y ?is day :om ye w s]ve4' ,& ,god said to ,gad ! prophet 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #ab71 ',g & say unto ,david3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,i (f] !e ?ree ?+s2 *oose !e "o ( !m1 t ,i may d x unto !e4' ,& ,isa4 vii4 #af3 ',until ! *ild %all "k to refuse ! evil & *oose ! good4' ,f9ally ! passages :i* ,mr4 ,hobbes ackn[l$ges to be app>5tly contr>y to 8 op9ion are all ^? :]e x is indicat$ t ! w ( man is n 9 con=mity ) t ( ,god4 ,?us ,isa4 v4 #d3 ',:at c\ld h be5 done m to my v9ey>d1 t ,i h n done 9 x8 ,:]e=e1 :5 ,i look$ t x %\ld br+ =? grapes1 br\ght x =? wild grapes8' ,& ,j]4 xix4 #e3 ',!y h built also ! high places ( ,baal1 to burn _! sons ) fire = burnt (f]+s unto ,baal2 :i* ,i comm&$ n1 nor spake x1 nei!r came x into my m9d4' ,& ,hos4 xiii4 #i3 ',o ,israel1 ?\ ha/ de/roy$ ?yself2 b 9 me is ?9e help4' ,& ,i ,tim4 ii4 #d3 ',god w h all m5 to be sav$1 & to come unto ! k ( ! tru?4' ,he av[s t he c\ld quote v _m o!r passages1 su* z ^? :i* indicate t ,god wille? n iniquity1 t he wille? ! salvation ( ! s9n]1 & g5]ally all ^? :i* decl>e t ,god comm&s good & =bids evil4 #aa4 ,mr4 ,hobbes makes answ] to ^! passages t ,god does n always w t :i* he comm&s1 z = example :5 he comm&$ ,abraham to sacrifice 8 son1 & t ,god's reveal$ w is n always 8 full w or 8 decree1 z :5 he reveal$ to ,jonah t ,n9eveh w\ld p]i% 9 =ty days4 ,he adds also1 t :5 x is said t ,god wills ! salvation ( all1 t means simply t ,god comm&s t all d t :i* is necess>y = salvation2 :51 moreov]1 ! ,scripture says t ,god wills n s91 t means t he wills to puni% x4 ,& z = ! re/1 ,mr4 ,hobbes ascribes x to ! =ms ( expression us$ among m54 ,b "o w answ] him t x w\ld be to ,god's discr$it t 8 reveal$ w #djb %\ld be oppos$ to 8 real w3 t :at he bade ,jonah say to ! ,n9evites 0 r a ?reat ?an a pr$iction1 & t ?us ! condition ( imp5it5ce 0 impli$ !re92 moreov] ! ,n9evites took x 9 ?is s5se4 ,"o w say also1 t x is q true t ,god 9 comm&+ ,abraham to sacrifice 8 son will$ ob$i5ce1 b did n w action1 :i* he prev5t$ aft] hav+ obta9$ ob$i5ce2 = t 0 n an action des]v+ 9 itself to be will$4 ,& x is n ! same 9 ! case ( actions :]e he ex]ts 8 w positively1 & :i* are 9 fact wor?y to be ! object ( 8 w4 ,( su* are piety1 *>ity & e virtu\s action t ,god comm&s2 ( su* is omission ( s91 a ?+ m ali5 to div9e p]fection ?an any o!r4 ,x is !re=e incomp>ably bett] to expla9 ! w ( ,god z ,i h expla9$ x 9 ?is "w4 ,?us ,i %all say t ,god1 by virtue ( 8 supreme goodness1 has 9 ! beg9n+ a s]i\s incl9ation to produce1 or to see & cause to be produc$1 all good & e laudable action1 & to prev5t1 or to see & cause to fail1 all evil & e bad action4 ,b he is det]m9$ by ?is same goodness1 unit$ to an inf9ite wisdom1 & by ! v conc\rse ( all ! previ\s & p>ticul> incl9ations t[>ds ea* good1 & t[>ds ! prev5t+ ( ea* evil1 to produce ! be/ possible design ( ?+s4 ,?is is 8 f9al & decretory w4 ,& ?is design ( ! be/ be+ ( su* a nature t ! good mu/ be enhanc$ !re91 z light is enhanc$ by %ade1 by "s evil :i* is incomp>ably less ?an ?is good1 ,god c\ld n h exclud$ ?is evil1 nor introduc$ c]ta9 goods t 7 exclud$ f ?is plan1 )\t wrong+ 8 supreme p]fection4 ,s = t reason "o mu/ say t he p]mitt$ ! s9s ( o!rs1 because o!rwise he w\ld h himself p]=m$ an action worse ?an all ! s9 ( creatures4 #ab4 ,i f9d t ! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry is at lea/ ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 article ,,xv1 9 8 ,reply1 p4 #aec1 t ! op9ion ( 8 oppon5ts is contr>y to piety1 :5 !y ascribe all to ,god's p[] only1 & t ,mr4 ,hobbes ought n to h said t hon\r or wor%ip is only a sign ( ! p[] ( him :om "o hon\rs3 = "o may also1 & "o mu/1 ackn[l$ge & hon\r wisdom1 goodness1 ju/ice & o!r p]fections4 ,magnos facile laudamus1 bonos lib5t]4 ,?is op9ion1 :i* despoils ,god ( all goodness & ( all true ju/ice1 :i* repres5ts him z a ,tyrant1 wield+ an absolute p[]1 indep5d5t ( all "r & ( all equity1 & #djc creat+ millions ( creatures to be et]nally unhappy1 & ?is )\t any o!r aim ?an t ( display+ 8 p[]1 ?is op9ion1 ,i say1 is capable ( r5d]+ m5 v evil2 & if x 7 accept$ no o!r ,devil w\ld be ne$$ 9 ! _w to set m5 at v>iance among !mselves & ) ,god2 z ! ,s]p5t did 9 mak+ ,eve believe t ,god1 :5 he =bade h] ! fruit ( ! tree1 did n w h] good4 ,mr4 ,hobbes endeav\rs to p>ry ?is ?ru/ 9 8 ,rejo9d] 7p4 #afj7 by say+ t goodness is a "p ( ! p[] ( ,god1 t is to say1 ! p[] ( mak+ himself wor?y ( love4 ,b t is an abuse ( t]ms by an evasion1 & conf\nds ?+s t mu/ be kept di/9ct4 ,aft] all1 if ,god does n int5d ! good ( intellig5t creatures1 if he has no o!r pr9ciples ( ju/ice ?an 8 p[] alone1 :i* makes him produce ei!r arbitr>ily t :i* *ance pres5ts to him1 or by necessity all t :i* is possible1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( *oice f\nd$ on good1 h[ c he make himself wor?y ( love8 ,x is !re=e ! doctr9e ei!r ( bl9d p[] or ( arbitr>y p[]1 :i* de/roys piety3 = ! "o de/roys ! intellig5t pr9ciple or ! provid5ce ( ,god1 ! o!r attributes to him actions :i* are appropriate to ! evil pr9ciple4 ,ju/ice 9 ,god1 says ,mr4 ,hobbes 7p4 #afa71 is no?+ b ! p[] he has1 :i* he ex]cises 9 di/ribut+ bless+s & afflictions4 ,?is def9ition surprises me3 x is n ! p[] to di/ribute !m1 b ! w to di/ribute !m reasonably1 t is1 goodness guid$ by wisdom1 :i* makes ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,b1 says he1 ju/ice is n 9 ,god z 9 a man1 :o is only j ?r\gh ! obs]vance ( laws made by 8 sup]ior4 ,mr4 ,hobbes is mi/ak5 also 9 t1 z well z ,h]r ,puf5dorf1 :o foll[$ him4 ,ju/ice does n dep5d ^u arbitr>y laws ( sup]iors1 b on ! et]nal rules ( wisdom & ( goodness1 9 m5 z well z 9 ,god4 ,mr4 ,hobbes ass]ts 9 ! same passage t ! wisdom :i* is attribut$ to ,god does n lie 9 a logical consid]ation ( ! relation ( means to ends1 b 9 an incompreh5sible attribute1 attribut$ to an incompreh5sible nature to hon\r x4 ,x seems z if he means t x is an indescribable some?+ attribut$ to an indescribable some?+1 & ev5 a *im]ical quality giv5 to a *im]ical sub/ance1 to intimidate & to deceive ! nations ?r\gh ! wor%ip :i* !y r5d] to x4 ,aft] all1 x is difficult = ,mr4 ,hobbes to h a diff]5t op9ion ( ,god & ( wisdom1 s9ce he admits only mat]ial sub/ances4 ,if ,mr4 ,hobbes 7 /ill alive1 ,i w\ld bew>e ( ascrib+ to him op9ions :i* might d him injury2 b x #djd is difficult to exempt him f ?is4 ,he may h *ang$ 8 m9d subsequ5tly1 = he atta9$ to a great age2 ?us ,i hope t 8 errors may n h be5 delet]i\s to him4 ,b z !y might be s to o!rs1 x is exp$i5t to give w>n+s to ^? :o %all read ! writ+s ( "o :o o!rwise is ( great m]it1 & f :om "o may pr(it 9 _m ways4 ,x is true t ,god does n reason1 prop]ly speak+1 us+ "t z we d1 to pass f "o tru? to ! o!r3 b z he und]/&s at "o & ! same "t all ! tru?s & all _! connexions1 he kn[s all ! conclusions1 & he conta9s 9 ! highe/ degree )9 himself all ! reason+s t we c develop4 ,& j because ( t 8 wisdom is p]fect4 #dje 99 99 99 99 99 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,book ,,conc]n+ ',,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,evil' ,,publi%$ ,,rec5tly ,,9 ,,london 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,x is a pity t ,m4 ,bayle %\ld h se5 only ! reviews ( ?is admirable "w1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! j\rnals4 ,if he _h read x himself & exam9$ x prop]ly1 he w\ld h provid$ u ) a good opportunity ( ?r[+ light on _m difficulties1 :i* spr+ aga9 & aga9 l ! head ( ! hydra1 9 a matt] :]e x is easy to become confus$ :5 "o has n se5 ! :ole sy/em or does n take ! tr\ble to reason accord+ to a /rict plan4 ,= /rictness ( reason+ p]=ms 9 subjects t transc5d imag9ation ! same function z figures d 9 geometry3 !re mu/ always be some?+ capable ( fix+ our att5tion & =m+ a connexion betwe5 our ?\ghts4 ,t is :y :5 ?is ,lat9 book1 s le>n$ & s elegant ( /yle1 pr9t$ orig9ally 9 ,london & !n repr9t$ 9 ,brem51 fell into my h&s1 ,i judg$ t ! s]i\sness ( ! matt] & ! au?or's m]it requir$ an att5tion :i* read]s might fairly expect ( me1 s9ce we are agre$ only 9 reg>d to half ( ! subject4 ,inde$1 z ! "w conta9s five *apt]s1 & ! fif? ) ! app5dix equals ! re/ 9 size1 ,i h obs]v$ t ! fir/ f\r1 :]e x is a "q ( evil 9 g5]al & ( physical evil 9 p>ticul>1 are 9 h>mony ) my pr9ciples 7save = a few individual passages71 & t !y sometimes ev5 develop ) =ce & eloqu5ce "s po9ts ,i _h treat$ b slightly because ,m4 ,bayle #djf _h n plac$ emphasis ^u !m4 ,b ! fif? *apt]1 ) its sections 7( :i* "s are equal to entire *apt]s7 speak+ ( fre$om & ( ! moral evil dep5d5t ^u x1 is con/ruct$ ^u pr9ciples oppos$ to m9e1 & (t51 inde$1 to ^? ( ,m4 ,bayle2 t is1 if x 7 possible to cr$it him ) any fix$ pr9ciples4 ,= ?is fif? *apt] t5ds to %[ 7if t 7 possible7 t true fre$om dep5ds ^u an indiff]5ce ( equipoise1 vague1 complete & absolute2 s t1 until ! w has det]m9$ itself1 !re w\ld be no reason = its det]m9ation1 ei!r 9 him :o *ooses or 9 ! object2 & "o w\ld n *oose :at pleases1 b 9 *oos+ )\t reason "o w\ld cause :at "o *ooses to be pleas+4 #b4 ,?is pr9ciple ( *oice )\t cause or reason1 ( a *oice1 ,i say1 dive/$ ( ! aim ( wisdom & goodness1 is reg>d$ by _m z ! great privilege ( ,god & ( intellig5t sub/ances1 & z ! s\rce ( _! fre$om1 _! satisfaction1 _! morality & _! good or evil4 ,! fantasy ( a p[] to decl>e "o's indep5d5ce1 n only ( incl9ation1 b ( reason itself )9 & ( good & evil )\t1 is sometimes pa9t$ 9 su* f9e col\rs t "o might take x to be ! mo/ excell5t ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,nev]!less x is only a holl[ fantasy1 a suppression ( ! reasons = ! caprice ( :i* "o boa/s4 ,:at is ass]t$ is impossible1 b if x came to pass x w\ld be h>mful4 ,?is fanta/ic "* might be attribut$ to "s ,don ,juan 9 a ,/4 ,pet]'s ,fea/1 & a man ( romantic disposition might ev5 affect ! outw>d appe>ances ( x & p]suade himself t he has x 9 reality4 ,b 9 ,nature !re w nev] be any *oice to :i* "o is n prompt$ by ! previ\s repres5tation ( good or evil1 by incl9ations or by reasons3 & ,i h always *all5g$ ! support]s ( ?is absolute indiff]5ce to %[ an example !re(4 ,nev]!less if ,i call fanta/ic ?is *oice :]eto "o is det]m9$ by no?+1 ,i am f> f call+ vision>ies ! support]s ( t hypo!sis1 especially our gift$ au?or4 ,! ,p]ipatetics tea* "s beliefs ( ?is nature2 b x w\ld be ! greate/ inju/ice 9 ! _w to be ready to despise on t acc\nt an ,occam1 a ,suisset1 a ,cesalp9o1 a ,conr+ius1 m5 :o /ill advocat$ c]ta9 s*ola/ic op9ions :i* h be5 improv$ ^u to-day4 #c4 ,"o ( ^! op9ions1 reviv$1 h[ev]1 & introduc$ by #djg deg5]ate s*ola/icism1 & 9 ! ,age ( ,*im]as1 is vague indiff]5ce ( *oice1 or real *ance1 assum$ 9 our s\ls2 z if no?+ gave u any incl9ation unless we p]ceiv$ x di/9ctly1 & z if an effect c\ld be )\t causes1 :5 ^! causes are imp]ceptible4 ,x is mu* z "s h d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ins5sible corpuscles because !y d n see !m4 ,mod]n philosoph]s h improv$ ^u ! op9ions ( ! ,s*oolm5 by %[+ t1 accord+ to ! laws ( corporeal nature1 a body c only be set 9 motion by ! movem5t ( ano!r body propell+ x4 ,ev5 s we mu/ believe t our s\ls 7by virtue ( ! laws ( spiritual nature7 c only be mov$ by "s reason ( good or evil3 & ?is ev5 :5 no di/9ct k c be extract$ f our m5tal /ate1 on acc\nt ( a conc\rse ( innum]able little p]ceptions :i* make u n[ joyful & n[ sad1 or aga9 ( "s o!r hum\r1 & cause u to l "o ?+ m ?an ano!r )\t its be+ possible to say :y4 ,plato1 ,ari/otle & ev5 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,dur& & o!r ,s*oolm5 ( ! s\nd] sort reason on t "q l ! g5]ality ( m51 & z unprejudic$ p always h reason$4 ,!y assume t fre$om lies 9 ! use ( reason & ! incl9ations1 :i* cause ! *oice or rejection ( objects4 ,b f9ally "s r too subtle philosoph]s h extract$ f _! alembic an inexplicable notion ( *oice indep5d5t ( any?+ :atsoev]1 :i* is said to d wond]s 9 solv+ all difficulties4 ,b ! notion is caught up at ! outset 9 "o ( ! greate/ difficulties1 by (f5d+ aga9/ ! gr& pr9ciple ( reason+ :i* makes u always assume t no?+ is done )\t "s suffici5t cause or reason4 ,z ! ,s*oolm5 (t5 =got to apply ?is great pr9ciple1 admitt+ c]ta9 prime occult qualities1 "o ne$ n wond] if ?is fiction ( vague indiff]5ce met ) applause among/ !m1 & if ev5 mo/ wor?y m5 h be5 imbu$ !re)4 ,our au?or1 :o is o!rwise rid ( _m ( ! errors ( ! ord9>y ,s*oolm51 is /ill delud$ by ?is fiction3 b he is )\t d\bt "o ( ! mo/ skilful ( ^? :o h support$ x4 ,si ,p]gama dextra ,def5di poss5t1 etiam hac def5sa fuiss5t4 ,he gives x ! be/ possible turn1 & only %[s x on its good side4 ,he kn[s h[ to /rip spontaneity & reason ( _! advantages1 #djh transf]r+ all ^! to vague indiff]5ce3 only ?r\gh ?is indiff]5ce is "o active1 resi/+ ! passions1 tak+ pleasure 9 "o's *oice1 or be+ happy2 x appe>s inde$ t "o w\ld be mis]able if "s happy necessity %\ld oblige u to *oose aright4 ,our au?or _h said admirable ?+s on ! orig9 & reasons ( natural evils3 he only _h to apply ! same pr9ciples to moral evil2 inde$1 he believes himself t moral evil becomes an evil ?r\gh ! physical evils t x causes or t5ds to cause4 ,b someh[ or o!r he ?9ks t x w\ld be a degradation ( ,god & m5 if !y 7 to be made subject to reason2 t ?us !y w\ld all be r5d]$ passive to x & w\ld no long] be satisfi$ ) !mselves2 9 %ort t m5 w\ld h no?+ :]e) to oppose ! mis=tunes t come to !m f )\t1 if !y _h n )9 !m ?is admirable privilege ( r5d]+ ?+s good or tol]able by *oos+ !m1 & ( *ang+ all into gold by ! t\* ( ?is wondr\s faculty4 #d4 ,we w exam9e x 9 clos] detail pres5tly2 b x w be well to pr(it be=eh& by ! excell5t ideas ( our au?or on ! nature ( ?+s & on natural evils1 p>ticul>ly s9ce !re are "s po9ts 9 :i* we %all be able to g a little fur!r3 by ?is means also we %all ga9 a bett] und]/&+ ( ! :ole arrangem5t ( 8 sy/em4 ,! fir/ *apt] conta9s ! pr9ciples4 ,! writ] calls sub/ance a be+ ! idea ( :i* does n involve ! exi/5ce ( ano!r4 ,i d n "k if !re are any su* among creat$ be+s1 by reason ( ! connexion exi/+ betwe5 all ?+s2 & ! example ( a wax tor* is n ! example ( a sub/ance1 any m ?an t ( a sw>m ( bees w\ld be4 ,b "o may take ! t]ms 9 an ext5d$ s5se4 ,he obs]ves aptly t aft] all ! *anges ( matt] & aft] all ! qualities ( :i* x may be dive/$1 !re rema9 ext5sion1 mobility1 divisibility & resi/ance4 ,he expla9s also ! nature ( notions1 & leaves x to be und]/ood t univ]sals indicate only ! resemblances :i* exi/ betwe5 individuals2 t we und]/& by ideas only t :i* is kn[n ?r\gh an imm$iate s5sation1 & t ! re/ is kn[n to u only ?r\gh relations ) ^! ideas4 ,b :5 he admits t we h no idea ( ,god1 ( _s1 ( sub/ance1 he does n appe> to h obs]v$ suffici5tly t we h imm$iate app]ception ( sub/ance & ( _s 9 our app]ception ( ourselves1 & t ! idea ( ,god is f\nd 9#dji ! idea ( ourselves ?r\gh a suppression ( ! limits ( our p]fections1 z ext5sion tak5 9 an absolute s5se is compris$ 9 ! idea ( a globe4 ,he is "r also 9 ass]t+ t our simple ideas at lea/ are innate1 & 9 reject+ ! ,tabula rasa ( ,ari/otle & ( ,mr4 ,locke4 ,b ,i _c agree ) him t our ideas h sc>ce any m relation to ?+s ?an words utt]$ into ! air or writ+s trac$ ^u pap] h to our ideas1 & t ! be>+ ( our s5sations is arbitr>y & ex in/ituto1 l ! signification ( words4 ,i h already indicat$ else:]e :y ,i am n 9 agreem5t ) our ,c>tesians on t po9t4 #e4 ,= ! purpose ( advanc+ to ! fir/ ,cause1 ! au?or seeks a crit]ion1 a di/+ui%+ m>k ( tru?2 & he f9ds x 9 ! =ce :]eby our inw>d ass]tions1 :5 !y are evid5t1 compel ! und]/&+ to give !m its cons5t4 ,x is by su* a process1 he says1 t we cr$it ! s5ses4 ,he po9ts out t ! di/+ui%+ m>k 9 ! ,c>tesian s*eme1 to wit1 a cle> & di/9ct p]ception1 has ne$ ( a new m>k to indicate :at is cle> & di/9ct1 & t ! congruity or non-congruity ( ideas 7or r ( t]ms1 z "o spoke =m]ly7 may /ill be deceptive1 because !re are congruities real & app>5t4 ,he appe>s to recognize ev5 t ! inw>d =ce :i* con/ra9s u to give our ass5t is /ill a matt] = caution1 & may come f deep-root$ prejudices4 ,t is :y he confesses t he :o %\ld furni% ano!r crit]ion w\ld h f\nd some?+ v advantage\s to ! human race4 ,i h endeav\r$ to expla9 ?is crit]ion 9 a little ,disc\rse on ,tru? & ,ideas1 publi%$ 9 #afhd2 & al?\gh ,i d n boa/ ( hav+ giv5 !re9 a new discov]y ,i hope t ,i h exp\nd$ ?+s :i* 7 only confus$ly recogniz$4 ,i di/+ui% betwe5 tru?s ( fact & tru?s ( reason4 ,tru?s ( fact c only be v]ifi$ by confront+ !m ) tru?s ( reason1 & by trac+ !m back to imm$iate p]ceptions )9 u1 su* z ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,m4 ,desc>tes v promptly ackn[l$g$ to be indubitable2 t is to say1 we _c d\bt t we ?9k1 nor inde$ t we ?9k ?is ?+ or t4 ,b 9 ord] to judge :e!r our inw>d notions h any reality 9 ?+s1 & to pass f ?\ghts to objects1 my op9ion is t x is necess>y to consid] :e!r our p]ceptions are firmly connect$ among !mselves & ) o!rs t we h _h1 9 su* fa%ion z to manife/ ! rules ( ma!matics & o!r tru?s ( #daj reason4 ,9 ?is case "o mu/ reg>d !m z real2 & ,i ?9k t x is ! only means ( di/+ui%+ !m f imag9ations1 dreams & visions4 ,?us ! tru? ( ?+s outside u c be recogniz$ only ?r\gh ! connexion ( ph5om5a4 ,! crit]ion ( ! tru?s ( reason1 or ^? :i* spr+ f conceptions1 is f\nd 9 an exact use ( ! rules ( logic4 ,z = ideas or notions1 ,i call real all ^? ! possibility ( :i* is c]ta92 & ! def9itions :i* d n m>k ?is possibility are only nom9al4 ,geometricians well v]s$ 9 analysis are aw>e :at diff]5ce !re is 9 ?is respect betwe5 sev]al prop]ties by :i* "s l9e or figure might be def9$4 ,our gift$ au?or has n gone s f>1 p]haps2 "o may see1 h[ev]1 f ! acc\nt ,i h giv5 ( him already1 & f :at foll[s1 t he is by no means lack+ 9 pr(undity or reflexion4 #f4 ,!reaft] he proce$s to exam9e :e!r motion1 matt] & space spr+ f !mselves2 & to t end he consid]s :e!r x is possible to conceive t !y d n exi/4 ,he rem>ks ^u ?is privilege ( ,god1 t z soon z x is assum$ t he exi/s x mu/ be admitt$ t he exi/s ( necessity4 ,?is is a coroll>y to a rem>k :i* ,i made 9 ! little disc\rse m5tion$ above1 namely t z soon z "o admits t ,god is possible1 "o mu/ admit t he exi/s ( necessity4 ,n[1 z soon z "o admits t ,god exi/s1 "o admits t he is possible4 ,!re=e z soon z "o admits t ,god exi/s1 "o mu/ admit t he exi/s ( necessity4 ,n[ ?is privilege does n belong to ! ?ree ?+s ( :i* we h j spok54 ,! au?or believes also especially conc]n+ motion1 t x is n suffici5t to say1 ) ,mr4 ,hobbes1 t ! pres5t movem5t comes f an ant]ior movem5t1 & ?is "o aga9 f ano!r1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,=1 h[ev] f> back y may g1 y w n be "o :it ne>] to f9d+ ! reason :i* causes ! pres5ce ( motion 9 matt]4 ,!re=e ?is reason mu/ be outside ! sequ5ce2 & ev5 if !re 7 an et]nal motion1 x w\ld require an et]nal motive p[]4 ,s ! rays ( ! sun1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 et]nal ) ! sun1 w\ld nev]!less h _! et]nal cause 9 ! sun4 ,i am well pleas$ to rec\nt ^! argum5ts ( our gift$ au?or1 t x may be se5 h[ important1 accord+ to him1 is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,=1 if x is p]mitt$ to admit some?+ = :i* x is ackn[l$g$ !re is no reason1 x w be easy = an a!i/ to ov]?r[ ?is argum5t1 by #daa say+ t x is n necess>y t !re be a suffici5t reason = ! exi/5ce ( motion4 ,i w n ent] into ! discussion ( ! reality & ! et]nity ( space1 = fe> ( /ray+ too f> f our subject4 ,x is en\gh to /ate t ! au?or believes t space c be annihilat$ by ! div9e p[]1 b 9 entirety & n 9 portions1 & t we c\ld exi/ alone ) ,god ev5 if !re 7 nei!r space nor matt]1 s9ce we d n conta9 )9 ourselves ! notion ( ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,he also puts =w>d ! consid]ation t 9 ! s5sations ( s\nds1 ( od\rs & ( sav\rs ! idea ( space is n includ$4 ,b :atev] ! op9ion =m$ z to space1 x suffices t !re is a ,god1 ! cause ( matt] & ( motion1 & 9 %ort ( all ?+s4 ,! au?or believes t we c reason ab\t ,god1 z "o born bl9d w\ld reason ab\t light4 ,b ,i hold t !re is some?+ m 9 u1 = our light is a ray f ,god's light4 ,aft] hav+ spok5 ( "s attributes ( ,god1 ! au?or ackn[l$ges t ,god acts = an end1 :i* is ! communication ( 8 goodness1 & t 8 works are ord]$ aright4 ,f9ally he concludes ?is *apt] v prop]ly1 by say+ t ,god 9 creat+ ! _w 0 at pa9s to give x ! greate/ h>mony among/ ?+s1 ! greate/ com=t ( be+s end[$ ) reason1 & ! greate/ compatibility 9 desires t an inf9ite p[]1 wisdom & goodness comb9$ c\ld produce4 ,he adds t1 if "s evil has rema9$ not)/&+1 "o mu/ believe t ^! inf9ite div9e p]fections c\ld n h 7,i w\ld r say ought n to h7 tak5 x away4 #g4 ,*apt] ,,ii anatomizes evil1 divid+ x z we d into metaphysical1 physical & moral4 ,metaphysical evil consi/s 9 imp]fections1 physical evil 9 suff]+ & o!r l tr\bles1 & moral evil 9 s94 ,all ^! evils exi/ 9 ,god's "w2 ,lucretius !nce inf]r$ t !re is no provid5ce1 & he d5i$ t ! _w c be an effect ( div9ity3 ,naturam r]um div9itus esse creatam2 because !re are s _m faults 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 quoniam tanta /at pra$ita culpa4 ,o!rs h admitt$ two pr9ciples1 ! "o good1 ! o!r evil4 ,!re h also be5 p :o ?\ght ! difficulty insurm\ntable1 & among ^! our au?or appe>s to h _h ,m4 ,bayle 9 m9d4 ,he hopes to #dab %[ 9 8 "w t x is n a ,gordian knot1 :i* ne$s to be cut2 & he says rightly t ! p[]1 ! wisdom & ! goodness ( ,god w\ld n be inf9ite & p]fect 9 _! ex]cise if ^! evils _h be5 bani%$4 ,he beg9s ) ! evil ( imp]fection 9 ,*apt] ,,iii & obs]ves1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e does1 t creatures are imp]fect1 s9ce !y are d]iv$ f no?+ness1 :]eas ,god produc+ a p]fect sub/ance f 8 own ess5ce w\ld h made !re( a ,god4 ,?is gives him occasion = mak+ a little digression aga9/ ! ,soc9ians4 ,b someone w say1 :y did n ,god refra9 f produc+ ?+s1 r ?an make imp]fect ?+s8 ,! au?or answ]s appositely t ! abundance ( ! goodness ( ,god is ! cause4 ,he wi%$ to communicate himself at ! exp5se ( a c]ta9 fa/idi\sness :i* we assume 9 ,god1 imag9+ t imp]fections (f5d him4 ,?us he pref]r$ t !re %\ld be ! imp]fect r ?an no?+4 ,b "o might h add$ t ,god has produc$ inde$ ! mo/ p]fect :ole t 0 possible1 "o :]e) he _h full cause = satisfaction1 ! imp]fections ( ! p>ts s]v+ a great] p]fection 9 ! :ole4 ,also ! obs]vation is made soon aft]w>ds1 t c]ta9 ?+s might h be5 made bett]1 b n )\t o!r new & p]haps great] disadvantages4 ,?is p]haps c\ld h be5 omitt$3 = ! au?or also /ates z a c]ta9ty1 & rightly s1 at ! end ( ! *apt]1 t x app]ta9s to inf9ite goodness to *oose ! be/2 & ?us he 0 able to draw ?is conclusion a little e>li]1 t imp]fect ?+s w be add$ to ^? m p]fect1 s long z !y d n preclude ! exi/5ce ( ! m p]fect 9 z great a numb] z possible4 ,?us bodies 7 creat$ z well z spirits1 s9ce ! "o does n (f] any ob/acle to ! o!r2 & ! creation ( matt] 0 n unwor?y ( ! great ,god1 z "s h]etics ( old believ$1 attribut+ ?is "w to a c]ta9 ,demogorgon4 #h4 ,let u n[ proce$ to physical evil1 :i* is treat$ ( 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,our fam\s au?or1 hav+ obs]v$ t metaphysical evil1 or imp]fection1 spr+s f no?+ness1 concludes t physical evil1 or discom=t1 spr+s f matt]1 or r f its movem5t2 = )\t movem5t matt] w\ld be useless4 ,moreov] !re mu/ be contr>iety 9 ^! movem5ts2 o!rwise1 if all w5t toge!r 9 ! same direction1 !re w\ld be nei!r v>iety nor g5]ation4 ,b ! movem5ts t cause #dac g5]ations cause also corruptions1 s9ce f ! v>iety ( movem5ts comes concussion betwe5 bodies1 by :i* !y are (t5 dissipat$ & de/roy$4 ,! ,au?or ( ,nature h[ev]1 9 ord] to r5d] bodies m endur+1 di/ribut$ !m into sy/ems1 ^? :i* we "k be+ compos$ ( lum9\s & opaque balls1 9 a mann] s excell5t & s fitt+ = ! display ( t :i* !y conta91 & = ar\s+ wond] !reat1 t we c conceive ( no?+ m beautiful4 ,b ! cr[n+ po9t ( ! "w 0 ! con/ruction ( animals1 to ! end t ev]y:]e !re %\ld be creatures capable ( cognition1 ,ne regio =et ulla suis animalibus orba4 ,our sagaci\s au?or believes t ! air & ev5 ! pure/ ae!r h _! d5iz5s z well z ! wat] & ! e>?4 ,b suppos+ t !re 7 places )\t animals1 ^! places might h uses necess>y = o!r places :i* are inhabit$4 ,s = example ! m\nta9s1 :i* r5d] ! surface ( our globe unequal & sometimes des]t & b>r51 are ( use = ! production ( riv]s & ( w9ds2 & we h no cause to compla9 ( s&s & m>%es1 s9ce !re are s _m places /ill rema9+ to be cultivat$4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t all is made = man alone3 & ! au?or is p]suad$ t !re are n only pure spirits b also immortal animals ( a nature ak9 to ^! spirits1 t is1 animals ^: s\ls are unit$ to an e!real & incorruptible matt]4 ,b x is n ! same ) animals ^: body is t]re/rial1 compos$ ( tubes & fluids :i* circulate !re91 & ^: motion is t]m9at$ by ! break+ ( ! vessels4 ,!nce ! au?or is l$ to believe t ! immortality grant$ to ,adam1 if he _h be5 ob$i5t1 w\ld n h be5 an effect ( 8 nature1 b ( ! grace ( ,god4 #i4 ,n[ x 0 necess>y = ! cons]vation ( corruptible animals t !y %\ld h indications caus+ !m to recognize a pres5t dang]1 & giv+ !m ! incl9ation to avoid x4 ,t is :y :at is ab\t to cause a great injury mu/ be=eh& cause pa9 su* z may =ce ! animal to ef=ts capable ( repuls+ or %unn+ ! cause ( ?is discom=t1 & ( =e/all+ a great] evil4 ,! dread ( dea? helps also to cause its avoidance3 = x if 7 n s ugly & if ! dissolution ( cont9uity 7 n s pa9ful1 v (t5 animals w\ld take no precautions aga9/ p]i%+1 or all[+ ! p>ts ( _! #dad body to p]i%1 & ! /ronge/ w\ld h difficulty 9 subsi/+ = a :ole day4 ,god has also giv5 hung] & ?ir/ to animals1 to compel !m to fe$ & ma9ta9 !mselves by replac+ t :i* is us$ up & :i* disappe>s imp]ceptibly4 ,^! appetites are ( use also to prompt !m to "w1 9 ord] to procure a n\ri%m5t meet = _! con/itution1 & :i* may avail to invigorate !m4 ,x 0 ev5 f\nd necess>y by ! ,au?or ( ?+s t "o animal v (t5 %\ld s]ve z food = ano!r4 ,?is h>dly r5d]s ! victim m unhappy1 s9ce dea? caus$ by diseases is g5]ally j z pa9ful z a viol5t dea?1 if n m s2 & animals subject to be+ prey$ ^u by o!rs1 hav+ nei!r =esight nor anxiety = ! future1 h a life no less tranquil :5 !y are n 9 dang]4 ,x is ! same ) inundations1 e>?quakes1 ?und]bolts & o!r disord]s1 :i* brute bea/s d n fe>1 & :i* m5 h ord9>ily no cause to fe>1 s9ce !re are few t suff] !reby4 #aj4 ,! ,au?or ( ,nature has comp5sat$ = ^! evils & o!rs1 :i* happ5 only seldom1 ) a ?\s& advantages t are ord9>y & con/ant4 ,hung] & ?ir/ augm5t ! pleasure exp]i5c$ 9 ! tak+ ( n\ri%m5t4 ,mod]ate "w is an agreeable ex]cise ( ! animal's p[]s2 & sleep is also agreeable 9 an altoge!r opposite way1 re/or+ ! =ces ?r\gh repose4 ,b "o ( ! pleasures mo/ int5se is t :i* prompts animals to propagation4 ,god1 hav+ tak5 c>e to ensure t ! species %\ld be immortal1 s9ce ! individual _c be s "h on e>?1 also will$ t animals %\ld h a great t5d]ness = _! little ones1 ev5 to ! po9t ( endang]+ !mselves = _! pres]vation4 ,f pa9 & f s5sual pleasure spr+ fe>1 cupidity & ! o!r passions t are ord9>ily s]viceable1 al?\gh x may accid5tally happ5 t !y sometimes turn t[>ds ill3 "o mu/ say z mu* ( poisons1 epidemic diseases & o!r hurtful ?+s1 namely t ^! are indisp5sable consequ5ces ( a well-conceiv$ sy/em4 ,z = ignorance & errors1 x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt t ! mo/ p]fect creatures are d\btless ignorant ( mu*1 & t k is wont to be proportionate to ne$s4 ,nev]!less x is necess>y t "o be expos$ to haz>ds :i* _c be =ese51 & accid5ts ( su* k9ds are inevitable4 ,"o mu/ (t5 be mi/ak5 9 "o's judgem5t1 because x is n always p]mitt$ to susp5d x long en\gh = exact #dae consid]ation4 ,^! disadvantages are insep>able f ! sy/em ( ?+s3 = ?+s mu/ v (t5 resemble "o ano!r 9 a c]ta9 situation1 ! "o be+ tak5 = ! o!r4 ,b ! inevitable errors are n ! mo/ usual1 nor ! mo/ p]nici\s4 ,^? :i* cause u ! mo/ h>m are wont to arise ?r\gh our fault2 & consequ5tly "o w\ld be wrong to make natural evils a pretext = tak+ "o's own life1 s9ce "o f9ds t ^? :o h done s h g5]ally be5 prompt$ to su* action by volunt>y evils4 #aa4 ,aft] all1 "o f9ds t all ^! evils ( :i* we h spok5 come accid5tally f good causes2 & !re is reason to inf] conc]n+ all we d n "k1 f all we d "k1 t "o c\ld n h done away ) !m )\t fall+ into great] tr\bles4 ,= ! bett] und]/&+ ( ?is ! au?or c\nsels u to picture ! _w z a great build+4 ,!re mu/ be n only ap>tm5ts1 halls1 gall]ies1 g>d5s1 grottoes1 b also ! kit*51 ! cell>1 ! p\ltry-y>d1 /ables1 dra9age4 ,?us x w\ld n h be5 prop] to make only suns 9 ! _w1 or to make an e>? all ( gold & ( diamonds1 b n habitable4 ,if man _h be5 all eye or all e>1 he w\ld n h be5 fitt$ = fe$+ himself4 ,if ,god _h made him )\t passions1 he w\ld h made him /upid2 & if he _h wi%$ to make man free f error he w\ld h _h to deprive him ( s5ses1 or give him p[]s ( s5sation ?r\gh "s o!r means ?an organs1 t is to say1 !re w\ld n h be5 any man4 ,our le>n$ au?or rem>ks "h ^u an idea :i* hi/ories bo? sacr$ & pr(ane appe> to inculcate1 namely t wild bea/s1 poison\s plants & o!r natures t are injuri\s to u h be5 arm$ aga9/ u by s94 ,b z he argues "h only 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( reason he sets aside :at ,revelation c tea*4 ,he believes1 h[ev]1 t ,adam w\ld h be5 exempt$ f natural evils 7if he _h be5 ob$i5t7 only by virtue ( div9e grace & ( a cov5ant made ) ,god1 & t ,moses expressly indicates only ab\t sev5 effects ( ! fir/ s94 ,^! effects are3 #a4 ,! revocation ( ! graci\s gift ( immortality4 #b4 ,! /]ility ( ! e>?1 :i* 0 no long] to be f]tile ( itself1 save 9 evil or useless h]bs4 #c4 ,! rude toil "o mu/ ex]cise 9 ord] to ga9 su/5ance4 #d4 ,! subjection ( ! woman to ! w ( ! husb&4 #daf #e4 ,! pa9s ( *ildbir?4 #f4 ,! enmity betwe5 man & ! s]p5t4 #g4 ,! bani%m5t ( man f ! place ( delight :]e9 ,god _h plac$ him4 ,b our au?or ?9ks t _m ( our evils spr+ f ! necessity ( matt]1 especially s9ce ! )drawal ( grace4 ,moreov]1 x seems to him t aft] our bani%m5t immortality w\ld be only a burd5 to u1 & t x is p]haps m = our good ?an to puni% u t ! tree ( life has become inaccessible to u4 ,on "o po9t or ano!r "o might h some?+ to say 9 objection1 b ! body ( ! disc\rse by our au?or on ! orig9 ( evils is full ( good & s\nd reflexions1 :i* ,i h judg$ x advisable to turn to advantage4 ,n[ ,i mu/ pass on to ! subject ( our controv]sy1 t is1 ! explanation ( ! nature ( fre$om4 #ab4 ,! le>n$ au?or ( ?is "w on ! orig9 ( evil1 propos+ to expla9 ! orig9 ( moral evil 9 ! fif? *apt]1 :i* makes up half ( ! :ole book1 consid]s t x is altoge!r diff]5t f t ( physical evil1 :i* lies 9 ! inevitable imp]fection ( creatures4 ,=1 z we %all see pres5tly1 x appe>s to him t moral evil comes r f t :i* he calls a p]fection1 :i* ! creature has 9 common1 accord+ to him1 ) ! ,creator1 t is to say1 9 ! p[] ( *oos+ )\t any motive & )\t any f9al or impell+ cause4 ,x is a v great p>adox to ass]t t ! greate/ imp]fection1 namely s91 spr+s f p]fection itself4 ,b x is no less a p>adox to pres5t z a p]fection ! ?+ :i* is ! lea/ reasonable 9 ! _w1 ! advantage :]e( w\ld consi/ 9 be+ privileg$ aga9/ reason4 ,& t1 aft] all1 r ?an po9t+ out ! s\rce ( ! evil1 w\ld be to cont5d t x has none4 ,= if ! w makes its resolve )\t ! exi/5ce ( any?+1 ei!r 9 ! p]son :o *ooses or 9 ! object :i* is *os51 to prompt x to ! *oice1 !re w be nei!r cause nor reason = ?is election2 & z moral evil consi/s 9 ! wrong *oice1 t is admitt+ t moral evil has no s\rce at all4 ,?us 9 ! rules ( good metaphysics !re w\ld h to be no moral evil 9 ,nature2 & also = ! same reason !re w\ld be no moral good ei!r1 & all morality w\ld be de/roy$4 ,b we mu/ li/5 to our gift$ au?or1 f :om ! subtlety ( an op9ion ma9ta9$ by fam\s philosoph]s among ! ,s*oolm51 & ! adornm5ts t he has add$ !reto himself by 8#dag wit & 8 eloqu5ce1 h hidd5 ! great disadvantages conta9$ !re94 ,9 sett+ =? ! position rea*$ 9 ! controv]sy1 he divides ! writ]s into two p>ties4 ,! "o sort1 he says1 are cont5t to say t ! fre$om ( ! w is exempt f outw>d con/ra9t2 & ! o!r sort ma9ta9 t x is also exempt f inw>d necessity4 ,b ?is exposition does n suffice1 unless "o di/+ui% ! necessity t is absolute & contr>y to morality f hypo!tical necessity & moral necessity1 z ,i h already expla9$ 9 _m places4 #ac4 ,! fir/ section ( ?is *apt] is to indicate ! nature ( *oice4 ,! au?or sets =? 9 ! fir/ place ! op9ion ( ^? :o believe t ! w is prompt$ by ! judgem5t ( ! und]/&+1 or by ant]ior incl9ations ( ! desires1 to resolve ^u ! c\rse t x adopts4 ,b he confuses ^! au?ors ) ^? :o ass]t t ! w is prompt$ to its resolution by an absolute necessity1 & :o ma9ta9 t ! p]son :o wills has no p[] ov] 8 volitions3 t is1 he confuses a ,?omi/ ) a ,sp9ozi/4 ,he makes use ( ! admissions & ! odi\s decl>ations ( ,mr4 ,hobbes & 8 l1 to lay !m to ! *>ge ( ^? :o are inf9itely f> remov$ f !m1 & :o take great c>e to refute !m4 ,he lays ^! ?+s to _! *>ge because !y believe1 z ,mr4 ,hobbes believes1 l ev]yone else 7save = "s doctors :o are envelop$ 9 _! own subtleties71 t ! w is mov$ by ! repres5tation ( good & evil4 ,!nce he imputes to !m ! op9ion t !re is !re=e no su* ?+ z cont+5cy1 & t all is connect$ by an absolute necessity4 ,t is a v spe$y mann] ( reason+2 yet he adds also1 t prop]ly speak+ !re w be no evil w1 s9ce if !re 71 all "o c\ld object to !re9 w\ld be ! evil :i* x c cause4 ,t1 he says1 is diff]5t f ! common notion1 s9ce ! _w c5sures ! wick$ n because !y d h>m1 b because !y d h>m )\t necessity4 ,he holds also t ! wick$ w\ld be only un=tunate & by no means culpable2 t !re w\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 physical evil & moral evil1 s9ce man himself w\ld n be ! true cause ( an action :i* he c\ld n avoid2 t evil-do]s w\ld n be ei!r blam$ or maltreat$ because !y des]ve x1 b because t action may s]ve to turn p away f evil2 aga91 = ?is reason only "o w\ld f9d fault ) a rogue1 b n ) a sick man1 t reproa*es & #dah ?reats c correct ! "o1 & _c cure ! o!r4 ,& fur!r1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 *a/isem5ts w\ld h no object save ! prev5tion ( future evil1 )\t :i* ! m]e consid]ation ( ! evil already done w\ld n be suffici5t = puni%m5t4 ,likewise gratitude w\ld h z its sole aim t ( procur+ a fre% b5efit1 )\t :i* ! m]e consid]ation ( ! pa/ b5efit w\ld n furni% a suffici5t reason4 ,f9ally ! au?or ?9ks t if ?is doctr9e1 :i* d]ives ! resolution ( ! w f ! repres5tation ( good & evil1 7 true1 "o mu/ despair ( human felicity1 s9ce x w\ld n be 9 our p[]1 & w\ld dep5d ^u ?+s :i* are outside u4 ,n[ z !re is no gr\nd = hop+ t ?+s f outside w ord] !mselves & agree toge!r 9 accordance ) our wi%es1 !re w always lack some?+ to u1 & !re w always be some?+ too mu*4 ,all ^! conclusions hold1 accord+ to him1 aga9/ ^? also :o ?9k t ! w makes its resolve 9 accordance ) ! f9al judgem5t ( ! und]/&+1 an op9ion :i*1 z he consid]s1 /rips ! w ( its "r & r5d]s ! s\l q passive4 ,?is accusation is also direct$ aga9/ c\ntless s]i\s writ]s1 ( accept$ au?ority1 :o are "h plac$ 9 ! same class ) ,mr4 ,hobbes & ,sp9oza1 & ) "s o!r discr$it$ au?ors1 ^: doctr9e is consid]$ odi\s & insupportable4 ,z = me1 ,i d n require ! w always to foll[ ! judgem5t ( ! und]/&+1 because ,i di/+ui% ?is judgem5t f ! motives t spr+ f ins5sible p]ceptions & incl9ations4 ,b ,i hold t ! w always foll[s ! mo/ advantage\s repres5tation1 :e!r di/9ct or confus$1 ( ! good or ! evil result+ f reasons1 passions & incl9ations1 al?\gh x may also f9d motives = susp5d+ its judgem5t4 ,b x is always ^u motives t x acts4 #ad4 ,x w be necess>y to answ] ^! objections to my op9ion be=e proce$+ to e/abli% t ( our au?or4 ,! misappreh5sion ( my oppon5ts orig9ates 9 _! confus+ a consequ5ce :i* is necess>y absolutely1 ^: contr>y implies contradiction1 ) a consequ5ce :i* is f\nd$ only ^u tru?s ( fitness1 & nev]!less has its effect4 ,to put x o!rwise1 !re is a confusion betwe5 :at dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 :i* makes necess>y & indisp5sable tru?s1 & :at dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5t reason1 :i* #dai applies also to cont+5t tru?s4 ,i h already else:]e /at$ ?is proposition1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 philosophy1 po9t+ out t !re are two great pr9ciples1 namely1 t ( id5ticals or ( contradiction1 :i* /ates t ( two contradictory enunciations ! "o is true & ! o!r false1 & t ( ! suffici5t reason1 :i* /ates t !re is no true enunciation ^: reason c\ld n be se5 by "o possess+ all ! k necess>y = its complete und]/&+4 ,bo? pr9ciples mu/ hold n only 9 necess>y b also 9 cont+5t tru?s2 & x is ev5 necess>y t t :i* has no suffici5t reason %\ld n exi/4 ,= "o may say 9 a s5se t ^! two pr9ciples are conta9$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! true & ! false4 ,nev]!less1 :5 9 mak+ ! analysis ( ! tru? submitt$ "o sees x dep5d+ ^u tru?s ^: contr>y implies contradiction1 "o may say t x is absolutely necess>y4 ,b :51 :ile press+ ! analysis to ! fur!/ ext5t1 "o c nev] atta9 to su* elem5ts ( ! giv5 tru?1 "o mu/ say t x is cont+5t1 & t x orig9ates f a prevail+ reason :i* incl9es )\t necessitat+4 ,once t is grant$1 x is se5 h[ we c say ) sundry fam\s philosoph]s & !ologians1 t ! ?9k+ sub/ance is prompt$ to its resolution by ! prevail+ repres5tation ( good or ( evil1 & ?is c]ta9ly & infallibly1 b n necess>ily1 t is1 by reasons :i* incl9e x )\t necessitat+ x4 ,t is :y cont+5t futurities1 =ese5 bo? 9 !mselves & ?r\gh _! reasons1 rema9 cont+5t4 ,god 0 l$ infallibly by 8 wisdom & by 8 goodness to create ! _w ?r\gh 8 p[]1 & to give x ! be/ possible =m2 b he 0 n l$ !reto ( necessity1 & ! :ole took place )\t any dim9ution ( 8 p]fect & supreme wisdom4 ,& ,i d n "k if x w\ld be easy1 ap>t f ! reflexions we h j ent]ta9$1 to untie ! ,gordian knot ( cont+5cy & fre$om4 #ae4 ,?is explanation dismisses all ! objections ( our gift$ oppon5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is se5 t cont+5cy exi/s toge!r ) fre$om4 ,secondly1 evil wills are evil n only because !y d h>m1 b also because !y are a s\rce ( h>mful ?+s1 or ( physical evils1 a wick$ _s be+1 9 ! sph]e ( its activity1 :at ! evil pr9ciple ( ! ,mani*aeans w\ld be 9 ! univ]se4 ,moreov]1 ! au?or has obs]v$ 7*4 #d1 sect4 #d1 #h7 t div9e wisdom has usually =bidd5 actions :i* w\ld cause discom=ts1 t is to say1 physical evils4#dbj ,x is agre$ t he :o causes evil by necessity is n culpable4 ,b !re is nei!r legislator nor lawy] :o by ?is necessity means ! =ce ( ! consid]ations ( good or evil1 real or app>5t1 t h prompt$ man to d ill3 else anyone /eal+ a great sum ( money or kill+ a p[]ful man 9 ord] to atta9 to high (fice w\ld be less des]v+ ( puni%m5t ?an "o :o %\ld /eal a few halfp5ce = a mug ( be] or wantonly kill 8 neighb\r's dog1 s9ce ^! latt] 7 tempt$ less4 ,b x is q ! opposite 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice :i* is au?oriz$ 9 ! _w3 = ! great] is ! temptation to s91 ! m does x ne$ to be repress$ by ! fe> ( a great *a/isem5t4 ,besides1 ! great] ! calculation evid5t 9 ! design ( an evil-do]1 ! m w x be f\nd t ! wick$ness has be5 delib]ate1 & ! m readily w "o decide t x is great & des]v+ ( puni%m5t4 ,?us a too artful fraud causes ! aggravat+ crime call$ /ellionate1 & a *eat becomes a =g] :5 he has ! cunn+ to sap ! v f\ndations ( our security 9 writt5 docum5ts4 ,b "o w h great] indulg5ce = a great passion1 because x is ne>] to madness4 ,! ,romans puni%$ ) ! utmo/ sev]ity ! prie/s ( ! ,god ,apis1 :5 ^! _h pro/itut$ ! *a/ity ( a noble lady to a knight :o lov$ h] to di/raction1 mak+ him pass z _! god2 :ile x 0 f\nd en\gh to s5d ! lov] into exile4 ,b if someone _h done evil de$s )\t app>5t reason & )\t appe>ance ( passion ! judge w\ld be tempt$ to take him = a madman1 especially if x prov$ t he 0 giv5 to committ+ su* extravagances (t53 ?is might t5d t[>ds r$uction ( ! p5alty1 r ?an supply+ ! true gr\nds ( wick$ness & puni%m5t4 ,s f> remov$ are ! pr9ciples ( our oppon5ts f ! practice ( ! tribunals & f ! g5]al op9ion ( m54 #af4 ,?irdly1 ! di/9ction betwe5 physical evil & moral evil w /ill rema91 al?\gh !re be ?is 9 common betwe5 !m1 t !y h _! reasons & causes4 ,& :y manufacture new difficulties = oneself conc]n+ ! orig9 ( moral evil1 s9ce ! pr9ciple foll[$ 9 ! solution ( ^? :i* natural evils h rais$ suffices also to acc\nt = volunt>y evils8 ,t is to say1 x suffices to %[ t "o c\ld n h prev5t$ m5 f be+ prone to errors1 )\t *ang+ ! #dba con/itution ( ! be/ ( sy/ems or )\t employ+ miracles at e turn4 ,x is true t s9 makes up a l>ge portion ( human wret*$ness1 & ev5 ! l>ge/2 b t does n prev5t "o f be+ able to say t m5 are wick$ & des]v+ ( puni%m5t3 else "o mu/ ne$s say t ! actual s9s ( ! non-reg5]ate are excusable1 because !y spr+ f ! fir/ cause ( our wret*$ness1 :i* is orig9al s94 ,f\r?ly1 to say t ! s\l becomes passive & t man is n ! true cause ( s91 if he is prompt$ to 8 volunt>y actions by _! objects1 z our au?or ass]ts 9 _m passages1 & p>ticul>ly *4 #e1 sect4 #a1 sub-sect4 #c1 #ah1 is to create = oneself new s5ses = t]ms4 ,:5 ! anci5ts spoke ( t :i* is ,greek3 eph' hm91 or :5 we speak ( t :i* dep5ds ^u u1 ( spontaneity1 ( ! inw>d pr9ciple ( our actions1 we d n exclude ! repres5tation ( ext]nal ?+s2 = ^! repres5tations are 9 our s\ls1 !y are a portion ( ! modifications ( ?is active pr9ciple :i* is )9 u4 ,no ag5t is capable ( act+ )\t be+ pr$ispos$ to :at ! action dem&s2 & ! reasons or incl9ations d]iv$ f good or evil are ! dispositions t enable ! s\l to decide betwe5 v>i\s c\rses4 ,"o w h x t ! w is alone active & supreme1 & "o is wont to imag9e x to be l a que5 seat$ on h] ?rone1 ^: m9i/] ( /ate is ! und]/&+1 :ile ! passions are h] c\rti]s or fav\rite ladies1 :o by _! influ5ce (t5 prevail ov] ! c\nsel ( h] m9i/]s4 ,"o w h x t ! und]/&+ speaks only at ?is que5's ord]2 t %e c vacillate betwe5 ! argum5ts ( ! m9i/] & ! sugge/ions ( ! fav\rites1 ev5 reject+ bo?1 mak+ !m keep sil5ce or speak1 & giv+ !m audi5ce or n z seems good to h]4 ,b x is a p]sonification or my?ology some:at ill-conceiv$4 ,if ! w is to judge1 or take cognizance ( ! reasons & incl9ations :i* ! und]/&+ or ! s5ses (f] x1 x w ne$ ano!r und]/&+ 9 itself1 to und]/& :at x is (f]$4 ,! tru? is t ! s\l1 or ! ?9k+ sub/ance1 und]/&s ! reasons & feels ! incl9ations1 & decides accord+ to ! pr$om9ance ( ! repres5tations modify+ its active =ce1 9 ord] to %ape ! action4 ,i h no ne$ "h to apply my sy/em ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 :i* %[s our indep5d5ce to ! be/ advantage & frees u f ! physical influ5ce ( objects4 ,= :at ,i h j said is suffici5t to answ] ! objection4 ,our #dbb au?or1 ev5 ?\gh he admits ) p 9 g5]al ?is physical influ5ce ( objects ^u u1 obs]ves nev]!less ) mu* p]spicacity t ! body or ! objects ( ! s5ses d n ev5 give u our ideas1 mu* less ! active =ce ( our s\l1 & t !y s]ve only to draw out t :i* is )9 u4 ,?is is mu* 9 ! _s ( ,m4 ,desc>tes' belief t ! s\l1 n be+ able to give =ce to ! body1 gives x at lea/ "s direction4 ,x is a mean betwe5 "o side & ! o!r1 betwe5 physical influ5ce & ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony4 #ag4 ,fif?ly1 ! objection is made t1 accord+ to my op9ion1 s9 w\ld nei!r be c5sur$ nor puni%$ because ( its des]ts1 b because ! c5sure & ! *a/isem5t s]ve to prev5t x ano!r "t2 :]eas m5 dem& some?+ m1 namely1 satisfaction = ! crime1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld s]ve nei!r = am5dm5t nor = example4 ,s d m5 ) reason dem& t true gratitude %\ld come f a true recognition ( ! pa/ b5efit1 & n f ! int]e/$ aim ( extort+ a fre% b5efit4 ,?is objection conta9s noble & s\nd consid]ations1 b x does n /rike at me4 ,i require a man to be virtu\s1 grateful1 j1 n only f ! motive ( int]e/1 ( hope or ( fe>1 b also ( ! pleasure t he %\ld f9d 9 good actions3 else "o has n yet rea*$ ! degree ( virtue t "o mu/ endeav\r to atta94 ,t is :at "o means by say+ t ju/ice & virtue mu/ be lov$ = _! own sake2 & x is also :at ,i expla9$ 9 ju/ify+ 'dis9t]e/$ love'1 %ortly be=e ! op5+ ( ! controv]sy :i* caus$ s mu* /ir4 ,likewise ,i consid] t wick$ness is all ! great] :5 its practice becomes a pleasure1 z :5 a highwayman1 aft] hav+ kill$ m5 because !y resi/1 or because he fe>s _! v5geance1 f9ally gr[s cruel & takes pleasure 9 kill+ !m1 & ev5 9 mak+ !m suff] be=eh&4 ,su* a degree ( wick$ness is tak5 to be diabolical1 ev5 ?\gh ! man affect$ ) x f9ds 9 ?is execrable indulg5ce a /rong] reason = 8 homicides ?an he _h :5 he kill$ simply "u ! influ5ce ( hope or ( fe>4 ,i h also obs]v$ 9 answ]+ ! difficulties ( ,m4 ,bayle t1 accord+ to ! celebrat$ ,conr+ius1 ju/ice :i* puni%es by means ( m$ic9al p5alties1 s to speak1 t is1 9 ord] to correct ! crim9al or at lea/ to provide an example = o!rs1 might exi/ 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o d away ) ! fre$om t is exempt f necessity4 ,true #dbc retributive ju/ice1 on ! o!r h&1 go+ beyond ! m$ic9al1 assumes some?+ m1 namely1 intellig5ce & fre$om 9 him :o s9s1 because ! h>mony ( ?+s dem&s a satisfaction1 or evil 9 ! =m ( suff]+1 to make ! m9d feel its error aft] ! volunt>y active evil :]eto x has cons5t$4 ,mr4 ,hobbes also1 :o does away ) fre$om1 has reject$ retributive ju/ice1 z d ! ,soc9ians1 draw+ on !mselves ! condemnation ( our !ologians2 al?\gh ! writ]s ( ! ,soc9ian p>ty are wont to exagg]ate ! idea ( fre$om4 #ah4 ,six?ly1 ! objection is f9ally made t m5 _c hope = felicity if ! w c only be actuat$ by ! repres5tation ( good & evil4 ,b ?is objection seems to me completely null & void1 & ,i ?9k x w\ld be h>d to guess h[ any tol]able int]pretation 0 ev] put ^u x4 ,moreov]1 ! l9e ( reason+ adopt$ to prove x is ( a mo/ a/\nd+ nature3 x is t our felicity dep5ds ^u ext]nal ?+s1 if x is true t x dep5ds ^u ! repres5tation ( good or evil4 ,x is !re=e n 9 our own p[]1 s x is said1 = we h no gr\nd = hop+ t outw>d ?+s w arrange !mselves = our pleasure4 ,?is argum5t is halt+ f e aspect4 ,!re is no =ce 9 ! inf]5ce3 "o might grant ! conclusion3 ! argum5t may be retort$ ^u ! au?or4 ,let u beg9 ) ! retort1 :i* is easy4 ,= are m5 any happi] or m indep5d5t ( ! accid5ts ( =tune ^u ?is argum5t1 or because !y are cr$it$ ) ! advantage ( *oos+ )\t reason8 ,h !y less bodily suff]+8 ,h !y less t5d5cy t[>d true or app>5t goods1 less fe> ( true or imag9>y evils8 ,are !y any less enslav$ by s5sual pleasure1 by ambition1 by av>ice8 less appreh5sive8 less envi\s8 ,yes1 our gift$ au?or w say2 ,i w prove x by a me?od ( c\nt+ or assessm5t4 ,i w\ld r he _h prov$ x by exp]i5ce2 b let u see ?is pro( by c\nt+4 ,suppose t by my *oice1 :i* enables me to give goodness-=-me to t :i* ,i *oose1 ,i give to ! object *os5 six degrees ( goodness1 :5 previ\sly !re 7 two degrees ( evil 9 my condition2 ,i %all become happy all at once1 & ) p]fect ease1 = ,i %\ld h f\r degrees surplus1 or net good4 ,d\btless t is all v well2 b un=tunately x is impossible4 ,= :at possibility is !re ( giv+ ^! six degrees ( goodness to ! object8 ,to t end we mu/ ne$s h ! p[] to *ange our ta/e1 or ! ?+s1 z we please4 ,t w\ld be almo/ z if ,i c\ld say to #dbd lead1 ,?\ %alt be gold1 & make x s2 to ! pebble1 ,?\ %alt be diamond2 or at ! lea/1 ,?\ %alt look l x4 ,or x w\ld be l ! common explanation ( ! ,mosaical passage :i* seems to say t ! des]t manna assum$ any ta/e ! ,israelites desir$ to give to x4 ,!y only _h to say to _! hom]ful1 ,?\ %alt be a capon1 ?\ %alt be a p>tridge4 ,b if ,i am free to give ^! six degrees ( goodness to ! object1 am ,i n p]mitt$ to give x m goodness8 ,i ?9k t ,i am4 ,b if t is s1 :y %all we n give to ! object all ! goodness conceivable8 ,:y %all we n ev5 g z f> z tw5ty-f\r c>ats ( goodness8 ,by ?is means behold u completely happy1 despite ! accid5ts ( =tune2 x may bl[1 hail or sn[1 & we %all n m9d3 by means ( ?is spl5did secret we %all be always %ield$ aga9/ =tuit\s ev5ts4 ,! au?or agrees 79 ?is fir/ section ( ! fif? *apt]1 sub-sect4 #c1 #ab7 t ?is p[] ov]comes all ! natural appetites & _c be ov]come by any ( !m2 & he reg>ds x 7 #bj1 #ba1 #bb7 z ! s\nde/ f\ndation = happ9ess4 ,inde$1 s9ce !re is no?+ capable ( limit+ a p[] s indet]m9ate z t ( *oos+ )\t any reason1 & ( giv+ goodness to ! object ?r\gh ! *oice1 ei!r ?is goodness mu/ exce$ inf9itely t :i* ! natural appetites seek 9 objects1 ^! appetites & objects be+ limit$ :ile ?is p[] is indep5d5t or at ! lea/ ?is goodness1 giv5 by ! w to ! *os5 object1 mu/ be arbitr>y & ( su* a k9d z ! w desires4 ,= :5ce w\ld "o d]ive ! reason = limits if ! object is possible1 if x is )9 rea* ( him :o wills1 & if ! w c give x ! goodness x desires to give1 indep5d5tly ( reality & ( appe>ances8 ,x seems to me t may suffice to ov]?r[ a hypo!sis s prec>i\s1 :i* conta9s some?+ ( a fairy-tale k9d1 optantis i/a sunt1 non inv5i5tis4 ,x !re=e rema9s only too true t ?is h&some fiction _c r5d] u m immune f evils4 ,& we %all see pres5tly t :5 m5 place !mselves above c]ta9 desires or c]ta9 av]sions !y d s ?r\gh o!r desires1 :i* always h _! f\ndation 9 ! repres5tation ( good & evil4 ,i said also 't "o might grant ! conclusion ( ! argum5t'1 :i* /ates t our happ9ess does n dep5d absolutely ^u ourselves1 at lea/ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( human life3 = :o w\ld "q ! fact t we are liable to meet a ?\s& accid5ts :i* human prud5ce _c evade8 ,h[1 = example1 c ,i #dbe avoid be+ swall[$ up1 toge!r ) a t[n :]e ,i take up my abode1 by an e>?quake1 if su* is ! ord] ( ?+s8 ,b f9ally ,i c also d5y ! inf]5ce 9 ! argum5t1 :i* /ates t if ! w is only actuat$ by ! repres5tation ( good & evil our happ9ess does n dep5d ^u ourselves4 ,! inf]5ce w\ld be valid if !re 7 no ,god1 if ev]y?+ 7 rul$ by brute causes2 b ,god's ord9ance is t = ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess x suffices t "o be virtu\s4 ,?us1 if ! s\l foll[s reason & ! ord]s t ,god has giv5 x1 x is assur$ ( its happ9ess1 ev5 ?\gh "o may n f9d a suffici5cy !re( 9 ?is life4 #ai4 ,hav+ ?us endeav\r$ to po9t out ! disadvantages ( my hypo!sis1 our gift$ au?or sets =? ! advantages ( 8 own4 ,he believes t x alone is capable ( sav+ our fre$om1 t all our felicity re/s !re91 t x increases our goods & less5s our evils1 & t an ag5t possess+ ?is p[] is s mu* ! m complete4 ,^! advantages h almo/ all be5 already disprov$4 ,we h %[n t = ! secur+ ( our fre$om x is en\gh t ! repres5tations ( goods & ( evils1 & o!r inw>d or outw>d dispositions1 %\ld incl9e u )\t con/ra9+ u4 ,moreov] "o does n see h[ pure indiff]5ce c contribute to felicity2 on ! contr>y1 ! m indiff]5t "o is1 ! m ins5sitive & ! less capable ( enjoy+ :at is good w "o prove to be4 ,besides ! hypo!sis proves too mu*4 ,= if an indiff]5t p[] c\ld give itself ! consci\sness ( good x c\ld also give itself ! mo/ p]fect happ9ess1 z has be5 already %[n4 ,& x is manife/ t !re is no?+ :i* w\ld set limits to t p[]1 s9ce limits w\ld )draw x f its pure indiff]5ce1 :5ce1 s our au?or alleges1 x only em]ges ( itself1 or r :]e9 x has nev] be54 ,f9ally "o does n see :]e9 ! p]fection ( pure indiff]5ce lies3 on ! contr>y1 !re is no?+ m imp]fect2 x w\ld r5d] k & goodness futile1 & w\ld r$uce ev]y?+ to *ance1 ) no rules1 & no measures t c\ld be tak54 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 /ill "s advantages adduc$ by our au?or :i* h n be5 discuss$4 ,he consid]s !n t by ?is p[] alone are we ! true cause to :i* our actions c be imput$1 s9ce o!rwise we %\ld be "u ! compulsion ( ext]nal objects2 likewise t by ?is p[] alone c "o ascribe to oneself ! m]it ( "o's own felicity1 & feel pleas$ ) #dbf oneself4 ,b ! exact opposite is ! case3 = :5 "o happ5s ^u ! action ?r\gh an absolutely indiff]5t movem5t1 & n z a result ( "o's good or bad qualities1 is x n j z ?\gh "o 7 to happ5 ^u x bl9dly by *ance or haz>d8 ,:y !n %\ld "o boa/ ( a good action1 or :y %\ld "o be c5sur$ = an evil "o1 if ! ?anks or blame r$\nds to =tune or haz>d8 ,i ?9k t "o is m wor?y ( praise :5 "o owes ! action to "o's good qualities1 & ! m culpable 9 proportion z "o has be5 impell$ to x by "o's evil qualities4 ,to attempt to assess actions )\t weigh+ ! qualities :5ce !y spr+ is to talk at r&om & to put an imag9>y indef9able some?+ 9 ! place ( causes4 ,?us1 if ?is *ance or ?is indef9able some?+ 7 ! cause ( our actions1 to ! exclusion ( our natural or acquir$ qualities1 ( our incl9ations1 ( our habits1 x w\ld n be possible to set "o's hopes ^u any?+ dep5d+ ^u ! resolve ( o!rs1 s9ce x w\ld n be possible to fix some?+ indef9ite1 or to conjecture into :at road/ead ! unc]ta9 wea!r ( an extravagant indiff]5ce w drive ! vessel ( ! w4 #bj4 ,b sett+ aside advantages & disadvantages1 let u see h[ our le>n$ au?or w ju/ify ! hypo!sis f :i* he promises u s mu* good4 ,he imag9es t x is only ,god & ! free creatures :o are active 9 ! true s5se1 & t 9 ord] to be active "o mu/ be det]m9$ by oneself only4 ,n[ t :i* is det]m9$ by itself mu/ n be det]m9$ by objects1 & consequ5tly ! free sub/ance1 9 s f> z x is free1 mu/ be indiff]5t ) reg>d to objects1 & em]ge f ?is indiff]5ce only by its own *oice1 :i* %all r5d] ! object pleas+ to x4 ,b almo/ all ! /ages ( ?is argum5t h _! /umbl+-blocks4 ,n only ! free creatures1 b also all ! o!r sub/ances & natures compos$ ( sub/ances1 are active4 ,bea/s are n free1 & yet all ! same !y h active s\ls1 unless "o assume1 ) ! ,c>tesians1 t !y are m]e ma*9es4 ,moreov]1 x is n necess>y t 9 ord] to be active "o %\ld be det]m9$ only by oneself1 s9ce a ?+ may receive direction )\t receiv+ =ce4 ,s x is t ! horse is controll$ by ! rid] & ! vessel is /e]$ by ! helm2 & ,m4 ,desc>tes' belief 0 t our body1 hav+ =ce 9 itself1 receives only "s direction f ! s\l4 ,?us an active ?+ may receive f outside "s det]m9ation or direction1 capable ( *ang+ t #dbg direction :i* x w\ld take ( itself4 ,f9ally1 ev5 ?\gh an active sub/ance is det]m9$ only by itself1 x does n foll[ t x is n mov$ by objects3 = x is ! repres5tation ( ! object )9 x :i* contributes t[>ds ! det]m9ation4 ,n[ ! repres5tation does n come f )\t1 & consequ5tly !re is complete spontaneity4 ,objects d n act ^u intellig5t sub/ances z effici5t & physical causes1 b z f9al & moral causes4 ,:5 ,god acts 9 accordance ) 8 wisdom1 he is guid$ by ! ideas ( ! possibles :i* are 8 objects1 b :i* h no reality outside him be=e _! actual creation4 ,?us ?is k9d ( spiritual & moral motion is n contr>y to ! activity ( ! sub/ance1 nor to ! spontaneity ( its action4 ,f9ally1 ev5 ?\gh free p[] 7 n det]m9$ by ! objects1 x c nev] be indiff]5t to ! action :5 x is on ! po9t ( act+1 s9ce ! action mu/ h its orig9 9 a disposition to act3 o!rwise "o w d any?+ f any?+1 quidvis ex quovis1 & !re w be no?+ too absurd = u to imag9e4 ,b ?is disposition w h already brok5 ! *>m ( m]e indiff]5ce1 & if ! s\l gives itself ?is disposition !re mu/ ne$s be ano!r pr$isposition = ?is act ( giv+ x4 ,consequ5tly1 h[ev] f> back "o may g1 "o w nev] meet ) a m]e indiff]5ce 9 ! s\l t[>ds ! actions :i* x is to p]=m4 ,x is true t ^! dispositions incl9e x )\t con/ra9+ x4 ,!y relate usually to ! objects2 b !re are "s1 not)/&+1 :i* arise v>i\sly a subjecto or f ! s\l itself1 & :i* br+ x ab\t t "o object is m acceptable ?an ! o!r1 or t ! same is m acceptable at "o "t ?an at ano!r4 #ba4 ,our au?or cont9ually assures u t 8 hypo!sis is true1 & he und]takes to %[ t ?is indiff]5t p[] is inde$ f\nd 9 ,god1 & ev5 t x mu/ be attribut$ to him ( necessity4 ,= 7he says7 no?+ is to ,god ei!r good or bad 9 creatures4 ,he has no natural appetite1 to be satisfi$ by ! enjoym5t ( any?+ outside him4 ,he is !re=e absolutely indiff]5t to all ext]nal ?+s1 s9ce by !m he c nei!r be help$ nor h9d]$2 & he mu/ det]m9e himself & create z x 7 an appetite 9 mak+ 8 *oice4 ,& hav+ once *os51 he w wi% to abide by 8 *oice1 j z if he _h be5 prompt$ !reto by a natural incl9ation4 ,?us w ! div9e w be ! cause ( goodness 9 be+s4 ,t is to say1 !re w be goodness 9 ! objects1 n by _! #dbh nature1 b by ! w ( ,god3 :]eas if t w be exclud$ nei!r good nor evil c exi/ 9 ?+s4 ,x is difficult to imag9e h[ writ]s ( m]it c\ld h be5 misl$ by s /range an op9ion1 = ! reason :i* appe>s to be advanc$ "h has n ! slighte/ =ce4 ,x seems to me z ?\gh an attempt is be+ made to ju/ify ?is op9ion by ! consid]ation t all creatures h _! :ole be+ f ,god1 s t !y _c act ^u him or det]m9e him4 ,b ?is is cle>ly an in/ance ( self-deception4 ,:5 we say t an intellig5t sub/ance is actuat$ by ! goodness ( its object1 we d n ass]t t ?is object is necess>ily a be+ exi/+ outside ! sub/ance1 & x is en\gh = u t x be conceivable3 = its repres5tation acts 9 ! sub/ance1 or r ! sub/ance acts ^u itself1 9 s f> z x is dispos$ & influ5c$ by ?is repres5tation4 ,) ,god1 x is pla9 t 8 und]/&+ conta9s ! ideas ( all possible ?+s1 & t is h[ ev]y?+ is 9 him 9 a transc5d5t mann]4 ,^! ideas repres5t to him ! good & evil1 ! p]fection & imp]fection1 ! ord] & disord]1 ! congruity & incongruity ( possibles2 & 8 sup]abundant goodness makes him *oose ! mo/ advantage\s4 ,god !re=e det]m9es himself by himself2 8 w acts by virtue ( 8 goodness1 b x is p>ticul>iz$ & direct$ 9 action by und]/&+ fill$ ) wisdom4 ,& s9ce 8 und]/&+ is p]fect1 s9ce 8 ?\ghts are always cle>1 8 incl9ations always good1 he nev] fails to d ! be/2 :]eas we may be deceiv$ by ! m]e semblances ( tru? & goodness4 ,b h[ is x possible = x to be said t !re is no good or evil 9 ! ideas be=e ! op]ation ( ,god's w8 ,does ! w ( ,god =m ! ideas :i* are 9 8 und]/&+8 ,i d>e n ascribe to our le>n$ au?or s /range a s5tim5t1 :i* w\ld confuse und]/&+ & w1 & w\ld subv]t ! curr5t use ( our notions4 ,n[ if ideas are indep5d5t ( w1 ! p]fection or imp]fection :i* is repres5t$ 9 !m w be indep5d5t also4 ,inde$1 is x by ! w ( ,god1 = example1 or is x n r by ! nature ( numb]s1 t c]ta9 numb]s all[ m ?an o!rs ( v>i\s exact divisions8 t "s are m fitt$ ?an o!rs = =m+ battalions1 compos+ polygons & o!r regul> figures8 t ! numb] six has ! advantage ( be+ ! lea/ ( all ! numb]s t are call$ p]fect8 t 9 a plane six equal circles may t\* a sev5?8 t ( all equal bodies1 ! sph]e has ! lea/ surface8 t #dbi c]ta9 l9es are incomm5surable1 & consequ5tly ill-adapt$ = h>mony8 ,d we n see t all ^! advantages or disadvantages spr+ f ! idea ( ! ?+1 & t ! contr>y w\ld imply contradiction8 ,c x be ?\ght t ! pa9 & discom=t ( s5ti5t creatures1 & above all ! happ9ess & unhapp9ess ( intellig5t sub/ances1 are a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ,god8 ,& :at %all be said ( 8 ju/ice8 ,is x also some?+ arbitr>y1 & w\ld he h act$ wisely & ju/ly if he _h resolv$ to condemn ! innoc5t8 ,i "k t !re h be5 writ]s s ill-advis$ z to ma9ta9 an op9ion s dang]\s & s liable to ov]?r[ religion4 ,b ,i am assur$ t our illu/ri\s au?or is f> f hold+ x4 ,nev]!less1 x seems z ?\gh ?is hypo!sis t5ds 9 t direction1 if !re is no?+ 9 objects save :at is indiff]5t to ! div9e w be=e its *oice4 ,x is true t ,god has ne$ ( no?+2 b ! au?or has himself %[n cle>ly t ,god's goodness1 & n 8 ne$1 prompt$ him to produce creatures4 ,!re 0 !re=e 9 him a reason ant]ior to ! resolution2 &1 z ,i h said s _m times1 x 0 nei!r by *ance nor )\t cause1 nor ev5 by necessity1 t ,god creat$ ?is _w1 b r z a result ( 8 incl9ation1 :i* always prompts him to ! be/4 ,?us x is surpris+ t our au?or %\ld ass]t "h 7*4 #e1 sect4 #a1 sub-sect4 #d1 #e7 t !re is no reason :i* c\ld h induc$ ,god1 absolutely p]fect & happy 9 himself1 to create any?+ outside him1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ! au?or's previ\s decl>ations 7*4 #a1 sect4 #c1 #h1 #i71 ,god acts = an end1 & 8 aim is to communicate 8 goodness4 ,x 0 !re=e n altoge!r a matt] ( indiff]5ce to him :e!r he %\ld create or n create1 & creation is not)/&+ a free act4 ,nor 0 x a matt] ( indiff]5ce to him ei!r1 :e!r he %\ld create "o _w r ?an ano!r2 a p]petual *aos1 or a completely ord]$ sy/em4 ,?us ! qualities ( objects1 includ$ 9 _! ideas1 =m$ ! reason = ,god's *oice4 #bb4 ,our au?or1 hav+ already spok5 s admirably ab\t ! beauty & fitt+ness ( ! works ( ,god1 has tri$ to se>* out phrases t w\ld reconcile !m ) 8 hypo!sis1 :i* appe>s to deprive ,god ( all consid]ation = ! good or ! advantage ( creatures4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ,god prevails 7he says7 only 9 8 fir/ elections1 b z soon z ,god has *os5 some?+ he has virtually *os51 at ! same "t1 all #dcj t :i* is ( necessity connect$ !re)4 ,!re 7 innum]able possible m5 equally p]fect3 ! election ( "s f among !m is purely arbitr>y 79 ! judgem5t ( our au?or74 ,b ,god1 once hav+ *os5 !m1 c\ld n h will$ 9 !m any?+ contr>y to human nature4 ,up to ?is po9t ! au?or's words are consi/5t ) 8 hypo!sis2 b ^? t foll[ g fur!r4 ,he advances ! proposition t :5 ,god resolv$ to produce c]ta9 creatures he resolv$ at ! same "t1 by virtue ( 8 inf9ite goodness1 to give !m e possible advantage4 ,no?+1 inde$1 c\ld be s reasonable1 b also no?+ c\ld be s contr>y to ! hypo!sis he has put =w>d1 & he does "r to ov]?r[ x1 r ?an prolong ! exi/5ce ( any?+ s *>g$ ) incongruities incompatible ) ! goodness & wisdom ( ,god4 ,"h is ! way to see pla9ly t ?is hypo!sis _c h>monize ) :at has j be5 said4 ,! fir/ "q w be3 ,w ,god create some?+ or n1 & :]e=e8 ,! au?or has answ]$ t he w create some?+ 9 ord] to communicate 8 goodness4 ,x is !re=e no matt] ( indiff]5ce to him :e!r he %all create or n4 ,next ! "q is ask$3 ,w ,god create su* & su* a ?+1 & :]e=e8 ,"o mu/ ne$s answ] 7to speak consi/5tly7 t ! same goodness makes him *oose ! be/1 & inde$ ! au?or falls back on t subsequ5tly4 ,b1 foll[+ 8 own hypo!sis1 he answ]s t ,god w create su* a ?+1 b t !re is no :]e=e1 because ,god is absolutely indiff]5t t[>ds creatures1 :o h _! goodness only f 8 *oice4 ,x is true t our au?or v>ies some:at on ?is po9t1 = he says "h 7*4 #e1 sect4 #e1 sub-sect4 #d1 #ab7 t ,god is indiff]5t to ! *oice betwe5 m5 ( equal p]fection1 or betwe5 equally p]fect k9ds ( rational creatures4 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is =m ( expression1 he w\ld *oose r ! m p]fect k9d3 & z k9ds t are ( equal p]fection h>monize m or less ) o!rs1 ,god w *oose ^? t agree be/ toge!r2 !re w !re=e be no pure & absolute indiff]5ce1 & ! au?or ?us comes back to my pr9ciples4 ,b let u speak1 z he speaks1 9 accordance ) 8 hypo!sis1 & let u assume ) him t ,god *ooses c]ta9 creatures ev5 ?\gh he be absolutely indiff]5t t[>ds !m4 ,he w !n j z soon *oose creatures t are irregul>1 ill-%ap51 mis*iev\s1 unhappy1 *aos ev]la/+1 mon/]s ev]y:]e1 #dca sc\ndrels z sole inhabitants ( ! e>?1 devils fill+ ! :ole univ]se1 all ?is r ?an excell5t sy/ems1 %apely =ms1 upright p]sons1 good angels6 ,no1 ! au?or w say1 ,god1 :5 once he _h resolv$ to create m51 resolv$ at ! same "t to give !m all ! advantages possible 9 ! _w1 & x is ! same ) reg>d to creatures ( o!r k9ds4 ,i answ]1 t if ?is advantage 7 connect$ ( necessity ) _! nature1 ! au?or w\ld be speak+ 9 accordance ) 8 hypo!sis4 ,t n be+ s1 h[ev]1 he mu/ admit t ,god's resolve to give e possible advantage to m5 arises f a new election indep5d5t ( t "o :i* prompt$ ,god to make m54 ,b :5ce comes ?is new election8 ,does x also come f m]e indiff]5ce8 ,if su* is ! case1 no?+ prompts ,god to seek ! good ( m51 & if he sometimes comes to d x1 x w be m]ely by accid5t4 ,b ! au?or ma9ta9s t ,god 0 prompt$ to ! *oice by 8 goodness2 !re=e ! good & ill ( creatures is no matt] ( indiff]5ce to him1 & !re are 9 him prim>y *oices to :i* ! goodness ( ! object prompts him4 ,he *ooses n only to create m51 b also to create m5 z happy z x is possible to be 9 ?is sy/em4 ,aft] t n ! lea/ ve/ige ( m]e indiff]5ce w be left1 = we c reason conc]n+ ! entire _w j z we h reason$ conc]n+ ! human race4 ,god resolv$ to create a _w1 b he 0 b\nd by 8 goodness at ! same "t to make *oice ( su* a _w z %\ld conta9 ! greate/ possible am\nt ( ord]1 regul>ity1 virtue1 happ9ess4 ,= ,i c see no excuse = say+ t :]eas ,god 0 prompt$ by 8 goodness to make ! m5 he has resolv$ to create z p]fect z is possible )9 ?is sy/em1 he _h n ! same good int5tion t[>ds ! :ole univ]se4 ,!re we h come back aga9 to ! goodness ( ! objects2 & pure indiff]5ce1 :]e ,god w\ld act )\t cause1 is altoge!r de/roy$ by ! v proc$ure ( our gift$ au?or1 ) :om ! =ce ( tru?1 once ! he>t ( ! matt] 0 rea*$1 prevail$ ov] a speculative hypo!sis1 :i* _c admit ( any application to ! reality ( ?+s4 #bc4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 no?+ is altoge!r indiff]5t to ,god1 :o kn[s all degrees1 all effects1 all relations ( ?+s1 & :o p5etrates at "o & ! same "t all _! possible connexions1 let u see :e!r at lea/ ! ignorance & ins5sibility ( man c make him absolutely indiff]5t 9 8 *oice4 ,! au?or regales u ) ?is pure #dcb indiff]5ce z ) a h&some pres5t4 ,"h are ! pro(s ( x :i* he gives3 7#a7 ,we feel x )9 u4 7#b7 ,we h exp]i5ce )9 ourselves ( its m>ks & its prop]ties4 7#c7 ,we c %[ t o!r causes :i* might det]m9e our w are insuffici5t4 ,z = ! fir/ po9t1 he ass]ts t 9 feel+ fre$om )9 u we feel )9 u at ! same "t pure indiff]5ce4 ,b ,i d n agree t we feel su* indiff]5ce1 or t ?is alleg$ feel+ foll[s ^u t ( fre$om4 ,we feel usually )9 u some?+ :i* incl9es u to our *oice4 ,at times x happ5s1 h[ev]1 t we _c acc\nt = all our dispositions4 ,if we give our m9d to ! "q1 we %all recognize t ! con/itution ( our body & ( bodies 9 our environm5t1 ! pres5t or previ\s temp] ( our s\l1 toge!r ) c\ntless small ?+s includ$ "u ^! compreh5sive head+s1 may contribute t[>ds our great] or less] pr$ilection = c]ta9 objects1 & ! v>iation ( our op9ions f "o "t to ano!r4 ,at ! same "t we %all recognize t none w\ld attribute ?is to m]e indiff]5ce1 or to "s indef9able =ce ( ! s\l :i* has ! same effect ^u objects z col\rs are said to h ^u ! *ameleon4 ,?us ! au?or has no cause "h to appeal to ! judgem5t ( ! p3 he does s1 say+ t 9 _m ?+s ! p reason bett] ?an ! philosoph]s4 ,x is true t c]ta9 philosoph]s h be5 misl$ by *im]as1 & x w\ld seem t m]e indiff]5ce is numb]$ among *im]ical notions4 ,b :5 someone ma9ta9s t a ?+ does n exi/ because ! common h]d does n p]ceive x1 "h ! populace _c be reg>d$ z a good judge1 be+1 z x is1 only guid$ by ! s5ses4 ,_m p ?9k t air is no?+ :5 x is n /irr$ by ! w9d4 ,! majority d n "k ( imp]ceptible bodies1 ! fluid :i* causes weight or ela/icity1 magnetic matt]1 to say no?+ ( atoms & o!r indivisible sub/ances4 ,d we say !n t ^! ?+s are n because ! common h]d does n "k ( !m8 ,if s1 we %all be able to say also t ! s\l acts sometimes )\t any disposition or incl9ation contribut+ t[>ds ! production ( its act1 because !re are _m dispositions & incl9ations :i* are n suffici5tly p]ceiv$ by ! common h]d1 = lack ( att5tion & ?\ght4 ,secondly1 z to ! m>ks ( ! p[] 9 "q1 ,i h already refut$ ! claim advanc$ = x1 t x possesses ! advantage ( mak+ "o active1 ! real cause ( "o's action1 & subject to responsibility & morality3 #dcc ^! are n g5u9e m>ks ( its exi/5ce4 ,"h is "o ! au?or adduces1 :i* is n g5u9e ei!r1 namely1 t we h )9 u a p[] ( resi/+ natural appetites1 t is to say ( resi/+ n only ! s5ses1 b also ! reason4 ,b ,i h already /at$ ?is fact3 "o resi/s natural appetites ?r\gh o!r natural appetites4 ,"o sometimes endures inconv5i5ces1 & is happy to d s2 b t is on acc\nt ( "s hope or ( "s satisfaction :i* is comb9$ ) ! ill & exce$s x3 ei!r "o anticipates good f x1 or "o f9ds good 9 x4 ,! au?or ass]ts t x is ?r\gh t p[] to trans=m appe>ances :i* he has introduc$ on ! sc5e1 t we r5d] agreeable :at at fir/ displeas$ u4 ,b :o _c see t ! true reason is1 t application & att5tion to ! object & cu/om *ange our disposition & consequ5tly our natural appetites8 ,once we become us$ to a r high degree ( cold or heat1 x no long] incommodes u z x =m]ly did1 & yet no "o w\ld ascribe ?is effect to our p[] ( *oice4 ,"t is ne$$1 = in/ance1 to br+ ab\t t h>d5+1 or r t callosity1 :i* enables ! h&s ( c]ta9 workm5 to resi/ a degree ( heat t w\ld burn our h&s4 ,! populace1 :om ! au?or invokes1 guess correctly ! cause ( ?is effect1 al?\gh !y sometimes apply x 9 a laughable mann]4 ,two s]v+-maids be+ close to ! fire 9 ! kit*51 "o :o has burnt h]self says to ! o!r3 ,oh1 my de>1 :o w be able to endure ! fire ( purgatory8 ,! o!r answ]s3 ,don't be absurd1 my good woman1 "o gr[s us$ to ev]y?+4 #bd4 ,b 7! au?or w say7 ?is wond]ful p[] :i* causes u to be indiff]5t to ev]y?+1 or incl9$ t[>ds ev]y?+1 simply at our own free w1 prevails ov] reason itself4 ,& ?is is 8 ?ird pro(1 namely1 t "o _c suffici5tly expla9 our actions )\t hav+ rec\rse to ?is p[]4 ,"o sees numb]s ( p despis+ ! entreaties ( _! fri5ds1 ! c\nsels ( _! neighb\rs1 ! reproa*es ( _! consci5ce1 discom=ts1 tortures1 dea?1 ! wra? ( ,god1 hell itself1 = ! sake ( runn+ aft] follies :i* h no claim to be good or tol]able1 save z be+ freely *os5 by su* p4 ,all is well 9 ?is argum5t1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ words only4 ,= :5 "o takes an actual in/ance "o w f9d t !re 7 reasons or causes :i* l$ ! man to 8 *oice1 & t !re are v /rong bonds to fa/5 #dcd him !reto4 ,a love-affair1 = example1 w nev] h aris5 f m]e indiff]5ce3 incl9ation or passion w h play$ its "p2 b habit & /ubbornness w cause c]ta9 natures to face ru9 r ?an sep>ation f ! belov$4 ,"h is ano!r example cit$ by ! au?or3 an a!i/1 a man l ,lucilio ,van9i 7t is :at _m p call him1 :]eas he himself adopts ! magnific5t "n ( ,giulio ,ces>e ,van9i 9 8 works71 w suff] a prepo/]\s m>tyrdom = 8 *im]a r ?an r5\nce 8 impiety4 ,! au?or does n "n ,van9i2 & ! tru? is t ?is man repudiat$ 8 wrong op9ions1 until he 0 convict$ ( hav+ publi%$ a!i/ical dogmas & act$ z an apo/le ( a!ism4 ,:5 he 0 ask$ :e!r !re 0 a ,god1 he pluck$ "s grass1 say+3 ,et levis e/ cespes qui probet esse ,deum4 ,b s9ce ! ,attorney ,g5]al to ! ,p>liam5t ( ,t\l\se desir$ to cause annoyance to ! ,fir/ ,presid5t 7s x is said71 to :om ,van9i 0 grant$ consid]able access1 tea*+ 8 *ildr5 philosophy1 if inde$ he 0 n altoge!r 9 ! s]vice ( t magi/rate1 ! inquisition 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh rigor\sly4 ,van9i1 see+ t !re 0 no *ance ( p>don1 decl>$ himself1 :5 at ! po9t ( dea?1 = :at he 01 an a!i/2 & !re 0 no?+ v extraord9>y 9 t4 ,b suppos+ !re 7 an a!i/ :o gave himself up = torture1 vanity might be 9 8 case a /rong en\gh motive1 z 9 t ( ! ,gymnosophi/1 ,calanus1 & ( ! ,sophi/ :o1 accord+ to ,lucian's acc\nt1 0 burnt to dea? ( 8 own w4 ,b ! au?or ?9ks t t v vanity1 t /ubbornness1 ^? o!r wild int5tions ( p]sons :o o!rwise seem to h q good s5se1 _c be expla9$ by ! appetites t arise f ! repres5tation ( good & evil1 & t !y compel u to h rec\rse to t transc5d5t p[] :i* trans=ms good into evil1 & evil into good1 & ! indiff]5t into good or into evil4 ,b we d n ne$ to g s f>1 & ! causes ( our errors are only too visible4 ,inde$1 we c make ^! trans=mations1 b x is n z ) ! ,fairies1 by a m]e act ( ?is magic p[]1 b by obscur+ & suppress+ 9 "o's m9d ! repres5tations ( good or bad qualities :i* are naturally atta*$ to c]ta9 objects1 & by contemplat+ only su* repres5tations z con=m to our ta/e or our prejudices2 or #dce aga91 because "o atta*es to ! objects1 by d9t ( ?9k+ ( !m1 c]ta9 qualities :i* are connect$ ) !m only accid5tally or ?r\gh our habitual contemplation ( !m4 ,= example1 all my life long ,i dete/ a c]ta9 k9d ( good food1 because 9 my *ildhood ,i f\nd 9 x some?+ di/a/eful1 :i* made a /rong impression ^u me4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a c]ta9 natural defect w be pleas+ to me1 because x w revive )9 me to "s ext5t ! ?\ght ( a p]son ,i us$ to e/eem or love4 ,a "y man w h be5 delight$ by ! applause :i* has be5 %[]$ ^u him aft] "s successful public action2 ! impression ( ?is great pleasure w h made him rem>kably s5sitive to reputation2 he w ?9k day & night ( no?+ save :at n\ri%es ?is passion1 & t w cause him to scorn dea? itself 9 ord] to atta9 8 end4 ,= al?\gh he may "k v well t he w n feel :at is said ( him aft] 8 dea?1 ! repres5tation he makes ( x = himself be=eh& creates a /rong impression on 8 m9d4 ,& !re are always motives ( ! same k9d 9 actions :i* appe> mo/ useless & absurd to ^? :o d n ent] into ^! motives4 ,9 a ^w1 a /rong or (t-repeat$ impression may alt] consid]ably our organs1 our imag9ation1 our memory1 & ev5 our reason+4 ,x happ5s t a man1 by d9t ( hav+ (t5 relat$ some?+ untrue1 :i* he has p]haps inv5t$1 f9ally comes to believe 9 x himself4 ,& z "o (t5 repres5ts to oneself some?+ pleas+1 "o makes x easy to imag9e1 & "o ?9ks x also easy to put into effect1 :5ce x comes t "o p]suades oneself easily ( :at "o wi%es4 ,et qui amant ipsi sibi somnia f+unt4 #be4 ,errors are !re=e1 absolutely speak+1 nev] volunt>y1 al?\gh ! w v (t5 contributes t[>ds !m indirectly1 ow+ to ! pleasure "o takes 9 giv+ oneself up to c]ta9 ?\ghts1 or ow+ to ! av]sion "o feels = o!rs4 ,beautiful pr9t 9 a book w help t[>ds mak+ x p]suasive to ! read]4 ,! air & mann] ( a speak] w w9 ! audi5ce = him4 ,"o w be incl9$ to despise doctr9es com+ f a man "o despises or hates1 or f ano!r :o resembles him 9 "s po9t t /rikes u4 ,i h already said :y "o is readily dispos$ to believe :at is advantage\s or agreeable1 & ,i h kn[n p :o at fir/ _h *ang$ _! religion = worldly #dcf consid]ations1 b :o h be5 p]suad$ 7& well p]suad$7 aft]w>ds t !y _h tak5 ! "r c\rse4 ,"o sees also t /ubbornness is n simply wrong *oice p]sev]+1 b also a disposition to p]sev]e !re91 :i* is due to "s good suppos$ to be inh]5t 9 ! *oice1 or "s evil imag9$ z aris+ f a *ange4 ,! fir/ *oice has p]*ance be5 made 9 m]e levity1 b ! int5tion to abide by x spr+s f c]ta9 /rong] reasons or impressions4 ,!re are ev5 "s writ]s on e?ics :o lay x d[n t "o ought to abide by "o's *oice s z n to be incon/ant or appe> s4 ,yet p]sev]ance is wrong :5 "o despises ! w>n+s ( reason1 especially :5 ! subject is important en\gh to be exam9$ c>efully2 b :5 ! ?\ght ( *ange is unpleasant1 "o readily av]ts "o's att5tion f x1 & t is ! way :i* mo/ frequ5tly leads "o to /ubbornness4 ,! au?or wi%$ to connect /ubbornness ) 8 s-call$ pure indiff]5ce4 ,he might !n h tak5 into acc\nt t to make u cl+ to a *oice !re w\ld be ne$ ( m ?an ! m]e *oice itself or a pure indiff]5ce1 especially if ?is *oice has be5 made lightly1 & all ! m lightly 9 proportion to ! indiff]5ce %[n4 ,9 su* a case we %all be readily incl9$ to rev]se ! *oice1 unless vanity1 habit1 int]e/ or "s o!r motive makes u p]sev]e !re94 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ ei!r t v5geance pleases )\t cause4 ,p]sons ( int5se feel+ pond] ^u x day & night1 & x is h>d = !m to efface ! impression ( ! wrong or ! affront !y h su/a9$4 ,!y picture = !mselves a v great pleasure 9 be+ fre$ f ! ?\ght ( scorn :i* comes ^u !m e mom5t1 & :i* causes "s to f9d v5geance sweet] ?an life itself4 ,quis v9dicta bonum vita jucundius ipsa4 ,! au?or w\ld wi% to p]suade u t usually1 :5 our desire or our av]sion is = "s object :i* does n suffici5tly des]ve x1 we h giv5 to x ! surplus ( good or evil :i* has affect$ u1 ?r\gh ! alleg$ p[] ( *oice :i* makes ?+s appe> good or evil z we wi%4 ,"o has _h two degrees ( natural evil1 "o gives oneself six degrees ( artificial good ?r\gh ! p[] t c *oose )\t cause4 ,?us "o w h f\r degrees ( net good 7*4 #e1 sect4 #b1 #g74 ,if t c\ld be c>ri$ out x w\ld take u f>1 z ,i h already said "h4 ,! #dcg au?or ev5 ?9ks t ambition1 av>ice1 ! gambl+ mania & o!r frivol\s passions d]ive all _! =ce f ?is p[] 7*4 #e1 sect4 #e1 sub-sect4 #f74 ,b !re are besides s _m false appe>ances 9 ?+s1 s _m imag9ations capable ( enl>g+ or dim9i%+ objects1 s _m unju/ifi$ connexions 9 our argum5ts1 t !re is no ne$ ( ?is little ,fairy1 t is1 ( ?is inw>d p[] op]at+ z x 7 by en*antm5t1 to :om ! au?or attributes all ^! disord]s4 ,inde$1 ,i h already said repeat$ly t :5 we resolve ^u "s c\rse contr>y to ackn[l$g$ reason1 we are prompt$ to x by ano!r reason /rong] to outw>d appe>ance1 su* z1 = in/ance1 is ! pleasure ( appe>+ indep5d5t & ( p]=m+ an extraord9>y action4 ,!re 0 9 days pa/ at ! ,c\rt ( ,osnabrck a tutor to ! pages1 :o1 l a second ,mucius ,scaevola1 held out 8 arm into ! flame & look$ l gett+ a gangr5e1 9 ord] to %[ t ! /r5g? ( 8 m9d 0 great] ?an a v acute pa94 ,few p w foll[ 8 example2 & ,i d n ev5 "k if a writ] c\ld easily be f\nd :o1 hav+ once affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( a p[] capable ( *oos+ )\t cause1 or ev5 contr>y to reason1 w\ld be will+ to prove 8 case by 8 own example1 9 r5\nc+ "s good b5efice or "s high (fice1 simply 9 ord] to display ?is sup]iority ( w ov] reason4 ,b ,i am sure at ! lea/ t an intellig5t man w\ld n d s4 ,he w\ld be pres5tly aw>e t someone w\ld nullify 8 sacrifice by po9t+ out to him t he _h simply imitat$ ,heliodorus1 ,bi%op ( ,l>issa4 ,t man 7s x is said7 held 8 book on ,!ag5es & ,*>iclea de>] ?an 8 bi%opric2 & su* a ?+ may easily happ5 :5 a man has res\rces enabl+ him to disp5se ) 8 (fice & :5 he is s5sitive to reputation4 ,?us e day p are f\nd ready to sacrifice _! advantages to _! caprices1 t is to say1 actual goods to ! m]e semblance ( !m4 #bf4 ,if ,i wi%$ to foll[ /ep by /ep ! argum5ts ( our gift$ au?or1 :i* (t5 come back to matt]s previ\sly consid]$ 9 our inquiry1 usually h[ev] ) "s elegant & well-phras$ addition1 ,i %\ld be oblig$ to proce$ too f>2 b ,i hope t ,i %all be able to avoid do+ s1 hav+1 z ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly met all 8 reasons4 ,! be/ ?+ is t ) him practice usually corrects & am5ds !ory4 ,aft] hav+ advanc$ ! hypo!sis1 9 ! second section ( ?is fif? *apt]1 #dch t we approa* ,god ?r\gh ! capacity to *oose )\t reason1 & t ?is p[] be+ ( ! noble/ k9d its ex]cise is ! mo/ capable ( mak+ "o happy1 ?+s 9 ! highe/ degree p>adoxical1 s9ce x is reason :i* leads u to imitate ,god & our happ9ess lies 9 foll[+ reason3 aft] t1 ,i say1 ! au?or provides an excell5t corrective1 = he says rightly 7 #e7 t 9 ord] to be happy we mu/ adapt our *oice to ?+s1 s9ce ?+s are sc>cely prone to adapt !mselves to u1 & t ?is is 9 effect adapt+ oneself to ! div9e w4 ,d\btless t is well said1 b x implies besides t our w mu/ be guid$ z f> z possible by ! reality ( ! objects1 & by true repres5tations ( good & evil4 ,consequ5tly also ! motives ( good & evil are n oppos$ to fre$om1 & ! p[] ( *oos+ )\t cause1 f> f m9i/]+ to our happ9ess1 w be useless & ev5 highly prejudicial4 ,?us x is happily ! case t ?is p[] n[h]e exi/s1 & t x is 'a be+ ( reason+ reason'1 z "s ,s*oolm5 call ! fictions t are n ev5 possible4 ,z = me1 ,i %\ld h pref]r$ to call !m 'be+s ( non-reason+ reason'4 ,also ,i ?9k t ! ?ird section 7on wrong elections7 may pass1 s9ce x says t "o mu/ n *oose ?+s t are impossible1 inconsi/5t1 h>mful1 contr>y to ! div9e w1 or already tak5 by o!rs4 ,moreov]1 ! au?or rem>ks appositely t by prejudic+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs ne$lessly "o (f5ds ! div9e w1 :i* desires t all be happy z f> z x is possible4 ,i w say z mu* ( ! f\r? section1 :]e !re is m5tion ( ! s\rce ( wrong elections1 :i* are error or ignorance1 neglig5ce1 fickl5ess 9 *ang+ too readily1 /ubbornness 9 n *ang+ 9 "t1 & bad habits2 f9ally !re is ! importunity ( ! appetites1 :i* (t5 drive u inopportunely t[>ds ext]nal ?+s4 ,! fif? section is design$ to reconcile evil elections or s9s ) ! p[] & goodness ( ,god2 & ?is section1 z x is diffuse1 is divid$ into sub-sections4 ,! au?or has cumb]$ himself ne$lessly ) a great objection3 = he ass]ts t )\t a p[] to *oose t is altoge!r indiff]5t 9 ! *oice !re w\ld be no s94 ,n[ x 0 v easy = ,god to refuse to creatures a p[] s irrational4 ,x 0 suffici5t = !m to be actuat$ by ! repres5tations ( goods & evils2 x 0 !re=e easy1 accord+ to ! au?or's hypo!sis1 = ,god to prev5t s94 ,to extricate himself f ?is difficulty1 he has no o!r res\rce ?an to /ate t if ?is p[] #dci 7 remov$ f ?+s ! _w w\ld be no?+ b a purely passive ma*9e4 ,b t is ! v ?+ :i* ,i h disprov$4 ,if ?is p[] 7 miss+ 9 ! _w 7z 9 fact x is71 "o w\ld h>dly compla9 ( ! fact4 ,s\ls w be well cont5t ) ! repres5tations ( goods & evils = ! mak+ ( _! *oice1 & ! _w w rema9 z beautiful z x is4 ,! au?or comes back to :at he _h already put =w>d "h1 t )\t ?is p[] !re w\ld be no happ9ess4 ,b ,i h giv5 a suffici5t answ] to t1 & !re is n ! slighte/ probability 9 ?is ass]tion & 9 c]ta9 o!r p>adoxes he puts =w>d "h to support 8 pr9cipal p>adox4 #bg4 ,he makes a small digression on pray] 7sub-sect4 #d71 say+ t ^? :o pray to ,god hope = "s *ange 9 ! ord] ( nature2 b x seems z ?\gh1 accord+ to 8 op9ion1 !y are mi/ak54 ,9 reality1 m5 w be cont5t if _! pray]s are he>d1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves z to :e!r ! c\rse ( nature is *ang$ 9 _! fav\r1 or n4 ,inde$1 if !y receive succ\r f good angels !re w be no *ange 9 ! g5]al ord] ( ?+s4 ,also ?is op9ion ( our au?or is a v reasonable "o1 t !re is a sy/em ( spiritual sub/ances1 j z !re is ( corporeal sub/ances1 & t ! spiritual h communication ) "o ano!r1 ev5 z bodies d4 ,god employs ! m9i/ry ( angels 9 8 rule ( mank9d1 )\t any detrim5t to ! ord] ( nature4 ,nev]!less1 x is easi] to put =w>d !ories on ^! matt]s ?an to expla9 !m1 unless "o h rec\rse to my sy/em ( ,h>mony4 ,b ! au?or goes some:at fur!r4 ,he believes t ! mission ( ! ,holy ,_s 0 a great miracle 9 ! beg9n+1 b t n[ 8 op]ations )9 u are natural4 ,i leave x to him to expla9 8 op9ion1 & to settle ! matt] ) o!r !ologians4 ,yet ,i obs]ve t he f9ds ! natural efficacy ( pray] 9 ! p[] x has ( mak+ ! s\l bett]1 ( ov]com+ ! passions1 & ( w9n+ = oneself a c]ta9 degree ( new grace4 ,i c say almo/ ! same ?+s on my hypo!sis1 :i* repres5ts ! w z act+ only 9 accordance ) motives2 & ,i am immune f ! difficulties 9 :i* ! au?or has become involv$ ov] 8 p[] ( *oos+ )\t cause4 ,he is 9 great emb>rassm5t also ) reg>d to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god4 ,= if ! s\l is p]fectly indiff]5t 9 its *oice h[ is x possible to =esee ?is *oice8 & :at suffici5t reason w "o be able to f9d = ! k ( a#ddj ?+1 if !re is no reason = its exi/5ce8 ,! au?or puts (f to "s o!r occasion ! solution ( ?is difficulty1 :i* w\ld require 7accord+ to him7 an entire "w4 ,= ! re/1 he sometimes speaks p]t95tly1 & 9 con=mity ) my pr9ciples1 on ! subject ( moral evil4 ,he says1 = example 7sub-sect4 #f71 t vices & crimes d n detract f ! beauty ( ! univ]se1 b r add to x1 j z c]ta9 dissonances w\ld (f5d ! e> by _! h>%ness if !y 7 he>d q alone1 & yet 9 comb9ation !y r5d] ! h>mony m pleas+4 ,he also po9ts out div]s goods involv$ 9 evils1 = in/ance1 ! usefulness ( prodigality 9 ! ri* & av>ice 9 ! poor2 inde$ x s]ves to make ! arts fl\ri%4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t we are n to judge ! univ]se by ! small size ( our globe & ( all t is kn[n to u4 ,= ! /a9s & defects 9 x may be f\nd z useful = enhanc+ ! beauty ( ! re/ z pat*es1 :i* h no?+ beautiful 9 !mselves1 are by ! fair sex f\nd adapt$ to embelli% ! :ole face1 al?\gh !y disfigure ! "p !y cov]4 ,cotta1 9 ,cic]o's book1 _h comp>$ provid5ce1 9 its grant+ ( reason to m51 to a physician :o all[s w9e to a pati5t1 not)/&+ t he =esees ! misuse :i* w be made !re( by ! pati5t1 at ! exp5se ( 8 life4 ,! au?or replies t provid5ce does :at wisdom & goodness require1 & t ! good :i* accrues is great] ?an ! evil4 ,if ,god _h n giv5 reason to man !re w\ld h be5 no man at all1 & ,god w\ld be l a physician :o kill$ someone 9 ord] to prev5t 8 fall+ ill4 ,"o may add t x is n reason :i* is h>mful 9 itself1 b ! abs5ce ( reason2 & :5 reason is ill employ$ we reason well ab\t means1 b n adequately ab\t an end1 or ab\t t bad end we h propos$ to ourselves4 ,?us x is always = lack ( reason t "o does an evil de$4 ,! au?or also puts =w>d ! objection made by ,epicurus 9 ! book by ,lactantius on ! wra? ( ,god4 ,! t]ms ( ! objection are m or less z foll[s4 ,ei!r ,god wi%es to bani% evils & _c contrive to d s1 9 :i* case he w\ld be weak2 or he c aboli% !m1 & w n1 :i* w\ld be a sign ( malignity 9 him2 or aga9 he lacks p[] & also w1 :i* w\ld make him appe> bo? weak & jeal\s2 or f9ally he c & w1 b 9 ?is case x w be ask$ :y he !n does n bani% evil1 if he exi/s8 ,! au?or replies t ,god _c bani% evil1 t he does n wi% to ei!r1 & t not)/&+ he is nei!r malici\s #dda nor weak4 ,i %\ld h pref]r$ to say t he c bani% evil1 b t he does n wi% to d s absolutely1 & rightly s1 because he w\ld !n bani% good at ! same "t1 & he w\ld bani% m good ?an evil4 ,f9ally our au?or1 hav+ f9i%$ 8 le>n$ "w1 adds an ,app5dix1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! ,div9e ,laws4 ,he fitt+ly divides ^! laws into natural & positive4 ,he obs]ves t ! p>ticul> laws ( ! nature ( animals mu/ give way to ! g5]al laws ( bodies1 t ,god is n 9 reality ang]$ :5 8 laws are violat$1 b t ord] dem&$ t he :o s9s %\ld br+ an evil ^u himself1 & t he :o does viol5ce to o!rs %\ld suff] viol5ce 9 8 turn4 ,b he believes t ! positive laws ( ,god r indicate & =eca/ ! evil ?an cause its infliction4 ,& t gives him occasion to speak ( ! et]nal damnation ( ! wick$1 :i* no long] s]ves ei!r = correction or example1 & :i* nev]!less satisfies ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god1 al?\gh ! wick$ br+ _! unhapp9ess ^u !mselves4 ,he suspects1 h[ev]1 t ^! puni%m5ts ( ! wick$ br+ "s advantage to virtu\s p4 ,he is d\btful also :e!r x is n bett] to be damn$ ?an to be no?+3 = x might be t ! damn$ are fools1 capable ( cl++ to _! /ate ( mis]y ow+ to a c]ta9 p]v]sity ( m9d :i*1 he ma9ta9s1 makes !m congratulate !mselves on _! false judgem5ts 9 ! mid/ ( _! mis]y1 & take pleasure 9 f9d+ fault ) ! w ( ,god4 ,= e day "o sees peevi%1 malici\s1 envi\s p :o enjoy ! ?\ght ( _! ills1 & seek to br+ affliction ^u !mselves4 ,^! ideas are n wor?y ( contempt1 & ,i h sometimes _h ! l myself1 b ,i am f> f pass+ f9al judgem5t on !m4 ,i relat$1 9 #bga ( ! essays writt5 to oppose ,m4 ,bayle1 ! fable ( ! ,devil's refusal ( ! p>don a h]mit (f]s him on ,god's behalf4 ,b>on ,&r ,taifel1 an ,au/rian nobleman1 ,knight ( ! ,c\rt ( ,f]d9& ,ar*duke ( ,au/ria :o became ! second emp]or ( t "n1 allud+ to 8 "n 7:i* appe>s to mean ,devil 9 ,g]man7 assum$ z 8 emblem a devil or satyr1 ) ?is ,spani% motto1 ,mas p]dido1 y m5os arrep5tido1 ! m lo/1 ! less rep5tant1 :i* indicates a hopeless passion f :i* "o _c free oneself4 ,?is motto 0 aft]w>ds repeat$ by ! ,spani% ,c\nt ( ,villam$iana :5 he 0 said to be 9 love ) ! ,que54 ,com+ to ! "q :y evil (t5 happ5s to ! good & good to ! wick$1 #ddb our illu/ri\s au?or ?9ks t x has be5 suffici5tly answ]$1 & t h>dly any d\bt rema9s on t po9t4 ,he obs]ves nev]!less t "o may (t5 d\bt :e!r good p :o endure affliction h n be5 made good by _! v mis=tune1 & :e!r ! =tunate wick$ h n p]haps be5 spoilt by prosp]ity4 ,he adds t we are (t5 bad judges1 :5 x is a "q ( recogniz+ n only a virtu\s man1 b also a happy man4 ,"o (t5 hon\rs a hypocrite1 & "o despises ano!r ^: solid virtue is )\t pret5ce4 ,we are poor judges ( happ9ess also1 & (t5 felicity is hidd5 f sight "u ! rags ( a cont5t$ poor man1 :ile x is s\ght 9 va9 9 ! palaces ( c]ta9 ( ! great4 ,f9ally ! au?or obs]ves1 t ! greate/ felicity "h on e>? lies 9 ! hope ( future happ9ess1 & ?us x may be said t to ! wick$ no?+ happ5s save :at is ( s]vice = correction or *a/isem5t1 & to ! good no?+ save :at m9i/]s to _! great] good4 ,^! conclusions entirely correspond to my op9ion1 & "o c say no?+ m appropriate = ! conclusion ( ?is "w4 #ddc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,causa ,,dei ,,ass]ta ,,p] ,,ju/itiam ,,ejus cum caet]is ejus p]fectionibus cunctisque actionibus conciliatam4 ,! orig9al edition ( ! ,!odicy conta9$ a f\r? app5dix "u ?is title4 ,x pres5t$ 9 s*ola/ic ,lat9 a =mal summ>y ( ! positive doctr9e express$ by ! ,fr5* treatise4 ,x satisfi$ ! academic requirem5ts ( its day1 b w\ld n1 presumably1 be ( int]e/ to _m mod]n read]s1 & is consequ5tly omitt$ "h4 #dde 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,abl>d1 #abb1 #bcb-d1 #bgb ,abraham1 #bji ,adam1 #bbb1 #bgj-b1 #cdf-g ,adam ,kadmon1 #acc ,albius1 ,?omas1 #abb ,alcu91 #gg ,alfonso1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 #bdg-h ,aloysius ,nov>9us1 #aia ,alrasi1 #bhh ,alv>ez1 #adi ,ambrose1 ,/41 #aec1 #aid ,amyraut1 #bch ,anaxagoras1 #cec ,&radius1 ,jacques ,payva1 #agf ,&reas ,cisalp9us1 #ha ,angelus ,silesius1 ,johann1 #gi ,annat1 #cdd-e ,anselm1 ,/41 #gg ,antipat]1 #bcb ,aqu9as1 ,?omas1 see ,?omas ,arcesilaus1 #ccg ,ar*idemus1 #bcb ,ari/otelians1 #bg-h ,ari/otle1 #ac1 #gf-h1 #ha1 #adh1 #agj1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bbi1 #bda1 #bdc-d1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #bhc1 #cjd1 #cji-aj1 #cbd1 #ceb1 #cec1 #dji ,arm9ius1 see ,irm9ius ,arm9ius 7,jacob ,h>m5s571 #chc1 #cih ,arnauld1 #fg1 #hi1 #bbe1 #bed1 #bfj1 #bfd-f1 #cea ,arriaga1 #aab1 #cef ,arrian1 #bcb ,assass9s1 #bhd ,a?anasius1 ,/41 #hg ,augu/9e 7( ,hippo71 ,/41 #fj1 #ajj1 #abb1 #acd1 #adh1 #aff1 #agc1 #ahg1 #bbf1 #bgd1 #bhe1 #bid1 #bif-g1 #cjj-c1 #cdg1 #ceb-c1 #cgh1 #chd1 #dji1 #dab ----1 8 disciples1 #ade1 #big1 #cjj1 #cbd1 #ccj1 #cdh ,augu/us 7,emp]or71 #bhg ,aulus ,gellius1 #beh-i1 #cbe1 #cbg ,aureolus1 ,c>d9al1 #aci1 #cec ,av]roes1 ,av]roi/s1 #gg ff4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 #cjf ,baez1 #adi ,b>b>o1 ,ermolao1 #agj ,b>on1 ,v9c5t1 #aba ,b>onius1 ,rob]t1 #hd ,b>ton1 ,?omas1 #abb ,basil1 ,/41 #bba1 #ceb ,bayle1 ,p41 #cd ff4 et passim ,be*]1 ,johann ,joa*im1 #ccd-e ,beck]1 #bba ,b$e1 #gg ,bell>m9e1 ,/4 ,rob]t1 #ajg1 #cac1 #cbc ,b]ig>dus1 ,claudius1 #ha ,b]keley1 ,bp41 #aa ,b]n>d1 ,/41 #bgg ,b]ni]1 #aci1 #cec ,b]tius1 #bbg de ,bze1 ,!odore1 #bgd ,birgitta1 ,revelations ( ,/41 #agc ,boe?ius1 #gf1 #cfe-f ,bon>tes1 ,?omas1 #eh1 #aba-b ,bonav5tura1 ,/41 #bid des ,bosses1 ,fr41 #aba1 #chi ,bossuet1 #aj ,bradw>d9e1 ,abp41 #aei1 #agf ,bramhall1 ,bp4 ,john1 #afa1 #cic ,br$5burg1 ,johan1 #cdi-ej ,brunswick1 ,duke (1 #h1 #hb ,buck+ham1 ,duke (1 #adb ,buridan's ass1 #aej1 #caa1 #cab ,burnet1 ,?omas1 #bgh ,cabali/s1 #gi1 #acc1 #cdg ,caes> ,cremon9us1 #ha ,cajetan1 ,c>d9al1 #ajj1 #bdc ,calanus1 #bhd1 #dcd ,caligula1 #bbg ,calixtus1 #ajh ,calli1 #cei ,callima*us1 #bac ,calovius1 #hd ,calv91 #hd-e1 #aja1 #afe1 #bbb1 #bch1 #bdj1 #cbh ,cam]on1 #cac ,campanella1 #bag ,capella1 ,m>tianus1 #bfd ,c>dan1 ,j]ome1 #bhb1 #bhf ,c>neades1 #cab1 #cbj-a1 #ccg ,c>oli1 ,&reas1 #bbg ,casaubon1 ,m]ic1 #bhe ,caselius1 #hb ,cassiodorus1 #gf ,page #ddf ,casui/s1 #aid1 #bbb1 #bda ,ca?>91 ,ambrose1 #agc ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 #bbg ,cato1 #bfc1 #cah ,celsus1 #ajb-c ,*>d91 #bji de la ,*>moye1 ,abb1 #bac ,*emnitz1 ,m>t91 #aaa1 #agf ,*ri/9e1 ,que5 ( ,sw$51 #if1 #ajd ,*rysippus1 #bbi-cb1 #beh-i1 #cbd-g ,cic]o1 #ii1 #aid1 #bbi-cb1 #bda1 #bhf1 #big1 #cab1 #cba1 #cbd-e1 #cdb ,claudian1 #acb1 #aia1 #bae ,clean!s1 #bcc1 #cbd ,coelius ,secundus ,curio1 #acd ,coimbra1 ,fa!rs (1 #cbe ,col]us1 #cej ,conr+ius1 #afa1 #dbb ,con/ance1 ,c\ncil (1 #bcd de la ,c\r1 #cej-a ,crellius1 #afa ,cudwor?1 ,ralph1 #fd1 #bde ,cup]1 ,franz1 #cej ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac1 #cca ,daci]1 #ccg ,daill1 #gj1 #ajg ,davidius1 ,john1 #agi ,de ,auxiliis1 #afh ,democritus1 #cbd ,desc>tes1 #ab-ac1 #ai-ba1 #ajg1 #aaa-ab1 #adj1 #aej1 #aef1 #bbd ff41 #bci1 #bdd1 #bfe1 #bha1 #cjd1 #cca1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cdc1 #cij1 #dji1 #dbf ,desm>e/s1 ,samuel1 #bda ,diodorus1 #bcj-b ,diog5ianus1 #cbe ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 #bcb ,diphilus1 #bhe ,diroys1 #bdi-ec1 #cbi ,dom9icans1 #cdh ,drei]1 #bdd ,drexl]1 #bia ,duali/s1 #bea du ,plessis-,mornay1 #ia ,dur& de ,sa9t-,p\ra91 #aci1 #cbd1 #cda1 #cec ,emp$ocles1 #cbd ,epictetus1 #ceb ,epicureans1 #bhb-c ,epicurus1 #bbi-cj1 #caj-aa1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbd1 #cie ,esprit1 ,abb1 #aca ,euclid1 #bfa ,euripides1 #bhd1 #bhe ,eusebius1 #cbf ,eutrapelus1 #aia ,fabricius1 ,johann ,ludwig1 #fg ,fabry1 #ccc ,fe*t1 #bij1 #bia1 #bic ,fnelon1 #bhg ,fludde1 #ahd ,fonseca1 #ade ,f\*]1 #cd1 #hi1 #ccg ,francis ,i ( ,france1 #bjd ,francis ( ,sales1 ,/41 #agf ,francis ,xavi]1 ,/41 #agf ,freitag1 ,johann1 #aga ,fromondus1 ,lib]tus1 #hi ,fulg5tius1 #afg ,fur pra$e/9atus1 #bbg della ,galla1 ,julius ,caes>1 #aga ,gass5di1 #ab1 #ccg ,gatacre1 ,?omas1 #bfb ,g]h>d1 ,johann1 #bia ,g]son1 #gi ,gibieuf1 #cdd-e ,gl>ea1 ,antonio1 #cff ,godescalc1 #afg1 #bid ,gom>i/s1 #bbg ,gregory1 ,/41 ! 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