,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e-text conta9s a numb] ( unusual *>act]s3 a-macron e-macron e-breve i-macron oe ligature ,if !y d n display prop]ly1 use ! translit]at$ v]sion in/ead4 ,anci5t ,art & ,ritual ,,jane ,,ell5 ,,h>rison ,ge(frey ,cumb]lege ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiac1 & repr9t$ 9 #aiah 7revis$71 #aiai1 #aibg1 #aice & #aidh ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,prefatory ,,note ,x may be well at ! outset to say cle>ly :at is ! aim ( ! pres5t volume4 ,! title is ,anci5t ,art & ,ritual1 b ! read] w f9d 9 x no g5]al summ>y or ev5 outl9e ( ! facts ( ei!r anci5t art or anci5t ritual4 ,^! facts are easily accessible 9 h&books4 ,! po9t ( my title & ! real gi/ ( my argum5t lie p]haps 9 ! ^w &--t is1 9 ! intimate connection :i* ,i h tri$ to %[ exi/s betwe5 ritual & art4 ,?is connection has1 ,i believe1 an important be>+ on que/ions vital to-day1 z1 = example1 ! "q ( ! place ( art 9 our mod]n civilization1 its relation to & its diff]5ce f religion & morality2 9 a ^w1 on ! :ole enquiry z to :at ! nature ( art is & h[ x c help or h9d] spiritual life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h tak5 ,greek drama z a typical in/ance1 because 9 x we h ! cle> hi/orical case ( a great art1 :i* arose out ( a v primitive & almo/ _w-wide ritual4 ,! rise ( ! ,indian drama1 or ! m$ival & f x ! mod]n /age1 w\ld h told u ! same tale & s]v$ ! l purpose4 ,b ,greece is ne>] to u to-day ?an ei!r ,india or ! ,middle ,ages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,greece & ! ,greek drama rem9d me t ,i %\ld l to (f] my ?anks to ,pr(essor ,gilb]t ,murray1 = help & criticism :i* has f> outrun ! limits ( editorial duty4 ,j4,e4,h4 ,newnham ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,june #aiac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,fif? ,,impression ,! orig9al text has be5 repr9t$ )\t *ange except = ! correction ( mispr9ts4 ,a few additions 7enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets7 h be5 made to ! ,bibliography4 #aidg ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i ,,art ,,& ,,ritual #i ,,ii ,,primitive ,,ritual3 ,,pantomimic ,,dances #bi ,,iii ,,p]iodic ,,c]emonies3 ,,! ,,spr+ ,,fe/ival #di ,,iv ,,! ,,primitive ,,spr+ ,,dance ,,or ,,di?yramb1 ,,9 ,,greece #ge ,v ,,! ,,transition ,,f ,,ritual ,,to ,,art3 ,,! ,,drom5on ,,& ,,! ,,drama #aai ,,vi ,,greek ,,sculpture3 ,,! ,,pana!naic ,,frieze ,,& ,,! ,,apollo ,,belv$]e #agj ,,vii ,,ritual1 ,,art ,,& ,,life #bjd ,,bibliography #bec ,,index #bee ,,anci5t ,,art ,,& ,,ritual ,,*apt] ,i ,,art ,,& ,,ritual ,! title ( ?is book may /rike ! read] z /range & ev5 dissonant4 ,:at h art & ritual to d toge!r8 ,! rituali/ is1 to ! mod]n m9d1 a man conc]n$ p]haps unduly ) fix$ =ms & c]emonies1 ) c>ry+ out ! rigidly prescrib$ ord9ances ( a *ur* or sect4 ,! arti/1 on ! o!r h&1 we ?9k ( z free 9 ?\ght & untrammell$ by conv5tion 9 practice2 8 t5d5cy is t[>ds lic5ce4 ,art & ritual1 x is q true1 h div]g$ to-day2 b ! title ( ?is book is *os5 advis$ly4 ,its object is to %[ t ^! two div]g5t developm5ts h a common root1 & t nei!r c be und]/ood )\t ! o!r4 ,x is at ! outset "o & ! same impulse t s5ds a man to *ur* & to ! !atre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* a /atem5t may s\nd to-day p>adoxical1 ev5 irrev]5t4 ,b to ! ,greek ( ! six?1 fif?1 & ev5 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 x w\ld h be5 a simple truism4 ,we %all see ?is be/ by foll[+ an ,a!nian to 8 !atre1 on ! day ( ! great ,spr+ ,fe/ival ( ,dionysos4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! entrance-gate to ! !atre on ! s\? side ( ! ,acropolis1 our ,a!nian citiz5 w f9d himself at once on holy gr\nd4 ,he is )9 a tem5os or prec9ct1 a place cut (f f ! common l& & d$icat$ to a god4 ,he w pass to ! left 7,fig4 #b1 p4 #add7 two temples /&+ ne> to ea* o!r1 "o ( e>li]1 ! o!r ( lat] date1 = a temple1 once built1 0 s sacr$ t x w\ld only be reluctantly de/roy$4 ,z he ent]s ! actual !atre he w pay no?+ = 8 seat2 8 att5dance is an act ( wor%ip1 & f ! social po9t ( view obligatory2 ! entrance fee is !re=e paid = him by ! ,/ate4 ,! !atre is op5 to all ,a!nian citiz5s1 b ! ord9>y man w n v5ture to seat himself 9 ! front r[4 ,9 ! front r[1 & t only1 ! seats h backs1 & ! c5tral seat ( ?is r[ is an arm*air2 ! :ole ( ! front r[ is p]man5tly res]v$1 n = individual ri* m5 :o c af=d to hire boxes1 b = c]ta9 ,/ate (ficials1 & ^! (ficials are all prie/s4 ,on ea* seat ! "n ( ! own] is inscrib$2 ! c5tral seat is ( ! prie/ ( ,dionysos ,eleu!reus1 ! god ( ! prec9ct4 ,ne> him is ! seat ( ! prie/ ( ,apollo ! ,laurel-,be>]1 & aga9 ( ! prie/ ( ,asklepios1 & ( ! prie/ ( ,olympian ,zeus1 & s on r\nd ! :ole front semicircle4 ,x is z ?\gh at ,8 ,maje/y's ! front r[ ( /alls 0 occupi$ by ! :ole b5* ( bi%ops1 ) ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury en?ron$ 9 ! c5tral /all4 ,! !atre at ,a!ns is n op5 night by night1 nor ev5 day by day4 ,dramatic p]=mances take place only at c]ta9 high fe/ivals ( ,dionysos 9 w9t] & spr+4 ,x is1 aga91 z ?\gh ! mod]n !atre 0 op5 only at ! fe/ivals ( ! ,epiphany & ( ,ea/]4 ,our mod]n1 at lea/ our ,prote/ant1 cu/om is 9 direct contra/4 ,we t5d on great religi\s fe/ivals r to close ?an to op5 our !atres4 ,ano!r po9t ( contra/ is 9 ! "t allott$ to ! p]=mance4 ,we give to ! !atre our aft]-d9n] h\rs1 :5 "w is done1 or at be/ a c\ple ( h\rs 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! !atre is = u a recreation4 ,! ,greek !atre op5$ at sunrise1 & ! :ole day 0 consecrat$ to high & /r5u\s religi\s att5tion4 ,dur+ ! five or six days ( ! great ,dionysia1 ! :ole city 0 9 a /ate ( unwont$ sanctity1 "u a taboo4 ,to di/ra9 a debtor 0 illegal2 any p]sonal assault1 h[ev] trifl+1 0 sacrilege4 ,mo/ impressive & conv9c+ ( all is ! c]emony t took place on ! eve ( ! p]=mance4 ,by tor*light1 accompani$ by a great procession1 ! image ( ! god ,dionysos himself 0 br\ght to ! !atre & plac$ 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,moreov]1 he came n only 9 human b 9 animal =m4 ,*os5 "y m5 ( ! ,a!nians 9 ! fl[] ( _! y\?--epheboi--escort$ to ! prec9ct a spl5did bull4 ,x 0 expressly orda9$ t ! bull %\ld be wor?y ( ! god2 he 01 9 fact1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ! primitive inc>nation ( ! god4 ,x is1 aga91 z ?\gh 9 our mod]n !atre !re /ood1 sanctify+ all ?+s to our use & u to ,8 s]vice1 ! human figure ( ! ,savi\r1 & beside him ! ,pas*al ,lamb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b n[ we come to a /range ?+4 ,a god presides ov] ! !atre1 to g to ! !atre is an act ( wor%ip to ! god ,dionysos1 & yet1 :5 ! play beg9s1 ?ree times out ( f\r ( ,dionysos we he> no?+4 ,we see1 x may be1 ,agamemnon return+ f ,troy1 ,clytemne/ra wait+ to slay him1 ! v5geance ( ,ore/es1 ! love ( ,phdra = ,hippolytos1 ! hate ( ,m$ea & ! slay+ ( h] *ildr53 /ories beautiful1 tragic1 morally in/ructive x may be1 b sc>cely1 we feel1 religi\s4 ,! or?odox ,greeks !mselves sometimes compla9$ t 9 ! plays enact$ be=e !m !re 0 no?+ to d ) ,dionysos4 ,if drama be at ! outset div9e1 ) its roots 9 ritual1 :y does x issue 9 an art pr(\ndly solemn1 tragic1 yet purely human8 ,! actors we> ritual ve/m5ts l ^? ( ! celebrants at ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,:y1 !n1 d we f9d !m1 n execut+ a religi\s s]vice or ev5 a drama ( gods & goddesses1 b r imp]sonat+ m]e ,hom]ic h]oes & h]o9es8 ,greek drama1 :i* seem$ at fir/ to give u our clue1 to %[ u a real l9k betwe5 ritual & art1 breaks d[n1 betrays u1 x w\ld seem1 j at ! crucial mom5t1 & leaves u ) our problem on our h&s4 ,_h we only ,greek ritual & art we might well despair4 ,! ,greeks are a p ( su* swift con/ructive imag9ation t !y almo/ always obscure any problem ( orig9s4 ,s fair & magical are _! cl\d-capp'd t[]s t !y di/ract our m9ds f ! task ( digg+ = f\ndations4 ,!re is sc>cely a problem 9 ! orig9s ( ,greek my?ology & religion t has be5 solv$ )9 ! doma9 ( ,greek ?9k+ only4 ,ritual ) !m 01 9 ! case ( drama1 s swiftly & completely transmut$ into art t1 _h we _h ,greek mat]ial only to h&1 we might nev] h m>k$ ! transition4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 we are n conf9$ )9 ! ,greek p>adise4 ,wid] fields are op5 to u2 our subject is n only ,greek1 b anci5t art & ritual4 ,we c turn at once to ! ,egyptians1 a p sl[]-witt$ ?an ! ,greeks1 & wat* _! sluggi% b m in/ructive op]ations4 ,to "o :o is /udy+ ! developm5t ( ! human m9d ! av]age or ev5 /upid *ild is (t5 m illum9at+ ?an ! abnormally brilliant4 ,greece is (t5 too ne> to u1 too advanc$1 too mod]n1 to be = comp>ative purposes in/ructive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( all ,egyptian1 p]haps ( all anci5t deities1 no god has liv$ s long or _h s wide & deep an influ5ce z ,osiris4 ,he /&s z ! prototype ( ! great class ( resurrection-gods :o die t !y may live aga94 ,8 suff]+s1 8 dea?1 & 8 resurrection 7 enact$ ye> by ye> 9 a great my/]y-play at ,abydos4 ,9 t my/]y-play 0 set =?1 fir/1 :at ! ,greeks call 8 agon1 8 conte/ ) 8 enemy ,set2 !n 8 pa?os1 8 suff]+1 or d[nfall & defeat1 8 w\nd+1 8 dea?1 & 8 burial2 f9ally1 8 resurrection & recognition1 8 anagnorisis ei!r z himself or z 8 only begott5 son ,horus4 ,n[ ! mean+ ( ?is ?rice-told tale we %all consid] lat]3 = ! mom5t we are conc]n$ only ) ! fact t x is set =? bo? 9 art & ritual4 ,at ! fe/ival ( ,osiris small images ( ! god 7 made ( s& & vegetable e>?1 8 *eek bones 7 pa9t$ gre5 & 8 face yell[4 ,! images 7 ca/ 9 a m\ld ( pure gold1 repres5t+ ! god z a mummy4 ,aft] sunset on ! #bd? day ( ! mon? ,*oiak1 ! effigy ( ,osiris 0 laid 9 a grave & ! image ( ! previ\s ye> 0 remov$4 ,! int5t ( all ?is 0 made transp>5tly cle> by o!r rites4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fe/ival !re 0 a c]emony ( pl\gh+ & s[+4 ,"o end ( ! field 0 s[n ) b>ley1 ! o!r ) spelt2 ano!r "p ) flax4 ,:ile ?is 0 go+ on ! *ief prie/ recit$ ! ritual ( ! s[+ ( ! fields4 ,into ! g>d5 ( ! god1 :i* seems to h be5 a l>ge pot1 7 put s& & b>ley1 !n fre% liv+ wat] f ! inundation ( ! ,nile 0 p\r$ out ( a gold5 vase ov] ! g>d5 & ! b>ley 0 all[$ to gr[ up4 ,x 0 ! symbol ( ! resurrection ( ! god aft] 8 burial1 = ! gr[? ( ! g>d5 is ! gr[? ( ! div9e sub/ance4 ,! dea? & resurrection ( ! gods1 & p>i passu ( ! life & fruits ( ! e>?1 0 ?us set =? 9 ritual1 b--& ?is is our imm$iate po9t--x 0 also set =? 9 def9ite1 unmi/akable art4 ,9 ! great temple ( ,isis at ,phil !re is a *amb] d$icat$ to ,osiris4 ,"h is repres5t$ ! dead ,osiris4 ,out ( 8 body spr+ e>s ( corn1 & a prie/ wat]s ! gr[+ /alk f a pit*]4 ,! inscription to ! picture reads3 ,?is is ! =m ( him :om "o may n "n1 ,osiris ( ! my/]ies1 :o spr+s f ! return+ wat]s4 ,x is b ano!r pres5tation ( ! ritual ( ! mon? ,*oiak1 9 :i* effigies ( ! god made ( e>? & corn 7 buri$4 ,:5 ^! effigies 7 tak5 up x w\ld be f\nd t ! corn _h spr\t$ actually f ! body ( ! god1 & ?is spr\t+ ( ! gra9 w\ld1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] says1 be hail$ z an om51 or r z ! cause ( ! gr[? ( ! crops4#a ,ev5 m vividly is ! resurrection set =? 9 ! bas-reliefs t accompany ! great ,osiris inscription at ,d5d]ah4 ,"h ! god is repres5t$ at fir/ z a mummy swa!d & ly+ flat on 8 bi]4 ,bit by bit he is se5 rais+ himself up 9 a s]ies ( gymna/ically impossible positions1 till at la/ he rises f a b[l--p]haps 8 g>d5--all b erect1 betwe5 ! outspread w+s ( ,isis1 :ile be=e him a male figure holds ! crux ansata1 ! cross ) a h&le1 ! ,egyptian symbol ( life4 ,9 ritual1 ! ?+ desir$1 i4e4 ! resurrection1 is act$1 9 art x is repres5t$4 ,no "o w refuse to ^! bas-reliefs ! title ( art4 ,9 ,egypt1 !n1 we h cle>ly an in/ance--only "o out ( _m--:]e art & ritual g h& 9 h&4 ,c\ntless bas-reliefs t decorate ,egyptian tombs & temples are b ritual practices translat$ into /one4 ,?is1 z we %all lat] see1 is an important /ep 9 our argum5t4 ,anci5t art & ritual are n only closely connect$1 n only d !y mutually expla9 & illu/rate ea* o!r1 b1 z we %all pres5tly f9d1 !y actually arise out ( a common human impulse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! god :o di$ & rose aga9 is n ( c\rse conf9$ to ,egypt2 he is _w-wide4 ,:5 ,ezekiel 7viii4 #ad7 came to ! gate ( ! ,"l's h\se :i* 0 t[>d ! nor? he beheld !re ! wom5 weep+ = ,tammuz4 ,?is abom9ation ! h\se ( ,judah _h br\ght ) !m f ,babylon4 ,tammuz is ,dumuzi1 ! true son1 or m fully1 ,dumuzi-absu1 true son ( ! wat]s4 ,he too1 l ,osiris1 is a god ( ! life t spr+s f inundation & t dies d[n 9 ! heat ( ! summ]4 ,9 ,milton's procession ( false gods1 ,?ammuz came next beh9d1 ,^: annual w\nd 9 ,lebanon allur$ ,! ,syrian damsels to lam5t 8 fate ,9 amor\s ditties all a summ]'s day4 ,tammuz 9 ,babylon 0 ! "y love ( ,i%t>4 ,ea* ye> he di$ & pass$ bel[ ! e>? to ! place ( du/ & dea?1 ! l& f :i* !re is no return+1 ! h\se ( d>kness1 :]e du/ lies on door & bolt4 ,& ! goddess w5t aft] him1 & :ile %e 0 bel[1 life ceas$ 9 ! e>?1 no fl[] blossom$ & no *ild ( animal or man 0 born4 ,we "k ,tammuz1 ! true son1 be/ by "o ( 8 titles1 ,adonis1 ! ,"l or ,k+4 ,! ,rites ( ,adonis 7 celebrat$ at midsumm]4 ,t is c]ta9 & memorable2 =1 j z ! ,a!nian fleet 0 sett+ sail on its ill-om5$ voyage to ,syracuse1 ! /reets ( ,a!ns 7 ?rong$ ) fun]al processions1 ev]y:]e 0 se5 ! image ( ! dead god1 & ! air 0 full ( ! lam5tations ( weep+ wom54 ,?ucydides does n s mu* z m5tion ! co9cid5ce1 b ,plut>*#b tells u ^? :o took acc\nt ( om5s 7 full ( conc]n = ! fate ( _! c\ntrym54 ,to />t an exp$ition on ! day ( ! fun]al rites ( ,adonis1 ! ,canaaniti% ,"l1 0 no lucki] ?an to set sail on a ,friday1 ! dea?-day ( ! ,"l ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! rites ( ,tammuz & ( ,adonis1 celebrat$ 9 ! summ]1 7 rites ( dea? r ?an ( resurrection4 ,! emphasis is on ! fad+ & dy+ d[n ( vegetation r ?an on its upspr++4 ,! reason ( ?is is simple & w soon become manife/4 ,= ! mom5t we h only to note t :ile 9 ,egypt ! rites ( ,osiris are repres5t$ z mu* by art z by ritual1 9 ,babylon & ,pale/9e 9 ! fea/s ( ,tammuz & ,adonis x is ritual r ?an art t obta9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ to pass to ano!r enquiry4 ,we h se5 t art & ritual1 n only 9 ,greece b 9 ,egypt & ,pale/9e1 are closely l9k$4 ,s closely1 inde$1 are !y l9k$ t we ev5 beg9 to suspect !y may h a common orig94 ,we h n[ to ask1 :at is x t l9ks art & ritual s closely toge!r1 :at h !y 9 common8 ,d !y />t f ! same impulse1 & if s :y d !y1 z !y develop1 fall s widely asund]8 ,x w cle> ! air if we consid] = a mom5t :at we mean by art1 & also 9 some:at great] detail :at we mean by ritual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,art1 ,plato#c tells u 9 a fam\s passage ( ! ,republic1 is imitation2 ! arti/ imitates natural objects1 :i* are !mselves 9 8 philosophy b copies ( high] realities4 ,all ! arti/ c d is to make a copy ( a copy1 to hold up a mirror to ,nature 9 :i*1 z he turns x :i!r he w1 are reflect$ sun & heav5s & e>? & man1 any?+ & ev]y?+4 ,nev] did a /atem5t s false1 s wrong-head$1 conta9 s mu* sugge/ion ( tru?--tru? :i*1 by ! help ( analys+ ritual1 we may p]haps be able to dis5tangle4 ,b fir/ its falsehood mu/ be grasp$1 & ?is is ! m important z ,plato's misconception 9 modifi$ =m lives on to-day4 ,a pa9t] n long ago ?us def9$ 8 own art3 ,! art ( pa9t+ is ! art ( imitat+ solid objects ^u a flat surface by means ( pigm5ts4 ,a sorry life-"w6 ,few p to-day1 p]haps1 reg>d art z ! close & reali/ic copy ( ,nature2 photography has at lea/ scot*$1 if n sla91 t error2 b _m p /ill reg>d art z a sort ( improvem5t on or an idealization ( ,nature4 ,x is ! "p ( ! arti/1 !y ?9k1 to take sugge/ions & mat]ials f ,nature1 & f ^! to build up1 z x 71 a revis$ v]sion4 ,x is1 p]haps1 only by /udy+ ^? rudim5t>y =ms ( art t are closely ak9 to ritual t we come to see h[ utt]ly wrong-head$ is ?is conception4 ,take ! repres5tations ( ,osiris t we h j describ$--! mummy ris+ bit by bit f 8 bi]4 ,c any "o ma9ta9 t art is "h a copy or imitation ( reality8 ,h[ev] reali/ic ! pa9t+1 x repres5ts a ?+ imag9$ n actual4 ,!re nev] 0 any su* p]son z ,osiris1 & if !re _h be51 he w\ld c]ta9ly nev]1 once mummifi$1 h ris5 f 8 tomb4 ,!re is no "q ( fact1 & ! copy ( fact1 9 ! matt]4 ,moreov]1 _h !re be51 :y %\ld anyone desire to make a copy ( natural fact8 ,! :ole imitation !ory1 to :i*1 & to ! elem5t ( tru? x conta9s1 we %all lat] h occasion to return1 errs1 9 fact1 ?r\gh supply+ no adequate motive = a widespread human en]gy4 ,x is probably ?is lack ( motive t has l$ o!r !oriz]s to adopt ! view t art is idealization4 ,man ) p>donable optimism desires1 x is ?\ght1 to improve on ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mod]n sci5ce1 confront$ ) a problem l t ( ! rise ( art1 no long] ca/s ab\t to conjecture h[ art might h aris51 %e exam9es h[ x actually did arise4 ,abundant mat]ial has n[ be5 collect$ f among savage peoples ( an art s primitive t we hesitate to call x art at all1 & x is 9 ^! in*oate ef=ts t we are able to track ! secret motive spr+s t move ! arti/ n[ z !n4 ,among ! ,hui*ol ,indians1#d if ! p fe> a dr\ght f ! extreme heat ( ! sun1 !y take a clay disk1 & on "o side ( x !y pa9t ! face ( ,fa!r ,sun1 a circul> space surr\nd$ by rays ( r$ & blue & yell[ :i* are call$ 8 arr[s1 = ! ,hui*ol sun1 l ,phbus ,apollo1 has arr[s = rays4 ,on ! rev]se side !y w pa9t ! progress ( ! sun ?r\gh ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! sky4 ,! j\rney is symboliz$ by a l>ge cross-l figure ) a c5tral circle = midday4 ,r\nd ! edge are beehive-%ap$ m\nds2 ^! repres5t ! hills ( e>?4 ,! r$ & yell[ dots t surr\nd ! hills are cornfields4 ,! crosses on ! hills are signs ( weal? & money4 ,on "s ( ! disks birds & scorpions are pa9t$1 & on "o are curv+ l9es :i* mean ra94 ,^! disks are deposit$ on ! alt> ( ! god-h\se & left1 & !n all is well4 ,! int5tion might be to u obscure1 b a ,hui*ol ,indian w\ld read x ?us3 ,fa!r ,sun ) 8 broad %ield 7or 'face'7 & 8 arr[s rises 9 ! ea/1 br++ money & weal? to ! ,hui*ols4 ,8 heat & ! light f 8 rays make ! corn to gr[1 b he is ask$ n to int]f]e ) ! cl\ds t are ga!r+ on ! hills4 ,n[ is ?is art or ritual8 ,x is bo? & nei!r4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 a =m ( pray] & a "w ( art & c\nt !m 9 no dang] ( confusion2 b ! ,hui*ol goes back to t e>li] ?+1 a pres5tation4 ,he utt]s1 expresses 8 ?\ght ab\t ! sun & 8 emotion ab\t ! sun & 8 relation to ! sun1 & if pray] is ! s\l's s9c]e desire he has pa9t$ a pray]4 ,x is n a little curi\s t ! same notion comes out 9 ! old ,greek ^w = pray]1 eu*4 ,! ,greek1 :5 he want$ help 9 tr\ble f ! ,savi\rs1 ! ,dioscuri1 c>v$ a picture ( !m1 &1 if he 0 a sailor1 add$ a %ip4 ,und]nea? he inscrib$ ! ^w eu*4 ,x 0 n to beg9 ) a v[ paid1 x 0 a pres5tation ( 8 /rong inn] desire1 x 0 a sculptur$ pray]4 ,ritual !n involves imitation2 b does n arise out ( x4 ,x desires to recreate an emotion1 n to reproduce an object4 ,a rite is1 inde$1 we %all lat] see 7p4 #db71 a sort ( /]eotyp$ action1 n really practical1 b yet n :olly cut loose f practice1 a rem9isc5ce or an anticipation ( actual practical do+2 x is fitly1 ?\gh n q correctly1 call$ by ! ,greeks a drom5on1 a ?+ done4 ,at ! bottom ( art1 z its motive p[] & its ma9spr+1 lies1 n ! wi% to copy ,nature or ev5 improve on h]--! ,hui*ol ,indian does n va9ly exp5d 8 en]gies on an ef=t s fruitless--b r an impulse %>$ by art ) ritual1 ! desire1 t is1 to utt]1 to give out a /rongly felt emotion or desire by repres5t+1 by mak+ or do+ or enri*+ ! object or act desir$4 ,! common s\rce ( ! art & ritual ( ,osiris is ! int5se1 _w-wide desire t ! life ( ,nature :i* seem$ dead %\ld live aga94 ,?is common emotional factor x is t makes art & ritual 9 _! beg9n+s well-nigh indi/+ui%able4 ,bo?1 to beg9 )1 copy an act1 b n at fir/ = ! sake ( ! copy4 ,only :5 ! emotion dies d[n & is =gott5 does ! copy become an end 9 itself1 a m]e mimicry4 ,x is ?is d[nw>d pa?1 ?is s9k+ ( mak+ to mimicry1 t makes u n[-a-days ?9k ( ritual z a dull & =mal ?+4 ,because a rite has ceas$ to be believ$ 91 x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t x w cease to be done4 ,we h to reckon ) all ! huge =ces ( habit4 ,! motor n]ves1 once set 9 "o direction1 giv5 ! slighte/ impulse t5d always to repeat ! same reaction4 ,we mimic n only o!rs b ourselves me*anically1 ev5 aft] all emotion prop] to ! act is dead2 & !n because mimicry has a c]ta9 +5i\s *>m1 x becomes an end 9 itself = ritual1 ev5 = art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n easy1 z we saw1 to classify ! ,hui*ol pray]-disks4 ,z pray]s !y are ritual1 z surfaces decorat$ !y are specim5s ( primitive art4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all h to consid] a k9d ( c]emony v in/ructive = our po9t1 b aga9 n v easy to classify--! pantomimic dances :i* are1 almo/ all ov] ! _w1 s /rik+ a feature 9 savage social & religi\s life4 ,are !y to be class$ z ritual or art8 ,^! pantomime dances lie1 inde$1 at ! v he>t & root ( our :ole subject1 & x is ( ! fir/ importance t be=e go+ fur!r 9 our analysis ( art & ritual1 we %\ld h "s famili>ity ) _! g5]al "* & gi/1 ! m s z !y are a class ( c]emonies n[ practically ext9ct4 ,we %all f9d 9 ^! dances ! meet+-po9t betwe5 art & ritual1 or r we %all f9d 9 !m ! rude1 in*oate mat]ial out ( :i* bo? ritual & art1 at lea/ 9 "o ( its =ms1 develop$4 ,moreov]1 we %all f9d 9 pantomimic danc+ a ritual bridge1 z x 71 betwe5 actual life & ^? repres5tations ( life :i* we call art4 ,9 our next *apt]1 !re=e1 we %all /udy ! ritual dance 9 g5]al1 & try to und]/& its psy*ological orig92 9 ! foll[+ *apt] 7,,iii7 we %all take a p>ticul> dance ( special importance1 ! ,spr+ ,dance z practis$ among v>i\s primitive peoples4 ,we %all !n be prep>$ to approa* ! /udy ( ! ,spr+ ,dance among ! ,greeks1 :i* develop$ into _! drama1 & !reby to1 we hope1 ?r[ light on ! relation betwe5 ritual & art4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1#b p4 #cbd4 #b ,vit4 ,nik41 #ac4 #c ,rep4 ,x1 #eif-i4 #d ,c4,h4 ,lumholtz1 ,symbolism ( ! ,hui*ol ,indians1 9 ,mem4 ( ! ,am4 ,mus4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,an?ropology4 7#aijj47 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,primitive ,,ritual3 ,,pantomimic ,,dances ,9 books & hymns ( bygone days1 :i* dealt ) ! religion ( ! hea!n 9 8 bl9dness1 he 0 pictur$ z a be+ ( /range p]v]sity1 apt to b[ d[n to gods ( wood & /one4 ,! "q :y he act$ ?us fooli%ly 0 nev] rais$4 ,x 0 j 8 bl9dness2 ! light ( ! gospel _h n yet rea*$ him4 ,n[-a-days ! savage has become mat]ial n only = conv]sion & hymn-writ+ b = sci5tific obs]vation4 ,we want to und]/& 8 psy*ology1 i4e4 h[ he behaves1 n m]ely = 8 sake1 t we may abruptly & despotically conv]t or re=m him1 b = our own sakes2 p>tly1 ( c\rse1 = %e] love ( kn[+1 b also1--s9ce we realize t our own behavi\r is bas$ on in/9cts k9dr$ to 81--9 ord] t1 by und]/&+ 8 behavi\r1 we may und]/&1 & x may be bett]1 our own4 ,an?ropologi/s :o /udy ! primitive peoples ( to-day f9d t ! wor%ip ( false gods1 b[+ d[n to wood & /one1 bulks l>g] 9 ! m9d ( ! hymn-writ] ?an 9 ! m9d ( ! savage4 ,we look = temples to hea!n idols2 we f9d danc+-places & ritual dances4 ,! savage is a man ( action4 ,in/ead ( ask+ a god to d :at he wants done1 he does x or tries to d x himself2 in/ead ( pray]s he utt]s spells4 ,9 a ^w1 he practises magic1 & above all he is /r5u\sly & frequ5tly engag$ 9 danc+ magical dances4 ,:5 a savage wants sun or w9d or ra91 he does n g to *ur* & pro/rate himself be=e a false god2 he summons 8 tribe & dances a sun dance or a w9d dance or a ra9 dance4 ,:5 he w\ld hunt & cat* a be>1 he does n pray to 8 god = /r5g? to outwit & outmat* ! be>1 he rehe>ses 8 hunt 9 a be> dance4 ,"h1 aga91 we h "s mod]n prejudice & misund]/&+ to ov]come4 ,danc+ is to u a light =m ( recreation practis$ by ! q "y f %e] joie de vivre1 & ess5tially inappropriate to ! mature4 ,b among ! ,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico ! ^w nolvoa means bo? to "w & to dance4 ,an old man w reproa* a "y man say+1 ,:y d y n g & "w8 7nolvoa74 ,he means ,:y d y n dance in/ead ( look+ on8 ,x is /range to u to le>n t among savages1 z a man passes f *ildhood to y\?1 f y\? to mature manhood1 s ! numb] ( 8 dances increase1 & ! numb] ( ^! dances is ! measure p>i passu ( 8 social importance4 ,f9ally1 9 extreme old age he falls out1 he ceases to exi/1 because he _c dance2 8 dance1 & ) x 8 social /atus1 passes to ano!r & a y\ng]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,magical danc+ /ill goes on 9 ,europe to-day4 ,9 ,swabia & among ! ,transylvanian ,saxons x is a common cu/om1 says ,dr4 ,fraz]1#e = a man :o has "s hemp to leap high 9 ! field 9 ! belief t ?is w make ! hemp gr[ tall4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria ! peasant ?9ks he c make ! flax gr[ tall by danc+ or leap+ high or by jump+ backw>ds f a table2 ! high] ! leap ! tall] w be ! flax t ye>4 ,!re is happily little possible d\bt z to ! practical reason ( ?is mimic danc+4 ,:5 ,mac$onian f>m]s h done digg+ _! fields !y ?r[ _! spades up into ! air &1 cat*+ !m aga91 exclaim1 ,may ! crop gr[ z high z ! spade has gone4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ea/]n ,russia ! girls dance "o by "o 9 a l>ge hoop at midnight on ,%rove ,tuesday4 ,! hoop is deck$ ) leaves1 fl[]s & ribbons1 & atta*$ to x are a small bell & "s flax4 ,:ile danc+ )9 ! hoop ea* girl has to wave h] arms vigor\sly & cry1 ,flax1 gr[1 or words to t effect4 ,:5 %e has done %e leaps out ( ! hoop or is lift$ out ( x by h] p>tn]4 ,is ?is art8 ,we %all unhesitat+ly answ] ,no4 ,is x ritual8 ,) "s hesitation we %all probably aga9 answ] ,no4 ,x is1 we ?9k1 n a rite1 b m]ely a sup]/iti\s practice ( ignorant m5 & wom54 ,b take ano!r in/ance4 ,among ! ,omaha ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :5 ! corn is )]+ = want ( ra91 ! memb]s ( ! sacr$ ,buffalo ,society fill a l>ge vessel ) wat] & dance f\r times r\nd x4 ,"o ( !m dr9ks "s ( ! wat] & spirts x into ! air1 mak+ a f9e spray 9 imitation ( mi/ or drizzl+ ra94 ,!n he upsets ! vessel1 spill+ ! wat] on ! gr\nd2 :]eupon ! danc]s fall d[n & dr9k up ! wat]1 gett+ mud all ov] _! faces4 ,?is saves ! corn4 ,n[ probably any dispassionate p]son w\ld describe su* a c]emonial z an int]e/+ in/ance ( primitive ritual4 ,! sole diff]5ce betwe5 ! two types is t1 9 ! "o ! practice is c>ri$ on privately1 or at lea/ un(ficially1 9 ! o!r x is done publicly by a collective au?oriz$ body1 (ficially = ! public good4 ,! di/9ction is "o ( high importance1 b = ! mom5t :at conc]ns u is1 to see ! common factor 9 ! two sets ( acts1 :at is inde$ _! s\rce & ma9spr+4 ,9 ! case ( ! girl danc+ 9 ! hoop & leap+ out ( x !re is no d\bt4 ,! words %e says1 ,flax1 gr[1 prove ! po9t4 ,%e does :at %e wants done4 ,h] int5se desire f9ds utt]ance 9 an act4 ,%e obeys ! simple/ possible impulse4 ,let anyone wat* an excit+ game ( t5nis1 or bett] /ill p]haps a game ( billi>ds1 he w f9d himself do+ 9 %e] sympa?y ! ?+ he wants done1 rea*+ out a t5se arm :]e ! billi>d cue %\ld g1 rais+ an unoccupi$ leg to help ! susp5d$ ball ov] ! net4 ,sympa!tic magic is1 mod]n psy*ology tea*es u1 9 ! ma9 & at ! outset1 n ! outcome ( intellectual illusion1 n ev5 ! ex]cise ( a mimetic in/9ct1 b simply1 9 its ultimate analysis1 an utt]ance1 a dis*>ge ( emotion & long+4 ,b ?\gh ! utt]ance ( emotion is ! prime & mov+1 x is n ! sole1 factor4 ,we may utt] emotion 9 a prolong$ h[l1 we may ev5 utt] x 9 a collective prolong$ h[l1 yet we %\ld sc>cely call ?is ritual1 /ill less art4 ,x is true t a prolong$ collective h[l w probably1 because x is collective1 develop a rhy?m1 a regul> recurr5ce1 & h5ce probably issue 9 a k9d ( ritual music2 b = ! fur!r /age ( developm5t into art ano!r /ep is necess>y4 ,we mu/ n only utt] emotion1 we mu/ repres5t x1 t is1 we mu/ 9 "s way reproduce or imitate or express ! ?\ght :i* is caus+ u emotion4 ,art is n imitation1 b art & also ritual frequ5tly & legitimately conta9 an elem5t ( imitation4 ,plato 0 s f> "r4 ,:at exactly is imitat$ we %all see :5 we come to discuss ! precise diff]5ce betwe5 art & ritual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,greek ^w = a rite z already not$ is drom5on1 a ?+ done--& ! ^w is full ( in/ruction4 ,! ,greek _h realiz$ t to p]=m a rite y mu/ d some?+1 t is1 y mu/ n only feel some?+ b express x 9 action1 or1 to put x psy*ologically1 y mu/ n only receive an impulse1 y mu/ react to x4 ,! ^w = rite1 drom5on1 ?+ done1 arose1 ( c\rse1 n f any psy*ological analysis1 b f ! simple fact t rites among ! primitive ,greeks 7 ?+s done1 mimetic dances & ! l4 ,x is a fact ( c>d9al importance t _! ^w = !atrical repres5tation1 drama1 is own c\s9 to _! ^w = rite1 drom5on2 drama also means ?+ done4 ,greek l+ui/ic in/9ct po9t$ pla9ly to ! fact t art & ritual are ne> relations4 ,to ?is fact ( crucial importance = our argum5t we %all return lat]4 ,b f ! outset x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 ^! two ,greek words1 drom5on & drama1 9 _! exact mean+1 _! relation & _! di/9ction1 we h ! keynote & clue to our :ole discussion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! mom5t we h to note t ! ,greek ^w = rite1 drom5on1 ?+ done1 is n /rictly adequate4 ,x omits a factor ( prime importance2 x includes too mu* & n en\gh4 ,all ?+s done are n rites4 ,y may %r9k back f a bl[2 t is ! expression ( an emotion1 t is a reaction to a /imulus1 b t is n a rite4 ,y may dige/ y\r d9n]2 t is a ?+ done1 & a ?+ ( high importance1 b x is n a rite4 ,"o elem5t 9 ! rite we h already obs]v$1 & t is1 t x be done collectively1 by a numb] ( p]sons feel+ ! same emotion4 ,a meal dige/$ alone is c]ta9ly no rite2 a meal eat5 9 common1 "u ! influ5ce ( a common emotion1 may1 & (t5 does1 t5d to become a rite4 ,collectivity & emotional t5sion1 two elem5ts t t5d to turn ! simple reaction into a rite1 are--specially among primitive peoples--closely associat$1 inde$ sc>cely sep>able4 ,! individual among savages has b a ?9 & meagre p]sonality2 high emotional t5sion is to him only caus$ & ma9ta9$ by a ?+ felt socially2 x is :at ! tribe feels t is sacr$1 t is matt] = ritual4 ,he may make by himself excit$ movem5ts1 he may leap = joy1 = fe>2 b unless ^! movem5ts are made by ! tribe toge!r !y w n become rhy?mical2 !y w probably lack int5sity1 & c]ta9ly p]man5ce4 ,int5sity1 !n1 & collectivity g toge!r1 & bo? are necess>y = ritual1 b bo? may be pres5t )\t con/itut+ art2 we h n yet t\*$ ! divid+ l9e betwe5 art & ritual4 ,:5 & h[ does ! drom5on1 ! rite done1 pass ov] into ! drama8 ,! g5ius ( ! ,greek language felt1 be=e x consci\sly knew1 ! diff]5ce4 ,?is feel+ ahead = di/9ctions is *>act]i/ic ( all languages1 z has be5 well %[n by ,mr4 ,pe>sall ,smi?#f 9 ano!r manual ( our s]ies4 ,x is an in/9ctive process aris+ indep5d5tly ( reason1 ?\gh aft]w>ds ju/ifi$ by x4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! di/9ction betwe5 art & ritual :i* ! g5ius ( ! ,greek language felt aft]1 :5 x us$ ! two words drom5on & drama = two diff]5t sorts ( ?+s done8 ,to answ] our "q we mu/ turn = a brief mom5t to psy*ology1 ! sci5ce ( human behavi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are accu/om$ = practical conv5i5ce to divide up our human nature into p>titions--intellect1 w1 ! emotions1 ! passions--) fur!r subdivisions1 e4g4 ( ! intellect into reason1 imag9ation1 & ! l4 ,^! p>titions we are apt to arrange into a sort ( ord] ( m]it or z x is call$ a hi]>*y1 ) ,reason z head & cr[n1 & "u h] sway ! emotions & passions4 ,! result ( e/abli%+ ?is hi]>*y is t ! impulsive side ( our nature comes (f badly1 ! passions & ev5 ! emotions ly+ "u a c]ta9 ban4 ,?is popul> psy*ology is really a conv5i5t & p]haps indisp5sable my?ology4 ,reason1 ! emotions1 & ! w h no m sep>ate exi/5ces ?an ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va4 ,a m fruitful way ( look+ at our human con/itution is to see x1 n z a bundle ( sep>ate faculties1 b z a sort ( cont9u\s cycle ( activities4 ,:at really happ5s is1 putt+ x v r\ghly1 some?+ ( ?is sort4 ,to ea* "o ( u ! _w is1 or seems to be1 et]nally divid$ into two halves4 ,on ! "o side is ourself1 on ! o!r all ! re/ ( ?+s4 ,all our action1 our behavi\r1 our life1 is a relation betwe5 ^! two halves1 & t behavi\r seems to h ?ree1 n divisions1 b /ages4 ,! outside _w1 ! o!r half1 ! object if we l s to call x1 acts ^u u1 gets at u ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,we he> or see or ta/e or feel some?+2 to put x r\ghly1 we p]ceive some?+1 & z we p]ceive x1 s1 in/antly1 we feel ab\t x1 t[>ds x1 we h emotion4 ,&1 in/antly aga91 t emotion becomes a motive-p[]1 we re-act t[>ds ! object t got at u1 we want to alt] x or our relation to x4 ,if we did n p]ceive we %\ld n feel1 if we did n feel we %\ld n act4 ,:5 we talk--z we almo/ mu/ talk--( ,reason1 ! ,emotions1 or ! ,passions & ! ,w lead+ to action1 we ?9k ( ! ?ree /ages or aspects ( our behavi\r z sep>able & ev5 p]haps ho/ile2 we want1 p]haps1 to purge ! intellect f all infection ( ! emotions4 ,b 9 reality1 ?\gh at a giv5 mom5t "o or ! o!r elem5t1 kn[+1 feel+1 or act+1 may be dom9ant 9 our consci\sness1 ! re/ are always imman5t4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ?ree elem5ts or /ages1 kn[+1 feel+1 /riv+1 z all be+ necess>y factors 9 any complete bit ( human behavi\r1 we no long] try to arrange !m 9 a hi]>*y ) kn[+ or reason at ! head4 ,kn[+--t is1 receiv+ & recogniz+ a /imulus f )\t--w\ld seem to come fir/2 we mu/ be act$ on be=e we c re-act2 b priority conf]s no supremacy4 ,we c look at x ano!r way4 ,p]ceiv+ is ! fir/ rung on ! ladd] t leads to action1 feel+ is ! second1 action is ! topmo/ rung1 ! prim>y goal1 z x 71 ( all ! climb+4 ,= ! purpose ( our discussion ?is is p]haps ! simple/ way ( look+ at human behavi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,movem5t1 !n1 action1 is1 z x 71 ! goal & ! end ( ?\ght4 ,p]ception f9ds its natural outlet & completion 9 do+4 ,b "h comes 9 a curi\s consid]ation important = our purpose4 ,9 animals1 9 s f> z !y act by in/9ct1 z we say1 p]ception1 kn[+1 is usually foll[$ imm$iately & inevitably by do+1 by su* do+ z is calculat$ to cons]ve ! animal & 8 species2 b 9 "s ( ! high] animals1 & especially 9 man1 :]e ! n]v\s sy/em is m complex1 p]ception is n in/antly trans=m$ into action2 !re is an int]val = *oice betwe5 sev]al possible actions4 ,p]ception is p5t up & becomes1 help$ by emotion1 consci\s repres5tation4 ,n[ x is1 psy*ologi/s tell u1 j 9 ?is int]val1 ?is space betwe5 p]ception & reaction1 ?is mom5t>y halt1 t all our m5tal life1 our images1 our ideas1 our consci\sness1 & assur$ly our religion & our art1 is built up4 ,if ! cycle ( kn[+1 feel+1 act+1 7 in/antly fulfill$1 t is1 if we 7 a mass ( well-contriv$ in/9cts1 we %\ld h>dly h drom5a1 & we %\ld c]ta9ly nev] pass f drom5a to drama4 ,art & religion1 ?\gh p]haps n :olly ritual1 spr+ f ! incomplete cycle1 f unsatisfi$ desire1 f p]ception & emotion t h someh[ n f\nd imm$iate outlet 9 practical action4 ,:5 we come lat] to e/abli% ! divid+ l9e betwe5 art & ritual we %all f9d ?is fact to be c>d9al4 ,we h next to wat* h[ out ( repres5tation repeat$ !re gr[s up a k9d ( ab/raction :i* helps ! transition f ritual to art4 ,:5 ! m5 ( a tribe return f a hunt1 a j\rney1 a battle1 or any ev5t t has caus$ !m ke5 & pleasant emotion1 !y w (t5 re-act _! do+s r\nd ! camp-fire at night to an att5tive audi5ce ( wom5 & "y boys4 ,! cause ( ?is _w-wide cu/om is no d\bt 9 great "p ! desire to repeat a pleasant exp]i5ce2 ! battle or ! hunt w n be re-enact$ unless x has be5 successful4 ,toge!r ) ?is mu/ be reckon$ a motive seldom abs5t f human endeav\r1 ! desire = self-exhibition1 self-enhancem5t4 ,b 9 ?is re-enactm5t1 we see at once1 lies ! g]m ( hi/ory & ( commemorative c]emonial1 & also1 oddly en\gh1 an impulse emotional 9 itself begets a process we ?9k ( z *>act]i/ically & exclusively intellectual1 ! process ( ab/raction4 ,! savage beg9s ) ! p>ticul> battle t actually did happ52 b1 x is easy to see t if he re-enacts x aga9 & aga9 ! p>ticul> battle or hunt w be =gott51 ! repres5tation cuts itself loose f ! p>ticul> action f :i* x arose1 & becomes g5]aliz$1 z x 7 ab/ract$4 ,l *ildr5 he plays n at a fun]al1 b at fun]als1 n at a battle1 b at battles2 & s arises ! w>-dance1 or ! dea?-dance1 or ! hunt-dance4 ,?is w s]ve to %[ h[ inextricably ! elem5ts ( kn[+ & feel+ are int]tw9$4 ,s1 too1 ) ! elem5t ( action4 ,if we consid] ! occasions :5 a savage dances1 x w soon appe> t x is n only aft] a battle or a hunt t he dances 9 ord] to commemorate x1 b be=e4 ,once ! commemorative dance has got ab/ract$ or g5]aliz$ x becomes mat]ial = ! magical dance1 ! dance pre-done4 ,a tribe ab\t to g to w> w "w itself up by a w> dance2 ab\t to />t out hunt+ !y w cat* _! game 9 pantomime4 ,"h cle>ly ! ma9 emphasis is on ! practical1 ! active1 do+-elem5t 9 ! cycle4 ,! dance is1 z x 71 a sort ( precipitat$ desire1 a dis*>ge ( p5t-up emotion into action4 ,9 bo? ^! k9ds ( dances1 ! dance t commemorates by re-pres5t+ & ! dance t anticipates by pre-pres5t+1 ,plato w\ld h se5 ! elem5t ( imitation1 :at ! ,greeks call$ mimesis1 :i* we saw he believ$ to be ! v s\rce & ess5ce ( all art4 ,9 a s5se he w\ld h be5 "r4 ,! commemorative dance does especially re-pres5t2 x reproduces ! pa/ hunt or battle2 b if we analyse a little m closely we see x is n = ! sake ( copy+ ! actual battle itself1 b = ! emotion felt ab\t ! battle4 ,?is !y desire to re-live4 ,! emotional elem5t is se5 /ill m cle>ly 9 ! dance =e-done = magical purposes4 ,success 9 w> or 9 ! hunt is ke5ly1 int5sely desir$4 ,! hunt or ! battle _c take place at ! mom5t1 s ! cycle _c complete itself4 ,! desire _c f9d utt]ance 9 ! actual act2 x gr[s & accumulates by inhibition1 till at la/ ! exasp]at$ n]ves & muscles c be> x no long]2 x breaks out into mimetic anticipatory action4 ,b1 & ?is is ! important po9t1 ! action is mimetic1 n ( :at y see done by ano!r2 b ( :at y desire to d y\rself4 ,! habit ( ?is mimesis ( ! ?+ desir$1 is set up1 & ritual beg9s4 ,ritual1 !n1 does imitate1 b = an emotional1 n an altoge!r practical1 end4 ,plato nev] saw a savage w>-dance or a hunt-dance or a ra9-dance1 & x is n likely t1 if he _h se5 "o1 he w\ld h all[$ x to be art at all4 ,b he mu/ (t5 h se5 a class ( p]=mances v simil>1 to :i* unque/ionably he w\ld give ! "n ( art4 ,he mu/ h se5 plays l ^? ( ,ari/ophanes1 ) ! *orus dress$ up z ,birds or ,cl\ds or ,frogs or ,wasps1 & he might und\bt$ly h claim$ su* plays z evid5ce ( ! rightness ( 8 def9ition4 ,"h 7 m5 imitat+ birds & bea/s1 dress$ 9 _! sk9s & fea!rs1 mimick+ _! ge/ures4 ,= 8 own days 8 judgm5t w\ld h be5 unque/ionably "r2 b aga91 if we look at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 we f9d an orig9 & an impulse mu* deep]1 vagu]1 & m emotional4 ,! bea/ dances f\nd widespread ov] ! savage _w took _! rise :5 m5 really believ$1 :at ,/4 ,francis tri$ to prea*3 t bea/s & birds & fi%es 7 8 little bro!rs4 ,or r1 p]haps1 m /rictly1 he felt !m to be 8 great bro!rs & 8 fa!rs1 = ! attitude ( ! ,au/ralian t[>ds ! kang>oo1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican t[>ds ! grizzly be>1 is "o ( affection temp]$ by deep religi\s awe4 ,! bea/ dances look back to t e>ly phase ( civilization :i* survives 9 cry/alliz$ =m 9 :at we call totemism4 ,totem means tribe1 b ! tribe 0 ( animals z well z m54 ,9 ! ,kang>oo tribe !re 7 real leap+ kang>oos z well z m5-kang>oos4 ,! m5-kang>oos :5 !y danc$ & leapt did x1 n to imitate kang>oos--y _c imitate y\rself--b j = natural joy ( he>t because !y 7 kang>oos2 !y belong$ to ! ,kang>oo tribe1 !y bore ! tribal m>ks & delight$ to ass]t _! tribal unity4 ,:at !y felt 0 n mimesis b p>ticipation1 unity1 & community4 ,lat]1 :5 man beg9s to di/+ui% betwe5 himself & 8 /range fell[-tribesm51 to realize t he is n a kang>oo l o!r kang>oos1 he w try to revive 8 old fai?1 8 old s5se ( p>ticipation & on5ess1 by consci\s imitation4 ,?us ?\gh imitation is n ! object ( ^! dances1 x gr[s up 9 & ?r\gh !m4 ,x is ! same ) art4 ,! orig9 ( art is n mimesis1 b mimesis spr+s up out ( art1 out ( emotional expression1 & con/antly & closely neighb\rs x4 ,art & ritual are at ! outset alike 9 ?is1 t !y d n seek to copy a fact1 b to reproduce1 to re-enact an emotion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all see ?is m cle>ly if we exam9e = a mom5t ?is ,greek ^w mimesis4 ,we translate mmsis by imitation1 & we d v wrongly4 ,! ^w mimesis means ! action or do+ ( a p]son call$ a mime4 ,n[ a mime 0 simply a p]son :o dress$ up & act$ 9 a pantomime or primitive drama4 ,he 0 r\ghly :at we %\ld call an actor1 & x is significant t 9 ! ^w actor we /ress n imitat+ b act+1 do+1 j :at ! ,greek /ress$ 9 8 words drom5on & drama4 ,! actor dresses up1 puts on a mask1 we>s ! sk9 ( a bea/ or ! fea!rs ( a bird1 n1 z we h se51 to copy some?+ or "s "o :o is n himself1 b to emphasize1 enl>ge1 enhance1 8 own p]sonality2 he masqu]ades1 he does n mimic4 ,! celebrants 9 ! v primitive ritual ( ! ,m\nta9-,"m 9 ,?race 71 we "k1 call$ mimes4 ,9 ! fragm5t ( 8 lo/ play1 s*ylus1 aft] describ+ ! d9 made by ! m\nta9 ge> ( ! ,"m1 ! madd5+ hum ( ! bombykes1 a sort ( sp9n+-top1 ! cla% ( ! braz5 cymbals & ! twang ( ! /r+s1 ?us goes on3 ,& bull-voices ro> !reto f some:]e out ( ! unse51 fe>ful mimes1 & f a drum an image1 z x 71 ( ?und] und]gr\nd is borne on ! air heavy ) dread4 ,"h we h und\bt$ly "s sort ( bull-ro>+1 ?und]-& w9d-mak+ c]emony1 l ^? t g on 9 ,au/ralia to-day4 ,! mimes are n mimick+ ?und] out ( curiosity1 !y are mak+ x & enact+ & utt]+ x = magical purposes4 ,:5 a sailor wants a w9d he makes x1 or1 z he lat] says1 he :i/les = x2 :5 a savage or a ,greek wants ?und] to br+ ra9 he makes x1 becomes x4 ,b x is easy to see t z ! belief 9 magic decl9es1 :at 0 once int5se desire1 issu+ 9 ! mak+ ( or ! be+ ( a ?+1 becomes m]e copy+ ( x2 ! mime1 ! mak]1 s9ks to be 9 our mod]n s5se ! mimic2 z fai? decl9es1 folly & futility set 92 ! e>ne/1 zeal\s act s9ks into a frivol\s mimicry1 a sort ( *ild's-play4 ,,footnotes #e ,^! in/ances are all tak5 f ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#c ,! ,magic ,art1 ,i1 #aci ff4 #f ,! ,engli% ,language1 ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 p4 #bh4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,seasonal ,,rites3 ,,! ,,spr+ ,,fe/ival ,we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt] t :atev] int]e/s primitive man1 :atev] makes him feel /rongly1 he t5ds to re-enact4 ,any "o ( 8 manifold occupations1 hunt+1 fight+1 lat] pl\gh+ & s[+1 provid$ x be ( suffici5t int]e/ & importance1 is mat]ial = a drom5on or rite4 ,we h also se5 t1 weak z he is 9 individuality1 x is n 8 private & p]sonal emotions t t5d to become ritual1 b ^? t are public1 felt & express$ (ficially1 t is1 by ! :ole tribe or community4 ,x is fur!r obvi\s t su* dances1 :5 !y develop into actual rites1 t5d to be p]=m$ at fix$ times4 ,we h n[ to consid] :5 & :y4 ,! elem5t ( fixity & regul> repetition 9 rites _c be too /rongly emphasiz$4 ,x is a factor ( p>am\nt importance1 ess5tial to ! developm5t f ritual to art1 f drom5on to drama4 ,! two great int]e/s ( primitive man are food & *ildr54 ,z ,dr4 ,fraz] has well said1 if man ! individual is to live he mu/ h food2 if 8 race is to p]si/ he mu/ h *ildr54 ,to live & to cause to live1 to eat food & to beget *ildr51 ^! 7 ! prim>y wants ( man 9 ! pa/1 & !y w be ! prim>y wants ( m5 9 ! future s long z ! _w la/s4 ,o!r ?+s may be add$ to enri* & beautify human life1 b1 unless ^! wants are fir/ satisfi$1 humanity itself mu/ cease to exi/4 ,^! two ?+s1 !re=e1 food & *ildr51 7 :at m5 *iefly s\ght to procure by ! p]=mance ( magical rites = ! regulation ( ! seasons4 ,!y are ! v f\ndation-/ones ( t ritual f :i* art1 if we are "r1 took its rise4 ,f ?is ne$ = food sprang seasonal1 p]iodic fe/ivals4 ,! fact t fe/ivals are seasonal1 con/antly recurr5t1 solidifies1 makes p]man5t1 & z already expla9$ 7p4 #db71 9 a s5se intellectualizes & ab/racts ! emotion t prompts !m4 ,! seasons are inde$ only ( value to primitive man because !y are relat$1 z he swiftly & necess>ily f9ds out1 to 8 food supply4 ,he has1 x w\ld seem1 little s5sitiv5ess to ! /hetic impulse ( ! beauty ( a spr+ morn+1 to ! pa?os ( autumn4 ,:at he realizes fir/ & =emo/ is1 t at c]ta9 times ! animals1 & /ill m ! plants1 :i* =m 8 food1 appe>1 at c]ta9 o!rs !y disappe>4 ,x is ^! times t become ! c5tral po9ts1 ! focuses ( 8 int]e/1 & ! dates ( 8 religi\s fe/ivals4 ,^! dates w v>y1 ( c\rse1 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t climates4 ,x is1 !re=e1 idle to attempt a /udy ( ! ritual ( a p )\t kn[+ ! facts ( _! climate & surr\nd+s4 ,9 ,egypt ! food supply w dep5d on ! rise & fall ( ! ,nile1 & on ?is rise & fall w dep5d ! ritual & cal5d> ( ,osiris4 ,& yet treatises on ,egyptian religion are /ill to be f\nd :i* beg9 by rec\nt+ ! rites & my?ology ( ,osiris1 z ?\gh ^! 7 prim>y1 & !n end ) a coroll>y to ! effect t ^! rites & ?is cal5d> 7 associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,osiris1 or1 ev5 worse /ill1 in/itut$ by ! religion ( ,osiris4 ,! ,nile regulates ! food supply ( ,egypt1 ! monsoon t ( c]ta9 ,s\? ,pacific isl&s2 ! cal5d> ( ,egypt dep5ds on ! ,nile1 ( ! ,s\? ,pacific isl&s on ! monsoon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 8 rec5t ,introduction to ,ma!matics#g ,dr4 ,:itehead has po9t$ out h[ ! :ole life ( ,nature is dom9at$ by ! exi/5ce ( p]iodic ev5ts4 ,! rotation ( ! e>? produces successive days2 ! pa? ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun leads to ! ye>ly recurr5ce ( ! seasons2 ! phases ( ! moon are recurr5t1 & ?\gh artificial light has made ^! phases pass almo/ unnotic$ to-day1 9 climates :]e ! skies are cle>1 human life 0 l>gely influ5c$ by moonlight4 ,ev5 our own bodily life1 ) its recurr5t he>t-beats & brea?+s1 is ess5tially p]iodic4#h ,! presupposition ( p]iodicity is inde$ fundam5tal to our v conception ( life1 & b = p]iodicity ! v means ( measur+ "t z a quantity w\ld be abs5t4 ,p]iodicity is fundam5tal to c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( ma!matics1 t is evid5t2 x is p]haps less evid5t t p]iodicity is a factor t has gone to ! mak+ ( ritual1 & h5ce1 z we %all see1 ( art4 ,& yet ?is is manife/ly ! case4 ,all primitive cal5d>s are ritual cal5d>s1 successions ( fea/-days1 a pat*work ( days ( diff]5t quality & "* recurr+2 patt]n at lea/ is bas$ on p]iodicity4 ,b !re is ano!r & p]haps m important way 9 :i* p]iodicity affects & 9 a s5se causes ritual4 ,we h se5 already t out ( ! space betwe5 an impulse & a reaction !re arises an idea or pres5tation4 ,a pres5tation is1 inde$1 x w\ld seem1 9 its f9al analysis1 only a delay$1 int5sifi$ desire--a desire ( :i* ! active satisfaction is block$1 & :i* runs ov] into a pres5tation4 ,an image conceiv$ pres5t$1 :at we call an idea is1 z x 71 an act prefigur$4 ,ritual acts1 !n1 :i* dep5d on ! p]iodicity ( ! seasons are acts necess>ily delay$4 ,! ?+ delay$1 expect$1 wait$ =1 is m & m a s\rce ( value1 m & m apt to precipitate into :at we call an idea1 :i* is 9 reality b ! project$ %ad[ ( an unaccompli%$ action4 ,m beautiful x may be1 b comp>atively bloodless1 yet capable 9 its turn ( act+ z an initial motor impulse 9 ! cycle ( activity4 ,x w lat] 7p4 #gj7 be se5 t ^! p]iodic fe/ivals are ! /uff ( :i* ^? fad$1 unaccompli%$ actions & desires :i* we call gods--,attis1 ,osiris1 ,dionysos--are made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to primitive man1 z we h se51 bea/ & bird & plant & himself 7 n %>ply divid$1 & ! p]iodicity ( ! seasons 0 = all4 ,x w dep5d on man's social & geographical conditions :e!r he notices p]iodicity mo/ 9 plants or animals4 ,if he is nomadic he w note ! recurr5t bir?s ( o!r animals & ( human *ildr51 & w connect !m ) ! lun> ye>4 ,b x is at once evid5t t1 at lea/ 9 ,m$it]ranean l&s1 & probably ev]y:]e1 x is ! p]iodicity ( plants & vegetation g5]ally :i* dep5ds on moi/ure1 t is mo/ /rik+4 ,plants die d[n 9 ! heat ( summ]1 trees %$ _! leaves 9 autumn1 all ,nature sleeps or dies 9 w9t]1 & awakes 9 spr+4 ,sometimes x is ! dy+ d[n t attracts mo/ att5tion4 ,?is is v cle> 9 ! rites ( ,adonis1 :i* are1 ?\gh he rises aga91 ess5tially rites ( lam5tation4 ,! details ( ! ritual %[ ?is cle>ly1 & specially z already se5 9 ! cult ( ,osiris4 ,= ! g>d5s ( ,adonis ! wom5 took baskets or pots fill$ ) e>?1 & 9 !m1 z *ildr5 s[ cress n[-a-days1 !y plant$ :eat1 f5nel1 lettuce1 & v>i\s k9ds ( fl[]s1 :i* !y wat]$ & t5d$ = eight days4 ,9 hot c\ntries ! se$s sprang up rapidly1 b z ! plants _h no roots !y )]$ quickly away4 ,at ! end ( ! eight days !y 7 c>ri$ out ) ! images ( ! dead ,adonis & ?r[n ) !m into ! sea or into spr+s4 ,! g>d5s ( ,adonis became ! type ( transi5t lovel9ess & swift decay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at wa/e w\ld x be1 says ,plut>*1#i :at inconceivable wa/e1 = ,god to create man1 _h he n an immortal s\l4 ,he w\ld be l ! wom5 :o make little g>d5s1 n less pleasant ?an ! g>d5s ( ,adonis 9 e>!n pots & pans2 s w\ld our s\ls blossom & fl\ri% b = a day 9 a s(t & t5d] body ( fle% )\t any firm & solid root ( life1 & !n be bla/$ & put out 9 a mom5t4 ,celebrat$ at midsumm] z !y 71 & z ! g>d5s 7 ?r[n into wat]1 x is probable t ! rites ( ,adonis may h be51 at lea/ 9 "p1 a ra9-*>m4 ,9 ! long summ] dr\ghts ( ,pale/9e & ,babylonia ! long+ = ra9 mu/ (t5 h be5 int5se en\gh to provoke expression1 & we rememb] 7p4 #ai7 t ! ,sum]ian ,tammuz 0 orig9ally ,dumuzi-absu1 ,true ,son ( ! ,wat]s4 ,wat] is ! fir/ ne$ = vegetation4 ,g>d5s ( ,adonis are /ill 9 use 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy4#aj ,at ! m>riage ( a ,brahman se$s ( five or n9e sorts are mix$ & s[n 9 e>!n pots :i* are made specially = ! purpose1 & are fill$ ) e>?4 ,bride & bridegroom wat] ! se$s bo? morn+ & ev5+ = f\r days2 & on ! fif? day ! se$l+s are ?r[n1 l ! real g>d5s ( ,adonis1 into a tank or riv]4 ,seasonal fe/ivals ) "o & ! same int5t--! promotion ( f]tility 9 plants1 animals & man--may occur at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>4 ,at midsumm]1 z we h se51 we may h ra9-*>ms2 9 autumn we %all h h>ve/ fe/ivals2 9 late autumn & e>ly w9t] among pa/oral peoples we %all h fe/ivals1 l t ( ,m>t9mas1 = ! bless+ & purification ( flocks & h]ds :5 !y come 9 f _! summ] pa/ure4 ,9 midw9t] !re w be a ,*ri/mas fe/ival to promote & protect ! sun's heat at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,b 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 to :i* we ma9ly owe our drama & our art1 ! fe/ival mo/ widely celebrat$1 & t ( :i* we "k mo/1 is ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival1 & to t we mu/ turn4 ,! spr+ is to ! ,greek ( to-day ! noixis1 ! ,op5+1 & x 0 9 spr+ & ) rites ( spr+ t bo? ,greek & ,roman orig9ally began _! ye>4 ,x 0 ?is spr+ fe/ival t gave to ! ,greek _! god ,dionysos & 9 "p 8 drama4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,cambridge on ,may ,day two or ?ree puzzl$ & we>y little boys & girls are /ill to be sometimes se5 dragg+ r\nd a p]ambulator ) a doll on x b$eck$ ) ribbons & a fl[] or two4 ,t is all t is left 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl& ( ! ,que5 ( ! ,may & ,jack-9-!-,gre51 ?\gh "h & !re a maypole survives & is resuscitat$ by en?usia/s ab\t folk-dances4 ,b 9 ! days ( ,good ,que5 ,bess m]ry ,engl&1 x w\ld seem1 0 lu/i]4 ,! ,puritan ,/ubbs1 9 8 ,anatomie ( ,abuses1#aa ?us describes ! fe/ival3 ,!y h tw5tie or =tie yoke ( ox51 e oxe havyng a sweete nosegaie ( fl[]s ty$ on ! tippe ( 8 hornes1 & ^! ox5 draw home ?is ,maiepoole 7?is /9cky+ idoll r71 :i* is cov]$ all ov] ) fl[]s & he>bes1 b\nd r\nd ab\te ) /r+es f ! top to ! bottome1 & sometyme pa9t$ ) v>iable col\rs1 ) two or ?ree hundr$ m51 wom51 & *ildr51 foll[+ x ) great devotion4 ,& ?us beyng re>$ up1 ) h&k]*iefes & flagges /ream+ on ! toppe1 !y /rewe ! gr\nd ab\t1 b9de gre5e b\ghs ab\t x1 set up summ] haules1 b[]s1 & arb\rs h>d by x4 ,& !n fall !y to banquet & fea/1 to leap & daunce ab\te x1 z ! hea!n p did at ! d$ication ( _! idolles1 :]e( ?is is a p]fect patt]ne or r ! ?yng itself4 ,! /]n old ,puritan 0 "r1 ! maypole 0 ! p]fect patt]n ( a hea!n idoll1 or r ! ?yng itself4 ,he w\ld h ext]m9at$ x root & bran*1 b o!r & p]haps wis] div9es took ! maypole into ! s]vice ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & /ill#ab on ,may ,day 9 ,saffron ,wald5 ! spr+ song is he>d ) its ,*ri/ian moral-- ,a bran* ( ,may we h br\ght y1 ,& at y\r door x /&s2 ,x is a spr\t t is well budd$ out1 ,! "w ( our ,"l's h&s4 ,! maypole 0 ( c\rse at fir/ no pole cut d[n & dri$4 ,! gi/ ( x 0 t x %\ld be a spr\t1 well budd$ out4 ,! object ( c>ry+ 9 ! ,may 0 to br+ ! v _s ( life & gre5]y into ! village4 ,:5 ?is 0 =gott51 idl5ess or economy w\ld prompt ! villag]s to use ! same tree or bran* ye> aft] ye>4 ,9 ! villages ( ,upp] ,bav>ia ,dr4 ,fraz]#ac tells u ! maypole is r5ew$ once e ?ree1 f\r1 or five ye>s4 ,x is a fir-tree fet*$ f ! =e/1 & amid all ! wrea?s1 flags1 & inscriptions ) :i* x is b$eck$1 an ess5tial "p is ! bun* ( d>k gre5 foliage left at ! top1 z a mem5to t 9 x we h to d1 n ) a dead pole1 b ) a liv+ tree f ! gre5wood4 ,at ! ritual ( ,may ,day n only 0 ! fre% gre5 b\gh or tree c>ri$ into ! village1 b ) x came a girl or a boy1 ! ,que5 or ,k+ ( ! ,may4 ,sometimes ! tree itself1 z 9 ,russia1 is dress$ up 9 woman's clo!s2 m (t5 a real man or maid1 cov]$ ) fl[]s & gre5]y1 walks ) ! tree or c>ries ! b\gh4 ,?us 9 ,?ur+ia1#ad z soon z ! trees beg9 to be gre5 9 spr+1 ! *ildr5 assemble on a ,sunday & g out into ! woods1 :]e !y *oose "o ( _! playmates to be ,little ,leaf ,man4 ,!y break bran*es f ! trees & tw9e !m ab\t ! *ild1 till only 8 %oes are left peep+ out4 ,two ( ! o!r *ildr5 lead him = fe> he %\ld /umble4 ,!y take him s++ & danc+ f h\se to h\se1 ask+ = gifts ( food1 su* z eggs1 cream1 sausages1 cakes4 ,f9ally1 !y spr9kle ! ,leaf ,man ) wat] & fea/ on ! food4 ,su* a ,leaf ,man is our ,engli% ,jack-9-!-,gre51 a *imney-sweep] :o1 z late z #ahib1 0 se5 by ,dr4 ,r\se walk+ ab\t at ,*elt5ham encas$ 9 a wood5 framework cov]$ ) gre5]y4 ,! br++ 9 ( ! new leafage 9 ! =m ( a tree or fl[]s is "o1 & p]haps ! simple/1 =m ( spr+ fe/ival4 ,x takes little notice ( dea? & w9t]1 utt]+ & emphasiz+ only ! desire = ! joy 9 life & spr+4 ,b 9 o!r & sev]] climates ! emotion is fi]c] & m complex2 x takes ! =m ( a /ruggle or conte/1 :at ! ,greeks call$ an agon4 ,?us on ,may ,day 9 ! ,isle ( ,man a ,que5 ( ! ,may 0 *os51 & ) h] tw5ty maids ( hon\r1 toge!r ) a troop ( "y m5 = escort4 ,b !re 0 n only a ,que5 ( ! ,may1 b a ,que5 ( ,w9t]1 a man dress$ z a woman1 load$ ) w>m clo!s & we>+ a wooll5 hood & fur tippet4 ,w9t]1 too1 _h att5dants l ! ,que5 ( ! ,may4 ,! two troops met & f\ght2 & :i*ev] ,que5 0 tak5 prison] _h to pay ! exp5ses ( ! fea/4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man ! real gi/ ( ! c]emony is q =gott51 x has become a m]e play4 ,b among ! ,esquimaux#ae !re is /ill c>ri$ on a simil> rite1 & its magical int5t is cle>ly und]/ood4 ,9 autumn1 :5 ! /orms beg9 & ! long & dismal ,arctic w9t] is at h&1 ! c5tral ,esquimaux divide !mselves into two p>ties call$ ! ,pt>migans & ! ,ducks4 ,! pt>migans are ! p born 9 w9t]1 ! ducks ^? born 9 summ]4 ,!y /ret* out a long rope ( sealsk94 ,! ducks take hold ( "o end1 ! pt>migans ( ! o!r1 !n comes a tug-(-w>4 ,if ! ducks w9 !re w be f9e wea!r ?r\gh ! w9t]2 if ! pt>migans1 bad4 ,?is autumn fe/ival might1 ( c\rse1 ) equal magical int5t be p]=m$ 9 ! spr+1 b probably autumn is *os5 because1 ) ! dread ( ! ,arctic ice & sn[ ^u !m1 ! fe> ( w9t] is /rong] ?an ! hope ( spr+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! int5se emotion t[>ds ! wea!r1 :i* breaks out into ^! magical agones1 or conte/s1 is n v easy to realize4 ,! wea!r to u n[-a-days = ! mo/ "p damps a day's pleasur+ or raises ! price ( fruit & vegetables4 ,b our ma9 supplies come to u f o!r l&s & o!r wea!rs1 & we f9d x h>d to ?9k ourselves back into ! /ate :5 a bad h>ve/ meant />vation4 ,! int5sely practical attitude ( man t[>ds ! seasons1 ! way t _m ( ^! magical dramatic c]emonies rose /raight out ( ! emotion t[>ds ! food-supply1 w\ld p]haps nev] h be5 fully realiz$ b = ! /udy ( ! food-produc+ c]emonies ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians4 ,! ,c5tral ,au/ralian spr+ is n ! %ift f w9t] to summ]1 f cold to heat1 b f a long1 arid1 & b>r5 season to a season %ort & (t5 irregul> 9 recurr5ce ( torr5tial ra9 & sudd5 f]tility4 ,! dry /eppes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia are ! sc5e ( a m>vell\s trans=mation4 ,9 ! dry season all is hot & desolate1 ! gr\nd has only pat*es ( wiry scrub1 ) an occasional p>*$ acacia tree1 all is /ones & s&2 !re is no sign ( animal life save = ! ?\s& ant-hills4 ,!n sudd5ly ! ra9y season sets 94 ,torr5ts fill ! riv]s1 & ! s&y pla9 is a %eet ( wat]4 ,almo/ z sudd5ly ! ra9 ceases1 ! /reams dry up1 suck$ 9 by ! ?ir/y gr\nd1 & z ?\gh lit]ally by magic a luxuriant vegetation bur/s =?1 ! des]t blossoms z a rose4 ,insects1 liz>ds1 frogs1 birds1 *irp1 frisk & *att]4 ,no plant or animal c live unless x live quickly4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ke5 & %ort4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! *ange came & life 0 born by magic1 & ! primitive ,au/ralian takes c>e t magic %\ld n be want+1 & magic ( ! mo/ in/ructive k9d4 ,z soon z ! season ( f]tility approa*es he beg9s 8 rites ) ! av[$ object ( mak+ & multiply+ ! plants1 & *iefly ! animals1 by :i* he lives2 he pa9ts ! figure ( ! emu on ! s& ) v]milion drawn f 8 own blood2 he puts on emu fea!rs & gazes ab\t him vacantly 9 /upid fa%ion l an emu bird2 he makes a /ructure ( b\ghs l ! *rysalis ( a ,wit*etty grub--8 fav\rite food1 & drags 8 body ?r\gh x 9 pantomime1 glid+ & %uffl+ to promote its bir?4 ,"h1 difficult & intricate ?\gh ! c]emonies are1 & unc]ta9 9 mean+ z _m ( ! details mu/ probably always rema91 ! ma9 emotional gi/ is cle>4 ,x is n t ! ,au/ralian wond]s at & admires ! miracle ( 8 spr+1 ! bur/+ ( ! fl[]s & ! s++ ( birds2 x is n t 8 he>t goes out 9 gratitude to an ,all-,fa!r :o is ! ,giv] ( all good ?+s2 x is t1 ob$i5t to ! pu% ( life )9 him1 8 impulse is t[>ds food4 ,he mu/ eat t he & 8 tribe may gr[ & multiply4 ,x is ?is1 8 w to live1 t he utt]s & repres5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! savage utt]s 8 w to live1 8 int5se desire = food2 b x %\ld be not$1 x is desire & w & long+1 n c]ta9ty & satisfaction t he utt]s4 ,9 ?is respect x is int]e/+ to note t 8 rites & c]emonies1 :5 p]iodic1 are ( fairly long p]iods4 ,w9t] & summ] are n ! only natural p]iodic cycles2 !re is ! cycle ( day & night1 & yet among primitive peoples b little ritual c5tres r\nd day & night4 ,! reason is simple4 ,! cycle ( day & night is s %ort1 x recurs s frequ5tly1 t man naturally c\nt$ ^u x & _h no cause to be anxi\s4 ,! emotional t5sion necess>y to ritual 0 abs5t4 ,a few peoples1 e4g4 ! ,egyptians1 h practis$ daily incantations to br+ back ! sun4 ,probably !y _h at fir/ felt a real t5sion ( anxiety1 & !n--be+ a p hideb\nd by cu/om--_h gone on f m]e cons]vatism4 ,:]e ! sun returns at a long] int]val1 & is ev51 z among ! ,esquimaux1 hidd5 = ! long space ( six mon?s1 ritual inevitably arises4 ,!y play at cat's-cradle to cat* ! ball ( ! sun le/ x %\ld s9k & be lo/ = ev]4 ,r\nd ! moon1 ^: cycle is long1 b n too long1 ritual v e>ly c5tr$1 b probably only :5 its suppos$ influ5ce on vegetation 0 fir/ surmis$4 ,! moon1 z x 71 practises magic h]self2 %e waxes & wanes1 & ) h]1 man ?9ks1 all ! vegetable k+dom waxes & wanes too1 all b ! lawless onion4 ,! moon1 ,plut>*#af tells u1 is f]tile 9 its light & conta9s moi/ure1 x is k9dly to ! "y ( animals & to ! new %oots ( plants4 ,ev5 ,bacon#ag held t obs]vations ( ! moon ) a view to plant+ & s[+ & ! graft+ ( trees 7 n altoge!r frivol\s4 ,x _c too (t5 be rememb]$ t primitive man has b little1 if any1 int]e/ 9 sun & moon & heav5ly bodies = _! inh]5t beauty or wond]2 he c>es = !m1 he holds !m sacr$1 he p]=ms rites 9 relation to !m ma9ly :5 he notes t !y br+ ! seasons1 & he c>es = ! seasons ma9ly because !y br+ him food4 ,a season is to him z a ,hora 0 at fir/ to ! ,greeks1 ! fruits ( a season1 :at our f>m]s w\ld call a good ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sun1 !n1 _h no ritual till x 0 se5 t he l$ 9 ! seasons2 b long be=e t 0 kn[n1 x 0 se5 t ! seasons 7 annual1 t !y w5t r\nd 9 a r+2 & because t annual r+ 0 long 9 revolv+1 great 0 man's hope & fe> 9 ! w9t]1 great 8 relief & joy 9 ! spr+4 ,x 0 lit]ally a matt] ( dea? & life1 & x 0 z dea? & life t he sometimes repres5t$ x1 z we h se5 9 ! figures ( ,adonis & ,osiris4 ,adonis & ,osiris h _! mod]n p>allels1 :o leave u 9 no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( _! figures4 ,?us on ! #a/ ( ,m>* 9 ,?r+5 a c]emony is p]=m$ call$ ,driv+ out ! ,dea?4 ,! "y p make up a figure ( /raw1 dress x 9 old clo!s1 c>ry x out & ?r[ x into ! riv]4 ,!n !y come back1 tell ! good news to ! village1 & are giv5 eggs & food z a rew>d4 ,9 ,bohemia ! *ildr5 c>ry out a /raw puppet & burn x4 ,:ile !y are burn+ x !y s+-- ,n[ c>ry we ,dea? out ( ! village1 ,! new ,summ] into ! village1 ,welcome1 de> ,summ]1 ,gre5 little corn4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,bohemia ! song v>ies2 x is n ,summ] t comes back b ,life4 ,we h c>ri$ away ,dea?1 ,& br\ght back ,life4 ,9 bo? ^! cases x is int]e/+ to note t ?\gh ,dea? is dramatically c>ri$ out1 ! com+ back ( ,life is only ann\nc$1 n enact$4 ,(t51 & x w\ld seem q naturally1 ! puppet repres5t+ ,dea? or ,w9t] is revil$ & r\ghly h&l$1 or pelt$ ) /ones1 & treat$ 9 "s way z a sort ( scapegoat4 ,b 9 n a few cases1 & ^! are ( special int]e/1 x seems to be ! seat ( a sort ( magical pot5cy :i* c be & is transf]r$ to ! figure ( ,summ] or ,life1 ?us caus+1 z x 71 a sort ( ,resurrection4 ,9 ,lusatia ! wom5 only c>ry out ! ,dea?4 ,!y are dress$ 9 black !mselves z m\rn]s1 b ! puppet ( /raw :i* !y dress up z ! ,dea? we>s a :ite %irt4 ,!y c>ry x to ! village b\nd>y1 foll[$ by boys ?r[+ /ones1 & !re te> x to pieces4 ,!n !y cut d[n a tree & dress x 9 ! :ite %irt ( ! ,dea? & c>ry x home s++4 ,s at ! ,fea/ ( ! ,asc5sion 9 ,transylvania4 ,aft] morn+ s]vice ! girls ( ! village dress up ! ,dea?2 !y tie a ?re%$-out %eaf ( corn into a r\gh copy ( a head & body1 & /ick a broom/ick ?r\gh ! body = arms4 ,!n !y dress ! figure up 9 ! ord9>y holiday clo!s ( a peasant girl--a r$ hood1 silv] broo*es1 & ribbons galore4 ,!y put ! ,dea? at an op5 w9d[ t all ! p :5 !y g to vesp]s may see x4 ,vesp]s ov]1 two girls take ! ,dea? by ! arms & walk 9 front2 ! re/ foll[4 ,!y s+ an ord9>y *ur* hymn4 ,hav+ w\nd ?r\gh ! village !y g to ano!r h\se1 %ut out ! boys1 /rip ! ,dea? ( its clo!s1 & ?r[ ! /raw body out ( ! w9d[ to ! boys1 :o fl+ x into a riv]4 ,!n "o ( ! girls is dress$ 9 ! ,dea?'s disc>d$ clo!s1 & ! procession aga9 w9ds ?r\gh ! village4 ,! same hymn is sung4 ,?us x is cle> t ! girl is a sort ( resuscitat$ ,dea?4 ,?is resurrection aspect1 ?is pass+ ( ! old into ! new1 w be se5 to be ( great ritual importance :5 we come to ,dionysos & ! ,di?yramb4 ,^! c]emonies ( ,dea? & ,life are m complex ?an ! simple c>ry+ 9 ( gre5 b\ghs or ev5 ! danc+ r\nd maypoles4 ,:5 we h ^! figures1 ^! imp]sonations1 we are gett+ away f ! m]ely emotional dance1 f ! doma9 ( simple psy*ological motor dis*>ge to some?+ t is v l rude art1 at all ev5ts to p]sonification4 ,on ?is "q ( p]sonification1 9 :i* s mu* ( art & religion has its roots1 x is all-important to be cle>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 discussions on su* primitive rites z ,c>ry+ out ! ,dea?1 ,br++ 9 ,summ]1 we are (t5 told t ! puppet ( ! girl is c>ri$ r\nd1 buri$1 burnt2 br\ght back1 because x p]sonifies ! ,_s ( ,vegetation1 or x embodies ! ,_s ( ,summ]4 ,! ,_s ( ,vegetation is inc>nate 9 ! puppet4 ,we are l$1 by ?is way ( speak+1 to suppose t ! savage or ! villag] fir/ =ms an idea or conception ( a ,_s ( ,vegetation & !n lat] embodies x4 ,we naturally wond] t he %\ld p]=m a m5tal act s high & difficult z ab/raction4 ,a v little consid]ation %[s t he p]=ms at fir/ no ab/raction at all2 ab/raction is =eign to 8 m5tal habit4 ,he beg9s ) a vague excit$ dance to relieve 8 emotion4 ,t dance has1 probably almo/ f ! fir/1 a lead]2 ! danc]s *oose an actual p]son1 & he is ! root & gr\nd ( p]sonification4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! process2 ! lead] does n embody a previ\sly conceiv$ idea1 r he begets x4 ,f 8 p]sonality spr+s ! p]sonification4 ,! ab/ract idea arises f ! only ?+ x possibly c arise f1 ! concrete fact4 ,)\t p]ception !re is no conception4 ,we not$ 9 speak+ ( dances 7p4 #dc7 h[ ! dance got g5]aliz$2 h[ f _m commemorations ( actual hunts & battles !re arose ! hunt dance & ! w> dance4 ,s1 f _m actual liv+ p]sonal ,may ,que5s & ,dea?s1 f _m actual m5 & wom5 deck$ ) leaves1 or trees dress$ up z m5 & wom51 arises ! ,tree ,_s1 ! ,vegetation ,_s1 ! ,dea?4 ,at ! back1 !n1 ( ! fact ( p]sonification lies ! fact t ! emotion is felt collectively1 ! rite is p]=m$ by a b& or *orus :o dance toge!r ) a common lead]4 ,r\nd t lead] ! emotion c5tres4 ,:5 !re is an act ( ,c>ry+-out or ,br++-9 he ei!r is himself ! puppet or he c>ries x4 ,emotion is ( ! :ole b&2 drama--do+--t5ds to focus on ! lead]4 ,?is lead]1 ?is focus1 is !n rememb]$1 ?\ght (1 imag$2 f be+ p]ceiv$ ye> by ye>1 he is f9ally conceiv$2 b 8 basis is always 9 actual fact ( :i* he is b ! reflection4 ,_h !re be5 no p]iodic fe/ivals1 p]sonification might long h halt$4 ,b x is easy to see t a recurr5t p]ception helps to =m a p]man5t ab/ract conception4 ,! diff]5t actual recurr5t ,may ,k+s & ,dea?s1 because !y recur1 get a sort ( p]man5t life ( _! own & become be+s ap>t4 ,9 ?is way a conception1 a k9d ( daimon1 or _s1 is fa%ion$1 :o dies & lives aga9 9 a p]petual cycle4 ,! p]iodic fe/ival begets a k9d ( n immortal1 b p]5nial1 god4 ,yet ! faculty ( conception is b dim & feeble 9 ! m9d ev5 ( ! peasant to-day2 8 function is to p]ceive ! actual fact ye> by ye>1 & to feel ab\t x4 ,p]haps a simple in/ance be/ makes ?is cle>4 ,! ,greek ,*ur* does n gladly suff] images 9 ! r\nd1 ?\gh %e delights 9 picture-images1 eikons4 ,b at h] great spr+ fe/ival ( ,ea/] %e makes1 9 ! remote villages1 concession to a /rong1 p]haps imp]ative1 popul> ne$2 %e all[s an image1 an actual idol1 ( ! dead ,*ri/ to be laid 9 ! tomb t x may rise aga94 ,a travell] 9 ,euba#ah dur+ ,holy ,week _h be5 /ruck by ! g5u9e grief %[n at ! ,good ,friday s]vices4 ,on ,ea/] ,eve !re 0 ! same g5]al gloom & despond5cy1 & he ask$ an old woman :y x 04 ,%e answ]$3 ,( c\rse ,i am anxi\s2 = if ,*ri/ does n rise to-morr[1 we %all h no corn ?is ye>4 ,! old woman's /ate ( m9d is fairly cle>4 ,h] emotion is ! old emotion1 n sorr[ = ! ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,m>y1 b fe>1 imm95t fe> = ! failure ( food4 ,! ,*ri/ aga9 is n ! hi/orical ,*ri/ ( ,juda1 /ill less ! inc>nation ( ! ,godhead proce$+ f ! ,fa!r2 he is ! actual figure fa%ion$ by 8 village *orus & laid by ! prie/s1 ! lead]s ( t *orus1 9 ! local sepul*re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f>1 !n1 we h se5 t ! vague emotional dance t5ds to become a p]iodic rite1 p]=m$ at regul> int]vals4 ,! p]iodic rite may occur at any date ( importance to ! food-supply ( ! community1 9 summ]1 9 w9t]1 at ! com+ ( ! annual ra9s1 or ! regul> ris+ ( a riv]4 ,among ,m$it]ranean peoples1 bo? 9 anci5t days & at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival arre/s att5tion4 ,hav+ le>nt ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ?is ,spr+ ,fe/ival1 we h n[ to turn to "o p>ticul> case1 ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival ( ! ,greeks4 ,?is is all-important to u because1 z w be se51 f ! ritual ( ?is & k9dr$ fe/ivals arose1 we believe1 a great =m ( ,art1 ! ,greek drama4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,*apt] ,,xii3 ,p]iodicity 9 ,nature4 #h ,ibid4 #i ,de ,s]4 ,num4 #ag4 #aj ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris1#c p4 #bjj4 #aa ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b p4 #bjc4 #ab ,e4,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$ival ,/age1 ,i1 p4 #afi4 #ac ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b p4 #bje4 #ad ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b p4 #bac4 #ae ,resum$ f ,dr4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b ,,ii1 p4 #ajd4 #af ,de ,is4 et ,os41 p4 #cfg4 #ag ,de ,aug4 ,sci5t41 ,,iii1 #d4 #ah ,j4,c4 ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek ,folk-lore & ,anci5t ,religion1 p4 #egc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,spr+ ,,fe/ival ,,9 ,,greece ,! trag$ies ( s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides 7 p]=m$ at ,a!ns at a fe/ival kn[n z ! ,great ,dionysia4 ,?is took place e>ly 9 ,april1 s t ! "t itself makes u suspect t its c]emonies 7 connect$ ) ! spr+4 ,b we h m c]ta9 evid5ce4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 treatise on ! ,art ( ,poetry1 raises ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! drama4 ,he 0 n specially int]e/$ 9 primitive ritual2 bea/ dances & spr+ mumm]ies might ev5 h seem$ to him m]e savag]y1 ! l[e/ =m ( imitation2 b he div9$ t a /ructure s complex z ,greek trag$y mu/ h aris5 out ( a simpl] =m2 he saw1 or felt1 9 fact1 t art _h 9 "s way ris5 out ( ritual1 & he has left u a memorable /atem5t4 ,9 describ+ ! ,c>ry+-out ( ,summ] we saw t ! elem5t ( real drama1 real imp]sonation1 began ) ! lead]s ( ! b&1 ) ! ,que5 ( ! ,may1 & ) ! ,dea? or ! ,w9t]4 ,great is our delight :5 we f9d t = ,greek drama ,ari/otle#ai div9$ a l beg9n+4 ,he says3 ,trag$y--z also ,com$y--0 at fir/ m]e improvisation--! "o 7trag$y7 orig9at$ ) ! lead]s ( ! ,di?yramb4 ,! fur!r "q faces u3 ,:at 0 ! ,di?yramb8 ,we %all f9d to our joy t ?is obscure-s\nd+ ,di?yramb1 ?\gh be=e ,ari/otle's "t x _h tak5 lit]>y =m1 0 9 orig9 a fe/ival closely ak9 to ^? we h j be5 discuss+4 ,! ,di?yramb 01 to beg9 )1 a spr+ ritual2 & :5 ,ari/otle tells u trag$y arose out ( ! ,di?yramb1 he gives u1 ?\gh p]haps half unconsci\sly1 a cle> in/ance ( a spl5did art t arose f ! simple/ ( rites2 he plants our !ory ( ! connection ( art ) ritual firmly ) its feet on hi/orical gr\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we use ! ^w di?yrambic we c]ta9ly d n ord9>ily ?9k ( spr+4 ,we say a /yle is di?yrambic :5 x is unmeasur$1 too ornate1 impassion$1 fl[]y4 ,! ,greeks !mselves _h =gott5 t ! ^w ,di?yramb meant a leap+1 inspir$ dance4 ,b !y _h n =gott5 on :at occasion t dance 0 danc$4 ,p9d> wrote a ,di?yramb = ! ,dionysiac fe/ival at ,a!ns1 & 8 song is full ( spr+time & fl[]s4 ,he bids all ! gods come to ,a!ns to dance fl[]-cr[n$4 ,look ^u ! dance1 ,olympians2 s5d u ! grace ( ,victory1 ye gods :o come to ! he>t ( our city1 :]e _m feet are tread+ & inc5se /eams3 9 sacr$ ,a!ns come to ! holy c5tre-/one4 ,take y\r portion ( g>l&s pansy-tw9$1 libations p\r$ f ! cull+ ( spr+4444 ,come hi!r to ! god ) ivy b\nd4 ,bromios we mortals "n ,him1 & ,him ( ! mighty ,voice4444 ,! cle> signs ( 8 ,fulfilm5t are n hidd51 :5soev] ! *amb] ( ! purple-rob$ ,h\rs is op5$1 & nect>\s fl[]s lead 9 ! fragrant spr+4 ,!n1 !n1 are flung ov] ! immortal ,e>?1 lovely petals ( pansies1 & roses are amid our hair2 & voices ( song are l\d among ! pipes1 ! danc+-floors are l\d ) ! call+ ( cr[n$ ,semele4 ,bromios1 ,he ( ! l\d cry1 is a title ( ,dionysos4 ,semele is 8 "m1 ! ,e>?2 we keep h] "n 9 ,nova ,zembla1 ,new ,e>?4 ,! song might h be5 sung at a ,c>ry+-9 ( ,summ]4 ,! ,hor1 ! ,seasons1 a *orus ( maid5s1 lead 9 ! figure ( ,spr+1 ! ,que5 ( ! ,may1 & !y call to ,"m ,e>? to wake1 to rise up f ! e>?1 fl[]-cr[n$4 ,y may br+ back ! life ( ! ,spr+ 9 ! =m ( a tree or a maid51 or y may summon h] to rise f ! sleep+ ,e>?4 ,9 ,greek my?ology we are mo/ famili> ) ! ,ris+-up =m4 ,p]sephone1 ! daught] ( ,demet]1 is c>ri$ bel[ ! ,e>?1 & rises up aga9 ye> by ye>4 ,on ,greek vase-pa9t+s#bj ! sc5e occurs aga9 & aga94 ,a m\nd ( e>? is repres5t$1 sometimes surm\nt$ by a tree2 out ( ! m\nd a woman's figure rises2 & all ab\t ! m\nd are figures ( danc+ dmons wait+ to welcome h]4 ,all ?is is n m]e late poetry & art4 ,x is ! primitive art & poetry t come /raight out ( ritual1 out ( actual ?+s done1 drom5a4 ,9 ! village ( ,meg>a1 ne> ,a!ns1 ! v place :]e to-day on ,ea/] ,tuesday ! hills are cov]$ ) ?rongs ( danc+ m51 & specially wom51 ,pausanias#ba saw ne> ! ,city ,he>? a rock call$ ,anakle?ra1 ',place ( ,call+-up1' because1 if any "o w believe x1 :5 %e 0 w&]+ 9 se>* ( h] daught]1 ,demet] call$ h] up !re2 & he adds3 ,! wom5 to ?is day p]=m rites analog\s to ! /ory told4 ,^! rites ( ,call+ up mu/ h be5 spr+ rites1 9 :i*1 9 "s pantomimic dance1 ! upris+ ( ! ,e>? ,_s 0 enact$4 ,ano!r fe/ival ( ,upris+ is p]haps m primitive & in/ructive1 because x is ne> ak9 to ! ,c>ry+ out ( ,w9t]1 & also because x %[s cle>ly ! close connection ( ^! rites ) ! food-supply4 ,plut>*#bb tells u ( a fe/ival held e n9e ye>s at ,delphi4 ,x 0 call$ f ! "n ( ! puppet us$ ,*>ila1 a ^w :i* orig9ally meant ,spr+-,maid51 & is connect$ ) ! ,russian ^w y>o1 ,spr+1 & is also ak9 to ! ,greek ,*>is1 grace1 9 ! s5se ( increase1 ,give u all grace4 ,! rites ( ,*>ila1 ! ,graci\s ,"o1 ! ,spr+-,maid51 7 z foll[s3 ,! k+ presid$ & made a di/ribution 9 public ( gra9 & pulse to all1 bo? citiz5s & /rang]s4 ,& ! *ild-image ( ,*>ila is br\ght 94 ,:5 !y _h all receiv$ _! %>e1 ! k+ /ruck ! image ) 8 s&al1 ! lead] ( ! ,?yiades lift$ ! image & took x away to a precipit\s place1 & !re ti$ a rope r\nd ! neck ( ! image & buri$ x4 ,mr4 ,cald]on has %[n t v simil> rites g on to-day 9 ,bulg>ia 9 hon\r ( ,y>ilo1 ! ,spr+ ,god4 ,! image is beat51 insult$1 let d[n into "s cleft or cave4 ,x is cle>ly a ,c>ry+ out ! ,dea?1 ?\gh we d n "k ! exact date at :i* x 0 celebrat$4 ,x _h its sequel 9 ano!r fe/ival at ,delphi call$ ,h]ois1 or ! ,h]o9e4 ,plut>*#bc says x 0 too my/ical & secret to describe1 b he lets u "k ! ma9 gi/4 ,mo/ ( ! c]emonies ( ! ,h]ois h a my/ical reason :i* is kn[n to ! ,?yiades1 b f ! rites t are done 9 public1 "o may conjecture x to be a ',br++ up ( ,semele4' ,"s "o or some?+1 a real woman1 or m likely ! buri$ puppet ,*>ila1 ! ,spr+-,maid51 0 br\ght up f ! gr\nd to enact & magically induce ! com+ ( ,spr+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! c]emonies ( beat+1 driv+ out1 bury+1 h all1 ) ! ,greeks1 z ) ! savage & ! mod]n peasant1 b "o real object3 to get rid ( ! season t is bad = food1 to br+ 9 & revive ! new supply4 ,?is comes out v cle>ly 9 a c]emony t w5t on d[n to ,plut>*'s "t1 & he tells u#bd x 0 ance/ral4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,driv+ out ( ,ox-hung]4 ,by ,ox-hung] 0 meant any great rav5\s hung]1 & ! v int5sity & mon/rosity ( ! ^w takes u back to days :5 fam9e 0 a grim reality4 ,:5 ,plut>* 0 ar*on he _h1 z *ief (ficial1 to p]=m ! c]emony at ! ,prytaneion1 or ,common ,he>?4 ,a slave 0 tak51 beat5 ) rods ( a magical plant1 & driv5 out ( doors to ! words3 ,out ) ,ox-hung]6 ,9 ) ,weal? & ,heal?6 ,"h we see ! actual s5sation1 or emotion1 ( rav5\s hung] gets a "n1 & !reby a p]sonality1 ?\gh a less completely ab/ract$ "o ?an ,dea? or ,summ]4 ,we d n "k t ! c]emony ( ,driv+ out ,ox-hung] 0 p]=m$ 9 ! spr+1 x is only in/anc$ "h because1 m pla9ly ev5 ?an ! ,*>ila1 :5 ! k+ di/ributes pulse & peas1 x %[s ! relation ( anci5t mimic ritual to food-supply4 ,if we keep cle>ly 9 m9d ! object r ?an ! exact date ( ! ,spr+ ,song we %all avoid _m difficulties4 ,a ,di?yramb 0 sung at ,delphi ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s1 :i* at fir/ seems odd4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t among agricultural peoples ! p]=mance ( magical c]emonies to promote f]tility & ! food supply may beg9 at any mom5t aft] ! e>? is pl\gh$ & ! se$ s[n4 ,! s[+ ( ! se$ is its dea? & burial2 t :i* ?\ s[e/ is n quick5$ except x die4 ,:5 ! dea? & burial are once accompli%$ ! hope ( resurrection & new bir? beg9s1 & ) ! hope ! magical c]emonies t may help to fulfil t hope4 ,! ,sun is new-born 9 midw9t]1 at ! sol/ice1 & our ,new ye> foll[s1 yet x is 9 ! spr+ t1 to ?is day1 we keep our great resurrection fe/ival4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we return to our argum5t1 hold+ /eadily 9 our m9ds ?is connection4 ,! ,di?yramb is a ,spr+ ,song at a ,spr+ ,fe/ival1 & ! importance ( ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival is t x magically promotes ! food-supply4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d we "k any m ab\t ! ,di?yramb8 ,happily yes1 & ! next po9t is z curi\s z significant4 ,p9d>1 9 "o ( 8 ,odes1 asks a /range "q3 ,:5ce did appe> ! ,graces ( ,dionysos1 ,) ! ,bull-driv+ ,di?yramb8 ,s*ol>s h brok5 _! own heads & "o ano!r's to f9d a mean+ & an answ] to ! odd qu]y4 ,x is only q lately t !y h come at all to see t ! ,di?yramb 0 a ,spr+ ,song1 a primitive rite4 ,=m]ly x 0 consid]$ to be a r elaborate =m ( lyric poetry inv5t$ comp>atively late4 ,b1 ev5 all[+ x is ! ,spr+ ,song1 are we mu* fur!r8 ,:y %\ld ! ,di?yramb be bull-driv+8 ,h[ c driv+ a ,bull help ! spr+ to come8 ,&1 above all1 :at are ! sl5d]-ankl$ ,graces do+1 help+ to drive ! great unwieldy ,bull8 ,! difficulty ab\t ! ,graces1 or ,*>ites1 z ! ,greeks call$ !m1 is soon settl$4 ,!y are ! ,seasons1 or ,h\rs1 & ! *ief ,season1 or ,h\r1 0 ,spr+ h]self4 ,!y are call$ ,*>ites1 or ,graces1 because !y are1 9 ! words ( ! ,collect1 ! ,giv]s ( all grace1 t is1 ( all increase physical & spiritual4 ,b :y d !y want to come driv+ 9 a ,bull8 ,x is easy to see :y ! ,giv]s ( all grace lead ! ,di?yramb1 ! ,spr+ ,song2 _! com+1 ) _! fruits 9 due season is ! v gi/ ( ! ,di?yramb2 b :y is ! ,di?yramb bull-driv+8 ,is ?is a m]e poetical epi!t8 ,if x is1 x is n p>ticul>ly poetical4 ,b ,p9d> is n1 we n[ "k1 m]ely be+ poetical1 :i* am\nts1 accord+ to "s s*ol>s1 to mean+ any?+ or no?+4 ,he is describ+1 allud+ to1 an actual rite or drom5on 9 :i* a ,bull is summon$ & driv5 to come 9 spr+4 ,ab\t t we mu/ be cle>4 ,plut>*1 ! fir/ an?ropologi/1 wrote a little treatise call$ ,greek ,que/ions1 9 :i* he tells u all ! /range out-(-!-way rites & cu/oms he saw 9 ,greece1 & !n asks himself :at !y meant4 ,9 8 #cf? ,"q he asks3 ,:y d ! wom5 ( ,elis summon ,dionysos 9 _! hymns to be pres5t ) !m ) 8 bull-foot8 ,& !n1 by a piece ( luck t almo/ makes "o's he>t /& /ill1 he gives u ! v words ( ! little ritual hymn ! wom5 sang1 our e>lie/ ,bull-driv+ ,spr+ ,song3 ,9 ,spr+-"t1#be ,o ,dionysos1 ,to ?y holy temple come2 ,to ,elis ) ?y ,graces1 ,ru%+ ) ?y bull-foot1 come1 ,noble ,bull1 ,noble ,bull4 ,x is a /range primitive picture--! holy wom5 /&+ 9 spr+time 9 front ( ! temple1 summon+ ! ,bull2 & ! ,bull1 g>l&$ & fillet$1 ru%+ t[>ds !m1 driv5 by ! ,graces1 probably ?ree real wom51 ?ree ,que5s ( ! ,may1 wrea!d & fl[]-b$eck$4 ,b :at does x mean8 ,plut>* tries to answ] 8 own "q1 & half1 9 a dim1 confus$ fa%ion1 succe$s4 ,is x1 he sugge/s1 t "s entitle ! god z ',born ( a ,bull' & z a ',bull' himself8 444 or is x t _m hold ! god is ! beg9n] ( s[+ & pl\gh+8 ,we h se5 h[ a k9d ( daimon1 or _s1 ( ,w9t] or ,summ] arose f an actual tree or maid or man disguis$ ye> by ye> z a tree4 ,did ! god ,dionysos take 8 rise 9 l fa%ion f ! driv+ & summon+ ye> by ye> ( "s holy ,bull8 ,fir/1 we mu/ notice t x 0 n only at ,elis t a holy ,bull appe>s at ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival4 ,plut>* asks ano!r in/ructive ,"q3#bf ,:o among ! ,delphians is ! ,sanctifi]8 ,& we f9d to our amazem5t t ! sanctifi] is a ,bull4 ,a ,bull :o n only is holy himself1 b is s holy t he has p[] to make o!rs holy1 he is ! ,sanctifi]2 &1 mo/ important = u1 he sanctifies by 8 dea? 9 ! mon? ,bysios1 ! mon? t fell1 ,plut>* tells u1 at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 ! "t ( ! blossom+ ( _m plants4 ,we d n he> t ! ,sanctifi] at ,delphi 0 driv51 b 9 all probability he 0 l$ f h\se to h\se1 t e "o might p>take 9 ! sanctity t simply exud$ f him4 ,at ,magnesia1#bg a city ( ,asia ,m9or1 we h m p>ticul>s4 ,!re1 at ! annual fair ye> by ye> ! /ew>ds ( ! city b\ght a ,bull1 ! f9e/ t c\ld be got1 & at ! new moon ( ! mon? at ! beg9n+ ( se$time !y d$icat$ x1 = ! city's welf>e4 ,! ,bull's sanctifi$ life began ) ! op5+ ( ! agricultural ye>1 :e!r ) ! spr+ or ! autumn pl\gh+ we d n "k4 ,! d$ication ( ! ,bull 0 a high solemnity4 ,he 0 l$ 9 procession1 at ! head ( :i* w5t ! *ief prie/ & prie/ess ( ! city4 ,) !m w5t a h]ald & ! sacrific]1 & two b&s ( y\?s & maid5s4 ,s holy 0 ! ,bull t no?+ unlucky might come ne> him2 ! y\?s & maid5s mu/ h bo? _! p>5ts alive1 !y mu/ n h be5 "u ! taboo1 ! infection1 ( dea?4 ,! h]ald pron\nc$ al\d a pray] = ! safety ( ! city & ! l&1 & ! citiz5s1 & ! wom5 & *ildr51 = peace & weal?1 & = ! br++ =? ( gra9 & ( all ! o!r fruits1 & ( cattle4 ,all ?is long+ = f]tility1 = food & *ildr51 focuses r\nd ! holy ,bull1 ^: hol9ess is 8 /r5g? & fruitfulness4 ,! ,bull ?us solemnly set ap>t1 *>g$ z x 7 ) ! luck ( ! :ole p1 is f$ at ! public co/4 ,! (ficial *>g$ ) 8 keep has to drive him into ! m>ket-place1 & x is good = ^? corn-m]*ants :o give ! ,bull gra9 z a gift1 good = !m because !y are fe$+1 nurtur+1 ! luck ( ! ,/ate1 :i* is _! own luck4 ,s ?r\gh autumn & w9t] ! ,bull lives on1 b e>ly 9 ,april ! end comes4 ,aga9 a great procession is l$ =?1 ! s5ate & ! prie/s walk 9 x1 & ) !m come repres5tatives ( ea* class ( ! ,/ate--*ildr5 & "y boys1 & y\?s j come to manhood1 epheboi1 z ! ,greeks call$ !m4 ,! ,bull is sacrific$1 & :y8 ,:y mu/ a ?+ s holy die8 ,:y n live out ! t]m ( 8 life8 ,he dies because he is s holy1 t he may give 8 hol9ess1 8 /r5g?1 8 life1 j at ! mom5t x is holie/1 to 8 p4 ,:5 !y %all h sacrific$ ! ,bull1 let !m divide x up among ^? :o took "p 9 ! procession4 ,! m&ate is cle>4 ,! procession includ$ repres5tatives ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,! holy fle% is n (f]$ to a god1 x is eat5--to e man 8 portion--by ea* & e citiz51 t he may get 8 %>e ( ! /r5g? ( ! ,bull1 ( ! luck ( ! ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ at ,magnesia1 aft] ! holy civic communion1 ! meal %>$1 we he> no m4 ,next ye> a fre% ,bull w be *os51 & ! cycle beg9 aga94 ,b at ,a!ns at ! annual ,ox-murd]1 ! ,b\phonia1 z x 0 call$1 ! sc5e did n s close4 ,! ox 0 sla9 ) all solemnity1 & all ^? pres5t p>took ( ! fle%1 & !n--! hide 0 /uff$ ) /raw & sew$ up1 & next ! /uff$ animal 0 set on its feet & yok$ to a pl\gh z ?\gh x 7 pl\gh+4 ,! ,dea? is foll[$ by a ,resurrection4 ,n[ ?is is all-important4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ?9k ( sacrifice z ! dea?1 ! giv+ up1 ! r5\nc+ ( some?+4 ,b sacrifice does n mean dea? at all4 ,x means mak+ holy1 sanctify+2 & hol9ess 0 to primitive man j special /r5g? & life4 ,:at !y want$ f ! ,bull 0 j t special life & /r5g? :i* all ! ye> long !y _h put into him1 & n\ri%$ & fo/]$4 ,t life 0 9 8 blood4 ,!y c\ld n eat t fle% nor dr9k t blood unless !y kill$ him4 ,s he mu/ die4 ,b x 0 n to give him up to ! gods t !y kill$ him1 n to sacrifice him 9 our s5se1 b to h him1 keep him1 eat him1 live by him & ?r\gh him1 by 8 grace4 ,& s ?is kill+ ( ! sacr$ bea/ 0 always a t]rible ?+1 a ?+ !y fa9 w\ld h %irk$4 ,!y fl$ away aft] ! de$1 n look+ backw>ds2 !y publicly tri$ & condemn$ ! axe t /ruck ! bl[4 ,b _! be/ hope1 _! /ronge/ desire1 0 t he _h n1 c\ld n1 really h di$4 ,s ?is int5se desire utt]$ itself 9 ! drom5on ( 8 resurrection4 ,if he did n rise aga91 h[ c\ld !y pl\gh & s[ aga9 next ye>8 ,he mu/ live aga91 he %\ld1 he did4 ,! ,a!nians 7 a little a%am$ ( _! ,ox-murd]1 ) its grotesque pantomime ( ! /uff$1 resurrect$ bea/4 ,j s "s ( u n[-a-days are gett+ a little %y ( delib]ately curs+ our neighb\rs on ,a% ,w$nesday4 ,!y probably did n feel v ke5ly ab\t _! food-supply1 !y ?\ght _! daily d9n] 0 secure4 ,anyh[ ! emotion t _h issu$ 9 ! pantomime 0 dead1 ?\gh f %e] habit ! pantomime w5t on4 ,probably "s ( ! less educat$ among !m ?\ght !re might be some?+ 9 x1 & anyh[ x 0 z well to be on ! safe side4 ,! que] c]emony _h got associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,olympian ,zeus1 & ) him y mu/ reckon4 ,!n p]haps y\r bro!r-9-law 0 ! ,ox-/rik]1 & anyh[ x 0 desirable t ! wom5 %\ld g2 "s ( ! well-born girls _h to act z wat]-c>ri]s4 ,! ,ox-murd] 0 obsolete at ,a!ns1 b ! _s ( ! rite is alive to-day among ! ,a9os 9 ! remote isl& ( ,saghali54 ,among ! ,a9os ! ,be> is :at psy*ologi/s r oddly call ! ma9 food focus1 ! *ief value c5tre4 ,& well he may be4 ,be>'s fle% is ! ,a9os' /aple food2 !y eat x bo? fre% & salt$2 be>sk9s are _! pr9cipal clo?+2 "p ( _! taxes are paid 9 be>'s fat4 ,! ,a9o m5 sp5d ! autumn1 w9t] & spr+ 9 hunt+ ! ,be>4 ,yet we are told ! ,a9os wor%ip ! ,be>2 !y apply to x ! "n ,kamui1 :i* has be5 translat$ god2 b x is a ^w appli$ to all /rang]s1 & s only means :at cat*es att5tion1 & h5ce is =midable4 ,9 ! religion ( ! ,a9os ! ,be> plays a *ief "p1 says "o writ]4 ,! ,be> receives idolatr\s v5]ation1 says ano!r4 ,!y wor%ip x aft] _! fa%ion1 says a ?ird4 ,h we ano!r case ( ! hea!n 9 8 bl9dness8 ,only "h he b[s d[n n to gods ( wood & /one1 b to a live ?+1 unc\?1 %ambl+ b graci\s--a ,be>4 ,in/ead ( !oriz+ z to :at ! ,a9o ?9ks & imag9es1 let u obs]ve 8 do+s1 8 drom5a1 8 rites2 & mo/ ( all 8 great spr+ & autumn rite1 ! drom5on ( ! ,be>4 ,we %all f9d t1 detail = detail1 x /rangely resembles ! ,greek drom5on ( ! ,bull4 ,z w9t] draws to a close among ! ,a9os1 a "y ,be> is trapp$ & br\ght into ! village4 ,at fir/ an ,a9o woman suckles him at h] brea/1 !n lat] he is f$ on 8 fav\rite food1 fi%--8 ta/es are semi-pol>4 ,:5 he is at 8 full /r5g?1 t is1 :5 he ?reat5s to break ! cage 9 :i* he lives1 ! fea/ is held4 ,?is is usually 9 ,septemb]1 or ,octob]1 t is :5 ! season ( be>-hunt+ beg9s4 ,be=e ! fea/ beg9s ! ,a9os apologize pr(usely1 say+ t !y h be5 good to ! ,be>1 !y c fe$ him no long]1 !y mu/ kill him4 ,!n ! man :o gives ! ,be>-fea/ invites 8 relations & fri5ds1 & if ! community be small ne>ly ! :ole village att5ds4 ,on ! occasion describ$ by ,dr4 ,s*eube ab\t ?irty ,a9os 7 pres5t1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 all dress$ 9 _! be/ clo!s4 ,! woman ( ! h\se :o _h suckl$ ! ,be> sat by h]self1 sad & sil5t1 only n[ & !n %e bur/ into helpless te>s4 ,! c]emony began ) libations made to ! fire-god & to ! h\se-god set up 9 a corn] ( ! h\se4 ,next ! ma/] & "s ( ! gue/s left ! hut & (f]$ libations 9 front ( ! ,be>'s cage4 ,a few drops 7 pres5t$ to him 9 a sauc]1 :i* he promptly upset4 ,!n ! wom5 & girls danc$ r\nd ! cage1 ris+ & hopp+ on _! toes1 & z !y danc$ !y clapp$ _! h&s & *ant$ a monoton\s *ant4 ,! "m & "s ( ! old wom5 cri$ z !y danc$ & /ret*$ out _! arms to ! ,be>1 call+ him lov+ names4 ,! "y wom5 :o _h nurs$ no ,be>s laugh$1 aft] ! mann] ( ! "y4 ,! ,be> began to get upset1 & ru%$ r\nd 8 cage1 h[l+ lam5tably4 ,next came a c]emony ( special significance :i* is nev] omitt$ at ! sacrifice ( a ,be>4 ,libations 7 (f]$ to ! inabos1 sacr$ w&s :i* /& outside ! ,a9o hut4 ,^! w&s are ab\t two feet high & are :ittl$ at ! top into spiral %av+s4 ,five new w&s ) bamboo leaves atta*$ to !m are set up = ! fe/ival2 ! leaves accord+ to ! ,a9os mean t ! ,be> may come to life aga94 ,^! w&s are specially int]e/+4 ,! *ief focus ( att5tion is ( c\rse ! ,be>1 because 8 fle% is = ! ,a9o 8 /aple food4 ,b vegetation is n q =gott54 ,! animal life ( ! ,be> & ! vegetable life ( ! bamboo-leaves are ?\ght ( toge!r4 ,!n comes ! actual sacrifice4 ,! ,be> is l$ out ( 8 cage1 a rope is ?r[n r\nd 8 neck1 & he is p]ambulat$ r\nd ! neighb\rhood ( ! hut4 ,we d n he> t among ! ,a9os he goes 9 procession r\nd ! village1 b among ! ,gilyaks1 n f> away 9 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 ! ,be> is l$ ab\t ! villages1 & x is held to be specially important t he %\ld be dragg$ d[n to ! riv]1 = ?is w ensure ! village a pl5tiful supply ( fi%4 ,he is !n1 among ! ,gilyaks1 tak5 to ea* hut 9 ! village1 & fi%1 br&y1 & o!r delicacies are (f]$ to him4 ,"s ( ! p pro/rate !mselves 9 front ( him & 8 com+ into a h\se br+s a bless+1 & if he snuffs at ! food1 t br+s a bless+ too4 ,to return to ! ,a9o ,be>4 ,:ile he is be+ l$ ab\t ! hut ! m51 head$ by a *ief1 %oot at ! ,be> ) arr[s tipp$ ) buttons4 ,b ! object ( ! %oot+ is n to kill1 only app>5tly to irritate him4 ,he is kill$ at la/ )\t %$d+ ( 8 sacr$ blood1 & we hope )\t mu* pa94 ,he is tak5 9 front ( ! sacr$ w&s1 a /ick plac$ 9 8 m\?1 & n9e m5 press 8 neck aga9/ a beam2 he dies )\t a s\nd4 ,meantime ! wom5 & girls1 :o /& beh9d ! m51 dance1 lam5t1 & beat ! m5 :o are kill+ _! ,be>4 ,! body ( ! dead ,be> is !n laid on a mat be=e ! sacr$ w&s4 ,a sword & quiv]1 tak5 f ! w&s1 are hung ab\t ! ,be>4 ,if x is a ,%e-,be> x is also b$eck$ ) a necklace & r+s4 ,food & dr9k1 millet bro? & millet cakes are (f]$ to x4 ,x is deck$ z an ,a9o1 x is f$ z an ,a9o4 ,x is cle> t ! ,be> is 9 "s s5se a human ,be>1 an ,a9o4 ,! m5 sit d[n on mats 9 front ( ! ,be> & (f] libations1 & !mselves dr9k deep4 ,n[ t ! dea? is fairly ov] ! m\rn+ ends1 & all is fea/+ & m]rim5t4 ,ev5 ! old wom5 lam5t no m4 ,cakes ( millet are scrambl$ =4 ,! be> is sk9n$ & disemb[ell$1 ! trunk is sev]$ f ! head1 to :i* ! sk9 is left hang+4 ,! blood1 :i* might n be %$ be=e1 is n[ c>efully collect$ 9 cups & eag]ly drunk by ! m51 = ! blood is ! life4 ,! liv] is cut up & eat5 raw4 ,! fle% & ! re/ ( ! vitals are kept = ! day next b "o1 :5 x is divid$ among all p]sons pres5t at ! fea/4 ,x is :at ! ,greeks call a dais1 a meal divid$ or di/ribut$4 ,:ile ! ,be> is be+ dismemb]$ ! girls dance1 9 front ( ! sacr$ w&s1 & ! old wom5 aga9 lam5t4 ,! ,be>'s bra9 is extract$ f 8 head & eat51 & ! skull1 sev]$ f ! sk91 is hung on a pole ne> ! sacr$ w&s4 ,?us x w\ld seem ! life & /r5g? ( ! be> is br\ght ne> to ! liv+ gr[? ( ! leaves4 ,! /ick ) :i* ! ,be> 0 gagg$ is also hung on ! pole1 & ) x ! sword & quiv] he _h worn aft] 8 dea?4 ,! :ole congregation1 m5 & wom51 dance ab\t ?is /range maypole1 & a great dr9k+ b\t1 9 :i* all m5 & wom5 alike jo91 ends ! fea/4 ,! rite v>ies z to detail 9 diff]5t places4 ,among ! ,gilyaks ! ,be> is dress$ aft] dea? 9 full ,gilyak co/ume & seat$ on a b5* ( hon\r4 ,9 "o "p ! bones & skull are c>ri$ out by ! olde/ p to a place 9 ! =e/ n f> f ! village4 ,!re all ! bones except ! skull are buri$4 ,aft] t a "y tree is fell$ a few in*es above ! gr\nd1 its /ump is cleft1 & ! skull w$g$ into ! cleft4 ,:5 ! grass gr[s ov] ! spot ! skull disappe>s & !re is an end ( ! ,be>4 ,sometimes ! ,be>'s fle% is eat5 9 special vessels prep>$ = ?is fe/ival & only us$ at x4 ,^! vessels1 :i* include b[ls1 platt]s1 spoons1 are elaborately c>v$ ) figures ( be>s & o!r devices4 ,?r\gh all v>ieties 9 detail ! ma9 int5t is ! same1 & x is id5tical ) t ( ! rite ( ! holy ,bull 9 ,greece & ! maypole ( our =efa!rs4 ,great is ! sanctity ( ! ,be> or ! ,bull or ! ,tree2 ! ,be> = a hunt+ p2 ! ,bull = nomads1 lat] = agriculturi/s2 ! ,tree = a =e/ folk4 ,on ! ,be> & ! ,bull & ! ,tree are focuss$ ! desire ( ! :ole p4 ,be> & ,bull & ,tree are sacr$1 t is1 set ap>t1 because full ( a special life & /r5g? int5sely desir$4 ,!y are l$ & c>ri$ ab\t f h\se to h\se t _! sanctity may t\* all1 & avail = all2 ! animal dies t he may be eat52 ! ,tree is torn to pieces t all may h a fragm5t2 &1 above all1 ,be> & ,bull & ,tree die only t !y may live aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h se5 7p4 #ga7 t1 out ( ! puppet or ! ,may ,que51 actually p]ceiv$ ye> aft] ye> !re arose a remembrance1 a m5tal image1 an imag9$ ,tree ,_s1 or ,summ]1 or ,dea?1 a ?+ nev] actually se5 b conceiv$4 ,j s ) ! ,bull4 ,ye> by ye> 9 ! v>i\s villages ( ,greece 0 se5 an actual holy ,bull1 & bit by bit f ! remembrance ( ^! v>i\s holy ,bulls1 :o only di$ to live aga9 ea* ye>1 !re arose ! image ( a ,bull-,_s1 or ,bull-,daimon1 & f9ally1 if we l to call him s1 a ,bull-,god4 ,! gr[? ( ?is idea1 ?is conception1 mu/ h be5 mu* help$ by ! fact t 9 "s places ! danc]s att5dant on ! holy ,bull dress$ up z bulls & c[s4 ,! wom5 wor%ipp]s ( ,dionysos1 we are told1 wore bulls' horns 9 imitation ( ! god1 = !y repres5t$ him 9 pictures z hav+ a bull's head4 ,we "k t a man does n turn into a bull1 or a bull into a man1 ! l9e ( dem>cation is cle>ly drawn2 b ! ru/ic has no su* conviction ev5 to-day4 ,t crone1 8 ag$ aunt1 may any day come 9 at ! w9d[ 9 ! %ape ( a black cat2 :y %\ld %e n8 ,x is n1 !n1 t a god 'takes ^u him ! =m ( a bull1' or is 'inc>nate 9 a bull1' b t ! real ,bull & ! wor%ipp] dress$ z a bull are se5 & rememb]$ & give rise to an imag9$ ,bull-,god2 b1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 only among gift$1 imag9ative1 t is1 image-mak+1 peoples4 ,! ,a9os h _! actual holy ,be>1 z ! ,greeks _h _! holy ,bull2 b ) !m out ( ! succession ( holy ,be>s !re arises1 alas6 no ,be>-,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h dwelt long on ! ,bull-driv+ ,di?yramb1 because x 0 n obvi\s on ! face ( x h[ driv+ a bull c\ld help ! com+ ( spr+4 ,we und]/& n[ :y1 on ! day be=e ! trag$ies 7 p]=m$ at ,a!ns1 ! "y m5 7epheboi7 br\ght 9 n only ! human figure ( ! god1 b also a ,bull wor?y ( ! ,god4 ,we und]/&1 too1 :y 9 addition to ! trag$ies p]=m$ at ! great fe/ival1 ,di?yrambs 7 also sung--,bull-driv+ ,di?yrambs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come next to a ?ird aspect ( ! ,di?yramb1 & "o p]haps ! mo/ important ( all = ! und]/&+ ( art1 & especially ! drama4 ,! ,di?yramb 0 ! ,song & ,dance ( ! ,new ,bir?4 ,plato is discuss+ v>i\s sorts ( odes or songs4 ,"s1 he says1 are pray]s to ! gods--^! are call$ hymns2 o!rs ( an opposite sort might be/ be call$ dirges2 ano!r sort are pans1 & ano!r--! bir? ( ,dionysos1 ,i suppose--is call$ ,di?yramb4 ,plato is n mu* int]e/$ 9 ,di?yrambs4 ,to him !y are j a p>ticul> k9d ( *oral song2 x is d\btful if he ev5 knew t !y 7 ,spr+ ,songs2 b ?is he did "k1 ?\gh he ?r[s out ! in=mation c>elessly--! ,di?yramb _h = its prop] subject ! bir? or com+ to be1 ! g5esis ( ,dionysos4 ,! common usage ( ,greek poetry be>s out ,plato's /atem5t4 ,:5 a poet is go+ to describe ! bir? ( ,dionysos he calls ! god by ! title ,di?yrambos4 ,?us an inscrib$ hymn f\nd at ,delphi#bh op5s ?us3 ,come1 ,o ,di?yrambos1 ,bac*os1 come4 444 ,bromios1 come1 & com+ ) !e br+ ,holy h\rs ( ?9e own holy spr+4 444 ,all ! />s danc$ = joy4 ,mir? ,( mortals hail$ !e1 ,bac*os1 at ?y bir?4 ,! ,di?yramb is ! song ( ! bir?1 & ! bir? ( ,dionysos is 9 ! spr+1 ! "t ( ! maypole1 ! "t ( ! holy ,bull4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ we come to a curi\s ?+4 ,we h se5 h[ a _s1 a dmon1 & p]haps ultimately a god1 develops out ( an actual rite4 ,dionysos ! ,tree-,god1 ! ,_s ( ,vegetation1 is b a maypole once p]ceiv$1 !n rememb]$ & conceiv$4 ,dionysos1 ! ,bull-,god1 is b ! actual holy ,bull himself1 or r ! succession ( annual holy ,bulls once p]ceiv$1 !n rememb]$1 g5]aliz$1 conceiv$4 ,b ! god conceiv$ w surely always be made 9 ! image1 ! m5tal image1 ( ! fact p]ceiv$4 ,if1 !n1 we h a song & dance ( ! bir? ( ,dionysos1 %all we n1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 h a *ild-god1 a holy babe1 a ,savi\r 9 ! mang]2 at fir/ 9 orig9al =m z a calf1 !n z a human *ild8 ,n[ x is q true t 9 ,greek religion !re is a babe ,dionysos call$ ,liknites1 ,him ( ! ,cradle4#bi ,! rite ( wak+ up1 or br++ to light1 ! *ild ,liknites 0 p]=m$ ea* ye> at ,delphi by ! holy wom54 ,b x is equally cle> & c]ta9 t ! ,dionysos ( ,greek wor%ip & ( ! drama 0 n a babe 9 ! cradle4 ,he 0 a goodly y\? 9 ! fir/ bloom ( manhood1 ) ! d[n ^u 8 *eek1 ! "t :51 ,hom] says1 y\? is mo/ graci\s4 ,?is is ! ,dionysos t we "k 9 /atu>y1 ! fair1 dreamy y\? sunk 9 rev]ie2 ?is is ! ,dionysos :om ,p5!us despis$ & insult$ because ( 8 "y beauty l a woman's4 ,b h[ c\ld su* a ,dionysos arise out ( a rite ( bir?8 ,he c\ld n1 & he did n4 ,! ,di?yramb is also ! song ( ! second or new bir?1 ! ,di?yrambos is ! twice-born4 ,?is ! ,greeks !mselves knew4 ,by a false etymology !y expla9$ ! ^w ,di?yrambos z mean+ ,he ( ! d\ble door1 _! ^w ?yra be+ ! same z our door4 ,!y 7 q mi/ak52 ,di?yrambos1 mod]n philology tells u1 is ! ,div9e ,leap]1 ,danc]1 & ,lifegiv]4 ,b _! false etymology is important to u1 because x %[s t !y believ$ ! ,di?yrambos 0 ! twice-born4 ,dionysos 0 born1 !y fabl$1 once ( 8 "m1 l all m51 once ( 8 fa!r's ?igh1 l no man4 ,b if ! ,di?yrambos1 ! "y ,dionysos1 l ! ,bull-,god1 ! ,tree-,god1 arises f a drom5on1 a rite1 :at is ! rite ( second bir? f :i* x arises8 99 99 99 99 99 ,we look 9 va9 among our village cu/oms4 ,if ev] rite ( second bir? exi/$1 x is dead & buri$4 ,we turn to an?ropology = help1 & f9d ?is1 ! rite ( ! second bir?1 widespread1 univ]sal1 ov] half ! savage _w4 ,) ! savage1 to be twice born is ! rule1 n ! exception4 ,by 8 fir/ bir? he comes into ! _w1 by 8 second he is born into 8 tribe4 ,at 8 fir/ bir? he belongs to 8 "m & ! wom5-folk2 at 8 second he becomes a full-fl$g$ man & passes into ! society ( ! w>riors ( 8 tribe4 ,?is second bir? is a little difficult = u to realize4 ,a boy ) u passes v gradually f *ildhood to manhood1 !re is no def9ite mom5t :5 he sudd5ly em]ges z a man4 ,little by little z 8 education advances he is admitt$ to ! social privileges ( ! circle 9 :i* he is born4 ,he goes to s*ool1 ent]s a work%op or a univ]sity1 & f9ally adopts a trade or a pr(ession4 ,9 ! case ( girls1 9 ^: upbr++ primitive savag]y is apt to l+]1 !re is /ill1 9 c]ta9 social /rata a c]emony kn[n z ,com+ ,out4 ,a girl's dress is sudd5ly l5g!n$1 h] hair is put up1 %e is all[$ to we> jewels1 %e kisses h] sov]eign's h&1 a dance is giv5 9 h] hon\r2 abruptly1 f h] seclusion 9 ! cocoon /ate ( ! s*oolroom1 %e em]ges full-bl[n into society4 ,b ! cu/om1 ) its half-realiz$ savag]y1 is already dy+1 & ) boys x does n obta9 at all4 ,bo? sexes %>e1 ( c\rse1 ! religi\s rite ( ,confirmation4 ,to avoid h>% di/9ctions1 to bridge ov] abrupt transitions1 is always a m>k ( advanc+ civilization2 b ! savage1 9 8 ignorance & fe>1 lam5tably ov]-/resses di/9ctions & transitions4 ,! long process ( education1 ( pass+ f *ild to man1 is ) him cond5s$ into a few days1 weeks1 or sometimes mon?s ( trem5d\s educational emphasis--( :at is call$ initiation1 go+ 91 t is1 ent]+ ! tribe4 ,! c]emonies v>y1 b ! gi/ is always sub/antially ! same4 ,! boy is to put away *ildi% ?+s1 & become a gr[n & compet5t tribesman4 ,above all he is to cease to be a woman-?+ & become a man4 ,8 initiation prep>es him = 8 two *ief functions z a tribesman--to be a w>rior1 to be a fa!r4 ,t to ! savage is ! ma9 if n ! :ole ,duty ( ,man4 ,?is initiation is ( trem5d\s importance1 & we %\ld expect1 :at 9 fact we f9d1 t all ?is emotion t c5tres ab\t x issues 9 drom5a1 rites done4 ,^! rites are v v>i\s1 b !y all po9t "o moral1 t ! =m] ?+s are pass$ away & t ! new-born man has ent]$ on a new life4 ,simple/ p]haps ( all1 & mo/ in/ructive1 is ! rite practis$ by ! ,kikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1#cj :o require t e boy1 j be=e circumcision1 mu/ be born aga94 ,! "m /&s up ) ! boy cr\*+ at h] feet2 %e pret5ds to g ?r\gh all ! lab\r pa9s1 & ! boy on be+ reborn cries l a babe & is wa%$4 ,m (t5 ! new bir? is simulat$1 or imag9$1 z a dea? & a resurrection1 ei!r ( ! boys !mselves or ( "s "o else 9 _! pres5ce4 ,?us at initiation among "s tribes ( ,s\?-ea/ ,au/ralia1#ca :5 ! boys are assembl$ an old man dress$ 9 /r+y b>k fibre lies d[n 9 a grave4 ,he is cov]$ up lightly ) /icks & e>?1 & ! grave is smoo!d ov]4 ,! buri$ man holds 9 8 h& a small bu% :i* seems to be gr[+ f ! gr\nd1 & o!r bu%es are /uck 9 ! gr\nd r\nd ab\t4 ,! novices are !n br\ght to ! edge ( ! grave & a song is sung4 ,gradually1 z ! song goes on1 ! bu% held by ! buri$ man beg9s to quiv]4 ,x moves m & m & bit by bit ! man himself />ts up f ! grave4 ,! ,fijians h a dra/ic & repulsive way ( simulat+ dea?4 ,! boys are %[n a r[ ( seem+ly dead m51 _! bodies cov]$ ) blood & entrails1 :i* are really ^? ( a dead pig4 ,! fir/ gives a sudd5 yell4 ,up />t ! m51 & !n run to ! riv] to cleanse !mselves4 ,"h ! dea? is vic>i\s4 ,ano!r goes ?r\gh ! simulat$ dea? t ! initiat$ boy may h new life4 ,b (t5 ! mimicry is practis$ on ! boys !mselves4 ,?us 9 ,we/ ,c]am#cb boys at pub]ty are admitt$ to ! ,kakian association4 ,! boys are tak5 bl9dfold1 foll[$ by _! relations1 to an oblong wood5 %$ "u ! d>ke/ trees 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/4 ,:5 all are assembl$ ! high prie/ calls al\d on ! devils1 & imm$iately a hide\s upro> is he>d f ! %$4 ,x is really made by m5 9 ! %$ ) bamboo trumpets1 b ! wom5 & *ildr5 ?9k x is ! devils4 ,!n ! prie/ ent]s ! %$ ) ! boys1 "o at a "t4 ,a dull ?ud ( *opp+ is he>d1 a fe>ful cry r+s out1 & a sword dripp+ ) blood is ?ru/ out ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,?is is ! tok5 t ! boy's head has be5 cut (f1 & t ! devil has tak5 him away to ! o!r _w1 :5ce he w return born aga94 ,9 a day or two ! m5 :o act z sponsors to ! boys return daub$ ) mud1 & 9 a half-fa9t+ /ate l mess5g]s f ano!r _w4 ,!y br+ ! good news t ! devil has re/or$ ! boys to life4 ,! boys !mselves appe>1 b :5 !y return !y tott] z !y walk2 !y g into ! h\se backw>ds4 ,if food is giv5 !m !y upset ! plate4 ,!y sit dumb & only make signs4 ,! sponsors h to tea* !m ! simple/ daily acts z ?\gh !y 7 new-born *ildr54 ,at ! end ( tw5ty to ?irty days1 dur+ :i* _! mo!rs & si/]s may n comb _! hair1 ! high prie/ takes !m to a lonely place 9 ! =e/ & cuts (f a lock ( hair f ! cr[n ( ea* ( _! heads4 ,at ! close ( ^! rites ! boys are m5 & may m>ry4 ,sometimes ! new bir? is n simulat$ b m]ely sugge/$4 ,a new "n is giv51 a new language taught1 a new dress worn1 new dances are danc$4 ,almo/ always x is accompani$ by moral tea*+4 ,?us 9 ! ,kakian c]emony already describ$ ! boys h to sit 9 a r[ cross-legg$1 )\t mov+ a muscle1 ) _! h&s /ret*$ out4 ,! *ief takes a trumpet1 & plac+ ! m\? ( x on ! h& ( ea* lad1 he speaks ?r\gh x 9 /range tones1 imitat+ ! voice ( spirits4 ,he w>ns ! boys on pa9 ( dea? to obs]ve ! rules ( ! society1 & nev] to reveal :at !y h se5 9 ! ,kakian h\se4 ,! prie/s also in/ruct ! boys on _! duty to _! blood relations1 & tea* !m ! secrets ( ! tribe4 ,sometimes x is n cle> :e!r ! new bir? is m]ely sugge/$ or repres5t$ 9 pantomime4 ,?us among ! ,b9b+a ( ,nor? ,au/ralia x is g5]ally believ$ t at initiation a mon/r\s be+ call$ ,katajal9a1 l ! ,kronos ( ! ,greeks1 swall[s ! boys & br+s !m up aga9 initiat$2 b :e!r !re is or is n a drom5on or rite ( swall[+ we are n told4 ,9 totemi/ic societies1 & 9 ! animal secret societies t seem to gr[ out ( !m1 ! novice is born aga9 z ! sacr$ animal4 ,?us among ! ,c>ri] ,indians#cc :5 a man wants to become a ,lulem1 or ,be>1 h[ev] cold ! season1 he te>s (f 8 clo!s1 puts on a be>sk9 & da%es into ! woods1 :]e he w /ay = ?ree or f\r days4 ,e night 8 fell[-villag]s w g out 9 se>* p>ties to f9d him4 ,!y cry out ,yi6 ,kelulem 7,come on1 ,be>7 & he answ]s ) angry gr[ls4 ,usually !y fail to f9d him1 b he comes back at la/ himself4 ,he is met & conduct$ to ! c]emonial lodge1 & !re1 9 company ) ! re/ ( ! ,be>s1 dances solemnly 8 fir/ appe>ance4 ,disappe>ance & reappe>ance is z common a rite 9 initiation z simulat$ kill+ & resurrection1 & has ! same object4 ,bo? are rites ( transition1 ( pass+ f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 by /ud5ts ( anci5t ,greek & o!r c]emonies1 t ! rites ( bir?1 m>riage1 & dea?1 :i* seem to u s diff]5t1 are to primitive man oddly simil>4 ,?is is expla9$ if we see t 9 int5t !y are all ! same1 all a pass+ f "o social /ate to ano!r4 ,!re are b two factors 9 e rite1 ! putt+ (f ( ! old1 ! putt+ on ( ! new2 y c>ry out ,w9t] or ,dea?1 y br+ 9 ,summ] or ,life4 ,betwe5 !m is a midway /ate :5 y are nei!r "h nor !re1 y are seclud$1 "u a taboo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! ,greeks & to _m primitive peoples ! rites ( bir?1 m>riage1 & dea? 7 = ! mo/ "p family rites ne$+ little or no social emphasis4 ,b ! rite :i* conc]n$ ! :ole tribe1 ! ess5ce ( :i* 0 entrance into ! tribe1 0 ! rite ( initiation at pub]ty4 ,?is all-important fact is oddly & significantly en%r9$ 9 ! ,greek language4 ,! g5]al ,greek ^w = rite 0 tlt4 ,x 0 appli$ to all my/]ies1 & sometimes to m>riages & fun]als4 ,b x has no?+ to d ) dea?4 ,x comes f a root mean+ to gr[ up4 ,! ^w tlt means rite ( gr[+ up1 becom+ complete4 ,x meant at fir/ maturity1 !n rite ( maturity1 !n by a natural ext5sion any rite ( initiation t 0 my/]i\s4 ,! rites ( pub]ty 7 9 _! ess5ce my/]i\s1 because !y consi/$ 9 initiation into ! sanctities ( ! tribe1 ! ?+s :i* society sanction$ & protect$1 exclud+ ! un9itiat$1 :e!r !y 7 "y boys1 wom51 or memb]s ( o!r tribes4 ,!n1 by contagion1 ! my/]y notion spread to o!r rites4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we und]/& n[ :o & :at 0 ! god :o arose out ( ! rite1 ! drom5on ( tribal initiation1 ! rite ( ! new1 ! second bir?4 ,he 0 ,dionysos4 ,8 "n1 accord+ to rec5t philology1 tells u--,dionysos1 ,div9e ,"y ,man4 ,:5 once we see t out ( ! emotion ( ! rite & ! facts ( ! rite arises t remembrance & %ad[ ( ! rite1 t image :i* is ! god1 we realize in/antly t ! god ( ! spr+ rite mu/ be a "y god1 & 9 primitive societies1 :]e "y wom5 are b ( second>y acc\nt1 he w necess>ily be a "y man4 ,:]e emotion c5tres r\nd tribal initiation he w be a "y man j initiat$1 :at ! ,greeks call$ a k\ros1 or ephebos1 a y\? ( q diff]5t social /atus f a m]e pais or boy4 ,su* a y\? survives 9 our ,k+ ( ! ,may & ,jack-9-!-,gre54 ,old m5 & wom5 are = dea? & w9t]1 ! "y = life & spr+1 & mo/ ( all ! "y man or be> or bull or tree j come to maturity4 ,& because life is "o at ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival1 ! "y man c>ries a blossom+ bran* b\nd ) wool ( ! "y %eep4 ,at ,a!ns 9 spr+ & autumn alike !y c>ry out ! ,eiresione1 a bran* ( olive w\nd ab\t ) wool 444 & lad5 ) all sorts ( fir/fruits1 t sc>city may cease1 & !y s+ ov] x3 ,eiresione br+s ,figs & fat cakes1 ,& a pot ( honey & oil to mix1 ,& a w9e-cup /rong & deep1 ,t %e may dr9k & sleep4 ,! ,eiresione _h ano!r "n t told its own tale4 ,x 0 call$ ,kory?alia1#cd ,bran* ( bloom+ y\?4 ,! "y m51 says a ,greek orator1 are ! ,spr+ ( ! p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! excavations ( ,crete h giv5 to u an anci5t inscrib$ hymn1 a ,di?yramb1 we may safely call x1 t is at once a spr+-song & a "y man-song4 ,! god "h invok$ is :at ! ,greeks call a k\ros1 a "y man4 ,x is sung & danc$ by "y w>riors3 ,ho6 ,k\ros1 mo/ ,great1 ,i give !e hail1 ,"l ( all t is wet & gleam+2 ?\ art come at ! head ( ?y ,daimones4 ,to ,dikt = ! ,ye>1 ,oh1 m>* & rejoice 9 ! dance & song4 ,! lead] ( ! b& ( k\roi1 ( "y m51 ! real actual lead]1 has become by remembrance & ab/raction1 z we not$1 a daimon1 or _s1 at ! head ( a b& ( spirits1 & he br+s 9 ! new ye> at spr+4 ,! real lead]1 ! fir/ k\ros z ! ,greeks call$ him1 is !re 9 ! body1 b f ! succession ( lead]s ye> by ye> !y h imag$ a _s lead] greate/ ( all4 ,he is "l ( all t is wet & gleam+1 = ! ,may b\gh1 we rememb]1 is dr5*$ ) dew & wat] t x may burgeon & blossom4 ,!n !y *ant ! tale ( h[ ( old a *ild 0 tak5 away f its "m1 tak5 by arm$ m5 to be initiat$1 arm$ m5 danc+ _! tribal dance4 ,! /one is unhappily brok5 "h1 b en\gh rema9s to make ! mean+ cle>4 ,& because ?is boy grew up & 0 initiat$ into manhood3 ,! ,hor 7,seasons7 began to be fruitful ye> by ye> & ,dik to possess mank9d1 & all wild liv+ ?+s 7 held ab\t by weal?-lov+ ,peace4 ,we "k ! ,seasons1 ! fruit & food br+]s1 b ,dik is /range4 ,we translate ! ^w ,ju/ice1 b ,dik means1 n ,ju/ice z betwe5 man & man1 b ! ord] ( ! _w1 ! way ( life4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is way1 ?is ord]1 t ! seasons g r\nd4 ,z long z ! seasons obs]ve ?is ord] !re is fruitfulness & peace4 ,if once t ord] 7 ov]/epp$ !n w\ld be disord]1 /rife1 confusion1 b>r5ness4 ,& next comes a m&ate1 /range to our mod]n e>s3 ,to u also leap = full j>s1 & leap = fleecy flocks1 & leap = fields ( fruit & = hives to br+ increase4 ,& yet n /range if we rememb] ! ,mac$onian f>m] 7p4 #cb71 :o ?r[s 8 spade into ! air t ! :eat may be tall1 or ! ,russian peasant girls :o leap high 9 ! air cry+1 ,flax1 gr[4 ,! leap+ ( ! y\?s ( ! ,cretan hymn is j ! utt]ance ( _! t5se desire4 ,!y h gr[n up1 & ) !m all live ?+s mu/ gr[4 ,by _! magic ye> by ye> ! fruits ( ! e>? come to _! annual new bir?4 ,& t !re be no mi/ake !y end3 ,leap = our cities1 & leap = our sea-borne %ips1 & = our "y citiz5s1 & = goodly ,!mis4 ,!y are n[ "y citiz5s ( a f5cd city in/ead ( "y tribesm5 ( ! bu%1 b _! magic is ! same1 & ! /r5g? t holds !m toge!r is ! bond ( social cu/om1 social /ructure1 goodly ,!mis4 ,no man live? to himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,crete is n ,a!ns1 b at ,a!ns 9 ! !atre ( ,dionysos1 if ! prie/ ( ,dionysos1 seat$ at ! great ,spr+ ,fe/ival 9 8 beautiful c>v$ c5tral seat1 look$ across ! or*e/ra1 he w\ld see fac+ him a /one frieze on :i* 0 sculptur$ ! ,cretan ritual1 ! arm$ danc+ y\?s & ! *ild to be ye> by ye> reborn4 ,we h se5 :at ! ,di?yramb1 f :i* sprang ! ,drama1 04 ,a ,spr+ song1 a song ( ,bull-driv+1 a song & dance ( ,second ,bir?2 b all ?is seems1 p]haps1 n to br+ u ne>] to ,greek drama1 r to put u f>!r away4 ,:at h ! ,spr+ & ! ,bull & ! ,bir? ,rite to d ) ! /ately trag$ies we "k--) ,agamemnon & ,iphig5ia & ,ore/es & ,hippolytos8 ,t is ! "q be=e u1 & ! answ] w lead u to ! v he>t ( our subject4 ,s f> we h se5 t ritual arose f ! pres5tation & emphasis ( emotion--emotion felt ma9ly ab\t food4 ,we h fur!r se5 t ritual develops out ( & by means ( p]iodic fe/ivals4 ,"o ( ! *ief p]iodic fe/ivals at ,a!ns 0 ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival ( ! ,di?yramb4 ,out ( ?is ,di?yramb arose1 ,ari/otle says1 trag$y--t is1 out ( ,ritual arose ,art4 ,h[ & ,:y8 ,t is ! "q be=e u4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,poetics1 ,,iv1 #ab4 #bj ,see my ,!mis1 p4 #dai4 7#aiab47 #ba ,i1 #dc4 #b4 #bb ,quae/4 ,grc4 ,,xii4 #bc ,op4 cit4 #bd ,qu/4 ,symp41 #fic f4 #be ,! words 9 ,spr+-"t dep5d on an em5dation to me conv9c+4 ,see my ,!mis1 p4 #bje1 note #a4 #bf ,,ix4 #bg ,see my ,!mis1 p4 #aea4 #bh ,see my ,prolegom5a1 p4 #dci4 #bi ,prolegom5a1 p4 #djb4 #cj ,fraz]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbh4 #ca ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b ,,iii1 #dbd4 #cb ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b ,,iii1 #ddb4 #cc ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b ,,iii1 p4 #dch4 #cd ,see my ,!mis1 p4 #ejc4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,transition ,,f ,,ritual ,,to ,,art3 ,,! ,,drom5on 7,,?+ ,,done7 ,,& ,,! ,,drama ,probably mo/ p :5 !y g to a ,greek play = ! fir/ "t ?9k x a /range p]=mance4 ,accord+1 p]haps1 m to _! temp]am5t ?an to _! tra9+1 !y are ei!r v mu* excit$ or v mu* bor$4 ,9 _m m9ds !re w be left a feel+ t1 :e!r !y h enjoy$ ! play or n1 !y are puzzl$3 !re are odd effects1 conv5tions1 sugge/ions4 ,= example1 ! ma9 de$ ( ! ,trag$y1 ! slay+ ( h]o or h]o9e1 is n done on ! /age4 ,t disappo9ts "s mod]n m9ds unconsci\sly avid ( realism to ! po9t ( horror4 ,in/ead ( a f9e ?rill+ murd] or suicide be=e 8 v eyes1 ! spectator is put (f ) an acc\nt ( ! murd] done (f ! /age4 ,?is acc\nt is regul>ly giv51 & usually at consid]able l5g?1 9 a mess5g]'s spee*4 ,! mess5g]'s spee* is a regul> item 9 a ,greek play1 & ?\gh actually x gives scope n only = f9e elocution1 b = real dramatic effect1 9 !ory we feel x undramatic1 & a mod]n actor has sometimes mu* ado to make x acceptable4 ,! spectator is told t all ^!1 to him1 odd conv5tions are due to ,greek re/ra9t1 mod]ation1 good ta/e1 & yet = all _! suppos$ re/ra9t & res]ve1 he f9ds :5 he reads 8 ,hom] t ,greek h]oes frequ5tly bur/ into floods ( te>s :5 a self-respect+ ,engli%man w\ld h suff]$ 9 sil5ce4 ,!n aga91 specially if ! play be by ,euripides1 x ends n ) a curta91 n ) a great decisive mom5t1 b ) ! appe>ance ( a god :o says a few l9es ( ei!r exhortation or consolation or reconciliation1 :i*1 aft] ! /ra9 & /ress ( ! action itself1 /rikes "s p z r /ilt$ & =mal1 or z r flat & someh[ unsatisfy+4 ,worse /ill1 !re are 9 _m ( ! sc5es long dialogues1 9 :i* ! actors wrangle ) ea* o!r1 & 9 :i* ! action does n advance s quickly z we wi%4 ,or aga91 in/ead ( beg9n+ ) ! action1 & hav+ our curiosity excit$ bit by bit ab\t ! plot1 at ! outset "s "o comes 9 & tells u ! :ole ?+ 9 ! prologue4 ,prologues we feel1 are out ( date1 & ! ,greeks ought to h kn[n bett]4 ,or aga91 ( c\rse we admit t trag$y mu/ be tragic1 & we are prep>$ = a dec5t am\nt ( lam5tation1 b :5 an antiphonal lam5t goes on = pages1 we we>y & wi% t ! *orus w\ld /op lam5t+ & d some?+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! back ( our mod]n discont5t !re is lurk+ always ?is que] anomaly ( ! *orus4 ,we h 9 our mod]n !atre no *orus1 & :51 9 ! op]a1 some?+ ( ! nature ( a *orus appe>s 9 ! ballet1 x is a *orus t really dances to amuse & excite u 9 ! int]vals ( op]atic action2 x is n a *orus ( dodd]+ & pott]+ old m51 moraliz+ on an action 9 :i* !y are too feeble to jo94 ,( c\rse if we are classical s*ol>s we d n cavil at ! *oral songs2 ! extreme difficulty ( scann+ & con/ru+ !m alone comm&s a traditional respect2 b if we are m]ely mod]n spectators1 we may be respectful1 we may ev5 feel /rangely excit$1 b we are c]ta9ly puzzl$4 ,! reason ( our bewild]m5t is simple en\gh4 ,^! prologues & mess5g]s' spee*es & ev]-pres5t *oruses t tr\ble u are ritual =ms /ill surviv+ at a "t :5 ! drama has fully develop$ out ( ! drom5on4 ,we _c "h exam9e all ^! ritual =ms 9 detail2#ce "o1 h[ev]1 ! *orus1 /range/ & mo/ beautiful ( all1 x is ess5tial we %\ld und]/&4 ,suppose t ^! *oral songs h be5 put into ,engli% t 9 any way repres5ts ! beauty ( ! ,greek2 !n c]ta9ly !re w be "s among ! spectators :o get a ?rill f ! *orus q unkn[n to any mod]n /age effect1 a feel+ ( emotion height5$ yet re/ra9$1 a s5se ( ent]+ into high] places1 fill$ ) a l>g] & a pur] air--a s5se ( beauty born clean out ( conflict & disa/]4 ,a suspicion dawns ^u ! spectator t1 great ?\gh ! trag$ies 9 !mselves are1 !y owe _! peculi>1 _! incommunicable beauty l>gely to ?is elem5t ( ! *orus :i* seem$ at fir/ s /range4 ,n[ by exam9+ ?is *orus & und]/&+ its function--nay1 m1 by consid]+ ! actual or*e/ra1 ! space on :i* ! *orus danc$1 & ! relation ( t space to ! re/ ( ! !atre1 to ! /age & ! place :]e ! spectators sat--we %all get light at la/ on our ma9 c5tral problem3 ,h[ did art arise out ( ritual1 & :at is ! relation ( bo? to t actual life f :i* bo? art & ritual sprang8 99 99 99 99 99 ,! dramas ( s*ylus c]ta9ly1 & p]haps also ^? ( ,sophocles & ,euripides1 7 play$ n ^u ! /age1 & n 9 ! !atre1 b1 /range ?\gh x s\nds to u1 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,! !atre to ! ,greeks 0 simply ! place ( see+1 ! place :]e ! spectators sat2 :at !y call$ ! skn or sc5e1 0 ! t5t or hut 9 :i* ! actors dress$4 ,b ! k]nel & c5tre ( ! :ole 0 ! or*e/ra1 ! circul> danc+-place ( ! *orus2 &1 z ! or*e/ra 0 ! k]nel & c5tre ( ! !atre1 s ! *orus1 ! b& ( danc+ & s++ m5--?is *orus t seems to u s odd & ev5 sup]flu\s--0 ! c5tre & k]nel & />t+-po9t ( ! drama4 ,! *orus danc$ & sang t ,di?yramb we "k s well1 & f ! lead]s ( t ,di?yramb we rememb] trag$y arose1 & ! *orus 7 at fir/1 z an anci5t writ] tells u1 j m5 & boys1 till]s ( ! e>?1 :o danc$ :5 !y re/$ f s[+ & pl\gh+4 ,n[ x is 9 ! relation betwe5 ! or*e/ra or danc+-place ( ! *orus1 & ! !atre or place ( ! spectators1 a relation t %ift$ z "t w5t on1 t we see mirror$ ! :ole developm5t f ritual to art--f drom5on to drama4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! or*e/ra on :i* ! ,di?yramb 0 danc$ 0 j a circul> danc+-place beat5 flat = ! conv5i5ce ( ! danc]s1 & sometimes edg$ by a /one basem5t to m>k ! circle4 ,?is circul> or*e/ra is v well se5 9 ! !atre ( ,epidaurus1 ( :i* a sket* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! or*e/ra "h is surr\nd$ by a spl5did !atron1 or spectator place1 ) seats ris+ ti] above ti]4 ,if we want to realize ! primitive ,greek or*e/ra or danc+-place1 we mu/ ?9k ^! /one seats away4 ,?re%+-floors are us$ 9 ,greece to-day z conv5i5t danc+-places4 ,! dance t5ds to be circul> because x is r\nd "s sacr$ ?+1 at fir/ a maypole1 or ! reap$ corn1 lat] ! figure ( a god or 8 alt>4 ,on ?is danc+-place ! :ole body ( wor%ipp]s w\ld ga!r1 j z n[-a-days ! :ole community w assemble on a village gre54 ,!re is no division at fir/ betwe5 actors & spectators2 all are actors1 all are do+ ! ?+ done1 danc+ ! dance danc$4 ,?us at initiation c]emonies ! :ole tribe assembles1 ! only spectators are ! un9itiat$1 ! wom5 & *ildr54 ,no "o at ?is e>ly /age ?9ks ( build+ a !atre1 a spectator place4 ,x is 9 ! common act1 ! common or collective emotion1 t ritual />ts4 ,?is mu/ nev] be =gott54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,!atre ( ,epidaurus ,%[+ ,circul> ,or*e/ra4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t spot = a m]e danc+-place is "s flat place4 ,b any "o :o travels ?r\gh ,greece w notice in/antly t all ! ,greek !atres t rema9 at ,a!ns1 at ,epidaurus1 at ,delos1 ,syracuse1 & else:]e1 are built aga9/ ! side ( hills4 ,none ( ^! are v e>ly2 ! e>lie/ anci5t or*e/ra we h is at ,a!ns4 ,x is a simple /one r+1 b x is built aga9/ ! /eep s\? side ( ! ,acropolis4 ,! olde/ fe/ival ( ,dionysos 01 z w pres5tly be se51 held 9 q ano!r spot1 9 ! agora1 or m>ket-place4 ,! reason = mov+ ! dance 0 t ! wood5 seats t us$ to be set up on a sort ( gr& /& 9 ! m>ket-place fell d[n1 & x 0 se5 h[ safely & com=tably ! spectators c\ld be seat$ on ! side ( a /eep hill4 ,! spectators are a new & diff]5t elem5t1 ! dance is n only danc$1 b x is wat*$ f a di/ance1 x is a spectacle2 :]eas 9 old days all or ne>ly all 7 wor%ipp]s act+1 n[ _m1 inde$ mo/1 are spectators1 wat*+1 feel+1 ?9k+1 n do+4 ,x is 9 ?is new attitude ( ! spectator t we t\* on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ritual & art2 ! drom5on1 ! ?+ actually done by y\rself has become a drama1 a ?+ also done1 b ab/ract$ f y\r do+4 ,let u look = a mom5t at ! psy*ology ( ! spectator1 at 8 behavi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,arti/s1 x is (t5 said1 & usually felt1 are s unpractical4 ,!y are always late = d9n]1 !y =get to po/ _! lett]s & to return ! books or ev5 money t is l5t !m4 ,art is to mo/ p's m9ds a sort ( luxury1 n a necessity4 ,9 b rec5tly bygone days music1 draw+1 & danc+ 7 no "p ( a tra9+ = ord9>y life1 !y 7 taught at s*ool z accompli%m5ts1 paid = z extras4 ,poets on _! side equally us$ to contra/ art & life1 z ?\gh !y 7 ?+s ess5tially di/9ct4 ,art is long1 & ,"t is fleet+4 ,n[ commonplaces su* z ^!1 be+ unconsci\s utt]ances ( ! collective m9d1 usually conta9 mu* tru?1 & are well wor? weigh+4 ,art1 we %all %[ lat]1 is pr(\ndly connect$ ) life2 x is n[ise sup]flu\s4 ,b1 = all t1 art1 bo? its creation & its enjoym5t1 is unpractical4 ,?anks be to ,god1 life is n limit$ to ! practical4 ,:5 we say art is unpractical1 we mean t art is cut loose f imm$iate action4 ,take a simple in/ance4 ,a man--or p]haps /ill bett] a *ild--sees a plate ( *]ries4 ,?r\gh 8 s5ses comes ! /imulus ( ! smell ( ! *]ries1 & _! bright col\r urg+ him1 lur+ him to eat4 ,he eats & is satisfi$2 ! cycle ( normal behavi\r is complete2 he is a man or a *ild ( action1 b he is no arti/1 & no art-lov]4 ,ano!r man looks at ! same plate ( *]ries4 ,8 sight & 8 smell lure him & urge him to eat4 ,he does n eat2 ! cycle is n complet$1 &1 because he does n eat1 ! sight ( ^? *]ries1 ?\gh p]haps n ! smell1 is alt]$1 purifi$ f desire1 & 9 "s way int5sifi$1 enl>g$4 ,if he is j a man ( ta/e1 he w take :at we call an /hetic pleasure 9 ^? *]ries4 ,if he is an actual arti/1 he w pa9t n ! *]ries1 b 8 vision ( !m1 8 purifi$ emotion t[>ds !m4 ,he has1 s to speak1 come out f ! *orus ( actors1 ( *]ry-eat]s1 & become a spectator4 ,i borr[1 by 8 k9d p]mission1 a beautiful in/ance ( :at he well calls ,psy*ical ,di/ance f ! writ+s ( a psy*ologi/4#cf ,imag9e a fog at sea3 = mo/ p x is an exp]i5ce ( acute unpleasantness4 ,ap>t f ! physical annoyance & remot] =ms ( discom=t1 su* z delays1 x is apt to produce feel+s ( peculi> anxiety1 fe>s ( invisible dang]s1 /ra9s ( wat*+ & li/5+ = di/ant & unlocaliz$ signals4 ,! li/less movem5ts ( ! %ip & h] w>n+ calls soon tell ^u ! n]ves ( ! pass5g]s2 & t special1 expectant tacit anxiety & n]v\sness1 always associat$ ) ?is exp]i5ce1 make a fog ! dread$ t]ror ( ! sea 7all ! m t]rify+ because ( its v sil5ce & g5tl5ess7 = ! exp]t seaf>] no less ?an ! ignorant l&sman4 ,nev]!less1 a fog at sea c be a s\rce ( int5se reli% & enjoym5t4 ,ab/ract f ! exp]i5ce ( ! sea-fog1 = ! mom5t1 its dang] & practical unpleasantness2 444 direct ! att5tion to ! features 'objectively' con/itut+ ! ph5om5a--! veil surr\nd+ y ) an opaqu5ess z ( transp>5t milk1 blurr+ ! outl9es ( ?+s & di/ort+ _! %apes into weird grotesqu5ess2 obs]ve ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! air1 produc+ ! impression z if y c\ld t\* "s f>-(f sir5 by m]ely putt+ out y\r h& & lett+ x lose itself beh9d t :ite wall2 note ! curi\s creamy smoo?ness ( ! wat]1 hyp]critically d5y+ z x 71 any sugge/ion ( dang]2 &1 above all1 ! /range solitude & remot5ess f ! _w1 z x c be f\nd only on ! highe/ m\nta9 tops2 & ! exp]i5ce may acquire1 9 its uncanny m+l+ ( repose & t]ror1 a flav\r ( su* conc5trat$ poignancy & delight z to contra/ %>ply ) ! bl9d & di/emp]$ anxiety ( its o!r aspects4 ,?is contra/1 (t5 em]g+ ) />tl+ sudd5ness1 is l ! mom5t>y swit*+ on ( "s new curr5t1 or ! pass+ ray ( a bright] light1 illum9at+ ! outlook ^u p]haps ! mo/ ord9>y & famili> objects--an impression :i* we exp]i5ce sometimes 9 in/ants ( dire/ extremity1 :5 our practical int]e/ snaps l a wire f %e] ov]-t5sion1 & we wat* ! consummation ( "s imp5d+ cata/rophe ) ! m>vell+ unconc]n ( a m]e spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has (t5 be5 not$ t two1 & two only1 ( our s5ses are ! *annels ( art & give u arti/ic mat]ial4 ,^! two s5ses are sight & he>+4 ,t\* & its special modifications1 ta/e & smell1 d n g to ! mak+ ( art4 ,decad5t ,fr5* noveli/s1 su* z ,huysmann1 make _! h]oes revel 9 p]fume-symphonies1 b we feel t ! s5tim5t describ$ is morbid & unreal1 & we feel rightly4 ,"s p speak ( a cook z an arti/1 & a pudd+ z a p]fect poem1 b a heal?y in/9ct rebels4 ,art1 :e!r sculpture1 pa9t+1 drama1 music1 is ( sight or he>+4 ,! reason is simple4 ,sight & he>+ are ! di/ant s5ses2 sight is1 z "s "o has well said1 t\* at a di/ance4 ,sight & he>+ are ( ?+s already deta*$ & some:at remote2 !y are ! fitt+ *annels = art :i* is cut loose f imm$iate action & reaction4 ,ta/e & t\* are too intimate1 too imm$iately vital4 ,9 ,russian1 z ,tol/oi has po9t$ out 7& inde$ 9 o!r languages ! same is obs]vable71 ! ^w = beauty 7krasota7 means1 to beg9 )1 only t :i* pleases ! sight4 ,ev5 he>+ is exclud$4 ,& ?\gh latt]ly p h begun to speak ( an ugly de$ or ( beautiful music1 x is n good ,russian4 ,! simple ,russian does n make ,plato's div9e muddle betwe5 ! good & ! beautiful4 ,if a man gives 8 coat to ano!r1 ! ,russian peasant1 kn[+ no =eign language1 w n say ! man has act$ beautifully4 ,to see a ?+1 to feel a ?+1 z a "w ( art1 we mu/1 !n1 become = ! "t unpractical1 mu/ be loos$ f ! fe> & ! flurry ( actual liv+1 mu/ become spectators4 ,:y is ?is8 ,:y c we n live & look at once8 ,! fact t we _c is cle>4 ,if we wat* a fri5d dr[n+ we d n note ! exquisite curve made by 8 body z he falls into ! wat]1 nor ! play ( ! sunlight on ! ripples z he disappe>s bel[ ! surface2 we %\ld be inhuman1 /hetic fi5ds if we did4 ,& aga91 :y8 ,x w\ld d our fri5d no h>m t we %\ld enjoy ! curves & ! sunlight1 provid$ we also ?rew him a rope4 ,b ! simple fact is t we _c look at ! curves & ! sunlight because our :ole be+ is c5tr$ on act+1 on sav+ him2 we _c ev51 at ! mom5t1 fully feel our own t]ror & imp5d+ loss4 ,s aga9 if we want to see & to feel ! spl5d\r & vig\r ( a lion1 or ev5 to wat* ! cumbr\s grace ( a be>1 we pref] t a cage %\ld int]v5e4 ,! cage cuts (f ! ne$ = motor actions2 x int]poses ! ne$ful physical & moral di/ance1 & we are free = contemplation4 ,releas$ f our own t]rors1 we see m & bett]1 & we feel diff]5tly4 ,a man int5t on action is l a horse 9 bl9k]s1 he goes /raight =w>d1 see+ only ! road ahead4 ,our bra9 is1 inde$1 x w\ld seem1 9 "p1 an elaborate arrangem5t = provid+ ^! bl9k]s4 ,if we saw & realiz$ ! :ole ( ev]y?+1 we %\ld want to d too _m ?+s4 ,! bra9 all[s u n only to rememb]1 b1 :i* is q z important1 to =get & neglect2 x is an organ ( oblivion4 ,by neglect+ mo/ ( ! ?+s we see & he>1 we c focus j on ^? :i* are important = action2 we c cease to be pot5tial arti/s & become effici5t practical human be+s2 b x is only by limit+ our view1 by a great r5unciation z to ! ?+s we see & feel4 ,! arti/ does j ! rev]se4 ,he r5\nces do+ 9 ord] to practise see+4 ,he is by nature :at ,pr(essor ,b]gson calls di/rait1 alo(1 abs5t-m9d$1 int5t only1 or ma9ly1 on contemplation4 ,t is :y ! ord9>y man (t5 ?9ks ! arti/ a fool1 or1 if he does n g s f> z t1 is made vaguely uncom=table by him1 nev] really und]/&s him4 ,! arti/'s focus1 all 8 sy/em ( values1 is diff]5t1 8 _w is a _w ( images :i* are 8 realities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! di/9ction betwe5 art & ritual1 :i* has s long haunt$ & puzzl$ u1 n[ comes out q cle>ly1 & also 9 "p ! relation ( ea* to actual life4 ,ritual1 we saw1 0 a re-pres5tation or a pre-pres5tation1 a re-do+ or pre-do+1 a copy or imitation ( life1 b1--& ?is is ! important po9t1--always ) a practical end4 ,art is also a repres5tation ( life & ! emotions ( life1 b cut loose f imm$iate action4 ,action may be & (t5 is repres5t$1 b x is n t x may lead on to a practical fur!r end4 ,! end ( art is 9 itself4 ,its value is n m$iate b imm$iate4 ,?us ritual makes1 z x 71 a bridge betwe5 real life & art1 a bridge ov] :i* 9 primitive times x w\ld seem man mu/ pass4 ,9 8 actual life he hunts & fi%es & pl\ghs & s[s1 be+ utt]ly int5t on ! practical end ( ga9+ 8 food2 9 ! drom5on ( ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival1 ?\gh 8 acts are unpractical1 be+ m]e s++ & danc+ & mimicry1 8 int5t is practical1 to induce ! return ( 8 food-supply4 ,9 ! drama ! repres5tation may rema9 = a "t ! same1 b ! int5t is alt]$3 man has come out f action1 he is sep>ate f ! danc]s1 & has become a spectator4 ,! drama is an end 9 itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we "k f tradition t 9 ,a!ns ritual became art1 a drom5on became ! drama1 & we h se5 t ! %ift is symboliz$ & express$ by ! addition ( ! !atre1 or spectator-place1 to ! or*e/ra1 or danc+-place4 ,we h also tri$ to analyse ! mean+ ( ! %ift4 ,x rema9s to ask :at 0 its cause4 ,ritual does n always develop into art1 ?\gh 9 all probability dramatic art has always to g ?r\gh ! /age ( ritual4 ,! leap f real life to ! emotional contemplation ( life cut loose f action w\ld o!rwise be too wide4 ,nature abhors a leap1 %e pref]s to crawl ov] ! ritual bridge4 ,!re seem at ,a!ns to h be5 two ma9 causes :y ! drom5on pass$ swiftly1 inevitably1 into ! drama4 ,!y are1 fir/1 ! decay ( religi\s fai?2 second1 ! influx f abroad ( a new culture & new dramatic mat]ial4 ,x may seem surpris+ to "s t ! decay ( religi\s fai? %\ld be an impulse to ! bir? ( art4 ,we are accu/om$ to talk r vaguely ( art z ! h&maid ( religion2 we ?9k ( art z inspir$ by religion4 ,b ! decay ( religi\s fai? ( :i* we n[ speak is n ! decay ( fai? 9 a god1 or ev5 ! decay ( "s high spiritual emotion2 x is ! decay ( a belief 9 ! efficacy ( c]ta9 magical rites1 & especially ( ! ,spr+ ,rite4 ,s long z p believ$ t by excit$ danc+1 by br++ 9 an image or lead+ 9 a bull y c\ld induce ! com+ ( ,spr+1 s long w\ld ! drom5a ( ! ,di?yramb be enact$ ) int5se en?usiasm1 & ) ?is en?usiasm w\ld come an actual accession & invigoration ( vital =ce4 ,b1 once ! fa9te/ d\bt crept 91 once m5 began to be guid$ by exp]i5ce r ?an cu/om1 ! en?usiasm w\ld die d[n1 & ! collective invigoration no long] be felt4 ,!n "s day !re w be a bad summ]1 ?+s w g all wrong1 & ! *orus w sadly ask3 ,:y %\ld ,i dance my dance8 ,!y w drift away or become m]e spectators ( a rite e/abli%$ by cu/om4 ,! rite itself w die d[n1 or x w live on only z ! ,may ,day rites ( to-day1 a *ildr5's play1 or at be/ a ?+ done vaguely = luck4 ,! _s ( ! rite1 ! belief 9 its efficacy1 dies1 b ! rite itself1 ! actual m\ld1 p]si/s1 & x is ?is anci5t ritual m\ld1 =eign to our own usage1 t /rikes u to-day1 :5 a ,greek play is reviv$1 z odd & p]haps *ill4 ,a *orus1 a b& ( danc]s !re mu/ be1 because ! drama arose out ( a ritual dance4 ,an agon1 or conte/1 or wrangl+1 !re w probably be1 because ,summ] cont5ds ) ,w9t]1 ,life ) ,dea?1 ! ,new ,ye> ) ! ,old4 ,a trag$y mu/ be tragic1 mu/ h its pa?os1 because ! ,w9t]1 ! ,old ,ye>1 mu/ die4 ,!re mu/ ne$s be a swift transition1 a cla% & *ange f sorr[ to joy1 :at ! ,greeks call$ a p]ipeteia1 a quick-turn-r\nd1 because1 ?\gh y c>ry out ,w9t]1 y br+ 9 ,summ]4 ,at ! end we %all h an ,appe>ance1 an ,epiphany ( a god1 because ! :ole gi/ ( ! anci5t ritual 0 to summon ! _s ( life4 ,all ^! ritual =ms haunt & %ad[ ! play1 :atev] its plot1 l anci5t traditional gho/s2 !y und]lie & sway ! movem5t & ! spee*es l "s compell+ rhy?m4 ,n[ ?is ritual m\ld1 ?is und]ly+ rhy?m1 is a f9e ?+ 9 itself2 &1 moreov]1 x 0 once %ap$ & ca/ by a liv+ _s3 ! int5se imm$iate desire = food & life1 & = ! return ( ! seasons :i* br+ t food & life4 ,b we h se5 t1 once ! fai? 9 man's p[] magically to br+ back ^! seasons wan$1 once he began to d\bt :e!r he c\ld really c>ry out ,w9t] & br+ 9 ,summ]1 8 emotion t[>ds ^! rites w\ld cool4 ,fur!r1 we h se5 t ^! rites repeat$ ye> by ye> end$1 among an imag9ative p1 9 ! m5tal creation ( "s sort ( dmon or god4 ,?is dmon1 or god1 0 m & m held responsible on 8 own acc\nt = ! food-supply & ! ord] ( ! ,hor1 or ,seasons2 s we get ! notion t ?is dmon or god himself l$ 9 ! ,seasons2 ,h]mes dances at ! head ( ! ,*>ites1 or an ,eiresione is c>ri$ to ,helios & ! ,hor4 ,! ?\ght !n arises t ?is man-l dmon :o rose f a real ,k+ ( ! ,may1 mu/ himself be approa*$ & dealt ) z a man1 b>ga9$ )1 sacrific$ to4 ,9 a ^w1 9 place ( drom5a1 ?+s done1 we get gods wor%ipp$2 9 place ( sacram5ts1 holy bulls kill$ & eat5 9 common1 we get sacrifices 9 ! mod]n s5se1 holy bulls (f]$ to yet holi] gods4 ,! relation ( ^! figures ( gods to art we %all consid] :5 we come to sculpture4 ,s ! drom5on1 ! ?+ done1 wanes1 ! pray]1 ! praise1 ! sacrifice waxes4 ,religion moves away f drama t[>ds !ology1 b ! ritual m\ld ( ! drom5on is left ready = a new cont5t4 ,aga91 !re is ano!r po9t4 ,! magical drom5on1 ! ,c>ry+ out ( ,w9t]1 ! ,br++ 9 ( ,spr+1 is doom$ to an inh]5t & deadly monotony4 ,x is only :5 its magical efficacy is int5sely believ$ t x c g on4 ,! life-hi/ory ( a holy bull is always ! same2 its magical ess5ce is t x %\ld be ! same4 ,ev5 :5 ! life-dmon is human 8 c>e] is un*equ]$4 ,he is born1 initiat$1 or born aga92 he is m>ri$1 gr[s old1 dies1 is buri$2 & ! old1 old /ory is told aga9 next ye>4 ,!re are no fre% p]sonal incid5ts1 peculi> to "o p>ticul> dmon4 ,if ! drama rose f ! ,spr+ ,song only1 beautiful x might be1 b ) a beauty t 0 monoton\s1 a beauty doom$ to /]ility4 ,we seem to h come to a sort ( impasse1 ! _s ( ! drom5on is dead or dy+1 ! spectators w n /ay long to wat* a do+ doom$ to monotony4 ,! anci5t m\lds are !re1 ! old bottles1 b :]e is ! new w9e8 ,! pool is /agnant2 :at angel w /ep d[n to tr\ble ! wat]s8 99 99 99 99 99 ,=tunately we are n left to conjecture :at might h happ5$4 ,9 ! case ( ,greece we "k1 ?\gh n z cle>ly z we wi%1 :at did happ54 ,we c see 9 "p :y1 ?\gh ! drom5a ( ,adonis & ,osiris1 emotional z !y 7 & int5sely picturesque1 rema9$ m]e ritual2 ! drom5on ( ,dionysos1 8 ,di?yramb1 blossom$ into drama4 ,let u look at ! facts1 & fir/ at "s /ructural facts 9 ! build+ ( ! !atre4 ,we h se5 t ! or*e/ra1 ) its danc+ *orus1 /&s = ritual1 = ! /age 9 :i* all 7 wor%ipp]s1 all jo9$ 9 a rite ( practical int5t4 ,we fur!r saw t ! !atre1 ! place = ! spectators1 /ood = art4 ,9 ! or*e/ra all is life & danc+2 ! m>ble seats are ! v symbol ( re/1 alo(ness f action1 contemplation4 ,! seats = ! spectators gr[ & gr[ 9 importance till at la/ !y absorb1 z x 71 ! :ole _s1 & give _! "n !atre to ! :ole /ructure2 action is swall[$ up 9 contemplation4 ,b contemplation ( :at8 ,at fir/1 ( c\rse1 ( ! ritual dance1 b n = long4 ,t1 we h se51 0 doom$ to a deadly monotony4 ,9 a ,greek !atre !re 0 n only or*e/ra & a spectator-place1 !re 0 also a sc5e or /age4 ,! ,greek ^w = /age is1 z we said1 sk51 our sc5e4 ,! sc5e 0 n a /age 9 our s5se1 i4e4 a plat=m rais$ s t ! play]s might be bett] view$4 ,x 0 simply a t5t1 or rude hut1 9 :i* ! play]s1 or r danc]s1 c\ld put on _! ritual dresses4 ,! fact t ! ,greek !atre _h1 to beg9 )1 no p]man5t /age 9 our s5se1 %[s v cle>ly h[ little x 0 reg>d$ z a spectacle4 ,! ritual dance 0 a drom5on1 a ?+ to be done1 n a ?+ to be look$ at4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,greek /age is "o long /ory ( ! encroa*m5t ( ! /age on ! or*e/ra4 ,at fir/ a rude plat=m or table is set up1 !n sc5]y is add$2 ! movable t5t is translat$ into a /one h\se or a temple front4 ,?is /&s at fir/ outside ! or*e/ra2 !n bit by bit ! sc5e encroa*es till ! sacr$ circle ( ! danc+-place is cut clean across4 ,z ! drama & ! /age wax1 ! drom5on & ! or*e/ra wane4 ,?is %ift 9 ! relation ( danc+-place & /age is v cle>ly se5 9 ,fig4 #b1 a plan ( ! ,dionysiac !atre at ,a!ns 7p4 #add74 ,! old circul> or*e/ra %[s ! dom9ance ( ritual2 ! new curtail$ or*e/ra ( ,roman times & semicircul> %ape %[s ! dom9ance ( ! spectacle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,dionysiac ,!atre at ,a!ns4 ,greek trag$y arose1 ,ari/otle has told u1 f ! lead]s ( ! ,di?yramb1 ! lead]s ( ! ,spr+ ,dance4 ,! ,spr+ ,dance1 ! mime ( ,summ] & ,w9t]1 _h1 z we h se51 only "o actor1 "o actor ) two p>ts--,dea? & ,life4 ,) only "o play to be play$1 & t a "o-actor play1 !re 0 n mu* ne$ = a /age4 ,a sc5e1 t is a t5t1 0 ne$$1 z we saw1 because all ! danc]s _h to put on _! ritual ge>1 b sc>cely a /age4 ,f a rude plat=m ! prologue might be spok51 & on t plat=m ! ,epiphany or ,appe>ance ( ! ,new ,ye> might take place2 b ! play play$1 ! life-hi/ory ( ! life-_s1 0 all too famili>2 !re 0 no ne$ to look1 ! ?+ 0 to dance4 ,y ne$ a /age--n necess>ily a rais$ /age1 b a place ap>t f ! danc]s--:5 y h new mat]ial = y\r play]s1 some?+ y ne$ to look at1 to att5d to4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 at ,a!ns1 came ! great innovation4 ,in/ead ( ! old plot1 ! life-hi/ory ( ! life-_s1 ) its deadly monotony1 new plots 7 introduc$1 n ( life-spirits b ( human individual h]oes4 ,9 a ^w1 ,hom] came to ,a!ns1 & out ( ,hom]ic /ories playwrights began to make _! plots4 ,?is innovation 0 ! dea? ( ritual monotony & ! drom5on4 ,x is n s mu* ! old t dies z ! new t kills4 99 99 99 99 99 s*ylus himself is report$ to h said t 8 trag$ies 7 slices f ! great banquet ( ,hom]4 ,! metaphor is n a v pleas+ "o1 b x expresses a tru?4 ,by ,hom]1 s*ylus meant n only our ,iliad & ,odyssey1 b ! :ole body ( ,epic or ,h]oic poetry :i* c5tr$ r\nd n only ! ,siege ( ,troy b ! great exp$ition ( ! ,sev5 ,aga9/ ,!bes1 & :i*1 moreov]1 conta9$ ! /ories ( ! h]oes be=e ! siege began1 & _! adv5tures aft] x 0 end$4 ,x 0 f ^! h]oic sagas = ! mo/ "p1 ?\gh n :olly1 t ! my?s or plots ( n only s*ylus b also ,sophocles & ,euripides1 & a ho/ ( o!r writ]s ^: plays are lo/ to u1 are tak54 ,! new w9e t 0 p\r$ into ! old bottles ( ! drom5a at ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival 0 ! h]oic saga4 ,we "k z an hi/orical fact1 ! "n ( ! man :o 0 ma9ly responsible = ?is inp\r+--! great democratic tyrant ,peisi/ratos4 ,we mu/ look = a mom5t at :at ,peisi/ratos f\nd1 & !n pass to :at he did4 ,he f\nd an anci5t ,spr+ drom5on1 p]haps well-nigh effete4 ,)\t de/roy+ ! old he contriv$ to introduce ! new1 to add to ! old plot ( ,summ] & ,w9t] ! life-/ories ( h]oes1 & !reby arose ! drama4 ,let u look fir/1 !n1 at :at ,peisi/ratos f\nd4 ,! ,april fe/ival ( ,dionysos at :i* ! great dramas 7 p]=m$ 0 n ! e>lie/ fe/ival ( ! god4 ,?ucydides#cg expressly tells u t on ! #ab? day ( ! mon? ,an!/]ion1 t is 9 ! q e>ly spr+1 at ! turn ( our ,febru>y & ,m>*1 7 celebrat$ ! m anci5t ,dionysia4 ,x 0 a ?ree-days' fe/ival4#ch ,on ! fir/ day1 call$ ,cask-op5+1 ! j>s ( new w9e 7 broa*$4 ,among ! ,botians ! day 0 call$ n ! day ( ,dionysos1 b ! day ( ! ,good or ,weal?y ,daimon4 ,! next day 0 call$ ! day ( ! ,cups--!re 0 a conte/ or agon ( dr9k+4 ,! la/ day 0 call$ ! ,pots1 & x1 too1 _h its ,pot-,conte/s4 ,x is ! c]emonies ( ?is day t we mu/ notice a little 9 detail2 = !y are v surpris+4 ,casks1 ,cups1 & ,pots1 s\nd primitive en\gh4 ,casks & ,cups g well ) ! w9e-god1 b ! ,pots call = explanation4 ,! second day ( ! ,cups1 joyful ?\gh x s\nds1 0 by ! ,a!nians c\nt$ unlucky1 because on t day !y believ$ ! gho/s ( ! dead rose up4 ,! sanctu>ies 7 rop$ 91 ea* h\sehold] ano9t$ 8 door ) pit*1 t ! gho/ :o tri$ to ent] might cat* & /ick !re4 ,fur!r1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 f e>ly dawn he *ew$ a bit ( buck?orn1 a plant ( /rong purgative p[]s1 s t1 if a gho/ %\ld by evil *ance g d[n 8 ?roat1 x %\ld at lea/ be promptly expell$4 ,= two1 p]haps ?ree1 days ( con/ant anxiety & ceaseless precautions ! gho/s flutt]$ ab\t ,a!ns4 ,m5's he>ts 7 full ( nameless dread1 &1 z we %all see1 hope4 ,at ! close ( ! ?ird day ! gho/s1 or1 z ! ,greeks call$ !m1 ,k]es1 7 bidd5 to g4 ,"s "o1 we d n "k :om1 x may be ea* fa!r ( a h\sehold1 pron\nc$ ! words3 ,out ( ! door1 ye ,k]es2 x is no long] ,an!/]ia1 &1 ob$i5t1 ! ,k]es 7 gone4 ,b be=e !y w5t !re 0 a supp] = ^! s\ls4 ,all ! citiz5s cook$ a pansp]mia or ,pot-(-all-,se$s1 b ( ?is ,pot-(-all-,se$s no citiz5 ta/$4 ,x 0 made ov] to ! spirits ( ! "u-_w & ,h]mes _! daimon1 ,h]mes ,psy*opompos1 ,conductor1 ,lead] ( ! dead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h se5 h[ a =e/ p1 dep5d5t on fruit trees & b]ries = _! food1 w c>ry a maypole & imag9e a tree-_s4 ,b a p ( agriculturi/s w feel & d & ?9k q o!rwise2 !y w look1 n to ! =e/ b to ! e>? = _! return+ life & food2 !y w s[ se$s & wait = _! spr\t+1 z 9 ! g>d5s ( ,adonis4 ,adonis seems to h pass$ ?r\gh ! two /ages ( ,tree-,_s & ,se$-,_s2 8 effigy 0 sometimes a tree cut d[n1 sometimes 8 plant$ ,g>d5s4 ,n[ se$s are _m1 innum]able1 & !y are plant$ 9 ! e>?1 & a p :o bury _! dead "k1 or r feel1 t ! e>? is dead man's l&4 ,s1 :5 !y prep>e a pot ( se$s on _! ,all ,s\ls' ,day1 x is n really or m]ely z a supp] = ! s\ls1 ?\gh x may be t k9dly notion ent]s4 ,! gho/s h o!r "w to d ?an to eat _! supp] & g4 ,!y take t supp] ( all se$s1 t pansp]mia1 ) !m d[n to ! _w bel[1 t !y may t5d x & fo/] x & br+ x back 9 autumn z a pot ( all fruits1 a pank>pia4 ,?\ fool1 t :i* ?\ s[e/ is n quick5$ except x die4 ,! dead1 !n1 z well z ! liv+--?is is = u ! important po9t--_h _! %>e 9 ! drom5a ( ! m anci5t ,dionysia4 ,^! agricultural spr+ drom5a 7 celebrat$ j outside ! anci5t city gates1 9 ! agora1 or place ( assembly1 on a circul> danc+-place1 ne> to a v primitive sanctu>y ( ,dionysos :i* 0 op5$ only once 9 ! ye>1 at ! ,fea/ ( ,cups4 ,j outside ! gates 0 celebrat$ yet ano!r fe/ival ( ,dionysos equally primitive1 call$ ! ,dionysia 9 ! ,fields4 ,x _h ! =m ?\gh n ! date ( our ,may ,day fe/ival4 ,plut>*#ci ?us lam5ts ov] ! good old times3 ,9 anci5t days1 he says1 our fa!rs us$ to keep ! fea/ ( ,dionysos 9 homely1 jovial fa%ion4 ,!re 0 a procession1 a j> ( w9e & a bran*2 !n "s "o dragg$ 9 a goat1 ano!r foll[$ br++ a wick] basket ( figs1 &1 to cr[n all1 ! phallos4 ,x 0 j a fe/ival ( ! fruits ( ! :ole e>?3 w9e & ! basket ( figs & ! bran* = vegetation1 ! goat = animal life1 ! phallos = man4 ,no ?\ght "h ( ! dead1 x is all = ! liv+ & 8 food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* sanctities ev5 a great tyrant might n tamp] )4 ,b if y may n upset ! old y may )\t irrev]5ce add ! new4 ,peisi/ratos probably c>$ little =1 & believ$ less 91 magical c]emonies = ! r5ewal ( fruits1 incantations ( ! dead4 ,we c sc>cely picture him *ew+ buck?orn on ! day ( ! ,cups1 or ano9t+ 8 front door ) pit* to keep out ! gho/s4 ,v wisely he left ! ,an!/]ia & ! k9dr$ fe/ival 9 ! fields :]e & z !y 74 ,b = 8 own purposes he want$ to d hon\r to ,dionysos1 & also above all ?+s to enl>ge & improve ! rites done 9 ! god's hon\r1 s1 leav+ ! old sanctu>y to its fate1 he built a new temple on ! s\? side ( ! ,acropolis :]e ! pres5t !atre n[ /&s1 & consecrat$ to ! god a new & m spl5did prec9ct4 ,he did n build ! pres5t !atre1 we mu/ always rememb] t4 ,! r[s ( /one seats1 ! *ief prie/'s spl5did m>ble *air1 7 n erect$ till two c5turies lat]4 ,:at ,peisi/ratos did 0 to build a small /one temple 7see ,fig4 #b71 & a great r\nd or*e/ra ( /one close beside x4 ,small fragm5ts ( ! circul> f\ndation c /ill be se54 ,! spectators sat on ! hill-side or on wood5 seats2 !re 0 z yet no p]man5t !tron or spectator-place1 /ill less a /one /age2 ! drom5a 7 done on ! danc+-place4 ,b = spectator-place !y _h ! s\? slope ( ! ,acropolis4 ,:at k9d ( wood5 /age !y _h unhappily we _c tell4 ,x may be t only a portion ( ! or*e/ra 0 m>k$ (f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:y did ,peisi/ratos1 if he c>$ little = magic & ance/ral gho/s1 take su* tr\ble to fo/] & amplify ! wor%ip ( ?is maypole-_s1 ,dionysos8 ,:y did he add to ! ,an!/]ia1 ! fe/ival ( ! family gho/s & ! peasant fe/ival 9 ! fields1 a new & spl5did fe/ival1 a little lat] 9 ! spr+1 ! ,great ,dionysia1 or ,dionysia ( ! ,city8 ,"o reason among o!rs 0 ?is--,peisi/ratos 0 a tyrant4 ,n[ a ,greek tyrant 0 n 9 our s5se tyrannical4 ,he took 8 own way1 x is true1 b t way 0 to help & s]ve ! common p4 ,! tyrant 0 usually rais$ to 8 position by ! p1 & he /ood = democracy1 = trade & indu/ry1 z aga9/ an idle ari/ocracy4 ,x 0 b a rudim5t>y democracy1 a democratic tyranny1 ! p[] ve/$ 9 "o man1 b x /ood = ! rights ( ! _m z aga9/ ! few4 ,moreov]1 ,dionysos 0 always ( ! p1 ( ! work+ classes1 j z ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,may are n[4 ,! upp] classes wor%ipp$ !n1 z n[1 n ! ,_s ( ,spr+ b _! own ance/ors4 ,b--& ?is 0 :at ,peisi/ratos ) great insight saw--,dionysos mu/ be transplant$ f ! fields to ! city4 ,! c\ntry is always cons]vative1 ! natural /ronghold ( a l&$ ari/ocracy1 ) fix$ traditions2 ! city ) its clos] contacts & consequ5t swift] *anges1 &1 above all1 ) its acquir$1 n inh]it$1 weal?1 t5ds t[>ds democracy4 ,peisi/ratos left ! ,dionysia 9 ! fields1 b he add$ ! ,great ,dionysia 9 ! city4 ,peisi/ratos 0 n ! only tyrant :o conc]n$ himself ) ! drom5a ( ,dionysos4 ,h]odotos#dj tells ! /ory ( ano!r tyrant1 a /ory :i* is l a w9d[ op5+ sudd5ly on a d>k room4 ,at ,sicyon1 a t[n ne> ,cor9?1 !re 0 9 ! agora a h]oon1 a h]o-tomb1 ( an ,argive h]o1 ,adra/os4 ,! ,sicyonians1 says ,h]odotos1 paid o!r hon\rs to ,adra/os1 &1 moreov]1 !y celebrat$ 8 dea? & disa/]s ) tragic *oruses1 n hon\r+ ,dionysos b ,adra/os4 ,we ?9k ( tragic *oruses z belong+ exclusively to ! !atre & ,dionysos2 s did ,h]odotus1 b cle>ly "h !y belong$ to a local h]o4 ,8 adv5tures & 8 dea? 7 commemorat$ by *oral dances & songs4 ,n[ :5 ,clei/h5es became tyrant ( ,sicyon he felt t ! cult ( ! local h]o 0 a dang]4 ,:at did he d8 ,v adroitly he br\ght 9 f ,!bes ano!r h]o z rival to ,adra/os4 ,he !n split up ! wor%ip ( ,adra/os2 "p ( 8 wor%ip1 & especially 8 sacrifices1 he gave to ! new ,!ban h]o1 b ! tragic *oruses he gave to ! common p's god1 to ,dionysos4 ,adra/os1 ! objectionable h]o1 0 left to dw9dle & die4 ,no local h]o c live on )\t 8 cult4 ,! act ( ,clei/h5es seems to u a v dra/ic proce$+4 ,b p]haps x 0 n really s revolution>y z x seems4 ,! local h]o 0 n s v unlike a local dmon1 a ,spr+ or ,w9t] _s4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,an!/]ia h[ ! pat]nal gho/s are expect$ to look aft] ! se$s 9 spr+4 ,! m important ! gho/ ! m incumb5t is ?is duty ^u him4 ,noblesse oblige4 ,on ! riv] ,olyn?iakos#da 9 ,nor!rn ,greece /ood ! tomb ( ! h]o ,olyn?os1 :o gave ! riv] its "n4 ,9 ! spr+ mon?s ( ,an!/]ion & ,elaphebolion ! riv] rises & an imm5se %oal ( fi% pass f ! lake ( ,bolbe to ! riv] ( ,olyn?iakos1 & ! inhabitants r\nd ab\t c lay 9 a /ore ( salt fi% = all _! ne$s4 ,& x is a wond]ful fact t !y nev] pass by ! monum5t ( ,olyn?us4 ,!y say t =m]ly ! p us$ to p]=m ! accu/om$ rites to ! dead 9 ! mon? ,elaphebolion1 b n[ !y d !m 9 ,an!/]ion1 & t on ?is acc\nt ! fi% come up 9 ^? mon?s only 9 :i* !y are wont to d hon\r to ! dead4 ,! riv] is ! *ief s\rce ( ! food-supply1 s to s5d fi%1 n se$s & fl[]s1 is ! dead h]o's bus9ess4 ,peisi/ratos 0 n s d>+ z ,clei/h5es4 ,we d n he> t he di/urb$ or dim9i%$ any local cult4 ,he did n attempt to move ! ,an!/]ia ) its gho/ cult2 he only add$ a new fe/ival1 & tru/$ to its rec5t spl5d\r gradually to efface ! old4 ,& at ?is new fe/ival he celebrat$ ! de$s ( o!r h]oes1 n local b ( great] spl5d\r & ( wid] fame4 ,if he did n br+ ,hom] to ,a!ns1 he at lea/ gave ,hom] (ficial recognition4 ,n[ to br+ ,hom] to ,a!ns 0 l op5+ ! eyes ( ! bl9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cic]o1 9 speak+ ( ! influ5ce ( ,peisi/ratos on lit]ature1 says3 ,he is said to h arrang$ 9 _! pres5t ord] ! works ( ,hom]1 :i* 7 previ\sly 9 confusion4 ,he arrang$ !m n = :at we %\ld call publication1 b = public recitation1 & ano!r tradition adds t he or 8 son fix$ ! ord] ( _! recitation at ! great fe/ival ( ,all ,a!ns1 ! ,pana!naia4 ,hom]1 ( c\rse1 0 kn[n be=e 9 ,a!ns 9 a scrappy way2 n[ he 0 publicly1 (ficially promulgat$4 ,x is probable1 ?\gh n c]ta91 t ! ,hom] :i* ,peisi/ratos prescrib$ = recitation at ! ,pana!naia 0 j our ,iliad & ,odyssey1 & t ! re/ ( ! h]oic cycle1 all ! rema9+ slices f ! h]oic banquet1 rema9$ z mat]ial = di?yrambs & dramas4 ,! tyranny ( ,peisi/ratos & 8 son la/$ f #efj to #eja ,b4,c42 tradition said t ! fir/ dramatic conte/ 0 held 9 ! new !atre built by ,peisi/ratos 9 #ece ,b4,c41 :5 ,!spis won ! prize4 s*ylus 0 born 9 #ebe ,b4,c42 8 fir/ play1 ) a plot f ! h]oic saga1 ! ,sev5 ,aga9/ ,!bes1 0 produc$ 9 #dfg ,b4,c4 ,x all came v swiftly1 ! %ift f ! di?yramb z ,spr+ ,song to ! h]oic drama 0 accompli%$ 9 some?+ mu* "u a c5tury4 ,its effect on ! :ole ( ,greek life & religion--nay1 on ! :ole ( subsequ5t lit]ature & ?\ght--0 incalculable4 ,let u try to see :y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hom] 0 ! outcome1 ! expression1 ( an h]oic age4 ,:5 we use ! ^w h]oic we ?9k vaguely ( some?+ brave1 brilliant1 spl5did1 some?+ excit+ & invigorat+4 ,a h]o is to u a man ( cle>1 vivid p]sonality1 valiant1 g5]\s1 p]haps hot-temp]$1 a good fri5d & a good hat]4 ,! ^w h]o calls up su* figures z ,a*illes1 ,patroklos1 ,hector1 figures ( passion & adv5ture4 ,n[ su* figures1 ) _! special virtues1 & p]haps _! prop] vices1 are n conf9$ to ,hom]4 ,!y occur 9 any & e h]oic age4 ,we are beg9n+ n[ to see t h]oic poetry1 h]oic *>act]s1 d n arise f any peculi>ity ( race or ev5 ( geographical surr\nd+s1 b1 giv5 c]ta9 social conditions1 !y may1 & d1 appe> any:]e & at any "t4 ,! _w has se5 sev]al h]oic ages1 ?\gh x is1 p]haps1 d\btful if x w ev] see ano!r4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! conditions t produce an h]oic age8 & :y 0 ?is influx ( h]oic poetry1 com+ j :5 x did1 ( su* imm5se influ5ce on1 & importance to1 ! developm5t ( ,greek dramatic art8 ,:y _h x p[] to *ange ! old1 /iff1 ritual di?yramb into ! new & liv+ drama8 ,:y1 above all ?+s1 did ! democratic tyrant ,peisi/ratos s eag]ly welcome x to ,a!ns8 ,9 ! old ritual dance ! individual 0 no?+1 ! *oral b&1 ! gr\p1 ev]y?+1 & 9 ?is x did b reflect primitive tribal life4 ,n[ 9 ! h]oic saga ! individual is ev]y?+1 ! mass ( ! p1 ! tribe1 or ! gr\p1 are b a %ad[y backgr\nd :i* ?r[s up ! brilliant1 cle>-cut p]sonality into a m vivid light4 ,! epic poet is all tak5 up ) :at he call$ klea &ron1 glori\s de$s ( m51 ( individual h]oes2 & :at ^! h]oes !mselves ard5tly long & pray = is j ?is glory1 ?is p]sonal di/9ction1 ?is dea?less fame = _! great de$s4 ,:5 ! armies meet x is ! lead]s :o fight 9 s+le combat4 ,^! glori\s h]oes are = ! mo/ "p k+s1 b n k+s 9 ! old s5se1 n h]$it>y k+s b\nd to ! soil & responsible = its f]tility4 ,r !y are lead]s 9 w> & adv5ture2 ! homage paid !m is a p]sonal devotion = p]sonal "*2 ! lead] mu/ w9 8 foll[]s by brav]y1 he mu/ keep !m by p]sonal g5]osity4 ,moreov]1 h]oic w>s are (t5e/ n tribal feuds consequ5t on tribal raids1 m (t5 !y arise f p]sonal grievances1 p]sonal jeal\sies2 ! siege ( ,troy is und]tak5 n because ! ,trojans h raid$ ! cattle ( ! ,a*ans1 b because a s+le ,trojan1 ,p>is1 has c>ri$ (f ,hel51 a s+le ,a*an's wife4 ,ano!r noticeable po9t is t 9 h]oic poems sc>cely any "o is safely & quietly at home4 ,! h]oes are fight+ 9 f>-(f l&s or voyag+ by sea2 h5ce we he> little ( tribal & ev5 ( family ties4 ,! real c5tre is n ! he>?1 b ! lead]'s t5t or %ip4 ,local ties t b9d to p>ticul> spots ( e>? are cut1 local diff]5ces fall into abeyance1 a sort ( cosmopolitanism1 a =eca/ ( pan-,hell5ism1 beg9s to arise4 ,& a curi\s po9t--all ?is is reflect$ 9 ! gods4 ,we he> sc>cely any?+ ( local cults1 no?+ at all ( local magical maypoles & ,c>ry+s-out ( ,w9t] & ,br++s-9 ( ,summ]1 no?+ :atev] ( ,supp]s = ! s\ls1 or ev5 ( wor%ip paid to p>ticul> local h]oes4 ,a man's gho/ :5 he dies does n abide 9 its grave ready to rise at spr+time & help ! se$s to spr\t2 x goes to a remote & %ad[y region1 a common1 pan-,hell5ic ,hades4 ,& s ) ! gods !mselves2 !y are cut clean f e>? & f ! local bits ( e>? out ( :i* !y grew--! sacr$ trees & holy /ones & riv]s & /ill holi] bea/s4 ,!re is n a holy ,bull to be f\nd 9 all ,olympus1 only figures ( m51 bright & vivid & int5sely p]sonal1 l s _m glorifi$1 transfigur$ ,hom]ic h]oes4 ,9 a ^w1 ! h]oic _s1 z se5 9 h]oic poetry1 is ! outcome ( a society cut loose f its roots1 ( a "t ( migrations1 ( ! %ift+ ( populations4#db ,b m is ne$$1 & j ?is some?+ m ! age t gave bir? to ,hom] _h4 ,we "k n[ t be=e ! nor!rn p :om we call ,greeks1 & :o call$ !mselves ,hell5es1 came d[n into ,greece1 !re _h gr[n up 9 ! bas9 ( ! gean a civilization spl5did1 weal?y1 ri* 9 art & already anci5t1 ! civilization t has come to light at ,troy1 ,myc51 ,tiryns1 & mo/ ( all 9 ,crete4 ,! adv5tur]s f ,nor? & ,s\? came ^u a l& ri* 9 spoils1 :]e a *iefta9 ) a b& ( h>dy foll[]s might sack a city & d[] himself & 8 m5 ) sudd5 weal?4 ,su* conditions1 su* a contact ( new & old1 ( settl$ spl5d\r beset by unbridl$ adv5ture1 g to ! mak+ ( a h]oic age1 its virtues & its vices1 its obvi\s beauty & its hidd5 ugl9ess4 ,9 settl$1 social conditions1 z has be5 well rem>k$1 mo/ ( ! h]oes w\ld soon] or lat] h f\nd !mselves 9 prison4 ,a h]oic age1 happily = society1 _c la/ long2 x has ab\t x :ile x does la/ a %e5 ( pass+ & pa!tic spl5d\r1 su* z t :i* lights up ! figure ( ,a*illes1 b x is b\nd to fade & pass4 ,a h]oic society is almo/ a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,h]oism is = individuals4 ,if a society is to g on at all x mu/ /rike its roots deep 9 "s soil1 native or ali54 ,! b&s ( adv5tur]s mu/ disb& & g home1 or settle anew on ! l& !y h conqu]$4 ,!y mu/ beat _! swords into pl[%>es & _! spe>s into prun+-hooks4 ,_! gallant1 glori\s lead] mu/ become a sob]1 home-keep+1 law-giv+ & law-abid+ k+2 8 foll[]s mu/ abate _! individuality & make x subs]ve a common social purpose4 ,a!ns1 9 h] %elt]$ p59sula1 lay some:at outside ! tide ( migrations & h]oic exploits4 ,h] population & t ( all ,attica rema9$ comp>atively un*ang$2 h] k+s are k+s ( ! /ation>y1 law-abid+1 /ate-re=m+ type2 ,cecrops1 ,ere*!us1 ,!seus1 are n spl5did1 fla%+1 all-conqu]+ figures l ,a*illes & ,agamemnon4 ,a!ns might1 x w\ld seem1 b = ! com+ ( ,hom]1 h la9 /agnant 9 a backwat] ( cons]vatism1 cont5t to g on *ant+ h] traditional ,spr+ ,songs ye> by ye>4 ,x is a wond]ful ?+ t ?is city ( ,a!ns1 belov$ ( ! gods1 %\ld h be5 sav$ f ! /orm & /ress1 %elt]$ f :at might h brok51 ev5 %att]$ h]1 sp>$ ! actual horrors ( a h]oic age1 yet giv5 h]oic poetry1 giv5 ! cle> w9e-cup p\r$ :5 ! f]m5t 0 ov]4 ,%e drank ( x deep & 0 glad & rose up l a giant refre%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h se5 t to make up a h]oic age !re mu/ be two factors1 ! new & ! old2 ! "y1 vigor\s1 w>like p mu/ seize on1 appropriate1 9 "p assimilate1 an old & weal?y civilization4 ,x almo/ seems z if we might g a /ep f>!r1 & say t = e great movem5t 9 art or lit]ature we mu/ h ! same conditions1 a contact ( new & old1 ( a new _s seiz+ or appropriat$ by an old e/abli%$ ord]4 ,anyh[ = ,a!ns ! hi/orical fact /&s c]ta94 ,! amaz+ developm5t ( ! fif?-c5tury drama is j ?is1 ! old vessel ( ! ritual ,di?yramb fill$ to ! full ) ! new w9e ( ! h]oic saga2 & x w\ld seem t x 0 by ! h& ( ,peisi/ratos1 ! great democratic tyrant1 t ! new w9e 0 outp\r$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* 7 r\ghly ! outside conditions "u :i* ! drama ( art grew out ( ! drom5a ( ritual4 ,! racial secret ( ! individual g5ius ( s*ylus & ! =gott5 m5 :o prec$$ him we _c hope to t\*4 ,we c only try to see ! conditions 9 :i* !y work$ & m>k ! spl5did new mat]ial t lay to _! h&s4 ,above all ?+s we c see t ?is mat]ial1 ^! ,hom]ic saga1 7 j fitt$ to give ! ne$$ impulse to art4 ,! ,hom]ic saga _h = an ,a!nian poet j t remot5ess f imm$iate action :i*1 z we h se51 is ! ess5ce ( art z contra/$ ) ritual4 ,tradition says t ! ,a!nians f9$ ! dramatic poet ,phryni*us = *oos+ z ! plot ( "o ( 8 trag$ies ! ,tak+ ( ,miletus4 ,probably ! f9e 0 inflict$ = political p>ty reasons1 & _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! "q ( :e!r ! subject 0 arti/ic or n4 ,b ! /ory may /&1 & inde$ 0 lat] und]/ood to be1 a sort ( allegory z to ! attitude ( art t[>ds life4 ,to und]/& & /ill m to contemplate life y mu/ come out f ! *oral dance ( life & /& ap>t4 ,9 ! case ( "o's own sorr[s1 be !y national or p]sonal1 ?is is all b impossible4 ,we c ritualize our sorr[s1 b n turn !m into trag$ies4 ,we _c /& back f> en\gh to see ! picture2 we want to be do+1 or at lea/ lam5t+4 ,9 ! case ( ! sorr[s ( o!rs ?is /&+ back is all too easy4 ,we n only be> _! pa9 ) easy /oicism1 b we picture x dispassionately at a safe di/ance2 we feel ab\t r ?an ) x4 ,! tr\ble is t we d n feel en\gh4 ,su* 0 ! attitude ( ! ,a!nian t[>ds ! do+s & suff]+s ( ,hom]ic h]oes4 ,!y /ood t[>ds !m z spectators4 ,^! h]oes _h n ! intimate sanctity ( home-gr[n ?+s1 b !y _h suffici5t traditional sanctity to make !m acceptable z ! mat]ial ( drama4 ,adequately sacr$ ?\gh !y 71 !y 7 yet free & flexible4 ,x is impiety to alt] ! my? ( y\r local h]o1 x is impossible to reca/ ! my? ( y\r local dmon--t is fix$ =ev]--8 conflict1 8 agon1 8 dea?1 8 pa?os1 8 ,resurrection & its h]ald+1 8 ,epiphany4 ,b ! /ories ( ,agamemnon & ,a*illes1 ?\gh at home ^! h]oes 7 local daimones1 h already be5 v>i\sly told 9 _! w&]+s f place to place1 & y c m\ld !m m or less to y\r w4 ,moreov]1 ^! figures are already p]sonal & individual1 n repres5tative puppets1 m]e function>ies l ! ,may ,que5 & ,w9t]2 !y h life-hi/ories ( _! own1 nev] q to be repeat$4 ,x is 9 ?is bl5d ( ! individual & ! g5]al1 ! p]sonal & ! univ]sal1 t "o elem5t at lea/ ( all really great art w be f\nd to lie2 & j "h at ,a!ns we get a glimpse ( ! mom5t ( fusion2 we see a def9ite hi/orical reason :y & h[ ! univ]sal 9 drom5a came to include ! p>ticul> 9 drama4 ,we see1 moreov]1 h[ 9 place ( ! old monoton\s plots1 intimately connect$ ) actual practical ne$s1 we get mat]ial cut (f f imm$iate reactions1 se5 z x 7 at ! "r di/ance1 remote yet n too remote4 ,we see1 9 a ^w1 h[ a ritual enact$ ye> by ye> became a "w ( art t 0 a possession = ev]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,possibly 9 ! m9d ( ! read] !re may h be5 = "s "t a gr[+ discom=t1 an in>ticulate prote/4 ,all ?is ab\t drom5a & drama & di?yrambs1 be>s & bulls1 ,may ,que5s & ,tree-,spirits1 ev5 ab\t ,hom]ic h]oes1 is all v well1 curi\s & p]haps ev5 9 a way int]e/+1 b x is n at all :at he expect$1 /ill less :at he wants4 ,:5 he b\ght a book ) ! odd incongru\s title1 ,anci5t ,art & ,ritual1 he 0 prep>$ to put up ) "s rem>ks on ! arti/ic side ( ritual1 b he did expect to be told some?+ ab\t :at ! ord9>y man calls art1 t is1 /atues & pictures4 ,greek drama is no d\bt a =m ( anci5t art1 b act+ is n to ! read]'s m9d ! *ief ( arts4 ,nay1 m1 he has he>d d\bts rais$ lately--& he %>es !m--z to :e!r act+ & danc+1 ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 said1 are prop]ly speak+ arts at all4 ,n[ ab\t pa9t+ & sculpture !re is no d\bt4 ,let u come to bus9ess4 ,to a bus9ess s beautiful & pleasant z ,greek sculpture we %all gladly come1 b a ^w mu/ fir/ be said to expla9 ! reason ( our long delay4 ,! ma9 cont5tion ( ! pres5t book is t ritual & art h1 9 emotion t[>ds life1 a common root1 & fur!r1 t primitive art develops normally1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! drama1 /raight out ( ritual4 ,! nature ( t primitive ritual f :i* ! drama arose is n v famili> to ,engli% read]s4 ,x has be5 necess>y to /ress its *>act]i/ics4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e1 all ov] ! _w1 x is f\nd t primitive ritual consi/s1 n 9 pray] & praise & sacrifice1 b 9 mimetic danc+4 ,b x is 9 ,greece1 & p]haps ,greece only1 9 ! religion ( ,dionysos1 t we c actually trace1 if dimly1 ! transition /eps t l$ f dance to drama1 f ritual to art4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ( ! fir/ importance to realize ! nature ( ! di?yramb f :i* ! drama rose1 & s f> z might be to m>k ! cause & circum/ances ( ! transition4 ,leav+ ! drama1 we come 9 ! next *apt] to ,sculpture2 & "h1 too1 we %all see h[ closely art 0 %ad[$ by t ritual out ( :i* %e sprang4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,see ,bibliography at end = ,pr(essor ,murray's exam9ation4 #cf ,mr4 ,edw>d ,bull\gh1 ,! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology 7#aiab71 p4 #hh4 #cg ,,ii1 #ae4 #ch ,see my ,!mis1 p4 #bhi1 & ,prolegom5a1 p4 #ce4 #ci ,de ,cupid4 div4 #h4 #dj ,v1 #ff4 #da ,a!n41 ,,viii1 ii1 #ccd f4 ,see my ,prolegom5a1 p4 #ed4 #db ,?anks to ,mr4 ,h4,m4 ,*adwick's ,h]oic ,age 7#aiab74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,greek ,,sculpture3 ,,! ,,pana!naic ,,frieze ,,& ,,! ,,apollo ,,belv$]e ,9 pass+ f ! drama to ,sculpture we make a great leap4 ,we pass f ! liv+ ?+1 ! dance or ! play act$ by real p1 ! ?+ done1 :e!r z ritual or art1 :e!r drom5on or drama1 to ! ?+ made1 ca/ 9 outside mat]ial rigid =m1 a ?+ t c be look$ at aga9 & aga91 b ! mak+ ( :i* c nev] actually be re-liv$ :e!r by arti/ or spectator4 ,moreov]1 we come to a cle> ?reefold di/9ction & division hi!rto neglect$4 ,we mu/ at la/ %>ply diff]5tiate ! arti/1 ! "w ( art1 & ! spectator4 ,! arti/ may1 & usually inde$ does1 become ! spectator ( 8 own "w1 b ! spectator is n ! arti/4 ,! "w ( art is1 once execut$1 =ev] di/9ct bo? f arti/ & spectator4 ,9 ! primitive *oral dance all ?ree--arti/1 "w ( art1 spectator--7 fus$1 or r n yet diff]5tiat$4 ,h&books on art are apt to beg9 ) ! discussion ( rude decorative patt]ns1 & aft] lead+ up ?r\gh sculpture & pa9t+1 some?+ vague is said at ! end ab\t ! primitiv5ess ( ! ritual dance4 ,b hi/orically & also g5etically or logically ! dance 9 its in*oat5ess1 its undiff]5tiat$ness1 comes fir/4 ,x has 9 x a l>g] elem5t ( emotion1 & less ( pres5tation4 ,x is ?is in*oat5ess1 ?is undiff]5tiat$ness1 t1 ap>t f hi/orical fact1 makes u feel sure t logically ! dance is primitive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to illu/rate ! mean+ ( ,greek sculpture & %[ its close aff9ity ) ritual1 we %all take two in/ances1 p]haps ! be/-kn[n ( ^? t survive1 "o ( !m 9 relief1 ! o!r 9 ! r\nd1 ! ,pana!naic frieze ( ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns & ! ,apollo ,belv$]e1 & we %all take !m 9 *ronological ord]4 ,z ! actual frieze & ! /atue _c be be=e u1 we %all discuss no te*nical que/ions ( /yle or treatm5t1 b simply ask h[ !y came to be1 :at human ne$ d !y express4 ,! ,p>!non frieze is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,apollo ,belv$]e is 9 ! ,vatican at ,rome1 b is readily accessible 9 ca/s or photographs4 ,! outl9es giv5 9 ,figs4 #e & #f c ( c\rse only s]ve to recall subject-matt] & design4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,pana!naic frieze once decorat$ ! cella or inn]mo/ %r9e ( ! ,p>!non1 ! temple ( ! ,maid5 ,goddess ,a!na4 ,x tw9$ l a ribbon r\nd ! br[ ( ! build+ & !nce x 0 torn by ,"l ,elg9 & br\ght home to ! ,briti% ,museum z a national trophy1 = ! price ( a few hundr$ p\nds ( c(fee & y>ds ( sc>let clo?4 ,to realize its mean+ we mu/ always ?9k x back into its place4 ,inside ! cella1 or %r9e1 dwelt ! goddess h]self1 h] great image 9 gold & ivory2 outside ! %r9e 0 sculptur$ h] wor%ip by ! :ole ( h] p4 ,= ! frieze is no?+ b a great ritual procession translat$ into /one1 ! ,pana!naic procession1 or procession ( all ! ,a!nians1 ( all ,a!ns1 9 hon\r ( ! goddess :o 0 b ! city inc>nate1 ,a!na4 ,a wond] en?ron$ on ! hills & ! sea1 ,a maid5 cr[n$ ) a f\rfold glory1 ,t none f ! pride ( h] head may r5d2 ,violet & olive leaf1 purple & ho>y1 ,song-wrea? & /ory ! faire/ ( fame1 ,fl[]s t ! w9t] c bla/ n nor b5d1 ,a light ^u e>? z ! sun's own flame1 ,a "n z 8 "n-- ,a!ns1 a praise )\t end4 ,,sw9burne3 ,ere*!us1 #ada4 ,sculptural ,art1 at lea/ 9 ?is in/ance1 comes out ( ritual1 has ritual z its subject1 is embodi$ ritual4 ,! read] p]haps at ?is po9t may suspect t he is be+ juggl$ )1 t1 out ( ! ?\s&s ( ,greek reliefs t rema9 to u1 j ?is "o in/ance has be5 select$ to bol/] up ! writ]'s art & ritual !ory4 ,he has only to walk ?r\gh any museum to be conv9c$ at once t ! au?or is play+ q fair4 ,practically ! :ole ( ! reliefs t rema9 to u f ! ar*aic p]iod1 & a v l>ge proportion ( ^? at lat] date1 :5 !y d n repres5t h]oic my?ology1 are ritual reliefs1 votive reliefs z we call !m2 t is1 pray]s or praises translat$ into /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,pana!naic ,procession4 ,( ! *oral dance we h he>d mu*1 ( ! procession b little1 yet its ritual importance 0 great4 ,9 religion to-day ! dance is dead save = ! dance ( ! *ori/]s be=e ! alt> at ,seville4 ,b ! procession lives on1 has ev5 tak5 to itself new life4 ,x is a means ( br++ masses ( p toge!r1 ( ord]+ !m & co-ord9at+ !m4 ,x is a means = ! magical spread ( suppos$ good influ5ce1 ( grace4 ,witness ! ,beat+ ( ! ,b\nds & ! frequ5t processions ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t 9 ,roman ,ca?olic l&s4 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,may & ! ,jack-9-!-,gre5 /ill g f h\se to h\se4 ,n[-a-days x is to collect p5ce2 once x 0 to diffuse grace & increase4 ,we rememb] ! procession ( ! holy ,bull at ,magnesia & ! holy ,be> at ,saghali5 7pp4 #ib-ajj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,pana!naic ,procession4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! object ( ! ,pana!naic procession8 ,x 0 fir/1 z its "n indicates1 a procession t br\ght all ,a!ns toge!r4 ,its object 0 social & political1 to express ! unity ( ,a!ns4 ,ritual 9 primitive times is always social1 collective4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! procession is %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d 7pp4 #agd1 #age74 ,9 ,fig4 #c we see ! procession z x 7 9 real life1 j z x is ab\t to ent] ! temple & ! pres5ce ( ! ,twelve ,gods4 ,^! gods are %ad$ black because 9 reality invisible4 ,fig4 #d is a diagram %[+ ! position ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! procession 9 ! sculptural frieze4 ,at ! we/ end ( ! temple ! procession beg9s to =m3 ! y\?s ( ,a!ns are m\nt+ _! horses4 ,x divides1 z x ne$s mu/1 into two halves1 "o sculptur$ on ! nor?1 "o on ! s\? side ( ! cella4 ,aft] ! ?rong ( ! cavalry gett+ d5s] & d5s] we come to ! *>iots1 next ! sacrificial animals1 %eep & re/ive c[s1 !n ! in/rum5ts ( sacrifice1 flutes & lyres & baskets & trays = (f]+s2 m5 :o c>ry blossom+ olive-b\ghs2 maid5s ) wat]-vessels & dr9k+-cups4 ,! :ole tumult ( ! ga!r+ is m>%all$ & at la/ met &1 z x 71 held 9 *eck1 by a b& ( magi/rates :o face ! procession j z x ent]s ! pres5ce ( ! twelve seat$ gods1 at ! ea/ end4 ,! :ole body politic ( ! gods has come d[n to fea/ ) ! :ole body politic ( ,a!ns & h] allies1 ( :om ^! gods are b ! projection & reflection4 ,! gods are !re toge!r because man is collectively assembl$4 ,! great procession culm9ates 9 a sacrifice & a communal fea/1 a sacram5tal fea/ l t on ! fle% ( ! holy ,bull at ,magnesia4 ,! ,pana!naia 0 a high fe/ival includ+ rites & c]emonies ( div]se dates1 an arm$ dance ( immemorial antiquity t may h dat$ f ! days :5 ,a!ns 0 subject to ,crete1 & a recitation ord]$ by ,peisi/ratos ( ! poems ( ,hom]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s !ori/s h se5 9 art only an ext5sion ( ! play in/9ct1 j a lib]ation ( sup]flu\s vitality & en]gies1 z x 7 a rehe>s+ = life4 ,?is is n our view1 b into all art1 9 s f> z x is a cutt+ (f ( motor reactions1 !re c]ta9ly ent]s an elem5t ( recreation4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t to ! ,greek m9d religion 0 specially connect$ ) ! notion r ( a fe/ival ?an a fa/4 ,?ucydides#dc is assur$ly by nature no revell]1 yet religion is to him ma9ly a re/ f toil4 ,he makes ,p]ikles say3 ,moreov]1 we h provid$ = our _s by _m opportunities ( recreation1 by ! celebration ( games & sacrifices ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,to ! anonym\s writ] kn[n z ! ,old ,olig>* ! ma9 gi/ ( religion appe>s to be a decor\s social enjoym5t4 ,9 easy ari/ocratic fa%ion he rejoices t religi\s c]emonials exi/ to provide = ! less well-to-d citiz5s suitable amusem5ts t !y w\ld o!rwise lack4 ,z to sacrifices & sanctu>ies & fe/ivals & prec9cts1 ! ,p1 kn[+ t x is impossible = ea* man individually to sacrifice & fea/ & h sacrifices & an ample & beautiful city1 has discov]$ by :at means he may enjoy ^! privileges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! procession ( ! ,pana!naia all ,a!ns 0 ga!r$ toge!r1 b--& ?is is important--= a special purpose1 m primitive ?an any great political or social union4 ,happily ?is purpose is cle>2 x is depict$ 9 ! c5tral slab ( ! ea/ end ( ! frieze 7,fig4 #e74 ,a prie/ is !re repres5t$ receiv+ f ! h&s ( a boy a great peplos or robe4 ,x is ! sacr$ robe ( ,a!na wov5 = h] & embroid]$ by "y ,a!nian maid5s & (f]$ to h] e five ye>s4 ,! great gold & ivory /atue 9 ! ,p>!non itself _h no ne$ ( a robe2 %e w\ld sc>cely h kn[n :at to d ) "o2 h] raim5t 0 already ( wr\ght gold1 %e c>ri$ helmet & spe> & %ield4 ,b !re 0 an anci5t image ( ,a!na1 an old ,madonna ( ! p1 fa%ion$ be=e ,a!na became a w>rior maid54 ,?is image 0 rudely hewn 9 wood1 x 0 dress$ & deck$ doll-fa%ion l a ,may ,que51 & to h] ! great peplos 0 d$icat$4 ,! peplos 0 hoi/$ z a sail on ! ,pana!naic %ip1 & ?is %ip ,a!na _h borr[$ f ,dionysos himself1 :o w5t e spr+ 9 procession 9 a %ip-c> on :eels to op5 ! season = sail+4 ,to a seaf>+ p l ! ,a!nians ! op5+ ( ! sail+ season 0 all-important1 & naturally began n at midsumm] b 9 spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! sacr$ peplos1 or robe1 takes u back to ! old days :5 ! _s ( ! ye> & ! luck ( ! p 0 b\nd up ) a rude image4 ,! life ( ! ye> di$ out ea* ye> & _h to be r5ew$4 ,to make a new image 0 exp5sive & inconv5i5t1 s1 ) primitive economy x 0 decid$ t ! life & luck ( ! image %\ld be r5ew$ by re-dress+ x1 by (f]+ to x ea* ye> a new robe4 ,we rememb] 7p4 #fj7 h[ 9 ,?ur+ia ! new puppet wore ! %irt ( ! old & !reby new life 0 pass$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,b beh9d ! old image we c get to a /age /ill e>li]1 :5 !re 0 at ! ,pana!naia no image at all1 only a ye>ly maypole2 a b\gh hung ) ribbons & cakes & fruits & ! l4 ,a b\gh 0 cut f ! sacr$ olive tree ( ,a!ns1 call$ ! ,moria or ,fate ,tree4 ,x 0 b\nd ab\t ) fillets & hung ) fruit & nuts &1 9 ! fe/ival ( ! ,pana!naia1 !y c>ri$ x up to ! ,acropolis to give to ,a!na ,polias1 ,h]-(-!-,city1 & z !y w5t !y sang ! old ,eiresione song 7p4 #aad74 ,polias is b ! city1 ! ,polis inc>nate4 ,?is ,moria1 or ,fate ,tree1 0 ! v life ( ,a!ns2 ! life ( ! olive :i* f$ h] & light$ h] 0 ! v life ( ! city4 ,:5 ! ,p]sian ho/ sack$ ! ,acropolis !y burnt ! holy olive1 & x seem$ t all 0 ov]4 ,b next day x put =? a new %oot & ! p knew t ! city's life /ill liv$4 ,sophocles#dd sang ( ! glory ( ! wondr\s life tree ( ,a!ns3 ,! unt5d$1 ! self-plant$1 self-def5d$ f ! foe1 ,sea-gray1 *ildr5-nurtur+ olive tree t "h delights to gr[1 ,none may take nor t\* nor h>m x1 head/rong y\? nor age gr[n bold4 ,= ! r\nd ( ,morian ,zeus has be5 its wat*] f ( old2 ,he beholds x1 &1 ,a!ne1 ?y own sea-gray eyes behold4 ,! holy tree c>ri$ 9 procession is1 l ! image ( ,a!na1 made ( olive-wood1 j ! inc>nate life ( ,a!ns ev] r5ew$4 ,! ,pana!naia 0 n1 l ! ,di?yramb1 a spr+ fe/ival4 ,x took place 9 ,july at ! height ( ! summ] heat1 :5 ne$ = ra9 0 ! greate/4 ,b ! mon? ,hecatombaion1 9 :i* x 0 celebrat$1 0 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,a!nian ye> & ! day ( ! fe/ival 0 ! bir?day ( ! goddess4 ,:5 ! goddess became a w>-goddess1 x 0 fabl$ t %e 0 born 9 ,olympus1 & t %e sprang full gr[n f h] fa!r's head 9 glitt]+ arm\r4 ,b %e 0 really born on e>?1 & ! day ( h] bir? 0 ! bir?day ( e e>?born goddess1 ! day ( ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>1 ) its return+ life4 ,:5 m5 obs]ve only ! actual gr[? ( new gre5 life f ! gr\nd1 ?is bir?day w be 9 spr+2 :5 !y beg9 to "k t ! seasons dep5d on ! sun1 or :5 ! heat ( ! sun causes great ne$ ( ra91 x w be at midsumm]1 at ! sol/ice1 or 9 nor!rn regions :]e m5 fe> to lose ! sun 9 midw9t]1 z ) u4 ,! frieze ( ! ,p>!non is1 !n1 b a primitive fe/ival translat$ into /one1 a rite froz5 to a monum5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pass+ ov] a long space ( "t we come to our next illu/ration1 ! ,apollo ,belv$]e 7,fig4 #f74 ,x might seem t "h at la/ we h no?+ primitive2 "h we h art pure & simple1 ideal art utt]ly cut loose f ritual1 art = art's sake4 ,yet 9 ?is ,apollo ,belv$]e1 ?is product ( late & accompli%$1 ev5 decad5t art1 we %all see mo/ cle>ly ! intimate relation ( art & ritual2 we %all1 z x 71 walk actually across t transition bridge ( ritual :i* leads f actual life to art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! ,apollo ,belv$]e4 ,! date ( ?is fam\s ,apollo _c be fix$1 b x is cle>ly a copy ( a type belong+ to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! poise ( ! figure is s+ul> &1 till its int5t is grasp$1 unsatisfactory4 ,apollo is caught 9 swift motion b seems1 z he /&s delicately pois$1 to be ab\t to fly r ?an to run4 ,he /&s tiptoe & 9 a mom5t w h left ! e>?4 ,! ,greek sculptor's g5ius 0 all focuss$1 z we %all pres5tly see1 on ! human figure & on ! ma/]y ( its _m possibilities ( movem5t & action4 ,greek /atues c r\ghly be dat$ by ! way !y /&4 ,at fir/1 9 ! ar*aic p]iod1 !y /& firmly plant$ ) equal weight on ei!r foot1 ! feet close toge!r4 ,!n "o foot is advanc$1 b ! weight /ill equally divid$1 an almo/ impossible position4 ,next1 ! weight is ?r[n on ! "r foot2 & ! left knee is b5t4 ,?is is ( all positions ! lovelie/ = ! human body4 ,we all[ x to wom51 =bid x to m5 save to /hetes4 ,if ! back numb]s ( ,pun* be exam9$ = ! figure ( ,po/le?waite x w be se5 t he always /&s 9 ?is *>act]i/ic relax$ pose4 ,:5 ! sculptor has ma/]$ ! possible he be?9ks him ( ! impossible4 ,he w r5d] ! human body fly+4 ,x may h be5 ! accid5t ( a my?ological subject t fir/ sugge/$ ! motive4 ,leo*>es1 a fam\s arti/ ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 made a gr\p ( ,zeus 9 ! =m ( an eagle c>ry+ (f ,ganym$e4 ,a replica ( ! gr\p is pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican1 & %\ld /& = comp>ison ne> ! ,apollo4 ,we h ! same tiptoe poise1 ! figure j ab\t to leave ! e>?4 ,aga91 x is n a dance1 b a flight4 ,?is poise is sugge/ive to u because x m>ks an art cut loose1 z f> z may be1 f e>? & its realities1 ev5 its rituals4 ,:at is x t ,apollo is do+8 ,! "q & sugge/$ answ]s h occupi$ _m treatises4 ,!re is only "o answ]3 ,we d n "k4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ! ,apollo _h j drawn 8 b[ & %ot an arr[4 ,?is sugge/ion 0 made to acc\nt = ! pose2 b t1 z we h se51 is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! flight-motive4 ,ano!r possible solution is t ,apollo br&i%es 9 8 uplift$ h& ! gis1 or goatsk9 %ield1 ( ,zeus4 ,ano!r sugge/ion is t he holds z (t5 a lu/ral1 or laurel b\gh1 t he is figur$ z ,daphnephoros1 ,laurel-,be>]4 ,we d n "k if ! ,belv$]e ,apollo c>ri$ a laurel1 b we d "k t x 0 ( ! v ess5ce ( ! god to be a ,laurel-,be>]4 ,t1 z we %all see 9 a mom5t1 he1 l ,dionysos1 arose 9 "p out ( a rite1 a rite ( ,laurel-,be>+--a ,daphnephoria4 ,we h n got cle> ( ritual yet4 ,:5 ,pausanias1#de ! anci5t travell]1 ^: notebook is our *ief s\rce ab\t ^! e>ly fe/ivals1 came to ,!bes he saw a hill sacr$ to ,apollo1 & aft] describ+ ! temple on ! hill he says3 ,! foll[+ cu/om is /ill1 ,i "k1 obs]v$ at ,!bes4 ,a boy ( di/+ui%$ family & himself well-look+ & /rong is made ! prie/ ( ,apollo1 = ! space ( a ye>4 ,! title giv5 him is ,laurel-,be>] 7,daphnephoros71 = ^! boys we> wrea?s made ( laurel4 ,we "k = c]ta9 n[ :at ^! ye>ly prie/s are3 !y are ! ,k+s ( ! ,ye>1 ! ,spirits ( ! ,ye>1 ,may-,k+s1 ,jacks-o'-!-,gre54 ,! "n giv5 to ! boy is en\gh to %[ he c>ri$ a laurel bran*1 ?\gh ,pausanias only m5tions a wrea?4 ,ano!r anci5t writ] gives u m details4#df ,he says 9 describ+ ! fe/ival ( ! ,laurel-,be>+3 ,!y wrea! a pole ( olive wood ) laurel & v>i\s fl[]s4 ,on ! top is fitt$ a bronze globe f :i* !y susp5d small] ones4 ,midway r\nd ! pole !y place a less] globe1 b9d+ x ) purple fillets1 b ! end ( ! pole is deck$ ) saffron4 ,by ! topmo/ globe !y mean ! sun1 to :i* !y actually comp>e ,apollo4 ,! globe b5ea? ?is is ! moon2 ! small] globes hung on are ! />s & con/ellations1 & ! fillets are ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 = !y make !m #cfe 9 numb]4 ,! ,daphnephoria is head$ by a boy1 bo? ^: p>5ts are alive1 & 8 ne>e/ male relation c>ries ! fillet$ pole4 ,! ,laurel-,be>] himself1 :o foll[s next1 holds on to ! laurel2 he has 8 hair hang+ loose1 he we>s a gold5 wrea?1 & he is dress$ out 9 a spl5did robe to 8 feet & he we>s light %oes4 ,!re foll[s him a b& ( maid5s hold+ out b\ghs be=e !m1 to en=ce ! supplication ( ! hymns4 ,?is is ! mo/ elaborate maypole c]emony t we "k ( 9 anci5t times4 ,! globes repres5t+ sun & moon %[ u t we h come to a "t :5 m5 "k t ! fruits ( ! e>? 9 due season dep5d$ on ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! ye> ) its #cfe days is a ,sun-,ye>4 ,once ?is ,sun-,ye> e/abli%$ & we f9d t ! times ( ! sol/ices1 midw9t] & midsumm] became z1 or ev5 m1 important ?an ! spr+ itself4 ,! date ( ! ,daphnephoria is n kn[n4 ,at ,delphi itself1 ! c5tre ( ,apollo-wor%ip1 !re 0 a fe/ival call$ ! ,/ept]ia1 or fe/ival ( ^? :o make ! wrea!s1 9 :i* my/]y a ,*ri/ian ,bi%op1 ,/4 ,cyprian1 tells u he 0 initiat$4 ,9 f>-(f ,tempe--t wond]ful valley t is /ill ! gre5e/ spot 9 /ony1 b>r5 ,greece1 & :]e ! laurel trees /ill clu/]--!re 0 an alt>1 & ne> x a laurel tree4 ,! /ory w5t t ,apollo _h made himself a cr[n f ?is v laurel1 & tak+ 9 8 h& a bran* ( ?is same laurel1 i4e4 z ,laurel-,be>]1 _h come to ,delphi & tak5 ov] ! oracle4 ,& to ?is day ! p ( ,delphi s5d high-born boys 9 procession !re4 ,& !y1 :5 !y h rea*$ ,tempe & made a spl5did sacrifice return back1 aft] we>+ !mselves wrea?s f ! v laurel f :i* ! god made himself a wrea?4 ,we are incl9$ to ?9k ( ! ,greeks z a p apt to indulge 9 ! s+ul> practice ( we>+ wrea?s 9 public1 a practice among u conf9$ to *ildr5 on _! bir?days & a few ecc5tric p on _! w$d+ days4 ,we =get ! int5sely practical purport ( ! cu/om4 ,! anci5t ,greeks wore wrea?s & c>ri$ b\ghs1 n because !y 7 arti/ic or poetical1 b because !y 7 rituali/s1 t !y might br+ back ! spr+ & c>ry 9 ! summ]4 ,! ,greek bridegroom to-day1 z well z ! ,greek bride1 we>s a wrea?1 t 8 m>riage may be ! beg9n+ ( new life1 t 8 wife may be z ! fruitful v9e1 & 8 *ildr5 z ! olive bran*es r\nd ab\t 8 table4 ,& our *ildr5 to-day1 ?\gh !y d n "k x1 we> wrea?s on _! bir?days because ) ea* new ye> _! life is re-born4 99 99 99 99 99 ,apollo !n1 01 l ,dionysos1 ,k+ ( ! ,may &--sav+ 8 pres5ce--,jack-9-!-,gre54 ,! god manife/ly arose out ( ! rite4 ,= a mom5t let u see h[ he arose4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #gj7 we spoke ( p]sonification4 ,we ?9k ( ! god ,apollo z an ab/raction1 an unreal ?+1 p]haps z a false god4 ,! god ,apollo does n1 & nev] did1 exi/4 ,he is an idea--a ?+ made by ! imag9ation4 ,b primitive man does n deal ) ab/ractions1 does n wor%ip !m4 ,:at happ5s is1 z we saw 7p4 #ga71 some?+ l ?is3 ,ye> by ye> a boy is *os5 to c>ry ! laurel1 to br+ 9 ! ,may1 & lat] ye> by ye> a puppet is made4 ,x is a diff]5t boy ea* ye>1 c>ry+ a diff]5t laurel bran*4 ,& yet 9 a s5se x is ! same boy2 he is always ! ,laurel-,be>]--,daphnephoros1 always ! ,luck ( ! village or city4 ,?is ,laurel-,be>]1 ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & =ev]1 is ! /uff ( :i* ! god is made4 ,! god arises f ! rite1 he is gradually deta*$ f ! rite1 & z soon z he gets a life & be+ ( 8 own1 ap>t f ! rite1 he is a fir/ /age 9 art1 a "w ( art exi/+ 9 ! m9d1 gradually deta*$ f ev5 ! fad$ action ( ritual1 & lat] to be ! model ( ! actual "w ( art1 ! copy 9 /one4 ,! /ages1 x w\ld seem1 are3 actual life ) its motor reactions1 ! ritual copy ( life ) its fad$ reactions1 ! image ( ! god project$ by ! rite1 &1 la/1 ! copy ( t image1 ! "w ( art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we see n[ :y 9 ! hi/ory ( all ages & e place art is :at is call$ ! h&maid ( religion4 ,%e is n really ! h&maid at all4 ,%e spr+s /raight out ( ! rite1 & h] fir/ outw>d leap is ! image ( ! god4 ,primitive art 9 ,greece1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,assyria1#dg repres5ts ei!r rites1 processions1 sacrifices1 magical c]emonies1 embodi$ pray]s2 or else x repres5ts ! images ( ! gods :o spr+ f ^? rites4 ,track any god "r home1 & y w f9d him lurk+ 9 a ritual %ea?1 f :i* he sl[ly em]ges1 fir/ z a dmon1 or _s1 ( ! ye>1 !n z a full-bl[n div9ity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,*apt] ,,ii we saw h[ ! drom5on gave bir? to ! drama1 h[1 bit by bit1 out ( ! *orus ( danc]s "s danc]s )drew & became spectators sitt+ ap>t1 & on ! o!r h& o!rs ( ! danc]s drew ap>t on to ! /age & pres5t$ to ! spectators a spectacle1 a ?+ to be look$ at1 n jo9$ 94 ,& we saw h[ 9 ?is spectacul> mood1 ?is be+ cut loose f imm$iate action1 lay ! v ess5ce ( ! arti/ & ! art-lov]4 ,n[ 9 ! drama ( ,!spis !re 0 at fir/1 we are told1 b "o actor2 lat] s*ylus add$ a second4 ,x is cle> :o ?is actor1 ?is protagoni/ or fir/ cont5d] 01 ! "o actor ) ! d\ble "p1 :o 0 ,dea? to be c>ri$ out & ,summ] to be c>ri$ 94 ,he 0 ! ,b\gh-,be>]1 ! only possible actor 9 ! "o-"p play ( ! r5ewal ( life & ! return ( ! ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,may-,k+1 ! lead] ( ! *oral dance gave bir? n only to ! fir/ actor ( ! drama1 b also1 z we h j se51 to ! god1 be he ,dionysos or be he ,apollo2 & ?is figure ( ! god ?us imag9$ out ( ! ye>-_s 0 p]haps m f]tile = art ?an ev5 ! protagoni/ ( ! drama4 ,x may seem /range to u t a god %\ld rise up out ( a dance or a procession1 because dances & processions are n an integral "p ( our national life1 & d n call up any v /rong & in/ant emotion4 ,! old in/9ct l+]s1 x is true1 & em]ges at critical mom5ts2 :5 a k+ dies we =m a great procession to c>ry him to ! grave1 b we d n dance4 ,we h c\rt balls1 & ^! ) _! /ately ord]$ c]emonials are p]haps ! la/ survival ( ! g5u9ely civic dance1 b a c\rt ball is n giv5 at a k+'s fun]al nor 9 hon\r ( a god4 ,b to ! ,greek ! god & ! dance 7 nev] q sund]$4 ,x almo/ seems z if 9 ! m9ds ( ,greek poets & philosoph]s !re l+]$ "s dim half-consci\s remembrance t "s ( ^! gods at lea/ actually came out ( ! ritual dance4 ,?us1 ,plato1#dh 9 treat+ ( ! importance ( rhy?m 9 education says3 ,! gods1 pity+ ! toilsome race ( m51 h appo9t$ ! sequ5ce ( religi\s fe/ivals to give !m times ( re/1 & h giv5 !m ! ,muses & ,apollo1 ! ,muse-,lead]1 z fell[-revell]s4 ,! "y ( all animals1 he goes on to say1 _c keep quiet1 ei!r 9 body or voice4 ,!y mu/ leap & skip & ov]fl[ ) gamesom5ess & %e] joy1 & !y mu/ utt] all sorts ( cries4 ,b :]eas animals h no p]ception ( ord] or disord] 9 _! motions1 ! gods :o h be5 appo9t$ to m5 z our fell[-danc]s h giv5 to u a s5se ( pleasure 9 rhy?m & h>mony4 ,& s !y move u & lead our b&s1 knitt+ u toge!r ) songs & 9 dances1 & ^! we call *oruses4 ,nor 0 x only ,apollo & ,dionysos :o l$ ! dance4 ,a!na h]self danc$ ! ,pyrrhic dance4 ,our virg9 lady1 says ,plato1 delight+ 9 ! sports ( ! dance1 ?\ght x n meet to dance ) empty h&s2 %e mu/ be clo!d 9 full arm\r1 & 9 ?is attire g ?r\gh ! dance4 ,& y\?s & maid5s %\ld 9 e respect imitate h] example1 hon\r+ ! goddess1 bo? ) a view to ! actual necessities ( w> & to ! fe/ivals4 ,plato is unconsci\sly inv]t+ ! ord] ( ?+s1 natural happ5+s4 ,take ! arm$ dance4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! actual necessity ( w>4 ,m5 g to w> arm$1 to face actual dang]s1 & at _! head is a lead] 9 full arm\r4 ,t is real life4 ,!re is !n ! fe/al re-enactm5t ( w>1 :5 ! fight is n actually f\ght1 b !re is an imitation ( w>4 ,t is ! ritual /age1 ! drom5on4 ,"h1 too1 !re is a lead]4 ,m & m ?is dance becomes a spectacle1 less & less an action4 ,!n f ! p]iodic drom5on1 ! ritual enact$ ye> by ye>1 em]ges an imag9$ p]man5t lead]2 a dmon1 or god--a ,dionysos1 an ,apollo1 an ,a!na4 ,f9ally ! acc\nt ( :at actually happ5s is ?r[n into ! pa/1 into a remote di/ance1 & we h an tiological my?--a /ory told to give a cause or reason4 ,! :ole natural process is inv]t$4 ,& la/1 z already se51 ! god1 ! fir/ "w ( art1 ! ?+ unse51 imag9$ out ( ! ritual ( ! dance1 is ca/ back into ! visible _w & fix$ 9 space4 ,c we wond] t a classical writ]#di %\ld say ! /atues ( ! craftsm5 ( old times are ! relics ( anci5t danc+4 ,t is j :at !y are1 rites caught & fix$ & froz54 ,draw+1 says a mod]n critic1#ej is at bottom1 l all ! arts1 a k9d ( ge/ure1 a me?od ( danc+ on pap]4 ,sculpture1 draw+1 all ! arts save music are imitative2 s 0 ! dance f :i* !y sprang4 ,b imitation is n all1 or ev5 fir/4 ,! dance may be mimetic2 b ! beauty & v]ve ( ! p]=mance1 n clos5ess ( ! imitation impresses2 & tame additions ( tru? w encumb] & n conv9ce4 ,! dance mu/ control ! pantomime4 ,art1 t is1 gradually dom9ates m]e ritual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come to ano!r po9t4 ,! ,greek gods z we "k !m 9 classical sculpture are always imag$ 9 human %ape4 ,?is 0 n ( c\rse always ! case ) o!r nations4 ,we h se5 h[ among savages ! totem1 t is1 ! emblem ( tribal unity1 0 usually an animal or a plant4 ,we h se5 h[ ! emotions ( ! ,sib]ian tribe 9 ,saghali5 focuss$ on a be>4 ,! savage totem1 ! ,saghali5 ,be>1 is on ! way to be1 b is n q1 a god2 he is n p]sonal en\gh4 ,! ,egyptians1 & 9 "p ! ,assyrians1 halt$ half-way & made _! gods into mon/r\s %apes1 half-animal1 half-man1 :i* h _! own my/ical gr&eur4 ,b s9ce we are m5 ourselves1 feel+ human emotion1 if our gods are 9 great "p project$ emotions1 ! natural =m = !m to take is human %ape4 ,art imitates ,nature1 says ,ari/otle1 9 a phrase t has be5 mu* misund]/ood4 ,x has be5 tak5 to mean t art is a copy or reproduction ( natural objects4 ,b by ,nature ,ari/otle nev] means ! outside _w ( creat$ ?+s1 he means r creative =ce1 :at produces1 n :at has be5 produc$4 ,we might almo/ translate ! ,greek phrase1 ,art1 l ,nature1 creates ?+s1 ,art acts l ,nature 9 produc+ ?+s4 ,^! ?+s are1 fir/ & =emo/1 human ?+s1 human action4 ,! drama1 ) :i* ,ari/otle is s mu* conc]n$1 inv5ts human action l real1 natural action4 ,danc+ imitates "*1 emotion1 action4 ,art is to ,ari/otle almo/ :olly b\nd by ! limitations ( human nature4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 *>act]i/ically a ,greek limitation4 ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 said ! old ,greek sophi/1 b mod]n sci5ce has taught u ano!r lesson4 ,man may be 9 ! =egr\nd1 b ! drama ( man's life is act$ out = u aga9/ a trem5d\s backgr\nd ( natural happ5+s3 a backgr\nd t prec$$ man & w outla/ him2 & ?is backgr\nd pr(\ndly affects our imag9ation1 & h5ce our art4 ,we mod]ns are 9 love ) ! backgr\nd4 ,our art is a l&scape art4 ,! anci5t l&scape pa9t] c\ld n1 or w\ld n1 tru/ ! backgr\nd to tell its own tale3 if he pa9t$ a m\nta9 he set up a m\nta9-god to make x real2 if he outl9$ a coa/ he set human coa/-nymphs on its %ore to make cle> ! mean+4 ,contra/ ) ?is our mod]n l&scape1 f :i* bit by bit ! nymph has be5 :olly bani%$4 ,x is ! art ( a /age1 )\t actors1 a sc5e :i* is all backgr\nd1 all sugge/ion4 ,x is an art giv5 u by %e] recoil f sci5ce1 :i* has dw>f$ actual human life almo/ to imag9ative ext9ction4 ,l&scape1 !n1 (f]$ to ! mod]n imag9ation a sc5e empty ( def9ite actors1 sup]human or human1 t yield$ to rev]ie )\t *all5ge all t is 9 a moral )\t a cre$1 t5sion or ambu% ( ! d>k1 ?reat ( om9\s gloom1 ! rel5t+ & t5d] return or ov]:elm+ outbur/ ( light1 ! pageantry ( cl\ds above a _w turn$ quak]1 ! mon/r\s we$s ( trees outside ! t[n1 ! sea t is ob/9ately epic /ill4#ea ,x 0 to ?is _w ( backgr\nds t m5 fl$1 hunt$ by ! s5se ( _! own insignificance4 ,m9ds ! mo/ /rictly b\nd 9 _! acts by civil life1 9 _! fancy by ! %rivell$ look ( de/9y "u sci5tific speculation1 felt on solit>y hill or %ore ^? tides ( ! blood /ir aga9 t are rul$ by ! sun & ! moon & travell$ z if to try/ :]e an app>ition might take =m4 ,poets orda9$ !mselves to ?is vigil1 haunt]s ( a des]t *ur*1 prompt]s ( an elem5tal !atre1 li/5]s 9 solit>y places = intimations f a _s 9 hid+2 & pa9t]s foll[$ ! impulse ( ,wordswor?4 ,we c only see ! /r5g? & weakness ( ,greek sculpture1 feel ! emotion ( :i* x 0 ! utt]ance1 if we realize cle>ly ?is mod]n _s ( ! backgr\nd4 ,all great mod]n1 & p]haps ev5 anci5t1 poets are t\*$ by x4 ,drama itself1 z ,nietzs*e %[$1 hank]s aft] dissolution into my/]y4 ,%akespe>e w\ld occasionally knock ! back out ( ! /age ) a w9d[ op5+ on ! 'cl\d-capp'd t[]s4' ,b ,maet]l9ck is ! be/ example1 because 8 g5ius is less4 ,he is ! embodim5t1 almo/ ! c>icature1 ( a t5d5cy4 ,maet]l9ck sets u figures 9 ! =egr\nd only to laun* u into t limbus4 ,! sup]s jabb]+ on ! sc5e are !re1 *ildr5 ( pres5tim5t & fe>1 to make u aw>e ( a ?ird1 ! my/]i\s "o1 ^: "n is n on ! bills4 ,!y come to w>n u by ! n]v\s *eck & hurry ( _! gossip ( ! approa* ( t backgr\nd p[]4 ,om5 aft] om5 ann\nces him1 ! talk />ts & drops at 8 approa*1 a door %uts & ! ?rill ( 8 passage is ! play4#eb ,x is1 p]haps1 ! temp]am5ts t are mo/ allur$ & t]rifi$ by ?is art ( ! bogey & ! backgr\nd t mo/ feel ! ne$ ( & be/ appreciate ! calm & level1 rational dignity ( ,greek naturalism & especially ! naturalism ( ,greek sculpture4 ,= x is naturalism1 n realism1 n imitation4 ,by all mann] ( r5unciations ,greek sculpture is :at x is4 ,! mat]ial1 itself m>ble1 is utt]ly unlike life1 x is p]fectly cold & /ill1 x has nei!r ! texture nor ! col\r+ ( life4 ,! /ory ( ,pygmalion :o fell 9 love ) ! /atue he _h himself sculptur$ is z false z x is ta/eless4 ,greek sculpture is ! la/ =m ( art to incite physical reaction4 ,x is remote almo/ to ! po9t ( *ill ab/raction4 ,! /atue 9 ! r\nd r5\nces n only human life itself1 b all ! natural backgr\nd & sett+ ( life4 ,! /atues ( ! ,greek gods are ,olympian 9 _s z well z subject4 ,!y are l ! gods ( ,epicurus1 cut loose alike f ! affairs ( m51 & ev5 ! ord]$ ways ( ,nature4 ,s ,lucretius#ec pictures !m3 ,! div9ity ( ! gods is reveal$ & _! tranquil abodes1 :i* nei!r w9ds d %ake nor cl\ds dr5* ) ra9s1 nor sn[ congeal$ by %>p fro/ h>ms ) ho>y fall3 an ev] cl\dless e!r o'ercanopies !m1 & !y laugh ) light %$ l>gely ar\nd4 ,nature1 too1 supplies all _! wants1 & no?+ ev] impairs _! peace ( m9d4 ,greek art moves on ?r\gh a long c\rse ( te*nical accompli%m5t1 ( ev]-increas+ ma/]y ov] mat]ials & me?ods4 ,b ?is c\rse we ne$ n foll[4 ,= our argum5t ! la/ ^w is said 9 ! figures ( ^! ,olympians translat$ into /one4 ,born ( press+ human ne$s & desires1 images project$ by active & ev5 anxi\s ritual1 !y pass into ! upp] air & dwell alo(1 spectator-l & all b spectral4 ,,footnotes3 #dc ,,ii1 #ch4 #dd ,o$4 ,col4 #fid1 trans4 ,d4,s4 ,mac,coll4 #de ,,ix1 #aj1 #d4 #df ,see my ,!mis1 p4 #dch4 #dg ,x is n[ held by "s & good au?orities t ! prehi/oric pa9t+s ( cave-dwell+ man _h also a ritual orig92 t is1 t ! repres5tations ( animals 7 int5d$ to act magically1 to increase ! supply ( ! animal or help ! hunt] to cat* him4 ,b1 z ?is "q is /ill p5d+1 ,i pref]1 tempt+ ?\gh !y are1 n to use prehi/oric pa9t+s z mat]ial = my argum5t4 #dh ,laws1 #fec4 #di ,a!n4 ,,xiv1 #bf1 p4 #fbi4 #ej ,d4,s4 ,mac,coll1 ,a ,ye> ( ,po/-,impressionism1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #bi4 7#aiab47 #ea ,d4,s4 ,mac,coll1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,art1 p4 #bj4 7#aijb47 #eb ,d4,s4 ,mac,coll1 op4 cit41 p4 #ah4 #ec ,,ii1 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ritual1 ,,art ,,& ,,life ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h se5 ritual em]ge f ! practical do+s ( life4 ,we h not$ t 9 ritual we h ! beg9n+ ( a deta*m5t f practical ends2 we h wat*$ ! m]ely emotional dance develop f an undiff]5tiat$ *orus into a spectacle p]=m$ by actors & wat*$ by spectators1 a spectacle cut (f1 n only f real life1 b also f ritual issues2 a spectacle1 9 a ^w1 t has become an end 9 itself4 ,we h fur!r se5 t ! *oral dance is an undiff]5tiat$ :ole :i* lat] divides out into ?ree cle>ly articulate p>ts1 ! arti/1 ! "w ( art1 ! spectator or art lov]4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to ask :at is ! good ( all ?is antiqu>ian enquiry8 ,:y is x1 ap>t f ! m]e delight ( sci5tific enquiry1 important to h se5 t art arose f ritual8 ,! answ] is simple-- ,! object ( ?is book1 z /at$ 9 ! preface1 is to try to ?r[ "s light on ! function ( art1 t is on :at x has done1 & /ill does to-day1 = life4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( a complex gr[? l art1 x is r>ely if ev] possible to und]/& its function--:at x does1 h[ x works--unless we "k some?+ ( h[ t gr[? began1 or1 if its orig9 is hid1 at lea/ ( ! simpl] =ms ( activity t prec$$ x4 ,= art1 ?is e>li] /age1 ?is simpl] =m1 :i* is inde$ itself z x 7 an embryo & rudim5t>y art1 we f\nd to be--ritual4 ,ritual1 !n1 has n be5 /udi$ = its own sake1 /ill less = its connection ) any p>ticul> dogma1 ?\gh1 z a subject ( s+ul> gravity & beauty1 ritual is well wor? a lifetime's /udy4 ,x has be5 /udi$ because ritual is1 we believe1 a frequ5t & p]haps univ]sal transition /age betwe5 actual life & t peculi> contemplation ( or emotion t[>ds life :i* we call art4 ,all our long exam9ation ( bea/-dances1 ,may-day fe/ivals & ev5 ( ,greek drama has _h j ?is = its object--to make cle> t art--save p]haps 9 a few specially gift$ natures--did n arise /raight out ( life1 b out ( t collective emphasis ( ! ne$s & desires ( life :i* we h agre$ to call ritual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our =mal argum5t is n[ ov] & ritual may drop out ( ! discussion4 ,b we w\ld gu>d aga9/ a possible misund]/&+4 ,we w\ld n be tak5 to imply t ritual is obsolete & mu/ drop out ( life1 giv+ place to ! art x has eng5d]$4 ,x may well be t1 = c]ta9 temp]am5ts1 ritual is a p]5nial ne$4 ,natures specially gift$ c live lives t are emotionally vivid1 ev5 9 ! r>e high air ( art or sci5ce2 b _m1 p]haps mo/ ( u1 brea! m freely 9 ! m$ium1 lit]ally ! midway space1 ( "s collective ritual4 ,moreov]1 = ^? ( u :o are n arti/s or orig9al ?9k]s ! life ( ! imag9ation1 & ev5 ( ! emotions1 has be5 p]haps too long liv$ at second h&1 receiv$ f ! arti/ ready made & felt4 ,to-day1 ow+ l>gely to ! progress ( sci5ce1 & a ho/ ( o!r causes social & economic1 life gr[s daily full] & fre]1 & e manife/ation ( life is reg>d$ ) a new rev]5ce4 ,) ?is fre% outp\r+ ( ! _s1 ?is full] consci\sness ( life1 !re comes a ne$ = fir/-h& emotion & expression1 & t expression is f\nd = all classes 9 a revival ( ! ritual dance4 ,"s ( ! /r5u\s1 excit+1 self-expressive dances ( to-day are ( ! soil & "s exotic1 b1 bas$ z !y mo/ly are on v primitive ritual1 !y /& z s+ul> evid5ce ( ?is real recurr5t ne$4 ,art 9 ^! latt] days goes back z x 7 on h] own /eps1 recross+ ! ritual bridge back to life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x rema9s to ask :at1 9 ! light ( ?is ritual orig91 is ! function ( art8 ,h[ d we relate x to o!r =ms ( life1 to sci5ce1 to religion1 to morality1 to philosophy8 ,^! are big-s\nd+ que/ions1 & t[>ds _! solution only h9ts "h & !re c be (f]$1 /ray ?\ghts t h gr[n up out ( ?is /udy ( ritual orig9s & :i*1 because !y h help$ ! writ]1 are (f]$1 ) no ?\ght ( dogmatism1 to ! read]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we ,engli% are n suppos$ to be an arti/ic p1 yet art1 9 "s =m or ano!r1 bulks l>ge 9 ! national life4 ,we h !atres1 a ,national ,gall]y1 we h art-s*ools1 our tradesm5 provide = u art-furniture1 we ev5 he>1 absurdly en\gh1 ( art-col\rs4 ,moreov]1 all ?is is n a matt] ( m]e antiqu>ian int]e/1 we d n simply g & admire ! beauty ( ! pa/ 9 museums2 a movem5t t[>ds or ab\t art is all alive & a/ir among u4 ,we h new developm5ts ( ! !atre1 problem plays1 ,re9h>dt productions1 ,gordon ,craig sc5]y1 ,russian ballets4 ,we h new s*ools ( pa9t+ tread+ on ea* o!r's heels ) brea?less rapidity3 ,impressioni/s1 ,po/-,impressioni/s1 ,futuri/s4 ,art--or at lea/ ! desire =1 ! int]e/ 91 art--is assur$ly n dead4 ,moreov]1 & ?is is v important1 we all feel ab\t art a c]ta9 obligation1 su* z "s ( u feel ab\t religion4 ,!re is an ought ab\t x4 ,p]haps we d n really c>e mu* ab\t pictures & poetry & music1 b we feel we ought to4 ,9 ! case ( music x has happily be5 at la/ recogniz$ t if y h n an e> y _c c>e = x1 b two g5]ations ago1 ow+ to ! un=tunate *eapness & popul>ity ( key$ in/rum5ts1 x 0 widely held t "o half ( humanity1 ! fem99e half1 ought to play ! piano4 ,?is ought is1 ( c\rse1 l mo/ social oughts1 a v complex product1 b its exi/5ce is well wor? not+4 ,x is wor? not+ because x indicates a vague feel+ t art has a real value1 t art is n a m]e luxury1 nor ev5 a r>efi$ =m ( pleasure4 ,no "o feels !y ought to take pleasure 9 beautiful sc5ts or 9 ! t\* ( velvet2 !y ei!r d or !y don't4 ,! fir/ po9t1 !n1 t mu/ be made cle> is t art is ( real value to life 9 a p]fectly cle> biological s5se2 x invigorates1 enhances1 promotes actual1 spiritual1 & ?r\gh x physical life4 ,?is f our hi/orical acc\nt we %\ld at ! outset expect1 because we h se5 art1 by way ( ritual1 arose out ( life4 ,& yet ! /atem5t is a sort ( p>adox1 = we h se5 also t art diff]s f ritual j 9 ?is1 t 9 art1 :e!r ( ! spectator or ! creator1 ! motor reactions1 i4e4 practical life1 ! life ( do+1 is = ! "t *eck$4 ,?is is ( ! ess5ce ( ! arti/'s vision1 t he sees ?+s deta*$ & !re=e m vividly1 m completely1 & 9 a diff]5t light4 ,?is is ( ! ess5ce ( ! arti/'s emotion1 t x is purifi$ f p]sonal desire4 ,b1 ?\gh ! arti/'s vision & emotion alike are modifi$1 purifi$1 !y are n devitaliz$4 ,f> f t1 by deta*m5t f action !y are focuss$ & int5sifi$4 ,life is enhanc$1 only x is a diff]5t k9d ( life1 x is ! life ( ! image-_w1 ( ! imagination2 x is ! spiritual & human life1 z diff]5tiat$ f ! life we %>e ) animals4 ,x is a life we all1 z human be+s1 possess 9 "s1 b v v>y+1 degrees2 & ! natural man w always view ! spiritual man askance1 because he is n practical4 ,b ! life ( imag9ation1 cut (f f practical reaction z x is1 becomes 9 turn a motor-=ce caus+ new emotions1 & s p]vad+ ! g5]al life1 & ?us ultimately becom+ practical4 ,no "o function is completely cut (f f ano!r4 ,! ma9 function ( art is probably to int5sify & purify emotion1 b x is sub/antially c]ta9 t1 if we did n feel1 we c\ld n ?9k & %\ld n act4 ,/ill x rema9s true t1 9 arti/ic contemplation & 9 ! realms ( ! arti/'s imag9ation n only are practical motor-reactions cut (f1 b intellig5ce is suffus$ 91 & to "s ext5t subord9at$ to1 emotion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o function1 !n1 ( art is to fe$ & nurture ! imag9ation & ! _s1 & !reby enhance & invigorate ! :ole ( human life4 ,?is is f> remov$ f ! view t ! end ( art is to give pleasure4 ,art does usually cause pleasure1 s+ul> & int5se1 & to t :i* causes su* pleasure we give ! "n ( ,beauty4 ,b to produce & enjoy ,beauty is n ! function ( art4 ,beauty--or r1 ! s5sation ( ,beauty--is :at ! ,greeks w\ld call an epigignom5on ti telos1 words h>d to translate1 some?+ betwe5 a by-product & a sup]v5+ p]fection1 a ?+ l--z ,ari/otle#ed = once beautifully says ( pleasure--! bloom ( y\? to a heal?y "y body4 ,t ?is is s we see mo/ cle>ly 9 ! simple fact t1 :5 ! arti/ beg9s to aim direct at ,beauty1 he usually misses x4 ,we all "k1 p]haps by sad exp]i5ce1 t ! man :o seeks out pleasure = h]self fails to f9d h]4 ,let him d 8 "w well = t "w's sake1 ex]cise 8 faculties1 en]gize z ,ari/otle w\ld say1 & he w f9d pleasure come out unaw>es to meet him ) h] %9+ face2 b let him look = h]1 ?9k ( h]1 ev5 desire h]1 & %e hides h] head4 ,a man goes out hunt+1 ?9ks ( no?+ b foll[+ ! h\nds & tak+ 8 f5ces1 be+ 9 at ! dea?3 8 day is full--alas6 ( pleasure1 ?\gh he has sc>cely kn[n x4 ,let him =get ! fox & ! f5ces1 ?9k ( pleasure1 desire h]1 & he w be 9 at pleasure's dea?4 ,s x is ) ! arti/4 ,let him feel /rongly1 & see raptly--t is1 9 complete deta*m5t4 ,let him ca/ ?is1 8 rapt vision & 8 int5se emotion1 into outside =m1 a /atue or a pa9t+2 t =m w h ab\t x a nameless ?+1 an une>?ly aroma1 :i* we call beauty2 ?is nameless pres5ce w cause 9 ! spectator a s5sation too r>e to be call$ pleasure1 & we %all call x a s5se ( beauty4 ,b let ! arti/ aim direct at ,beauty1 & %e is gone1 gone be=e we he> ! flutt] ( h] w+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sign manual1 ! bann]1 z x 71 ( arti/ic creation is = ! creative arti/ n pleasure1 b some?+ bett] call$ joy4 ,pleasure1 x has be5 well said1 is no m ?an an in/rum5t contriv$ by ,nature to obta9 f ! individual ! pres]vation & ! propagation ( life4 ,true joy is n ! lure ( life1 b ! consci\sness ( ! triumph ( creation4 ,:]ev] joy is1 creation has be54#ee ,x may be ! joy ( a "m 9 ! physical creation ( a *ild2 x may be ! joy ( ! m]*ant adv5tur] 9 pu%+ out new ent]prise1 or ( ! eng9e] 9 build+ a bridge1 or ( ! arti/ 9 a ma/]piece accompli%$2 b x is always ( ! ?+ creat$4 ,aga91 contra/ joy ) glory4 ,glory comes ) success & is exce$+ly pleasant2 x is n joy\s4 ,"s m5 say an arti/'s cr[n is glory2 8 deepe/ satisfaction is 9 ! applause ( 8 fell[s4 ,!re is no great] mi/ake2 we c>e = praise j 9 proportion z we are n sure we h succe$$4 ,to ! real creative arti/ ev5 praise & glory are swall[$ up 9 ! supreme joy ( creation4 ,only ! arti/ himself feels ! real div9e fire1 b x flames ov] into ! "w ( art1 & ev5 ! spectator w>ms 8 h&s at ! gl[4 ,we c n[1 ,i ?9k1 und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! arti/ & true lov] ( art on ! "o h&1 & ! m]e /hete on ! o!r4 ,! /hete does n produce1 or1 if he produces1 8 "w is ?9 & scanty4 ,9 ?is he diff]s f ! arti/2 he does n feel s /rongly & see s cle>ly t he is =c$ to utt]ance4 ,he has no joy1 only pleasure4 ,he _c ev5 feel ! reflection ( ?is creative joy4 ,9 fact1 he does n s mu* feel z want to feel4 ,he seeks = pleasure1 = s5sual pleasure z 8 "n says1 n = ! gross] k9ds1 b = pleasure ( t r>efi$ k9d t we call a s5se ( beauty4 ,! /hete1 l ! flirt1 is cold4 ,x is n ev5 t 8 s5ses are easily /irr$1 b he seeks ! s5sation ( /irr+1 & mo/ (t5 feigns x1 n f9ds x4 ,! /hete is no m releas$ f 8 own desires ?an ! practical man1 & he is )\t ! practical man's heal?y outlet 9 action4 ,he sees life1 n inde$ 9 relation to action1 b to 8 own p]sonal s5sation4 ,by ?is alone he is deb>r$ = ev] f be+ an arti/4 ,z ,m4 ,&r ,beauni] has well obs]v$1 by ! irony ( ?+s1 :5 we see life 9 relation to ourselves we _c really repres5t x at all4 ,! pr(ligate ?9ks he kn[s wom54 ,x is 8 irony1 8 curse t1 because he sees !m always 9 relation to 8 own desires1 8 own pleasure1 he nev] really kn[s !m at all4 ,!re is ano!r important po9t4 ,we h se5 t art promotes a "p ( life1 ! spiritual1 image-mak+ side4 ,b ?is side1 wond]ful ?\gh x is1 is nev] ! :ole ( actual life4 ,!re is always ! practical side4 ,! arti/ is always also a man4 ,n[ ! /hete tries to make 8 :ole attitude arti/ic--t is1 contemplative4 ,he is always look+ & pry+ & sav\r+1 sav\rant1 z he w\ld say1 :5 he ought to be liv+4 ,! result is t !re is no?+ to sav\r]4 ,all art spr+s by way ( ritual out ( ke5 emotion t[>ds life1 & ev5 ! p[] to appreciate art ne$s ?is emotional reality 9 ! spectator4 ,! /hete leads at be/ a p>asite1 arti/ic life1 dogg$ always by dea? & corruption4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is br+s u /raight on to ano!r "q3 ,:at ab\t ,art & ,morality8 ,is ,art immoral1 or non-moral1 or highly moral8 ,"h aga9 public op9ion is wor? exam9+4 ,arti/s1 we are told1 are bad husb&s1 & !y d n pay _! debts4 ,or if !y become good husb&s & take to pay+ _! debts1 !y take also to wall[+ 9 dome/icity & produce bad art or none at all2 !y get tangl$ 9 ! ma*9]y ( practical reactions4 ,art1 aga91 is apt to deal ) risky subjects4 ,:]e %\ld we be if !re 7 n a ,c5sor ( ,plays8 ,_m ( ^! in/ructive attitudes ab\t arti/s z immoral or non-moral1 expla9 !mselves in/antly if we rememb] t ! arti/ is ipso facto deta*$ f practical life4 ,9 s f> z he is an arti/1 = ea* & e creative mom5t he is inevitably a bad husb&1 if be+ a good husb& means con/ant att5tion to y\r wife & h] int]e/s4 ,spiritual creation deux is a happ5+ s r>e z to be negligible4 ,! remot5ess ( ! arti/1 8 ess5tial inh]5t deta*m5t f motor-reaction1 expla9s ! p]plexities ( ! normal c5sor4 ,he1 be+ a practical man1 reg>ds emotion & vision1 feel+ & ideas1 z lead+ to action4 ,he does n see t art arises out ( ritual & t ev5 ritual is "o remove f practical life4 ,9 ! c5sor's _w ! spectacle ( ! nude leads /raight to desire1 s ! danc] mu/ be drap$2 ! problem-play leads /raight to ! ,divorce ,c\rt1 !re=e x mu/ be c5sor$4 ,! normal c5sor app>5tly kn[s no?+ ( t _w :]e motor-reactions are cut (f1 t h\se made )\t h&s1 ^: doors are clos$ on desire1 et]nal 9 ! heav5s4 ,! c5sor is n = ! mom5t a p]sona grata1 b let u give him 8 due4 ,he acts accord+ to 8 lights & ^! (t5 q adequately repres5t ! av]age d>kness4 ,a normal audi5ce conta9s _m practical m5 ^: /&>d is ! same z t ( ! normal c5sor4 ,art--t is vision deta*$ f practical reactions--is to !m an unkn[n _w full ( moral risks f :i* ! arti/ is qu arti/ immune4 ,s f> we might p]haps say t art 0 non-moral4 ,b ! /atem5t w\ld be mislead+1 s9ce1 z we h se51 art is 9 its v orig9 social1 & social means human & collective4 ,moral & social are1 9 _! f9al analysis1 ! same4 ,t human1 collective emotion1 out ( :i* we h se5 ! *oral dance arise1 is 9 its ess5ce moral2 t is1 x unites4 ,art1 says ,tol/oy1 has ?is *>act]i/ic1 t x unites p4 ,9 ?is conviction1 z we %all lat] see1 he anticipates ! mod]n movem5t ( ! ,unanimi/s 7p4 #bdi74 ,b !re is ano!r1 & p]haps simpl]1 way 9 :i* art is moral4 ,z already sugge/$1 x purifies by cutt+ (f ! motor-reactions ( p]sonal desire4 ,an arti/ deeply 9 love ) 8 fri5d's wife once said3 ,if only ,i c\ld pa9t h] & get :at ,i want f h]1 ,i c\ld be> x4 ,8 wi% /rikes a *ill at fir/2 x s\nds egoti/ic2 x has ! peculi>1 in/9ctive1 inevitable cruelty ( ! arti/1 see+ 9 human nature mat]ial = 8 art4 ,b x %[s u ! moral side ( art4 ,! arti/ 0 a good & s5sitive man2 he saw ! mis]y he _h br\ght & w\ld br+ to p he lov$1 & he saw1 or r felt1 a way ( escape2 he saw t ?r\gh art1 ?r\gh vision1 ?r\gh deta*m5t1 desire might be sla91 & ! man )9 him f9d peace4 ,to "s natures ?is in/9ct aft] art is almo/ _! sole morality4 ,if !y f9d !mselves intimately entangl$ 9 hate or jeal\sy or ev5 contempt1 s t !y are unable to see ! object ( _! hate or jeal\sy or contempt 9 a cle>1 quiet & lovely light1 !y are re/less1 mis]able1 morally out ( ge>1 & !y are con/ra9$ to fett] or slay p]sonal desire & s f9d re/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is alo(ness1 ?is purgation ( emotion f p]sonal passion1 art has 9 common ) philosophy4 ,if ! philosoph] w seek aft] tru?1 !re mu/ be1 says ,plot9us1 a turn+ away ( ! _s1 a deta*m5t4 ,he mu/ aim at contemplation2 action1 he says1 is a weak5+ ( contemplation4 ,our ^w !ory1 :i* we use 9 connection ) reason+ & :i* comes f ! same ,greek root z !atre1 means really look+ fix$ly at1 contemplation2 x is v ne> 9 mean+ to our imag9ation4 ,b ! philosoph] diff]s f ! arti/ 9 ?is3 he aims n only at ! contemplation ( tru?1 b at ! ord]+ ( tru?s1 he seeks to make ( ! :ole univ]se an intelligible /ructure4 ,fur!r1 he is n driv5 by ! gadfly ( creation1 he is n =c$ to ca/ 8 images into visible or audible %ape4 ,he is remot] f ! pu% ( life4 ,/ill1 ! philosoph]1 l ! arti/1 lives 9 a _w ( 8 own1 ) a spell ( its own ne> ak9 to beauty1 & ! secret ( t spell is ! same deta*m5t f ! tyranny ( practical life4 ,! ess5ce ( art1 says ,santayana1 is ! /eady contemplation ( ?+s 9 _! ord] & wor?4 ,he might h be5 def9+ philosophy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if art & philosophy are ?us ne> ak91 art & sci5ce are 9 _! beg9n+1 ?\gh n 9 _! f9al developm5t1 contra/$4 ,sci5ce1 x seems1 beg9s ) ! desire = practical utility4 ,sci5ce1 z ,pr(essor ,b]gson has told u1 has = its initial aim ! mak+ ( tools = life4 ,man tries to f9d out ! laws ( ,nature1 t is1 h[ natural ?+s behave1 9 ord] prim>ily t he may get ! bett] ( !m1 rule ov] !m1 %ape !m to 8 ends4 ,t is :y sci5ce is at fir/ s ne> ak9 to magic--! cry ( bo? is3 ,i'll d1 ,i'll d1 & ,i'll d4 ,b1 ?\gh ! feet ( sci5ce are ?us firmly plant$ on ! solid gr\nd ( practical action1 h] head1 too1 sometimes t\*es ! highe/ heav5s4 ,! real man ( sci5ce1 l ! philosoph]1 soon comes to seek tru? & k = _! own sake4 ,9 art1 9 sci5ce1 9 philosophy1 !re come ev5tually ! same deta*m5t f p]sonal desire & practical reaction2 & to arti/1 man ( sci5ce1 & philosoph] alike1 ?r\gh ?is deta*m5t !re comes at times ! same peace t passe? all und]/&+4 ,attempts h be5 (t5 made to claim = art ! utility1 ! tool-mak+ prop]ty1 t *>act]izes ! beg9n+s ( sci5ce4 ,no?+ is beautiful1 x is sometimes said1 t is n useful2 ! beauty ( a jug or a table dep5ds1 we are (t5 told1 on its p]fect adaptation to its use4 ,!re is "h "s confusion ( ?\ght & "s obvi\s1 b possibly unconsci\s1 special plead+4 ,mu* ( art1 specially decorative art1 arises out ( utilities1 b its aim & its crit]ion is n utility4 ,art may be /ructural1 commemorative1 magical1 :at-n1 may gr[ up out ( all mann] ( practical ne$s1 b x is n till x is cut loose f ^! practical ne$s t ,art is h]self & comes to h] own4 ,?is does n mean t ! jugs or tables are to be bad jugs or tables1 /ill less does x mean t ! jugs or tables %\ld be cov]$ ) s5seless ma*9e-made ornam5t2 b ! utility ( ! jug or table is a good 9 itself indep5d5t (1 ?\gh (t5 associat$ )1 its m]it z art4 ,no "o has1 ,i ?9k1 ev] call$ ,art ! h&maid ( ,sci5ce4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no ne$ to e/abli% a hi]>*y4 ,yet 9 a s5se ! conv]se is true & ,sci5ce is ! h&maid ( ,art4 ,art is only practicable z we h se51 :5 x is possible safely to cut (f motor-reactions4 ,by ! long discipl9e ( ritual man accu/om$ himself to slack5 8 hold on action1 & be cont5t ) a %ad[y c\nt]feit practice4 ,!n la/1 :5 ?r\gh k he 0 reliev$ f ! ne$ ( imm$iate reaction to imm95t realities1 he loos$ hold = a mom5t altoge!r1 & 0 free to look1 & art 0 born4 ,he c nev] quit 8 hold = long2 b x w\ld seem t1 z sci5ce advances & life gets easi] & easi]1 saf] & saf]1 he may loose 8 hold = long] spaces4 ,man subdues ! _w ab\t him fir/ by =ce & !n by reason2 & :5 ! mat]ial _w is ma/]$ & lies at 8 beck1 he ne$s brute =ce no long]1 & ne$s reason no m to make tools = conque/4 ,he is free to ?9k = ?\ght's sake1 he may tru/ intuition once aga91 & above all d>e to lose himself 9 contemplation1 d>e to be m & m an arti/4 ,only "h !re lurks an almo/ ironical dang]4 ,emotion t[>ds life is ! prim>y /uff ( :i* art is made2 !re might be a %ortage ( ?is v emotional /uff ( :i* art h]self is ultimately compact$4 ,sci5ce1 !n1 helps to make art possible by mak+ life saf] & easi]1 x makes /raight 9 ! des]t a highway = our ,god4 ,b only r>ely & ) special limitations easily und]/ood does x provide actual mat]ial = art4 ,sci5ce deals ) ab/ractions1 concepts1 class names1 made by ! intellect = conv5i5ce1 t we may h&le life on ! side desirable to u4 ,:5 we classify ?+s1 give !m class-names1 we simply mean t we note = conv5i5ce t c]ta9 actually exi/+ objects h simil> qualities1 a fact x is conv5i5t = u to "k & regi/]4 ,^! class-names be+ ab/ract--t is1 bundles ( qualities r5t away f liv+ actual objects1 d n easily /ir emotion1 &1 !re=e1 d n easily become mat]ial = art ^: function x is to express & communicate emotion4 ,p>ticul> qualities1 l love1 hon\r1 fai?1 may & d /ir emotion2 & c]ta9 bundles ( qualities l1 = example1 mo!rhood t5d t[>ds p]sonification2 b ! normal class label l horse1 man1 triangle does n easily become mat]ial = art2 x rema9s a practical utility = sci5ce4 ,! ab/ractions1 ! class-names ( sci5ce are 9 ?is respect q diff]5t f ^? o!r ab/ractions or unrealities already /udi$--! gods ( primitive religion4 ,! v t]m we use %[s ?is4 ,ab/ractions are ?+s1 qualities1 dragg$ away consci\sly by ! intellect1 f actual ?+s objectively exi/+4 ,! primitive gods are p]sonifications--i4e4 collective emotions tak+ %ape 9 imag9$ =m4 ,dionysos has no m actual1 objective exi/5ce ?an ! ab/ract horse4 ,b ! god ,dionysos 0 n made by ! intellect = practical conv5i5ce1 he 0 begott5 by emotion1 &1 !re=e1 he re-begets x4 ,he & all ! o!r gods are1 !re=e1 ! prop] mat]ial = art2 he is1 inde$1 "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( art4 ,! ab/ract horse1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! outcome ( reflection4 ,we mu/ hon\r him z ( q extraord9>y use = ! purposes ( practical life1 b he leaves u cold &1 by ! arti/1 is be/ neglect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re rema9s ! relation ( ,art to ,religion4#ef ,by n[1 x may be hop$1 ?is relation is transp>5tly cle>4 ,! :ole object ( ! pres5t book has be5 to %[ h[ primitive art grew out ( ritual1 h[ art is 9 fact b a lat] & m sublimat$1 m deta*$ =m ( ritual4 ,we saw fur!r t ! primitive gods !mselves 7 b projections or1 if we l x bett]1 p]sonifications ( ! rite4 ,!y arose /raight out ( x4 ,n[ we say advis$ly primitive gods1 & ?is ) no int5tion ( obscurantism4 ,! god ( lat] days1 ! unkn[n s\rce ( life1 ! unresolv$ my/]y ( ! _w1 is n begott5 ( a rite1 is n1 ess5tially n1 ! occasion or object ( art4 ,) 8 relation to art--:i* is inde$ practically non-exi/5t--we h no?+ to d4 ,( ! o!r gods we may safely say t n only are !y objects ( art1 !y are its prime mat]ial2 9 a ^w1 primitive !ology is an e>ly /age 9 ! =mation ( art4 ,ea* primitive god1 l ! rite f :i* he sprang1 is a half-way h\se betwe5 practical life & art2 he comes into be+ f a half1 b only half1 inhibit$ desire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,is !re1 !n1 no diff]5ce1 except 9 degree ( deta*m5t1 betwe5 religion & art8 ,bo? h ! l emotional p[]2 bo? c>ry ) !m a s5se ( obligation1 ?\gh ! obligation ( religion is ! /rong]4 ,b !re is "o infallible crit]ion betwe5 ! two :i* is all-important1 & ( wide-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,primitive religion ass]ts t h] imag9ations h objective exi/5ce2 art m happily makes no su* claim4 ,! wor%ipp] ( ,apollo believes1 n only t he has imag9$ ! lovely figure ( ! god & ca/ a copy ( its %ape 9 /one1 b he also believes t 9 ! outside _w ! god ,apollo exi/s z an object4 ,n[ ?is is c]ta9ly untrue2 t is1 x does n correspond ) fact4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ! god ,apollo1 & sci5ce makes a clean sweep ( ,apollo & ,dionysos & all su* fictiti\s objectivities2 !y are eidola1 idols1 phantasms1 n objective realities4 ,apollo fades e>li] ?an ,dionysos because ! wor%ipp] ( ,dionysos keeps hold ( ! reality t he & 8 *ur* or gr\p h project$ ! god4 ,he kn[s t pri]1 c'e/ labor] ,dieu2 or1 z he w\ld put x1 he is "o ) 8 god4 ,religion has ?is 9 common ) art1 t x discr$its ! actual practical _w2 b only because x creates a new _w & insi/s on its actuality & objectivity4 ,:y does ! conception ( a god impose obligation8 ,j because & 9 s f> z he claims to h objective exi/5ce4 ,by giv+ to 8 god f ! outset objective exi/5ce ! wor%ipp] prev5ts 8 god f tak+ 8 place 9 t high k+dom ( spiritual realities :i* is ! imag9ation1 & sets him d[n 9 t l[] objective _w :i* always compels practical reaction4 ,:at might h be5 an ideal becomes an idol4 ,/raightway ?is objectifi$ idol compels all sorts ( ritual reactions ( pray] & praise & sacrifice4 ,x is z ?\gh ano!r & a m exact+ & comm&+ fell[-man 7 add$ to ! univ]se4 ,b a mom5t's reflection w %[ t1 :5 we pass f ! vague s5se ( p[] or mana felt by ! savage to ! p]sonal god1 to ,dionysos or ,apollo1 ?\gh x may seem a set back x is a real advance4 ,x is ! sub/itution ( a human & tol]ably humane p[] = an incalculable :imsical & (t5 cruel =ce4 ,! idol is a /ep t[>ds1 n a /ep f1 ! ideal4 ,ritual makes ^! idols1 & x is ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to %att] !m & set ! _s free = contemplation4 ,ritual mu/ wane t art may wax4 ,b we mu/ nev] =get t ritual is ! bridge by :i* man passes1 ! ladd] by :i* he climbs f e>? to heav54 ,! bridge mu/ n be brok5 till ! transit is made4 ,& ! "t is n yet4 ,we mu/ n pull d[n ! ladd] till we are sure ! la/ angel has climb$4 ,only !n1 at la/1 we d>e n leave x /&+4 ,e>? pulls h>d1 & x may be t ! angels :o asc5d$ might desc5d & be = ev] fall54 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may be well at ! close ( our enquiry to te/ ! conclusions at :i* we h arriv$ by comp>+ !m ) c]ta9 endoxa1 z ,ari/otle w\ld call !m1 t is1 op9ions & !ories actually curr5t at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,we take ^! contempor>y controv]sies1 n imply+ t !y are necess>ily ( high mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 or t !y are 9 any fundam5tal s5se new discov]ies2 b because !y are at ?is mom5t curr5t & vital1 & consequ5tly =m a good te/ = ! adequacy ( our doctr9es4 ,x w be satisfactory if we f9d our view includes ^! curr5t op9ions1 ev5 if x to "s ext5t modifies !m &1 x may be hop$1 sets !m 9 a new light4 ,we h already consid]$ ! !ory t holds art to be ! creation or pursuit or enjoym5t ( beauty4 ,! o!r view falls readily into two gr\ps3 7#a7 ,! imitation !ory1 ) its modification1 ! idealization !ory1 :i* holds t art ei!r copies ,nature1 or1 out ( natural mat]ials1 improves on h]4 7#b7 ,! expression !ory1 :i* holds t ! aim ( art is to express ! emotions & ?\ghts ( ! arti/4 ,! ,imitation !ory is out ( fa%ion n[-a-days4 ,plato & ,ari/otle held x2 ?\gh ,ari/otle1 z we h se51 did n mean by imitat+ ,nature q :at we mean to-day4 ,! ,imitation !ory began to die d[n ) ! rise ( ,romanticism1 :i* /ress$ ! p]sonal1 individual emotion ( ! arti/4 ,:i/l] dealt x a rude1 ill-consid]$ bl[ by 8 effective1 b really fooli% & irrelevant1 rem>k t to attempt to create ,art by imitat+ ,nature 0 l try+ to make music by sitt+ on ! piano4 ,b1 z already not$1 ! ,imitation !ory ( art 0 really kill$ by ! inv5tion ( photography4 ,x 0 impossible = ! mo/ ins5sate n to see t 9 a "w ( art1 ( sculpture or pa9t+1 !re 0 an elem5t ( value n to be f\nd 9 ! exact transcript ( a photograph4 ,h5ce=? ! ,imitation !ory liv$ on only 9 ! weak5$ =m ( ,idealization4 ,! reaction aga9/ ! ,imitation !ory has naturally & inevitably gone mu* too f>4 ,we h ?r[n out ! *ild ) ! ba?-wat]4 ,all ?r\gh ! pres5t book we h tri$ to %[ t art arises f ritual1 & ritual is 9 its ess5ce a fad$ action1 an imitation4 ,moreov]1 e "w ( art is a copy ( some?+1 only n a copy ( any?+ hav+ actual exi/5ce 9 ! outside _w4 ,r x is a copy ( t inn] & highly emotionaliz$ vision ( ! arti/ :i* x is grant$ to him to see & recreate :5 he is releas$ f c]ta9 practical reactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,impressionism t dom9at$ ! pictorial art ( ! lat] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 l>gely a modifi$ & v delicate imitation4 ,break+ ) conv5tions z to h[ ?+s are suppos$ to be--conv5tions ma9ly bas$ n on see+ b on kn[+ or imag9+--! ,impressioni/ insi/s on purg+ 8 vision f k1 & repres5t+ ?+s n z !y are b z !y really look4 ,he imitates ,nature n z a :ole1 b z %e pres5ts h]self to 8 eyes4 ,x 0 a mo/ ne$ful & valuable purgation1 s9ce pa9t+ is ! art prop] ( ! eye4 ,b1 :5 ! new effects ( ! _w z simply se51 ! new mat]ial ( light & %ad[ & tone1 _h be5 to "s ext5t--nev] completely--ma/]$1 !re 0 inevitable reaction4 ,up sprang ,po/-,impressioni/s & ,futuri/s4 ,!y w n gladly be class$ toge!r1 b bo? h ?is 9 common--!y are ,expressioni/s1 n ,impressioni/s1 n ,imitators4 ,! ,expressioni/s1 no matt] by :at "n !y call !mselves1 h "o crit]ion4 ,!y believe t art is n ! copy+ or idealiz+ ( ,nature1 or ( any aspect ( ,nature1 b ! expression & communication ( ! arti/'s emotion4 ,we c see t1 betwe5 !m & ! ,imitationi/s1 ! ,impressioni/s =m a delicate bridge4 ,!y1 too1 focus _! att5tion on ! arti/ r ?an ! object1 only x is on ! arti/'s p>ticul> vision1 8 impression1 :at he actually sees1 n on 8 emotion1 :at he feels4 ,mod]n life is n simple--_c be simple--ought n to be2 x is n = no?+ t we are heirs to ! ages4 ,!re=e ! art t utt]s & expresses our emotion t[>ds mod]n life _c be simple2 &1 moreov]1 x mu/ be=e all ?+s embody n only t liv+ tangle :i* is felt by ! ,futuri/s z s real1 b x mu/ purge & ord] x1 by complexities ( tone & rhy?m hi!rto unattempt$4 ,"o art1 beyond all o!rs1 has blossom$ into real1 spontane\s1 unconsci\s life to-day1 & t is ,music2 ! o!r arts /& r\nd array$1 half p>alyz$1 ) droop+1 empty h&s4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury saw va/ developm5ts 9 an art t c\ld express ab/ract1 unlocaliz$1 unp]sonifi$ feel+s m completely ?an pa9t+ or poetry1 ! art ( ,music4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z a mod]n critic#eg has well obs]v$3 ,9 tone & rhy?m music has a notation = e k9d & degree ( action & passion1 pres5t+ ab/ract m\lds ( its excitem5t1 fluctuation1 susp5se1 crisis1 appeasem5t2 & all ?is anonym\sly1 )\t place1 actors1 circum/ances1 nam$ or describ$1 )\t a ^w spok54 ,poetry has to supply def9ite ?\ght1 argum5ts driv+ at a conclusion1 ideas mortgag$ to ?is or t cre$ or sy/em2 & to give =ce to ^! c comm& only a few rhy?ms limit$ by ! duration ( a human brea? & ! pit* ( an octave4 ,! little effects work$ out 9 ?is small compass music sweeps up & builds into va/ fabrics ( emotion ) a dissolute fre$om undream$ ( 9 any o!r art4 ,x may be t music provides = a c5tury too /agnant & li/less to act out its own emotions1 too reflective to be frankly s5su\s1 a %ad[y pageant ( s5se & emotion1 t s]ves z a ka?>sis or purgation4 ,anyh[1 an art t came out ( ! old _w two c5turies ago1 ) a few *ants1 love-songs1 & dances2 t a c5tury ago 0 /ill ti$ to ! words ( a mass or an op]a2 or ?read+ little dance-movem5ts toge!r 9 a 'suite1' became 9 ! la/ c5tury ?is extraord9>y debau*1 9 :i* ! man :o has nev] se5 a battle1 lov$ a woman1 or wor%ipp$ a god1 may n only ideally1 b ?r\gh ! response ( 8 n]ves & pulses to imm$iate rhy?mical attack1 enjoy ! gho/s ( /ruggle1 rapture1 & exaltation ) a volume & intricacy1 an angui%1 a triumph1 an irresponsibility1 unhe>d (4 ,an amplifi$ patt]n ( action & emotion is giv53 ea* man may fit to x :at images he w4#eh 99 99 99 99 99 ,if our cont5tion ?r\gh\t ?is book be correct ! ,expressioni/s are 9 "o matt] abundantly "r4 ,art1 we h se51 aga9 & aga9 rises by way ( ritual out ( emotion1 out ( life ke5ly & vividly livid4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation are always talk+ ( life2 !y h a sort ( cult ( life4 ,"s ( ! m valor\s spirits among !m ev5 t5d to disp>age art t life may be ! m exalt$4 ,/op pa9t+ & sculp+1 !y cry1 & g & see a football mat*4 ,!re y h life6 ,life is1 und\bt$ly1 ess5tial to art because life is ! /uff ( emotion1 b "s ?9k]s & arti/s h an oddly limit$ notion ( :at life is4 ,x mu/1 x seems1 9 ! fir/ place1 be ess5tially physical4 ,to sit & dream 9 y\r /udy is n to live4 ,! reason ( ?is odd limitation is easy to see4 ,we all ?9k life is especially ! sort ( life we are n liv+ ourselves4 ,! h>d-work$ ,univ]sity pr(essor ?9ks t ,life is to be f\nd 9 a ,fr5* caf2 ! poli%$ ,london j\rnali/ looks = ,life among ! nak$ ,polynesians4 ,! cult ( savag]y1 & ev5 ( simplicity1 9 e =m1 simply spells complex civilization & dim9i%$ physical vitality4 ,! ,expressioni/ is1 !n1 triumphantly "r 9 ! /ress he lays on emotion2 b he is n "r if he limits life to c]ta9 ( its m elem5t>y manife/ations2 & /ill less is he "r1 to our m9ds1 9 mak+ life & art 9 any s5se coext5sive4 ,art1 z we h se51 su/a9s & invigorates life1 b only does x by )drawal f ^! v same elem5t>y =ms ( life1 by inhibit+ c]ta9 s5su\s reactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ano!r matt] "o section ( ,expressioni/s1 ! ,futuri/s1 are 9 ! ma9 "r4 ,! emotion to be express$ is ! emotion ( to-day1 or /ill bett] to-morr[4 ,! mimetic dance arose n only nor *iefly out ( reflection on ! pa/2 b out ( ei!r imm$iate joy or imm95t fe> or insi/5t hope = ! future4 ,we are n prep>$ p]haps to g all l5g?s1 to burn all museums because ( _! contagi\s corruption1 ?\gh we might be prep>$ to bani% ! nude = ! space ( t5 ye>s4 ,if !re is to be any true liv+ art1 x mu/ arise1 n f ! contemplation ( ,greek /atues1 n f ! revival ( folk-songs1 n ev5 f ! re-enact+ ( ,greek plays1 b f a ke5 emotion felt t[>ds ?+s & p liv+ to-day1 9 mod]n conditions1 includ+1 among o!r & deep] =ms ( life1 ! ha/e & hurry ( ! mod]n /reet1 ! :irr ( motor c>s & a]oplanes4 ,!re are arti/s alive to-day1 /ray$ revell]s1 :o wi% !mselves back 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :o long = ! "t :5 ea* man w\ld h 8 h\se c>v$ ) a bit ( lovely ornam5t1 :5 e village *ur* _h its ,madonna & ,*ild1 :51 9 a ^w1 art & life & religion w5t h& 9 h&1 n %>ply sund]$ by ca/es & pr(essions4 ,b we may n put back ! clock1 &1 if by diff]5tiation we lose some?+1 we ga9 mu*4 ,! old *oral dance on ! or*e/ral floor 0 an undiff]5tiat$ ?+1 x _h a beauty ( its own2 b by its diff]5tiation1 by ! sev]ance ( arti/ & actors & spectators1 we h ga9$--! drama4 ,we may n ca/ reluctant eyes backw>ds2 ! _w goes =w>d to new =ms ( life1 & ! ,*ur*es ( to-day mu/ & %\ld become ! ,museums ( to-morr[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is curi\s & in/ructive to note t ,tol/oy's !ory ( ,art1 ?\gh n 8 practice1 is ess5tially ,expressive & ev5 approa*es ! dogmas ( ! ,futuri/4 ,art is to him j ! transmission ( p]sonal emotion to o!rs4 ,x may be bad emotion or x may be good emotion1 emotion x mu/ be4 ,to take 8 simple & in/ructive in/ance3 a boy goes out into a wood & meets a wolf1 he is fright5$1 he comes back & tells ! o!r villag]s :at he felt1 h[ he w5t to ! wood feel+ happy & light-he>t$ & ! wolf came1 & :at ! wolf look$ l1 & h[ he began to be fright5$4 ,?is is1 accord+ to ,tol/oy1 art4 ,ev5 if ! boy nev] saw a wolf at all1 if he _h really at ano!r "t be5 fright5$1 & if he 0 able to conjure up fe> 9 himself & communicate x to o!rs--t also w\ld be art4 ,! ess5tial is1 accord+ to ,tol/oy1 t he %\ld feel himself & s repres5t 8 feel+ t he communicates x to o!rs4#ei ,art-s*ools1 art-pr(essionalism1 art-criticism are all useless or worse ?an useless1 because !y _c tea* a man to feel4 ,only life c d t4 ,all art is1 accord+ to ,tol/oy1 good qu art t succe$s 9 transmitt+ emotion4 ,b !re is good emotion & bad emotion1 & ! only "r mat]ial = art is good emotion1 & ! only good emotion1 ! only emotion wor? express+1 is subsum$1 accord+ to ,tol/oy1 9 ! religion ( ! day4 ,?is is h[ he expla9s ! con/ant aff9ity 9 ne>ly all ages ( art & religion4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ religion z an e>ly phase ( art1 he proce$s to def9e religi\s p]ception z ! highe/ social ideal ( ! mom5t1 z t und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( life :i* repres5ts ! highe/ level to :i* m5 ( t society h atta9$1 an und]/&+ def9+ ! highe/ good at :i* t society aims4 ,religi\s p]ception 9 a society1 he beautifully adds1 is l ! direction ( a fl[+ riv]4 ,if ! riv] fl[s at all1 x mu/ h a direction4 ,?us1 religion1 to ,tol/oy1 is n dogma1 n petrifaction1 x makes inde$ dogma impossible4 ,! religi\s p]ception ( to-day fl[s1 ,tol/oi says1 9 ! ,*ri/ian *annel t[>ds ! union ( man 9 a common bro!rhood4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! mod]n arti/ to feel & transmit emotion t[>ds ?is unity ( man4 ,n[ x is n our purpose to exam9e :e!r ,tol/oy's def9ition ( religion is adequate or inde$ illum9at+4 ,:at we wi% to note is t he grasps ! tru? t 9 art we mu/ look & feel1 & look & feel =w>d1 n backw>d1 if we w\ld live4 ,art someh[1 l language1 is always feel+ =w>d to new]1 full]1 subtl] emotions4 ,%e seems inde$ 9 a way to feel ahead ev5 ( sci5ce2 a poet w =eca/ dimly :at a lat] discov]y w confirm4 ,:e!r & h[ long old *annels1 old =ms w suffice = ! new _s c nev] be =ese54 99 99 99 99 99 ,we end ) a po9t ( great importance1 ?\gh ! doctr9e we w\ld emphasize may be to "s a h>d say+1 ev5 a /umbl+-block4 ,art1 z ,tol/oy div9$1 is social1 n individual4 ,art is1 z we h se51 social 9 orig91 x rema9s & mu/ rema9 social 9 function4 ,! dance f :i* ! drama rose 0 a *oral dance1 ! dance ( a b&1 a gr\p1 a *ur*1 a community1 :at ! ,greeks call$ a ?iasos4 ,! ^w means a b& & a ?+ ( devotion2 & rev]5ce1 devotion1 collective emotion1 is social 9 its v be+4 ,t b& 01 to beg9 )1 z we saw1 ! :ole collection ( initiat$ tribesm51 l9k$ by a common "n1 rally+ r\nd a common symbol4 ,ev5 to-day1 :5 individualism is rampant1 art be>s traces ( its collective1 social orig94 ,we feel ab\t x1 z not$ be=e1 a c]ta9 ought :i* always spells social obligation4 ,moreov]1 :5ev] we h a new movem5t 9 art1 x issues f a gr\p1 usually f a small pr(essional cot]ie1 b m>k$ by /rong social in/9cts1 by a mission>y _s1 by intemp]ate zeal 9 propag&a1 by a t5d5cy1 always social1 to cry/allize conviction into dogma4 ,we c sc>cely1 unless we are z high-he>t$ z ,tol/oy1 hope n[-a-days = an art t %all be _w-wide4 ,! tribe is ext9ct1 ! family 9 its old rigid =m moribund1 ! social gr\ps we n[ look to z c5tres ( emotion are ! gr\ps ( indu/ry1 ( pr(essionalism & ( %e] mutual attraction4 ,small & /range ?\gh su* gr\ps may appe>1 !y are real social factors4 ,n[ ?is social1 collective elem5t 9 art is too apt to be =gott54 ,:5 an arti/ claims t expression is ! aim ( art he is too apt to mean self-expression only--utt]ance ( individual emotion4 ,utt]ance ( individual emotion is v closely neighb\r$ by1 is almo/ id5tical )1 self-enhancem5t4 ,:at %\ld be a g5]\s1 & 9 "p altrui/ic1 exaltation becomes m]e megalomania4 ,?is egotism is1 ( c\rse1 a dang] inh]5t 9 all art4 ,! susp5sion ( motor-reactions to ! practical _w isolates ! arti/1 cuts him (f f 8 fell[-m51 makes him 9 a s5se an egoti/4 ,art1 said ,zola1 is ! _w se5 ?r\gh a temp]am5t4 ,b ?is susp5sion is1 n t he %\ld turn inw>d to fe$ on 8 own vitals1 b r to free him = contemplation4 ,all great art releases f self4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "y are (t5 tempor>y arti/s3 art1 be+ bas$ on life1 calls = a /rong vitality4 ,! "y are also self-c5tr$ & seek self-enhancem5t4 ,?is ne$ ( self-expression is a sort ( arti/ic impulse4 ,! "y are1 p>tly f %e] immaturity1 /ill m ?r\gh a fooli% conv5tion1 %ut out f real life2 !y are seclud$1 =c$ to become 9 a s5se arti/s1 or1 if !y h n ! p[] = t1 at lea/ self-aggr&iz]s4 ,!y write lyric poems1 !y love masqu]ad+1 !y focus life on to !mselves 9 a way :i*1 lat] on1 life itself makes impossible4 ,?is pseudo-art1 ?is self-aggr&izem5t usually dies a natural dea? be=e ! age ( ?irty4 ,if x live on1 "o rem$y is1 ( c\rse1 ! sci5tific attitude2 t attitude :i* is b5t on consid]+ & discov]+ ! relations ( ?+s among !mselves1 n _! p]sonal relation to u4 ,! /udy ( sci5ce is a priceless discipl9e 9 self-abnegation1 b only 9 negation2 x looses u f self1 x does n l9k u to o!rs4 ,! real & natural rem$y = ! egotism ( y\? is ,life1 n necess>ily ! haunt+ ( cafs1 or ev5 ! wat*+ ( football mat*es1 b /r5u\s activity 9 ! simple/ human relations ( daily happ5+s4 ,:atsoev] ?y h& f9de? to d1 d x ) ?y might4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is always apt to be "s discord betwe5 ! arti/ & ! l>ge practical _w 9 :i* he lives1 b ^? ages are happie/ 9 :i* ! discord is lea/4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury1 amid its spl5did a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce & indu/ry1 9 gov]nm5t & le>n+1 & above all 9 humanity1 illu/rates ?is conflict 9 an int]e/+ way4 ,to lit]ature1 an art :i* c expla9 itself1 ! great public _w l5t on ! :ole a rev]5t & intellig5t e>4 ,its great prose writ]s 7 at peace ) _! audi5ce & 7 inspir$ by great public int]e/s4 ,"s ( ! greate/1 = example ,tol/oy1 produc$ _! f9e/ "w on widely human subjects1 & numb]$ _! read]s & admir]s probably by ! million4 ,writ]s l ,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 ,k+sley1 ,mill1 & ,c>lyle1 ev5 poets l ,t5nyson & ,br[n+1 7 full ( great public int]e/s & causes1 &1 9 diff]5t degrees & at diff]5t /ages ( _! lives1 7 ?or\ghly & imm5sely popul>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o c f9d1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod1 figures l ,blake & ,%elley1 & all ?r\gh x a numb] ( pa9t]s--! pre-,raphaelites1 ! ,impressioni/s--walk+ l ali5s 9 a ,phili/9e _w4 ,ev5 great figures l ,burne-,jones & ,:i/l] 7 = ! great] "p ( _! lives unrecogniz$ or mock$ at4 ,millais rea*$ ! att5tion ( ! _w1 b 0 ?\ght by ! /rict] frat]nity to h 9 "s s5se or o!r sold 8 s\l & committ$ ! great s9 ( consid]+ ! b\rgeois4 ,! b\rgeois %\ld be despis$ n p>tially b completely4 ,8 life1 8 int]e/s1 8 code ( e?ics & conduct mu/ all be matt]s ( entire indiff]5ce or amus$ contempt1 to ! true arti/ :o int5ds to d 8 own true "w & call 8 s\l 8 own4 ,at a c]ta9 mom5t1 dur+ ! eighties & n9eties1 x look$ z if ^! doctr9es 7 g5]ally accept$1 & ! divorce betwe5 art & ! community _h become p]man5t4 ,b x seems z if ?is attitude1 :i* co9cid$ ) a p]iod ( reaction 9 political matt]s & a recrudesc5ce ( a belief 9 =ce & on unreason$ au?ority1 is already pass+ away4 ,!re are n want+ signs t art1 bo? 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 & 9 poetry & novel-writ+1 is beg9n+ aga9 to realize its social function1 beg9n+ to be impati5t ( m]e individual emotion1 beg9n+ to aim at some?+ bigg]1 m b\nd up ) a feel+ t[>ds & = ! common weal4 ,take "w l t ( ,mr4 ,galswor?y or ,mr4 ,masefield or ,mr4 ,arnold ,b5nett4 ,)\t apprais+ its m]its or dem]its we _c b note t ! social s5se is always !re1 :e!r x be ( a class or ( a :ole community4 ,9 a play l ,ju/ice ! writ] does n express himself1 he does n ev5 m]ely %[ ! pa?os ( a s+le human be+'s de/9y1 he sets be=e u a mu* bigg] ?+--man tragically caught & torn 9 ! iron h&s ( a man-made ma*9e1 ,society itself4 ,inc>nate ,law is ! protagoni/1 &1 z x happ5s1 ! villa9 ( ! piece4 ,x is a fragm5t ( ,les ,misrables ov] aga91 9 a sev]] & m re/ra9$ te*nique4 ,an art l ?is />ts1 no d\bt1 f emotion t[>ds p]sonal happ5+s--!re is no?+ else f :i* x c />t2 b1 ev5 z x sets sail = wid] seas1 x is loos$ f p]sonal moor+s4 ,sci5ce has giv5 u back some?+ /rangely l a ,_w-,s\l1 & art is beg9n+ to feel %e mu/ utt] our emotion t[>ds x4 ,su* art is expos$ to an inh]5t & imm95t p]il4 ,its v bigness & newness t5ds to set up fre% & p[]ful reactions4 ,unless1 9 ! process ( creation1 ^! c be inhibit$1 ! arti/ w be lo/ 9 ! re=m]1 & ! play or ! novel turn tract4 ,?is does n mean t ! arti/1 if he is /rong en\gh1 may n be re=m] too1 only n at ! mom5t ( creation4 ,! art ( ,mr4 ,arnold ,b5nett gets its bigness1 its collectivity1 9 "p--f ext5sion ov] "t4 ,f> f seek+ aft] beauty1 he almo/ goes out to embrace ugl9ess4 ,he does n sp>e u ev5 dullness1 t we may get a s5se ( ! long1 wa/e spaces ( life1 _! dre>y reality4 ,we are ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! loves ( h]o & h]o9e1 b all ! "t some?+ mu* bigg] is go+ on1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation rolls by 9 ceaseless panorama2 x is ! life n ( ,edw9 & ,hilda1 x is ! life ( ! ,five ,t[ns4 ,aft] a vision s big1 to come back to ! ord9>y individuali/ic love-/ory is l look+ ?r\gh ! wrong end ( a telescope4 ,art ( high quality & calibre is seldom obscure4 ,! great popul> writ]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 ,t5nyson1 ,tol/oy--wrote s t all c\ld und]/&4 ,a really big arti/ has some?+ important to say1 some?+ va/ to %[1 some?+ t moves him & presses on him2 & he w say x simply because he mu/ get x said4 ,he w trick x out ) no devices1 mo/ ( all ) no obscurities4 ,x has vex$ & torn him en\gh :ile x 0 pu%+ its way to be born4 ,he has no peace till x is said1 & said z cle>ly z he may4 ,he says x1 n consci\sly = ! sake ( o!rs1 b = himself1 to ease him f ! burd5 ( big ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 art1 ^: bus9ess is to transmit emotion1 %\ld ne$ no comm5t>y4 ,art comes out ( !oria1 contemplation1 /eady look+ at1 b nev] out ( !ory4 ,!ory c nei!r eng5d] nor f9ally support x4 ,an exhibition ( pictures ) an explanatory catalogue1 sci5tifically int]e/+ ?\gh x may be1 /&s1 9 a s5se1 self-condemn$4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t all art is n ( ! :ole community4 ,!re are small gr\ps feel+ _! own small b /ill collective emotion1 fa%ion+ _! own language1 obscure sometimes to all b !mselves4 ,!y are "r s to fa%ion x1 b1 if !y appeal to a wid] _w1 !y mu/ /rive to speak 9 ! vulg> tongue1 und]/&$ ( ! p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is1 inde$1 a hopeful sign ( ! times1 a m>k ( ! revival ( social z contra/$ ) m]ely individuali/ic in/9cts t a y\ng] g5]ation ( poets1 at lea/ 9 ,france1 t5d to =m !mselves into small gr\ps1 held toge!r n m]ely by ecc5tricities ( language or g>b1 b by "s deep inn] conviction /rongly held 9 common4 ,su* a unity ( _s is se5 9 ! works ( ! latt] gr\p ( ?9k]s & writ]s kn[n z ,unanimi/s4 ,!y tri$ & fail$ to f\nd a community4 ,_! doctr9e1 if doctr9e convictions s fluid c be call$1 is /rangely l ! old gr\p-religion ( ! common dance1 only m articulate4 ,( ! ,unanimi/ x might truly be said1 il buvait l'indi/9ction4 ,to him ! h>% old ,roman m&ate ,divide et imp]a1 ,divide m5 t y may rule !m1 spells dea?4 ,8 dream is n ( empire & p]sonal prop]ty b ( ! realization ( life1 common to all4 ,to ?is s*ool ! great reality is ! social gr\p1 :atev] =m x take1 family1 village or t[n4 ,_! only dogma is ! unity & immeasurable sanctity ( life4 ,9 practice !y are ,*ri/ian1 yet :olly free f ! asceticism ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,_! attitude 9 art is z remote z possible f1 x is inde$ ! v anti!sis to1 ! /hetic exclusiv5ess ( ! close ( la/ c5tury4 ,l ,/4 ,pet]1 ! ,unanimi/s h se5 a %eet let d[n & he>d a voice f heav5 say+3 ,call ?\ no?+ common nor unclean4 ,above all1 ! ,unanimi/ rememb]s & realizes afre% ! old tru? t no man live? unto himself4 ,accord+ to ! ,expressioni/'s cre$1 z we h se51 ! end ( art is to utt] & communicate emotion4 ,! fulle/ & f9e/ emotions are ^? "o human be+ feels t[>ds ano!r4 ,e sympa?y is an enri*m5t ( life1 e antipa?y a negation4 ,x foll[s !n1 t1 = ! ,unanimi/1 ,love is ! fulfill+ ( 8 ,law4 ,x is a beautiful & life-giv+ fai?1 felt & ) a p]fect s9c]ity express$ t[>ds all nature by ! ,indian poet ,tagore1 & t[>ds humanity especially by ,m4 ,vildrac 9 8 ,book ( ,love 7,livre d',am\r74 ,he tells u 9 8 ,comm5t>y h[ to-day ! poet1 sitt+ at home ) p5 & pap] be=e him1 feels t he is p5t 91 /ifl$ by himself4 ,he _h be5 ab\t to re-tell ! old1 old /ory ( himself1 to set himself once m on ! /age ( 8 poem--! same old du/y self trick$ out1 co/um$ anew4 ,sudd5ly he kn[s ! figure to be tawdry & %ameful4 ,he is hot all ov] :5 he looks at x2 he mu/ out into ! air1 into ! /reet1 out ( ! /uffy museum :]e s long he has /irr$ ! dead egoti/ a%es1 out into ! bigg] life1 ! life ( 8 fell[s2 he mu/ live1 ) !m1 by !m1 9 !m4 ,i am we>y ( de$s done inside myself1 ,i am we>y ( voyages inside myself1 ,& ( h]oism wr\ght by /rokes ( ! p51 ,& ( a beauty made up ( =mul4 ,i am a%am$ ( ly+ to my "w1 ,( my "w ly+ to my life1 ,& ( be+ able to cont5t myself1 ,by burn+ sweet spices1 ,) ! m\ld]+ smell t is ma/] "h4 ,aga91 9 ,! ,conqu]ors1 ! poet dreams ( ! ,victori\s ,"o :o has no army1 ! ,knight :o rides afoot1 ! ,crusad] )\t brevi>y or scrip1 ! ,pilgrim ( ,love :o1 by ! %9+ 9 8 eyes1 draws all m5 to him1 & !y 9 turn draw o!r m5 until1 at la/3 ,! "t came 9 ! l&1 ,! "t ( ! ,great ,conque/1 ,:5 ! p ) ?is desire ,left ! ?re%old ( _! door ,to g =? t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,& ! "t came 9 ! l& ,:5 to fill all its /ory ,!re 0 no?+ b songs 9 unison1 ,"o r\nd danc$ ab\t ! h\ses1 ,"o battle & "o victory4 ,& s our tale ends :]e x began1 ) ! ,*oral ,dance4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,e?ics1 ,x1 #d4 #ee ,h4 ,b]gson1 ,life & ,consci\sness1 ,huxley ,lecture1 ,may #bi1 #aiaa4 #ef ,religion is "h us$ z mean+ ! wor%ip ( "s =m ( god1 z ! practical c\nt]p>t ( !ology4 #eg ,mr4 ,d4,s4 ,mac,coll4 #eh ,d4,s4 ,mac,coll1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,art1 p4 #ba4 7#aijb47 #ei ,x is int]e/+ to f9d1 s9ce ! above 0 writt51 t ! ,confession ( ,fai? publi%$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,second ,po/-,impressioni/ ,exhibition 7#aiab1 p4 #ba7 reproduces1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ,tol/oy's view3 ,we h ceas$ to ask1 ,:at does ?is picture repres5t8 & ask in/ead1 ,:at does x make u feel8 ,,bibliography ,= ,anci5t & ,primitive ,ritual ! be/ g5]al book ( ref]5ce is3 ,,fraz]1 ,j4,g4 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #crd edition1 #aiaa1 f :i* mo/ ( ! in/ances 9 ! pres5t manual are tak54 ,"p ,,iv ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4e4 ! section deal+ ) ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris1 %\ld especially be consult$4 ,also an e>li]1 epo*-mak+ book3 ,,rob]tson ,,smi?1 ,w4 ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ahhi #crd edition1 #aibg4 ,= c]ta9 fundam5tal ritual notions1 e4g4 sacrifice1 hol9ess1 etc4 ,= ,egyptian & ,babylonian ritual3 ,my? & ,ritual1 edit$ by ,s4,h4 ,,hooke1 #aicc4 ,= ! ,greek ,drama1 z aris+ out ( ! ritual dance3 ,pr(essor ,,gilb]t ,,murray',s ,excursus on ! ,ritual ,=ms pres]v$ 9 ,greek ,trag$y 9 ,j4,e4 ,,h>rison',s ,!mis1 #aiab1 & pp4 #cbg-dj 9 ! same book2 & = ! religion ( ,dionysos & ! drama1 ,j4,e4 ,,h>rison',s ,prolegom5a1 #aijg1 ,*apt]s ,,viii & ,x4 ,= ! fusion ( ! ritual dance & h]o-wor%ip1 see ,w4 ,,leaf1 ,hom] & ,hi/ory1 #aiae1 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,= a q diff]5t view ( drama z aris+ :olly f ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 see ,pr(essor ,w4 ,,ridgeway1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,trag$y1 #aiaj4 ,an important discussion ( ! relation ( trag$y to ! w9t] fe/ival ( ! ,l5aia appe>s 9 ,a4,b4 ,,cook',s ,zeus1 vol4 i1 sec4 #f 7xxi7 #aiad4 ,m rec5t works on ,greek drama3 ,a4,w4 ,,pick>d-,,cambridge1 ,di?yramb1 ,trag$y & ,com$y1 #aibg2 ,g4 ,,?omson1 ,aes*ylus & ,a!ns1 #aida4 ,= ,primitive ,art3 ,,hirn1 ,y4 ,! ,orig9s ( ,art1 #aijj4 ,! ma9 !ory ( ! book ! pres5t writ] believes to be inadequate1 b x conta9s an excell5t collection ( facts relat+ to ,art1 ,magic1 ,art & ,"w1 ,mimetic ,dances1 etc41 & mu* valuable discussion ( pr9ciples4 ,,grosse1 ,e4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,art1 #ahig1 9 ! ,*icago ,an?ropological ,s]ies4 ,valuable = its full illu/rations ( primitive art1 z well z = text4 ,,boas1 ,f41 ,primitive ,art1 #aibg4 ,= ! ,!ory ( ,art3 ,,tol/oy1 ,l4 ,:at is ,art8 ,translat$ by ,aylm] ,maude1 9 ! ,scott ,libr>y4 ,,fry1 ,,rog] ,e4 ,an ,essay 9 /hetics1 9 ! ,new ,qu>t]ly1 ,april #aiji1 p4 #agd4 ,?is is ! be/ g5]al /atem5t ( ! function ( ,art kn[n to me4 ,x %\ld be read 9 connection ) ,mr4 ,bull\gh's article1 quot$ on p4 #abi1 :i* gives ! psy*ological basis ( a simil> view ( ! nature ( art4 ,my own !ory 0 =mulat$ indep5d5tly1 9 relation to ! developm5t ( ! ,greek !atre1 b ,i am v glad to f9d t x is 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ^? ( two su* di/+ui%$ au?orities on /hetics4 ,= my lat] conclusions on art1 see ,alpha & ,omega1 #aiae1 pp4 #bjh-bbj4 ,,caudwell1 ,c41 ,illusion & ,reality1 #aicg4 ,= m advanc$ /ud5ts3 ,,dussauze1 ,,h5ri4 ,les ,rgles e/htiques et les lois du s5tim5t1 #aiaa4 ,m,,ll]-,,frei5fels1 ,r4 ,psy*ologie d] ,kun/1 #aiab4 ,,index ,ab/raction1 #bbd ,adonis1 rites (1 #ai1 #bj1 #ed-ef ----1 g>d5s (1 #adi ----1 z tree _s1 #adi s*ylus1 #dg ,ae/hete1 n arti/1 #bad-bae ,agon1 #ae ,anagnorisis1 or recognition1 #ae ,an!/]ia1 spr+ fe/ival (1 #adg-adi ,apollo ,belv$]e1 #aga ,ari/otle on art1 #aih ,art & beauty1 #bac ---- & imitation1 #bcj ---- & morality1 #bae ---- & nature1 #aih ---- & religion1 #bbe ----1 emotional factor 91 #bf ----1 social elem5ts 91 #bda-bdh ,asc5sion fe/ival1 #fi ,be>1 ,a9o fe/ival1 #ib-ii ,bea/ dances1 #de1 #df ,beauty & art1 #baa ,b]gson on art1 #acd ,bir?1 rites ( new1 #ajd-aac ,b\phonia1 #ia-ib ,bull-driv+ 9 spr+1 #he ----1 fe/ival at ,magnesia1 #hg ,cat's-cradle1 z magical *>m1 #ff ,c5sor1 function (1 #baf ,*>ila1 spr+ fe/ival1 #hj ,*orus 9 ,greek drama1 #aba-abh ,danc+1 a "w1 #cj-ca ----1 magical1 #ca-ce ----1 commemorative1 #dd ,daphnephoros1 #ahf ,dea? & w9t]1 #fg-gb ,dik z way ( life1 #aaf ,dionysis1 #ab1 #aej ,dionysis z ,holy ,*ild1 #ajc ---- z tree god1 #ajb ---- z "y man1 #aac-aae ,di?yramb1 #ge-hi ,drama & ,drom5on1 #ce-ch ,ea/]1 9 ,mod]n ,greece1 #gc ,eiresione1 #aad ,epheboi1 ,a!nian1 #ab ,eu*1 mean+ (1 #be ,expressioni/s1 #bcb ,futuri/s1 #bcb ,gho/s z f]tiliz]s1 #adi ,hom]1 influ5ce on drama1 #ade-aff ,hor or seasons1 #aaf ,idol & ideal1 #bbg ,impressionism1 #bca ,imitation1 #ba-bc ----1 c]emonies 9 ,au/ralia1 #fd ,individualism1 #bda ,initiation c]emonies1 #fd1 #ajf-aac ,jack-9-!-,gre51 #fj1 #ahg1 #aij ,kang>oos1 dance (1 #df ,l&scape1 art (1 #aii-bja ,maet]l9ck1 #bjj ,may-day at ,cambridge1 #eg ,may1 que5 ( !1 #eg-fa ----1 k+ ( !1 #aic ,mime1 mean+ (1 #dg ,mimesis1 #dc-dg ,music1 function (1 #bcc ,new bir?1 #ajf-aac ,olympian gods1 #bjb ,or*e/ra1 mean+ (1 #abc-abg ,osiris1 rites (1 #ae-bc1 #ea ,ox-hung]1 #ha ,pana!naia1 #agh ,pansp]mia1 #adh ,p>!non frieze1 #agf ,peisi/ratos1 #adf ,peplos ( ,a!na1 #ahj ,p]icles on religion1 #agh ,p]sonification & conception1 #gj-gc ,plato on art1 #ba-bc ,pleasure n joy1 #bac ,po/-impressioni/s1 #bch ,pray] discs1 #bd ,pres5tation1 mean+ (1 #ec ,psy*ical di/ance1 #abi-acd ,repres5tation1 #cd-da ,resurrection1 rites (1 #ajj ,rites1 p]iodicity (1 #eb ,ritual =ms 9 drama1 #ahh-ahi ,santayana on art1 #bbj ,semel1 br++ up (1 #ha ,spr+ song at ,saffron ,wald51 #ei ---- at ,a!ns1 #gg ,/age or sc5e1 #adb-ade ,summ]1 br++ 9 (1 #fg-ga ,tammuz1 rites (1 #ah-bj ,tlt1 rite ( gr[+ up1 #aab ,!atre1 #aj-ac1 #acf ,!mis1 z ritual cu/om1 #aag ,!oria & !ory1 #bdh ,?re%+-floor at danc+-place1 #abd ,tol/oy on art1 #acb1 #bch-bda ,totemism & bea/ dances1 #df1 #dg ,trag$y1 ritual =ms 91 #aai-abb ----1 orig9 (1 #gf ,tug ( w>1 among ,esquimaux1 #fb ,unanimism1 #bdi-beb ,vegetation _s1 #gb ,w9t]1 c>ry+ out (1 #fh-gb ,wool1 sacr$1 #ab ,_w-s\l1 #bdf ,wrea?s1 fe/ival (1 #ahi ----1 at ,greek w$d+s1 #aij ,zola on art1 #bdb 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,! ,camelot ,press ,ltd41 ,london & ,s\?ampton