,transcriber's ,note3  ,all material in 
parentheses 77 or square brackets 1     
including the 7sic7 notations1 is from  
the #ahfe original4 ,material added by  
the transcriber is in braces 4   ,greek 
words have been transliterated and shown
 between symbols4   ,single ,greek      
letters are identified by name3 eta1    
alpha4   o3 and e3 represent omega and  
eta4   i represents upside-down i 7used 
in ,i4#c4f74   gh represents yogh 7used 
in ,i4#d4aj74   ,l represents the pounds
 symbol4 ,letters with diacritics are   
unpacked and shown within braces3   a' e
 a with acute accent1 e with grave      
accent ,irregularities in chapter       
numbering are explained at the end of   
the editor's ,notes4                    
,,of ,,the            ,,orthographie    
,,and ,,congruitie                ,,of  
,,the ,,britan ,,tongue       ,a        
,treates1 noe shorter then necessarie1  
for the ,schooles1                      
,be                  ,,alexander ,,hume4
   ,edited from the ,original ,,ms4 in  

the ,british ,museum1                   
by               ,,henry ,b4 ,,wheatley4
     ,,london3 ,published for the ,early
 ,english ,text ,society1 by ,truebner  
,co41 #fj1 ,paternoster ,row4           
,,mdccclxv4  ,,hertford3 ,printed by    
,stephen ,austin4     ,,preface4   ,the 
following ,tract is now printed for the 
first time from the original ,manuscript
 in the old ,royal ,collection in the   
,library of the ,british ,museum 7,bibl4
 ,reg4 #ag ,a4 xi74 ,it is written on   
paper1 and consists of forty-five       
leaves1 the size of the pages being     
#e-c_/d in4 by #c-c_/d in4 ,the         
dedication1 the titles1 and the last two
 lines1 are written with a different    
coloured ink from that employed in the  
body of the ,,ms41 and appear to be in a
 different handwriting4 ,it is probable 
that the tract was copied for the       
author1 but that he himself wrote the   
dedication to the ,king4  ,the          
,manuscript is undated1 and we have no  
means of ascertaining the exact time    

when it was written2 but from a passage 
in the dedication to ,james ,i4 of      
,england1 it is fair to infer that it   
was written shortly after the visit of  
that monarch to ,scotland1 subsequent to
 his accession to the throne of the     
southern kingdom1 that is1 in the year  
#afag4 ,this would make it              
contemporaneous with ,ben ,jonson's     
researches on the ,english ,grammar2 for
 we find1 in #afbi1 ,james ,howell      
7,letters1 ,sec4 ,v4 #bg7 writing to    
,jonson that he had procured ,davies'   
,welch ,grammar for him1 to add to those
 many you have4 ,the grammar that       
,jonson had prepared for the press was  
destroyed in the conflagration of his   
study2 so that the posthumous work we   
now possess consists merely of          
materials1 which were printed for the   
first time in #afdj1 three years after  
the author's death4  ,the ,dedication of
 this ,tract is merely signed ,alexander
 ,hume1 and contains no other clue to   
the authorship4 ,curiously enough there 

were four ,alexander ,humes living about
 the same time1 and three of them were  
educated at ,st4 ,mary's ,college1 ,st4 
,andrew's2 only two1 however1 became    
authors1 the first of whom was ,minister
 of ,logie1 and wrote ,hymnes or ,sacred
 ,songes4 ,there can be little doubt1   
however1 that the present grammar was   
written by the ,alexander ,hume who was 
at one time ,head ,master of the ,high  
,school1 ,edinburgh1 and author of      
,grammatica ,nova4  ,from ,dr4 ,steven's
 ,history of the ,high ,school1         
,edinburgh1 and from ,m',crie's ,life of
 ,melville1 ,i have been enabled to     
extract and put together the following  
scanty particulars of our author's      
life3--,the time and place both of his  
birth and of his death are alike        
unknown2 but he himself1 on the title of
 one of his works1 tells us that he was 
distantly connected with the ancient and
 noble family of ,home1 in the county of
 ,berwick4 ,he was educated at the      
school of ,dunbar1 under the celebrated 

,andrew ,simson1 and in due time was    
enrolled a student in ,st4 ,mary's      
,college1 ,st4 ,andrew's1 and then took 
the degree of ,bachelor of ,arts in     
#aegd4 ,he came to ,england1 and was    
incorporated at ,oxford ,january #bf1   
#aehj-ha1 as ,m4 of ,a4 of ,st4         
,andrew's1 in ,scotland4#a ,he spent    
sixteen years in ,england1 partly       
engaged in studying and partly in       
teaching4 ,during the latter part of    
this term he was a schoolmaster at      
,bath1 as appears from ,dr4 ,hill's     
answer to him1 published in #aeib2 and  
the fact of his residence in this city  
is corroborated at page #ah of the      
present treatise4 ,he then returned to  
,scotland1 having gained a reputation   
for the excellence of his learning and  
for the power he possessed of           
communicating it to others4 ,on the     
dismissal of ,hercules ,rollock1 ,rector
 of the ,high ,school1 ,edinburgh1 from 
his office1 ,hume was unanimously chosen
 to succeed him1 and his appointment was

 dated #bcrd ,april1 #aeif4 ,during his 
incumbency the ,high ,school underwent  
many changes1 and received the form     
which it retains to the present day4 ,in
 ,march1 #afjf1 ,hume resigned his      
office to become principal master in the
 grammar school founded a short time    
previously1 at ,prestonpans1 by the     
munificent ,john ,davidson1 minister of 
the parish4 ,the following document     
gives an account of ,hume's admission to
 this school3--      ,transcriber's     
,note3     ,in the following passage1 -e
 represents e with overline4     ,caret 
means that the following single letter1 
or bracketed group     of letters1 was  
printed in superscript4    ,at hadintoun
 ye #be of ,junij #afjf4 ,the qlk day   
,mr ,jon ker   minister of ye panis     
producit ye pr-entatone of ,mr ,alexr   
hoome to be schoolmr of ye schoole of ye
 panis foundit be ,mr ,jo   ,davedsone  
for instructioune of the youth in       
hebrew1 greek and latine   subscryvet be
 yais to quhome ,mr ,jon davedsone gave 

power to noiat   ye man qlk pr-entatone 
ye pr-ebrie allowit and ordenit ye      
moderator  clerk to subscrive ye samine 
in yr names qlk yay   ded4 ,as also     
ordeanit yt ye said kirk of ye panis    
suld be visited   upon ye eight day of  
,julij next to come for admissione of ye
 said   ,mr ,alexr to ye said office4   
,the visitors wer appoyntit ,mr ,ard    
oswald ,mr ,robert ,wallace ,mr ,george 
greir ,mr andro blackhall  ,mr   andro  
,maghye to teach4----,at ,saltprestoun  
,july #h1 #afjf4 ,the haill             
parischoners being poisit how yay lyckit
 of ye said ,mr ,alexr wt   vniforme    
consent being particularly inqwyrit     
schew yr guid lycking   of him and yr   
willingnes to accept and receiv him to  
ye said   office ,qrupon ye said ,mr    
,alexr wes admittit to ye said   office 
in token of ye approbaone both of       
visitors  of ye   parischon-es prnt both
 ye ane and ye vother tuik ye said ,mr  
,alexr be ye hand  ye haill magistratis 
gentlemen and reman-et   parischoners   

prnt faithfullie prmisit to cocurre for 
ye   furtherace of ye work yt yit restis
 to be done to ye said schoole   as also
 to keipt ye said ,mr ,alexr and his    
scholleris skaithlis   finallie for     
farther authorizing of ye said 7sic7 it 
wes thought   meitt yt ye haill visitors
  parichon-es prnt suld enter ye   said 
,mr ,alexr into ye said schoole  yr heir
 him teache qlk   also wes doone4 7,rec4
 of ,presb4 of ,haddington74#b          
,footnote #a3 ,wood's ,fasti            
,oxonienses1 by ,bliss1 ,i41 #bag4      
,footnote #b3 ,m',crie's ,life of       
,melville1 vol4 ii41 p4 #eji4  ,the     
school rapidly rose to distinction under
 ,hume1 but in #afae he relinquished his
 position1 and accepted the ,mastership 
of the ,grammar ,school of ,dunbar1 then
 in high repute1 and the very same      
school in which he had commenced his own
 education4 ,when occupied at ,dunbar1  
,hume had the honour of being the first 
who1 in a set speech1 welcomed ,james   
,,vi4 back to his ,scottish dominions1  

after an absence of fourteen years4 ,the
 ,king stopped on his way northward from
 ,berwick on the #acth of ,may1 #afag1  
at ,dunglass ,castle the residence of   
the ,earl of ,home1 and ,hume1 as the   
orator of the day1 delivered a ,latin   
address4  ,the date of ,hume's death is 
not known2 but he was witness to a deed 
on the #bgth of ,november1 #afbg2 and   
later still1 in the records of the      
,privy ,council of ,scotland1 #hth and  
#afth ,july1 #afcj1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,laing     
tells me that there is a memorandum of  
the ,king's letter anent the ,grammar of
 ,mr4 ,alexander ,hume1 schoolmaster at 
,dunbar4 ,with regard to his private    
life1 we know that he was married to    
,helen ,rutherford1 and had two sons and
 a daughter born to him in ,edinburgh   
between the years #afja and #afjf4 ,he  
was the father of three more children1  
also two sons and a daughter1 between   
#afjh and #afaj1 in the county of ,east 
,lothian4  ,hume was a master in        
controversy1 and wrote on subjects of   

polemical divinity2 but his mind was    
principally drawn towards language and  
the rules of its construction4 ,he      
especially gave much of his time to the 
study of ,latin grammar1 and feeling    
dissatisfied with the elementary books  
which were then in use1 he drew up one  
himself1 which he submitted to the      
correction of ,andrew ,melville and     
other learned friends1 and published in 
#afab under the title of ,grammatica    
,nova4 ,the object he proposed to       
himself was to exclude from the schools 
the grammar of the ,priscian of the     
,netherlands1 the celebrated ,john ,van 
,pauteren1 but his work did not give the
 satisfaction which he had expected4 ,he
 succeeded1 however1 in his wishes after
 many reverses1 by the help of          
,alexander ,seton1 ,earl of             
,dunfermline1 ,chancellor of ,scotland1 
and by authority both of ,parliament and
 of the ,privy ,council his grammar was 
enjoined to be used in all the schools  
of the kingdom4 ,but through the        

interest of the bishops1 and the steady 
opposition of ,ray1 his successor at the
 ,high ,school1 the injunction was      
rendered of no effect4 ,he would not1   
however1 be beaten1 and we find that in 
#afbc he was again actively engaged in  
adopting measures to secure the         
introduction of his grammar into every  
school in ,north ,britain where the     
,latin language was taught4  ,the       
following is a list of our author's     
works3--  ,a ,reioynder to ,doctor ,hil 
concerning the ,descense of ,christ into
 ,hell4     ,by ,alexander ,hume        
,maister of ,artes4 #do4      ,no place 
of printing1 printer's name1 or date1   
but apparently     printed at ,london in
 #aeib or #aeic4 ,dedicated to ,robert  
,earl of     ,essex4 ,although this is  
the first work that ,i can find         
attributed     to ,alexander ,hume1 yet 
there is no doubt that there must have  
been     a former one of which we have  
no record1 and the title and            
contents of ,dr4 ,hill's book would lead

 us to this conclusion--,the            
,defence of the ,article4 ,christ       
descended into ,hell4 ,with arguments   
obiected against the truth of the same  
doctrine of one ,alexander     ,humes4  
,by ,adam ,hyll1 ,d of ,divinity4       
,london #aeib4 #do4 ,this little        
volume consists of two parts2 #ast1 the 
original sermon preached by     ,hill   
#bhth ,february1 #aehi2 #bnd1 the reply 
to ,hume4 ,at p4 #cc1 the     end of the
 sermon1 is this note1 ,this sermon 444 
was answered by     one ,alexander      
,huns1 ,schoolemaester of ,bath1 whose  
answere wholy     foloweth1 with a      
replye of the author 444 ,at p4 #cc1    
,the reply of     ,adam ,hill to the    
answere made by ,alexander ,humes to a  
sermon1     etc4  ,a ,diduction of the  
true and ,catholik meaning of our       
,sauiour his words1     this is my      
bodie1 in the institution of his laste  
,supper through     the ages of the     
,church from ,christ to our owne dayis4 
,whereunto is     annexed a ,reply to   

,m4 ,william ,reynolds in defence of ,m4
 ,robert ,bruce     his arguments on    
this subject3 displaying ,m4 ,john      
,hammilton's     ignorance and          
contradictions3 with sundry absurdities 
following upon     the ,romane          
interpretation of these words4 ,compiled
 by ,alexander     ,hume1 ,maister of   
the high ,schoole of ,edinburgh4        
,edinburgh1 ,printed     by ,robert     
,waldegrave1 ,printer to the ,king's    
,maiestie1 #afjb4 ,cum     ,privilegio  
,regis4 #ho4  ,prima ,elementa          
,grammaticae in usum juventutis         
,scoticae digesta4 ,edinburgi1          
#afab4 #ho4  ,grammatica ,nova in usum  
juventutis ,scoticae ad methodum        
revocata4     ,edinburgi1 #afab4 #ho4   
,bellum ,grammaticale1 ad exemplar ,mri4
 ,alexandri ,humii4 ,edinburgi1         
excud4 ,gideon ,lithgo1 ,anno ,dom4     
#afeh #ho4 ,several later editions4     
,this humorous ,grammatical             
,tragi-,comedy was not written by ,hume1
     but only revised by him4  ,king    

,james's ,progresses1 collected and     
,published by ,john ,adamson            
afterwards ,principal of the ,university
 of ,edinburgh1 entitled--              
,,ta ,,to3,n ,,mouso3,n ,,eisodia3      
,the ,muses ,welcome to the ,high and   
,mighty ,prince ,james c4 ,at his       
,majesties happie ,returne to ,scotland 
,in ,anno #afag4 ,edinburgh #afah1      
folio4      ,at page #a3 ,his ,majestie 
came from ,bervik to ,dunglas the xiij  
day     of ,maye1 where was delivered   
this latin speach following by ,a4      
,hume4--,at page #af1 there is also a   
couple of ,latin verses signed          
,alexander ,humius4  ,,ms4 in the       
,british ,museum4 ,the present work4    
,,ms4 in the ,advocates' ,library3--    
,rerum ,scoticarum ,compendium1 in usum 
,scholarum4 ,per ,alexandrum     ,humium
 ex antiqua et nobili gente ,humiorum in
 ,scotia1 a prima stirpe     quinta     
sobole oriundum4 ,this work is dated    
,october #affj1 and is     therefore    
merely a transcript4 ,it is an epitome  

of ,buchanan's     ,history1 and ,chr4  
,irvine in ,histor4 ,scot4              
,nomenclatura1 calls it     ,clavis in  
,buchananum1 and ,bishop ,nicholson     
7,scottish ,hist4 ,lib47     praises its
 ,latin style4  ,the following three    
works are inserted by ,dr4 ,steven in   
his list of ,hume's writings1 and have  
been supposed to be his by ,m',crie and 
others2 but ,mr4 ,d4 ,laing believes    
there can be no doubt1 from internal    
evidence1 that the true author was      
,alexander ,hume1 the poet1 who became  
minister of ,logie1 near ,stirling1 in  
#aeig1 and who died in ,december1 #afji4
 ,in ,wood's ,athenae ,oxonienses1 by   
,bliss1 i41 #fbd1 it is stated that all 
three of them were printed in ,london in
 #aeid1 in ,october1 but this must1 ,i  
think1 be a mistake4  ,ane ,treatise of 
,conscience1 quhairin divers secreits   
concerning that     subject are         
discovered4 ,at ,edinburgh1 printed by  
,robert ,walde-grave1     ,printer to   
the ,king's ,maiestie #aeid4 #ho4  ,of  

the ,felicitie of the world to come1    
unsavorie to the obstinate1     alluring
 to such as are gone astray1 and to the 
faithfull full of     consolation4      
,edinb4 #aeid4 #ho4  ,four ,discourses1 
of ,praises unto ,god1 to wit1 #a in    
,praise of the ,mercy     and ,goodness 
of ,god4 #b of his justice4 #c of his   
,power4 #d of his     ,providence4      
,edinb4 #aeid4 #ho4  ,in conclusion1 my 
acknowledgments are due to ,david       
,laing1 ,esq41 who has kindly suggested 
some corrections in the list of ,hume's 
works1 in addition to what is noted     
above4      ,london1 ,february1 #ahfe4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,to the maest excellent             in  
all princelie wisdom1                   
learning1 and heroical                  
artes1 ,,james1                 of      
,great ,britan1                         
,france1 and                            
,ireland1                      ,king1   
,defender of the faeth1                 
grace1 mercie1 peace1                   

honoure here and                glorie  
hereafter4   ,may it please your maest  
excellent ,majestie1 ,i1 your grace's   
humble servant1 seeing sik uncertentie  
in our men's wryting1 as if a man wald  
indyte one letter to tuentie of our best
 wryteres1 nae tuae of the tuentie1     
without conference1 wald agree2 and that
 they quhae might perhapes agree1 met   
rather be custom then knawlege1 set my  
selfe1 about a yeer syne1 to seek a     
remedie for that maladie4 ,quhen ,i had 
done1 refyning it1 ,i fand in ,barret's 
,alvearie1#c quhilk is a dictionarie    
,anglico-latinum1 that ,sr4 ,thomas     
,smith1#d a man of nae less worth then  
learning1 ,secretarie to ,queen         
,elizabeth1 had left a learned and      
judiciouse monument on the same subject4
 ,heer consydering my aun weaknes1 and  
meannes of my person1 began to fear     
quhat might betyed my sillie boat in the
 same seas quhaer sik a man's ship was  
sunck in the gulf of oblivion4 ,for the 
printeres and wryteres of this age1     

caring for noe more arte then may win   
the pennie1 wil not paen them selfes to 
knau whither it be orthographie or      
skuiographie that doeth the turne3 and  
schoolmasteres1 quhae's sillie braine   
will reach no farther then the compas of
 their cap1 content them selfes with    
autos ephe3 my master said it4 ,quhil ,i
 thus hovered betueen hope and despare1 
the same ,barret1 in the letter ,e1     
myndes me of a star and constellation to
 calm al the tydes of these seaes1 if it
 wald please the supreme ,majestie to   
command the universitie to censure and  
ratifie1 and the schooles to teach the  
future age right and wrang1 if the      
present will not rectius sapere4 ,heere 
my harte laggared on the hope of your   
,majesties judgement1 quhom ,god hath   
indeued with light in a sorte           
supernatural1 if the way might be found 
to draue your eie1 set on high materes  
of state1 to take a glim of a thing of  
so mean contemplation1 and yet          
necessarie4 ,quhiles ,i stack in this   

claye1 it pleased ,god to bring your    
,majestie hame to visit your aun ,ida4  
,quher ,i hard that your ,grace1 in the 
disputes of al purposes quherwith1 after
 the exemple of the wyse in former ages1
 you use to season your moat1 ne quid   
tibi temporis sine fructu fluat1 fel    
sundrie tymes on this subject reproving 
your courteoures1 quha on a new conceat 
of finnes sum tymes spilt 7as they cal  
it7 the king's language4 ,quhilk thing  
it is reported that your ,majestie not  
onlie refuted with impregnable reasones1
 but alsoe fel on ,barret's opinion that
 you wald cause the universities mak an 
,inglish grammar to repres the          
insolencies of sik green heades4 ,this1 
quhen ,i hard it1 soe secunded my hope1 
that in continent ,i maed moien hou to  
convoy this litle treates to your       
,majesties sight1 to further 7if        
perhapes it may please your ,grace7 that
 gud motion4 ,in school materes1 the    
least are not the least1 because to erre
 in them is maest absurd4 ,if the       

fundation be not sure1 the maer         
gorgiouse the edifice the grosser the   
falt4 ,neither is it the least parte of 
a prince's praise1 curasse rem          
literariam1 and be his auctoritie to    
mend the misses that ignorant custom    
hath bred4 ,julius ,caesar was noe less 
diligent to eternize his name be the pen
 then be the suord4 ,neither thought he 
it unworthie of his paines to wryte a   
grammar in the heat of the civil weer1  
quhilk was to them as the ,english      
grammar is to us2 and1 as it seemes noe 
less then necessarie1 nor our's is now4 
,manie kinges since that tyme have      
advanced letteres be erecting schooles1 
and doting revennues to their           
maintenance2 but few have had the       
knaulege them selfes to mend1 or be     
tuiched with1 the defectes or faltes    
crept into the boueles of learning1     
among quhom ,,james the first1 ane of   
your ,majesties worthie progenitoures1  
houbeit repressed be the iniquitie of   
the tyme1 deserved noe smal praise2 and 

your ,majesties self noe less1          
commanding1 at your first entrie to your
 ,roial scepter1 to reform the grammar1 
and to teach ,aristotle in his aun      
tongue1 quhilk hes maed the greek       
almaest as common in ,scotland as the   
latine4 ,in this alsoe1 if it please    
your ,majestie to put to your hand1 you 
have al the windes of favour in your    
sail2 account1 that al doe follow2      
judgement1 that al doe reverence2       
wisdom1 that al admire2 learning1 that  
stupified our scholes hearing a king    
borne1 from tuelfe yeeres ald alwayes   
occupyed in materes of state1 moderat in
 theological and philosophical          
disputationes1 to the admiration of all 
that hard him1 and speciallie them quha 
had spent al their dayes in those       
studies4      ,footnote #c3 ,an         
,alvearie or ,quadruple ,dictionarie1   
containing     four sundrie tongues1    
namelie1 ,english1 ,latine1 ,greeke and 
,french     444 by ,jo4 ,baret4 ,london1
 #aehj4 ,folio4 ,an edition was         

published     in #aegc1 with three      
languages only1 the ,greek not being    
included4      ,footnote #d3 ,de recta  
et emendata ,linguae ,anglicae          
,scriptione     ,dialogus4 ,lutetiae1   
#aefh4 #dto4  ,accept1 dred ,soveragne1 
your pover servantes myte4 ,if it can   
confer anie thing to the montan of your 
,majesties praise1 and it wer but a     
clod1 use it and the auctour as your's4 
,thus beseeking your grace to accep my  
mint1 and pardon my miss1 commites your 
grace to the king of grace1 to grace    
your grace with al graces spiritual and 
temporal4  ,your ,majesties   humble    
servant1     ,alexander ,hume4          
,,of ,,the ,,orthographie               
,,of ,,the ,,britan ,,tongue2           
,a ,,treates1 ,,noe                     
,,shorter               ,,then          
,,necessarie1 ,,for                     
,,the ,,schooles4     ,,of ,,the        
,,groundes ,,of ,,orthographie4  ,cap4  
#a4   #a4 ,to wryte orthographicallie   
ther are to be considered the symbol1   

the thing symbolized1 and their         
congruence4 ,geve me leave1 gentle      
reader1 in a new art1 to borrow termes  
incident to the purpose1 quhilk1 being  
defyned1 wil further understanding4  #b4
 ,the symbol1 then1 ,i cal the written  
letter1 quhilk representes to the eie   
the sound that the mouth sould utter4   
#c4 ,the thing symbolized ,i cal the    
sound quhilk the mouth utteres quhen the
 eie sees the symbol4  #d4 ,the         
congruence between them ,i cal the      
instrument of the mouth1 quhilk1 when   
the eie sees the symbol1 utteres the    
sound4  #e4 ,this is the ground of al   
orthographie1 leading the wryter from   
the sound to the symbol1 and the reader 
from the symbol to the sound4 ,as1 for  
exemple1 if ,i wer to wryte ,god1 the   
tuich of the midle of the tongue on the 
roofe of the mouth befoer the voual1 and
 the top of the tongue on the teeth     
behind the voual1 myndes me to wryte it 
god4 ,the voual is judged be the sound1 
as shal be shaued hereafter4 ,this is   

the hardest lesson in this treates1 and 
may be called the key of orthographie4  
,,of ,,the ,,latine ,,vouales4  ,cap4   
#b4   #a4 ,we1 as almaest al ,europ1    
borrow our symboles from the ,romanes4  
,quherforr1 to rectefie our aun1 first  
it behoves us to knaw their's4 ,thei are
 in number #bc3 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 
i1 k1 l1 m1 n1 o1 p1 q1 r1 s1 t1 u1 x1  
y1 and z4  #b4 ,to omit the needless    
questiones of their order and formes2 of
 them1 five be vouales1 ane a noat of   
aspiration1 and all the rest            
consonantes4  #c4 ,a voual is the symbol
 of a sound maed without the tuiches of 
the mouth4  #d4 ,they are distinguished 
the ane from the other be delating and  
contracting the mouth1 and are a1 e1 i1 
o1 u4  #e4 ,quhat was the right roman   
sound of them is hard to judge1 seeing  
now we heer nae romanes2 and other      
nationes sound them after their aun     
idiomes1 and the latine as they sound   
them4  #f4 ,but seeing our earand is    
with our aun britan1 we purpose to omit 

curiosities1 et quae nihil nostra       
intersunt4 ,our aun1 hou-be it dialectes
 of ane tong1 differing in the sound of 
them1 differ alsoe in pronuncing the    
latine4 ,quherfoer1 to make a           
conformitie baeth in latine and         
,english1 we man begin with the latine4 
#g4 ,a1 the first of them1 the south    
soundes as beath thei and we sound it in
 bare1 nudus2 and we1 as beath thei and 
we sound it in bar1 obex4  #h4 ,but     
without partialitie 7for in this earand 
,i have set my compas to the loadstar of
 reason71 we pronunce it better4 ,if ,i 
am heer deceaved1 reason sall deceave   
me4  #i4 ,for we geve it alwaies ane    
sound beath befoer and behind the       
consonant3 thei heer ane and ther an    
other4 ,as in amabant1 in the first tuae
 syllabes they sound it as it soundes in
 bare1 and in the last as it sounds in  
bar4 ,quherupon ,i ground this argument4
 ,that is the better sound1 not onelie  
of this1 but alsoe of al other letteres1
 quhilk is alwayes ane4 ,but we sound it

 alwayes ane1 and therfoer better4 ,ad  
that their sound of it is not far unlyke
 the sheepes bae1 quhilk the greek      
symbolizes be eta not alpha1 be3 not ba4
 ,see ,eustat4 in ,homer4  #aj4 ,of this
 letter the latines themselfes had tuae 
other sounds differing the ane from the 
other1 and beath from this1 quhilk they 
symbolized be adding an other voual1 ae 
and au4 ,and these they called          
diphthonges4  #aa4 ,the diphthong they  
defyne to be the sound of tuae vouales  
coalescing into ane sound1 quhilk       
definition in au is plaen1 in ae        
obscurer as now we pronunce it1 for now 
we sound it generallie lyke the voual e1
 without sound of the a1 quhilk1        
notwithstanding is the principal voual  
in this diphthong sound4 ,questionles at
 the first it semes to have had sum     
differing sound from a1 sik as we       
pronunce in stean1 or the south in      
stain4 ,but this corruption is caryed   
with a stronger tyde then reason can    
resist1 and we wil not stryve with the  

stream4  #ad4 ,e followes1 quhilk in    
reason sould have but ane sound1 for    
without doubt the first intent was to   
geve everie sound the awn symbol1 and   
everie symbol the awn sound4 ,but as now
 we sound it in quies and quiesco1 the  
judiciouse ear may discern tuae soundes4
 ,but because heer we differ not1 ,i wil
 acquiess4 ,my purpose is not to deal   
with impossibilities1 nor to mend al    
crookes1 but to conform 7if reason wil  
conform us7 the south and north beath in
 latine and in ,english4  #ae4 ,af this 
voual ryseth tuae diphthonges1 ei and   
eu1 quhilk beath standes wel with the   
definition1 sect4 #aa4  #af4 ,of the    
next1 i1 we differ farder1 and the knot 
harder to louse1 for nether syde wantes 
sum reason4 ,thei in mihi1 tibi1 and sik
 otheres1 pronunce it as it soundes in  
bide1 manere2 we as it soundes in bid1  
jubere4  #ag4 ,among the ancientes ,i   
fynd sum groundes for their sound4 ,cic4
 epist4 fam4 lib4 #i1 epis4 #bb1 avoues 
that bini1 in latin1 and binei in       

,greek1 had ane sound4 ,and ,varro1 with
 sundrie ancientes1 wrytes domineis and 
serveis1 for dominis and servis1 quhilk 
is more lyke the sound of bide then bid4
 ,if this argument reached as wel to i  
short as i lang1 and if we wer sure how 
ei was pronunced in those dayes1 this   
auctoritie wald over-weegh our reason2  
but seing i1 in mihi1 etc41 in the first
 is short1 and in the last common1 and  
the sound of ei uncertan1 ,i stand at my
 reason1 sect4 #i1 quhilk is as powerful
 heer for i as ther for a4 ,they        
pronunce not i in is and quis1 id and   
quid1 in and quin1 as they pronunce it  
in mihi1 tibi1 sibi1 ibi1 etc41 and     
therfoer not right4  #ah4 ,as for o1 in 
latin1 we differ not2 u1 the south      
pronunces quhen the syllab beginnes or  
endes at it1 as eu1 teu for tu1 and     
eunum meunus for unum munus1 quhilk1    
because it is a diphthong sound1 and    
because they them selfes1 quhen a       
consonant followes it1 pronunce it other
 wayes1 ,i hoep ,i sal not need         

argumentes to prove it wrang1 and not be
 a pure voual4     ,,of ,,the ,,britan  
,,vouales4  ,cap4 #c4   #a4 ,of a1 in   
our tongue we have four soundes1 al so  
differing ane from an other1 that they  
distinguish the verie signification of  
wordes1 as1 a tal man1 a gud tal1 a     
horse tal4  #b4 ,quherfoer in this case 
,i wald commend to our men the imitation
 of the greek and latin1 quho1 to mend  
this crook1 devysed diphthongs4 ,let the
 simplest of these four soundes1 or that
 quhilk is now in use1 stand with the   
voual1 and supplie the rest with        
diphthonges2 as1 for exemple1 ,i wald   
wryte the king's hal with the voual a2 a
 shour of hael1 with ae2 hail marie1    
with ai2 and a heal head1 as we cal it1 
quhilk the ,english cales a whole head1 
with ea4 ,and so1 besydes the voual1 we 
have of this thre diphthonges1 tuae with
 a befoer1 ae and ai1 and ane with the e
 befoer1 ea4 ,ad to them au1 howbeit of 
a distinct sound2 as1 knaulege with us1 
in the south knowlege4  #c4 ,these and  

al other diphthonges ,i wald counsel the
 teacheres not to name be the vouales   
quherof they are maed1 but be the sound 
quhilk they maek1 for learneres wil far 
maer easelie take the sound from the    
mouth of the teacher1 then maek it them 
selves of the vouales ingredient4  #d4  
,of e1 we have tuae soundes1 quhilk it  
is hard to judge quhilk is simplest2 as1
 an el1 ulna2 and an el1 anguilla2 hel1 
infernus2 and an hel1 calx pedis4 ,heer 
,i wald commend to our men quhae        
confoundes these the imitation of the   
south1 quhilk doth wel distinguish these
 soundes1 wryting the el1 ulna1 with the
 voual e1 and eel1 anguilla1 with the   
diphthong ee4 ,i am not ignorant that   
sum symbolizes this sound with a        
diphthong made of ie2 eie1 oculus2 hiel1
 fiel1 miel1 etc4 ,here ,i am           
indifferent1 and onelie wishes that the 
ane be used2 let the advysed judge make 
choise of quhilk1 for my awne paert ,i  
lyke the last best2 #a4 becaus eie1     
oculus1 can not wel be symbolized ee2   

#b4 because the greekes expresse eta be 
ee1 quhilk1 as appeares be the ,ioneanes
 and ,doreanes1 drawes neerar to alpha1 
than epsilon4  #e4 ,of i1 also1 our     
idiom receaves tuae soundes1 as in a    
man's wil1 and the wil of a fox4 ,heer1 
also1 ,i wald have our men learne of the
 south1 for these soundes they wel      
distinguish1 wryting wil1 fil1 mil1     
stil1 with i2 and wyl1 fyl1 myl1 styl1  
with y4  #f4 ,heer ,i see be ,barrat1 in
 his ,alvearie1 that sum wald be at     
symbolizing these soundes1 the ane with 
the greek diphthong ei1 and the other   
with i inverted2 as1 reid1 equitare2    
beid1 manere2 rid1 legere2 hid1 cavere4 
,in this opinion ,i se an eye of        
judgement1 and therfoer wil not censure 
it1 except ,i saw the auctour's whole   
drift4 ,onelie for my awn parte ,i will 
avoid al novelties1 and content my self 
with the letteres quhilk we have in use4
 ,and seeing we have no other use of y  
distinguished from i1 condiscend to the 
opinion of the south using i for ane1   

and y for the other4  #g4 ,o1 we sound  
al alyk4 ,but of it we have sundrie     
diphthonges3 oa1 as to roar1 a boar1 a  
boat1 a coat2 oi1 as coin1 join1 foil1  
soil2 oo1 as food1 good1 blood2 ou1 as  
house1 mouse1 c4 ,thus1 we commonlie    
wryt mountan1 fountan1 quhilk it wer    
more etymological to wryt montan1       
fontan1 according to the original4  #h4 
,in this diphthong we commit a grosse   
errour1 saving better judgement1        
spelling how1 now1 and siklyk with w1   
for if w be 7as it sal appear1 quhen we 
cum to the awn place of it7 a consonant1
 it can noe wayes coalesse into a       
diphthong sound1 sik as this out of     
controversie is4  #i4 ,u1 the last of   
this rank1 the south1 as ,i have said in
 the latin sound of it1 pronunces eu1 we
 ou1 both1 in my simple judgement1      
wrang1 for these be diphthong soundes1  
and the sound of a voual sould be       
simple4 ,if ,i sould judge1 the frensh  
sound is neerest the voual sound as we  
pronunce it in mule and muse4  #aj4 ,of 

it we have a diphthong not yet1 to my   
knawlege1 observed of anie2 and1 for my 
awn parte1 ,i am not wel resolved       
neither how to spel it1 nor name it4    
,onelie ,i see it in this1 to bou1 a    
bow4 ,i wait not quhither ,i sould spel 
the first buu1 or the last boau4 ,as1   
for exemple1 if ,roben ,hud wer nou     
leving1 he wer not able to buu his aun  
bou1 or to bou his aun boau4 ,and       
therfoer this with al the rest1 hou be  
it in other ,i have more for me1 ,i     
leave to the censure of better          
judgement4     ,,of ,,consonantes4      
,cap4 #d4   #a4 ,this for the vouales1  
and diphthonges made of them without the
 tuiches of the mouth4 ,now followe the 
consonantes4  #b4 ,a consonant is a     
letter symbolizing a sound articulat    
that is broaken with the tuiches of the 
mouth4  #c4 ,the instrumentes of the    
mouth1 quherbe the vocal soundes be     
broaken1 be in number seven4 ,the nether
 lip1 the upper lip1 the outward teeth1 
the inward teeth1 the top of the tongue1

 the midle tong1 and roof of the mouth4 
,of these1 thre be1 as it were1 hammeres
 stryking1 and the rest stiddies1       
kepping the strakes of the hammeres4    
#d4 ,the hammeres are the nether lip1   
the top of the tongue1 and the midle    
tongue4 ,the stiddies the overlip1 the  
outward teeth1 the inward teeth1 and the
 roofe of the mouth4  #e4 ,the nether   
lip stryking on the overlip makes b1 m1 
p1 and on the teeth it makes f and v4   
#f4 ,the top of the tongue stryking on  
the inward teeth formes d1 l1 n1 r1 s1  
t1 and z4  #g4 ,the midle tongue        
stryking on the rouf of the mouth formes
 the rest1 c1 g1 k1 j1 q1 and x1 and so 
we have #ah consonantes borrowed of the 
latines4  #h4 ,these they borrow al from
 the greekes1 saving j and v1 quhilk our
 age soundes other wayes then it seemes 
the romanes did2 for ,plutarch1 more    
then #ajj yeeres after ,christ1         
expressing the sound quhilk they had in 
his tyme1 symbolizes them neerar the    
sound of the vouales quherof they are   

maed then now we sound them in latin1   
for in ,galba he symbolizes junius      
vindex1 iounios ouindex1 quhilk1 if then
 it had sounded as now we sound it1 he  
sould rather have written it with gamma 
and beta1 gounios bindex4  #i4 ,we have 
in our use the sam soundes quhilk it    
seemes these consonantes had in         
,plutarch's dayes1 as in yallou1 winter4
 ,quhilk1 seeing now they are worn out  
of the latin use1 my counsel is that we 
leave the sound of them quhilk now is in
 the latin use to the latines1 and take 
as our's the sound quhilk they have     
left1 and geve to the sound1 quhilk now 
we use in latin1 the latin symbol2 as1  
jolie jhon2 vertue is not vain2 and to  
the soundes quhilk they have left the   
symboles quhilk we have usurped to that 
end2 as1 yallou1 youk2 water1 wyne4     
#aj4 ,and heer1 to put our men af their 
errour quho had wont to symboliz yallou 
with an gh1 and to put noe difference   
betueen v and w1 gh is a dental         
consonant1 broaken betueen the top of   

the tongue and root of the teeth2 yal1 a
 guttural sound1 made be a mynt of the  
tongue to the roofe of the mouth1 and   
therfoer the organes being so far       
distant1 and the tuich so diverse1 this 
symbol can be no reason serve that      
sound1 nor nane of that kynd4  #aa4 ,as 
for v and w1 seeing we have in our      
idiom1 besyd the latin sound1 an other  
never hard in latin1 as now it is       
pronunced1 ,i can not but commend the   
wisdom of the south1 quhilk gave the    
latin sound their awn symbol1 and took  
to our sound a symbol quhilk they use   
not4 ,lyke was their wisdom in j and y2 
for as the latines usurped the voual i  
for a consonant in their use1 quhilk the
 greekes had not1 so they usurped y1 a  
voual not mikle different from i1 for   
the correspondent sound1 not used in the
 latin as now it is pronunced4  #ab4    
,heerfoer1 for distinctiones of both    
sound and symbol1 ,i wald commend the   
symbol and name of i and u to the voual 
sound2 as1 indifferent1 unthankful2 the 

symbols of j and v to the latin         
consonantes1 and their names to be jod  
and vau2 as1 vain jestes2 and the       
symboles y and w to our ,english        
soundes1 and their names to be ye and   
we1 or yod and wau2 as1 yonder1 wel1    
yallou1 wool4  #ac4 ,now remaineth h1   
quhilk we have called a noat of         
aspiration1 cap4 #b1 sect4 #b1 and is1  
in deed1 noe voual1 because with a      
consonant it makes noe sound2 as1 ch2   
nor consonant1 because it is pronunced  
without the tuich of the mouth2 as1 ha4 
#ad4 ,it may affect al vouales and      
diphthonges2 as1 hand1 hen1 hind1 hose1 
hurt1 hail1 hautie1 health1 heel1       
heifer1 etc4 ,but behind the voual in   
our tong 7so far as yet ,i can fynd7 it 
hath no use4 ,of consonantes1 it        
affecteth g beyond the voual2 as1 laugh2
 p befoer the voual2 as1 phason2 s and t
 also befoer the voual2 as1 think1      
shame4 ,with c we spil the aspiration1  
turning it into an ,italian chirt2 as1  
charitie1 cherrie1 of quhilk hereafter4 

,,of ,,our ,,abusing ,,sum              
,,consonantes4  ,cap4 #e4   #a4 ,now ,i 
am cum to a knot that ,i have noe wedg  
to cleave1 and wald be glaed if ,i cold 
hoep for help4 ,ther sould be for everie
 sound that can occur one symbol1 and of
 everie symbol but one onlie sound4     
,this reason and nature craveth2 and ,i 
can not but trow but that the worthie   
inventoures of this divyne facultie shot
 at this mark4  #b4 ,but1 contrarie to  
this sure ground1 ,i waet not be quhat  
corruption1 we see1 not onelie in our   
idiom1 but in the latin alsoe1 one      
symbol to have sundrie soundes1 ye1 and 
that in one word2 as1 lego1 legis4  #c4 
,first1 to begin with c1 it appeeres be 
the greekes1 quho ever had occasion to  
use anie latin word1 quharein now we    
sound c as s1 in their tymes it sounded 
k2 for ,cicero1 thei wryt ,kikero2 for  
,caesar1 ,kaisar2 and ,plut41 in ,galba1
 symbolizes principia1 prinkipia4       
,transcriber's ,note3 ,the word is      
written with nu1 not gamma4  #d4 ,this  

sound of it we1 as the latines1 also    
keepe befoer a1 o1 and u2 as1 canker1   
conduit1 cumber4 ,but1 befoer e and i1  
sum tymes we sound it1 with the latin1  
lyke an s2 as1 cellar1 certan1 cease1   
citie1 circle1 etc4  #e4 ,behind the    
voual1 if a consonant kep it1 we sound  
it alwayes as a k2 as1 occur1 accuse1   
succumb1 acquyre4 ,if it end the syllab1
 we ad e1 and sound it as an s2 as1     
peace1 vice1 solace1 temperance2 but    
nether for the idle e1 nor the sound of 
the s1 have we anie reason2 nether daer 
,i1 with al the oares of reason1 row    
against so strang a tyde4 ,i hald it    
better to erre with al1 then to stryve  
with al and mend none4  #f4 ,this       
consonant1 evin quher in the original it
 hes the awne sound1 we turn into the   
chirt we spak of1 cap4 #d1 sect4 #ad1   
quhilk1 indeed1 can be symbolized with  
none1 neither greek nor latin letteres2 
as1 from cano1 chant2 from canon1       
chanon2 from castus1 chast2 from        
kyriake31 a church1 of quhilk ,i hard   

doctour ,laurence1 the greek professour 
in ,oxfoord1 a man bothe of great       
learning and judgement1 utter his       
opinion to this sense1 and 7excep my    
memorie fael me7 in these wordes3       
kyriake3 ut basilike3 suppresso         
substantivo oikia domus domini est4     
,unde nostrum derivatur1 quod ,scoti et 
,angli boreales recte1 pronunciant a    
kyrk1 nos corrupte a church4  #g4 ,yet1 
notwithstanding that it is barbarouse1  
seing it is more usual in our tongue    
then can be mended befoer the voual1 as 
chance1 and behind the voual1 as such1  
let it be symbolized1 as it is          
symbolized with ch1 hou beit nether the 
c nor the h hath anie affinitie with    
that sound2 #a1 because it hath bene    
lang soe used2 and #b1 because we have  
no other mean to symbolize it1 except it
 wer with a new symbol1 quhilk it will  
be hard to bring in use4  #h4 ,now1     
quheras ch in nature is c asperat1 as it
 soundes in charus and chorus2 and seing
 we have that sound also in use1 as     

licht1 micht2 if ,i had bene at the     
first counsel1 my vote wald have bene to
 have geven ch the awn sound4 ,but as   
now the case standes1 ne quid novandum  
sit1 quod non sit necesse1 ,i not onlie 
consent1 but also commend the wisdom of 
the south1 quho1 for distinction1 wrytes
 light1 might1 with gh and referres ch  
to the other sound1 how be it           
improperlie1 and this distinction ,i    
commend to our men1 quho yet hes not    
satis attente observed it4  #i4 ,next   
cumes g1 howbe it not so deformed as c2 
for1 althogh we see it evin in latin1   
and that1 in one word 7as is said cap4  
#e1 sect4 #b71 distorted to tuo sonndes1
 yet both may stand with the nature of  
the symbol and differ not in the        
instrumentes of the mouth1 but in the   
form of the tuich1 as the judiciouse ear
 may mark in ago1 agis2 agam1 ages4     
#aj4 ,this consonant1 in latin1 never   
followes the voual2 befoer a1 o1 u1 it  
keepes alwayes the awn sound1 and befoer
 e and i breakes it4  #aa4 ,but with us 

it may both begin and end the syllab2   
as1 gang2 it may1 both behind and       
befoer1 have either sound2 as1 get1     
gist1 gin1 giant4  #ab4 ,these the south
 hath providentlie minted to distinguish
 tuo wayes1 but hes in deed             
distinguished noe way1 for the first sum
 hath used tuo gg2 as1 egg1 legg1 bigg1 
bagg2 for the other dg2 as1 hedge1 edge1
 bridge2 but these ar not kata pantos4  
,gyles1 nomen viri1 can not be written  
dgiles2 nor giles doli1 ggiles2 nether  
behind the voual ar they general2 age1  
rage1 suage1 are never wrytten with dg4 
,quherfoer ,i conclud that1 seeing      
nether the sound nor the symbol hath    
anie reason to be sundrie1 without      
greater auctoritie1 nor the reach of a  
privat wit1 this falt is incorrigible4  
#ac4 ,here ,i am not ignorant quhat a   
doe the learned make about the symboles 
of c1 g1 k and q1 that they be al       
symboles1 but of one sound2 but ,i wil  
not medle in that question1 being besyde
 my purpose1 quhilk is not to correct   

the latin symboles1 but to fynd the best
 use of them in our idiom4  #ad4 ,t1 the
 last of these misused souldioures1     
keepes alwayes it's aun nature1 excep it
 be befoer tio2 as1 oration1            
declamation1 narration2 for we pronunce 
not tia and tiu as it is in latin4      
,onelie let it be heer observed that if 
an s preceed tio1 the t keepes the awn  
nature1 as in question1 suggestion1 etc4
  #ae4 ,thus have ,i breeflie handled   
the letteres and their soundes1 quhilk1 
to end this parte1 ,i wald wish the     
printeres1 in their a1 b1 c1 to expresse
 thus3--a1 ae1 ai1 au1 ea1 b1 c1 d1 e1  
ee1 ei1 eu1 f1 g1 h1 i1 j1 k1 l1 m1 n1  
o1 oa1 oo1 ou1 p1 q1 r1 s1 t1 u1 ui1 v1 
w1 x1 y1 z1 and the masteres teaching   
their puples to sound the diphthonges1  
not be the vouales quharof they be made1
 but be the sound quhilk they mak in    
speaking2 lykwayes ,i wald have them    
name w1 not duble u nor v1 singl u1 as  
now they doe2 but the last1 vau or ve1  
and the first1 wau or we2 and j1 for    

difference of the voual i1 written with 
a long tail1 ,i wald wish to to be      
called jod or je4     ,,of ,,the        
,,syllab4  ,cap4 #f4   #a4 ,now followes
 the syllab1 quhilk is a ful sound      
symbolized with convenient letteres1 and
 consistes of ane or moe4  #b4 ,a syllab
 of ane letter is symbolized with a     
voual onelie2 as1 a in able1 e in ever1 
i in idle1 o in over1 u in unitie1 for a
 consonant can make no syllab alane4    
#c4 ,a syllab of moe letteres is made of
 vouales onelie1 or els of vouales and  
consonantes4 ,of onlie vouales the      
syllab is called a diphthong1 of quhilk 
we have spoaken in the vouales quherof  
they ar composed4  #d4 ,a syllab of     
vouales and consonantes either beginnes 
at the voual1 as al1 il1 el2 or at one  
consonant1 as tal man2 or at tuo        
consonantes1 as stand1 sleep2 or els at 
thre at the maest1 as strand1 stryp4 ,it
 endes either at a voual1 as fa1 fo2 or 
at one consonant1 as ar1 er2 or at tuo1 
as best1 dart2 or at thre at the maest1 

as durst1 worst4  #e4 ,heer is to be    
noated1 that in divyding syllabes1 the  
consonantes1 one or moe1 that may begin 
a syllab anie way in the middes of a    
word belong to the voual following1 as  
in que-stion1 qua-rel1 fi-shar1 sa-fron1
 ba-stard1 de-scrib1 re-scue4  #f4 ,it  
is alsoe heer to be observed in printing
 and wryting1 that quhen a word fales to
 be divyded at the end of a lyne1 that  
the partition must be made at the end of
 a syllab1 soe that the one lyne end at 
the end of the whol syllab1 and the     
other begin the next lyne4 ,as1 for     
exemple1 if this word magistrat fel to  
be divided at the first syllab1 it      
behoved to be ma-gistrat2 if at the     
second1 it behoved to be magi-strat2 but
 no wayes to parte the m from the a1 nor
 the g from the i1 nor the s from t1 nor
 the t from r4     ,,of ,,the ,,rules   
,,to ,,symbolize4  ,cap4 #g4   #a4 ,to  
symboliz right1 the sound of the voual  
is first to be observed1 quhither it be 
a simple voual or a compound1 and quhilk

 of them is to be chosen1 for quhilk no 
rule can be geven but the judgement of  
the ear4  #b4 ,next the consonantes are 
to be marked2 and first1 quhither they  
break the voual befoer or behind2 then  
quhither they be one or moe2 and        
lastlie1 with quhat organes of the mouth
 they be broaken4  #c4 ,for be the      
organes of the mouth1 quherwith the     
syllab is broaken1 the consonantes are  
discerned be quhilk the syllab must be  
symbolized1 quhilk we have said1 cap #a1
 sect4 #e4  #d4 ,the consonantes may    
differ in hammar 7as we called it1 cap4 
#d1 sect #c7 and stiddie1 as b and d4   
,or they may agre in hammer and differ  
in stiddie1 as b and v4 ,or they may    
agre in both and differ in the tuich1 as
 f and v1 m and p1 t and g4  #e4 ,the   
tuich befoer the voual is be lifting the
 hammer af the stiddie2 as da1 la1 pa2  
and behind1 be stryking the hammer on   
the stiddie2 as ad1 al1 ap4 ,and quhen  
the hammer and the stiddie are ane1 the 
difference is in the hardnes and softnes

 of the tuich2 as may be seen in ca and 
ga1 ta and da4 ,but w and y maekes sae  
soft a mynt that it is hard to perceave1
 and therfoer did the latines symboliz  
them with the symbol of the vouales4    
,they are never used but befoer the     
voual2 as we1 ye1 wil1 you2 behynd the  
voual thei mak noe consonant sound1 nor 
sould be written1 and therfore now and  
vow1 with sik otheres1 are not to be    
written with w1 as is said befoer4  #f4 
,of this quhilk now is said may be      
gathered that general1 quhilk ,i called 
the keie of orthographie1 cap4 #a sect4 
#e1 that is the congruence of the symbol
 and sound symbolized2 that is1 that    
bathe must belang to the same organes   
and be tuiched after the same form4  #g4
 ,and1 be the contrarie1 here it is     
clere that soundes pronunced with this  
organ can not be written with symboles  
of that2 as1 for exemple1 a labiel      
symbol can not serve a dental nor a     
guttural sound2 nor a guttural symbol a 
dental nor a labiel sound4  #h4 ,to     

clere this point1 and alsoe to reform an
 errour bred in the south1 and now      
usurped be our ignorant printeres1 ,i   
wil tel quhat befel my self quhen ,i was
 in the south with a special gud frende 
of myne4 ,ther rease1 upon sum accident1
 quhither quho1 quhen1 quhat1 etc41     
sould be symbolized with q or w1 a hoat 
disputation betuene him and me4 ,after  
manie conflictes 7for we ofte           
encountered71 we met be chance1 in the  
citie of ,baeth1 with a ,doctour of     
divinitie of both our acquentance4 ,he  
invited us to denner4 ,at table my      
antagonist1 to bring the question on    
foot amangs his awn condisciples1 began 
that ,i was becum an heretik1 and the   
doctour spering how1 ansuered that ,i   
denyed quho to be spelled with a w1 but 
with qu4 ,be quhat reason8 quod the     
,doctour4 ,here1 ,i beginning to lay my 
grundes of labial1 dental1 and guttural 
soundes and symboles1 he snapped me on  
this hand and he on that1 that the      
doctour had mikle a doe to win me room  

for a syllogisme4 ,then 7said ,i7 a     
labial letter can not symboliz a        
guttural syllab4 ,but w is a labial     
letter1 quho a guttural sound4 ,and     
therfoer w can not symboliz quho1 nor   
noe syllab of that nature4 ,here the    
doctour staying them again 7for al      
barked at ones71 the proposition1 said  
he1 ,i understand2 the assumption is    
,scottish1 and the conclusion false4    
,quherat al laughed1 as if ,i had bene  
dryven from al replye1 and ,i fretted to
 see a frivolouse jest goe for a solid  
ansuer4 ,my proposition is grounded on  
the #g sectio of this same cap41 quhilk 
noe man1 ,i trow1 can denye that ever   
suked the paepes of reason4 ,and soe the
 question must rest on the assumption   
quhither w be a labial letter and quho a
 guttural syllab4 ,as for w1 let the    
exemples of wil1 wel1 wyne1 juge quhilk 
are sounded befoer the voual with a mint
 of the lippes1 as is said the same     
cap41 sect4 #e4 ,as for quho1 besydes   
that it differres from quo onelie be    

aspiration1 and that w1 being noe       
perfect consonant1 can not be aspirated1
 ,i appele to al judiciouse eares1 to   
quhilk ,cicero attributed mikle1        
quhither the aspiration in quho be not  
ex imo gutture1 and therfoer not labial4
     ,,of ,,rules ,,from ,,the ,,latin4 
,cap4 #g4 7sic47   #a4 ,heer1 seeing we 
borrow mikle from the latin1 it is      
reason that we either follow them in    
symbolizing their's1 or deduce from them
 the groundes of our orthographie4  #b4 
,imprimis1 then1 quhatever we derive    
from them written with c we sould alsoe 
wryte with c1 howbeit it sound as an s  
to the ignorant2 as conceave1 receave1  
perceave1 from concipio1 recipio1       
percipio2 concern1 discern1 from        
concerno1 discerno2 accesse1 successe1  
recesse1 from accedo1 succedo1 recedo1  
with manie moe1 quhilk ,i commend to the
 attention of the wryter4  #c4 ,also    
quhat they wryte with s we sould alsoe  
wryte with s2 as servant1 from servus2  
sense1 from sensus2 session from sessio2

 passion1 from passio4  #d4 ,neither is 
the c joined with s here to be omitted2 
as science and conscience1 from         
scientia1 conscientia2 ascend and       
descend1 from ascendo1 descendo2 rescind
 and abscind1 from rescindo and         
abscindo4  #d 7sic74 ,this difference of
 c and s is the more attentivelie to be 
marked for that wordes of one sound and 
diverse signification are many tymes    
distinguished be these symboles2 as1 the
 kinges secrete council1 and the        
faithful counsil of a frende2 concent in
 musik1 and consent of myndes2 to duel  
in a cel1 and to sel a horse2 a decent  
weed1 and descent of a noble house4     
,these tuo last differres alsoe in      
accent4  #e4 ,lykwayes1 that we derive  
from latin verbales in tio1 sould also  
be wrytten with t2 as oration1          
visitation1 education1 vocation1        
proclamation1 admonition1 etc4  #f4     
,wordes deryved from the latin in tia   
and tium we wryte with ce2 as justice1  
from justitia2 intelligence1 from       

intelligentia2 vice1 from vitium2       
service1 from servitium4 ,in al quhilk1 
houbeit the e behind the c be idle1 yet 
use hes made it tollerable to noat the  
breaking of the c1 for al tongues bear  
with sum slippes that can not abyde the 
tuich stone of true orthographie4  #g4  
,c is alsoe written in our wordes       
deryved from x in latin2 as peace1 from 
pax2 fornace1 from fornax2 matrice1 from
 matrix2 nurice1 from nutrix1 quhilk the
 south calles nurse1 not without a falt 
both in sound and symbol2 be this we    
wryte felicitie1 audacitie1 tenacitie1  
etc4  #h4 ,lykwayes we sould keep the   
vouales of the original1 quherin the    
north warres the south2 from retineo1   
the north retine1 the south retain2 from
 foras1 the north foran1 the south      
forain2 from regnum1 the north regne1   
the south raigne2 from cor1 the north   
corage1 the south courage2 from devoro1 
the north devore1 the south devour2 from
 vox1 the north voce1 the south voice2  
from devoveo1 the north devote1 the     

south devoute2 from guerrum1 the north  
were1 the south war2 from gigas1        
gigantis1 the north gyant1 the south    
giaunt2 from mons1 montis1 the north    
mont1 the south mount4 ,of this ,i cold 
reckon armies1 but wil not presume to   
judge farther then the compasse of my   
awn cap1 for howbeit we keep nearar the 
original1 yet al tongues have their     
idiom in borrowing from the latin1 or   
other foran tongues4     ,,of ,,sum     
,,idiomes ,,in ,,our ,,orthographie4    
,cap4 #h4   #a4 ,in our tongue we have  
some particles quhilk can not be        
symbolized with roman symboles1 nor     
rightlie pronunced but be our awn1 for  
we in manye places soe absorb l and n   
behynd a consonant1 quher they can not  
move without a voual intervening1 that  
the ear can hardlie judge quhither their
 intervenes a voual or noe4  #b4 ,in    
this case sum1 to avoid the             
pronunciation of the voual befoer the l 
and n1 wrytes it behind2 as litle1      
mikle1 muttne1 eatne4 ,quhilk houbeit it

 incurres in an other inconvenience of  
pronuncing the voual behind the l or n1 
yet ,i dar not presume to reprove1      
because it passeth my wit how to avoid  
both inconveniences1 and therfoer this  
,i leave to the wil of the wryter4  #c4 
,sum of our men hes taken up sum unusual
 formes of symbolizing1 quhilk ,i wald  
wish to be reformed1 yet if ,i bring not
 reason1 let no man change for my       
phantasie4  #d4 ,first1 for peple they  
wryte people1 ,i trow because it cumes  
from populus2 but if that be a reason1  
,i wald understand a reason quhy they   
speak not soe alsoe4 ,or gif they speak 
not soe1 ,i wald understand quhy they   
wryte not as they speak4 ,i knawe they  
have the exemple of ,france to speak ane
 way and wryte an other2 but that       
exemple is as gud to absorb the s in the
 end of everie word4 ,al exemples are   
not imitable4  #e4 ,they use alsoe to   
wryte logicque1 musicque1 rhetoricque1  
and other of that sorte1 with cque4 ,if 
this be doon to make the c in logica1   

etc41 subsist1 quhy wer it not better to
 supply a k in the place of it1 then to 
hedge it in with a whol idle syllab2 it 
wer both more orthographical and easier 
for the learner1 for c and k are sa sib1
 that the ane is a greek and the other a
 latin symbol of one sound4 ,in this art
 it is alyke absurd to wryte that thou  
reades not1 as to read that thou wrytes 
not4  #f4 ,we use alsoe1 almost at the  
end of everie word1 to wryte an idle e4 
,this sum defend not to be idle1 because
 it affectes the voual before the       
consonant1 the sound quherof many tymes 
alteres the signification2 as1 hop is   
altero tantum pede saltare1 hope is     
sperare2 fir1 abies1 fyre1 ignis2 a fin1
 pinna1 fine1 probatus2 bid1 jubere1    
bide1 manere2 with many moe4 ,it is true
 that the sound of the voual befoer the 
consonant many tymes doth change the    
signification2 but it is as untrue that 
the voual e behind the consonant doth   
change the sound of the voual before it4
 ,a voual devyded from a voual be a     

consonant can be noe possible means     
return thorough the consonant into the  
former voual4 ,consonantes betuene      
vouales are lyke partition walles betuen
 roomes4 ,nothing can change the sound  
of a voual but an other voual coalescing
 with it into one sound1 of quhilk we   
have spoaken sufficientlie1 cap4 #c1 to 
illustrat this be the same exemples1    
saltare is to hop2 sperare to hoep2     
abies is fir2 ignis1 fyr1 or1 if you    
wil1 fier2 jubere is bid2 manere1 byd or
 bied4  #g4 ,yet in sum case we are     
forced to tolerat this idle e2 #a4 in   
wordes ending in c1 to break the sound  
of it2 as peace1 face1 lace1 justice1   
etc42 #b4 behind s1 in wordes wryten    
with this s2 as false1 ise1 case1 muse1 
use1 etc42 #c4 behind a broaken g2 as   
knawlege1 savage1 suage1 ald age4 ,ther 
may be moe1 and these ,i yeld because ,i
 ken noe other waye to help this        
necessitie1 rather then that ,i can     
think anye idle symbol tolerable in just
 orthographie4     ,,of ,,the ,,accentes

 ,,of ,,our ,,tongue4  ,cap4 #i4   #a4  
,seing that we fynd not onelie the south
 and north to differ more in accent then
 symbol1 but alsoe one word with a      
sundrie accent to have a diverse        
signification1 ,i commend this to him   
quho hes auctoritie1 to command al      
printeres and wryteres to noat the      
accented syllab in everie word with noe 
lesse diligence then we see the         
grecianes to noat their's4  #b4 ,cicero1
 in his buik de ,oratore ad ,brutum1    
makes it a natural harmonie that everie 
word pronunced be the mouth of man have 
one acute syllab1 and that never farther
 from the end then the third syllab1    
quhilk the grammareanes cales to the    
same end the antepenult4 ,quhilk        
observation of so noble a wit is most   
true in tongues quhilk he understud1 the
 greek and latin4 ,but if ,cicero had   
understud our tongue1 he sould have hard
 the accent in the fourth syllab from   
the end2 as in ma'trimonie1 pa'trimonie1
 va'dimonie1 into'llerable1             

inte'lligences1 and whole garrisones of 
lyke liverie4 ,this anie eare may if he 
accent the antepenult matri'monie1 or   
the penult matrimo'nie1 or the last as  
matrimoni'e4  #c4 ,then to the purpose  
we have the same accentes quhilk the    
latin and the greek hath1 acute1        
circumflex1 and grave4  #d4 ,the acute  
raiseth the syllab quheron it sittes2 as
 profe'sse1 pro'fit1 i'mpudent4  #e4 ,it
 may possesse the last syllab3 as       
suppre'st1 prete'nce1 since're2 the     
penult3 as su'bject1 ca'ndle1 cra'ftie2 
the antepenult3 as diffi'cultie1        
mi'ister1 fi'nallie2 and the fourth also
 from the end1 as is said sect4 #b2 as  
spe'ciallie1 insa'tiable1 di'ligentlie4 
,in al quhilk1 if a man change the      
accent1 he sall spill the sound of the  
word4  #f4 ,the grave accent is never   
noated1 but onelie understood in al     
syllabes quherin the acute and          
circumflex is not4 ,onlie1 for          
difference1 sum wordes ar marked with   
it1 thus 1 leaning contrarie to the     

acute4  #g4 ,the circumflex accent both 
liftes and felles the syllab that it    
possesseth1 and combynes the markes of  
other tuae1 thus 4 ,of this we1 as the  
latines1 hes almost no use4 ,but the    
south hath great use of it1 and in that 
their dialect differes more from our's  
then in other soundes or symboles4  #h4 
,the use of the accent wil be of good   
importance for the right pronunciation  
of our tongue1 quhilk now we doe forte1 
non arte1 and conforming of the         
dialectes1 quhilk1 as ,i have said1     
differes most in this4     ,,of ,,the   
,,apostrophus ,,and ,,hyphen4  ,cap4    
#aj4   #a4 ,the learned printeres uses  
to symboliz apostrophus and hyphen as   
wel as a1 b1 c4  #b4 ,apostrophus is the
 ejecting of a letter or a syllab out of
 one word or out betuene tuae1 and is   
alwayes marked above the lyne1 as it wer
 a comma1 thus '4  #c4 ,out of one word 
the apostrophus is most usual in poesie2
 as ,ps4 #gc1 v4 #c1 for quhen ,i sau   
such foolish men1 ,i grug'd1 and did    

disdain2 and v4 #ai1 ,they are          
destroy'd1 dispatch'd1 consum'd4  #d4   
,betuene tuae wordes we abate either    
from the end of the former or the       
beginning of the later4  #e4 ,we abate  
from the end of the former quhen it     
endes in a voual and the next beginnes  
at a voual2 as1 th' ingrate2 th' one    
parte2 ,i s' it1 for ,i see it4  #f4 ,in
 abating from the word following1 we1 in
 the north1 use a mervelouse libertie2  
as1 he's a wyse man1 for he is a wyse   
man2 ,i'l meet with him1 for ,i wil meet
 with him2 a ship 'l of fooles1 for a   
ship ful of fooles2 and this we use in  
our common language4 ,and quhilk is     
stranger1 we manie tymes cut of the end 
of the word2 as1 he's tel the1 for he   
sal tel the4  #g4 ,this for apostrophus4
 ,hyphen is1 as it wer1 a band uniting  
whol wordes joined in composition2 as1 a
 hand-maed1 a heard-man1 tongue-tyed1   
out-rage1 foer-warned1 mis-reported1    
fals-deemed4                    ,,of    
,,the ,,congruitie                      

,,of ,,our ,,britan                     
,,tongue4                      ,,lib4   
#b4     ,,of ,,the ,,person4  ,cap4 #a4 
#a4 ,al wordes quhilk we use to expresse
 our mynde are personal or impersonal4  
#b4 ,a personal word is quhilk admittes 
diversitie of person4  #c4 ,person is   
the face of a word1 quhilk in diverse   
formes of speach it diverselie putes on2
 as1 ,i1 ,peter1 say that thou art the  
son of ,god4 ,thou1 ,peter1 sayes that  
,i am the son of ,god4 ,peter said that 
,i am the son of ,god4  #d4 ,quherupon  
person is first1 second1 and third4  #e4
 ,the first person is of him that       
speakes2 as1 ,i wryte4  #f4 ,the second 
person is of him that is spoaken to2 as1
 thou wrytes4  #g4 ,the third person is 
of him that is spoaken of2 as1 ,peter   
wrytes4     ,,of ,,nu,m,,ber4  ,cap4 #b4
   #a4 ,number is distinction of person 
be one and moe2 and soe is singular and 
plural4  #b4 ,the singular speakes of   
one2 as1 a hand1 a tree1 a sheep1 a     
horse1 a man4  #c4 ,the plural speakes  

of moe then one2 as1 handes1 trees1     
sheep1 horses1 men1 tuo1 three1 foure1  
or moe1 or how manie soever4  #d4 ,this 
difference is commonlie noted with es at
 the end of the word singular2 as1 a    
house1 houses2 a windoe1 windoes2 a     
doore1 tuo doores4  #e4 ,sum tymes it is
 noated be changing a letter2 as1 a man1
 men2 a woman1 wemen2 a goose1 geese4   
#f4 ,sum tyme be changing noe thing2 as1
 a sheep1 a thousand sheep2 a horse1 an 
hundred horse2 a noute1 ten noute4      
,,of ,,the ,,determination ,,of ,,the   
,,person4  ,cap4 #c4   #a4 ,a personal  
word is a noun or a verb4 ,a noun is a  
word of one person with gender and case2
 as1 ,i is onelie of the first person2  
thou is onelie of the second2 and al    
other nounes are onelie the third       
person2 as1 thou1 ,thomas1 head1 hand1  
stone1 blok1 except they be joined with 
,i or thou4  #b4 ,the person of a noun  
singular is determined or undetermined4 
#c4 ,the determined person is noated    
with the1 and it is determined either be

 an other substantive2 as1 the king of  
,britan2 or be an adjective2 as1 the    
best king in ,europ2 or be a relative2  
as1 ,god preserve the king quhom he hath
 geven us4  #d4 ,the undetermined noun  
is noated with an befoer a voual2 as1 an
 ald man sould be wyse2 and with a      
befoer a consonant2 as1 a father sould  
command his son4     ,,of ,,the ,,gender
 ,,of ,a ,,noun4  ,cap4 #d4   #a4       
,gender is the affection of a noun for  
distinction of sex4  #b4 ,sex is a      
distinction of a noun be male and       
female1 and these are distinguished the 
one from the other1 or both from thinges
 without sex4  #c4 ,the one is          
distinguished from the other be he and  
she4  #d4 ,he is the noat of the male2  
as1 he is a gud judge2 he is a wyse man2
 he is a speedie horse2 he is a crouse  
cock2 he is a fat wether4  #e4 ,she is  
the noate of the femal sex2 as1 she is a
 chast matron2 she is a stud meer2 she  
is a fat hen2 she is a milk cowe4  #f4  
,nounes that want sex are noated with   

it2 as1 it is a tale tree2 it is a sueet
 aple2 it is a hard flint2 it is a faer 
day2 it is a foul way4  #g4 ,in the     
plural number they are not              
distinguished2 as1 they are honest men2 
they are vertueouse ladies2 they are    
highe montanes4     ,,of ,,the ,,case   
,,of ,,the ,,noun4  ,cap4 #e4   #a4     
,case is an affection of a noun for     
distinction of person2 as1 the corner   
stone fel on me2 stone is the nominative
 case4 ,the corner of a stone hurt me2  
stone is the genitive case4 ,quhat can  
you doe to a stone2 stone is the dative 
case4 ,he brak the stones2 it is the    
accusative case4 ,quhy standes thou     
stone2 it is the vocative4 ,and he hurt 
me with a stone2 it is the ablative     
case4  #b4 ,this difference we declyne1 
not as doth the latines and greekes1 be 
terminationes1 but with noates1 after   
the maner of the hebrues1 quhilk they   
cal particles4  #c4 ,the nominative hath
 no other noat but the particle of      
determination2 as1 the peple is a beast 

with manie heades2 a horse serves man to
 manie uses2 men in auctoritie sould be 
lanternes of light4  #d4 ,our genitive  
is alwayes joyned with an other noun1   
and is noated with of1 or s4  #e4 ,with 
of1 it followes the noun quhar with it  
is joined2 as1 the house of a good man  
is wel governed4  #f4 ,with s it        
preceedes the word quherof it is        
governed1 and s is devyded from it with 
an apostrophus2 as1 a gud man's house is
 wel governed4  #g4 ,this s sum haldes  
to be a segment of his1 and therfoer now
 almost al wrytes his for it1 as if it  
wer a corruption4 ,but it is not a      
segment of his2 #a4 because his is the  
masculin gender1 and this may be        
foeminin2 as1 a mother's love is tender2
 #b4 because his is onelie singular1 and
 this may be plural2 as1 al men's       
vertues are not knawen4  #h4 ,the dative
 is noated with to1 and for2 as1 geve   
libertie evin to the best youth and it  
wil luxuriat4 ,al men doeth for them    
selves2 few for a frende4  #i4 ,the     

accusative hath noe other noat then the 
nominative2 as1 the head governes the   
bodie4  #aj4 ,the vocative is the person
 to quhom the speach is directed2 as1   
quhence cumes thou ,aeneas4  #aa4 ,the  
ablative is noated with prepositiones   
in1 with1 be1 and sik lyke2 as1 be god  
al thinges wer made2 ,god with his word 
his warkes began2 in my father's house  
are manie mansiones4     ,,of ,,the     
,,degrees ,,of ,,comparison4  ,cap4 #f4 
#a4 ,al nounes that wil join with a     
substantive ar called adjectives2 as1   
gud1 high1 hard1 sueet1 sour4  #b4      
,these1 and al that wil admit mare and  
mast1 are compared be degrees2 as1      
sueet1 more sueet1 most sueet4  #c4 ,of 
comparison ther be thre degrees3 the    
positive1 comparative1 and superlative1 
if the first may be called a degre4  #d4
 ,the positive is the first position of 
the noun2 as1 soft1 hard2 quhyte1 blak2 
hoat1 cald4  #e4 ,the comparative       
excedes the positive be more1 and is    
formed of the positive be adding er2 as1

 softer1 harder2 quhiter1 blaker2       
hoater1 calder4  #f4 ,the superlative   
excedes the positive be most1 and is    
formed of the positive be adding est2   
as1 softest1 hardest2 quhytest1 blakest2
 hoatest1 caldest4     ,,of ,,the       
,,verb',s ,,person ,,and ,,number4      
,cap4 #g4   #a4 ,this for the noun4 ,the
 verb is a word of al persones declyned 
with mood and tyme2 as1 ,i wryte1 thou  
wrytes1 he wrytes4  #b4 ,we declyne not 
the persones and numberes of the verb1  
as doth the latine1 but noat them be the
 person of the noun4  #c4 ,they are     
noated with ,i1 thou1 and he in the     
singular number2 we1 ye1 and they in the
 plural4  #d4 ,the number is noated with
 ,i and we2 thou and ye2 he and they4   
,,of ,,the ,,mood ,,of ,,the ,,verb4    
,cap4 #h4   #a4 ,the mood is an         
affection of the verb serving the       
varietie of utterance4  #b4 ,we utter   
the being of thinges or our awn wil4    
#c4 ,the being of thinges is uttered be 
inquyring or avouing4  #d4 ,we inquyre  

of that we wald knaw2 as1 made ,god man 
without synne2 and in this the supposit 
of the verb followes the verb4  #e4 ,we 
avoue that quhilk we knaw2 as1 ,god made
 man without sinne2 and in this the     
supposit preceedes the verb4  #f4 ,we   
utter our wil be verbes signifying the  
form of our wil1 or postposing the      
supposit4  #g4 ,we wish be wald god1 god
 grant1 and god nor2 as1 wald god ,i    
knew the secretes of nature4  #h4 ,we   
permit the will of otheres be letting2  
as1 let ,god aryse2 let everie man have 
his awn wyfe4  #i4 ,we bid our          
inferioures1 and pray our superioures1  
be postponing the supposit to the verb2 
as1 goe ye and teach al nationes2 here  
me1 my ,god4     ,,of ,,the ,,tyme ,,of 
,,the ,,verb4  ,cap4 #i4   #a4 ,tyme is 
an affection of the verb noating the    
differences of tyme1 and is either      
present1 past1 or to cum4  #b4 ,tyme    
present is that quhilk now is2 as1 ,i   
wryte1 or am wryting4  #c4 ,tyme past is
 that quhilk was1 and it is passing     

befoer1 past els1 or past befoer4  #d4  
,tyme passing befoer1 quhilk we cal     
imperfectlie past1 is of a thing that   
was doeing but not done2 as1 at four    
hoores ,i was wryting2 ,quhen you spak  
to me ,i was wryting1 or did wryte1 as  
,lillie expoundes it4  #e4 ,tyme past   
els is of a thing now past1 quhilk we   
cal perfectlie past2 as1 ,i have        
written4  #f4 ,tyme past befoer is of a 
thing befoer done and ended2 as1 at four
 hoores1 or quhen you spak to me1 ,i had
 written4  #g4 ,tyme to cum is of that  
quhilk is not yet begun2 as1 at four    
houres ,i wil wryte4     ,,of ,,the     
,,power ,,of ,,the ,,verb4  ,cap4 #aj4  
#a4 ,a verb signifies being or doeing4  
,of being ther is onelie one1 ,i am1 and
 is thus varyed4  #b4 ,in the present   
tyme1 ,i am1 thou art1 he is2 we are1 ye
 are1 they are4  #c4 ,in tyme passing   
befoer1 ,i was1 thou was1 he was2 we    
wer1 ye wer1 they wer4  #d4 ,in tyme    
past els1 ,i have bene1 thou hes bene1  
he hes bene2 we have bene1 ye have bene1

 they have bene4  #e4 ,in tyme past     
befoer1 ,i had bene1 thou had bene1 he  
had bene2 we had bene1 ye had bene1 they
 had bene4  #f4 ,in tyme to cum1 ,i wil 
be1 thou wilt be1 he wil be2 we wil be1 
ye wil be1 they wil be4  #g4 ,verbes of 
doing are actives or passives4  #h4 ,the
 active verb adheres to the person of   
the agent2 as1 ,christ hath conquered   
hel and death4  #i4 ,the passive verb   
adheres to the person of the patient2   
as1 hel and death are conquered be      
,christ4  #aj4 ,these our idiom         
conjugates onelie in tuo tymes1 the tyme
 present and tym past2 as1 ,i wryte1 ,i 
wrote2 ,i speak1 ,i spak2 ,i here1 ,i   
hard2 ,i se1 ,i saw2 ,i fele1 ,i felt4  
#aa4 ,the other differences of tyme ar  
expressed be the notes of the verb of   
being1 or be the verb of being it self1 
and a participle2 as1 ,i was wryting2 ,i
 have written2 ,i had written2 ,i wil   
wryte4     ,,of ,,the ,,adverb4  ,cap4  
#aa4   #a4 ,a word impersonal is quhilk 
in al formes of speach keepes one face1 

and this is adverb or conjunction4  #b4 
,an adverb is a word adhering mast      
commonlie with a verb with one face in  
al moodes1 tymes1 numberes and persones2
 as1 ,i leve hardlie1 thou leves        
hardlie2 ,i did leve hardlie2 ,i have   
leved hardlie2 ,i had leved hardlie2 ,i 
wil leave hardlie2 leve he hardlie2 ,god
 forbid he leve hardlie4  #c4 ,our men  
confoundes adverbes of place1 quhilk the
 south distinguishes as wel as the      
latin1 and therfoer let us not shame to 
learne4  #d4 ,they use quher1 heer1     
ther1 for the place in quhilk2 quhence1 
hence1 thence1 for the place from       
quhilk2 quhither1 hither1 thither1 for  
the place to quhilk2 as1 quher dwel you8
 quhence cum you8 quhither goe you8  #e4
 ,they also distinguish wel in1 into1   
and unto3 in1 they use with the place   
quher2 into1 with the thing quhither2   
and unto1 for how far2 as1 our father1  
quhilk art in heavin1 admit us into     
heavin1 and lift us from the earth unto 
heavin4  #f4 ,heer1 becaus sum nounes   

incurre into adverbes1 let us alsoe noat
 their differences4  #g4 ,first no and  
not4 ,noe is a noun1 nullus in latin1   
and in our tongue alwayes precedes the  
substantive quhilk it nulleth2 as1 noe  
man1 noe angle1 noe god4  #h4 ,not is an
 adverb1 non in latin1 and in our tong  
followes the verb that it nulleth2 as1  
heer not1 grant not2 ,i heer not1 ,i    
grant not2 ,i wil not heer1 ,i wil not  
grant4  #i4 ,ane1 in our idiom1 and an4 
,ane is a noun of number1 in latin unus2
 an a particule of determination        
preceding a voual1 as we have said cap4 
#c1 sect4 #d4  #aj4 ,thee and the4 ,thee
 is the accusative of thou2 as1 thou    
loves ,god1 and ,god loves thee4 ,the is
 the determined not of a noun1 of quhilk
 we spak cap4 #c1 sect4 #c4     ,,of    
,,the ,,conjunction4  ,cap4 #ab4   #a4  
,conjunction is a word impersonal       
serving to cople diverse senses4 ,and of
 it ther be tuoe sortes1 the one        
enunciative1 and the other              
ratiocinative4  #b4 ,the conjunction    

enunciative copies the partes of a      
period1 and are copulative1 as and2     
connexive1 as if2 disjunctive1 as or2 or
 discretive1 as howbe it4  #c4 ,the     
ratiocinative coples the partes of a    
ratiocination1 and it either inferres   
the conclusion or the reason4  #d4      
,therfoer inferres the conclusion2 as1  
noe man can keep the law in thought1    
word1 and deed3 and therfoer noe man    
befoer the judg of the hart1 word1 and  
deed1 can be justifyed be the law4  #e4 
,because inferres the reason2 as1 ,i wil
 spew the out1 because thou art nether  
hoat nor cald4     ,,of ,,distinctiones4
  ,cap4 #ac4   #a4 ,a distinction is    
quherbe sentences are distinguished in  
wryting and reading4 ,and this is       
perfect or imperfect4  #b4 ,a perfect   
distinction closes a perfect sense1 and 
is marked with a round punct1 thus 4 or 
a tailed punct1 thus 8  #c4 ,the round  
punct concludes an assertion2 as1 if    
,abraham was justifyed be workes1 he had
 quherof to glorie4  #d4 ,the tailed    

punct concludes an interrogation2 as1   
sal we1 quha are dead to syn1 leve to   
it8  #e4 ,the imperfect distinction     
divydes the partes of a period1 and is  
marked with tuoe punctes1 the one under 
the other1 thus 3 and is red with half  
the pause of a perfect punct2 as1 al    
have synned1 and fallen from the glorie 
of god3 but are justifyed frelie be his 
grace4  #f4 ,the comma divydes the least
 partes of the period1 and is pronunced 
in reading with a short sob4  #g4 ,the  
parenthesis divydes in the period a     
sentence interlaced on sum occurrences  
quhilk coheres be noe syntax with that  
quhilk preceedes and followes2 as1 for  
exemple of beath1 and to conclud this   
treatesse3    ,bless1 guyd1 advance1    
preserve1 prolong ,lord 7if thy pleasur 
be7   ,our ,king and ,queen1 and keep   
their seed thy name to magnifie4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,notes4   ,the foregoing ,tract is one 
of great interest1 not only on account  
of its intrinsic merit1 but also for the

 racy style of writing adopted by its   
author4 ,we find him continually        
garnishing his language with such       
idiomatic and colloquial expressions as 
the following3--,quhae's sillie braine  
will reache no farther then the compas  
of their cap 7page #b72 and again1 but  
will not presume to judge farther then  
the compasse of my awn cap 7p4 #bj74 ,he
 observes of the printers and writers of
 his age that they care for noe more    
arte then may win the pennie 7p4 #b71   
and on the same page he says1 quhiles ,i
 stack in this claye1 which appears to  
be equivalent to our term stuck in the  
mud4 ,at p4 #c he says1 and it wer but a
 clod2 at p4 #ad1 neither daer ,i1 with 
al the oares of reason1 row against so  
strang a tyde2 and again1 on p4 #ah1 we 
find reason under another aspect1 thus1 
noe man ,i trow can denye that ever     
suked the paepes of reason4  ,it seems  
that the expression1 ,queen's ,english1 
is by no means of modern date1 as we    
have it as the king's language at p4 #b4

  ,hume laments1 in his ,dedication1 the
 uncertainty of the orthography         
prevailing at the time he writes1 and   
yet we find him spelling words several  
different ways1 even within the compass 
of a single sentence1 without being able
 to lay the blame upon the printers2    
thus we find him writing judgement on p4
 #aa1 judge p4 #h1 and judg p4 #cc1 but 
juge p4 #ah2 and there are numberless   
other instances that it would be tedious
 to enumerate4 ,again1 the author uses a
 mixture of ,scotch and ,english1 so we 
have sometimes ane and sometimes one2   
nae on page #a and noe on p4 #b2 mare   
and mast1 and more and most1 even in the
 same sentence 7p4 #cj72 and two is     
spelt in three different ways1 tuae1    
tuo1 and tuoe4  ,our author's stay in   
,england appears to have drawn his      
attention to the differences between the
 two languages of ,scotland and         
,england1 which he distinguishes as     
,north and ,south4 ,he certainly shows1 
in some instances1 the greater          

correctness of the ,scotch with regard  
to the spelling of words derived from   
the ,latin2 as1 retine instead of       
retain1 corage instead of courage1 etc4 
7p4 #bj71 in which words the redundant  
letters that we ,southerners have       
introduced are thrown out4 ,he is1      
however1 by no means partial1 and gives 
us praise when he thinks we deserve it4 
,page #i4 ,the arguments in favour of   
the sound given by the ,english         
,universities to the ,latin i are       
curious3 it is stated to have its       
value in the ,greek ei2 but the author  
seems to have been in error as   to the 
,english sounding mihi and tibi alike1  
or our pronunciation must   have changed
 since his time4    ,p4 #aj4 ,the author
 speaks of the letter y as being used by
 the ,south   for the sound now         
symbolized by i with a final e following
 the   succeeding consonant1 as will    
with an i1 and wile with a y in   place 
of the i and final e2 thus in the same  
way he spells write1   wryt4    ,p4 #aa 

7#g74 ,he gives food1 good1 blood1 as   
examples of the same sound1   thus      
inferring that the ,english pronounced  
the two latter so as to   rhyme with    
food4    ,p4 #aa 7#h74 ,he objects to   
the use of w for u in the diphthongal   
sound of ou1 and therefore spells how1  
now1 etc41 hou1 nou4    ,p4 #aa 7#aj74  
,it is difficult here to see what the   
pronunciation of   buu would be1 which  
the author gives as the sound of bow 7to
 bow74   ,probably the sound he meant   
would be better represented by boo4     
,p4 #ac 7#ab74 ,the author here         
recommends the distinction both of sound
   and symbol of j and v as consonants1 
and i and u as vowels1   and proposes   
that we should call j jod or je1 and v  
vau or   ve1 and not single u1 as now   
they doe 7p4 #af71 and w he would   call
 wau or we1 and moreover he places them 
in his alphabet on the   same page4 ,if 
this proposal was originally his own1 it
 is curious that   the name ve should   
have been adopted1 though not the we for

 w4   ,ben ,jonson points out the double
 power of i and v as both   consonant   
and vowel1 but he does not attempt to   
make them into   separate letters as    
,hume does4    ,p4 #ae 7#ab74 ,he gives 
as an anomaly of the ,south that while  
the d is   inserted before g in hedge1  
bridge1 etc41 it is omitted in age1     
suage1 etc4 ,he does not see that the   
short vowel requires a double           
consonant to prevent it from being      
pronounced long4    ,p4 #ba 7#f74 ,he   
disputes the possibility of a final e1  
separated from   a preceding vowel by a 
consonant1 having any effect whatever in
   altering the sound of the preceding  
vowel1 and recommends the use of a      
diphthong to express the sound required2
 as1 hoep for hope1 fier for   fire1    
bied for bide1 befoer for before1 maed  
for made1 etc4 ,he   uniformly          
throughout follows this rule4    ,p4 #bb
 7#e74 ,hume here accents difficultie on
 the antepenultimate   instead of the   
first syllable4    ,p4 #bc 7#g74 ,he    

puts down outrage as an instance of two 
distinct words   joined by a hyphen1    
which is the derivation given by ,ash in
 his   dictionary1 in strange           
obliviousness of the ,french word       
outrage4    ,p4 #bg 7#a1 #f74 ,t is     
omitted after s in the second person    
singular   of the verb1 and so no       
distinction is made between the second  
and the   third persons2 thus1 thou     
wrytes1 and at p4 #cb thou was1 and thou
 hes4    ,p4 #bi 7#g74 ,the supposition 
that the apostrophe 's as a mark of the 
possessive case is a segment of his1 a  
question which has been lately          
revived1 is here denied4    ,p4 #cd4 ,in
 this last chapter on ,punctuation1     
which the author styles   of            
,distinctiones1 no mention whatever is  
made of the semicolon1   though it      
occurs frequently in the ,,ms41 as1 for 
instance1 p4 #cj1 cap4   #f4 ,this stop1
 according to ,herbert1 was first used  
by ,richard ,grafton   in ,the ,byble   
printed in #aecg3 it occurs in the      

,dedication4 ,henry   ,denham1 an       
,english printer who flourished towards 
the close of the   sixteenth century1   
was the first to use it with propriety4 
,p4 #cd 7#f74 ,the explanation of the   
mode of pronouncing the comma with   a  
short sob is odd4#e      ,footnote #e3  
,it will be here as well to mention that
 as the     punctuation in the ,,ms4 is 
extremely unsystematic1 it has been     
dispensed with whenever the meaning was 
confused by it4  ,the author continually
 uses a singular verb to a plural noun2 
for instance1 of this we1 as the        
latines1 hes almost no use 7p4 #bb71    
though on p4 #bj he writes1 in our      
tongue we have some particles4  ,with   
regard to the ,manuscript1 there are two
 corrections in it worth noting4 ,at p4 
#aj 7#f71 in the phrase1 the auctours   
whole drift1 the word had been          
originally written hael1 but is marked  
through1 and whole substituted for it in
 the same handwriting4 ,at p4 #ba 7#d71 
the word frensh has been inserted before

 exemples1 but has been afterwards      
struck through4  ,the numbering is wrong
 in three places1 but it has not been   
corrected4 ,at p4 #h there are no       
sections #ab and #ac1 at pp4 #ag1 #ai1  
there are two cap4 #g1 and at p4 #ai    
there are two sections #d4              
,,glossarial ,,index4   ,the words in   
the present ,tract that really required 
to be glossed are but few2 ,i have1     
however1 inserted in the following list 
most of the variations from ordinary    
modern usage1 in order that it may serve
 as an ,index4  ,af  of1 p4 #i4   ,af   
off1 p4 #ab4 ,ald  old1 pp4 #c1 #ba1    
#bh4 ,amangs  amongst1 p4 #ah4 ,ane  a1 
one4 ,angle  angel1 p4 #cc4 ,auctoritie 
authority1 pp4 #bb1 #bi4 ,aun  own1 pp4 
#b1 #c1 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ae4 ,awn  own1 pp4
 #aa1 #ah1 #bj1 #cj1 #ca4 ,awn  proper1 
pp4 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae4 ,awne  proper1 p4
 #ad4 ,awne  own1 p4 #aj4  ,baeth  both1
 pp4 #h1 #cd4 ,bathe  both1 p4 #ag4 ,be 
by4 ,britan  ,british4  ,cald  cold1 pp4
 #cj1 #cc2   caldest1 p4 #cj4 ,cales    

calls1 pp4 #aj1 #bb4 ,chirt  a squirt1  
or a squeeze through the teeth1 pp4 #ac1
 #ad4     ,see ,ruddiman's ,glossary to 
,g4 ,douglas 7chirtand74 ,cold  could1  
p4 #bj4 ,coples  couples1 p4 #cc4       
,corage  courage1 p4 #bj4 ,crouse       
brisk1 p4 #bh4 ,cum  come1 pp4 #aa1 #ca2
   cumes  comes1 p4 #bi4  ,devore       
devour1 p4 #bj4 ,devote  devout1 p4 #bj4
 ,distinctiones  punctuation1 p4 #cd4   
,doon  done1 p4 #ba4 ,doting  giving1 p4
 #c4  ,earand  errand1 p4 #h4 ,evin     
even1 p4 #bi4  ,faer  fair1 p4 #bh4     
,falt  fault1 pp4 #ae1 #bj4 ,fand       
found1 p4 #a4 ,fele  feel1 p4 #cb4      
,felles  lowers1 p4 #bb4 ,finnes        
fineness1 p4 #b4 ,fontan  fountain1 p4  
#aa4 ,foran  foreign1 p4 #bj4 ,frelie   
freely1 p4 #cd4  ,geve  give1 pp4 #g1   
#h1 #i1 #ab1 #bh1 #bi4 ,gif  if1 p4 #ba4
 ,glim  glimpse1 p4 #b4 ,gud  good1 pp4 
#b1 #ah1 #ba1 #bh1 #bi4  ,hael  hail1 p4
 #aj4 ,hald  hold1 p4 #ad2   haldes1 p4 
#bi4 ,hame  home1 p4 #b4 ,hard  heard1  
pp4 #b1 #c1 #ac1 #ad1 #bb1 #cb4 ,hart   

heart1 p4 #cc4 ,heal  whole1 p4 #aj4    
,heer  hear1 p4 #cc4 ,here  hear1 pp4   
#ca1 #cb4 ,hes  has1 pp4 #c1 #ad1 #ae1  
#ai1 #bb1 #cb4 ,hes  hast1 p4 #cb4 ,hes 
have1 pp4 #bj1 #bb4 ,hoat  hot1 pp4 #ah1
 #cj1 #cc2   hoater1 p4 #cj4 ,hoores    
hours1 p4 #ca4  ,ida1 ,scotland or      
,edinburgh1 p4 #b4 ,incurre1 v4  to run 
into4 ,lat4 incurro1 pp4 #bj1 #cc4  ,ken
  know1 p4 #ba4 ,kep1 v4  to intercept1 
p4 #ad4 ,kepping  receiving in the act  
of falling1 p4 #ab4 ,jamieson4 ,knau    
know1 p4 #b4 ,knaulege  knowledge1 pp4  
#c1 #aj2   knawlege1 pp4 #aa1 #ba4 ,knaw
  know1 pp4 #g1 #cj2   knawe1 p4 #ba2   
knawen  known1 p4 #bi4  ,laggared       
loitered or rested1 p4 #b4 ,lang  long1 
pp4 #i1 #ad4 ,leave  live1 p4 #cb4 ,leve
  live1 pp4 #cb1 #cd4 ,leving  living1  
p4 #aa4 ,louse  loose1 p4 #i4 ,lykwayes 
likewise1 p4 #ai4  ,maer  more1 pp4 #b1 
#aj4 ,maest  most1 pp4 #a1 #b1 #af4 ,man
  must1 p4 #h4 ,mare  more1 p4 #cj4     
,mast  most1 pp4 #cj1 #cb4 ,meer  mare1 
p4 #bh4 ,middes  middle1 p4 #af4 ,mikle 

much1 pp4 #ac1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,mint     
aim1 pressure1 p4 #ah4 ,minted          
attempted1 p4 #ae4 ,moat1 probably moot1
 discussion1 chat1 etc41 p4 #b4 ,a4,s4  
mo't4 ,moe  more1 pp4 #af1 #ai1 #ba1    
#bg4 ,moien  means for attaining an end1
 p4 #b4 ,jamieson4 ,fr4 moyen4 ,mont    
mount1 p4 #bd4 ,montan  mountain1 pp4   
#c1 #aa1 #bh4 ,mynt  aim1 pp4 #ab1 #ag4 
,nae  no1 pp4 #a1 #h4 ,nane  none1 p4   
#ac4 ,noat1 v4  note1 pp4 #ai1 #bb1 #bg1
 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc4 ,noat  note1  
pp4 #g1 #ac1 #bh1 #bi2   noate1 p4 #bh2 
noates  notes1 p4 #bi4 ,nor  than1 p4   
#c4 ,nor1 ,god nor1 p4 #ca4     ,this   
most probably means ,god comfort or     
nourish us1 connected with     norice1 a
 nurse1 and norie1 a foster-child4      
,there is also a     substantive nore in
 ,chaucer1 meaning comfort4 ,norne is to
     entreat1 ask 7see ,alliterative    
,poems ,glossary71 and may have         
something to do with this expression1   
but it is hardly so probable     as the 
above4 ,noute  black cattle1 p4 #bg2    

connected with neat1 as in neat-cattle1 
neat-herd4 ,nulleth  negatives1 p4 #cc4 
,nurice  nurse1 p4 #ai4  ,of  off1 p4   
#bc4 ,ones1 at ones  at once1 p4 #ah4   
,paen  trouble1 p4 #b4 ,paert  part1 p4 
#aj4 ,peple  people1 pp4 #bj1 #bi4      
,phason  pheasant 7871 p4 #ac4 ,pover   
poor1 p4 #c4 ,punct  stop1 p4 #cd4  ,qu4
     ,at p4 #ah the author gives his    
reasons for making use of the guttural  
qu in the place of the labial w4 ,the   
following are the words in     which it 
is thus used3-- ,quha  who1 pp4 #b1 #c1 
#cd4 ,quhae  who1 pp4 #a1 #aj2   quhae's
  whose1 p4 #b4 ,quhaer  where1 p4 #b4  
,quhar  where1 p4 #bi4 ,quharein        
wherein1 p4 #ad4 ,quharof  whereof1 p4  
#af4 ,quhat  what1 pp4 #b1 #h1 #ae1 #ag1
 #ah1 #bh4 ,quhatever  whatever1 p4 #ai4
 ,quhen  when1 pp4 #b1 #i1 #aa1 #bc1    
#ca4 ,quhence  whence1 pp4 #bi1 #cb4    
,quher  where1 pp4 #b1 #ad1 #bj1 #cb4   
,quheras  whereas1 p4 #ad4 ,quherat     
whereat1 p4 #ah4 ,quherbe  whereby1 pp4 
#aa1 #cd4 ,quherfoer1 quherforr         

wherefore1 pp4 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #ae4        
,quherin  wherein1 pp4 #bj1 #bb4        
,quherof  whereof1 pp4 #bi1 #cd4        
,quheron  whereon1 p4 #bb4 ,quherupon   
whereupon1 pp4 #h1 #bg4 ,quherwith      
wherewith1 p4 #b4 ,quhil1 quhiles       
while1 p4 #b4 ,quhilk  which4 ,quhither 
whether1 pp4 #aa1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #cb4   
,quho  who1 pp4 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah1 #bb4
 ,quhom  whom4 ,quhy  why1 pp4 #bj1 #ba1
 #bi4 ,quhyte  white1 p4 #cj2   quhiter1
 p4 #cj2   quhytest1 p4 #cj4 ,quod      
quoth1 p4 #ah4  ,rease  rose1 p4 #ah4   
,red  read1 p4 #cd4 ,regne  reign1 p4   
#bj4 ,retine  retain1 p4 #bj4 ,ryseth   
ariseth1 p4 #i4  ,sa  so1 p4 #ba2   sae 
so1 p4 #ag4 ,sal  shall1 pp4 #i1 #aa1   
#bc1 #cd4 ,sall  shall1 pp4 #h1 #bb4    
,shaued  showed1 p4 #g4 ,shour  shower1 
p4 #aj4 ,sib  related1 p4 #ba4 ,sik     
such1 pp4 #a1 #b1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ag1 #bi4
 ,sillie  wretched1 poor1 p4 #b4        
,skuiographie1     probably an invented 
word1 the intention of the author being 
to     oppose skew or askew to orthos1  

straight4 ,it has been suggested        
that it may be intended for sciagraphy1 
skiagraphia1 also spelt     sciography2 
but this is improbable1 as the meaning  
of that word1     viz41 the art of      
shadows1 including dialling1 is so      
inappropriate     in this passage1 p4   
#b4 ,sould  should1 pp4 #g1 #h1 #aa1    
#ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bh1 #bi4 
,spering  inquiring1 p4 #ah4 ,spil      
destroy1 spoil7871 p4 #ac2   spill1 p4  
#bb4 ,spilt  corrupted1 spoilt7871 p4   
#b4 ,stack  stuck1 p4 #b4 ,stean  stone1
 p4 #h4 ,stiddie  anvil1 pp4 #ab1 #ag4  
,and my imaginations are as foul     ,as
 ,vulcan's stithy4           ,hamlet1   
,act iii41 sc4 #b4  ,strang  strong1 p4 
#ad4 ,sum  some1 pp4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ba1  
#cd4 ,supposit  subject1 pp4 #cj1 #ca4  
,syllab  syllable1 pp4 #ad1 #ae1 #af1   
#ah1 #ba1 #bb2   syllabes1 p4 #h4       
,ben ,jonson spells this word syllabe in
 his ,english ,grammar4 ,syne  since1 p4
 #a4  ,tal  tale1 p4 #i4 ,tal  tail1 p4 
#i4 ,tale  tall1 p4 #bh4 ,trow  believe1

 pp4 #ac1 #ah4 ,tuae  two1 pp4 #a1 #h1  
#i1 #aj1 #bb1 #bc4 ,tuelfe  twelve1 p4  
#c4 ,tuich  touch1 pp4 #g1 #ac1 #ae1    
#ag2   tuiches1 p4 #aa4 ,tuiched        
touched1 pp4 #c1 #ag4 ,tuich stone      
touchstone1 p4 #ai4 ,tyme passing befoer
  imperfect tense1 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 ,tyme  
past befoer  pluperfect tense1 pp4 #ca1 
#cb4 ,tyme past els  perfect tense1 pp4 
#ca1 #cb4  ,vadimonie  recognisance1 p4 
#bb4 ,lat4 ,vadimonium4 ,voce  voice1 p4
 #bj4  ,waet  know1 p4 #ad4 ,wait  know1
 p4 #aa4 ,wald  would1 pp4 #a1 #b1 #i1  
#aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #bj1 #ba1 #cj1 #ca4 
,warkes  works1 p4 #bi4 ,weer  war1 p4  
#c4 ,were  war1 p4 #bj4 ,whither        
whether1 p4 #b4     ,the author in this 
place uses the letter w instead of qu1  
although at p4 #ah he is so strenuous   
against its use4 ,wrang  wrong1 pp4 #b1 
#i1 #aa4  ,ye  yea1 p4 #ad4 ,yeld       
yield1 p4 #ba4     ,early ,english ,text
 ,society4  ,report of the ,committee1  
,january1 #ahfe4   ,the close of the    
first year of the ,society's operations 

affords the ,committee the welcome      
opportunity of congratulating the       
members on the ,society's success4      
,instead of two ,texts1 which the first 
,circular to the ,society suggested     
might perhaps be issued1 the ,committee 
have been enabled to publish four1 and  
these four such as will bear comparison1
 as to rareness and intrinsic value1    
with the publications of any of the     
longest established societies of the    
kingdom4 ,the ,arthur was edited for the
 first time from a unique ,,ms41 wholly 
unknown to even the latest writers on   
the subject1 and exhibits our national  
hero's life in a simpler form than even 
,geoffrey of ,monmouth1 or ,layamon4    
,the ,early ,english ,alliterative      
,poems1 though noticed long ago by ,dr4 
,guest and ,sir ,f4 ,madden1 for their  
great philological and poetical value1  
had been inaccessible to all but        
students of the difficult and faded     
,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum3 they have
 been now made public by the ,society's 

edition1 with their large additions to  
our vocabulary1 and their interesting   
dialectal formations4 ,the ,sir         
,gawayne1 from the same ,,ms41 could    
only have been had before in ,sir       
,frederick ,madden's rare and costly    
edition1 printed by the ,bannatyne      
,club4 ,and the ,lauder has restored1 as
 it were1 to ,scotland1 a ,poet whose   
name had found no place in the standard 
,history of ,scottish ,poetry1 and the  
,biographical ,dictionaries4  ,though   
the ,society started late in the past   
year1 these four ,texts were published  
within a fortnight of its close2 and    
before that time the first ,text for the
 second year was in the printer's hands4
 ,the ,committee pledge themselves to   
continue their exertions to render the  
,texts issued worthy of the ,society1   
and to complete the issue of each set   
within the year assigned to it4 ,they   
rely with confidence on the ,subscribers
 to use their best endeavours to        
increase the list of ,members1 in order 

that funds may not be wanting to print  
the material that editors place at their
 service4 ,the aim of the ,committee is1
 on the one hand1 to print all that is  
most valuable of the yet unprinted      
,,mss4 in ,english1 and1 on the other1  
to re-edit and reprint all that is most 
valuable in printed ,english books1     
which from their scarcity or price are  
not within the reach of the student of  
moderate means4#f ,those relating to    
,,king ,,arthur will be the ,committee's
 first care2 those relating to our      
,language and its ,dialects the second2 
while in due proportion with these1 will
 be mixed others of general interest1   
though with no one special common       
design4 ,the ,committee hope that no    
year will pass without the issue of one 
,text in the ,northern dialect1 as well 
in acknowledgment of the support that   
the ,society has received in ,scotland1 
as to obviate the hitherto limited      
circulation of the works of the early   
,scotch writers among students south of 

the ,humber4      ,footnote #f3 ,a vast 
mass of our early literature is still   
unprinted1 and much that has been       
printed has1 as the late ,herbert       
,coleridge remarked1 'been brought out  
by ,printing ,clubs of     exclusive    
constitution1 or for private circulation
 only1 and     might1 for all that the  
public in general is the better for     
them1     just as well have remained in 
manuscript1 being1 of course1           
utterly unprocurable1 except in great   
libraries1 and not always     there4'   
,it is well known that the ,hon4 ,g4 ,p4
 ,marsh1 the author of     ',the ,origin
 and ,history of the ,english           
,language1' could not     procure for   
use in his work a copy of ',havelok' for
 love or money2     and the usual       
catalogue-price of ',william and the    
,werwolf1' or     ',the ,early ,english 
,gesta ,romanorum1' etc41 etc41 is six  
guineas1     when the book should be    
obtainable for less than a pound4       
,notwithstanding the efforts of the     

,percy1 ,camden1 and other              
,societies and ,printing ,clubs1 more   
than half our early printed             
literature--including the ,romances     
relating to our national hero1          
,arthur--is still inaccessible to the   
student of moderate means2     and it is
 a scandal that this state of things    
should be allowed to     continue4444   
,those who would raise any objection to 
these     re-editions--as a few have    
raised them--are asked to consider the  
absurdity and injustice of debarring a  
large number of readers     from the    
enjoyment of an old author1 because a   
living editor has     once printed his  
works1 when the feeling of the editor   
himself is     well expressed in the    
words of one of the class1 ',you are    
heartily     welcome to all ,i have ever
 done4 ,i should rejoice to see my books
     in the hands of a hundred1 where   
they are now on the shelves of          
one4'--,extract from the first          
,prospectus4  ,the publications for     

#ahfd are3--  #a4 ,early ,english       
,alliterative ,poems in the ,west       
,midland ,dialect of the     fourteenth 
century 7ab4 #acbj-cj ,a4,d474 ,edited  
for the first time     from a unique    
,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum1 with     
,notes and ,glossarial     ,index1 by   
,richard ,morris1 ,esq4                 
#afs4  #b4 ,arthur4 ,edited for the     
first time from the ,marquis of ,bath's 
,,ms4     7ab4 #addj ,a4,d471 by ,f4 ,j4
 ,furnivall1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4              
#ds4  #c4 ,ane compendious and breve    
,tractate1 concernyng ye office and     
dewtie     of ,kyngis1 ,spirituall      
,pastoris1 and temporall ,jugis2 laitlie
     compylit be ,william ,lauder4      
,reprinted from the edition of #aeef1   
and     edited by ,prof4 ,fitz-,edward  
,hall1 ,d4,c4,l4                        
#ds4  #d4 ,sir ,gawayne and the ,green  
,knight4 ,edited by ,r4 ,morris1 ,esq41 
from the     ,cottonian ,,ms41 ,nero1 ,a
 x4 7ab4 #acbj-cj ,a4,d47               
#ajs4  ,the publications for the present

 year 7#ahfe7 will comprise ,texts from 
at least four unique ,,mss41 two of     
which will be edited for the first time4
  #e4 ,of the ,orthographie and         
,congruitie of the ,britan ,tongue1 a   
treates     noe shorter then necessarie1
 be ,alexander ,hume4 ,edited for the   
first     time from the ,,ms4 in the    
,british ,museum 7ab4 #afag ,a4,d471 by 
,henry ,b4     ,wheatley1 ,esq4         
#ds4  #f4 ,syr ,lancelot du ,lak4       
,edited from the ,,ms4 in the ,cambridge
 ,university     ,library 7#aeth        
century71 by the ,rev4 ,walter ,w4      
,skeat1 ,m4,a4                          
,in the ,press4  #g4 ,morte ,arthure3   
the ,alliterative ,version4 ,edited from
 ,robert     ,thorntone's ,,ms4 7ab4    
#addj ,a4,d47 at ,lincoln1 by the ,rev4 
,f4 ,c4     ,massingberd1 ,m4,a4  #h4   
,various ,poems relating to ,sir        
,gawayne4 ,edited from the ,,mss4 by    
,richard ,morris1 ,esq4  #i4 ,merlin1 or
 the ,early ,history of ,arthur4 ,edited
 for the first time     from the ,,ms4  

in the ,cambridge ,university ,library  
7ab4 #adej ,a4,d471 by     ,f4 ,j4      
,furnivall1 ,esq4 ,part ,i4  ,also1 the 
following1 if the amount of             
subscriptions will justify the          
,committee in issuing them3--           
,animadversions uppon the ,annotacions  
and ,corrections of some                
imperfections of ,impressiones of       
,chaucer's ,workes reprinted in #aeih1  
by ,francis ,thynne4 ,edited from the   
,,ms4 in the ,bridgewater ,library1     
by ,henry ,b4 ,wheatley1 ,esq4  ,the    
,story of ,genesis and ,exodus in       
,english verse of about #acjj ,a4,d4 ,to
     be edited for the first time from  
the unique ,,ms4 in the ,library of     
,corpus ,christi ,coll41 ,cambridge1 by 
,f4 ,j4 ,furnivall and ,r4 ,morris1     
,esqrs4  ,the ,harrowing of ,hell4 ,to  
be edited from the ,,ms4 in the         
,bodleian     ,library1 by ,r4 ,f4      
,weymouth1 ,esq4   ,the following is a  
list of ,texts1 which it is proposed to 
print 7among others7 in future years3-- 

,the ,romance of ,arthour and ,merlin4  
,to be edited from the ,auchinleck ,,ms4
     7ab4 #acbj-cj ,a4,d47  ,mirk's     
,duties of a ,parish ,priest4 ,to be    
edited for the first time from     the  
,,mss4 in the ,british ,museum and      
,bodleian ,libraries 7ab4 #adbj         
,a4,d471 by ,e4 ,peacock1 ,esq4  ,the   
,romance of ,william and the ,werwolf4  
,to be edited from the unique ,,ms4     
in the ,library of ,king's ,coll41      
,cambridge4  ,the ,gospel of ,nicodemus 
in the ,northumbrian ,dialect4 ,to be   
edited for     the first time from      
,harl4 ,,ms4 #daif1 c41 ,cotton-,galba  
,e ix41 by ,r4     ,morris1 ,esq4  ,the 
,romance of ,melusine4 ,to be edited for
 the first time from the unique         
,,ms4 in the ,library of ,trinity       
,college1 ,cambridge4  ,syr ,thomas     
,maleor's ,mort d',arthur4 ,to be edited
 from ,caxton's edition     7#adhe      
,a4,d47 with a new ,preface1 ,notes1 and
 a ,glossary4  ,the ,arthur ,ballads4   
,the ,romance of ,sir ,tristrem4 ,to be 

edited from the ,auchinleck ,,ms4  ,the 
,english ,charlemagne ,romances4 ,to be 
edited from the ,auchinleck ,,ms4  ,the 
,early ,english ,version of the ,gesta  
,romanorum4 ,to be edited from the      
,,mss4 in the ,british ,museum and other
 ,libraries4  ,the two different        
,versions of ,piers ,plowman1 in        
parallel columns4  ,gawain ,douglas's   
,aeneis4 ,to be edited from the         
,cambridge ,,ms4 by ,professor          
,fitz-,edward ,hall1 ,d4,c4,l4  ,the    
,romance of ,kyng ,horn4 ,to be edited  
from the ,,ms4 in the ,library of       
the ,university of ,cambridge4  ,roberd 
of ,brunne's ,handlyng ,synne1 a        
treatise on the sins1 and sketches      
of the manners1 of ,english men and     
women in ,a4,d4 #acjc4 ,to be           
re-edited from the ,,mss4 in the        
,british ,museum and ,bodleian          
,libraries     by ,f4 ,j4 ,furnivall1   
,esq41 ,m4,a4  ,cursor ,mundi1 the best 
dialectal version4 ,to be edited from   
the ,,ms4 by     ,richard ,morris1 ,esq4

  ,the ,history of the ,saint ,graal or 
,sank ,ryal4 ,by ,henry ,lonelich1      
,skynner     7ab4 #addj ,a4,d474 ,to be 
re-edited from the unique ,,ms4 in the  
,library     of ,corpus ,christi ,coll41
 ,cambridge1 by ,f4 ,j4 ,furnivall1     
,esq41 ,m4,a4  ,dan ,michel's ,ayenbite 
of ,inwyt1 the most valuable specimen of
 the     ,kentish dialect1 #acdj ,a4,d4 
,to be edited from the ,,ms4 in the     
,british     ,museum by ,richard        
,morris1 ,esq4  ,froissart's ,chronicles
 translated out of ,frenche into our    
maternall     ,englyshe ,tonge1 by      
,johan ,bourchier ,knight1 ,lord        
,berners4 ,to be     edited by ,henry   
,b4 ,wheatley1 ,esq4  ,skelton's        
,translation of ,diodorus ,siculus1 oute
 of freshe ,latin1 that is     of       
,poggius ,florentinus1 containing six   
books4 ,to be edited for the     first  
time from the unique ,,ms4 in the       
,library of ,corpus ,christi     ,coll41
 ,cambridge4  ,sir ,david ,lyndesay's   
,monarche4 ,edited by ,prof4            

,fitz-,edward ,hall1 ,d4,c4,l41     from
 the first edition by ,jhone ,skott4    
,some of the earliest ,english          
,dictionaries1 as--     ,abecedarium    
,anglico-latinum1 by ,richard ,huloet   
7#aeeb72 and ,baret's     ,alvearie or  
,quadruple ,dictionarie1 to be edited   
from the editions of     #aegc and #aehj
 by ,henry ,b4 ,wheatley1 ,esq4     ,the
 ,subscription is ,l#a #as4 a year1 due 
in advance on the #ast of ,january1 and 
should be paid either to the ,society's 
,account at the ,union ,bank of ,london1
 #ad1 ,argyll ,place1 ,w41 or by ,post  
,office ,order to the ,hon4 ,secretary1 
#ec1 ,berners ,street1 ,london1 ,w42 to 
whom ,subscribers' names and addresses  
should be sent4  ,the ,committee wish to
 draw the attention of the ,subscribers 
to the fact that the ,society's ,account
 has been transferred from the ,london  
and ,birmingham ,bank to the ,regent    
,street ,branch of the ,union ,bank of  
,london4  ,the ,committee invite offers 
of voluntary assistance from those who  

may be willing to edit or copy ,texts1  
or to lend them books for reprinting or 
for re-reading with the original ,,mss4 
,the ,honorary ,secretary's ,cash       
,account is annexed4   ,abstract of the 
,income and ,expenditure of the ,,early 
,,english ,,text ,,society for the ,year
 ending ,december #cast1 #ahfd4         
,,receipts4  #ahfd4                     
,l   s4 d4 ,one hundred ,subscriptions1 
at #al4 #as4         #aje    #j    #j   
,forty-five ditto 7through ,agents71 at 
#al4        #de    #j    #j #ahfe4 ,two 
,subscriptions1 at #al4 #as4            
#b    #b    #j                          
,l#aeb    #b    #j                      
,,payments4  #ahfd4                     
,l   s4 d4 ,printing ,account           
7,austin7--   ,alliterative ,poems      
#fb    #g    #f   ,arthur               
#h   #ad    #j   ,lauder's ,tractate    
#ae   #ad    #j   ,sir ,gawayne         
#ce   #af    #j   #c1ejj ,prospectuses  
#e    #e    #j   ,packing1 ,postage1 c41
 of     ,alliterative ,poems and ,arthur

    #a   #af    #f                      
-------------                           
#abi   #ac    #j     ,less ,discount    
#f    #i    #j                          
-------------                           
#abc    #d    #j ,petty ,expenses--     
,purchase of ,books for ,re-editing     
#e   #ah    #j   ,stationery1 c4        
#j   #ah    #f   ,postages 7,circulars1 
c47                         #d    #d    
#f   ,deduction on ,country ,cheque     
#j    #j    #g   ,balance in the hands  
of the ,hon4 ,secretary        #j   #ac 
#j   ,balance at the ,bankers           
#ag    #c    #e                         
-------------                           
,l#aeb    #b    #j                      
,we have examined this ,account with the
 ,books and ,vouchers1 and certify that 
it is correct4  ,wm4 ,,cunningham       
,,glen1 ,,reginald ,,hanson1 ,b4,a41    
,auditors4     ,,list ,,of              
,,subscribers4   ,,committee ,,of       
,,management3  ,,danby ,p4 ,,fry1 ,,esq4
 ,,frederick ,j4 ,,furnivall1 ,,esq4    

,professor ,,fitz-,,edward ,,hall4      
,,richard ,,morris1 ,,esq4 ,h4 ,t4      
,,parker1 ,,esq4  7,with power to add   
,workers to their number47   ,,honorary 
,,secretary3  ,,henry ,b4 ,,wheatley1   
,,esq41 #ec1 ,berners ,street1 ,london4 
,w4   ,,bankers3  ,,the ,,union ,,bank  
,,of ,,london1 ,,regent ,,street        
,,branch1 #ad1 ,argyll ,place1 ,w4      
,,the ,,royal ,,library1 ,windsor       
,castle4  ,,adams1 ,dr4 ,ernest1        
,victoria ,park1 ,manchester4           
,,alexander1 ,george ,russell1 ,esq41   
,glasgow4 ,,alexander1 ,john1 ,esq41    
#dc1 ,campbell ,street1 ,glasgow4       
,,amhurst1 ,wm4 ,a4 ,tyssen1 ,esq41     
,didlington ,park1 ,brandon1 ,norfolk4  
,,asher  ,,co41 ,messrs41 #ac1 ,bedford 
,street1 ,covent ,garden4 ,w4,c4 7#aj   
sets47 ,,atkinson1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,c41 ,danby
 ,parsonage1 ,grosmont1 ,york4          
,,aufrecht1 ,professor1 #ab1 ,cumin     
,place1 ,grange1 ,edinburgh4 ,,austin1  
,stephen1 ,hertford4  ,,backhouse1 ,john
 ,g41 ,esq41 ,blackwell1 ,darlington4   

,,bain1 ,j41 ,esq41 ,haymarket4 ,,baker1
 ,charles1 ,esq41 #aa1 ,sackville       
,street1 ,w4 ,,beard1 ,james1 ,esq41    
,the ,grange1 ,burnage ,lane1 near      
,manchester ,,blackman1 ,frederick1     
,esq41 #d1 ,york ,road4 ,s4 ,,bladon1   
,james1 ,esq41 ,albion ,house1 ,pont y  
,pool4 ,,bohn1 ,henry ,g41 ,esq41 ,york 
,street1 ,covent ,garden1 ,w4,c4        
,,bosworth1 ,rev4 ,professor1 ,d4,d41   
#bj1 ,beaumont ,street1 ,oxford4        
,,bradshaw1 ,henry1 ,esq41 ,king's      
,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,buxton1         
,charles1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 #g1 ,grosvenor 
,crescent1 ,s4,w4  ,,chappell1 ,william1
 ,esq41 #cj1 ,upper ,harley ,street4 ,w4
 ,,cheetham1 ,rev4 ,s41 ,king's         
,college1 ,london4 ,w4,c4 ,,clark1 ,rev4
 ,samuel1 ,the ,vicarage1 ,bredwardine1 
,hereford4 ,,clark1 ,e4 ,c41 ,esq41     
,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,cohen1 
,a41 ,esq41 #f1 ,king's ,bench ,walk1   
,temple1 ,e4,c4 ,,coleridge1 ,miss      
,edith1 ,hanwell ,rectory1 ,middlesex4  
,,coleridge1 ,j4 ,duke1 ,esq41 ,q4,c41  

#a1 ,brick ,court1 ,temple1 ,e4,c4      
,,cosens1 ,frederick1 ,esq41 ,larkbere  
,lodge1 ,clapham ,park4 ,,cowper1 ,j4   
,meadows1 ,esq41 ,davington1 ,faversham4
 ,,craik1 ,professor ,george ,l41 #b1   
,chlorina ,place1 ,belfast4 ,,craik1    
,george ,l41 ,esq41 ,glasgow4  ,,davies1
 ,rev4 ,john1 ,walsoken ,rectory1 near  
,wisbeach4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue1 ,warren1    
,esq41 ,bunhill ,row4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue1  
,wm4 ,frederick1 ,esq41 #aaj1 ,bunhill  
,road1 ,e4,c4 ,,dickinson1 ,f4 ,h41     
,esq41 ,kingweston ,house1 ,somerton1   
,somerset4 ,,dodds1 ,rev4 ,james1 ,st4  
,stephen's1 ,glasgow4 ,,donaldson1      
,david1 ,esq41 ,free ,normal ,seminary1 
,glasgow4 ,d',,orsey1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,j41    
,b4,d41 #h1 ,lancaster ,terrace1        
,regent's ,park4 ,n4,w4 ,,dowden1       
,edward1 ,esq41 #h1 ,montenotte1 ,cork4 
,,dublin1 ,right ,rev4 ,richard ,c4     
,trench1 ,archbishop of1 ,dublin4       
,,dykes1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,oswald1 ,free ,st4  
,george's ,church1 ,edinburgh4  ,,earle1
 ,rev4 ,j41 ,swanswick ,rectory1 ,bath4 

,,edinburgh ,,university ,,library4     
,,eisdell1 ,miss ,s4 ,l41 ,colchester4  
,,euing1 ,william1 ,esq41 #bji1 ,west   
,george ,street1 ,glasgow4  ,,field1    
,hamilton1 ,esq41 ,new ,park ,road1     
,brixton ,hill4 ,,freethy1 ,mr4         
,frederick1 ,working ,men's ,college1   
,london4 ,,fry1 ,danby ,p41 ,esq41 ,poor
 ,law ,board1 ,whitehall4 ,,fry1        
,frederick1 ,esq41 ,wellington ,street1 
,islington4 ,,furnivall1 ,f4 ,j41 ,esq41
 #c1 ,old ,square1 ,lincoln's ,inn41    
,w4,c4  ,,gee1 ,william1 ,esq41 ,high   
,street1 ,boston4 ,,gibbs1 ,captain     
,charles1 #bnd ,regiment1 ,devonport4   
,,gibbs1 ,h4 ,h41 ,esq41 ,st4           
,dunstan's1 ,regent's ,park4 ,,glen1 ,w4
 ,cunningham1 ,esq41 ,poor ,law ,board1 
,whitehall4 ,,goldstuecker1 ,professor1 
#ad1 ,st4 ,george's ,square4 ,n4,w4     
,,gordon1 ,rev4 ,robert1 #ad1           
,northumberland ,st41 ,edinburgh4       
,,guild1 ,j4 ,uylie1 ,esq41 ,glasgow4   
,,hales1 ,j4 ,w41 ,esq41 ,christ's      
,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,halkett1        

,samuel1 ,esq41 ,advocates' ,library1   
,edinburgh4 ,,hall1 ,professor          
,fitz-,edward1 ,d4,c4,l41 #ah1 ,provost 
,road1 ,haverstock   ,hill4 ,n4,w4      
,,hamlen1 ,charles1 ,esq41 #bg1         
,virginia ,street1 ,glasgow4 ,,hanson1  
,reginald1 ,esq41 #dc1 ,upper ,harley   
,street4 ,w4 ,,heath1 ,n41 ,esq41       
,rector1 ,the ,academy1 ,alloa4         
,,hodgson1 ,shadworth ,h41 ,esq41 #de1  
,conduit ,street1 ,regent's ,street4 ,w4
 ,,hooper1 ,rev4 ,richard1 ,aston       
,upthorpe4 ,,horwood1 ,alfred ,s41      
,esq41 ,new ,court1 ,middle ,temple4    
,e4,c4 ,,howard1 ,hon4 ,richard ,e41    
,d4,c4,l41 ,stamp ,office1 ,manchester4 
,,india ,,office ,,library1 ,cannon     
,row4  ,,jackson1 ,e4 ,steane1 ,esq41   
,walthamstow ,house1 ,essex4 ,,johnson1 
,w41 ,esq41 ,eton ,college1 ,windsor4   
,,jones1 ,c4 ,w41 ,esq41 ,gateacre1 near
 ,liverpool4 ,,jones1 ,e4 ,b41 ,esq41   
#fb1 ,great ,russell ,street1           
,bloomsbury4 ,,jones1 ,thomas1 ,esq41   
,chetham ,library1 ,manchester4  ,,king1

 ,w4 ,warwick1 ,esq41 #bi1 ,queen       
,street1 ,cannon ,street ,west4 ,e4,c4  
,,laing1 ,david1 ,esq41 ,signet         
,library1 ,edinburgh4 ,,lamont1 ,colin  
,d41 ,esq41 ,union ,bank of ,scotland1  
,greenock4 ,,leckie1 ,thomas1 ,esq41    
,m4,d41 #fj1 ,cambridge ,terrace1 ,hyde 
,park4 ,w4 ,,leigh1 ,john1 ,esq41 #bf1  
,st4 ,john's ,street1 ,manchester4      
,,lodge1 ,rev4 ,barton1 ,colchester4    
,,london ,,library1 ,st4 ,james's       
,square4 ,s4,w4 ,,luard1 ,rev4 ,henry   
,richard1 #d1 ,st4 ,peter's ,terrace1   
,cambridge4 ,,lushington1 ,e4 ,l41      
,esq41 ,park ,house1 ,maidstone4        
,,macdonald1 ,george1 ,esq41 #ab1       
,earles ,terrace1 ,kensington4 ,w4      
,,macdouall1 ,professor ,charles1       
,,ll4,d41 ,queen's ,college1 ,belfast4  
,,mackenzie1 ,john ,whitefoord1 ,esq41  
#af1 ,royal ,circus1 ,edinburgh4        
,,macmillan1 ,a41 ,esq41 ,bedford       
,street1 ,covent ,garden4 ,w4,c4        
,,madden1 ,sir ,frederick1 ,k4 ,h41     
,british ,museum4 ,w4,c4 ,,manchester1  

,the ,duke of4 ,,melbourne ,,public     
,,library1 ,victoria4 ,,morris1         
,richard1 ,esq41 ,christ ,church        
,school1 ,st4 ,george's ,east4 ,e4      
,,muir1 ,john1 ,esq41 #af1 ,regent's    
,terrace1 ,edinburgh4 ,,muller1         
,professor ,max1 #fd1 ,high ,street1    
,oxford4 ,,murdoch1 ,james ,barclay1    
,esq41 #cc1 ,lyndoch ,street1 ,glasgow4 
,,napier1 ,george ,w41 ,esq41 ,alderley 
,edge1 near ,manchester4 ,,nash1 ,d4    
,m41 ,esq41 #ba1 ,bentinck ,street1     
,manchester ,square4 ,w4 ,,neaves1      
,lord1 #g1 ,charlotte ,square1          
,edinburgh4 ,,nichol1 ,professor1       
,university1 ,glasgow4 ,,nichols1 ,john 
,gough1 ,esq41 #be1 ,parliament ,street1
 ,westminster4 ,,norris1 ,edwin1 ,esq41 
#f1 ,michael's ,grove1 ,brompton4 ,s4,w4
  ,,ogle1 ,messrs4 ,maurice  ,co41      
,glasgow4 ,,owen',s ,,college ,,library1
 ,manchester4  ,,paine1 ,cornelius1     
,jun41 ,esq41 ,surbiton ,hill1 ,surrey4 
,,panton1 ,rev4 ,george ,a41 ,crown     
,circus1 ,dowanhill1 ,glasgow4 7#b      

sets47 ,,parker1 ,h4 ,t41 ,esq41 #c1    
,ladbroke ,gardens4 ,w4 7#aj sets74     
,,peile1 ,john1 ,esq41 ,christ's        
,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,perceval1       
,charles ,spencer1 ,esq41 #fd1          
,eccleston ,square4 ,s4,w4 ,,priaulx1   
,osw4 ,de ,beauvoir1 ,esq41 #h1         
,cavendish ,square4 ,w4  ,,raine1 ,rev4 
,james1 ,york4 ,,regent',s ,,park       
,,college4 ,n4,w4 ,,reilly1 ,francis    
,s41 ,esq41 #bb1 ,old ,buildings1       
,lincoln's ,inn4 ,w4,c4 ,,richardson1   
,sir ,john1 ,lancrigg1 ,grasmere4       
,,rossetti1 ,wm41 ,esq41 #afj1 ,albany  
,street4 ,n4,w4 ,,ruskin1 ,john1 ,esq41 
,denmark ,hill1 ,camberwell 7#aj sets74 
,,st4 ,,david',s1 ,right ,rev4 ,connop  
,thirlwall1 ,bishop of1 ,abergwili      
,palace1   ,carmarthen4 ,,sion          
,,college1 ,president and ,fellows of1  
,london ,wall4 ,,skeat1 ,rev4 ,walter   
,w41 ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge4    
,,slatter1 ,rev4 ,john1 ,streatley      
,vicarage1 ,reading4 ,,smith1 ,charles1 
,esq41 ,faversham4 ,,smith1 ,j4         

,guthrie1 ,esq41 ,glasgow4 ,,sprange1   
,a4 ,d41 ,esq41 #ab1 ,princes ,street1  
,bayswater4 ,w4 ,,stephens1 ,professor  
,george1 ,university of ,copenhagen1    
,denmark4 ,,stevenson1 ,rev4 ,prof41    
,d4,d41 #cg1 ,royal ,terrace1           
,edinburgh4 ,,stewart1 ,alexander ,b41  
,esq41 ,glasgow4 ,,strathearn1 ,sheriff1
 ,county ,buildings1 ,glasgow4          
,,tennyson1 ,alfred1 ,esq41 ,d4,c4,l41  
,faringford1 ,isle of ,wight4           
,,truebner1 ,nicholas1 ,esq41 #fj1      
,paternoster ,row 7#ai sets74 ,,tucker1 
,stephen1 ,esq41 #aa1 ,st4 ,petersburgh 
,place4 ,w4 ,,tyssen1 ,john ,r4 ,d41    
,esq41 ,didlington ,park1 ,brandon1     
,norfolk4  ,,ward1 ,harry1 ,esq41       
,british ,museum4 ,w4,c4 ,,watts1       
,thomas1 ,esq41 ,british ,museum4 ,w4,c4
 ,,wedgwood1 ,hensleigh1 ,esq41 #a1     
,cumberland ,place1 ,regent's ,park4    
,,weymouth1 ,r4 ,f41 ,esq41 ,portland   
,grammar ,school1 ,plymouth4 ,,wheatley1
 ,henry ,b41 ,esq41 #ec1 ,berners       
,street4 ,w4--,hon4 ,sec4 ,,williams1   

,sydney1 ,esq41 #ad1 ,henrietta ,street1
 ,covent ,garden1 ,w4,c4   7#b sets47   
,,williamson1 ,stephen1 ,esq41 #ac1     
,virginia ,street1 ,glasgow4 ,,wilson1  
,edward ,j41 ,esq41 #f1 ,whitefriars    
,gate1 ,hull4 ,,wright1 ,w4 ,aldis1     
,esq41 ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4   
,,young1 ,alexander1 ,esq41 #ch1 ,elm   
,bank ,crescent1 ,glasgow4     ,,stephen
 ,,austin1 ,printer1 ,hertford4