,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! footnotes m>k$ ) l[]-case lett]s 7 orig9ally sid5otes :i* ref]r$ to s5t5ces )9 ! p>agraph4 ,i plac$ !m at ! end ( *apt]s to avoid confusion ) ! footnotes m>k$ ) numb]s1 :i* 7 footnotes 9 ! orig9al & are at ! end ( ! text4 ,,two ,,old ,,fai?s ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,! ,,h9dus ,,& ,,! ,,mohamm$ans ,,by ,j4 ,,murray ,,mit*ell1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,& ,,sir ,,william ,,muir1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,new ,,york ,,*autauqua ,,press ,c4,l4,s4,c4 ,dep>tm5t1 #aej ,fif? ,av5ue #ahia ,! requir$ books ( ! ,c4,l4,s4,c4 are recomm5d$ by a ,c\ncil ( ,six4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood t recomm5dation does n involve an approval by ! ,c\ncil1 or by any memb] ( x1 ( e pr9ciple or doctr9e conta9$ 9 ! book recomm5d$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! essays h be5 select$ f ! admirable s]ies ( ,pres5t ,day ,tracts1 publi%$ by ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society1 ,london1 & are repr9t$ ) p]mission4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,,h9du ,,religion4 ,,page ,outl9e ( ! ,essay #g ,introduction #i ,! ,v$as #ab ,philosophy1 & ,ritualism #ca ,recon/ruction--,mod]n ,h9duism #dc ,contra/ ) ,*ri/ianity #eh ,h9duism 9 ,contact ) ,*ri/ianity #fh ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,decl9e ,,( ,,islam4 ,outl9e ( ! ,essay #hc ,introduction #he ,! ,rapid ,spread ( ,islam #hg ,:y ! ,spread ( ,islam 0 ,/ay$ #abe ,l[ ,position ( ,islam 9 ! ,scale ( ,civilization #abi ,,! ,,h9du ,,religion4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,essay4 ,! place ( ,h9duism--:i* is pr(ess$ by ab\t a hundr$ & n9ety millions 9 ,india--among ! religions ( ! _w1 & its great antiquity1 are po9t$ out4 ,! comp>ative simplicity ( ! sy/em conta9$ 9 ! ,v$as1 ! olde/ sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus1 its almo/ entire fre$om f ! use ( images1 its gradual det]ioration 9 ! lat] hymns1 its gradual multiplication ( gods1 ! advance ( sac]dotalism1 & ! increas+ complexity ( its religi\s rites are set =?4 ,! philosophical speculation t 0 c>ri$ on1 ! diff]5t philosophical s*ools1 ! ,buddhi/ reaction1 its conflict ) ,brahmanism1 its f9al defeat1 & its influ5ce on ! victori\s sy/em are discuss$4 ,! religi\s recon/ruction repres5t$ by ! ,puranas1 _! !ological "*1 ! mod]n ritual1 ! introduction & rise ( ca/e1 & ! treatm5t ( wom5 are !n consid]$4 ,a contra/ is drawn betwe5 ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ,h9duism & ^? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! effect ( ,*ri/ian ideas on mod]n ,h9duism is exhibit$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,brahmo ,somaj "u ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s5 is giv5 at "s l5g?4 ,,! ,,h9du ,,religion4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,h9duism des]v+ ( /udy4 ,its antiquity4 ,! sy/em ( religi\s belief :i* is g5]ally call$ ,h9duism is1 on _m acc\nts1 em95tly des]v+ ( /udy4 ,if we desire to trace ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t religions ( ! widely ext5d$ ,aryan or ,indo-,european race1 to :i* we ourselves belong1 we %all f9d 9 ! e>li] writ+s ( ! ,h9dus an exhibition ( x decid$ly m ar*aic ev5 ?an t :i* is pres5t$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,!n1 ! gr[?--! hi/orical developm5t--( ,h9duism is n less wor?y ( att5tion ?an its e>li] phases4 ,x has endur$ = upw>d ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 no d\bt und]go+ v important *anges1 yet 9 _m ?+s reta9+ its orig9al _s4 ,! progress ( ! sy/em has n be5 lawless2 & x is exce$+ly in/ructive to note ! developm5t1 &1 if possible1 expla9 x4 ,we are1 !n1 to endeavor to /udy ,h9duism *ronologically4 ,unless he does s almo/ e man :o tries to compreh5d x is1 at fir/1 ov]:elm$ ) a feel+ ( utt] confusion & bewild]m5t4 ,h9duism spreads out be=e him z a va/ riv]1 or ev5 :at seems at fir/ a d>k ,illimitable ocean1 )\t b\nd1 ,)\t dim5sion1 :]e l5g?1 bread?1 & height1 ,& "t1 & place are lo/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! discussion *ronological4 ,b matt]s beg9 to cle> up :5 he beg9s at ! beg9n+1 & notes h[ "o ?+ succe$$ ano!r4 ,x may n be possible z yet to trace all ! w9d+s ( ! /ream or to %[ at :at precise po9ts 9 its long c\rse x 0 jo9$ by su* & su* a tribut>y2 yet mu* is kn[n reg>d+ ! mighty riv] :i* e intellig5t man w f9d x pr(itable to note & und]/&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,*ri/ian's duty 9 relation to ! subject4 ,! ,*ri/ian ought n to re/ satisfi$ ) ! vague g5]al idea t ,h9duism is a =m ( hea!nism ) :i* he has no?+ to d1 save to help 9 de/roy+ x4 ,let him try to realize ! ideas ( ! ,h9du reg>d+ ,god1 & ! s\l1 & s91 & salvation1 & heav51 & hell1 & ! _m sore trials ( ?is mortal life4 ,he w !n c]ta9ly h a mu* m vivid p]ception ( ! div9e orig9 & transc5d5t importance ( 8 own religion4 ,f>!r1 he w !n ext5d a help+ h& to 8 ,ea/]n bro!r ) f> m ( s5sibility & t5d]ness2 & 9 proportion to ! measure ( 8 lov+ sympa?y w d\btless be ! measure ( 8 success4 ,a ye>n+ he>t w accompli% m ?an ! mo/ cog5t argum5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! purpose ( ! ,tract4 ,9 ?is ,tract we conf9e ourselves to ! lay+ d[n ( great lead+ facts & pr9ciples2 b ^! w be dwelt ^u at suffici5t l5g? to give ! read]1 we tru/1 an accurate conception ( ! g5]al "* & hi/ory ( ,h9duism4 ,we %all also briefly contra/ ! sy/em ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! hi/ory ( ,h9duism may be divid$ into ?ree great p]iods1 ea* embrac+1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ab\t a ?\s& ye>s4 ,i4 ,,! ,,v$as4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mo/ anci5t writ+s ( ,india4 ,reg>d+ ! e>lie/ =m ( ,h9duism we mu/ draw our conceptions f ! ,v$a1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ! f\r ,v$as4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! ,rig ,v$a2 & int]nal evid5ce proves x to be ! mo/ anci5t4 ,x conta9s above a ?\s& hymns2 ! e>lie/ ( :i* may date f ab\t ! ye> #aejj ,b4,c4 ,! ,h9dus1 or1 z !y call !mselves1 ! ,aryas1 _h by t "t ent]$ ,india1 & 7 dwell+ 9 ! nor?-we/]n portion1 ! ,panjab4 ,! hymns1 we may say1 are racy ( ! soil4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to ! life l$ by ! p be=e !y cross$ ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s or ent]$ by "s ( ! passes ( ,afghani/an4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+ if we c\ld discov] ! pre-,v$ic =m ( ! religion4 ,inf]5tially ?is may1 to "s ext5t1 be done by comp>+ ! tea*+s ( ! ,v$as ) ^? conta9$ 9 ! books ( o!r bran*es ( ! great ,aryan family--su* z ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 &1 above all1 ! ,iranians 7anci5t ,p]sians74 ,! anci5t ,h9dus 7 a highly gift$1 en]getic race2 civiliz$ to a consid]able ext5t2 n nomadic2 *iefly %eph]ds & h]dsm51 b also acqua9t$ ) agriculture4 ,comm]ce 0 n unkn[n2 ! riv] ,indus =m$ a highway to ! ,indian ,ocean1 & at lea/ ! ,ph5icians avail$ !mselves ( x f p]haps ! sev5te5? c5tury ,b4,c41 or ev5 e>li]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! hymns are /rongly religi\s4 ,!y are a selection4 ,pre-em95tly sac]dotal4 ,pres5t ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! anci5t ,h9dus4 ,z soon z we beg9 to /udy ! hymns ( ! ,v$a we are /ruck by _! /rongly religi\s "*4 ,tacitly assum+ t ! book conta9s ! :ole ( ! e>ly lit]ature ( ,india1 _m writ]s h express$ !mselves 9 /rong t]ms reg>d+ ! primitive ,h9dus z religi\s above all o!r races4 ,b z we read on we become conv9c$ t ^! poems are a selection1 r ?an a collection1 ( ! lit]ature2 & ! conviction gr[s t ! selection has be5 made by prie/ly h&s = prie/ly purposes4 ,an acute critic has affirm$ t ! ,v$ic poems are pre-em95tly sac]dotal1 & 9 no s5se popul>4#a ,we c ?us expla9 a p]vad+ *>act]i/ic ( ! book :i* has tak5 mo/ read]s by surprise4 ,!re is a want ( simplicity 9 ! ,v$a4 ,x is (t5 mo/ elaborate1 artificial1 ov]ref9$--"o might ev5 say1 affect$4 ,h[ c\ld ^! be ! ?\ghts1 or ^? ! expressions1 ( ! imp]fectly civiliz$ %eph]ds ( ! ,panjab8 ,b if x be only a hymn-book1 ) its mat]ials arrang$ = liturgical purposes1 ! difficulty vani%es4#b ,we %all accord+ly take x = grant$ t ! ,v$a pres5ts only ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! anci5t ,h9dus--& n ! :ole ( ! religi\s ?\ght1 b only t ( a v influ5tial portion ( ! race4 ,) all ! qualifications n[ /at$1 ! ,v$a mu/ reta9 a position ( high importance = all :o /udy ,indian ?\ght & life4 ,! religi\s /amp :i* ! compil]s ( ! ,v$a impress$ s widely & s deeply has n be5 oblit]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty c5turies4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! religion is ,nature-wor%ip4 ,! prevail+ aspect ( ! religion pres5t$ 9 ! ,v$ic hymns may be broadly designat$ z ,nature-wor%ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,physical ph5om5a 9 ,india4 ,_! effect on ! religion4 ,all physical ph5om5a 9 ,india are inve/$ ) a gr&eur :i* !y d n possess 9 nor!rn or ev5 s\!rn ,europe4 ,sunlight1 moonlight1 />light1 ! cl\ds purpl$ ) ! beam ( morn+ or flam+ 9 ! we/ l fi]y *>iots ( heav52 to behold ^! ?+s 9 _! full magnific5ce "o ought to see !m 9 ! ,ea/4 ,ev5 s ! /]n] ph5om5a ( nature--:irlw9d & tempe/1 lightn+ & ?und]1 flood & /orm-wave1 plague1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e2 all ( ^! (t5times assume 9 ! ,ea/ a "* ( awful maje/y be=e :i* man c[]s 9 helplessness & despair4 ,! conceptions & feel+s h5ce aris+ h f ! beg9n+ p[]fully affect$ ! religion ( ! ,h9dus4 ,e-:]e we c trace ! impress ( ! gr&] manife/ations ( nature--! impress ( _! b5efic5ce1 _! beauty1 _! might1 _! my/]y1 or _! t]ribl5ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,! deities are ! bright ones1 accord+ to ! language ( ! sacr$ books ( ,india4 ,! ,sanskrit ^w = god is deva1 :i* means bright1 %9+4 ,( physical ph5om5a x 0 especially ^? connect$ ) light t enk9dl$ feel+s ( rev]5ce4 ,! black ?und]-cl\d t en%r\d$ nature1 9 :i* ! demon _h b\nd ! life-giv+ wat]s1 pass$ away2 = ! glitt]+ ?und]-bolt 0 laun*$1 & ! /reams ru%$ d[n1 exult+ 9 _! fre$om2 & !n ! heav5 %one out aga91 pure & peaceful z be=e4 ,b su* a wond] z ! dawn--) f>-/ream+ radiance1 return+ f ! l& ( my/]y1 fre% 9 et]nal y\?1 & scatt]+ ! t]rors ( ! night be=e h]--:o c\ld suffici5tly admire8 ,& let x be rememb]$ t 9 ! ,h9du m9d ! int]val betwe5 admiration & adoration is exce$+ly small4 ,yet1 :ile x is ! dawn :i* has evok$ ! true/ poetry1 %e has n reta9$ ! highe/ place 9 wor%ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,fire mu* wor%ip$4 ,no div9ity has full] wor%ip paid him ?an ,agni1 ! ,fire 7,ignis74 ,m hymns are d$icat$ to him ?an to any o!r be+4 ,a/oni%m5t at ! prop]ties ( fire2 a s5se ( 8 condesc5sion 9 t he1 a mighty god1 resides 9 _! dwell+s2 8 importance z ! mess5g] betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 be>+ ! (f]+s al(t2 8 k9dness at night 9 repell+ ! d>kness & ! demons :i* x hides--all ^! ?+s rais$ ,agni to an exalt$ place4 ,he is f$ ) pure cl>ifi$ butt]1 & s rises heav5w>d 9 8 brightness4 ,! physical conception ( fire1 h[ev]1 adh]es to him1 & he nev] q ceases to be ! e>?ly flame2 yet my/ical conceptions ?ickly ga!r r\nd ?is root-idea2 he is fire p]vad+ all nature2 & he (t5 becomes supreme1 a god ( gods4 ,sid5ote3 ,soma highly exalt$4 ,soma becomes a v mighty god4 ,all ?is seems natural en\gh2 b "o is h>dly prep>$ = ! high exaltation to :i* ,soma is rais$4 ,soma is prop]ly ! juice ( a milky plant 7asclepias acida1 or s>co/emma vim9ale71 :i*1 :5 f]m5t$1 is intoxicat+4 ,! simple-m9d$ ,aryas 7 bo? a/oni%$ & delight$ at its effects2 !y lik$ x !mselves2 & !y knew no?+ m preci\s to pres5t to _! gods4 ,accord+ly1 all ( ^! rejoice 9 x4 ,indra 9 p>ticul> quaffs x l a ?ir/y /ag2 & "u its exhil>at+ effects he /rides victori\sly to battle4 ,soma itself becomes a god1 & a v mighty "o2 he is ev5 ! creator & fa!r ( ! gods2#c ! k+ ( gods & m52#d all creatures are 9 8 h&4 ,x is surely extraord9>y t ! ,aryas c\ld apply su* hyp]bolical laudations to ! liquor :i* !y _h made to trickle into ! vat1 & :i* !y knew to be ! juice ( a plant !y _h cut d[n on ! m\nta9s & p\nd$ 9 a mort>2 & t intoxication %\ld be conf\nd$ ) inspiration4 ,yet ( su* ab]rations we "k ! human m9d is p]fectly capable4 ,sid5ote3 ,connection ) ,p]sian1 ,greek1 & ,roman sy/ems4 ,v>una1 ! god ( heav54 ,! sublimity ( ! ,v$ic description ( him4 ,we h fir/ ref]r$ to ,agni & ,soma1 z be+ ! only div9ities ( highe/ rank :i* /ill reta9 _! physical "*4 ,! wor%ip paid to !m 0 ( great antiquity2 = x is also prescrib$ 9 ! ,p]sian ,ave/a1 & mu/ h be5 common to ! ,indo-,iranian bran* ( ! ,aryan race be=e ! ,h9dus ent]$ ,india4 ,b we c inf]5tially g /ill fur!r back & speak ( a deity common to ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,p]sians1 & ,h9dus4 ,?is deity is ,v>una1 ! mo/ rem>kable p]sonality 9 ! ,v$a4 ,! "n1 :i* is etymologically connect$ ) ,greek3 ,ouranos1 signifies ! encompass]1 & is appli$ to heav5--especially ! all-encompass+1 extreme vault ( heav5--n ! ne>] sky1 :i* is ! region ( cl\d & /orm4 ,x is 9 describ+ ,v>una t ! ,v$a rises to ! greate/ sublimity :i* x ev] rea*es4 ,a my/]i\s pres5ce1 a my/]i\s p[]1 a my/]i\s k am\nt+ almo/ to omnisci5ce1 are ascrib$ to ,v>una4 ,! w9k+s ( m5's eyes are numb]$ by him4 ,he upholds ord]1 bo? physical & moral1 ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,contra/ ) ! laudations ( ,agni & ,soma4 ,! l(ti] conceptions ( div9ity ! e>li]4 ,! w9ds are 8 brea?1 ! sun 8 eye1 ! sky 8 g>m5t4 ,he rew>ds ! good & puni%es ! wick$4 ,yet to ! truly p5it5t he is m]ciful4 ,x is absolutely conf\nd+ to pass f a hymn t celebrates ! s]5e maje/y & awful purity ( ,v>una to "o fill$ ) measureless laudations ( ,soma or ,agni4 ,c\ld conceptions ( div9ity s incongru\s co-exi/8 ,t !y c\ld n spr+ up 9 ! same m9d1 or ev5 9 ! same age1 is abundantly manife/4 ,&1 z we h m5tion$1 ! l(ti] conceptions ( div9ity are unque/ionably ! e>li]4 ,x is va9 to speak1 z c]ta9 writ]s d1 ( religion gradually ref9+ itself1 z a muddy /ream c run itself pure2 ,h9duism resembles ! ,ganges1 :i*1 :5 x breaks =? f its m\nta9 cradle at ,h>dw>1 is comp>atively pellucid1 b1 z x rolls on1 becomes m & m muddy1 discolor$1 & unclean4#e ,sid5ote3 ,indra4 ,8 a*ievem5ts4 ,v>i\s s*ol>s affirm t ,v>una1 9 m anci5t pre-,v$ic times1 held a position /ill high] ?an ! v high "o :i* he /ill reta9s4 ,?is is probable2 inde$1 x is c]ta9 t1 be=e lat] div9ities _h intrud$1 he held a place ( unrival$ maje/y4 ,b1 9 ! ,v$as1 ,indra is a m conspicu\s figure4 ,he corresponds to ! ,jupit] ,pluvius ( ! ,romans4 ,9 nor?-we/]n ,india1 aft] ! burn+ heat1 ! annual return ( ! ra9s 0 hail$ ) unspeakable joy2 x 0 l life succe$+ dea?4 ,! cl\ds t float$ up f ! ocean 7 at fir/ ?9 & light2 ah6 a ho/ile demon 0 9 !m1 c>ry+ (f ! heal+ wat]s & n p]mitt+ !m to fall2 b ! ?und]-bolt ( ,indra fla%$2 ! demon 0 driv5 away h[l+1 & ! emancipat$ /reams refre%$ ! ?ir/y e>?4 ,v>una 0 n inde$ de?ron$1 b he 0 obscur$1 by ! a*ievem5ts ( ! w>like ,indra2 & ! sup]s5su\s1 moral conceptions t 7 connect$ ) ! =m] gradually fad$ f ! m9ds ( ! p1 & ,v>una erelong became q a subord9ate figure 9 ! ,pan!on4 ,sid5ote3 ,numb] & relations ( deities unc]ta94 ,! deities are g5]ally said 9 ! ,v$a to be ?rice elev5 9 numb]4 ,we also he> ( ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-n9e4 ,!re is no sy/em1 no fix$ ord] 9 ! hi]>*y2 a deity :o 9 "o hymn is q subord9ate becomes 9 ano!r supreme2 almo/ e god becomes supreme 9 turn2 9 "o hymn he is ! son ( "s deity & 9 ano!r t deity's fa!r1 & s 7if logic rul$7 8 own gr&fa!r4 ,e poet exalts 8 favorite god1 till ! m9d becomes utt]ly bewild]$ 9 trac+ ! relation%ips4 ,we h already spok5 ( ,agni1 ,v>una1 & ,indra1 z well z ,soma4 ,next to ^! 9 importance may come ! deities ( light1 namely1 ! sun1 ! dawn1 & ! two ,asv9a or beams t accompany ! dawn4 ,! w9ds come next4 ,! e>? is a goddess4 ,! wat]s are goddesses4 ,x is rem>kable t ! />s are v little m5tion$2 & ! moon holds no di/+ui%$ place4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>dly any feti*ism 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,9 ! religion ( ! ,rig ,v$a we h>dly see feti*ism--if by feti*ism we mean ! wor%ip ( small physical objects1 su* z /ones1 %ells1 plants1 etc41 :i* are believ$ to be *>g$ 7s to speak7 ) div9ity1 ?\gh ?is appe>s 9 ! f\r? ,v$a--! ,a?>va4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a almo/ any object t is gr&1 b5efic5t1 or t]rible may be ador$2 & implem5ts associat$ ) wor%ip are !mselves wor%ip$4 ,?us1 ! w>-*>iot1 ! pl[1 ! furr[1 etc41 are pray$ to4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly t5d5cy t[>d pan!ism4 ,a pan!i/ic conception ( nature 0 also pres5t 9 ! ,indian m9d f v e>ly times1 al?\gh its developm5t 0 lat]4 ,ev5 9 ! e>lie/ hymns any portion ( nature ) :i* man is br\ght into close relation may be ador$4#f ,sid5ote3 ,rev]5ce ( ! dead4 ,we mu/ on no acc\nt ov]look ! rev]5ce paid to ! dead4 ,! pitris 7patres7 or fa!rs are frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,v$a4 ,!y are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! devas or gods4 ,9 lat] writ+s !y are also di/+ui%$ f m51 z hav+ be5 creat$ sep>ately f !m2 b ?is idea does n appe> 9 ! ,v$a4 ,yama1 ! fir/ mortal1 travel$ ! road by :i* none returns1 & n[ dr9ks ! ,soma 9 ! inn]mo/ ( heav51 surr\nd$ by ! o!r fa!rs4 ,^! come also1 along ) ! gods1 to ! banquets prep>$ = !m on e>?1 &1 sitt+ on ! sacr$ grass1 rejoice 9 ! exhil>at+ draught4 ,sid5ote3 ,! subjects ( ! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a celebrate ! p[]1 exploits1 or g5]osity ( ! deity invok$1 & sometimes 8 p]sonal beauty4 ,! praises lavi%$ on ! god n only secur$ 8 favor b increas$ 8 p[] to help ! wor%ip]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! holie/ pray]4 ,!re is "o pray] 7s call$7 :i* is e/eem$ pre-em95tly holy2 g5]ally call$--f ! met] 9 :i* x is compos$--! ,gayatri4#g ,x may be r5d]$ ?us3 ,let u m$itate on t excell5t glory ( ! ,div9e ,son 7or ,vivifi]72 may he enlight5 our und]/&+s6 ,x has always be5 frequ5tly repeat$ 9 important rites4 ,sid5ote3 ,a?>va ,v$a4 ,inf]ior morally & spiritually to ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,explanation ( det]ioration4 ,s f> we h ref]r$ almo/ exclusively to ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,! next 9 importance is ! ,a?>va1 sometimes t]m$ ! ,brahma ,v$a2 :i* we may r5d] ! ,v$a ( incantations4 ,x conta9s six hundr$ & sev5ty hymns4 ,( ^! a few are equal to ^? 9 ! ,rig ,v$a2 b1 z a :ole1 ! ,a?>va is f> inf]ior to ! o!r 9 a moral & spiritual po9t ( view4 ,x ab\nds 9 imprecations1 *>ms = ! de/ruction ( enemies1 & s =?4 ,talismans1 plants1 or gems are invok$1 z possess$ ( irresi/ible might to kill or heal4 ,! deities are (t5 diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,! ,a?>va manife/s a great dread ( malignant be+s1 ^: wra? x deprecates4 ,we h ?us simple demon-wor%ip4 ,h[ is ?is great fall+-(f to be expla9$8 ,9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r a consid]able "t int]v5$ betwe5 ! composition ( ! two books1 dur+ :i* ! orig9al fai? _h rapidly deg5]at$1 probably ?r\gh contact ) aborig9al races :o wor%ip$ d>k & sangu9>y deities2 or else !re _h exi/$ f ! beg9n+ two =ms ( ! religion--! high] ( :i* is embodi$ 9 ! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 & ! l[] 9 ! ,a?>va4 ,we believe ! latt] explanation to be correct1 al?\gh d\btless ! sup]/itions ( ! aborig9es mu/ all along h ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! fai? ( ! invad]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! (f]+s4 ,! (f]+s pres5t$ to ! gods consi/$ *iefly ( cl>ifi$ butt]1 curdl$ milk1 rice-cakes1 & f]m5t$ ,soma juice1 :i* 0 g5]ally mix$ ) wat] or milk4 ,all 0 ?r[n into ! fire1 :i* bore !m or _! ess5ces to ! gods4 ,! ,soma 0 also spr9kl$ on ! sacr$ grass1 :i* 0 /rewn on ! floor1 & on :i* ! gods & fa!rs 7 invit$ to come & seat !mselves t !y might enjoy ! *e]+ bev]age4 ,! rema9d] 0 drunk by ! (ficiat+ prie/s4 ,! (f]+s 7 und]/ood to n\ri% & gratify ! gods z corporeal be+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,animal victims4 ,animal victims are also (f]$ up4 ,we he> ( %eep1 goats1 bulls1 c[s1 & buffaloes be+ sacrific$1 & sometimes 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,b ! great (f]+ 0 ! ,asvam$ha1 or sacrifice ( ! horse4 ,! body ( ! horse 0 hack$ to pieces2 ! fragm5ts 7 dress$--"p 0 boil$1 "p roa/$2 "s ( ! fle% 0 !n eat5 by ! p]sons pres5t1 & ! re/ 0 (f]$ to ! gods4 ,trem5d\s 0 ! pot5cy--at lea/ z /at$ 9 lat] times--( a hundr$ su* sacrifices2 x r5d]$ ! (f]] equal or sup]ior to ! gods2 ev5 ! mighty ,indra trembl$ = 8 sov]eignty & /rove to h9d] ! consummation ( ! awful rite4 ,sid5ote3 ,human sacrifice4 ,human sacrifice 0 n unkn[n1 ?\gh !re are v few allusions to x 9 ! e>li] hymns4 ,sid5ote3 ,sacrifice deem$ ( v high importance4 ,ev5 f ! fir/1 h[ev]1 ! rite ( sacrifice occupies a v high place1 & allusions to x are exce$+ly frequ5t4 ,! obs]vances connect$ ) x are said to be ! fir/ religi\s rites4 ,sacrifice 0 e>ly believ$ to be expiatory2 x remov$ s94 ,x 0 sub/itution>y2 ! victim /ood 9 place ( ! (f]]4 ,all ord] 9 ! univ]se dep5ds ^u x2 x is ! nave ( ! _w-:eel4 ,sometimes ,vi%nu is said to be ! sacrifice2 sometimes ev5 ! ,supreme ,be+ himself is s4 ,elaborat$ ideas & a complex ritual1 :i* we c\ld h expect$ to gr[ up only 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 appe> f v e>ly times4 ,we seem compell$ to draw ! inf]5ce t sacrifice =m$ an ess5tial & v important "p ( ! pre-,v$ic fai?4#h ,9 ! ,v$a wor%ip is a k9d ( b>t]4 ,9 ex*ange = praises & (f]+s ! deity is ask$ to be/[ favors4 ,temporal bless+s are implor$1 su* z food1 weal?1 life1 *ildr51 c[s1 horses1 success 9 battle1 ! de/ruction ( enemies1 & s =?4 ,n mu* is said reg>d+ s9 & ! ne$ ( =giv5ess4 ,a di/+ui%$ s*ol>#i has said t ! religi\s notion ( s9 is want+ altoge!r2 b ?is affirmation is decid$ly too sweep+4 ,sid5ote3 ,no image-wor%ip4 ,no public wor%ip4 ,! wor%ip exemplifi$ 9 ! ,v$a is n image-wor%ip4 ,images ( ! fire1 or ! w9ds1 or ! wat]s c\ld h>dly be requir$1 & :ile ! orig9al nature-wor%ip la/$1 idols mu/ h be5 ne>ly unkn[n4 ,yet ! description ( v>i\s deities is s precise & full t x seems to be probably drawn f visible repres5tations ( !m4 ,wor%ip 0 p]sonal & dome/ic1 n 9 any way public4 ,inde$1 two m5 pray+ at ! same "t _h to pray q ap>t1 s t nei!r might di/urb ! o!r4 ,ea* dealt ) heav51 s to speak1 solely on 8 own behalf4 ,sid5ote3 ,no temples4 ,we he> ( no places set ap>t z temples 9 ,v$ic times4 ,sid5ote3 ,! treatises on ritual4 ,a ,v$a consi/s ( two p>ts call$ ,mantra or ,sanhita1 & ,brahmana4 ,! fir/ is compos$ ( hymns4 ,! second is a /atem5t ( ritual1 & is g5]ally 9 prose4 ,! exi/+ ,brahmanas are sev]al c5turies lat] ?an ! great body ( ! hymns1 & 7 probably compos$ :5 ! ,h9dus _h cross$ ! ,indus1 & 7 advanc+ along ! ,gangetic valley4 ,! olde/ may be ab\t ! date ( #hjj or #gjj ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[? ( prie/ly p[]4 ,s*ools = ! /udy ( sacr$ books1 rites1 & traditions4 ,! ,brahmanas are v poor1 bo? 9 ?\ght & expression4 ,!y h h>dly _! mat* 9 any lit]ature = p$antry & d[nright absurdity4#aj ,poetical feel+ & ev5 religi\s feel+ seem gone2 all is dead & dry z du/4 ,by ?is "t ! ,sanskrit language _h ceas$ to be g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! orig9al texts c\ld h>dly receive accessions2 ! mo/ le>n$ man c\ld d little m ?an int]pret1 or p]haps mis9t]pret1 !m4 ,! wor%ip] look$ on2 he wor%ip$ n[ by proxy4 ,?us ! prie/ _h ris5 greatly 9 importance4 ,he alone knew ! sacr$ v]ses & ! sacr$ rites4 ,an error 9 ! pronunciation ( ! my/ic text might br+ de/ruction on ! wor%ip]2 :at c\ld he d b lean ^u ! prie/8 ,! latt] c\ld say ! pray]s if he c\ld n pray4 ,all ?is work$ p[]fully = ! elevation ( ! ,brahmans1 ! m5 ( pray]2 !y /eadily grew into a class1 a ca/e2 & into ?is no "o c\ld ent] :o 0 n ( prie/ly desc5t4 ,s*ools 7 n[ f\nd necess>y = ! /udy ( ! sacr$ books1 rites1 & traditions4 ,! importance :i* ^! atta* to !ology--doctr9e--is v small2 ! ext]nals ( religion are all 9 all4 ,! rites1 9 fact1 n[ ?rew ! v gods into ! %ade2 e ?+ dep5d$ on _! due p]=mance4 ,& ?us ! ,h9du ritual gradually grew up into a /up5d\s sy/em1 ! mo/ elaborate1 complex1 & burd5some :i* ! e>? has se54 ,sid5ote3 ,moral "* ( ! ,v$a4 ,x is "t1 h[ev]1 to give a brief e/imate ( ! moral "* ( ! ,v$a4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u is its inconsi/5cy4 ,"s hymns--especially ^? address$ to ,v>una--rise z high z ,g5tile conceptions reg>d+ deity ev] rose2 o!rs--ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a--s9k mis]ably l[2 & 9 ! ,a?>va we f9d1 ev5 9 ! l[e/ dep?1 a l[] /ill4 ,sid5ote3 ,indra sup]s$es ,v>una4 ,! "* ( ,indra--:o has displac$ or ov]%ad[$ ,v>una#aa--;has no high attributes4 ,he is voraci\s2 8 inebriety is mo/ int5se2 he dances ) delight 9 battle4 ,8 wor%ip]s supply him abundantly ) ! dr9k he loves2 & he supports !m aga9/ _! foes1 n9ety & m ( ^: cities he has de/roy$4 ,we d n "k t ^! foes1 ! ,dasyus1 7 morally worse ?an ! intrusive ,aryas1 b ! feel+s ( ! latt] t[>d ! =m] 7 ( unexampl$ f]ocity4 ,"h is "o passage out ( multitudes simil>3 ,hurl ?y hotte/ ?und]-bolt ^u !m6 ,uproot !m6 ,cleave !m asund]6 ,o1 ,indra1 ov]p[]1 subdue1 slay ! demon6 ,pluck him up6 ,cut him ?r\gh ! middle6 ,cru% 8 head6 ,sid5ote3 ,det]ioration beg9s e>ly4 ,indra1 if provid$ ) ,soma1 is always indulg5t to 8 vot>ies2 he supports !m p] fas et nefas4 ,v>una1 on ! o!r h&1 is grave1 j1 & to wick$ m5 sev]e4#ab ,! sup]session ( ,v>una by ,indra1 !n1 is easily und]/ood4 ,we see ! pr9ciple on :i* x re/s /at$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,ye _c s]ve ! ,"l1 said ,jo%ua to ! eld]s ( ,israel2 = he is a holy ,god4 ,ev5 s ,j]emiah po9ts sorr[fully to ! fact t ! pagan nations clung to _! false gods1 :ile ,israel 0 fai?less to ! true4 ,z ,/4 ,paul expresses x1 !y did n l to reta9 ,god 9 _! k4 ,unless ?is pr9ciple is fully tak5 into acc\nt we _c und]/& ! hi/orical developm5t ( ,h9duism4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>una ! only div9ity possess$ ( pure & elevat$ attributes4 ,! ,v$a frequ5tly ascribes to ! gods1 to use ! language ( ,max ,mll]1 s5tim5ts & passions unwor?y ( deity4 ,9 tru?1 except 9 ! case ( ,v>una1 !re is n "o div9ity t is possess$ ( pure & elevat$ attributes4 ,,ii4 ,,philosophy1 ,,& ,,ritualism4 ,sid5ote3 ,speculation beg9s4 ,rise ( asceticism4 ,upani%ads4 ,!y are pan!i/ic4 ,dur+ ! ,v$ic p]iod--c]ta9ly t[>d its conclusion--a t5d5cy to speculation _h begun to appe>4 ,probably x _h all along exi/$ 9 ! ,h9du m9d1 b _h rema9$ lat5t dur+ ! /irr+ p]iod :5 ! p 7 engag$ 9 incessant w>s4 ,climate1 also1 mu/ h affect$ ! temp]am5t ( ! race2 &1 z ! ,h9dus /eadily press$ d[n ! valley ( ! ,ganges into w>m] regions1 _! love ( repose & contemplative quietism w\ld cont9ually deep54 ,& :5 ! ,brahmans became a fully develop$ hi]>*y1 lavi%ly end[$1 ) no employm5t except ! p]=mance ( religi\s c]emonies1 _! m9ds c\ld avoid /agnation only by hav+ rec\rse to speculative ?\ght4 ,aga91 asceticism has a deep root 9 human nature2 e>ne/ s\ls1 consci\s ( _! own weakness1 w fly f ! temptations ( ! _w4 ,v>i\s causes ?us l$ numb]s ( m5 to seek a life ( seclusion2 !y dwelt *iefly 9 =e/s1 & !re !y revolv$ ! ev]la/+ problems ( exi/5ce1 creation1 ! s\l1 & ,god4 ,! lively ,greeks1 = :om1 ) all _! high intellectual end[m5ts1 a happy s5su\s exi/5ce 0 ne>ly all 9 all1 7 amaz$ at ! numb]s 9 nor!rn ,india :o appe>$ we>y ( ! _w & indiff]5t to life itself4 ,by & = ^! recluses 7 gradually compos$ ! ,aranyakas1 or =e/ treatises2 & out ( ^! grew a s]ies ( m regul> works1 call$ ,upani%ads4#ac ,at lea/ two hundr$ & fifty ( ^! are kn[n to exi/4 ,!y h be5 call$ guesses at tru?2 !y are m s ?an =mal solutions ( great que/ions4 ,_m ( !m are un9telligible rhapsodies2 o!rs rise almo/ to sublimity4 ,!y frequ5tly contradict ea* o!r2 ! same writ] sometimes contradicts himself4 ,"o prevail+ *>act]i/ic is all-important2 _! doctr9e is pan!ism4 ,! pan!ism is sometimes n s mu* a coldly reason$ sy/em z an aspiration1 a ye>n+1 a deep-felt ne$ ( some?+ bett] ?an ! mob ( gods :o came 9 ! tra9 ( ,indra1 & ! d>k] deities :o 7 /ill cr[d+ 94 ,ev5 9 spite ( ! c\nt]act+ p[] ( ! ,gospel my/icism has run easily into pan!ism 9 ,europe1 & or?odox ,*ri/ians sometimes slide unconsci\sly into x1 or at lea/ into its language4#ad ,b1 z has be5 already not$1 a /ra9 ( pan!ism exi/$ 9 ! ,h9du m9d f e>ly times4 ,accord+ly1 ^! h]mit sages1 ^! my/ic dream]s1 soon came to id5tify ! human s\l ) ,god4 ,& ! *ief end ( man 0 to seek t ! /ream d]iv$ f ,god %\ld return to its s\rce1 &1 ceas+ to w&] ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ?is _w1 %\ld f9d repose 9 ! bosom ( ! illimitable deep1 ! ,"o1 ! ,all4 ,! ,brahmans atta*$ ! ,upani%ads to ! ,v$a prop]1 & !y soon came to be reg>d$ z its mo/ sacr$ "p4 ,9 ?is way ! influ5ce ^! treatises h ex]cis$ has be5 imm5se2 m ?an any o!r portion ( ! e>li] ,h9du writ+s !y h mold$ ! ?\ghts ( succe$+ g5]ations4 ,philosophy _h ?us begun4 ,sid5ote3 ,six philosophic s*ools4 ,! speculations ( :i* we see ! comm5cem5t & progress 9 ! ,upani%ads 7 f9ally develop$ & classifi$ 9 a s]ies ( writ+s call$ ! six ,sa/ras or d>sanas4 ,^! con/itute ! regul> (ficial philosophy ( ,india4 ,!y are )\t mu* difficulty r$ucible to ?ree lead+ s*ools ( ?\ght--! ,nyaya1 ! ,sankhya1 & ! ,v$anta4 ,r\ndly1 & speak+ g5]ally1 we may *>act]ize ^! sy/ems z !i/ic1 a!i/ic1 & pan!i/ic respectively4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,nyaya4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! e>li] =m ( ! ,nyaya 0 !i/ic or n4 ,! lat] =m is s1 b x says no?+ ( ! moral attributes ( ,god1 nor ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,! *ief end ( man1 accord+ to ! ,nyaya1 is deliv]ance f pa92 & ?is is to be atta9$ by cessation f all action1 :e!r good or bad4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sankhya4 ,! ,sankhya decl>es matt] to be self-exi/5t & et]nal4 ,s\l is di/9ct f matt]1 & also et]nal4 ,:5 x atta9s true k x is lib]at$ f matt] & f pa94 ,! ,sankhya holds ! exi/5ce ( ,god to be )\t pro(4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,v$anta4 ,b ! lead+ philosophy ( ,india is unque/ionably ! ,v$anta4 ,! "n means ! end or scope ( ! ,v$a2 & if ! ,upani%ads 7 ! ,v$a1 in/ead ( treatises tack$ on to x1 ! "n w\ld be correct2 = ! ,v$anta1 l ! ,upani%ads1 inculcates pan!ism4 ,! =m :i* ?is philosophy ultimately assum$ is well repres5t$ 9 ! treatise call$ ! ,v$anta ,s>a1 or ess5ce ( ! ,v$anta4 ,a few extracts w suffice to exhibit its "*4 ,! unity ( ! s\l & ,god--?is is ! scope ( all ,v$anta treatises4 ,we h frequ5t ref]5ces made to ! great say+1 ,tat twam--t is1 ,t art ?\1 or ,?\ art ,god2 & ,aham ,brahma1 t is1 ,i am ,god4 ,aga9 x is said1 ,! :ole univ]se is ,god4 ,god is exi/5ce 7or m exactly an exi/5t ?+#ae71 k1 & joy4 ,k1 n a kn[]2 joy1 n "o :o rejoices4 ,sid5ote3 ,x tea*es absolute idealism4 ,e ?+ else has only a seem+ exi/5ce1 :i* is 9 consequ5ce ( ignorance 7or illusion74 ,ignorance makes ! s\l ?9k itself diff]5t f ,god2 & x also projects ! appe>ance ( an ext]nal _w4 ,he :o kn[s ,god becomes ,god4 ,:5 ,he1 ! fir/ & la/1 is disc]n$1 "o's own acts are annihilat$4 ,m$itation1 )\t di/9ction ( subject & object1 is ! highe/ =m ( ?\ght4 ,x is a high atta9m5t to say1 ,i am ,god2 b ! consummation is :5 ?\ght exi/s )\t an object4 ,!re are f\r /ates ( ! s\l--wak+1 dream+1 dreamless sleep1 & ! f\r? /ate1 or pure intellig5ce4 ,! work+-man is 9 d5se ignorance2 9 sleep he is fre$ f "p ( ?is ignorance2 9 dreamless sleep he is fre$ f /ill m2 b ! consummation is :5 he atta9s some?+ beyond ?is1 :i* x seems _c be expla9$1 & is !re=e call$ ! f\r? /ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,doctr9e ( ! ,self4 ,inconsi/5t /atem5ts4 ,! "n1 :i* 9 lat] writ+s is mo/ frequ5tly giv5 to ! "o )\t a second1#af is ,atman1 :i* prop]ly means self4 ,mu* is said ( ! way 9 :i* ! self 9 ea* man is to recov]1 or discov]1 its unity ) ! supreme or real self4 ,= z ! "o sun %9+ 9 ! heav5s is reflect$1 (t5 9 di/ort$ images1 9 multitudes ( vessels fill$ ) wat]1 s ! "o self is pres5t 9 all human m9ds4#ag ,!re is n--p]haps !re c\ld n be--consi/5cy 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! relation ( ! seem+ to ! real4 ,9 mo/ ( ! old] books a practical or conv5tional exi/5ce is admitt$ ( ! self 9 ea* man1 b n a real exi/5ce4 ,b :5 ! conception is fully =mulat$ ! f9ite _w is n admitt$ to exi/ save z a m]e illusion4 ,all ph5om5a are a play--a play )\t plot or purpose1 :i* ! absolute plays ) itself4#ah ,?is is surely transc5d5t transc5d5talism4 ,"o regrets t speculation did n take "o /ep m1 & decl>e t ! illusion 0 itself illusory4 ,!n we %\ld h gone r\nd ! circle1 & return$ to s5sus communis4 ,we mu/ be p>don$ if we seem to speak disrespectfully ( su* fanta/ic speculations2 we desire r to speak regretfully ( ! _m g5]ations ( m5 :i* successively occupi$ !mselves ) su* unpr(itable dreams2 = ?is k9d ( ?\ght is traceable ev5 f ,v$ic days4 ,x is m fully develop$ 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,9 !m occurs ! classical s5t5ce s frequ5tly quot$ 9 lat] lit]ature1 :i* decl>es t ! absolute be+ is ! "o ?+ )\t a second4#ai ,sid5ote3 ,! ,gita4 ,! book :i* p]haps above all o!rs has mold$ ! m9d ( ,india 9 m rec5t days is ! ,bhagavad ,gita1 or ,song ( ! ,holy ,"o4 ,x is writt5 9 /ately & h>moni\s v]se1 & has a*iev$ ! same task = ,indian philosophy z ,lucretius did = anci5t ,epicureanism4#bj ,x is eclectic1 & succe$s1 9 a sort ( way1 9 =c+ ! lead+ sy/ems ( ,indian ?\ght into seem+ h>mony4 ,sid5ote3 ,intellectual pride4 ,"s h ?\ght !y c\ld disc]n 9 ^! d>+ speculations indications ( s\ls grop+ aft] ,god1 & sadd5$ because ( ! difficulty ( f9d+ him4 ,7 x s1 all our sympa?ies w\ld at once be call$ =?4 ,b no2 we see 9 ^! writ+s f> m ( intellectual pride ?an ( spiritual sadness4 ,^? anci5t dream]s nev] le>n$ _! own ignorance4 ,!y sc>cely recogniz$ ! limitations ( ! human m9d4 ,& :5 reason c\ld take !m no f>!r !y supplem5t$ x by dreams & ec/asy until1 9 ! ,yoga philosophy1 !y ru%$ into sy/ematiz$ my/icisms & magic f> m extravagant ?an ! wilde/ !urgy ( ! degrad$ ,neoplatonism ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,a le>n$ writ] ?us expresses himself3 ,! only "o ( ! six s*ools t seem to recognize ! doctr9e ( div9e provid5ce is ! ,yoga4 ,x ?us seems t ! consi/5t foll[]s ( ^! sy/ems c h1 9 _! p]fect$ /ate1 no religion1 no action1 & no moral "*4#ba ,sid5ote3 ,indian philosophy a sad failure4 ,& n[ to take a brief review ( ! :ole subject4 ,! ,h9du sages 7 m5 ( acute & pati5t ?\ght2 b _! attempt to solve ! problem ( ! div9e & human natures1 ( human de/9y & duty1 has end$ 9 total failure4 ,ea* sy/em baseless1 & all mutually conflict+2 sy/ems cold & *e]less1 t fr[n on love & virtu\s ex]tion1 & speak ( annihilation or its equival5t1 absorption1 z our highe/ hope3 su* is ! poor result ( inf9ite speculation4 ,! _w by wisdom knew n ,god4 ,o1 t ,india w\ld le>n ! mu*-ne$$ lesson ( humility :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ages ought to tea* h]6 ,sid5ote3 ,sac]dotalism4 ,! tyranny ( sac]dotalism4 ,:ile speculation 0 ?us busy ,sac]dotalism 0 also cont9ually ext5d+ its influ5ce4 ,! ,brahman1 ! man ( pray]1 _h made himself indisp5sable 9 all sacr$ rites4 ,he alone--z we h se5--knew ! holy text2 he alone c\ld rightly pron\nce ! words ( awful my/]y & p[] on :i* dep5d$ all weal or woe4 ,on all religions occasions ! prie/ mu/ be call$ 91 &1 on all occasions1 implicitly obey$4 ,= a consid]able "t ! pr9ces /raggl$ aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! prie/s2 b 9 ! end !y 7 completely vanqui%$4 ,nev] 0 sac]dotal tyranny m absolute2 ! pr\de/ pope 9 m$ival times nev] lord$ x ov] ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom ) su* unrel5t+ rigor z ! ,brahmans ex]cis$ ov] bo? pr9ces & p4 ,! feel+ ( ! prie/s is express$ 9 a well-kn[n /anza3 ,all ! _w is subject to ! gods2 ! gods are subject to ! holy texts2 ! holy texts are subject to ! ,brahman2 !re=e ! ,brahman is my god4 ,yes1 ! sacr$ man c\ld brea! ! spell :i* made e>? & hell & heav5 itself to tremble4 ,he !re=e logically call$ himself an e>?ly god4 ,inde$1 ! ,brahman is always logical4 ,he draws conclusions f premises ) iron rigor ( reason+2 & ) side-issues he has no?+ to d4 ,he /&s ^u 8 rights4 ,woe to ! be+--god or man--:o comes 9 conflict ) him6 ,sid5ote3 ,ritual becomes extravagant4 ,! prie/s naturally multipli$ religi\s c]emonies1 & made ritual ! s\l ( wor%ip4 ,sacrifice especially assum$ /ill m & m exagg]at$ =ms--becom+ m protract$1 m exp5sive1 m bloody4 ,a hecatomb ( victims 0 b a small (f]+4 ,m & m awful p[]s 7 ascrib$ to ! rite4 ,sid5ote3 ,reaction4 ,b ! t5sion 0 too great1 & ! b[ snapp$4 ,buddhism arose4 ,we may call ?is rem>kable sy/em ! product ( ! age--an inevitable rebellion aga9/ intol]able sac]dotalism2 & yet we mu/ n ov]look ! importance ( ! v di/9ct & l(ty p]sonality ( ,buddha 7,sakya ,muni7 z a p[] mold+ x into %ape4 ,sid5ote3 ,buddhism4 ,moral elem5ts ( ?is sy/em4 ,conflict ) ,brahmanism4 ,victory ( ,brahmanism4 ,:]ev] x ext5d$ x effect$ a va/ revolution 9 ,indian ?\ght4 ,?us 9 reg>d to ! in/itution ( ca/e1 ,buddha did n attack x2 he did n1 x w\ld appe>1 ev5 =mally r5\nce x2 z a m]e social in/itution he seems to h ackn[l$g$ x2 b !n he held t all ! religi\s 7 fre$ f its re/rictions4 ,my law1 said he1 is a law ( m]cy = all2 & =?) he proce$$ to admit m5 ( e ca/e into ! close/ fell[%ip ) himself & 8 foll[]s4 ,!n1 he prea*$--he1 ?\gh n a ,brahman--9 ! v]nacul> languages--an imm5se innovation1 :i* made 8 tea*+s popul>4 ,he put 9 ! =efront ( 8 sy/em c]ta9 great fundam5tal pr9ciples ( morality4 ,he made religion consi/ 9 duty1 n rites4 ,he r$uc$ duty ma9ly to m]cy or k9dness t[>d all liv+ be+s--a m>vel\s g5]alization4 ,?is set aside all slaught] ( animals4 ,! m9d ( ! pr9ces & p 0 we>y ( prie/craft & ritualism2 & ! tea*+ ( ! great re=m] 0 mo/ timely4 ,accord+ly 8 doctr9e spread ) great rapidity1 & = a long "t x seem$ likely to prevail ov] ,brahmanism4 ,b v>i\s causes gradually comb9$ aga9/ x4 ,p>tly1 x 0 ov]:elm$ by its own luxuriance ( gr[?2 p>tly1 ,brahmanism1 :i* _h all along ma9ta9$ an intellectual sup]iority1 adopt$1 ei!r f conviction or policy1 mo/ ( ! pr9ciples ( ,buddhism1 & skillfully suppli$ "s ( its ma9 defici5cies4 ,?us ! ,brahmans reta9$ _! position2 &1 at lea/ nom9ally1 _! religion won ! day4 ,,iii4 ,,recon/ruction--,,mod]n ,,h9duism4 ,sid5ote3 ,revival1 9 an alt]$ =m1 ( ,h9duism4 ,only ! position ( ! ,brahman & ! re/rictions ( ca/e reta9$4 ,b ! ,h9duism t grew up1 z ,buddhism fad$ f ,indian soil1 0 widely diff]5t f ! sy/em ) :i* e>ly ,buddhism _h cont5d$4 ,h9duism1 z x has be5 develop$ dur+ ! la/ ?\s& or twelve hundr$ ye>s1 resembles a /up5d\s f>-ext5d$ build+1 or s]ies ( build+s1 :i* is /ill receiv+ additions1 :ile portions h crumbl$ & are crumbl+ into ru94 ,e conceivable /yle ( ar*itecture1 f t ( ! /ately palace to ! meane/ hut1 is compreh5d$ 9 x4 ,on a portion ( ! /ructure "h or !re ! eye may re/ ) pleasure2 b z a :ole x is an unsightly1 almo/ mon/r\s1 pile4 ,or1 dismiss+ figures1 we mu/ describe x z ! mo/ extraord9>y creation :i* ! _w has se54 ,a jumble ( all ?+s2 poly!i/ic pan!ism2 mu* ( ,buddhism2 some?+ app>5tly ( ,*ri/ianity1 b t]ribly disfigur$2 a sci5ce :olly outrage\s2 %r$s ( hi/ory twi/$ into wild my?ology2 ! bold poetry ( ! old] books und]/ood z lit]al prose2 any local deity1 any demon ( ! aborig9es1 h[ev] hide\s1 id5tifi$ ) "s accr$it$ ,h9du div9ity2 any cu/om1 h[ev] repugnant to common s5se or common dec5cy1 accept$ & expla9$--9 a ^w1 lat] ,h9duism has be5 omnivor\s2 x has p>tially absorb$ & assimilat$ e sy/em ( belief1 e =m ( wor%ip1 ) :i* x has come 9 contact4 ,only to "o or two ?+s has x rema9$ inflexibly true4 ,x has /eadily upheld ! pr\de/ pret5sions ( ! ,brahman2 & x has nev] relax$ ! /]ne/ re/rictions ( ca/e4 ,we _c wond] at ! sev]e judgm5t pron\nc$ on ,h9duism by ne>ly e ,we/]n au?or4 ,accord+ to ,macaulay1 all is hide\s & grotesque & ignoble2 & ! calm] ,de ,tocqueville ma9ta9s t ,h9duism is p]haps ! only sy/em ( belief t is worse ?an hav+ no religion at all4#bb ,:5 a mod]n ,h9du is ask$ :at are ! sacr$ books ( 8 religion he g5]ally answ]s3 ,! ,v$as1 ! ,sa/ras 7t is1 philosophical sy/ems71 & ! ,puranas4 ,"s au?orities add ! ,tantras4 ,! mod]n =m ( ,h9duism is exhibit$ *iefly 9 ! eighte5 ,puranas1 & an equal numb] ( ,upapuranas 7m9or ,puranas74#bc ,sid5ote3 ,! ,puranas4 ,:5 we comp>e ! religion embodi$ 9 ! ,puranas ) t ( ,v$ic times we are />tl$ at ! magnitude ( ! *ange4 ,! ,pan!on is l>gely new2 old deities h be5 sup]s$$2 o!r deities h tak5 _! place4 ,!re has be5 bo? accretion f )\t & evolution f )94 ,! ?irty-?ree gods ( ! ,v$as h be5 fanta/ically rais$ to ?ree hundr$ & ?irty millions4 ,siva1 ,durga1 ,rama1 ,kri%na1 ,kali--unkn[n 9 anci5t days--are n[ mighty div9ities2 ,indra is almo/ entirely ov]look$1 & ,v>una has be5 degrad$ f 8 l(ty ?rone & turn$ into a reg5t ( ! wat]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,new deities1 rites1 & cu/oms4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,l+a 7phallus7 has be5 introduc$4 ,s has ! great dogma ( ,transmigration1 :i* has /amp$ a deep] impress on lat] ,h9du m9d ?an almo/ any o!r doctr9e4 ,ca/e is fully e/abli%$1 ?\gh 9 ,v$ic days sc>cely1 if at all1 recogniz$4 ,! dreadful practice ( wid[-burn+ has be5 br\ght 91 & ?is by a mo/ d>+ p]v]sion ( ! ,v$ic texts4 ,woman1 9 fact1 has fall5 f> bel[ ! position assign$ h] 9 e>ly days4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,trimurtti1 a triad ( gods4 ,"o ( ! notable ?+s 9 connection ) ! recon/ruction ( ,h9duism is ! position x gives to ! ,trimurtti1 or triad ( gods--,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva4 ,some?+ l an anticipation ( ?is has be5 pres5t$ 9 ! lat] ,v$ic times3 fire1 air1 & ! sun 7,agni1 ,vayu1 & ,surya7 be+ reg>d$ by ! comm5tator#bd z summ+ up ! div9e en]gies4 ,b 9 ! ,v$as ! deities (t5 g 9 pairs2 & little /ress %\ld be laid on ! idea ( a ,v$ic triad4 ,t idea1 h[ev]1 came prom95tly =w>d 9 lat] days4 ,! wor%ip bo? ( ,vi%nu & ,siva may h exi/$1 f anci5t times1 z popul> rites n ackn[l$g$ by ! ,brahmans2 b bo? ( ^! deities 7 n[ fully recogniz$4 ,! god ,brahma 0 an inv5tion ( ! ,brahmans2 he 0 no real div9ity ( ! p1 & _h h>dly ev] be5 actually wor%ip$4 ,x is visual to designate ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva z ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 & ,de/roy] respectively2 b ! g5]alization is by no means well ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,h9du books4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,avat>a4 ,! ,puranas are 9 g5]al viol5tly sect>ian2 "s be+ ,vi%nuite1 o!rs ,sivite4 ,x is 9 connection ) ,vi%nu1 especially1 t ! idea ( inc>nation becomes prom95t4 ,! ,h9du t]m is ,avat>a1 lit]ally1 desc5t2 ! deity is repres5t$ z desc5d+ f heav5 to e>?1 = v9dication ( ! tru? & righte\sness1 or1 to use ! words ascrib$ to ,kri%na1 ,= ! pres]vation ( ! good1 & ! de/ruction ( ! wick$1 ,= ! e/abli%m5t ( religion1 ,i am born f age to age4 ,sid5ote3 ,! desc5ts ( ,vi%nu4 ,! desc5ts ( ,vi%nu are usually reckon$ t54 ,( ^! by f> ! mo/ celebrat$ are ^? ( ,rama & ,kri%na4 ,! great importance atta*$ to ^! two deities has be5 trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism4 ,t sy/em _h ex]t$ imm5se p[] 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5tle & attractive "* ascrib$ to ,buddha4 ,! old] gods 7 dim1 di/ant1 & (t5 /]n2 "s ne>1 intelligible1 & lov+ div9ity 0 long$ =4 ,buddha 0 a bro!r-man1 & yet a quasi-deity2 & he>ts long+ = sympa?y & succor 7 /rongly attract$ by su* a p]sonality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! god ,rama4 ,! "* ( ,rama--or ,rama*&ra--is possess$ ( "s high qualities4 ,! great poem 9 :i* x is describ$ at fulle/ l5g?--! ,ramayana ( ,valmiki--seems to h be5 an alt]ation1 made 9 ! int]e/s ( ,h9duism1 ( e>ly ,buddhi/ leg5ds2 & ! ,buddhi/ quality ( g5tl5ess has n disappe>$ 9 ! hi/ory4#be ,rama1 h[ev]1 is f> f a p]fect "*4 ,8 wife ,sita is possess$ ( mu* womanly grace & e wifely virtue2 & ! sorr[ful /ory ( ! w>rior-god & 8 fai?ful sp\se has appeal$ to deep sympa?ies 9 ! human brea/4 ,! wor%ip ( ,rama has seldom1 if ev]1 deg5]at$ into lascivi\sness4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! *>m ?r[n ar\nd ! life ( ,rama & ,sita by ! g5ius ( ,valmiki & ,tulsida1#bf x is ,kri%na1 n ,rama1 t has atta9$ ! greate/ popul>ity among ! desc5ts ( ,vi%nu4 ,sid5ote3 ,kri%na4 ,8 e>ly life a trave/y ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to ! ,gospel ( ! ,infancy4 ,v diff]5t morally f t ( ,rama is ! "* ( ,kri%na4 ,:ile ,rama is b a p>tial manife/ation ( div9ity ,kri%na is a full manife/ation2 yet :at a manife/ation6 ,he is repres5t$ z full ( naughty tricks 9 8 y\?1 al?\gh ex]cis+ ! highe/ p[]s ( deity2 &1 :5 he gr[s up1 8 conduct is grossly immoral & disgu/+4 ,x is mo/ />tl+ to ?9k t ?is be+ is by grave writ]s--l ! au?ors ( ! ,bhagavad ,gita & ! ,bhagavata ,purana--made ! highe/ ( ! gods1 or1 inde$1 ! only real ,god4 ,/rang] /ill1 if possible1 is ! probability t ! e>ly life ( ,kri%na--9 "p1 at lea/--is a dreadful trave/y ( ! e>ly life ( ,*ri/1 z giv5 9 ! apocryphal gospels1 especially ! ,gospel ( ! ,infancy4 ,! fall+ (f 9 ! apocryphal gospels1 :5 comp>$ ) ! canonical1 is truly sad2 b ! fall+ (f ev5 f ! apocryphal ones1 9 ! ,h9du books1 is altoge!r sick5+4#bg ,a v /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( mod]n ,h9duism is :at is t]m$ bhakti1 or devotion4 ,!re are ?ree great ways ( atta9+ to salvation3 k>ma m>ga1 or ! way ( c]emonial works2 jnana m>ga1 or ! way ( k1 & bhakti m>ga1 or ! way ( devotion4 ,sid5ote3 ,doctr9e ( bhakti introduc$4 ,influ5ce ( ! sy/em4 ,mix$ ) ,buddhi/ elem5ts4 ,exaltation ( ! guru4 ,! notion ( tru/ 9 ! gods 0 famili> to ! m9d ( ,india f ,v$ic days1 b ! deity 0 indi/9ct & unsympa!tic1 & !re c\ld h>dly be love & atta*m5t to him4 ,b !re n[ arose ! doctr9e ( bhakti 7devotion71 :i* resolv$ religion into emotion4 ,x came into ! ,h9du sy/em r abruptly2 & _m le>n$ m5 h trac$ its orig9 to ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is q possible2 b p]haps ! fact is h>dly prov$4 ,contact ) ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 probably accel]at$ a process :i* _h previ\sly begun4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! sy/em ( bhakti has _h1 & /ill has1 great sway 9 ,india1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,b5gal1 among ! foll[]s ( ,*aitanya1 & ! l>ge body ( p 9 we/]n ,india :o /yle !mselves ,vai%navas or ,bhaktas 7devotees74 ,! popul> poetry ( ,mah>a%tra1 z exemplifi$ 9 su* poets z ,tuk>ama1 is an impassion$ inculcation ( devotion to ,vi?oba ( ,p&h>pur1 :o is a manife/ation ( ,kri%na4 ,into ! bhakti sy/em ( we/]n ,india ,buddhi/ elem5ts h ent]$2 & ! s*ool ( devotees is (t5 d5om9at$ ,bauddha-,vai%nava4 ,along ) extravagant idolatry x inculcates g5]ally1 at lea/ 9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry1 a pure morality2 & ! latt] x app>5tly owes to ,buddhism4 ,yet !re are _m sad lapses f purity4 ,almo/ ( necessity ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na l$ to corruption4 ,! hymns became erotic2 & movem5ts hopeful at _! comm5cem5t--l t ( ,*aitanya ( ,b5gal1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury--soon griev\sly fell (f 9 "*4 ,! attempt to make religion consi/ ( emotion )\t ?\ght1 ( bhakti )\t jnana1 _h disa/r\s issues4 ,co9cid5t ) ! developm5t ( bhakti 0 ! exaltation ( ! guru1 or religi\s tea*]1 :i* soon am\nt$ to deification--a *ange traceable f ab\t ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,explanations ( ,kri%na's evil de$s4 ,:5 press$ on ! subject ( ,kri%na's evil de$s _m are anxi\s to expla9 !m z allegorical repres5tations ( ! union betwe5 ! div9ity & true wor%ip]s2 b "s int]pret !m 9 ! mo/ lit]al way possible4 ,?is is done especially by ! foll[]s ( ,vallabha ,a*>ya4#bh ,^! m5 atta9$ a mo/ un5viable notoriety ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 a case 0 tri$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,bombay1 :i* reveal$ ! practice ( ! mo/ %ameful lic5ti\sness by ! religi\s tea*]s & _! female foll[]s1 & ?is z a "p ( wor%ip6 ,! disgu/ excit$ 0 s great & g5]al t x 0 believ$ ! influ5ce ( ! sect 0 at an end2 b ?is hope unhappily has n be5 realiz$4 ,sid5ote3 ,re=ms attempt$4 ,kabir4 ,nanak4 ,failure ( all re=ms4 ,re=m]s h aris5 f "t to "t 9 ,india2 m5 :o saw ! deplorable corruption ( religion1 & /rove to re/ore x to :at !y consid]$ purity4 ,next to ,buddha we may m5tion ,kabir1 to :om are ascrib$ _m v]ses /ill popul>4 ,probably ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god1 z ma9ta9$ by ! ,mohamm$ans1 _h impress$ him4 ,he oppos$ idolatry1 ca/e1 & ,brahmanical assumption4 ,yet 8 mono!ism 0 a k9d ( pan!ism4 ,8 date may be ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,nanak foll[$ & f\nd$ ! religion ( ! ,sikhs4 ,8 sacr$ book1 ! ,gran?1 is ma9ly pan!i/ic2 x dwells e>ne/ly on devotion1 especially devotion to ! guru4 ,! ,sikhs n[ seem sl[ly relaps+ into idolatry4 ,9 tru?1 ! hi/ory ( all attempts at re=mation 9 ,india has be5 mo/ disc\rag+4 ,sect aft] sect has successively ris5 to "s elevation above ! preval5t idolatry2 & !n gradually1 z by "s irresi/ible gravitation1 x has sunk back into ! m>e magnum ( ,h9duism4 ,if we reg>d exp]i5ce1 purification f )9 is hopeless2 ! /ruggle = x is only a repetition ( ! toil ( ,sisyphus1 & always ) ! same sad issue4 ,deliv]ance mu/ come f )\t--f ! ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ! ,tantras4 ,wor%ip ( ! ,sakti4 ,we m5tion$ ! ,tantras z ex]t+ great influ5ce 9 lat] days4#bi ,9 ^! ! wor%ip ( ,siva1 &1 /ill m1 t ( 8 wife1 is pr$om9ant4 ,! deity is n[ suppos$ to possess a d\ble nature--"o quiesc5t1 "o active2 ! latt] be+ reg>d$ z ! ,sakti or en]gy ( ! god1 o!rwise call$ 8 wife4 ,! orig9 ( ! sy/em is n fully expla9$2 nor is ! date ( its rise asc]ta9$4 ,! wor%ip assumes wild1 extravagant =ms1 g5]ally obsc5e1 sometimes bloody4 ,x is divid$ into two s*ools--t ( ! "r h& & t ( ! left4 ,! =m] runs into my/icism & magic 9 complicat$ obs]vances1 & ! latt] into ! mo/ appall+ lic5ti\sness4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,sakti1 or female pr9ciple1 has become a mo/ elaborate sy/em4 ,! be+s ador$ are ! mo/ outrage\s div9ities :i* man has ev] conceiv$4#cj ,sorc]y began e>ly 9 ,india2 b x is 9 connection ) ?is sy/em t x atta9s to full developm5t4 ,human sacrifices are a normal "p ( ! wor%ip :5 fully p]=m$4 ,we _c g f>!r into detail4 ,x is pr(\ndly sadd5+ to ?9k t su* abom9ations are committ$2 x is /ill m sadd5+ to ?9k t !y are p]=m$ z a "p ( div9e wor%ip4 ,consci5ce1 h[ev]1 is s f> alive t ^! dete/able rites are practic$ only 9 secret1 & few1 if any1 are will+ to confess t !y h be5 initiat$ z wor%ip]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n ritual4 ,we h n yet said mu* ab\t ! ritual ( mod]n days4 ,x is exce$+ly complicat$4 ,9 ! case ( ! god ,siva ! rites are z foll[s1 :5 p]=m$ by a prie/ 9 ! temple3 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip ( ,siva4 ,! ,brahman fir/ ba!s1 !n ent]s ! temple & b[s to ! god4 ,he ano9ts ! image ) cl>ifi$ butt] or boil$ oil2 p\rs pure wat] ov] x2 & !n wipes x dry4 ,he gr9ds "s :ite p[d]1 mix+ x ) wat]2 dips ! ends ( 8 ?ree =ef+]s 9 x & draws !m across ! image4 ,he sits d[n2 m$itates2 places rice & durwa grass on ! image--places a fl[] on 8 own head1 & !n on ! top ( ! image2 !n ano!r fl[] on ! image1 & ano!r1 & ano!r--accompany+ ea* act ) ! recitation ( sacr$ spells2 places :ite p[d]1 fl[]s1 bilva-leaves1 inc5se1 meat-(f]+s1 rice1 planta9s1 & a lamp be=e ! image2 repeats ! "n ( ,siva1 ) praises1 !n pro/rates himself be=e ! image4 ,9 ! ev5+ he returns1 wa%es 8 feet1 pro/rates himself be=e ! door1 op5s ! door1 places a lamp )91 (f]s milk1 sweet-meats1 & fruits to ! image1 pro/rates himself be=e x1 locks ! door1 & dep>ts4 ,v simil> is ! wor%ip paid to ,vi%nu3 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip ( ,vi%nu4 ,! prie/ ba!s1 & !n awakes ! sleep+ god by bl[+ a %ell & r++ a bell4 ,m abundant (f]+s are made ?an to ,siva4 ,ab\t noon1 fruits1 roots1 soak$ peas1 sweet-meats1 etc41 are pres5t$4 ,!n1 lat]1 boil$ rice1 fri$ h]bs1 & spices2 b no fle%1 fi%1 nor f[l4 ,aft] d9n]1 betel-nut4 ,! god is !n left to sleep1 & ! temple is %ut up = "s h\rs4 ,t[>d ev5+ curds1 butt]1 sweet-meats1 fruits1 are pres5t$4 ,at sunset a lamp is br\ght1 & fre% (f]+s made4 ,lights are wav$ be=e ! image2 a small bell is rung2 wat] is pres5t$ = wa%+ ! m\?1 face1 & feet1 ) a t[el to dry !m4 ,9 a few m9utes ! (f]+s & ! lamp are remov$2 & ! god is left to sleep 9 ! d>k4 ,! prescrib$ wor%ip is n always fully p]=m$4 ,/ill1 sixte5 ?+s are ess5tial1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 ,prep>+ a seat = ! god2 invok+ 8 pres5ce2 ba?+ ! image2 clo?+ x2 putt+ ! /r+ r\nd x2 (f]+ p]fumes2 fl[]s2 inc5se2 lamps2 (f]+s ( fruits & prep>$ eatables2 betel-nut2 pray]s2 circumambulation4 ,an ord9>y wor%ip] pres5ts "s ( ! (f]+s1 mutt]s a %ort pray] or two1 :5 circumambulat+ ! image1 ! re/ be+ done by ! prie/4#ca ,we give "o additional specim5 ( ! ritual3 ,z an atonem5t = unw>ily eat+ or dr9k+ :at is =bidd5 eight hundr$ repetitions ( ! ,gayatri pray] %\ld be prec$$ by ?ree suppressions ( ! brea?1 wat] be+ t\*$ dur+ ! recital ( ! foll[+ text3 ',! bull ro>s2 he has f\r horns1 ?ree feet1 two heads1 sev5 h&s1 & is b\nd by a ?ree-fold cord2 he is ! mighty1 respl5d5t be+1 & p]vades mortal m54'#cb ,! bull is und]/ood to be ju/ice p]sonifi$4 ,all ,brahmanical c]emonies exhibit1 we may say1 ritualism & symbolism run mad4 ,sid5ote3 ,ca/e4 ,! mo/ prom95t & *>act]i/ic in/itution ( ,h9duism is ca/e4 ,! p[] ( ca/e is z irrational z x is unb\nd$2 & x works almo/ unmix$ evil4 ,! t\*--ev5 ! %ad[--( a l[ ca/e man pollutes4 ,! scriptural precept1 ,honor all m51 appe>s to a true ,h9du inf9itely absurd4 ,he honors & wor%ips a c[2 b he %r9ks ) horror f ! t\* ( a ,mh> or ,mang4 ,ev5 ,brahmans1 if !y come f diff]5t prov9ces1 w n eat toge!r4 ,?us ,h9duism sep>ates man f man2 x goes on divid+ & /ill divid+2 & new f5ces to gu>d imag9>y purity are cont9ually add$4 ,sid5ote3 ,treatm5t ( wom54 ,wid[s4 ,! :ole treatm5t ( wom5 has gradually become mo/ tyrannical & unju/4 ,9 v anci5t days !y 7 held 9 consid]able respect2 b1 = ages pa/1 ! idea ( woman has be5 /eadily s9k+ l[] & l[]1 & h] rights h be5 m & m assail$4 ,! burn+ ( wid[s has be5 prohibit$ by enactm5t2 b ! awful rite w\ld 9 _m places be re/or$ 7 x n = ! /rong h& ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,! practice ( m>ry+ wom5 9 *ildhood is /ill g5]ally--all b univ]sally--preval5t2 & :51 ow+ to ! zeal ( re=m]s1 a case ( wid[-m>riage occurs1 its r>ity makes x be hail$ z a signal triumph4 ,multitudes ( ! s-call$ wid[s 7 nev] really wives1 _! husb&s 7s-call$7 hav+ di$ 9 *ildhood4 ,wid[s are subject$ to treatm5t :i* !y deem worse ?an dea?2 & yet _! numb]1 x is calculat$1 am\nts to ab\t tw5ty-"o millions6 ,m cruel & demoraliz+ cu/oms ?an exi/ 9 ,india 9 reg>d to wom5 c h>dly be f\nd among ! l[e/ b>b>ians4 ,we are glad to escape f dwell+ on po9ts s exce$+ly pa9ful4 ,,iv4 ,,contra/ ,,) ,,*ri/ianity4 ,! imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,h9du & ,*ri/ian religions has d\btless already frequ5tly sugge/$ itself to ! read]4 ,x w n be necess>y1 !re=e1 to dwell on ?is topic at v great l5g?4 ,! contra/ =ces itself ^u u at e po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,aryas & ,israelites--_! probable future1 ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4 ,contra/ ( _! aft]-hi/ory4 ,:51 ab\t fifte5 c5turies ,b4,c41 ! ,aryas 7 victori\sly occupy+ ! ,panjab1 & ! ,israelites 7 escap+ f ! iron furnace ( ,egypt1 if "o _h be5 ask$ :i* ( ! two races w\ld probably rise to ! highe/ conception ( ! div9e1 & contribute mo/ l>gely to ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 ! answ]1 q possibly1 might h be51 ! ,aryas4 ,egypt1 ) its bruti% idolatries1 _h corrupt$ ! fai? ( ! ,israelites1 & slav]y _h cru%$ all manl9ess out ( !m4 ,yet h[ wond]ful has be5 _! aft]-hi/ory6 ,among anci5t religions t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t /&s absolutely unique1 & 9 ! fullness ( "t x blossom$ into ,*ri/ianity4 ,h[ is ! m>vel to be expla9$8 ,we _c acc\nt = x except by ascrib+ x to a div9e election ( ! ,israelites & a provid5tial tra9+ int5d$ to fit !m to become ! tea*]s ( ! _w4 ,salvation is ( ! ,jews4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible & ^? ( ! ,h9du books is simply inf9ite4 ,sid5ote3 ,h9du !ology comp>$ ) ,*ri/ian4 ,! conception ( a purely immat]ial ,be+1 inf9ite1 et]nal1 & un*angeable1 :i* is t ( ! ,bible reg>d+ ,god1 is entirely =eign to ! ,h9du books4 ,_! doctr9e is v>i\s1 b1 9 e case1 errone\s4 ,x is absolute pan!ism1 or poly!ism1 or an inconsi/5t bl5d+ ( poly!ism & pan!ism1 or a!ism4 ,equally /rik+ is ! contra/ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,h9duism z to ! attributes ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 he is omnipres5t2 omnipot5t2 possess$ ( e excell5ce--hol9ess1 ju/ice1 goodness1 tru?4 ,accord+ to ! *ief ,h9du philosophy1 ! ,supreme is devoid ( attributes--devoid ( consci\sness4 ,accord+ to ! popul> conception1 :5 ! ,supreme becomes consci\s he is develop$ into ?ree gods1 :o possess respectively ! qualities ( tru?1 passion1 & d>kness4 ,sid5ote3 ,conception ( ,god4 ,god is a ,_s4 ,god is light4 ,god is love4 ,^! sublime decl>ations h no c\nt]p>ts 9 ,h9du/an4 ,he is ! ,fa!r ( spirits1 accord+ to ! ,bible4 ,accord+ to ,h9duism1 ! individual _s is a portion ( ! div9e4 ,ev5 ! common p firmly believe ?is4 ,e ?+ is ref]r$ by ,h9duism to ,god z its imm$iate cause4 ,a ,*ri/ian is cont9ually %ock$ by ! ,h9dus ascrib+ all s9 to ,god z its s\rce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! object ( wor%ip4 ,! adoration ( ,god z a ,be+ possess$ ( e glori\s excell5ce is e>ne/ly comm&$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,?\ %alt wor%ip ! ,"l ?y ,god2 & him only %alt ?\ s]ve4 ,9 ,india ! ,supreme is nev] wor%ip$2 b any "o ( ! multitud9\s gods may be s2 &1 9 fact1 e ?+ c be wor%ip$ except ,god4 ,a maxim 9 ! m\? ( e ,h9du is ! foll[+3 ,:]e !re is fai?1 !re is ,god4 ,believe ! /one a god & x is s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s5se ( s94 ,e s9 be+ trac$ to ,god z its ultimate s\rce1 ! s5se ( p]sonal guilt is v slight among ,h9dus4 ,:]e x exi/s x is g5]ally connect$ ) c]emonial defilem5t or ! brea* ( "s "o ( ! innum]able & mean+less rites ( ! religion4 ,h[ unlike 9 all ?is is ! ,gospel6 ,! ,bible dwells ) all possible e>ne/ness on ! evil ( s91 n ( c]emonial b moral defilem5t--! transgression ( ! div9e law1 ! et]nal law ( "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,atonem5t4 ,h[ important a place 9 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em is held by atonem5t1 ! great atonem5t made by ,*ri/1 x is unnecess>y to say4 ,nor ne$ we enl>ge on ! extraord9>y p[] x ex]cises ov] ! human he>t1 at once fill+ x ) contrition1 hatr$ ( s91 & ov]fl[+ joy4 ,we turn to ,h9duism4 ,alas6 we f9d t ! e>ne/ que/ion+s & high] views ( ! anci5t ?9k]s h 9 a great degree be5 ignor$ 9 lat] times4 ,sacrifice 9 its orig9al =m has pass$ away4 ,atonem5t is (t5 spok5 (2 b x is only "s paltry device or o!r1 su* z eat+ ! five products ( ! c[1 go+ on pilgrimage to "s sacr$ %r9e1 pay+ money to ! prie/s1 or1 x may be1 "s =m ( bodily p5ance4 ,su* exp$i5ts leave no impression on ! he>t z to ! true nature & ess5tial evil ( s94 ,sid5ote3 ,salvation4 ,sanctification4 ,salvation1 9 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 d5otes deliv]ance1 n only f ! puni%m5t ( s91 b f its p[]1 imply+ a r5ovation ( ! moral nature4 ,! entire man is to be rectifi$ 9 he>t1 spee*1 & behavior4 ,! p]fection ( ! individual1 &1 ?r\gh t1 ! p]fection ( society1 are ! objects aim$ at2 & ! consummation desir$ is ! do+ ( ! w ( ,god on e>? z x is done 9 heav54 ,n[1 ( all ?is1 surely a magnific5t ideal1 we f9d 9 ,h9duism no trace :atev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,views ( life4 ,! great t5et ( ,h9duism4 ,*ri/ianity is emphatically a religion ( hope2 ,h9duism may be designat$ a religion ( despair4 ,! trials ( life are _m & great4 ,*ri/ianity bids u reg>d !m z discipl9e f a ,fa!r's h&1 & tells u t affliction rightly borne yields ! peaceable fruits ( righte\sness4 ,to dea? ! ,*ri/ian looks =w>d )\t fe>2 to him x is a quiet sleep1 & ! resurrection draws nigh4 ,!n comes ! beatific vision ( ,god4 ,glorifi$ 9 s\l & body1 ! companion ( angels & sa9ts1 /rong 9 immortal y\?1 he w s]ve )\t let or h9d]ance ! ,god & ,savi\r :om he loves4 ,to ! ,h9du ! trials ( life are p5al1 n rem$ial4 ,at dea? 8 s\l passes into ano!r body4 ,rightly1 e human s\l animates 9 succession eighty-f\r lacs 7#h1djj1jjj7 ( bodies--! body ( a human be+1 or a bea/1 or a bird1 or a fi%1 or a plant1 or a /one1 accord+ to des]t4 ,?is we>y1 all b endless1 r\nd ( bir?s fills ! m9d ( a ,h9du ) ! greate/ horror4 ,at la/ ! s\l is lo/ 9 ,god z a drop m+les ) ! ocean4 ,individual exi/5ce & consci\sness !n cease4 ,! ?\ght is pr(\ndly sorr[ful t ?is is ! *e]less fai? ( c\ntless multitudes4 ,no wond]1 ?\gh1 ! great t5et ( ,h9duism is ?is--,exi/5ce is mis]y4 ,sid5ote3 ,! future ( ! race4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 good & evil4 ,s mu* = ! future ( ! individual4 ,reg>d+ ! future ( ! race ,h9duism speaks 9 equally *e]less t]ms4 ,its gold5 age lies 9 ! immeasurably di/ant pa/2 & ! fur!r we rec$e f x ! deep] mu/ we plunge into s9 & wret*$ness4 ,true1 ages & ages h5ce ! age ( tru? returns1 b x returns only to pass away aga9 & torm5t u ) ! memory ( lo/ purity & joy4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! univ]se is ?us an et]nal r5ovation ( hope & disappo9tm5t4 ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 good & evil !re is no f9al triumph = ! good4 ,we tread a fat$1 et]nal r\nd f :i* !re is no escape2 & alike ! h]o fights & ! m>tyr dies 9 va94 ,x is rem>kable t acute intellectual m51 z _m ( ! ,h9du poets 71 %\ld nev] h grappl$ ) ! problem ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! future ( ! ,aryan race4 ,equally notable is ! unconc]n ( ! ,v$a z to ! welf>e & ! future ( ev5 ! ,aryan race4 ,b h[ sublime is ! promise giv5 to ,abraham t 9 him & 8 se$ all nations ( ! e>? %\ld be bless$6 ,r5an has po9t$ ) admiration to ! confid5ce ent]ta9$ at all times by ! ,jew 9 a brilliant & happy future = mank9d4 ,! anci5t ,h9du c>$ n ab\t ! future ( 8 neighbors1 & d\btless ev5 ! expression human race w\ld h be5 un9telligible to him4 ,nor is !re any pa?os 9 ! ,v$a4 ,!re is no deep s5se ( ! sorr[s ( life4 ,max ,mll] has affix$ ! epi!t transc5d5t to ! ,h9du m9d4 ,its b5t 0 mu* m t[>d ! metaphysical1 ! my/ical1 ! incompreh5sible ?an t[>d ! moral & ! practical4 ,h5ce endless subtleties1 m mean+less & unpr(itable ?an ev] occupi$ ! m9d ( ,talmudi/ or s*oolman ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,sid5ote3 ,! words ( ,/4 ,paul illu/rat$ by ,h9duism4 ,b f9ally1 on ?is "p ( ! subject1 ! developm5t ( ,indian religion supplies a /rik+ comm5t on ! words ( ,/4 ,paul3 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood f ! ?+s t are made4 ,b :5 !y knew ,god !y glorifi$ him n z ,god1 nei!r 7 ?ankful1 b became va9 9 _! imag9ations1 & _! fooli% he>t 0 d>k5$4 ,sid5ote3 ,moral p[]4 ,h9duism is deplorably defici5t 9 p[] to raise & purify ! human s\l1 f hav+ no high example ( moral excell5ce4 ,its r5[n$ sages 7 not$ = irritability & selfi%ness--great m5 at curs+2 & ! gods = ! mo/ "p 7 worse4 ,ne$ we say h[ glori\sly ri* ! ,gospel is 9 hav+ 9 ! "* ( ,*ri/ ! realiz$ ideal ( e possible excell5ce8 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical effect ( ,h9duism4 ,! p bett] ?an _! religion4 ,summa religionis e/ imit>i quem colis3 ,x is ! sum ( religion to imitate ! be+ wor%ip$2#cc or1 z ! ,h9dus express x3 ,z is ! deity su* is ! devotee4 ,wor%ip ! ,god reveal$ 9 ! ,bible1 & y become god-l4 ,! s\l /rives1 ) div9e aid1 to purify itself ev5 z ,god is pure4 ,b apply ! pr9ciple to ,h9duism4 ,alas6 ! ,pan!on is almo/ a p&emonium4 ,kri%na1 :o 9 ^! days is ! *ief deity to at lea/ a hundr$ millions ( p1 does n possess "o elevat$ attribute4 ,if1 9 ! circum/ances1 society does n become a moral pe/h\se x is only because ! p cont9ue bett] ?an _! religion4 ,! human he>t1 ?\gh fall51 is n fi5di%4 ,x has /ill its pur] in/9cts2 &1 :5 ! leg5ds ab\t abom9able gods & goddesses are fall+ l mildew1 ^! are /ill to "s ext5t kept alive by ! sweet influ5ces ( e>? & sky & by ! *>ities ( family life4 ,:5 ! he>t ( woman is ab\t to be swept into ! abyss h] infant's smile re/ores h] to h] bett] self4 ,?us family life does n g to ru92 & s long z t an*or holds society w n drift on ! rocks t /& s p]il\sly ne>4 ,/ill1 ! /ate ( ?+s is deplorably di/ress+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( inc>nation4 ,! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation is ( fundam5tal importance 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x seems almo/ pr(anation to comp>e x ) ! ,h9du tea*+ reg>d+ ! ,avat>as1 or desc5ts ( ,vi%nu4 ,x is difficult to extract any mean+ out ( ! ?ree fir/ manife/ations1 :5 ! god became 9 succession a fi%1 a bo>1 & a tortoise4 ,( ! great desc5ts 9 ,rama & ,kri%na we h already spok54 ,! n9? ,avat>a 0 t ( ,buddha1 9 :i* ! deity desc5d$ = ! purpose ( deceiv+ m51 mak+ !m d5y ! gods1 & lead+ !m to de/ruction4 ,s blasphem\s an idea may seem h>dly possible1 ev5 = ! bewild]$ m9d ( ,india2 b ?is is d\btless ! ,brahmanical explanation ( ! rise & progress ( ,buddhism4 ,x 0 fatal error1 b inculcat$ by a div9e be+4 ,ev5 ! sick5+ tales ( ,kri%na & 8 am\rs are less %ock+ ?an ?is4 ,:5 we turn f su* repres5tations ( div9ity to ! ,^w made fle% we seem to h escap$ f ! pe/il5tial air ( a *>nel-h\se to ! sweet1 pure brea? ( heav54 ,v4 ,,h9duism ,,9 ,,contact ,,) ,,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,attempt$ re=ms4 ,we h us$ ! ^w re=m] 9 ?is ,tract4 ,we =m]ly not$ t1 9 ,india1 !re h aris5 f "t to "t m5 :o saw & sorr[$ ov] ! errone\s doctr9es & degrad+ rites ( ! popul> sy/em4 ,9 q rec5t times !y h _h successors4 ,"s acc\nt ( _! "w may =m a fitt+ conclusion to our discussion4 ,sid5ote3 ,advance ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,india4 ,) ! l>ge influx into ,india ( ,*ri/ian ideas x 0 to be expect$ t "s impression w\ld be made on ,h9duism4 ,we d n ref] to conv]sion--! full acceptance ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,*ri/ianity has advanc$ & is advanc+ 9 ,india m rapidly ?an is g5]ally suppos$2 b f> beyond ! circle ( ^? :o come out & are sep>ate its mighty p[] is tell+ on ,h9duism4 ,! great fundam5tal tru?s ( ! ,gospel1 :5 once utt]$ & und]/ood1 c h>dly be =gott54 ,dislik$ & d5i$ !y may be2 b =gott58 ,no4 ,?us !y gradually w9 _! way1 & multitudes :o h no ?\ght ( becom+ ,*ri/ians are ready to admit t !y are beautiful & true2 = belief & practice are (t5 widely sep>at$ 9 ,h9du m9ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,brahma ,samaj4 ,b x 0 to be expect$ t ! new ideas p\r+ into ,india--& among ^! we include n only di/9ctively ,*ri/ian ideas1 b ,we/]n ?\ght g5]ally--w\ld manife/ _! pres5ce & activity 9 concrete =ms1 9 attempt$ recon/ructions ( religion4 ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( su* a recon/ruction is exhibit$ 9 ! ,brahmo ,somaj 7m correctly ,brahma ,samaj7--:i* may be r5d]$ ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,rammohun ,roy4 ,effect ( ,*ri/ianity ^u him4 ,x is traceable to ! ef=ts ( a truly di/+ui%$ man1 ,rammohun ,roy4 ,he 0 a p]son ( /udi\s habits1 intellig5t1 acute1 & deeply 9 e>ne/ on ! subject ( religion4 ,he /udi$ n only ,h9duism 9 its v>i\s =ms1 b ,buddhism1 ,mohamm$anism1 & ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 naturally an eclectic1 ga!r+ tru? f all qu>t]s :]e he ?\ght he c\ld f9d x4 ,a specially deep impression 0 made on 8 m9d by ,*ri/ianity2 & 9 #ahbj he publi%$ a book ) ! rem>kable title1 ,! ,precepts ( ,jesus ! ,guide to ,peace & ,happ9ess4 ,v frequ5tly he gave expression to ! s5tim5t t ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ 7 ! true/ & deepe/ t he knew4 ,/ill1 he did n believe 9 ,*ri/'s div9ity4 ,sid5ote3 ,deb5d]na? ,tagore4 ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s54 ,=mation ( a new ,samaj4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahcj1 a place ( wor%ip 0 op5$ by ,rammohun ,roy & 8 fri5ds4 ,x 0 int5d$ = ! wor%ip ( "o ,god1 )\t idolatr\s rites ( any k9d4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly a v important ev5t1 & great 0 ! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 connection ) x4 ,rammohun ,roy1 h[ev]1 visit$ ,brita9 9 #ahca1 & di$ at ,bri/ol 9 #ahcc2 & ! cause = :i* he _h s e>ne/ly labor$ 9 ,india langui%$ = a "t4 ,b 9 ! ye> #ahda ,deb5d]na? ,tagore1 a man ( "* & weal?1 jo9$ ! ,brahmo ,somaj1 & gave a k9d ( con/itution to x4 ,x 0 fully organiz$ by #ahdd4 ,no def9ite decl>ation1 h[ev]1 _h be5 made z to ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as2 b1 aft] a l5g!n$ p]iod ( inquiry & discussion1 a majority ( ! ,somaj reject$ ! doctr9e ( _! infallibility by #ahej4 ,! rock ( intuition n[ began to be spok5 (2 man's reason 0 8 suffici5t guide4 ,/ill1 great respect 0 *]i%$ = ! anci5t belief & cu/oms ( ! l&4 ,b 9 #aheh a new *ampion appe>$ on ! sc5e1 9 ! well-kn[n ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s54 ,ard5t1 impetu\s1 ambitions--full ( ideas d]iv$ f ,*ri/ian s\rces#cd--;he c\ld n brook ! sl[ movem5ts ( ! ,somaj 9 ! pa? ( re=m4 ,important *anges1 bo? religi\s & social1 7 press$ by him2 & ! m cons]vative ,deb5d]na? some:at reluctantly cons5t$ to _! introduction4 ,matt]s 71 h[ev]1 br\ght to a crisis by ! m>riage ( two p]sons ( diff]5t ca/es 9 #ahfd4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahfe1 ! progressive p>ty =mally sev]$ _! connection ) ! orig9al ,somaj2 & 9 ,augu/1 #ahfi1 !y op5$ a new place ( wor%ip ( _! own4 ,s9ce ?is "t ! orig9al or ,adi ,somaj has be5 little he>d (1 & its movem5t--if x has mov$ at all--has be5 retrogressive4 ,! new ,somaj--! ,brahmo ,somaj ( ,india1 z x call$ itself--"u ! guidance ( ,mr4 ,s5 became v active4 ,a mission>y in/itute 0 set up1 & prea*]s 7 s5t ov] a great "p ( ,india4 ,mu* 0 accompli%$ on behalf ( wom52 & 9 #ahgb a ,m>riage ,act = memb]s ( ! ,somaj 0 pass$ by ! ,indian legislature1 :i* legaliz$ union betwe5 p ( diff]5t ca/es1 & fix$ on f\rte5 z ! l[e/ age = ! m>riage ( females4 ,^! 7 important re=ms4 ,mr4 ,s5's influ5ce 0 naturally & necess>ily great2 b 9 oppos+ ! v5]able lead] ( ! orig9al ,somaj he _h set an example :i* o!rs 7 q will+ to copy4 ,sid5ote3 ,discont5t gr[+4 ,sev]al ( 8 foll[]s began to dem& m radical re=ms ?an he 0 will+ to grant4 ,! autocracy ex]cis$ by ,mr4 ,s5 0 /rongly object$ to1 & a con/itution ( ! ,somaj 0 dem&$4 ,mr4 ,s5 op5ly ma9ta9$ t heav5 f "t to "t raises up m5 end[$ ) special p[]s1 & commission$ to introduce new =ms or disp5sations ( religion2 & 8 conduct fully prov$ t he reg>d$ himself z f> above 8 foll[]s4 ,compla9ts became l\d]2 & al?\gh ! eloqu5ce & g5ius ( ,ke%ub 7 able to keep ! rebelli\s elem5ts f explod+ x 0 evid5t1 z e>ly z #ahgc1 t a crisis 0 approa*+4 ,?is came 9 #ahgh1 :5 ,mr4 ,s5's daught] 0 m>ri$ to ! ,mah>aja ( ,ku* ,beh>4 ,! bride 0 n f\rte51 & ! bridegroom 0 sixte54 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,s5 _h be5 e>ne/ & successful 9 gett+ ! ,brahmo ,m>riage ,act pass$1 :i* rul$ t ! l[e/ m>riageable age = a woman 0 f\rte51 & = a man eighte54 ,"h 0 gross inconsi/5cy4 ,:at c\ld expla9 x8 ,ambition1 exclaim$ great numb]s2 ! wi% to exalt himself & 8 daught] by alliance ) a pr9ce4 ,b ,mr4 ,s5 decl>$ t he _h cons5t$ to ! m>riage 9 consequ5ce ( an express intimation t su* 0 ! w ( heav54 ,mr4 ,s5 d5i$ miracles1 b believ$ 9 inspiration2 & ( 8 own inspiration he seems to h ent]ta9$ no d\bt4 ,we ?us obta9 a glimpse into ! peculi> work+ ( 8 m9d4 ,e full conviction1 e /rong wi% ( 8 own he ascrib$ to div9e sugge/ion4 ,?is put him 9 a position ( extreme p]il4 ,x 0 cle> t an en?usia/ic1 imag9ative1 self-reliant nature l 8 might ?us be borne on to any ext5t ( fanaticism4 ,sid5ote3 ,revolt2 a ?ird ,samaj4 ,new ,disp5sation4 ,a great revolt f ,mr4 ,s5's au?ority n[ took place1 & ! ,sadh>an ,samaj 0 organiz$ 9 ,may1 #ahgh4 ,an appeal _h be5 made to ! memb]s g5]ally1 & no few] ?an tw5ty-"o prov9cial ,samajes1 ) m ?an f\r hundr$ memb]s1 male & female1 jo9$ ! new society4 ,?is numb] am\nt$ to ab\t two ?irds ( ! :ole body4 ,ke%ub & 8 fri5ds d5\nc$ ! rebels 9 v bitt] language2 & yet1 9 "o po9t ( view1 _! secession 0 a relief4 ,m5 ( abilities equal1 & education sup]ior1 to 8 own _h hi!rto act$ z a drag on 8 movem5ts2 he 0 n[ deliv]$ f _! int]f]5ce & c\ld deal ) ! admir+ & submissive remnant z he pleas$4 ,ideas t _h be5 work+ 9 8 m9d n[ atta9$ rapid developm5t4 ,)9 two ye>s ! flag ( ! ,new ,disp5sation 0 rais$2 & ( t disp5sation ,mr4 ,s5 0 ! und\bt$ head4 ,v d>+ 0 ! language ,mr4 ,s5 us$ 9 a public lecture reg>d+ ?is new creation4 ,he claim$ equality = x ) ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian disp5sations1 & = himself s+ul> au?ority & a div9e commission4 ,sid5ote3 ,its cre$4 ,9 ! ,cre$ ( ! ,new ,disp5sation ! "n ( ,*ri/ does n occur4 ,! articles 7 z foll[s3 a4 ,"o ,god1 "o ,scripture1 "o ,*ur*4 b4 ,et]nal progress ( ! s\l4 c4 ,communion ( prophets & sa9ts4 d4 ,fa!rhood & mo!rhood ( ,god4 e4 ,bro!rhood ( man & si/]hood ( woman4 f4 ,h>mony ( k & hol9ess1 love & "w1 yoga & asceticism 9 _! highe/ developm5t4 g4 ,loyalty to sov]eign4 ,sid5ote3 ,omission ( ,*ri/'s "n4 ,! omission ( ,*ri/'s "n is ! m rem>kable because ,mr4 ,s5 spoke mu* ( him 9 8 public lectures4 ,he _h said 9 ,may1 #ahgi1 ,none b ,jesus1 none b ,jesus1 none b ,jesus ev] des]v$ ?is preci\s diadem1 ,india2 & ,jesus %all h x4 ,b he cle>ly indicat$ t ! ,*ri/ he s\ght 0 an ,indian ,*ri/2 "o :o 0 a ,h9du 9 fai?1 & :o w\ld help ! ,h9dus to realize _! national idea ( a yogi 7ascetic74 ,sid5ote3 ,mo!rhood ( ,god4 ,let x be not$ t1 f ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]1 ,mr4 ,s5 _h spok5 e>ne/ly ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( man--?\gh1 ^! great conceptions are n ( ,h9du orig94 ,x is difficult to see :y1 9 lat] days1 he insi/$ s mu* on ! mo!rhood ( ,god4 ,p]haps x 0 a repetition--he probably w\ld h call$ x an exaltation--( ! old ,h9du idea1 preval5t especially among ! wor%ip]s ( ,siva1 t !re is a female c\nt]p>t--a ,sakti--( e div9ity4 ,or1 possibly1 x may h be5 to conciliate ! wor%ip]s ( ,durga & ,kali1 ^? great goddesses ( ,b5gal4 ,sid5ote3 ,public proclamation said to be f ,god4 ,a public proclamation 0 soon issu$1 purport+ to be f ,god himself1 z ,india's "m4 ,! :ole ?+ 0 v />tl+2 _m1 ev5 ( ,ke%ub's fri5ds1 decl>$ x blasphem\s4 ,next1 9 ! ,flag ,c]emony1 ! flag or bann] ( ! ,new ,disp5sation receiv$ a homage sc>cely di/+ui%able f wor%ip4 ,!n--z if 9 /rict imitation ( ! anci5t adoration ( ,agni1 or ,fire--a pile ( wood 0 light$1 cl>ifi$ butt] p\r$ on x1 & pray]s address$ to x1 end+ ?us--,o1 brilliant ,fire6 9 !e we behold our respl5d5t ,"l4 ,?is 01 at lea/1 symbolism run wild2 & e "o1 except ^? :o 7 prep>$ to foll[ _! lead] to all l5g?s1 saw t 9 a l& l ,india1 w$d$ to idolatry1 x 0 fe>fully p]il\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,apo/olic ,durb>4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahha1 ,mr4 ,s5 & 8 fri5ds introduc$ celebrations :i*1 to ,*ri/ian m9ds1 seem$ a di/ress+ c>icature ( ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts4 ,o!r in/itutions foll[$2 an ,apo/olic ,durb> 7,c\rt ( ,apo/les71 = in/ance1 0 e/abli%$4 ,!re 0 no end to ,mr4 ,s5's inv5tiv5ess4 ,9 a public lecture deliv]$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhc1 on ,asia's message to ,europe1 he elaborately exp\nd$ ! idea t all ! great religions are ( ,asiatic orig91 & t all ( !m are true1 & t ! "o ?+ requir$ to con/itute ! fai? ( ! future--! religion ( humanity--is ! bl5d+ ( all ^! v>i$ ,ori5tal sy/ems into "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,inconsi/5cies betwe5 ,mr4 ,s5's public & private utt]ances4 ,mr4 ,s5's policy ( res]ve4 ,x 0 n easy to reconcile ,mr4 ,s5's public utt]ances ) 8 private ones--?\gh f> be x f u to tax him ) ins9c]ity4 ,?us1 9 an int]view ext5d+ ov] two h\rs1 :i* ! writ] & two mission>y fri5ds _h ) him a week or s be=e ! lecture n[ ref]r$ to1 he said he accept$ z true & vital all ! lead+ doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ) ! exception ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,b ano!r fundam5tal diff]5ce rema9$--he av[$ly diss5t$ f ! or?odox cre$ 9 reject+ ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ,scripture4 ,at an int]view ,i _h ) him "s "t be=e he e>ne/ly disclaim$ all int5tion to put ,*ri/ on a level ) ,buddha or ,mohamm$4 ,i am educat+ my fri5ds1 he said1 to und]/& & approve ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,i h n yet said my la/ ^w ab\t ,*ri/4 ,x is a solemn "q1 ,_h he said x :5 8 c>e] 0 end$8 ,if s1 x 0 f> f a satisfactory ^w4 ,8 policy ( res]ve & adaptation _h probably kept him f utt]+ all t 0 9 8 he>t2 b x 0 a sorely mi/ak5 policy4 ,_h he temporiz$ less he w\ld h accompli%$ m4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,s5 !re has be5 a viol5t dispute betwe5 8 family & ! ,apo/olic ,durb>1 on "o side1 & "o ( 8 able/ foll[]s1 on ! o!r2 & ! ,new ,disp5sation w probably split 9 two1 if x does n p]i% altoge!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sadh>an ,samaj4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,sadh>an ,samaj1 :i* broke (f f ,ke%ub's p>ty 9 #ahgh1 has be5 go+ on ) no small vigor4 ,vag>ies1 ei!r 9 doctr9e or rites1 h be5 c>efully %unn$2 its p>tisans pr(ess a pure ,!i/ic cre$ & labor dilig5tly 9 ! cause ( social re=m4 ,_! position is ne>ly t ( ,unit>ian ,*ri/ianity1 & we fe> !y are n at pres5t approximat+ to ! full belief ( ! ,*ur* ,ca?olic4 ,sid5ote3 ,movem5ts 9 we/]n ,india4 ,t5ets ( ! ,pr>?ana ,sabha4 ,v simil> 9 "* to ! ,brahmo ,somaj is ! ,pr>?ana ,somaj 9 we/]n ,india4 ,z f> back z #ahej1 or a little e>li]1 !re 0 =m$ a society call$ ! ,pr>?ana ,sabha 7,pray]-meet+74 ,its lead+ t5ets 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,i believe 9 "o ,god4 #b4 ,i r5\nce idol-wor%ip4 #c4 ,i w d my be/ to lead a moral life4 #d4 ,if ,i commit any s9 ?r\gh ! weakness ( my moral nature ,i w rep5t ( x & ask ! p>don ( ,god4 ,! society1 aft] "s "t1 began to langui%2 b 9 #ahfg x 0 reviv$ "u ! "n ( ,pr>?ana ,somaj4 ,its *ief bran*es are 9 ,bombay1 ,poona1 ,ahm$abad1 & ,surat4 ,sid5ote3 ,arya ,samaj4 ,an int]e/+ movem5t call$ ! ,arya ,samaj 0 comm5c$ a few ye>s ago by a ,p&it--,dayan& ,s>asvati4 ,he receiv$ ! ,v$as z fully inspir$1 b ma9ta9$ t !y taught mono!ism--,agni1 ,indra1 & all ! re/ be+ m]ely diff]5t names ( ,god4 ,x 0 a desp]ate ef=t to save ! reputation ( ! anci5t books2 b1 z all ,sanskrit s*ol>s saw at a glance1 ! :ole idea 0 a delusion4 ,! ,p&it is n[ dead2 & ! ,arya ,samaj may n long survive him4 ,at ! "t we write we he> ( an attempt to def5d idolatry & ca/e made by m5 ( consid]able education4 ,sid5ote3 ,!osophi/s4 ,! s-call$ ,!osophi/s h1 = sev]al ye>s1 be5 active 9 ,india4 ,( exi/+ religions1 ,buddhism is _! natural ally4 ,!y are a!i/s4 ,a comb9ation :i* !y =m$ ) ! ,arya ,samaj spe$ily came to an end4 ,la/ly1 ! foll[]s ( ,mr4 ,bradlaugh are dilig5t 9 supply+ _! books to ,indian /ud5ts4 ,poor ,india6 ,no wond] if h] m9d is bewild]$ z %e li/5s to su* a ,babel ( voices4 ,! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,india n[ /rik+ly resembles t :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire at ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity2 :5 ,ea/ & ,we/ 7 br\ght into ! close/ contact1 & a great conflict ( sy/ems ( ?\ght took place 9 consequ5ce4 ,b ev5 z "o ho/ile =m ( gno/ic belief rose aft] ano!r1 & rose only to fall--& z ! greate/ & be/-discipl9$ foe ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity--! lat] ,platonism--gave way be=e ! /eady1 irresi/ible m>* ( gospel tru?1 s--we h e reason to hope--x w be yet aga94 ,! ,*ri/ian feels 8 he>t swell 9 8 brea/ z he ?9ks :at1 9 all human probability1 ,india w be a c5tury1 or ev5 half a c5tury1 h5ce4 ,o :at a new life to t faire/ ( ,ea/]n l&s :5 %e ca/s h]self 9 sorr[ & supplication at ! feet ( ! liv+ ,god1 & !n rises to proclaim to a li/5+ _w ,h] deep rep5tance & h] new-f\nd joy6 ,may ,god ha/5 ! adv5t ( t happy day6 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,decl9e ,,( ,,islam4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,essay4 ,! progress ( ,islam 0 sl[ until ,mohamm$ ca/ aside ! precepts ( tol]ation & adopt$ an aggressive1 militant policy4 ,!n x became rapid4 ,! motives :i* animat$ ! armies ( ,islam 7 mix$--mat]ial & spiritual4 ,)\t ! tru?s conta9$ 9 ! sy/em success w\ld h be5 impossible1 b nei!r )\t ! sword w\ld ! religion h be5 plant$ 9 ,arabia1 nor beyond4 ,! alt]natives (f]$ to conqu]$ peoples 7 ,islam1 ! sword1 or tribute4 ,! drawbacks & attractions ( ! sy/em are exam9$4 ,! =m] 7 n su* z to det] m5 ( ! _w f embrac+ ! fai?4 ,! sexual indulg5ces sanction$ by x are su* z to make ,islam ! ,easy way4 ,! spread ( ,islam 0 /ay$ :5ev] milit>y success 0 *eck$4 ,! ,fai? 0 meant = ,arabia & n = ! _w1 h5ce x is con/itutionally incapable ( *ange or developm5t4 ,! degradation ( woman h9d]s ! gr[? ( fre$om & civilization "u x4 ,*ri/ianity is contra/$ 9 ! means us$ = its propagation1 ! me?ods x employ$ 9 grappl+ ) & ov]com+ ! evils t x f\nd exi/+ 9 ! _w1 9 ! relations x e/abli%$ betwe5 ! sexes1 9 its tea*+ ) reg>d to ! respective duties ( ! civil & spiritual p[]s1 &1 above all1 9 its r$eem+ "*1 & !n ! conclusion come to t ,*ri/ianity is div9e 9 its orig94 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,decl9e ,,( ,,islam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,islam pre-em95t 9 its rapid spread4 ,among ! religions ( ! e>? ,islam mu/ take ! prec$5ce 9 ! rapidity & =ce ) :i* x spread4 ,)9 a v %ort "t f its plant+ 9 ,arabia ! new fai? _h subdu$ great & popul\s prov9ces4 ,9 half a doz5 ye>s1 c\nt+ f ! dea? ( ! f\nd]1 ! religion prevail$ ?r\gh\t ,arabia1 ,syria1 ,p]sia1 & ,egypt1 & be=e ! close ( ! c5tury x rul$ supreme ov] ! great] "p ( ! va/ populations f ,gibralt> to ! ,oxus1 f ! ,black ,sea to ! riv] ,indus4 ,sid5ote3 ,propagation f> quick] ?an ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 comp>ison ) ?is gr& outbur/ ! fir/ ef=ts ( ,*ri/ianity 71 to ! outw>d eye1 fa9t & feeble1 & its ext5sion s gradual t :at ! ,mohamm$an religion a*iev$ 9 t5 or tw5ty ye>s x took ! fai? ( ,jesus long c5turies to accompli%4 ,sid5ote3 ,object ( ! ,tract4 ,! object ( ^! few pages is1 fir/1 to inquire briefly into ! causes :i* l$ to ! m>vel\s rapidity ( ! fir/ movem5t ( ,islam3 secondly1 to consid] ! reasons :i* ev5tually /ay$ its advance2 &1 la/ly1 to asc]ta9 :y ,mohamm$an c\ntries h kept s f> 9 ! re> ( o!r l&s 9 respect ( intellectual & social progress4 ,9 %ort1 ! "q is h[ x 0 t1 ,pallas-l1 ! fai? sprang ready-arm$ f ! gr\nd1 conqu]+ & to conqu]1 & :y1 ! weapons dropp+ f its grasp1 ,islam began to lose its pri/9e vigor1 & f9ally relaps$ into inactivity4 ,i4 ,,! ,,rapid ,,spread ,,( ,,islam4 ,sid5ote3 ,two p]iods 9 ! mission ( ,mohamm$4 ,! p]sonal m9i/ry ( ,mohamm$ divides itself into two di/9ct p]iods3 fir/1 8 life at ,mecca z a prea*] & a prophet2 second1 8 life at ,m$9a z a prophet & a k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,i4 ,m9i/ry at ,mecca1 ,a4,d4 #fji-fbb4 ,success at ,mecca limit$4 ,x is only 9 ! fir/ ( ^! p]iods t ,islam at all runs p>allel ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! great body ( 8 fell[-citiz5s reject$ ! m9i/ry ( ,mohamm$ & bitt]ly oppos$ 8 claims4 ,8 ef=ts at ,mecca 71 !re=e1 conf9$ to tea*+ & prea*+ & to ! publi%+ ( ! e>li] ,suras1 or *apt]s ( 8 ,revelation4 ,aft] "s ?irte5 ye>s sp5t ?us 8 conv]ts1 to ! numb] ( ab\t a hundr$ & fifty m5 & wom51 7 =c$ by ! p]secution ( ! ,corei% 7! rul+ tribe at ,mecca1 f :i* ,mohamm$ 0 desc5d$7 to quit _! native city & emigrate to ,m$9a4#ce ,a hundr$ m _h previ\sly fl$ f ,mecca = ! same cause1 & f\nd refuge at ! c\rt ( ! ,negus1 or k+ ( ,abyss9ia2 & !re 0 already a small company ( foll[]s among ! citiz5s ( ,m$9a4 ,at ! utmo/1 !re=e1 ! numb] ( disciples ga9$ ov] by ! simple resort to tea*+ & prea*+ did n1 dur+ ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( ,mohamm$'s m9i/ry1 exce$ a few hundr$s4 ,x is true t ! soil ( ,mecca 0 /ubborn & 7unlike t ( ,judea7 :olly unprep>$4 ,! cause also1 at times1 became ! object ( su/a9$ & viol5t opposition4 ,ev5 s mu* ( success 0 consequ5tly1 "u ! peculi> circum/ances1 rem>kable4 ,b x 0 by no means s+ul>4 ,! progress fell f> %ort ( t made by ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! correspond+ p]iod ( its exi/5ce1#cf & inde$ by _m re=m]s :o h be5 ! prea*]s ( a new fai?4 ,x gave no promise :atev] ( ! m>vel\s spectacle t 0 ab\t to foll[4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ii4 ,*ange ( policy at ,m$9a1 ,a4,d4 #fbb-fcb4 ,arabia conv]t$ f ,m$9a at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,hav+ escap$ f ,mecca & f\nd a new & cong5ial home 9 ,m$9a1 ,mohamm$ 0 n long 9 *ang+ 8 front4 ,at ,mecca1 surr\nd$ by enemies1 he taught tol]ation4 ,he 0 simply ! prea*] commission$ to deliv] a message1 & bidd5 to leave ! responsibility ) 8 ,ma/] & 8 he>]s4 ,he might argue ) ! disputants1 b x mu/ be 9 a way mo/ mild & graci\s2 = 9 religion 7su* 0 8 tea*+ be=e he rea*$ ,m$9a7 !re %\ld be nei!r viol5ce nor con/ra9t4#cg ,at ,m$9a ! precepts ( tol]ation 7 quickly ca/ aside & 8 :ole policy rev]s$4 ,no soon] did ,mohamm$ beg9 to be recogniz$ & obey$ z ! *ief ( ,m$9a ?an he proce$$ to attack ! ,jewi% tribes settl$ 9 ! neighborhood because !y refus$ to ackn[l$ge 8 claims & believe 9 him z a prophet =etold 9 _! ,scriptures2 two ( ^! tribes 7 exil$1 & ! ?ird ext]m9at$ 9 cold blood4 ,9 ! second ye> aft] ! ,hegiraa1 or flight f ,mecca 7! p]iod f :i* ! ,mohamm$an era dates71 he began to plund] ! c>avans ( ! ,corei%1 :i* pass$ ne> to ,m$9a on _! m]cantile j\rneys betwe5 ,arabia & ,syria4 ,s popul> did ! cause ( ! n[ militant & m>aud+ prophet spe$ily become among ! citiz5s ( ,m$9a & ! tribes ar\nd t1 aft] _m battles f\ght ) v>y+ success1 he 0 able1 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! ,hegirab to re-ent] 8 native city at ! head ( t5 ?\s& arm$ foll[]s4 ,!nce=w>d success 0 assur$4 ,none d>$ to oppose 8 pret5sions4 ,& be=e 8 dea?1 9 ! elev5? ye> ( ! ,hegirac1 all ,arabia1 f ,bab-el-,m&eb & ,oman to ! conf9es ( ! ,syrian des]t1 0 =c$ to submit to ! supreme au?ority ( ! n[ k+ly prophet & to recognize ! fai? & obligations ( ,islam4#ch ,sid5ote3 ,religion ( ,mohamm$ describ$4 ,?is ,islam1 s call$ f its dem&+ ! entire surr5d] ( ! believ] to ! w & s]vice ( ,god1 is bas$ on ! recognition ( ,mohamm$ z a prophet =etold 9 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures--! la/ & greate/ ( ! prophets4 ,on him desc5d$ ! ,koran f "t to "t1 an imm$iate revelation f ! ,almighty4 ,idolatry & poly!ism are ) iconocla/ic zeal d5\nc$ z s9s ( ! deepe/ dye2 :ile ! unity ( ! ,deity is proclaim$ z ! gr& & c>d9al doctr9e ( ! fai?4 ,div9e provid5ce p]vades ! m9ute/ conc]ns ( life1 & pr$e/9ation is taught 9 its mo/ nak$ =m4 ,yet pray] is enjo9$ z bo? m]itori\s & effective2 & at five /at$ times e day mu/ x be specially p]=m$4 ,! duties g5]ally ( ! moral law are en=c$1 ?\gh an evil laxity is giv5 9 ! matt] ( polygamy & divorce4 ,ti!s are dem&$ z alms = ! poor4 ,a fa/ dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramzan mu/ be kept ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( e day2 & ! ye>ly pilgrimage to ,mecca--an anci5t in/itution1 ! rites ( :i* 7 n[ dive/$ ( _! hea!ni% accompanim5ts--ma9ta9$4 ,! exi/5ce ( angels & devils is taught1 & heav5 & hell are depict$ 9 mat]ial colors--! "o ( s5su\s pleasure1 ! o!r ( bodily torm5t4 ,f9ally1 ! resurrection1 judgm5t1 & retribution ( good & evil are set =? 9 great detail4 ,su* 0 ! cre$--,!re is no god b ! ,"l1 & ,mohamm$ is 8 prophet--to :i* ,arabia n[ became ob$i5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,arabia apo/atizes2 b is spe$ily reconqu]$ & reclaim$1 ,a4,d4 #fcc4 ,b imm$iately on ! dea? ( ,mohamm$ ! entire p59sula relaps$ into apo/asy4 ,m$9a & ,mecca rema9$ fai?ful2 b e-:]e else ! l& see!d ) rebellion4 ,"s tribes jo9$ ! false prophets1 ( :om f\r _h aris5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,arabia2 "s relaps$ into _! anci5t hea!nism2 :ile o!rs propos$ a compromise--!y w\ld obs]ve ! /at$ times ( pray]1 b w\ld be excus$ ! ti!4 ,e-:]e 0 rampant an>*y4 ,! apo/ate tribes attack$ ,m$9a1 b 7 repuls$ by ! brave old ,caliph ,abu ,bekr1 :o refus$ to abate "o jot or tittle1 z ! successor ( ,mohamm$1 ( ! obligations ( ,islam4 ,elev5 columns 7 s5t =? "u z _m lead]s1 tra9$ 9 ! w>like s*ool ( ,mohamm$4 ,^! f\ght _! way1 /ep by /ep1 successfully2 & ?us1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! wisdom & firmness ( ,abu ,bekr & ! valor & g5ius ( ,khalid1 ! ,sword ( ,god1 ! ,arab tribes1 "o by "o1 7 ov]come & =c$ back into _! allegiance & ! pr(ession ( ,islam4 ,! reconque/ ( ,arabia & re-imposition ( ,mohamm$anism z ! national fai?1 :i* x took a :ole ye> to accompli%1 is ?us describ$ by an ,arabian au?or1 :o wrote at ! close ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,mohamm$an era3 ,aft] 8 decease !re rema9$ n "o ( ! foll[]s ( ! prophet t did n apo/atize1 sav+ only a small company ( 8 ,companions & k9sfolk1 :o hop$ ?us to secure ! gov]nm5t to !mselves4 ,h]eupon ,abu ,bekr display$ m>vel\s skill1 en]gy1 & address1 s t ! p[] pass$ into 8 h&s4444 ,& ?us he p]sev]$ until ! apo/ate tribes 7 all br\ght back to _! allegiance1 "s by k9dly treatm5t1 p]suasion1 & craft2 "s ?r\gh t]ror & fe> ( ! sword2 & o!rs by ! prospect ( p[] & weal? z well z by ! lu/s & pleasures ( ?is life4 ,& s x came to pass t all ! ,b$\9 tribes 7 9 ! end conv]t$ outw>dly1 b n f inw>d conviction4#ci ,sid5ote3 ,! ,arabs ?us reclaim$ 71 at ! fir/1 sull54 ,! temp] ( ! tribes ?us reclaim$ by =ce ( arms 0 at ! fir/ /ra9$ & sull54 ,b ! sc5e soon *ang$4 ,sudd5ly ! :ole p59sula 0 %ak51 & ! p1 seiz$ ) a burn+ zeal1 issu$ =? to plant ! new fai? 9 o!r l&s4 ,x happ5$ on ?is wise3 ,sid5ote3 ,r\s$ by w>-cry1 !y issue f ! p59sula1 ,a4,d4 #fcd1 et4 seq4 ,! oppos+ =ces4 ,arab en?usiasm4 ,! columns s5t f ,m$9a to r$uce ! rebelli\s tribes to ! nor?-we/ on ! ,gulf ( ,ayla1 & to ! nor?-ea/ on ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 came at once into collision ) ! ,*ri/ian ,b$\9s ( ,syria on ! "o h& & ) ^? ( ,mesopotamia on ! o!r4 ,^! aga9 7 imm$iately support$ by ! neighbor+ =ces ( ! ,roman & ,p]sian empires1 ^: vassals respectively !y 74 ,& s1 be=e _m mon?s1 ,abu ,bekr f\nd 8 g5]als oppos$ by great & impos+ armies on ei!r side4 ,he 01 9 fact1 wag+ mortal combat at "o & ! same mom5t ) ! ,kais] & ! ,*osroes1 ! ,byzant9e emp]or & ! great k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,! risk 0 imm95t1 & an appeal w5t =? = help to meet ! dang]4 ,! battle-cry res\nd$ f "o end ( ,arabia to ! o!r1 & electrifi$ ! l&4 ,levy aft] levy1 en masse1 />t$ up at ! call f e qu>t] ( ! p59sula1 & ! ,b$\9 tribes1 z bees f _! hive1 /ream$ =? 9 sw>ms1 animat$ by ! prospect ( conque/1 plund]1 & captive damsels1 or1 if sla9 9 battle1 by ! /ill m covet$ prize ( ! m>tyr 9 ! mat]ial p>adise ( ,mohamm$4 ,) a milit>y ardor & new-born zeal 9 :i* c>nal & spiritual aspirations 7 /rangely bl5d$1 ! ,arabs ru%$ =? to ! field1 l ! w>-horse ( ,job1 t smelle? ! battle af> (f1 ! ?und] ( ! capta9s & ! %\t+4 ,sull5 con/ra9t 0 9 a mom5t trans=m$ into an absolute devotion & fi]y resolve to spread ! fai?4 ,! ,arab w>rior became ! mission>y ( ,islam4 ,sid5ote3 ,arabs1 a milit>y body1 subsidiz$ & mobiliz$ by ,om>4 ,x 0 n[ ! c>e ( ,om>1 ! second caliph or rul] ( ! new-born empire1 to e/abli% a sy/em :]eby ! _s militant1 call$ into exi/5ce ) su* =ce & f]vor1 might be r5d]$ p]man5t4 ,! entire ,arabian p 0 subsidiz$4 ,! surplus rev5ues :i* 9 rapidly increas+ volume began to fl[ f ! conqu]$ l&s into ! ,moslem treasuries 7 to ! la/ f>?+ di/ribut$ among ! soldi]s ( ,arabian desc5t4 ,! :ole nation 0 enroll$1 & ! "n ( e w>rior ent]$ ^u ! ro/] ( ,islam4 ,=bidd5 to settle any:]e1 & reliev$ f all o!r "w1 ! ,arab hordes became1 9 fact1 a /&+ army ?reat5+ ! _w4 ,great bodies ( arm$ m5 7 kept ?us ev] mobiliz$1 sep>ate & 9 read9ess = new ent]prise4 ,sid5ote3 ,mission ( ,islam describ$ by ,fairbairn4 ,! *ange :i* came ov] ! policy ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,fai? at ,m$9a1 & pav$ ! way = ?is m>vel\s sy/em ( _w-wide rap9e & conv]sion to ,islam1 is ?us describ$ by a ?\ghtful & sagaci\s writ]3 ,m$9a 0 fatal to ! high] capabilities ( ,islam4 ,mohamm$ became !n a k+2 8 religion 0 incorporat$ 9 a ,/ate t _h to /ruggle = its life 9 ! fa%ion famili> to ! r\gh-h&$ sons ( ! des]t4 ,! prophet 0 turn$ into ! legislator & comm&]2 8 revelations 7 n[ laws1 & n[ milit>y ord]s & manife/oes4 ,! mission ( ,islam became "o t only ! sword c\ld accompli%1 robb]y ( ! infidel became m]itori\s1 & conque/ ! supreme duty x ow$ to ! _w4444 ,! religion :i* liv$ an unprosp]+ & prec>i\s life1 s long z x dep5d$ on ! prophetic ^w alone1 became an aggressive & victori\s p[] s soon z x 0 embodi$ 9 a ,/ate4#dj ,sid5ote3 ,& by von ,krem]4 ,ano!r le>n$ & imp>tial au?ority tells u3 ,! ,mussulman p[] "u ! fir/ f\r caliphs 0 no?+ b a gr& religio-political association ( ,arab tribes = univ]sal plund] & conque/ "u ! holy bann] ( ,islam1 & ! wat*-^w1 ,!re is no god b ! ,"l1 & ,mohamm$ is 8 apo/le4 ,on pretext ( spread+ ! only true religion ! ,arabs swall[$ up fair prov9ces ly+ all ar\nd1 &1 driv+ a pr(itable bus9ess1 enri*$ !mselves simultane\sly 9 a worldly s5se4#da ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s m]it ( fight+ 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l4 ,! motives :i* n]v$ ! armies ( ,islam 7 a /range comb9ation ( ! l[] in/9cts ( nature ) ! high] aspirations ( ! _s4 ,to engage 9 ! ,holy ,w> 0 ! r>e/ & mo/ bless$ ( all religi\s virtues1 & conf]r$ on ! combatant a special m]it2 & side by side ) x lay ! bright prospect ( spoil & female slaves1 conque/ & glory4 ,m\nt ?y horse1 said ,osama ibn ,zeid to ,abu ,bekr z he accompani$ ! ,syrian army a little way on its m>*1 out ( ,m$9a4 ,nay1 repli$ ! caliph1 ,i w n ride1 b ,i w walk & soil my feet a little space 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l4 ,v]ily1 e foot/ep 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l is equal 9 m]it to manifold good works1 & wipe? away a multitude ( s9s4#db ,& ( ! m>tyrs1 ^? :o fell 9 ^! crusad+ campaigns1 ,mohamm$ ?us describ$ ! bless$ /ate3 ,?9k n1 9 any wise1 ( ^? kill$ 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l1 z if !y 7 dead4 ,yea1 !y are alive1 & are n\ri%$ ) _! ,"l1 exult+ 9 t :i* ,god ha? giv5 !m ( 8 favor1 & rejoic+ 9 behalf ( ^? :o h n yet jo9$ !m1 b are foll[+ aft]4 ,no t]ror afflicte? !m1 nei!r are !y griev$4--,sura iii4 ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ial fruits ( ,moslem crusade4 ,! mat]ial fruits ( _! victories rais$ ! ,arabs at once f be+ ! ne$y inhabitants ( a /ony1 /]ile soil1 :]e1 ) difficulty1 !y ek$ out a h>dy subsi/5ce1 to be ! ma/]s ( ri* & luxuriant l&s fl[+ ) milk & honey4 ,aft] "o ( 8 great victories on ! pla9s ( ,*aldea1 ,khalid call$ toge!r 8 troops1 flu%$ ) conque/1 & lo/ 9 wond] at ! exub]ance ar\nd !m1 & ?us address$ !m3 ,ye see ! ri*es ( ! l&4 ,its pa?s drop fatness & pl5ty1 s t ! fruits ( ! e>? are scatt]$ abroad ev5 z /ones are 9 ,arabia4 ,if b z a provision = ?is pres5t life1 x 7 wor? our :ile to fight = ^! fair fields & bani% c>e & p5ury =ev] f u4 ,su* 7 ! aspirations de> to ! he>t ( e ,arab w>rior4 ,aga91 aft] ! battle ( ,jalola1 a few ye>s lat]1 ! treasure & spoil ( ! ,p]sian mon>*1 captur$ by ! victors1 0 valu$ at ?irty million ( dirhems 7ab\t a million /]l+74 ,! royal fif? 7! cr[n %>e ( ! booty7 0 s5t z usual to ,m$9a "u *>ge ( ,ziad1 :o1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,caliph ,om>1 h>angu$ ! citiz5s 9 a gl[+ description ( :at _h be5 won 9 ,p]sia1 f]tile l&s1 ri* cities1 & endless spoil1 besides captive maids & pr9cesses4 ,sid5ote3 ,ri* booty tak5 9 ! capital ( ,p]sia1 ,a4,d4 #fcg4 ,9 relat+ ! capture ( ,m$a9 7! anci5t ,ctesiphon7 tradition revels 9 ! untold weal? :i* fell into ! h&s ( ,sad1 ! conqu]or1 & 8 foll[]s4 ,besides millions ( treasure1 !re 0 endless /ore ( gold & silv] vessels1 ri* ve/m5ts1 & r>e & preci\s ?+s4 ,! ,arabs gaz$ bewild]$ at ! ti>a1 brocad$ ve/m5ts1 jewel$ armor1 & spl5did surr\nd+s ( ! ?rone4 ,!y tell ( a camel ( silv]1 life-size1 ) a rid] ( gold1 & ( a gold5 horse ) em]alds = tee?1 ! neck set ) rubies1 ! trapp+s ( gold4 ,& we may read 9 ,gibbon ( ! m>vel\s banquet+ c>pet1 repres5t+ a g>d51 ! gr\nd ( wr\ght gold1 ! walks ( silv]1 ! mead[s ( em]alds1 rivulets ( pe>ls1 & fl[]s & fruits ( diamonds1 rubies1 & r>e gems4 ,! preci\s metals lo/ _! conv5tional value1 gold 0 p>t$ ) = its weight 9 silv]2 & s on4#dc ,sid5ote3 ,success 9 battle ascrib$ to div9e aid4 ,x is ! virtue ( ,islam t x recognizes a special provid5ce1 see+ ! h& ( ,god1 z 9 e ?+1 s pre-em95tly also 9 victory4 ,:5 ,sad1 !re=e1 _h e/abli%$ himself 9 ! palace ( ! ,*osroes he 0 n =getful to r5d] ?anks 9 a s]vice ( praise4 ,"o ( ! pr9cely mansions 0 turn$ = ! mom5t into a temple1 & !re1 foll[$ by 8 troops1 he ascrib$ ! victory to ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,! lesson accompany+ ! pray]s 0 tak5 f a ,sura 7or *apt] ( ! ,koran7 :i* speaks ( ,ph>aoh & 8 rid]s be+ ov]:elm$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & conta9s ?is passage1 held to be peculi>ly appropriate to ! occasion3 ,h[ _m g>d5s & f\nta9s did !y leave beh9d1 ,& fields ( corn1 & fair dwell+-places1 ,& pleasant ?+s :i* !y enjoy$6 ,ev5 ?us h ,we made ano!r p to inh]it ! same4#dd ,sid5ote3 ,m>tyrdom 9 ! field covet$ by ,moslem crusad]s4 ,! ,moslem cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 ,su* z fell 9 ! conflict 7 call$ m>tyrs2 a halo ( glory surr\nd$ !m1 & special joys await$ !m ev5 on ! battlefield4 ,& s x came to pass t ! w>riors ( ,islam _h an une>?ly long+ = ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 ,! ,caliph ,om> 0 inconsolable at ! loss ( 8 bro!r1 ,zeid1 :o fell 9 ! fatal ,g>d5 ( ,dea?1 at ! battle ( ,yemama3 ,?\ art return$ home1 he said to 8 son1 ,abdallah1 safe & s\nd1 & ,zeid is dead4 ,:]e=e wa/ n ?\ sla9 be=e him8 ,i wi% n to see ?y face4 ,fa!r1 answ]$ ,abdallah1 he ask$ = ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 & ! ,"l grant$ x4 ,i /rove aft] ! same1 b x 0 n giv5 unto me4#de ,x 0 ! pr\d boa/ ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 _! summons to ! crav5 ,greeks & ,p]sians t !y lov$ dea? m ?an _! foes lov$ life4 ,famili> ) ! pictures drawn 9 ! ,koran ( ! beautiful h\ries ( ,p>adise1#df ! ,s>ac5s believ$ t imm$iate fruition on ! field ( battle 0 ! m>tyr's special prize4 ,we are told ( a ,moslem soldi]1 f\r-score ye>s ( age1 :o1 see+ a comrade fall by 8 side1 cri$ out1 ,o ,p>adise6 h[ close art ?\ b5ea? ! arr['s po9t & ! fal*ion's fla%6 ,o ,ha%im6 ev5 n[ ,i see heav5 op5$1 & black-ey$ maid5s all bridally attir$1 clasp+ !e 9 _! fond embrace4 ,& %\t+ ?us ! ag$ w>rior1 fir$ aga9 ) ! ardor ( y\?1 ru%$ ^u ! enemy & met ! envi$ fate4 ,= ^? :o surviv$ !re 0 ! less e!real b clos] prospect ( ,p]sian1 ,greek1 or ,coptic wom51 bo? maids & matrons1 :o1 on be+ tak5 captive by _! "r h&1 7 =?)1 accord+ to ! ,koran1 )\t /9t ( numb]1 at ! conqu]or's w & pleasure4 ,^!1 imm$iately !y 7 made prison]s1 might 7accord+ to ! example ( ,mohamm$ himself at ,kheib>7 be c>ri$ (f )\t fur!r c]emony to ! victor's t5t2 & 9 ?is respect ! ,s>ac5s c]ta9ly 7 no?+ loa? to execute ^u ! hea!n ! judgm5t writt5 9 _! law4 ,s /rangely 0 religi\s fanaticism f$ & fo/]$ 9 ! ,moslem camp by inc5tives irresi/ible to ! ,arab--fight & =ay1 ! spoil ( w> & captive *>ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>tial passages f ,koran recit$ on field ( battle4 ,! c\rage ( ! troops 0 /imulat$ by ! div9e promises ( victory1 :i* 7 read 7& on l occasions /ill are read7 at ! head ( ea* column drawn up = battle4 ,?us1 on ! field ( ,cadesiyad1 :i* decid$ ! fate ( ,p]sia1 ! ,sura ,jehad1 ) ! /irr+ tale ( ! ?\s& angels t f\ght on ! ,prophet's side at ,b$r 0 recit$1 & su* texts z ^!3 ,/ir up ! fai?ful unto battle4 ,if !re be tw5ty /eadfa/ among y !y %all put two hundr$ to flight ( ! unbeliev]s1 & a hundr$ %all put to flight a ?\s&4 ,victory is f ! ,"l4 ,he is mighty & wise4 ,i ! ,"l w ca/ t]ror into ! he>ts ( ! infidels4 ,/rike (f _! heads & _! f+]s' ends4 ,bew>e le/ ye turn y\r back 9 battle4 ,v]ily1 he t turne? 8 back %all draw d[n ^u himself ! wra? ( ,god4 ,8 abode %all be hell fire2 an evil j\rney ?i!r4 ,& we are told t on ! recital ( ^! v]ses ! he>t ( ! p 0 refre%$ & _! eyes light5$1 & !y felt ! tranquillity t ensue? !reupon4 ,?ree days !y f\ght1 & on ! morn+ ( ! f\r?1 return+ ) unabat$ vigor to ! *>ge1 !y scatt]$ to ! w9ds ! va/ ho/ ( ,p]sia4#dg ,sid5ote3 ,defeat ( ,byzant9e army on ! ,y]muk1 ,a4,d4 #fcd4 ,nor 0 x o!rwise 9 ! great battle ( ! ,y]muk1 :i* laid ,syria at ! feet ( ! ,arabs4 ,! virg9 vigor ( ! ,s>ac5s 0 fir$ by a wild fanatical zeal to fight 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l1 obta9+ ?us heav5ly m]it & a worldly prize--! spoil ( ,syria & its fair maid5s ravi%$ f _! homes2 or %\ld !y fall by ! sword1 ! black-ey$ h\ries wait+ = !m on ! field ( battle4 ,( w>riors n]v$ by ?is /range comb9ation ( e>? & heav51 ( ! fle% & ( ! _s1 ( ! inc5tives at once ( fai? & rap9e1 ( fanatical devotion to ! prophet & dea?less passion = ! sex1 t5 might *ase a hundr$ half-he>t$ ,romans4 ,! =ty ?\s& ,moslems 7 /rong] f> ?an ! two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& ( ! enemy4 ,! combat la/$ = weeks2 b at ! la/ ! ,byzant9e =ce 0 utt]ly r\t$1 & ?\s&s hurl$ 9 wild confusion ov] ! beetl+ cliffs ( ! ,y]muk into ! yawn+ *asm ( ,wacusa4#dh ,sid5ote3 ,islam plant$ by aid ( mat]ial =ce4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ! nature ( ! ,moslem propag&a1 su* ! ag5cy by :i* ! fai? 0 spread1 & su* ! motives at once mat]ial & spiritual by :i* its m>tial mission>ies 7 inspir$4 ,no wond] t ! effete empires ( ,rome & ,p]sia recoil$ & quiv]$ at ! %ock1 & t prov9ce aft] prov9ce quickly fell "u ! sway ( ,islam4 ,x is f> f my int5tion to imply t ! tru?s set =? by ! new fai? _h no?+ to d ) its success4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may well be admitt$ t b = ^? tru?s success might h be5 impossible4 ,! gr& enunciation ( ! ,div9e ,unity1 & ! duty ( an absolute submission to ! same2 ! recognition ( a special provid5ce rea*+ to ! m9ute/ details ( life2 ! inculcation ( pray] & o!r religi\s duties2 ! e/abli%m5t ( a code 9 :i* ! lead+ pr9ciples ( morality are en=c$1 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( previ\s revelations 9 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 told n only on ! idolat]s ( ,arabia & ! fire-wor%ip]s ( ,p]sia1 b on ,jews & ,sam>itans & ! foll[]s ( a debas$ & prie/-ridd5 ,*ri/ianity4 ,all ?is is true2 b x is /ill n ! less true t )\t ! sword ,islam w\ld nev] h be5 plant$ ev5 9 ,arabia1 mu* less ev] h spread to ! c\ntries beyond4 ,! weapons ( its w>f>e 7 c>nal1 mat]ial1 & e>?ly2 & by !m x conqu]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,alt]natives (f]$ to ! conqu]$ nations3 ,islam1 ! ,sword1 or ,tribute4 ,! pressure br\ght to be> on ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries ov]run by ,s>ac5 arms 0 ( ! mo/ /r+5t "*4 ,!y 7 (f]$ ! triple alt]native--,islam1 ! ,sword1 or ,tribute4 ,! fir/ br\ght imm$iate relief4 ,acceptance ( ! fai? n only /ay$ ! enemy's h&1 & conf]r$ immunity f ! p]ils ( w>1 b associat$ ! conv]t ) 8 conqu]ors 9 ! common bro!rhood & 9 all ! privileges ( ,islam4 ,sid5ote3 ,acceptance ( ,islam1 imm$iate relief f ! sword4 ,read+ ! /ory ( ! spread ( ,islam1 we are con/antly told ( ?is & t enemy1 t be+ beat51 he believ$ & embrac$ ! fai?4 ,take z an example ( an e-day occurr5ce ! /ory ( ,hormuzan4 ,a ,p]sian pr9ce ( high rank long ma9ta9$ a bord] w>f>e aga9/ ! ,moslems4 ,at la/ he 0 tak5 prison] & s5t 9 *a9s to ,m$9a4 ,z he 0 conduct$ into ! ,great ,mosque1 ,om> exclaim$1 ,bless$ be ! ,"l1 t ha? humbl$ ?is man & ! l ( him6 ,he bade !m disrobe ! prison] & clo! him 9 sackclo?4 ,!n1 :ip 9 h&1 he upbraid$ him = 8 (t-repeat$ attacks & trea*]y4 ,hormuzan made z if fa9 to reply2 !n gasp+1 l "o fa9t f ?ir/1 he begg$ = wat] to dr9k4 ,give x him1 said ! caliph1 & let him dr9k 9 peace4 ,nay1 cri$ ! wret*$ captive1 trembl+1 ,i fe> to dr9k1 le/ "s "o slay me unaw>es4 ,?y life is safe1 said ,om>1 until ?\ ha/ drunk ! wat] up4 ,! words 7 no soon] said ?an ,hormuzan empti$ ! vessel on ! gr\nd4 ,i want$ n ! wat]1 he said1 b qu>t]1 & ?\ ha/ giv5 x me4 ,li>6 cri$ ,om>1 angrily1 ?y life is =feit4 ,b n1 int]pos$ ! by-/&]s1 until he dr9k ! wat] up4 ,/range1 said ,om>1 ! fell[ ha? deceiv$ me2 & yet ,i _c sp>e ! life ( "o :o ha? sla9 s _m noble ,moslems4 ,i swe> t ?\ %alt n ga9 by ?y deceit unless ?\ wilt =?) embrace ,islam4 ,^u t1 believ+1 he made pr(ession ( ! true fai? ^u ! spot2 & !nce=?1 resid+ at ,m$9a1 he receiv$ a p5sion ( ! highe/ grade4#di ,sid5ote3 ,tribute & humiliation4 ,disabilities impos$ on ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ^? :o held to _! ance/ral fai? !re 0 no escape f ! second or ! ?ird alt]native4 ,if !y w\ld avoid ! sword1 or1 hav+ wield$ x1 7 beat51 !y mu/ become tribut>y4 ,moreov]1 ! paym5t ( tribute is n ! only condition enjo9$ by ! ,koran4 ,fight aga9/ !m 7! ,jews & ,*ri/ians7 until !y pay tribute ) ! h&1 & are humbl$4#ej ,! comm& fell on will+ e>s4 ,an ample int]pretation 0 giv5 to x4 ,& s x came to pass t1 ?\gh ,jews & ,*ri/ians 71 on ! paym5t ( tribute1 tol]at$ 9 ! pr(ession ( _! ance/ral fai?1 !y 7 yet subject$ 7& /ill are subject$7 to sev]e humiliation4 ,! nature & ext5t ( ! degradation to :i* !y 7 br\ght d[n1 & ! /r5g? ( ! inducem5t to pur*ase exemption & ! equality ( civil rights1 by surr5d]+ _! religion1 may be le>n$ f ! provisions :i* 7 embodi$ 9 ! code nam$ ,! ,ord9ance ( ,om>1 :i* has be5 m or less en=c$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,besides ! tribute & v>i\s o!r impo/s levi$ f ! ,p ( ! ,book1#ea & ! duty ( receiv+ ,moslem travel]s qu>t]$ ^u !m1 ! dress ( bo? sexes mu/ be di/+ui%$ by broad /ripes ( yell[4 ,!y are =bidd5 to appe> on horseback1 & if m\nt$ on a mule or ass _! /irrups mu/ be ( wood1 & _! saddles kn[n by knobs ( ! same mat]ial4 ,_! graves mu/ n rise above ! level ( ! soil1 & ! devil's m>k is plac$ ^u ! l9tel ( _! doors4 ,_! *ildr5 mu/ be taught by ,moslem ma/]s1 & ! race1 h[ev] able or well qualifi$1 proscrib$ f any (fice ( high emolum5t or tru/4 ,besides ! *ur*es sp>$ at ! "t ( conque/ no new build+s c be erect$ = ! purposes ( wor%ip2 nor c free entrance into _! holy places at pleasure be refus$ to ! ,moslem4 ,no cross mu/ rema9 9 view outside1 nor any *ur*-bells be rung4 ,!y mu/ refra9 f processions 9 ! /reet at ,ea/]1 & o!r solemnities2 & f any ?+1 9 %ort1 :e!r by outw>d symbol1 ^w1 or de$1 :i* c\ld be con/ru$ into rivalry1 or competition ) ! rul+ fai?4 ,su* 0 ! s-call$ ,code ( ,om>4 ,en=c$ ) less or great] /r+5cy1 accord+ to ! intol]ance & caprice ( ! day1 by diff]5t dyna/ies1 x 01 & 7h[ev] mu* relax$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries7 x /ill rema9s1 ! law ( ,islam4 ,"o mu/ admire ! r>e t5acity ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i*1 ) b scanty light & hope1 held its gr\nd ?r\gh we>y ages ( insult & depression1 & /ill survives to see ! dawn+ ( a bright] day4#eb ,sid5ote3 ,cont9u+ inducem5ts 9 times ( peace4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ! ho/ile attitude ( ,islam militant 9 its e>ly days2 su* ! pressure br\ght to be> on conqu]$ l&s = its acceptance2 & su* ! disabilities impos$ ^u recusant ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,on ! "o h&1 rap9e1 plund]1 slav]y1 tribute1 civil disability2 on ! o!r1 security1 peace1 & honor4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ t1 "u su* con/ra9t1 conqu]$ peoples succumb$ be=e ,islam4 ,nor 7 ! temporal inducem5ts to conv]sion conf9$ to ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,s>ac5s 7 engag$ 9 spread+ ,islam by =ce ( arms4 ,let u come d[n a c\ple ( c5turies f ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 & take ! reign ( ! tol]ant & lib]al-m9d$ sov]eign1 ,al ,mamun4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce ( ,al ,k9dy 9 second c5tury ( ,hegira1 ,a4,d4 #hcj4 ,spee* ( ,al ,mamun4 ,among ! philosoph]s ( all cre$s :om t great caliph ga!r$ ar\nd him at ,bagdad 0 a noble ,arab ( ! ,ne/orian fai?1 desc5d$ f ! k+ly tribe ( ! ,b5i ,k9da1 & h5ce call$ ,al ,k9dy4 ,a fri5d ( ?is ,ea/]n ,*ri/ian1 himself a memb] ( ! royal family1 invit$ ,al ,k9dy to embrace ,islam 9 an epi/le enl>g+ on ! di/+ui%$ rank :i*1 9 virtue ( 8 desc5t1 he w\ld 7if a true believ]7 occupy at c\rt1 & ! o!r privileges1 spiritual & mat]ial1 social & conjugal1 :i* he w\ld enjoy4 ,9 reply ! ,*ri/ian wrote an apology ( s+ul> eloqu5ce & p[]1 ?r[+ a flood ( light on ! worldly inducem5ts :i*1 ev5 at t comp>atively late p]iod1 ab\nd$ 9 a ,moslem /ate to promote conv]sion to ,islam4 ,?us ,al ,mamun himself1 9 a spee* deliv]$ be=e 8 c\ncil1 *>act]izes c]ta9 ( 8 c\rti]s accus$ z secret adh]5ts ( ! ,zoroa/rian fai?3 ,?\gh pr(ess+ ,islam1 !y are free f ! same4 ,?is !y d to be se5 ( me1 :ile _! convictions1 ,i am well aw>e1 are j ! opposite ( t :i* !y pr(ess4 ,!y belong to a class :i* embrace ,islam1 n f any love ( ?is our fai?1 b ?9k+ !reby to ga9 access to our c\rt1 & %>e 9 ! honor1 weal?1 & p[] ( ! realm4 ,!y h no inw>d p]suasion ( t :i* !y outw>dly pr(ess4#ec ,sid5ote3 ,conv]ts f sordid motives4 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! v>i\s classes br\ght ov] to ,islam by sordid & unwor?y motives1 ,al ,k9dy says3 ,moreov]1 !re are ! idolatr\s races--,magians & ,jews--l[ p aspir+ by ! pr(ession ( ,islam to raise !mselves to ri*es & p[] & to =m alliances ) ! families ( ! le>n$ & honorable4 ,!re are1 besides1 hypocritical m5 ( ! _w1 :o 9 ?is way obta9 indulg5ces 9 ! matt] ( m>riage & concub9age :i* are =bidd5 to !m by ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,!n we h ! dissolute class giv5 ov] :olly to ! lu/s ( ! fle%4 ,& la/ly !re are ^? :o by ?is means obta9 a m secure & easy livelihood4#ed ,sid5ote3 ,al ,k9dy contra/s ! ,*ri/ian confessor ) ! ,moslem m>tyr4 ,! ,*ri/ian confessor & ! ,moslem m>tyr4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( our subject x may be opportune to quote a few m passages f ,al ,k9dy1 9 :i* he contra/s ! inducem5ts t1 "u ! milit>y & political pr$om9ance ( ,islam1 promot$ its rapid spread1 & ! opposite conditions "u :i* ,*ri/ianity made progress1 sl[1 inde$1 comp>atively1 b sure & /eady4 ,fir/1 he comp>es ! ,*ri/ian confessor ) ! ,moslem m>tyr3 ,i m>vel mu*1 he says1 t ye call ^? m>tyrs t fall 9 w>4 ,?\ ha/ read1 no d\bt1 9 hi/ory ( ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ put to dea? 9 ! p]secutions ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia & else:]e4 ,say1 n[1 :i* are ! m wor?y to be call$ m>tyrs1 ^!1 or ?y fell[s t fall fight+ = ! _w & ! p[] !re(8 ,h[ div]se 7 ! b>b>ities & k9ds ( dea? inflict$ on ! ,*ri/ian confessors6 ,! m !y 7 sla9 ! m rapidly spread ! fai?2 9 place ( "o sprang up a hundr$4 ,on a c]ta9 occasion1 :5 a great multitude _h be5 put to dea?1 "o at c\rt said to ! k+1 ,! numb] ( !m increase? in/ead (1 z ?\ ?9ke/1 dim9i%+4 ,h[ c t be8 exclaim$ ! k+4 ,b ye/]day1 repli$ ! c\rti]1 ?\ did/ put su* & su* a "o to dea?1 & lo1 !re 7 conv]t$ d\ble t numb]2 & ! p say t a man appe>$ to ! confessors f heav5 /r5g!n+ !m 9 _! la/ mom5ts4 ,:]eupon ! k+ himself 0 conv]t$4 ,9 ^? days m5 ?\ght n _! lives de> unto !m4 ,"s 7 transfix$ :ile yet alive2 o!rs _h _! limbs cut (f "o aft] ano!r2 "s 7 ca/ to ! wild bea/s & o!rs burn$ 9 ! fire4 ,su* cont9u$ long to be ! fate ( ! ,*ri/ian confessors4 ,no p>allel is f\nd !reto 9 any o!r religion2 & all 0 endur$ ) con/ancy & ev5 ) joy4 ,"o smil$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 great suff]+4 ,0 x cold wat]1 !y ask$1 t 0 br\ght unto !e8 ,no1 answ]$ ! suff]]1 x 0 "o l a y\? t /ood by me & ano9t$ my w\nds2 & t made me smile1 = ! pa9 =?) dep>t$4 ,n[ tell me s]i\sly1 my fri5d1 :i* ( ! two ha? ! be/ claim to be call$ a m>tyr1 sla9 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l3 he :o surr5d]e? 8 life r ?an r5\nce 8 fai?2 :o1 :5 x is said1 ,fall d[n & wor%ip ! sun & moon1 or ! idols ( silv] & gold1 "w ( m5's h&s1 in/ead ( ! true ,god1 refuse?1 *oos+ r to give up life1 ab&on weal?1 & =ego ev5 wife & family2 or he t goe? =?1 ravag+ & lay+ wa/e1 plund]+ & spoil+1 slay+ ! m51 c>ry+ away _! *ildr5 into captivity1 & ravi%+ _! wives & maid5s 9 8 unlawful embrace1 & !n %all call x ,jehad 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l6 444 ,& n cont5t !re)1 in/ead ( humbl+ ?yself be=e ! ,"l1 & seek+ p>don = ! crime1 ?\ saye/ ( su* a "o sla9 9 ! w> t he ha? e>n$ p>adise1 & ?\ name/ him a m>tyr 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l6#ee ,& aga91 contra/+ ! spread ( ,islam1 its rattl+ quiv] & its glitt]+ sword1 ) ! sil5t progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 our apologi/1 aft] dwell+ on ! tea*+ & ! miracles ( ! apo/les1 writes3 ,!y publi%$ _! message by means ( ^! miracles2 & ?us great & p[]ful k+s & philosoph]s & le>n$ m5 & judges ( ! e>? he>k5$ unto !m1 )\t la% or rod1 ) nei!r sword nor spe>1 nor ! advantages ( bir? or ,help]s2#ef ) no wisdom ( ?is _w1 or eloqu5ce or p[] ( language1 or subtlety ( reason2 ) no worldly inducem5t1 nor yet aga9 ) any relaxation ( ! moral law1 b simply at ! voice ( tru? en=c$ by miracles beyond ! p[] ( man to %[4 ,& s !re came ov] to !m ! k+s & great ones ( ! e>?4 ,& ! philosoph]s ab&on$ _! sy/ems1 ) all _! wisdom & le>n+1 & betook !m to a sa9tly life1 giv+ up ! delights ( ?is _w toge!r ) _! old-e/abli%$ usages1 & became foll[]s ( a company ( poor m51 fi%]s & publicans1 :o _h nei!r "n nor rank nor any claim o!r ?an t !y 7 ob$i5t to ! comm& ( ! ,messiah--he t gave !m p[] to d su* wond]ful works4#eg ,sid5ote3 ,! apo/les comp>$ ) ! *iefs ( ,islam4 ,& yet once m1 comp>+ ! apo/les ) ! milit>y *iefs ( ,islam1 ,al ,k9dy proce$s3 ,aft] ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! gift ( tongues ! apo/les sep>at$ ea* to ! c\ntry to :i* he 0 call$4 ,!y wrote out 9 e tongue ! holy ,gospel1 & ! /ory & tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 at ! dictation ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,s ! nations drew ne> unto !m1 believ+ _! te/imony2 &1 giv+ up ! _w & _! false beliefs1 !y embrac$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? z soon z ev] ! dawn ( tru? & ! light ( ! good tid+s broke 9 ^u !m4 ,di/+ui%+ ! true f ! false1 & error f ! "r direction1 !y embrac$ ! ,gospel & held x fa/ )\t d\bt or wav]+1 :5 !y saw ! wond]ful works & signs ( ! apo/les1 & _! lives & conv]sation set aft] ! holy & beautiful example ( our ,savi\r1 ! traces :]e( rema9 ev5 unto ! pres5t day4444 ,h[ diff]5t ?is f ! life ( ?y ,ma/] 7,mohamm$7 & 8 companions1 :o ceas$ n to g =? 9 battle & rap9e1 to smite ) ! sword1 to seize ! little ones1 & ravi% ! wives & maid5s1 plund]+ & lay+ wa/e1 & c>ry+ ! p into captivity4 ,& ?us !y cont9ue unto ?is pres5t day1 incit+ m5 to ^! evil de$s1 ev5 z x is told ( ,om> ! ,caliph4 ,if "o among y1 said he1 ha? a hea!n neighbor & is 9 ne$1 let him seize & sell him4 ,& _m su* ?+s !y say & tea*4 ,look n[ at ! lives ( ,simon & ,paul1 :o w5t ab\t heal+ ! sick & rais+ ! dead1 by ! "n ( ,*ri/ our ,"l2 & m>k ! contra/4#eh ,sid5ote3 ,su* are ! conclusions ( a native ( ,*aldea4 ,su* are ! reflections ( "o :o liv$ at a ,mohamm$an c\rt1 & :o1 moreov]1 fl\ri%+ z he did a ?\s& ye>s ago1 0 suffici5tly ne> ! e>ly spread ( ,islam to be able to contra/ :at he saw & he>d & read ( ! causes ( its success ) ^? ( ! ,gospel1 & _h ! c\rage to confess ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,h9d]ances or inducem5ts inh]5t 9 ! fai? itself4 ,ap>t1 n[1 f ! outw>d & extrane\s aids giv5 to ,islam by ! sword & by ! civil arm ,i w inquire = a mom5t :at natural effect ! tea*+ ( ,islam itself _h 9 attract+ or repell+ mank9d4 ,i d n n[ speak ( any p[] conta9$ 9 ! tru?s x inculcat$ to conv]t to ,islam by ! r\s+ & quick5+ ( spiritual impulses2 = t lies beyond my pres5t purpose1 :i* is to inquire :e!r !re is n 9 mat]ial causes & secul> motives en\gh 9 !mselves to acc\nt = success4 ,i speak r ( ! effect ( ! indulg5ces grant$ by ,islam1 on ! "o h&1 z calculat$ to attract2 & ( ! re/ra9ts impos$ & sacrifices requir$1 on ! o!r1 z calculat$ to repel4 ,h[ f>1 9 fact1 did !re exi/ inducem5ts or h9d]ances to its adoption inh]5t 9 ! religion itself8 ,sid5ote3 ,requirem5ts ( ,islam3 pray]4 ,prohibition ( w9e1 games ( *ance1 & usury4 ,fa/ ( ,ramzan4 ,:at may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ con/ant & irksome ( ! obligations ( ,islam is ! duty ( pray]1 :i* mu/ be obs]v$ at /at$ int]vals1 five times e day1 ) ! cont+5t c]emony ( lu/ration4 ,! rite consi/s ( c]ta9 =ms & passages to be repeat$ ) prescrib$ s]ies ( pro/rations & g5uflexions4 ,^! mu/ be repeat$ at ! "r times--b any:]e1 9 ! h\se or by ! wayside1 z well z 9 ! mosque2 & ! ord9ance is obligatory 9 :atev] /ate ( m9d ! wor%ip] may be1 or h[ev] occupi$4 ,z ! appo9t$ h\r comes r\nd ! ,moslem is b\nd to turn aside to pray--s mu* s t 9 ,c5tral ,asia we read ( ! police driv+ ! backw>d wor%ip] by ! la% to dis*>ge ! duty4 ,?us1 ) ! mass ( ,mussulmans1 ! obligation becomes a m]e =mal c]emony1 & "o sees x p]=m$ any:]e & e-:]e by ! :ole p1 l any social cu/om1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,no d\bt !re are exceptions2 b ) ! multitude x does n involve ! irksom5ess ( a spiritual s]vice1 & s x sits lightly on high & l[4 ,! ,friday pray]s %\ld z a rule be att5d$ 9 ! mosque2 b nei!r ne$ !re be mu* devotion !re2 &1 once p]=m$1 ! re/ ( ! day is free = pleasure or = bus9ess4#ei ,! prohibition ( w9e is a re/riction :i* 0 sev]ely felt 9 ! e>ly days ( ! fai?2 b x 0 n long be=e ! univ]sal s5tim5t 7?\gh elud$ 9 "s qu>t]s7 support$ x4 ,! emb>go ^u games ( *ance 0 c]ta9ly unpopul>2 & ! prohibition ( ! receipt ( int]e/ 0 also an important limitation1 t5d+ z x did to %ackle ! fre$om ( m]cantile speculation2 b !y h be5 p>tially evad$ on v>i\s pretexts4 ,! fa/ ?r\gh\t ! mon? ( ,ramzan 0 a sev]] te/2 b ev5 ?is la/s only dur+ ! day2 & at night1 f sunset till dawn1 all re/rictions are )drawn1 n only 9 respect ( food1 b ( all o!rwise lawful gratifications4#fj ,sid5ote3 ,little t is unpopul> 9 ^! ord9ances4 ,!re is no?+1 !re=e1 9 ! requirem5ts & ord9ances ( ,islam1 except+ ! fa/1 t is v irksome to humanity1 or :i*1 z involv+ any mat]ial sacrifice1 or ! r5unciation ( ! pleasures or indulg5ces ( life1 %\ld lead a man ( ! _w to hesitate 9 embrac+ ! new fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,indulg5ces all[$ 9 ! matt] ( wives & concub9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lic5se all[$ by ! ,koran betwe5 ! sexes--at lea/ 9 favor ( ! male sex--is s wide t = su* z h ! means & ! desire to take advantage ( x !re ne$ be no limit :atev] to sexual indulg5ce4 ,x is true t adult]y is puni%able by dea? & =nication ) /ripes4 ,b !n ! ,koran gives ! believ] p]mission to h f\r wives at a "t4 ,& he may ex*ange !m--t is1 he may divorce !m at pleasure1 tak+ o!rs 9 _! /ead4#fa ,&1 z if ?is 7 n lic5se en\gh1 ! div9e law p]mits ! believ] to consort ) all female slaves :om he may be ! ma/] (--su*1 namely1 z h be5 tak5 9 w>1 or h be5 acquir$ by gift or pur*ase4 ,^! he may receive into 8 h>em in/ead ( wives1 or 9 addition to !m2 & )\t any limit ( numb] or re/ra9t :atev] he is at lib]ty to cohabit ) !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,polygamy1 concub9age1 & divorce4 ,practice at ! rise ( ,islam4 ,a few in/ances tak5 at r&om w enable ! read] to judge h[ ! indulg5ces ?us all[$ by ! religion 7 tak5 advantage ( 9 ! e>ly days ( ,islam4 ,9 ! great plague :i* deva/at$ ,syria sev5 ye>s aft] ! prophet's dea? ,khalid1 ! ,sword ( ,god1 lo/ =ty sons4 ,abdal ,rahman1 "o ( ! companions ( ,mohamm$1 _h issue by sixte5 wives1 n c\nt+ slave-girls4#fb ,moghira ibn ,%oba1 ano!r companion1 & gov]nor ( ,kufa & ,bussorah1 _h 9 8 h>em eighty consorts1 free & s]vile4 ,com+ clos] to ! ,prophet's h\sehold1 we f9d t ,mohamm$ himself at "o p]iod _h 9 8 h>em no few] ?an n9e wives & two slave-girls4 ,( 8 gr&son ,hasan we read t 8 vagrant passion ga9$ = him ! un5viable sobriquet ( ,! ,divorc]2 = x 0 only by cont9ually divorc+ 8 consorts t he c\ld h>monize 8 crav+ = fre% nuptials ) ! requirem5ts ( ! div9e law1 :i* limit$ ! numb] ( 8 free wives to f\r4 ,we are told t1 z a matt] ( simple caprice1 he ex]cis$ ! p[] ( divorce sev5ty 7accord+ to o!r traditions n9ety7 times4 ,:5 ! lead+ m5 compla9$ to ,aly ( ! lic5ti\s practice ( 8 son 8 only reply 0 t ! rem$y lay 9 _! own h&s1 ( refus+ ,hasan _! daught]s altoge!r4#fc ,su* are ! mat]ial inducem5ts1 ! works ( ! fle%1 :i* ,islam makes lawful to its vot>ies1 & :i* promot$ ?us its e>ly spread4 ,sid5ote3 ,practice 9 mod]n times4 ,! ,malays ( ,p5ang4 ,lane's te/imony conc]n+ ,egypt4 ,! pr9cess ( ,bhopal's acc\nt ( ,mecca4 ,desc5d+ n[ to mod]n times1 we /ill f9d t ?is sexual lic5se is tak5 advantage ( m or less 9 diff]5t c\ntries & conditions ( society4 ,! foll[+ examples are simply meant z %[+ to :at excess x is possible = ! believ] to c>ry ^! indulg5ces1 "u ! sanction ( 8 religion4 ,( ! ,malays 9 ,p5ang x 0 writt5 n v long ago3 ,"y m5 ( ?irty to ?irty-five ye>s ( age may be met ) :o h _h f fifte5 to tw5ty wives1 & *ildr5 by sev]al ( !m4 ,^! wom5 h be5 divorc$1 m>ri$ o!rs1 & _h *ildr5 by !m4 ,reg>d+ ,egypt1 ,lane tells u3 ,i h he>d ( m5 :o h be5 9 ! habit ( m>ry+ a new wife almo/ e mon?4#fd ,burkh>dt speaks ( an ,arab =ty-five ye>s old :o _h _h fifty wives1 s t he mu/ h divorc$ two wives & m>ri$ two fre% ones on ! av]age e ye>4 ,& n to g fur!r ?an ! sacr$ city ( ,mecca1 ! late reign+ pr9cess ( ,bhopal1 9 c5tral ,india1 h]self an or?odox foll[] ( ! ,prophet1 aft] mak+ ! pilgrimage ( ! holy places1 writes ?us3 ,wom5 frequ5tly contract z _m z t5 m>riages1 & ^? :o h only be5 m>ri$ twice are few 9 numb]4 ,if a woman sees h] husb& gr[+ old1 or if %e happ5 to admire any "o else1 %e goes to ! ,%]eef 7! spiritual & civil head ( ! holy city71 & aft] hav+ settl$ ! matt] ) him %e puts away h] husb& & takes to h]self ano!r1 :o is1 p]haps1 good-look+ & ri*4 ,9 ?is way a m>riage seldom la/s m ?an a ye> or two4 ,& ( slave-girls ! same high & imp>tial au?ority1 /ill writ+ ( ! holy city & ( h] fell[-,moslems1 tells u3 ,"s ( ! wom5 7,african & ,georgian girls7 are tak5 9 m>riage2 & aft] t1 on be+ sold aga91 !y receive f _! ma/]s a divorce1 & are sold 9 _! h\ses--t is to say1 !y are s5t to ! pur*as] f _! ma/]'s h\se on receipt ( paym5t1 & are n expos$ = sale 9 ! slave-m>ket4 ,!y are only m>ri$ :5 pur*as$ = ! fir/ "t4444 ,:5 ! poor] p buy 7female7 slaves !y keep !m = !mselves1 & *ange !m e ye> z "o w\ld replace old ?+s by new2 b ! wom5 :o h *ildr5 are n sold4#fe ,sid5ote3 ,islam sanctions a lic5se betwe5 ! sexes :i* ,*ri/ianity =bids4 ,! laws ( ,*ri/ianity det] m5 f c>nal indulg5ces4 ,islam ! ,easy ,way4 ,:at ,i desire to make cle> is ! fact t su* ?+s may be practic$ ) ! sanction ( ! ,scripture :i* ! ,moslem holds to be div9e1 & t ^! same indulg5ces h f ! fir/ exi/$ z inducem5ts :i* help$ mat]ially to =w>d ! spread ( ! fai?4 ,i am v f>1 inde$1 f imply+ t excessive indulg5ce 9 polygamy is ! univ]sal /ate ( ,moslem society4 ,happily ?is is n ! case4 ,!re are n only individuals1 b tribes & di/ricts1 :i*1 ei!r f cu/om or pref]5ce1 volunt>ily re/rict ! lic5se giv5 !m 9 ! ,koran2 :ile ! natural influ5ce ( ! family1 ev5 9 ,moslem c\ntries1 has an antiseptic t5d5cy t (t5 itself t5ds greatly to neutralize ! evil4#ff ,nor am ,i seek+ to in/itute any contra/ betwe5 ! morals at l>ge ( ,moslem c\ntries & ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,if ,*ri/ian nations are 7z ) %ame x mu/ be confess$7 9 "s /rata ( society immoral1 x is 9 ! tee? ( _! div9e law4 ,& ! re/rictions ( t law are calculat$1 & 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity did t5d1 9 po9t ( fact1 to det] m5 devot$ to ! indulg5ces ( ! fle% f embrac+ ! fai?4#fg ,! religion ( ,mohamm$1 on ! o!r h&1 gives direct sanction to ! sexual indulg5ces we h be5 speak+ (4 ,?us x p&]s to ! l[] in/9cts ( humanity & makes its spread ! easi]4 ,9 direct opposition to ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity x makes provision = ! fle% to fulfill ! lu/s !re(4 ,h5ce ,islam has be5 well call$ by its own vot>ies ! ,easy ,way4 ,once m1 to quote ,al ,k9dy3 ,?\ invite/ me 7says our apologi/ to 8 fri5d7 into ! ,easy way ( fai? & practice4 ,alas1 alas6 = our ,savi\r 9 ! ,gospel telle? u1 ,:5 ye h done all t ye are comm&$1 say1 ,we are unpr(itable s]vants2 we h b done t :i* 0 comm&$ u4 ,:]e !n is our m]it8 ,! same ,"l ,jesus sai?1 ,h[ /rait is ! road :i* leade? unto life1 & h[ few !y be t walk !re96 ,h[ wide ! gate t leade? to de/ruction1 & h[ _m !re be t g 9 !reat6 ,diff]5t ?is1 my fri5d1 f ! com=ts ( ?y wide & easy gate1 & ! facilities = enjoy+1 z ?\ w\ld/ h me1 ! pleasures (f]$ by ?y fai? 9 wives & damsels6#fh ,,footnotes3 a ,a4,d4 #fbc4 b ,a4,d4 #fcj4 c ,a4,d4 #fcb4 d ,a4,d4 #fce4 ,,ii4 ,,:y ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,0 ,,/ay$4 ,sid5ote3 ,islam /ation>y 9 area1 & 9 civilization retrograde4 ,hav+ ?us trac$ ! rapid e>ly spread ( ,islam to its prop] s\rce1 ,i proce$ to ! rema9+ topics1 namely1 ! causes :i* h *eck$ its fur!r ext5sion1 & ^? likewise :i* h depress$ ! foll[]s ( ?is religion 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,i %all take ! =m] fir/--j rem>k+ "h1 9 respect ( ! latt]1 t ! depression ( ,islam is itself "o ( ! causes :i* ret>d ! expansion ( ! fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,arabs ceas$1 9 second c5tury1 to be a crusad+ =ce4 ,z ! fir/ spread ( ,islam 0 due to ! sword1 s :5 ! sword 0 %ea!d ,islam ceas$ to spread4 ,! apo/les & mission>ies ( ,islam 71 z we h se51 ! m>tial tribes ( ,arabia--t is to say1 ! gr& milit>y =ce organiz$ by ,om>1 & by him laun*$ ^u ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,gorg$ ) ! plund] ( ! _w1 ^! began1 aft] a "t1 to settle on _! lees & to m+le ) ! ord9>y population4 ,s soon z ?is came to pass !y lo/ ! fi]y zeal :i* at ! fir/ _h made !m irresi/ible4 ,by ! second & ?ird c5turies ! ,arabs _h disappe>$ z ! /&+ army ( ! caliphate1 or1 9 o!r words1 z a body set ap>t = ! dissem9ation ( ! fai?4 ,! crusad+ _s1 inde$1 ev] & anon bur/ =?--& x /ill bur/s =?1 z opportunity (f]s--simply = ! reason t ?is _s p]vades ! ,koran1 & is +ra9$ 9 ! cre$4 ,b ) ! special ag5cy creat$ & ma9ta9$ dur+ ! fir/ ages = ! spread ( ,islam ! inc5tive ( crusade ceas$ z a di/9ctive mission>y spr+ ( action1 & deg5]at$ into ! common lu/ ( conque/ :i* we meet ) 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,sid5ote3 ,) cessation ( conque/1 ,islam ceas$ to spread4 ,! ext5sion ( ,islam1 dep5d+ ^u milit>y success1 /opp$ :]ev] t 0 *eck$4 ,! religion advanc$ or retir$1 speak+ broadly1 z ! arm$ pr$om9ance made head or retroc$$4 ,?us ! tide ( ,moslem victory1 ru%+ along ! coa/ ( ,africa1 ext+ui%$ ! seats ( ,european civilization on ! ,m$it]ranean1 ov]:elm$ ,spa91 & 0 rapidly advanc+ nor?1 :5 ! onw>d wave 0 /emm$ at ,t\rs2 & z ) ! arms1 ! fai? also ( ,islam 0 driv5 back into ,spa9 & b\nd$ by ! ,pyr5ees4 ,s1 likewise1 ! hold :i* ! religion seiz$ bo? ( ,spa9 & ,sicily came to an end ) ,mussulman defeat4 ,x is true t :5 once long & firmly root$1 z 9 ,india & ,*9a1 ,islam may survive ! loss ( milit>y p[]1 & ev5 fl\ri%4 ,b x is equally true t 9 no s+le c\ntry has ,islam be5 plant$1 nor has x any:]e mat]ially spread1 sav+ "u ! bann] ( ! ,cresc5t or ! political asc5d5cy ( "s neighbor+ ,/ate4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t1 except+ "s b>b>\s zones 9 ,africa :i* h be5 rais$ !reby a /ep above ! grovel+ level ( feti*ism1 ! fai? has 9 mod]n times made no advance wor? m5tion+4#fi ,f ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian religions !re has 7aga9 speak+ broadly7 be5 no secession :atev] to ,islam s9ce ! wave ( ,s>ac5 victory 0 /ay$1 except+ by ! =ce ( arms4 ,ev5 9 ! palmy days ( ! ,abbasside caliphs1 our apologi/ c\ld *all5ge 8 adv]s>y to produce a s+le conv]sion o!rwise ?an by reason ( "s p[]ful mat]ial inducem5t4 ,"h is 8 te/imony3 ,sid5ote3 ,al ,k9dy's *all5ge to produce a ,*ri/ian conv]t to ,islam ap>t f mat]ial inducem5ts4 ,n[ tell me1 ha/ ?\ ev] se51 my ,fri5d1 7! ,"l be graci\s unto !e67 or ev] he>d ( a s+le p]son ( s\nd m9d--any "o ( le>n+ & exp]i5ce1 & acqua9t$ ) ! ,scriptures1 r5\nc+ ,*ri/ianity o!rwise ?an = "s worldly object to be rea*$ only ?r\gh ?y religion1 or = "s gratification )held by ! fai? ( ,jesus8 ,?\ wilt f9d none4 ,=1 except+ ! tempt$ ones1 all cont9ue /eadfa/ 9 _! fai?1 secure "u our mo/ graci\s sov]eign1 9 ! pr(ession ( _! own religion4#gj ,,iii4 ,,l[ ,,position ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,! ,,scale ,,( ,,civilization4 ,sid5ote3 ,social & intellectual depression4 ,i pass on to consid] :y ,mohamm$an nations occupy s l[ a position1 halt+ z almo/ e-:]e !y d1 9 ! m>* ( social & intellectual developm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,islam int5d$ = ! ,arabs4 ,wants ! faculty ( adaptation4 ,! reason is n f> to f9d4 ,islam 0 meant = ,arabia1 n = ! _w2 = ! ,arabs ( ! sev5? c5tury1 n = ! ,arabs ( all "t2 & be+ su*1 & no?+ m1 its claim ( div9e orig9 r5d]s *ange or developm5t impossible4 ,x has )9 itself nei!r ! g]m ( natural gr[? nor ! lively spr+ ( adaptation4 ,mohamm$ decl>$ himself a prophet to ! ,arabs2#ga & h[ev] mu* 9 8 lat] days he may h contemplat$ ! re=mation ( o!r religions beyond ! ,p59sula1 or ! fur!r spread ( 8 own 7:i* is d\btful71 /ill ! rites & c]emonies1 ! cu/oms & ! laws enjo9$ ^u 8 p1 7 suitable 7if suitable at all7 = ! ,arabs ( t day1 & 9 _m respects = !m alone4 ,aga91 ! code conta9+ ^! injunctions1 social & c]emonial1 z well z doctr9al & didactic1 is embodi$ ) e p>ticul>ity ( detail1 z "p ( ! div9e law1 9 ! ,koran2 & s defy+1 z sacrilege1 all human t\*1 x /&s unalt]able =ev]4 ,f ! /iff & rigid %r\d 9 :i* x is ?us swa!d ! religion ( ,mohamm$ _c em]ge4 ,x has no pla/ic p[] beyond t ex]cis$ 9 its e>lie/ days4 ,h>d5$ n[ & inela/ic1 x c nei!r adapt itself nor yet %ape its vot>ies1 nor ev5 suff] !m to %ape !mselves to ! v>y+ circum/ances1 ! wants & developm5ts1 ( mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,local c]emonies3 pilgrimage4 ,fa/ ( ,ramzan4 ,we may judge ( ! local & inflexible "* ( ! fai? f "o or two ( its c]emonies4 ,to p]=m ! pilgrimage to ,mecca & ,m\nt ,arafat1 ) ! slay+ ( victims at ,m9a1 & ! wor%ip ( ! ,kaaba1 is an ord9ance obligatory 7) ! condition only t !y h ! means7 on all believ]s1 :o are b\nd to make ! j\rney ev5 f ! fur!/ ends ( ! e>?--an ord9ance intelligible en\gh 9 a local wor%ip1 b unmean+ & impracticable :5 requir$ ( a _w-wide religion4 ,! same may be said ( ! fa/ ( ,ramzan4 ,x is prescrib$ 9 ! ,koran to be obs]v$ by all ) undeviat+ /rictness dur+ ! :ole day1 f e>lie/ dawn till sunset ?r\gh\t ! mon?1 ) specifi$ exemptions = ! sick & p5alties = e occasion on :i* x is brok54 ,! comm&1 impos$ ?us ) an iron rule on male & female1 "y & old1 op]ates ) excessive inequality 9 diff]5t seasons1 l&s1 & climates4 ,h[ev] suitable to c\ntries ne> ! equator1 :]e ! v>iations ( day & night are immat]ial1 ! fa/ becomes intol]able to ^? :o are f> remov$ ei!r t[>d ! nor? or ! s\?2 & /ill clos] to ! poles1 :]e night m]ges into day & day into night1 impracticable4 ,aga91 ) ! lun> ye> 7itself an in/itution div9ely impos$71 ! mon? ( ,ramzan travels 9 ! ?ird ( a c5tury f mon? to mon? ov] ! :ole cycle ( a ye>4 ,! fa/ 0 e/abli%$ at a "t :5 ,ramzan fell 9 w9t]1 & ! *ange ( season 0 probably n =ese5 by ! ,prophet4 ,b ! result is "o :i*1 "u "s conditions ( "t & place1 involves ! greate/ h>d%ip4 ,= :5 ! fa/ comes r\nd to summ] ! trial 9 a sultry climate1 l t ( ! burn+ ,indian pla9s1 ( pass+ ! :ole day )\t a morsel ( bread or a drop ( wat] becomes to _m ! occasion ( int5se suff]+4 ,su* is ! effect ( ! ,arabian legislator's attempt at circum/antial legislation 9 matt]s ( religi\s c]emonial4 ,sid5ote3 ,political & social depression ow+ to relations betwe5 ! sexes4 ,ne>ly ! same is ! case ) all ! religions obligations ( ,islam1 pray]1 lu/ration1 etc4 ,b al?\gh ! m9ut5ess ( detail ) :i* ^! are enjo9$ t5ds t[>d t jejune & =mal wor%ip :i* we witness e-:]e 9 ,moslem l&s1 /ill !re is no?+ 9 ^! obs]vances !mselves :i* 7religion ap>t7 %\ld l[] ! social condition ( ,mohamm$an populations & prev5t _! em]g+ f t normal /ate ( semi-b>b>ism & unciviliz$ depression 9 :i* we f9d all ,moslem peoples4 ,= ! cause ( ?is we mu/ look else:]e2 & x may be recogniz$1 )\t d\bt1 9 ! relations e/abli%$ by ! ,koran betwe5 ! sexes4 ,polygamy1 divorce1 s]vile concub9age1 & ! veil are at ! root ( ,moslem decad5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,depression ( ! female sex4 ,divorce4 ,9 respect ( m>ri$ life ! condition allott$ by ! ,koran to woman is t ( an inf]ior dep5d5t creature1 de/9$ only = ! s]vice ( h] ma/]1 liable to be ca/ adrift )\t ! assignm5t ( a s+le reason or ! notice ( a s+le h\r4 ,:ile ! husb& possesses ! p[] ( a divorce--absolute1 imm$iate1 unque/ion$--no privilege ( a correspond+ nature has be5 res]v$ = ! wife4 ,%e hangs on1 h[ev] unwill+1 neglect$1 or sup]s$$1 ! p]petual slave ( h] "l1 if su* be 8 w4 ,:5 actually divorc$ %e c1 inde$1 claim h] d[]--h] hire1 z x is call$ 9 ! too pla9 language ( ! ,koran2 b ! k t ! wife c make ?is claim is at ! be/ a mis]able security aga9/ caprici\s ta/e2 & 9 ! case ( bondmaids ev5 t imp]fect *eck is want+4 ,! p[] ( divorce is n ! only p[] t may be ex]cis$ by ! tyrannical husb&4 ,au?ority to conf9e & to beat 8 wives is di/9ctly ve/$ 9 8 discretion4#gb ,?us re/ra9$1 seclud$1 degrad$1 ! m]e m9i/] ( enjoym5t1 liable at ! caprice or passion ( ! mom5t to be turn$ adrift1 x w\ld be h>d to say t ! position ( a wife 0 improv$ by ! code ( ,mohamm$4#gc ,ev5 if ! privilege ( divorce & m>ital tyranny be n ex]cis$1 ! k ( its exi/5ce z a pot5tial "r mu/ t5d to abate ! self-respect1 & 9 l degree to weak5 ! influ5ce ( ! sex1 impair+ ?us ! ameliorat+ & civiliz+ p[] :i* %e 0 meant to ex]cise ^u mank9d4 ,& ! evil has be5 /]eotyp$ by ! ,koran = all "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr9cipal ,fairbairn on home-life "u ,islam4 ,i mu/ quote "o m passage f ,pr9cipal ,fairbairn on ! l[]+ influ5ce ( ,moslem dome/ic life3 ,! ,god ( ,mohamm$ 444 sp>es ! s9s ! ,arab loves4 ,a religion t does n purify ! home _c reg5]ate ! race2 "o t depraves ! home is c]ta9 to deprave humanity4 ,mo!rhood is to be sacr$ if manhood is to be honorable4 ,spoil ! wife ( sanctity & = ! man ! sanctities ( life h p]i%$4 ,& s x has be5 ) ,islam4 ,x has re=m$ & lift$ savage tribes2 x has deprav$ & b>b>iz$ civiliz$ nations4 ,at ! root ( its faire/ culture a worm has ev] liv$ t has caus$ its blossoms soon to )] & die4 ,7 ,mohamm$ ! hope ( man1 !n 8 /ate 7 hopeless2 be=e him c\ld only be retrogression1 tyranny1 & despair4#gd ,sid5ote3 ,demoraliz+ influ5ce ( s]vile concub9age4 ,/ill worse is ! influ5ce ( s]vile concub9age4 ,! foll[+ is ! evid5ce ( a %rewd & able obs]v] 9 ! ,ea/3 ,all z5ana life mu/ be bad = m5 at all /ages ( _! exi/5ce4444 ,9 y\? x mu/ be ru9 to be pett$ & spoil$ by a company ( submissive slave-girls4 ,9 manhood x is no less an evil t :5 a man ent]s into private life 8 affections %\ld be put up to auction among fooli%1 fond competitors full ( mutual jeal\sies & sl&]s4 ,we are n left entirely to conjecture z to ! effect ( female influ5ce on home-life :5 x is ex]t$ "u ^! un5light5$ & demoraliz+ conditions4 ,t is pla9ly an elem5t ly+ at ! root ( all ! mo/ important features t diff]5tiate progress f /agnation4#ge ,sid5ote3 ,det]iorat+ influ5ce ( relations e/abli%$ betwe5 ! sexes4 ,su* are ! in/itutions :i* gnaw at ! root ( ,islam & prev5t ! gr[? ( fre$om & civilization4 ,by ^! ! unity ( ! h\sehold is fatally brok5 & ! purity & virtue ( ! family tie weak5$2 ! vigor ( ! dom9ant classes is sapp$2 ! body politic becomes weak & languid1 except+ = intrigues1 & ! ?rone itself liable to fall a prey to a d\btful or conte/$ succession#gf--;conte/$ by ! prog5y ( ! v>i\s rivals cr[d$ into ! royal h>em4 ,f ! palace d[nw>d polygamy & s]vile concub9age l[] ! moral tone1 loos5 ! ties ( dome/ic life1 & hopelessly depress ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,! veil4 ,nor is ! veil1 albeit "u ! circum/ances a necess>y precaution1 less detrim5tal1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way1 to ! int]e/s ( ,moslem society4 ,?is /range cu/om owes its orig9 to ! ,prophet's jeal\s temp]am5t4 ,x is =bidd5 9 ! ,koran = wom5 to appe> unveil$ be=e any memb] ( ! o!r sex ) ! exception ( c]ta9 ne> relatives ( specifi$ prop9quity4#gg ,& ?is law1 c\pl$ ) o!r re/rictions ( ! k9d1 has l$ to ! imposition ( ! boorka or purdah 7! dress :i* conceals ! p]son & ! veil7 & to ! great] or less seclusion ( ! h>em & z5ana4 ,sid5ote3 ,society vitiat$ by ! )drawal ( ! female sex4 ,mohamm$an society1 ?us truncat$1 incapable ( progress4 ,! defects ( ,mohamm$an society4 ,?is ord9ance & ! practices fl[+ f x mu/ survive1 m or less1 s long z ! ,koran rema9s ! rule ( fai?4 ,x may appe> at fir/ sight a m]e negative evil1 a social cu/om comp>atively h>mless2 b 9 tru? x has a m debilitat+ effect ^u ! ,moslem race p]haps ?an any ?+ else1 = by x woman is totally )drawn f h] prop] place 9 ! social circle4 ,%e may1 inde$1 9 ! comp>atively lax] lic5se ( "s l&s be se5 flitt+ along ! /reets or driv+ 9 h] c>riage2 b ev5 s x is l "o belong+ to ano!r _w1 veil$1 %r\d$1 & cut (f f int]c\rse ) ^? ar\nd h]4 ,free only 9 ! retirem5t ( h] own seclud$ ap>tm5ts1 %e is altoge!r %ut out f h] legitimate sph]e 9 ! duties & enjoym5ts ( life4 ,b ! blight on ! sex itself f ?is unnatural regulation1 sad z x is1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a m9or evil4 ,! mis*ief ext5ds beyond h]4 ,! tone & framework ( society z x came f ! ,mak]'s h&s are alt]$1 damag$1 & det]iorat$4 ,f ! veil !re fl[s ?is d\ble injury4 ,! bright1 ref9+1 s(t5+ influ5ce ( woman is )drawn f ! out] _w1 & social life1 want+ ! graci\s influ5ces ( ! female sex1 becomes1 z we see ?r\gh\t ,moslem l&s1 =c$1 h>d1 unnatural1 & morose4 ,moreov]1 ! ,mohamm$an nations1 = all purposes ( common elevation & = all ef=ts ( philan?ropy & lib]ty1 are 7z !y live 9 public & beyond ! inn] recesses ( _! homes7 b a truncat$ & imp]fect exhibition ( humanity4 ,!y are want+ 9 "o ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 ! bett] half1 ! humaniz+ & ! s(t5+ elem5t4 ,& x w\ld be aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s to suppose t ! body1 ?us %orn & mutilat$1 c possess 9 itself ! virtue & p[] ( progress1 re=m1 & elevation4 ,! l9k connect+ ! family ) social & public life is deta*$1 & s nei!r is en rapport1 z x %\ld be1 ) ! o!r4 ,re=ms fail to f9d entrance into ! family or to p5etrate ! dome/ic soil :]e alone !y c\ld take root1 gr[ into ! national m9d1 live1 & be p]petuat$4 ,"u su* conditions ! se$s ( civilization refuse to g]m9ate4 ,no real gr[? is possible 9 free & useful in/itutions1 nor any p]man5t & heal?y =ce 9 ^? great movem5ts :i* else:]e t5d to uplift ! masses & elevate mank9d4 ,!re may1 x is true1 be "s advance1 f "t to "t1 9 sci5ce & 9 mat]ial prosp]ity2 b ! social gr\ndwork = ! same is want+1 & ! p surely relapse into ! semi-b>b>ism =c$ ^u !m by an ord9ance :i* is oppos$ to ! be/ in/9cts ( humanity4 ,su/a9$ progress becomes impossible4 ,su* is ! outcome ( an attempt to improve ^u nature & bani% woman1 ! help-meet ( man1 f ! position assign$ by ,god to h] 9 ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,yet ! veil necess>y "u exi/+ circum/ances4 ,at ! same "t ,i am n prep>$ to say t 9 view ( ! laxity ( ! conjugal relations inh]5t 9 ! in/itutions ( ,islam "s su* social *eck z t ( ! veil 7ap>t f ! p[] to conf9e & ca/igate7 is n ne$$ = ! repression ( lic5se & ! ma9t5ance ( outw>d dec5cy4 ,!re is too mu* reason to appreh5d t free social int]c\rse might o!rwise be dang]\s to morality "u ! code ( ,mohamm$1 & ) ! example be=e m5 & wom5 ( ! e>ly wor?ies ( ,islam4 ,s long z ! s5tim5ts & habits ( ! ,moslem _w rema9 z !y are "s rem$ial or prev5tive measure ( ! k9d seems indisp5sable4 ,b ! peculi>ity ( ! ,mussulman polity1 z we h se51 is su* t ! sexual laws & in/itutions :i* call = re/rictions ( ! k9d z f\nd$ on ! ,koran are incapable ( *ange2 !y mu/ co-exi/ ) ! fai? itself1 & la/ :ile x la/s4 ,s long1 !n1 z ?is polity prevails ! depression ( woman1 z well z h] exclusion f ! social circle1 mu/ injure ! heal? & vitality ( ! body politic1 impair its purity & grace1 p>alyze vigor1 ret>d progress 9 ! direction ( fre$om1 philan?ropy1 & moral elevation1 & g5]ally p]petuate ! normal /ate ( ,mohamm$an peoples1 z "o ( semi-b>b>ism4 ,to recapitulate1 we h se53 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation4 ,fir/4 ,t ,islam 0 propagat$ ma9ly by ! sword4 ,) ! tide ( conque/ ! religion w5t =w>d2 :]e conque/ 0 arre/$ made no advance beyond2 & at ! )drawal ( ! ,moslem arms ! fai? also commonly retir$4 ,second4 ,! inducem5ts1 :e!r mat]ial or spiritual1 to embrace ,islam h prov$ insuffici5t ( !mselves 7speak+ broadly7 to spread ! fai?1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sword1 & )\t ! influ5ce ( ! political or secul> arm4 ,?ird4 ,! ord9ances ( ,islam1 ^? especially hav+ respect to ! female sex1 h induc$ an inh]5t weakness1 :i* depresses ! social sy/em & ret>ds its progress4 ,sid5ote3 ,contra/ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,if ! read] %\ld h foll[$ me 9 ! argum5t by :i* ^! conclusions h be5 rea*$ ! contra/ ) ! ,*ri/ian fai? has no d\bt be5 sugge/+ itself at ea* successive /ep4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ri/ianity n propagat$ by =ce4 ,*ri/ianity1 z ,al ,k9dy has s =cibly put x1 ga9$ a firm foot+ 9 ! _w )\t ! sword1 & )\t any aid :atev] f ! secul> arm4 ,s f> f hav+ ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,/ate x triumph$ 9 spite ( opposition1 p]secution1 & disc\ragem5t4 ,my k+dom1 said ,jesus1 is n ( ?is _w4 ,if my k+dom 7 ( ?is _w1 !n w\ld my s]vants fight t ,i %\ld n be deliv]$ to ! ,jews2 b n[ is my k+dom n f h5ce4444 ,= ?is end came ,i into ! _w1 t ,i %\ld be> witness to ! tru?4 ,e "o t is ( ! tru?1 he>e? my voice4#gh ,sid5ote3 ,nor by worldly inducem5ts4 ,! religion itself1 9 its e>ly days1 (f]$ no worldly attractions or indulg5ces4 ,x 0 n1 l ,islam1 an easy way4 ,:e!r 9 )drawal f social obs]vances deeply ta9t$ ) idolatry1 ! refusal to p>ticipate 9 sacrificial c]emonies insi/$ on by ! rul]s1 or 9 ! r5unciation ( indulg5ces inconsi/5t ) a sa9tly life1 ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession requir$ self-d5ial at e /ep4 ,sid5ote3 ,adaptive pr9ciples & pla/ic faculty ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b o!rwise ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity n[h]e int]f]$ ) ! civil in/itutions ( ! c\ntries into :i* x p5etrat$ or ) any social cu/oms or practices t 7 n 9 !mselves immoral or idolatr\s4 ,x did n1 inde$1 neglect to guide ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,b x did s by ! enunciation ( pr9ciples & rules ( wide & f>-rea*+ application4 ,^!1 no less ?an ! injunctions ( ! ,koran1 s]v$ amply = ! exig5cies ( ! day4 ,b !y h done a va/ deal m4 ,!y h prov$ !mselves capable ( adaptation to ! mo/ advanc$ /ages ( social developm5t & intellectual elevation4 ,&1 :at is inf9itely m1 x may be claim$ = ! lessons embodi$ 9 ! ,gospel t !y h be5 !mselves promotive1 if inde$ !y h n be5 ! imm$iate cause1 ( all ! mo/ important re=ms & philan?ropies t n[ prevail 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! pr9ciples ?us laid d[n conta9$ g]ms end[$ ) ! p[] ( life & gr[? :i*1 exp&+ & fl\ri%+1 sl[ly x may be1 b surely1 h at ! la/ borne ! fruits we see4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples3 slav]y4 ,relations betwe5 ! sexes4 ,take1 = example1 ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,x prevail$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire at ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 z x did 9 ,arabia at ! rise ( ,islam4 ,9 ! ,moslem code1 z we h se51 ! practice has be5 p]petuat$4 ,slav]y mu/ be held p]missible s long z ! ,koran is tak5 to be ! rule ( fai?4 ,! div9e sanction ?us impress$ ^u ! in/itution1 & ! clos5ess ) :i* by law & cu/om x int]m+les ) social & dome/ic life1 make x impossible = any ,mohamm$an p to impugn slav]y z contr>y to s\nd morality or = any body ( loyal believ]s to advocate its abolition ^u ! gr\nd ( pr9ciple4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 s _m privileges & gratifications accru+ to ! high] classes f its ma9t5ance t 7except+ "u ! /rong pressure ( ,european diplomacy7 no s9c]e & he>ty ef=t c be expect$ f ! ,moslem race 9 ! suppression ( ! inhuman traffic1 ! horrors ( :i*1 z pursu$ by ,moslem slave-trad]s1 _! ,prophet w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to d5\nce4 ,look n[ at ! wisdom ) :i* ! ,gospel treats ! in/itution4 ,x is n[h]e 9 s _m words proscrib$1 = t w\ld1 "u ! circum/ances1 h l$ to ! abnegation ( relative duties & ! disruption ( society4 ,x is accept$ z a prevail+ in/itution recogniz$ by ! civil p[]s4 ,h[ev] desirable fre$om might be1 slav]y 0 n inconsi/5t ) ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession3 ,art ?\ call$ be+ a s]vant8 c>e n = x3 b if ?\ maye/ be made free1 use x r4e ,! duty ( ob$i5ce to 8 ma/] is enjo9$ ^u ! slave1 & ! duty ( mildness & urbanity t[>d 8 slave is enjo9$ ^u ! ma/]4 ,b ) all ?is 0 laid ! se$ :i* grew into emancipation4 ,our ,fa!r1 gave ! key-note ( fre$om4 ,ye are all ! *ildr5 ( ,god by fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,!re is nei!r bond nor free1 444 = ye are all "o 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4f ,he t is call$ 9 ! ,"l1 be+ a s]vant1 is ! ,"l's freeman4g ,! conv]t$ slave is to be receiv$ n n[ z a s]vant1 b above a s]vant1 a bro!r belov$4h ,! se$ has borne its prop] h>ve/4 ,late 9 "t1 no d\bt1 b by a sure & c]ta9 developm5t1 ! gr& tru? ( ! equality ( ! human race1 & ! "r ( e man & woman to fre$om ( ?\ght & 7)9 reasonable limit ( law7 to fre$om ( action1 has triumph$2 & x has triumph$ ?r\gh ! ,_s & ! precepts inculcat$ by ! ,gospel eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,nor is x o!rwise ) ! relations e/abli%$ betwe5 ! sexes4 ,polygamy1 divorce1 & concub9age ) bondmaid's h be5 p]petuat$1 z we h se51 by ,islam = all "t2 & ! ord9ances connect$ !re) h giv5 rise1 9 ! labori\s task ( def9+ ! conditions & limits ( :at is lawful1 to a mass ( pruri5t casui/ry defil+ ! books ( ,mohamm$an law4 ,contra/ ) ?is our ,savi\r's words1 ,he :i* made !m at ! beg9n+ made !m male & female4444 ,:at !re=e ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r let n man put asund]4i ,f :i* simple utt]ance h result$ monogamy & 79 ! abs5ce ( adult]y7 ! indissolubility ( ! m>riage bond4 ,:ile 9 respect ( conjugal duties we h su* l>ge1 b suffici5tly intelligible1 comm&s z to r5d] due b5evol5ce1j :]eby1 :ile ! obligations ( ! m>riage /ate are ma9ta9$1 ,*ri/ianity is sav$ f ! impurities :i*1 9 exp\nd+ ! ord9ances ( ,mohamm$1 surr\nd ! sexual e?ics ( ,islam1 & ca/ s f\l a /a9 ^u its lit]ature4 ,sid5ote3 ,elevation ( woman4 ,take1 aga91 ! place ( woman 9 ! _w4 ,we ne$ no injunction ( ! veil or ! h>em4 ,z ! temples ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! body is to be kept undefil$1 & e "o is to possess 8 vessel 9 sanctification & honor4k ,m5 are to treat ! eld] wom5 z mo!rs2 ! y\ng] z si/]s1 ) all purity4l ,wom5 are to adorn !mselves 9 mode/ app>el1 ) %amefac$ness & sobriety4m ,^!1 & su* l maxims embrace ! :ole moral fitness ( ! sev]al relations & duties :i* !y def9e4 ,!y are adapt$ = all ages ( "t & = all conditions ( m54 ,!y are capable ( be+ tak5 by e individual = p]sonal guidance1 accord+ to 8 own s5se ( propriety1 & !y c be accommodat$ by society at l>ge ) a due ref]5ce to ! habits & cu/oms ( ! day4 ,! attempt ( ,mohamm$ to lay d[n1 ) circum/antial m9ut5ess1 ! position ( ! female sex1 ! veil+ ( h] p]son1 & h] )drawal f ! gaze ( man1 has result$ 9 seclusion & degradation2 :ile ! _s ( ! ,gospel1 & injunctions l t ( giv+ honor to ! wife z to ! weak] vessel1n h borne ! fruit ( woman's elevation1 & h rais$ h] to ! position ( influ5ce1 honor1 & equality :i* 7not)/&+ ! m>ital sup]iority ( ! husb& 9 ! ideal ( a ,*ri/ian family7 %e n[ occupies 9 ! social scale4 ,sid5ote3 ,relations ) ! ,/ate4 ,*ri/ianity leaves humanity free to exp&4 ,9 ! type ( ,mussulman gov]nm5t :i* 7?\gh n laid d[n 9 ! ,koran7 is f\nd$ ^u ! _s ( ! fai? & ! prec$5t ( ! ,prophet ! civil is indissolubly bl5d$ ) ! spiritual au?ority1 to ! detrim5t ( religi\s lib]ty & political progress4 ,! ,ame]1 or comm&] ( ! fai?ful1 %\ld1 z 9 ! e>ly times1 s also 9 all ages1 be ! ,imam1 or religi\s *ief2 & z su* he %\ld preside at ! weekly ca!dral s]vice4 ,x is n a case ( ! ,*ur* be+ subject to ! ,/ate1 or ! ,/ate be+ subject to ! ,*ur*4 ,"h 7z we us$ to see 9 ! papal doma9s7 ! ,*ur* is ! ,/ate1 & ! ,/ate ! ,*ur*4 ,!y bo? are "o4 ,& 9 ?is we h ano!r cause ( ! backw>dness & depression ( ,mohamm$an society4 ,s9ce ! abolition ( ! temporal p[] 9 ,italy we h n[h]e 9 ,*ri/ian l&s any su* !ocratic union ( ,cs> & ! ,*ur*1 s t secul> & religi\s advance is left m or less unhamp]$2 :]eas 9 ,islam ! hi]>*ico-political con/itution has hopelessly weld$ ! secul> arm ) ! spiritual 9 "o common scept]1 to ! fur!r+ ( despotism1 & elim9ation ( ! popul> voice f its prop] place 9 ! conc]ns ( ,/ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,koran *ecks progress4 ,& s1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( political1 religi\s1 social1 & dome/ic relations1 ! attempt made by ! f\nd] ( ,islam to provide = all cont+5cies1 & to fix e ?+ a=eh& by rigid rule & scale1 has avail$ to cramp & b5umb ! free activities ( life & to p>alyze ! natural ef=ts ( society at heal?y gr[?1 expansion1 & re=m4 ,z an au?or already quot$ has s well put x1 ,! ,koran has froz5 ,mohamm$an ?\ght2 to obey x is to ab&on progress4#gi ,sid5ote3 ,is ,islam suitable = any nation8 ,writ]s h inde$ be5 f\nd :o1 dwell+ ^u ! b5efits conf]r$ by ,islam on idolatr\s & savage nations1 h gone s f> z to hold t ! religion ( ,mohamm$ may 9 consequ5ce be suit$ to c]ta9 portions ( mank9d--z if ! fai? ( ,jesus might peaceably divide ) x ! _w4 ,b surely to acquiesce 9 a sy/em :i* r$uces ! p to a dead level ( social depression1 despotism1 & semi-b>b>ism w\ld be abhorr5t f ! fir/ pr9ciples ( philan?ropy4 ,) ! believ]1 :o holds ! ,gospel to be good tid+s ( great joy1 :i* %all be to all p1o su* a notion is on high] gr\nds unt5able2 b ev5 9 view ( purely secul> consid]ations x is n only unt5able1 b altoge!r un9telligible4 ,z ,i h said else:]e3 ,! eclipse 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* /ill %$s its blight on ! anci5t seats ( ,j]ome & ,*ryso/om1 & %r\ds 9 d>kness ! once bright & fam\s sees ( ,cyprian & ,augu/9e1 has be5 disa/r\s e-:]e to lib]ty & progress1 equally z x has be5 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,& x is only z t eclipse %all pass away & ! ,sun ( righte\sness aga9 %9e =? t we c look to ! nations n[ dom9at$ by ,islam %>+ ) u ^? second>y b preci\s fruits ( div9e tea*+4 ,!n ) ! high] & endur+ bless+s :i* our fai? be/[s1 b n till !n1 we may hope t !re w foll[ likewise 9 _! wake fre$om & progress1 & all t t5ds to elevate ! human race4#hj ,sid5ote3 ,no sacrifice = s9 or r$emptive grace4 ,al?\gh ) ! view ( plac+ ! argum5t on indep5d5t gr\nd ,i h refra9$ f t\*+ ! peculi> doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! ine/imable b5efits :i* fl[ to mank9d !refrom1 ,i may be excus$1 be=e ,i conclude1 if ,i add a ^w reg>d+ !m4 ,! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ h no k ( ,god z a ,fa!r2 /ill less h !y k ( him z ,our ,fa!r--! ,god & ,fa!r ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!y ackn[l$ge1 inde$1 t ,jesus 0 a true prophet s5t ( ,god2 b !y d5y 8 crucifixion & dea?1 & !y "k no?+ ( ! p[] ( 8 resurrection4 ,to ^? :o h f\nd r$emption & peace 9 ^! ! gr& & di/9ctive tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 x may be all[$ to m\rn ov] ! l&s 9 :i* ! light ( ! ,gospel has be5 qu5*$1 & ^! bless+s blott$ out1 by ! mat]ial =ces ( ,islam2 :]e1 toge!r ) civilization & lib]ty1 ,*ri/ianity has giv5 place to gross d>kness1 & x is z if n[ !re 7 no m sacrifice = s9s4 ,we may1 & we d1 look =w>d ) e>ne/ expectation to ! day :5 k ( salvation %all be giv5 to ^! nations by ! remission ( _! s9s1 ?r\gh ! t5d] m]cy ( our ,god1 :]eby ! ,dayspr+ f on high ha? visit$ u1 to give light to !m t sit 9 d>kness & 9 ! %ad[ ( dea?1 to guide our feet into ! way ( peace4p ,sid5ote3 ,contra/ betwe5 div9e & human "w4 ,b ev5 ap>t f ^!1 ! special bless+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i ask1 :i* n[ ( ! two fai?s be>s1 9 its bir? & gr[?1 ! m>k ( a div9e h& & :i* ! human /amp8 ,:i* looks like/ ! h&iwork ( ! ,god ( nature1 :o ha? laid ! measures ( ! e>?1 & ha? /ret*$ ! l9e ^u x1q b n ! less ) an ev]-v>y+ adaptation to "t & place8 & :i* ! artificial imitation8 ,sid5ote3 ,islam4 ,z a re=m]1 ,mohamm$ did inde$ advance 8 p to a c]ta9 po9t1 b z a prophet he left !m fix$ immovably at t po9t = all "t to come4 ,z !re c be no return1 s nei!r c !re be any progress4 ,! tree is ( artificial plant+4 ,in/ead ( conta9+ )9 itself ! g]m ( gr[? & adaptation to ! v>i\s requirem5ts ( "t1 & clime1 & circum/ance1 exp&+ ) ! g5ial sun%9e & ! ra9 f heav51 x rema9s ! same =c$ & /unt$ ?+ z :5 fir/ plant$ twelve c5turies ago4#ha ,sid5ote3 ,*ri/ianity comp>$ by ,*ri/ to ! works ( nature4 ,su* is ,islam4 ,n[ :at is ,*ri/ianity8 ,li/5 to ! prophetic words ( ! ,f\nd] himself1 :o comp>es x to ! works ( nature3 ,s is ! k+dom ( ,god1 z if a man %\ld ca/ se$ into ! gr\nd2 ,& %\ld sleep1 & rise night & day1 & ! se$ %\ld spr+ & gr[ up1 he kn[e? n h[4 ,= ! e>? br+e? =? fruit ( h]self3 fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 aft] t ! full corn 9 ! e>4r ,& aga93 ,:]eunto %all we lik5 ! k+dom ( ,god1 or ) :at comp>ison %all we comp>e x8 ,x is l a gra9 ( mu/>d-se$1 :i*1 :5 x is s[n 9 ! e>?1 is less ?an all se$s t be 9 ! e>?2 ,b :5 x is s[n1 x gr[e? up & become? great] ?an all h]bs1 & %oote? out great bran*es1 s t ! f[ls ( ! air may lodge "u ! %ad[ ( x4s ,sid5ote3 ,islam ! "w ( man2 ,*ri/ianity ! "w ( ,god4 ,:i* is nature1 & :i* is art1 let ! read] judge4 ,:i* be>s ! impress ( man's h&1 & :i* t ( ,him :o is wond]ful 9 c\nsel1 & excell5t 9 work+8 ,9 f9e1 ( ! ,arabian x may be said3 ,hi!rto %alt ?\ come1 b no fur!r1 & "h %all ?y pr\d waves be /ay$4 ,b ( ,*ri/3 ,8 "n %all endure =ev]3 8 "n %all be cont9u$ z long z ! sun3 & m5 %all be bless$ 9 him3 all nations %all call him bless$4 ,he %all h dom9ion also f sea to sea1 & f ! riv] unto ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,bless$ be ! ,"l ,god1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 :o only doe? wondr\s ?+s4 ,& bless$ be 8 glori\s "n =ev]3 & let ! :ole e>? be fill$ ) 8 glory4 ,am51 & ,am54t ,,footnotes3 e #a ,cor4 vii1 #ba4 f ,gal4 iii1 #bf1 #bh4 g #a ,cor4 vii1 #bb4 h ,philemon #af4 i ,matt4 xix1 #d4 j #a ,cor4 vii1 #c4 k #a ,!ss4 iv1 #d4 l #a ,tim4 v1 #b4 m #a ,tim4 ii1 #i4 n #a ,pet4 iii1 #g4 o ,luke ii1 #aj4 p ,luke i1 #gg-gi4 q ,job xxxviii1 #e4 r ,m>k iv1 #bf-bh4 s ,m>k iv1 #cj-cb4 t ,psa4 lxxii1 #ag1 #h1 #ah1 #ai4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,b>?4 #b ,b]gaigne1 9 8 able treatise1 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 insi/s e>ne/ly on :at he calls ! liturgical contam9ation ( ! my?s4 ,see vol4 iii1 p4 #cbj4 #c ,r4,v41 ix1 #db1 #d4 #d ,r4,v41 ix1 #ig1 #bd4 #e ,! religion ( ! ,indo-,european race1 :ile /ill unit$1 recogniz$ a supreme ,god2 an organiz+ ,god2 almighty1 omnisci5t1 moral4444 ,?is conception 0 a h]itage ( ! pa/4444 ,! supreme ,god 0 orig9ally ! ,god ( heav54 ,s ,d>me/et]1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,octob]1 #ahgi4 ,ro? _h previ\sly writt5 ) mu* le>n+ & acut5ess to ! same effect4 #f ,muir's ,sanskrit ,texts1 v1 #dab4 #g ,r4,v41 iii1 #fb1 #aj4 #h ,! rites1 says ,haug1 mu/ h exi/$ f times immemorial4--,ait>eya ,brhmana1 pp4 #g1 #i4 #i ,web]1 ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,lit]ature1 p4 #ch4 #aj ,max ,mll]1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #chi4 #aa ,! haughty ,indra takes prec$5ce ( all gods4 ,r4,v41 #a1 #ee4 #ab ,^! two p]sonages ,indra & ,v>una sum up ! two conceptions ( div9ity1 betwe5 :i* ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,v$ic ,aryans seems to oscillate4--,b]gaigne1 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 vol4 iii1 p4 #adi4 #ac ,! mean+ ( ! t]m is n q c]ta94 ,sessions1 or ,in/ructions1 may p]haps be ! r5d]+4 ,s ,moni] ,williams4 #ad ,= example1 ,wordswor?3 ,?\1 ,?\ alone ,art ev]la/+1 & ! bless$ ,spirits ,:i* ,?\ include/1 z ! sea h] waves4 --,excursion1 book iv4 #ae ,or1 ! ?+ t really is--! ,greek3 onts on4 #af ,ekamadvitiyam4 #ag ,?is illu/ration is 9 ! m\? ( e ,h9du disputant at ! pres5t day4 #ah ,b>?1 p4 #ge4 #ai ,ekamadvitiyam4 #bj ,volui tibi suaviloqu5ti ,c>m9e ,pi]io rationem expon]e no/ram ,et quasi ,muso dulci cont+]e melle4 #ba ,dr4 ,j4 ,muir1 9 ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,no4 xlix1 p4 #bbd4 #bb ,miscellane\s ,writ+s 7,macmillan1 #ahfa71 vol4 i1 p4 #gg4 #bc ,b ! tru? is t e man is acc\nt$ a good ,h9du :o keeps ! rules ( ca/e & pays due respect to ! ,brahmans4 ,:at he believes1 or disbelieves1 is ( little or no consequ5ce4 #bd ,yaska1 probably 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 #be ,web] ?9ks t ,*ri/ian elem5ts may h be5 introduc$1 9 c\rse ( "t1 into ! repres5tation4 #bf ,8 ,ramayana 0 writt5 9 ,h9di v]se 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 #bg ,:5 ,jhansi 0 captur$ 9 ! times ( ! great mut9y ,engli% (fic]s 7 disgu/$ to see ! walls ( ! que5's palace cov]$ ) :at !y describ$ z grossly obsc5e pictures4 ,!re is little or no d\bt t ^! 7 simply repres5tations ( ! acts ( ,kri%na4 ,!re=e to ! ,h9du que5 !y 7 religi\s pictures4 ,:5 que/ion$ ab\t su* ?+s ! ,brahmans reply t de$s :i* w\ld be wick$ 9 m5 7 q "r 9 ,kri%na1 :o1 be+ ,god1 c\ld d :atev] he pleas$4 #bh ,born probably 9 #afdi4 #bi ,raja ,n>ayan ,basu 7,bose71 9 enum]at+ ! sacr$ books ( ,h9duism1 exclud$ ! philosophical sy/ems & includ$ ! ,tantras4 ,he 0 &1 we believe1 is a lead+ man 9 ! ,adi ,brahma ,somaj4 #cj ,b>?1 z above1 p4 #bjb4 #ca ,s writes ,vans ,k5n$y1 a good au?ority4 ,! rites1 h[ev]1 v>y ) v>y+ places4 #cb ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 v1 p4 #cef4 #cc ,cic]o4 #cd ,we le>n$ f 8 own lips t among ! books :i* mo/ deeply impress$ him 7 ! ,bible & ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s4 #ce ,see ,life ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #ach4 ,smi? ,eld]4 #cf ,life ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #agb1 :]e ! results are comp>$4 #cg ,life ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #cda2 ,sura ii1 #beg2 xxix1 #df4 #ch ,! only exceptions 7 ! ,jews ( ,kheib> & ! ,*ri/ians ( ,najran1 :o 7 p]mitt$ to cont9ue 9 ! pr(ession ( _! fai?4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 =c$ by ,om> to quit ! p59sula1 :i* !nce=w>d rema9$ exclusively ,mohamm$an4 ,islam is a synonym = ! ,mussulman fai?4 ,its orig9al mean+ is surr5d] ( "o's self to ,god4 #ci ,apology ( ,al ,k9dy1 ! ,*ri/ian1 p4 #ah4 ,smi? ,eld]1 #ahhb4 ,?is rem>kable apologi/ w be notic$ fur!r bel[4 #dj ,pr9cipal ,fairbairn3 ,! ,primitive ,polity ( ,islam1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahhb1 pp4 #hff1 #hfg4 #da ,h]r von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts1 unt] d5 ,*alif51 vol4 i1 p4 #chc4 #db ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate1 p4 #i4 ,smi? ,eld]1 #ahhc4 #dc ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 *apt] li1 & ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate1 p4 #ahd4 #dd ,ibid42 & ,sura xliv1 v4 #be4 ,we--t is1 ! ,"l4 #de ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate1 p4 #df4 #df ,see1 = example1 ,sura lxxviii3 ,v]ily = ! pi\s !re is a blissful abode3 g>d5s & v9ey>ds2 & damsels ) swell+ bosoms1 ( a fitt+ age2 & a full cup4 ,lovely l>ge-ey$ girls1 l pe>ls hidd5 9 _! %ells1 a rew>d = t :i* ! fai?ful %all h wr\ght4 ,v]ily ,we h creat$ !m ( a r>e creation1 virg9s1 "y & fasc9at+4444 ,mode/ damsels av]t+ _! eyes1 :om no man %all h kn[n be=e1 nor any ,j9n1 etc4 ,! read] w n fail to be /ruck by ! mat]iali/ic "* ( ,mohamm$'s p>adise4 #dg ,see ,sura ,jehad2 also ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate1 p4 #afg1 et4 seq4 #dh ,annals ( ! ,e>ly ,caliphate1 p4 #aje1 et4 seq4 #di ,see ,annals1 etc41 p4 #bec4 #ej ,sura ix1 v4 #cj4 #ea ,s ,jews & ,*ri/ians z possess+ ! ,bible are nam$ 9 ! ,koran4 #eb ,see ,annals1 etc41 p4 #bac4 #ec ,! ,apology ( ,al ,k9dy1 writt5 at ! c\rt ( ,al ,mamun ,a4,h4 #bae 7,a4,d4 #hcj71 ) an essay on its age & au?or%ip1 p4 #ab4 ,smi? ,eld]1 #ahhb4 #ed ,ibid41 p4 #cd4 #ee ,apology1 p4 #dg1 et4 seq4 #ef ,allud+ to ! ,ans>1 or mortal ,help]s ( ,mohamm$ at ,m$9a4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! apologi/1 x w be obs]v$1 is draw+ a contra/ ) ! means us$ = ! spread ( ,islam4 #eg ,apology1 p4 #af4 #eh ,apology1 p4 #eg4 #ei ,i am n "h comp>+ ! value ( ^! obs]vances ) ^? ( o!r religions4 ,i am inquir+ only h[ f> ! obligations ( ,islam may be held to involve h>d%ip or sacrifice su* z might h ret>d$ ! progress ( ,islam by r5d]+ x on its fir/ introduction unpopul>4 #fj ,see ,sura ii1 v4 #hh4 #fa ,sura iv1 #ah4 ,ex*ange is ! ^w us$ 9 ! ,koran4 #fb ,ea* ( 8 wid[s _h #ajj1jjj gold5 pieces left h]4 ,life ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #aga4 #fc ,^! divorc$ wives 7 irrespective ( 8 concub9es or slave-girls1 ^u ! numb] & v>iety ( :om !re 0 no limit or *eck :atev]4--,annals1 p4 #dah4 #fd ,lane adds3 ,!re are _m m5 9 ?is c\ntry :o1 9 ! c\rse ( t5 ye>s1 h m>ri$ z _m z tw5ty1 ?irty1 or m wives2 & wom5 n f> advanc$ 9 age h be5 wives to a doz5 or m husb&s successively4 ,note t all ?is is entirely )9 ! religi\s sanction4 #fe ,pilgrimage to ,mecca1 by h] highness ! reign+ ,begum ( ,bhopal1 translat$ by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,osborne 7#ahgj71 pp4 #hb1 #hh4 ,slave-girls _c be m>ri$ until fre$ by _! ma/]s4 ,:at h] highness tells ( wom5 divorc+ _! husb&s is ( c\rse entirely ultra vires1 & %[s h[ ! laxity ( conjugal relations all[$ to ! male sex has ext5d$ itself to ! female also1 & t 9 a city :]e1 if any:]e1 we %\ld h expect$ to f9d ! law obs]v$4 #ff ,9 ,india1 = example1 !re are ,mohamm$an races among :om monogamy1 z a rule1 prevails by cu/om1 & individuals ex]cis+ _! "r ( polygamy are look$ ^u ) disfavor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we meet occasionally ) m5 :o av] t r aga9/ _! w 7z !y w sometimes r amus+ly say7 !y h be5 =c$ by cu/om or family influ5ce to add by polygamy to _! dome/ic burd5s4 ,9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries1 h[ev]1 :5 we he> ( a man conf9+ himself to "o wife1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t he has no slaves to consort ) 9 8 h>em4 ,i may rem>k t slave-girls h by ,mohamm$an laws no conjugal rights :atev]1 b are l play?+s1 at ! absolute discretion ( _! ma/]4 #fg ,! case ( ! ,cor9?ian (f5d] is mu* 9 po9t1 z %[+ h[ ! /rict discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* mu/ h avail$ to make ,*ri/ianity unpopul> ) ! m]e worldl+4 #fh ,sid5ote3 ,laxity among nom9al ,*ri/ians4 ,apology1 p4 #ea4 ,i repeat1 t 9 ! rem>ks ,i h made "u ?is head1 no comp>ison is s\ght to be drawn betwixt ! morality ( nom9ally ,*ri/ian & ,moslem peoples4 ,on ?is subject ,i may be all[$ to quote f :at ,i h said else:]e3 ,! ,moslem advocate w urge 444 ! social evil z ! necess>y result ( inexorable monogamy4 ,! ,koran n only d5\nces any illicit laxity betwe5 ! sexes 9 ! sev]e/ t]ms1 b exposes ! transgressor to condign puni%m5t4 ,= ?is reason1 & because ! conditions ( :at is licit are s accommodat+ & wide1 a c]ta9 negative virtue 7x c h>dly be call$ cont95ce or *a/ity7 p]vades ,mohamm$an society1 9 contra/ ) :i* ! gross & sy/ematic immorality 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( e ,european community may be reg>d$ by ! ,*ri/ian ) %ame & confusion4 ,9 a purely ,mohamm$an l&1 h[ev] l[ may be ! g5]al level ( moral feel+1 ! /ill l[] dep?s ( fall5 humanity are unkn[n4 ,! 'social evil' & intemp]ance1 preval5t 9 ,*ri/ian l&s1 are ! /ronge/ weapons 9 ! armory ( ,islam4 ,we po9t1 & ju/ly1 to ! high] morality & civilization ( ^? :o d obs]ve ! precepts ( ! ,gospel1 to ! /rict] unity & virtue :i* cem5t ! family1 & to ! elevation ( ! sex2 b 9 va91 :ile ! example ( our great cities1 & too (t5 ( our repres5tatives abroad1 belies ! argum5t4 ,& yet ! argum5t is s\nd4 ,=1 9 proportion z ,*ri/ianity ex]cises h] legitimate influ5ce1 vice & intemp]ance w wane & vani%1 & ! high] morality p]vade ! :ole body2 :]eas 9 ,islam ! det]iorat+ influ5ces ( polygamy1 divorce1 & concub9age h be5 /]eotyp$ = all "t4--,! ,koran3 its ,composition & ,tea*+1 & ! ,te/imony x be>s to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 p4 #fj4 #fi ,sid5ote3 ,alleg$ progress ( ,islam 9 ,africa4 ,mu* loose ass]tion has be5 made reg>d+ ! progress ( ,islam 9 ,africa2 b ,i h f\nd no pro( ( x ap>t f arm$1 political1 or trad+ influ5ce1 dogg$ too (t5 by ! slave-trade2 to a great ext5t a social r ?an a religi\s movem5t1 & rais+ ! feti* tribes 7haply )\t intemp]ance7 into a some:at high] /age ( semi-b>b>ism4 ,i h met no?+ :i* w\ld t\* ! argum5t 9 ! text4 ,! foll[+ is ! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,koelle1 ! be/ possible witness on ! subject3 ,x is true ! ,mohamm$an nations 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 namely1 ! ,bornuese1 ,m&5gas1 ,pulas1 etc41 invit$ by ! weak & def5seless condition ( ! surr\nd+ negro tribes1 /ill occasionally make conque/s1 & aft] subdu+ a tribe ( pagans1 by almo/ ext]m9at+ its male population & committ+ ! mo/ horrible atrocities1 impose ^u ^? t rema9 ! cre$ ( ,islam2 b keep+ 9 view ! :ole ( ! ,mohamm$an _w ?is fitful activity rem9ds "o only ( ^! gre5 bran*es sometimes se5 on trees1 already1 & = long1 decay$ at ! core f age4--,food = ,reflection1 p4 #cg4 #gj ,apology1 p4 #cd4 #ga ,annals1 pp4 #fa1 #bbd4 #gb ,sura iv1 v4 #cc4 #gc ,life ( ,mohamm$1 p4 #cdh4 #gd ,! ,city ( ,god1 p1 #ia4 ,hodd] ,/\ghton1 #ahhc4 #ge ,! ,turks 9 ,india1 by ,h4,g4 ,ke5e1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,all5 ,co41 #ahgi4 #gf ,annals1 etc41 p4 #deg4 #gg ,see ,sura xxxiv1 v4 #cb4 ,! except$ relations are3 ,husb&s1 fa!rs1 husb&s' fa!rs1 sons1 husb&s' sons1 bro!rs1 bro!rs' sons1 si/]s' sons1 ! captives :i* _! "r h&s possess1 su* m5 z att5d !m & h no ne$ ( wom51 or *ildr5 bel[ ! age ( pub]ty4 #gh ,john xviii1 #cf1 #cg4 #gi ,dr4 ,fairbairn1 ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #hfe4 #hj ,! ,e>ly ,caliphate & ,rise ( ,islam1 be+ ! ,r$e ,lecture = #ahha1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 p4 #bh4 #ha ,! ,koran1 etc41 p4 #fe4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ section 0 orig9ally at ! beg9n+ ( ! text4 ,! ,*autauqua ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,circle4 ,,/udies ,,= #ahia-ib4 ,lead+ ,facts ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,montgom]y1 #a #jj ,social ,in/itutions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bryce1 #a #jj ,initial ,/udies 9 ,am]ican ,lett]s4 ,be]s1 #a #jj ,/ory ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?orpe1 #fj ,classic ,g]man ,c\rse 9 ,engli%4 ,wilk9son1 #a #jj ,two ,old ,fai?s4 ,mit*ell & ,muir1 #dj