,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #gaa ,,new ,,york1 ,,augu/ #ag1 #ahhi ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxviii41 ,no4 #gaa4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,agriculture4--,h[ to ,raise ,turkeys4--,a collection ( h9ts & sugge/ions on ! rais+ ( ! delicate f[ls1 s (t5 ! cause ( tr\ble to f>m]s4 #aacfd ,pe> ,du*esse ,d',ang\leme4--,! hi/ory ( ! fam\s pe> tree1 ) h9ts z to its culture & g5]al treatm5t4 #aacfb ,,ii4 ,,biology4--,developm5t ( ! ,embryo4--,a note ( "s int]e/+ biological rese>*es4--,by ,pr(4 ,,prey]1 ( ,b]l94 #aacfe ,! ,hat*]y ( ! ,sun ,fi%4--,a curi\s incid5t 9 ! life hi/ory ( ! common sunfi%4--#a illu/ration4 #aacfc ,,iii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,on ,allotropic ,=ms ( ,silv]4--,by ,m4 ,,c>ey ,,lea4--,a cont9uation ( ?is pap]1 conta9+ "o ( ! mo/ important rese>*es 9 ! hi/ory ( silv]1 ) /atem5t ( int]e/+ results atta9$4 #aacfa ,on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,p>aff9e 9 ,crude ,petroleum4--,a valuable contribution to ! hi/ory ( p>aff9e1 ) ref]5ce to petroleum & ozok]ite4 #aacfa ,turp5t9e & its ,products4--,by ,,edw>d ,,davies4--,a resume ( ! "w done by *emi/s 9 ! turp5t9e products4 --,! diff]5t comp\nds produc$ !refrom4 #aacfa ,,iv4 ,,electricity4--,electric ,light+ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition4 --,! ,o]likon works4--,a v exhau/ive exhibition ( electric app>atus describ$ & illu/rat$4--#ab illu/rations4 #aacef ,magnetism 9 its ,relation to ,induc$ ,electromotive ,=ce & ,curr5t4--,by ,,elihu ,,?omson4--,a mo/ impressive pap]1 br++ ! obscure laws ( magnetic induction )9 ! und]/&+ ( all )\t ! application ( ma!matics4--#ab illu/rations4 #aaced ,! ,ad] ,fl\ri% ( ,trumpets4--,"o ( ! curiosities 9 telephony f ! ,p>is exhibition1 by :i* s\nds are transmitt$ to a l>ge audi5ce4--#d illu/rations4 #aaceh ,! ,electric ,motor ,te/s on ! ,new ,york ,elevat$ ,railroad4--,ab/racts ( te/s :i* 7 rec5tly made ( ! ,daft motor on ! elevat$ railroad ( ?is city4 #aacec ,v4 ,,e?nology4--,anci5t ,lake ,dwell+s4--,int]e/+ ab/ract ( :at is kn[n ab\t lake dwell+s1 ! hi/ory ( _! con/ruction1 & ! f9ds made on ! sites by ar*ologi/s4 #aacfc ,,vi4 ,,=e/ry4--,succession ( ,=e/ ,gr[?s4--,a valuable pap] on =e/ry1 treat+ ( ! evils done by man & a plea = ! necessity ( intellig5t treatm5t ( our woods4 #aacfb ,,vii4 ,,hygi5e ,,& ,,m$ic9e4--,acetic ,acid z a ,dis9fectant4--,use ( acetic acid 9 septic m$ical cases z a sub/itute = c>bolic acid & bi*loride ( m]cury4 #aacfe ,c\nt]-,irritation 9 ,:oop+ ,c\gh4--,by ,g4,f4 ,,+lott1 ,m4,d4--,application ( irritants to ! sk9 = cur+ ! p>oxysms ( :oop+ c\gh4 #aacfe ,on ! ,heal? ,value to ,man ( ! ,s-call$ ,div9ely ,b5efic5t ,gift1 ,tobacco4--,by ,j4,m4,w4 ,,kit*51 ,m4,d4--,! evils to man & to ! soil4--,a =midable s]ies ( accusations well express$4 #aacfe ,wat] z a ,!rapeutical ,ag5t4--,by ,f4,c4 ,,rob9son1 ,m4,d4--,an int]e/+ resume ( diff]5t applications ( wat] 9 !rapeutics4--,sugge/ions ( use = all h\seholds4 #aacfd ,,viii4 ,,milit>y ,,eng9e]+4--,gibralt>4--,a hi/ory ( ?is important /rategic position & ( ! diff]5t sieges ! =tress has und]gone4 #aaceb ,gibralt> & ,neighborhood4--,a consul> report on ! /ati/ics ( ! fam\s milit>y /ation4 #aaceb ,! ,def5se ( ,gibralt>--,exp]im5tal ,naval & ,milit>y ,op]ations4--,int]e/+ s]ies ( op]ations rec5tly c>ri$ out "u ! %ad[ ( ! hi/oric rock4--#a illu/ration4 #aaceb ,,ix4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,cl>k's ,gyroscopic ,torp$oes4--,a rec5t torp$o1 9 :i* all ! possible p>ts are made to rotate4--#b illu/rations4 #aacec ,! ,fir/ ,/eamboat on ! ,se9e4--,! ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy's /eam] ( #ahaf4--a illu/ration4 #aacec ,! ,franz ,josef ,i41 ,new ,w> ,%ip4--,details ( ! dim5sions ( ! new ,au/rian %ip4--,h] armam5t1 spe$1 armor1 etc4 #aacec ,x4 ,,photography4--,or?o*romatic ,photography4--,by ,,osc> ,o4 ,,litzk[4--,! la/ developm5ts 9 ?is int]e/+ bran* ( photographic art1 ) =mul4 #aacfj ,plat9otype ,pr9t+4--,a description ( ! mo/ advanc$ me?od ( conduct+ ! plat9um pr9t process4 #aacfj ,,xi4 ,,physics4--,iridesc5t ,cry/als4--,by ,,"l ,,rayleigh4--,an ab/ract ( a lecture by ! di/+ui%$ physici/1 detail+ "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts applicable to ! color$ reflection obs]v$ 9 cry/als ( *loride ( pota%4--#a illu/ration4 #aacff ,transmission ( ,pressure 9 ,fluids4--,by ,,alb]t ,b4 ,,port]4--,an app>atus = illu/rat+ ! laws ( transmission ( pressure 9 fluids1 suitable = lecture purposes4--#a illu/ration4 #aacfb ,,xii4 ,,te*nology4--,notes on ,dyewood ,extracts & ,simil> ,prep>ations4--,by ,,l\is ,,siebold4--,! rec5t developm5t 9 ! prep>ation ( dyewood extracts1 ) notes ( _! adult]ations4 #aacei 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,def5se ,,( ,,gibralt>3 ,,exp]im5tal ,,naval ,,& ,,milit>y ,,op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,def5se ,,( ,,gibralt>--,,exp]im5tal ,,naval ,,& ,,milit>y ,,op]ations4 ,a novel & int]e/+ s]ies ( op]ations 0 c>ri$ out at ,gibralt> a few weeks ago1 ) a view to te/ ! promptitude ) :i* ! g>rison ( ! fam\s ,rock c\ld turn out to resi/ a sudd5 attack by a p[]ful iron-clad fleet4 ,! suppos$ enemy 0 repres5t$ by ! ,*annel ,squadron1 "u ! comm& ( ,vice-,admiral ,baird1 & consi/+ ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,nor?umb]l& 7flag %ip71 ! ,ag9c\rt1 ,mon>*1 ,iron ,duke1 & ,curlew4 ,! g5]al idea ( ! op]ations 0 t a ho/ile fleet 0 kn[n to be cruis+ 9 ! vic9ity1 & t an attack on ! ,rock might be made4 ,! squadron left ,gibralt> & proce$$ to ! we/w>d1 return+ to ! ea/w>d ?r\gh ! ,/raits "u cov] ( ! night4 ,! ,gov]nor ( ,gibralt>1 ,g5]al ! ,hon4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,h>d+e1 issu$ ord]s = ! :ole g>rison to /& to _! arms at dawn1 & subsequ5t days1 until ! attack %\ld be made2 b by 8 express comm& no batt]ies 7 to be mann$1 or any troops mov$ f _! al>m po/s1 until ! signal 0 giv5 t an attack 0 imm95t4 ,! al>m signal ord]$ 0 t ( ?ree guns fir$ 9 rapid succession f ! ,upp] ,signal ,/ation on ! summit ( ! ,rock1 to be foll[$1 aft] a %ort pause1 by two m %ots4 ,x 0 a matt] ( complete unc]ta9ty z to ! direction f :i* ! attack w\ld be made4 ,e detail 0 c>efully c>ri$ out1 z if ! imp5d+ attack 0 a real affair4 ,! telegraphic communication betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,rock 0 supplem5t$ by signal]s2 arrangem5ts 7 made = ! ready supply ( res]ve ammunition = all arms2 & ! m$ical au?orities e/abli%$ dress+ /ations1 at num]\s po9ts ( ! ,rock1 to r5d] fir/ aid to ^? :o might *ance to be numb]$ among ! w\nd$4 ,day broke ) a ,levant]1 & ! heavy cl\ds hang+ ab\t r5d]$ any di/ant view a matt] ( difficulty4 ,h[ev]1 be=e x _h become actually daylight ! al>m guns gave notice t ! enemy _h be5 sight$4 ,! troops turn$ out ) great promptitude1 be+ all at _! assign$ /ations 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & 7 %ortly ord]$ to v>i\s po9ts comm&+ ! ea/ side ( ! ,rock4 ,z day broke1 ! ho/ile %ips 7 to be disc]n$ /eam+ 9 s+le l9e ahead1 f ! nor!a/1 along ! back ( ! ,rock1 & ab\t #e1jjj y>ds f x4 ,! flag %ip1 foll[$ by ! ,mon>* & ! ,ag9c\rt1 proce$$ t[>d ,europa ,po9t1 :ile ! ,iron ,duke & ! ,curlew /ood close 9 to ! ea/]n bea*1 s z to engage ! nor!rn def5ses ( ! =tress4 ,! fir/ %ot 0 fir$ by ! flag %ip1 %ortly be=e six o'clock 9 ! morn+1 at ! s\!rn def5ses4 ,x 0 repli$ to1 9 less ?an ?ree m9utes1 by ! ,europa batt]ies1 & v %ortly ! engagem5t became g5]al4 ,! plan ( tactics employ$ by ! squadron 0 t ( /eam+ rapidly up & d[n1 & conc5trat+ _! fire 9 turn on ! v>i\s %ore batt]ies4 ,lat] on1 ! :ole squadron assembl$ (f ,europa ,po9t1 & fir$ broadsides by electricity z !y /eam$ pa/ at spe$4 ,! spectacle at ?is mom5t 0 a v f9e "o1 ! ro> ( ! heavy guns ( ! %ips be+ supplem5t$ by ! %>p1 rapid report ( ! quick-fir+ guns1 :i* 7 suppos$ to be s5d+ a /orm ( small %ell among ! def5d]s ( ! ,rock4 ,! incessant rattle ( ! %ips' ma*9e guns 0 also he>d 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! ?und]+ broadsides ( heavy ordnance4 ,all ! %ips 71 ( c\rse1 cle>$ = action1 ) topma/s & y>ds s5t d[n1 & x is ne$less to say !y look$ exce$+ly workmanlike & =midable4 ,! v>i\s batt]ies on ! ,rock repli$ ) great vivacity1 & ! g5]al effect produc$ z gun aft] gun 0 br\ght to be> on ! %ips1 & ! :ite smoke wrea!d itself r\nd ! _m crags & precipices ( ! grim old ,rock1 0 a sight long to be rememb]$4 ,! ex]cise af=d$ to bo? bran*es ( ! s]vice 0 und\bt$ly mo/ in/ructive4 ,our illu/ration is a sket* by ,capta9 ,will\ghby ,v]n] f "o ( ! batt]ies above ! ,europa ,flats1 at :i* po9t ! gov]nor took up 8 position to wat* ! op]ations4 --,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gibralt> ,,& ,,neighborhood4 ,,report ,,by ,,consul ,,sprague4 ,not)/&+ t ! political situation ( ,europe seems to be less ?reat5+ among its lead+ p[]s1 /ill ! unc]ta9ty preval5t among ^? :o are g5]ally consid]$ ! arbit]s ( public affairs has _h its influ5ce 9 contract+ ! limits ( speculative adv5ture1 !reby circumscrib+ ! g5]al c\rse ( trade ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 r5ew+ to ! dep>tm5t my reports ^u ! navigation & g5]al comm]ce ( ,gibralt>1 ,i beg to /ate t !re has be5 a tol]ably fair curr5t bus9ess prevail+ 9 ,am]ican produce dur+ ! pa/ qu>t]1 consi/+ *iefly 9 fl\r1 tobacco1 & ref9$ petroleum 9 cases1 import$ direct f ,new ,york4 ,! /eady dem& = ,am]ican petroleum confirms ! fact t ,russian petroleum s f> receives b little att5tion 9 ?is m>ket f ! regul> trad]s & consum]s1 s long z supplies f ! ,unit$ ,/ates c be regul>ly import$ at reasonable prices4 ,x1 h[ev]1 rema9s an op5 "q1 9 ! ev5t ( l[] prices rul+ 9 ! ,russian petroleum regions1 :e!r ,am]ican supplies may n lat] on exp]i5ce "s great] competitive =eign int]f]5ce4 ,accord+ to ! /ati/ical data1 /eam vessels ( all nationalities h cont9u$ to make ,gibralt> _! port ( call1 n only = ord]s1 b also = repl5i%+ _! /ock ( fuel & provisions1 & 9 l>g] numb]s ?an ev] be=e1 ! numb] 9 #ahhh hav+ rea*$ #e1gab /eam vessels1 measur+ 9 all #e1ifi1efc tons1 :ile 9 #ahhg ! numb] 0 only #e1ahg /eam vessels1 ) an aggregate tonnage ( #e1cgb1ifb4 ,?is increase _c b result 9 consid]able b5efit to ! coal & m>itime traffic1 :i* n[ =ms ! mo/ important portion ( ! g5]al comm]ce ( ,gibralt>1 9 spite ( ! ke5 competition x exp]i5ces f o!r ,briti% & =eign coal+ ports4 ,freights h also advanc$ 9 favor ( /eam%ip int]e/s1 :i*1 ) high] prices 9 ,engl& = coal1 h also caus$ an advance 9 ! price ( coal at ?is port1 to ! b5efit ( ! coal m]*ants & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ?is important trade4 ,at pres5t ! rul+ price = /eam coal is #bds4 p] ton1 deliv]able f alongside ( coal hulks moor$ 9 ! bay4 ,z ne> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 ! quantity ( coal sold 9 ?is m>ket dur+ ! pa/ ye> = supply+ m]*ant /eam vessels has am\nt$ to ab\t #ejh1jjj tons1 :i* is an increase ( ab\t #bj1jjj tons ov] ! ye> #ahhg4 ,not)/&+ t plans h already be5 submitt$ to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t = ! con/ruction ( a dry dock 9 ,gibralt>1 ! matt] rema9s some:at 9 susp5se1 s9ce x meets ) "s opposition on ! "p ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 :i*1 9 face ( ! ,european fev] = g5]al arm+1 seems m incl9$ to utilize 9 ano!r =m ! exp5se :i* su* a "w w\ld entail ^u ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 by replac+ ! obsolete ordnance rec5tly remov$ f ?is =tress & sub/itut+ new def5ses & guns ( ! mo/ approv$ patt]ns1 a matt] :i* has evid5tly be5 receiv+1 = "s "t pa/1 ! special att5tion ( ! ,briti% milit>y au?orities1 n d\bt+ t ! rec5t visit to ! =tress ( ! ,duke ( ,cambridge has _h "s connection ) x4 ,9 fact1 x is report$ t ! duke has already express$ ! op9ion t ?is =tress requires a l>g] numb] ( artill]ym5 ?an are qu>t]$ "h at pres5t to man its batt]ies1 & x w\ld seem t ?is recomm5dation is likely to be c>ri$ out4 ,x is yet some:at too e>ly to v5ture an op9ion reg>d+ ! gr[+ crops ( c]eals 9 ?is ,spani% neighborhood1 b ! agricultural & manufactur+ int]e/s 9 ,spa9 h suff]$ s mu* 9 ! pa/ ye>s t ! g5]al feel+ 9 ,spa9 cont9ues to t5d t[>d e/abli%+ increas$ re/rictions aga9/ =eign competition 9 h] home m>kets4 ,!re is e probability t ! prov9ces ( ,malaga & ,granada may %ortly be grant$ ! privilege ( cultivat+ ! tobacco plant "u gov]nm5t sup]vision1 z an essay4 ,if prop]ly manag$1 x may =m an important & lucrative bus9ess = ^? int]e/$ 9 l& & agricultural pursuits4 ,aft] _m consecutive ye>s ( heavy outlays1 difficulties1 & con/ant disappo9tm5ts1 a new ,engli% company has rec5tly succe$$ 9 comm5c+ ! con/ruction ( a railway f ! neighbor+ ,spani% t[n ( ,algeciras to jo91 via ,ronda1 ! railway /ation ( ,bobadilla1 on ! railroad l9e t[>d ,malaga4 ,x is presum$ t :5 ?is railroad w be 9 runn+ ord] x w greatly b5efit ?is community1 especially if ! ,spani% gov]nm5t %\ld decide to e/abli% cu/om h\ses at ,algeciras & ! ,spani% l9es outside ! gates ( ?is =tress1 simil> to ^? exi/+ on ! fronti]s ( ,france & ,portugal4 ,t "s idea may be =m$ ( ! con/ant important daily int]c\rse :i* exi/s betwe5 ?is =tress & ,spa91 ,i may /ate t late police /ati/ics %[ t #a1hhg1fag passes 7 issu$ to visitors ent]+ ?is =tress on daily p]mits dur+ ! ye> #ahhh1 #a1fjh1jjd ent]+ by ! l& r\te & #bgi1fac by sea4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t ! l>g] portion ( ^! visitors consi/s ( labor]s1 coal heav]s1 m>ket p1 & o!rs engag$ 9 g5]al traffic4 ,a new indu/ry 9 cork has lately sprung up1 9 :i* lead+ ,spani% & native comm]cial firms 9 ,gibralt> are directly int]e/$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,ext5sive w>eh\ses = ! /or+ ( cork wood & ma*9]y = ! manufacture ( bottle corks h rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ at ! ,spani% l9es1 ab\t a mile di/ant f ?is =tress1 9 ,spani% t]ritory1 :]e l>ge quantities ( cork h already be5 /or$4 ,! cork is obta9$ & collect$ f ! valuable trees1 :i* are own$ by ! repres5tatives ( "s ( ! olde/ nobility ( ,spa91 :o h sold ! products ( _! ext5sive woods to private individuals = p]iods rea*+ z f> on z t5 ye>s1 = :i* concession l>ge ca% advances h already be5 made4 ,! woods comm5ce at a di/ance ( ab\t twelve miles f ,gibralt>1 & are ( consid]able ext5t4 ,! railway n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction passes ?r\gh ^! woods1 :i* may ere long (f] q picturesque sc5]y = travel]s1 especially :5 ! cork trees are be>+ acorns1 :i* =m ! pr9cipal food = ! fatt5+ ( l>ge h]ds ( sw9e dur+ c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 9 ?is way1 also1 contribut+ to ! value ( ?is tree1 :i*1 l ! o!r k9ds ( oak trees1 is ( long & t>dy gr[?4 ,! tree f :i* ! cork is obta9$ is some:at abundant 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ,&alusia4 ,x gr[s to a height ( ab\t #cj feet1 & resembles ! ,qu]cus ilex1 or ev]gre5 oak1 & atta9s to a great age4 ,aft] arriv+ at a c]ta9 /ate ( maturity x p]iodically %$s its b>k1 b ?is b>k is f\nd to be ( bett] quality :5 artificially remov$ f ! tree1 :i* may be effect$ )\t injury to ! tree itself4 ,aft] ! tree has atta9$ tw5ty-five ye>s x may be b>k$1 & ! op]ation is aft]w>d repeat$ once 9 e sev5 ye>s4 ,! quality ( ! cork seems to improve ) ! increas+ age ( ! tree1 :i* is said to live ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! b>k is tak5 (f dur+ ,july & ,augu/4 ,cork du/ is also obta9$ f ?is cork wood1 & is mu* us$ 9 ! pack+ ( grapes1 :i* fruit is l>gely %ipp$ f ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,spa91 especially f ,alm]ia1 dur+ ! v9tage seasons1 = ! ,am]ican & ,briti% m>kets4--,reports ( ,u4,s4 ,consuls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gibralt>4 ,! po9t or rock kn[n z ,gibralt> is a promontory two & "o-half miles long & f a qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile wide4 ,x rises abruptly f ! s&y %ore to a height at its highe/ po9t ( #a1djh ft4 ,x is compos$ ( gray lime/one1 honeycomb$ ) caves & subt]ranean passages1 "s ( :i* conta9 mo/ beautiful /alactites 9 ! =m ( massive pill>s4 ,gibralt> is emphatically a =tress1 & 9 "s respects its =tifications are unique4 ,on ! ea/]n side ! rock ne$s no def5se beyond its own precipit\s cliffs1 & 9 all o!r directions x has be5 r5d]$ practically impregnable4 ,besides a sea wall ext5d+ at int]vals r\nd ! we/]n base ( ! rock1 & /r5g!n$ by curta9s & ba/ions & ?ree =midable =ts1 !re are batt]ies 9 all available positions f ! sea wall up to ! summit1 #a1cej feet above ! sea1 & a rem>kable s]ies ( gall]ies has be5 hewn out ( ! solid face ( ! rock t[>d ! nor? & nor?we/4 ,^! gall]ies h an aggregate l5g? ( betwe5 two & ?ree miles1 & _! bread? is suffici5t to let a c>riage pass4 ,por?oles are cut at int]vals ( twelve y>ds1 s contriv$ t ! gunn]s are safe f ! %ot ( any possible assailants4 ,at ! end ( "o ( ! gall]ies holl[$ out 9 a prom95t "p ( ! cliff is ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 #ej feet long by #he feet wide1 9 :i* ! gov]nor 0 accu/om$ to give fetes4 ,alt]ations1 ext5sions1 & improvem5ts are cont9ually tak+ place 9 ! def5sive sy/em1 & new guns ( ! mo/ =midable sort are gradually displac+ or supplem5t+ ! old fa%ion$ ordnance4 ,! :ole population ( ,gibralt>1 :e!r civil or milit>y1 is subject$ to c]ta9 /r+5t rules4 ,= ev5 a day's soj\rn ! ali5 mu/ obta9 a pass f ! t[n major1 & if he wi% to rema9 long]1 a consul or h\sehold] mu/ become security = 8 good behavior4 ,lic5ses ( resid5ce are grant$ only = %ort p]iods--t51 fifte51 or tw5ty days--b !y c be r5ew$ if occasion require4 ,milit>y (fic]s may introduce a /rang] = ?irty days4 ,a special p]mit is necess>y if ! visitor wi%es to sket*4 ,?\gh ! t[n ( ,gibralt> may be said to date f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x has pres]v$ v little ar*itectural evid5ce ( its antiquity4 ,rebuilt on an enl>g$ & improv$ plan aft] its almo/ complete de/ruction dur+ ! great siege1 x is /ill1 on ! :ole1 a mean-look+ t[n1 ) n>r[ /reets & lanes & an incongru\s mixture ( h\ses aft] ! ,engli% & ! ,spani% types4 ,z a proprietor may at any mom5t be call$ ^u to give up 8 h\se & gr\nd at ! dem& ( ! milit>y au?orities1 he is naturally det]r$ f sp5d+ 8 money on sub/antial or sumptu\s erections4 ,! area ( ! t[n is ab\t "o hundr$ acres4 ,gibralt> 0 kn[n to ! ,greek & ,roman geograph]s z ,calpe or ,alybe1 ! two names be+ probably corruptions ( ! same local 7p]haps ,ph5ician7 ^w4 ,! em95ce on ! ,african coa/ ne> ,ceuta1 :i* be>s ! mod]n ,engli% "n ( ,apes' ,hill1 0 !n designat$ ,abyla2 & ,calpe & ,abyla1 at lea/ accord+ to an anci5t & widely curr5t int]pretation1 =m$ ! r5[n$ pill>s ( ,h]cules 7,h]culis column71 :i* = c5turies 7 ! limits ( ent]prise to ! seaf>+ peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,! /rategic importance ( ! rock appe>s to h be5 fir/ discov]$ by ! ,moors1 :o1 :5 !y cross$ ov] f ,africa 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 select$ x z ! site ( a =tress4 ,f _! lead]1 ,t>ik ,ibn ,zeyad1 x 0 call$ ,gebel ,t>ik or ,t>ik's ,hill2 &1 ?\gh ! "n _h a competitor 9 ,gebel af ,futah1 or ,hill ( ! ,entrance1 x gradually ga9$ acceptance1 & /ill rema9s suffici5tly recognizable 9 ! corrupt$ =m ( ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/ siege ( ! rock 0 9 #acji1 :5 x 0 tak5 by ,alonzo ,p]ez de ,guzman = ,f]d9& ,,iv4 ( ,spa91 :o1 9 ord] to attract inhabitants to ! spot1 (f]$ an asylum to sw9dl]s1 ?ieves1 & murd]]s1 & promis$ to levy no taxes on ! import or export ( goods4 ,! attack ( ,ismail ,b5 ,f]ez1 9 #acae 7second siege71 0 fru/rat$2 b 9 #accc ,vasco ,paez de ,meira1 hav+ all[$ ! =tifications & g>rison to decay1 0 oblig$ to capitulate to ,mahomet ,,iv4 7?ird siege74 ,alphonso's attempts to recov] possession 7f\r? siege7 7 futile1 ?\gh p]t9aci\s & h]oic1 & he 0 oblig$ to cont5t himself ) a tribute = ! rock f ,abdul ,melek ( ,granada2 b aft] 8 successful attack on ,algeciras 9 #acdd he 0 enc\rag$ to try 8 =tune aga9 at ,gibralt>4 ,9 #acdi he inve/$ ! rock1 b ! siege 7fif? siege7 0 br\ght to an untimely close by 8 dea? f ! plague 9 ,febru>y1 #acej4 ,! next or six? siege result$ simply 9 ! transf]5ce ( ! covet$ position f ! h&s ( ! ,k+ ( ,morocco to ^? ( ,yussef ,,iii4 ( ,granada2 & ! sev5?1 und]tak5 by ! ,spani% ,c\nt ( ,niebla1 ,enrico de ,guzman1 prov$ fatal to ! besieg] & 8 =ces4 ,9 #adfb1 h[ev]1 success att5d$ ! ef=ts ( ,alphonso de ,arcos 7eigh? siege71 & 9 ,augu/ ! rock pass$ once m "u ,*ri/ian sway4 ,! ,duke ( ,m$9a ,sidonia1 a p[]ful gr&ee :o _h assi/$ 9 its capture1 0 anxi\s to get possession ( ! =tress1 & ?\gh ,h5ry ,,iv4 at fir/ manag$ to ma9ta9 ! claims ( ! cr[n1 ! duke ultimately made good 8 ambition by =ce ( arms 7n9? siege71 & 9 #adfi ! k+ 0 con/ra9$ to decl>e 8 son & 8 heirs p]petual gov]nors ( ,gibralt>4 ,9 #adgi ,f]d9& & ,isabella made ! second duke ,m>quis ( ,gibralt>1 & 9 #adib ! ?ird duke1 ,don ,juan1 0 reluctantly all[$ to reta9 ! =tress4 ,at l5g?1 9 #aeja1 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega 0 ord]$ to take possession ( ! place 9 ! k+'s "n1 & x 0 =mally incorporat$ ) ! doma9s ( ! cr[n4 ,aft] ,f]d9& & ,isabella 7 bo? dead ! duke1 ,don ,juan1 tri$ 9 #aejf to recov] possession1 & add$ a t5? to ! li/ ( sieges4 ,?irty-f\r ye>s aft]w>d ! g>rison _h to def5d itself aga9/ a mu* m =midable attack 7elev5? siege7--! pirates ( ,algi]s hav+ det]m9$ to recov] ! rock = ,mahomet & !mselves4 ,! conflict 0 sev]e1 b result$ 9 ! repulse ( ! besieg]s4 ,aft] ?is ! ,spani>ds made great ef=ts to /r5g!n ! place1 & !y succe$$ s well t ?r\gh\t ,europe ,gibralt> 0 reg>d$ z impregnable4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! w> ( ! ,spani% succession1 h[ev]1 x 0 tak5 by a comb9$ ,engli% & ,dut* fleet "u ,sir ,george ,rooke1 assi/$ by a body ( troops "u ,pr9ce ,george ( ,hesse-,d>m/adt4 ,! captors _h o/5sibly f\ght 9 ! int]e/s ( ,*>les ,ar*duke ( ,au/ria 7aft]w>d ,*>les ,,iii471 b1 ?\gh 8 sov]eignty ov] ! rock 0 proclaim$ on ,july #bd1 #agjd1 ,sir ,george ,rooke on 8 own responsibility caus$ ! ,engli% flag to be hoi/$1 & took possession 9 "n ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,x is h>dly to ! honor ( ,engl& t x 0 bo? unpr9cipl$ en\gh to sanction & ratify ! occupation & ungrateful en\gh to leave unrew>d$ ! g5]al to ^: unscrupul\s patriotism ! acquisition 0 due4 ,! ,spani>ds ke5ly felt ! inju/ice done to !m1 & ! inhabitants ( ! t[n ( ,gibralt> 9 great numb]s ab&on$ _! homes r ?an recognize ! au?ority ( ! invad]s4 ,9 ,octob]1 #agjd1 ! rock 0 inve/$ by sea & l&2 b ! ,spani% %ips 7 disp]s$ by ,sir ,john ,leake1 & ! ,m>quis ( ,villad>ias f>$ s ill ) 8 =ces t he 0 replac$ by ,m>%al ,tesse1 :o 0 at l5g? compell$ to raise ! siege 9 ,april1 #agje4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s !re 7 endless negotiations = ! peaceful surr5d] ( ! =tress1 & 9 #agbf ! ,spani>ds aga9 appeal$ to arms4 ,b ! ,conde de la ,torres1 :o _h ! *ief comm&1 succe$$ no bett] ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 & ! def5se ( ! g>rison "u ,g5]al ,clayton & ! ,e>l ( ,portmore 0 s effectual t ! armi/ice ( ,june #bc practically put a close to ! siege1 ?\gh two ye>s elaps$ be=e ! g5]al pacification ensu$4 ,! mo/ memorable siege ( ,gibralt>1 inde$ "o ( ! mo/ memorable ( all sieges1 0 t :i* x su/a9$ f ! comb9$ l& & sea =ces ( ,france & ,spa9 dur+ ! ye>s #aggi-aghc4 ,! gr& attack on ! place 0 made on ! #ac? ,septemb]1 #aghb1 & all ! res\rces ( p[] & sci5ce 7 exhau/$ by ! assailants 9 ! fruitless attempt4 ,on ! side ( ! sea !y br\ght to be> aga9/ ! =tress =ty-six sail ( ! l9e & a c\ntless fleet ( gun & mort> boats4 ,b _! *ief hope lay 9 ! float+ batt]ies plann$ by ,d',arcon1 an em95t ,fr5* eng9e]1 & built at ! co/ ( half a million /]l+4 ,!y 7 s con/ruct$ z to be imp5etrable by ! r$ hot %ot :i* x 0 =ese5 ! g>rison w\ld employ2 & su* hopes 7 ent]ta9$ ( _! effici5cy t !y 7 /yl$ inv9cible4 ,! ,c\nt ,d',artois 7aft]w>d ,*>les ,x47 ha/5$ f ,p>is to witness ! capture ( ! place4 ,he arriv$ 9 "t to see ! total de/ruction ( ! float+ batt]ies & a consid]able portion ( ! comb9$ fleet by ! ,engli% fire4 ,despite ?is disa/]1 h[ev]1 ! siege cont9u$ till br\ght to a close by ! g5]al pacification1 ,febru>y #b1 #aghc4 ,! hi/ory ( ! f\r ev5tful ye>s' siege is fully detail$ 9 ! "w ( ,dr9kwat]1 :o himself took "p 9 ! def5se1 & 9 ! life ( its gallant def5d] ,sir ,george ,augu/us ,eliott1 aft]w>d ,"l ,hea?field1 ^: milit>y skill & moral c\rage place him among ! be/ soldi]s & noble/ m5 :om ,europe produc$ dur+ ! #ah? c5tury4 ,s9ce #aghc ! hi/ory ( ,gibralt> has be5 comp>atively unev5tful4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahja !re 7 rumors ( a ,spani% & ,fr5* attack1 b ! ,spani% %ips 7 defeat$ (f ,algeciras 9 ,june by ,admiral ,saum>ez4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! =tifications1 ma9t5ance ( milit>y discipl9e1 & legislation 9 reg>d to trade & smuggl+ are ! pr9cipal matt]s ( rec5t int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,franz ,,josef ,i41 ,,new ,,w> ,,%ip4 ,ano!r addition 0 made to ! ,au/rian navy by ! laun*+ on ,may #ah ( ! ram cruis] ,franz ,josef ,i4 f ! y>ds ( ,s4 ,rocco 9 ! ,/abilim5to ,tecnico ,trie/9o4 ,h] dim5sions are3 ,l5g? 7ov] all71 #ajc4g met]s2 l5g? 7betwe5 p]p5dicul>s71 #ig4i met]s2 greate/ bread? 7outside71 #ad4h met]s2 draught 7b[71 #e4bh met]s2 draught 7/]n71 #f4je met]s2 displacem5t on ! con/ruction wat] l9e1 #d1jjj tons4 ,! armam5t consi/s ( two #bd-;c5timet] & six #ae-;c5timet] ,krupp bree* load]s ( #ce calib] l5g?1 two #g-;c5timet] ,u*atius guns z an armam5t = ! boats & = l&+ purposes1 elev5 ,hot*kiss quick-fir+ guns1 & sev]al torp$o-laun*+ ports2 indicat$ horse p[] ) natural draught #f1djj1 spe$ #ag4e knots2 ) =c$ draught #i1hjj1 spe$ #ai knots4 ,! %ip is built ( /eel1 & con/ruct$ accord+ to ! d\ble bottom sy/em along ! eng9e1 boil]1 & ammunition rooms4 ,! vault$ armor deck1 ext5d+ #a4be met]s bel[ ! wat] l9e & protect+ ! mo/ vital p>ts ( ! %ip1 is #j4jeg met] ?ick4 ,!re are m ?an #ajj wat] tight comp>tm5ts bel[ & above ! deck4 ,a protect+ belt ( cellulose is provid$ = ! eng9es & boil]s1 ext5d+ f ! armor deck d[nw>d4 ,! two ma9 guns1 plac$ on ,krupp's hydraulic c>riages1 occupy positions 9 front & re>1 & are protect$ by /&s #j4ji met] ?ick & #a4fj met]s high4 ,!y fire en b>bette ) a lat]al range ea* ( #bfj degrees at b[ & /]n--i4e41 #acj degrees on ei!r ( ! broadsides4 ,! weight ( ! b>rel ( ! gun is #be tons1 t ( ! /eel %ell #bae kilogrammes 7ab\t #dcj lb471 t ( ! br[n p[d] *>ge #ajj kilogrammes2 initial velocity ( projectile1 #faj met]s2 p5etration1 #j4ebd met] iron2 longe/ range1 #ag kilomet]s 7ab\t #aj ,engli% miles72 range at #ae deg4 elevation1 #aj kilomet]s4 ,! six #ae-;c5timet] guns are plac$ 9 a k9d ( ma*ic\li arrangem5t 9 two ti]s on ea* ( ! broadsides1 s t always f\r guns c fire 9 ! direction ( ! keel to ! front & re>4 ,! weight ( ! b>rel ( ! gun is ea* six tons1 t ( ! /eel %ells #ea kilogrammes1 t ( ! *>ge #bb kilogrammes2 initial velocity1 #faj met]s4 ,! #aa quick-fir+ guns are p>tly plac$ along ! broadsides1 p>tly 9 ! ma/s1 ( :i* !re are two4 ,! triple expansion eng9es1 hav+ ea* a bronze screw ( #d4db met]s diamet]1 ) ?ree blades & a rise ( #f4c met]s1 make ) natural draught #aje revolutions1 & ) =c$ draught #abj4 ,! pump+ app>atus are able to lift 9 "o h\r #djj tons ( wat]4 ,! front boil] room conta9s a special cyl9drical boil] = ! work+ ( ! electrical app>atus1 = hydraulic pumps ( ! artill]y s]vice1 = an*or w9dlasses1 v5tilators1 fire eng9es1 etc4 ,! :ole eng9es weigh #hij tons4 ,! bunk]s h a capacity = #ffj tons ( coal1 :i* all[s = a run ( #d1ejj sea miles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cl>k',s ,,gyroscopic ,,torp$oes4 ,figs4 #a & #b repres5t1 ^u a scale ( ab\t #a_/aj1 two types ( torp$oes1 ! greate/ numb] possible ( ! p>ts ( :i* are made revolvable1 s z to r5d] ! torp$oes z dirigible z ! gyrat+ motion p]mits (4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts an electric torp$o actuat$ by accumulators1 ,a ,a1 key$ ^u ! %aft1 & revolv+ along ) ! ge>+s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! runn+1 ! accumulators are n all c\pl$1 b "u ! action ( a clockwork movem5t :i* is set 9 motion at ! mom5t ( />t+1 metallic bru%es desc5d "o aft] ano!r ^u ! collectors1 ,b1 & set 9 action new batt]ies = keep+ con/ant or1 if ne$ be1 accel]at+ ! spe$ at ! end ( ! travel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,cl>k',s ,,gyroscopic ,,torp$oes4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts an air torp$o propos$ by ! same inv5tor4 ,! air res]voir1 ,c1 revolves along ) ! ge>+s "u ! action ( ! pneumatic ma*9e1 ,d4 ,! c5tral %aft is holl[1 s z to s]ve z a conduit4 ,! admission ( air into ! slide valve ( ! ma*9e is regulat$ by a clockwork :i* actuates a slide 9 an ap]ture ^: =m & dim5sions are s calculat$ t ! spe$ rema9s z con/ant z possible t[>d ! end ( ! travel4 ,! trajectory ( ! two torp$oes is regulat$ by a cyl9drical bell[s1 ,f1 :i* gives entrance to ! sea wat]4 ,! spr+s %[n 9 ! figure balance ! hydraulic pressure4 ,! t5sion ( ^! spr+s is regulat$ by ! rod1 ,h1 accord+ to ! indications ( ! scale ( dep?s1 ,i4 ,:5 ! torp$o rea*es too great a dep?1 ! action ( ! spr+s c no long] balance ! increase ( ! hydraulic pressure1 & ! accumulation ( ! *>ge 9 ! re> causes ! front to rise t[>d ! surface4 ,:5 ! torp$o rea*es ! surface1 a contr>y action is produc$4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/eamboat ,,on ,,! ,,se9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,/eamboat ,,built ,,on ,,! ,,se9e4 ,! accompany+ engrav+ repres5ts ! rem>kable /eamboat t ! un=tunate ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy con/ruct$ at ,p>is 9 #ahaf1 aft] organiz+ a company = ! c>riage ( pass5g]s on ! ,se9e4 ,de ,j\ffroy1 z well kn[n1 made ! fir/ exp]im5t 9 /eam navigation at ,lyons 9 #aghc1 b ! inv5tor's g5ius 0 n recogniz$1 & he met ) no?+ b deception & ho/ility4 ,) ! ob/9acy ( m5 ( conviction1 he did n cease to prosecute 8 task4 ,he assur$ly _h an inkl+ ( ! future 9 /ore = ! inv5tion t he 0 (f]+ to humanity4 ,! paddle :eel boat t he con/ruct$ at ,p>is 9 #ahaf did n succe$ any bett] ?an its pr$ecessors2 x 0 rem>kable nev]!less 9 appe>ance & /ructure4 ,! eng9e 0 =w>d1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 :i* is copi$ f a composition ( ,dubuc\rt's4 ,! company organiz$ by ! m>quis 0 ru9$1 &1 z well kn[n1 ! un=tunate inv5tor himself di$ 9 pov]ty 9 #ahcb1 at ! age ( eighty-"o ye>s4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electric ,,motor ,,te/s ,,on ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,elevat$ ,,railroad4 ,! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s at its la/ meet+ ( ! season1 held ,june #be1 aga9 consid]$ ! subject ( electrical traction1 ! pap] pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,leo ,daft be+ bas$ ^u "s rec5t electrical "w on ! elevat$ railroads & its be>+ on ! rapid transit problem4 ,! ,railroad ,gazette gives ! foll[+ ab/ract3 ,he introduc$ ! subject ) a tribute to ! effici5cy ( ! elevat$ railroad sy/em z x is n[ op]at$ by /eam1 ) special ref]5ce to t section ( x kn[n z ! ,n9? ,av5ue l9e1 ^u :i* 8 exp]im5ts ) ! electric motor h be5 conduct$1 ov] :i* pass5g]s are n[ convey$ a di/ance ( five miles 9 #bf m9utes = five c5ts1 :i* he consid]$ ! be/ & *eape/ municipal rapid transit 9 ! _w1 & :i* is op]at$ ) a high] degree ( safety ?an any o!r railroad 9 ! _w mak+ an equal numb] ( /ops p] #ajj miles4 ,on a rec5t holiday1 ,april #cj la/1 #hce1gbj pass5g]s 7 c>ri$ ^u ! entire sy/em )\t noticeable det5tion or accid5t4 ,! rapidly increas+ traffic makes ! dem& = bett] facilities a press+ "o1 & z ! av]age half million n[ c>ri$ daily w soon become a million1 x appe>s d\btful if any me?od c be devis$ ( provid+ = ! gr[? by ! use ( /eam motors on ! pres5t /ructures1 :i* are n[ tax$ to _! utmo/4 ,to ! m9d ( ! me*anical eng9e]1 hav+ 9 view ! ord9>y coeffici5ts ( tractive ability1 !re is no rem$y = ?is4 ,! speak] /at$ t ^! coeffici5ts 7 n entirely tru/wor?y4 ,he reit]at$ 8 previ\sly express$ op9ion1 bas$ on frequ5t exp]im5ts1 t !re is a decid$ increase 9 traction ga9$ by ! passage ( ! electric curr5t f ! :eels to ! rails1 giv+ ! details ( "o te/ :]e a motor ) a load mak+ a total ( #fjj lb4 climb$ a gradi5t ( #b1ijj ft4 p] mile1 />t+ f a /ate ( re/4 ,he /at$ t "s ( ^? p :o _h ridicul$ 8 /atem5ts _h f9ally admitt$ t !y 7 true4 ,! motor ,b5 ,frankl91 :i* _h be5 us$ 9 mak+ ^! te/s on ! elevat$ roads1 weigh$ #aj tons1 & p]=m$ s]vice ne>ly equal to ! /eam motors weigh+ #ah tons4 ,! object ( ^! te/s 0 ! det]m9ation ( coal economy4 ,te/s ) a ,prony brake %[$ t ! motor develop$ #abh ,h4,p4 ,! piece ( track on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ embrac$ #b1bjj ft4 ( level track & #a-h_/aj miles ( gradi5ts1 v>y+ f #aa-c_/aj to #ih-g_/aj ft4 p] mile1 :ile at ,?irtie? /reet ! /ation is at ! foot ( ! /eepe/ grade1 ?us te/+ to ! utmo/ ! tractive capacity ( ! motor4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 begun 9 ,octob]1 #ahhh1 & c>ri$ on betwe5 ! h\rs ( #i ,p4,m4 & #d ,a4,m41 beg9n+ ) "o or two c>s1 ! load be+ increas$ nightly until x 0 f9ally made up ( eight coa*es ( #ab tons ea*1 :i* 7 haul$ up ! #ih ft4 grade at a spe$ ( #g miles p] h\r1 ! entire di/ance be+ cov]$ at ! rate ( #ad-f_/aj miles p] h\r4 ,! maximum spe$ obta9$ on level ) t tra9 0 #af4cf miles p] h\r4 ,sev5ty trips 7 subsequ5tly made ) a #gj ton tra9 op]at$ betwe5 ! /eam tra9s "u #c m9utes headway1 b ! "w 0 consid]$ too critical on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( suitable brakes4 ,a numb] ( exp]im5ts made ab\t ?is "t %[$ t ! mean spe$ ) a ?ree-c> tra9 runn+ express on ! up-t[n track 0 ab\t #bd miles p] h\r1 al?\gh ! ability ( ! motor on a level ) a simil> tra9 0 ne>ly #bh miles p] h\r4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! maximum spe$1 z ! level track 0 n long en\gh to p]mit ( its atta9+ ! highe/ rate4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ! speak]1 h[ev]1 t ! spe$ atta9$ c\ld n be exce$$ ) prud5ce on ! elevat$ /ructure4 ,! measurem5ts ( spe$ 7 made by divid+ ! track into #ai sections ( #ejj ft41 ea* section be+ provid$ ) a circuit-clos+ plate connect$ ) a *ronograph :i* 0 c>efully te/$4 ,! indicator c>ds 7 tak5 at ! c5tral /ation by ,mr4 ,idell & 8 assi/ants1 & ! dynamomet] us$ 0 ( ! liquid type made by ,mr4 ,%aw1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,! diagrams prep>$ f ! data obta9$ 7 !n expla9$ by ! speak]1 :o /at$ t !re 0 n a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! #aj ton motor & ! #ah ton locomotive 9 ! initial ef=t on ! level1 z w be se5 by comp>+ a run obs]v$ by a railroad (fic] on ,m>* #i ) a /eam motor & a load ( ab\t #eg tons4 ,! /eam motor requir$ #a m94 & #bi sec4 to make ! di/ance f #ad? to #bc;d /reets1 :ile ! electric motor ) a tra9 ( #gj tons made ! same trip 9 #a m94 & #ej sec42 ! abs5ce ( p[] brakes compell$ ! curr5t to be tak5 (f at #ai? /reet1 :ile x 0 probable t ! ?rottle ( ! /eam locomotive 0 n clos$ until x rea*$ #bc;d /reet1 ?is be+ ! usual practice4 ,! data obta9$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts %[s t #bi1idj h4p4 is requir$ to op]ate ! ,n9? av5ue railroad = ! #af h\rs' s]vice1 or an av]age ( #a1hga h4p4 p] h\r1 or #b1aha h4p41 add+ /ation friction4 ,! v>y+ requirem5ts ( ! traffic dur+ ! day %[s t ! s]vice c\ld be advantage\sly divid$ up betwe5 f\r /ation>y eng9es ( #hjj h4p4 ea*1 !re be+ b five h\rs ( ! day :5 all ( !m w\ld be requir$4 ,! fuel consumption p] day1 all[+ #bb lb4 ( coal p] h4p4 p] h\r at #b4be p] ton1 w\ld make a total ( #ib4be p] diem = fuel1 ! coal be+ a mixture deliv]able at ! dock = ab\t #a4hj p] ton4 ,! weight ( coal us$ = ! pres5t locomotives is ab\t ! same1 viz41 #dj tons p] day1 b practice has %[n x to be mo/ economical to use coal ( ! be/ quality1 co/+ #e p] ton1 mak+ ! co/ ( fuel ab\t d\ble t requir$ = ! electric sy/em4 ,)\t ent]+ into o!r economies :i* ! speak] claim$ 7 9 favor ( electricity1 & ignor+ ! plan sugge/$ by ,sir ,william ,siem5s ( brak+ ! tra9 by conv]t+ ! motor into a dynamo & ?us utiliz+ ! en]gy ( mom5tum1 he believ$ t ! economy 9 fuel alone 0 suffici5t to prove t ! application ( p[] by electricity 0 pref]able to direct /eam propulsion = ! elevat$ railroad s]vice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,magnetism ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,induc$ ,,electromotive ,,=ce ,,& ,,curr5t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,new ,york1 ,may #bb1 #ahhi4 ,by ,,elihu ,,?omson4 ,!re is p]haps no subject :i* at ! pres5t "t c h a great] int]e/ to ! physici/1 ! electrician1 & ! electrical eng9e] ?an ! "o :i* heads ?is pap]4 ,! advances :i* h be5 made 9 ! /udy f its purely !oretical or sci5tific side1 & ! great te*nical progress 9 ! utilization ( ! kn[n facts & pr9ciples conc]n+ magnetic inductions1 c b deep5 & /r5g!n t int]e/4 ,on ! side ( pure !ory we f9d ! eag] collection ( exp]im5tal data to be submitt$ to ! scrut9y ( ! able/ & brighte/ m9ds1 to be exam9$ & reason$ ^u ) ! hope ( f9d+ "s clew to satisfy+ explanations1 & on ! side ( practice we f9d ! se>* = new facts & relations no less dilig5t1 ?\gh (t5 /imulat$ by practical problems pres5t$ = solution4 ,inde$1 ! urg5cy = results is (t5 ! great] on ! practical side1 = !ory c wait1 practice _c1 at lea/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we mu/ look = cont9u$ triumphs 9 bo? directions1 & ! mo/ welcome ( all w be ! fram+ ( a !ory or explanation :i* w enable u to int]pret magnetic & electric ph5om5a4 ,! rec5t beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,h]tz on magnetic waves h op5$ a f]tile region = inve/igation4 ,x w\ld seem t ! /udy ( magnetism & electricity w give u ! ability to inve/igate ! e!r ( space1 :i* m$ium has be5 !oriz$ ^u at great l5g?1 ) ! result ( leav+ x v mu* :]e x 0 be=e1 a my/]i\s necessity4 ,f>aday says1 speak+ ( magnetism3 ,su* an action may be a function ( ! e!r1 = x is n at all unlikely t if !re be an e!r x %\ld h o!r uses ?an simply ! conveyance ( radiations4 #c1jge4 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,exp4 ,res4 ,x may be a vibration ( ! hypo!tical e!r1 or a /ate ( t5sion ( t e!r equival5t to ei!r a dynamic or a /atic condition1 etc4 #c1bfc4 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,exp4 ,res4 ,f>aday aga9 says1 speak+ ( ! magnetic p[] ( a vacuum3 ,:at t surr\nd+ magnetic m$ium depriv$ ( all mat]ial sub/ance may be ,i _c tell1 p]haps ! e!r4 #c1bgg4 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,exp4 ,res4 ,mod]n views w\ld seem to po9t t ?r\gh a /udy ( magnetic ph5om5a we may take a feeble hold ^u ! univ]sal e!r4 ,magnetism is an action or condition ( t m$ium1 & x may be t electrical actions are ! expression ( molecul> di/urbances br\ght ab\t by e!r /ra9s or int]f]5ces4 ,! close relations :i* are %[n to exi/ betwe5 magnetism & light t5d to /r5g!n su* views4 ,inde$1 x w\ld n be too mu* to expect t if ! me*anics ( ! e!r are ev] work$ out1 we %\ld f9d ! relation betwe5 s5sible heat & electric curr5ts to be z close z t ( light to magnetism1 p]haps f9d ultimately ! =ms ( matt]1 ! elem5ts & comp\nds to be ! m complex manife/ations ( ! univ]sal m$ium--aggregations 9 /able equilibrium4 ,x is a difficult conception1 ,i confess1 & a mo/ %ad[y & imp]fect "o1 yet facts & inf]5ces :i* favor su* views are n want+4 ,our sci5ce ( electricity seems almo/ to be 9 ! same condition t *emi/ry 0 be=e ! "w ( ,lavoisi] _h %$ its light on *emical !ory4 ,our /ore ( facts is daily increas+1 & app>5tly disconnect$ ph5om5a are be+ br\ght into h>moni\s relation4 ,p]haps ! edifice ( complete !ory w n be m ?an begun 9 our "t1 p]haps ! build+ process w be a v gradual "o1 b ,i _c refra9 f ! conviction t ! intellig5ce ( man w1 if x has "t1 cont9ue its advance until su* a /ructure exi/s4 ,i h be5 l$ to make ^! g5]al allusions to electrical !ory 9 ord] to emphasize ! fact t 9 ! pres5t pap] no unravel+ ( ! my/]y is to be attempt$1 b r ! pres5tation ( "s few consid]ations ^u a subject ( absorb+ int]e/4 ,! conception ( ,f>aday 9 reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( l9es ( magnetic =ce repres5t+ directions ( magnetic /ra9 or t5sion 9 a m$ium has n only lo/ no?+ ( its usefulness up to ! pres5t "t1 b has cont9ually be5 ( great s]vice 9 ! und]/&+ ( magnetic ph5om5a4 ,we ne$ sp5d no "t 9 %[+1 z ,f>aday & o!rs h done1 t ^! l9es are always clos$ circuits1 pol>iz$ s t ! direction ( ! l9es _c be rev]s$ )\t rev]sal ( ! actions4 ,nor ne$ we take "t to %[ t 9 any m$ium ! l9es are mutually repell5t lat]ally if ( ! same direction ( pol>ization4 ,oppos+ ?is t5d5cy to sep>ation or lat]al diffusion ( magnetic =ce is ! /rong app>5t t5d5cy ( ! l9es to %ort5 !mselves 9 any m$ium4 ,^! actions are di/ribut$ by ! pres5tation ( a bett] m$ium1 z iron in/ead ( space or air4 ,l9es ( =ce w move into ! bett] m$ium1 hav+ app>5tly ! con/ant t5d5cy to dim9i% ! resi/ance 9 _! pa?s4 ,! peculi> & my/]i\s nature ( m$ia1 su* z iron1 is to p]mit an extraord9>y cr[d+ ( l9es on acc\nt ( slight resi/ance to _! passage ?r\gh x4 ,we ne$ n1 9 addition1 d m ?an ref] to ! o!r well-kn[n facts ( an electric curr5t develop+ magnetic l9es encircl+ ! conductor1 z be+ ! g5]al type1 :i* includes all =ms ( magnetic field or electro-magnets1 su/a9$ by curr5ts1 & ! fact ( a developm5t :5 magnetic l9es or circuits & mat]ial masses are 9 relative movem5t ( electromotive =ces transv]sely to ! direction ( ! l9es ( magnetism1 & also transv]sely to ! direction ( relative movem5t1 z 9 ! case ( electric conductors trav]s+ or cutt+ ?r\gh a field1 or ( a field trav]s+ or be+ mov$ across a conductor4 ,we mu/ n =get t ev5 insulators1 z well z conductors1 cutt+ l9es ( =ce1 h ! electromotive =ce develop$ 9 !m4 ,! action simply develops pot5tial diff]5ce1 & ?is g5]ates ! curr5t :]e a circuit exi/s4 ,:ile we are 9 ! habit ( say+ t a conductor mov$ across a field ( l9es1 or vice v]sa1 g5]ates electric curr5t1 ,i ?9k ! /atem5t incomplete4 ,! movem5t only sets up a pot5tial diff]5ce1 & ! p[] exp5d$ 9 effect+ ! movem5t g5]ates ,c ,e4 ,! curr5t is en]gy less ! pot5tial1 or ! en]gy exp5d$ gives ! two effects ( pot5tial or pressure & curr5t or rate ( movem5t4 ,consequ5tly an insulator1 or an op5-circuit$ conductor1 trav]s+ a field1 consumes no en]gy1 pot5tial diff]5ce only be+ produc$4 ,nev]!less1 z w be %[n1 ! magnetic circuits or l9es !mselves may furni% ! en]gy = _! own movem5t across a conductor1 & s develop curr5t z well z pot5tial4 ,?is occurs 9 ! ef=t ( l9es to %ort5 _! pa?s1 to less5 _! d5sity1 to pass to bett] m$ia4 ,inde$1 a close exam9ation w %[ t :]ev] p[] is exp5d$ 9 develop+ curr5t 9 a circuit1 cutt+ l9es ( =ce1 ! en]gy exp5d$ is fir/ employ$ 9 /ret*+ ! l9es1 :i* ?us receive ! en]gy requir$ to p]mit !m1 9 %ort5+1 to cut ! conductor & set up curr5ts 9 ! electric circuit 9 accordance ) ! pot5tial diff]5ce develop$ 9 t circuit & its resi/ance4 ,i ?9k we may also say1 ?\gh ,i d n rememb] to h se5 ! /atem5t s put1 t :5ev] electric pot5tial is set up inductively1 z 9 self-induction1 mutual induction1 induction f "o circuit to ano!r1 & induction f magnets or magnetic field1 x is set up by ! movem5t ( l9es ( =ce lat]ally across ! body1 mass or conductor 9 :i* ! pot5tial is develop$1 & t :5ev] curr5t is set up 9 a wire or an exi/+ curr5t prolong$1 or an exi/+ curr5t *eck$ by induction1 self-induction1 or induction f magnets1 ! action is a transf] ( en]gy1 repres5t$ by /ra9$ l9es ( =ce %ort5+ or less5+ _! resi/ance1 or l5g!n+ & increas+ ! resi/ance 9 _! pa?s4 ,! magnetic field is l an ela/ic spr+--x c 9 "o condition repres5t /or$ en]gy--x c be /ra9$ & w /ore en]gy--x c be made to relieve its /ra9 & imp>t en]gy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,let u exam9e "s kn[n ph5om5a 9 ?is light4 ,take ! case ( a simple wire1 convey+ curr5t1 say1 9 a l9e away f obs]v]1 ,fig4 #a4 ,!re exi/s a free field ( circul> magnetism 7s call$71 %ad+ (f away f ! wire1 & :i* is repres5t$ by conc5tric circles ( increas$ diamet]4 ,! sup]ior int5sity or /r5g? ( ! l9es ne> ! wire may also be repres5t$ by _! ?ickness4 ,?is is (t5 %[n also by cr[d+ ! l9es ne> ! wire1 ?\gh ,i am dispos$ to reg>d ,fig4 #a z m ne>ly express+ ! condition1 unless we are to reg>d ! l9es z simply indicat+ a sort ( atmosph]e ( magnetic effect ^: d5sity becomes less z we proce$ outw>d f ! wire1 9 :i* case ei!r =m ( symbol suffices4 ,! direction ( pol>ization ( ! l9es may be indicat$ by an arr[ head po9t+ 9 a direction ( "r-h&$ rotation 9 ! pa? ( ! l9es4 ,?is is ! typical figure or expression = all =ms ( simple magnetic circuit--! =m ( ! l9es1 _! l5g?1 position1 d5sity1 w dep5d on ! %ape ( ! conductor or conductors 7:5 m ?an "o7 & ! mat]ials surr\nd+ or 9 proximity to ! wire or wires4 ,if ! curr5t trav]s+ ! conductor is con/ant1 ! magnetic field ar\nd x is /able & /atic1 unless o!r influ5ces come 9 to modify x4 ,! cutt+ (f ( ! curr5t is foll[$ by in/ability ( ! field :]eby x c & mu/ produce dynamic effects4 ,i say mu/ because ! field repres5ts /or$ en]gy1 & 9 disappe>+ mu/ give out t en]gy4 ,to ?r[ light on ?is "p ( ! subject is "o ( ! objects ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,cutt+ (f ! curr5t supply 9 ! case assum$ leaves ! develop$ magnetic l9es or /ra9s unsupport$4 ,!y at once %ort5 _! pa?s or circuits1 collaps+ ^u ! conductor z x 71 & cont9u+ ?is action1 cut ! section ( ! conductor1 & app>5tly disappe> 9 magnetic clos$ circuits ( inf9itesimal diamet] b ( great /r5g? ( pol>ization4 ,x appe>s to me t we mu/ ei!r be prep>$ to give up ! idea ( l9es ( =ce or take ! position t ! magnetic circuits precipitate !mselves 9 %ort5+ _! circuits & disappe>+ ^u & cut ! conductor4 ,x 0 ,hughes :o put =w>d ! idea t an iron b> 9 los+ its app>5t magnetism really %ort-circuits ! l9es 9 itself z innum]able /rongly magnetiz$ clos$ circuits among ! molecules4 ,9 becom+ magnetic once m ^! %ort circuits are op5$ or ext5d$ into ! air by "s s\rce ( en]gy appli$ to /ra9 ! l9es1 su* z a curr5t 9 a conductor ar\nd ! b>4 ,may n ?is idea be ext5d$1 !n1 to include ! magnetic m$ium1 ! e!r itself8 ,does x conta9 int5sely pol>iz$ clos$ circuits ( magnetism :i* are ready to be /ret*$ or ext5d$ "u c]ta9 conditions by ! application ( en]gy1 :i* en]gy is return$ by ! collapse ( ! ext5d$ circuits8 ,?is is d\btless b a crude expression ( ! real condition ( ?+s1 = ! l9es are only symbols = a condition ( /ra9 9 a m$ium :i* _c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 z we "k no?+ ( its real nature4 ,!re is "o po9t 9 ?is connection :i* ,i mu/ emphasize4 ,! /ra9$ l9es1 ,fig4 #a1 are indications ( /or$ en]gy 9 ! e!r1 & ! l9es _c disappe> )\t giv+ out t en]gy4 ,ord9>ily1 x makes its appe>ance z ! extra curr5t1 & adds itself s z to prolong ! curr5t :i* ext5d$ ! l9es :5 an attempt is made to cut (f su* curr5t4 ,7 x conceivable t ! curr5t c\ld be cut (f & ! wire put on op5 circuit :ile ! l9es /ill rema9$ op5 or /ra9$1 ! en]gy mu/ /ill escape :5 ! field disappe>s4 ,x w\ld !n produce su* a high pot5tial z to be able to dis*>ge f ! ends ( ! conductor1 & if ! conductor 7 ( "s section1 "p ( ! en]gy w\ld be exp5d$ 9 sett+ up local curr5ts 9 x4 ,! field c\ld n disappe> )\t an outlet = ! en]gy x repres5ts4 ,b we _c cut (f a curr5t 9 a wire s z to leave ! wire on op5 circuit ) ! l9es ( ! magnetic circuit rema9+ ar\nd x )\t iron or /eel or ! l 9 ! magnetic circuit4 ,we c approa* t condition1 h[ev]1 by break+ ! circuit v quickly ) a cond5s] ( limit$ capacity ar\nd ! break4 ,?is is done 9 ! ,ruhmkorff coil prim>y2 ! cond5s] =ms a sort ( bl9d alley = ! extra curr5t on its beg9n+ to fl[ out ( ! prim>y coil4 ,b ! cond5s] *>ges & backs up & /ops ! dis*>ge f ! prim>y1 ev5 giv+ a rev]se curr5t4 ,! l9es ( magnetic =ce collapse1 h[ev]1 & h _! effect 9 ! enorm\s pot5tial set up 9 ! second>y coil4 ,take away ! second>y coil s z to /op t outlet1 ! en]gy exp5ds itself on ! iron core & ! prim>y coil4 ,take away ! iron core1 & ! en]gy ( magnetization ( ! air or e!r core exp5ds itself on ! wire ( ! prim>y &1 possibly1 also on ! dielectric ( ! cond5s] to "s ext5t4 ,! extra curr5t becomes 9 ?is in/ance an oscillatory dis*>ge ( v high p]iod back & =? ?r\gh ! prim>y coil f ! cond5s]1 until ! en]gy is lo/ 9 ! heat ( ,c#b ,r4 ,?is conv]sion is d\btless r5d]$ all ! m rapid by unev5 di/ribution ( curr5t & eddy curr5t set up 9 ! wire ( ! coil4 ,! consid]ations j giv5 conc]n ! loss ( field or ! %ort5+ & app>5t disappe>ance ( ! magnetic l9es or circuits1 z giv+ rise to ! self-induction or increas$ pot5tial on break+4 ,:]e ! en]giz+ curr5t is sl[ly cut (f or dim9i%$ ! en]gy is gradually transf]r$ to ! wire 9 produc+ elevation ( pot5tial dur+ ! decrease2 & ! collapse & cutt+ ( ! wire by ! collaps+ circuits or l9es is !n only m gradual4 ,let ! curr5t be return$ to ! wire aft] disappe>ance ( magnetism1 & ! l9es aga9 seem to emanate f ! wire & at ! same "t cut x & produce a c\nt] pot5tial 9 x1 :i* is ! index ( ! ab/raction ( en]gy f ! circuit1 & its /or+ up 9 ! =m ( ela/ically /ra9$ l9es ( magnetism ar\nd ! conductor4 ,! effect is t ( self-induction on mak+ or ^u increase ( curr5t1 ! measure ( ! am\nt be+ ! en]gy /or$ 9 ! magnetic circuits :i* h be5 ext5d$ or op5$ up by ! curr5t4 ,! great] ! curr5t & ! %ort] ! pa? = ! l9es develop$ ar\nd ! axis ( ! conductor1 ! great] ! en]gy /or$ up4 ,h5ce1 a circul> section conductor has ! highe/ self-induction1 a tube ( same section less z its diamet] increases1 a flat /rip has less z its wid? increases & ?ickness dim9i%es1 a divid$ conductor mu* less ?an a s+le conductor ( same %ape & section4 ,sep>at+ ! /r&s ( a divid$ conductor increases ! l5g? ( magnetic pa?s ar\nd x1 & s dim9i%es ! self-induction4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is latt] fact 0 develop$ 9 convey+ v heavy alt]nat+ curr5ts ( a v l[ pot5tial a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree feet by copp] conductors1 ! curr5t be+ us$ 9 electric weld+ op]ations4 ,! conductors 7 built up ( flat ?9 /rips ( copp] = flexibility4 ,:5 ! /rips 7 all[$ to lie closely toge!r1 ! %ort conductor %[$ an enorm\s self-induction1 :i* cut d[n ! effective pot5tial at its ends ne> ! "w4 ,by spread+ ap>t ! /rips s z to l5g!n a l9e ar\nd ! conductor1 ! self-induction c\ld be easily made less ?an #ce p] c5t4 ( :at x _h be5 be=e4 ,! int]weav+ ( ! outgo+ & return conductor /r&s z "o comp\nd conductor gets rid almo/ entirely ( ! self-inductive effects1 because nei!r conductor has any free space 9 :i* to develop /rong magnetic =ces1 b is oppos$ 9 effect ev]y:]e by ! opposite curr5t 9 its neighbor4 ,:]e a numb] ( conductors are p>allel1 & h ! same direction ( curr5t1 z 9 a coil or 9 a /r&1 x is evid5t t /atically ! conductor may be consid]$ z replaceable by a s+le conductor ) ! same ext]nal dim5sions & same total curr5t 9 ! area occupi$1 ! magnetic =ces or l9es surr\nd+ !m be+ ( same int5sity4 ,b ) *ang+ curr5t /r5g? ! di/ribution ( curr5t 9 ! conductor has also a p[]ful effect on ! en]gy absorb$ or giv5 out 9 accordance ) ! magnetism produc$4 ,h5ce ! self-induction ( a /r&1 coil or conductor ( ! same section v>ies ) ! rapidity ( curr5t *anges1 ow+ to ! conduction be+ unev54 ,! unev5 di/ribution ( curr5t1 or its t5d5cy to fl[ on ! out] p>ts ( a conductor :5 ! rate ( v>iation or alt]nation is made great1 is 9 itself a consequ5ce ( ! fact t less en]gy is transf]r$ into magnetism 9 ?is case ?an :5 ! curr5t fl[s uni=mly ov] ! section1 or is conc5trat$ at ! c5t]4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 a uni=m curr5t trav]ses a conductor ( ! same section1 ! circul> magnetism1 or surr\nd+ magnetic l9es1 are to be f\nd n only outside ! conductor1 b also b5ea? its ext]ior4 ,s9ce 9 =m+ ^! l9es on passage ( curr5t ! middle ( section w\ld be surr\nd$ by m l9es ?an any o!r "p ( ! conductor1 ! curr5t t5ds to keep out ( t "p & move ne>] ! ext]ior 9 great] am\nt4 ,h5ce1 9 rapidly alt]nat+ curr5ts ! conductor section is practically less5$1 be+ re/rict$ l>gely to ! out] metal ( ! conductor4 ,if ! r\nd conductor1 ,fig4 #b1 7 made ( iron1 ! magnetism int]ior to x & set up by a curr5t 9 x w\ld be v mu* great]1 ! section ( ! conductor be+ fill$ ) magnetic circuits or l9es ar\nd ! c5t]4 ,! total magnetism1 ext]nal & int]nal1 w\ld be mu* great] 9 ?is case = a giv5 curr5t fl[1 & ! en]gy absorb$ & giv5 out 9 =mation & loss ( field or ! self-induction w\ld be mu* increas$4 ,?is c\ld1 h[ev]1 be greatly dim9i%$ by slitt+ ! conductor radially or mak+ x ( a numb] ( sep>ate wires out ( lat]al magnetic contact "o ) ! o!r1 ,fig4 #c4 ,9 ^! cases ! resi/ance ( ! int]ior magnetic circuits w\ld be increas$1 z !re w\ld be sev]al breaks 9 ! cont9uity ar\nd ! c5t] ( ! conductor4 ,! total magnetism :i* c\ld be set up by a curr5t w\ld be less5$1 & ! self-induction1 !re=e1 less5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! mom5t we beg9 ! br++ ( iron into proximity ) an electric conductor convey+ curr5t1 we provide a bett] m$ium = ! fl[ or developm5t ( magnetic l9es or circuits4 ,9 o!r words1 ! l9es may !n be long]1 yet equally int5se1 or m l9es may be cr[d$ into a section ( ?is metal ?an 9 air or space4 ,figs4 #d;a1 #d;b1 #d;c %[ ! effect br\ght ab\t by br++ iron ( diff]5t =ms ne> to ! conductor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d;c4 ,x %[s1 9 o!r words1 ! developm5t ( ! ord9>y electro-magnet ( ! horse%oe =m1 & ! conc5tration ( ! l9es 9 ! bett] m$ium4 ,! l9es also t5d to %ort5 & dim9i% ! resi/ance to _! passage1 s t attraction ( ! iron to ! conductor takes place1 & if !re is m ?an "o piece ( iron1 !y t5d to /r+ !mselves ar\nd ! conductor 9 magnetic contact ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 copp] b>s ( #a in* diamet] are trav]s$ by curr5ts ( #dj1jjj to #fj1jjj amp]es1 z 9 weld+ !m1 ! magnetic =ces j ref]r$ to become s enorm\s t v heavy masses ( iron br\ght up to ! b> are firmly held1 ev5 ?\gh ! curr5t be ( an alt]nat+ "*1 *ang+ direction _m times a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,:5 a conductor is surr\nd$ by a ca/ iron r+1 z 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! curr5t 9 su* conductor has an excell5t magnetic m$ium surr\nd+ x4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( en]gy is !n ab/ract$ on ! fir/ impulse ( curr5t1 :i* goes to develop /rong & d5se magnetic l9es ?r\gh ! iron r+ & across ! gap 9 x4 ,on tak+ (f ! curr5t ! en]gy is return$ z extra curr5t1 & its =ce is _m times :at w\ld be f\nd ) air alone surr\nd+ ! conductor4 ,we h !n greatly increas$ ! self-induction1 ! /or+ ( en]gy & opposition to curr5t fl[ at ! beg9n+1 ! giv+ back ( en]gy & assi/ance to ! curr5t fl[ on attempt+ to remove or /op ! curr5t4 ,let u n[ complete ! r+1 by mak+ x ( iron1 endless1 ,fig4 #f1 ) ! conductor 9 ! middle4 ,we n[ f9d t on pass+ curr5t ?r\gh ! conductor x meets ) a v /rong oppos+ effect or c\nt] pot5tial4 ,! evolution ( magnetic l9es1 or ! op5+ out ( magnetic circuits1 goes on at a v rapid rate4 ,ea* l9e or magnetic circuit evolv$1 & cutt+ ! conductor1 flies at once outw>d1 & locates itself 9 ! iron r+4 ,?is r+ c c>ry innum]able l9es1 & !y d n cr[d "o ano!r4 ,x p]mits ! l9es ev5 to l5g!n 9 rea*+ x1 & yet1 on acc\nt ( its l[ resi/ance to _! passage1 ! l5g!n+ is equival5t to _! hav+ %ort5$ 9 o!r m$ia4 ,we w suppose ! curr5t n suffici5t to exhau/ ?is peculi> capacity = l9es :i* ! iron has4 ,equilibrium is rea*$1 ! conductor has op5$ up innum]able clos$ circuits1 & caus$ !m to exi/ 9 ! r+ /ill clos$2 b 9 iron1 n space or e!r m]ely4 ,! curr5t pass+ has cont9u$ its action & /orage ( en]gy until to emit ano!r l9e 9 view ( ! resi/ance n[ f\nd 9 ! cr[d$ iron r+ is impossible4 ,n[ let u cut (f ! curr5t4 ,we are surpris$ to f9d a v weak extra curr5t1 a practical abs5ce ( self-induction on break+1 or1 at lea/1 a giv+ out ( en]gy 9 n[ise comp>able to t on mak+4 ,let u put on ! curr5t z x 0 be=e4 ,ano!r curi\s result4 ,b little self-induction n[ on mak+ en]gy n absorb$4 ,n[ cut (f ! curr5t aga94 ,same effect z be=e4 ,n[ let u put on ! curr5t rev]s$ 9 direction4 ,at once we f9d a v /rong c\nt] pot5tial or oppos+ self-induction develop$4 ,! r+ _h be5 pol>iz$1 or reta9$ its magnetic en]gy1 & we are n[ tak+ out "o set ( l9es & putt+ 9 rev]sely pol>iz$ l9es ( =ce4 ,?is done1 we break ! rev]s$ curr5t )\t mu* effect ( self-induction4 ,! r+ rema9s pol>iz$ & in]t until an opposite fl[ ( curr5t be s5t ?r\gh4 ,iron is !n a diff]5t m$ium f ! e!r4 ,! r+ once magnetiz$ mu/1 9 los+ its magnetism1 p]mit a closure ( ! l9es by %ort5+4 ,?is involves _! passage f ! iron across ! space 9 ! c5t] ( ! r+1 not)/&+ its great resi/ance to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,z passage f iron to air is equival5t to l5g!n+ ( ! l9es1 x is readily se5 t su* l5g!n+ may oppose m effect ?an a slight %ort5+ due to leav+ iron1 = air or space may give 9 provok+ a closure & disappe>ance ( ! l9es4 ,look$ at f ano!r /&po9t1 ! l9es on ! iron may actually require a small am\nt ( initial en]gy to dislodge !m !refrom1 s t aft] be+ dislodg$ !y may collapse & yield :atev] en]gy !y repres5t4 ,i mu/ res]ve = ! future fur!r consid]ation ( ! iron r+1 b 9 ?9k+ ^u ?is matt] ,i am l$ to ?9k t ! production ( a magnetic l9e 9 an iron r+ ar\nd a conductor may repres5t a sort ( wave ( en]gy1 an absorption ( en]gy on ! evolution ( ! l9e f ! conductor1 & a slight giv+ out ( en]gy on ! l9e rea*+ t position ( proximity to ! iron r+1 t its passage !reto may be said to be a %ort5+ process or a less5+ ( its resi/ance4 ,! magnetism 9 air1 gases1 & non-magnetic bodies1 be+ assum$ to be t ( ! e!r1 ?is m$ium %[s no su* effects z ^? we get ) ! r+4 ,x does n become p]man5tly pol>iz$1 z does ev5 s(t iron "u ! condition ( a clos$ r+4 ,! iron possesses co]cive =ce1 or magnetic rigidity1 & a /eel r+ w\ld %[ m ( x4 ,! molecules ( ! iron or /eel take a set4 ,if we 7 to cut ! s(t iron r+1 or sep>ate x 9 any way1 ?is introduction ( resi/ance ( air = e!r 9 ! magnetic circuit w\ld cause ! l9es to collapse & set up a curr5t 9 ! conductor4 ,! en]gy ( ! r+ w\ld h be5 re/or$ to ! latt]4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t physically ! pol>iz$ r+ does n pres5t any diff]5t appe>ance or ord9>y prop]ties diff]5t f ^? ( a pla9 r+1 & w n deflect a compass ne$le4 ,its condition is discov]able1 h[ev]1 by ! te/ ( self-induction to curr5ts ( diff]5t direction4 ,z a practical consid]ation1 we may m5tion 9 ?is connection t a self-inductive coil = curr5ts ( "o direction mu/ be con/ruct$ diff]5tly f "o to be us$ ) alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,! =m] mu/ h 9 its magnetic circuit a section ( air or ! l1 or be an imp]fectly clos$ circuit1 z x 74 ,! latt] %\ld h z p]fectly clos$ a magnetic circuit z c be made4 ,we see "h also ! futility ( con/ruct+ a ,ruhmkorff core coil on ! clos$ iron magnetic circuit plan1 because ! curr5ts 9 ! prim>y are int]rupt$1 n rev]s$4 ,! consid]ations j put =w>d 9 relation to ! clos$ iron r+1 & its passive "* "u ! condition ( becom+ pol>iz$1 are m important ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! second>y curr5t wave ( a clos$ iron circuit induction coil or trans=m]1 ^: prim>y circuit receives alt]nat+ curr5t1 is lagg$ f its !oretical position ( #ij degrees beh9d ! prim>y wave an additional #ij degrees1 s t ! phases ( ! two curr5ts are directly oppos$2 or ! second>y curr5t work+ lamps only 9 its circuit is "o half a wave l5g? beh9d a prim>y1 in/ead ( a qu>t] wave l5g?1 z might h be5 expect$4 ,b :5 x is und]/ood t ! iron core pol>iz$ 9 "o direction by ! prim>y impulse does n beg9 to lose its magnetism :5 t impulse simply weak5s1 b waits until an actual rev]sal ( curr5t has tak5 place1 x w be se5 t ! second>y curr5t1 :i* c only be produc$ :5 magnetic l9es are leav+ ! core & cutt+ ! second>y coil1 or :5 ! l9es are be+ evolv$ & pass+ into ! core f ! prim>y coil1 w h a beg9n+ at ! mom5t ! prim>y rev]ses1 w cont9ue dur+ ! fl[ ( t impulse1 & w end at sub/antially ! same "t ) ! prim>y impulse1 provid$ ! "w ( ! second>y curr5t is n exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ self-induction1 :i* w\ld introduce a fur!r lag4 ,moreov]1 ! direction ( ! second>y curr5t w be opposite to t ( ! prim>y1 because ! magnetic circuits :i* are op5$ up by ! prim>y curr5t 9 magnetiz+ ! core1 or :i* are clos$ or collaps$ by x 9 demagnetiz+ ! core1 w always cut ! second>y coil 9 ! direction prop] = ?is result4 ,trans=m]s ( ! /raight core type ) v s(t iron 9 ! cores & n too high rates ( alt]nation %\ld approximate m ne>ly ! !oretical relation ( prim>y & second>y waves1 because ! magnetic *anges 9 ! core are capable ( tak+ place almo/ simultane\sly ) ! *anges ( /r5g? ( ! prim>y curr5t4 ,?is fact also has o!r important practical & !oretical be>+s4 ,let u assume a pla9 iron core1 ,fig4 #g1 magnetiz$ z indicat$1 s t its poles1 ,n1 ,s1 complete _! magnetic circuits by :at is call$ free field or l9es 9 space ar\nd x4 ,let a coil ( wire be w\nd !reon z indicat$4 ,n[ assume t ! magnetism is to be lo/ or cease1 ei!r sudd5ly or sl[ly4 ,an electric pot5tial w be set up 9 ! coil1 & if x has a circuit1 "w or en]gy w be produc$ or giv5 out 9 t circuit1 & 9 any o!r inductively relat$ to x4 ,h5ce ! magnetic field repres5ts "w or pot5tial en]gy4 ,b to develop pot5tial 9 ! wire ! l9es mu/ cut ! wire4 ,?is !y c d by collaps+ or clos+ on !mselves4 ,! b> seems1 !re=e1 to lose its magnetism by ga9+ x all1 & 9 do+ s all ! ext]nal l9es ( =ce mov+ inw>d cut ! wire4 ,! magnetic circuits %ort5 & %ort-circuit !mselves 9 ! b>1 p]haps z innum]able molecul> magnetic circuits int]ior to ! iron m$ium4 ,to remagnetize ! b> we may pass an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! coil4 ,! small clos$ circuits are aga9 di/5d$1 ! free field appe>s1 & ! l9es mov+ outw>d cut across ! wire coil opposite to ! =m] direction & produce a c\nt] pot5tial 9 ! wire1 & consequ5t absorption ( ! en]gy repres5t$ 9 ! free field produc$4 ,z be=e /udi$1 ! magnetism _c disappe> )\t giv+ out ! en]gy x repres5ts1 ev5 ?\gh ! wire coil be on op5 circuit1 & !re=e unable to dis*>ge t en]gy4 ,! coil op5-circuit$ is /atic1 n dynamic4 ,9 su* assum$ case ! l9es 9 clos+ cut ! core & heat x4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 lam9ate ! core or subdivide x z f> z possible1 & we appe> to h cut (f ?is escape = ! en]gy4 ,?is is n really s1 h[ev]4 ,we h simply increas$ ! possible rate ( spe$ ( closure1 or movem5t ( ! l9es1 & s h increas$ = ! divid$ core ! int5sity ( ! actions ( magnetic friction & local curr5ts 9 ! core1 ! latt] /ill receiv+ ! en]gy ( ! magnetic circuit4 ,?is reason+ is bas$ on ! possibility 9 ?is case ( cutt+ (f ! curr5t 9 ! magnetiz+ coil & reta9+ ! magnetic field4 ,?is is ( itself probably impossible ) s(t iron4 ,t ! core receives ! en]gy :5 ! coil _c is %[n 9 ! well kn[n fact t 9 "s dynamos ) armatures ( bobb9s on iron cores1 ! runn+ ( ! armature coils on op5 circuit gives rise to dang]\s heat+ ( ! cores1 & t "u normal "w ! heat+ is less4 ,9 ! =m] case ! core accumulates ! en]gy repres5t$ 9 ! magnetic *anges4 ,9 ! latt] ! ext]nal circuit ( ! ma*9e & its wire coils take ! l>g] "p ( ! en]gy :i* is exp5d$ 9 do+ ! "w 9 ! circuit4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ! curr5t 9 ! coils causes a ret>dation ( ! spe$ ( *ange & ext5t ( *ange ( magnetism 9 ! iron cores1 :i* keeps d[n ! int5sity ( ! magnetic reaction4 ,9 fact1 ?is ret>dation or lag & r$uction ( range ( magnetic *ange may 9 "s ma*9es be made s great by clos+ ! circuit ( ! armature coils !mselves or %ort-circuit+ !m t ! total heat develop$ 9 ! cores is mu* less ?an "u normal load4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,i wi% n[1 9 clos+1 to ref] briefly to ph5om5a ( mov+ l9es ( =ce1 & to ! effects ( spe$ ( movem5t4 ,9 ord] to g5]ate a giv5 pot5tial 9 a l5g? ( conductor we h *oice ( c]ta9 conditions4 ,we c v>y ! /r5g? ( field & we c v>y ! velocity4 ,we c use a /rong field & sl[ movem5t ( conductor1 or we c use a weak field & rapid movem5t ( ! conductor4 ,b we f9d also t :]e ! conductor has l>ge section x is liable to heat f eddy curr5ts caus$ by "o "p ( its section be+ 9 a /rong] field ?an ano!r at ! same "t4 ,"o "p cuts ! l9es :]e !y are d5se & ! o!r :]e !y are n d5se1 ) ! result ( diff]5ce ( pot5tial & local curr5ts :i* wa/e en]gy 9 heat4 ,we _c make ! conductor move 9 a field ( uni=m d5sity1 because x mu/ pass into & out ( ! field4 ,! conditions j /at$ are pres5t 9 dynamos = heavy curr5t "w1 :]e ! spe$ ( cutt+ ( l9es is l[ & ! armature conductor l>ge 9 section4 ,b we f9d t 9 a trans=m] second>y we c use v l>ge section ( conductor1 ev5 7z 9 weld+ ma*9es7 #ab to #ae squ>e in*es solid copp]1 )\t meet+ appreciable difficulty f eddy curr5ts 9 x4 ,! magnetic l9es c]ta9ly cut ! heavy conductor & g5]ate ! heavy curr5t & pot5tial ne$$4 ,:at diff]5ce1 if any1 exi/s8 ,9 ! trans=m] ! curr5ts are g5]at$ by magnetic field ( v l[ d5sity1 9 :i* ! l9es are mov+ across ! conductor ) extreme rapidity4 ,! velocity ( emanation ( l9es ar\nd ! prim>y coil is probably ne> t ( light1 & ea* l9e passes across ! section second>y conductor 9 a practically inappreciable "t4 ,!re is no cause !n = diff]5ces ( pot5tial at diff]5t p>ts ( ! section heavy second>y4 ,!n to avoid eddy curr5ts 9 l>ge conductors & g5]ate useful curr5ts 9 !m1 we may cause ! conductor to be ei!r mov$ into & out ( a l[ d5sity field ) v great spe$1 or bett]1 we mu/ cause ! l9es ( a v l[ or diffus$ field to trav]se or cut across ! conductor ) v high velocity4 ,x is a kn[n fact t1 9 dynamos ) l>ge section armature conductors1 !re are less eddy curr5ts produc$ 9 ! conductors :5 !y are provid$ ) iron cores or w\nd ^u iron cores ?an :5 ! conductors are made into flat bobb9s mov$ 9 front ( field poles4 ,projections exi/+ on ! armature betwe5 :i* ! conductors are plac$ h a l effect1 & enable u to employ heavy b>s or bundles ( wire )\t mu* difficulty f local curr5ts4 ,! reason is simple4 ,9 ! armatures ) coils )\t iron 9 !m1 or )\t projections ext5d+ betwe5 ! turns1 ! conductor moves into & out ( a v d5se field at comp>atively l[ velocity1 s t any diff]5ces ( pot5tial develop$ 9 ! p>ts ( ! section ( conductor h full effect & abundant "t to act 9 sett+ up h>mful local curr5ts4 ,9 ! cases 9 :i* iron projects ?r\gh ! coil or conductor1 ! real action is t ! l9es ( ! magnetic circuits move at high spe$s across ! conductor1 & ! conductor is at all times 9 a field ( v l[ d5sity4 ,figs4 #h & #i w make ?is pla94 ,9 ,fig4 #h we h %[n a smoo? armature surface1 hav+ a heavy conductor laid !reon1 & :i* is at a j ent]+ a d5se field at ! edge ( ! pole1 ,n1 & at b leav+ su* field4 ,x w be se5 t :5 9 su* position ! conductor1 if wide1 is subject$ to v>y+ field /r5g?1 & moves at a l[ spe$ = ! g5]ation ( ! work+ pot5tial z x passes ?r\gh ! field1 ?us giv+ rise to eddy curr5ts 9 ! conductor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,9 ,fig4 #i ! conductors are set d[n betwe5 projections1 9 :i* case bo? armature & field poles are lam9at$ or subdivid$4 ,z ea* projection leaves ! edge ( field pole1 ,n1 ! l9es :i* x _h conc5trat$ on & ?r\gh x snap backw>d at an enorm\s spe$1 & cross ! gap to ! next succe$+ projection on ! armature1 cutt+ ! :ole section ( ! heavy armature conductor at practically ! same in/ant4 ,?is brisk transf] ( l9es goes on f ea* projection to ! succe$+ "o 9 front ( ! field pole1 leav+ a v l[ d5sity ( field at any "t betwe5 ! projections4 ,! be/ results w\ld be obta9$ :5 ! armature conductor does n project beyond or q fill ! dep? ( groove betwe5 ! projections4 ,( c\rse !re are o!r rem$ies = ! eddy curr5t difficulty1 notably ! /r&+ & twi/+ ( ! conductor on ! armatures s z to av]age ! position ( ! p>ts ( ! comp\nd conductor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,p]haps ! mo/ extreme case ( :at may be call$ dilution ( field by projections & by clos$ magnetic circuits 9 trans=m]s w\ld be t ( a block ( iron1 ,b1 ,fig4 #aj1 mov$ betwe5 poles1 ,n & ,s1 & hav+ a hole ?r\gh x1 into & ?r\gh :i* a conductor is c>ri$4 ,! pa? ?r\gh ! iron is s good t we c sc>cely consid] t any l9es cross ! hole f ,n to ,s2 yet z ,b moves =w>d !re is a cont9ual snapp+ transf] ( l9es f ! "r =w>d side ( ! hole to ! left or backw>d side1 cutt+ ! conductor z !y fly across1 & develop+ an electromotive =ce 9 x4 ,i h describ$ ?is action m 9 detail because we h 9 x :atev] di/9ction 9 ! mann] ( cutt+ ! l9es ( ! field is to be f\nd betwe5 wire on smoo? armatures & on projection armatures & modifications !re(2 & also betwe5 flat1 op5 coils pass+ ?r\gh a field & bobb9s ) cores ( iron4 ,! consid]ations advanc$ also br+ out ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 clos$ iron circuit trans=m]s & clos$ iron circuit 7projection7 dynamos1 z we may call !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,i _h int5d$ at ! outset ( ?is pap] to deal to "s ext5t ) ! propagation ( l9es ( magnetism und]go+ ret>dation 9 ref]5ce to alt]nat+ curr5t motor devices1 trans=m]s ) limit$ second>y curr5t1 or con/ant av]age curr5t1 an alt]nat+ motor work+ ) :at ,i may t]m a translation lag1 etc42 b x 0 soon f\nd t ^! matt]s mu/ rema9 ov] = a cont9uation ( ?is pap] at "s future "t4 ,my endeavor has be5 9 ! pres5t pap] to deal ) ! l9es ( =ce !ory z ?\gh x 7 a symbol ( ! reality1 b ,i confess t x is done ) _m misgiv+s t ,i may h c>ri$ x too f>4 ,yet1 if we are to use ! idea at all x has seem$ b "r to apply x :]ev] x may ?r[ any light on ! subject or assi/ 9 our und]/&+ ( ph5om5a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,light+ ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,exhibition--,,! ,,o]likon ,,works4 ,imm$iately on ent]+ ! ,ma*9]y ,hall by ! gal]ie lead+ f ! c5tral dome1 & occupy+ a prom95t position at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,swiss section1 is a v important plant ( dynamos1 motors1 & /eam eng9es1 put d[n by ! ,o]likon ,works1 ( ,zuri*4 ,dur+ ! "t ! ma*9]y is kept runn+ 9 ! hall1 p[] is suppli$ electrically to drive ! :ole ( ! ma9 %aft+ 9 ! ,swiss section & "p ( t 9 ! ,belgian section1 am\nt+ 9 all to "s #bjj ft41 a l>ge numb] ( ma*9es ( v>i\s indu/ries d]iv+ _! p[] f ^! l9es ( %aft+1 :ile dur+ ! ev5+ a portion ( ! upp] & l[] gall]ies adjo9+ ?is section is lit by "s tw5ty-five arc lamps run f ?is exhibit4 ,/eam is suppli$ f ! ,ros] boil]s 9 ! motive p[] c\rt4 ,! :ole ( ! g5]at+ plant is illu/rat$ 9 "o view1 & a sep>ate view is giv5 ( ! motor employ$ to drive ! ma9 %aft+1 ?is latt] view %[+ ! details ( connection to ! same4 ,on ! extreme "r h& side ( ! fir/ view is a direct c\pl$ eng9e & dynamo ( #bj horse p[]1 a sep>ate cut ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! eng9e is ( ! v]tical s+le cyl9d] type1 /&+ #e ft4 high1 & fitt$1 z are ! o!r two eng9es exhibit$1 ) c5trifugal gov]nor ge> on ! fly :eel1 act+ directly on ! ?r[ ( ! cut(f valve ecc5tric4 ,! two /&>ds1 support+ ! cyl9d] & =m+ ! guide b>s1 toge!r ) ! entire field magnets & pole pieces ( ! dynamo1 & ! b$ plate common to bo?1 are ca/ 9 "o piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,,eng9e ,,& ,,dynamo ,,= ,,/eam%ips4 ,! ma*9e is specially design$ = %ip light+1 & ) ! view ( prev5t+ any magnetic effect ^u ! %ip's compass1 ! field is arrang$ s t ! armature1 pole pieces1 & coils are entirely inclos$ by iron4 ,any t5d5cy to leakage ( magnetic l9es w !re=e be )9 ! ma*9e1 ! iron act+ z a %ield4 ,?is build ( field--%[n 9 ,fig4 #c;,a--is also advantage\s z a me*anical %ield to ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e mo/ likely to suff] f r\gh h&l+ 9 transport1 & x w be se5 t ! field coils are easily slipp$ on be=e ! armature is m\nt$ 9 its be>+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c;,a ,! w9d+ is comp\nd1 & 9 su* a direction t ! two opposite horizontal poles h ! same pol>ity2 x foll[s f ?is t !re w be two consequ5t poles 9 ! iron1 ^! be+ opposite 9 "n to ! horizontal poles & at "r angles to !m1 viz41 above & bel[ ! armature4 ,opposite sections ( ! commutator are connect$ toge!r int]nally z 9 mo/ f\r-pole ma*9es1 s t only two bru%es are necess>y1 at #ij deg4 ap>t4 ,! section ( iron 9 ! field is #fj squ>e in*es & rectangul> 9 =m1 & ! :ole ma*9e measures #d ft4 #c 94 9 l5g?1 & #b ft4 9 height1 )\t includ+ ! height ( ! b$ plate4 ,! armature is #ag 94 9 l5g? & ! same 9 diamet]1 measur$ ov] ! w9d+1 & develops at ! ma*9e t]m9als #gj volts & #bjj amp]es at #dhj revolutions4 ,! mov+ p>ts ( ! eng9e are well balanc$1 & run rem>kably well & )\t noise at ?is high rate ( spe$4 ,?is dynamo s]ves to develop p[] to run a motor 9 an adjo9+ inclosure1 conta9+ "s f9e specim5s ( la!s & ma*9e tools con/ruct$ by ! ,o]likon ,works4 ,^! are driv5 by ! motor ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a c\nt]%aft1 & ! p[] & spe$ are controll$ f ! swit* bo>d se5 at ! left ( ! exhibit1 & 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! resi/ance1 ,r#a1 s]ves to v>y ! int5sity ( ! %unt field ( ! dynamo1 ! volts be+ indicat$ by ! voltmet] ,v#a1 & a resi/ance sep>ate f ! swit* bo>d is ins]t$ 9 ! ma9 circuit ( ! two ma*9es4 ,! ammet]1 ,a#b1 is directly connect$ to ! dynamo1 & !re=e indicates ! curr5t1 :atev] circuit ?is ma*9e is runn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #e-i1 #aa plus ,,! ,,p>is ,,exhibition--,,/& ,,( ,,! ,,o]likon ,,works4 ,a l>g] comb9$ eng9e & dynamo1 se5 9 ! c5t] ( ! /&1 s]ves to run ! light+ ( ! gall]ies4 ,! eng9e is a #fj horse p[] comp\nd1 runn+ at #cej revolutions1 & fitt$ ) a gov]nor on ! fly :eel1 l t describ$ above4 ,! dynamo is a two-pole ma*9e1 ! upp] pole & yoke be+ ca/ 9 "o1 & ! l[] pole1 yoke1 & comb9$ b$ plate =m+ a sep>ate ca/+4 ,! two v]tical cores1 ov] :i* ! field bobb9s are slipp$1 are ( wr\ght iron1 & are turn$ ) a %\ld] at ei!r end1 ! yokes be+ recess$ to fit !m exactly4 ,! cores are !n bolt$ to ! yokes v]tically f ! top & horizontally bel[4 ,! field ( ?is ma*9e is %unt-w\nd1 & 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! pot5tial con/ant a h&-regulat$ resi/ance--,r#b on ! swit* bo>d--is add$ 9 circuit ) ! %unt field4 ,! voltmet]1 ,v#b1 imm$iately above ?is resi/ance1 s]ves to indicate ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial at ! ma*9e t]m9als4 ,bo? voltmet]s are fitt$ ) keys1 s t !y are only put 9 circuit :5 ! read+s are tak54 ,! ma9 t]m9als ( ?is ma*9e are fitt$ on sub/antial insulat+ bases1 fix$ "o at ea* end ( ! top yoke4 ,^! connect to ! ext]nal circuit by a heavy cable--! ma*9e be+ capable ( develop+ #ejj amp]es--& to ! %unt circuit1 & regulat+ resi/ance by small wires2 :ile ! two connections to ! bru%es are by f\r cov]$ wires 9 p>allel on ea* side4 ,?is mode ( connection is m flexible ?an a %ort l5g? ( heavy cable1 & looks well1 ! wires be+ held neatly toge!r by vulcaniz$ fib] bridges4 ,! dynamo is a l[ t5sion ma*9e1 ! field be+ regulat$ to give #fe volts :5 runn+ ! lamp circuits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #aj1 repres5ts ! automatic re-regulator--,c4,e4,l4 ,br[n's pat5t4 ,motion is imp>t$ to ! cores ( two electro-magnets at ! ends by ! pulleys1 ,w ,w#a4 ,! cores h a projection opposite to ! sp9dle1 ab1 :i* latt] is screw-?read$4 ,by a relay "o or o!r electro-magnet is put 9 action1 & ! rotat+ core1 :i* is magnetiz$1 causes rotation ( ! sp9dle by attraction1 result+ 9 ! movem5t ( ! contact along ! resi/ance /ops4 ,! relay is act$ ^u directly by ! pot5tial ( ! dynamo1 & ! v>iable resi/ance is includ$ 9 ! %unt field ( ! ma*9e1 s t *anges 9 ! pot5tial1 result+ f *anges 9 load or spe$1 are comp5sat$ =4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! lamp circuits & ! lamp itself may n[ be describ$4 ,! lamps are all run 9 p>allel circuit1 b are divid$ into gr\ps ( five1 ea* gr\p be+ controll$ by a sep>ate swit* on ! bo>d--,figs4 #aa & #aa;,a4 ,^! swit*es are n 9 direct communication ) ! dynamo1 b make t connection ?r\gh a l>ge c5tral swit*1 ,s#b1 :i* !re=e c>ries ! :ole curr5t4 ,! returns f ea* gr\p are br\ght to ! connections se5 betwe5 ! two resi/ances1 :]e ! circuits may be disconnect$ if desir$1 & ! ma9 curr5t !n passes ?r\gh ! ammet]1 ,a#c1 to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! small] swit*es at ! top1 ,fig4 #aa;,a1 is directly connect$ ) "o t]m9al ( ! #bj horse p[] dynamo be=e m5tion$1 & ! o!r side ( ! swit* to ! motor 9 ! ma*9e tool exhibit4 ,also "o ( ! swit*es 9 connection ) ! c5tral swit*1 ,s#b1 is connect$ to ! same motor1 & !re=e ! latt] may be run by ei!r ma*9e1 or1 9 fact1 any comb9ation ( ma*9es1 lamps1 & motor be made z requir$4 ,! =m ( swit* made by ! ,o]likon ,works is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,two ?ick semicircul> b&s ( copp] are screw$ at "o end to opposite sides ( a squ>e block :i* is turn$ r\nd by ! swit* h&le4 ,! block has a projection at ea* corn]1 & two /rong1 flat1 /ation>y spr+s are atta*$ to ! framework ( ! swit* & press on opposite sides ( ! block4 ,! ends ( ! spr+s engage 9 ! projections & prev5t ! swit* be+ turn$ r\nd ! wrong way1 :ile ! pressure ( ! spr+s on opposite sides =ces ! copp] b&s to take up a position exactly 9 l9e ) ! t]m9al contacts :5 ! swit* is clos$1 or at "r angles to !m :5 x is op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d;,a ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #d1 #d;,b & #d;,c ,fur!r1 ea* lamp has its own sep>ate adju/able resi/ance1 fuse1 & swit*4 ,^! are ( special con/ruction1 comb9$ 9 "o1 & are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #d & #d;,a2 ! o!r figures1 #d;,b & #d;,c1 %[+ "s ( ! details ( ! same4 ,! wires1 ,w ,w1 lead f & to "o lamp4 ,! curr5t ent]s at "o wire1 passes ?r\gh ! fuse1 f--,figs4 #d;,c & #d;,a--d[n ! c5t] ( ! cyl9d] to a divid$ contact1 into :i* a swit* arm c be %ot4 ,:5 ?is is s1 a connection is made to ! upright brass rod1 ,t1 :i* s]ves to grip ! b&1 ,r1 pass+ r\nd ! body ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! curr5t !n passes ?r\gh all ! turns ( wire above ! b&1 & out at ! o!r t]m9al4 ,! resi/ance c be v>i$ by rais+ or l[]+ ! b&4 ,fig4 #d;,b %[s ! mann] ( tight5+ ! b& aga9/ ! wires on ! cyl9d]4 ,! upright rod1 ,t1 is se5 9 section1 & is fix$ 9 "o position to ! frame ( ! app>atus4 ,abutt+ aga9/ ?is1 & work+ 9 ! block to :i* ! two ends ( ! b& are screw$1 is a ?umb screw1 ,s1 by turn+ :i* ! b& may be loos5$ = adju/+1 & tight5$ :5 ! "r position is f\nd4 ,! cyl9d] is cov]$ ) asbe/os %eet1 & ! wire1 :i* is ( nickel1 & measures altoge!r f #c to #d ohms1 is w\nd helically r\nd ?is4 ,! swit* arm1 to :i* ! h&le is atta*$ bel[1 does n itself make & break ! circuit1 b c>ries a spr+1 z %[n1 :i*1 :5 ! arm is at ! end ( its movem5t1 pulls ov] ! contact lev] ) a rapid action1 %oot+ ! same betwe5 ! divid$ contact piece1 & mak+ a p]fect contact4 ,! swit*bo>d =ms "o side ( a clos$ wood5 case or cupbo>d1 ) suffici5t room = a man to ent] & adju/ ! resi/ances or swit*es = ea* lamp4 ,^! are screw$ to ! inside ( ! case 9 r[s1 to ! numb] ( tw5ty-five4 ,! greate/ c>e has be5 tak5 9 ! fix+ ( ! connections to ! inside ( ?is case1 & no lead+ wires ( diff]5t pot5tial are all[$ to cross ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa;,a ,! ,o]likon lamp1 :i* is design$ to "w ) con/ant pot5tial1 is %[n p>tly 9 section 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,!re is only "o sol5oid1 ,a1 ?r\gh :i* all ! curr5t passes1 & ^: action is to /rike ! arc & ma9ta9 ! curr5t con/ant4 ,! s(t iron core1 ,c1 is susp5d$ f ! inside ( ! tube1 ,t1 9 :i* x has an up & d[n movem5t *eck$ by an air pi/on 9 ! tube4 ,an end elevation ( ! brake :eels & sol5oid is giv5 9 ,fig4 #i1 :]e x w be se5 t ! sp9dle c>ry+ ^! :eels also c>ries betwe5 !m a p9ion engag+ ) ! rack rod1 ,r4 ,! top c>bon atta*$ to ! rack rod falls by its own weight1 & is !re=e 9 contact ) ! l[] c>bon be=e ! lamp is swit*$ 9 circuit4 ,:5 ?is is done ! core is in/antly magnetiz$1 & attract$ to ! s(t iron brake :eels1 :i* x holds firmly4 ,! air cu%ion 9 ! tube prev5ts ! core be+ drawn up until x has fairly gripp$ ! sides ( ! :eels4 ,! subsequ5t rais+ ( ! core !re=e turns ! :eels1 raises ! rack rod1 & /rikes ! arc4 ,! fe$ is op]at$ by ! weak5+ ( ! magnetic field ( ! coil1 :i* causes ! core to lose its grip ( ! :eels1 & all[s ! top c>bon to desc5d4 ,! cat*1 ,l1 ,fig4 #h1 has a lat]al play1 & s]ves to engage 9 ! tee? ( ! rack rod1 s z to prev5t its fall+ :5 be+ trimm$4 ,ea* c>bon :5 9 position is held aga9/ two rectangul> guide b>s by ! pressure ( a wire spr+--see figure4 ,9 ?is way ! c>bon is press$ aga9/ two p>allel knife edges1 & is !re=e always 9 true alignm5t4 ,! action ( ! lamp is v simple1 ! work+ p>ts are few & solidly con/ruct$1 & ! regulation1 z exhibit$ by ! lamps runn+ 9 ! gall]ies1 is exceptionally /eady4 ,! transmission ( p[] plant consi/s ( two #bej horse p[] dynamos--,c4,e4,l4 ,br[n's pat5t--! g5]ator be+ driv5 by a v]tical comp\nd cond5s+ eng9e ( ! same p[]1 runn+ at #ahj revolutions4 ,! dynamo g5]ator is a f\r-pole #fjj volt direct curr5t ma*9e1 s]ies w\nd1 & may be di/+ui%$ 9 ! engrav+ next to ! swit* bo>d2 :ile ! motor receiv] connect$ to x1 & erect$ 9 ano!r portion ( ! ,swiss section1 is ( exactly ! same size & type4 ,! field1 :i* is hexagonal 9 %ape1 is ca/ 9 two pieces1 bolt$ toge!r horizontally1 ! cross-sectional area ( iron be+ #agj squ>e in*es4 ,! armature is cyl9drical1 & built up ( flat r+s /amp$ out ( s(t %eet iron1 eight not*es 9 ! same be+ provid$ to fit ov] ! arms ( ! spid] key$ to ! %aft4 ,! spid] is 9 halves1 :i* are bolt$ toge!r longitud9ally aft] ! r+s are 9 position4 ,x is ,gramme w\nd1 & measures ov] ! w9d+ #g 94 radial dep?1 #cg 94 outside diamet]1 & #bb 94 9 l5g?4 ,! curr5t is collect$ by f\r bru%es4 ,! fitt+ & me*anical build ( ! dynamos leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,all ! work+ p>ts ( ! dynamos & eng9es are turn$ up to gauge & template1 s z to be int]*angeable4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 ! armature ( ! g5]ator 0 built 9 ! works1 :ile ! field magnets 7 be+ erect$ 9 ! exhibition1 &1 on arrival1 fitt$ 9 position p]fectly1 & ran at once )\t tr\ble4 ,! en]gy tak5 (f on ! motor %aft is close on #bjj horse p[]1 b v>ies accord+ to ! ma*9es at "w2 ! spe$ ( ! motor does n1 h[ev]1 v>y m ?an #c p] c5t41 & ! bru%es ne$ no adju/m5t4 ,ab\t #f ft4 ( %aft+ is c\pl$ on 9 l9e ) ! motor %aft1 & an extra plumm] block fix$ at ! end4 ,?is %aft+ c>ries at its extremity an additional #b ft4 pulley1 ! p[] be+ deliv]$ by belt+ f ^! pulleys to two l>ge pulleys on ! ma9 %aft4 ,! ma*9es run by ?is transmission consi/ ( ! looms ( ,riet] ,co41 ( ,w9t]?ur2 ! l>ge fl\r mill & lift ( ,a4 ,millot ,co42 ! fl\r mill+ ma*9]y ( ,fr$]ick ,wegmann ,co41 ( ,zuri*2 ! brick & tile mak+ ma*9es ( ! ,rors*a* f\ndries2 & ! looms ( ,messrs4 ,h\get ,te/on1 ( ,v]vi]s1 9 ! ,belgian section4 ,a #ae horse p[] two-pole ,o]likon dynamo is also run by a belt f ! ma9 %aft1 & g5]ates p[] to drive a motor ( simil> type 9 ! ,swiss section ( ! upp] gall]y4 ,?is runs a l5g? ( c\nt]%aft+ supply+ p[] to ?ree silk-weav+ ma*9es con/ruct$ by ,b5n+] ,frres2 six weav+ ma*9es f ! ,ruti works1 ne> ,zuri*2 & "o knitt+ ma*9e exhibit$ by ,edw>d ,dubi$ ,co41 ( ,c\vet4 ,! dynamo & motor are connect$ to ! ma9 cable by swit*es ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,^! are specially design$ to de/roy ! extra curr5t on break+ circuit by ! =mation ( an arc :i* gradually increases ! resi/ance till ! break occurs1 r5d]+ x less sudd54 ,"o wire passes ?r\gh ! h&le & makes contact ) ! spr+s1 & ! o!r is atta*$ to ! clamp 9 :i* ! c>bon rod is held4 ,! curr5t is made to ent] at ! c>bon rod1 s t ! arcs =m$ cause consumption ( ! c>bon4 ,a magnetic cut-out--,fig4 #f--;is also provid$ to ea* ma*9e2 ?is consi/s ( an electro-magnet1 ?r\gh :i* ! ma9 curr5t passes1 provid$ ) side pole pieces4 ,a flat s(t iron plate armature is h+$ s z to come up aga9/ ! pole pieces :5 attract$4 ,:5 ! curr5t is n suffici5tly /rong to cause ! plate to be attract$1 a hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! latt] engages ov] a small projection 9 ! top ( a weight$ arm h+$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d1 & keeps x upright4 ,if n[ ! curr5t exce$s ! limits ( safety to ! ma*9e1 due to a too heavy load be+ ?r[n on1 ! armature is attract$ & releases ! v]tical arm1 :i* falls ov] & ent]s ) consid]able =ce betwe5 ! two spr+ contacts bel[4 ,^! contacts are connect$ to ! field t]m9als1 :i* are1 !re=e1 %ort-circuit$1 & prev5t ! dynamo g5]at+ any curr5t4 ,a retractile spr+ c be adju/$ to cause cut-(f at any requir$ curr5t4 ,^! details are indicat$ 9 our illu/rations m\nt$ on _! respective swit* bo>ds4 ,s9ce ! erection ( plant by ^! works at ,solo?urn = transmitt+ #ej horse p[] five miles di/ant1 :i* attract$ s mu* int]e/ "s "t ago1 sev]al important works h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,among ^! we may m5tion a #bhj horse p[] transmission at #a kilom4 di/ance to a cotton mill at ,d]5d+5 9 ,switz]l&1 a #bej horse p[] transmission at kilom4 di/ance1 c>ri$ out = ,gaetano ,rossi at ,piov5e 9 ,italy1 & a #cjj horse transmission at #f kilom4 di/ance in/all$ = ,giovanni ,rossi1 9 :i* ! p[] is giv5 (f at two diff]5t /ations4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ad] ,,fl\ri% ,,( ,,trumpets4 ,al?\gh telephonic novelties are n num]\s at ! ,univ]sal ,exposition1 telephony--t q "y bran* ( electric sci5ce--is daily ! object ( curi\s & int]e/+ exp]im5ts :i* we mu/ make kn[n to our read]s1 a l>ge numb] ( :om 7 n yet born to sci5tific life :5 ! exp]im5ts 7 made = ! fir/ "t at ,p>is 9 #ahha2 & x is prop] to congratulate ! ,socit ,gnrale des ,tlphones on hav+ repeat$ !m 9 #ahhi to ! great satisfaction ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,we allude to ! ,ad] sy/em ( telephonic transmissions ( s\nds 9 su* a way t !y c be he>d by an audi5ce4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ?is mode ( transmission consi/ ( two di/9ct sy/ems--transmitt]s & receiv]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,ad] ,,fl\ri% ,,( ,,trumpets ,! transmitt]s are f\r 9 numb]1 & are actuat$ by ! same numb] ( musicians1 ea* humm+ into !m 8 "p ( ! qu>tet 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is transmitt]1 repres5t$ ap>t 9 elevation & section 9 ,fig4 #b1 is id5tical ) ! "o us$ 9 ! curi\s exp]im5t ) ! s++ cond5s]4 ,at ,a is a m\?piece be=e :i* ! musician hums 8 "p z ^u a re$ pipe4 ,he causes ! plate1 ,b1 to vibrate 9 unison ) ! s\nd t he emits1 & ?is produces p]iodical int]ruptions ( v>y+ rapidity betwe5 ! disk1 ,b1 & ! po9t1 ,c4 ,! button1 ,d1 s]ves to regulate ! di/ance 9 su* a way t ! break+s ( ! circuit %all be v complete & produce s\nds 9 ! receiv]s z pure z all[$ by ?is special mode ( transmission1 9 :i* all ! h>monics are sy/ematically suppress$ 9 ord] to re-en=ce ! fundam5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,details ,,( ,,! ,,transmitt]4 ,?is transmitt] int]rupt] is int]pos$ 9 ! circuit ( a batt]y ( accumulators1 ) ! five receiv]s t x actuates1 9 su* a way t ! f\r transmitt]s & five receiv]s =m 9 reality f\r gr\ps ( di/9ct autonom\s transmission1 ! accordance ( :i* is absolutely dep5d5t ^u t ( ! arti/s :o make !m vibrate4 ,! five receiv]s are arrang$ ov] ! front door ( ! telephone pavilion1 ne> ! ,eiffel t[] 7,fig4 #c74 ,ea* consi/s ( a horse%oe magnet provid$1 betwe5 its bran*es1 ) two small iron cores hav+ a space ( a few millimet]s betwe5 !m 7,fig4 #d74 ,ea* ( ^! s(t iron cores c>ries a copp] wire bobb91 ,n1 ! numb] ( spirals ( :i* is prop]ly calculat$ = ! effect to be produc$4 ,opposite ! vacant space left by ! two cores1 !re is a small piece1 t1 ( rectangul> =m1 & also ( s(t iron1 fix$ to a vibrat+ /rip ( firwood1 ,l1 ( ab\t #d in*es section4 ,! p]iodical break+ ( ! circuit produc$ by ! transmitt] causes a v>iation 9 ! magnetization ( ! iron cores ( ! five receiv]s & makes ! firwood /rips vibrate en]getically4 ,^! vibrations are receiv$ & p\r$ =? z x 7 9 front ( ! telephone pavilion1 by l>ge brass trumpets arrang$ 9 front ( ea* receiv]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,! ,,ad] ,,fl\ri% ,,( ,,trumpets ,x w\ld be difficult = u to pass any judgm5t :atev] ^u ! musical & arti/ic value ( ^! transmissions ( trumpet music to a di/ance2 we pref] to confess our incompet5cy 9 ! matt]4 ,b x is none ! less c]ta9 t ^! exp]im5ts are hav+ ! same success t !y _h at _! inception 9 #ahha at ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( ,electricity1 & !y all[ u to =esee t !re is a "t com+ 9 :i* x w be possible to transmit spee* to a di/ance ) ! same int5sity t ! pres5t trumpet fl\ri%es h4 ,al?\gh all ! t5tatives hi!rto made 9 ?is direction h n giv5 v brilliant results1 we mu/ n despair ( atta9+ ! end "s day or o!r4 ,less ?an fifte5 ye>s ago ! telephone did n exi/2 n[ x cov]s ! _w ) its l9es4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,details ,,( ,,! ,,receiv]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,dyewood ,,extracts ,,& ,,simil> ,,prep>ations4 ,by ,,l\is ,,siebold1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s !re has be5 an enorm\s increase 9 ! production ( ^! prep>ations1 & ! "t w come :5 _! application 9 dye+ & calico pr9t+ w become s g5]al z to completely sup]s$e ! employm5t ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,! manufacture ( ^! extracts1 to be ?or\ghly successful1 requires to be s conduct$ z to secure ! p]fect exhau/ion ( ! dyewoods )\t ! slighte/ de/ruction or det]ioration ( ! color+ matt]s conta9$ 9 !m2 & ?\gh no?+ l p]fection has be5 rea*$ 9 ! atta9m5t ( ^! objects1 x is c]ta9 t ! processes ( extraction & evaporation n[ employ$ by ! be/ mak]s are a v great improvem5t on ! old] me?ods4 ,inde$1 !re is no difficulty n[adays 9 procur+ dyewood extracts ( high excell5ce if ! consum] is will+ to pay a price = !m correspond+ to _! quality1 & kn[s h[ to avail himself ( ! aid ( *emical skill to control 8 pur*ases4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is s mu* hank]+ aft] *eap articles1 & s little c>e is tak5 to asc]ta9 _! real quality1 t e scope is af=d$ to ! malpractices ( ! adult]]4 ,!re are _m dye & pr9t works 9 :i* l>ge quantities ( ^! extracts are us$ )\t be+ subject$ to tru/wor?y te/s4 ,moreov]1 mu* ( ! te/+ is done by fallaci\s me?ods & (t5 by bias$ h&s4 ,s fallaci\s1 inde$1 are "s ( ^! te/s1 t grossly adult]at$ extracts are (t5 decl>$ sup]ior to ! pur] ones1 ! cause ( ?is be+ ! application ( an insuffici5t proportion ( mordant 9 ! dye+ or pr9t+ trials1 & ! consequ5t wa/e ( ! excess ( color+ matt] 9 ! case ( ! pur] prep>ation4 ,pr(essional analytical *emi/s h hi!rto giv5 b little att5tion to ^! prep>ations1 & ! employm5t ( exp]i5c$ *emi/s 9 works is z yet f> f g5]al4 ,! te/+ ( dyewood extracts 9 su* a mann] z to ?r[ full light on _! purity1 ! quality ( raw mat]ial f :i* !y are prep>$1 _! exact comm]cial value _! suitability = special purposes1 & ! proportion & nature ( any adult]ants !y may conta91 is ( c\rse a difficult & t$i\s task1 & mu/ be left to ! exp]t :o is 9 possession ( au!ntic specim5s prep>$ by himself ( all ! diff]5t extracts made f e v>iety & quality ( raw mat]ials1 & :o comb9es a ?or\gh k ( exp]im5tal dye+ & pr9t+ ) a l>ge exp]i5ce 9 ! *emical inve/igation ( ^! prep>ations4 ,b :5 ! object ( ! te/+ is m]ely c>eful comp>ison ( ! sample 9 "q ) an orig9al sample or previ\s deliv]ies1 ! case is mu* simplifi$1 & comes )9 ! scope ( ! g5]al *emi/ or ! laboratory atta*$ to works4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i recomm5d$ c>efully conduct$ dye+ trials on wool5 clo? mordant$ ) bi*romate ( pota% z ! be/ & simple/ mode adapt$ to su* cases1 & my subsequ5t exp]i5ce enables me to confirm t obs]vation to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,mo/ ( ^! extracts conta9 ! color+ matt] 9 two /ates1 ! develop$ & ! undevelop$1 & an oxidiz+ mordant su* z bi*romate ( pota% causes ! latt] z well z ! =m] to ent] completely into comb9ation ) a metallic base2 :]eas _m ( ! o!r mordants1 su* z alum9a or t9 comp\nds1 m]ely take up ! develop$ portion ( ! color+ matt] toge!r ) su* small & v>iable proportions ( ! undevelop$ z might und]go oxidation dur+ ! process ( dye+4 ,i w\ld !re=e sugge/ dye+ trials ) alum9a1 t91 iron1 etc41 only z subsidi>y te/s indicat+ ! suitability ( an extract = c]ta9 special purposes1 :ile recomm5d+ ! trial ) bi*romate ( pota% z ! "o giv+ ! be/ in=mation respect+ ! actual /r5g? ( ! extract 9 relation to ! raw mat]ial f :i* x 0 obta9$1 & z giv+ a fair idea ( ! money value ( ! sample4 ,cotton dye+ does n1 z a g5]al rule1 af=d a good means ( assay+ extracts1 z x is g5]ally done "u conditions :i* d n admit ( complete exhau/ion ( ! dye ba?1 b x might (t5 ) advantage be resort$ to z an additional trial ?r[+ fur!r light on ! degree ( oxidation or developm5t ( ! color+ matt]4 ,pr9t+ trials are apt to give fallaci\s results unless ! proportion ( mordant is c>efully adju/$ to ! am\nt ( color+ matt] pres5t1 & sev]al trials ) diff]5t proportions w\ld be necess>y to prev5t errone\s conclusions4 ,= ! trials ) bi*romate ( pota% on wool ,i w\ld recomm5d pieces ( clo? weigh+ ab\t #aej gra9s1 & ! mo/ suitable proportion ( bi*romate ( pota% is #c p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! clo?4 ,! requisite numb] ( pieces 7equal to ! numb] ( samples to be te/$7 %\ld be ?or\ghly sc\r$ & !n heat$ 9 ! bi*romate solution at or ne> ! boil+ po9t = n less ?an #a h\rs1 aft] :i* !y %\ld be well wa%$ & !n dy$ sep>ately 9 ! solutions ( equal weights ( ! extracts at ! same temp]ature & = ! same l5g? ( "t2 #ae gra9s ( extract is a suitable quantity = a fir/ trial "u ^! conditions4 ,^! trials c !n be repeat$ ) diff]5t relative proportions ( extract 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at weight ( a sample w\ld give ! same dep? ( color z #ae gra9s ( ! /&>d example4 ,_m precautions are requir$ bo? 9 ! mordant+ & dye+ processes 9 ord] to obta9 tru/wor?y results2 & ?\gh ! trials ) bi*romate ( pota% give ! mo/ reliable in=mation ( any s+le te/1 !y %\ld be supplem5t$ by ! subsidi>y te/s already allud$ to1 & also by a *emical exam9ation1 9 ord] to obta9 a k1 n m]ely ( ! wood /r5g?1 b also ( ! g5]al nature ( ! extract4 ,an adult]ation ) molasses or glucose c be be/ det]m9$ by f]m5tation 9 comp>ison ) a pure sample4 ,m9]al adult]ants may1 ( c\rse1 be detect$ by an e/imation & analysis ( ! a%1 aft] mak+ due all[ances = v>iations due to diff]5ces 9 diff]5t k9ds ( ! same dyewoods4 ,! e/imation ( ! individual color+ matt]s 9 ^! extracts by means ( a *emical analysis is "u all circum/ances a task requir+ mu* exp]i5ce1 especially z ! color+ pr9ciples are associat$ 9 diff]5t qualities ( ea* class ( dyewood ) diff]5t proportions ( o!r con/itu5ts :i* (t5 give mu* tr\ble to ! unpractic$ exp]im5t]4 ,extracts made f logwood roots are n[ l>gely manufactur$ & (t5 sub/itut$ or mix$ ) ! extracts ( real logwood1 & h 9 "s in/ances be5 palm$ ( z logwood extracts ( high quality4 ,! correct det]m9ation ( su* admixtures1 l ! fix+ ( any?+ l ! exact comm]cial value ( dyewood extracts1 requires no?+ less ?an a complete *emical inve/igation c\pl$ ) num]\s dye+ trials 9 comp>ison ) /&>d prep>ations1 & %\ld be left to an exp]t4 ,! pres5ce 9 dyewood extracts ( color+ matt]s 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t has hi!rto militat$ aga9/ _! use 9 place ( ! raw mat]ials by _m dy]s & pr9t]s :o are /ill employ+ inh]it$ & antiquat$ processes 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! color+ matt] is n r5d]$ available4 ,x is (t5 ass]t$ by ^! t ev5 ! be/ ( extracts fail to give any?+ l ! results atta9$ by ! use ( well-prep>$ woods1 & t1 inde$1 _! application proves a complete failure4 ,su* failure1 h[ev]1 is simply due to ! want ( *emical k on ! "p ( ! dy]s1 = !re is no real difficulty 9 mak+ any good & pure extract s]ve all ! purposes = :i* ! woods 7 us$4 ,x is to be hop$ t 9 ?is bran* ( indu/ry1 z well z 9 _m o!rs1 ! employm5t ( *emi/s w become m g5]al ?an at pres5t1 & n be re/rict$1 z is (t5 ! case1 to "y m5 )\t exp]i5ce & )\t ! tra9$ intellect s ess5tial to success 9 *emical inve/igations4 ,high class *emical skill is ( c\rse available to ! manufactur]1 b ! man ( sci5ce :o br+s matur$ k & valuable bra9 "w into ! bus9ess requir$ social z well z pecuni>y recognition1 & ! soon] & m full] ?is fact is appreciat$ ! bett] x w be = ! ma9t5ance & progress ( our indu/ries4 ,) reg>d to ! a/r+5t extracts1 su* z sumac1 myrabolam1 divi1 valonia1 quebra*o1 oak1 etc41 x is ! aim ( ! manufactur]1 :5ev] su* extracts are int5d$ = ! purposes ( dye+ & pr9t+1 to obta9 ! tann9 9 a =m 9 :i* x is be/ calculat$ to fix itself ^u ! fib]4 ,! case is some:at diff]5t :5 ! same extracts are requir$ = tann+4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y t ! extract %all h consid]able p]meat+ p[]1 & t ! tann9 conta9$ 9 x %all readily yield lea!r ( ! desir$ texture1 color1 & p]man5cy4 ,extracts specially suit$ = ?is purpose are by no means always ! mo/ suitable = ! dy]1 & vice v]sa4 ,a brief description ( ! processes by :i* ! a/r+5t extracts may be te/$ ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to _! fitness = def9ite purposes conclud$ ! pap]4 ,) reg>d to ! "q z to :e!r exp]im5tal dye+ ) bi*romate ( pota% %\ld be employ$ z a te/ ev5 9 works :]e all ! dye+ 0 done ) o!r mordants1 he 0 decid$ly ( op9ion t x %\ld always be resort$ to z "o ( ! te/s1 inasmu* z x 0 ! only simple & exp$iti\s me?od giv+ a fair idea ( ! actual wood /r5g? & money value ( ! extract4 ,! te/ %\ld1 9 su* cases1 be supplem5t$ by dye+ trials ) ! mordants us$ at ! works1 &1 if necess>y1 also by a *emical analysis4 ,pr9t+ trials 7 n necess>ily bad te/s1 s9ce oxidiz+ 0 usually add$ 9 ^! :]e x 0 necess>y1 & any undevelop$ color+ matt] w\ld ?us be oxidiz$ dur+ ! /eam+ process3 b1 z he _h /at$ be=e1 x 0 ess5tially necess>y 9 su* cases to h a fair idea ( ! am\nt ( actual color+ matt] 9 ! extract & to adju/ ! proportion ( mordant accord+ly4 ,su* trials %\ld !re=e be prec$$ by c>efully conduct$ dye+ trials ) bi*romate ( pota%4 ,mr4 ,?omson _h rais$ ! "q :e!r x w\ld n be well = ! manufactur] to prep>e ^! extracts 9 su* a mann] t !y w\ld conta9 all ! color+ matt] 9 "o condition only1 9 ord] to insure great] uni=mity 9 _! quality & mode ( application4 ,?is w\ld1 no d\bt1 be a desirable /ep to take if ! own]s ( dye & pr9t works 7 m 9 ! habit ( avail+ !mselves ( ! s]vice ( compet5t *emi/s exp]i5c$ 9 ?is bran*1 = !n !y w\ld be able to make any extract d its full "w irrespective ( ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! color+ matt]4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case1 & x 0 a v common ?+ = ! consum] ( dyewood extracts to require ! manufactur] to prep>e !m specially = him s z to suit 8 own dye+ recipes1 or 9 o!r words to give exactly ! same %ades1 weight = weight1 by 8 own me?od ( dye+ z ! article he 0 9 ! habit ( us+4 ,! manufactur] 0 ?us (t5 compell$ to make _m diff]5t qualities ( ! same extract to suit diff]5t cu/om]s4 ,= ! same reason adult]at$ articles 7 (t5 pref]r$ to ! pure ones4 ,!re 01 p]haps1 no bran* ( indu/ry 9 :i* *emical skill ( a high ord] c\ld be appli$ ) great] advantage ?an 9 dye+1 & n[h]e 0 ?is fact less recogniz$4 ,"s ( ! processes ( dye+ 7 exce$+ly wa/eful & /ood 9 mu* ne$ ( improvem5t4 ,he 7,mr4 ,siebold7 knew a l>ge works 9 :i* a ton ( logwood extract 0 us$ daily = black dye+ only1 & he might safely ass]t t ( ?is enorm\s quantity only a v small proportion w\ld be fix$ on ! fib]1 :ile by f> ! great] proportion 0 utt]ly wa/$4 ,su* a wa/e c\ld only be prev5t$ by a se>*+ inve/igation ( its causes by tra9$ skill4 ,mr4 ,?omson _h fur!r allud$ to ! color obta9$ ) logwood or logwood extract & wool mordant$ ) bi*romate ( pota%1 & seem$ to be "u ! impression t ! color ?us obta9$ 0 n black1 b blue4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! case 9 dye+ trials p]=m$ z te/s1 z ^! 7 conduct$ purposely ) a v small proportion ( color+ matt] 9 ord] to admit ( a bett] comp>ison ( ! result+ dep? ( %ades4 ,b ) l>g] proportions ( logwood ! color obta9$ 0 a f9e blui%-black1 & ) ! addition ( a small proportion ( fu/ic or qu]citron b>k to ! logwood a jet black 0 readily produc$4 ,) reg>d to ,mr4 ,watson ,smi?'s obs]vation z to fractional dye+1 he 7,mr4 ,siebold7 did n reg>d ?is me?od z a suitable trial = asc]ta9+ ! /r5g? ( an extract1 b he admitt$ x 0 occasionally v valuable = detect+ an admixture ( extracts ( o!r dyewoods1 su* z qu]citron b>k extract 9 logwood extract4 ,x 0 also a good me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! spe$ ( dye+ & h5ce ! relative proportion ( fully develop$ color+ matt] ( an extract4--,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indu/ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,or?o*romatic ,,photography4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read be=e ! ,photographic ,association ( ,brooklyn4 ,by ,,osc> ,o4 ,,litzk[4 ,:at ,i want to %[ is ! mann] 9 :i* ! process has be5 te/$4 ,my employ]1 ,mr4 ,bi]/adt1 has giv5 me p]mission to %[ y "s samples1 & also 8 *>t conta9+ ! spectrum colors3 violet1 indigo blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 r$1 & black4 ,?is *>t has be5 photograph$ 9 ! or?o*romatic & also 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,!re are _m ways ( produc+ an or?o*romatic effect2 "o is ! use ( a glass tank plac$ beh9d or 9 front ( ! l5s1 9 :i* a color+ matt] f ei!r a vegetable or m9]al product is plac$2 ?is tank or cell is1 h[ev]1 only = use 9 ! /udio1 z = outdoor photography we h a color$ glass scre51 s z n to be bo!r$ ) c>ry+ color$ solution4 ,! tank is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,procure two pieces ( be/ :ite plate glass1 ab\t #f in*es squ>e2 betwe5 ^! place a piece ( rubb] ( ! same size squ>e1 & ab\t #c_/h ( an in* ?ick4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is rubb] cut out a circle ab\t #d in*es diamet]1 & f "o ( ! corn]s to ! c5t] ( ! circle cut out a n>r[ /rip in* wide2 ?is s]ves z ! m\? ( ! tank4 ,! two pieces ( glass & ! rubb] are cem5t$ toge!r ) rubb] cem5t2 !n1 to hold x firmly toge!r1 two brass flanges are us$ z a clamp1 ) f\r screws at an equal di/ance ap>t2 a ?9 %eet ( rubb] is on ! glass side ( ! flanges to prev5t direct contact ) ! glass1 ! c5t] rema9+ cle> = ! rays ( light to pass ?r\gh solution & glass4 ,"o ( ! be/ or?o*romatic effects made ?r\gh ?is tank is ) a ?ree-gra9s-to-!-ounce solution ( bi*romatic ( ammonia or bi*romate ( potassium4 ,9 ?is me?od !re is no prep>ation us$ on ! plate4 ,a common rapid dry plate is expos$ ?r\gh ?is solution2 ! exposure1 h[ev]1 is ab\t tw5ty times long] ?an x w\ld be if y remov$ ! tank ) ! yell[ solution1 or1 9 o!r words1 if a dry-plate is expos$ "o m9ute )\t ! yell[ solution x w\ld h to be expos$ tw5ty m9utes ?r\gh a ?ree-gra9 solution ( bi*romate ( potassium or ammonia4 ,x produces wond]ful results on an oil pa9t+ or any highly color$ object4 ,ano!r me?od1 & ! "o be/ adapt$ = l&scapes1 is to ba! ! plate 9 ery?ros9e & !n expose x ?r\gh a yell[ glass scre54 ,z an illu/ration1 suppose we h be=e u a beautiful l&scape4 ,9 ! =egr\nd beautiful foliage1 9 ! c5t] a lake1 9 ! di/ance hills1 ) a blui% haze appe>+ pleas+ to ! eye1 also a nice sky ) light cl\ds4 ,n[ make a pla9 negative1 & see :at has become ( y\r cl\ds1 hills1 & ! di/ance--n visible6 ,"s photograph]s h be5 l$ to ?9k t by und]expos+ !y reta9 ! di/ance1 b !y sacrifice ! =egr\nd2 besides1 x does n produce an or?o*romatic effect4 ,b x is a good idea to expose long] on ! =egr\nd ?an y d on ! di/ance4 ,?is c be done by rais+ ! cap ( ! l5s skyw>d & gradually %ut (f1 giv+ ! =egr\nd m exposure4 ,plates are prep>$ = or?o*romatic "w z foll[s3 ,take any ord9>y rapid dry plate1 place x 9 a ba? conta9+ ,di/ill$ wat] #bjj c4c4 ,/rong liquid ammonia #b c4c4 ,rock x = two m9utes1 "w z d>k z y possibly c4 ,n[ take x out1 & place x 9 ! second ba? = "o & "o-f\r? m9utes & keep x rock+4 ,h on h& = use a /ock solution ( ,di/ill$ wat] #a1jjj p>ts4 ,ery?ros9e ,y br& #a "p4 ,prep>e second ba? z foll[s3 ,ery?ros9e /ock solution #be c4c4 ,di/ill$ wat] #age c4c4 ,/rong wat] ammonia #d c4c4 ,aft] remov+ ! plate1 dip x aga9 face d[n to r9se (f any p>ticles ( scum1 etc41 t may get 9 ! ba? accid5tally4 ,?is ba? may be us$ = "o doz5 #h by #aj1 :5 x %\ld be ?r[n away & fre% ba? us$4 ,aft] ! plates come out ( ! la/ ba?1 !y %\ld be /ood on clean blott+ pap] to absorb ! excess ( solution4 ,i w\ld also advise to use clean f+]s4 ,pyro4 or hypo4 on ! f+]s is a drawback to success4 ,aft] plates h be5 dra9$1 place !m 9 a clean$ rack 9 an absolutely light-tight closet1 ) air holes s con/ruct$ z to admit air b no light2 ! plates w dry 9 f eight to twelve h\rs4 ,!y are be/ prep>$ 9 ! ev5+1 &1 if ! closet is good1 w be dry 9 ! morn+4 ,aft] ! plates are dry !y may be pack$ face to face ) no?+ betwe5 !m1 9 a d\ble-cov] pap] box1 & put 9 a d>k closet free f sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas1 until ready = use4 ,i h kept plates = ?ree mon?s 9 ?is way1 & !y 7 9 good condition4 ,great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 develop+ ^! plates1 z !y are s5sitive to ! r$2 get us$ to develop+ 9 a d>k "p ( ! d>k room2 occasionally y may look at ! process ( developm5t 9 a little /rong] light4 ,! exposure ?r\gh ! yell[ scre5 ) an ery?ros9e plate is ab\t ! same z if y _h no or?o*romatic plate--a pla9 plate in/ead--provid$ y are n us+ too d>k a yell[ on y\r scre54 ,?is c only be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,i w give to a common plate ab\t f\r seconds1 an or?o*romatic plate "u ! same conditions five seconds4 ,! yell[ glass scre5 is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,take a piece ( be/ plate glass--common _c be us$--clean x nicely2 take ano!r l>ge plate glass1 or any?+ t is level & true1 level x ) a small _s-level4 ,n[ take ! clean$ piece ( glass & coat x ) ,,aur5tia ,,collodion4 ,e!r #e oz4 ,alcohol #e oz4 ,cotton #fj grs4 ,! aur5tia to be add$ to suit y\r judgm5t2 x takes a v small quantity to make an int5se yell[i%-r$ collodion4 ,p\r x on ! c5t] ( ! glass1 fl[ x to ! edges1 & be=e x sets place x on ! level glass & all[ x to set2 :5 set put x 9 a rack to dry4 ,%\ld x dry 9 ridges1 ! collodion may be too ?ick1 & x mu/ be ?9n$ d[n ) equal p>ts ( alcohol & e!r4 ,a s+le piece ( plate glass1 ab\t "o-eigh? in* ?ick1 coat$ ) aur5tia collodion1 is all t is requir$ ) an ery?ros9e plate4 ,or1 aft] a piece has be5 successfully coat$1 ano!r piece ( ! same plate glass1 & ! same size1 may be cem5t$ toge!r ) balsam1 hav+ ! coat$ aur5tia side betwe5 ! two glasses2 ! edges may !n be b\nd ) pap]4 ,9 us+ diff]5t color$ solutions1 collodion1 etc41 ,i h f\nd t "o w *ange ! focus & ! o!r n4 ,) "s scre5s y mu/ focus ) !m 9 _! positions2 take away ! scre51 & ! picture appe>s out ( focus4 ,i _c fully expla9 :y x is1 & = ?is reason w n make ! attempt2 exp]i5ce alone c tea* x4 ,ano!r ?+ t has be5 tri$ lately is to d away ) ! yell[ scre5 by sub/itut+ a yell[ coat+ direct on ! plate4 ,no d\bt ! focus on an object t requires absolute %>pness is some:at affect$ by ! use ( a glass4 ,we h be5 successful1 on a small scale1 to coat ! plate ) ! foll[+ yell[ solution3 ,place 9 a tray en\gh ( a saturat$ solution ( tropol9 9 wood alcohol to cov] ! plate2 all[ x to rema9 t5 seconds4 ,x is necess>y t ! plate %\ld be ba!d previ\sly 9 ery?ros9e & dri$4 ,be=e apply+ ! tropol91 :i*1 be+ 9 alcohol1 dries 9 a few m9utes1 h "s blott+ pap] on h&1 z ! solution ga!rs 9 a pool & leaves bad m>ks on ! end ( ! plate4 ,! plate c be develop$ 9 ! usual way4 ,try x & see ! results4--,report$ 9 ! ,beacon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plat9otype ,,pr9t+4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a communication to ! ,nor? ,london ,photographic ,society4 ,plat9otype1 :i* may be consid]$ to be ! mo/ arti/ic ( photographic pr9t+ processes1 may be sep>at$ into its ?ree modifications--! hot ba? & cold ba?1 9 :i* a fa9tly visible image is develop$1 & ! ,pizzighelli pr9t+-out pap]4 ,! hot ba? process1 aga91 may be divid$ into ! black & :ite & sepia pap]s4 ,i int5d to give y a r\gh outl9e ( ! prep>ation ( ! pap] & work+ ( ^! modifications1 conclud+ by demon/rat+ ! hot ba? me?od1 & h&+ ar\nd pr9ts by x4 ,plat9otype may almo/ be /yl$ an iron pr9t+ process1 =1 :ile no trace ( iron or its salts is f\nd 9 ! f9i%$ pr9t1 c]ta9 salts ( iron are mix$ ) ! plat9um salt1 :i* is plat9um comb9$ ) two atoms ( *lor9e 7,pt,cl#b71 z a means = readily r$uc+ x2 ?is1 h[ev]1 _c be effect$ )\t ! pres5ce ( neutral oxalate ( pota%1 h5ce ! use ( ! oxalate ba?4 ,!re is no plat9um 9 ! pap] = ! cold ba? process1 x be+ coat$ ) f]ric oxalate mix$ ) a v small quantity ( *loride ( m]cury--some:]e ab\t "o gra9 to an ounce ( f]ric oxalate solution4 ,:5 dry x is ready = exposure1 :i* is ab\t ?ree times less ?an ) silv] pr9t+4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to /ore all pap]s = plat9um pr9t+ 9 an air-tight t9 conta9+ *loride ( calcium1 :i* mu/ be dri$ by heat+ f "t to "t4 ,= ! cold ba?1 h[ev]1 x is important to h moi/ure pres5t dur+ pr9t+1 or x may be aft] pr9t+ & be=e developm5t4 ,if ! pap] is left 9 a dampi% room = fifte5 m9utes1 x %\ld be suffici5t4 ,pr9ts made by expos+ damp pap]1 or damp+ dry pap] j be=e developm5t1 mu/ be develop$ )9 "o h\r if ! maximum ( vigor is desir$2 by delay+ ! developm5t "s h\rs1 ! pr9ts 9 ! meantime be+ /or$ 9 a draw] s t !y may reta9 _! moi/ure1 an increase ( half tone & w>m? ( color w be obta9$4 ,if x %\ld be necess>y to delay developm5t = a day or two1 ! pr9ts mu/ be dri$ be=e a fire soon aft] be+ remov$ f ! frames1 & !n /or$ 9 a calcium tube until want$ = developm5t4 ,:ile pr9t+1 ! lemon color ( ! pap] receives a grayi% color$ image1 :i*1 al?\gh fa9t1 c1 ) practice1 be judg$ z easily z silv] pr9t+4 ,! develop] consi/s ( oxalate ( pota% & potassic *loro-plat9ite--ab\t ?irty gra9s ( ! plat9um salt to half an ounce ( oxalate =m+ ab\t six ounces ( solution2 a great _m v>iations1 h[ev]1 may be made 9 ! proportions ( plat9um salt & oxalate1 & diff]5t effects secur$4 ,developm5t is effect$ by slid+ ! pr9t face d[nw>d on to ! develop]1 :i* mu/ be rock$ aft] ! developm5t ( ea* pr9t to avoid scum m>ks4 ,to cle> ! pr9ts !y are wa%$ 9 ?ree or f\r ba?s ( a weak solution ( hydro*loric acid aft] leav+ ! develop]1 to remove all traces ( ! iron salts1 & f9ally wa%$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 ?ree *anges ( wat]2 !y are !n f9i%$1 & may be dri$ betwe5 clean blott+ pap]4 ,pizzighelli's process diff]s f ! above 9 be+ "o t pr9ts fully out 9 ! frame )\t developm5t2 ! pap] conta9s ! plat9um & iron salts z well z ! develop]1 & s pr9ts & develops at ! same "t4 ,al?\gh excell5t pr9ts c be produc$ ) x1 = g5]al "w ! results ( ! pap]1 z at pres5t made1 w n comp>e ) ! hot & cold ba? processes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 excell5t = pr9t+ f v d5se negatives1 & occasional negatives t seem extremely suitable = x4 ,! pap] %\ld be brea!d on be=e pr9t+1 z if x is q dry ! pr9t+ w be v sl[ & irregul>4 ,! be/ conditions = ! prep>ation ( ! pap] h sc>cely be5 decid$ ^u yet1 & x is n q fair to judge ! process4 ,! pr9ts are cle>$ 9 ! acid ba?s & wa%$ = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! sepia & black hot ba? processes are mu* alike 9 ! g5]al treatm5t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s special precautions to be obs]v$ ) ! sepia pap]1 ! *ief be+ to protect x f any b ! fa9te/ rays ( light2 ! pr9ts1 unlike ! black ones1 may be affect$ by light :5 9 ! acid ba?4 ,a special solution mu/ be add$ to ! develop] to keep ! lights pure4 ,ov]-exposure _c be correct$ by us+ a cool] ba?1 z is ! case ) ! black pr9ts1 & ! pap] does n rema9 good s long4 ,! pap] = ! black pr9ts by ! hot ba? process is wa%$ ) a mixture ( potassic plat9\s *loride & f]ric oxalate1 ! proportion be+ ab\t sixty gra9s ( ! plat9um salt to "o ounce ( ! iron solution4 ,x w n keep good long] ?an tw5ty m9utes or s1 & mu/ be appli$ to ! pap] directly aft] mix+4 ,! f]ric oxalate 9 ! pap] is r$uc$ by ! action ( light to f]r\s oxalate1 :i* =ms ! fa9t visible image2 ?is1 :5 ! pap] is float$ on ! oxalate ( pota% ba?1 is capable ( r$uc+ ! plat9um salt 9 contact ) x into metallic plat9um2 b ! f]ric salt1 :i* rema9s unalt]$1 has no action on ! plat9um salt1 leav+ ^! p>ts1 :i* repres5t ! high lights ( ! pr9t1 unt\*$4 ,! f]ric oxalate is remov$ by ! acid ba?s :i* foll[ ! developm5t4 ,a good temp]ature = developm5t is #aej ,fahr41 & :5 us+ ?is s mu* detail %\ld n be app>5t z :5 pr9t+ = ! cold ba? process1 9 :i* all ! detail desir$ %\ld be v fa9tly visible4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m me?ods ( expos+ ! pap] & develop+ x1 & no fix$ rule c be made1 b ! developm5t mu/ 9 e case be suit$ to ! exposure or ! result w be a failure4 ,= in/ance1 ! pap] may be pr9t$ until all detail is visible1 b a v mu* cool] developm5t mu/ be us$1 say #hj or #ij2 on ! o!r h&1 a slightly %ort exposure may be giv51 & a temp]ature ( #ahj to #bjj us$4 #aej %\ld be tak5 z ! normal temp]ature1 & kept to until "s exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$1 z employ+ all temp]atures w lead to confusion1 & no?+ w be le>n$4 ,"s negatives require a special treatm5t1 & bo? pr9t+ & developm5t mu/ be alt]$1 :ile = a v d5se negative ! pap] may be left out 9 a dampi% room = "s "t4 ,x w !n pr9t ) less contra/ & m half tone4 ,a ?9 negative is bett] pr9t$ by ! cold ba? process1 b negatives %\ld be good & brilliant = plat9otype pr9t+4 ,any "o tak+ up plat9otype & gett+ only weak pr9ts w\ld d well to look to 8 negatives in/ead ( blam+ ! pap]1 z ! high lights %\ld be fairly d5se1 & ! deep %ad[s ne>ly cle> glass4 ,"t = complete developm5t %\ld always be all[$2 ) a hot ba? fifte5 seconds w be suffici5t1 b if a cool] developm5t is us$1 or ! pr9ts are sol>iz$ 9 ! %ad[s1 m "t %\ld be all[$4 ,:5 ! deep %ad[s are sol>iz$1 or appe> light] ?an surr\nd+ p>ts1 a hot & prolong$ developm5t is requir$ to obta9 suffici5t blackness1 z !y h a t5d5cy to look l br[n pap]4 ,i h f\nd brea?+ on sol>iz$ %ad[s useful1 z 9 ! pres5ce ( slight moi/ure !y beg9 to pr9t out & become d>k be=e developm5t1 gett+ black almo/ directly ! pr9t is float$ on ! oxalate4 ,?ree or f\r acid ba?s ( ab\t t5 m9utes ea* are us$1 & ! pr9ts are wa%$ z be=e4 ,! process ?r\gh\t takes mu* less "t ?an silv] pr9t+1 & c be kept on all ! w9t]1 :5 x is ne>ly impossible to pr9t 9 silv]4 ,pr9ts c be develop$ 9 weak daylight or gaslight1 & prolong$ wa%+ is disp5s$ )4--,n4,p4 ,fox1 report$ 9 ,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,supplem5t1 ,no4 #gjf1 page #aabhc4 ,,on ,,allotropic ,,=ms ,,( ,,silv]4 ,by ,m4 ,,c>ey ,,lea4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is pap] 7 describ$ c]ta9 =ms ( silv]2 among !m a lilac blue sub/ance1 v soluble 9 wat]1 ) a deep r$ color4 ,aft] und]go+ purification1 x 0 %[n to be ne>ly pure silv]4 ,dur+ ! purification by wa%+ x seem$ to *ange some:at1 &1 consequ5tly1 "s unc]ta9ty exi/$ z to :e!r or n ! purifi$ sub/ance 0 ess5tially ! same z ! fir/ product2 x seem$ possible t ! extreme solubility ( ! product 9 its fir/ condition might be due to a comb9ation 9 "s way ) citric acid1 ! acid sep>at+ dur+ ! wa%+4 ,_m attempts 7 made to get a decisive indication1 & two s]ies ( analyses1 "o a long "o1 to det]m9e ! ratio betwe5 ! silv] & ! citric acid pres5t1 )\t obta9+ a :olly satisfactory result1 inasmu* z ev5 ^! det]m9ations ( m]e ratio involv$ a c]ta9 degree ( previ\s purification :i* might h caus$ a sep>ation4 ,?is "q has s9ce be5 settl$ 9 an extremely simple way1 & ! fact e/abli%$ t ! soluble blue sub/ance conta9s n a trace ( comb9$ citric acid4 ,! precipitat$ lilac blue sub/ance 7obta9$ by r$uc+ silv] citrate by f]r\s citrate7 0 ?r[n on a filt] & cle>$ ( "m wat] z f> z possible ) a filt] pump4 ,pure wat] 0 !n p\r$ on 9 successive portions until m ?an half ! sub/ance 0 dissolv$4 ,! residue1 evid5tly q un*ang$1 01 ( c\rse1 tol]ably free f "m wat]4 ,x 0 f\nd t by evaporat+ x to dryness ov] a wat] ba?1 mo/ ( ! silv] sep>at$ out z bright :ite normal silv]2 by add+ wat] & evaporat+ a second "t1 ! sep>ation 0 complete1 & wat] add$ dissolv$ no silv]4 ,! solution ?us obta9$ 0 neutral4 ,x mu/ h be5 acid _h any citric acid be5 comb9$ orig9ally ) ! silv]4 ,?is exp]im5t1 repeat$ ) e precaution1 seems conclusive4 ,! f]r\s solution1 us$ = r$uc+ ! silv] citrate1 _h be5 br\ght to exact neutrality ) sodium hydroxide4 ,aft] ! r$uction _h be5 effect$1 ! "m wat] ov] ! lilac blue precipitate 0 neutral or fa9tly acid4 ,a corroborat+ indication is ! foll[+3 ,! portions ( ! lilac blue sub/ance :i* 7 dissolv$ on ! filt] 7see above7 7 receiv$ into a dilute solution ( magnesium sulphate1 :i* ?r[s d[n insoluble allotropic silv] ( ! =m ,i h call$ ,b 7see previ\s pap]74 ,?is =m has already be5 %[n to be ne>ly pure silv]4 ,! magnesia solution1 neutral be=e use1 0 also neutral aft] x _h effect$ ! precipitation1 indicat+ t no citric acid _h be5 set free 9 ! precipitation ( ! silv]4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 cle> t ! lilac blue sub/ance conta9s no comb9$ citric acid4 ,_h ! solubility ( ! silv] be5 due to comb9ation ) ei!r acid or alkali1 ! liquid f :i* x 0 sep>at$ by dige/ion at or bel[ #ajj ,c4 mu/ h be5 acid or alkal9e2 x c\ld n h be5 neutral4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ?is alt]native3 ,9 ! lilac blue sub/ance we h ei!r pure silv] 9 a soluble =m or else a comp\nd ( silv]1 ) a p]fectly neutral sub/ance g5]at$ f citric acid 9 ! reaction :i* leads to ! =mation ( ! lilac blue sub/ance4 ,if ?is la/ %\ld prove ! true explanation1 !n we h to d ) a comb9ation ( silv] ( a q diff]5t nature f any silv] comp\nds hi!rto kn[n4 ,a neutral sub/ance g5]at$ f citric acid mu/ h "o or m atoms ( hydrog5 replac$ by silv]4 ,?is possibility recalls ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,ballo1 :o1 by act+ ) a f]r\s salt on t>t>ic acid1 obta9$ a neutral colloid sub/ance hav+ ! con/itution ( arab91 ,c#f ,h#aj ,o#f4 ,to appreciate ! difficulty ( arriv+ at a correct conclusion1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! silv] precipitate is obta9$ saturat$ ) /rong solutions ( f]ric & f]r\s citrate1 sodium citrate1 sulphate1 etc4 ,^! _c be remov$ by wa%+ ) pure wat]1 9 :i* ! sub/ance itself is v soluble1 b mu/ be got rid ( by wa%+ ) sal9e solutions1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! sub/ance itself sl[ly b cont9ually *anges4 ,next1 ! sal9e solution us$ = wa%+ mu/ be remov$ by alcohol4 ,dur+ ?is treatm5t1 ! sub/ance1 at fir/ v soluble1 gradually loses its solubility1 &1 :5 ready = analysis1 has become :olly insoluble4 ,x is impossible at pres5t to say :e!r x may n h und]gone o!r *ange2 ?is is a matt] z to :i* ,i hope to speak m positively lat]4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ^! allotropic =ms ( silv] acquire & lose solubility f v slight causes1 z an in/ance ( :i* may be m5tion$ ! ease ) :i* ! insoluble =m ,b recov]s its solubility "u ! influ5ce ( sodium sulphate & borate1 & o!r salts1 z describ$ 9 ! previ\s "p ( ?is pap]4 ,! two insoluble =ms ( allotropic silv] :i* ,i h describ$ z ,b & ,c--,b1 blui% gre52 ,c1 ri* gold5 color--%[ ! foll[+ curi\s reaction4 ,a film ( ,b1 spread on glass & heat$ 9 a wat] /ove to #ajj ,c4 = a few m9utes becomes sup]ficially bright yell[4 ,a simil> film ( ! gold color$ sub/ance1 ,c1 treat$ 9 ! same way1 acquires a blue bloom4 ,9 bo? cases x is ! surface only t *anges4 ,s5sitiv5ess to ,light4--,all ^! =ms ( silv] are act$ ^u by light4 ,a & ,b acquire a br[ni% t+e by "s h\rs' exposure to sunlight4 ,) ,c ! case is q diff]5t1 ! color *anges f t ( r$ gold to t ( pure yell[ gold4 ,! exp]im5t is an int]e/+ "o4 ,! expos$ portion reta9s its full metallic brilliancy1 giv+ an additional pro( t ! color dep5ds ^u molecul> arrangem5t1 & ?is ) ! allotropic =ms ( silv] is subject to *ange f almo/ any influ5ce4 ,/ability4--,^! sub/ances v>y greatly 9 /ability "u influ5ces difficult to appreciate4 ,i h two specim5s ( ! gold yell[ sub/ance1 ,c1 bo? made 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhf1 ) ! same proportions1 "u ! same conditions4 ,"o has pass$ to dazzl+ :ite1 normal silv]1 )\t fall+ to p[d]1 or und]go+ disaggregation ( any sort2 ! fragm5ts h reta9$ _! %ape1 simply *ang+ to a pure fro/$ :ite1 rema9+ app>5tly z solid z be=e2 ! o!r is un*ang$1 & /ill %[s its deep yell[ color & gold5 lu/]4 ,ano!r specim5 made )9 a few mon?s & suppos$ to be p]man5t has *ang$ to br[n4 ,complete exclusion ( air & light is c]ta9ly favorable to p]man5ce4 ,physical ,condition4--,! brittl5ess ( ! sub/ances ,b & ,c1 ! facility ) :i* !y c be r$uc$ to ! f9e/ p[d]1 makes a /rik+ po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 allotropic & normal silv]4 ,x is probable t normal silv]1 precipitat$ 9 f9e p[d] & set aside moi/ to dry gradually1 may coh]e into brittle lumps1 b ^! w\ld be m]e aggregations ( discont9u\s mat]ial4 ,) allotropic silv] ! case is v diff]5t1 ! p>ticles dry 9 optical contact ) ea* o!r1 ! surfaces are brilliant1 & ! mat]ial evid5tly cont9u\s4 ,t ?is %\ld be brittle indicates a totally diff]5t /ate ( molecul> con/itution f t ( normal silv]4 ,specific ,gravities4--,! allotropic =ms ( silv] %[ a l[] specific gravity ?an t ( normal silv]4 ,9 det]m9+ ! specific gravities x 0 f\nd ess5tial to keep ! sp4 gr4 bottle aft] plac+ ! mat]ial 9 x = "s h\rs "u ! bell ( an air pump4 ,films ( air atta* !mselves ob/9ately to ! surfaces1 & escape b sl[ly ev5 9 vacuo4 ,tak5 ) ?is precaution1 ! blue sub/ance1 ,b1 gave specific gravity #i4eh1 & ! yell[ sub/ance1 ,c1 specific gravity #h4ea4 ,! specific gravity ( normal silv]1 aft] melt+1 0 f\nd by ,g4 ,rose to be #aj4e4 ,t ( f9ely divid$ silv] obta9$ by precipitation is /at$ to be #aj4fb4a ,footnote #a3 ,watts' ,dict41 orig4 ed41 v4 #bgg4 ,i believe ^! det]m9ations to be exact = ! specim5s employ$4 ,b ! condition ( aggregation may n improbably v>y some:at 9 diff]5t specim5s4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 cle> t ^! =ms ( silv] h a l[] specific gravity ?an ! normal1 & ?is is :at w\ld be expect$4 ,*e/nut ,hill1 ,philadelphia1 ,may1 #ahhi4 --,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,turp5t9e ,,& ,,its ,,products4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read at a meet+ ( ! ,liv]pool ,*emi/s' ,association4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,davies1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,9 treat+ ?is subject x is necess>y to limit x )9 comp>atively n>r[ b\nds1 = bodies ( ! turp5t9e class are exce$+ly num]\s & n well und]/ood4 ,9 ?is def9ite class turp5t9e means ! exudation f v>i\s trees ( ! natural ord] ,conif]1 consi/+ ( a hydroc>bon1 ,c#aj ,h#af1 & a res94 ,! con/itution ( ! hydroc>bons 9 turp5t9e f diff]5t s\rces1 ?\gh id5tical *emically1 v>ies physically1 ! boil+ po9t rang+ f #aef ,c4 to #afc ,c41 ! d5sity f #j4hee to #j4hhj1 & ! action on pol>iz$ light f -#dj4c to #ba4e4 ,!y are v un/able bodies 9 _! molecul> con/itution1 heat1 sulphuric acid1 & o!r reag5ts modify+ _! prop]ties4 ,! res9s are also v v>iable bodies =m$ probably by oxidation ( ! hydroc>bons1 & z ?is oxidation is m or less complete1 mixtures are =m$ v difficult to sep>ate & /udy4 ,turp5t9e z met ) 9 comm]ce is ma9ly d]iv$ f ,p9us m>itima1 yield+ ,fr5* turp5t9e1 & ,p9us au/ralis1 furni%+ mo/ ( ! ,am]ican turp5t9e4 ,! latt] is obta9$ f ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,9 ,hanbury & ,fluckig]'s ,ph>macographia !re is a full description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! trees are w\nd$ to obta9 ! turp5t9e4 ,besides ^! !re are ,v5ice turp5t9e f ! l>*1 ,p9us ,l>ix1 ,/rassburg turp5t9e f ,abies pect9ata1 & ,canada balsam f ,p9us balsamea4 ,! crude ,am]ican turp5t9e is a viscid liquid ( ab\t ! consi/5ce ( honey1 b v>y+ to a s(t solid1 kn[n z gum1 ?us1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( exposure :i* x has und]gone1 x conta9s ab\t #aj to #be p] c5t4 ( spirits1 to :i* ! "n ( turp5t9e is commonly giv51 ! re/ be+ res91 or z x is usually call$1 ros94 ,9 ,liv]pool almo/ all ! spirits ( turp5t9e comes f ,am]ica1 s t x is almo/ impossible to get a sample ( ,fr5*4 ,! t]p5e f ,am]ican turp5t9e is call$ au/rat]eb5!ne4 ,x possesses dextro-rotatory pol>ization ( #ba4e4 ,its d5sity is #j4hfd4 ,boil+ po9t #aef ,c4 ,9 tak+ ! boil+ po9t ( a comm]cial sample ( spirits x is necess>y to wait until ! !rmomet] becomes /eady4 ,n m ?an #e p] c5t4 %\ld pass ov] be=e ?is takes place1 & !n !re is n m ?an two or ?ree degrees ( rise until almo/ all is di/ill$ ov]4 ,! liquids ( l[] boil+ po9t d n appe> to h be5 mu* /udi$4 ,9 ,fr5* spirits !y seem to be ( ! same composition z ! ma9 product1 b ) m action on pol>iz$ light4 ,fr5* spirits ( turp5t9e is ma9ly compos$ ( t]eb5!ne4 ,! boil+ po9t & sp4 gr4 are ! same z ^? ( ! au/rat]eb5!ne1 b ! pol>ization is left h&$ & am\nts to -#dj4e4 ,isom]ic modifications4 ,heat$ to #cjj ,c4 9 a seal$ tube = two h\rs1 x becomes an isom]ic comp\nd1 boil+ at #age ,c41 :ile ! d5sity is l[]$1 be+ only #j4hehf at #j ,c4 ,! rotatory p[] is only -#i4 ,x oxidizes mu* m rapidly4 ,x is call$ isot]eb5!ne & has a smell ( ess5tial oil ( lemons4 ,by ! action ( a small quantity ( sulphuric acid1 among o!r products t]eb5e is =m$4 ,x has ! same boil+ po9t & sp4 gr4 z t]eb5!ne1 b is )\t action on pol>iz$ light4 ,au/rat]eb5!ne =ms simil> if n id5tical bodies4 ,polym]s4 ,"o "p ( boron fluoride ,,bf#c in/antly conv]ts #afj p>ts ( t]eb5!ne into polym]s boil+ above #cjj ,c41 & optically inactive4 ,h#b ,,s#d does ! same on heat+ & =ms dit]eb5e ,c#bj ,h#cb4 ,t]*loride ( antimony does ! same1 & also produces tetrat]eb5e ,c#dj;,h#fd1 a solid brittle comp\nd =m$ by ! union ( f\r molecules ( ,c#aj ,h#af4 ,x does n boil bel[ #cej ,c4 & decomposes on heat+4 ,comp\nd ) ,h#b,o4 ,t]p9 ,c#aj ,h#ah #b;,,ho is =m$ :5 #a volume ( spirits ( turp5t9e is mix$ ) #f ( nitric acid & #a ( alcohol1 & expos$ to air = "s weeks4 ,cry/als are =m$ :i* are press$1 decoloriz$ by animal *>coal1 & recry/alliz$ f boil+ wat]4 ,comp\nds ) ,h,cl4 ,:5 a sl[ curr5t ( ,h,cl is pass$ ?r\gh cool$ spirits ( turp5t9e1 two isom]ic comp\nds are =m$1 "o solid1 & "o liquid4 ,! l[] ! temp]ature is kept1 ! m ( ! solid body is produc$4 ,to obta9 ! solid body pure x is press$ & recry/alliz$ f e!r or alcohol4 ,x is volatile & has ! odor ( camphor4 ,x is call$ artificial camphor1 & has ! composition ,c#aj ,h#af ,h,cl4 ,!re is also a comp\nd ) #b;,h,cl4 ,oxidation products4 ,by pass+ air into spirits ( turp5t9e oxyg5 is absorb$4 ,x 0 ?\ght at "o "t t ozone 0 produc$1 b ,k+zett's view is t camphoric p]oxide is =m$ ,c#aj ,h#ad ,o#d1 & t 9 pres5ce ( wat] x decomposes into camphoric acid & ,h#b ,o#b4 ,?is liquid con/itutes ! dis9fectant kn[n z sanitas1 :i* possesses ! advantages ( a pleasant smell & non-poison\s prop]ties4 ,c#aj ,h#ah ,o#b may be obta9$ by expos+ spirits ( turp5t9e 9 a flask full ( oxyg5 ) a little wat]4 ,camphor ,c#af ,h#af ,o has be5 made 9 small quantity by oxidiz+ spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,t]eb5!ne belongs to ! b5z5e or aromatic s]ies1 :i* c be %[n f its connection ) cym5e4 ,cym5e is me?ylpropyl-b5z5e1 & c be made f t]p5es by remov+ two atoms ( ,h4 ,x has n yet be5 conv]t$ aga9 into t]p5e1 b ! connection is suffici5tly prov$4 ,! pres5ce ( ,,*#c 9 t]p5es is %[n by _! yield+ *lor(orm :5 di/ill$ ) blea*+ p[d] & wat]4 ,! res9 is imp]fectly kn[n4 ,x 0 suppos$ to consi/ ( picric & sylvic acids4 ,x is also /at$ to conta9 abietic anhydride ,c#dd ,h#fb ,o#d1 b x is difficult to und]/& h[ a comp\nd conta9+ ,c#dd c be produc$ f ,c#aj ,h#af4 ,! mo/ probable view is t x is ! anhydride ( sylvic acid1 :i* is probably ,c#bj ,h#cj ,o#b4 ,! d>k color$ res9 :i* is obta9$ :5 ! turp5t9e is di/ill$ )\t wat] c be conv]t$ into a transp>5t slightly yell[ body by di/illation ) sup]heat$ /eam4 ,a small portion is decompos$1 b ! great] "p di/ills un*ang$4 ,x is us$ 9 mak+ soap :i* w la!r ) sea wat]4 ,:5 di/ill$ alone1 v>i\s hydroc>bons1 res9 oil & res9 pit*1 are obta9$4 ,i f9d t comm]cial spirits ( turp5t9e v>ies 9 sp4 gr4 f #j4hfe to #j4hfi at #ae ,c4 ,! high] sp4 gr4 appe>s to be connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( res9\s bodies1 ! result ( oxidation4 ,! boil+ po9t is v uni=m1 rang+ f #aee ,c4 to #aeg ,c4 at #gfj mm4 ,tak+ ^! two po9ts toge!r1 x is h>dly possible to adult]ate spirits ( turp5t9e )\t detection4 ,i give ! figures = a few imitations or adult]ations3 ,sp4 gr4 ,b4,p4 ,no4 #a #j4hba #acg ,c4 ,no4 #b #j4hhd #afe ,c4 ,no4 #c #j4hae #aej ,c4 ,no4 #d #j4hie #aef ,c4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! fla%+ po9t1 no d\bt due to ! long] or %ort] exposure ( ! crude turp5t9e1 by :i* m or less ( ! volatile portion escapes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,( ,,p>aff9e ,,9 ,,crude ,,petroleum4#a ,footnote #a3 ,an ab/ract ( !sis by ,e4,a4 ,p>tridge1 class ( '#hi1 ,univ4 ( ,pa4 ,read be=e ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute by ,pr(4 ,s4,p4 ,sadtl]4 ,x is well kn[n t ! p>aff9e obta9$ by ! di/illation ( petroleum residues is cry/all9e1 :ile t obta9$ directly 7z 9 ! filtration ( residuum7 is amorph\s4 ,ozok]ite or c]es9e diff]s b slightly f p>aff9e1 ! pr9cipal di/9ction be+ want ( cry/all9e /ructure 9 x z f\nd4 ,o!r *>act]i/ics1 su* z ! melt+ po9t1 specific gravity1 etc41 v>y 9 bo?1 & s are n ( importance 9 a comp>ison4 ,h5ce x has be5 ask$1 ,is ! p>aff9e occurr+ 9 petroleum & ozok]ite id5tical ) t :i* is produc$ by _! di/illation8 ,z cry/all9e p>aff9e c\ld be obta9$ f ozok]ite by di/illation alone1 _m p]sons h suppos$ t x 0 eng5d]$ 9 ! process4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 cry/all9e p>aff9e has be5 obta9$ f ozok]ite by dissolv+ ! latt] 9 w>m amyl alcohol2 on cool+ ! great] "p sep>ates out 9 cry/als hav+ ! lu/] ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,by repetition ( ?is process1 a sub/ance is obta9$ t is sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f ! p>aff9e obta9$ by di/illation4 ,app>5tly !re exi/s !n 9 ozok]ite1 toge!r ) p>aff9e1 o!r sub/ances n capable ( cry/allization :i* keep ! p>aff9e f cry/alliz+4 ,^! colloids appe> to be sep>at$ by amyl alcohol 9 virtue ( _! great] solubility 9 t m5/ruum4 ,x is also reasonable to suppose t !y und]go *ange or decomposition by di/illation4 ,s z petroleum residues are amorph\s1 & ! cry/all9e p>aff9e is fir/ produc$ by di/illation1 x has be5 argu$ t ! p>aff9e pres5t 9 crude petroleum is approximately ! same ?+ z ozok]ite4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t to e/abli% ! pyrog5ic orig9 ( all cry/alliz$ p>aff9e1 z cry/als c be obta9$ f ! amorph\s residues by di/illation at normal or r$uc$ pressure or 9 a curr5t ( /eam4 ,to expla9 ^! facts two assumptions are possible4 ,ei!r ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( all or "s ( ! solid con/itu5ts are *ang$ by ! di/illation1 & ! p>aff9e is *ang$ f ! amorph\s into ! cry/all9e v>iety1 or ! *ange produc$ by ! di/illation takes place 9 ! m$ium 7i4e41 ! "m liquid7 9 :i* ! p>aff9e exi/s4 ,! *ange effect$ 9 ozok]ite & 9 petroleum residues :5 cry/all9e p>aff9e is obta9$ by di/illation is to be reg>d$ z a purification1 & c be effect$ p>tially by treatm5t ) amyl alcohol4 ,9 ! same way1 by repeat$ treatm5t ( petroleum residuum ) amyl alcohol1 a sub/ance ( melt+ po9t #ei ,c4 c be obta9$1 :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ord9>y p>aff9e4 ,! treatm5t ) amyl alcohol has !re=e accompli%$ ! same results z 0 obta9$ by di/illation1 & ! action is probably ! same1 i4e41 a p>tial sep>ation ( colloid sub/ance4 ,^! facts po9t to ! conclusion t cry/allizable p>aff9e exi/s ready =m$ 9 bo? petroleum & 9 ozok]ite1 b 9 bo? cases o!r colloidal sub/ances prev5t its cry/allization4 ,by di/illation1 ^! colloids appe> to be de/roy$ or *ang$ s z to all[ ! p>aff9e to cry/allize4 ,x is a g5]ally kn[n fact t liquids always appe> among ! products ( ! di/illation ( p>aff9e1 no matt] 9 :at way ! di/illation be conduct$4 ,?is %[s t "s p>aff9e is decompos$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,! "n proto-p>aff9e has be5 giv5 to ozok]ite & to ! p>aff9e ( petroleum 9 contradi/9ction to pyro-p>aff9e1 ! "n t has be5 appli$ to ! p>aff9e obta9$ by di/illation f any s\rce4 ,accord+ to ,rei*5ba*1 p>aff9e may cry/allize 9 ?ree =ms3 ne$les1 angul> gra9s1 & leaflets hav+ ! lu/] ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,h(/adt]1 9 an article on ! id5tity ( p>aff9e f diff]5t s\rces1 confirm$ ?is /atem5t1 & add$ fur!r t at fir/ ne$les1 !n ! angul> =ms1 & !n ! leaflets are =m$4 ,frits*e f\nd1 by means ( ! microscope1 9 ! e!real solution ( ozok]ite1 v f9e & ?9 cry/al leaflets conc5trically gr\p$1 & 9 ! alcoholic solution f9e irregul> leaflets4 ,zaloziecki has rec5tly develop$ ^! microscopic inve/igations to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,accord+ to ?is obs]v]1 ! pr9cipal "p ( p>aff9e1 z se5 "u ! microscope1 consi/s ( %9+ /ratifi$ leaflets ) a d>k] edge4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic & well develop$ cry/als are =m$ by dissolv+ p>aff9e 9 a mixture ( e?yl & amyl alcohols & *ill+4 ,! cry/als are rhombic or hexagonal tablets or leaves1 & are q regul>ly =m$4 ,!y are unequally develop$ 9 diff]5t v>ieties ( p>aff9e4 ,! be/ develop$ are ^? obta9$ f c]es9e4 ,_! relative size & appe>ance give an indication z to ! purity ( ! p>aff9e1 &1 z !y are always pres5t1 !y are to be c\nt$ among ! *>act]i/ic te/s = p>aff9e4 ,rei*5ba* obs]v$ t m]e traces ( empyreumatic oil prev5t$ _! =mation4 ,! old me?od ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( p>aff9e 9 petroleum 0 to c>ry out ! ref9+ process on a small scale2 t is1 to di/ill ! residue f ! k]os5e oils to cok+1 *ill out ! p>aff9e1 press x ?or\ghly betwe5 filt] pap]1 & weigh ! residue4 ,! s\rces ( error 9 ?is proc$ure are manifold2 ! pr9cipal "o is ! solubility ( p>aff9e 9 oils1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! "* ( bo? ! p>aff9e & ! oil1 & also ^u ! temp]ature4 ,! next greate/ s\rce ( error is v>iation 9 ! process ( di/illation & ! diff]5ce betwe5 work+ on ! small scale & on ! l>ge scale4 ,9 mo/ cases1 :]e a p>aff9e det]m9ation is to be c>ri$ out1 "o has to deal ) a mixture ( p>aff9e ) liquid oils4 ,n[1 p>aff9e is n a sub/ance def9$ by *>act]i/ic physical prop]ties :i* di/+ui% x f ! liquid portions ( petroleum4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( homolog\s hydroc>bons1 :i* =m a solid "u ord9>y conditions4 ,! hydroc>bons ( ?is mixture %[ a gradation 9 _! prop]ties1 & gradually approximate to ^? :i* are liquid at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t a sep>ation ( ^! homologues is entirely impossible by di/illation4 ,x has also be5 asc]ta9$ t ! liquid con/itu5ts ( petroleum d n always possess boil+ po9ts t are l[] ?an ^? ( ! solid con/itu5ts4 ,?is %[s t we h to deal n m]ely ) hydroc>bons ( "o1 b ( sev]al s]ies4 ,:5 det]m9ations ( ! am\nt ( p>aff9e are to be made1 !n x becomes necess>y to specify ) exactness :at is to be call$ p>aff9e4 ,! mo/ def9ite prop]ty t c be made use ( = ?is purpose is ! melt+ po9t4 ,= sev]al reasons x is conv5i5t to include "u ?is "n hydroc>bons ( melt+ po9t z l[ z #ce-dj ,c4 ,! me?od propos$ by ,zaloziecki = ! det]m9ation ( p>aff9e is ! foll[+3 ,! mo/ volatile portions ( ! petroleum are sep>at$ by di/illation1 until ! !rmomet] %[s #bjj ,c4 ,^! portions are sep>at$1 z !y ex]t great solv5t action ^u p>aff9e4 ,at ! same "t he f9ds t no pyro-p>aff9e is =m$ "u ?is temp]ature4 ,a weigh$ portion ( ! residue is tak5 & mix$ ) t5 p>ts by weight ( amyl alcohol & t5 p>ts ( sev5ty-five p] c5t4 e?yl alcohol3 ! mixture is !n *ill$ = twelve h\rs to #j ,c4 ,x is !n filt]$ cold1 wa%$ fir/ ) a mixture ( amyl & e?yl alcohols1 & !n ) e?yl alcohol alone4 ,! p>aff9e is transf]r$ to a small porcela9 evaporat+ di% & dri$ at #aaj ,c4 ,x is !n heat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid to #aej-afj ,c4 = fifte5 to ?irty m9utes ) con/ant /irr+4 ,! acid is !n neutraliz$ & ! p>aff9e extract$ by petroleum e!r4 ,on evaporation ( ! solv5t1 ! p>aff9e is dri$ at #ajj ,c4 & weigh$4 ,zaloziecki f\nd1 accord+ to ?is me?od1 9 ?ree samples ( ,galician petroleums1 #d4f1 #e4h & #f4e p] c5t41 respectively1 ( proto-p>aff9e4 ,! me?od 0 c>ri$ out z above ) f\r samples ( ,am]ican petroleums1 ,colorado oil f ,flor5ce1 ,col42 ,w>r5 ,c\nty oil f ,w+ ,well1 ,w>r51 ,pa42 ,wa%+ton oil f ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,pa42 ,middle ,di/rict oil f ,butl] ,c\nty1 ,pa41 all furni%$ by ,pr(essor ,sadtl]4 ,!y 7 v diff]5t 9 physical prop]ties & 9 appe>ance1 ! ,colorado oil be+ a mu* heavi] oil ?an ! o!rs & ! ,wa%+ton oil be+ an amb] oil1 :ile ! o!r two 7 ( ! ord9>y d>k gre5 color & consi/5ce4 ,! losses on di/illation to #bjj ,c4 7 v diff]5t1 be+ ab\t "o-t5? 9 ! case ( ! ,colorado oil & ne>ly "o-half 9 ! case ( ! o!rs4 ,! p]c5tages ( p>tially ref9$ proto-p>aff9e 9 ! f\r r$uc$ oils 7all bel[ #bjj ,c4 (f7 7 z foll[s3 = ! ,colorado oil1 #bc4i p] c5t42 = ! ,w>r5 oil1 #bf4e p] c5t42 = ! ,wa%+ton oil1 #bf4f p] c5t42 & = ! ,middle ,di/rict oil1 #bh4b p] c5t4 ,! "q n[ arises1 ,:at value has ?is det]m9ation ( ! proto-p>aff9e :i* may exi/ 9 an oil8 ,z be=e said1 a portion ( ! p>aff9e is always decompos$ 9 di/illation at temp]atures suffici5tly high to drive ov] ! p>aff9e oils1 s ! yield ( pyro-p>aff9e is always less ?an ! proto-p>aff9e %[n to be pres5t orig9ally4 ,zaloziecki f\nd ?is 9 ! case ( ! sev]al ,galician oils he exam9$4 ,correspond+ to ! #d4f1 #e4h & #f4e p] c5t4 ( proto-p>aff9e 9 ! sev]al oils he obta9$ #b4ah1 #b4fe & #b4ce p] c5t41 respectively1 ( pyro-p>aff9e4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! extraction ( proto-p>aff9e on a l>ge scale by means ( su* solv5ts z amyl & e?yl alcohols is out ( ! "q on acc\nt ( _! co/4 ,a di/illation1 "u r$uc$ pressure & ) sup]heat$ /eam1 w\ld1 h[ev]1 prev5t mu* ( ! decomposition ( ! orig9al proto-p>aff9e & increase ! yield ( pyro-p>aff9e4 ,?is /udy ( ,zaloziecki's me?od & ! exam9ation ( ,am]ican oils 0 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,sadtl] & c>ri$ out 9 8 laboratory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transmission ,,( ,,pressure ,,9 ,,fluids4 ,by ,,alb]t ,b4 ,,port]4 ,! "y /ud5t ( physics occasionally has difficulty 9 grasp+ ! laws ( pressure 9 fluids4 ,8 e day exp]i5ce has taught him t a pu% aga9/ a solid body causes x to pu% 9 ! same direction1 & he (t5 receives ) "s d\bt ! /atem5t t pressure appli$ to a fluid is transmitt$ equally 9 e direction4 ,! exp]im5ts ord9>ily %[n 9 illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple prove t pressure is transmitt$ 9 all directions1 b d n prove ! equality ( transmission1 & 9 spite ( all ! text books may tell him1 ! /ud5t is apt to cl+ to ! idea t a d[nw>d pressure appli$ to a liquid is m apt to bur/ ! bottom ?an ! side ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a4 & #b4 ,! little piece ( app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #a 0 design$ to furni% a cle> demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple "u consid]ation4 ,x is ess5tially an arrangem5t by :i* a d[nw>d pressure is appli$ to a conf9$ mass ( air or wat]1 & ! resultant pressures measur$ 9 ! ?ree directions1 d[n1 up1 & sideways4 ,by means ( a brok5 rat tail file kept wet ) turp5t9e ?ree holes are bor$ ?r\gh a bottle1 "o ?r\gh ! bottom1 "o ?r\gh ! side1 & "o ?r\gh ! %\ld]1 z ne> ! neck z may be conv5i5t4 ,! op]ation is quick & easy1 ! only precaution to be obs]v$ be+ to "w v sl[ly & use b a slight pressure :5 ! glass is ne>ly p]=at$4 ,! holes may be enl>g$ to any size requir$ by c>eful fil+ ) ! wet file4 ,f ea* ( ! holes a rubb] tube leads to "o ( ! glass manomet] tubes at ! "r 9 ! figure1 ! jo9ts be+ made air tight by slipp+ into ea* rubb] tube a piece ( glass tub+ ab\t half an in* long 9 ord] to swell x to ! size ( ! hole x is to fit4 ,! ends ( ^! glass tubes mu/ be well r\nd$ by p>tial fusion 9 a gas flame1 t !re may be no %>p edges to cut ! rubb]4 ,! bottle re/s 9 a depression 9 ! turn$ wood base1 ! l[] rubb] tube pass+ out ?r\gh a hole 9 ! wood4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! %ape ( ! manomet] tubes4 ,!y are made ( qu>t] in* glass tub+ b5t to %ape 9 a flame & left op5 at bo? ends4 ,!y are m\nt$ on a scale bo>d :i* has sev]al equidi/ant horizontal l9es runn+ across x4 ,! two b5t wires :i* support ! scale bo>d fit loosely 9 holes 9 x & 9 ! base4 ,?is me?od ( m\nt+ is v h&y1 s9ce x p]mits ! scale bo>d to be swung to "r or left z may be conv5i5t1 or turn$ r\nd s z to %[ ! fitt+s on its back1 )\t mov+ ! bottle4 ,! ?ree manomet]s are fill$ to ! same level ) m]cury1 ! quantity be+ adju/$ by means ( a pipette4 ,a p]=at$ rubb] /opp]1 fitt$ ) a glass tube on :i* is slipp$ a rubb] syr+e bulb1 completes ! app>atus4 ,:5 ! bulb is p9*$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 ! m]cury is =c$ up to ! same height 9 ea* ( ! manomet]s1 ?us prov+ t ! pressure is ex]t$ equally 9 ! ?ree directions1 up1 d[n1 & sideways4 ,) ! bottle fill$ ) wat] ! same effect foll[s1 ! law be+ ! same = liquids & gases4 ,:5 us+ wat] 9 ! app>atus x is ess5tial t ! rubb] tubes1 z well z ! bottle1 be fill$1 & :5 us$ 9 ! class room x is bett] to %[ ! exp]im5t ) wat] fir/1 x be+ easi] & quick] to empty ! bottle & tubes ?an to fill !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pe> ,,du*esse ,d',,ang\leme4 ,al?\gh well kn[n to fruit gr[]s & g5]ally repres5t$ 9 all p>ts ( ,brita91 ?is noble ,fr5* pe> has n become a univ]sal favorite4 ,if ! quality ( ! fruit1 indep5d5tly ( its f9e1 h&some appe>ance1 0 bad1 or ev5 indiff]5t1 x might be ext]m9at$ f our li/s1 b ?is we "k is n ! case1 z any "o :o has ta/$ good samples gr[n 9 ,france1 ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 & ^u favorable soils 9 ?is c\ntry w be> out ! /atem5t t ! flavor is sup]b4 ,"s fruits1 we "k1 are q incapable ( be+ good1 z !y h no quality 9 !m2 b "h we h "o ( ! h>die/ ( trees1 capable ( giv+ u quantity z well z quality1 provid$ we cultivate prop]ly4 ,pe>s1 no d\bt1 are caprici\s1 l our seasons1 b giv5 a good av]age ye>1 soils & /ocks :i* suit !m1 a light1 w>m1 airy aspect1 & good culture1 a great numb] ( v>ieties =m]ly only good en\gh = /ew+ are n[ elevat$1 & mo/ des]v$ly s1 to ! dess]t table4 ,b1 assum+ t "s sorts kn[n to be good d n rea* _! highe/ /&>d ( excell5ce e ye>1 !y are inf9itely sup]ior to _m ( ! old /ew]s1 z !y c>ry _! own sug>1 a quality :i* fits !m = consumption by ! mo/ delicate invalids4 ,inde$1 s prom95tly h *oice dess]t pe>s1 & apples too = t matt]1 come to ! front = cook+ purposes1 t a new dem& is n[ e/abli%$1 & al?\gh ,du*esse d',ang\lme1 always juicy & sweet1 f bad situations does n always come up to ! f9e quality met )9 ,cov5t ,g>d5 9 ,novemb]1 x is wor?y ( our skill1 z we "k x has all ! good po9ts ( a fir/ rate pe> :5 prop]ly rip5$4 ,! orig9al tree ( ?is pe> 0 obs]v$ by ,m4 ,anne ,pi]re ,&usson1 a nurs]yman at ,ang]s1 gr[+ 9 a f>m g>d5 ne> ,*ampigne1 9 ,anj\1 & hav+ procur$ grafts ( x1 he sold ! trees1 9 #ahab1 "u ! "n ( ,poire des ,ep>annais4 ,9 #ahbj1 he s5t a basket ( ! fruit to ! ,du*esse d',ang\lme1 ) a reque/ to be p]mitt$ to "n ! pe> 9 honor ( h]4 ,! reque/ 0 grant$1 & ! pe> has s9ce borne its pres5t "n4 ,t su* a f9e pe>1 :i* does s well 9 ,france1 w\ld soon f9d its way to ,engl& !re exi/s little d\bt1 z we f9d t )9 a few ye>s x became e/abli%$ & well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,all ! e>lie/ trees w\ld be work$ ^u ! pe> or free /ock1 & z root prun+ until rec5tly 0 b little practic$1 we may reasonably suppose t ! majority ( !m are deeply an*or$ 9 clay1 m>l1 & o!r subsoils calculat$ to =ce a crude1 gross gr[? f :i* high flavor$ fruit c\ld n be expect$4 ,^! defects "u mod]n culture ^u ! qu9ce & d\ble graft+ are giv+ way1 z we f9d1 on ref]5ce to ! report ( ! committee ( ! pe> conf]5ce1 held at ,*iswick 9 #ahhe1 t tw5ty c\nties 9 ,engl&1 also ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,wales1 contribut$ no less ?an #aba di%es to ! tables1 & ?irty-eight gr[]s vot$ 9 favor ( ! ,du*esse be+ recogniz$ z "o ( our /&>d dess]t v>ieties4 ,?is /ep looks l progress1 z x is a record ( facts :i* _c be ga9said1 & x n[ rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! ,engli% gr[]1 ^: indomitable w has br\ght him to ! front 9 ! subjugation ( o!r fruits1 w be successful ) ! f9e ,du*esse d',ang\lme4 ,al?\gh ?is rem>kable pe> _c easily be mi/ak51 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o d n "k x1 ! foll[+ description may n be out ( place4 ,fruit l>ge1 (t5 v l>ge1 #c in*es wide & #c in*es to #d in*es high1 r\ndi% obovate1 unev51 & boss$ 9 its outl9e4 ,sk9 gre5i% yell[1 *ang+ to pale dull yell[1 cov]$ ) ve9s & freckles ( pale br[n russet1 & :5 gr[n aga9/ a s\? wall x acquires a br[n *eek4 ,eye op51 ) erect dry segm5ts1 set 9 a deep irregul> bas94 ,/alk #a in* long1 ins]t$ 9 a deep irregul> cavity4 ,fle% :ite1 butt]y1 & melt+1 ) a ri* flavor :5 well rip5$2 o!rwise r co>se gra9$ & gritty4 ,z to culture1 exp]i5c$ fruiti/s say ! tree gr[s vigor\sly & well4 ,x be>s abundantly1 & succe$s ei!r on ! pe> or qu9ce /ock1 =m+ h&some pyramids1 b is bett] on ! qu9ce4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! key to ! secret ( success3 ,! cordon on ! qu9ce2 roots ne> ! surface2 loam1 s\nd1 s&y1 & good2 & good fe$+4 ,aspect1 a good wall fac+ s\? or we/--! latt]1 p]haps1 ! be/4 ,^? :o h n already done s1 %\ld try trees on ! qu9ce z pyramids & bu%es1 z ?is1 l "s o!r caprici\s pe>s1 al?\gh ! fruit be small]1 may put 9 bett] flavor ?an is met ) 9 fruit f hot walls4--,! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,succession ,,( ,,=e/ ,,gr[?s4 ,! foll[+ is f an address deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,d\glas be=e ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,nurs]ym5 at ! meet+ 9 ,*icago rec5tly4 ,x is ! prevail+ & almo/ univ]sal belief t :5 native =e/s are de/roy$ !y w be replac$ by o!r k9ds1 = ! simple reason t ! soil has be5 impov]i%$ ( ! con/itu5ts requir$ = ! gr[? ( t p>ticul> tree or trees4 ,?is ,i believe to be "o ( ! fallacies h&$ d[n f pa/ ages1 tak5 = grant$1 & nev] que/ion$4 ,n[h]e does ! ,engli% oak gr[ bett] ?an :]e x grew :5 ,william ! ,conqu]or f\nd x at ! "t he invad$ ,brita94 ,:]e d y f9d :ite p9es gr[+ bett] ?an 9 p>ts ( ,new ,engl& :]e ?is tree has gr[n f "t immemorial8 ,:]e c y f9d "y r$woods gr[+ m ?riftily ?an among _! giant ance/ors1 ne>ly or q z old z ! ,*ri/ian era8 ,! "q :y ! orig9al gr[? is n reproduc$ c be/ be answ]$ by "s illu/rations4 ,:5 a p9e =e/ is burn$ ov]1 bo? trees & se$s are de/roy$1 & z ! burn$ trees _c spr\t f ! /ump l oaks & _m o!r trees1 ! l& is left 9 a condition well suit$ = ! g]m9ation ( tree se$s1 b !re are no se$s to g]m9ate4 ,x is an op5 field = pione]s to ent]1 & ! se$s :i* arrive !re fir/ h ! "r ( possession4 ,! asp5 popl> 7,populus tremuloides7 has ! advantage ov] all o!r trees4 ,x is a native ( all our nor!rn =e/s1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,ev5 fires _c eradicate x1 z x gr[s 9 moi/ z well z dry places1 & spr\ts f any "p ( ! root4 ,x is a %ort-liv$ tree1 consequ5tly x se$s :5 q "y & se$s abundantly2 ! se$s are light1 almo/ inf9itesimal1 & are c>ri$ on w+s ( d[n4 ,its se$s rip5 9 spr+1 & are c>ri$ to great di/ances at ! v "t :5 ! gr\nd is 9 ! be/ condition = !m4 ,ev5 on ! dry m\nta9 sides 9 ,colorado1 ! sn[s are j melt+ & ! gr\nd is moi/ :]e !y fall4 ,to gr[ ?is tree f se$ w\ld require ! greate/ skill ( ! nurs]yman1 b ! burnt l& is its p>adise4 ,:]ev] y see x on high1 dry l& y may re/ assur$ t a fire has be5 !re4 ,on l& slides y w n f9d its se$s g]m9at+1 al?\gh !y h be5 deposit$ !re z abundantly z on ! burn$ l&4 ,next to ! asp5 & popl>s comes ! canoe bir*1 & fur!r nor? ! yell[ bir*1 & su* o!r trees z h provision = scatt]+ _! se$s4 ,i h se5 acorns & nuts g]m9at+ 9 clu/]s on burn$ l&s 9 a few in/ances4 ,!y _h evid5tly be5 buri$ !re by animals & _h escap$ ! fires4 ,i h se5 ! r$ *]ry 7,prunus ,p5nsylvanica7 com+ up 9 great quantities :]e !y might nev] h g]m9at$ _h n ! fires de/roy$ ! debris :i* cov]$ ! se$ too deeply4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ar\nd ! m>g9 ( a burn$ =e/ w %[ ! trees ( surr\nd+ k9ds work+ 9 aga94 ,?us by ! "t ! %ort-liv$ asp5s 7& !y are v %ort-liv$ on high l&7 h made a cov]+ on ! burn$ l&1 ! surr\nd+ k9ds w be f\nd re-e/abli%$ 9 ! new =e/1 ! se$s ( ! conif]s1 c>ri$ 9 by ! w9ds1 ! b]ries by ! birds1 ! nuts & acorns by ! squirrels1 ! mixture v>y+ m or less f ! k9ds :i* grew !re be=e ! fire4 ,x is wond]ful h[ f> ! se$s ( b]ries are c>ri$ by birds4 ,! waxw+s & c$> birds c>ry se$s ( our t>t>ean honeysuckles1 purple b>b]ries & _m o!r k9ds f\r miles di/ant1 :]e we see !m spr+ up on ! lake %ore1 :]e ^! birds fly 9 flocks to fe$ on ! junip] b]ries4 ,x seems to be ! same ev]y:]e4 ,i f\nd ,european m\nta9 a% trees la/ summ] 9 a =e/ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire2 ! se$ mu/ h be5 c>ri$ ov] two miles z ! cr[ flies4 ,:ile ?is alt]nation is go+ on 9 ! ,ea/1 & may h be5 go+ on = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 di/rict is n s =tunate4 ,:5 a =e/ is burn$ d[n 9 t dry region1 x is d\btful if conif]\s trees w ev] gr[ aga91 except 9 "s localities specially favor$4 ,i h se5 localities :]e %ort-liv$ trees 7 dy+ out & no o!rs tak+ _! places4 ,su* spots w h]eaft] take _! places above ! timb] l9e1 :i* seems to me to be a l9e gov]n$ by circum/ances m ?an by altitude or quality ( soil4 ,!re are a few exceptions :]e p9es w succe$ p9es 9 a burn$-d[n =e/4 ,p9us ,murrayana gr[s up ne> ! timb] l9e 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,?is tree has p]si/5t cones :i* adh]e to ! trees = _m ye>s4 ,i h c\nt$ ! cones ( sixte5 ye>s on "o ( ^! trees1 & exam9$ burn$ =e/s ( ?is species1 :]e _m ( ! cones _h app>5tly be5 b$d$ 9 ! e>? z ! trees fell4 ,! heat _h op5$ ! cones & ! se$l+s 7 gr[+ up 9 myriads2 b n a conif] ( any o!r k9d c\ld be se5 z f> z ! fire _h rea*$4 ,9 ! ,mi*igan ,p59sula1 nor!rn ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota1 ,p4 ,banksiana1 a comp>atively wor?less tree1 is replac+ ! valuable r$ p9e 7,p4 res9osa71 & 9 ! ,si]ras ,p4 ,murrayana & ,p4 tub]culata are replac+ ! m valuable species by ! same process4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ! wor?less trees are ! %orte/ liv$4 ,s we see t nature is do+ all t %e c to rem$y ! evil4 ,man only is reckless1 & especially ! ,am]ican man4 ,! ,mexican w cut l>ge limbs (f 8 trees = fuel1 b w sp>e ! tree4 ,ev5 ! poor ,indian1 :5 at ! />vation po9t1 /ripp+ ! b>k f ! yell[ p9e 7,p4 pond]osa71 = ! mucilag9\s matt] be+ =m$ into sap wood1 w nev] take a /rip wid] ?an "o ?ird ! circumf]5ce ( ! tree1 s t its gr[? may n be injur$4 ,we (t5 read t oaks are spr++ up 9 de/roy$ =e/s :]e oaks _h nev] gr[n be=e4 ,! writ]s are no d\bt s9c]e1 b !y are c>eless4 ,! only p9e =e/s :]e oaks are n int]mix$ are ei!r 9 l& s s&y t oaks _c be made to gr[ on !m at all1 or s f> nor? t !y are beyond _! nor!rn limit4 ,9 ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s & 9 ! ,new ,engl& =e/s1 9 ! p9e =e/s 9 ,p5nsylvania1 9 ! ,adirondacks1 9 ,wiscons9 & ,mi*igan--except 9 s&--,i h f\nd oaks mix$ ) ! p9es & spruces4 ,9 nor?we/]n ,m9nesota & 9 nor!rn ,dakota ! oaks are ne> _! nor!rn limit1 b ev5 !re ! burr oak drags on a b>e exi/5ce among ! p9es & spruces4 ,9 ! ,black ,hills1 9 ,dakota1 poor1 =lorn1 scrubby burr oaks are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! hills among ! yell[ p9es4 ,9 ,colorado we f9d !m z %rubs among ! p9es & ,d\glas spruces4 ,9 ,new ,mexico we f9d !m scatt]$ among ! pions4 ,9 ,arizona !y gr[ l hazel bu%es among ! yell[ p9es4 ,on ! ,si]ra ,nevada ! oak region crosses ! p9e region1 & scatt]+ oaks rea* f> up into ! m\nta9s4 ,yet oaks w n fl\ri% betwe5 ! "o hundr$? m]idian & ! ea/]n base ( ! ,si]ras1 ow+ to ! aridity ( ! climate4 ,i rec5tly f\nd oaks scatt]$ among ! r$woods on bo? sides ( ! ,coa/ ,range ,m\nta9s4 ,d>w9 has truly said1 ,! oaks are driv+ ! p9es to ! s&s4 ,:]ev] ! oak is e/abli%$--& we h se5 t x is already e/abli%$ :]eev] x c endure ! soil & climate--!re x w rema9 & keep on advanc+4 ,! oak produces comp>atively few se$s4 ,:]e x produces a hundr$1 ! a% & maple w yield a ?\s&1 ! elm t5 ?\s&1 & _m o!r trees a hundr$ ?\s&4 ,! acorn has no provision = protection & transportation l _m tree se$s4 ,_m k9ds are furni%$ ) w+s to float !m on ! wat] & c>ry !m 9 ! air4 ,ne>ly e tree se$1 except ! acorn1 has a case to protect x :ile gr[+1 ei!r op5+ & ca/+ ! se$s (f to a di/ance :5 ripe or fall+ ) !m to protect !m till !y beg9 to g]m9ate4 ,ev5 ! equally l>ge se$s ( o!r k9ds are protect$ 9 "s way4 ,! hickory nut has a h>d %ell1 :i* %ell itself is protect$ by a /rong cov]+ until ripe4 ,! black walnut has bo? a h>d %ell & a fle%y cov]+4 ,! acorn is ! only se$ ,i c ?9k ( :i* is left by nature to take c>e ( itself4 ,x matures )\t protection1 falls heavily & helplessly to ! gr\nd1 to be eat5 & trodd5 on by animals1 yet ! few :i* escape & ^? :i* are trodd5 "u are well able to compete 9 ! race = life4 ,:ile ! elm & maple se$s are dry+ up on ! surface1 ! hickories & ! walnuts wait+ to be crack$1 ! acorn is at "w ) its coat (f4 ,x drives its tap root into ! e>? 9 spite ( grass1 & bru%1 & litt]4 ,no matt] if x is %ad$ by =e/ trees s t ! sun _c p5etrate1 x w manage to make a %ort /em & a few leaves ! fir/ season1 en\gh to keep life 9 ! root1 :i* w drill 9 deep] & deep]4 ,:5 age or accid5t removes ! tree :i* has ov]%ad[$ x1 !n x w ass]t itself4 ,fires may run ov] ! l&1 de/roy+ almo/ ev]y?+ else1 ! oak w be kill$ to ! gr\nd1 b x w ?r[ up a new %oot ! next spr+1 ! root w keep enl>g+1 & :5 ! opportunity arrives x w make a vigor\s gr[?1 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! root1 & ?r[ out /rong side roots1 & aft] t c>e no m = its tap root1 :i* has be5 its only support1 ?an ! frog c>es = ! tail ( ! tadpole aft] x has got on its own legs4 ,!re is no my/]y ab\t ! succession ( =e/ gr[?s1 no?+ 9 nature is m pla9 & simple4 ,we _c b admire h] wisdom1 economy1 & ju/ness1 comp5sat+ 9 ano!r direction = any disadvantage a species may h to labor "u4 ,e k9d ( tree has an int]e/+ hi/ory 9 itself4 ,se$s ) a h>d %ell1 or ) a pulpy or res9\s cov]+ :i* ret>ds _! g]m9ation1 are (t5 sav$ f becom+ ext9ct by ^! means4 ,! r$ c$> 7,junip]us ,virg9iana7 rea*es f ,florida to & beyond ,cape ,cod2 x is among ! hills ( ,t5nessee1 ?r\gh ! ,middle ,/ates & ,new ,engl&4 ,x is scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,we/]n ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 at long di/ances ap>t1 creep+ up ! ,platte ,riv]1 9 ,nebraska4 7,i f\nd only ?ree 9 ! ,black ,hills1 9 ,dakota1 9 an ext5d$ se>* = ! diff]5t trees :i* gr[ !re4 ,f\nd only "o 9 a long ramble 9 ! hills at ,las ,vegas1 ,new ,mexico47 ,yet ?is tree has crept across ! cont95t1 & is f\nd "h & !re 9 a nor?we/]ly direction betwe5 ! ,platte & ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,x is ow+ to ! res9\s coat+ :i* protects its se$s t ?is tree is f\nd to-day scatt]$ ov] t imm5se region4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,! ,,hat*]y ,,( ,,! ,,sun-,,fi%4 ,i h ?\ght t an example ( ! intellig5ce 7in/9ct87 ( a class ( fi% :i* has come "u my obs]vation dur+ my excursions into ! ,adirondack region ( ,new ,york ,/ate might possibly be ( int]e/ to y\r read]s1 especially z ,i am n aw>e t any "o except myself has notic$ x1 or1 at lea/1 has giv5 x publicity4 ,! female sun-fi% 7call$1 ,i believe1 9 ,engl&1 ! roa* or bream7 makes a hat*]y = h] eggs 9 ?is wise4 ,select+ a spot ne> ! banks ( ! num]\s lakes 9 :i* ?is region ab\nds1 & :]e ! wat] is ab\t #d in*es deep1 & /ill1 %e builds1 ) h] tail & sn\t1 a circul> embankm5t #c in*es 9 height & #b ?ick4 ,! circle1 :i* is z p]fect a "o z c\ld be =m$ ) ma!matical in/rum5ts1 is usually a foot & a half 9 diamet]2 & at "o side ( ?is circul> wall an op5+ is left by ! fi% ( j suffici5t wid? to admit h] body1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,! "m sun-fi%1 hav+ n[ built or provid$ h] hat*]y1 deposits h] spawn )9 ! circul> inclosure1 & m\nts gu>d at ! entrance until ! fry are hat*$ out & are suffici5tly l>ge to take *>ge ( !mselves4 ,z ! embankm5t1 moreov]1 is built up to ! surface ( ! wat]1 no enemy c v easily obta9 an entrance )9 ! inclosure f ! top2 :ile !re be+ only "o entrance1 ! fi% is able1 ) comp>ative ease1 to keep out all intrud]s4 ,i h1 z ,i say1 notic$ ?is beautiful in/9ct ( ! sun-fi% = ! p]petuity ( h] species m p>ticul>ly 9 ! lakes ( ?is region2 b d\btless ! same habit is common to ^! fi% 9 o!r wat]s4 ,william ,l4 ,/one4 ,j]sey ,city ,heights1 ,n4,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anci5t ,,lake ,,dwell+s4 ,among ! _m traces :i* man has left ( 8 exi/5ce 9 long pa/ ages on ! face ( ! e>?1 says a correspond5t ( ! ,scotsman1 none are m int]e/+ & in/ructive ?an ! lake dwell+s ( ,switz]l& & o!r c\ntries1 :i* h be5 discov]$ )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s or s4 ,al?\gh ^! relics ( ! pa/ are f> m mod]n ?an ^? :i* we ref]r$ to 9 a late article on ,primeval ,man1 & are probably includ$ )9 ! range ( ,egyptian & o!r *ronologies1 yet !y /ret* f> beyond ! hi/oric p]iod1 s f> z ,europe is conc]n$1 & ?r[ a flood ( light on ! habits ( our ance/ors1 or at any rate pr$ecessors1 9 ^! regions4 ,we are tol]ably well acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews :5 ,david work$ 8 way up f ! %eph]d's /aff to ! royal scept]1 or :5 ,jo%ua drove out ! ,canaanites & took possession ( _! l&1 b ( :at 0 go+ on 9 ,europe 9 ^! times we h hi!rto _h no k :atev]4 ,^! lake dwell+s1 h[ev]1 7 9 all probability inhabit$ by human be+s some:]e ab\t ! "t :5 ! ev5ts we h ref]r$ to took place1 & may h be5 inhabit$ be=e ! e>li] ( !m4 ,! fir/ h9t we _h ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! rem>kable dwell+s 0 obta9$ 9 #ahbi1 :5 an excavation 0 be+ made on ! %ore ( a ,swiss lake4 ,"s wood5 piles1 app>5tly v old1 & o!r antiquities 7 f\nd by ! workm54 ,n mu* att5tion1 h[ev]1 0 paid to ?is discov]y till #ahed1 :5 a ,mr4 ,aeppli drew att5tion to "s rema9s ( human h&iwork f\nd ne> 8 h\se1 9 "p ( ! b$ ( a lake :i* _h be5 left dry dur+ a season ( great dr\ght4 ,! workm5 employ$ 9 recov]+ "s l& f ! lake f\nd ! heads ( a great _m wood5 piles protrud+ ?r\gh ! mud1 & also a numb] ( /ags' horns1 & implem5ts ( v>i\s descriptions4 ,/imulat$ by ?is discov]y1 se>* 0 made 9 v>i\s lakes1 & ! result 0 truly a/oni%+4 ,9 e direction rema9s ( ! habitations ( prehi/oric man 7 discov]$1 & relics 7 f\nd 9 su* abundance t ! hi/ory ( ?is unkn[n pa/ c\ld be trac$ ?r\gh long ages1 & ! habits ( ! p asc]ta9$ ) a v consid]able am\nt ( probability4 ,! details are s num]\s t x w\ld be impossible 9 ! space at our disposal to g into !m all4 ,( c\rse1 dur+ ! long "t t has elaps$ s9ce ^! /ructures 7 erect$1 _! rema9s h be5 r$uc$ to m]e ru9s1 & x is only by comp>+ "o ) ano!r t we are able to picture to ourselves :at !y 7 orig9ally l & :at sort ( life 0 l$ by ! m5 :o inhabit$ !m4 ,! olde/ ( ^! dwell+s belong to ! /one age1 :5 man _h n acquir$ any k ( ! use ( metal2 :5 all 8 in/rum5ts 7 m]ely %>p5$ /ones1 fix$ 9 wood5 h&les1 or pieces ( bone1 horn1 or o!r natural mat]ial4 ,!y are !re=e some:at r\ghly f9i%$1 b at ! same "t exhibit consid]able +5uity & skill4 ,! me?od ( con/ruction seems to h be5 some:at z foll[s3 ,a suitable situation1 n f> f ! %ore1 :]e ! wat] 0 n v deep1 hav+ be5 fix$ ^u1 ^! prehi/oric build]s drove into ! muddy bottom ( ! lake a numb] ( piles or long /akes1 arrang$ g5]ally pretty close toge!r1 & 9 "s sort ( regul> ord]4 ,^! piles 7 =m$ g5]ally f /ems ( trees1 ) ! b>k on1 b occasionally f split wood4 ,! ends 7 %>p5$ to a po9t by ! aid ( fire or by cutt+ ) /one axes4 ,on a suffici5t numb] be+ driv5 91 & _! upp] ends br\ght to a level above ! surface ( ! wat]1 plat=m beams 7 laid across1 fa/5$ by wood5 pegs1 or 9 "s cases fix$ into not*es cut 9 ! heads ( ! v]tical piles4 ,! plat=m 0 g5]ally v r\ghly made1 j a s]ies ( unb>k$ /ems plac$ side by side & cov]$ ) lay]s ( e>? or clay1 ) num]\s op5+s ?r\gh :i* refuse ( all k9ds fell into ! wat] b5ea?4 ,9 _m cases connection ) ! %ore 0 made by means ( a n>r[ bridge or gangway1 con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,on ?is rude plat=m huts 7 erect$ by driv+ small piles or /akes :i* project$ above ! floor1 & to ^! 7 fa/5$ bo>ds /&+ edgeways l ! skirt+ ( our ord9>y rooms1 & m>k+ out ! size ( ea* build+4 ,! walls ( ! huts 7 =m$ ( small bran*es ( twigs int]wov5 & pla/]$ ov] ) clay4 ,! ro( 0 made ( /raw or re$s l a ?at*$ cottage4 ,9 size ^! huts 7 probably eighte5 to tw5ty feet long1 eight or t5 feet broad1 & ab\t six feet high4 ,!y may h be5 divid$ into rooms1 b !re is no evid5ce ( ?is4 ,ea* 0 provid$ ) a he>? =m$ ( ?ree or f\r slabs ( /one4 ,! numb] ( huts 9 ea* settlem5t mu/ h be5 consid]able1 9 fact1 !y mu/ h =m$ villages ( no mean ext5t1 = z _m z =ty1 fifty1 or ev5 a hundr$ ?\s& piles h be5 f\nd spread ov] a l>ge ext5t ( gr\nd1 =m+ ! f\ndation ( "o su* settlem5t4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! 7 n s num]\s :5 fir/ erect$1 b 7 gradually add$ to z ! population increas$4 ,?is fact1 along ) _m o!rs1 %[s t ^! dwell+s 7 inhabit$ = long p]iods ( "t1 dur+ :i* ! population pursu$ _! ord9>y life 9 comp>ative peace & quietness 9 _! isl& homes4 ,su* is1 9 brief1 a g5]al acc\nt ( ^! rem>kable /ructures4 ,( c\rse !re 7 sev]al v>iations 9 ! me?ods ( fix+ ^! piles1 "o ( :i* may be m5tion$ z %[+ ! +5uity ( ! build]s4 ,:]e ! piles did n get a firm hold ( ! lake bottom1 !y c>ri$ out 9 boats or rafts loads ( /ones1 :i* !y ?rew d[n betwe5 ! piles1 ?us firmly fix+ !m1 j z mod]n eng9e]s sometimes d = a simil> purpose4 ,z to ! habits ( ! p :o dwelt 9 ^! lake dwell+s1 we get a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation f ! v>i\s implem5ts1 refuse1 etc41 :i* fell ?r\gh ! imp]fectly clos$ plat=ms into ! lake1 & :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! mud at ! bottom4 ,!y 7 fi%]s1 hunt]s1 %eph]ds1 & agriculturi/s4 ,skeletons ( fi% are f\nd 9 l>ge abundance1 & 9 "s settlem5ts ev5 ! fi%+ nets1 & hooks made ( bo>'s tusks1 h be5 discov]$4 ,!n aga9 !re is an abundance ( rema9s ( ! hunt]'s fea/2 bones ( ! /ag1 wild bo>1 be>1 wolf1 ott]1 squirrel1 & _m o!r wild animals are f\nd 9 ri* pr(usion1 & (t5 ^! are split & ! m>r[ extract$4 ,^! anci5t m51 h[ev]1 did n entirely rely on su* prec>i\s provision = _! wants1 b 7 s f> advanc$ 9 civilization t !y kept cattle & dome/ic animals ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,!y possess$ dogs 9 great numb]s1 z well z c[s1 %eep1 goats1 & pigs1 & 9 w9t] "t _h ^! h\s$ on _! settlem5ts1 z among ! rema9s f\nd are litt]s ( /raw1 etc41 :i* _h evid5tly s]v$ z b$d+ = ^! animals4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 necessitat$ ! ga!r+ ( grass or o!r mat]ial = _! food4 ,!y also cultivat$ :eat1 b>ley1 flax1 & a numb] ( o!r vegetable products4 ,_! me?ods ( cultivation 7 no d\bt v rude1 consi/+ ( a m]e scrat*+ ( ! gr\nd ) crook$ bran*es ( trees or ) simple in/rum5ts made ( /ags' horn2 b1 nev]!less1 !y succe$$ 9 gett+ v good results4 ,among ! relics :i* !y h left are f\nd /ones = cru%+ corn1 ! gra9 :i* !y us$1 & ev5 ! v cakes or bread :i* !y made4 ,!re are also fruits1 su* z ! apple1 pe>1 nut1 etc42 s t ! bill ( f>e ( prehi/oric man 0 by no means contemptible4 ,he _h fi%1 game1 beef1 mutton1 pork1 bread1 & fruit1 besides a pl5tiful supply ( wat] f ! lake at 8 door4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! pott]'s art1 & manufactur$ e>!n vessels ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,he seems to h produc$ two k9ds--a co>s] & a f9]2 ! =m] made f clay mix$ ) a quantity ( gra9s ( /one1 & ! latt] ( wa%$ loam4 ,^! he ornam5t$ 9 an elem5t>y fa%ion ) c]ta9 l9es & m>ks4 ,"s ( ! vessels he us$ h be5 f\nd ) a burnt cru/ ( ! porridge :i* he _h be5 mak+ adh]+4 ,z to 8 clo!s1 ^! 7 probably =m$ 9 great "p f ! sk9s ( wild or dome/ic animals1 b he also us$ fabrics made f flax1 :i* he _h le>n$ to weave1 z rema9s ( clo?1 tw9e1 rope1 etc41 are n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 8 dwell+s4 ,"o prom95t feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! lake dwell]s is _! gradual advance 9 ! arts ( civilization4 ,:ile ! ma9 features ( _! settlem5ts rema9 v mu* ! same dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( _! resid5ce1 !re is a gradual improvem5t 9 ! details2 ! settlem5ts become l>g]1 & ! implem5ts1 etc41 bett] f9i%$4 ,& ?is is especially obs]vable 9 ! *ange ( mat]ial :i* ! dwell] uses4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( 8 exi/5ce /one is ! pr$om9ant feature1 all 8 knives1 saws1 *isels1 axes1 etc41 are made f ?is sub/ance2 b z "t rolls on1 "o or two implem5ts are f\nd made ( bronze1 :i* is a mixture ( t9 & copp]1 & requires = its production a c]ta9 am\nt ( k & me*anical skill4 ,gradually ! numb] ( bronze implem5ts increases until ev5tually /one is sup]s$$ altoge!r1 & improv$ =ms ( weapons ( w> make _! appe>ance1 & 8 "w has a m f9i%$ look1 aris+ f 8 improv$ implem5ts4 ,:e!r ! manufacture ( bronze 0 an orig9al discov]y ( 8 own1 or :e!r x 0 an importation f "s m advanc$ race1 is n c]ta9ly kn[n2 b z he und\bt$ly _h int]c\rse ) ! ,ea/1 x is probable t ! fir/ bronze 0 import$1 & t aft]w>d he discov]$ ! way to manufacture x himself4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x seems evid5t t ! introduction ( ?is mat]ial greatly aid$ 8 developm5t4 ,z /one gave place to bronze1 s 9 ! c\rse ( "t ?is latt] gave place to iron1 probably introduc$ 9 ! same mann] "s consid]able "t be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory2 & ?is metal held its place until ^! habitations 7 f9ally ab&on$4 ,) reg>d to ! religion ( ^! lake dwell]s1 if !y _h any1 no?+ is kn[n4 ,f "s curi\s objects =m$ some:at l ! cresc5t ( ! moon1 :i* are f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s1 x has be5 suppos$ t !y wor%ip$ t body2 b !re seems to be really no evid5ce = ?is supposition1 & ^! objects may only h be5 ornam5ts1 or p]haps *>ms1 fix$ above ! doors ( _! huts some?+ aft] ! mann] ( ! horse %oe nail$ ov] ! door 9 mod]n times to keep away evil spirits4 ,s f> z c be inf]r$ f ! rema9s t h be5 exam9$1 ! same race seems to h inhabit$ ^! dwell+s f _! comm5cem5t to _! end4 ,!re is no appe>ance ( invasion f )\t2 all seems cont9u\s4 ,probably 8 race came 9 e>ly "t f ! ,ea/1 & 7 a pa/oral p1 ) flocks1 h]ds1 & dome/ic animals1 & built _! peculi> habitations to protect !mselves f human enemies4 ,c]ta9ly ! arrangem5ts 7 well fitt$ = ! purpose 9 ^? days1 :5 ! club & ! spe> 7 almo/ ! only weapons ( (f5se4 ,dr4 ,kell]1 :o has inve/igat$ ?is subject ) great c>e1 is ( ! op9ion t ^! lake dwell]s 7 a bran* ( ! great ,celtic race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,engl& ,f>m]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,,turkeys4 ,! be/ fe$ = "y turkeys & ducks is yelks ( h>d-boil$ eggs1 & aft] !y are sev]al days old ! :ite may be add$4 ,cont9ue ?is = two or ?ree weeks1 occasionally *opp+ onions f9e & sometimes spr9kl+ ! boil$ eggs ) black pepp]2 !n give rice1 a teacupful ) en\gh milk to j cov] x1 & boil sl[ly until ! milk is evaporat$4 ,put 9 en\gh m to cov] ! rice aga91 s t :5 boil$ d[n ! second "t x w be s(t if press$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,milk mu/ n be us$ too freely1 z x w get too s(t & ! gra9s w adh]e toge!r4 ,/ir frequ5tly :5 boil+4 ,d n use wat] ) ! rice1 z x =ms a pa/e & ! *icks _c swall[ x4 ,9 cold1 damp wea!r1 a half teaspoonful ( ,cay5ne pepp] 9 a p9t ( fl\r1 ) l>d en\gh to make x /ick toge!r1 w protect !m f di>rhea4 ,?is am\nt ( food is suffici5t = two meals = sev5ty-five *icks4 ,give all food 9 %all[ t9 pans4 ,wat] & boil$ milk1 ) a little lime wat] 9 ea* occasionally1 is ! be/ dr9k until ! *icks are two or ?ree mon?s old1 :5 lopp]$ & butt]milk may take ! place ( ! boil$ milk4 ,turkeys l be/ to roo/ on trees1 & 9 _! place artificial roots may be made by plant+ long =k$ locu/ poles & lay+ o!rs across ! =ks4--,am]ican ,agriculturi/4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,,turkeys4 ,keep ! turkey h5s tame by fe$+ !m close to ! h\se4 ,h two or ?ree b>rels 9 %elt]$ corn]s conta9+ pl5ty ( /raw or leaves = !m to lay 94 ,ga!r ! eggs e ev5+1 z turkey eggs are v easily *ill$4 ,keep ! eggs 9 a wool5 clo? on end & turn !m e ?ree days4 ,set ! fir/ sev5 eggs "u a *ick5 h51 z !y get too old be=e ! turkey h5 w g to sitt+4 ,make a bo>d p5 t5 or twelve feet squ>e & twelve or f\rte5 in*es high4 ,put a coop 9 x & put y\r h5 & turkeys 9 x4 ,fe$ ! h5 ) corn & ! turkeys soak$ :eat bread 7corn meal w kill !m71 until !y are a week old 7,i fe$ five or six times a day74 ,!n fe$ :eat until !y are big en\gh to eat corn4 ,give pl5ty ( fre% wat] 9 a %all[ vessel4 ,keep ! "m 9 ! p5 until !y are l>ge en\gh to fly ov] ! top ( ! bo>ds4 ,let !m out a:ile ab\t ! middle ( ! day4 ,%ut !m 9 at night4 ,a turkey h5 does n l to be %ut up1 b h a good big coop = h] & %e w g 94 ,don't let ! little turkeys get _! backs wet until !y are fea!r$4 ,! turkey h5 w sit d[n :5 night comes j :]e %e happ5s to be1 b if y drive h] home a few times %e w come h]self aft] t4 ,always fe$ !m :5 !y come home1 no matt] if !y are full ( hopp]s4 ,h y\r ,no4 #b p5 9 ! or*>d "u an apple tree :]e x is %ady4 ,h ! turkey h5's p5 close to ! *ick5 h5's p51 s t :5 ! *ick5 h5 weans h] turkeys1 !y w soon le>n to g ) ! turkey h54 ,give !m a dose ( black pepp] 9 _! fe$ e cold ra94 ,& nev]1 no nev]1 get excit$ & 9 a hurry :ile work+ ) turkeys if y don't want !m to get wild & fly all ov] ! plantation4 ,?ree or f\r weeks be=e sell+1 fe$ all ! corn !y w eat4 ,,food ,,h9ts4 ,re/ra9 y\r desire to c\nt y\r "y turkeys1 & let !m alone = tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] !y get into ?is _w4 ,remove !m to a clean1 airy1 roomy coop1 & give !m boil$ eggs1 /ale :eat bread crumbs j moi/5$ ) milk or wat]1 ,dut* *eese1 or a mixture ( all ^!4 ,= ! fir/ two weeks fe$ entirely ) ! eggs1 bread1 curds1 cook$ rice & cook$ oatmeal4 ,ab\t ! ?ird week comm5ce fe$+ cook$ cornmeal2 & f t on !y may h any cook$ food t w\ld be suitable = *ick5s ( ! same age4 ,season all food slightly ) salt & pepp]1 & twice a week add a level tablespoonful ( bone meal to a p9t ( fe$4 ,nev] fe$ any s\r food or sloppy food ( any k9d1 except s\r milk1 & nev] fe$ any uncook$ food ( any k9d until aft] !y h ?r[n out ! r$ on _! heads4 ,fe$ (t51 five or six times a day1 until aft] !y are ?ree mon?s old2 !n1 if insects are num]\s1 y may gradually r$uce ! numb] ( meals p] day to ?ree or ev5 two4 ,aft] !y are ?ree mon?s old !y may be giv5 :eat1 crack$ corn1 etc41 b n :ole corn until !y are five mon?s old4 ,keep ! coops dry & clean1 & ! turkeys out ( ! dew & ra9 until !y are fully fea!r$1 & h ?r[n out ! r$4 ,dampness & fil? w kill "y turkeys z surely z a dose ( poison4 ,= ! fir/ few days conf9e ! p\lts to ! limits ( ! coop & safety run2 !n1 if all appe> /rong & well1 give ! "m h5 & h] brood lib]ty on pleasant days aft] ! dew is (f4 ,if !y get caught out 9 a %[]1 get !m to %elt] z soon z possible2 & if !y are *ill$ take !m to ! h\se & ?or\ghly dry & w>m !m4 ,see t ! little turkeys come home e night4 ,! turkey "m mu/1 = ! fir/ few nights1 be hunt$ up & driv5 home4 ,aft] !y are ?ree mon?s old1 turkeys are q h>dy1 & may be all[$ range at all times4 ,if turkeys t are well c>$ =1 & h always seem$ all "r1 %[ signs ( droop+ :5 ab\t six weeks or two mon?s old1 give ,d\glas mixture 9 ! dr9k or food1 & add a little cook$ meat to ! food once a day4--,! ,practical ,f>m]4 ,,ab\t ,,sitt+4 ,= an ord9>y place1 select f a good bre$ 7,i pref] ! bronze7 a l>ge gobbl] & two or ?ree h5s4 ,z soon z ! w>m wea!r comes1 place ab\t ! b>n 9 %elt]$ places two or ?ree b>rels on _! sides1 & 9 !m make nice ne/s4 ,9 ^! ! h5s w lay4 ,ga!r ! eggs e day1 keep+ !m 9 a cool place4 ,:5 a box conta9s #bc eggs m>k x ,no4 #a & beg9 to fill a second box1 & :5 x conta9s #bc eggs m>k x ,no4 #b & s cont9ue4 ,x is well to leave turkey h5s on ! ne/ two or ?ree days1 = !y (t5 lay "o or two eggs aft] !y beg9 to %[ signs ( sitt+4 ,:5 y h decid$ to sit a h51 give h] a good ne/ & #ae eggs & at ! same "t give a common h5 eight eggs4 ,^!1 :5 hat*$1 are all to be giv5 to ! turkey h54 ,nev] try to raise turkeys ) a dome/ic f[l4 ,if y h no place free ( grass1 y c />t turkeys ) difficulty4 ,fe$+ is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,= ! fir/ week ,i h f\nd :eat bread moi/5$ 9 wat] ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,if y c fe$ !m by sunrise = ! fir/ ?ree or f\r weeks1 y ne$ lose h>dly a bird4 ,ea* ev5+ try & call !m ne>] & ne>] home1 s t y w n be tr\bl$ ) _! w&]+ to ! neighbors'4 ,z e>ly z possible tra9 !m to roo/ high1 s z to be out ( dang] at night4 ,bird dogs are (t5 v de/ructive to turkeys1 at times de/roy+ a :ole flock 9 a s+le night4 ,fatt5 ) corn4 ,! turkey crop ought to be "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable on our f>ms4 ,dr4 ,g4,g4 ,,gr(f4 ,p5nsylvania4 ,,graham4 ,turkeys want c>e1 especially = ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks4 ,i fe$ graham & :eat bread1 made by scald+ ! fl\r1 mak+ a v /iff d\gh1 & bak+ 9 a hot ov52 soak ov] night 9 cold wat]4 ,i also give !m pl5ty ( "y onions1 cutt+ !m up ) scissors4 ,be c>eful n to let "y turkeys out 9 ! morn+ :ile ! grass is wet4 ,aft] ! birds are two weeks old ,i fe$ :eat1 b no corn until !y are ab\t a mon? old4 ,i l h5 mo!rs be/1 = turkey mo!rs are rang]s1 & d n take k9dly to be+ kept 9 a coop4 ,! bread w keep a week if made "r1 b d n soak m ?an w be want$ 9 a day1 z x soon s\rs4 ,i fe$ scraps f ! table1 su* z potatoes & bits ( meat cut v f9e1 b n mu* ( ! latt] to "y birds4 ,i r>ely lose a bird4--,mrs4 ,e4 ,rei?1 9 ,home/ead4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,g5]al ,,managem5t4 ,9 turkey rais+ ! "o :o is ! mo/ c>eful & att5tive to ! small ?+s is ! mo/ successful4 ,! fir/ lay+ ( eggs %\ld be set "u a *ick5 h54 ,! turkey h5 w1 aft] a few days' conf9em5t1 lay ano!r bat* ( eggs4 ,a good-siz$ h5 w cov] & c>e = t5 eggs2 a turkey h51 sev5te54 ,make a l>ge1 roomy ne/ ( s(t1 f9e hay--/raw is too brittle & slipp]y4 ,if !re is dang] ( lice 9 ! ne/-box1 spr9kle ) wat] 9 :i* c>bolic acid has be5 mix$ 9 ! proportion ( eight drops to a half gallon ( wat]4 ,don't wet ! eggs ) ?is4 ,aft] ! eggs h be5 sat on "o week1 spr9kle ) w>m wat] e o!r day1 until ! la/ week2 !n e day1 until !y hat*4 ,h ! wat] cle>1 & use a fl[] or f9e rose spr9kl]4 ,let ! wat] be ( ! same temp]ature z ! eggs1 :i* c be asc]ta9$ by slipp+ a !rmomet] "u ! h5 = a few m9utes4 ,?is s(t5s ! %ells1 & z a little turkey is v weak1 x is help$ out easily1 & is /rong] ?an if work+ long to get out4 ,let ! little turkeys get well dri$ & /rong en\gh to climb ar\nd ! edges ( _! ne/ be=e tak+ !m (f4 ,h a p51 say six feet squ>e1 built = !m1 & made tight at ! sides cle> d[n to ! gr\nd1 to keep !m f gett+ out & be+ *ill$4 ,put s& & f9e gravel ov] ! gr\nd1 & cov] en\gh ( x to af=d %elt] at night & :5 x ra9s4 ,!y may be kept 9 ?is p5 ! fir/ f\r or five days1 !n let out aft] dew is (f1 & %ut up be=e night4 ,= ! fir/ few days' fe$1 no?+ is bett] ?an clabb] *eese or curd made by scald+ clabb]$ milk until ! curd sep>ates & is cook$1 !n skimm$ out & f$4 ,mix a little black pepp] ) ?is e o!r day4 ,meal mu/ n be f$ raw = sev]al weeks1 & !n %\ld be mix$ ) s\r milk in/ead ( wat]4 ,bake ! meal into bread by mix+ x1 unsift$1 ) s\r milk1 & add+ a little soda & pepp]4 ,sp9a*1 lettuce1 onion tops & any o!r t5d] gre5s1 *opp$ f9e1 are excell5t food4 ,f ! "t a turkey is hat*$ until x is ready = m>ket x %\ld h pl5ty ( milk4 ,give !m cle> wat] to dr9k1 = milk is a food4 ,see t ! v "y ones h milk & wat] 9 q %all[ di%es1 = !y are 9 dang] ( gett+ wet if ! di% is deep4 ,,ga!r ,,! ,,little ,,turkeys ,,9 at ! fir/ signs ( ra91 & !y w soon le>n to run & fly to _! coop at ! fir/ drops4 ,always %ut !m up at night1 = !y are e>ly ris]s & w be out long be=e ! dew is dri$ (f4 ,don't p5 !m too ne> ! h\se4 ,fe$ !m at or ne> ! same place all ! "t & !y w le>n to g !re :5 hungry4 ,give !m a good fe$ at night & !y w rememb] to come home = x4 ,if ! morn+ is dry1 fe$ lightly & let !m hunt ! re/ 9 ! or*>d & fields4 ,keep ! grass & we$s m[$ ar\nd _! p5 & fe$+ places4 ,mix slak$ lime 9 ! du/ = !m to take _! du/ ba? 91 & spr9kle ! c>bolic acid & wat] ov] & ar\nd _! roo/+ p54 ,keep pails & kettles cov]$1 = !y w get dr[n$ if !y h half a *ance1 z !y beg9 to fly s "y4 ,( c\rse a turkey h5 w take h] "y (f1 & c>e = !m aft] a fa%ion1 b ! safe/ way to make !m tame is to raise !m :]e !y may be c>$ =4 ,ev5 if ! turkey h5 hat*es h] la/ bat* ( eggs1 x is a good plan to h a h5 ready to take ! little turkeys & slip !m away at night4 ,if %e /ill /ays on h] ne/ give h] #bj or #be h5's eggs1 & if %e hat*es !m let h] run ) ! *ick5s4 ,!y are n s t5d] or s easily l$ a/ray z turkeys are1 nor z valuable4--,mrs4 ,jas4 ,r4 ,h9ds1 9 ,orange ,judd ,f>m]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wat] ,,z ,a ,,!rapeutical ,,ag5t4 ,by ,f4,c4 ,,rob9son1 ,m4,d4 ,my exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( wat] 9 almo/ e disease occurr+ 9 ?is climate has long s9ce satisfi$ me t x is less objectionable & produces quick] & bett] results ?an any o!r treatm5t1 & c be us$ :5 all o!r m$ication is contra-indicat$4 ,dr9k+ wat] %\ld be pure1 uncontam9at$ by animal or vegetable impurities1 & giv5 ad libitum1 unless1 9 r>e in/ances1 x %\ld cause vomit+ or int]f]e ) ! capability ( dige/+ food4 ,if *ildr5 are comatose or deliri\s1 z !y frequ5tly are 9 typhoid fev]1 give wat] to !m regul>ly1 or =ce x ^u !m1 if !y refuse to take x1 z ,i 0 oblig$ to d ) a *ild ( six ye>s j recov]+ f t fev]4 ,x is my cu/om to all[ cold dr9ks ( wat] 9 all cases ( measles :5ev] pati5ts desire x1 & ,i am satisfi$ t x aids ! e>ly appe>ance ( ! ra%1 & c]ta9ly is cool+ & grateful to ! pati5t4 ,hot dr9ks or vile & nause\s teas are unnecess>y 9 ?is disease1 & %\ld be disc>d$ z useless1 odi\s1 & disgu/+4 ,if conge/ion ( ! lungs or any int]curr5t inflammation occurs1 or ! ra% is mu* delay$1 a hot wat] ba? or ! old reliable corn sweat w break up ! complication ) amaz+ rapidity1 & if ! head is kept cool1 w n g5]ally be unacceptable to ! pati5t4 ,hot ba?s r$uce temp]ature by caus+ free p]spiration aft]w>d1 & cold packs r$uce x by cool+ ! surface suffici5tly long to r$uce ! heat ( ! blood1 &1 if us$ judici\sly1 seldom fail ( success4 ,i h r$uc$ ! temp]ature f\r degrees 9 two h\rs by wrapp+ ar\nd a *ild a %eet wet ) tepid wat]1 & no o!r cov]+4 ,cold packs are sometimes objectionable1 because ( _! depress+ effects1 & %\ld only be us$ to r$uce high temp]ature & :5 !re is no conge/ion or inflammation ( any ( ! vital organs ( ! body4 ,cold wat] p\r$ 9 a small /ream f a pit*] ^u ! head = five or t5 m9utes w (t5 relieve heada*e1 & is a b5efit 9 all inflammatory bra9 diseases1 if1 at ! same "t1 y c put ! feet into hot wat] conta9+ mu/>d or pepp]4 ,l>ge enemas ( w>m wat] w c>e = spasmodic colic1 & ,i h1 9 "o in/ance1 reliev$ /rangulat$ h]nia by ! same me?od1 & at ano!r "t ! same result 0 accompli%$ by a l>ge injection ( w>m l9se$ oil4 ,i h (t5 appli$ a clo? wet ) cold wat] ^u ! ?roats ( *ildr5 suff]+ ) spasmodic cr\p1 ) satisfactory results4 ,i h se5 infants suff]+ ) di>rhea or summ] compla9t1 sleepless1 worry+1 frett+1 or cry+ f ?ir/1 begg+ = wat]1 & ! "m or nurse afraid to give x m ?an a teaspoonful or two at a "t1 say+ t x vomit$ ev]y?+ x drank z soon z tak54 ,i h (t51 :5 visit+ su* cases1 call$ = a glass ( cold wat]1 &1 to ! surprise ( ! "m1 w\ld all[ x to take all x c\ld dr9k1 :i* usually w\ld be reta9$1 & ! *ild w\ld soon be wrapp$ 9 a refre%+ sleep4 ,)\t m$ic9e1 a prop] regulation ( ! *ild's diet w\ld soon re/ore x to heal? aga94 ,! spasms ( *ildr51 f :atev] causes1 or ! eclampsia f urmic poison+1 are (t5 readily controll$ :5 imm]s$ 9 hot wat] or giv5 a hot vapor ba? or corn sweat4 ,if ! convulsions ( *ildr5 are accompani$ by a high temp]ature1 put !m into wat] ( #ajj & !n gradually cool x d[n to #fh or #gj1 & !n keep !m 9 a room ( ! same temp]ature1 ) little cov]+4 ,if ! temp]ature rises1 repeat ! treatm5t z frequ5tly z necess>y1 & ,i ?9k y w n be disappo9t$ 9 ! results4 ,sc>let fev] & diph!ria1 two ( ! mo/ dread$ & =midable diseases ( *ildr51 are l>gely %orn ( _! t]rors :51 9 addition to an e>ly & ?or\gh m$ic9al treatm5t1 ! little pati5ts are ba!d 9 z w>m wat] z ! surface w all[ frequ5tly1 or = ?irty m9utes wrapp$ 9 a w>m1 wet blanket1 foll[$ by w>m1 dry cov]+s1 to ma9ta9 ! p]spiration t su* treatm5t usually produces4 ,x has prov$ to me a valuable aid 9 elim9at+ f ! blood ! specific poison :i* causes ^! diseases1 & ,i c safely recomm5d x to y\r notice & trial4 ,!re is no disease m favorably influ5c$ by ?is treatm5t ?an pneumonia1 & 9 mild cases "o daily w>m ba? or sweat1 )\t m$ic9e1 w be suffici5t to arre/ ?is disease1 & x is among ! fir/ ?+s ,i usually ord]4 ,if ,i f9d a *ild or infant ) a temp]ature ( #ajc to #aje1 %ort1 dry1 & pa9ful c\gh1 dyspnoea1 rapid pulse1 great ?ir/1 or vomit+1 ) dry crepitation 9 any "p ( ! lung tissue1 ,i ord] x roll$ up 9 a blanket or %eet com+ out ( hot wat]1 & 9 ?irty m9utes *ange x to w>m1 dry blankets1 & soon ! little fretful1 worry+ suff]] w\ld re/ 9 a quiet1 peaceful sleep4--,peoria ,m$4 ,mo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,heal? ,,value ,,to ,,man ,,( ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,div9ely ,,b5efic5t ,,gift1 ,,tobacco4 ,by ,j4,m4,w4 ,,kit*51 ,m4,d41 ,new ,york4 ,) p]haps ! exception ( h]$ity1 ! "q ( /imulants & n>cotics 9 _! relation to ! physical welf>e ( ! race is second to none 9 importance4 ,) trifl+ exceptions1 ! :ole _w is addict$ to _! use4 ,! univ]sality ( su* use has l$ _m to consid] !m a necessity to man1 & t !y are ,god's gifts to him1 &1 if rightly us$1 are ( physical b5efit4 ,x may n be a p]v]sion ( judgm5t to consid] t _! widespread popul> use is greatly due to ! ef=ts ( ! race to ga9 an/hesia =1 & di/raction f1 ^? pa9s & puni%m5ts t are ! inevitable sequ5ce ( dep>ture f hygi5ic & social law on ! "p ( ! individual1 8 ance/ry1 & society 9 g5]al4 ,! ta/e = ^! ?+s is acquir$1 n natural1 ?\gh ! acquisition may be ?r\gh h]$it>y influ5ce4 ,an idea is held by a majority ( ev5 fairly intellig5t individuals t !re is a ju/ifiable1 h>mless1 & ev5 b5eficial use ( ^! sub/ances by ! g5]al public1 ?\gh ackn[l$g+ t beyond a c]ta9 indef9ite l9e ?is use becomes an abuse4 ,i believe t !re may occasionally be cases 9 :i* ! physical b5efits d]iv$ f _! use outweigh ! injury !y inflict1 b ,i ?9k ?is use is v mu* less ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 & if we c judge f ! prepond]ance ( evil effect$ by su* use1 ^! sub/ances ought to be consid]$ z ! mat]ializ$ curses ( ,god r ?an z b5efic5t gifts4 ,! preval5t idea z to ! b5efic5t nature ( ^! sub/ances ,i consid] to be a delusion t c only be expla9$ ^u ! hypo!sis t !re is a widespread lack ( appreciation ( ! fact t1 ?\gh !y may h an imm$iate pleasant & agreeable effect ^u ! body1 _! injuri\s effects are cumulative1 & are usually ultimate1 & s di/ant z to be difficult ( direct connection ) _! cause to ord9>y obs]vation4 ,! m mod]ate ! use ( ^! sub/ances1 ! m remotely is ! effect remov$ f ! cause & m difficult ( detection4 ,t ! ord9>y habitual1 s-call$ mod]ate use ( /imulants & n>cotics1 su* z tea1 c(fee1 tobacco1 & alcohol1 is1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 really an abuse1 is a proposition t ,i ?9k %\ld be admitt$ by all :o h giv5 ! subject an unbias$ /udy4 ,! idea t ! us] ( tobacco & o!r injuri\s sub/ances w be cognizant ( ! injury inflict$ by habitual use 9 mod]ate or ev5 excessive am\nts is an und\bt$ fallacy4 ,! daily1 weekly1 or mon?ly injuri\s effect may be entirely unobs]vable to ev5 tra9$ physicians1 & yet ! ultimate cumulative effect may be fatal4 ,i c in/ance num]\s cases ( physicians directly fatally injur$ by ! use ( alcohol1 :o h nev] _h ! slighte/ cognizance ( ! fact2 & ,i c also in/ance cases ( grave disease f ! use ( tobacco :]e ! pati5ts nev] h believ$ t tobacco has be5 ! cause ( _! tr\bles1 ev5 aft] a unanim\s op9ion to t effect has be5 express$ by a numb] ( compet5t m$ical advis]s4 ,! habitual consumption ( opium1 9 doses ( any am\nt1 is g5]ally admitt$ by mo/ p to be physically injuri\s outside ( its /rict m$ic9al application4 ,mod]ate indulg5ce 9 alcohol z a bev]age is beg9n+ to acquire a v widespread evil reputation4 ,b h[ ab\t tobacco8 ,tea & c(fee we c confid5tly leave to ! consid]ation ( a some:at remote po/]ity ( a consid]ably advanc$ intellig5ce & elevat$ hygi5ic ideals4 ,! relation ( tobacco to ! physical welf>e ( man c only be fairly e/imat$ by view+ ! subject 9 its broade/ aspect2 by consid]+ its effects ^u ! race z a :ole r ?an 9 individual cases2 by tak+ into consid]ation economical & o!r social conditions t at fir/ sight might be consid]$ z hav+ little relevancy to ! m$ical side ( ! subject4 ,b !re c be no j consid]ation ( ! matt] o!rwise4 ,! direct delet]i\s effects ( ! immod]ate use ( tobacco are readily obs]vable2 b ! great bulk ( ! evil physical effects due to ! mod]ate use ( ?is plant are ( an int]m$iate nature & n directly noticeable2 nev]!less1 !y are real1 & wor?y ( m$ical att5tion4 ,! pla9ly m>k$ results foll[+ ! use ( tobacco 9 relatively l>ge am\nts seem to be due to quick & extreme int]f]5ce ) nutrition1 & a dim9ution ( function ( all k9ds1 :i* may be repres5t$ by any?+ f a slight decrease ( appetite & dige/ive ability up to a complete loss ( function ( almo/ any important organ4 ,tobacco has /imulat+ z well n>cotic prop]ties1 b z ord9>ily us$ its /imulat+ effect appe>s to be slight z comp>$ ) its n>cotic influ5ce4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f alcohol1 ! use ( :i*1 ow+ to ! usual me?od ( introduction 9 l>ge am\nts ?r\gh ! /oma*1 produces directly1 by /imulation1 readily noticeable /ructural *anges4 ,b ) tobacco ! direct evil results are mo/ly ( a functional "*1 & are m g5]ally diffus$1 ow+ to ! usual sl[ mann] ( introduction into ! body4 ,^! two prop]ties h an effect ^u ! body 9 mod]ate use z well z 9 immod]ate use1 ! effect be+ simply 9 proportion to ! quantity us$1 ?\gh ! effects ( mod]ate use may n be measurable by ord9>y means4 ,x is easy to see ! effects ( l>ge am\nts ( tobacco 9 ! /unt$ gr[? ( adolesc5ts2 9 functional c>diac disord]s2 9 intellectual sluggi%ness1 loss ( memory1 & color bl9dness2 9 loss ( appetite1 & o!r neuroses ( motion1 & m>k$ blunt+ ( v>i\s functions ( s5sation1 & 9 deg5]acy ( desc5dants2 b t less] evils are produc$ mu/ be prov$ mo/ly by inf]5ce1 circum/antial collat]al evid5ce1 & analogy4 ,! great] evils t are ! outcome ( a mod]ate use ( tobacco are probably due to prolong$ slight int]f]5ce ) nutrition1 & consequ5t g5]al decrease ( vitality1 :i* r5d]s ! individual m susceptible ?r\gh indirect influ5ce to ! invasion ( disease1 & :i* less5s ! capacity = productive ef=t4 ,x is ( c\rse difficult1 & p]haps ev5 impossible1 to accurately e/imate ! value ( tobacco to ! race2 b let u glance at ! pros & cons1 & !n ea* "o c r\ghly e/imate = himself4 ,tobacco may be us$ m$ic9ally1 b x is a dang]\s & unc]ta9 rem$y1 & x probably has n "o m$ic9al use t _c be m suitably met by o!r rem$ies4 ,"o c readily imag9e easi] dige/ion z ! result ( ! s$ative influ5ce ( ! aft]-d9n] cig> ^u a disquiet$ n]v\s sy/em1 especially if ! co9cid5t irritation ( alcohol & c(fee h ne$ ( correction2 b x c also be imag9$ t 9 mo/ ( su* cases ! rem$y has be5 ! cause ( & w fur!r increase ! disord]$ condition1 & t nutrition ( defici5tly n\ri%$ n]ve tissue is rationally indicat$ r ?an p>tial n>cotization4 ,!re !n rema9s1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! solace ( mod]ate an/hesia &1 occasionally1 ( occupation = idl]s1 z ! only items t c be plac$ to ! cr$it ( tobacco4 ,!re c]ta9ly are individual cases :]e su* usage may be m provocative ( physical b5efit ?an evil1 b1 be=e judg+ = ! race z a :ole1 compute ! o!r side ( ! "q4 ,tobacco injures ! g5]al heal? ( ! public ?r\gh ! economic loss caus$ by its consumption4 ,! p ( our c\ntry sp5d annually ov] sev5 hundr$ millions ( doll>s = tobacco--tw5ty p] c5t4 m ?an is sp5t = bread4 ,?is sum repres5ts only a m9or "p ( ! co/ ( ! tobacco habit to ! c\ntry4 ,! crop is imm5sely exhau/ive to ! soil4 ,its culture has blight$ :ole sections ( f]tile t]ritory4 ,9 ! "t consum$ by ! produc] & ! trad] 9 its production1 manufacture1 & sale1 & by ! consum] 9 its use1 & by ! g5]al int]f]5ce ) vital activity & consequ5t decreas$ productive capacity1 !re is repres5t$ an almo/ unimag9able sum ( money4 ,c]ta9ly ! p at l>ge are n s well f$ bo? z to quantity & quality1 or s ?or\ghly clo!d1 or s hygi5ically h\s$ t !y c af=d ?is gigantic economic wa/e4 ,!re c be little d\bt t if ! p _h suffici5t intellig5ce & moral /r5g? to taboo tobacco1 ?is comp>atively s5seless outgo w\ld be l>gely devot$ to supply+ ^! & o!r necessities ( an exalt$ heal? /atus4 ,tobacco injures heal? ?r\gh its moral effects4 ,! tobacco habit is c]ta9ly a dirty & frequ5tly a disgu/+ habit1 & enc\rages o!r dirty practices4 ,its use t5ds to make m5 c[>dly1 irritable 9 temp]1 & l[ 9 spirits4 ,x blunts ideas ( purity & c\rtesy1 lead+ to invasion ( ! rights ( o!rs4 ,x is presum$ t few m$ical m5 w\ld visit a delicate1 s5sitive pati5t aft] saturation ) ! fragrant effluvia ( onions1 b ?\s&s ^: sy/ems are saturat$ ) nicot9e & :o reek ) nauseat+ odor d n hesitate to inflict _! pres5ce on sick or well4 ,! "t w come :5 ! tobacco us] w n be all[$ to poison ! atmosph]e t is ! common prop]ty ( ! public--w n be all[$ to =ce ! inhalation ( nicot9e ^u ! g5]al public1 to say no?+ ( be+ all[$ to poison ! infants & wom5 9 8 own family4 ,:at w\ld be said ( a man :o introduc$ poison 9 any degree into ! food or dr9k ( 8 *ild8 ,is ! poison+ ( ! h\sehold atmosph]e by ! ignorant1 ?\ghtless1 or selfi% smok] morally m def5sible8 ,tobacco injures heal? ?r\gh h]$it>y influ5ce4 ,! tobacco us] begets1 m c]ta9ly ?an ! non-us]1 puny *ildr5 ) disord]$ n]v\s conditions4 ,luckily = our race1 ! wom51 :o h ! mo/ important pr5atal influ5ce 9 gu>d+ its physical well-be+1 are practically non-us]s ( ! plant4 ,! g5]al heal? /atus ( ! race is improv+1 n because ! use ( tobacco or ! indulg5ce 9 o!r que/ionable practices is h>mless1 b because1 among o!r ?+s1 ( ! great advance 9 g5]al intellig5ce & k ( hygi5ic law4 ,a p]son1 or ! public 9 g5]al1 may practice an injuri\s habit1 & yet m ?an c\nt]act its influ5ce by oppos+ b5eficial practices4 ,horace ,greeley said1 ,%[ me a drunk>d :o does n use tobacco1 & ,i w %[ y a :ite blackbird4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e dietetic dr9k+ habits are n common 9 ! family1 ! weak5+ ( moral fib] by indulg5ce 9 tobacco is usually ! introduction into ! r\nd ( vici\s indulg5ces1 & ?us directly or indirectly affects heal?4 ,smok+ induces dryness ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & consequ5t ?ir/4 ,! p>tially p>alyz$ n]ve t]m9als want some?+ m /imulat+ ?an wat] to af=d relief4 ,fur!rmore1 blunt$ appetite induces defici5t nutrition1 & consequ5tly !re is a call = "s pick-me-up2 h5ce we f9d t ! use ( tobacco t5ds to ! habitual use ( alcoholic bev]ages1 & !re are v few habitual us]s ( alcohol :o escape )\t /ructural injuries to ! body z well z p]v]sion ( its functions4 ,decrease ( vital activity 9 all ! tissues ( ! body m>ks ! use ( tobacco4 ,! t5d5cy is t[>d functional p>alysis1 ?\gh occasional signs ( /imulative irritation are to be notic$1 especially 9 ! respiratory passages4 ,! int]f]5ce ) intellectual activity is m>k$4 ,x is said t dur+ a p]iod ( fifty ye>s no tobacco us] /ood at ! head ( 8 class 9 ,h>v>d4 ,! accumulat$ te/imony ( inve/igat+ obs]v]s is conclusive t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 us]s ( tobacco1 9 s*ools ( all grades1 nev] d s well 9 _! /udies z non-us]s4 ,"o head ( a public s*ool said he c\ld always tell :5 a boy comm5c$ to use tobacco by ! record ( 8 recitations4 ,pr(essor ,oliv]1 ( ! ,annapolis ,academy1 said he c\ld indicate ! boy :o us$ tobacco by 8 absolute inability to draw a clean1 /raight l9e4 ,! delet]i\s effects ( tobacco h become s cle>ly app>5t t we f9d its sale to m9ors is prohibit$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & v>i\s sections ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is some:at a "q if1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! race is n do+ itself m injury by its use ( tobacco ?an x is ) alcohol1 because ( its m univ]sal use1 p>ticul>ly by y\?1 & because ( ! respectability ( ! habit1 :i* comes ( its use by a c]ta9 intellig5t "p ( ! race1 includ+ tea*]s ( morals & physics1 & ev5 temp]ance re=m]s4 ,!re is a widespread s5tim5t 9 exi/5ce t x is n a respectable ?+ to be ev5 p>tly p>alyz$ by alcohol1 b h[ few !re are :o consid] n>cosis z 9 any way connect$ ) ! use ( tobacco4 ,its effect is m diffus$ & mask$1 & is n s acutely s]i\s 9 individual cases1 b ?r\gh its int]f]5ce ) vital activity1 tobacco is probably m g5]ally injuri\s to ! race ?an alcohol4 ,! editorial fiat ( too long prev5ts a full exposition ( ! subject1 b1 9 clos+1 let me say ,i he> millions ( tobacco us]s ask1 ,:y1 !n1 0 ?is plant giv5 to man1 if its g5]al effects are s decid$ly evil8 ,! "q presupposes design 9 creation4 ,)\t subscrib+ to ?is !ory1 or pret5d+ to h solv$ ! my/]y ( ! pres5ce ( evil 9 ! _w1 ! answ] may be sugge/$ t ! ov]com+ ( _m s$uctive evils becomes to man a means ( 8 progressive high] developm5t4 ,( "o ?+ ,i am conv9c$1 t ! physical developm5t & welf>e ( man is int]f]$ ) 9 /rict sequ5ce to 8 consumption ( sub/ances t are unnecess>y = 8 nutrition--/imulants & n>cotics inclusive4--,m$ical ,record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,acetic ,,acid ,,z ,a ,,dis9fectant4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,engelmann1 9 ,c5t4 f4 ,gyn41 claims t acetic acid possesses equally z good antiseptic prop]ties z c>bolic acid2 9 fact1 t x is to be pref]r$1 z x is completely h>mless1 ev5 if us$ 9 conc5trat$ solutions1 & t x is a valuable hmo/atic1 an advantage\s addition p>ticul>ly 9 ob/etrics4 ,ano!r important prop]ty is its ease ( transition into ! tissues1 :i*1 accord+ to ,engelmann's exp]im5ts1 is by f> great] ?an t ( all ! o!r antiseptics4 ,( bi*loride x is well kn[n t x =ms an insoluble comb9ation ) album51 & c !re=e act only on ! surface1 :ile acetic acid ext5ds into ! deep] tissues ) ease4 ,acetic acid also affects ! metal ( ! in/rum5ts1 b n z sev]ely z ! bi*loride2 ! =ceps1 = in/ance1 may be plac$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 an irrigator fill$ ) a ?ree p] c5t4 solution ( acetic acid )\t be+ injur$4 ,a pleasant effect ( acetic acid is t x s(t5s & lubricates ! sk94 ,! au?or g5]ally us$ a ?ree p] c5t4 solution2 at times he has made use ( a five p] c5t4 solution1 :i* w\ld easily cause a pa9ful burn+ at sore places1 s t he only us$ ! latt] /r5g? 9 septic cases1 z ! ?ree p] c5t4 solution prov$ to be a satisfactory antiseptic = g5]al purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c\nt]-,,irritation ,,9 ,,:oop+ ,,c\gh4 ,by ,g4,f4 ,,+lott1 ,m4,d4 ,to combat ?is (t5 di/ress+ disease ,i h tri$ ! adm9i/ration ( sev]al m$ic9es1 namely1 bromide ( potassium1 asafoetida1 val]ian1 morph9e1 belladonna1 etc41 & ,i h v closely wat*$ _! effects1 b none ( !m prov$ ( mu* use4 ,hav+ obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t dur+ ! late *ol]a epidemic "s ( ! pati5ts admitt$ into ! hospital "u my m$ical *>ge slept well1 _h _! anxiety improv$1 & "s ( !m ultimately recov]$1 aft] ! application ( a /rong c\nt]-irritation ( ! pneumoga/ric n]ves 9 ! neck1 namely1 betwe5 ! ma/oid process & ! angle ( ! l[] jaw1 ,i tri$ ! same treatm5t on :oop+ pati5ts1 & ,i h no hesitation 9 /at+ t ! result 0 v satisfactory4 ,i may quote "o s+le case ( ! _m ,i h _h "u treatm5t4 ,a boy1 ag$ twelve ye>s1 ( weak con/itution1 0 suff]+ f frequ5t & int5se attacks ( :oop+ c\gh4 ,at a "t ! fits 7 s vehem5t t blood came out ( 8 eyes & m\?4 ,! case 0 a sev]e "o1 & ,i ?\ght x w\ld v likely end fatally4 ,i prescrib$ sev]al m$ic9es1 & ev5 subcutane\s injections ( morph9e1 b )\t any avail4 ,i !n tri$ = ! fir/ "t ! c\nt]-irritation on bo? sides ( ! neck1 & ?is means act$ l magic4 ,9 f\r or five days ! pati5t recov]$1 & 0 able to g to s*ool4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h be5 apply+ ! same treatm5t1 ei!r on ! "r side only or on bo?1 ) ! greate/ b5efit4--,br4 ,m$4 ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,embryo4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,physical ,society1 ,b]l91 ,pr(4 ,prey] spoke on reflexes 9 ! embryo4 ,8 rese>*es ext5d$ ov] _m classes ( animals4 ,z repres5t+ mammals1 gu9ea pigs 7 *iefly us$2 & = reptiles1 snakes2 :ile 9 addition ! embryos ( fi%es1 frogs1 mollusks1 & o!r l[] animals 7 also employ$4 ,b ( all animals birds are mo/ suitable = embryological obs]vations1 inasmu* z ) due precautions ! developm5t ( "o & ! same individual c be foll[$ = a consid]able "t4 ,birds' eggs c be incubat$ 9 a w>m *amb]1 & by remov+ a portion ( ! %ell & replac+ x by an unbrok5 piece f ano!r egg1 x becomes possible to foll[ ! daily developm5t ( ! *ick & to exp]im5t ^u x4 ,z e>ly z ! n9etie? h\r ( incubation1 spontane\s impulsive movem5ts may be obs]v$1 tak+ place app>5tly )\t any ext]nal /imulus z a cause1 & at a "t :5 no muscles or n]ves h z yet be5 develop$4 ,aft] ! occurr5ce ( ^! spontane\s movem5ts1 & at ! e>lie/ on ! fif? day ( incubation1 movem5ts are obs]v$ to result f ! application ( me*anical1 *emical1 & electrical /imuli4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve ^! ! eggs mu/ be all[$ to cool d[n until all spontane\s movem5ts h ceas$4 ,f ! t5? to ! ?irte5? day m complicat$ & reflex actions occur on ! application ( /imuli1 z1 = in/ance1 movem5ts ( ! eyelids1 beak1 & limbs2 & if ! /imuli are /rong1 reflex respiratory movem5ts4 ,^! reflexes make _! appe>ance be=e any ganglia h become diff]5tiat$4 ,pr(4 ,prey] consid]$ himself ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ f ?is t ganglia are n ess5tial = ! lib]ation ( reflex actions4 ,he int5ds1 on "s future occasion1 to give a m detail$ acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & ( ! conclusions :i* may be drawn f !m4 ,9 ! discussion :i* ensu$ ! conclusions ( ! speak] 7 conte/$ f _m sides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iridesc5t ,,cry/als4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ab/ract ( ! ,friday ev5+ lecture deliv]$ by ,"l ,rayleigh1 ,f4,r4,s41 at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 on ,april #ab1 #ahhi4 ,by ,,"l ,,rayleigh4 ,! pr9cipal subject ( ! lecture is ! peculi> color$ reflection obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 specim5s ( *lorate ( pota%4 ,reflection implies a high degree ( discont9uity4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 decompos$ glass1 & probably 9 opals1 ! discont9uity is due to ! int]position ( lay]s ( air2 b1 z 0 prov$ by ,/okes1 9 ! case ( *lorate cry/als ! discont9uity is t kn[n z tw9n+4 ,! seat ( ! color is a v ?9 lay] 9 ! int]ior ( ! cry/al & p>allel to its faces4 ,! foll[+ laws 7 discov]$ by ,/okes3 7#a7 ,if "o ( ! cry/all9e plates be turn$ r\nd 9 its own plane1 )\t alt]ation ( ! angle ( incid5ce1 ! peculi> reflection vani%es twice 9 a revolution1 viz41 :5 ! plane ( incid5ce co9cides ) ! plane ( symmetry ( ! cry/al4 ,%[n4 7#b7 ,z ! angle ( incid5ce is increas$1 ! reflect$ light becomes bright] & rises 9 refrangibility4 ,%[n4 7#c7 ,! colors are n due to absorption1 ! transmitt$ light be+ /rictly complem5t>y to ! reflect$4 7#d7 ,! color$ light is n pol>iz$4 ,x is produc$ indiff]5tly1 :e!r ! incid5t light be common light or light pol>iz$ 9 any plane1 & is se5 :e!r ! reflect$ light be view$ directly or ?r\gh a ,nicol's prism turn$ 9 any way4 ,%[n4 7#e7 ,! spectrum ( ! reflect$ light is frequ5tly f\nd to consi/ almo/ entirely ( a comp>atively n>r[ b&4 ,:5 ! angle ( incid5ce is increas$1 ! b& moves 9 ! direction ( increas+ refrangibility1 & at ! same "t increases rapidly 9 wid?4 ,9 _m cases ! reflection appe>s to be almo/ total4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,,g5]al ,,s*eme ,,fig4 #b ,,detail ,,( ,,lazy-,,tongs ,9 ord] to project ^! ph5om5a a cry/al is prep>$ by cem5t+ a smoo? face to a /rip ( glass ^: sides are n q p>allel4 ,! :ite reflection f ! ant]ior face ( ! glass c !n be sep>at$ f ! real subject ( ! exp]im5t4 ,a v rem>kable feature 9 ! reflect$ light rema9s to be notic$4 ,if ! angle ( incid5ce be small1 & if ! incid5t light be pol>iz$ 9 or p]p5dicul>ly to ! plane ( incid5ce1 ! reflect$ light is pol>iz$ 9 ! opposite mann]4 ,%[n4 ,simil> ph5om5a1 except t ! reflection is :ite1 are exhibit$ by cry/als prep>$ 9 a mann] describ$ by ,madan4 ,if ! cry/al be heat$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t ! peculi> reflection disappe>s1 b returns ^u cool+4 ,%[n4 ,9 all ^! cases !re c be little d\bt t ! reflection takes place at tw9 surfaces1 ! !ory ( su* reflection 7,phil4 ,mag41 ,sept41 #ahhh7 reproduc+ ) rem>kable exactness mo/ ( ! features above describ$4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! vigor & purity ( ! color reflect$ 9 c]ta9 cry/als1 x is necess>y to suppose t !re are a consid]able numb] ( tw9 surfaces dispos$ at approximate equal int]vals4 ,at ea* angle ( incid5ce !re w\ld be a p>ticul> wave l5g? = :i* ! phases ( ! sev]al reflections are 9 agreem5t4 ,! selection ( light ( a p>ticul> wave l5g? w\ld ?us take place ^u ! same pr9ciple z 9 diffraction spectra1 & might rea* a high degree ( p]fection4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is explanation an ac\/ical analogue is exhibit$4 ,! successive tw9 planes are imitat$ by p>allel & equidi/ant disks ( musl9 7,figs4 #a & #b7 /ret*$ ^u brass r+s & m\nt$ 7) ! aid ( ?ree lazy-tongs arrangem5ts7 s t !re is b "o degree ( fre$om to move1 & t ( su* a "* z to v>y ! int]val betwe5 ! disks )\t di/urb+ _! equidi/ance & p>allelism4 ,! s\rce ( s\nd is a bird call1 giv+ a pure tone ( high pit* 7inaudible71 & ! p]cipi5t is a high-pressure flame issu+ f a burn] s ori5t$ t ! direct waves are )\t influ5ce ^u ! flame 7see ,nature1 xxxviii41 #bjh2 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/41 ,janu>y1 #ahhh74 ,b ! waves reflect$ f ! musl9 arrive 9 ! effective direction1 & if ( suffici5t int5sity induce fl>+4 ,! exp]im5t consi/s 9 %[+ t ! action dep5ds ^u ! di/ance betwe5 ! disks4 ,if ! di/ance be su* t ! waves reflect$ f ! sev]al disks co-op]ate1#b ! flame fl>es1 b = int]m$iate adju/m5ts recov]s its equilibrium4 ,= full success x is necess>y t ! reflective p[] ( a s+le disk be nei!r too great nor too small4 ,a some:at op5 fabric appe>s suitable4 ,footnote #b3 ,if ! reflection 7 p]p5dicul>1 ! int]val betwe5 successive disks w\ld be equal to ! half wave-l5g?1 or to "s multiple ( ?is4 ,x 0 %[n by ,brew/] t c]ta9 natural specim5s ( ,icel& sp> are trav]s$ by ?9 tw9 /rata4 ,a conv]g5t beam1 reflect$ at a ne>ly graz+ incid5ce f ! tw9 planes1 depicts ^u ! scre5 an arc ( light1 :i* is int]rupt$ by a d>k spot correspond+ to ! plane ( symmetry4 ,%[n4 ,a simil> exp]im5t may be made ) small rhombs 9 :i* tw9 lay]s h be5 develop$ by me*anical =ce aft] ! mann] ( ,reus*4 ,! light reflect$ f fi]y opals has be5 %[n by ,crookes to possess 9 _m cases a high degree ( purity1 rival+ 9 ?is respect ! reflection f *lorate ( pota%4 ,! explanation is to be s\ght 9 a p]iodic /ratifi$ /ructure4 ,b ! o!r features diff] widely 9 ! two cases4 ,!re is "h no semicircul> evanesc5ce1 z ! specim5 is rotat$ 9 azimu?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! color$ light transmitt$ p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh a ?9 plate ( opal und]goes no *ange :5 ! gem is turn$ r\nd 9 its own plane4 ,?is appe>s to prove t ! alt]nate /ates are n relat$ to "o ano!r z tw9 cry/als4 ,m probably ! alt]nate /rata are ( air1 z 9 decompos$ glass4 ,! brilliancy ( opals is said to be readily affect$ by atmosph]ic conditions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,eng9e]+ ,,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,bran* ,,(fice1 #fbb ,,& #fbd ,f ,,/41 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4