---------------------------------------- -------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,"s v obvi\s typos 7 correct$ 9 ?is text4 ,= a li/ please see ! bottom ( ! docum5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,wage ,,e>n+ ,,& ,,education ,,! ,,survey ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,clevel& ,,f\ndation ,*>les ,e4 ,adams1 ,*airman ,?omas ,g4 ,fitzsimons ,myrta ,l4 ,jones ,bascom ,little ,victor ,w4 ,s9c]e ,ar?ur ,d4 ,baldw91 ,secret>y ,james ,r4 ,g>field1 ,c\nsel ,all5 ,t4 ,burns1 ,director ,,! ,,education ,,survey ,leon>d ,p4 ,ayres1 ,director ,,clevel& ,,education ,,survey ,,wage ,,e>n+ ,,& ,,education ,,by ,r4,r4 ,,lutz ,,! ,,survey ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,clevel& ,,f\ndation ,,clevel& 4 ,,ohio #aiaf ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,! ,,survey ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,clevel& ,,f\ndation ,,wm4 ,f4 ,,fell ,,co4 ,,pr9t]s ,,philadelphia ,,=eword ,?is summ>y volume1 entitl$ ,wage ,e>n+ & ,education1 is "o ( ! #be sections ( ! report ( ! ,education ,survey ( ,clevel& conduct$ by ! ,survey ,committee ( ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation 9 #aiae & #aiaf4 ,copies ( all ! publications may be obta9$ f ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation4 ,!y may also be obta9$ f ! ,division ( ,education ( ! ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a complete li/ w be f\nd 9 ! back ( ?is volume1 toge!r ) prices4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,=eword #e ,li/ ( ,tables #aj ,li/ ( ,diagrams #ab ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,education ,,survey #ac ,types ( occupations /udi$ #ac ,! ,survey /aff & me?ods ( "w #ad ,,ii4 ,,=eca/+ ,,future ,,probabilities #ah ,! popul> concept ( indu/rial education #ai ,! importance ( relative numb]s #bj ,a con/ructive program mu/ fit ! facts #bc ,an actu>ial basis = indu/rial education #bd ,,iii4 ,,! ,,wage ,,e>n]s ,,( ,,clevel& #be ,,iv4 ,,! ,,future ,,wage ,,e>n]s ,,( ,,clevel& #bi ,! public s*ools #bi ,ages ( pupils #cb ,education at ! "t ( leav+ s*ool #cd ,v4 ,,indu/rial ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,boys ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools #ch ,:at ! boys 9 s*ool w d #dj ,organization & co/s #dd ,:at ! elem5t>y s*ools c d #de ,,vi4 ,,! ,,junior ,,high ,,s*ool #dg ,specializ$ tra9+ n practicable #dh ,a g5]al indu/rial c\rse #di ,indu/rial ma!matics #eb ,me*anical ,draw+ #ed ,indu/rial sci5ce #ee ,%op "w #ef ,vocational in=mation #eh ,,vii4 ,,trade ,,tra9+ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,s*ool #fj ,! te*nical high s*ools #fb ,a two-ye> trade c\rse #ff ,,viii4 ,,trade-,,prep>atory ,,& ,,trade-,,ext5sion ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,boys ,,& ,,m5 ,,at ,,"w #fi ,cont9uation tra9+ f #ae to #ah #gd ,! te*nical night s*ools #gf ,a comb9$ program ( cont9uation & trade-ext5sion tra9+ #hj ,,ix4 ,,vocational ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,girls #hc ,diff]5tiation 9 ! junior high s*ool #hf ,specializ$ tra9+ = ! sew+ trades #hh ,o!r occupations #ij ,x4 ,,vocational ,,guidance #ib ,! "w ( ! vocational c\nselor #ib ,! ,girls' ,vocation ,bureau #id ,,xi4 ,,conclusions ,,& ,,recomm5dations #ig ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,special ,,reports ,,xii4 ,,boys ,,& ,,girls ,,9 ,,comm]cial ,,"w #aja ,a g5]al view ( comm]cial "w #ajf ,bookkeep+ #ajh ,/5ography #ajh ,cl]ks' positions #aji ,wages & regul>ity ( employm5t #aaj ,! problem ( tra9+ #aaa ,,xiii4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,/ore ,,occupations #aae ,dep>tm5t /ores #aae ,neighborhood /ores #aaf ,five & t5 c5t /ores #aag ,wages #aah ,regul>ity ( employm5t #abb ,opportunities = advancem5t #abc ,! problem ( tra9+ #abd ,"* ( ! in/ruction #abi ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,g>m5t ,,trades #aca ,*>act]i/ics ( ! work+ =ce #acb ,e>n+s #ace ,regul>ity ( employm5t #aci ,tra9+ & promotion #adj ,educational ne$s #adc ,sew+ c\rses 9 ! public s*ools #ade ,elective sew+ c\rses 9 ! junior high s*ool #adg ,a "o ye> trade c\rse = girls #adh ,trade ext5sion tra9+ #adi ,,xv4 ,,dressmak+ ,,& ,,mill9]y #aea ,dressmak+ #aea ,mill9]y #aec ,! problem ( tra9+ #aef ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,metal ,,trades #aeh ,f\ndry & ma*9e %op products #aei ,automobile manufactur+ #afi ,/eel works1 roll+ mills1 & relat$ indu/ries #agj ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,trades #agc ,s\rces ( labor supply #agc ,appr5tice%ip #agd ,union organization #agf ,e>n+s #agf ,h\rs #agh ,regul>ity ( employm5t #agi ,heal? conditions #agi ,opportunities = advancem5t #ahj ,! problem ( tra9+ #aha ,,xviii4 ,,railroad ,,& ,,/reet ,,transportation #ahg ,railroad transportation #ahg ,motor & wagon transportation #aib ,/reet railroad transportation #aic ,,xix4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,trades #aie ,! compos+ room #aih ,! pressroom #bja ,! b9d]y #bjc ,o!r occupations #bjd ,! problem ( tra9+ #bjf ,,li/ ,,( ,,tables ,,table ,,page #a4 ,occupational di/ribution ( ! work+ population ( ,clevel& #bf #b4 ,nativity ( ! work+ population 9 ,clevel& #bg #c4 ,pupils enroll$ 9 ! diff]5t grades ( ! public day s*ools 9 ,june1 #aiae #cj #d4 ,enrollm5t ( high s*ool pupils1 second seme/]1 #aiad-ae #ca #e4 ,ages ( pupils enroll$ 9 public elem5t>y1 high1 & normal s*ools 9 ,june1 #aiae #cc #f4 ,educational equipm5t ( ! *ildr5 :o drop out ( ! public s*ools ea* ye>1 z indicat$ by ! grades f :i* !y leave #ce #g4 ,p] c5t ( total male work+ population engag$ 9 specifi$ occupations1 #aijj & #aiaj #dj #h4 ,di/ribution ( native born m5 betwe5 ! ages ( #ba & #de 9 ! pr9cipal occupational gr\ps #da #i4 ,di/ribution ( ?ird & f\r? ye> /ud5ts 9 trade c\rses 9 ! ,clevel& te*nical high s*ools1 fir/ seme/]1 #aiae-af #fc #aj4 ,di/ribution by occupations ( ,clevel&'s te*nical s*ool graduates #fd #aa4 ,"t allotm5t 9 ! appr5tice c\rse giv5 by ! ,w>n] & ,swasey ,company1 ,clevel& #gj #ab4 ,c\rse & numb] enroll$ 9 ! te*nical night s*ools1 ,janu>y1 #aiae #gg #ac4 ,p] c5t ( total population engag$ 9 ga9ful occupations dur+ ?ree diff]5t age p]iods #hd #ad4 ,numb] employ$ 9 ! pr9cipal wage e>n+ occupations among ea* #a1jjj wom5 f #af to #ba ye>s ( age #he #ae4 ,p] c5t ( wom5 employees ov] #ah ye>s ( age e>n+ #ab a week & ov] #abj #af4 ,wages = full-"t work+ week1 wom5's clo?+1 ,clevel&1 #aiae #aci #ag4 ,av]age wages = full-"t work+ week = simil> work]s1 9 m5's & wom5's clo?+1 ,clevel&1 #aiae #aci #ah4 ,proportions & e/imat$ numb]s employ$ 9 ma*9e tool occupations1 #aiae #afa #ai4 ,av]age1 highe/1 & l[e/ e>n+s1 9 c5ts p] h\r1 & p] c5t employ$ on piece "w & day "w1 #aiae #afb #bj4 ,e/imat$ "t requir$ to le>n ma*9e tool "w #afd #ba4 ,av]age e>n+s p] h\r 9 patt]n mak+1 mold+1 core mak+1 blacksmi?+1 & boil] mak+ #aff #bb4 ,e/imat$ numb] ( m5 engag$ 9 build+ trades1 #aiae #agd #bc4 ,union regulations z to ent]+ age ( appr5tice #age #bd4 ,union regulations z to l5g? ( appr5tice%ip p]iod #age #be4 ,union scale ( wages 9 c5ts p] h\r1 ,may #a1 #aiae #agg #bf4 ,usual weekly wages ( appr5tices 9 ?ree build+ trades #agh #bg4 ,av]age daily e>n+s ( job & newspap] compos+ room work]s1 #aiae #aii #bh4 ,av]age daily e>n+s ( pressroom work]s1 #aiae #bjb #bi4 ,av]age daily e>n+s ( b9d]y work]s1 #aiae #bjc #cj4 ,av]age daily e>n+s 9 photo5grav+1 /]eotyp+1 electrotyp+1 & li?ograph+ occupations1 #aiae #bje ,,li/ ,,( ,,diagrams ,,diagram ,,page #a4 ,boys & girls "u #ah ye>s ( age 9 (fice "w #ajc #b4 ,m5 & wom5 #ah ye>s ( age & ov] 9 cl]ical & adm9i/rative "w 9 (fices #ajd #c4 ,p] c5t ( wom5 e>n+ ea* class ( weekly wages 9 ea* ( six occupations #aai #d4 ,p] c5t ( salesm5 & ( m5 cl]ical work]s 9 /ores1 receiv+ ea* class ( weekly wage #aba #e4 ,p] c5t ( male work]s 9 non-cl]ical positions 9 six indu/ries e>n+ #ah p] week & ov] #abb #f4 ,p] c5t t ! av]age numb] ( wom5 employ$ dur+ ! ye> is ( ! highe/ numb] employ$ 9 ea* ( six indu/ries #abc #g4 ,di/ribution ( #h1ccg clo?+ work]s by sex 9 ! pr9cipal occupations 9 ! g>m5t indu/ry #acd #h4 ,p]c5tage ( wom5 9 m5's & wom5's clo?+ & sev5 o!r important wom5 employ+ indu/ries receiv+ "u #h1 #h to #ab1 & #ab & ov] p] week #acf #i4 ,p]c5tage ( m5 9 m5's & wom5's clo?+ & sev5 o!r manufactur+ indu/ries receiv+ "u #ah1 #ah to #be1 & #be & ov] p] week #ach #aj4 ,av]age numb] ( unemploy$ among ea* #ajj work]s1 m5's clo?+1 wom5's clo?+1 & fifte5 o!r specifi$ indu/ries #ada #aa4 ,p]c5tages ( unemploym5t 9 ea* ( n9e build+ indu/ries #ahj #ab4 ,numb] ( m5 9 ea* #ajj 9 pr9t+ & five o!r indu/ries e>n+ ea* class ( weekly wage #aif #ac4 ,numb] ( wom5 9 ea* #ajj 9 pr9t+ & six o!r indu/ries e>n+ ea* class ( weekly wage #aih ,,wage ,,e>n+ ,,& ,,education ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,education ,,survey ,! education survey ( ,clevel& 0 und]tak5 9 ,april1 #aiae1 at ! invitation ( ! ,clevel& ,bo>d ( ,education & ! ,survey ,committee ( ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation1 & cont9u$ until ,june1 #aiaf4 ,z a "p ( ! "w detail$ /udies 7 made ( ! lead+ indu/ries ( ! city = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :at measures %\ld be tak5 by ! public s*ool sy/em to prep>e "y p = wage-e>n+ occupations & to provide supplem5t>y trade in/ruction = ^? already 9 employm5t4 ,! /udies also dealt ) all =ms ( vocational education conduct$ at t "t "u public s*ool auspices4 ,,types ,,( ,,occupations ,,/udi$ ,sep>ate /udies 7 made ( ! metal indu/ry1 build+ & con/ruction1 pr9t+ & publi%+1 railroad & /reet transportation1 clo?+ manufacture1 dep>tm5t /ore "w1 & cl]ical occupations4 ,! wage-e>n]s 9 ^! fields ( employm5t con/itute ne>ly #fj p] c5t ( ! total numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 ga9ful occupations & include #ie p] c5t ( ! skill$ workm5 9 ! city4 ,! survey also gave consid]able att5tion to ! v>i\s types ( semi-skill$ "w f\nd 9 ! pr9cipal indu/ries4 ,ea* sep>ate /udy 0 assign$ to a p>ticul> memb] ( ! ,survey ,/aff :o p]sonally c>ri$ on ! field inve/igations & lat] submitt$ a report to ! director ( ! survey4 ,ea* report 0 also subject$ to c>eful analysis & criticism f o!r memb]s ( ! ,survey ,/aff be=e x 0 f9ally pass$ ^u by ! ,survey ,committee4 ,mimeograph$ copies 7 s5t to repres5tatives ( ! indu/ry & to ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools & memb]s ( ! s*ool bo>d & _! criticisms & sugge/ions 7 giv5 c>eful consid]ation be=e ! ,committee & ! director ( ! survey gave _! f9al approval to ! publication ( ! report4 ,! value ( ! "w 0 greatly enhanc$ ?r\gh ! ample discussion ( ! diff]5t /udies f widely div]se po9ts ( view secur$ 9 ?is way4 ,! indu/rial /udies 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh "u ! direction ( ! au?or ( ?is summ>y volume4 ,,! ,,survey ,,/aff ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,"w ,! reports ( ! /udies relat+ to vocational education 7 publi%$ 9 a s]ies ( eight sep>ate monograph volumes4 ,! names ( ! reports & ! previ\s exp]i5ce 9 educational & inve/igational "w ( ea* memb] ( ! ,survey ,/aff are z foll[s3 ,boys & ,girls 9 ,comm]cial ,"w--,b]?a ,m4 ,/ev5s2 tea*] 9 elem5t>y & second>y s*ools2 ag5t ( ,associat$ ,*>ities2 secret>y ( ,consum]s' ,league ( ,ohio2 director ( ,girls' ,bureau ( ,clevel&2 au?or ( ,wom5's ,"w 9 ,clevel&2 co-au?or ( ,comm]cial ,"w & ,tra9+ = ,girls4 ,dep>tm5t ,/ore ,occupations--,iris ,p4 ,o',le>y2 head ( manual tra9+ dep>tm5t1 ,fir/ ,p5nsylvania ,normal ,s*ool2 head ( vocational "w = girls & wom51 ,new ,b$=d ,indu/rial ,s*ool2 head ( girls' dep>tm5t1 ,bo>dman ,appr5tice ,%ops1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn42 special inve/igator ( dep>tm5t /ores = ,new ,york ,/ate ,factory ,inve/igat+ ,commission2 ?ree ye>s' trade exp]i5ce z employ] & employee2 au?or ( books on h\sehold arts & dep>tm5t /ores2 ,special ,assi/ant = ,vocational ,education1 ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! ,g>m5t ,trades & ,dressmak+ & ,mill9]y--,edna ,bryn]2 tea*] 9 grades1 high s*ool1 & /ate normal college2 eug5ic rese>* work] ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,hospital2 /ati/ical exp]t 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor ,inve/igation ( wom5 & *ild labor2 /ati/ical ag5t ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t2 ,special ,ag5t ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation4 ,! ,build+ ,trades1 & ,! ,pr9t+ ,trades--,frank ,l4 ,%aw2 tea*] 9 grades & high s*ool2 pr9cipal ( high s*ool2 assi/ant sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools2 sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools2 special ag5t ,unit$ ,/ates ,immigration ,commission2 special ag5t ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus2 indu/rial secret>y ,nor? ,am]ican ,civic ,league = ,immigrants2 au?or ( reports on immigration legislation4 ,! ,metal ,trades--,r4,r4 ,lutz2 tea*] 9 rural & grad$ s*ools2 sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools2 secret>y ( ,dep>tm5t ( ,education ( ,porto ,rico2 took "p 9 s*ool surveys ( ,gre5wi*1 ,conn41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 ,spr+field1 ,ill41 ,ri*mond1 ,va42 ,special ,ag5t ,division ( ,education1 ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation4 ,railroad & ,/reet ,transportation--,ralph ,d4 ,flem+2 special ag5t & inve/igator = ,unit$ ,/ates ,immigration ,commission1 ! ,f$]al ,c5sus ( ,manufactur]s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,t>iff ,bo>d1 ! ,m9imum ,wage ,commission ( ,massa*usetts1 ! ,national ,civic ,f$]ation1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission on ,indu/rial ,relations4 ,! "w began 9 ,april1 #aiae1 & end$ 9 ! same mon? ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,two memb]s ( ! /aff1 ) "o /5ograph] & a cl]k1 7 employ$ dur+ ! entire p]iod4 ,"o memb] ( ! /aff 0 employ$ #aa mon?s1 "o n9e mon?s1 "o approximately five mon?s1 & "o two mon?s4 ,! field inve/igations consi/$ l>gely ( visits to indu/rial e/abli%m5ts = ! purpose ( secur+ fir/-h& in=mation z to indu/rial conditions & ! nature & educational cont5t ( p>ticul> occupations4 ,ov] #djj visits ( ?is k9d 7 made by memb]s ( ! ,survey ,/aff4 ,_m conf]5ces 7 held ) employ]s & employees ) ! object ( secur+ _! views z to ! ne$s & possibilities ( indu/rial tra9+4 ,! task ( tabulat+ & classify+ ! data obta9$ by ! individual inve/igators 9 _! visits to ! local indu/rial e/abli%m5ts involv$ mu* "t & labor4 ,al?\gh x 0 n f\nd practicable to ma9ta9 complete uni=mity 9 ! diff]5t inquiries1 ! memb]s ( ! /aff kept 9 close t\* ) ea* o!r1 s t ) respect to ! po9ts ( pr9cipal importance1 ! results ( _! inve/igations are comp>able4 ,practically e recomm5dation made 9 ! reports 0 discuss$ 9 conf]5ces ) s*ool pr9cipals & ) o!r memb]s ( ! tea*+ =ce engag$ 9 ! tea*+ ( vocational subjects4 ,?r\gh\t ! survey ! objective held con/antly 9 m9d 0 ! =mulation ( a con/ructive program ( vocational tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,9 outl9+ ! field ( inquiry a cle> di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 ^? k9ds ( g5]al education :i* h a m or less indirect vocational significance1 & vocational tra9+ = specific occupations 9 :i* ! controll+ purpose is direct prep>ation = wage-e>n+4 ,! /udies 7 purposely limit$ to ?is latt] type ( vocational tra9+4 ,! survey did n conc]n itself ) manual tra9+ conduct$ = g5]al educational ends1 ) ! art "w ( ! s*ools1 or ) c\rses 9 dome/ic sci5ce & h\sehold arts4 ,^! subjects 9 ! curriculum 7 dealt ) 9 diff]5t sections ( ! education survey1 b 7 consid]$ z be+ outside ! legitimate field ( ! vocational survey4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,=eca/+ ,,future ,,probabilities ,! indu/rial education survey ( ,clevel& diff]s f o!r /udies conduct$ else:]e 9 t x bases its educational program on a c>eful /udy ( ! probable future occupational di/ribution ( ! "y p n[ 9 s*ool4 ,x does n claim to =etell ! specific positions t individual boys & girls w hold :5 !y are adults b x does claim v def9itely t our safe/ guide 9 =etell+ _! future vocational di/ribution is to be f\nd 9 ! (ficial figures ( ! pres5t occupational c5sus ( ! city4 ,"o ( ! mo/ famili> & "t-worn platitudes ( educational speak]s & writ]s is t ,! *ildr5 ( today are ! citiz5s ( tomorr[4 ,9 ! field ( indu/rial education x is q z true t ! s*ool *ildr5 ( today are ! work]s ( tomorr[4 ,moreov]1 s9ce occupational di/ributions *ange b sl[ly ev5 9 ^! mod]n times1 x is unque/ionably true t ! boys & girls n[ /udy+ 9 ! public s*ools w soon be scatt]$ among ! diff]5t ga9ful occupations ( ,clevel&'s indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & pr(essional life 9 j ab\t ! same proportions z _! fa!rs & mo!rs & bro!rs & si/]s are n[ di/ribut$4 ,! plan ( ! survey 9 advocat+ types ( pres5t prep>ation bas$ on /udies ( future prospects seems at fir/ sight s obvi\s a mode ( proc$ure z h>dly to w>rant ext5d$ explanation4 ,?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,! read] :o proposes to foll[ ! work+-out ( ! pr9ciple & to scrut9ize ! evid5ce und]ly+ x mu/ be prep>$ to scan _m a detail$ table ( /ati/ics & to arrive at mo/ un=ese5 conclusions4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,concept ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,education ,= _m ye>s pa/ ! public has giv5 respectful att5tion to ! argum5ts ( ! *ampions ( indu/rial education4 ,!re has be5 g5]al ass5t to ! proposition t ! s*ools %\ld tra9 = & n away f ! indu/rial age 9 :i* we live4 ,we h come to ?9k ( ! c>p5t] %op1 ! ma*9e %op1 ! =ge %op1 & ! cook+ room z necess>y & desirable adjuncts ( ! mod]n s*ool & to our m9ds ^! %ops h typifi$ indu/rial education4 ,all ( ^! h come to be almo/ synonym\s ) progressive ?\ght & action 9 public education4 ,v g5]ally x has be5 felt t ! problems ( indu/rial education 7 to be solv$ ?r\gh ! wid] ext5sion ( ^! %op facilities 9 our public s*ools4 ,:5 ^! famili> g5]alizations are submitt$ to c>eful analysis _! :ole /ructure beg9s to tott]4 ,9 ,clevel& ab\t #c1gjj boys leave s*ool ea* ye> & g to "w4 ,!y repres5t v>i\s /ages ( advancem5t f ! #d? grade ( ! elem5t>y s*ool to ! #d? ye> ( ! high s*ool4 ,!y are scatt]$ ?r\gh m ?an #ajj s*ool build+s4 ,! problem ( indu/rial education is to give ^! boys ) _! diff]+ ages1 _! widely v>i$ s*ool prep>ation1 & _! scatt]$ geographical di/ribution1 ! be/ possible prep>ation = tak+ _! places 9 ! "w-a-day _w4 ,!y repres5t e grade ( intellig5ce1 e /ratum ( social & economic life1 & x is extremely difficult to br+ !m toge!r = in/ructional purposes4 ,!y are scatt]$ 9 little gr\ps ?r\gh m ?an a ?\s& classrooms4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,relative ,,numb]s ,n[ x is possible to =etell ) "s c]ta9ty :at ^! "y p w be do+ a few ye>s f n[4 ,almo/ all ( !m are ( ,am]ican bir? & x is c]ta9 t 9 a few ye>s !y w be engag$ 9 do+ j ab\t ! same sorts ( "w z are n[ done 9 ! city ( ,clevel& by adults ( ,am]ican bir?4 ,! data ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ( ,occupations %[ u t among e #ajj ,am]ican born m5 9 ,clevel& !re are eight :o are cl]ks1 sev5 :o are ma*9i/s1 f\r :o are salesm51 & s on ?r\gh ! li/ ( hundr$s ( occupations4 ,! numb] ( ,am]ican born m5 9 ea* #ajj engag$ 9 ea* ( ! #aj lead+ sorts ( occupations is approximately z foll[s3 ,cl]ks #h ,ma*9i/s #g ,salesm5 #d ,labor]s & port]s #d ,retail deal]s #d ,draym51 team/]s1 etc4 #d ,bookkeep]s #c ,c>p5t]s #c ,comm]cial travel]s #b ,manufactur]s #b ---- #da ,?is simple li/ at once calls into "q all ! /&>d assumptions ab\t ! ext5sion ( indu/rial education dep5d+ on greatly increas+ ! numb] ( c>p5t] %ops & ma*9e %ops 9 ! public s*ools4 ,! figures %[ t among ea* #ajj ,am]ican born m5 9 ,clevel& only sev5 are ma*9i/s & only ?ree are c>p5t]s4 ,cle>ly we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 tra9+ all ! boys 9 our public s*ools to ent] ! ma*9i/'s trade or ! c>p5t]'s trade :5 n9e out ( ea* #aj w 9 all probability engage 9 entirely diff]5t sorts ( future "w4 ,! m ! figures ( ! little table giv5 above are /udi$1 ! cle>] x appe>s t our conv5tional ideas ab\t indu/rial education ne$ critical scrut9y & c>eful *all5ge4 ,^! #aj lead+ occupations include only #da out ( ea* #ajj ,am]ican born m54 ,moreov]1 m ?an half ( ^! #da are engag$ 9 m5tal "w r ?an 9 manual "w4 ,f ^! consid]ations "o def9ite conclusion inevitably em]ges4 ,x is t ! safe/ guide = ?9k+ & plann+ = indu/rial education is to be f\nd 9 a /udy ( ! occupational di/ribution ( ! pres5t adults4 ,f ! v outset su* a /udy indicates t ! mo/ difficult & important problems :i* mu/ be met & cop$ ) are n ^? relat+ to me?ods ( in/ruction b r ^? ( organization & adm9i/ration4 ,! future c>p5t]s & ma*9i/s _c be taught until we c get !m toge!r 9 fair siz$ classes4 ,!y repres5t ! mo/ num]\s ( ! indu/rial gr\ps & yet _! numb]s are relatively s few t ! av]age ,clevel& s*ool s5ds out into ! _w ea* ye> only two or ?ree future ma*9i/s & p]haps "o future c>p5t]4 ,! tr\ble ) pres5t ?9k+ ab\t ?is matt] has be5 t we h not$ ! v l>ge numb]s ( ma*9i/s & c>p5t]s 9 ! population & h fail$ to realize t :ile ^! gr\ps are num]\s 9 ! aggregate !y are aft] all q small :5 relatively consid]$ & comp>$ ) ! total numb] ( work]s4 ,ano!r important fact t has be5 almo/ inv>iably ov]look$ is t _m ( ! pres5t c>p5t]s & ma*9i/s are =eign]s by bir? & t !re is e prospect t ?is same condition w ma9ta9 9 ! future4 ,h5ce ^! trades & mo/ o!r indu/rial occupations are n recruit$ f our public s*ools to any?+ l ! degree t has be5 assum$4 ,a ,,con/ructive ,,program ,,mu/ ,,fit ,,! ,,facts ,! simple pr9ciple :i* und]lies ! me?od employ$ by ! survey is ! same on :i* all l>ge bus9ess und]tak+s are conduct$4 ,! results ( its application 9 ! field ( indu/rial education are1 h[ev]1 fundam5tally diff]5t f ^? commonly arriv$ at on ! assumption t n9e-t5?s ( ! ris+ g5]ation w e>n _! liv+ 9 indu/rial pursuits4 ,! fact is t no su* proportion ( ! *ildr5 9 s*ool w become indu/rial work]s4 ,all ! native born labor n[ employ$ 9 manufactur+ & me*anical indu/ries con/itutes only #dd p] c5t ( ! total numb] ( native born work]s 9 ! city4 ,moreov]1 ne>ly half ( ! indu/rial work]s are employ$ 9 unskill$ & semi-skill$ occupations = :i* no tra9+ is requir$ beyond a few days' or weeks' practice on ! job4 ,su* tra9+ calls = a me*anical equipm5t f> m ext5sive ?an ! res\rces ( ! s*ool sy/em c provide1 & c be giv5 by ! factory m effectively & mu* m *eaply ?an by ! s*ools4 ,9 ! f9al analysis1 ! problem ( indu/rial tra9+ n>r[s d[n to ! skill$ indu/rial trades4 ,approximately #bb p] c5t ( ! total numb] ( ,am]ican work]s 9 ! city are employ$ 9 skill$ manual occupations4 ,?is does n mean t a con/ructive program ( indu/rial education w\ld affect #bb p] c5t ( ! pres5t s*ool enrollm5t4 ,all ! weight ( educational op9ion & exp]i5ce is on ! side ( exclud+ ! *ildr5 ( ! l[] & middle age gr\ps z too "y to pr(it by any sort ( indu/rial tra9+1 :ile ! evid5ce collect$ by ! survey goes to %[ t ( ! rema9d] less ?an "o-fif? ( ! girls & "o-f\r? ( ! boys are likely to become skill$ indu/rial work]s4 ,,an ,,actu>ial ,,basis ,,= ,,indu/rial ,,education ,consid]ations l ! =ego+ h det]m9$ ! fundam5tal me?od ( ! ,clevel& ,indu/rial ,survey4 ,plans = ! pres5t g5]ation h be5 =mulat$ on ! basis ( future prospects z =etold by /ate & f$]al c5sus data4 ,! me?ods us$ 7 *>act]iz$ by a memb] ( ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation ,survey ,committee z ! actu>ial basis ( vocational education4 ,?is is accurately descriptive1 because ! me?od ( =eca/+ ! numb] ( m5 ! community w ne$ = ea* wage-e>n+ occupation closely resembles t employ$ by life insurance actu>ies 9 =etell+ h[ long m5 ( diff]5t ages are likely to live4 ,su* me?ods are simil> to ^? commonly us$ 9 comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,!y deal ) mass data r ?an ) individual figures1 & ) relative values r ?an ) absolute ones4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,wage ,,e>n]s ,,( ,,clevel& ,9 #aiaj ,clevel& rank$ six? among ! cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z to numb] ( inhabitants1 ) a population ( approximately #efa1jjj4 ,! city is gr[+ rapidly4 ,f #aijj to #aiaj ! increase 9 ! total numb] ( inhabitants 0 ov] #df p] c5t4 ,! ,c5sus ,bureau e/imate ( ! population 9 #aiad is approximately #fci1jjj4 ,( ! #aj l>ge/ cities 9 ! c\ntry only "o--,detroit--_h 9 #aiaj a great] proportion ( its wage e>n]s engag$ 9 indu/rial employm5t ?an ,clevel&4 ,relatively ,clevel& has "o & "o-f\r? times z _m indu/rial work]s z ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 ,/4 ,l\is1 or ,baltimore1 & "o & two-fif?s times z _m z ,bo/on4 ,on ! o!r h& a small] proportion ( ! adult work]s ( ! city e>n _! liv+ 9 pr(essional1 cl]ical1 & comm]cial "w1 or 9 dome/ic & p]sonal s]vice employm5ts ?an 9 mo/ l>ge cities4 ,table #a %[s by l>ge occupational gr\ps ! di/ribution 9 #aiaj ( ! work+ population 9 ,clevel&4 ,! classification is t adopt$ by ! f$]al c5sus4 ,m ?an #ef p] c5t ( ! male work]s ( ! city & ab\t #cc p] c5t ( ! wom5 work]s 7 engag$ 9 manufactur+ & me*anical occupations4 ,! trade gr\p ranks next1 ab\t #ad p] c5t ( ! m5 & approximately #aa p] c5t ( ! wom5 be+ engag$ 9 comm]cial occupations4 ,( ea* #ajj wom5 9 employm5t #cj are s]vants1 laundresses1 h\sekeep]s1 or are engag$ 9 "s o!r =m ( p]sonal s]vice1 :ile only five m5 ( ea* #ajj e>n _! liv+ 9 ?is k9d ( "w4 ,railroad & /reet transportation1 ) ! telegraph & telephone & mail sy/ems ( communication1 requires ! s]vices ( #aa p] c5t ( ! male work+ population1 b uses v few wom54 ,ab\t sev5 p] c5t ( ! m5 & #ae p] c5t ( ! wom5 are employ$ 9 cl]ical "w4 ,a slightly l>g] ratio ( wom5 to m5 is f\nd 9 ! pr(essional occupations1 due ma9ly to ! l>ge numb] ( wom5 9 ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,! :ole pr(essional gr\p con/itutes less ?an five p] c5t ( ! total work+ population4 ,,table #a4--,,occupational ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,work+ ,,population ,,( ,,clevel&1 ,,c5sus ,,( ,,occupations1 #aiaj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,occupational gr\p ,m5 ,wom5 ,total ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,manufactur+ & me*anical indu/ries #aji1fdd #ah1bja #abg1hde ,trade #bg1bbi #e1idb #cc1aga ,dome/ic & p]sonal s]vice #i1edf #af1dfg #bf1jfc ,transportation #ba1ecj #a1aaj #bb1fdj ,cl]ical occupations #ad1jdg #h1ajj #bb1adg ,pr(essional s]vice #g1bjd #d1hfi #ab1jgc ,public s]vice #c1dfa #ci #c1ejj ,agricultural & extraction ( m9]als #a1cfg #hj #a1ddg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #aid1jgh #ed1hjh #bdh1hhf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,f ! /&po9t ( vocational tra9+ "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ facts ab\t ,clevel& wage-e>n]s is t a l>ge majority ( !m are n ,clevel&]s4 ,almo/ exactly half ( ! m5 9 ga9ful employm5t 7 born outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates &1 due to ! rapid gr[? ( ! city1 !re has be5 a consid]able influx ( work]s f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 9 rec5t ye>s1 s t a l>ge proportion ev5 ( ! ,am]ican work+ population 0 born1 br\ght up1 & educat$ 9 "s o!r place4 ,! numb] & p] c5t ( =eign born1 ( =eign or mix$ p>5tage b born 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ( native p>5tage is %[n 9 ,table #b4 ,,table #b4--,,nativity ,,( ,,! ,,work+ ,,population ,,9 ,,clevel&4 ,u4,s4 ,,c5sus1 #aiaj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,m5 ,wom5 ---------------------------------- ,nativity ,numb] ,p] c5t ,numb] ,p] c5t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,=eign born #if1bia #ej #af1fgc #ca ,=eign or mix$ p>5tage #ee1jgd #bh #bd1bge #dd ,native p>5tage #db1gac #bb #ac1hfj #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,total #aid1jgh #ajj #ed1hjh #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m ?an ?ree-f\r?s are =eign or ( =eign or mix$ p>5tage4 ,! proportion ( ^? born 9 ?is c\ntry ( ,am]ican p>5tage is approximately ! same = bo? sexes1 b ! numb] ( wom5 work]s ( mix$ p>5tage is relatively mu* l>g] ?an among ! m54 ,r\ghly1 ( ea* #aj m5 employ$ 9 ga9ful occupations1 five1 & ( ea* #aj work+ wom51 ?ree1 7 born abroad4 ,! l>ge proportion ( =eign]s 9 ! trades has an important be>+ on ! problem ( vocational tra9+4 ,"s ( ! skill$ occupations are monopoliz$ by =eign labor to su* an ext5t t !y (f] a v limit$ field ( employm5t = native workm54 ,cab9et mak+1 tailor+1 mold+1 blacksmi?+1 bak+1 & %oe mak+1 are examples4 ,"s ( ^! trades h practically ceas$ to recruit f ,am]ican labor4 ,?is condition has to be con/antly borne 9 m9d 9 plann+ tra9+ c\rses to prep>e boys = ! skill$ trades1 because ( ! m>k$ disp>ity :i* (t5 exi/s betwe5 ! size ( a trade & ! field ( opportunity x pres5ts = boys ( native bir?4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,future ,,wage-,,e>n]s ,,( ,,clevel& ,9 #aiae !re 7 9 ,clevel& approximately #ej1jjj boys betwe5 ! ages ( six & #ae1 & #ef1jjj girls betwe5 ! ages ( six & #af1 ! age p]iod dur+ :i* s*ool att5dance is requir$ by law4 ,( ^! #ajf1jjj *ildr5 approximately #cg1jjj boys & #ch1jjj girls 7 enroll$ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,exact data z to ^? att5d+ private & p>o*ial s*ools are n available4 ,! total enrollm5t 9 su* s*ools has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ z betwe5 #be1jjj & #cj1jjj4 ,,! ,,public ,,s*ools ,! public s*ool sy/em 9 #aiae enroll$ approximately #hb1jjj *ildr5 ( all ages1 ( :om ab\t half 7 boys & half girls4 ,!y are taught 9 #ih elem5t>y s*ools & #aj high s*ools4 ,! elem5t>y c\rse comprises eight grades4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! s*ool ye> #aiae-af two junior high s*ools 7 op5$ = pupils ( ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,x is to be expect$ t ?is plan w soon be ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! city1 s t ! enrollm5t 9 elem5t>y s*ools w be made up ( pupils ( ! fir/ six grades only4 ,! di/ribution by grade is giv5 9 ,table #c4 ,! k9d]g>t5 grades & ! special ungrad$ classes are omitt$4 ,,table #c4--,,pupils ,,enroll$ ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,grades ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,day ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,june1 #aiae --------------------------------------- ,grade ,pupils --------------------------------------- #a #ac1ajh #b #aj1heg #c #aj1efb #d #i1cbc #e #h1ijb #f #g1bei #g #f1dbi #h #d1ijc ,i #c1abb ,,ii #b1ajj ,,iii #a1ecd ,,iv #a1cii --------------------------------------- ,ab\t #gg p] c5t ( ! *ildr5 are enroll$ 9 ! grades bel[ ! sev5?1 ab\t #ac p] c5t 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades1 a little ov] six p] c5t 9 ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! high s*ool1 & less ?an ?ree & "o-half p] c5t 9 ! ?ird & f\r?4 ,!re are eight academic high s*ools1 two te*nical high s*ools1 & two comm]cial high s*ools4 ,! te*nical high s*ools are /eadily gr[+ 9 favor4 ,! regi/ration ( boys 9 ^! s*ools increas$ ab\t #cc p] c5t f #aiac to #aiae1 & ( girls ab\t #gg p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! regi/ration ( boys 9 ! academic high s*ools decreas$ slightly1 :ile ! increase ( girl /ud5ts 0 only eight p] c5t2 9 ! comm]cial high s*ools ! numb] ( girl /ud5ts increas$ #bj p] c5t1 :ile ! enrollm5t ( boys fell (f m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,! enrollm5t by individual s*ools is %[n 9 ,table #d4 ,,table #d4--;,,enrollm5t ,,( ,,high ,,s*ool ,,pupils1 ,,second ,,seme/]1 #aiad-aiae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,enrollm5t ,s*ools --------------------------- ,boys ,girls ,total ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,academic high s*ools ,c5tral #hjd #gaa #a1eae ,ea/ #fjg #fhh #a1bie ,gl5ville #dje #faa #a1jaf ,we/ #bdf #cgg #fbc ,l9coln #bgg #cbi #fjf ,s\? #bac #bch #dea ,total #b1eeb #b1ied #e1ejf ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,te*nical high s*ools ,ea/ ,te*nical #a1afa #edh #a1gji ,we/ ,te*nical #eae #bdb #geg ,total #a1fgf #gij #b1dff ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,comm]cial high s*ools ,we/ ,comm]cial #bdi #ebh #ggg ,ea/ ,comm]cial #di #if #ade ,total #bih #fbd #ibb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,all high s*ools #d1ebf #d1cfh #h1hid ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( ! high s*ool pupils ( ! city are 9 ! te*nical & comm]cial s*ools4 ,( ! boys #ef p] c5t are enroll$ 9 ! academic high s*ools1 #cg p] c5t 9 ! te*nical s*ools1 & sev5 p] c5t 9 ! comm]cial s*ools4 ,( ! girls #fh p] c5t att5d ! academic high s*ools1 #ah p] c5t ! te*nical s*ools1 & #ad p] c5t ! comm]cial s*ools4 ,9 ! comm]cial high s*ool approximately two-?irds ( ! enrollm5t is made up ( girls4 ,9 ! te*nical high s*ools ! opposite condition prevails1 ! girls con/itut+ less ?an "o-?ird ( ! total enrollm5t1 :ile 9 ! academic high s*ools ! girls outnumb] ! boys by ne>ly "o-six?4 ,,ages ,,( ,,pupils ,! di/ribution z to ages is %[n 9 ,table #e4 ,! l>ge/ gr\p is made up ( *ildr5 sev5 ye>s old4 ,betwe5 #ad & #ae ov] #cj p] c5t leave s*ool4 ,! loss f #af to #ag is approximately #dc p] c5t1 f #ag to #ah ab\t #dd p] c5t1 & f #ah to #ai ne>ly #fb p] c5t4 ,! compulsory att5dance law requires boys to att5d s*ool until !y are #ae & girls until !y are #af4 ,t ! law is n adequately en=c$ is demon/rat$ by ! heavy loss betwe5 ! ages ( #ad & #ae1 & ! fact t ! loss betwe5 #ae & #af is approximately ! same = bo? boys & girls1 al?\gh girls are requir$ to att5d "o ye> long] ?an boys4 ,additional evid5ce z to ! laxity 9 ! en=cem5t ( ! compulsory law is f\nd 9 ! results ( an inquiry conduct$ by ! ,consum]s' ,league ( ,clevel& 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaf1 9 coop]ation ) ! survey4 ,,table #e4--;,,ages ,,( ,,pupils ,,enroll$ ,,9 ,,public ,,elem5t>y1 ,,high1 ,,& ,,normal ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,june1 #aiae ---------------------------------------- --------- ,age ,boys ,girls ,total ---------------------------------------- ------ #f #d1bee #d1ahj #h1dce #g #e1jab #d1hae #i1hbg #h #d1dif #d1djg #h1ijc #i #d1bfh #d1ajc #h1cga #aj #d1jic #c1iea #h1jdd #aa #c1gdg #c1eic #g1cdj #ab #c1gjj #c1fdf #g1cdf #ac #c1fgf #c1fca #g1cjg #ad #c1dde #c1bga #f1gaf #ae #b1ceh #b1bia #d1fdi #af #a1aij #a1afc #b1cec #ag #fgb #fhj #a1ceb #ah #djc #ceh #gfa #ai #ace #aef #bia #bj #da #eb #ic ,ov] #bj 444 #bb #bb ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #da1dia #dj1cai #ha1haj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,an attempt 0 made to foll[ up ! cases ( all ! *ildr5 :o _h left "o public elem5t>y s*ool dur+ ! p]iod ( "o ye> prec$+ ! /udy4 ,! "w 0 done by ! case me?od & ! homes ( ! *ildr5 7 visit$4 ,! total numb] ( cases /udi$ 0 #aag1 ( :om #hi 7 girls4 ,x 0 f\nd t "o-?ird ( ^! *ildr5 _h graduat$ & gone on to high s*ool4 ,ano!r ?ird _h gone to "w1 & ( ^!1 #dj p] c5t _h done s )\t graduat+4 ,! *ildr5 con/itut+ ! rema9+ ?ird 7 /ay+ at home1 & among ^! a majority _h dropp$ out )\t graduat+4 ,( ! eigh? grade graduates "o-half 7 f\nd to be illegally employ$1 z !y 7 less ?an #af ye>s ( age4 ,among ^? :o dropp$ out & w5t to "w be=e complet+ ! c\rse #hj p] c5t 7 illegally employ$4 ,! fact t _m girls drop out )\t graduat+ & be=e ! end ( ! legal att5dance p]iod & rema9 at home indicates t mo/ ( !m d n leave on acc\nt ( f9ancial necessity4 ,?is conclusion is sub/antiat$ by ! te/imony ( ! girls & _! p>5ts1 _m ( :om say t ! girls left simply because !y grew tir$ ( att5d+ & did n see ! value ( rema9+4 ,^! facts po9t to ! necessity = mu* m effective "w 9 en=c+ ! compulsory att5dance laws1 = f> bett] inspection ( %ops & factories to detect violations ( ! *ild labor laws1 & above all to su* a re=m ( ! s*ool+ opportunities provid$ = old] girls z w make !m & _! p>5ts see ! value ( secur+ ! advantages ( ! tra9+ provid$4 ,,education ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,leav+ ,,s*ool ,ab\t #c1gjj boys & an approximately equal numb] ( girls drop out ( ! public s*ools ea* ye>4 ,mo/ ( ! boys & a consid]able numb] ( ! girls ent] wage-e>n+ at once4 ,_! educational equipm5t at ! "t ( leav+ s*ool is indicat$ 9 ,table #f4 ,,table #f4--;,,educational ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,:o ,,drop ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,s*ools ,,ea* ,,ye>1 ,,z ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,! ,,grades ,,f ,,:i* ,,!y ,,leave ----------------------------------- ,grade ,numb] leav+ ----------------------------------- #d #gj #e #ddj #f #ifj #g #abfj #h #afcj ,i #hij ,,ii #eij ,,iii #aej ,,iv #adaj ----------------------------------- ,total #gdjj ----------------------------------- ,slightly less ?an "o-fif? f9i% ! high s*ool c\rse4 ,ne>ly ?ree-fif?s drop out be=e ent]+ ! high s*ool1 & approximately ?ree-eigh?s be=e rea*+ ! eigh? grade4 ,"u ! pres5t compulsory att5dance law a boy :o ent]s s*ool at ! age ( six & aft]w>ds advances at ! rate ( "o grade p] ye> until ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod %\ld cov] n9e grades--eight 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool & "o 9 high s*ool--by ! "t he is #ae ye>s old4 ,9 actual fact1 h[ev]1 only ab\t two-fif?s get any high s*ool tra9+4 ,ne>ly all ( ! re/ take ! eight to n9e ye>s' att5dance requir$ by law to complete eight1 sev51 six1 or ev5 a small] numb] ( grades4 ,x is f ?is body ( pupils t mo/ ( ! wage-e>n]s are recruit$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! survey sev]al inve/igations 7 made = ! purpose ( f9d+ out :at educational prep>ation work]s 9 v>i\s indu/ries _h receiv$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ext5sive ( ^! 0 conduct$ 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! pr9t+ indu/ry4 ,educationally ! pr9t+ trades rank high] ?an mo/ o!r factory occupations1 yet ! av]age j\rneyman pr9t] possesses less ?an a complete elem5t>y education4 ,compos+-room employees1 su* z compositors1 l9otyp]s1 /onem51 pro(-read]s1 etc41 und\bt$ly /& at ! head ( ! skill$ trades z to educational tra9+1 b x 0 f\nd t only eight p] c5t 7 high s*ool graduates4 ,six p] c5t _h left s*ool be=e rea*+ ! sev5? grade1 & #af p] c5t be=e rea*+ ! eigh? grade4 ,! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! pr9t+ indu/ry made a mu* less favorable %[+4 ,an inve/igation conduct$ by ! ,survey 9 ! spr+ ( #aiae1 cov]+ #e1jjj "y p at "w "u #ba ye>s ( age1 indicat$ t only ab\t #ac p] c5t ( ^! "y work]s _h receiv$ any high s*ool tra9+ & t less ?an f\r p] c5t _h complet$ a high s*ool c\rse4 ,ov] "o-fif? report$ ! six? grade z ! la/ complet$ be=e leav+ s*ool1 & ne>ly half _h dropp$ out be=e complet+ ! elem5t>y c\rse4 ,less ?an sev5 p] c5t ( ! boys engag$ 9 indu/rial pursuits _h receiv$ any high s*ool tra9+ & only #db p] c5t _h got beyond ! sev5? grade4 ,! educational prep>ation ( ! boys engag$ 9 comm]cial & cl]ical occupations 0 some:at bett]1 ne>ly #bb p] c5t hav+ att5d$ high s*ool "o ye> or m2 ab\t "o-half _h left s*ool aft] complet+ ! eigh? grade & ne>ly "o-?ird _h n complet$ ! elem5t>y c\rse4 ,^! facts h a vital relation to ! problem ( vocational tra9+4 ,if ! great majority ( ! *ildr5 :o w lat] ent] wage-e>n+ occupations d n rema9 9 s*ool beyond ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod1 & 9 addition ov] half fail to complete ev5 ! elem5t>y c\rse1 vocational tra9+1 to rea* !m at all1 mu/ beg9 n lat] ?an ! sev5? grade1 & if possible1 be=e ! pupils rea* ! age ( #ad4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,indu/rial ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,boys ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii ! di/ribution ( ! wage-e>n]s ( ! city 0 outl9$1 ma9ly = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a basis on :i* to make a =eca/ ( ! future occupations ( ! *ildr5 9 ! public s*ools4 ,su* a =eca/ is ess5tial z ! prelim9>y /ep 9 any plan ( vocational tra9+ to be c>ri$ out dur+ ! s*ool p]iod1 = ! reason t )\t x a cle> und]/&+ ( ! pr9cipal factors ( ! problem is impossible4 ,! k9ds ( vocational tra9+ ne$$ by *ildr5 9 s*ool1 & h[ & :]e su* tra9+ %\ld be giv51 mu/ always dep5d 9 ! fir/ in/ance on :at !y are go+ to d :5 !y gr[ up4 ,! av]age elem5t>y s*ool 9 ,clevel& enrolls betwe5 #cej & #djj boys4 ,:5 !y leave s*ool ^! boys w scatt] into _m diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,) respect to ! future vocations ( ! pupils1 ! av]age s*ool repres5ts 9 a s5se a cross section ( ! occupational activities ( ! city4 ,x conta9s a c]ta9 numb] ( recruits = ea* ( ! pr9cipal types ( wage-e>n+ pursuits4 ,a few ( ! boys w lat] ent] pr(essional life2 _m w take up "s sort ( cl]ical "w2 a /ill l>g] numb] w be employ$ 9 comm]cial occupations2 & ! l>ge/ gr\p ( all w become wage-e>n]s 9 manufactur+ & me*anical pursuits4 ,! future occupation _c be =etold accurately ) respect to any p>ticul> boy1 b we d "k t1 :atev] _! individual ta/es & abilities1 ! boys mu/ f9ally engage 9 activities simil> to ^? 9 :i* ! adult born native male population is engag$1 & 9 approximately ! same proportions4 ,we d n "k1 = example1 :e!r ,johnny ,jones w become a doctor or a c>p5t]1 b we d "k t ( ea* #a1jjj boys 9 ! public s*ools ab\t sev5 w become doctors & ab\t #be w become c>p5t]s1 because = _m ye>s ab\t ^? proportions ( ! boys ( native bir? 9 ,clevel& h become doctors & c>p5t]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ impressive facts :i* comes to light 9 ! /udy ( occupational /ati/ics is ! con/ancy 9 ^! proportions4 ,! bus9ess ( any community requires c]ta9 k9ds ( "w to be p]=m$ & ! relative am\nt ( "w requir$ & consequ5tly ! relative numb] ( work]s v>y b slightly ov] a long p]iod ( "t4 ,?is pr9ciple is illu/rat$ 9 a /rik+ way by ! li/ ( occupations select$ at r&om pres5t$ 9 ,table #g1 %[+ ! numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 ! occupations specifi$ among ea* #ajj male work]s at two successive c5sus ye>s4 ,,table #g--,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,total ,,male ,,work+ ,,population ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,specifi$ ,,occupations1 #aijj ,,& #aiaj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,p] c5t ( total ,occupation work+ population -------------------- #aijj #aiaj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,ma*9i/s #d4g #e4h ,saloon keep]s #a4a 4#g ,tailors #b4a #a4g ,comm]cial travel]s 4#h #a4a ,lawy]s 4#e 4#d ,b>b]s 4#h 4#g ,bak]s 4#f 4#e ,physicians 4#f 4#e ,c>p5t]s #c4d #c4c ,cab9et mak]s 4#e 4#d ,plumb]s 4#i 4#i ,/5ograph]s & typi/s 4#c 4#c ---------------------------------------- -------- ,) ! exception ( plumb]s & /5ograph]s !re 0 ei!r an increase or a decrease f #aijj to #aiaj 9 ! relative numb] employ$ 9 ea* ( ^! occupations4 ,9 only "o occupation1 h[ev]1 t ( ma*9i/1 did ! *ange am\nt to z mu* z "o p] c5t4 ,9 all ! o!rs ! %ift dur+ ! decade 0 less ?an "o-half ( "o p] c5t1 & 9 m ?an ?ree-fif?s ( !m x did n exce$ "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t ( ! total numb] ( male work]s4 ,,:at ,,! ,,boys ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,w ,,d ,! figures 9 ?is table1 pres5t$ = illu/rative purposes1 d n accurately repres5t ! proportions ( boys n[ att5d+ ! public s*ools :o are likely to ent] ! occupations nam$1 because !y d n take into acc\nt ! fact t a consid]able numb] ( ! work]s 9 ,clevel& came to ?is c\ntry aft] !y rea*$ adult manhood & t a disproportionate numb] ( ^! =eign born work]s ent] ! indu/rial occupations4 ,= ?is reason ! total adult work+ population is n /rictly comp>able ) ! s*ool enrollm5t1 :i* is approximately n9e-t5?s native born4 ,:5 ! boys 9 ! public s*ools gr[ up !y w be di/ribut$ among ! diff]5t trades1 pr(essions1 & indu/ries 9 ab\t ! same proportions z are ! ,am]ican born m5 9 ! city at ! pres5t "t4 ,?is di/ribution is %[n = ! diff]5t occupational gr\ps 9 ,table #h4 ,,table #h4--;,,di/ribution ,,( ,,native ,,born ,,m5 ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,ages ,,( #ba ,,& #de ,,9 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,occupational ,,gr\ps ,approximate ,occupational gr\p p] c5t ,manufactur+ & me*anical occupations #dd ,comm]cial occupations #bj ,cl]ical occupations #af ,transportation occupations #aa ,dome/ic & p]sonal s]vice occupations #e ,pr(essional occupations #c ,public s]vice occupations #a ---- ,total #ajj ,! figures 9 ! column at ! "r ( ! table repres5t ! numb] ( native born m5 betwe5 ! ages ( #ba & #de among ea* hundr$ native born male inhabitants engag$ 9 ! occupations compreh5d$ 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps4 ,9 ! case ( ! indu/rial gr\p ! figure is too high1 z ! c5sus data relative to ! di/ribution ( =eign & native born include all ages1 & !re is a small] proportion ( ,am]ican born adult m5 employ$ 9 indu/ry ?an is f\nd 9 ! l[] age gr\ps4 ,ext5sive computations h %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! inaccuracies due to ?is cause are n s]i\s en\gh to affect ! use ( ! figures = our purpose4 ,let u n[ consid] :at ^! proportions mean 9 e/abli%+ vocational c\rses to prep>e boys = wage-e>n+ pursuits4 ,! future expectations ( ! boys 9 a l>ge elem5t>y s*ool enroll+ say #a1jjj pupils ( bo? sexes w\ld be ab\t z foll[s3 ,numb] ( boys :o w ent] ,manufactur+ & me*anical occupations #bbj ,comm]cial occupations #ajj ,cl]ical occupations #hj ,transportation occupations #ee ,dome/ic & p]sonal s]vice occupations #be ,pr(essional occupations #ae ,public s]vice occupations #e ---- ,total #ejj ,?is di/ribution includes all pupils1 f ! beg9n]s 9 ! fir/ grade to ! old] boys 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t diff]5tiat$ in/ruction = vocational purposes is n possible or advisable = ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,accord+ to ! commonly accept$ view among educators1 vocational tra9+ %\ld n be und]tak5 be=e ! age ( #ab ye>s1 & _m believe t ?is is too e>ly4 ,9 an elem5t>y s*ool ( #a1jjj pupils !re w\ld be ab\t #hj boys #ab ye>s old & ov]4 ,apply+ to ?is numb] ! ratios giv5 9 ! previ\s table we obta9 ! foll[+3 ,numb] ( boys :o w ent] ,manufactur+ & me*anical occupations #ce ,comm]cial occupations #af ,cl]ical occupations #ac ,transportation occupations #i ,dome/ic & p]sonal s]vice occupations #d ,pr(essional occupations #b ,public s]vice occupations #a --- ,total #hj ,! indu/rial gr\p includes all ( ! skill$ trades & mo/ ( ! semi-skill$ & unskill$ manual occupations4 ,! skill$ trades are usually gr\p$ 9 f\r ma9 classifications3 metal trades1 build+ trades1 pr9t+ trades1 & o!r trades1 ^! la/ compris+ a numb] ( small trades 9 ea* ( :i* relatively few m5 are employ$4 ,) respect to _! future occupations ! #ce boys 9 ! indu/rial gr\p are likely to be di/ribut$ ab\t z foll[s3 ,numb] ( boys :o w ent] ,metal trades #h ,build+ trades #g ,pr9t+ trades #a ,o!r trades #b ,semi-skill$ & unskill$ indu/rial occupations #ag --- #ce ,! analysis c be c>ri$ /ill fur!r1 = ^! trade gr\ps are by no means homog5e\s4 ,! build+ trades1 = example1 include ov] #bj di/9ct trades1 a numb] ( :i* h little 9 common ) ! o!rs z to me?ods ( "w & te*nical cont5t4 ,,organization ,,& ,,co/s ,at ?is po9t x becomes necess>y to take cognizance ( c]ta9 adm9i/rative factors :i* h a m>k$ be>+ on ! problem4 ,!y relate to ! organization ( classes 9 elem5t>y s*ools & ! co/ ( tea*+4 ,9 a s*ool ( #a1jjj pupils !re w\ld be at lea/ five sep>ate classes = ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,! #ce boys :o ne$ indu/rial tra9+ are n all f\nd 9 a s+le class1 b are di/ribut$ m or less ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! five classrooms1 t is1 !re are approximately sev5 9 ea* class4 ,a diff]5tiat$ c\rse "u ^! conditions is difficult if n impossible4 ,9 a few ( ! ,clevel& elem5t>y s*ools ! dep>tm5tal sy/em ( tea*+ is 9 use4 ,"u ?is plan some?+ might be done1 7 x n t ! total numb] ( pupils requir+ in/ruction relat+ specifically to ! indu/rial trades is too small to ju/ify ! exp5se necess>y = equipm5t1 mat]ial1 & special in/ruction requir$ = su* tra9+4 ,?is is true z reg>ds ev5 an indu/rial c\rse ( ! mo/ g5]al k9d1 :ile provision = p>ticul> trades is entirely out ( ! "q4 ,! ma*9i/'s trade employs m m5 ?an any o!r occupation 9 ! city1 yet ! numb] ( sev5? & eigh? grade boys 9 ! av]age elem5t>y s*ool :o w probably become ma*9i/s does n exce$ five or six4 ,n ov] two boys are likely to ent] employm5t 9 ! pr9t+ indu/ry4 ,! small] trades1 su* z patt]n mak+1 cab9et mak+1 mold+1 & blacksmi?+ are repres5t$ by n m ?an "o boy ea*4 ,a possible alt]native is ! plan n[ foll[$ 9 ! tea*+ ( manual tra9+ :]eby ! boys ( ! upp] grades 9 v>i\s elem5t>y s*ools are s5t to "o c5trally locat$ = a %ort p]iod ( in/ruction ea* week4 ,! pr9cipal objection to ?is plan is t ! am\nt ( "t n[ giv5 is insuffici5t to accompli% mu* 9 an indu/rial c\rse1 nor c x be mat]ially increas$ )\t s]i\sly int]f]+ ) ! "w 9 o!r subjects4 ,! fir/ condition = successful indu/rial tra9+ is ! conc5tration ( a l>ge numb] ( pupils old en\gh to b5efit by su* tra9+ 9 a s+le s*ool plant4 ,only 9 ?is way is x possible to br+ ! co/ ( tea*+1 equipm5t1 & mat]ial )9 reasonable limits & provide facilities = diff]5tiat+ ! "w on ! basis ( ! vocational ne$s ( ! pupils4 ,! fact t ?is condition _c be met 9 elem5t>y s*ools is "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts 9 favor ( conduct+ ! sev5? & eigh? grade "w "u ! junior high s*ool =m ( organization4 ,,:at ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools ,,c ,,d ,! mo/ important contribution to vocational education ! elem5t>y s*ool c make consi/s 9 gett+ ! *ildr5 ?r\gh ! l[] grades fa/ en\gh s t !y w rea* ! junior high s*ool by ! "t !y are #ac ye>s old1 9 ord] t be=e ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod !y may sp5d at lea/ two ye>s 9 a s*ool :]e "s k9d ( indu/rial tra9+ is possible4 ,t ?is is n be+ done at ! pres5t "t ! data pres5t$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv amply demon/rate4 ,9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a t5d5cy to reg>d vocational tra9+ z a rem$y = ret>dation4 ,! fact is t ! cure ( ret>dation is n a subsequ5t b a prelim9>y condition to successful tra9+ = wage-e>n+4 ,vocational tra9+ is n a means = ! prev5tion ( ret>dation1 b ret>dation is a mo/ effective means = ! prev5tion ( vocational tra9+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,junior ,,high ,,s*ool ,9 #aiae ! ,bo>d ( ,education au?oriz$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( junior high s*ools 9 ! city1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! s*ool ye> ( #aiae-af ! new plan 0 inaugurat$ 9 two s*ools4 ,! ,empire ,junior ,high ,s*ool1 situat$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! city1 _h an enrollm5t ( ab\t #gjj *ildr5 made up ( sev5? & eigh? grade pupils =m]ly accommodat$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( t section4 ,! ,detroit ,junior ,high ,s*ool on ! we/ side _h an enrollm5t ( ab\t #djj pupils4 ,no decision has yet be5 rea*$ z to :e!r ! c\rse %all include only two ye>s' "w1 or ?ree ye>s1 z 9 o!r cities ( ! c\ntry :]e ! junior high s*ool plan has be5 adopt$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! c\rse ) t = correspond+ grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ools %[s "s m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,less "t is devot$ to ,engli% 9 ! junior high s*ool & consid]ably m to ari?metic1 geography1 & hi/ory4 ,me*anical draw+1 n taught 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools except incid5tally 9 ! manual tra9+ classes1 is giv5 an h\r ea* week4 ,all boys receive "o h\r ( manual tra9+ a week aga9/ slightly less ?an "o & "o-half h\rs 9 ! sev5? & eigh? elem5t>y grades1 b !y may elect an additional two & "o-half h\rs a week 9 ?is subject1 toge!r ) appli$ ari?metic dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 or ) bookkeep+ dur+ ! second4 ,girls may elect an additional two & "o-half h\rs a week ( dome/ic sci5ce1 ) bookkeep+4 ,! manual tra9+ = boys comprises woodwork & bookb9d+4 ,,specializ$ ,,tra9+ ,,n ,,practicable ,9 ! junior high s*ool1 z 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ! greate/ difficulty 9 ! way ( trade tra9+ = specific occupations lies 9 ! small numb] ( pupils :o c be expect$1 )9 ! b\nds ( reasonable probability1 to ent] a s+le trade4 ,h& & ma*9e composition1 ! l>ge/ ( ! pr9t+ trades1 w s]ve z an example4 ,9 a junior high s*ool ( #a1jjj pupils1 boys & girls1 ! numb] ( boys :o are likely to become compositors is ab\t five4 ,b to tea* ?is trade pr9t+ equipm5t occupy+ consid]able space is necess>y1 toge!r ) a tea*] :o has _h "s exp]i5ce or tra9+ z a pr9t]4 ,! exp5se p] pupil = equipm5t1 = ! space x occupies1 & = in/ruction r5d]s special tra9+ = su* small classes impracticable4 ,all ( ! skill$ occupations1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ! ma*9i/'s trade1 are 9 ! same case4 ,an attempt to =m sep>ate classes = ea* ( ! eight l>ge/ trades 9 ! city w\ld result 9 two classes ( n ov] five pupils1 ?ree classes ( n ov] #aj pupils1 & only "o ( ov] #ac pupils4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( boys1 9 a s*ool ( ?is size1 :o are likely to ent] ea* ( ^! trades4 ,numb] ( boys :o w probably become3 ,ma*9i/s #cf ,c>p5t]s #ac ,/eam eng9e]s #aa ,pa9t]s #aj ,electricians #i ,plumb]s #g ,compositors #e ,mold]s #e ,a ,,g5]al ,,indu/rial ,,c\rse ,! memb]s ( ! ,survey ,/aff 71 h[ev]1 ( ! op9ion t ?r\gh ! sy/em ( electives 9 ! junior high s*ool1 indu/rial tra9+ ( a m g5]al type1 made up *iefly ( in/ruction 9 ! applications ( ma!matics1 draw+1 physics1 & *emi/ry to ! common] indu/rial processes1 w\ld be ( consid]able b5efit to ^? boys :o1 on ! basis ( _! own selection or t ( _! p>5ts1 are likely to ent] indu/rial pursuits4 ,a c\rse ( ?is k9d is outl9$ 9 foll[+ sections ( ?is *apt]4 ,! objections :i* may be br\ght aga9/ ?is plan are frankly recogniz$4 ,x takes into acc\nt only ! int]e/s ( ! indu/rial gr\p1 compris+ less ?an "o-half ( ! boys 9 ! s*ool4 ,unque/ionably x w\ld t5d to vitalize ! tea*+ ( ma!matics1 draw+1 & sci5ce = ! boys :o enroll 9 ! indu/rial c\rse1 b x leaves unsolv$ ! "q ( me?od & cont5t ( in/ruction 9 ^! subjects = ! boys 9 ! non-indu/rial or s-call$ academic c\rse4 ,v possibly future exp]i5ce may demon/rate t ! plan recomm5d$ = ! g5]al indu/rial c\rse af=ds ! be/ m$ium = tea*+ sci5ce & ma!matics at ?is p]iod to all pupils1 9 :i* case a diff]5tiat$ c\rse w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,! organization ( vocational tra9+ 9 junior high s*ool grades pres5ts _m difficulties :i* _c be solv$ by a m or less ab/ract /udy ( educational & indu/rial ne$s4 ,exp]im5tation on an ext5sive scale1 cov]+ a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 is necess>y be=e def9ite conclusions c be drawn z to ! limitations & possibilities ( su* "w4 ,x is ) a full appreciation ( ?is fact t ! foll[+ sugge/ive outl9e is pres5t$4 ,! purpose ( ! g5]al indu/rial c\rse is to af=d to boys :o wi% to ent] indu/rial occupations ! opportunity to secure k & tra9+ t w be ( direct or indirect value to !m 9 indu/rial employm5t4 ,x is n expect$ t by ?is means !y c be giv5 mu* practical tra9+ 9 h& "w = any p>ticul> trade4 ,! mo/ ! s*ool c d = ! boy at ?is p]iod is to bridge ov] = him ! gap t exi/s betwe5 ! k he obta9s f books & ! role :i* ?is k plays 9 ! work+ _w4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ t ! transition c be effect$ m]ely by ! introduction ( %op "w1 ev5 if x 7 possible to provide ! wide v>iety ( manual tra9+ necess>y to make up a fair repres5tation ( ! pr9cipal occupations into :i* ! boys w ent] :5 !y leave s*ool4 ,x is d\btful :e!r1 s f> z its vocational value is conc]n$1 %op "w isolat$ f o!r subjects ( ! curriculum is wor? any m p] unit ( "t devot$ to x ?an sev]al ( ! s-call$ academic subjects4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! two mo/ common types ( manual tra9+--cab9et mak+ & =ge "w4 ,bo? repres5t dy+ trades4 ,dur+ ! decade #aijj-aiaj ! increase 9 ! numb] ( cab9et mak]s 9 ,clevel& fell f> bel[ ! g5]al increase 9 population4 ,! blacksmi?s made a /ill poor] %[+4 ,bo? trades are recruit$ ma9ly f abroad & ! relative numb] ( ,am]icans employ$ 9 !m is /eadily decl9+4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,survey ,/aff a g5]al indu/rial c\rse %\ld cov] in/ruction 9 at lea/ ! foll[+ five subjects3 ,indu/rial ma!matics1 me*anical draw+1 indu/rial sci5ce1 %op "w1 & ! /udy ( economic & work+ conditions 9 wage e>n+ pursuits4 ,^! may be (f]$ z indep5d5t electives or !y may be requir$ ( all pupils :o elect ! indu/rial c\rse4 ,! details ( organization mu/1 ( c\rse1 be work$ out by trial & exp]im5t4 ,!y w probably v>y 9 diff]5t s*ools & f ye> to ye>4 ,,indu/rial ,,ma!matics ,( ! hundr$s ( employ]s :o 7 int]view$ by memb]s ( ! ,survey ,/aff z to ! te*nical equipm5t ne$$ by beg9n]s 9 ! v>i\s trades1 ne>ly all emphasiz$ ! ability to apply ! pr9ciples ( simple ari?metic quickly1 correctly1 & accurately to indu/rial problems4 ,_m employ]s criticiz$ ! pres5t me?ods ( tea*+ ?is subject 9 ! public s*ools4 ,9 ! ma9 _! criticisms 7 to ! effect t ! tea*+ 0 n practical4 ,! boys ,i get may "k ari?metic1 said "o1 b !y hav5't any ma!matical s5se4 ,ano!r cit$ 8 exp]i5ce ) an appr5tice :o 0 told to cut a b> eight & "o-half feet long into five pieces ( equal l5g?4 ,he 0 n told ! l5g? ( ! b>1 b 0 giv5 ! direct ord]3 ,cut t b> into five pieces all ( ! same size4 ,! boy 0 unable to lay out ! "w1 al?\gh :5 ask$ by ! =eman1 ,don't y "k h[ to divide #ha_/b by #e81 he p]=m$ ! ari?metical op]ation )\t difficulty4 ,! employ] gave ?is in/ance z an illu/ration ( :at to 8 m9d con/itut$ "o ( ! pr9cipal defects ( public s*ool tea*+4 ,m]e k ( ma!matical pr9ciples & ! ability to solve ab/ract problems is n en\gh1 he said4 ,:at ! boys get 9 ! s*ools is ma!matical skill1 b :at !y ne$ 9 _! "w is ma!matical intellig5ce4 ,! fir/ does n necess>ily imply ! second4 ,?is ma!matical intellig5ce c be develop$ only ?r\gh practice 9 ! solution ( practical problems1 t is1 problems :i* are /at$ 9 ! e day t]ms ( ! work+ _w & :i* require ! /ud5t to g ?r\gh ! successive m5tal /eps 9 ! same way t he w\ld if he 7 work+ 9 a %op4 ,! problem ref]r$ to above is "o ( division ( fractions4 ,if we /ate x ?us3 #ha_/b_/e1 ! pupil takes p5cil & pap]1 p]=ms ! op]ation & ann\nces ! result4 ,if we say1 ,a b> #ha_/b feet long is to be cut into five pieces ( equal l5g?2 h[ long %\ld ea* piece be81 ! problem calls = ! ex]cise ( great] intellig5ce1 z ! pupil mu/ det]m9e :i* process to use 9 ord] to obta9 ! correct result4 ,x becomes /ill m difficult if we m]ely %[ him ! b> & say3 ,?is b> mu/ be cut into five pieces ( equal l5g?2 h[ long w ea* piece be8 ,sev]al additional prelim9>y /eps are requir$1 none ( :i* 0 involv$ 9 ! problem 9 its orig9al =m4 ,be=e ! l5g? ( ! pieces c be comput$ he mu/ f9d out ! l5g? ( ! b>4 ,he mu/ "k :at to measure x )1 & 9 :at t]ms1 :e!r feet or in*es1 ! problem %\ld be /at$4 ,aga91 if we say3 ,lay ?is b> out to be cut 9 five equal l5g?s1 ano!r /ep--! measurem5t & m>k+ = ea* cut--is add$4 ,_m v>iations might be introduc$1 ea* involv+ additional opportunities = ! ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,x is ?r\gh practice 9 solv+ problems ( ?is k9d t ! pupil acquires :at ! employ] call$ ma!matical intellig5ce4 ,x consi/s 9 ! ability to note :at elem5ts are involv$ 9 ! problems & to decide :i* process ( ari?metic %\ld be us$ 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,once ^! decisions are made ! succe$+ ari?metical calculations are simple & easy4 ,9 te*nical t]ms ! ability t is ne$$ is ! ability to g5]alize "o's exp]i5ces4 ,9 e-day t]ms x is ! ability to use :at "o kn[s4 ,! "w 9 appli$ ma!matics %\ld cov] a wide range ( problems word$ 9 ! language ( ! trades & con/antly v>i$ 9 ord] to e/abli% z _m po9ts ( contact z possible betwe5 ! pupil's k ( ma!matics & ! use ( ma!matics 9 indu/rial life4 ,practical %op "w is "o ( ! be/ means to ?is end4 ,! tr\ble ) mu* ( ! %op "w giv5 9 ! s*ools is t x runs to h& craftman%ip 9 :i* ! object is to make some?+ by me?ods long ago disc>d$ 9 ! indu/rial _w1 r ?an to give ! pupil ex]cise 9 ! sort ( ?9k+ he w ne$ to d aft] he goes to "w4 ,successful tea*+ does n dep5d s mu* on ! use ( tools & mat]ials z on ! tea*]'s k ( ! conditions surr\nd+ indu/rial "w & 8 ability to orig9ate me?ods = vitaliz+ ! in/ruction 9 its relation to indu/rial ne$s4 ,,me*anical ,,draw+ ,at ! pres5t "t ! junior high s*ool c\rse provides = "o h\r a week ( me*anical draw+4 ,all ! boys :o may be expect$ to elect ! indu/rial c\rse c well af=d to devote m "t to draw+4 ,= su* boys no o!r subject 9 ! curriculum1 except p]haps appli$ ma!matics1 is ( great] importance4 ,9 _m ( ! trades ! ability to "w f draw+s is indisp5sable & ! man :o does n possess x is n likely to rise above purely r\t9e "w4 ,9 a draw+ c\rse = future indu/rial work]s ! emphasis %\ld be plac$ on giv+ ! pupil an und]/&+ ( ! uses ( draw+ = indu/rial purposes1 r ?an on f9e workman%ip 9 mak+ draw+s4 ,sev5? grade boys c't be made into draftsm5 9 ?ree ye>s & if !y leave s*ool at #ae !y are n likely to become draftsm54 ,! ord9>y skill$ workman seldom has any ne$ to make draw+s or designs1 beyond an occasional r\gh sket*1 b he (t5 has to "w f draw+s4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 draw+ to ! av]age workman is l an additional language ( :i* he ne$s a read+ b n a writ+ k4 ,no d\bt x w\ld be well to tea* him to write & read ) equal skill1 b 9 ! two or ?ree ye>s mo/ ( ^! boys w rema9 9 s*ool !re is n "t en\gh to d bo?4 ,,indu/rial ,,sci5ce ,9 _m ( ! trades an introductory k ( physics & *emi/ry is ( consid]able advantage4 ,boys 9 ! junior high s*ool _c be expect$ to take =mal c\rses 9 ^! subjects1 b !y %\ld n leave s*ool )\t "s acqua9tance ) !m & a k ( _! relations to indu/rial processes4 ,a fair equipm5t %\ld be provid$ = demon/rational & illu/rative purposes4 ,! subject matt] %\ld be correlat$ z closely z possible ) ! %op "w1 & ! pr9cipal me*anical & *emical laws expla9$ z ! %op problems furni% examples ( _! application4 ,9 addition ! boys %\ld be taught ! common te*nical t]ms us$ 9 trade h& books4 ,! man :o expects to advance 9 8 trade w h to keep on le>n+ aft] he leaves s*ool4 ,!re are _m av5ues ( in=mation op5 to him1 & ! s*ool c p]=m no m valuable s]vice ?an to po9t ! way to ! s\rces ( k repres5t$ by ref]5ce books1 trade j\rnals1 & o!r te*nical lit]ature4 ,"s ( ! popul> magaz9es1 su* z ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,! ,illu/rat$ ,_w1 & ,popul> ,me*anics c be us$ mo/ effectively to br+ home to ! pupils ! close connection exi/+ betwe5 ! class "w & ! outside _w ( sci5ce & inv5tion4 ,,%op ,,"w ,x is difficult to det]m9e ! exact function ( ! manual tra9+ %op "w 9 cab9et mak+ & bookb9d+ :i* figures 9 ! curriculum at pres5t4 ,t ! "w 0 n plann$ ) vocational tra9+ 9 m9d seems cle> f ! action ( ! s*ool bo>d 9 add+ bookb9d+ to ! c\rse ab\t ! middle ( ! ye>4 ,! bookb9d+ trade is "o ( ! smalle/ 9 ! city1 & !re is little probability t m ?an "o boy among ! total numb] enroll$ 9 bo? junior high s*ools w ent] x aft] leav+ s*ool4 ,fully ?ree-f\r?s ( ! indu/rial gr\p w lat] be employ$ 9 occupations :]e mo/ ( ! "w is done ) ma*9es or ma*9e tools4 ,ev5 9 ! h& tool trades1 su* z c>p5try1 %eet metal "w1 cab9et mak+1 & blacksmi?+1 ! use ( ma*9es is con/antly increas+4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t "s acqua9tance ) diff]5t types ( ma*9es w\ld be ( consid]able value to ! pupils :o may lat] ent] indu/rial employm5t4 ,! numb] ( boys :o are likely to become ma*9i/s is l>ge en\gh to w>rant ! in/allation ( a small ma*9e %op4 ,repair+1 assembl+1 & tak+ ap>t ma*9es %\ld occupy an important place 9 ! %op c\rse4 ,mo/ boys are int5sely int]e/$ 9 gett+ at ! insides ( a ma*9e1 & ! processes ( assembl+1 ) _! att5dant problems ( adju/m5t & co-ord9ation ( me*anical movem5ts1 af=d opportunities = ! be/ k9d ( practical in/ruction4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( ?is type ( %op "w lies 9 ! fact t x consumes little or no mat]ial & is !re=e inexp5sive2 ano!r is t a fairly ext5sive equipm5t c be easily obta9$1 z any ma*9e1 old or new1 w s]ve ! purpose & may be us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! ext5t & v>iety ( %op equipm5t w dep5d l>gely on ! res\rces ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,! m ! bett]1 s long z ! money is exp5d$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! greate/ good to ! greate/ numb]1 :i* means t ! k9ds ( tools & equipm5t us$ 9 ! l>ge trades %\ld be pref]r$ to ^? us$ only 9 ! small] trades4 ,9 ord] t ! "t devot$ to %op "w may yield its greate/ results1 x is necess>y t e lesson c5t] ar\nd k & ability t w be ( real subsequ5t use to ! pupils4 ,x mu/ n run to art & x mu/ n be m]e t9k]+4 ,its pr9cipal value z vocational tra9+1 9 ! la/ analysis1 lies 9 its use z an objective m$ium = ! tea*+ ( indu/rial ma!matics & sci5ce4 ,,vocational ,,in=mation ,dur+ ! second & ?ird ye>s all ! boys :o elect ! indu/rial c\rse or :o expect to leave s*ool at ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod %\ld be requir$ to devote "s "t ea* week to ! /udy ( economic & work+ conditions 9 wage e>n+ indu/rial & comm]cial occupations4 ,a cle> und]/&+ ( ! comp>ative advantages ( diff]5t k9ds ( employm5t is ( ! highe/ importance at ?is p]iod ( ! boy's life4 ,x seems to be g5]ally assum$ t an adequate basis ( k = ! selection ( an indu/rial vocation is an acqua9tance ) mat]ials & processes4 ,su* k is valuable1 b mak+ a liv+ is ma9ly an economic problem4 ,:at an occupation means 9 t]ms ( income is m significant ?an :at x means 9 t]ms ( mat]ials4 ,! mo/ important facts ab\t ! cab9et mak+ trade1 = example1 are t x (f]s v few opportunities = employm5t to public s*ool boys1 & t x is "o ( ! l[e/ paid skill$ trades4 ,! prim>y consid]ations 9 ! intellig5t selection ( a vocation relate to wages1 /ead9ess ( employm5t1 heal? risks1 opportunities = advancem5t1 appr5tice%ip conditions1 union regulations1 & ! numb] ( *ances !re are = gett+ into x4 ,^! ?+s are fundam5tal1 & any "o ( !m may well take prec$5ce ov] ! matt] ( :e!r ! ta/es ( ! future wage-e>n] run to wood1 brick1 /one1 or /eel4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,trade ,,tra9+ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,s*ool ,betwe5 ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod & ! ent]+ age 9 mo/ ( ! trades !re exi/s a gap ( f "o to two ye>s :i* is n adequately cov]$ by any ( ! pres5t educational ag5cies ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,two ye>s ago ! ,ohio ,/ate legislature ext5d$ ! compulsory att5dance p]iod f #ad to #ae = boys & f #ad to #af = girls4 ,! result has be5 to =ce into ! fir/ ye>s ( ! high s*ool c\rse a consid]able numb] ( pupils :o h no int5tion ( tak+ ! complete f\r ye> c\rse1 & :o w leave z soon z !y rea* ! end ( ! compulsory p]iod4 ,t ^! pupils are probably n gett+ all t !y might out ( ! "t !y att5d high s*ool is no argum5t aga9/ ! pres5t compulsory att5dance age limit1 :i* %\ld be rais$ r ?an l[]$4 ,! /udy ( indu/rial conditions conduct$ dur+ ! survey left e memb] ( ! ,survey ,/aff firmly conv9c$ t ! indu/ries ( ,clevel& h little or no?+ wor? :ile to (f] to boys "u #af4 ,v few ( ! skill$ trades w accept an appr5tice bel[ ?is age4 ,! g5]al op9ion among manufactur]s 0 unfavorable to ! employm5t ( boys "u #af4 ,!y are m ( a nuisance ?an a help1 said "o2 !y are n old en\gh to und]/& ! responsibilities ( "w4 ,!y break m ma*9]y & spoil m mat]ial ?an !y are wor?1 said ano!r4 ,9 sev]al ( ! build+ trades appr5tices mu/ be #ag ye>s old1 z ! law =bids boys "u ?is age to "w on scaffold+s4 ,! new workm5's comp5sation law ex]ts a /rong influ5ce 9 favor ( a high] work+ age limit1 ow+ to ! great] risk ( accid5t among "y work]s4 ,! fact is t ! law is /ill ab\t "o ye> beh9d ! requirem5ts ( indu/rial life4 ,if a vote 7 tak5 among employ]s :o c (f] boys ! opportunity to le>n a trade x w\ld be f\nd t a l>ge majority favor rais+ ! work+ age to #af4 ,employm5t be=e ?is "t usually leads n[h]e1 & ! pittance ! boy e>ns _c be comp>$ ) ! economic advantage he c\ld d]ive f an additional ye> 9 a good vocational s*ool4 ,! av]age boy :o leaves s*ool at #ae sp5ds a ye> or two loaf+ or work+ at odd jobs be=e he c obta9 employm5t t (f]s any promise ( future advancem5t4 ,^! ye>s are (t5 m ?an wa/$1 z he n only le>ns no?+ ( value f su* casual jobs1 b misses ! heal?y discipl9e ( /eady1 ord]ly "w1 :i* is ( s great importance dur+ ^! =mative ye>s ( 8 life4 ,,! ,,te*nical ,,high ,,s*ools ,! two te*nical high s*ools1 ! ,ea/ ,te*nical & ,we/ ,te*nical1 occupy an important place among ! second>y s*ools ( ! city4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! two s*ools enroll ne>ly two-fif?s ( ! boys att5d+ high s*ool4 ,! c\rse comprises f\r ye>s' "w4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,te*nical ! %opwork includes jo9]y & wood-turn+ dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & patt]n mak+ & f\ndry "w dur+ ! second ye>4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,te*nical ! fir/ ye> c\rse includes patt]n mak+ & ei!r =g+ or %eet metal "w2 & t ( ! second ye>1 =g+1 pipe-fitt+1 braz+1 rivet+1 & cab9et mak+4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ two ye>s ( ! c\rse ! /ud5t may elect a p>ticul> trade1 devot+ ab\t #aj h\rs a week to practice 9 ! %op dur+ ! la/ half ( ! ?ird ye>1 & f #aa to #ae h\rs dur+ ! f\r? ye>4 ,! proportion ( pupils :o graduate is small & ! mortality dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s is v heavy4 ,?is is due 9 "p to ! fact t ! type ( pupil :o leaves s*ool e>ly is m likely to elect a te*nical c\rse ?an an academic c\rse4 ,ab\t #be p] c5t ( ea* ent]+ class drops out aft] att5d+ "o ye>1 & #be p] c5t ( ! rema9d] by ! end ( ! second ye>4 ,by ! "t ! ?ird ye> is rea*$ ! classes are greatly deplet$ & ! survivors z a rule are ( ! m intellig5t & prosp]\s type4 ,only a small proportion ( !m expect to ent] skill$ manual occupations4 ,table #i %[s ! di/ribution ( ! ?ird & f\r? ye> /ud5ts among ! diff]5t trade c\rses dur+ ! fir/ seme/] ( #aiae-af4 ,,table #i4--;,,di/ribution ,,( ,,?ird ,,& ,,f\r? ,,ye> ,,/ud5ts ,,9 ,,trade ,,c\rses ,,9 ,,! ,,clevel& ,,te*nical ,,high ,,s*ools1 ,,fir/ ,,seme/]1 #aiae-aiaf ,trade c\rses ,/ud5ts ,electrical con/ruction #fh ,ma*9e "w #eb ,pr9t+ #bh ,cab9et mak+ #bb ,patt]n mak+ #ab ,f\ndry "w #a ---- ,total #ahc ,t relatively few ( ^! /ud5ts w ultimately become j\rneym5 workm5 is %[n by ! records ( ! boys graduat$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! pr9cipal ( ! ,ea/ ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool rec5tly s5t a que/ionnaire to all ! /ud5ts graduat$ up to #aiae1 ask+ = in=mation z to _! pres5t occupations & _! e>n+s dur+ ! fir/ f\r ye>s aft] graduation4 ,( ^? :o repli$1 ov] #fj p] c5t ei!r 7 att5d+ college1 or employ$ z draftsm5 or *emi/s4 ,ab\t #bh p] c5t 7 employ$ 9 ! skill$ trades4 ,! di/ribution 9 detail is %[n 9 ,table #aj4 ,! data furni%$ by graduates z to _! e>n+s dur+ successive ye>s aft] leav+ s*ool supply /ill m conv9c+ evid5ce to ! effect t ! te*nical s*ool graduate seldom rema9s 9 manual "w m ?an two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! complete c\rse gives !m an equipm5t ( practical & !oretical k t spe$ily takes !m out ( ! h&work class4 ,! te*nical high s*ools are prim>ily tra9+ s*ools = future civil1 electrical1 & me*anical eng9e]s4 ,to ! /ud5t :o _c af=d a college c\rse !y (f] excell5t prep>ation = rapid advancem5t to sup]visory & executive indu/rial positions1 & = draft+ & (fice "w 9 manufactur+ plants4 ,,table #aj4--;,,di/ribution ,,by ,,occupation ,,( ,,clevel& ,,te*nical ,,high ,,s*ool ,,graduates ,occupation ,numb] ,att5d+ college #aaa ,draftsm5 #ea ,electricians #cc ,ma*9i/s #cb ,*emi/s #h ,patt]n mak]s #g ,cab9et mak]s #f ,pr9t]s #c ,f\ndrym5 #a ,unclassifi$ #cb ---- ,total #bhd ,! output ( ! s*ools falls into two ma9 divisions3 ^? :o leave at ! end ( ! second ye> or e>li]1 & ^? :o graduate4 ,! records %[ t mo/ ( ! pupils :o rea* ! ?ird ye> complete ! c\rse1 b ne>ly half drop out dur+ ! fir/ & second ye>s4 ,! b5efit !y obta9 f ^! two ye>s' att5dance is problematical4 ,! c\rse 0 design$ on ! basis ( f\r ye>s' att5dance1 & ! "w ( ! fir/ two ye>s is to a consid]able degree a prep>ation = t ( ! la/ two4 ,! pr9cipals ( bo? s*ools are fully alive to ! disadvantages ( ! c\rse = ! l>ge numb] ( pupils :o drop out )9 a ye> or two1 & admit t su* /ud5ts w\ld d]ive great] b5efit f m practical in/ruction aim$ directly t[>d prep>ation = ! indu/rial trades4 ,bo? believe t ! only practicable solution is a two-ye> trade c\rse 9 a sep>ate s*ool1 cov]+ a mu* wid] range ( %op activities ?an ! pres5t high s*ool c\rse4 ,to ! only alt]native--! in/itution ( a %ort c\rse )9 ! te*nical s*ools to be conduct$ ei!r z a "p ( or simultane\sly ) ! f\r ye> c\rse--!y pres5t objections ( consid]able weight4 ,!y po9t out t a prep>atory c\rse = ! trades & a prep>atory c\rse ) college z ! goal diff] n only 9 l5g? b 9 k9d4 ,! "w 9 ma!matics = ! future civil eng9e]1 = example1 mu/ con=m to college entrance /&>ds & involves an am\nt ( /udy t is q unnecess>y = ! boy ^: aim is to become a c>p5t] or ma*9i/4 ,! fir/ ne$s a ?or\gh c\rse 9 algebra1 geometry1 & trigonometry2 ! second ne$s indu/rial ari?metic1 ) only su* applications ( high] ma!matics z may be ( use to him 9 8 trade4 ,! same pr9ciple holds ) respect to o!r subjects4 ,:at boys :o expect to ent] indu/rial occupations mo/ ne$ at ?is p]iod is in/ruction t w be ( practical value to !m = future wage e>n+4 ,x is d\btful :e!r high s*ool c\rses :i* h be5 =mulat$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to prep>e pupils = a college c\rse c furni% su* in/ruction & x is /ill m d\btful :e!r ! trade tra9+ requir$ by ! future me*anic & ! broad] prep>ation requir$ = ! pr(essions c be giv5 effectively 9 ! same s*ool4 ,a ,,two-,,ye> ,,trade ,,c\rse ,x is ! op9ion ( ! ,survey ,/aff t a sep>ate s*ool 9 :i* direct tra9+ = ! indu/rial trades is emphasiz$ w\ld result 9 m pr(itable use ( ! pupils' "t & probably induce _m ( !m to rema9 9 s*ool up to ! appr5tice ent]+ age4 ,su* a s*ool1 ) a curriculum embrac+ vocational tra9+ = all ! pr9cipal trades1 w\ld easily comm& an enrollm5t suffici5t to ju/ify ! in/allation ( a good %op equipm5t & ! employm5t ( a corps ( tea*]s qualifi$ by special tra9+ & exp]i5ce = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,ev5 if only "o-half ! numb] :o ent] ! skill$ trades ea* ye> att5d$ ! s*ool1 ! enrollm5t w\ld rea* at lea/ #hjj boys4 ,a trade s*ool ( ?is k9d w\ld relieve ! fir/ & second ye> classes ( _m pupils t ! te*nical high s*ools d n want & _c adequately provide =4 ,! m9imum ent]+ age %\ld be n less ?an #ad1 & no requirem5t o!r ?an age %\ld be impos$4 ,?is w\ld draw "p ( ! ov]-age pupils f ! grades & take f ! junior high s*ool a c]ta9 numb] ( boys :o c\ld pr(it by ! great] am\nt ( "t giv5 to %op "w 9 ! trade s*ool4 ,a good _m w /ay only "o ye>1 & e ef=t %\ld be made at ! "t ( entrance to le>n ! int5tions ( ! pupil4 ,if x seems fairly c]ta9 t he w n rema9 long] ?an a ye> he may well omit su* /udies z h no direct be>+ on ! trade he wi%es to le>n4 ,! c\rses %\ld foll[ ! l9es laid d[n 9 ! g5]al indu/rial c\rse recomm5d$ = ! junior high s*ool1 b ) a great] proportion ( ! "t devot$ to practical %opwork4 ,z ! numb] ( pupils = ea* trade class w\ld be relatively l>ge1 a clos] correlation c\ld be effect$ betwe5 ! academic subjects & ! "w 9 ! %ops ?an is possible 9 ! junior high s*ool4 ,bo? g5]al & special c\rses %\ld be provid$4 ,_m ( ! pupils w wi% to specialize on a p>ticul> trade4 ,o!rs :o h n yet rea*$ a decision ne$ a g5]al c\rse t w give !m a wide range ( exp]i5ce ) mat]ials & processes4 ,! organization ( classes %\ld be plann$ s z to p]mit transf]s1 :5ev] desirable1 f ! g5]al to ! special c\rses1 or vice-v]sa4 ,by ! "t ! pupil has rea*$ ! second ye> he usually w settle d[n to /eady "w on ! trade he selects1 al?\gh "h aga9 ! organization %\ld be suffici5tly ela/ic to all[ transf]s :5 !re seems to be good reason = mak+ !m4 ,x is to be expect$1 h[ev]1 t ne>ly all ! pupils w devote _! "t dur+ ! second ye> to practice & /udy limit$ to s+le trades4 ,! success ( ! s*ool 9 hold+ boys to ! age ( #af or #ag w dep5d on its ability to conv9ce !m t ! extra "t 9 s*ool is a pay+ inve/m5t1 & ?is _c be done unless !y /ick to "o l9e ( "w4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,trade-,,prep>atory ,,& ,,trade-,,ext5sion ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,boys ,,& ,,m5 ,,at ,,"w ,sev]al =ms ( trade-prep>atory & trade-ext5sion tra9+ = appr5tices & j\rneym5 workm5 are c>ri$ on 9 ! city4 ,probably ! mo/ effective "w done 9 ! tea*+ ( boys aft] !y h ent]$ employm5t is f\nd 9 manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts :i* ma9ta9 appr5tice s*ools 9 connection ) _! %ops4 ,!re are two excell5t examples ( ?is type ( in/ruction 9 ,clevel&--! appr5tice s*ools conduct$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad & by ! ,w>n] & ,swasey ,company1 manufactur]s ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts & ma*9e tools4 ,! ,w>n] & ,swasey ,company s*ool 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aiaa4 ,! c\rse cov]s a total ( #efj h\rs1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( f\r ye>s4 ,! appr5tices att5d ! s*ool f\r h\rs a week = #ce weeks ea* ye>4 ,! "t allotm5t = ! v>i\s subjects includ$ 9 ! c\rse is %[n 9 ,table #aa4 ,9 #aiae !re 7 #fe appr5tices enroll$ 9 ! s*ool1 mo/ ( !m f ! ma*9i/'s trade4 ,! sessions are held dur+ work+ h\rs 9 a room 9 ! factory fitt$ up ) draw+ tables & blackbo>ds4 ,no %op equipm5t is us$4 ,! purpose ( ! c\rse is to develop a body ( tra9$ workm5 compet5t to take positions 9 ! factory z =em5 or heads ( dep>tm5ts4 ,less ?an "o-t5? ( ! total "t ( ! c\rse is devot$ to ! /udy ( %op practice4 ,/&>d textbooks are us$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ma!matics4 ,,table #aa4--,,"t ,,allotm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,appr5tice ,,c\rse ,,giv5 ,,by ,,! ,,w>n] ,,& ,,swasey ,,company1 ,,clevel& ,subject ,h\rs ,ari?metic #ce ,engli% #fe ,me*anical draw+ #gj ,%op practice #dj ,algebra #gj ,geometry #dj ,trigonometry #cj ,physics #gj ,mat]ials #ce ,indu/rial hi/ory #ce ,me*anics1 /r5g? ( mat]ials1 & me*anical design #gj --- ,total #efj ,! enrollm5t 9 ! s*ool conduct$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad is ab\t #adj boys1 ne>ly all ( :om are ma*9i/s' appr5tices4 ,!y are divid$ into ?ree classes1 ! memb]s ( ea* class att5d+ ! s*ool f\r h\rs a week4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! "t is devot$ to me*anical draw+ & "o-?ird to ma!matics & %op practice4 ,! in/ruction 9 ^! two latt] subjects is bas$ on a s]ies ( grad$ mimeograph$ or blue pr9t lesson %eets1 conta9+ a wide v>iety ( %op problems1 ) a cond5s$ & simplifi$ explanation ( ! ma!matical pr9ciples involv$4 ,9 ! ma9 ! "w is limit$ to ! application ( simple ari?metic to problems ( %op practice4 ,no textbooks are us$1 b ! booklets on ma*9e %op practice publi%$ by ! ,int]national ,correspond5ce ,s*ools are /udi$ 9 connection ) ! c\rse4 ,9 addition to ! requir$ classroom "w 9 me*anical draw+1 ea* appr5tice s]ves f\r or five mon?s ( 8 t]m 9 ! regul> draft+ rooms ( ! company4 ,! classroom is equipp$ ) models ( railway appliances & ma*9]y1 toge!r ) laboratory app>atus = tea*+ ! laws ( me*anics4 ,no ma*9e tools or o!r %op equipm5t are us$ 9 ! classes4 ,! c\rse cov]s ab\t #gjj h\rs ( in/ruction exclusive ( ! "t sp5t 9 regul> draft+ room "w4 ,ab\t #bj appr5tices f9i%$ ! c\rse 9 #aiae4 ,sev]al ( ! build+ & pr9t+ trades' labor unions take an active int]e/ 9 ! tra9+ ( appr5tices1 & 9 at lea/ two in/ances ! unions ma9ta9 ev5+ classes = tea*+ trade !ory4 ,! ,electrical ,work]s' ,union1 made up pr9cipally ( inside wirem51 conducts appr5tice classes taught by j\rneym54 ,! ,int]national ,typographical ,union c\rse = compositors & compositors' appr5tices is und\bt$ly ! be/ yet devis$ = giv+ supplem5t>y tra9+ 9 h& composition4 ,x is taught by j\rneym5 9 ev5+ classes1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! c5tral (fice ( ! ,typographical ,union ,commission1 to :i* all ! "w mu/ be submitt$4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiaf1 ab\t #ajj /ud5ts 7 enroll$1 ( :om approximately "o-?ird 7 appr5tices & two-?irds j\rneym54 ,! c\rse consi/s ( #df lessons 9 ,engli%1 lett]+1 design1 color h>mony1 job composition1 & imposition = ma*9e & h& fold+4 ,! classes are held at ! headqu>t]s ( ! union4 ,z ! /ud5ts' daily practice 9 ! %op provides pl5ty ( opportunity = ! acquisition ( manual skill1 no app>atus or %op equipm5t is us$ 9 connection ) ! c\rse4 ,! appr5tice s*ool conduct$ by ! ,y4,m4,c4,a4 repres5ts ano!r type ( appr5tice tra9+4 ,! in/ruction is giv5 dur+ ! day4 ,! appr5tices are s5t to ! s*ool by v>i\s firms 9 ! city "u an arrangem5t :]eby ! boys att5d f\r & "o-half h\rs ea* week dur+ regul> %op "t4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiaf1 ! enrollm5t consi/$ ( #df appr5tices1 practically all f ! metal trades4 ,! employ]s pay ! tuition fee1 :i* am\nts to #bj a ye>4 ,! c\rse requires f\r ye>s' "w ( #dj weeks ea*1 a total ( #gbj h\rs4 ,x comprises in/ruction 9 %op ma!matics1 draw+1 ,engli%1 physics1 & indu/rial hygi5e4 ,no %op equipm5t is us$4 ,fifte5 boys 7 graduat$ f ! c\rse ?is ye>4 ,! factory appr5tice s*ool ( ! ,w>n] & ,swasey ,company & ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad type possesses _m advantages ov] any k9d ( cont9uation in/ruction c>ri$ on outside ( ! plants :]e ! boys are employ$4 ,a bett] correlation betwe5 ! class & %op "w is possible toge!r ) a m p]sonal relation betwe5 tea*] & pupils ?an is usually f\nd :5 ! pupils are drawn f a numb] ( diff]5t e/abli%m5ts4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ?is me?od ( tra9+ appr5tices is n feasible except 9 v l>ge plants1 z 9 small classes ! tea*+ co/ becomes prohibitive4 ,!re is little probability t x w ev] be adopt$ by en\gh employ]s to take c>e ( m ?an an insignificant proportion ( ! boys :o ent] ! skill$ trades4 ,! results obta9$1 "h & 9 o!r cities1 ?r\gh cooep]ative s*emes1 su* z ! ,y4,m4,c4,a4 cont9uation s*ool1 are 9 ! ma9 disappo9t+4 ,_! failure to rea* m ?an a few ( ! boys :o ne$ trade-ext5sion tra9+ is due p>tly to ! fact t !y op]ate "u a condition t is fundam5tally unju/4 ,"o employ] int]view$ dur+ ! survey /at$ ! case v cle>ly3 ,i c see no good reason :y ,i %\ld make pecuni>y sacrifices = ! b5efit ( my competitors4 ,v few ( my appr5tices rema9 until ! end ( _! t]m1 because by ! "t !y h complet$ _! second ye> o!r firms :i* make no ef=t to tra9 _! quota ( skill$ workm5 = ! trade /eal !m away f me4 ,any plan = ! tra9+ ( appr5tices :i* does n apportion ! burd5 among ! diff]5t e/abli%m5ts 9 direct proportion to ! numb] ( m5 !y h1 simply p5alizes ^? public-spirit$ employ]s :o p>ticipate 9 x4 ,,cont9uation ,,tra9+ ,,f #ae ,,to #ah ,! ye>s betwe5 #ae & #ah are among ! mo/ important 9 ! life ( ! "y work]4 ,if left to 8 own devices dur+ ?is p]iod1 he is v likely to lose mu* ( vocational value ( 8 e>li] education1 because he does n grasp ! relation :i* ! k he acquir$ 9 s*ool be>s to 8 daily "w4 ,z a result ! problem ( supplem5t>y in/ruction at a lat] age1 :5 he wakes up to 8 ne$ = x1 becomes mu* m difficult ?an if trade-ext5sion tra9+ _h be5 tak5 up at once :5 he ent]$ employm5t4 ,! vocational int]e/s ( "y work]s & ! social int]e/s ( ! community are bo? oppos$ to ! curr5t practice ( graduat+ boys f ! public s*ools at ! ages ( #ae or #af & !n los+ sight ( !m4 ,! fact t ! l>ge numb] :o g into indu/rial occupations w n or _c rema9 9 s*ool beyond ^! ages does n absolve ! s*ool sy/em f fur!r responsibility = _! educational future4 ,!re %\ld n be a complete sev]ance betwe5 ! boy & ! s*ool until he has rea*$ a relatively mature age4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s*ool sy/em %\ld ma9ta91 z long z possible1 su* a relation ) him z w help to r\nd out 8 education & lead him to cont9ue x aft] rea*+ manhood4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! ,survey ,/aff t ! only practicable solution ( ?is problem lies 9 ! day cont9uation s*ool1 back$ by a compulsory law :i* w br+ e boy & girl at "w "u ! age ( #ah into s*ool = a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs p] week4 ,only ?r\gh a compreh5sive plan t w rea* l>ge numb]s ( "y work]s c ! difficulties inh]5t 9 ! adm9i/ration ( small classes be ov]come4 ,! night s*ools h nev] be5 successful 9 hold+ boys long en\gh to make m ?an a beg9n+ 9 trade-ext5sion tra9+4 ,x is c]ta9 t gr[+ boys %\ld n be expect$ to add two h\rs ( /udy to _! n9e or #aj h\rs ( unaccu/om$ labor 9 ! %op4 ,bo? individual & community int]e/s dem& t ?is problem be tak5 up 9 su* a way z to obviate ! %>p cleavage betwe5 ! boy's s*ool life & 8 work+ life4 ,f e po9t ( view x is unwise to p]mit him to lose all contact ) ! educational ag5cies ( ! city dur+ 8 fir/ ye>s at "w4 ,! compulsory cont9uation s*ool avoids ! difficulties :i* are responsible = ! common failure ( ^? s*emes :i* dep5d = _! success on ! initiative ( individuals or ! volunt>y cooep]ation ( employ]s & trade unions4 ,"o ( its great advantages is t ! pr9ciple on :i* x is bas$ makes = equal ju/ice to all4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! decl9e ( appr5tice tra9+ 9 ! %ops is due p>tly to ! fact t employ]s f9d t mu* ( ! "t & money x co/s goes t[>d provid+ a skill$ labor =ce = competitors :o make no ef=t to tra9 "y work]s4 ,! coop]ation ( employ]s on a compreh5sive scale w be secur$ only :5 ! burd5 is equally %>$4 ,,! ,,te*nical ,,night ,,s*ools ,night classes are conduct$ 9 bo? ( ! te*nical high s*ools = two t]ms a ye> ( #aj weeks ea*1 ! pupils att5d+ f\r h\rs a week4 ,a tuition fee ( #e a t]m is collect$1 ( :i* #c4ej is refund$ to ^? :o ma9ta9 an av]age att5dance ( #ge p] c5t4 ,no special provision is made = appr5tices z di/9ct f j\rneym51 & ! trade classes are att5d$ by a consid]able numb] ( wage-e>n]s employ$ 9 occupations unrelat$ to indu/rial "w4 ,! li/ ( c\rses (f]$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 ) ! numb] enroll$ 9 ea* c\rse at ! beg9n+ ( ! second t]m1 is %[n 9 ,table #ab4 ,a glance at ! li/ ( c\rses %[s at once t :ile ! vocational motive is giv5 fir/ importance1 ! s*ools also aim to provide in/ruction 9 cultural subjects :i* h only an indirect vocational application4 ,less ?an "o-?ird ( ! /ud5ts are pursu+ c\rses :i* are directly relat$ to _! daily "w4 ,! rema9d] are enroll$ 9 c\rses :i* h little or no connection ) _! daily occupations4 ,9 b f\r ( ! c\rses--ma*9e %op1 ar*itectural draw+1 pr9t+1 & %eet metal "w--are m ?an half ( ! /ud5ts employ$ 9 directly relat$ occupations4 ,,table #ab4--;,,c\rses ,,& ,,numb] ,,enroll$ ,,9 ,,! ,,te*nical ,,night ,,s*ools1 ,,janu>y1 #aiae ,numb] ,c\rse enroll$ ,me*anical draw+ #cbh ,ma*9e %op #bbb ,electrical con/ruction #aei ,sew+ #ajc ,ma!matics #hi ,ar*itectural draw+ #hc ,patt]n mak+ #gc ,woodwork+ #fg ,*emi/ry #ei ,%eet metal draw+ #eb ,cook+ #df ,f\ndry "w #cf ,agriculture #ca ,pr9t+ #bg ,%eet metal %op #bc ,bus9ess ,engli% #bj ,electric motors #ai ,arts & crafts #ah ,mill9]y #ah ,electricity & magnetism #af ------ ,total #a1dhi ,! policy ( ! s*ools is to =m a class 9 any subject = :i* a suffici5t numb] ( /ud5ts make application4 ,only a small proportion ( ! pupils att5d m ?an "o ye>1 & ! mortality f t]m to t]m is v high1 al?\gh ! tuition fee plan insures fairly good att5dance dur+ ! t]m4 ,! data collect$ by ! survey indicate t ! av]age l5g? ( att5dance is approximately two t]ms--! equival5t 9 /ud5t h\rs ( less ?an ?ree weeks 9 ! ord9>y day s*ool4 ,mo/ ( ! m5 :o enroll 9 night s*ool classes ne$ a c\rse ( at lea/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,all b a few1 h[ev]1 insi/ on hav+ _! supplem5t>y tra9+ 9 small doses4 ,frequ5tly !y want only specific in/ruction ab\t a specific ?+1 su* z h[ to lay out a c]ta9 piece ( "w or h[ to set up a p>ticul> ma*9e tool4 ,!y want to secure ?is k 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 & v few want ! same ?+4 ,a c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s does n appeal to !m4 ,ano!r difficulty is t _! previ\s educational equipm5t v>ies widely1 & "s are n capable ( assimilat+ ev5 ! specializ$ bit ( trade k !y ne$ )\t a prelim9>y c\rse 9 ari?metic4 ,z ! p]sonnel ( ! classes *anges to a m>k$ degree f t]m to t]m1 ! c\rses und]go frequ5t modifications4 ,app>5tly ! tea*]s & pr9cipals h made a s9c]e ef=t to adapt ! in/ruction to ! dem&s ( ! m5 :o att5d ! s*ools1 b ! fact is t ! difficulties inh]5t 9 su* "w make x impossible to organize ! classes on any basis except t ( subject matt]1 :i* means fitt+ /ud5ts into c\rses1 r ?an adapt+ c\rses to ! ne$s ( p>ticul> gr\ps ( work]s4 ,! enrollm5t is f> bel[ :at %\ld be expect$ 9 a city ( ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million inhabitants4 ,! total numb] ( j\rneym51 appr5tices1 & help]s f ! skill$ manual occupations1 receiv+ trade in/ruction 9 ! night s*ools1 is consid]ably less ?an "o p] c5t ( ! total numb] 9 ! city4 ,a l>ge enrollm5t is necess>y = effici5t adm9i/ration4 ,success 9 specializ+ c\rses 9 night s*ools1 z 9 day s*ools1 requires a l>ge adm9i/rative unit4 ,! possible v>iety ( c\rses is 9 direct ratio to ! numb] enroll$4 ,9 a class ( #bjj c>p5t]s !re w\ld probably be1 = example1 #aj or #ae m5 :o ne$ specializ$ in/ruction 9 /air-build+4 ,on ! basis ( ! pres5t enrollm5t ( #dj or #ej c>p5t]s ! class w\ld dw9dle to ?ree or f\r1 ) ! result t ! p] capita tea*+ co/ becomes prohibitive4 ,! relatively small result n[ obta9$ is n ! fault ( ! s*ools1 b is due pr9cipally to ! fact t ! great field ( ev5+ vocational in/ruction is treat$ by ! s*ool sy/em z a m]e side l9e ( ! te*nical high s*ools4 ,! ev5+ classes are taught by tea*]s :o h already giv5 _! be/ 9 ! day classes4 ,! enrollm5t _c be greatly increas$ s long z ?is type ( education is h&l$ z "o ( ! m>g9al activities ( ! s*ool sy/em1 mann$ by tir$ tea*]s & direct$ by tir$ pr9cipals4 ,x is a totally diff]5t k9d ( job f regul> day in/ruction & requires a diff]5t adm9i/rative organization1 ) a responsible head ve/$ ) suffici5t au?ority to meet quickly & effectively ! widely v>y+ dem&s ( its /ud5ts4 ,?is w require ! spe$+-up ( adm9i/rative me?ods 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( c\rses & ! employm5t ( tea*]s1 a fre] h& = ! pr9cipals z reg>ds bo? exp5ditures & policy1 & mo/ important ( all1 ! organization ( all =ms ( cont9uation & night s*ool in/ruction "u a sep>ate dep>tm5t4 ,a ,,comb9$ ,,program ,,( ,,cont9uation ,,& ,,trade-,,ext5sion ,,tra9+ ,9 consid]+ ! g5]al conclusions ( ! survey z to :at %\ld be done 9 ! matt] ( trade prep>atory & trade-ext5sion tra9+ 9 bo? day & night s*ools1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! two types ( vocational tra9+ are /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,_! future developm5t w probably involve a wide dep>ture f conv5tional s*ool me?ods & ! evolution ( a special te*nique ?r\gh trial & exp]im5t4 ,at ! pres5t "t we c only =mulate c]ta9 ( ! ma9 conditions to :i* future advance 9 ^! fields mu/ con=m4 ,fir/ ( all1 x mu/ be recogniz$ t su* "w is a big job 9 itself & _c be successfully conduct$ z an app5dix ( ! day s*ool4 ,x is wor? do+ well1 or x is n wor? do+4 ,x ne$s an organization suffici5tly ela/ic & adaptable to quickly make adju/m5ts to unusual & unexpect$ conditions4 ,x ne$s ! sup]vision ( a compet5t director :o c devote to x all 8 "t & en]gy1 & a corps ( tea*]s :o n only "k h[ & :at to tea*1 b :o possess a firm conviction ( ! value & utility ( ?is k9d ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! h&s ( tea*]s :o br+ to x only ! m>g9 ( int]e/ & en]gy rema9+ aft] a h>d day's "w 9 ! high s*ool1 or :o are unable to compreh5d ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 tea*+ a boy 9 ! day s*ool #ce h\rs a week & tea*+ a boy f\r h\rs a week 9 ! cont9uation s*ool or ev5+ class1 ! full measure ( success _c be expect$4 ,! employm5t ( day tea*]s = night s*ool "w has nev] be5 o!r ?an a make%ift1 & ! insignificant results atta9$ 9 night s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry h be5 due 9 great measure to ?is cause4 ,ap>t f ! fact t ! int]e/s ( adolesc5t work]s imp]atively dem& ! e/abli%m5t ( day cont9uation s*ools1 an additional argum5t 9 favor ( su* s*ools is t !y w\ld provide a means = mak+ ! night trade-ext5sion "w effective1 ?r\gh ! use ( cont9uation day s*ool tea*]s = night s*ool "w4 ,su* a plan w\ld mean t tea*]s employ$ on ?is basis w\ld h *>ge ( a day cont9uation class dur+ "o session ( f\r h\rs1 & a night class ( two h\rs1 mak+ a total ( six h\rs' "w p] day4 ,a plan ( ?is k9d w\ld make possible ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fundam5tal conditions = successful trade--prep>atory & trade-ext5sion tra9+ 9 ! night s*ools4 ,! pres5t sy/em is unju/ to bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts2--to ! /ud5ts because ! man or boy :o sacrifices 8 recreation "t to att5d night s*ool has a "r to ! be/ ! s*ools c give2 to ! tea*]s because no tea*] c "w a two-h\r night %ift 9 addition to sev5 or eight h\rs 9 ! te*nical high s*ool )\t s]i\sly impair+ 8 effici5cy4 ,! developm5t ( ?is plan w\ld necessitate ! e/abli%m5t ( two c5t]s1 "o locat$ 9 ! ea/]n & "o 9 ! we/]n section ( ! city4 ,9 ^! c5t]s %\ld be h\s$ ! day vocational s*ool1 ! day cont9uation classes1 & ! night vocational classes4 ,?is w\ld relieve ! te*nical high s*ools ( a task :i* does n belong to !m1 & :i* by ov]load+ ! tea*]s s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! "w !y 7 orig9ally employ$ to d4 ,at pres5t a consid]able numb] ( ! te*nical high s*ool tea*]s are devot+ f "o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( _! total work+ day to elem5t>y tea*+1 z mo/ ( ! "w 9 ! night s*ools is bel[ high s*ool grade4 ,by br++ toge!r all ! trade prep>atory & trade-ext5sion "w "u "o ro(1 x is possible to secure ! highe/ effici5cy 9 ! use ( equipm5t4 ,exp5sive %ops c be ju/ifi$ only on ! basis ( con/ant use4 ,if ! sugge/ion = ! e/abli%m5t ( a vocational s*ool is act$ ^u1 su* future cont+5cies z ! cont9uation s*ool %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 plann+ ! build+s & equipm5t1 s z to p]mit ( ext5sions z !y may be requir$4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t univ]sal cont9uation tra9+ = "y work]s up to ! age ( #ag or #ah w be made compulsory 9 all ! progressive /ates ( ! c\ntry )9 ! next decade4 ,! ,ohio s*ool au?orities %\ld get ready to h&le ! cont9uation s*ool problem be=e ! example ( o!r /ates & ! ov]:elm+ pressure ( public op9ion =ces x ^u !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,vocational ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,girls ,! discussions 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s h be5 limit$ int5tionally to a consid]ation ( ! ne$s & possibilities ( tra9+ = wage-e>n+ pursuits 9 :i* m5 pr$om9ate4 ,! conditions :i* surr\nd vocational tra9+ = girls are s fundam5tally unlike ^? enc\nt]$ 9 ! vocational tra9+ ( boys t a comb9$ treatm5t leads to ne$less complexity & confusion4 ,clevel& uses a relatively small] am\nt ( woman labor ?an mo/ o!r l>ge cities4 ,9 only "o ( ! #aj l>ge/ cities 9 ! c\ntry--,pittsburgh--is ! proportion ( wom5 & girls at "w small] z comp>$ ) ! total numb] ( p]sons 9 ga9ful occupations ?an 9 ,clevel&4 ,9 #aijj1 #bj4d p] c5t ( ! work]s 9 ! city 7 wom52 by #aiaj ! proportion ( wom5 work]s _h increas$ to #bb p] c5t1 a %ift ( less ?an two p] c5t = ! decade4 ,a consid]ation ( ! occupational future ( boys & girls %[s at once h[ widely _! problems diff]4 ,! typical boy 9 ,clevel& att5ds s*ool until he rea*es ! age ( #ae or #af4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod he becomes a wage-e>n] & = ! next #cj or #dj ye>s devotes mo/ ( 8 "t & en]gy to mak+ a liv+4 ,! typical girl leaves s*ool ab\t ! same "t1 becomes a wage-e>n] = a few ye>s1 !n m>ries & sp5ds ! re/ ( h] life keep+ h\se & re>+ *ildr54 ,to ! man wage-e>n+ is ! real bus9ess ( life4 ,to ! woman x is a means = fill+ 9 ! gap betwe5 s*ool & m>riage1 a little j\rney into ! _w previ\s to settl+ d[n to h] ma9 job4 ,! mo/ radical & important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sexes ) respect to wage-e>n+ is f\nd 9 ! l5g? ( ! work+ life4 ,! transitory "* ( ! wage-e>n+ phase 9 ! life ( mo/ wom5 is cle>ly se5 9 ! contra/$ age di/ribution %[n 9 ,table #ac4 ,,table #ac4--,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,total ,,population ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,ga9ful ,,occupations ,,dur+ ,,?ree ,,diff]5t ,,age ,,p]iods ---------------------------------------- ------- ,age p]iod ,wom5 ,m5 ---------------------------------------- ------- #af to #ba #fj #he #ba to #de #bf #ih #de & ov] #ab #he ---------------------------------------- ------- ,approximately #he p] c5t ( ! boys & slightly less ?an #fj p] c5t ( ! girls betwe5 ! ages ( #af & #ba are at "w4 ,9 ! next age gr\p--#ba to #de--;giv5 by ! c5sus1 #ih p] c5t ( ! m5 are at "w1 b ! proportion ( wom5 employ$ 9 ga9ful occupations drops to #bf p] c5t1 or ab\t "o 9 f\r2 9 ! next age gr\p--#de & ov]--x falls to ab\t #ab p] c5t1 z comp>$ ) #he p] c5t ( ! m54 ,( ! wom5 /ill at "w 9 ! old] age gr\p1 ov] "o-half are engag$ 9 dome/ic & p]sonal s]vice z s]vants1 laundresses1 h\sekeep]s1 etc4 ,,table #ad4--,,numb] ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,wage-,,e>n+ ,,occupations ,,among ,,ea* #a1jjj ,,wom5 ,,f #af ,,to #ba ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age ,manufactur+ & me*anical indu/ries3 ,appr5tices to dressmak]s & mill9]s #d ,dressmak]s & seam/resses 7n 9 factory7 #bj ,mill9]s & mill9]y deal]s #ag ,semi-skill$ op]atives3 ,c&y factories #f ,cig> & tobacco factories #ae ,electrical supply factories #aj ,knitt+ mills #aa ,pr9t+ & publi%+ #h ,wool5 & wor/$ mills3 ,weav]s #e ,o!r occupations #g ,sew]s & sew+ ma*9e op]ators 7factory7 #ec ,tailoresses #be ,transportation3 ,telephone op]ators #ai ,trade3 ,cl]ks 9 /ores #bh ,saleswom5 7/ores7 #ce ,pr(essional s]vice3 ,musicians & tea*]s ( music #f ,tea*]s 7s*ool7 #d ,dome/ic & p]sonal s]vice3 ,*>wom5 & clean]s #e ,laundry op]atives #ac ,s]vants #ha ,waitresses #i ,cl]ical occupations3 ,bookkeep]s1 ca%i]s1 & acc\ntants #bf ,cl]ks 7except cl]ks 9 /ores7 #bj ,/5ograph]s & typewrit]s #fb ,! occupations 9 :i* ! girls n[ 9 ! public s*ools w lat] engage c be det]m9$ ) a relative degree ( accuracy by employ+ a me?od 9 g5]al simil> to t utiliz$ 9 =eca/+ ! occupations ( boys4 ,x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 h[ev]1 t ! wage-e>n+ p]iod = wom51 except 9 ! pr(essional occupations1 usually beg9s be=e ! age ( #ba4 ,= ?is reason ! #af to #ba age gr\p probably (f]s ! be/ basis = det]m9+ ! future occupational di/ribution ( girls 9 s*ool4 ,if all wom5 at "w up to ! age ( #be 7 includ$ ! figures w\ld be m ne>ly exact1 b un=tunately data = ! p]iod betwe5 #ba & #be are n available4 ,! figures at ! "r ( ,table #ad %[ ! numb] engag$ 9 ea* specifi$ occupation among ea* ?\s& wom5 9 ! city betwe5 ! ages ( #af & #ba4 ,! proportions giv5 = ! pr(essional occupations1 p>ticul>ly tea*+1 are too small1 because ( ! fact t few wom5 ent] ! pr(essions be=e ! age ( #ba4 ,apply+ ^! proportions to ! av]age elem5t>y s*ool unit1 x w be se5 at once t ! numb] ( girls old en\gh to pr(it by special tra9+ is too small 9 any s+le occupation to =m a class ( workable size4 ,9 su* a s*ool !re w\ld be ab\t #hj girls #ab ye>s old & ov]4 ,( ! skill$ occupations li/$ 9 ! table /5ography & typewrit+ (f]s ! l>ge/ field ( employm5t1 yet ! numb] :o are likely to take up ?is k9d ( "w does n exce$ five or six4 ,,diff]5tiation ,,9 ,,! ,,junior ,,high ,,s*ool ,! organization ( ! junior high s*ool1 :]e ! enrollm5t is made up entirely ( old] pupils1 obviates ?is difficulty to "s ext5t4 ,in/ead ( #hj girls !re are f #cjj to #ejj1 ) a correspond+ increase 9 ! numb] :o w ent] any giv5 wage-e>n+ occupation4 ,n less ?an "o-eigh? & probably n m ?an "o-fif? ( ^! girls w become ne$lework]s ( "s k9d4 ,!y w ne$ a m practical & int5sive tra9+ 9 ! fundam5tals ( sew+ ?an is n[ provid$ by ! h\sehold arts c\rse4 ,! skill requir$ 9 trade "w _c be obta9$ 9 ! am\nt ( "t n[ devot$ to ?is subject4 ,x %\ld be made possible = a girl :o expects to make a liv+ ) h] ne$le to elect a ?or\ghly practical c\rse 9 sew+ 9 :i* ! aim is to prep>e = wage e>n+ r ?an m]ely to tea* ! girl h[ to make & m5d h] own g>m5ts4 ,z pr(ici5cy 9 trade sew+ requires fir/ ( all ample opportunity = practice1 provision %\ld be made = ext5d+ ! "t n[ giv5 to sew+ = ^? girls :o wi% to become ne$le work]s4 ,?is c easily be done ?r\gh ! sy/em ( electives n[ 9 use4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( classes 9 p[] ma*9e op]at+ dur+ ! junior high s*ool p]iod appe>s to be impracticable1 due to ! immaturity ( ! girls & ! small numb] :o c\ld pr(it by su* in/ruction4 ,a discussion ( ! pres5t sew+ c\rses 9 ! public s*ools w be f\nd 9 ,*apt]s ,,xiv & ,,xv1 :i* summ>ize ! special reports on ! ,g>m5t ,trades & ,dressmak+ & ,mill9]y4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ! consid]ation ( ^! occupations is limit$ to an exam9ation ( ! adm9i/rative que/ions connect$ ) tra9+ = ! sew+ trades4 ,,specializ$ ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,! ,,sew+ ,,trades ,! compulsory att5dance law requires all girls to att5d s*ool until !y are #af ye>s old4 ,?is =ces a consid]able numb] into ! high s*ools = "o or two ye>s be=e !y g to "w4 ,z a rule ! type ( girl :o is likely to ent] ! ne$le trades selects ! te*nical high s*ool c\rse1 n because %e has any idea ( f9i%+ x1 b because %e believes x (f]s a less tiresome way ( gett+ ?r\gh h] la/ "o or two ye>s 9 s*ool ?an ! academic c\rse4 ,! te*nical c\rse requires ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs a week ( sew+ dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,! /ud5t may elect trade dressmak+ & mill9]y dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,v few girls :o c af=d to sp5d f\r ye>s 9 high s*ool ev] become dressmak]s or factory op]atives4 ,if ! s*ool sy/em is to d any?+ ( direct vocational value = !m x w h to beg9 fur!r d[n4 ,mo/ ( !m leave s*ool be=e ! age ( #ag & ! ye>s betwe5 #ad & #af repres5t ! la/ *ance ! s*ool w h to give !m any direct aid t[>ds prep>ation = imm$iate wage-e>n+4 ,= successful "w 9 ma*9e op]at+ ! class mu/ be l>ge en\gh to w>rant ! pur*ase & op]ation ( suffici5t equipm5t to give ! pupils an opportunity = int5sive practice4 ,! only way ?is condition c be secur$ is by conc5trat+ 9 l>ge gr\ps ! girls :o ne$ su* tra9+4 ,little w be accompli%$ 9 tra9+ = ! sew+ trades )\t specialization1 & specialization 9 small adm9i/rative units is impossible4 ,! tea*+ & op]at+ co/ 9 a s*ool enroll+1 say #bjj girls1 :o want ! same k9d ( "w1 c be br\ght )9 reasonable b\nds4 ,9 a s*ool :]e ! total numb] :o ne$ specializ$ tra9+ does n exce$ #aj or #ae ! co/ is prohibitive4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,survey ,/aff a "o or two ye> vocational c\rse 9 ! sew+ trades %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,! entrance age %\ld n be less ?an #ae4 ,c\rses %\ld be provid$ = int5sive "w 9 trade dressmak+1 p[] ma*9e op]at+1 & trade mill9]y4 ,a cons]vative e/imate ( ! numb] ( girls :o c\ld be expect$ to enroll = c\rses 9 ^! subjects is #ejj4 ,a trade s*ool might be e/abli%$ :]e only ?is type ( vocational tra9+ w\ld be c>ri$ on1 or x might be conduct$ 9 ! same build+ ) ! trade c\rses = boys recomm5d$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,9 ei!r case ! numb] ( pupils w\ld be suffici5t to w>rant up-to-date equipm5t & a corps ( specially tra9$ tea*]s4 ,tra9+ = ! sew+ trades consumes m mat]ial ?an any o!r k9d ( vocational tra9+4 ,= ?is reason economical adm9i/ration requires "s arrangem5t = m>ket+ ! product4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! c\rse ! s*ool %\ld be able to turn out fir/-class "w4 ,! famili>ity ) trade /&>ds ! pupils obta9 ?r\gh practice on g>m5ts :i* mu/ meet ! exact+ dem&s ( ! buy+ public has a di/9ct educational value4 ,! ,manhattan ,trade ,s*ool = ,girls 9 ,new ,york ,city & o!r successful s*ools 9 ! c\ntry op]ate on ?is basis4 ,!re is reason to believe t !re w\ld be little difficulty 9 mak+ arrangem5ts ) ! clo?+ manufactur]s 9 ,clevel& to furni% a good trade s*ool z mu* contract "w z ! classes c\ld h&le4 ,,o!r ,,occupations ,f "o-f\r? to "o-fif? ( ! girls 9 ! s*ool w lat] ent] employm5t 9 comm]cial & cl]ical occupations1 z /5ograph]s1 typi/s1 cl]ks1 ca%i]s1 bookkeep]s1 saleswom51 & s on4 ,_! ne$s w be consid]$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,xii & ,,xiii1 9 :i* ! f9d+s ( ! special reports on ,boys & ,girls 9 ,comm]cial ,"w & ,dep>tm5t ,/ore ,occupations are summ>iz$4 ,a relatively small numb] w become semi-skill$ op]atives 9 indu/rial e/abli%m5ts1 su* z job pr9t+ h\ses1 knitt+ mills1 & factories mak+ electrical supplies1 metal products1 & s on4 ,z a rule su* "w requires only a small am\nt ( manual skill or deftness4 ,n mu* tra9+ is ne$$ & x c be giv5 quickly & effectively 9 ! factories4 ,ab\t "o-n9? ( ! girls 9 ! s*ool w ent] paid dome/ic or p]sonal s]vice ( "s k9d4 ,! h\sehold arts c\rses probably meet ! ne$s ( girls :o may be employ$ 9 su* occupations z f> z !y c be met "u pres5t conditions4 ,! woman dome/ic s]vant occupies ab\t ! same social level z ! male common labor]1 & a c\rse :i* op5ly sets out to tra9 girls to be s]vants is n likely to prosp]4 ,! load ( social /igma su* "w c>ries is too heavy4 ,at "s "t 9 ! future x may be possible to ignore ! traditional & univ]sal attitude ( our public t[>d ! s-call$ m5ial occupations suffici5tly to consid] tra9+ s]vants4 ,at pres5t su* a possibility seems remote4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,vocational ,,guidance ,v few ( ! army ( "y p :o become wage e>n]s ea* ye> take up ! occupations 9 :i* !y engage z ! result ( any consci\s selection ( _! own or ( _! p>5ts4 ,!y drift into "s job aimlessly & ignorantly1 foll[+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 driv5 or l$ by ! accid5ts & exig5cies ( ga9+ a livelihood4 ,!y possess no accurate or compreh5sive k ( ! advantages & disadvantages ( diff]5t types ( wage e>n+ occupations1 & frequ5tly take up "w = :i* !y are entirely unfitt$ or :i* holds little future beyond a b>e livelihood4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,vocational ,,c\nselor ,! plan n[ foll[$ 9 ! te*nical high s*ools ( ! city1 by :i* "o tea*] 9 ! s*ool specially qualifi$ = su* "w is *>g$ ) ! duty ( advis+ pupils :o leave s*ool & aid+ !m 9 secur+ desirable employm5t1 c\ld be adapt$ to ! junior high s*ool1 :]e ! ne$ = s]vice ( ?is k9d is ev5 great] ?an 9 ! te*nical high s*ools4 ,su* "w requires m5 :o h _h "s contact ) indu/rial conditions1 & :o possess s\nd judgm5t1 common s5se1 & a fairly compreh5sive k ( ! local indu/ries4 ,if ! curriculum embraces ! c\rse 9 ,indu/rial ,in=mation sugge/$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! tea*] ( ?is subject might well be designat$ z vocational c\nselor = ! boys 9 ! s*ool4 ,a c\rse simil> 9 nature %\ld be provid$ = ! girls & a woman tea*] select$ to advise !m :5 !y leave s*ool4 ,consid]able difficulty probably w be exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ wom5 tea*]s compet5t to assume ?is task1 b any wide-awake tea*] :o w devote "s att5tion to publi%$ /udies ( indu/rial conditions & get 9 t\* ) ! local organizations engag$ 9 ! inve/igation ( wage e>n+ employm5ts1 su* z ! ,consum]s' ,league & ! ,girls' ,vocation ,bureau1 c soon acquire a fund ( in=mation t w enable h] to (f] valuable sugge/ions & advice to girls :o expect to become wage e>n]s4 ,! vocational c\nselor mu/ gu>d aga9/ conv5tional ?9k+ & ! mass ( inspirational nons5se :i* =ms ! ma9 contribution to ! vocational guidance ( y\? provid$ 9 ! av]age s*oolroom4 ,! ideals ( success usually held up be=e s*ool *ildr5 seem to h be5 drawn f a mixture ( ,sunday s*ool lit]ature & ! prospectuses ( effici5cy bureaus4 ,boil$ d[n ! rules prescrib$ = _! atta9m5t are two3 fir/1 ,be good2 & second1 ,get ahead4 ,! pupils are told ab\t well-kn[n m5 :o became fam\s or ri*1 usually ri*1 by practic+ ^! rules4 ,occasionally !re is "s prattle ab\t ! dignity ( labor1 z a rule mean+less 9 ! light ( our curr5t ideas ( success4 ,we d n ?9k ( a well-paid artisan z successful4 ,8 success beg9s :5 he is promot$ to (fice "w1 or becomes a =eman4 ,! inh]5t difficulty ) ideals ( success :i* dem& t ! work] become a boss ( somebody else is t ! _w ( indu/ry ne$s only a relatively small numb] ( bosses4 ,!oretically x is possible = any individual to rea* ! em95ce ( boss-%ip4 ,9 real life less ?an "o-t5? ( ! boys :o ent] indu/rial employm5t c rise above ! level ( ! j\rneyman artisan1 at lea/ be=e lat] middle age1 because only ab\t t proportion ( bosses are ne$$4 ,! task ( ! vocational c\nselor w consi/ 9 putt+ ! pupil's feet on ! fir/ /eps ( ! ladd] r ?an %[+ him rosy pictures ( ! top ( x4 ,= ! great majority ! top means no m ?an dec5t wages4 ,?is1 aft] all1 is a wor?y ambition1 frequ5tly requir+ ! work]'s be/ ef=ts = its realization4 ,,! ,,girls' ,,vocation ,,bureau ,! ,girls' ,vocation ,bureau1 = ! placem5t ( girls & wom5 9 wage-e>n+ employm5t1 has be5 9 op]ation ab\t six ye>s4 ,at pres5t x is "u ! g5]al *>ge ( ! /ate & municipal employm5t bureau1 al?\gh "p ( ! funds = ! support ( ! bureau is rais$ ?r\gh private subscription4 ,f ,july1 #aiad1 to ,july1 #aiae1 ! ,bureau secur$ positions = ne>ly #aa1jjj girls & wom54 ,( ^! approximately #ab p] c5t 7 girls "u #ba4 ,9 _m in/ances only tempor>y employm5t is secur$1 al?\gh ef=ts are made to place ! girls 9 p]man5t positions4 ,m girls are plac$ 9 (fice positions ?an 9 any o!r l9e ( "w1 b a consid]able proportion take employm5t 9 factories1 dome/ic s]vice1 re/aurants1 & /ores4 ,a c>eful record is kept ( ea* applicant's qualifications1 home conditions1 ! names ( employ]s1 etc4 ,! ,bureau endeavors to keep 9 t\* ) ! girls aft] !y are plac$ ?r\gh foll[-up reports & visits by memb]s ( ! (fice /aff or by volunte] inve/igators4 ,?is spr+ e s*ool 9 ! city 0 visit$ by repres5tatives ( ! ,bureau 9 ! endeavor to int]e/ pr9cipals 9 ! "w ( placem5t1 & arrangem5ts 7 made = s5d+ to ! ,bureau li/s ( ! girls :o 7 expect$ to leave s*ool p]man5tly4 ,?is ef=t met ) slight success1 z only ab\t #ajj girls 7 report$ f all ! s*ools 9 ! city1 al?\gh ! numb] ( girls leav+ s*ool ea* ye> f ! elem5t>y grades alone is ov] #b1jjj4 ,9 all cases ! girls 7 visit$ by a repres5tative ( ! ,bureau & urg$ to return to s*ool1 or if !y 7 det]m9$ to seek employm5t ! advantages ( regi/]+ 9 ! ,bureau 7 br\ght to _! att5tion4 ,x is to be hop$ t m effective cooep]ation betwe5 ! ,bureau & ! s*ools c be e/abli%$ & t plans = a placem5t bureau = boys simil> 9 me?od & aim to ! ,girls' ,bureau may be realiz$4 ,! matt] ( placem5t is ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! vocational c\nselor's duties1 & an arrangem5t :]eby ! vocational guidance dep>tm5ts ( ! v>i\s s*ools might s]ve z fe$]s to a c5tral placem5t bureau w\ld probably 9 ! long run give ! be/ results4 ,bo? guidance & placem5t are new ?+s 9 ! public s*ools & effici5t me?ods ( adm9i/ration c be work$ out only ?r\gh trial & exp]im5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,conclusions ,,& ,,recomm5dations #a4 ,! future occupations ( ! *ildr5 9 s*ool w correspond v closely to ^? ( ! native-born adult population4 ,! occupational di/ribution ( ! city's work+ population !re=e con/itutes ! be/ guide z to ! k9ds ( indu/rial tra9+ :i* c be und]tak5 pr(itably by ! s*ool sy/em4 #b4 ,indu/rial tra9+ 9 s*ool has to d *iefly ) prep>ation = "w 9 ! skill$ trades4 ,tra9+ = semi-skill$ occupations c be giv5 m effectively & *eaply 9 ! factories ?an 9 ! s*ools4 #c4 ,z a rule1 indu/rial tra9+ is n practicable 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 = ! reason t ! numb] ( boys 9 ! av]age elem5t>y s*ool :o are likely to ent] ! skill$ trades & :o are also old en\gh to pr(it by indu/rial tra9+ is too small to p]mit ! organization ( classes4 #d4 ,! mo/ important contribution to vocational education ! elem5t>y s*ools c make consi/s 9 gett+ ! *ildr5 ?r\gh ! c\rse fa/ en\gh s t two or ?ree ye>s be=e ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod !y w ent] an int]m$iate or vocational s*ool :]e "s k9d ( indu/rial tra9+ is possible4 #e4 ,! survey recomm5ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a g5]al indu/rial c\rse 9 ! junior high s*ool1 made up *iefly ( in/ruction 9 ! applications ( ma!matics1 draw+1 physics1 & *emi/ry to ! common] indu/rial processes4 ,! c\rse %\ld also include ! /udy ( economic & work+ conditions 9 ! pr9cipal indu/rial occupations4 #f4 ,"o or two vocational s*ools equipp$ to (f] specializ$ trade tra9+ = boys & girls betwe5 ! ages ( #ad & #ag are ne$$4 ,at pres5t a gap ( f "o to two ye>s exi/s betwe5 ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod & ! entrance age 9 practically all ! skill$ trades1 :i* c\ld well be employ$ 9 direct prep>ation = trade "w4 ,su* s*ools w\ld relieve ! fir/ & second ye> classes ( ! te*nical high s*ools ( _m pupils ^! s*ools d n want & _c adequately provide =4 ,g5]al z well z special c\rses %\ld be (f]$1 al?\gh pupils %\ld be enc\rag$ to select a p>ticul> occupation & devote at lea/ "o ye> to int5sive prep>ation = x4 #g4 ,! survey favors ! ext5sion ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod = boys to ! age ( #af4 ,! indu/ries ( ,clevel& h little or no?+ wor? :ile to (f] boys bel[ ?is age4 #h4 ,! be/ =m ( trade-ext5sion tra9+ is t provid$ 9 a few e/abli%m5ts :i* ma9ta9 appr5tice s*ools 9 _! plants4 ,?is plan is feasible only 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts4 ,x w nev] take c>e ( m ?an a small proportion ( ! "y work]s :o ne$ supplem5t>y te*nical tra9+4 #i4 ,plans = trade-ext5sion tra9+ ( appr5tices dep5d+ on ! cooep]ation ( employ]s h met ) slight success4 ,! pr9ciple difficulty is t ! sacrifices !y involve are borne by a relatively small numb] ( employ]s :ile ! b5efits are reap$ by ! indu/ry 9 g5]al4 ,ei!r ! indu/ry z a :ole or ! community %\ld be> ! co/ ( su* tra9+4 #aj4 ,! vocational int]e/s ( "y work]s & ! social int]e/s ( ! community dem& ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( cont9uation tra9+ = all "y p 9 employm5t1 up to ! age ( #ah ye>s4 ,! classes %\ld be held dur+ work+ h\rs & att5dance %\ld be compulsory4 #aa4 ,! enrollm5t 9 ! trade classes ( ! night s*ools is f> bel[ :at x %\ld be 9 a city z l>ge z ,clevel&4 ,! relatively small result n[ obta9$ is n ! fault ( ! s*ools1 b is due ma9ly to ! fact t ! field ( vocational ev5+ in/ruction is treat$ by ! s*ool sy/em z a m]e side l9e ( ! te*nical high s*ools4 #ab4 ,! survey recomm5ds ! organization ( all =ms ( cont9uation1 night vocational1 & day vocational tra9+ "u c5traliz$ full-"t lead]%ip4 ,only 9 ?is way c !re be secur$ a type ( organization & adm9i/ration suffici5tly ela/ic & adaptable to meet ! widely v>y+ ne$s ( ! work+ classes4 #ac4 ,indu/rial tra9+ = girls w consi/ 9 ! ma9 ( prep>ation = ! sew+ trades4 ,practically no o!r indu/rial occupations 9 :i* l>ge numb]s ( wom5 are employ$ possess suffici5t te*nical cont5t to w>rant ! e/abli%m5t ( tra9+ c\rses 9 ! s*ools4 ,! survey recomm5ds a practical c\rse ( ne$le in/ruction 9 ! junior high s*ool & ! introduction 9 ! vocational s*ools ( specializ$ c\rses 9 dressmak+1 p[] ma*9e op]at+1 & trade mill9]y = ! old] girls :o wi% to ent] ^! trades4 #ad4 ,! pres5t exp]im5t 9 vocational guidance & placem5t %\ld be ext5d$ z rapidly z possible4 ,c\rses 9 vocational in=mation %\ld be (f]$ 9 ! junior high s*ool & vocational c\nsellors appo9t$ to advise pupils 9 ! selection ( _! future vocations & aid !m 9 secur+ desirable employm5t :5 !y leave s*ool4 ,! full measure ( success 9 ?is "w dem&s bett] cooep]ation ) outside ag5cies on ! "p ( tea*]s & pr9cipals ?an has be5 secur$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,on ,,boys ,,& ,,girls ,,9 ,,comm]cial ,,"w ,p>ticul> att5tion is giv5 ?r\gh\t ?is report to ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 boys & girls 9 comm]cial employm5t ) respect to ! conditions :i* gov]n success & advancem5t4 ,! majority ( boys beg9 z mess5g]s or (fice boys & subsequ5tly become cl]ks or d bookkeep+ "w4 ,z m5 !y rema9 9 ^! latt] positions or1 9 at lea/ an equal numb] ( cases1 pass on into ! productive or adm9i/rative end ( bus9ess4 ,! majority ( girls are /5ograph]s1 or to a less ext5t1 assi/ants 9 bookkeep+ or cl]ical "w4 ,boys' "w may be expect$ to take on ! *>act]i/ics ( ! bus9ess t employs !m2 girls' "w rema9s 9 ess5tials un*ang$ ev5 9 totally *ang$ surr\nd+s4 ,boys' "w )9 limits is progressive2 girls' "w 9 its g5]al type--) individual exceptions--is /atic4 ,boys z a rule _c /ay at ! same k9d ( "w & advance2 girls z a rule /ay at ! same k9d ( "w :e!r or n !y advance4 ,boys 9 any position are expect$ to be qualify+ !mselves = ! job ahead1 b = girls t is n ! case4 ,boys may expect to make a readju/m5t ) e /ep 9 advancem5t4 ,ea* new position br+s !m to a new situation & into a new relation to ! bus9ess4 ,girls receive sal>y advancem5t = increas+ly responsible "w1 b any *ange 9 "w is likely to be s gradual z to be almo/ imp]ceptible if !y rema9 9 ! same place ( employm5t4 ,if !y *ange to ano!r place1 ^? :o are /5ograph]s h a slight readju/m5t to make 9 gett+ accu/om$ to new t]ms & to ! peculi>ities ( ! new p]sons :o dictate to !m4 ,bookkeep+ assi/ants may enc\nt] diff]5t sy/ems1 b _! "p ( ! "w w be s direct$ & plann$ t x _c be said to necessitate difficult adaptation on _! "p4 ,! "w ( cl]ical assi/ants is s simple & s ne>ly me*anical t ! "q ( adju/m5t does n ent]4 ,^! girl work]s d n f9d t ! *ange ( position or firm br+s !m necess>ily into a new relation to ! bus9ess4 ,ev5 mod]ate success is d5i$ to a boy if he has n adaptability & ! capacity to grasp bus9ess ideas & me?ods2 b a comp>atively high degree ( success c\ld be atta9$ by a girl :o possess$ nei!r ( ^! qualifications4 ,a boy1 h[ev]1 :o has no specific tra9+ :i* he c apply directly & def9itely at "w w\ld be f> m likely to obta9 a good op5+ & promotion ?an a girl )\t x w\ld be4 ,! range ( a boy's possible future occupations is z wide z ! field ( bus9ess4 ,he _c at fir/ be tra9$ specifically z a girl c be because he does n "k :at bus9ess w d ) him or :at he wants to d ) bus9ess4 ,! girl's *oice is limit$ by cu/om4 ,%e c prep>e h]self def9itely = /5ography1 bookkeep+1 & ma*9e op]at+ & be sure t %e is prep>+ = j ! opportunity--& ! :ole opportunity--t bus9ess (f]s to h]4 ,h] v limitation ( opportunity makes prelim9>y *oice & tra9+ a def9itely possible ?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #a4--;,boys & girls "u #ah ye>s ( age 9 (fice "w 9 ,clevel&4 ,data f report ( ,ohio ,indu/rial ,commission1 #aiae ,! diff]5ce betwe5 boys & girls beg9s at ! beg9n+4 ,boys are giv5 a l>g] %>e ( ! positions :i* ! y\nge/ work] c fill4 ,diagram #a illu/rates ?is & ! figures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus = #aiaj cle>ly corroborate x4 ,boys are tak5 = su* "w & tak5 y\ng] ?an girls1 n m]ely because ! law p]mits !m to g to "w at an e>li] age1 b also because bus9ess itself int5ds to r\nd _! tra9+4 ,girls1 on ! contr>y1 are expect$ to ent] completely tra9$ = def9ite positions4 ,?is fact alone w\ld 9 mo/ cases compel !m to be old]4 ,fur!rmore1 because boys 9 fir/ positions are look$ ^u z pot5tial cl]ks1 miscellane\s jobs ab\t ! (fice h = !m a two-fold value4 ,!y give ! employ] a *ance to we$ out unpromis+ mat]ial2 & !y give boys an opportunity to f9d !mselves & to ga!r ideas ab\t ! bus9ess & me?ods :i* !y may be able to make use ( 9 lat] adju/m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #b4--,m5 & wom5 #ah ye>s ( age & ov] 9 cl]ical & adm9i/rative "w 9 (fices 9 ,clevel&4 ,u4,s4 ,c5sus1 #aiaj ,diagram #b %[s t girls' tra9+1 if x is to meet ! pres5t situation1 mu/ prep>e = a future 9 specializ$ cl]ical "w2 boys' future mu/ app>5tly be ?\ght ( z 9 mo/ly ! cl]ical & adm9i/rative fields4 ,! t]m cl]ical z "h us$1 cov]s bookkeep]s1 ca%i]s & acc\ntants1 /5ograph]s & typi/s1 cl]ks & a miscellane\s gr\p ( y\ng] work]s su* z mess5g]s1 (fice boys1 etc4 ,adm9i/rative cov]s proprietors1 (ficials1 manag]s1 sup]visors1 & ag5ts1 b x does n include salespeople4 ,! usual comm]cial c\rse gives imp>tially to boys & girls two traditional subjects :i* !y are to apply 9 wage e>n+ :atev] "p ( ! wage e>n+ field !y may ent]4 ,^! are /5ography & bookkeep+4 ,! evid5ce collect$ dur+ ! survey %[s t ^! are r>ely f\nd 9 comb9ation except 9 small (fices4 ,( ! m5 employ$ :o are /5ograph]s1 ! majority are ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ^? :o use /5ography incid5tally ) _! o!r & m important "w z cl]ks1 & 7#b7 ^? = :om /5ography is b a /epp+-/one to ano!r k9d ( position4 ,! only firms :i* make a practice ( (f]+ ord9>y /5ographic positions = boys are ^? :i* re/rict !mselves to male employees = e k9d ( "w4 ,indep5d5t /5ographic "w ( v>i\s k9ds is ( c\rse op5 to ! sexes alike4 ,9 ,clevel& !re are a few wom5 9 c\rt /5ography4 ,! #aj public /5ograph]s' (fices 7 f\nd ^u inquiry to include two m5 & #aj wom54 ,no figures reg>d+ conv5tion report]s 7 obta9able4 ,9 ! positions ( ! bookkeep+ gr\p also !re 0 "s sex diff]5ce4 ,! acc\ntants1 bookkeep]s1 ca%i]s1 pay-ma/]s & o!r p]sons ( responsibility are1 9 l>ge (fices :]e bo? sexes "w toge!r1 mu* m likely to be m5 ?an wom52 ! assi/ants :o "w ) ^! may be ( ei!r sex1 b girls & wom5 are likely to make up ! great] portion4 ,( ! small (fice ?is is less g5]ally true4 ,boys :o d ma*9e op]at+ are usually cl]ks ^: ma*9e "w1 z 9 ! case ( /5ography1 is m]ely an adjunct to o!r "w2 ) girls ma*9e op]at+ is ei!r ! :ole ( ! position or ! mo/ important "p ( x4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! cl]k%ip :i* boys = ! mo/ "p hold & ! g5]al cl]ical "w :i* girls d is t ! boys' "w is unifi$ & is a def9ite1 sep>ate responsible "p ( ! bus9ess1 usually 9 l9e = promotion to "s o!r cl]k%ip2 ! girls' is a miscellany ( m or less unrelat$ jobs & is n a prep>ation = specific promotion4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,"w ,all comm]cial occupations may be r\ghly divid$ into two classes3 ^? :i* h to d ) adm9i/rative1 m]*&is+1 or productive "w1 & ^? :i* c>ry on ! cl]ical r\t9e :i* ! o!rs necessitate4 ,! fir/ class ( occupations may be designat$ by ! t]m adm9i/rative "w & ! second by cl]ical "w4 ,a v>y+ relation exi/s betwe5 ! two :i* dep5ds *iefly ^u ! k9d ( bus9ess repres5t$4 ,9 "s k9ds cl]ical "w is ! /epp+ /one by :i* adm9i/rative "w is rea*$2 9 o!rs employm5t 9 cl]ical "w side-tracks away f ! adm9i/rative "w4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a future ( promotion )9 ! limits ( cl]ical "w )\t ref]5ce to its relation to adm9i/rative "w4 ,! practical aspect ( x is1 9 mo/ k9ds ( bus9ess1 t ! subord9ate cl]ical positions f> outnumb] ! *ief ones4 ,promotion ( any sort dep5ds l>gely ^u individual capacity2 b ?is g5]al di/9ction may be made betwe5 promotion 9 cl]ical "w & 9 adm9i/rative "w2 9 ! cl]ical field x t5ds to be automatic b limit$2 9 adm9i/rative "w x comes m (t5 ?r\gh a work]'s initiative or individuality ?an ?r\gh automatic progression & x has no arbitr>y limits4 ,obvi\sly "o k9d ( p]son w be adapt$ to an adm9i/rative c>e]2 ano!r to a cl]ical "o4 ,ev5 a beg9n] 9 wage e>n+ might be able to classify himself on a basis l ?is2 yet x is n ess5tial1 = 9 _m cases x is possible t 8 fir/ positions recognize ?is *oice4 ,he ne$s fundam5tal exp]i5ce 9 bus9ess me?ods :atev] he is go+ to d2 & = mo/ adm9i/rative positions he ne$s maturity4 ,he c a*ieve bo? by s]v+ an appr5tice%ip 9 "s =m ( cl]ical "w4 ,! important ?+s = him 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 c>e] are to und]/& ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes ( occupations2 to s5se ! relation he holds to ! bus9ess z a :ole2 & to act intellig5tly 9 ! matt] ( mak+ a *ange4 ,,bookkeep+ ,! bookkeep+ :i* mod]n bus9ess1 except 9 ! small e/abli%m5t1 dem&s ( "y work]s is c]ta9ly n ! j\rnal & l$g] bookkeep+ ( ! comm]cial s*ools4 ,a mod]n (fice organization may h 9 its bookkeep+ dep>tm5t ( #bj p]sons only "o bookkeep]4 ,?is p]son is responsible = ! sy/em & he sup]vises ! keep+ ( records & ! prep>ation ( /atem5ts4 ,a m9ority ( 8 assi/ants w ne$ to be able to di/+ui% debits f cr$its2 ! re/ w be occupi$ 9 mak+ simple entries or 9 po/+1 9 v]ify+ & *eck+1 or 9 f9d+ totals ) ! aid ( ma*9es4 ,! bookkeep+ sy/ems employ$ %[ wide v>iation1 n only 9 diff]5t k9ds ( bus9ess1 b 9 diff]5t e/abli%m5ts 9 ! same k9ds ( bus9ess4 ,_m firms are us+ a loose-leaf sy/em2 "s use l$g]s2 & o!rs h a sy/em ( record keep+ :i* calls = nei!r ( ^! devices4 ,bookkeep+ "w1 especially 9 ! positions held by girls1 is frequ5tly comb9$ ) comptomet] or add+ ma*9e "w1 ) typ+1 bill+1 fil+1 or /ati/ical "w2 b r>ely1 except 9 ! small (fice1 are bookkeep+ & /5ography--! ,siamese ,tw9s ( traditional & comm]cial tra9+--f\nd l9k$ toge!r4 ,,/5ography ,/5ography is us$ ?r\gh\t bus9ess *iefly 9 correspond5ce2 to a less ext5t = report & /atem5t "w1 = legal "w1 & = pr9t]'s copy4 ,! /5ograph] 9 any bus9ess (fice1 m ?an o!r cl]ical work]s1 is suppos$ to look aft] a v>iety ( unorganiz$ details includ+ ! use ( (fice appliances1 ! fil+ ( lett]s1 & sometimes deal+ ) patrons or visitors 9 ! abs5ce ( ! employ]4 ,%e is m important to ! employ] 9 8 p]sonal bus9ess relations ?an any o!r employee1 except 9 ! case ( ^? few employ]s :o h private secret>ies4 ,,cl]ks' ,,positions ,9 ! case ( l>ge corporations1 :i* are by f> ! l>ge/ employ]s ( cl]ks1 ?is "w has be5 /&>diz$ to a m>k$ degree4 ,! organization ( ! (fice "w ( ! telegraph1 telephone1 & express companies1 ! railroads1 & ! occasional l>ge :olesale company 9 ,clevel& is a ne>ly exact duplication ( t ( o!r di/rict or division (fices controll$ by ^! companies 9 o!r cities4 ,! same is true ( ! ,civil ,s]vice4 ,:atev] effects /&>dization may h ^u opportunity1 x obvi\sly makes = def9it5ess 9 reg>d to tra9+ requirem5ts4 ,all ! positions are grad$ on ! basis ( exp]i5ce & responsibility & a logical l9e ( promotion f "o to ano!r has be5 work$ out4 ,! report conta9s detail$ /udies ( diff]5t k9ds ( cl]ical "w 9 ! (fices ( transportation & public utility corporations1 retail & :olesale /ores1 manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 banks1 ! civil s]vice1 & small (fices employ+ relatively few p4 ,9 ea* ( ^! su* matt]s z "* ( ! "w1 opportunities = advancem5t1 k9d ( tra9+ ne$$ & special qualifications are tak5 up4 ,,wages ,,& ,,regul>ity ,,( ,,employm5t ,/at$ briefly ! conclusions ( ! report ) respect to wages & regul>ity ( employm5t 9 (fice positions are z foll[s3 ,! wage opportunities = cl]ical work]s1 especially m51 lie 9 bus9ess positions outside ! limits ( cl]ical "w4 ,m5 cl]ical work]s av]age ab\t ! same pay z salesm5 & m pay ?an indu/rial work]s4 ,wom5 cl]ical work]s receive m ?an ei!r saleswom5 or indu/rial work]s4 ,employm5t is mu* m regul> 9 cl]ical "w ?an x is 9 salesman%ip or indu/rial "w4 ,= m5 cl]ical work]s ! wage opportunity is bett] 9 manufactur+ & trade ?an 9 "s k9ds ( transportation bus9ess4 ,= wom5 x is bett] 9 manufactur+ & transportation ?an x is 9 trade4 ,m5's wages t5d to be high] ?an wom5's 9 all bran*es ( cl]ical "w4 ,among ! cl]ical positions1 bookkeep+ %[s ! highe/ wage av]age = m52 cl]ks' positions %[ ! l[e/4 ,/5ography %[s ! highe/ = wom52 ma*9e "w ! l[e/4 ,m5 bookkeep]s %[ _! be/ wage av]age 9 ! :olesale bus9ess1 cl]ks 9 transportation1 & /5ograph]s 9 manufactur+4 ,! small (fice gives bett] wage opportunity to wom5 bookkeep]s & m5 /5ograph]s2 ! l>ge (fice favors wom5 /5ograph]s & m5 cl]ks4 ,= boys1 !re is "s indication t advanc$ education & comm]cial tra9+1 9 _! pres5t /atus1 are less closely relat$ to high wages ?an are p]sonal qualities & exp]i5ce4 ,= girls1 ! comb9ation ( high s*ool education & bus9ess tra9+ is ! be/ prep>ation = wage advancem5t4 ,a g5]al high s*ool education & usually1 bus9ess tra9+1 are ess5tial to ! assurance ( ev5 a liv+ wage4 ,bus9ess tra9+ bas$ ^u less ?an high s*ool education is almo/ futile4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,tra9+ ,six *apt]s ( ! report are devot$ to a consid]ation ( ! ne$s & possibilities ( tra9+4 ,! "w n[ be+ done 9 ! public s*ools ( ! city is discuss$ 9 detail1 ) sugge/ions = a bett] adaptation ( ! c\rses ( /udy & me?ods & cont5t ( in/ruction to ! ne$s ( boys & girls :o wi% to prep>e !mselves to ent] cl]ical occupations4 ,! obs]vations on tra9+ = su* "w may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,comm]cial tra9+ %\ld be op5 to all /ud5ts :om comm]cial subjects & me?ods c s]ve be/2 b graduation %\ld dep5d ^u a high /&>d ( effici5cy4 ,/ati/ics %[ t comm]cial tra9+ is n to be look$ ^u1 9 a :olesale way1 z a successful means ( tak+ c>e ( backw>d academic /ud5ts4 ,comm]cial /ud5ts' ne$ = cultural & o!r supplem5t>y education may be ev5 great] ?an t ( academic /ud5ts4 ,! graduation rate ( comm]cial /ud5ts 9 public s*ools has be5 increas$ s9ce ! organization ( a sep>ate comm]cial high s*ool & ! numb] ( /ud5ts ent]+ has be5 decreas$4 ,comm]cial high s*ools receive a grade ( *ildr5 :o are ab\t m$ium 9 s*ol>%ip & normal 9 age4 ,comm]cial & academic high s*ool tea*]s are simil> 9 s*ola/ic prep>ation & 9 ! sal>ies !y are paid4 ,! ,clevel& ,normal ,s*ool does n prep>e def9itely = ! tea*+ ( comm]cial subjects4 ,comm]cial tea*]s are nom9ally sup]vis$ by ! di/rict sup]9t5d5ts4 ,public s*ools receive #bi p] c5t ( ! city's day comm]cial /ud5ts4 ,! private s*ools receive a few m ?an ! sum ( public1 p>o*ial1 & philan?ropic s*ools4 ,public s*ools receive #bb p] c5t ( ! city's night comm]cial /ud5ts4 ,! private s*ools receive m ?an twice z _m z ! public & philan?ropic s*ools4 ,!re are no night comm]cial classes 9 p>o*ial s*ools4 ,! l5g? ( ! day c\rse 9 mo/ private s*ools is eight mon?s or less2 9 public s*ools x is f\r ye>s4 ,! public s*ool1 if x believes 9 long] prep>ation = comm]cial "w ?an mo/ private s*ools give1 %\ld demon/rate ! reason to p>5ts & *ildr54 ,tra9+ = boys & girls %\ld be diff]5t 9 cont5t & 9 emphasis4 ,! usual c\rse ( /udy 9 comm]cial s*ools is suitable = girls & unsuitable = boys4 ,a girl ne$s1 *iefly1 specific tra9+ 9 "s "o l9e ( "w4 ,%e has a *oice among /5ography1 bookkeep+1 & ma*9e op]at+4 ,a boy ne$s1 *iefly1 g5]al education putt+ emphasis on writ+1 figur+1 & spell+2 g5]al in=mation2 & ! developm5t ( c]ta9 qualities & /&>ds4 ,= /ud5ts elect+ to g into comm]cial "w1 g5]al education may be taught m effectively ?r\gh ! m$ium ( comm]cial subjects ?an ?r\gh academic ones4 ,boys' tra9+ looks =w>d to bo? cl]ical "w & bus9ess adm9i/ration2 b z cl]ical "w is a prep>ation = bus9ess & is likely to occupy ! fir/ few ye>s ( wage e>n+1 tra9+ %\ld aim especially to meet ! ne$s ( cl]ical positions4 ,cl]ical positions = boys cov] a v>iety ( "w :i* _c be def9itely anticipat$ & _c !re=e be specifically tra9$ =4 ,b c]ta9 fundam5tal ne$s are common to all4 ,mo/ ( ! specializ$ tra9+ = boys %\ld be giv5 9 night cont9uation classes4 ,girl /5ograph]s ne$ a full high s*ool c\rse = its educational value & = maturity4 ,girls go+ into o!r cl]ical positions c qualify ) a ye> or two less ( education2 b immaturity 9 any case puts !m at a disadvantage4 ,boys' tra9+1 = ^? :o _c rema9 9 s*ool1 %\ld be compress$ into few] ?an f\r ye>s4 ,immaturity 9 ! case ( boys is n a great disadvantage4 ,bookkeep+ has g5]al value 9 ! in=mation x gives ab\t bus9ess me?ods & = its drill 9 accuracy4 ,to "s ext5t x may aid 9 ! developm5t ( reason+4 ,mu* ( ! bookkeep+ 9 actual use 9 bus9ess consi/s 9 mak+ entries ( "o k9d only & 9 *eck+ & v]ify+4 ,und]/&+ ( debit & cr$it1 po/+1 & trial balance1 is ! maximum practical ne$ ( ! y\ng] work]s4 ,p5man%ip dem&s compactness1 legibility1 neatness1 & ease 9 writ+2 also1 ! correct writ+ & plac+ ( figures4 ,! *ief dem& ( bus9ess 9 ari?metic is = fundam5tal op]ations--add+ & multiply+--also = ability to make calculations & to v]ify results m5tally4 ,und]graduate exp]i5ce 9 s*ool or bus9ess (fices may be a valuable me?od ( acqua9t+ /ud5ts ) (fice practice & r\t9e & ) bus9ess organization & bus9ess /&>ds4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,on ,,dep>tm5t ,,/ore ,,occupations ,! field cov]$ 9 ?is volume is limit$ to ! bus9ess ( retail sell+ z c>ri$ on 9 ! dep>tm5t /ores & "s o!r /ores ( ,clevel&4 ,! retail /ores consid]$ c all be assign$ to "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ classes3 7#a7 ,! dep>tm5t /ore ( ! fir/ rank :i* draws trade n only f ! :ole city & ! suburbs b also f ! t[ns & small] cities ( a l>ge surr\nd+ di/rict2 7#b7 ! neighborhood /ore :i* does a small] bus9ess )9 n>r[] limits1 draw+ its trade1 z ! "n indicates1 f ! imm$iate neighborhood2 7#c7 ! five & t5 c5t /ore1 well kn[n by syndicate names1 :]e no m]*&ise :i* mu/ be sold above #aj c5ts is c>ri$4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,/ores ,! five l>ge/ dep>tm5t /ores 9 ,clevel& employ ab\t #e1hjj p di/ribut$ among sev]al m]cantile dep>tm5ts1 & 9 a v>iety ( occupations t f9d a place 9 ! indu/ry4 ,( ^! #e1hjj p approximately sev5-t5?s are wom5 & ?ree-t5?s are m52 #ij p] c5t are ov] #ah ye>s ( age & #aj p] c5t are "u #ah4 ,! entire =ce ( a /ore is sometimes arbitr>ily divid$ by ! managem5t into productive1 & non-productive help4 ,f #dj to #fj p] c5t ( ! employees 7 report$ z actually tak+ 9 money1 :ile ! rema9d]1 ! non-produc]s1 7 engag$ 9 keep+ ! bus9ess go+ & mak+ x possible = ! produc]s to sell goods4 ,! greate/ numb] ( opportunities ei!r = employm5t or promotion are 9 ! sell+ =ce4 ,?is is (t5 spok5 z be+ on ! floor4 ,bo? boys & girls may f9d employm5t "h1 ?\gh a l>ge majority ( ! sales =ce is made up ( !m4 ,speak+ 9 g5]al t]ms1 m5 are only employ$ to sell m5's furni%+s1 sport+ goods1 bulky m]*&ise1 su* z rugs1 furniture1 blankets1 etc41 & y>d goods :i* are difficult to h&le1 su* z h\sehold l95s & dress goods4 ,positions z buy]s & buy]'s assi/ants are n re/rict$ by sex & boys & girls may bo? consid] !m z a possible goal4 ,,neighborhood ,,/ores ,a neighborhood /ore is t type ( dep>tm5t /ore :i* draws its trade f a comp>atively limit$ area ( :i* ! /ore is ! c5t]4 ,! k9d ( goods c>ri$ are practically ! same z 9 ! l>ge dep>tm5t /ore & ! v>iety ( m]*&ise may be ne>ly z great2 b ! selection is m limit$ because ( ! small /ock4 ,promotion to sell+ positions is m rapid 9 ! neighborhood /ores ?an 9 regul> dep>tm5t /ores4 ,"o reason = ?is is t a l>g] proportion ( ! =ce is productive1 i4e41 sell+4 ,?is proportion may run z high z #hj or ev5 #ij p] c5t1 z comp>$ ) ! #dj to #fj p] c5t ( productive help 9 l>ge dep>tm5t /ores4 ,employm5t 9 ^! /ores is look$ ^u z desirable prelim9>y tra9+ = s]vice 9 l>g] dep>tm5t /ores4 ,?is is ! g5]al op9ion held by ^? :o hire ! employees 9 ! l>g] /ores4 ,! sell+ exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 neighborhood /ores is look$ ^u z g5]al1 9 t x gives an acqua9tance ) a v>iety ( m]*&ise r ?an an ext5sive k ( any l9e ( /ock4 ,?is exp]i5ce makes ! employee adaptable & res\rceful4 ,ano!r advantage ( neighborhood tra9+ = sales p is ! fact t !y are br\ght into clos] human relations ) ! cu/om] & ?us le>n ! value ( p]sonality z a factor 9 mak+ sales4 ,,five ,,& ,,t5 ,,c5t ,,/ores ,clevel& _h 9 ! fall ( #aiae six l>ge /ores :]e no?+ co/+ ov] #aj c5ts is sold4 ,^! belong to ?ree syndicates or *a9s4 ,to %[ ! ext5t to :i* ?is bus9ess has develop$ x may be /at$ t ! l>ge/ ( ^! syndicates1 :i* controls ?ree ( ! six ,clevel& /ores1 has #gdg bran*es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! numb] ( saleswom5 9 a s+le /ore ranges f #ab to #gj4 ,! total numb] 9 ! six /ores 0 approximately #bbf4 ,! %ift 9 ?is bran* ( retail trade is l>ge1 z !re are cont9ual *anges 9 ! sell+ =ce4 ,"o /ore report$ ! numb] ( new employees hir$ 9 six mon?s z be+ ab\t equal to ! av]age sell+ =ce4 ,! manag]s ( ! five & t5 c5t /ores )\t exception /at$ t !y pref]r$ to hire beg9n]s :o 7 )\t /ore exp]i5ce4 ,! h\rs ( "w are long] & ! conditions "u :i* ! "w is done are m try+ ?an is usually ! case 9 ! l>g] dep>tm5t /ores4 ,! girl :o expects h] application = employm5t 9 ! five & t5 c5t /ore to be accept$ mu/ be #ah ye>s old 9 ord] t %e may legally "w aft] six o'clock4 ,x is bett] = h] to be )\t previ\s sell+ exp]i5ce 7unless 9 o!r five & t5 c5t /ores71 z employ]s 9 ^! /ores pref] to tra9 help accord+ to _! own me?ods4 ,,wages ,,& ,,employm5t ,! wages paid beg9n]s 9 ! dep>tm5t /ores are fair z comp>$ ) o!r indu/ries employ+ ! same grade ( help4 ,boys & girls :5 !y fir/ ent] employm5t receive f #c4ej to #g1 dep5d+ on ! /ore :]e !y get _! fir/ job4 ,9 addition to ! sal>y mo/ dep>tm5t /ores give bonuses or commissions ?r\gh :i* ! memb]s ( ! sales =ce may increase _! comp5sation4 ,! ,survey ,/aff work$ out comp>isons on ! basis ( data suppli$ by ! ,/ate ,indu/rial ,commission betwe5 ! e>n+s ( work]s 9 dep>tm5t /ore occupations & ^? 9 o!r indu/ries4 ,diagram #c %[s graphically a comp>ison ( ! wages ( wom5 work]s 9 six diff]5t indu/ries4 ,an int]e/+ po9t br\ght out by ?is graphic comp>ison is t retail trade con/itutes a mu* bett] field = wom5's employm5t z comp>$ ) ! great majority ( positions op5 to !m 9 o!r l9es ?an is commonly assum$ to be ! case4 ,?is is br\ght out ev5 m cle>ly 9 ,table #ae1 :i* comp>es1 on a p]c5tage basis1 ^? :o e>n #ab a week & ov]1 9 all ( ! indu/ries ( ! city employ+ z _m z #ejj wom5 9 #aiad4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #c4--,p] c5t ( wom5 e>n+ ea* class ( weekly wages 9 ea* ( six occupations ,,table #ae4--,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,wom5 ,,employees ,,ov] #ah ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age ,,e>n+ #ab ,a ,,week ,,& ,,ov] ,(fice employees1 9 retail & :olesale /ores #ca4h ,employees 9 wom5's clo?+ factories #bb4e ,saleswom5 9 retail & :olesale /ores #ba4j ,employees 9 m5's clo?+ factories #ac4c ,employees 9 hosi]y & knit goods factories #g4i ,employees 9 pr9t+ & publi%+ e/abli%m5ts #g4g ,employees 9 telephone & telegraph (fices #f4c ,employees 9 laundries & dry clean+ e/abli%m5ts #d4d ,employees 9 cig> & tobacco factories #c4i ,employees 9 gas & electric fixtures conc]ns #c4b ,if ! data 7 = retail /ores only & did n include :olesale /ores1 !n (fice "w1 :i* n[ /&s at ! head ( ! li/1 w\ld probably n make s good a %[+1 al?\gh ! sup]iority ov] ! sell+ positions is1 f ! wage-e>n+ /&po9t1 s m>k$ t !re seems to be no escape f ! conclusion t on ! :ole wom5 (fice work]s are bett] paid ?an wom5 9 ! sales =ce4 ,on ! o!r h& ! proportion ( saleswom5 e>n+ #ab & ov] is f ne>ly sev5 times z great to n f> f twice z great z x is 9 ! factory indu/ries1 if we except ! work]s 9 wom5's clo?+ factories1 ^: e>n+s p] week are bett] ?an ^? ( ! saleswom54 ,) respect to ! m5 employ$ on ! sales =ce ( ! dep>tm5t /ores a some:at diff]5t situation exi/s4 ,9 ,diagram #d a comp>ison is made ( ! wages paid 9 sales positions ) ! wages paid 9 cl]ical positions4 ,"h x w be not$ t m5 :o sell goods 9 retail & :olesale /ores e>n m on ! av]age ?an m5 occupy+ cl]ical positions1 su* z bookkeep]s1 /5ograph]s1 & (fice cl]ks4 ,?is comp>ison does n include travel+ salesm54 ,a fur!r comp>ison ( ! e>n+s ( ! m5 9 /ores ) ! e>n+s ( male work]s 7omitt+ (fice cl]ks7 9 ! diff]5t indu/ries ( ! city employ+ ! l>ge/ numb] ( m5 is giv5 9 ,diagram #e1 :i* %[s ! p] c5t 9 ea* indu/ry e>n+ #ah a week & ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #d4--,p] c5t ( salesm5 & ( m5 cl]ical work]s 9 /ores receiv+ ea* class ( weekly wage ,9 comp>+ wages 9 /ores ) ^? 9 ! manufactur+ indu/ries x mu/ be n =gott5 t ! work+ day & week 9 ! l>g] /ores is %ort] ?an 9 mo/ ( ! factories4 ,h5ce a comp>ison ( e>n+s on ! basis ( wage p] h\r w\ld %[ a /ill great] advantage 9 favor ( bo? sales p]sons & cl]ical work]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #e4--,p] c5t ( male work]s 9 non-cl]ical positions 9 six indu/ries e>n+ #ah p] week & ov] ,,regul>ity ,,( ,,employm5t ,9 dep>tm5t /ore "w & 9 ne>ly all bran*es ( retail sell+ !re is a m>k$ fluctuation 9 ! numb] employ$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,sales "w 9 ! dep>tm5t /ores is seasonal 9 ! s5se t a l>ge numb] ( extra sales wom5 are tak5 on dur+ ! ,*ri/mas season = a p]iod ( tempor>y employm5t1 usually la/+ f "o to two mon?s4 ,! proportion ( ! total work+ =ce = ! :ole ye> employ$ 9 su* transi5t jobs is approximately "o-f\r?4 ,h[ sell+ positions 9 retail & :olesale /ores comp>e ) o!r fields ( employm5t 9 ?is respect is se5 9 ,diagram #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #f4--,p] c5t t ! av]age numb] ( wom5 employ$ dur+ ! ye> is ( ! highe/ numb] employ$ 9 ea* ( six indu/ries ,,opportunities ,,= ,,advancem5t ,9 reg>d to promotion 9 dep>tm5t /ores x %\ld be not$ t z a rule ! executives are made 9 ! bus9ess & are n1 z 9 "s indu/ries1 br\ght 9 f ! outside because !y mu/ h "s special tra9+ :i* ! organization itself does n provide4 ,n only 9 ,clevel& b 9 o!r cities :]e /udies ( ! same k9d h be5 made x has be5 f\nd t practically all ! p hold+ important floor positions h come up f ! ranks4 ,! v>i\s l9es ( promotion ?r\gh ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts are analyz$ 9 detail 9 ! report4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,tra9+ ,t vocational tra9+ = dep>tm5t /ore employees is bo? desirable & possible is prov$ by ! fact t mo/ ( ! l>ge /ores 9 ,clevel& make "s provision = ! in/ruction ( _! work]s4 ,"s ( ^! classes are c>efully organiz$ & excell5tly taught ) e promise ( increas+ 9 usefulness4 ,o!rs employ me?ods ( in/ruction :i* belong to ! academic s*ool ( an e>li] decade & give evid5ce t ! problem ( vocational tra9+ ) :i* !y are presumably conc]n$ is n ev5 und]/ood4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! s*ool !re are two well recogniz$ k9ds ( tra9+ possible = dep>tm5t /ore employees3 trade prep>atory & trade ext5sion tra9+4 ,ev5tually x may prove practicable to organize in/ruction ( bo? k9ds1 b x is ! op9ion ( ! au?or ( ! report t "u pres5t conditions ! sure/ results c be expect$ f trade ext5sion tra9+4 ,9 trade ext5sion in/ruction ! memb]s ( ! gr\p to be dealt ) h already secur$ _! foo?old 9 ! indu/ry2 & hav+ ma/]$ at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( _! job !y h acquir$ a basis ( exp]i5ce :i* may be utiliz$ = purposes ( in/ruction4 ,^! p are responsive to tea*+ organiz$ ) reg>d to _! ne$s1 = daily exp]i5ce is demon/rat+ to !m _! defici5cies4 ,! success ( ! propos$ tra9+ w l>gely dep5d ^u ! employm5t ( simple & direct me?ods t %all place ?is k 9 ! h&s & head ( ! p]son or gr\p ne$+ x4 ,! application ( ?is in/ruction mu/ be imm$iate & practical & mu/ n be dep5d5t ^u ! work+ out ( a complicat$ c\rse or s*$ule4 ,! organization mu/ be flexible en\gh to admit ( br++ toge!r a gr\p hav+ a common ne$1 al?\gh !y may come f diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! bus9ess4 ,s9ce ! unit ( class organization is n previ\s s*ool exp]i5ce or simil> employm5t1 x w be se5 t ?is class %\ld be held only until ! ne$ is fully suppli$ & %\ld !n give place to ano!r organiz$ on ! same basis4 ,z 9 all vocational tea*+1 ! size ( ! class %\ld be limit$4 ,to make ?is "w really effective1 ! in/ructor %\ld come 9 suffici5tly close contact ) all pupils to enable him to obta9 a p]sonal k ( _! ne$s & capabilities4 ,a fur!r necessity = small classes & individual in/ruction is f\nd 9 ! fact t !re is a con/ant %ift ( employees 9 ! indu/ry z well z frequ5t accessions f ! outside4 ,x readily c be se5 t ?is is n a problem ( ! regul> s*ool & t x _c be met by ord9>y classroom me?ods4 ,"p "t or cont9uation classes1 su* z h already prov$ feasible = o!r k9ds ( trade in/ruction1 are ! mo/ practicable me?ods ( do+ ?is "w4 ,classes = ! in/ruction ( employees are already ma9ta9$ 9 ! majority ( l>ge /ores4 ,! ext5sion ( ?is plan ( sep>ate responsibility is "o way ( meet+ ! problem4 ,b ?is me?od has c]ta9 obvi\s faults4 ,! unequal opportunity :i* x af=ds to dep>tm5t /ore employees z a body is a conspicu\s drawback4 ,! value ( ! in/ruction s giv51 moreov]1 w always dep5d to a l>ge ext5t on ! compreh5sion ( ! problem by ! firm ma9ta9+ ! classes4 ,! me?od involves mu* duplication ( ef=t1 :i* is p>ticul>ly wa/eful :5 ! in/ruction ( small gr\ps is involv$4 ,ano!r possible me?od w\ld be = ! sev]al dep>tm5t /ores to get toge!r & cooep]ate 9 provid+ in/ruction4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no reason :y /ores %\ld n unite = ?is purpose z well z = any o!r4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are economy ( ma9t5ance & adm9i/ration1 ! ability to comm& exp]t s]vice1 & ! possibility ( secur+ & %>+ ! results ( a great v>iety ( su* exp]i5ces z does n consi/ ( exclusive trade secrets4 ,! numb] ( p :om x w\ld be necess>y to employ exclusively = ! purpose ( conduct+ ^! classes w\ld be small z comp>$ ) ! results accompli%$4 ,collectively ^! /ores n[ h 9 _! employ a body ( highly paid exp]ts 9 all l9es ( m]*&ise4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( ! mo/ accurate te*nical k cov]+ ! "w ( all dep>tm5ts is already available 9 ! sev]al /ores4 ,^! are valuable res\rces :i* %\ld be utiliz$ by a cooep]ative s*ool ( ?is k9d4 ,= ! head ( su* a s*ool1 x w\ld be desirable to secure a man or woman ( m ?an usual ability & disc]nm5t :o1 above all else1 c\ld s5se ! bus9ess & r\t9e ( ea* contribut+ /ore f ! /&po9t ( ! employee & ( /ore organization4 ,x w\ld be ! bus9ess ( ?is p]son to become famili> ) ! available s\rces ( k 9 ! diff]5t /ores & !n arrange = ! pres5tation ( ?is k to ! v>i\s classes4 ,by cooep]ation ) ! floor m51 heads ( sections & dep>tm5ts1 z well z ) ! employees !mselves1 he %\ld come into close contact ) ! requirem5ts ( ! work]s & %\ld ga!r f ! diff]5t /ores ^? :o1 because ( _! common ne$1 c be made into a s*ool unit4 ,x w\ld also be necess>y to employ assi/ants ( practical exp]i5ce :o w\ld att5d to ! details ( r\t9e tea*+1 & act z int]pret]s = ^? exp]ts :o h ! k b n ! ability to imp>t x ev5 to a small class4 ,x is realiz$ t a s*eme ( ?is k9d w\ld involve ! ov]com+ ( _m objections & difficulties ( adju/m5t be=e x c\ld be put into actual op]ation4 ,x w\ld necessitate mutual concessions & =be>ance on ! "p ( ev]ybody conc]n$1 b ! results w\ld unque/ionably ju/ify ! labor4 ,a ?ird me?od1 already 9 op]ation 9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & ,buffalo1 calls = ! cooep]ation ( ! /ores & ! s*ools4 ,?is p>tn]%ip1 x is claim$1 makes c]ta9 t ! ne$s ( ! pupil are consid]$ be=e ! dem&s ( ! bus9ess4 ,x insures equal opportunity = all employees s f> z in/ruction is conc]n$ & x divides ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance betwe5 ! indu/ry & ! s*ool4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ?is s*eme frequ5tly results 9 ! employm5t ( tea*]s :o1 al?\gh c]tificat$ = regul> s*ool "w1 h no o!r qualifications1 in/ead ( p]sons ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,! employm5t ( su* tea*]s too (t5 leads to ! foll[+ ( ord9>y s*ool practices & academic traditions r ?an ! me?ods & practice ( bus9ess4 ,9 "s qu>t]s x is ma9ta9$ t ?is in/ruction %\ld be entirely tak5 ov] by ! public s*ools1 ?us reliev+ ! /ore ( any responsibility 9 ! matt]4 ,x is probably n n[ advisable = ! s*ool to assume full responsibility = su* tra9+4 ,! heavy exp5se involv$ & ! physical limitations ( ! s*ools w\ld make x difficult1 )\t ! cooep]ation ( ! /ore1 to reproduce ! trade atmosph]e necess>y = real vocational tra9+4 ,z a result1 ! in/ruction w\ld become ab/ract & !oretical1 ) ! major portion ( ! ef=t limit$ to a cont9uation ( elem5t>y s*ool subjects taught ) ref]5ce to _! application to dep>tm5t /ore "w4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,in/ruction ,! analysis ( ! indu/ry %[s t 9 ea* occupation or job !re is a def9ite am\nt ( k :i* mu/ be acquir$ by ! effici5t work]4 ,a /udy ( ?is analysis & ( ! examples ( te*nical k ne$$ by ! work] at diff]5t po9ts 9 ! indu/ry w %[ t no su* ?+ z a g5]al c\rse is possible4 ,9 e case ! "* ( ! in/ruction %\ld be su* t x w answ] a def9ite ne$ ( ! employee4 ,:at ?is in/ruction %\ld be 9 specific cases c be settl$ only1 on ! "o h&1 by a ?or\gh analysis ( ! occupation to det]m9e :at dem&s x makes ^u ! work]s1 & on ! o!r1 by a c>eful /udy ( ! work]s !mselves to asc]ta9 h[ f> !y h be5 unable to meet ^! dem&s )\t assi/ance4 ,lessons c !n be organiz$ deal+ ) su* subject matt] z individuals or gr\ps h fail$ to grasp1 ! lack ( :i* limits _! effici5cy or re/ricts _! usefulness4 ,x c readily be se5 t ?is in/ruction w cov] a wide range ( subjects1 f ! use ( fractions ne$$ by *eck]s & salesgirls 9 y>d goods sections1 to ! special te*nical k ( f9e furs requir$ by ! salesp]son :o h&les ?is m]*&ise4 ,! me?od by :i* ?is in/ruction c be/ be giv5 is 9 a s]ies ( %ort unit c\rses4 ,9 e case ! l5g? ( ! c\rse is to be det]m9$ by ! subject matt]4 ,= in/ance1 two "o-half h\r lessons may be a c\rse1 :5 ?is "t is suffici5t = ! necess>y tea*+4 ,! gr\p or class to :i* ?is in/ruction is giv5 might be made up ( ^? :o ne$ ! same te*nical k1 al?\gh !y might expect to make a diff]5t application ( ?is in/ruction4 ,= in/ance1 ! unit c\rse on silks might be giv5 to a gr\p compos$ ( salespeople f ! silk section1 ! wai/s & g[ns section1 & ! section ( m5's neckwe>4 ,! report gives detail$ examples ( ! k9ds ( te*nical k ne$$ 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! /ore4 ,x ma9ta9s t su* in/ruction _c be successfully giv5 by regul> s*ool tea*]s4 ,z 9 o!r indu/ries ! tea*] ne$s actual exp]i5ce 9 ! occupation = :i* tra9+ is giv54 ,academic tra9+ & tea*+ exp]i5ce are desirable & valuable1 b among ! qualifications dem&$ ( a tea*] ( ?is k9d !y are ( second>y importance4 ,! f9al *apt] ( ! report conta9s valuable in/ructions = "y p]sons :o desire to secure positions 9 retail trade4 ,^! in/ructions cov] su* matt]s z "w pap]s1 me?ods ( secur+ a position1 & requirem5ts = employm5t 9 v>i\s k9ds ( dep>tm5t /ore "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,g>m5t ,,trades ,! clo?+ indu/ry 9 ,clevel& has gr[n v rapidly 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,dur+ ! #aj ye> p]iod f #aijj-aj ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! indu/ry increas$ approximately #ajj p] c5t4 ,?is increase 0 mu* great] ?an ! increase ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry z a :ole & 0 m ?an twice z l>ge z ! increase 9 ! population ( ! city4 ,!re is e indication t ?is rapid gr[? is /ill cont9u+4 ,x is e/imat$ t approximately #aj1jjj work]s are employ$ 9 ! indu/ry at ! pres5t "t4 ,! di/ribution ( m5 & wom5 9 ! indu/ry is mo/ int]e/+4 ,! mak+ ( m5's g>m5ts has be5 m fully /&>diz$ & is subject to few] *anges ?an ! mak+ ( wom5's g>m5ts4 ,9 ?is /&>diz$ & sy/ematiz$ bran* ( ! indu/ry ! wom5 n[ outnumb] ! m54 ,9 ! manufacture ( wom5's g>m5ts1 :]e ! /yles *ange m frequ5tly & ! "w is ( a m v>i$ "*1 m m5 ?an wom5 are employ$4 ,! me?ods ( "w are ( ?ree g5]al types3 ,! old tailor+ sy/em kn[n z team "w1 or a slight modification ( x2 piece op]at+2 & section "w4 ,"u ! team sy/em1 us$ ext5sively 9 ! mak+ ( wom5's coats1 a head tailor hires 8 own help]s 7op]ators & f9i%]s71 sup]vises !m & pays !m by ! week out ( ! lump sum he receives = ! g>m5ts f ! clo?+ e/abli%m5t4 ,"u ! piece op]at+ sy/em ea* op]ator sews up all ! seams on "o piece1 or g>m5t1 & ea* f9i%] does all ! h& sew+ on "o g>m5t4 ,ea* op]ator & ea* f9i%] is an indep5d5t work]4 ,! :ole body ( f9i%]s keeps pace ) ! :ole body ( op]ators4 ,piece op]at+ is us$ almo/ entirely 9 dress & skirt mak+1 & to "s ext5t 9 coat mak+4 ,! section sy/em is bas$ on ! subdivision ( processes into a numb] ( m9or op]ations4 ,! work]s are divid$ into gr\ps1 ea* gr\p mak+ a c]ta9 "p ( ! g>m5t4 ,! v>i\s op]ations are divid$ into z _m m9or op]ations z ! numb] ( work]s & quantity & k9d ( mat]ials w w>rant4 ,ea* ( ^! m9or op]ations is p]=m$ by op]ators :o d no?+ else4 ,?is specialization has be5 c>ri$ to a high degree 9 ! manufacture ( m5's clo?+1 & section "w is increas+ly us$ on wom5's coats4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,work+ ,,=ce ,"o ( ! objects ( ! /udy 0 to f9d h[ _m positions !re are = m5 & wom5 9 ea* occupation 9 ! indu/ry4 ,?r\gh ! cooep]ation ( employ]s data 7 obta9$ f ! records ( #ej e/abli%m5ts employ+ a total ( #h1ccg g>m5t work]s1 approximately f\r-fif?s ( ! total numb] 9 ! city4 ,! di/ribution ( work]s by sex 9 ! v>i\s occupations is %[n 9 ,diagram #g4 ,! apportion+ ( "w to ! two sexes seems to dep5d p>tly ^u ! weight ( mat]ials & p>tly ^u previ\s tra9+4 ,! m5 are mo/ly =eign born tailors :o h _h ! k9d ( tra9+ necess>y = ! m complicat$ "w4 ,! wom5 are l>gely ,am]ican born ( =eign p>5tage1 tra9$ 9 ,am]ican %ops & employ$ *iefly ^u op]ations t may be le>n$ 9 a relatively %ort "t4 ,cutt+ & press+ are practically monopoliz$ by m54 ,ne>ly all h& sew]s are wom51 except = a few ba/]s on m5's clo?+4 ,mo/ design]s are m51 al?\gh a few wom5 design]s are f\nd 9 dress & wai/ %ops4 ,9 ! l>ge/ trade1--ma*9e op]at+1--ab\t two-?irds ( ! work]s are wom54 ,9 no trade 9 :i* bo? sexes are employ$ is ! diff]5ce 9 _! "w m app>5t4 ,! weight ( mat]ials decides to "s ext5t ! division ( op]at+ betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,"s employ]s are ( ! op9ion t g>m5ts made ( su* ?ick mat]ials z plu%1 corduroys1 & *eviots are too heavy to be manipulat$ "u ne$le ma*9]y by wom5 & consequ5tly employ only m5 op]ators4 ,:]e light weight mat]ials are us$1 z 9 ! manufacture ( dresses & wai/s1 delicacy 9 h&l+ is requir$1 & ne>ly all ! op]ators are wom54 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #g4--;,di/ribution ( #h1ccg clo?+ work]s by sex 9 ! pr9cipal occupations 9 ! g>m5t indu/ry ,f\r-fif?s ( ! m5 & two-fif?s ( ! wom5 employ$ 9 ! indu/ry are ( =eign bir? & ! majority ( ! native born work]s are ( =eign p>5tage4 ,!re is an increas+ dem& = work]s :o und]/& ,engli%1 due to ! fact t !y are able to foll[ directions m intellig5tly4 ,!re are relatively few work]s "u ! age ( #ah4 ,_m firms w employ no "o "u ?is age because ( v>i\s complications :i* arise 9 connection ) ! age & s*ool+ c]tification ( girls betwe5 ! ages ( #af & #ah4 ,( #be wom5's clo?+ factories visit$ dur+ ! ,survey only n9e _h any work]s "u #ah4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! ,indu/rial ,commission ( ,ohio = #aiad only eight p] c5t ( ! work]s employ$ 9 mak+ m5's clo?+1 & less ?an two p] c5t ( ! work]s employ$ 9 mak+ wom5's clo?+ 7 "u #ah ye>s ( age4 ,,e>n+s ,9 g5]al ! wages paid 9 g>m5t mak+ comp>e favorably ) ^? ( o!r manufactur+ indu/ries4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ) respect to ! e>n+s ( wom5 work]s4 ,a consid]ably l>g] proportion ( ! wom5 employ$ 9 ! g>m5t indu/ry e>n :at may be consid]$ high wages = indu/rial work]s ?an 9 any ( ! l>g] factory indu/ries ( ! city4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n 9 ,diagram #h :i* li/s n9e ( ! pr9cipal fields ( indu/rial employm5t = wom54 ,! proportions ( wom5 receiv+ "u #h a week are l[] 9 m5's & wom5's clo?+ ?an 9 ! o!r sev5 indu/ries4 ,9 ! proportion ( wom5 receiv+ #ab & ov]1 wom5's clo?+ ranks fir/ & m5's clo?+ ?ird4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #h4--,p]c5tage ( wom5 9 m5's & wom5's clo?+ & sev5 o!r important wom5 employ+ indu/ries receiv+ "u #h1 #h to #ab1 & #ab & ov] p] week4 ,! comp>ison ( ! wages paid m5 employees %[n 9 ,diagram #i is some:at less favorable4 ,wom5's clo?+ ranks ) pr9t+ & publi%+ z to ! proportion ( male work]s receiv+ ! highe/ specifi$ e>n+s p] week4 ,m5's clo?+ ranks six? among ! indu/ries comp>$4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( "w d n comm& fix$ wage rates1 z d _m o!r types ( indu/rial employm5t4 ,quantity ( output z well z quality ( workman%ip is an important factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( wages4 ,m5 g5]ally turn out a great] output ?an wom5 on ! same k9d ( "w & piece work]s usually e>n m ?an ^? paid by ! week4 ,! l[e/1 av]age1 & highe/ wages = ea* ( ! pr9cipal occupations 9 ! two bran*es ( ! indu/ry are %[n 9 ,tables #af & #ag4 ,"o reason (t5 giv5 = ! high] e>n+s receiv$ by work]s on wom5's g>m5ts is ! great] irregul>ity ( employm5t 9 ?is bran* ( ! indu/ry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n suffici5tly acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 ,! mo/ weighty reason is t a high] degree ( adaptability is requir$ ( work]s ?an is ! case 9 ! manufacture ( m5's clo?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #i4--,p]c5tage ( m5 9 m5's & wom5's clo?+ & sev5 o!r manufactur+ indu/ries receiv+ "u #ah1 #ah to #be1 & #be & ov] p] week ,,table #af4--,,wages ,,= ,,full-,,"t ,,work+ ,,week1 ,,wom5',s ,,clo?+1 ,,clevel&1 #aiae ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,work]s ,l[e/ ,av]age ,highe/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,assort]s1 wom5 #f4jj #h4ge #ad4jj ,h& sew]s1 wom5 #f4jj #aj4jj #bj4jj ,trimm+ girls #g4jj #aj4be #ae4jj ,op]ators199 wom5 #f4jj #ab4jj #cj4jj ,sample mak]s1 wom5 #aj4jj #ab4ge #ae4jj ,exam9]s1 wom5 #h4jj #ac4ej #ah4jj ,models1 suit & cloak #aj4jj #ae4be #ba4jj ,=ewom5 #i4jj #af4be #be4jj ,op]ators199 m5 #g4jj #ag4ge #ej4jj ,press]s1 m5 #i4jj #ah4be #ce4jj ,cutt]s1,sec4 m5 #h4jj #ai4be #cj4jj ,patt]n grad]s1 suit & cloak1 m5 #ac4jj #bb4jj #bg4ej ,sample mak]s1 m5 #ac4jj #bb4ej #be4jj ,exam9]s1 m5 #af4jj #be4jj #de4jj ,head tailors1 m5 #ah4jj #be4jj 444 ,=em5 #ad4jj #cj4jj #ge4jj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 993 ,includes piece & section op]ators & help]s to head tailors ,sec43 ,includes all cutt]s except =em51 appr5tices1 & patt]n grad]s ,,table #ag4--;,,av]age ,,wages ,,= ,,full-,,"t ,,work+ ,,week ,,= ,,simil> ,,work]s1 ,,m5',s ,,& ,,wom5',s ,,clo?+1 ,,clevel&1 #aiae ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,work]s ,m5's ,wom5's clo?+ clo?+ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,h& sew]s1 wom5 #i4ej #aj4jj ,section op]ators1 wom5 #i4be #aa4be ,exam9]s1 wom5 #g4jj #ac4ej ,section op]ators1 m5 #af4ej #ae4be ,press]s1 "u #ab4jj #ae4ge ,=ewom5 #aa4jj #af4be ,press]s1 upp] #ah4ej #ai4ej ,cutt]s1 clo? #ah4ge #bj4jj ,exam9]s1 m5 #ag4ge #be4jj ,=em5 #bi4be #cj4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,regul>ity ,,( ,,employm5t ,! mak+ ( wom5's clo?+ is seasonal1 to meet a seasonal pur*as+ dem&4 ,mo/ p pur*ase _! summ] clo!s 9 ,april & ,may1 & _! w9t] clo!s 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,dur+ ! mon?s previ\s to ^! pur*as+ seasons a l>ge numb] ( work]s are ne$$1 b aft] ! height ( ! pur*as+ p]iod employm5t becomes less & less /eady until ! fir/ dem&s ( ! new season are felt4 ,dur+ ! ru% season a great] numb] ( work]s is employ$1 or ! output may be augm5t$ by increas+ ! spe$ at :i* ! "w is p]=m$ or ! numb] ( h\rs 9 ! work+ day4 ,a comb9ation ( ^! me?ods is frequ5tly us$4 ,dur+ dull p]iods ! work]s may be busy f a few h\rs a week to full work+ "t2 :ile 9 ru% p]iods !y may "w n only ! regul> work+ h\rs1 b 9 addition a good deal ( ov]-"t4 ,comp>$ ) o!r manufactur+ indu/ries z reg>ds regul>ity ( employm5t m5's clo?+ makes an excell5t %[+ :ile wom5's clo?+ ranks l[4 ,9 ,diagram #aj ! av]age numb] ( unemploy$ among ea* #ajj work]s is %[n = m5's & wom5's clo?+ & = #ae o!r l>ge manufactur+ indu/ries 9 ! city4 ,m5's clo?+ leads ! li/1 ) an av]age unemploym5t ( f\r among ea* #ajj work]s1 :ile wom5's clo?+ ranks #ad?1 ) #ae among ea* #ajj4 ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,promotion ,design]s le>n _! "w ?r\gh appr5tice%ips to cu/om tailors & cutt]s & by tak+ supplem5t>y c\rses 9 draft+ & grad+ ( patt]ns 9 a design+ s*ool4 ,mo/ design]s 9 ,clevel& h _h tra9+ 9 design+ s*ools 9 ,new ,york or ,*icago4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #aj4--,! black portions ( ! b>s %[ ! av]age numb] ( unemploy$ among ea* #ajj work]s 9 m5's clo?+1 wom5's clo?+ & #ae o!r specifi$ indu/ries ,) b few exceptions organiz$ tra9+ = ma*9e op]at+ is f\nd only 9 ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5ts4 ,!re is g5]al agreem5t among employ]s t x takes a girl :o has nev] op]at$ a ma*9e be=e ab\t f\r weeks to le>n an easy op]ation well en\gh to be tak5 on at regul> piece rates4 ,a mu* long] "t is requir$ to become a fir/ class work] on a s+le op]ation1 & to acquire skill 9 a gr\p ( op]ations takes f "o to two ye>s4 ,girls are n usually employ$ z h& sew]s unless !y "k h[ to d pla9 sew+4 ,a girl :o />ts ) ?is k %\ld be able to le>n factory sew+ well en\gh to e>n fair wages )9 f six mon?s to a ye>4 ,9 cutt+1 :i* has a s-call$ appr5tice%ip la/+ f two to six ye>s1 !re is no =mal sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,boys mu/ pick up ! trade f obs]vation & practice4 ,beg9n]s />t z err& boys1 clo? boys1 bundl]s1 or help]s4 ,press+ is usually le>n$ 9 clean+ & press+ %ops4 ,x takes ab\t eight weeks = a gre5 h& to become a good seam press]4 ,to become a f9al press] on skirts & dresses requires f six mon?s to a ye>1 & on jackets & cloaks f two to ?ree ye>s4 ,exam9]s h usually _h consid]able previ\s exp]i5ce z ma*9e op]ators or f9i%]s4 ,! l5g? ( exp]i5ce dep5ds on ! k9ds ( g>m5ts & ranges f ?ree to eight ye>s4 ,trimm]s & assort]s le>n _! "w z help]s to exp]i5c$ employees4 ,a ye> or s ( exp]i5ce is requir$ be=e !y c be entru/$ ) responsible "w4 ,=em5 are select$ f ! work+ =ce or1 9 a few cases1 tra9$ especially = _! positions4 ,al?\gh !re are few opportunities ea* ye> = advancem5t to =eman%ip1 employ]s decl>e !y _c get en\gh p]sons ( ability to fill vacancies4 ,a /udy ( ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( =em5 & =ewom5 made by ! survey %[s t !y come f ne>ly e dep>tm5t ( ! factory4 ,! l5g? ( previ\s exp]i5ce among ! cases /udi$ rang$ f ?ree mon?s to n9e ye>s4 ,,educational ,,ne$s ,! quality :i* proprietors ( g>m5t mak+ e/abli%m5ts value above all o!rs 9 _! employees is adaptability4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! manufactur+ ( clo?+ diff]s f almo/ all o!r k9ds ( indu/rial "w 9 ! frequ5cy ) :i* *anges take place 9 ! size & %ape ( ! product & 9 ! range ( mat]ials :i* mu/ be h&l$ by ! same work]s4 ,!re is an annual *ange 9 ! weight ( clo? us$ = ! diff]5t seasons1 f light to heavy & f heavy to light4 ,! size & %ape ( ! pieces :i* compose ! f9i%$ g>m5t are det]m9$ by *anges 9 /yle :i* v>y f ! m9or modifications occurr+ ye>ly 9 m5's clo?+ to ! radical *anges 9 ! /yle ( wom5's clo?+4 ,a wide v>iety ( fabrics is employ$1 rang+ f ?ick to ?91 smoo? to r\gh1 closely wov5 to loosely wov5 & f pla9 weave to fancy weave4 ,9 "o season a s+le e/abli%m5t w make g>m5ts f z _m z #bjj diff]5t fabrics1 & ea* op]ator is likely to "w ^u #fj or m diff]5t k9ds ( clo?4 ,9 view ( ! fact t _m ( ! work]s are =eign]s or ( =eign p>5tage1 & t ! frequ5t *anges 9 /yles & mat]ials require ! giv+ ( detail$ in/ructions by =em51 in/ruction 9 ,engli% is ( m importance 9 ! g>m5t trades ?an 9 occupations :]e !re is a l>g] proportion ( native born & :]e ! products & processes are m uni=mly /&>diz$4 ,all clo?+ work]s %\ld h a practical k ( ! fundam5tal op]ations ( ari?metic4 ,:]e ! piece & section sy/ems are 9 op]ation x is important = ! work] to keep acc\nt ( :at %e has accompli%$ & to "k en\gh ari?metic to *eck h] own record ) ! tally kept by ! =eman or payroll girl4 ,"s ( ! occupations1 su* z cutt+1 involve a consid]able am\nt ( ari?metical computation4 ,z 9 o!r trades1 all work]s & prospective work]s ne$ a g5]al k ( indu/rial conditions4 ,!y w\ld greatly b5efit f a bett] und]/&+ ( ! supply ( labor1 factors affect+ prices1 organization ( work]s1 indu/rial legislation1 ! relative importance ( ! field ( employm5t 9 diff]5t indu/ries1 ! nature ( important indu/rial processes1 & ! l4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is little opportunity = ga9+ su* in=mation ei!r be=e ent]+ any specific l9e ( "w or aft]w>ds4 ,= c]ta9 small gr\ps )9 ! clo?+ indu/ry !re are ne$s 9 ! way ( te*nical tra9+ t are important & at pres5t unsuppli$4 ,tra9+ 9 appli$ ma!matics1 draft+ & design w\ld be ( b5efit to a consid]able numb] ( employees :o are occupy+ or work+ t[>ds advanc$ positions4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! wom5 work]s ne$ skill 9 h& sew+4 ,be=e girls ent] ! indu/ry !y %\ld h c>eful & sy/ematic tra9+ 9 pla9 sew+ /it*es1 sew+ on buttons & o!r fa/5]s1 & button hole mak+4 ,ma*9e op]at+ is ! mo/ important occupation 9 ! indu/ry1 & employs m wom5 ?an any o!r occupation 9 ! city1 except p]haps dressmak+4 ,aft] a c>eful /udy ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is occupation & ! v>i\s conditions affect+ x1 ! survey rea*$ ! conclusion t !re %\ld be e/abli%$ by ! s*ool sy/em a trade c\rse = prospective p[] ma*9e op]ators4 ,,sew+ ,,c\rses ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,s*ools ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ools manual tra9+ sew+ is giv5 9 ! fif? & six? grades4 ,x consi/s ( "o h\r a week ( h& sew+ taught by a regul> grade tea*] or sometimes by tea*]s ( dome/ic sci5ce or o!r special subjects4 ,! aim is to give ! girls a k ( practical sew+ :i* may be ( use to !m 9 ! home4 ,9 five ( ! elem5t>y s*ools h& & ma*9e sew+ is taught by special sew+ tea*]s4 ,ab\t f\r p] c5t ( all ! sev5? & eigh? grade girls 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools receive ?is in/ruction4 ,9 ! te*nical high s*ools ! sew+ c\rse cov]s f\r ye>s "w4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s all girls are requir$ to take pla9 h& & ma*9e sew+ ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs a week4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s !y may elect ei!r mill9]y or dressmak+1 & special c\rses 9 ^! subjects are provid$ = girls :o wi% to prep>e = trade "w4 ,! aim ( ! sew+ c\rse z /at$ 9 ! outl9e ( ! ,ea/ ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool is 7#a7 ,prep>ation = effici5cy 9 ! selection ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 sew+ & ! con/ruction ( articles relat+ to ! home & family sew+3 7#b7 lay+ ! f\ndation = c\rses 9 college1 normal s*ool1 or bus9ess s*ool4 ,a two ye> elective c\rse 9 sew+ is provid$ 9 ! academic high s*ool z a "p ( ! home economic c\rse4 ,! aim ( ?is sew+1 :i* is call$ dome/ic art1 is /at$ ?us3 ,problem--my p]sonal appe>ance is "o ( my *ief assets4 ,:at c ,i d to improve x8 ,dressmak+ & mill9]y classes are conduct$ 9 ! night te*nical high s*ools to tea* girls h[ to make _! own clo!s & hats4 ,! manual tra9+ sew+ 9 ! fif? & six? grades _c be consid]$ z furni%+ any important contribution 9 ! tra9+ ( ^? :o w make _! liv+ 9 ! sew+ trades4 ,mu* ! same mu/ be said ( ! "w 9 ! te*nical high s*ools4 ,x is taught n = ! purpose ( secur+ quick1 accurate h& or ma*9e /it*+1 b to enable ! girls to make a few g>m5ts = _! p]sonal use4 ,due to ! fact t v few ( ! girls :o become wage e>n]s 9 ^! trades rema9 9 s*ool aft] ! completion ( ! elem5t>y c\rse x is d\btful :e!r ! te*nical high s*ool (f]s a hopeful field = practical tra9+4 ,! "w 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools is s hamp]$ by lack ( equipm5t t ! results1 f ! /&po9t ( trade prep>ation1 am\nt to v little4 ,,elective ,,sew+ ,,c\rses ,,9 ,,! ,,junior ,,high ,,s*ool ,! r$uction ( ret>dation all ?r\gh ! grades is ( fundam5tal importance to any plan ( vocational tra9+4 ,! age ( #ae is ! f9al compulsory att5dance age = girls1 & ^? :o ent] at six & sev5 & make regul> progress %\ld be 9 ! fir/ or second high s*ool ye> by ! "t !y rea* ?is age4 ,la/ ye> !re 71 h[ev]1 #a1agj fifte5-ye>-old girls 9 ! ,clevel& s*ools :o 7 f "o to sev5 grades bel[ normal4 ,in/ead ( be+ 9 ! high s*ool1 !y 7 scatt]$ f ! second grade to ! eigh?1 & !y con/itut$ m ?an half ( all ! girls ( t age 9 ! s*ool sy/em4 ,x is cle> t unless ! s*ools c c>ry !m ?r\gh m ne>ly on s*$ule "t !re is no hope ( provid+ indu/rial tra9+ = a l>ge proportion ( !m1 because !y rea* ! end ( ! compulsory p]iod be=e ent]+ ! grades 9 :i* indu/rial tra9+ c be giv5 effectively & economically4 ,! report recomm5ds t dur+ ! junior high s*ool p]iod girls :o expect to ent] ! sew+ trades %\ld be giv5 "w 9 me*anical draw+1 elem5t>y sci5ce1 indu/rial conditions1 elem5t>y me*anics & h& & ma*9e sew+4 ,! fundam5tals ( sew+ c be ?or\ghly taught 9 two ye>s4 ,! "w dur+ ! fir/ ye> might well be limit$ to h& sew+4 ,ma*9e sew+ %\ld be tak5 up 9 ! second ye>1 & ! girls giv5 an opportunity dur+ ! ?ird ye> to specialize some:at broadly 9 a trade s*ool on ! k9d ( "w 9 :i* !y may wi% to engage--p[] op]at+1 dressmak+1 or mill9]y4 ,a ,,"o ,,ye> ,,trade ,,c\rse ,,= ,,girls ,specializ$ tra9+ mu/ be conduct$ "u conditions closely resembl+ ^? f\nd 9 ! indu/ry4 ,?is involves equipm5t simil> to t us$ 9 ! factory1 an ample supply ( mat]ials1 & a corps ( tea*]s :o h _h practical exp]i5ce4 ,x might seem t on ! score ( adequate equipm5t ! factory itself w\ld be ! place = su* tra9+4 ,b ! fact is t ! ma9 object ( ! factory is to turn out z l>ge a quantity z possible ( saleable product4 ,9 ! s*ool ! ma9 object %\ld be to turn out z l>ge a quantity ( saleable skill & k z possible1 ) ! saleable product z a second>y1 al?\gh necess>y1 feature4 ,! junior high s*ool is n ! place = specializ$ trade tra9+1 s9ce x is reasonably c]ta9 t !re w\ld n be a suffici5t numb] ( girls 9 ea* junior high s*ool desir+ to ent] a s+le trade to w>rant ! provision ( special equipm5t & special tea*]s4 ,= ?is reason ! report favors a trade c\rse 9 a sep>ate s*ool plant :]e girls :o wi% to specialize 9 any ( ! sew+ trades c be taught 9 fairly l>ge classes4 ,! "w done dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s 9 su* in/itutions z ! ,bo/on ,trade ,s*ool = ,girls & ! ,manhattan ,trade ,s*ool = ,girls 9 ,new ,york ,city gives evid5ce ( ! practicability ( ?is plan4 ,,trade-,,ext5sion ,,tra9+ ,! only in/ruction (f]$ by ! public s*ool sy/em at ! pres5t "t :i* c be consid]$ z trade-ext5sion tra9+ = ! g>m5t indu/ries is t giv5 9 ! sew+ classes 9 ! te*nical night s*ools4 ,! enrollm5t 9 ^! classes dur+ ! second t]m ( #aiae-af 0 #bbi4 ,only a small proportion ( ! girls & wom5 enroll$ 9 ! night sew+ classes make _! liv+ by sew+4 ,! /ud5ts employ$ by day 9 clo?+ factories or 9 any ( ! sew+ trades con/itute some:at less ?an #ae p] c5t ( ! total numb] enroll$4 ,ne>ly half ( ! enrollm5t is made up ( work]s 9 comm]cial1 cl]ical or pr(essional pursuits & approximately "o-?ird are n employ$ 9 any ga9ful occupation4 ,9 bo? te*nical night s*ools ! emphasis is laid on tra9+ = home sew+ r ?an on tra9+ = wage e>n+4 ,! c\rses n[ giv5 are n plann$ = work]s 9 ! g>m5t trades1 b to help wom5 & girls :o want to le>n h[ to make1 alt]1 & repair _! own g>m5ts4 ,if a trade s*ool ( ! k9d describ$ 9 ! previ\s section 7 e/abli%$ x w\ld be possible to give at night %ort unit c\rses 9 ma*9e or h& sew+ to ^? work]s :o wi% to ext5d _! exp]i5ce & prep>e !mselves = advancem5t1 utiliz+ 9 ! night classes ! equipm5t ( ! day s*ool4 ,x is probable also t special day classes c\ld be organiz$ dur+ ! dull season to give beg9n]s ! opportunity to le>n new processes & ext5d _! k ( trade !ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,on ,,dressmak+ ,,& ,,mill9]y ,at ! "t ( ! la/ c5sus ! total numb] ( wom5 9 ,clevel& employ$ z mill9]s or dressmak]s 0 approximately #e1jjj1 ( :om ab\t sev5-t5?s 7 dressmak]s & ab\t ?ree-t5?s mill9]s4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y 7 ( native bir?4 ,! proportion ( "y girls engag$ 9 ^! occupations 0 relatively small1 ! age di/ribution %[+ t only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! mill9]s & less ?an "o-fif? ( ! dressmak]s 7 "u #ba ye>s ( age4 ,,dressmak+ ,f\r di/9ctive l9es ( "w are done by ^? :o are classifi$ by ! c5sus z dressmak]s & seam/resses3 dressmak+ prop]1 usually c>ri$ on 9 %ops2 alt]ation "w 9 /ores2 g5]al sew+ done by seam/resses at home or 9 ! homes ( cu/om]s2 & ! "w ( ! s-call$ dressmak+ s*ool1 9 :i* ! dressmak] helps h] cu/om]s d _! g5]al sew+4 ,%op dressmak+ is 9 ! ma9 conf9$ to ! mak+ ( aft]noon & ev5+ g[ns & fancy bl\ses4 ,ne>ly uni=m processes ( "w are ma9ta9$ & ! work]s 9 ! diff]5t e/abli%m5ts ne$ ab\t ! same k9ds ( abilities & degrees ( skill4 ,!re is a /rong & increas+ t5d5cy t[>ds specialization ( ! "w4 ,among ea* #ajj work]s 9 dressmak+ %ops ab\t #ac are head girls1 #ee are f9i%]s or mak]s1 #af are help]s1 eight are appr5tices1 & ! re/ are l9+ mak]s1 cutt]s1 embroid]]s1 err& girls1 %opp]s1 & /ock girls4 ,alt]ation "w con/itutes a sep>ate sew+ trade & consi/s ( ! adju/m5t ( ready-made g>m5ts to individual peculi>ities4 ,x furni%es employm5t to sev]al hundr$ work]s 9 ,clevel&4 ,! weekly wages mo/ commonly paid to ea* class ( work]s 9 dressmak+ %ops may be r\ghly /at$ z foll[s3 appr5tices1 #b to #d2 help]s #f to #i2 f9i%]s or mak]s #aj to #ab2 & drap]s #ah to #bj4 ,l9+ mak+1 done 9 mo/ %ops by appr5tices or help]s1 pays f #d to #f a week4 ,9 "o %op a speciali/ on l9+s receiv$ #ab4 ,wom5 cutt]s1 f\nd 9 two %ops1 & do+ sup]visory "w simil> to t done by drap]s1 e>n$ f #ae to #be4 ,hem/it*]s e>n #aj to #ad & a guimpe mak] 9 "o %op e>n$ #ab4 ,err& girls 7 f\nd at #c & #f2 /ock girls at #h1 #ab1 & #ac2 & %opp]s at f #c4ej to #aj4 ,beg9n]s 9 alt]ation dep>tm5ts are />t$ at f #e to #g4 ,regul> alt]ation h&s e>n f #g to #ah1 ! av]age be+ #i or #aj4 ,fitt]s e>n ab\t ! same z drap]s 9 dressmak+ %ops1 av]ag+ f #ae to #ah1 ) a range ( f #aj to #be4 ,z a rule comp>atively little "t is lo/ ?r\gh irregul>ity ( employm5t4 ,work]s av]age f #aj to #aa mon?s' "w out ( ! ye>4 ,e/abli%m5ts usually close dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/ & = "o or two weeks 9 ! spr+4 ,work]s 9 alt]ation dep>tm5t av]age #aa mon?s ( "w4 ,dress alt]ation "w is /eady1 :ile suit & coat alt]ation is irregul>4 ,appr5tice%ip 9 dressmak+ compreh5ds a try+-out p]iod ( f six mon?s to a ye>4 ,mo/ %ops take appr5tices1 ! proportion 9 ! trade be+ "o to e #ab work]s2 & an ef=t is made to keep ^! new work]s if !y are at all satisfactory4 ,!re is no /&>diz$ appr5tice%ip wage4 ,girls may s]ve )\t pay = six mon?s1 or may />t at f #ej c5ts to #d a week4 ,at ! end ( six mon?s !y may be e>n+ f #a4ej to #f4 ,! lack ( any wage /&>d 9 appr5tice%ip probably acc\nts = ! fact t x is difficult to get girls to ent] ?is trade4 ,,mill9]y ,mill9]y requires ! h&l+ ( small pieces ( ! mo/ v>i$ sorts ( mat]ial1 mo/ ( x p]i%able4 ,! mat]ials mu/ be measur$1 cut1 turn$1 twi/$1 & drap$ into innum]able designs & color comb9ations1 & sew$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( /it*+4 ,! ma9 processes are mak+1 trimm+1 & design+4 ,mak+ consi/s 9 fa%ion+ a specifi$ %ape f wire or buckram & cov]+ x ) su* mat]ials z /raw or velvet4 ,! cov]+ may be put on pla91 or may be %irr$ or drap$4 ,trimm+ consi/s 9 plac+ & sew+ on all sorts ( decorative mat]ials4 ,a comb9ation ( ! two processes ( mak+ & trimm+1 kn[n z copy+1 consi/s 9 mak+ a hat f ! beg9n+ exactly l a specifi$ model4 ,design+ is ! creation ( orig9al models4 ,! increase 9 ! use ( ! factory-made hat has decreas$ ! numb] ( work]s 9 cu/om mill9]y1 & has also _h an effect 9 div]t+ bus9ess f small retail %ops to mill9]y dep>tm5ts 9 /ores4 ,! numb] ( mill9]y work]s con/antly fluctuates1 n only f season to season1 b f ye> to ye>4 ,accord+ to a close e/imate n m ?an #b1jjj work]s 7 actually engag$ 9 mill9]y occupations dur+ ! busie/ "p ( #aiae4 ,betwe5 #a1bjj & #a1djj 7 9 retail %ops2 ab\t #cjj 7 9 mill9]y dep>tm5ts 9 /ores2 & ab\t #cjj m 7 9 :olesale h\ses4 ,! data collect$ indicate t ! wages ( work]s 9 retail %ops are l[] 9 g5]al ?an ! wages ( work]s 9 mill9]y dep>tm5ts 9 /ores & 9 :olesale h\ses4 ,mak]s 9 retail %ops e>n f #c to #af a week1 ! av]age be+ ab\t #h4 ,trimm]s e>n f #aj to #dj1 ) an av]age ( ab\t #ah4 ,out ( #de retail %ops1 only #bb paid z high z #aj to any mak]2 #ae paid z high z #ab2 six paid z high z #ae2 & only "o paid ov] #ae4 ,9 mill9]y dep>tm5ts 9 /ores1 trimm]s1 :o are g5]ally design]s1 e>n f #ae to #ej a week or m4 ,! rate mo/ commonly receiv$ is #be4 ,mak]s are />t$ at f #d to #f & may advance to #ae1 ) an av]age ( ab\t #aj4 ,9 :olesale h\ses design]s e>n f #be to #fj1 or m4 ,mak]s />t at ab\t #e1 & ! usual range is f #aj to #ae4 ,^? employ$ 9 /raight copy+ may e>n betwe5 #ae & #bj4 ,! #aiad report ( ! ,indu/rial ,commission ( ,ohio pres5ts data %[+ t ( ! wom5 #ah ye>s ( age & ov] employ$ 9 :olesale h\ses #cg p] c5t receive "u #h1 ab\t #bb p] c5t receive betwe5 #h & #ab1 :ile #da p] c5t receive #ab & ov]4 ,! girls "u #ah ye>s ( age 71 ) "o exception1 receiv+ less ?an #d p] week4 ,employm5t 9 retail %ops av]ages ab\t #cb weeks dur+ ! ye>2 9 ! mill9]y dep>tm5ts ( /ores f #cb to #db weeks2 & 9 :olesale h\ses ab\t #dj weeks4 ,! proportion ( work]s employ$ ! ye> r\nd is v small4 ,! majority ( mill9]y work]s are fac$ ) ! problem ( tid+ !mselves ov] two dull seasons1 aggregat+ f #ab to #bh weeks ea* ye>4 ,! mill9]y appr5tice%ip p]iod la/s = two seasons ( #ab weeks ea*4 ,almo/ all retail %ops take appr5tices 9 l>ge numb]s1 !re be+ "o appr5tice to e ?ree or f\r work]s 9 ! trade4 ,few appr5tices are f\nd 9 /ores & :olesale h\ses4 ,! appr5tice%ip wage is extremely l[4 ,! usual rate is #a a week dur+ ! fir/ season & f #a4ej to #b dur+ ! second4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,tra9+ ,! ne$s ( girls :o are soon to leave s*ool & g to "w c be/ be met by a modification ( ! junior high s*ool c\rse & by ! e/abli%m5t ( a "o-ye> trade s*ool = girls4 ,be=e a re-organization ( ! junior high s*ool "w is made to meet ! ne$s ( ^! girls an ef=t %\ld be made to r$uce ret>dation s t m girls w rea* ! junior high s*ool be=e ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod4 ,! pres5t c\rses %\ld be reorganiz$ s z to give basic prep>ation = wage e>n+ & %\ld be z concrete & real z a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! requirem5ts ( ! ga9ful occupations c make !m4 ,?or\gh sew+ c\rses plann$ f ! /&po9t ( ! sew+ trades %\ld be (f]$1 ext5d+ ov] two ye>s4 ,! program sugge/$ closely resembles t recomm5d$ = ! g>m5t trades4 ,x is also recomm5d$ t a "o-ye> trade s*ool be e/abli%$ = prep>+ girls to ent] employm5t 9 dressmak+ & mill9]y4 ,! hi/ory ( trade s*ools = girls1 bo? private & public1 indicates t su* a s*ool1 if prop]ly conduct$1 w\ld be highly successful 9 ,clevel&4 ,! classes 9 sew+ & mill9]y 9 ! ev5+ te*nical high s*ools d n (f] trade-ext5sion tra9+ = work]s & x is n likely t !y c\ld be easily reorganiz$ to furni% su* tra9+4 ,x is recomm5d$ t if a trade s*ool is e/abli%$ 9 ,clevel&1 %ort unit c\rses 9 sew+ & relat$ subjects1 su* z design1 be giv5 9 ev5+ classes4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,metal ,,trades ,approximately "o-half ( ! total numb] ( p]sons 9 ,clevel& engag$ 9 manufactur+ are f\nd 9 ! metal indu/ries4 ,:5 ! la/ f$]al c5sus 0 tak5 ne>ly "o-sev5? ( ! entire male population 0 employ$ 9 e/abli%m5ts engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( crude or f9i%$ metal products4 ,pittsburgh only1 among ! #aj l>ge/ cities 9 ! c\ntry1 has a high] proportion ( its indu/rial population work+ 9 su* e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 relation to its total population1 ,clevel& has twice z _m p work+ 9 ^! indu/ries z ,*icago1 ?ree times z _m z ,philadelphia1 & f\r times z _m z ,new ,york4 ,x is e/imat$ t at ! pres5t "t ! numb] ( wage e>n]s 9 ! city engag$ 9 ?is k9d ( "w is betwe5 #gj1jjj & #hj1jjj4 ,! report deals ) ! ?ree lead+ indu/ries ( ! city1--f\ndry & ma*9e %op products1 automobile manufactur+1 & /eel works & roll+ mills4 ,! /udy ( ?is la/ gr\p also includes sev]al relat$ indu/ries1 su* z bla/ furnaces1 wire mills1 nail mills1 & bolt1 nut1 & rivet factories4 ,ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total numb] ( wage e>n]s 9 ! city engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( metal products are f\nd 9 ^! ?ree indu/ries4 ,! field inve/igations consi/$ ( p]sonal visits to ! manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts = ! purpose ( secur+ fir/ h& data z to indu/rial conditions1 & conf]5ces ) employ]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 =em51 & workm5 z to ! ne$ & possibilities ( tra9+ = metal work+ occupations4 ,9 all1 #fj e/abli%m5ts1 employ+ approximately #ce1jjj m51 7 visit$4 ,! conclusions z to vocational tra9+ 7 bas$ on an analysis ( educational ne$s 9 ! v>i\s metal indu/ries1 toge!r ) an ext5d$ /udy ( ! social & economic factors :i* condition ! tra9+ ( all work]s4 ,p>ticul> att5tion 0 giv5 to ! adm9i/rative problems involv$ 9 su* tra9+ 9 public s*ools4 ,,f\ndry ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,%op ,,products ,accord+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus1 f\ndries & factories mak+ ma*9e %op products gave employm5t 9 #aiji to ne>ly #ah1jjj ,clevel& wage-e>n]s4 ,?is indu/rial gr\p ranks fir/ 9 ! city1 employ+ m ?an twice z _m work]s z ! next l>ge/ indu/ry1--automobile manufactur+1--& approximately two-fif?s ( ! total work+ =ce 9 all metal indu/ries4 ,its gr[? dur+ ! previ\s five ye>s1 f ! /&po9t ( numb] ( work]s employ$1 %[$ an increase ( ab\t #cc p] c5t1 & x is e/imat$ t ! total numb] ( wage-e>n]s 9 #aiad 0 approximately #be1jjj4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 due to ! impetus giv5 to ?is bran* ( manufactur+ by ! ,european w>1 ! work+ =ce is und\bt$ly 9 excess ( ?is figure4 ,! report gives ext5d$ consid]ation to ! ma*9i/'s trade1 :i* con/itutes by f> ! l>ge/ body ( skill$ work]s 9 ! city4 ,?is trade has be5 affect$ m ?an any o!r by ! progress ( inv5tion & ! mod]n t5d5cy t[>ds specialization4 ,9 _m e/abli%m5ts ! all-r\nd ma*9i/1 compet5t to d indep5d5t "w & op]ate ! wide v>iety ( ma*9e tools n[ us$ 9 ! trade1 _h practically disappe>$4 ,9 8 place are f\nd speciali/ ma*9e h&s :o h le>n$ ! op]ation ( a s+le ma*9e tool1 b h no g5]al k ( ! trade1 & :o if call$ on to p]=m "w requir+ ! use ( a ma*9e tool diff]5t f ! "o on :i* !y are employ$ are unable to d s4 ,!re are hundr$s ( drill press h&s :o _c op]ate a mill+ ma*9e1 la! h&s :o "k no?+ ( plan] "w1 & s on4 ,! subdivision ( ^! occupations foll[s closely ! advance 9 inv5tion1 s t employ]s adv]tis+ = help frequ5tly specify n only ! ma*9e tool to be us$ b add ! "n ( ! firm :i* manufactures t p>ticul> type ( ma*9e1 ) ! result t !re are ab\t z _m k9ds ( ma*9i/s z !re are manufactur]s ( ma*9e tools4 ,table #ah %[s ! e/imat$ numb] ( m5 employ$1 ) _! di/ribution 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! trade4 ,,table #ah4--,,proportions ,,& ,,e/imat$ ,,numb]s ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,ma*9e ,,tool ,,occupations1 #aiae ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,e/imat$ ,work]s ,p] c5t numb] ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,la! h&s #ah4h #c1chd ,drill press op]ators #ag4i #c1bbb ,b5* h&s #ac4d #b1dab ,ma*9i/s #ab4g #b1bhf ,screw ma*9e op]ators #i4d #a1fib ,mill+ ma*9e op]ators #h4f #a1edh ,tool mak]s #h4c #a1did ,gr9d+ ma*9e op]ators #f4b #a1aaf ,plan] h&s #b4b #cif ,turret la! op]ators #a4h #cbd ,ge> cutt] op]ators 4#g #abf ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total #ajj4j #ah1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,specialization has op]at$ to l[] /&>ds ( skill & keep d[n wages4 ,! av]age wage ( ! all-r\nd ma*9i/ is v ne>ly ! l[e/ f\nd among ! skill$ trades4 ,! union scale is b #ad c5ts an h\r above t paid unskill$ labor1 :ile ! av]age e>n+s ( ma*9e op]ators range f f\r to #ab c5ts above labor]s' wages4 ,only among ! highly skill$ tool mak]s d ! wages approa* ^? receiv$ by skill$ labor 9 mo/ o!r indu/ries4 ,table #ai %[s ! av]age1 highe/1 & l[e/ rates p] h\r = all bran*es ( ! ma*9e trades 9 ! e/abli%m5ts f :i* data 7 collect$ dur+ ! survey1 ) ! p] c5t employ$ on piece "w & day "w4 ,,table #ai4--;,,av]age1 ,,highe/1 ,,& ,,l[e/ ,,e>n+s1 ,,9 ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,h\r1 ,,& ,,p] ,,c5t ,,employ$ ,,on ,,piece ,,"w ,,& ,,day ,,"w1 #aiae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p] c5t,p] c5t on piece on day ,work]s ,l[e/ ,av]age,highe/ "w "w ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,tool mak]s #be4j #ci4j #ej4j 44 #ajj ,ma*9i/s #be4j #cc4b #ej4j 44 #ajj ,plan] h&s #bj4j #cb4b #db4j 44 #ajj ,gr9d+ ma*9e op]ators #bj4j #cb4j #ej4j #gj #cj ,b5* h&s #ag4e #bi4f #de4j #dh #eb ,screw ma*9e op]ators #ag4e #bi4e #fc4h #gi #ba ,la! h&s #ai4j #bi4a #dj4j #dj #fj ,turret la! op]ators #be4j #bi4j #dg4e #hj #bj ,ge> cutt] op]ators #bj4j #bf4g #dj4j #if #d ,mill+ ma*9e op]ators #ae4j #be4i #dj4j #ec #dg ,drill press op]ators #ae4j #bc4e #ce4j #ce #fe ,ma*9i/s' help]s #bj4j #bb4b #be4j 44 #ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,on ! basis ( weekly or ye>ly e>n+s1 ! trade makes a bett] %[+4 ,"w is /eady ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & ! "t lo/ ?r\gh unemploym5t on acc\nt ( seasonal *anges is slight4 ,also1 z ! usual work+ day is f n9e to #aj h\rs1 t is1 f "o to two h\rs long] ?an 9 ! high] paid build+ trades1 ! diff]5ce 9 daily wages is really less m>k$ ?an a comp>ison ( h\rly rates w\ld seem to indicate4 ,little attempt has be5 made to adapt ! appr5tice sy/em to mod]n conditions4 ,! t]m ( s]vice & rates ( pay h *ang$ b slightly ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,z a result only a small proportion ( ! boys :o beg9 z appr5tices f9i% ! appr5tice%ip t]m ( ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,employ]s attribute ?is to ! relatively high wages paid = ma*9e op]at+1 & ! slight advantage1 f a wage /&po9t1 ( ! all-r\nd man ov] ! ma*9e op]ator4 ,aft] a ye> or two ! appr5tice f9ds t he c d\ble 8 pay by tak+ a job z op]ator1 & ! inducem5t = le>n+ ! trade ?or\ghly is too small to hold him4 ,! report gives a comp>ison ( ! e>n+s ( an appr5tice & a ma*9e op]ator1 bo? />t+ at ! same age1 ! fir/ becom+ a j\rneyman ma*9i/ at ! end ( ?ree ye>s & ! second specializ+ on a p>ticul> ma*9e4 ,assum+ t bo? boys g to "w at ! age ( #af _! total e>n+s up to ! age ( #be ye>s w be approximately equal4 ,! lack ( ?or\ghly tra9$ workm5 is beg9n+ to be felt1 b ! ef=ts made by indu/rial e/abli%m5ts to meet x h small prospects ( success unless ! economic factors ( ! problem are giv5 great] consid]ation4 ,inasmu* z no regul> appr5tice%ip p]iod is s]v$ = ma*9e op]at+1 a special ef=t 0 made to secure data relat+ to ! "t usually requir$ = ! work] to le>n ! op]ation ( ea* tool well en\gh to e>n av]age wages4 ,9 ?is matt] ! individual op9ions ( =em5 & sup]9t5d5ts diff]$ widely1 b :5 ! reports f all ! e/abli%m5ts visit$ 7 comp>$1 a suffici5t degree ( uni=mity 0 f\nd to s]ve z a basis = e/imat+ ! am\nt ( exp]i5ce work]s ( av]age intellig5ce w\ld ne$1 "u normal %op conditions1 9 ord] to become fairly pr(ici5t4 ,!re 0 practical unanimity 9 fix+ ! p]iod at f\r ye>s = tool mak]s & ?ree to f\r ye>s = ma*9i/s4 ,high] e/imates 7 receiv$ f ! sup]9t5d5ts ( plants do+ a jobb+ bus9ess or manufactur+ high grade ma*9e tools ?an f ! specializ$ %ops mak+ a s+le product4 ,! sup]9t5d5ts ( automobile manufactur+ plants1 :]e ! /&>d ( quality 9 production is necess>ily high1 gave ! l[e/ e/imates ( all4 ,table #bj %[s ! e/imat$ "t requir$ to le>n ! v>i\s types ( ma*9e "w4 ,,table #bj4--;,,e/imat$ ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,to ,,le>n ,,ma*9e ,,tool ,,"w ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,work]s ,"t requir$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,gr9d+ ma*9e op]ators #ab to #ae mon?s ,la! h&s #f to #i mon?s ,plan] h&s #f mon?s ,ge> cutt] op]ators #f mon?s ,turret la! op]ators #d to #f mon?s ,screw ma*9e op]ators #c to #f mon?s ,b5* h&s #c to #f mon?s ,mill+ ma*9e op]ators #b to #d mon?s ,drill+ ma*9e op]ators #b weeks to #d mon?s ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! weakness ( specialization1 ) its con/ant t5d5cy t[>ds ! sub/itution ( semi-skill$ op]atives = tra9$ workm51 lies 9 its failure to provide a body ( work]s f :om to recruit ! l>ge directive =ce ne$$ 9 any s*eme ( production bas$ on semi-skill$ labor4 ,?is condition is reg>d$ by _m employ]s ) grave conc]n1 & 9 a few plants appr5tice s*ools design$ prim>ily to tra9 future =em5 h be5 e/abli%$4 ,practically all ! =em5 9 ! %ops visit$ _h receiv$ an all-r\nd tra9+ z ma*9i/s1 & !re are few opportunities = promotion op5 to m5 :o h n a g5]al k ( ! trade4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* g5]al k is only "o ( ! requisites = advancem5t4 ,o!rs are initiative1 res\rcefulness1 tact1 self-control1 ability to get along ) m51 & a disposition to subord9ate p]sonal int]e/s to ! int]e/s ( ! bus9ess4 ,to ^! %\ld be add$ ! quality ( pati5ce1 = !re mu/ be vacancies be=e !re c be promotions1 & vacancies among ! bett] positions are n frequ5t4 ,t5 ( ! e/abli%m5ts visit$1 employ+ a total work+ =ce ( ov] #e1jjj m51 report$ b eight vacancies among =em5's positions ov] a p]iod ( "o ye>4 ,^! same e/abli%m5ts _h 9 _! employ a total ( #fah all-r\nd ma*9i/s & tool mak]s4 ,assum+ t only ! ma*9i/s & tool mak]s 7 eligible = promotion1 ! ma!matical *ance p] man ( becom+ a =eman dur+ ! ye> 0 ab\t "o 9 #gg4 ,o!r occupations /udi$ 9 detail 7 patt]n mak+1 mold+1 core mak+1 blacksmi?+1 & boil] mak+4 ,patt]n mak+ (f]s ! mo/ int]e/+ "w & ! highe/ wages among ! metal trades1 b ! total numb] ( ,am]ican born patt]n mak]s 9 ! city does n exce$ sev5 or eight hundr$1 s ! field ( employm5t is relatively limit$4 ,mold+ & core mak+1 9 :i* betwe5 #d1jjj & #e1jjj m5 are engag$1 h practically become =eign trades4 ,less ?an #bj p] c5t ( ! mold]s 9 ! city 7 born 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! trades (f] few opportunities = employm5t to boys ( native bir?4 ,some:at simil> conditions exi/ 9 ! blacksmi?+ trade4 ,*ang$ me?ods ( production h l>gely done away ) ! old-"t blacksmi?1 :o survives only 9 horse-%oe+ & repair %ops4 ,! proportion ( native blacksmi?s is /eadily decl9+1 & x is unlikely t any consid]able numb] ( boys f ! public s*ools w ent] ! trade4 ,! boil] mak+ trade employs relatively few m51 ! total numb] ( native born boil] mak]s at ! "t ( ! la/ c5sus be+ less ?an #fjj4 ,! trade seems to be at a /&/ill4 ,! increase dur+ ! previ\s decade 0 less ?an five p] c5t aga9/ a total population increase ( #df p] c5t4 ,! av]age e>n+s p] h\r = ^! trades 9 ! e/abli%m5ts visit$ by memb]s ( ! ,survey ,/aff are %[n 9 ,table #ba4 ,,table #ba4--;,,av]age ,,e>n+s ,,p] ,,h\r ,,9 ,,patt]n ,,mak+1 ,,mold+1 ,,core ,,mak+1 ,,blacksmi?+1 ,,& ,,boil] ,,mak+ ,av]age e>n+s ,work]s ,p] ,h\r ,patt]n mak]s 4#dd ,skill$ mold]s 4#ci ,semi-skill$ mold]s 4#bg ,skill$ core mak]s 4#ci ,semi-skill$ core mak]s 4#bg ,blacksmi?s 4#cc ,boil] mak]s 4#cb ,! f9d+s & recomm5dations z to tra9+ emphasize ! fact t ! va/ majority ( boys :o become work]s 9 ! metal trades leave s*ool by ! "t !y are #ae ) at mo/ a common s*ool education1 s t any vocational tra9+ be=e !y g to "w mu/ be giv5 betwe5 ! ages ( #ab & #ae & be=e ! end ( ! eigh? grade4 ,! report po9ts out ! impossibility ( effective vocational in/ruction 9 elem5t>y s*ools on acc\nt ( ! prohibitive co/ p] pupil = bo? equipm5t & tea*+1 & endorses ! rec5tly adopt$ junior high s*ool plan4 ,?is =m ( organization has ! great advantage ( conc5trat+ 9 l>ge gr\ps ! boys :o are old en\gh to make a beg9n+ 9 prevocational tra9+1 & ?r\gh ! dep>tm5tal sy/em ( tea*+ (f]s facilities = diff]5tiation ( c\rses to meet _! v>y+ ne$s4 ,:atev] _! cultural value1 ! pres5t manual tra9+ c\rses 9 woodwork h little relation to ! requirem5ts ( any metal work+ trade1 except patt]n mak+1 9 :i* "s ( ! same tools are us$4 ,no manual tra9+ "w 9 metal is (f]$ 9 ! elem5t>y & junior high s*ools4 ,! c\rse recomm5d$ = ! junior high s*ool lays especial emphasis on appli$ ma!matics1 me*anical draw+s1 practice 9 assembl+ & tak+ ap>t ma*9es1 & ! utilization ( ! %op z a laboratory = tea*+ indu/rial sci5ce4 ,! report ma9ta9s t ! object ( su* a c\rse %\ld be ! developm5t ( indu/rial intellig5ce ?r\gh ! application ( ma!matical & me*anical pr9ciples to ! solution ( concrete problems1 r ?an ! tea*+ ( specific op]ations & skill 9 ! use ( tools4 ,9 me*anical draw+ ! ability to und]/& & int]pret draw+s %\ld be giv5 m importance ?an ! ability to make draw+s4 ,few workm5 are ev] call$ on to draw1 :ile ! ability to read plans & sket*es is always 9 dem&4 ,x is also recomm5d$ t boys :o d n expect to take a full high s*ool c\rse or :o int5d to leave at ! end ( ! compulsory p]iod %\ld devote at lea/ a p]iod ea* week to ! /udy ( economic & work+ conditions 9 indu/rial & comm]cial occupations4 ,) respect to ! te*nical high s*ools ! report holds t ^! s*ools are prim>ily tra9+ s*ools = ! high] positions ( indu/ry4 ,!y und\bt$ly (f] ! be/ in/ruction obta9able 9 ! city = ! ambiti\s boy :o wi%es to prep>e himself = sup]visory & manag]ial positions 9 indu/ry or = a college eng9e]+ c\rse4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a sep>ate two-ye> vocational s*ool1 equipp$ = giv+ in/ruction 9 all ! l>g] indu/rial trades1 is recomm5d$4 ,! numb] ( boys 9 ! public s*ools betwe5 ! ages ( #ad & #af :o are likely to ent] ! metal trades is betwe5 #gjj & #hjj1 ( :om f #ejj to #fjj w become ma*9i/s or ma*9e tool op]ators4 ,an enrollm5t ( mu* less ?an ?is numb] is suffici5t to ju/ify ! in/allation ( good %op equipm5t & ! employm5t ( a corps ( tea*]s :o h _h ! special tra9+ necess>y = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,x %\ld be possible to =m a class 9 patt]n mak+ & f\ndry "w ( f #hj to #ajj boys1 & "o ( at lea/ #cj 9 blacksmi?+4 ,boil] mak+ c\ld be taught 9 connection ) %eet metal "w4 ,v>i\s *anges are recomm5d$ 9 ! pres5t ev5+ s*ool classes = ma*9i/s1 mold]s1 & patt]n mak]s n[ giv5 by ! te*nical high s*ools4 ,x is claim$ t ! c\rses z n[ organiz$ are n ela/ic en\gh to meet ! v>y+ ne$s ( ! j\rneym51 help]s1 ma*9e op]ators1 & appr5tices employ$ 9 ^! trades4 ,! great ne$ is = %ort unit c\rses 9 :i* ! in/ruction is limit$ to a p>ticul> ma*9e or a special bran* ( ! trade4 ,! long c\rse t5ds to disc\rage ! /ud5t1 especially :5 x embraces an am\nt ( !ory out ( all proportion to 8 work+ ne$s4 ,,automobile ,,manufactur+ ,due to ! l>ge numb] & specializ$ "* ( ! occupations 9 ?is indu/ry1 !y are tak5 up 9 a m g5]al way ?an ! f\ndries & ma*9e %op gr\p4 ,! productive dep>tm5ts ( ! automobile factories utilize 9 ! ma9 ! same equipm5t z o!r ma*9]y manufactur+ plants1 b specialization has be5 c>ri$ to a degree f\nd 9 few o!r metal indu/ries4 ,! all-r\nd workman is a r>a avis4 ,! ma*9e %ops are mann$ by ma*9e speciali/s mo/ ( :om "k h[ to op]ate a s+le ma*9e tool or p]=m a s+le op]ation made up ( relatively simple elem5ts4 ,f "o-half to two-?irds ( ! work+ =ce is recruit$ f immigrant labor :i* is brok5 9 "u skilful =em5 )9 a p]iod v>y+ f a few days to a few weeks4 ,9 ! simpl] assembl+ op]ations ! jobs are s subdivid$ t any man :o is n actually feeblem9d$ c le>n ! "w 9 a few days4 ,production is on a l>ge scale1 p]mitt+ ! ma9t5ance ( high-grade eng9e]+ & exp]im5tal dep>tm5ts1 :]e all ( ! "w is plann$ to ! la/ detail4 ,z a result ! automobile manufactur]s are turn+ out "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ & mo/ effici5t ma*9es kn[n to mod]n indu/ry ) a work+ =ce compos$ *iefly ( semi-skill$ labor4 ,= ! ma*9e %op work]s ! tra9+ sugge/$ is simil> to t recomm5d$ = ! same class ( workm5 9 o!r ma*9e %ops4 ,! necessity ( %ort unit c\rses adapt$ = tea*+ p>ts ( ! trade r ?an ! :ole trade is obvi\s1 z mo/ automobile work]s are employ$ on specializ$ op]ations4 ,%ort unit ev5+ c\rses = motor & transmission assembl]s1 & te/]s & inspectors1 are recomm5d$4 ,,/eel ,,works1 ,,roll+ ,,mills1 ,,& ,,relat$ ,,indu/ries ,a some:at simil> treatm5t is foll[$ ) respect to ! iron & /eel gr\p ( indu/ries--bla/ furnaces1 /eel mills1 roll+ mills1 wire mills1 nail mills1 & bolt1 nut1 & rivet factories4 ,^! indu/ries are *>act]iz$ by a high proportion ( common & semi-skill$ labor 9 ! work+ =ce4 ,betwe5 #ge & #ij p] c5t ( ! work]s are ( =eign bir?4 ,9 ! op]at+ dep>tm5t ( "o mill only two ,am]icans 7 f\nd among a total ( #fjj employees4 ,z a rule ! native born work]s are me*anics employ$ 9 ! p[] & ma9t5ance dep>tm5ts4 ,) sc>cely an exception ! occupations are ( a nature t require ! work] to le>n ?r\gh actual exp]i5ce 9 ! mills4 ,!ory & practice mu/ be le>n$ at ! same "t4 ,ev5 ! sup]visory & executive positions 9 :i* a te*nical education is ( consid]able value require a long & ardu\s appr5tice%ip on ! job be=e ! work] c compete ) m5 :o h />t$ ) ! scantie/ educational equipm5t1 b h pick$ up a k ( ! processes by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,bel[ ^! positions ! "w rapidly grades (f to v>i\s k9ds ( ma*9e op]at+ 9 :i* n ev5 ! ability to read or und]/& ,engli% is requir$4 ,no plan ( vocational tra9+ is pres5t$1 because at pres5t ! mills recruit almo/ exclusively f =eign labor1 & only a v small numb] ( boys f ! public s*ools are likely to seek employm5t 9 !m4 ,! te*nical cont5t ( ! "w :i* might conceivably be giv5 9 ev5+ classes1 except 9 ! case ( ! few directive & sup]visory positions1 is s small t cont9uation in/ruction (f]s b meag] hopes ( success4 ,"u pres5t conditions ! long work+ day & ! necessity ( *ang+ f ! day to ! night %ift1 or vice-v]sa e two weeks1 con/itutes an insup]able ob/acle to ! organization ( night classes4 ,! pr9cipal ne$ ( ! rank & file is a speak+ & read+ k ( ! ,engli% language1 s t ! work]s c be taught to avoid & prev5t accid5ts1 & give !mselves ! necess>y c>e :5 !y occur4 ,in/ruction 9 ,engli% ) possibly c\rses 9 accid5t prev5tion & p]sonal hygi5e repres5t ab\t ! only tra9+ possible t c be said to h any real vocational significance4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,build+ ,,trades ,a c>eful e/imate places ! numb] ( m5 engag$ 9 build+ con/ruction 9 ,clevel& at ! pres5t "t at ab\t #cj1jjj1 compris+ m ?an "o-fif? ( ! total numb] employ$ 9 manufactur+ & me*anical occupations4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ^! workm5 are skill$ artisans1 di/ribut$ among "s #bj diff]5t trades4 ,! e/imat$ numb] 9 ea* trade is %[n 9 ,table #bb4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,labor ,,supply ,! build+ trades get _! work]s f f\r pr9cipal s\rces3 immigration1 native j\rneym5 f outside ! city1 help]s1 & appr5tices4 ,immigration contributes ! l>ge/ proportion 9 bo? skill$ & unskill$ "w1 practically monopoliz+ ! latt]4 ,ov] f\r-fif?s ( all cab9et mak]s1 m ?an two-?irds ( all brick & /one masons1 & ne>ly two-?irds ( all c>p5t]s are =eign born4 ,plumb]s & /eam-fitt]s %[ ! smalle/ proportion ( =eign labor4 ,,table #bb4--;,,e/imat$ ,,numb] ,,( ,,m5 ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,build+ ,,trades1 #aiae ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,work]s 9 trade ,numb] employ$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,c>p5t]s #g1aje ,pa9t]s1 glazi]s1 v>ni%]s #b1gdf ,plumb]s1 gas- & /eam-fitt]s #b1jad ,bricklay]s #a1hjj ,ma*9e woodwork]s #a1aih ,%eet metal work]s or t9smi?s #a1jfi ,cab9et-mak]s #hie ,inside wirem5 & fixture hang]s #gej ,pla/]]s #fch ,pap]hang]s #cgi ,/ructural iron work]s #cef ,ro(]s & slat]s #cae ,/one-cutt]s #bib ,la!rs #bge ,/one masons & m>ble sett]s #bej ,ornam5tal iron work]s #bjj ,cem5t f9i%]s #bjj ,hoi/+ eng9e]s #aej ,elevator con/ructors #ajj ,p>quet floor lay]s #ajj ,tile-lay] #ajj ,asbe/os work]s #ge ,wood c>v]s #fc ,help]s #ibf ,appr5tices #cjf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #bb1cjb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,appr5tice%ip ,! g5]al decl9e ( ! appr5tice%ip sy/em :i* began ) ! inv5tion ( mod]n labor-sav+ ma*9]y has affect$ ! build+ trades lea/ ( all4 ,"h x survives 9 an active /ate & is /eadily ga9+ gr\nd4 ,x is 9 favor ) _m employ]s & ) all unions4 ,! be/ appr5tice%ip sy/ems are f\nd 9 ! /rongly organiz$ trades4 ,x is true t 9 "s ( ! trades appr5tice%ip is little m ?an a "n1 mean+ simply t p]mission has be5 grant$ to le>n ! trade4 ,! appr5tice is left free to pick up :at exp]i5ce he c betwe5 ! odd jobs t are giv5 him4 ,:at meag] in/ruction he receives comes f a j\rneyman work] :o is none too eag] to give up :at he consid]s ! secrets ( 8 trade4 ,! union regulations provide t boys %all n ent] ! trades z appr5tices or help]s bel[ ! age ( #af4 ,! limits set by ! v>i\s trades & ! union regulations z to l5g? ( appr5tice%ip are %[n 9 ,tables #bc & #bd4 ,,table #bc4--,,union ,,regulations ,,z ,,to ,,ent]+ ,,age ,,( ,,appr5tices ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,asbe/os work]s ,ent] at any age ,bricklay]s ,betwe5 #af & #bc ,c>p5t]s ,betwe5 #ag & #bb ,cem5t f9i%]s ,mu/ be full gr[n ,elevator con/ructors ,mu/ be full gr[n ,la!rs ,mu/ be #ah ye>s old ,inside wirem5 ,betwe5 #af & #ba ,pa9t]s & pap]hang]s ,be=e #ba ye>s old ,plumb]s & gas-fitt]s ,mu/ be #af ye>s old ,%eet metal work]s ,mu/ be ov] #af ye>s ,slate & tile ro(]s ,mu/ ent] be=e #be ,/eam-fitt]s ,mu/ be full gr[n ,/ructural & ornam5tal iron work]s ,betwe5 #ah & #be ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table #bd4--,,union ,,regulations ,,z ,,to ,,l5g? ,,( ,,appr5tice%ip ,,p]iod ,trades 9 :i* ind5tures are usually sign$ ,bricklay] #d ye>s ,pla/]]s #d ye>s ,%eet metal work]s #d ye>s ,trades 9 :i* ind5tures are seldom sign$ ,/eam-fitt]s #e ye>s ,c>p5t]s #d ye>s ,inside wirem5 #d ye>s ,plumb]s & gas-fitt] #d ye>s ,cem5t f9i%]s #c ye>s ,asbe/os work]s #c ye>s ,pa9t]s & pap]hang]s #c ye>s ,slate & tile ro(]s #c ye>s ,la!rs #b ye>s ,/ructural & ornam5tal iron work]s #aa_/b ye>s ,elevator con/ructors v>ies ,all obta9able in=mation po9ts to ! conclusion t ! numb] ( appr5tices employ$ 9 ! city is f> bel[ ! maximum p]mitt$ by ! unions4 ,_m l>ge contractors h no appr5tices & say !y w n bo!r ) !m4 ,o!rs /ate t !y h be5 unable to get or keep good appr5tices & h !re=e giv5 up ! plan4 ,,union ,,organization ,! build+ trades are among ! mo/ /rongly organiz$ 9 ! city4 ,x is e/imat$ t _! unions at ! pres5t "t include ab\t #ij p] c5t ( all ! m5 engag$ 9 build+ "w4 ,practically all ! l>ge contract+ firms employ only union labor4 ,! few non-union work]s are employ$ by small contractors4 ,requirem5ts = admission to ! diff]5t unions v>y to a m>k$ degree4 ,if ! union is /rong & has a good control ov] ! labor supply1 admission fees are high] & regulations z to appr5tices & help]s are m /r+5t ?an if ! union is fight+ to ga9 a foo?old4 ,,e>n+s ,no indu/rial work]s 9 ! city are paid bett] wages ?an ^? employ$ 9 ! build+ trades4 ,m ?an "o-half ( ! skill$ work]s are 9 trades t pay an h\rly wage ( #ej c5ts or ov]4 ,! h\rly rate 9 ea* occupation is %[n 9 ,table #be4 ,,table #be4--,,union ,,scale ,,( ,,wages ,,9 ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,h\r ,,may #a1 #aiae #gj ,c5ts ,bricklay]s #gj4jj ,hoi/+ eng9e]s on boom d]ricks1 etc4 #gj4jj ,/one masons #gj4jj ,/ructural iron work]s #gj4jj ,f #fj to #gj ,c5ts ,m>ble sett]s #fh4ge ,inside wirem5 #fh4ge ,pla/]]s #fh4ge ,slate & tile ro(]s #fg4ej ,p>quet floor lay]s 7c>p5t]s7 #fb4ej ,la!rs1 fir/ class #fb4ej ,plumb]s #fb4ej ,/eam-fitt]s #fb4ej ,/one-cutt]s #fb4ej ,hoi/+ eng9e]s1 brick hoi/s #fj4jj ,elevator con/ructors #fj4jj ,f #ej to #fj ,c5ts ,tile lay]s #ei4ch ,la!rs1 second class #ef4be ,c>p5t]s #ee4jj ,cem5t work]s1 f9i%]s #ee4jj ,%eet metal work]s #ej4jj ,pa9t]s #ej4jj ,pap]hang]s #ej4jj ,f #dj to #ej ,c5ts ,asbe/os work]s #dg4ej ,composition ro(]s #db4ej ,"u #dj ,c5ts ,cab9et-mak]s & b5* h&s #cg4ej ,ma*9e woodwork]s #cg4ej ,electrical fixture hang]s #cg4ej ,hod-c>ri]s #ce4jj ,union organization is a m p[]ful factor 9 det]m9+ wages 9 ^! trades ?an te*nical k & skill4 ,a high degree ( skill 9 a giv5 trade br+s little advantage 9 ! matt] ( wages4 ,by e/abli%+ a m9imum scale bel[ :i* no j\rneyman %all "w1 ! union secures practically a flat rate ( pay = mo/ ( ! m5 9 ! trade4 ,:5 !re is mu* build+ "w & good m5 are sc>ce1 contractors sometimes pay high] wages to highly skill$ workm5 9 ord] to secure _! s]vices4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 _! rew>d comes 9 ! =m ( /eadi] employm5t4 ,! less skill$ man is ! fir/ to be laid (f :5 bus9ess is slack1 :ile ! fir/-class workman1 = ! reason t he is s h>d to replace1 is ! la/ to be dis*>g$4 ,_m unions1 among !m ^? ( ! c>p5t]s1 bricklay]s1 & pa9t]s1 make no provision z to ! wages ( appr5tices4 ,table #bf %[s ! wages 9 ?ree ( ! build+ trades t h e/abli%$ a uni=m scale = appr5tices4 ,%eet metal appr5tices are paid a bonus ( #a extra = ea* week s]v$4 ,,table #bf4--,,usual ,,weekly ,,wages ,,( ,,appr5tices ,,9 ,,?ree ,,build+ ,,trades ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,%eet metal ,ye> ,inside wirem5 ,pla/]]s work]s ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,fir/ ye> #e4ej #e4ej to #f4be #e4jj ,second ye> #ac4bj #h4be to #aa4jb #e4ej to #f4jj ,?ird ye> #ag4fj #ac4ge to #af4jj #f4ej to #g4jj ,f\r? ye> #bb4jj #ai4be #h4jj to #i4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,h\rs ,! usual work+ day is eight h\rs4 ,_m ( ! trades "w only a half day on ,saturdays ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 practically all h ?is half holiday dur+ ! f\r summ] mon?s4 ,= holiday or ov]-"t "w ! m5 receive ei!r pay & a half or d\ble pay4 ,,regul>ity ,,( ,,employm5t ,due to ! seasonal "* ( build+ "w1 x is next to impossible = a build+ contractor to keep a l>ge =ce employ$ all ! ye>4 ,"o result ( ?is situation is t ! m5 *ange employ]s m ?an any o!r work]s 9 indu/ry4 ,irregul>ity ( employm5t is great] 9 build+ con/ruction ?an 9 any o!r ( ! pr9cipal indu/ries ( ! city4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! diff]5t bran*es ( build+ "w z to regul>ity ( employm5t is pres5t$ 9 ,diagram #aa4 ,! be/ %[+ is made by electrical contract+1 9 :i* ! av]age numb] employ$ is #ic p] c5t ( ! maximum work+ =ce1 & ! poore/ by pla/]+ 9 :i* ! av]age is only #ff p] c5t ( ! maximum4 ,,heal? ,,conditions ,ne>ly all ( ! build+ trades are op5 air occupations1 mu* ev5 ( ! inside "w be+ done be=e ! build+s are clos$ 94 ,= ! mo/ "p ! mat]ials us$ are n injuri\s to heal? if reasonable precautions are tak5 & ord9>y habits ( cleanl9ess obs]v$4 ,9 g5]al1 heal? conditions are bett] ?an ^? f\nd 9 ! factory indu/ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #aa4--,sections 9 outl9e repres5t p]c5tage ( m5 employ$1 & sections 9 black p]c5tage ( m5 unemploy$ 9 ea* ( n9e build+ indu/ries at ! "t :5 ea* indu/ry %[$ ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( unemploym5t ,,opportunities ,,= ,,advancem5t ,! build+ trades (f] _m opportunities = advancem5t4 ,"o reason = ?is is ! l>ge numb] ( sup]visory positions made necess>y by ! wide range ( build+ activities4 ,a =eman 9 almo/ any ( ! trades mu/ be able to read plans1 z he mu/ lay out ! "w4 ,x is n necess>y = him to be ! mo/ skill$ me*anic 9 ! =ce4 ,employ]s & sup]9t5d5ts say t 9 select+ =em5 !y lay ab\t equal weight on skill & on ability to h&le m54 ,z a rule1 =eman%ip c>ries ) x high] wages1 al?\gh 9 "s cases ! pay is ! same z t ( ! regul> j\rneym54 ,! rew>d = ! add$ responsibility comes 9 ! =m ( /eadi] employm5t4 ,x is n uncommon = a =eman to be hir$ on a sal>y basis & c>ri$ on ! payroll ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>4 ,small contract+ (f]s ano!r =m ( advancem5t4 ,x requires b little initial inve/m5t to make a mode/ beg9n+1 because individual workm5 9 ! v>i\s build+ trades provide _! own tools & no exp5sive ma*9es are requir$4 ,comp>atively little work+ capital is necess>y1 z provision is made 9 mo/ contracts = "p paym5ts z ! "w progresses4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,tra9+ ,! recomm5dations ( ! report relat+ to tra9+ = ! build+ trades may be summ>iz$ "u five head+s3 #a4 ,r$uce ret>dation4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 improv+ ! educational prep>ation ( work]s ent]+ ! build+ trades is to r$uce ret>dation or sl[ progress 9 ! elem5t>y grades4 ,at pres5t x is approximately true ( ! m5 ent]+ ! build+ trades t "o-?ird drop out ( s*ool by ! six? grade1 two-?irds by ! sev5? grade1 & ?ree-?irds by ! eigh? grade4 ,n[ accord+ to law a boy _c g to "w until he is #af1 & if he has made normal progress he w h complet$ ! eight grades ( ! elem5t>y c\rse be=e he has rea*$ t age4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 _m ( ^! boys d n make normal progress ?r\gh ! grades & h5ce !y rea* ! age ( #ae be=e complet+ ! elem5t>y c\rse4 ,z a result !y fall out ( s*ool )\t hav+ _h ^? portions ( ! "w 9 read+1 draw+1 ma!matics1 & elem5t>y sci5ce :i* w\ld be ( mo/ direct use to !m 9 _! future "w4 #b4 ,g5]al indu/rial c\rses 9 sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? grades4 ,if ret>dation c\ld be l>gely r$uc$ 9 ! elem5t>y grades1 indu/rializ$ c\rses c\ld be prop]ly introduc$ 9 ! sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? grades = boys int5d+ to ent] ! build+ trades4 ,! specific *anges recomm5d$ include z _! mo/ important elem5ts3 a4 ,increas$ tra9+ 9 indu/rial ari?metic beg9n+ 9 ! sev5? grade4 b4 ,c\rses 9 indu/rial draw+4 c4 ,c\rses 9 elem5t>y sci5ce relat+ to indu/ry4 d4 ,c\rses 9 indu/rial in=mation4 e4 ,g5]al c\rses 9 indu/rial %op "w4 ,^! are g5]al indu/rial c\rses & x is recomm5d$ t !y be introduc$ z prom95t features ( ! "w ( ! junior high s*ool4 ,!y are n int5d$ to take ! place ( specializ$ c\rses 9 ! build+ trades1 b !y are propos$ z c\rses valuable = all future indu/rial work]s & )9 :i* c]ta9 adaptations %\ld be made = ^? :o are int5d+ to ent] ! build+ trades4 #c4 ,a two ye> indu/rial trade s*ool4 ,9 addition to ! g5]al indu/rial c\rses 9 junior high s*ools t h be5 recomm5d$ 9 ! previ\s section1 !re %\ld be e/abli%$ a two ye> indu/rial trade s*ool = boys4 ,x %\ld receive boys #ad to #af ye>s ( age :o desire direct trade-prep>atory tra9+4 ,!re are good reasons :y ! pres5t elem5t>y s*ools1 ! propos$ junior high s*ools1 & ! exi/+ te*nical high s*ools _c satisfactorily take ! place ( a specializ$ two ye> c\rse 9 giv+ boys direct trade-prep>atory education4 ,boys :o g ?r\gh ! te*nical high s*ools d n rema9 9 ! build+ trades z artisans4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t less ?an two p] c5t ( ! graduates ( ^! s*ools are work+ 9 ! build+ trades4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools & ! junior high s*ools _c conduct satisfactory trade-prep>atory c\rses = ! build+ indu/ry = ! reason t !y d n br+ toge!r at any "o po9t a suffici5t numb] ( ^! future work]s to make x possible to tea* !m economically4 ,?is is a consid]ation :i* conditions e plan = ! organization ( indu/rial education4 ,x is a "q ( ! community's capacity to absorb workm5 tra9$ = any giv5 occupation4 ,9 ,clevel& ab\t #d1jjj boys leave ! public elem5t>y s*ools ea* ye>4 ,approximately #b1djj ( !m drop out ( ! elem5t>y s*ools or leave aft] graduat+ f !m1 :ile ! rema9+ #a1fjj g on to high s*ool4 ,! future work]s 9 ! build+ trades w be l>gely recruit$ f ! #b1djj boys :o leave ! elem5t>y s*ools ea* ye>4 ,mo/ ( !m range 9 age f #ad to #af & 9 s*ool advancem5t f ! fif? to ! eigh? grades4 ,!y repres5t a cross-section ( a l>ge "p ( ! city's adult manhood ( a few ye>s h5ce4 ,n[ ! c5sus figures tell u t if pres5t conditions ma9ta9 9 ! future only ab\t #ajj ( ! #d1jjj boys leav+ s*ool ea* ye> w be c>p5t]s4 ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t inquiry we may assume t ^! #ajj future c>p5t]s are to be f\nd among ! #b1djj boys :o d n g on to high s*ool4 ,b ,clevel& has #ajh elem5t>y s*ools & ^! #ajj future c>p5t]s are widely scatt]$ among !m4 ,ev5 if we knew :i* boys 7 de/9$ to become c>p5t]s1 & ev5 if we knew :5 !y w\ld leave s*ool1 & ev5 if we %\ld decide to give !m all trade prep>atory education = ! la/ two ye>s ( _! s*ool life1 we %\ld /ill h an av]age class 9 c>p5try ( only two boys 9 ea* elem5t>y s*ool4 ,?is is adm9i/ratively & educationally impossible4 ,= simil> reasons specializ$ trade prep>atory classes 9 junior high s*ools w\ld prove exce$+ly difficult to organize4 ,! :ole situation is *ang$1 h[ev]1 :5 we ga!r 9 a c5tral s*ool all ^! future artisans :o h decid$ t !y wi% to prep>e = specific trades4 ,"u ^! conditions classes w\ld be suffici5tly l>ge s t specializ$ tra9+ c\ld be giv5 & special equipm5t provid$4 ,?is "w w\ld be/ be und]tak5 9 a s*ool entirely devot$ to ! purpose1 b su* c\rses might be organiz$ 9 connection ) ! pres5t te*nical high s*ools4 ,?is arrangem5t w\ld be less desirable & probably give inf]ior results4 ,! important po9t1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* ! organization or curriculum = ^! classes1 x is ! fundam5tal fact t trade classes c be wisely organiz$ only :5 a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( pupils c be ga!r$ 9 "o place s z to make ! "w effici5t & economical4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! trade-prep>atory tra9+ recomm5d$ w\ld be greatly increas$ if ! upp] limit ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod = boys %\ld be plac$ at #af ye>s in/ead ( at #ae z x is n[4 #d4 ,trade-,ext5sion ,classes = ,appr5tices4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! te*nical high s*ools (f] ev5+ classes = appr5tices 9 ! build+ trades4 ,ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! appr5tices ( ! city are enroll$ 9 ^! classes4 ,9 ! ma9 !y are full gr[n m54 ,9 g5]al !y d n want %op "w relat$ to _! own trades1 b pref] in/ead to enroll 9 c\rses 9 draw+4 ,! consid]ations already pres5t$ be> 9 m9or degree on ! problem ( provid+ ev5+ in/ruction = trade appr5tices4 ,! ess5tial = effici5t "w is t a suffici5t numb] ( pupils be br\ght toge!r s z to make x possible to organize specializ$ classes 9 diff]5t k9ds ( "w t ! pupils want & ne$4 ,s long z !re are only #ej appr5tices enroll$ 9 ! entire city1 & ^! repres5t a numb] ( trades1 _m diff]5t /ages ( advancem5t1 & a v>iety ( ne$s1 truly effici5t "w w be impossible4 ,bett] conditions c be br\ght ab\t only ?r\gh ! cooep]ation ( ! unions1 ! employ]s1 & ! s*ool p4 #e4 ,trade-,ext5sion ,"w = ,j\rneym54 ,! ev5+ te*nical s*ools n[ ma9ta9 %op classes & draw+ classes = work]s 9 ! build+ trades4 ,less ?an "o p] c5t ( ! work]s 9 ^! trades are enroll$ 9 ^! classes4 ,!re is little diff]5tiation 9 ! s*ool "w (f]$ to help]s1 appr5tices1 & j\rneym54 ,! result is t ! "w is mu* less effici5t ?an x might well be4 ,x _c be r5d]$ mu* m effici5t ?an x is until ! classes are increas$ 9 size & z a result ! "w diff]5tiat$ & specializ$4 ,?is type ( improvem5t w result only f putt+ ! night s*ool "w 9 ! h&s ( skilful & well paid directors & tea*]s :o br+ to x a degree ( en]gy1 ent]prise1 +5uity1 & adaptability t x is unreasonable to expect & impossible to get f day s*ool tea*]s :o h already giv5 ! be/ t is 9 !m to _! regul> classes & are giv+ a fatigu$ m>g9 ( "w & att5tion to _! night s*ool pupils4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,on ,,railroad ,,& ,,/reet ,,transportation ,! report on railroad & /reet transportation takes up a class ( wage e>n+ occupations t give employm5t 9 ,clevel& to approximately #ae1jjj m54 ,a mu* l>g] proportion ?an is f\nd 9 mo/ o!r indu/rial manual occupations are natives ( ! city4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! "w is relatively unskill$1 all ( ! diff]5t occupations h "o common *>act]i/ic--! necessity = a k ( ! ,engli% language & "s acqua9tance ) local cu/oms & conditions4 ,= ?is reason comp>atively few =eign]s are employ$4 ,! report takes up sep>ately ?ree types ( work]s1 ^? employ$ 9 railroad tra9 s]vice1 ^? engag$ 9 wagon or automobile transportation1 & ! c> s]vice employees ( ! /reet railroad4 ,,railroad ,,transportation ,! /udy cov]$ only ^? railroad occupations t are directly conc]n$ ) ! actual op]ation ( tra9s1 su* z ^? ( eng9e]s1 firem51 conductors1 & tra9m54 ,^! occupations h _m po9ts 9 common & br+ into play _m simil> m5tal & physical *>act]i/ics4 ,! requirem5ts = entrance are /rict & exam9ations = ! high] positions are obligatory4 ,9 all ( !m ! haz>ds are great4 ,ea* occupation is firmly intr5*$ 9 trade unionism4 ,diff]5ces ) employ]s relat+ to su* matt]s z promotion1 h\rs ( labor1 wages1 & ov]time are settl$ by collective b>ga9+ or1 9 case ( failure to agree1 by arbitration proce$+s4 ,! e/imat$ numb] ( m5 9 ,clevel& employ$ 9 ^! occupations 9 #aiae is approximately #d1ejj4 ,( ^! ab\t "o-f\r? are swit*m5 & flagm51 "o-f\r? eng9em51 "o-fif? brakem51 "o-six? conductors1 & "o-eigh? firem54 ,! requirem5ts = entrance call = a high degree ( physical fitness4 ,! applicant = employm5t mu/ pass a sev]e exam9ation z to vision & he>+1 & 9 addition furni% c]ta9 data z to 8 family hi/ory1 z x relates to insanity1 tub]culosis1 & c]ta9 o!r diseases4 ,! high /&>d ma9ta9$ insures a type ( employees :i* = physical fitness1 m5tal al]tness1 & ability to h&le difficult situations is unsurpass$ 9 any indu/ry4 ,frequ5t exam9ations1 :i* are compulsory1 are ! /epp+ /ones to ! high] positions4 ,9 ?is way a brakeman qualifies = ! position ( freight conductor1 a freight conductor = t ( pass5g] conductor1 & a fireman = a position z eng9e]4 ,ea* ( ! two s]vices1 pass5g] & freight1 has its advantages4 ,9 ! pass5g] s]vice ! work+ day is %ort1 ) little ov]time4 ,freight s]vice requires a long] work+ day & a consid]able am\nt ( ov]time4 ,promotions 9 bo? s]vices & f "o to ! o!r are made on ! basis ( s5iority4 ,violation ( ! /rict rules laid d[n = ! op]ation ( tra9s on ! "p ( employees may result 9 reprim&1 susp5sion1 or dismissal1 accord+ to ! gravity ( ! (f5se4 ,! p5alty ( susp5sion has practically sup]s$$ ! o!rs except 9 extreme cases1 su* z drunk5ness1 !ft1 or o!r s]i\s violations ( ! rules1 = :i* (f5d]s are summ>ily dismiss$4 ,on "s railroads1 a grad$ sy/em ( dem]its is us$4 ,:5 an employee has receiv$ a c]ta9 numb] ( dem]its he is dismiss$ f ! s]vice4 ,! railroad unions are among ! /ronge/ & mo/ aggressive 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! total union memb]%ip among tra9 op]at+ employees alone 9 ! c\ntry is approximately #cej1jjj4 ,! unions are all model$ ^u ! same g5]al plan4 ,!y are q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 keep /rictly to _! agreem5ts & oppose ! sympa!tic /rike4 ,!y all ma9ta9 "s =m ( life insurance4 ,f\r organizations h und]writt5 ov] #ejj1jjj1jjj ( insurance & "o ( !m 9 a s+le ye> paid claims am\nt+ to #a1ace1jjj4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! unions has be5 p>ticul>ly effective 9 secur+ ! passage ( protective /ate & national legislation su* z full crew laws1 /&>dization ( tra9 equipm5t1 employ]s' liability laws1 c> limit laws1 etc4 ,! haz>d\s nature ( ! "w is indicat$ by a /atem5t made by a prom95t union (ficial to ! effect t ! ,tra9m5's ,bro!rhood paid a claim = dea? or disability e sev5 h\rs4 ,a report to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission /ates t !re is "o case ( injury 9 tra9 or y>d s]vice e n9e m9utes4 ,) ! inv5tion ( safety devices ! risk ( accid5t has be5 greatly less5$1 b railroad+ is /ill "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s indu/rial occupations4 ,!re is little *ance ( employm5t = applicants "u ! age ( #ba ye>s4 ,9 fact1 _m roads refuse to employ m5 bel[ ?is age4 ,physical or s5se defects :i* (t5 accompany advanc+ ye>s1 & :i* w\ld n disqualify a man 9 o!r occupations d s 9 railroad "w4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ! work+ life is a little ov] #ab ye>s4 ,railroad employees are among ! be/ paid work]s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a close e/imate bas$ on ext5sive wage inve/igations places ! annual e>n+s ( eng9e]s at f #a1bjj to #b1djj a ye>1 ) an av]age ( #a1fjj4 ,conductors av]age ab\t #a1cej1 firem5 a little ov] #ijj1 & o!r tra9m5 ab\t #iej4 ,! usual work+ day is #aj h\rs1 al?\gh ?is is (t5 exce$$4 ,ov]time is paid on a regul> scale agre$ ^u by ! companies & ! union4 ,! educational requirem5ts are n v exact+4 ,a ?or\gh gr\nd+ 9 ! ?ree ,r's is usually all t is necess>y4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( trade k is obta9$ ?r\gh contact & p>ticipation aft] ent]+ employm5t & c be ga9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,! exam9ations = promotion are ( a ?or\gh-go+ "*4 ,"o ( ! roads 9 ,clevel& requires an exam9ation ( its firem5 & tra9m5 six mon?s aft] employm5t1 z to vision1 color-s5se1 & he>+4 ,!y mu/ also pass an oral exam9ation on ! *>act]i/ics ( _! division & a writt5 exam9ation on c]ta9 set que/ions furni%$ !m 9 advance4 ,two ye>s lat] !y are exam9$ aga91 ! fireman = eng9eman1 & ! brakeman = conductor4 ,! scope ( ^! exam9ations cov]s ! :ole range ( tra9 op]at+4 ,ea* ( ! five l>ge railroads ent]+ ,clevel& has air-brake c>s equipp$ ) v>i\s =ms ( air brakes1 air signals1 pumps1 valves1 & injectors = ! purpose ( giv+ in/ruction to tra9m54 ,a compet5t in/ructor is put 9 *>ge ( ^! c>s to expla9 ! !ory & practice ( ! app>atus & also to give in/ruction 9 any new type ( eng9e or tra9 equipm5t4 ,! conclusions ( ! report are 9 ! ma9 negative ) respect to specializ$ vocational tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! g5]al indu/rial c\rse recomm5d$ = ! junior high s*ool p]iod 9 previ\s *apt]s w\ld be ( "s value to boys :o may ent] ?is l9e ( "w4 ,problems ( railroad transportation might well be includ$ z "p ( ! "w 9 appli$ ma!matics4 ,:at work]s 9 ^! occupations ne$ mo/1 h[ev]1 is a ?or\gh elem5t>y education4 ,,motor ,,& ,,wagon ,,transportation ,?is section ( ! report takes up su* occupations z ^? ( team/]s1 *auffeurs1 & repairm54 ,!re are no reliable data z to ! numb] ( m5 9 ! city employ$ 9 ^! occupations1 b x is c]ta9 t x does n fall bel[ #i1jjj4 ,not)/&+ ! great increase 9 ! use ( automobiles & auto trucks 9 rec5t ye>s ! numb] ( team/]s at ! pres5t "t is 9 excess ( #d1jjj m54 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! m5 employ$ 9 ^! occupations are ( ,am]ican bir?4 ,! g5]al conditions ( labor su* z wages1 h\rs ( labor1 & s on1 are ! same = team/]s & *auffeurs4 ,!y e>n ab\t ! same wages1 belong to ! same union1 & "w ab\t ! same h\rs4 ,! wages range f #be to #cg c5ts an h\r4 ,e>n+s 9 ! bett] paid jobs comp>e favorably ) ^? 9 sev]al ( ! skill$ trades4 ,automobile repairm5 e>n f #cj to #de c5ts an h\r1 & "w f n9e to #aj h\rs a day4 ,! work+ day = team/]s & *auffeurs is some:at long]1 rang+ f #aj to #ab h\rs4 ,at ! pres5t "t ^! occupations are only p>tially organiz$ 9 trade unions4 ,! report recomm5ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a c\rse 9 automobile con/ruction & op]ation 9 ! te*nical high s*ools4 ,9 view ( ! con/antly increas+ use ( automobiles su* a c\rse w\ld be ( value to _m boys besides ^? :o ent] employm5t z *auffeurs & truck driv]s4 ,,/reet ,,railroad ,,transportation ,!re are employ$ 9 ,clevel& at pres5t approximately #b1ejj motorm5 & /reet c> conductors4 ,almo/ all ( !m are ( ,am]ican bir?1 & ! majority are natives ( ! city4 ,z 9 railroad "w ea* applicant = employm5t mu/ pass an exam9ation1 al?\gh ! requirem5ts are less exact+ ?an ^? dem&$ 9 railroad "w4 ,! prelim9>y tra9+ occupies ab\t #aj days1 dur+ :i* ! motorman is taught by actual c> op]ation h[ to op]ate ! controll]1 h[ to apply & release ! brakes1 & o!r duties connect$ ) ! c>eful runn+ ( ! c> ?r\gh cr[d$ /reets4 ,! conductor is taught ! names ( ! /reets1 h[ & :5 to call !m1 :]e /ops are to be made1 :5 to turn lights on & (f1 h[ to act 9 case ( accid5ts1 & ! v>i\s duties :i* deal ) ! sale1 collection1 & report+ ( transf]s & tickets4 ,no "o is admitt$ into ! s]vice be=e ! age ( #ba or aft] #ce4 ,promotion usually comes 9 ! =m ( bett] runs4 ,! *ances ( promotion to positions above ! grade ( conductor or motorman are v slight4 ,ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! m5 belong to ! local union4 ,union rates ( pay = motorm5 & conductors are high] 9 ,clevel& ?an 9 mo/ cities 9 ! c\ntry1 9 spite ( ! fact t ?is is ! only l>ge city 9 ! c\ntry ) a ?ree c5t /reet c> f>e4 ,! wages ( bo? motorm5 & conductors are #bi c5ts an h\r = ! fir/ ye> & #cb 9 succe$+ ye>s4 ,! h\rs ( labor are v irregul>4 ,! usual work+ day is f #aj to #ab h\rs4 ,! au?or ( ! report is ( ! op9ion t no special in/ruction = ?is type ( work]s c be giv5 by ! public s*ools4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,trades ,a small] proportion ( ! indu/rial population 9 ,clevel& is engag$ 9 pr9t+ ?an 9 mo/ l>ge cities4 ,! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 pr9t+ occupations 9 #aiae is e/imat$ at approximately #c1ijj1 made up *iefly ( skill$ workm54 ,little common labor is us$ 9 any dep>tm5t ( ! indu/ry4 ,! bus9ess ( pr9t+ is usually conduct$ 9 small e/abli%m5ts4 ,!re are n m ?an six plants 9 ! city :i* employ ov] #ge wage e>n]s4 ,data collect$ f #dd local pr9t+ %ops1 %[$ an av]age work+ =ce ( only #cf p]sons4 ,due l>gely to ?is *>act]i/ic pr9t+ af=ds an unusual numb] ( opportunities = advancem5t to ! skill$ work]s 9 ! indu/ry4 ,! small] ! e/abli%m5ts are ! great] is ! proportion ( proprietors1 sup]9t5d5ts1 manag]s & =em5 to ! total numb] ( wage e>n]s4 ,t5 p] c5t ( ! total work+ =ce 9 ! pr9t+ indu/ry is employ$ 9 sup]visory & directive positions4 ,9 _m ( ! l>ge manufactur+ indu/ries ( ! city ! proportion 9 su* "w is less ?an ?ree p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #ab4--,numb] ( m5 9 ea* #ajj 9 pr9t+ & five o!r indu/ries e>n+ ea* class ( weekly wage4 ,black indicates less ?an #ah1 hat*+1 #ah to #be1 & outl9e #be & ov] ,no o!r manufactur+ indu/ry employs s l>ge a proportion ( ,am]ican born work]s4 ,9 rec5t ye>s _m ( ! skill$ indu/rial trades h be5 recruit$ to a v l>ge ext5t f =eign labor1 b 9 pr9t+ ! ,am]ican work] has s f> held 8 own rem>kably well4 ,?is is due 9 "p to ! relatively high wages & desirable work+ conditions & to ! necessity 9 all bran*es ( pr9t+ = a work+ k ( ,engli%4 ,practically all ( ! trades are ?or\ghly organiz$4 ,! unions are unit$ 9 a body call$ ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,alli$ ,pr9t+ ,trades4 ,al?\gh only ab\t half ( ! %ops 9 ! city employ union labor exclusively1 ! union regulations z to wages & h\rs ( labor are obs]v$ 9 bo? op5 & clos$ %ops4 ,pr9t+ work]s are among ! be/ paid indu/rial wage e>n]s 9 ! city4 ,a comp>ison ( ! weekly e>n+s 9 ! v>i\s manufactur+ indu/ries is %[n 9 ,diagram #ab4 ,?is comp>ison is bas$ ^u ! #aiad report ( ! ,ohio ,indu/rial ,commission4 ,! comp>ison ( ! e>n+s ( wom5 9 v>i\s indu/ries1 %[n 9 ,diagram #ac1 is less favorable to pr9t+4 ,on ! basis ( ! proportion ( wom5 t e>n #ab & ov] p] week ?is indu/ry takes ?ird place4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ne>ly all ! wom5 employ$ are engag$ 9 semi-skill$ "w 9 b9d]ies1--a l[] grade ( "w ?an t done by mo/ wom5 work]s 9 clo?+ factories1 :]e wages are high]4 ,comp>$ ) o!r occupations t require ab\t ! same am\nt ( exp]i5ce & tra9+1 9 textile1 tobacco1 & confection]y manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 ! wages ( wom5 employ$ 9 ! pr9t+ indu/ry are relatively high4 ,wage e>n]s 9 pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts lose less "t ?r\gh irregul>ity ( employm5t ?an d ^? 9 mo/ o!r factory indu/ries4 ,! k9d ( "w done by wom5 is m seasonal ?an t done by m51 al?\gh less s ?an 9 o!r manufactur+ indu/ries :i* employ l>ge numb]s ( wom54 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #ac4--,numb] ( wom5 9 ea* #ajj 9 pr9t+ & six o!r indu/ries e>n+ ea* class ( weekly wage4 ,black indicates less ?an #h1 hat*+ #h to #ab1 & outl9e #ab & ov] ,,compos+ ,,room ,,work]s ,ne>ly all ! work]s 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! indu/ry are h& or ma*9e compositors4 ,until ab\t #cj ye>s ago1 be=e practical type-sett+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$1 all type 0 set by h&4 ,today ! h& compositor1 except 9 v small %ops1 works only on jobs requir+ special type & special arrangem5t1 su* z adv]tisem5ts1 title cov]s ( books1 lett] heads1 & s on4 ,9 ! city !re are ab\t #a1bjj p employ$ 9 compos+ room occupations1 or ab\t #cj p] c5t ( ! total numb] ( work]s 9 ! indu/ry4 ,?is numb] includes "s #ej wom5 employ$ z pro(-read]s & copy-hold]s4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! compos+ room work]s are memb]s ( ! ,int]national ,typographical ,union1 al?\gh ! numb] ( %ops t employ union m5 exclusively1 call$ clos$ %ops1 approximates only "o-half ( ! total numb] 9 ! city4 ,! rema9d]1 :ile employ+ union labor1 obs]v+ union h\rs1 & pay+ union wages1 res]ve ! "r to hire non-union workm54 ,compos+ room work]s are ! be/ paid 9 ! indu/ry4 ,a comp>ison ( av]age wages 9 newspap] & job e/abli%m5ts is %[n 9 ,table #bg4 ,,table #bg4--;,,av]age ,,daily ,,e>n+s ,,( ,,job ,,& ,,newspap] ,,compos+-,,room ,,work]s1 #aiae ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,newspap] ,work]s 9 trade ,job (fices (fices ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,=em5 #e4ai #f4fe ,l9otype ma*9i/s #d4ff #d4hd ,pro(-read]s #d4fc #c4ih ,monotype op]ators #d4eg 44 ,l9otyp]s #d4bh #d4fe ,monotype ca/]s #c4if #d4cj ,/onem5 #c4id #d4hi ,h&-compositors #c4dh #d4eh ,copy-hold]s #b4cj #b4ic ,appr5tices #a4fd #a4cj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,compositors suff] mo/ f ! diseases t are common to indoor work]s4 ,! /oop+ position 9 :i* mu* ( ! "w is done1 toge!r ) insuffici5t v5tilation & ! pres5ce ( gases f ! molt5 metal us$ 9 monotype & l9otype ma*9es1 favors ! developm5t ( lung diseases4 ,! numb] ( dea?s f consumption among compositors is m ?an d\ble t 9 mo/ outdoor occupations4 ,! appr5tice%ip sy/em has held its own 9 ! compositor's trade bett] ?an 9 mo/ indu/rial occupations4 ,9 ! e/abli%m5ts visit$ by ! ,survey ,/aff !re 7 approximately #ae appr5tices to ea* #ajj h& & ma*9e compositors4 ,z a rule !re is no real sy/em or me?od ( in/ruction4 ,! po9ts pr9cipally insi/$ ^u by ! union1 :i* /rongly favors ! appr5tice%ip sy/em1 are t ! numb] ( appr5tices employ$ %all n exce$ t /ipulat$ 9 ! agreem5t betwe5 ! employ]s & ! union1 & t ea* appr5tice %all be requir$ to s]ve ! full t]m ( five ye>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ & second ye>s ! appr5tice is requir$ to p]=m g5]al "w 9 ! compos+ room "u ! direction ( ! =eman4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> he jo9s ! union z an appr5tice4 ,! appr5tice%ip agreem5t /ipulates t dur+ ?is ye> he mu/ be employ$ f\r h\rs ea* day at composition & di/ribution4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? ye>s ! numb] ( h\rs p] day on su* "w is increas$ to six & sev5 respectively4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ( 8 t]m he mu/ take ! ev5+ trade c\rse giv5 by ! ,int]national ,typographical ,union1 ! exp5se ( tuition be+ met by ! local union4 ,! agreem5t conta9s no /ipulation z to wages = ! fir/ & second ye>s4 ,! wage = ! ?ird ye> is #i a week1 = ! f\r? ye> #ab1 & = ! fif?1 #ae4 ,appr5tices 9 newspap] compos+ rooms are p]mitt$ to sp5d ! la/ six mon?s ( _! p]iod work+ on type-sett+ ma*9es4 ,,! ,,pressroom ,! pressroom occupations include plat5 & cyl9d] pressm51 web or newspap] pressm51 plat5 & cyl9d] pressfe$]s1 plate pr9t]s1 cutt]s1 flyboys & appr5tices4 ,approximately #ae p] c5t ( ! m5 employ$ are cyl9d] pressm51 ab\t #aj p] c5t plat5 pressm51 & less ?an ?ree p] c5t web pressm54 ,pressfe$]s comprise ov] #dj p] c5t ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,ne>ly n9e-t5?s ( all pressroom work]s are employ$ 9 job e/abli%m5ts4 ,five occupations--^? ( cutt]s1 floorm51 flyboys1 plate pr9t]s1 & web pressm5--give employm5t to few] ?an #dj m5 ea*4 ,! av]age daily e>n+s ( pressroom work]s 9 ! e/abli%m5ts f :i* wage data 7 collect$ dur+ ! survey are %[n 9 ,table #bh4 ,! h\rly rates ( pay are high z comp>$ ) ^? 9 o!r occupations requir+ an equal or great] am\nt ( skill & k4 ,cyl9d] pressm5 e>n m p] h\r ?an d tool & die mak]s--! mo/ highly skill$ ( ! metal trades--& plat5 pressm5 9 *>ge ( five or m presses e>n m ?an all-r\nd ma*9i/s & boil] mak]s4 ,! rate = cyl9d] pressfe$]s is ab\t ?ree c5ts an h\r high] ?an t receiv$ = specializ$ ma*9e "w 9 ! metal trades4 ,,table #bh4--;,,av]age ,,daily ,,e>n+s ,,( ,,pressroom ,,work]s1 #aiae ,job pressroom work]s ,=em5 #d4gh ,cyl9d] pressm5 #c4fc ,cutt]s #c4da ,plat5 pressm5 #b4ig ,floorm5 #b4ia ,cyl9d] pressfe$]s1 m5 #b4ed ,cyl9d] pressfe$]s1 wom5 #a4gg ,plat5 pressfe$]s1 m5 #a4hc ,plat5 pressfe$]s1 wom5 #a4gj ,flyboys #a4ef ,newspap] pressroom work]s ,=em5 #f4aa ,web pressm5 #d4cc ,web pressm5's assi/ants #b4ie ,=mal appr5tice%ip is practically unkn[n4 ,! boy beg9s z a pressfe$]1 usually on a plat5 press1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t gets to be a plat5 pressman4 ,a k ( plat5 presswork does n qualify a man to run a cyl9d] press1 & z a rule ! plat5 pressman :o wants to *ange mu/ s]ve "s "t z a cyl9d] pressfe$] & cyl9d] pressman's assi/ant4 ,!re is no organiz$ sy/em = tra9+ beg9n]s4 ,! boy :o wants to become a pressman mu/ pick up ! trade ?r\gh exp]i5ce & practice1 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ dep5d+ *iefly on h[ frequ5tly *anges occur among ! =ce ( pressm5 employ$ 9 ! %op4 ,,! ,,b9d]y ,! b9d]y is ! only dep>tm5t ( ! indu/ry 9 :i* any consid]able numb] ( wom5 are employ$4 ,"s ( ! occupations1 su* z ga!r+1 sew+1 & /it*+1 are practically monopoliz$ by wom54 ,!y are also employ$ ext5sively 9 h& & ma*9e fold+4 ,ab\t "o-fif? are ga!r]s & "o-fif? sew]s & /it*]s4 ,! o!r ?ree-fif?s are di/ribut$ among a numb] ( occupations usually class$ z g5]al b9d]y "w4 ,! occupations 9 :i* m5 pr$om9ate are =w>d+1 rul+1 & f9i%+1 & cutt+4 ,! =w>d]s comprise m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! total numb] ( m5 engag$ 9 b9d]y "w4 ,! o!r two skill$ trades--rul+ & f9i%+--give employm5t to ab\t #ce m5 ea*4 ,! av]age daily e>n+s 9 ! v>i\s occupations1 bas$ on returns f #dd e/abli%m5ts1 7 z %[n 9 ,table #bi4 ,,table #bi4--;,,av]age ,,daily ,,e>n+s ,,( ,,b9d]y ,,work]s1 #aiae ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,work]s 9 trade ,m5 ,wom5 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,=em5 #d4gh #b4je ,rul]s #c4ef 44 ,f9i%]s #c4ea 44 ,=w>d]s #c4bc 44 ,cutt]s #c4ba 44 ,ma*9e-fold]s #b4ha #a4di ,wire-/it*]s 44 #a4eg ,appr5tices #a4ec 44 ,ga!r]s 44 #a4eb ,sew]s 44 #a4eb ,o!r b9d]y op]atives #a4dj #a4ea ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,on acc\nt ( ! seasonal "* ( ! "w consid]able "t is lo/ ?r\gh unemploym5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? occupations 9 :i* wom5 pr$om9ate4 ,beg9n]s 9 ^! occupations 9 :i* ! majority ( ! wom5 are employ$1 />t on fold+ or pa/+1 & z opportunity pres5ts1 gradually acquire practice 9 ! high] grades ( "w1 su* z ga!r+ & ma*9e op]at+4 ,!re are "s traces ( ! appr5tice%ip sy/em 9 =w>d+1 rul+1 & f9i%+1 b ^! trades are s small t all ( !m comb9$ require only a v few new work]s ea* ye>4 ,,o!r ,,occupations ,o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! pr9t+ indu/ry are photo5grav+1 /]eotyp+1 electrotyp+1 & li?ograph+4 ,!y give employm5t to approximately #gjj work]s1 di/ribut$ among m ?an #bj di/9ct trades1 requir+ ! mo/ div]se sorts ( skill1 k1 & tra9+4 ,!re are ab\t #ajj m5 9 ! city engag$ 9 ! diff]5t processes ( photo5grav+4 ,ne>ly all ( ! /]eotyp]s1 numb]+ f #fj to #gj1 are employ$ 9 newspap] (fices4 ,!re are ab\t #abe electrotyp]s & #djj li?ograph]s4 ,! labor conditions closely approximate ^? f\nd 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! indu/ry4 ,av]age wages = ! diff]5t occupations are %[n 9 ,table #cj4 ,,table #cj4--;,,av]age ,,daily ,,e>n+s ,,9 ,,photo5grav+1 ,,/]eotyp+1 ,,electrotyp+1 ,,& ,,li?ograph+ ,,occupations1 #aiae ,av]age ,work]s 9 trade daily e>n+s ,photo5grav+ ,arti/s #f4cb ,photograph]s #d4fi ,et*]s #d4eb ,r\t]s #d4be ,f9i%]s #d4ba ,pro(]s #c4fi ,/ripp]s #c4fa ,block]s #b4cf ,appr5tices #a4di ,art appr5tices #a4bg ,/]eotyp+ #d4jj ,electrotyp+ ,mold]s #d4da ,f9i%]s #d4ja ,ca/]s #c4ah ,r\t]s #c4ag ,build]s #c4ac ,block]s #b4je ,batt]ym5 #a4ig ,case fill]s #a4ei ,appr5tices #a4aj ,li?ograph+ ,lett]m5 #f4fc ,arti/s #f4da ,pressroom =em5 #e4hj ,gra9]s #d4gc ,engrav]s #d4ce ,pressm5 #c4ia ,transf]]s & pro(]s #c4da ,pressroom appr5tices #b4hj ,trac]s #b4fc ,/one poli%]s #b4ec ,pressfe$]s #a4gb ,o!r appr5tices #a4ei ,arti/ appr5tices #a4bc ,flyboys #a4aj ,!re is no well organiz$ sy/em = tra9+ appr5tices 9 photo5grav+1 /]eotyp+1 & electrotyp+1 or 9 any ( ! li?ographic trades1 except t ( po/] arti/1 9 :i* an effici5t & /rictly regulat$ sy/em ( appr5tice%ip is ma9ta9$4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,tra9+ ,! report ma9ta9s t up to ! end ( ! compulsory att5dance p]iod s*ool tra9+ prep>atory to ent]+ ! pr9t+ trades mu/ be ( ! mo/ g5]al sort1 due to ! fact t 9 ! av]age elem5t>y s*ool ! numb] ( boys :o are likely to become pr9t]s is too small to =m special classes4 ,= example1 9 an elem5t>y s*ool ( #a1jjj pupils ! numb] ( boys #ab ye>s old & ov] to :om in/ruction 9 pr9t+ w\ld be ( value f ! /&po9t ( future vocational utility1 w\ld probably n exce$ two4 ,:ile admitt+ ! advantages ( ! junior high s*ool = ! purposes ( vocational tra9+1 ! report po9ts out t ev5 9 a s*ool :]e only pupils ( ! upp] grades are admitt$1 ! numb] :o are likely to become pr9t]s is /ill too small to w>rant special in/ruction4 ,9 a junior high s*ool ( #a1jjj pupils n m ?an n9e boys are likely to become pr9t]s4 ,! report recomm5ds a g5]al indu/rial c\rse dur+ ! junior high s*ool p]iod4 ,:at ! boys ne$ at ?is "t is practice 9 ! application ( ma!matics1 draw+1 & elem5t>y sci5ce to indu/rial problems4 ,%op equipm5t %\ld be select$ ) ?is object 9 m9d4 ,x is d\btful :e!r x %\ld include a pr9t+ %op1 = :ile su* a %op w\ld be useful to ! few boys :o w become pr9t]s1 x w\ld be ( little value 9 tra9+ = o!r indu/ries4 ,! report sugge/s z subjects :i* %\ld be includ$ 9 ! g5]al indu/rial c\rse practice 9 h&l+ & assembl+ ma*9]y1 ! /udy ( color h>mony1 & ! pr9ciples ( design 9 connection ) ! "w 9 draw+1 ! use ( pr9t+ %op problems 9 appli$ ma!matics1 & ?or\gh in/ruction 9 spell+1 punctuation1 & ! division ( words4 ,x also recomm5ds ! c\rse ( indu/rial in=mation ref]r$ to 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a two ye> pr9t+ c\rse 9 a sep>ate vocational s*ool is recomm5d$ to meet ! ne$ = specializ$ in/ruction f ! end ( ! compulsory p]iod to ! appr5tice ent]+ age4 ,! pr9t+ trades are relatively small & x is only by conc5trat+ 9 a s+le s*ool plant all ! boys :o may wi% to ent] !m t specializ$ tra9+ c be made practicable4 ,9 ?is way x w\ld be possible to secure classes ( f #fj to #ajj boys ea* = su* trades z composition & presswork4 ,! report emphasizes ! ne$ = in/ruction 9 trade !ory z aga9/ practice on specific op]ations4 ,x po9ts out t ! boys w h pl5ty ( opportunity aft] !y g to "w to acquire spe$ & manual skill1 :ile !y h little *ance1 "u mod]n %op conditions1 to obta9 an und]/&+ ( ! relation ( draw+1 physics1 *emi/ry1 ma!matics1 & art to _! "w4 ,! only trade ext5sion tra9+ (f]$ by ! public s*ools at ! pres5t "t is t giv5 9 ! te*nical night s*ools4 ,dur+ ! second t]m ( #aiae-af !re 7 #bh p]sons enroll$ 9 ! te*nical night s*ool pr9t+ class4 ,( ^! #bh p]sons ?ree 7 j\rneym5 pr9t]s1 five describ$ !mselves z help]s1 #aa 7 appr5tices1 "o 0 employ$ 9 ! (fice ( a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 & eight 7 engag$ 9 occupations unrelat$ to pr9t+4 ,no special provision is made = ! appr5tices4 ,! c\rse1 :i* includes h& composition1 a little press "w1 & lectures on trade subjects1 is plann$ to help broad5 ! %op tra9+ ( ^? work+ at ! trade4 ,t x does s to any consid]able ext5t is d\btful4 ,too mu* ( ! "t is devot$ to h& "w & practice on op]ations :i* ! boys c easily le>n 9 ! %ops4 ,x is believ$ t ! plan foll[$ 9 ! ev5+ appr5tice c\rse prescrib$ by ! ,int]national ,typographical ,union1 9 :i* no %op equipm5t or app>atus is us$1 is bett] adapt$ to ! ne$s ( boys employ$ 9 ! trade4 ,! c\rse consi/s ( #df lessons 9 ,engli%1 lett]+1 design1 color h>mony1 job composition1 & imposition = ma*9e1 & h& fold+4 ,! classes are taught by j\rneym5 tea*]s4 ,9 ,febru>y #aiaf ab\t #ajj /ud5ts 7 enroll$1 ( :om approximately "o-?ird 7 appr5tices & two-?irds j\rneym54 ,,clevel& ,,education ,,survey ,,reports ,^! reports c be secur$ f ! ,survey ,committee ( ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,!y w be s5t po/paid = #be c5ts p] volume ) ! exception ( ,measur+ ! ,"w ( ! ,public ,s*ools by ,judd1 ,! ,clevel& ,s*ool ,survey by ,ayres1 & ,wage ,e>n+ & ,education by ,lutz4 ,^! ?ree volumes w be s5t = #ej c5ts ea*4 ,all ( ^! reports may be secur$ at ! same rates f ! ,division ( ,education ( ! ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,*ild ,acc\nt+ 9 ! ,public ,s*ools--,ayres4 ,educational ,ext5sion--,p]ry4 ,education ?r\gh ,recreation--,johnson4 ,f9anc+ ! ,public ,s*ools--,cl>k4 ,heal? ,"w 9 ! ,public ,s*ools--,ayres4 ,h\sehold ,arts & ,s*ool ,lun*es--,b\ghton4 ,measur+ ! ,"w ( ! ,public ,s*ools--,judd4 ,ov]cr[d$ ,s*ools & ! ,platoon ,plan--,h>twell4 ,s*ool ,build+s & ,equipm5t--,ayres4 ,s*ools & ,classes = ,exceptional ,*ildr5--,mit*ell4 ,s*ool ,organization & ,adm9i/ration--,ayres4 ,! ,public ,libr>y & ! ,public ,s*ools--,ayres & ,mc,kinnie4 ,! ,s*ool & ! ,immigrant--,mill]4 ,! ,tea*+ ,/aff--,jessup4 ,:at ! ,s*ools ,tea* & ,might ,tea*--,bobbitt4 ,! ,clevel& ,s*ool ,survey 7,summ>y7--,ayres4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boys & ,girls 9 ,comm]cial ,"w--,/ev5s4 ,dep>tm5t ,/ore ,occupations--,o',le>y4 ,dressmak+ & ,mill9]y--,bryn]4 ,railroad & ,/reet ,transportation--,flem+4 ,! ,build+ ,trades--,%aw4 ,! ,g>m5t ,trades--,bryn]4 ,! ,metal ,trades--,lutz4 ,! ,pr9t+ ,trades--,%aw4 ,wage ,e>n+ & ,education 7,summ>y7--,lutz4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,typos ,correct$ ,9 ,text3 ,table #ae on page #abj3 e/abli%m5ts = e/abm5ts page #aid3 c> f>e = c> f> page #ae3 employee = employe 99 99 99 99 99