,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #faa ,,new ,,york1 ,,septemb] #ag1 #ahhg ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #faa4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,biography4--,! ,new ,/atue ( ,philip ,lebon4--,biography ( ! ,fr5* pione] inv5tor ( gas light+1 ) notes on ! rec5t inauguration ( 8 /atue4--#a illu/ration4 #igeg ,,ii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,! ,analysis ( ,ur9e4--,an elaborate inve/igation ( ! me?od ( analyz+ *emically & microscopically ?is fluid1 ) illu/rations ( ! app>atus employ$4--#d illu/rations #igeh ,,iii4 ,,electricity4--,electrical ,al>m = ,ph>maci/s4--,an app>atus = indicat+ to ! ph>maci/ :5 he removes f ! %elf a bottle conta9+ poison4--#b illu/rations4 #igec ,electric ,/eel ,railways4--,by ,,george ,w4 ,,mansfield4--,a full discussion ( ! problem ( electric railways2 comp>ison ) horse & cable traction4 #igeb ,,iv4 ,,eng9e]+4--,improv$ ,oscillat+ ,hydraulic ,motor4--,a small motor = h\sehold use1 z = driv+ sew+ ma*9es & o!r dome/ic ma*9]y4--#h illu/rations4 #igea ,! ,ce>a ,h>bor ,works4--,a rem>kable eng9e]+ "w n[ 9 progress 9 ,brazil2 ! =mation ( an artificial h>bor4--#d illu/rations4 #igeb ,v4 ,,geology4--,notes ( a ,rec5t ,visit to ,"s ( ! ,petroleum-,produc+ ,t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4--,by ,,bov]ton ,,r$wood1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4--,! second portion ( ?is valuable pap]1 treat+ m p>ticul>ly ( ,canadian petroleum4 #igfe ,,vi4 ,,meteorology4--,! ,meteorologiske ,in/itut at ,upsala1 & ,cl\d ,measurem5ts4--,! me?ods us$ & results atta9$ 9 ! fam\s ,upsala obs]vatory "u ,pr(s4 ,ekholm & ,hag/rm2 ! measurem5t ( cl\ds4--#a illu/ration4 #igfd ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,draw+ ,in/rum5t = ,accurate ,"w4--,by ,j4 ,,lehrke4--,a magnify+ in/rum5t = f9e "w & measurem5ts4--#b illu/rations4 #iged ,liquid & ,gase\s ,r+s4--,notes on ! production ( vortex r+s4--,! diff]5t aspects & break+ up ( smoke r+s4--#f illu/rations4 #igfj ,sc5es among ! ,ext9ct ,volcanoes ( ,rh9el&4--,! picturesque features ( ! geological =mations ( ?is region describ$4--#aj illu/rations4 #igfb ,%all ,we ,h a ,national ,horse8--,an eloqu5t plea by ,,r&olph ,,hunt+ton = ! production ( a good type ( animal4--,use ( ! ,arabian horse z an improv] ( ! bre$4 #igfj ,,viii4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,trial ,trip ( ! ,ohio4--,! rem>kable results atta9$ by ! introduction ( new boil]s & ma*9]y 9 an ,am]ican /eam%ip4 #igea ,,ix4 ,,physiology4--,app>atus = ,det]m9+ ,me*anically ! ,reaction ,p]iod ( ,he>+4--,an int]e/+ /udy ( ! "t ( transmission ( an impulse ?r\gh ! s5sor & motor n]ves4--#a illu/ration4 #igec ,x4 ,,sanitation4--,a ,new ,dis9fector4--,description ( a new app>atus = dis9fect+ by sup]heat$ /eam & air1 ) tabul> /atem5t ( elaborate te/s made ) x4--#b illu/rations4 #iged ,trees f a ,sanit>y ,aspect4--,by ,,*>les ,,rob]ts1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 etc4--,! sanit>y value ( trees consid]$ by ?is em95t sanit>ian4--,! uses & abuses ( %ade ne> h\ses4 #igfe ,,xi4 ,,te*nology4--,a ,new ,alkali ,process4--,! ,p>nell ,simpson process ( mak+ c>bonate ( soda1 comb9+ ! features ( ! ,leblanc & ammonia me?ods4 #igee ,a ,new ,process = ! ,di/illation & ,conc5tration ( ,*emical ,liquids4--,by ,,george ,,&]son1 ( ,london4--,an app>atus & process especially adapt$ to ! manufacture ( sulphate ( ammonia4--,! inv5tion ( ,alex4 ,angus ,croll describ$4--#a illu/ration4 #igeg ,b>l['s ,ma*9e = ,m\ld+ ,c&les4--,a new app>atus = c&le manufacture1 fully describ$ & illu/rat$4--#e illu/rations4 #iged ,temp]ature ( ,gas ,di/illation4--,! moot$ "q discuss$ by ,mr4 ,,wm4 ,,f\lis1 ! em95t gas eng9e]4 #igef ,! ,l>ge/ ,black ,a% ,furnace 9 ! ,_w4--,note ( a rec5t furnace = use 9 ! ,leblanc process ( soda manufacture4 #igef 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,oscillat+ ,,hydraulic ,,motor4 ,! motor ( ,,mm4 ,s*alt5br& ,moll] is adapt$ = use = h\sehold purposes1 :]e small p[] is requir$1 z 9 driv+ sew+ ma*9es4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! motor ) all its p>ts 9 side elevation1 ! fly:eel & head re/ be+ 9 section4 ,fig4 #b is a side view1 ) ! air res]voir & di/ribution valve 9 section ?r\gh ! l9e #a-b4 ,figs4 #c & #d repres5t ! same app>atus1 b )\t support1 z :]e x is to be us$ on ! table ( a sew+ ma*9e1 ) ! crank ( ! motor directly fa/5$ to ! fly:eel ( ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,fig4 #e is a plan or horizontal section at ! level ( ! l9e #c-d1 & ,fig4 #f is a section pass+ ?r\gh ! same l9e1 b only includ+ ! cyl9d] & axis ( ! di/ribut+ valve4 ,fig4 #g is a horizontal section ( ! button ( ! cock ?r\gh ! l9e #e-f ( ,fig4 #c4 ,f9ally1 ,fig4 #h %[s 9 detail1 plan1 & elevation ! arrangem5t ( ! />t+ valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a ?r\gh #h ,,improv$ ,,oscillat+ ,,hydraulic ,,motor4 ,?is little motor does n %[ any new pr9ciple4 ,x uses ! old oscillat+ cyl9d]1 b x embraces 9 its con/ruction +5i\s details :i* r5d] its application v simple & v easy1 especially1 z we h already said1 to sew+ ma*9es4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! oscillat+ bronze cyl9d]1 ,a1 is ca/ 9 "o piece ) ! di/ribution cock1 a1 ,fig4 #c1 & its seat1 b1 also ( bronze1 is adju/$ & fa/5$ by means ( ! screw1 b1 to ! air res]voir1 ,c'1 ca/ ) its ci/]n1 ,c1 act+ z f\ndation or b$ plate = ! motor4 ,?is ci/]n is held ei!r on ! base ( ! ca/ iron be>+ frame1 ,d1 ( ! ma9 %aft1 d1 d1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 or directly on ! sew+ ma*9e table1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 by means ( two p9s1 e & e'1 s t x c oscillate ab\t an axis :i* is p]p5dicul> to ! %aft1 d1 to :i* is atta*$ ! disk1 ,f1 c>ry+ ! crank4 ,?is arrangem5t ( p>ts1 9 comb9ation ) ! horizontal axis ( ! di/ribution valve & ) ! pi/on rod1 g1 consid]$ z a v]tical axis ( rotation1 =ms a species ( univ]sal jo9t betwe5 ! crank p9 & ! table1 s t x c be put 9 place )\t adju/m5t by any workman1 :o only has to screw up ! two screws1 h1 to fa/5 to ! table ! /&>d1 ,e1 & ! piece1 ,e'1 9 :i* are screw$ ! pivots1 e & e'1 :i* support ! tank1 & ?is all ! re/ ( ! motor4 ,z is se5 m cle>ly 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! wat] "u pressure ent]s by ! pipe1 c1 to :i* is atta*$ a small tube ( ,india rubb]1 & leaves by ! pipe1 c'1 & is c>ri$ away by ano!r ,india rubb] tube4 ,! op5+s ( ! di/ribution cock are symmetrically pi]c$ 9 ! seat & plug1 :i* latt] is divid$ int]nally by a horizontal diaphragm s arrang$ t at ea* oscillation communication is e/abli%$ alt]nately above & bel[ ! pi/on4 ,s t x c be />t$ or /opp$ quickly1 ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! ?rottle valve1 i 7,fig4 #b71 is effect$ by a s+le pull+ movem5t ^u ! h&le1 ,i1 & ?is draws out ! valve horizontally4 ,= ?is end ! lev] is pivot$ ^u ! extremity ( ! valve /em1 & ends 9 a b> engag+ ) a =k :i* acts z its fulcrum4 ,?is =k is ca/ 9 "o piece ) ! plug1 ,j1 :i* closes ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! valve is put 9 place1 z %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,to prev5t ! lev] f sp9n+ out ( ! =k :5 x is pull$ or pu%$1 ?is lev] is prev5t$ f turn+ by ! valve /em1 provid$ = ?is purpose ) a d\ble rib1 i' 7,figs4 #b & #h71 :i* engages 9 slots 9 "o piece1 j1 secur$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! plug1 ,j4 ,le/ ! friction ( ! conical di/ribution valve oscillat+ ) ! cyl9d] %\ld occasion a loss ( p[]1 c>e is tak5 to leave ! key free 9 its seat1 b1 by n =c+ ! pivot1 k 7,figs4 #a1 #c1 & #e71 ^: position 9 its seat is regulat$ by ! screw1 k'4 ,x foll[s t a v slight escape ( wat] may be produc$1 b t does no h>m1 z x is caught 9 ! res]voir1 ,c1 provid$ ) a little pipe1 ,k 7,figs4 #a & #c71 to c>ry x away4 ,to ma9ta9 prop] relations betwe5 ! pressure ( ! wat]1 or ! "w x is call$ ^u to d1 & ! motor1 ! quantity ( wat] introduc$ into ! cyl9d] at ea* /roke ( ! pi/on is regulat$ by adju/+ ! l5g? ( /roke by ! crank p94 ,= ?is end ! c\rse ( ! latt] is made v>iable by means ( ! piece1 f1 adju/$ by set-screw 9 ! int]ior ( ! disk1 ,f 7,figs4 #c & #g71 & tapp$ = ! reception ( a screw t]m9at$ by a mill$ button1 f4 ,if ?is button is turn$1 x moves ! piece1 f1 & !re=e regulates ! di/ance ( ! crank p91 g'1 to :i* ! pi/on rod1 g1 is atta*$ 7,fig4 #c7 f ! c5t] ( rotation4 ,:5 ! motor is arrang$ z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 or = ! transmission ( motion by means ( a b& :eel1 p1 ca/ 9 "o ) ! fly:eel1 ,p1 ! disk :i* receives ! crank p9 ( v>iable position is fix$ directly ^u ! axle1 d1 ( ! same fly:eel c>ri$ by ! support1 ,d2 b :5 ! motor c be appli$ directly1 z is ! case = example 9 ! ,s+] sew+ ma*9e1 ^u ! axle ( ! ma*9e1 no support is us$1 & ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d is adopt$4 ,9 ?is case ! disk1 ,f'1 is ca/ ) ?ree arms :i* s]ve1 by means ( a screw1 to fa/5 x to ! fly:eel c>ri$ by ! axle ( ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,:5 ! motor is us$ on ! upp] /ories ( build+s1 ! *anges ( spe$ incid5tal to draw+ ! wat] f ! l[] /ories f ! same pipe c be comp5sat$ by ! use ( an accumulator4 ,?is accessory app>atus is compos$ ( a res]voir ( a capacity ( #aj lit]s or m1 int]calat$ 9 ! pipe :i* supplies ! motor1 s t ! wat] com+ f ! pr9cipal pipe ent]s ! bottom ( ?is res]voir1 pass+ ?r\gh an ,india rubb] valve op5+ inw>d1 ! supply = ! motor com+ ?r\gh a tube always op5 & plac$ above ?is valve4 ,! air trapp$ 9 ! accumulator is compress$ by ! wat]1 & :5 ! pressure 9 ! pipe decreases1 ! valve closes & ! compress$ air drives ! wat] ?r\gh ! motor ) decreas+ pressure until normal pressure is re-e/abli%$ 9 ! pipes4--,publication ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trial ,,trip ,,( ,,! ,,ohio4 ,"s important trials ( ! new ma*9]y ( ! screw /eam] ,ohio1 belong+ to ! ,int]national ,navigation ,company1 h rec5tly tak5 place on ! ,clyde4 ,! ,ohio is an ,am]ican built /eam] measur+ #cdc ft4 by #dc ft4 by #cd ft4 #f 941 & ( #c1cbe tons gross4 ,%e has be5 entirely refitt$ ) new eng9es & boil]s by ,messrs4 ,james ,h[d5 ,co41 ,glasg[1 :o also re>rang$ ! bunk]1 ma*9]y1 & hold spaces1 s z to give ! important advantage ( increas$ c>go accommodation obta9able f ! use ( _! improv$ ma*9]y1 :i* occupies consid]ably less space ?an ! eng9es & boil]s ( ! same p[] :i* h be5 replac$4 ,! new eng9es are ( ! triple expansion type1 & ! boil]s1 :i* are design$ = supply+ /eam ( #aej lb4 pressure1 are work$ on ,h[d5's sy/em ( =c$ draught1 :i* comb9es increas$ p[] ) high economy 9 fuel4 ,! object ( ! own]s 9 refitt+ ! ,ohio 0 to te/ ! capability & economy ( ?is sy/em ( =c$ draught on a suffici5t scale to guide !m 9 deal+ ) /eam%ips ( ! l>ge/ class & great p[]4 ,9 ! refit ( ! ,ohio ! boil]s 7 design$ to "w ) a v mod]ate air pressure1 ?is be+ suffici5t = ! p[] requir$ by ! contract4 ,! comb9$ p[] & economy1 h[ev]1 gu>ante$ by ,messrs4 ,h[d5 ,co4 = ! use ( _! sy/em ( =c$ draught 0 high] ?an has hi!rto be5 attempt$ 9 any /eam%ip1 & suffici5t1 if atta9$1 to prove ! l>ge r$uction t c\ld safely be made 9 ! numb] & size ( boil]s = ! use ( ! sy/em1 & ! quantity ( coal requir$ to produce a giv5 p[]4 ,! contract = ! refit ( ! /eam] requir$ t #b1ajj indicat$ horse p[] 7:i* 0 ! maximum p[] ( ! eng9es remov$7 %\ld be ma9ta9$ dur+ ! trial on a consumption ( #a4be lb4 ( coal p] indicat$ horse p[] p] h\r4 ,orig9ally ! boil]s ( ! ,ohio1 f :i* ?is p[] 0 produc$1 7 ?ree 9 numb]1 d\ble end$1 #ab ft4 #f 94 9 diamet] by #ag ft4 #f 94 9 l5g?1 hav+ ea* six furnaces #c ft4 9 diamet]1 or eighte5 furnaces 9 all1 ) an aggregate fire grate area ( #cjj squ>e feet4 ,! new boil]s1 fitt$ ) ! =c$ draught1 are likewise ?ree 9 numb]1 b s+le end$1 #ac ft4 9 diamet] by #aa ft4 #b 94 9 l5g?1 hav+ ea* ?ree furnaces #c ft4 #c 94 9 diamet]1 or n9e furnaces 9 all1 ) an aggregate fire grate area ( #aab squ>e feet4 ,air = combu/ion is suppli$ to ! boil]s by "o ( ,messrs4 ,w4,h4 ,all5 ,co4's fans1 #e ft4 #f 94 9 diamet]1 driv5 direct by an eng9e hav+ a cyl9d] #g 94 9 diamet] ) /roke ( #d 94 ,! boil]s remov$ _h two /oke holds across ! %ip1 "o =e & "o aft ( ! boil]s1 :ile ! new boil]s h only "o /oke hold on ! aft] side4 ,! eng9es remov$ h cyl9d]s #eg 94 & #ij 94 9 diamet] by #dh 94 /roke1 :ile ! new eng9es h ?ree cyl9d]s #ca 941 #df 941 & #gb 94 9 diamet] respectively1 ) pi/on /roke ( #ea 94 ,dur+ ! trials ! coals 7 weigh$ out "u ! sup]vision ( ! (fic]s ( ! company1 :o also took ! record ( spe$ & o!r data4 ,aft] runn+ d[n ,*annel = a consid]able "t1 ! trial on ! coals weigh$ out began1 & la/$ #d h\rs #aj m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t #aj1hhe lb4 ( ,wel% coal 7 burn$1 ! trial end+ ) ! same revolutions ( eng9es & ! same pressure 9 boil]s ) :i* x began4 ,! mean indicat$ horse p[]1 calculat$ f ! mean ( sev5 sets ( indicator c>ds1 tak5 dur+ ! trial1 & ! mean revolutions p] m9ute1 f\nd by divid+ ! total revolutions record$ on ! eng9e c\nt] by ! m9utes 9 ! p]iod ( ! trial1 am\nt$ to #b1abd1 ?us mak+ ! consumption #a4bc lb4 p] indicat$ horse p[] p] h\r1 & ! p[] p] squ>e foot ( fire grate almo/ exactly #ai indicat$ horse p[]4 ,:ile te/+ ! indicat$ horse p[] & consumption ( coal1 ! /eam] ran to & fro betwe5 ! ,clo* & ,cumbrae lights1 & also made sev]al runs on ! measur$ mile at ,skelmorlie1 f :i* ! mean spe$ ( ! vessel 0 f\nd to be #ad4ab knots p] h\r4 ,! rem>kably high results obta9$ 7 mo/ satisfactory to ! repres5tatives ( ! own]s1 & a l>ge p>ty ( exp]ts on bo>d congratulat$ ,mr4 ,h[d5 on ! successful fulfillm5t ( ! on]\s gu>antees und]tak54--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ce>a ,,h>bor ,,works4 ,! works illu/rat$ by ! engrav+s are n[ be+ con/ruct$ "u a concession f ! imp]ial gov]nm5t ( ,brazil4 ,! prov9ce ( ,ce>a has an area ( ab\t #ej1jjj squ>e miles1 & is "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 ,brazil4 ,its produce comprises sug>1 c(fee1 cocoa1 cotton1 tobacco1 spices1 fruit1 cab9et & dye woods1 ,india rubb]1 etc4 ,its population at ! la/ c5sus1 tak5 9 #ahgg1 am\nt$ to #ieb1fbd inhabitants1 t ( ! capital1 ! city & port ( ,ce>a1 be+ ab\t #dj1jjj4 ,al?\gh ,ce>a is ! pr9cipal seaport at :i* l9es ( ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,am]ican1 ,brazilian1 & o!r /eam]s regul>ly call1 prior to ! comm5cem5t ( ! h>bor improvem5ts x 0 almo/ an op5 road/ead1 pass5g]s & goods hav+ to be convey$ by light]s & boats betwe5 vessels & ! %ore4 ,! (ficial /ati/ics ( ! trade & %ipp+ ( ! port %[ t an income ( #ce1gej p] annum w be collect$ by ! ,ce>a h>bor corporation f ! dues :i* !y are au?oriz$ by _! concession to *>ge on all imports & exports & on ! vessels us+ ! port & f ! r5t ( ! bond$ w>eh\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,h>bor ,,works1 ,,ce>a1 ,,brazil4 ,! draw+s giv5 "h %[ ! nature ( ! works1 :i* are ( a simple "*4 ,! dep? ( wat] along ! pr9cipal quay1 :i* is be+ con/ruct$ ( solid concrete1 & is connect$ ) ! %ore by an iron & /eel viaduct ov] #gej ft4 9 l5g?--:i* is already complet$--w be #ai ft4 at l[ wat] & #be ft4 at high4 ,?is quay & breakwat] is %[n 9 p]spective1 9 plan1 & 9 section1 & is ( a v heavy section1 z w be ga!r$ by ! scale giv5 imm$iately bel[ x4 ,mean:ile ! l&+ ( c>go is tempor>ily c>ri$ on at ! end ( ! viaduct1 :i* at high tide has a dep? ( ab\t #bj ft4 ( wat]4 ,! cu/om h\se & bond$ w>eh\ses are be+ built ( ! f9e granite obta9$ at ! ,monguba qu>ries1 :i* adjo9 ! ,baturite railway1 ab\t sixte5 miles f ! port4 ,a new incl9e has also be5 con/ruct$ f ! rail way d[n to ! port4 ,! l9e has be5 laid along ! viaduct1 & w be ext5d$ ov] ! quays z soon z !y are complet$4 ,! concrete1 ( :i* a l>ge quantity is be+ us$1 is mix$ by ,c>ey ,la?am's pat5t mix]s1 & ! contractors h suppli$ ! v l>ge & complete plant = c>ry+ out ! op]ations4 ,! eng9e] to ! corporation is ,mr4 ,r4,e4 ,wilson1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,we/m9/]1 & 8 resid5t at ,ce>a is ,mr4 ,r4,t4,h4 ,saund]s1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,! contractors = ! "w are ,messrs4 ,pun*>d1 ,mc,taggart ,co41 _! repres5tative at ,ce>a be+ ,mr4 ,george ,wilson1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,/reet ,,railroads4 ,,by ,,george ,w4 ,,mansfield4 ,:y %\ld we pref] electricity z ! propell+ ag5t ( our /reet c>s ov] all o!r kn[n me?ods8 ,i answ]1 )\t hesitation1 because x is ! be/1 & be+ ! be/ is ! *eape/4 ,briefly ,i w pres5t ! gr\nds ^u :i* ,i take my /&4 ,to-day ! only me?ods = tramway s]vice are ?ree 9 numb]3 ,horses1 ) a hi/ory ( fifty ye>s & ov]2 cables1 ) a hi/ory ( fifte5 ye>s2 & electricity1 ) a hi/ory ( two ye>s4 ,i give ! latt] two ye>s on ! basis ( ! olde/ electric /reet railroad 9 exi/5ce to-day1 & t is ! ,baltimore railroad1 equipp$ ) ! ,daft sy/em4 ,! ma9 po9ts = consid]ation common to ea* are six 9 numb]3 #a/4 ,obta9+ ( fran*ise4 #b;d4 ,con/ruction ( build+s1 viz41 eng9e h\se or /able4 #c;d4 ,equipm5t--roll+ /ock1 horses1 eng9es & dynamos4 #d?4 ,con/ruction ( tramway4 #e?4 ,co/ ( op]ation4 #f?4 ,individual *>act]i/ics & advantages4 ,ea* ( ^! requires a pap] by itself1 b 9 z concise a way z possible1 pres5t+ only ! sali5t reasons & figures1 ,i %all endeavor to embody x 9 "o4 #a/4 ,obta9+ ( fran*ise4 ,i assume ! municipal (fic]s & ! promot]s hone/ m54 ,x is ! univ]sal settl$ conviction t a /reet c> propell$ ) c]ta9ty & promptness by me*anical means is inf9itely to be pref]r$ to horses4 ,h5ce1 if ?is gu>antee c be giv51 !re ne$ be no fe> f ! o!r side ( ! h\se4 ,ye>s ( exp]i5ce prove t ?is gu>antee c be giv54 ,! me*anical me?ods are electricity & ! cable4 ,to suit local conditions ! =m] has ?ree g5]al applications--ov]head1 und]gr\nd1 & accumulator sy/ems2 :ile ! latt] has b "o1 ! und]gr\nd4 ,h5ce1 ! =m]1 electricity1 has ?ree *ances to ! latt]'s "o to meet ! :ims1 op9ions1 or decisions ( municipal au?orities4 ,o!r advantages accru+ f me*anical me?ods are clean] /reets1 abs5ce ( noise1 quick "t1 no blockades1 no /ables accumulat+ fil? & bre$+ pe/il5ce1 & la/ly ! great moral sympa!tic feel+ = man's mo/ fai?ful & valuable s]vant1 ! horse4 ,^! all are directly 9 favor ( obta9+ ! "r fran*ise4 ,! ?ree g5]al ways ( obta9+ ! same are a def9ite paym5t ( ca% to ! au?orities1 a gu>antee ( an annual paym5t ( a c]ta9 p] c5t4 ( ! e>n+s1 & la/ly a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,= ! city or t[n ! latt] way is ! safe/1 & ! be/1 all ?+s consid]$4 ,z electricity is me*anical1 & z x c be %[n t x is ! *eape/ to con/ruct & mo/ economical1 & has ?ree *ances to op]ate1 x /&s by f> ! mo/ likely to obta9 ! fran*ise4 #b;d4 ,con/ruction ( build+s4 ,! gov]n+ factors "u ?is head are ! local l& valuation & tax4 ,! sy/em necessitat+ a spread eagle policy on ! l& "q w co/4 ,:at c\ld be a m p]fect illu/ration ?an ! horse railroad sy/em8 ,! motive p[] ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad betwe5 ,new ,york & ,albany c\ld be com=tably /[$ 9 ! b>ns ( "s ( ! ,new ,york ,city /reet railways4 ,:at a contra/6 ,! real e/ate1 build+s1 & fixtures ( ! ,?ird ,ave4 l9e are valu$ at #a1ebd1jjj1 & :at build+s6 ,cattle %$s 9 ! metropolis ( ,am]ica4 ,surely !y did n co/ a ti! ( ?is great sum4 ,:at did8 ,! l&1 a :ole block & m4 ,h5ry ,george advocates might f9d food = ?\ght "h4 ,all ?is is true ( ! o!r l9es 9 e city 9 ! ,union4 ,enorm\s exp5ditures = l&4 ,a good "o half ( _! capital sunk 9 pur*as+ ! necess>y room4 ,g :]e y w1 a good fifty p] c5t4 ( ! capital is us$ = l& = _! /ables4 ,?is obvi\sly does n include equipm5t4 ,h[ is x ) me*anical sy/ems8 ,! l& is "o ( ! m9or consid]ations1 ! la/ ?+ consid]$4 ,let u look at "s figures4 ,f c>eful exam9ation ( _m eng9e plants1 consid]+ ! ratio betwe5 a c]ta9 numb] ( horses ) _! necess>y adjuncts & a /eam plant ( num]ically equal p[]1 ,i f9d x /&s z #a to #cj4 ,t is1 a /eam plant complete ( #cj horse p[] capacity w\ld ne$ only "o ?irtie? ! floor space ( ?irty horses4 ,) l>g] p[]s ?is ratio is /ill great]1 & f "o e/imate ,i f\nd t x /ood z #a to #ajh1 i4e41 = horses ,i %\ld h to h #ajh times m floor space ?an = an equal numb] ( me*anical horse p[]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t ! me*anical horse p[] is #ej p] c5t4 great] ?an ! be/ animal horsep[]4 ,f "o mak]1 tak+ ! eng9e alone1 ,i f\nd t a rat$ #ajj horse p[] eng9e1 gu>ante$ 9 e p>ticul>1 w\ld h ample room 9 ! /all = "o horse 9 ! av]age /able4 ,ano!r in/ance %[$ t ,i c\ld get a /eam plant complete1 eng9e1 boil]1 etc41 ( #ej horse p[]1 9 a space #e by #f feet1 :i* is small] ?an ! av]age /all4 ,"h is %[n ! enorm\s sav+ 9 l& pur*ase4 ,= c> room a build+ sev]al /ories high w\ld answ] p]fectly1 s9ce quick-hoi/+ elevators c\ld be put 9 & ! tracks on ea* floor h wire connections ) ! dynamos1 s t ! c>s c\ld be run across ! floor to :]e y please1 facilitat+ /orage & disp5s+ ) h&l+4 ,?is w\ld n be possible ) ! cable4 ,comp>+ electricity & cable on ?is po9t1 all ?+s favor ! =m] cle>ly & beyond all "q4 ,fur!rmore1 if locality s favor$1 ! subject ( l& pur*ase = electricity c\ld be taboo$ entirely1 s9ce di/ance c be s readily ov]come4 ,way out 9 ! suburbs or back 9 ! c\ntry by ! side ( "s wat]fall1 y\r /ation might be1 :ile ! curr5t is s5t to ! great city ov] heavy conductors4 ,"h l& r5t or tax w\ld be at ! m9imum4 ,) horses or cable pla9ly proximity mu/ be _h4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! l& occupi$ by ! ,madison ,av5ue l9e ( ,new ,york ,city is wor? ! co/ ( #dj miles ( ord9>y d\ble track4 #c;d4 ,equipm5t at /ation & roll+ /ock4 ,! roll+ /ock w\ld be 9 ea* case approximately ! same4 ,consi/+ ( c>s ( equal seat+ capacity1 ! diff]5ce ( co/ w\ld be ! necess>y atta*m5ts = ! me*anical sy/ems4 ,a fir/ class #af foot horse c> co/s #a1bjj2 ,a fir/ class #af foot cable c> co/s ab\t #a1hjj2 & ,a fir/ class #af foot electric c> co/s ab\t #b1bjj4 ,rates3 ,electricity1 #a2 horse1 #j4ed2 cable1 #j4ha4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ! me*anical sy/em is b\nd to "w mat]ial *anges 9 c> con/ruction1 9 fact x is almo/ imp]ative4 ,9 all probability a c> ) #ae to #bj p] c5t4 great] seat+ capacity ?an ! horse c> c be con/ruct$ on a diff]5t plan = ! price giv5 = ! electric c>4 ,?is price1 x mu/ be not$1 is ! "o = atta*m5t ( motor to ! pres5t horse c>4 ,! horse c>s produc$ to-day are mo/ c>efully plann$1 ?or\ghly built1 & admirably adapt$ to _! s]vice1 b ! inexorable law ( progress decrees _! ext9ction1 = some?+ bett]4 ,motive p[]4 ,to repres5t cle>ly ! co/s1 etc41 ( ! ?ree sy/ems "u ?is head1 let u assume a road4 ,take1 if y please1 a d\ble l9e #f miles long1 & op]at+ #bd c>s ) spe$ ( #f miles an h\r1 & runn+ #bj h\rs out ( #bd4 ,?is w\ld call = #dh horses on ! track & #aib horses 9 ! /ables1 or a total ( #bdj horses2 at #afj1 c\nt+ h>ness1 etc41 ?is w\ld co/ #ch1djj4 ,) electricity we w proce$ z foll[s3 ,! weight ( c> ) #cj pass5g]s & motor atta*m5ts w\ld be ab\t #i1jjj lb4 ,x is easily calculat$ t to propel ! same at ! specifi$ rate on a level w\ld take ab\t #a4ge horse p[]1 a total ( #db horse p[]4 ,to make all[ances = grades we c calculate t1 if ! entire road 0 "o gradi5t ( ?ree p] c5t41 ea* c> w\ld take ab\t #f4d horse p[]1 or s9ce only #ab are go+ up1 a total ( #gf4h horse p[]4 ,x w be fair n[ to take ! av]age ( ^! two1 or #ei4d horse p[] = an av]age road4 ,all[+ #ce p] c5t4 loss f eng9e to "w done 9 actually propell+ c>1 we w\ld h to h #ia4c horse p[]4 ,all[+ a good safety factor1 x w\ld be well to put 9 a #aej horse p[] plant4 ,?is w\ld co/ complete #g1jjj2 necess>y dynamos1 #c1ejj4 ,among ^! figures %\ld be c\nt$ co/ ( conductor ( suffici5t size to all[ ( b ?ree p] c5t4 9 en]gy to ov]come its resi/ance4 ,?is ,i h calculat$ us+ a pot5tial ( #fjj volts2 & f9d t ! total co/ ( six miles copp] conductor is #af1jjj ) above conditions4 ,! total co/ is n[ se5 to be #bf1ejj4 ,z to cables1 s9ce ! recov]y ( en]gy available = tractive purposes is b #ce p]c5t41 !n ! eng9e ( #afi horse p[] repres5ts :at mu/ be _h4 ,all[+ a g5]\s factor ( safety1 let u say t a #bej is all suffici5t4 ,?is w\ld co/ complete & erect$ ab\t #ab1jjj4 ,! cable w\ld co/ #ae4jjj1 & ge>s1 etc41 #h1jjj1 mak+ a total ( #ce1jjj4 ,! ratio ( ! ?ree sy/ems /&s3 ,electricity1 #a2 cable1 #a4ji2 horse1 #a4de4 #d?4 ,con/ruction ( tramway4 ,figures ^u ?is po9t mu/ necess>ily be ei!r av]ages or approximations4 ,! nature ( ! locality socially1 naturally1 & we grieve to say x1 politically1 has a /rong influ5ce ^u its con/ruction4 ,e/imat+ on s+le track only1 a horse road w\ld co/ z an av]age #i1jjj p] mile4 ,) electricity we h sev]al me?ods we c avail ourselves (3 ,surface1 co/+ ab\t #aj1jjj2 ov]head d\ble conductor1 #ae4fif2 und]gr\nd1 #bc1ejj4 ,) cable b "o me?od1 ! und]gr\nd1 is possible4 ,?is co/ is v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #cj1jjj to #aaj1jjj p] mile2 h[ev]1 ! latt] figure is excessive4 ,a fair av]age w\ld be #ce1jjj4 ,! ratio ( con/ructions c\ld be fairly plac$ z foll[s1 putt+ electricity z #a1 by tak+ ! av]age ( ! ?ree me?ods at #af1gcb3 ,horse road1 #j4ec2 cable1 #b4ji4 ,unque/ionably a great majority ( roads ( ! pa/ h n be5 con/ructions ( eng9e]+1 & ( all places requir+ c>e1 skill1 & eng9e]+1 ! /reet roads are ! places4 #e?4 ,co/ ( op]ation4 ,a fair figure = co/ ( "o horse = "o ye> is #bbj4 ,= electricity1 all[+ #ce p] c5t4 loss 9 transmission1 etc41 #a4ed horsep[] w\ld be ! "w done by eng9e to get #a horse p[] on ! track4 ,!re are to-day pl5ty ( /eam plants produc+ #a horse p[] = "w at f #cj to #ej p] annum4 ,take ! av]age1 #dj4 ,) electricity !n #fe w\ld well repres5t ! price ( produc+ #a4ed horsep[]4 ,) cable ^! figures w\ld hold true1 b m "w is requir$4 ,a great] loss is entail$4 ,s9ce b #cb p] c5t4 is recov]$1 ! figure = #a horse p[] on ! track w\ld be #b4hf horse p[]4 ,at ! above rates ?is w\ld be #aaj p] horse p[] p] ye>4 ,our ratio "h is3 ,electricity1 #a2 cables1 #a4ga2 horses1 #c4ch4 ,?is is by no means ! :ole ( ! /ory1 = j "h mu/ we compute ! depreciation & h5ce repairs due to "t4 ,let u take ! road figur$ on h]et(ore1 & make ?ree tables4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,i h "u ea* sy/em tak5 ! e/imat$ co/s1 all[$ a fair p] c5t4 = depreciation1 summ$ up & obta9$ ! ratios4 ,any figure !n l int]e/1 etc41 :i* w\ld n affect ratios1 ,i h omitt$4 ,,electricity4 ,conductors1 #a p] c5t4 #afj4jj ,eng9e & dynamos1 #e p] c5t4 #ebe4jj ,c>s1 #aj p] c5t4 #e1bhj4jj ,roadway1 #aj p] c5t4 #b1jjg4jj ----------- ,total4 #g1igb4jj ,,horses4 ,horses & appurt5ances1 #bj p] c5t4 #g1ghj4jj ,c>s1 #aj p] c5t4 #b1hhj4jj ,roadway1 etc41 #aj p] c5t4 #c1ejj4jj ----------- ,total4 #aa1gdj4jj ,,cables4 ,cable1 #ej p] c5t4 #g1ejj4jj ,eng9e & boil]1 etc41 #e p] c5t4 #a1jjj4jj ,c>s1 #aj p] c5t4 #d1cbj4jj ,roadway1 #aj p] c5t4 #c1ejj4jj ------------ ,total4 #af1cbj4jj ,^! totals put 9 ratio are z foll[s3 ,electricity1 #a2 cable1 #b4jd2 & horses1 #a4dg4 ,plac+ all ! ratios obta9$ 9 a table1 we h ! foll[+3 ,electricity4 ,horses4 ,cables4 ,depreciation4 #a #a4dg #b4jd ,op]at+ exp5ses4 #a #c4ch #a4ga ,con/ruction ( tramway4 #a #j4ec #b4ji ,motors1 c>s1 etc4 #a #a4fc #a4ba ,c>s4 #a #j4ed #j4ha --- ---- ---- ,totals4 #e #g4ee #g4hf ,av]age4 #a #a4ea #a4eg ,n[ ?is table mu/ /& by itself = :at x repres5ts1 & no m4 ,x w be not$ t ,i h n introduc$ ! subject ( m54 ,?is w\ld unque/ionably %[ favorably = bo? electricity & cable4 ,aga91 note1 please1 t ?is table does n repres5t y\r pr(its exactly z p] ratios4 ,i h to get !m op]at$ ! same numb] ( c>s & "u ! same headway4 ,n[ ) ei!r electricity or cable a high] rate ( spe$ c be ma9ta9$ ) b a v small proportionate increase ( co/4 ,?is means quick] "t1 m trips1 & great] receipts4 ,evid5tly1 z a f9ancial inve/m5t1 ev5 if co/ ( ma9t5ance & op]at+ is great]1 ! cable is to be pref]r$ to horses4 ,h[ is x ) electricity8 ,! ratios ( exp5ses1 etc41 /& = !mselves1 ! law ( spe$ is f> simpl] ?an ) cable1 br++ ev5 great] receipts1 & aga9 9 practice ! sav+ ( coal 9 proportion to "w done on track day or night is imm5sely m economical ?an ) ! cable4 ,?is po9t w be t\*$ ^u lat]4 #f?4 ,individual *>act]i/ics & advantages4 ,"u ?is head a few ( ! sali5t features ( ea* sy/em w be m5tion$4 ,z ! possibilities & limitations ( ! horse railroad sy/em are1 h[ev]1 s well kn[n1 x is ne$less to g ov] !m4 ,i !re=e w conf9e myself to ! electric & cable sy/ems4 ,) electricity s+le track l9es1 crook$ /reets1 all descriptions ( turn\ts1 cross+s1 bran*es1 etc41 are z easy to con/ruct & op]ate z ) horses4 ,) ! cable sy/em !y are ei!r impossible or enorm\sly exp5sive4 ,) electricity ! l9e is n a unit1 s t ! complete /oppage ( ! :ole l9e is absolutely impossible4 ,) cable x is a unit & x is possible4 ,) electricity ! life ( ! conductor is inf9ite2 ) cable1 two ye>s4 ,) electricity1 & ! improvem5ts n[ be+ made 9 traction :eels1 etc41 ! heavie/ grades are z easily surm\nt$ z ) ! cable2 al?\gh x is true t = grades exceptional 9 "*1 su* z #bj p] c5t4 grades or ov]1 ,i %\ld be will+ to give ! contract to cable4 ,) electricity any spe$ c be atta9$ by ! individual c>s4 ,!y are absolutely indep5d5t4 ,lo/ "t c be made up1 etc4 ,) cable ! c>s are dep5d5t ^u spe$ ( cable4 ,lo/ "t _c be made up except on d[n grades4 ,) electricity "w done by eng9e is syn*ron\s ) "w done on ! track at any "t ( ! day or night1 ) ! loss ( #ce p] c5t4 due to ! conv]sions 9 ea* case4 ,9 o!r words1 = e horse p[] ( useful "w done on track ! eng9e does #a4ed horse p[]4 ,?is ratio is con/ant4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r #a or #ajj horse p[] ( "w is necess>y on ! track1 ! eng9e has b to d #ce p] c5t4 9 excess4 ,) cable1 if #a horse p[] ( "w is all t is requir$ on ! track1 ! eng9e may be do+ #be horse p[] to get t am\nt !re ?r\gh ! ge>s & cable4 ,) heavi] loads ?is is some:at dim9i%$1 b ab\t ! v be/ figure t c be put =? is b #ce p] c5t4 recov]y1 ) #fe p] c5t4 loss--! exact conv]se ( electricity "u heavy loads4--,/reet ,railway ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,al>m ,,= ,,ph>macies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,to avoid ! errors :i* sometimes occur 9 a ph>macy or 9 a laboratory1 :]e "o bottle is tak5 = ano!r1 especially 9 ! case ( ^? conta9+ highly poison\s or dang]\s sub/ances1 a simple arrangem5t1 %[n 9 ! cuts1 has be5 propos$4 ,! app>atus1 9 pr9ciple1 is a species ( electrical al>m1 9 circuit ) an ord9>y h\se telegraph l9e4 ,x consi/s ess5tially1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ( a batt]y1 bell1 & p$e/al1 provid$ ) an electric contact on :i* ! flask re/s4 ,fig4 #b %[s ?is contact or break piece4 ,on a s]ies ( p$e/als ?us arrang$ & int]calat$ 9 ! same circuit ! flasks conta9+ poison\s or dang]\s sub/ances1 ^: inadv]t5t h&l+ might cause tr\ble1 are plac$4 ,9 remov+ "o ( ^! flasks ! circuit is clos$1 & ! electric bell notifies ! ph>maci/ ( ! dang] att5dant on ! use ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! flask ref]r$ to1 ?us gu>d+ aga9/ ! errors due to c>elessness1 & q too frequ5t1 especially 9 ph>macies4--,*ronica ,ci5tifica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,me*anically ,,! ,,reaction ,,p]iod ,,( ,,he>+4 ,! foll[+ app>atus1 con/ruct$ aft] ! designs ( ,dr4 ,loeb1 assi/ant 9 ! ,physiological ,in/itute at ,wurzburg1 is = ! purpose ( measur+ ! reaction p]iod ( he>+1 t is1 ! p]iod :i* elapses betwe5 ! "t :5 a s\nd wave affects ! auditory n]ve & is !nce transf]r$ to ! bra91 !n affect+ ! consci\sness1 & ! mom5t :5 ! motor n]ves c be ?r[n into action by ! w4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to fix bo? in/ants--:5 ! s\nd is produc$ & :5 ! obs]v] has1 f its w>n+1 receiv$ ! impulse s z to press d[n a key4 ,! great advantage ( ?is in/rum5t ov] o!rs adapt$ = ! same end consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! det]m9ation 9 its ess5tials is effect$ entirely by me*anism1 &1 !re=e1 ! graphic results atta9$ by x are free f all s\rces ( error1 :i* errors o!r me?ods always introduce to a great] or less ext5t4 ,?us its results are q unexceptionable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reaction ,,p]iod ,,( ,,he>+4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ! cut re/s on ?ree feet1 two ( !m consi/+ ( /rong screws1 s t by aid ( ! circul> level1 l1 on ! base plate1 x c be adju/$ p]fectly level4 ,on a little %elf atta*$ to a squ>e rod1 se5 on ! left ( ! in/rum5t1 ris+ f ! base plate1 & ne> its top1 is a horizontal tube1 ?r\gh :i*1 by a bulb n %[n 9 ! cut1 a bla/ ( air c be bl[n4 ,9 front ( ! o!r op5+ ( ! tube is a horizontal =k ( ebonite1 ^: arms c>ry on ! side opposite ! tube a metallic ball4 ,?r\gh ! arms ( ! =k pass ! wires ( ! circuit ( an electric batt]y4 ,^! t]m9ate 9 two r\nd$ ends1 :i*1 :5 ! arms approa* ea* o!r1 are t\*$ by ! metallic ball1 s t ! latt] also closes ! metallic circuit4 ,by ! bla/ ( air a wood5 w$ge conta9$ 9 ! tube is driv5 betwe5 ! arms ( ! =k1 ! ball falls f !m1 & ! electric /ream is cut (f4 ,! ball drops ^u ! incl9$ metallic plate1 p1 b\nces (f x1 & is receiv$ 9 a little sack1 ,s4 ,:5 ! obs]v] he>s ! ball /rike ! plate1 he presses on ! key1 t1 & ! int]val betwe5 ! two in/ants1 namely1 ! fall+ ( ! ball ^u ! plate & ! press+ ( ! key1 t1 is :at is to be me*anically fix$ & measur$4 ,! electric curr5t1 :i* is clos$ by ! ball z long z x lies on ! jaws ( ! =k1 fl[s ar\nd ! arms ( ! electro-magnet1 m1 :i* cont9ually attracts an armature fa/5$ to a lev] arm1 & com+ ov] ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,if ! circuit is brok5 by ! fall ( ! ball1 ! armature at once rises upw>d4 ,by ?is a spr+ conta9$ 9 ! tube1 g1 & hi!rto kept compress$1 is releas$1 :i* gives a %ock to ! "r angl$ frame1 a a1 conta9+ a black5$ or smok$ plate ( glass1 s t1 foll[+ ! wire1 b1 act+ z a guide1 ! plate flies f left to "r ( ! app>atus4 ,to prev5t ! plate f recoil+1 a cat*1 d1 is fa/5$ to ! side b>1 c4 ,fur!rmore1 le/ ! friction ( ! wire1 b1 9 ! guid+ ap]tures ( ! frame %\ld impair its velocity z x moves f left to "r1 x is connect$ ) a weight pan by a cord pass+ ov] ! pulley1 g1 :i* is s load$ t by ! add$ velocity ) :i* x /rives to fall1 ! ret>dation already allud$ to is ov]come1 s t ! frame moves f left to "r ) ev5 spe$4 ,9 front ( ! frame1 a a1 is ! tun+ =k1 f1 :i* z e/imat$ makes #ahd vibrations 9 a second4 ,by ! /ylus1 y1 on ! upp] limb ( ! =k ^! oscillations are m>k$ ^u ! slid+ plate ( glass z a wave l9e4 ,le/1 aft] ! fir/ impulses ( ! =k h be5 regi/]$1 !y %\ld soon die away1 9 front ( x is an electro-magnet1 ,h1 ^: pole-faces ne> ! arms ( ! tun+ =k pass ov] !m4 ,! latt]1 to be m /rongly affect$ by ! magnet1 are provid$ ) faces ( s(t iron4 ,to ! l[] face ( ! l[] arm ( ! =k a small %>p /ylus is fa/5$1 :i*1 ) ea* beat ( ! =k1 comes into contact ) ! m]cury 9 ! little cup1 n1 or a spr+ us$ in/ead ( x4 ,?is closes an electric circuit1 :i* passes ar\nd ! magnet1 !nce go+ ?r\gh ! tun+ =k by ! b9d+ screw1 k1 & !nce by connections n %[n 9 ! cut back to ! batt]y4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! magnetism ?us excit$1 ! arms ( ! tun+ =k are attract$ by ! poles ( ! magnet1 & =c$ to beat ) increas$ amplitude4 ,9 a %ort "t a con/ant amplitude ( oscillation is rea*$1 :5 ! magnetic impulses are ( equal influ5ce ) ! atmosph]ic resi/ance & ! int]nal =ce ( ! tun+ =k re/ra9+ its movem5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! /ylus1 s1 :i* t\*es ! glass plate directly above y1 is = regi/]+ ! mom5ts :5 by ! fall+ ball ! s\nd is produc$ & :5 ! obs]v] presses ! key4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by ! rod1 i1 to :i* s is firmly screw$1 be+ j]k$ upw>d a %ort di/ance at ea* ( ^! in/ants1 s t ! horizontal l9es :i* ! /ylus1 s1 m>ks ^u ! scre5 pass+ 9 front ( x are brok5 at bo? places4 ,! me*anism :i* j]ks ! rod1 i1 upw>d is ?us arrang$3 ,! incl9$ plate1 p1 on :i* ! ball drops1 is c>ri$ by ! upp] horizontal arm ( an angul> lev] turn+ on ! axis1 x1 & c\nt]pois$ by ! balanc+ weight1 x'4 ,by ! fall+ ball ?is arm is press$ d[nw>d1 & ! l[] horizontal arm1 w1 ( ! lev] is also mov$4 ,on a second horizontal axis ! lev]1 v1 p>tly conceal$1 moves1 re/rict$ z to its l5g? ( sw+ by ! screws1 n4 ,z long z ! conceal$ arm is n mov$1 v is lightly press$ by ! small spr+1 e1 aga9/ w4 ,! projection1 z1 at ! upp] end ( v holds ! rod1 i1 :i* ! /rong spr+1 h1 is cont9ually press+ upw>d4 ,:5 ! ball falls ^u ! plate1 p1 ! arm1 w1 presses aga9/ ! l[] end ( v1 ! projection1 z1 sets free ! rod1 & x spr+s upw>d4 ,?is movem5t is soon arre/$1 z ! projection1 z'1 engages ) a /ud situat$ on ! "r side ( ! rod1 i4 ,?is projection is situat$ on ! v]tical arm ( an angul> lev] ^: o!r arm is ! key1 t4 ,:5 ! obs]v] presses ! key1 ! rod1 i1 aga9 is j]k$ upw>d by ! spr+1 h4 ,! screw1 o1 tapp$ into ! rod1 i1 prev5ts ! rod go+ high] ?an necess>y1 by /rik+ a plate1 :i* also s]ves z guide = i4 ,to det]m9e ! int]val betwe5 ! fall+ ( ! ball & press+ ( ! key1 "o has f9ally to c\nt ! waves inscrib$ by ! tun+ =k1 :i* come "u ! portion ( ! l9e inscrib$ by s1 :i* is b\nd$ by ! two breaks produc$ by ! successive movem5ts ( ! rod4 ,to make ! glass plate c>ri$ by ! frame available = m obs]vations1 :i* plate c be us$ z a photographic negative1 ! frame1 ,t1 is adju/able up & d[n ^u ! pill>s1 ,n4 ,?is frame c>ries ! tun+ =k1 m]cury cup1 n1 & ! electro-magnet1 ,m4 ,! spr+1 s1 c also be mov$ up & d[n along ! rod1 i4--,h4 ,heele 9 ,zeits*rift fur ,in/rum5t5kunde4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,dis9fector4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s repres5t a new dis9fect+ app>atus inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,w4,e4 ,?ursfield1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ( ,victorgasse1 ,vi5na4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* its action is bas$ is t ! complete de/ruction ( all g]ms 9 we>+ app>el & b$d+1 )\t any mat]ial injury :atev] to ! latt]1 is only to be obta9$ by subject+ ! articles infect$1 = a p]iod proportionate to _! /ructural resi/ance1 to a moi/ heat ( at lea/ #bab deg4 ,fah4 ,rec5t exp]i5ces 9 ,b]l9 h %[n t1 = security's sake1 a temp]ature ( #bbj deg4 is bett]4 ,to insure ! ?or\gh p5etration ( ?is temp]ature 9 e fib]1 a heat ( f #bfj deg4 to #bgj deg4 mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ! dis9fect+ *amb] itself4 ,to obta9 ?is by means ( ord9>y or sup]heat$ /eam involves ! employm5t ( boil]s work+ "u a pressure ( #b to #c atmosph]es1 ( dis9fect+ *amb]s capable ( resi/+ an equal t5sion1 & ( skill$ labor 9 att5d+ to ! same2 9 o!r words1 a l>ge initial outlay & correspond+ly heavy work+ exp5ses 9 fuel & wages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,i & ,,ii ,,! ,,a]o-,,/eam ,,dis9fector4 ,! dis9fect+ app>atus1 illu/rat$ 9 a portable & /ation>y =m1 ( ! dim5sions adopt$ by ! sanit>y au?orities ( ,vi5na1 ,budape/1 ,prague1 ,lemb]g1 ,teplitz1 etc41 & by ! ,imp]ial & ,royal ,!resianum ,in/itute1 & sanction$ = use 9 b>racks1 milit>y hospitals1 etc41 by ! ,au/rian ,m9i/ry ( ,w>1 & = ambulance hospitals by ! ,r$ ,cross1 acts by means ( a mixture ( /eam & hot air 9 su* proportion t ! /eam1 aft] exp5d+ its me*anical en]gy 9 induct+ ! hot air into ! dis9fect+ *amb]1 is1 by contact ) ! clo!s or b$d+ ( a l[] temp]ature1 n only cond5s$1 b by cond5sation completely neutralizes ! risk ( injury ?r\gh any *ance excess ( hot air4 ,! boil] be+ practically op5 is inexplosive1 & requires nei!r safety valves nor skill$ att5dance4 ,! heat g5]at$ 9 ! furnace is utiliz$ to ! utmo/1 & ! escap+ vapors =m a /eam jacket 9 ! d\ble cas+ ( ! dis9fect+ *amb]4 ,! me?od ( manipulation r$uces ! dang] ( contagion to a m9imum1 z ! clo!s or b$d+ are plac$ 9 specially con/ruct$ sacks 9 ! sick *amb] itself1 &1 aft] be+ tightly clos$1 ! sacks are remov$ & hung 9 ! dis9fector4 ,! /ation>y app>atus1 :i* is con/ruct$ to dis9fect f\r complete suits ( clo!s1 includ+ und]l951 or "o complete set ( b$d+1 includ+ mattress1 is specially adapt$ = hospitals1 b>racks1 jails1 etc4 ,its dim5sions c easily be increas$1 b ! size %[n has prov$ itself1 f an economical po9t ( view1 ! be/1 z1 :]e ! quantity ( articles to be dis9fect$ v>ies1 sev]al app>atus c be erect$ at a less co/ ?an "o l>ge "o1 & "o or m be heat$ z ! quantity ( infect$ articles be small or l>ge4 ,9 ! accompany+ draw+ ,a is ! boil]1 :i* is fill$ by p\r+ wat] into ! res]voir1 ,b1 until ! same1 ent]+ ! boil] at its l[e/ "p ?r\gh ! tube1 ,c1 rises to ! desir$ height 9 ! wat] gauge1 ,g4 ,c acts also 9 ! place ( a safety valve4 ,d is ! fire space1 ,e a movable grate1 & ,f ! coal hopp]4 ,! fuel consi/s ( *>coal or coke4 ,! boil] is empti$ by ! cock1 ,h4 ,i is a /eam pipe connect+ ! /eam space ) ! hot air tube1 ,l4 ,k is an auxili>y pipe to admit ! /eam into ! *imney dur+ /oppage = empty+ & re*>g+ ! dis9fect+ *amb] 9 cont9u\s work+4 ,! admission ( air is regulat$ by ! h&le1 ,l1 & ! draught 9 ! *imney1 ,m1 by ! h&le1 ,n4 ,o is ! dis9fect+ *amb] inclos$ by ! space1 ,p1 :i* acts at ! same "t z a /eam jacket & z a *annel = ! d[nw>d passage ( ! vapors escap+ f ! *amb] ?r\gh ! outlets1 ,s4 ,! l[] portion ( ! dis9fect+ *amb]1 ,q1 is funnel-%ap$ = ! bett] mixture & di/ribution ( ! /eam & hot air1 & to collect any cond5sation wat]4 ,q is a sieve to cat* any fall5 article4 ,! v]tical tubes1 ,s1 :i* s]ve at ! same "t to /r5g!n ! *amb]1 connect ! l[] portion ( ! /eam jacket1 ,p1 ) ! circul> *annel1 ,t1 :i* is aga9 connect$ ) ! *imney1 ,m1 by ! tube1 ,t'4 ,! dis9fection *amb] is h]metically clos$ by ! d\ble cov]1 ,r1 to ! l[] plate ( :i* hooks = hang+ ! sacks are fa/5$4 ,! cov] fits 9 a s& ba?1 & is rais$ & l[]$ by means ( ! pulley *a91 ,w1 & ! sw++ crane1 ,x4 ,u is a !rmomet] indicat+ ! temp]ature ( ! /eam & hot air 9 ! dis9fect+ *amb]1 ,v a cock = draw+ (f any cond5sation wat]1 ,y a batt]y connect$ ) an electrical !rmomet] to be plac$ 9 ! clo!s or b$d+1 & ,z ! sacks 9 :i* ! infect$ articles are hung4 ,! portable app>atus1 z %[n1 = heat+ ) gas1 or ev5 spirits ( w9e1 c also be heat$ ) a simil> /eam & hot air app>atus z ! /ation>y dis9fector4 ,9 c\ntry t[ns or villages1 or ev5 9 cities1 ^: ar*itectural arrangem5ts p]mit1 ! portable dis9fector c easily be drawn by "o man into ! c\rty>d or g>d5 ( any h\se1 & ! process ( dis9fection conduct$ on ! spot4 ,its usefulness 9 campaigns = ambulance hospitals is self-evid5t4 ,! lett]s d5ot+ ! sev]al p>ts are ! same z 9 ! /ation>y app>atus4 ,! portable dis9fector is con/ruct$ to dis9fect two complete suits ( clo!s or "o mattress4 ,! extremely favorable results are %[n 9 ! accompany+ table ( trials4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,,table ,,( ,,results ,,) ,,wm4 ,e4 ,,?ursfield',s ,,/eam ,,& ,,hot ,,air ,,dis9fectors4 ,"p #a4 ,portable ,app>atus4 ,s]ies ( ,trials4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,cont5ts ( boil]1 9 gallons #c4hed4ah - #d4ahd4ah #d4ah #e4g #e4g ,wat] add$ dur+ ! process - #a4ed - - - - #a4d #j4f ,temp]ature ( wat] degs4 ,fah4 - - - #gb #eg #ed #dc #acb ,fir+ comm5c$ ) spirits ( w9e at h\rs m94 - #b4abi4ajd4cj - #aj4j - - ,fir+ comm5c$ ) gas at #a4cj - - - #c4j - - - ,fir+ comm5c$ ) coke at - - - - - - - #a4aj ,fir+ comm5c$ ) *>coal at - - - - - - #aj4ab ,/eam g5]at$ at - #b4cdi4bhd4dac4aeaj4ahaj4cea4cd #bab deg4 9 *amb] regi/]$ by ext]nal !rmomet] at #b4cjb4dji4cd - - - #aj4eja4eb #bab deg4 9 clo!s regi/]$ by electrical !rmomet] at - - - #e4bed4ahab4ab - - #bba deg4 9 clo!s regi/]$ by electrical !rmomet] at - - - - - - #aa4eab4cd ,highe/ temp]ature 9 *amb] regi/]$ by ext]nal !rmomet] deg4 - #bgj #bej - #cbd #bee #cjb #bge ,mean temp]ature 9 *amb] regi/]$ by ext]nal !rmomet] #bda #beg #bci #bff - #bec #bff #bff ,trial clos$ at h\rs1 m94 #d4ded4ajaa4de4ded4cjab4cjaa4eab4ce ,max4 !rm4 regi/]$ 9 mattress deg4#bfb - - - - - - - ,max4 !rm4 regi/]$ 9 ov]coat - #bci #bbf - - - #bbc #bbc ,max4 !rm4 regi/]$ 9 w9t] coat - - - #bcb #bbc #bad - - ,max4 !rm4 regis'd 9 w9t] tr\s]s - #bdc #bci - - - - - ,max4 !rm4 regis'd 9 summ] tr\s]s - #bdf #beb - - - - - ,"t requir$ to g5]ate /eam m94 - #bb #ah #aa #ae #ah #bc #bd ,"t requir$ to g5]ate #bab deg4 9 *amb] #fj #bh #bd - - - #ch #db ,"t requir$ to g5]ate #bab deg4 9 clo!s - - - #ee #gh #acb - - ,"t requir$ to g5]ate #bba deg4 9 clo!s - - - - - - #ii #he ,total duration ( process #ace #aah #aad #ge #ij #aej #ii #he ,wat] evaporat$1 9 gallons - - - #a4fea4ij #b4ge #d4c #c4c ,consumption ( spirits ( w9e p9ts - - - #c4j - #i4f - - ,consumption ( gas1 9 cubic feet - - - - #gj - - - ,consumption ( cokes1 9 cbs - - - - - - - #f ,consumption ( *>coal1 9 cbs - - - - - - #h4h - ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,"p #b4 ,/ation>y ,app>atus4 ,s]ies ( ,trials4 ,,ix4 ,x4 ,,xi4 ,,xii4,,xiii4 ,,xiv4 ,,xv4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,cont5ts ( boil]1 9 gallons #aj4j #aj4j #aj4j #aj4j #aj4j #aj4j #aj4j ,wat] add$ dur+ ! process #d4c - - #g4d #a4d - - ,temp]ature ( wat] degs4 ,fah4 #ed #df #agf #dc #dc #dc #ajd ,fir+ comm5c$ ) spirits ( w9e at h\rs m94 - - - - - - - ,fir+ comm5c$ ) gas at - - - - - - - ,fir+ comm5c$ ) coke at - #h4ae #a4ac #a4dc #b4ed - - ,fir+ comm5c$ ) *>coal at #b4ae - - - - #h4dcaj4af ,/eam g5]at$ at #b4ch #h4ec #a4bj #b4c #c4ai #i4c #aj4bc #bab deg4 9 *amb] regi/]$ by ext]nal !rmomet] at #b4de #i4c #a4bh #b4ah #c4cg #i4abaj4ca #bab deg4 9 clo!s regi/]$ by electrical !rmomet] at - - #a4ee - - - - #bba deg4 9 clo!s regi/]$ by electrical !rmomet] at - - - #c4ej #d4bfaj4d #ab4jc ,highe/ temp]ature 9 *amb] regi/]$ by ext]nal !rmomet] deg4 #bic #cbj #bhd #bhd #cjb #bhd #bge ,mean temp]ature 9 *amb] regi/]$ by ext]nal !rmomet] #bhd #bhd #bff #bff #bhd #bff #bff ,trial clos$ at h\rs1 m9 #d4cjaa4j #b4aj #c4ej #d4ceaj4ajab4jc ,max4 !rm4 regi/]$ 9 mattress deg4 - - - - - - - ,max4 !rm4 regi/]$ 9 ov]coat #bec #bdd #bbf - - - #bbc ,max4 !rm4 regi/]$ 9 w9t] coat - - - #bcj #bcb #bbc - ,max4 !rm4 regis'd 9 w9t] tr\s]s #bfb - #bec - - - - ,max4 !rm4 regis'd 9 summ] tr\s]s #bhj - #bfd - - - - ,"t requir$ to g5]ate /eam m9 #bc #ch #g #bj #be #bj #g ,"t requir$ to g5]ate #bab deg4 9 *amb] #cj #dh #ae #ce #dc #bi #ae ,"t requir$ to g5]ate #bab deg4 9 clo!s - - #db - - - - ,"t requir$ to g5]ate #bba deg4 9 clo!s - - - #abg #ib #ha #ajg ,total duration ( process #ace #aje #eg #abg #aja #hg #ajg ,wat] evaporat$1 9 gallons #f4ic - - #i4bd - #c4fc #d4hd ,consumption ( spirits ( w9e p9ts - - - - - - - ,consumption ( gas1 9 cubic feet - - - - - - - ,consumption ( cokes1 9 cbs - - #h4h #af4e - - - ,consumption ( *>coal1 9 cbs - - - - - #ad4c #ac4h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,n4,b4--,9 e case1 ev5 9 ! trials ,v4 & ,x41 9 :i* ! temp]ature 9 ! dis9fect+ *amb] rose above #cbj deg4 ,fah41 ! clo!s1 ow+ to ! complete saturation ( ! hot air ) live /eam1 rema9$ absolutely unimpair$4 ,! column wat] evaporat$ %[s ! quantity ( live /eam pass+ ?r\gh ! dis9fect+ *amb] av]ages #ac cubic feet p] m9ute ) gas or spirits1 & #bb cubic feet ) *>coal or coke 9 ! portable & #cc cubic feet 9 ! /ation>y app>atus4 ,trials ,,vi41 ,,vii41 & ,,viii4 took place 9 op5 air4 ,accord+ to trial ,,xii41 f #bh to #cj complete suits ( clo!s c be dis9fect$ at an exp5diture ( ab\t #ge cbs4 ( coke p] diem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,draw+ ,,in/rum5t ,,= ,,accurate ,,"w4 ,,by ,j4 ,,lehrke4 ,?is arrangem5t consi/s 9 a cyl9drical metal or horn m\nt$ l5s two to f\r c5timet]s long1 & magnify+ two or ?ree times1 & two or ?ree c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 ^: side is provid$ ) a contrivance = hold+ aft] x has be5 pu%$ into place a copy+ ne$le1 a protractor1 etc4 ,:ile hi!rto ! ar*itect 9 us+ millimet] pap] mu/ hold sep>ately 9 8 h&s a magnify+ glass & ne$le1 :ile ! engrav] holds ! engrav+ tool incl9$ 9 "o h& & ! magnify+ glass 9 ! o!r1 or mu/ "w "u a l>ge l5s /&+ on ?ree feet1 x is n[ possible by a firm connection betwe5 ! l5s & ne$le or o!r in/rum5t to draw directly ) "o h& & "u ! l5s4 ,9 ! accompany+ cut "o ( ^! l5ses is %[n 9 section1 ,a1 9 :i* ! glass is set obliquely1 9 ^: focus ! ne$le1 a1 is held & ! field ( view is enl>g$4 ,a long] description is unnecess>y1 z ! illu/ration gives ! be/ explanation4 ,x ne$ only be rem>k$ t ! /ud1 s1 project+ a little ne> ! glass1 is = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! in/rum5t f leav+ ! position co9cid+ ) ! plane ( ! draw+4 ,= ar*itects & eng9e]s is provid$ a small compass1 b1 ( ab\t #b cm4 diamet]1 = lay+ (f p>allel wid?s1 = mak+ small] scales & ! l4 ,9 ^! cases x is sub/itut$ = ! ne$le4 ,9 l mann] = calculat+ cross pr(iles by graphical me?ods1 = read+ p>allel divisions1 = e/imat+ areas1 or revis+ maps1 a f9ely divid$ prismatic ivory rule1 c1 c be plac$ "u ! glass1 ,b1 & w d good s]vice4 ,9 ?is case ! plane ( ! l5s mu/ be p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,draw+ ,,in/rum5t4 ,= draughtsm5 a p>allel draw+ p51 some?+ l b1 is us$1 :i* gives sev]al l9es at once1 p]fectly p>allel & close toge!r2 or a draw+ p5 ) :i* ! smalle/ signatures1 su* z b\nd>y /ones & figures1 c be made neatly & exactly1 :i* is secur$ l ! ne$le1 a1 & = :i* ! cyl9d] s]ves also z p5 hold]1 (f]s a great advance4 ,?us a :ole s]ies ( in/rum5ts c be us$ ) ! l5s4 ,= in/ance1 a naturali/ c use ) x a knife or o!r in/rum5t4 ,to avoid injury f ! in/rum5ts1 "o %\ld1 9 lay+ d[n ! cyl9d]1 place x on its side4 ,x is also recomm5d$ t on ! out] tube ( ! frame1 :i* is appropriately lacqu]$ ( black color1 :ite arr[s %\ld be plac$ 9 ! direction ( ! po9ts ( ! in/rum5t1 s t ! eyes %all be protect$ f injury 9 h&l+ ! in/rum5t1 z by ! po9ts be+ /uck into ! pupil1 ow+ to lift+ ! in/rum5t 9 an inv]t$ position4--,zeits*rift fur ,in/rum5t5kunde4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b>l[',s ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,m\ld+ ,,c&les4 ,t /yle ( ma*9e = m\ld+ c&les 9 :i* ! c&les are =c$ out at ! top by means ( a pi/on is ! "o mo/ employ$1 & x is an app>atus ( ?is k9d t we illu/rate h]e)4 ,9 its con/ruction1 ?is app>atus pres5ts "s important improvem5ts 9 detail :i* x is ( int]e/ to set =?4 ,! improvem5ts made by ! ,messrs4 ,b>l[ h be5 /udi$ ) a view ( manufactur+ c&les ) conical ends1 adapt$ to all *&eli]s1 )\t int]f]+ ) rapidity ( production or increas+ ! net co/4 ,^! g5tlem5 h likewise s simplifi$ ! cont9u\s sy/em ( draw+ ! wick along z to prev5t any loss ( cotton4 ,9 ! next place1 ! /ructure ( ! m\lds1 prop]ly s call$1 is new4 ,in/ead ( be+ ca/1 z is usually ! case1 !y are roll$ & drawn out1 ?us giv+ !m smoo? surfaces & p]mitt+ ( _! be+ sold]$1 are assembl$ by means ( ?read$ bronze sockets4 ,! engrav+s betwe5 ,figs4 #c & #d %[ ^! two modes ( fixation4 ,at a may be se5 ! old me?od ( junction by sold]+1 & at b ! screw+ ( ! m\lds into ! socket4 ,?is ma*9e consi/s ( a box :i* is alt]nately heat$ & cool$1 & :i* is fix$ ^u a frame1 ,a1 at ! l[] "p ( :i* are locat$ ! wick bobb9s1 ,e4 ,t[>d ! top ( ! ma*9e !re is a me*anism = actuat+ ! two pairs ( jaws1 ,b1 :i* grasp ! c&les =c$ upw>d by ! play ( ! pi/ons1 ,d4 ,?is me*anism1 :i* is controll$ by a lev]1 acts by means ( an ecc5tric4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,,b>l[',s ,,c&le ,,m\ld+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! pi/ons1 ,d1 are holl[1 & are provid$ above ) pieces :i* =m ! small end ( ! c&les4 ,in/ead ( us+ t91 z is usually done1 ! ,messrs4 ,b>l[ employ galvaniz$ iron 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! pi/ons1 & m\nt !m ?r\gh screw r+s--no sold]+ be+ us$4 ,= ?is reason1 any workman :atev] c quickly replace "o ( ! tubes4 ,all ! pi/ons are plac$ ^u a horizontal table1 :i* is made to rise & desc5d at w1 9 ord] to regulate ! l5g? ( ! c&les & remove !m f ! m\ld4 ,a w9* transmits ! motion :i* is communicat$ to x to two pairs ( p9ions t ge> ) racks fix$ to ! frame to lift ! table t supports ! pi/ons4 ,h[ ^! latt] are m\nt$ may be se5 f an inspection ( ,figs4 #c to #e4 ,?is new arrangem5t ( spiral spr+s = ! purpose is design$ to hold ! pi/ons on ! table firmly1 & at ! same "t to prev5t ! %ock t _! upp] ends might und]go 9 case ( an abrupt turn ( ! w9*4 ,moreov]1 ! =g$ iron plate1 ,h1 is n expos$ to breakage z x is 9 o!r ma*9es1 :]e x is ( ca/ iron4 ,! bobb9s already m5tion$ revolve ^u /rong iron rods1 & ! mov+ =w>d ( ! wick 9 ! m\lds is effect$ automatically by ! v fact ( ! manufactur$ c&les' be+ =c$ out4 ,^! latt] are held 9 position ?r\gh ! d\ble play ( ! jaws1 ,b1 :ile ! /e>ic acid is fl[+ into ! upp] "p ( ! m\lds4 ,! cotton wick is ?us drawn along & kept 9 ! axis ( ! c&les4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,,b>l[',s ,,c&le ,,m\ld+ ,,ma*9e4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! ma*9e consi/s 9 ! wa/e sy/em appli$ to ! m\ld box4 ,/eam or hot or cold wat] is s5t into ! latt] ?r\gh ! conduit1 ,l1 />t+ f a junction betwe5 pipes provid$ ) cocks4 ,:5 ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! box is 9 excess1 x fl[s out ?r\gh ! wa/e pipes1 ,g1 :i* t]m9ate 9 a s+le conduit4 ,ow+ to ! bran*+s at ,t1 & to ! cocks ( ! conduits t conv]ge at ,l1 x is v easy to v>y ! temp]ature ( ! box at w4 ,! w>m or cold wat] or /eam may be admitt$ or %ut (f simultane\sly4 ,:5 fir/ beg9n+ op]ations1 ! wick is introduc$ into ea* m\ld by h&4 ,! pi/on table is rais$ by means ( ! w9*1 & is held 9 ?is position ?r\gh ! engag+ ( a click ) a rat*et on ! w9dlass4 ,a f9e iron rod long en\gh to rea* b5ea? ! pi/ons & cat* ! end ( ! wick is next introduc$4 ,aft] ?is is remov$1 ! wick is fix$ once = all1 & 9 any way :atev]1 to ! top ( ! m\ld4 ,?is op]ation hav+ be5 accompli%$1 ! pi/on table is l[]$1 & ! ma*9e is ready to receive ! /e>ic acid4 ,! m\lds are ( t9 & are op5 at bo? ends4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! removal ( ! c&les1 !y are made slightly conical4 ,:5 ! c&les h h>d5$1 ! ends are equaliz$ ) a wood5 or t9 spatula1 & !n ! pi/on table is rais$4 ,at ?is in/ant1 ! jaws1 ,b1 are clos$ s z to hold ! c&les 9 place4 ,! latt]1 9 ris+1 pull into ! m\ld a new l5g? ( wick1 well c5t]$4 ,a slight d[nw>d t5sion is ex]t$ ^u ! wick by h&1 !n a new op]ation is begun4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! c&les held betwe5 ! jaws hav+ become h>d1 _! wicks are n[ cut by means ( ! lev]s1 ,c1 & !y are remov$ f ! ma*9e & submitt$ to a f9i%+ process4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,alkali ,,process4 ,9 sev]al =m] notes & articles 9 ^! pages1 we h spok5 ( ! sev]e crisis ?r\gh :i* ! old e/abli%$1 or ,leblanc1 process has n[ = "s ye>s be5 pass+4 ,x is1 9 fact1 pu%$ well nigh out ( ! runn+ by ! new] process1 kn[n z ! ammonia-soda process1 & w\ld h _h to give up ! battle be=e n[ 7 x n = ! fact t "o ( its by-products1 blea*+ p[d]1 _c1 s f>1 be produc$ at all by ! ammonia-soda works4 ,! blea*+ p[d] trade has ?us rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! work]s ( ! ,leblanc process1 & its sale has enabl$ !m to cov] mu* ( ! loss :i* !y are suff]+ on ! manufacture ( soda a% & cau/ic soda4 ,9 brief outl9e1 ! old ,leblanc process consi/s 9 ! foll[+ op]ations3 ,salt is decompos$ & boil$ d[n ) sulphuric acid4 ,sulphate ( sodium is =m$1 & a l>ge am\nt ( hydro*loric acid is giv5 (f4 ,?is is cond5s$1 & is utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! blea*+ p[d] m5tion$ above4 ,! sulphate ( sodium1 kn[n z salt cake1 is mix$ ) c]ta9 proportions ( small coal & lime/one1 & subject$ to a fur!r treatm5t 9 a furnace1 by :i* a set ( reactions take place1 caus+ ! conv]sion ( ! sulphate ( sodium ( ! salt cake into c>bonate ( sodium1 a quantity ( sulphide ( calcium be+ produc$ at ! same "t4 ,! mass result+ f ?is process is kn[n z black a%4 ,x is extract$ ) wat]1 :i* dissolves out ! c>bonate ( sodium1 :i* is sold z su* or work$ into cau/ic soda1 z may be requir$4 ,! insoluble residue is ! alkali wa/e1 :i* =ms ! va/ piles1 s hide\s to look at & s dreadful to smell1 :i* surr\nd our l>ge alkali works4 ,! sulphuric acid requir$ = ! conv]sion ( ! salt into salt cake is made by ! alkali manufactur] himself1 ?is manufacture necessitat+ a l>ge plant ( lead *amb]s & accessories1 & keep+ up an imm5se trade 9 pyrites f ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,! developm5t ( ! alkali trade 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 some?+ colossal1 & ! int]e/s involv$ 9 x & connect$ ) x are s great t any?+ affect+ x may safely be said to be ( truly national importance1 q ap>t f :at te*nical int]e/ x may possess4 ,! ammonia-soda process1 :i* has play$ su* havoc ) ! old /yle ( manufacture1 proce$s on totally diff]5t l9es4 ,briefly /at$1 x dep5ds on ! fact t if a solution ( salt 9 wat] is mix$ ) bic>bonate ( ammonium1 "u prop] conditions1 a reaction takes place by :i* ! salt1 or *loride ( sodium1 is conv]t$ at once into bic>bonate ( sodium1 ! bic>bonate ( ammonium be+ at ! same "t conv]t$ into *loride ( ammonium4 ,! bic>bonate ( sodium settles out at once z insoluble cry/als1 easily remov$1 m>ketable at once z su*1 or easily conv]t$ into simple c>bonate ( sodium1 & fur!r into cau/ic soda1 z 9 ! ord9>y old process4 ,! residual *loride ( ammonium is decompos$ by di/illation ) lime1 giv+ ammonia = reconv]sion into bic>bonate ( ammonium1 & *loride ( calcium1 :i* is a wa/e product4 ,! mak] ( ammonia soda works direct on ! br9e1 z pump$ f ! salt fields4 ,8 plant is simpl] & less co/ly1 & he arrives at 8 fir/ m>ketable product mu* m rapidly & ) v mu* l[] work+ co/s ?an ! mak] ( ,leblanc soda1 9 spite ( all ! great me*anical improvem5ts :i* h ( late ye>s be5 introduc$ into ! old process1 & :i* h *eap5$ its "w4 ,! orig9al pat5ts on ! use ( ammonium bic>bonate h1 we und]/&1 long s9ce expir$4 ,b ! work+ details ( ! process & mu* ( ! mo/ successful app>atus h und]gone great developm5t & improvem5t dur+ late ye>s1 all ! important po9ts be+ cov]$ by pat5ts /ill 9 =ce1 & ma9ly1 if n :olly1 9 ! h&s ( ! "o l>ge firm :i* is n[ c>ry+ on ! manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is controll+ ! m>ket4 ,! "o weak spot ( ! ammonia-soda process1 z we m5tion$ be=e1 is its inability to supply hydro*loric acid or *lor9e1 & s all[ ( mak+ blea*+ p[d]4 ,"t aft] "t x has be5 ann\nc$ positively t ! problem 0 solv$1 t ! ammonia-soda mak]s _h devis$ a me?od ( produc+ hydro*loric acid or *lor9e1 or bo?1 )\t ! use ( sulphuric acid4 ,b ! ann\ncem5ts h s f> prov$ baseless1 & at pres5t ! ,leblanc mak]s are gett+ incr$ul\s1 & d n mu* excite !mselves ov] new /atem5ts ( ! k9d1 ?\gh !y "k t if once _! rivals _h ?is weapon 9 _! h&s ! battle w\ld be ov] & ! ,leblanc process doom$ to rapid ext9ction4 ,su* is at pres5t ! /ate ( ! /ruggle 9 ?is great indu/ry1 & ! above outl9e sket* ( ! two processes is design$ to give "s idea ( ! conditions to su* ( our read]s z may n h any special k ( ^! manufactures4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t great int]e/ is be+ tak5 9 a new process1 ab\t to be put to "w on a l>ge scale1 :i* is design$ to take up ! cudgels aga9/ ! ammonia process & enable ! ,leblanc mak]s to cont9ue ! fight on some?+ m l equal t]ms4 ,we allude to ! process propos$ & pat5t$ by ,messrs4 ,p>nell ,simpson1 & ab\t to be work$ by ! ,lanca%ire ,alkali & ,sulphur ,company1 at ,widnes4 ,we rec5tly _h ! opportunity ( inspect+ fully ! plant erect$1 & ( hav+ ! me?od ( proc$ure expla9$ to u4 ,we look ^u ! new process z su* a spirit$ attempt to turn ! tide ( a long & los+ battle1 & z s v int]e/+ on its own m]its1 t an acc\nt ( x 9 ^! pages w be ?or\ghly 9 place4 ,! ma9 idea ( ! process is to comb9e ! ,leblanc & ! ammonia-soda manufacture4 ,b 9 place ( us+ cau/ic lime to decompose ! ammonium *loride & get back ! ammonia1 ! alkali wa/e spok5 ( above is employ$1 x be+ f\nd t n only is ! ammonia driv5 (f1 b t also ! sulphur 9 ! wa/e is obta9$ 9 a =m all[+ ( its easy utilization1 x & ! ammonia comb9+ to =m ammonium sulphide1 :i* passes ov] 9 gase\s =m f ! decompos+ app>atus4 ,?is ammonium sulphide is1 z we %all see1 q z available = ! work+ ( ! ammonia-soda manufacture z pure & simple ammonia1 & all ! sulphur c be obta9$ f x4 ,9 outl9e ! process is z foll[s3 ,we w suppose t a quantity ( bic>bonate ( sodium has be5 j precipitat$ f a br9e solution1 & we h ! residual ammonium *loride to deal )4 ,?is is decompos$ by alkali wa/e1 giv+ a f9al liquor ( calcium *loride1 :i* is run to wa/e1 & a quantity ( ammonium sulphide gas4 ,?is latt] is l$ at once into a solution ( salt 9 wat]1 till saturation takes place4 ,into ?is liquor ( br9e & ammonium sulphide pure c>bonic acid gas is n[ pass$4 ,! ammonium sulphide is decompos$1 pure sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas is giv5 (f1 :i* is conduct$ to a gas hold] & /or$1 :ile ammonium bic>bonate is =m$ 9 ! liquor1 :i* br+s ab\t ! conv]sion ( ! salt into bic>bonate ( sodium1 ready = removal & prep>ation = ! m>ket4 ,x w be obs]v$ t we pr9t$ ! ^w pure 9 italics 9 speak+ ( ! c>bonic acid us$4 ,?is is "o ( ! great po9ts 9 ! process1 z 9 ord] t ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas obta9$ %all be conc5trat$ & pure1 only pure c>bonic acid c be us$ 9 lib]at+ x4 ,! app>atus employ$ 9 its prep>ation is p]haps ! mo/ +5i\s "p ( ! works1 & well wor?y ( att5tion by o!rs besides alkali mak]s4 ,! me?od is bas$ on ! fact t if dilute impure c>bonic acid is pass$ into a solution ( c>bonate ( sodium1 ! c>bonic acid is absorb$1 bic>bonate ( sodium be+ =m$1 & ! dilut+ gases pass+ away4 ,! bic>bonate ( sodium on heat+ gives up ! extra c>bonic acid1 :i* c be collect$ & /or$ pure1 :ile ! liquor passes back to simple c>bonate ( sodium1 to be us$ ov] aga9 z an absorb5t4 ,?is is n at all new 9 !ory1 ( c\rse1 nor is ?is ! fir/ proposal to use x comm]cially2 b x is claim$ t ?is is ! fir/ successful work+ ( x on a l>ge scale4 ,! gases f a l>ge limekiln supply ! dilute c>bonic acid gas1 :i* conta9s #be p] c5t4 to #cj p] c5t4 ( pure gas1 ! pr9cipal dilut+ gas be+1 ( c\rse1 nitrog54 ,?is kiln gas is drawn f ! kiln by a bl[+ eng9e1 & is fir/ cool$ 9 two l>ge receiv]s4 ,x is !n =c$ into ! solution ( sodium c>bonate 9 ! absorption t[]1 #fe ft4 high by #f ft4 diamet]1 fill$ ) ! liquor4 ,! t[] has _m diaphragms & p]=at$ mu%rooms1 to cause a prop] disp]sion ( ! gases z !y asc5d ?r\gh ! liquor4 ,! /r5g? ( liquor f\nd be/ adapt$ = ! "w is equal to a d5sity ( ab\t #cj ,twaddell4 ,aft] saturation ! mud ( bic>bonate ( sodium is drawn (f & pass$ into ! decompos]1 a t[] #ce ft4 high by #f ft4 #f 94 9 diamet]1 ) p]=at$ %elves1 into :i* /eam is bl[n f bel[1 ! liquor pass+ d[nw>d4 ,! bic>bonate is decompos$1 pure c>bonic acid be+ giv5 (f4 ,?is is pass$ ?r\gh a scrubb] & into a gas hold] ready = use4 ,! liquor1 :i* has n[ return$ to ! /ate ( simple c>bonate ( sodium1 only requires cool+ to be ready to absorb a fre% lot ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! cool+ is effect$ 9 a t[] pack$ loosely ) bricks1 ! hot liquor trickl+ d[n aga9/ a p[]ful curr5t ( air bl[n 9 f bel[4 ,liquor has be5 cool$ 9 ?is way1 9 once pass+ ?r\gh ! t[]1 f #bbj ,fahr4 to #eh ,fahr41 b ( c\rse ! exact cool+ obta9$ dep5ds m or less on ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! next /age ( ! process1 if we foll[ on aft] ! prep>ation ( ! pure c>bonic acid1 is ! employm5t ( ! gas = ! decomposition ( ! ammonium sulphide absorb$ 9 a br9e liquor z above expla9$4 ,! br9e & ammonium sulphide are conta9$ 9 :at is kn[n z a ,solvay t[]1 provid$ ) prop] means = disp]sion & absorption ( ! c>bonic acid gas4 ,! precipitat$ bic>bonate ( sodium is remov$ & wa%$1 & prep>$ = ! m>ket 9 :atev] =m is requir$1 ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas be+ l$ to a hold] & /or$1 z be=e /at$4 ,! decomposition ( ! ammonium *loride by means ( alkali wa/e is c>ri$ out 9 a specially design$ /ill4 ,?is is a t[] #de ft4 high by #h ft4 diamet]1 divid$ by horizontal plates into comp>tm5ts ( ab\t #c ft4 #h 94 9 height4 ,^! comp>tm5ts communicate ) "o ano!r by means ( pockets1 or recesses1 9 ! %ell ( ! t[]4 ,a v]tical %aft1 ) arms1 revolves 9 ! t[]4 ,! wa/e is f$ 9 at ! top by means ( hopp] & screw fe$4 ,! liquor is heat$ by /eam bl[n 9 to ov] #bab ,fahr4 ,! ammonium sulphide is l$ direct into an absorb+ vessel full ( br9e4 ,x n[ only rema9s to see h[ x is propos$ to deal ) ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas :i* repres5ts ! sulphur recov]$ f ! wa/e4 ,x c be burnt direct to sulphur\s acid & utiliz$ = ! production ( vitriol p]fectly pure & free f ars5ic1 comm&+ a special price4 ,b ,messrs4 ,p>nell ,simpson /ate t by a me?od ( re/rict$ combu/ion !y are able to obta9 ne>ly all ! sulphur z su*1 & put x on ! m>ket on equal t]ms ) ! be/ ,sicilian sulphur4 ,we did n ga!r t ?is has yet be5 done on ! work+ scale1 h[ev]4 ,x w be se5 t x is propos$ t a ,leblanc alkali mak] %all cont9ue to produce a portion ( 8 make by ! old process1 b %all erect plant to enable him to make ano!r portion by ! ,p>nell ,simpson me?od1 us+ 8 ,leblanc wa/e 9 place ( ! cau/ic lime n[ employ$ by ! ammonia soda p4 ,he is ?us to h ! b5efit ( ! *eap] process =1 say1 half 8 make1 :ile he fur!r *eap5s ! ammonia me?od by sav+ ! co/ ( lime & by recov]+ ! sulphur o!rwise lo/ 9 8 wa/e4 ,! sav+ 9 lime is /at$ to be "o ton = ea* ton ( sodium c>bonate produc$1 or 9 ca% value ab\t #ajs4 p] ton at ,widnes1 :ile ! sulphur sav$ is e/imat$ to be #f cwt4 p] ton ( sodium c>bonate4 ,we reproduce ^! figures ) all res]ve1 n be+ ourselves suffici5tly speciali/s to judge ( !m4 ,b we 7 assur$ t !y repres5t ! m9imum expect$1 & reasons 7 giv5 to u to %[ t !y w\ld probably be exce$$4 ,ano!r ga9 = ! ,leblanc mak] w\ld be t he w escape ! co/ ( removal & disposal ( a portion ( 8 refuse or wa/e4 ,! plant n[ erect$ 0 calculat$ = a yield ( "o hundr$ tons c>bonate ( sodium & ab\t ?irty-five tons ( sulphur p] week1 b x n[ appe>s likely t ?is w be exce$$2 :ile ! c>bonic acid plant 0 suppos$ to be equal to a yield ( #f tons ( pure gas p] day1 & is n[ f\nd capable ( do+ twice z mu*4 ,a few weeks w n[ br+ ?is new comb9ation process into ! active & crucial te/ ( ! m>kets4 ,*emi/s & *emical eng9e]s h all along tak5 a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! +5i\s ideas ( ,p>nell ,simpson4 ,comm]cial m5 are no less int]e/$ 9 ! f9ancial result ( ! exp]im5t ab\t to be tri$ at ! exp5se ( a few g5tlem5 ( ,liv]pool & di/rict4 ,s f> z we c le>n1 op9ions are to "s ext5t divid$1 ?\gh _m good judges are v hopefully incl9$4 ,= our own "p1 speak+ ) diffid5ce1 z be+ a little (f our regul> track ( "w1 we w only say t we 7 favorably impress$ ) :at we saw & he>d2 & we c]ta9ly wi% ! v5ture t full success :i* its clev]ness & its pluck1 z well z its great importance at ?is crisis1 des]ve = x4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,gas ,,di/illation4 ,an important subject = inve/igation1 :i* has n yet be5 satisfactorily det]m9$1 is ! temp]ature at :i* x is mo/ b5eficial to di/ill coals ( v>i\s qualities4 ,! practice ( all[+ ! *>ge to rema9 9 ! retort = "s "t aft] mo/ ( ! gas has be5 driv5 (f1 to enable 7x is said7 ! retort to recov] heat = ! next *>ge1 (t5 leads to misconception z to ! true temp]ature ( c>bonization4 ,! effect ( ?is is to equalize ! temp]atures inside & outside ! retort4 ,?is inside temp]ature is n ma9ta9$1 ! temp]ature outside n be+ high en\gh to transmit ! heat ) suffici5t rapidity2 & s1 9 an app>5tly hot retort1 ! coal may be c>boniz$ at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature4 ,a tru] te/ ( temp]ature is t ( ! outside ( ! retort1 :i* %\ld be n less ?an #djj to #ejj ,fahr4 above ! temp]ature necess>y = prop] c>bonization4 ,9 all exp]im5ts relat+ to temp]ature pret5d+ to any degree ( accuracy1 a pyromet] ( "s k9d %\ld be us$4 ,judg+ ( ! temp]ature by ! color is (t5 mislead+4 ,n only may ! eye be deceiv$1 b diff]5t clays d n pres5t ! same appe>ance at ! same temp]ature4 ,a good1 reliable pyromet] to e/imate temp]atures to 7say7 #bejj ,fahr4 is mu* want$4 ,exp]i5ce dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ) ! high temp]atures obta9$ by ! use ( reg5]ative furnaces has l$ me to ! conclusion t high] heats ?an are usual may be employ$ ) advantage1 z reg>ds bo? ! quantity & ! quality ( gas1 provid$ ! retorts are heat$ uni=mly ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 & ! weight & duration ( ! *>ge are s adju/$ t ! coal does n rema9 long] 9 ! retort ?an is j suffici5t to drive (f ! gas2 & t ! m rapidly ! coal is c>boniz$1 ! bett] are ! results4 ,9 two retorts ( ! same size1 "o mak+ #e1jjj & ! o!r #aj1jjj cubic feet p] day1 ! gas w be twice z long 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! retort 9 ! =m] z 9 ! latt]--to ! probable detrim5t ( its quality1 & increas$ t5d5cy to /oppage 9 ! asc5sion pipes4 ,a subject closely alli$ to t j allud$ to is ! temp]ature ( ! gas z x leaves ! retort4 ,until )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 x 0 g5]ally assum$ t ?is 0 n high] ?an f #bjj to #cjj ,fahr42 & a v plausible !ory 0 giv5 to acc\nt = su* a comp>atively l[ temp]ature4 ,a discussion :i* took place a few ye>s ago 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+ %[$ t at t "t op9ions on ?is subject 7 n unanim\s4 ,b ! conclusion arriv$ at seem$ to be t ! gas 0 n high] 9 temp]ature ?an t be=e /at$2 & if high] temp]atures 7 obs]v$1 !y 7 due to ! t>ry matt] 9 ! gas1 & 7 n ^? ( ! gas itself4 ,a little reflection is suffici5t to %[ t ! exi/5ce ( gas intimately mix$ ) t>ry matt] at a high temp]ature1 )\t be+ itself rais$ to t temp]ature1 is a physical impossibility4 ,9 a pap] read to a ,cont95tal gas association ab\t a ye> ago1 ! writ] /at$1 z ! result ( _m exp]im5ts1 t unless ! temp]ature 9 ! asc5sion pipe rises above #dhj ,fahr41 ?ick5+ ( ! t> 9 ! hydraulic ma9 & *ok+ ( ! asc5sion pipe w c]ta9ly occur4 ,?is l$ me to make a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ext5d+ ov] _m mon?s1 on ! temp]ature ( ! gas 9 ! asc5sion pipes at diff]5t po9ts & at v>i\s times dur+ ! *>ge4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts may be ( "s int]e/1 & may lead to fur!r inve/igation4 ,! temp]atures 7 tak5 by m]curial !rmomet]s regi/]+ #fjj ,fahr41 except ^? ne> ! m\?piece1 :i* 7 tak5 by a ,siem5s wat] pyromet]4 ,e c>e 0 ex]cis$ to insure accuracy2 & ! in/rum5ts 7 c>efully adju/$4 ,at a di/ance ( #ah in*es f ! m\?piece1 ! temp]atures v>i$ f an av]age ( #hij1 %ortly aft] ! retort 0 *>g$1 to #eah at ! end ( ! *>ge2 at #ab feet di/ant f ! m\?piece1 ! correspond+ temp]ature 0 #ddd1 fall+ to #afg at ! end ( ! *>ge2 & at #bb feet1 ! av]age temp]ature v>i$ f #bdf at ! comm5cem5t to #add at ! end ( ! *>ge4 ,^! are ! av]ages ( a numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,9 "s in/ances !y 7 consid]ably above ^! av]ages--temp]atures ov] #ijj be+ frequ5tly obta9$4 ,?is is ab\t ! temp]ature ( a l[ r$ heat1 & is mu* high] ?an any ,i h se5 record$4 ,:5 ! gas 0 all[$ to issue f a hole 9 ! asc5sion pipe1 #a in*es 9 diamet]1 #ah in*es above ! m\?piece1 a /rip ( lead held ab\t an in* f ! orifice 0 freely melt$4 ,9 ! sett+s on :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 made1 ! middle asc5sion pipe takes ! gas f ! two c5tral retorts2 & x is ( int]e/ to note t 9 ?is pipe ! temp]ature ( ! gas #ah in*es f ! upp] retort 0 f\nd to be #ajad ,fahr41 & at ! po9t :]e x ent]$ ! hydraulic ma9 x 0 #ddj ,fahr4 ,z9c 0 freely melt$ by ! gas issu+ f a hole #ah in*es f ! m\?piece4 ,! temp]atures always fall t[>d ! end ( ! *>ge2 ! fall ( temp]ature 9 ! asc5sion pipe be+ a good indication t ! *>ge is work$ (f4 ,!y increase ) ! heat ( ! retort & ) ! weight ( ! *>ge4 ,exp]im5ts 7 also made to asc]ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! gas 9 ! retort2 & = ?is purpose "o ( ,murrie's pyromet]s 0 us$1 ! action ( :i* dep5ds on ! pressure produc$ by ! vaporization ( m]cury 9 a malleable iron tube4 ,! end ( ?is tube 0 fir/ re/$ on ! top ( ! coal1 b n 9 contact ) ! retort4 ,x rea*$ ab\t #ah in*es into ! retort1 & !re=e 0 n 9 ! hotte/ "p4 ,9 ?is position ! temp]ature indicat$ %ortly aft] *>g+ ! retort 0 #aaaj ,fahr41 gradually ris+ to #afdj ,fahr4 ,! end ( ! tube 0 !n emb$d$ 9 ! coal1 :5 ! pyromet] indicat$ a temp]ature ( #abfj ,fahr4 )9 #cj m9utes aft] ! retort 0 *>g$2 gradually ris+ t[>d ! end ( ! *>ge z be=e4 ,at ! "t ^! temp]atures 7 tak51 ! retorts 7 ea* produc+ #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas p] day4 ,i _h no opportunity ( te/+ ! accuracy ( ! /atem5t t1 ) l[] temp]atures1 !re is a t5d5cy to /oppage ( ! asc5sion pipes2 b ) ^! high temp]atures 7contr>y to :at might be expect$7 !re is no tr\ble f /oppages4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 s f> z !y h gone1 lead to ! conclusion t ! temp]ature ( ! gas z x is evolv$ f ! coal is n less ?an #abjj ,fahr41 & t cool+ comm5ces imm$iately on ! gas leav+ ! retort4 ,! temp]atures be+ f> above t ( liquefaction1 ! gases are cool$ v rapidly4 ,! temp]ature ( ! gas 9 ! asc5sion pipe dep5ds on ! rapidity ) :i* ! gas is evolv$--t is to say1 ! great] ! quantity produc$ 9 a giv5 "t1 ! less effective is ! cool+ action ( ! m\?piece & ! asc5sion pipe2 & al?\gh ,i _h no opportunity ( te/+ x1 ,i %\ld expect to f9d t ) retorts mak+ f #e1jjj to #f1jjj cubic feet ( gas p] day1 ! maximum temp]ature 9 ! asc5sion pipe #ah in*es f ! m\?piece w n exce$ #djj to #ejj ,fahr41 :ile ) l[] heats & light] *>ges ! temp]atures w be /ill l[]4 ,t ^! temp]atures h "s effect 9 caus+ or prev5t+ /oppage 9 ! asc5sion pipes !re c be no d\bt2 & x is important t ?is subject %\ld be ?or\ghly inve/igat$4 ,x is ( int]e/ to consid] :at mu/ be ! physical condition ( ! gas at ^! high temp]atures4 ,all ! hydroc>bons :i* are aft]w>d cond5s$ mu/ !n be 9 ! condition ( gases hav+ v>i\s degrees ( cond5sability1 mix$ ) & r5d]$ visible by a cl\d ( c>bon p>ticles or soot4 ,if ?is soot c\ld be remov$ f ! gas at ?is /age )\t r$uc+ ! temp]ature1 we %\ld probably h no ?ick t> or pit*1 b only comp>atively light-color$ oils2 & x might possibly lead to an entirely diff]5t mode ( conduct+ ! process ( cond5sation4 ,^! are a few ( ! subjects on :i* x is extremely desirable t we %\ld possess t complete in=mation :i* c only be obta9$ by well-direct$ inve/igations ) diff]5t mat]ials & "u v>y+ conditions4 ,!re are _m o!rs 9 connection ) c>bonization & purification :i* might be m5tion$2 b ,i ?9k ,i h said suffici5t to %[ ! necessity t exi/s = m m9ute inve/igation & rese>*4 ,inve/igations su* z are "h indicat$ d n involve any l>ge exp5diture ( money2 b !y d require c>e & intellig5ce to prev5t errors be+ made4 ,exp]im5ts %\ld n be condemn$ z defective because ! results diff] f old-e/abli%$ !ories2 yet :5 ?is does happ51 x is 9 all cases bett] to suspect ! new exp]im5t r ?an ! old !ory1 until ! results h be5 fully e/abli%$4--,wm4 ,f\lis1 ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,black ,,a% ,,furnace ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,! ,widnes ,alkali ,company h rec5tly erect$ an enorm\s revolv+ black a% furnace1 :i* is #cj ft4 9 l5g? & has a diamet] ( #ab ft4 #f 94 ,! inside l5g? is #bh ft4 #f 941 ) a diamet] ( #aa ft4 #d 94 ,! furnace is l9$ ) #af1jjj fire bricks & #abj fire-clay break]s1 ea* weigh+ #a cwt4 ,! weight ( salt cake p] *>ge1 i4e41 conta9$ 9 ea* *>ge ( salt cake1 lime/one1 mud1 & slack1 is #h tons #ab cwt4 ,= #aaj tons ( salt cake *>g$ !re are also us$ ab\t #ajj tons ( lime mud & lime/one & #ee tons ( mix+ slack4 ,! total am\nt ( salt cake decompos$ weekly is ab\t #djj tons1 :i* may be calculat$ to yield #bdj tons ( #fj p] c5t cau/ic soda4 ,!re is claim$ = ?is massive furnace an economy 9 iron plate1 9 exp5se on ! eng9e p[] & on fuel consum$1 z well z on we> & te>4--,watson ,smi?1 9 ,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/atue ,,( ,,philip ,,lebon4 ,! inauguration ( ! /atue ( ,philip ,lebon1 ! inv5tor ( light+ by gas1 occurr$ on ! #bf? ( ,june1 at ,*aumont1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,te*nical ,gas ,society ( ,france4 ,! /atue1 :i* we illu/rate h]e)1 is due to ! practic$ *isel ( ! "y sculptor ,antide ,pe*9e1 :o has p]fectly und]/ood 8 "w1 & has repres5t$ ! inv5tor at ! mom5t at :i* he obs]ves a flame />t f a glass balloon 9 :i* he _h heat$ "s sawdu/4 ,! attitude is graceful & ! expression ( ! face is m$itative & intellig5t4 ,! /atue1 :i* is t5 feet 9 height1 0 exhibit$ at ! la/ ,salon4 ,x 0 ca/ at ! ,b>b$i5ne works4 ,x w\ld be impossible to applaud too mu* ! homage t has j be5 r5d]$ to ! inv5tor ( gas light+1 = ,philip ,lebon1 l s _m o!r b5efactors ( humanity1 has n by f> ! celebrity t ought to belong to him4 ,:5 we /udy ! docum5ts t relate to 8 exi/5ce1 :5 we foll[ ! fla%es ( g5ius t d>t$ ?r\gh 8 bra91 :5 we see ! ob/acles t he _h to conqu]1 & :5 we ?or\ghly exam9e 8 great "* & ! l(ty s5tim5ts t animat$ him1 we are seiz$ ) admiration = ! humble work] :o end[$ 8 c\ntry ) s great a b5efit4 ,lebon 0 born at ,bra*ay on ! #bi? ( ,may1 #agfg4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty1 he 0 admitt$ to ! ,s*ool ( ,bridges & ,roads1 :]e he soon di/+ui%$ himself by 8 +5i\s & inve/igat+ turn ( m9d4 ,8 fir/ labors 7 9 connection ) ! /eam eng9e1 !n 9 its infancy1 & on ,april #ah1 #agib1 ! "y eng9e] obta9$ a national aw>d ( #djj to cont9ue ! exp]im5ts t he _h begun on ! improvem5t ( ?is app>atus4 ,x 0 at ab\t ! same epo* t ,lebon 0 put ^u ! track ( light+ by gas1 dur+ a soj\rn at ,bra*ay4 ,he "o day ?rew a h&ful ( sawdu/ into a glass vial t he heat$ ov] a fire4 ,he obs]v$ issu+ f ! bottle a d5se smoke :i* sudd5ly caught fire & produc$ a beautiful lum9\s flame4 ,! inv5tor und]/ood ! importance ( ! exp]im5t t he _h j p]=m$1 & resolv$ to "w x fur!r4 ,he _h j f\nd t wood & o!r combu/ibles 71 "u ! action ( heat1 capable ( dis5gag+ a gas fit = light+ & heat+4 ,he _h se5 t ! gas :i* is dis5gag$ f wood is accompani$ ) blacki% vapors ( an acrid & empyreumatic odor4 ,9 ord] t x might s]ve = ! production ( light1 x 0 necess>y to free x f ^! =eign products4 ,lebon pass$ ! vapor ?r\gh a tube into a flask ( wat]1 :i* cond5s$ ! t>ry & acid sub/ances1 & ! gas escap$ 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,?is mode/ app>atus 0 ! fir/ image ( ! gas works2 & x compris$ ! ?ree ess5tial p>ts !re(--! g5]at+ app>atus1 ! purify+ app>atus1 & ! receiv] = collect+ ! gas4 ,"o ye> aft]w>d1 ! inv5tor _h se5 ,f\rcroy1 ,prony1 & ! great sci5ti/s ( 8 epo*4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,septemb]1 #agii1 he took out a pat5t 9 :i* he gives a complete description ( 8 !rmo lamp1 by means ( :i* he produc$ a lum9\s gas1 :ile at ! same "t manufactur+ wood t> & pyroligne\s or acetic acid4 ,9 ?is pat5t he m5tions coal z prop] to replace wood1 & he expla9s 8 sy/em ) a visible emotion & s+ul> ardor4 ,9 read+ :at he has writt5 we are /ruck ) t =m ( p]suasion t does n p]mit ( d\bt+ t he =esaw ! future 9 res]ve = 8 sy/em4 ,un=tunately1 ,lebon c\ld n devote all 8 "t to 8 discov]y4 ,be+ a gov]nm5t eng9e]1 )\t money & =tune1 he _h to att5d to 8 duties4 ,he w5t z an ord9>y eng9e] to ,ang\leme1 b he did n =get 8 illum9at+ gas1 & he /rongly regrett$ ,p>is1 :i* he t]m$ an incomp>able focus ( /udy4 ,he devot$ himself to ma!matics & sci5ce1 he made himself belov$ by all1 & 8 m9d w&]$ f> f 8 daily occupation4 ,! eng9e] 9 *ief soon compla9$ ( him1 b a committee appo9t$ to inve/igate ! *>ges t _h be5 made aga9/ him affirm$ t he 0 free f any reproa*4 ,he 0 s5t back to 8 po/1 b w> 0 decimat+ ! res\rces ( ,france1 & ! republic1 :ile ,bonap>te 0 9 ,italy1 no long] _h any "t to pay its eng9e]s4 ,lebon wrote "s press+ lett]s to ! m9i/]1 ask+ = ! sums due on 8 "w1 b all ( !m rema9$ )\t reply4 ,8 wife w5t to ,p>is1 b h] applications 7 fruitless4 ,%e wrote h]self to ! m9i/] ! foll[+ lett]1 :i* exi/s 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,s*ool ( ,bridges & ,roads3 ,lib]ty1 equality1 frat]nity--,p>is4 #bb ,messidor1 ye> ,,vii4 ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 "o & indivisible--! wife ( ,citiz5 ,lebon to ,citiz5 ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior3 ,x is nei!r alms nor a favor t ,i ask ( y1 x is ju/ice4 ,i h = two mon?s be5 langui%+ at #abj leagues f my h\sehold4 ,d n1 by fur!r delay1 =ce ! fa!r ( a family1 = want ( means1 to leave a /ate = :i* he has sacrific$ ev]y?+4 444 ,h reg>d = our position1 citiz54 ,x is oppressive1 & my dem& is j4 ,!re is m ?an "o motive to p]suade me t my application w n be fruitless ) a m9i/] :o makes x a law & duty = himself to be j4 ,greet+ & e/eem4 ,y\r devot$ fell[-citiz51 ,madame ,lebon1 nee ,de ,brambille4 ,9 #ahja1 ,lebon 0 call$ to ,p>is1 z atta*e 9 ! s]vice ( ,bl91 eng9e] 9 *ief ( pavem5ts4 ,he took a second pat5t--a true sci5tific memoir full ( facts & ideas4 ,x speaks ( ! num]\s applications ( illum9at+ gas & its mode ( production1 lays d[n ! basis ( ! entire manufacture--furnaces1 cond5s]s1 purifi]s1 gas burn]s4 ,no?+ is =gott51 n ev5 ! /eam eng9e & balloon4 ,lebon propos$ to ! gov]nm5t to con/ruct an app>atus = heat+ & light+ ! public build+s1 b ! (f] 0 reject$4 ,x 0 !n t ! un=tunate inv5tor1 we>i$ by all 8 t5tatives1 fatigu$ by 8 ?\s&s ( vexations1 made up 8 m9d to h rec\rse to ! public 9 ord] to conv9ce x ( ! utility ( 8 inv5tion4 ,he r5t$ ! hotel ,seignelay1 ,/4 ,dom9ique-,/4 ,g]ma9 ,/41 & invit$ ! public ?i!r4 ,"h he arrang$ a gas app>atus1 :i* di/ribut$ light & heat to all ! rooms4 ,he light$ ! g>d5s ) ?\s&s ( gas jets 9 ! =m ( rosettes & fl[]s4 ,a f\nta9 0 illum9at$ ) ! new gas1 & ! wat] t fl[$ f x seem$ to be lum9\s4 ,! cr[d ha/5$ f all p>ts & came to salute ! new inv5tion4 ,lebon1 excit$ by ?is success1 publi%$ a prospectus1 a sort ( pr(ession ( fai?1 a model ( gr&eur & s9c]ity1 a true monum5t ( a/oni%+ =esight4 ,he foll[$ 8 gas into ! future & saw x circulat+ ?r\gh pipes1 :5ce x ?rew light into all ! /reets ( future capitals4 ,we reproduce a few passages f ?is rem>kable production3 ,x is pa9ful1 says he1 & ,i exp]i5ce ! fact at ?is mom5t1 to h extraord9>y effects to ann\nce4 ,^? :o h n se5 cry out aga9/ ! possibility1 & ^? :o h se5 (t5 judge ( ! facility ( a discov]y by :at !y h to conceive ( its demon/ration4 ,if ! difficulty is conqu]$1 ! m]it ( ! inv5tor vani%es ) x4 ,i w\ld r de/roy e idea ( m]it ?an all[ ! slighte/ appe>ance ( my/]y or *>latanism to exi/4 ,?is a]i=m pr9ciple is fre$ f ^? humid vapors t are s injuri\s & disagreeable to ! organs ( sight & smell1 & ( ! soot :i* soils ap>tm5ts4 ,purifi$ to p]fect transp>5cy1 x travels 9 ! /ate ( cold air1 & is l$ by ! smalle/ z well z fraile/ pipes1 by conduits an in* squ>e1 =m$ 9 ! pla/] ( ceil+s or walls1 & ev5 tubes ( gumm$ taffety w\ld p]fectly answ] ! purpose4 ,only ! extremity ( ! tube1 :i* puts ! inflammable gas 9 contact ) ! air1 & ^u :i* ! flame re/s1 %\ld be ( metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/atue ,,( ,,philip ,,lebon4 ,e "o f9ally paid homage to ! illu/ri\s inv5tor1 & a committee appo9t$ 9 ! "n ( ! m9i/] affirm$ t ! advantage\s results giv5 by ! exp]im5ts ( ,citiz5 ,lebon h met & ev5 exce$$ ! hopes ( ! fri5ds ( ! sci5ces & arts4 ,napoleon ,i4 soon grant$ ,lebon a concession 9 ! =e/ ( ,r\vray = ! organization ( an indu/ry ( wood di/illation & gas mak+4 ,un=tunately1 ,lebon 0 oblig$ to und]take too _m ?+s at once4 ,he prep>$ ! gas1 & produc$ acetic acid & t> t he _h to s5d to ,h>ve = ! use ( ! navy4 ,despite all 8 tr\ble & fatigue1 he _h some?+ l a ray ( hope4 ,he believ$ t he saw ! day ( =tune dawn+4 ,8 works 7 visit$ by num]\s sci5ti/s1 & among o!rs ! ,russian pr9ces ,galitz9 & ,dolgor\ki1 :o1 9 ! "n ( _! gov]nm5t1 propos$ to ! inv5tor to transf] 8 plant to ,russia1 he to be free to set =? ! conditions4 ,lebon refus$ ?is spl5did (f]1 &1 9 an outbur/ ( patriotism1 answ]$ t 8 discov]y belong$ to 8 c\ntry1 & t no o!r nation %\ld be=e 8 own h ! b5efit ( 8 labors4 ,! hopes ( ,lebon 7 ( %ort duration4 ,enemies & competitors caus$ him a ?\s& tr\bles1 & ! elem5ts !mselves seem$ to turn aga9/ him4 ,dur+ a hurricane1 ! humble h\se 9 :i* he dwelt 0 de/roy$1 & a fire %ortly aft]w>d consum$ a portion ( 8 works4 ,fatality1 l ! g5ius ( old1 seem$ to be foll[+ up ! un=tunate inv5tor2 b sorr[s & rev]ses c\ld n h any hold on ?is inv9cible _s1 :o 0 s well second$ by a wife ( l(ty "*4 ,lebon1 always at "w1 0 seem+ly ab\t to triumph ov] all ob/acles1 & ! h\r ( ! realization ( 8 project ( light+ on a l>ge scale 0 ne>1 :5 a dea? z tragic z x 0 my/]i\s snat*$ him f 8 labors4 ,on ! v day ( ! cr[n+ ( ! emp]or1 ,decemb] #b1 #ahjd1 ! body ( ,philip ,lebon 0 f\nd ly+ in]t & lifeless 9 ! ,*amps ,elysees1 exhibit+ ?irte5 deep w\nds made by a dagg]4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,process ,,= ,,! ,,di/illation ,,& ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,*emical ,,liquids4 ,,especially ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia4 ,,inv5tor1 ,,alex4 ,,angus ,,croll4#a4 ,footnote #a3 ,read at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,gas ,in/itute1 ,glasg[4 ,,by ,,george ,,&]son1 ,,( ,,london4 ,! pap] ,i h to lay be=e y describes ! la/ product ( ! bra9 ( "o ( y\r pa/ presid5ts--,alex&] ,angus ,croll--9 connection ) our indu/ry4 ,x may n be s well kn[n to "s ( ! y\ng] z x is to _m ( ! old] memb]s ( ! ,in/itute t ! f]tile bra9 ( ,mr4 ,croll has done mu* = ! improvem5t & ! ext5sion ( ! gas indu/ry4 ,i consid] t he has be5 ! mo/ successful pione] bo? 9 ! *eap5+ & ! purification ( gas--two elem5ts )\t :i* our indu/ry w\ld progress b sl[ly if at all2 & ! success :i* has cr[n$ 8 ef=ts1 to our advantage1 has reflect$ itself favorably on himself1 %[+ by 8 f9ancial success t he has also be5 a good man ( bus9ess4 ,all ^! are conditions :i* enhance ! value ( ?is pap]4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ,i claim no o!r cr$it ?an t ( be+ ! m\?piece ( ,mr4 ,croll1 ^: assi/ant ,i 0 = t5 ( ! busie/ & mo/ important ye>s ( 8 ev5tful life2 & hav+ 7) my son ,bruce7 tak5 "p 9 ! exp]im5ts1 ,i h be5 ask$ to describe ! process to ! ,in/itute4 ,! manufacture ( sulphate ( ammonia1 z hi!rto conduct$1 has consi/$ ei!r 9 br++ toge!r sulphuric acid & ammoniacal liquor or 9 di/ill+ ! liquor by ext]nal heat1 or by ! introduction ( /eam1 & br++ x into contact ) ! acid 9 ! =m ( gases & vapor ( wat]4 ,9 ei!r case a l>ge volume ( noxi\s gases is giv5 (f1 ! *ief ( :i*1 be+ sulphuret$ hydrog51 has to be fix$ by ano!r me?od1 9 ord] to comply ) acts ( ,p>liam5t = ! prev5tion ( nuisances4 ,by ! processes hi!rto us$1 we sometimes get only #a tons ( salts to e ton ( acid us$2 :ile 9 ! m p]fect =ms ( app>atus1 we may get #a-a_/c tons ( salts4 ,by ,mr4 ,croll's process1 h[ev]1 we get an increas$ yield ( salts on ! acid us$1 z foll[s3 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ) sulphuric acid ( ! specific gravity ( #ahch1 or ne>ly conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol2 & ! quantity us$ 0 #h ounces 9 ea* exp]im5t4 ,! ammoniacal liquor 0 ( uni=m /r5g? ?r\gh\t all ! exp]im5ts1 be+ kept 9 a cork$ j>2 & ! solution ( sulphate ( ammonia 0 pass$ ?r\gh filt] pap] be=e be+ cry/alliz$4 ,?us we obta9$ a :ite salt4 ,9 ea* exp]im5t ! solution ( sulphate 0 divid$ into f\r equal p>ts by weight1 & "o "p filt]$ & cry/alliz$ to dryness ov] a _s lamp2 ! weight 9 ea* exp]im5t be+ z ne>ly z possible ! same1 or #c oz4 ( salt to #b oz4 ( acid--be+ 9 ! proportion ( #bf oz4 ( sulphate to #a lb4 ( acid1 or #cb cwt4 ( salts to #bj cwt4 ( acid4 ,! results surpris$ me2 & be+ uni=m ov] a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 pleas$ me4 ,/ill1 ,i pres]v$ ! "* ( a critic & said3 ,i %\ld l to treat #h oz4 ( acid 9 ! ord9>y way--saturat+ x ) ammoniacal liquor1 & !n cry/alliz+ x4 ,oh6 ,mr4 ,croll said1 we "k :at t w produce4 ,i repli$3 ,yes2 b ,i w\ld l to d x ) ! precise acid & liquor we h be5 us+1 s t we may h ! exp]im5t on all f\rs ) y\rs1 b>r+ y\r process4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made at 8 c\ntry resid5ce4 ,i 0 /ay+ !re = ! night4 ,s next morn+ ,i got d[n be=e him1 w5t at my exp]im5t1 saturat$ #h oz4 ( acid 7& a nice smell ,i made7 out 9 ! gr\nds1 treat$ x aft]w>d by division into f\r p>ts1 filt]$ & cry/alliz$ x1 all z be=e1 ) ! result t ,i obta9$ #b oz41 z aga9/ 8 #c oz4--or 9 ! proportion ( #bg cwt4 ( salt to ! ton ( acid1 z aga9/ 8 #cb cwt4 ,i n[ ?\ght ( bus9ess4 ,:at is ! royalty to be8 ,i said1 z we sat at breakfa/4 ,?is we settl$ z we ,scot* say 9 a crack1 or z an ,engli%man w\ld say 9 a jiffy4 ,mr4 ,croll decid$ to h ! app>atus put up on a manufactur+ scale "h 9 ,glasg[2 & ,i det]m9$ to erect simil> app>atus at "o ( my gas works4 ,i d>e say t x w be upp]mo/ 9 y\r m9ds1 ,:5ce comes ! increas$ yield ( salts8 ,well1 ,i w /ate "o fact1 & leave y to rum9ate on x1 namely1 by ,mr4 ,croll's process we did n seem to produce any sulphuret$ hydrog54 ,! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 a room ) ord9>y doors & w9d[s1 b )\t a *imney2 & we 7 n tr\bl$ ) any (f5sive smell--a /ate ( ?+s t c\ld n possibly h exi/$ _h we be5 exp]im5t+ ) any o!r app>atus hi!rto employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( sulphate ( ammonia4 ,! app>atus1 :i* w pres5tly be describ$1 only sub/itutes1 = ! pres5t mode ( di/illation1 a new "o1 :i* =ms ! subject ( ,mr4 ,croll's pat5t4 ,all o!r p>ts ( pres5t app>atus c rema9 z !y n[ exi/4 ,mr ,croll has also introduc$ ano!r mode ( produc+ sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* disp5ses ) all ! app>atus hi!rto 9 use aft] ! di/illatory portion1 & produces ! salt 9 a /ate fit = ! f>m]1 ready to be put on ! l&4 ,?is process consi/s 9 s5d+ ! products ( di/illation ?r\gh a vessel fill$ ) wood sawdu/ saturat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! ammonia becomes fix$ & cry/alliz$ 9 ! sawdu/1 & is ready = use4 ,!re are _m works1 bo? at home & abroad1 to :i* ! conveyance ( sulphuric acid is bo? difficult & exp5sive1 on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( c>riage & ! breakage :i* occurs2 & ?us 9 _m su* works ! ammonia is n utiliz$4 ,?is saturat$ sawdu/ process w1 ,i ?9k1 remove ! difficulty2 = ,i f9d t dry sawdu/ absorbs d\ble its own weight ( sulphuric acid1 & ?is c\ld be convey$ 9 ! mo/ ord9>y casks 9 a damp /ate1 & save all wa/e & annoyance f breakage ( bottles4 ,9 ?is /ate x c\ld be us$ by ! f>m]1 or ! sulphate ( ammonia c\ld be wa%$ out1 cry/alliz$1 & export$ 9 ! /ate ( salt4 ,9 ! rema9d] ( ?is pap] ,i h be5 assi/$ by my son ,bruce1 :o also assi/$ 9 ! exp]im5ts t ,i h describ$4 ,he has s9ce be5 engag$ on ! trials on a manufactur+ scale2 & ,i ask y to p]mit him to read ! conclud+ portion ( ! pap]1 9 :i* he w describe ! process1 & :at he has done4 ,! process ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ portion ( ! pap] is a me?od employ$ = heat+ ! liquor1 :]eby a *emical action is br\ght into play1 ) ! results already m5tion$4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 pass+ ! products ( combu/ion ( a furnace f a cle> fire 9 a hot /ate ?r\gh a /ill conta9+ ! ammoniacal liquor4 ,! hot gases f ! furnace imp>t _! heat to ! liquor1 caus+ ! volatilization ( ! cond5s$ gases1 & at ! same "t act *emically ^u ! liquor & evolv$ gases1 s t ammonia & sulphuric acid are result+ products1 9 ! comp\nd /ate ( sulphate ( ammonia4 ,! =mation ( ! ammonia produc$ 9 ! process is probably due to ! decomposition ( nitrog5\s bodies conta9$ 9 solution 9 ! liquor--! sulphocyanide1 = in/ance2 ! nitrog5 be+ giv5 (f 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,( ! sulphuric acid produc$1 we look ^u ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 z ! s\rce1 also any sulphites exi/+ 9 ! liquor1 :i* 9 _! volatile /ate take up ! atom ( oxyg5 necess>y = _! conv]sion into sulphate4 ,illu/ration ,! app>atus us$ 9 work+ ! process consi/s ( a t[] /ill1 conta9+ a numb] ( sup]pos$ trays ab\t #c or #d in*es ap>t1 ) a lipp$ hole ?r\gh ! bottom ( ea* at ! side4 ,! trays are s plac$ 9 ! t[] t ! holes are at alt]nate sides4 ,! liquor passes into ! top ( ! /ill1 & zigzags d[n ?r\gh ! s]ies ( trays1 z 9 an ord9>y ,c(fey /ill4 ,! bottom tray diff]s f ! re/2 be+ mu* deep]1 & hav+ holes ?r\gh x connect+ x ) ! furnace1 :i* is set imm$iately bel[ x4 ,! products ( combu/ion ( ! fuel are caus$ to pass f ! furnace up ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! trays 9 ! /ill1 &1 toge!r ) ! gases evolv$ f ! liquor1 are direct$ into ! saturator1 :]e ! sulphate ( ammonia is obta9$ ei!r 9 solution or 9 ! cry/all9e /ate4 ,:]e ! process is at pres5t be+ work$1 an exhau/] is us$ to draw ! furnace gases ?r\gh ! /ill2 b x might be advantage\s to use a bl[]4 ,a small plant has be5 put 9 action at ! gas works 9 ,kilk5ny & ano!r on a l>g] scale1 & diff]+ some:at 9 detail1 "h 9 ,glasg[ at ! ,alum & ,ammonia ,company's works1 :]e ! liquor f ! ,trade/on ,gas ,works is conv]t$4 ,! trials on a work+ scale h only be5 made at bo? places )9 ! pa/ t5 days2 &1 s f>1 no?+ has appe>$ aga9/ ! pr9ciple1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 ( ! details ( con/ruction "s alt]ations are be+ made to improve x4 ,! extra yield ( salt f a giv5 quantity ( acid obta9$ 9 ! exp]im5ts has be5 prov$ 9 practice1 z also ! absorption ( ! sulphuret$ hydrog54 ,! o!r day1 :ile ammoniacal liquor ( ab\t #i oz4 /r5g? 0 be+ run at ! rate ( #gj gallons p] h\r ?r\gh ! /ill1 #e feet 9 diamet] & #aj feet high1 conta9+ sev5te5 trays1 no smell ( sulphuret$ hydrog5 0 p]ceptible f ! wa/e gases f ! saturator1 al?\gh on apply+ lead pap] a slight trace ( ?is impurity 0 noticeable1 & x may be /at$ t ! gases 7 be+ deliv]$ at ! gr\nd level1 :]e !re 0 no difficulty 9 te/+ !m4 ,9 ! ,glasg[ app>atus we h f\nd x advisable to enl>ge ! pipe lead+ ! gases into ! saturator1 z ! volume ( ^! is mu* great] ?an w\ld be ! case 9 ! ord9>y me?od ( work+4 ,fur!r exp]i5ce w probably indicate ! desirability ( increas+ ! height ( ! /ill1 :i*1 be+ only #aj feet1 is n m ?an half ! height t ,c(fey /ills are ord9>ily made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,ur9e4 ,,introduction4 ,:atev] may be ! position ( ,briti% ph>maci/s 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 x _c be said t !y h paid ! att5tion to ! analysis ( ur9e :i* ! subject has receiv$ f ph>maci/s on ! ,cont95t4 ,consid]+ ! importance ( ! subject1 ?is curi\s neglect c only be attribut$ to ! fact t ! ph>maci/ 9 ,great ,brita9 is b sl[ly atta9+ ! position ( *emical exp]t to ! physician1 :i* 8 =eign confr]e has s long held ) cr$it & ev5 di/9ction4 ,9 ,france1 = example1 ,m4 ,mhu1 ^: "n is famili> to read]s ( ?is j\rnal1 is look$ ^u z "o ( ! lead+ au?orities on morbid ur9e & its analysis1 & yet a li/ ( goodly ph>maceutical pap]s %[s t1 z ! m$ical analy/1 he has n =gott5 8 connection ) pure ph>macy4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts ab\t ur9>y analysis :i* entitle x to a v high position 9 ! e/imation ( ph>maci/s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! physician is no m likely to be fond] ( ! te/ tube ?an ( ! pe/le1 ( analyz+ ur9e ?an ( comp\nd+ 8 own m$ic9es4 ,lead+ m5 9 ! pr(ession are m & m sett+ _! faces aga9/ ! disp5s+ doctor1 & !re are numb]s among !m :o admit t !y succe$ no bett] z analy/s ?an !y d z disp5s]s4 ,"s old fa%ion$ practition]s tr\ble !mselves v little ab\t _! pati5ts' ur9e1 except1 p]haps1 9 respect ( sug> & album54 ,on ! o!r h&1 numb]s ( lead+ physicians1 includ+ especially ^? highly educat$ g5tlem5 :o cultivate a consult+ practice1 are 9 ! habit ( pu%+ ur9>y analysis almo/ to an excess4 ,"o well-kn[n speciali/ ( ! writ]'s acqua9tance1 ) an ext5sive ,we/ ,end practice1 makes quantitative det]m9ations ( urea1 uric acid1 & total acidity1 9 addition to conduct+ o!r diagno/ic exp]im5ts1 on e occasion t he int]views 8 pati5ts4 ,by ?is means he has accumulat$ 9 8 case books a mass ( data :i* he consid]s mo/ valuable z an aid to diagnosis1 & ?r\gh t to successful treatm5t4 ,ph>maci/s are prov]bially neat-h&$1 z ,mr4 ,m>t9dale w\ld say1 & _! habit ( conduct+ disp5s+ op]ations :i* involve ! dext]\s manipulation ( v small quantities ( mat]ial fit !m admirably to und]take volumetric & o!r rapid analytical det]m9ations4 ,comp>$ ) ! doctor !re is no d\bt t 9 ?is matt] ! *emi/ is facile pr9ceps1 & f ! nature ( _! respective occupations su* c\ld only h be5 expect$4 ,a few *emi/s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry lay !mselves out to save _! local doctors f unwelcome te/ tube practice1 & ^! almo/ to a man f9d x pay4 ,"s *>ge a h&some fee to pati5ts1 & a small "o :5 ! analysis comes ?r\gh ! physician4 ,o!rs f9d x to _! int]e/ to furni% m$ical m5 ) qualitative reports on sug> or album5 gratuit\sly4 ,al?\gh ?is practice has c]ta9 obvi\s drawbacks1 if a doctor s5ds 8 prescriptions to a *emi/1 ! latt] is (t5 will+ to gratuit\sly p]=m 8 *emical "w4 ,9 ! pres5t article we propose to describe briefly b fully ! me?ods :i* h be5 f\nd ( mo/ value 9 practice4 ,,prelim9>y ,,op]ations4 ,x is ! practice ( "s physicians to direct ! pati5t to pres]ve all ! ur9e pass$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & to =w>d ?is 9 "o bottle = analysis4 ,o!rs1 aga91 m]ely s5d a small sample ( morn+ & ev5+ ur9e 9 sep>ate phials1 desir+ only a comp>ative report4 ,9 ! =m] case ! volume %\ld be accurately measur$1 & ! quantity not$ ei!r 9 fluid ounces or cubic c5timet]s be=e comm5c+ ! analysis4 ,?is ne$ n be done if small samples only are receiv$4 ,! color %\ld be not$4 ,x v>ies greatly1 ?r\gh e %ade ( yell[ & amb] to d>k br[n1 ) a t+e ( gre5 or r$1 if ! color+ matt] ( bile or blood is pres5t4 ,also note relative transp>5cy or cl\d9ess1 specific gravity1 & reaction1 z all ^! obs]vations are useful 9 diagnosis4 ,odor is n q s important4 ,! specific gravity %\ld be tak5 at ab\t #fj ,f4 9 an ord9>y specific gravity bottle1 or m conv5i5tly by means ( a good ur9omet]4 ,9 ! latt] case x is v important to h an in/rum5t ( kn[n accuracy1 _m ( ^? 9 ! m>ket be+ valueless4 ,ur9omet]s ( glass1 ?\gh fragile1 are decid$ly m cleanly & less liable to get out ( ord] ?an ! gild$ brass in/rum5ts c>ri$ 9 ! pocket by _m physicians4 ,mr4 ,j4,j4 ,hicks1 ( #h ,hatton ,g>d51 ,e4,c41 manufactures a v cr$itable pat5t ur9omet] at an extremely l[ co/4 ,heal?y ur9e has a d5sity ( f #a4jae to #a4jbe2 b v>iations f ?is range are common4 ,illu/ration ,a fair quantity ( ! ur9e1 aft] %ak+1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a tall conical glass vessel1 to all[ easy collection ( ! precipitate = subsequ5t1 microscopical exam9ation4 ,if an abundant amorph\s deposit ( a fawn or p9k--f uro]y?r9--color sl[ly settles & is readily diffus$1 urates 9 excess c be anticipat$4 ,_! pres5ce is prov$ by ! read9ess ) :i* !y dissolve on w>m+ ) ! sup]natant ur9e to ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! blood4 ,no difficulty is exp]i5c$ if small quantities ( album5 are pres5t1 z t body is n coagulat$ until ! temp]ature rises mu* high]4 ,a s&y precipitate ( free uric acid w n dissolve on w>m+ ! ur9e1 & its id5tity c fur!r be det]m9$ by means ( ! microscope1 or by apply+ a well-kn[n color-reaction4 ,a gra9 or s is oxidiz$ into r$di% alloxan & alloxant9 by c>efuly evaporat+ ) a few drops ( /rong nitric acid on a piece ( porcela94 ,a little ammonia is !n add$1 :5 ! f9e purple murexide /a9 w be produc$4 ,x is always advisable to m5tion ! reaction to te/ pap]s ( all samples receiv$4 ,ur9e is normally acid1 b !re are c]ta9 diseases :i* r5d] fluid neutral or alkal9e4 ,! urea ( acid ur9e on /&+ is *ang$ by a putrefactive f]m5t into ammonic c>bonate1 b ?is decomposition 9 a /ate ( heal? %\ld n take place = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,alkalies1 or organic salts ( alkal9e metals1 :5 tak5 z m$ic9e r5d] ! ur9e alkal9e1 & ! indication is !n n ( mu* mom5t2 b if none ( ^! causes exi/1 ! condition is ( s]i\s diagno/ic import4 ,:]e x is desir$ to det]m9e ! degree ( acidity ( ! ur9e void$1 say1 by a g\ty pati5t1 a dilute volumetric solution ( cau/ic soda %\ld be employ$1 us+ a few drops ( an alcoholic solution ( ph5olph?ale9 z an indicator1 & report+ 9 t]ms ( oxalic acid4 ,! soda solution may conv5i5tly conta9 ! equival5t ( "o milligramme ( recry/alliz$ oxalic acid 7,h#b;,c#b,o#d4b;,h#b,o7 9 ea* cubic c5timet]4 ,,urea4 ,c>bamide1 z x is call$ by sy/ematic *emi/s1 or urea1 is next to wat] ! l>ge/ con/itu5t ( ur9e1 & =ms ab\t "o-?ird ( its total solids4 ,d]iv$ f ammonic c>bonate by ab/ract+ two molecules ( ! elem5ts ( wat]1 x is readily conv]t$ by putrefaction into t salt1 & ! ur9e "u ^! circum/ances becomes /rongly alkal9e 9 reaction4 ,e>?y phosphates !n fall naturally out ( solution1 s t ! putrid fluid is always well furni%$ ) s$im5t4 ,nitrog5 t has s]v$ its purpose z muscle or o!r proteid leaves ! animal economy *iefly 9 ! =m ( urea1 & its proportion 9 ! ur9e1 !re=e1 is a fair index ( ! activity ( wa/+ influ5ces4 ,= its det]m9ation ,knop's sodic hypobromite me?od1 on acc\nt ( its conv5i5ce1 is n[ g5]ally pref]r$4 ,! volumetric process ( ,liebig1 :i* dep5ds on ! =mation ( an insoluble comp\nd ( urea ) m]curic nitrate1 possesses no advantages & is tr\blesome to "w4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! hypobromite process is simple4 ,9 a /rongly alkal9e solution urea is brok5 up by sodic hypobromite1 its nitrog5 be+ evolv$ 9 ! gase\s /ate1 & its c>bon & hydrog5 oxidiz$ to c>bonic anhydride & wat] respectively4 ,! volume ( free nitrog5 obta9$ be>s a direct ratio to ! am\nt ( urea decompos$4 ,illu/ration ,among ! numb] ( in/rum5ts :i* h be5 introduc$ = ! purpose ( conv5i5tly measur+ ! evolv$ gas1 t ( ,g]r>d1 an illu/ration ( :i* we give1 is "o ( ! simple/1 *eape/1 & be/4 ,! ureomet] tube1 b1 is connect$ at ! base ) a movable res]voir1 c1 & by means ( a rubb] tube pass+ ?r\gh a cork at ! top to ! g5]at+ bottle1 a4 ,to use ! app>atus1 fill b to z]o ) wat] & h ! res]voir plac$ s high t x conta9s only an in* or s ( ! liquid4 ,replace ! cork ) atta*$ tube tightly 9 b4 ,n[ p\r into ! g5]at+ bottle #be c4c4 ( a solution prep>$ by dissolv+ #a "p ( cau/ic soda 9 #b p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 & dext]\sly break 9 ! liquid a tube conta9+ #b4b c4c4 ( brom9e4 ,! tubes w be f\nd v conv5i5t1 obviat+ entirely ! suffocat+ fumes diffus$ 9 ! act ( measur+ brom9e4 ,all[ to /& 9 ! solution ( sodic hypobromite ?us prep>$ a te/ tube conta9+ exactly #e c4c4 ( ! ur9e "u exam9ation4 ,cork ! bottle z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 see t ! wat] is at z]o1 & t ! liquid 9 ! res]voir is at ! same level1 & !n all[ ! ur9e to gradually mix ) ! hypobromite solution4 ,cool ! evolv$ gas by plac+ ! bottle 9 cold wat]1 adju/ ! levels ( ! wat] 9 ! tube & res]voir 7to obviate a correction = pressure71 & read (f ! p]c5tage ( urea 9 t]ms ( :i* ! tube is graduat$4 ,/ale ur9e1 ! urea ( :i* has l>gely be5 conv]t$ into ammonic c>bonate1 /ill yields a v fair result1 t salt be+ also completely split up by ! p[]ful oxidant employ$4 ,%\ld ! ur9e conta9 album51 x is advisable to remove x by boil+ & filt]+1 z1 al?\gh only sl[ly decompos$ by ! hypobromite solution1 x communicates to ! liquid su* a t5d5cy to fro? t ! dis5gagem5t ( ! nitrog5 is s]i\sly imp$$4 ,mo/ ( ^? alkaloids :i* might possibly be pres5t d n yield ! gas :5 treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 & !re=e may be disreg>d$4 ,,sug>4 ,glucose1 s *>act]i/ic ( diabetes mellitus1 is n difficult ( detection or e/imation4 ,! facility ) :i* x r$uces alkal9e cupric1 arg5tic1 bismu?\s1 f]ric1 m]curic salts1 indigo & potassic picrate & *romate solutions has be5 utiliz$ = ! prep>ation ( sev]al ready me?ods = its det]m9ation4 ,tromm]'s te/ consi/s 9 add+ en\gh cupric sulphate to color gre51 !n excess ( alkali1 & boil+4 ,yell[ to brick-r$ cupr\s oxide =ms z a heavy precipitate if glucose is pres5t4 ,! organic matt] ( ! ur9e prev5ts ! precipitation ( cupric hydrate on ! addition ( ! alkali4 ,?is te/ is delicate & des]v$ly popul>4 ,fehl+'s well-kn[n solution conta9s sodio-potassic t>trate1 :i* s]ves ! purpose *iefly ( reta9+ ! copp] 9 solution4 ,un=tunately1 ,fehl+'s orig9al solution has a t5d5cy to become hyp]-s5sitive if kept long1 a pron5ess to *ange t is mu* increas$ on dilution4 ,:5 s alt]$1 ! solution w yield a m or less copi\s precipitate ( cupr\s oxide on m]ely boil+1 & q indep5d5t ( ! pres5ce ( glucose4 ,?is decomposition is obviat$ by pres]v+ ! copp] salt 9 a sep>ate solution f ! t>trate & alkali1 & mix+ be=e use4 ,s*mi$eb]g sub/itutes mannite & ,cresswell glyc]9 = ! ,ro*elle salt1 9 ord] to r5d] ! solution /able4 ,"s prep>$ by ! writ] ov] twelve mon?s ago1 accord+ to ! sugge/ion ( ! latt] physician1 has s9ce %[n no signs ( decomposition1 & is n[ z good z x 0 !n4 ,= qualitative purposes ! solution may be prep>$ ?us3 ,dissolve #ce gm4 ( recry/alliz$ cupric sulphate & #bjj c4c4 ( pure glyc]9 9 #ajj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,dissolve sep>ately #hj gm4 ( cau/ic soda 9 #djj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,mix ! solutions & boil = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,a small am\nt ( r$uction f impurity 9 ! glyc]9 takes place4 ,all[ to /& till cle>1 decant1 & dilute to #a1bej c4c4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s w !n equal r\ghly #e c5tigrammes ( glucose4 ,= exact quantitative det]m9ation x is necess>y to /&>dize ! solution ) pure anhydr\s dextrose4 ,to a practic$ op]ator ! indications yield$ by ! use ( ?is te/ are ( great value2 b beg9n]s are exce$+ly liable to mi/ake its v>i\s reactions1 & to report ! ur9e z sac*>9e :5 normal traces only ( sug> are pres5t4 ,! bismu? te/ ( ,bottg]1 z greatly improv$ by ,nyl&]1 is fairly delicate1 & n s easily misread z ,fehl+'s4 ,a l>ge volume ( reag5t be+ us$ ) a comp>atively small quantity ( ur9e1 ! precipitate ( e>?y phosphates does n int]f]e 9 ! lea/ ) ! reaction4 ,on boil+ ab\t #c dra*ms ( ,nyl&]'s solution & #bj m9ims ( ur9e = a m9ute or two1 ! liquid d>k5s ) a trace ( sug>1 & becomes opaque & black if ! latt] is pres5t 9 quantity4 ,! reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ #did gra9s ( cau/ic soda1 #bdg gra9s ( ,ro*elle salt1 & #aed gra9s ( subnitrate ( bismu? 7free f silv]7 9 #ac fluid oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,x %\ld be decant$ = use f any s$im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,pavy',s ,,app>atus4 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! am\nt ( glucose pres5t is requir$ to be det]m9$1 ,dr4 ,pavy's ammonia cupric process di/ances all compe]s = ease ( application & delicacy ( end-reaction1 comb9$ ) consid]able accuracy4 ,8 solution diff]s f t ( ,fehl+ 9 conta9+ ammonia1 :i* dissolves ! cupr\s oxide z soon z x is =m$1 yield+ a colorless solution4 ,x is only necess>y1 !re=e1 to note ! mom5t t ! blue color ( ! liquid is exactly dis*>g$1 9 ord] to tell :5 all ! copp] pres5t has be5 r$uc$4 ,pavy's solution is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,dissolve #cef gra9s ( ,ro*elle salt & ! same weight ( cau/ic pota% 9 di/ill$ wat]2 dissolve sep>ately #gc gra9s ( recry/alliz$ cupric sulphate 9 m wat] ) heat4 ,add ! copp] solution to t fir/ prep>$1 & :5 cold add #ab fluid oz4 ( /rong ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #j4hhj71 & di/ill$ wat] to #dj fluid oz4 ,! e/imation is ?us conduct$3 ,dilute #aj c4c4 ( ! ammoniat$ cupric solution--equival5t to #e milligrammes ( glucose--) #bj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & place 9 a #f or #h oz4 flask4 ,atta* ?is by means ( a cork to ! nozzle ( an ord9>y ,mohr's burette1 b1 pref]ably fitt$ ) a glass /opcock1 & fill$ previ\sly ) ! dilut$ ur9e4 ,! small tube1 c1 :i* trav]ses ! cork is int5d$ to p]mit ! escape ( /eam4 ,n[ raise ! blue liquid 9 ! flask to active ebullition--n too viol5t--by ! aid ( a _s lamp or small ,buns5 flame4 ,turn ! /opcock 9 ord] to all[ ! ur9e to fl[ into ! boil+ solution at ! rate ( ab\t #ajj drops p] m9ute 7n m or mu* less7 until ! azure t9t is exactly dis*>g$4 ,!n /op ! fl[1 & note ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s us$4 ,t am\nt ( dilute ur9e w conta9 #e milligrammes ( glucose4 ,to r5d] ! det]m9ation z accurate z possible1 ! ur9e %\ld be dilut$ to su* an ext5t t n less ?an #d or m ?an #g c4c4 are requir$ to decolorize ! solution1 & ! proportions necess>y w be f\nd to v>y f #a "p ( ur9e 9 #b to #a 9 #cj or #dj4 ,! subsequ5t calculation is v simple4 ,if y wi% to give ! p]c5tage ( sug>1 multiply #j4jje by #ajj1 & divide ! product by ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( dilute ur9e employ$4 ,! figure ?us obta9$1 multipli$ by ! ext5t ( dilution--i4e41 if !re is #a ( ur9e 9 #aj1 multiply by #aj--;gives ! requir$ p]c5tage4 ,! numb] ( gra9s p] fluid ounce c ( c\rse be obta9$ by multiply+ ! p]c5tage by #d4cge4 ,to obs]ve easily ! exact end-reaction a piece ( :ite pap] %\ld be plac$ beh9d ! flask4 ,if ! analy/ objects to ! escape ( ! wa/e ammoniacal fumes1 !y may be conduct$ by a suitable arrangem5t into wat] or dilute acid4 ,9 addition to glucose !re are small quantities ( o!r copp]-r$uc+ bodies pres5t 9 all ur9e1 :i* always r5d] ! read+ high] ?an /rict accuracy w\ld dem&4 ,_! aggregate proportion1 h[ev]1 is1 comp>atively speak+1 s m9ute t = mo/ m$ical purposes _! pres5ce may be disreg>d$4 ,great] c>e mu/ be ex]cis$1 ?\gh1 9 ^? in/ances :]e su* a deoxidiz] z *loral hydrate is accid5tally pres5t4 ,9 case ( d\bt1 a little wa%$ & press$ yea/ %\ld be all[$ to /& ) ! ur9e = a day or two 9 a w>m place4 ,alcoholic f]m5tation ) evolution ( c>bonic acid gas soon sets 91 & ! specific gravity ( ! liquid is l[]$ consid]ably4 ,?is reaction po9ts conclusively to ! pres5ce ( sug>4 ,bas$ ^u ,braun's potassic picrate te/1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,johnson has devis$ a colorimetric process = ! e/imation ( sug>4 ,on boil+ an alkal9e solution ( t salt ) glucose1 ! =m] is r$uc$ to deep r$-br[n picramate1 ! color ( ! liquid1 ( c\rse1 v>y+ 9 int5sity accord+ to ! proportion ( sug> pres5t4 ,?is solution is dilut$ till x corresponds 9 t9t ) a f]ric acetate /&>d1 & ! p]c5tage ( sug> is !n readily calculat$4 ,= ^? :o pref] ?is process ! conv5i5t app>atus manufactur$ by ,mr4 ,cetti1 ( #cf ,brooke /reet1 ,holborn1 is recomm5d$1 :o w also furni% full p>ticul>s ( ! te/4 ,,album54 ,normal ur9e is free f coagulable proteids1 ?\gh x is admitt$ t album5 may sometimes occur 9 ! abs5ce ( disease4 ,x is always highly important1 !re=e1 to det]m9e accurately ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ?is body4 ,9 ! rel5tless malady nam$ aft] ,ri*>d ,bright1 ! ur9e always conta9s album51 & if accompani$ by ! ca/s ( ! ur9if]\s tubules y\r report may am\nt to a s5t5ce ( c]ta9 dea?4 ,! te/s :i* we n[ describe are accurate & easily appli$2 b reliance %\ld nev] be plac$ on any s+le reaction--at any rate until ! op]ator has acquir$ consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,galippe's picric acid te/ has )9 ! la/ few ye>s attract$ mu* att5tion1 *iefly ?r\gh ! comm5dation x has receiv$ f ,dr4 ,george ,johnson4 ,a saturat$ solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ #adj gra9s ( recry/alliz$ picric acid 7c>bazotic acid1 or1 m correctly1 tr9itroph5ol7 9 #a p9t ( wat] ) heat1 & decant+ ! cle> solution4 ,"s ( ! ur9e is r5d]$ p]fectly bright by filtration--repeat$1 if necess>y--?r\gh good filt]+ pap]1 & to ?is an equal volume ( ! picric acid solution is add$4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( album5 a m or less di/9ct haze is produc$1 :i* on heat+ to ! boil+ po9t is r int5sifi$ ?an o!rwise4 ,peptones1 if pres5t1 yield a simil> haze1 & qu99e or o!r alkaloid a m or less cry/all9e precipitate2 b 9 bo? ^! cases ! opalesc5ce is completely dissipat$ by heat4 ,muc91 an important con/itu5t ( "s ur9es1 is n affect$ by picric acid1 & ! te/ is decid$ly "o ( great value4 ,! nitric acid te/4 ,hell]'s contact me?od1 :i* c also be us$ ) ! la/-describ$ reag5t1 is ! be/ mode ( apply+ ! old-fa%ion$ & favorite te/ ) nitric acid4 ,to #e volumes ( a filt]$ saturat$ solution ( magnesic sulphate1 prep>$ by dissolv+ #aj p>ts ( ! salt 9 #ac p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 add #a volume ( /rong nitric acid1 & label ,sir ,w4 ,rob]ts' nitric acid reag5t4 ,a c\ple ( dra*ms ( bright filt]$ ur9e is all[$ to float on an equal quantity ( ?is solution 9 a te/ tube2 c>e be+ tak5 t ! contact l9e is %>ply def9$4 ,9 a p]iod ( "t v>y+ f a few seconds to a qu>t] ( an h\r1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( album5 pres5t1 a delicate opalesc5t zone =ms at ! po9t ( junction1 & if muc9 also is pres5t1 a m diffus$ haze high] up 9 ! ur9e4 ,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! position ( ! opacity4 ,9 "s conc5trat$ ur9es a belt ( urates w appe> at ! l9e ( dem>kation2 b ^! dissolve on w>m+4 ,moreov]1 ow+ to ! dilution necess>y 9 ! mode ( apply+ ,galippe's picric acid te/1 !y are n s readily %[n by ! latt]4 ,a oz4 glass syr+e c v conv5i5tly be sub/itut$ = a te/ tube 9 mak+ analyses accord+ to ,hell]'s me?od4 ,"s ( ! ur9e %\ld be drawn up1 & !n an equal volume ( ! reag5t4 ,on sett+ aside1 ! album5 r+ w rapidly develop4 ,! boil+ te/4 ,?is me?od also is v delicate & valuable4 ,x dep5ds on ! well-kn[n prop]ty possess$ by _m proteids ( coagulat+ "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,! ur9e %\ld h an acid reaction to te/ pap]2 if alkal9e1 x mu/ be cauti\sly neutraliz$ ) dilute acetic acid4 ,9 ei!r case a s+le drop ( /rong acetic acid %\ld be add$ to ab\t ?ree dra*ms ( ! bright liquid4 ,if ?is precaution is omitt$1 !re is dang] ( precipitat+ e>?y phosphates on heat+2 & %\ld a great excess ( acid be employ$1 a non-coagulable =m ( album5 kn[n z synton9 is =m$1 besides increas+ ! likelihood ( precipitat+ muc94 ,place ! prep>$ ur9e 9 a n>r[ te/-tube & hold x 9 a small flame s t ! upp] "p only ( ! liquid approa*es ! boil+ po9t4 ,by ?is means v small traces ( album5 are easily obs]v$1 ! opalesc5ce produc$ contra/+ /rongly ) ! cold & cle> fluid b5ea?4 ,! f]rocyanide te/4 ,hydr(]rocyanic acid yields a precipitate imm$iately 9 ! pres5ce ( mu* album51 & if traces only are pres5t1 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes4 ,to apply ! te/1 /rongly acidulate ) acetic acid1 & !n add a few drops ( rec5tly prep>$ potassic f]rocyanide solution4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ delicate te/s kn[n4 ,x is (t5 desirable t ! p]c5tage ( album5 pres5t %\ld be det]m9$ at frequ5t int]vals1 9 ord] to note ! success or o!rwise ( ! physician's treatm5t4 ,^! quantitative det]m9ations1 be+ int5d$ only = comp>ative purposes1 d n dem& any v excessive degree ( accuracy1 su* z w\ld be difficult to obta9 9 ord9>y practice4 ,! rec5t me?od ( a ,cont95tal work]4 ,dr4 ,esba*1 af=ds indications suffici5tly precise = !rapeutical requirem5ts1 & is at ! same "t extremely easy ( application4 ,! filt]$ acid ur9e is p\r$ into ! glass tube up to ! m>k ,u1 & !n ! special reag5t is add$ till ! level ( ! liquid /&s at ,r4 ,illu/ration ,mix ! liquids ?or\ghly1 )\t %ak+1 by rev]s+ ! tube a doz5 times1 close ) a cork1 & all[ x to /& upright = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! height at :i* ! coagulum !n /&s1 read (f on ! scale1 w indicate ! numb] ( p>ts p] ?\s&1 or grammes ( album5 9 "o lit]4 ,?is divid$ by t5 gives ! p]c5tage4 ,dr4 ,esba*'s te/ solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ #aj grammes ( picric acid & #bj grammes ( citric acid 9 #ijj c4c4 ( boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 & !n add+1 :5 cold1 suffici5t wat] to yield #a lit]4 ,! citric acid is only employ$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! acidity ( ! liquid1 & is really n ess5tial4 ,,uric ,,or ,,li?ic ,,acid4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! proportion ( uric acid 9 ur9e 0 =m]ly r neglect$ by physicians4 ,!re is n[1 h[ev]1 a gr[+ t5d5cy 9 a c]ta9 class ( diseases to atta* consid]able importance to its accurate e/imation1 &1 z "s little tr\ble is involv$1 ph>maci/s %\ld be prep>$ to und]take ! "w4 ,a r\gh way is to conc5trate some:at1 acidulate ) hydro*loric acid1 & collect & weigh ! precipitate ?r[n d[n on /&+4 ,!re are sev]al objections1 h[ev]1 to ?is me?od1 & _m attempts h be5 made to elaborate a m reliable process4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t1 & :i* has be5 pron\nc$ ! mo/ practical & successful1 has be5 devis$ by ,pr(essor ,haycraft4 ,al?\gh app>5tly r detail$ & elaborate1 ! det]m9ation is easy & extremely simple4 ,! foll[+ solutions mu/ be prep>$3 #a4 ,dissolve #e grammes ( nitrate ( silv] 9 #ajj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add ammonia until ! precipitate fir/ =m$ r$issolves4 #b4 ,dilute /rong nitric acid ) ab\t two volumes ( di/ill$ wat]2 boil1 to de/roy ! l[] oxides ( nitrog51 & pres]ve 9 ! d>k4 #c4 ,dissolve ab\t #h grammes ( ammonic ?iocyanate 7sulphocyanide7 cry/als 9 a lit] ( wat]1 & adju/ to dec9ormal arg5tic nitrate solution1 by dilut+ till "o volume is exactly equal to a volume ( ! latt]4 ,dilute ! solution ?us prep>$ ) n9e volumes ( di/ill$ wat]1 & label ,c5t9ormal ammonic-?iocyanate solution4 #d4 ,a saturat$ solution ( f]ric alum4 #e4 ,/rong solution ( ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #j4hhj74 ,! uric acid e/imation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,place #be p] c5t4 ( ur9e 9 a beak] ) #a gramme ( sodic bic>bonate4 ,add #b or #c c4c4 ( /rong ammonia1 & !n #a or #b c4c4 ( ! ammoniat$ silv] solution4 ,if1 on all[+ ! precipitate caus$ by ! latt] reag5t to subside1 a fur!r precipitate is produc$ by ! addition ( m solution1 ! ur9e conta9s an iodide1 & silv] solution mu/ be add$ till !re is an excess4 ,! gelat9\s urate mu/ n[ be collect$1 ! foll[+ special proc$ure be+ necess>y3 ,prep>e an asbe/os filt] by fill+ a #d oz4 glass funnel to ab\t "o-?ird ) brok5 glass1 & cov]+ ?is ) a b$ ( asbe/os to ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* deep4 ,?is is be/ manag$ by %ak+ ! latt] 9 a flask ) wat] until ! fib]s are ?or\ghly sep>at$1 & !n p\r+ ! emulsion s made 9 sep>ate portions on to ! brok5 glass4 ,on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! precipitate & ( ! filt]1 x is necess>y to use a ,spr5gel pump1 9 ord] to suck ! liquid ?r\gh4 ,! small app>atus sold to /ud5ts by *emical in/rum5t mak]s w answ] ! purpose admirably4 ,hav+ collect$ ! precipitate ( silv] urate on ! prep>$ filt]1 wa% x repeat$ly ) di/ill$ wat]1 until ! wa%+s cease to become opalesc5t ) a soluble *loride4 ,n[ dissolve ! pure urate by wa%+ x ?r\gh ! filt] ) a few cubic c5timet]s ( ! special nitric acid4 ,! process is c>ri$ out ?us3 ,add to ! liquid 9 ! beak] a few drops ( ! f]ric-alum solution to act z an indicator1 & f a burette c>efully drop 9 c5t9ormal ammonic ?iocyanate until a p]man5t r$ coloration ( f]ric ?iocyanate b>ely appe>s4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s us$ ( ! ?iocyanate solution multipli$ by #j4jjafh gives ! am\nt ( uric acid 9 ! #be c4c4 ,"o milligramme may be add$ to comp5sate = loss1 & ! :ole multipli$ by f\r gives ! p]c5tage ( uric acid 9 ! ur9e4 ,! :ole process dep5ds on ! fact t arg5tic urate fails to dissolve 9 ammonia1 b is soluble 9 nitric acid1 & is ?us easily obta9$ 9 ! pure /ate4 ,by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( comb9$ silv]1 ! p]c5tage ( uric acid c readily be calculat$4 ,! addition ( sodic bic>bonate prev5ts ! o!rwise inevitable r$uction ( ! silv] salt4 ,,bile4 ,9 diseases affect+ ! liv]1 ! ur9e frequ5tly becomes contam9at$ ) bili>y con/itu5ts4 ,if ! color+ matt] ( bile is pres5t 7bilirub91 etc471 ! liquid is d>k5$ consid]ably 9 t9t1 & may assume v>i\s %ades ( br[n or gre54 ,%\ld ! color be decid$1 ! fluid w be f\nd to foam /rongly on %ak+1 & :ite blott+-pap] w be /a9$ by x yell[ or gre5i%4 ,^! *>act]s po9t to ! pres5ce ( bile 9 fair quantity1 & x is only necess>y to apply a s+le confirmatory te/4 ,all[ "s ( ! ur9e to fl[ c>efully1 accord+ to ,hell]'s me?od1 ov] a c\ple ( dra*ms ( yell[ nitric acid 7i4e41 acid conta9+ traces ( ! l[] oxides ( nitrog574 ,a numb] ( rapidly *ang+ colors soon appe>1 pass+ ?r\gh gre51 blue1 violet1 & r$ to yell[4 ,! fir/ ( ^! t9ts1 gre51 is ! only "o t und\bt$ly po9ts to ! pres5ce ( bili>y color+ matt]1 all ! o!rs be+ yield$ by ano!r con/itu5t ( ur9e1 indican1 :5 simil>ly treat$4 ,%\ld ! color ( ! ur9e sugge/ ! pres5ce ( only traces ( bile1 ! be/ plan is n to treat ! ur9e directly1 b extract a quantity ( x by %ak+ ) *lor(orm4 ,on sep>at+ ! latt]1 & cov]+ ) yell[i% nitric acid1 ! color *anges w be obs]v$ p5etrat+ into ! *lor(orm4 ,a little1 also1 evaporat$ on a slide yields r$di% cry/als1 :i* exhibit a pretty play ( colors "u ! microscope :5 t\*$ ) nitric acid4 ,x is n unfrequ5tly consid]$ important to te/ ur9e = ! sodium salts ( ! conjugate bili>y acids1 tauro*olic & glyco*olic4 ,dr4 ,oliv]1 ( ,h>rogate1 has propos$ ! use ( an acidulat$ peptone solution = ?is purpose1 & ! reaction is und\bt$ly a good "o4 ,! reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ #cj gra9s ( fle% peptone1 #d gra9s ( salicylic acid1 & #cj m9ims ( /rong acetic acid1 9 suffici5t wat] to produce #h fluid oz4 ( solution4 ,?us prep>$1 ! peptone %[s no signs ( decomposition on keep+4 ,to use ! te/1 mix #a fluid dra*m ( ! reag5t ) #bj m9ims ( ur9e1 previ\sly dilut$ to a /&>d specific gravity ( #a4jjc4 ,a haze is produc$1 :i* w be f\nd to be m or less di/9ct1 accord+ to ! proportion ( bile salts pres5t4 ,,*lorides4 ,a normal & v>iable con/itu5t ( ur9e1 *lor9e1 is n usually requir$ to be det]m9$4 ,%\ld ! e/imation be consid]$ necess>y1 h[ev]1 ,volh>d's silv] process1 :i* has be5 notic$ 9 treat+ ( uric acid1 possesses sev]al advantages ov] o!r me?ods3 #aj c4c4 ( ur9e are dilut$ ) #fj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,to ?is is add$ #b c4c4 ( pure #gj p]c5t4 nitric acid & #ae c4c4 ( a /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate 7#a c4c4 #j4ja gramme ,na,cl74 ,%ake well & make up to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]4 ,all ! *lor9e pres5t w n[ be precipitat$ 9 ! liquid z a silv] salt4 ,filt] an aliquot "p 7ab\t #gj or #hj c4c471 & det]m9e 9 ! cle> solution ! excess ( silv] ) /&>d ammonic ?iocyanate1 us+ ! f]ric alum indicator4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! am\nt ( silv] orig9ally pres5t 9 ! aliquot "p has be5 precipitat$ z silv] *loride 7,ag,cl74 ,! :ole e/imation %\ld be conduct$ z rapidly z possible4 ,a simple calculation w !n give ! proportion ( *lor9e 9 ! dilute ur9e1 & ?is multipli$ by t5 %[s ! p]c5tage4 ,x is usual to report 9 t]ms ( ,na,cl4 ,,phosphates4 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! ph>maci/ is ask$ to det]m9e phosphoric acid quantitatively1 ! uranic-acetate me?od describ$ 9 ,sutton's ,volumetric ,analysis yields ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! process requires "s little exp]i5ce to use x ) ease1 & is too l5g?y = quotation "h4 ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation4 ,a good microscope is "o ( ! fir/ necess>ies ( ! ur9>y analy/4 ,by its aid x is possible to di/+ui% easily _m solid con/itu5ts ( ur9e--normal & pa?ological2 inde$1 ! exam9ation ( ur9>y deposits is (t5 q z important z ! m elaborate wet analysis4 ,a well-made in/rum5t is no luxury to ! ph>maci/2 b ev5 ^? ^: *ief aim is bon m>* c procure capital /ud5ts' microscopes at exce$+ly l[ co/4 ,"o ( ! *eape/1 & at ! same "t an in/rum5t ( good quality1 is ! ,/>1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,j4 ,beck1 ( #ca ,cornhill1 ,e4,c4 ,equipp$ ) a good microscope1 ! analy/ %\ld obta9 a fair supply ( typical slides = comp>ison4 ,! foll[+ selection w be f\nd suffici5t = 8 purpose3 ,a set ( ! *ief v>ieties ( uric acid1 calcic oxalate1 & triple phosphate2 ! urates & oxalurates2 urea nitrate1 calcic hippurate & c>bonate1 hippuric acid1 cy/91 well m\nt$ ca/s ( ! tubili ur9if]i1 sp]matozoa1 etc4 ,9 d\btful cases micro*emical reag5ts c be employ$1 us+ ,pr(essor ,attfield's ,*emi/ry z a guide4 ,:]e m\nt$ objects are n at h&1 ref]5ce may be made to ! capitally execut$ plates 9 t "w4 ,aft] obta9+ a little exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( ! microscope1 no difficulty w be met ) 9 ^! exam9ations4--,! ,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,liquid ,,& ,,gase\s ,,r+s4 ,all :o h le>n$ a little ( *emi/ry d\btless rememb] ! exp]im5t ) vortex r+s produc$ by phosphorus trihydride mix$ ) a little phosphide ( hydrog54 ,z ?is curi\s ph5om5on evid5tly does n dep5d ^u ! peculi> prop]ties ( ?is gas1 ,i h be5 try+ = "s "t to reproduce x by means ( tobacco smoke1 & ev5 ) *emical precipitates1 :i* are1 9 a way1 liquid smoke4 ,aft] a few t5tatives made at diff]5t times1 my exp]im5t succe$$ p]fectly4 ,! foll[+ is1 9 brief1 ! mode ( op]at+3 ,take up a little hydro*loric acid 9 a pipette & put a few drops ( x into a v dilute solution ( nitrate ( m]cury1 & y w obta9 r+s ( m]curial *loride t w1 9 _! desc5t1 take on ! same :irl+ motion t *>act]izes ! aureolas ( phosphuret$ hydrog54 ,! drops ( acid %\ld be all[$ to fall sl[ly1 & f a feeble height1 to ! surface ( ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! vessel4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ! result may be obta9$ ?r\gh ! use ( o!r solutions1 provid$ t a precipitate is produc$ t is n v ?ick1 = 9 ! latt] case ! r+s d n =m4 ,if ne$ be1 we may h rec\rse to milk1 & c>efully p\r a few drops ( x into a glass ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,production ,,( ,,smoke ,,r+s4 ,z reg>ds smoke r+s1 x is easy to produce ^! by puff+ cig> smoke ?r\gh a tube 7,fig4 #a74 ,b1 9 ord] to insure success1 a few precautions are necess>y4 ,! lea/ curr5t ( air mu/ be avoid$1 & ?is requires ! clos+ ( ! w9d[s & doors4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] to int]rupt ! asc5d+ curr5ts t are =m$ 9 proximity to ! body1 ! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ ov] a table1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! r+s t pass beyond ! table are n p]ceptibly influ5c$ by curr5ts ( hot air4 ,a tube in* 9 diamet]1 made by roll+ up a %eet ( common lett] pap]1 suffices = mak+ v beautiful r+s ( "o in* or m 9 diamet]4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve ! r+s well1 x is well to project !m t[>d ! d>ke/ "p ( ! room1 or t[>d ! black table1 if ! op]ator is seat$4 ,! fir/ puffs w n produce any r+s if ! tube has n previ\sly be5 fill$ ) smoke4 ,! :irl+ motion is p]fectly visible on ! exit ( ! r+ f ! tube1 & ev5 f> beyond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #b1 #c1 ,,& #d4--,,v>i\s ,,aspects ,,( ,,smoke ,,r+s4 ,z = ! aspect ( ! r+s project$ ) m or less velocity to diff]5t di/ances f ! tube1 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d give q a cle> idea ( t4 ,figs4 #c & #f %[ ! mode ( de/ruction ( ! r+s :5 ! air is /ill4 ,!re are always filam5ts ( smoke t fall aft] be+ prec$$ by a sort ( cup4 ,^! caprici\s =ms ( smoke1 9 spread+ ?r\gh a calm atmosph]e1 are especially v app>5t :5 ! rays ( ! sun ent] ! room4 ,v simil> ones may be obta9$ 9 a liquid ^: transp>5cy is int]f]$ ) by produc+ a precipitate or r+s 9 x4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #e ,,& #f44--,,smoke ,,r+s ,,break+ ,,up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,%all ,,we ,,h ,a ,,national ,,horse8 ,to ! ,editor ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t3 ,9 y\r issue = ,augu/ #ac is ,a ,proposition = a ,gov]nm5t ,bre$+ ,f>m = ,cavalry ,horses1 by ,lieut5ant ,s4,c4 ,rob]tson ,u4,s4,a41 ,fir/ ,cavalry4 ,! article is national 9 conception1 deep 9 c>eful ?\ght1 :i* only gift1 ) practical exp]i5ce ) ability1 c\ld s ably put be=e ! p4 ,z a bus9ess proposition1 x is cr$itable to an (fic] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army4 ,! husb&man & agriculturi/1 also ! navy & sci5tific explorations1 ea* 9 turn pres5t _! wants be=e ! gov]nm5t = help 9 "s way1 & receive assi/ance4 ,! seaman wants new & improv$ or bett] %ips1 & ! navy gets !m2 b ! poor cavalryman mu/ put up ) any k9d ( a craft he c get2 ! horse is ! cavalryman's %ip--w> vessel on l&4 ,! appeal ( ,lieut4 ,rob]tson to our gov]nm5t = bett] horses is reasonable2 & he tries to help ! gov]nm5t ) a c>efully /udi$ bus9ess proposition ?r\gh :i* to enable our gov]nm5t to grant ! supplication ( ! army4 ,t ,lieut4 ,rob]tson loves a horse1 & kn[s :at a good "o is1 no man c dispute :o has read 8 article2 b z to h[ x c be/ be produc$1 he does n "k4 ,:ile ,i = "o applaud bo? 8 article & 8 e>ne/ness1 ) y\r p]mission ,i w make "s sugge/ions z to ! bre$+ side ( 8 proposition4 ,! bus9ess portion w1 ( c\rse1 come "u ! ordnance dep>tm5t 9 any ev5t4 ,z = a gov]nm5t bre$+ e/abli%m5t = any k9d ( live/ock 9 ?is great agricultural c\ntry1 ,i feel t su* w\ld be at v>iance ) ! int]e/s ( husb&ry 9 ,am]ica4 ,! bre$+ ( horses is p>ticul>ly an important bran* ( agriculture1 & ! f>m]s %\ld be assi/$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 ! improvem5t ( _! horses1 until !y are rais$ to a /&>d :i* 9 case ( em]g5cy c\ld supply ! army at a mom5t's notice ) ! be/ horses 9 ! _w at ! lea/ possible exp5se4 ,our gov]nm5t ,agricultural ,bureau is con/antly sp5d+ ?\s&s ( doll>s to help ! agriculturi/ 9 matt] ( bett] & great] v>ieties ( improv$ se$s & ! bett] way = cultivation4 ,n[1 ! se$ ( animal life is z important z 9 vegetable life to ! int]e/ & welf>e ( ! husb&man1 :i* also means ! gov]nm5t4 ,= ! gov]nm5t to become a monopoli/ ( any important bran* 9 agriculture is n 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( our republican-democratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,:ile advocat+ a protective t>iff aga9/ outside depreciation ( home indu/ries1 our gov]nm5t %\ld n 9 any way approa* mon>*ical intrusion ^u ! indu/ries ( its husb&m54 ,our gov]nm5t _c af=d to make its agriculturi/s competitors 9 s important a matt] to !m 7! f>m]s7 z 9 ! rais+ ( horses2 b ! gov]nm5t c see to x t ! husb&man has a /&>d = excell5ce 9 ! bre$+ ( horses :i* %all be recogniz$ z a national /&>d ! civiliz$ _w ov]4 ,!n1 by t /&>d1 & ?r\gh our sup]ior advantages ov] any o!r civiliz$ nation 9 ! va/ ext5t ( *eap & good grass l&s1 ) abundance ( pure wat]1 & ) all temp]atures ( climate1 we c gr[1 z a p1 ! be/ horses 9 ! _w1 to be kn[n z ! ,national ,horse ( ,am]ica4 ,our gov]nm5t mu/ h a blood /&>d = ! bre$+ ( horses1 by :i* our horses c be br$ & rais$ true to a type1 able to reproduce itself 9 any c\ntry to :i* we may export !m2 & ! types c be sev]al1 z our t]ritory is s great & dem&s s v>i$1 b blood & bre$+ mu/ be ! /&>d = ea* type4 ,our fancy bre$]s h a /&>d n[1 call$ a "t /&>d1 :i* is purely a gambl+ /&>d1 demoraliz+ 9 all its t5d5cies to bo? man & bea/4 ,) ?is ! gov]nm5t ne$ h no?+ to d1 = x w die out ( itself z ! masses le>n m ( x1 & especially w\ld x cease to be1 once ! gov]nm5t e/abli%$ a blood /&>d = ! bre$+ ( all horses1 & p>ticul>ly a ,national ,horse4 ,:5 ! c]eal crops ( our c\ntry are light1 or ! prices fall bel[ pr(itable production1 ! f>m] has always a colt or two to sell1 ?us help+ him ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,9 place ( con/antly import+ horses f ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,scotl&1 :]e !y are rais$ mo/ly 9 paddocks1 & pay+ out annually millions ( doll>s1 x is our duty to be export+4 ,z an ,am]ican ,i am a%am$ :5 ,i see p>ad$ at our c\nty or /ate fairs /allions & m>es we>+ ! blue ribbon ( sup]excell5ce1 ) boa/ful exclamation by ! own] ( a ?or\ghbr$ import$ ,p]*]on1 or a ?or\ghbr$ import$ ,fr5* coa*]1 or a ?or\ghbr$ import$ ,scot* ,clyde1 or a ?or\ghbr$ import$ ,engli% coa*]1 or a ?or\ghbr$ import$ ,engli% ,%ire1 or a ?or\ghbr$ import$ ,engli% ,clevel& ,bay6 ,! ,am]ican f>m] & 8 boys look on agha/ at ! maje/y & beauty ( ^! prize w9n]s ov] our big-head$1 cr[b>-neck$1 limp-tail$1 peek$-qu>t]$ horses call$ /&>d br$6 ,:at /&>d8 ,"t /&>d1 z creat$ by a man :o is nei!r a horseman nor a bre$]2 b because ( ! lack ( intellig5t in=mation & want ( c\rage ^u ! "p ( a few1 ?is man's ipse dixit has become law = ! ,am]ican bre$]s until su* "t z cultur$ intellig5ce %all cause !m to rebel4 ,x soon w4 ,x is inde$ "t = ! gov]nm5t to /ep 9 & regulate our horse bre$+4 ,( all ! national indu/ries !re is none ( m importance ?an t ( horses4 ,m s 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 because our facilities are great]1 & results c be great] "u prop] regulation4 ,lieut4 ,rob]tson has prov$ to be ! "r man 9 ! "r place1 to op5 ! door = glori\s results to our nation4 ,no "o man or a small body ( m5 c regulate ?is horse-bre$+ indu/ry1 b z 9 ,france1 ,russia1 & ,engl&1 ! gov]nm5t mu/ place its h& & voice4 ,we are inde$ an infant c\ntry1 b h gr[n to an age :]e p>5tal re/ra9t mu/ be us$ n[1 if ev]4 ,we h millions ( f>m]s 9 ,am]ica1 bre$+ annually millions ( horses2 & except we h ano!r int]nal w>1 our horses w soon become a burd5 & a pe/4 ,!re are numb]s ( ri* m5 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry bre$+ fancy horses1 = sport & speculation1 b !y only add to ! increas+ burd5 ( useless animals1 except = gambl+ purposes2 = !y are nei!r "w horses1 coa* horses1 nor saddle horses4 ,our f>m]s ( ! l& are ! bre$]s1 z our rec5t w> ( ! rebellion te/ifi$4 ,! w> ( #ahab1 ! ,mexican w> ( #ahdg1 & ! w> ( #ahfa ea* call$ = horses at a mom5t's notice1 & our f>m]s suppli$ !m1 de/roy+ f\ndation bloods = recup]ation4 ,f #ahfa to #ahfc ! noble patriotism ( our f>m]s caus$ !m to vie ) ea* o!r z to :o %\ld give ! be/ & lea/ money to help ! gov]nm5t2 & _c our gov]nm5t n[ d some?+ = ! /r5g? & s9ew ( ! l&1 ! f>m]s8 ,i 0 deal+ 9 horses1 m or less1 f #ahfa to #ahfc 7z ,i _h be5 be=e & long aft]71 & _m 0 ! magnific5t horse ,i saw l$ out by ! f>m] = ! gov]nm5t1 at a m9imum price1 :51 previ\s to #ahfa1 #djj1 #ejj1 & ev5 #fjj 0 refus$ = ! same animals4 ,horses t w\ld prove a headlight to any g5tleman's coa* 9 ! city1 & o!rs t w\ld trot (f f\rte5 to sixte5 miles an h\r on ! road z easy z !y w\ld eat _! oats1 w5t into ! cavalry or artill]y or to baggage tra9s4 ,:at 7 left = recup]ation at ! close ( ! w> 7 mongrels f ,canada or ! ,indian & wild l&s ( ! ,we/1 & su* o!r lazy brutes z our good f>m]s w\ld n impose ^u ! gov]nm5t ) or lat] 7 condemn$ by ! army buy]s4 ,^! 7 l>gely ( ! ,abdallah type ( horse1 not$ = co>s5ess1 homel9ess1 also s(t & lazy con/itutions4 ,no "o disputes ! brute homel9ess ( ! ,abdallah horse1 & 9 ?is ! old & trite say+ ( ,l begets l is exemplifi$ 9 desc5dants1 ) :i* our c\ntry is flood$4 ,! spe$ elem5t ( :i* we boa/ 0 left 9 our m>es ( ,arabian blood ?r\gh ,clay & ,morgan1 b 0 s limit$ 9 numb]s z to be an apology = our pres5t "t /&>d 9 ! bre$+ ( fancy horses4 ,kn[+ t ,abdallah blood produc$ no spe$1 & be+ l>gely ignorant z to ! bre$+ ( our m>es1 :i* 7 greatly scatt]$ ov] ! l& aft] ! w>1 "s k9d ( a guess _h to be made z to ! possibility ( ! colts we 7 bre$+1 h5ce ! "t /&>d fallacy4 ,b x has ru9$ en\gh m51 & gone f> en\gh4 ,^u ,lieut5ant ,rob]tson's proposition1 a turn c be made1 & a solid base = blood ) bre$+ ( all ,am]ican horses c be dem&$ by ! gov]nm5t = ! c\ntry's good4 ,f ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( man1 z a p increas$ 9 weal?1 !y gave att5tion to m5tal culture ) ref9em5t2 foll[+ :i* ! horse 0 cultivat$ to a high blood /&>d ) national pride4 ,f ! ,egyptians1 ! ,moors1 ! ,romans1 & ,britons to ,france1 ,russia1 & ,prussia we look1 f9d+ ! horse by ea* nation _h be5 a national pride--ea* nation resort+ to ! same primitive blood f :i* to create its type1 & t primitive 0 ! ,arabian4 ,sci5ti/s h !oriz$1 m5 h writt51 & boys h imag9$ 9 pr9t1 z to "s o!r ?an ! ,arabian f :i* to create a type ( horse1 & yet ?r\gh all ages we f9d t ,arabian has be5 ! "o /epp+ /one = ea* advanc$ nation ^u :i* blood to build its national horse4 ,sci5ti/s h reason$ & explor$1 try+ to prove to ! contr>y1 b :at h !y prov$8 ,! ,arabian horse /ill rema9s ! fact4 ,! lion1 ! tig]1 ! leop>d1 /ill rema9 ! same1 z does ! ass & ! zebra4 ,z ,god creat$ & man nam$ !m1 ) all animal life1 subject to ! w ( man1 s d !y all cont9ue to rema9 & reproduce1 ea* true to its type1 free f imp]fections or disease2 also ! same 9 vegetable & m9]al life4 ,9 animal life1 ! build1 =m1 color1 size1 & in/9cts rema9 ! same1 true to its blood f ! fir/1 & yet all 0 creat$ = man ?r\gh :i* to amuse him & make him "w4 ,x is a fact t all ( man's creations f any primitive life1 ei!r animal or vegetable1 w deg5]ate & cease to be1 :ile ( ,god's p]fect creations1 all cont9ue ! same4 ,we w cond5se on ! horse4 ,! ,arabian is ! mo/ pliable 9 its blood ( any o!r kn[n to man4 ,f x1 any o!r type c be creat$4 ,once a type has be5 creat$1 x mu/ be su/a9$ 9 itself by close bre$+1 :i* c be cont9u$ = q a numb] ( ye>s )\t deg5]acy4 ,= invigoration or revitaliz+1 resort mu/ be made to its primitive blood cause4 ,to g out ( ! family to cold] or ev5 w>m] creations ( man means great] mongrelization ( bo? blood & in/9ct1 also to invite new diseases4 ,no?+ is m infatuat+ ?an ! bre$+ ( horses4 ,a gift$ practical /ud5t 9 ! laws ( animal life may create a new & fix$ type ( horse1 b x c be z quickly de/roy$ by ! multitude1 ?r\gh ignorant mongrelization4 ,9 ! bre$+ ( horses1 our p are wild2 & 9 no indu/ry c our gov]nm5t d m good ?an 9 mak+ laws relat+ to _! bre$+4 ,x c fa!r ! production ( a national horse )\t own+ a bre$+ f>m4 ,x c make blood & bre$+ a /&>d = diff]5t types1 & see to x t its laws are obey$1 ?us b5efit+ all ! agriculturi/s1 & h bre$+ f>ms 9 ,am]ica2 & also itself z a gov]nm5t1 f9ancially4 ,we mu/ n h[ev] beg9 ^u ! creation ( o!r nations1 b indep5d5tly ^u ,god's gift to man1 z did ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,russia4 ,t a gov]nm5t %\ld int]f]e 9 ! bre$+ ( horses is no new ?+4 ,! ,arabs ( ! des]t boa/ to ?is day ( ,k+ ,solomon's /ud ( horses2 b 9 ea* & e in/ance :]e a nation has regulat$ & enc\rag$ ! bre$+ ( ! horse to a high /&>d ( excell5ce1 !y h all begun at ! primitive1 or ,arabian4 ,?us ,engl& 9 boa/+ ( h] ?or\ghbr$ race horse admits x to be ( ,arabian orig94 ,russia 9 boa/+ ( h] ,orl(f trott+ & saddle horse tells y x is ( ,arabian orig94 ,france boldly in=ms y t h] ,p]*]on is b an enl>g$ ,arabian1 & (f]s annual special premiums to su* z revitalize x ) fre% ,arabian blood4 ,aft] ! w> ( #ahab our =efa!rs import$ _m ,arabian /allions to recup]ate ! blood ( _! remnants 9 horses4 ,f #ahcj su* prom95t m5 z ,&rew ,jackson & ,h5ry ,clay said all !y c\ld by private lett] & public spee* to enc\rage ! importation ( & bre$+ freely to ! ,arabian horse1 & specially did ! ,/ate ( ,k5tucky foll[ ! advice ( ,h5ry ,clay1 s t f #ahcj up to #aheg ,k5tucky _h m ,arabian /allions 9 h] little di/rict ?an ! comb9$ ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,k5tucky has _h a pre/ige 9 h] m>es s9ce ! w>1 & x comes 9 ! l>g] am\nt ( ,arabian blood influ5ce %e has _h 9 !m1 ?an c\ld be f\nd else:]e4 ,k5tucky is %ut 91 z x 71 & reta9+ h] m>es l>gely impregnat$ ) ,arabian blood1 all t 0 necess>y = !m to d 0 to get trott+-br$ /allions f ,new ,york ,/ate1 !n eclipse all o!r ,/ates 9 ! produce4 ,:ile ,i *e]fully aw>d to ,k5tucky all cr$it due to x1 ,i am n will+ t ,lieut4 ,rob]tson %\ld make 8 base = gov]nm5t bre$+ e/abli%m5t sectional1 nor w\ld ,i submit to ,engl& ?r\gh ,k5tucky4 ,i am too ,am]ican = t4 ,= cavalry purposes1 ! ,prussian horse is ! be/ 9 ! _w1 & is also ,arabian 9 its close/ f\ndation4 ,to get at ?is blood "q m def9itely1 let u inquire into ^! diff]5t recogniz$ self-produc+ national types ( horses abroad4 ,fir/ is ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$ race horse1 :i* is simply an improv$ ,arab4 ,! functions ( ?is ,engli% national horse are b tw(old--to run races & to beget himself1 aft] :i* he ceases to be ( value4 ,he is n a produc] ( any o!r type ( value2 to bre$ him out ( 8 family is mongrelism & deg5]acy1 s we don't want him1 ev5 ?\gh we c\ld humiliate our ,am]ican pride ?r\gh our lov$ ,/ate ( ,k5tucky4 ,c\nt ,orl(f ( ,russia 0 a great horseman1 exce$+ly fond ( horseback rid+ indep5d5t ( ! *ase4 ,he tri$ 9 #ahjj to bre$ a satisfactory horse f ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$ race horse1 b w5t f bad to worse until he resort$ to ! ev]-pliant blood ( ! ,arabian4 ,he s5t to ,egypt & secur$ a ?or\ghbr$ ,arabian /allion1 pay+ #h1jjj = him 79 our money74 ,?is horse he br$ to ,dani% m>es1 l>gely ( ,arabian blood1 & creat$ a v /\t1 %ort-back$ horse1 /&+ f #ae to #ae & #af h&s high1 ( great trott+ spe$1 also able to run to weight1 & ) good disposition1 :i* ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$ did n h4 ,?is type he cont9u$ to close-bre$1 go+ back to ! ,arabian = r5ew$ /\tness4 ,at 8 dea?1 8 e/ates pass$ to 8 daught]1 :o cont9u$ h] fa!r's bre$+s until ! ,russian gov]nm5t pur*as$ ! entire collection1 ab\t #ahdf1 s9ce :5 ! ,russian gov]nm5t ,orl(f trott+ & saddle horse has become fam\s ! _w ov] z a fir/-class saddle1 cavalry1 /age coa*1 & trott+ horse comb9$4 ,!y are brok5 at ?ree ye>s ( age1 & sc>ce any t _c beat #b3cj at trott+ spe$1 & f t d[n to #b3ae 9 _! crude way ( hit*+ & driv+4 ,?is is some?+ = ,am]ican bre$]s to ?9k v int]e/$ly ^u4 ,france want$ heavy draught horses1 also pr\d coa* horses2 s r ?an g to any compet+ nation = _! creat$ types1 h] ent]pris+ subjects took ! same ,arabian blood1 & f x creat$ ! beautiful ,p]*]on1 also ,fr5* coa* horses1 s greatly valu$ & admir$ ! _w ov]1 & :i* ! gift$ & immortal ,rosa ,bonheur has s happily reproduc$ ^u canvas4 ,c ,am]ica %[ any k9d ( a horse to tempt h] bru%8 ,) reg>d to a f\ndation = a gov]nm5t or national horse1 ,i am c]ta9 s gift$ & able ,unit$ ,/ates (fic] z ,mr4 ,s4,c4 ,rob]tson did n "k t x 0 unnecess>y to g to ,engl& = ! blood ( _! national horse1 ev5 ?\gh we smuggl$ x ?r\gh ,k5tucky or any o!r ( our ,/ates4 ,aga91 x w\ld be impossible to produce any type ( a horse f ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$1 except a dunghill1 & ,mr4 ,rob]tson w\ld n h 8 gov]nm5t bre$ national dunghills6 ,i love ,engl& z our "m c\ntry1 b am an ,am]ican1 born & dy$ 9 ! wool to our indep5d5ce1 f ! ,decl>ation4 ,n[ let u see :at ,engl& says ( h] ?or\ghbr$3 ,he is no long] to be reli$ ^u = fulfill+ 8 tw(old functions z a rac] & reproduc] ( himself4 ,he is deg5]at+ 9 /\tness & spe$4 ,z a sire he has acquir$ faults ( con/itution & temp] :i*1 :ile leav+ him ! be/ we h1 is n ! be/ we %\ld aspire to h4 ,8 /\tness & spe$ are di/9ctly ,arabian qualities1 to :i* we mu/ resort = fre% & pure blood4 ,we h %[n t ! ,engli%man says 8 ?or\ghbr$ is full ( radical & gr[+ defects 9 w9d1 t5dons1 feet1 & temp]1 & t 8 tw(old functions are to run races & reproduce himself1 :i* are ! end ( 8 purpose4 ,does our gov]nm5t want bre$+ f>ms ^u :i* to nurse ^! admitt$ defects1 includ+ ! confirm$ ro>]1 = cavalry horses8 ,i quote aga93 ,^? :o h _h mo/ to d ) him are ready to admit t he no long] possesses ! s\ndness1 /\tness1 spe$1 c\rage1 & beauty he inh]it$ f 8 ,arabian p>5tage4 ,z a sire = half-br$ /ock1 he may d = ^? :o w use him1 b we mu/ resort to ! ,arabian if we w\ld revitalize & su/a9 our ?or\ghbr$ race horse4 ,9 ! face ( ^! /atem5ts1 9 pr9t abroad1 w\ld ,lieut4 ,rob]tson make ! base = our propos$ national horse t ( ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$1 scatt]+ ! we$s f su* imp]fect bre$+s among ! f>m]s ( our l&8 ,i am writ+ z an old horseman & bre$]1 & n z a newspap] man or "y en?usia/1 al?\gh ! en?usiasm ( y\? is /ill 9 me1 = :i* ,i am ?ankful4 ,?is "q ( horse bre$+ ,i h be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 = =ty ye>s pa/4 ,let me quote to ! read] f "o ( _m lett]s ,i h receiv$ f ,sir ,wilfrid ,seaw5 ,blunt dur+ ! pa/ sev5 ye>s4 ,8 practical k ( ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$ race horse & 8 blood cause1 ! ,arabian1 is ! equal if n sup]ior to any o!r "o man ( ?is pres5t age4 ,) 8 wife1 ,lady ,anne1 he dwelt ) ! diff]5t tribes ( ! des]t1 /udy+ ! ,arabs z a p1 9 _! cu/oms & habits1 also traditions ) beliefs4 ,9 matt] ( _! horses1 ,mr4 ,blunt made a special /udy1 :ile ,lady ,anne put h] di>ies 9 book =m aft] h] return1 & :i* book %\ld be own$ by e cultur$ & educat$ lady 9 ,am]ica4 ,aft] sp5d+ a ye> 9 ,arabia1 travel+ bo? sides ( ! ,euphrates & ?r\gh ,mesopotamia1 z no o!r ,anglo-,saxons h be5 kn[n to d1 liv+ ) ! diff]5t ,b$\9 tribes ( ! des]t z !y liv$1 ,mr4 ,blunt & 8 wife1 ,lady ,anne1 came out ) sixte5 ( ! *oice/ br$ m>es to be f\nd1 also two /allions1 ! m>es mo/ly ) foal4 ,^! 7 plac$ ^u _! e/ates1 ,crabbet ,p>k1 to cont9ue inbre$+ z ^u ! des]t1 pure to its blood4 ,z ?is "q 9 itself w make a long & int]e/+ article1 ,i w avoid x at pres5t1 quot+ to ! read] f "o ( my old lett]s3 ,,crabbet ,,p>k1 ,,sussex1 ,,engl&4 ,de> ,sir3 ,political matt]s h prev5t$ an e>li] reply to y\r la/4 ,i am well satisfi$ ) my pres5t results1 & %all n ab&on :at ,i h und]tak54 ,! practical m]its ( ,arabian blood are well und]/ood by u4 ,our sale ( "y /ock ma9ta9s itself 9 good prices 9 spite ( bad times2 inde$1 my av]age )9 ! pa/ two ye>s has ris5 f #hd to #ajb on ! pure-br$s sold z ye>l+s1 & we receive ! mo/ flatt]+ & satisfactory acc\nts f pur*as]s1 al?\gh x is kn[n t ,i reta9 ! be/ ( ea* ye>'s produce1 & s h greatly improv$ my bre$+ /ock4 ,y speak ( ! op9ions ( ! press z aga9/ y4 ,! sport+ press are n bre$]s1 b are ! m\?piece ( prejudices4 ,we h _h !m some:at aga9/ u1 b !y n[ view ?+s 9 m fri5dly tone4 ,= imm$iate use 9 runn+ races 79 :i* ! sport+ press are *iefly int]e/$71 ! ,arabian 9 8 undevelop$ /ate & "u size w n compete ) ! ,engli% race horse4 ,?is fact has caus$ rac+ m5 to d\bt 8 o!r _m & m important m]its2 inde$1 x is only ^? :o h _h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( him t z yet ackn[l$ge !m4 ,! /rong po9ts 9 ! ,arabian are _m3 ,fir/1 8 und\bt$ s\ndness 9 con/itution1 9 w9d1 limb1 & feet4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,engli%man mu/ h s\ndness 9 w9d1 limb1 & feet1 %[+ t _! ?or\ghbr$ is ! ?orn 9 t p>ticul>4 ,! ,arabian has also wond]ful intellig5ce1 great beauty1 & good disposition1 ) an almo/ affectionate desire to adapt himself to y\r wi%es4 ,9 bre$+1 ,i h f\nd ! pure-br$s delicate dur+ ! fir/ few weeks aft] bir?1 & h lo/ a good _m1 especially ^? foal$ e>ly 9 ! ye>2 yet x is a rem>kable fact t dur+ ! eight ye>s ( my bre$+ !m1 ,i h _h no s]i\s illness 9 ! /ables2 once ov] ! dang]\s age1 !y seem to h excell5t con/itutions1 & are always s\nd 9 w9d1 limb1 & feet4 ,second1 !y are ne>ly all good natural & fa/ walk]s1 also fa/ trott]s2 & f ! s\ndness ( _! feet are especially fitt$ = fa/ road "w1 be+ able to d almo/ any numb] ( miles )\t fatigue4 ,?ird1 !y are ne>ly all good natural jump]s1 & ,i h n _h a s+le in/ance ( a colt t w\ld n g across c\ntry well to h\nds4 ,!y are v bold f5c]s1 requir+ nei!r :ip nor spur4 ,!y c>ry weight well1 mak+ bold & easy jumps :]e o!r l>g] horses fail4 ,f\r?1 !y h naturally good m\?s1 & good temp]s1 ) free & easy paces2 s t "o :o has accu/om$ himself to rid+ a pure-br$ ,arabian w h>dly g back1 if he c help x1 to any o!r sort ( horse4 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce 9 rid+ ! ,arabian & ! ord9>y ,engli% hunt] or half-br$ t !re is 9 rid+ 9 a well-hung gig or a c>t )\t spr+s4 ,fif?4 ,z sires = half-br$ /ock1 ! ,arabian may n be bett] ?an a fir/-class ,engli% ?or\ghbr$1 b is c]ta9ly bett] ?an a second-class "o1 & fir/-class sires are out ( ! rea* ( all ord9>y bre$]s2 = t reason ,i recomm5d a fair trial ( 8 quality1 confid5t y\r bre$]s w n be disappo9t$4 ,) good "y m>es :o require a horse to give _! (fspr+ quality1 t is to say1 beauty1 ) c\rage & /\tness1 & ) a turn ( spe$ = fa/ road "w1 ! ,arabian is bett] ?an any class ( ,engli% ?or\ghbr$s t are us$ = cross bre$+4 ,i tru/ !n = t reason y w n all[ y\rself to be disc\rag$ by ! sl[ness ( ! p to appreciate all ! m]its ( ! ,arabian at once4 ,our bre$]s are full ( prejudices1 & only exp]i5ce c tea* !m ! value ( ?+s outside _! own circle ( k4 ,i h no d\bt :atev] t tru? w 9 ! end prevail2 b y mu/ h pati5ce4 ,rememb] t a public is always impati5t1 & mo/ (t5 unreasonably s4 ,my /ud ,i keep at a p]man5t /r5g? ( twelve brood m>es1 & z _m fillies gr[+ 9 res]ve4 ,y ask me reg>d+ ! pac+ gait4 ,i h se5 x 9 ! pure-br$ ,arabs on ! des]t2 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/ x is cultivat$1 notably 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,b>b>y4 ,! walk1 pace1 amble1 trot1 & run are f\nd 9 ! ,arabian1 & ei!r c be cultivat$ z a specialty4 ,if y ?9k any ( my lett]s to y are ( g5]al value to y\r p1 ,i am q will+ y %\ld s use !m4 ,i am1 v truly y\rs1 ,,wilfrid ,,scaw5 ,,blunt4 ,to ,,r&olph ,,hunt+ton1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,my exp]i5ce ) ,arabian blood ! pa/ sev5 ye>s ju/ifies all t ,mr4 ,blunt has pr$ict$ to me f "t to "t4 ,s also d old lett]s by ,&rew ,jackson & ,h5ry ,clay hold out ! same inducem5ts to ! bre$]s ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee 9 _! day4 ,f my long ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 all classes ( horses1 ,i am frank to say to-day t ,i w\ld n be )\t a ?or\ghbr$ ,arabian /allion on my place1 & j\rnali/s :o in=m _! read]s t !y are liable to spl9ts1 r+bones1 & spav9s1 give !mselves away to all intellig5t read]s & bre$]s z exce$+ly sup]ficial 9 matt] ( horses2 = r+bones & spav9s are positively unkn[n among ! ,arabs4 ,! way to get rid ( su* imp]fections 9 our mongrel bre$ ( horses is to fill !m up ) pure ,arab blood4 ,su* pap] m5 also talk ab\t fre% ,diom$ & fre% ,mess5g] blood1 z ?\gh !re _h be5 a drop ( x 9 nev] s dilut$ =m = any influ5ce ^! _m ye>s1 ( c\rse =gett+ t ,diom$ 0 a v /rongly inbr$ ,arabian horse4 ,he came to ?is c\ntry :5 #ba ye>s old4 ,he 0 foal$ #aggg1 & arriv$ 9 ,virg9ia 9 #agih4 ,f 8 old age & r\gh voyage 9 an old-fa%ion$ %ip1 x requir$ ne>ly a ye> to recup]ate f ! j\rney1 & 0 #bc ye>s old be=e he c\ld d /ud s]vice to any ext5t4 ,!n1 at no "t to 8 dea? 0 he a sure foal gett]1 ev5 to a few m>es4 ,he di$ 9 #ahjh1 ?irty-"o ye>s old1 long enfeebl$ & unfit = s]vice4 ,betwe5 #ahjh & #ahhg is q a p]iod ( "t1 dur+ :i* we h _h f\r diff]5t w>s1 beg9n+ ) #ahab1 & h[ mu* ,diom$ blood does ! read] suppose !re is 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,yet ,i take up daily & weekly pap]s devot$ to horse articles1 extoll+ ! value ( ,diom$ blood z cause = excell5ce 9 "s "y horse4 ,are we a nation ( idiots to be influ5c$ by su* nons5se8 ,i wi% !re 0 fre% ,diom$ blood2 ?us ! public w\ld "k :at ,arab blood _h done = ,engl&4 ,s ,i c say ( import$ ,mess5g]4 ,:at our bre$]s want is good1 solid in=mation 9 pr9t1 & n !2 dream+s ( "s pr(essional writ] = money4 ,= myself1 ,i am on ! d[nhill side ( life1 b s long z ,i c help ! "y by p5 or example1 ,i %all try4 ,,r&olph ,,hunt+ton4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sc5es ,,among ,,! ,,ext9ct ,,volcanoes ,,( ,,rh9el&4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,rh9e !re is a range ( m\nta9s1 includ+ sev]al ext9ct volcanoes1 :i* (f] gr& & beautiful sc5]y & e opportunity = geological /udy1 lead+ ! m9d back to ! e>ly ages ( ! e>?4 ,let u take an imag9>y trip ?r\gh ?is region1 />t+ on our w&]+s f ! ,rh9e1 :]e x breaks ?r\gh ! v9e-clad slate m\nta9s ( ! ,we/]wald & ! ,eifel4 ,a %ort di/ance above ! m\? ( ! ,ahr we leave its banks1 turn+ to ! we/1 & ent]+ ! m\nta9s at ! village ( ,ni$] ,breisig4 ,a pretty valley leads u up ?r\gh or*>ds & mead[s4 ,! l[] hills are cov]$ ) v9ey>ds & ! m\nta9s ) a d5se gr[? ( bu%es1 s t we d n obta9 an ext5d$ view until we rea* an elevat$ ridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ant ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,volcanic ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,eifel1 ,,tak5 ,,f ,,! ,,heights ,,( ,,! ,,s*neifel4 ,! valley ( ! ,rh9e lies f> bel[ u1 b ! glitt]+ surface ( ! riv]1 ) ! little t[ns1 ! ca/les & villas & ! g>d5s & v9ey>ds on its banks are /ill visible1 :ile 9 ! backgr\nd ! m\nta9s ( ! ,we/]wald h ris5 above ! hills on ! riv]4 ,?is range /ret*es out into a long wood$ ridge cr[n$ by cone-%ap$ peaks ( basalt4 ,to ! nor?we/ ( ?is lies ,sieb5gebirge1 ) its num]\s domes & p9nacles1 mak+ a gr& picture veil$ 9 ! blue mi/ ( di/ance4 ,on ! opposite side we h a v diff]5t view ( curi\s dome & cone %ap$ summits surr\nd$ by undulat+ plateaus or desc5d+ into deep rav9es & gorges4 ,x is ! we/]n "p ( ! volcanic region ( ,rh9el& :i* lies be=e u1 & 9 ! c5t] ( :i* is ! ,laa*]see or lake ( ,laa*4 ,! orig9 ( ^! volcanoes is n z remote z _m suppose1 b _! activity mu/ h cont9u$ = a comp>atively long p]iod1 judg+ f ! ext5t ( _! lava b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,%ores ,,( ,,laa*]see4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! sea cov]$ ! l[l&s ( ,nor? ,g]many1 & ! waves ( a deep bay wa%$ ! slopes ( ! ,sieb5gebirge4 ,!n ! b$ ( ! ,rh9e lay 9 ! highl&s1 :i* x gradually wa%$ away until ! surface ( ! riv] 0 f>1 f> bel[ ! level ( its old b$2 & !n ! volcanoes p\r$ =? _! /reams ( lava ov] ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! surface ( ! c\ntry has *ang$ s t ^! lava b$s n[ lie on ! m\nta9 sides ov]hang+ ! valleys ( to-day4 ,"s ( ! volcanoes s5t =? melt$ /ones & a%es f _! summits1 & /reams ( lava f _! sides1 :ile ! crat]s ( o!rs crack$ & !n sank 91 ?r[+ _! debris ov] ! neighbor+ c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,eifel !re are _m su* funnels :i* n[ conta9 wat] =m+ beautiful lakes 7,ma>571 :i* add mu* to ! sc5]y ( ! ,eifel4 ,! ,laa*]see is ! l>ge/ ( ^! lakes4 ,9 ! mean "t ! *annel ( ! ,rh9e _h be5 worn away almo/ to its pres5t level1 b ! m\nta9s /ill s5t =? _! /reams ( lava1 :i* /opp$ brooks & fill$ ! rav9es1 & ev5 ! ,rh9e itself 0 damm$ up by ! great /ream f ,=ni*]kopf =m+ :at 0 =m]ly ! ,neuwi$4 ,! old lava /ream :i* ob/ruct$ ! riv] is /ill to be se5 9 a t[]+ wall ( rock1 ext5d+ close beside ! road & track t foll[ ! %ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crat] ,,& ,,lake ,,on ,,top ,,( ,,! ,,mos5b]ge4 ,aft] hav+ made ^! obs]vations1 we desc5d f ! height :i* af=d$ u ! view ( ! ,v9rt ,valley4 ,a cle> brook fl[s ?r\gh gre5 mead[s & v>iegat$ fields /ret* along ! m\nta9 sides1 :ile mode/ little villages are scatt]$ among ! fruit trees4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! valley rises ! ,h]*5b]g1 an ext9ct volcano4 ,z we climb its sides we see traces ( ! =m] deva/ation4 ,loose a%es cov] ! gr\nd1 bits ( mica glitt]+ 9 ! sun1 & on ! summit we f9d enorm\s masses ( /one :i* 7 melt$ & !n bak$ toge!r4 ,9 ! c5t] lies ! old crat]1 a quiet1 b>r5 place be>+ v little vegetation1 b f its wall an excell5t view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry c be obta9$4 ,n f> f ?is m\nta9 lies ! mighty ,baus5b]g1 ) its imm5se1 well pres]v$ crat]1 only "o side ( :i* has be5 brok5 away1 & :i* is cov]$ ) a ?ick gr[? ( bu%es4 ,! l$ges ( ?is m\nta9 are full ( int]e/ = ! m9]alogi/4 ,ne>] to ,lake ,laa* are ! ,wahn5kopfe1 ! pr\d ,veitskopf1 & o!r cone-%ap$ peaks4 ,to ^! we direct our /eps1 & aft] a long tramp ov] ! roll+1 cultivat$ plateau1 we climb ! wood-cov]$ sides ( ! great bas9 9 ^: dep?s ! ,laa*]see lies4 ,f ! %ore ( ?is lake rise ! high volcanic peaks :i* t[] above all ! o!r m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lake ,,gemund54 ,tir$ f our climb ?r\gh ! a%es1 :i* are heat$ by ! sun1 we re/ 9 ! %ade ( a bee*-wood1 look+ ?r\gh ! leaves into ! valley bel[ u1 ) ! old cloi/]s & ! high ,roman *ur* :i* ! monks once built on ! banks ( ! lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,crat] ,,( ,,! ,,h]*5b]ges4 ,to ! s\? ( ! lake rise o!r volcanoes1 ly+ on ! bord] ( ! f]tile ,maifeld1 :i* gradually desc5ds to ! valley ( ,neuwi$4 ,"h1 at ! s\!rn declivity ( ! gr\p ( volcanoes :i* surr\nds ! ,laa*]see1 rem>kably l>ge /reams ( lava 7 eject$1 cov]+ ! surface ( ! plateau ) a ?ick lay]4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! /reams is t f ! ,ni$]m5dig1 :i* consi/s ( por\s masses ( nephel9e lava4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,romans mill/ones 7 made f ?is mass ( rock1 & ! indu/ry is c>ri$ on n[ on a l>g] scale4 ,x is a /range sight :i* meets "o's eyes :51 aft] desc5d+ ?r\gh n>r[ passages1 he f9ds himself 9 l>ge1 d>k halls1 f :i* ! /one has be5 cut away1 & 9 :i* !re are well-l %afts4 ,! /ones are rais$ ?r\gh ^! %afts by means ( gigantic cranes & eng9es4 ,because ( ! rapid evaporation ( ! wat] 9 ! por\s /one1 ^! vaults are always cool1 w9t] & summ]1 & !re=e !y are us$ by sev]al brew]s z /oreh\ses = _! be]1 :i* owes its fame to ^! und]gr\nd halls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mill/one ,,gall]ies ,,9 ,,! ,,lava ,,b$s ,,( ,,ni$]m5dig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,lava ,,b$s ,,( ,,ni$]m5dig4 ,al?\gh ! traces ( =m] volcanic action are evid5t to ! /ud5t ( nature1 ! ,rh9e ) its mild climate & luxuriant vegetation has cov]$ _m m>ks ( ! =m] *aotic /ate ( ! l&4 ,v little ( ?is beauty is se5 on ! high] &1 !re=e1 m sev]e & b>r5 m\nta9s ( ! ,we/]n ,eifel1 ?r\gh :i* a volcanic fissure runs f ! foot ( ! high unhospitable ,s*neifel to ,b]tri* ,ba?s1 ne> ! ,moselle4 ,f ! ridge ( ! ,s*neifel ! travel] f ! nor? has 8 fir/ glimpse ( ! /ill di/ant sy/em ( volcanoes4 ,! mo/ beautiful "p ( ?is portion ( ! ,eifel is 9 ! neighborhood ( ,dann & ,m&]s*eid4 ,ne> ! =m] rises a b>r5 m\nta9 ) a long ridge1 on ea* side ( :i* is a deep bas94 ,^! are sunk5 crat]s1 :i* n[ conta9 lakes1 & ne> ^! two !re is a ?ird1 l>g] lake1 ! ,ma> von ,s*alkemehr51 on ! cultivat$ banks ( :i* we f9d a little village4 ,! middle "o1 ! ,we9feld] ,ma>1 is ! mo/ int]e/+ = geologi/s1 = !re seems to h be5 sc>cely any *ange "h s9ce ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! m\nta9 lies ! ,gremund5] ,ma>1 ! %ores ( :i* are n b>r5 & wa/e l&1 l ^? ( ! middle lake1 b x is surr\nd$ by a d>k wrea? ( woods ^: tops are mirror$ 9 ! cry/al wat]4 ,f>!r to ! s\?1 ne> ! villages ( ,gill5feld & ,me]feld1 !re are m lakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,we9feld] ,,lake ,,on ,,! ,,mauseb]ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ea/]n ,,declivity ,,( ,,mos5b]ge ,,ne> ,,m&]s*eid4 ,! gr&e/ picture ( ^! anci5t ev5ts is (f]$ by ! ,mos5b]g1 ne> ,m&]s*eid1 a mighty volcano :i* comm&s an ext5sive view ( ! c\ntry4 ,two old crat]s lie on its d\ble top1 "o ( :i* has fall5 91 =m+ a %ort rocky valley1 b ! o!r reta9s its orig9al regul> %ape4 ,9 ! circul> funnel1 ^: walls consi/ ( masses ( lava /one1 re/s a quiet1 black lake1 t looks v my/]i\s to ! w&]]4 ,only l[ junip] bu%es gr[ ne> ! crat]1 be>+ witness to ! b>r5ness ( ! l&4 ,f ! foot ( ?is m\nta9 an imm5se /ream ( lava1 z wide & deep z a glaci]1 broke =? & fl[$ into ! valley1 :]e ! end ( ! /ream is /ill to be se5 9 a high1 /eep wall ( rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*eese ,,grotto ,,at ,,b]tri* ,,ba?s4 ,simil> sights are met all ?r\gh ?is we/]n volcanic region1 & we c consid] ! m9]al & acid spr+s1 :i* are v num]\s1 z ! la/ traces ( ! =m] di/urbances1 ! products ( ! decomposition ( ! volcanic /ones buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,at ,b]tri* ,ba?s !re are hot spr+s :i* 7 kn[n to ! ,romans1 = num]\s antiquities dat+ f _! "t h be5 excavat$ "h4 ,ne> ^! spr+s1 at ,b]tri*1 !re is a ,*eese ,grotto1 :i* is a break ?r\gh ! foot ( a /ream ( lava1 ! /ones ( :i* h n assum$ ! usual =m ( solidifi$ columns1 b h tak5 flat1 r\nd %apes :i* resemble ! =ms ( *eeses4 ,n[ we h complet$ our w&]+s1 :i* requir$ only a few days1 al?\gh !y ext5d$ ov] ?is :ole volcanic region1 & :i* end "h on ! ,moselle4--,ueb] ,l& und ,me]2 ,allgeme9e ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,! ,,meteorologiske ,,in/itut ,,at ,,upsala1 ,,& ,,cl\d ,,measurem5ts4 ,! ,meteorological ,in/itute at ,upsala has ga9$ s mu* fame by ! inve/igations on cl\ds :i* h be5 c>ri$ on !re dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 t a few notes on a rec5t visit to t e/abli%m5t w int]e/ _m read]s4 ,! ,in/itute is n a gov]nm5t e/abli%m5t2 x is entirely ma9ta9$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala4 ,! p]sonnel consi/s ( ,pr(4 ,hildebr&sson1 z director2 ,m4 ,ekholm & "o o!r male assi/ant1 besides a lady :o does ! telegraphic & "s ( ! comput+ "w4 ,! ma9 build+ conta9s a commodi\s (fice1 ) a small libr>y & liv+ ap>tm5ts = ! assi/ant4 ,! pr9cipal in/rum5t room is a sep>ate pavilion 9 ! g>d54 ,"h is locat$ ,?iorell's meteograph1 :i* records automatically e qu>t] ( an h\r on a slip ( pap] ! height ( ! b>omet]1 & ! read+s ( ! wet & dry !rmomet]s4 ,ano!r in/rum5t records ! direction & velocity ( ! w9d4 ,?is meteograph ( ,?iorell's is a v rem>kable in/rum5t4 ,e fifte5 m9utes an app>atus is let loose :i* causes ?ree wires to desc5d f re/ till !y are /opp$ by rea*+ ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! diff]5t tubes4 ,:5 contact is made ) ! surface ( ! m]curies1 an electric curr5t passes & /ops ! desc5t ( ea* wire at ! prop] "t4 ,! d[nw>d motion ( ! ?ree wires has actuat$ ?ree :eels1 ea* ( :i* c>ries a s]ies ( types on its edge1 to d5ote successive read+s ( its own in/rum5t4 ,= in/ance1 ! b>omet]-:eel c>ries successive numb]s = e five-hundr$? ( a millimet]--#gfj4jj1 #gfj4je1 #gfj4a1 etc42 s t :5 ! motion is /opp$ ! upp]mo/ type gives 9 figures ! actual read+ ( ! b>omet]4 ,!n a subsidi>y arrangem5t fir/ inks ! types1 !n pr9ts !m on a slip ( pap]1 & f9ally w9ds ! dipp+ wires up to z]o aga94 ,an +5i\s app>atus prev5ts ! electricity f sp>k+ :5 contact is made1 s t !re is no oxidation ( ! m]cury4 ,! me*anism is s+ul>ly beautiful1 & x is q fasc9at+ to wat* ! self act+ />t+1 /opp+1 ink+1 & pr9t+ arrangem5ts4 ,we c\ld n b admire ! exquisite ord] 9 :i* ! :ole app>atus 0 ma9ta9$4 ,! sides ( ! v>i\s glass tubes 7 z clean z :5 !y 7 new1 & ! surfaces ( ! m]curies 7 z bright z look+ glasses4 ,! univ]sity may well be pr\d t ! in/rum5ts 7 entirely con/ruct$ 9 ,/ockholm by ! skillful me*anic ,sorr5son1 ?\gh ! co/ is necess>ily high4 ,! meteograph1 ) ! anemograph1 co/ #fjj1 b ! great advantage is t no assi/ant is requir$ to sit up at night1 & t all ! figures want$ = climatic con/ants are ready tabulat$ )\t any fur!r labor4 ,b ! ,in/itute is mo/ ju/ly celebrat$ = ! rese>*es on ! motion & heights ( cl\ds t h be5 c>ri$ on ( late ye>s "u ! guidance ( ,pr(4 ,hildebr&sson1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,messrs4 ,ekholm & ,hag/rm4 ,! fir/ /udies 7 on ! motion ( cl\ds r\nd cyclones & anticyclones2 b ! results are n[ s well kn[n t we ne$ n d m ?an m5tion !m "h4 ,latt]ly ! f> m difficult subjects ( cl\d heights & cl\d velocities h be5 tak5 up1 & z ! me?ods employ$ & ! results t h be5 obta9$ are bo? novel & important1 we w describe :at we saw !re4 ,we %\ld rem>k1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t ! motion ( ! high] atmosph]e is f> bett] /udi$ by cl\ds ?an by obs]vations on m\nta9 tops1 = on ! latt] ! results are always m or less influ5c$ by ! local effect ( ! m\nta9 9 deflect+ ! w9d & =c+ x upw>d4 ,! in/rum5t :i* !y employ to measure ! angles f :i* to d$uce ! height ( ! cl\ds is a peculi> =m ( altazimu? t 0 orig9ally design$ by ,pr(4 ,mohn1 ( ,*ri/iania1 = measur+ ! p>allax ( ! aurora borealis4 ,x resembles an a/ronomical altazimu?1 b in/ead ( a telescope x c>ries an op5 tube )\t any l5ses4 ,! portion correspond+ to ! object glass is =m$ by ?9 cross wires3 & t correspond+ to ! eye piece by a plate ( brass1 pi]c$ 9 ! c5t] by a small circul> hole an eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! tube ( ! telescope is replac$ by a lattice ( brass "w1 s z to dim9i%1 z f> z possible1 ! resi/ance ( ! w9d4 ,! v]tical & horizontal circles are divid$ decimally1 & ?is mu* facilitates ! r$uction ( ! read+s4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! in/rum5t is well %[n 9 ! figure1 :i* is engrav$ f a photograph ,i took ( ,mr4 ,ekholm :ile actually engag$ 9 talk+ ?r\gh a telephone to ,m4 ,hag/rm z to :at portion ( a cl\d %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! latticework tube1 ! cross wires 9 place ( an object glass1 & ! v]tical circle are v obvi\s1 :ile ! horizontal circle is s mu* end on t x c sc>cely be recogniz$ except by ! tang5t screw :i* is se5 ne> ! l[] telephone4 ,two su* in/rum5ts are plac$ at ! opposite extremities ( a suitable base4 ,! new base at ,upsala has a l5g? ( #d1bgb feet2 ! old "o 0 ab\t half ! l5g?4 ,! result ( ! *ange has be5 t ! mean error ( a s+le det]m9ation ( ! highe/ cl\ds has be5 r$uc$ f #i to a little m ?an #c p] c5t4 ( ! actual height4 ,at ! same "t ! difficulty ( id5tify+ a p>ticul> spot on a l[ cl\d is consid]ably increas$4 ,a wire is laid betwe5 ! two ends ( ! base1 & ea* obs]v] is provid$ ) two telephones--"o = speak+1 ! o!r = li/5+4 ,:5 an obs]vation is to be tak51 ! conv]sation goes on some:at z foll[s3 ,fir/ obs]v]1 :o takes ! lead--,d y see a pat* ( cl\d away d[n we/8 ,yes4 ,c y make out a well-m>k$ po9t on ! lead+ edge8 ,yes4 ,well1 !n2 n[4 ,at ?is signal bo? obs]v]s put d[n _! telephones1 :i* h hi!rto engag$ bo? _! h&s1 beg9 to c\nt fifte5 seconds1 & adju/ _! in/rum5ts to ! po9t ( cl\d agre$ on4 ,at ! fifte5? second !y /op1 read ! v>i\s arcs1 & ! op]ation is complete4 ,b :5 ! angles h be5 measur$ ! height has to be calculat$1 & also ! horizontal & v]tical velocities ( ! cl\d by comb9+ ! position & height at two successive measurem5ts at a %ort int]val4 ,!re are already well-kn[n trigonometrical =mul = calculat+ all ^! elem5ts1 if all ! obs]vations are good2 b at ,upsala !y d f> m4 ,n only are ! obs]vations fir/ controll$ by =m+ an equation to express ! condition t ! two l9es ( sight f ei!r end ( ! base %\ld meet 9 a po9t1 if ! angles h be5 correctly measur$ & all bad sets reject$2 b ! mean errors ( ! rectangul> co-ord9ates are calculat$ by ! me?od ( lea/ squ>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,n4 ,,ekholm ,,measur+ ,,cl\ds4 ,?is figure %[s ! peculi> ocul> "p ( ! altazimu?1 ) ! v]tical & horizontal circles4 ,x also %[s ! telephonic arrangem5t4 ,! :ole ( ! calculations are comb9$ into a s]ies ( =mul :i* are necess>ily complicat$1 & ev5 by us+ log>i?ms ( addition & subtraction & "o or two subsidi>y tables--su* z = log4 s97!ta_/#b7 specially con/ruct$ = ?is "w--! computation ( ea* set ( obs]vations takes ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,be=e we describe ! pr9cipal results t h be5 atta9$1 x may be well to comp>e ?is ) ! o!r me?ods :i* h be5 us$ to det]m9e ! height ( cl\ds4 ,a great deal ( "t & skill & money h be5 sp5t at ,kew 9 try+ to p]fect ! photographic me?od ( measur+ ! height ( cl\ds4 ,v elaborate cl\d cam]as1 or photo-nephoscopes1 h be5 con/ruct$1 by means ( :i* photographs ( a cl\d 7 tak5 simultane\sly f bo? ends ( a suitable base4 ,! altitude & azimu? ( ! c5t] ( ! plate 7 read (f by ! graduat$ circles :i* 7 atta*$ to ! cam]as2 & ! angul> measurem5ts ( any po9t ( cl\d on ! picture 7 calculat$ by prop] measurem5ts f ! kn[n c5t] ( ! photographic plate4 ,:5 all ?is is done1 ! result ought to be ! same z if ! altitude & azimu? ( ! po9t ( ! cl\d _h be5 tak5 directly by an ord9>y angle measur+ in/rum5t4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t !re w\ld be less *ance ( mi/ak+ ! po9t ( ! cl\d to be measur$1 if y _h ! pictures f ! two ends ( ! base to look at leisurely ?an if y c\ld only conv]se ?r\gh a telephone ) ! obs]v] at ! o!r end ( ! base4 ,b 9 practice x is n s4 ,no "o :o has n se5 su* cl\d photographs c realize ! difficulty ( id5tify+ any po9t ( a l[ cl\d :5 se5 f two /ations half a mile or a :ole mile ap>t1 & = o!r reasons1 :i* we w give pres5tly1 ! =m ( a cl\d is n s well def9$ 9 a photograph z x is to ! nak$ eye4 ,at ,kew an extremely +5i\s sort ( projector has be5 devis$1 :i* gives graphically ! requir$ height ( a cl\d f two simultane\s photographs at opposite ends ( ! same base1 b x is evid5t t ?is me?od is capable ( none ( ! ref9em5ts :i* h be5 appli$ to ! ,upsala measures1 & t ! rate ( v]tical asc5t or desc5t ( a cl\d c\ld h>dly be det]m9$ by ?is me?od4 ,b !re is a f> great] defect 9 ! photographic me?od1 :i* at pres5t no skill c surm\nt4 ,we saw t ! altazimu? employ$ at ,upsala _h no l5ses4 ,! mean+ ( ?is w be obvi\s to anyone :o looks ?r\gh an op]a glass at a fa9t cl\d4 ,he w probably see no?+ = want ( contra/1 & if any?+ ( ! nature ( a telescope is employ$1 only well-def9$ cl\d outl9es c be se5 at all4 ,! same loss ( light & contra/ occurs ) a photographic l5s1 & _m cl\ds t c be se5 9 ! sky are invisible on ! gr\nd glass ( ! cam]a4 ,cirrus & cirro-/ratus--! v cl\ds we want mo/ to obs]ve--are always ?9 & indef9$ z reg>ds _! =m & contra/ aga9/ ! re/ ( ! sky1 s t ?is defect ( ! me?od is ! m un=tunate4 ,b ev5 :5 ! image ( a cl\d is visible on ! focus+ glass1 x does n foll[ t any image w be se5 9 ! picture4 ,9 practice1 ?91 high :ite cl\ds aga9/ a blue sky c r>ely be tak5 at all1 or only "u exceptional circum/ances ( illum9ation4 ,! reason seems to be t !re is v little light reflect$ at all f a ?9 wisp ( cirrus1 & :at !re is mu/ pass ?r\gh an atmosph]e always m or less *>g$ ) float+ p>ticles ( ice or wat]1 besides e>?y du/ ( all k9ds4 ,! light :i* is scatt]$ & diffus$ by all ^! small p>ticles is also conc5trat$ on ! s5sitive plate by ! l5s1 & ! result+ negative %[s a uni=m d>k surface = ! sky )\t any trace ( ! cl\d4 ,:at image !re might h be5 is buri$ 9 photographic fog4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! two me?ods ( measur+ cl\ds1 ,i w5t out "o day la/ ,decemb] at ,upsala ) ,messrs4 ,ekholm & ,hag/rm :5 !y 7 measur+ ! height ( "s cl\ds4 ,x 0 a dull aft]noon1 a l[ foggy /ratus 0 driv+ rapidly across ! sky at a l[ level1 & ?r\gh ! g5]al mi/y gloom ( a nor!rn w9t] day we c\ld j make out "s /riat$ /ripes ( /rato-cirrus--l[ cirro-/ratus--betwe5 ! op5+s 9 ! l[] cl\d lay]4 ,! cam]a & l5s t ,i use habitually = photograph+ cl\d =ms--n _! angul> height--0 plant$ a few feet f ! altazimu? ) :i* ,m4 ,ekholm 0 obs]v+1 & :ile he 0 measur+ ! necess>y angles ,i took a picture ( ! cl\ds4 ,z might h be5 expect$ "u ! circum/ances1 ! l[ d>k cl\d came out q well1 b !re 0 n ! fa9te/ trace ( ! /rato-cirrus on ! negative4 ,,mm4 ,ekholm & ,hag/rm1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 measur+ bo? lay]s ( cl\d1 & f\nd t ! l[ /ratus 0 float+ at an altitude ( ab\t #b1jjj feet high1 :ile ! upp] /rato-cirrus 0 driv+ f ,s4 #eg ,w4 at an altitude ( #ai1fec feet1 ) a horizontal velocity ( #ha & a d[nw>d velocity ( #g4b feet p] second4 ,?is is a rem>kable result1 & %[s conclusively ! sup]iority ( ! altazimu? to ! photographic me?od ( measur+ ! heights ( cl\ds4 ,:5ev] opportunity occurs1 measures ( cl\ds are tak5 ?ree times a day at ,upsala1 & x may be well to glance at ! pr9cipal results t h be5 obta9$4 ,! greate/ height ( any cl\d :i* has yet be5 satisfactorily measur$ is only #dc1hjj feet1 :i* is r less ?an has usually be5 suppos$2 b ! highe/ velocity1 #aab miles an h\r ) a cl\d at #bh1jjj feet1 is great] ?an w\ld h be5 expect$4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note t ! isob>s :5 ?is high velocity 0 report$ 7 ne>ly /raight1 & slop+ t[>d ! nor?we/4 ,! mo/ important result :i* has be5 obta9$ f all ! num]\s measures t h be5 made is ! fact cl\ds are n di/ribut$ promiscu\sly at all heights 9 ! air1 b t !y h1 on ! contr>y1 a mo/ decid$ t5d5cy to =m at ?ree def9ite levels4 ,! mean summ] level ( ^! ?ree /ories ( cl\ds at ,upsala has be5 f\nd to be z foll[s3 l[ cl\ds--/ratus1 cumulus1 cumulo-nimbus1 #b1jjj-f1jjj feet2 middle cl\ds--/rato-cirrus & cumulo-cirrus1 #ab1ijj-ae1jjj feet2 high cl\ds--cirrus1 cirro-/ratus1 cirro-cumulus1 #bj1jjj-bg1jjj feet4 ,x w\ld be premature at pres5t to speculate on ! physical significance ( ?is fact1 b we f9d ! same def9ite lay]s ( cl\ds 9 ! tropics z 9 ^! high latitudes1 & no future cl\d nom5clature or cl\d obs]vations w be satisfactory :i* d n take ! idea ( ^! levels into acc\nt4 ,b ! ref9em5ts ( ! me?ods employ$ all[ ! diurnal v>iations bo? ( velocity & altitude to be successfully measur$4 ,! velocity obs]vations confirm ! results t h be5 obta9$ f m\nta9 /ations--t1 ?\gh ! g5]al travel ( ! middle & high] cl\ds is mu* great] ?an t ( ! surface w9ds1 ! diurnal v>iation ( spe$ at ^? levels is ! rev]se ( :at occurs ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! greate/ velocity on ! e>?'s surface is usually ab\t #b p4m42 :]eas ! l[e/ rate ( ! upp] curr5ts is ab\t midday4 ,! diurnal v>iation ( height is rem>kable1 = !y f9d at ,upsala t ! mean height ( all v>ieties ( cl\ds rises 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 & is high] betwe5 #f & #h 9 ! ev5+ ?an ei!r 9 ! e>ly morn+ or at midday4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal results t h be5 obta9$ at ,upsala1 & no d\bt !y surpass any previ\s "w t has be5 done on ! subject4 ,b :5ev] we see good results x is wor? :ile to pause a mom5t to consid] ! conditions "u :i* ! "w has be5 develop$1 & ! nature & nurture ( ! m5 by :om ! rese>* has be5 conduct$4 ,sci5tific rese>* is a delicate plant1 t is easily nipp$ 9 ! bud1 b :i*1 "u c]ta9 surr\nd+s & 9 a suitable moral atmosph]e1 develops a vigor\s gr[?4 ,! ,meteorological ,in/itute ( ,upsala is an (f%oot ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory ( ! univ]sity2 & a univ]sity1 if prop]ly direct$1 c develop rese>* :i* promises no imm$iate rew>d 9 a mann] t no o!r body c approa*4 ,if y want any quantity ( a p>ticul> k9d ( calculation1 or to c>ry on ! r\t9e ( any exi/+ "w 9 an obs]vatory1 x is easy to g into ! labor m>ket & engage a suffici5t numb] ( accurate comput]s1 ei!r by "t or piece "w1 or to f9d an assi/ant :o w make obs]vations ) ! regul>ity ( clockwork4 ,b orig9al rese>* requires n only special natural aptitudes & en?usiasm to beg9 )1 b ev5 !n w n fl\ri% unless develop$ by enc\ragem5t & ! id5tification ( ! work] ) 8 "w4 ,x is r>ely1 except 9 univ]sities1 t m5 c be f\nd = ! highe/ orig9al rese>*4 ,= !re only are "y /ud5ts enc\rag$ to come =w>d & int]e/ !mselves 9 any "w = :i* !y seem to h special aptitude4 ,n[1 ?is is ! hi/ory ( ! ,upsala "w4 ,pr(4 ,hildebr&sson 0 atta*$ z a "y man to ! meteorological dep>tm5t ( ! a/ronomical obs]vatory1 & :5 ! /udy ( />s & wea!r 7 sep>at$1 he obta9$ ! second po/ 9 ! new ,meteorological ,in/itute4 ,f ?is 8 great abilities soon rais$ him to ! director%ip1 :i* he n[ holds ) s mu* cr$it to ! univ]sity4 ,m4 ,ekholm1 a mu* y\ng] man1 has be5 br\ght up 9 ! same mann]4 ,fir/ z a /ud5t he %[$ su* aptitude = ! "w z to be engag$ z assi/ant2 & n[1 z ! actual obs]vation & r$uction ( ! cl\d "w is done by him & ,m4 ,hag/rm1 ! results are publi%$ "u _! names1 s t !y are ?or\ghly id5tifi$ ) ! "w4 ,upsala is ! c5t] ( ! intellectual life ( ,sw$51 & !re1 r ?an at ,/ockholm1 c\ld m5 be f\nd to c>ry out orig9al rese>*4 ,x r$\nds to ! cr$it ( ! univ]sity t x has s /eadily support$ ,pr(4 ,hildebr&sson1 & t he 9 8 turn has utiliz$ ! social & educational sy/em by :i* he is surr\nd$ to br+ up assi/ants :o c co-op]ate ) him 9 a great "w t br+s cr$it bo? to himself1 to !mselves1 & to ! in/itute :i* !y all repres5t4 ,,ralph ,,ab]cromby4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #faj1 page #igdd4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,*emical ,,indu/ry4 ,,notes ,,( ,a ,,rec5t ,,visit ,,to ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,petroleum-,,produc+ ,,t]ritories ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,canada4 ,,by ,,bov]ton ,,r$wood1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,canadian ,,petroleum4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ,canada 9 #ahgg-gh1 ! ref9+ ( petroleum 0 pr9cipally conduct$ 9 ! city ( ,london1 ,ont>io4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,petrolia1 ,ont>io1 is ! *ief seat ( ! indu/ry1 & x 0 accord+ly to ?is city t we made our way4 ,"h we 7 treat$ ) ! greate/ k9dness & hospitality by ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,noble1 vice-presid5t ( ! ,petrolia ,crude ,oil & ,tank+ ,co41 & 8 bro!r1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,d',oyley ,noble1 & 7 enabl$ 9 ! %ort "t at our disposal to visit typical portions ( ! produc+ t]ritory & "s ( ! pr9cipal ref9]ies4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,canadian petroleum indu/ry may be said to date f #aheg1 :5 a well dug = wat] 0 f\nd to yield a consid]able quantity ( petroleum2 b long previ\sly1 inde$ f ! "t ( ! e>lie/ settlem5ts 9 ! c\nty ( ,lamb]ton1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 petroleum 0 kn[n to exi/ 9 ,canada4 ,9 #ahfb productive fl[+ wells 7 drill$ at ,oil ,spr+s1 b ^! wells1 :i* 7 comp>atively %all[1 quickly became exhau/$1 & ! t]ritory 0 des]t$ on ! discov]y 9 #ahfe ( oil at ,petrolia1 sev5 miles to ! nor?w>d1 & ab\t #af miles s\?we/ ( ! outlet ( ,lake ,huron4 ,rec5tly ! ,oil ,spr+s wells h be5 drill$ deep]1 & are n[ produc+ #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj b>rels 7( #db ,am]ican gallons7 p] mon?4 ,petroleum has also be5 f\nd at ,bo?well1 #ce miles f ,oil ,spr+s1 b ?is di/rict has ceas$ to yield4 ,q rec5tly a new t]ritory has be5 discov]$ at ,euphemia1 #ag miles f ,bo?well1 :]e1 at ! "t ( our visit1 !re 7 f\r wells produc+ collectively #gj b>rels p] day4 ,?is t]ritory is by "s reg>d$ z "p ( ! ,bo?well field4 ,! pres5t produc+ oil belt ext5ds f ,petrolia 9 a nor?we/]ly direction1 to ! t[n%ip ( ,s>nia1 & 9 a s\!a/]ly direction to ,oil ,spr+s1 b 9 ! latt] direction !re is a break ( ab\t f\r & a qu>t] miles1 comm5c+ at a po9t ab\t two miles f ,petrolia4 ,at ,oil ,spr+s !re appe>s to be a pool ab\t two miles squ>e4 ,! ext5sion ( ! belt !n cont9ues 9 ! same direction1 ) ano!r break ( ab\t n9e miles1 to ! new oil field ( ,euphemia1 ! av]age wid? ( ! oil belt be+ ab\t two miles4 ,9 all1 ab\t #ae1jjj wells are believ$ to h be5 drill$ 9 ! ,canadian oil fields1 & ( ^! ab\t #b1ejj are n[ produc+1 ! av]age yield be+ ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a b>rel p] well p] day4 ,! aggregate production is probably ab\t #gjj1jjj b>rels p] annum1 ! great] "p ( :i* is obta9$ 9 ! ,petrolia di/rict1 & ! /ocks 7 at ! "t ( our visit /at$ to am\nt to f #djj1jjj to #dej1jjj b>rels4 ,9 ! ,canadian oil fields ! drill+ contractor usually employs 8 own d]rick1 eng9e1 boil]1 & tools1 furni%es wood & wat]1 cases ! well1 & fixes ! pump2 ! well own] provid+ ! cas+ & pump1 & subsequ5tly erect+ ! p]man5t d]rick4 ,! wells 9 ! ,oil ,spr+s field 7 =m]ly f #bjj ft4 to #cjj ft4 9 dep?1 b ! oil /ratum !n work$ became wat]logg$1 & ! wells are n[ sunk to a dep? ( ab\t #cge ft41 & are cas$ to a dep? ( ab\t #bge ft4 to %ut (f ! wat]4 ,! contract price = drill+ a #d-e_/h 94 hole to a dep? ( ab\t #cge ft4 "u ! conditions m5tion$ is #aej dols4 7#cj71 & ! "t occupi$ 9 drill+ is usually ab\t a week :5 ! "w is cont9u$ night & day4 ,! wells 9 ! ,petrolia field h a dep? ( #dhj ft41 ! contract price1 includ+ ! co/ ( #ajj ft4 ( wood5 conductor1 be+ #age dols4 7#ce71 & ! "t occupi$ 9 drill+ be+ f six to twelve days4 ,pole tools are us$ 9 drill+1 ! poles be+ ( :ite a%1 #cg ft4 9 l5g?4 ,! d]rick is ab\t #dh ft4 9 height4 ,an aug] "s #d ft4 9 l5g?1 & ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 is us$ to bore ?r\gh ! e>? to ! b$ rock1 ! aug] be+ rotat$ by horse p[]4 ,! drill+ tools commonly consi/ ( a bit1 #b ft4 9 l5g? by #d-e_/h 94 9 diamet]1 weigh+ ab\t #fj lb42 a s9k] b>1 into :i* ! bit is screw$1 #cj ft4 9 l5g? by #c 94 9 diamet]1 weigh+ ab\t #a1jdj lb42 & ! j>s1 ins]t$ betwe5 ! s9k] b> & ! poles ab\t #f ft4 9 l5g?1 & weigh+ #aej lb4 ,! tools are susp5d$ by a *a91 :i* passes ?ree times r\nd ! end ( ! walk+ beam & !nce to ! w9dlass1 ) rat*et :eel fix$ on ! walk+ beam1 by means ( :i* ! tools are gradually l[]$ z ! drill+ proce$s4 ,! cable is ?us only employ$ 9 rais+ ! tools f ! well & l[]+ !m into x4 ,! s& pump or bail] is frequ5tly z mu* z #cg ft4 9 l5g?1 & is ab\t #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,! cas+ 7#d-e_/h 9 diamet]7 co/s ab\t #de c5ts 7#as4 #aj;d47 p] foot1 & ! #a 94 pump1 ) pip+1 co/s f #fe dols4 7#ac7 to #he dols4 7#ag71 accord+ to ! l5g? ( pipe requir$4 ,an ord9>y squ>e frame d]rick co/s1 ) mud sill1 f #bb dols4 7#d #hs47 to #bg dols4 7#e #hs471 & ! walk+ beam ab\t #h dols4 7#a #abs47 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 a ?ree-pole d]rick1 :i* c be erect$ at an exp5se ( ab\t #aj dols4 7#b71 is employ$4 ,a #ajj b>rel wood5 tank co/s1 erect$1 #ej dols4 7#aj74 ,,! ,,canadian ,,torp$o4 ,! wells are torp$o$ on completion ) f #h to #aj qu>ts ( nitroglyc]9e1 at a co/ ( #d dols4 7#afs47 p] qu>t4 ,! torp$oes employ$ 9 ! ,canadian oil field are mu* small] ?an ^? us$ = a simil> purpose 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! t9 %ell be+ only #f ft4 9 l5g? by #c 94 9 diamet]4 ,we 7 enabl$ to witness ! op]ation ( torp$o+ a well1 & ! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 bas$ on notes tak5 at ! "t1 may be ( int]e/3 ,! torp$o case1 :i* 0 furni%$ ) a tube or an*or at ! l[] end1 #h ft4 9 l5g?1 0 plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! well & susp5d$ s t its upp] end 0 level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,eight qu>ts ( nitroglyc]9e1 :i* 0 9 a t9 c1 0 !n p\r$ into ! torp$o case1 & ! torp$o 0 c>efully l[]$ into ! well1 :i* conta9$ at ! "t ab\t #bej ft4 ( wat]1 until ! end ( ! an*or re/$ on ! bottom ( ! well4 ,a travel+ prim] or g-devil squib 0 !n prep>$ z foll[s3 ,a t9 cone1 #ad 94 9 l5g? by #b 94 9 diamet] at ! op5 end1 0 p>tially fill$ ) s& to give x ! necess>y weight4 ,a piece ( d\ble tape fuse1 #b ft4 long1 0 ins]t$ into a ,nobel's treble detonator1 & ov] ! detonator & a portion ( ! fuse a p]=at$ t9 tube or %ea? 0 pass$4 ,?is tube 0 !n ins]t$ ?r\gh a hole 9 a /rip ( t9 fix$ across ! m\? ( ! conical cup into ! s&1 s t ! detonator 0 emb$d$4 ,! s& 0 !n saturat$ ) nitroglyc]9e1 ! fuse light$1 & ! prim] dropp$ into ! well4 ,9 ab\t #de seconds !re 0 a p]ceptible tremor ( ! gr\nd1 imm$iately foll[$ by a slight s\nd ( ! explosion4 ,aft] an int]val ( a second or two !re 0 a gurgl+ noise1 & a magnific5t black f\nta9 %ot up twice z high z ! d]rick1 ^u :i* all ! spectators ran = %elt] f ! imp5d+ %[] ( oil & wat]4 ,! well n be+ a fl[+ "o1 ! outru% 0 only ( mom5t>y duration1 & )9 a few m9utes ! drill]s 7 at "w remov+ f ! well1 by means ( ! s& pump1 ! fragm5ts ( rock :i* _h be5 deta*$ by ! explosion4 ,on ! table are specim5s ( ?is rock1 :i* ,i obta9$ at ! "t4 ,! maximum yield p] well is t5 b>rels p] day1 & ! m9imum yield = :i* x is consid]$ pr(itable to pump is a qu>t] ( a b>rel p] day4 ,! yield be+ 9 "s cases s small1 x is usual to pump a numb] ( wells ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( "o eng9e1 ! v>i\s pumps be+ connect$ ) ! motor by means ( wood5 rods4 ,9 "o in/ance ,i saw z _m z eighty wells be+ ?us pump$ f "o c5t]4 ,! motive p[] 0 a #gj h4p4 eng9e1 :i* communicat$ motion1 simil> to t ( ! balance :eel ( a wat*1 to a l>ge horizontal :eel4 ,f ?is :eel six ma9 rod l9es radiat$1 ! l5g? ( /roke ( ! ma9 l9es be+ #af 941 & ! rate ( movem5t #cb /rokes p] m9ute4 ,"s ( ! wells be+ pump$ f ?is c5t] 7 f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile di/ant1 & altoge!r ab\t eight miles ( rods 7 employ$ 9 ! pump+ ( ! eighty wells4 ,! pipe l9e sy/em 9 ,canada has n be5 fully develop$1 & accord+ly ! well own] has to convey 8 oil by road to ! ne>e/ receiv+ /ation4 ,?us f ! ,euphemia oil field ! oil has to be team$ #ag miles1 to ,bo?well4 ,= ! conveyance ( ! oil by road a long & slightly conical wood5 tank or b>rel1 re/+ horizontally on a wagon1 is employ$4 ,^! vessels hold f eight to t5 b>rels ( oil4 ,! ,petrolia ,crude ,oil & ,tank+ ,company is ! pr9cipal transport+ & /or+ company4 ,! /orage *>ge is "o c5t 7d47 p] b>rel p] mon?1 & ! deliv]y *>ge two c5ts p] b>rel4 ,! petroleum produc$ 9 ! ,oil ,spr+s field is /or$ sep>ately f t obta9$ 9 ! ,petrolia field4 ,! /orage takes place = ! mo/ "p 9 l>ge und]gr\nd tanks excavat$ 9 ! ret5tive clay4 ,^! rem>kable tanks are (t5 z mu* z #cj ft4 9 diamet] by #fj ft4 9 dep?1 & hold f #e1jjj to #h1jjj b>rels4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! tanks ! alluvial soil1 ( :i* !re is ab\t #ah ft4 or #bj ft4 above ! clay1 is curb$ ) wood & ?or\ghly puddl$ ) clay4 ,on ! completion ( ! excavation1 ! entire v]tical surface is !n l9$ ) r+s ( p9e wood1 s t ! upp] "p d[n to ! solid clay is d\bly l9$4 ,! bottom is n l9$4 ,! ro( ( ! tank is ( wood1 cov]$ ) clay4 ,! co/ ( su* a tank is ab\t #bb c5ts 7#aa;d47 p] b>rel1 or #a1gfj dols4 7#cfc7 = an #h1jjj b>rel tank1 & ! "t occupi$ 9 mak+ su* a tank is ab\t six weeks4 ,! crude petroleum f ! ,petrolia field usually has a specific gravity rang+ f #j4hei to #j4hgg1 :ile ! specific gravity ( ! petroleum f ! ,oil ,spr+s field ranges f #j4hdd to #j4hed4 ,! oil occurs 9 ! cornif]\s lime/one1 & build+s con/ruct$ ( ?is /one frequ5tly exude petroleum 9 hot wea!r4 ,canadian crude petroleum is ( a black color1 & possesses a v disagreeable odor1 due to ! pres5ce ( sulphur comp\nds4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are %[n by ! samples on ! table1 = "s ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,james ,k]r1 secret>y ( ! ,petrolia ,oil ,ex*ange4 ,! /ills us$ 9 ! process ( ref9+ ! crude oil are horizontal two-flu$ cyl9d]s1 #cj ft4 9 l5g? by #aj ft4 9 diamet]1 provid$ ) six #b 94 vapor pipes4 ,! *>ge is #bfj b>rels1 & ! foll[+ is an outl9e ( ! me?od ( work+4 ,assum+ ! /ill to be *>g$ on ,monday morn+1 heat+ is comm5c$ ab\t #g ,a4,m41 & ! naph?a beg9s to come ov] ab\t #h ,a4,m4 ,( ?is product ab\t six b>rels is obta9$ 9 ! case ( ,petrolia crude1 or #g b>rels 9 ! case ( ,oil ,spr+s crude4 ,! di/illation ( ! naph?a takes f #b to #c h\rs1 say till #aj3cj ,a4,m4 ,! heat is !n increas$1 & ! di/illation ( ! k]os5e comm5ces ab\t noon1 & cont9ues till ab\t #aj ,p4,m4 ,( ! k]os5e di/illate ab\t #hj b>rels are obta9$4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! k]os5e di/illate is usually collect$ sep>ately1 is /eam$ to drive (f ! m volatile hydroc>bons1 & is !n mix$ ) ! rema9d] ( ! k]os5e di/illate4 ,! product :i* !n comm5ces to di/ill is kn[n z tail+s4 ,?is is collect$ sep>ately & is r$i/ill$4 ,! di/illation ( ! tail+s cont9ues till ab\t #e ,a4,m4 on ,w$nesday1 by :i* "t ab\t #hj b>rels has be5 obta9$4 ,/eam is !n pass$ into ! /ill ?r\gh a p]=at$ pipe ext5d+ to ! bottom1 & ab\t #ba b>rels ( gas oil is di/ill$ ov]4 ,! additional quantity ( k]os5e obta9$ on r$i/ill+ ! tail+s br+s up ! total yield ( ?is product to ab\t #db p] c5t4 ( ! crude oil4 ,! gas oil is sold = ! manufacture ( illum9at+ gas4 ,! residue is di/ill$ = lubricat+ oils & p>aff94 ,! agitator 9 :i* ! k]os5e di/illate is treat$ commonly takes a *>ge ( #dfe b>rels4 ,to ?is quantity ( di/illate two c>boys ( oil ( vitriol is add$1 & ! oil & acid are agitat$ toge!r = #bj m9utes4 ,! t>ry acid hav+ be5 all[$ to settle is drawn (f1 & sev5 c>boys m ( acid is add$4 ,agitation hav+ be5 effect$ = #cj or #dj m9utes1 ! t>ry acid is remov$ z be=e4 ,ano!r simil> treatm5t ) sev5 c>boys ( acid foll[s1 & occasionally a f\r? addition ( acid is made4 ,! oil is next all[$ to rema9 at re/ = an h\r1 any acid :i* settles out be+ drawn (f1 & cold 7or1 9 w9t]1 slightly w>m$7 wat] is all[$ to pass d[n ?r\gh ! oil 9 f9e /reams1 ?is treatm5t be+ cont9u$1 )\t agitation ( ! oil1 = half an h\r1 or until ! d>k color :i* ! oil assum$ on treatm5t ) acid is remov$4 ,! wat] is !n drawn (f1 #aj b>rels ( solution ( cau/ic soda 7sp4 gr4 #ae ,b47 is add$1 & agitation conduct$ = #ae m9utes4 ,! cau/ic soda solution hav+ be5 drawn (f1 #cj b>rels ( a solution ( li?>ge 9 cau/ic soda is add$4 ,?is solution is made by dissolv+ cau/ic soda 9 wat] to a d5sity ( #ah ,b4 & !n add+ ! li?>ge4 ,agitation ) ?is solution is cont9u$ = ab\t six h\rs1 or until ! oil is ?or\ghly deodoriz$4 ,ab\t #ajj lb4 ( sublim$ sulphur is !n add$1 & ! agitation is cont9u$ = ano!r two h\rs4 ,! oil hav+ be5 all[$ to settle all night1 ! li?>ge solution is drawn (f1 & ! oil run into a %all[ tank or blea*]1 :]e x is expos$ to ! light to improve its color1 & is1 if necess>y1 /eam$ to drive (f ! light] hydroc>bons & raise ! fla%+ po9t to ! legal m9imum ( #ie ,f4 ,to raise ! fla%+ po9t f #gc ,f4 to #ie ,f4 7,abel te/7 is /at$ to involve 9 practice a loss ( #aj p] c5t41 ! burn+ quality ( ! oil be+ at ! same "t s]i\sly impair$1 & ^u ?is gr\nd ! ,ont>io ref9]s 9 #ahhf petition$ = a r$uction ( ! te/ /&>d4 ,! av]age p]c5tage yield ( ! v>i\s products is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,naph?a4 #e ,k]os5e4 #db ,gas oil4 #h ,t>4 #be ,coke4 #aj ,loss 7includ+ wat]74 #aj --- #ajj ,!re are a doz5 petroleum ref9]ies 9 ,canada1 & ! annual outturn ( k]os5e is ab\t #bjj1jjj b>rels ( #de imp]ial gallons p] annum4 ,! total consumption ( k]os5e 9 ,canada is ab\t #cjj1jjj b>rels1 "o-?ird ( :i* is manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates oil is subject to a duty ( #dj c5ts on ! package & #g-a_/e c5ts p] imp]ial gallon on ! cont5ts1 besides :i* !re is an inspection fee ( #cj c5ts p] package4 ,( lubricat+ oils ! outturn is f #ge1jjj to #ajj1jjj b>rels p] annum4 ,! quality ( ,canadian k]os5e has be5 greatly improv$ ( late ye>s1 b not)/&+ ! elaborate process ( ref9+1 ! oil1 ?\gh ?or\ghly deodoriz$ & ( good color1 conta9s sulphur1 & ( c\rse evolves sulphur comp\nds 9 its combu/ion4 ,! rules ( ! ,petrolia ,oil ,ex*ange provide t ref9$ k]os5e %all be ( ! odor locally kn[n z in(f5sive1 & %all absolutely /& ! te/ ( oxide ( lead 9 a /rong solution ( cau/ic soda )\t *ange ( color4 ,! burn+ p]c5tage 9 ! case ( ,extra ,ref9$ ,oil1 ,wat] ,:ite 9 color1 & ( specific gravity n exce$+ #j4hjj1 is requir$ to be n less ?an #gj2 9 ! case ( ,no4 #a ,ref9$ ,oil1 ,prime ,:ite 9 color1 n less ?an #fj2 & 9 ! case ( ,no4 #b ,ref9$ ,oil1 ,/&>d ,:ite 9 color1 to be n less ?an #ee4 ,! burn+ p]c5tage is det]m9$ by ! use ( a lamp ?us describ$3 ,! b[l ( ! lamp is cyl9drical1 #d 94 9 diamet] & #b 94 deep1 ) a neck plac$ !reon ( su* a height t ! top ( ! wick tube is #c 94 above ! b[l4 ,a sun-h+e burn] is us$1 tak+ a wick #g_/h 94 wide & #a_/h 94 ?ick1 & a *imney ab\t #h 94 long4 ,! te/ is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! lamp b[l is fill$ ) ! oil & weigh$1 !n light$ & turn$ up full flame j bel[ ! smok+ po9t1 & burn$ )\t int]f]5ce till #ab oz4 ( ! oil is consum$4 ,! quantity consum$ dur+ ! fir/ h\r & ! la/ h\r is not$4 ,! ratio ( ! two quantities is ! measure ( ! burn+ quality1 & ! p]c5tage t ! latt] quantity is ( ! =m] is ! burn+ p]c5tage ref]r$ to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trees ,,f ,a ,,sanit>y ,,aspect4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,rob]ts1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,,etc4 ,z ?is is ! usual "t ( ! ye> = plant+1 prun+1 & remov+ =e/ trees & %rubs1 x is a fit "t = consid]+ ! influ5ce :i* trees ex]t on ! sanit>y surr\nd+s ( dwell+ places4 ,! rec5t p>liam5t>y report on =e/ry %[s t trees are n[ ( little comm]cial value 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,& we may conclude1 !re=e1 t !y are *iefly gr[n = picturesque effect1 & = ! %elt] f ! sun & w9ds :i* !y af=d4 ,! relation ( =e/s to ra9fall has be5 /udi$ by meteorologi/s1 b little att5tion has be5 giv5 by m$ical climatologi/s to ! %>e :i* trees take 9 det]m9+ local v>iations ( climate & ! sanit>y condition ( dwell+s1 not)/&+ !y play z important a "p z diff]5ces ( soil1 ( :i* s mu* is said & writt5 n[adays4 ,?is rem>k does n apply to l>ge t[ns1 :]e trees gr[ ) difficulty & are comp>atively few 9 numb]1 & :]e !y af=d a grateful relief to ! eye1 %ade f ! sun1 & to a v slight ext5t temp] ! too dry atmosph]e1 b to suburban & c\ntry di/ricts1 :]e x is ! cu/om to bury h\ses 9 masses ( foliage--a condition ( ?+s :i* is deem$ ! *ief attraction1 & (t5 a necess>y accompanim5t1 ( c\ntry life4 ,trees ( all k9ds ex]cise a cool+ & moi/5+ influ5ce on ! atmosph]e & soil 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,! ext5t ( ^! conditions dep5ds on ! numb] ( trees & :e!r !y /& alone1 9 belts1 or 9 =e/s2 on _! size1 :e!r tall trees ) bran*less /ems or ?ickets ( und]wood3 on _! species1 :e!r decidu\s or ev]gre52 & on ! season ( ! ye>4 ,! cool+ ( ! air & soil is due to ! evaporation ( wat] by ! leaves1 :i* is *iefly drawn f ! subsoil--n ! surface--by ! roots1 & to ! exclusion ( ! sun's rays f ! gr\nd1 trees !mselves be+ little susceptible ( receiv+ & radiat+ heat4 ,! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e & gr\nd ab\t trees is due to ! collection by ! leaves & bran*es ( a consid]able portion ( ! ra9fall1 ! cond5sation ( aque\s vapor by ! leaves1 & ! ob/ruction (f]$ by ! foliage to evaporation f ! gr\nd b5ea? ! trees4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,fautrat %[ t ! leafage ( leaf be>+ trees int]cepts "o-?ird1 & t ( p9e trees ! half1 ( ! ra9fall1 :i* is aft]w>d return$ to ! atmosph]e by evaporation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! same leaves & bran*es re/ra9 ! evaporation ( ! wat] :i* rea*es ! gr\nd1 & t evaporation is ne>ly f\r times less "u a mass ( foliage 9 a =e/1 & two & "o-?ird times "u a mass ( p9es1 ?an 9 ! op54 ,moreov]1 trees prev5t ! circulation ( ! air by lat]al w9d curr5ts & produce /agnation4 ,h5ce1 z ,mr4 ,e4,j4 ,symons has truly obs]v$1 a lovely spot emb[]$ 9 trees & embrac$ by hills is usually *>act]iz$ by a damp1 mi/y1 cold1 & /agnant atmosph]e1 a condition ( climate :i* is obvi\sly unfavorable to good heal? & especially favorable to ! developm5t ( consumption & rheumatism1 our two mo/ preval5t diseases4 ,n[1 if we exam9e ! surr\nd+s ( _m ( our suburban villas & c\ntry h\ses ( ! bett] sort1 we %all f9d !m emb[]$ 9 trees1 & subject to all ! insanit>y climatic conditions j m5tion$4 ,! cu/om almo/ ev]y:]e prevails ( block+ out ( view o!r h\ses1 roads1 etc41 by belts ( trees1 (t5 plant$ on rais$ m\nds ( e>?1 & surr\nd$ by high close walls or pal+s1 f a fooli% ambition ( seem+ to live q 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is is a mo/ unwise proce$+ f a sanit>y po9t ( view1 & %\ld be prote/$ aga9/ z /rongly by m$ical m5 z defective dra9age & bad wat] supply4 ,_m h\ses /& "u ! v drip & %ad[ ( trees1 & ! gr\nds ( o!rs are inclos$ by d5se belts ( trees & %rubs1 :i* conv]t !m into v]itable res]voirs ( damp1 /agnant air1 (t5 load$ ) ! effluvia ( decay+ leaves & o!r g>d5 refuse1 a condition ( atmosph]e v injuri\s to heal?1 & answ]able = mu* ( ! neuralgia ( a mal>i\s k9d1 ( :i* we h he>d s mu* lately4 ,a v slight belt ( trees suffices to ob/ruct ! lat]al circulation ( ! air1 & if ! sun be also exclud$ ! natural upw>d curr5ts are also prev5t$4 ,z f> back z #afie ,lancisi recogniz$ ! influ5ce ( slight belts ( trees 9 prev5t+ ! spread ( mal>ia 9 ,rome1 & ! cold1 damp1 /agnant air ( spaces inclos$ by trees is easily demon/rat$ by ! wet & dry bulb !rmomet]1 or ev5 by ! ord9>y s5sations ( ! body4 ,a dry g>d51 on gravel1 ( ?ree acres 9 ext5t 9 ,surrey1 surr\nd$ by trees1 is g5]ally ?ree or f\r degrees cold] ?an ! op5 common beyond ! trees2 & a l>ge pond 9 a p9e wood tw5ty miles f ,london af=d$ skat+ = n9ety consecutive days 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhe-hf1 :ile dur+ ! great] "p ( ! "t ! lakes 9 ! ,london p>ks 7 free f ice4 ,! speculative build] has m s9s to answ] = ?an ! faulty con/ruction ( h\ses4 ,he g5]ally beg9s 8 op]ations by cutt+ d[n all ! f9e old trees :i* occupy ! gr\nd1 & :i* f _! size & isolation are m beautiful ?an "y ones & are little likely to be injuri\s to heal?1 & ends !m by rais+ m\nds & /ick+ into !m d5se belts ( quick-gr[+ trees l popl>s to hide z spe$ily z possible ! desolation ( bricks & mort> he has creat$4 ,x is ?is s5seless outdoor "w ( ! build] & 8 nurs]yman :i* /&s mo/ 9 ne$ ( revision f "t to "t 9 suburban resid5ces1 b :i* r>ely receives x f a silly notion1 am\nt+ to tree wor%ip1 :i* prohibits ! cutt+ d[n ( trees1 no matt] h[ injudici\s may h be5 ! plant+ ( !m 9 ! fir/ in/ance f a sanit>y or picturesque po9t ( view4 ,! foll[+ h9ts = plant+ & remov+ trees may be useful to ^? p]sons :o h giv5 little att5tion to ! subject4 ,a tree %\ld n /& s ne> a h\se t1 if x 7 to fall1 x w\ld fall on ! h\se2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! root %\ld be z f> f ! h\se z ! height ( ! tree4 ,belts ( trees may be plant$ on ! nor? & ea/ aspects ( h\ses1 b on ! ea/ side ! trees %\ld n be s ne>1 nor s high1 z to keep ! morn+ sun f ! b$room w9d[s 9 ! %ort] days ( ! ye>4 ,on ! s\? & we/ aspects ( h\ses isolat$ trees only %\ld be p]mitt$1 s t !re may be free access ( ! sun%9e & ! we/ w9ds to ! h\se & gr\nds4 ,high walls & pal+s on ^! aspects are also objectionable1 & %\ld be replac$ by f5ces1 or bett] /ill op5 pal+s1 especially ab\t h\ses :i* are occupi$ dur+ ! fall ( ! leaf1 & 9 ! w9t]4 ,trees = plant+ ne> h\ses %\ld be *os5 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,conif]s1 bir*1 acacia1 bee*1 oak1 elm1 lime1 & popl>4 ,p9e trees are ! be/ ( all trees = ?is purpose1 z !y collect ! greate/ am\nt ( ra9fall & p]mit ! free/ evaporation f ! gr\nd1 :ile _! bran*less /ems (f] ! lea/ resi/ance to ! lat]al circulation ( ! air4 ,acacias1 oaks1 & bir*es are late to bur/ into leaf1 & !re=e all[ ! gr\nd to be w>m$ by ! sun's rays 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,! elm1 lime1 & *e/nut are ! lea/ desirable k9ds ( trees to plant ne> h\ses1 al?\gh !y are ! mo/ common4 ,!y come into leaf e>ly & ca/ _! leaves e>ly1 s t !y exclude ! spr+ sun & d n af=d mu* %ade 9 ! hot autumn mon?s1 :5 x is mo/ requir$4 ,! lime & ! elm are1 h[ev]1 beautiful trees1 & w d\btless on ?is acc\nt (t5 be tol]at$ ne>] h\ses ?an is desirable f a purely sanit>y po9t ( view4 ,trees are (t5 useful guides to ! selection ( resid5ces4 ,num]\s trees ) ri* foliage & a rank und]gr[? ( f]ns or moss indicate a damp1 /agnant atmosph]e2 :ile abundance ( fl[]s & fruit imply a dry1 sunny climate4 ,*ildr5 w be heal?ie/ :]e mo/ fl[]s gr[1 & old p w live longe/ :]e our common fruits rip5 be/1 z ^! conditions ( vegetation indicate a climate :i* is lea/ favorable to bron*itis & rheumatism4 ,p9es & _! companions1 ! bir*es1 indicate a dry1 rocky1 s&y1 or gravel soil2 bee*es1 a dryi%1 *alky1 or gravel soil2 elms & limes1 a ri* & some:at damp soil2 oaks & a%es1 a heavy clay soil2 & popl>s & will[s1 a l[1 damp1 or m>%y soil4 ,_m ( ^! are f\nd gr[+ toge!r1 & x is only :5 "o species pr$om9ates 9 numb] & vigor t x is truly *>act]i/ic ( ! soil & t portion ( ! atmosph]e 9 connection ) x4 ,curzon ,/reet1 ,mayfair1 ,w4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,solidification ,,by ,,pressure4 ,m4 ,amagat has succe$$ 9 solidify+ v>i\s liquids1 by compress+ !m 9 cyl9d]s ( bronze & /eel4 ,he has also photograph$ ! cry/als aft] cry/allization1 by means ( a ray ( electric light trav]s+ ! int]ior ( ! vessel by glass cones s]v+ z panes4 ,! /ages ( cry/allization c be obs]v$ 9 ?is way ) *loride ( c>bon1 & x is se5 t ! process v>ies ) ! rapidity ) :i* ! pressure is produc$4 ,if rapidly1 a sudd5 circlet ( cry/als ga!rs r\nd ! edge ( ! lum9\s field1 & gr[s to ! c5t]4 ,! pressure be+ cont9u$1 ! field becomes obscure1 !n transp>5t4 ,z ! pressure is dim9i%$ ! rev]se takes place1 & ! liquid /ate is reproduc$4 ,m4 ,amagat f9ds t *loride ( c>bon solidifies at #ai4e ,c5t41 "u a pressure ( #baj atmosph]es4 ,at #bb ,c5t41 b5z9e cry/allizes ) a pressure ( ab\t #ijj atmosph]es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej ,a ,,ye>4 ,,s+le ,,copies1 #be ,,cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4