,?\ghts on ,religion ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,george ,,john ,,romanes ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,gore1 ,d4,d4 ,,bi%op ,,( ,,worce/] ,twelf? ,impression ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,& ,,bombay #aijd ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,editor',s ,,preface #e ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,^u ,,religion4 ,,essay ,i #cg ,,essay ,,ii #ef ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,notes ,,= ,a ,,"w ,,on ,a ,,c&id ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,religion4 ,,introductory ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,editor #ia #a4 ,,introductory #ih #b4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,t]ms ,,& ,,purpose ,,( ,,?is ,,treatise #ajd #c4 ,,causality #aaf #d4 ,,fai? #aca #e4 ,,fai? ,,9 ,,*ri/ianity #aed ,,conclud+ ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,editor #ahd ,,publi%]',s ,,note ,! pres5t edition ( ,romanes' ,?\ghts on ,religion is issu$ 9 response to a reque/ :i* has be5 made ) "s frequ5cy ( late = v *eap repr9ts ( /&>d religi\s & !ological works4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london1 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,! late ,mr4 ,george ,john ,romanes--! au?or )9 ! la/ few ye>s ( ,d>w9 & ,aft] ,d>w91 & ( ! ,exam9ation ( ,weismannism--occupi$ a di/+ui%$ place 9 contempor>y biology4 ,b 8 m9d 0 also cont9u\sly & increas+ly active on ! problems ( metaphysics & !ology4 ,& at 8 dea? 9 ! e>ly summ] ( ?is ye> 7#ahid71 he left among 8 pap]s "s notes1 made mo/ly 9 ! previ\s w9t]1 = a "w :i* he 0 int5d+ to write on ! fundam5tal que/ions ( religion4 ,he _h desir$ t ^! notes %\ld be giv5 to me & t ,i %\ld d ) !m z ,i ?\ght be/4 ,8 lit]>y executors accord+ly h&$ !m ov] to me1 9 company ) "s unpubli%$ essays1 two ( :i* =m ! fir/ "p ( ! pres5t volume4 ,aft] read+ ! notes myself1 & obta9+ ! judgem5t ( o!rs 9 :om ,i feel confid5ce ^u !m1 ,i h no hesitation ei!r 9 publi%+ by f> ! great] "p ( !m1 or 9 publi%+ !m ) ! au?or's "n 9 spite ( ! fact t ! book z orig9ally project$ 0 to h be5 anonym\s4 ,f ! few words :i* ,george ,romanes said to me on ! subject1 ,i h no d\bt t he realiz$ t ! notes if publi%$ aft] 8 dea? mu/ be publi%$ ) 8 "n4 ,i h said t aft] read+ ^! notes ,i feel no d\bt t !y ought to be publi%$4 ,!y claim x bo? by _! intr9sic value & by ! light !y ?r[ on ! religi\s ?\ght ( a sci5tific man :o 0 n only rem>kably able & cle>-head$1 b also _m-sid$1 z few m5 are1 9 8 capacities1 & s+ul>ly c&id & op5-he>t$4 ,to all ^! qualities ! notes :i* are n[ (f]$ to ! public w be> unmi/akeable witness4 ,) m hesitation x has be5 decid$ to pr9t also ! unpubli%$ essays already ref]r$ to4 ,^!1 z repres5t+ an e>li] /age ( ?\ght ?an is repres5t$ 9 ! notes1 naturally appe> fir/4 ,bo? ,essays & ,notes h[ev] repres5t ! same t5d5cy ( a m9d f a position ( unbelief 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation t[>d "o ( belief 9 x4 ,!y repres5t1 ,i say1 a t5d5cy ( "o 'seek+ aft] ,god if haply he might feel aft] ,him & f9d ,him1' & n a position ( settl$ or?odoxy4 ,ev5 ! ,notes conta9 9 fact _m ?+s :i* c\ld n come f a settl$ believ]4 ,?is be+ s x is natural t ,i %\ld say a ^w z to ! way 9 :i* ,i h und]/ood my function z an editor4 ,i h decid$ ! "q ( publi%+ ea* ,note solely by ! consid]ation :e!r or no x 0 suffici5tly f9i%$ to be intelligible4 ,i h rigidly exclud$ any "q ( my own agreem5t or disagreem5t ) x4 ,9 ! case ( "o ,note 9 p>ticul>1 ,i d\bt :e!r ,i %\ld h publi%$ x1 _h x n be5 t my decid$ disagreem5t ) its cont5ts made me fe> t ,i might be prejudic$ 9 )hold+ x4 ,! ,notes1 ) ! pap]s :i* prec$e !m1 w1 ,i ?9k1 be bett] und]/ood if ,i give "s prelim9>y acc\nt ( _! antec$5ts1 t is ( ,romanes' previ\s publications on ! subject ( religion4 ,9 #ahgc an essay ( ,george ,romanes ga9$ ! ,burney ,prize at ,cambridge1 ! subject be+ ,*ri/ian ,pray] consid]$ 9 relation to ! belief t ! ,almighty gov]ns ! _w by g5]al laws4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgd1 ) an app5dix on ,! ,physical ,efficacy ( ,pray]4 ,9 ?is essay1 writt5 :5 he 0 tw5ty-five ye>s old1 ,romanes %[s ! *>act]i/ic qualities ( 8 m9d & /yle already develop$4 ,! sympa?y ) ! sci5tific po9t ( view is !re1 z might be expect$ p]haps 9 a ,cambridge ',s*ol> 9 ,natural ,sci5ce'3 ! logical acum5 & love ( exact di/9ctions is !re3 !re too ! natural piety & spiritual appreciation ( ! nature ( ,*ri/ian pray]--a piety & appreciation :i* lat] intellectual habits ( ?\ght c\ld nev] eradicate4 ,! essay1 z judg$ by ! /&>d ( prize compositions1 is ( rem>kable ability1 & /rictly proce$s )9 ! limits ( ! !sis4 ,on ! "o side1 = ! purpose ( ! argum5t1 ! exi/5ce ( a ,p]sonal ,god is assum$#a1 & also ! reality ( ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation :i* assures u t we h reason to expect real answ]s1 ev5 ?\gh conditionally & )9 re/rict$ limits1 to pray]s = physical goods#b4 ,on ! o!r side1 !re is tak5 = grant$ ! belief t g5]al laws p]vade ! obs]vable doma9 ( physical nature4 ,!n ! "q is consid]$--h[ is ! physical efficacy ( pray] :i* ! ,*ri/ian accepts on ! au?ority ( revelation compatible ) ! sci5tifically kn[n fact t ,god gov]ns ! _w by g5]al laws8 ,! answ] is ma9ly f\nd 9 emphasiz+ ! limit$ sph]e )9 :i* sci5tific inquiry c be conduct$ & sci5tific k c obta94 ,special div9e acts ( response to pray]1 ev5 9 ! physical sph]e1 may occur--=ce may be ev5 orig9at$ 9 response to pray]--& /ill n produce any ph5om5on su* z sci5ce mu/ take cognizance ( & reg>d z miracul\s or contr>y to ! kn[n ord]4 ,on "o occasion ! ,notes ref] back to ?is essay#c1 & m frequ5tly1 z we %all h occasion to notice1 !y reproduce ?\ghts :i* _h already be5 express$ 9 ! e>li] "w b _h be5 obscur$ or repudiat$ 9 ! int]val4 ,i h no gr\nds = kn[+ :e!r 9 ! ma9 ,romanes rema9$ satisfi$ ) ! reason+ & conclusion ( 8 e>lie/ essay1 grant$ ! !i/ic hypo!sis on :i* x re/s#d4 ,b ?is hypo!sis itself1 v %ortly aft] publi%+ ?is essay1 he 0 l$ to repudiate4 ,9 o!r words1 8 m9d mov$ rapidly & %>ply into a position ( reason$ scepticism ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,god at all4 ,! ,burney ,essay 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgd4 ,already 9 #ahgf at lea/ he _h writt5 an anonym\s "w ) a :olly sceptical conclusion1 entitl$ ',a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism' by ,physicus#e4 ,z ! ,notes 7 writt5 ) direct ref]5ce to ?is "w1 "s detail$ acc\nt ( its argum5t seems necess>y2 & ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! "w itself1 :]e ! au?or summ>izes 8 argum5ts & draws 8 conclusions4 ,i v5ture !re=e to reproduce ?is *apt] at l5g?#f4 ' #a4 ,our analysis is n[ at an end1 & a v few words w "h suffice to convey an epitomiz$ recollection ( ! num]\s facts & conclusions :i* we h f\nd x necess>y to contemplate4 ,we fir/ dispos$ ( ! conspicu\sly absurd supposition t ! orig9 ( ?+s1 or ! my/]y ( exi/5ce i4e4 ! fact t any?+ exi/s at all1 admits ( be+ expla9$ by ! !ory ( ,!ism 9 any fur!r degree ?an by ! !ory ( ,a!ism4 ,next x 0 %[n t ! argum5t ,our he>t requires a ,god is invalid1 see+ t su* a subjective necessity1 ev5 if made out1 c\ld n be suffici5t to prove--or ev5 to r5d] probable--an objective exi/5ce4 ,& ) reg>d to ! fur!r argum5t t ! fact ( our !i/ic aspirations po9ts to ,god z to _! explanatory cause1 x became necess>y to obs]ve t ! argum5t c\ld only be admissible aft] ! possibility ( ! op]ation ( natural causes 9 ! production ( our !i/ic aspirations _h be5 exclud$4 ,simil>ly ! argum5t f ! suppos$ intuitive necessity ( individual ?\ght i4e4 ! alleg$ fact t m5 f9d x impossible to rid !mselves ( ! p]suasion t ,god exi/s 0 f\nd to be unt5able1 fir/1 because1 ev5 if ! suppos$ necessity 7 a real "o1 x w\ld only possess an individual applicability2 & second1 t1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is extremely improbable t ! suppos$ necessity is a real necessity ev5 = ! individual :o ass]ts x1 :ile x is absolutely c]ta9 t x is n su* to ! va/ majority ( ! race4 ,! argum5t f ! g5]al cons5t ( mank9d1 be+ s obvi\sly fallaci\s bo? z to facts & pr9ciples1 0 pass$ ov] )\t comm5t2 :ile ! argum5t f a fir/ cause 0 f\nd to involve a logical suicide4 ,la/ly1 ! argum5t t1 z human volition is a cause 9 nature1 !re=e all causation is probably volitional 9 "*1 0 %[n to consi/ 9 a /ret* ( inf]5ce s outrage\s t ! argum5t _h to be pron\nc$ wor?less4 ' #b4 ,proce$+ next to exam9e ! less sup]ficial argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,!ism1 x 0 fir/ %[n t ! syllogism1 ,all kn[n m9ds are caus$ by an unkn[n m9d2 our m9d is a kn[n m9d2 !re=e our m9d is caus$ by an unkn[n m9d1--is a syllogism t is inadmissible = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x does n acc\nt = m9d 79 ! ab/ract7 to ref] x to a prior m9d = its orig92 & !re=e1 al?\gh ! hypo!sis1 if admitt$1 w\ld be an explanation ( kn[n m9d1 x is useless z an argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ! unkn[n m9d1 ! assumption ( :i* =ms ! basis ( t explanation4 ,aga91 9 ! next place1 if x be said t m9d is s f> an entity sui g5]is t x mu/ be ei!r self-exi/+ or caus$ by ano!r m9d1 !re is no assignable w>rant = ! ass]tion4 ,& ?is is ! second objection to ! above syllogism2 = any?+ )9 ! :ole range ( ! possible may1 = aught t we c tell1 be compet5t to produce a self-consci\s intellig5ce4 ,?us an objector to ! above syllogism ne$ n hold any !ory ( ?+s at all2 b ev5 z oppos$ to ! def9ite !ory ( mat]ialism1 ! above syllogism has n s valid an argum5tative basis to /& ^u4 ,we "k t :at we call matt] & =ce are to all appe>ance et]nal1 :ile we h no correspond+ evid5ce ( a m9d t is ev5 app>5tly et]nal4 ,fur!r1 )9 exp]i5ce m9d is inv>iably associat$ ) highly diff]5tiat$ collocations ( matt] & di/ributions ( =ce1 & _m facts g to prove1 & none to negative1 ! conclusion t ! grade ( intellig5ce inv>iably dep5ds ^u1 or at lea/ is associat$ )1 a correspond+ grade ( c]ebral developm5t4 ,!re is ?us bo? a qualitative & a quantitative relation betwe5 intellig5ce & c]ebral organisation4 ,& if x is said t matt] & motion _c produce consci\sness because x is inconceivable t !y %\ld1 we h se5 at "s l5g? t ?is is no conclusive consid]ation z appli$ to a subject ( a confess$ly transc5d5tal nature1 & t 9 ! pres5t case x is p>ticul>ly inconclusive1 because1 z x is speculatively c]ta9 t ! sub/ance ( m9d mu/ be unkn[able1 x seems priori probable t1 :atev] is ! cause ( ! unkn[able reality1 ?is cause %\ld be m difficult to r5d] into ?\ght 9 t relation ?an w\ld "s o!r hypo!tical sub/ance :i* is imag9$ z m ak9 to m9d4 ,& if x is said t ! m conceivable cause is ! m probable cause1 we h se5 t x is 9 ?is case impossible to e/imate ! validity ( ! rem>k4 ,la/ly1 ! /atem5t t ! cause mu/ conta9 actually all t its effects c conta91 0 se5 to be inadmissible 9 logic & contradict$ by ev]yday exp]i5ce2 :ile ! argum5t f ! suppos$ fre$om ( ! w & ! exi/5ce ( ! moral s5se 0 negativ$ bo? d$uctively by ! !ory ( evolution1 & inductively by ! doctr9e ( utilit>ianism4' ,! !ory ( ! fre$om ( ! w is inde$ at ?is /age ( ?\ght utt]ly unt5able#g2 ! evid5ce is ov]:elm+ t ! moral s5se is ! result ( a purely natural evolution#h1 & ?is result1 arriv$ at on g5]al gr\nds1 is confirm$ ) irresi/ible =ce by ! acc\nt ( our human consci5ce :i* is suppli$ by ! !ory ( utilit>ianism1 a !ory bas$ on ! wide/ & mo/ unexceptionable ( inductions#i4 ',on ! :ole1 !n1 ) reg>d to ! argum5t f ! exi/5ce ( ! human m9d1 we 7 compell$ to decide t x is de/itute ( any assignable weight1 !re be+ no?+ m to lead to ! conclusion t our m9d has be5 caus$ by ano!r m9d1 ?an to ! conclusion t x has be5 caus$ by any?+ else :atsoev]4 ' #c4 ,) reg>d to ! argum5t f ,design1 x 0 obs]v$ t ,mill's pres5tation ( x 9 8 ,essay on ,!ism is m]ely a resuscitation ( ! argum5t z pres5t$ by ,paley1 ,bell1 & ,*alm]s4 ,& inde$ we saw t ! fir/-nam$ writ] treat$ ?is :ole subject ) a feebl5ess & inaccuracy v surpris+ 9 him2 = :ile he has fail$ to assign any?+ l due weight to ! inductive evid5ce ( organic evolution1 he did n hesitate to ru% into a sup]natural explanation ( biological ph5om5a4 ,moreov]1 he has fail$ signally 9 8 analysis ( ! ,design argum5t1 see+ t1 9 common ) all previ\s writ]s1 he fail$ to obs]ve t x is utt]ly impossible = u to "k ! relations 9 :i* ! suppos$ ,design] /&s to ! ,design$1--mu* less to argue f ! fact t ! ,supreme ,m9d1 ev5 suppos+ x to exi/1 caus$ ! obs]vable products by any p>ticul> intellectual process4 ,9 o!r words1 all advocates ( ! ,design argum5t h fail$ to p]ceive t1 ev5 if we grant nature to be due to a creat+ ,m9d1 /ill we h no %ad[ ( a "r to conclude t ?is ,m9d c only h ex]t$ its creative p[] by means ( su* & su* cogitative op]ations4 ,h[ absurd1 !re=e1 mu/ x be to raise ! suppos$ evid5ce ( su* cogitative op]ations into evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( a creat+ ,m9d6 ,if a !i/ retorts t x is1 aft] all1 ( v little importance :e!r or n we are able to div9e ! me?ods ( creation1 s long z ! facts are !re to atte/ t1 9 "s way or o!r1 ! obs]vable ph5om5a ( nature mu/ be due to ,intellig5ce ( "s k9d z _! ultimate cause1 !n ,i am ! fir/ to endorse ?is rem>k4 ,x has always appe>$ to me "o ( ! mo/ unacc\ntable ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( speculation t s _m compet5t writ]s c h insi/$ ^u ,design z an argum5t = ,!ism1 :5 !y mu/ all h kn[n p]fectly well t !y h no means ( asc]ta9+ ! subjective psy*ology ( t ,supreme ,m9d ^: exi/5ce ! argum5t is adduc$ to demon/rate4 ,! tru? is1 t ! argum5t f teleology mu/1 & c only1 re/ ^u ! obs]vable facts ( nature1 )\t ref]5ce to ! intellectual processes by :i* ^! facts may be suppos$ to h be5 accompli%$4 ,b1 look+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ?is is m]ely to *ange ! teleological argum5t 9 its gross ,paleyian =m1 into ! argum5t f ! ubiquit\s op]ation ( g5]al laws4' ' #d4 ,?is argum5t 0 ?us#aj /at$ 9 contra/ ) ! argum5t f design4 ',! argum5t f design says1 !re mu/ be a ,god1 because su* & su* an organic /ructure mu/ h be5 due to su* & su* an intellectual process4 ,! argum5t f g5]al laws says1 ,!re mu/ be a ,god1 because su* & su* an organic /ructure mu/ 9 "s way or o!r h be5 ultimately due to intellig5ce4' ,e /ructure exhibits ) m or less ( complexity ! pr9ciple ( ord]2 x is relat$ to all o!r ?+s 9 a univ]sal ord]4 ,?is univ]sality ( ord] r5d]s irrational ! hypo!sis ( *ance 9 acc\nt+ = ! univ]se4 ',let u ?9k ( ! supreme causality z we may1 ! fact rema9s t f x !re emanates a directive influ5ce ( un9t]rupt$ consi/5cy1 on a scale ( /up5d\s magnitude & exact precision wor?y ( our highe/ conceptions ( deity#aa4' ,! argum5t 0 develop$ 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,bad5 ,p[ell4 ',t :i* requires reason & ?\ght to und]/& mu/ be itself ?\ght & reason4 ,t :i* m9d alone c inve/igate or express mu/ be itself m9d4 ,& if ! highe/ conception atta9$ is b p>tial1 !n ! m9d & reason /udi$ is great] ?an ! m9d & reason ( ! /ud5t4 ,if ! m x is /udi$ ! m va/ & complex is ! necess>y connection 9 reason disclos$1 !n ! m evid5t is ! va/ ext5t & compass ( ! reason ?us p>tially manife/$ & its reality z exi/+ 9 ! immutably connect$ ord] ( objects exam9$1 indep5d5tly ( ! m9d ( ! inve/igator4' ,?is argum5t f ! univ]sal ,kosmos has ! advantage ( be+ :olly indep5d5t ( ! me?od by :i* ?+s came to be :at !y are4 ,x is unaffect$ by ! acceptance ( evolution4 ,till q rec5tly x seem$ irrefutable#ab4 ',b nev]!less we are con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge t its app>5t p[] dw9dles to no?+ 9 view ( ! indisputable fact t1 if =ce & matt] h be5 et]nal1 all & e natural law mu/ h result$ by way ( necess>y consequ5ce4444 ,x does n admit ( "o mom5t's que/ion+ t x is z c]ta9ly true t all ! exquisite beauty & melodi\s h>mony ( nature foll[s necess>ily z inevitably f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce & ! prim>y qualities ( matt] z x is c]ta9ly true t =ce is p]si/5t or t matt] is ext5d$ or imp5etrable#ac4444 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,i dwelt at consid]able l5g? & ) mu* e>ne/ness ^u ?is tru?1 n only because ( its enorm\s importance 9 its be>+ ^u our subject1 b also because no "o has hi!rto consid]$ x 9 t relation4' ,x 0 also po9t$ out t ! coh]5ce & correspond5ce ( ! macrocosm ( ! univ]se ) ! microcosm ( ! human m9d c be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! human m9d is only "o ( ! products ( g5]al evolution1 its subjective relations necess>ily reflect+ ^? ext]nal relations ( :i* !y !mselves are ! product#ad4 ' #e4 ,! next /ep1 h[ev]1 0 to mitigate ! sev]ity ( ! conclusion t 0 liable to be =m$ ^u ! utt] & hopeless collapse ( all ! possible argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,!ism4 ,hav+ fully demon/rat$ t !re is no %ad[ ( a positive argum5t 9 support ( ! !i/ic !ory1 !re arose ! dang] t "s p]sons might errone\sly conclude t = ?is reason ! !i/ic !ory mu/ be untrue4 ,x !re=e became necess>y to po9t out1 t al?\gh1 z f> z we c see1 nature does n require an ,intellig5t ,cause to acc\nt = any ( h] ph5om5a1 yet x is possible t1 if we c\ld see f>!r1 we %\ld see t nature c\ld n be :at %e is unless %e _h ow$ h] exi/5ce to an ,intellig5t ,cause4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! probability !re is t an ,intellig5t ,cause is unnecess>y to expla9 any ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 is only equal to ! probability !re is t ! doctr9e ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce is ev]y:]e & et]nally true4 ',z a f9al /ep 9 our analysis1 !re=e1 we altoge!r quitt$ ! region ( exp]i5ce1 & ignor+ ev5 ! v f\ndations ( sci5ce1 & s all ! mo/ c]ta9 ( relative tru?s1 we c>ri$ ! discussion into ! transc5d5tal region ( purely =mal consid]ations4 ,& "h we laid d[n ! canon1 t ! value ( any probability1 9 its la/ analysis1 is det]m9$ by ! numb]1 ! importance1 & ! def9it5ess ( ! relations kn[n1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! relations unkn[n2 &1 consequ5tly1 t 9 cases :]e ! unkn[n relations are m num]\s1 m important1 or m indef9ite ?an are ! kn[n relations1 ! value ( our inf]5ce v>ies inv]sely z ! diff]5ce 9 ^! respects betwe5 ! relations comp>$4 ,f :i* canon x foll[$1 t z ! problem ( ,!ism is ! mo/ ultimate ( all problems1 & s conta9s 9 its unkn[n relations all t is to man unkn[n & unkn[able1 ^! relations mu/ be pron\nc$ ! mo/ indef9ite ( all relations t x is possible = man to contemplate2 &1 consequ5tly1 t al?\gh we h "h ! entire range ( exp]i5ce f :i* to argue1 we are unable to e/imate ! real value ( any argum5t :atsoev]4 ,! unkn[n relations 9 our attempt$ induction be+ :olly indef9ite1 bo? 9 respect ( _! numb] & importance1 z comp>$ ) ! kn[n relations1 x is impossible = u to det]m9e any def9ite probability ei!r = or aga9/ ! be+ ( a ,god4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x is true t1 s f> z human sci5ce c p5etrate or human ?\ght inf]1 we c p]ceive no evid5ce ( ,god1 yet we h no "r on ?is acc\nt to conclude t !re is no ,god4 ,! probability1 !re=e1 t nature is devoid ( ,deity1 :ile x is ( ! /ronge/ k9d if reg>d$ sci5tifically--am\nt+1 9 fact1 to a sci5tific demon/ration1--is nev]!less :olly wor?less if reg>d$ logically4 ,al?\gh x is z true z is ! fundam5tal basis ( all sci5ce & ( all exp]i5ce t1 if !re is a ,god1 ,8 exi/5ce1 consid]$ z a cause ( ! univ]se1 is sup]flu\s1 x may nev]!less be true t1 if !re _h nev] be5 a ,god1 ! univ]se c\ld nev] h exi/$4 ',h5ce ^! =mal consid]ations prov$ conclusively t1 no matt] h[ great ! probability ( ,a!ism might appe> to be 9 a relative s5se1 we h no means ( e/imat+ su* probability 9 an absolute s5se4 ,f :i* position !re em]g$ ! possibility ( ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,!ism--or r let u say1 ( a reappe>ance ( ! teleological argum5t 9 ano!r =m4 ,= x may be said1 see+ t ^! =mal consid]ations exclude legitimate reason+ ei!r = or aga9/ ,deity 9 an absolute s5se1 :ile !y d n exclude su* reason+ 9 a relative s5se1 if !re yet rema9 any !i/ic d$uctions :i* may prop]ly be drawn f exp]i5ce1 ^! may n[ be adduc$ to balance ! a!i/ic d$uctions f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,= al?\gh ! latt] d$uctions h cle>ly %[n ! exi/5ce ( ,deity to be sup]flu\s 9 a sci5tific s5se1 ! =mal consid]ations 9 "q h no less cle>ly op5$ up beyond ! sph]e ( sci5ce a possible locus = ! exi/5ce ( ,deity2 s t if !re are any facts suppli$ by exp]i5ce = :i* ! a!i/ic d$uctions appe> insuffici5t to acc\nt1 we are /ill free to acc\nt = !m 9 a relative s5se by ! hypo!sis ( ,!ism4 ,&1 x may be urg$1 we d f9d su* an unexpla9$ residuum 9 ! correlation ( g5]al laws 9 ! production ( cosmic h>mony4 ,x signifies no?+1 ! argum5t may run1 t we are unable to conceive ! me?ods :]eby ! suppos$ ,m9d op]ates 9 produc+ cosmic h>mony2 nor does x signify t its op]ation mu/ n[ be relegat$ to a sup]-sci5tific prov9ce4 ,:at does signify is t1 tak+ a g5]al view ( nature1 we f9d x impossible to conceive ( ! ext5t & v>iety ( h] h>moni\s processes z o!r ?an products ( intellig5t causation4 ,n[ ?is sublimat$ =m ( ! teleological argum5t1 x w be rememb]$1 ,i d5ot$ a metaphysical teleology1 9 ord] %>ply to di/+ui% x f all previ\s =ms ( t argum5t1 :i*1 9 contradi/9ction ,i d5ot$ sci5tific teleologies4 ,& ! di/9ction1 x w be rememb]$1 consi/$ 9 ?is--t :ile all previ\s =ms ( teleology1 by re/+ on a basis :i* 0 n beyond ! possible rea* ( sci5ce1 laid !mselves op5 to ! possibility ( sci5tific refutation1 ! metaphysical sy/em ( teleology1 by re/+ on a basis :i* is cle>ly beyond ! possible rea* ( sci5ce1 c nev] be susceptible ( sci5tific refutation4 ,& t ?is metaphysical sy/em ( teleology does re/ on su* a basis is indisputable2 = :ile x accepts ! mo/ ultimate tru?s ( :i* sci5ce c ev] be cognizant--viz4 ! p]si/5ce ( =ce & ! consequ5tly necess>y g5esis ( natural law1--x nev]!less ma9ta9s t ! necessity ( reg>d+ ,m9d z ! ultimate cause ( ?+s is n on ?is acc\nt remov$2 &1 !re=e1 t if sci5ce n[ requires ! op]ation ( a ,supreme ,m9d to be posit$ 9 a sup]-sci5tific sph]e1 !n 9 a sup]-sci5tific sph]e x ought to be posit$4 ,no d\bt ?is hypo!sis at fir/ sight seems gratuit\s1 see+ t1 s f> z sci5ce c p5etrate1 !re is no ne$ ( any su* hypo!sis at all--cosmic h>mony result+ z a physically necess>y consequ5ce f ! comb9$ action ( natural laws1 :i* 9 turn result z a physically necess>y consequ5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce & ! prim>y qualities ( matt]4 ,b al?\gh x is ?us indisputably true t metaphysical teleology is :olly gratuit\s if consid]$ sci5tifically1 x may n be true t x is :olly gratuit\s if consid]$ psy*ologically4 ,9 o!r words1 if x is m conceivable t ,m9d %\ld be ! ultimate cause ( cosmic h>mony ?an t ! p]si/5ce ( =ce %\ld be s1 !n x is n irrational to accept ! m conceivable hypo!sis 9 pref]5ce to ! less conceivable "o1 provid$ t ! *oice is made ) ! diffid5ce :i* is requir$ by ! consid]ations adduc$ 9 ,*apt] ,v especially ! ,canon ( probability laid d[n 9 ! second p>agraph ( ?is section1 #e4 ',i conclude1 !re=e1 t ! hypo!sis ( metaphysical teleology1 al?\gh 9 a physical s5se gratuit\s1 may be 9 a psy*ological s5se legitimate4 ,b z aga9/ ! fundam5tal position on :i* alone ?is argum5t c re/--viz4 ! position t ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( ,a!ism is m inconceivable ?an is ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( ,!ism--we h se5 two important objections to lie4 ',=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w inconceivable is "h us$ is t ( ! impossibility ( fram+ realizable relations 9 ! ?\ght2 n t ( ! impossibility ( fram+ ab/ract relations 9 ?\ght4 ,9 ! same s5se1 ?\gh 9 a l[] degree1 x is true t ! complexity ( ! human organization & its functions is inconceivable2 b 9 ?is s5se ! ^w inconceivable has mu* less weight 9 an argum5t ?an x has 9 its true s5se4 ,&1 )\t wait+ aga9 to dispute 7z we did 9 ! case ( ! speculative /&+ ( ,mat]ialism7 h[ f> ev5 ! g5u9e te/ ( inconceivability ought to be all[$ to make aga9/ an inf]5ce :i* !re is a body ( sci5tific evid5ce to sub/antiate1 we w5t on to ! second objection aga9/ ?is fundam5tal position ( metaphysical teleology4 ,?is objection1 x w be rememb]$1 01 t x is z impossible to conceive ( cosmic h>mony z an effect ( ,m9d i4e4 ,m9d be+ :at we "k x 9 exp]i5ce to be1 z x is to conceive ( x z an effect ( m9dless evolution4 ,! argum5t f inconceivability1 !re=e1 admits ( be+ turn$ ) q z t]rible an effect on ,!ism1 z x c possibly be made to ex]t on ,a!ism4 ',h5ce ?is m ref9$ =m ( teleology :i* we are consid]+1 & :i* we saw to be ! la/ ( ! possible argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,!ism1 is met on its own gr\nd by a v cru%+ opposition3 by its metaphysical "* x has escap$ ! opposition ( physical sci5ce1 only to enc\nt] a new opposition 9 ! region ( pure psy*ology to :i* x fl$4 ,z a conclusion to our :ole inquiry1 !re=e1 x devolv$ on u to det]m9e ! relative magnitudes ( ^! oppos+ =ces4 ,& 9 do+ ?is we fir/ obs]v$ t1 if ! support]s ( metaphysical teleology object$ priori to ! me?od :]eby ! g5esis ( natural law 0 d$uc$ f ! datum ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 9 t ?is me?od involv$ an unre/rict$ use ( illegitimate symbolic conceptions2 !n x is no less op5 to an a!i/ to object priori to ! me?od :]eby a direct+ ,m9d 0 inf]r$ f ! datum ( cosmic h>mony1 9 t ?is me?od involv$ ! po/ulation ( an unkn[able cause1--& ?is ( a "* :i* ! :ole hi/ory ( human ?\ght has prov$ ! human m9d to exhibit an ov]we5+ t5d5cy to po/ulate z ! cause ( natural ph5om5a4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 !re=e1 ,i conclud$ t1 s f> z _! respective /&+ priori is conc]n$1 bo? !ories may be reg>d$ z ab\t equally suspici\s4 ,& simil>ly ) reg>d to _! /&+ po/]iori2 = z bo? !ories require to embody at lea/ "o inf9ite t]m1 !y mu/ ea* alike be pron\nc$ absolutely inconceivable4 ,b1 f9ally1 if ! "q 7 put to me :i* ( ! two !ories ,i reg>d$ z ! m rational1 ,i obs]v$ t ?is is a "q :i* no "o man c answ] = ano!r4 ,= z ! te/ ( absolute inconceivability is equally de/ructive ( bo? !ories1 if a man wi%es to *oose betwe5 !m1 8 *oice c only be det]m9$ by :at ,i h designat$ relative inconceivability--i4e4 9 accordance ) ! v]dict giv5 by 8 individual s5se ( probability z det]m9$ by 8 previ\s habit ( ?\ght4 ,& =asmu* z ! te/ ( relative inconceivability may be held 9 ?is matt] legitimately to v>y ) ! "* ( ! m9d :i* applies x1 ! /rictly rational probability ( ! "q to :i* x is appli$ v>ies 9 l mann]4 ,or o!rwise pres5t$1 ! only alt]native = any man 9 ?is matt] is ei!r to discipl9e himself into an attitude ( pure scepticism1 & ?us to refuse 9 ?\ght to ent]ta9 ei!r a probability or an improbability conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,god2 or else to incl9e 9 ?\ght t[>ds an affirmation or a negation ( ,god1 accord+ z 8 previ\s habits ( ?\ght h r5d]$ su* an incl9ation m facile 9 ! "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,& al?\gh1 "u su* circum/ances1 ,i %\ld consid] t man ! m rational :o c>efully susp5d$ 8 judgem5t1 ,i conclude t if ?is c\rse is dep>t$ f1 nei!r ! metaphysical teleologi/ nor ! sci5tific a!i/ has any p]ceptible advantage ov] ! o!r 9 respect ( rationality4 ,= z ! =mal conditions ( a metaphysical teleology are und\bt$ly pres5t on ! "o h&1 & ! =mal conditions ( a speculative a!ism are z und\bt$ly pres5t on ! o!r1 !re is ?us 9 bo? cases a logical vacuum suppli$ :]e9 ! p5dulum ( ?\ght is free to sw+ 9 :i*ev] direction x may be made to sw+ by ! mom5tum ( preconceiv$ ideas4 ' #f4 ,su* is ! outcome ( our inve/igation1 & consid]+ ! ab/ract nature ( ! subject1 ! imm5se div]g5ce ( op9ion :i* at ! pres5t "t is manife/$ ) reg>d to x1 z well z ! confus+ am\nt ( good1 bad & indiff]5t lit]ature on bo? sides ( ! controv]sy :i* is extant2--consid]+ ^! ?+s1 ,i d n ?9k t ! result ( our inquiry c be ju/ly compla9$ ( on ! score ( its lack+ precision4 ,at a "t l ! pres5t1 :5 traditional beliefs respect+ ,!ism are s g5]ally accept$1 & s commonly conclud$ z a matt] ( c\rse to h a l>ge & valid basis ( induction :]eon to re/1 ,i _c b feel t a p]usal ( ?is %ort essay1 by %[+ h[ v concise ! sci5tific /atus ( ! subject really is1 w d m to settle ! m9ds ( mo/ read]s z to ! exact /&+ at ! pres5t "t ( all ! probabilities ( ! "q1 ?an c\ld a p]usal ( all ! re/ ( ! lit]ature ^u ?is subject4 ,&1 look+ to ! pres5t condition ( speculative philosophy1 ,i reg>d x z ( ! utmo/ importance to h cle>ly %[n t ! advance ( sci5ce has n[ entitl$ u to ass]t1 )\t ! lea/ hesitation1 t ! hypo!sis ( ,m9d 9 nature is z c]ta9ly sup]flu\s to acc\nt = any ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 z ! sci5tific doctr9e ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce & ! inde/ructibility ( matt] is c]ta9ly true4 ',on ! o!r h&1 if any "o is incl9$ to compla9 t ! logical aspect ( ! "q has n prov$ itself s unequivocally def9ite z has ! sci5tific1 ,i mu/ ask him to consid] t1 9 any matt] :i* does n admit ( actual demon/ration1 "s m>g9 mu/ ( necessity be left = v>iations ( individual op9ion4 ,&1 if he be>s ?is consid]ation 9 m9d1 ,i feel sure t he _c prop]ly compla9 ( my n hav+ done my utmo/ 9 ?is case to def9e z %>ply z possible ! "* & ! limits ( ?is m>g94 ' #g4 ,& n[1 9 conclusion1 ,i feel x is desirable to /ate t any antec$5t bias ) reg>d to ,!ism :i* ,i individually possess is unque/ionably on ! side ( traditional beliefs4 ,x is !re=e ) ! utmo/ sorr[ t ,i f9d myself compell$ to accept ! conclusions "h work$ out2 & no?+ w\ld h induc$ me to publi% !m1 save ! /r5g? ( my conviction t x is ! duty ( e memb] ( society to give 8 fell[s ! b5efit ( 8 lab\rs = :atev] !y may be wor?4 ,j z ,i am confid5t t tru? mu/ 9 ! end be ! mo/ pr(itable = ! race1 s ,i am p]suad$ t e individual endeav\r to atta9 x1 provid$ only t su* endeav\r is unbiass$ & s9c]e1 ought )\t hesitation to be made ! common prop]ty ( all m51 no matt] 9 :at direction ! results ( its promulgation may appe> to t5d4 ,& s f> z ! ru9ation ( individual happ9ess is conc]n$1 no "o c h a m lively p]ception ?an myself ( ! possibly disa/r\s t5d5cy ( my "w4 ,s f> z ,i am individually conc]n$1 ! result ( ?is analysis has be5 to %[ t1 :e!r ,i reg>d ! problem ( ,!ism on ! l[] plane ( /rictly relative probability1 or on ! high] plane ( purely =mal consid]ations1 x equally becomes my obvi\s duty to /ifle all belief ( ! k9d :i* ,i conceive to be ! noble/1 & to discipl9e my intellect ) reg>d to ?is matt] into an attitude ( ! pure/ scepticism4 ,& =asmu* z ,i am f> f be+ able to agree ) ^? :o affirm t ! twilight doctr9e ( ! new fai? is a desirable sub/itute = ! wan+ spl5d\r ( ! old1 ,i am n a%am$ to confess t ) ?is virtual negation ( ,god ! univ]se to me has lo/ its s\l ( lovel9ess2 & al?\gh f h5ce=? ! precept to "w :ile x is day w d\btless b ga9 an int5sifi$ =ce f ! t]ribly int5sifi$ mean+ ( ! words t ! night come? :5 no man c "w1 yet :5 at times ,i ?9k1 z ?9k at times ,i mu/1 ( ! appall+ contra/ betwe5 ! hall[$ glory ( t cre$ :i* once 0 m9e1 & ! lonely my/]y ( exi/5ce z n[ ,i f9d x1--at su* times ,i %all ev] feel x impossible to avoid ! %>pe/ pang ( :i* my nature is susceptible4 ,= :e!r x be due to my intellig5ce n be+ suffici5tly advanc$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! age1 or :e!r x be due to ! memory ( ^? sacr$ associations :i* to me at lea/ 7 ! sweete/ t life has giv51 ,i _c b feel t = me1 & = o!rs :o ?9k z ,i d1 !re is a dreadful tru? 9 ^? words ( ,hamilton1--,philosophy hav+ become a m$itation1 n m]ely ( dea?1 b ( annihilation1 ! precept "k ?yself has become trans=m$ into ! t]rific oracle to ,o,edipus-- ,maye/ ?\ ne'er "k ! tru? ( :at ?\ art4' ,?is analysis w h be5 at lea/ suffici5t to give a cle> idea ( ! g5]al argum5t ( ! ,c&id ,exam9ation & ( its melan*oly conclusions4 ,:at w mo/ /rike a some:at critical read] is p]haps 7#a7 ! tone ( c]ta9ty1 & 7#b7 ! belief 9 ! almo/ exclusive "r ( ! sci5tific me?od 9 ! c\rt ( reason4 ,z evid5ce ( 7#a7 ,i w\ld adduce ! foll[+ brief quotations3-- ,p4 xi4 ',possible errors 9 reason+ ap>t1 ! rational position ( ,!ism z "h def9$ mu/ rema9 )\t mat]ial modification z long z our intellig5ce rema9s human4' ,p4 #bd4 ',i am q unable to und]/& h[ any "o at ! pres5t day1 & ) ! mo/ mod]ate p[]s ( ab/ract ?9k+1 c possibly br+ himself to embrace ! !ory ( ,free-w4' ,p4 #fd4 ',und\bt$ly we h no alt]native b to conclude t ! hypo!sis ( m9d 9 nature is n[ logically prov$ to be z c]ta9ly sup]flu\s z ! v basis ( all sci5ce is c]ta9ly true4 ,!re c no long] be any m d\bt t ! exi/5ce ( a ,god is :olly unnecess>y to expla9 any ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 ?an !re is d\bt t if ,i leave g ( my p5 x w fall ^u ! table4' ,z evid5ce ( 7#b7 ,i w\ld adduce f ! preface-- ',to my m9d1 !re=e1 x is impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t1 look+ to ?is und\bt$ pre-em95ce ( ! sci5tific me?ods z ways to tru?1 :e!r or n !re is a ,god1 ! "q z to 8 exi/5ce is bo? m morally & m rev]5tly contemplat$ if we reg>d x purely z a problem = me?odical analysis to solve1 ?an if we reg>d x 9 any o!r light4' ,x is 9 respect bo? ( 7#a7 & 7#b7 t ! *ange 9 ,romanes' ?\ght z exhibit$ 9 8 lat] ,notes is mo/ conspicu\s#ae4 ,at :at date ,george ,romanes' m9d began to react f ! conclusions ( ! ,c&id ,exam9ation ,i _c say4 ,b aft] a p]iod ( t5 ye>s--9 8 ,r$e lecture ( #ahheaf--we f9d 8 frame ( m9d v mu* *ang$4 ,?is lecture1 on ,m9d & ,motion1 consi/s ( a sev]e criticism ( ! mat]iali/ic acc\nt ( m9d4 ,on ! o!r h& 'spiritualism'--or ! !ory :i* w\ld suppose t m9d is ! cause ( motion--is pron\nc$ f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce n impossible inde$ b 'unsatisfactory1' & ! m probable conclusion is f\nd 9 a 'monism' l ,bruno's--accord+ to :i* m9d & motion are co-ord9ate & probably co-ext5sive aspects ( ! same univ]sal fact--a monism :i* may be call$ ,pan!ism1 b may also be reg>d$ z an ext5sion ( contract$ views ( ,!ism#ag4 ,! position repres5t$ by ?is lecture may be se5 suffici5tly f its conclusion3-- ',if ! advance ( natural sci5ce is n[ /eadily lead+ u to ! conclusion t !re is no motion )\t m9d1 mu/ we n see h[ ! indep5d5t conclusion ( m5tal sci5ce is ?us indep5d5tly confirm$--! conclusion1 ,i mean1 t !re is no be+ )\t kn[+8 ,to me1 at lea/1 x does appe> t ! "t has come :5 we may beg91 z x 7 9 a dawn+ light1 to see t ! /udy ( ,nature & ! /udy ( ,m9d are meet+ ^u ?is greate/ ( possible tru?s4 ,& if ?is is ! case--if !re is no motion )\t m9d1 no be+ )\t kn[+--%all we inf]1 ) ,clif=d1 t univ]sal be+ is m9dless1 or answ] ) a dogmatic negative t mo/ /up5d\s ( que/ions1--,is !re k ) ! ,mo/ ,high8 ,if !re is no motion )\t m9d1 no be+ )\t kn[+1 may we n r inf]1 ) ,bruno1 t x is 9 ! m$ium ( m9d1 & 9 ! m$ium ( k1 we live1 & move1 & h our be+8 ',?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! direction 9 :i* ! inf]5ce po9ts1 if we are c>eful to set out ! logical conditions ) complete imp>tiality4 ,b ! ult]ior "q rema9s1 :e!r1 s f> z sci5ce is conc]n$1 x is "h possible to po9t any inf]5ce at all3 ! :ole orbit ( human k may be too n>r[ to af=d a p>allax = measurem5ts s va/4 ,yet ev5 "h1 if x be true t ! voice ( sci5ce mu/ ?us ( necessity speak ! language ( agno/icism1 at lea/ let u see to x t ! language is pure#ah2 let u n tol]ate any b>b>isms introduc$ f ! side ( aggressive dogma4 ,s %all we f9d t ?is new gramm> ( ?\ght does n admit ( any con/ructions radically oppos$ to m v5]able ways ( ?9k+2 ev5 if we d n f9d t ! (t5-quot$ words ( its e>lie/ =mulator apply ) special =ce to its late/ dialects--t if a little k ( physiology & a little k ( psy*ology dispose m5 to a!ism1 a deep] k ( bo?1 &1 /ill m1 a deep] ?\ght ^u _! relations to "o ano!r1 w lead m5 back to "s =m ( religion1 :i* if x be m vague1 may also be m wor?y ?an t ( e>li] days4' ,"s "t be=e #ahhi ?ree articles 7 writt5 = ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury on ! ,influ5ce ( ,sci5ce ^u ,religion4 ,!y 7 nev] publi%$1 = :at reason ,i am n able to asc]ta94 ,b ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to pr9t ! fir/ two ( !m z a 'fir/ "p' ( ?is volume1 bo? because !y conta9--writt5 9 ,george ,romanes' own "n--an important criticism ^u ! ,c&id ,exam9ation :i* he _h publi%$ anonym\sly1 & also because1 ) _! entirely sceptical result1 !y exhibit v cle>ly a /age 9 ! m5tal hi/ory ( _! au?or4 ,! antec$5ts ( ^! pap]s ^? :o h read ?is ,introduction w n[ be 9 a position to und]/&4 ,:at rema9s to be said by way ( fur!r introduction to ! ,notes _h bett] be res]v$ till lat]4 ,c4,g4 ,,footnotes3 #a p4 #g4 #b p4 #agc4 #c ,see p4 #aaj4 #d ,b see an int]e/+ note 9 ,romanes' ,m9d & ,motion & ,monism 7,longmans1 #ahie7 p4 #aaa4 #e ,publi%$ 9 ,trbn]'s ,engli% & ,=eign ,philosophical ,libr>y 9 #ahgh1 b writt5 'sev]al ye>s ago' 7preface74 ',i h refra9$ f publi%+ x1' ! au?or expla9s1 'le/1 aft] hav+ done s1 ,i %\ld f9d t m mature ?\ght _h modifi$ ! conclusions :i* ! au?or sets =?4' #f ,at times ,i h s\ght to make ! argum5t ( ! *apt] m intelligible by introduc+ ref]5ces to e>li] p>ts ( ! book or explanations 9 my own words4 ,^! latt] ,i h ins]t$ 9 squ>e brackets4 #g p4 #bd4 #h p4 #bh4 #i p4 #bh4 #aj p4 #de4 #aa p4 #dg4 #ab p4 #ej4 #ac p4 #fc4 #ad pp4 #eh ff4 #ae ,) ref]5ce to ! views & argum5ts ( ! ,c&id ,exam9ation1 x may be int]e/+ to notice "h 9 detail t ,george ,romanes 7#a7 came to atta* mu* m importance to ! subjective religi\s ne$s & intuitions ( ! human _s 7pp4 #aca ff472 7#b7 p]ceiv$ t ! subjective religi\s consci\sness c be reg>d$ objectively z a broad human ph5om5on 7pp4 #adg f472 7#c7 criticiz$ 8 e>li] !ory ( causation & return$ t[>ds ! !ory t all causation is volitional 7pp4 #ajb1 #aah72 7#d7 def9itely repudiat$ ! mat]iali/ic acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( m9d 7pp4 #cj1 #ca72 7#e7 return$ to ! use ( ! expression '! argum5t f design1' & !re=e presumably ab&on$ 8 /rong objection to x2 7#f7 'saw ?r\gh' ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s refutation ( ! wid] teleology express$ by ,bad5 ,p[ell1 & felt ! =ce ( ! teleology aga9 7p4 #gb72 7#g7 recogniz$ t ! sci5tific objections to ! doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( ! w are n f9ally valid 7p4 #abh74 #af ,see ,m9d & ,motion & ,monism1 pp4 #cf ff4 #ag ,9 "s ',notes' ( ! ,summ] ( #ahic ,i f9d ! /atem5t1 ',! result 7( philosophical inquiry7 has be5 t 9 8 mill5nial contemplation & exp]i5ce man has atta9$ c]ta9ty ) reg>d to c]ta9 aspects ( ! _w problem1 no less secure ?an t :i* he has ga9$ 9 ! doma9 ( physical sci5ce1 e4g4 ,logical priority ( m9d ov] matt]4 ,consequ5t unt5ability ( mat]ialism4 ,relativity ( k4 ,! ord] ( nature1 cons]vation ( en]gy & inde/ructibility ( matt] )9 human exp]i5ce1 ! pr9ciple ( evolution & survival ( ! fitte/4' #ah ,= ! mean+ ( 'pure' agno/icism see bel[1 pp4 #ajg ff4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,^u ,,religion4 ,i4 ,i propose to consid]1 9 a s]ies ( ?ree pap]s1 ! influ5ce ( ,sci5ce ^u ,religion4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i %all seek to conf9e myself to ! /rictly rational aspect ( ! subject1 )\t travell+ into any matt]s ( s5tim5t4 ,moreov]1 ,i %all aim at e/imat+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! k9d & degree ( influ5ce :i* has be5 ex]t$ by ,sci5ce ^u ,religion 9 ! pa/1 & !n g on to e/imate ! probable ext5t ( ?is influ5ce 9 ! future4 ,! fir/ two pap]s w be devot$ to ! pa/ & prospective influ5ce ( ,sci5ce ^u ,natural ,religion1 :ile ! ?ird w be devot$ to ! pa/ & prospective influ5ce ( ,sci5ce ^u ,reveal$ ,religion#ai4 ,few subjects h excit$ s mu* int]e/ ( late ye>s z t :i* ,i ?us m>k out = discussion4 ,?is c sc>cely be consid]$ a matt] ( surprise1 see+ t ! influ5ce 9 "q is n only v direct1 b also extremely important f e po9t ( view4 ,= g5]ations & = c5turies 9 succession ,religion ma9ta9$ an undisput$ sway ov] m5's m9ds--if n always z a practical guide 9 matt]s ( conduct1 at lea/ z a regulator ( belief4 ,ev5 among ! comp>atively few :o 9 previ\s c5turies pr(ess$ly reject$ ,*ri/ianity1 !re c be no d\bt t _! intellectual conceptions 7 l>gely det]m9$ by x3 = ,*ri/ianity be+ !n ! only c\rt ( appeal ) ref]5ce to all ^! conceptions1 ev5 ! few m9ds :i* 7 pr(ess$ly )\t its jurisdiction c\ld sc>cely escape its indirect influ5ce ?r\gh ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,b z side by side ) ! v5]able in/itution a new c\rt ( appeal 0 gradually =m$1 we _c wond] t x %\ld h come to be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a rival to ! old--m especially z ! se>*+ me?ods ( its inquiry & ! c]ta9 "* ( its judgem5ts 7 mu* m 9 consonance ) ! requirem5ts ( an age dispos$ to scepticism4 ,& ?is _s ( rivalry is /ill fur!r fo/]$ by ! fact t ,sci5ce has unque/ionably ex]t$ ^u ,religion :at ,mr4 ,fiske t]ms a 'purify+ influ5ce4' ,t is to say1 n only are ! sci5tific me?ods ( inquiry aft] tru? m cong5ial to sceptical m9ds ?an are ! religi\s me?ods 7:i* may broadly be def9$ z accept+ tru? on au?ority71 b ! results ( ! =m] h m ?an once directly contradict$ ^? ( ! latt]3 sci5ce has 9 sev]al cases inconte/ably demon/rat$ t religi\s tea*+ has be5 wrong z to matt]s ( fact4 ,fur!r /ill1 ! great advance ( natural k :i* has *>act]iz$ ! pres5t c5tury1 has caus$ our ideas ^u _m subjects connect$ ) philosophy to und]go a complete metamorphosis4 ,a well-educat$ man ( ! pres5t day is absolutely preclud$ f reg>d+ "s ( ! ,*ri/ian dogmas f ! same intellectual /&po9t z 8 =efa!rs1 ev5 ?\gh he may /ill cont9ue to accept !m 9 "s o!r s5se4 ,9 %ort1 our :ole key ( ?9k+ or tone ( ?\ght hav+ be5 9 c]ta9 respects *ang$1 we c no long] anticipate t 9 ^! respects x %\ld cont9ue to h>monize ) ! unalt]able sy/em ( !ology4 ,su* ,i conceive to be ! ways 9 :i* ,sci5ce has ex]t$ h] influ5ce ^u ,religion1 & x is ne$less to dwell ^u ! pot5cy ( _! unit$ effect4 ,no "o c read ev5 a newspap] )\t p]ceiv+ h[ great ?is effect has be54 ,on ! "o h&1 sceptics are triumphantly confid5t t ! light ( dawn+ k has begun f9ally to dispel ! d>kness ( sup]/ition1 :ile religi\s p]sons1 on ! o!r h&1 tremble to ?9k :at ! future1 if judg$ by ! pa/1 is likely to br+ =?4 ,on bo? sides we h free discussion1 /rong language1 & e>ne/ canvass+4 ,ye> by ye> /ock is tak51 & ye> by ye> ! balance is f\nd to prepond]ate 9 fav\r ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is be+ ! /ate ( ?+s ( ! pres5t "t1 ,i ?9k t ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! k9d & degree ( influ5ce :i* ,sci5ce has ex]t$ ^u ,religion 9 ! pa/1 we h mat]ial en\gh :]eby to e/imate ! probable ext5t ( su* influ5ce 9 ! future4 ,?is1 !re=e1 ,i %all endeav\r to d by seek+ to def9e1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 ! limits )9 :i* x is antec$5tly possible t ! influ5ce 9 "q c be ex]cis$4 ,b 9 ord] to d ?is1 x is necess>y to beg9 by e/imat+ ! k9d & degree ( ! influ5ce :i* has be5 ex]t$ by ,sci5ce ^u ,religion 9 ! pa/4 ,?us mu* premis$1 we h 9 ! fir/ place to def9e ! ess5tial nature bo? ( ,sci5ce & ( ,religion3 = ?is is cle>ly ! fir/ /ep 9 an analysis :i* has = its object an e/imation ( ! actual & possible effects ( "o ( ^! dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght ^u ! o!r4 ,sci5ce1 !n1 is ess5tially a dep>tm5t ( ?\ght hav+ exclusive ref]5ce to ! ,proximate4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 x is a dep>tm5t ( ?\ght hav+ = its object ! explanation ( natural ph5om5a by ! discov]y ( natural 7or proximate7 causes4 ,9 s f> z ,sci5ce v5tures to trespass beyond ?is h] only legitimate doma91 & seeks to int]pret natural ph5om5a by ! imm$iate ag5cy ( sup]natural or ultimate causes1 9 t degree has %e ceas$ to be physical sci5ce1 & become ontological speculation4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t has n[ be5 practically recogniz$ by all sci5tific work]s2 & t]ms describ+ f9al causes h be5 bani%$ f _! vocabul>y 9 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 geology1 biology1 & ev5 9 psy*ology4 ,religion1 on ! o!r h&1 is a dep>tm5t ( ?\ght hav+ no less exclusive ref]5ce to ! ,ultimate4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 x is a dep>tm5t ( ?\ght hav+ = its object a self-consci\s & intellig5t ,be+1 :i* x reg>ds z a ,p]sonal ,god1 & ! f\nta9-head ( all causation4 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 aw>e t ! t]m ,religion has be5 ( late ye>s frequ5tly us$ 9 s5ses :i* ?is def9ition w\ld n cov]2 b ,i conceive t ?is only %[s h[ frequ5tly ! t]m 9 "q has be5 abus$4 ,to call any !ory ( ?+s a ,religion :i* does n pres5t any belief 9 any =m ( ,deity1 is to apply ! ^w to ! v opposite ( t :i* x has hi!rto be5 us$ to d5ote4 ,to speak ( ! ,religion ( ! ,unkn[able1 ! ,religion ( ,cosmism1 ! ,religion ( ,humanity1 & s =?1 :]e ! p]sonality ( ! ,fir/ ,cause is n recogniz$1 is z unmean+ z x w\ld be to speak ( ! love ( a triangle1 or ! rationality ( ! equator4 ,t is to say1 if any mean+ is to be extract$ f ! t]ms at all1 x is only to be s by us+ !m 9 "s metaphorical s5se4 ,we may1 = in/ance1 say t !re is su* a ?+ z a ,religion ( ,humanity1 because we may beg9 by deify+ ,humanity 9 our own e/imation1 & !n g on to wor%ip our ideal4 ,b by ?us giv+ ,humanity ! "n ( ,deity we are n really creat+ a new religion3 we are m]ely us+ a metaphor1 :i* may or may n be successful z a matt] ( poetic diction1 b :i* mo/ assur$ly pres5ts no %r$ ( value z a matt] ( philosophical /atem5t4 ,inde$1 9 ?is relation x is worse ?an valueless3 x is mislead+4 ,v>iations or rev]sals 9 ! mean+s ( words are n ( uncommon occurr5ce 9 ! ord9>y gr[? ( languages2 b x is n (t5 t we f9d1 z 9 ?is case1 ! :ole mean+ ( a t]m int5tionally & gratuit\sly *ang$ by ! lead]s ( philosophical ?\ght4 ,humanity1 = example1 is an ab/ract idea ( our own mak+3 x is n an object any m ?an ! equator is an object4 ,!re=e1 if x 7 possible to con/ruct a religion by ?is curi\s device ( metaphorically ascrib+ to ,humanity ! attributes ( ,deity1 x ought to be z logically possible to con/ruct1 let u say1 a !ory ( bro!rly reg>d t[>ds ! equator1 by metaphorically ascrib+ to x ! attributes ( man4 ,! di/+ui%+ features ( any !ory :i* c prop]ly be t]m$ a ,religion1 is t x %\ld ref] to ! ultimate s\rce1 or s\rces1 ( ?+s3 & t x %\ld suppose ?is s\rce to be ( an objective1 intellig5t1 & p]sonal nature4 ,to apply ! t]m ,religion to any o!r !ory is m]ely to abuse x4 ,f ^! def9itions1 !n1 x appe>s t ! aims & me?ods ( ,sci5ce are exclusively conc]n$ ) ! asc]ta9+ & ! pro( ( ! proximate ,h[ ( ?+s & processes physical3 h] problem is1 z ,mill /ates x1 to discov] :at are ! fewe/ numb] ( 7ph5om5al7 data :i*1 be+ grant$1 w expla9 ! ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,religion is n 9 any way conc]n$ ) causation1 fur!r ?an to assume t all ?+s & all processes are ultimately due to intellig5t p]sonality4 ,religion is ?us1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 'an priori !ory ( ! univ]se'--to :i*1 h[ev]1 we mu/ add1 '& a !ory :i* assumes intellig5t p]sonality z ! orig9at+ s\rce ( ! univ]se4' ,)\t ?is ne$ful addition1 a religion w\ld be 9 no way logically di/+ui%$ f a philosophy4 ,f ^! def9itions1 !n1 x cle>ly foll[s t 9 _! pure/ =ms1 ,sci5ce & ,religion really h no po9t ( logical contact4 ,only if ,sci5ce c\ld transc5d ! conditions ( space & "t1 ( ph5om5al relativity1 & ( all human limitations1 only !n c\ld ,sci5ce be 9 a position to t\* ! sup]natural !ory ( ,religion4 ,b obvi\sly1 if ,sci5ce c\ld d ?is1 %e w\ld cease to be ,sci5ce4 ,9 so>+ above ! region ( ph5om5a & ent]+ ! t5u\s ae!r ( n\m5a1 h] pres5t w+s1 :i* we call h] me?ods1 w\ld 9 su* an atmosph]e be no long] ( any s]vice = movem5t4 ,out ( "t1 out ( place1 & out ( ph5om5al relation1 ,sci5ce c\ld no long] exi/ z su*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,religion 9 its pure/ =m is equally incompet5t to affect ,sci5ce4 ,=1 z we h already se51 ,religion z su* is n conc]n$ ) ! ph5om5al sph]e3 h] !ory ( ontology _c h any ref]5ce to ! ,h[ ( ph5om5al causation4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t1 z 9 _! pure/ or mo/ ideal =ms !y move 9 diff]5t m5tal planes1 ,sci5ce & ,religion _c exhibit int]f]5ce4 ,?us f> ! rem>ks :i* ,i h made apply equally to all =ms ( ,religion1 z su*1 :e!r actual or possible1 & 9 s f> z ! ,religion is pure4 ,b x is notori\s t until q rec5tly ,religion did ex]cise ^u ,sci5ce1 n only an influ5ce1 b an ov]p[]+ influ5ce4 ,belief 9 div9e ag5cy be+ all b univ]sal1 :ile ! me?ods ( sci5tific rese>* _h n z yet be5 di/9ctly =mulat$1 x 0 9 previ\s g5]ations ! usual habit ( m9d to ref] any natural ph5om5on1 ! physical causation ( :i* _h n be5 asc]ta9$1 to ! m or less imm$iate causal action ( ! ,deity4 ,b we n[ see t ?is habit ( m9d arose f a failure to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5tially di/9ct *>act]s ( ,sci5ce & ,religion z dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght1 & !re=e t x 0 only s f> z ! ,religion ( =m] times 0 impure--or mix$ ) ! +r$i5ts ( ?\ght :i* belong to ,sci5ce--t ! baleful influ5ce 9 "q 0 ex]t$4 ,! gradual1 successive1 & n[ all b total abolition ( f9al causes f ! ?\ghts ( sci5tific m51 to :i* allusion has already be5 made1 is m]ely an expression ( ! fact t sci5tific m5 z a body h come fully to recognize ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion :i* ,i h /at$4 ,or1 to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 sci5tific m5 z a body--&1 inde$1 all p]sons ^: ideas on su* matt]s are abrea/ ( ! times--p]ceive pla9ly en\gh t a religi\s explanation ( any natural ph5om5on is1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 no explanation at all4 ,= a religi\s explanation consi/s 9 ref]r+ ! obs]v$ ph5om5on to ! ,fir/ ,cause--i4e4 to m]ge t p>ticul> ph5om5on 9 ! g5]al or f9al my/]y ( ?+s4 ,a sci5tific explanation1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s 9 ref]r+ ! obs]v$ ph5om5on to its physical causes1 & 9 no case c su* an explanation ent]ta9 ! hypo!sis ( a f9al cause )\t ab&on+ its "* z a sci5tific explanation4 ,= example1 if a *ild br+s me a fl[] & asks :y x has su* a curi\s =m1 bright col\r1 sweet p]fume1 & s on1 & if ,i answ]1 ,because ,god made x s1 ,i am n really answ]+ ! *ild's "q3 ,i am m]ely conceal+ my ignorance ( ,nature "u a guise ( piety1 & excus+ my indol5ce 9 ! /udy ( botany4 ,x 0 ! appreciation ( ?is fact t l$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 to obs]ve 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species t ! !ory ( creation does n s]ve to expla9 any ( ! facts ) :i* x is conc]n$1 b m]ely re-/ates ^! facts z !y are obs]v$ to occur4 ,t is to say1 by ?us m]g+ ! facts z obs]v$ into ! f9al my/]y ( ?+s1 we are n ev5 attempt+ to expla9 !m 9 any sci5tific s5se3 = x w\ld be obvi\sly possible to get rid ( ! necessity ( ?us expla9+ any natural ph5om5on :atsoev] by ref]r+ x to ! imm$iate causal action ( ! ,deity4 ,if any ph5om5on 7 actually to occur :i* did proce$ f ! imm$iate causal action ( ! ,deity1 !n ex hypo!si1 !re w\ld be no physical causes to inve/igate1 & ! occupation ( ,o!llo1 9 ! p]son ( a man ( sci5ce1 w\ld be gone4 ,su* a ph5om5on w\ld be miracul\s1 & !re=e f its v nature beyond ! rea* ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !n1 ! religi\s !ory ( f9al causes does n expla9 any ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature3 x m]ely re-/ates ! ph5om5a z obs]v$--or1 if we pref] s to say1 x is itself an ultimate & univ]sal explanation ( all possible ph5om5a tak5 collectively4 ,= x mu/ be admitt$ t beh9d all possible explanations ( a sci5tific k9d1 !re lies a great inexplicable1 :i* j because ( its ultimate "*1 _c be m]g$ into any?+ fur!r--t is to say1 _c be expla9$4 ',x is :at x is1' is all t we c say ( x3 ',i am t ,i am' is all t x c\ld say ( itself4 ,& x is 9 ref]r+ ph5om5a to ?is inexplicable s\rce ( physical causation t ! !ory ( ,religion ess5tially consi/s4 ,! !ory ( ,sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s 9 ! assumption t !re is always a practically endless *a9 ( physical causation to inve/igate--i4e4 an endless s]ies ( ph5om5a to be expla9$4 ,s t1 if we def9e ! process ( explanation z ! process ( ref]r+ obs]v$ ph5om5a to _! adequate causes1 we may say t ,religion1 by ! aid ( a g5]al !ory ( ?+s 9 ! po/ulation ( an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 furni%es to h] own satisfaction an ultimate explanation ( ! univ]se z a :ole1 & !re=e is n conc]n$ ) any ( ^? proximate explanations or discov]y ( second causes1 :i* =m ! exclusive subject-matt] ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 we recur to ! def9itions already /at$1 to ! effect t ,religion is a dep>tm5t ( ?\ght hav+1 z su*1 exclusive ref]5ce to ! ,ultimate1 :ile ,sci5ce is a dep>tm5t ( ?\ght hav+1 z su*1 no less exclusive ref]5ce to ! ,proximate4 ,:5 ^! two dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght ov]lap1 int]f]5ce results1 & we f9d confusion4 ,!re=e x 0 t :5 ! religi\s !ory ( f9al causes intrud$ ^u ! field ( sci5tific inquiry1 x 0 pass+ beyond its logical doma92 & seek+ to arrogate ! function ( expla9+ ?is or t ph5om5on 9 detail1 x ceas$ to be a purely religi\s !ory1 :ile at ! same "t & = ! same reason x block$ ! way ( sci5tific progress#bj4 ,?is rem>k s]ves to introduce "o ( ! *ief topics ) :i* ,i h to deal--viz4 ! doctr9e ( ,design 9 ,nature1 & ?us ! :ole "q ( ,natural ,religion 9 its relation to ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,9 h&l+ ?is topic ,i %all endeav\r to take z broad & deep a view z ,i c ( ! pres5t /&+ ( ,natural ,religion1 )\t wait+ to %[ /ep by /ep ! ways & means by :i* x has be5 br\ght into ?is position1 by ! influ5ce ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! e>lie/ dawn ( record$ ?\ght1 teleology 9 "s =m or ano!r has be5 ! mo/ g5]ally accept$ !ory :]eby ! ord] ( ,nature is expla9$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 my object 9 ?is pap] to trace ! hi/ory ( ?is !ory f its fir/ rude beg9n+s 9 ,feti%ism to its f9al developm5t 9 ,!ism4 ,i int5d to devote myself exclusively to ! "q z to ! pres5t /&+ ( ?is !ory1 & ,i allude to its pa/ hi/ory only 9 ord] to exam9e ! /atem5t :i* is frequ5tly made1 to ! effect t its g5]al preval5ce 9 all ages & among all peoples ( ! _w l5ds to x a c]ta9 degree ( 'antec$5t cr$ibility4' ,) ref]5ce to ?is po9t1 ,i %\ld say1 t1 :e!r or n ! ord] ( ,nature is due to a dispos+ ,m9d1 ! hypo!sis ( m5tal ag5cy 9 ,nature--or1 z ! ,duke ( ,argyll t]ms x1 ! hypo!sis ( 'an?ropopsy*ism'--mu/ necess>ily h be5 ! e>lie/ hypo!sis4 ,:at we f9d 9 ,nature is ! univ]sal preval5ce ( causation1 & long be=e ! no less univ]sal equival5cy betwe5 causes & effects--i4e4 ! univ]sal preval5ce ( natural law--became a matt] ( ev5 ! vague/ appreciation1 ! g5]al fact t no?+ happ5s )\t a cause ( "s k9d 0 fully recogniz$4 ,inde$1 ! recognition ( ?is fact is n only pres5t$ by ! l[e/ races ( ! pres5t day1 b1 z ,i h myself giv5 evid5ce to %[1 likewise by animals & infants#ba4 ,& !re=e1 x appe>s to me probable t ^? psy*ologi/s are "r :o argue t ! idea ( cause is intuitive1 9 ! same s5se t ! ideas ( space & "t are intuitive--i4e4 ! in/9ctive or inh]it$ effect ( ance/ral exp]i5ce4 ,n[ if x is ?us a matt] ( c]ta9ty t ! recognition ( causality 9 ,nature is co-ext5sive )1 & ev5 ant]ior to1 ! human m9d1 x appe>s to me no less c]ta9 t ! fir/ attempt at assign+ a cause ( ?is or t obs]v$ ev5t 9 ,nature--i4e4 ! fir/ attempts at a rational explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature--mu/ h be5 ( an an?ropopsy*ic k9d4 ,no o!r explanation 01 z x 71 s ready to h& z t ( project+ into ext]nal ,nature ! ag5cy ( volition1 :i* 0 kn[n to ea* individual z ! app>5t f\nta9-head ( causal activity s f> z he & 8 neighb\rs 7 conc]n$4 ,to rea* ?is mo/ obvi\s explanation ( causality 9 ,nature1 x did n require t primitive man %\ld "k1 z we "k1 t ! v conception ( causality arises out ( our s5se ( ef=t 9 volunt>y action2 x only requir$ t ?is %\ld be ! fact1 & !n x mu/ ne$s foll[ t :5 any natural ph5om5on 0 ?\ght ab\t at all ) ref]5ce to its causality1 ! cause inf]r$ %\ld be "o ( a psy*ical k9d4 ,i ne$ n wait to trace ! gradual integration ( ?is an?ropopsy*ic hypo!sis f its e>lie/ & mo/ diffus$ =m ( :at we may t]m polypsy*ism 7:]e9 ! causes inf]r$ 7 almo/ z p]sonally num]\s z ! effects contemplat$71 ?r\gh poly!ism 7:]e9 _m effects ( a l k9d 7 ref]r$ to "o deity1 :o1 z x 71 took special *>ge ov] t class71 up to mono!ism 7:]e9 all causation is ga!r$ up into ! monopsy*ism ( a s+le p]sonality73 x is en\gh ?us briefly to %[ t f fir/ to la/ ! hypo!sis ( an?ropopsy*ism is a necess>y phase ( m5tal evolution "u exi/+ conditions1 & ?is :e!r or n ! hypo!sis is true4 ,?us view$1 ,i d n ?9k t '! g5]al cons5t ( mank9d' is a fact ( any argum5tative weight 9 fav\r ( ! an?ropopsy*ic !ory--s f>1 ,i mean1 z ! matt] ( causation is conc]n$--:e!r ?is be 9 feti%ism or 9 ! teleology ( our own day3 ! g5]al cons5t ( mank9d 9 ! l>g] "q ( !ism 7:]e sundry o!r matt]s besides causation fail to be consid]$7 does n "h conc]n u4 ,inde$1 x appe>s to me t if we are to g back to ! savages = any gu>antee ( our an?ropopsy*ic !ory1 ! pl$ge :i* we receive is ( worse ?an no value4 ,z well might we conclude t a mat* is a liv+ organism1 because ?is is to ! m9d ( a savage ! mo/ obvi\s explanation ( its movem5ts1 z conclude on precisely simil> gr\nds t our belief 9 teleology d]ives any real support f any ( ! m primitive phases ( an?ropopsy*ism4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t 9 seek+ to e/imate ! evid5ce ( design 9 ,nature1 we mu/ z x 7 />t de novo1 )\t ref]5ce to ant]ior beliefs ^u ! subject4 ,! "q is ess5tially "o to be consid]$ 9 ! light ( all ! late/ k t we possess1 & by ! be/ faculties ( ?9k+ t we 7! heirs ( all ! ages7 are able to br+ to be> ^u x4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 only allude to ! hi/ory ( an?ropopsy*ism 9 s f> z ,i may f9d x necess>y to d s = ! sake ( elucidat+ my argum5t4 ,& "h x is ne$ful to consid] fir/ :at ,paley call$ '! /ate ( ! argum5t' be=e ! ,d>w9ian epo*4 ,?is is cle>ly & t]sely pres5t$ by ,paley 9 8 classical illu/ration ( f9d+ a wat* ^u a hea?--an illu/ration s well kn[n t ,i ne$ n "h re-/ate x4 ,i w m]ely obs]ve1 !re=e1 t x conveys1 z x 7 9 "o's wat*-pocket1 ! :ole ( ! argum5t f design2 & t x is n 9 my op9ion op5 to ! /ricture :i* 0 pass$ ^u x by ,mill :]e he says1--',! inf]5ce w\ld n be f m>ks ( design1 b because ,i already "k by direct exp]i5ce t wat*es are made by m54' ,?is appe>s to me to miss ! :ole po9t ( ,paley's mean+1 = !re w\ld be obvi\sly no argum5t at all unless he be und]/ood to mean t ! evid5ce ( design :i* is suppos$ to be af=d$ by exam9ation ( ! wat*1 is suppos$ to be af=d$ by ?is exam9ation only1 & n f any ( ! direct k allud$ to by ,mill4 ,= ! purposes ( ! illu/ration1 x mu/ cle>ly be assum$ t ! f9d] ( ! wat* has no previ\s or direct k t\*+ ! manufacture ( wat*es4 ,ap>t f ?is curi\s misund]/&+1 ,mill 0 at "o ) ,paley ^u ! :ole subject4 ,aga91 x is no real objection to ! argum5t or illu/ration to say1 z we (t5 h said1 t x does n acc\nt = ! wat*mak]4 ,! object ( ! argum5t f design is to prove ! exi/5ce ( a design]3 n to expla9 t exi/5ce4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be suicidal to ! :ole argum5t 9 its relation to ,!ism1 if ! possibility ( any su* explanation 7 ent]ta9$2 = su* a possibility c\ld only be ent]ta9$ on ! supposition t ! be+ ( ! ,deity admits ( be+ expla9$--i4e4 t ! ,deity is n ultimate4 ,la/ly1 ! argum5t is precisely ! same z t :i* occurs 9 num]\s passages ( ,scripture & 9 !ological writ+s all ov] ! _w d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,t is to say1 ev]y:]e 9 organic nature we meet ) innum]able adaptations ( means to ends1 :i* 9 v _m cases pres5t a degree ( ref9em5t & complexity 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! adaptations ( means to ends 9 a wat* are b mis]able & rudim5t>y attempts at me*anism4 ,no "o c "k s well z ! mod]n biologi/ 9 :at an immeasurable degree ! me*anisms :i* occur 9 su* pr(usion 9 nature surpass1 9 e =m ( excell5ce1 ! highe/ triumphs ( human inv5tion4 ,h5ce at fir/ sight x does unque/ionably appe> t we c\ld h no /rong] or bett] evid5ce ( purpose ?an is ?us af=d$4 ,9 ! words ( ,paley3 'arrangem5t1 disposition ( p>ts1 subs]vi5cy ( means to an end1 relation ( in/rum5ts to a use1 imply ! pres5ce ( intellig5ce & m9d4' ,b next ! "q arises1 ,al?\gh su* ?+s c]ta9ly may#bb imply ! pres5ce ( m9d z _! explanatory cause1 are we entitl$ to assume t !re c be 9 nature no o!r cause compet5t to produce ^! effects8 ,?is is a "q :i* nev] seems to h occurr$ to ,paley1 ,bell1 ,*alm]s1 or inde$ to any ( ! natural !ologians up to ! "t ( ,d>w94 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is a rem>kable fact1 because ! "q is "o :i*1 z a m]e matt] ( logical =m1 appe>s to lie s mu* ^u ! surface4 ,b nev]!less ! fact rema9s t natural !ologians1 s f> z ,i "k )\t exception1 7 satisfi$ to assume z an axiom t me*anism c\ld h no cause o!r ?an t ( a design+ m9d2 & !re=e _! "w 0 re/rict$ to trac+ out 9 detail ! numb] & ! excell5cy ( ! me*anisms :i* 7 to be met ) 9 nature4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t ! m]e accumulation ( su* cases c h no real1 or logical1 effect ^u ! argum5t4 ,! me*anisms :i* we enc\nt] 9 nature are s amaz+ 9 _! p]fections1 t ! att5tive /udy ( any "o ( !m w\ld 7z ,paley 9 8 illu/ration virtually1 ?\gh n expressly1 cont5ds7 be suffici5t to c>ry ! :ole position1 if ! assumption be conc$$ t me*anism c only be due to m9d4 ,!re=e ! argum5t is n really1 or logically1 /r5g!n$ by ! m]e accumulation ( any numb] ( special cases ( me*anism 9 nature1 all z me*anisms simil> 9 k9d4 ,let u n[ consid] ?is argum5t4 ,if we are dispos$ to wond] :y natural !ologians prior to ! days ( ,d>w9 7 cont5t to assume t m9d is ! only possible cause ( me*anism1 ,i ?9k we h a ready answ] 9 ! univ]sal preval5ce ( _! belief 9 special creation4 ,= ,i ?9k x is unque/ionable t1 ^u ! basis ( ?is belief1 ! assumption is legitimate4 ,t is to say1 if we />t ) ! belief t all species ( plants & animals 7 orig9ally introduc$ to ! complex conditions ( _! sev]al environm5ts sudd5ly & ready made 79 "s su* mann] z wat*es are turn$ out f a manufactory71 !n ,i ?9k we are reasonably entitl$ to assume t no conceivable cause1 o!r ?an t ( intellig5t purpose1 c\ld possibly be assign$ 9 explanation ( ! effects4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ne$less to obs]ve t 9 s f> z ?is previ\s belief 9 special creation 0 ?us all[$ to affect ! argum5t f design1 t argum5t became an in/ance ( circul> reason+4 ,& x is1 p]haps1 equally ne$less to obs]ve t ! m]e fact ( evolution1 z di/+ui%$ f special creation--or ( ! gradual developm5t ( liv+ me*anisms1 z di/+ui%$ f _! sudd5 & ready-made app>ition--w\ld n 9 any way affect ! argum5t f design1 unless x c\ld be %[n t ! process ( evolution admits ! possibility ( "s o!r cause :i* is n admitt$ by ! hypo!sis ( special creation4 ,b ?is is precisely :at is %[n by ! !ory ( evolution z prop\nd$ by ,d>w94 ,t is to say1 ! !ory ( ! gradual developm5t ( liv+ me*anisms prop\nd$ by ,d>w91 is some?+ m ?an a !ory ( gradual developm5t z di/+ui%$ f sudd5 creation4 ,x is ?is1 b x is also a !ory ( a purely sci5tific k9d :i* seeks to expla9 ! purely physical causes ( t developm5t4 ,& ?is is ! po9t :]e natural sci5ce beg9s to ex]t h] influ5ce ^u natural !ology--or ! po9t :]e ! !ory ( evolution beg9s to affect ! !ory ( design4 ,z ?is is a mo/ important "p ( our subject1 & "o ^u :i* an extraord9>y am\nt ( confusion at ! pres5t "t prevails1 ,i %all 9 my next pap] c>efully consid] x 9 all its be>+s4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,! ?ird pap] is n publi%$ because ,romanes' views on ! relation betwe5 sci5ce & fai? 9 ,reveal$ ,religion are bett] & m maturely express$ 9 ! ,notes4--,,ed4 #bj ,to avoid misund]/&+ ,i may obs]ve t 9 ! above def9itions ,i am consid]+ ,religion & ,sci5ce "u ! conditions 9 :i* !y actually exi/4 ,x is conceivable t "u o!r conditions ^! two dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght might n be s %>ply sep>at$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if a ,religion 7 to appe> c>ry+ a revelation to ,sci5ce ^u matt]s ( physical causation1 su* a ,religion 7suppos+ ! revelation 7 f\nd by exp]im5t to be true7 ought to be held to ex]cise ^u ,sci5ce a /rictly legitimate influ5ce4 #ba ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals1 pp4 #aee-h4 #bb ,i h put 'may' 9 place ( 'd' = ! sake ( argum5t4--,,ed4 ,,ii4 ,suppose ! man :o f\nd ! wat* ^u a hea? to cont9ue 8 walk till he comes d[n to ! sea-%ore1 & suppose fur!r t he is z ignorant ( physical geography z he is ( wat*-mak+4 ,he soon beg9s to obs]ve a numb] ( adaptations ( means to ends1 :i*1 if less ref9$ & delicate ?an ^? t =m$ ! object ( 8 /udy 9 ! wat*1 are on ! o!r h& mu* m impressive f ! greatly l>g] scale on :i* !y are display$4 ,fir/1 he obs]ves t !re is a beautiful bas9 holl[$ out 9 ! l& = ! reception ( a bay2 t ! sides ( ?is bas91 :i* f be+ ne> its op5+ are mo/ expos$ to ! action ( l>ge roll+ bill[s1 are compos$ ( rocky cliffs1 evid5tly 9 ord] to prev5t ! fur!r encroa*m5t ( ! sea1 & ! consequ5t de/ruction ( ! entire bay2 t ! sides ( ! bas91 :i* f be+ successively situat$ m inl& are successively less & less expos$ to ! action ( l>ge waves1 are con/itut$ successively ( small] rocks1 pass+ into %+le1 & ev5tually into ! f9e/ s&3 t z ! tides rise & fall ) z great a regul>ity z 0 exhibit$ by ! movem5ts ( ! wat*1 ! /ones are c>efully sep>at$ out f ! s& to be arrang$ 9 slop+ lay]s by !mselves1 & ?is always ) a mo/ beautiful ref]5ce to ! places r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! bas9 :i* are mo/ 9 dang] ( be+ damag$ by ! action ( ! waves4 ,he w\ld fur!r obs]ve1 ^u clos] inspection1 t ?is process ( selective arrangem5t goes into matt]s ( ! mo/ m9ute detail4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 he w\ld obs]ve a mile or two ( a p>ticul> k9d ( seawe$ arti/ically arrang$ 9 "o long s9u\s l9e ^u ! bea*2 !re he w\ld see a wond]ful deposit ( %ells2 9 ano!r place a lovely little purple heap ( g>net s&1 ! m9ute p>ticles ( :i* h all be5 c>efully pick$ out f ! surr\nd+ acres ( yell[ s&4 ,aga91 he w\ld notice t ! /reams :i* come d[n to ! bay are all fl[+ 9 *annels admirably dug out = ! purpose2 &1 be+ l$ by curiosity to inve/igate ! teleology ( ^! v>i\s /reams1 he w\ld f9d t !y s]ve to supply ! wat] :i* ! sea loses by evaporation1 & also1 by a wond]ful piece ( adju/m5t1 to furni% fre% wat] to ^? animals & plants :i* ?rive be/ 9 fre% wat]1 & yet by _! comb9$ action to c>ry d[n suffici5t m9]al con/itu5ts to give t precise degree ( saltness to ! sea z a :ole :i* is requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( pelagic life4 ,la/ly1 cont9u+ 8 inve/igations along ?is l9e ( inquiry1 he w\ld f9d t a ?\s& diff]5t habitats 7 all ?\ghtfully adapt$ to ! ne$s ( a hundr$ ?\s& diff]5t =ms ( life1 none ( :i* c\ld survive if ^! habitats 7 rev]s$4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k t our imag9>y inquir] w\ld be a dull man if1 z ! result ( all ?is /udy1 he fail$ to conclude t ! evid5ce ( ,design furni%$ by ! m>9e bay 0 at lea/ z cog5t z t :i* he _h previ\sly f\nd 9 8 /udy ( ! wat*4 ,b !re is ?is great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases4 ,:]eas by subsequ5t inquiry he c\ld asc]ta9 z a matt] ( fact t ! wat* 0 due to intellig5t contrivance1 he c\ld make no su* discov]y ) ref]5ce to ! m>9e bay3 9 ! "o case intellig5t contrivance z a cause is indep5d5tly demon/rable1 :ile 9 ! o!r case x c only be inf]r$4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! value ( ! inf]5ce8 ,if1 aft] ! /udies ( our imag9>y teleologi/ _h be5 complet$1 he 7 introduc$ to ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 & if he 7 !n to sp5d a ye> or two 9 mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ! lead+ results ( mod]n sci5ce1 ,i fancy t he w\ld end by be+ bo? a wis] & a sadd] man4 ,at lea/ ,i am c]ta9 t 9 le>n+ m he w\ld feel t he is und]/&+ less--t ! ar*aic simplicity ( 8 e>li] explanations mu/ give place to a matur$ p]plexity ^u ! :ole subject4 ,to beg9 )1 he w\ld n[ f9d t e "o ( ! adju/m5ts ( means to ends :i* excit$ 8 admiration on ! sea-coa/ 7 due to physical causes :i* are p]fectly well und]/ood4 ,! cliffs /ood at ! op5+ ( ! bay because ! sea 9 pa/ ages _h encroa*$ ^u ! coa/-l9e until x met ) ^! cliffs1 :i* !n oppos$ its fur!r progress2 ! bay 0 a depression 9 ! l& :i* happ5$ to be !re :5 ! sea arriv$1 & into :i* ! sea consequ5tly fl[$2 ! successive occurr5ce ( rocks1 %+le1 & s& 0 due to ! actions ( ! waves !mselves2 ! segregation ( sea-we$s1 %ells1 pebbles1 & diff]5t k9ds ( s&1 0 due to _! diff]5t degrees ( specific gravity2 ! fre%-wat] /reams ran 9 *annels because !y _h !mselves be5 ! means ( excavat+ !m2 & ! multitud9\s =ms ( life 7 all adapt$ to _! sev]al habitats simply because ! unsuit$ =ms 7 n able to live 9 !m4 ,9 all ^! cases1 !re=e1 our teleologi/ 9 ! light ( full] k w\ld be compell$ to conclude at lea/ ?is mu*--t ! adaptations :i* he _h s greatly admir$ :5 he suppos$ t !y 7 all due to contrivance 9 anticipation ( ! exi/+ ph5om5a1 cease to furni% ! same evid5ce ( intellig5t design :5 x is f\nd t no "o ( !m 0 prep>$ be=eh& by any indep5d5t or ext]nal cause4 ,he w\ld !re=e be l$ to conclude t if ! teleological int]pretation ( ! facts 7 to be sav$ at all1 x c\ld only be s by tak+ a mu* wid] view ( ! subject ?an 0 af=d$ by ! p>ticul> cases ( app>5t design :i* at fir/ appe>$ s cog5t4 ,t is to say1 he w\ld feel t he mu/ ab&on ! supposition ( any special design 9 ! con/ruction ( t p>ticul> bay1 & fall back ^u ! !ory ( a mu* m g5]al design 9 ! con/ruction ( "o great s*eme ( ,nature z a :ole4 ,9 %ort he w\ld require to dislodge 8 argum5t f ! special adju/m5ts :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance appe>$ to him s sugge/ive1 to ^? g5]al laws ( ,nature :i* by _! unit$ op]ation give rise to a cosmos z di/+ui%$ f a *aos4 ,n[ ,i h be5 c>eful ?us to pres5t 9 all its m important details an imag9>y argum5t drawn f inorganic nature1 because x furni%es a complete analogy to ! actual argum5t :i* is drawn f organic nature4 ,)\t any "q1 ! in/ances ( app>5t design1 or ( ! app>5tly int5tional adaptation ( means to ends1 :i* we meet ) 9 organic nature1 are incomp>ably m num]\s & sugge/ive ?an any?+ ) :i* we meet 9 inorganic nature4 ,b if once we f9d good reason to conclude t ! =m]1 l ! latt]1 are all due1 n to ! imm$iate1 special & prospective action ( a contriv+ intellig5ce 7z 9 wat*-mak+ or creation71 b to ! ag5cy ( second>y or physical causes act+ "u ! influ5ce ( :at we call g5]al laws1 !n x seems to me t no matt] h[ num]\s or h[ wond]ful ! adaptations ( means to ends 9 organic nature may be1 !y furni% "o no o!r or bett] evid5ce ( design ?an is furni%$ by any ( ! facts ( inorganic nature4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness let u take any special case4 ,paley says1 ',i "k ( no bett] me?od ( introduc+ s l>ge a subject ?an t ( comp>+ a s+le ?+ ) a s+le ?+2 an eye1 = example1 ) a telescope4' ,he !n goes on to po9t out ! analogies betwe5 ^! two pieces ( app>atus1 & ends by ask+1 ',h[ is x possible1 "u circum/ances ( su* close aff9ity1 & "u ! op]ation ( equal evid5ce1 to exclude contrivance 9 ! case ( ! eye1 yet to ackn[l$ge ! pro( ( contrivance hav+ be5 employ$1 z ! pla9e/ & cle>e/ ( all propositions 9 ! case ( ! telescope8' ,well1 ! answ] to be made is t only ^u ! hypo!sis ( special creation c ?is analogy hold3 on ! hypo!sis ( evolution by physical causes ! evid5ce 9 ! two cases is n equal4 ,=1 ^u ?is hypo!sis we h ! eye beg9n+1 n z a ready-made /ructure prep>$ be=eh& = ! purposes ( see+1 b z a m]e diff]5tiation ( ! ends ( n]ves 9 ! sk91 probably 9 ! fir/ in/ance to enable !m bett] to discrim9ate *anges ( temp]ature4 ,pigm5t hav+ be5 laid d[n 9 ^! places ! bett] to secure ?is purpose 7,i use teleological t]ms = ! sake ( brevity71 ! n]ve-end+ beg9s to di/+ui% betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,! bett] to secure ?is fur!r purpose1 ! simple/ conceivable =m ( l5s beg9s to appe> 9 ! %ape ( small refractive bodies4 ,beh9d ^! s5sory cells are develop$1 =m+ ! e>lie/ indication ( a ret9a pres5t+ a s+le lay]4 ,& s on1 /ep by /ep1 till we rea* ! eye ( an eagle4 ,( c\rse ! teleologi/ w "h answ]--',! fact ( su* a gradual build+ up is no argum5t aga9/ design3 :e!r ! /ructure appe>$ on a sudd5 or 0 ! result ( a sl[ elaboration1 ! m>ks ( design 9 ei!r case occur 9 ! /ructure z x /&s4' ,all ( :i* is v true2 b ,i am n ma9ta9+ t ! fact ( a gradual developm5t 9 itself does affect ! argum5t f design4 ,i am ma9ta9+ t x only does s because x reveals ! possibility 7exclud$ by ! hypo!sis ( sudd5 or special creation7 ( ! /ructure hav+ be5 proximately due to ! op]ation ( physical causes4 ,?us1 = ! value ( argum5t1 let u assume t natural selection has be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$ z a cause adequate to acc\nt = all ^! effects4 ,giv5 ! facts ( h]$ity1 v>iation1 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! consequ5t survival ( ! fitte/1 :at foll[s8 ,:y t ea* /ep 9 ! prolong$ & gradual developm5t ( ! eye 0 br\ght ab\t by ! elim9ation ( all ! less adapt$ /ructures 9 any giv5 g5]ation1 i4e4 ! selection ( all ! bett] adapt$ to p]petuate ! improvem5t by h]$ity4 ,w ! teleologi/ ma9ta9 t ?is selective process is itself indicative ( special design8 ,if s1 x appe>s to me t he is logically b\nd to ma9ta9 t ! long l9e ( seawe$1 ! %ells1 ! /ones & ! little heap ( g>net s& ^u ! sea-coa/ are all equally indicative ( special design4 ,! g5]al laws relat+ to specific gravity are at lea/ ( z mu* importance 9 ! economy ( nature z are ! g5]al laws relat+ to specific diff]5tiation2 & 9 ea* illu/ration alike we f9d ! result ( ! op]ation ( kn[n physical causes to be t ( selection4 ,if x %\ld be argu$ 9 reply t ! selection 9 ! "o case is obvi\sly purposeless1 :ile 9 ! o!r x is z obvi\sly purposive1 ,i answ] t ?is is pure assumption4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t e geological =mation on ! face ( ! globe is ei!r :olly or 9 "p due to ! selective influ5ce ( specific gravity1 & :o %all say t ! con/ruction ( ! e>?'s cru/ is a less important matt] 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( ?+s 7if !re is su* a s*eme7 ?an is ! evolution ( an eye8 ,or :o %all say t because we see an app>5tly int5tional adaptation ( means to ends z ! result ( selection 9 ! case ( ! eye1 !re is no int5tion s]v$ by ! result ( selection 9 ! case ( ! sea-we$s1 /ones1 s&1 mud8 ,= any?+ t we c "k to ! contr>y1 ! suppos$ intellig5ce may take a great] delight 9 ! latt] ?an 9 ! =m] process4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness ,i h assum$ t ! physical causes ) :i* we are already acqua9t$ are suffici5t to expla9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( organic nature4 ,b x cle>ly makes no diff]5ce :e!r or n ?is assumption is conc$$1 provid$ we all[ t ! obs]v$ ph5om5a are all due to physical causes ( "s k9d1 be !y kn[n or unkn[n4 ,t is to say1 9 :atev] measure we exclude ! hypo!sis ( ! direct or imm$iate int]v5tion ( ! ,deity 9 organic nature 7miracle71 9 t measure we are r$uc+ ! evid5ce ( design 9 organic nature to precisely ! same logical position z t :i* is occupi$ by ! evid5ce ( design 9 inorganic nature4 ,h5ce ,i conceive t ,mill has %[n a s+ul> want ( p5etration :]e1 aft] obs]v+ ) ref]5ce to natural selection1 'creative =e?\ght is n absolutely ! only l9k by :i* ! orig9 ( ! wond]ful me*anism ( ! eye may be connect$ ) ! fact ( sight1' he goes on to say1 'leav+ ?is rem>kable speculation 7i4e4 t ( natural selection7 to :atev] fate ! progress ( discov]y may h 9 /ore = x1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k ! adaptations 9 nature af=d a l>ge balance ( probability 9 fav\r ( creation by intellig5ce4' ,i say ?is passage seems to me to %[ a s+ul> want ( p5etration1 & ,i say s because x appe>s to argue t ! issue lies betwe5 ! hypo!sis ( special design & ! hypo!sis ( natural selection4 ,b x does n d s4 ,! issue really lies betwe5 special design & natural causes4 ,survival ( ! fitte/ is "o ( ^! causes :i* has be5 sugge/$1 & %[n by a l>ge accumulation ( evid5ce to be probably a true cause4 ,b ev5 if x 7 to be disprov$ z a cause1 ! real argum5tative position ( teleology w\ld n !reby be effect$1 unless we 7 to conclude t !re c be no o!r causes ( a second>y or physical k9d conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ! obs]v$ adaptations4 ,i tru/ t ,i h n[ made x suffici5tly cle> :y ,i hold t if we believe ! reign ( natural law1 or ! op]ation ( physical causes1 to ext5d ?r\gh\t organic nature 9 ! same univ]sal mann] z we believe ?is 9 ! case ( inorganic nature1 !n we c f9d no bett] evid5ce ( design 9 ! "o prov9ce ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! m]e fact t we meet ) m num]\s & app>5tly m complete in/ances ( design 9 ! "o prov9ce ?an 9 ! o!r is1 ex hypo!si1 m]ely due to our ignorance ( ! natural causation 9 ! m intricate prov9ce4 ,9 /udy+ biological ph5om5a we are all at pres5t 9 ! intellectual position ( our imag9>y teleologi/ :5 /udy+ ! m>9e bay3 we d n "k ! natural causes :i* h produc$ ! obs]v$ results4 ,b if1 aft] hav+ obta9$ a p>tial key 9 ! !ory ( natural selection1 we tru/ to ! l>ge analogy :i* is af=d$ by ! simpl] prov9ces ( ,nature1 & conclude t physical causes are ev]y:]e conc]n$ 9 ! production ( organic /ructures1 !n we h conclud$ t any evid5ce ( design :i* ^! /ructures pres5t is ( j ! same logical value z t :i* we may atta* to ! evid5ce ( design 9 inorganic nature4 ,if x %\ld /ill be urg$ t ! adaptations met ) 9 organic nature are f _! numb] & unity mu* m sugge/ive ( design ?an any?+ met ) 9 inorganic nature1 ,i mu/ prote/ t ?is is to *ange ! gr\nd ( argum5t & to evade ! only po9t 9 dispute4 ,no "o d5ies ! obvi\s fact /at$3 ! only "q is :e!r any numb] & any quantity ( adaptations 9 any "o dep>tm5t ( nature af=d o!r or bett] evid5ce ( design ?an is af=d$ by adaptations 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 :5 all dep>tm5ts alike are suppos$ to be equally ! outcome ( physical causation4 ,& ?is "q ,i answ] 9 ! negative1 because we h no means ( asc]ta9+ ! ext5t to :i* ! process ( natural selection1 or any o!r physical cause1 is compet5t to produce adaptations ( ! k9d obs]v$4 ,?us1 to take ano!r in/ance ( app>5t design f inorganic nature1 x has be5 argu$ t ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e is cle>ly design$ = ! support ( vegetable & animal life4 ,b be=e ?is conclusion c be e/abli%$ ^u ! facts1 x mu/ be %[n t life c\ld exi/ "u no o!r mat]ial conditions ?an ^? :i* are furni%$ to x by ! elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x is cle>ly impossible to %[4 ,= any?+ t we c "k to ! contr>y1 life may actually be exi/+ ^u "s ( ! o!r heav5ly bodies "u totally diff]5t conditions z to atmosph]e2 & ! fact t on ?is planet all life has come to be dep5d5t ^u ! gases :i* occur 9 our atmosph]e1 may be due simply to ! fact t x 0 only ! =ms ( life :i* 7 able to adapt !mselves 7?r\gh natural selection or o!r physical causes7 to ^! p>ticul> gases :i* c\ld possibly be expect$ to occur--j z 9 matt]s ( /ill small] detail1 x 0 only ^? =ms ( life t 7 suit$ to _! sev]al habitats 9 ! m>9e bay1 :i* c\ld possibly be expect$ to be f\nd 9 ^! sev]al situations4 ,n[1 if a set ( adju/m5ts s num]\s & s delicate z ^? on :i* ! relations ( e kn[n =m ( life to ! con/itu5t gases ( ! atmosph]e are se5 to dep5d1 c ?us be %[n n necess>ily to imply ! action ( any dispos+ intellig5ce1 h[ is x possible to conclude t any less g5]al exhibitions ( adju/m5t imply ?is1 s long z e case ( adju/m5t1 :e!r or n ultimately due to design1 is reg>d$ z proximately due to physical causes8 ,9 view ( ^! consid]ations1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k x is p]fectly cle> t if ! argum5t f teleology is to be sav$ at all1 x c only be s by %ift+ x f ! n>r[ basis ( special adaptations1 to ! broad area ( ,nature z a :ole4 ,& "h ,i confess t to my m9d ! argum5t does acquire a weight :i*1 if long & att5tively consid]$1 des]ves to be reg>d$ z enorm\s4 ,=1 al?\gh ?is & t p>ticul> adju/m5t 9 ,nature may be se5 to be proximately due to physical causes1 & al?\gh we are prep>$ on ! gr\nds ( ! l>ge/ possible analogy to inf] t all o!r su* p>ticul> cases are likewise due to physical causes1 ! m ultimate "q arises1 ,h[ is x t all physical causes conspire1 by _! unit$ action1 to ! production ( a g5]al ord] ( ,nature8 ,x is aga9/ all analogy to suppose t su* an end z ?is c be accompli%$ by su* means z ^?1 9 ! way ( m]e *ance or '! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4' ,we are l$ by ! mo/ fundam5tal dictates ( our reason to conclude t !re mu/ be "s cause = ?is co-op]ation ( causes4 ,i "k t f ,lucretius' "t ?is has be5 d5i$2 b x has be5 d5i$ only on gr\nds ( feel+4 ,no possible reason c be giv5 = ! d5ial :i* does n run c\nt] to ! law ( causation itself4 ,i am !re=e p]fectly cle> t ! only "q :i*1 f a purely rational po9t ( view1 "h /&s to be answ]$ is ?is--,( :at nature are we to suppose ! causa caus>um to be8 ,on ?is po9t only two hypo!ses h ev] be5 advanc$1 & ,i ?9k x is impossible to conceive t any ?ird "o is op54 ,( ^! two hypo!ses ! e>lie/1 & ( c\rse ! mo/ obvi\s1 is t ( m5tal purpose4 ,! o!r hypo!sis is "o :i* we owe to ! f>-rea*+ ?\ght ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vii ( 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples he argues t all causation arises imm$iately out ( exi/5ce z su*1 or1 z he /ates x1 t 'uni=mity ( law inevitably foll[s f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4' ,= 'if 9 any two cases !re is exact lik5ess n only betwe5 ^? mo/ conspicu\s antec$5ts :i* we di/+ui% z ! causes1 b also betwe5 ^? accompany+ antec$5ts :i* we call ! conditions1 we _c affirm t ! effects w diff]1 )\t affirm+ ei!r t "s =ce has come into exi/5ce or t "s =ce has ceas$ to exi/4 ,if ! co-op]ative =ces 9 ! "o case are equal to ^? 9 ! o!r1 ea* to ea*1 9 di/ribution & am\nt2 !n x is impossible to conceive ! product ( _! jo9t action 9 ! "o case z unlike t 9 ! o!r1 )\t conceiv+ "o or m ( ! =ces to h increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 quantity2 & ?is is conceiv+ t =ce is n p]si/5t4' ,n[ ?is int]pretation ( causality z ! imm$iate outcome ( exi/5ce mu/ be consid]$ fir/ z a !ory ( causation1 & next z a !ory 9 relation to ,!ism4 ,z a !ory ( causation x has n met ) ! approval ( ma!maticians1 physici/s1 or logicians1 lead+ repres5tatives ( all ^! dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght hav+ expressly oppos$ x1 :ile1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no repres5tative ( any "o ( !m has spok5 9 its fav\r#bc4 ,b ) ?is po9t ,i am n at pres5t conc]n$1 = ev5 if ! !ory 7 admitt$ to furni% a full & complete explanation ( causality1 x w\ld /ill fail to acc\nt = ! h>moni\s relation ( causes1 or ! fact ) :i* we are n[ alone conc]n$4 ,?is di/9ction is n p]ceiv$ by ! anonym\s au?or ',physicus1' :o1 9 8 ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism1 lays great /ress ^u ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory ( causation z subv]sive ( ,!ism1 or at lea/ z sup]s$+ ! necessity ( !i/ic hypo!sis by furni%+ a full explanation ( ! ord] ( ,nature on purely physical gr\nds4 ,b he fails to p]ceive t ev5 if ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory 7 conc$$ fully to expla9 all ! facts ( causality1 x w\ld 9 no wise t5d to expla9 ! cosmos 9 :i* ^! facts occur4 ,x may be true t causation dep5ds ^u ! 'p]si/5ce ( =ce'3 x does n foll[ t all manife/ations ( =ce %\ld on ?is acc\nt h be5 direct$ to occur z !y d occur4 ,=1 if we foll[ back any sequ5ce ( physical causation1 we soon f9d t x spreads out on all sides into a network ( physical relations :i* are lit]ally inf9ite bo? 9 space 7conditions7 & 9 "t 7antec$5t causes74 ,n[1 ev5 if we suppose t ! p]si/5ce ( =ce is a suffici5t explanation ( ! occurr5ce ( ! p>ticul> sequ5ce contemplat$ s f> z ! exhibition ( =ce is !re conc]n$1 we are ?us z f> z ev] f expla9+ ! det]m9ation ( ?is =ce into ! p>ticul> *annel ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,x may be q true t ! resultant is det]m9$ z to magnitude & direction by ! compon5ts2 b :at ab\t ! magnitude & direction ( ! compon5ts8 ,if x is said t !y 9 turn 7 det]m9$ by ! outcome ( previ\s sy/ems1 h[ ab\t ^! sy/ems8 ,& s on till we spread away into ! inf9ite network already m5tion$4 ,only if we knew ! orig9 ( all s]ies ( all su* sy/ems c\ld we be 9 a position to say t an adequate intellig5ce might det]m9e be=eh& by calculation ! /ate ( any "o "p ( ! univ]se at any giv5 in/ant ( "t4 ,b1 z ! s]ies are inf9ite bo? 9 numb] & ext5t1 ?is k is cle>ly out ( ! "q4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if x c\ld be imag9$ z possible1 x c\ld only be s imag9$ at ! exp5se ( suppos+ an orig9 ( physical causation 9 "t2 & ?is am\nts to suppos+ a /ate ( ?+s prior to su* causation1 & out ( :i* x arose4 ,b to suppose ?is is to suppose "s extra-physical s\rce ( physical causation2 & :e!r ?is supposition is made ) ref]5ce to a physical ev5t occurr+ "u imm$iate obs]vation 7miracle71 or to a physical ev5t 9 pa/ "t1 or to ! orig9 ( all physical ev5ts1 x is alike incompatible ) any !ory t seeks to give a purely physical explanation ( ! physical univ]se z a :ole4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ! old /ory ab\t a /ream n be+ able to rise above its s\rce4 ,physical causation _c be made to supply its own explanation1 & ! m]e p]si/5ce ( =ce1 ev5 if x 7 conc$$ to acc\nt = p>ticul> cases ( physical sequ5ce1 c give no acc\nt ( ! ubiquit\s & et]nal direction ( =ce 9 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( univ]sal ord]4 ,we are ?us1 z x 71 driv5 ^u ! !ory ( ,!ism z furni%+ ! only nameable explanation ( ?is univ]sal ord]4 ,t is to say1 by no logical artifice c we escape f ! conclusion t1 z f> z we c see1 ?is univ]sal ord] mu/ be reg>d$ z due to "s "o integrat+ pr9ciple2 & t ?is1 s f> z we c see1 is mo/ probably ( ! nature ( m9d4 ,at lea/ x mu/ be all[$ t we c conceive ( x "u no o!r aspect2 & t if any p>ticul> adaptation 9 organic nature is held to be sugge/ive ( su* an ag5cy1 ! sum total ( all adaptations 9 ! univ]se mu/ be held to be incomp>ably m s4 ,i %all n1 h[ev]1 dwell ^u ?is !me s9ce x has be5 well treat$ by sev]al mod]n writ]s1 & ) special cog5cy by ! ,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell4 ,i w m]ely obs]ve t ,i d n consid] x necess>y to ! display ( ?is argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,!ism t we %\ld speak ( 'natural laws4' ,x is en\gh to take our /& ^u ! broade/ g5]al fact t ,nature is a sy/em1 & t ! ord] obs]vable 9 ?is sy/em is absolutely univ]sal1 et]nally endur+1 & inf9itely exact2 :ile only ^u ! supposition ( its be+ su* is our exp]i5ce conceiv$ z possible1 or our k conceiv$ z atta9able4 ,hav+ ?us /at$ z emphatically z ,i c t 9 my op9ion no explanation ( natural ord] c be ei!r conceiv$ or nam$ o!r ?an t ( intellig5ce z ! supreme direct+ cause1 ,i %all proce$ to two o!r que/ions :i* arise imm$iately out ( ?is conclusion4 ,! fir/ ( ^! que/ions is z to ! presumable "* ( ?is supreme ,intellig5ce s f> z any data ( inf]5ce ^u ?is po9t are suppli$ by our obs]vation ( ,nature2 & ! o!r "q is z to ! /rictly =mal cog5cy ( any conclusions ei!r ) ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce or ! "* ( su* an intellig5ce#bd4 ,i %all consid] ^! two po9ts sep>ately4 ,no soon] h we rea*$ ! conclusion t ! only hypo!sis :]eby ! g5]al ord] ( ,nature admits ( be+ 9 any degree acc\nt$ = is t x is due to a cause ( a m5tal k9d1 ?an we confront ! fact t ?is cause mu/ be widely diff]5t f any?+ t we "k ( ,m9d 9 ourselves4 ,& we soon discov] t ?is diff]5ce mu/ be conceiv$ z n m]ely ( degree1 h[ev] great1 b ( k9d4 ,9 o!r words1 al?\gh we may conclude t ! ne>e/ analogue ( ! causa caus>um giv5 9 exp]i5ce is ! human m9d1 we are b\nd to ackn[l$ge t 9 all fundam5tal po9ts ! analogy is s remote t x becomes a "q :e!r we are really v mu* ne>] ! tru? by ent]ta9+ x4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] has po9t$ out1 our only conception ( t :i* we "k z ,m9d 9 ourselves is ! conception ( a s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness4 ,b1 he cont9ues1 ',put a s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness z cause & ! evolv+ univ]se z effect1 & !n endeav\r to see ! la/ z fl[+ f ! fir/4 ,i f9d x possible to imag9e 9 "s dim way a s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness s]v+ z antec$5t to any "o ( ! movem5ts ,i see go+ on2 = my own /ates ( consci\sness are (t5 indirectly ! antec$5ts to su* movem5ts4 ,b h[ if ,i attempt to ?9k ( su* a s]ies z antec$5t to all actions ?r\gh\t ! univ]se 4448 ,if to acc\nt = ?is inf9itude ( physical *anges ev]y:]e go+ on1 ,m9d mu/ be conceiv$ z !re1 "u ! guise ( simple-dynamics1 !n ! reply is1 t1 to be s conceiv$1 ,m9d mu/ be dive/$ ( all attributes by :i* x is di/+ui%$2 & t1 :5 ?us dive/$ ( its di/+ui%+ attributes ! conception disappe>s--! ^w ,m9d /&s = a blank4' ,moreov]1 ',h[ is ! orig9at+ ,m9d to be ?\ght ( z hav+ /ates produc$ by ?+s objective to x1 z discrim9at+ among ^! /ates1 & class+ !m z l & unlike2 & z pref]r+ "o objective result to ano!r8'#be ,h5ce1 )\t cont9u+ ?is l9e ( argum5t1 :i* x w\ld n be difficult to trace ?r\gh e con/itu5t bran* ( human psy*ology1 we may take x z unque/ionable t1 if !re is a ,div9e ,m9d1 x mu/ diff] s ess5tially f ! human m9d1 t x becomes illogical to designate ! two by ! same "n3 ! attributes ( et]nity & ubiquity are 9 !mselves en\gh to place su* a ,m9d 9 a category sui g5]is1 :olly diff]5t f any?+ :i* ! analogy furni%$ by our own m9d enables u ev5 dimly to conceive4 ,& ?is1 ( c\rse1 is no m ?an !ologians admit4 ,god's ?\ghts are above our ?\ghts1 & a ,god :o w\ld be compreh5sible to our intellig5ce w\ld be no ,god at all1 !y say4 ,:i* may be true en\gh1 only we mu/ rememb] t 9 :atev] measure we are ?us preclud$ f und]/&+ ! ,div9e ,m9d1 9 t measure are we preclud$ f f\nd+ any conclusions z to its nature ^u analogies furni%$ by ! human m9d4 ,! !ory ceases to be an?ropomorphic3 x ceases to be ev5 'an?ropopsy*ic'3 x is affiliat$ ) ! conception ( m9d only 9 virtue ( ! "o fact t x s]ves to give ! be/ provisional acc\nt ( ! ord] ( ,nature1 by suppos+ an inf9ite ext5sion ( "s ( ! faculties ( ! human m9d1 ) a concurr5t oblit]ation ( all ! ess5tial conditions "u :i* alone ^! faculties are kn[n to exi/4 ,obvi\sly ( su* a ,m9d z ?is no pr$ication is logically possible4 ,if su* a ,m9d exi/s1 x is n conceivable z exi/+1 & we are preclud$ f assign+ to x any attributes4 ,?us mu* on g5]al gr\nds4 ,desc5d+ n[ to matt]s ( m detail1 let u assume ) ! natural !ologians t su* a ,m9d does exi/1 t x s f> resembles ! human m9d z to be a consci\s1 p]sonal intellig5ce1 & t ! c>e ( su* a ,m9d is ov] all its works4 ,ev5 ^u ! gr\nds ( ?is supposition we meet ) a numb] ( l>ge & g5]al facts :i* indicate t ?is ,m9d ought /ill to be reg>d$ z app>5tly v unlike its 'image' 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,i w n "h dwell ^u ! argum5t ( seem+ wa/e & purposeless action 9 ,nature1 because ,i ?9k t ?is may be fairly met by ! ult]ior argum5t already drawn f ,nature z a :ole--viz4 t z a :ole1 ,nature is a cosmos1 & !re=e t :at to u appe>s wa/eful & purposeless 9 matt]s ( detail may n be s 9 relation to ! s*eme ( ?+s z a :ole4 ,b ,i am d\btful :e!r ?is ult]ior argum5t c fairly be adduc$ to meet ! app>5t abs5ce 9 ,nature ( t :i* 9 man we t]m morality4 ,= 9 ! human m9d ! s5se ( "r & wrong--) all its accompany+ or con/itut+ emotions ( love1 sympa?y1 ju/ice1 c4--is s important a factor1 t h[ev] greatly we may imag9e ! intellectual side ( ! human m9d to be ext5d$1 we c sc>cely imag9e t ! moral side c\ld ev] become s app>5tly eclips$ z to end 9 ! au?or%ip ( su* a "w z we f9d 9 t]re/rial nature4 ,x is useless to hide our eyes to ! /ate ( matt]s :i* meets u "h4 ,mo/ ( ! in/ances ( special design :i* are reli$ ^u by ! natural !ologian to prove ! intellig5t nature ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 h z _! end or object ! infliction ( pa9ful dea? or ! escape f remorseless enemies2 & s f> ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! intellig5t nature ( ! ,fir/ ,cause is an argum5t aga9/ its morality4 ,aga91 ev5 if we quit ! n>r[] basis on :i* teleological argum5t has re/$ 9 ! pa/1 & /& t argum5t ^u ! broad] gr\nd ( ,nature z a :ole1 x sc>cely becomes less incompatible ) any inf]5ce to ! morality ( t ,cause1 see+ t ! facts to :i* ,i h allud$ are n m]ely occasional &1 z x 71 outweigh$ by contr>y facts ( a m g5]al k9d1 b manife/ly con/itute ! lead+ feature ( ! s*eme ( organic nature z a :ole3 or1 if ?is 7 held to be que/ionable1 x c\ld only foll[ t we are n entitl$ to inf] t !re is any su* s*eme at all4 ,nature1 z r$ 9 too? & claw ) rav91 is ?us )\t "q a l>ge & g5]al fact t mu/ be consid]$ by any !ory ( teleology :i* c be prop\nd$4 ,i d n ?9k t ?is aspect ( ! matt] c\ld be convey$ 9 /rong] t]ms ?an x is by ',physicus#bf1' :om ,i %all !re=e quote3-- ',suppos+ ! ,deity to be1 :at ,pr(essor ,fl9t ma9ta9s t he is--viz4 omnipot5t1 & !re c be no inf]5ce m transp>5t ?an t su* :olesale suff]+1 = :atev] ends design$1 exhibits an incalculably great] defici5cy ( b5efic5ce 9 ! div9e "* ?an t :i* we "k 9 any1 ! v wor/1 ( human *>act]s4 ,= let u pause = "o mom5t to ?9k ( :at suff]+ 9 ,nature means4 ,"s hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s ago "s millions ( millions ( animals mu/ be suppos$ to h become s5ti5t4 ,s9ce t "t till ! pres5t1 !re mu/ h be5 millions & millions ( g5]ations ( millions & millions ( individuals4 ,& ?r\gh\t all ?is p]iod ( incalculable duration1 ?is inconceivable ho/ ( s5ti5t organisms h be5 9 a /ate ( unceas+ battle1 dread1 rav91 pa94 ,look+ to ! outcome1 we f9d t m ?an "o half ( ! species :i* h surviv$ ! ceaseless /ruggle are p>asitic 9 _! habits1 l[] & ins5ti5t =ms ( life fea/+ on high] & s5ti5t =ms2 we f9d tee? & talons :ett$ = slaught]1 hooks & suck]s m\ld$ = torm5t--ev]y:]e a reign ( t]ror1 hung]1 sickness1 ) ooz+ blood & quiv]+ limbs1 ) gasp+ brea? & eyes ( innoc5ce t dimly close 9 dea?s ( cruel torture6 ,is x said t !re are comp5sat+ enjoym5ts8 ,i c>e n to /rike ! balance2 ! enjoym5ts ,i pla9ly p]ceive to be z physically necess>y z ! pa9s1 & ?is :e!r or n evolution is due to design4444 ,am ,i told t ,i am n compet5t to judge ! purposes ( ! ,almighty8 ,i answ] t if !re are purposes1 ,i am able to judge ( !m s f> z ,i c see2 & if ,i am expect$ to judge ( ,8 purposes :5 !y appe> to be b5efic5t1 ,i am 9 consi/5cy oblig$ also to judge ( !m :5 !y appe> to be malevol5t4 ,& x c be no possible ext5uation ( ! latt] to po9t to ! f9al result z ord] & beauty1 s long z ! means adopt$ by ! ,omnipot5t ,design] are kn[n to h be5 s t]rible4 ,all t we c\ld legitimately ass]t 9 ?is case w\ld be t1 s f> z obs]vation c ext5d1 ,he c>es = animal p]fection to ! exclusion ( animal enjoym5t1 & ev5 to ! total disreg>d ( animal suff]+4 ,b to ass]t ?is w\ld m]ely be to d5y b5efic5ce z an attribute ( ,god#bg4' ,! reason+ "h appe>s z unassailable z x is obvi\s4 ,if1 z ! writ] goes on to say1 we see a rabbit pant+ 9 ! iron jaws ( a spr+ trap1 & 9 consequ5ce abhor ! devili% nature ( ! be+ :o1 ) full p[]s ( realiz+ :at pa9 means1 c delib]ately employ 8 :ole faculties ( inv5tion 9 contriv+ a ?+ s hide\sly cruel2 :at are we to ?9k ( a ,be+ :o1 ) yet high] faculties ( ?\ght & k1 & ) an unlimit$ *oice ( means to secure ,8 ends1 has contriv$ untold ?\s&s ( me*anisms no less diabolical8 ,9 %ort1 s f> z ,nature c tea* u1 or 'obs]vation c ext5d1' x does appe> t ! s*eme1 if x is a s*eme1 is ! product ( a ,m9d :i* diff]s f ! m highly evolv$ type ( human m9d 9 t x is imm5sely m intellectual )\t be+ ne>ly s moral4 ,& ! same ?+ is indicat$ by ! r\gh & indiscrim9ate mann] 9 :i* ju/ice is allott$--ev5 if x c be said to be allott$ at all4 ,:5 we contra/ ! c]ta9ty & rig\r ) :i* any (f5ce aga9/ 'physical law' is puni%$ by ,nature 7no matt] ?\gh ! s9 be b "o ( ignorance71 ) ! extreme unc]ta9ty & laxity ) :i* %e meets any (f5ce aga9/ 'moral law1' we are con/ra9$ to feel t ! sy/em ( legislation 7if we may s t]m x7 is conspicu\sly diff]5t f t :i* w\ld h be5 devis$ by any intellig5ce :i* 9 any s5se c\ld be call$ 'an?ropopsy*ic4' ,! only answ] to ^! difficulties op5 to ! natural !ologian is t :i* is drawn f ! con/itution ( ! human m9d4 ,x is argu$ t ! fact ( ?is m9d hav+ s l>ge an +r$i5t ( morality 9 its con/itution may be tak5 z pro( t its orig9at+ s\rce is likewise ( a moral "*4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 appe>s to me ( a que/ionable "*1 see+ t1 = any?+ we c tell to ! contr>y1 ! moral s5se may h be5 giv5 to1 or develop$ 91 man simply on acc\nt ( its utility to ! species--j 9 ! same way z tee? 9 ! %>k or poison 9 ! snake4 ,if s1 ! occurr5ce ( ! moral s5se 9 man w\ld m]ely furni% "o o!r in/ance ( ! intellectual1 z di/+ui%$ f ! moral1 nature ( ,god2 & !re seems to be 9 itself no reason :y we %\ld take any o!r view4 ,! m]e fact t to u ! moral s5se seems su* a great & holy ?+1 is d\btless 7"u any view7 ow+ to its importance to ! well-be+ ( our species4 ,9 itself1 or z x appe>s to o!r possible be+s intellectual l ourselves1 b exi/+ "u unlike conditions1 ! moral s5se ( man may be reg>d$ z ( no m significance ?an ! social in/9cts ( bees4 ,m p>ticul>ly may ?is consid]ation apply to ! case ( a ,m9d exi/+1 accord+ to ! !ological !ory ( ?+s1 :olly beyond ! pale ( any?+ analog\s to ^? social relations out ( :i*1 accord+ to ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution1 ! moral s5se has be5 develop$ 9 ourselves#bh4 ,! tru? is t 9 ?is matt] natural !ologians beg9 by assum+ t ! ,fir/ ,cause1 if intellig5t1 mu/ be moral2 & !n !y are bl9d$ to ! /rictly logical weakness ( ! argum5t :]eby !y endeav\r to su/a9 _! assumption4 ,= aught t we c tell to ! contr>y1 x may be q z 'an?ropomorphic' a notion to attribute morality to ,god z x w\ld be to attribute ^? capacities = s5su\s enjoym5t ) :i* ! ,greeks end[$ _! div9ities4 ,! ,deity may be z high above ! "o z ! o!r--or r p]haps we may say z mu* ext]nal to ! "o z to ! o!r4 ,)\t be+ supra-moral1 & /ill less immoral1 ,he may be un-moral3 our ideas ( morality may h no mean+ z appli$ to ,him4 ,b if we g ?us f> 9 "o direction1 ,i ?9k1 p] contra1 x mu/ 9 consi/5cy be all[$ t ! argum5t f ! con/itution ( ! human m9d acquires m weight :5 x is %ift$ f ! moral s5se to ! religi\s in/9cts4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ^! in/9cts are n ( su* obvi\s use to ! species z are ^? ( morality2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile !y are unque/ionably v g5]al1 v p]si/5t1 & v p[]ful1 !y d n appe> to s]ve any 'end' or 'purpose' 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s1 unless we accept ! !ory :i* is giv5 ( !m by ^? 9 :om !y are mo/ /rongly develop$4 ,"h ,i ?9k we h an argum5t ( legitimate =ce1 al?\gh x does n appe> t su* 0 ! op9ion ent]ta9$ ( x by ,mill4 ,i ?9k ! argum5t is ( legitimate =ce1 because if ! religi\s in/9cts ( ! human race po9t to no reality z _! object1 !y are out ( analogy ) all o!r in/9ctive end[m5ts4 ,else:]e 9 ! animal k+dom we nev] meet ) su* a ?+ z an in/9ct po9t+ aimlessly1 & !re=e ! fact ( man be+1 z x is said1 'a religi\s animal'--i4e4 pres5t+ a class ( feel+s ( a peculi> nature direct$ to p>ticul> ends1 & mo/ ak9 to1 if n id5tical )1 true in/9ct--is s f>1 9 my op9ion1 a legitimate argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! reality ( "s object t[>ds :i* ! religi\s side ( ?is animal's nature is direct$4 ,& ,i d n ?9k t ?is argum5t is invalidat$ by su* facts z t widely diff]5t intellectual conceptions t\*+ ! "* ( ?is object are ent]ta9$ by diff]5t races ( mank9d2 t ! =ce ( ! religi\s in/9cts diff]s greatly 9 diff]5t individuals ev5 ( ! same race2 t ^! in/9cts admit ( be+ greatly modifi$ by education2 t !y w\ld probably fail to be develop$ 9 any individual )\t at lea/ s mu* education z is requir$ to furni% ! ne$ful intellectual conceptions on :i* !y are f\nd$2 or t we may n improbably trace _! orig91 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] traces x1 to a primitive mode ( int]pret+ dreams4 ,= ev5 9 view ( all ^! consid]ations ! fact rema9s t ^! in/9cts exi/1 & !re=e1 l all o!r in/9cts1 may be suppos$ to h a def9ite mean+1 ev5 ?\gh1 l all o!r in/9cts1 !y may be suppos$ to h _h a natural cause1 :i* bo? 9 ! individual & 9 ! race requires1 z 9 ! natural developm5t ( all o!r in/9cts1 ! natural conditions = its occurr5ce to be suppli$4 ,9 a ^w1 if animal in/9cts g5]ally1 l organic /ructures or inorganic sy/ems1 are held to betok5 purpose1 ! religi\s nature ( man w\ld /& out z an anomaly 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( ?+s if x alone 7 purposeless4 ,h5ce we h "h :at seems to me a valid inf]5ce1 s f> z x goes1 to ! effect t1 if ! g5]al ord] ( ,nature is due to ,m9d1 ! "* ( t ,m9d is su* z x is conceiv$ to be by ! mo/ highly develop$ =m ( religion4 ,a conclusion :i* is no d\bt ! opposite ( t :i* we rea*$ by contemplat+ ! ph5om5a ( biology2 & a contradiction :i* c only be ov]come by suppos+1 ei!r t ,nature conceals ,god1 :ile man reveals ,him1 or t ,nature reveals ,god :ile man misrepres5ts ,him4 ,!re is /ill "o o!r fact ( a v wide & g5]al k9d pres5t$ by ,nature1 :i*1 if ! ord] ( ,nature is tak5 to be ! expression ( intellig5t purpose1 ought 9 my op9ion to be reg>d$ z ( great weight 9 furni%+ evid5ce ^u ! e?ical quality ( t purpose4 ,x is a fact :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has n be5 consid]$ by any o!r writ]2 b f its be+ "o ( ! mo/ g5]al ( all ! facts relat+ to ! s5ti5t creation1 & f its admitt+ ( no "o s+le exception1 ,i feel t ,i am n able too /rongly to emphasize its argum5tative importance4 ,?is fact is1 z ,i h /at$ x on a =m] occasion1 't amid all ! millions ( me*anisms & in/9cts 9 ! animal k+dom1 !re is no "o in/ance ( a me*anism or in/9ct occurr+ 9 "o species = ! exclusive b5efit ( ano!r species1 al?\gh !re are a few cases 9 :i* a me*anism or in/9ct t is ( b5efit to its possessor has come also to be utiliz$ by o!r species4 ,n[1 on ! b5efic5t design !ory x is impossible to expla9 :y1 :5 all ! me*anisms 9 ! same species are inv>iably correlat$ = ! b5efit ( t species1 !re %\ld nev] be any su* correlation betwe5 me*anisms 9 diff]5t species1 or :y ! same rem>k %\ld apply to in/9cts4 ,= h[ magnific5t a display ( ,div9e b5efic5ce w\ld organic nature h af=d$1 if all1 or ev5 "s1 species _h be5 s int]-relat$ z to m9i/] to ea* o!r's necessities4 ,organic species might !n h be5 lik5$ to a c\ntless multitude ( voices all s++ 9 "o h>moni\s psalm ( praise4 ,b1 z x is1 we see no ve/ige ( su* co-ord9ation2 e species is = itself1 & = itself alone--an outcome ( ! always & ev]y:]e fi]cely rag+ /ruggle = life#bi4' ,! l>ge & g5]al fact ?us /at$ con/itutes1 9 my op9ion1 ! /ronge/ ( all argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( natural selection1 & !re=e we c see ! probable reason :y x is :at x is1 s f> z ! "q ( its physical causation is conc]n$4 ,b :]e ! "q is1 ,suppos+ ! physical causation ultimately due to ,m9d1 :at are we to inf] conc]n+ ! "* ( ! ,m9d :i* has adopt$ ?is me?od ( causation8--!n we aga9 rea* ! answ] t1 s f> z we c judge f a consci5ti\s exam9ation ( ^! facts1 ?is ,m9d does n %[ t x is ( a nature :i* 9 man we %\ld call moral4 ,( c\rse beh9d ! physical appe>ances !re may be a moral ju/ification1 s t f ^! appe>ances we are n entitl$ to say m ?an t f ! fact ( its hav+ *os5 a me?od ( physical causation lead+ to ^! results1 x has pres5t$ to u ! appe>ance1 z be=e obs]v$1 ( c>+ = animal p]fection to ! exclusion ( animal enjoym5t1 & ev5 to ! total disreg>d ( animal suff]+4 ,9 conclusion1 x is ( importance to insi/ ^u a tru? :i* 9 discussions ( ?is k9d is too (t5 disreg>d$--viz4 t all our reason+s be+ ( a "* relative to our k1 our inf]5ces are unc]ta9 9 a degree proportionate to ! ext5t ( our ignorance2 & t z ) ref]5ce to ! topics :i* we h be5 consid]+ our ignorance is ( immeasurable ext5t1 any conclusions t we may h =m$ are1 z ,bi%op ,butl] w\ld say1 'inf9itely prec>i\s4' ,or1 z ,i h previ\sly pres5t$ ?is =mal aspect ( ! matt] :ile discuss+ ! teleological argum5t ) ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1--',i suppose x w be admitt$ t ! validity ( an inf]5ce dep5ds ^u ! numb]1 ! importance1 & ! def9it5ess ( ! ?+s or ratios kn[n1 z comp>$ ) ! numb]1 importance1 & def9it5ess ( ! ?+s or ratios unkn[n1 b inf]r$4 ,if s1 we %\ld be logically cauti\s 9 draw+ inf]5ces f ! natural to ! sup]natural3 = al?\gh we h ! entire sph]e ( exp]i5ce f :i* to draw an inf]5ce1 we are unable to gauge ! probability ( ! inf]5ce :5 drawn--! unkn[n ratios be+ confess$ly ( unkn[n numb]1 importance1 & degree ( def9it5ess3 ! :ole orbit ( human k is insuffici5t to obta9 a p>allax :]eby to in/itute ! requir$ measurem5ts or to det]m9e ! proportion betwe5 ! t]ms kn[n & ! t]ms unkn[n4 ,o!rwise phras$1 we may say--z our k ( a "p is to our k ( a :ole1 s is our inf]5ce f t "p to ! reality ( t :ole4 ,:o1 !re=e1 c say1 ev5 ^u ! hypo!sis ( ,!ism1 t our inf]5ces or idea ( design w\ld h any mean+ if appli$ to ! ,all-,uphold]1 ^: ?\ghts are n z our ?\ghts8'#cj ,& ( c\rse1 mutatis mut&is1 ! same rem>ks apply to all inf]5ces hav+ a negative t5d5cy4 ,z an outcome ( ! :ole ( ?is discussion1 !n1 ,i ?9k x appe>s t ! influ5ce ( ,sci5ce ^u ,natural ,religion has be5 uni=mly ( a de/ructive "*4 ,/ep by /ep x has driv5 back ! app>5t evid5ce ( direct or special design 9 ,nature1 until n[ ?is evid5ce resides exclusively 9 ! "o great & g5]al fact t ,nature z a :ole is a ,cosmos4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x is obvi\sly impossible t ! de/ructive influ5ce ( ,sci5ce c ext5d1 because ,sci5ce c only exi/ ^u ! basis ( ?is fact4 ,b :5 we all[ t ?is great & univ]sal fact--:i* b = ! effects ( unremitt+ famili>ity c\ld sc>cely fail to be intellectually ov]:elm+--does betok5 m5tal ag5cy 9 ,nature1 we imm$iately f9d x impossible to det]m9e ! probable "* ( su* a m9d1 ev5 suppos+ t x exi/s4 ,we _c conceive ( x z pres5t+ any "o ( ! qualities :i* ess5tially *>act]ize :at we "k z m9d 9 ourselves2 & !re=e ! ^w ,m9d1 z appli$ to ! suppos$ ag5cy1 /&s = a blank4 ,fur!r1 ev5 if we disreg>d ?is difficulty1 & assume t 9 "s way or o!r incompreh5sible to u a ,m9d does exi/ z f> transc5d+ ! human m9d z ! human m9d transc5ds me*anical motion2 /ill we are met by "s v l>ge & g5]al facts 9 ,nature :i* seem /rongly to indicate t ?is ,m9d1 if x exi/s1 is ei!r defici5t 91 or :olly de/itute (1 t class ( feel+s :i* 9 man we t]m moral2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! religi\s aspirations ( man himself may be tak5 to indicate ! opposite conclusion4 ,&1 la/ly1 ) ref]5ce to ! :ole c\rse ( su* reason+s1 we h se5 t any degree ( measurable probability1 z atta*+ to ! conclusions1 is unatta9able4 ,f all :i* x appe>s t ,natural ,religion at ! pres5t "t c only be reg>d$ z a sy/em full ( intellectual contradictions & moral p]plexities2 s t if we g to h] ) ^! greate/ ( all que/ions3 ',is !re k ) ! ,mo/ ,high8' ',%all n ! ,judge ( all ! e>? d "r8' ! only cle> answ] :i* we receive is ! "o t comes back to u f ! dep?s ( our own he>t--',:5 ,i ?\ght ^u ?is x 0 too pa9ful = me4' ,,footnotes3 #bc ,a note 7( #ahic7 conta9s ! foll[+3 ',be+1 consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 is logically equival5t to ,n-,be+ or ,no?+4 ,= if by successive /ages ( ab/raction1 we dive/ ! conception ( ,be+ ( attribute & relation we rea* ! conception ( t :i* _c be1 i4e4 a logical contradiction1 or ! logical correlative ( ,be+ :i* is ,no?+4 7,all ?is is well express$ 9 ,caird's ,evolution ( ,religion47 ,! failure to p]ceive ?is fact con/itutes a gr\nd fallacy 9 my ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism1 :]e ,i repres5t ,be+ z be+ a suffici5t explanation ( ! ,ord] ( ,nature or ! law ( ,causation4' #bd ,?is promise is only p>tially fulfill$ 9 ! p5ultimate p>agraph ( ! essay4--,,ed4 #be ,essays1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdf et seq4 ,! :ole passage ought to be consult$1 be+ too long to quote "h4 #bf ,9 an essay on ,pr(4 ,fl9t's ,!ism1 app5d$ to ! ,c&id ,exam9ation4 #bg ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism1 pp4 #aga-b4 #bh ,i h1 z ,editor1 resi/$ a temptation to int]v5e 9 ! above argum5t4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i may int]v5e on a matt] ( fact1 & po9t out t 'accord+ to ! !ological !ory ( ?+s1' i4e4 accord+ to ! ,tr9it>ian doctr9e1 ,god's ,nature consi/s 9 :at is /rictly 'analog\s to social relations1' & ,he n m]ely exhibits 9 ,8 creation1 b ,himself is ,love4 ,see1 on ! subject1 especially1 ,r4,h4 ,hutton's essay on ! ,inc>nation1 9 8 ,!ological ,essays 7,macmillan74--,,ed4 #bi ,sci5tific ,evid5ces ( ,organic ,evolution1 pp4 #gf-g4 #cj ,nature1 ,april #e1 #ahhc4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,introductory ,note by ! ,editor4 ,little m requires to be said by way ( introduction to ! ,notes :i* are all t ,george ,romanes 0 able to write ( a "w t 0 to h be5 entitl$ ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,religion4 ,:at little does require to be said mu/ be by way ( bridg+ ! int]val ( ?\ght :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ,essays :i* h j prec$$ & ! ,notes :i* repres5t m ne>ly 8 f9al phase ( m9d4 ,! mo/ anti-!i/ic feature 9 ! ,essays is ! /ress laid 9 !m on ! evid5ce :i* ,nature supplies1 or is suppos$ to supply1 antagoni/ic to ! belief 9 ! goodness ( ,god4 ,on ?is my/]i\s & p]plex+ subject ,george ,romanes appe>s to h _h m to say b did n live to say x#ca4 ,we may notice h[ev] t 9 #ahhi1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,ari/otelian ,society1 on '! ,evid5ce ( ,design 9 ,nature#cb1' he appe>s to all[ m weight ?an be=e to ! argum5t t ! me?od ( physical developm5t mu/ be judg$ 9 ! light ( its result4 ,?is pap] 0 "p ( a ,symposium4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,alex&] has argu$ 9 a previ\s pap] aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( 'design' 9 ,nature on ! gr\nd t '! fair ord] ( ,nature is only acquir$ by a :olesale wa/e & sacrifice4' ,?is argum5t 0 develop$ by po9t+ to ! obvi\s 'mal-adju/m5ts1' 'aimless de/ructions1' c41 :i* *>act]ize ! processes ( ,nature4 ,b ^!1 ,romanes replies1 necess>ily belong to ! process consid]$ z "o ( 'natural selection4' ,! "q is only3 ,is su* a process p] se incompatible ) ! hypo!sis ( design8 ,& he replies 9 ! negative4 ',! fair ord] ( ,nature is only acquir$ by a :olesale wa/e & sacrifice4 ,grant$4 ,b if ! :olesale wa/e & sacrifice1 z antec$5t1 leads to a fair ord] ( ,nature z its consequ5t1 h[ c x be said t ! :olesale wa/e & sacrifice has be5 a failure8 ,or h[ c x be said t1 9 po9t ( fact1 !re has be5 a wa/e1 or has be5 a sacrifice8 ,cle>ly su* ?+s c only be said :5 our po9t ( view is re/rict$ to ! means 7i4e4 ! :olesale de/ruction ( ! less fit72 n :5 we ext5d our view to :at1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( human obs]vation1 is unque/ionably ! end 7i4e4 ! causal result 9 an ev] improv+ _w ( types74 ,a c&idate :o is pluck$ 9 a ,civil ,s]vice exam9ation because he happ5s to be "o ( ! less fitt$ to pass1 is no d\bt an in/ance ( failure s f> z 8 own c>e] is conc]n$2 b x does n !re=e foll[ t ! sy/em ( exam9ation is a failure 9 its f9al end ( secur+ ! be/ m5 = ! ,civil ,s]vice4 ,& ! fact t ! g5]al outcome ( all ! individual failures 9 ,nature is t ( secur+ :at ,mr4 ,alex&] calls ! fair ord] ( ,nature1 is assur$ly evid5ce t ! modus op]&i has n be5 a failure 9 relation to :at1 if !re be any ,design 9 ,nature at all1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! high] purpose ( su* ,design4 ,!re=e1 cases ( individual or o!rwise relative failure _c be quot$ z evid5ce aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( !re be+ su* ,design4 ,! fact t ! g5]al sy/em ( natural causation has = its ev5tual result a fair ord] ( ,nature1 _c ( itself be a fact inimical to ! hypo!sis ( ,design 9 ,nature1 ev5 ?\gh x be true t su* causation entails ! cont9ual elim9ation ( ! less effici5t types4 ',to ! be/ ( my judgem5t1 !n1 ?is argum5t f failure1 r&om trial1 bl9d blund]+1 or 9 :atev] o!r t]m9ology ! argum5t may be pres5t$1 is only valid z aga9/ ! !ory ( :at ,mr4 ,alex&] alludes to z a ,c>p5t]-,god1 i4e4 t if !re be ,design 9 ,nature at all1 x mu/ ev]y:]e be special ,design2 s t ! evid5ce ( x may z well be te/$ by any giv5 m9ute fragm5t ( ,nature--su* z "o individual organism or class ( organisms--z by hav+ reg>d to ! :ole ,cosmos4 ,! evid5ce ( ,design 9 ?is s5se ,i fully all[ has be5 totally de/roy$ by ! pro( ( natural selection4 ,b su* de/ruction has only br\ght into cle>] relief ! mu* l>g] "q t rises beh9d1 viz4 z be=e phras$1 ,is !re any?+ ab\t ! me?od ( natural causation1 consid]$ z a :ole1 t is inimical to ! !ory ( ,design 9 ,nature1 consid]$ z a :ole8' ,x is true t ?is argum5t does n be> directly ^u ! "* ( ! ,god ^: 'design' ,nature exhibits3 b indirectly x does#cc4 ,= in/ance1 su* an argum5t z t f\nd above 7on p4 #gi3 'we see a rabbit1 c4'7 seems to be only valid on ! po/ulate "h describ$ z t ( ! ',c>p5t]-,god4' ,x is also probable t ,romanes felt ! difficulty aris+ f ! cruelty ( nature less1 z he 0 l$ to dwell m on humanity z ! mo/ important "p ( nature1 & p]ceiv$ ! function ( suff]+ 9 ! economy ( human life 7pp4 #adb1 #aed73 & also z he became m impress$ ) ! positive evid5ces = ,*ri/ianity z at once ! religion ( sorr[ & ! revelation ( ,god z ,love 7pp4 #afc1 ff474 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? supplies believ]s n only ) an argum5t aga9/ pessimism f g5]al results1 b also ) su* an insight into ! ,div9e "* & me?od z enables !m at lea/ to be> hopefully ! awful p]plexities :i* arise f ! spectacle ( individuals suff]+4 ,9 ! la/ ye> or two ( 8 life he read v att5tively a great numb] ( books on ',*ri/ian ,evid5ces1' f ,pascal's ,p5ses d[nw>ds1 & /udi$ c>efully ! appe>ance ( 'plan' 9 ! ,biblical ,revelation consid]$ z a :ole4 ,! fact ( ?is /udy appe>s 9 fragm5t>y rem>ks1 indices & ref]5ces1 :i* ,george ,romanes left beh9d him 9 note-books4 ,! results ( x w n be unapp>5t 9 ! foll[+ ,notes1 :i*1 ,i ne$ to rem9d my read]s1 are1 9 spite ( _! small bulk1 ! sole reason = ! exi/5ce ( ?is volume4 ,9 read+ ^! ,i c h>dly conceive any "o n be+ possess$ ) a pr(\nd regret t ! au?or 0 n all[$ to complete 8 "w4 ,& x is only fair to ask e read] ( ! foll[+ pages to rememb] t he is read+1 9 ! ma91 incomplete notes & n f9i%$ "w4 ,?is w acc\nt = a great deal t may seem sket*y & unsatisfactory 9 ! treatm5t ( diff]5t po9ts1 & also = repetitions & traces ( inconsi/5cy4 ,b ,i c h>dly ?9k any "o c read ^! notes to ! end )\t agree+ ) me t if ,i _h )held !m f publication1 ! _w w\ld h lo/ ! witness ( a m9d1 bo? able & pr(\ndly s9c]e1 feel+ aft] ,god & f9d+ ,him4 ,c4,g4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,see bel[ p4 #adb1 & note4 ,i f9d also ! foll[+ note ( a date subsequ5t to #ahhi4 ',x is a fact t pessimism is illogical1 simply because we are inadequate judges ( ! _w1 & pessimism w\ld !re=e be oppos$ to agno/icism4 ,we may "k t !re is some?+ out ( jo9t betwe5 ! _w & ourselves2 b we _c "k h[ f> ?is is ! fault ( ! _w or ( ourselves4' #cb ,proce$+s ( ! ,ari/otelian ,society 7,williams ,norgate71 vol4 i4 no4 #c1 pp4 #gb1 #gc4 #cc ,i ought also to m5tion t ,romanes on ! ,sunday be=e 8 dea? express$ to me v]bally 8 entire agreem5t ) ! argum5t ( ,pr(essor ,knight's ,aspects ( ,!ism 7,macmillan1 #ahic72 9 :i* on ?is subject see pp4 #ahd-ahf1 ',a l>g] good is evolv$ ?r\gh ! w9n[+ process by :i* physical nature ca/s its weak] products aside1' c4 ,,notes ,,= ,a ,,"w ,,on ,a ,,c&id ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,religion4 ,,by ,,metaphysicus4 ,propos$ ,mottoes4 ',i q admit ! difficulty ( believ+ t 9 e man !re is an eye ( ! s\l :i*1 :5 by o!r pursuits lo/ & dimm$1 is by ?is purifi$ & re-illum9$2 & is m preci\s f> ?an t5 ?\s& bodily eyes1 = by ?is alone is tru? se54 ,n[ !re are two classes ( p]sons1 "o class :o w agree ) y & w take y\r words z a revelation2 ano!r class :o h no und]/&+ ( !m & to :om !y w naturally be z idle tales4 ',& y _h bett] decide at once ) :i* ( ! two y are argu+2 or1 p]haps1 y w say ) nei!r1 & t y\r *ief aim 9 c>ry+ on ! argum5t is y\r own improvem5t2 at ! same "t n grudg+ to ei!r any b5efit :i* !y may d]ive4'--,,plato4 ',if we w\ld reprove ) success1 & %[ ano!r 8 mi/ake1 we mu/ see f :at side he views ! matt]1 = on t side x is g5]ally true3 &1 admitt+ ?is tru?1 %[ him ! side on :i* x is false4'--,,pascal4 #a4 ,,introductory4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i publi%$ 9 ,messrs4 ,trbn]'s ',philosophical ,s]ies1' a %ort treatise entitl$ ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism by ',physicus4' ,al?\gh ! book made "s /ir at ! "t1 & has s9ce exhibit$ a vitality nev] anticipat$ by its au?or1 ! secret ( its au?or%ip has be5 well pres]v$#cd4 ,?is secret x is my int5tion1 if possible1 /ill to pres]ve2 b z x is desirable 7on sev]al acc\nts :i* w become app>5t 9 ! foll[+ pages7 to av[ id5tity ( au?or%ip1 ! pres5t essay appe>s "u ! same pseudonym#ce z its pr$ecessor4 ,! reason :y ! fir/ essay appe>$ anonym\sly is tru?fully /at$ 9 ! preface !re(1 viz4 9 ord] t ! reason+ %\ld be judg$ on its own m]its1 )\t ! bias :i* is apt to arise on ! "p ( a read] f a k ( ! au?ority--or abs5ce ( au?ority--on ! "p ( a writ]4 ,?is reason1 9 my op9ion1 /ill holds good z reg>ds ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism1 & applies 9 equal measure to ! pres5t sequel 9 ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,religion4 ,x w be %[n t 9 _m respects ! negative conclusions rea*$ 9 ! =m] essay h be5 greatly modifi$ by ! results ( matur] ?\ght z n[ pres5t$ 9 ! second4 ,!re=e x seems desirable to /ate at ! outset t1 z f> z ,i am capable ( judg+1 ! modifications 9 "q h n be5 due 9 any measure to influ5ce f )\t4 ,!y appe> to h be5 due exclusively to ! results ( my own fur!r ?\ght1 z briefly set out 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ) no indebt$ness to private fri5ds & b little to publi%$ utt]ances 9 ! =m ( books1 c4 ,nev]!less1 no v orig9al ideas are "h pres5t$4 ,inde$1 ,i suppose x w\ld n[adays be impossible to pres5t any idea t\*+ religion1 :i* has n at "s "t or ano!r be5 pres5t$ previ\sly4 ,/ill mu* may be done 9 ! fur!r+ ( "o's ?\ght by *ang+ po9ts ( view1 select+ & arrang+ ideas already m or less famili>1 s t !y may be built into new comb9ations2 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 ,i h 9 no small degree accompli%$ z reg>ds ! microcosm ( my own m9d4 ,b ,i /ate ?is mu* only = ! sake ( add+ a confession t1 z f> z introspection c c>ry "o1 x does n appe> to me t ! modifications :i* my views h und]gone s9ce ! publication ( my previ\s ,c&id ,exam9ation are due s mu* to purely logical processes ( ! intellect1 z to ! sub-consci\s 7& !re=e m or less unanalyzable7 influ5ces due to ! rip5+ exp]i5ce ( life4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is is true i4e4 ! ext5t to :i* exp]i5ce modifies logic#cf is seldom1 if ev]1 realiz$1 al?\gh x is practically exemplifi$ e day by ! sob]+ caution :i* advanc+ age ex]cises ^u ! m9d4 ,n s mu* by any above-bo>d play ( syllogism z by "s und]h& *eat+ ( consci\sness1 d ! accumulat+ exp]i5ces ( life & ( ?\ght sl[ly enri* ! judgem5t4 ,& ?is1 "o ne$ h>dly say1 is especially true 9 su* regions ( ?\ght z pres5t ! mo/ t5u\s m$ia = ! progress ( ?\ght by ! comp>atively clumsy means ( syllogi/ic locomotion4 ,= ! fur!r we asc5d f ! solid gr\nd ( v]ification1 ! less confid5ce %\ld we place 9 our w+s ( speculation1 :ile ! m d we f9d ! practical wisdom ( su* intellectual caution1 or di/ru/ ( ratioc9ation1 z c be giv5 only by exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 mo/ ( all is ?is ! case 9 ^? dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght :i* are fur!/ f ! region ( our s5su\s life--viz4 metaphysics & religion4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is j 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght t we f9d ! ra%ness ( y\? mo/ am5able to ! discipl9e 9 "q by ! exp]i5ce ( age4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ?is confession1 ,i h no d\bt t ev5 9 ! matt] ( pure & consci\s reason fur!r ?\ght has enabl$ me to detect s]i\s errors1 or r ov]sights1 9 ! v f\ndations ( my ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism4 ,i /ill ?9k1 inde$1 t f ! premises !re laid d[n ! conclusions result 9 due logical sequ5ce1 s t1 z a matt] ( m]e ratioc9ation1 ,i am n likely ev] to detect any s]i\s flaws1 especially z ?is has n be5 done by anybody else dur+ ! _m ye>s ( its exi/5ce4 ,b ,i n[ cle>ly p]ceive two wellnigh fatal ov]sights :i* ,i !n committ$4 ,! fir/ 0 undue confid5ce 9 m]ely syllogi/ic conclusions1 ev5 :5 d]iv$ f s\nd premises1 9 regions ( su* high ab/raction4 ,! second 01 9 n be+ suffici5tly c>eful 9 exam9+ ! f\ndations ( my criticism1 i4e4 ! validity ( its premises4 ,i w "h briefly consid] ^! two po9ts sep>ately4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ po9t1 nev] 0 any "o m arrogant 9 8 claims = pure reason ?an ,i 0--m arrogant 9 _s ?\gh n 9 lett]1 ?is be+ due to contact ) sci5ce2 )\t ev] consid]+ h[ oppos$ to reason itself is ! unexpress$ assumption ( my e>li] argum5t z to ,god ,himself1 z if ,8 exi/5ce 7 a m]ely physical problem to be solv$ by man's reason alone1 )\t ref]5ce to 8 o!r & high] faculties#cg4 ,! second po9t is ( /ill m importance1 because s seldom1 if ev]1 recogniz$4 ,at ! "t ( writ+ ! ,c&id ,exam9ation ,i p]ceiv$ cle>ly h[ ! :ole "q ( ,!ism f ! side ( reason turn$ on ! "q z to ! nature ( natural causation4 ,my !ory ( natural causation obey$ ! ,law ( ,p>simony1 resolv+ all into ,be+ z su*2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x err$ 9 n consid]+ :e!r 'high] causes' are n 'necess>y' to acc\nt = spiritual facts--i4e4 :e!r ! ultimate ,be+ mu/ n be at lea/ z high z ! intellectual & spiritual nature ( man1 i4e4 high] ?an any?+ m]ely physical or me*anical4 ,! supposition t x mu/ does n violate ! ,law ( ,p>simony4 ,pure agno/ics ought to inve/igate ! religi\s consci\sness ( ,*ri/ians z a ph5om5on :i* may possibly be :at ,*ri/ians !mselves believe x to be1 i4e4 ( ,div9e orig94 ,& ?is may be done )\t ent]+ into any "q z to ! objective validity ( ,*ri/ian dogmas4 ,! metaphysics ( ,*ri/ianity may be all false 9 fact1 & yet ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity may be true 9 sub/ance--i4e4 x may be ! highe/ 'good gift f above' z yet giv5 to man4 ,my pres5t object1 !n1 l t ( ,socrates1 is n to imp>t any philosophical sy/em1 or ev5 positive k1 b a frame ( m9d1 :at ,i may t]m1 pure agno/icism1 z di/+ui%$ f :at is commonly s call$4 ,,footnotes3 #cd ,! fir/ edition1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgh1 0 rapidly exhau/$1 b1 z my object 9 publi%+ 0 solely t ( solicit+ criticism = my own b5efit1 ,i arrang$ ) ! publi%]s n to issue any fur!r edition4 ,! "w has !re=e be5 out ( pr9t = _m ye>s4 ,?is 'arrangem5t' 0 h[ev] n actually made1 or at lea/ 0 unkn[n to ! pres5t publi%+ firm ( ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,co4 ,?us a new edition ( ! book 0 publi%$ 9 #ahib1 to ! au?or's surprise4--,,ed4 #ce ,or r x 0 int5d$ t x %\ld appe> "u ! pseudonym ( ',metaphysicus4'--,,ed4 #cf ,words 9 squ>e brackets h be5 add$ by me4 ,b ,i h n introduc$ ! brackets :5 ,i h simply ins]t$ s+le unimportant words obvi\sly necess>y = ! s5se4--,,ed4 #cg ,see p4 #bi1 quotation f ,preface ( ',physicus4' ,! /ate ( m9d express$ 9 ! above ,note is a return to ! e>li] frame ( m9d ( ! ,burney ,essay1 e4g4 p4 #bj4 ,t essay 0 full ( ! ?\ght t ,*ri/ian evid5ces are v manifold & l>gely 'extra-sci5tific4'--,,ed4 #b4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,t]ms ,,& ,,purpose ,,( ,,?is ,,treatise4 ,to und]/& ,george ,romanes' m9d close att5tion mu/ be paid to ! foll[+ section4 ,also to ! fact1 n explicitly notic$ by him1 t he uses ! ^w 'reason' 7see p4 #aab7 9 a s5se closely resembl+ t 9 :i* ,mr4 ,kidd has rec5tly us$ x 9 8 ,social ,evolution4 ,he uses x1 t is1 9 a re/rict$ s5se z equival5t to ! process ( sci5tific ratioc9ation4 ,8 ma9 position is !re=e ?is3 ,sci5tific ratioc9ation _c f9d adequate gr\nds = belief 9 ,god4 ,b ! pure agno/ic mu/ recognize t ,god may h reveal$ ,himself by o!r means ?an t ( sci5tific ratioc9ation4 ,z religion is = ! :ole man1 s all human faculties may be requir$ to seek aft] ,god & f9d ,him--emotions & exp]i5ces ( an extra-'rational' k9d4 ,! 'pure agno/ic' mu/ be prep>$ to welcome evid5ce ( all sorts4--,,ed4 ,x is desirable to be cle> at ! outset z to ! mean+ :i* ,i %all ?r\gh\t atta* to c]ta9 t]ms & phrases4 ,!ism4 ,x w frequ5tly be said1 'on ! !ory ( ,!ism1' 'suppos+ ,!ism true1' c4 ,by su* phrase my mean+ w always be equival5t to--'suppos+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! ne>e/ approa* :i* ! human m9d c make to a true notion ( ! ens realissimum1 is t ( an inconceivably magnifi$ image ( itself at its be/4' ,*ri/ianity4 ,simil>ly1 :5 x is said1 'suppos+ ,*ri/ianity true1' :at w be meant is--'suppos+ = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! ,*ri/ian sy/em z a :ole1 f its e>lie/ dawn 9 ,judaism1 to ! phase ( its developm5t at ! pres5t "t1 is ! highe/ revelation ( ,himself :i* a p]sonal ,deity has v\*saf$ to mank9d4' ,?is ,i int5d to signify an attitude ( pure agno/icism z reg>ds any p>ticul> dogma ( ,*ri/ianity--ev5 t ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,%\ld x be said t by hold+ 9 susp5se any di/9ctive dogma ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i am n consid]+ ,*ri/ianity at all1 ,i reply1 ,n s2 ,i am n writ+ a !ological1 b a philosophical treatise1 & %all consid] ,*ri/ianity m]ely z "o ( _m religions1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! late/1 c4 ,?us consid]$1 ,*ri/ianity takes its place z ! highe/ manife/ation ( evolution 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! human m9d2 b ,i am n conc]n$ ev5 ) s important an ecclesia/ical dogma z t ( ! ,inc>nation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,z f> z ?is treatise has to g1 t dogma may or may n be true4 ,! important "q = u is1 ,has ,god spok5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our religi\s in/9cts8 ,& al?\gh ?is w necess>ily involve ! "q :e!r or h[ f> 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity !re is objective evid5ce ( ,8 hav+ spok5 by ! m\? ( holy m5 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* h be5 s9ce ! _w began1 su* w be ! case only because x is a "q ( objective evid5ce :e!r or h[ f> ! religi\s in/9cts ( ^! m51 or ?is race ( m51 h be5 s mu* sup]ior to ^? ( o!r m51 or races ( m51 z to h enabl$ !m to pr$ict future ev5ts ( a religi\s "*4 ,& :e!r or n 9 ^! latt] days ,god has spok5 by ,8 own ,son is n a "q = u1 fur!r ?an to inve/igate ! high] class ( religi\s ph5om5a :i* unque/ionably h be5 pres5t 9 ! adv5t & p]son ( ,jesus4 ,! "q :e!r ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 is1 logically speak+1 a "q ( ontology1 :i*1 qu pure agno/ics1 we are logically =bidd5 to t\*4 ,b else:]e ,i ought to %[ t1 f my po9t ( view z to ! fundam5tal "q be+ :e!r ,god has spok5 at all ?r\gh ! religi\s in/9cts ( mank9d1 x may v well be t ,*ri/ 0 n ,god1 & yet t ,he gave ! highe/ revelation ( ,god4 ,if ! 'fir/ ,man' 0 allegorical1 :y n ! 'second'8 ,x is1 inde$1 an hi/orical fact t ! 'second ,man' exi/$1 b s likewise may ! 'fir/4' ,&1 z reg>ds ! 'p]sonal claims' ( ,*ri/1 all t ,he said is n incompatible ) ,8 hav+ be5 ,gabriel1 & ,8 ,holy ,gho/1 ,mi*ael#ch4 ,or ,he may h be5 a man deceiv$ z to ,8 own p]sonality1 & yet ! vehicle ( highe/ inspiration4 ,religion4 ,by ! t]m 'religion1' ,i %all mean any !ory ( p]sonal ag5cy 9 ! univ]se1 belief 9 :i* is /rong en\gh 9 any degree to influ5ce conduct4 ,no t]m has be5 us$ m loosely ( late ye>s1 or 9 a great] v>iety ( mean+s4 ,( c\rse anybody may use x 9 any s5se he pleases1 provid$ he def9es exactly 9 :at s5se he does s4 ,! above seems to be mo/ 9 accordance ) traditional usage4 ,agno/icism 'pure' & 'impure'4 ,! mod]n & highly conv5i5t t]m ',agno/icism1' is us$ 9 two v diff]5t s5ses4 ,by its orig9ator1 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 x 0 co9$ to signify an attitude ( reason$ ignorance t\*+ ev]y?+ t lies beyond ! sph]e ( s5se-p]ception--a pr(ess$ inability to f\nd valid belief on any o!r basis4 ,x is 9 ?is its orig9al s5se--& also1 9 my op9ion1 its only philosophically ju/ifiable s5se--t ,i %all und]/& ! t]m4 ,b ! o!r1 & p]haps m popul> s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is n[ employ$1 is z ! correlative ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c]'s doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able4 ,?is latt] t]m is philosophically errone\s1 imply+ important negative k t if !re be a ,god we "k ?is mu* ab\t ,him--t ,he _c reveal ,himself to man#ci4 ,pure agno/icism is z def9$ by ,huxley4 ,( all ! _m sci5tific m5 :om ,i h kn[n1 ! mo/ pure 9 8 agno/icism--n only 9 pr(ession b 9 _s & conduct--0 ,d>w94 7,:at he says 9 8 autobiography ab\t ,*ri/ianity#dj %[s no pr(undity ( ?\ght 9 ! direction ( philosophy or religion4 ,8 m9d 0 too purely inductive = ?is4 ,b1 on ?is v acc\nt1 x is ! m rem>kable t 8 rejection ( ,*ri/ianity 0 due1 n to any a priori bias aga9/ ! cre$ on gr\nds ( reason z absurd1 b solely on ! gr\nd ( an app>5t moral objection a po/]iori#da47 ,f>aday & _m o!r fir/-rate orig9ators 9 sci5ce 7 l ,d>w94 ,z an illu/ration ( impure agno/icism take ,hume's a priori argum5t aga9/ miracles1 lead+ on to ! analog\s case ( ! attitude ( sci5tific m5 t[>ds mod]n spiritualism4 ,not)/&+ t !y h ! close analogy ( mesm]ism z an object-lesson to w>n !m1 sci5tific m5 z a class are "h q z dogmatic z ! /raighte/ sect ( !ologians4 ,i may give examples :i* c cause no (f5ce1 inasmu* z ! m5 9 "q h !mselves made ! facts public1 viz4 ---- refus+ to g to a fam\s spirituali/2 ---- refus+ to try ---- 9 ?\ght-read+#db4 ,^! m5 all pr(ess$ to be agno/ics at ! v "t :5 ?us s egregi\sly violat+ _! philosophy by _! conduct4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean to say t1 ev5 to a pure agno/ic1 reason %\ld n be guid$ 9 "p by antec$5t presumption--e4g4 9 ord9>y life1 ! prima facie case1 motive1 c41 c\nts = evid5ce 9 a c\rt ( law--& :]e !re is a /rong antec$5t improbability a proportionately great] weight ( evid5ce a po/]iori is ne$$ to c\nt]balance x3 s t1 e4g4 bett] evid5ce w\ld be ne$$ to convict ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury ?an a vagabond ( pocket-pick+4 ,& s x is ) speculative philosophy4 ,b 9 bo? cases our only guide is kn[n analogy2 !re=e1 ! fur!r we are remov$ f possible exp]i5ce--i4e4 ! m remote f exp]i5ce ! sph]e contemplat$--! less value atta*es to antec$5t presumptions#dc4 ,maximum remot5ess f possible exp]i5ce is rea*$ 9 ! sph]e ( ! f9al my/]y ( ?+s ) :i* religion has to d2 s t "h all presumption has fad$ away into a vani%+ po9t1 & pure agno/icism is our only rational attitude4 ,9 o!r words1 "h we %\ld all alike be pure agno/ics z f> z reason is conc]n$2 &1 if any ( u are to atta9 to any in=mation1 x c only be by means ( "s sup]-add$ faculty ( our m9ds4 ,! que/ions z to :e!r !re are any su* sup]-add$ faculties2 if s1 :e!r !y ev] appe> to h be5 act$ ^u f )\t2 if !y h1 9 :at mann] !y h2 :at is _! report2 h[ f> !y are tru/wor?y 9 t report1 & s on--^! are ! que/ions ) :i* ?is treatise is to be ma9ly conc]n$4 ,my own attitude may be "h /at$4 ,i d n claim any religi\s c]ta9ty ( an intuitive k9d myself2 b am nev]!less able to inve/igate ! ab/ract logic ( ! matt]4 ,&1 al?\gh ?is may seem b b>r5 dialectic1 x may1 ,i hope1 be ( practical s]vice if x secures a fair he>+ to ! reports giv5 by ! va/ majority ( mank9d :o unque/ionably believe !m to emanate f "s su* sup]-add$ faculties--num]\s & div]se ?\gh _! religions be4 ,besides1 9 my y\? ,i publi%$ an essay 7! ,c&id ,exam9ation7 :i* excit$ a good deal ( int]e/ at ! "t1 & has be5 long out ( pr9t4 ,9 t treatise ,i h s9ce come to see t ,i 0 wrong t\*+ :at ,i con/itut$ ! basal argum5t = my negative conclusion4 ,!re=e ,i n[ feel x obligatory on me to publi% ! foll[+ results ( my matur] ?\ght1 f ! same /&-po9t ( pure reason4 ,ev5 ?\gh ,i h obta9$ no fur!r light f ! side ( intuition1 ,i h f t ( intellect4 ,s t1 if !re be 9 tru? any su* intuition1 ,i occupy ) reg>d to ! organ ( x ! same position z t ( ! bl9d lectur] on optics4 ,b on ?is v acc\nt ,i _c be accus$ ( p>tiality t[>ds x4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t :5 a man has cle>ly p]ceiv$ agno/icism to be ! only legitimate attitude ( reason to re/ 9 ) reg>d to religion 7z ,i w subsequ5tly %[ t x is71 he has !reby f9i%$ ) ! matt]2 he c g no fur!r4 ,! ma9 object ( ?is treatise is to %[ t su* is by no means ! case4 ,he has !n only begun 8 enquiry into ! gr\nds & ju/ification ( religi\s belief4 ,= reason is n ! only attribute ( man1 nor is x ! only faculty :i* he habitually employs = ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?4 ,moral & spiritual faculties are ( no less importance 9 _! respective sph]es ev5 ( ev]yday life2 fai?1 tru/1 ta/e1 c41 are z ne$ful 9 asc]ta9+ tru? z to "*1 beauty1 c41 z is reason4 ,inde$ we may take x t reason is conc]n$ 9 asc]ta9+ tru? only :]e causation is conc]n$2 ! appropriate organs = its asc]ta9m5t :]e any?+ else is conc]n$ belong to ! moral & spiritual region4 ,z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says1 'm5 ( sci5ce may be divid$ into two classes1 ( :i* ! "o1 well exemplifi$ by ,f>aday1 keep+ _! religion & _! sci5ce absolutely sep>ate1 are unp]plex$ by any incongruities betwe5 !m1 & ! o!r ( :i*1 occupy+ !mselves exclusively ) ! facts ( sci5ce1 nev] ask :at implications !y h4 ,be x trilobite or be x d\ble />1 _! ?\ght ab\t x is mu* l ! ?\ght ( ,pet] ,bell ab\t ! primrose#dd4' ,n[1 bo? ^! classes are logical1 s9ce bo?1 z to _! religion1 adopt an attitude ( pure agno/icism1 n only 9 !ory1 b also 9 practice4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 h we to say ( ! ?ird class1 :i* ,sp5c] does n m5tion1 al?\gh x is1 ,i ?9k1 ! l>ge/1 viz4 ( ^? sci5tific m5 :o expressly ab/a9 f draw+ a l9e ( division betwe5 sci5ce & religion & !n judge ( religion purely on ! pr9ciples & by ! me?od ( sci5ce#de8 ,!re are two opposite ca/s ( m9d--! me*anical 7sci5tific1 c47 & ! spiritual 7arti/ic1 religi\s1 c474 ,^! may alt]nate ev5 9 ! same individual4 ,an 'agno/ic' has no hesitation--ev5 ?\gh he himself ke5ly exp]i5ce ! latt]--t ! =m] only is wor?y ( tru/4 ,b a pure agno/ic mu/ "k bett]1 z he w p]ceive t !re is no?+ to *oose betwe5 ! two 9 po9t ( tru/wor?9ess4 ,inde$1 if *oice has to be made ! my/ic might claim high] au?ority = 8 direct intuitions4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has well said1 9 ! op5+ section ( 8 ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 t :]ev] human ?\ght appe>s to be radically divid$1 !re mu/ be tru? on bo? sides & t ! 'reconciliation' ( oppos+ views is to be f\nd by emphasiz+ t ultimate elem5t ( tru? :i* on ea* side und]lies manifold diff]5ces4 ,m ?an is g5]ally suppos$ dep5ds on po9ts ( view1 especially :]e fir/ pr9ciples ( a subject are 9 dispute4 ,opposite sides ( ! same %ield may pres5t :olly diff]5t aspects#df4 ,sp5c] alludes to ?is ) special ref]5ce to ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion2 & x is 9 ?is same connexion t ,i also allude to x4 ,= x seems to me1 aft] _m ye>s ( ?\ght ^u ! subject1 t ! 'reconciliation' admits ( be+ c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an x has be5 by him4 ,= he effects ?is reconciliation only to ! ext5t ( %[+ t religion arises f ! recognition ( fundam5tal my/]y--:i* x may be prov$ t sci5ce also recognizes 9 all h] fundam5tal ideas4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is aft] all little m ?an a platitude4 ,t our ultimate sci5tific ideas 7i4e4 ultimate gr\nds ( exp]i5ce7 are inexplicable1 is a proposition :i* is self-evid5t s9ce ! dawn ( human ?\ght4 ,my aim is to c>ry ! 'reconciliation' into mu* m detail & yet )\t quitt+ ! gr\nds ( pure reason4 ,i int5d to take sci5ce & religion 9 _! pres5t highly develop$ /ates z su*1 & %[ t on a sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! latt] by ! me?ods ( ! =m]1 ! 'conflict' betwe5 ! two may be n m]ely 'reconcil$' z reg>ds ! highe/ g5]alities ( ea*1 b entirely aboli%$ 9 all matt]s ( detail :i* c be reg>d$ z ( any great importance4 ,9 any me?odical enquiry ! fir/ object %\ld be to asc]ta9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ) :i* ! enquiry is conc]n$4 ,9 actual rese>*1 h[ev]1 x is by no means always ! case t ! enquir] kn[s1 or is able at fir/ to asc]ta9 :at ^? pr9ciples are4 ,9 fact1 x is (t5 only at ! end ( a rese>*1 t !y are discov]$ to be ! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,su* has be5 my own exp]i5ce ) reg>d to ! subject ( ! pres5t enquiry4 ,al?\gh all my ?9k+ life has be5 conc]n$1 (f & on1 9 contemplat+ ! problem ( our religi\s in/9cts1 ! sundry attempts :i* h be5 made by mank9d = secur+ _! gratification1 & ! important "q z to _! objective ju/ification1 x is only 9 advanc$ ye>s t ,i h cle>ly p]ceiv$ :]e9 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( su* a rese>* mu/ consi/4 ,& ,i d\bt :e!r any "o has hi!rto cle>ly def9$ ?is po9t4 ,! pr9ciples 9 "q are ! nature ( causation & ! nature ( fai?4 ,my objects !n 9 ?is treatise are1 ma9ly1 ?ree3 #a/1 to purify agno/icism2 #bnd1 to consid] m fully ?an h]et(ore1 & f ! /&-po9t ( pure agno/icism1 ! nature ( natural causation1 or1 m correctly1 ! relation ( :at we "k on ! subject ( su* causation to ! "q ( ,!ism2 &1 #crd1 aga9 />t+ f ! same /&-po9t1 to consid] ! religi\s consci\snesses ( m5 z ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce 7i4e4 z reg>d$ by u f )\t71 & especially 9 _! highe/ phase ( developm5t z exhibit$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,i4e4 sup]natural b n /rictly ,div9e ,p]sons4 ,surely1 h[ev]1 ! proposition is n ma9ta9able4--,,ed4 #ci ,?is is ano!r in/ance ( recurr5ce to an e>li] ?\ght2 see ,burney ,essay1 p4 #be1 & cf4 ,m9d & ,motion & ,monism1 p4 #aag1 note #a4--;,,ed4 #dj ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 i4 #cjh4 #da ,see fur!r1 p4 #ahb4--;,,ed4 #db ,on ! :ole ,i h ?\ght x be/ to omit ! names4--,,ed4 #dc ,! ,,ms4 note "h cont9ues3 ',"h introduce all t ,i say on ! subject 9 my ,burney ,prize4' ,i h n1 h[ev]1 introduc$ any quotation into ! text because 7#a7 ,i ?9k ,romanes makes 8 mean+ pla9 9 ! text z x /&s2 7#b7 ,i _c f9d 9 ! essay 9 "q any exactly appropriate passage ( reasonable l5g? to quote4 ,! great] "p ( ! essay is1 h[ev]1 direct$ to meet ! sci5tific objection to ! doctr9e t pray] is answ]$ 9 ! physical region1 by %[+ t ?is objection consi/s 9 an argum5t f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 i4e4 f ! kn[n sph]e ( inv>iable physical laws to ! unkn[n sph]e ( ,god's relation to all su* laws2 & is1 !re=e1 weak 9 proportion z ! unkn[n sph]e is remote f possible exp]i5ce ( a sci5tific k9d1 & admits ( an indef9ite numb] ( possibilities1 m or less conceivable to our imag9ation1 :i* w\ld or might prev5t ! sci5tific argum5t f hav+ legitimate application to ! "q 9 h&4--,,ed4 #dd ,=tnightly ,review1 ,feb4 #ahid4 #de ,"s su* phrase is necess>y to complete ! s5t5ce4--,,ed4 #df ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,"p ,i1 *4 #a4 #c4 ,,causality4 ,only because we are s famili> ) ! great ph5om5on ( causality d we take x = grant$1 & ?9k t we rea* an ultimate explanation ( any?+ :5 we h succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! 'cause' !re(3 :51 9 po9t ( fact1 we h only succe$$ 9 m]g+ x 9 ! my/]y ( my/]ies4 ,i (t5 wi% we c\ld h come into ! _w1 l ! "y ( "s o!r mammals1 ) all ! p[]s ( intellect t we %all ev] subsequ5tly atta9 already develop$1 b )\t any individual exp]i5ce1 & s )\t any ( ! blunt+ effects ( cu/om4 ,c\ld we h done s1 surely no?+ 9 ! _w w\ld m acutely excite our intellig5t a/oni%m5t ?an ! "o univ]sal fact ( causation4 ,t ev]y?+ :i* happ5s %\ld h a cause1 t ?is %\ld inv>iably be proportion$ to its effect1 s t1 no matt] h[ complex ! int]action ( causes1 ! same int]action %\ld always produce ! same result2 t ?is rigidly exact sy/em ( en]giz+ %\ld be f\nd to pres5t all ! appe>ances ( univ]sality & ( et]nity1 s t1 e4g41 ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em 9 space is be+ det]m9$ by "s causes beyond human k51 & t we are indebt$ to billions ( cellul> unions1 ea* involv+ billions ( sep>ate causes1 = our h]$it>y passage f an inv]tebrate ance/ry1--t su* ?+s %\ld be1 w\ld surely /rike u z ! mo/ wond]ful fact 9 ?is wond]ful univ]se4 ,n[1 al?\gh famili>ity ) ?is fact has made u =get its wond] to ! ext5t ( virtually assum+ t we "k all ab\t x1 philosophical enquiry %[s t1 besides empirically kn[+ x to be a fact1 we only "k "o o!r ?+ ab\t x1 viz4--t our k ( x is d]iv$ f our own activity :5 we ourselves are causes4 ,no result ( psy*ological analysis seems to me m c]ta9 ?an ?is#dg4 ,if x 7 n = our own volitions1 we %\ld be ignorant ( :at we c n[ n d\bt1 on pa9 ( suicidal scepticism1 to be ! mo/ g5]al fact ( nature4 ,su*1 at lea/1 seems to me by f> ! mo/ reasonable !ory ( our idea ( causality1 & is ! "o n[ mo/ g5]ally ent]ta9$ by philosoph]s ( e s*ool4 ,n[1 to ! pla9 man x w always seem t if our v notion ( causality is d]iv$ f our own volition--z our v notion ( en]gy is d]iv$ f our s5se ( ef=t 9 ov]com+ resi/ance by our volition--presumably ! true/ notion we c =m ( t 9 :i* causation objectively consi/s is ! notion d]iv$ f t kn[n mode ( exi/5ce :i* alone gives u ! notion ( causality at all4 ,h5ce ! pla9 man w always inf] t all en]gy is ( ! nature ( w-en]gy1 & all objective causation ( ! nature ( subjective4 ,nor is ?is inf]5ce conf9$ to ! pla9 man2 ! deepe/ philosophical ?9k]s h arriv$ at sub/antially ! same op9ion1 e4g4 ,hegel1 ,s*op5hau]4 ,s t ! direct & mo/ natural int]pretation ( causality 9 ext]nal nature :i* is drawn by primitive ?\ght 9 savages & "y *ildr51 seems de/9$ to become also ! ultimate deliv]ance ( human ?\ght 9 ! highe/ levels ( its culture#dh4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 we are n conc]n$ ) any su* que/ions ( ab/ract philosophical speculation4 ,z pure agno/ics !y lie beyond our sph]e4 ,!re=e1 ,i allude to !m only = ! sake ( %[+ t !re is no?+ ei!r 9 ! sci5ce or philosophy ( mank9d inimical to ! !ory ( natural causation be+ ! en]giz+ ( a w objective to u4 ,& we c pla9ly see t if su* be ! case1 & if t w be self-consi/5t1 its op]ations1 z reveal$ 9 natural causation1 mu/ appe> to u :5 consid]$ en bloc 7or n piece-meal z by savages71 non-volitional1 or me*anical4 ,( all philosophical !ories ( causality ! mo/ repugnant to reason mu/ be ^? ( ,hume1 ,kant & ,mill1 :i* :ile diff]+ f "o ano!r agree 9 ?is--t !y attribute ! pr9ciple ( causality to a creation ( our own m9ds1 or 9 o!r words d5y t !re is any?+ objective 9 ! relation ( cause & effect--i4e4 9 ! v ?+ :i* all physical sci5ce is engag$ 9 discov]+ 9 p>ticul> cases ( x4 ,! conflict ( ,sci5ce & ,religion has always aris5 f "o common gr\nd ( agreem5t1 or fundam5tal po/ulate ( bo? p>ties--)\t :i*1 inde$1 x w\ld pla9ly h be5 impossible t any conflict c\ld h aris51 inasmu* z !re w\ld !n h be5 no field = battle4 ,e !sis mu/ re/ on "s hypo!sis2 !re=e1 9 cases :]e two or m rival !ses re/ on a common hypo!sis1 ! disputes mu/ ne$s collapse s soon z ! common hypo!sis is prov$ errone\s4 ,& proportionably1 9 :atev] degree ! previ\sly common hypo!sis is %[n to be dubi\s1 9 t degree are ! disputations %[n to be possibly unreal4 ,n[1 x is "o ( ! ma9 objects ( ?is treatise to %[ t ! common hypo!sis on :i* all ! disputes betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion h aris51 is highly dubi\s4 ,& n only s1 b t q ap>t f mod]n sci5ce all ! difficulties on ! side ( intellect 7or reason7 :i* religi\s belief has ev] enc\nt]$ 9 ! pa/1 or c ev] enc\nt] 9 ! future1 :e!r 9 ! individual or ! race1 arise1 & arise exclusively1 f ! self-same gr\nd ( ?is highly dubi\s hypo!sis4 ,! hypo!sis1 or fundam5tal po/ulate1 9 "q is1 ,if !re be a p]sonal ,god1 ,he is n imm$iately conc]n$ ) natural causation4 ,x is assum$ t qua 'fir/ cause1' ,he c 9 no way be conc]n$ ) 'second causes1' fur!r ?an by hav+ />t$ !m 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a great ma*9]y ( 'natural causation1' work+ "u 'g5]al laws4' ,true ! !ory ( ,deism1 :i* ent]ta9s m or less expressly ?is hypo!sis ( ',deus ex ma*9a1' has dur+ ! pres5t c5tury be5 m & m sup]s$$ by t ( ,!ism1 :i* ent]ta9s also 9 "s indef9able measure ! doctr9e ( 'imman5ce'2 z well z by t ( ,pan!ism1 :i* expressly holds ?is doctr9e to ! exclusion 9 toto ( its rival4 ,b ,!ism has nev] yet ent]ta9$ x suffici5tly or up to ! degree requir$ by ! pure logic ( ! case1 :ile ,pan!ism has b r>ely consid]$ ! rival doctr9e ( p]sonality--or ! possible union ( imman5ce ) p]sonality4#di ,n[ x is ! object ( ?is book to g mu* fur!r ?an any "o has hi!rto gone 9 prov+ ! possibility ( ?is union4 ,= ,i purpose to %[ t1 provid$ only we lay aside all prejudice1 s5tim5t1 c41 & foll[ to its logical t]m9ation ! guidance ( pure reason1 !re are no o!r conclusions to be rea*$ ?an ^!4 ,namely1 7,a7 ,t if !re be a p]sonal ,god1 no reason c be assign$ :y ,he %\ld n be imman5t 9 nature1 or :y all causation %\ld n be ! imm$iate expression ( ,8 w4 7,b7 ,t e available reason po9ts to ! inf]5ce t ,he probably is s4 7,c7 ,t if ,he is s1 & if ,8 w is self-consi/5t1 all natural causation mu/ ne$s appe> to u 'me*anical4' ,!re=e 7,d7 t x is no argum5t aga9/ ! div9e orig9 ( a ?+1 ev5t1 c41 to prove x due to natural causation4 ,aft] hav+ dealt briefly ) 7,a71 7,b7 & 7,c71 ,i w\ld %[ t 7,d7 is ! mo/ practically important ( ^! f\r conclusions4 ,= ! fundam5tal hypo!sis :i* ,i began by m5tion+ is j ! opposite ( ?is4 ,:e!r tacitly or expressly1 x has always be5 assum$ by bo? sides 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion1 t z soon z ?is t & ! o!r ph5om5on has be5 expla9$ by means ( natural causation1 x has !reupon ceas$ to be ascribable directly to ,god4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural has always be5 reg>d$ by bo? sides z indisputably s\nd1 & ?is fundam5tal agreem5t z to gr\nd ( battle has furni%$ ! only possible condition to fight+4 ,x has also furni%$ ! condition ( all ! pa/1 & may possibly furni% ! condition ( all ! future1 discomfitures ( religion4 ,true religion is inde$ le>n+ h] lesson t some?+ is wrong 9 h] me?od ( fight+1 & _m ( h] soldi]s are n[ wak+ up to ! fact t x is "h t h] error lies--z 9 pa/ times !y woke up to see ! error ( d5y+ ! movem5t ( ! e>?1 ! antiquity ( ! e>?1 ! orig9 ( species by evolution1 c4 ,b no "o1 ev5 ( h] capta9s & g5]als1 has s f> foll[$ up _! advantage to its ultimate consequ5ces4 ,& ?is is :at ,i want to d4 ,! logical advantage is cle>ly on _! side2 & x is _! own fault if !y d n ga9 ! ultimate victory1--n only z aga9/ sci5ce1 b z aga9/ intellectual dogmatism 9 e =m4 ,?is c be r\t$ all along ! l9e4 ,= sci5ce is only ! organiz$ /udy ( natural causation1 & ! exp]i5ce ( e human be+1 9 s f> z x leads to dogmatism on purely intellectual gr\nds1 does s on acc\nt ( ent]ta9+ ! fundam5tal po/ulate 9 "q4 ,! influ5ce ( cu/om & want ( imag9ation is "h v great4 ,b ! answ] always %\ld be to move ! ult]ior "q--:at is ! nature ( natural causation8 ,n[ ,i propose to pu% to its full logical conclusion ! consequ5ce ( ?is answ]4 ,= no "o1 ev5 ! mo/ or?odox1 has z yet le>nt ?is lesson ( religion to any?+ l fullness4 ,god is /ill grudg$ ,8 own univ]se1 s to speak1 z f> & z (t5 z ,he c possibly be4 ,z examples we may take ! natural gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity out ( previ\s religions2 ! natural spread ( x2 ! natural conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul1 or ( anybody else4 ,x is /ill assum$ on bo? sides t !re mu/ be some?+ inexplicable or miracul\s ab\t a ph5om5on 9 ord] to its be+ div9e4 ,:at else h sci5ce & religion ev] _h to fight ab\t save on ! basis ( ?is common hypo!sis1 & h5ce z to :e!r ! causation ( su* & su* a ph5om5on has be5 'natural' or 'sup]-natural4' ,= ev5 ! disputes z to sci5ce contradict+ scripture1 ultimately turn on ! assumption ( inspiration 7suppos+ x g5u9e7 be+ 'sup]-natural' z to its causation4 ,once grant t x is 'natural' & all possible gr\nd ( dispute is remov$4 ,i c well und]/& :y infidelity %\ld make ! basal assumption 9 "q1 because its :ole case mu/ re/ !reon4 ,b surely x is "t = !i/s to ab&on ?is assumption4 ,! assum$ di/9ction betwe5 causation z natural & sup]-natural no d\bt began 9 sup]/ition 9 prehi/oric "t1 & ?r\gh\t ! hi/orical p]iod has cont9u$ f a vague feel+ t ! action ( ,god mu/ be my/]i\s1 & h5ce t ! prov9ce ( religion mu/ be )9 ! sup]-s5su\s4 ,n[1 x is true en\gh t ! f9ite _c compreh5d ! inf9ite1 & h5ce ! feel+ 9 "q is logically s\nd4 ,b "u ! influ5ce ( ?is feel+1 m5 h always committ$ ! fallacy ( conclud+ t if a ph5om5on has be5 expla9$ 9 t]ms ( natural causation1 x has !reby be5 expla9$ 9 toto--=gett+ t x has only be5 expla9$ up to ! po9t :]e su* causation is conc]n$1 & t ! real "q ( ultimate causation has m]ely be5 ?us po/pon$4 ,& assur$ly beyond ?is po9t !re is an inf9itude ( my/]y suffici5t to satisfy ! mo/ exact+ my/ic4 ,= ev5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] all[s t 9 ultimate analysis all natural causation is inexplicable4 ,logically reg>d$ ! advance ( sci5ce1 f> f hav+ weak5$ religion1 has immeasurably /r5g!n$ x4 ,= x has prov$ ! uni=mity ( natural causation4 ,! s-call$ natural sph]e has increas$ at ! exp5se ( ! 'sup]-natural4' ,unque/ionably4 ,b al?\gh to l[] grades ( culture ?is always seems a fact inimical to religion1 we may n[ p]ceive x is q ! rev]se1 s9ce x m]ely goes to aboli% ! primitive or uncultur$ di/9ction 9 "q4 ,x is inde$ mo/ extraord9>y h[ long ?is di/9ction has held sway1 or h[ x is ! able/ m5 ( all g5]ations h quietly assum$ t :5 once we "k ! natural causation ( any ph5om5on1 we !re=e "k all ab\t x--or1 z x 71 h remov$ x f ! sph]e ( my/]y altoge!r1 :51 9 po9t ( fact1 we h only m]g$ x 9 a mu* great] my/]y ?an ev]4 ,b ! answ] to our a/oni%m5t h[ ?is di/9ction has manag$ to survive s long lies 9 ! extraord9>y effect ( cu/om1 :i* "h seems to slay reason altoge!r2 & ! m a man busies himself ) natural causes 7e4g4 9 sci5tific rese>*7 ! great] does ?is slav]y to cu/om become1 till at la/ he seems positively unable to p]ceive ! real /ate ( ! case--reg>d+ any rational ?9k+ !reon z *im]ical1 s t ! t]m 'meta-physical1' ev5 9 its etymological s5se z sup]-s5su\s or beyond physical causation1 becomes a t]m ( rational reproa*4 ,obvi\sly su* a man has writt5 himself d[n1 if n an ass1 at all ev5ts a creature :olly incapable ( rationally treat+ any ( ! highe/ problems pres5t$ ei!r by nature or by man4 ,on any logical !ory ( ,!ism !re c be no su* di/9ction betwe5 'natural' & 'sup]natural' z is usually drawn1 s9ce on t !ory all causation is b ! action ( ! ,div9e ,w4 ,& if we draw any di/9ction betwe5 su* action z 'imm$iate' or 'm$iate1' we c only mean ?is z valid 9 relation to mank9d--i4e4 9 relation to our exp]i5ce4 ,=1 obvi\sly1 x w\ld be :olly incompatible ) pure agno/icism to suppose t we are capable ( draw+ any su* di/9ction 9 relation to ! ,div9e activity itself4 ,ev5 ap>t f ! !ory ( ,!ism1 pure agno/icism mu/ take x t ! real di/9ction is n betwe5 natural & sup]natural1 b betwe5 ! explicable & ! inexplicable--mean+ by ^? t]ms t :i* is & t :i* is n acc\ntable by su* causes z fall )9 ! range ( human obs]vation4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! di/9ction is really betwe5 ! obs]vable & ! unobs]vable causal processes ( ! univ]se4 ,al?\gh sci5ce is ess5tially engag$ 9 expla9+1 h] "w is necess>ily conf9$ to ! sph]e ( natural causation2 beyond t sph]e 7i4e4 ! s5su\s7 %e c expla9 no?+4 ,9 o!r words1 ev5 if %e 7 able to expla9 ! natural causation ( ev]y?+1 %e w\ld be unable to assign ! ultimate raison d'tre ( any?+4 ,x is n my int5tion to write an essay on ! nature ( causality1 or ev5 to attempt a survey ( ! sundry !ories :i* h be5 prop\nd$ on ?is subject by philosoph]s4 ,inde$1 to attempt ?is w\ld be little less ?an to write a hi/ory ( philosophy itself4 ,nev]!less x is necess>y = my purpose to make a few rem>ks t\*+ ! ma9 bran*es ( ?\ght ^u ! matt]#ej4 ,! rem>kable nature ( ! facts4 ,^! are rem>kable1 s9ce !y are common to all human exp]i5ce4 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s has a cause4 ,! same happ5+ has always ! same cause--or ! same consequ5t ! same antec$5t4 ,x is only famili>ity ) ?is great fact t prev5ts univ]sal wond] at x1 =1 not)/&+ all ! !ories ^u x1 no "o has ev] really %[n :y x is s4 ,t ! same causes always produce ! same effects is a proposition :i* expresses a fundam5tal fact ( our k1 b ! k ( ?is fact is purely empirical2 we c %[ no reason :y x %\ld be a fact4 ,d\btless1 if x 7 n a fact1 !re c\ld be no s-call$ ',ord] ( ,nature1' & consequ5tly no sci5ce1 no philosophy1 or p]haps 7if ! irregul>ity 7 suffici5tly frequ5t7 no possibility ( human exp]i5ce4 ,b al?\gh ?is is easy en\gh to %[1 x 9 no wise t5ds to %[ :y ! same causes %\ld always produce ! same effects4 ,s manife/ is x t our k ( ! fact 9 "q is only empirical1 t "s ( our able/ ?9k]s1 su* z ,hume & ,mill1 h fail$ to p]ceive ev5 s mu* z ! intellectual necessity ( look+ beyond our empirical k ( ! fact to ga9 any explanation ( ! fact itself4 ,!re=e !y give to ! _w ! :olly vacu\s1 or m]ely tautological !ory ( causation--viz4 t ( con/ancy ( sequ5ce )9 human obs]vation#ea4 ,if x be said ( my argum5t t\*+ causality1 t x is naturaliz+ or mat]ializ+ ! sup]-natural or spiritual 7z mo/ or?odox p]sons w feel71 my reply is t deep] ?\ght w %[ x to be at lea/ z susceptible ( ! opposite view--viz4 t x is subsum+ ! natural into ! sup]-natural1 or spiritualiz+ ! mat]ial3 & a pure agno/ic1 lea/ ( all1 %\ld h any?+ to say z aga9/ ei!r ( ^! alt]native po9ts ( view4 ,or we may /ate ! matt] ?us3 9 z f> z pure reason c h any?+ to say 9 ! matt]1 %e ought to incl9e t[>ds ! view ( my doctr9e spiritualiz+ ! mat]ial1 because x is pretty c]ta9 t we c\ld "k no?+ ab\t natural causation--ev5 s mu* z its exi/5ce--b = our own volitions4 ,free ,w#eb4 ,hav+ read all t is said to be wor? read+ on ! ,free ,w controv]sy1 x appe>s to me t ! ma9 issues & _! logical conclusions admit ( be+ summ$ up 9 a v few words1 ?us3-- #a4 ,a writ]1 be=e he und]takes to deal ) ?is subject at all1 %\ld be consci\s ( fully p]ceiv+ ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 responsibility z m]ely legal & z also moral2 o!rwise he _c b miss ! v ess5ce ( ! "q 9 debate4 ,no "o que/ions ! pat5t fact ( responsibility z legal2 ! only "q is t\*+ responsibility z moral4 ,yet ! pr9cipal bulk ( lit]ature on ,free ,w & ,necessity arises f disputants on bo? sides fail+ to p]ceive ?is basal di/9ction4 ,ev5 su* able writ]s z ,sp5c]1 ,huxley & ,clif=d are 9 ?is position4 #b4 ,! root "q is z to :e!r ! w is caus$ or un-caus$4 ,= h[ev] mu* ?is root-"q may be obscur$ by its own abundant foliage1 ! latt] c h no exi/5ce b t :i* x d]ives f ! =m]4 #c4 ,consequ5tly1 if lib]t>ians grant causality z app]ta9+ to ! w1 h[ev] mu* !y may beat ab\t ! bu%1 !y are surr5d]+ _! position all along ! l9e1 unless !y fall back ^u ! m ultimate "q z to ! nature ( natural causation4 ,n[ x c be prov$ t ?is m ultimate "q is sci5tifically unansw]able4 ,!re=e bo? sides may d5om9ate natural causation x--an unkn[n quantity4 #d4 ,h5ce ! :ole controv]sy ought to be se5 by bo? sides to resolve itself into ?is--is or is n ! w det]m9$ by x8 ,&1 if ?is seems b a b>r5 "q to debate1 ,i d n und]take to d5y ! fact4 ,at ! same "t !re is cle>ly ?is real issue rema9+--viz4 ,is ! w self-det]m9+1 or is x det]m9$--i4e4 f )\t8 #e4 ,if det]m9$ f )\t1 is !re any room = fre$om1 9 ! s5se requir$ = sav+ ! doctr9e ( moral responsibility8 ,& ,i ?9k ! answ] to ?is mu/ be an unconditional negative4 #f4 ,b1 obs]ve1 x is n "o & ! same ?+ to ask1 ,is ! w entirely det]m9$ f )\t8 & ,is ! w entirely det]m9$ by natural causation 7x78 ,= ! unkn[n quantity x may v well include x'1 if by x' we und]/& all ! unkn[n +r$i5ts ( p]sonality4 #g4 ,h5ce1 det]m9i/s ga9 no advantage ov] _! adv]s>ies by any possible pro( 7at pres5t impossible7 t all acts ( w are due to natural causation1 unless !y c %[ ! nature ( ! latt]1 & t x is ( su* a nature z supports _! conclusion4 ,= aught we at pres5t "k1 ! w may v well be free 9 ! s5se requir$1 ev5 ?\gh all its acts are due to x4 #h4 ,9 p>ticul>1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 all may be due to x'1 i4e4 all causation may be ( ! nature ( w 7z1 inde$1 _m sy/ems ( philosophy ma9ta971 ) ! result t e human w is ( ! nature ( a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,9 support ( :i* possibility x may be rem>k$ t mo/ philosophies are l$ to ! !ory ( a causa caus>um z reg>ds x4 #i4 ,to ! obvi\s objection t ) a plurality ( fir/ causes--ea* ! fons et origo ( a new & nev]-end+ /ream ( causality--! cosmos mu/ soon] or lat] become a *aos by cumulative int]section ( ! /reams1 ! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! !ory ( monism#ec4 #aj4 ,nev]!less1 ! ultimate difficulty rema9s :i* is depict$ 9 my essay on ! ',_w z an ,eject#ed4' ,b ?is1 aga91 is m]g$ 9 ! my/]y ( ,p]sonality1 :i* is only kn[n z an inexplicable1 & seem+ly ultimate1 fact4 #aa4 ,s t ! g5]al conclusion ( ! :ole matt] mu/ be--pure agno/icism4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,"h x 0 int5d$ to ins]t fur!r explanation '%[+ t m]e obs]vation ( causality 9 ext]nal nature w\ld n h yield$ idea ( any?+ fur!r ?an "t & space relations4'--,,ed4 #dh ,?is !ory 0 sugge/$ 9 ! ,burney ,essay1 p4 #acf1 & ridicul$ 9 ! ,c&id ,exam9ation2 see above1 p4 #aa4 ,romanes int5d$ at ?is po9t to consid] at great] l5g? 8 old views 'on causation z due to be+ qua be+4'--,,ed4 #di ,see1 h[ev]1 ,aubrey ,moore 9 ,lux ,mundi1 pp4 #id-if1 & ,le ,conte1 ,evolution 9 its ,relation to ,religi\s ,?\ght1 pp4 #cce1 ff4 ,n4,b4 ,! ref]5ces n enclos$ 9 brackets are ! au?or's1 n m9e4--,,ed4 #ej ,no?+ m h[ev] 0 writt5 ?an :at foll[s imm$iately4--,,ed4 #ea ,! au?or int5d$ fur!r to %[ ! vacuity ( ?is !ory & po9t out h[ ,mill himself appe>s to p]ceive x by 8 introduction aft] ! t]m 'inv>iably' ( ! t]m 'unconditionally'2 he ref]s also to ,m>t9eau1 ,/udy ( ,religion1 i4 pp4 #aeb1 #c4--;,,ed4 #eb ,romanes' ?\ghts ab\t ,free ,w are m lucidly express$ 9 an essay publi%$ subsequ5tly to ^! ,notes 9 ,m9d & ,motion & ,monism1 pp4 #abi ff4--,,ed4 #ec ,see above1 p4 #ca4--;,,ed4 #ed ,contempor>y ,review1 ,july #ahhf4 ,b ! 'ultimate difficulty' ref]r$ to above w\ld seem to be ! relation ( manifold dep5d5t human wills to ! ,"o ,ultimate & ,all-embrac+ ,w4--,,ed4 #d4 ,,fai?4 ,fai? 9 its religi\s s5se is di/+ui%$ n only f op9ion 7or belief f\nd$ on reason alone71 9 t x conta9s a spiritual elem5t3 x is fur!r di/+ui%$ f belief f\nd$ on ! affections1 by ne$+ an active co-op]ation ( ! w4 ,?us all p>ts ( ! human m9d h to be involv$ 9 fai?--intellect1 emotions1 w4 ,we 'believe' 9 ! !ory ( evolution on gr\nds ( reason alone2 we 'believe' 9 ! affection ( our p>5ts1 *ildr51 c41 almo/ 7or x may be exclusively7 on :at ,i h call$ spiritual gr\nds--i4e4 on gr\nds ( spiritual exp]i5ce2 = ?is we ne$ no ex]cise ei!r ( reason or ( w4 ,b no "o c 'believe' 9 ,god1 or a =tiori 9 ,*ri/1 )\t also a sev]e ef=t ( w4 ,?is ,i hold to be a matt] ( fact1 :e!r or n !re be a ,god or a ,*ri/4 ,obs]ve w is to be di/+ui%$ f desire4 ,x matt]s n :at psy*ologi/s may h to say ^u ?is subject4 ,:e!r desire diff]s f w 9 k9d or only 9 degree--:e!r w is desire 9 action1 s to speak1 & desire b incipi5t w--are que/ions ) :i* we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves4 ,= x is c]ta9 t !re are agno/ics :o w\ld greatly pref] be+ !i/s1 & !i/s :o w\ld give all !y possess to be ,*ri/ians1 if !y c\ld ?us secure promotion by pur*ase--i4e4 by "o s+le act ( w4 ,b yet ! desire is n /rong en\gh to su/a9 ! w 9 p]petual action1 s z to make ! cont9ual sacrifices :i* ,*ri/ianity entails4 ,p]haps ! h>de/ ( ^! sacrifices to an intellig5t man is t ( 8 own intellect4 ,at lea/ ,i am c]ta9 t ?is is s 9 my own case4 ,i h be5 s long accu/om$ to con/itute my reason my sole judge ( tru?1 t ev5 :ile reason itself tells me x is n unreasonable to expect t ! he>t & ! w %\ld be requir$ to jo9 ) reason 9 seek+ ,god 7= religion is = ! :ole man71 ,i am too jeal\s ( my reason to ex]cise my w 9 ! direction ( my mo/ he>t-felt desires4 ,= assur$ly ! /ronge/ desire ( my nature is to f9d t t nature is n deceiv$ 9 its highe/ aspirations4 ,yet ,i _c br+ myself s mu* z to make a v5ture 9 ! direction ( fai?4 ,= in/ance1 reg>d$ f "o po9t ( view x seems reasonable en\gh t ,*ri/ianity %\ld h enjo9$ ! do+ ( ! doctr9e z a necess>y condition to asc]ta9+ 7i4e4 'believ+'7 its tru?4 ,b f ano!r1 & my m habitual po9t ( view1 x seems almo/ an affront to reason to make any su* 'fool's exp]im5t'--j z to "s sci5tific m5 x seems absurd & *ildi% to expect !m to inve/igate ! 'sup]/iti\s' follies ( mod]n spiritualism4 ,ev5 ! simple/ act ( w 9 reg>d to religion--t ( pray]--has n be5 p]=m$ by me = at lea/ a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 simply because x has seem$ s impossible to pray1 z x 71 hypo!tically1 t mu* z ,i h always desir$ to be able to pray1 ,i _c w ! attempt4 ,to ju/ify myself = :at my bett] judgem5t has (t5 se5 to be ess5tially irrational1 ,i h ev] made sundry excuses4 ,! *ief ( !m has run ?us4 ,ev5 suppos+ ,*ri/ianity true1 & ev5 suppos+ t aft] hav+ s f> sacrific$ my reason to my desire z to h satisfi$ ! suppos$ conditions to obta9+ 'grace1' or direct illum9ation f ,god1--ev5 !n w\ld n my reason turn r\nd & rev5ge h]self ^u me8 ,= surely ev5 !n my habitual scepticism w\ld make me say to myself--'?is is all v sublime & v com=t+2 b :at evid5ce h y to give me t ! :ole bus9ess is any?+ m ?an self-delusion8 ,! wi% 0 probably fa!r to ! ?\ght1 & y might mu* bett] h p]=m$ y\r act ( w by go+ 9 = a c\rse ( ,indian hemp4' ,( c\rse a ,*ri/ian w\ld answ] to ?is t ! int]nal light w\ld n admit ( su* d\bt1 any m ?an see+ ! sun does--t ,god kn[s u well en\gh to prev5t t1 c41 & also t x is unreasonable n to try an exp]im5t le/ ! result %\ld prove too good to be cr$ible1 & s on4 ,& ,i d n dispute t ! ,*ri/ian w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 s answ]+1 b ,i only adduce ! matt] z an illu/ration ( ! difficulty :i* is exp]i5c$ 9 con=m+ to all ! conditions ( atta9+ to ,*ri/ian fai?--ev5 suppos+ x to be s\nd4 ,o!rs h d\btless o!r difficulties1 b m9e is *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 t ( an undue reg>d to reason1 z aga9/ he>t & w--undue1 ,i mean1 if s x be t ,*ri/ianity is true1 & ! conditions to fai? 9 x h be5 ( div9e ord9ation4 ,?is influ5ce ( w on belief1 ev5 9 matt]s secul>1 is ! m pron\nc$ ! fur!r remov$ ^! matt]s may be f demon/ration 7z already rem>k$72 b ?is is mo/ ( all ! case :]e our p]sonal int]e/s are affect$--:e!r ^! be mat]ial or intellectual1 su* z cr$it = consi/5cy1 c4 ,see1 = example1 h[ closely1 9 ! respects we are consid]+1 political beliefs resemble religi\s4 ,unless ! po9ts ( diff]5ce are su* t tru? is virtually demon/rable on "o side1 s t adhesion to ! opposite is due to consci\s sacrifice ( integrity to exp$i5cy1 we always f9d t p>ty-spectacles s col\r ! view z to leave reason at ! m]cy ( w1 cu/om1 int]e/1 & all ! o!r circum/ances :i* simil>ly op]ate on religi\s beliefs4 ,x seems to make b little diff]5ce 9 ei!r case :at level ( g5]al education1 m5tal p[]1 special tra9+1 c41 is br\ght to be> ^u ! "q "u judgem5t4 ,f ! ,premi] to ! peasant we f9d ! same diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 politics z we d 9 religion4 ,& 9 ea* case ! explanation is ! same4 ,beliefs are s little dep5d5t on reason alone t 9 su* regions ( ?\ght--i4e4 :]e p]sonal int]e/s are affect$ & ! evid5ces ( tru? are n 9 _! nature demon/rable--x really seems z if reason ceases to be a judge ( evid5ce or guide to tru?1 & becomes a m]e advocate ( op9ion already =m$ on q o!r gr\nds4 ,n[ ^! o!r gr\nds are1 z we h se51 ma9ly ! accid5ts ( habit or cu/om1 wi% be+ fa!r to ! ?\ght1 c4 ,n[ ?is may be all deplorable en\gh 9 politics1 & 9 all o!r beliefs secul>2 b :o %all say x is n exactly z x ought to be 9 ! matt] ( beliefs religi\s8 ,=1 unless we beg ! "q ( a future life 9 ! negative1 we mu/ ent]ta9 at lea/ ! possibility ( our be+ 9 a /ate ( probation 9 respect ( an hone/ use n only ( our reason1 b probably /ill m ( ^? o!r +r$i5ts ( human nature :i* g to det]m9e our beliefs t\*+ ?is mo/ important ( all matt]s4 ,x is rem>kable h[ ev5 9 politics x is ! moral & spiritual elem5ts ( "* :i* lead to success 9 ! long run1 ev5 m ?an intellectual ability--suppos+1 ( c\rse1 t ! latt] is n bel[ ! some:at high level ( our ,p>liam5t>y assemblies4 ,z reg>ds ! "p t is play$ by w 9 ! det]m9+ ( belief1 "o c %[ h[ unconsci\sly l>ge ?is is ev5 9 matt]s ( secul> int]e/4 ,reason is v f> inde$ f be+ ! sole guide ( judgem5t t x is usually tak5 to be--s f>1 inde$1 t1 save 9 matt]s approa*+ d[n-"r demon/ration 7:]e ( c\rse !re is no room = any o!r +r$i5t7 x is usually hamp]$ by cu/om1 prejudice1 dislike1 c41 to a degree t w\ld a/oni% ! mo/ sob] philosoph] c\ld he lay b>e to himself all ! m5tal processes :]eby ! complex act ( ass5t or diss5t is ev5tually det]m9$#ee4 ,z %[+ h[ little reason alone has to d ) ! det]m9+ ( religi\s belief1 let u take ! case ( ma!maticians4 ,?is ,i ?9k is ! faire/ case we c take1 see+ t ( all intellectual pursuits t ( ma!matical rese>* is ! mo/ exact1 z well z ! mo/ exclusive 9 its dem& ^u ! p[]s ( reason1 & h5ce t1 z a class1 ! m5 :o h a*iev$ highe/ em95ce 9 t pursuit may be fairly tak5 z ! fitte/ repres5tatives ( our species 9 respect ( ! faculty ( pure reason4 ,yet :5ev] !y h turn$ _! exceptional p[]s 9 ?is respect ^u ! problems ( religion1 h[ sugge/ively well balanc$ are _! opposite conclusions--s mu* s inde$ t we c only conclude t reason c\nts = v little 9 ! complex ( m5tal processes :i* "h det]m9e judgem5t4 ,?us1 if we look to ! greate/ ma!maticians 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 we f9d ,kepl] & ,newton z ,*ri/ians2 ,la ,place1 on ! o!r h&1 an infidel4 ,or1 com+ to our own times1 & conf9+ our att5tion to ! pr9cipal seat ( ma!matical /udy3--:5 ,i 0 at ,cambridge1 !re 0 a galaxy ( g5ius 9 t dep>tm5t emanat+ f t place su* z _h nev] be=e be5 equall$4 ,& ! curi\s ?+ 9 our pres5t connexion is t all ! mo/ illu/ri\s names 7 rang$ on ! side ( or?odoxy4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,george ,/okes1 ,pr(essors ,tait1 ,adams1 ,cl]k-,maxwell1 & ,cayley--n to m5tion a numb] ( less] lights1 su* z ,r\?1 ,todhunt]1 ,f]r]s1 c4--7 all av[$ ,*ri/ians4 ,clif=d _h only j mov$ at a b\nd f ! extreme ( asceticism to t ( infidelity--an individual in/ance :i* ,i deem ( p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! pres5t connexion1 z %[+ ! dom9at+ influ5ce ( a =c$ly emotional "* ev5 on s p[]ful an intellectual "o1 = ! rationality ( ! :ole /ructure ( ,*ri/ian belief _c h s rev]s$ its poles )9 a few mon?s4 ,n[ x w\ld d\btless be easy to f9d else:]e ?an 9 ,cambridge ma!maticians ( ! fir/ ord] :o 9 our own g5]ation are1 or h be51 pr(ess$ly anti-,*ri/ian 9 _! beliefs1--al?\gh c]ta9ly n s great an array ( su* extraord9>y p[]s4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 ! case ( ,cambridge 9 my own "t seems to me ( itself en\gh to prove t ,*ri/ian belief is nei!r made nor m>r$ by ! highe/ p[]s ( reason+1 ap>t f o!r & /ill m pot5t factors4 ,fai? & ,sup]/ition4 ,:e!r or n ,*ri/ianity is true1 !re is a great di/9ction betwe5 ^! two ?+s4 ,= :ile ! ma9 +r$i5t ( ,*ri/ian fai? is ! moral elem5t1 ?is has no "p 9 sup]/ition4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! only po9t ( resemblance is t bo? pres5t ! m5tal /ate call$ belief4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt !y are s (t5 conf\nd$ by anti-,*ri/ians1 & ev5 by non-,*ri/ians2 ! mu* m important po9t ( diff]5ce is n not$1 viz4 t belief 9 ! "o case is purely intellectual1 :ile 9 ! o!r x is *iefly moral4 ,qua purely intellectual1 belief may indicate no?+ b %e] cr$ulity 9 abs5ce ( evid5ce2 b :]e a moral basis is add$1 ! case is cle>ly diff]5t2 = ev5 if x appe>s to be %e] cr$ulity to an outsid]1 t may be because he does n take into acc\nt ! additional evid5ce suppli$ by ! moral facts4 ,fai? & sup]/ition are (t5 conf\nd$1 or ev5 id5tifi$4 ,&1 unque/ionably1 !y are id5tical up to a c]ta9 po9t--viz4 !y bo? pres5t ! m5tal /ate ( belief4 ,all p c see ?is2 b n all p c see fur!r1 or def9e ! diff]5tiae4 ,^! are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 suppos+ ,*ri/ianity true1 !re is ! spiritual v]ification4 ,second1 suppos+ ,*ri/ianity false1 !re is /ill ! moral +r$i5t1 :i* ex hypo!si is abs5t 9 sup]/ition4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? fai? & sup]/ition re/ on an intellectual basis 7:i* may be pure cr$ulity72 b fai? re/s also on a moral1 ev5 if n likewise on a spiritual4 ,ev5 9 human relations !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 'belief' 9 a sci5tific !ory & 'fai?' 9 a p]sonal "*4 ,& ! diff]5ce is 9 ! latt] compris+ a moral elem5t4 ',fai?-heal+1' !re=e1 has no real po9t ( resemblance ) '?y fai? ha? sav$ !e' ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 unless we s9k ! p]sonal diff]5ces betwe5 a mod]n fai?-heal] & ,jesus ,*ri/ z objects ( fai?4 ,belief is n exclusively f\nd$ on objective evid5ce appeal+ to reason 7op9ion71 b ma9ly on subjective evid5ce appeal+ to "s altoge!r diff]5t faculty 7fai?74 ,n[1 :e!r ,*ri/ians are "r or wrong 9 :at !y believe1 ,i hold x z c]ta9 z any?+ c be t ! di/9ction :i* ,i h j drawn1 & :i* !y all implicitly draw = !mselves1 is logically valid4 ,= no "o is entitl$ to d5y ! possibility ( :at may be t]m$ an organ ( spiritual disc]nm5t4 ,9 fact to d s w\ld be to vacate ! position ( pure agno/icism 9 toto--& ?is ev5 if !re 7 no objective1 or /rictly sci5tific1 evid5ces 9 fav\r ( su* an organ1 su* z we h 9 ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 &1 9 a l[] degree1 9 ! univ]sality ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,n[1 if !re be su* an organ1 x foll[s f prec$+ p>agraphs1 t n only w ! ma9 evid5ces = ,*ri/ianity be subjective1 b t !y ought to be s3 !y ought to be s1 ,i mean1 on ! ,*ri/ian supposition ( ! object ( ,*ri/ianity be+ moral probation1 & 'fai?' bo? ! te/ & ! rew>d4 ,f ?is _m practical consid]ations ensue4 ,e4g4 ! duty ( p>5ts to educate _! *ildr5 9 :at !y believe z di/+ui%$ f :at !y "k4 ,?is w\ld be unju/ifiable if fai? 7 ! same z op9ion4 ,b x is fully ju/ifiable if a man n only kn[s t he believes 7op9ion7 b believes t he kn[s 7fai?74 ,:e!r or n ! ,*ri/ian diff]s f ! 'natural man' 9 hav+ a spiritual organ ( cognition1 provid$ he hone/ly believes su* is ! case1 x w\ld be immoral 9 him n to proce$ 9 accordance ) :at he ?us believes to be 8 k4 ,?is obligation is recogniz$ 9 education 9 e o!r case4 ,he is morally "r ev5 if m5tally delud$4 ,huxley1 9 ,lay ,s]mons1 says t fai? has be5 prov$ a 'c>d9al s9' by sci5ce4 ,n[1 ?is is true en\gh ( cr$ulity1 sup]/ition1 c41 & sci5ce has done no end ( good 9 develop+ our ideas ( me?od1 evid5ce1 c4 ,b ?is is all on ! side ( intellect4 ',fai?' is n t\*$ by su* facts or consid]ations4 ,& :at a t]rible hell sci5ce w\ld h made ( ! _w1 if %e _h aboli%$ ! '_s ( fai?' ev5 9 human relations4 ,! fact is1 ,huxley falls into ! common error ( id5tify+ 'fai?' ) op9ion4 ,suppos+ ,*ri/ianity true1 x is v reasonable t fai? 9 ! s5se already expla9$ %\ld be con/itut$ ! te/ ( div9e acceptance4 ,if !re be su* a ?+ z ,*ri/'s w9n[+ fan1 ! quality ( /]l+ weight = ! discov]y ( :i* x is adapt$ _c be conceiv$ z any?+ o!r ?an ?is moral quality4 ,no "o c\ld suppose a revelation appeal+ to ! m]e intellect ( man1 s9ce acceptance w\ld ?us become a m]e matt] ( prud5ce 9 subscrib+ to a demon/ration made by high] intellects4 ,x is also a matt] ( fact t if ,*ri/ianity is tru?ful 9 repres5t+ ?is _w z a s*ool ( moral probation1 we _c conceive a sy/em bett] adapt$ to ?is end ?an is ! _w1 or a bett] s*oolma/] ?an ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is prov$ n only by g5]al reason+1 b also by ! "w ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! _w1 its adaptation to individual ne$s1 c4 ,consid] also ! extraord9>y div]sity ( human *>act]s 9 respect bo? ( morality & spirituality ?\gh all are liv+ 9 ! same _w4 ,out ( ! same ext]nal mat]ial or environm5t su* a/oni%+ly div]se products arise accord+ to ! use made ( x4 ,ev5 human suff]+ 9 its wor/ =ms c be welcome if ju/ifi$ by fai? 9 su* an object4 ',ills h no weight1 & te>s no bitt]ness1' b are r to be 'glori$ 9#ef4' ,x is a fur!r fact t only by means ( ?is !ory ( probation is x possible to give any mean+ to ! _w1 i4e4 any raison d'tre ( human exi/5ce4 ,suppos+ ,*ri/ianity true1 e man mu/ /& or fall by ! results ( 8 own conduct1 z develop$ ?r\gh 8 own moral "*4 7,?is c\ld n be s if ! te/ 7 intellectual ability47 ,yet ?is does n h9d] t ! ex]cise ( w 9 ! direction ( religion %\ld ne$ help 9 ord] to atta9 belief4 ,nor does x h9d] t "s m5 %\ld ne$ m help & o!rs less4 ,inde$1 x may well be t "s m5 are int5tionally preclud$ f receiv+ any help1 s z n to increase _! responsibility1 or receive b little1 s z to con/itute intellectual difficulties a moral trial4 ,b cle>ly1 if su* ?+s are s1 we are inadequate judges4 ,x is a fact t we all feel ! intellectual "p ( man to be 'high]' ?an ! animal1 :atev] our !ory ( 8 orig94 ,x is a fact t we all feel ! moral "p ( man to be 'high]' ?an ! intellectual1 :atev] our !ory ( ei!r may be4 ,x is also a fact t we all simil>ly feel ! spiritual to be 'high]' ?an ! moral1 :atev] our !ory ( religion may be4 ,x is :at we und]/& by man's moral1 & /ill m 8 spiritual1 qualities t g to con/itute '"*4' ,& x is a/oni%+ h[ 9 all walks ( life x is "* t tells 9 ! long run4 ,x is a fact t ^! di/9ctions are all well m>k$ & univ]sally recogniz$--viz4 ,animality4 ,intellectuality4 ,human ,morality4 ,spirituality4 ,morality & spirituality are to be di/+ui%$ z two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,a man may be highly moral 9 8 conduct )\t be+ 9 any degree spiritual 9 8 nature1 &1 ?\gh to a less] ext5t1 vice v]sa4 ,&1 objectively1 we see ! same di/9ction betwe5 morals & religion4 ,by spirituality ,i mean ! religi\s temp]am5t1 :e!r or n associat$ ) any p>ticul> cre$ or dogma4 ,!re is no d\bt t intellectual pleasures are m satisfy+ & endur+ ?an s5sual--or ev5 s5su\s4 ,&1 to ^? :o h exp]i5c$ !m1 s x is ) spiritual ov] intellectual1 arti/ic1 c4 ,?is is an objective fact1 abundantly te/ifi$ to by e "o :o has _h exp]i5ce3 & x seems to indicate t ! spiritual nature ( man is ! highe/ "p ( man--! culm9at+ po9t ( 8 be+4 ,x is probably true1 z ,r5an says 9 8 po/hum\s "w1 t !re w always be mat]iali/s & spirituali/s1 inasmu* z x w always be obs]vable on ! "o h& t !re is no ?\ght )\t bra91 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 in/9cts ( man w always aspire to high] beliefs4 ,b ?is is j :at ought to be if religion is true1 & we are 9 a /ate ( probation4 ,& is x n probable t ! mat]iali/ic position 7discr$it$ ev5 by philosophy7 is due simply to cu/om & want ( imag9ation8 ,else :y ! inext+ui%able in/9cts8 ,x is mu* m easy to disbelieve ?an to believe4 ,?is is obvi\s on ! side ( reason1 b x is also true on t ( _s1 = to disbelieve is 9 accordance ) environm5t or cu/om1 :ile to believe necessitates a spiritual use ( ! imag9ation4 ,= bo? ^! reasons1 v few unbeliev]s h any ju/ification1 ei!r intellectual or spiritual1 = _! own unbelief4 ,unbelief is usually due to indol5ce1 (t5 to prejudice1 & nev] a ?+ to be pr\d (4 ',:y %\ld x be ?\ght a ?+ incr$ible ) y t ,god %\ld raise ! dead8' ,cle>ly no answ] c be giv5 by ! pure agno/ic4 ,b he w naturally say 9 reply1 '! "q r is1 :y %\ld x be ?\ght cr$ible ) y t !re is a ,god1 or1 if !re is1 t he %\ld raise ! dead8' ,& ,i ?9k ! wise ,*ri/ian w answ]1 ',i believe 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 p>tly on gr\nds ( reason1 p>tly on ^? ( intuition1 b *iefly on bo? comb9$2 s to speak1 x is my :ole "* :i* accepts ! :ole sy/em ( :i* ! doctr9e ( p]sonal immortality =ms an ess5tial "p4' ,& to ?is x may be fairly add$ t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( our bodily =m _c h be5 arriv$ at = ! purpose ( meet+ mod]n mat]iali/ic objections to ! doctr9e ( p]sonal immortality2 h5ce x is c]ta9ly a /range doctr9e to h be5 prop\nd$ at t "t1 toge!r ) its companion1 & sc>cely less di/9ctive1 doctr9e ( ! vil5ess ( ! body4 ,:y 0 x n said t ! 's\l' alone %\ld survive z a disembodi$ '_s'8 ,or if =m 7 suppos$ necess>y = man z di/+ui%$ f ,god1 t he 0 to be an angel8 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection seems to h fully met be=eh& ! mat]iali/ic objection to a future life1 & s to h rais$ ! ult]ior "q ) :i* ?is p>agraph op5s4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,introduction t all fir/ pr9ciples ev5 ( sci5tific facts are kn[n by intuition & n by reason4 ,no "o c d5y ?is4 ,n[1 if !re be a ,god1 ! fact is c]ta9ly ( ! nature ( a fir/ pr9ciple2 = x mu/ be ! fir/ ( all fir/ pr9ciples4 ,no "o c dispute ?is4 ,no "o c !re=e dispute ! necess>y conclusion1 t1 if !re be a ,god1 ,he is kn[able1 7if kn[able at all7 by intuition & n by reason4 ,inde$ a little ?\ght is en\gh to %[ t f its v nature z su*1 reason mu/ be incapable ( adjudicat+ on ! subject1 = x is a process ( inf]r+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,or ?us4 ,x w\ld be aga9/ reason itself to suppose t ,god1 ev5 if ,he exi/s1 c be kn[n by reason2 ,he mu/ be kn[n1 if kn[able at all1 by intuition#eg4 ,obs]ve1 al?\gh ,god might give an objective revelation ( ,himself1 e4g4 z ,*ri/ians believe ,he has1 ev5 ?is w\ld n give k ( ,him save to ^? :o believe ! revelations g5u9e2 & ,i d\bt :e!r x is logically possible = any =m ( objective revelation ( itself to compel belief 9 x4 ,assur$ly "o ris+ f ! dead to te/ify !reto w\ld n1 nor w\ld lett]s ( fire across ! sky d s4 ,b1 ev5 if x 7 logically possible1 we ne$ n consid] ! ab/ract possibility1 see+ t1 z a matt] ( fact1 no su* demon/rative revelation has be5 giv54 ,h5ce1 ! only legitimate attitude ( pure reason is pure agno/icism4 ,no "o c d5y ?is4 ,b1 x w be said1 !re is ?is va/ diff]5ce betwe5 our intuitive k ( all o!r fir/ pr9ciples & t alleg$ ( ! 'fir/ ( all fir/ pr9ciples1' viz4 t ! latt] is confess$ly n kn[n to all m54 ,n[1 assur$ly1 !re is "h a va/ diff]5ce4 ,b s !re ought to be1 if we are "h 9 a /ate ( probation1 z be=e expla9$4 ,& t we are 9 su* a /ate is n only ! hypo!sis ( religion1 b ! sole rational explanation z well z moral ju/ification ( our exi/5ce z rational be+s & moral ag5ts#eh4 ,x is n necess>ily true1 z ,j4,s4 ,mill & all o!r agno/ics ?9k1 t ev5 if int]nal intuition be ( div9e orig91 ! illum9ation ?us furni%$ c only be ( evid5tial value to ! individual subject !re(4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be /udi$ objectively1 ev5 if n exp]i5c$ subjectively2 & ought to be s /udi$ by a pure agno/ic desir\s ( light f any qu>t]4 ,ev5 if he does n "k x z a n\m5on he c inve/igate x z a ph5om5on4 ,&1 suppos+ x to be ( div9e orig91 z its subjects believe & he has no reason to d\bt1 he may ga9 mu* evid5ce aga9/ its be+ a m]e psy*ological illusion f id5tical reports ( x 9 all ages4 ,?us1 if any l>ge section ( ! race 7 to see flames issu+ f magnets1 !re w\ld be no d\bt z to _! objective reality4 ,! te/imony giv5 by ,socrates to ! occurr5ce 9 himself ( an int]nal ,voice1 hav+ all ! def9it5ess ( an auditory halluc9ation1 has giv5 rise to mu* speculation by subsequ5t philosoph]s4 ,_m explanations are sugge/$1 b if we rememb] ! critical nature ( ,socrates' own m9d1 ! lit]al nature ( 8 mode ( tea*+1 & ! high au?ority :i* atta*es to ,plato's op9ion on ! subject1 ! probability seems to incl9e t[>ds ! ',demon' hav+ be51 9 ,socrates' own consci\sness1 an actual auditory s5sation4 ,be ?is h[ev] z x may1 ,i suppose !re is no "q t we may adopt ?is view ( ! matt] at lea/ to ! ext5t ( classify+ ,socrates ) ,lu!r1 ,pascal1 c41 n to m5tion all ! l9e ( ,hebrew & o!r prophets1 :o agree 9 speak+ ( a ,div9e ,voice4 ,if s1 ! fur!r "q arises :e!r we are to classify all ^! ) lunatics 9 :om ! ph5om5a ( auditory halluc9ation are habitual4 ,)\t d\bt ?is hypo!sis is mo/ 9 accordance ) ! temp] ( our age1 p>tly because x obeys ! law ( p>simony1 & p>tly because x negatives a priori ! possibility ( revelation4 ,b if we look at ! matt] f ! po9t ( view ( pure agno/icism1 we are n entitl$ to adopt s r\gh & ready an int]pretation4 ,suppose !n t n only ,socrates & all great religi\s re=m]s & f\nd]s ( religi\s sy/ems bo? be=e & aft] him 7 simil>ly /rick5 ) m5tal disease1 b t simil> ph5om5a _h occurr$ 9 ! case ( all sci5tific discov]]s su* z ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,d>w91 c4--suppos+ all ^! m5 to h decl>$ t _! ma9 ideas _h be5 communicat$ by subjective s5sations z ( spok5 language1 s t all ! progress ( ! _w's sci5tific ?\ght _h resembl$ t ( ! _w's religi\s ?\ght1 & _h be5 attribut$ by ! promot]s !re( to direct inspirations ( ?is k9d--w\ld x be possible to d5y t ! te/imony ?us af=d$ to ! fact ( subjective revelation w\ld h be5 ov]:elm+8 ,or c\ld x any long] h be5 ma9ta9$ t suppos+ a revelation to be communicat$ subjectively ! fact !re( c\ld only be ( any evid5tial value to ! recipi5t himself8 ,to ?is x w no d\bt be answ]$1 ',no1 b 9 ! case suppos$ ! evid5ce arises n f ! fact ( _! subjective intuition b f t ( its objective v]ification 9 ! results ( sci5ce4' ,q s2 b ?is is exactly ! te/ appeal$ to by ! ,hebrew prophets--! te/ ( true & ly+ prophets be+ 9 ! fulfilm5t or non-fulfilm5t ( _! prophecies & ',by _! fruits ye %all "k !m4' ,!re=e x is z absurd to say t ! religi\s consci\sness ( m9ds o!r ?an our own c be b>r$ antec$5tly z evid5ce1 z x is to say t te/imony to ! miracul\s is simil>ly b>r$4 ,! pure agno/ic mu/ always c>efully avoid ! 'high priori road4' ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 he mu/ be all ! m assidu\s 9 e/imat+ fairly ! "*1 bo? z to quantity & quality1 ( evid5ce a po/]iori4 ,n[ ?is evid5ce 9 ! pres5t case is tw(old1 positive & negative4 ,x w be conv5i5t to consid] ! negative fir/4 ,! negative evid5ce is furni%$ by ! nature ( man )\t ,god4 ,x is ?or\ghly mis]able1 z is well %[n by ,pascal1 :o has devot$ ! :ole ( ! fir/ "p ( 8 treatise to ?is subject4 ,i ne$ n g ov] ! gr\nd :i* he has already s well trav]s$4 ,"s m5 are n consci\s ( ! cause ( ?is mis]y3 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t ! fact ( _! be+ mis]able4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y conceal ! fact z well z possible f !mselves1 by occupy+ _! m9ds ) society1 sport1 frivolity ( all k9ds1 or1 if intellectually dispos$1 ) sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature1 bus9ess1 c4 ,?is h[ev] is b to fill ! />v+ belly ) husks4 ,i "k f exp]i5ce ! intellectual di/ractions ( sci5tific rese>*1 philosophical speculation1 & arti/ic pleasures2 b am also well aw>e t ev5 :5 all are tak5 toge!r & well sweet5$ to ta/e1 9 respect ( consequ5t reputation1 means1 social position1 c41 ! :ole concoction is b z high confection]y to a />v+ man4 ,he may *eat himself = a "t--especially if he be a /rong man--into ! belief t he is n\ri%+ himself by d5y+ 8 natural appetite2 b soon f9ds he 0 made = "s altoge!r diff]5t k9d ( food1 ev5 ?\gh ( mu* less ta/efulness z f> z ! palate is conc]n$4 ,"s m5 inde$ nev] ackn[l$ge ?is articulately or di/9ctly ev5 to !mselves1 yet always %[ x pla9ly en\gh to o!rs4 ,take1 e4g41 't la/ infirmity ( noble m9ds4' ,i suppose ! mo/ exalt$ & lea/ 'c>nal' ( worldly joys consi/s 9 ! adequate recognition by ! _w ( high a*ievem5t by ourselves4 ,yet x is notori\s t-- ,x is by ,god decre$ ,fame %all n satisfy ! highe/ ne$4 ,x has be5 my lot to "k n a few ( ! fam\s m5 ( our g5]ation1 & ,i h always obs]v$ t ?is is pr(\ndly true4 ,l all o!r 'moral' satisfactions1 ?is soon palls by cu/om1 & z soon z "o end ( di/9ction is rea*$1 ano!r is p9$ =4 ,!re is no f9ality to re/ 91 :ile disease & dea? are always /&+ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,cu/om may ev5 bl9d m5 to _! own mis]y1 s f> z n to make !m realize :at is want+2 yet ! want is !re4 ,i take x !n z unque/ionably true t ?is :ole negative side ( ! subject proves a vacuum 9 ! s\l ( man :i* no?+ c fill save fai? 9 ,god4 ,n[ take ! positive side4 ,consid] ! happ9ess ( religi\s--& *iefly ( ! highe/ religi\s1 i4e4 ,*ri/ian--belief4 ,x is a matt] ( fact t besides be+ mo/ int5se1 x is mo/ endur+1 gr[+1 & nev] /al$ by cu/om4 ,9 %ort1 accord+ to ! univ]sal te/imony ( ^? :o h x1 x diff]s f all o!r happ9ess n only 9 degree b 9 k9d4 ,^? :o h x c usually te/ify to :at !y us$ to be )\t x4 ,x has no relation to intellectual /atus4 ,x is a ?+ by itself & supreme4 ,s mu* = ! individual4 ,b positive evid5ce does n end "h4 ,look at ! effects ( ,*ri/ian belief z ex]cis$ on human society--#a/1 by individual ,*ri/ians on ! family1 c42 &1 #bnd1 by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* on ! _w4 ,all ?is may lead on to an argum5t f ! adaptation ( ,*ri/ianity to human high] ne$s4 ,all m5 mu/ feel ^! ne$s m or less 9 proportion z _! high] natures1 moral & spiritual1 are develop$4 ,n[ ,*ri/ianity is ! only religion :i* is adapt$ to meet !m1 &1 accord+ to ^? :o are alone able to te/ify1 does s mo/ abundantly4 ,all ^! m51 ( e sect1 nationality1 c41 agree 9 _! acc\nt ( _! subjective exp]i5ce2 s z to ?is !re c be no "q4 ,! only "q is z to :e!r !y are all deceiv$4 ,,peu ,,de ,,*ose4 ',la vie e/ va9e3 ,un peu d'am\r1 ,un peu de ha9e 444 ,et puis--bon j\r6 ,la vie e/ brve3 ,un peu d'espoir1 ,un peu de rve 444 ,et puis--bon soir6' ,! above is a t]se & true criticism ( ?is life )\t hope ( a future "o4 ,is x satisfactory8 ,b ,*ri/ian fai?1 z a matt] ( fact1 *anges x entirely4 ',! night has a ?\s& eyes1 ,& ! day b "o2 ,yet ! light ( a :ole _w dies ,) ! sett+ sun4 ,! m9d has a ?\s& eyes1 ,& ! he>t b "o2 ,yet ! light ( a :ole life dies ,:5 love is done4' ,love is kn[n to be all ?is4 ,h[ great1 !n1 is ,*ri/ianity1 z be+ ! religion ( love1 & caus+ m5 to believe bo? 9 ! cause ( love's supremacy & ! inf9ity ( ,god's love to man4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,cf4 ,pascal1 ,p5ses4 ',= we mu/ n mi/ake ourselves1 we h z mu* t is automatic 9 u z intellectual1 & h5ce x comes t ! in/rum5t by :i* p]suasion is br\ght ab\t is n demon/ration alone4 ,h[ few ?+s are demon/rat$6 ,pro(s c only conv9ce ! m9d2 cu/om makes our /ronge/ pro(s & ^? :i* we hold mo/ firmly1 x sways ! automaton1 :i* draws ! unconsci\s intellect aft] x4444 ,x is !n cu/om t makes s _m m5 ,*ri/ians1 cu/om t makes !m ,turks1 hea!n1 artisans1 soldi]s1 c4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ resort to cu/om :5 once ! m9d has se5 :]e tru? is1 9 ord] to slake our ?ir/ & /eep ourselves 9 t belief :i* escapes u at e h\r1 = to h pro(s always at h& 7 too on]\s4 ,we mu/ acquire a m easy belief1 t ( cu/om1 :i* )\t viol5ce1 )\t art1 )\t argum5t1 causes our ass5t & incl9es all our p[]s to ?is belief1 s t our s\l naturally falls into x4444 ',x is n en\gh to believe only by =ce ( conviction if ! automaton is incl9$ to believe ! contr>y4 ,bo? p>ts ( u !n mu/ be oblig$ to believe1 ! intellect by argum5ts :i* x is en\gh to h admitt$ once 9 our lives1 ! automaton by cu/om1 & by n all[+ x to incl9e 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,incl9a cor meum ,deus4' ,see also ,newman's ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 *ap4 vi4 & ,*ur*'s ,human ,life & its ,conditions1 pp4 #fg-i4 #ef ,! au?or has add$1 ,= suff]+ 9 brutes see fur!r on1 b no?+ fur!r on ! subject appe>s to h be5 writt54--,,ed4 #eg ,9 ?is connexion ,i may aga9 notice t two days be=e 8 dea? ,george ,romanes express$ 8 cordial approval ( ,pr(essor ,knight's ,aspects ( ,!ism--a "w 9 :i* great /ress is laid on ! argum5t f intuition 9 diff]5t =ms4--,,ed4 #eh ,on ?is subject see ,pascal1 ,p5ses 7,kegan ,paul's trans47 p4 #ajc4 #e4 ,,fai? ,,9 ,,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity comes up = s]i\s inve/igation 9 ! pres5t treatise1 because ?is ,exam9ation ( ,religion i4e4 ( ! validity ( ! religi\s consci\sness has to d ) ! evid5ces ( ,!ism pres5t$ by man1 & n only by nature m9us man4 ,n[ ( ! religi\s consci\sness ,*ri/ianity is unque/ionably ! highe/ product4 ,:5 ,i wrote ! prec$+ treatise ! ,c&id ,exam9ation1 ,i did n suffici5tly appreciate ! imm5se importance ( human nature1 z di/+ui%$ f physical nature1 9 any enquiry t\*+ ,!ism4 ,b s9ce !n ,i h s]i\sly /udi$ an?ropology 7includ+ ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religions71 psy*ology & metaphysics1 ) ! result ( cle>ly see+ t human nature is ! mo/ important "p ( nature z a :ole :]eby to inve/igate ! !ory ( ,!ism4 ,?is ,i ought to h anticipat$ on m]ely a priori gr\nds1 & no d\bt %\ld h p]ceiv$1 _h ,i n be5 too mu* imm]s$ 9 m]ely physical rese>*4 ,moreov]1 9 ^? days1 ,i took x = grant$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 play$ out1 & nev] consid]$ x at all z hav+ any rational be>+ on ! "q ( ,!ism4 ,&1 ?\gh ?is 0 d\btless inexcusable1 ,i /ill ?9k t ! rational /&+ ( ,*ri/ianity has mat]ially improv$ s9ce !n4 ,= !n x seem$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 de/9$ to succumb z a rational sy/em be=e ! d\ble assault ( ,d>w9 f )\t & ! negative s*ool ( criticism f )94 ,n only ! book ( organic nature1 b likewise its own sacr$ docum5ts1 seem$ to be decl>+ aga9/ x4 ,b n[ all ?is has be5 v mat]ially *ang$4 ,we h all m or less gr[n to see t ,d>w9ism is l ,cop]nicanism1 c41 9 ?is respect#ei2 :ile ! outcome ( ! great textual battle#fj is imp>tially consid]$ a signal victory = ,*ri/ianity4 ,prior to ! new ,biblical sci5ce1 !re 0 really no rational basis 9 ?\ghtful m9ds1 ei!r = ! date ( any "o ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 or1 consequ5tly1 = ! hi/orical tru? ( any "o ( ! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 !m4 ,gospels1 ,acts & ,epi/les 7 all alike %r\d$ 9 ?is unc]ta9ty4 ,h5ce ! validity ( ! eighte5?-c5tury scepticism4 ,b n[ all ?is k9d ( scepticism has be5 r5d]$ obsolete1 & = ev] impossible2 :ile ! c]ta9ty ( en\gh ( ,/4 ,paul's writ+s = ! practical purpose ( display+ ! belief ( ! apo/les has be5 e/abli%$1 z well z ! c]ta9ty ( ! publication ( ! ,synoptics )9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,an enorm\s ga9 has ?us accru$ to ! objective evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is mo/ important t ! exp]t inve/igator %\ld be exact1 &1 z 9 any o!r sci5ce1 ! lay public mu/ take on au?ority z tru/wor?y only :at bo? sides are agre$ ^u4 ,b1 z 9 any o!r sci5ce1 exp]ts are apt to lose sight ( ! importance ( ! ma9 results agre$ ^u1 9 _! fight+ ov] less] po9ts /ill 9 dispute4 ,n[ x is en\gh = u t ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans1 ,galatians1 & ,cor9?ians1 h be5 agre$ ^u z g5u9e1 & t ! same is true ( ! ,synoptics s f> z conc]ns ! ma9 doctr9e ( ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,! extraord9>y c&\r ( ,*ri/'s biograph]s mu/ n be =gott5#fa4 ,notice also su* s5t5ces z 'b "s d\bt$1' & 79 ! acc\nt ( ,p5teco/7 '^! m5 are full ( new w9e#fb4' ,su* obs]vations are wond]fully true to human nature2 b no less wond]fully oppos$ to any 'accretion' !ory4 ,obs]ve1 :5 we become hone/ly pure agno/ics ! :ole sc5e *anges by ! *ange 9 our po9t ( view4 ,we may !n read ! records imp>tially1 or on _! own m]its1 )\t any antec$5t conviction t !y mu/ be false4 ,x is !n an op5 "q :e!r !y are n true z hi/ory4 ,!re is s mu* to be said 9 objective evid5ce = ,*ri/ianity t 7 ! c5tral doctr9es ?us te/ifi$ to any?+ %ort ( miracul\s1 no "o w\ld d\bt4 ,b we are n compet5t judges a priori ( :at a revelation %\ld be4 ,if our agno/icism be pure1 we h no "r to pre-judge ! case on prima facie gr\nds4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ pieces ( objective evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity is n suffici5tly en=c$ by apologi/s4 ,inde$1 ,i am n aw>e t ,i h ev] se5 x m5tion$4 ,x is ! abs5ce f ! biography ( ,*ri/ ( any doctr9es :i* ! subsequ5t gr[? ( human k--:e!r 9 natural sci5ce1 e?ics1 political economy1 or else:]e--has _h to disc\nt4 ,?is negative argum5t is really almo/ z /rong z is ! positive "o f :at ,*ri/ did tea*4 ,= :5 we consid] :at a l>ge numb] ( say+s are record$ (--or at lea/ attribut$ to--,him1 x becomes mo/ rem>kable t 9 lit]al tru? !re is no reason :y any ( ,8 words %\ld ev] pass away 9 ! s5se ( becom+ obsolete4 ',n ev5 n[ c\ld x be easy1' says ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 'ev5 = an unbeliev]1 to f9d a bett] translation ( ! rule ( virtue f ! ab/ract into ! concrete1 ?an to endeav\r s to live t ,*ri/ w\ld approve our life#fc4' ,contra/ ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ?is respect ) o!r ?9k]s ( l antiquity4 ,ev5 ,plato1 :o1 ?\gh "s #djj ye>s ,b4,c4 9 po9t ( "t1 0 greatly 9 advance ( ,him 9 respect ( philosophic ?\ght--n only because ,a!ns !n pres5t$ ! extraord9>y ph5om5on :i* x did ( g5ius 9 all directions nev] s9ce equall$1 b also because he1 foll[+ ,socrates1 01 s to speak1 ! greate/ repres5tative ( human reason 9 ! direction ( spirituality--ev5 ,plato1 ,i say1 is n[h]e 9 ?is respect z comp>$ ) ,*ri/4 ,read ! dialogues1 & see h[ enorm\s is ! contra/ ) ! ,gospels 9 respect ( errors ( all k9ds--rea*+ ev5 to absurdity 9 respect ( reason1 & to say+s %ock+ to ! moral s5se4 ,yet ?is is confess$ly ! highe/ level ( human reason on ! l9es ( spirituality1 :5 unaid$ by alleg$ revelation4 ,two ?+s may be said 9 reply4 ,fir/1 t ! ,jews 7,rabbis7 ( ,*ri/'s p]iod _h enunciat$ mo/ ( ,*ri/'s e?ical say+s4 ,b1 ev5 s f> z ?is is true1 ! say+s 7 confess$ly extract$ or d$uc$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & s ex hypo!si due to orig9al inspiration4 ,aga91 x is n v f> true1 because1 z ,ecce ,homo says1 ! e?ical say+s ( ,*ri/1 ev5 :5 anticipat$ by ,rabbis & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 select$ by ,him4 ,x is a g5]al1 if n a univ]sal1 rule t ^? :o reject ,*ri/ianity ) contempt are ^? :o c>e n = religion ( any k9d4 ',dep>t f u' has always be5 ! s5tim5t ( su*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? 9 :om ! religi\s s5tim5t is intact1 b :o h reject$ ,*ri/ianity on intellectual gr\nds1 /ill almo/ deify ,*ri/4 ,^! facts are rem>kable4 ,if we e/imate ! greatness ( a man by ! influ5ce :i* he has ex]t$ on mank9d1 !re c be no "q1 ev5 f ! secul> po9t ( view1 t ,*ri/ is mu* ! greate/ man :o has ev] liv$4 ,x is on all sides wor? consid]+ 7blatant ignorance or base vulg>ity alone except$7 t ! revolution effect$ by ,*ri/ianity 9 human life is immeasurable & unp>allel$ by any o!r movem5t 9 hi/ory2 ?\gh mo/ ne>ly approa*$ by t ( ! ,jewi% religion1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 x is a developm5t1 s t x may be reg>d$ z ( a piece ) x4 ,if ?us reg>d$1 ?is :ole sy/em ( religion is s immeasurably 9 advance ( all o!rs1 t x may fairly be said1 if x _h n be5 = ! ,jews1 ! human race w\ld n h _h any religion wor? our s]i\s att5tion z su*4 ,! :ole ( t side ( human nature w\ld nev] h be5 develop$ 9 civiliz$ life4 ,& al?\gh !re are numb]less individuals :o are n consci\s ( its developm5t 9 !mselves1 yet ev5 ^! h be5 influ5c$ to an enorm\s ext5t by ! atmosph]e ( religion ar\nd !m4 ,b n only is ,*ri/ianity ?us s immeasurably 9 advance ( all o!r religions4 ,x is no less s ( e o!r sy/em ( ?\ght t has ev] be5 promulgat$ 9 reg>d to all t is moral & spiritual4 ,:e!r x be true or false1 x is c]ta9 t nei!r philosophy1 sci5ce1 nor poetry has ev] produc$ results 9 ?\ght1 conduct1 or beauty 9 any degree to be comp>$ ) x4 ,?is ,i ?9k w be on all h&s all[$ z reg>ds conduct4 ,z reg>ds ?\ght & beauty x may be disput$4 ,b1 consid]1 :at has all ! sci5ce or all ! philosophy ( ! _w done = ! ?\ght ( mank9d to be comp>$ ) ! "o doctr9e1 ',god is love'8 ,:e!r or n true1 conceive :at belief 9 x has be5 to ?\s&s ( millions ( our race--i4e4 its influ5ce on human ?\ght1 & !nce on human conduct4 ,?us to admit its incomp>able influ5ce 9 conduct is indirectly to admit x z reg>ds ?\ght4 ,aga91 z reg>ds beauty1 ! man :o fails to see its incomp>able excell5ce 9 ?is respect m]ely %[s 8 own defici5cy 9 ! appreciation ( all t is noble/ 9 man4 ,true or n true1 ! entire ,/ory ( ! ,cross1 f its comm5cem5t 9 prophetic aspiration to its culm9ation 9 ! ,gospel1 is by f> ! mo/ magnific5t pres5tation 9 lit]ature4 ,& surely ! fact ( its hav+ all be5 liv$ does n detract f its poetic value4 ,nor does ! fact ( its be+ capable ( appropriation by ! individual ,*ri/ian ( to-day z /ill a vital religion detract f its sublimity4 ,only to a man :olly de/itute ( spiritual p]ception c x be t ,*ri/ianity %\ld fail to appe> ! greate/ exhibition ( ! beautiful1 ! sublime1 & ( all else t appeals to our spiritual nature1 :i* has ev] be5 kn[n ^u our e>?4 ,yet ?is side ( its adaptation is turn$ only t[>ds m5 ( highe/ culture4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t ,*ri/ianity is its adaptation to all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,are y highly intellectual8 ,!re is 9 its problems1 hi/orical & philosophical1 su* worlds ( mat]ial z y may sp5d y\r life ^u ) ! same int]m9able int]e/ z is op5 to ! /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce4 ,or are y b a peasant 9 y\r p>i% *ur*1 ) k ( little else ?an y\r ,bible8 ,/ill are y 444#fd ,reg5]ation4 ,h[ rem>kable is ! doctr9e ( ,reg5]ation p] se1 z x is /at$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t#fe1 & h[ completely x fits 9 ) ! non-demon/rative "* ( ,revelation to reason alone1 ) ! hypo!sis ( moral probation1 c4 ,n[ ?is doctr9e is "o ( ! di/9ctive notes ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t is1 ,*ri/ =etold repeat$ly & di/9ctly--z did also ,8 apo/les aft] ,him--t :ile ^? :o receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o came to ! ,fa!r ?r\gh fai? 9 ! ,son1 :o 7 born aga9 ( ! ,_s1 7& _m o!r synonym\s phrases17 w\ld be absolutely c]ta9 ( ,*ri/ian tru? z x 7 by direct vision or intuition1 ! c>nally m9d$ on ! o!r h& w\ld n be affect$ by any am\nt ( direct evid5ce1 ev5 ?\gh "o rose f ! dead--z inde$ ,*ri/ %ortly aft]w>ds did1 ) fulfilm5t ( ?is pr$iction4 ,?us scepticism may be tak5 by ,*ri/ians z corroborat+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,by all means let u reta9 our indep5d5ce ( judgem5t2 b ?is is pre-em95tly a matt] 9 :i* pure agno/ics mu/ ab/a9 f arrogance & consid] ! facts imp>tially z unque/ionable ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce4 ,%ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ?is ph5om5on :i* _h be5 =etold by ,him occurr$1 & appe>s to h done s = ! fir/ "t4 ,x has c]ta9ly cont9u$ to manife/ itself ev] s9ce1 & has be5 attribut$ by pr(ess$ hi/orians to t p>ticul> mom5t 9 "t call$ ,p5teco/1 produc+ mu* popul> excitem5t & a l>ge numb] ( ,*ri/ian believ]s4 ,b1 :e!r or n we accept ?is acc\nt1 x is unque/ionable t ! apo/les 7 fill$ ) fai? 9 ! p]son & (fice ( _! ,ma/]1 :i* is en\gh to ju/ify ,8 doctr9e ( reg5]ation4 ,conv]sions4 ,/4 ,augu/9e aft] ?irty ye>s ( age1 & o!r ,fa!rs1 be> te/imony to a sudd51 endur+ & extraord9>y *ange 9 !mselves1 call$ conv]sion#ff4 ,n[ ?is exp]i5ce has be5 repeat$ & te/ifi$ to by c\ntless millions ( civiliz$ m5 & wom5 9 all nations & all degrees ( culture4 ,x signifies n :e!r ! conv]sion be sudd5 or gradual1 ?\gh1 z a psy*ological ph5om5on1 x is m rem>kable :5 sudd5 & !re is no symptom ( m5tal ab]ration o!rwise4 ,b ev5 z a gradual gr[? 9 mature age1 its evid5tial value is n less4 7,cf4 ,bunyan1 c47 ,9 all cases x is n a m]e *ange ( belief or op9ion2 ?is is by no means ! po9t2 ! po9t is t x is a modification ( "*1 m or less pr(\nd4 ,see+ :at a complex ?+ is "*1 ?is *ange !re=e _c be simple4 ,t x may all be due to s-call$ natural causes is no evid5ce aga9/ its s-call$ sup]natural s\rce1 unless we beg ! :ole "q ( ! ,div9e 9 ,nature4 ,to pure agno/ics ! evid5ce f conv]sions & reg5]ation lies 9 ! bulk ( ^! psy*ological ph5om5a1 %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ) _! cont9uance ev] s9ce1 _! g5]al simil>ity all ov] ! _w1 c41 c4 ,*ri/ianity & ,pa94 ,*ri/ianity1 f its f\ndation 9 ,judaism1 has ?r\gh\t be5 a religion ( sacrifice & sorr[4 ,x has be5 a religion ( blood & te>s1 & yet ( pr(\nde/ happ9ess to its vot>ies4 ,! app>5t p>adox is due to its dep?1 & to ! union ( ^! seem+ly div]se roots 9 ,love4 ,x has be5 ?r\gh\t & gr[+ly a religion--or r let u say ! religion--( ,love1 ) ^! app>5tly opposite qualities4 ,probably x is only ^? ^: *>act]s h be5 deep5$ by exp]i5ces ga9$ 9 ?is religion itself :o are s mu* z capable ( intellig5tly resolv+ ?is p>adox4 ,fakirs hang on hooks1 ,pagans cut !mselves & ev5 _! *ildr51 sacrifice captives1 c41 = ! sake ( propitiat+ diabolical deities4 ,! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian idea ( sacrifice is d\btless a survival ( ?is idea ( ,god by way ( natural causation1 yet ?is is no evid5ce aga9/ ! complet$ idea ( ! ,godhead be+ su* z ! ,*ri/ian belief repres5ts x1 = suppos+ ! complet$ idea to be true1 ! e>li] ideals w\ld h be5 due to ! e>li] inspirations1 9 accordance ) ! developm5tal me?od ( ,revelation h]eaft] to be discuss$#fg4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 ) its roots 9 ,judaism1 is1 z ,i h said1 p> excell5ce ! religion ( sorr[1 because x rea*es to tru] & deep] levels ( our spiritual nature1 & !re=e has capabilities bo? ( sorr[ & joy :i* are presumably non-exi/5t except 9 civiliz$ man4 ,i mean ! sorr[s & ! joys ( a fully evolv$ spiritual life--su* z 7 atta9$ wond]fully e>ly1 hi/orically speak+1 9 ! case ( ! ,jews1 & are n[ univ]sally diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 %ort1 ! sorr[s & ! joys 9 "q are ^? :i* arise f ! fully develop$ consci\sness ( s9 aga9/ a ,god ( ,love1 z di/+ui%$ f propitiation ( malignant spirits4 ,^! joys & sorr[s are :olly spiritual1 n m]ely physical1 & culm9ate 9 ! cry1',?\ desire/ no sacrifice4444 ,! sacrifice ( ,god is a tr\bl$ _s#fh4' ,i agree ) ,pascal#fi t !re is virtually no?+ to be ga9$ by be+ a !i/ z di/+ui%$ f a ,*ri/ian4 ,unit>ianism is only an affair ( ! reason--a m]ely ab/ract !ory ( ! m9d1 hav+ no?+ to d ) ! he>t1 or ! real ne$s ( mank9d4 ,x is only :5 x takes ! ,new ,te/am5t1 te>s out a few ( its leaves relat+ to ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & appropriates all ! re/1 t its sy/em becomes 9 any degree possible z a basis = p]sonal religion4 ,if !re is a ,deity x seems to be 9 "s indef9ite degree m probable t ,he %\ld imp>t a ,revelation ?an t ,he %\ld n4 ,wom51 z a class1 are 9 all c\ntries mu* m dispos$ to ,*ri/ianity ?an m54 ,i ?9k ! sci5tific explanation ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! causes assign$ 9 my essay on ,m5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ,m5 & ,wom5#gj4 ,b1 if ,*ri/ianity be suppos$ true1 !re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a m ultimate explanation ( a religi\s k9d--z 9 all o!r cases :]e causation is conc]n$4 ,&1 9 t case ,i h no d\bt t ! l>ge/ "p ( ! explanation w\ld consi/ 9 ! passions ( wom5 be+ less ard5t ?an ^? ( m51 & also mu* m kept "u re/ra9t by social conditions ( life4 ,?is applies n only to purity1 b likewise to mo/ ( ! o!r psy*ological diff]5tiae betwe5 ! sexes1 su* z ambition1 selfi%ness1 pride ( p[]1 & s =?4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole ideal ( ,*ri/ian e?ics is ( a fem99e z di/+ui%$ f a mascul9e type#ga4 ,n[ no?+ is s inimical to ,*ri/ian belief z un-,*ri/ian conduct4 ,?is is especially ! case z reg>ds impurity2 = :e!r ! fact be expla9$ on religi\s or non-religi\s gr\nds1 x has m to d ) unbelief ?an has ! speculative reason4 ,consequ5tly1 woman is1 = all ^! reasons1 ! 'fitt]' type = receiv+ & reta9+ ,*ri/ian belief4 ,mod]n agno/icism is p]=m+ ?is great s]vice to ,*ri/ian fai?2 x is sil5c+ all rational scepticism ( ! a priori k9d4 ,& ?is x is b\nd to d m & m ! pur] x becomes4 ,9 e g5]ation x mu/ h5ce=? become m & m recogniz$ by logical ?9k+1 t all antec$5t objections to ,*ri/ianity f\nd$ on reason alone are ipso facto nugatory4 ,n[1 all ! /ronge/ objections to ,*ri/ianity h ev] be5 ^? ( ! antec$5t k9d2 h5ce ! effect ( mod]n ?9k+ is t ( m & m dim9i%+ ! purely speculative difficulties1 su* z t ( ! ,inc>nation1 c4 ,9 o!r words ! =ce ( ,butl]'s argum5t ab\t our be+ incompet5t judges#gb is be+ m & m increas$4 ,& ! logical developm5t ( ?is lies 9 ! view already /at$ ab\t natural causation4 ,=1 j z pure agno/icism mu/ all[ t reason is incompet5t to adjudicate a priori = or aga9/ ,*ri/ian miracles1 includ+ ! ,inc>nation1 s x mu/ fur!r all[ t1 if !y ev] took place1 reason c h no?+ to say aga9/ _! be+ all ( "o piece ) causation 9 g5]al4 ,h5ce1 s f> z reason is conc]n$1 pure agno/icism mu/ all[ t x is only ! ev5t :i* c ultimately prove :e!r ,*ri/ianity is true or false4 ',if x be ( ,god we _c ov]?r[ x1 le/ haply we be f\nd ev5 to fight aga9/ ,god4' ,b ! individual _c wait = ?is empirical det]m9ation4 ,:at !n is he to d8 ,! unbiass$ answ] ( pure agno/icism ought reasonably to be1 9 ! words ( ,john ,hunt]1 ',d n ?9k2 try4' ,t is1 9 ?is case1 try ! only exp]im5t available--! exp]im5t ( fai?4 ,d ! doctr9e1 & if ,*ri/ianity be true1 ! v]ification w come1 n inde$ m$iately ?r\gh any c\rse ( speculative reason1 b imm$iately by spiritual intuition4 ,only if a man has fai? en\gh to make ?is v5ture hone/ly1 w he be 9 a j position = decid+ ! issue4 ,?us view$ x w\ld seem t ! exp]im5t ( fai? is n a 'fool's exp]im5t'2 b1 on ! contr>y1 s t !re is en\gh prima facie evid5ce to arre/ s]i\s att5tion1 su* an exp]im5tal trial w\ld seem to be ! rational duty ( a pure agno/ic4 ,x is a fact t ,*ri/ian belief is mu* m due to do+ ?an to ?9k+1 z progno/icat$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ',if any man w d ,8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e1 :e!r x be ( ,god' 7,/4 ,john vii4 #ag74 ,& surely1 ev5 on gr\nds ( reason itself1 x %\ld be all[$ t1 suppos+ ,*ri/ianity to be '( ,god1' x ought to appeal to ! spiritual r ?an to ! rational side ( our nature4 ,ev5 )9 ! region ( pure reason 7or ! 'prima facie case'7 mod]n sci5ce1 z direct$ on ! ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 has surely done m = ,*ri/ianity ?an aga9/ x4 ,=1 aft] half a c5tury ( battle ov] ! text by ! be/ s*ol>s1 ! dates ( ! ,gospels h be5 fix$ )9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & at lea/ f\r ( ,/4 ,paul's epi/les h _h _! au!nticity prov$ beyond d\bt4 ,n[ ?is is en\gh to de/roy all eighte5?-c5tury criticism z to ! d\btfulness ( ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les1 'inv5tions ( prie/s1' c41 :i* 0 ! mo/ =midable k9d ( criticism ( all4 ,!re is no long] any "q z to hi/orical facts1 save ! miracul\s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are rul$ out by negative criticism on m]ely a priori gr\nds4 ,?is rema9+--&1 ex hypo!si1 necess>y--d\bt is ( v diff]5t importance f ! o!r4 ,aga91 ! ,paul9e epi/les ( prov$ au!nticity are en\gh = all t is want$ to %[ ! belief ( ,*ri/'s contempor>ies4 ,^! are facts ( ! fir/ ord] ( importance to h prov$4 ,old ,te/am5t criticism is z yet too immature to consid]4 ,plan 9 ,revelation4 ,! views :i* ,i ent]ta9$ on ?is subject :5 an und]graduate i4e4 ! ord9>y or?odox views 7 ab&on$ 9 pres5ce ( ! !ory ( ,evolution--i4e4 ! !ory ( natural causation z probably furni%+ a sci5tific explanation ( ! religi\s ph5om5a ( ,judaism or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 an explanation 9 t]ms ( asc]ta9able causes up to "s c]ta9 po9t2 :i* h[ev] 9 ?is p>ticul> case _c be det]m9$ )9 wide limits1 s t ! hi/ory ( ,israel w always embody an elem5t ( 'my/]y' mu* m ?an any o!r hi/ory4 ,x 0 n until tw5ty-five ye>s lat] t ,i saw cle>ly ! full implications ( my pres5t views on natural causation4 ,z appli$ to ?is p>ticul> case ^! views %[ t to a !i/1 at all ev5ts 7i4e4 to any "o :o on indep5d5t gr\nds has accept$ ! !ory ( ,!ism71 x ought n to make mu* diff]5ce to ! evid5tial value ( ! ,div9e ,plan ( ,revelation z exhibit$ 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ev5 if x be grant$ t ! :ole has be5 due to s-call$ natural causes only4 ,i say1 'n mu* diff]5ce1' = t x ought to make "s diff]5ce ,i d n d5y4 ,take a precisely analog\s case4 ,! !ory ( evolution by natural causes is (t5 said to make no logical diff]5ce 9 ! evid5ce ( plan or design manife/$ 9 organic nature--x be+ only a "q ( modus op]&i :e!r all pieces ( organic ma*9]y 7 produc$ sudd5ly or by degrees2 ! evid5ce ( design is equally !re 9 ei!r case4 ,n[ ,i h %[n else:]e t ?is is wrong#gc4 ,x may n make mu* diff]5ce to a man :o is already a !i/1 = !n x is b a "q ( modus1 b x makes a great diff]5ce to ! evid5ce ( ,!ism4 ,s x is 9 evid5ce ( plan 9 pro( ( a revelation4 ,if !re _h be5 no alleg$ revelation up to ! pres5t "t1 & if ,*ri/ 7 n[ to appe> sudd5ly 9 ,8 fir/ adv5t 9 all ! p[] & glory :i* ,*ri/ians expect = ,8 second1 ! pro( ( ,8 revelation w\ld be demon/rative4 ,s t1 z a m]e matt] ( evid5ce1 a sudd5 revelation might be mu* m conv9c+ ?an a gradual "o4 ,b x w\ld be q out ( analogy ) causation 9 nature#gd4 ,besides1 ev5 a gradual revelation might be giv5 easily1 :i* w\ld be ( demon/rative value--z by mak+ prophecies ( hi/orical ev5ts1 sci5tific discov]ies1 c41 s cle> z to be unmi/akeable4 ,b1 z be=e %[n1 a demon/rative revelation has n be5 made1 & !re may well be good reasons :y x %\ld n4 ,n[1 if !re are su* reasons 7e4g4 our /ate ( probation71 we c well see t ! gradual unfold+ ( a plan ( revelation1 f e>lie/ dawn ( hi/ory to ! end ( ! _w 7',i speak z a fool'7 is mu* pref]able to a sudd5 manife/ation suffici5tly late 9 ! _w's hi/ory to be hi/orically atte/$ = all subsequ5t "t4 ,= #a/4 ,gradual evolution is 9 analogy ) ,god's o!r "w4 #bnd4 ,x does n leave ,him )\t witness at any "t dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod4 #crd4 ,x gives ample scope = p]sev]+ rese>* at all times--i4e4 a moral te/1 & n m]ely an intellectual ass5t to "s "o 7ex hypo!si7 unequivocally atte/$ ev5t 9 hi/ory4 ,! appe>ance ( plan 9 revelation is1 9 fact1 c]ta9ly rem>kable en\gh to arre/ s]i\s att5tion4 ,if revelation has be5 ( a progressive "*1 !n x foll[s t x mu/ h be5 s1 n only hi/orically1 b likewise intellectually1 morally1 & spiritually4 ,= ?us only c\ld x be always adapt$ to ! advanc+ conditions ( ! human race4 ,?is reflection de/roys all ^? num]\s objections aga9/ ,scripture on acc\nt ( ! absurdity or immorality ( its /atem5ts or precepts1 unless x c be %[n t ! modifications sugge/$ by criticism z requisite to br+ ! /atem5ts or precepts into h>mony ) mod]n advancem5t w\ld h be5 z well adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! _w at ! date 9 "q1 z 7 ! actual /atem5ts or precepts be=e u4 ,suppos+ ,*ri/ianity true1 x is c]ta9 t ! revelation :i* x conveys has be5 pr$et]m9$ at lea/ s9ce ! dawn ( ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,?is is c]ta9 because ! objective evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity z a revelation h _! orig9 9 t dawn4 ,& ^! objective evid5ces are ?r\gh\t evid5ce ( a s*eme1 9 :i* ! end c be se5 f ! beg9n+4 ,& ! v me?ods :]eby ?is s*eme is itself reveal$ are su* 7/ill suppos+ t x is a s*eme7 z pres5t rem>kable evid5ces ( design4 ,^! me?ods are1 broadly speak+1 miracles1 prophecy & ! results ( ! tea*+1 c41 ^u mank9d4 ,n[ "o may %[ t no bett] me?ods c\ld conceivably h be5 design$ = ! purpose ( latt]-day evid5ce1 comb9$ ) moral & religi\s tea*+ ?r\gh\t4 ,! m]e fact ( x be+ s l>gely incorporat$ ) secul> hi/ory r5d]s ! ,*ri/ian religion unique3 s to speak1 ! _w1 ?r\gh\t its entire hi/orical p]iod1 has be5 con/itut$ ! canvas on :i* ?is div9e revelation has be5 pa9t$--& pa9t$ s gradually t n until ! process _h be5 go+ on = a c\ple ( ?\s& ye>s 0 x possible to p]ceive ! subject !re(4 ,*ri/ian ,dogmas4 ,:e!r or n ,*ri/ 0 ,himself div9e w\ld make no diff]5ce s f> z ! consid]ation ( ,*ri/ianity z ! highe/ phase ( evolution is conc]n$1 or f ! purely secul> sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 or t t\*+ ! relation ( ,god to man1 x w\ld ( c\rse make a great diff]5ce2 b ! diff]5ce belongs to ! same region ( ?\ght z t :i* applies to all ! previ\s mom5ts ( evolution4 ,?us ! passage f ! non-moral to ! moral appe>s1 f ! secul> or sci5tific po9t ( view1 to be due1 z f> z we c see1 to me*anical causes 9 natural selection or :at n4 ,b1 j z 9 ! case ( ! passage f ! non-m5tal to ! m5tal1 c41 ?is passage may h be5 ultimately due to div9e volition1 & mu/ h be5 s due on ! !ory ( ,!ism4 ,!re=e1 ,i say1 x makes no diff]5ce f a secul> or sci5tific po9t ( view :e!r or n ,*ri/ 0 ,himself div9e2 s9ce1 9 ei!r case1 ! movem5t :i* ,he inaugurat$ 0 ! proximate or ph5om5al cause ( ! obs]vable results4 ,?us1 ev5 ! "q ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ ultimately resolves itself into ! "q ( all que/ions--viz4 is or is n me*anical causation '! outw>d & visible =m ( an inw>d & spiritual grace'8 ,is x ph5om5al or ontological2 ultimate or d]ivative8 ,simil>ly z reg>ds ! r$emption4 ,:e!r or n ,*ri/ 0 really div9e1 9 z f> z a belief 9 ,8 div9ity has be5 a necess>y cause ( ! moral & religi\s evolution :i* has result$ f ,8 life on e>?1 x has equally & s f> 'sav$ ,8 p f _! s9s'2 t is1 ( c\rse1 x has sav$ !m f _! own s5se ( s9 z an abid+ curse4 ,:e!r or n ,he has effect$ any correspond+ *ange ( an objective "* 9 ! ontological sph]e1 aga9 dep5ds on ! '"q ( que/ions' j /at$4 ,reasonabl5ess ( ! ,doctr9es ( ! ,inc>nation & ! ,tr9ity4 ,pure agno/ics & ^? :o se>* = ,god 9 ,*ri/ianity %\ld h no?+ to d ) metaphysical !ology4 ,t is a dep>tm5t ( enquiry :i*1 ex hypo!si1 is transc5d5tal1 & is only to be consid]$ aft] ,*ri/ianity has be5 accept$4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,inc>nation & ! ,tr9ity seem$ to me mo/ absurd 9 my agno/ic days4 ,b n[1 z a pure agno/ic1 ,i see 9 !m no rational difficulty at all4 ,z to ! ,tr9ity1 ! plurality ( p]sons is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! companion doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,s t at be/ !re is "h b "o difficulty1 s9ce1 duality be+ po/ulat$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 !re is no fur!r difficulty = pure agno/icism 9 ! doctr9e ( plurality4 ,n[ at "o "t x seem$ to me impossible t any proposition1 v]bally intelligible z su*1 c\ld be m viol5tly absurd ?an t ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,n[ ,i see t ?is /&po9t is :olly irrational1 due only to ! bl9dness ( reason itself promot$ by purely sci5tific habits ( ?\ght4 ',b x is oppos$ to common s5se4' ,no d\bt1 utt]ly s2 b s x ought to be if true4 ,common s5se is m]ely a r\gh regi/] ( common exp]i5ce2 b ! ,inc>nation1 if x ev] took place1 :atev] else x may h be51 at all ev5ts _c h be5 a common ev5t4 ',b x is d]ogatory to ,god to become man4' ,h[ d y "k8 ,besides1 ,*ri/ 0 n an ord9>y man4 ,bo? negative criticism & ! hi/orical effects ( ,8 life prove ?is2 :ile1 if we = a mom5t adopt ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view = ! sake ( argum5t1 ! :ole raison d'tre ( mank9d is b\nd up 9 ,him4 ,la/ly1 !re are consid]ations p] contra1 r5d]+ an inc>nation antec$5tly probable#ge4 ,on antec$5t gr\nds !re mu/ be my/]ies un9telligible to reason z to ! nature ( ,god1 c41 suppos+ a revelation to be made at all4 ,!re=e _! occurr5ce 9 ,*ri/ianity is no prop] objection to ,*ri/ianity4 ,:y1 aga91 /umble a priori ov] ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity--especially z man himself is a triune be+1 ( body1 m9d 7i4e4 reason71 & _s 7i4e4 moral1 ae/hetic1 religi\s faculties78 ,! unque/ionable union ( ^! no less unque/ionably di/9ct ord]s ( be+ 9 man is kn[n imm$iately z a fact ( exp]i5ce1 b is z un9telligible by any process ( logic or reason z is ! alleg$ triunity ( ,god4 ,adam1 ! ,fall1 ! ,orig9 ( ,evil4 ,^!1 all tak5 toge!r z ,*ri/ian dogmas1 are und\bt$ly h>d hit by ! sci5tific pro( ( evolution 7b are ! only dogmas :i* c fairly be said to be s71 &1 z con/itut+ ! logical basis ( ! :ole plan1 !y c]ta9ly d appe> at fir/ sight necess>ily to involve 9 _! de/ruction t ( ! entire sup]/ructure4 ,b ! "q is :e!r1 aft] all1 !y h be5 de/roy$ = a pure agno/ic4 ,9 o!r words1 :e!r my pr9ciples are n z applicable 9 turn+ ! flank ( infidelity "h z ev]y:]e else4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ,adam & ,eve1 obs]ve1 to beg9 )1 t long be=e ,d>w9 ! /ory ( man 9 ,p>adise 0 recogniz$ by ?\ghtful !ologians z allegorical4 ,inde$1 read ) unprejudic$ eyes1 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis ought always to h be5 se5 to be a poem z di/+ui%$ f a hi/ory3 nor c\ld x ev] h be5 mi/ak5 = a hi/ory1 b = preconceiv$ ideas on ! matt] ( inspiration4 ,b to pure agno/ics !re %\ld be no su* preconceiv$ ideas2 s t n[adays no presumption %\ld be rais$ aga9/ x z inspir$1 m]ely because x has be5 prov$ n to be a hi/ory--& ?is ev5 ?\gh we _c see ( :at x is allegorical4 ,=1 suppos+ x inspir$1 x has c]ta9ly done good s]vice 9 ! pa/ & c d s likewise 9 ! pres5t1 by giv+ an allegorical1 ?\gh n a lit]al1 />t+-po9t = ! ,div9e ,plan ( ,r$emption4 ,! evid5ce ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion comp>$4 ,x is (t5 said t evolution ( organic =ms gives z good evid5ce ( design z w\ld _! special creation1 inasmu* z all ! facts ( adaptation1 9 :i* ! evid5ce consi/s1 are !re 9 ei!r case4 ,b "h x is ov]look$ t ! v "q at issue is ?us begg$4 ,! "q is1 ,are ^! facts ( adaptation p] se suffici5t evid5ce ( design z _! cause8 ,b if x be all[$1 z x mu/ be1 t "u hypo!sis ( evolution by natural causes ! facts ( adaptation belong to ! same category z all ! o!r facts ( nature1 no m special argum5t = design c be f\nd$ on ^! facts ?an on any o!rs 9 nature4 ,s t ! facts ( adaptation1 l all o!r facts1 are only available z argum5ts = design :5 x is assum$ t all natural causation is ( a m5tal "*3 :i* assumption m]ely begs ! "q ( design any:]e4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 on ! supposition ( _! hav+ be5 due to natural causes1 ! facts ( adaptation are only !n available z p] se good evid5ce ( design1 :5 x has already be5 assum$ t1 qua due to natural causes1 !y are due to design4 ,natural religion resembles ,reveal$ religion 9 ?is4 ,suppos+ bo? div9e1 bo? h be5 arrang$ s t1 z f> z reason c lead u1 !re is only en\gh evid5ce ( design to ar\se s]i\s att5tion to ! "q ( x4 ,9 o!r words1 z reg>ds bo?1 ! attitude ( pure reason ought to be t ( pure agno/icism4 7,obs]ve t ! inadequacy ( teleology1 or design 9 nature1 to prove ,!ism has be5 expressly recogniz$ by all ! m intellectual ,*ri/ians ( all ages1 al?\gh su* recognition has become m g5]al s9ce ,d>w94 ,on ?is po9t ,i may ref] to ,pascal especially#gf1 & _m o!r au?ors47 ,?is is ano!r /rik+ analogy betwe5 ,nature & ,revelation1 suppos+ bo? to h emanat$ f ! same au?or--i4e4 q z mu* s z id5tity ( developm5tal me?od 9 bo?4 ,suppos+ ! hypo!sis ( design 9 bo? to be true1 x foll[s t 9 bo? ?is hypo!sis c be alike v]ifi$ only by ! organ ( imm$iate intuition--i4e4 t o!r mode ( human appreh5sion :i* is supplem5t>y to ! rational4 ,"h aga9 we note ! analogy4 ,& if a man has ?is supplem5t>y mode ( appreh5d+ ! highe/ tru? 7by hypo!sis su*71 x w be 8 duty to ex]cise 8 spiritual eyesight 9 se>*+ = ,god 9 nature z 9 revelation1 :5 7/ill on our pres5t hypo!sis t ',god is1 & is ! rew>d] ( !m :o seek ,him dilig5tly'7 he w f9d t 8 subjective evid5ce ( ,god 9 ,nature & 9 ,revelation w mutually corroborate "o ano!r--s yield+ additional evid5ce to 8 reason4 ,! teleology ( ,revelation supplem5ts t ( ,nature1 & s1 to ! spiritually m9d$ man1 !y logically & mutually corroborate "o ano!r4 ,paley's writ+s =m an excell5t illu/ration ( ! id5tity ( ! teleological argum5t f ,nature & f ,revelation2 ?\gh a v imp]fect illu/ration ( ! latt] tak5 by itself1 inasmu* z he treats only ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ev5 ( t v p>tially--ignor+ all t w5t be=e ,*ri/1 & mu* ( :at happ5$ aft] ! apo/les4 ,yet ,paley himself does n seem to h obs]v$ ! simil>ity ( ! argum5t1 z develop$ 9 8 ,natural ,!ology & ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity respectively4 ,b no "o has develop$ ! argum5t bett] 9 bo? cases4 ,8 great defect 0 9 n p]ceiv+ t ?is teleological argum5t1 p] se1 is n 9 ei!r case en\gh to conv9ce1 b only to ar\se s]i\s att5tion4 ,paley ev]y:]e repres5ts t su* an appeal to reason alone ought to be suffici5t4 ,he fails to see t if x 71 !re c\ld be no room = fai?4 ,9 o!r words1 he fails to recognize ! spiritual organ 9 man1 & its complem5t>y object1 grace 9 ,god4 ,s f> he fails to be a ,*ri/ian4 ,&1 :e!r ,!ism & ,*ri/ianity be true or false1 x is c]ta9 t ! teleological argum5t alone ought to result1 n 9 conviction1 b 9 agno/icism4 ,! antec$5t improbability aga9/ a miracle be+ wr\ght by a man )\t a moral object is apt to be confus$ ) t ( its be+ done by ,god ) an adequate moral object4 ,! =m] is immeasurably great2 ! latt] is only equal to t ( ! !ory ( ,!ism--i4e4 nil4 ,*ri/ian ,demonology#gg4 ,x w be said1 ',h[ev] y may seek to expla9 away a priori objections to miracles on a priori gr\nds1 !re rema9s ! fact t ,*ri/ accept$ ! curr5t sup]/ition 9 reg>d to diabolic possession4 ,n[ ! devils damn ! doctr9e4 ,= y mu/ *oose ! horn ( y\r dilemma1 ei!r ! curr5t !ory 0 true or x 0 n4 ,if y say true1 y mu/ all[ t ! same !ory is true = all simil> /ages ( culture1 b n = ! lat] /ages1 & !re=e t ! mo/ successful exorci/ is ,sci5ce1 albeit ,sci5ce works n by fai? 9 ! !ory1 b by rejection ( x4 ,obs]ve1 ! diseases are s well describ$ by ! record1 t !re is no possibility ( mi/ak+ !m4 ,h5ce y mu/ suppose t !y 7 due to devils 9 ,a4,d4 #cj1 & to n]v\s disord]s 9 ,a4,d4 #ahid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y *oose ! o!r horn1 y mu/ accept ei!r ! hypo!sis ( ! ignorance or t ( ! m5dacity ( ,*ri/4' ,! answ] is1 t ei!r hypo!sis may be accept$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ! sake ( argum5t we may exclude ! "q :e!r ! acceptance ( ! devil !ory by ,*ri/ 0 really hi/orical1 or m]ely attribut$ to ,him by ,8 biograph]s aft] ,8 dea?4 ,if ,*ri/ knew t ! facts 7 n due to devils1 ,he may also h kn[n x 0 be/ to fall 9 ) curr5t !ory1 r ?an to puzzle ! p ) a lecture on pa?ology4 ,if ,he did n "k1 :y %\ld ,he1 if ,he _h previ\sly 'empti$ ,himself' ( omnisci5ce8 ,9 ei!r case1 if ,he _h d5i$ ! curr5t !ory1 ,he w\ld h be5 giv+ evid5ce ( sci5tific k or ( sci5tific intuition beyond ! culture ( ,8 "t1 & ?is1 z 9 c\ntless o!r cases1 0 n 9 accordance ) ,8 me?od1 :i*1 :e!r we suppose x div9e or human1 has n[h]e prov$ ,8 div9e mission by =ekn[l$ge ( natural sci5ce4 ,! p>ticul> "q ( ,*ri/ & demonology is b "p ( a mu* l>g] "o4 ,d>w9's ,difficulty#gh4 ,! answ] to ,d>w9's objection ab\t s small a proportion ( mank9d hav+ ev] he>d ( ,*ri/1 is manifold3-- #a4 ,suppos+ ,*ri/ianity true1 x is ! highe/ & f9al revelation2 i4e4 ! s*eme ( revelation has be5 developm5tal4 ,!re=e1 x foll[s f ! v me?od t ! l>g] proportion ( mank9d %\ld nev] he> ( ,*ri/1 i4e4 all :o live be=e ,8 adv5t4 #b4 ,b ^! 7 n left ')\t witness4' ,!y all _h _! religion & _! moral s5se1 ea* at its appropriate /age ( developm5t4 ,!re=e '! times ( ignorance ,god w9k$ at' 7,acts xvii4 #cj74 #c4 ,moreov] ^! m5 7 n devoid ( b5efit f ,*ri/1 because x is repres5t$ t ,he di$ = all m5--i4e4 b = ,him i4e4 ap>t f ! k ( :at 0 to come ,god w\ld n h 'w9k$ at ! times ( ignorance4' ,! efficacy ( atonem5t is repres5t$ z transc5d5tal1 & n dep5d5t on ! accid5t ( he>+ ab\t ! ,aton]4 #d4 ,x is rem>kable t ( all m5 ,d>w9 %\ld h be5 wor/$ by ?is fallaci\s argum5t4 ,= x has receiv$ its dea?-bl[ f ! !ory ( evolution3 i4e4 if x be true t evolution has be5 ! me?od ( natural causation1 & if x be true t ! me?od ( natural causation is due to a ,div9ity1 !n x foll[s t ! lat5ess ( ,*ri/'s appe>ance on e>? mu/ h be5 design$4 ,= x is c]ta9 t ,he c\ld n h appe>$ at any e>li] date )\t hav+ violat$ ! me?od ( evolution4 ,!re=e1 on ! !ory ( ,!ism1 ,he ought to h appe>$ :5 ,he did--i4e4 at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t 9 hi/ory4 ,s z to ! suitability ( ! mom5t ( ,*ri/'s appe>ance 9 o!r respects4 ,ev5 secul> hi/orians are agre$ z to ! suitability ( ! comb9ations1 & d$uce ! success ( ,8 sy/em ( morals & religion f ?is fact4 ,s ) /ud5ts ( comp>ative religions4 ,,footnotes3 #ei ,i4e4 a !ory :i* comes at fir/ z a %ock to ! curr5t tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 b is f9ally se5 to be 9 no antagonism to its necess>y pr9ciples4--,,ed4 #fj ,i4e4 ! battle 9 reg>d to ! ,*ri/ian texts or docum5ts4--,,ed4 #fa ,see ,gore's ,bampton ,lectures1 pp4 #gd ff4 #fb ,matt1 xxviii4 #ag2 ,acts ii4 #ac4 #fc ,?ree ,essays on ,!ism1 p4 #bee4 #fd ,note unf9i%$4--,,ed4 #fe ,george ,romanes began to make a collection ( ,n4,t4 texts be>+ on ! subject4--,,ed4 #ff ,see ,pascal1 ,p5ses1 p4 #bde4 #fg ,! notes on ?is subject 7 (t5 too fragm5t>y = publication4--,,ed4 #fh ,ps4 li4 #fi ,p5ses1 pp4 #ia-ic4 #gj ,see ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may #ahhg4 #ga ,! essay m5tion$ above %\ld be read 9 explanation ( ?is expression4 ,george ,romanes' mean+ w\ld be m accurately express$1 ,i ?9k1 _h he said3 ',! ideal ( ,*ri/ian "* holds 9 prom95ce ! elem5ts :i* we reg>d z *>act]i/ically fem99e1 e4g4 developm5t ( affections1 read9ess ( tru/1 love ( s]vice1 read9ess to suff]1 c4'--,,ed4 #gb ,see ,analogy1 "p i4 *4 #g2 "p ii4 *4 #c1 #d1 c4 #gc ,see ,conclusion ( ,d>w9 & ,aft] ,d>w91 "p ,i4 #gd ,i %\ld some:]e %[ h[ mu* bett] a treatise ,butl] might h writt5 _h he kn[n ab\t evolution z ! g5]al law ( nature4 #ge ,see ,gore's ,bampton ,lectures1 lect4 ii4 #gf ,p5ses1 pp4 #bje ff4 #gg ,romanes' l9e ( argum5t 9 ?is note seems to me impossible to ma9ta94 ,! emphasis :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ lays on diabolic ag5cy is s great t1 if x is n a reality1 ,he mu/ be reg>d$ ei!r z s]i\sly misl$ ab\t realities :i* conc]n ! spiritual life1 or else z s]i\sly mislead+ o!rs4 ,& 9 nei!r case c\ld ,he be ev5 ! p]fect ,prophet4 ,i ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 expla9+ my disagreem5t ) ,romanes' argum5t at ?is po9t p>ticul>ly4--,,ed4 #gh ,!re is no?+ 9 ,d>w9's writ+s :i* seems to me to ju/ify ,romanes 9 attribut+ ?is difficulty to him specially4 ,b he knew ,d>w9 s intimately & rev]5c$ him s pr(\ndly t he is n likely to h be5 9 error on ! subject4--,,ed4 ,conclud+ ,note by ! ,editor3-- ,! intellectual attitude t[>ds ,*ri/ianity express$ 9 ^! notes may be describ$ z--7#a7 'pure agno/icism' 9 ! region ( ! sci5tific 'reason1' c\pl$ ) 7#b7 a vivid recognition ( ! spiritual necessity ( fai? & ( ! legitimacy & value ( its intuitions2 7#c7 a p]ception ( ! positive /r5g? ( ! hi/orical & spiritual evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,george ,romanes came to recognize1 z 9 ^! writt5 notes s also 9 conv]sation1 t x 0 'reasonable to be a ,*ri/ian believ]' be=e ! activity or habit ( fai? _h be5 recov]$4 ,8 life 0 cut %ort v soon aft] ?is po9t 0 rea*$2 b x w surprise no "o to le>n t ! writ] ( ^! ',?\ghts' return$ be=e 8 dea? to t full1 delib]ate communion ) ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ :i* he _h = s _m ye>s be5 consci5ti\sly compell$ to =ego4 ,9 8 case ! 'pure 9 he>t' 0 aft] a long p]iod ( d>kness all[$1 9 a measure be=e 8 dea?1 to 'see ,god4' ,feci/i nos ad te1 ,dom9e2 et inquietum e/ cor no/rum donec requiescat 9 te4 ,,ox=d3 ,,horace ,,h>t ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,adv]tisem5ts ,! ,ox=d ,libr>y ( ,practical ,!ology ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4,c4,e4 ,,newbolt1 ,m4,a41 ,canon & ,*ancellor ( ,/4 ,paul's2 & ! ,rev4 ,,d>well ,,/one1 ,m4,a41 ,libr>ian ( ! ,pusey ,h\se1 ,ox=d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,price #es4 ea* volume4 ,,religion4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4,c4,e4 ,,newbolt1 ,m4,a41 ,canon & ,*ancellor ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,fif? ,impression4 ',! ,ox=d ,libr>y ( ,practical ,!ology makes a good beg9n+ ) ,canon ,newbolt's volume on religion4444 ,! publi%]s h sp>$ no pa9s 9 mak+ ! appe>ance ( ! volumes z attractive z possible4 ,! b9d+1 type1 & g5]al get up ( ! volume j issu$ leave no?+ to be desir$4'--,gu>dian4 ,,holy ,,baptism4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,d>well ,,/one1 ,m4,a41 ,libr>ian ( ! ,pusey ,h\se1 ,ox=d4 ,?ird ,edition4 ',few books on ,baptism conta9 m ?\ghtful & useful in/ruction on ! rite1 & we give ,mr4 ,/one's ef=t our highe/ approval4 ,x might well be made a text-book = c&idates = ! diaconate1 or at lea/ 9 !ological colleges4 ,z a book = ?\ghtful laym5 x is also c]ta9 to f9d a place4'--,*ur* ,times4 ,,confirmation4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,a4,c4,a4 ,,hall1 ,d4,d41 ,bi%op ( ,v]mont4 ,?ird ,impression4 ',to ! p>o*ial cl]gy ?is volume may be w>mly comm5d$4 ,!y w f9d x to be a /oreh\se ( mat]ial = _! in/ruction1 & q ! be/ treatise t we h on ! subject x treats4 ,x is ?or\ghly practical1 & gives exactly ! k9d ( tea*+ t is want$4'--,gu>dian4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,common ,,pray]4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,leighton ,,pullan1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/'s ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,?ird ,edition4 ',mr4 ,pullan's book w no d\bt h1 z x des]ves to h1 a l>ge numb] ( read]s1 & !y w ga9 a great deal f ! p]usal ( x4 ,x may be c]ta9ly recomm5d$ to ! ord9>y layman z by f> ! be/ book on ! subject available4'--,pilot4 ,,holy ,,matrimony4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4,j4 ,,knox ,,little1 ,m4,a41 ,canon ( ,worce/]4 ,second ,edition4 ',canon ,knox ,little has giv5 u a mo/ exhau/ive treatise on ,holy ,matrimony writt5 9 8 be/ & happie/ /yle1 & giv+ ample pro(s ( wide rese>* & deep /udy ( ! v>i\s aspects1 & ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/ian m>riage4444 ,we w\ld /rongly advise ! cl]gy to place ?is "w ^u _! %elves z a book ( ref]5ce1 :ile x =ms a complete manual ( in/ruction to aid !m 9 ! prep>ation ( addresses on ! subject4'--,*ur* ,bells4 ,,! ,,inc>nation4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4,v4,s4 ,,eck1 ,m4,a41 ,rector ( ,be?nal ,gre54 ,second ,edition4 ',! tea*+ is s\nd1 & ! book may be plac$ ) confid5ce 9 ! h&s ( c&idates = ,ord]s or ( intellig5t & educat$ lay p :o desire full] in/ruction on ! c5tral doctr9es ( ! ,fai? ?an c be provid$ 9 s]mons4' --,gu>dian4 ,,=eign ,,missions4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,e4,t4 ,,*urton1 ,d4,d41 =m]ly ,bi%op ( ,nassau4 ',we welcome ,bi%op ,*urton's book z an au?oritative exposition ( ! mod]n ,high ,*ur* view ( ,missions1 ,x is good = u all to und]/& x1 !reby we %all be sav$ alike f un9/ruct$ admiration & indiscrim9ate d5unciation4'--,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]4 ,,pray]4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,ar?ur ,,john ,,worll$ge1 ,m4,a41 ,canon & ,*ancellor ( ,truro4 ,second ,edition4 ',we d n "k ( any book ab\t pray] :i* is equally useful2 & we anticipate t x w be a /&>d "w =1 at any rate1 a consid]able "t4'--,pilot4 ,,sunday4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4,b4 ,,trevelyan1 ,m4,a41 ,vic> ( ,/4 ,mat!w's1 ,we/m9/]4 ,second ,edition4 ',an extremely useful contribution to a difficult & important subject1 & we are confid5t x w rank high 9 ! s]ies to :i* x belongs4'--,gu>dian4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,tradition4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,leighton ,,pullan1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/'s ,college1 ,ox=d4 ',mr4 ,pullan affirms t ! critics ( or?odox ,*ri/ianity are n[ de/roy+ "o ano!r's !ories mu* m ?an !y are de/roy+ ! ,ca?olic ,fai?4 ,h[ev] t may be1 8 book %\ld r5d] "s assi/ance 9 det]m9+ :at is & :at is n ,! ,fai? once deliv]$ to ! ,sa9ts4 ,x is a wor?y addition to ! s]ies to :i* x belongs4'--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,,books ,,( ,,devotion4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,*>les ,,bod+ton1 ,canon & ,prec5tor ( ,li*field4 ',extremely valuable = its high tone1 fidelity to ,ca?olic /&>ds1 & p[]ful advocacy ( reality 9 private devotion4 ,to ^? :o h nev] /udi$ ! subject1 x %\ld reveal a m9e ( devotional weal?1 yet to be work$ ) pr(it to man & glory to ,god4'--,*ur* ,times4 ,,holy ,,ord]s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4,r4 ,,:i?am1 ,m4,a41 ,pr9cipal ( ,culham ,college1 ,ab+don4 ',= ! educat$ layman :o wi%es to "k :at ! ,*ur* is tea*+ ab\t ! m9i/ry1 & :at ! relation ( ! laity to x really is1 ?is is ! be/ book ) :i* we h met4 ,"y m5 :o are consid]+ :e!r !y w seek ord9ation w f9d 9 x excell5t /atem5ts on ! position & "w & responsibilities ( ! orda9$4'--,pilot4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,cate*ism ,,! ,,*ri/ian',s ,,manual4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4,c4,e4 ,,newbolt1 ,m4,a41 ,canon & ,*ancellor ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ',we ?9k ! book %\ld be 9 ! possession ( e tea*] :o c af=d x1 & 9 e ,*ur* ,libr>y = ! b5efit ( ^? :o _c4'--,! ,read] & ,laywork]4 ,,! ,,holy ,,communion4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,d>well ,,/one1 ,m4,a41 ,libr>ian ( ! ,pusey ,h\se1 ,ox=d4 ,,religi\s ,,c]emonial4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,walt] ,,h[>d ,,fr]e1 ,m4,a41 ( ! ,community ( ! ,resurrection1 ,exam9+ ,*apla9 to ! ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,! ,,bible4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,d>well ,,/one1 ,m4,a41 ,libr>ian ( ! ,pusey ,h\se1 ,ox=d4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,criticism4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,,h5ry ,,wace1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,cant]bury4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,criticism4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4,j4 ,,kn[l+1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,new ,te/am5t ,exegesis at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,! ,,holy ,,tr9ity4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,l4,g4 ,,mylne1 ,d4,d41 late ,bi%op ( ,bombay4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,! ,,anglican ,,*ur*4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,ar?ur ,,john ,,worll$ge1 ,m4,a41 ,canon & ,*ancellor ( ,truro4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,! ,,atonem5t4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,leighton ,,pullan1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/'s ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4,n4 ,,bate1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d4 #b vols4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,*ur* ,,"w4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,b]n>d ,,reynolds1 ,m4,a41 ,preb5d>y ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,visitation ,,( ,,! ,,sick4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4,f4 ,,russell1 ,m4,a41 ( ,/4 ,alban's1 ,holborn4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,h&books ,,= ,,! ,,cl]gy ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,ar?ur ,w4 ,,rob9son1 ,b4,d4 ,,vic> ,,( ,,allhall[s ,,b>k+ ,,by ,,! ,,t[] ,cr[n #hvo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 net ea* volume4 ,! purpose ( ! writ]s ( ?is ,s]ies is to pres5t 9 a cle> & attractive way ! responsibilities & opportunities ( ! ,cl]gy ( to-day1 & to (f] su* practical guidance1 9 reg>d bo? to aims & to me?ods1 z exp]i5ce may h %[n to be valuable4 ,x is hop$ t ! ,s]ies1 :ile prim>ily int5d$ = ^? :o are already face to face ) ! duties & problems ( ! m9i/]ial (fice1 may be ( int]e/ & assi/ance also to o!rs :o are consid]+ ! "q ( ent]+ into ,holy ,ord]s4 ,,?ird ,,impression4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,cl]gy4 ,by ! ,,editor4 ',x is a %ort book1 b x cov]s a wide1 field4 ,e l9e ( x tells1 & x is excell5t read+4 ,n ! lea/ valuable "p ( ! book are ! extremely apt & /rik+ quotations f v>i\s writ]s ( em95ce1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! =m ( notes at ! end ( ! *apt]s4 ,x is emphatically a book = bo? cl]gy & laity to buy & /udy4'--,*ur* ,times4 ',we are grateful = a little book :i* w be ( s]vice to _m prie/s1 "y & old4 ,we ne$ m prie/s1 & su* a book may well increase _! numb] by expla9+ ! nature ( ! life to :i* a vocation to ,holy ,ord]s calls m52 b we ne$ /ill m t prie/s %\ld realise ! life to :i* !y are call$ & pl$g$2 & ?is !y c h>dly fail to d if !y li/5 to ,mr4 ,rob9son's prud5t & t5d] c\nsels4'--,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,patri/ic ,,/udy4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4,b4 ,,swete1 ,d4,d41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ',! :ole ( ! "w :i* ?is little volume conta9s is mo/ admirably done4 ,suffici5t is told ab\t ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! ,fa!rs to make ! /udy ( _! writ+s pr(itable4' --,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ',?is is an admirable little guide-book to wide /udy by "o :o well kn[s h[ to guide4 ,x is s\nd & le>n$1 & cramm$ full ( in=mation1 yet pleasant 9 /yle & easy to und]/&4' --,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,second ,,impression4 ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,conv]sion4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4,j4 ,,mason1 ,d4,d41 ,ma/] ( ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,canon ( ,cant]bury4 ',x w be f\nd mo/ valuable & int]e/+4'--,gu>dian4 ',canon ,mason has giv5 a manual t %\ld be c>efully /udi$ by all1 :e!r cl]gy or laity1 :o h 9 any way to %>e 9 ! ,m9i/ry ( ,conv]sion by prea*+1 by p>o*ial organisation1 or by p]sonal influ5ce4'--,scotti% ,gu>dian4 ,,?ird ,,impression4 ,,=eign ,,missions4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,h4,h4 ,,montgom]y1 ,d4,d41 =m]ly ,bi%op ( ,tasmania1 ,secret>y ( ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,=eign ,p>ts4 ',bi%op ,montgom]y's admirable little book4444 ,into a limit$ compass he has compress$ ! v k9d ( in=mation :i* gives "o an adequate impression ( ! _s :i* p]vades a religion1 ( :at is its /r5g? & weakness1 :at its relation to ,*ri/ianity1 :at1 ! side ^u :i* x mu/ be approa*$4' ,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,,?ird ,,impression4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,gospels4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,j4 ,,armitage ,,rob9son1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,we/m9/]4 ',no?+ c\ld be m desirable ?an t ! ,anglican cl]gy %\ld be equipp$ ) k ( ! k9d to :i* ?is little volume w introduce !m1 & %\ld reg>d ! que/ions ) :i* ,biblical /udy ab\nds 9 ! c&id _s1 & ) ! bread? ( view :i* !y see "h exemplifi$4'--,spectator4 ',! little book on ! ,gospels1 :i* ! new ,dean ( ,we/m9/] has rec5tly publi%$1 is "o to be w>mly comm5d$ alike to cl]gy & laity4 ,any intellig5t p]son :o takes ! tr\ble to "w ?r\gh ?is little volume ( #aej pages w be rew>d$ by ga9+ f x z cle> a view ( ! synoptic problem z is possible )\t prolong$ & indep5d5t /udy ( ! s\rces4'--,! ,pilot4 ,a ,,*ri/ian ,,apologetic4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,,wil=d ,l4 ,,robb9s1 ,dean ( ! ,g5]al ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,new ,york2 ,au?or ( ,an ,essay t[>d ,fai?4 ',we comm5d ?is h&book ) confid5ce z a helpful guide to ^? cl]gy & tea*]s :o h ?\ghtful d\bt]s to deal )1 & :o wi% to build safely if !y build at all4'--,*ur* ( ,irel& ,gazette4 ,,pa/oral ,,visitation4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4,e4 ,,savage1 ,m4,a41 ,vic> ( ,s\? ,%ields1 & ,hon4 ,canon ( ,durham4 ',?is is an excell5t book4'--,spectator4 ,,au?ority ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,t4,b4 ,,/rong1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ',?is is a valuable & timely book1 small 9 bulk1 b weighty bo? 9 /yle & sub/ance4444 ,! ,dean's essay is an admirable "o1 & is well calculat$ to cle> m5's m9ds 9 reg>d to que/ions ( v f>-rea*+ importance4 ,its calm tone1 & its cle> & p5etrat+ ?\ght1 are alike *>act]i/ic ( ! au?or1 & give a peculi> di/9ction to ev]y?+ he writes4'--,gu>dian4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,ecclesia/ical ,,hi/ory4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,w4,e4 ,,coll9s1 ,d4,d41 ,bi%op ( ,gibralt>4 ',a book :i* displays ! ma/]-m9d on e page1 & has :at _m ma/]-m9ds lack1 a sob]1 practical1 common-s5se /ra9 ab\t x1 :i* is h>dly ev] f\nd 9 ^? :o set out to in/ruct u 9 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 or ,canon ,law1 or ,ca?olic use4' --,*ur* ,bells4 ,,lay ,,"w ,,& ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,read]4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,,huy%e ,,yeatman-,,biggs1 ,d4,d41 ,"l ,bi%op ( ,s\?w>k4 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,p4,n4 ,,waggett1 ,m4,a41 ( ! ,society ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,c[ley4 ,,*ur* ,,music4 ,by ,a4 ,,madeley ,,ri*>dson1 ,mus4 ,doc41 ,organi/ ( ,/4 ,savi\r's ,collegiate ,*ur*1 ,s\?w>k4 ,,intemp]ance4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,h4,h4 ,,p]eira1 ,d4,d41 ,bi%op ( ,croydon4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,s*ools4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,,foxley ,,norris1 ,m4,a41 ,rector ( ,b>nsley1 & ,hon4 ,canon ( ,wakefield4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,& ,,bombay