,,critical ,,miscellanies  ,,by  ,,john 
,,morley  ,,vol4 ,,ii4  ,essay #a3      
,vauv5>gues  ,london  ,,macmillan ,,&   
,,co41 ,limit$  ,,new ,,york3 ,,!       
,,macmillan ,,company  #aije            
,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4              
,,page  ,! influ5ce ( ,pascal           
#a  ,vauv5>gues holds ! balance betwe5  
him & ! vot>ies ( ,p]fectibility        
#d  ,bir?1 education1 & h>d life (      
,vauv5>gues                   #d  ,life 
9 ,p>is1 & fri5d%ip ) ,voltaire         
#aj  ,8 religi\s s5tim5t                
#ab  ,8 delicacy1 res]ve1 & psy*agogic  
quality                   #ae  ,c]ta9   
inability to appreciate m>k$ orig9ality 
#ag  ,criticisms on ,molire1 ,rac9e1 &  
,corneille                     #ai      
,comp>ison ) ,engli% aphori/ic writ]s & 
morali/s         #bj  ,"* ! key to 8    
!ory ( greatness                     #be
  ,8 exaltation ( spontane\s feel+1 a   
prote/ aga9/ ,ro*ef\cauld & ,pascal     
#bf  ,8 plea = a normal s5se ( human    
relation1 ! same          #bh  ,8       

doctr9e ( ! ,w connect$ ) 8 doctr9e (   
,"*                                     
#bi  ,antipa?y to ascetic re/rictions   
#cc  ,two ways ( exam9+ "*3 t foll[$ by 
,vauv5>gues                             
#cd  ,examples ( 8 /yle                 
#cf  ,! beauty ( 8 nature to be read 9 8
 face                  #dj              
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,footnotes h be5   
mov$ to end ( book4     ,,vauv5>gues4   
,"o ( ! mo/ important phases ( ,fr5*    
?\ght 9 ! great c5tury ( its illum9ation
 is only ?or\ghly intelligible1 on      
condition t 9 /udy+ x we keep con/antly 
9 m9d ! eloqu5ce1 =ce1 & g5ius (        
,pascal4 ,he 0 ! greate/ & mo/          
influ5tial repres5tative ( t way ( view+
 human nature & its circum/ances1 :i* x 
0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ic glories ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury to h rebell$ aga9/ & reject$4 ,m
 ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! publication ( 
! ,p5ses1 ,condorcet ?\ght x wor? :ile  
to prep>e a new edition ( !m1 )         
annotations1 prote/+1 n )\t a c]ta9     
unwont$ def]5ce ( tone1 aga9/ ,pascal's 

doctr9e ( ! base & desp]ate e/ate ( man4
 ,voltaire also _h !m repr9t$ ) notes ( 
8 own1 writt5 9 ! same _s ( vivaci\s    
deprecation1 :i* we may be sure w\ld h  
be5 ev5 m vivaci\s1 if ,voltaire _h n   
rememb]$ t he 0 speak+ ( ! mightie/ (   
all ! enemies ( ! ,jesuits4 ,ap>t f =mal
 & specific diss5ts l ^!1 all ! writ]s  
:o _h drunk mo/ deeply ( ! _s ( !       
eighte5? c5tury1 liv$ 9 a con/ant f]m5t 
( revolt aga9/ ! cle>-witt$ & vigor\s   
?9k] ( ! c5tury be=e1 :o _h clo!d m]e   
!ological my/]ies ) ! =ce & importance (
 /rongly entr5*$ propositions 9 a       
consi/5t philosophy4  ,! respl5d5t f]v\r
 ( ,bossuet's declamations ^u ! no?+ness
 ( k+s1 ! pitifulness ( mortal aims1 !  
cru%+ ev]-ready grip ( ! h& ( ,god ^u ! 
purpose & faculty ( man1 r fill$ ! m9d )
 exaltation ?an really depress$ or      
humiliat$ x4 ,f ,bossuet to ,pascal is  
to pass f ! solemn spl5d\r ( ! *ur* to !
 *ill ( ! crypt4 ,besides1 ,bossuet's   
attitude 0 pr(essional1 9 ! fir/ place1 
& x 0 purely !ological1 9 ! second2 s ! 

ma9 /ream ( ?\ght fl[$ away & aside f   
him4 ,to ,pascal x 0 felt necess>y t !re
 %\ld be reply & v9dication1 :e!r 9 !   
%ape ( delib]ate & publi%$ =mulas1 or 9 
! reason$ convictions ( ! individual    
intellig5ce work+ privately4 ,a syllabus
 ( ! radical articles ( ! ,fr5* cre$ ( !
 eighte5? c5tury w\ld consi/ l>gely ( ! 
contradictions ( ! ma9 propositions (   
,pascal4 ,! old !ological idea ( ! fall 
0 h>d to endure1 b ! idea ( ! fall 0    
cl5*$ by su* g5]al laws ( human nature z
 ?is1--t 'm5 are s necess>ily mad1 t x  
w\ld be to be mad by a new =m ( madness 
n to be mad2'--t man is no?+ b          
masqu]ad+1 ly+1 & hypocrisy1 bo? 9 :at  
conc]ns himself & 9 respect ( o!rs1 wi%+
 n to h ! tru? told to himself1 & %r9k+ 
f tell+ x to anybody else2#a t ! w1 !   
imag9ation1 ! disord]s ( ! body1 ! ?\s& 
conceal$ infirmities ( ! intellig5ce1   
conspire to r$uce our discov]y ( ju/ice 
& tru? to a process ( haphaz>d1 9 :i* we
 m (t5 miss ! m>k ?an hit4#b ,pleasure1 
ambition1 indu/ry1 are only means (     

di/ract+ m5 f ! o!rwise unavoidable     
contemplation ( _! own mis]y4 ,h[ speak 
( ! dignity ( ! race & its hi/ory1 :5 we
 "k t a gra9 ( s& 9 ,cromwell's bladd]  
alt]$ ! de/9ies ( a k+dom1 & t if       
,cleopatra's nose _h be5 %ort] ! :ole   
surface ( ! e>? w\ld be diff]5t8        
,imag9e1 9 a ^w1 'a numb] ( m5 9 *a9s1 &
 all condemn$ to dea?2 "s ( !m ea* day  
but*]$ 9 ! sight ( ! o!rs1 :ile ^? :o   
rema9 wat* _! own condition 9 t ( _!    
fell[s1 & eye+ "o ano!r 9 angui% &      
hopelessness1 wait _! turn2 su* is !    
situation ( man4'#c  ,x 0 h>dly possible
 to pu% ! tragical side ( ! v]ities (   
life beyond ?is1 & !re 0 soon an        
in/9ctive reaction t[>ds realities4 ,!  
s5sations ) _! conditions ( pleasure no 
less ?an ( pa92 ! intellig5ce ) its     
en]getic aptitudes = ! discov]y (       
protective & fruitful k2 ! affections ) 
_! l>ge capacities = giv+ & receiv+     
delight2 ! spontane\s inn] impulse t[>ds
 action & endurance 9 ! face ( outw>d   
circum/ances--all ^! ?+s reassur$ m51 & 

re/or$ 9 !ory to !m ) ample int]e/ :at 9
 practice !y _h nev] lo/--a rational    
fai? & exultation 9 _! own faculties1   
bo? ( f9d+ out tru? & ( feel+ a v       
sub/antial degree ( happ9ess4 ,on ?is   
side too1 z on ! o!r1 speculation w5t to
 its extreme limit4 ,! hapless &        
despair+ wret*es ( ,pascal 7 trans=m$ by
 ! vot>ies ( p]fectibility into bright  
be+s n any l[] ?an ! angels4 ,betwe5 !  
two extremes !re 0 "o f9e morali/ :o    
knew h[ to hold a j balance1 p]ceiv+ t  
language is ! expression ( relations &  
proportions1 t :5 we speak ( virtue &   
g5ius we mean qualities t comp>$ ) ^? ( 
m$iocre s\ls des]ve ^! high names1 t    
greatness & happ9ess are comp>ative     
t]ms1 & t !re is no?+ to be said ( !    
e/ate ( man except relatively4 ,?is     
morali/ 0 ,vauv5>gues4  ,vauv5>gues 0   
born ( a good ,prov5al /ock at ,aix1 9 !
 ye> #agae4 ,he _h sc>cely any ( t k9d (
 education :i* is usually p]=m$ 9       
s*ool-classes1 & he 0 nev] able to read 
ei!r ,lat9 or ,greek4 ,su* slight k z he

 ev] got ( ! fam\s writ]s among !       
anci5ts 0 9 translations4 ,( ,engli%    
lit]ature1 ?\gh its influ5ce & t ( our  
in/itutions 7 !n becom+ p>am\nt 9       
,france1 & ?\gh he _h a p>ticul> e/eem =
 ! ,engli% "*1 he knew only ! writ+s (  
,locke & ,pope1 & ! ,p>adise ,lo/4#d    
,vauv5>gues mu/ be add$ to ! li/ ( ?9k]s
 & writ]s ^: p]sonal hi/ory %[s1 :at m5 
( lett]s sometimes appe> to be 9 a      
conspiracy to make u =get1 t = sob]1    
heal?y1 & robu/ judgm5t on human nature 
& life1 active & sympa!tic contact ) m5 
9 ! transaction ( ! _m affairs ( _!     
daily life is a bett] prep>ation ?an any
 am\nt ( :olly m$itative seclusion4 ,he 
is also "o ( ! _m :o %[ t a weakly      
con/itution ( body is n incompatible )  
f9e & en]getic qualities ( m9d1 ev5 if x
 be n actually fri5dly to !m4 ,nor 0    
feeble heal? any disqualification = !   
pr(ession ( arms4 ,z ,arms & ! ,*ur* 7 !
 only alt]natives = p]sons ( noble bir?1
 ,vauv5>gues1 *oos+ ! =m]1 became a     
subalt]n 9 ! ,k+'s ,own ,regim5t at !   

age ( tw5ty 7#agce74 ,"h 9 "t he saw    
active s]vice2 = 9 #agdj ! dea? ( ,*>les
 ,,vi4 ?rew all ,europe into confusion1 
& ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 fall+ 9 ) !        
prodigi\s designs ( ! ,m>%al            
,belle-,isle & 8 bro!r1 took sides aga9/
 ,m>ia ,!resa1 & support$ ! claims ( !  
unhappy ,elector ( ,bav>ia :o aft]w>ds  
became ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,vii4 ,!       
disa/]s :i* fell ^u ,france 9 consequ5ce
 are well kn[n4 ,! =ces despat*$ to     
,bav>ia & ,bohemia1 aft] ! brief triumph
 ( ! capture ( ,prague1 7 gradually     
ov]:elm$ )\t a s+le great battle1 & x 0 
consid]$ a signal piece ( good =tune :5 
9 ! w9t] ( #agdb-dc ,belle-,isle        
succe$$1 ) a loss ( half 8 =ce1 9 lead+ 
by a long circuit1 9 ! view ( ! enemy1 &
 amid ! horrors ( fam9e & int5se fro/1  
"s ?irte5 ?\s& m5 away f ,prague4 ,!    
,k+'s ,regim5t took "p 9 ! ,bohemian    
campaign1 & 9 ?is frightful m>* :i*     
clos$ x2 ,vauv5>gues ) ! re/4  ,to      
physical suff]+s dur+ two w9t]s 0 add$ !
 di/ress ( los+ a comrade to :om he 0   

deeply atta*$2 he p]i%$ 9 ! spr+ ( '#db 
"u ! h>d%ips ( ! w>4 ,! loge 9 :i*      
,vauv5>gues commemorates ! virtues & !  
pitiful fate ( 8 fri5d1 is too deeply   
m>k$ ) ! florid & declamatory /yle ( y\?
 to be pleas+ to a m rip5$ ta/e4#e ,he  
compla9$ t nobody :o _h read x obs]v$ t 
x 0 t\*+1 n rememb]+ t ev5 ! mo/ t5d]   
feel+ fails to t\* u1 :5 x has f\nd     
/ilt$ & turgid expression4 ,delicacy &  
w>m? ( affection 7 prom95t *>act]i/ics 9
 ,vauv5>gues4 ,p]haps if 8 life _h be5  
pass$ 9 less sev]e circum/ances1 ?is f9e
 susceptibility might h become fanciful 
& morbid4 ,z x 01 he lov$ 8 fri5ds ) a  
c]ta9 pati5t sweetness & equanimity1 9  
:i* !re 0 nev] ! fa9te/ t+e (           
fretfulness1 caprice1 exact+ vanity1 or 
any ( ^? o!r vices :i* betray 9 m5 t    
excessive consci\sness ( _! own         
p]sonality1 :i* lies at ! root ( mo/ ( !
 ob/acles 9 ! way ( an ev5 & humane     
life4 ,8 nature _h su* dep? & quality t 
! p]petual unt[>dness ( circum/ances    
left no evil pr9t ^u him2 h>d%ip made   

him n s\r1 b pati5t & wise1 & !re is no 
sur] sign ( noble temp]4  ,! suff]+s &  
b]eavem5ts ( w> 7 n 8 only trials4      
,vauv5>gues 0 beset ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8  
%ort life ) ! sordid & humiliat+        
emb>rassm5ts ( n>r[ means4 ,8 lett]s to 
,sa9t-,v9c5s1 ! mo/ intimate ( 8 fri5ds1
 disclose ! /raits to :i* he 0 driv54 ,!
 nature ( ^! /raits is an old /ory all  
ov] ! _w1 & ,vauv5>gues did ! same ?+s t
 "y m5 9 want ( money h g5]ally done4 ,x
 _c be said1 ,i fe>1 t he pass$ along ^?
 miry ways )\t "s defilem5t4 ,he be?9ks 
him on "o occasion t a ri* neighb\r has 
daught]s4 ',:y %\ld ,i n und]take to    
m>ry "o ( !m )9 two ye>s1 ) a reasonable
 d[ry1 if he w\ld l5d me ! money ,i want
 & provid$ ,i %\ld n h repaid x by ! "t 
fix$8'#f ,we mu/ make all[ance = ! y\? (
 ! writ]1 & = a diff]5t view ( m>riage &
 its significance f our own4 ,ev5 !n !re
 rema9s some?+ to regret4 ,pov]ty1 wrote
 ,vauv5>gues1 9 a maxim smack+ unwont$ly
 ( commonplace1 _c debase /rong s\ls1   
any m ?an ri*es c elevate l[ s\ls4#g ,t 

dep5ds4 ,if pov]ty means p9*+ & frett+  
ne$ ( money1 x may n debase ! s\l 9 any 
vital s5se1 b x is extremely likely to  
we> away a v priceless k9d ( delicacy 9 
a man's e/imate ( human relations & _!  
import4  ,vauv5>gues has told u :at he  
f\nd ! life ( ! camp4 ,luxuri\s &       
indol5t liv+1 neglect$ duties1          
discont5t$ sigh+ aft] ! delights (      
,p>is1 ! exaltation ( rank & m$iocrity1 
an insol5t contempt = m]it2 ^! 7 !      
*>act]i/ics ( ! m5 9 high milit>y place4
 ,! l[] (fic]s meantime 7 ov]:elm$ by an
 exp5diture t ! luxury ( _! sup]iors    
introduc$ & enc\rag$2 & !y 7 spe$ily    
driv5 to retire by ! disord] ( _!       
affairs1 or by ! impossibility (        
promotion1 because m5 ( _s c\ld n long  
endure ! sight ( flagrant inju/ice1 &   
because ^? :o lab\r = fame _c tie       
!mselves to a condition :]e !re is no?+ 
to be ga!r$ b %ame & humiliation4#h  ,to
 ^! consid]ations ( an extravagant      
exp5diture & ! abs5ce ( e *ance (       
promotion1 !re 0 add$ 9 ! case (        

,vauv5>gues ! /ill m p[]ful drawback (  
irretrievably brok5 heal?4 ,! w9t]-m>* f
 ,prague to ,egra _h s[n fatal se$4 ,8  
legs _h be5 fro/-bitt51 & be=e !y c\ld  
be cur$ he 0 /rick5 by small-pox1 :i*   
left him disfigur$ & almo/ bl9d4 ,s aft]
 a s]vice ( n9e ye>s1 he quitt$ milit>y 
life 7#agdd74 ,he va9ly solicit$        
employm5t z a diplomati/4 ,! c>e] 0 n   
yet op5 to ! tal5ts1 & 9 ! memorial :i* 
,vauv5>gues drew up he dwelt less on 8  
conduct ?an on 8 bir?1 be+ c>eful to %[ 
t he _h an au!ntic ance/or :o 0 ,gov]nor
 ( ,hyres 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5?       
c5tury4#i ,b ! only road to employm5t   
lay ?r\gh ! ,c\rt4 ,! claims ev5 ( bir? 
c\nt$ = no?+1 unless !y 7 back$ by fav\r
 among ! ignoble creatures :o haunt$    
,v]sailles4 ,= success x 0 ess5tial to  
be n only high-born1 b a p>asite z well4
 ',p]mit me to assure y1 sir1'          
,vauv5>gues wrote c\rage\sly to ,amelot1
 !n ! m9i/]1 't x is ?is moral          
impossibility = a g5tleman1 ) only zeal 
to comm5d him1 ( ev] rea*+ ! ,k+ 8 ma/]1

 :i* causes ! disc\ragem5t t is obs]v$  
among ! nobility ( ! prov9ces1 & :i*    
ext+ui%es all ambition4'#aj ,amelot1 to 
oblige ,voltaire1 eag] z usual 9 good   
(fices = 8 fri5d1 answ]$ ! lett]s :i*   
,vauv5>gues wrote1 & promis$ to lay 8 "n
 be=e ! ,k+ z soon z a fav\rable        
opportunity %\ld pres5t itself4#aa      
,vauv5>gues 0 probably en\gh ( a man ( !
 _w to take fair words ( ?is sort at _! 
value1 & he _h en\gh ( qualities t d n  
belong to ! man ( ! _w to enable him to 
confront ! disappo9tm5t ) *e]ful =titude
 ',mis=tune itself1' he _h once writt51 
'has its *>ms 9 great extremities2 = ?is
 opposition ( =tune raises a c\rage\s   
m9d1 & makes x collect all ! =ces t be=e
 7 unemploy$3 x is 9 indol5ce &         
littl5ess t virtue suff]s1 :5 a timid   
prud5ce prev5ts x f ris+ 9 flight & =ces
 x to creep along 9 bonds4'#ab ,he 0    
true to ! c\nsel :i* he _h ?us giv5 ye>s
 be=e1 & ) ! consci\sness t dea? 0      
rapidly approa*+1 & t all hope (        
advancem5t 9 ! ord9>y way 0 at an end1  

ev5 if !re 7 any *ance ( 8 life1 he     
p]sev]$ 9 8 project ( go+ to ,p>is1 !re 
to e>n ! fame :i* he in/9ctively felt t 
he _h x 9 him to a*ieve4 ,nei!r         
scant9ess ( means nor ! vehem5t prote/s 
( fri5ds & relations--always ! wor/ foes
 to sup]ior "* on critical              
occasions--c\ld deta9 him 9 ! obscurity 
( ,prov5ce4 ,9 #agde he took up 8 qu>t]s
 9 ,p>is 9 a humble h\se ne> ! ,s*ool ( 
,m$ic9e4 ,lit]ature _h n yet acquir$ t  
importance 9 ,france :i* x 0 s soon to  
obta94 ,! ,encyclopdia 0 /ill           
unconceiv$1 & ! mom5t\s "w :i* t fam\s  
design 0 to accompli%1 ( organis+ !     
philosoph]s & m5 ( lett]s into an army )
 bann]s1 0 /ill unexecut$4 ,voltaire1   
inde$1 _h ris51 if n to ! full height ( 
8 reputation1 yet high en\gh bo? to     
comm& ! admiration ( p ( quality1 & to  
be ! recognis$ *ief ( ! new s*ool (     
lit]ature & ?\ght4 ,voltaire _h be5     
/ruck by a lett] 9 :i* ,vauv5>gues1 !n  
unkn[n to him1 _h s5t a criticism comp>+
 ,corneille disadvantage\sly ) ,rac9e4  

,com+ f a "y (fic]1 ! memb] ( a         
pr(ession :i* ,voltaire frankly describ$
 z 'v noble1 9 tru?1 b slightly b>b>\s1'
 ?is criticism 0 peculi>ly /rik+4 ,a    
great _m ye>s aft]w>ds ,voltaire 0      
surpris$ 9 ! same way1 to f9d t an (fic]
 c\ld write su* a book z ! ,flicit      
,publique ( ! ,m>quis de ,*a/ellux4 ,to 
,vauv5>gues he repli$ ) _m complim5ts1 &
 po9t$ out ) a good deal ( pa9s !       
inju/ice :i* ! "y critic _h done to !   
great au?or ( ,c9na4 ',x is ! "p ( a man
 l y1' he said admirably1 'to h         
pref]5ces1 b no exclusions4'#ac ,!      
correspond5ce ?us begun 0 kept up )     
ev]-gr[+ w>m? & mutual respect4 ',if y  
_h be5 born a few ye>s e>li]1' ,voltaire
 wrote to him1 'my works w\ld be wor?   
all ! m = x2 b at any rate1 ev5 at !    
close ( my c>e]1 y confirm me 9 ! pa? t 
y pursue4'#ad  ,! p]sonal impression 0 z
 fasc9at+ z t :i* _h be5 convey$ by     
,vauv5>gues' lett]s4 ,voltaire took e   
opportunity ( visit+ 8 un=tunate fri5d1 
!n ea* day draw+ ne>] to ! grave4 ,m5 ( 

humbl] /ature 7 equally attract$4 ',x 0 
at ?is "t1' says ! light-he>t$          
,m>montel1 't ,i fir/ saw at home ! man 
:o _h a *>m = me beyond all ! re/ ( !   
_w1 ! good1 ! virtu\s1 ! wise           
,vauv5>gues4 ,cruelly us$ by nature 9 8 
body1 he 0 9 s\l "o ( h] r>e/           
ma/]pieces4 ,i seem$ to see 9 him       
,fnelon weak & suff]+4 ,i c\ld make a   
good book ( 8 conv]sations1 if ,i _h _h 
a *ance ( collect+ !m4 ,y see "s traces 
( x 9 ! selection t he has left ( 8     
?\ghts & m$itations4 ,b all eloqu5t &   
full ( feel+ z he is 9 8 writ+s1 he 0   
ev5 m s /ill 9 8 conv]sation4'#ae       
,m>montel felt s9c]e grief :5           
,vauv5>gues di$1 & 9 ! ,epi/le to       
,voltaire express$ 8 sorr[ 9 "s fair    
l9es4 ,!y conta9 ! happy phrase appli$  
to ,vauv5>gues1 'ce coeur /oque et      
t5dre4'#af  ,9 religi\s s5tim5t         
,vauv5>gues 0 out ( ! groove ( 8 "t4 ,t 
is to say1 he 0 n unsusceptible (       
religion4 ,accept+ no dogma1 s f> z we c
 judge1 & comply+ ) no obs]vances1 v    

fa9t & d\btful z to ev5 !               
fundam5tals--,god1 immortality1 & !     
l--he nev] p>took ( ! furi\s & bitt]    
antipa?y ( ! be/ m5 ( t c5tury aga9/ !  
*ur*1 its cre$s1 & its book4 ,at "o "t1 
z w be se5 f a passage :i* w be quot$ by
 & by1 8 lean+s 7 t[>ds t vague &       
indef9able doctr9e :i* id5tifies ,god ) 
all ! =ces & _! manife/ations 9 !       
univ]se4 ,aft]w>ds ev5 ?is adumbration (
 a !i/ic explanation ( ! _w seems to h  
pass$ f him1 & he liv$1 z _m o!r n bad  
m5 h liv$1 ) t fair work+ sub/itute = a 
religi\s doctr9e :i* is provid$ 9 !     
tranquil se>*1 or ! acceptance 9 a      
devotional _s1 ( all l>g] mortal        
exp]i5ces & high] human impressions4    
,!re is a ,m$itation on ! ,fai?1 includ+
 a ,pray]1 among 8 writ+s2 & !re c be   
little d\bt1 9 spite ( ,condorcet's     
incr$ible acc\nt ( ! circum/ances ( its 
composition1 t x is ! expression ( :at 0
 at ! "t a s9c]e feel+4#ag ,x is1 h[ev]1
 r ! /ra9+ & ec/atic rhapsody ( "o :o   
ard5tly seeks fai?1 ?an ! calm & dev\t  

assurance ( him :o already possesses x4 
,vauv5>gues 0 religi\s by temp]am5t1 b  
he c\ld n entirely resi/ ! intellectual 
influ5ces ( ! p]iod4 ,! "o fact deliv]$ 
him f dogma & sup]/ition1 & ! o!r f     
sc(f+ & h>% unspirituality4 ,he saw t   
ap>t f ! "q ( ! tru? or falsehood ( its 
hi/oric basis1 !re 0 a balance to be    
/ruck betwe5 ! consolations & !         
afflictions ( ! fai?4#ah ,practically he
 0 cont5t to leave ?is balance un/ruck1 
& to pass by on ! o!r side4 ,sc>cely any
 ( 8 maxims conc]n religion4 ,"o ( ^!   
few is wor? quot+1 :]e he says3 ',!     
/r5g? or weakness ( our belief dep5ds m 
on our c\rage ?an our light2 n all ^? :o
 mock at auguries h m intellect ?an ^?  
:o believe 9 !m4'#ai  ,! end came 9 !   
spr+ ( #agdg1 :5 ,vauv5>gues 0 no m ?an 
?irty-two4 ,p]haps1 9 spite ( 8 physical
 mis]ies1 ^! two ye>s 9 ,p>is 7 ! lea/  
unhappy "t 9 8 life4 ,he 0 9 ! great    
c5tre :]e ! fame :i* he long$ = 0 e>n$ &
 lib]ally aw>d$4 ,a ye> ( int]c\rse ) s 
full & al]t & brilliant a m9d z         

,voltaire's1 mu/ h be5 m to "o s        
appreciative ( m5tal greatness z        
,vauv5>gues1 ?an _m ye>s ( int]c\rse )  
subalt]ns 9 ! ,regim5t ( ! ,k+4 ,) dea?1
 n[ kn[n to be v ne> at h&1 he _h made 8
 acc\nt be=e4 ',to execute great ?+s1'  
he _h writt5 9 a maxim :i* ga9$ ! lively
 praise ( ,voltaire1 'a man mu/ live z  
?\gh he _h nev] to die4'#bj ,?is mood 0 
common among ! ,greeks & ,romans2 b !   
religion :i* ,europe accept$ 9 ! "t (   
its deepe/ corruption & depravation1    
reta9$ ! m>k ( its dismal orig9 n[h]e s 
/rongly z 9 ! di/ort$ prom95ce :i* x    
gave 9 ! m9ds ( its vot>ies to !        
dissolution ( ! body4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/  
conditions ( ! ,revival ( ,reason t !   
dre>y mem5to mori & its hateful emblems 
%\ld be delib]ately effac$4 ',! ?\ght ( 
dea?1' said ,vauv5>gues1 'leads u a/ray1
 because x makes u =get to live4' ,he   
did n und]/& liv+ 9 ! s5se :i* !        
dissolute atta* to x4 ,! lib]t9ism ( 8  
regim5t call$ no sev]e rebuke f him1 b 8
 m$itative temp] drew him away f x ev5 9

 8 y\?4 ,x is n impossible t if 8 days  
_h n be5 cut %ort1 he might h impress$  
,p>isian society ) ideas & a s5tim5t1 t 
w\ld h left to x all its *e]fulness1 &  
yet prev5t$ t laxity :i* s fatally      
weak5$ x4 ,turgot1 ! only o!r conspicu\s
 man :o c\ld h )/ood ! lic5se ( ! "t1 _h
 probably too mu* ( t au/]ity :i* is 9 !
 fibre ( s _m great *>act]s1 to make any
 moral c\nsels t he might h giv5 widely 
effective4  ,vauv5>gues 0 suffici5tly   
free f all ta9t ( ! p$agogue or ! prea*]
 to h dispell$ ! sophisms ( lic5ce1 less
 by argum5t ?an by ! graci\s attraction 
( virtue 9 8 own "*4 ,! /ock morali/1 l 
! commonplace orator ( ! pulpit1 fails  
to t\* ! he>ts ( m5 or to affect _!     
lives1 = lack ( delicacy1 ( sympa?y1 & (
 fre%ness2 he attempts to comp5sate =   
?is by excess ( emphasis1 & t m (t5     
disgu/s u ?an p]suades4 ,vauv5>gues1 on 
! o!r h&1 is rem>kable = delicacy &     
half-res]v$ t5d]ness4 ,ev]y?+ t he has  
said is col\r$ & w>m$ ) feel+ = !       
infirmities ( m54 ,he writes n m]ely z  

an analytical outsid]4 ,h5ce1 unlike mo/
 morali/s1 he is no satiri/4 ,he _h     
borne ! burd5s4 ',! look]-on1' runs "o (
 8 maxims1 's(tly ly+ 9 a c>pet$ *amb]1 
inveighs aga9/ ! soldi]1 :o passes w9t] 
nights on ! riv]'s edge1 & keeps wat* 9 
sil5ce ov] ! safety ( ! l&4'#ba         
,vauv5>gues _h be5 some?+ v diff]5t f ! 
safe & %elt]$ critic ( o!r m5's battles1
 & ?is is ! secret ( ! hold :i* 8 words 
h ^u u4 ,!y are real1 ) ! reality t c   
only come f two s\rces2 f high poetic   
imag9ation1 :i* ,vauv5>gues did n       
possess1 or else f exp]i5ce ( life act+ 
on & /r5g!n+ a g5]\s nature4 ',! cause (
 mo/ books ( morality be+ s insipid1' he
 says1 'is t _! au?ors are n s9c]e2 is  
t1 be+ feeble e*oes ( "o ano!r1 !y c\ld 
n v5ture to publi% _! own real maxims & 
private s5tim5ts4'#bb ,"o ( ! secrets ( 
8 own fre$om f ?is ord9>y insipidity (  
morali/s 0 8 fre$om also f _!           
pret5ti\sness & ins9c]ity4  ,besides ^! 
positive m]its1 he _h1 z we h said1 !   
negative di/9ction ( nev] be+ emphatic4 

,8 say+s are ne>ly always mod]ate &     
p]suasive1 alike 9 s5tim5t & 9 phrase4  
,sometimes !y are almo/ t5tative 9 !    
diffid5ce ( _! turn4 ,comp>$ ) him ,la  
,ro*ef\cauld's mann] is h>d1 & t ( ,la  
,bruyre s5t5ti\s4 ,9 ! morali/ :o       
aspires to move & w9 m5 by _! be/ side  
in/ead ( _! wor/1 ! abs5ce ( ?is h>dness
 & ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 lamb5cy & play   
ev5 9 ! exposition ( tru?s ( p]fect     
assurance1 are ess5tial conditions (    
psy*agogic quality4 ,9 religion su* law 
does n hold1 & ! contagion ( fanaticism 
is usually mo/ rapidly spread by a      
rigor\s & *e]less example4  ,we may     
notice 9 pass+ t ,vauv5>gues has !      
defects ( 8 qualities1 & t ) 8 av]sion  
to emphasis 0 b\nd up a c]ta9 inability 
to appreciate ev5 gr&eur & orig9ality1  
if !y 7 too /rongly & boldly m>k$4 ',x  
is easy to criticise an au?or1' he has  
said1 'b h>d to e/imate him4'#bc ,?is 0 
nev] m un=tunately prov$ ?an 9 ! rem>ks 
( ,vauv5>gues himself ^u ! great        
,molire4 ,!re is almo/ a difficulty 9   

=giv+ a writ] :o c say t ',la ,bruyre1  
animat$ ) ne>ly ! same g5ius1 pa9t$ !   
crook$ness ( m5 ) z mu* tru? & z mu* =ce
 z ,molire2 b ,i believe t !re is m     
eloqu5ce & m elevation to be f\nd 9 ,la 
,bruyre's images4'#bd ,)\t at all       
und]valu+ ,la ,bruyre1 "o ( ! acute/ &  
f9e/ ( writ]s1 we may say t ?is is a    
truly disa/r\s piece ( criticism4 ,q z  
unhappy is ! pref]5ce giv5 to ,rac9e ov]
 ,molire1 n m]ely = ! conclusion arriv$ 
at1 b = ! reasons on :i* x is f\nd$4    
,molire's subjects1 we read1 are l[1 8  
language neglig5t & incorrect1 8 *>act]s
 biz>re & ecc5tric4 ,rac9e1 on ! o!r h&1
 takes sublime !mes1 pres5ts u ) noble  
types1 & writes ) simplicity & elegance4
 ,x is n en\gh to conc$e to ,rac9e !    
glory ( art1 :ile giv+ to ,molire or    
,corneille ! glory ( g5ius4 ',:5 p speak
 ( ! art ( ,rac9e--! art :i* puts ?+s 9 
_! place2 :i* *>act]ises m51 _!         
passions1 mann]s1 g5ius2 :i* bani%es    
obscurities1 sup]fluities1 false        
brilliancies2 :i* pa9ts nature ) fire1  

sublimity1 & grace--:at c we ?9k ( su*  
art z ?is1 except t x is ! g5ius (      
extraord9>y m51 & ! orig9 ( ^? rules t  
writ]s )\t g5ius embrace ) s mu* zeal & 
s little success8'#be ,& x is c]ta9ly   
true t ! art ( ,rac9e impli$ g5ius4 ,!  
defect ( ! criticism lies1 z usual1 9 a 
failure to see t !re is glory en\gh 9   
bo?2 9 ! art ( highly-f9i%$ composition 
& pres5tation1 & 9 ! art ( bold & /rik+ 
creation4 ,yet ,vauv5>gues 0 able to    
disc]n ! secret ( ! popul>ity ( ,molire1
 & ! f\ndation ( ! common op9ion t no   
o!r dramati/ _h c>ri$ 8 own k9d ( art s 
f> z ,molire _h c>ri$ 82 '! reason is1  
,i fancy1 t he is m natural ?an any ( ! 
o!rs1 & ?is is an important lesson =    
ev]ybody :o wi%es to write4'#bf ,he did 
n see h[ ne>ly ev]y?+ w5t 9 ?is         
concession1 t ,molire 01 above all1     
natural4 ,) equal tru? ( p]ception he   
condemn$ ! affectation ( gr&eur l5t by !
 ,fr5* trag$ians to classical p]sonages 
:o 7 9 tru? simple & natural1 z !       
pr9cipal defect ( ! national drama1 & ! 

common rock on :i* _! poets made        
%ipwreck4#bg ,let u1 h[ev]1 rejoice = ! 
sake ( ! critical reputation (          
,vauv5>gues t he 0 unable to read       
,%akespe>e4 ,"o = :om ,molire is too    
ecc5tric1 grotesque1 inelegant1 0 n     
likely to d mu* ju/ice to ! mightie/ b  
mo/ irregul> ( all dramati/s4  ,a man's 
prepossessions 9 dramatic poetry1       
suppos+ him to be cultivat$ en\gh to h  
any prepossessions1 furni% ! mo/ c]ta9  
clue t we c get to ! _s 9 :i* he inw>dly
 reg>ds "* & conduct4 ,! uni=m & reason$
 pref]5ce :i* ,vauv5>gues _h = ,rac9e   
ov] ,molire & ,corneille1 0 only !      
transf] to art ( t balanc$1 mod]ate1    
normal1 & emphatically h>moni\s temp]1  
:i* he br\ght to ! survey ( human       
nature4 ,excess 0 a condition ( ?\ght1  
feel+1 & spee*1 t 9 e =m 0 disagreeable 
to him2 alike 9 ! gloom ( ,pascal's     
rev]ies1 & 9 ! inflation ( spee* ( "s ( 
! h]oes ( ,corneille4 ,he fail$ to reli%
 ev5 ,montaigne z he ought to h done1   
because ,montaigne's me?od 0 too prolix1

 8 scepticism too univ]sal1 8 egoism too
 manife/1 & because he did n produce    
complete & arti/ic :oles4#bh            
,reasonabl5ess is ! /ronge/ m>k 9       
,vauv5>gues' ?9k+2 balance1 ev5ness1    
purity ( vision1 p5etration f9ely ton$ )
 indulg5ce4 ,he is nev] betray$ into    
criticism ( m5 f ! po9t ( view (        
immutable fir/ pr9ciples4 ,p]haps ?is 0 
:at ! eld] ,mirabeau meant :5 he wrote  
to ,vauv5>gues1 :o 0 8 c\s93 ',y h !    
,engli% g5ius to p]fection1' & :at      
,vauv5>gues meant :5 he wrote ( himself 
to ,mirabeau3 ',nobody 9 ! _w has a m9d 
less ,fr5* ?an ,i4'#bi ,^! int]national 
comp>isons are among ! lea/ fruitful (  
lit]>y amusem5ts1 ev5 :5 !y happ5 n to  
be extremely mislead+2 z :51 = example1 
,voltaire call$ ,locke ! ,engli%        
,pascal1 a description :i* c only be    
true on condition t ! qualify+ adjective
 is meant to /rip ei!r ,locke or ,pascal
 ( mo/ ( 8 *>act]i/ic traits4 ,& if we  
comp>e ,vauv5>gues ) any ( our ,engli%  
aphori/ic writ]s1 !re is n resemblance  

en\gh to make ! contra/ in/ructive4 ,!  
obvi\s tru? is t 9 ?is dep>tm5t our     
lit]ature is p>ticul>ly weak1 :ile ,fr5*
 lit]ature is p>ticul>ly /rong 9 x4 ,) !
 exception ( ,bacon1 we h no writ] (    
apoph!gms ( ! fir/ ord]2 & ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ,bacon z a morali/ & ,pascal or  
,vauv5>gues1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5       
,polonius's fam\s disc\rse to ,la]tes & 
! soliloquy ( ,hamlet4  ,bacon's        
precepts ref] r to ext]nal conduct &    
worldly =tune ?an to ! inn] composition 
( "*1 or to ! 'wide1 gray1 lampless'    
dep?s ( human de/9y4 ,we f9d ! same     
national *>act]i/ic1 ?\gh on an         
inf9itely l[] level1 9 ,frankl9's       
oracul> saws4 ,among ! ,fr5* sages a    
psy*ological elem5t is pr$om9ant1 z well
 z an occasional transc5d5t l(t9ess (   
feel+1 n to be f\nd 9 ,bacon's wise/    
maxims1 & f 8 po9t ( view 9 _!          
composition we c\ld n expect to f9d !m  
!re4 ,we seek 9 va9 amid ! positivity ( 
,bacon1 or ! qua9t & timor\s p>adox (   
,br[ne1 or ! acute sobriety (           

,%aftesbury1 = any ( t poetic p5siv5ess 
:i* is /rong 9 ,vauv5>gues1 & rea*es    
tragic heights 9 ,pascal4#cj ,addison   
may h ! delicacy ( ,vauv5>gues1 b x is a
 delicacy t wants ! /ir & w>m? ( feel+4 
,x seems z if ) ,engli% writ]s poetic   
s5tim5t naturally s\ght expression 9    
poetic =ms1 :ile ! ,fr5*m5 ( ne>ly      
correspond+ temp]am5t 7 re/ra9$ )9 !    
limits ( prose by reason ( ! vigor\sly  
prescrib$ /atel9ess & /iffness ( _! v]se
 at t "t4 ,a man 9 ?is c\ntry ) !       
quality ( ,vauv5>gues1 ) 8 delicacy1    
t5d]ness1 elevation1 w\ld h compos$     
lyrics4 ,we h und\bt$ly lo/ mu* by !    
laxity & irregul>ity ( our v]se1 b z    
und\bt$ly we owe to its fre$om "s ( !   
mo/ p]fect & delightful ( ! m9or figures
 t adorn ! noble gall]y ( ,engli% poets4
  ,x w\ld be an error to expla9 !       
sup]iority ( ! great ,fr5* morali/s by  
suppos+ 9 !m a fancy & imag9ation too   
defective = poetic art4 ,x 0 !          
circum/ances ( ! national lit]ature dur+
 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies :i* made

 ,vauv5>gues = in/ance a compos] (      
aphorisms1 r ?an a moral poet l ,pope4  
,let u rememb] "s ( 8 own mo/           
discrim9at+ words4 ',:o has m           
imag9ation1' he asks1 '?an ,bossuet1    
,montaigne1 ,desc>tes1 ,pascal1 all ( !m
 great philosoph]s8 ,:o m judgm5t &     
wisdom ?an ,rac9e1 ,boileau1 ,la        
,fonta9e1 ,molire1 all ( !m poets full (
 g5ius8 ,x is n true1 !n1 t ! rul+      
qualities exclude ! o!rs2 on ! contr>y1 
!y suppose !m4 ,i %\ld be mu* surpris$  
if a great poet 7 )\t vivid lights on   
philosophy1 at any rate moral           
philosophy1 & x w v seldom happ5 = a    
true philosoph] to be totally devoid (  
imag9ation4'#ca ,) imag9ation 9 ! highe/
 s5se ,vauv5>gues 0 n l>gely end[$1 b he
 _h z mu* z is ess5tial to reveal to "o 
t ! h>d & sob]-judg+ faculty is n !     
s+le1 nor ev5 ! ma9 elem5t1 9 a wise &  
full intellig5ce4 ',all my philosophy1' 
he wrote to ,mirabeau1 :5 only f\r or   
five & tw5ty ye>s old1 an age :5 !      
intellect is usually mo/ exig5t (       

supremacy1 'all my philosophy has its   
s\rce 9 my he>t4'#cb  ,9 ! same _s he _h
 well said t !re is m clev]ness 9 ! _w  
?an greatness ( s\l1 m p ) tal5t ?an )  
l(ty "*4#cc ,h5ce "s ( ! mo/ peculi>ly  
*>act]i/ic & impressive ( 8 aphorisms2 t
 fam\s "o1 = in/ance1 ',great ?\ghts    
come f ! he>t1' & ! re/ :i* hang ^u !   
same idea4 ',virtu\s in/9ct has no ne$ (
 reason1 b supplies x4' ',reason        
misleads u m (t5 ?an nature4' ',reason  
does n "k ! int]e/s ( ! he>t4' ',p]haps 
we owe to ! passions ! greate/          
advantages ( ! intellect4' ,su* say+s   
are only true on condition t in/9ct &   
nature & passion h be5 already m\ld$ "u 
! influ5ce ( reason2 j z ?is o!r say+1  
:i* won ! w>m admiration ( ,voltaire1   
',magnanimity owes no acc\nt ( its      
motives to prud5ce1' is only true on    
condition t by magnanimity we und]/& a  
mood n out ( accord ) ! l(tie/ k9d (    
prud5ce4#cd ,b 9 ! eighte5? c5tury      
reason & prud5ce 7 words curr5t 9 _! l[]
 & n>r[] s5se1 & ?us "o com+ l          

,vauv5>gues to see ?is l[ness &         
n>r[ness1 s\ght to inve/ ideas & t]ms t 
9 fact only involv$ modifications ( ^!1 
) a significance ( direct antagonism4   
,magnanimity 0 contra/$ inimically )    
prud5ce1 & in/9ct & nature 7 made to    
?ru/ f _! ?rone reason & reflection4    
,c>ri$ to its limit1 ?is t5d5cy develop$
 ! speculative & social excesses ( !    
great s5tim5tal s*ool4 ,9 ,vauv5>gues x 
0 only ! mod]ate1 j1 & mo/ seasonable   
prote/ ( a f9e obs]v]1 aga9/ ! supremacy
 among ideals ( a n>r[1 delib]ative1 &  
calculat+ _s4  ,8 exaltation ( virtu\s  
in/9ct ov] reason is 9 a curi\s way     
p>allel to ,burke's memorable exaltation
 ov] reason ( prejudice4 ',prejudice1'  
said ,burke1 'previ\sly engages ! m9d 9 
a /eady c\rse ( wisdom & virtue1 & does 
n leave ! man hesitat+ 9 ! mom5t (      
decision1 sceptical1 puzzl$1 &          
unresolv$4 ,prejudice r5d]s a man's     
virtue 8 habit1 & n a s]ies ( unconnect$
 acts2 ?r\gh j prejudice 8 duty becomes 
a "p ( 8 nature4'#ce ,:at ,burke        

designat$ z prejudice1 ,vauv5>gues less 
philosophically /yl$ virtu\s in/9ct2 ea*
 meant precisely ! same ?+1 ?\gh !      
diff]5ce ( phrase impli$ a diff]5t view 
( its orig9 & gr[?3 & ! side opposite to
 ea* ( !m 0 ! same--namely1 a           
sophi/icat$ & ov]-ref9+ intellig5ce1    
n>r[$ to ! consid]ation ( p>ticul>      
circum/ances z !y pres5t$ !mselves4     
,translat$ into ! mod]n equival5t1 !    
he>t1 nature1 in/9ct ( ,vauv5>gues all  
mean "*4 ,he insi/$ ^u spontane\s       
impulse z a condition ( all greate/     
?\ght & action4 ,m5 ?9k & "w on ! highe/
 level :5 !y move )\t consci\s &        
delib]ate /ra9 aft] virtue3 :51 9 o!r   
words1 _! habitual motives1 aims1       
me?ods1 _! "*1 9 %ort1 naturally draw !m
 into ! region ( :at is virtu\s4 ',x is 
by our ideas t we ennoble our passions  
or we debase !m2 !y rise high or s9k l[ 
accord+ to ! man's s\l4'#cf ,all ?is has
 ceas$ to be new to our g5]ation1 b a   
hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago1 & inde$ mu*    
ne>] to u ?an t1 ! key to all nobl5ess 0

 ?\ght to be f\nd only by cool balanc+ &
 prud5tial calculation4 ,a book l       
,cl>issa ,h>l[e %[s u ?is prud5tial &   
calculat+ temp] und]nea? a v>ni% (      
s5tim5talism & f9e feel+s1 an incongru\s
 & extremely displeas+ comb9ation1      
p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 sets &    
circles 9 t c5tury4 ,"o ( ! di/9ctions (
 ,vauv5>gues is t exaltation ( s5tim5t  
did n ) him cloak a sub/antial adh]5ce  
to a l[ prud5ce1 nor to t fragm5t (     
reason :i* has s con/antly usurp$ ! "n &
 place ( ! :ole4 ,he es*ew$ ! too common
 compromise :i* ! s5tim5tali/ makes )   
reflection & calculation1 & x 0 ?is :i* 
sav$ him f be+ a s5tim5tali/4  ,t       
doctr9e ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! he>t ov] !   
head1 :i* has br\ght =? s _m p]nici\s & 
de/ructive fantasies 9 ! hi/ory ( social
 ?\ght1 repres5t$ 9 8 case no m ?an a   
reaction aga9/ ! great detractors (     
humanity4 ,ro*ef\cauld _h survey$ mank9d
 exclusively f ! po9t ( _! va9 & egoi/ic
 prop5sities1 & 8 aphorisms are pr(\ndly
 true ( all p]sons 9 :om ^! prop5sities 

are habitually supreme1 & ( all ! _w 9 s
 f> z ^! prop5sities happ5 to influ5ce  
!m4 ,pascal1 on ! "o h&1 leav+ !        
affections & incl9ations ( a man v mu*  
on "o side1 _h direct$ all 8 ef=ts to   
%[+ ! pitiful feebl5ess & incurable     
helplessness ( man 9 ! sph]e ( !        
und]/&+4 ,vauv5>gues is ?us confront$ by
 two s9i/] pictures ( humanity--! "o (  
its moral meanness & littl5ess1 ! o!r ( 
its intellectual pov]ty & impot5cy4 ,he 
turn$ away f bo? ( !m1 & f\nd 9         
magnanim\s & unsophi/icat$ feel+1 ( :i* 
he 0 consci\s 9 himself & obs]vant 9    
o!rs1 a comp5sation alike = ! selfi%ness
 ( "s m5 & ! intellectual limitations ( 
all m54 ,?is comp5sation 0 ample en\gh  
to re/ore ! human self-respect t ,pascal
 & ,ro*ef\cauld _h done _! be/ to weak54
  ,! tru? 9 t disp>agem5t 0 indisputable
 s f> z x w5t4 ,x 0 n a k9d ( tru?1     
h[ev]1 on :i* x is good = ! _w mu* to   
dwell1 & x is ! ?9k]s l ,vauv5>gues :o  
build up & inspire high resolve4        
',sc>cely any maxim1' runs "o ( 8 own1  

'is true 9 all respects4'#cg ,we mu/    
take !m 9 pairs to f9d out ! mean tru?2 
& to und]/& ! ways ( m51 s f> z words   
ab\t m5 c help u1 we mu/ read )         
appreciation n only ,vauv5>gues1 :o said
 t great ?\ghts come f ! he>t1 b ,la    
,ro*ef\cauld1 :o call$ ! intellig5ce !  
dupe ( ! he>t1 & ,pascal1 :o saw only   
desp]ate creatures1 mis]ably p]i%+ be=e 
"o ano!r's eyes 9 ! grim dungeon ( !    
univ]se4 ,yet x is ! obs]v] 9 ! _s (    
,vauv5>gues1 ( :om we mu/ always say t  
he has *os5 ! bett] "p4 ,vauv5>gues' own
 e/imate 0 s\nd4 ',! ,duke ( ,la        
,ro*ef\cauld seiz$ to p]fection ! weak  
side ( human nature2 maybe he knew its  
/r5g? too2 & only conte/$ ! m]it ( s _m 
spl5did actions 9 ord] to unmask false  
wisdom4 ,:atev] 8 design1 ! effect seems
 to me mis*iev\s2 8 book1 fill$ )       
delicate invective aga9/ hypocrisy1 ev5 
to ?is day turns m5 away f virtue1 by   
p]suad+ !m t x is nev] g5u9e4'#ch ,or1 z
 he put x else:]e1 )\t express p]sonal  
ref]5ce3 ',y mu/ ar\se 9 m5 ! feel+ ( _!

 prud5ce & /r5g?1 if y w\ld raise _! "*2
 ^? :o only apply !mselves to br+ out ! 
absurdities & weaknesses ( mank9d1      
enlight5 ! judgm5t ( ! public f> less   
?an !y deprave its incl9ation4'#ci ,?is 
pr9ciple 0 impli$ 9 ,goe!'s excell5t    
say+1 t if y w\ld improve a man1 x is   
be/ to beg9 by p]suad+ him t he is      
already t :i* y w\ld h him to be4  ,to  
talk 9 ?is way 0 to br+ m5 out f ! pits 
:i* cynicism on ! "o side1 & asceticism 
on ! o!r1 _h dug s deep = !m1 back to ! 
w>m prec9cts ( ! *e]ful day4 ,! cynic & 
! ascetic _h ea* look$ at life ?r\gh a  
microscope1 exagg]at+ blemi%es1 di/ort+ 
proportions1 fill+ ! eye ) ugly &       
disgu/+ illusions4#dj ,humanity1 z 0    
said1 0 9 disgrace ) ! ?9k]s4 ,! maxims 
( ,vauv5>gues 7 a plea = a return to a  
heal?y & normal s5se ( relations4 ',^!  
philosoph]s1' he cri$1 'are m51 yet !y d
 n speak 9 human language2 !y *ange all 
! ideas ( ?+s1 & misuse all _! t]ms4'#da
 ,^! are "s ( ! mo/ direct ( 8 retorts  
^u ,pascal & ,la ,ro*ef\cauld3  ',i h   

always felt x to be absurd = philosoph]s
 to fabricate a ,virtue t is            
incompatible ) ! nature ( humanity1 & !n
 aft] hav+ pret5d$ ?is1 to decl>e coldly
 t !re is no virtue4 ,if !y are speak+ (
 ! phantom ( _! imag9ation1 !y may (    
c\rse ab&on or de/roy x z !y please1 =  
!y inv5t$ x2 b true virtue--:i* !y _c be
 br\ght to call by ?is "n1 because x is 
n 9 con=mity ) _! def9itions2 :i* is !  
"w ( nature & n _! own2 & :i* consi/s   
ma9ly 9 goodness & vig\r ( s\l--t does n
 dep5d on _! fancies1 & w la/ = ev] )   
*>act]s t _c possibly be effac$4'  ',!  
body has its graces1 ! intellect its    
tal5ts2 is ! he>t !n to h no?+ b vices8 
,& mu/ man1 :o is capable ( reason1 be  
incapable ( virtue8'  ',we are          
susceptible ( fri5d%ip1 ju/ice1         
humanity1 compassion1 & reason4 ,o my   
fri5ds1 :at !n is virtue8'  ',disgu/ is 
no m>k ( heal?1 nor is appetite a       
disord]2 q ! rev]se4 ,?us we ?9k ( !    
body1 b we judge ! s\l on o!r pr9ciples4
 ,we suppose t a /rong s\l is "o t is   

exempt f passions1 & z y\? is m active &
 ard5t ?an lat] age1 we look on x z a "t
 ( fev]1 & place ! /r5g? ( man 9 8      
decay4'#db         99       99       99 
99       99  ,! !ological speculator    
insi/s t virtue lies 9 a con/ant & fi]ce
 /ruggle betwe5 ! w & ! passions1 betwe5
 man & human nature4  ,vauv5>gues f\nd$ 
8 :ole !ory ( life on ! doctr9e t ! w is
 n some?+ indep5d5t ( passions1         
incl9ations1 & ideas1 b on ! contr>y is 
a m]e index mov$ & fix$ by !m1 z ! h& ( 
a clock foll[s ! op]ation ( ! me*anical 
=ces )94 ,"* is an integral unit4 ',:e!r
 x is reason or passion t moves u1 x is 
we :o det]m9e ourselves2 x w\ld be      
madness to di/+ui% "o's ?\ghts &        
s5tim5ts f "o's self4444 ,no w 9 m51 :i*
 does n owe its direction to _!         
temp]am5t1 _! reason+1 & _! actual      
feel+s4'#dc ,virtue1 !n1 is n necess>ily
 a condition ( /rife betwe5 ! w & ! re/ 
( our faculties & passions2 no su* /rife
 is possible1 = ! w obeys ! prepond]ant 
passion or idea1 or gr\p ( passions &   

ideas2 & ! conte/ lies betwe5 "o passion
 or gr\p & ano!r4 ,h5ce1 9 "r "* !re is 
no /ruggle at all1 = ! virtu\s          
incl9ations naturally & easily direct   
our w & actions2 virtue is !n indep5d5t 
( /ruggle2 & ! circum/ance ( our f9d+   
pleasure 9 ?is or t practice1 is no     
reason :y bo? ! practice & ! pleasure   
%\ld n be unimpea*ably virtu\s4  ,x is  
easy to see ! connection betwe5 ?is !ory
 ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! w1 & ! prom95ce :i*   
,vauv5>gues is ev] giv+ to ! passions4  
,^! are ! key to ! movem5ts ( ! w4 ,to  
direct & %ape ! latt]1 y mu/ educate !  
=m]4 ,x 0 = 8 p]ception ( ?is tru?1 we  
may notice 9 pass+1 t ,comte aw>d$ to   
,vauv5>gues a place 9 ! ,positivi/      
,cal5d>2 '= 8 direct ef=t1 9 spite ( !  
univ]sal desuetude into :i* x _h fall51 
to reorganise ! culture ( ! he>t accord+
 to a bett] k ( human nature1 ( :i* ?is 
noble ?9k] disc]n$ ! c5tre to be        
affective4'#dd  ,?is !ory ( ! w1 h[ev]1 
0 n all[$ to re/ "h2 ! activity ( man 0 
connect$ ) ! univ]sal ord]4 ',:at       

prev5ts ! m9d f p]ceiv+ ! motive ( its  
actions1 is only _! inf9ite quickness4  
,our ?\ghts p]i% at ! mom5t 9 :i* _!    
effects make !mselves kn[n2 :5 ! action 
comm5ces1 ! pr9ciple has vani%$2 ! w    
appe>s1 ! feel+ is gone2 we _c f9d x    
ourselves1 & s d\bt if we ev] _h x4 ,b x
 w\ld be an enorm\s defect to h a w )\t 
a pr9ciple2 our actions w\ld be all     
haphaz>d2 ! _w w\ld be no?+ b caprice2  
all ord] w\ld be ov]turn$4 ,x is n      
en\gh1 !n1 to admit x to be true t x is 
reflection or s5tim5t t leads u3 we mu/ 
add fur!r t x w\ld be mon/r\s = ?is to  
be o!rwise4#de 444  ',! w recalls or    
susp5ds our ideas2 our ideas %ape or v>y
 ! laws ( ! w2 ! laws ( ! w are ?us     
dep5d5t on ! laws ( creation2 b ! laws (
 creation are n =eign to ourselves1 !y  
con/itute our be+1 & =m our ess5ce1 &   
are entirely our own1 & we c say boldly 
t we act by ourselves1 :5 we only act by
 !m4#df 444  ',let u recognise "h1 !n1  
our pr(\nd subjection4444 ,let u r5d !  
melan*oly veil :i* hides f our eyes !   

et]nal *a9 ( ! _w & ! glory ( !         
,creator4444 ,ext]nal objects =m ideas 9
 ! m9d1 ^! ideas =m s5tim5ts1 ^!        
s5tim5ts volitions1 ^! volitions actions
 9 ourselves & outside ( ourselves4 ,s  
noble a dep5d5ce 9 all ! p>ts ( ?is va/ 
univ]se mu/ conduct our reflections to !
 unity ( its pr9ciple2 ?is subord9ation 
makes ! true greatness ( ! be+s         
subord9at$4 ,! excell5ce ( man is 9 8   
dep5d5ce2 8 subjection displays two     
m>vell\s images--! inf9ite p[] ( ,god1 &
 ! dignity ( our own s\l4444 ,man       
indep5d5t w\ld be an object ( contempt2 
! feel+ ( 8 own imp]fection w\ld be 8   
et]nal torture4 ,b ! same feel+1 :5 we  
admit 8 dep5d5ce1 is ! f\ndation ( 8    
sweete/ hope2 x reveals to him !        
no?+ness ( f9ite good1 & leads him back 
to 8 pr9ciple1 :i* insi/s on jo9+ itself
 to him1 & :i* alone c satisfy 8 desires
 9 ! possession ( himself4'#dg          
,vauv5>gues %[$ 8 g5u9e heal?9ess n m by
 a pl5>y rejection ( ! doctr9e ( !      
incurable vil5ess & fr5zy ( man1 ?an by 

8 fre$om f ! boi/]\s & /upid            
transc5d5tal optimism :i* has too _m    
vot>ies 9 our "t4 ,he w\ld n h m5 told t
 !y are mis]able e>?-gnomes1 ! slaves ( 
a black de/9y1 b he /ill plac$ !m a good
 deal l[] ?an ! angels4 ,= in/ance3 ',we
 are too inatt5tive or too mu* occupi$ )
 ourselves1 to get to ! bottom ( "o     
ano!r's *>act]s2 :oev] has wat*$ masks  
at a ball danc+ toge!r 9 a fri5dly      
mann]1 & jo9+ h&s )\t kn[+ :o ! o!rs    
are1 & !n p>t+ ! mom5t aft]w>ds nev] to 
meet aga9 nor ev] to regret1 or be      
regrett$1 c =m "s idea ( ! _w4'#dh ,b   
!n1 z he said else:]e3 ',we c be        
p]fectly aw>e ( our imp]fection1 )\t be+
 humiliat$ by ! sight4 ,"o ( ! noble/   
qualities ( our nature is t we are able 
s easily to disp5se ) great]            
p]fection4'#di ,9 all ?is we m>k ! l>ge 
& rational human5ess ( ! new "t1 a      
tol]ant & k9dly & elevat+ e/imate ( m54 
,! fai? 9 ! natural & simple op]ation ( 
virtue1 )\t ! aid ( all sorts (         
valetud9>ian re/rictions1 comes out on e

 occasion4 ,! ,trappi/ !ory ( !         
conditions ( virtue f\nd no qu>t] ) him4
 ,mirabeau = in/ance compla9$ ( !       
atmosph]e ( ! ,c\rt1 z fatal to !       
practice ( virtue4 ,vauv5>gues repli$ t 
! p !re 7 d\btless no bett] ?an !y %\ld 
be1 & t vice 0 dom9ant4 ',s mu* ! worse 
= ^? :o h vices4 ,b :5 y are =tunate    
en\gh to possess virtue1 x is1 to my    
?9k+1 a v noble ambition to lift up ?is 
same virtue 9 ! bosom ( corruption1 to  
make x succe$1 to place x above all1 to 
indulge & control ! passions )\t        
reproa*1 to ov]?r[ ! ob/acles to !m1 &  
to surr5d] y\rself to ! incl9ations ( an
 upright & magnanim\s he>t1 in/ead (    
combat+ or conceal+ !m 9 retreat1 )\t   
ei!r satisfy+ or vanqui%+ !m4 ,i "k no?+
 s weak & s va9 z to flee be=e vices1 or
 to hate !m )\t measure2 = p only hate  
!m by way ( reprisal because !y are     
afraid ( !m1 or else out ( v5geance     
because ^! vices h play$ !m "s sorry    
turn2 b a little l(t9ess ( s\l1 "s k ( !
 he>t1 a g5tle & tranquil hum\r1 w      

protect y aga9/ ! risk ( be+ ei!r       
surpris$1 or ke5ly w\nd$ by !m4'#ej     
,!re is a tol]ably obvi\s di/9ction     
betwe5 two pr9cipal ways ( exam9+ "*4   
,"o is a mus+1 subjective me?od (       
del9eation1 9 :i* ! v>i\s %ades & w9d+s 
seem to reveal !mselves ) a c]ta9       
spontaneity1 & we foll[ _m recesses &   
dep?s 9 ! he>t ( ano!r1 su* z only music
 /irs into consci\sness 9 ourselves4    
,besides ?is r>] poetic me?od1 !re is   
:at may be /yl$ ! diplomati/'s me?od2 x 
classifies *>act]s objectively1 accord+ 
to ! k9ds ( out] conduct 9 :i* !y       
manife/ !mselves1 & accord+ to ! be/    
ways ( approa*+ & deal+ ) !m4 ,! second 
( ^! describes ! _s 9 :i* ,vauv5>gues   
obs]v$ m54 ,he is ,fr5*1 & n ,g]man1 &  
belongs to ! eighte5? c5tury1 & n to !  
sev5te5? or ! n9ete5?4 ,8 ,*>act]s1 v   
little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 are z excell5t
 z any "w 9 ?is k9d t we are acqua9t$ )1
 or probably z excell5t z su* "w c be4  
,!y are real & natural1 yet :ile ab/a9+ 
z rigor\sly z ,vauv5>gues ev]y:]e does f

 grotesque & extravagant traits1 !y     
avoid equally ! vice ( pres5t+ ! m]e    
bald & /]ile flats ( "*1 :i* he t runs  
may read4 ,z we h said1 he _h ! quality 
possess$ by s few ( ^? :o write ab\t m52
 he wat*$ m51 & drew f ! life4 ,9 a ^w1 
he /udi$ concrete examples & int]rogat$ 
8 own exp]i5ce--! only sure gu>antee t  
"o writ+ on 8 !mes has any?+ :i* x is   
wor? our :ile to li/5 to4 ,among o!r    
consequ5ces ( ?is reality ( _! s\rce is 
! agreeable fact t ^! pictures are free 
f t clev] bitt]ness & easy s>casm1 by   
:i* crude & jejune obs]v]s1 ?9k+ m ( _! 
own wit ?an ( :at !y obs]ve1 sometimes  
ga9 a little reputation4 ,ev5 !         
coxcombs1 self-dup+ knaves1 simpletons1 
bragg>ts1 & o!r evil or pitiful types   
:om he selects1 are drawn ) un/ra9$ &   
simple con=mity to reality4 ,! pictures 
h no moral label p9n$ on to !m4 ,yet    
,vauv5>gues took life s]i\sly en\gh1 & x
 0 j because he took x s]i\sly1 t he _h 
no incl9ation to air 8 wit or practise a
 v]bal hum\r ^u ! /uff out ( :i*        

happ9ess & mis]y are made4  ,"o or two  
fragm5ts w suffice4 ,take ! ,man ( !    
,_w1 = in/ance3  ',a man ( ! _w is n he 
:o kn[s o!r m5 be/1 :o has mo/ =esight  
or dext]ity 9 affairs1 :o is mo/        
in/ruct$ by exp]i5ce & /udy2 he is nei!r
 a good manag]1 nor a man ( sci5ce1 nor 
a politician1 nor a skilful (fic]1 nor a
 pa9/ak+ magi/rate4 ,he is a man :o is  
ignorant ( no?+ b :o kn[s no?+2 :o1 do+ 
8 own bus9ess ill1 fancies himself v    
capable ( do+ t ( o!r p2 a man :o has   
mu* useless wit1 :o has ! art ( say+    
flatt]+ ?+s :i* d n flatt]1 & judici\s  
?+s :i* give no in=mation2 :o c p]suade 
nobody1 ?\gh he speaks well2 end[$ ) t  
sort ( eloqu5ce :i* c br+ out trifles1 &
 :i* annihilates great subjects2 z      
p5etrat+ 9 :at is ridicul\s & ext]nal 9 
m51 z he is bl9d to ! dep?s ( _! m9ds4  
,"o :o1 afraid ( be+ we>isome by reason1
 is we>isome by 8 extravagances2 is     
jocose )\t gaiety1 & lively )\t         
passion4'#ea  ,or ! two foll[+1 !       
,incon/ant ,man1 & ,lycas or ! ,firm    

,man3  ',su* a man seems really to      
possess m ?an "o "*4 ,a p[]ful          
imag9ation makes 8 s\l take ! %ape ( all
 ! objects t affect x2 he sudd5ly       
a/oni%es ! _w by acts ( g5]osity &      
c\rage :i* 7 nev] expect$ ( him2 ! image
 ( virtue inflames1 elevates1 s(t5s1    
ma/]s 8 he>t2 he receives ! impression f
 ! l(tie/1 & he surpasses !m4 ,b :5 8   
imag9ation has gr[n cold1 8 c\rage      
droops1 8 g5]osity s9ks2 ! vices oppos$ 
to ^! virtues take possession ( 8 s\l1 &
 aft] hav+ reign$ a:ile supreme1 !y make
 way = o!r objects4444 ,we _c say t !y h
 a great nature1 or /rong1 or weak1 or  
light2 x is a swift & imp]i\s imag9ation
 :i* reigns ) sov]eign p[] ov] all _!   
be+1 :i* subjugates _! g5ius1 & :i*     
prescribes = !m 9 turn ^? f9e actions & 
^? faults1 ^? heights & ^? littl5esses1 
^? flights ( en?usiasm & ^? fits (      
disgu/1 :i* we are wrong 9 *>g+ ei!r )  
hypocrisy or madness4'#eb  ',lycas      
unites ) a self-reliant1 bold1 &        
impetu\s nature1 a _s ( reflection &    

pr(undity :i* mod]ates ! c\nsels ( 8    
passions1 :i* leads him by inp5etrable  
motives1 & makes him advance to 8 ends  
by _m pa?s4 ,he is "o ( ^? long-sight$  
m51 :o consid] ! succession ( ev5ts f   
af> (f1 :o always f9i% a design begun2  
:o are capable1 ,i d n say ( dissembl+  
ei!r a mis=tune or an (f5ce1 b ( ris+   
above ei!r1 in/ead ( lett+ x depress !m2
 deep natures1 indep5d5t by _! firmness 
9 d>+ all & suff]+ all2 :o1 :e!r !y     
resi/ _! incl9ations out ( =esight1 or  
:e!r1 out ( pride & a secret            
consci\sness ( _! res\rces1 !y defy :at 
is call$ prud5ce1 always1 9 good z 9    
evil1 *eat ! acute/ conjectures4'#ec    
,let u note t ,vauv5>gues is almo/      
entirely free f t fav\rite trick ( !    
aphori/ic p]son1 :i* consi/s 9 =m+ a    
s]ies ( s5t5ces1 ! pr$icates be+ v>i\s  
qualifications ( extravagance1 vanity1 &
 folly1 & ! subject be+ ,wom54 ,he      
resi/s ?is besett+ temptation ( ! mod]n 
speak] ( apoph!gms to id5tify woman &   
fool4 ,on ! "o or two occasions 9 :i* he

 beg9s ! maxim ) ! fatal words1 ,les    
femmes1 he is z little pr(\nd z o!r p :o
 p]si/ 9 ?9k+ ( man & woman z two       
diff]5t species4 ',wom51' = example1 'h 
ord9>ily m vanity ?an temp]am5t1 & m    
temp]am5t ?an virtue'--:i* is fairly    
true ( all human be+s1 & 9 s f> z x is  
true1 describes m5 j z exactly--& no m  
s--z x describes wom54 ,9 tru?1         
,vauv5>gues felt too s]i\sly ab\t       
conduct & "* to g f> 9 ?is direction4   
,n[ & aga9 he is cont5t ) a m]e         
sm>tness1 z :5 he says3 ',!re are "s    
?or\ghly excell5t p :o _c get rid ( _!  
ennui except at ! exp5se ( society4' ,b 
su* a mood is n common4 ,he is usually  
grave1 & n seldom pr(\ndly weighty1     
delicate )\t be+ weak1 & subtle )\t     
obscurity2 z = example3  ',p tea* *ildr5
 to fe> & obey2 ! av>ice1 pride1 or     
timidity ( ! fa!rs1 in/ructs ! *ildr5 9 
economy1 arrogance1 or submission4 ,we  
/ir !m up to be yet m & m copyi/s1 :i*  
!y are only too dispos$ to be1 z x is2  
nobody ?9ks ( mak+ !m orig9al1 h>dy1    

indep5d5t4'  ',if in/ead ( dull+ !      
vivacity ( *ildr51 p did _! be/ to raise
 ! impulsiv5ess & movem5t ( _! *>act]s1 
:at might we n expect f a f9e natural   
temp]8'  ,aga93 ',! mod]ation ( ! weak  
is m$iocrity4'  ',:at is arrogance 9 !  
weak is elevation 9 ! /rong2 z ! /r5g? (
 a sick man is fr5zy1 & t ( a :ole man  
is vig\r4'  ',to speak imprud5tly & to  
speak boldly are ne>ly always ! same ?+4
 ,b we may speak )\t prud5ce1 & /ill    
speak :at is "r2 & x is a mi/ake to     
fancy t a man has a %all[ intellig5ce1  
because ! boldness ( 8 "* or ! livel9ess
 ( 8 temp] may h drawn f him1 9 spite ( 
himself1 "s dang]\s tru?4'  ',x is a    
great sign ( m$iocrity always to praise 
mod]ately4'         99       99       99
       99       99  ,vauv5>gues has a   
say+ to ! effect t m5 v (t51 )\t ?9k+ ( 
x1 =m an idea ( _! face & expression f !
 rul+ s5tim5t ( :i* !y are consci\s 9   
!mselves at ! "t4 ,he h9ts t ?is is     
p]haps ! reason :y a coxcomb always     
believes himself to be h&some4#ed ,& 9 a

 lett] to ,mirabeau1 he describes       
pleasantly h[ sometimes 9 mom5ts (      
di/raction he pictures himself ) an air 
( l(t9ess1 ( maje/y1 ( p5etration1      
accord+ to ! idea t is occupy+ 8 m9d1 & 
h[ if by *ance he sees 8 face 9 !       
mirror1 he is ne>ly z mu* amaz$ z if he 
saw a ,cyclops or a ,t>t>4#ee ,yet 8    
nature1 if we may tru/ ! portrait1      
reveal$ itself 9 8 face2 x is "o ( ! mo/
 delightful to look ^u1 ev5 9 ! cold    
in>ticulat5ess ( an engrav+1 t ! gall]y 
( fair s\ls conta9s = u4 ,we may read ! 
beauty ( 8 "* 9 ! s(t /r5g? ( ! br[1 !  
m$itative l9es ( m\? & *91 above all1 ! 
/rik+ cle>ness1 ! self-collection1 !    
fem99e solicitude1 t m+le freely & )\t  
eag]ness or expectancy 9 8 gaze1 z ?\gh 
he 7 he>k5+ to "s ev]-fl[+ inw>d /ream (
 div9e melody4 ,we ?9k ( t graci\s t\* 9
 ,bacon's picture ( ! fa!r ( ,solomon's 
,h\se1 t 'he _h an aspect z ?\gh he     
piti$ m54' ,if we reproa* ,france 9 !   
eighte5? c5tury ) its co>s5ess1         
artificiality1 %all[ness1 because x     

produc$ su* m5 z ! r bruti% ,duclos1 we 
ought to rememb] t ?is 0 also ! c5tury (
 ,vauv5>gues1 "o ( ! mo/ t5d]1 l(ty1    
*e]ful1 & delicately sob] ( all         
morali/s4   ,footnote #a3 ,p5ses1 i4 v4 
#h4  ,footnote #b3 ,ib4 i4 vi4 #af4     
,footnote #c3 ,ib4 i4 vii4 #f4          
,footnote #d3 ,m4 ,gilb]t's edition ( ! 
,works & ,correspond5ce ( ,vauv5>gues   
7#b vols4 ,p>is3 ,furne1 #aheg71 ii4    
#acc4  ,footnote #e3 loge de ,p4,h4 de  
,seytres4 ,o,euv4 i4 #ada-aej4          
,footnote #f3 ,o,euv4 ii4 #bcc4 ,see too
 p4 #bfg4  ,footnote #g3 ,no4 #egi1 i4  
#dee4  ,footnote #h3 ,rflexions sur     
,div]s ,sujets1 i4 #ajd4  ,footnote #i3 
,o,euv4 ii4 #bdi4  ,footnote #aj3 ,ib4  
ii4 #bfe4  ,footnote #aa3 ,ib4 ii4 #bff4
  ,footnote #ab3 ,conseils  un ,jeune   
,homme1 i4 #abd4  ,footnote #ac3 ,o,euv4
 ii4 #beb4  ,footnote #ad3 ,ib4 ii4     
#bgb4  ,footnote #ae3 ,mmoires de       
,m>montel1 vol4 i4 #ahi4  ,footnote #af3
 ,! read] ( ,m>montel's ,mmoires w      
rememb] ! extraord9>y & grotesque       

circum/ances "u :i* a y\ng] bro!r (     
,mirabeau1 7( l'ami des hommes1 t is7   
appeal$ to ! memory ( ,vauv5>gues4 ,see 
vol4 i4 #bef-bfj4  ,footnote #ag3       
,o,euv4 i4 #bbe-bcb4  ,footnote #ah3    
,lett] to ,sa9t-,v9c5s1 ii4 #adf4       
,footnote #ai3 ,no4 #cah4  ,footnote    
#bj3 ,napoleon said on "s occasion1 ',il
 faut v\loir vivre et savoir m\rir4' ,m4
 ,littr prefaces ! ?ird volume ( t h]oic
 monum5t ( le>n+ & indu/ry1 8 ,diction>y
 ( ! ,fr5* ,language1 by ! words3 ',he  
:o wi%es to employ 8 life s]i\sly ought 
always to act z if he _h long to live1 &
 to gov]n himself z if he w\ld h soon to
 die4'  ,footnote #ba3 ,no4 #bbc4       
,footnote #bb3 ,no4 #cjj4  ,footnote    
#bc3 ,no4 #bfd4  ,footnote #bd3         
,rflexions ,critiques sur quelques      
,potes1 i4 #bcg4  ,footnote #be3 ,o,euv4
 i4 #bdh4  ,footnote #bf3 ,rflexions    
,critiques sur quelques ,potes1 i4 #bch4
  ,footnote #bg3 ,o,euv4 i4 #bdc4       
,footnote #bh3 ,o,euv4 i4 #bge4         
,footnote #bi3 ,correspondance4 ,o,euv4 

ii4 #aca1 #bjg4  ,footnote #cj3         
,long-w9d$ & tortu\s & difficult to     
seize z ,%aftesbury is z a :ole1 9      
deta*$ s5t5ces he %[s m>k$ aphori/ic    
quality2 e4g4 ',! mo/ +5i\s way ( becom+
 fooli% is by a sy/em2' ',! lik] any?+  
is to wisdom1 if x be n pla9ly ! ?+     
itself1 ! m directly x becomes its      
opposite4'  ,footnote #ca3 ,no4 #bgh 7i4
 #daa74  ,footnote #cb3 ,o,euv4 ii4     
#aae4  ,footnote #cc3 ,ib4 i4 #hg4      
,footnote #cd3                          
,do*     ,zuweil5 i/ des ,s9ns 9 e9]    
,sa*e     ,au* mehr1 als wir v]mu!n2 und
 es wre     ,s un]hrt do* ni*t1 dass uns
 d] ,heil&     ,auf ,weg5 zu si* zge1   
die d] ,kluge     ,von selb/ ni*t lei*t 
betret5 wrde4      ,na?an d] ,weise1    
iii4 #aj4  ,footnote #ce3 ,reflections  
on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,works 7ed4     
#ahdb71 i4 #dad4  ,footnote #cf3 ,o,euv4
 ii4 #agj4  ,footnote #cg3 ,no4 #aaa4   
,footnote #ch3 ,o,euv4 ii4 #gd4         
,footnote #ci3 ,no4 #bhe4  ,footnote    
#dj3 ',a man may z well pret5d to cure  

himself ( love by view+ 8 mi/ress ?r\gh 
! artificial m$ium ( a microscope or    
prospect1 & behold+ !re ! co>s5ess ( h] 
sk9 & mon/r\s disproportion ( h]        
features1 z hope to excite or mod]ate   
any passion by ! artificial argum5ts ( a
 ,s5eca or an ,epictetus4'--,hume's     
,essays 7xviii4 ,! ,sceptic74  ,footnote
 #da3 ,o,euv4 i4 #afc4  ,footnote #db3  
,nos4 #bif-bih1 #adh4  ,footnote #dc3   
,sur le ,libre ,arbitre4 ,o,euv4 i4     
#aii4  ,footnote #dd3 ,politique        
,positive1 iii4 #ehi4  ,footnote #de3   
,ib4 i4 #aid4  ,footnote #df3 ,politique
 ,positive1 #bje4  ,footnote #dg3 ,ib4  
#bjf1 #bjg4  ,footnote #dh3 ,no4 #ccj4  
,footnote #di3 ,nos4 #dfb1 #dfc4        
,footnote #ej3 ,correspondance4 ,o,euv4 
ii4 #afc4  ,footnote #ea3 ,o,euv4 i4    
#caj4  ,footnote #eb3 ,o,euv4 i4 #cbe4  
,footnote #ec3 ,o,euv4 i4 #cbf4         
,footnote #ed3 ,no4 #bcf4  ,footnote    
#ee3 ,o,euv4 ii4 #ahh4