,,observations ,,upon ,,the ,,prophecies
 ,,of ,,daniel1 ,,and ,,the ,,apocalypse
 ,,of ,st4 ,,john4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,in ,two ,,parts4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,by ,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,,london1
  ,printed by ,j4 ,,darby and ,t4       
,,browne in ,bartholomew-,close4  ,and  
,sold by ,j4 ,,roberts in ,warwick-lane1
 ,j4 ,,tonson in the ,strand1 ,w4       
,,innys and ,r4 ,,manby at the ,west    
,end of ,st4 ,paul's ,church-,yard1 ,j4 
,,osborn and ,t4 ,,longman in           
,pater-,noster-,row1 ,j4 ,,noon near    
,mercers ,chapel in ,cheapside1 ,t4     
,,hatchett at the ,royal ,exchange1 ,s4 
,,harding in ,st4 ,martin's lane1 ,j4   
,,stagg in ,westminster-,hall1 ,j4      
,,parker in ,pall-mall1 and ,j4         
,,brindley in ,new ,bond-,street4       
,m4,,dcc4,,xxxiii4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,to the ,right    
,honourable  ,p ,e ,t ,e ,r  ,lord ,k ,i
 ,n ,g1  ,baron of ,ockham1 ,lord ,high 

,chancellor of ,great-,britain4  ,my    
,lord1  ,i shall make no ,apology for   
addressing the following ,sheets to     
,your ,lordship1 who lived in a long    
,intercourse of ,friendship with the    
,author2 and1 like him1 amidst          
occupations of a different nature1 made 
,religion your voluntary ,study2 and in 
all your ,enquiries and ,actions1 have  
shewn the same inflexible ,adherence to 
,truth and ,virtue4  ,i shall always    
reckon it one of the ,advantages of my  
,relation to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 that  
it affords me an opportunity of making  
this publick acknowledgment of the      
unfeigned ,respect of1    ,my ,lord1    
,your ,lordship's           most        
obedient1 and               most humble 
,servant1                   ,benj4      
,smith4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,,contents4  ,,part ,i4    
,observations upon the ,prophecies of   
,daniel4  ,,chap4 ,i4 ,introduction     
concerning1 the ,compilers of the ,books
 of the ,old ,testament4  ,,chap4 ,,ii4 

,of the ,prophetic ,language4  ,,chap4  
,,iii4 ,of the vision of the ,image     
composed of four ,metals4  ,,chap4 ,,iv4
 ,of the vision of the four ,beasts4    
,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,kingdoms           
represented by the feet of the ,image   
composed of iron and clay4  ,,chap4     
,,vi4 ,of the ten ,kingdoms represented 
by the ten horns of the fourth ,beast4  
,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the eleventh horn of 
,daniel's fourth ,beast4  ,,chap4       
,,viii4 ,of the power of the eleventh   
horn of ,daniel's fourth ,beast1 to     
change times and laws4  ,,chap4 ,,ix4   
,of the ,kingdoms represented in ,daniel
 by the ,ram and ,he-,goat4  ,,chap4 ,x4
 ,of the ,prophecy of the ,seventy      
,weeks4  ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of the ,times of
 the ,birth and ,passion of ,christ4    
,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of the ,prophecy of the 
,scripture of ,truth4  ,,chap4 ,,xiii4  
,of the ,king who did according to his  
will1 and magnified himself above every 
,god1 and honoured ,mahuzzims1 and      
regarded not the desire of women4       

,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,of the ,mahuzzims1      
honoured by the ,king who doth according
 to his will4  ,,part ,,ii4             
,observations upon the ,apocalypse of   
,st4 ,john4  ,,chap4 ,i4 ,introduction1 
concerning the time when the ,apocalypse
 was written4  ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the    
relation which the ,apocalypse of ,john 
hath to the ,book of the ,law of ,moses1
 and to the worship of ,god in the      
,temple4  ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the        
relation which the ,prophecy of ,john   
hath to those of ,daniel2 and of the    
,subject of the ,prophecy4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,,part   
,i4         99       99       99        
99       99  ,,observations ,,upon ,,the
 ,,prophecies ,,of ,,daniel4         99 
99       99       99       99           
,,observations  ,,upon ,,the            
,prophecies of ,,daniel         99      
99       99       99       99  ,,chap4  
,i4  ,introduction concerning the       
,compilers of the books of the ,old     
,testament4  ,when ,manasses #a set up a

 carved image in the house of the ,lord1
 and built altars in the two courts of  
the house1 to all the host of ,heaven1  
and us'd inchantments and witchcraft1   
and familiar spirits1 and for his great 
wickedness was invaded by the army of   
,asserhadon ,king of ,assyria1 and      
carried captive to ,babylon2 the book of
 the ,law was lost till the eighteenth  
year of his grandson ,josiah4 ,then #b  
,hilkiah the ,high ,priest1 upon        
repairing the ,temple1 found it there3  
and the ,king lamented that their       
fathers had not done after the words of 
the book1 and commanded that it should  
be read to the people1 and caused the   
people to renew the holy covenant with  
,god4 ,this is the book of the ,law now 
extant4  ,when #c ,shishak came out of  
,egypt and spoil'd the temple1 and      
brought ,judah into subjection to the   
monarchy of ,egypt1 7which was in the   
fifth year of ,rehoboam7 the ,jews      
continued under great troubles for about
 twenty years2 being without the true   

,god1 and without a teaching ,priest1   
and without ,law3 and in those times    
there was no peace to him that went out1
 nor to him that came in1 but great     
vexations were upon all the inhabitants 
of the countries1 and nation was        
destroyed of nation1 and city of city1  
for ,god did vex them with all          
adversity4 ,but #d when ,shishak was    
dead1 and ,egypt fell into troubles1    
,judah had quiet ten years2 and in that 
time ,asa built fenced cities in ,judah1
 and got up an army of #ehjjjj men1 with
 which1 in the #aeth year of his reign1 
he met and overcame ,zerah the          
,ethiopian1 who had conquered ,egypt and
 ,lybia1 and ,troglodytica1 and came out
 with an army of #ajjjjjj ,lybians and  
,ethiopians1 to recover the countries   
conquered by ,sesac4 ,and after this    
victory #e ,asa dethroned his mother for
 idolatry1 and he renewed the ,altar1   
and brought new vessels of gold and     
silver into the ,temple2 and he and the 
people entered into a new covenant to   

seek the ,lord ,god of their fathers1   
upon pain of death to those who         
worshiped other ,gods2 and his son      
,jehosaphat took away the high places1  
and in the third year of his reign sent 
some of his ,princes1 and of the        
,priests and ,levites1 to teach in the  
cities of ,judah3 and they had the book 
of the ,law with them1 and went about   
throughout all the cities of ,judah1 and
 taught the people4 ,this is that book  
of the ,law which was afterwards lost in
 the reign of ,manasses1 and found again
 in the reign of ,josiah1 and therefore 
it was written before the third year of 
,jehosaphat4  ,the same book of the ,law
 was preserved and handed down to       
posterity by the ,samaritans1 and       
therefore was received by the ten       
,tribes before their captivity4 ,for #f 
when the ten ,tribes were captivated1 a 
,priest or the captivity was sent back  
to ,bethel1 by order of the ,king of    
,assyria1 to instruct the new           
inhabitants of ,samaria1 in the manner  

of the ,god of the land2 and the        
,samaritans had the ,pentateuch from    
this ,priest1 as containing the law or  
manner of the ,god of the land1 which he
 was to teach them4 ,for #g they        
persevered in the religion which he     
taught them1 joining with it the worship
 of their own ,gods2 and by persevering 
in what they had been taught1 they      
preserved this book of their ,law in the
 original character of the ,hebrews1    
while the two ,tribes1 after their      
return from ,babylon1 changed the       
character to that of the ,chaldees1     
which they had learned at ,babylon4     
,and since the ,pentateuch was received 
as the book of the ,law1 both by the two
 ,tribes and by the ten ,tribes1 it     
follows that they received it before    
they became divided into two ,kingdoms4 
,for after the division1 they received  
not laws from one another1 but continued
 at variance4 ,judah could not reclaim  
,israel from the sin of ,jeroboam1 and  
,israel could not bring ,judah to it4   

,the ,pentateuch therefore was the book 
of the ,law in the days of ,david and   
,solomon4 ,the affairs of the           
,tabernacle and ,temple were ordered by 
,david and ,solomon1 according to the   
,law of this book2 and ,david in the    
#ghth ,psalm1 admonishing the people to 
give ear to the ,law of ,god1 means the 
,law of this book4 ,for in describing   
how their forefathers kept it not1 he   
quotes many historical things out of the
 books of ,exodus and ,numbers4  ,the   
race of the ,kings of ,edom1 before     
there reigned any ,king over ,israel1 is
 set down in the book of #h ,genesis2   
and therefore that book was not written 
entirely in the form now extant1 before 
the reign of ,saul4 ,the writer set down
 the race of those ,kings till his own  
time1 and therefore wrote before ,david 
conquered ,edom4 ,the ,pentateuch is    
composed of the ,law and the history of 
,god's people together2 and the history 
hath been collected from several books1 
such as were the history of the         

,creation composed by ,moses1 ,gen4 ii4 
#d4 the book of the generations of      
,adam1 ,gen4 v4 i4 and the book of the  
wars of the ,lord1 ,num4 xxi4 #ad4 ,this
 book of wars contained what was done at
 the ,red-sea1 and in the journeying of 
,israel thro' the ,wilderness1 and      
therefore was begun by ,moses4 ,and     
,joshua might carry it on to the        
conquest of ,canaan4 ,for ,joshua wrote 
some things in the book of the ,law of  
,god1 ,josh4 xxiv4 #bf and therefore    
might write his own wars in the book of 
wars1 those being the principal wars of 
,god4 ,these were publick books1 and    
therefore not written without the       
authority of ,moses and ,joshua4 ,and   
,samuel had leisure in the reign of     
,saul1 to put them into the form of the 
books of ,moses and ,joshua now extant1 
inserting into the book of ,genesis1 the
 race of the ,kings of ,edom1 until     
there reigned a ,king in ,israel4  ,the 
book of the ,judges is a continued      
history of the ,judges down to the death

 of ,sampson1 and therefore was compiled
 after his death1 out of the ,acts of   
the ,judges4 ,several things in this    
book are said to be done when there was 
no ,king in ,israel1 ,judg4 xvii4 #f4   
xviii4 #a4 xix4 #a4 xxi4 #be4 and       
therefore this book was written after   
the beginning of the reign of ,saul4    
,when it was written1 the ,jebusites    
dwelt in ,jerusalem1 ,jud4 i4 #ba and   
therefore it was written before the     
eighth year of ,david1 #b ,sam4 v4 #h4  
and #a ,chron4 xi4 #f4 ,the books of    
,moses1 ,joshua1 and ,judges1 contain   
one continued history1 down from the    
,creation to the death of ,sampson4     
,where the ,pentateuch ends1 the book of
 ,joshua begins2 and where the book of  
,joshua ends1 the book of ,judges       
begins4 ,therefore all these books have 
been composed out of the writings of    
,moses1 ,joshua1 and other records1 by  
one and the same hand1 after the        
beginning of the reign of ,saul1 and    
before the eighth year of ,david4 ,and  

,samuel was a sacred writer1 #a ,sam4 x4
 #be4 acquainted with the history of    
,moses and the ,judges1 #a ,sam4 xii4   
#h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 and had leisure  
in the reign of ,saul1 and sufficient   
authority to compose these books4 ,he   
was a ,prophet1 and judged ,israel all  
the days of his life1 and was in the    
greatest esteem with the people2 and the
 ,law by which he was to judge the      
people was not to be published by less  
authority than his own1 the ,law-maker  
being not inferior to the judge4 ,and   
the book of ,jasher1 which is quoted in 
the book of ,joshua1 ,josh4 x4 #ac4 was 
in being at the death of ,saul1 #b ,sam4
 i4 #ah4  ,at the dedication of the     
,temple of ,solomon1 when the ,ark was  
brought into the most holy place1 there 
was nothing in it but the two tables1 #a
 ,kings viii4 #i4 and therefore when the
 ,philistines took the ,ark1 they took  
out of it the book of the ,law1 and the 
golden pot of ,manna1 and ,aaron's ,rod4
 ,and this and other losses in the      

desolation of ,israel1 by the conquering
 ,philistines1 might give occasion to   
,samuel1 after some respite from those  
enemies1 to recollect the scattered     
writings of ,moses and ,joshua1 and the 
records of the ,patriarchs and ,judges1 
and compose them in the form now extant4
  ,the book of ,ruth is a history of    
things done in the days of the ,judges1 
and may be looked upon as an addition to
 the book of the ,judges1 written by the
 same author1 and at the same time4 ,for
 it was written after the birth of      
,david1 ,ruth iv4 #ag1 #bb4 and not long
 after1 because the history of ,boaz and
 ,ruth1 the great grandfather and great 
grandmother of ,david1 and that of their
 contemporaries1 could not well be      
remembered above two or three           
generations4 ,and since this book       
derives the genealogy of ,david from    
,boaz and ,ruth1 and omits ,david's     
elder brothers and his sons2 it was     
written in honour of ,david1 after he   
was anointed ,king by ,samuel1 and      

before he had children in ,hebron1 and  
by consequence in the reign of ,saul4   
,it proceeds not to the history of      
,david1 and therefore seems to have been
 written presently after he was         
anointed4 ,they judge well therefore who
 ascribe to ,samuel the books of        
,joshua1 ,judges1 and ,ruth4  ,samuel is
 also reputed the author of the first   
book of ,samuel1 till the time of his   
death4 ,the two books of ,samuel cite no
 authors1 and therefore seem to be      
originals4 ,they begin with his         
genealogy1 birth and education1 and     
might be written partly in his lifetime 
by himself or his disciples the         
,prophets at ,naioth in ,ramah1 #a ,sam4
 xix4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 and partly after   
his death by the same disciples4  ,the  
books of the ,kings cite other authors1 
as the book of the ,acts of ,solomon1   
the book of the ,chronicles of the      
,kings of ,israel1 and the book of the  
,chronicles of the ,kings of ,judah4    
,the books of the ,chronicles cite the  

book of ,samuel the ,seer1 the book of  
,nathan the ,prophet1 and the book of   
,gad the ,seer1 for the ,acts of ,david2
 the book of ,nathan the ,prophet1 the  
,prophecy of ,ahijah the ,shilonite1 and
 the visions of ,iddo the ,seer1 for the
 ,acts of ,solomon2 the book of         
,shemajah the ,prophet1 and the book of 
,iddo the ,seer concerning genealogies1 
for the ,acts of ,rehoboam and ,abijah2 
the book of the ,kings of ,judah and    
,israel for the ,acts of ,asa1 ,joash1  
,amaziah1 ,jotham1 ,ahaz1 ,hezekiah1    
,manasseh1 and ,josiah2 the book of     
,hanani the ,seer1 for the ,acts of     
,jehosaphat2 and the visions of ,isaiah 
for the ,acts of ,uzziah and ,hezekiah4 
,these books were therefore collected   
out of the historical writings of the   
antient ,seers and ,prophets4 ,and      
because the books of the ,kings and     
,chronicles quote one another1 they were
 written at one and the same time4 ,and 
this time was after the return from the 
,babylonian captivity1 because they     

bring down the history of ,judah1 and   
the genealogies of the ,kings of ,judah1
 and of the ,high ,priests1 to that     
captivity4 ,the book of ,ezra was       
originally a part of the book of the    
,chronicles1 and has been divided from  
it4 ,for it begins with the two last    
verses of the books of ,chronicles1 and 
the first book of ,esdras begins with   
the two last chapters thereof4 ,ezra was
 therefore the compiler of the books of 
,kings and ,chronicles1 and brought down
 the history to his own time4 ,he was a 
ready ,scribe in the ,law of ,god2 and  
for assisting him in this work ,nehemias
 founded a library1 and gathered        
together the ,acts of the ,kings and the
 ,prophets1 and of ,david1 and the      
,epistles of the ,kings1 concerning the 
holy gifts1 #b ,maccab4 ii4 #ac4 ,by the
 ,acts of ,david ,i understand here the 
two books of ,samuel1 or at least the   
second book4 ,out of the ,acts of the   
,kings1 written from time to time by the
 ,prophets1 he compos'd the books of the

 ,kings of ,judah and ,israel1 the      
,chronicles of the ,kings of ,judah1 and
 the ,chronicles of the ,kings of       
,israel4 ,and in doing this he joined   
those ,acts together1 in due order of   
time1 copying the very words of the     
authors1 as is manifest from hence1 that
 the books of the ,kings and ,chronicles
 frequently agree with one another in   
words for many sentences together4      
,where they agree in sense1 there they  
agree in words also4  ,so the           
,prophecies of ,isaiah1 written at      
several times1 he has collected into one
 body4 ,and the like he did for those of
 ,jeremiah1 and the rest of the         
,prophets1 down to the days of the      
second ,temple4 ,the book of ,jonah is  
the history of ,jonah written by another
 hand4 ,the book of ,daniel is a        
collection of papers written at several 
times4 ,the six last chapters contain   
,prophecies written at several times by 
,daniel himself3 the six first are a    
collection of historical papers written 

by others4 ,the fourth chapter is a     
decree of ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,the first   
chapter was written after ,daniel's     
death3 for the author saith1 that       
,daniel continued to the first year of  
,cyrus2 that is1 to his first year over 
the ,persians and ,medes1 and third year
 over ,babylon4 ,and1 for the same      
reason1 the fifth and sixth chapters    
were also written after his death4 ,for 
they end with these words3 ,so this     
,daniel prospered in the reign of       
,darius and in the reign of ,cyrus the  
,persian4 ,yet these words might be     
added by the collector of the papers1   
whom ,i take to be ,ezra4  ,the ,psalms 
composed by ,moses1 ,david1 and others1 
seem to have been also collected by     
,ezra into one volume4 ,i reckon him the
 collector1 because in this collection  
,i meet with ,psalms as late as the     
,babylonian captivity1 but with none    
later4  ,after these things ,antiochus  
,epiphanes spoiled the ,temple1         
commanded the ,jews to forsake the ,law 

upon pain of death1 and caused the      
sacred books to be burnt wherever they  
could be found3 and in these troubles   
the book of the ,chronicles of the      
,kings of ,israel was entirely lost4    
,but upon recovering from this          
oppression1 ,judas ,maccabaeus gathered 
together all those writings that were to
 be met with1 #b ,maccab4 ii4 #ad4 and  
in reducing them into order1 part of the
 ,prophecies of ,isaiah1 or some other  
,prophet1 have been added to the end of 
the ,prophecies of ,zechariah2 and the  
book of ,ezra has been separated from   
the book of ,chronicles1 and set        
together in two different orders2 in one
 order in the book of ,ezra1 received   
into the ,canon1 and in another order in
 the first book of ,esdras4  ,after the 
,roman captivity1 the ,jews for         
preserving their traditions1 put them in
 writing in their ,talmud1 and for      
preserving their scriptures1 agreed upon
 an ,edition1 and pointed it1 and       
counted the letters of every sort in    

every book3 and by preserving only this 
,edition1 the antienter various         
lections1 except what can be discovered 
by means of the ,septuagint ,version1   
are now lost2 and such marginal notes1  
or other corruptions1 as by the errors  
of the transcribers1 before this        
,edition was made1 had crept into the   
text1 are now scarce to be corrected4   
,the ,jews before the ,roman captivity1 
distinguished the sacred books into the 
,law1 the ,prophets1 and the            
,hagiographa1 or holy writings2 and read
 only the ,law and the ,prophets in     
their ,synagogues4 ,and ,christ and his 
,apostles laid the stress of religion   
upon the ,law and the ,prophets1 ,matt4 
vii4 #ab4 xxii4 #d4 ,luke xvi4 #af1 #bi1
 #ca4 xxiv4 #dd4 ,acts xxiv4 #ad4 xxvi4 
#bb4 ,rom4 iii4 #ba4 ,by the            
,hagiographa they meant the historical  
books called ,joshua1 ,judges1 ,ruth1   
,samuel1 ,kings1 ,chronicles1 ,ezra1    
,nehemiah1 and ,esther1 the book of     
,job1 the ,psalms1 the books of         

,solomon1 and the ,lamentations4 ,the   
,samaritans read only the ,pentateuch3  
and when ,jehosaphat sent men to teach  
in the cities1 they had with them only  
the book of the ,law2 for the           
,prophecies now extant were not then    
written4 ,and upon the return from the  
,babylonian captivity1 ,ezra read only  
the book of the ,law to the people1 from
 morning to noon on the first day of the
 seventh month2 and from day to day in  
the feast of ,tabernacles3 for he had   
not yet collected the writings of the   
,prophets into the volume now extant2   
but instituted the reading of them after
 the collection was made4 ,by reading   
the ,law and the ,prophets in the       
,synagogues1 those books have been kept 
freer from corruption than the          
,hagiographa4  ,in the infancy of the   
nation of ,israel1 when ,god had given  
them a ,law1 and made a covenant with   
them to be their ,god if they would keep
 his commandments1 he sent ,prophets to 
reclaim them1 as often as they revolted 

to the worship of other ,gods3 and upon 
their returning to him1 they sometimes  
renewed the covenant which they had     
broken4 ,these ,prophets he continued to
 send1 till the days of ,ezra3 but after
 their ,prophecies were read in the     
,synagogues1 those ,prophecies were     
thought sufficient4 ,for if the people  
would not hear ,moses and the old       
,prophets1 they would hear no new ones1 
no not tho they should rise from the    
dead4 ,at length when a new truth was to
 be preached to the ,gentiles1 namely1  
that ,jesus was the ,christ1 ,god sent  
new ,prophets and ,teachers3 but after  
their writings were also received and   
read in the ,synagogues of the          
,christians1 ,prophecy ceased a second  
time4 ,we have ,moses1 the ,prophets1   
and ,apostles1 and the words of ,christ 
himself2 and if we will not hear them1  
we shall be more inexcusable than the   
,jews4 ,for the ,prophets and ,apostles 
have foretold1 that as ,israel often    
revolted and brake the covenant1 and    

upon repentance renewed it2 so there    
should be a falling away among the      
,christians1 soon after the days of the 
,apostles2 and that in the latter days  
,god would destroy the impenitent       
revolters1 and make a new covenant with 
his people4 ,and the giving ear to the  
,prophets is a fundamental character of 
the true ,church4 ,for ,god has so      
ordered the ,prophecies1 that in the    
latter days the wise may understand1 but
 the wicked shall do wickedly1 and none 
of the wicked shall understand1 ,dan4   
xii4 #i1 #aj4 ,the authority of         
,emperors1 ,kings1 and ,princes1 is     
human4 ,the authority of ,councils1     
,synods1 ,bishops1 and ,presbyters1 is  
human4 ,the authority of the ,prophets  
is divine1 and comprehends the sum of   
religion1 reckoning ,moses and the      
,apostles among the ,prophets2 and if an
 ,angel from ,heaven preach any other   
gospel1 than what they have delivered1  
let him be accursed4 ,their writings    
contain the covenant between ,god and   

his people1 with instructions for       
keeping this covenant2 instances of     
,god's judgments upon them that break   
it3 and predictions of things to come4  
,while the people of ,god keep the      
covenant1 they continue to be his       
people3 when they break it they cease to
 be his people or church1 and become the
 ,synagogue of ,satan1 who say they are 
,jews and are not4 ,and no power on     
earth is authorized to alter this       
covenant4  ,the predictions of things to
 come relate to the state of the ,church
 in all ages3 and amongst the old       
,prophets1 ,daniel is most distinct in  
order of time1 and easiest to be        
understood3 and therefore in those      
things which relate to the last times1  
he must be made the key to the rest4    
,notes to ,chap4 ,i4  #a #b ,chron4     
xxxiii4 #e1 #f1 #g4  #b #b ,chron4      
xxxiv4  #c #b ,chron4 xii4 #b1 #c1 #d1  
#h1 #i4  xv4 #c1 #e1 #f4  #d #b ,chron4 
xiv4 #a1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ab4  #e #b    
,chron4 xv4 #c1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ah4  #f 

#b ,kings xvii4 #bg1 #bh1 #cb1 #cc4  #g 
#b ,kings xvii4 #cd1 #da4  #h ,gen4     
xxxvi4 #ca4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,,chap4 ,,ii4  ,of  
the ,prophetic ,language4  ,for         
understanding the ,prophecies1 we are1  
in the first place1 to acquaint         
our-selves with the figurative language 
of the ,prophets4 ,this language is     
taken from the analogy between the world
 natural1 and an empire or kingdom      
considered as a world politic4          
,accordingly1 the whole world natural   
consisting of heaven and earth1         
signifies the whole world politic1      
consisting of thrones and people1 or so 
much of it as is considered in the      
,prophecy3 and the things in that world 
signify the analogous things in this4   
,for the heavens1 and the things        
therein1 signify thrones and dignities1 
and those who enjoy them2 and the earth1
 with the things thereon1 the inferior  
people2 and the lowest parts of the     
earth1 called ,hades or ,hell1 the      

lowest or most miserable part of them4  
,whence ascending towards heaven1 and   
descending to the earth1 are put for    
rising and falling in power and honour3 
rising out of the earth1 or waters1 and 
falling into them1 for the rising up to 
any dignity or dominion1 out of the     
inferior state of the people1 or falling
 down from the same into that inferior  
state2 descending into the lower parts  
of the earth1 for descending to a very  
low and unhappy estate2 speaking with a 
faint voice out of the dust1 for being  
in a weak and low condition2 moving from
 one place to another1 for translation  
from one office1 dignity1 or dominion1  
to another2 great earthquakes1 and the  
shaking of heaven and earth1 for the    
shaking of kingdoms1 so as to distract  
or overthrow them2 the creating a new   
heaven and earth1 and the passing away  
of an old one1 or the beginning and end 
of the world1 for the rise and ruin of  
the body politic signified thereby4  ,in
 the heavens1 the ,sun and ,moon are1 by

 interpreters of dreams1 put for the    
persons of ,kings and ,queens2 but in   
sacred ,prophecy1 which regards not     
single persons1 the ,sun is put for the 
whole species and race of ,kings1 in the
 kingdom or kingdoms of the world       
politic1 shining with regal power and   
glory2 the ,moon for the body of the    
common people1 considered as the ,king's
 wife2 the ,stars for subordinate       
,princes and great men1 or for ,bishops 
and ,rulers of the people of ,god1 when 
the ,sun is ,christ2 light for the      
glory1 truth1 and knowledge1 wherewith  
great and good men shine and illuminate 
others2 darkness for obscurity of       
condition1 and for error1 blindness and 
ignorance2 darkning1 smiting1 or setting
 of the ,sun1 ,moon1 and ,stars1 for the
 ceasing of a kingdom1 or for the       
desolation thereof1 proportional to the 
darkness2 darkning the ,sun1 turning the
 ,moon into blood1 and falling of the   
,stars1 for the same2 new ,moons1 for   
the return of a dispersed people into a 

body politic or ecclesiastic4  ,fire and
 meteors refer to both heaven and earth1
 and signify as follows2 burning any    
thing with fire1 is put for the         
consuming thereof by war2 a             
conflagration of the earth1 or turning a
 country into a lake of fire1 for the   
consumption of a kingdom by war2 the    
being in a furnace1 for the being in    
slavery under another nation2 the       
ascending up of the smoke of any burning
 thing for ever and ever1 for the       
continuation of a conquered people under
 the misery of perpetual subjection and 
slavery2 the scorching heat of the sun1 
for vexatious wars1 persecutions and    
troubles inflicted by the ,king2 riding 
on the clouds1 for reigning over much   
people2 covering the sun with a cloud1  
or with smoke1 for oppression of the    
,king by the armies of an enemy2        
tempestuous winds1 or the motion of     
clouds1 for wars2 thunder1 or the voice 
of a cloud1 for the voice of a          
multitude2 a storm of thunder1          

lightning1 hail1 and overflowing rain1  
for a tempest of war descending from the
 heavens and clouds politic1 on the     
heads of their enemies2 rain1 if not    
immoderate1 and dew1 and living water1  
for the graces and doctrines of the     
,spirit2 and the defect of rain1 for    
spiritual barrenness4  ,in the earth1   
the dry land and congregated waters1 as 
a sea1 a river1 a flood1 are put for the
 people of several regions1 nations1 and
 dominions2 embittering of waters1 for  
great affliction of the people by war   
and persecution2 turning things into    
blood1 for the mystical death of bodies 
politic1 that is1 for their dissolution2
 the overflowing of a sea or river1 for 
the invasion of the earth politic1 by   
the people of the waters2 drying up of  
waters1 for the conquest of their       
regions by the earth2 fountains of      
waters for cities1 the permanent heads  
of rivers politic2 mountains and        
islands1 for the cities of the earth and
 sea politic1 with the territories and  

dominions belonging to those cities2    
dens and rocks of mountains1 for the    
temples of cities2 the hiding of men in 
those dens and rocks1 for the shutting  
up of ,idols in their temples2 houses   
and ships1 for families1 assemblies1 and
 towns1 in the earth and sea politic2   
and a navy of ships of war1 for an army 
of that kingdom that is signified by the
 sea4  ,animals also and vegetables are 
put for the people of several regions   
and conditions2 and particularly1 trees1
 herbs1 and land animals1 for the people
 of the earth politic3 flags1 reeds1 and
 fishes1 for those of the waters        
politic2 birds and insects1 for those of
 the politic heaven and earth2 a forest 
for a kingdom2 and a wilderness for a   
desolate and thin people4  ,if the world
 politic1 considered in prophecy1       
consists of many kingdoms1 they are     
represented by as many parts of the     
world natural2 as the noblest by the    
celestial frame1 and then the ,moon and 
,clouds are put for the common people2  

the less noble1 by the earth1 sea1 and  
rivers1 and by the animals or           
vegetables1 or buildings therein2 and   
then the greater and more powerful      
animals and taller trees1 are put for   
,kings1 ,princes1 and ,nobles4 ,and     
because the whole kingdom is the body   
politic of the ,king1 therefore the     
,sun1 or a ,tree1 or a ,beast1 or ,bird1
 or a ,man1 whereby the ,king is        
represented1 is put in a large          
signification for the whole kingdom2 and
 several animals1 as a ,lion1 a ,bear1 a
 ,leopard1 a ,goat1 according to their  
qualities1 are put for several kingdoms 
and bodies politic2 and sacrificing of  
beasts1 for slaughtering and conquering 
of kingdoms2 and friendship between     
beasts1 for peace between kingdoms4 ,yet
 sometimes vegetables and animals are1  
by certain epithets or circumstances1   
extended to other significations2 as a  
,tree1 when called the tree of life or  
of knowledge2 and a ,beast1 when called 
the old serpent1 or worshipped4  ,when a

 ,beast or ,man is put for a kingdom1   
his parts and qualities are put for the 
analogous parts and qualities of the    
kingdom2 as the head of a ,beast1 for   
the great men who precede and govern2   
the tail for the inferior people1 who   
follow and are governed2 the heads1 if  
more than one1 for the number of capital
 parts1 or dynasties1 or dominions in   
the kingdom1 whether collateral or      
successive1 with respect to the civil   
government2 the horns on any head1 for  
the number of kingdoms in that head1    
with respect to military power2 seeing  
for understanding1 and the eyes for men 
of understanding and policy1 and in     
matters of religion for ,greek3         
,episkopoi1 ,bishops2 speaking1 for     
making laws2 the mouth1 for a law-giver1
 whether civil or sacred2 the loudness  
of the voice1 for might and power2 the  
faintness thereof1 for weakness2 eating 
and drinking1 for acquiring what is     
signified by the things eaten and drank2
 the hairs of a beast1 or man1 and the  

feathers of a bird1 for people2 the     
wings1 for the number of kingdoms       
represented by the beast2 the arm of a  
man1 for his power1 or for any people   
wherein his strength and power consists2
 his feet1 for the lowest of the people1
 or for the latter end of the kingdom2  
the feet1 nails1 and teeth of beasts of 
prey1 for armies and squadrons of       
armies2 the bones1 for strength1 and for
 fortified places2 the flesh1 for riches
 and possessions2 and the days of their 
acting1 for years2 and when a tree is   
put for a kingdom1 its branches1 leaves 
and fruit1 signify as do the wings1     
feathers1 and food of a bird or beast4  
,when a man is taken in a mystical      
sense1 his qualities are often signified
 by his actions1 and by the             
circumstances of things about him4 ,so a
 ,ruler is signified by his riding on a 
beast2 a ,warrior and ,conqueror1 by his
 having a sword and bow2 a potent man1  
by his gigantic stature2 a ,judge1 by   
weights and measures2 a sentence of     

absolution1 or condemnation1 by a white 
or a black stone2 a new dignity1 by a   
new name2 moral or civil qualifications1
 by garments2 honour and glory1 by      
splendid apparel2 royal dignity1 by     
purple or scarlet1 or by a crown2       
righteousness1 by white and clean robes2
 wickedness1 by spotted and filthy      
garments2 affliction1 mourning1 and     
humiliation1 by clothing in sackcloth2  
dishonour1 shame1 and want of good      
works1 by nakedness2 error and misery1  
by drinking a cup of his or her wine    
that causeth it2 propagating any        
religion for gain1 by exercising        
traffick and merchandize with that      
people whose religion it is2 worshipping
 or serving the false ,gods of any      
nation1 by committing adultery with     
their princes1 or by worshipping them2 a
 ,council of a kingdom1 by its image2   
idolatry1 by blasphemy2 overthrow in    
war1 by a wound of man or beast2 a      
durable plague of war1 by a sore and    
pain2 the affliction or persecution     

which a people suffers in labouring to  
bring forth a new kingdom1 by the pain  
of a woman in labour to bring forth a   
man-child2 the dissolution of a body    
politic or ecclesiastic1 by the death of
 a man or beast2 and the revival of a   
dissolved dominion1 by the resurrection 
of the dead4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,chap4 ,,iii4    
,of the vision of the ,image composed of
 four ,metals4  ,the ,prophecies of     
,daniel are all of them related to one  
another1 as if they were but several    
parts of one general ,prophecy1 given at
 several times4 ,the first is the       
easiest to be understood1 and every     
following ,prophecy adds something new  
to the former4 ,the first was given in a
 dream to ,nebuchadnezzar1 ,king of     
,babylon1 in the second year of his     
reign2 but the ,king forgetting his     
dream1 it was given again to ,daniel in 
a dream1 and by him revealed to the     
,king4 ,and thereby1 ,daniel presently  
became famous for wisdom1 and revealing 

of secrets3 insomuch that ,ezekiel his  
contemporary1 in the nineteenth year of 
,nebuchadnezzar1 spake thus of him to   
the ,king of ,tyre3 ,behold1 saith he1  
thou art wiser than ,daniel1 there is no
 secret that they can hide from thee1   
,ezek4 xxviii4 #c4 ,and the same        
,ezekiel1 in another place1 joins       
,daniel with ,noah and ,job1 as most    
high in the favour of ,god1 ,ezek4 xiv4 
#ad1 #af1 #ah1 #bj4 ,and in the last    
year of ,belshazzar1 the ,queen-mother  
said of him to the ,king3 ,behold there 
is a man in thy kingdom1 in whom is the 
spirit of the holy gods2 and in the days
 of thy father1 light and understanding 
and wisdom1 like the wisdom of the gods1
 was found in him2 whom the king        
,nebuchadnezzar thy father1 the king1 ,i
 say1 thy father made master of the     
magicians1 astrologers1 ,chaldeans and  
soothsayers3 forasmuch as an excellent  
spirit1 and knowledge1 and              
understanding1 interpreting of dreams1  
and shewing of hard sentences1 and      

dissolving of doubts1 were found in the 
same ,daniel1 whom the king named       
,belteshazzar1 ,dan4 v4 #aa1 #ab4       
,daniel was in the greatest credit      
amongst the ,jews1 till the reign of the
 ,roman ,emperor ,hadrian3 and to reject
 his ,prophecies1 is to reject the      
,christian religion4 ,for this religion 
is founded upon his ,prophecy concerning
 the ,messiah4  ,now in this vision of  
the ,image composed of four ,metals1 the
 foundation of all ,daniel's ,prophecies
 is laid4 ,it represents a body of four 
great nations1 which should reign over  
the earth successively1 viz4 the people 
of ,babylonia1 the ,persians1 the       
,greeks1 and the ,romans4 ,and by a     
stone cut out without hands1 which fell 
upon the feet of the ,image1 and brake  
all the four ,metals to pieces1 and     
became a great mountain1 and filled the 
whole earth2 it further represents that 
a new kingdom should arise1 after the   
four1 and conquer all those nations1 and
 grow very great1 and last to the end of

 all ages4  ,the head of the ,image was 
of gold1 and signifies the nations of   
,babylonia1 who reigned first1 as       
,daniel himself interprets4 ,thou art   
this head of gold1 saith he to          
,nebuchadnezzar4 ,these nations reigned 
till ,cyrus conquered ,babylon1 and     
within a few months after that conquest 
revolted to the ,persians1 and set them 
up above the ,medes4 ,the breast and    
arms of the ,image were of silver1 and  
represent the ,persians who reigned     
next4 ,the belly and thighs of the      
,image were of brass1 and represent the 
,greeks1 who1 under the dominion of     
,alexander the great1 conquered the     
,persians1 and reigned next after them4 
,the legs were of iron1 and represent   
the ,romans who reigned next after the  
,greeks1 and began to conquer them in   
the eighth year of ,antiochus           
,epiphanes4 ,for in that year they      
conquered ,perseus ,king of ,macedon1   
the fundamental kingdom of the ,greeks2 
and from thence forward grew into a     

mighty empire1 and reigned with great   
power till the days of ,theodosius the  
great4 ,then by the incursion of many   
northern nations1 they brake into many  
smaller kingdoms1 which are represented 
by the feet and toes of the ,image1     
composed part of iron1 and part of clay4
 ,for then1 saith ,daniel1 #a the       
kingdom shall be divided1 and there     
shall be in it of the strength of iron1 
but they shall not cleave one to        
another4  ,and in the days of these     
,kings1 saith ,daniel1 shall the ,god of
 heaven set up a kingdom which shall    
never be destroyed3 and the kingdom     
shall not be left to other people2 but  
it shall break in pieces1 and consume   
all these kingdoms1 and it shall stand  
for ever4 ,forasmuch as thou sawest that
 the stone was cut out of the mountains 
without hands1 and that it brake in     
pieces the iron1 the brass1 the clay1   
the silver and the gold4  ,notes to     
,chap4 ,,iii4  #a ,chap4 ii4 #da1 c4    
99       99       99       99       99  

,,chap4 ,,iv4  ,of the vision of the    
four ,beasts4  ,in the next vision1     
which is of the four ,beasts1 the       
,prophecy of the four ,empires is       
repeated1 with several new additions2   
such as are the two wings of the ,lion1 
the three ribs in the mouth of the      
,bear1 the four wings and four heads of 
the ,leopard1 the eleven horns of the   
fourth ,beast1 and the son of man coming
 in the clouds of ,heaven1 to the       
,antient of ,days sitting in judgment4  
,the first ,beast was like a lion1 and  
had eagle's wings1 to denote the        
kingdoms of ,babylonia and ,media1 which
 overthrew the ,assyrian ,empire1 and   
divided it between them1 and thereby    
became considerable1 and grew into great
 ,empires4 ,in the former ,prophecy1 the
 ,empire of ,babylonia was represented  
by the head of gold2 in this both       
,empires are represented together by the
 two wings of the lion4 ,and ,i beheld1 
saith #a ,daniel1 till the wings thereof
 were pluckt1 and it was lifted up from 

the earth1 and made to stand upon the   
feet as a man1 and a man's heart was    
given to it2 that is1 till it was       
humbled and subdued1 and made to know   
its human state4  ,the second ,beast was
 like a bear1 and represents the ,empire
 which reigned next after the           
,babylonians1 that is1 the ,empire of   
the ,persians4 ,thy kingdom is divided1 
or broken1 saith ,daniel to the last    
,king of ,babylon1 and given to the     
,medes and ,persians1 ,dan4 v4 #bh4     
,this ,beast raised itself up on one    
side2 the ,persians being under the     
,medes at the fall of ,babylon1 but     
presently rising up above them4 #b ,and 
it had three ribs in the mouth of it1   
between the teeth of it1 to signify the 
kingdoms of ,sardes1 ,babylon1 and      
,egypt1 which were conquered by it1 but 
did not belong to its proper body4 ,and 
it devoured much flesh1 the riches of   
those three kingdoms4  ,the third ,beast
 was the kingdom which succeeded the    
,persian2 and this was the empire of the

 ,greeks1 ,dan4 viii4 #f1 #g1 #bj1 #ba4 
,it was like a ,leopard1 to signify its 
fierceness2 and had four heads and four 
wings1 to signify that it should become 
divided into four kingdoms1 ,dan4 viii  
#bb4 for it continued in a monarchical  
form during the reign of ,alexander the 
great1 and his brother ,aridaeus1 and   
young sons ,alexander and ,hercules2 and
 then brake into four kingdoms1 by the  
governors of provinces putting crowns on
 their own heads1 and by mutual consent 
reigning over their provinces4          
,cassander reigned over ,macedon1       
,greece1 and ,epirus2 ,lysimachus over  
,thrace and ,bithynia2 ,ptolemy over    
,egypt1 ,lybia1 ,arabia1 ,coelosyria1   
and ,palestine2 and ,seleucus over      
,syria4  ,the fourth ,beast was the     
empire which succeeded that of the      
,greeks1 and this was the ,roman4 ,this 
beast was exceeding dreadful and        
terrible1 and had great iron teeth1 and 
devoured and brake in pieces1 and       
stamped the residue with its feet2 and  

such was the ,roman empire4 ,it was     
larger1 stronger1 and more formidable   
and lasting than any of the former4 ,it 
conquered the kingdom of ,macedon1 with 
,illyricum and ,epirus1 in the eighth   
year of ,antiochus ,epiphanes1 ,anno    
,nabonass44 #ehj2 and inherited that of 
,pergamus1 ,anno ,nabonass4 #fae2 and   
conquered that of ,syria1 ,anno         
,nabonass4 #fgi1 and that of ,egypt1    
,anno ,nabonass4 #gah4 ,and by these and
 other conquests it became greater and  
more terrible than any of the three     
former ,beasts4 ,this ,empire continued 
in its greatness till the reign of      
,theodosius the great2 and then brake   
into ten kingdoms1 represented by the   
ten horns of this ,beast2 and continued 
in a broken form1 till the ,antient of  
days sat in a throne like fiery flame1  
and the judgment was set1 and the books 
were opened1 and the ,beast was slain   
and his body destroyed1 and given to the
 burning flames2 and one like the son of
 man came with the clouds of heaven1 and

 came to the ,antient of days #c1 and   
received dominion over all nations1 and 
judgment was given to the saints of the 
most high1 and the time came that they  
possessed the kingdom4  ,i beheld1 saith
 #d ,daniel1 till the ,beast was slain1 
and his body destroyed1 and given to the
 burning flames4 ,as concerning the rest
 of the ,beasts1 they had their dominion
 taken away3 yet their lives were       
prolonged for a season and a time4 ,and 
therefore all the four ,beasts are still
 alive1 tho the dominion of the three   
first be taken away4 ,the nations of    
,chaldea and ,assyria are still the     
first ,beast4 ,those of ,media and      
,persia are still the second ,beast4    
,those of ,macedon1 ,greece and ,thrace1
 ,asia minor1 ,syria and ,egypt1 are    
still the third4 ,and those of ,europe1 
on this side ,greece1 are still the     
fourth4 ,seeing therefore the body of   
the third ,beast is confined to the     
nations on this side the river          
,euphrates1 and the body of the fourth  

,beast is confined to the nations on    
this side ,greece2 we are to look for   
all the four heads of the third ,beast1 
among the nations on this side of the   
river ,euphrates2 and for all the eleven
 horns of the fourth ,beast1 among the  
nations on this side of ,greece4 ,and   
therefore1 at the breaking of the ,greek
 empire into four kingdoms of the       
,greeks1 we include no part of the      
,chaldeans1 ,medes and ,persians in     
those kingdoms1 because they belonged to
 the bodies of the two first ,beasts4   
,nor do we reckon the ,greek empire     
seated at ,constantinople1 among the    
horns of the fourth ,beast1 because it  
belonged to the body of the third4      
,notes to ,chap4 ,,iv4  #a ,chap4 vii4  
#d4  #b ,chap4 vii4 #e4  #c ,chap4 vii4 
#ac4  #d ,chap4 vii4 #aa1 #ab4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,v4  ,of the ,kingdoms          
represented by the feet of the ,image   
composed of iron and clay4  ,dacia was a
 large country bounded on the south by  

the ,danube1 on the east by the ,euxine 
sea1 on the north by the river ,neister 
and the mountain ,crapac1 and on the    
west by the river ,tibesis1 or ,teys1   
which runs southward into the ,danube a 
little above ,belgrade4 ,it comprehended
 the countries now called ,transylvania1
 ,moldavia1 and ,wallachia1 and the     
eastern part of the upper ,hungary4 ,its
 antient inhabitants were called ,getae 
by the ,greeks1 ,daci by the ,latins1   
and ,goths by themselves4 ,alexander the
 great attacked them1 and ,trajan       
conquered them1 and reduced their       
country into a ,province of the ,roman  
,empire3 and thereby the propagation of 
the ,gospel among them was much         
promoted4 ,they were composed of several
 ,gothic nations1 called ,ostrogoths1   
,visigoths1 ,vandals1 ,gepides1         
,lombards1 ,burgundians1 ,alans1 c4 who 
all agreed in their manners1 and spake  
the same language1 as ,procopius        
represents4 ,while they lived under the 
,romans1 the ,goths or ,ostrogoths were 

seated in the eastern parts of ,dacia1  
the ,vandals in the western part upon   
the river ,teys1 where the rivers       
,maresh and ,keresh run into it4 ,the   
,visigoths were between them4 ,the      
,gepides1 according to ,jornandes1 were 
upon the ,vistula4 ,the ,burgundians1 a 
,vandalic nation1 were between the      
,vistula and the southern fountain of   
the ,boristhenes1 at some distance from 
the mountain ,crapac northwards1 where  
,ptolemy places them1 by the names of   
,phrugundiones and ,burgiones4#a ,the   
,alans1 another ,gothic nation1 were    
between the northern fountain of the    
,boristhenes and the mouth of the river 
,tanais1 where ,ptolemy placeth the     
mountain ,alanus1 and western side of   
the ,palus ,maeotis4  ,these nations    
continued under the dominion of the     
,romans till the second year of the     
,emperor ,philip1 and then for want of  
their military pay began to revolt2 the 
,ostrogoths setting up a kingdom1 which1
 under their ,kings ,ostrogotha1 ,cniva1

 ,araric1 ,geperic1 and ,hermanaric1    
increased till the year of ,christ #cgf2
 and then by an incursion of the ,huns  
from beyond the ,tanais1 and the death  
of ,hermanaric1 brake into several      
smaller kingdoms4 ,hunnimund1 the son of
 ,hermanaric1 became ,king over the     
,ostrogoths2 ,fridigern over the        
,visigoths2 ,winithar1 or ,vinithar1    
over a part of the ,goths called        
,gruthungi by ,ammian1 ,gothunni by     
,claudian1 and ,sarmatae and ,scythians 
by others3 ,athanaric reign'd over      
another part of the ,goths in ,dacia1   
called ,thervingi2 ,box over the ,antes 
in ,sarmatia2 and the ,gepides had also 
their ,king4 ,the ,vandals fled over the
 ,danube from ,geberic in the latter end
 of the reign of ,constantine the great1
 and had seats granted them in ,pannonia
 by that ,emperor1 where they lived     
quietly forty years1 viz4 till the year 
#cgg1 when several ,gothic nations      
flying from the ,hunns came over the    
,danube1 and had seats granted them in  

,maesia and ,thrace by the ,greek       
,emperor ,valens4 ,but the next year    
they revolted1 called in some ,goths1   
,alans and ,hunns1 from beyond the      
,danube1 and routed the ,roman army1    
slew the ,emperor ,valens1 and spread   
themselves into ,greece and ,pannonia as
 far as the ,alps4 ,in the years #cgi   
and #chj they were checkt by the arms of
 the ,emperors ,gratian and ,theodosius1
 and made a submissive peace2 the       
,visigoths and ,thervingi returned to   
their seats in ,maesia and ,thrace1 the 
,hunns retired over the ,danube1 and the
 ,alans and ,gruthingi obtained seats in
 ,pannonia4  ,about the year #cgc1 or   
#cgd1 the ,burgundians rose from their  
seats upon the ,vistula1 with an army of
 eighty thousand men to invade ,gallia2 
and being opposed1 seated themselves    
upon the northern side of the ,rhine    
over against ,mentz4 ,in the year #ceh1 
a body of the ,salian ,franks1 with     
their ,king1 coming from the river      
,sala1 were received into the ,empire by

 the ,emperor ,julian1 and seated in    
,gallia between ,brabant and the ,rhine3
 and their ,king ,mellobaudes was made  
,comes domesticorum1 by the ,emperor    
,gratian4 ,richomer1 another noble      
,salian ,frank1 was made ,comes         
domesticorum1 and ,magister utriusque   
,militiae1 by ,theodosius2 and ,a4,c4   
#chd1 was ,consul with ,clearchus4 ,he  
was a great favourite of ,theodosius1   
and accompanied him in his wars against 
,eugenius1 but died in the expedition1  
and left a son called ,theudomir1 who   
afterwards became ,king of the ,salian  
,franks in ,brabant4 ,in the time of    
this war some ,franks from beyond the   
,rhine invaded ,gallia under the conduct
 of ,genobald1 ,marcomir and ,suno1 but 
were repulsed by ,stilico2 and ,marcomir
 being slain1 was succeeded in ,germany 
by his son ,pharamond4  ,while these    
nations remained quiet within the       
,empire1 subject to the ,romans1 many   
others continued so beyond the ,danube  
till the death of the ,emperor          

,theodosius1 and then rose up in arms4  
,for ,paulus ,diaconus in his ,historia 
,miscell4 lib4 xiv4 speaking of the     
times next after the death of this      
,emperor1 tells us3 ,eodem tempore erant
 ,gothi  aliae gentes maximae trans     
,danubium habitantes3 ex quibus         
rationabiliores quatuor sunt1 ,gothi    
scilicet1 ,huisogothi1 ,gepides         
,vandali2  nomen tantum  nihil aliud    
mutantes4 ,isti sub ,arcadia  ,honorio  
,danubium transeuntes1 locati sunt in   
terra ,romanorum3  ,gepides quidem1 ex  
quibus postea divisi sunt ,longobardi   
,avares1 villas1 quae sunt circa        
,singidonum  ,sirmium1 habitavere3 and  
,procopius in the beginning of his      
,historia ,vandalica writes to the same 
purpose4 ,hitherto the ,western ,empire 
continued entire1 but now brake into    
many kingdoms4  ,theodosius died ,a4,c4 
#cie2 and then the ,visigoths1 under the
 conduct of ,alaric the successor of    
,fridigern1 rose from their seats in    
,thrace and wasted ,macedon1 ,thessaly1 

,achaia1 ,peloponnesus1 and ,epirus1    
with fire and sword for five years      
together2 when turning westward1 they   
invaded ,dalmatia1 ,illyricum and       
,pannonia2 and from thence went into    
,italy ,a4,c4 #djb2 and the next year   
were so beaten at ,pollentia and        
,verona1 by ,stilico the commander of   
the forces of the ,western ,empire1 that
 ,claudian calls the remainder of the   
forces of ,alaric1 tanta ex gente       
reliquias breves1 and ,prudentius1      
,gentem deletam4 ,thereupon ,alaric made
 peace with the ,emperor1 being so far  
humbled1 that ,orosius saith1 he did1   
pro pace optima  quibuscunque sedibus   
suppliciter  simpliciter orare4 ,this   
peace was ratified by mutual hostages2  
,a,etius was sent hostage to ,alaric2   
and ,alaric continued a free ,prince in 
the seats now granted to him4  ,when    
,alaric took up arms1 the nations beyond
 the ,danube began to be in motion2 and 
the next winter1 between ,a4,c4 #cie and
 #cif1 a great body of ,hunns1 ,alans1  

,ostrogoths1 ,gepides1 and other        
northern nations1 came over the frozen  
,danube1 being invited by ,rufinus3 when
 their brethren1 who had obtained seats 
within the ,empire1 took up arms also4  
,jerome calls this great multitude1     
,hunns1 ,alans1 ,vandals1 ,goths1       
,sarmatians1 ,quades1 and ,marcomans2   
and saith1 that they invaded all places 
between ,constantinople and the ,julian 
,alps1 wasting ,scythia1 ,thrace1       
,macedon1 ,dardania1 ,dacia1 ,thessaly1 
,achaia1 ,epirus1 ,dalmatia1 and all    
,pannonia4 ,the ,suevians also invaded  
,rhaetia3 for when ,alaric ravaged      
,pannonia1 the ,romans were defending   
,rhaetia2 which gave ,alaric an         
opportunity of invading ,italy1 as      
,claudian thus mentions4    ,non nisi   
perfidia nacti penetrabile tempus1      
,irrupere ,getae1 nostras dum ,rhaetia  
vires   ,occupat1 atque alio desudant   
,marte cohortes4  ,and when ,alaric went
 from those parts into ,italy1 some     
other barbarous nations invaded ,noricum

 and ,vindelicia1 as the same ,poet     
,claudian thus writes3        ----,jam  
foedera gentes   ,exuerant1 ,latiique   
audita clade feroces   ,vendelicos      
saltus  ,norica rura tenebant4  ,this   
was in the years #djb and #djc4 ,and    
among these nations ,i reckon the       
,suevians1 ,quades1 and ,marcomans2 for 
they were all in arms at this time4 ,the
 ,quades and ,marcomans were ,suevian   
nations2 and they and the ,suevians came
 originally from ,bohemia1 and the river
 ,suevus or ,sprake in ,lusatia2 and    
were now united under one common ,king  
called ,ermeric1 who soon after led them
 into ,gallia4 ,the ,vandals and ,alans 
might also about this time extend       
themselves into ,noricum4 ,uldin also   
with a great body of ,hunns passed the  
,danube about the time of ,chrysostom's 
banishment1 that is1 ,a4,c4 #djd1 and   
wasted ,thrace and ,maesia4 ,radagaisus1
 ,king of the ,gruthunni and succesor of
 ,winithar1 inviting over more          
barbarians from beyond the ,danube1     

invaded ,italy with an army of above two
 hundred thousand ,goths2 and within a  
year or two1 ,a4,c4 #dje or #djf41 was  
overcome by ,stilico1 and perished with 
his army4 ,in this war ,stilico was     
assisted with a great body of ,hunns and
 ,ostrogoths1 under the conduct of      
,uldin and ,sarus1 who were hired by the
 ,emperor ,honorius4 ,in all this       
confusion it was necessary for the      
,lombards in ,pannonia to arm themselves
 in their own defence1 and assert their 
liberty1 the ,romans being no longer    
able to protect them4  ,and now ,stilico
 purposing to make himself ,emperor1    
procured a military prefecture for      
,alaric1 and sent him into the ,east in 
the service of ,honorius the ,western   
,emperor1 committing some ,roman troops 
to his conduct to strengthen his army of
 ,goths1 and promising to follow soon   
after with his own army4 ,his pretence  
was to recover some regions of          
,illyricum1 which the ,eastern ,emperor 
was accused to detain injuriously from  

the ,western2 but his secret design was 
to make himself ,emperor1 by the        
assistance of the ,vandals and their    
allies3 for he himself was a ,vandal4   
,for facilitating this design1 he       
invited a great body of the barbarous   
nations to invade the ,western ,empire1 
while he and ,alaric invaded the        
,eastern4 ,and these nations under their
 several ,kings1 the ,vandals under     
,godegisilus1 the ,alans in two bodies1 
the one under ,goar1 the other under    
,resplendial1 and the ,suevians1        
,quades1 and ,marcomans1 under ,ermeric1
 marched thro' ,rhaetia to the side of  
the ,rhine1 leaving their seats in      
,pannonia to the ,hunns and ,ostrogoths1
 and joined the ,burgundians under      
,gundicar1 and ruffled the ,franks in   
their further march4 ,on the last of    
,december ,a4,c4 #djf1 they passed the  
,rhine at ,ments1 and spread themselves 
into ,germania prima and the adjacent   
regions2 and amongst other actions the  
,vandals took ,triers4 ,then they       

advanced into ,belgium1 and began to    
waste that country4 ,whereupon the      
,salian ,franks in ,brabant took up     
arms1 and under the conduct of          
,theudomir1 the son of ,ricimer1 or     
,richomer1 abovementioned1 made so stout
 a resistance1 that they slew almost    
twenty thousand of the ,vandals1 with   
their ,king ,godegesilus1 in battel2 the
 rest escaping only by a party of       
,resplendial's ,alans which came timely 
to their assistance4  ,then the ,british
 soldiers1 alarm'd by the rumour of     
these things1 revolted1 and set up      
,tyrants there2 first ,marcus1 whom they
 slew presently2 then ,gratian1 whom    
they slew within four months2 and lastly
 ,constantine1 under whom they invaded  
,gallia ,a4,c4 #djh1 being favoured by  
,goar and ,gundicar4 ,and ,constantine  
having possessed a good part of ,gallia1
 created his son ,constans ,caesar1 and 
sent him into ,spain to order his       
affairs there1 ,a4,c4 #dji4  ,in the    
mean time ,resplendial1 seeing the      

aforesaid disaster of the ,vandals1 and 
that ,goar was gone over to the ,romans1
 led his army from the ,rhine2 and1     
together with the ,suevians and residue 
of the ,vandals1 went towards ,spain2   
the ,franks in the mean time prosecuting
 their victory so far as to retake      
,triers1 which after they had plundered 
they left to the ,romans4 ,the          
,barbarians were at first stopt by the  
,pyrenean mountains1 which made them    
spread themselves into ,aquitain3 but   
the next year they had the passage      
betrayed by some soldiers of ,constans2 
and entring ,spain #d ,kal4 ,octob4     
,a4,c4 #dji1 they conquered every one   
what he could2 and at length1 ,a4,c4    
#daa1 divided their conquests by lot2   
the ,vandals obtained ,boetica1 and part
 of ,gallaecia2 the ,suevians the rest  
of ,gallaecia2 and the ,alans ,lusitania
 and the ,carthaginian ,province3 the   
,emperor for the sake of peace          
confirming them in those seats by grant 
,a4,c4 #dac4  ,the ,roman ,franks       

abovementioned1 having made ,theudomir  
their ,king1 began strait after their   
conquest of the ,vandals to invade their
 neighbours also4 ,the first they set   
upon were the ,gauls of ,brabant#b3 but 
meeting with notable resistance1 they   
desired their alliance3 and so those    
,gauls fell off from the ,romans1 and   
made an intimate league with the ,franks
 to be as one people1 marrying with one 
another1 and conforming to one another's
 manners1 till they became one without  
distinction4 ,thus by the access of     
these ,gauls1 and of the foreign ,franks
 also1 who afterwards came over the     
,rhine1 the ,salian kingdom soon grew   
very great and powerful4  ,stilico's    
expedition against the ,greek ,emperor  
was stopt by the order of ,honorius2 and
 then ,alaric came out of ,epirus into  
,noricum1 and requested a sum of money  
for his service4 ,the ,senate were      
inclined to deny him1 but by ,stilico's 
mediation granted it4 ,but after some   
time ,stilico being accused of a        

traiterous conspiracy with ,alaric1 and 
slain #aj ,kal4 ,sept4 ,a4,c4 #djh2     
,alaric was thereby disappointed of his 
money1 and reputed an enemy to the      
,empire2 he then broke strait into      
,italy with the army he brought out of  
,epirus1 and sent to his brother        
,adolphus to follow him with what forces
 he had in ,pannonia1 which were not    
great1 but yet not to be despised4      
,thereupon ,honorius fearing to be shut 
up in ,rome1 retired to ,ravenna in     
,october ,a4,c4 #djh4 ,and from that    
time ,ravenna continued to be the seat  
of the ,western ,emperors4 ,in those    
days the ,hunns also invaded ,pannonia2 
and seizing the deserted seats of the   
,vandals1 ,alans1 and ,goths1 founded a 
new kingdom there4 ,alaric advancing to 
,rome besieged it1 and #i ,kal4 ,sept4  
,a4,c4 #daj took it3 and afterwards     
attempting to pass into ,africa1 was    
shipwrackt4 ,after which ,honorius made 
peace with him1 and got up an army to   
send against the ,tyrant ,constantine4  

,at the same time ,gerontius1 one of    
,constantine's captains1 revolted from  
him1 and set up ,maximus ,emperor in    
,spain4 ,whereupon ,constantine sent    
,edobec1 another of his captains1 to    
draw to his assistance1 the ,barbarians 
under ,goar and ,gundicar in ,gallia1   
and supplies of ,franks and ,alemans    
from beyond the ,rhine2 and committed   
the custody of ,vienne in ,gallia       
,narbonensis to his son ,constans4      
,gerontius advancing1 first slew        
,constans at ,vienne1 and then began to 
besiege ,constantine at ,arles4 ,but    
,honorius at the same time sending      
,constantius with an army on the same   
errand1 ,gerontius fled1 and            
,constantius continued the siege1       
strengthned by the access of the        
greatest part of the soldiers of        
,gerontius4 ,after four months siege1   
,edobec having procured succours1 the   
,barbarian ,kings at ,ments1 ,goar and  
,gundicar1 constitute ,jovinus ,emperor1
 and together with him set forward to   

relieve ,arles4 ,at their approach      
,constantius retired4 ,they pursued1 and
 he beat them by surprize2 but not      
prosecuting his victory1 the ,barbarians
 soon recovered themselves2 yet not so  
as to hinder the fall of the tyrants    
,constantine1 ,jovinus and ,maximus4    
,britain could not be recovered to the  
,empire1 but remained ever after a      
distinct kingdom4  ,the next year1      
,a4,c4 #dab1 the ,visigoths being beaten
 in ,italy1 had ,aquitain granted them  
to retire into3 and they invaded it with
 much violence1 causing the ,alans and  
,burgundians to retreat1 who were then  
depopulating of it4 ,at the same time   
the ,burgundians were brought to peace2 
and the ,emperor granted them for       
inheritance a region upon the ,rhine    
which they had invaded3 and the same1 ,i
 presume1 he did with the ,alans4 ,but  
the ,franks not long after retaking and 
burning ,triers1 ,castinus1 ,a4,c4 #dae1
 was sent against them with an army1 who
 routed them and slew ,theudomir their  

,king ,this was the second taking of    
,triers by the ,franks4 ,it was         
therefore taken four times1 once by the 
,vandals and thrice by the ,franks4     
,theudomir was succeeded by ,pharamond1 
the ,prince or ,king of the ,salian     
,franks in ,germany4 ,from thence he    
brought new forces1 reigned over the    
whole1 and had seats granted to his     
people within the ,empire near the      
,rhine4  ,and now the ,barbarians were  
all quieted1 and settled in several     
kingdoms within the ,empire1 not only by
 conquest1 but also by the grants of the
 ,emperor ,honorius4 ,for ,rutilius in  
his ,itinerary1 written in ,autumn1     
,anno ,urbis #aafi1 that is1 according  
to ,varro's computation then in use1    
,a4,c4 #daf1 thus laments the wasted    
fields3    ,illa quidem longis nimium   
deformia bellis2  ,and then adds1       
,jam tempus laceris post longa incendia 
fundis     ,vel pastorales aedificare   
casas4  ,and a little after1            
,a,eternum tibi ,rhenus aret4  ,and     

,orosius in the end of his history1     
which was finished ,a4,c4 #dag1         
represents now a general pacification of
 the barbarous nations by the words     
comprimere1 coangustare1 addicere gentes
 immanissimas2 terming them imperio     
addictas1 because they had obtained     
seats in the ,empire by league and      
compact2 and coangustatas1 because they 
did no longer invade all regions at     
pleasure1 but by the same compact       
remained quiet in the seats then granted
 them4 ,and these are the kingdoms1 of  
which the feet of the ,image were       
henceforward composed1 and which are    
represented by iron and clay intermixed1
 which did not stick one to another1 and
 were of different strength4  ,notes to 
,chap4 ,v4  #a ,procop4 l4 #a4 de ,bello
 ,vandalico4  #b ,galli ,arborici3      
whence the region was named             
,arboricbant1 and by contraction        
,brabant4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,,chap4 ,,vi4  ,of the ten 
,kingdoms represented by the ten horns  

of the fourth ,beast4  ,now by the wars 
above described the ,western ,empire of 
the ,romans1 about the time that ,rome  
was besieged and taken by the ,goths1   
became broken into the following ten    
kingdoms4    #a4 ,the kingdom of the    
,vandals and ,alans in ,spain and       
,africa4   #b4 ,the kingdom of the      
,suevians in ,spain4   #c4 ,the kingdom 
of the ,visigoths4   #d4 ,the kingdom of
 the ,alans in ,gallia4   #e4 ,the      
kingdom of the ,burgundians4   #f4 ,the 
kingdom of the ,franks4   #g4 ,the      
kingdom of the ,britains4   #h4 ,the    
kingdom of the ,hunns4   #i4 ,the       
kingdom of the ,lombards4   #aj4 ,the   
kingdom of ,ravenna4  ,seven of these   
kingdoms are thus mentioned by          
,sigonius4 #a;,honorio regnante1 in     
,pannoniam #b;,hunni1 in ,hispaniam     
#c,vandali1 #d;,alani1 #e,suevi         
#f;,gothi1 in ,galliam #d;,alani        
#g;,burgundiones  #f;,gothi1 certis     
sedibus permissis1 accepti4 ,add the    
,franks1 ,britains1 and ,lombards1 and  

you have the ten3 for these arose about 
the same time with the seven4 ,but let  
us view them severally4  #a4 ,the ,kings
 of the ,vandals were1 ,a4,c4 #djg      
,godegesilus1 #djg ,gunderic1 #dbf      
,geiseric1 #dgg ,hunneric1 #dhd         
,gundemund1 #dif ,thrasamund1 #eac      
,geiseric1 #ecj ,gelimer4 ,godegesilus  
led them into ,gallia ,a4,c4 #djf1      
,gunderic into ,spain ,a4,c4 #dji1      
,geiseric into ,africa ,a4,c4 #dbg2 and 
,gelimer was conquered by ,belisarius   
,a4,c4 #ecc4 ,their kingdom lasted in   
,gallia1 ,spain and ,africa together    
#abf years2 and in ,africa they were    
very potent4 ,the ,alans had only two   
,kings of their own in ,spain1          
,resplendial1 and ,ataces1 ,utacus or   
,othacar4 ,under ,resplendial they went 
into ,france ,a4,c4 #djg1 and into      
,spain ,a4,c4 #dji4 ,ataces was slain   
with almost all his army by ,vallia     
,king of the ,visigoths ,a4,c4 #dai4    
,and then the remainder of these ,alans 
subjected themselves to ,gunderic ,king 

of the ,vandals in ,boetica1 and went   
afterwards with them into ,africa1 as ,i
 learn out of ,procopius4 ,whence the   
,kings of the ,vandals styled themselves
 ,kings of the ,vandals and ,alans2 as  
may be seen in the ,edict of ,hunneric  
recited by ,victor in his ,vandalic     
persecution4 ,in conjunction with the   
,chatti1 these ,alans gave the name of  
,cathalaunia1 or ,catth-,alania1 to the 
,province which is still so called4     
,these ,alans had also ,gepides among   
them2 and therefore the ,gepides came   
into ,pannonia before the ,alans left   
it4 ,there they became subject to the   
,hunns till the death of ,attila ,a4,c4 
#ded1 and at length were conquered by   
the ,ostrogoths4  #b4 ,the ,kings of the
 ,suevians were1 ,a4,c4 #djg ,ermeric1  
#deh ,rechila1 #ddh ,rechiarius1 #deh   
,maldra1 #dfj ,frumarius1 #dfc          
,regismund4 ,and after some other ,kings
 who are unknown1 reigned ,a4,c4 #eeh   
,theudomir1 #efh ,miro1 #ehb ,euboricus1
 and #ehc ,andeca4 ,this kingdom1 after 

it had been once seated in ,spain1      
remained always in ,gallaecia and       
,lusitania4 ,ermeric after the fall of  
the ,alan kingdom1 enlarged it into all 
,gallaecia1 forcing the ,vandals to     
retire into ,boetica and the            
,carthaginian ,province4 ,this kingdom  
lasted #agg years according to          
,isidorus1 and then was subdued by      
,leovigildus ,king of the ,visigoths1   
and made a ,province of his kingdom     
,a4,c4 #ehe4  #c4 ,the ,kings of the    
,visigoths were1 ,a4,c4 #djj ,alaric1   
#daj ,athaulphus1 #dae ,sergeric and    
,vallia1 #dai ,theoderic1 #dea          
,thorismund1 #deb ,theoderic1 #dfe      
,euric1 #dhb ,alaric1 #eje ,gensalaric1 
#ebf ,amalaric1 #eca ,theudius1 #edh    
,theudisclus1 c4 ,i date this kingdom   
from the time that ,alaric left ,thrace 
and ,greece to invade the ,western      
,empire4 ,in the end of the reign of    
,athaulphus the ,goths were humbled by  
the ,romans1 and attempted to pass out  
of ,france into ,spain4 ,sergeric       

reigned but a few days4 ,in the         
beginning of ,vallia's reign they       
assaulted the ,romans afresh1 but were  
again repulsed1 and then made peace on  
this condition1 that they should on the 
behalf of the ,empire invade the        
,barbarian kingdoms in ,spain3 and this 
they did1 together with the ,romans1 in 
the years #dag and #dah1 overthrowing   
the ,alans and part of the ,vandals4    
,then they received ,aquitain of the    
,emperor by a full donation1 leaving    
their conquests in ,spain to the        
,emperor3 and thereby the seats of the  
conquered ,alans came into the hands of 
the ,romans4 ,in the year #dee1         
,theoderic1 assisted by the             
,burgundians1 invaded ,spain1 which was 
then almost all subject to the          
,suevians1 and took a part of it from   
them4 ,a4,c4 #ejf1 the ,goths were      
driven out of ,gallia by the ,franks4   
,a4,c4 #ehe1 they conquered the ,suevian
 kingdom1 and became ,lords of all      
,spain4 ,a4,c4 #gac1 the ,saracens      

invaded them1 but in time they recovered
 their dominions1 and have reigned in   
,spain ever since4  #d4 ,the ,kings of  
the ,alans in ,gallia were ,goar1       
,sambida1 ,eocharic1 ,sangibanus1       
,beurgus1 c4 ,under ,goar they invaded  
,gallia ,a4,c4 #djg1 and had seats given
 them near the ,rhine1 ,a4,c4 #dab4     
,under ,sambida1 whom ,bucher makes the 
successor1 if not the son of ,goar1 they
 had the territories of ,valence given  
them by ,a,etius the ,emperor's         
,general1 ,a4,c4 #ddj4 ,under ,eocharic 
they conquered a region of the rebelling
 ,galli ,arborici1 given them also by   
,a,etius4 ,this region was from them    
named ,alenconium1 quasi ,alanorum      
conventus4 ,under ,sangibanus they were 
invaded1 and their regal city ,orleans  
was besieged by ,attila ,king of the    
,hunns1 with a vast army of #ejjjjj men4
 ,a,etius and the ,barbarian ,kings of  
,gallia came to raise the siege1 and    
beat the ,hunns in a very memorable     
battle1 ,a4,c4 #dea1 in campis          

,catalaunicis1 so called from these     
,alans mixt with the ,chatti4 ,the      
region is now called ,campania or       
,champagne4 ,in that battle were slain  
on both sides #afbjjj men4 ,a year or   
two after1 ,attila returned with an     
immense army to conquer this kingdom1   
but was again beaten by them and the    
,visigoths together in a battle of three
 days continuance1 with a slaughter     
almost as great as the former4 ,under   
,beurgus1 or ,biorgor1 they infested    
,gallia round about1 till the reign of  
,maximus the ,emperor2 and then they    
passed the ,alps in winter1 and came    
into ,liguria1 but were there beaten1   
and ,beurgus slain1 by ,ricimer         
commander of the ,emperor's forces1     
,a4,c4 #dfd4 ,afterwards they were again
 beaten1 by the joint force of ,odoacer 
,king of ,italy and ,childeric ,king of 
the ,franks1 about the year #dhj1 and   
again by ,theudobert ,king of the       
,austrian ,franks about the year #eaa4  
#e4 ,the ,kings of the ,burgundians     

were1 ,a4,c4 #djg ,gundicar1 #dcf       
,gundioc1 #dfg ,bilimer1 #dgc           
,gundobaldus with his brothers1 #eaj    
,sigismund1 #eag ,godomarus4 ,under     
,gundicar they invaded ,gallia ,a4,c4   
#djg1 and had seats given them by the   
,emperor near the ,rhine in ,gallia     
,belgica1 ,a4,c4 #dab4 ,they had ,saxons
 among them1 and were now so potent1    
that ,orosius ,a4,c4 #dag wrote of them3
 ',burgundionum esse praevalidam manum1 
,galliae hodieque testes sunt1 in quibus
 praesumpta possessione consistunt4     
,about the year #dce they received great
 overthrows by ,a,etius1 and soon after 
by the ,hunns3 but five years after had 
,savoy granted them to be shared with   
the inhabitants2 and from that time     
became again a potent kingdom1 being    
bounded by the river ,rhodanus1 but     
afterwards extending much further into  
the heart of ,gallia4 ,gundobald        
conquered the regions about the rivers  
,araris and ,rhodanus1 with the         
territories of ,marseilles2 and invading

 ,italy in the time of the ,emperor     
,glycerius1 conquered all his brethren4 
,godomarus made ,orleans his royal seat3
 whence the kingdom was called ,regnum  
,aurelianorum4 ,he was conquered by     
,clotharius and ,childebert1 ,kings of  
the ,franks1 ,a4,c4 #ebf4 ,from         
thenceforward this kingdom was sometimes
 united to the kingdom of the ,franks1  
and sometimes divided from it1 till the 
reign of ,charles the great1 who made   
his son ,carolottus ,king of ,burgundy4 
,from that time1 for about #cjj years   
together1 it enjoyed its proper ,kings2 
and was then broken into the ,dukedom of
 ,burgundy1 ,county of ,burgundy1 and   
,county of ,savoy2 and afterwards those 
were broken into other lesser ,counties4
  #f4 ,the ,kings of the ,franks were1  
,a4,c4 #djg ,theudomir1 #dag ,pharamond1
 #dbh ,clodio1 #ddh ,merovaeus1 #def    
,childeric1 #dhb ,clodovaeus1 c4        
,windeline and ,bucher1 two of the most 
diligent searchers into the originals of
 this kingdom1 make it begin the same   

year with the ,barbarian invasions of   
,gallia1 that is1 ,a4,c4 #djg4 ,of the  
first ,kings there is in ,labbe's       
,bibliotheca ,m4,s4 this record4        
,historica quaedam excerpta ex veteri   
stemmate genealogico ,regum ,franciae4  
,genobaldus1 ,marcomerus1 ,suno1        
,theodemeris4 ,isti duces vel reguli    
extiterunt a principio gentis ,francorum
 diversis temporibus4 ,sed incertum     
relinquunt historici quali sibi         
procreations linea successerunt4        
,pharamundus3 sub hoc rege suo primo    
,franci legibus se subdunt1 quas        
primores eorum tulerunt ,wisogastus1    
,atrogastus1 ,salegastus4  ,chlochilo4  
,iste1 transito ,rheno1 ,romanos in     
,carbonaria sylva devicit1 ,camaracum   
cepit  obtinuit1 annis #bj regnavit4    
,sub hoc rege ,franci usque ,summam     
progressi sunt4  ,merovechus4 ,sub hoc  
rege ,franci ,trevirim destruunt1 ,metim
 succendunt1 usque ,aurelianum          
perveniunt4  ,now for ,genobaldus1      
,marcomer and ,suno1 they were captains 

of the ,transrhenane ,franks in the     
reign of ,theodosius1 and concern us    
not4 ,we are to begin with ,theudomir   
the first ,king of the rebelling ,salii1
 called ,didio by ,ivo ,carnotensis1 and
 ,thiedo and ,theudemerus by ,rhenanus4 
,his face is extant in a coin of gold   
found with this inscription1 ,,theudemir
 ,,rex1 published by ,petavius1 and     
still or lately extant1 as ,windeline   
testifies3 which shews that he was a    
,king1 and that in ,gallia2 seeing that 
rude ,germany understood not then the   
coining of money1 nor used either ,latin
 words or letters4 ,he was the son of   
,ricimer1 or ,richomer1 the favourite of
 the ,emperor ,theodosius2 and so being 
a ,roman ,frank1 and of the ,salian     
royal blood1 they therefore upon the    
rebellion made him ,king4 ,the whole    
time of his reign you have stated in    
,excerptis ,gregorii ,turonensis e      
,fredigario1 cap4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4 where 
the making him ,king1 the tyranny of    
,jovinus1 the slaughter of the          

associates of ,jovinus1 the second      
taking of ,triers by the ,franks1 and   
their war with ,castinus1 in which this 
,king was slain1 are as a series of     
successive things thus set down in      
order4 ,extinctis ,ducibus in ,francis1 
denuo ,reges creantur ex eadem stirpe   
qua prius fuerant4 ,eodem tempore       
,jovinus ornatus regios assumpsit4      
,constantinus fugam versus ,italiam     
dirigit2 missis a ,jovino ,principe     
percussoribus super ,mentio flumine1    
capite truncatur4 ,multi nobilium jussu 
,jovini apud ,avernis capti1  a ducibus 
,honorii crudeliter interempti sunt4    
,trevirorum civitas1 factione unius ex  
senatoribus nomine ,lucii1 a ,francis   
capta  incensa est4--,castinus          
,domesticorum ,comes expeditionem       
accipit contra ,francos1 c4 ,then       
returning to speak of ,theudomir1 he    
adds3 ,franci electum a se regem1 sicut 
prius fuerat1 crinitum inquirentes      
diligenter ex genere ,priami1 ,frigi    
,francionis1 super se crearunt nomine   

,theudemerum filium ,richemeris1 qui in 
hoc praelio quod supra memini1 a        
,romanis interfectus est2 that is1 in   
the battle with ,castinus's army4 ,of   
his death ,gregory ,turonensis makes    
this further mention3 ,in consularibus  
legimus ,theodemerem regem ,francorum   
filium ,ricimeris quondam1  ,ascilam    
matrem ejus1 gladio interfectos4  ,upon 
this victory of the ,romans1 the ,franks
 and rebelling ,gauls1 who in the time  
of ,theudomir were at war with one      
another1 united to strengthen           
themselves1 as ,ordericus ,vitalis#a    
thus mentions4 ,cum ,galli prius contra 
,romanos rebellassent1 ,franci iis      
sociati sunt1  pariter juncti1          
,ferramundum ,sunonis ducis filium1 sibi
 regem praefecerunt4 ,prosper sets down 
the time2 ,anno #be ,honorii1           
,pharamundus regnat in ,francia4 ,this1 
,bucher well observes1 refers to the end
 of the year #daf1 or the beginning of  
the next year1 dating the years of      
,honorius from the death of             

,valentinian2 and argues well1 that at  
this time ,pharamond was not only ,king 
by the constitution of the ,franks1 but 
crowned also by the consent of          
,honorius1 and had a part of ,gallia    
assigned him by covenant4 ,and this     
might be the cause that ,roman writers  
reckoned him the first ,king3 which some
 not understanding1 have reputed him the
 founder of this kingdom by an army of  
the ,transrhenane ,franks4 ,he might    
come with such an army1 but he succeeded
 ,theudomir by right of blood and       
consent of the people4 ,for the above   
cited passage of ,fredigarius1          
,extinctis ,ducibus1 in ,francis denuo  
,reges creantur ex eadem stirpe qua     
prius fuerant1 implies that the kingdom 
continued to this new elected family    
during the reign of more ,kings than    
one4 ,if you date the years of ,honorius
 from the death of his father1 the reign
 of ,pharamond might begin two years    
later than is assigned by ,bucher4 ,the 
,salique laws made in his reign1 which  

are yet extant1 shew by their name that 
it was the kingdom of the ,salii over   
which he reigned2 and1 by the pecuniary 
mulcts in them1 that the place where he 
reigned abounded much with money1 and   
consequently was within the ,empire2    
rude ,germany knowing not the use of    
money1 till they mixed with the ,romans4
 ,in the ,preface also to the ,salique  
laws1 written and prefixed to them soon 
after the conversion of the ,franks to  
the ,christian religion1 that is1 in the
 end of the reign of ,merovaeus1 or soon
 after1 the original of this kingdom is 
thus described3 ,haec enim gens1 quae   
fortis dum esset  robore valida1        
,romanorum jugum durissimum de suis     
cervicibus excussit pugnando1 c4 ,this  
kingdom therefore was erected1 not by   
invasion but by rebellion1 as was       
described above4 ,prosper in registering
 their ,kings in order1 tells us3       
,pharamundus regnat in ,francia2 ,clodio
 regnat in ,francia2 ,merovaeus regnat  
in ,francia3 and who can imagine but    

that in all these places he meant one   
and the same ,francia8 ,and yet 'tis    
certain that the ,francia of ,merovaeus 
was in ,gallia4  ,yet the father of     
,pharamond1 being king of a body of     
,franks in ,germany in the reign of the 
,emperor ,theodosius1 as above1         
,pharamond might reign over the same    
,franks in ,germany before he succeeded 
,theudomir in the kingdom of the        
,salians within the ,empire1 and even   
before ,theudomir began his reign2      
suppose in the first year of ,honorius1 
or when those ,franks being repulsed by 
,stilico1 lost their ,kings ,marcomir   
and ,suno1 one of which was the father  
of ,pharamond3 and the ,roman ,franks1  
after the death of ,theudomir1 might    
invite ,pharamond with his people from  
beyond the ,rhine4 ,but we are not to   
regard the reign of ,pharamond in       
,germany3 we are to date this kingdom   
from its rise within the ,empire1 and to
 look upon it as strengthened by the    
access of other ,franks coming from     

beyond the ,rhine1 whether in the reign 
of this ,king or in that of his         
successor ,clodio4 ,for in the last year
 of ,pharamond's reign1 ,a,etius took   
from him a part of his possession in    
,gallia3 but his successor ,clodio1 whom
 ,fredigarius represents as the son of  
,theudomir1 and some call ,clogio1      
,cloio1 and ,claudius1 inviting from    
beyond the ,rhine a great body of       
,franks1 recovered all1 and carried on  
their conquests as far as the river     
,soame4 ,then those ,franks dividing    
conquests with him1 erected certain new 
kingdoms at ,cologn and ,cambray1 and   
some other cities3 all which were       
afterwards conquered by ,clodovaeus1 who
 also drove the ,goths out of ,gallia1  
and fix'd his seat at ,paris1 where it  
has continued ever since4 ,and this was 
the original of the present kingdom of  
,france4  #g4 ,the ,kings of ,britain   
were1 ,a4,c4 #djg or #djh1 ,marcus1     
,gratian1 and ,constantine successively2
 ,a4,c4 #dbe ,vortigern1 #dff ,aurelius 

,ambrosius1 #dih ,uther ,pendraco1 #ejh 
,arthur1 #edb ,constantinus1 #ede       
,aurelius ,cunanus1 #egh ,vortiporeus1  
#eha ,malgo1 #ehf ,careticus1 #fac      
,cadwan1 #fce ,cadwalin1 #fgf           
,cadwallader4 ,the three first were     
,roman ,tyrants1 who revolted from the  
,empire4 ,orosius1 ,prosper and ,zosimus
 connect their revolt with the          
irruptions of the ,barbarians into      
,gallia1 as consequent thereunto4       
,prosper1 with whom ,zosimus agrees1    
puts it in the year which began the day 
after that irruption4 ,the just time ,i 
thus collect3 ,marcus reigned not many  
days1 ,gratian four months1 and         
,constantine three years4 ,he was slain 
the year after the taking of ,rome1 that
 is ,a4,c4 #daa1 #ad ,kal4 ,octob4      
,whence the revolt was in ,spring ,a4,c4
 #djh4 ,sozomen joins ,constantine's    
expedition into ,gallia with ,arcadius's
 death1 or the times a little after2 and
 ,arcadius died ,a4,c4 #djh ,may the    
#ast4 ,now tho the reign of these       

,tyrants was but short1 yet they gave a 
beginning to the kingdom of ,britain1   
and so may be reckoned the three first  
,kings1 especially since the posterity  
of ,constantine1 viz4 his sons ,aurelius
 ,ambrosius1 and ,uther ,pendraco1 and  
his grandson ,arthur1 reigned           
afterwards4 ,for from the time of the   
revolt of these ,tyrants ,britain       
continued a distict kingdom absolved    
from subjection to the ,empire1 the     
,emperor not being able to spare        
soldiers to be sent thither to receive  
and keep the ,island1 and therefore     
neglecting it2 as we learn by           
unquestionable records4 ,for ,prosper   
tells us2 ,a4,c4 #daj1 ,variane ,cos4   
,hac tempestate prae valetudine         
,romanorum1 vires funditus attenuatae   
,britanniae4 ,and ,sigebert1 conjoining 
this with the siege of ,rome1 saith3    
,britannorum vires attenuatae1          
substrahunt se a ,romanorum dominatione4
 ,and ,zosimus lib4 #f4 ,the            
,transrhenane ,barbarians invading all  

places1 reduced the inhabitants of the  
island of ,britain1 and also certain    
,celtic nations to that pass1 that they 
fell off from the ,roman ,empire2 and   
being no longer obedient to the ,roman  
laws1 ,greek3 kat' heauton biateuein1   
they lived in separate bodies after     
their own pleasure4 ,the ,britons       
therefore taking up arms1 and hazarding 
themselves for their own safety1 freed  
their cities from the imminent          
,barbarians4 ,in like manner all        
,brabant and some other ,provinces of   
the ,gauls imitating the ,britons1 freed
 themselves also1 ejecting the ,roman   
,presidents1 and forming themselves into
 a sort of commonwealth according to    
their own pleasure4 ,this rebellion of  
,britain and the ,celtic nations        
happened when ,constantine usurped the  
kingdom4 ,so also ,procopius1 lib4 #a4  
,vandal4 speaking of the same           
,constantine1 saith3 ,constantine being 
overcome in battle1 was slain with his  
children3 ,greek3 ,bretannian men toi   

,romaioi anasosasthai ouketi echon2 all'
 ousa hypo tyrannous ap' autou emene4   
,yet the ,romans could not recover      
,britain any more1 but from that time it
 remained under ,tyrants4 ,and ,beda1 l4
 #a4 c4 #aa4 ,fracta est ,roma a ,gothis
 anno #aafd suae conditionis2 ex quo    
tempore ,romani in ,britannia regnare   
cessaverunt4 ,and ,ethelwaldus3 ,a      
tempore ,romae a ,gothis expugnatae1    
cessavit imperium ,romanorum a          
,britannia insula1  ab aliis2 quas sub  
jugo servitutis tenebant1 multis terris4
 ,and ,theodoret1 serm4 #i4 de curand4  
,graec4 affect4 about the year #dbd1    
reckons the ,britons among the nations  
which were not then in subjection to the
 ,roman ,empire4 ,thus ,sigonius3 ad    
annum #daa1 ,imperium ,romanorum post   
excessum ,constantini in ,britannia     
nullum fuit4  ,between the death of     
,constantine and the reign of ,vortigern
 was an interregnum of about #ad years1 
in which the ,britons had wars with the 
,picts and ,scots1 and twice obtained   

the assistance of a ,roman ,legion1 who 
drove out the enemy1 but told them      
positively at their departure that they 
would come no more4 ,of ,vortigern's    
beginning to reign there is this record 
in an old ,chronicle in ,nennius1 quoted
 by ,camden and others3 ,guortigernus   
tenuit imperium in ,britannia1          
,theodosio  ,valentiniano ,coss4 viz4   
,a4,c4 #dbe4  in quarto anno regni sui  
,saxones ad ,britanniam venerunt1       
,felice  ,tauro ,coss4 viz4 ,a4,c4 #dbh4
 ,this coming of the ,saxons1 ,sigebert 
refers to the #dth year of ,valentinian1
 which falls in with the year #dbh      
assigned by this ,chronicle3 and two    
years after1 the ,saxons together with  
the ,picts were beaten by the ,britons4 
,afterwards in the reign of ,martian the
 ,emperor1 that is1 between the years   
#dej and #def1 the ,saxons under        
,hengist were called in by the ,britons1
 but six years after revolted from them1
 made war upon them with various        
success1 and by degrees succeeded them4 

,yet the ,britons continued a           
flourishing kingdom till the reign of   
,careticus2 and the war between the two 
nations continued till the pontificate  
of ,sergius ,a4,c4 #fhh4b  #h4 ,the     
,kings of the ,hunns were1 ,a4,c4 #djf  
,octar and ,rugila1 #dcc ,bleda and     
,attila4 ,octar and ,rugila were the    
brothers of ,munzuc ,king of the ,hunns 
in ,gothia beyond the ,danube2 and      
,bleda and ,attila were his sons1 and   
,munzuc was the son of ,balamir4 ,the   
two first1 as ,jornandes tells us1 were 
,kings of the ,hunns1 but not of them   
all2 and had the two last for their     
successors4 ,i date the reign of the    
,hunns in ,pannonia from the time that  
the ,vandals and ,alans relinquished    
,pannonia to them1 ,a4,c4 #djg4         
,sigonius from the time that the        
,visigoths relinquished ,pannonia ,a4   
,c4 #djh4 ,constat1 saith he1 quod      
,gothis ex ,illyrico profectis1 ,hunni  
successerunt1 atque imprimis ,pannoniam 
tenuerunt4 ,neque enim ,honorius viribus

 ad resistendum in tantis               
difficultatibus destitutus1 prorsus eos 
prohibere potuit1 sed meliore consilio1 
animo ad pacem converso1 foedus cum eis1
 datis acceptisque obsidibus fecit2 ex  
quibus qui dati sunt1 ,a,etius1 qui     
etiam ,alarico tributus fuerat1         
praecipue memoratur4 ,how ,a,etius was  
hostage to the ,goths and ,hunns is     
related by ,frigeridus1 who when he had 
mentioned that ,theodosius ,emperor of  
the ,east had sent grievous commands to 
,john1 who after the death of ,honorius 
had usurped the crown of the ,western   
,empire1 he subjoins3 ,iis permotus     
,johannes1 ,a,etium id tempus curam     
palatii gerentem cum ingenti auri       
pondere ad ,chunnos transmisit1 notos   
sibi obsidiatus sui tempore  familiari  
amicitia devinctos--,and a little after3
 ,a,etius tribus annis ,alarici obses1  
dehinc ,chunnorum1 postea ,carpilionis  
gener ex ,comite domesticorum  ,joannis 
curopalatae4 ,now ,bucher shews that    
,a,etius was hostage to ,alaric till the

 year #daj1 when ,alaric died1 and to   
the ,hunns between the years #daa and   
#dae1 and son-in-law to ,carpilio about 
the year #dag or #dah1 and ,curopalates 
to ,john about the end of the year #dbc4
 ,whence 'tis probable that he became   
hostage to the ,hunns about the year    
#dab or #dac1 when ,honorius made       
leagues with almost all the barbarous   
nations1 and granted them seats3 but ,i 
had rather say with ,sigonius1 that     
,a,etius became hostage to ,alaric      
,a4,c4 #djc4 ,it is further manifest out
 of ,prosper1 that the ,hunns were in   
quiet possession of ,pannonia in the    
year #dcb4 ,for in the first book of    
,eusebius's ,chronicle ,prosper writes3 
,anno decimo post obitum ,honorii1 cum  
ad ,chunnorum gentem cui tunc ,rugila   
praeerat1 post praelium cum ,bonifacio  
se ,a,etius contulisset1 impetrato      
auxilio ad ,romanorum solum regreditur4 
,and in the second book3 ,a,etio        
,valerio ,coss4 ,a,etius deposita       
potestate profugus ad ,hunnos in        

,pannonia pervenit1 quorum amicitia     
auxilioque usus1 pacem principum        
interpellatae potestatis obtinuit4      
,hereby it appears that at this time    
,rugila1 or as ,maximus calls him1      
,rechilla1 reigned over the ,hunns in   
,pannonia2 and that ,pannonia was not   
now so much as accounted within the soil
 of the ,empire1 being formerly granted 
away to the ,hunns2 and that these were 
the very same body of ,hunns with which 
,a,etius had1 in the time of his being  
an hostage1 contracted friendship3 by   
virtue of which1 as he sollicited them  
before to the aid of ,john the ,tyrant  
,a4,c4 #dbd1 so now he procured their   
intercession for himself with the       
,emperor4 ,octar died ,a4,c4 #dcj2 for  
,socrates tells us1 that about that time
 the ,burgundians having been newly vext
 by the ,hunns1 upon intelligence of    
,octar's death1 seeing them without a   
leader1 set upon them suddenly with so  
much vigour1 that #cjjj ,burgundians    
slew #ajjjj ,hunns4 ,of ,rugila's being 

now ,king in ,pannonia you have heard   
already4 ,he died ,a4,c4 #dcc1 and was  
succeeded by ,bleda1 as ,prosper and    
,maximus inform us4 ,this ,bleda with   
his brother ,attila were before this    
time ,kings of the ,hunns beyond the    
,danube1 their father ,munzuc's kingdom 
being divided between them2 and now they
 united the kingdom ,pannonia to their  
own4 ,whence ,paulus ,diaconus saith1   
they did regnum intra ,pannoniam        
,daciamque gerere4 ,in the year #dda1   
they began to invade the ,empire afresh1
 adding to the ,pannonian forces new and
 great armies from ,scythia4 ,but this  
war was presently composed1 and then    
,attila1 seeing ,bleda inclined to      
peace1 slew him1 ,a4,c4 #ddd1 inherited 
his dominions1 and invaded the ,empire  
again4 ,at length1 after various great  
wars with the ,romans1 ,attila perished 
,a4,c4 #ded2 and his sons quarrelling   
about his dominions1 gave occasion to   
the ,gepides1 ,ostrogoths and other     
nations who were their subjects1 to     

rebel and make war upon them4 ,the same 
year the ,ostrogoths had seats granted  
them in ,pannonia by the ,emperors      
,marcian and ,valentinian2 and with the 
,romans ejected the ,hunns out of       
,pannonia1 soon after the death of      
,attila1 as all historians agree4 ,this 
ejection was in the reign of ,avitus1 as
 is mentioned in the ,chronicum         
,boiorum1 and in ,sidonius1 ,carm4 #g in
 ,avitum1 which speaks thus of that     
,emperor4    ----,cujus solum amissas   
post saecula multa   ,pannonias         
revocavit iter1 jam credere promptum    
est4   ,quid faciet bellis4  ,the ,poet 
means1 that by the coming of ,avitus the
 ,hunns yielded more easily to the      
,goths4 ,this was written by ,sidonius  
in the beginning of the reign of        
,avitus3 and his reign began in the end 
of the year #dee1 and lasted not one    
full year4  ,jornandes tells us3        
,duodecimo anno regni ,valiae1 quando   
,hunni post pene quinquaginta annos     
invasa ,pannonia1 a ,romanis  ,gothis   

expulsi sunt4 ,and ,marcellinus3 ,hierio
  ,ardaburio ,coss4 ,pannoniae1 quae per
 quinquaginta annos ab ,hunnis          
retinebantur1 a ,romanis receptae sunt3 
whence it should seem that the ,hunns   
invaded and held ,pannonia from the year
 #cgh or #cgi to the year #dbg1 and then
 were driven out of it4 ,but this is a  
plain mistake3 for it is certain that   
the ,emperor ,theodosius left the       
,empire entire2 and we have shewed out  
of ,prosper1 that the ,hunns were in    
quiet possession of ,pannonia in the    
year #dcb4 ,the ,visigoths in those days
 had nothing to do with ,pannonia1 and  
the ,ostrogoths continued subject to the
 ,hunns till the death of ,attila1      
,a4,c4 #ded2 and ,valia ,king of the    
,visigoths did not reign twelve years4  
,he began his reign in the end of the   
year #dae1 reigned three years1 and was 
slain ,a4,c4 #dai1 as ,idacius1         
,isidorus1 and the ,spanish manuscript  
,chronicles seen by ,grotius testify4   
,and ,olympiodorus1 who carries his     

history only to the year #dbe1 sets down
 therein the death of ,valia ,king of   
the ,visigoths1 and conjoins it with    
that of ,constantius which happened     
,a4,c4 #dbj4 ,wherefore the ,valia of   
,jornandes1 who reigned at the least    
twelve years1 is some other ,king4 ,and 
,i suspect that this name hath been put 
by mistake for ,valamir ,king of the    
,ostrogoths3 for the action recorded was
 of the ,romans and ,ostrogoths driving 
the ,hunns out of ,pannonia after the   
death of ,attila2 and it is not likely  
that the historian would refer the      
history of the ,ostrogoths to the years 
of the ,visigothic ,kings4 ,this action 
happened in the end of the year #dee1   
which ,i take to be the twelfth year of 
,valamir in ,pannonia1 and which was    
almost fifty years after the year #djf1 
in which the ,hunns succeeded the       
,vandals and ,alans in ,pannonia4 ,upon 
the ceasing of the line of ,hunnimund   
the son of ,hermaneric1 the ,ostrogoths 
lived without ,kings of their own nation

 about forty years together1 being      
subject to the ,hunns4 ,and when ,alaric
 began to make war upon the ,romans1    
which was in the year #ddd1 he made     
,valamir1 with his brothers ,theodomir  
and ,videmir the grandsons of ,vinethar1
 captains or kings of these ,ostrogoths 
under him4 ,in the twelfth year of      
,valamir's reign dated from thence1 the 
,hunns were driven out of ,pannonia4    
,yet the ,hunns were not so ejected1 but
 that they had further contests with the
 ,romans1 till the head of ,denfix the  
son of ,attila1 was carried to          
,constantinople1 ,a4,c4 #dfi1 in the    
,consulship of ,zeno and ,marcian1 as   
,marcellinus relates4 ,nor were they yet
 totally ejected the ,empire3 for       
besides their reliques in ,pannonia1    
,sigonius tells us1 that when the       
,emperors ,marcian and ,valentinian     
granted ,pannonia to the ,goths1 which  
was in the year #ded1 they granted part 
of ,illyricum to some of the ,hunns and 
,sarmatians4 ,and in the year #ebf1 when

 the ,lombards removing into ,pannonia  
made war there with the ,gepides1 the   
,avares1 a part of the ,hunns1 who had  
taken the name of ,avares from one of   
their ,kings1 assisted the ,lombards in 
that war2 and the ,lombards afterwards1 
when they went into ,italy1 left their  
seats in ,pannonia to the ,avares in    
recompence of their friendship4 ,from   
that time the ,hunns grew again very    
powerful2 their ,kings1 whom they called
 ,chagan1 troubling the ,empire much in 
the reigns of the ,emperors ,mauritius1 
,phocas1 and ,heraclius3 and this is the
 original of the present kingdom of     
,hungary1 which from these ,avares and  
other ,hunns mixed together1 took the   
name of ,hun-,avaria1 and by contraction
 ,hungary4  #i4 ,the ,lombards1 before  
they came over the ,danube1 were        
commanded by two captains1 ,ibor and    
,ayon3 after whose death they had       
,kings1 ,agilmund1 ,lamisso1 ,lechu1    
,hildehoc1 ,gudehoc1 ,classo1 ,tato1    
,wacho1 ,walter1 ,audoin1 ,alboin1      

,cleophis1 c4 ,agilmund was the son of  
,ayon1 who became their ,king1 according
 to ,prosper1 in the ,consulship of     
,honorius and ,theodosius ,a4,c4 #chi1  
reigned thirty three years1 according to
 ,paulus ,warnefridus1 and was slain in 
battle by the ,bulgarians4 ,prosper     
places his death in the ,consulship of  
,marinianus and ,asclepiodorus1 ,a4,c4  
#dac4 ,lamisso routed the ,bulgarians1  
and reigned three years1 and ,lechu     
almost forty4 ,gudehoc was contemporary 
to ,odoacer ,king of the ,heruli in     
,italy1 and led his people from         
,pannonia into ,rugia1 a country on the 
north side of ,noricum next beyond the  
,danube2 from whence ,odoacer then      
carried his people into ,italy4 ,tato   
overthrew the kingdom of the ,heruli    
beyond the ,danube4 ,wacho conquered the
 ,suevians1 a kingdom then bounded on   
the east by ,bavaria1 on the west by    
,france1 and on the south by the        
,burgundians4 ,audoin returned into     
,pannonia ,a4,c4 #ebf1 and there        

overcame the ,gepides4 ,alboin ,a4,c4   
#eea overthrew the kingdom of the       
,gepides1 and slew their ,king          
,chunnimund3 ,a4,c4 #efc he assisted the
 ,greek ,emperor against ,totila ,king  
of the ,ostrogoths in ,italy2 and ,a4,c4
 #efh led his people out of ,pannonia   
into ,lombardy1 where they reigned till 
the year #ggd4  ,according to ,paulus   
,diaconus1 the ,lombards with many other
 ,gothic nations came into the ,empire  
from beyond the ,danube in the reign of 
,arcadius and ,honorius1 that is1       
between the years #cie and #djh4 ,but   
they might come in a little earlier3 for
 we are told that the ,lombards1 under  
their captains ,ibor and ,ayon1 beat the
 ,vandals in battle2 and ,prosper       
placeth this victory in the ,consulship 
of ,ausonius and ,olybrius1 that is1    
,a4,c4 #cgi4 ,before this war the       
,vandals had remained quiet forty years 
in the seats granted them in ,pannonia  
by ,constantine the great4 ,and         
therefore if these were the same        

,vandals1 this war must have been in    
,pannonia2 and might be occasioned by   
the coming of the ,lombards over the    
,danube into ,pannonia1 a year or two   
before the battle2 and so have put an   
end to that quiet which had lasted forty
 years4 ,after ,gratian and ,theodosius 
had quieted the ,barbarians1 they might 
either retire over the ,danube1 or      
continue quiet under the ,romans till   
the death of ,theodosius2 and then      
either invade the ,empire anew1 or throw
 off all subjection to it4 ,by their    
wars1 first with the ,vandals1 and then 
with the ,bulgarians1 a ,scythian nation
 so called from the river ,volga whence 
they came2 it appears that even in those
 days they were a kingdom not           
contemptible4  #aj4 ,these nine kingdoms
 being rent away1 we are next to        
consider the residue of the ,western    
,empire4 ,while this ,empire continued  
entire1 it was the ,beast itself3 but   
the residue thereof is only a part of   
it4 ,now if this part be considered as a

 horn1 the reign of this horn may be    
dated from the translation of the       
imperial seat from ,rome to ,ravenna1   
which was in ,october ,a4,c4 #djh4 ,for 
then the ,emperor ,honorius1 fearing    
that ,alaric would besiege him in ,rome1
 if he staid there1 retired to ,millain1
 and thence to ,ravenna3 and the ensuing
 siege and sacking of ,rome confirmed   
his residence there1 so that he and his 
successors ever after made it their     
home4 ,accordingly ,macchiavel in his   
,florentine history writes1 that        
,valentinian having left ,rome1         
translated the seat of the ,empire to   
,ravenna4  ,rhaetia belonged to the     
,western ,emperors1 so long as that     
,empire stood2 and then it descended1   
with ,italy and the ,roman ,senate1 to  
,odoacer ,king of the ,heruli in ,italy1
 and after him to ,theoderic ,king of   
the ,ostrogoths and his successors1 by  
the grant of the ,greek ,emperors4 ,upon
 the death of ,valentinian the second1  
the ,alemans and ,suevians invaded      

,rhaetia ,a4,c4 #dee4 ,but ,i do not    
find they erected any settled kingdom   
there3 for in the year #deg1 while they 
were yet depopulating ,rhaetia1 they    
were attacked and beaten by ,burto      
,master of the horse to the ,emperor    
,majoranus2 and ,i hear nothing more of 
their invading ,rhaetia4 ,clodovaeus    
,king of ,france1 in or about the year  
#dif1 conquered a kingdom of the        
,alemans1 and slew their last ,king     
,ermeric4 ,but this kingdom was seated  
in ,germany1 and only bordered upon     
,rhaetia3 for its people fled from      
,clodovaeus into the neighbouring       
kingdom of the ,ostrogoths under        
,theoderic1 who received them as        
friends1 and wrote a friendly letter to 
,clodovaeus in their behalf3 and by this
 means they became inhabitants of       
,rhaetia1 as subjects under the dominion
 of the ,ostrogoths4  ,when the ,greek  
,emperor conquered the ,ostrogoths1 he  
succeeded them in the kingdom of        
,ravenna1 not only by right of conquest 

but also by right of inheritance1 the   
,roman ,senate still going along with   
this kingdom4 ,therefore we may reckon  
that this kingdom continued in the      
,exarchate of ,ravenna and ,senate of   
,rome3 for the remainder of the ,western
 ,empire went along with the ,senate of 
,rome1 by reason of the right which this
 ,senate still retained1 and at length  
exerted1 of chusing a new ,western      
,emperor4  ,i have now enumerated the   
ten kingdoms1 into which the ,western   
,empire became divided at its first     
breaking1 that is1 at the time of       
,rome's being besieged and taken by the 
,goths4 ,some of these kingdoms at      
length fell1 and new ones arose3 but    
whatever was their number afterwards1   
they are still called the ,ten ,kings   
from their first number4  ,notes to     
,chap4 ,,vi4  #a ,apud ,bucherum1 l4    
#ad4 c4 #i4 n4 #h4  #b ,rolevinc's      
,antiqua ,saxon4 l4 #a4 c4 #f4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,,vii4  ,of the eleventh horn of

 ,daniel's fourth ,beast4  #a,now       
,daniel1 considered the horns1 and      
behold there came up among them another 
horn1 before whom there were three of   
the first horns pluckt up by the roots2 
and behold in this horn were eyes like  
the eyes of a man1 and a mouth speaking 
great things1--and #b his look was more 
stout than his fellows1--and the same   
horn made war with the saints1 and      
prevailed against them3 and one who     
stood by1 and made ,daniel know the     
interpretation of these things1 told    
him1 that #c the ten horns were ten     
kings that should arise1 and another    
should arise after them1 and be diverse 
from the first1 and he should subdue    
three kings1 #d and speak great words   
against the most ,high1 and wear out the
 saints1 and think to change times and  
laws3 and that they should be given into
 his hands until a time and times and   
half a time4 ,kings are put for         
kingdoms1 as above2 and therefore the   
little horn is a little kingdom4 ,it was

 a horn of the fourth ,beast1 and rooted
 up three of his first horns2 and       
therefore we are to look for it among   
the nations of the ,latin ,empire1 after
 the rise of the ten horns4 ,but it was 
a kingdom of a different kind from the  
other ten kingdoms1 having a life or    
soul peculiar to itself1 with eyes and a
 mouth4 ,by its eyes it was a ,seer2 and
 by its mouth speaking great things and 
changing times and laws1 it was a       
,prophet as well as a ,king4 ,and such a
 ,seer1 a ,prophet and a ,king1 is the  
,church of ,rome4  ,a ,seer1 ,greek3    
,episkopos1 is a ,bishop in the literal 
sense of the word2 and this ,church     
claims the universal ,bishoprick4  ,with
 his mouth he gives laws to kings and   
nations as an ,oracle2 and pretends to  
,infallibility1 and that his dictates   
are binding to the whole world2 which is
 to be a ,prophet in the highest degree4
  ,in the eighth century1 by rooting up 
and subduing the ,exarchate of ,ravenna1
 the kingdom of the ,lombards1 and the  

,senate and ,dukedom of ,rome1 he       
acquired ,peter's ,patrimony out of     
their dominions2 and thereby rose up as 
a temporal ,prince or ,king1 or horn of 
the fourth ,beast4  ,in a small book    
printed at ,paris ,a4,c4 #afhi1         
entitled1 ,an historical dissertation   
upon some coins of ,charles the great1  
,ludovicus ,pius1 ,lotharius1 and their 
successors stamped at ,rome1 it is      
recorded1 that in the days of ,pope ,leo
 ,x1 there was remaining in the         
,vatican1 and till those days exposed to
 public view1 an inscription in honour  
of ,pipin the father of ,charles the    
great1 in these words3 ,pipinum pium1   
primum fuisse qui amplificandae         
,ecclesiae ,romanae viam aperuerit1     
,exarchatu ,ravennate1  plurimis aliis  
oblatis2 ,that ,pipin the pious was the 
first who opened a way to the grandeur  
of the ,church of ,rome1 conferring upon
 her the ,exarchate of ,ravenna and many
 other oblations4 ,in and before the    
reign of the ,emperors ,gratian and     

,theodosius1 the ,bishop of ,rome lived 
splendidly2 but this was by the         
oblations of the ,roman ,ladies1 as     
,ammianus describes4 ,after those reigns
 ,italy was invaded by foreign nations1 
and did not get rid of her troubles     
before the fall of the kingdom of       
,lombardy4 ,it was certainly by the     
victory of the see of ,rome over the    
,greek ,emperor1 the ,king of ,lombardy1
 and the ,senate of ,rome1 that she     
acquired ,peter's ,patrimony1 and rose  
up to her greatness4 ,the donation of   
,constantine the ,great is a fiction1   
and so is the donation of the ,alpes    
,cottiae to the ,pope by ,aripert ,king 
of the ,lombards3 for the ,alpes        
,cottiae were a part of the ,exarchate1 
and in the days of ,aripert belonged to 
the ,greek ,emperor4  ,the invocation of
 the dead1 and veneration of their      
images1 being gradually introduced in   
the #dth1 #eth1 #fth and #gth centuries1
 the ,greek ,emperor ,philippicus       
declared against the latter1 ,a4,c4 #gaa

 or #gab4 ,and #e the ,emperor ,leo     
,isaurus1 to put a stop to it1 called a 
meeting of ,counsellors and ,bishops in 
his ,palace1 ,a4,c4 #gbf2 and by their  
advice put out an ,edict against that   
worship1 and wrote to ,pope ,gregory    
,,ii4 that a general ,council might be  
called4 ,but the ,pope thereupon called 
a ,council at ,rome1 confirmed the      
worship of ,images1 excommunicated the  
,greek ,emperor1 absolved the people    
from their allegiance1 and forbad them  
to pay tribute1 or otherwise be obedient
 to him4 ,then the people of ,rome1     
,campania1 ,ravenna and ,pentapolis1    
with the cities under them1 revolted and
 laid violent hands upon their          
magistrates1 killing the ,exarch ,paul  
at ,ravenna1 and laying aside ,peter    
,duke of ,rome who was become blind3 and
 when ,exhileratus ,duke of ,campania   
incited the people against the ,pope1   
the ,romans invaded ,campania1 and slew 
him with his son ,hadrian4 ,then a new  
,exarch1 ,eutychius1 coming to ,naples1 

sent some secretly to take away the     
lives of the ,pope and the ,nobles of   
,rome3 but the plot being discovered1   
the ,romans revolted absolutely from the
 ,greek ,emperor1 and took an oath to   
preserve the life of the ,pope1 to      
defend his state1 and be obedient to his
 authority in all things4 ,thus ,rome   
with its ,duchy1 including part of      
,tuscany and part of ,campania1 revolted
 in the year #gbf1 and became a free    
state under the government of the       
,senate of this city4 ,the authority of 
the ,senate in civil affairs was        
henceforward absolute1 the authority of 
the ,pope extending hitherto no farther 
than to the affairs of the ,church only4
  ,at that time #f the ,lombards also   
being zealous for the worship of images1
 and pretending to favour the cause of  
the ,pope1 invaded the cities of the    
,exarchate3 and at length1 viz4 ,a4,c4  
#geb1 took ,ravenna1 and put an end to  
the ,exarchate4 ,and this was the first 
of the three kingdoms which fell before 

the little horn4  ,in the year #gea #g  
,pope ,zechary deposed ,childeric1 a    
slothful and useless ,king of ,france1  
and the last of the race of ,merovaeus2 
and absolving his subjects from their   
oath of allegiance1 gave the kingdom to 
,pipin the major of the ,palace2 and    
thereby made a new and potent friend4   
,his successor #h ,pope ,stephen ,,iii1 
knowing better how to deal with the     
,greek ,emperor than with the ,lombards1
 went the next year to the ,king of the 
,lombards1 to persuade him to return the
 ,exarchate to the ,emperor4 ,but this  
not succeeding1 he went into ,france1   
and persuaded ,pipin to take the        
,exarchate and ,pentapolis from the     
,lombards1 and give it to ,st4 ,peter4  
,accordingly ,pipin ,a4,c4 #ged came    
with an army into ,italy1 and made      
,aistulphus ,king of the ,lombards      
promise the surrender3 but the next year
 ,aistulphus1 on the contrary1 to       
revenge himself on the ,pope1 besieged  
the city of ,rome4 ,whereupon the ,pope 

sent letters to ,pipin1 wherein he told 
him that if he came not speedily against
 the ,lombards1 pro data sibi potentia1 
alienandum fore a regno ,dei  vita      
aeterna1 he should be excommunicated4   
,pipin therefore1 fearing a revolt of   
his subjects1 and being indebted to the 
,church of ,rome1 came speedily with an 
army into ,italy1 raised the siege1     
besieged the ,lombards in ,pavia1 and   
forced them to surrender the ,exarchate 
and region of ,pentapolis to the ,pope  
for a perpetual possession4 ,thus the   
,pope became ,lord of ,ravenna1 and the 
,exarchate1 some few cities excepted2   
and the keys were sent to ,rome1 and    
laid upon the confession of ,st4 ,peter1
 that is1 upon his tomb at the high     
,altar1 in signum veri perpetuique      
dominii1 sed pietate ,regis gratuita1 as
 the inscription of a coin of ,pipin    
hath it4 ,this was in the year of       
,christ #gee4 ,and henceforward the     
,popes being temporal ,princes1 left off
 in their ,epistles and ,bulls to note  

the years of the ,greek ,emperors1 as   
they had hitherto done4  ,after this #i 
the ,lombards invading the ,pope's      
countries1 ,pope ,adrian sent to        
,charles the great1 the son and         
successor of ,pipin1 to come to his     
assistance4 ,accordingly ,charles       
entered ,italy with an army1 invaded the
 ,lombards1 overthrew their kingdom1    
became master of their countries1 and   
restored to the ,pope1 not only what    
they had taken from him1 but also the   
rest of the ,exarchate which they had   
promised ,pipin to surrender to him1 but
 had hitherto detained2 and also gave   
him some cities of the ,lombards1 and   
was in return himself made ,patricius by
 the ,romans1 and had the authority of  
confirming the elections of the ,popes  
conferred upon him4 ,these things were  
done in the years #ggc and #ggd4 ,this  
kingdom of the ,lombards was the second 
kingdom which fell before the little    
horn4 ,but ,rome1 which was to be the   
seat of his kingdom1 was not yet his    

own4  ,in the year #gif1 #aj ,leo ,,iii 
being made ,pope1 notified his election 
to ,charles the great by his ,legates1  
sending to him for a present1 the golden
 keys of the ,confession of ,peter1 and 
the ,banner of the city of ,rome3 the   
first as an acknowledgment of the       
,pope's holding the cities of the       
,exarchate and ,lombardy by the grant of
 ,charles2 the other as a signification 
that ,charles should come and subdue the
 ,senate and people of ,rome1 as he had 
done the ,exarchate and the kingdom of  
the ,lombards4 ,for the ,pope at the    
same time desired ,charles to send some 
of his ,princes to ,rome1 who might     
subject the ,roman people to him1 and   
bind them by oath in fide  subjectione1 
in fealty and subjection1 as his words  
are recited by ,sigonius4 ,an anonymous 
,poet1 publish'd by ,boeclerus at       
,strasburg1 expresseth it thus3         
,admonuitque piis precibus1 qui mittere 
vellet   ,ex propriis aliquos           
primoribus1 ac sibi plebem   ,subdere   

,romanam1 servandaque foedera cogens    
,hanc fidei sacramentis promittere      
magnis4  ,hence arose a misunderstanding
 between the ,pope and the city3 and the
 ,romans about two or three years after1
 by assistance of some of the ,clergy1  
raised such tumults against him1 as gave
 occasion to a new state of things in   
all the ,west4 ,for two of the ,clergy  
accused him of crimes1 and the ,romans  
with an armed force1 seized him1 stript 
him of his sacerdotal habit1 and        
imprisoned him in a monastery4 ,but by  
assistance of his friends he made his   
escape1 and fled into ,germany to       
,charles the great1 to whom he          
complained of the ,romans for acting    
against him out of a design to throw off
 all authority of the ,church1 and to   
recover their antient freedom4 ,in his  
absence his accusers with their forces  
ravaged the possessions of the ,church1 
and sent the accusations to ,charles2   
who before the end of the year sent the 
,pope back to ,rome with a large        

retinue4 ,the ,nobles and ,bishops of   
,france who accompanied him1 examined   
the chief of his accusers at ,rome1 and 
sent them into ,france in custody4 ,this
 was in the year #gii4 ,the next year   
,charles himself went to ,rome1 and upon
 a day appointed presided in a ,council 
of ,italian and ,french ,bishops to hear
 both parties4 ,but when the ,pope's    
adversaries expected to be heard1 the   
,council declared #aa that he who was   
the supreme judge of all men1 was above 
being judged by any other than himself3 
whereupon he made a solemn declaration  
of his innocence before all the people1 
and by doing so was looked upon as      
acquitted4  ,soon after1 upon           
,christmas-day1 the people of ,rome1 who
 had hitherto elected their ,bishop1 and
 reckoned that they and their ,senate   
inherited the rights of the antient     
,senate and people of ,rome1 voted      
,charles their ,emperor1 and subjected  
themselves to him in such manner as the 
old ,roman ,empire and their ,senate    

were subjected to the old ,roman        
,emperors4 ,the ,pope crowned him1 and  
anointed him with holy oil1 and         
worshipped him on his knees after the   
manner of adoring the old ,roman        
,emperors2 as the aforesaid ,poet thus  
relates3    ,post laudes igitur dictas  
summus eundem   ,praesul adoravit1 sicut
 mos debitus olim   ,principibus fuit   
antiquis4  ,the ,emperor1 on the other  
hand1 took the following oath to the    
,pope3 ,in nomine ,christi spondeo atque
 polliceor1 ,ego ,carolus ,imperator    
coram ,deo  beato ,petro ,apostolo1 me  
protectorem ac defensorem fore hujus    
sanctae ,romanae ,ecclesiae in omnibus  
utilitatibus1 quatenus divino fultus    
fuero adjutorio1 prout sciero poteroque4
 ,the ,emperor was also made ,consul of 
,rome1 and his son ,pipin crowned ,king 
of ,italy3 and henceforward the ,emperor
 stiled himself3 ,carolus serenissimus1 
,augustus1 a ,deo coronatus1 magnus1    
pacificus1 ,romae gubernans imperium1 or
 ,imperator ,romanorum2 and was prayed  

for in the ,churches of ,rome4 ,his     
image was henceforward put upon the     
coins of ,rome3 while the enemies of the
 ,pope1 to the number of three hundred  
,romans and two or three of the ,clergy1
 were sentenced to death4 ,the three    
hundred ,romans were beheaded in one day
 in the ,lateran fields3 but the        
,clergymen at the intercession of the   
,pope were pardoned1 and banished into  
,france4 ,and thus the title of ,roman  
,emperor1 which had hitherto been in the
 ,greek ,emperors1 was by this act      
transferred in the ,west to the ,kings  
of ,france4  ,after these things #ab    
,charles gave the ,city and ,duchy of   
,rome to the ,pope1 subordinately to    
himself as ,emperor of the ,romans2     
spent the winter in ordering the affairs
 of ,rome1 and those of the ,apostolic  
see1 and of all ,italy1 both civil and  
ecclesiastical1 and in making new laws  
for them2 and returned the next summer  
into ,france3 leaving the city under its
 ,senate1 and both under the ,pope and  

himself4 ,but hearing that his new laws 
were not observed by the judges in      
dictating the law1 nor by the people in 
hearing it2 and that the great men took 
servants from free men1 and from the    
,churches and ,monasteries1 to labour in
 their vineyards1 fields1 pastures and  
houses1 and continued to exact cattle   
and wine of them1 and to oppress those  
that served the ,churches3 he wrote to  
his son ,pipin to remedy these abuses1  
to take care of the ,church1 and see his
 laws executed4  ,now the ,senate and   
people and principality of ,rome ,i take
 to be the third ,king the little horn  
overcame1 and even the chief of the     
three4 ,for this people elected the     
,pope and the ,emperor2 and now1 by     
electing the ,emperor and making him    
,consul1 was acknowledged to retain the 
authority of the old ,roman ,senate and 
people4 ,this city was the ,metropolis  
of the old ,roman ,empire1 represented  
in ,daniel by the fourth ,beast2 and by 
subduing the ,senate and people and     

,duchy1 it became the ,metropolis of the
 little horn of that ,beast1 and        
completed ,peter's ,patrimony1 which was
 the kingdom of that horn4 ,besides1    
this victory was attended with greater  
consequences than those over the other  
two ,kings4 ,for it set up the ,western 
,empire1 which continues to this day4   
,it set up the ,pope above the          
judicature of the ,roman ,senate1 and   
above that of a ,council of ,italian and
 ,french ,bishops1 and even above all   
human judicature2 and gave him the      
supremacy over the ,western ,churches   
and their ,councils in a high degree4   
,it gave him a look more stout than his 
fellows2 so that when this new religion 
began to be established in the minds of 
men1 he grappled not only with ,kings1  
but even with the ,western ,emperor     
himself4 ,it is observable also1 that   
the custom of kissing the ,pope's feet1 
an honour superior to that of ,kings and
 ,emperors1 began about this time4      
,there are some instances of it in the  

ninth century3 ,platina tells us1 that  
the feet of ,pope ,leo ,,iv were kissed1
 according to antient custom1 by all who
 came to him3 and some say that ,leo    
,,iii began this custom1 pretending that
 his hand was infected by the kiss of a 
woman4 ,the ,popes began also about this
 time to canonize saints1 and to grant  
indulgences and pardons3 and some       
represent that ,leo ,,iii was the first 
author of all these things4 ,it is      
further observable1 that ,charles the   
great1 between the years #gge and #gif1 
conquered all ,germany from the ,rhine  
and ,danube northward to the ,baltic    
sea1 and eastward to the river ,teis2   
extending his conquests also into ,spain
 as far as the river ,ebro3 and by these
 conquests he laid the foundation of the
 new ,empire2 and at the same time      
propagated the ,roman ,catholic religion
 into all his conquests1 obliging the   
,saxons and ,hunns who were heathens1 to
 receive the ,roman faith1 and          
distributing his northern conquests into

 ,bishopricks1 granting tithes to the   
,clergy and ,peter-pence to the ,pope3  
by all which the ,church of ,rome was   
highly enlarged1 enriched1 exalted1 and 
established4  ,in the forementioned     
dissertation upon some coins of ,charles
 the great1 ,ludovicus ,pius1           
,lotharius1 and their successors1       
stamped at ,rome1 there is a draught of 
a piece of ,mosaic work which ,pope ,leo
 ,,iii4 caused to be made in his ,palace
 near the ,church of ,john ,lateran1 in 
memory of his sending the standard or   
banner of the city of ,rome curiously   
wrought1 to ,charles the great2 and     
which still remained there at the       
publishing of the said book4 ,in the    
,mosaic work there appeared ,peter with 
three keys in his lap1 reaching the     
,pallium to the ,pope with his right    
hand1 and the banner of the city to     
,charles the great with his left4 ,by   
the ,pope was this inscription1         
,,scissimus ,d4,n4 ,,leo ,,pp2 by the   
,king this1 ,d4,n4 ,,carvlo ,,regi2 and 

under the feet of ,peter this1 ,,beate  
,,petre1 ,,dona ,,vitam ,,leoni ,,pp1   
,,et ,,bictoriam ,,carvlo ,,regi ,,dona4
 ,this ,monument gives the title of     
,king to ,charles1 and therefore was    
erected before he was ,emperor4 ,it was 
erected when ,peter was reaching the    
,pallium to the ,pope1 and the ,pope was
 sending the banner of the city to      
,charles1 that is1 ,a4,c4 #gif4 ,the    
words above1 ,sanctissimus ,dominus     
noster ,leo ,papa ,domino nostro ,carolo
 ,regi1 relate to the message2 and the  
words below1 ,beate ,petre1 dona vitam  
,leoni ,papae  victoriam ,carolo regi   
dona1 are a prayer that in this         
undertaking ,god would preserve the life
 of the ,pope1 and give victory to the  
,king over the ,romans4 ,the three keys 
in the lap of ,peter signify the keys of
 the three parts of his ,patrimony1 that
 of ,rome with its ,duchy1 which the    
,pope claimed and was conquering1 those 
of ,ravenna with the ,exarchate1 and of 
the territories taken from the          

,lombards2 both which he had newly      
conquered4 ,these were the three        
dominions1 whose keys were in the lap of
 ,st4 ,peter1 and whose ,crowns are now 
worn by the ,pope1 and by the conquest  
of which he became the little horn of   
the fourth ,beast4 ,by ,peter's giving  
the ,pallium to the ,pope with his right
 hand1 and the banner of the city to the
 ,king with his left1 and by naming the 
,pope before the ,king in the           
inscription1 may be understood that the 
,pope was then reckoned superior in     
dignity to the ,kings of the earth4     
,after the death of ,charles the great1 
his son and successor ,ludovicus ,pius1 
at the request of the ,pope1 #ac        
confirmed the donations of his          
grandfather and father to the see of    
,rome4 ,and in the confirmation he names
 first ,rome with its ,duchy extending  
into ,tuscany and ,campania2 then the   
,exarchate of ,ravenna1 with            
,pentapolis2 and in the third place1 the
 territories taken from the ,lombards4  

,these are his three conquests1 and he  
was to hold them of the ,emperor for the
 use of the ,church sub integritate1    
entirely1 without the ,emperor's medling
 therewith1 or with the jurisdiction or 
power of the ,pope therein1 unless      
called thereto in certain cases4 ,this  
ratification the ,emperor ,ludovicus    
made under an oath3 and as the ,king of 
the ,ostrogoths1 for acknowledging that 
he held his kingdom of ,italy of the    
,greek ,emperor1 stamped the effigies of
 the ,emperor on one side of his coins  
and his own on the reverse2 so the ,pope
 made the like acknowledgment to the    
,western ,emperor4 ,for the ,pope began 
now to coin money1 and the coins of     
,rome are henceforward found with the   
heads of the ,emperors1 ,charles1       
,ludovicus ,pius1 ,lotharius1 and their 
successors1 on the one side1 and the    
,pope's inscription on the reverse1 for 
many years4  ,notes to ,chap4 ,,vii4  #a
 ,chap4 vii4 #h4  #b ,ver4 #bj1 #ba4  #c
 ,ver4 #bd4  #d ,ver4 #be4  #e ,sigonius

 de ,regno ,italiae1 ad ,ann4 #gbf4  #f 
,sigonius ib4 ad ,ann4 #gbf1 #geb4  #g  
,sigon4 ib4 ,ann4 #gej4  #h ,sigon4 ib4 
,ann4 #gec1 #ged1 #gee4  #i ,sigon4 ib4 
,ann4 #ggc4  #aj ,sigon4 de ,regno      
,ital4 ad ,ann4 #gif4  #aa ,vide        
,anastasium4  #ab ,sigon4 de ,regno     
,ital4  #ac ,confirmationem recitat     
,sigonius1 lib4 #d4 de ,regno ,italiae1 
ad ,an4 #hag4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,,chap4 ,,viii4   
,of the power of the eleventh horn of   
,daniel's fourth ,beast1 to change times
 and laws4  ,in the reign of the ,greek 
,emperor ,justinian1 and again in the   
reign of ,phocas1 the ,bishop of ,rome  
obtained some dominion over the ,greek  
,churches1 but of no long continuance4  
,his standing dominion was only over the
 nations of the ,western ,empire1       
represented by ,daniel's fourth ,beast4 
,and this jurisdiction was set up by the
 following ,edict of the ,emperors      
,gratian and ,valentinian4--#a ,volumus 
ut quicunque judicio ,damasi1 quod ille 

cum ,concilio quinque vel septem        
habuerit ,episcoporum1 vel eorum qui    
,catholici sunt judicio vel ,concilio   
condemnatus fuerit1 si juste voluerit   
,ecclesiam retentare1 ut qui ad         
sacerdotale judicium per contumeliam non
 ivisset3 ut ab illustribus viris       
,praefectis ,praetorio ,galliae atque   
,italiae1 authoritate adhibita1 ad      
,episcopale judicium remittatur1 sive a 
,consularibus vel ,vicariis1 ut ad      
,urbem ,romam sub prosecutione          
perveniat4 ,aut si in longinquioribus   
partibus alicujus ferocitas talis       
emerserit1 omnis ejus causae edictio ad 
,metropolitae in eadem ,provincia       
,episcopi deduceretur examen4 ,vel si   
ipse ,metropolitanus est1 ,romam        
necessario1 vel ad eos quos ,romanus    
,episcopus judices dederit1 sine        
delatione contendat4----,quod si vel    
,metropolitani ,episcopi vel cujuscunque
 sacerdotis iniquitas est suspecta1 aut 
gratia2 ad ,romanum ,episcopum1 vel ad  
,concilium quindecim finitimorum        

,episcoporum accersitum liceat          
provocare2 modo ne post examen habitum1 
quod definitum fuerit1 integretur4 ,this
 ,edict wanting the name of both ,valens
 and ,theodosius in the ,title1 was made
 in the time between their reigns1 that 
is1 in the end of the year #cgh1 or the 
beginning of #cgi4 ,it was directed to  
the ,praefecti ,praetorio ,italiae      
,galliae1 and therefore was general4    
,for the ,praefectus ,praetorio ,italiae
 governed ,italy1 ,illyricum occidentale
 and ,africa2 and the ,praefectus       
,praetorio ,galliae governed ,gallia1   
,spain1 and ,britain4  ,the granting of 
this jurisdiction to the ,pope gave     
several ,bishops occasion to write to   
him for his resolutions upon doubtful   
cases1 whereupon he answered by decretal
 ,epistles2 and henceforward he gave    
laws to the ,western ,churches by such  
,epistles4 ,himerius ,bishop of         
,tarraco1 the head city of a province in
 ,spain1 writing to ,pope ,damasus for  
his direction about certain             

,ecclesiastical matters1 and the ,letter
 not arriving at ,rome till after the   
death of ,damasus1 ,a4,c4 #chd2 his     
successor ,siricius answered the same   
with a legislative authority1 telling   
him of one thing3 ,cum hoc fieri--missa 
ad ,provincias a venerandae memoriae    
praedecessore meo ,liberio generalia    
decreta1 prohibeant4 ,of another3       
,noverint se ab omni ecclesiastico      
honore1 quo indigne usi sunt1           
,apostolicae ,sedis auctoritate1        
dejectos4 ,of another3 ,scituri posthac 
omnium ,provinciarum summi ,antistites1 
quod si ultro ad sacros ordines quenquam
 de talibus esse assumendum1  de suo  de
 aliorum statu1 quos contra ,canones    
interdicta nostra provexerint1 congruam 
ab ,apostolica ,sede promendam esse     
sententiam4 ,and the ,epistle he        
concludes thus3 ,explicuimus1 ut        
arbitror1 frater charissime1 universa   
quae digesta sunt in querelam2  ad      
singulas causas1 de quibus ad ,romanam  
,ecclesiam1 utpote ad caput tui         

corporis1 retulisti2 sufficientia1      
quantum opinor1 responsa reddidimus4    
,nunc fraternitatis tuae animum ad      
servandos canones1  tenenda decretalia  
constituta1 magis ac magis incitamus3 ad
 haec quae ad tua consulta rescripsimus 
in omnium ,coepiscoporum perferri facias
 notionem2  non solum corum1 qui in tua 
sunt dioecesi constituti1 sed etiam ad  
universos ,carthaginenses ac ,boeticos1 
,lusitanos atque #b ,gallicos1 vel eos  
qui vicinis tibi collimitant hinc inde  
,provinciis1 haec quae a nobis sunt     
salubri ordinatione disposita1 sub      
literarum tuarum prosecutione mittantur4
 ,et quanquam statuta sedis ,apostolicae
 vel ,canonum venerabilia definita1     
nulli ,sacerdotum ,domini ignorare sit  
liberum3 utilius tamen1 atque pro       
antiquitate sacerdotii tui1 dilectioni  
tuae esse admodum poterit gloriosum1 si 
ea quae ad te speciali nomine           
generaliter scripta sunt1 per           
unanimitatis tuae sollicitudinem in     
universorum fratrum nostrorum notitiam  

perferantur2 quatenus  quae a nobis non 
inconsulte sed provide sub nimia cautela
  deliberatione sunt salubriter         
constituta1 intemerata permaneant1      
omnibus in posterum excusationibus      
aditus1 qui jam nulli apud nos patere   
poterit1 obstruatur4 ,dat4 #c ,id4      
,febr4 ,arcadio  ,bautone viris         
clarissimis ,consulibus1 ,a4,c4 #che4   
,pope ,liberius in the reign of ,jovian 
or ,valentinian ,i4 sent general        
,decrees to the ,provinces1 ordering    
that the ,arians should not be          
rebaptized3 and this he did in favour of
 the ,council of ,alexandria1 that      
nothing more should be required of them 
than to renounce their opinions4 ,pope  
,damasus is said to have decreed in a   
,roman ,council1 that ,tithes and       
,tenths should be paid upon pain of an  
,anathema2 and that ,glory be to the    
,father1 c4 should be said or sung at   
the end of the ,psalms4 ,but the first  
decretal ,epistle now extant is this of 
,siricius to ,himerius2 by which the    

,pope made ,himerius his ,vicar over all
 ,spain for promulging his ,decrees1 and
 seeing them observed4 ,the ,bishop of  
,sevill was also the ,pope's ,vicar     
sometimes2 for ,simplicius wrote thus to
 ,zeno ,bishop of that place3 ,talibus  
idcirco gloriantes indiciis1 congruum   
duximus vicaria ,sedis nostrae te       
auctoritate fulciri3 cujus vigore       
munitus1 ,apostolicae institutionis     
,decreta1 vel sanctorum terminos        
,patrum1 nullatenus transcendi          
permittas4 ,and ,pope ,hormisda #c made 
the ,bishop of ,sevill his ,vicar over  
,boetica and ,lusitania1 and the ,bishop
 of ,tarraco his ,vicar over all the    
rest of ,spain1 as appears by his       
,epistles to them4  ,pope ,innocent the 
first1 in his decretal ,epistle to      
,victricius ,bishop of ,rouen in        
,france1 ,a4,c4 #djd1 in pursuance of   
the ,edict of ,gratian1 made this       
,decree3 ,si quae autem causae vel      
contentiones inter ,clericos tam        
superioris ordinis quam etiam inferioris

 fuerint exortae2 ut secundum ,synodum  
,nicenam congregatis ejusdem ,provinciae
 ,episcopis jurgium terminetur3 nec     
alicui liceat1 #d ,romanae ,ecclesiae1  
cujus in omnibus causis debet reverentia
 custodiri1 relictis his sacerdotibus1  
qui in eadem ,provincia ,dei ,ecclesiam 
nutu ,divino gubernant1 ad alias        
convolare ,provincias4 ,quod siquis     
forte praesumpserit2  ab officio        
,clericatus summotus1  injuriarum reus  
judicetur4 ,si autem majores causae in  
medium fuerint devolutae1 ad ,sedem     
,apostolicam sicut ,synodus statuit1    
beata consuetudo exigit1 post judicium  
,episcopale referantur4 ,by these       
,letters it seems to me that ,gallia was
 now subject to the ,pope1 and had been 
so for some time1 and that the ,bishop  
of ,rouen was then his ,vicar or one of 
them3 for the ,pope directs him to refer
 the greater causes to the ,see of      
,rome1 according to custom4 ,but the    
,bishop of ,arles soon after became the 
,pope's ,vicar over all ,gallia3 for    

,pope ,zosimus1 ,a4,c4 #dag1 ordaining  
that none should have access to him     
without the credentials of his ,vicars1 
conferred upon ,patroclus the ,bishop of
 ,arles this authority over all ,gallia1
 by the following ,decree4  ,zosimus    
universis ,episcopis per ,gallias       
septem ,provincias constitutis4         
,placuit ,apostolicae ,sedi1 ut siquis  
ex qualibet ,galliarum parte sub        
quolibet ecclesiastico gradu ad nos     
,romae venire contendit1 vel alio       
terrarum ire disponit1 non aliter       
proficiscatur nisi ,metropolitani       
,episcopi ,formatas acceperit1 quibus   
sacerdotium suum vel locum              
ecclesiasticum quem habet1 scriptorum   
ejus adstipulatione perdoceat3 quod ex  
gratia statuimus quia plures episcopi   
sive presbyteri sive ecclesiastici      
simulantes1 quia nullum documentum      
,formatarum extat per quod valeant      
confutari1 in nomen venerationis        
irrepunt1  indebitam reverentiam        
promerentur4 ,quisquis igitur1 fratres  

charissimi1 praetermissa supradicti     
,formata sive episcopus1 sive presbyter1
 sive diaconus1 aut deinceps inferiori  
gradu sit1 ad nos venerit3 sciat se     
omnino suscipi non posse4 ,quam         
auctoritatem ubique nos misisse         
manifestum est1 ut cunctis regionibus   
innotescat id quod statuimus omnimodis  
esse servandum4 ,siquis autem haec      
salubriter constituta temerare          
tentaverit sponte sua1 se a nostra      
noverit communione discretum4 ,hoc autem
 privilegium ,formatarum sancto         
,patroclo fratri  coepiscopo nostro1    
meritorum ejus speciali contemplatione1 
concessimus4 ,and that the ,bishop of   
,arles was sometimes the ,pope's ,vicar 
over all ,france1 is affirmed also by   
all the ,bishops of the ,diocess of     
,arles in their ,letter to ,pope ,leo   
,i4 ,cui id etiam honoris dignitatisque 
collatum est1 say they1 ut non tantum   
has ,provincias potestate propria       
gubernaret2 verum etiam omnes ,gallias  
sibi ,apostolicae ,sedis vice mandatas1 

sub omni ecclesiastica regula           
contineret4 ,and ,pope ,pelagius ,i4    
,a4,c4 #eef1 in his ,epistle to         
,sapaudus ,bishop of ,arles3 ,majorum   
nostrorum1 operante ,dei misericordia1  
cupientes inhaerere vestigiis  eorum    
actus divino examine in omnibus imitari3
 ,charitati tuae per universam ,galliam1
 sanctae ,sedis ,apostolicae1 cui divina
 gratia praesidemus1 vices injungimus4  
,by the influence of the same imperial  
,edict1 not only ,spain and ,gallia1 but
 also ,illyricum became subject to the  
,pope4 ,damasus made ,ascholius1 or     
,acholius1 ,bishop of ,thessalonica the 
,metropolis of ,oriental ,illyricum1 his
 ,vicar for hearing of causes2 and in   
the year #chb1 ,acholius being summoned 
by ,pope ,damasus1 came to a ,council at
 ,rome4 ,pope ,siricius the successor of
 ,damasus1 decreed that no ,bishop      
should be ordained in ,illyricum without
 the consent of ,anysius the successor  
of ,acholius4 ,and the following ,popes 
gave ,rufus the successor of ,anysius1 a

 power of calling ,provincial ,councils3
 for in the ,collections of ,holstenius 
there is an account of a ,council of    
,rome convened under ,pope ,boniface    
,,ii4 in which were produced ,letters of
 ,damasus1 ,syricius1 ,innocent ,i4     
,boniface ,i4 and ,caelestine ,bishops  
of ,rome1 to ,ascholius1 ,anysius and   
,rufus1 ,bishops of ,thessalonica3 in   
which ,letters they commend to them the 
hearing of causes in ,illyricum1 granted
 by the ,lord and the holy ,canons to   
the ,apostolic ,see thro'out that       
,province4 ,and ,pope ,siricius saith in
 his ,epistle to ,anysius3 ,etiam dudum1
 frater charissime1 per ,candidianum    
,episcopum1 qui nos praecessit ad       
,dominum1 hujusmodi literas dederamus1  
ut nulla licentia esset1 sine consensu  
tuo in ,illyrico ,episcopos ordinare    
praesumere1 quae utrum ad te pervenerint
 scire non potui4 ,multa enim gesta sunt
 per contentionem ab ,episcopis in      
ordinationibus faciendis1 quod tua      
melius caritas novit4 ,and a little     

after3 ,ad omnem enim hujusmodi audaciam
 comprimendam vigilare debet instantia  
tua1 ,spiritu in te ,sancto fervente3 ut
 vel ipse1 si potes1 vel quos           
judicaveris ,episcopos idoneos1 cum     
literis dirigas1 dato consensu qui      
possit1 in ejus locum qui defunctus vel 
depositus fuerit1 ,catholicum ,episcopum
 vita  moribus probatum1 secundum       
,nicaenae ,synodi statuta vel ,ecclesiae
 ,romanae1 ,clericum de ,clero meritum  
ordinare4 ,and ,pope ,innocent ,i4 saith
 in his ,epistle to ,anysius3 ,cui      
,anysio etiam anteriores tanti ac tales 
viri praedecessores mei ,episcopi1 id   
est1 sanctae memoriae ,damasus1         
,siricius1 atque supra memoratus vir ita
 detulerunt2 ut omnia quae in omnibus   
illis partibus gererentur1 ,sanctitati  
tuae1 quae plena justitiae est1         
traderent cognoscenda4 ,and in his      
,epistle to ,rufus the successor of     
,anysius3 ,ita longis intervallis       
disterminatis a me ecclesiis discat     
consulendum2 ut prudentiae gravitatique 

tuae committendam curam causasque1      
siquae exoriantur1 per ,achaiae1        
,thessaliae1 ,epiri veteris1 ,epiri     
novae1  ,cretae1 ,daciae mediterraneae1 
,daciae ripensis1 ,moesiae1 ,dardaniae1 
,praevali ecclesias1 ,christo ,domino   
annuente1 censeam4 ,vere enim ejus      
sacratissimis monitis lectissimae       
sinceritatis tuae providentiae  virtuti 
hanc injungimus sollicitudinem3 non     
primitus haec statuentes1 sed           
,praecessores nostros ,apostolicos      
imitati1 qui beatissimis ,acholio       
,anysio injungi pro meritis ista        
voluerunt4 ,and ,boniface ,i4 in his    
decretal ,epistle to ,rufus and the rest
 of the ,bishops in ,illyricum3 ,nullus1
 ut frequenter dixi1 alicujus           
ordinationem citra ejus ,episcopi       
,thessalonicensis conscientiam celebrare
 praesumat3 cui1 ut supra dictum est1   
vice nostra cuncta committimus4 ,and    
,pope ,caelestine1 in his decretal      
,epistle to the ,bishops thro'out       
,illyricum1 saith3 ,vicem nostram per   

vestram ,provinciam noveritis ,rufo esse
 commissam1 ita ut ad eum1 fratres      
carissimi1 quicquid de causis agitur1   
referatur4 ,sine ejus consilio nullus   
ordinetur4 ,nullus usurpet1 eodem       
inconscio1 commissam illi ,provinciam2  
colligere nisi cum ejus voluntate       
,episcopus non praesumat4 ,and in the   
cause of ,perigenes1 in the title of his
 ,epistle1 he thus enumerates the       
,provinces under this ,bishop3 ,rufo    
caeteris ,episcopis per ,macedoniam1    
,achaiam1 ,thessaliam1 ,epirum veterem1 
,epirum novam1 ,praevalin1  ,daciam     
constitutis4 ,and ,pope ,xistus in a    
decretal ,epistle to the same ,bishops3 
,illyricanae omnes ,ecclesiae1 ut a     
decessoribus nostris recepimus1  nos    
quoque fecimus1 ad curam nunc pertinent 
,thessalonicensis ,antistitis1 ut sua   
sollicitudine1 siquae inter fratres     
nascantur1 ut assolent1 actiones        
distinguat atque definiat2  ad eum1     
quicquid a singulis sacerdotibus agitur1
 referatur4 ,sit ,concilium1 quotiens   

causae fuerint1 quotiens ille pro       
necessitatum emergentium ratione        
decreverit4 ,and ,pope ,leo ,i4 in his  
decretal ,epistle to ,anastasius ,bishop
 of ,thessalonica3 ,singulis autem      
,metropolitanis sicut potestas ista     
committitur1 ut in suis ,provinciis jus 
habeant ordinandi2 ita eos              
,metropolitanos a te volumus ordinari2  
maturo tamen  decocto judicio4          
,occidental ,illyricum comprehended     
,pannonia prima and secunda1 ,savia1    
,dalmatia1 ,noricum mediterraneum1 and  
,noricum ripense2 and its ,metropolis   
was ,sirmium1 till ,attila destroyed    
this city4 ,afterwards ,laureacum became
 the ,metropolis of ,noricum and both   
,pannonias1 and ,salona the ,metropolis 
of ,dalmatia4 ,now #e the ,bishops of   
,laureacum and ,salona received the     
,pallium from the ,pope3 and ,zosimus1  
in his decretal ,epistle to ,hesychius  
,bishop of ,salona1 directed him to     
denounce the ,apostolic decrees as well 
to the ,bishops of his own1 as to those 

of the neighbouring ,provinces4 ,the    
subjection of these ,provinces to the   
,see of ,rome seems to have begun in    
,anemius1 who was ordained ,bishop of   
,sirmium by ,ambrose ,bishop of         
,millain1 and who in the ,council of    
,aquileia under ,pope ,damasus1 ,a4,c4  
#cha1 declared his sentence in these    
words3 ,caput ,illyrici non nisi civitas
 ,sirmiensis3 ,ego igitur illius        
civitatis ,episcopus sum4 ,eum qui non  
confitetur filium ,dei aeternum1        
coeternum patri1 qui est sempiternus1   
anathema dico4 ,the next year ,anemius  
and ,ambrose1 with ,valerian ,bishop of 
,aquileia1 ,acholias ,bishop of         
,thessalonica1 and many others1 went to 
the ,council of ,rome1 which met for    
overruling the ,greek ,church by        
majority of votes1 and exalting the     
authority of the ,apostolic ,see1 as was
 attempted before in the ,council of    
,sardica4  ,aquileia was the second city
 of the ,western ,empire1 and by some   
called the second ,rome4 ,it was the    

,metropolis of ,istria1 ,forum ,julium1 
and ,venetia2 and its subjection to the 
,see of ,rome is manifest by the        
decretal ,epistle of ,leo ,i4 directed  
to ,nicetas ,bishop of this city2 for   
the ,pope begins his ,epistle thus3     
,regressus ad nos filius meus ,adeodatus
 ,diaconus ,sedis nostrae1 dilectionem  
tuam poposcisse memorat1 ut de his a    
nobis authoritatem ,apostolicae ,sedis  
acciperes1 quae quidem magnam           
difficultatem dijudicationis videntur   
afferre4 ,then he sets down an answer to
 the questions proposed by ,nicetas1 and
 concludes thus3 ,hanc autem ,epistolam 
nostram1 quam ad consultationem tuae    
fraternitatis emisimus1 ad omnes fratres
  comprovinciales tuos ,episcopos facies
 pervenire1 ut in omnium observantia1   
data profit authoritas4 ,data #a-b ,kal4
 ,apr4 ,majorano ,aug4 ,cos4 ,a4,c4     
#deh4 ,gregory the great ,a4,c4 #eia1 #f
 cited ,severus ,bishop of ,aquileia to 
appear before him in judgment in a      
,council at ,rome4  ,the ,bishops of    

,aquileia and ,millain created one      
another1 and therefore were of equal    
authority1 and alike subject to the ,see
 of ,rome4 ,pope ,pelagius about the    
year #eeg1 testified this in the        
following words3 #g ,mos antiquus fuit1 
saith he1 ut quia pro longinquitate vel 
difficultate itineris1 ab ,apostolico   
illis onerosum fuerit ordinari1 ipsi se 
invicem ,mediolanensis  ,aquileiensis   
ordinare ,episcopos debuissent4 ,these  
words imply that the ordination of these
 two ,bishops belonged to the ,see of   
,rome4 ,when ,laurentius ,bishop of     
,millain had excommunicated ,magnus1 one
 of his ,presbyters1 and was dead1 #h   
,gregory the great absolved ,magnus1 and
 sent the ,pallium to the new elected   
,bishop ,constantius2 whom the next year
 #i he reprehended of partiality in     
judging ,fortunatus1 and commanded him  
to send ,fortunatus to ,rome to be      
judged there3 four years after #aj he   
appointed the ,bishops of ,millain and  
,ravenna to hear the cause of one       

,maximus2 and two years after1 viz4     
,a4,c4 #fja1 when ,constantius was dead1
 and the people of ,millain had elected 
,deusdedit his successor1 and the       
,lombards had elected another1 #aa      
,gregory wrote to the ,notary1 ,clergy1 
and ,people of ,millain1 that by the    
authority of his ,letters ,deusdedit    
should be ordained1 and that he whom the
 ,lombards had ordained was an unworthy 
successor of ,ambrose3 whence ,i gather1
 that the ,church of ,millain had       
continued in this state of subordination
 to the ,see of ,rome ever since the    
days of ,ambrose2 for ,ambrose himself  
acknowledged the authority of that ,see4
 ,ecclesia ,romana1 #ab saith he1 hanc  
consuetudinem non habet1 cujus typum in 
omnibus sequimur1  formam4 ,and a little
 after3 ,in omnibus cupio sequi         
,ecclesiam ,romanam4 ,and in his        
,commentary upon #a ,tim4 iii4 ,cum     
totus mundus ,dei sit1 tamen domus ejus 
,ecclesia dicitur1 cujus hodie rector   
est ,damasus4 ,in his ,oration on the   

death of his brother ,satyrus1 he       
relates how his brother coming to a     
certain city of ,sardinia1 advocavit    
,episcopum loci1 percontatusque est ex  
eo utrum cum ,episcopis ,catholicis hoc 
est cum ,romana ,ecclesia conveniret8   
,and in conjunction with the ,synod of  
,aquileia ,a4,c4 #cha1 in a synodical   
,epistle to the ,emperor ,gratian1 he   
saith3 ,totius orbis ,romani caput      
,romanam ,ecclesiam1 atque illam        
sacrosanctam ,apostolorum fidem1 ne     
turbari sineret1 obsecranda fuit        
clementia vestra2 inde enim in omnes    
venerandae communionis jura dimanant4   
,the ,churches therefore of ,aquileia   
and ,millain were subject to the ,see of
 ,rome from the days of the ,emperor    
,gratian4 ,auxentius the predecessor of 
,ambrose was not subject to the see of  
,rome1 and consequently the subjection  
of the ,church of ,millain began in     
,ambrose4 ,this ,diocese of ,millain    
contained ,liguria with ,insubria1 the  
,alpes ,cottiae and ,rhaetia2 and was   

divided from the ,diocese of ,aquileia  
by the river ,addua4 ,in the year #hdd1 
the ,bishop of ,millain broke off from  
the ,see of ,rome1 and continued in this
 separation about #bjj years1 as is thus
 related by #ac ,sigonius3 ,eodem anno  
,angilbertus ,mediolanensis             
,archiepiscopus ab ,ecclesia ,romana    
parum comperta de causa descivit1       
tantumque exemplo in posterum valuit1 ut
 non nisi post ducentos annos ,ecclesia 
,mediolanensis ad ,romanae obedientiam  
auctoritatemque redierit4  ,the ,bishop 
of ,ravenna1 the ,metropolis of         
,flaminia and ,a,emilia1 was also       
subject to the ,pope3 for ,zosimus1     
,a4,c4 #dag1 excommunicated some of the 
,presbyters of that ,church1 and wrote a
 commonitory ,epistle about them to the 
,clergy of that ,church as a branch of  
the ,roman ,church3 ,in sua1 saith he1  
hoc est1 in ,ecclesia nostra ,romana4   
,when those of ,ravenna1 having elected 
a new ,bishop1 gave notice thereof to   
,pope ,sixtus1 the ,pope set him aside1 

and #ad ordained ,peter ,chrysologus in 
his room4 ,chrysologus in his ,epistle  
to ,eutyches1 extant in the ,acts of the
 ,council of ,chalcedon1 wrote thus3    
,nos pro studio pacis  fidei1 extra     
consensum ,romanae civitatis ,episcopi1 
causas fidei audire non possumus4 ,pope 
,leo ,i4 being consulted by ,leo ,bishop
 of ,ravenna about some questions1      
answered him by a decretal ,epistle     
,a4,c4 #dea4 ,and ,pope ,gregory the    
great1 #ae reprehending ,john ,bishop of
 ,ravenna about the use of the ,pallium1
 tells him of a ,precept of one of his  
,predecessors1 ,pope ,john1 commanding  
that all the ,privileges formerly       
granted to the ,bishop and ,church of   
,ravenna should be kept3 to this ,john  
returned a submissive answer2 and after 
his death ,pope ,gregory ordered a      
visitation of the ,church of ,ravenna1  
confirmed the privileges heretofore     
granted them1 and sent his ,pallium1 as 
of antient custom1 to their new ,bishop 
,marinian4 ,yet this ,church revolted   

sometimes from the ,church of ,rome1 but
 returned again to its obedience4  ,the 
rest of ,italy1 with the ,islands       
adjacent1 containing the suburbicarian  
regions1 or ten ,provinces under the    
temporal ,vicar of ,rome1 viz4          
#a;,campania1 #b,tuscia and ,umbria1    
#c,picenum suburbicarium1 #d,sicily1    
#e;,apulia and ,calabria1 #f;,brutii and
 ,lucania1 #g,samnium1 #h,sardinia1     
#i;,corsica1 and #aj,valeria1           
constituted the proper ,province of the 
,bishop of ,rome4 ,for the ,council of  
,nice in their fifth ,canon ordained    
that ,councils should be held every     
spring and autumn in every ,province2   
and according to this ,canon1 the       
,bishops of this ,province met at ,rome 
every half year4 ,in this sense ,pope   
,leo ,i4 applied this ,canon to ,rome1  
in a decretal ,epistle to the ,bishops  
of ,sicily1 written ,alippio  ,ardabure 
,coss4 ,a4,c4 #ddg4 ,quia saluberrime1  
saith he1 a sanctis patribus constitutum
 est1 binos in annis singulis           

,episcoporum debere esse conventus1     
terni semper ex vobis ad diem tertium   
,kalendarum ,octobrium ,romam aeterno   
concilio sociandi occurrant4 ,et        
indissimulanter a vobis haec consuetudo 
servetur1 quoniam adjuvante ,dei gratia1
 facilius poterit provideri1 ut in      
,ecclesiis ,christi nulla scandala1     
nulli nascantur errores2 cum coram      
,apostolo ,petro semper in communione   
tractatum fuerit1 ut omnia ,canonum     
,decreta apud omnes ,domini sacerdotes  
inviolata permaneant4 ,the ,province of 
,rome therefore comprehended ,sicily1   
with so much of ,italy and the          
neighbouring ,islands as sent ,bishops  
to the annual ,councils of ,rome2 but   
extended not into the ,provinces of     
,ravenna1 ,aquileia1 ,millain1 ,arles1  
c4 those ,provinces having ,councils of 
their own4 ,the ,bishops in every       
,province of the ,roman ,empire were    
convened in ,council by the             
,metropolitan or ,bishop of the head    
city of the ,province1 and this ,bishop 

presided in that ,council3 but the      
,bishop of ,rome did not only preside in
 his own ,council of the ,bishops of the
 suburbicarian regions1 but also gave   
,orders to the ,metropolitans of all the
 other ,provinces in the ,western       
,empire1 as their universal governor2 as
 may be further perceived by the        
following instances4  ,pope ,zosimus    
,a4,c4 #dag1 cited ,proculus ,bishop of 
,marseilles to appear before a ,council 
at ,rome for illegitimate ,ordinations2 
and condemned him1 as he mentions in    
several of his ,epistles4 ,pope         
,boniface ,i4 ,a4,c4 #dai1 upon a       
complaint of the ,clergy of ,valentia   
against ,maximus a ,bishop1 summoned the
 ,bishops of all ,gallia and the seven  
,provinces to convene in a ,council     
against him2 and saith in his ,epistle1 
that his ,predecessors had done the     
like4 ,pope ,leo ,i4 called a general   
,council of all the ,provinces of ,spain
 to meet in ,gallaecia against the      
,manichees and ,priscillianists1 as he  

says in his decretal ,epistle to        
,turribius a ,spanish ,bishop4 ,and in  
one of his decretal ,epistles to        
,nicetas ,bishop of ,aquileia1 he       
commands him to call a ,council of the  
,bishops of that ,province against the  
,pelagians1 which might ratify all the  
,synodal ,decrees which had been already
 ratified by the ,see of ,rome against  
this heresy4 ,and in his decretal       
,epistle to ,anastasius ,bishop of      
,thessalonica1 he ordained that ,bishop 
should hold two ,provincial ,councils   
every year1 and refer the harder causes 
to the ,see of ,rome3 and if upon any   
extraordinary occasion it should be     
necessary to call a ,council1 he should 
not be troublesom to the ,bishops under 
him1 but content himself with two       
,bishops out of every ,province1 and not
 detain them above fifteen days4 ,in the
 same ,epistle he describes the form of 
,church-,government then set up1 to     
consist in a subordination of all the   
,churches to the ,see of ,rome3 ,de qua 

forma1 saith he1 ,episcoporum quoque est
 orta distinctio1  magna dispositione   
provisum est ne omnes sibi omnia        
vindicarent1 sed essent in singulis     
,provinciis singuli quorum inter fratres
 haberetur prima sententia1  rursus     
quidam in majoribus urbibus constituti  
sollicitudinem sumerent ampliorem1 per  
quos ad unam ,petri ,sedem universalis  
,ecclesiae cura conflueret1  nihil usque
 a suo capite dissideret4 ,qui ergo scit
 se quibusdam esse praepositum1 non     
moleste ferat aliquem sibi esse         
praepositum2 sed obedientiam quam exigit
 etiam ipse dependat2 et sicut non vult 
gravis oneris sarcinam ferre1 ita non   
audeat aliis importabile pondus         
imponere4 ,these words sufficiently shew
 the monarchical form of government then
 set up in the ,churches of the ,western
 ,empire under the ,bishop of ,rome1 by 
means of the imperial ,decree of        
,gratian1 and the appeals and decretal  
,epistles grounded thereupon4  ,the same
 ,pope ,leo1 having in a ,council at    

,rome passed sentence upon ,hilary      
,bishop of ,arles1 for what he had done 
by a ,provincial ,council in ,gallia1   
took occasion from thence to procure the
 following ,edict from the ,western     
,emperor ,valentinian ,,iii4 for the    
more absolute establishing the authority
 of his ,see over all the ,churches of  
the ,western ,empire4  ,impp4           
,theodosius  ,valentinianus ,,aa4 ,aetio
 ,viro illustri1 ,comiti  ,magistro     
utriusque militiae  ,patricio4  ,certum 
est  nobis  imperio nostro unicum esse  
praesidium in supernae ,divinitatis     
favore1 ad quem promerendum praecipue   
,christiana fides  veneranda nobis      
religio suffragatur4 ,cum igitur ,sedis 
,apostolicae ,primatum sancti ,petri    
meritum1 qui princeps est ,episcopalis  
coronae  ,romanae dignitas civitatis1   
sacrae etiam ,synodi firmavit           
auctoritas3 ne quid praeter auctoritatem
 ,sedis istius illicitum praesumptio    
attemperare nitatur3 tunc enim demum    
,ecclesiarum pax ubique servabitur1 si  

,rectorem suum agnoscat ,universitas4   
,haec cum hactenus inviolabiliter       
suerint custodita1 ,hilarius            
,arelatensis1 sicut venerabilis viri    
,leonis ,romani ,papae fideli relatione 
comperimus1 contumaci ausu illicita     
quaedam praesumenda tentavit1  ideo     
,transalpinas ,ecclesias abominabilis   
tumultus invasit1 quod recens maxime    
testatur exemplum4 ,hilarius enim qui   
,episcopus ,arelatensis vocatur1        
,ecclesiae ,romanae urbis inconsulto    
,pontifice indebitas sibi ordinationes  
,episcoporum sola temeritate usurpans   
invasit4 ,nam alios incompetenter       
removit2 indecenter alios1 invitis      
repugnantibus civibus1 ordinavit4 ,qui  
quidem1 quoniam non facile ab his qui   
non elegerant1 recipiebantur1 manum sibi
 contrahebat armatam1  claustra murorum 
in hostilem morem vel obsidione         
cingebat1 vel aggressione reserabat1  ad
 sedem quietis pacem praedicaturus per  
bella ducebat3 ,his talibus contra      
,imperii majestatem1  contra reverentiam

 ,apostolicae ,sedis admissis1 per      
ordinem religiosi viri ,urbis ,papae    
cognitione discussis1 certa in eum1 ex  
his quos male ordinaverat1 lata         
sententia est4 ,erat quidem ipsa        
sententia per ,gallias etiam sine       
,imperiali ,sanctione valitura3 quid    
enim ,pontificis auctoritate non        
liceret8 ,sed nostram quoque            
praeceptionem haec ratio provocavit4    
,nec ulterius vel ,hilario1 quem adhuc  
,episcopum nuncupare sola mansueta      
,praesulis permittit humanitas1 nec     
cuiquam alteri ecclesiasticis rebus arma
 miscere1 aut praeceptis ,romani        
,antistitis liceat obviare3 ausibus enim
 talibus fides  reverentia nostri       
violatur ,imperii4 ,nec hoc solum1 quod 
est maximi criminis1 submovemus3 verum  
ne levis saltem inter ,ecclesias turba  
nascatur1 vel in aliquo minui religionis
 disciplina videatur1 hoc perenni       
sanctione discernimus2 nequid tam       
,episcopis ,gallicanis quam aliarum     
,provinciarum contra consuetudinem      

veterem liceat1 sine viri venerabilis   
,papae ,urbis aeternae auctoritate1     
tentare4 ,sed illis omnibusque pro lege 
sit1 quicquid sanxit vel sanxerit       
,apostolicae ,sedis auctoritas3 ita ut  
quisquis ,episcoporum ad judicium       
,romani ,antistitis evocatus venire     
neglexerit1 per ,moderatorem ejusdem    
,provinciae adesse cogatur1 per omnia   
servatis quae ,divi parentes nostri     
,romanae ,ecclesiae detulerunt1 ,aeti   
pater carissime ,augusti4 ,unde         
illustris  praeclara magnificentia tua  
praesentis ,edictalis ,legis auctoritate
 faciet quae sunt superius statuta      
servari1 decem librarum auri multa      
protinus exigenda ab unoquoque ,judice  
qui passus fuerit praecepta nostra      
violari4 ,divinitas te servet per multos
 annos1 parens carissime4 ,dat4 viii4   
,id4 ,jun4 ,romae1 ,valentiniano ,a4 vi4
 ,consule1 ,a4,c4 #dde4 ,by this ,edict 
the ,emperor ,valentinian enjoined an   
absolute obedience to the will of the   
,bishop of ,rome thro'out all the       

,churches of his ,empire2 and declares1 
that for the ,bishops to attempt any    
thing without the ,pope's authority is  
contrary to antient custom1 and that the
 ,bishops summoned to appear before his 
judicature must be carried thither by   
the ,governor of the ,province2 and he  
ascribes these privileges of the ,see of
 ,rome to the concessions of his dead   
,ancestors1 that is1 to the ,edict of   
,gratian and ,valentinian ,,ii4 as      
above3 by which reckoning this dominion 
of the ,church of ,rome was now of #ff  
years standing3 and if in all this time 
it had not been sufficiently            
established1 this new ,edict was enough 
to settle it beyond all question        
thro'out the ,western ,empire4  ,hence  
all the ,bishops of the ,province of    
,arles in their ,letter to ,pope ,leo1  
,a4,c4 #dej1 petitioning for a          
restitution of the privileges of their  
,metropolitan1 say3 ,per beatum ,petrum 
,apostolorum principem1 sacrosancta     
,ecclesia ,romana tenebat supra omnes   

totius mundi ,ecclesias principatum4    
,and ,ceratius1 ,salonius and ,veranus1 
three ,bishops of ,gallia1 say1 in their
 ,epistle to the same ,pope3 ,magna     
praeterea  ineffabili quadam nos        
peculiares tui gratulatione             
succrescimus1 quod illa specialis       
doctrinae vestrae pagina ita per omnium 
,ecclesiarum conventicula celebratur1 ut
 vere consona omnium sententia          
declaretur2 merito illic principatum    
,sedis ,apostolicae constitutum1 unde   
adhuc ,apostolici spiritus oracula      
reserentur4 ,and ,leo himself1 in #af   
his ,epistle to the metropolitan        
,bishops thro'out ,illyricum3 ,quia per 
omnes ,ecclesias cura nostra            
distenditur1 exigente hoc a nobis       
,domino1 qui ,apostolicae dignitatis    
beatissimo ,apostolo ,petro primatum1   
fidei sui remuneratione commisit1       
universalem ,ecclesiam in fundamenti    
ipsius soliditate constituens4  ,while  
this ,ecclesiastical ,dominion was      
rising up1 the northern barbarous       

nations invaded the ,western ,empire1   
and founded several kingdoms therein1 of
 different religions from the ,church of
 ,rome4 ,but these kingdoms by degrees  
embraced the ,roman faith1 and at the   
same time submitted to the ,pope's      
authority4 ,the ,franks in ,gaul        
submitted in the end of the fifth       
,century1 the ,goths in ,spain in the   
end of the sixth2 and the ,lombards in  
,italy were conquered by ,charles the   
great ,a4,c4 #ggd4 ,between the years   
#gge and #gid1 the same ,charles        
extended the ,pope's authority over all 
,germany and ,hungary as far as the     
river ,theysse and the ,baltic sea2 he  
then set him above all human judicature1
 and at the same time assisted him in   
subduing the ,city and ,duchy of ,rome4 
,by the conversion of the ten kingdoms  
to the ,roman religion1 the ,pope only  
enlarged his spiritual dominion1 but did
 not yet rise up as a horn of the       
,beast4 ,it was his temporal dominion   
which made him one of the horns3 and    

this dominion he acquired in the latter 
half of the eighth century1 by subduing 
three of the former horns as above4 ,and
 now being arrived at a temporal        
dominion1 and a power above all human   
judicature1 he reigned #ag with a look  
more stout than his fellows1 and #ah    
times and laws were henceforward given  
into his hands1 for a time times and    
half a time1 or three times and an half2
 that is1 for #abfj solar years1        
reckoning a time for a ,calendar year of
 #cfj days1 and a day for a solar year4 
,after which #ai the judgment is to sit1
 and they shall take away his dominion1 
not at once1 but by degrees1 to consume1
 and to destroy it unto the end4 #bj    
,and the kingdom and dominion1 and      
greatness of the kingdom under the whole
 heaven shall1 by degrees1 be given unto
 the people of the saints of the most   
,high1 whose kingdom is an everlasting  
kingdom1 and all dominions shall serve  
and obey him4  ,notes to ,chap4 ,,viii4 
#a ,see the ,annals of ,baronius1 ,anno 

#cha4 ,sect4 #f4  #b ,populos           
,galliciae4  #c ,hormisd4 ,epist4 #bd4  
#bf4  #d ,the words1 sine auctoritate1  
seem wanting4  #e ,vide ,caroli a ,s4   
,paulo ,geographiam sacram1 p4 #gb1 #gc4
  #f ,greg4 ,m4 lib4 #a4 ,indic4 #i4    
,epist4 #af4  #g ,apud ,gratianum de    
,mediolanensi  ,aquileiensi ,episcopis4 
#h ,greg4 ,m4 lib4 #c4 ,epist4 #bf4     
lib4 #d4 ,epist4 #a4  #i ,greg4 lib4 #e4
 ,epist4 #d4  #aj ,greg4 lib4 #i4       
,epist4 #aj  #fg4  #aa ,greg4 lib4 #aa4 
,epist4 #c1 #d4  #ab ,ambros l4 #c4 de  
sacramentis1 c4 #a4  #ac ,sigonius de   
,regno ,italiae1 lib4 #e4  #ad ,see     
,baronius1 ,anno #dcc4 ,sect4 #bd4  #ae 
,greg4 ,m4 lib4 #c4 ,epist4 #ef1 #eg4   
lib4 #e4 ,epist4 #be1 #bf1 #ef4  #af    
,epist4 #be4 apud ,holstenium4  #ag     
,dan4 vii4 #bj4  #ah ,ver4 #be4  #ai    
,ver4 #bf4  #bj ,ver4 #bg4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,,chap4  
,,ix4  ,of the kingdoms represented in  
,daniel by the ,ram and ,he-,goat4  ,the
 second and third ,empires1 represented 

by the ,bear and ,leopard1 are again    
represented by the ,ram and ,he-,goat2  
but with this difference1 that the ,ram 
represents the kingdoms of the ,medes   
and ,persians from the beginning of the 
four ,empires1 and the ,goat represents 
the kingdom of the ,greeks to the end of
 them4 ,by this means1 under the type of
 the ,ram and ,he-,goat1 the times of   
all the four ,empires are again         
described3 ,i lifted up mine eyes1 saith
 #a ,daniel1 and saw1 and behold there  
stood before the river ,ulai a ,ram     
which had two horns1 and the two horns  
were high1 but one was higher than the  
other1 and the higher came up           
last4--,and the ,ram having two horns1  
are the kings of ,media and ,persia3 not
 two persons but two kingdoms1 the      
kingdoms of ,media and ,persia2 and the 
kingdom of ,persia was the higher horn  
and came up last4 ,the kingdom of       
,persia rose up1 when ,cyrus having     
newly conquered ,babylon1 revolted from 
,darius ,king of the ,medes1 and beat   

him at ,pasargadae1 and set up the      
,persians above the ,medes4 ,this was   
the horn which came up last4 ,and the   
horn which came up first was the kingdom
 of the ,medes1 from the time that      
,cyaxares and ,nebuchadnezzar overthrew 
,nineveh1 and shared the ,empire of the 
,assyrians between them4 ,the ,empires  
of ,media and ,babylon were             
contemporary1 and rose up together by   
the fall of the ,assyrian ,empire2 and  
the ,prophecy of the four ,beasts begins
 with one of them1 and that of the ,ram 
and ,he-,goat with the other4 ,as the   
,ram represents the kingdom of ,media   
and ,persia from the beginning of the   
four ,empires2 so the ,he-,goat         
represents the ,empire of the ,greeks to
 the end of those ,monarchies4 ,in the  
reign of his great horn1 and of the four
 horns which succeeded it1 he represents
 this ,empire during the reign of the   
,leopard3 and in the reign of his little
 horn1 which stood up in the latter time
 of the kingdom of the four1 and after  

their fall became mighty but not by his 
own power1 he represents it during the  
reign of the fourth ,beast4  ,the rough 
,goat1 saith ,daniel1 is the ,king of   
,grecia1 that is1 the kingdom2 and the  
great horn between his eyes is the first
 ,king3 not the first ,monarch1 but the 
first kingdom1 that which lasted during 
the reign of ,alexander the great1 and  
his brother ,aridaeus and two young     
sons1 ,alexander and ,hercules4 #b ,now 
that horn being broken off1 whereas four
 horns stood up for it1 four kingdoms   
shall stand up out of the nation of the 
,greeks1 but not in his the first horn's
 power4 ,the four horns are therefore   
four kingdoms2 and by consequence1 the  
first great horn which they succeeded is
 the first great kingdom of the ,greeks1
 that which was founded by ,alexander   
the great1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #dad1 and    
lasted till the death of his son        
,hercules1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #dda4 ,and   
the four are those of ,cassander1       
,lysimachus1 ,antigonus1 and ,ptolemy1  

as above4  #c ,and in the latter time of
 their kingdom1 when the transgressors  
are come to the full1 a ,king or new    
kingdom of fierce countenance1 and      
understanding dark sentences1 shall     
stand up3 and his power shall be mighty1
 but not by his own power4 ,this ,king  
was the last horn of the ,goat1 the     
little horn which came up out of one of 
the four horns1 and waxed exceeding     
great4 ,the latter time of their kingdom
 was when the ,romans began to conquer  
them1 that is1 when they conquered      
,perseus ,king of ,macedonia1 the       
fundamental kingdom of the ,greeks4 ,and
 at that time the transgressors came to 
the full3 for then the ,high-priesthood 
was exposed to sale1 the ,vessels of the
 ,temple were sold to pay for the       
purchase2 and the ,high-priest1 with    
some of the ,jews1 procured a licence   
from ,antiochus ,epiphanes to do after  
the ordinances of the heathen1 and set  
up a school at ,jerusalem for teaching  
those ordinances4 ,then ,antiochus took 

,jerusalem with an armed force1 slew    
#djjj ,jews1 took as many prisoners and 
sold them1 spoiled the ,temple1         
interdicted the worship1 commanded the  
,law of ,moses to be burnt1 and set up  
the worship of the heathen ,gods in all 
,judea4 ,in the very same year1 ,an4    
,nabonass4 #ehj1 the ,romans conquered  
,macedonia1 the chief of the four horns4
 ,hitherto the ,goat was mighty by its  
own power1 but henceforward began to be 
under the ,romans4 ,daniel distinguishes
 the times1 by describing very          
particularly the actions of the ,kings  
of the north and south1 those two of the
 four horns which bordered upon ,judea1 
until the ,romans conquered ,macedonia2 
and thenceforward only touching upon the
 main revolutions which happened within 
the compass of the nations represented  
by the ,goat4 ,in this latter period of 
time the little horn was to stand up and
 grow mighty1 but not by his own power4 
,the three first of ,daniel's ,beasts   
had their dominions taken away1 each of 

them at the rise of the next ,beast2 but
 their lives were prolonged1 and they   
are all of them still alive4 ,the third 
,beast1 or ,leopard1 reigned in his four
 heads1 till the rise of the fourth     
,beast1 or ,empire of the ,latins2 and  
his life was prolonged under their      
power4 ,this ,leopard reigning in his   
four heads1 signifies the same thing    
with the ,he-,goat reigning in his four 
horns3 and therefore the ,he-,goat      
reigned in his four horns till the rise 
of ,daniel's fourth ,beast1 or ,empire  
of the ,latins3 then its dominion was   
taken away by the ,latins1 but its life 
was prolonged under their power4 ,the   
,latins are not comprehended among the  
nations represented by the ,he-,goat in 
this ,prophecy3 their power over the    
,greeks is only named in it1 to         
distinguish the times in which the      
,he-,goat was mighty by his own power1  
from the times in which he was mighty   
but not by his own power4 ,he was mighty
 by his own power till his dominion was 

taken away by the ,latins2 after that1  
his life was prolonged under their      
dominion1 and this prolonging of his    
life was in the days of his last horn3  
for in the days of this horn the ,goat  
became mighty1 but not by his own power4
  ,now because this horn was a horn of  
the ,goat1 we are to look for it among  
the nations which composed the body of  
the ,goat4 ,among those nations he was  
to rise up and grow mighty3 he grew     
mighty #d towards the south1 and towards
 the east1 and towards the pleasant     
land2 and therefore he was to rise up in
 the north-west parts of those nations1 
and extend his dominion towards ,egypt1 
,syria and ,judea4 ,in the latter time  
of the kingdom of the four horns1 it was
 to rise up out of one of them and      
subdue the rest1 but not by its own     
power4 ,it was to be assisted by a      
foreign power1 a power superior to      
itself1 the power which took away the   
dominion of the third ,beast1 the power 
of the fourth ,beast4 ,and such a little

 horn was the kingdom of ,macedonia1    
from the time that it became subject to 
the ,romans4 ,this kingdom1 by the      
victory of the ,romans over ,persius    
,king of ,macedonia1 ,anno ,nabonass4   
#ehj1 ceased to be one of the four horns
 of the ,goat1 and became a dominion of 
a new sort3 not a horn of the fourth    
,beast1 for ,macedonia belonged to the  
body of the third2 but a horn of the    
third ,beast of a new sort1 a horn of   
the ,goat which grew mighty but not by  
his own power1 a horn which rose up and 
grew potent under a foreign power1 the  
power of the ,romans4  ,the ,romans1 by 
the legacy of ,attalus the last ,king of
 ,pergamus1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #fae1       
inherited that kingdom1 including all   
,asia ,minor on this side mount ,taurus4
 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #fhd and #fhe they     
conquered ,armenia1 ,syria and ,judea2  
,an4 ,nabonass4 #gah1 they subdued      
,egypt4 ,and by these conquests the     
little horn #e waxed exceeding great    
towards the south1 and towards the east1

 and towards the pleasant land4 ,and it 
waxed great even to the host of heaven2 
and cast down some of the host and of   
the stars to the ground1 and stamped    
upon them1 that is1 upon the people and 
great men of the ,jews4 #f ,yea1 he     
magnified himself even to the ,prince of
 the ,host1 the ,messiah1 the ,prince of
 the ,jews1 whom he put to death1 ,an4  
,nabonass4 #ghj4 ,and by him the daily  
sacrifice was taken away1 and the place 
of his sanctuary was cast down1 viz4 in 
the wars which the armies of the        
,eastern nations under the conduct of   
the ,romans made against ,judea1 when   
,nero and ,vespasian were ,emperors1    
,an4 ,nabonass4 #haf1 #hag1 #hah4 #g    
,and an host was given him against the  
daily sacrifice by reason of            
transgression1 and it cast down the     
truth to the ground1 and it practised   
and prospered4 ,this transgression is in
 the next words called the transgression
 of desolation2 and in ,dan4 xi4 #ca4   
the abomination which maketh desolate2  

and in ,matth4 xxiv4 #ae4 the           
abomination of desolation1 spoken of by 
,daniel the prophet1 standing in the    
holy place4 ,it may relate chiefly to   
the worship of ,jupiter ,olympius in his
 ,temple built by the ,emperor ,hadrian1
 in the place of the ,temple of the     
,jews1 and to the revolt of the ,jews   
under ,barchochab occasioned thereby1   
and to the desolation of ,judea which   
followed thereupon2 all the ,jews1 being
 thenceforward banished ,judea upon pain
 of death4 ,then ,i heard1 saith #h     
,daniel1 one saint speaking1 and another
 saint said unto that certain saint     
which spake1 ,how long shall be the     
vision concerning the daily sacrifice1  
and the transgression of desolation1 to 
give both the sanctuary and the host to 
be trodden under foot8 ,and he said unto
 me1 ,unto two thousand and three       
hundred days2 then shall the sanctuary  
be cleansed4 ,daniel's days are years2  
and these years may perhaps be reckoned 
either from the destruction of the      

,temple by the ,romans in the reign of  
,vespasian1 or from the pollution of the
 ,sanctuary by the worship of ,jupiter  
,olympius1 or from the desolation of    
,judea made in the end of the ,jewish   
war by the banishment of all the ,jews  
out of their own country1 or from some  
other period which time will discover4  
,henceforward the last horn of the ,goat
 continued mighty under the ,romans1    
till the reign of ,constantine the great
 and his sons3 and then by the division 
of the ,roman ,empire between the ,greek
 and ,latin ,emperors1 it separated from
 the ,latins1 and became the ,greek     
,empire alone1 but yet under the        
dominion of a ,roman family2 and at     
present it is mighty under the dominion 
of the ,turks4  ,this last horn is by   
some taken for ,antiochus ,epiphanes1   
but not very judiciously4 ,a horn of a  
,beast is never taken for a single      
person3 it always signifies a new       
kingdom1 and the kingdom of ,antiochus  
was an old one4 ,antiochus reigned over 

one of the four horns1 and the little   
horn was a fifth under its proper kings4
 ,this horn was at first a little one1  
and waxed exceeding great1 but so did   
not ,antiochus4 ,it is described great  
above all the former horns1 and so was  
not ,antiochus4 ,his kingdom on the     
contrary was weak1 and tributary to the 
,romans1 and he did not enlarge it4 ,the
 horn was a ,king of fierce countenance1
 and destroyed wonderfully1 and         
prospered and practised2 that is1 he    
prospered in his practises against the  
holy people3 but ,antiochus was frighted
 out of ,egypt by a mere message of the 
,romans1 and afterwards routed and      
baffled by the ,jews4 ,the horn was     
mighty by another's power1 ,antiochus   
acted by his own4 ,the horn stood up    
against the ,prince of the ,host of     
heaven1 the ,prince of ,princes2 and    
this is the character not of ,antiochus 
but of ,antichrist4 ,the horn cast down 
the ,sanctuary to the ground1 and so did
 not ,antiochus2 he left it standing4   

,the ,sanctuary and ,host were trampled 
under foot #bcjj days2 and in ,daniel's 
,prophecies days are put for years3 but 
the profanation of the ,temple in the   
reign of ,antiochus did not last so many
 natural days4 ,these were to last till 
the time of the end1 till the last end  
of the indignation against the ,jews2   
and this indignation is not yet at an   
end4 ,they were to last till the        
,sanctuary which had been cast down     
should be cleansed1 and the ,sanctuary  
is not yet cleansed4  ,this ,prophecy of
 the ,ram and ,he-,goat is repeated in  
the last ,prophecy of ,daniel4 ,there   
the ,angel tells ,daniel1 that #i he    
stood up to strengthen ,darius the      
,mede1 and that there should stand up   
yet three kings in ,persia1 ,cyrus1     
,cambyses1 and ,darius ,hystaspis and   
the fourth ,xerxes should be far richer 
than they all2 and by his wealth thro'  
his riches he should stir up all against
 the realm of ,grecia4 ,this relates to 
the ,ram1 whose two horns were the      

kingdoms of ,media and ,persia4 ,then he
 goes on to describe the horns of the   
,goat by the #aj standing up of a mighty
 king1 which should rule with great     
dominion1 and do according to his will2 
and by the breaking of his kingdom into 
four smaller kingdoms1 and not          
descending to his own posterity4 ,then  
he describes the actions of two of those
 kingdoms which bordered on ,judea1 viz4
 ,egypt and ,syria1 calling them the    
,kings of the ,south and ,north1 that   
is1 in respect of ,judea2 and he carries
 on the description till the latter end 
of the kingdoms of the four1 and till   
the reign of ,antiochus ,epiphanes1 when
 transgressors were come to the full4   
,in the eighth year of ,antiochus1 the  
year in which he profaned the ,temple   
and set up the heathen ,gods in all     
,judea1 and the ,romans conquered the   
kingdom of ,macedon2 the prophetic      
,angel leaves off describing the affairs
 of the kings of the ,south and ,north1 
and begins to describe those of the     

,greeks under the dominion of the       
,romans1 in these words3 #aa ,and after 
him ,arms the ,romans shall stand up1   
and they shall pollute the sanctuary of 
strength4 ,as ,hebrew3 ,,mmlk signifies 
after the king1 ,dan4 xi4 #h2 so here   
,hebrew3 ,,mmnw may signify after him3  
and so ,hebrew3 ,,mn-,h',,cht may       
signify after one of them1 ,dan4 viii4  
#i4 ,arms are every where in these      
,prophecies of ,daniel put for the      
military power of a kingdom1 and they   
stand up when they conquer and grow     
powerful4 ,the ,romans conquered        
,illyricum1 ,epirus and ,macedonia1 in  
the year of ,nabonassar #ehj2 and thirty
 five years after1 by the last will and 
testament of ,attalus the last ,king of 
,pergamus1 they inherited that rich and 
flourishing kingdom1 that is1 all ,asia 
on this side mount ,taurus3 and sixty   
nine years after1 they conquered the    
kingdom of ,syria1 and reduced it into a
 ,province3 and thirty four years after 
they did the like to ,egypt4 ,by all    

these steps the ,roman arms stood up    
over the ,greeks4 ,and after #ie years  
more1 by making war upon the ,jews1 they
 polluted the sanctuary of strength1 and
 took away the daily sacrifice1 and1 in 
its room soon after1 placed the         
abomination which made the ,land        
desolate3 for this abomination was      
placed after the days of ,christ1       
,matth4 xxiv4 #ae4 ,in the #afth year of
 the ,emperor ,hadrian1 ,a4 ,c4 #acb1   
they placed this abomination by building
 a ,temple to ,jupiter ,capitolinus1    
where the ,temple of ,god in ,jerusalem 
had stood4 ,thereupon the ,jews under   
the conduct of ,barchochab rose up in   
arms against the ,romans1 and in that   
war had #ej cities demolished1 #ihe of  
their best towns destroyed1 and #ehjjjj 
men slain by the sword3 and in the end  
of the war1 ,a4,c4 #acf1 they were all  
banished ,judea upon pain or death2 and 
that time the land hath remained        
desolate of its old inhabitants4  ,now  
that the prophetic ,angel passes in this

 manner from the four kingdoms of the   
,greeks to the ,romans reigning over the
 ,greeks1 is confirmed from hence1 that 
in the next place he describes the      
affairs of the ,christians unto the time
 of the end1 in these words3 #ab ,and   
they that understand among the people   
shall instruct many1 yet they shall fall
 by the sword and by flame1 by captivity
 and by spoil many days4 ,now when they 
shall fall they shall be holpen with a  
little help1 viz4 in the reign of       
,constantine the great2 but many shall  
cleave to them with dissimulation4 ,and 
some of them of understanding there     
shall fall to try them1 and to purge    
them from the dissemblers2 and to make  
them white even to the time of the end4 
,and a little after1 the time of the end
 is said to be a time1 times1 and half a
 time3 which is the duration of the     
reign of the last horn of ,daniel's     
fourth ,beast1 and of the ,woman and her
 ,beast in the ,apocalyps4  ,notes to   
,chap4 ,,ix4  #a ,chap4 viii4 #c4  #b   

,ver4 #bb4  #c ,ver4 #bc4  #d ,chap4    
viii4 #i4  #e ,chap4 viii4 #i1 #aj4  #f 
,ver4 #aa4  #g ,ver4 #ab4  #h ,ver4 #ac1
 #ad4  #i ,dan4 xi4 #a1 #b4  #aj ,ver4  
#c4  #aa ,dan xi4 #ca4  #ab ,chap4 xi4  
#cc1 c4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,,chap4 ,x4  ,of the       
,prophecy of the ,seventy ,weeks4  ,the 
,vision of the ,image composed of four  
,metals was given first to              
,nebuchadnezzar1 and then to ,daniel in 
a dream3 and ,daniel began then to be   
celebrated for revealing of secrets1    
,ezek4 xxviii4 #c4 ,the ,vision of the  
four ,beasts1 and of the ,son of man    
coming in the clouds of heaven1 was also
 given to ,daniel in a dream4 ,that of  
the ,ram and the ,he-,goat appeared to  
him in the day time1 when he was by the 
bank of the river ,ulay2 and was        
explained to him by the prophetic ,angel
 ,gabriel4 ,it concerns the ,prince of  
the host1 and the ,prince of ,princes3  
and now in the first year of ,darius the
 ,mede over ,babylon1 the same prophetic

 ,angel appears to ,daniel again1 and   
explains to him what is meant by the    
,son of man1 by the ,prince of the host1
 and the ,prince of ,princes4 ,the      
,prophecy of the ,son of man coming in  
the clouds of heaven relates to the     
second coming of ,christ2 that of the   
,prince of the host relates to his first
 coming3 and this ,prophecy of the      
,messiah1 in explaining them1 relates to
 both comings1 and assigns the times    
thereof4  ,this ,prophecy1 like all the 
rest of ,daniel's1 consists of two      
parts1 an introductory ,prophecy and an 
explanation thereof2 the whole ,i thus  
translate and interpret4  #a ',seventy  
weeks are #b cut out upon thy people1   
and upon thy holy city1 to finish       
transgression1 and #c to make an end of 
sins1 to expiate iniquity1 and to bring 
in everlasting righteousness1 to        
consummate the ,vision and #d the       
,prophet1 and to anoint the most ,holy4 
',know also and understand1 that from   
the going forth of the commandment to   

cause to return and to build ,jerusalem1
 unto #e the ,anointed the ,prince1     
shall be seven weeks4  ',yet threescore 
and two weeks shall #f it return1 and   
the street be built and the wall2 but in
 troublesome times3 and after the       
threescore and two weeks1 the ,anointed 
shall be cut off1 and #f it shall not be
 his2 but the people of a ,prince to    
come shall destroy the city and the     
sanctuary3 and the end thereof shall be 
with a flood1 and unto the end of the   
war1 desolations are determined4  ',yet 
shall he confirm the covenant with many 
for one week3 and in half a week he     
shall cause the sacrifice and oblation  
to cease3 and upon a wing of            
abominations he shall make it desolate1 
even until the consummation1 and that   
which is determined be poured upon the  
desolate4'  ,seventy weeks are cut out  
upon thy people1 and upon thy holy city1
 to finish transgression1 c4 ,here1 by  
putting a week for seven years1 are     
reckoned #dij years from the time that  

the dispersed ,jews should be           
re-incorporated into #g a people and a  
holy city1 until the death and          
resurrection of ,christ2 whereby        
transgression should be finished1 and   
sins ended1 iniquity be expiated1 and   
everlasting righteousness brought in1   
and this ,vision be accomplished1 and   
the ,prophet consummated1 that ,prophet 
whom the ,jews expected2 and whereby the
 most ,holy should be anointed1 he who  
is therefore in the next words called   
the ,anointed1 that is1 the ,messiah1 or
 the ,christ4 ,for by joining the       
accomplishment of the vision with the   
expiation of sins1 the #dij years are   
ended with the death of ,christ4 ,now   
the dispersed ,jews became a people and 
city when they first returned into a    
polity or body politick2 and this was in
 the seventh year of ,artaxerxes        
,longimanus1 when ,ezra returned with a 
body of ,jews from captivity1 and       
revived the ,jewish worship2 and by the 
,king's commission created ,magistrates 

in all the land1 to judge and govern the
 people according to the laws of ,god   
and the ,king1 ,ezra vii4 #be4 ,there   
were but two returns from captivity1    
,zerubbabel's and ,ezra's2 in           
,zerubbabel's they had only commission  
to build the ,temple1 in ,ezra's they   
first became a polity or city by a      
government of their own4 ,now the years 
of this ,artaxerxes began about two or  
three months after the summer solstice1 
and his seventh year fell in with the   
third year of the eightieth ,olympiad2  
and the latter part thereof1 wherein    
,ezra went up to ,jerusalem1 was in the 
year of the ,julian ,period #dbeg4      
,count the time from thence to the death
 of ,christ1 and you will find it just  
#dij years4 ,if you count in ,judaic    
years commencing in autumn1 and date the
 reckoning from the first autumn after  
,ezra's coming to ,jerusalem1 when he   
put the ,king's decree in execution2 the
 death of ,christ will fall on the year 
of the ,julian ,period #dgdg1 ,anno     

,domini #cd2 and the weeks will be      
,judaic weeks1 ending with sabbatical   
years2 and this ,i take to be the truth3
 but if you had rather place the death  
of ,christ in the year before1 as is    
commonly done1 you may take the year of 
,ezra's journey into the reckoning4     
,know also and understand1 that from the
 going forth of the commandment to cause
 to return and to build ,jerusalem1 unto
 the ,anointed the ,prince1 shall be    
seven weeks4 ,the former part of the    
,prophecy related to the first coming of
 ,christ1 being dated to his coming as a
 ,prophet2 this being dated to his      
coming to be ,prince or ,king1 seems to 
relate to his second coming4 ,there1 the
 ,prophet was consummate1 and the most  
holy anointed3 here1 he that was        
anointed comes to be ,prince and to     
reign4 ,for ,daniel's ,prophecies reach 
to the end of the world2 and there is   
scarce a ,prophecy in the ,old          
,testament concerning ,christ1 which    
doth not in something or other relate to

 his second coming4 ,if divers of the   
antients1 as #h ,irenaeus1 #i ,julius   
,africanus1 ,hippolytus the martyr1 and 
,apollinaris ,bishop of ,laodicea1      
applied the half week to the times of   
,antichrist2 why may not we1 by the same
 liberty of interpretation1 apply the   
seven weeks to the time when ,antichrist
 shall be destroyed by the brightness of
 ,christ's coming8  ,the ,israelites in 
the days of the antient ,prophets1 when 
the ten ,tribes were led into captivity1
 expected a double return2 and that at  
the first the ,jews should build a new  
,temple inferior to ,solomon's1 until   
the time of that age should be          
fulfilled2 and afterwards they should   
return from all places of their         
captivity1 and build ,jerusalem and the 
,temple gloriously1 ,tobit xiv4 #d1 #e1 
#f3 and to express the glory and        
excellence of this city1 it is          
figuratively said to be built of        
precious stones1 ,tobit xiii4 #af1 #ag1 
#ah4 ,isa4 liv4 #aa1 #ab4 ,rev4 xi4 and 

called the ,new ,jerusalem1 the         
,heavenly ,jerusalem1 the ,holy ,city1  
the ,lamb's ,wife1 the ,city of the     
,great ,king1 the ,city into which the  
,kings of the earth do bring their glory
 and honour4 ,now while such a return   
from captivity was the expectation of   
,israel1 even before the times of       
,daniel1 ,i know not why ,daniel should 
omit it in his ,prophecy4 ,this part of 
the ,prophecy being therefore not yet   
fulfilled1 ,i shall not attempt a       
particular interpretation of it1 but    
content myself with observing1 that as  
the seventy and the sixty two weeks were
 ,jewish weeks1 ending with sabbatical  
years2 so the seven weeks are the       
compass of a ,jubilee1 and begin and end
 with actions proper for a ,jubilee1 and
 of the highest nature for which a      
,jubilee can be kept3 and that since the
 commandment to return and to build     
,jerusalem1 precedes the ,messiah the   
,prince #di years2 it may perhaps come  
forth not from the ,jews themselves1 but

 from some other kingdom friendly to    
them1 and precede their return from     
captivity1 and give occasion to it2 and 
lastly1 that this rebuilding of         
,jerusalem and the waste places of      
,judah is predicted in ,micah vii4 #aa4 
,amos ix4 #aa1 #ad4 ,ezek4 xxxvi4 #cc1  
#ce1 #cf1 #ch4 ,isa4 liv4 #c1 #aa1 #ab4 
lv4 #ab4 lxi4 #d4 lxv4 #ah1 #ba1bb4 and 
,tobit xiv4 #e4 and that the return from
 captivity and coming of the ,messiah   
and his kingdom are described in ,daniel
 vii4 ,rev4 xix4 ,acts i4 ,mat4 xxiv4   
,joel iii4 ,ezek4 xxxvi4 xxxvii4 ,isa4  
lx4 lxii4 lxiii4 lxv4 and lxvi4 and many
 other places of scripture4 ,the manner 
,i know not4 ,let time be the           
,interpreter4  ,yet threescore and two  
weeks shall it return1 and the street be
 built and the wall1 but in troublesome 
times3 and after the threescore and two 
weeks the ,messiah shall be cut off1 and
 it shall not be his2 but the people of 
a ,prince to come shall destroy the city
 and the sanctuary1 c4 ,having foretold 

both comings of ,christ1 and dated the  
last from their returning and building  
,jerusalem2 to prevent the applying that
 to the building ,jerusalem by          
,nehemiah1 he distinguishes this from   
that1 by saying that from this period to
 the ,anointed shall be1 not seven      
weeks1 but threescore and two weeks1 and
 this not in prosperous but in          
troublesome times2 and at the end of    
these ,weeks the ,messiah shall not be  
the ,prince of the ,jews1 but be cut    
off2 and ,jerusalem not be his1 but the 
city and sanctuary be destroyed4 ,now   
,nehemiah came to ,jerusalem in the     
#bjth year of this same ,artaxerxes1    
while ,ezra still continued there1      
,nehem4 xii4 #cf1 and found the city    
lying waste1 and the houses and wall    
unbuilt1 ,nehem4 ii4 #ag4 vii4 #d1 and  
finished the wall the #beth day of the  
month ,elul1 ,nehem4 vi4 #ae1 in the    
#bhth year of the ,king1 that is1 in    
,september in the year of the ,julian   
,period #dbgh4 ,count now from this year

 threescore and two weeks of years1 that
 is #dcd years1 and the reckoning will  
end in ,september in the year of the    
,julian ,period #dgab which is the year 
in which ,christ was born1 according to 
,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,irenaeus1      
,eusebius1 ,epiphanius1 ,jerome1        
,orosius1 ,cassiodorus1 and other       
antients2 and this was the general      
opinion1 till ,dionysius ,exiguus       
invented the vulgar account1 in which   
,christ's birth is placed two years     
later4 ,if with some you reckon that    
,christ was born three or four years    
before the vulgar account1 yet his birth
 will fall in the latter part of the    
last week1 which is enough4 ,how after  
these weeks ,christ was cut off and the 
city and sanctuary destroyed by the     
,romans1 is well known4  ,yet shall he  
confirm the covenant with many for one  
week4 ,he kept it1 notwithstanding his  
death1 till the rejection of the ,jews1 
and calling of ,cornelius and the       
,gentiles in the seventh year after his 

passion4  ,and in half a week he shall  
cause the sacrifice and oblation to     
cease2 that is1 by the war of the       
,romans upon the ,jews3 which war1 after
 some commotions1 began in the #acth    
year of ,nero1 ,a4,d4 #fg1 in the       
spring1 when ,vespasian with an army    
invaded them2 and ended in the second   
year of ,vespasian1 ,a4,d4 #gj1 in      
autumn1 ,sept4 #g1 when ,titus took the 
city1 having burnt the ,temple #bg days 
before3 so that it lasted three years   
and an half4  ,and upon a wing of       
abominations he shall cause desolation1 
even until the consummation1 and that   
which is determined be poured upon the  
desolate4 ,the ,prophets1 in            
representing kingdoms by ,beasts and    
,birds1 put their wings stretcht out    
over any country for their armies sent  
out to invade and rule over that        
country4 ,hence a wing of abominations  
is an army of false ,gods3 for an       
abomination is often put in scripture   
for a false ,god2 as where ,chemosh is  

called #aj the abomination of ,moab1 and
 ,molech the abomination of ,ammon4 ,the
 meaning therefore is1 that the people  
of a ,prince to come shall destroy the  
sanctuary1 and abolish the daily worship
 of the true ,god1 and overspread the   
land with an army of false gods2 and by 
setting up their dominion and worship1  
cause desolation to the ,jews1 until the
 times of the ,gentiles be fulfilled4   
,for ,christ tells us1 that the         
abomination of desolation spoken of by  
,daniel was to be set up in the times of
 the ,roman ,empire1 ,matth4 xxiv4 #ae4 
,thus have we in this short ,prophecy1 a
 prediction of all the main periods     
relating to the coming of the ,messiah2 
the time of his birth1 that of his      
death1 that of the rejection of the     
,jews1 the duration of the ,jewish war  
whereby he caused the city and sanctuary
 to be destroyed1 and the time of his   
second coming3 and so the interpretation
 here given is more full and complete   
and adequate to the design1 than if we  

should restrain it to his first coming  
only1 as ,interpreters usually do4 ,we  
avoid also the doing violence to the    
language of ,daniel1 by taking the seven
 weeks and sixty two weeks for one      
number4 ,had that been ,daniel's        
meaning1 he would have said sixty and   
nine weeks1 and not seven weeks and     
sixty two weeks1 a way of numbring used 
by no nation4 ,in our way the years are 
,jewish ,luni-solar years1 #aa as they  
ought to be2 and the seventy weeks of   
years are ,jewish weeks ending with     
sabbatical years1 which is very         
remarkable4 ,for they end either with   
the year of the birth of ,christ1 two   
years before the vulgar account1 or with
 the year of his death1 or with the     
seventh year after it3 all which are    
sabbatical years4 ,others either count  
by ,lunar years1 or by weeks not        
,judaic3 and1 which is worst1 they      
ground their interpretations on         
erroneous ,chronology1 excepting the    
opinion of ,funccius about the seventy  

weeks1 which is the same with ours4 ,for
 they place ,ezra and ,nehemiah in the  
reign of ,artaxerxes ,mnemon1 and the   
building of the ,temple in the reign of 
,darius ,nothus1 and date the weeks of  
,daniel from those two reigns4  ,the    
grounds of the ,chronology here         
followed1 ,i will now set down as       
briefly as ,i can4  ,the ,peloponnesian 
war began in spring ,an4 #a ,olymp4 #hg1
 as ,diodorus1 ,eusebius1 and all other 
authors agree4 ,it began two months     
before ,pythodorus ceased to be ,archon1
 ,thucyd4 l4 #b4 that is1 in ,april1 two
 months before the end of the ,olympic  
year4 ,now the years of this war are    
most certainly determined by the #ej    
years distance of its first year from   
the transit of ,xerxes inclusively1     
,thucyd4 l4 #b4 or #dh years            
exclusively1 ,eratosth4 apud ,clem4     
,alex4 by the #fi years distance of its 
end1 or #bgth year1 from the beginning  
of ,alexander's reign in ,greece2 by the
 acting of the ,olympic games in its    

#dth and #abth years1 ,thucyd4 l4 #e2   
and by three eclipses of the sun1 and   
one of the moon1 mentioned by           
,thucydides and ,xenophon4 ,now         
,thucydides1 an unquestionable witness1 
tells us1 that the news of the death of 
,artaxerxes ,longimanus was brought to  
,ephesus1 and from thence by some       
,athenians to ,athens1 in the #gth year 
of this ,peloponnesian war1 when the    
winter half year was running2 and       
therefore he died ,an4 #d ,olymp4 #hh1  
in the end of ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbhi1 suppose
 a month or two before midwinter2 for so
 long the news would be in coming4 ,now 
,artaxerxes ,longimanus reigned #dj     
years1 by the consent of ,diodorus1     
,eusebius1 ,jerome1 ,sulpitius2 or #da1 
according to ,ptol4 in can4 ,clem4      
,alexand4 l4 #a4 ,strom4 ,chron4        
,alexandr4 ,abulpharagius1 ,nicephorus1 
including therein the reign of his      
successors ,xerxes and ,sogdian1 as     
,abulpharagius informs us4 ,after       
,artaxerxes reigned his son ,xerxes two 

months1 and ,sogdian seven months2 but  
their reign is not reckoned apart in    
summing up the years of the ,kings1 but 
is included in the #dj or #da years     
reign of ,artaxerxes3 omit these nine   
months1 and the precise reign of        
,artaxerxes will be thirty nine years   
and three months4 ,and therefore since  
his reign ended in the beginning of     
winter ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbhi1 it began      
between midsummer and autumn1 ,an4      
,j4,p4 #dbej4  ,the same thing ,i gather
 also thus4 ,cambyses began his reign in
 spring ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dahe1 and reigned  
eight years1 including the five months  
of ,smerdes2 and then ,darius ,hystaspis
 began in spring ,an4 ,j4,p4 #daic1 and 
reigned thirty six years1 by the        
unanimous consent of all ,chronologers4 
,the reigns of these two ,kings are     
determined by three eclipses of the moon
 observed at ,babylon1 and recorded by  
,ptolemy2 so that it cannot be disputed4
 ,one was in the seventh year of        
,cambyses1 ,an4 ,j4,p4 #daia1 ,jul4 #af1

 at #aa at night2 another in the #bjth  
year of ,darius1 ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbab1     
,nov4 #ai1 at #aa;h4 #de' at night2 a   
third in the #cast year of ,darius1 ,an4
 ,j4,p4 #dbbc1 ,apr4 #be1 at #aa;h4 #cj 
at night4 ,by these eclipses1 and the   
,prophecies of ,haggai and ,zechary     
compared together1 it is manifest that  
his years began after the #bdth day of  
the #aath ,jewish month1 and before the 
#beth day of ,april1 and by consequence 
about ,march4 ,xerxes therefore began in
 spring ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbbi3 for ,darius  
died in the fifth year after the battle 
at ,marathon1 as ,herodotus1 lib4 #g1   
and ,plutarch mention2 and that battle  
was in ,october ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbbd1 ten  
years before the battle at ,salamis4    
,xerxes therefore began within less than
 a year after ,october ,an4 ,j4,p4      
#dbbh1 suppose in the spring following3 
for he spent his first five years1 and  
something more1 in preparations for his 
expedition against the ,greeks2 and this
 expedition was in the time of the      

,olympic games1 ,an4 #a ,olymp4 #ge1    
,calliade ,athenis ,archonte1 #bh years 
after the ,regifuge1 and ,consulship of 
the first ,consul ,junius ,brutus1 ,anno
 ,urbis conditae #bgc1 ,fabio  ,furio   
,coss4 ,the passage of ,xerxes's army   
over the ,hellespont began in the end of
 the fourth year of the #gdth ,olympiad1
 that is1 in ,june ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbcd1   
and took up one month3 and in autumn1   
three months after1 on the full moon1   
the #afth day of the month ,munychion1  
was the battle at ,salamis1 and a little
 after that an eclipse of the sun1 which
 by the calculation fell on ,octob4 #b4 
,his sixth year therefore began a little
 before ,june1 suppose in spring ,an4   
,j4,p4 #dbcd1 and his first year        
consequently in spring ,an4 ,j4,p4      
#dbbi1 as above4 ,now he reigned almost 
twenty one years1 by the consent of all 
writers4 ,add the #g months of          
,artabanus1 and the sum will be #ba     
years and about four or five months1    
which end between midsummer and autumn  

,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbej4 ,at this time        
therefore began the reign of his        
successor ,artaxerxes1 as was to be     
proved4  ,the same thing is also        
confirmed by ,julius ,africanus1 who    
informs us out of former writers1 that  
the #bjth year of this ,artaxerxes was  
the #aaeth year from the beginning of   
the reign of ,cyrus in ,persia1 and fell
 in with ,an4 #d ,olymp4 #hc4 ,it began 
therefore with the ,olympic year1 soon  
after the summer ,solstice1 ,an4 ,j4,p4 
#dbfi4 ,subduct nineteen years1 and his 
first year will begin at the same time  
of the year ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbej1 as above4
  ,his #gth year therefore began after  
midsummer ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbef2 and the    
,journey of ,ezra to ,jerusalem in the  
spring following fell on the beginning  
of ,an4 ,j4,p4 #dbeg1 as above4  ,notes 
to ,chap4 ,x4  #a ,chap4 ix4 #bd1 #be1  
#bf1 #bg4  #b ,cut upon4 ,a phrase in   
,hebrew1 taken from the practise of     
numbring by cutting notches4  #c ,heb4  
to seal1 i4e4 to finish or consummate3 a

 metaphor taken from sealing what is    
finished4 ,so the ,jews compute1 ad     
obsignatum ,misna1 ad obsignatum        
,talmud1 that is1 ad absolutum4  #d     
,heb4 the ,prophet1 not the ,prophecy4  
#e ,heb4 the ,messiah1 that is1 in      
,greek1 the ,christ2 in ,english1 the   
,anointed4 ,i use the ,english word1    
that the relation of this clause to the 
former may appear4  #f ,jerusalem4  #g  
,see ,isa4 xxiii4 #ac4  #h ,iren4 l4 #e4
 ,haer4 c4 #be4  #i ,apud ,hieron4 in h4
 l4  #aj #a ,kings xi4 #g4  #aa ,the    
antient solar years of the eastern      
nations consisted of #ab months1 and    
every month of #cj days3 and hence came 
the division of a circle into #cfj      
degrees4 ,this year seems to be used by 
,moses in his history of the ,flood1 and
 by ,john in the ,apocalypse1 where a   
time1 times and half a time1 #db months 
and #abfj days1 are put equipollent4    
,but in reckoning by many of these years
 together1 an account is to be kept of  
the odd days which were added to the end

 of these years4 ,for the ,egyptians    
added five days to the end of this year2
 and so did the ,chaldeans long before  
the times of ,daniel1 as appears by the 
,a,era1 of ,nabonassar3 and the ,persian
 ,magi used the same year of #cfe days1 
till the ,empire of the ,arabians4 ,the 
antient ,greeks also used the same solar
 year of #ab equal months1 or #cfj days2
 but every other year added an          
intercalary month1 consisting of #aj and
 #aa days alternately4  ,the year of the
 ,jews1 even from their coming out of   
,egypt1 was ,luni-solar4 ,it was solar1 
for the harvest always followed the     
,passover1 and the fruits of the land   
were always gathered before the feast of
 ,tabernacles1 ,levit4 xxiii4 ,but the  
months were lunar1 for the people were  
commanded by ,moses in the beginning of 
every month to blow with trumpets1 and  
offer burnt offerings with their drink  
offerings1 ,num4 x4 #aj4 xxviii4 #aa1   
#ad4 and this solemnity was kept on the 
new moons1 ,psal4 lxxxi4 #c1d1e4 #a     

,chron4 xxiii4 #ca4 ,these months were  
called by ,moses the first1 second1     
third1 fourth month1 c4 and the first   
month was also called ,abib1 the second 
,zif1 the seventh ,ethanim1 the eighth  
,bull1 ,exod4 xiii4 #d4 #a ,kings vi4   
#cg1 #ch4 viii4 #b4 ,but in the         
,babylonian captivity the ,jews used the
 names of the ,chaldean months1 and by  
those names understood the months of    
their own year2 so that the ,jewish     
months then lost their old names1 and   
are now called by those of the          
,chaldeans4  ,the ,jews began their     
civil year from the autumnal ,equinox1  
and their sacred year from the vernal3  
and the first day of the first month was
 on the visible new moon1 which was     
nearest the ,equinox4  ,whether ,daniel 
used the ,chaldaick or ,jewish year1 is 
not very material2 the difference being 
but six hours in a year1 and #d months  
in #dhj years4 ,but ,i take his months  
to be ,jewish3 first1 because ,daniel   
was a ,jew1 and the ,jews even by the   

names of the ,chaldean months understood
 the months of their own year3 secondly1
 because this ,prophecy is grounded on  
,jeremiah's concerning the #gj years    
captivity1 and therefore must be        
understood of the same sort of years    
with the seventy2 and those are ,jewish1
 since that ,prophecy was given in      
,judea before the captivity3 and lastly1
 because ,daniel reckons by weeks of    
years1 which is a way of reckoning      
peculiar to the ,jewish years4 ,for as  
their days ran by sevens1 and the last  
day of every seven was a sabbath2 so    
their years ran by sevens1 and the last 
year of every seven was a sabbatical    
year1 and seven such weeks of years made
 a ,jubilee4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,chap4 ,,xi4  ,of
 the ,times of the ,birth and ,passion  
of ,christ4  ,the times of the ,birth   
and ,passion of ,christ1 with such like 
niceties1 being not material to         
religion1 were little regarded by the   
,christians of the first age4 ,they who 

began first to celebrate them1 placed   
them in the cardinal periods of the     
year2 as the annunciation of the ,virgin
 ,mary1 on the #beth of ,march1 which   
when ,julius ,caesar corrected the      
,calendar was the vernal ,equinox2 the  
feast of ,john ,baptist on the #bdth of 
,june1 which was the summer ,solstice2  
the feast of ,st4 ,michael on ,sept4    
#bi1 which was the autumnal ,equinox2   
and the birth of ,christ on the winter  
,solstice1 ,decemb4 #be1 with the feasts
 of ,st4 ,stephen1 ,st4 ,john and the   
,innocents1 as near it as they could    
place them4 ,and because the ,solstice  
in time removed from the #beth of       
,december to the #bdth1 the #bc;d1 the  
#bb;d1 and so on backwards1 hence some  
in the following centuries placed the   
birth of ,christ on ,decemb4 #bc1 and at
 length on ,decemb4 #bj3 and for the    
same reason they seem to have set the   
feast of ,st4 ,thomas on ,decemb4 #ba1  
and that of ,st4 ,matthew on ,sept4 #ba4
 ,so also at the entrance of the ,sun   

into all the signs in the ,julian       
,calendar1 they placed the days of other
 ,saints2 as the conversion of ,paul on 
,jan4 #be1 when the ,sun entred         
,aquarius2 ,st4 ,matthias on ,feb4 #be1 
when he entred ,pisces2 ,st4 ,mark on   
,apr4 #be1 when he entred ,taurus2      
,corpus ,christi on ,may #bf1 when he   
entred ,gemini2 ,st4 ,james on ,july    
#be1 when he entred ,cancer2 ,st4       
,bartholomew on ,aug4 #bd1 when he      
entred ,virgo2 ,simon and ,jude on      
,octob4 #bh1 when he entred ,scorpio3   
and if there were any other remarkable  
days in the ,julian ,calendar1 they     
placed the ,saints upon them1 as ,st4   
,barnabas on ,june #aa1 where ,ovid     
seems to place the feast of ,vesta and  
,fortuna1 and the goddess ,matuta2 and  
,st4 ,philip and ,james on the first of 
,may1 a day dedicated both to the ,bona 
,dea1 or ,magna ,mater1 and to the      
goddess ,flora1 and still celebrated    
with her rites4 ,all which shews that   
these days were fixed in the first      

,christian ,calendars by ,mathematicians
 at pleasure1 without any ground in     
tradition2 and that the ,christians     
afterwards took up with what they found 
in the ,calendars4  ,neither was there  
any certain tradition about the years of
 ,christ4 ,for the ,christians who first
 began to enquire into these things1 as 
,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,origen1        
,tertullian1 ,julius ,africanus1        
,lactantius1 ,jerome1 ,st4 ,austin1     
,sulpicius ,severus1 ,prosper1 and as   
many as place the death of ,christ in   
the #aeth or #afth year of ,tiberius1   
make ,christ to have preached but one   
year1 or at most but two4 ,at length    
,eusebius discovered four successive    
,passovers in the ,gospel of ,john1 and 
thereupon set on foot an opinion that he
 preacht three years and an half2 and so
 died in the #aith year of ,tiberius4   
,others afterwards1 finding the opinion 
that he died in the ,equinox ,mar4 #be1 
more consonant to the times of the      
,jewish ,passover1 in the #agth and     

#bjth years1 have placed his death in   
one of those two years4 ,neither is     
there any greater certainty in the      
opinions about the time of his birth4   
,the first ,christians placed his       
baptism near the beginning of the #aeth 
year of ,tiberius2 and thence reckoning 
thirty years backwards1 placed his birth
 in the #dc;d ,julian year1 the #db;d of
 ,augustus and #bhth of the ,actiac     
victory4 ,this was the opinion which    
obtained in the first ages1 till        
,dionysius ,exiguus1 placing the baptism
 of ,christ in the #afth year of        
,tiberius1 and misinterpreting the text 
of ,luke1 iii4 #bc4 as if ,jesus was    
only beginning to be #cj years old when 
he was baptized1 invented the vulgar    
account1 in which his birth is placed   
two years later than before4 ,as        
therefore relating to these things there
 is no tradition worth considering2 let 
us lay aside all and examine what       
prejudices can be gathered from records 
of good account4  ,the fifteenth year of

 ,tiberius began ,aug4 #bh1 ,an4 ,j4,p4 
#dgbg4 ,so soon as the winter was over1 
and the weather became warm enough1 we  
may reckon that ,john began to baptize2 
and that before next winter his fame    
went abroad1 and all the people came to 
his baptism1 and ,jesus among the rest4 
,whence the first ,passover after his   
baptism mentioned ,john ii4 #ac4 was in 
the #afth year of ,tiberius4 ,after this
 feast ,jesus came into the land of     
,judea1 and staid there baptizing1      
whilst ,john was baptizing in ,a,enon1  
,john iii4 #bb1 #bc4 ,but when he heard 
that ,john was cast into prison1 he     
departed into ,galilee1 ,mat4 iii4 #ab4 
being afraid1 because the ,pharisees had
 heard that he baptized more disciples  
than ,john1 ,john iv4 #a4 and in his    
journey he passed thro' ,samaria four   
months before the harvest1 ,john iv4    
#ce4 that is1 about the time of the     
winter ,solstice4 ,for their harvest was
 between ,easter and ,whitsunday1 and   
began about a month after the vernal    

,equinox4 ,say not ye1 saith he1 there  
are yet four months1 and then cometh    
harvest8 ,behold ,i say unto you1 lift  
up your eyes1 and look on the fields1   
for they are white already to harvest2  
meaning1 that the people in the fields  
were ready for the ,gospel1 as his next 
words shew#a4 ,john therefore was       
imprisoned about ,november1 in the #agth
 year of ,tiberius2 and ,christ         
thereupon went from ,judea to ,cana of  
,galilee in ,december1 and was received 
there of the ,galileans1 who had seen   
all he did at ,jerusalem at the         
,passover3 and when a ,nobleman of      
,capernaum heard he was returned into   
,galilee1 and went to him and desired   
him to come and cure his son1 he went   
not thither yet1 but only said1 ,go thy 
way1 thy son liveth2 and the ,nobleman  
returned and found it so1 and believed1 
he and his house1 ,john iv4 ,this is the
 beginning of his miracles in ,galilee2 
and thus far ,john is full and distinct 
in relating the actions of his first    

year1 omitted by the other ,evangelists4
 ,the rest of his history is from this  
time related more fully by the other    
,evangelists than by ,john2 for what    
they relate he omits4  ,from this time  
therefore ,jesus taught in the          
,synagogues of ,galilee on the          
sabbath-days1 being glorified of all3   
and coming to his own city ,nazareth1   
and preaching in their ,synagogue1 they 
were offended1 and thrust him out of the
 city1 and led him to the brow of the   
hill on which the city was built to cast
 him headlong2 but he passing thro' the 
midst of them1 went his way1 and came   
and dwelt at ,capernaum1 ,luke iv4 ,and 
by this time we may reckon the second   
,passover was either past or at hand4   
,all this time ,matthew passeth over in 
few words1 and here begins to relate the
 preaching and miracles of ,christ4     
,when ,jesus1 saith he1 had heard that  
,john was cast into prison1 he departed 
into ,galilee2 and leaving ,nazareth1 he
 came and dwelt at ,capernaum1 and from 

that time began to preach and say1      
,repent1 for the kingdom of heaven is at
 hand1 ,matth4 iv4 #ab4 ,afterwards he  
called his disciples ,peter1 ,andrew1   
,james and ,john2 and then went about   
all ,galilee1 teaching in the           
,synagogues1--and healing all manner of 
sickness3--and his fame went thro'out   
all ,syria2 and they brought unto him   
all sick people1--and there followed him
 great multitudes of people from        
,galilee1 and from ,decapolis1 and from 
,jerusalem1 and from ,judea1 and from   
beyond ,jordan1 ,matth1 iv4 #ah1 #be4   
,all this was done before the sermon in 
the mount3 and therefore we may         
certainly reckon that the second        
,passover was past before the preaching 
of that sermon4 ,the multitudes that    
followed him from ,jerusalem and ,judea1
 shew that he had lately been there at  
the feast4 ,the sermon in the mount was 
made when great multitudes came to him  
from all places1 and followed him in the
 open fields2 which is an argument of   

the summer-season3 and in this sermon he
 pointed at the lilies of the field then
 in the flower before the eyes of his   
auditors4 ,consider1 saith he1 the      
lilies of the field1 how they grow2 they
 toil not1 neither do they spin2 and yet
 ,solomon in all his glory was not      
arayed like one of these4 ,wherefore if 
,god so clothe the grass of the field1  
which to day is and to morrow is cast   
into the oven1 c4 ,matth4 vi4 #bh4 ,so  
therefore the grass of the field was now
 in the flower1 and by consequence the  
month of ,march with the ,passover was  
past4  ,let us see therefore how the    
rest of the feasts follow in order in   
,matthew's ,gospel3 for he was an       
eye-witness of what he relates1 and so  
tells all things in due order of time1  
which ,mark and ,luke do not4  ,some    
time after the sermon in the mount1 when
 the time came that he should be        
received1 that is1 when the time of a   
feast came that he should be received by
 the ,jews1 he set his face to go to    

,jerusalem3 and as he went with his     
disciples in the way1 when the          
,samaritans in his passage thro'        
,samaria had denied him lodgings1 and a 
certain ,scribe said unto him1 ,master1 
,i will follow thee whithersoever thou  
goest1 ,jesus said unto him1 ,the foxes 
have holes1 and the birds of the air    
have nests1 but the ,son of man hath not
 where to lay his head1 ,matth4 viii4   
#ai4 ,luke ix4 #ea1 #eg4 ,the ,scribe   
told ,christ he would bear him company  
in his journey1 and ,christ replied that
 he wanted a lodging4 ,now this feast ,i
 take to be the feast of ,tabernacles1  
because soon after ,i find ,christ and  
his ,apostles on the sea of ,tiberias in
 a storm so great1 that the ship was    
covered with water and in danger of     
sinking1 till ,christ rebuked the winds 
and the sea1 ,matth4 viii4 #bc4 ,for    
this storm shews that winter was now    
come on4  ,after this ,christ did many  
miracles1 and went about all the cities 
and villages of ,galilee1 teaching in   

their ,synagogues1 and preaching the    
gospel of the kingdom1 and healing every
 sickness1 and every disease among the  
people1 ,matth4 ix4 he then sent forth  
the twelve to do the like1 ,matth4 x4   
and at length when he had received a    
message from ,john1 and answered it1 he 
said to the multitudes1 ,from the days  
of ,john the ,baptist until now the     
kingdom of heaven suffereth violence2   
and upbraided the cities1 ,chorazin1    
,bethsaida1 and ,capernaum1 wherein most
 of his mighty works were done1 because 
they repented not1 ,matth4 xi4 ,which   
several passages shew1 that from the    
imprisonment of ,john till now there had
 been a considerable length of time3 the
 winter was now past1 and the next      
,passover was at hand2 for immediately  
after this1 ,matthew1 in chap4 xii4     
subjoins1 that ,jesus went on the       
sabbath-day thro' the corn1 and his     
disciples were an hungred1 and began to 
pluck the ears of corn and to           
eat1--rubbing them1 saith ,luke1 in     

their hands3 the corn therefore was not 
only in the ear1 but ripe2 and          
consequently the ,passover1 in which the
 first-fruits were always offered before
 the harvest1 was now come or past4     
,luke calls this sabbath ,greek3        
deuteroproton1 the second prime sabbath1
 that is1 the second of the two great   
feasts of the ,passover4 ,as we call    
,easter day high ,easter1 and its octave
 low ,easter or ,lowsunday3 so ,luke    
calls the feast on the seventh day of   
the unlevened bread1 the second of the  
two prime sabbaths4  ,in one of the     
sabbaths following he went into a       
,synagogue1 and healed a man with a     
withered hand1 ,matth4 xii4 #i4 ,luke   
vi4 #f4 ,and when the ,pharisees took   
counsel to destroy him1 he withdrew     
himself from thence1 and great          
multitudes followed him2 and he healed  
them all1 and charged them that they    
should not make him known1 ,matth4 xii4 
#ad4 ,afterwards being in a ship1 and   
the multitude standing on the shore1 he 

spake to them three parables together1  
taken from the seeds-men sowing the     
fields1 ,matth4 xiii4 by which we may   
know that it was now seed-time1 and by  
consequence that the feast of           
,tabernacles was past4 ,after this he   
went into his own country1 and taught   
them in their ,synagogue1 but did not   
many mighty works there because of their
 unbelief4 ,then the twelve having been 
abroad a year1 returned1 and told ,jesus
 all that they had done3 and at the same
 time ,herod beheaded ,john in prison1  
and his disciples came and told ,jesus2 
and when ,jesus heard it1 he took the   
twelve and departed thence privately by 
ship into a desert place belonging to   
,bethsaida3 and the people when they    
knew it1 followed him on foot out of the
 cities1 the winter being now past2 and 
he healed their sick1 and in the desert 
fed them to the number of five thousand 
men1 besides women and children1 with   
only five loaves and two fishes1 ,matth4
 xiv4 ,luke ix4 at the doing of which   

miracle the ,passover of the ,jews was  
nigh1 ,john vi4 #d4 ,but ,jesus went not
 up to this feast2 but after these      
things walked in ,galilee1 because the  
,jews at the ,passover before had taken 
counsel to destroy him1 and still sought
 to kill him1 ,john vii4 i4             
,henceforward therefore he is found     
first in the coast of ,tyre and ,sidon1 
then by the sea of ,galilee1 afterwards 
in the coast of ,caesarea ,philippi2 and
 lastly at ,capernaum1 ,matth4 xv4 #ba1 
#bi4 xvi4 #ac4 xvii4 #cd4  ,afterwards  
when the feast of ,tabernacles was at   
hand1 his brethren upbraided him for    
walking secretly1 and urged him to go up
 to the feast4 ,but he went not till    
they were gone1 and then went up        
privately1 ,john vii4 #b4 and when the  
,jews sought to stone him1 he escaped1  
,john viii4 #ei4 ,after this he was at  
the feast of the ,dedication in winter1 
,john x4 #bb4 and when they sought again
 to take him1 he fled beyond ,jordan1   
,john x4 #ci1 #dj4 ,matth4 xix4 #a4     

where he stayed till the death of       
,lazarus1 and then came to ,bethany near
 ,jerusalem1 and raised him1 ,john xi4  
#g1 #ah4 whereupon the ,jews took       
counsel from that time to kill him3 and 
therefore he walked no more openly among
 the ,jews1 but went thence into a      
country near to the wilderness1 into a  
city called ,ephraim2 and there         
continued with his disciples till the   
last ,passover1 in which the ,jews put  
him to death1 ,john xi4 #ec1 #ed4  ,thus
 have we1 in the ,gospels of ,matthew   
and ,john compared together1 the history
 of ,christ's actions in continual order
 during five ,passovers4 ,john is more  
distinct in the beginning and end2      
,matthew in the middle3 what either     
omits1 the other supplies4 ,the first   
,passover was between the baptism of    
,christ and the imprisonment of ,john1  
,john ii4 #ac4 the second within four   
months after the imprisonment of ,john1 
and ,christ's beginning to preach in    
,galilee1 ,john iv4 #ce4 and therefore  

it was either that feast to which ,jesus
 went up1 when the ,scribe desired to   
follow him1 ,matth4 viii4 #ai4 ,luke ix4
 #ea1 #eg4 or the feast before it4 ,the 
third was the next feast after it1 when 
the corn was eared and ripe1 ,matth1    
xii4 #a4 ,luke vi4 #a4 ,the fourth was  
that which was nigh at hand when ,christ
 wrought the miracle of the five loaves1
 ,matth4 xiv4 #ae4 ,john vi4 #d1 #e4 and
 the fifth was that in which ,christ    
suffered1 ,matth4 xx4 #ag4 ,john xii4   
#a4  ,between the first and second      
,passover ,john and ,christ baptized    
together1 till the imprisonment of      
,john1 which was four months before the 
second4 ,then ,christ began to preach1  
and call his disciples2 and after he had
 instructed them a year1 lent them to   
preach in the cities of the ,jews3 at   
the same time ,john hearing of the fame 
of ,christ1 sent to him to know who he  
was4 ,at the third1 the chief ,priests  
began to consult about the death of     
,christ4 ,a little before the fourth1   

the twelve after they had preached a    
year in all the cities1 returned to     
,christ2 and at the same time ,herod    
beheaded ,john in prison1 after he had  
been in prison two years and a quarter3 
and thereupon ,christ fled into the     
desart for fear of ,herod4 ,the fourth  
,christ went not up to ,jerusalem for   
fear of the ,jews1 who at the ,passover 
before had consulted his death1 and     
because his time was not yet come4      
,thenceforward therefore till the feast 
of ,tabernacles he walked in ,galilee1  
and that secretly for fear of ,herod3   
and after the feast of ,tabernacles he  
returned no more into ,galilee1 but     
sometimes was at ,jerusalem1 and        
sometimes retired beyond ,jordan1 or to 
the city ,ephraim by the wilderness1    
till the ,passover in which he was      
betrayed1 apprehended1 and crucified4   
,john therefore baptized two summers1   
and ,christ preached three4 ,the first  
summer ,john preached to make himself   
known1 in order to give testimony to    

,christ4 ,then1 after ,christ came to   
his baptism and was made known to him1  
he baptized another summer1 to make     
,christ known by his testimony2 and     
,christ also baptized the same summer1  
to make himself the more known3 and by  
reason of ,john's testimony there came  
more to ,christ's baptism than to       
,john's4 ,the winter following ,john was
 imprisoned2 and now his course being at
 an end1 ,christ entered upon his proper
 office of preaching in the cities4 ,in 
the beginning of his preaching he       
completed the number of the twelve      
,apostles1 and instructed them all the  
first year in order to send them abroad4
 ,before the end of this year1 his fame 
by his preaching and miracles was so far
 spread abroad1 that the ,jews at the   
,passover following consulted how to    
kill him4 ,in the second year of his    
preaching1 it being no longer safe for  
him to converse openly in ,judea1 he    
sent the twelve to preach in all their  
cities3 and in the end of the year they 

returned to him1 and told him all they  
had done4 ,all the last year the twelve 
continued with him to be instructed more
 perfectly1 in order to their preaching 
to all nations after his death4 ,and    
upon the news of ,john's death1 being   
afraid of ,herod as well as of the      
,jews1 he walked this year more secretly
 than before2 frequenting desarts1 and  
spending the last half of the year in   
,judea1 without the dominions of ,herod4
  ,thus have we in the ,gospels of      
,matthew and ,john all things told in   
due order1 from the beginning of ,john's
 preaching to the death of ,christ1 and 
the years distinguished from one another
 by such essential characters that they 
cannot be mistaken4 ,the second         
,passover is distinguished from the     
first1 by the interposition of ,john's  
imprisonment4 ,the third is             
distinguished from the second1 by a     
double character3 first1 by the         
interposition of the feast to which     
,christ went up1 ,mat4 viii4 #ai4 ,luke 

ix4 #eg4 and secondly1 by the distance  
of time from the beginning of ,christ's 
preaching3 for the second was in the    
beginning of his preaching1 and the     
third so long after1 that before it came
 ,christ said1 from the days of ,john   
the ,baptist until now1 c4 and upbraided
 the cities of ,galilee for their not   
repenting at his preaching1 and mighty  
works done in all that time4 ,the fourth
 is distinguished from the third1 by the
 mission of the twelve from ,christ to  
preach in the cities of ,judea in all   
the interval4 ,the fifth is             
distinguished from all the former by the
 twelve's being returned from preaching1
 and continuing with ,christ during all 
the interval1 between the fourth and    
fifth1 and by the passion and other     
infallible characters4  ,now since the  
first summer of ,john's baptizing fell  
in the fifteenth year of the ,emperor   
,tiberius1 and by consequence the first 
of these five ,passovers in his         
sixteenth year2 the last of them1 in    

which ,jesus suffered1 will fall on the 
twentieth year of the same ,emperor2 and
 by consequence in the ,consulship of   
,fabius and ,vitellius1 in the #gith    
,julian year1 and year of ,christ #cd1  
which was the sabbatical year of the    
,jews4 ,and that it did so1 ,i further  
confirm by these arguments4  ,i take it 
for granted that the passion was on     
friday the #adth day of the month       
,nisan1 the great feast of the ,passover
 on saturday the #aeth day of ,nisan1   
and the resurrection on the day         
following4 ,now the #adth day of ,nisan 
always fell on the full moon next after 
the vernal ,equinox2 and the month began
 at the new moon before1 not at the true
 conjunction1 but at the first          
appearance of the new moon3 for the     
,jews referred all the time of the      
silent moon1 as they phrased it1 that   
is1 of the moon's disappearing1 to the  
old moon2 and because the first         
appearance might usually be about #ah   
hours after the true conjunction1 they  

therefore began their month from the    
sixth hour at evening1 that is1 at sun  
set1 next after the eighteenth hour from
 the conjunction4 ,and this rule they   
called ,hebrew3 ,,yh ,jah1 designing by 
the letters ,hebrew3 ,y and ,hebrew3 ,h 
the number #ah4  ,i know that           
,epiphanius tells us1 if some interpret 
his words rightly1 that the ,jews used a
 vicious cycle1 and thereby anticipated 
the legal new moons by two days4 ,but   
this surely he spake not as a witness1  
for he neither understood ,astronomy nor
 ,rabbinical learning1 but as arguing   
from his erroneous hypothesis about the 
time of the passion4 ,for the ,jews did 
not anticipate1 but postpone their      
months3 they thought it lawful to begin 
their months a day later than the first 
appearance of the new moon1 because the 
new moon continued for more days than   
one2 but not a day sooner1 lest they    
should celebrate the new moon before    
there was any4 ,and the ,jews still keep
 a tradition in their books1 that the   

,sanhedrim used diligently to define the
 new moons by sight3 sending witnesses  
into mountainous places1 and examining  
them about the moon's appearing1 and    
translating the new moon from the day   
they had agreed on to the day before1 as
 often as witnesses came from distant   
regions1 who had seen it a day sooner   
than it was seen at ,jerusalem4         
,accordingly ,josephus1 one of the      
,jewish ,priests who ministred in the   
temple1 tells us #b that the ,passover  
was kept on the #adth day of ,nisan1    
,greek3 kata selenen according to the   
moon1 when the sun was in ,aries4 ,this 
is confirmed also by two instances1     
recorded by him1 which totally overthrow
 the hypothesis of the ,jews using a    
vicious cycle4 ,for that year in which  
,jerusalem was taken and destroyed1 he  
saith1 the ,passover was on the #adth   
day of the month ,xanticus1 which       
according to ,josephus is our ,april2   
and that five years before1 it fell on  
the #hth day of the same month4 ,which  

two instances agree with the course of  
the moon4  ,computing therefore the new 
moons of the first month according to   
the course of the moon and the rule     
,jah1 and thence counting #ad days1 ,i  
find that the #adth day of this month in
 the year of ,christ #ca1 fell on       
tuesday ,march #bg2 in the year #cb1 on 
sunday ,apr4 #ac2 in the year #cc1 on   
friday ,apr4 #c2 in the year #cd1 on    
wednesday ,march #bd1 or rather1 for    
avoiding the ,equinox which fell on the 
same day1 and for having a fitter time  
for harvest1 on thursday ,apr4 #bb4 also
 in the year #ce1 on tuesday ,apr4 #ab4 
and in the year #cf1 on saturday ,march 
#ca4  ,but because the #aeth and #bast  
days of ,nisan1 and a day or two of     
,pentecost1 and the #ajth1 #aeth1 and   
#bb;d of ,tisri1 were always sabbatical 
days or days of rest1 and it was        
inconvenient on two sabbaths together to
 be prohibited burying their dead and   
making ready fresh meat1 for in that hot
 region their meat would be apt in two  

days to corrupt3 to avoid these and such
 like inconveniences1 the ,jews         
postponed their months a day1 as often  
as the first day of the month ,tisri1   
or1 which is all one1 the third of the  
month ,nisan1 was sunday1 wednesday or  
friday3 and this rule they called       
,hebrew3 ',,dw ,adu1 by the letters     
,hebrew3 ,w 1 ,d 1 ' signifying the     
numbers #a1 #d1 #f2 that is1 the #ast1  
#dth1 and #fth days of the week2 which  
days we call sunday1 wednesday and      
friday4 ,postponing therefore by this   
rule the months found above2 the #adth  
day of the month ,nisan will fall in the
 year of ,christ #ca1 on wednesday      
,march #bh2 in the year #cb1 on monday  
,apr4 #ad2 in the year #cc1 on friday   
,apr4 #c2 in the year #cd1 on friday    
,apr4 #bc2 in the year #ce1 on wednesday
 ,apr4 #ac1 and in the year #cf1 on     
saturday ,march #ca4  ,by this          
computation therefore the year #cb is   
absolutely excluded1 because the        
,passion cannot fall on friday without  

making it five days after the full moon1
 or two days before it2 whereas it ought
 to be upon the day of the full moon1 or
 the next day4 ,for the same reason the 
years #ca and #ce are excluded1 because 
in them the ,passion cannot fall on     
friday1 without making it three days    
after the full moon1 or four days before
 it3 errors so enormous1 that they would
 be very conspicuous in the heavens to  
every vulgar eye4 ,the year #cf is      
contended for by few or none1 and both  
this and the year #ce may be thus       
excluded4  ,tiberius in the beginning of
 his reign made ,valerius ,gratus       
,president of ,judea2 and after #aa     
years1 substituted ,pontius ,pilate1 who
 governed #aj years4 ,then ,vitellius1  
newly made ,president of ,syria1        
deprived him of his honour1 substituting
 ,marcellus1 and at length sent him to  
,rome3 but1 by reason of delays1        
,tiberius died before ,pilate got       
thither4 ,in the mean time ,vitellius1  
after he had deposed ,pilate1 came to   

,jerusalem in the time of the ,passover1
 to visit that ,province as well as     
others in the beginning of his office2  
and in the place of ,caiaphas1 then     
,high ,priest1 created ,jonathas the son
 of ,ananus1 or ,annas as he is called  
in scripture4 ,afterwards1 when         
,vitellius was returned to ,antioch1 he 
received letters from ,tiberius1 to make
 peace with ,artabanus king of the      
,parthians4 ,at the same time the       
,alans1 by the sollicitation of         
,tiberius1 invaded the kingdom of       
,artabanus2 and his subjects also1 by   
the procurement of ,vitellius1 soon     
after rebelled3 for ,tiberius thought   
that ,artabanus1 thus pressed with      
difficulties1 would more readily accept 
the conditions of peace4 ,artabanus     
therefore straightway gathering a       
greater army1 opprest the rebels2 and   
then meeting ,vitellius at ,euphrates1  
made a league with the ,romans4 ,after  
this ,tiberius commanded ,vitellius to  
make war upon ,aretas ,king of ,arabia4 

,he therefore leading his army against  
,aretas1 went together with ,herod to   
,jerusalem1 to sacrifice at the publick 
feast which was then to be celebrated4  
,where being received honourably1 he    
stayed three days1 and in the mean while
 translated the high ,priesthood from   
,jonathas to his brother ,theophilus3   
and the fourth day1 receiving letters of
 the death of ,tiberius1 made the people
 swear allegiance to ,caius the new     
,emperor2 and recalling his army1 sent  
them into quarters4 ,all this is related
 by ,josephus ,antiq4 lib4 #ah4 c4 #f1  
#g4 ,now ,tiberius reigned #bb years and
 #g months1 and died ,march #af1 in the 
beginning of the year of ,christ #cg2   
and the feast of the ,passover fell on  
,april #bj following1 that is1 #ce days 
after the death of ,tiberius3 so that   
there were about #cf or #ch days1 for   
the news of his death to come from ,rome
 to ,vitellius at ,jerusalem2 which     
being a convenient time for that        
message1 confirms that the feast which  

,vitellius and ,herod now went up to was
 the ,passover4 ,for had it been the    
,pentecost1 as is usually supposed1     
,vitellius would have continued three   
months ignorant of the ,emperor's death3
 which is not to be supposed4 ,however1 
the things done between this feast and  
the ,passover which ,vitellius was at   
before1 namely1 the stirring up a       
sedition in ,parthia1 the quieting that 
sedition1 the making a league after that
 with the ,parthians1 the sending news  
of that league to ,rome1 the receiving  
new orders from thence to go against the
 ,arabians1 and the putting those orders
 in execution2 required much more time  
than the fifty days between the         
,passover and ,pentecost of the same    
year3 and therefore the ,passover which 
,vitellius first went up to1 was in the 
year before4 ,therefore ,pilate was     
deposed before the ,passover ,a4,c4 #cf1
 and by consequence the passion of      
,christ was before that ,passover3 for  
he suffered not under ,vitellius1 nor   

under ,vitellius and ,pilate together1  
but under ,pilate alone4  ,now it is    
observable that the high ,priesthood was
 at this time become an annual office1  
and the ,passover was the time of making
 a new high ,priest4 ,for ,gratus the   
predecessor of ,pilate1 saith ,josephus1
 made ,ismael high ,priest after        
,ananus2 and a while after1 suppose a   
year1 deposed him1 and substituted      
,eleazar1 and a year after ,simon1 and  
after another year ,caiaphas2 and then  
gave way to ,pilate4 ,so ,vitellius at  
one ,passover made ,jonathas successor  
to ,caiaphas1 and at the next           
,theophilus to ,jonathas4 ,hence ,luke  
tells us1 that in the #aeth year of     
,tiberius1 ,annas and ,caiaphas were    
high ,priests1 that is1 ,annas till the 
,passover1 and ,caiaphas afterwards4    
,accordingly ,john speaks of the high   
,priesthood as an annual office3 for he 
tells us again and again1 in the last   
year of ,christ's preaching1 that       
,caiaphas was high ,priest for that     

year1 ,john xi4 #di1 #ea4 xviii4 #ac4   
,and the next year ,luke tells you1 that
 ,annas was high ,priest1 ,acts iv4 #f4 
,theophilus was therefore made high     
,priest in the first year of ,caius1    
,jonathas in the #bb;d year of          
,tiberius1 and ,caiaphas in the #bast   
year of the same ,emperor3 and          
therefore1 allotting a year to each1 the
 ,passion1 when ,annas succeeded        
,caiaphas1 could not be later than the  
#bjth year of ,tiberius1 ,a4,c4 #cd4    
,thus there remain only the years #cc   
and #cd to be considered2 and the year  
#cc ,i exclude by this argument4 ,in the
 ,passover two years before the         
,passion1 when ,christ went thro' the   
corn1 and his disciples pluckt the ears1
 and rubbed them with their hands to    
eat2 this ripeness of the corn shews    
that the ,passover then fell late3 and  
so did the ,passover ,a4,c4 #cb1 ,april 
#ad1 but the ,passover ,a4,c4 #ca1      
,march #bhth1 fell very early4 ,it was  
not therefore two years after the year  

#ca1 but two years after #cb that       
,christ suffered4  ,thus all the        
characters of the ,passion agree to the 
year #cd2 and that is the only year to  
which they all agree4  ,notes to ,chap4 
,,xi4  #a ,i observe1 that ,christ and  
his forerunner ,john in their           
parabolical discourses were wont to     
allude to things present4 ,the old      
,prophets1 when they would describe     
things emphatically1 did not only draw  
parables from things which offered      
themselves1 as from the rent of a       
garment1 #a ,sam4 xv4 from the sabbatic 
year1 ,isa4 xxxvii4 from the vessels of 
a ,potter1 ,jer4 xviii1 c4 but also when
 such fit objects were wanting1 they    
supplied them by their own actions1 as  
by rending a garment1 #a ,kings xi4 by  
shooting1 #b ,kings xiii4 by making bare
 their body1 ,isa4 xx4 by imposing      
significant names to their sons1 ,isa4  
viii4 ,hos4 i4 by hiding a girdle in the
 bank of ,euphrates1 ,jer4 xiii4 by     
breaking a potter's vessel1 ,jer4 xix4  

by putting on fetters and yokes1 ,jer4  
xxvii4 by binding a book to a stone1 and
 casting them both into ,euphrates1     
,jer4 li4 by besieging a painted city1  
,ezek4 iv4 by dividing hair into three  
parts1 ,ezek4 v4 by making a chain1     
,ezek4 vii4 by carrying out houshold    
stuff like a captive and trembling1     
,ezek4 xii1 c4 ,by such kind of types   
the ,prophets loved to speak4 ,and      
,christ being endued with a nobler      
prophetic spirit than the rest1 excelled
 also in this kind of speaking1 yet so  
as not to speak by his own actions1 that
 was less grave and decent1 but to turn 
into parables such things as offered    
themselves4 ,on occasion of the harvest 
approaching1 he admonishes his disciples
 once and again of the spiritual        
harvest1 ,john iv4 #ce4 ,matth4 ix4 #cg4
 ,seeing the lilies of the field1 he    
admonishes his disciples about gay      
clothing1 ,matth4 vi4 #bh4 ,in allusion 
to the present season of fruits1 he     
admonishes his disciples about knowing  

men by their fruits1 ,matth4 vii4 #af4  
,in the time of the ,passover1 when     
trees put forth leaves1 he bids his     
disciples learn a parable from the fig  
tree3 when its branch is yet tender and 
putteth forth leaves1 ye know that      
summer is nigh1 c4 ,matth4 xxiv4 #cb4   
,luke xxi4 #bi4 ,the same day1 alluding 
both to the season of the year and to   
his passion1 which was to be two days   
after1 he formed a parable of the time  
of fruits approaching1 and the murdering
 of the heir1 ,matth4 xxi4 #cc4         
,alluding at the same time1 both to the 
money-changers whom he had newly driven 
out of the ,temple1 and to his passion  
at hand2 he made a parable of a         
,noble-man going into a far country to  
receive a kingdom and return1 and       
delivering his goods to his servants1   
and at his return condemning the        
slothful servant because he put not his 
money to the exchangers1 ,matth4 xxv4   
#ad4 ,luke xix4 #ab4 ,being near the    
,temple where sheep were kept in folds  

to be sold for the sacrifices1 he spake 
many things parabolically of sheep1 of  
the shepherd1 and of the door of the    
sheepfold2 and discovers that he alluded
 to the sheepfolds which were to be     
hired in the market-place1 by speaking  
of such folds as a thief could not enter
 by the door1 nor the shepherd himself  
open1 but a porter opened to the        
shepherd1 ,john x4 #a1 #c4 ,being in the
 mount of ,olives1 ,matth4 xxxvi4 #cj4  
,john xiv4 #ca4 a place so fertile that 
it could not want vines1 he spake many  
things mystically of the ,husbandman1   
and of the vine and its branches1 ,john 
xv4 ,meeting a blind man1 he admonished 
of spiritual blindness1 ,john ix4 #ci4  
,at the sight of little children1 he    
described once and again the innocence  
of the elect1 ,matth4 xviii4 #b4 xix4   
#ac4 ,knowing that ,lazarus was dead and
 should be raised again1 he discoursed  
of the resurrection and life eternal1   
,john xi4 #be1 #bf4 ,hearing of the     
slaughter of some whom ,pilate had      

slain1 he admonished of eternal death1  
,luke xiii4 #a4 ,to his fishermen he    
spake of fishers of men1 ,matth4 iv4    
#aj4 and composed another parable about 
fishes4 ,matth4 xiii4 #dg4 ,being by the
 ,temple1 he spake of the ,temple of his
 body1 ,john ii4 #ai4 ,at supper he     
spake a parable about the mystical      
supper to come in the kingdom of heaven1
 ,luke xiv4 ,on occasion of temporal    
food1 he admonished his disciples of    
spiritual food1 and of eating his flesh 
and drinking his blood mystically1 ,john
 vi4 #bg1 #ec4 ,when his disciples      
wanted bread1 he bad them beware of the 
leven of the ,pharisees1 ,matth4 xvi4   
#f4 ,being desired to eat1 he answered  
that he had other meat1 ,john iv4 #ca4  
,in the great day of the feast of       
,tabernacles1 when the ,jews1 as their  
custom was1 brought a great quantity of 
waters from the river ,shiloah into the 
,temple1 ,christ stood and cried1       
saying1 ,if any man thirst let him come 
unto me and drink4 ,he that believeth in

 me1 out of his belly shall flow rivers 
of living water1 ,john vii4 #cg4 ,the   
next day1 in allusion to the servants   
who by reason of the sabbatical year    
were newly set free1 he said1 ,if ye    
continue in my word1 the truth shall    
make you free4 ,which the ,jews         
understanding literally with respect to 
the present manumission of servants1    
answered1 ,we be ,abraham's seed1 and   
were never in bondage to any man3 how   
sayeth thou1 ye shall be made free8     
,john viii4 ,they assert their freedom  
by a double argument3 first1 because    
they were the seed of ,abraham1 and     
therefore newly made free1 had they been
 ever in bondage2 and then1 because they
 never were in bondage4 ,in the last    
,passover1 when ,herod led his army     
thro' ,judea against ,aretas ,king of   
,arabia1 because ,aretas was aggressor  
and the stronger in military forces1 as 
appeared by the event2 ,christ alluding 
to that state of things1 composed the   
parable of a weaker ,king leading his   

army against a stronger who made war    
upon him1 ,luke xiv4 #ca4 ,and ,i doubt 
not but divers other parables were      
formed upon other occasions1 the history
 of which we have not4  #b ,joseph4     
,antiq4 lib4 #c4 c4 #aj4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,,chap4  
,,xii4  ,of the ,prophecy of the        
,scripture of ,truth4  ,the kingdoms    
represented by the second and third     
,beasts1 or the ,bear and ,leopard1 are 
again described by ,daniel in his last  
,prophecy written in the third year of  
,cyrus over ,babylon1 the year in which 
he conquered ,persia4 ,for this         
,prophecy is a commentary upon the      
,vision of the ,ram and ,he-,goat4      
,behold1 saith #a he1 there shall stand 
up yet three kings in ,persia1 ,cyrus1  
,cambyses1 and ,darius ,hystaspes and   
the fourth ,xerxes shall be far richer  
than they all3 and by his strength thro'
 his riches he shall stir up all against
 the realm of ,grecia4 ,and a mighty    
king ,alexander the great shall stand   

up1 that shall rule with great dominion1
 and do according to his will4 ,and when
 he shall stand up1 his kingdom shall be
 broken1 and shall be divided towards   
the four winds of heaven2 and not to his
 posterity but after their death1 nor   
according to his dominion which he      
ruled3 for his kingdom shall be pluckt  
up1 even for others besides those4      
,alexander the great having conquered   
all the ,persian ,empire1 and some part 
of ,india1 died at ,babylon a month     
before the summer ,solstice1 in the year
 of ,nabonassar #dbe3 and his captains  
gave the monarchy to his bastard brother
 ,philip ,aridaeus1 a man disturbed in  
his understanding2 and made ,perdiccas  
administrator of the kingdom4 ,perdiccas
 with their consent made ,meleager      
commander of the army1 ,seleucus master 
of the horse1 ,craterus treasurer of the
 kingdom1 ,antipater governor of        
,macedon and ,greece1 ,ptolemy governor 
of ,egypt2 ,antigonus governor of       
,pamphylia1 ,lycia1 ,lycaonia1 and      

,phrygia major2 ,lysimachus governor of 
,thrace1 and other captains governors of
 other ,provinces2 as many as had been  
so before in the days of ,alexander the 
great4 ,the ,babylonians began now to   
count by a new ,a,era1 which they called
 the ,a,era of ,philip1 using the years 
of ,nabonassar1 and reckoning the #dbeth
 year of ,nabonassar to be the first    
year of ,philip4 ,roxana the wife of    
,alexander being left big with child1   
and about three or four months after    
brought to bed of a son1 they called him
 ,alexander1 saluted him ,king1 and     
joined him with ,philip1 whom they had  
before placed in the throne4 ,philip    
reigned three years under the           
administratorship of ,perdiccas1 two    
years more under the administratorship  
of ,antipater1 and above a year more    
under that of ,polyperchon2 in all six  
years and four months2 and then was     
slain with his ,queen ,eurydice in      
,september by the command of ,olympias  
the mother of ,alexander the great4 ,the

 ,greeks being disgusted at the         
cruelties of ,olympias1 revolted to     
,cassander the son and successor of     
,antipater4 ,cassander affecting the    
dominion of ,greece1 slew ,olympias2 and
 soon after shut up the young king      
,alexander1 with his mother ,roxana1 in 
the castle of ,amphipolis1 under the    
charge of ,glaucias1 ,an4 ,nabonass4    
#dcb4 ,the next year ,ptolemy1          
,cassander and ,lysimachus1 by means of 
,seleucus1 form'd a league against      
,antigonus2 and after certain wars made 
peace with him1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #dch1   
upon these conditions3 that ,cassander  
should command the forces of ,europe    
till ,alexander the son of ,roxana came 
to age2 and that ,lysimachus should     
govern ,thrace1 ,ptolemy ,egypt and     
,lybia1 and ,antigonus all ,asia4       
,seleucus had possest himself of        
,mesopotamia1 ,babylonia1 ,sustana and  
,media1 the year before4 ,about three   
years after ,alexander's death he was   
made governor of ,babylon by ,antipater2

 then was expelled by ,antigonus2 but   
now he recovered and enlarged his       
government over a great part of the     
,east3 which gave occasion to a new     
,a,era1 called ,a,era ,seleucidarum4    
,not long after the peace made with     
,antigonus1 ,diodorus saith the same    
,olympic year2 ,cassander1 seeing that  
,alexander the son of ,roxana grew up1  
and that it was discoursed thro'out     
,macedonia that it was fit he should be 
set at liberty1 and take upon him the   
government of his father's kingdom1     
commanded ,glaucias the governor of the 
castle to kill ,roxana and the young    
king ,alexander her son1 and conceal    
their deaths4 ,then ,polyperchon set up 
,hercules1 the son of ,alexander the    
great by ,barsine1 to be king2 and soon 
after1 at the sollicitation of          
,cassander1 caused him to be slain4     
,soon after that1 upon a great victory  
at sea got by ,demetrius the son of     
,antigonus over ,ptolemy1 ,antigonus    
took upon himself the title of king1 and

 gave the same title to his son4 ,this  
was ,an4 ,nabonass4 #dda4 ,after his    
example1 ,seleucus1 ,cassander1         
,lysimachus and ,ptolemy1 took upon     
themselves the title and dignity of     
kings1 having abstained from this honour
 while there remained any of            
,alexander's race to inherit the crown4 
,thus the monarchy of the ,greeks for   
want of an heir was broken into several 
kingdoms2 four of which1 seated to the  
four winds of heaven1 were very eminent4
 ,for ,ptolemy reigned over ,egypt1     
,lybia and ,ethiopia2 ,antigonus over   
,syria and the lesser ,asia2 ,lysimachus
 over ,thrace2 and ,cassander over      
,macedon1 ,greece and ,epirus1 as above4
  ,seleucus at this time reigned over   
the nations which were beyond           
,euphrates1 and belonged to the bodies  
of the two first ,beasts2 but after six 
years he conquered ,antigonus1 and      
thereby became possest of one of the    
four kingdoms4 ,for ,cassander being    
afraid of the power of ,antigonus1      

combined with ,lysimachus1 ,ptolemy and 
,seleucus1 against him3 and while       
,lysimachus invaded the parts of ,asia  
next the ,hellespont1 ,ptolemy subdued  
,phoenicia and ,coelosyria1 with the    
sea-coasts of ,asia4  ,seleucus came    
down with a powerful army into          
,cappadocia1 and joining the confederate
 forces1 fought ,antigonus in ,phrygia  
and flew him1 and seized his kingdom1   
,an4 ,nabonass4 #ddg4 ,after which      
,seleucus built ,antioch1 ,seleucia1    
,laodicea1 ,apamea1 ,berrhaea1 ,edessa1 
and other cities in ,syria and ,asia2   
and in them granted the ,jews equal     
privileges with the ,greeks4  ,demetrius
 the son of ,antigonus retained but a   
small part of his father's dominions1   
and at length lost ,cyprus to ,ptolemy2 
but afterwards killing ,alexander1 the  
son and successor of ,cassander king of 
,macedon1 he seized his kingdom1 ,an4   
,nabonass4 #ded4 ,sometime after1       
preparing a very great army to recover  
his father's dominions in ,asia2        

,seleucus1 ,ptolemy1 ,lysimachus and    
,pyrrhus king of ,epirus1 combined      
against him2 and ,pyrrhus invading      
,macedon1 corrupted the army of         
,demetrius1 put him to flight1 seized   
his kingdom1 and shared it with         
,lysimachus4 ,after seven months1       
,lysimachus beating ,pyrrhus1 took      
,macedon from him1 and held it five     
years and a half1 uniting the kingdoms  
of ,macedon and ,thrace4 ,lysimachus in 
his wars with ,antigonus and ,demetrius1
 had taken from them ,caria1 ,lydia1 and
 ,phrygia2 and had a treasury in        
,pergamus1 a castle on the top of a     
conical hill in ,phrygia1 by the river  
,caicus1 the custody of which he had    
committed to one ,philetaerus1 who was  
at first faithful to him1 but in the    
last year of his reign revolted4 ,for   
,lysimachus1 having at the instigation  
of his wife ,arsinoe1 slain first his   
own son ,agathocles1 and then several   
that lamented him2 the wife of          
,agathocles fled with her children and  

brothers1 and some others of their      
friends1 and sollicited ,seleucus to    
make war upon ,lysimachus2 whereupon    
,philetaerus also1 who grieved at the   
death of ,agathocles1 and was accused   
thereof by ,arsinoe1 took up arms1 and  
sided with ,seleucus4 ,on this occasion 
,seleucus and ,lysimachus met and fought
 in ,phrygia2 and ,lysimachus being     
slain in the battel1 lost his kingdom to
 ,seleucus1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #dfe4 ,thus 
the ,empire of the ,greeks1 which at    
first brake into four kingdoms1 became  
now reduced into two notable ones1      
henceforward called by ,daniel the kings
 of the ,south and ,north4 ,for ,ptolemy
 now reigned over ,egypt1 ,lybia1       
,ethiopia1 ,arabia1 ,phoenicia1         
,coelosyria1 and ,cyprus2 and ,seleucus1
 having united three of the four        
kingdoms1 had a dominion scarce inferior
 to that of the ,persian ,empire1       
conquered by ,alexander the great4 ,all 
which is thus represented by ,daniel3#b 
,and the king of the ,south ,ptolemy    

shall be strong1 and one of his ,princes
 ,seleucus1 one of ,alexander's ,princes
 shall be strong above him1 and have    
dominion2 his dominion shall be a great 
dominion4  ,after ,seleucus had reigned 
seven months over ,macedon1 ,greece1    
,thrace1 ,asia1 ,syria1 ,babylonia1     
,media1 and all the ,east as far as     
,india2 ,ptolemy ,ceraunus1 the younger 
brother of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus king  
of ,egypt1 slew him treacherously1 and  
seized his dominions in ,europe3 while  
,antiochus ,soter1 the son of ,seleucus1
 succeeded his father in ,asia1 ,syria1 
and most of the ,east2 and after        
nineteen or twenty years was succeeded  
by his son ,antiochus ,theos2 who having
 a lasting war with ,ptolemy            
,philadelphus1 at length composed the   
same by marrying ,berenice the daughter 
of ,philadelphus3 but after a reign of  
fifteen years1 his first wife ,laodice  
poisoned him1 and set her son ,seleucus 
,callinicus upon the throne4 ,callinicus
 in the beginning of his reign1 by the  

impulse of his mother ,laodice1 besieged
 ,berenice in ,daphne near ,antioch1 and
 slew her with her young son and many of
 her women4 ,whereupon ,ptolemy         
,euergetes1 the son and successor of    
,philadelphus1 made war upon            
,callinicus2 took from him ,phoenicia1  
,syria1 ,cilicia1 ,mesopotamia1         
,babylonia1 ,sustana1 and some other    
regions2 and carried back into ,egypt   
#djjjj talents of silver1 and #bejj     
images of the ,gods1 amongst which were 
the ,gods of ,egypt carried away by     
,cambyses4 ,antiochus ,hierax at first  
assisted his brother ,callinicus1 but   
afterwards contended with him for ,asia4
 ,in the mean time ,eumenes governor of 
,pergamus beat ,antiochus1 and took from
 them both all ,asia westward of mount  
,taurus4 ,this was in the fifth year of 
,callinicus1 who after an inglorious    
reign of #bj years was succeeded by his 
son ,seleucus ,ceraunus2 and ,euergetes 
after four years more1 ,an4 ,nabonass4  
#ebg1 was succeeded by his son ,ptolemy 

,philopator4 ,all which is thus         
signified by ,daniel3#c ,and in the end 
of years they the kings of the ,south   
and ,north shall join themselves        
together3 for the king's daughter of the
 ,south ,berenice shall come to the king
 of the ,north to make an agreement1 but
 she shall not retain the power of the  
arm2 neither shall she stand1 nor her   
seed1 but she shall be delivered up1 and
 he ,callinicus that brought her1 and he
 whom she brought forth1 and they that  
strengthned her in those times1 or      
defended her in the siege of ,daphne4   
,but out of a branch of her roots shall 
one stand up in his seat her brother    
,euergetes who shall come with an army1 
and shall enter into the fortress or    
fenced cities of the king of the ,north1
 and shall act against them and prevail3
 and shall carry captives into ,egypt1  
their ,gods with their ,princes and     
precious vessels of silver and gold2 and
 he shall continue some years after the 
king of the ,north4  ,seleucus          

,ceraunus1 inheriting the remains of his
 father's kingdom1 and thinking to      
recover the rest1 raised a great army   
against the governor of ,pergamus1 now  
,king thereof1 but died in the third    
year of his reign4 ,his brother and     
successor1 ,antiochus ,magnus1 carrying 
on the war1 took from the ,king of      
,pergamus almost all the lesser ,asia1  
recovering also the ,provinces of       
,media1 ,persia and ,babylonia1 from the
 governors who had revolted3 and in the 
fifth year of his reign invading        
,coelosyria1 he with little opposition  
possest himself of a good part thereof2 
and the next year returning to invade   
the rest of ,coelosyria and ,phoenicia1 
beat the army of ,ptolemy ,philopator   
near ,berytus2 he then invaded          
,palestine and the neighbouring parts of
 ,arabia1 and the third year returned   
with an army of #ghjjj3 but ,ptolemy    
coming out of ,egypt with an army of    
#gejjj1 fought and routed him at ,raphia
 near ,gaza1 between ,palestine and     

,egypt2 and recovered all ,phoenicia and
 ,coelosyria1 ,ann4 ,nabonass4 #ecb4    
,being puffed up with this victory1 and 
living in all manner of luxury1 the     
,egyptians revolted1 and had wars with  
him1 but were overcome2 and in the      
broils sixty thousand ,egyptian ,jews   
were slain4 ,all which is thus described
 by ,daniel3 #d ,but his sons ,seleucus 
,ceraunus1 and ,antiochus ,magnus1 the  
sons of ,callinicus shall be stirred up1
 and shall gather a great army2 and he  
,antiochus ,magnus shall come           
effectually and overflow1 and pass thro'
 and return1 and again the next year be 
stirred up marching even to his         
fortress1 the frontier towns of ,egypt2 
and the ,king of the ,south shall be    
moved with choler1 and come forth the   
third year and fight with him1 even with
 the ,king of the ,north2 and he the    
,king of the ,north shall lead forth a  
great multitude1 but the multitude shall
 be given into his hand4 ,and the       
multitude being taken away1 his heart   

shall be lifted up1 and he shall cast   
down many ten thousands2 but he shall   
not be strengthned by it3 for the king  
of the ,north shall return1 c4  ,about  
twelve years after the battle between   
,philopator and ,antiochus1 ,philopator 
died2 and left his kingdom to his young 
son ,ptolemy ,epiphanes1 a child of five
 years old4 ,thereupon ,antiochus       
,magnus confederated with ,philip king  
of ,macedon1 that they should each      
invade the dominions of ,epiphanes which
 lay next to them4 ,hence arose a       
various war between ,antiochus and      
,epiphanes1 each of them seizing        
,phoenicia and ,coelosyria by turns2    
whereby those countries were much       
afflicted by both parties4 ,first       
,antiochus seized them2 then one ,scopas
 being sent with the army of ,egypt1    
recovered them from ,antiochus3 the next
 year1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #eej1 ,antiochus 
fought and routed ,scopas near the      
fountains of ,jordan1 besieged him in   
,sidon1 took the city1 and recovered    

,syria and ,phoenicia from ,egypt1 the  
,jews coming over to him voluntarily4   
,but about three years after1 preparing 
for a war against the ,romans1 he came  
to ,raphia on the borders of ,egypt2    
made peace with ,epiphanes1 and gave him
 his daughter ,cleopatra3 next autumn he
 passed the ,hellespont to invade the   
cities of ,greece under the ,roman      
protection1 and took some of them2 but  
was beaten by the ,romans the summer    
following1 and forced to return back    
with his army into ,asia4 ,before the   
end of the year the fleet of ,antiochus 
was beaten by the fleet of the ,romans  
near ,phocaea3 and at the same time     
,epiphanes and ,cleopatra sent an       
embassy to ,rome to congratulate the    
,romans on their success against their  
father ,antiochus1 and to exhort them to
 prosecute the war against him into     
,asia4 ,the ,romans beat ,antiochus     
again at sea near ,ephesus1 past their  
army over the ,hellespont1 and obtain'd 
a great victory over him by land1 took  

from him all ,asia westward of mount    
,taurus1 gave it to the ,king of        
,pergamus who assisted them in the war2 
and imposed a large tribute upon        
,antiochus4 ,thus the ,king of          
,pergamus1 by the power of the ,romans1 
recovered what ,antiochus had taken from
 him2 and ,antiochus retiring into the  
remainder of his kingdom1 was slain two 
years after by the ,persians1 as he was 
robbing the ,temple of ,jupiter ,belus  
in ,elymais1 to raise money for the     
,romans4 ,all which is thus described by
 ,daniel4 #e ,for the ,king of the      
,north ,antiochus shall return1 and     
shall set forth a multitude greater than
 the former2 and shall certainly come1  
after certain years1 with a great army  
and with much riches4 ,and in those     
times there shall many stand up against 
the ,king of the ,south1 particularly   
the ,macedonians2 also the robbers of   
thy people the ,samaritans1 c4 shall    
exalt themselves to establish the       
vision1 but they shall fall4 ,so the    

,king of the ,north shall come1 and cast
 up a mount1 and take the most fenced   
cities2 and the arms of the ,south shall
 not withstand1 neither his chosen      
people1 neither shall there he any      
strength to withstand4 ,but he that     
cometh against him shall do according to
 his own will1 and none shall stand     
before him3 and he shall stand in the   
glorious land1 which shall fail in his  
hand4 ,he shall also set his face to go 
with the strength or army of all his    
kingdom1 and make an agreement with him 
at ,raphia2 and he shall give him the   
daughter of women corrupting her2 but   
she shall not stand his side1 neither be
 for him4 ,after this he shall turn his 
face unto the ,isles1 and shall take    
many3 but a ,prince for his own behalf  
the ,romans shall cause the reproach    
offered by him to cease2 without his own
 reproach he shall cause it to turn upon
 him4 ,then he shall turn his face      
towards the fort of his own land3 but he
 shall stumble and fall1 and not be     

found4  ,seleucus ,philopator succeeded 
his father ,antiochus1 ,anno ,nabonass4 
#efa1 and reigned twelve years1 but did 
nothing memorable1 being sluggish1 and  
intent upon raising money for the       
,romans to whom he was tributary4 ,he   
was slain by ,heliodorus1 whom he had   
sent to rob the ,temple of ,jerusalem4  
,daniel thus describes his reign4 #f    
,then shall stand up in his estate a    
raiser of taxes in the glory of the     
kingdom1 but within few days be shall be
 destroyed1 neither in anger nor in     
battle4  ,a little before the death of  
,philopator1 his son ,demetrius was sent
 hostage to ,rome1 in the place of      
,antiochus ,epiphanes1 the brother of   
,philopator2 and ,antiochus was at      
,athens in his way home from ,rome1 when
 ,philopator died3 whereupon ,heliodorus
 the treasurer of the kingdom1 stept    
into the throne4 ,but ,antiochus so     
managed his affairs1 that the ,romans   
kept ,demetrius at ,rome2 and their ally
 the ,king of ,pergamus expelled        

,heliodorus1 and placed ,antiochus in   
the throne1 while ,demetrius the right  
heir remained an hostage at ,rome4      
,antiochus being thus made ,king by the 
friendship of the ,king of ,pergamus    
reigned powerfully over ,syria and the  
neighbouring nations3 but carried       
himself much below his dignity1 stealing
 privately out of his palace1 rambling  
up and down the city in disguise with   
one or two of his companions2 conversing
 and drinking with people of the lowest 
rank1 foreigners and strangers2         
frequenting the meetings of dissolute   
persons to feast and revel2 clothing    
himself like the ,roman candidates and  
officers1 acting their parts like a     
mimick1 and in publick festivals jesting
 and dancing with servants and light    
people1 exposing himself by all manner  
of ridiculous gestures4 ,this conduct   
made some take him for a madman1 and    
call him ,antiochus ,greek3 ,epimenes4  
,in the first year of his reign he      
deposed ,onias the high-,priest1 and    

sold the high-,priesthood to ,jason the 
younger brother of ,onias3 for ,jason   
had promised to give him #ddj talents of
 silver for that office1 and #ae more   
for a licence to erect a place of       
exercise for the training up of youth in
 the fashions of the heathen2 which     
licence was granted by the ,king1 and   
put in execution by ,jason4 ,then the   
,king sending one ,apollonius into      
,egypt to the coronation of ,ptolemy    
,philometor1 the young son of           
,philometor and ,cleopatra1 and knowing 
,philometor not to be well affected to  
his affairs in ,phoenicia1 provided for 
his own safety in those parts2 and for  
that end came to ,joppa and ,jerusalem1 
where he was honourably received2 from  
thence he went in like manner with his  
little army to the cities of ,phoenicia1
 to establish himself against ,egypt1 by
 courting the people1 and distributing  
extraordinary favours amongst them4 ,all
 which is thus represented by ,daniel4  
#g ,and in his ,philometor's estate     

shall stand up a vile person1 to whom   
they the ,syrians who set up ,heliodorus
 shall not give the honour of the       
kingdom4 ,yet he shall come in          
peaceably1 and obtain the kingdom by    
flatteries made principally to the ,king
 of ,pergamus2 and the arms which in    
favour of ,heliodorus oppose him shall  
be overflowed with a food from before   
him1 and be broken2 yea also ,onias the 
high-,priest the ,prince of the         
covenant4 ,and after the league made    
with him1 the ,king of ,egypt1 by       
sending ,apollonius to his coronation he
 shall work deceitfully against the     
,king of ,egypt1 for he shall come up   
and shall become strong in ,phoenicia   
with a small people4 ,and he shall enter
 into the quiet and plentiful cities of 
the ,province of ,phoenicia2 and to     
ingratiate himself with the ,jews of    
,phoenicia and ,egypt1 and with their   
friends he shall do that which his      
fathers have not done1 nor his fathers  
fathers3 he shall scatter among them the

 prey and the spoil1 and the riches     
exacted from other places2 and shall    
forecast his devices against the strong 
holds of ,egypt even for a time4  ,these
 things were done in the first year of  
his reign1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #egc4 ,and   
thenceforward he forecast his devices   
against the strong holds of ,egypt1     
until the sixth year4 ,for three years  
after1 that is in the fourth year of his
 reign1 ,menelaus bought the            
high-,priesthood from ,jason1 but not   
paying the price was sent for by the    
,king2 and the ,king1 before he could   
hear the cause1 went into ,cilicia to   
appease a sedition there1 and left      
,andronicus his deputy at ,antioch2 in  
the mean time the brother of ,menelaus1 
to make up the money1 conveyed several  
vessels out of the ,temple1 selling some
 of them at ,tyre1 and sending others to
 ,andronicus4 ,when ,menelaus was       
reproved for this by ,onias1 he caused  
,onias to be slain by ,andronicus3 for  
which fact the ,king at his return from 

,cilicia caused ,andronicus to be put to
 death4 ,then ,antiochus prepared his   
second expedition against ,egypt1 which 
he performed in the sixth year of his   
reign1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 #egh3 for upon   
the death of ,cleopatra1 the governors  
of her son the young ,king of ,egypt    
claimed ,phoenicia and ,coelosyria from 
him as her dowry2 and to recover those  
countries raised a great army4          
,antiochus considering that his father  
had not quitted the possession of those 
countries#h1 denied they were her dowry2
 and with another great army met and    
fought the ,egyptians on the borders of 
,egypt1 between ,pelusium and the       
mountain ,casius4 ,he there beat them1  
and might have destroyed their whole    
army1 but that he rode up and down1     
commanding his soldiers not to kill     
them1 but to take them alive3 by which  
humanity he gained ,pelusium1 and soon  
after all ,egypt2 entring it with a vast
 multitude of foot and chariots1        
elephants and horsemen1 and a great     

navy4 ,then seizing the cities of ,egypt
 as a friend1 he marched to ,memphis1   
laid the whole blame of the war upon    
,eulaeus the ,king's governor1 entred   
into outward friendship with the young  
,king1 and took upon him to order the   
affairs of the kingdom4 ,while ,aniochus
 was thus employ'd1 a report being      
spread in ,phoenicia that he was dead1  
,jason to recover the high-,priesthood  
assaulted ,jerusalem with above a       
thousand men1 and took the city3        
hereupon the ,king thinking ,judea had  
revolted1 came out of ,egypt in a       
furious manner1 re-took the city1 slew  
forty thousand of the people1 made as   
many prisoners1 and sold them to raise  
money2 went into the ,temple1 spoiled it
 of its treasures1 ornaments1 utensils1 
and vessels of gold and silver1         
amounting to #ahjj talents2 and carried 
all away to ,antioch4 ,this was done in 
the year of ,nabonassar #egh1 and is    
thus described by ,daniel4 #i ,and he   
shall stir up his power1 and his courage

 against the ,king of the ,south with a 
great army2 and the ,king of the ,south 
shall be stirrd up to battle with a very
 great and mighty army2 but he shall not
 stand3 for they1 even ,antiochus and   
his friends1 shall forecast devices     
against him1 as is represented above2   
yea1 they that feed of the portion of   
his meat1 shall betray and destroy him1 
and his army shall be overthrown1 and   
many shall fall down slain4 ,and both   
these ,kings hearts shall be to do      
mischief2 and they1 being now made      
friends1 shall speak lyes at one table1 
against the ,jews and against the holy  
covenant2 but it shall not prosper3 for 
yet the end1 in which the setting up of 
the abomination of desolation is to     
prosper1 shall be at the time appointed4
 ,then shall he return into his land    
with great riches1 and his heart shall  
be against the holy covenant2 and he    
shall act1 against it by spoiling the   
,temple1 and return into his own land4  
,the ,egyptians of ,alexandria seeing   

,philometor first educated in luxury by 
the ,eunuch ,eulaeus1 and now in the    
hands of ,antiochus1 gave the kingdom to
 ,euergetes1 the younger brother of     
,philometor4 ,whereupon ,antiochus      
pretending to restore ,philometor1 made 
war upon ,euergetes2 beat him at sea1   
and besieged him and his sister         
,cleopatra in ,alexandria3 while the    
besieged ,princes sent to ,rome to      
implore the assistance of the ,senate4  
,antiochus finding himself unable to    
take the city that year1 returned into  
,syria1 leaving ,philometor at ,memphis 
to govern ,egypt in his absence4 ,but   
,philometor made friendship with his    
brother that winter2 and ,antiochus1    
returning the next spring ,an4          
,nabonass4 #ehj1 to besiege both the    
brothers in ,alexandria1 was met in the 
way by the ,roman ,ambassadors1         
,popilius ,laena1 ,c4 ,decimius1 and ,c4
 ,hostilius3 he offered them his hand to
 kiss1 but ,popilius delivering to him  
the tables wherein the message of the   

,senate was written1 bad him read those 
first4 ,when he had read them1 he       
replied he would consider with his      
friends what was fit to be done2 but    
,popilius drawing a circle about him1   
bad him answer before he went out of it3
 ,antiochus1 astonished at this blunt   
and unusual imperiousness1 made answer  
he would do what the ,romans demanded2  
and then ,popilius gave the ,king his   
hand to kiss1 and he returned out of    
,egypt4 ,the same year1 ,an4 ,nabonass4 
#ehj1 his captains by his order spoiled 
and slaughtered the ,jews1 profaned the 
,temple1 set up the worship of the      
heathen ,gods in all ,judea1 and began  
to persecute and make war upon those who
 would not worship them3 which actions  
are thus described by ,daniel4 #aj ,at  
the time appointed he shall come again  
towards the ,south1 but the latter shall
 not be as the former4 ,for the ships of
 ,chittim shall come1 with an embassy   
from ,rome1 against him4 ,therefore he  
shall be grieved1 and return1 and have  

indignation against the holy covenant4  
,so shall he do2 he shall even return1  
and have intelligence with them that    
forsake the holy covenant4  ,in the same
 year that ,antiochus by the command of 
the ,romans retired out of ,egypt1 and  
set up the worship of the ,greeks in    
,judea2 the ,romans conquered the       
kingdom of ,macedon1 the fundamental    
kingdom of the ,empire of the ,greeks1  
and reduced it into a ,roman ,province2 
and thereby began to put an end to the  
reign of ,daniel's third ,beast4 ,this  
is thus exprest by ,daniel4 ,and after  
him ,arms1 that is the ,romans1 shall   
stand up4 ,as ,hebrew3 ,,mmlk signifies 
after the ,king1 ,dan4 xi4 #h2 so       
,hebrew3 ,,mmnw may signify after him4  
,arms are every where in this ,prophecy 
of ,daniel put for the military power of
 a kingdom3 and they stand up when they 
conquer and grow powerful4 ,hitherto    
,daniel described the actions of the    
,kings of the ,north and ,south2 but    
upon the conquest of ,macedon by the    

,romans1 he left off describing the     
actions of the ,greeks1 and began to    
describe those of the ,romans in        
,greece4 ,they conquered ,macedon1      
,illyricum and ,epirus1 in the year of  
,nabonassar #ehj4 #ce years after1 by   
the last will and testament of ,attalus 
the last ,king of ,pergamus1 they       
inherited that rich and flourishing     
kingdom1 that is1 all ,asia westward of 
mount ,taurus2 #fi years after they     
conquered the kingdom of ,syria1 and    
reduced it into a ,province1 and #cd    
years after they did the like to ,egypt4
 ,by all these steps the ,roman ,arms   
stood up over the ,greeks3 and after #ie
 years more1 by making war upon the     
,jews1 they polluted the sanctuary of   
strength1 and took away the daily       
sacrifice1 and then placed the          
abomination of desolation4 ,for this    
abomination was placed after the days of
 ,christ1 ,math4 xxiv4 #ae4 ,in the     
#afth year of the ,emperor ,adrian1     
,a4,c4 #acb1 they placed this           

abomination by building a ,temple to    
,jupiter ,capitolinus1 where the ,temple
 of ,god in ,jerusalem had stood4       
,thereupon the ,jews under the conduct  
of ,barchochab rose up in arms against  
the ,romans1 and in the war had #ej     
cities demolished1 #ihe of their best   
towns destroyed1 and #ehjjjj men slain  
by the sword2 and in the end of the war1
 ,a4,c4 #acf1 were banished ,judea upon 
pain of death1 and thenceforward the    
land remained desolate of its old       
inhabitants4  ,in the beginning of the  
,jewish war in ,nero's reign1 the       
,apostles fled out of ,judea with their 
flocks2 some beyond ,jordan to ,pella   
and other places1 some into ,egypt1     
,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 ,asia minor1 and  
elsewhere4 ,peter and ,john came into   
,asia1 and ,peter went thence by        
,corinth to ,rome2 but ,john staying in 
,asia1 was banished by the ,romans into 
,patmos1 as the head of a party of the  
,jews1 whose nation was in war with the 
,romans4 ,by this dispersion of the     

,christian ,jews1 the ,christian        
religion1 which was already propagated  
westward as far as ,rome1 spred fast    
into all the ,roman ,empire1 and        
suffered many persecutions under it till
 the days of ,constantine the great and 
his sons3 all which is thus described by
 ,daniel4 #aa ,and such as do wickedly  
against the covenant1 shall he1 who     
places the abomination1 cause to        
dissemble1 and worship the heathen      
,gods2 but the people among them who do 
know their ,god1 shall be strong and    
act4 ,and they that understand among the
 people1 shall instruct many3 yet they  
shall fall by the sword1 and by flame1  
and by captivity1 and by spoil many     
days4 ,now when they shall fall1 they   
shall be holpen with a little help1 viz4
 in the reign of ,constantine the great2
 and at that time by reason of their    
prosperity1 many shall come over to them
 from among the heathen1 and cleave to  
them with dissimulation4 ,but of those  
of understanding there shall still fall 

to try ,god's people by them and to     
purge them from the dissemblers1 and to 
make them white even to the time of the 
end3 because it is yet for a time       
appointed4  ,hitherto the ,roman ,empire
 continued entire2 and under this       
dominion1 the little horn of the        
,he-,goat continued mighty1 but not by  
his own power4 ,but now1 by the building
 of ,constantinople1 and endowing it    
with a ,senate and other like privileges
 with ,rome2 and by the division of the 
,roman ,empire into the two ,empires of 
the ,greeks and ,latins1 headed by those
 two cities2 a new scene of things      
commences1 in which which #ab a ,king1  
the ,empire of the ,greeks1 doth        
according to his will1 and1 by setting  
his own laws above the laws of ,god1    
exalts and magnifies himself above every
 ,god1 and speaks marvellous things     
against the ,god of ,gods1 and shall    
prosper till the indignation be         
accomplished4--,neither shall he regard 
the ,god of his fathers1 nor the lawful 

desire of women in matrimony1 nor any   
,god1 but shall magnify himself above   
all4 ,and in his seat he shall honour   
,mahuzzims1 that is1 strong guardians1  
the souls of the dead2 even with a ,god 
whom his fathers knew not shall he      
honour them1 in their ,temples1 with    
gold and silver1 and with precious      
stones and valuable things4 ,all which  
relates to the overspreading of the     
,greek ,empire with ,monks and ,nuns1   
who placed holiness in abstinence from  
marriage2 and to the invocation of      
saints and veneration of their reliques1
 and such like superstitions1 which     
these men introduced in the fourth and  
fifth centuries4 #ac ,and at the time of
 the end the ,king of the ,south1 or the
 ,empire of the ,saracens1 shall push at
 him2 and the ,king of the ,north1 or   
,empire of the ,turks1 shall come       
against him like a whirlwind1 with      
chariots and with horsemen1 and with    
many ships2 and be shall enter into the 
countries of the ,greeks1 and shall     

overflow and pass over4 ,he shall enter 
also into the glorious land1 and many   
countries shall be overthrown2 but these
 shall escape out of his hand1 even     
,edom and ,moab1 and the chief of the   
children ,ammon3 that is1 those to whom 
his ,caravans pay tribute4 ,he shall    
stretch forth his hand also upon the    
countries1 and the land of ,egypt shall 
not escape2 but he shall have power over
 the treasures of gold and silver1 and  
over all the precious things of ,egypt2 
and the ,lybians and ,ethiopians shall  
be at his steps4 ,all these nations     
compose the ,empire of the ,turks1 and  
therefore this ,empire is here to be    
understood by the ,king of the ,north4  
,they compose also the body of the      
,he-,goat2 and therefore the ,goat still
 reigns in his last horn1 but not by his
 own power4  ,notes to ,chap4 ,,xii4  #a
 ,chap4 xi4 #b1 #c1 #d4  #b ,chap4 xi4  
#e4  #c ,chap4 xi4 #f1 #g1 #h4  #d      
,chap4 xi4 #aj1 c4  #e ,chap4 xi4       
#ac-ai4  #f ,chap4 xi4 #bj4  #g ,chap4  

xi4 #ba1 c4  #h #b ,maccab4 iii4 #e1 #h4
  iv4 #d4  #i ,chap4 xi4 #be1 c4  #aj   
,chap4 xi4 #bi1 #cj4  #aa ,chap4 xi4    
#cb1 c4  #ab ,chap4 xi4 #cf1 c4  #ac    
,chap4 xi4 #dj1 c4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,,chap4 ,,xiii4   
,of the ,king who did according to his  
will1 and magnified himself above every 
,god1 and honoured ,mahuzzims1 and      
regarded not the desire of women4  ,in  
the first ages of the ,christian        
religion the ,christians of every city  
were governed by a ,council of          
,presbyters1 and the ,president of the  
,council was the ,bishop of the city4   
,the ,bishop and ,presbyters of one city
 meddled not with the affairs of another
 city1 except by admonitory letters or  
messages4 ,nor did the ,bishops of      
several cities meet together in ,council
 before the time of the ,emperor        
,commodus3 for they could not meet      
together without the leave of the ,roman
 governors of the ,provinces4 ,but in   
the days of that ,emperor they began to 

meet in ,provincial ,councils1 by the   
leave of the governors2 first in ,asia1 
in opposition to the ,cataphrygian      
,heresy1 and soon after in other places 
and upon other occasions4 ,the ,bishop  
of the chief city1 or ,metropolis of the
 ,roman ,province1 was usually made     
,president of the ,council2 and hence   
came the authority of ,metropolitan     
,bishops above that of other ,bishops   
within the same ,province4 ,hence also  
it was that the ,bishop of ,rome in     
,cyprian's days called himself the      
,bishop of ,bishops4 ,as soon as the    
,empire became ,christian1 the ,roman   
,emperors began to call general         
,councils out of all the ,provinces of  
the ,empire2 and by prescribing to them 
what points they should consider1 and   
influencing them by their interest and  
power1 they set up what party they      
pleased4 ,hereby the ,greek ,empire1    
upon the division of the ,roman ,empire 
into the ,greek and ,latin ,empires1    
became the ,king who1 in matters of     

religion1 did according to his will2    
and1 in legislature1 exalted and        
magnified himself above every ,god3 and 
at length1 by the seventh general       
,council1 established the worship of the
 images and souls of dead men1 here     
called ,mahuzzims4  ,the same ,king     
placed holiness in abstinence from      
marriage4 ,eusebius in his              
,ecclesiastical history #a tells us1    
that ,musanus wrote a tract against     
those who fell away to the heresy of the
 ,encratites1 which was then newly      
risen1 and had introduced pernicious    
errors2 and that ,tatian1 the disciple  
of ,justin1 was the author thereof2 and 
that ,irenaeus in his first book against
 heresies teaches this1 writing of      
,tatian and his heresy in these words3  
,a ,saturnino  ,marcione profecti qui   
vocantur ,continentes1 docuerunt non    
contrahendum esse matrimonium2          
reprobantes scilicet primitivum illud   
opificium ,dei1  tacite accusantes ,deum
 qui masculum  faeminam condidit ad     

procreationem generis humani4           
,induxerunt etiam abstinentiam ab esu   
eorum quae animalia appellant1 ingratos 
se exhibentes ergo eum qui universa     
creavit ,deum4 ,negant etiam primi      
hominis salutem4 ,atque hoc nuper apud  
illos excogitatum est1 ,tatiano quodam  
omnium primo hujus impietatis auctore3  
qui ,justini auditor1 quamdiu cum illo  
versatus est1 nihil ejusmodi protulit4  
,post martyrium autem illius1 ab        
,ecclesia se abrumpens1 doctoris        
arrogantia elatus ac tumidus1 tanquam   
praestantior caeteris1 novam quandam    
formam doctrinae conflavit3 ,a,eonas    
invisibiles commentus perinde ac        
,valentinus3 asserens quoque cum        
,saturnino  ,marcione1 matrimonium nihil
 aliud esse quam corruptionem ac        
stuprum3 nova praeterea argumenta ad    
subvertendam ,adami salutem excogitans4 
,haec ,irenaeus de ,haeresi quae tunc   
viguit ,encratitarum4 ,thus far         
,eusebius4 ,but altho the followers of  
,tatian were at first condemned as      

hereticks by the name of ,encratites1 or
 ,continentes2 their principles could   
not be yet quite exploded3 for ,montanus
 refined upon them1 and made only second
 marriages unlawful2 he also introduced 
frequent fastings1 and annual1 fasting  
days1 the keeping of ,lent1 and feeding 
upon dried meats4 ,the ,apostolici1     
about the middle of the third century1  
condemned marriage1 and were a branch of
 the disciples of ,tatian4 ,the         
,hierocitae in ,egypt1 in the latter end
 of the third century1 also condemned   
marriage4 ,paul the ,eremite fled into  
the wilderness from the persecution of  
,decius1 and lived there a solitary life
 till the reign of ,constantine the     
great1 but made no disciples4 ,antony   
did the like in the persecution of      
,dioclesian1 or a little before1 and    
made disciples2 and many others soon    
followed his example4  ,hitherto the    
principles of the ,encratites had been  
rejected by the ,churches2 but now being
 refined by the ,monks1 and imposed not 

upon all men1 but only upon those who   
would voluntarily undertake a monastic  
life1 they began to be admired1 and to  
overflow first the ,greek ,church1 and  
then the ,latin also1 like a torrent4   
,eusebius tells us1 #b that ,constantine
 the great had those men in the highest 
veneration1 who dedicated themselves    
wholly to the divine philosophy2 and    
that he almost venerated the most holy  
company of ,virgins perpetually devoted 
to ,god2 being certain that the ,god to 
whom he had consecrated himself did     
dwell in their minds4 ,in his time and  
that of his sons1 this profession of a  
single life was propagated in ,egypt by 
,antony1 and in ,syria by ,hilarion2 and
 spred so fast1 that soon after the time
 of ,julian the ,apostate a third part  
of the ,egyptians were got into the     
desarts of ,egypt4 ,they lived first    
singly in cells1 then associated into   
coenobia or convents2 and at length came
 into towns1 and filled the ,churches   
with ,bishops1 ,presbyters and ,deacons4

 ,athanasius in his younger days poured 
water upon the hands of his master      
,antony2 and finding the ,monks faithful
 to him1 made many of them ,bishops and 
,presbyters in ,egypt3 and these        
,bishops erected new ,monasteries1 out  
of which they chose ,presbyters of their
 own cities1 and sent ,bishops to       
others4 ,the like was done in ,syria1   
the superstition being quickly          
propagated thither out of ,egypt by     
,hilarion a disciple of ,antony4        
,spiridion and ,epiphanius of ,cyprus1  
,james of ,nisibis1 ,cyril of           
,jerusalem1 ,eustathius of ,sebastia in 
,armenia1 ,eusebius of ,emisa1 ,titus of
 ,bostra1 ,basilius of ,ancyra1 ,acacius
 of ,caesarea in ,palestine1 ,elpidius  
of ,laodicea1 ,melitius and ,flavian of 
,antioch1 ,theodorus of ,tyre1          
,protogenes of ,carrhae1 ,acacius of    
,berrhaea1 ,theodotus of ,hierapolis1   
,eusebius of ,chalcedon1 ,amphilochius  
of ,iconium1 ,gregory ,nazianzen1       
,gregory ,nyssen1 and ,john ,chrysostom 

of ,constantinople1 were both ,bishops  
and ,monks in the fourth century4       
,eustathius1 ,gregory ,nazianzen1       
,gregory ,nyssen1 ,basil1 c4 had        
,monasteries of ,clergymen in their     
cities1 out of which ,bishops were sent 
to other cities2 who in like manner     
erected ,monasteries there1 till the    
,churches were supplied with ,bishops   
out of these ,monasteries4 ,hence       
,jerome1 in a ,letter written about the 
year #che1 #c saith of the ,clergy3     
,quasi  ipsi aliud sint quam ,monachi1  
non quicquid in ,monachos dicitur       
redundet in ,clericos qui patres sunt   
,monachorum4 ,detrimentum pecoris       
pastoris ignominia est4 ,and in his book
 against ,vigilantius3 ,quid facient    
,orientis ,ecclesiae8 ,quae aut         
,virgines ,clericos accipiunt1 aut      
,continentes1 aut si uxores habuerint   
mariti esse desistunt4 ,not long after  
even the ,emperors commanded the        
,churches to chuse ,clergymen out of the
 ,monasteries by this ,law4  ,impp4     

,arcad  ,honor4 ,,aa4 ,caesario ,,pf4   
,p4  #d ,si quos forte ,episcopi deesse 
sibi ,clericos arbitrantur1 ex          
monachorum numero rectius ordinabunt3   
non obnoxios publicis privatisque       
rationibus cum invidia teneant1 sed     
habeant jam probatos4 ,dat4 vii4 ,kal4  
,aug4 ,honorio ,a4 iv4  ,eutychianio    
,coss4 ,a4,c4 #eih4 ,the ,greek ,empire 
being now in the hands of these         
,encratites1 and having them in great   
admiration1 ,daniel makes it a          
characteristick of the ,king who doth   
according to his will1 that he should   
not regard the desire of ,women4  ,thus 
the ,sect of the ,encratites1 set on    
foot by the ,gnosticks1 and propagated  
by ,tatian and ,montanus near the end of
 the second century2 which was condemned
 by the ,churches of that and the third 
century1 and refined upon by their      
followers2 overspread the ,eastern      
,churches in the fourth century1 and    
before the end of it began to overspread
 the ,western4 ,henceforward the        

,christian ,churches having a form of   
godliness1 but denying the power        
thereof1 came into the hands of the     
,encratites3 and the ,heathens1 who in  
the fourth century came over in great   
numbers to the ,christians1 embraced    
more readily this sort of ,christianity1
 as having a greater affinity with their
 old superstitions1 than that of the    
sincere ,christians2 who by the lamps of
 the seven ,churches of ,asia1 and not  
by the lamps of the ,monasteries1 had   
illuminated the ,church ,catholic during
 the three first centuries4  ,the       
,cataphrygians brought in also several  
other superstitions3 such as were the   
doctrine of ,ghosts1 and of their       
punishment in ,purgatory1 with prayers  
and oblations for mitigating that       
punishment1 as ,tertullian teaches in   
his books ,de ,anima and ,de ,monogamia4
 ,they used also the sign of the cross  
as a charm4 ,so ,tertullian in his book 
de ,corona militis3 ,ad omnem progressum
 atque promotum1 ad omnem aditum        

exitum1 ad vestitum1 ad calceatum1 ad   
lavacra1 ad mensas1 ad lamina1 ad       
cubilia1 ad sedilia1 quacunque nos      
conversatio exercet1 frontem crucis     
signaculo terimus4 ,all these           
superstitions the ,apostle refers to1   
where he saith3 ,now the ,spirit        
speaketh expresly1 that in the latter   
times some shall depart from the faith1 
giving heed to seducing spirits1 and    
doctrines of devils1 the ,daemons and   
,ghosts worshipped by the heathens1     
speaking lyes in hypocrisy1 about their 
apparitions1 the miracles done by them1 
their reliques1 and the sign of the     
cross1 having consciences seared with a 
hot iron2 forbidding to marry1 and      
commanding to abstain from meats1 c4 #a 
,tim4 iv4 #a1b1c4 ,from the             
,cataphrygians these principles and     
practices were propagated down to       
posterity4 ,for the mystery of iniquity 
did already work in the ,apostles days  
in the ,gnosticks1 continued to work    
very strongly in their offspring the    

,tatianists and ,cataphrygians1 and was 
to work till that man of sin should be  
revealed2 whose coming is after the     
working of ,satan1 with all power and   
signs1 and lying wonders1 and all       
deceivableness of unrighteousness2      
coloured over with a form of ,christian 
godliness1 but without the power        
thereof1 #b ,thess4 ii4 #g-aj4  ,for tho
 some stop was put to the ,cataphrygian 
,christianity1 by ,provincial ,councils1
 till the fourth century2 yet the ,roman
 ,emperors then turning ,christians1 and
 great multitudes of heathens coming    
over in outward profession1 these found 
the ,cataphrygian ,christianity more    
suitable to their old principles1 of    
placing religion in outward forms and   
ceremonies1 holy-days1 and doctrines of 
,ghosts1 than the religion of the       
sincere ,christians3 wherefore they     
readily sided with the ,cataphrygian    
,christians1 and established that       
,christianity before the end of the     
fourth century4 ,by this means those of 

understanding1 after they had been      
persecuted by the heathen ,emperors in  
the three first centuries1 and were     
holpen with a little help1 by the       
conversion of ,constantine the great and
 his sons to the ,christian religion1   
fell under new persecutions1 to purge   
them from the dissemblers1 and to make  
them white1 even to the time of the end4
  ,notes to ,chap4 ,,xiii4  #a ,lib4 #d4
 c4 #bh1 #bi4  #b ,in vita ,constantini1
 l4 #d4 c4 #bh4  #c ,epist4 #aj4  #d ,l4
 #cb4 de ,episcopis4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,,chap4    
,,xiv4  ,of the ,mahuzzims1 honoured by 
the ,king who doth according to his     
will4  ,in scripture we are told of some
 trusting in ,god and others trusting in
 idols1 and that ,god is our refuge1 our
 strength1 our defense4 ,in this sense  
,god is the rock of his people1 and     
false ,gods are called the rock of those
 that trust in them1 ,deut4 xxxii4 #d1  
#ae1 #ah1 #cj1 #ca1 #cg4 ,in the same   
sense the ,gods of the ,king who shall  

do according to his will are called     
,mahuzzims1 munitions1 fortresses1      
protectors1 guardians1 or defenders4 ,in
 his estate1 saith #a ,daniel1 shall he 
honour ,mahuzzims2 even with a ,god whom
 his fathers knew not1 shall he honour  
them with gold and silver1 and with     
precious stones1 and things of value4   
,thus shall he do in the most strong    
holds or temples2--and he shall cause   
them to rule over many1 and divide the  
land among them for a possession4 ,now  
this came to pass by degrees in the     
following manner4  ,gregory ,nyssen #b  
tells us1 that after the persecution of 
the ,emperor ,decius1 ,gregory ,bishop  
of ,neocaesarea in ,pontus1 instituted  
among all people1 as an addition or     
corollary of devotion towards ,god1 that
 festival days and assemblies should be 
celebrated to them who had contended for
 the faith1 that is1 to the ,martyrs4   
,and he adds this reason for the        
institution3 ,when he observed1 saith   
,nyssen1 that the simple and unskilful  

multitude1 by reason of corporeal       
delights1 remained in the error of      
idols2 that the principal thing might be
 corrected among them1 namely1 that     
instead of their vain worship they might
 turn their eyes upon ,god2 he permitted
 that at the memories of the holy       
,martyrs they might make merry and      
delight themselves1 and be dissolved    
into joy4 ,the heathens were delighted  
with the festivals of their ,gods1 and  
unwilling to part with those delights2  
and therefore ,gregory1 to facilitate   
their conversion1 instituted annual     
festivals to the ,saints and ,martyrs4  
,hence it came to pass1 that for        
exploding the festivals of the heathens1
 the principal festivals of the         
,christians succeeded in their room3 as 
the keeping of ,christmas with ivy and  
feasting1 and playing and sports1 in the
 room of the ,bacchanalia and           
,saturnalia2 the celebrating of ,may-day
 with flowers1 in the room of the       
,floralia2 and the keeping of festivals 

to the ,virgin ,mary1 ,john the         
,baptist1 and divers of the ,apostles1  
in the room of the solemnities at the   
entrance of the ,sun into the signs of  
the ,zodiac in the old ,julian          
,calendar4 ,in the same persecution of  
,decius1 ,cyprian ordered the passions  
of the ,martyrs in ,africa to be        
registred1 in order to celebrate their  
memories annually with oblations and    
sacrifices3 and ,felix ,bishop of ,rome1
 a little after1 as ,platina relates1   
,martyrum gloria consulens1 constituit  
at quotannis sacrificia eorum nomine    
celebrarentur2 consulting the glory of  
the ,martyrs1 ordained that sacrifices  
should be celebrated annually in their  
name4 ,by the pleasures of these        
festivals the ,christians increased much
 in number1 and decreased as much in    
virtue1 until they were purged and made 
white by the persecution of ,dioclesian4
 ,this was the first step made in the   
,christian religion towards the         
veneration of the ,martyrs3 and tho it  

did not yet amount to an unlawful       
worship2 yet it disposed the ,christians
 towards such a further veneration of   
the dead1 as in a short time ended in   
the invocation of ,saints4  ,the next   
step was the affecting to pray at the   
sepulchres of the ,martyrs3 which       
practice began in ,dioclesian's         
persecution4 ,the ,council of ,eliberis 
in ,spain1 celebrated in the third or   
fourth year of ,dioclesian's            
persecution1 ,a4,c4 #cje1 hath these    
,canons4 ,can4 #cd4 ,cereos per diem    
placuit in ,coemeterio non incendi3     
inquietandi enim spiritus sanctorum non 
sunt4 ,qui haec non observarint1        
arceantur ab ,ecclesiae communione4     
,can4 #ce4 ,placuit prohiberi ne        
faeminae in ,coemeterio pervigilent1 eo 
quod saepe sub obtentu orationis        
latenter scelera committant4 ,presently 
after that persecution1 suppose about   
the year #cad1 the ,council of ,laodicea
 in ,phrygia1 which then met for        
restoring the lapsed discipline of the  

,church1 has the following ,canons4     
,can4 #i4 ,those of the ,church are not 
allowed to go into the ,coemeteries or  
,martyries1 as they are called1 of      
hereticks1 for the sake of prayer or    
recovery of health3 but such as go1 if  
they be of the faithful1 shall be       
excommunicated for a time4 ,can4 #cd4 ,a
 ,christian must not leave the ,martyrs 
of ,christ1 and go to false ,martyrs1   
that is1 to the ,martyrs of the         
hereticks2 for these are alien from     
,god3 and therefore let those be        
anathema who go to them4 ,can4 #ea4 ,the
 birth-days of the ,martyrs shall not be
 celebrated in ,lent1 but their         
commemoration shall be made on the      
,sabbath-days and ,lords days4 ,the     
,council of ,paphlagonia1 celebrated in 
the year #cbd1 made this ,canon3 ,if any
 man being arrogant1 abominates the     
congregations of the ,martyrs1 or the   
,liturgies performed therein1 or the    
memories of the ,martyrs1 let him be    
anathema4 ,by all which it is manifest  

that the ,christians in the time of     
,dioclesian's persecution used to pray  
in the ,coemeteries or burying-places of
 the dead2 for avoiding the danger of   
the persecution1 and for want of        
,churches1 which were all thrown down3  
and after the persecution was over1     
continued that practice in honour of the
 ,martyrs1 till new ,churches could be  
built3 and by use affected it as        
advantageous to devotion1 and for       
recovering the health of those that were
 sick4 ,it also appears that in these   
burying-places they commemorated the    
,martyrs yearly upon days dedicated to  
them1 and accounted all these practices 
pious and religious1 and anathematized  
those men as arrogant who opposed them1 
or prayed in the ,martyries of the      
hereticks4 ,they also lighted torches to
 the ,martyrs in the day-time1 as the   
heathens did to their ,gods2 which      
custom1 before the end of the fourth    
century1 prevailed much in the ,west4   
,they sprinkled the worshipers of the   

,martyrs with holy-water1 as the        
heathens did the worshipers of their    
,gods2 and went in pilgrimage to see    
,jerusalem and other holy places1 as if 
those places conferred sanctity on the  
visiters4 ,from the custom of praying in
 the ,coemeteries and ,martyries1 came  
the custom of translating the bodies of 
the ,saints and ,martyrs into such      
,churches as were new built3 the        
,emperor ,constantius began this        
practice about the year #cei1 causing   
the bodies of ,andrew the ,apostle1     
,luke and ,timothy1 to be translated    
into a new ,church at ,constantinople3  
and before this act of ,constantius1 the
 ,egyptians kept the bodies of their    
,martyrs and ,saints unburied upon beds 
in their private houses1 and told       
stories of their souls appearing after  
death and ascending up to heaven1 as    
,athanasius relates in the life of      
,antony4 ,all which gave occasion to the
 ,emperor ,julian1 as ,cyril relates1 to
 accuse the ,christians in this manner3 

,your adding to that antient dead man1  
,jesus1 many new dead men1 who can      
sufficiently abominate8 ,you have filled
 all places with sepulchres and         
monuments1 altho you are no where bidden
 to prostrate yourselves to sepulchres1 
and to respect them officiously4 ,and a 
little after3 ,since ,jesus said that   
sepulchres are full of filthiness1 how  
do you invoke ,god upon them8 and in    
another place he saith1 that if         
,christians had adhered to the precepts 
of the ,hebrews1 they would have        
worshiped one ,god instead of many1 and 
not a man1 or rather not many unhappy   
men3 ,and that they adored the wood of  
the cross1 making its images on their   
foreheads1 and before their houses4     
,after the sepulchres of ,saints and    
,martyrs were thus converted into places
 of worship like the heathen temples1   
and the ,churches into sepulchres1 and a
 certain sort of sanctity attributed to 
the dead bodies of the ,saints and      
,martyrs buried in them1 and annual     

festivals were kept to them1 with       
sacrifices offered to ,god in their     
name2 the next step towards the         
invocation of ,saints1 was the          
attributing to their dead bodies1 bones 
and other reliques1 a power of working  
miracles1 by means of the separate      
souls1 who were supposed to know what we
 do or say1 and to be able to do us good
 or hurt1 and to work those miracles4   
,this was the very notion the heathens  
had of the separate souls of their      
antient ,kings and ,heroes1 whom they   
worshiped under the names of ,saturn1   
,rhea1 ,jupiter1 ,juno1 ,mars1 ,venus1  
,bacchus1 ,ceres1 ,osiris1 ,isis1       
,apollo1 ,diana1 and the rest of their  
,gods4 ,for these ,gods being male and  
female1 husband and wife1 son and       
daughter1 brother and sister1 are       
thereby discovered to be antient men and
 women4 ,now as the first step towards  
the invocation of ,saints was set on    
foot by the persecution of ,decius1 and 
the second by the persecution of        

,dioclesian2 so this third seems to have
 been owing to the proceedings of       
,constantius and ,julian the ,apostate4 
,when ,julian began to restore the      
worship of the heathen ,gods1 and to    
vilify the ,saints and ,martyrs2 the    
,christians of ,syria and ,egypt seem to
 have made a great noise about the      
miracles done by the reliques of the    
,christian ,saints and ,martyrs1 in     
opposition to the powers attributed by  
,julian and the heathens to their       
,idols4 ,for ,sozomen and ,ruffinus tell
 us1 that when he opened the heathen    
,temples1 and consulted the ,oracle of  
,apollo ,daphnaeus in the suburbs of    
,antioch1 and pressed by many sacrifices
 for an answer2 the ,oracle at length   
told him that the bones of the ,martyr  
,babylas which were buried there        
hinder'd him from speaking4 ,by which   
answer we may understand1 that some     
,christian was got into the place where 
the heathen ,priests used to speak thro'
 a pipe in delivering their ,oracles3   

and before this1 ,hilary in his book    
against ,constantius1 written in the    
last year of that ,emperor1 makes the   
following mention of what was then doing
 in the ,east where he was4 ,sine       
martyrio persequeris4 ,plus crudelitati 
vestrae ,nero1 ,deci1 ,maximiane1       
debemus4 ,diabolum enim per vos vicimus4
 ,sanctus ubique beatorum martyrum      
sanguis exceptus est1 dum in his        
,daemones mugiunt1 dum aegritudines     
depelluntur1 dum miraculorum opera      
cernuntur1 elevari sine laqueis corpora1
  dispensis pede faeminis vestes non    
defluere in faciem1 uri sine ignibus    
spiritus1 confiteri sine interrogantis  
incremento fidei4 ,and ,gregory         
,nazianzen1 in his first ,oration       
against the ,emperor ,julian then       
reigning1 writes thus3 ,martyres non    
extimuisti quibus praeclari honores     
festa constituta1 a quibus ,daemones    
propelluntur  morbi curantur2 quorum    
sunt apparitiones  praedictiones2 quorum
 vel sola corpora idem possunt quod     

animae sanctae1 sive manibus            
contrectentur1 sive honorentur3 quorum  
vel solae sanguinis guttae atque exigua 
passionis signa idem possunt quod       
corpora4 ,haec non colis sed contemnis  
aspernaris4 ,these things made the      
heathens in the reign of the same       
,emperor demolish the sepulchre of ,john
 the ,baptist in ,phoenicia1 and burn   
his bones2 when several ,christians     
mixing themselves with the heathens1    
gathered up some of his remains1 which  
were sent to ,athanasius1 who hid them  
in the wall of a ,church2 foreseeing by 
a prophetic spirit1 as ,ruffinus tells  
us1 that they might be profitable to    
future generations4  ,the cry of these  
miracles being once set on foot1        
continued for many years1 and encreased 
and grew more general4 ,chrysostom1 in  
his second ,oration on ,st4 ,babylas1   
twenty years after the silencing of the 
,oracle of ,apollo ,daphnaeus as above1 
viz4 ,a4,c4 #chb1 saith of the miracles 
done by the ,saints and their reliques  

#c3 ,nulla est nostri hujus ,orbis seu  
regio1 seu gens1 seu urbs1 ubi nova     
inopinata miracula haec non decantentur2
 quae quidem si figmenta fuissent1      
prorsus in tantam hominum admirationem  
non venissent4 ,and a little after3     
,abunde orationi nostrae fidem faciunt  
quae quotidiana a martyribus miracula   
eduntur1 magna affatim ad illa hominum  
multitudine affluente4 ,and in his #ffth
 ,homily1 describing how the ,devils    
were tormented and cast out by the bones
 of the ,martyrs1 he adds3 ,ob eam      
causam multi plerumque ,reges peregre   
profecti sunt1 ut hoc spectaculo        
fruerentur4 ,siquidem sanctorum martyrum
 templa futuri judicii vestigia  signa  
exhibent1 dum nimirum ,daemones flagris 
caeduntur1 hominesque torquentur        
liberantur4 ,vide quae sanctorum vita   
functorum vis sit8 ,and ,jerom in his   
,epitaph on ,paula1 thus #d mentions the
 same things4 ,paula vidit ,samariam3   
ibi siti sunt ,elisaeus  ,abdias        
prophetae1  ,joannes ,baptista1 ubi     

multis intremuit consternata miraculis4 
,nam cernebat variis daemones rugire    
cruciatibus1  ante sepulchra sanctorum  
ululare1 homines more luporum vocibus   
latrare canum1 fremere leonum1 sibilare 
serpentum1 mugire taurorum1 alios rotare
 caput  post tergum terram vertice      
tangere1 suspensisque pede faeminis     
vestes non defluere in faciem4 ,this was
 about the year #chd3 and ,chrysostom in
 his ,oration on the ,egyptian ,martyrs1
 seems to make ,egypt the ringleader in 
these matters1 saying #e3 ,benedictus   
,deus quandoquidem ex ,a,egypto prodeunt
 martyres1 ex ,a,egypto illa cum ,deo   
pugnante ac insanissima1  unde impia    
ora1 unde linguae blasphemae2 ex        
,a,egypto martyres habentur2 non in     
,a,egypto tantum1 nec in finitima       
vicinaque regione1 sed ,,ubique         
,,terrarum4 ,et quemadmodum in annonae  
summa ubertate1 cum viderunt urbium     
incolae majorem quam usus habitatorum   
postulat esse proventum1 ad peregrinas  
etiam urbes transmittunt3 cum  suam     

comitatem  liberalitatem ostendant1 tum 
ut praeter horum abundantiam cum        
facilitate res quibus indigent rursus ab
 illis sibi comparent3 sic  ,a,egyptii1 
quod attinet ad religionis athletas1    
fecerunt4 ,cum apud se multam eorum ,dei
 benignitate copiam cernerent1 nequaquam
 ingens ,dei munus sua civitate         
concluserunt1 sed in ,,omnes ,,terrae   
,,partes bonorum thesauros effuderunt3  
cum ut suum in fratres amorem           
ostenderent1 tum ut communem omnium     
dominum honore afficerent1 ac civitati  
suae gloriam apud omnes compararent1    
totiusque terrarum ,,orbis esse         
,,metropolin declararent4--,sanctorum   
enim illorum corpora quovis adamantino  
inexpugnabili muro tutius nobis urbem   
communiunt1  tanquam excelsi quidam     
scopuli undique prominentes1 non horum  
qui sub sensus cadunt  oculis cernuntur 
hostium impetus propulsant tantum1 sed  
etiam invisibilium daemonum insidias1   
omnesque diaboli fraudes subvertunt ac  
dissipant4--,neque vero tantum adversus 

hominum insidias aut adversus fallacias 
daemonum utilis nobis est haec          
possessio1 sed si nobis communis dominus
 ob peccatorum multitudinem irascatur1  
his objectis corporibus continuo        
poterimus eum propitium reddere         
civitati4 ,this ,oration was written at 
,antioch1 while ,alexandria was yet the 
,metropolis of the ,east1 that is1      
before the year #cha1 in which          
,constantinople became the ,metropolis3 
and it was a work of some years for the 
,egyptians to have distributed the      
miracle-working reliques of their       
,martyrs over all the world1 as they had
 done before that year4 ,egypt abounded 
most with the reliques of ,saints and   
,martyrs1 the ,egyptians keeping them   
embalmed upon beds even in their private
 houses2 and ,alexandria was eminent    
above all other cities for dispersing   
them1 so as on that account to acquire  
glory with all men1 and manifest herself
 to be the ,metropolis of the world4    
,antioch followed the example of ,egypt1

 in dispersing the reliques of the forty
 ,martyrs3 and the examples of ,egypt   
and ,syria were soon followed by the    
rest of the world4  ,the reliques of the
 forty ,martyrs at ,antioch were        
distributed among the ,churches before  
the year #cgc2 for ,athanasius who died 
in that year1 wrote an ,oration upon    
them4 ,this ,oration is not yet         
published1 but ,gerard ,vossius saw it  
in ,,ms4 in the ,library of ,cardinal   
,ascanius in ,italy1 as he says in his  
commentary upon the ,oration of ,ephraem
 ,syrus on the same forty ,martyrs4 ,now
 since the ,monks of ,alexandria sent   
the reliques of the ,martyrs of ,egypt  
into all parts of the earth1 and thereby
 acquired glory to their city1 and      
declared her in these matters the       
,metropolis of the whole world1 as we   
have observed out of ,chrysostom2 it may
 be concluded1 that before ,alexandria  
received the forty ,martyrs from        
,antioch1 she began to send out the     
reliques of her own ,martyrs into all   

parts1 setting the first example to     
other cities4 ,this practice therefore  
began in ,egypt some years before the   
death of ,athanasius4 ,it began when the
 miracle-working bones of ,john the     
,baptist were carried into ,egypt1 and  
hid in the wall of a ,church1 that they 
might be profitable to future           
generations4 ,it was restrained in the  
reign of ,julian the ,apostate3 and then
 it spred from ,egypt into all the      
,empire1 ,alexandria being the          
,metropolis of the whole world1         
according to ,chrysostom1 for           
propagating this sort of devotion1 and  
,antioch and other cities soon following
 her example4  ,in propagating these    
superstitions1 the ring-leaders were the
 ,monks1 and ,antony was at the head of 
them3 for in the end of the life of     
,antony1 ,athanasius relates that these 
were his dying words to his disciples   
who then attended him4 ,do you take     
care1 said ,antony1 to adhere to ,christ
 in the first place1 and then to the    

,saints1 that after death they may      
receive you as friends and acquaintance 
into the everlasting tabernacles1 ,think
 upon these things1 perceive these      
things2 and if you have any regard to   
me1 remember me as a father4 ,this being
 delivered in charge to the ,monks by   
,antony at his death1 ,a4,c4 #cef1 could
 not but inflame their whole body with  
devotion towards the ,saints1 as the    
ready way to be received1 by them into  
the eternal ,tabernacles after death4   
,hence came that noise about the        
miracles1 done by the reliques of the   
,saints in the time of ,constantius3    
hence came the dispersion of the        
miracle-working reliques into all the   
,empire2 ,alexandria setting the        
example1 and being renowned1 for it     
above all other cities4 ,hence it came  
to pass in the days of ,julian1 ,a4,c4  
#cfb1 that ,athanasius by a prophetic   
spirit1 as ,ruffinus tells us1 hid the  
bones of ,john the ,baptist from the    
,heathens1 not in the ground to be      

forgotten1 but in the hollow wall of a  
,church before proper witnesses1 that   
they might be profitable to future      
generations4 ,hence also came the       
invocation of the ,saints for doing such
 miracles1 and for assisting men in     
their devotions1 and mediating with     
,god4 ,for ,athanasius1 even from his   
youth1 looked upon the dead ,saints and 
,martyrs as mediators of our prayers3 in
 his ,epistle to ,marcellinus1 written  
in the days of ,constantine the great1  
he saith that the words of the ,psalms  
are not to be transposed or any wise    
changed1 but to be recited and sung     
without any artifice1 as they are       
written1 that the holy men who delivered
 them1 knowing them to be their own     
words1 may pray with us2 or rather1 that
 the ,holy ,ghost who spake in the holy 
men1 seeing his own words with which he 
inspired them1 may join with them in    
assisting us4  ,whilst ,egypt abounded  
with ,monks above any other country1 the
 veneration of the ,saints began sooner1

 and spred faster there than in other   
places4 ,palladius going into ,egypt in 
the year #chh to visit the ,monasteries1
 and the sepulchres of ,apollonius and  
other ,martyrs of ,thebais who had      
suffered under ,maximinus1 saith of     
them3 ,iis omnibus ,christiani fecerunt 
aedem unam1 ubi nunc multae virtutes    
peraguntur4 ,tanta autem fuit viri      
gratia1 ut de iis quae esset precatus   
statim exaudiretur1 eum sic honorante   
servatore3 quem etiam nos in martyrio   
precati vidimus1 cum iis qui cum ipso   
fuerunt martyrio affecti2  ,deum        
adorantes1 eorum corpora salutavimus4   
,eunapius also1 a heathen1 yet a        
competent witness of what was done in   
his own times1 relating how the soldiers
 delivered the temples of ,egypt into   
the hands of the ,monks1 which was done 
in the year #chi1 rails thus in an      
impious manner at the ,martyrs1 as      
succeeding in the room of the old ,gods 
of ,egypt4 ,illi ipsi1 milites1         
,monachos ,canobi quoque collocarunt1 ut

 pro ,diis qui animo cernuntur1 servos  
quidem flagitiosos divinis honoribus    
percolerent1 hominum mentibus ad cultum 
ceremoniasque obligatis4 ,ii namque     
condita  salita eorum capita1 qui ob    
scelerum multitudinem a judicibus       
extremo judicio fuerant affecti1 pro    
,divis ostentabant2 iis genua           
submittebant1 eos in ,deorum numerum    
receptabant1 ad illorum sepulchra       
pulvere sordibusque conspurcati4        
,martyres igitur vocabantur1  ministri  
quidem  legati arbitrique precum apud   
,deos2 cum fuerint servilia infida      
flagris pessime subacta1 quae cicatrices
 scelerum ac nequitiae vestigia         
corporibus circumferunt2 ejusmodi tamen 
,deos fert tellus4 ,by these instances  
we may understand the invocation of     
,saints was now of some standing in     
,egypt1 and that it was already         
generally received and practised there  
by the common people4  ,thus ,basil a   
,monk1 who was made ,bishop of ,caesarea
 in the year #cfi1 and died in the year 

#cgh1 in his ,oration on the ,martyr    
,mamas1 saith3 ,be ye mindful of the    
,martyr2 as many of you as have enjoyed 
him in your dreams1 as many as in this  
place have been assisted by him in      
prayer1 as many of you as upon invoking 
him by name have had him present in your
 works1 as many as he has reduced into  
the way from wandering1 as many as he   
has restored to health1 as1 many as have
 had their dead children restored by him
 to life1 as many as have had their     
lives prolonged by him3 and a little    
after1 he thus expresses the            
universality of this superstition in the
 regions of ,cappadocia and ,bithynia3  
,at the memory of the ,martyr1 saith he1
 the whole region is moved2 at his      
festival the whole city is transported  
with joy4 ,nor do the kindred of the    
rich turn aside to the sepulchres of    
their ancestors1 but all go to the place
 of devotion4 ,again1 in the end of the 
,homily he prays1 that ,god would       
preserve the ,church1 thus fortified    

with the great towers of the ,martyrs3  
and in his ,oration on the forty        
,martyrs2 ,these are they1 saith he1 who
 obtaining our country1 like certain    
towers afford us safety against our     
enemies4 ,neither are they shut up in   
one place only1 but being distributed   
are sent into many regions1 and adorn   
many countries4--,you have often        
endeavoured1 you have often laboured to 
find one who might pray for you3 here   
are forty1 emitting one voice of        
prayer4--,he that is in affliction flies
 to these1 he that rejoices has recourse
 to these3 the first1 that he may be    
freed from evil1 the last that he may   
continue in happiness4 ,here a woman    
praying for her children is heard2 she  
obtains a safe return for her husband   
from abroad1 and health for him in his  
sickness4--,o ye common keepers of      
mankind1 the best companions of our     
cares1 suffragans and coadjutors of our 
prayers1 most powerful embassadors to   
,god1 c4 ,by all which it is manifest1  

that before the year #cgh1 the ,orations
 and ,sermons upon the ,saints went much
 beyond the bounds of mere oratorical   
flourishes1 and that the common people  
in the ,east were already generally     
corrupted by the ,monks with            
,saint-worship4  ,gregory ,nazianzen a  
,monk1 in his sixth ,oration written    
,a4,c4 #cgc1 when he was newly made     
,bishop of ,sasima1 saith3 ,let us      
purify ourselves to the ,martyrs1 or    
rather to the ,god of the ,martyrs3 and 
a little after he calls the ,martyrs    
mediators of obtaining an ascension or  
divinity4 ,the same year1 in the end of 
his ,oration upon ,athanasius then newly
 dead1 he thus invokes him3 ,do thou    
look down upon us propitiously1 and     
govern this people1 as perfect adorers  
of the perfect ,trinity1 which in the   
,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 is     
contemplated and worshiped3 if there    
shall be peace1 preserve me1 and feed my
 flock with me2 but if war1 bring me    
home1 place me by thyself1 and by those 

that are like thee2 however great my    
request4 ,and in the end of the funeral 
,oration upon ,basil1 written ,a4,c4    
#cgh1 he thus addresses him3 ,but thou1 
,o divine and sacred ,head1 look down   
upon us from heaven2 and by thy prayers 
either take away that thorn of the flesh
 which is given us by ,god for exercise1
 or obtain that we may bear it with     
courage1 and direct all our life to that
 which is most fitting for us4 ,when we 
depart this life1 receive us there in   
your ,tabernacles1 that living together 
and beholding the holy and blessed      
,trinity more purely and perfectly1     
whereof we have now but an imperfect    
view1 we may there come to the end of   
our desires1 and receive this reward of 
the wars which we have waged or         
suffered3 and in his ,oration upon      
,cyprian1 not the ,bishop of ,carthage1 
but a ,greek1 he invokes him after the  
same manner2 and tells us also how a    
pious ,virgin named ,justina1 was       
protected by invoking the ,virgin ,mary1

 and how miracles were done by the ashes
 of ,cyprian4  ,gregory ,nyssen1 another
 eminent ,monk and ,bishop1 in the life 
of ,ephraem ,syrus1 tells how a certain 
man returning from a far country1 was in
 great danger1 by reason all the ways   
were intercepted by the armies of       
barbarous nations2 but upon invoking    
,ephraem by name1 and saying1 ,holy     
,ephraem assist me1 he escaped the      
danger1 neglected the fear of death1 and
 beyond his hope got safe home4 ,in the 
end of this ,oration ,gregory calls upon
 ,ephraem after the following manner3   
,but thou1 ,o ,ephraem1 assisting now at
 the divine altar1 and sacrificing to   
the ,prince of life1 and to the most    
holy ,trinity1 together with the        
,angels2 remember us all1 and obtain for
 us pardon of our sins1 that we may     
enjoy the eternal happiness of the      
kingdom of heaven4 ,the same ,gregory1  
in his ,oration on the ,martyr          
,theodorus written ,a4,c4 #cha1 thus    
describes the power of that ,martyr1 and

 the practice of the people4 ,this      
,martyr1 saith he1 the last year quieted
 the barbarous tempest1 and put a stop  
to the horrid war of the fierce and     
cruel ,scythians4--,if any one is       
permitted to carry away the dust with   
which the tomb is covered1 wherein the  
body of the ,martyr rests2 the dust is  
accepted as a gift1 and gathered to be  
laid up as a thing of great price4 ,for 
to touch the reliques themselves1 if any
 such prosperous fortune shall at any   
time happen2 how great a favour that is1
 and not to be obtained without the most
 earnest prayers1 they know well who    
have obtained it4 ,for as a living and  
florid body1 they who behold it embrace 
it1 applying to it the eyes1 mouth1     
ears1 and all the organs of sense2 and  
then with affection pouring tears upon  
the ,martyr1 as if he was whole and     
appeared to them3 they offer prayers    
with supplication1 that he would        
intercede for them as an advocate1      
praying to him as an ,officer attending 

upon ,god1 and invoking him as receiving
 gifts whenever he will4 ,at length     
,gregory concludes the ,oration with    
this prayer3 ,o ,theodorus1 we want many
 blessings2 intercede and beseech for   
thy country before the common ,king and 
,lord3 for the country of the ,martyr is
 the place of his passion1 and they are 
his citizens1 brethren and kindred1 who 
have him1 defend1 adorn and honour him4 
,we fear afflictions1 we expect dangers3
 the wicked ,scythians are not far off1 
ready to make war against us4 ,as a     
soldier fight for us1 as a ,martyr use  
liberty of speech for thy               
fellow-servants4 ,pray for peace1 that  
these publick meetings may not cease1   
that the furious and wicked barbarian   
may not rage against the temples and    
altars1 that the profane and impious may
 not trample upon the holy things4 ,we  
acknowledge it a benefit received from  
thee1 that we are preserved safe and    
entire1 we pray for freedom from danger 
in time to come3 and if there shall be  

need of greater intercession and        
deprecation1 call together the choir of 
thy brethren the ,martyrs1 and in       
conjunction with them all intercede for 
us4 ,let the prayers of many just ones  
attone for the sins of the multitudes   
and the people2 exhort ,peter1 excite   
,paul1 and also ,john the divine and    
beloved disciple1 that they may be      
sollicitous for the ,churches which they
 have erected1 for which they have been 
in chains1 for which they have undergone
 dangers and deaths2 that the worship of
 idols may not lift up its head against 
us1 that heresies may not spring up like
 thorns in the vineyard1 that tares     
grown up may not choak the wheat1 that  
no rock void of the fatness of true dew 
may be against us1 and render the       
fruitful power of the word void of a    
root2 but by the power of the prayers of
 thyself and thy companions1 ,o         
admirable man and eminent among the     
,martyrs1 the commonwealth of           
,christians may become a field of corn4 

,the same ,gregory ,nyssen1 in his      
sermon upon the death of ,meletius      
,bishop of ,antioch1 preached at        
,constantinople the same year1 ,a4,c4   
#cha1 before the ,bishops of all the    
,east assembled in the second general   
,council1 spake thus of ,meletius4 ,the 
,bridegroom1 saith he1 is not taken from
 us3 he stands in the midst of us1 tho  
we do not see him3 he is a ,priest in   
the most inward places1 and face to face
 intercedes before ,god for us and the  
sins of the people4 ,this was no        
oratorical flourish1 but ,gregory's real
 opinion1 as may be understood by what  
we have cited out of him concerning     
,ephraem and ,theodorus3 and as ,gregory
 preached this before the ,council of   
,constantinople1 you may thence know1   
saith #f ,baronius1 that he professed   
what the whole ,council1 and therewith  
the whole ,church of those parts        
believed1 namely1 that the ,saints in   
heaven offer prayers for us before ,god4
  ,ephraem ,syrus1 another eminent      

,monk1 who was contemporary with ,basil1
 and died the same year2 in the end of  
his ,encomium or ,oration upon ,basil   
then newly dead1 invokes him after this 
manner3 ,intercede for me1 a very       
miserable man2 and recal me by thy      
intercessions1 ,o father2 thou who art  
strong1 pray for me who am weak2 thou   
who art diligent1 for me who am         
negligent2 thou who art chearful1 for me
 who am heavy2 thou who art wise1 for me
 who am foolish4 ,thou who hast         
treasured up a treasure of all virtues1 
be a guide to me who am empty of every  
good work4 ,in the beginning of his     
,encomium upon the forty ,martyrs1      
written at the same time1 he thus       
invokes them3 ,help me therefore1 ,o ye 
,saints1 with your intercession2 and ,o 
ye beloved1 with your holy prayers1 that
 ,christ by his grace may direct my     
tongue to speak1 c4 and afterwards      
mentioning the mother of one of these   
forty ,martyrs1 he concludes the        
,oration with this prayer3 ,i entreat   

thee1 ,o holy1 faithful1 and blessed    
woman1 pray for me to the ,saints1      
saying2 ,intercede ye that triumph in   
,christ1 for the most little and        
miserable ,ephraem1 that he may find    
mercy1 and by the grace of ,christ may  
be saved4 ,again1 in his second ,sermon 
or ,oration on the praises of the holy  
,martyrs of ,christ1 he thus addresses  
them3 ,we entreat you most holy         
,martyrs1 to intercede with the ,lord   
for us miserable sinners1 beset with the
 filthiness of negligence1 that he would
 infuse his divine grace into us3 and   
afterwards1 near the end of the same    
discourse2 ,now ye most holy men and    
glorious ,martyrs of ,god1 help me a    
miserable sinner with your prayers1 that
 in that dreadful hour ,i may obtain    
mercy1 when the secrets of all hearts   
shall be made manifest4 ,i am to day    
become to you1 most holy ,martyrs of    
,christ1 as it were an unprofitable and 
unskilful cup-bearer3 for ,i have       
delivered to the sons and brothers of   

your faith1 a cup of the excellent wine 
of your warfare1 with the excellent     
table of your victory1 replenished with 
all sorts of dainties4 ,i have          
endeavoured1 with the whole affection   
and desire of my mind1 to recreate your 
fathers and brothers1 kindred and       
relations1 who daily frequent the table4
 ,for behold they sing1 and with        
exultation and jubilee glorify ,god1 who
 has crown'd your virtues1 by setting on
 your most sacred heads incorruptible   
and celestial crowns2 they with         
excessive joy stand about the sacred    
reliques of your martyrdoms1 wishing for
 a blessing1 and desiring to bear away  
holy medicines both for the body and the
 mind4 ,as good disciples and faithful  
ministers of our benign ,lord and       
,saviour1 bestow therefore a blessing on
 them all3 and on me also1 tho weak and 
feeble1 who having received strength by 
your merits and intercessions1 have with
 the whole devotion of my mind1 sung a  
hymn to your praise and glory before    

your holy reliques4 ,wherefore ,i       
beseech you stand before the throne of  
the divine ,majesty for me ,ephraem1 a  
vile and miserable sinner1 that by your 
prayers ,i may deserve to obtain        
salvation1 and with you enjoy eternal   
felicity by the grace and benignity and 
mercy of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus  
,christ1 to whom with the ,father and   
,holy ,ghost be praise1 honour and glory
 for ever and ever4 ,amen4  ,by what has
 been cited out of ,basil1 the two      
,gregories and ,ephraem1 we may         
understand that ,saint-worship was      
established among the ,monks and their  
admirers in ,egypt1 ,phoenicia1 ,syria  
and ,cappadocia1 before the year #cgh1  
this being the year in which ,basil and 
,ephraem died4 ,chrysostom was not much 
later2 he preached at ,antioch almost   
all the time of ,theodosius the great1  
and in his ,sermons are many            
exhortations to this sort of            
superstition1 as may be seen in the end 
of his ,orations on ,s4 ,julia1 on ,st4 

,pelagia1 on the ,martyr ,ignatius1 on  
the ,egyptian ,martyrs1 on ,fate and    
,providence1 on the ,martyrs in general1
 on ,st4 ,berenice and ,st4 ,prosdoce1  
on ,juventinus and ,maximus1 on the name
 of ,coemetery1 c4 ,thus in his ,sermon 
on ,berenice and ,prosdoce3 ,perhaps1   
saith he1 you are inflamed with no small
 love towards these ,martyrs2 therefore 
with this ardour let us fall down before
 their reliques1 let us embrace their   
coffins4 ,for the coffins of the        
,martyrs have great virtue1 even as the 
bones of the ,martyrs have great power4 
,nor let us only on the day of this     
festival1 but also on other days apply  
to them1 invoke them1 and beseech them  
to be our patrons3 for they have great  
power and efficacy1 not only whilst     
alive1 but also after death2 and much   
more after death than before4 ,for now  
they bear the marks or brands of        
,christ2 and when they shew these marks1
 they can obtain all things of the      
,king4 ,seeing therefore they abound    

with such efficacy1 and have so much    
friendship with him2 we also1 when by   
continual attendance and perpetual      
visitation of them we have insinuated   
ourselves into their familiarity1 may by
 their assistance obtain the mercy of   
,god4  ,constantinople was free from    
these superstitions till ,gregory       
,nazianzen came thither ,a4,d4 #cgi2 but
 in a few years it was also inflamed    
with it4 ,ruffinus #g tells us1 that    
when the ,emperor ,theodosius was       
setting out against the tyrant          
,eugenius1 which was in the year #cid1  
he went about with the ,priests and     
people to all the places of prayer2 lay 
prostrate in haircloth before the       
shrines of the ,martyrs and ,apostles1  
and pray'd for assistance by the        
intercession of the ,saints4 ,sozomen #h
 adds1 that when the ,emperor was       
marched seven miles from ,constantinople
 against ,eugenius1 he went into a      
,church which he had built to ,john the 
,baptist1 and invoked the ,baptist for  

his assistance4 ,chrysostom #i says3 ,he
 that is clothed in purple1 approaches  
to embrace these sepulchres2 and laying 
aside his dignity1 stands supplicating  
the ,saints to intercede for him with   
,god3 and he who goes crowned with a    
diadem1 offers his prayers to the       
tent-maker and the fisher-man as his    
,protestors4 ,and in #aj another place3 
,the cities run together to the         
sepulchres of the ,martyrs1 and the     
people are inflamed with the love of    
them4  ,this practice of sending        
reliques from place to place for working
 miracles1 and thereby inflaming the    
devotion of the nations towards the dead
 ,saints and their reliques1 and setting
 up the religion of invoking their      
souls1 lasted only till the middle of   
the reign of the ,emperor ,theodosius   
the great2 for he then prohibited it by 
the following ,edict4 ,humatum corpus1  
nemo ad alterum locum transferat2 nemo  
,martyrem distrahat1 nemo mercetur3     
,habeant vero in potestate1 si quolibet 

in loco sanctorum est aliquis conditus1 
pro ejus veneratione1 quod ,martyrium   
vocandum sit1 addant quod voluerint     
fabricarum4 ,dat4 iv4 ,kal4 ,mart4      
,constantinopoli1 ,honorio nob4 puero   
,euodio ,coss4 ,a4,c4 #chf4 ,after this 
they filled the fields and high-ways    
with altars erected to ,martyrs1 which  
they pretended to discover by dreams and
 revelations3 and this occasioned the   
making the fourteenth ,canon of the     
fifth ,council of ,carthage1 ,a4,c4     
#cih4 ,item placuit1 ut altaria1 quae   
passim per agros aut vias1 tanquam      
memoriae ,martyrum constituuntur1 in    
quibus nullum corpus aut reliquiae      
,martyrum conditae probantur1 ab        
,episcopis1 qui illis locis praesunt1 si
 fieri potest1 evertantur4 ,si autem hoc
 propter tumultus populares non sinitur1
 plebes tamen admoneantur1 ne illa loca 
frequentent1 ut qui recte sapiunt1 nulla
 ibi superstitione devincti teneantur4  
,et omnino nulla memoria ,martyrum      
probabiliter acceptetur1 nisi aut ibi   

corpus aut aliquae certae reliquiae     
sint1 aut ubi origo alicujus            
habitationis1 vel possessionis1 vel     
passionis fidelissima origine traditur4 
,nam quae per somnia1  per inanes quasi 
revelationes quorumlibet hominum ubique 
constituuntur altaria1 omnimode         
reprobentur4 ,these altars were for     
invoking the ,saints or ,martyrs buried 
or pretended to be buried under them4   
,first they filled the ,churches in all 
places with the reliques or pretended   
reliques of the ,martyrs1 for invoking  
them in the ,churches2 and then they    
filled the fields and high-ways with    
altars1 for invoking them every where3  
and this new religion was set up by the 
,monks in all the ,greek ,empire before 
the expedition of the ,emperor          
,theodosius against ,eugenius1 and ,i   
think before his above-mentioned ,edict1
 ,a4,c4 #chf4  ,the same religion of    
worshiping ,mahuzzims quickly spred into
 the ,western ,empire also3 but ,daniel 
in this ,prophecy describes chiefly the 

things done among the nations           
comprehended in the body of his third   
,beast4  ,notes to ,chap4 ,,xiv4  #a    
,chap4 xi4 #ch1 #ci  #b ,orat4 de vita  
,greg4 ,thaumaturg4 ,t4 #c4 p4 #egd4  #c
 ,vide ,hom4 #dg4 in4 ,s4 ,julian4  #d  
,epist4 #bg4 ad ,eustochium4  #e ,edit4 
,frontonis ,ducaei1 ,tom4 #a4  #f ,ad4  
an4 #cha1 ,sect4 #da4  #g ,hist4 ,eccl4 
l4 #b4 c4 #bc4  #h ,l4 #d4 c4 #bd4  #i  
,hom4 #ff4 ad4 populum1 circa finem4    
,hom4 #h1 #bg4 in ,matth4 ,hom4 #db1    
#dc4 in ,gen4 ,hom4 #a4 in #a ,thess4   
#aj ,exposit4 in ,psal4 #aad4 sub finem4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,the end of the first ,part4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,part ,,ii4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,observations    
,,upon ,,the ,,apocalypse ,,of ,st4     
,,john4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,,chap4 ,i4  ,introduction1
 concerning the time when the           
,apocalypse was written4  ,irenaeus     
introduced an opinion that the          

,apocalypse was written in the time of  
,domitian2 but then he also postponed   
the writing of some others of the sacred
 books1 and was to place the ,apocalypse
 after them3 he might perhaps have heard
 from his master ,polycarp that he had  
received this book from ,john about the 
time of ,domitian's death2 or indeed    
,john might himself at that time have   
made a new publication of it1 from      
whence ,irenaeus might imagine it was   
then but newly written4 ,eusebius in his
 ,chronicle and ,ecclesiastical ,history
 follows ,irenoeus2 but afterwards #a in
 his ,evangelical ,demonstrations1 he   
conjoins the banishment of ,john into   
,patmos1 with the deaths of ,peter and  
,paul3 and so do #b ,tertullian and     
,pseudo-,prochorus1 as well as the first
 author1 whoever he was1 of that very   
antient fable1 that ,john was put by    
,nero into a vessel of hot oil1 and     
coming out unhurt1 was banished by him  
into ,patmos4 ,tho this story be no more
 than a fiction yet was it founded on a 

tradition of the first churches1 that   
,john was banished into ,patmos in the  
days of ,nero4 ,epiphanius represents   
the ,gospel of ,john as written in the  
time of ,domitian1 and the ,apocalypse  
even before that of ,nero4 #c ,arethas  
in the beginning of his ,commentary     
quotes the opinion of ,irenaeus from    
,eusebius1 but follows it not3 for he   
afterwards affirms the ,apocalypse was  
written before the destruction of       
,jerusalem1 and that former commentators
 had expounded the sixth seal of that   
destruction4  ,with the opinion of the  
first ,commentators agrees the tradition
 of the ,churches of ,syria1 preserved  
to this day in the title of the ,syriac 
,version of the ,apocalypse1 which title
 is this3 ,the ,revelation which was    
made to ,john the ,evangelist by ,god in
 the ,island ,patmos1 into which he was 
banished by ,nero the ,caesar4 ,the fame
 is confirmed by a story told by #d     
,eusebius out of ,clemens ,alexandrinus1
 and other antient authors1 concerning a

 youth1 whom ,john some time after his  
return from ,patmos committed to the    
care of the ,bishop of a certain city4  
,the ,bishop educated1 instructed1 and  
at length baptized him2 but then        
remitting of his care1 the young man    
thereupon got into ill company1 and     
began by degrees first to revel and grow
 vitious1 then to abuse and spoil those 
he met in the night2 and at last grew so
 desperate1 that his companions turning 
a band of high-way men1 made him their  
,captain3 and1 saith #e ,chrysostom1 he 
continued their ,captain a long time4   
,at length ,john returning to that city1
 and hearing what was done1 rode to the 
thief2 and1 when he out of reverence to 
his old master fled1 ,john rode after   
him1 recalled him1 and restored him to  
the ,church4 ,this is a story of many   
years1 and requires that ,john should   
have returned from ,patmos rather at the
 death of ,nero than at that of         
,domitian2 because between the death of 
,domitian and that of ,john there were  

but two years and an half2 and ,john in 
his old age was #f so infirm as to be   
carried to ,church1 dying above #ij     
years old1 and therefore could not be   
then suppos'd able to ride after the    
thief4  ,this opinion is further        
supported by the allusions in the       
,apocalypse to the ,temple and ,altar1  
and holy ,city1 as then standing2 and to
 the ,gentiles1 who were soon after to  
tread under foot the holy ,city and     
outward ,court4 ',tis confirmed also by 
the style of the ,apocalypse itself1    
which is fuller of ,hebraisms than his  
,gospel4 ,for thence it may be gathered1
 that it was written when ,john was     
newly come out of ,judea1 where he had  
been used to the ,syriac tongue2 and    
that he did not write his ,gospel1 till 
by long converse with the ,asiatick     
,greeks he had left off most of the     
,hebraisms4 ,it is confirmed also by the
 many false ,apocalypses1 as those of   
,peter1 ,paul1 ,thomas1 ,stephen1 ,elias
 and ,cerinthus1 written in imitation of

 the true one4 ,for as the many false   
,gospels1 false ,acts1 and false        
,epistles were occasioned by true ones2 
and the writing many false ,apocalypses1
 and ascribing them to ,apostles and    
,prophets1 argues that there was a true 
,apostolic one in great request with the
 first ,christians3 so this true one may
 well be suppos'd to have been written  
early1 that there may be room in the    
,apostolic age for the writing of so    
many false ones afterwards1 and         
fathering them upon ,peter1 ,paul1      
,thomas and others1 who were dead before
 ,john4 ,caius1 who was contemporary    
with ,tertullian1 #g tells us that      
,cerinthus wrote his ,revelations as a  
great ,apostle1 and pretended the       
visions were shewn him by ,angels1      
asserting a millennium of carnal        
pleasures at ,jerusalem after the       
resurrection2 so that his ,apocalypse   
was plainly written in imitation of     
,john's3 and yet he lived so early1 that
 #h he resisted the ,apostles at        

,jerusalem in or before the first year  
of ,claudius1 that is1 #bf years before 
the death of ,nero1 and #i died before  
,john4  ,these reasons may suffice for  
determining the time2 and yet there is  
one more1 which to considering men may  
seem a good reason1 to others not4 ,i'll
 propound it1 and leave it to every     
man's judgment4 ,the ,apocalypse seems  
to be alluded to in the ,epistles of    
,peter and that to the ,hebrews and     
therefore to have been written before   
them4 ,such allusions in the ,epistle to
 the ,hebrews1 ,i take to be the        
discourses concerning the ,high-,priest 
in the heavenly ,tabernacle1 who is both
 ,priest and ,king1 as was ,melchisedec2
 and those concerning the word of ,god1 
with the sharp two-edged sword1 the     
,greek3 sabbatismos1 or millennial rest1
 the earth whose end is to be burned1   
suppose by the lake of fire1 the        
judgment and fiery indignation which    
shall devour the adversaries1 the       
heavenly ,city which hath foundations   

whose builder and maker is ,god1 the    
cloud of witnesses1 mount ,sion1        
heavenly ,jerusalem1 general assembly1  
spirits of just men made perfect1 viz4  
by the resurrection1 and the shaking of 
heaven and earth1 and removing them1    
that the new heaven1 new earth and new  
kingdom which cannot be shaken1 may     
remain4 ,in the first of ,peter occur   
these3 #aj ,the ,revelation of ,jesus   
,christ1 twice or thrice repeated2 #aa  
the blood of ,christ as of a ,lamb      
foreordained before the foundation of   
the world2 #ab the spiritual building in
 heaven1 #a ,pet4 ii4 #e4 an inheritance
 incorruptible and undefiled and that   
fadeth not away1 reserved in heaven for 
us1 who are kept unto the salvation1    
ready to be revealed in the last time1  
#a ,pet4 i4 #d1 #e4 #ac the royal       
,priesthood1 #ad the holy ,priesthood1  
#ae the judgment beginning at the house 
of ,god1 and #af the ,church at         
,babylon4 ,these are indeed obscurer    
allusions2 but the second ,epistle1 from

 the #aith verse of the first ,chapter  
to the end1 seems to be a continued     
,commentary upon the ,apocalypse4       
,there1 in writing to the ,churches in  
,asia1 to whom ,john was commanded to   
send this ,prophecy1 he tells them1 they
 have a more sure word of ,prophecy1 to 
be heeded by them1 as a light that      
shineth in a dark place1 until the day  
dawn1 and the day-star arise in their   
hearts1 that is1 until they begin to    
understand it3 for no ,prophecy1 saith  
he1 of the scripture is of any private  
interpretation2 the ,prophecy came not  
in old time by the will of man1 but holy
 men of ,god spake1 as they were moved  
by the ,holy ,ghost4 ,daniel #ag himself
 professes that he understood not his   
own ,prophecies2 and therefore the      
,churches were not to expect the        
interpretation from their ,prophet      
,john1 but to study the ,prophecies     
themselves4 ,this is the substance of   
what ,peter says in the first chapter2  
and then in the second he proceeds to   

describe1 out of this sure word of      
,prophecy1 how there should arise in the
 ,church false ,prophets1 or false      
teachers1 expressed collectively in the 
,apocalypse by the name of the false    
,prophet2 who should bring in damnable  
heresies1 even denying the ,lord that   
bought them1 which is the character of  
,antichrist3 ,and many1 saith he1 shall 
follow their lusts #ah2 they that dwell 
on the earth #ai shall be deceived by   
the false ,prophet1 and be made drunk   
with the wine of the ,whore's           
fornication1 by reason of whom the way  
of truth shall be blasphemed2 for #bj   
the ,beast is full of blasphemy3 and    
thro' covetousness shall they with      
feigned words make merchandize of you2  
for these are the ,merchants of the     
,earth1 who trade with the great ,whore1
 and their merchandize #ba is all things
 of price1 with the bodies and souls of 
men3 whose judgment--lingreth not1 and  
their damnation #bb slumbreth not1 but  
shall surely come upon them at the last 

day suddenly1 as the flood upon the old 
world1 and fire and brimstone upon      
,sodom and ,gomorrha1 when the just     
shall be delivered #bc like ,lot2 for   
the ,lord knoweth how to deliver the    
godly out of temptations1 and to reserve
 the unjust unto the day of judgment to 
be punished1 in the lake of fire2 but   
chiefly them that walk after the flesh  
in the lust of uncleanness1 #bd being   
made drunk with the wine of the ,whore's
 fornication2 who despise dominion1 and 
are not afraid to blaspheme glories2 for
 the beast opened his mouth against ,god
 #be to blaspheme his name and his      
tabernacle1 and them that dwell in      
heaven4 ,these1 as natural brute beasts1
 the ten-horned beast and two-horned    
beast1 or false ,prophet1 made to be    
taken and destroyed1 in the lake of     
fire1 blaspheme the things they         
understand not3--they count it pleasure 
to riot in the day-time--sporting       
themselves with their own deceivings1   
while they feast #bf with you1 having   

eyes full of an #bg ,adulteress3 for the
 kingdoms of the beast live deliciously 
with the great ,whore1 and the nations  
are made drunk with the wine of her     
fornication4 ,they are gone astray1     
following the way of ,balaam1 the son of
 ,beor1 who loved the wages of          
unrighteousness1 the false ,prophet #bh 
who taught ,balak to cast a             
stumbling-block before the children of  
,israel4 ,these are1 not fountains of   
living water1 but wells without water2  
not such clouds of ,saints as the two   
witnesses ascend in1 but clouds that are
 carried with a tempest1 c4 ,thus does  
the author of this ,epistle spend all   
the second ,chapter in describing the   
qualities of the ,apocalyptic ,beasts   
and false ,prophet3 and then in the     
third he goes on to describe their      
destruction more fully1 and the future  
kingdom4 ,he saith1 that because the    
coming of ,christ should be long        
deferred1 they should scoff1 saying1    
where is the promise of his coming8     

,then he describes the sudden coming of 
the day of the ,lord upon them1 as a    
thief in the night1 which is the        
,apocalyptic phrase2 and the millennium1
 or thousand years1 which are with ,god 
but as a day2 the passing away of the   
old heavens and earth1 by a             
conflagration in the lake of fire1 and  
our looking for new heavens and a new   
earth1 wherein dwelleth righteousness4  
,seeing therefore ,peter and ,john were 
,apostles of the circumcision1 it seems 
to me that they staid with their        
,churches in ,judea and ,syria till the 
,romans made war upon their nation1 that
 is1 till the twelfth year of ,nero2    
that they then followed the main body of
 their flying ,churches into ,asia1 and 
that ,peter went thence by ,corinth to  
,rome2 that the ,roman ,empire looked   
upon those ,churches as enemies1 because
 ,jews by birth2 and therefore to       
prevent insurrections1 secured their    
leaders1 and banished ,john into        
,patmos4 ,it seems also probable to me  

that the ,apocalypse was there composed1
 and that soon after the ,epistle to the
 ,hebrews and those of ,peter were      
written to these ,churches1 with        
reference to this ,prophecy as what they
 were particularly concerned in4 ,for it
 appears by these ,epistles1 that they  
were written in times of general        
affliction and tribulation under the    
heathens1 and by consequence when the   
,empire made war upon the ,jews2 for    
till then the heathens were at peace    
with the ,christian ,jews1 as well as   
with the rest4 ,the ,epistle to the     
,hebrews1 since it mentions ,timothy as 
related to those ,hebrews1 must be      
written to them after their flight into 
,asia1 where ,timothy was ,bishop2 and  
by consequence after the war began1 the 
,hebrews in ,judea being strangers to   
,timothy4 ,peter seems also to call     
,rome ,babylon1 as well with respect to 
the war made upon ,judea1 and the       
approaching captivity1 like that under  
old ,babylon1 as with respect to that   

name in the ,apocalypse3 and in writing 
to the strangers scattered thro'out     
,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,cappadocia1 ,asia   
and ,bithynia1 he seems to intimate that
 they were the strangers newly scattered
 by the ,roman wars2 for those were the 
only strangers there belonging to his   
care4  ,this account of things agrees   
best with history when duly rectified4  
,for #bi ,justin and #cj ,irenaeus say1 
that ,simon ,magus came to ,rome in the 
reign of ,claudius1 and exercised       
juggling tricks there4 ,pseudo-,clemens 
adds1 that he endeavoured there to fly1 
but broke his neck thro' the prayers of 
,peter4 ,whence #ca ,eusebius1 or rather
 his interpolator ,jerom1 has recorded1 
that ,peter came to ,rome in the second 
year of ,claudius3 but #cb ,cyril       
,bishop of ,jerusalem1 ,philastrius1    
,sulpitius1 ,prosper1 ,maximus          
,taurinensis1 and ,hegesippus junior1   
place this victory of ,peter in the time
 of ,nero4 ,indeed the antienter        
tradition was1 that ,peter came to ,rome

 in the days of this ,emperor1 as may be
 seen in #cc ,lactantius4 ,chrysostom   
#cd tells us1 that the ,apostles        
continued long in ,judea1 and that then 
being driven out by the ,jews they went 
to the ,gentiles4 ,this dispersion was  
in the first year of the ,jewish war1   
when the ,jews1 as ,josephus tells us1  
began to be tumultuous and violent in   
all places4 ,for all agree that the     
,apostles were dispersed into several   
regions at once2 and ,origen has set    
down the time1 #ce telling us that in   
the beginning of the ,judaic war1 the   
,apostles and disciples of our ,lord    
were scattered into all nations2 ,thomas
 into ,parthia1 ,andrew into ,scythia1  
,john into ,asia1 and ,peter first into 
,asia1 where he preacht to the          
dispersion1 and thence into ,italy4 #cf 
,dionysius ,corinthius saith1 that      
,peter went from ,asia by ,corinth to   
,rome1 and all antiquity agrees that    
,peter and ,paul were martyred there in 
the end of ,nero's reign4 ,mark went    

with ,timothy to ,rome1 #b ,tim4 iv4    
#aa4 ,colos4 iv4 #aj4 ,sylvanus was     
,paul's assistant2 and by the companions
 of ,peter1 mentioned in his first      
,epistle1 we may know that he wrote from
 ,rome2 and the ,antients generally     
agree1 that in this ,epistle he         
understood ,rome by ,babylon4 ,his      
second ,epistle was writ to the same    
dispersed strangers with the first1 #b  
,pet4 iii4 #a4 and therein he saith1    
that ,paul had writ of the same things  
to them1 and also in his other          
,epistles1 ver4 #ae1 #af4 ,now as there 
is no ,epistle of ,paul to these        
strangers besides that to the ,hebrews1 
so in this ,epistle1 chap4 x4 #aa1 #ab4 
we find at large all those things which 
,peter had been speaking of1 and here   
refers to2 particularly the passing away
 of the old heavens and earth1 and      
establishing an inheritance immoveable1 
with an exhortation to grace1 because   
,god1 to the wicked1 is a consuming     
fire1 ,heb4 xii4 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi4    

,having determined the time of writing  
the ,apocalyse1 ,i need not say much    
about the truth of it1 since it was in  
such request with the first ages1 that  
many endeavoured to imitate it1 by      
feigning ,apocalypses under the         
,apostles names2 and the ,apostles      
themselves1 as ,i have just now shewed1 
studied it1 and used its phrases2 by    
which means the style of the ,epistle to
 the ,hebrews became more mystical than 
that of ,paul's other ,epistles1 and the
 style of ,john's ,gospel more          
figurative and majestical than that of  
the other ,gospels4 ,i do not apprehend 
that ,christ was called the word of ,god
 in any book of the ,new ,testament     
written before the ,apocalypse2 and     
therefore am of opinion1 the language   
was taken from this ,prophecy1 as were  
also many other phrases in this ,gospel1
 such as those of ,christ's being the   
light which enlightens the world1 the   
lamb of ,god which taketh away the sins 
of the world1 the bridegroom1 he that   

testifieth1 he that came down from      
heaven1 the ,son of ,god1 c4 ,justin    
,martyr1 who within thirty years after  
,john's death became a ,christian1      
writes expresly that a certain man among
 the ,christians whose name was ,john1  
one of the twelve ,apostles of ,christ1 
in the ,revelation which was shewed him1
 prophesied that those who believed in  
,christ should live a thousand years at 
,jerusalem4 ,and a few lines before he  
saith3 ,but ,i1 and as many as are      
,christians1 in all things right in     
their opinions1 believe both that there 
shall be a resurrection of the flesh1   
and a thousand years life at ,jerusalem 
built1 adorned and enlarged4 ,which is  
as much as to say1 that all true        
,christians in that early age received  
this ,prophecy3 for in all ages1 as many
 as believed the thousand years1        
received the ,apocalypse as the         
foundation of their opinion3 and ,i do  
not know one instance to the contrary4  
,papias ,bishop of ,hierapolis1 a man of

 the ,apostolic age1 and one of ,john's 
own disciples1 did not only teach the   
doctrine of the thousand years1 but also
 #cg asserted the ,apocalypse as written
 by divine inspiration4 ,melito1 who    
flourished next after ,justin1 #ch wrote
 a commentary upon this ,prophecy2 and  
he1 being ,bishop of ,sardis one of the 
seven ,churches1 could neither be       
ignorant of their tradition about it1   
nor impose upon them4 ,irenaeus1 who was
 contemporary with ,melito1 wrote much  
upon it1 and said1 that the number #fff 
was in all the antient and approved     
copies2 and that he had it also         
confirmed to him by those who had seen  
,john face to face1 meaning no doubt his
 master ,polycarp for one4 ,at the same 
time #ci ,theophilus ,bishop of ,antioch
 asserted it1 and so did ,tertullian1   
,clemens ,alexandrinus1 and ,origen soon
 after2 and their contemporary          
,hippolytus the ,martyr1 ,metropolitan  
of the ,arabians1 #dj wrote a commentary
 upon it4 ,all these were antient men1  

flourishing within a hundred and twenty 
years after ,john's death1 and of       
greatest note in the ,churches of those 
times4 ,soon after did ,victorinus      
,pictaviensis write another commentary  
upon it2 and he lived in the time of    
,dioclesian4 ,this may surely suffice to
 shew how the ,apocalypse was received  
and studied in the first ages3 and ,i do
 not indeed find any other book of the  
,new ,testament so strongly attested1 or
 commented upon so early as this4 ,the  
,prophecy said3 ,blessed is he that     
readeth1 and they that hear the words of
 this ,prophecy1 and keep the things    
which are written therein4 ,this        
animated the first ,christians to study 
it so much1 till the difficulty made    
them remit1 and comment more upon the   
other books of the ,new ,testament4     
,this was the state of the ,apocalypse1 
till the thousand years being           
misunderstood1 brought a prejudice      
against it3 and ,dionysius of           
,alexandria1 noting how it abounded with

 barbarisms1 that is with ,hebraisms1   
promoted that prejudice so far1 as to   
cause many ,greeks in the fourth century
 to doubt of the book4 ,but whilst the  
,latins1 and a great part of the        
,greeks1 always retained the            
,apocalypse1 and the rest doubted only  
out of prejudice1 it makes nothing      
against its authority4  ,this ,prophecy 
is called the ,revelation1 with respect 
to the scripture of truth1 which ,daniel
 #da was commanded to shut up and seal1 
till the time of the end4 ,daniel sealed
 it until the time of the end2 and until
 that time comes1 the ,lamb is opening  
the seals3 and afterwards the two       
,witnesses prophesy out of it a long    
time in sack-cloth1 before they ascend  
up to heaven in a cloud4 ,all which is  
as much as to say1 that these           
,prophecies of ,daniel and ,john should 
not be understood till the time of the  
end3 but then some should prophesy out  
of them in an afflicted and mournful    
state for a long time1 and that but     

darkly1 so as to convert but few4 ,but  
in the very end1 the ,prophecy should be
 so far interpreted as to convince many4
 ,then1 saith ,daniel1 many shall run to
 and fro1 and knowledge shall be        
encreased4 ,for the ,gospel must be     
preached in all nations before the great
 tribulation1 and end of the world4 ,the
 palm-bearing multitude1 which come out 
of this great tribulation1 cannot be    
innumerable out of all nations1 unless  
they be made so by the preaching of the 
,gospel before it comes4 ,there must be 
a stone cut out of a mountain without   
hands1 before it can fall upon the toes 
of the ,image1 and become a great       
mountain and fill the earth4 ,an ,angel 
must fly thro' the midst of heaven with 
the everlasting ,gospel to preach to all
 nations1 before ,babylon falls1 and the
 ,son of man reaps his harvest4 ,the two
 ,prophets must ascend up to heaven in a
 cloud1 before the kingdoms of this     
world become the kingdoms of ,christ4   
',tis therefore a part of this          

,prophecy1 that it should not be        
understood before the last age of the   
world2 and therefore it makes for the   
credit of the ,prophecy1 that it is not 
yet understood4 ,but if the last age1   
the age of opening these things1 be now 
approaching1 as by the great successes  
of late ,interpreters it seems to be1 we
 have more encouragement than ever to   
look into these things4 ,if the general 
preaching of the ,gospel be approaching1
 it is to us and our posterity that     
those words mainly belong3 #db ,in the  
time of the end the wise shall          
understand1 but none of the wicked shall
 understand4 #dc ,blessed is he that    
readeth1 and they that hear the words of
 this ,prophecy1 and keep those things  
which are written therein4  ,the folly  
of ,interpreters has been1 to foretel   
times and things by this ,prophecy1 as  
if ,god designed to make them ,prophets4
 ,by this rashness they have not only   
exposed themselves1 but brought the     
,prophecy also into contempt4 ,the      

design of ,god was much otherwise4 ,he  
gave this and the ,prophecies of the    
,old ,testament1 not to gratify men's   
curiosities by enabling them to foreknow
 things1 but that after they were       
fulfilled they might be interpreted by  
the event1 and his own ,providence1 not 
the ,interpreters1 be then manifested   
thereby to the world4 ,for the event of 
things predicted many ages before1 will 
then be a convincing argument that the  
world is governed by providence4 ,for as
 the few and obscure ,prophecies        
concerning ,christ's first coming were  
for setting up the ,christian religion1 
which all nations have since corrupted2 
so the many and clear ,prophecies       
concerning the things to be done at     
,christ's second coming1 are not only   
for predicting but also for effecting a 
recovery and re-establishment of the    
long-lost truth1 and setting up a       
kingdom wherein dwells righteousness4   
,the event will prove the ,apocalypse2  
and this ,prophecy1 thus proved and     

understood1 will open the old ,prophets1
 and all together will make known the   
true religion1 and establish it4 ,for he
 that will understand the old ,prophets1
 must begin with this2 but the time is  
not yet come for understanding them     
perfectly1 because the main revolution  
predicted in them is not yet come to    
pass4 ,in the days of the voice of the  
seventh ,angel1 when he shall begin to  
sound1 the mystery of ,god shall be     
finished1 as he hath declared to his    
servants the ,prophets3 and then the    
kingdoms of this world shall become the 
kingdoms of our ,lord and his ,christ1  
and he shall reign for ever1 ,apoc4 x4  
#g4 xi4 #ae4 ,there is already so much  
of the ,prophecy fulfilled1 that as many
 as will take pains in this study1 may  
see sufficient instances of ,god's      
providence3 but then the signal         
revolutions predicted by all the holy   
,prophets1 will at once both turn mens  
eyes upon considering the predictions1  
and plainly interpret them4 ,till then  

we must content ourselves with          
interpreting what hath been already     
fulfilled4  ,amongst the ,interpreters  
of the last age there is scarce one of  
note who hath not made some discovery   
worth knowing2 and thence ,i seem to    
gather that ,god is about opening these 
mysteries4 ,the success of others put me
 upon considering it2 and if ,i have    
done any thing which may be useful to   
following writers1 ,i have my design4   
,notes to ,chap4 ,i4  #a ,dem4 ,evang4  
l4 #c4  #b ,vid4 ,pamelium in notis ad  
,tertull4 de ,praescriptionbus1 n4 #bae 
,hieron l4 #a4 contra ,jovinianum1 c4   
#ad4 ,edit4,erasmi4  #c ,areth4 c4 #ah1 
#ai4  #d ,hist4 ,eccl4 l4 #c4 c4 #bc4   
#e ,chrysost4 ad ,theodorum lapsum4  #f 
,hieron4 in ,epist4 ad ,gal4 l4 #c4 c4  
#f4  #g ,apud ,euseb4 ,eccl4 ,hist4 l4  
#c4 c4 #bh4 ,edit4 ,valesii4  #h        
,epiphan4 ,haeres4 #bh4  #i ,hieron4    
adv4 ,lucif4  #aj #a ,pet4 i4 #g1 #ac4  
iv4 #ac4  v4 #a4  #aa ,apoc4 xiii4 #h4  
#ab ,apoc4 xxi4  #ac ,apoc4 i4 #f4  v4  

#aj4  #ad ,apoc4 xx4 #f4  #ae ,apoc4 xx4
 #d1 #ab4  #af ,apoc4 xvii4  #ag ,dan4  
viii4 #ae1 #af1 #bg4  xii4 #h1 #i4  #ah 
,greek3 aselgeias1 in many of the best  
,,mss4  #ai ,apoc4 xiii4 #g1 #ab4  #bj  
,apoc4 xiii4 #a1 #e1 #f4  #ba ,apoc4    
xviii4 #ab1 #ac4  #bb ,apoc4 xix4 #bj4  
#bc ,apoc4 xxi4 #c1 #d4  #bd ,apoc4 ix4 
#ba4 and xvii4 #b4  #be ,apoc4 xiii4 #f4
  #bf ,apoc4 xviii4 #c1 #g1 #i4  #bg    
,greek3 moichalidos4  #bh ,apoc4 ii4    
#ad4  #bi ,apol4 ad ,antonin4 ,pium4    
#cj ,haeres4 l4 #a4 c4 #bj4 ,vide etiam 
,tertullianum1 ,apol4 c4 #ac4  #ca      
,euseb4 ,chron4  #cb ,cyril ,catech4 #f4
 ,philastr4 de haeres4 cap4 #cj4 ,sulp4 
,hist4 l4 #b4 ,prosper de promiss4      
dimid4 temp4 cap4 #ac4 ,maximus serm4   
#e4 in ,natal4 ,apost4 ,hegesip4 l4 #b4 
c4 #b4  #cc ,lactant de mortib4 ,persec4
 c4 #b4  #cd ,hom4 #gj4 in ,matt4 c4    
#bb4  #ce ,apud ,euseb4 ,eccl4 ,hist4 l4
 #b4 c4 #be4  #cf ,euseb4 ,hist4 l4 #b4 
c4 #be4  #cg ,arethas in ,proaem4       
comment4 in ,apoc4  #ch ,euseb4 ,hist4  

l4 #d4 cap4 #bf4 ,hieron4  #ci ,euseb4  
,hist4 l4 #d4 c4 #bd4  #dj ,hieron4  #da
 ,dan4 x4 #ba4 xii4 #d1 #i4  #db ,dan4  
xii4 #d1 #aj4  #dc ,apoc4 i4 #c4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chap4 ,,ii4  ,of the relation which   
the ,apocalypse of ,john hath to the    
,book of the ,law of ,moses1 and to the 
worship of ,god in the ,temple4  ,the   
,apocalypse of ,john is written in the  
same style and language with the        
,prophecies of ,daniel1 and hath the    
same relation to them which they have to
 one another1 so that all of them       
together make but one complete          
,prophecy2 and in like manner it        
consists of two parts1 an introductory  
,prophecy1 and an ,interpretation       
thereof4  ,the ,prophecy is             
distinguish'd into seven successive     
parts1 by the opening of the seven seals
 of the book which ,daniel was commanded
 to seal up3 and hence it is called the 
,apocalypse or ,revelation of ,jesus    
,christ4 ,the time of the seventh seal  

is sub-divided into eight successive    
parts by the silence in heaven for half 
an hour1 and the sounding of seven      
trumpets successively3 and the seventh  
trumpet sounds to the battle of the     
great day of ,god ,almighty1 whereby the
 kingdoms of this world become the      
kingdoms of the ,lord and of his        
,christ1 and those are destroyed that   
destroyed the earth4  ,the              
,interpretation begins with the words1  
,and the temple of ,god was opened in   
heaven1 and there was seen in his temple
 the ,ark of his ,testament3 and it     
continues to the end of the ,prophecy4  
,the ,temple is the scene of the        
visions1 and the visions in the ,temple 
relate to the feast of the seventh      
month3 for the feasts of the ,jews were 
typical of things to come4 ,the         
,passover related to the first coming of
 ,christ1 and the feasts of the seventh 
month to his second coming3 his first   
coming being therefore over before this 
,prophecy was given1 the feasts of the  

seventh month are here only alluded     
unto4  ,on the first day of that month1 
in the morning1 the ,high-,priest       
dressed the lamps3 and in allusion      
hereunto1 this ,prophecy begins with a  
vision of one like the ,son of man in   
the ,high-,priest's habit1 appearing as 
it were in the midst of the seven golden
 candlesticks1 or over against the midst
 of them1 dressing the lamps1 which     
appeared like a rod of seven stars in   
his right hand3 and this dressing was   
perform'd by the sending seven ,epistles
 to the ,angels or ,bishops of the seven
 ,churches of ,asia1 which in the       
primitive times illuminated the ,temple 
or ,church ,catholick4 ,these ,epistles 
contain admonitions against the         
approaching ,apostacy1 and therefore    
relate to the times when the ,apostacy  
began to work strongly1 and before it   
prevailed4 ,it began to work in the     
,apostles days1 and was to continue     
working till the man of sin should be   
revealed4 ,it began to work in the      

disciples of ,simon1 ,menander1         
,carpocrates1 ,cerinthas1 and such sorts
 of men as had imbibed the metaphysical 
philosophy of the ,gentiles and         
,cabalistical ,jews1 and were thence    
called ,gnosticks4 ,john calls them     
,antichrists1 saying that in his days   
there were many ,antichrists4 ,but these
 being condemned by the ,apostles1 and  
their immediate disciples1 put the      
,churches in no danger during the       
opening of the first four seals4 ,the   
visions at the opening of these seals   
relate only to the civil affairs of the 
heathen ,roman ,empire4 ,so long the    
,apostolic traditions prevailed1 and    
preserved the ,church in its purity3 and
 therefore the affairs of the ,church do
 not begin to be considered in this     
,prophecy before the opening of the     
fifth seal4 ,she began then to decline1 
and to want admonitions2 and therefore  
is admonished by these ,epistles1 till  
the ,apostacy prevailed and took place1 
which was at the opening of the seventh 

seal4 ,the admonitions therefore in     
these seven ,epistles relate to the     
state of the ,church in the times of the
 fifth and sixth seals4 ,at the opening 
of the fifth seal1 the ,church is purged
 from hypocrites by a great persecution4
 ,at the opening of the sixth1 that     
which letted is taken out of the way1   
namely the heathen ,roman ,empire4 ,at  
the opening of the seventh1 the man of  
sin is revealed4 ,and to these times the
 seven ,epistles relate4  ,the seven    
,angels1 to whom these ,epistles were   
written1 answer to the seven            
,amarc-holim1 who were ,priests and     
chief ,officers of the ,temple1 and had 
jointly the keys of the gates of the    
,temple1 with those of the ,treasuries1 
and the direction1 appointment and      
oversight of all things in the ,temple4 
,after the lamps were dresed1 ,john saw 
the door of the ,temple opened2 and by  
the voice as it were of a trumpet1 was  
called up to the eastern gate of the    
great court1 to see the visions3 and    

behold a throne was set1 viz4 the       
mercy-seat upon the ,ark of the         
,testament1 which the ,jews respected as
 the throne of ,god between the         
,cherubims1 ,exod4 xxv4 #b4 ,psal4 xcix4
 #a4 ,and he that sat on it was to look 
upon like ,jasper and ,sardine stone1   
that is1 of an olive colour1 the people 
of ,judea being of that colour4 ,and1   
the ,sun being then in the ,east1 a     
rainbow was about the throne1 the emblem
 of glory4 ,and round about the throne  
were four and twenty seats2 answering to
 the chambers of the four and twenty    
,princes of the ,priests1 twelve on the 
south side1 and twelve on the north side
 of the ,priests ,court4 ,and upon the  
seats were four and twenty ,elders      
sitting1 clothed in white rayment1 with 
crowns on their heads2 representing the 
,princes of the four and twenty courses 
of the ,priests clothed in linen4 ,and  
out of the throne proceeded lightnings  
and thunderings1 and voices1 viz4 the   
flashes of the fire upon the ,altar at  

the morning-sacrifice1 and the          
thundering voices of those that sounded 
the trumpets1 and sung at the ,eastern  
gate of the ,priests ,court2 for these  
being between ,john and the throne      
appeared to him as proceeding from the  
throne4 ,and there were seven lamps of  
fire burning1 in the ,temple1 before the
 throne1 which are the seven spirits of 
,god1 or ,angels of the seven ,churches1
 represented in the beginning of this   
,prophecy by seven stars4 ,and before   
the throne was a sea of glass clear as  
chrystal2 the brazen sea between the    
porch of the ,temple and the ,altar1    
filled with clear water4 ,and in the    
midst of the throne1 and round about the
 throne1 were four ,beasts full of eyes 
before and behind3 that is1 one ,beast  
before the throne and one behind it1    
appearing to ,john as in the midst of   
the throne1 and one on either side in   
the circle about it1 to represent by the
 multitude of their eyes the people     
standing in the four sides of the       

peoples court4 ,and the first ,beast was
 like a lion1 and the second was like a 
calf1 and the third had the face of a   
man1 and the fourth was like a flying   
eagle4 ,the people of ,israel in the    
wilderness encamped round about the     
tabernacle1 and on the east side were   
three tribes under the standard of      
,judah1 on the west were three tribes   
under the standard of ,ephraim1 on the  
south were three tribes under the       
standard of ,reuben1 and on the north   
were three tribes under the standard of 
,dan1 ,numb4 ii4 ,and the standard of   
,judah was a ,lion1 that of ,ephraim an 
,ox1 that of ,reuben a ,man1 and that of
 ,dan an ,eagle1 as the ,jews affirm4   
,whence were framed the hieroglyphicks  
of ,cherubims and ,seraphims1 to        
represent the people of ,israel4 ,a     
,cherubim had one body with four faces1 
the faces of a ,lion1 an ,ox1 a ,man and
 an ,eagle1 looking to the four winds of
 heaven1 without turning about1 as in   
,ezekiel's vision1 chap4 i4 ,and four   

,seraphims had the same four faces with 
four bodies1 one face to every body4    
,the four ,beasts are therefore four    
,seraphims standing in the four sides of
 the peoples court2 the first in the    
eastern side with the head of a ,lion1  
the second in the western side with the 
head of an ,ox1 the third in the        
southern side with the head of a ,man1  
the fourth in the northern side with the
 head of an ,eagle3 and all four signify
 together the twelve tribes of ,israel1 
out of whom the hundred forty and four  
thousand were sealed1 ,apoc4 vii4 #d4   
,and the four ,beasts had each of them  
six wings1 two to a tribe1 in all twenty
 and four wings1 answering to the twenty
 and four stations of the people4 ,and  
they were full of eyes within1 or under 
their wings4 ,and they rest not day and 
night1 or at the morning and            
evening-sacrifices1 saying1 holy1 holy1 
holy ,lord ,god ,almighty1 which was1   
and is1 and is to come4 ,these animals  
are therefore the ,seraphims1 which     

appeared to ,isaiah #a in a vision like 
this of the ,apocalypse4 ,for there also
 the ,lord sat upon a throne in the     
temple2 and the ,seraphims each with six
 wings cried1 ,holy1 holy1 holy ,lord   
,god of hosts4 ,and when those animals  
give glory and honour and thanks to him 
that sitteth upon the throne1 who liveth
 for ever and ever1 the four and twenty 
,elders go into the ,temple1 and there  
fall down before him that sitteth on the
 throne1 and worship him that liveth for
 ever and ever1 and cast their crowns   
before the throne1 saying1 ,thou art    
worthy1 ,o ,lord1 to receive glory and  
honour and power3 for thou hast created 
all things1 and for thy pleasure they   
are and were created4 ,at the morning   
and evening-sacrifices1 so soon as the  
sacrifice was laid upon the ,altar1 and 
the drink-offering began to be poured   
out1 the trumpets sounded1 and the      
,levites sang by course three times2 and
 every time when the trumpets sounded1  
the people fell down and worshiped4     

,three times therefore did the people   
worship2 to express which number1 the   
,beasts cry ,holy1 holy1 holy3 and the  
song being ended1 the people prayed     
standing1 till the solemnity was        
finished4 ,in the mean time the ,priests
 went into the ,temple1 and there fell  
down before him that sat upon the       
throne1 and worshiped4  ,and ,john saw1 
in the right hand of him that sat upon  
the throne1 a book written within and on
 the backside1 sealed with seven seals1 
viz4 the book which ,daniel was         
commanded to seal up1 and which is here 
represented by the prophetic book of the
 ,law laid up on the right side of the  
,ark1 as it were in the right hand of   
him that sat on the throne3 for the     
festivals and ceremonies of the ,law    
prescribed to the people in this book1  
adumbrated those things which were      
predicted in the book of ,daniel2 and   
the writing within and on the backside  
of this book1 relates to the synchronal 
,prophecies4 #b ,and none was found     

worthy to open the book but the ,lamb of
 ,god4 ,and lo1 in the midst of the     
throne and of the four ,beasts1 and in  
the midst of the ,elders1 that is1 at   
the foot of the ,altar1 stood a lamb as 
it had been slain1 the                  
morning-sacrifice2 having seven horns1  
which are the seven ,churches1 and seven
 eyes1 which are the seven spirits of   
,god sent forth into all the earth4 ,and
 he came1 and took the book out of the  
right hand of him that sat upon the     
throne3 ,and when he had taken the book1
 the four ,beasts and four and twenty   
,elders fell down before the ,lamb1     
having every one of them harps1 and     
golden vials full of odours1 which are  
the prayers of saints4 ,and they sung a 
new song1 saying1 ,thou art worthy to   
take the book1 and to open the seals    
thereof3 for thou wast slain1 and hast  
redeemed us to ,god by thy blood out of 
every kindred1 and tongue1 and people1  
and nation2 and hast made us1 unto our  
,god1 ,kings and ,priests1 and we shall 

reign on the earth4 ,the ,beasts and    
,elders therefore represent the         
primitive ,christians of all nations2   
and the worship of these ,christians in 
their ,churches is here represented     
under the form of worshiping ,god and   
the ,lamb in the ,temple3 ,god for his  
benefaction in creating all things1 and 
the ,lamb for his benefaction in        
redeeming us with his blood3 ,god as    
sitting upon the throne and living for  
ever1 and the ,lamb as exalted above all
 by the merits of his death4 ,and ,i    
heard1 saith ,john1 the voice of many   
,angels round about the throne1 and the 
,beasts and the ,elders3 and the number 
of them was ten thousand times ten      
thousand1 and thousands of thousands2   
saying with a loud voice1 ,worthy is the
 ,lamb that was slain to receive power1 
and riches1 and wisdom1 and strength1   
and honour1 and glory1 and blessing4    
,and every creature which is in heaven1 
and on the earth1 and under the earth1  
and such as are in the sea1 and all that

 are in them1 heard ,i1 saying1         
,blessing1 honour1 glory1 and power1 be 
unto him that sitteth upon the throne1  
and unto the ,lamb for ever and ever4   
,and the four ,beasts said1 ,amen4 ,and 
the four and twenty ,elders fell down   
and worshiped him that liveth for ever  
and ever4 ,this was the worship of the  
primitive ,christians4  ,it was the     
custom for the ,high-,priest1 seven days
 before the fast of the seventh month1  
to continue constantly in the ,temple1  
and study the book of the ,law1 that he 
might be perfect in it against the day  
of expiation2 wherein the service1 which
 was various and intricate1 was wholly  
to be performed by himself2 part of     
which service was reading the ,law to   
the people3 and to promote his studying 
it1 there were certain ,priests         
appointed by the ,sanhedrim to be with  
him those seven days in one of his      
chambers in the ,temple1 and there to   
discourse with him about the ,law1 and  
read it to him1 and put him in mind of  

reading and studying it himself4 ,this  
his opening and reading the ,law those  
seven days1 is alluded unto in the      
,lamb's opening the seals4 ,we are to   
conceive that those seven days begin in 
the evening before each day2 for the    
,jews began their day in the evening1   
and that the solemnity of the fast      
begins in the morning of the seventh    
day4  ,the seventh seal was therefore   
opened on the day of expiation1 and then
 there was silence in heaven for half an
 hour4 ,and an ,angel1 the              
,high-,priest1 stood at the ,altar1     
having a golden ,censer2 and there was  
given him much incense1 that he should  
offer it with the prayers of all        
,saints1 upon the golden ,altar which   
was before the throne4 ,the custom was  
on other days1 for one of the ,priests  
to take fire from the great ,altar in a 
silver ,censer2 but on this day1 for the
 ,high-,priest to take fire from the    
great ,altar in a golden ,censer3 and   
when he was come down from the great    

,altar1 he took incense from one of the 
,priests who brought it to him1 and went
 with it to the golden ,altar3 and while
 he offered the incense1 the people     
prayed without in silence1 which is the 
silence in heaven for half an hour4     
,when the ,high-,priest had laid the    
incense on the ,altar1 he carried a     
,censer of it burning in his hand1 into 
the most holy place before the ,ark4    
,and the smoke of the incense1 with the 
prayers of the ,saints1 ascended up     
before ,god out of the ,angel's hand4   
,on other days there was a certain      
measure of incense for the golden       
,altar3 on this day there was a greater 
quantity for both the ,altar and the    
most holy ,place1 and therefore it is   
called much incense4 ,after this the    
,angel took the ,censer1 and filled it  
with fire from the great ,altar1 and    
cast it into the earth2 that is1 by the 
hands of the ,priests who belong to his 
mystical body1 he cast it to the earth  
without the ,temple1 for burning the    

,goat which was the ,lord's lot4 ,and at
 this and other concomitant sacrifices1 
until the evening-sacrifice was ended1  
there were voices1 and thundrings1 and  
lightnings1 and an earthquake2 that is1 
the voice of the ,high-,priest reading  
the ,law to the people1 and other voices
 and thundrings from the trumpets and   
temple-musick at the sacrifices1 and    
lightnings from the fire of the ,altar4 
,the solemnity of the day of expiation  
being finished1 the seven ,angels found 
their trumpets at the great sacrifices  
of the seven days of the feast of       
tabernacles2 and at the same sacrifices1
 the seven thunders utter their voices1 
which are the musick of the ,temple1 and
 singing of the ,levites1 intermixed    
with the soundings of the trumpets3 and 
the seven ,angels pour out their vials  
of wrath1 which are the drink-offerings 
of those sacrifices4  ,when six of the  
seals were opened1 ,john said3 #c ,and  
after these things1 that is1 after the  
visions of the sixth seal1 ,i saw four  

,angels standing on the four corners of 
the earth1 holding the four winds of the
 earth1 that the wind should not blow on
 the earth1 nor on the sea1 nor on any  
tree4 ,and ,i saw another ,angel        
ascending from the ,east1 having the    
seal of the living ,god3 and he cried   
with a loud voice to the four ,angels1  
to whom it was given to hurt the earth  
and the sea1 saying1 ,hurt not the      
earth1 nor the sea1 nor the trees1 till 
we have sealed the servants of our ,god 
in their foreheads4 ,this sealing       
alludes to a tradition of the ,jews1    
that upon the day of expiation all the  
people of ,israel are sealed up in the  
books of life and death4 ,for the ,jews 
in their ,talmud #d tell us1 that in the
 beginning of every new year1 or first  
day of the month ,tisri1 the seventh    
month of the sacred year1 three books   
are opened in judgment2 the book of     
life1 in which the names of those are   
written who are perfectly just2 the book
 of death1 in which the names of those  

are written who are ,atheists or very   
wicked2 and a third book1 of those whose
 judgment is suspended till the day of  
expiation1 and whose names are not      
written in the book of life or death    
before that day4 ,the first ten days of 
this month they call the penitential    
days2 and all these days they fast and  
pray very much1 and are very devout1    
that on the tenth day their sins may be 
remitted1 and their names may be written
 in the book of life2 which day is      
therefore called the day of expiation4  
,and upon this tenth day1 in returning  
home from the ,synagogues1 they say to  
one another1 ,god the creator seal you  
to a good year4 ,for they conceive that 
the books are now sealed up1 and that   
the sentence of ,god remains unchanged  
henceforward to the end of the year4    
,the same thing is signified by the two 
,goats1 upon whose foreheads the        
,high-,priest yearly1 on the day of     
expiation1 lays the two lots inscribed1 
,for ,god and ,for ,azazel2 ,god's lot  

signifying the people who are sealed    
with the name of ,god in their          
foreheads2 and the lot ,azazel1 which   
was sent into the wilderness1           
representing those who receive the mark 
and name of the ,beast1 and go into the 
wilderness with the great ,whore4  ,the 
servants of ,god being therefore sealed 
in the day of expiation1 we may conceive
 that this sealing is synchronal to the 
visions which appear upon opening the   
seventh seal2 and that when the ,lamb   
had opened six of the seals and seen the
 visions relating to the inside of the  
sixth1 he looked on the backside of the 
seventh leaf1 and then saw the four     
,angels holding the four winds of       
heaven1 and another ,angel ascending    
from the ,east with the seal of ,god4   
,conceive also1 that the ,angels which  
held the four winds were the first four 
of the seven ,angels1 who upon opening  
the seventh seal were seen standing     
before ,god2 and that upon their holding
 the winds1 there was silence in heaven 

for half an hour2 and that while the    
servants of ,god were sealing1 the      
,angel with the golden ,censer offered  
their prayers with incense upon the     
golden ,altar1 and read the ,law3 and   
that so soon as they were sealed1 the   
winds hurt the earth at the sounding of 
the first trumpet1 and the sea at the   
sounding of the second2 these winds     
signifying the wars1 to which the first 
four trumpets sounded4 ,for as the first
 four seals are distinguished from the  
three last by the appearance of four    
horsemen towards the four winds of      
heaven2 so the wars of the first four   
trumpets are distinguished from those of
 the three last1 by representing these  
by four winds1 and the others by three  
great woes4  ,in one of ,ezekiel's      
visions1 when the ,babylonian captivity 
was at hand1 six men appeared with      
slaughter-weapons2 and a seventh1 who #e
 appeared among them clothed in white   
linen and a writer's ink-horn by his    
side1 is commanded to go thro' the midst

 of ,jerusalem1 and set a mark upon the 
foreheads of the men that sigh and cry  
for all the abominations done in the    
midst thereof3 and then the six men1    
like the ,angels of the first six       
trumpets1 are commanded to slay those   
men who are not marked4 ,conceive       
therefore that the hundred forty and    
four thousand are sealed1 to preserve   
them from the plagues of the first six  
trumpets2 and that at length by the     
preaching of the everlasting gospel1    
they grow into a great multitude1 which 
no man could number1 of all nations1 and
 kindreds1 and people and tongues3 and  
at the sounding of the seventh trumpet  
come out of the great tribulation with  
,palms in their hands3 the kingdoms of  
this world1 by the war to which that    
trumpet sounds1 becoming the kingdoms of
 ,god and his ,christ4 ,for the         
solemnity of the great ,hosannah was    
kept by the ,jews upon the seventh or   
last day of the feast of tabernacles2   
the ,jews upon that day carrying ,palms 

in their hands1 and crying ,hosannah4   
,after six of the ,angels1 answering to 
the six men with slaughter-weapons1 had 
sounded their trumpets1 the ,lamb in the
 form of a mighty ,angel cane down from 
heaven clothed with a cloud1 and a      
rainbow was upon his head1 and his face 
was as it were the ,sun1 and his feet as
 pillars of fire1 the shape in which    
,christ appeared in the beginning of    
this ,prophecy2 and he had in his hand a
 little book open1 the book which he had
 newly opened2 for he received but one  
book from him that sitteth upon the     
throne1 and he alone was worthy to open 
and look on this book4 ,and he set his  
right foot upon the sea and his left    
foot on the earth1 and cried with a loud
 voice1 as when a lion roareth4 ,it was 
the custom for the ,high-,priest on the 
day of expiation1 to stand in an        
elevated place in the peoples court1 at 
the ,eastern gate of the ,priests court1
 and read the ,law to the people1 while 
the ,heifer and the ,goat which was the 

,lord's lot1 were burning without the   
,temple4 ,we may therefore suppose him  
standing in such a manner1 that his     
right foot might appear to ,john as it  
were standing on the sea of glass1 and  
his left foot on the ground of the      
house2 and that he cried with a loud    
voice1 in reading the ,law on the day of
 expiation4 ,and when he had cried1     
seven thunders uttered their voices4    
,thunders are the voice of a cloud1 and 
a cloud signifies a multitude2 and this 
multitude may be the ,levites1 who sang 
with thundering voices1 and played with 
musical instruments at the great        
sacrifices1 on the seven days of the    
feast of ,tabernacles3 at which times   
the trumpets also sounded4 ,for the     
trumpets sounded1 and the ,levites sang 
alternately1 three times at every       
sacrifice4 ,the ,prophecy therefore of  
the seven thunders is nothing else than 
a repetition of the ,prophecy of the    
seven trumpets in another form4 ,and the
 ,angel which ,i saw stand upon the sea 

and upon the earth1 lifted up his hand  
to heaven1 and sware by him that liveth 
for ever and ever1 that after the seven 
thunders there should be time no longer2
 but in the days of the voice of the    
seventh ,angel1 when he shall begin to  
sound1 the mystery of ,god should be    
finished1 as he hath declared to his    
servants the ,prophets4 ,the voices of  
the thunders therefore last to the end  
of this world1 and so do those of the   
trumpets4  ,and the voice which ,i heard
 from heaven1 saith ,john1 spake unto me
 again and said1 ,go and take the little
 book1 c4 ,and ,i took the little book  
out of the ,angel's hand1 and ate it up2
 and it was in my mouth sweet as honey1 
and as soon as ,i had eaten it1 my belly
 was bitter4 ,and he said unto me1 ,thou
 must prophesy again before many        
peoples1 and nations1 and tongues1 and  
kings4 ,this is an introduction to a new
 ,prophecy1 to a repetition of the      
,prophecy of the whole book2 and alludes
 to ,ezekiel's eating a roll or book    

spread open before him1 and written     
within and without1 full of lamentations
 and mourning and woe1 but sweet in his 
mouth4 ,eating and drinking signify     
acquiring and possessing2 and eating the
 book is becoming inspired with the     
,prophecy contained in it4 ,it implies  
being inspired in a vigorous and        
extraordinary manner with the ,prophecy 
of the whole book1 and therefore        
signifies a lively repetition of the    
whole ,prophecy by way of               
interpretation1 and begins not till the 
first ,prophecy1 that of the seals and  
trumpets1 is ended4 ,it was sweet in    
,john's mouth1 and therefore begins not 
with the bitter ,prophecy of the        
,babylonian captivity1 and the ,gentiles
 being in the outward court of the      
,temple1 and treading the holy city     
under foot2 and the prophesying of the  
two ,witnesses in sackcloth1 and their  
smiting the earth with all plagues1 and 
being killed by the ,beast2 but so soon 
as the ,prophecy of the trumpets is     

ended1 it begins with the sweet         
,prophecy of the glorious ,woman in     
heaven1 and the victory of ,michael over
 the ,dragon2 and after that1 it is     
bitter in ,john's belly1 by a large     
description of the times of the great   
,apostacy4  ,and the ,angel stood1 upon 
the earth and sea1 saying1 ,rise and    
measure the ,temple of ,god and the     
,altar1 and them that worship therein1  
that is1 their courts with the buildings
 thereon1 viz4 the square court of the  
,temple called the separate place1 and  
the square court of the ,altar called   
the ,priests court1 and the court of    
them that worship in the ,temple called 
the new court3 but the great court which
 is without the ,temple1 leave out1 and 
measure it not1 for it is given to the  
,gentiles1 and the holy city shall they 
tread under foot forty and two months4  
,this measuring hath reference to       
,ezekiel's measuring the ,temple of     
,solomon3 there the whole ,temple1      
including the outward court1 was        

measured1 to signify that it should be  
rebuilt in the latter days4 ,here the   
courts of the ,temple and ,altar1 and   
they who worship therein1 are only      
measured1 to signify the building of a  
second ,temple1 for those that are      
sealed out of all the twelve tribes of  
,israel1 and worship in the inward court
 of sincerity and truth3 but ,john is   
commanded to leave out the outward      
court1 or outward form of religion and  
,church-government1 because it is given 
to the ,babylonian ,gentiles4 ,for the  
glorious woman in heaven1 the remnant of
 whole seed kept the commandments of    
,god1 and had the testimony of ,jesus1  
continued the same woman in outward form
 after her flight into the wilderness1  
whereby she quitted her former sincerity
 and piety1 and became the great ,whore4
 ,she lost her chastity1 but kept her   
outward form and shape4 ,and while the  
,gentiles tread the holy city underfoot1
 and worship in the outward court1 the  
two witnesses1 represented perhaps by   

the two feet of the ,angel standing on  
the sea and earth1 prophesied against   
them1 and had power1 like ,elijah and   
,moses1 to consume their enemies with   
fire proceeding out of their mouth1 and 
to shut heaven that it rain not in the  
days of their ,prophecy1 and to turn the
 waters into blood1 and to smite the    
earth with all plagues as often as they 
will1 that is1 with the plagues of the  
trumpets and vials of wrath2 and at     
length they are slain1 rise again from  
the dead1 and ascend up to heaven in a  
cloud2 and then the seventh trumpet     
sounds to the day of judgment4  ,the    
,prophecy being finished1 ,john is      
inspired anew by the eaten book1 and    
begins the ,interpretation thereof with 
these words1 ,and the ,temple of ,god   
was opened in heaven1 and there was seen
 in his ,temple the ,ark of the         
,testament4 ,by the ,ark1 we may know   
that this was the first ,temple2 for the
 second ,temple had no ,ark4 ,and there 
were lightnings1 and voices1 and        

thundrings1 and an earthquake1 and great
 hail4 ,these answer to the wars in the 
,roman ,empire1 during the reign of the 
four horsemen1 who appeared upon opening
 the first four seals4 ,and there       
appeared a great wonder in heaven1 a    
woman clothed with the ,sun4 ,in the    
,prophecy1 the affairs of the ,church   
begin to be considered at the opening of
 the fifth seal2 and in the             
,interpretation1 they begin at the same 
time with the vision of the ,church in  
the form of a woman in heaven3 there she
 is persecuted1 and here she is pained  
in travail4 ,the ,interpretation        
proceeds down first to the sealing of   
the servants of ,god1 and marking the   
rest with the mark of the ,beast2 and   
then to the day of judgment1 represented
 by a harvest and vintage4 ,then it     
returns back to the times of opening the
 seventh seal1 and interprets the       
,prophecy of the seven trumpets by the  
pouring out of seven vials of wrath4    
,the ,angels who pour them out1 come out

 of the ,temple of the ,tabernacle2 that
 is1 out of the second ,temple1 for the 
,tabernacle had no outward court4 ,then 
it returns back again to the times of   
measuring the ,temple and ,altar1 and of
 the ,gentiles worshiping in the outward
 court1 and of the ,beast killing the   
witnesses in the streets of the great   
city2 and interprets these things by the
 vision of a woman sitting on the       
,beast1 drunken with the blood of the   
,saints2 and proceeds in the            
interpretation downwards to the fall of 
the great city and the day of judgment4 
,the whole ,prophecy of the book1       
represented by the book of the ,law1 is 
therefore repeated1 and interpreted in  
the visions which follow those of       
sounding the seventh trumpet1 and begin 
with that of the ,temple of ,god opened 
in heaven4 ,only the things1 which the  
seven thunders uttered1 were not written
 down1 and therefore not interpreted4   
,notes to ,chap4 ,,ii4  #a ,isa4 vi4  #b
 ,apoc4 v4  #c ,apoc4 vii  #d ,buxtorf  

in ,synogoga ,judaica1 c4 #ah1 #ba4  #e 
,ezek4 ix4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,,chap4 ,,iii4  ,of the    
relation which the ,prophecy of ,john   
hath to those of ,daniel2 and of the    
,subject of the ,prophecy4  ,the whole  
scene of sacred ,prophecy is composed of
 three principal parts3 the regions     
beyond ,euphrates1 represented by the   
two first ,beasts of ,daniel2 the       
,empire of the ,greeks on this side of  
,euphrates1 represented by the ,leopard 
and by the ,he-,goat2 and the ,empire of
 the ,latins on this side of ,greece1   
represented by the ,beast with ten      
horns4 ,and to these three parts1 the   
phrases of the third part of the earth1 
sea1 rivers1 trees1 ships1 stars1 sun1  
and moon1 relate4 ,i place the body of  
the fourth ,beast on this side of       
,greece1 because the three first of the 
four ,beasts had their lives prolonged  
after their dominion was taken away1 and
 therefore belong not to the body of the
 fourth4 ,he only stamped them with his 

feet4  ,by the earth1 the ,jews         
understood the great continent of all   
,asia and ,africa1 to which they had    
access by land3 and by the ,isles of the
 sea1 they understood the places to     
which they sailed by sea1 particularly  
all ,europe3 and hence in this          
,prophecy1 the earth and sea are put for
 the nations of the ,greek and ,latin   
,empires4  ,the third and fourth ,beasts
 of ,daniel are the same with the       
,dragon and ten-horned ,beast of ,john1 
but with this difference3 ,john puts the
 ,dragon for the whole ,roman ,empire   
while it continued entire1 because it   
was entire when that ,prophecy was      
given2 and the ,beast he considers not  
till the ,empire became divided3 and    
then he puts the ,dragon for the ,empire
 of the ,greeks1 and the ,beast for the 
,empire of the ,latins4 ,hence it is    
that the ,dragon and ,beast have common 
heads and common horns3 but the ,dragon 
hath crowns only upon his heads1 and the
 ,beast only upon his horns2 because the

 ,beast and his horns reigned not before
 they were divided from the ,dragon3 and
 when the ,dragon gave the ,beast his   
throne1 the ten horns received power as 
,kings1 the same hour with the ,beast4  
,the heads are seven successive ,kings4 
,four of them were the four horsemen    
which appeared at the opening of the    
first four seals4 ,in the latter end of 
the sixth head1 or seal1 considered as  
present in the visions1 it is said1 five
 of the seven ,kings are fallen1 and one
 is1 and another is not yet come2 and   
the ,beast that was and is not1 being   
wounded to death with a sword1 he is the
 eighth1 and of the seven3 he was       
therefore a collateral part of the      
seventh4 ,the horns are the same with   
those of ,daniel's fourth ,beast1       
described above4  ,the four horsemen    
which appear at the opening of the first
 four seals1 have been well explained by
 ,mr4 ,mede2 excepting that ,i had      
rather continue the third to the end of 
the reign of the three ,gordians and    

,philip the ,arabian1 those being ,kings
 from the ,south1 and begin the fourth  
with the reign of ,decius1 and continue 
it till the reign of ,dioclesian4 ,for  
the fourth horseman sat upon a pale     
horse1 and his name was ,death2 and hell
 followed with him2 and power was given 
them to kill unto the fourth part of the
 earth1 with the sword1 and with famine1
 and with the plague1 and with the      
,beasts of the earth1 or armies of      
invaders and rebels3 and as such were   
the times during all this interval4     
,hitherto the ,roman ,empire continued  
in an undivided monarchical form1 except
 rebellions2 and such it is represented 
by the four horsemen4 ,but ,dioclesian  
divided it between himself and          
,maximianus1 ,a4,c4 #bhe2 and it        
continued in that divided state1 till   
the victory of ,constantine the great   
over ,licinius1 ,a4,c4 #cbc1 which put  
an end to the heathen persecutions set  
on foot by ,dioclesian and ,maximianus1 
and described at the opening of the     

fifth seal4 ,but this division of the   
,empire was imperfect1 the whole being  
still under one and the same ,senate4   
,the same victory of ,constantine over  
,licinius a heathen persecutor1 began   
the fall of the heathen ,empire1        
described at the opening of the sixth   
seal3 and the visions of this seal      
continue till after the reign of ,julian
 the ,apostate1 he being a heathen      
,emperor1 and reigning over the whole   
,roman ,empire4  ,the affairs of the    
,church begin to be considered at the   
opening of the fifth seal1 as was said  
above4 ,then she is represented by a    
woman in the ,temple of heaven1 clothed 
with the sun of righteousness1 and the  
moon of ,jewish ceremonies under her    
feet1 and upon her head a crown of      
twelve stars relating to the twelve     
,apostles and to the twelve tribes of   
,israel4 ,when she fled from the ,temple
 into the wilderness1 she left in the   
,temple a remnant of her seed1 who kept 
the commandments of ,god1 and had the   

testimony of ,jesus ,christ2 and        
therefore before her flight she         
represented the true primitive ,church  
of ,god1 tho afterwards she degenerated 
like ,aholah and ,aholibah4 ,in         
,diocesian's persecution she cried1     
travelling in birth1 and pained to be   
delivered4 ,and in the end of that      
persecution1 by the victory of          
,constantine over ,maxentius ,a4,c4     
#cab1 she brought forth a man-child1    
such a child as was to rule all nations 
with a rod of iron1 a ,christian        
,empire4 ,and her child1 by the victory 
of ,constantine over ,licinius1 ,a4,c4  
#cbc1 was caught up unto ,god and to his
 throne4 ,and the woman1 by the division
 of the ,roman ,empire into the ,greek  
and ,latin ,empires1 fled from the first
 ,temple into the wilderness1 or        
spiritually barren ,empire of the       
,latins1 where she is found afterwards  
sitting upon the ,beast and upon the    
seven mountains2 and is called the great
 city which reigneth over the ,kings of 

the earth1 that is1 over the ten ,kings 
who give their kingdom to her ,beast4   
,but before her flight there was war in 
heaven between ,michael and the ,dragon1
 the ,christian and the heathen         
religions2 and the ,dragon1 that old    
serpent1 called the ,devil and ,satan1  
who deceiveth the whole world1 was cast 
out to the earth1 and his ,angels were  
cast out with him4 ,and ,john heard a   
voice in heaven1 saying1 ,now is come   
salvation and strength1 and the kingdom 
of our ,god1 and the power of his       
,christ3 for the accuser of our brethren
 is cast down4 ,and they overcame him by
 the blood of the ,lamb1 and by the word
 of their testimony4 ,and they loved not
 their lives unto the death4 ,therefore 
rejoice1 ye heavens1 and ye that dwell  
in them4 ,woe be to the inhabiters of   
the earth and sea1 or people of the     
,greek and ,latin ,empires1 for the     
devil is come down amongst you1 having  
great wrath1 because he knoweth that he 
hath but a short time4  ,and when the   

,dragon saw that he was cast down from  
the ,roman throne1 and the man-child    
caught up thither1 he persecuted the    
woman which brought forth the man-child2
 and to her1 by the division of the     
,roman ,empire between the cities of    
,rome and ,constantinople ,a4,c4 #ccj1  
were given two wings of a great eagle1  
the symbol of the ,roman ,empire1 that  
she might flee from the first ,temple   
into the wilderness of ,arabia1 to her  
place at ,babylon mystically so called4 
,and the serpent1 by the division of the
 same ,empire between the sons of       
,constantine the great1 ,a4,c4 #ccg1    
cast out of his mouth water as a flood1 
the ,western ,empire1 after the woman2  
that he might cause her to be carried   
away by the flood4 ,and the earth1 or   
,greek ,empire1 helped the woman1 and   
the earth opened her mouth1 and         
swallowed up the flood1 by the victory  
of ,constantius over ,magnentius1 ,a4,c4
 #cec1 and thus the ,beast was wounded  
to death with a sword4 ,and the ,dragon 

was wroth with the woman1 in the reign  
of ,julian the ,apostate ,a4,c4 #cfa1   
and1 by a new division of the ,empire   
between ,valentinian and ,valens1 ,a4,c4
 #cfd1 went from her into the ,eastern  
,empire to make war with the remnant of 
her seed1 which she left behind her when
 she fled3 and thus the ,beast revived4 
,by the next division of the ,empire1   
which was between ,gratian and          
,theodosius ,a4,c4 #cgi1 the ,beast with
 ten horns rose out of the sea1 and the 
,beast with two horns out of the earth3 
and by the last division thereof1 which 
was between the sons of ,theodosius1    
,a4,c4 #cie1 the ,dragon gave the ,beast
 his power and throne1 and great        
authority4 ,and the ten horns received  
power as ,kings1 the same hour with the 
,beast4  ,at length the woman arrived at
 her place of temporal as well as       
spiritual dominion upon the back of the 
,beast1 where she is nourished a time1  
and times1 and half a time1 from the    
face of the serpent2 not in his kingdom1

 but at a distance from him4 ,she is    
nourished by the merchants of the earth1
 three times or years and an half1 or   
#db months1 or #abfj days3 and in these 
,prophecies days are put for years4     
,during all this time the ,beast acted1 
and she sat upon him1 that is1 reigned  
over him1 and over the ten ,kings who   
gave their power and strength1 that is1 
their kingdom to the ,beast2 and she was
 drunken with the blood of the ,saints4 
,by all these circumstances she is the  
eleventh horn of ,daniel's fourth       
,beast1 who reigned with a look more    
stout than his fellows1 and was of a    
different kind from the rest1 and had   
eyes and a mouth like the woman2 and    
made war with the saints1 and prevailed 
against them1 and wore them out1 and    
thought to change times and laws1 and   
had them given into his hand1 until a   
time1 and times1 and half a time4 ,these
 characters of the woman1 and little    
horn of the ,beast1 agree perfectly3 in 
respect of her temporal dominion1 she   

was a horn of the ,beast2 in respect of 
her spiritual dominion1 she rode upon   
him in the form of a woman1 and was his 
,church1 and committed fornication with 
the ten ,kings4  ,the second ,beast1    
which rose up out of the earth1 was the 
,church of the ,greek ,empire3 for it   
had two horns like those of the ,lamb1  
and therefore was a ,church2 and it     
spake as the ,dragon1 and therefore was 
of his religion2 and it came up out of  
the earth1 and by consequence in his    
kingdom4 ,it is called also the false   
,prophet who wrought miracles before the
 first ,beast1 by which he deceived them
 that received his mark1 and worshiped  
his image4 ,when the ,dragon went from  
the woman to make war with the remnant  
of her seed1 this ,beast arising out of 
the earth assisted in that war1 and     
caused the earth and them which dwell   
therein to worship the authority of the 
first ,beast1 whose mortal wound was    
healed1 and to make an ,image to him1   
that is1 to assemble a body of men like 

him in point of religion4 ,he had also  
power to give life and authority to the 
,image1 so that it could both speak1 and
 by dictating cause that all religious  
bodies of men1 who would not worship the
 authority of the ,image1 should be     
mystically killed4 ,and he causeth all  
men to receive a mark in their right    
hand or in their forehead1 and that no  
man might buy or sell save he that had  
the mark1 or the name of the ,beast1 or 
the number of his name2 all the rest    
being excommunicated by the ,beast with 
two horns4 ,his mark is ,cross ,cross   
,cross1 and his name ,greek3 ,,lateinos1
 and the number of his name #fff4  ,thus
 the ,beast1 after he was wounded to    
death with a sword and revived1 was     
deified1 as the heathens used to deify  
their ,kings after death1 and had an    
,image erected to him2 and his          
worshipers were initiated in this new   
religion1 by receiving the mark or name 
of this new ,god1 or the number of his  
name4 ,by killing all that will not     

worship him and his ,image1 the first   
,temple1 illuminated by the lamps of the
 seven ,churches1 is demolished1 and a  
new ,temple built for them who will not 
worship him2 and the outward court of   
this new ,temple1 or outward form of a  
,church1 is given to the ,gentiles1 who 
worship the ,beast and his ,image3 while
 they who will not worship him1 are     
sealed with the name of ,god in their   
foreheads1 and retire into the inward   
court of this new ,temple4 ,these are   
the #addjjj sealed out of all the twelve
 tribes of ,israel1 and called the two  
,witnesses1 as being derived from the   
two wings of the woman while she was    
flying into the wilderness1 and         
represented by two of the seven         
candlesticks4 ,these appear to ,john in 
the inward court of the second ,temple1 
standing on mount ,sion with the ,lamb1 
and as it were on the sea of glass4     
,these are the ,saints of the most      
,high1 and the host of heaven1 and the  
holy people spoken of by ,daniel1 as    

worn out and trampled under foot1 and   
destroyed in the latter times by the    
little horns of his fourth ,beast and   
,he-,goat4  ,while the ,gentiles tread  
the holy city under foot1 ,god gives    
power to his two ,witnesses1 and they   
prophesy a thousand two hundred and     
threescore days clothed in sackcloth4   
,they are called the two ,olive-trees1  
with relation to the two ,olive-trees1  
which in ,zechary's vision1 chap4 iv4   
stand on either side of the golden      
candlestick to supply the lamps with    
oil3 and ,olive-trees1 according to the 
,apostle ,paul1 represent ,churches1    
,rom4 xi4 ,they supply the lamps with   
oil1 by maintaining teachers4 ,they are 
also called the two candlesticks2 which 
in this ,prophecy signify ,churches1 the
 seven ,churches of ,asia being         
represented by seven candlesticks4 ,five
 of these ,churches were found faulty1  
and threatned if they did not repent2   
the other two were without fault1 and so
 their candlesticks were fit to be      

placed in the second ,temple4 ,these    
were the ,churches in ,smyrna and       
,philadelphia4 ,they were in a state of 
tribulation and persecution1 and the    
only two of the seven in such a state3  
and so their candlesticks were fit to   
represent the ,churches in affliction in
 the times of the second ,temple1 and   
the only two of the seven that were fit4
 ,the two ,witnesses are not new        
,churches3 they are the posterity of the
 primitive ,church1 the posterity of the
 two wings of the woman1 and so are     
fitly represented by two of the         
primitive candlesticks4 ,we may conceive
 therefore1 that when the first ,temple 
was destroyed1 and a new one built for  
them who worship in the inward court1   
two of the seven candlesticks were      
placed in this new ,temple4  ,the       
affairs of the ,church are not          
considered during the opening of the    
first four seals4 ,they begin to be     
consider'd at the opening of the fifth  
seal1 as was said above2 and are further

 considered at the opening of the sixth 
seal2 and the seventh seal contains the 
times of the great ,apostacy4 ,and      
therefore ,i refer the ,epistles to the 
seven ,churches unto the times of the   
fifth and sixth seals3 for they relate  
to the ,church when she began to        
decline1 and contain admonitions against
 the great ,apostacy then approaching4  
,when ,eusebius had brought down his    
,ecclesiatical ,history to the reign of 
,dioclesian1 he thus describes the state
 of the ,church3 ,qualem quantamque     
gloriam simul ac libertatem doctrina    
verae erga supremum ,deum pietatis a    
,christo primum hominibus annunciata1   
apud omnes ,graecos pariter  barbaros   
ante persecutionem nostra memoria       
excitatam1 consecuta sit1 nos certe pro 
merito explicare non possumus4          
,argumento esse possit ,imperatorum     
benignitas erga nostros3 quibus regendas
 etiam provincias committebant1 omni    
sacrificandi metu eos liberantes ob     
singularem1 qua in religionem nostram   

affecti erant1 benevolentiam4 ,and a    
little after3 ,jam vero quis            
innumerabilem hominum quotidie ad fidem 
,christi confugientium turbam1 quis     
numerum ecclesiarum in singulis urbibus1
 quis illustres populorum concursus in  
aedibus sacris1 cumulate possit         
describere8 ,quo factum est1 ut priscis 
aedificiis jam non contenti1 in singulis
 urbibus spatiosas ab ipsis fundamentis 
exstruerent ecclesias4 ,atque haec      
progressii temporis increscentia1       
quotidie in majus  melius               
proficiscentia1 nec livor ullus         
atterere1 nec malignitas daemonis       
fascinare1 nec hominum insidiae         
prohibere unquam potuerunt1 quamdiu     
omnipotentis ,dei dextra populum suum1  
utpote tali dignum praesidio1 texit     
atque custodiit4 ,sed cum ex nimia      
libertate in negligentiam ac desidiam   
prolapsi essemus2 cum alter alteri      
invidere atque obtrectare caepisset2 cum
 inter nos quasi bella intestina        
gereremus1 verbis1 tanquam armis        

quibusdam hastisque1 nos mutuo          
vulnerantes2 cum ,antistites adversus   
,antistites1 populi in populos collisi1 
jurgia ac tumultus agitarent2 denique   
cum fraus  simulatio ad summum malitiae 
culmen adolevisset3 tum divina ultio1   
levi brachio ut solet1 integro adhuc    
ecclesiae statu1  fidelium turbis libere
 convenientibus1 sensim ac moderate in  
nos caepit animadvertere2 orsa primum   
persecutione ab iis qui militabant4 ,cum
 vero sensu omni destituti de placando  
,dei numine ne cogitaremus quidem2 quin 
potius instar impiorum quorundam res    
humanas nulla providentia gubernari     
rati1 alia quotidie crimina aliis       
adjiceremus3 cum ,pastores nostri spreta
 religionis regula1 mutuis inter se     
contentionibus decertarent1 nihil aliud 
quam jurgia1 minas1 aemulationem1 odia1 
ac mutuas inimicitias amplificare       
studentes2 principatum quasi tyrannidem 
quandam contentissime sibi vindicantes3 
tunc demum juxta dictum ,hieremiae1     
obscuravit ,dominus in ira sua filiam   

,sion1  dejecit de caelo gloriam        
,israel1--per ,ecclesiarum scilicet     
subversionem1 c4 ,this was the state of 
the ,church just before the subversion  
of the ,churches in the beginning of    
,dioclesian's persecution3 and to this  
state of the ,church agrees the first of
 the seven ,epistles to the ,angel of   
the seven ,churches1 #a that to the     
,church in ,ephesus4 ,i have something  
against thee1 saith ,christ to the      
,angel of that ,church1 because thou    
hast left thy first love4 ,remember     
therefore from whence thou art fallen1  
and repent1 and do the first works2 or  
else ,i will come unto thee quickly1 and
 will remove thy candlestick out of its 
place1 except thou repent4 ,but this    
thou hast1 that thou hatest the deeds of
 the ,nicolaitans1 which ,i also hate4  
,the ,nicolaitans are the ,continentes  
above described1 who placed religion in 
abstinence from marriage1 abandoning    
their wives if they had any4 ,they are  
here called ,nicolaitans1 from ,nicolas 

one of the seven deacons of the         
primitive ,church of ,jerusalem2 who    
having a beautiful wife1 and being taxed
 with uxoriousness1 abandoned her1 and  
permitted her to marry whom she pleased1
 saying that we must disuse the flesh2  
and thenceforward lived a single life in
 continency1 as his children also4 ,the 
,continentes afterwards embraced the    
doctrine of ,a,eons and ,ghosts male and
 female1 and were avoided by the        
,churches till the fourth century2 and  
the ,church of ,ephesus is here         
commended for hating their deeds4  ,the 
persecution of ,dioclesian began in the 
year of ,christ #cjb1 and lasted ten    
years in the ,eastern ,empire and two   
years in the ,western4 ,to this state of
 the ,church the second ,epistle1 to the
 ,church of ,smyrna1 agrees4 ,i know1   
saith #b ,christ1 thy works1 and        
tribulation1 and poverty1 but thou art  
rich2 and ,i know the blasphemy of them1
 which say they are ,jews and are not1  
but are the synagogue of ,satan4 ,fear  

none of those things which thou shalt   
suffer3 ,behold1 the ,devil shall call  
some of you into prison1 that ye may be 
tried2 and ye shall have tribulation ten
 days4 ,be thou faithful unto death1 and
 ,i will give thee a crown of life4 ,the
 tribulation of ten days can agree to no
 other persecution than that of         
,dioclesian1 it being the only          
persecution which lasted ten years4 ,by 
the blasphemy of them which say they are
 ,jews and are not1 but are the         
synagogue of ,satan1 ,i understand the  
,idolatry of the ,nicolaitans1 who      
falsly said they were ,christians4  ,the
 ,nicolaitans are complained of also in 
#c the third ,epistle1 as men that held 
the doctrine of ,balaam1 who taught     
,balac to cast a stumbling-block before 
the children of ,israel1 to eat things  
sacrificed to ,idols1 and #d to commit  
spiritual fornication4 ,for ,balaam     
taught the ,moabites and ,midianites to 
tempt and invite ,israel by their women 
to commit fornication1 and to feast with

 them at the sacrifices of their ,gods4 
,the ,dragon therefore began now to come
 down among the inhabitants of the earth
 and sea4  ,the ,nicolaitans are also   
complained of in the fourth ,epistle1   
under the name of the woman ,jezabel1   
who calleth herself a ,prophetess1 to   
teach and to seduce the servants of     
,christ to commit fornication1 and to   
eat things sacrificed to ,idols4 ,the   
woman therefore began now to fly into   
the wilderness4  ,the reign of          
,constantine the great from the time of 
his conquering ,licinius1 was           
monarchical over the whole ,roman       
,empire4 ,then the ,empire became       
divided between the sons of             
,constantine3 and afterwards it was     
again united under ,constantius1 by his 
victory over ,magnentius4 ,to the       
affairs of the ,church in these three   
successive periods of time1 the third1  
fourth1 and fifth ,epistles1 that is1   
those to the ,angels of the ,churches in
 ,pergamus1 ,thyatira1 and ,sardis1 seem

 to relate4 ,the next ,emperor was      
,julian the ,apostate4  ,in the sixth   
,epistle1 #e to the ,angel of the       
,church in ,philadelphia1 ,christ saith3
 ,because in the reign of the heathen   
,emperor ,julian1 thou hast kept the    
word of my patience1 ,i also will keep  
thee from the hour of temptation1 which 
by the woman's flying into the          
wilderness1 and the ,dragon's making war
 with the remnant of her seed1 and the  
killing of all who will not worship the 
,image of the ,beast1 shall come upon   
all the world1 to try them that dwell   
upon the earth1 and to distinguish them 
by sealing the one with the name of ,god
 in their foreheads1 and marking the    
other with the mark of the ,beast4 ,him 
that overcometh1 ,i will make a pillar  
in the ,temple of my ,god2 and he shall 
go no more out of it4 ,and ,i will write
 upon him the name of my ,god in his    
forehead4 ,so the ,christians of the    
,church of ,philadelphia1 as many of    
them as overcome1 are sealed with the   

seal of ,god1 and placed in the second  
,temple1 and go no more out4 ,the same  
is to be understood of the ,church in   
,smyrna1 which also kept the word of    
,god's patience1 and was without fault4 
,these two ,churches1 with their        
posterity1 are therefore the two        
,pillars1 and the two ,candlesticks1 and
 the two ,witnesses in the second       
,temple4  ,after the reign of the       
,emperor ,julian1 and his successor     
,jovian who reigned but five months1 the
 ,empire became again divided between   
,valentinian and ,valens4 ,then the     
,church ,catholick1 in the ,epistle to  
the ,angel of the ,church of ,laodicea1 
is reprehended as lukewarm1 and #f      
threatned to be spewed out of ,christ's 
mouth4 ,she said1 that she was rich and 
increased with goods1 and had need of   
nothing1 being in outward prosperity2   
and knew not that she was inwardly      
wretched1 and miserable1 and poor1 and  
blind1 and naked4 ,she is therefore     
spewed out of ,christ's mouth at the    

opening of the seventh seal3 and this   
puts an end to the times of the first   
,temple4  ,about one half of the ,roman 
,empire turned ,christians in the time  
of ,constantine the great and his sons4 
,after ,julian had opened the ,temples1 
and restored the worship of the         
heathens1 the ,emperors ,valentinian and
 ,valens tolerated it all their reign2  
and therefore the ,prophecy of the sixth
 seal was not fully accomplished before 
the reign of their successor ,gratian4  
,it was the custom of the heathen       
,priests1 in the beginning of the reign 
of every sovereign ,emperor1 to offer   
him the dignity and habit of the        
,pontifex ,maximus4 ,this dignity all   
,emperors had hitherto accepted3 but    
,gratian rejected it1 threw down the    
idols1 interdicted the sacrifices1 and  
took away their revenues with the       
salaries and authority of the ,priests4 
,theodosius the great followed his      
example2 and heathenism afterwards      
recovered itself no more1 but decreased 

so fast1 that ,prudentius1 about ten    
years after the death of ,theodosius1   
called the heathens1 vix pauca ingenia  
pars hominum rarissima4 ,whence the     
affairs of the sixth seal ended with the
 reign of ,valens1 or rather with the   
beginning of the reign of ,theodosius1  
when he1 like his predecessor ,gratian1 
rejected the dignity of ,pontifex       
,maximus4 ,for the ,romans were very    
much infested by the invasions of       
foreign nations in the reign of         
,valentinian and ,valens3 ,hoc tempore1 
saith ,ammianus1 velut per universum    
orbem ,romanum bellicum canentibus      
buccinis1 excitae gentes saevissimae    
limites sibi proximos persultabant3     
,gallias ,rhaetiasque simul ,alemanni   
populabantur3 ,sarmatae ,pannonias      
,quadi3 ,picti1 ,saxones1  ,scoti       
,attacotti ,britannos aerumnis vexavere 
continuis3 ,austoriani1 ,mauricaeque    
aliae gentes ,africam solito acrius     
incursabant3 ,thracias diripiebant      
praedatorii globi ,gotthorum3 ,persarum 

,rex manus ,armeniis injectabat4 ,and   
whilst the ,emperors were busy in       
repelling these enemies1 the ,hunns and 
,alans and ,goths came over the ,danube 
in two bodies1 overcame and slew        
,valens1 and made so great a slaughter  
of the ,roman army1 that ,ammianus      
saith3 ,nec ulla ,annalibus praeter     
,cannensem ita ad internecionem res     
legitur gesta4 ,these wars were not     
fully stopt on all sides till the       
beginning of the reign of ,theodosius1  
,a4,c4 #cgi  #chj3 but thenceforward the
 ,empire remained quiet from foreign    
armies1 till his death1 ,a4,c4 #cie4 ,so
 long the four winds were held3 and so  
long there was silence in heaven4 ,and  
the seventh seal was opened when this   
silence began4  ,mr4 ,mede hath         
explained the ,prophecy of the first six
 trumpets not much amiss3 but if he had 
observed1 that the ,prophecy of pouring 
out the vials of wrath is synchronal to 
that of sounding the trumpets1 his      
explanation would have been yet more    

complete4  ,the name of ,woes is given  
to the wars to which the three last     
trumpets sound1 to distinguish them from
 the wars of the four first4 ,the       
sacrifices on the first four days of the
 feast of ,tabernacles1 at which the    
first four trumpets sound1 and the first
 four vials of wrath are poured out1 are
 slaughters in four great wars2 and     
these wars are represented by four winds
 from the four corners of the earth4    
,the first was an east wind1 the second 
a west wind1 the third a south wind1 and
 the fourth a north wind1 with respect  
to the city of ,rome1 the metropolis of 
the old ,roman ,empire4 ,these four     
plagues fell upon the third part of the 
,earth1 ,sea1 ,rivers1 ,sun1 ,moon and  
,stars2 that is1 upon the ,earth1 ,sea1 
,rivers1 ,sun1 ,moon and ,stars of the  
third part of the whole scene of these  
,prophecies of ,daniel and ,john4  ,the 
plague of the eastern wind #g at the    
sounding of the first trumpet1 was to   
fall upon the ,earth1 that is1 upon the 

nations of the ,greek ,empire4          
,accordingly1 after the death of        
,theodosius the great1 the ,goths1      
,sarmatians1 ,hunns1 ,isaurians1 and    
,austorian ,moors invaded and miserably 
wasted ,greece1 ,thrace1 ,asia minor1   
,armenia1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,lybia1 and   
,illyricum1 for ten or twelve years     
together4  ,the plague of the western   
wind at the sounding of the second      
trumpet1 was to fall upon the ,sea1 or  
,western ,empire1 by means of a great   
mountain burning with fire cast into it1
 and turning it to blood4 ,accordingly  
in the year #djg1 that ,empire began to 
be invaded by the ,visigoths1 ,vandals1 
,alans1 ,sueves1 ,burgundians1          
,ostrogoths1 ,heruli1 ,quadi1 ,gepides2 
and by these wars it was broken into ten
 kingdoms1 and miserably wasted3 and    
,rome itself1 the burning mountain1 was 
besieged and taken by the ,ostrogoths1  
in the beginning of these miseries4     
,the plague of the southern wind at the 
sounding of the third trumpet1 was to   

cause a great star1 burning as it were a
 lamp1 to fall from heaven upon the     
rivers and fountains of waters1 the     
,western ,empire now divided into many  
kingdoms1 and to turn them to wormwood  
and blood1 and make them bitter4        
,accordingly ,genseric1 the ,king of the
 ,vandals and ,alans in ,spain1 ,a4,c4  
#dbg1 enter'd ,africa with an army of   
eighty thousand men2 where he invaded   
the ,moors1 and made war upon the       
,romans1 both there and on the          
sea-coasts of ,europe1 for fifty years  
together1 almost without intermission1  
taking ,hippo ,a4,c4 #dca1 and ,carthage
 the capital of ,africa ,a4,c4 #dci4 ,in
 ,a4,c4 #dee1 with a numerous fleet and 
an army of three hundred thousand       
,vandals and ,moors1 he invaded ,italy1 
took and plundered ,rome1 ,naples1      
,capua1 and many other cities2 carrying 
thence their wealth with the flower of  
the people into ,africa3 and the next   
year1 ,a4,c4 #def1 he rent all ,africa  
from the ,empire1 totally expelling the 

,romans4 ,then the ,vandals invaded and 
took the ,islands of the ,mediterranean1
 ,sicily1 ,sardinia1 ,corsica1 ,ebusus1 
,majorca1 ,minorca1 c4 and ,ricimer     
besieged the ,emperer ,anthemius in     
,rome1 took the city1 and gave his      
soldiers the plunder1 ,a4,c4 #dgb4 ,the 
,visigoths about the same time drove the
 ,romans out of ,spain3 and now the     
,western ,emperor1 the great star which 
fell from heaven1 burning as it were a  
lamp1 having by all these wars gradually
 lost almost all his dominions1 was     
invaded1 and conquered in one year by   
,odoacer ,king of the ,heruli1 ,a4,c4   
#dgf4 ,after this the ,moors revolted   
,a4,c4 #dgg1 and weakned the ,vandals by
 several wars1 and took ,mauritania from
 them4 ,these wars continued till the   
,vandals were conquered by ,belisarius1 
,a4,c4 #ecd4 and by all these wars      
,africa was almost depopulated1         
according to ,procopius1 who reckons    
that above five millions of men perished
 in them4 ,when the ,vandals first      

invaded ,africa1 that country was very  
populous1 consisting of about #gjj      
bishopricks1 more than were in all      
,france1 ,spain and ,italy together3 but
 by the wars between the ,vandals1      
,romans and ,moors1 it was depopulated  
to that degree1 that ,procopius tells   
us1 it was next to a miracle for a      
traveller to see a man4  ,in pouring out
 the third vial it is #h said3 ,thou art
 righteous1 ,o ,lord1--because thou hast
 judged thus3 for they have shed the    
blood of thy ,saints and ,prophets1 and 
thou hast given them blood to drink1 for
 they are worthy4 ,how they shed the    
blood of ,saints1 may be understood by  
the following ,edict of the ,emperor    
,honorius1 procured by four ,bishops    
sent to him by a ,council of ,african   
,bishops1 who met at ,carthage #ad      
,june1 ,a4,c4 #daj4  ,impp4 ,honor4 4   
,theod4 ,,aa4 ,heracliano ,com4 ,afric4 
,oraculo penitus remoto1 quo ad ritus   
suos haereticae superstitionis          
abrepserant1 sciant omnes sanctae legis 

inimici1 plectendos se poena            
proscriptionis  sanguinis1 si ultra     
convenire per publicum1 execranda       
sceleris sui temeritate temptaverint4   
,dat4 viii4 ,kal4 ,sept4 ,varano ,v4,c4 
,cons4 ,a4,c4 #daj4  ,which ,edict was  
five years after fortified by the       
following4  ,impp4 ,honor4  ,theod4     
,,aa4 ,heracliano ,com4 ,afric4  ,sciant
 cuncti qui ad ritus suos haeresis      
superstitionibus obrepserant            
sacrosanctae legis inimici1 plectendos  
se poena  proscriptionis  sanguinis1 si 
ultra convenire per publicum exercendi  
sceleris sui temeritate temptaverint3 ne
 qua vera divinaque reverentia          
contagione temeretur4 ,dat4 viii4 ,kal4 
,sept4 ,honorio x4  ,theod4 vi4 ,,aa4   
,coss4 ,a4,c4 #dae4  ,these ,edicts     
being directed to the governor of       
,africa1 extended only to the ,africans4
 ,before these there were many severe   
ones against the ,donatists1 but they   
did not extend to blood4 ,these two were
 the first which made their meetings1   

and the meetings of all dissenters1     
capital3 for by hereticks in these      
,edicts are meant all dissenters1 as is 
manifest by the following against       
,euresius a ,luciferan ,bishop4  ,impp4 
,arcad4  ,honor4 ,,aa4 ,aureliano ,proc4
 ,africae4  ,haereticorum vocabulo      
continentur1  latis adversus eos        
sanctionibus debent succumbere1 qui vel 
levi argumento a judicio ,catholicae    
religionis  tramite detecti fuerint     
deviare3 ideoque experientia tua        
,euresium haereticum esse cognoscat4    
,dat4 iii4 ,non4 ,sept4 ,constantinop4  
,olybrio  ,probino ,coss4 ,a4,c4 #cie4  
,the ,greek ,emperor ,zeno adopted      
,theoderic ,king of the ,ostrogoths to  
be his son1 made him master of the horse
 and ,patricius1 and ,consul of         
,constantinople2 and recommending to him
 the ,roman people and ,senate1 gave him
 the ,western ,empire1 and sent him into
 ,italy against ,odoacer ,king of the   
,heruli4 ,theoderic thereupon led his   
nation into ,italy1 conquered ,odoacer1 

and reigned over ,italy1 ,sicily1       
,rhaetia1 ,noricum1 ,dalmatia1          
,liburnia1 ,istria1 and part of ,suevia1
 ,pannonia and ,gallia4 ,whence         
,ennodius said1 in a ,panegyric to      
,theoderic3 ,ad limitem suum ,romana    
regna remeasse4 ,theoderic reigned with 
great prudence1 moderation and felicity2
 treated the ,romans with singular      
benevolence1 governed them by their own 
laws1 and restored their government     
under their ,senate and ,consuls1 he    
himself supplying the place of ,emperor1
 without assuming the title4 ,ita sibi  
parentibus praefuit1 saith ,procopius1  
ut vere ,imperatori conveniens decus    
nullum ipsi abesset3 ,justitiae magnus  
ei cultus1 legumque diligens custodia3  
terras a vicinis barbaris servavit      
intactas1 c4 ,whence ,i do not reckon   
the reign of this ,king1 amongst the    
plagues of the four winds4  ,the plague 
of the northern wind1 at the sounding of
 the fourth trumpet1 was to cause the   
,sun1 ,moon and ,stars1 that is1 the    

,king1 kingdom and ,princes of the      
,western ,empire1 to be darkned1 and to 
continue some time in darkness4         
,accordingly ,belisarius1 having        
conquered the ,vandals1 invaded ,italy  
,a4,c4 #ece1 and made war upon the      
,ostrogoths in ,dalmatia1 ,liburnia1    
,venetia1 ,lombardy1 ,tuscany1 and other
 regions northward from ,rome1 twenty   
years together4 ,in this war many cities
 were taken and retaken4 ,in retaking   
,millain from the ,romans1 the          
,ostrogoths slew all the males young and
 old1 amounting1 as ,procopius reckons1 
to three hundred thousand1 and sent the 
women captives to their allies the      
,burgundians4 ,rome itself was taken and
 retaken several times1 and thereby the 
people were thinned2 the old government 
by a ,senate ceased1 the nobles were    
ruined1 and all the glory of the city   
was extinguish'd3 and ,a4,c4 #eeb1 after
 a war of seventeen years1 the kingdom  
of the ,ostrogoths fell2 yet the        
remainder of the ,ostrogoths1 and an    

army of ,germans called in to their     
assistance1 continued the war three or  
four years longer4 ,then ensued the war 
of the ,heruli1 who1 as ,anastasius     
tells us1 perimebant cunctam ,italiam1  
slew all ,italy4 ,this was followed by  
the war of the ,lombards1 the fiercest  
of all the ,barbarians1 which began     
,a4,c4 #efh1 and lasted for thirty eight
 years together2 facta tali clade1 saith
 ,anastasius1 qualem a saeculo nullus   
meminit2 ending at last in the ,papacy  
of ,sabinian1 ,a4,c4 #fje1 by a peace   
then made with the ,lombards4 ,three    
years before this war ended1 ,gregory   
the great1 then ,bishop of ,rome1 thus  
speaks of it3 ,qualiter enim            
quotidianis gladiis  quantis            
,longobardorum incursionibus1 ecce jam  
per triginta quinque annorum            
longitudinem premimur1 nullis explere   
vocibus suggestionis valemus3 and in one
 of his ,sermons to the people1 he thus 
expresses the great consumption of the  
,romans by these wars3 ,ex illa plebe   

innumerabili quanti remanseritis        
aspicitis1  tamen adhuc quotidie        
flagella urgent1 repentini casus        
opprimunt1 novae res  improvisae clades 
affligunt4 ,in another ,sermon he thus  
describes the desolations3 ,destructae  
urbes1 eversa sunt castra1 depopulati   
agri1 in solitudinem terra redacta est4 
,nullus in agris incola1 pene nullus in 
urbibus habitator remansit4 ,et tamen   
ipsae parvae generis humani reliquiae   
adhuc quotidie  sine cessatione         
feriuntur1  finem non habent flagella   
coelestis justitiae4 ,ipsa autem quae   
aliquando mundi ,domina esse videbatur1 
qualis remansit ,roma conspicimus       
innumeris doloribus multipliciter       
attrita1 defolatione civium1 impressione
 hostium1 frequentia ruinarum4--,ecce   
jam de illa omnes hujus faeculi potentes
 ablati sunt4--,ecce populi             
defecerunt4--,ubi enim ,senatus8 ,ubi   
jam populus8 ,contabuerunt ossa1        
consumptae sunt carnes4 ,omnis enim     
saecularium dignitatum ordo extinctus   

est1  tamen ipsos vos paucos qui        
remansimus1 adhuc quotidie gladii1 adhuc
 quotidie innumerae tribulationes       
premunt4--,vacua jam ardet ,roma4 ,quid 
autem ista de hominibus dicimus8 ,cum   
ruinis crebrescentibus ipsa quoque      
destrui aedificia videmus4 ,postquam    
defecerunt homines etiam parietes       
cadunt4 ,jam ecce desolata1 ecce        
contrita1 ecce gemitibus oppressa est1  
c4 ,all this was spoken by ,gregory to  
the people of ,rome1 who were witnesses 
of the truth of it4 ,thus by the plagues
 of the four winds1 the ,empire of the  
,greeks was shaken1 and the ,empire of  
the ,latins fell2 and ,rome remained    
nothing more than the capital of a poor 
dukedom1 subordinate to ,ravenna1 the   
seat of the ,exarchs4  ,the fifth       
trumpet sounded to the wars1 which the  
,king of the ,south1 as he is called by 
,daniel1 made in the time of the end1 in
 pushing at the ,king who did according 
to his will4 ,this plague began with the
 opening of the bottomless pit1 which   

denotes the letting out of a false      
religion3 the smoke which came out of   
the pit1 signifying the multitude which 
embraced that religion2 and the locusts 
which came out of the smoke1 the armies 
which came out of that multitude4 ,this 
pit was opened1 to let out smoke and    
locusts into the regions of the four    
monarchies1 or some of them4 ,the ,king 
of these locusts was the ,angel of the  
bottomless pit1 being chief governor as 
well in religious as civil affairs1 such
 as was the ,caliph of the ,saracens4   
,swarms of locusts often arise in       
,arabia faelix1 and from thence infest  
the neighbouring nations3 and so are a  
very fit type of the numerous armies of 
,arabians invading the ,romans4 ,they   
began to invade them ,a4,c4 #fcd1 and to
 reign at ,damascus ,a4,c4 #fcg4 ,they  
built ,bagdad ,a4,c4 #gff1 and reigned  
over ,persia1 ,syria1 ,arabia1 ,egypt1  
,africa and ,spain4 ,they afterwards    
lost ,africa to ,mahades1 ,a4,c4 #iaj2  
,media1 ,hircania1 ,chorasan1 and all   

,persia1 to the ,dailamites1 between the
 years #ibg and #ice2 ,mesopotamia and  
,miafarekin to ,nasiruddaulas1 ,a4,c4   
#icj2 ,syria and ,egypt to ,achsjid1    
,a4,c4 #ice1 and now being in great     
distress1 the ,caliph of ,bagdad1 ,a4,c4
 #icf1 surrendred all the rest of his   
temporal power to ,mahomet the son of   
,rajici1 ,king of ,wasit in ,chaldea1   
and made him ,emperor of ,emperors4 ,but
 ,mahomet within two years lost ,bagdad 
to the ,turks2 and thenceforward ,bagdad
 was sometimes in the hands of the      
,turks1 and sometimes in the hands of   
the ,saracens1 till ,togrul-beig1 called
 also ,togra1 ,dogrissa1 ,tangrolipix1  
and ,sadoc1 conquered ,chorasan and     
,persia2 and ,a4,c4 #ajee1 added ,bagdad
 to his ,empire1 making it the seat     
thereof4 ,his successors ,olub-,arflan  
and ,melechschah1 conquered the regions 
upon ,euphrates2 and these conquests1   
after the death of ,melechschah1 brake  
into the kingdoms of ,armenia1          
,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 and ,cappadocia4  

,the whole time that the ,caliphs of the
 ,saracens reigned with a temporal      
dominion at ,damascus and ,bagdad       
together1 was #cjj years1 viz4 from the 
year #fcg to the year #icf inclusive4   
,now locusts live but five months2 and  
therefore1 for the decorum of the type1 
these locusts are said to hurt men five 
months and five months1 as if they had  
lived about five months at ,damascus1   
and again about five months at ,bagdad2 
in all ten months1 or #cjj prophetic    
days1 which are years4  ,the sixth      
trumpet sounded to the wars1 which      
,daniel's ,king of the ,north made      
against the ,king above-mentioned1 who  
did according to his will4 ,in these    
wars the ,king of the ,north1 according 
to ,daniel1 conquered the ,empire of the
 ,greeks1 and also ,judea1 ,egypt1      
,lybia1 and ,ethiopia3 and by these     
conquests the ,empire of the ,turks was 
set up1 as may be known by the extent   
thereof4 ,these wars commenced ,a4,c4   
#abeh1 when the four kingdoms of the    

,turks seated upon ,euphrates1 that of  
,armenia major seated at ,miyapharekin1 
,megarkin or ,martyropolis1 that of     
,mesopotamia seated at ,mosul1 that of  
all ,syria seated at ,aleppo1 and that  
of ,cappadocia seated at ,iconium1 were 
invaded by the ,tartars under ,hulacu1  
and driven into the western parts of    
,asia minor1 where they made war upon   
the ,greeks1 and began to erect the     
present ,empire of the ,turks4 ,upon the
 sounding of the sixth trumpet1 #i ,john
 heard a voice from the four horns of   
the golden ,altar which is before ,god1 
saying to the sixth ,angel which had the
 trumpet1 ,loose the four ,angels which 
are bound at the great river ,euphrates4
 ,and the four ,angels were loosed1     
which were prepared for an hour and a   
day1 and a month and a year1 for to slay
 the third part of men4 ,by the four    
horns of the golden ,altar1 is signified
 the situation of the head cities of the
 said four kingdoms1 ,miyapharekin1     
,mosul1 ,aleppo1 and ,iconium1 which    

were in a quadrangle4 ,they slew the    
third part of men1 when they conquered  
the ,greek ,empire1 and took            
,constantinople1 ,a4,c4 #adec4 and they 
began to be prepared for this purpose1  
when ,olub-,arslan began to conquer the 
nations upon ,euphrates1 ,a4,c4 #ajfc4  
,the interval is called an hour and a   
day1 and a month and a year1 or #cia    
prophetic days1 which are years4 ,in the
 first thirty years1 ,olub-,arslan and  
,melechschah conquered the nations upon 
,euphrates1 and reigned over the whole4 
,melechschah died ,a4,c4 #ajib1 and was 
succeeded by a little child2 and then   
this kingdom broke into the four        
kingdoms above-mentioned4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,notes to
 ,chap4 ,,iii4  #a ,apoc4 ii4 #d1 c4  #b
 ,apoc4 ii4 #i1 #aj4  #c ,ver4 #ad4  #d 
,numb4 xxv4 #a1 #b1 #ah1  xxi4 #af4  #e 
,apoc4 iii4 #aj1 #ab4  #f ,apoc4 iii4   
#af1 #ag4  #g ,apoc4 viii4 #g1 c4  #h   
,apoc4 xvi4 #e1 #f4  #i ,apoc4 ix4 #ac1 
c4         99       99       99       99

       99  ,,the ,,end4         99      
99       99       99       99           
,advertisement4  ,the last pages of     
these ,observations having been         
differently drawn up by the ,author in  
another copy of his ,work2 they are here
 inserted as they follow in that copy1  
after the #bb;d line of the #bfast page 
foregoing4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,and none was found worthy 
to open the book till the ,lamb of ,god 
appeared2 the great ,high-,priest       
represented by a lamb slain at the foot 
of the ,altar in the morning-sacrifice4 
,and he came1 and took the book out of  
the hand of him that sat upon the       
throne4 ,for the ,high-,priest1 in the  
feast of the seventh month1 went into   
the most holy place1 and took the book  
of the law out of the right side of the 
,ark1 to read it to the people3 and in  
order to read it well1 he studied it    
seven days1 that is1 upon the fourth1   
fifth1 sixth1 seventh1 eighth1 ninth and
 tenth days1 being attended by some of  

the priests to hear him perform4 ,these 
seven days are alluded to1 by the       
,lamb's opening the seven seals         
successively4  ,upon the tenth day of   
the month1 a young bullock was offered  
for a sin-offering for the              
,high-,priest1 and a goat for a         
sin-offering for the people3 and lots   
were cast upon two goats to determine   
which of them should be ,god's lot for  
the sin-offering2 and the other goat was
 called ,azazel1 the scape-goat4 ,the   
,high-,priest in his linen garments1    
took a censer full of burning coals of  
fire from the ,altar1 his hand being    
full of sweet incense beaten small2 and 
went into the most holy place within the
 veil1 and put the incense upon the     
fire1 and sprinkled the blood of the    
bullock with his finger upon the        
mercy-seat and before the mercy-seat    
seven times2 and then he killed the goat
 which fell to ,god's lot1 for a        
sin-offering for the people1 and brought
 his blood within the veil1 and         

sprinkled it also seven times upon the  
mercy-seat and before the mercy-seat4   
,then he went out to the ,altar1 and    
sprinkled it also seven times with the  
blood of the bullock1 and as often with 
the blood of the goat4 ,after this he   
laid both his hands upon the head of the
 live goat2 and confessed over him all  
the iniquities of the children of       
,israel1 and all their transgressions in
 all their sins1 putting them upon the  
head of the goat2 and sent him away into
 the wilderness by the hands of a fit   
man3 and the goat bore upon him all     
their iniquities into a land not        
inhabited1 ,levit4 chap4 iv4  chap4 xvi4
 ,while the ,high-,priest was doing     
these things in the most holy place and 
at the ,altar1 the people continued at  
their devotion quietly and in silence4  
,then the ,high-,priest went into the   
holy place1 put off his linen garments1 
and put on other garments2 then came    
out1 and sent the bullock and the goat  
of the sin-offering to be burnt without 

the camp1 with fire taken in a censer   
from the ,altar3 and as the people      
returned home from the ,temple1 they    
said to one another1 ,god seal you to a 
good new year4  ,in allusion to all     
this1 when he had opened the seventh    
seal1 there was silence in heaven about 
the space of half an hour4 ,and an      
,angel stood at the ,altar having a     
golden ,censer1 and there was given unto
 him much incense1 that he should offer 
it with the prayers of all ,saints1 upon
 the golden ,altar which was before the 
throne4 ,and the smoke of the incense   
with the prayers of the ,saints ascended
 up before ,god out of the ,angel's     
hand4 ,and the ,angel took the ,censer1 
and filled it with fire of the ,altar1  
and cast it to the earth1 suppose       
without the camp1 for sacrificing the   
goat which fell to ,god's lot4 ,for the 
,high-,priest being ,christ himself1 the
 bullock is omitted4 ,at this sacrifice 
there were voices and thundrings1 of the
 musick of the ,temple1 and lightnings  

of the sacred fire1 and an earthquake3  
and synchronal to these things was the  
sealing of the #addjjj out of all the   
twelve tribes of the children of ,israel
 with the seal of ,god in their         
foreheads1 while the rest of the twelve 
tribes received the mark of the ,beast1 
and the ,woman fled from the ,temple    
into the wilderness to her place upon   
this ,beast4 ,for this sealing and      
marking was represented by casting lots 
upon the two goats1 sacrificing ,god's  
lot on mount ,sion1 and sending the     
scape-goat into the wilderness loaden   
with the sins of the people4  ,upon the 
fifteenth day of the month1 and the six 
following days1 there were very great   
sacrifices4 ,and in allusion to the     
sounding of trumpets1 and singing with  
thundring voices1 and pouring out       
drink-offerings at those sacrifices1    
seven trumpets are sounded1 and seven   
thunders utter their voices1 and seven  
vials of wrath are poured out4          
,wherefore the sounding of the seven    

trumpets1 the voices of the seven       
thunders1 and the pouring out of the    
seven vials of wrath1 are synchronal1   
and relate to one and the same division 
of the time of the seventh seal         
following the silence1 into seven       
successive parts4 ,the seven days of    
this feast were called the feast of     
,tabernacles2 and during these seven    
days the children of ,israel dwelt in   
booths1 and rejoiced with palm-branches 
in their hands4 ,to this alludes the    
multitude with palms in their hands1    
which appeared after the sealing of the 
#addjjj1 and came out of the great      
tribulation with triumph at the battle  
of the great day1 to which the seventh  
trumpet sounds4 ,the visions therefore  
of the #addjjj1 and of the palm-bearing 
multitude1 extend to the sounding of the
 seventh trumpet1 and therefore are     
synchronal to the times of the seventh  
seal4  ,when the #addjjj are sealed out 
of all the twelve tribes of ,israel1 and
 the rest receive the mark of the       

,beast1 and thereby the first temple is 
destroyed2 ,john is bidden to measure   
the temple and altar1 that is1 their    
courts1 and them that worship therein1  
that is1 the #addjjj standing on mount  
,sion and on the sea of glass3 but the  
court that is without the temple1 that  
is1 the peoples court1 to leave out and 
measure it not1 because it is given to  
the ,gentiles1 those who receive the    
mark of the ,beast2 and the holy city   
they shall tread under foot forty and   
two months1 that is1 all the time that  
the ,beast acts under the woman         
,babylon3 and the two witnesses prophesy
 #abfj days1 that is1 all the same time1
 clothed in sackcloth4 ,these have      
power1 like ,elijah1 to shut heaven that
 it rain not1 at the sounding of the    
first trumpet2 and1 like ,moses1 to turn
 the waters into blood at the sounding  
of the second2 and to smite the earth   
with all plagues1 those of the trumpets1
 as often as they will4 ,these prophesy 
at the building of the second temple1   

like ,haggai and ,zechary4 ,these are   
the two ,olive-trees1 or ,churches1     
which supplied the lamps with oil1      
,zech4 iv4 ,these are the two           
candlesticks1 or ,churches1 standing    
before the ,god of the earth4 ,five of  
the seven ,churches of ,asia1 those in  
prosperity1 are found fault with1 and   
exhorted to repent1 and threatned to be 
removed out of their places1 or spewed  
out of ,christ's mouth1 or punished with
 the sword of ,christ's mouth1 except   
they repent3 the other two1 the         
,churches of ,smyrna and ,philadelphia1 
which were under persecution1 remain in 
a state of persecution1 to illuminate   
the second temple4 ,when the primitive  
,church catholick1 represented by the   
woman in heaven1 apostatized1 and became
 divided into two corrupt ,churches1    
represented by the whore of ,babylon and
 the two-horned ,beast1 the #addjjj who 
were sealed out of all the twelve       
tribes1 became the two ,witnesses1 in   
opposition to those two false ,churches3

 and the name of two ,witnesses once    
imposed1 remains to the true ,church of 
,god in all times and places to the end 
of the ,prophecy4  ,in the              
interpretation of this ,prophecy1 the   
woman in heaven clothed with the sun1   
before she flies into the wilderness1   
represents the primitive ,church        
catholick1 illuminated with the seven   
lamps in the seven golden candlesticks1 
which are the seven ,churches of ,asia4 
,the ,dragon signifies the same ,empire 
with ,daniel's ,he-goat in the reign of 
his last horn1 that is1 the whole ,roman
 ,empire1 until it became divided into  
the ,greek and ,latin ,empires2 and all 
the time of that division it signifies  
the ,greek ,empire alone3 and the ,beast
 is ,daniel's fourth ,beast1 that is1   
the ,empire of the ,latins4 ,before the 
division of the ,roman ,empire into the 
,greek and ,latin ,empires1 the ,beast  
is included in the body of the ,dragon2 
and from the time of that division1 the 
,beast is the ,latin ,empire only4      

,hence the ,dragon and ,beast have the  
same heads and horns2 but the heads are 
crowned upon the ,dragon1 and the horns 
upon the ,beast4 ,the horns are ten     
kingdoms1 into which the ,beast becomes 
divided presently after his separation  
from the ,dragon1 as hath been described
 above4 ,the heads are seven successive 
dynasties1 or parts1 into which the     
,roman ,empire becomes divided by the   
opening of the seven seals4 ,before the 
woman fled into the wilderness1 she     
being with child of a ,christian        
,empire1 cried travelling1 viz4 in the  
ten years persecution of ,dioclesian1   
and pained to be delivered3 and the     
,dragon1 the heathen ,roman ,empire1    
stood before her1 to devour her child as
 soon as it was born4 ,and she brought  
forth a man child1 who at length was to 
rule all nations with a rod of iron4    
,and her child was caught up unto ,god1 
and to his throne in the ,temple1 by the
 victory of ,constantine the great over 
,maxentius3 and the woman fled from the 

,temple into the wilderness of ,arabia  
to ,babylon1 where she hath a place of  
riches and honour and dominion1 upon the
 back of the ,beast1 prepared of ,god1  
that they should feed her there #abfj   
days4 ,and there was war in heaven1     
between the heathens under ,maximinus   
and the new ,christian ,empire2 and the 
great ,dragon was cast out1 that old    
serpent1 which deceiveth the whole      
world1 the spirit of heathen idolatry2  
he was cast out of the throne into the  
earth4 ,and they overcame him by the    
blood of the ,lamb1 and by the word of  
their testimony2 and they loved not     
their lives unto the death4  ,and when  
the ,dragon saw that he was cast unto   
the earth1 he persecuted the woman which
 brought forth the man child1 stirring  
up a new persecution against her in the 
reign of ,licinius4 ,and to the woman1  
by the building of ,constantinople and  
equalling it to ,rome1 were given two   
wings of a great eagle1 that she might  
flee into the wilderness into her place 

upon the back of her ,beast1 where she  
is nourished for a time1 and times1 and 
half a time1 from the face of the       
serpent4 ,and the serpent1 upon the     
death of ,constantine the great1 cast   
out of his mouth water as a flood1 viz4 
the ,western ,empire under ,constantine 
junior and ,constans1 after the woman3  
that he might cause her to be carried   
away of the flood4 ,and the earth1 the  
nations of ,asia now under              
,constantinople1 helped the woman2 and  
by conquering the ,western ,empire1 now 
under ,magnentius1 swallowed up the     
flood which the ,dragon cast out of his 
mouth4 ,and the ,dragon was wroth with  
the woman1 and went to make war with the
 remnant of her seed1 which keep the    
commandments of ,god1 and have the      
testimony of ,jesus ,christ1 which in   
that war were sealed out of all the     
twelve tribes of ,israel1 and remained  
upon mount ,sion with the ,lamb1 being  
in number #addjjj1 and having their     
father's name written in their          

foreheads4  ,when the earth had         
swallowed up the flood1 and the ,dragon 
was gone to make war with the remnant of
 the woman's seed1 ,john stood upon the 
sand of the sea1 and saw a ,beast rise  
out of the sea1 having seven heads and  
ten horns4 ,and the ,beast was like unto
 a ,leopard1 and his feet were as the   
feet of a ,bear1 and his mouth as the   
mouth of a ,lion4 ,john here names      
,daniel's four ,beasts in order1 putting
 his ,beast in the room of ,daniel's    
fourth ,beast1 to shew that they are the
 same4 ,and the ,dragon gave this ,beast
 his power and his seat and great       
authority1 by relinquishing the ,western
 ,empire to him4 ,and one of his heads1 
the sixth1 was as it were wounded to    
death1 viz4 by the sword of the earth1  
which swallowed up the waters cast out  
of the mouth of the ,dragon2 and his    
deadly wound was healed1 by a new       
division of the ,empire between         
,valentinian and ,valens1 ,an4 #cfd4    
,john saw the ,beast rise out of the    

sea1 at the division thereof between    
,gratian and ,theodosius1 ,an4 #cgi4    
,the ,dragon gave the ,beast his power1 
and his seat and great authority1 at the
 death of ,theodosius1 when ,theodosius 
gave the ,western ,empire to his son    
,honorius4 ,after which the two ,empires
 were no more united3 but the ,western  
,empire became presently divided into   
ten kingdoms1 as above2 and these       
kingdoms at length united in religion   
under the woman1 and reign with her     
forty and two months4  ,and ,i beheld1  
saith ,john1 another ,beast coming up   
out of the earth4 ,when the woman fled  
from the ,dragon into the kingdom of the
 ,beast1 and became his ,church1 this   
other ,beast rose up out of the earth1  
to represent the ,church of the ,dragon4
 ,for he had two horns like the ,lamb1  
such as were the bishopricks of         
,alexandria and ,antioch3 and he spake  
as the ,dragon in matters of religion3  
and he causeth the earth1 or nations of 
the ,dragon's kingdom1 to worship the   

first ,beast1 whose deadly wound was    
healed1 that is1 to be of his religion4 
,and he doth great wonders1 so that he  
maketh fire come down from heaven on the
 earth in the sight of men2 that is1 he 
excommunicateth those who differ from   
him in point of religion3 for in        
pronouncing their excommunications1 they
 used to swing down a lighted torch from
 above4 ,and he said to them that dwell 
on the earth1 that they should make an  
image to the ,beast1 which had the wound
 by a sword1 and did live2 that is1 that
 they should call a ,council of men of  
the religion of this ,beast4 ,and he had
 power to give life unto the image of   
the ,beast1 that the image of the ,beast
 should both speak1 and cause that as   
many as would not worship the image of  
the ,beast should be killed1 viz4       
mystically1 by dissolving their         
,churches4 ,and he causeth all both     
small and great1 rich and poor1 free and
 bond1 to receive a mark in their right 
band or in their foreheads1 and that no 

man might buy or sell1 save he that had 
the mark1 or the name of the ,beast1 or 
the number of his name2 that is1 the    
mark ,cross1 or the name ,greek3        
,,lateinos1 or the number thereof       
,greek3 chxs1 #fff4 ,all others were    
excommunicated4  ,when the seven ,angels
 had poured out the seven vials of      
wrath1 and ,john had described them all 
in the present time1 he is called up    
from the time of the seventh vial to the
 time of the sixth seal1 to take a view 
of the woman and her ,beast1 who were to
 reign in the times of the seventh seal4
 ,in respect of the latter part of time 
of the sixth seal1 then considered as   
present1 the ,angel tells ,john3 ,the   
,beast that thou sawest1 was and is not1
 and shall ascend out of the abyss1 and 
go into perdition2 that is1 he was in   
the reign of ,constans and ,magnentius1 
until ,constantius conquered            
,magnentius1 and re-united the ,western 
,empire to the ,eastern4 ,he is not     
during the reunion1 and he shall ascend 

out of the abyss or sea at a following  
division of the ,empire4 ,the ,angel    
tells him further3 ,here is the mind    
which hath wisdom3 the seven heads are  
seven mountains1 on which the woman     
sitteth2 ,rome being built upon seven   
hills1 and thence called the            
seven-hilled city4 ,also there are seven
 ,kings3 five are fallen1 and one is1   
and the other is not yet come2 and when 
he cometh1 he must continue a short     
space3 and the ,beast that was and is   
not1 even he is the eighth1 and is of   
the seven1 and goeth into perdition4    
,five are fallen1 the times of the five 
first seals being past2 and one is1 the 
time of the sixth seal being considered 
as present2 and another is not yet come1
 and when he cometh1 which will be at   
the opening of the seventh seal1 he must
 continue a short space3 and the ,beast 
that was and is not1 even he is the     
eighth1 by means of the division of the 
,roman ,empire into two collateral      
,empires2 and is of the seven1 being one

 half of the seventh1 and shall go into 
perdition4 ,the words1 five are fallen1 
and one is1 and the other is not yet    
come1 are usually referred by           
interpreters to the time of ,john the   
,apostle1 when the ,prophecy was given3 
but it is to be considered1 that in this
 ,prophecy many things are spoken of as 
present1 which were not present when the
 ,prophecy was given1 but which would be
 present with respect to some future    
time1 considered as present in the      
visions4 ,thus where it is said upon    
pouring out the seventh vial of wrath1  
that great ,babylon came in remembrance 
before ,god1 to give unto her the cup of
 the wine of the fierceness of his      
wrath2 this relates not to the time of  
,john the ,apostle1 but to the time of  
pouring out the seventh vial of wrath4  
,so where it is said1 ,babylon is       
fallen1 is fallen2 and thrust in thy    
sickle and reap1 for the time is come   
for thee to reap2 and the time of the   
dead is come1 that they should be       

judged2 and again1 ,i saw the dead small
 and great stand before ,god3 these     
sayings relate not to the days of ,john 
the ,apostle1 but to the latter times   
considered as present in the visions4   
,in like manner the words1 five are     
fallen1 and one is1 and the other is not
 yet come1 and the ,beast that was and  
is not1 he is the eighth1 are not to be 
referred to the age of ,john the        
,apostle1 but relate to the time when   
the ,beast was to be wounded to death   
with a sword1 and shew that this wound  
was to be given him in his sixth head3  
and without this reference we are not   
told in what head the ,beast was        
wounded4 ,and the ten horns which thou  
sawest1 are ten ,kings1 which have      
received no kingdom as yet1 but receive 
power as ,kings one hour with the       
,beast4 ,these have one mind1 being all 
of the whore's religion1 and shall give 
their power and strength unto the       
,beast4 ,these shall make war with the  
,lamb1 at the sounding of the seventh   

trumpet2 and the ,lamb shall overcome   
them3 for he is ,lord of ,lords and     
,king of ,kings2 and they that are with 
him are called and chosen and faithful4 
,and he saith unto me1 the waters which 
thou sawest where the whore sitteth1 are
 peoples and multitudes and nations and 
tongues1 composing her ,beast4 ,and the 
ten horns which thou sawest upon the    
,beast1 these shall hate the whore1 and 
shall make her desolate and naked1 and  
shall eat her flesh1 and burn her with  
fire1 at the end of the #abfj days4 ,for
 ,god hath put in their hearts to fulfil
 his will1 and to agree and give their  
kingdom unto the ,beast1 until the words
 of ,god shall be fulfilled4 ,and the   
woman which thou sawest1 is that great  
city which reigneth over the ,kings of  
the earth1 or the great city of the     
,latins1 which reigneth over the ten    
,kings till the end of those days4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,finis4