,,p>m5ides ,by ,plato ,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,,introduction ,,& ,,analysis4 ,! awe ) :i* ,plato reg>d$ ! "* ( '! great' ,p>m5ides has ext5d$ to ! dialogue :i* he calls by 8 "n4 ,none ( ! writ+s ( ,plato h be5 m copi\sly illu/rat$1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 & 9 none ( !m h ! int]pret]s be5 m at v>iance ) "o ano!r4 ,nor is ?is surpris+4 ,= ! ,p>m5ides is m fragm5t>y & isolat$ ?an any o!r dialogue1 & ! design ( ! writ] is n expressly /at$4 ,! date is unc]ta92 ! relation to ! o!r writ+s ( ,plato is also unc]ta92 ! connexion betwe5 ! two p>ts is at fir/ sight extremely obscure2 & 9 ! latt] ( ! two we are left 9 d\bt z to :e!r ,plato is speak+ 8 own s5tim5ts by ! lips ( ,p>m5ides1 & ov]?r[+ him out ( 8 own m\?1 or :e!r he is prop\nd+ consequ5ces :i* w\ld h be5 admitt$ by ,z5o & ,p>m5ides !mselves4 ,! contradictions :i* foll[ f ! hypo!ses ( ! "o & _m h be5 reg>d$ by "s z transc5d5tal my/]ies2 by o!rs z a m]e illu/ration1 tak5 at r&om1 ( a new me?od4 ,!y seem to h be5 inspir$ by a sort ( dialectical fr5zy1 su* z may be suppos$ to h prevail$ 9 ! ,meg>ian ,s*ool 7comp>e ,cratylus1 etc474 ,! criticism on 8 own doctr9e ( ,ideas has also be5 consid]$1 n z a real criticism1 b z an exub]ance ( ! metaphysical imag9ation :i* enabl$ ,plato to g beyond himself4 ,to ! latt] "p ( ! dialogue we may c]ta9ly apply ! words 9 :i* he himself describes ! e>li] philosoph]s 9 ! ,sophi/3 ',!y w5t on _! way r reg>dless ( :e!r we und]/ood !m or n4' ,! ,p>m5ides 9 po9t ( /yle is "o ( ! be/ ( ! ,platonic writ+s2 ! fir/ portion ( ! dialogue is 9 no way defective 9 ease & grace & dramatic int]e/2 nor 9 ! second "p1 :]e !re 0 no room = su* qualities1 is !re any want ( cle>ness or precision4 ,! latt] half is an exquisite mosaic1 ( :i* ! small pieces are ) ! utmo/ f95ess & regul>ity adapt$ to "o ano!r4 ,l ! ,protagoras1 ,pha$o1 & o!rs1 ! :ole is a n>rat$ dialogue1 comb9+ ) ! m]e recital ( ! words spok51 ! obs]vations ( ! recit] on ! effect produc$ by !m4 ,?us we are in=m$ by him t ,z5o & ,p>m5ides 7 n altoge!r pleas$ at ! reque/ ( ,socrates t !y w\ld exam9e into ! nature ( ! "o & _m 9 ! sph]e ( ,ideas1 al?\gh !y receiv$ 8 sugge/ion ) approv+ smiles4 ,& we are glad to be told t ,p>m5ides 0 'ag$ b well-fav\r$1' & t ,z5o 0 'v good-look+'2 also t ,p>m5ides affect$ to decl9e ! great argum5t1 on :i*1 z ,z5o knew f exp]i5ce1 he 0 n unwill+ to ent]4 ,! "* ( ,antiphon1 ! half-bro!r ( ,plato1 :o _h once be5 incl9$ to philosophy1 b has n[ %[n ! h]$it>y disposition = horses1 is v naturally describ$4 ,he is ! sole deposit>y ( ! fam\s dialogue2 b1 al?\gh he receives ! /rang]s l a c\rte\s g5tleman1 he is impati5t ( ! tr\ble ( recit+ x4 ,z !y ent]1 he has be5 giv+ ord]s to a bridle-mak]2 by ?is slight t\* ,plato v]ifies ! previ\s description ( him4 ,aft] a little p]suasion he is induc$ to fav\r ! ,clazom5ians1 :o come f a di/ance1 ) a rehe>sal4 ,respect+ ! visit ( ,z5o & ,p>m5ides to ,a!ns1 we may obs]ve--fir/1 t su* a visit is consi/5t ) dates1 & may possibly h occurr$2 secondly1 t ,plato is v likely to h inv5t$ ! meet+ 7',y1 ,socrates1 c easily inv5t ,egyptian tales or any?+ else1' ,pha$rus72 ?irdly1 t no reliance c be plac$ on ! circum/ance z det]m9+ ! date ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o2 f\r?ly1 t ! same occasion appe>s to be ref]r$ to by ,plato 9 two o!r places 7,!aet41 ,soph474 ,_m int]pret]s h reg>d$ ! ,p>m5ides z a 'r$uctio ad absurdum' ( ! ,eleatic philosophy4 ,b w\ld ,plato h be5 likely to place ?is 9 ! m\? ( ! great ,p>m5ides himself1 :o appe>$ to him1 9 ,hom]ic language1 to be 'v5]able & awful1' & to h a 'glori\s dep? ( m9d'8 7,!aet474 ,x may be admitt$ t he has ascrib$ to an ,eleatic /rang] 9 ! ,sophi/ op9ions :i* w5t beyond ! doctr9es ( ! ,eleatics4 ,b ! ,eleatic /rang] expressly criticises ! doctr9es 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up2 he admits t he is go+ to 'lay h&s on 8 fa!r ,p>m5ides4' ,no?+ ( ?is k9d is said ( ,z5o & ,p>m5ides4 ,h[ !n1 )\t a ^w ( explanation1 c\ld ,plato assign to !m ! refutation ( _! own t5ets8 ,! conclusion at :i* we mu/ arrive is t ! ,p>m5ides is n a refutation ( ! ,eleatic philosophy4 ,nor w\ld su* an explanation af=d any satisfactory connexion ( ! fir/ & second p>ts ( ! dialogue4 ,& x is q inconsi/5t ) ,plato's own relation to ! ,eleatics4 ,= ( all ! pre-,socratic philosoph]s1 he speaks ( !m ) ! greate/ respect4 ,b he c\ld h>dly h pass$ ^u !m a m unmean+ slight ?an to ascribe to _! great ma/] t5ets ! rev]se ( ^? :i* he actually held4 ,two prelim9>y rem>ks may be made4 ,fir/1 t :atev] latitude we may all[ to ,plato 9 br++ toge!r by a 't\r de =ce1' z 9 ! ,pha$rus1 dissimil> !mes1 yet he always 9 "s way seeks to f9d a connexion = !m4 ,_m ?reads jo9 toge!r 9 "o ! love & dialectic ( ! ,pha$rus4 ,we _c conceive t ! great arti/ w\ld place 9 juxtaposition two absolutely divid$ & incoh]5t subjects4 ,& h5ce we are l$ to make a second rem>k3 viz4 t no explanation ( ! ,p>m5ides c be satisfactory :i* does n indicate ! connexion ( ! fir/ & second p>ts4 ,to suppose t ,plato w\ld fir/ g out ( 8 way to make ,p>m5ides attack ! ,platonic ,ideas1 & !n proce$ to a simil> b m fatal assault on 8 own doctr9e ( ,be+1 appe>s to be ! height ( absurdity4 ,p]haps !re is no passage 9 ,plato %[+ great] metaphysical p[] ?an t 9 :i* he assails 8 own !ory ( ,ideas4 ,! argum5ts are ne>ly1 if n q1 ^? ( ,ari/otle2 !y are ! objections :i* naturally occur to a mod]n /ud5t ( philosophy4 ,_m p]sons w be surpris$ to f9d ,plato criticiz+ ! v conceptions :i* h be5 suppos$ 9 aft] ages to be peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( him4 ,h[ c he h plac$ himself s completely )\t !m8 ,h[ c he h ev] p]si/$ 9 !m aft] see+ ! fatal objections :i* might be urg$ aga9/ !m8 ,! consid]ation ( ?is difficulty has l$ a rec5t critic 7,ueb]weg71 :o 9 g5]al accepts ! au?oris$ canon ( ! ,platonic writ+s1 to condemn ! ,p>m5ides z spuri\s4 ,! accid5tal want ( ext]nal evid5ce1 at fir/ sight1 seems to fav\r ?is op9ion4 ,9 answ]1 x might be suffici5t to say1 t no anci5t writ+ ( equal l5g? & excell5ce is kn[n to be spuri\s4 ,nor is ! sil5ce ( ,ari/otle to be ha/ily assum$2 !re is at lea/ a d\bt :e!r 8 use ( ! same argum5ts does n involve ! inf]5ce t he knew ! "w4 ,&1 if ! ,p>m5ides is spuri\s1 l ,ueb]weg1 we are l$ on fur!r ?an we orig9ally int5d$1 to pass a simil> condemnation on ! ,!aetetus & ,sophi/1 & !re=e on ! ,politicus 7comp>e ,!aet41 ,soph474 ,b ! objection is 9 reality fanciful1 & re/s on ! assumption t ! doctr9e ( ! ,ideas 0 held by ,plato ?r\gh\t 8 life 9 ! same =m4 ,= ! tru? is1 t ! ,platonic ,ideas 7 9 con/ant process ( gr[? & transmutation2 sometimes veil$ 9 poetry & my?ology1 !n aga9 em]g+ z fix$ ,ideas1 9 "s passages reg>d$ z absolute & et]nal1 & 9 o!rs z relative to ! human m9d1 exi/+ 9 & d]iv$ f ext]nal objects z well z transc5d+ !m4 ,! anamnesis ( ! ,ideas is *iefly insi/$ ^u 9 ! my?ical portions ( ! dialogues1 & really occupies a v small space 9 ! entire works ( ,plato4 ,_! transc5d5tal exi/5ce is n ass]t$1 & is !re=e implicitly d5i$ 9 ! ,philebus2 diff]5t =ms are ascrib$ to !m 9 ! ,republic1 & !y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,!aetetus1 ! ,sophi/1 ! ,politicus1 & ! ,laws1 mu* z ,univ]sals w\ld be spok5 ( 9 mod]n books4 ,inde$1 !re are v fa9t traces ( ! transc5d5tal doctr9e ( ,ideas1 t is1 ( _! exi/5ce ap>t f ! m9d1 9 any ( ,plato's writ+s1 ) ! exception ( ! ,m5o1 ! ,pha$rus1 ! ,pha$o1 & 9 portions ( ! ,republic4 ,! /]eotyp$ =m :i* ,ari/otle has giv5 to !m is n f\nd 9 ,plato 7comp>e ,essay on ! ,platonic ,ideas 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,m5o47 ,! full discussion ( ?is subject involves a compreh5sive survey ( ! philosophy ( ,plato1 :i* w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,b1 )\t digress+ fur!r f ! imm$iate subject ( ! ,p>m5ides1 we may rem>k t ,plato is q s]i\s 9 8 objections to 8 own doctr9es3 nor does ,socrates attempt to (f] any answ] to !m4 ,! p]plexities :i* surr\nd ! "o & _m 9 ! sph]e ( ! ,ideas are also allud$ to 9 ! ,philebus1 & no answ] is giv5 to !m4 ,nor h !y ev] be5 answ]$1 nor c !y be answ]$ by any "o else :o sep>ates ! ph5om5al f ! real4 ,to suppose t ,plato1 at a lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 rea*$ a po9t ( view f :i* he 0 able to answ] !m1 is a gr\ndless assumption4 ,! real progress ( ,plato's own m9d has be5 p>tly conceal$ f u by ! dogmatic /atem5ts ( ,ari/otle1 & also by ! deg5]acy ( 8 own foll[]s1 ) :om a doctr9e ( numb]s quickly sup]s$$ ,ideas4 ,z a prep>ation = answ]+ "s ( ! difficulties :i* h be5 sugge/$1 we may beg9 by sket*+ ! fir/ portion ( ! dialogue3-- ,cephalus1 ( ,clazom5ae 9 ,ionia1 ! bir?place ( ,anaxagoras1 a citiz5 ( no mean city 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 :o is ! n>rator ( ! dialogue1 describes himself z meet+ ,adeimantus & ,glaucon 9 ! ,agora at ,a!ns4 ',welcome1 ,cephalus3 c we d any?+ = y 9 ,a!ns8' ',:y1 yes3 ,i came to ask a fav\r ( y4 ,fir/1 tell me y\r half-bro!r's "n1 :i* ,i h =gott5--he 0 a m]e *ild :5 ,i 0 la/ "h2--,i "k 8 fa!r's1 :i* is ,pyrilampes4' ',yes1 & ! "n ( our bro!r is ,antiphon4 ,b :y d y ask8' ',let me introduce to y "s c\ntrym5 ( m9e1 :o are lov]s ( philosophy2 !y h he>d t ,antiphon rememb]s a conv]sation ( ,socrates ) ,p>m5ides & ,z5o1 ( :i* ! report came to him f ,py?odorus1 ,z5o's fri5d4' ',t is q true4' ',& c !y he> ! dialogue8' ',no?+ easi]2 9 ! days ( 8 y\? he made a c>eful /udy ( ! piece2 at pres5t1 8 ?\ghts h ano!r direction3 he takes aft] 8 gr&fa!r1 & has giv5 up philosophy = horses4' ',we w5t to look = him1 & f\nd him giv+ in/ructions to a work] 9 brass ab\t a bridle4 ,:5 he _h done ) him1 & _h le>n$ f 8 bro!rs ! purpose ( our visit1 he salut$ me z an old acqua9tance1 & we ask$ him to repeat ! dialogue4 ,at fir/1 he compla9$ ( ! tr\ble1 b he soon cons5t$4 ,he told u t ,py?odorus _h describ$ to him ! appe>ance ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o2 !y _h come to ,a!ns at ! great ,pana!naea1 ! =m] be+ at ! "t ab\t sixty-five ye>s old1 ag$ b well-fav\r$--,z5o1 :o 0 said to h be5 belov$ ( ,p>m5ides 9 ! days ( 8 y\?1 ab\t =ty1 & v good-look+3--t !y lodg$ ) ,py?odorus at ! ,c]amicus outside ! wall1 :i!r ,socrates1 !n a v "y man1 came to see !m3 ,z5o 0 read+ "o ( 8 !ses1 :i* he _h ne>ly f9i%$1 :5 ,py?odorus ent]$ ) ,p>m5ides & ,ari/oteles1 :o 0 aft]w>ds "o ( ! ,?irty4 ,:5 ! recitation 0 complet$1 ,socrates reque/$ t ! fir/ !sis ( ! treatise might be read aga94' ',y mean1 ,z5o1' said ,socrates1 'to argue t be+1 if x is _m1 mu/ be bo? l & unlike1 :i* is a contradiction2 & ea* division ( y\r argum5t is int5d$ to elicit a simil> absurdity1 :i* may be suppos$ to foll[ f ! assumption t be+ is _m4' ',su* is my mean+4' ',i see1' said ,socrates1 turn+ to ,p>m5ides1 't ,z5o is y\r second self 9 8 writ+s too2 y prove admirably t ! all is "o3 he gives pro(s no less conv9c+ t ! _m are n\ght4 ,to deceive ! _w by say+ ! same ?+ 9 entirely diff]5t =ms1 is a /ra9 ( art beyond mo/ ( u4' ',yes1 ,socrates1' said ,z5o2 'b ?\gh y are z ke5 z a ,sp>tan h\nd1 y d n q cat* ! motive ( ! piece1 :i* 0 only int5d$ to protect ,p>m5ides aga9/ ridicule by %[+ t ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _m involv$ great] absurdities ?an ! hypo!sis ( ! "o4 ,! book 0 a y\?ful composition ( m9e1 :i* 0 /ol5 f me1 & !re=e ,i _h no *oice ab\t ! publication4' ',i q believe y1' said ,socrates2 'b w y answ] me a "q8 ,i %\ld l to "k1 :e!r y w\ld assume an idea ( lik5ess 9 ! ab/ract1 :i* is ! contradictory ( unlik5ess 9 ! ab/ract1 by p>ticipation 9 ei!r or bo? ( :i* ?+s are l or unlike or p>tly bo?4 ,= ! same ?+s may v well p>take ( l & unlike 9 ! concrete1 ?\gh l & unlike 9 ! ab/ract are irreconcilable4 ,nor does !re appe> to me to be any absurdity 9 ma9ta9+ t ! same ?+s may p>take ( ! "o & _m1 ?\gh ,i %\ld be inde$ surpris$ to he> t ! absolute "o is also _m4 ,= example1 ,i1 be+ _m1 t is to say1 hav+ _m p>ts or memb]s1 am yet also "o1 & p>take ( ! "o1 be+ "o ( sev5 :o are "h pres5t 7comp>e ,philebus74 ,?is is n an absurdity1 b a truism4 ,b ,i %\ld be amaz$ if !re 7 a simil> entanglem5t 9 ! nature ( ! ideas !mselves1 nor c ,i believe t "o & _m1 l & unlike1 re/ & motion1 9 ! ab/ract1 are capable ei!r ( admixture or ( sep>ation4' ,py?odorus said t 9 8 op9ion ,p>m5ides & ,z5o 7 n v well pleas$ at ! que/ions :i* 7 rais$2 nev]!less1 !y look$ at "o ano!r & smil$ 9 seem+ delight & admiration ( ,socrates4 ',tell me1' said ,p>m5ides1 'd y ?9k t ! ab/ract ideas ( lik5ess1 unity1 & ! re/1 exi/ ap>t f individuals :i* p>take ( !m8 & is ?is y\r own di/9ction8' ',i ?9k t !re are su* ideas4' ',& w\ld y make ab/ract ideas ( ! j1 ! beautiful1 ! good8' ',yes1' he said4 ',& ( human be+s l ourselves1 ( wat]1 fire1 & ! l8' ',i am n c]ta94' ',& w\ld y be undecid$ also ab\t ideas ( :i* ! m5tion w1 p]haps1 appe> laughable3 ( hair1 mud1 fil?1 & o!r ?+s :i* are base & vile8' ',no1 ,p>m5ides2 visible ?+s l ^! are1 z ,i believe1 only :at !y appe> to be3 ?\gh ,i am sometimes dispos$ to imag9e t !re is no?+ )\t an idea2 b ,i repress any su* notion1 f a fe> ( fall+ into an abyss ( nons5se4' ',y are "y1 ,socrates1 & !re=e naturally reg>d ! op9ions ( m52 ! "t w come :5 philosophy w h a firm] hold ( y1 & y w n despise ev5 ! meane/ ?+s4 ,b tell me1 is y\r mean+ t ?+s become l by p>tak+ ( lik5ess1 great by p>tak+ ( greatness1 j & beautiful by p>tak+ ( ju/ice & beauty1 & s ( o!r ideas8' ',yes1 t is my mean+4' ',& d y suppose ! individual to p>take ( ! :ole1 or ( ! "p8' ',:y n ( ! :ole8' said ,socrates4 ',because1' said ,p>m5ides1 '9 t case ! :ole1 :i* is "o1 w become _m4' ',nay1' said ,socrates1 '! :ole may be l ! day1 :i* is "o & 9 _m places3 9 ?is way ! ideas may be "o & also _m4' ',9 ! same sort ( way1' said ,p>m5ides1 'z a sail1 :i* is "o1 may be a cov] to _m--t is y\r mean+8' ',yes4' ',& w\ld y say t ea* man is cov]$ by ! :ole sail1 or by a "p only8' ',by a "p4' ',!n ! ideas h p>ts1 & ! objects p>take ( a "p ( !m only8' ',t seems to foll[4' ',& w\ld y l to say t ! ideas are really divisible & yet rema9 "o8' ',c]ta9ly n4' ',w\ld y v5ture to affirm t great objects h a portion only ( greatness transf]r$ to !m2 or t small or equal objects are small or equal because !y are only portions ( smallness or equality8' ',impossible4' ',b h[ c individuals p>ticipate 9 ideas1 except 9 ! ways :i* ,i h m5tion$8' ',t is n an easy "q to answ]4' ',i %\ld imag9e ! conception ( ideas to arise z foll[s3 y see great objects p]vad$ by a common =m or idea ( greatness1 :i* y ab/ract4' ',t is q true4' ',& suppos+ y embrace 9 "o view ! idea ( greatness ?us ga9$ & ! individuals :i* x comprises1 a fur!r idea ( greatness arises1 :i* makes bo? great2 & ?is may g on to inf9ity4' ,socrates replies t ! ideas may be ?\ghts 9 ! m9d only2 9 ?is case1 ! consequ5ce w\ld no long] foll[4 ',b mu/ n ! ?\ght be ( some?+ :i* is ! same 9 all & is ! idea8 ,& if ! _w p>takes 9 ! ideas1 & ! ideas are ?\ghts1 mu/ n all ?+s ?9k8 ,or c ?\ght be )\t ?\ght8' ',i ackn[l$ge ! unmean+ness ( ?is1' says ,socrates1 '& w\ld r h rec\rse to ! explanation t ! ideas are types 9 nature1 & t o!r ?+s p>take ( !m by becom+ l !m4' ',b to become l !m is to be compreh5d$ 9 ! same idea2 & ! lik5ess ( ! idea & ! individuals implies ano!r idea ( lik5ess1 & ano!r )\t end4' ',q true4' ',! !ory1 !n1 ( p>ticipation by lik5ess has to be giv5 up4 ,y h h>dly yet1 ,socrates1 f\nd out ! real difficulty ( ma9ta9+ ab/ract ideas4' ',:at difficulty8' ',! greate/ ( all p]haps is ?is3 an oppon5t w argue t ! ideas are n )9 ! range ( human k2 & y _c disprove ! ass]tion )\t a long & labori\s demon/ration1 :i* he may be unable or unwill+ to foll[4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 nei!r y nor any "o :o ma9ta9s ! exi/5ce ( absolute ideas w affirm t !y are subjective4' ',t w\ld be a contradiction4' ',true2 & !re=e any relation 9 ^! ideas is a relation :i* conc]ns !mselves only2 & ! objects :i* are nam$ aft] !m1 are relative to "o ano!r only1 & h no?+ to d ) ! ideas !mselves4' ',h[ d y mean8' said ,socrates4 ',i may illu/rate my mean+ 9 ?is way3 "o ( u has a slave2 & ! idea ( a slave 9 ! ab/ract is relative to ! idea ( a ma/] 9 ! ab/ract2 ?is correspond5ce ( ideas1 h[ev]1 has no?+ to d ) ! p>ticul> relation ( our slave to u4--,d y see my mean+8' ',p]fectly4' ',& absolute k 9 ! same way corresponds to absolute tru? & be+1 & p>ticul> k to p>ticul> tru? & be+4' ,cle>ly4' ',& !re is a subjective k :i* is ( subjective tru?1 hav+ _m k9ds1 g5]al & p>ticul>4 ,b ! ideas !mselves are n subjective1 & !re=e are n )9 our k54' ',!y are n4' ',!n ! beautiful & ! good 9 _! own nature are unkn[n to u8' ',x w\ld seem s4' ',!re is a worse consequ5ce yet4' ',:at is t8' ',i ?9k we mu/ admit t absolute k is ! mo/ exact k1 :i* we mu/ !re=e attribute to ,god4 ,b !n see :at foll[s3 ,god1 hav+ ?is exact k1 c h no k ( human ?+s1 z we h divid$ ! two sph]es1 & =bidd5 any pass+ f "o to ! o!r3--! gods h k & au?ority 9 _! _w only1 z we h 9 ours4' ',yet1 surely1 to deprive ,god ( k is mon/r\s4'--',^! are "s ( ! difficulties :i* are involv$ 9 ! assumption ( absolute ideas2 ! le>n] w f9d !m ne>ly impossible to und]/&1 & ! tea*] :o has to imp>t !m w require sup]human ability2 !re w always be a suspicion1 ei!r t !y h no exi/5ce1 or are beyond human k4' ',!re ,i agree ) y1' said ,socrates4 ',yet if ^! difficulties induce y to give up univ]sal ideas1 :at becomes ( ! m9d8 & :]e are ! reason+ & reflect+ p[]s8 philosophy is at an end4' ',i c]ta9ly d n see my way4' ',i ?9k1' said ,p>m5ides1 't ?is arises out ( y\r attempt+ to def9e ab/ractions1 su* z ! good & ! beautiful & ! j1 be=e y h _h suffici5t previ\s tra9+2 ,i notic$ y\r defici5cy :5 y 7 talk+ ) ,ari/oteles1 ! day be=e ye/]day4 ,y\r en?usiasm is a wond]ful gift2 b ,i fe> t unless y discipl9e y\rself by dialectic :ile y are "y1 tru? w elude y\r grasp4' ',& :at k9d ( discipl9e w\ld y recomm5d8' ',! tra9+ :i* y he>d ,z5o practis+2 at ! same "t1 ,i admire y\r say+ to him t y did n c>e to consid] ! difficulty 9 ref]5ce to visible objects1 b only 9 relation to ideas4' ',yes2 because ,i ?9k t 9 visible objects y may easily %[ any numb] ( inconsi/5t consequ5ces4' ',yes2 & y %\ld consid]1 n only ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ f a giv5 hypo!sis1 b ! consequ5ces also :i* foll[ f ! d5ial ( ! hypo!sis4 ,= example1 :at foll[s f ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _m1 & ! c\nt]-argum5t ( :at foll[s f ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _m3 & simil>ly ( lik5ess & unlik5ess1 motion1 re/1 g5]ation1 corruption1 be+ & n be+4 ,& ! consequ5ces mu/ include consequ5ces to ! ?+s suppos$ & to o!r ?+s1 9 !mselves & 9 relation to "o ano!r1 to individuals :om y select1 to ! _m1 & to ! all2 ^! mu/ be drawn out bo? on ! affirmative & on ! negative hypo!sis1--t is1 if y are to tra9 y\rself p]fectly to ! intellig5ce ( ! tru?4' ',:at y are sugge/+ seems to be a trem5d\s process1 & "o ( :i* ,i d n q und]/& ! nature1' said ,socrates2 'w y give me an example8' ',y mu/ n impose su* a task on a man ( my ye>s1' said ,p>m5ides4 ',!n w y1 ,z5o8' ',let u r1' said ,z5o1 ) a smile1 'ask ,p>m5ides1 = ! und]tak+ is a s]i\s "o1 z he truly says2 nor c\ld ,i urge him to make ! attempt1 except 9 a select audi5ce ( p]sons :o w und]/& him4' ,! :ole p>ty jo9$ 9 ! reque/4 ,"h we h1 fir/ ( all1 an unmi/akable attack made by ! y\?ful ,socrates on ! p>adoxes ( ,z5o4 ,he p]fectly und]/&s _! drift1 & ,z5o himself is suppos$ to admit ?is4 ,b !y appe> to him1 z he says 9 ! ,philebus also1 to be r truisms ?an p>adoxes4 ,= e "o mu/ ackn[l$ge ! obvi\s fact1 t ! body be+ "o has _m memb]s1 & t1 9 a ?\s& ways1 ! l p>takes ( ! unlike1 ! _m ( ! "o4 ,! real difficulty beg9s ) ! relations ( ideas 9 !mselves1 :e!r ( ! "o & _m1 or ( any o!r ideas1 to "o ano!r & to ! m9d4 ,b ?is 0 a problem :i* ! ,eleatic philosoph]s _h nev] consid]$2 _! ?\ghts _h n gone beyond ! contradictions ( matt]1 motion1 space1 & ! l4 ,x 0 no wond] t ,p>m5ides & ,z5o %\ld he> ! novel speculations ( ,socrates ) mix$ feel+s ( admiration & displeasure4 ,he 0 go+ out ( ! receiv$ circle ( disputation into a region 9 :i* !y c\ld h>dly foll[ him4 ,f ! crude idea ( ,be+ 9 ! ab/ract1 he 0 ab\t to proce$ to univ]sals or g5]al notions4 ,!re is no contradiction 9 mat]ial ?+s p>tak+ ( ! ideas ( "o & _m2 nei!r is !re any contradiction 9 ! ideas ( "o & _m1 l & unlike1 9 !mselves4 ,b ! contradiction arises :5 we attempt to conceive ideas 9 _! connexion1 or to asc]ta9 _! relation to ph5om5a4 ,/ill he affirms ! exi/5ce ( su* ideas2 & ?is is ! position :i* is n[ 9 turn submitt$ to ! criticisms ( ,p>m5ides4 ,to appreciate truly ! "* ( ^! criticisms1 we mu/ rememb] ! place held by ,p>m5ides 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy4 ,he is ! f\nd] ( idealism1 & also ( dialectic1 or1 9 mod]n phraseology1 ( metaphysics & logic 7,!aet41 ,soph474 ,l ,plato1 he is /ruggl+ aft] some?+ wid] & deep] ?an satisfi$ ! contempor>y ,py?agoreans4 ,& ,plato ) a true in/9ct recognizes him z 8 spiritual fa!r1 :om he 'rev]$ & hon\r$ m ?an all o!r philosoph]s toge!r4' ,he may be suppos$ to h ?\ght m ?an he said1 or 0 able to express4 ,&1 al?\gh he c\ld n1 z a matt] ( fact1 h criticiz$ ! ideas ( ,plato )\t an ana*ronism1 ! criticism is appropriately plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! f\nd] ( ! ideal philosophy4 ,!re 0 probably a "t 9 ! life ( ,plato :5 ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,socrates came into conflict ) ! metaphysical !ories ( ! e>li] philosoph]s1 & he s\ght to supplem5t ! "o by ! o!r4 ,! old] philosoph]s 7 great & awful2 & !y _h ! *>m ( antiquity4 ,some?+ :i* f\nd a response 9 8 own m9d seem$ to h be5 lo/ z well z ga9$ 9 ! ,socratic dialectic4 ,he felt no incongruity 9 ! vet]an ,p>m5ides correct+ ! y\?ful ,socrates4 ,two po9ts 9 8 criticism are especially des]v+ ( notice4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,p>m5ides tries him by ! te/ ( consi/5cy4 ,socrates is will+ to assume ideas or pr9ciples ( ! j1 ! beautiful1 ! good1 & to ext5d !m to man 7comp>e ,pha$o72 b he is reluctant to admit t !re are g5]al ideas ( hair1 mud1 fil?1 etc4 ,!re is an e?ical univ]sal or idea1 b is !re also a univ]sal ( physics8--( ! meane/ ?+s 9 ! _w z well z ( ! greate/8 ,p>m5ides rebukes ?is want ( consi/5cy 9 ,socrates1 :i* he attributes to 8 y\?4 ,z he gr[s old]1 philosophy w take a firm] hold ( him1 & !n he w despise nei!r great ?+s nor small1 & he w ?9k less ( ! op9ions ( mank9d 7comp>e ,soph474 ,"h is lightly t\*$ "o ( ! mo/ famili> pr9ciples ( mod]n philosophy1 t 9 ! meane/ op]ations ( nature1 z well z 9 ! noble/1 9 mud & fil?1 z well z 9 ! sun & />s1 great tru?s are conta9$4 ,at ! same "t1 we may note also ! transition 9 ! m9d ( ,plato1 to :i* ,ari/otle alludes 7,met471 :51 z he says1 he transf]r$ ! ,socratic univ]sal ( e?ics to ! :ole ( nature4 ,! o!r criticism ( ,p>m5ides on ,socrates attributes to him a want ( practice 9 dialectic4 ,he has obs]v$ ?is defici5cy 9 him :5 talk+ to ,ari/oteles on a previ\s occasion4 ,plato seems to imply t !re 0 some?+ m 9 ! dialectic ( ,z5o ?an 9 ! m]e int]rogation ( ,socrates4 ,"h1 aga91 he may p]haps be describ+ ! process :i* 8 own m9d w5t ?r\gh :5 he fir/ became m intimately acqua9t$1 :e!r at ,meg>a or else:]e1 ) ! ,eleatic & ,meg>ian philosoph]s4 ,/ill1 ,p>m5ides does n d5y to ,socrates ! cr$it ( hav+ gone beyond !m 9 seek+ to apply ! p>adoxes ( ,z5o to ideas2 & ?is is ! application :i* he himself makes ( !m 9 ! latt] "p ( ! dialogue4 ,he !n proce$s to expla9 to him ! sort ( m5tal gymna/ic :i* he %\ld practise4 ,he %\ld consid] n only :at w\ld foll[ f a giv5 hypo!sis1 b :at w\ld foll[ f ! d5ial ( x1 to t :i* is ! subject ( ! hypo!sis1 & to all o!r ?+s4 ,!re is no trace 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon ( any su* me?od be+ attribut$ to ,socrates2 nor is ! dialectic "h spok5 ( t 'fav\rite me?od' ( proce$+ by regul> divisions1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,pha$rus & ,philebus1 & ( :i* examples are giv5 9 ! ,politicus & 9 ! ,sophi/4 ,x is expressly spok5 ( z ! me?od :i* ,socrates _h he>d ,z5o practise 9 ! days ( 8 y\? 7comp>e ,soph474 ,! discussion ( ,socrates ) ,p>m5ides is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable passages 9 ,plato4 ,few writ]s h ev] be5 able to anticipate '! criticism ( ! morr[' on _! fav\rite notions4 ,b ,plato may "h be said to anticipate ! judgm5t n only ( ! morr[1 b ( all aft]-ages on ! ,platonic ,ideas4 ,= 9 "s po9ts he t\*es que/ions :i* h n yet receiv$ _! solution 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,! fir/ difficulty :i* ,p>m5ides raises respect+ ! ,platonic ideas relates to ! mann] 9 :i* individuals are connect$ ) !m4 ,d !y p>ticipate 9 ! ideas1 or d !y m]ely resemble !m8 ,p>m5ides %[s t objections may be urg$ aga9/ ei!r ( ^! modes ( conceiv+ ! connection4 ,?+s are little by p>tak+ ( littl5ess1 great by p>tak+ ( greatness1 & ! l4 ,b !y _c p>take ( a "p ( greatness1 = t w n make !m great1 etc42 nor c ea* object monopolise ! :ole4 ,! only answ] to ?is is1 t 'p>tak+' is a figure ( spee*1 really correspond+ to ! processes :i* a lat] logic designates by ! t]ms 'ab/raction' & 'g5]alization4' ,:5 we h describ$ accurately ! me?ods or =ms :i* ! m9d employs1 we _c fur!r criticize !m2 at lea/ we c only criticize !m ) ref]5ce to _! fitness z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght to express facts4 ,socrates attempts to support 8 view ( ! ideas by ! p>allel ( ! day1 :i* is "o & 9 _m places2 b he is easily driv5 f 8 position by a c\nt] illu/ration ( ,p>m5ides1 :o comp>es ! idea ( greatness to a sail4 ,he truly expla9s to ,socrates t he has atta9$ ! conception ( ideas by a process ( g5]alization4 ,at ! same "t1 he po9ts out a difficulty1 :i* appe>s to be involv$--viz4 t ! process ( g5]alization w g on to inf9ity4 ,socrates meets ! suppos$ difficulty by a fla% ( light1 :i* is inde$ ! true answ] 't ! ideas are 9 our m9ds only4' ,nei!r realism is ! tru?1 nor nom9alism is ! tru?1 b conceptualism2 & conceptualism or any o!r psy*ological !ory falls v f> %ort ( ! inf9ite subtlety ( language & ?\ght4 ,b ! realism ( anci5t philosophy w n admit ( ?is answ]1 :i* is repell$ by ,p>m5ides ) ano!r tru? or half-tru? ( lat] philosophy1 ',e subject or subjective mu/ h an object4' ,"h is ! great ?\gh unconsci\s tru? 7%all we say87 or error1 :i* und]lay ! e>ly ,greek philosophy4 ',ideas mu/ h a real exi/5ce2' !y are n m]e =ms or op9ions1 :i* may be *ang$ arbitr>ily by individuals4 ,b ! e>ly ,greek philosoph] nev] cle>ly saw t true ideas 7 only univ]sal facts1 & t !re might be error 9 univ]sals z well z 9 p>ticul>s4 ,socrates makes "o m attempt to def5d ! ,platonic ,ideas by repres5t+ !m z p>adigms2 ?is is aga9 answ]$ by ! 'argum5tum ad inf9itum4' ,we may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t ! process :i* is ?us describ$ has no real exi/5ce4 ,! m9d1 aft] hav+ obta9$ a g5]al idea1 does n really g on to =m ano!r :i* includes t1 & all ! individuals conta9$ "u x1 & ano!r & ano!r )\t end4 ,! difficulty belongs 9 fact to ! ,meg>ian age ( philosophy1 & is due to _! illogical logic1 & to ! g5]al ignorance ( ! anci5ts respect+ ! "p play$ by language 9 ! process ( ?\ght4 ,no su* p]plexity c\ld ev] tr\ble a mod]n metaphysician1 any m ?an ! fallacy ( 'calvus' or 'ac]vus1' or ( ',a*illes & ! tortoise4' ,^! 'surds' ( metaphysics ought to occasion no m difficulty 9 speculation ?an a p]petually recurr+ fraction 9 ari?metic4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! objection :i* foll[s3 ,h[ are we to bridge ! *asm betwe5 human tru? & absolute tru?1 betwe5 gods & m58 ,?is is ! difficulty ( philosophy 9 all ages3 ,h[ c we get beyond ! circle ( our own ideas1 or h[1 rema9+ )9 !m1 c we h any crit]ion ( a tru? beyond & indep5d5t ( !m8 ,p>m5ides draws out ?is difficulty ) great cle>ness4 ,accord+ to him1 !re are n only "o b two *asms3 ! fir/1 betwe5 individuals & ! ideas :i* h a common "n2 ! second1 betwe5 ! ideas 9 u & ! ideas absolute4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two difficulties mank9d1 z we may say1 a little p>ody+ ! language ( ! ,philebus1 h long agre$ to treat z obsolete2 ! second rema9s a difficulty = u z well z = ! ,greeks ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & is ! /umbl+-block ( ,kant's ,kritik1 & ( ! ,hamiltonian adaptation ( ,kant1 z well z ( ! ,platonic ideas4 ,x has be5 said t 'y _c criticize ,revelation4' ',!n h[ d y "k :at is ,revelation1 or t !re is "o at all1' is ! imm$iate rejo9d]--',y "k no?+ ( ?+s 9 !mselves4' ',!n h[ d y "k t !re are ?+s 9 !mselves8' ,9 "s respects1 ! difficulty press$ h>d] ^u ! ,greek ?an ^u ourselves4 ,= conceiv+ ( ,god m "u ! attribute ( k ?an we d1 he 0 m "u ! necessity ( sep>at+ ! div9e f ! human1 z two sph]es :i* _h no communication ) "o ano!r4 ,x is rem>kable t ,plato1 speak+ by ! m\? ( ,p>m5ides1 does n treat ev5 ?is second class ( difficulties z hopeless or insoluble4 ,he says only t !y _c be expla9$ )\t a long & labori\s demon/ration3 ',! tea*] w require sup]human ability1 & ! le>n] w be h>d ( und]/&+4' ,b an attempt mu/ be made to f9d an answ] to !m2 =1 z ,socrates & ,p>m5ides bo? admit1 ! d5ial ( ab/ract ideas is ! de/ruction ( ! m9d4 ,we c easily imag9e t among ! ,greek s*ools ( philosophy 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ a panic might arise f ! d5ial ( univ]sals1 simil> to t :i* arose 9 ! la/ c5tury f ,hume's d5ial ( our ideas ( cause & effect4 ,m5 d n at fir/ recognize t ?\ght1 l dige/ion1 w g on mu* ! same1 not)/&+ any !ories :i* may be ent]ta9$ respect+ ! nature ( ! process4 ,p>m5ides attributes ! difficulties 9 :i* ,socrates is involv$ to a want ( compreh5siv5ess 9 8 mode ( reason+2 he %\ld consid] e "q on ! negative z well z ! positive hypo!sis1 ) ref]5ce to ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f ! d5ial z well z f ! ass]tion ( a giv5 /atem5t4 ,! argum5t :i* foll[s is ! mo/ s+ul> 9 ,plato4 ,x appe>s to be an imitation1 or p>ody1 ( ! ,z5onian dialectic1 j z ! spee*es 9 ! ,pha$rus are an imitation ( ! /yle ( ,lysias1 or z ! d]ivations 9 ! ,cratylus or ! fallacies ( ! ,eu?ydemus are a p>ody ( "s contempor>y ,sophi/4 ,! int]locutor is n suppos$1 z 9 mo/ ( ! o!r ,platonic dialogues1 to take a liv+ "p 9 ! argum5t2 he is only requir$ to say ',yes' & ',no' 9 ! "r places4 ,a h9t has be5 already giv5 t ! p>adoxes ( ,z5o admitt$ ( a high] application4 ,?is h9t is ! ?read by :i* ,plato connects ! two p>ts ( ! dialogue4 ,! p>adoxes ( ,p>m5ides seem trivial to u1 because ! words to :i* !y relate h become trivial2 _! true nature z ab/ract t]ms is p]fectly und]/ood by u1 & we are incl9$ to reg>d ! treatm5t ( !m 9 ,plato z a m]e /raw-splitt+1 or leg]dema9 ( words4 ,yet !re 0 a p[] 9 !m :i* fasc9at$ ! ,neoplatoni/s = c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,some?+ t !y f\nd 9 !m1 or br\ght to !m--"s e*o or anticipation ( a great tru? or error1 ex]cis$ a wond]ful influ5ce ov] _! m9ds4 ,to d ! ,p>m5ides ju/ice1 we %\ld imag9e simil> aporiai rais$ on !mes z sacr$ to u1 z ! notions ( ,"o or ,be+ 7 to an anci5t ,eleatic4 ',if ,god is1 :at foll[s8 ,if ,god is n1 :at foll[s8' ,or aga93 ,if ,god is or is n ! _w2 or if ,god is or is n _m1 or has or has n p>ts1 or is or is n 9 ! _w1 or 9 "t2 or is or is n f9ite or inf9ite4 ,or if ! _w is or is n2 or has or has n a beg9n+ or end2 or is or is n inf9ite1 or inf9itely divisible4 ,or aga93 if ,god is or is n id5tical ) 8 laws2 or if man is or is n id5tical ) ! laws ( nature4 ,we c easily see t "h are _m subjects = ?\ght1 & t f ^! & simil> hypo!ses que/ions ( great int]e/ might arise4 ,& we also rem>k1 t ! conclusions d]iv$ f ei!r ( ! two alt]native propositions might be equally impossible & contradictory4 ,:5 we ask :at is ! object ( ^! p>adoxes1 "s h answ]$ t !y are a m]e logical puzzle1 :ile o!rs h se5 9 !m an ,hegelian propa$eutic ( ! doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,! fir/ ( ^! views d]ives support f ! mann] 9 :i* ,p>m5ides speaks ( a simil> me?od be+ appli$ to all ,ideas4 ,yet x is h>d to suppose t ,plato w\ld h furni%$ s elaborate an example1 n ( 8 own b ( ! ,eleatic dialectic1 _h he int5d$ only to give an illu/ration ( me?od4 ,! second view has be5 (t5 ov]/at$ by ^? :o1 l ,hegel himself1 h t5d$ to confuse anci5t ) mod]n philosophy4 ,we ne$ n d5y t ,plato1 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,cratylus & ,h]acleitus1 may h se5 t a contradiction 9 t]ms is sometimes ! be/ expression ( a tru? high] ?an ei!r 7comp>e ,soph474 ,b 8 ideal !ory is n bas$ on ant9omies4 ,! correlation ( ,ideas 0 ! metaphysical difficulty ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$2 & ! ,meg>ian & ,cynic philosophy 0 a 'r$uctio ad absurdum' ( _! isolation4 ,to re/ore !m to _! natural connexion & to detect ! negative elem5t 9 !m is ! aim ( ,plato 9 ! ,sophi/4 ,b 8 view ( _! connexion falls v f> %ort ( ! ,hegelian id5tity ( ,be+ & ,n-be+4 ,! ,be+ & ,n-be+ ( ,plato nev] m]ge 9 ea* o!r1 ?\gh he is aw>e t 'det]m9ation is only negation4' ,aft] criticiz+ ! hypo!ses ( o!rs1 x may appe> presumptu\s to add ano!r guess to ! _m :i* h be5 already (f]$4 ,may we say1 9 ,platonic language1 t we /ill seem to see ve/iges ( a track :i* has n yet be5 tak58 ,x is q possible t ! obscurity ( ! ,p>m5ides w\ld n h exi/$ to a contempor>y /ud5t ( philosophy1 &1 l ! simil> difficulty 9 ! ,philebus1 is really due to our ignorance ( ! m9d ( ! age4 ,!re is an obscure ,meg>ian influ5ce on ,plato :i* _c :olly be cle>$ up1 & is n mu* illu/rat$ by ! d\btful tradition ( 8 retirem5t to ,meg>a aft] ! dea? ( ,socrates4 ,= ,meg>a 0 )9 a walk ( ,a!ns 7,pha$r471 & ,plato might h le>n$ ! ,meg>ian doctr9es )\t settl+ !re4 ,we may beg9 by rem>k+ t ! !ses ( ,p>m5ides are expressly said to foll[ ! me?od ( ,z5o1 & t ! complex dilemma1 ?\gh decl>$ to be capable ( univ]sal application1 is appli$ 9 ?is in/ance to ,z5o's famili> "q ( ! '"o & _m4' ,"h1 !n1 is a d\ble indication ( ! connexion ( ! ,p>m5ides ) ! ,eri/ic s*ool4 ,! old ,eleatics _h ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( ,be+1 :i* !y at fir/ reg>d$ z f9ite1 !n z inf9ite1 !n z nei!r f9ite nor inf9ite1 to :i* "s ( !m _h giv5 :at ,ari/otle calls 'a =m1' o!rs _h ascrib$ a mat]ial nature only4 ,! t5d5cy ( _! philosophy 0 to d5y to ,be+ all pr$icates4 ,! ,meg>ians1 :o succe$$ !m1 l ! ,cynics1 affirm$ t no pr$icate c\ld be ass]t$ ( any subject2 !y also conv]t$ ! idea ( ,be+ into an ab/raction ( ,good1 p]haps ) ! view ( pres]v+ a sort ( neutrality or indiff]5ce betwe5 ! m9d & ?+s4 ,z if !y _h said1 9 ! language ( mod]n philosophy3 ',be+ is n only nei!r f9ite nor inf9ite1 nei!r at re/ nor 9 motion1 b nei!r subjective nor objective4' ,?is is ! track along :i* ,plato is lead+ u4 ,z5o _h attempt$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! "o by disprov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! _m1 & ,p>m5ides seems to aim at prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! subject by %[+ ! contradictions :i* foll[ f ! ass]tion ( any pr$icates4 ,take ! simple/ ( all notions1 'unity'2 y _c ev5 ass]t be+ or "t ( ?is )\t involv+ a contradiction4 ,b is ! contradiction also ! f9al conclusion8 ,probably no m ?an ( ,z5o's d5ial ( ! _m1 or ( ,p>m5ides' assault ^u ! ,ideas2 no m ?an ( ! e>li] dialogues '( se>*4' ,to u !re seems to be no residuum ( ?is long piece ( dialectics4 ,b to ! m9d ( ,p>m5ides & ,plato1 ',gott-betrunk5e ,m5s*51' !re /ill rema9$ ! idea ( 'be+' or 'good1' :i* c\ld n be conceiv$1 def9$1 utt]$1 b c\ld n be got rid (4 ,nei!r ( !m w\ld h imag9$ t _! disputation ev] t\*$ ! ,div9e ,be+ 7comp>e ,phil474 ,! same difficulties ab\t ,unity & ,be+ are rais$ 9 ! ,sophi/2 b !re only z prelim9>y to _! f9al solution4 ,if ?is view is correct1 ! real aim ( ! hypo!ses ( ,p>m5ides is to criticize ! e>li] ,eleatic philosophy f ! po9t ( view ( ,z5o or ! ,meg>ians4 ,x is ! same k9d ( criticism :i* ,plato has ext5d$ to 8 own doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,nor is !re any want ( poetical consi/5cy 9 attribut+ to ! 'fa!r ,p>m5ides' ! la/ review ( ! ,eleatic doctr9es4 ,! late/ phases ( all philosophies 7 fa!r$ ^u ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool4 ,o!r critics h reg>d$ ! f9al conclusion ( ! ,p>m5ides ei!r z sceptical or z ,h]acleitean4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !y assume t ,plato means to %[ ! impossibility ( any tru?4 ,b ?is is n ! _s ( ,plato1 & c\ld n ) propriety be put into ! m\? ( ,p>m5ides1 :o1 9 ?is v dialogue1 is urg+ ,socrates1 n to d\bt ev]y?+1 b to discipl9e 8 m9d ) a view to ! m precise atta9m5t ( tru?4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! second ( ! two !ories4 ,plato ev]y:]e ridicules 7p]haps unfairly7 8 ,h]acleitean contempor>ies3 & if he _h int5d$ to support an ,h]acleitean !sis1 w\ld h>dly h *os5 ,p>m5ides1 ! condemn] ( ! 'undisc]n+ tribe :o say t ?+s bo? are & are n1' to be ! speak]4 ,nor1 ?irdly1 c we easily p]suade ourselves ) ,zell] t by ! '"o' he means ! ,idea2 & t he is seek+ to prove indirectly ! unity ( ! ,idea 9 ! multiplicity ( ph5om5a4 ,we may n[ endeav\r to ?read ! mazes ( ! labyr9? :i* ,p>m5ides knew s well1 & trembl$ at ! ?\ght ( !m4 ,! argum5t has two divisions3 ,!re is ! hypo!sis t #a4 ,"o is4 #b4 ,"o is n4 ,if "o is1 x is no?+4 ,if "o is n1 x is ev]y?+4 ,b is & is n may be tak5 9 two s5ses3 ,ei!r "o is "o1 ,or1 "o has be+1 f :i* opposite consequ5ces are d$uc$1 #a4;a4 ,if "o is "o1 x is no?+4 #a4;b4 ,if "o has be+1 x is all ?+s4 ,to :i* are app5d$ two subord9ate consequ5ces3 #a4;aa4 ,if "o has be+1 all o!r ?+s are4 #a4;bb4 ,if "o is "o1 all o!r ?+s are n4 ,! same di/9ction is !n appli$ to ! negative hypo!sis3 #b4;a4 ,if "o is n "o1 x is all ?+s4 #b4;b4 ,if "o has n be+1 x is no?+4 ,involv+ two p>allel consequ5ces respect+ ! o!r or rema9d]3 #b4;aa4 ,if "o is n "o1 o!r ?+s are all4 #b4;bb4 ,if "o has n be+1 o!r ?+s are n4 44444 ',i _c refuse1' said ,p>m5ides1 's9ce1 z ,z5o rem>ks1 we are alone1 ?\gh ,i may say ) ,ibycus1 :o 9 8 old age fell 9 love1 ,i1 l ! old racehorse1 tremble at ! prospect ( ! c\rse :i* ,i am to run1 & :i* ,i "k s well4 ,b z ,i mu/ attempt ?is labori\s game1 :at %all be ! subject8 ,suppose ,i take my own hypo!sis ( ! "o4' ',by all means1' said ,z5o4 ',& :o w answ] me8 ,%all ,i propose ! y\nge/8 he w be ! mo/ likely to say :at he ?9ks1 & 8 answ]s w give me "t to brea!4' ',i am ! y\nge/1' said ,ari/oteles1 '& at y\r s]vice2 proce$ ) y\r que/ions4'--,! result may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- #a4;a4 ,"o is n _m1 & !re=e has no p>ts1 & !re=e is n a :ole1 :i* is a sum ( p>ts1 & !re=e has nei!r beg9n+1 middle1 nor end1 & is !re=e unlimit$1 & !re=e =mless1 be+ nei!r r\nd nor /raight1 = nei!r r\nd nor /raight c be def9$ )\t assum+ t !y h p>ts2 & !re=e is n 9 place1 :e!r 9 ano!r :i* w\ld encircle & t\* ! "o at _m po9ts2 or 9 itself1 because t :i* is self-conta9+ is also conta9$1 & !re=e n "o b two4 ,?is be+ premis$1 let u consid] :e!r "o is capable ei!r ( motion or re/4 ,= motion is ei!r *ange ( sub/ance1 or motion on an axis1 or f "o place to ano!r4 ,b ! "o is incapable ( *ange ( sub/ance1 :i* implies t x ceases to be itself1 or ( motion on an axis1 because !re w\ld be p>ts ar\nd ! axis2 & any o!r motion involves *ange ( place4 ,b exi/5ce 9 place has be5 already %[n to be impossible2 & yet m impossible is com+ into be+ 9 place1 :i* implies p>tial exi/5ce 9 two places at once1 or entire exi/5ce nei!r )9 nor )\t ! same2 & h[ c ?is be8 ,& m impossible /ill is ! com+ into be+ ei!r z a :ole or p>ts ( t :i* is nei!r a :ole nor p>ts4 ,! "o1 !n1 is incapable ( motion4 ,b nei!r c ! "o be 9 any?+1 & !re=e n 9 ! same1 :e!r itself or "s o!r1 & is !re=e incapable ( re/4 ,nei!r is "o ! same ) itself or any o!r1 or o!r ?an itself or any o!r4 ,= if o!r ?an itself1 !n o!r ?an "o1 & !re=e n "o2 &1 if ! same ) o!r1 x w\ld be o!r1 & o!r ?an "o4 ,nei!r c "o :ile rema9+ "o be o!r ?an o!r2 = o!r1 & n "o1 is ! o!r ?an o!r4 ,b if n o!r by virtue ( be+ "o1 n by virtue ( itself2 & if n by virtue ( itself1 n itself o!r1 & if n itself o!r1 n o!r ?an any?+4 ,nei!r w "o be ! same ) itself4 ,= ! nature ( ! same is n t ( ! "o1 b a ?+ :i* becomes ! same ) any?+ does n become "o2 = example1 t :i* becomes ! same ) ! _m becomes _m & n "o4 ,& !re=e if ! "o is ! same ) itself1 ! "o is n "o ) itself2 & !re=e "o & n "o4 ,& !re=e "o is nei!r o!r ?an o!r1 nor ! same ) itself4 ,nei!r w ! "o be l or unlike itself or o!r2 = lik5ess is sam5ess ( affections1 & ! "o & ! same are diff]5t4 ,& "o hav+ any affection :i* is o!r ?an be+ "o w\ld be m ?an "o4 ,! "o1 !n1 _c h ! same affection ) & !re=e _c be l itself or o!r2 nor c ! "o h any o!r affection ?an its own1 t is1 be unlike itself or any o!r1 = ?is w\ld imply t x 0 m ?an "o4 ,! "o1 !n1 is nei!r l nor unlike itself or o!r4 ,?is be+ ! case1 nei!r c ! "o be equal or unequal to itself or o!r4 ,= equality implies sam5ess ( measure1 z inequality implies a great] or less numb] ( measures4 ,b ! "o1 n hav+ sam5ess1 _c h sam5ess ( measure2 nor a great] or less numb] ( measures1 = t w\ld imply p>ts & multitude4 ,once m1 c "o be old] or y\ng] ?an itself or o!r8 or ( ! same age ) itself or o!r8 ,t w\ld imply lik5ess & unlik5ess1 equality & inequality4 ,!re=e "o _c be 9 "t1 because t :i* is 9 "t is ev] becom+ old] & y\ng] ?an itself1 7= old] & y\ng] are relative t]ms1 & he :o becomes old] becomes y\ng]17 & is also ( ! same age ) itself4 ,none ( :i*1 or any o!r expressions ( "t1 :e!r pa/1 future1 or pres5t1 c be affirm$ ( "o4 ,"o nei!r is1 has be51 nor w be1 nor becomes1 nor has1 nor w become4 ,&1 z ^! are ! only modes ( be+1 "o is n1 & is n "o4 ,b to t :i* is n1 !re is no attribute or relative1 nei!r "n nor ^w nor idea nor sci5ce nor p]ception nor op9ion app]ta9+4 ,"o1 !n1 is nei!r nam$1 nor utt]$1 nor kn[n1 nor p]ceiv$1 nor imag9$4 ,b c all ?is be true8 ',i ?9k n4' #a4;b4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 comm5ce ! inquiry aga94 ,we h to "w out all ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ on ! assumption t ! "o is4 ,if "o is1 "o p>takes ( be+1 :i* is n ! same ) "o2 ! words 'be+' & '"o' h diff]5t mean+s4 ,obs]ve ! consequ5ce3 ,9 ! "o ( be+ or ! be+ ( "o are two p>ts1 be+ & "o1 :i* =m "o :ole4 ,& ea* ( ! two p>ts is also a :ole1 & involves ! o!r1 & may be fur!r subdivid$ into "o & be+1 & is !re=e n "o b two2 & ?us "o is nev] "o1 & 9 ?is way ! "o1 if x is1 becomes _m & inf9ite4 ,aga91 let u conceive ( a "o :i* by an ef=t ( ab/raction we sep>ate f be+3 w ?is ab/ract "o be "o or _m8 ,y say "o only2 let u see4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! be+ ( "o is o!r ?an "o2 & "o & be+1 if diff]5t1 are s because !y bo? p>take ( ! nature ( o!r1 :i* is !re=e nei!r "o nor be+2 & :e!r we take be+ & o!r1 or be+ & "o1 or "o & o!r1 9 any case we h two ?+s :i* sep>ately are call$ ei!r1 & toge!r bo?4 ,& bo? are two & ei!r ( two is sev]ally "o1 & if "o be add$ to any ( ! pairs1 ! sum is ?ree2 & two is an ev5 numb]1 ?ree an odd2 & two units exi/ twice1 & !re=e !re are twice two2 & ?ree units exi/ ?rice1 & !re=e !re are ?rice ?ree1 & tak5 toge!r !y give twice ?ree & ?rice two3 we h ev5 numb]s multipli$ into ev51 & odd into ev51 & ev5 into odd numb]s4 ,b if "o is1 & bo? odd & ev5 numb]s are impli$ 9 "o1 mu/ n e numb] exi/8 ,& numb] is inf9ite1 & !re=e exi/5ce mu/ be inf9ite1 = all & e numb] p>takes ( be+2 !re=e be+ has ! greate/ numb] ( p>ts1 & e "p1 h[ev] great or h[ev] small1 is equally "o4 ,b c "o be 9 _m places & yet be a :ole8 ,if n a :ole x mu/ be divid$ into p>ts & repres5t$ by a numb] correspond+ to ! numb] ( ! p>ts4 ,& if s1 we 7 wrong 9 say+ t be+ has ! greate/ numb] ( p>ts2 = be+ is coequal & coext5sive ) "o1 & has no m p>ts ?an "o2 & s ! ab/ract "o brok5 up into p>ts by be+ is _m & inf9ite4 ,b ! p>ts are p>ts ( a :ole1 & ! :ole is _! conta9+ limit1 & ! "o is !re=e limit$ z well z inf9ite 9 numb]2 & t :i* is a :ole has beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 & a middle is equidi/ant f ! extremes2 & "o is !re=e ( a c]ta9 figure1 r\nd or /raight1 or a comb9ation ( ! two1 & be+ a :ole includes all ! p>ts :i* are ! :ole1 & is !re=e self-conta9$4 ,b !n1 aga91 ! :ole is n 9 ! p>ts1 :e!r all or "s4 ,n 9 all1 because1 if 9 all1 also 9 "o2 =1 if want+ 9 any "o1 h[ 9 all8--n 9 "s1 because ! great] w\ld !n be conta9$ 9 ! less4 ,b if n 9 all1 nor 9 any1 nor 9 "s1 ei!r n[h]e or 9 o!r4 ,& if n[h]e1 no?+2 !re=e 9 o!r4 ,! "o z a :ole1 !n1 is 9 ano!r1 b reg>d$ z a sum ( p>ts is 9 itself2 & is1 !re=e1 bo? 9 itself & 9 ano!r4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! "o is at once bo? at re/ & 9 motion3 at re/1 because re/+ 9 itself2 9 motion1 because x is ev] 9 o!r4 ,& if !re is tru? 9 :at has prec$$1 "o is ! same & n ! same ) itself & o!r4 ,= ev]y?+ 9 relation to e o!r ?+ is ei!r ! same ) x or o!r2 or if nei!r ! same nor o!r1 !n 9 ! relation ( "p to a :ole or :ole to a "p4 ,b "o _c be a "p or :ole 9 relation to "o1 nor o!r ?an "o2 & is !re=e ! same ) "o4 ,yet ?is sam5ess is aga9 contradict$ by "o be+ 9 ano!r place f itself :i* is 9 ! same place2 ?is foll[s f "o be+ 9 itself & 9 ano!r2 "o1 !re=e1 is o!r ?an itself4 ,b if any?+ is o!r ?an any?+1 w x n be o!r ?an o!r8 ,& ! n "o is o!r ?an ! "o1 & ! "o ?an ! n "o2 !re=e "o is o!r ?an all o!rs4 ,b ! same & ! o!r exclude "o ano!r1 & !re=e ! o!r c nev] be 9 ! same2 nor c ! o!r be 9 any?+ = ev] s %ort a "t1 z = t "t ! o!r w be 9 ! same4 ,& ! o!r1 if nev] 9 ! same1 _c be ei!r 9 ! "o or 9 ! n "o4 ,& "o is n o!r ?an n "o1 ei!r by reason ( o!r or ( itself2 & !re=e !y are n o!r ?an "o ano!r at all4 ,nei!r c ! n "o p>take or be "p ( "o1 = 9 t case x w\ld be "o2 nor c ! n "o be numb]1 = t also involves "o4 ,& !re=e1 n be+ o!r ?an ! "o or relat$ to ! "o z a :ole to p>ts or p>ts to a :ole1 n "o is ! same z "o4 ,:]e=e ! "o is ! same & also n ! same ) ! o!rs & also ) itself2 & is !re=e l & unlike itself & ! o!rs1 & j z diff]5t f ! o!rs z !y are f ! "o1 nei!r m nor less4 ,b if nei!r m nor less1 equally diff]5t2 & !re=e ! "o & ! o!rs h ! same relations4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! case ( names3 :5 y repeat ! same "n twice ov]1 y mean ! same ?+2 & :5 y say t ! o!r is o!r ?an ! "o1 or ! "o o!r ?an ! o!r1 ?is v ^w o!r 7et]on71 :i* is attribut$ to bo?1 implies sam5ess4 ,"o1 !n1 z be+ o!r ?an o!rs1 & o!r z be+ o!r ?an "o1 are alike 9 t !y h ! relation ( o!rness2 & lik5ess is simil>ity ( relations4 ,& ev]y?+ z be+ o!r ( ev]y?+ is also l ev]y?+4 ,aga91 same & o!r1 l & unlike1 are opposites3 & s9ce 9 virtue ( be+ o!r ?an ! o!rs ! "o is l !m1 9 virtue ( be+ ! same x mu/ be unlike4 ,aga91 "o1 z hav+ ! same relations1 has no diff]5ce ( relation1 & is !re=e n unlike1 & !re=e l2 or1 z hav+ diff]5t relations1 is diff]5t & unlike4 ,?us1 "o1 z be+ ! same & n ! same ) itself & o!rs--= bo? ^! reasons & = ei!r ( !m--is also l & unlike itself & ! o!rs4 ,aga91 h[ f> c "o t\* itself & ! o!rs8 ,z exi/+ 9 o!rs1 x t\*es ! o!rs2 & z exi/+ 9 itself1 t\*es only itself4 ,b f ano!r po9t ( view1 t :i* t\*es ano!r mu/ be next 9 ord] ( place2 "o1 !re=e1 mu/ be next 9 ord] ( place to itself1 & w\ld !re=e be two1 & 9 two places4 ,b "o _c be two1 & !re=e _c be 9 contact ) itself4 ,nor aga9 c "o t\* ! o!r4 ,two objects are requir$ to make "o contact2 ?ree objects make two contacts2 & all ! objects 9 ! _w1 if plac$ 9 a s]ies1 w\ld h z _m contacts z !re are objects1 less "o4 ,b if "o only exi/s1 & n two1 !re is no contact4 ,& ! o!rs1 be+ o!r ?an "o1 h no "p 9 "o1 & !re=e none 9 numb]1 & !re=e two has no exi/5ce1 & !re=e !re is no contact4 ,= all :i* reasons1 "o has & has n contact ) itself & ! o!rs4 ,once m1 ,is "o equal & unequal to itself & ! o!rs8 ,suppose "o & ! o!rs to be great] or less ?an ea* o!r or equal to "o ano!r1 !y w be great] or less or equal by reason ( equality or greatness or smallness inh]+ 9 !m 9 addition to _! own prop] nature4 ,let u beg9 by assum+ smallness to be inh]5t 9 "o3 9 ?is case ! inh]5ce is ei!r 9 ! :ole or 9 a "p4 ,if ! fir/1 smallness is ei!r coext5sive ) ! :ole "o1 or conta9s ! :ole1 &1 if coext5sive ) ! "o1 is equal to ! "o1 or if conta9+ ! "o w be great] ?an ! "o4 ,b smallness ?us p]=ms ! function ( equality or ( greatness1 :i* is impossible4 ,aga91 if ! inh]5ce be 9 a "p1 ! same contradiction foll[s3 smallness w be equal to ! "p or great] ?an ! "p2 !re=e smallness w n inh]e 9 any?+1 & except ! idea ( smallness !re w be no?+ small4 ,nei!r w greatness2 = greatness w h a great]2--& !re w be no small 9 relation to :i* x is great4 ,& !re w be no great or small 9 objects1 b greatness & smallness w be relative only to ea* o!r2 !re=e ! o!rs _c be great] or less ?an ! "o2 also ! "o c nei!r exce$ nor be exce$$ by ! o!rs1 & !y are !re=e equal to "o ano!r4 ,& ?is w be true also ( ! "o 9 relation to itself3 "o w be equal to itself z well z to ! o!rs 7talla74 ,yet "o1 be+ 9 itself1 mu/ also be ab\t itself1 conta9+ & conta9$1 & is !re=e great] & less ?an itself4 ,fur!r1 !re is no?+ beside ! "o & ! o!rs2 & z ^! mu/ be 9 some?+1 !y mu/ !re=e be 9 "o ano!r2 & z t 9 :i* a ?+ is is great] ?an ! ?+1 ! inf]5ce is t !y are bo? great] & less ?an "o ano!r1 because conta9+ & conta9$ 9 "o ano!r4 ,!re=e ! "o is equal to & great] & less ?an itself or o!r1 hav+ also measures or p>ts or numb]s equal to or great] or less ?an itself or o!r4 ,b does "o p>take ( "t8 ,?is mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 if ! "o p>takes ( be+4 ,= 'to be' is ! p>ticipation ( be+ 9 pres5t "t1 'to h be5' 9 pa/1 'to be ab\t to be' 9 future "t4 ,& z "t is ev] mov+ =w>d1 ! "o becomes old] ?an itself2 & !re=e y\ng] ?an itself2 & is old] & also y\ng] :5 9 ! process ( becom+ x arrives at ! pres5t2 & x is always old] & y\ng]1 = at any mom5t ! "o is1 & !re=e x becomes & is n old] & y\ng] ?an itself b dur+ an equal "t ) itself1 & is !re=e contempor>y ) itself4 ,& :at are ! relations ( ! "o to ! o!rs8 ,is x or does x become old] or y\ng] ?an !y8 ,at any rate ! o!rs are m ?an "o1 & "o1 be+ ! lea/ ( all numb]s1 mu/ be prior 9 "t to great] numb]s4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 "o mu/ come into be+ 9 a mann] accordant ) its own nature4 ,n[ "o has p>ts or o!rs1 & has !re=e a beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 ( :i* ! beg9n+ is fir/ & ! end la/4 ,& ! p>ts come into exi/5ce fir/2 la/ ( all ! :ole1 contemporane\sly ) ! end1 be+ !re=e y\ng]1 :ile ! p>ts or o!rs are old] ?an ! "o4 ,b1 aga91 ! "o comes into be+ 9 ea* ( ! p>ts z mu* z 9 ! :ole1 & mu/ be ( ! same age ) !m4 ,!re=e "o is at once old] & y\ng] ?an ! p>ts or o!rs1 & also contemporane\s ) !m1 = no "p c be a "p :i* is n "o4 ,is ?is true ( becom+ z well z be+8 ,?us mu* may be affirm$1 t ! same ?+s :i* are old] or y\ng] _c become old] or y\ng] 9 a great] degree ?an !y 7 at fir/ by ! addition ( equal times4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "o1 if old] ?an o!rs1 has come into be+ a long] "t ?an !y h4 ,& :5 equal "t is add$ to a long] & %ort]1 ! relative diff]5ce betwe5 !m is dim9i%$4 ,9 ?is way t :i* 0 old] becomes y\ng]1 & t :i* 0 y\ng] becomes old]1 t is to say1 y\ng] & old] ?an at fir/2 & !y ev] become & nev] h become1 = !n !y w\ld be4 ,?us ! "o & o!rs always are & are becom+ & n becom+ y\ng] & also old] ?an "o ano!r4 ,& "o1 p>tak+ ( "t & also p>tak+ ( becom+ old] & y\ng]1 admits ( all "t1 pres5t1 pa/1 & future--01 is1 %all be--0 becom+1 is becom+1 w become4 ,& !re is sci5ce ( ! "o1 & op9ion & "n & expression1 z is already impli$ 9 ! fact ( our inquiry4 ,yet once m1 if "o be "o & _m1 & nei!r "o nor _m1 & also p>ticipant ( "t1 mu/ !re n be a "t at :i* "o z be+ "o p>takes ( be+1 & a "t :5 "o z n be+ "o is depriv$ ( be+8 ,b ^! two contradictory /ates _c be exp]i5c$ by ! "o bo? toge!r3 !re mu/ be a "t ( transition4 ,& ! transition is a process ( g5]ation & de/ruction1 into & f be+ & n-be+1 ! "o & ! o!rs4 ,= ! g5]ation ( ! "o is ! de/ruction ( ! o!rs1 & ! g5]ation ( ! o!rs is ! de/ruction ( ! "o4 ,!re is also sep>ation & aggregation1 assimilation & dissimilation1 increase1 dim9ution1 equalization1 a passage f motion to re/1 & f re/ to motion 9 ! "o & _m4 ,b :5 d all ^! *anges take place8 ,:5 does motion become re/1 or re/ motion8 ,! answ] to ?is "q w ?r[ a light ^u all ! o!rs4 ,no?+ c be 9 motion & at re/ at ! same "t2 & !re=e ! *ange takes place '9 a mom5t'--:i* is a /range expression1 & seems to mean *ange 9 no "t4 ,:i* is true also ( all ! o!r *anges1 :i* likewise take place 9 no "t4 #a4;aa4 ,b if "o is1 :at happ5s to ! o!rs1 :i* 9 ! fir/ place are n "o1 yet may p>take ( "o 9 a c]ta9 way8 ,! o!rs are o!r ?an ! "o because !y h p>ts1 = if !y _h no p>ts !y w\ld be simply "o1 & p>ts imply a :ole to :i* !y belong2 o!rwise ea* "p w\ld be a "p ( _m1 & be+ itself "o ( !m1 ( itself1 & if a "p ( all1 ( ea* "o ( ! o!r p>ts1 :i* is absurd4 ,= a "p1 if n a "p ( "o1 mu/ be a "p ( all b ?is "o1 & if s n a "p ( ea* "o2 & if n a "p ( ea* "o1 n a "p ( any "o ( _m1 & s n ( "o2 & if ( none1 h[ ( all8 ,!re=e a "p is nei!r a "p ( _m nor ( all1 b ( an absolute & p]fect :ole or "o4 ,& if ! o!rs h p>ts1 !y mu/ p>take ( ! :ole1 & mu/ be ! :ole ( :i* !y are ! p>ts4 ,& ea* "p1 z ! ^w 'ea*' implies1 is also an absolute "o4 ,& bo? ! :ole & ! p>ts p>take ( "o1 = ! :ole ( :i* ! p>ts are p>ts is "o1 & ea* "p is "o "p ( ! :ole2 & :ole & p>ts z p>ticipat+ 9 "o are o!r ?an "o1 & z be+ o!r ?an "o are _m & inf9ite2 & h[ev] small a fraction y sep>ate f !m is _m & n "o4 ,yet ! fact ( _! be+ p>ts furni%es ! o!rs ) a limit t[>ds o!r p>ts & t[>ds ! :ole2 !y are f9ite & also inf9ite3 f9ite ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 ! "o1 inf9ite 9 _! own nature4 ,& z be+ f9ite1 !y are alike2 & z be+ inf9ite1 !y are alike2 b z be+ bo? f9ite & also inf9ite1 !y are 9 ! highe/ degree unlike4 ,& all o!r opposites might )\t difficulty be %[n to unite 9 !m4 #a4;bb4 ,once m1 leav+ all ?is3 ,is !re n also an opposite s]ies ( consequ5ces :i* is equally true ( ! o!rs1 & may be d$uc$ f ! exi/5ce ( "o8 ,!re is4 ,"o is di/9ct f ! o!rs1 & ! o!rs f "o2 = "o & ! o!rs are all ?+s1 & !re is no ?ird exi/5ce besides !m4 ,& ! :ole ( "o _c be 9 o!rs nor p>ts ( x1 = x is sep>at$ f o!rs & has no p>ts1 & !re=e ! o!rs h no unity1 nor plurality1 nor duality1 nor any o!r numb]1 nor any opposition or di/9ction1 su* z lik5ess & unlik5ess1 "s & o!r1 g5]ation & corruption1 odd & ev54 ,= if !y _h ^! !y w\ld p>take ei!r ( "o opposite1 & ?is w\ld be a p>ticipation 9 "o2 or ( two opposites1 & ?is w\ld be a p>ticipation 9 two4 ,?us if "o exi/s1 "o is all ?+s1 & likewise no?+1 9 relation to "o & to ! o!rs4 #b4;a4 ,b1 aga91 assume ! opposite hypo!sis1 t ! "o is n1 & :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! proposition1 t "o is n1 is cle>ly oppos$ to ! proposition1 t n "o is n4 ,! subject ( any negative proposition implies at once k & diff]5ce4 ,?us '"o' 9 ! proposition--',! "o is n1' mu/ be some?+ kn[n1 or ! words w\ld be un9telligible2 & aga9 ?is '"o :i* is n' is some?+ diff]5t f o!r ?+s4 ,moreov]1 ?is & t1 "s & o!r1 may be all attribut$ or relat$ to ! "o :i* is n1 & :i* ?\gh non-exi/5t may & mu/ h plurality1 if ! "o only is non-exi/5t & no?+ else2 b if all is n-be+ !re is no?+ :i* c be spok5 (4 ,also ! "o :i* is n diff]s1 & is diff]5t 9 k9d f ! o!rs1 & !re=e unlike !m2 & !y be+ o!r ?an ! "o1 are unlike ! "o1 :i* is !re=e unlike !m4 ,b "o1 be+ unlike o!r1 mu/ be l itself2 = ! unlik5ess ( "o to itself is ! de/ruction ( ! hypo!sis2 & "o _c be equal to ! o!rs2 = t w\ld suppose be+ 9 ! "o1 & ! o!rs w\ld be equal to "o & l "o2 bo? :i* are impossible1 if "o does n exi/4 ,! "o :i* is n1 !n1 if n equal is unequal to ! o!rs1 & 9 equality implies great & small1 & equality lies betwe5 great & small1 & !re=e ! "o :i* is n p>takes ( equality4 ,fur!r1 ! "o :i* is n has be+2 = t :i* is true is1 & x is true t ! "o is n4 ,& s ! "o :i* is n1 if remitt+ aught ( ! be+ ( non-exi/5ce1 w\ld become exi/5t4 ,= n be+ implies ! be+ ( n-be+1 & be+ ! n-be+ ( n-be+2 or m truly be+ p>takes ( ! be+ ( be+ & n ( ! be+ ( n-be+1 & n-be+ ( ! be+ ( n-be+ & n ( ! n-be+ ( n-be+4 ,& !re=e ! "o :i* is n has be+ & also n-be+4 ,& ! union ( be+ & n-be+ involves *ange or motion4 ,b h[ c n-be+1 :i* is n[h]e1 move or *ange1 ei!r f "o place to ano!r or 9 ! same place8 ,& :e!r x is or is n1 x w\ld cease to be "o if exp]i5c+ a *ange ( sub/ance4 ,! "o :i* is n1 !n1 is bo? 9 motion & at re/1 is alt]$ & unalt]$1 & becomes & is de/roy$1 & does n become & is n de/roy$4 #b4;b4 ,once m1 let u ask ! "q1 ,if "o is n1 :at happ5s 9 reg>d to "o8 ,! expression 'is n' implies negation ( be+3--d we mean by ?is to say t a ?+1 :i* is n1 9 a c]ta9 s5se is8 or d we mean absolutely to d5y be+ ( x8 ,! latt]4 ,!n ! "o :i* is n c nei!r be nor become nor p]i% nor exp]i5ce *ange ( sub/ance or place4 ,nei!r c re/1 or motion1 or greatness1 or smallness1 or equality1 or unlik5ess1 or lik5ess ei!r to itself or o!r1 or attribute or relation1 or n[ or h]eaft] or =m]ly1 or k or op9ion or p]ception or "n or any?+ else be ass]t$ ( t :i* is n4 #b4;aa4 ,once m1 if "o is n1 :at becomes ( ! o!rs8 ,if we speak ( !m !y mu/ be1 & _! v "n implies diff]5ce1 & diff]5ce implies relation1 n to ! "o1 :i* is n1 b to "o ano!r4 ,& !y are o!rs ( ea* o!r n z units b z inf9ities1 ! lea/ ( :i* is also inf9ity1 & capable ( inf9itesimal division4 ,& !y w h no unity or numb]1 b only a semblance ( unity & numb]2 & ! lea/ ( !m w appe> l>ge & manifold 9 comp>ison ) ! inf9itesimal fractions into :i* x may be divid$4 ,fur!r1 ea* p>ticle w h ! appe>ance ( be+ equal ) ! fractions4 ,= 9 pass+ f ! great] to ! less x mu/ rea* an int]m$iate po9t1 :i* is equality4 ,moreov]1 ea* p>ticle al?\gh hav+ a limit 9 relation to itself & to o!r p>ticles1 yet x has nei!r beg9n+1 middle1 nor end2 = !re is always a beg9n+ be=e ! beg9n+1 & a middle )9 ! middle1 & an end beyond ! end1 because ! inf9itesimal division is nev] arre/$ by ! "o4 ,?us all be+ is "o at a di/ance1 & brok5 up :5 ne>1 & l at a di/ance & unlike :5 ne>2 & also ! p>ticles :i* compose be+ seem to be l & unlike1 9 re/ & motion1 9 g5]ation & corruption1 9 contact & sep>ation1 if "o is n4 #b4;bb4 ,once m1 let u inquire1 ,if ! "o is n1 & ! o!rs ( ! "o are1 :at foll[s8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! o!rs w n be ! "o1 nor ! _m1 = 9 t case ! "o w\ld be conta9$ 9 !m2 nei!r w !y appe> to be "o or _m2 because !y h no communion or p>ticipation 9 t :i* is n1 nor semblance ( t :i* is n4 ,if "o is n1 ! o!rs nei!r are1 nor appe> to be "o or _m1 l or unlike1 9 contact or sep>ation4 ,9 %ort1 if "o is n1 no?+ is4 ,! result ( all :i* is1 t :e!r "o is or is n1 "o & ! o!rs1 9 relation to !mselves & to "o ano!r1 are & are n1 & appe> to be & appe> n to be1 9 all mann] ( ways4 ,i4 ,on ! fir/ hypo!sis we may rem>k3 fir/1 ,t "o is "o is an id5tical proposition1 f :i* we might expect t no fur!r consequ5ces c\ld be d$uc$4 ,! tra9 ( consequ5ces :i* foll[s1 is inf]r$ by alt]+ ! pr$icate into 'n _m4' ,yet1 p]haps1 if a /rict ,eri/ic _h be5 pres5t1 oios an] ei kai nun p>51 he might h affirm$ t ! n _m pres5t$ a diff]5t aspect ( ! conception f ! "o1 & 0 !re=e n id5tical ) x4 ,su* a subtlety w\ld be v mu* 9 "* ) ! ,z5onian dialectic4 ,secondly1 ,we may note1 t ! conclusion is really involv$ 9 ! premises4 ,= "o is conceiv$ z "o1 9 a s5se :i* excludes all pr$icates4 ,:5 ! mean+ ( "o has be5 r$uc$ to a po9t1 !re is no use 9 say+ t x has nei!r p>ts nor magnitude4 ,?irdly1 ,! conception ( ! same is1 fir/ ( all1 id5tifi$ ) ! "o2 & !n by a fur!r analysis di/+ui%$ f1 & ev5 oppos$ to x4 ,f\r?ly1 ,we may detect notions1 :i* h reappe>$ 9 mod]n philosophy1 e4g4 ! b>e ab/raction ( undef9$ unity1 answ]+ to ! ,hegelian ',seyn1' or ! id5tity ( contradictions 't :i* is old] is also y\ng]1' etc41 or ! ,kantian conception ( an a priori syn!tical proposition '"o is4' ,,ii4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies ( propositions ! ^w 'is' is really ! copula2 9 ! second1 ! v]b ( exi/5ce4 ,z 9 ! fir/ s]ies1 ! negative consequ5ce foll[$ f "o be+ affirm$ to be equival5t to ! n _m2 s "h ! affirmative consequ5ce is d$uc$ f "o be+ equival5t to ! _m4 ,9 ! =m] case1 no?+ c\ld be pr$icat$ ( ! "o1 b n[ ev]y?+--multitude1 relation1 place1 "t1 transition4 ,"o is reg>d$ 9 all ! aspects ( "o1 & ) a ref]5ce to all ! consequ5ces :i* fl[1 ei!r f ! comb9ation or ! sep>ation ( !m4 ,! notion ( transition involves ! s+ul> extra-temporal conception ( 'sudd5ness4' ,?is idea ( 'sudd5ness' is bas$ ^u ! contradiction :i* is involv$ 9 suppos+ t any?+ c be 9 two places at once4 ,x is a m]e fiction2 & we may obs]ve t simil> ant9omies h l$ mod]n philosoph]s to d5y ! reality ( "t & space4 ,x is n ! inf9itesimal ( "t1 b ! negative ( "t4 ,by ! help ( ?is inv5tion ! conception ( *ange1 :i* sorely ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( e>ly ?9k]s1 seems to be1 b is n really at all expla9$4 ,! difficulty arises out ( ! imp]fection ( language1 & %\ld !re=e be no long] reg>d$ z a difficulty at all4 ,! only way ( meet+ x1 if x exi/s1 is to ackn[l$ge t ?is r puzzl+ d\ble conception is necess>y to ! expression ( ! ph5om5a ( motion or *ange1 & t ?is & simil> d\ble notions1 in/ead ( be+ anomalies1 are among ! high] & m pot5t in/rum5ts ( human ?\ght4 ,! processes by :i* ,p>m5ides obta9s 8 rem>kable results may be summ$ up z foll[s3 7#a7 ,comp\nd or correlative ideas :i* involve ea* o!r1 su* z1 be+ & n-be+1 "o & _m1 are conceiv$ sometimes 9 a /ate ( composition1 & sometimes ( division3 7#b7 ,! division or di/9ction is sometimes height5$ into total opposition1 e4g4 betwe5 "o & same1 "o & o!r3 or 7#c7 ,! idea1 :i* has be5 already divid$1 is reg>d$1 l a numb]1 z capable ( fur!r inf9ite subdivision3 7#d7 ,! argum5t (t5 proce$s 'a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simplicit]' & conv]sely3 7#e7 ,! analogy ( opposites is misus$ by him2 he argues indiscrim9ately sometimes f :at is l1 sometimes f :at is unlike 9 !m3 7#f7 ,! idea ( be+ or n-be+ is id5tifi$ ) exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce 9 place or "t3 7#g7 ,! same ideas are reg>d$ sometimes z 9 process ( transition1 sometimes z alt]natives or opposites3 7#h7 ,!re are no degrees or k9ds ( sam5ess1 lik5ess1 diff]5ce1 nor any adequate conception ( motion or *ange3 7#i7 ,"o1 be+1 "t1 l space 9 ,z5o's puzzle ( ,a*illes & ! tortoise1 are reg>d$ sometimes z cont9u\s & sometimes z discrete3 7#aj7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! argum5t ! ab/raction is s r>efi$ z to become n only fallaci\s1 b almo/ un9telligible1 e4g4 9 ! contradiction :i* is elicit$ out ( ! relative t]ms old] & y\ng]3 7#aa7 ,! relation betwe5 two t]ms is reg>d$ "u contradictory aspects1 z = example :5 ! exi/5ce ( ! "o & ! non-exi/5ce ( ! "o are equally assum$ to involve ! exi/5ce ( ! _m3 7#ab7 ,words are us$ ?r\gh long *a9s ( argum5t1 sometimes loosely1 sometimes ) ! precision ( numb]s or ( geometrical figures4 ,! argum5t is a v curi\s piece ( "w1 unique 9 lit]ature4 ,x seems to be an exposition or r a 'r$uctio ad absurdum' ( ! ,meg>ian philosophy1 b we are too imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ?is la/ to speak ) confid5ce ab\t x4 ,x w\ld be saf] to say t x is an indication ( ! sceptical1 hyp]logical fancies :i* prevail$ among ! contempor>ies ( ,socrates4 ,x ?r[s an indi/9ct light ^u ,ari/otle1 & makes u aw>e ( ! debt :i* ! _w owes to him or 8 s*ool4 ,x also be>s a resemblance to "s mod]n speculations1 9 :i* an attempt is made to n>r[ language 9 su* a mann] t numb] & figure may be made a calculus ( ?\ght4 ,x exagg]ates "o side ( logic & =gets ! re/4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a ma!matical process2 ! inv5tor ( x delights1 z ma!maticians d1 9 elicit+ or discov]+ an unexpect$ result4 ,x also helps to gu>d u aga9/ "s fallacies by %[+ ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f !m4 ,9 ! ,p>m5ides we seem to brea! ! _s ( ! ,meg>ian philosophy1 ?\gh we _c comp>e ! two 9 detail4 ,b ,plato also goes beyond 8 ,meg>ian contempor>ies2 he has split _! /raws ov] aga91 & admitt$ m ?an !y w\ld h desir$4 ,he is indulg+ ! analytical t5d5cies ( 8 age1 :i* c divide b n comb9e4 ,& he does n /op to inquire :e!r ! di/9ctions :i* he makes are %ad[y & fallaci\s1 b ':i!r ! argum5t bl[s' he foll[s4 ,,iii4 ,! negative s]ies ( propositions conta9s ! fir/ conception ( ! negation ( a negation4 ,two m9us signs 9 ari?metic or algebra make a plus4 ,two negatives de/roy ea* o!r4 ,?is ab/ruse notion is ! f\ndation ( ! ,hegelian logic4 ,! m9d mu/ n only admit t det]m9ation is negation1 b mu/ get ?r\gh negation into affirmation4 ,:e!r ?is process is real1 or 9 any way an assi/ance to ?\ght1 or1 l "s o!r logical =ms1 a m]e figure ( spee* transf]r$ f ! sph]e ( ma!matics1 may be d\bt$4 ,t ,plato & ! mo/ subtle philosoph] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury %\ld h light$ ^u ! same notion1 is a s+ul> co9cid5ce ( anci5t & mod]n ?\ght4 ,,iv4 ,! "o & ! _m or o!rs are r$uc$ to _! /ricte/ ari?metical mean+4 ,t "o is ?ree or ?ree "o1 is a proposition :i* has1 p]haps1 giv5 rise to m controv]sy 9 ! _w ?an any o!r4 ,b no "o has ev] meant to say t ?ree & "o are to be tak5 9 ! same s5se4 ,:]eas ! "o & _m ( ! ,p>m5ides h precisely ! same mean+2 !re is no notion ( "o p]sonality or sub/ance hav+ _m attributes or qualities4 ,! tru? seems to be r ! opposite ( t :i* ,socrates implies3 ,!re is no contradiction 9 ! concrete1 b 9 ! ab/ract2 & ! m ab/ract ! idea1 ! m palpable w be ! contradiction4 ,= j z no?+ c p]suade u t ! numb] "o is ! numb] ?ree1 s nei!r c we be p]suad$ t any ab/ract idea is id5tical ) its opposite1 al?\gh !y may bo? inh]e toge!r 9 "s ext]nal object1 or "s m compreh5sive conception4 ,ideas1 p]sons1 ?+s may be "o 9 "o s5se & _m 9 ano!r1 & may h v>i\s degrees ( unity & plurality4 ,b 9 :atev] s5se & 9 :atev] degree !y are "o !y cease to be _m2 & 9 :atev] degree or s5se !y are _m !y cease to be "o4 ,two po9ts rema9 to be consid]$3 #a/1 ! connexion betwe5 ! fir/ & second p>ts ( ! dialogue2 #bndly1 ! relation ( ! ,p>m5ides to ! o!r dialogues4 ,i4 ,9 bo? divisions ( ! dialogue ! pr9cipal speak] is ! same1 & ! me?od pursu$ by him is also ! same1 be+ a criticism on receiv$ op9ions3 fir/1 on ! doctr9e ( ,ideas2 secondly1 ( ,be+4 ,f ! ,platonic ,ideas we naturally proce$ to ! ,eleatic ,"o or ,be+ :i* is ! f\ndation ( !m4 ,!y are ! same philosophy 9 two =ms1 & ! simpl] =m is ! tru] & deep]4 ,= ! ,platonic ,ideas are m]e num]ical diff]5ces1 & ! mom5t we attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 _! transc5d5tal "* is lo/2 ideas ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & good1 are really di/+ui%able only ) ref]5ce to _! application 9 ! _w4 ,if we once ask h[ !y are relat$ to individuals or to ! ideas ( ! div9e m9d1 !y are aga9 m]g$ 9 ! aborig9al notion ( ,be+4 ,no "o c answ] ! que/ions :i* ,p>m5ides asks ( ,socrates4 ,& yet ^! que/ions are ask$ ) ! express ackn[l$gm5t t ! d5ial ( ideas w be ! de/ruction ( ! human m9d4 ,! true answ] to ! difficulty "h ?r[n out is ! e/abli%m5t ( a rational psy*ology2 & ?is is a "w :i* is comm5c$ 9 ! ,sophi/4 ,plato1 9 urg+ ! difficulty ( 8 own doctr9e ( ,ideas1 is f> f d5y+ t "s doctr9e ( ,ideas is necess>y1 & = ?is he is pav+ ! way4 ,9 a simil> _s he criticizes ! ,eleatic doctr9e ( ,be+1 n int5d+ to d5y ,ontology1 b %[+ t ! old ,eleatic notion1 & ! v "n ',be+1' is unable to ma9ta9 itself aga9/ ! subtleties ( ! ,meg>ians4 ,he did n mean to say t ,be+ or ,sub/ance _h no exi/5ce1 b he is prep>+ = ! developm5t ( 8 lat] view1 t ideas 7 capable ( relation4 ,! fact t contradictory consequ5ces foll[ f ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( "o or _m1 does n prove t !y h or h n exi/5ce1 b r t "s diff]5t mode ( conceiv+ !m is requir$4 ,p>m5ides may /ill h ?\ght t ',be+ 01' j z ,kant w\ld h ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( '?+s 9 !mselves1' :ile d5y+ ! transc5d5tal use ( ! ,categories4 ,sev]al less] l9ks also connect ! fir/ & second p>ts ( ! dialogue3 7#a7 ,! !sis is ! same z t :i* ,z5o has be5 already discuss+3 7#b7 ,p>m5ides has intimat$ 9 ! fir/ "p1 t ! me?od ( ,z5o %\ld1 z ,socrates desir$1 be ext5d$ to ,ideas3 7#c7 ,! difficulty ( p>ticipat+ 9 greatness1 smallness1 equality is urg$ aga9/ ! ,ideas z well z aga9/ ! ,"o4 ,,ii4 ,! ,p>m5ides is n only a criticism ( ! ,eleatic notion ( ,be+1 b also ( ! me?ods ( reason+ !n 9 exi/5ce1 & 9 ?is po9t ( view1 z well z 9 ! o!r1 may be reg>d$ z an introduction to ! ,sophi/4 ,long ago1 9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 ! vulg> application ( ! 'bo? & nei!r' ,eri/ic _h be5 subject$ to a simil> criticism1 :i* !re takes ! =m ( bant] & irony1 "h ( illu/ration4 ,! attack ^u ! ,ideas is resum$ 9 ! ,philebus1 & is foll[$ by a return to a m rational philosophy4 ,! p]plexity ( ! ,"o & ,_m is !re conf9$ to ! region ( ,ideas1 & replac$ by a !ory ( classification2 ! ,good arrang$ 9 classes is also contra/$ ) ! b>r5 ab/raction ( ! ,meg>ians4 ,! w> is c>ri$ on aga9/ ! ,eri/ics 9 all ! lat] dialogues1 sometimes ) a playful irony1 at o!r times ) a sort ( contempt4 ,b !re is no l5g!n$ refutation ( !m4 ,! ,p>m5ides belongs to t /age ( ! dialogues ( ,plato 9 :i* he is p>tially "u _! influ5ce1 us+ !m z a sort ( 'critics or div9]s' ( ! tru? ( 8 own1 & ( ! ,eleatic !ories4 ,9 ! ,!aetetus a simil> negative dialectic is employ$ 9 ! attempt to def9e sci5ce1 :i* aft] e ef=t rema9s undef9$ /ill4 ,! same "q is reviv$ f ! objective side 9 ! ,sophi/3 ,be+ & ,n-be+ are no long] exhibit$ 9 opposition1 b are n[ reconcil$2 & ! true nature ( ,n-be+ is discov]$ & made ! basis ( ! correlation ( ideas4 ,"s l9ks are probably miss+ :i* might h be5 suppli$ if we _h tru/wor?y acc\nts ( ,plato's oral tea*+4 ,to sum up3 ! ,p>m5ides ( ,plato is a critique1 fir/1 ( ! ,platonic ,ideas1 & secondly1 ( ! ,eleatic doctr9e ( ,be+4 ,nei!r are absolutely d5i$4 ,b c]ta9 difficulties & consequ5ces are %[n 9 ! assumption ( ei!r1 :i* prove t ! ,platonic z well z ! ,eleatic doctr9e mu/ be remodell$4 ,! negation & contradiction :i* are involv$ 9 ! conception ( ! ,"o & ,_m are prelim9>y to _! f9al adju/m5t4 ,! ,platonic ,ideas are te/$ by ! int]rogative me?od ( ,socrates2 ! ,eleatic ,"o or ,be+ is tri$ by ! sev]] & p]haps impossible me?od ( hypo!tical consequ5ces1 negative & affirmative4 ,9 ! latt] we h an example ( ! ,z5onian or ,meg>ian dialectic1 :i* proce$$1 n 'by assail+ premises1 b conclusions'2 ?is is work$ out & improv$ by ,plato4 ,:5 prim>y ab/ractions are us$ 9 e conceivable s5se1 any or e conclusion may be d$uc$ f !m4 ,! words '"o1' 'o!r1' 'be+1' 'l1' 'same1' ':ole1' & _! opposites1 h slightly diff]5t mean+s1 z !y are appli$ to objects ( ?\ght or objects ( s5se--to numb]1 "t1 place1 & to ! high] ideas ( ! reason2--& out ( _! diff]5t mean+s ?is 'fea/' ( contradictions 'has be5 provid$4' 444 ,! ,p>m5ides ( ,plato belongs to a /age ( philosophy :i* has pass$ away4 ,at fir/ we read x ) a purely antiqu>ian or hi/orical int]e/2 & ) difficulty ?r[ ourselves back into a /ate ( ! human m9d 9 :i* ,unity & ,be+ occupi$ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s4 ,we admire ! precision ( ! language1 9 :i*1 z 9 "s curi\s puzzle1 ea* ^w is exactly fitt$ into e o!r1 & long tra9s ( argum5t are c>ri$ out ) a sort ( geometrical accuracy4 ,we d\bt :e!r any ab/ract notion c\ld /& ! se>*+ cross-exam9ation ( ,p>m5ides2 & may at la/ p]haps arrive at ! conclusion t ,plato has be5 us+ an imag9>y me?od to "w out an unmean+ conclusion4 ,b ! tru? is1 t he is c>ry+ on a process :i* is n ei!r useless or unnecess>y 9 any age ( philosophy4 ,we fail to und]/& him1 because we d n realize t ! que/ions :i* he is discuss+ c\ld h _h any value or importance4 ,we suppose !m to be l ! speculations ( "s ( ! ,s*oolm51 :i* end 9 no?+4 ,b 9 tru? he is try+ to get rid ( ! /umbl+-blocks ( ?\ght :i* beset 8 contempor>ies4 ,see+ t ! ,meg>ians & ,cynics 7 mak+ k impossible1 he takes _! 'cat*-words' & analyzes !m f e conceivable po9t ( view4 ,he is criticiz+ ! simple/ & mo/ g5]al ( our ideas1 9 :i*1 z !y are ! mo/ compreh5sive1 ! dang] ( error is ! mo/ s]i\s2 =1 if !y rema9 unexam9$1 z 9 a ma!matical demon/ration1 all t fl[s f !m is affect$1 & ! error p]vades k f> & wide4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( philosophy ?is correction ( human ideas 0 ev5 m necess>y ?an 9 our own times1 because !y 7 m b\nd up ) words2 & words :5 once pres5t$ to ! m9d ex]cis$ a great] p[] ov] ?\ght4 ,!re is a natural realism :i* says1 ',c !re be a ^w devoid ( mean+1 or an idea :i* is an idea ( no?+8' ,9 mod]n times mank9d h (t5 giv5 too great importance to a ^w or idea4 ,! philosophy ( ! anci5ts 0 /ill m 9 slav]y to !m1 because !y _h n ! exp]i5ce ( error1 :i* w\ld h plac$ !m above ! illusion4 ,! me?od ( ! ,p>m5ides may be comp>$ ) ! process ( purgation1 :i* ,bacon s\ght to introduce into philosophy4 ,plato is w>n+ u aga9/ two sorts ( ',idols ( ! ,d5'3 fir/1 8 own ,ideas1 :i* he himself hav+ creat$ is unable to connect 9 any way ) ! ext]nal _w2 secondly1 aga9/ two idols 9 p>ticul>1 ',unity' & ',be+1' :i* _h gr[n up 9 ! pre-,socratic philosophy1 & 7 /ill /&+ 9 ! way ( all progress & developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,he does n say ) ,bacon1 ',let u make tru? by exp]im5t1' or ',f ^! vague & inexact notions let u turn to facts4' ,! "t has n yet arriv$ = a purely inductive philosophy4 ,! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght mu/ fir/ be =g$1 t !y may be us$ h]eaft] by mod]n inquir]s4 ,h[1 :ile mank9d 7 disput+ ab\t univ]sals1 c\ld !y classify ph5om5a8 ,h[ c\ld !y inve/igate causes1 :5 !y _h n z yet le>n$ to di/+ui% betwe5 a cause & an end8 ,h[ c\ld !y make any progress 9 ! sci5ces )\t fir/ arrang+ !m8 ,^! are ! defici5cies :i* ,plato is seek+ to supply 9 an age :5 k 0 a %ad[ ( a "n only4 ,9 ! e>li] dialogues ! ,socratic conception ( univ]sals is illu/rat$ by 8 g5ius2 9 ! ,pha$rus ! nature ( division is expla9$2 9 ! ,republic ! law ( contradiction & ! unity ( k are ass]t$2 9 ! lat] dialogues he is con/antly engag$ bo? ) ! !ory & practice ( classification4 ,^! 7 ! 'new weapons1' z he t]ms !m 9 ! ,philebus1 :i* he 0 prep>+ = ! use ( "s :o1 9 aft] ages1 w\ld be f\nd ready en\gh to dis[n _! obligations to ! great ma/]1 or r1 p]haps1 w\ld be incapable ( und]/&+ !m4 ,numb]less fallacies1 z we are (t5 truly told1 h orig9at$ 9 a confusion ( ! 'copula1' & ! 'v]b ( exi/5ce4' ,w\ld n ! di/9ction :i* ,plato by ! m\? ( ,p>m5ides makes betwe5 ',"o is "o' & ',"o has be+' h sav$ u f ?is & _m simil> confusions8 ,we see aga9 t a long p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy 0 a b>r5 tract1 n uncultivat$1 b unfruitful1 because !re 0 no inquiry into ! relation ( language & ?\ght1 & ! metaphysical imag9ation 0 incapable ( supply+ ! miss+ l9k betwe5 words & ?+s4 ,! fam\s dispute betwe5 ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s w\ld nev] h be5 he>d (1 if1 in/ead ( transf]r+ ! ,platonic ,ideas into a crude ,lat9 phraseology1 ! _s ( ,plato _h be5 truly und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,^u ! t]m sub/ance at lea/ two celebrat$ !ological controv]sies appe> to h+e1 :i* w\ld n h exi/$1 or at lea/ n 9 _! pres5t =m1 if we _h 'int]rogat$' ! ^w sub/ance1 z ,plato has ! notions ( ,unity & ,be+4 ,^! we$s ( philosophy h /ruck _! roots deep into ! soil1 & are always t5d+ to reappe>1 sometimes 9 new-fangl$ =ms2 :ile simil> words1 su* z developm5t1 evolution1 law1 & ! l1 are con/antly put 9 ! place ( facts1 ev5 by writ]s :o pr(ess to base tru? entirely ^u fact4 ,9 an unmetaphysical age !re is probably m metaphysics 9 ! common s5se 7i4e4 m a priori assumption7 ?an 9 any o!r1 because !re is m complete unconsci\sness t we are re/+ on our own ideas1 :ile we please ourselves ) ! conviction t we are re/+ on facts4 ,we d n consid] h[ mu* metaphysics are requir$ to place u above metaphysics1 or h[ difficult x is to prev5t ! =ms ( expression :i* are ready made = our use f outrunn+ actual obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ! educat$ _w 7 a/oni%$ to f9d t ! :ole fabric ( _! ideas 0 fall+ to pieces1 because ,hume amus$ himself by analyz+ ! ^w 'cause' into uni=m sequ5ce4 ,!n arose a philosophy :i*1 equally reg>dless ( ! hi/ory ( ! m9d1 s\ght to save mank9d f scepticism by assign+ to our notions ( 'cause & effect1' 'sub/ance & accid5t1' ':ole & "p1' a necess>y place 9 human ?\ght4 ,)\t !m we c\ld h no exp]i5ce1 & !re=e !y 7 suppos$ to be prior to exp]i5ce--to be incru/$ on ! ',i'2 al?\gh 9 ! phraseology ( ,kant !re c\ld be no transc5d5tal use ( !m1 or1 9 o!r words1 !y 7 only applicable )9 ! range ( our k4 ,b into ! orig9 ( ^! ideas1 :i* he obta9s p>tly by an analysis ( ! proposition1 p>tly by developm5t ( ! 'ego1' he nev] inquires--!y seem to him to h a necess>y exi/5ce2 nor does he attempt to analyse ! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* ! ^w 'cause' or 'sub/ance' may be employ$4 ,! philosophy ( ,b]keley c\ld nev] h _h any mean+1 ev5 to himself1 if he _h fir/ analyz$ f e po9t ( view ! conception ( 'matt]4' ,?is poor =gott5 ^w 7:i* 0 'a v good ^w' to describe ! simple/ g5]alization ( ext]nal objects7 is n[ sup]s$$ 9 ! vocabul>y ( physical philosoph]s by '=ce1' :i* seems to be accept$ )\t any rigid exam9ation ( its mean+1 z if ! g5]al idea ( '=ce' 9 our m9ds furni%$ an explanation ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( =ces :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se4 ,a simil> ambiguity occurs 9 ! use ( ! fav\rite ^w 'law1' :i* is sometimes reg>d$ z a m]e ab/raction1 & !n elevat$ into a real p[] or entity1 almo/ tak+ ! place ( ,god4 ,!ology1 aga91 is full ( undef9$ t]ms :i* h di/ract$ ! human m9d = ages4 ,mank9d h reason$ f !m1 b n to !m2 !y h drawn out ! conclusions )\t prov+ ! premises2 !y h ass]t$ ! premises )\t exam9+ ! t]ms4 ,! passions ( religi\s p>ties h be5 r\s$ to ! utmo/ ab\t words ( :i* !y c\ld h giv5 no explanation1 & :i* _h really no di/9ct mean+4 ,"o sort ( !m1 fai?1 grace1 ju/ification1 h be5 ! symbols ( "o class ( disputes2 z ! words sub/ance1 nature1 p]son1 ( ano!r1 revelation1 inspiration1 & ! l1 ( a ?ird4 ,all ( !m h be5 ! subject ( endless reason+s & inf]5ces2 b a spell has hung ov] ! m9ds ( !ologians or philosoph]s :i* has prev5t$ !m f exam9+ ! words !mselves4 ,ei!r ! ef=t to rise above & beyond _! own fir/ ideas 0 too great = !m1 or !re might1 p]haps1 h seem$ to be an irrev]5ce 9 do+ s4 ,ab\t ! ,div9e ,be+ ,himself1 9 :om all true !ological ideas live & move1 m5 h spok5 & reason$ mu*1 & h fanci$ t !y in/9ctively "k ,him4 ,b !y h>dly suspect t "u ! "n ( ,god ev5 ,*ri/ians h includ$ two *>act]s or natures z mu* oppos$ z ! good & evil pr9ciple ( ! ,p]sians4 ,to h ! true use ( words we mu/ comp>e !m ) ?+s2 9 us+ !m we ackn[l$ge t !y seldom give a p]fect repres5tation ( our mean+4 ,9 l mann] :5 we int]rogate our ideas we f9d t we are n us+ !m always 9 ! s5se :i* we suppos$4 ,& ,plato1 :ile he criticizes ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 own doctr9e ( univ]sals & draws out ! endless consequ5ces :i* fl[ f ! ass]tion ei!r t ',be+ is' or t ',be+ is n1' by no means int5ds to d5y ! exi/5ce ( univ]sals or ! unity "u :i* !y are compreh5d$4 ,!re is no?+ fur!r f 8 ?\ghts ?an scepticism4 ,b be=e proce$+ he mu/ exam9e ! f\ndations :i* he & o!rs h be5 lay+2 !re is no?+ true :i* is n f "s po9t ( view untrue1 no?+ absolute :i* is n also relative 7comp>e ,republic74 ,& s1 9 mod]n times1 because we are call$ ^u to analyze our ideas & to come to a di/9ct und]/&+ ab\t ! mean+ ( words2 because we "k t ! p[]s ( language are v unequal to ! subtlety ( nature or ( m9d1 we d n !re=e r5\nce ! use ( !m2 b we replace !m 9 _! old connexion1 hav+ fir/ te/$ _! mean+ & quality1 & hav+ correct$ ! error :i* is involv$ 9 !m2 or r always rememb]+ to make all[ance = ! adult]ation or alloy :i* !y conta94 ,we _c call a new metaphysical _w into exi/5ce any m ?an we c frame a new univ]sal language2 9 ?\ght z 9 spee*1 we are dep5d5t on ! pa/4 ,we "k t ! words 'cause' & 'effect' are v f> f repres5t+ to u ! cont9uity or ! complexity ( nature or ! diff]5t modes or degrees 9 :i* ph5om5a are connect$4 ,yet we accept !m z ! be/ expression :i* we h ( ! correlation ( =ces or objects4 ,we see t ! t]m 'law' is a m]e ab/raction1 "u :i* laws ( matt] & ( m9d1 ! law ( nature & ! law ( ! l& are includ$1 & "s ( ^! uses ( ! ^w are confus+1 because !y introduce into "o sph]e ( ?\ght associations :i* belong to ano!r2 = example1 ord] or sequ5ce is apt to be conf\nd$ ) ext]nal compulsion & ! int]nal work+s ( ! m9d ) _! mat]ial antec$5ts4 ,yet none ( !m c be disp5s$ )2 we c only be on our gu>d aga9/ ! error or confusion :i* arises out ( !m4 ,?us 9 ! use ( ! ^w 'sub/ance' we are f> f suppos+ t !re is any my/]i\s sub/ratum ap>t f ! objects :i* we see1 & we ackn[l$ge t ! negative notion is v likely to become a positive "o4 ,/ill we reta9 ! ^w z a conv5i5t g5]alization1 ?\gh n )\t a d\ble s5se1 sub/ance1 & ess5ce1 d]iv$ f ! two-fold translation ( ! ,greek ousia4 ,s ! human m9d makes ! reflection t ,god is n a p]son l ourselves--is n a cause l ! mat]ial causes 9 nature1 nor ev5 an intellig5t cause l a human ag5t--nor an individual1 = ,he is univ]sal2 & t e possible conception :i* we c =m ( ,him is limit$ by ! human faculties4 ,we _c by any ef=t ( ?\ght or ex]tion ( fai? be 9 & out ( our own m9ds at ! same in/ant4 ,h[ c we conceive ,him "u ! =ms ( "t & space1 :o is out ( "t & space8 ,h[ get rid ( su* =ms & see ,him z ,he is8 ,h[ c we imag9e ,8 relation to ! _w or to ourselves8 ,innum]able contradictions foll[ f ei!r ( ! two alt]natives1 t ,god is or t ,he is n4 ,yet we are f> f say+ t we "k no?+ ( ,him1 because all t we "k is subject to ! conditions ( human ?\ght4 ,to ! old belief 9 ,him we return1 b ) corrections4 ,he is a p]son1 b n l ourselves2 a m9d1 b n a human m9d2 a cause1 b n a mat]ial cause1 nor yet a mak] or artific]4 ,! words :i* we use are imp]fect expressions ( ,8 true nature2 b we d n !re=e lose fai? 9 :at is be/ & highe/ 9 ourselves & 9 ! _w4 ',a little philosophy takes u away f ,god2 a great deal br+s u back to ,him4' ,:5 we beg9 to reflect1 our fir/ ?\ghts respect+ ,him & ourselves are apt to be sceptical4 ,= we c analyze our religi\s z well z our o!r ideas2 we c trace _! hi/ory2 we c criticize _! p]v]sion2 we see t !y are relative to ! human m9d & to "o ano!r4 ,b :5 we h c>ri$ our criticism to ! fur!/ po9t1 !y /ill rema91 a necessity ( our moral nature1 bett] kn[n & und]/ood by u1 & less liable to be %ak51 because we are m aw>e ( _! necess>y imp]fection4 ,!y come to u ) 'bett] op9ion1 bett] confirmation1' n m]ely z ! inspirations ei!r ( ourselves or ( ano!r1 b deeply root$ 9 hi/ory & 9 ! human m9d4 ,,p>m5ides ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,cephalus1 ,adeimantus1 ,glaucon1 ,antiphon1 ,py?odorus1 ,socrates1 ,z5o1 ,p>m5ides1 ,ari/oteles4 ,cephalus rehe>ses a dialogue :i* is suppos$ to h be5 n>rat$ 9 8 pres5ce by ,antiphon1 ! half-bro!r ( ,adeimantus & ,glaucon1 to c]ta9 ,clazom5ians4 ,we _h come f our home at ,clazom5ae to ,a!ns1 & met ,adeimantus & ,glaucon 9 ! ,agora4 ,welcome1 ,cephalus1 said ,adeimantus1 tak+ me by ! h&2 is !re any?+ :i* we c d = y 9 ,a!ns8 ,yes2 t is :y ,i am "h2 ,i wi% to ask a fav\r ( y4 ,:at may t be8 he said4 ,i want y to tell me ! "n ( y\r half bro!r1 :i* ,i h =gott52 he 0 a m]e *ild :5 ,i la/ came hi!r f ,clazom5ae1 b t 0 a long "t ago2 8 fa!r's "n1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 0 ,pyrilampes8 ,yes1 he said1 & ! "n ( our bro!r1 ,antiphon2 b :y d y ask8 ,let me introduce "s c\ntrym5 ( m9e1 ,i said2 !y are lov]s ( philosophy1 & h he>d t ,antiphon 0 intimate ) a c]ta9 ,py?odorus1 a fri5d ( ,z5o1 & rememb]s a conv]sation :i* took place betwe5 ,socrates1 ,z5o1 & ,p>m5ides _m ye>s ago1 ,py?odorus hav+ (t5 recit$ x to him4 ,q true4 ,& c\ld we he> x8 ,i ask$4 ,no?+ easi]1 he repli$2 :5 he 0 a y\? he made a c>eful /udy ( ! piece2 at pres5t 8 ?\ghts run 9 ano!r direction2 l 8 gr&fa!r ,antiphon he is devot$ to horses4 ,b1 if t is :at y want1 let u g & look = him2 he dwells at ,melita1 :i* is q ne>1 & he has only j left u to g home4 ,accord+ly we w5t to look = him2 he 0 at home1 & 9 ! act ( giv+ a bridle to a smi? to be fitt$4 ,:5 he _h done ) ! smi?1 8 bro!rs told him ! purpose ( our visit2 & he salut$ me z an acqua9tance :om he rememb]$ f my =m] visit1 & we ask$ him to repeat ! dialogue4 ,at fir/ he 0 n v will+1 & compla9$ ( ! tr\ble1 b at l5g? he cons5t$4 ,he told u t ,py?odorus _h describ$ to him ! appe>ance ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o2 !y came to ,a!ns1 z he said1 at ! great ,pana!naea2 ! =m] 01 at ! "t ( 8 visit1 ab\t #fe ye>s old1 v :ite ) age1 b well fav\r$4 ,z5o 0 ne>ly #dj ye>s ( age1 tall & fair to look ^u2 9 ! days ( 8 y\? he 0 report$ to h be5 belov$ by ,p>m5ides4 ,he said t !y lodg$ ) ,py?odorus 9 ! ,c]amicus1 outside ! wall1 :i!r ,socrates1 !n a v "y man1 came to see !m1 & _m o!rs ) him2 !y want$ to he> ! writ+s ( ,z5o1 :i* _h be5 br\ght to ,a!ns = ! fir/ "t on ! occasion ( _! visit4 ,^! ,z5o himself read to !m 9 ! abs5ce ( ,p>m5ides1 & _h v ne>ly f9i%$ :5 ,py?odorus ent]$1 & ) him ,p>m5ides & ,ari/oteles :o 0 aft]w>ds "o ( ! ,?irty1 & he>d ! little t rema9$ ( ! dialogue4 ,py?odorus _h he>d ,z5o repeat !m be=e4 ,:5 ! recitation 0 complet$1 ,socrates reque/$ t ! fir/ !sis ( ! fir/ argum5t might be read ov] aga91 & ?is hav+ be5 done1 he said3 ,:at is y\r mean+1 ,z5o8 ,d y ma9ta9 t if be+ is _m1 x mu/ be bo? l & unlike1 & t ?is is impossible1 = nei!r c ! l be unlike1 nor ! unlike l--is t y\r position8 ,j s1 said ,z5o4 ,& if ! unlike _c be l1 or ! l unlike1 !n accord+ to y1 be+ c\ld n be _m2 = ?is w\ld involve an impossibility4 ,9 all t y say h y any o!r purpose except to disprove ! be+ ( ! _m8 & is n ea* division ( y\r treatise int5d$ to furni% a sep>ate pro( ( ?is1 !re be+ 9 all z _m pro(s ( ! n-be+ ( ! _m z y h compos$ argum5ts8 ,is t y\r mean+1 or h ,i misund]/ood y8 ,no1 said ,z5o2 y h correctly und]/ood my g5]al purpose4 ,i see1 ,p>m5ides1 said ,socrates1 t ,z5o w\ld l to be n only "o ) y 9 fri5d%ip b y\r second self 9 8 writ+s too2 he puts :at y say 9 ano!r way1 & w\ld fa9 make believe t he is tell+ u some?+ :i* is new4 ,= y1 9 y\r poems1 say ,! ,all is "o1 & ( ?is y adduce excell5t pro(s2 & he on ! o!r h& says ,!re is no _m2 & on behalf ( ?is he (f]s ov]:elm+ evid5ce4 ,y affirm unity1 he d5ies plurality4 ,& s y deceive ! _w into believ+ t y are say+ diff]5t ?+s :5 really y are say+ mu* ! same4 ,?is is a /ra9 ( art beyond ! rea* ( mo/ ( u4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 said ,z5o4 ,b al?\gh y are z ke5 z a ,sp>tan h\nd 9 pursu+ ! track1 y d n fully appreh5d ! true motive ( ! composition1 :i* is n really su* an artificial "w z y imag9e2 = :at y speak ( 0 an accid5t2 !re 0 no pret5ce ( a great purpose2 nor any s]i\s int5tion ( deceiv+ ! _w4 ,! tru? is1 t ^! writ+s ( m9e 7 meant to protect ! argum5ts ( ,p>m5ides aga9/ ^? :o make fun ( him & seek to %[ ! _m ridicul\s & contradictory results :i* !y suppose to foll[ f ! affirmation ( ! "o4 ,my answ] is address$ to ! p>tisans ( ! _m1 ^: attack ,i return ) int]e/ by retort+ ^u !m t _! hypo!sis ( ! be+ ( _m1 if c>ri$ out1 appe>s to be /ill m ridicul\s ?an ! hypo!sis ( ! be+ ( "o4 ,zeal = my ma/] l$ me to write ! book 9 ! days ( my y\?1 b "s "o /ole ! copy2 & !re=e ,i _h no *oice :e!r x %\ld be publi%$ or n2 ! motive1 h[ev]1 ( writ+1 0 n ! ambition ( an eld] man1 b ! pugnacity ( a "y "o4 ,?is y d n seem to see1 ,socrates2 ?\gh 9 o!r respects1 z ,i 0 say+1 y\r notion is a v j "o4 ,i und]/&1 said ,socrates1 & q accept y\r acc\nt4 ,b tell me1 ,z5o1 d y n fur!r ?9k t !re is an idea ( lik5ess 9 itself1 & ano!r idea ( unlik5ess1 :i* is ! opposite ( lik5ess1 & t 9 ^! two1 y & ,i & all o!r ?+s to :i* we apply ! t]m _m1 p>ticipate--?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 lik5ess become 9 t degree & mann] l2 & s f> z !y p>ticipate 9 unlik5ess become 9 t degree unlike1 or bo? l & unlike 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y p>ticipate 9 bo?8 ,& may n all ?+s p>take ( bo? opposites1 & be bo? l & unlike1 by reason ( ?is p>ticipation8--,:]e is ! wond]8 ,n[ if a p]son c\ld prove ! absolute l to become unlike1 or ! absolute unlike to become l1 t1 9 my op9ion1 w\ld inde$ be a wond]2 b !re is no?+ extraord9>y1 ,z5o1 9 %[+ t ! ?+s :i* only p>take ( lik5ess & unlik5ess exp]i5ce bo?4 ,nor1 aga91 if a p]son 7 to %[ t all is "o by p>tak+ ( "o1 & at ! same "t _m by p>tak+ ( _m1 w\ld t be v a/oni%+4 ,b if he 7 to %[ me t ! absolute "o 0 _m1 or ! absolute _m "o1 ,i %\ld be truly amaz$4 ,& s ( all ! re/3 ,i %\ld be surpris$ to he> t ! natures or ideas !mselves _h ^! opposite qualities2 b n if a p]son want$ to prove ( me t ,i 0 _m & also "o4 ,:5 he want$ to %[ t ,i 0 _m he w\ld say t ,i h a "r & a left side1 & a front & a back1 & an upp] & a l[] half1 = ,i _c d5y t ,i p>take ( multitude2 :51 on ! o!r h&1 he wants to prove t ,i am "o1 he w say1 t we :o are "h assembl$ are sev51 & t ,i am "o & p>take ( ! "o4 ,9 bo? in/ances he proves 8 case4 ,s aga91 if a p]son %[s t su* ?+s z wood1 /ones1 & ! l1 be+ _m are also "o1 we admit t he %[s ! coexi/5ce ( ! "o & _m1 b he does n %[ t ! _m are "o or ! "o _m2 he is utt]+ n a p>adox b a truism4 ,if h[ev]1 z ,i j n[ sugge/$1 "s "o 7 to ab/ract simple notions ( l1 unlike1 "o1 _m1 re/1 motion1 & simil> ideas1 & !n to %[ t ^! admit ( admixture & sep>ation 9 !mselves1 ,i %\ld be v mu* a/oni%$4 ,?is "p ( ! argum5t appe>s to be treat$ by y1 ,z5o1 9 a v spirit$ mann]2 b1 z ,i 0 say+1 ,i %\ld be f> m amaz$ if any "o f\nd 9 ! ideas !mselves :i* are appreh5d$ by reason1 ! same puzzle & entanglem5t :i* y h %[n to exi/ 9 visible objects4 ,:ile ,socrates 0 speak+1 ,py?odorus ?\ght t ,p>m5ides & ,z5o 7 n altoge!r pleas$ at ! successive /eps ( ! argum5t2 b /ill !y gave ! close/ att5tion1 & (t5 look$ at "o ano!r1 & smil$ z if 9 admiration ( him4 ,:5 he _h f9i%$1 ,p>m5ides express$ _! feel+s 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,socrates1 he said1 ,i admire ! b5t ( y\r m9d t[>ds philosophy2 tell me n[1 0 ?is y\r own di/9ction betwe5 ideas 9 !mselves & ! ?+s :i* p>take ( !m8 & d y ?9k t !re is an idea ( lik5ess ap>t f ! lik5ess :i* we possess1 & ( ! "o & _m1 & ( ! o!r ?+s :i* ,z5o m5tion$8 ,i ?9k t !re are su* ideas1 said ,socrates4 ,p>m5ides proce$$3 ,& w\ld y also make absolute ideas ( ! j & ! beautiful & ! good1 & ( all t class8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i %\ld4 ,& w\ld y make an idea ( man ap>t f u & f all o!r human creatures1 or ( fire & wat]8 ,i am (t5 undecid$1 ,p>m5ides1 z to :e!r ,i ought to include !m or n4 ,& w\ld y feel equally undecid$1 ,socrates1 ab\t ?+s ( :i* ! m5tion may provoke a smile8--,i mean su* ?+s z hair1 mud1 dirt1 or any?+ else :i* is vile & paltry2 w\ld y suppose t ea* ( ^! has an idea di/9ct f ! actual objects ) :i* we come into contact1 or n8 ,c]ta9ly n1 said ,socrates2 visible ?+s l ^! are su* z !y appe> to u1 & ,i am afraid t !re w\ld be an absurdity 9 assum+ any idea ( !m1 al?\gh ,i sometimes get di/urb$1 & beg9 to ?9k t !re is no?+ )\t an idea2 b !n aga91 :5 ,i h tak5 up ?is position1 ,i run away1 because ,i am afraid t ,i may fall into a bottomless pit ( nons5se1 & p]i%2 & s ,i return to ! ideas ( :i* ,i 0 j n[ speak+1 & occupy myself ) !m4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 said ,p>m5ides2 t is because y are /ill "y2 ! "t w come1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 :5 philosophy w h a firm] grasp ( y1 & !n y w n despise ev5 ! meane/ ?+s2 at y\r age1 y are too mu* dispos$ to reg>d ! op9ions ( m54 ,b ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y mean t !re are c]ta9 ideas ( :i* all o!r ?+s p>take1 & f :i* !y d]ive _! names2 t simil>s1 = example1 become simil>1 because !y p>take ( simil>ity2 & great ?+s become great1 because !y p>take ( greatness2 & t j & beautiful ?+s become j & beautiful1 because !y p>take ( ju/ice & beauty8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 said ,socrates t is my mean+4 ,!n ea* individual p>takes ei!r ( ! :ole ( ! idea or else ( a "p ( ! idea8 ,c !re be any o!r mode ( p>ticipation8 ,!re _c be1 he said4 ,!n d y ?9k t ! :ole idea is "o1 & yet1 be+ "o1 is 9 ea* "o ( ! _m8 ,:y n1 ,p>m5ides8 said ,socrates4 ,because "o & ! same ?+ w exi/ z a :ole at ! same "t 9 _m sep>ate individuals1 & w !re=e be 9 a /ate ( sep>ation f itself4 ,nay1 b ! idea may be l ! day :i* is "o & ! same 9 _m places at once1 & yet cont9u\s ) itself2 9 ?is way ea* idea may be "o & ! same 9 all at ! same "t4 ,i l y\r way1 ,socrates1 ( mak+ "o 9 _m places at once4 ,y mean to say1 t if ,i 7 to spread out a sail & cov] a numb] ( m51 !re w\ld be "o :ole includ+ _m--is n t y\r mean+8 ,i ?9k s4 ,& w\ld y say t ! :ole sail includes ea* man1 or a "p ( x only1 & diff]5t p>ts diff]5t m58 ,! latt]4 ,!n1 ,socrates1 ! ideas !mselves w be divisible1 & ?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 !m w h a "p ( !m only & n ! :ole idea exi/+ 9 ea* ( !m8 ,t seems to foll[4 ,!n w\ld y l to say1 ,socrates1 t ! "o idea is really divisible & yet rema9s "o8 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,suppose t y divide absolute greatness1 & t ( ! _m great ?+s1 ea* "o is great 9 virtue ( a portion ( greatness less ?an absolute greatness--is t conceivable8 ,no4 ,or w ea* equal ?+1 if possess+ "s small portion ( equality less ?an absolute equality1 be equal to "s o!r ?+ by virtue ( t portion only8 ,impossible4 ,or suppose "o ( u to h a portion ( smallness2 ?is is b a "p ( ! small1 & !re=e ! absolutely small is great]2 if ! absolutely small be great]1 t to :i* ! "p ( ! small is add$ w be small] & n great] ?an be=e4 ,h[ absurd6 ,!n 9 :at way1 ,socrates1 w all ?+s p>ticipate 9 ! ideas1 if !y are unable to p>ticipate 9 !m ei!r z p>ts or :oles8 ,inde$1 he said1 y h ask$ a "q :i* is n easily answ]$4 ,well1 said ,p>m5ides1 & :at d y say ( ano!r "q8 ,:at "q8 ,i imag9e t ! way 9 :i* y are l$ to assume "o idea ( ea* k9d is z foll[s3--,y see a numb] ( great objects1 & :5 y look at !m !re seems to y to be "o & ! same idea 7or nature7 9 !m all2 h5ce y conceive ( greatness z "o4 ,v true1 said ,socrates4 ,& if y g on & all[ y\r m9d 9 l mann] to embrace 9 "o view ! idea ( greatness & ( great ?+s :i* are n ! idea1 & to comp>e !m1 w n ano!r greatness arise1 :i* w appe> to be ! s\rce ( all ^!8 ,x w\ld seem s4 ,!n ano!r idea ( greatness n[ comes into view ov] & above absolute greatness1 & ! individuals :i* p>take ( x2 & !n ano!r1 ov] & above all ^!1 by virtue ( :i* !y w all be great1 & s ea* idea in/ead ( be+ "o w be inf9itely multipli$4 ,b may n ! ideas1 ask$ ,socrates1 be ?\ghts only1 & h no prop] exi/5ce except 9 our m9ds1 ,p>m5ides8 ,= 9 t case ea* idea may /ill be "o1 & n exp]i5ce ?is inf9ite multiplication4 ,& c !re be individual ?\ghts :i* are ?\ghts ( no?+8 ,impossible1 he said4 ,! ?\ght mu/ be ( some?+8 ,yes4 ,( some?+ :i* is or :i* is n8 ,( some?+ :i* is4 ,mu/ x n be ( a s+le some?+1 :i* ! ?\ght recognizes z atta*+ to all1 be+ a s+le =m or nature8 ,yes4 ,& w n ! some?+ :i* is appreh5d$ z "o & ! same 9 all1 be an idea8 ,f t1 aga91 !re is no escape4 ,!n1 said ,p>m5ides1 if y say t ev]y?+ else p>ticipates 9 ! ideas1 mu/ y n say ei!r t ev]y?+ is made up ( ?\ghts1 & t all ?+s ?9k2 or t !y are ?\ghts b h no ?\ght8 ,! latt] view1 ,p>m5ides1 is no m rational ?an ! previ\s "o4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! ideas are1 z x 71 patt]ns fix$ 9 nature1 & o!r ?+s are l !m1 & resemblances ( !m--:at is meant by ! p>ticipation ( o!r ?+s 9 ! ideas1 is really assimilation to !m4 ,b if1 said he1 ! individual is l ! idea1 mu/ n ! idea also be l ! individual1 9 s f> z ! individual is a resemblance ( ! idea8 ,t :i* is l1 _c be conceiv$ ( z o!r ?an ! l ( l4 ,impossible4 ,& :5 two ?+s are alike1 mu/ !y n p>take ( ! same idea8 ,!y mu/4 ,& w n t ( :i* ! two p>take1 & :i* makes !m alike1 be ! idea itself8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! idea _c be l ! individual1 or ! individual l ! idea2 = if !y are alike1 "s fur!r idea ( lik5ess w always be com+ to light1 & if t be l any?+ else1 ano!r2 & new ideas w be always aris+1 if ! idea resembles t :i* p>takes ( x8 ,q true4 ,! !ory1 !n1 t o!r ?+s p>ticipate 9 ! ideas by resemblance1 has to be giv5 up1 & "s o!r mode ( p>ticipation devis$8 ,x w\ld seem s4 ,d y see !n1 ,socrates1 h[ great is ! difficulty ( affirm+ ! ideas to be absolute8 ,yes1 inde$4 ,&1 fur!r1 let me say t z yet y only und]/& a small "p ( ! difficulty :i* is involv$ if y make ( ea* ?+ a s+le idea1 p>t+ x (f f o!r ?+s4 ,:at difficulty8 he said4 ,!re are _m1 b ! greate/ ( all is ?is3--,if an oppon5t argues t ^! ideas1 be+ su* z we say !y ought to be1 mu/ rema9 unkn[n1 no "o c prove to him t he is wrong1 unless he :o d5ies _! exi/5ce be a man ( great ability & k1 & is will+ to foll[ a long & labori\s demon/ration2 he w rema9 unconv9c$1 & /ill insi/ t !y _c be kn[n4 ,:at d y mean1 ,p>m5ides8 said ,socrates4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t y1 or any "o :o ma9ta9s ! exi/5ce ( absolute ess5ces1 w admit t !y _c exi/ 9 u4 ,no1 said ,socrates2 = !n !y w\ld be no long] absolute4 ,true1 he said2 & !re=e :5 ideas are :at !y are 9 relation to "o ano!r1 _! ess5ce is det]m9$ by a relation among !mselves1 & has no?+ to d ) ! resemblances1 or :atev] !y are to be t]m$1 :i* are 9 our sph]e1 & f :i* we receive ?is or t "n :5 we p>take ( !m4 ,& ! ?+s :i* are )9 our sph]e & h ! same names ) !m1 are likewise only relative to "o ano!r1 & n to ! ideas :i* h ! same names ) !m1 b belong to !mselves & n to !m4 ,:at d y mean8 said ,socrates4 ,i may illu/rate my mean+ 9 ?is way1 said ,p>m5ides3--,a ma/] has a slave2 n[ !re is no?+ absolute 9 ! relation betwe5 !m1 :i* is simply a relation ( "o man to ano!r4 ,b !re is also an idea ( ma/]%ip 9 ! ab/ract1 :i* is relative to ! idea ( slav]y 9 ! ab/ract4 ,^! natures h no?+ to d ) u1 nor we ) !m2 !y are conc]n$ ) !mselves only1 & we ) ourselves4 ,d y see my mean+8 ,yes1 said ,socrates1 ,i q see y\r mean+4 ,& w n k--,i mean absolute k--answ] to absolute tru?8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ea* k9d ( absolute k w answ] to ea* k9d ( absolute be+8 ,yes4 ,b ! k :i* we h1 w answ] to ! tru? :i* we h2 & aga91 ea* k9d ( k :i* we h1 w be a k ( ea* k9d ( be+ :i* we h8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b ! ideas !mselves1 z y admit1 we h n1 & _c h8 ,no1 we _c4 ,& ! absolute natures or k9ds are kn[n sev]ally by ! absolute idea ( k8 ,yes4 ,& we h n got ! idea ( k8 ,no4 ,!n none ( ! ideas are kn[n to u1 because we h no %>e 9 absolute k8 ,i suppose n4 ,!n ! nature ( ! beautiful 9 itself1 & ( ! good 9 itself1 & all o!r ideas :i* we suppose to exi/ absolutely1 are unkn[n to u8 ,x w\ld seem s4 ,i ?9k t !re is a /rang] consequ5ce /ill4 ,:at is x8 ,w\ld y1 or w\ld y n say1 t absolute k1 if !re is su* a ?+1 mu/ be a f> m exact k ?an our k2 & ! same ( beauty & ( ! re/8 ,yes4 ,& if !re be su* a ?+ z p>ticipation 9 absolute k1 no "o is m likely ?an ,god to h ?is mo/ exact k8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b !n1 w ,god1 hav+ absolute k1 h a k ( human ?+s8 ,:y n8 ,because1 ,socrates1 said ,p>m5ides1 we h admitt$ t ! ideas are n valid 9 relation to human ?+s2 nor human ?+s 9 relation to !m2 ! relations ( ei!r are limit$ to _! respective sph]es4 ,yes1 t has be5 admitt$4 ,& if ,god has ?is p]fect au?ority1 & p]fect k1 8 au?ority _c rule u1 nor 8 k "k u1 or any human ?+2 j z our au?ority does n ext5d to ! gods1 nor our k "k any?+ :i* is div9e1 s by p>ity ( reason !y1 be+ gods1 are n our ma/]s1 nei!r d !y "k ! ?+s ( m54 ,yet1 surely1 said ,socrates1 to deprive ,god ( k is mon/r\s4 ,^!1 ,socrates1 said ,p>m5ides1 are a few1 & only a few ( ! difficulties 9 :i* we are involv$ if ideas really are & we det]m9e ea* "o ( !m to be an absolute unity4 ,he :o he>s :at may be said aga9/ !m w d5y ! v exi/5ce ( !m--& ev5 if !y d exi/1 he w say t !y mu/ ( necessity be unkn[n to man2 & he w seem to h reason on 8 side1 & z we 7 rem>k+ j n[1 w be v difficult to conv9ce2 a man mu/ be gift$ ) v consid]able ability be=e he c le>n t ev]y?+ has a class & an absolute ess5ce2 & /ill m rem>kable w he be :o discov]s all ^! ?+s = himself1 & hav+ ?or\ghly inve/igat$ !m is able to tea* !m to o!rs4 ,i agree ) y1 ,p>m5ides1 said ,socrates2 & :at y say is v mu* to my m9d4 ,& yet1 ,socrates1 said ,p>m5ides1 if a man1 fix+ 8 att5tion on ^! & ! l difficulties1 does away ) ideas ( ?+s & w n admit t e individual ?+ has its own det]m9ate idea :i* is always "o & ! same1 he w h no?+ on :i* 8 m9d c re/2 & s he w utt]ly de/roy ! p[] ( reason+1 z y seem to me to h p>ticul>ly not$4 ,v true1 he said4 ,b1 !n1 :at is to become ( philosophy8 ,:i!r %all we turn1 if ! ideas are unkn[n8 ,i c]ta9ly d n see my way at pres5t4 ,yes1 said ,p>m5ides2 & ,i ?9k t ?is arises1 ,socrates1 out ( y\r attempt+ to def9e ! beautiful1 ! j1 ! good1 & ! ideas g5]ally1 )\t suffici5t previ\s tra9+4 ,i notic$ y\r defici5cy1 :5 ,i he>d y talk+ "h ) y\r fri5d ,ari/oteles1 ! day be=e ye/]day4 ,! impulse t c>ries y t[>ds philosophy is assur$ly noble & div9e2 b !re is an art :i* is call$ by ! vulg> idle talk+1 & :i* is (t5 imag9$ to be useless2 9 t y mu/ tra9 & ex]cise y\rself1 n[ t y are "y1 or tru? w elude y\r grasp4 ,& :at is ! nature ( ?is ex]cise1 ,p>m5ides1 :i* y w\ld recomm5d8 ,t :i* y he>d ,z5o practis+2 at ! same "t1 ,i give y cr$it = say+ to him t y did n c>e to exam9e ! p]plexity 9 ref]5ce to visible ?+s1 or to consid] ! "q t way2 b only 9 ref]5ce to objects ( ?\ght1 & to :at may be call$ ideas4 ,:y1 yes1 he said1 !re appe>s to me to be no difficulty 9 %[+ by ?is me?od t visible ?+s are l & unlike & may exp]i5ce any?+4 ,q true1 said ,p>m5ides2 b ,i ?9k t y %\ld g a /ep fur!r1 & consid] n only ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f a giv5 hypo!sis1 b also ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f d5y+ ! hypo!sis2 & t w be /ill bett] tra9+ = y4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean1 = example1 t 9 ! case ( ?is v hypo!sis ( ,z5o's ab\t ! _m1 y %\ld inquire n only :at w be ! consequ5ces to ! _m 9 relation to !mselves & to ! "o1 & to ! "o 9 relation to itself & ! _m1 on ! hypo!sis ( ! be+ ( ! _m1 b also :at w be ! consequ5ces to ! "o & ! _m 9 _! relation to !mselves & to ea* o!r1 on ! opposite hypo!sis4 ,or1 aga91 if lik5ess is or is n1 :at w be ! consequ5ces 9 ei!r ( ^! cases to ! subjects ( ! hypo!sis1 & to o!r ?+s1 9 relation bo? to !mselves & to "o ano!r1 & s ( unlik5ess2 & ! same holds good ( motion & re/1 ( g5]ation & de/ruction1 & ev5 ( be+ & n-be+4 ,9 a ^w1 :5 y suppose any?+ to be or n to be1 or to be 9 any way affect$1 y mu/ look at ! consequ5ces 9 relation to ! ?+ itself1 & to any o!r ?+s :i* y *oose1--to ea* ( !m s+ly1 to m ?an "o1 & to all2 & s ( o!r ?+s1 y mu/ look at !m 9 relation to !mselves & to any?+ else :i* y suppose ei!r to be or n to be1 if y w\ld tra9 y\rself p]fectly & see ! real tru?4 ,t1 ,p>m5ides1 is a trem5d\s bus9ess ( :i* y speak1 & ,i d n q und]/& y2 w y take "s hypo!sis & g ?r\gh ! /eps8--!n ,i %all appreh5d y bett]4 ,t1 ,socrates1 is a s]i\s task to impose on a man ( my ye>s4 ,!n w y1 ,z5o8 said ,socrates4 ,z5o answ]$ ) a smile3--,let u make our petition to ,p>m5ides himself1 :o is q "r 9 say+ t y are h>dly aw>e ( ! ext5t ( ! task :i* y are impos+ on him2 & if !re 7 m ( u ,i %\ld n ask him1 = ^! are n subjects :i* any "o1 especially at 8 age1 c well speak ( be=e a l>ge audi5ce2 mo/ p are n aw>e t ?is r\ndab\t progress ?r\gh all ?+s is ! only way 9 :i* ! m9d c atta9 tru? & wisdom4 ,& !re=e1 ,p>m5ides1 ,i jo9 9 ! reque/ ( ,socrates1 t ,i may he> ! process aga9 :i* ,i h n he>d = a long "t4 ,:5 ,z5o _h ?us spok51 ,py?odorus1 accord+ to ,antiphon's report ( him1 said1 t he himself & ,ari/oteles & ! :ole company entreat$ ,p>m5ides to give an example ( ! process4 ,i _c refuse1 said ,p>m5ides2 & yet ,i feel r l ,ibycus1 :o1 :5 9 8 old age1 aga9/ 8 w1 he fell 9 love1 comp>$ himself to an old racehorse1 :o 0 ab\t to run 9 a *>iot race1 %ak+ ) fe> at ! c\rse he knew s well--?is 0 8 simile ( himself4 ,& ,i also exp]i5ce a trembl+ :5 ,i rememb] ?r\gh :at an ocean ( words ,i h to wade at my "t ( life4 ,b ,i mu/ indulge y1 z ,z5o says t ,i ought1 & we are alone4 ,:]e %all ,i beg98 ,& :at %all be our fir/ hypo!sis1 if ,i am to attempt ?is labori\s pa/ime8 ,%all ,i beg9 ) myself1 & take my own hypo!sis ! "o8 & consid] ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ on ! supposition ei!r ( ! be+ or ( ! n-be+ ( "o8 ,by all means1 said ,z5o4 ,& :o w answ] me8 he said4 ,%all ,i propose ! y\nge/8 ,he w n make difficulties & w be ! mo/ likely to say :at he ?9ks2 & 8 answ]s w give me "t to brea!4 ,i am ! "o :om y mean1 ,p>m5ides1 said ,ari/oteles2 = ,i am ! y\nge/ & at y\r s]vice4 ,ask1 & ,i w answ]4 ,p>m5ides proce$$3 #a4;a4 ,if "o is1 he said1 ! "o _c be _m8 ,impossible4 ,!n ! "o _c h p>ts1 & _c be a :ole8 ,:y n8 ,because e "p is "p ( a :ole2 is x n8 ,yes4 ,& :at is a :ole8 w\ld n t ( :i* no "p is want+ be a :ole8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n1 9 ei!r case1 ! "o w\ld be made up ( p>ts2 bo? z be+ a :ole1 & also z hav+ p>ts8 ,to be sure4 ,& 9 ei!r case1 ! "o w\ld be _m1 & n "o8 ,true4 ,b1 surely1 x ought to be "o & n _m8 ,x ought4 ,!n1 if ! "o is to rema9 "o1 x w n be a :ole1 & w n h p>ts8 ,no4 ,b if x has no p>ts1 x w h nei!r beg9n+1 middle1 nor end2 = ^! w\ld ( c\rse be p>ts ( x4 ,"r4 ,b !n1 aga91 a beg9n+ & an end are ! limits ( ev]y?+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! "o1 hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end1 is unlimit$8 ,yes1 unlimit$4 ,& !re=e =mless2 = x _c p>take ei!r ( r\nd or /raight4 ,b :y8 ,:y1 because ! r\nd is t ( :i* all ! extreme po9ts are equidi/ant f ! c5tre8 ,yes4 ,& ! /raight is t ( :i* ! c5tre int]cepts ! view ( ! extremes8 ,true4 ,!n ! "o w\ld h p>ts & w\ld be _m1 if x p>took ei!r ( a /raight or ( a circul> =m8 ,assur$ly4 ,b hav+ no p>ts1 x w be nei!r /raight nor r\nd8 ,"r4 ,&1 be+ ( su* a nature1 x _c be 9 any place1 = x _c be ei!r 9 ano!r or 9 itself4 ,h[ s8 ,because if x 7 9 ano!r1 x w\ld be encircl$ by t 9 :i* x 01 & w\ld t\* x at _m places & ) _m p>ts2 b t :i* is "o & indivisible1 & does n p>take ( a circul> nature1 _c be t\*$ all r\nd 9 _m places4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 "o 7 9 itself1 x w\ld also be conta9$ by no?+ else b itself2 t is to say1 if x 7 really 9 itself2 = no?+ c be 9 any?+ :i* does n conta9 x4 ,impossible4 ,b !n1 t :i* conta9s mu/ be o!r ?an t :i* is conta9$8 = ! same :ole _c d & suff] bo? at once2 & if s1 "o w be no long] "o1 b two8 ,true4 ,!n "o _c be any:]e1 ei!r 9 itself or 9 ano!r8 ,no4 ,fur!r consid]1 :e!r t :i* is ( su* a nature c h ei!r re/ or motion4 ,:y n8 ,:y1 because ! "o1 if x 7 mov$1 w\ld be ei!r mov$ 9 place or *ang$ 9 nature2 = ^! are ! only k9ds ( motion4 ,yes4 ,& ! "o1 :5 x *anges & ceases to be itself1 _c be any long] "o4 ,x _c4 ,x _c !re=e exp]i5ce ! sort ( motion :i* is *ange ( nature8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!n c ! motion ( ! "o be 9 place8 ,p]haps4 ,b if ! "o mov$ 9 place1 mu/ x n ei!r move r\nd & r\nd 9 ! same place1 or f "o place to ano!r8 ,x mu/4 ,& t :i* moves 9 a circle mu/ re/ ^u a c5tre2 & t :i* goes r\nd ^u a c5tre mu/ h p>ts :i* are diff]5t f ! c5tre2 b t :i* has no c5tre & no p>ts _c possibly be c>ri$ r\nd ^u a c5tre8 ,impossible4 ,b p]haps ! motion ( ! "o consi/s 9 *ange ( place8 ,p]haps s1 if x moves at all4 ,& h we n already %[n t x _c be 9 any?+8 ,yes4 ,!n its com+ into be+ 9 any?+ is /ill m impossible2 is x n8 ,i d n see :y4 ,:y1 because any?+ :i* comes into be+ 9 any?+1 c nei!r z yet be 9 t o!r ?+ :ile /ill com+ into be+1 nor be altoge!r out ( x1 if already com+ into be+ 9 x4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& !re=e :atev] comes into be+ 9 ano!r mu/ h p>ts1 & !n "o "p may be 91 & ano!r "p out ( t o!r2 b t :i* has no p>ts c nev] be at "o & ! same "t nei!r :olly )9 nor :olly )\t any?+4 ,true4 ,& is !re n a /ill great] impossibility 9 t :i* has no p>ts1 & is n a :ole1 com+ into be+ any:]e1 s9ce x _c come into be+ ei!r z a "p or z a :ole8 ,cle>ly4 ,!n x does n *ange place by revolv+ 9 ! same spot1 nor by go+ some:]e & com+ into be+ 9 some?+2 nor aga91 by *ange 9 itself8 ,v true4 ,!n 9 respect ( any k9d ( motion ! "o is immoveable8 ,immoveable4 ,b nei!r c ! "o be 9 any?+1 z we affirm8 ,yes1 we said s4 ,!n x is nev] 9 ! same8 ,:y n8 ,because if x 7 9 ! same x w\ld be 9 some?+4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& we said t x c\ld n be 9 itself1 & c\ld n be 9 o!r8 ,true4 ,!n "o is nev] 9 ! same place8 ,x w\ld seem n4 ,b t :i* is nev] 9 ! same place is nev] quiet or at re/8 ,nev]4 ,"o !n1 z w\ld seem1 is nei!r at re/ nor 9 motion8 ,x c]ta9ly appe>s s4 ,nei!r w x be ! same ) itself or o!r2 nor aga91 o!r ?an itself or o!r4 ,h[ is t8 ,if o!r ?an itself x w\ld be o!r ?an "o1 & w\ld n be "o4 ,true4 ,& if ! same ) o!r1 x w\ld be t o!r1 & n itself2 s t ^u ?is supposition too1 x w\ld n h ! nature ( "o1 b w\ld be o!r ?an "o8 ,x w\ld4 ,!n x w n be ! same ) o!r1 or o!r ?an itself8 ,x w n4 ,nei!r w x be o!r ?an o!r1 :ile x rema9s "o2 = n "o1 b only o!r1 c be o!r ?an o!r1 & no?+ else4 ,true4 ,!n n by virtue ( be+ "o w x be o!r8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b if n by virtue ( be+ "o1 n by virtue ( itself2 & if n by virtue ( itself1 n itself1 & itself n be+ o!r at all1 w n be o!r ?an any?+8 ,"r4 ,nei!r w "o be ! same ) itself4 ,h[ n8 ,surely ! nature ( ! "o is n ! nature ( ! same4 ,:y n8 ,x is n :5 any?+ becomes ! same ) any?+ t x becomes "o4 ,:at ( t8 ,any?+ :i* becomes ! same ) ! _m1 necess>ily becomes _m & n "o4 ,true4 ,b1 if !re 7 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! "o & ! same1 :5 a ?+ became ! same1 x w\ld always become "o2 & :5 x became "o1 ! same8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,&1 !re=e1 if "o be ! same ) itself1 x is n "o ) itself1 & w !re=e be "o & also n "o4 ,surely t is impossible4 ,& !re=e ! "o c nei!r be o!r ?an o!r1 nor ! same ) itself4 ,impossible4 ,& ?us ! "o c nei!r be ! same1 nor o!r1 ei!r 9 relation to itself or o!r8 ,no4 ,nei!r w ! "o be l any?+ or unlike itself or o!r4 ,:y n8 ,because lik5ess is sam5ess ( affections4 ,yes4 ,& sam5ess has be5 %[n to be ( a nature di/9ct f on5ess8 ,t has be5 %[n4 ,b if ! "o _h any o!r affection ?an t ( be+ "o1 x w\ld be affect$ 9 su* a way z to be m ?an "o2 :i* is impossible4 ,true4 ,!n ! "o c nev] be s affect$ z to be ! same ei!r ) ano!r or ) itself8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!n x _c be l ano!r1 or l itself8 ,no4 ,nor c x be affect$ s z to be o!r1 = !n x w\ld be affect$ 9 su* a way z to be m ?an "o4 ,x w\ld4 ,t :i* is affect$ o!rwise ?an itself or ano!r1 w be unlike itself or ano!r1 = sam5ess ( affections is lik5ess4 ,true4 ,b ! "o1 z appe>s1 nev] be+ affect$ o!rwise1 is nev] unlike itself or o!r8 ,nev]4 ,!n ! "o w nev] be ei!r l or unlike itself or o!r8 ,pla9ly n4 ,aga91 be+ ( ?is nature1 x c nei!r be equal nor unequal ei!r to itself or to o!r4 ,h[ is t8 ,:y1 because ! "o if equal mu/ be ( ! same measures z t to :i* x is equal4 ,true4 ,& if great] or less ?an ?+s :i* are comm5surable ) x1 ! "o w h m measures ?an t :i* is less1 & few] ?an t :i* is great]8 ,yes4 ,& s ( ?+s :i* are n comm5surate ) x1 ! "o w h great] measures ?an t :i* is less & small] ?an t :i* is great]4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b h[ c t :i* does n p>take ( sam5ess1 h ei!r ! same measures or h any?+ else ! same8 ,impossible4 ,& n hav+ ! same measures1 ! "o _c be equal ei!r ) itself or ) ano!r8 ,x appe>s s4 ,b aga91 :e!r x h few] or m measures1 x w h z _m p>ts z x has measures2 & ?us aga9 ! "o w be no long] "o b w h z _m p>ts z measures4 ,"r4 ,& if x 7 ( "o measure1 x w\ld be equal to t measure2 yet x has be5 %[n to be incapable ( equality4 ,x has4 ,!n x w nei!r p>take ( "o measure1 nor ( _m1 nor ( few1 nor ( ! same at all1 nor be equal to itself or ano!r2 nor be great] or less ?an itself1 or o!r8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,well1 & d we suppose t "o c be old]1 or y\ng] ?an any?+1 or ( ! same age ) x8 ,:y n8 ,:y1 because t :i* is ( ! same age ) itself or o!r1 mu/ p>take ( equality or lik5ess ( "t2 & we said t ! "o did n p>take ei!r ( equality or ( lik5ess8 ,we did say s4 ,& we also said1 t x did n p>take ( inequality or unlik5ess4 ,v true4 ,h[ !n c "o1 be+ ( ?is nature1 be ei!r old] or y\ng] ?an any?+1 or h ! same age ) x8 ,9 no way4 ,!n "o _c be old] or y\ng]1 or ( ! same age1 ei!r ) itself or ) ano!r8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!n ! "o1 be+ ( ?is nature1 _c be 9 "t at all2 = mu/ n t :i* is 9 "t1 be always gr[+ old] ?an itself8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& t :i* is old]1 mu/ always be old] ?an some?+ :i* is y\ng]8 ,true4 ,!n1 t :i* becomes old] ?an itself1 also becomes at ! same "t y\ng] ?an itself1 if x is to h some?+ to become old] ?an4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean ?is3--,a ?+ does n ne$ to become diff]5t f ano!r ?+ :i* is already diff]5t2 x ,,is diff]5t1 & if its diff]5t has become1 x has become diff]5t2 if its diff]5t w be1 x w be diff]5t2 b ( t :i* is becom+ diff]5t1 !re _c h be51 or be ab\t to be1 or yet be1 a diff]5t--! only diff]5t possible is "o :i* is becom+4 ,t is inevitable4 ,b1 surely1 ! eld] is a diff]5ce relative to ! y\ng]1 & to no?+ else4 ,true4 ,!n t :i* becomes old] ?an itself mu/ also1 at ! same "t1 become y\ng] ?an itself8 ,yes4 ,b aga91 x is true t x _c become = a long] or = a %ort] "t ?an itself1 b x mu/ become1 & be1 & h become1 & be ab\t to be1 = ! same "t ) itself8 ,t aga9 is inevitable4 ,!n ?+s :i* are 9 "t1 & p>take ( "t1 mu/ 9 e case1 ,i suppose1 be ( ! same age ) !mselves2 & mu/ also become at once old] & y\ng] ?an !mselves8 ,yes4 ,b ! "o did n p>take ( ^? affections8 ,n at all4 ,!n x does n p>take ( "t1 & is n 9 any "t8 ,s ! argum5t %[s4 ,well1 b d n ! expressions '01' & 'has become1' & '0 becom+1' signify a p>ticipation ( pa/ "t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& d n 'w be1' 'w become1' 'w h become1' signify a p>ticipation ( future "t8 ,yes4 ,& 'is1' or 'becomes1' signifies a p>ticipation ( pres5t "t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if ! "o is absolutely )\t p>ticipation 9 "t1 x nev] _h become1 or 0 becom+1 or 0 at any "t1 or is n[ become or is becom+1 or is1 or w become1 or w h become1 or w be1 h]eaft]4 ,mo/ true4 ,b are !re any modes ( p>tak+ ( be+ o!r ?an ^!8 ,!re are none4 ,!n ! "o _c possibly p>take ( be+8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,!n ! "o is n at all8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!n ! "o does n exi/ 9 su* way z to be "o2 = if x 7 & p>took ( be+1 x w\ld already be2 b if ! argum5t is to be tru/$1 ! "o nei!r is nor is "o8 ,true4 ,b t :i* is n admits ( no attribute or relation8 ,( c\rse n4 ,!n !re is no "n1 nor expression1 nor p]ception1 nor op9ion1 nor k ( x8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!n x is nei!r nam$1 nor express$1 nor op9$1 nor kn[n1 nor does any?+ t is p]ceive x4 ,s we mu/ inf]4 ,b c all ?is be true ab\t ! "o8 ,i ?9k n4 #a4;b4 ,suppose1 n[1 t we return once m to ! orig9al hypo!sis2 let u see :e!r1 on a fur!r review1 any new aspect ( ! "q appe>s4 ,i %all be v happy to d s4 ,we say t we h to "w out toge!r all ! consequ5ces1 :atev] !y may be1 :i* foll[1 if ! "o is8 ,yes4 ,!n we w beg9 at ! beg9n+3--,if "o is1 c "o be1 & n p>take ( be+8 ,impossible4 ,!n ! "o w h be+1 b its be+ w n be ! same ) ! "o2 = if ! same1 x w\ld n be ! be+ ( ! "o2 nor w\ld ! "o h p>ticipat$ 9 be+1 = ! proposition t "o is w\ld h be5 id5tical ) ! proposition t "o is "o2 b our hypo!sis is n if "o is "o1 :at w foll[1 b if "o is3--am ,i n "r8 ,q "r4 ,we mean to say1 t be+ has n ! same significance z "o8 ,( c\rse4 ,& :5 we put !m toge!r %ortly1 & say ',"o is1' t is equival5t to say+1 'p>takes ( be+'8 ,q true4 ,once m !n let u ask1 if "o is :at w foll[4 ,does n ?is hypo!sis necess>ily imply t "o is ( su* a nature z to h p>ts8 ,h[ s8 ,9 ?is way3--,if be+ is pr$icat$ ( ! "o1 if ! "o is1 & "o ( be+1 if be+ is "o2 & if be+ & "o are n ! same2 & s9ce ! "o1 :i* we h assum$1 is1 mu/ n ! :ole1 if x is "o1 itself be1 & h = its p>ts1 "o & be+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& is ea* ( ^! p>ts--"o & be+--to be simply call$ a "p1 or mu/ ! ^w '"p' be relative to ! ^w ':ole'8 ,! latt]4 ,!n t :i* is "o is bo? a :ole & has a "p8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,aga91 ( ! p>ts ( ! "o1 if x is--,i mean be+ & "o--does ei!r fail to imply ! o!r8 is ! "o want+ to be+1 or be+ to ! "o8 ,impossible4 ,?us1 ea* ( ! p>ts also has 9 turn bo? "o & be+1 & is at ! lea/ made up ( two p>ts2 & ! same pr9ciple goes on = ev]1 & e "p :atev] has always ^! two p>ts2 = be+ always involves "o1 & "o be+2 s t "o is always disappe>+1 & becom+ two4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& s ! "o1 if x is1 mu/ be inf9ite 9 multiplicity8 ,cle>ly4 ,let u take ano!r direction4 ,:at direction8 ,we say t ! "o p>takes ( be+ & !re=e x is8 ,yes4 ,& 9 ?is way1 ! "o1 if x has be+1 has turn$ out to be _m8 ,true4 ,b n[1 let u ab/ract ! "o :i*1 z we say1 p>takes ( be+1 & try to imag9e x ap>t f t ( :i*1 z we say1 x p>takes--w ?is ab/ract "o be "o only or _m8 ,"o1 ,i ?9k4 ,let u see3--,mu/ n ! be+ ( "o be o!r ?an "o8 = ! "o is n be+1 b1 consid]$ z "o1 only p>took ( be+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,if be+ & ! "o be two diff]5t ?+s1 x is n because ! "o is "o t x is o!r ?an be+2 nor because be+ is be+ t x is o!r ?an ! "o2 b !y diff] f "o ano!r 9 virtue ( o!rness & diff]5ce4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,s t ! o!r is n ! same--ei!r ) ! "o or ) be+8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& !re=e :e!r we take be+ & ! o!r1 or be+ & ! "o1 or ! "o & ! o!r1 9 e su* case we take two ?+s1 :i* may be rightly call$ bo?4 ,h[ s4 ,9 ?is way--y may speak ( be+8 ,yes4 ,& also ( "o8 ,yes4 ,!n n[ we h spok5 ( ei!r ( !m8 ,yes4 ,well1 & :5 ,i speak ( be+ & "o1 ,i speak ( !m bo?8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if ,i speak ( be+ & ! o!r1 or ( ! "o & ! o!r1--9 any su* case d ,i n speak ( bo?8 ,yes4 ,& mu/ n t :i* is correctly call$ bo?1 be also two8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,& ( two ?+s h[ c ei!r by any possibility n be "o8 ,x _c4 ,!n1 if ! individuals ( ! pair are toge!r two1 !y mu/ be sev]ally "o8 ,cle>ly4 ,& if ea* ( !m is "o1 !n by ! addition ( any "o to any pair1 ! :ole becomes ?ree8 ,yes4 ,& ?ree are odd1 & two are ev58 ,( c\rse4 ,& if !re are two !re mu/ also be twice1 & if !re are ?ree !re mu/ be ?rice2 t is1 if twice "o makes two1 & ?rice "o ?ree8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!re are two1 & twice1 & !re=e !re mu/ be twice two2 & !re are ?ree1 & !re is ?rice1 & !re=e !re mu/ be ?rice ?ree8 ,( c\rse4 ,if !re are ?ree & twice1 !re is twice ?ree2 & if !re are two & ?rice1 !re is ?rice two8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ev5 tak5 ev5 times1 & odd tak5 odd times1 & ev5 tak5 odd times1 & odd tak5 ev5 times4 ,true4 ,& if ?is is s1 does any numb] rema9 :i* has no necessity to be8 ,none :atev]4 ,!n if "o is1 numb] mu/ also be8 ,x mu/4 ,b if !re is numb]1 !re mu/ also be _m1 & inf9ite multiplicity ( be+2 = numb] is inf9ite 9 multiplicity1 & p>takes also ( be+3 am ,i n "r8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if all numb] p>ticipates 9 be+1 e "p ( numb] w also p>ticipate8 ,yes4 ,!n be+ is di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole multitude ( ?+s1 & no?+ t is1 h[ev] small or h[ev] great1 is devoid ( x8 ,&1 inde$1 ! v supposition ( ?is is absurd1 = h[ c t :i* is1 be devoid ( be+8 ,9 no way4 ,& x is divid$ into ! greate/ & into ! smalle/1 & into be+ ( all sizes1 & is brok5 up m ?an all ?+s2 ! divisions ( x h no limit4 ,true4 ,!n x has ! greate/ numb] ( p>ts8 ,yes1 ! greate/ numb]4 ,is !re any ( ^! :i* is a "p ( be+1 & yet no "p8 ,impossible4 ,b if x is at all & s long z x is1 x mu/ be "o1 & _c be none8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! "o atta*es to e s+le "p ( be+1 & does n fail 9 any "p1 :e!r great or small1 or :atev] may be ! size ( x8 ,true4 ,b reflect3--,c "o1 9 its entirety1 be 9 _m places at ! same "t8 ,no2 ,i see ! impossibility ( t4 ,& if n 9 its entirety1 !n x is divid$2 = x _c be pres5t ) all ! p>ts ( be+1 unless divid$4 ,true4 ,& t :i* has p>ts w be z _m z ! p>ts are8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n we 7 wrong 9 say+ j n[1 t be+ 0 di/ribut$ into ! greate/ numb] ( p>ts4 ,= x is n di/ribut$ into p>ts m ?an ! "o1 into p>ts equal to ! "o2 ! "o is nev] want+ to be+1 or be+ to ! "o1 b be+ two !y are co-equal & co-ext5sive4 ,c]ta9ly t is true4 ,! "o itself1 !n1 hav+ be5 brok5 up into p>ts by be+1 is _m & inf9ite8 ,true4 ,!n n only ! "o :i* has be+ is _m1 b ! "o itself di/ribut$ by be+1 mu/ also be _m8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,fur!r1 inasmu* z ! p>ts are p>ts ( a :ole1 ! "o1 z a :ole1 w be limit$2 = are n ! p>ts conta9$ by ! :ole8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& t :i* conta9s1 is a limit8 ,( c\rse4 ,!n ! "o if x has be+ is "o & _m1 :ole & p>ts1 hav+ limits & yet unlimit$ 9 numb]8 ,cle>ly4 ,& because hav+ limits1 also hav+ extremes8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if a :ole1 hav+ beg9n+ & middle & end4 ,= c any?+ be a :ole )\t ^! ?ree8 ,& if any "o ( !m is want+ to any?+1 w t any long] be a :ole8 ,no4 ,!n ! "o1 z appe>s1 w h beg9n+1 middle1 & end4 ,x w4 ,b1 aga91 ! middle w be equidi/ant f ! extremes2 or x w\ld n be 9 ! middle8 ,yes4 ,!n ! "o w p>take ( figure1 ei!r rectil9e> or r\nd1 or a union ( ! two8 ,true4 ,& if ?is is ! case1 x w be bo? 9 itself & 9 ano!r too4 ,h[8 ,e "p is 9 ! :ole1 & none is outside ! :ole4 ,true4 ,& all ! p>ts are conta9$ by ! :ole8 ,yes4 ,& ! "o is all its p>ts1 & nei!r m nor less ?an all8 ,no4 ,& ! "o is ! :ole8 ,( c\rse4 ,b if all ! p>ts are 9 ! :ole1 & ! "o is all ( !m & ! :ole1 & !y are all conta9$ by ! :ole1 ! "o w be conta9$ by ! "o2 & ?us ! "o w be 9 itself4 ,t is true4 ,b !n1 aga91 ! :ole is n 9 ! p>ts--nei!r 9 all ! p>ts1 nor 9 "s "o ( !m4 ,= if x is 9 all1 x mu/ be 9 "o2 = if !re 7 any "o 9 :i* x 0 n1 x c\ld n be 9 all ! p>ts2 = ! "p 9 :i* x is want+ is "o ( all1 & if ! :ole is n 9 ?is1 h[ c x be 9 !m all8 ,x _c4 ,nor c ! :ole be 9 "s ( ! p>ts2 = if ! :ole 7 9 "s ( ! p>ts1 ! great] w\ld be 9 ! less1 :i* is impossible4 ,yes1 impossible4 ,b if ! :ole is nei!r 9 "o1 nor 9 m ?an "o1 nor 9 all ( ! p>ts1 x mu/ be 9 some?+ else1 or cease to be any:]e at all8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,if x 7 n[h]e1 x w\ld be no?+2 b be+ a :ole1 & n be+ 9 itself1 x mu/ be 9 ano!r4 ,v true4 ,! "o !n1 reg>d$ z a :ole1 is 9 ano!r1 b reg>d$ z be+ all its p>ts1 is 9 itself2 & !re=e ! "o mu/ be itself 9 itself & also 9 ano!r4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,! "o !n1 be+ ( ?is nature1 is ( necessity bo? at re/ & 9 motion8 ,h[8 ,! "o is at re/ s9ce x is 9 itself1 = be+ 9 "o1 & n pass+ out ( ?is1 x is 9 ! same1 :i* is itself4 ,true4 ,& t :i* is ev] 9 ! same1 mu/ be ev] at re/8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,well1 & mu/ n t1 on ! contr>y1 :i* is ev] 9 o!r1 nev] be 9 ! same2 & if nev] 9 ! same1 nev] at re/1 & if n at re/1 9 motion8 ,true4 ,!n ! "o be+ always itself 9 itself & o!r1 mu/ always be bo? at re/ & 9 motion8 ,cle>ly4 ,& mu/ be ! same ) itself1 & o!r ?an itself2 & also ! same ) ! o!rs1 & o!r ?an ! o!rs2 ?is foll[s f its previ\s affections4 ,h[ s8 ,ev]y?+ 9 relation to e o!r ?+1 is ei!r ! same or o!r2 or if nei!r ! same nor o!r1 !n 9 ! relation ( a "p to a :ole1 or ( a :ole to a "p4 ,cle>ly4 ,& is ! "o a "p ( itself8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,s9ce x is n a "p 9 relation to itself x _c be relat$ to itself z :ole to "p8 ,x _c4 ,b is ! "o o!r ?an "o8 ,no4 ,& !re=e n o!r ?an itself8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,if !n x be nei!r o!r1 nor a :ole1 nor a "p 9 relation to itself1 mu/ x n be ! same ) itself8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b !n1 aga91 a ?+ :i* is 9 ano!r place f 'itself1' if ?is 'itself' rema9s 9 ! same place ) itself1 mu/ be o!r ?an 'itself1' = x w be 9 ano!r place8 ,true4 ,!n ! "o has be5 %[n to be at once 9 itself & 9 ano!r8 ,yes4 ,?us1 !n1 z appe>s1 ! "o w be o!r ?an itself8 ,true4 ,well1 !n1 if any?+ be o!r ?an any?+1 w x n be o!r ?an t :i* is o!r8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& w n all ?+s t are n "o1 be o!r ?an ! "o1 & ! "o o!r ?an ! n-"o8 ,( c\rse4 ,!n ! "o w be o!r ?an ! o!rs8 ,true4 ,b1 consid]3--,are n ! absolute same1 & ! absolute o!r1 opposites to "o ano!r8 ,( c\rse4 ,!n w ! same ev] be 9 ! o!r1 or ! o!r 9 ! same8 ,!y w n4 ,if !n ! o!r is nev] 9 ! same1 !re is no?+ 9 :i* ! o!r is dur+ any space ( "t2 = dur+ t space ( "t1 h[ev] small1 ! o!r w\ld be 9 ! same4 ,is n t true8 ,yes4 ,& s9ce ! o!r is nev] 9 ! same1 x c nev] be 9 any?+ t is4 ,true4 ,!n ! o!r w nev] be ei!r 9 ! n-"o1 or 9 ! "o8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n n by reason ( o!rness is ! "o o!r ?an ! n-"o1 or ! n-"o o!r ?an ! "o4 ,no4 ,nor by reason ( !mselves w !y be o!r ?an "o ano!r1 if n p>tak+ ( ! o!r4 ,h[ c !y be8 ,b if !y are n o!r1 ei!r by reason ( !mselves or ( ! o!r1 w !y n altoge!r escape be+ o!r ?an "o ano!r8 ,!y w4 ,aga91 ! n-"o _c p>take ( ! "o2 o!rwise x w\ld n h be5 n-"o1 b w\ld h be5 9 "s way "o4 ,true4 ,nor c ! n-"o be numb]2 = hav+ numb]1 x w\ld n h be5 n-"o at all4 ,x w\ld n4 ,aga91 is ! n-"o "p ( ! "o2 or r1 w\ld x n 9 t case p>take ( ! "o8 ,x w\ld4 ,if !n1 9 e po9t ( view1 ! "o & ! n-"o are di/9ct1 !n nei!r is ! "o "p or :ole ( ! n-"o1 nor is ! n-"o "p or :ole ( ! "o8 ,no4 ,b we said t ?+s :i* are nei!r p>ts nor :oles ( "o ano!r1 nor o!r ?an "o ano!r1 w be ! same ) "o ano!r3--s we said8 ,yes4 ,!n %all we say t ! "o1 be+ 9 ?is relation to ! n-"o1 is ! same ) x8 ,let u say s4 ,!n x is ! same ) itself & ! o!rs1 & also o!r ?an itself & ! o!rs4 ,t appe>s to be ! inf]5ce4 ,& x w also be l & unlike itself & ! o!rs8 ,p]haps4 ,s9ce ! "o 0 %[n to be o!r ?an ! o!rs1 ! o!rs w also be o!r ?an ! "o4 ,yes4 ,& ! "o is o!r ?an ! o!rs 9 ! same degree t ! o!rs are o!r ?an x1 & nei!r m nor less8 ,true4 ,& if nei!r m nor less1 !n 9 a l degree8 ,yes4 ,9 virtue ( ! affection by :i* ! "o is o!r ?an o!rs & o!rs 9 l mann] o!r ?an x1 ! "o w be affect$ l ! o!rs & ! o!rs l ! "o4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,i may take z an illu/ration ! case ( names3 ,y give a "n to a ?+8 ,yes4 ,& y may say ! "n once or (t5]8 ,yes4 ,& :5 y say x once1 y m5tion t ( :i* x is ! "n8 & :5 m ?an once1 is x some?+ else :i* y m5tion8 or mu/ x always be ! same ?+ ( :i* y speak1 :e!r y utt] ! "n once or m ?an once8 ,( c\rse x is ! same4 ,& is n 'o!r' a "n giv5 to a ?+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,:5ev]1 !n1 y use ! ^w 'o!r1' :e!r once or (t5]1 y "n t ( :i* x is ! "n1 & to no o!r d y give ! "n8 ,true4 ,!n :5 we say t ! o!rs are o!r ?an ! "o1 & ! "o o!r ?an ! o!rs1 9 repeat+ ! ^w 'o!r' we speak ( t nature to :i* ! "n is appli$1 & ( no o!r8 ,q true4 ,!n ! "o :i* is o!r ?an o!rs1 & ! o!r :i* is o!r ?an ! "o1 9 t ! ^w 'o!r' is appli$ to bo?1 w be 9 ! same condition2 & t :i* is 9 ! same condition is l8 ,yes4 ,!n 9 virtue ( ! affection by :i* ! "o is o!r ?an ! o!rs1 e ?+ w be l e ?+1 = e ?+ is o!r ?an e ?+4 ,true4 ,aga91 ! l is oppos$ to ! unlike8 ,yes4 ,& ! o!r to ! same8 ,true aga94 ,& ! "o 0 also %[n to be ! same ) ! o!rs8 ,yes4 ,& to be ! same ) ! o!rs is ! opposite ( be+ o!r ?an ! o!rs8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& 9 t x 0 o!r x 0 %[n to be l8 ,yes4 ,b 9 t x 0 ! same x w be unlike by virtue ( ! opposite affection to t :i* made x l2 & ?is 0 ! affection ( o!rness4 ,yes4 ,! same !n w make x unlike2 o!rwise x w n be ! opposite ( ! o!r4 ,true4 ,!n ! "o w be bo? l & unlike ! o!rs2 l 9 s f> z x is o!r1 & unlike 9 s f> z x is ! same4 ,yes1 t argum5t may be us$4 ,& !re is ano!r argum5t4 ,:at8 ,9 s f> z x is affect$ 9 ! same way x is n affect$ o!rwise1 & n be+ affect$ o!rwise is n unlike1 & n be+ unlike1 is l2 b 9 s f> z x is affect$ by o!r x is o!rwise1 & be+ o!rwise affect$ is unlike4 ,true4 ,!n because ! "o is ! same ) ! o!rs & o!r ?an ! o!rs1 on ei!r ( ^! two gr\nds1 or on bo? ( !m1 x w be bo? l & unlike ! o!rs8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& 9 ! same way z be+ o!r ?an itself & ! same ) itself1 on ei!r ( ^! two gr\nds & on bo? ( !m1 x w be l & unlike itself8 ,( c\rse4 ,aga91 h[ f> c ! "o t\* or n t\* itself & o!rs8--consid]4 ,i am consid]+4 ,! "o 0 %[n to be 9 itself :i* 0 a :ole8 ,true4 ,& also 9 o!r ?+s8 ,yes4 ,9 s f> z x is 9 o!r ?+s x w\ld t\* o!r ?+s1 b 9 s f> z x is 9 itself x w\ld be deb>r$ f t\*+ !m1 & w\ld t\* itself only4 ,cle>ly4 ,!n ! inf]5ce is t x w\ld t\* bo?8 ,x w\ld4 ,b :at d y say to a new po9t ( view8 ,mu/ n t :i* is to t\* ano!r be next to t :i* x is to t\*1 & occupy ! place ne>e/ to t 9 :i* :at x t\*es is situat$8 ,true4 ,!n ! "o1 if x is to t\* itself1 ought to be situat$ next to itself1 & occupy ! place next to t 9 :i* itself is8 ,x ought4 ,& t w\ld require t ! "o %\ld be two1 & be 9 two places at once1 & ?is1 :ile x is "o1 w nev] happ54 ,no4 ,!n ! "o _c t\* itself any m ?an x c be two8 ,x _c4 ,nei!r c x t\* o!rs4 ,:y n8 ,! reason is1 t :atev] is to t\* ano!r mu/ be 9 sep>ation f1 & next to1 t :i* x is to t\*1 & no ?ird ?+ c be betwe5 !m4 ,true4 ,two ?+s1 !n1 at ! lea/ are necess>y to make contact possible8 ,!y are4 ,& if to ! two a ?ird be add$ 9 due ord]1 ! numb] ( t]ms w be ?ree1 & ! contacts two8 ,yes4 ,& e additional t]m makes "o additional contact1 :5ce x foll[s t ! contacts are "o less 9 numb] ?an ! t]ms2 ! fir/ two t]ms exce$$ ! numb] ( contacts by "o1 & ! :ole numb] ( t]ms exce$s ! :ole numb] ( contacts by "o 9 l mann]2 & = e "o :i* is aft]w>ds add$ to ! numb] ( t]ms1 "o contact is add$ to ! contacts4 ,true4 ,:atev] is ! :ole numb] ( ?+s1 ! contacts w be always "o less4 ,true4 ,b if !re be only "o1 & n two1 !re w be no contact8 ,h[ c !re be8 ,& d we n say t ! o!rs be+ o!r ?an ! "o are n "o & h no "p 9 ! "o8 ,true4 ,!n !y h no numb]1 if !y h no "o 9 !m8 ,( c\rse n4 ,!n ! o!rs are nei!r "o nor two1 nor are !y call$ by ! "n ( any numb]8 ,no4 ,"o1 !n1 alone is "o1 & two d n exi/8 ,cle>ly n4 ,& if !re are n two1 !re is no contact8 ,!re is n4 ,!n nei!r does ! "o t\* ! o!rs1 nor ! o!rs ! "o1 if !re is no contact8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,= all :i* reasons ! "o t\*es & does n t\* itself & ! o!rs8 ,true4 ,fur!r--is ! "o equal & unequal to itself & o!rs8 ,h[ d y mean8 ,if ! "o 7 great] or less ?an ! o!rs1 or ! o!rs great] or less ?an ! "o1 !y w\ld n be great] or less ?an ea* o!r 9 virtue ( _! be+ ! "o & ! o!rs2 b1 if 9 addition to _! be+ :at !y are !y _h equality1 !y w\ld be equal to "o ano!r1 or if ! "o _h smallness & ! o!rs greatness1 or ! "o _h greatness & ! o!rs smallness--:i*ev] k9d _h greatness w\ld be great]1 & :i*ev] _h smallness w\ld be small]8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n !re are two su* ideas z greatness & smallness2 = if !y 7 n !y c\ld n be oppos$ to ea* o!r & be pres5t 9 t :i* is4 ,h[ c\ld !y8 ,if1 !n1 smallness is pres5t 9 ! "o x w be pres5t ei!r 9 ! :ole or 9 a "p ( ! :ole8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,suppose ! fir/2 x w be ei!r co-equal & co-ext5sive ) ! :ole "o1 or w conta9 ! "o8 ,cle>ly4 ,if x be co-ext5sive ) ! "o x w be co-equal ) ! "o1 or if conta9+ ! "o x w be great] ?an ! "o8 ,( c\rse4 ,b c smallness be equal to any?+ or great] ?an any?+1 & h ! functions ( greatness & equality & n its own functions8 ,impossible4 ,!n smallness _c be 9 ! :ole ( "o1 b1 if at all1 9 a "p only8 ,yes4 ,& surely n 9 all ( a "p1 = !n ! difficulty ( ! :ole w recur2 x w be equal to or great] ?an any "p 9 :i* x is4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n smallness w n be 9 any?+1 :e!r 9 a :ole or 9 a "p2 nor w !re be any?+ small b actual smallness4 ,true4 ,nei!r w greatness be 9 ! "o1 = if greatness be 9 any?+ !re w be some?+ great] o!r & besides greatness itself1 namely1 t 9 :i* greatness is2 & ?is too :5 ! small itself is n !re1 :i* ! "o1 if x is great1 mu/ exce$2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is impossible1 see+ t smallness is :olly abs5t4 ,true4 ,b absolute greatness is only great] ?an absolute smallness1 & smallness is only small] ?an absolute greatness4 ,v true4 ,!n o!r ?+s n great] or less ?an ! "o1 if !y h nei!r greatness nor smallness2 nor h greatness or smallness any p[] ( exce$+ or be+ exce$$ 9 relation to ! "o1 b only 9 relation to "o ano!r2 nor w ! "o be great] or less ?an !m or o!rs1 if x has nei!r greatness nor smallness4 ,cle>ly n4 ,!n if ! "o is nei!r great] nor less ?an ! o!rs1 x _c ei!r exce$ or be exce$$ by !m8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& t :i* nei!r exce$s nor is exce$$1 mu/ be on an equality2 & be+ on an equality1 mu/ be equal4 ,( c\rse4 ,& ?is w be true also ( ! relation ( ! "o to itself2 hav+ nei!r greatness nor smallness 9 itself1 x w nei!r exce$ nor be exce$$ by itself1 b w be on an equality ) & equal to itself4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! "o w be equal bo? to itself & ! o!rs8 ,cle>ly s4 ,& yet ! "o1 be+ itself 9 itself1 w also surr\nd & be )\t itself2 &1 z conta9+ itself1 w be great] ?an itself2 &1 z conta9$ 9 itself1 w be less2 & w ?us be great] & less ?an itself4 ,x w4 ,n[ !re _c possibly be any?+ :i* is n includ$ 9 ! "o & ! o!rs8 ,( c\rse n4 ,b1 surely1 t :i* is mu/ always be some:]e8 ,yes4 ,b t :i* is 9 any?+ w be less1 & t 9 :i* x is w be great]2 9 no o!r way c "o ?+ be 9 ano!r4 ,true4 ,& s9ce !re is no?+ o!r or besides ! "o & ! o!rs1 & !y mu/ be 9 some?+1 mu/ !y n be 9 "o ano!r1 ! "o 9 ! o!rs & ! o!rs 9 ! "o1 if !y are to be any:]e8 ,t is cle>4 ,b inasmu* z ! "o is 9 ! o!rs1 ! o!rs w be great] ?an ! "o1 because !y conta9 ! "o1 :i* w be less ?an ! o!rs1 because x is conta9$ 9 !m2 & inasmu* z ! o!rs are 9 ! "o1 ! "o on ! same pr9ciple w be great] ?an ! o!rs1 & ! o!rs less ?an ! "o4 ,true4 ,! "o1 !n1 w be equal to & great] & less ?an itself & ! o!rs8 ,cle>ly4 ,& if x be great] & less & equal1 x w be ( equal & m & less measures or divisions ?an itself & ! o!rs1 & if ( measures1 also ( p>ts8 ,( c\rse4 ,& if ( equal & m & less measures or divisions1 x w be 9 numb] m or less ?an itself & ! o!rs1 & likewise equal 9 numb] to itself & to ! o!rs8 ,h[ is t8 ,x w be ( m measures ?an ^? ?+s :i* x exce$s1 & ( z _m p>ts z measures2 & s ) t to :i* x is equal1 & t ?an :i* x is less4 ,true4 ,& be+ great] & less ?an itself1 & equal to itself1 x w be ( equal measures ) itself & ( m & few] measures ?an itself2 & if ( measures !n also ( p>ts8 ,x w4 ,& be+ ( equal p>ts ) itself1 x w be num]ically equal to itself2 & be+ ( m p>ts1 m1 & be+ ( less1 less ?an itself8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! same w hold ( its relation to o!r ?+s2 inasmu* z x is great] ?an !m1 x w be m 9 numb] ?an !m2 & inasmu* z x is small]1 x w be less 9 numb]2 & inasmu* z x is equal 9 size to o!r ?+s1 x w be equal to !m 9 numb]4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,once m1 !n1 z w\ld appe>1 ! "o w be 9 numb] bo? equal to & m & less ?an bo? itself & all o!r ?+s4 ,x w4 ,does ! "o also p>take ( "t8 ,& is x & does x become old] & y\ng] ?an itself & o!rs1 & aga91 nei!r y\ng] nor old] ?an itself & o!rs1 by virtue ( p>ticipation 9 "t8 ,h[ d y mean8 ,if "o is1 be+ mu/ be pr$icat$ ( x8 ,yes4 ,b to be 7e9ai7 is only p>ticipation ( be+ 9 pres5t "t1 & to h be5 is ! p>ticipation ( be+ at a pa/ "t1 & to be ab\t to be is ! p>ticipation ( be+ at a future "t8 ,v true4 ,!n ! "o1 s9ce x p>takes ( be+1 p>takes ( "t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& is n "t always mov+ =w>d8 ,yes4 ,!n ! "o is always becom+ old] ?an itself1 s9ce x moves =w>d 9 "t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& d y rememb] t ! old] becomes old] ?an t :i* becomes y\ng]8 ,i rememb]4 ,!n s9ce ! "o becomes old] ?an itself1 x becomes y\ng] at ! same "t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,?us1 !n1 ! "o becomes old] z well z y\ng] ?an itself8 ,yes4 ,& x is old] 7is x n87 :5 9 becom+1 x gets to ! po9t ( "t betwe5 '0' & 'w be1' :i* is 'n['3 = surely 9 go+ f ! pa/ to ! future1 x _c skip ! pres5t8 ,no4 ,& :5 x arrives at ! pres5t x /ops f becom+ old]1 & no long] becomes1 b is old]1 = if x w5t on x w\ld nev] be rea*$ by ! pres5t1 = x is ! nature ( t :i* goes on1 to t\* bo? ! pres5t & ! future1 lett+ g ! pres5t & seiz+ ! future1 :ile 9 process ( becom+ betwe5 !m4 ,true4 ,b t :i* is becom+ _c skip ! pres5t2 :5 x rea*es ! pres5t x ceases to become1 & is !n :atev] x may happ5 to be becom+4 ,cle>ly4 ,& s ! "o1 :5 9 becom+ old] x rea*es ! pres5t1 ceases to become1 & is !n old]4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& x is old] ?an t ?an :i* x 0 becom+ old]1 & x 0 becom+ old] ?an itself4 ,yes4 ,& t :i* is old] is old] ?an t :i* is y\ng]8 ,true4 ,!n ! "o is y\ng] ?an itself1 :5 9 becom+ old] x rea*es ! pres5t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b ! pres5t is always pres5t ) ! "o dur+ all its be+2 = :5ev] x is x is always n[4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! "o always bo? is & becomes old] & y\ng] ?an itself8 ,truly4 ,& is x or does x become a long] "t ?an itself or an equal "t ) itself8 ,an equal "t4 ,b if x becomes or is = an equal "t ) itself1 x is ( ! same age ) itself8 ,( c\rse4 ,& t :i* is ( ! same age1 is nei!r old] nor y\ng]8 ,no4 ,! "o1 !n1 becom+ & be+ ! same "t ) itself1 nei!r is nor becomes old] or y\ng] ?an itself8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,& :at are its relations to o!r ?+s8 ,is x or does x become old] or y\ng] ?an !y8 ,i _c tell y4 ,y c at lea/ tell me t o!rs ?an ! "o are m ?an ! "o--o!r w\ld h be5 "o1 b ! o!rs h multitude1 & are m ?an "o8 ,!y w h multitude4 ,& a multitude implies a numb] l>g] ?an "o8 ,( c\rse4 ,& %all we say t ! less] or ! great] is ! fir/ to come or to h come into exi/5ce8 ,! less]4 ,!n ! lea/ is ! fir/8 ,& t is ! "o8 ,yes4 ,!n ! "o ( all ?+s t h numb] is ! fir/ to come into be+2 b all o!r ?+s h also numb]1 be+ plural & n s+ul>4 ,!y h4 ,& s9ce x came into be+ fir/ x mu/ be suppos$ to h come into be+ prior to ! o!rs1 & ! o!rs lat]2 & ! ?+s :i* came into be+ lat]1 are y\ng] ?an t :i* prec$$ !m8 ,& s ! o!r ?+s w be y\ng] ?an ! "o1 & ! "o old] ?an o!r ?+s8 ,true4 ,:at w\ld y say ( ano!r "q8 ,c ! "o h come into be+ contr>y to its own nature1 or is t impossible8 ,impossible4 ,& yet1 surely1 ! "o 0 %[n to h p>ts2 & if p>ts1 !n a beg9n+1 middle & end8 ,yes4 ,& a beg9n+1 bo? ( ! "o itself & ( all o!r ?+s1 comes into be+ fir/ ( all2 & aft] ! beg9n+1 ! o!rs foll[1 until y rea* ! end8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& all ^! o!rs we %all affirm to be p>ts ( ! :ole & ( ! "o1 :i*1 z soon z ! end is rea*$1 has become :ole & "o8 ,yes2 t is :at we %all say4 ,b ! end comes la/1 & ! "o is ( su* a nature z to come into be+ ) ! la/2 &1 s9ce ! "o _c come into be+ except 9 accordance ) its own nature1 its nature w require t x %\ld come into be+ aft] ! o!rs1 simultane\sly ) ! end4 ,cle>ly4 ,!n ! "o is y\ng] ?an ! o!rs & ! o!rs old] ?an ! "o4 ,t also is cle> 9 my judgm5t4 ,well1 & mu/ n a beg9n+ or any o!r "p ( ! "o or ( any?+1 if x be a "p & n p>ts1 be+ a "p1 be also ( necessity "o8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& w n ! "o come into be+ toge!r ) ea* "p--toge!r ) ! fir/ "p :5 t comes into be+1 & toge!r ) ! second "p & ) all ! re/1 & w n be want+ to any "p1 :i* is add$ to any o!r "p until x has rea*$ ! la/ & become "o :ole2 x w be want+ nei!r to ! middle1 nor to ! fir/1 nor to ! la/1 nor to any ( !m1 :ile ! process ( becom+ is go+ on8 ,true4 ,!n ! "o is ( ! same age ) all ! o!rs1 s t if ! "o itself does n contradict its own nature1 x w be nei!r prior nor po/]ior to ! o!rs1 b simultane\s2 & accord+ to ?is argum5t ! "o w be nei!r old] nor y\ng] ?an ! o!rs1 nor ! o!rs ?an ! "o1 b accord+ to ! previ\s argum5t ! "o w be old] & y\ng] ?an ! o!rs & ! o!rs ?an ! "o4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,aft] ?is mann] !n ! "o is & has become4 ,b z to its becom+ old] & y\ng] ?an ! o!rs1 & ! o!rs ?an ! "o1 & nei!r old] nor y\ng]1 :at %all we say8 ,%all we say z ( be+ s also ( becom+1 or o!rwise8 ,i _c answ]4 ,b ,i c v5ture to say1 t ev5 if "o ?+ 7 old] or y\ng] ?an ano!r1 x c\ld n become old] or y\ng] 9 a great] degree ?an x 0 at fir/2 = equals add$ to unequals1 :e!r to p]iods ( "t or to any?+ else1 leave ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m ! same z at fir/4 ,( c\rse4 ,!n t :i* is1 _c become old] or y\ng] ?an t :i* is1 s9ce ! diff]5ce ( age is always ! same2 ! "o is & has become old] & ! o!r y\ng]2 b !y are no long] becom+ s4 ,true4 ,& ! "o :i* is does n !re=e become ei!r old] or y\ng] ?an ! o!rs :i* are4 ,no4 ,b consid] :e!r !y may n become old] & y\ng] 9 ano!r way4 ,9 :at way8 ,j z ! "o 0 prov5 to be old] ?an ! o!rs & ! o!rs ?an ! "o4 ,& :at ( t8 ,if ! "o is old] ?an ! o!rs1 has come into be+ a long] "t ?an ! o!rs4 ,yes4 ,b consid] aga92 if we add equal "t to a great] & a less "t1 w ! great] diff] f ! less "t by an equal or by a small] portion ?an be=e8 ,by a small] portion4 ,!n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! age ( ! "o & ! age ( ! o!rs w n be aft]w>ds s great z at fir/1 b if an equal "t be add$ to bo? ( !m !y w diff] less & less 9 age8 ,yes4 ,& t :i* diff]s 9 age f "s o!r less ?an =m]ly1 f be+ old] w become y\ng] 9 relation to t o!r ?an :i* x 0 old]8 ,yes1 y\ng]4 ,& if ! "o becomes y\ng] ! o!rs a=esaid w become old] ?an !y 7 be=e1 9 relation to ! "o4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n t :i* _h become y\ng] becomes old] relatively to t :i* previ\sly _h become & 0 old]2 x nev] really is old]1 b is always becom+1 = ! "o is always gr[+ on ! side ( y\? & ! o!r on ! side ( age4 ,& 9 l mann] ! old] is always 9 process ( becom+ y\ng] ?an ! y\ng]2 = z !y are always go+ 9 opposite directions !y become 9 ways ! opposite to "o ano!r1 ! y\ng] old] ?an ! old]1 & ! old] y\ng] ?an ! y\ng]4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 h become2 = if !y _h already become !y w\ld be & n m]ely become4 ,b t is impossible2 = !y are always becom+ bo? old] & y\ng] ?an "o ano!r3 ! "o becomes y\ng] ?an ! o!rs because x 0 se5 to be old] & prior1 & ! o!rs become old] ?an ! "o because !y came into be+ lat]2 & 9 ! same way ! o!rs are 9 ! same relation to ! "o1 because !y 7 se5 to be old]1 & prior to ! "o4 ,t is cle>4 ,inasmu* !n1 "o ?+ does n become old] or y\ng] ?an ano!r1 9 t !y always diff] f ea* o!r by an equal numb]1 ! "o _c become old] or y\ng] ?an ! o!rs1 nor ! o!rs ?an ! "o2 b inasmu* z t :i* came into be+ e>li] & t :i* came into be+ lat] mu/ cont9ually diff] f ea* o!r by a diff]5t portion--9 ?is po9t ( view ! o!rs mu/ become old] & y\ng] ?an ! "o1 & ! "o ?an ! o!rs4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,= all ^! reasons1 !n1 ! "o is & becomes old] & y\ng] ?an itself & ! o!rs1 & nei!r is nor becomes old] or y\ng] ?an itself or ! o!rs4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b s9ce ! "o p>takes ( "t1 & p>takes ( becom+ old] & y\ng]1 mu/ x n also p>take ( ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future8 ,( c\rse x mu/4 ,!n ! "o 0 & is & w be1 & 0 becom+ & is becom+ & w become8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& !re is & 0 & w be some?+ :i* is 9 relation to x & belongs to x8 ,true4 ,& s9ce we h at ?is mom5t op9ion & k & p]ception ( ! "o1 !re is op9ion & k & p]ception ( x8 ,q "r4 ,!n !re is "n & expression = x1 & x is nam$ & express$1 & ev]y?+ ( ?is k9d :i* app]ta9s to o!r ?+s app]ta9s to ! "o4 ,c]ta9ly1 t is true4 ,yet once m & = ! ?ird "t1 let u consid]3 ,if ! "o is bo? "o & _m1 z we h describ$1 & is nei!r "o nor _m1 & p>ticipates 9 "t1 mu/ x n1 9 z f> z x is "o1 at times p>take ( be+1 & 9 z f> z x is n "o1 at times n p>take ( be+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b c x p>take ( be+ :5 n p>tak+ ( be+1 or n p>take ( be+ :5 p>tak+ ( be+8 ,impossible4 ,!n ! "o p>takes & does n p>take ( be+ at diff]5t times1 = t is ! only way 9 :i* x c p>take & n p>take ( ! same4 ,true4 ,& is !re n also a "t at :i* x assumes be+ & rel9qui%es be+--= h[ c x h & n h ! same ?+ unless x receives & also gives x up at "s "t8 ,impossible4 ,& ! assum+ ( be+ is :at y w\ld call becom+8 ,i %\ld4 ,& ! rel9qui%+ ( be+ y w\ld call de/ruction8 ,i %\ld4 ,! "o !n1 z w\ld appe>1 becomes & is de/roy$ by tak+ & giv+ up be+4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& be+ "o & _m & 9 process ( becom+ & be+ de/roy$1 :5 x becomes "o x ceases to be _m1 & :5 _m1 x ceases to be "o8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& z x becomes "o & _m1 mu/ x n inevitably exp]i5ce sep>ation & aggregation8 ,inevitably4 ,& :5ev] x becomes l & unlike x mu/ be assimilat$ & dissimilat$8 ,yes4 ,& :5 x becomes great] or less or equal x mu/ gr[ or dim9i% or be equaliz$8 ,true4 ,& :5 be+ 9 motion x re/s1 & :5 be+ at re/ x *anges to motion1 x c surely be 9 no "t at all8 ,h[ c x8 ,b t a ?+ :i* is previ\sly at re/ %\ld be aft]w>ds 9 motion1 or previ\sly 9 motion & aft]w>ds at re/1 )\t exp]i5c+ *ange1 is impossible4 ,impossible4 ,& surely !re _c be a "t 9 :i* a ?+ c be at once nei!r 9 motion nor at re/8 ,!re _c4 ,b nei!r c x *ange )\t *ang+4 ,true4 ,:5 !n does x *ange2 = x _c *ange ei!r :5 at re/1 or :5 9 motion1 or :5 9 "t8 ,x _c4 ,& does ?is /range ?+ 9 :i* x is at ! "t ( *ang+ really exi/8 ,:at ?+8 ,! mom5t4 ,= ! mom5t seems to imply a some?+ out ( :i* *ange takes place into ei!r ( two /ates2 = ! *ange is n f ! /ate ( re/ z su*1 nor f ! /ate ( motion z su*2 b !re is ?is curi\s nature :i* we call ! mom5t ly+ betwe5 re/ & motion1 n be+ 9 any "t2 & into ?is & out ( ?is :at is 9 motion *anges into re/1 & :at is at re/ into motion4 ,s x appe>s4 ,& ! "o !n1 s9ce x is at re/ & also 9 motion1 w *ange to ei!r1 = only 9 ?is way c x be 9 bo?4 ,& 9 *ang+ x *anges 9 a mom5t1 & :5 x is *ang+ x w be 9 no "t1 & w n !n be ei!r 9 motion or at re/4 ,x w n4 ,& x w be 9 ! same case 9 relation to ! o!r *anges1 :5 x passes f be+ into cessation ( be+1 or f n-be+ into becom+--!n x passes betwe5 c]ta9 /ates ( motion & re/1 & nei!r is nor is n1 nor becomes nor is de/roy$4 ,v true4 ,& on ! same pr9ciple1 9 ! passage f "o to _m & f _m to "o1 ! "o is nei!r "o nor _m1 nei!r sep>at$ nor aggregat$2 & 9 ! passage f l to unlike1 & f unlike to l1 x is nei!r l nor unlike1 nei!r 9 a /ate ( assimilation nor ( dissimilation2 & 9 ! passage f small to great & equal & back aga91 x w be nei!r small nor great1 nor equal1 nor 9 a /ate ( increase1 or dim9ution1 or equalization4 ,true4 ,all ^!1 !n1 are ! affections ( ! "o1 if ! "o has be+4 ,( c\rse4 #a4;aa4 ,b if "o is1 :at w happ5 to ! o!rs--is n t also to be consid]$8 ,yes4 ,let u %[ !n1 if "o is1 :at w be ! affections ( ! o!rs ?an ! "o4 ,let u d s4 ,inasmu* z !re are ?+s o!r ?an ! "o1 ! o!rs are n ! "o2 = if !y 7 !y c\ld n be o!r ?an ! "o4 ,v true4 ,nor are ! o!rs altoge!r )\t ! "o1 b 9 a c]ta9 way !y p>ticipate 9 ! "o4 ,9 :at way8 ,because ! o!rs are o!r ?an ! "o inasmu* z !y h p>ts2 = if !y _h no p>ts !y w\ld be simply "o4 ,"r4 ,& p>ts1 z we affirm1 h relation to a :ole8 ,s we say4 ,& a :ole mu/ necess>ily be "o made up ( _m2 & ! p>ts w be p>ts ( ! "o1 = ea* ( ! p>ts is n a "p ( _m1 b ( a :ole4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,if any?+ 7 a "p ( _m1 be+ itself "o ( !m1 x w surely be a "p ( itself1 :i* is impossible1 & x w be a "p ( ea* "o ( ! o!r p>ts1 if ( all2 = if n a "p ( "s "o1 x w be a "p ( all ! o!rs b ?is "o1 & ?us w n be a "p ( ea* "o2 & if n a "p ( ea*1 "o x w n be a "p ( any "o ( ! _m2 & n be+ a "p ( any "o1 x _c be a "p or any?+ else ( all ^? ?+s ( none ( :i* x is any?+4 ,cle>ly n4 ,!n ! "p is n a "p ( ! _m1 nor ( all1 b is ( a c]ta9 s+le =m1 :i* we call a :ole1 be+ "o p]fect unity fram$ out ( all--( ?is ! "p w be a "p4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,if1 !n1 ! o!rs h p>ts1 !y w p>ticipate 9 ! :ole & 9 ! "o4 ,true4 ,!n ! o!rs ?an ! "o mu/ be "o p]fect :ole1 hav+ p>ts4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! same argum5t holds ( ea* "p1 = ! "p mu/ p>ticipate 9 ! "o2 = if ea* ( ! p>ts is a "p1 ?is means1 ,i suppose1 t x is "o sep>ate f ! re/ & self-relat$2 o!rwise x is n ea*4 ,true4 ,b :5 we speak ( ! "p p>ticipat+ 9 ! "o1 x mu/ cle>ly be o!r ?an "o2 = if n1 x w\ld n m]ely h p>ticipat$1 b w\ld h be5 "o2 :]eas only ! "o itself c be "o4 ,v true4 ,bo? ! :ole & ! "p mu/ p>ticipate 9 ! "o2 = ! :ole w be "o :ole1 ( :i* ! p>ts w be p>ts2 & ea* "p w be "o "p ( ! :ole :i* is ! :ole ( ! "p4 ,true4 ,& w n ! ?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 ! "o1 be o!r ?an x8 ,( c\rse4 ,& ! ?+s :i* are o!r ?an ! "o w be _m2 = if ! ?+s :i* are o!r ?an ! "o 7 nei!r "o nor m ?an "o1 !y w\ld be no?+4 ,true4 ,b1 see+ t ! ?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 ! "o z a "p1 & 9 ! "o z a :ole1 are m ?an "o1 mu/ n ^? v ?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 ! "o be inf9ite 9 numb]8 ,h[ s8 ,let u look at ! matt] ?us3--,is x n a fact t 9 p>tak+ ( ! "o !y are n "o1 & d n p>take ( ! "o at ! v "t :5 !y are p>tak+ ( x8 ,cle>ly4 ,!y d s !n z multitudes 9 :i* ! "o is n pres5t8 ,v true4 ,& if we 7 to ab/ract f !m 9 idea ! v smalle/ fraction1 mu/ n t lea/ fraction1 if x does n p>take ( ! "o1 be a multitude & n "o8 ,x mu/4 ,& if we cont9ue to look at ! o!r side ( _! nature1 reg>d$ simply1 & 9 itself1 w n !y1 z f> z we see !m1 be unlimit$ 9 numb]8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& yet1 :5 ea* sev]al "p becomes a "p1 !n ! p>ts h a limit 9 relation to ! :ole & to ea* o!r1 & ! :ole 9 relation to ! p>ts4 ,j s4 ,! result to ! o!rs ?an ! "o is t ! union ( !mselves & ! "o appe>s to create a new elem5t 9 !m :i* gives to !m limitation 9 relation to "o ano!r2 :]eas 9 _! own nature !y h no limit4 ,t is cle>4 ,!n ! o!rs ?an ! "o1 bo? z :ole & p>ts1 are inf9ite1 & also p>take ( limit4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n !y are bo? l & unlike "o ano!r & !mselves4 ,h[ is t8 ,inasmu* z !y are unlimit$ 9 _! own nature1 !y are all affect$ 9 ! same way4 ,true4 ,& inasmu* z !y all p>take ( limit1 !y are all affect$ 9 ! same way4 ,( c\rse4 ,b inasmu* z _! /ate is bo? limit$ & unlimit$1 !y are affect$ 9 opposite ways4 ,yes4 ,& opposites are ! mo/ unlike ( ?+s4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,consid]$1 !n1 9 reg>d to ei!r "o ( _! affections1 !y w be l !mselves & "o ano!r2 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to bo? ( !m toge!r1 mo/ oppos$ & mo/ unlike4 ,t appe>s to be true4 ,!n ! o!rs are bo? l & unlike !mselves & "o ano!r8 ,true4 ,& !y are ! same & also diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & 9 motion & at re/1 & exp]i5ce e sort ( opposite affection1 z may be prov$ )\t difficulty ( !m1 s9ce !y h be5 %[n to h exp]i5c$ ! affections a=esaid8 ,true4 #a4;bb4 ,suppose1 n[1 t we leave ! fur!r discussion ( ^! matt]s z evid5t1 & consid] aga9 ^u ! hypo!sis t ! "o is1 :e!r opposite ( all ?is is or is n equally true ( ! o!rs4 ,by all means4 ,!n let u beg9 aga91 & ask1 ,if "o is1 :at mu/ be ! affections ( ! o!rs8 ,let u ask t "q4 ,mu/ n ! "o be di/9ct f ! o!rs1 & ! o!rs f ! "o8 ,:y s8 ,:y1 because !re is no?+ else beside !m :i* is di/9ct f bo? ( !m2 = ! expression '"o & ! o!rs' includes all ?+s4 ,yes1 all ?+s4 ,!n we _c suppose t !re is any?+ diff]5t f !m 9 :i* bo? ! "o & ! o!rs might exi/8 ,!re is no?+4 ,!n ! "o & ! o!rs are nev] 9 ! same8 ,true4 ,!n !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r8 ,yes4 ,& we surely _c say t :at is truly "o has p>ts8 ,impossible4 ,!n ! "o w n be 9 ! o!rs z a :ole1 nor z "p1 if x be sep>at$ f ! o!rs1 & has no p>ts8 ,impossible4 ,!n !re is no way 9 :i* ! o!rs c p>take ( ! "o1 if !y d n p>take ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p8 ,x w\ld seem n4 ,!n !re is no way 9 :i* ! o!rs are "o1 or h 9 !mselves any unity8 ,!re is n4 ,nor are ! o!rs _m2 = if !y 7 _m1 ea* "p ( !m w\ld be a "p ( ! :ole2 b n[ ! o!rs1 n p>tak+ 9 any way ( ! "o1 are nei!r "o nor _m1 nor :ole1 nor "p4 ,true4 ,!n ! o!rs nei!r are nor conta9 two or ?ree1 if entirely depriv$ ( ! "o8 ,true4 ,!n ! o!rs are nei!r l nor unlike ! "o1 nor is lik5ess & unlik5ess 9 !m2 = if !y 7 l & unlike1 or _h 9 !m lik5ess & unlik5ess1 !y w\ld h two natures 9 !m opposite to "o ano!r4 ,t is cle>4 ,b = t :i* p>takes ( no?+ to p>take ( two ?+s 0 held by u to be impossible8 ,impossible4 ,!n ! o!rs are nei!r l nor unlike nor bo?1 = if !y 7 l or unlike !y w\ld p>take ( "o ( ^? two natures1 :i* w\ld be "o ?+1 & if !y 7 bo? !y w\ld p>take ( opposites :i* w\ld be two ?+s1 & ?is has be5 %[n to be impossible4 ,true4 ,!re=e !y are nei!r ! same1 nor o!r1 nor 9 motion1 nor at re/1 nor 9 a /ate ( becom+1 nor ( be+ de/roy$1 nor great]1 nor less1 nor equal1 nor h !y exp]i5c$ any?+ else ( ! sort2 =1 if !y are capable ( exp]i5c+ any su* affection1 !y w p>ticipate 9 "o & two & ?ree1 & odd & ev51 & 9 ^!1 z has be5 prov$1 !y d n p>ticipate1 see+ t !y are altoge!r & 9 e way devoid ( ! "o4 ,v true4 ,!re=e if "o is1 ! "o is all ?+s1 & also no?+1 bo? 9 relation to itself & to o!r ?+s4 ,c]ta9ly4 #b4;a4 ,well1 & ought we n to consid] next :at w be ! consequ5ce if ! "o is n8 ,yes2 we ought4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! hypo!sis--,if ! "o is n2 is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! hypo!sis--,if ! n "o is n8 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 c]ta9ly4 ,is !re a diff]5ce only1 or r are n ! two expressions--if ! "o is n1 & if ! n "o is n1 entirely oppos$8 ,!y are entirely oppos$4 ,& suppose a p]son to say3--,if greatness is n1 if smallness is n1 or any?+ ( t sort1 does he n mean1 :5ev] he uses su* an expression1 t ':at is n' is o!r ?an o!r ?+s8 ,to be sure4 ,& s :5 he says ',if "o is n' he cle>ly means1 t :at 'is n' is o!r ?an all o!rs2 we "k :at he means--d we n8 ,yes1 we d4 ,:5 he says '"o1' he says some?+ :i* is kn[n2 & secondly some?+ :i* is o!r ?an all o!r ?+s2 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r he pr$icate ( "o be+ or n-be+1 = t :i* is said 'n to be' is kn[n to be some?+ all ! same1 & is di/+ui%$ f o!r ?+s4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ,i w beg9 aga91 & ask3 ,if "o is n1 :at are ! consequ5ces8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z w\ld appe>1 !re is a k ( x1 or ! v mean+ ( ! words1 'if "o is n1' w\ld n be kn[n4 ,true4 ,secondly1 ! o!rs diff] f x1 or x c\ld n be describ$ z diff]5t f ! o!rs8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,diff]5ce1 !n1 belongs to x z well z k2 = 9 speak+ ( ! "o z diff]5t f ! o!rs1 we d n speak ( a diff]5ce 9 ! o!rs1 b 9 ! "o4 ,cle>ly s4 ,moreov]1 ! "o t is n is some?+ & p>takes ( relation to 't1' & '?is1' & '^!1' & ! l1 & is an attribute ( '?is'2 = ! "o1 or ! o!rs ?an ! "o1 c\ld n h be5 spok5 (1 nor c\ld any attribute or relative ( ! "o t is n h be5 or be5 spok5 (1 nor c\ld x h be5 said to be any?+1 if x did n p>take ( '"s1' or ( ! o!r relations j n[ m5tion$4 ,true4 ,be+1 !n1 _c be ascrib$ to ! "o1 s9ce x is n2 b ! "o t is n may or r mu/ p>ticipate 9 _m ?+s1 if x & no?+ else is n2 if1 h[ev]1 nei!r ! "o nor ! "o t is n is suppos$ n to be1 & we are speak+ ( some?+ ( a diff]5t nature1 we c pr$icate no?+ ( x4 ,b suppos+ t ! "o t is n & no?+ else is n1 !n x mu/ p>ticipate 9 ! pr$icate 't1' & 9 _m o!rs4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& x w h unlik5ess 9 relation to ! o!rs1 = ! o!rs be+ diff]5t f ! "o w be ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& are n ?+s ( a diff]5t k9d also o!r 9 k9d8 ,( c\rse4 ,& are n ?+s o!r 9 k9d unlike8 ,!y are unlike4 ,& if !y are unlike ! "o1 t :i* !y are unlike w cle>ly be unlike !m8 ,cle>ly s4 ,!n ! "o w h unlik5ess 9 respect ( :i* ! o!rs are unlike x8 ,t w\ld seem to be true4 ,& if unlik5ess to o!r ?+s is attribut$ to x1 x mu/ h lik5ess to itself4 ,h[ s8 ,if ! "o h unlik5ess to "o1 some?+ else mu/ be meant2 nor w ! hypo!sis relate to "o2 b x w relate to some?+ o!r ?an "o8 ,q s4 ,b t _c be4 ,no4 ,!n ! "o mu/ h lik5ess to itself8 ,x mu/4 ,aga91 x is n equal to ! o!rs2 = if x 7 equal1 !n x w\ld at once be & be l !m 9 virtue ( ! equality2 b if "o has no be+1 !n x c nei!r be nor be l8 ,x _c4 ,b s9ce x is n equal to ! o!rs1 nei!r c ! o!rs be equal to x8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& ?+s t are n equal are unequal8 ,true4 ,& !y are unequal to an unequal8 ,( c\rse4 ,!n ! "o p>takes ( inequality1 & 9 respect ( ?is ! o!rs are unequal to x8 ,v true4 ,& inequality implies greatness & smallness8 ,yes4 ,!n ! "o1 if ( su* a nature1 has greatness & smallness8 ,t appe>s to be true4 ,& greatness & smallness always /& ap>t8 ,true4 ,!n !re is always some?+ betwe5 !m8 ,!re is4 ,& c y ?9k ( any?+ else :i* is betwe5 !m o!r ?an equality8 ,no1 x is equality :i* lies betwe5 !m4 ,!n t :i* has greatness & smallness also has equality1 :i* lies betwe5 !m8 ,t is cle>4 ,!n ! "o1 :i* is n1 p>takes1 z w\ld appe>1 ( greatness & smallness & equality8 ,cle>ly4 ,fur!r1 x mu/ surely 9 a sort p>take ( be+8 ,h[ s8 ,x mu/ be s1 = if n1 !n we %\ld n speak ! tru? 9 say+ t ! "o is n4 ,b if we speak ! tru?1 cle>ly we mu/ say :at is4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,yes4 ,& s9ce we affirm t we speak truly1 we mu/ also affirm t we say :at is8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n1 z w\ld appe>1 ! "o1 :5 x is n1 is2 = if x 7 n to be :5 x is n1 b 7,or1 'to remit some?+ ( exi/5ce 9 relation to n-be+4'7 7 to rel9qui% some?+ ( be+1 s z to become n-be+1 x w\ld at once be4 ,q true4 ,!n ! "o :i* is n1 if x is to ma9ta9 itself1 mu/ h ! be+ ( n-be+ z ! bond ( n-be+1 j z be+ mu/ h z a bond ! n-be+ ( n-be+ 9 ord] to p]fect its own be+2 = ! true/ ass]tion ( ! be+ ( be+ & ( ! n-be+ ( n-be+ is :5 be+ p>takes ( ! be+ ( be+1 & n ( ! be+ ( n-be+--t is1 ! p]fection ( be+2 & :5 n-be+ does n p>take ( ! n-be+ ( n-be+ b ( ! be+ ( n-be+--t is ! p]fection ( n-be+4 ,mo/ true4 ,s9ce !n :at is p>takes ( n-be+1 & :at is n ( be+1 mu/ n ! "o also p>take ( be+ 9 ord] n to be8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! "o1 if x is n1 cle>ly has be+8 ,cle>ly4 ,& has n-be+ also1 if x is n8 ,( c\rse4 ,b c any?+ :i* is 9 a c]ta9 /ate n be 9 t /ate )\t *ang+8 ,impossible4 ,!n ev]y?+ :i* is & is n 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 implies *ange8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& *ange is motion--we may say t8 ,yes1 motion4 ,& ! "o has be5 prov$ bo? to be & n to be8 ,yes4 ,& !re=e is & is n 9 ! same /ate8 ,yes4 ,?us ! "o t is n has be5 %[n to h motion also1 because x *anges f be+ to n-be+8 ,t appe>s to be true4 ,b surely if x is n[h]e among :at is1 z is ! fact1 s9ce x is n1 x _c *ange f "o place to ano!r8 ,impossible4 ,!n x _c move by *ang+ place8 ,no4 ,nor c x turn on ! same spot1 = x n[h]e t\*es ! same1 = ! same is1 & t :i* is n _c be reckon$ among ?+s t are8 ,x _c4 ,!n ! "o1 if x is n1 _c turn 9 t 9 :i* x is n8 ,no4 ,nei!r c ! "o1 :e!r x is or is n1 be alt]$ into o!r ?an itself1 = if x alt]$ & became diff]5t f itself1 !n we c\ld n be /ill speak+ ( ! "o1 b ( some?+ else8 ,true4 ,b if ! "o nei!r suff]s alt]ation1 nor turns r\nd 9 ! same place1 nor *anges place1 c x /ill be capable ( motion8 ,impossible4 ,n[ t :i* is unmov$ mu/ surely be at re/1 & t :i* is at re/ mu/ /& /ill8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! "o t is n1 /&s /ill1 & is also 9 motion8 ,t seems to be true4 ,b if x be 9 motion x mu/ necess>ily und]go alt]ation1 = any?+ :i* is mov$1 9 s f> z x is mov$1 is no long] 9 ! same /ate1 b 9 ano!r8 ,yes4 ,!n ! "o1 be+ mov$1 is alt]$8 ,yes4 ,&1 fur!r1 if n mov$ 9 any way1 x w n be alt]$ 9 any way8 ,no4 ,!n1 9 s f> z ! "o t is n is mov$1 x is alt]$1 b 9 s f> z x is n mov$1 x is n alt]$8 ,"r4 ,!n ! "o t is n is alt]$ & is n alt]$8 ,t is cle>4 ,& mu/ n t :i* is alt]$ become o!r ?an x previ\sly 01 & lose its =m] /ate & be de/roy$2 b t :i* is n alt]$ c nei!r come into be+ nor be de/roy$8 ,v true4 ,& ! "o t is n1 be+ alt]$1 becomes & is de/roy$2 & n be+ alt]$1 nei!r becomes nor is de/roy$2 & s ! "o t is n becomes & is de/roy$1 & nei!r becomes nor is de/roy$8 ,true4 #b4;b4 ,& n[1 let u g back once m to ! beg9n+1 & see :e!r ^! or "s o!r consequ5ces w foll[4 ,let u d z y say4 ,if "o is n1 we ask :at w happ5 9 respect ( "o8 ,t is ! "q4 ,yes4 ,d n ! words 'is n' signify abs5ce ( be+ 9 t to :i* we apply !m8 ,j s4 ,& :5 we say t a ?+ is n1 d we mean t x is n 9 "o way b is 9 ano!r8 or d we mean1 absolutely1 t :at is n has 9 no sort or way or k9d p>ticipation ( be+8 ,q absolutely4 ,!n1 t :i* is n _c be1 or 9 any way p>ticipate 9 be+8 ,x _c4 ,& did we n mean by becom+1 & be+ de/roy$1 ! assumption ( be+ & ! loss ( be+8 ,no?+ else4 ,& c t :i* has no p>ticipation 9 be+1 ei!r assume or lose be+8 ,impossible4 ,! "o !n1 s9ce x 9 no way is1 _c h or lose or assume be+ 9 any way8 ,true4 ,!n ! "o t is n1 s9ce x 9 no way p>takes ( be+1 nei!r p]i%es nor becomes8 ,no4 ,!n x is n alt]$ at all2 = if x 7 x w\ld become & be de/roy$8 ,true4 ,b if x be n alt]$ x _c be mov$8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,nor c we say t x /&s1 if x is n[h]e2 = t :i* /&s mu/ always be 9 "o & ! same spot8 ,( c\rse4 ,!n we mu/ say t ! "o :i* is n nev] /&s /ill & nev] moves8 ,nei!r4 ,nor is !re any exi/+ ?+ :i* c be attribut$ to x2 = if !re _h be51 x w\ld p>take ( be+8 ,t is cle>4 ,& !re=e nei!r smallness1 nor greatness1 nor equality1 c be attribut$ to x8 ,no4 ,nor yet lik5ess nor diff]5ce1 ei!r 9 relation to itself or to o!rs8 ,cle>ly n4 ,well1 & if no?+ %\ld be attribut$ to x1 c o!r ?+s be attribut$ to x8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& !re=e o!r ?+s c nei!r be l or unlike1 ! same1 or diff]5t 9 relation to x8 ,!y _c4 ,nor c :at is n1 be any?+1 or be ?is ?+1 or be relat$ to or ! attribute ( ?is or t or o!r1 or be pa/1 pres5t1 or future4 ,nor c k1 or op9ion1 or p]ception1 or expression1 or "n1 or any o!r ?+ t is1 h any conc]n ) x8 ,no4 ,!n ! "o t is n has no condition ( any k9d8 ,su* appe>s to be ! conclusion4 #b4;aa4 ,yet once m2 if "o is n1 :at becomes ( ! o!rs8 ,let u det]m9e t4 ,yes2 let u det]m9e t4 ,! o!rs mu/ surely be2 = if !y1 l ! "o1 7 n1 we c\ld n be n[ speak+ ( !m4 ,true4 ,b to speak ( ! o!rs implies diff]5ce--! t]ms 'o!r' & 'diff]5t' are synonym\s8 ,true4 ,o!r means o!r ?an o!r1 & diff]5t1 diff]5t f ! diff]5t8 ,yes4 ,!n1 if !re are to be o!rs1 !re is some?+ ?an :i* !y w be o!r8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :at c t be8--= if ! "o is n1 !y w n be o!r ?an ! "o4 ,!y w n4 ,!n !y w be o!r ?an ea* o!r2 = ! only rema9+ alt]native is t !y are o!r ?an no?+4 ,true4 ,& !y are ea* o!r ?an "o ano!r1 z be+ plural & n s+ul>2 = if "o is n1 !y _c be s+ul>1 b e p>ticle ( !m is inf9ite 9 numb]2 & ev5 if a p]son takes t :i* appe>s to be ! smalle/ fraction1 ?is1 :i* seem$ "o1 9 a mom5t evanesces into _m1 z 9 a dream1 & f be+ ! smalle/ becomes v great1 9 comp>ison ) ! fractions into :i* x is split up8 ,v true4 ,& 9 su* p>ticles ! o!rs w be o!r ?an "o ano!r1 if o!rs are1 & ! "o is n8 ,exactly4 ,& w !re n be _m p>ticles1 ea* appe>+ to be "o1 b n be+ "o1 if "o is n8 ,true4 ,& x w\ld seem t numb] c be pr$icat$ ( !m if ea* ( !m appe>s to be "o1 ?\gh x is really _m8 ,x c4 ,& !re w seem to be odd & ev5 among !m1 :i* w also h no reality1 if "o is n8 ,yes4 ,& !re w appe> to be a lea/ among !m2 & ev5 ?is w seem l>ge & manifold 9 comp>ison ) ! _m small fractions :i* are conta9$ 9 x8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ea* p>ticle w be imag9$ to be equal to ! _m & little2 = x c\ld n h appe>$ to pass f ! great] to ! less )\t hav+ appe>$ to arrive at ! middle2 & ?us w\ld arise ! appe>ance ( equality4 ,yes4 ,& hav+ nei!r beg9n+1 middle1 nor end1 ea* sep>ate p>ticle yet appe>s to h a limit 9 relation to itself & o!r4 ,h[ s8 ,because1 :5 a p]son conceives ( any "o ( ^! z su*1 prior to ! beg9n+ ano!r beg9n+ appe>s1 & !re is ano!r end1 rema9+ aft] ! end1 & 9 ! middle tru] middles )9 b small]1 because no unity c be conceiv$ ( any ( !m1 s9ce ! "o is n4 ,v true4 ,& s all be+1 :atev] we ?9k (1 mu/ be brok5 up into fractions1 = a p>ticle w h to be conceiv$ ( )\t unity8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& su* be+ :5 se5 indi/9ctly & at a di/ance1 appe>s to be "o2 b :5 se5 ne> & ) ke5 intellect1 e s+le ?+ appe>s to be inf9ite1 s9ce x is depriv$ ( ! "o1 :i* is n8 ,no?+ m c]ta94 ,!n ea* ( ! o!rs mu/ appe> to be inf9ite & f9ite1 & "o & _m1 if o!rs ?an ! "o exi/ & n ! "o4 ,!y mu/4 ,!n w !y n appe> to be l & unlike8 ,9 :at way8 ,j z 9 a picture ?+s appe> to be all "o to a p]son /&+ at a di/ance1 & to be 9 ! same /ate & alike8 ,true4 ,b :5 y approa* !m1 !y appe> to be _m & diff]5t2 & because ( ! appe>ance ( ! diff]5ce1 diff]5t 9 k9d f1 & unlike1 !mselves8 ,true4 ,& s mu/ ! p>ticles appe> to be l & unlike !mselves & ea* o!r4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& mu/ !y n be ! same & yet diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & 9 contact ) !mselves1 al?\gh !y are sep>at$1 & hav+ e sort ( motion1 & e sort ( re/1 & becom+ & be+ de/roy$1 & 9 nei!r /ate1 & ! l1 all :i* ?+s may be easily enum]at$1 if ! "o is n & ! _m are8 ,mo/ true4 #b4;bb4 ,once m1 let u g back to ! beg9n+1 & ask if ! "o is n1 & ! o!rs ( ! "o are1 :at w foll[4 ,let u ask t "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! o!rs w n be "o8 ,impossible4 ,nor w !y be _m2 = if !y 7 _m "o w\ld be conta9$ 9 !m4 ,b if no "o ( !m is "o1 all ( !m are n\ght1 & !re=e !y w n be _m4 ,true4 ,if !re be no "o 9 ! o!rs1 ! o!rs are nei!r _m nor "o4 ,!y are n4 ,nor d !y appe> ei!r z "o or _m4 ,:y n8 ,because ! o!rs h no sort or mann] or way ( communion ) any sort ( n-be+1 nor c any?+ :i* is n1 be connect$ ) any ( ! o!rs2 = t :i* is n has no p>ts4 ,true4 ,nor is !re an op9ion or any appe>ance ( n-be+ 9 connexion ) ! o!rs1 nor is n-be+ ev] 9 any way attribut$ to ! o!rs4 ,no4 ,!n if "o is n1 !re is no conception ( any ( ! o!rs ei!r z "o or _m2 = y _c conceive ! _m )\t ! "o4 ,y _c4 ,!n if "o is n1 ! o!rs nei!r are1 nor c be conceiv$ to be ei!r "o or _m8 ,x w\ld seem n4 ,nor z l or unlike8 ,no4 ,nor z ! same or diff]5t1 nor 9 contact or sep>ation1 nor 9 any ( ^? /ates :i* we enum]at$ z appe>+ to be2--! o!rs nei!r are nor appe> to be any ( ^!1 if "o is n8 ,true4 ,!n may we n sum up ! argum5t 9 a ^w & say truly3 ,if "o is n1 !n no?+ is8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,let ?us mu* be said2 & fur!r let u affirm :at seems to be ! tru?1 t1 :e!r "o is or is n1 "o & ! o!rs 9 relation to !mselves & "o ano!r1 all ( !m1 9 e way1 are & are n1 & appe> to be & appe> n to be4 ,mo/ true4