,,m5ex5us  by ,plato  7see ,app5dix ,i7 
,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett            
,,app5dix ,i4  ,x seems impossible to   
sep>ate by any exact l9e ! g5u9e writ+s 
( ,plato f ! spuri\s4 ,! only ext]nal   
evid5ce to !m :i* is ( mu* value is t ( 
,ari/otle2 = ! ,alex&rian catalogues ( a
 c5tury lat] include manife/ =g]ies4    
,ev5 ! value ( ! ,ari/otelian au?ority  
is a good deal impair$ by ! unc]ta9ty   
conc]n+ ! date & au?or%ip ( ! writ+s :i*
 are ascrib$ to him4 ,& sev]al ( !      
citations ( ,ari/otle omit ! "n (       
,plato1 & "s ( !m omit ! "n ( ! dialogue
 f :i* !y are tak54 ,prior1 h[ev]1 to ! 
enquiry ab\t ! writ+s ( a p>ticul>      
au?or1 g5]al consid]ations :i* equally  
affect all evid5ce to ! g5u95ess (      
anci5t writ+s are ! foll[+3 ,%ort] works
 are m likely to h be5 =g$1 or to h     
receiv$ an errone\s designation1 ?an    
long] ones2 & "s k9ds ( composition1 su*
 z epi/les or panegyrical orations1 are 
m liable to suspicion ?an o!rs2 ^?1     
aga91 :i* h a ta/e ( sophi/ry 9 !m1 or !

 r+ ( a lat] age1 or ! slight] "* ( a   
rhetorical ex]cise1 or 9 :i* a motive or
 "s aff9ity to spuri\s writ+s c be      
detect$1 or :i* seem to h orig9at$ 9 a  
"n or /atem5t really occurr+ 9 "s       
classical au?or1 are also ( d\btful     
cr$it2 :ile !re is no in/ance ( any     
anci5t writ+ prov$ to be a =g]y1 :i*    
comb9es excell5ce ) l5g?4 ,a really     
great & orig9al writ] w\ld h no object 9
 fa!r+ 8 works on ,plato2 & to ! =g] or 
imitator1 ! 'lit]>y hack' ( ,alex&ria & 
,a!ns1 ! ,gods did n grant orig9ality or
 g5ius4 ,fur!r1 9 attempt+ to balance ! 
evid5ce = & aga9/ a ,platonic dialogue1 
we mu/ n =get t ! =m ( ! ,platonic writ+
 0 common to sev]al ( 8 contempor>ies4  
,aes*9es1 ,euclid1 ,pha$o1 ,anti/h5es1 &
 9 ! next g5]ation ,ari/otle1 are all   
said to h compos$ dialogues2 & mi/akes (
 names are v likely to h occurr$4 ,greek
 lit]ature 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 0 
almo/ z volum9\s z our own1 & )\t !     
safegu>ds ( regul> publication1 or      
pr9t+1 or b9d+1 or ev5 ( di/9ct titles4 

,an unkn[n writ+ 0 naturally attribut$  
to a kn[n writ] ^: works bore ! same "*2
 & ! "n once app5d$ easily obta9$       
au?ority4 ,a t5d5cy may also be obs]v$  
to bl5d ! works & op9ions ( ! ma/] ) ^? 
( 8 s*ol>s4 ,to a lat] ,platoni/1 !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato & 8 imitators 0 n
 s p]ceptible z to ourselves4 ,!        
,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon & ! ,dialogues (
 ,plato are b a "p ( a consid]able      
,socratic lit]ature :i* has pass$ away4 
,& we mu/ consid] h[ we %\ld reg>d ! "q 
( ! g5u95ess ( a p>ticul> writ+1 if ?is 
lo/ lit]ature _h be5 pres]v$ to u4  ,^! 
consid]ations lead u to adopt ! foll[+  
crit]ia ( g5u95ess3 7#a7 ,t is mo/      
c]ta9ly ,plato's :i* ,ari/otle          
attributes to him by "n1 :i* 7#b7 is (  
consid]able l5g?1 ( 7#c7 great          
excell5ce1 & also 7#d7 9 h>mony ) !     
g5]al _s ( ! ,platonic writ+s4 ,b !     
te/imony ( ,ari/otle _c always be       
di/+ui%$ f t ( a lat] age 7see above72 &
 has v>i\s degrees ( importance4 ,^?    
writ+s :i* he cites )\t m5tion+ ,plato1 

"u _! own names1 e4g4 ! ,hippias1 !     
,fun]al ,oration1 ! ,pha$o1 etc41 h an  
inf]ior degree ( evid5ce 9 _! fav\r4 ,!y
 may h be5 suppos$ by him to be ! writ+s
 ( ano!r1 al?\gh 9 ! case ( really great
 works1 e4g4 ! ,pha$o1 ?is is n cr$ible2
 ^? aga9 :i* are quot$ b n nam$1 are    
/ill m defective 9 _! ext]nal cr$5tials4
 ,!re may be also a possibility t       
,ari/otle 0 mi/ak51 or may h confus$ !  
ma/] & 8 s*ol>s 9 ! case ( a %ort writ+2
 b ?is is inconceivable ab\t a m        
important "w1 e4g4 ! ,laws1 especially  
:5 we rememb] t he 0 liv+ at ,a!ns1 & a 
frequ5t] ( ! groves ( ! ,academy1 dur+ !
 la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ,plato's life4 ,nor   
mu/ we =get t 9 all 8 num]\s citations f
 ! ,platonic writ+s he nev] attributes  
any passage f\nd 9 ! extant dialogues to
 any "o b ,plato4 ,& la/ly1 we may rem>k
 t "o or two great writ+s1 su* z !      
,p>m5ides & ! ,politicus1 :i* are :olly 
devoid ( ,ari/otelian 7#a7 cr$5tials may
 be fairly attribut$ to ,plato1 on !    
gr\nd ( 7#b7 l5g?1 7#c7 excell5ce1 &    

7#d7 accordance ) ! g5]al _s ( 8 writ+s4
 ,inde$ ! great] "p ( ! evid5ce = !     
g5u95ess ( anci5t ,greek au?ors may be  
summ$ up "u two heads only3 7#a7        
excell5ce2 & 7#b7 uni=mity (            
tradition--a k9d ( evid5ce1 :i* ?\gh 9  
_m cases suffici5t1 is ( inf]ior value4 
,proce$+ ^u ^! pr9ciples we appe> to    
arrive at ! conclusion t n9ete5-tw5tie?s
 ( all ! writ+s :i* h ev] be5 ascrib$ to
 ,plato1 are und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,!re is   
ano!r portion ( !m1 includ+ ! ,epi/les1 
! ,ep9omis1 ! dialogues reject$ by !    
anci5ts !mselves1 namely1 ! ,axio*us1   
,de ju/o1 ,de virtute1 ,demodocus1      
,sisyphus1 ,eryxias1 :i* on gr\nds1 bo? 
( int]nal & ext]nal evid5ce1 we are able
 ) equal c]ta9ty to reject4 ,b !re /ill 
rema9s a small portion ( :i* we are     
unable to affirm ei!r t !y are g5u9e or 
spuri\s4 ,!y may h be5 writt5 9 y\?1 or 
possibly l ! works ( "s pa9t]s1 may be  
p>tly or :olly ! compositions ( pupils2 
or !y may h be5 ! writ+s ( "s           
contempor>y transf]r$ by accid5t to ! m 

celebrat$ "n ( ,plato1 or ( "s ,platoni/
 9 ! next g5]ation :o aspir$ to imitate 
8 ma/]4 ,n t on gr\nds ei!r ( language  
or philosophy we %\ld lightly reject !m4
 ,"s diff]5ce ( /yle1 or inf]iority (   
execution1 or inconsi/5cy ( ?\ght1 c    
h>dly be consid]$ decisive ( _! spuri\s 
"*4 ,= :o always does ju/ice to himself1
 or :o writes ) equal c>e at all times8 
,c]ta9ly n ,plato1 :o exhibits ! greate/
 diff]5ces 9 dramatic p[]1 9 ! =mation (
 s5t5ces1 & 9 ! use ( words1 if 8 e>li] 
writ+s are comp>$ ) 8 lat] ones1 say !  
,protagoras or ,pha$rus ) ! ,laws4 ,or  
:o c be expect$ to ?9k 9 ! same mann]   
dur+ a p]iod ( au?or%ip ext5d+ ov] above
 fifty ye>s1 9 an age ( great           
intellectual activity1 z well z (       
political & lit]>y transition8 ,c]ta9ly 
n ,plato1 ^: e>li] writ+s are sep>at$ f 
8 lat] ones by z wide an int]val (      
philosophical speculation z t :i*       
sep>ates 8 lat] writ+s f ,ari/otle4  ,! 
dialogues :i* h be5 translat$ 9 ! fir/  
,app5dix1 & :i* appe> to h ! next claim 

to g5u95ess among ! ,platonic writ+s1   
are ! ,less] ,hippias1 ! ,m5ex5us or    
,fun]al ,oration1 ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades4  
,( ^!1 ! ,less] ,hippias & ! ,fun]al    
,oration are cit$ by ,ari/otle2 ! fir/ 9
 ! ,metaphysics1 ! latt] 9 ! ,rhetoric4 
,nei!r ( !m are expressly attribut$ to  
,plato1 b 9 8 citation ( bo? ( !m he    
seems to be ref]r+ to passages 9 !      
extant dialogues4 ,f ! m5tion (         
',hippias' 9 ! s+ul> by ,ari/otle1 we   
may p]haps inf] t he 0 unacqua9t$ ) a   
second dialogue be>+ ! same "n4         
,moreov]1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( a ,great] &   
,less] ,hippias1 & ( a ,fir/ & ,second  
,alcibiades1 does to a c]ta9 ext5t ?r[ a
 d\bt ^u bo? ( !m4 ,?\gh a v clev] &    
+5i\s "w1 ! ,less] ,hippias does n appe>
 to conta9 any?+ beyond ! p[] ( an      
imitator1 :o 0 also a c>eful /ud5t ( !  
e>li] ,platonic writ+s1 to inv5t4 ,!    
motive or lead+ ?\ght ( ! dialogue may  
be detect$ 9 ,x54 ,mem41 & !re is no    
simil> in/ance ( a 'motive' :i* is tak5 
f ,x5ophon 9 an und\bt$ dialogue (      

,plato4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! uphold]s ( !    
g5u95ess ( ! dialogue w f9d 9 ! ,hippias
 a true ,socratic _s2 !y w comp>e ! ,ion
 z be+ ak9 bo? 9 subject & treatm5t2 !y 
w urge ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle2 & !y w   
detect 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,sophi/1 9 !    
satirical reason+ ^u ,hom]1 9 ! r$uctio 
ad absurdum ( ! doctr9e t vice is       
ignorance1 traces ( a ,platonic         
au?or%ip4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! la/ po9t we   
are d\btful1 z 9 "s ( ! o!r dialogues1  
:e!r ! au?or is ass]t+ or ov]?r[+ !     
p>adox ( ,socrates1 or m]ely foll[+ !   
argum5t ':i!r ! w9d bl[s4' ,t no        
conclusion is arriv$ at is also 9       
accordance ) ! "* ( ! e>li] dialogues4  
,! resemblances or imitations ( !       
,gorgias1 ,protagoras1 & ,eu?ydemus1 :i*
 h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,hippias1 _c ) c]ta9ty
 be adduc$ on ei!r side ( ! argum5t4 ,on
 ! :ole1 m may be said 9 fav\r ( !      
g5u95ess ( ! ,hippias ?an aga9/ x4  ,!  
,m5ex5us or ,fun]al ,oration is cit$ by 
,ari/otle1 & is int]e/+ z supply+ an    
example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! orators prais$

 '! ,a!nians among ! ,a!nians1' falsify+
 p]sons & dates1 & ca/+ a veil ov] !    
gloomi] ev5ts ( ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,x      
exhibits an acqua9tance ) ! fun]al      
oration ( ,?ucydides1 & 01 p]haps1      
int5d$ to rival t great "w4 ,if g5u9e1 !
 prop] place ( ! ,m5ex5us w\ld be at !  
end ( ! ,pha$rus4 ,! satirical op5+ & ! 
conclud+ words be> a great resemblance  
to ! e>li] dialogues2 ! oration itself  
is pr(ess$ly a mimetic "w1 l ! spee*es 9
 ! ,pha$rus1 & _c !re=e be te/$ by a    
comp>ison ( ! o!r writ+s ( ,plato4 ,!   
fun]al oration ( ,p]icles is expressly  
m5tion$ 9 ! ,pha$rus1 & ?is may h       
sugge/$ ! subject1 9 ! same mann] t !   
,cleitophon appe>s to be sugge/$ by !   
slight m5tion ( ,cleitophon & 8 atta*m5t
 to ,?rasyma*us 9 ! ,republic2 & !      
,!ages by ! m5tion ( ,!ages 9 ! ,apology
 & ,republic2 or z ! ,second ,alcibiades
 seems to be f\nd$ ^u ! text ( ,x5ophon1
 ,mem4 ,a simil> ta/e = p>ody appe>s n  
only 9 ! ,pha$rus1 b 9 ! ,protagoras1 9 
! ,symposium1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 !    

,p>m5ides4  ,to ^! two d\btful writ+s ( 
,plato ,i h add$ ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades1   
:i*1 ( all ! disput$ dialogues ( ,plato1
 has ! greate/ m]it1 & is some:at long] 
?an any ( !m1 ?\gh n v]ifi$ by !        
te/imony ( ,ari/otle1 & 9 _m respects at
 v>iance ) ! ,symposium 9 ! description 
( ! relations ( ,socrates & ,alcibiades4
 ,l ! ,less] ,hippias & ! ,m5ex5us1 x is
 to be comp>$ to ! e>li] writ+s (       
,plato4 ,! motive ( ! piece may1 p]haps1
 be f\nd 9 t passage ( ! ,symposium 9   
:i* ,alcibiades describes himself z     
self-convict$ by ! words ( ,socrates4 ,=
 ! disp>ag+ mann] 9 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] has 
spok5 ( ?is dialogue !re seems to be no 
suffici5t f\ndation4 ,at ! same "t1 !   
lesson imp>t$ is simple1 & ! irony m    
transp>5t ?an 9 ! und\bt$ dialogues (   
,plato4 ,we "k1 too1 t ,alcibiades 0 a  
fav\rite !sis1 & t at lea/ five or six  
dialogues be>+ ?is "n pass$ curr5t 9    
antiquity1 & are attribut$ to           
contempor>ies ( ,socrates & ,plato4 7#a7
 ,9 ! entire abs5ce ( real ext]nal      

evid5ce 7= ! catalogues ( ! ,alex&rian  
libr>ians _c be reg>d$ z tru/wor?y72 &  
7#b7 9 ! abs5ce ( ! highe/ m>ks ei!r (  
poetical or philosophical excell5ce2 &  
7#c7 consid]+ t we h express te/imony to
 ! exi/5ce ( contempor>y writ+s be>+ !  
"n ( ,alcibiades1 we are compell$ to    
susp5d our judgm5t on ! g5u95ess ( !    
extant dialogue4  ,nei!r at ?is po9t1   
nor at any o!r1 d we propose to draw an 
absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 g5u9e &
 spuri\s writ+s ( ,plato4 ,!y fade (f   
imp]ceptibly f "o class to ano!r4 ,!re  
may h be5 degrees ( g5u95ess 9 !        
dialogues !mselves1 z !re are c]ta9ly   
degrees ( evid5ce by :i* !y are         
support$4 ,! traditions ( ! oral        
disc\rses bo? ( ,socrates & ,plato may h
 =m$ ! basis ( semi-,platonic writ+s2 "s
 ( !m may be ( ! same mix$ "* :i* is    
app>5t 9 ,ari/otle & ,hippocrates1      
al?\gh ! =m ( !m is diff]5t4 ,b ! writ+s
 ( ,plato1 unlike ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 
seem nev] to h be5 confus$ ) ! writ+s ( 
8 disciples3 ?is 0 probably due to _!   

def9ite =m1 & to _! inimitable          
excell5ce4 ,! ?ree dialogues :i* we h   
(f]$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ! criticism ( !    
read] may be p>tly spuri\s & p>tly      
g5u9e2 !y may be altoge!r spuri\s2--t is
 an alt]native :i* mu/ be frankly       
admitt$4 ,nor c we ma9ta9 ( "s o!r      
dialogues1 su* z ! ,p>m5ides1 & !       
,sophi/1 & ,politicus1 t no consid]able 
objection c be urg$ aga9/ !m1 ?\gh      
greatly ov]balanc$ by ! weight 7*iefly7 
( int]nal evid5ce 9 _! fav\r4 ,nor1 on !
 o!r h&1 c we exclude a b>e possibility 
t "s dialogues :i* are usually reject$1 
su* z ! ,great] ,hippias & !            
,cleitophon1 may be g5u9e4 ,! nature &  
object ( ^! semi-,platonic writ+s       
require m c>eful /udy & m comp>ison ( !m
 ) "o ano!r1 & ) =g$ writ+s 9 g5]al1 ?an
 !y h yet receiv$1 be=e we c f9ally     
decide on _! "*4 ,we d n consid] !m all 
z g5u9e until !y c be prov$ to be       
spuri\s1 z is (t5 ma9ta9$ & /ill m (t5  
impli$ 9 ?is & simil> discussions2 b    
%\ld say ( "s ( !m1 t _! g5u95ess is    

nei!r prov5 nor disprov5 until fur!r    
evid5ce ab\t !m c be adduc$4 ,& we are z
 confid5t t ! ,epi/les are spuri\s1 z t 
! ,republic1 ! ,timaeus1 & ! ,laws are  
g5u9e4  ,on ! :ole1 n a tw5tie? "p ( !  
writ+s :i* pass "u ! "n ( ,plato1 if we 
exclude ! works reject$ by ! anci5ts    
!mselves & two or ?ree o!r plausible    
inv5tions1 c be fairly d\bt$ by ^? :o   
are will+ to all[ t a consid]able *ange 
& gr[? may h tak5 place 9 8 philosophy  
7see above74 ,t tw5tie? debatable       
portion sc>cely 9 any degree affects our
 judgm5t ( ,plato1 ei!r z a ?9k] or a   
writ]1 & ?\gh sugge/+ "s int]e/+        
que/ions to ! s*ol> & critic1 is (      
little importance to ! g5]al read]4     
,,m5ex5us     ,,introduction4  ,!       
,m5ex5us has m ! "* ( a rhetorical      
ex]cise ?an any o!r ( ! ,platonic works4
 ,! writ] seems to h wi%$ to emulate    
,?ucydides1 & ! f> slight] "w ( ,lysias4
 ,9 8 rivalry ) ! latt]1 to :om 9 !     
,pha$rus ,plato %[s a /rong antipa?y1 he
 is entirely successful1 b he is n equal

 to ,?ucydides4 ,! ,m5ex5us1 ?\gh n )\t 
real ,hell5ic int]e/1 falls v f> %ort ( 
! rugg$ gr&eur & political insight ( !  
great hi/orian4 ,! fiction ( ! spee*    
hav+ be5 inv5t$ by ,aspasia is well     
su/a9$1 & is 9 ! mann] ( ,plato1 not)/&+
 ! ana*ronism :i* puts into h] m\? an   
allusion to ! peace ( ,antalcidas1 an   
ev5t occurr+ =ty ye>s aft] ! date ( !   
suppos$ oration4 ,b ,plato1 l           
,%akespe>e1 is c>eless ( su*            
ana*ronisms1 :i* are n suppos$ to /rike 
! m9d ( ! read]4 ,! effect produc$ by ^!
 gr&iloqu5t orations on ,socrates1 :o   
does n recov] aft] hav+ he>d "o ( !m =  
?ree days & m1 is truly ,platonic4  ,su*
 disc\rses1 if we may =m a judgm5t f !  
?ree :i* are extant 7= ! s-call$ ,fun]al
 ,oration ( ,demo/h5es is a bad &       
spuri\s imitation ( ,?ucydides &        
,lysias71 con=m$ to a regul> type4 ,!y  
began ) ,gods & ance/ors1 & ! leg5d>y   
hi/ory ( ,a!ns1 to :i* succe$$ an almo/ 
equally fictiti\s acc\nt ( lat] times4  
,! ,p]sian w> usually =m$ ! c5tre ( !   

n>rative2 9 ! age ( ,isocrates &        
,demo/h5es ! ,a!nians 7 /ill liv+ on !  
glories ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis4 ,!        
,m5ex5us veils 9 panegyric ! weak places
 ( ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,! w> ( ,a!ns &      
,boeotia is a w> ( lib]ation2 ! ,a!nians
 gave back ! ,sp>tans tak5 at ,sphact]ia
 out ( k9dness--inde$1 ! only fault ( ! 
city 0 too great k9dness to _! enemies1 
:o 7 m hon\r$ ?an ! fri5ds ( o!rs       
7comp>e ,?ucyd41 :i* seems to conta9 !  
g]m ( ! idea72 we democrats are !       
ari/ocracy ( virtue1 & ! l4 ,^! are !   
platitudes & falsehoods 9 :i* hi/ory is 
disguis$4 ,! tak+ ( ,a!ns is h>dly      
m5tion$4  ,! au?or ( ! ,m5ex5us1 :e!r   
,plato or n1 is evid5tly int5d+ to      
ridicule ! practice1 & at ! same "t to  
%[ t he c beat ! rhetoricians 9 _! own  
l9e1 z 9 ! ,pha$rus he may be suppos$ to
 (f] an example ( :at ,lysias might h   
said1 & ( h[ mu* bett] he might h writt5
 9 8 own /yle4 ,! orators _h rec\rse to 
_! fav\rite loci communes1 "o ( :i*1 z  
we f9d 9 ,lysias1 0 ! %ortness ( ! "t   

all[$ !m = prep>ation4 ,b ,socrates     
po9ts out t !y _h !m always ready =     
deliv]y1 & t !re 0 no difficulty 9      
improvis+ any numb] ( su* orations4 ,to 
praise ! ,a!nians among ! ,a!nians 0    
easy1--to praise !m among !             
,lac$aemonians w\ld h be5 a mu* m       
difficult task4 ,socrates himself has   
turn$ rhetorician1 hav+ le>n$ ( a woman1
 ,aspasia1 ! mi/ress ( ,p]icles2 & any  
"o ^: tea*]s _h be5 f> inf]ior to 8     
own--say1 "o :o _h le>n$ f ,antiphon !  
,rhamnusian--w\ld be q equal to ! task (
 prais+ m5 to !mselves4 ,:5 we rememb] t
 ,antiphon is describ$ by ,?ucydides z !
 be/ plead] ( 8 day1 ! satire on him &  
on ! :ole tribe ( rhetoricians is       
transp>5t4  ,! ironical assumption (    
,socrates1 t he mu/ be a good orator    
because he _h le>nt ( ,aspasia1 is n    
co>se1 z ,s*lei]ma*] supposes1 b is r to
 be reg>d$ z fanciful4 ,nor c we say t !
 (f] ( ,socrates to dance nak$ out (    
love = ,m5ex5us1 is any m un-,platonic  
?an ! ?reat ( physical =ce :i* ,pha$rus 

uses t[>ds ,socrates4 ,nor is !re any   
real vulg>ity 9 ! fe> :i* ,socrates     
expresses t he w get a beat+ f 8        
mi/ress1 ,aspasia3 ?is is ! natural     
exagg]ation ( :at might be expect$ f an 
imp]i\s woman4 ,socrates is n to be tak5
 s]i\sly 9 all t he says1 & ,plato1 bo? 
9 ! ,symposium & else:]e1 is n sl[ to   
admit a sort ( ,ari/ophanic hum\r4 ,h[ a
 great orig9al g5ius l ,plato might or  
might n h writt51 :at 0 8 conception (  
hum\r1 or :at limits he w\ld h prescrib$
 to himself1 if any1 9 draw+ ! picture (
 ! ,sil5us ,socrates1 are problems :i*  
no critical in/9ct c det]m9e4  ,on ! o!r
 h&1 ! dialogue has sev]al ,platonic    
traits1 :e!r orig9al or imitat$ may be  
unc]ta94 ,socrates1 :5 he dep>ts f 8 "* 
( a '"k no?+' & deliv]s a spee*1 g5]ally
 pret5ds t :at he is speak+ is n 8 own  
composition4 ,?us 9 ! ,cratylus he is   
run away )2 9 ! ,pha$rus he has he>d    
somebody say some?+--is inspir$ by !    
g5ius loci2 9 ! ,symposium he d]ives 8  
wisdom f ,diotima ( ,mant9ea1 & ! l4 ,b 

he does n impose on ,m5ex5us by 8       
dissimulation4 ,)\t violat+ ! "* (      
,socrates1 ,plato1 :o kn[s s well h[ to 
give a h9t1 or "s "o writ+ 9 8 "n1      
intimates cle>ly en\gh t ! spee* 9 !    
,m5ex5us l t 9 ! ,pha$rus is to be      
attribut$ to ,socrates4 ,! address ( !  
dead to ! liv+ at ! end ( ! oration may 
also be comp>$ to ! num]\s addresses ( !
 same k9d :i* occur 9 ,plato1 9 :om !   
dramatic elem5t is always t5d+ to       
prevail ov] ! rhetorical4 ,! rem>k has  
be5 (t5 made1 t 9 ! ,fun]al ,oration (  
,?ucydides !re is no allusion to !      
exi/5ce ( ! dead4 ,b 9 ! ,m5ex5us a     
future /ate is cle>ly1 al?\gh n /rongly1
 ass]t$4  ,:e!r ! ,m5ex5us is a g5u9e   
writ+ ( ,plato1 or an imitation only1   
rema9s unc]ta94 ,9 ei!r case1 ! ?\ghts  
are p>tly borr[$ f ! ,fun]al ,oration ( 
,?ucydides2 & ! fact t !y are s1 is n 9 
fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! "w4 ,int]nal     
evid5ce seems to leave ! "q ( au?or%ip 9
 d\bt4 ,!re are m]its & !re are defects 
:i* might lead to ei!r conclusion4 ,! =m

 ( ! great] "p ( ! "w makes ! enquiry   
difficult2 ! introduction & ! f9ale     
c]ta9ly we> ! look ei!r ( ,plato or ( an
 extremely skilful imitator4 ,!         
excell5ce ( ! =g]y may be fairly adduc$ 
z an argum5t t x is n a =g]y at all4 ,9 
?is unc]ta9ty ! express te/imony (      
,ari/otle1 :o quotes1 9 ! ,rhetoric1 !  
well-kn[n words1 ',x is easy to praise !
 ,a!nians among ! ,a!nians1' f ! ,fun]al
 ,oration1 may p]haps turn ! balance 9  
its fav\r4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t !  
"w 0 fam\s 9 antiquity1 & is includ$ 9 !
 ,alex&rian catalogues ( ,platonic      
writ+s4     ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3
 ,socrates & ,m5ex5us4   ,,socrates3    
,:5ce come y1 ,m5ex5us8 ,are y f !      
,agora8  ,,m5ex5us3 ,yes1 ,socrates2 ,i 
h be5 at ! ,c\ncil4  ,,socrates3 ,& :at 
might y be do+ at ! ,c\ncil8 ,& yet ,i  
ne$ h>dly ask1 = ,i see t y1 believ+    
y\rself to h arriv$ at ! end ( education
 & ( philosophy1 & to h _h en\gh ( !m1  
are m\nt+ upw>ds to ?+s high] /ill1 &1  
?\gh r "y = ! po/1 are int5d+ to gov]n u

 eld] m51 l ! re/ ( y\r family1 :i* has 
always provid$ "s "o :o k9dly took c>e (
 u4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i %all
 be ready to hold (fice1 if y all[ &    
advise t ,i %\ld1 b n if y ?9k o!rwise4 
,i w5t to ! c\ncil *amb] because ,i he>d
 t ! ,c\ncil 0 ab\t to *oose "s "o :o 0 
to speak ov] ! dead4 ,= y "k t !re is to
 be a public fun]al8  ,,socrates3 ,yes1 
,i "k4 ,& :om did !y *oose8  ,,m5ex5us3 
,no "o2 !y delay$ ! election until      
tomorr[1 b ,i believe t ei!r ,ar*9us or 
,dion w be *os54  ,,socrates3 ,o        
,m5ex5us6 ,dea? 9 battle is c]ta9ly 9 _m
 respects a noble ?+4 ,! dead man gets a
 f9e & co/ly fun]al1 al?\gh he may h be5
 poor1 & an elaborate spee* is made ov] 
him by a wise man :o has long ago prep>$
 :at he has to say1 al?\gh he :o is     
prais$ may n h be5 good = mu*4 ,!       
speak]s praise him = :at he has done & =
 :at he has n done--t is ! beauty (     
!m--& !y /eal away our s\ls ) _!        
embelli%$ words2 9 e conceivable =m !y  
praise ! city2 & !y praise ^? :o di$ 9  

w>1 & all our ance/ors :o w5t be=e u2 & 
!y praise ourselves also :o are /ill    
alive1 until ,i feel q elevat$ by _!    
laudations1 & ,i /& li/5+ to _! words1  
,m5ex5us1 & become en*ant$ by !m1 & all 
9 a mom5t ,i imag9e myself to h become a
 great] & nobl] & f9] man ?an ,i 0 be=e4
 ,& if1 z (t5 happ5s1 !re are any       
=eign]s :o accompany me to ! spee*1 ,i  
become sudd5ly consci\s ( hav+ a sort ( 
triumph ov] !m1 & !y seem to exp]i5ce a 
correspond+ feel+ ( admiration at me1 & 
at ! greatness ( ! city1 :i* appe>s to  
!m1 :5 !y are "u ! influ5ce ( ! speak]1 
m wond]ful ?an ev]4 ,?is consci\sness ( 
dignity la/s me m ?an ?ree days1 & n    
until ! f\r? or fif? day d ,i come to my
 s5ses & "k :]e ,i am2 9 ! meantime ,i h
 be5 liv+ 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,su* is 
! art ( our rhetoricians1 & 9 su* mann] 
does ! s\nd ( _! words keep r++ 9 my    
e>s4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,y are always mak+ fun 
( ! rhetoricians1 ,socrates2 ?is "t1    
h[ev]1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! speak] :o
 is *os5 w n h mu* to say1 = he has be5 

call$ ^u to speak at a mom5t's notice1 &
 he w be compell$ almo/ to improvise4   
,,socrates3 ,b :y1 my fri5d1 %\ld he n h
 pl5ty to say8 ,e rhetorician has       
spee*es ready made2 nor is !re any      
difficulty 9 improvis+ t sort ( /uff4   
,_h ! orator to praise ,a!nians among   
,peloponnesians1 or ,peloponnesians     
among ,a!nians1 he mu/ be a good        
rhetorician :o c\ld succe$ & ga9 cr$it4 
,b !re is no difficulty 9 a man's w9n+  
applause :5 he is cont5d+ = fame among !
 p]sons :om he is prais+4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,d
 y ?9k n1 ,socrates8  ,,socrates3       
,c]ta9ly 'n4'  ,,m5ex5us3 ,d y ?9k t y  
c\ld speak y\rself if !re %\ld be a     
necessity1 & if ! ,c\ncil 7 to *oose y8 
,,socrates3 ,t ,i %\ld be able to speak 
is no great wond]1 ,m5ex5us1 consid]+ t 
,i h an excell5t mi/ress 9 ! art (      
rhetoric1--%e :o has made s _m good     
speak]s1 & "o :o 0 ! be/ among all !    
,hell5es--,p]icles1 ! son ( ,xan?ippus4 
,,m5ex5us3 ,& :o is %e8 ,i suppose t y  
mean ,aspasia4  ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,i d2 

& besides h] ,i _h ,connus1 ! son (     
,metrobius1 z a ma/]1 & he 0 my ma/] 9  
music1 z %e 0 9 rhetoric4 ,no wond] t a 
man :o has receiv$ su* an education %\ld
 be a f9i%$ speak]2 ev5 ! pupil ( v     
inf]ior ma/]s1 say1 = example1 "o :o _h 
le>n$ music ( ,lamprus1 & rhetoric (    
,antiphon ! ,rhamnusian1 might make a   
figure if he 7 to praise ! ,a!nians     
among ! ,a!nians4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,& :at    
w\ld y be able to say if y _h to speak8 
,,socrates3 ,( my own wit1 mo/ likely   
no?+2 b ye/]day ,i he>d ,aspasia compos+
 a fun]al oration ab\t ^! v dead4 ,= %e 
_h be5 told1 z y 7 say+1 t ! ,a!nians 7 
go+ to *oose a speak]1 & %e repeat$ to  
me ! sort ( spee* :i* he %\ld deliv]1   
p>tly improvis+ & p>tly f previ\s ?\ght1
 putt+ toge!r fragm5ts ( ! fun]al       
oration :i* ,p]icles spoke1 b :i*1 z ,i 
believe1 %e compos$4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,& c y 
rememb] :at ,aspasia said8  ,,socrates3 
,i ought to be able1 = %e taught me1 &  
%e 0 ready to /rike me because ,i 0     
always =gett+4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,!n :y w y n 

rehe>se :at %e said8  ,,socrates3       
,because ,i am afraid t my mi/ress may  
be angry ) me if ,i publi% h] spee*4    
,,m5ex5us3 ,nay1 ,socrates1 let u h !   
spee*1 :e!r ,aspasia's or any "o else's1
 no matt]4 ,i hope t y w oblige me4     
,,socrates3 ,b ,i am afraid t y w laugh 
at me if ,i cont9ue ! games ( y\? 9 old 
age4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,f> o!rwise1 ,socrates2
 let u by all means h ! spee*4          
,,socrates3 ,truly ,i h su* a           
disposition to oblige y1 t if y bid me  
dance nak$ ,i %\ld n l to refuse1 s9ce  
we are alone4 ,li/5 !n3 ,if ,i rememb]  
rightly1 %e began z foll[s1 ) ! m5tion (
 ! dead3--7,?ucyd47  ,!re is a tribute (
 de$s & ( words4 ,! dep>t$ h already _h 
! fir/1 :5 go+ =? on _! de/9$ j\rney !y 
7 att5d$ on _! way by ! /ate & by _!    
fri5ds2 ! tribute ( words rema9s to be  
giv5 to !m1 z is meet & by law orda9$4  
,= noble words are a memorial & a cr[n (
 noble actions1 :i* are giv5 to ! do]s (
 !m by ! he>]s4 ,a ^w is ne$$ :i* w duly
 praise ! dead & g5tly admoni% ! liv+1  

exhort+ ! bre?r5 & desc5dants ( ! dep>t$
 to imitate _! virtue1 & consol+ _!     
fa!rs & mo!rs & ! survivors1 if any1 :o 
may *ance to be alive ( ! previ\s       
g5]ation4 ,:at sort ( a ^w w ?is be1 &  
h[ %all we rightly beg9 ! praises ( ^!  
brave m58 ,9 _! life !y rejoic$ _! own  
fri5ds ) _! val\r1 & _! dea? !y gave 9  
ex*ange = ! salvation ( ! liv+4 ,& ,i   
?9k t we %\ld praise !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i*  
nature made !m good1 = !y 7 good because
 !y 7 sprung f good fa!rs4 ,:]e=e let u 
fir/ ( all praise ! goodness ( _! bir?2 
secondly1 _! nurture & education2 & !n  
let u set =? h[ noble _! actions 71 & h[
 wor?y ( ! education :i* !y _h receiv$4 
,& fir/ z to _! bir?4 ,_! ance/ors 7 n  
/rang]s1 nor are ^! _! desc5dants       
soj\rn]s only1 ^: fa!rs h come f ano!r  
c\ntry2 b !y are ! *ildr5 ( ! soil1     
dwell+ & liv+ 9 _! own l&4 ,& ! c\ntry  
:i* br\ght !m up is n l o!r c\ntries1 a 
/epmo!r to h] *ildr51 b _! own true "m2 
%e bore !m & n\ri%$ !m & receiv$ !m1 & 9
 h] bosom !y n[ repose4 ,x is meet & "r1

 !re=e1 t we %\ld beg9 by prais+ ! l&   
:i* is _! "m1 & t w be a way ( prais+ _!
 noble bir?4  ,! c\ntry is wor?y to be  
prais$1 n only by u1 b by all mank9d2   
fir/1 & above all1 z be+ de> to ! ,gods4
 ,?is is prov$ by ! /rife & cont5tion ( 
! ,gods respect+ h]4 ,& ought n ! c\ntry
 :i* ! ,gods praise to be prais$ by all 
mank9d8 ,! second praise :i* may be     
fairly claim$ by h]1 is t at ! "t :5 !  
:ole e>? 0 s5d+ =? & creat+ div]se      
animals1 tame & wild1 %e our "m 0 free &
 pure f savage mon/]s1 & out ( all      
animals select$ & br\ght =? man1 :o is  
sup]ior to ! re/ 9 und]/&+1 & alone has 
ju/ice & religion4 ,& a great pro( t %e 
br\ght =? ! common ance/ors ( u & ( !   
dep>t$1 is t %e provid$ ! means (       
support = h] (fspr+4 ,= z a woman proves
 h] mo!rhood by giv+ milk to h] "y ones 
7& %e :o has no f\nta9 ( milk is n a    
"m71 s did ?is our l& prove t %e 0 ! "m 
( m51 = 9 ^? days %e alone & fir/ ( all 
br\ght =? :eat & b>ley = human food1 :i*
 is ! be/ & noble/ su/5ance = man1 :om  

%e reg>d$ z h] true (fspr+4 ,& ^! are   
tru] pro(s ( mo!rhood 9 a c\ntry ?an 9 a
 woman1 = ! woman 9 h] conception &     
g5]ation is b ! imitation ( ! e>?1 & n !
 e>? ( ! woman4 ,& ( ! fruit ( ! e>? %e 
gave a pl5te\s supply1 n only to h] own1
 b to o!rs also2 & aft]w>ds %e made !   
olive to spr+ up to be a boon to h]     
*ildr51 & to help !m 9 _! toils4 ,& :5  
%e _h h]self nurs$ !m & br\ght !m up to 
manhood1 %e gave !m ,gods to be _! rul]s
 & tea*]s1 ^: names are well kn[n1 & ne$
 n n[ be repeat$4 ,!y are ! ,gods :o    
fir/ ord]$ our lives1 & in/ruct$ u 9 !  
arts = ! supply ( our daily ne$s1 &     
taught u ! acquisition & use ( arms = ! 
def5ce ( ! c\ntry4  ,?us born into ! _w 
& ?us educat$1 ! ance/ors ( ! dep>t$    
liv$ & made !mselves a gov]nm5t1 :i* ,i 
ought briefly to commemorate4 ,=        
gov]nm5t is ! nurture ( man1 & !        
gov]nm5t ( good m5 is good1 & ( bad m5  
bad4 ,& ,i mu/ %[ t our ance/ors 7 tra9$
 "u a good gov]nm5t1 & = ?is reason !y 7
 good1 & our contempor>ies are also     

good1 among :om our dep>t$ fri5ds are to
 be reckon$4 ,!n z n[1 & inde$ always1 f
 t "t to ?is1 speak+ g5]ally1 our       
gov]nm5t 0 an ari/ocracy--a =m (        
gov]nm5t :i* receives v>i\s names1      
accord+ to ! fancies ( m51 & is         
sometimes call$ democracy1 b is really  
an ari/ocracy or gov]nm5t ( ! be/ :i*   
has ! approval ( ! _m4 ,= k+s we h      
always _h1 fir/ h]$it>y & !n elect$1 &  
au?ority is mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( ! p1 :o     
disp5se (fices & p[] to ^? :o appe> to  
be mo/ des]v+ ( !m4 ,nei!r is a man     
reject$ f weakness or pov]ty or         
obscurity ( orig91 nor hon\r$ by reason 
( ! opposite1 z 9 o!r /ates1 b !re is "o
 pr9ciple--he :o appe>s to be wise &    
good is a gov]nor & rul]4 ,! basis ( ?is
 our gov]nm5t is equality ( bir?2 = o!r 
/ates are made up ( all sorts & unequal 
conditions ( m51 & !re=e _! gov]nm5ts   
are unequal2 !re are tyrannies & !re are
 olig>*ies1 9 :i* ! "o p>ty are slaves &
 ! o!rs ma/]s4 ,b we & our citiz5s are  
bre?r51 ! *ildr5 all ( "o "m1 & we d n  

?9k x "r to be "o ano!r's ma/]s or      
s]vants2 b ! natural equality ( bir?    
compels u to seek = legal equality1 & to
 recognize no sup]iority except 9 !     
reputation ( virtue & wisdom4  ,& s _! &
 our fa!rs1 & ^!1 too1 our bre?r51 be+  
nobly born & hav+ be5 br\ght up 9 all   
fre$om1 did bo? 9 _! public & private   
capacity _m noble de$s fam\s ov] ! :ole 
_w4 ,!y 7 ! de$s ( m5 :o ?\ght t !y     
ought to fight bo? aga9/ ,hell5es = !   
sake ( ,hell5es on behalf ( fre$om1 &   
aga9/ b>b>ians 9 ! common int]e/ (      
,hellas4 ,"t w\ld fail me to tell ( _!  
def5ce ( _! c\ntry aga9/ ! invasion (   
,eumolpus & ! ,amazons1 or ( _! def5ce (
 ! ,argives aga9/ ! ,cadmeians1 or ( !  
,h]acleids aga9/ ! ,argives2 besides1 ! 
poets h already decl>$ 9 song to all    
mank9d _! glory1 & !re=e any            
commemoration ( _! de$s 9 prose :i* we  
might attempt w\ld hold a second place4 
,!y already h _! rew>d1 & ,i say no m ( 
!m2 b !re are o!r wor?y de$s ( :i* no   
poet has wor?ily sung1 & :i* are /ill   

woo+ ! poet's muse4 ,( ^! ,i am b\nd to 
make hon\rable m5tion1 & %all invoke    
o!rs to s+ ( !m also 9 lyric & o!r      
/ra9s1 9 a mann] becom+ ! actors4 ,&    
fir/ ,i w tell h[ ! ,p]sians1 lords (   
,asia1 7 enslav+ ,europe1 & h[ ! *ildr5 
( ?is l&1 :o 7 our fa!rs1 held !m back4 
,( ^! ,i w speak fir/1 & praise _!      
val\r1 z is meet & fitt+4 ,he :o w\ld   
rightly e/imate !m %\ld place himself 9 
?\ght at t "t1 :5 ! :ole ( ,asia 0      
subject to ! ?ird k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,! fir/  
k+1 ,cyrus1 by 8 val\r fre$ ! ,p]sians1 
:o 7 8 c\ntrym51 & subject$ ! ,m$es1 :o 
7 _! lords1 & he rul$ ov] ! re/ ( ,asia1
 z f> z ,egypt2 & aft] him came 8 son1  
:o rul$ all ! accessible "p ( ,egypt &  
,libya2 ! ?ird k+ 0 ,d>ius1 :o ext5d$ ! 
l& b\nd>ies ( ! empire to ,scy?ia1 & ) 8
 fleet held ! sea & ! isl&s4 ,none      
presum$ to be 8 equal2 ! m9ds ( all m5 7
 en?rall$ by him--s _m & mighty & w>like
 nations _h ! p[] ( ,p]sia subdu$4 ,n[  
,d>ius _h a qu>rel aga9/ u & !          
,eretrians1 because1 z he said1 we _h   

conspir$ aga9/ ,s>dis1 & he s5t #ejj1jjj
 m5 9 transports & vessels ( w>1 & #cjj 
%ips1 & ,datis z comm&]1 tell+ him to   
br+ ! ,eretrians & ,a!nians to ! k+1 if 
he wi%$ to keep 8 head on 8 %\ld]s4 ,he 
sail$ aga9/ ! ,eretrians1 :o 7 reput$ to
 be among/ ! noble/ & mo/ w>like ( !    
,hell5es ( t day1 & !y 7 num]\s1 b he   
conqu]$ !m all 9 ?ree days2 & :5 he _h  
conqu]$ !m1 9 ord] t no "o might escape1
 he se>*$ ! :ole c\ntry aft] ?is mann]3 
8 soldi]s1 com+ to ! bord]s ( ,eretria &
 spread+ f sea to sea1 jo9$ h&s & pass$ 
?r\gh ! :ole c\ntry1 9 ord] t !y might  
be able to tell ! k+ t no "o _h escap$  
!m4 ,& f ,eretria !y w5t to ,m>a?on ) a 
l int5tion1 expect+ to b9d ! ,a!nians 9 
! same yoke ( necessity 9 :i* !y _h b\nd
 ! ,eretrians4 ,hav+ effect$ "o-half (  
_! purpose1 !y 7 9 ! act ( attempt+ !   
o!r1 & none ( ! ,hell5es d>$ to assi/   
ei!r ! ,eretrians or ! ,a!nians1 except 
! ,lac$aemonians1 & !y arriv$ a day too 
late = ! battle2 b ! re/ 7 panic-/rick5 
& kept quiet1 too happy 9 hav+ escap$ = 

a "t4 ,he :o has pres5t to 8 m9d t      
conflict w "k :at mann] ( m5 !y 7 :o    
receiv$ ! onset ( ! b>b>ians at ,m>a?on1
 & *a/5$ ! pride ( ! :ole ( ,asia1 & by 
! victory :i* !y ga9$ ov] ! b>b>ians    
fir/ taught o!r m5 t ! p[] ( ! ,p]sians 
0 n inv9cible1 b t ho/s ( m5 & !        
multitude ( ri*es alike yield to val\r4 
,& ,i ass]t t ^? m5 are ! fa!rs n only (
 ourselves1 b ( our lib]ties & ( !      
lib]ties ( all :o are on ! cont95t1 = t 
0 ! action to :i* ! ,hell5es look$ back 
:5 !y v5tur$ to fight = _! own safety 9 
! battles :i* ensu$3 !y became disciples
 ( ! m5 ( ,m>a?on4 ,to !m1 !re=e1 ,i    
assign 9 my spee* ! fir/ place1 & !     
second to ^? :o f\ght & conqu]$ 9 ! sea 
fights at ,salamis & ,artemisium2 = (   
!m1 too1 "o might h _m ?+s to say--( !  
assaults :i* !y endur$ by sea & l&1 & h[
 !y repell$ !m4 ,i w m5tion only t act (
 !irs :i* appe>s to me to be ! noble/1 &
 :i* foll[$ t ( ,m>a?on & came ne>e/ to 
x2 = ! m5 ( ,m>a?on only %[$ ! ,hell5es 
t x 0 possible to w>d (f ! b>b>ians by  

l&1 ! _m by ! few2 b !re 0 no pro( t !y 
c\ld be defeat$ by %ips1 & at sea !     
,p]sians reta9$ ! reputation ( be+      
inv9cible 9 numb]s & weal? & skill &    
/r5g?4 ,?is is ! glory ( ! m5 :o f\ght  
at sea1 t !y dispell$ ! second t]ror :i*
 _h hi!rto possess$ ! ,hell5es1 & s made
 ! fe> ( numb]s1 :e!r ( %ips or m51 to  
cease among !m4 ,& s ! soldi]s ( ,m>a?on
 & ! sailors ( ,salamis became !        
s*oolma/]s ( ,hellas2 ! "o tea*+ &      
habituat+ ! ,hell5es n to fe> ! b>b>ians
 at sea1 & ! o!rs n to fe> !m by l&4    
,?ird 9 ord]1 = ! numb] & val\r ( !     
combatants1 & ?ird 9 ! salvation (      
,hellas1 ,i place ! battle ( ,plataea4  
,& n[ ! ,lac$aemonians z well z !       
,a!nians took "p 9 ! /ruggle2 !y 7 all  
unit$ 9 ?is greate/ & mo/ t]rible       
conflict ( all2 :]e=e _! virtues w be   
celebrat$ 9 times to come1 z !y are n[  
celebrat$ by u4 ,b at a lat] p]iod _m   
,hell5ic tribes 7 /ill on ! side ( !    
b>b>ians1 & !re 0 a report t ! great k+ 
0 go+ to make a new attempt ^u !        

,hell5es1 & !re=e ju/ice requires t we  
%\ld also make m5tion ( ^? :o cr[n$ !   
previ\s "w ( our salvation1 & drove &   
purg$ away all b>b>ians f ! sea4 ,^! 7 !
 m5 :o f\ght by sea at ! riv] ,eurym$on1
 & :o w5t on ! exp$ition to ,cyprus1 &  
:o sail$ to ,egypt & div]s o!r places2 &
 !y %\ld be gratefully rememb]$ by u1   
because !y compell$ ! k+ 9 fe> = himself
 to look to 8 own safety in/ead ( plott+
 ! de/ruction ( ,hellas4  ,& s ! w>     
aga9/ ! b>b>ians 0 f\ght out to ! end by
 ! :ole city on _! own behalf1 & on     
behalf ( _! c\ntrym54 ,!re 0 peace1 &   
our city 0 held 9 hon\r2 & !n1 z        
prosp]ity makes m5 jeal\s1 !re succe$$ a
 jeal\sy ( h]1 & jeal\sy begat envy1 & s
 %e became engag$ aga9/ h] w 9 a w> ) ! 
,hell5es4 ,on ! break+ out ( w>1 our    
citiz5s met ! ,lac$aemonians at         
,tanagra1 & f\ght = ! fre$om ( !        
,boeotians2 ! issue 0 d\btful1 & 0      
decid$ by ! engagem5t :i* foll[$4 ,= :5 
! ,lac$aemonians _h gone on _! way1     
leav+ ! ,boeotians1 :om !y 7 aid+1 on ! 

?ird day aft] ! battle ( ,tanagra1 our  
c\ntrym5 conqu]$ at ,o5ophyta1 &        
righte\sly re/or$ ^? :o _h be5          
unrighte\sly exil$4 ,& !y 7 ! fir/ aft] 
! ,p]sian w> :o f\ght on behalf ( lib]ty
 9 aid ( ,hell5es aga9/ ,hell5es2 !y 7  
brave m51 & fre$ ^? :om !y aid$1 & 7 !  
fir/ too :o 7 hon\rably int]r$ 9 ?is    
sepul*re by ! /ate4 ,aft]w>ds !re 0 a   
mighty w>1 9 :i* all ! ,hell5es jo9$1 & 
deva/at$ our c\ntry1 :i* 0 v ungrateful 
( !m2 & our c\ntrym51 aft] defeat+ !m 9 
a naval engagem5t & tak+ _! lead]s1 !   
,sp>tans1 at ,sphagia1 :5 !y might h    
de/roy$ !m1 sp>$ _! lives1 & gave !m    
back1 & made peace1 consid]+ t !y %\ld  
w> ) ! fell[-c\ntrym5 only until !y ga9$
 a victory ov] !m1 & n because ( !      
private ang] ( ! /ate de/roy ! common   
int]e/ ( ,hellas2 b t ) b>b>ians !y %\ld
 w> to ! dea?4 ,wor?y ( praise are !y   
also :o wag$ ?is w>1 & are "h int]r$2 = 
!y prov$1 if any "o d\bt$ ! sup]ior     
pr[ess ( ! ,a!nians 9 ! =m] w> ) !      
b>b>ians1 t _! d\bts _h no              

f\ndation--%[+ by _! victory 9 ! civil  
w> ) ,hellas1 9 :i* !y subdu$ ! o!r *ief
 /ate ( ! ,hell5es1 t !y c\ld conqu]    
s+le-h&$ ^? ) :om !y _h be5 alli$ 9 ! w>
 aga9/ ! b>b>ians4 ,aft] ! peace !re    
foll[$ a ?ird w>1 :i* 0 ( a t]rible &   
desp]ate nature1 & 9 ?is _m brave m5 :o 
are "h int]r$ lo/ _! lives--_m ( !m _h  
won victories 9 ,sicily1 :i!r !y _h gone
 ov] ! seas to fight = ! lib]ties ( !   
,leont9es1 to :om !y 7 b\nd by oa?s2 b1 
ow+ to ! di/ance1 ! city 0 unable to    
help !m1 & !y lo/ he>t & came to        
mis=tune1 _! v enemies & oppon5ts w9n+ m
 r5[n = val\r & temp]ance ?an ! fri5ds (
 o!rs4 ,_m also fell 9 naval engagem5ts 
at ! ,hellespont1 aft] hav+ 9 "o day    
tak5 all ! %ips ( ! enemy1 & defeat$ !m 
9 o!r naval engagem5ts4 ,& :at ,i call !
 t]rible & desp]ate nature ( ! w>1 is t 
! o!r ,hell5es1 9 _! extreme animosity  
t[>ds ! city1 %\ld h ent]$ into         
negotiations ) _! bitt]e/ enemy1 ! k+ ( 
,p]sia1 :om !y1 toge!r ) u1 _h          
expell$2--him1 )\t u1 !y aga9 br\ght    

back1 b>b>ian aga9/ ,hell5es1 & all !   
ho/s1 bo? ( ,hell5es & b>b>ians1 7 unit$
 aga9/ ,a!ns4 ,& !n %one =? ! p[] &     
val\r ( our city4 ,h] enemies _h suppos$
 t %e 0 exhau/$ by ! w>1 & our %ips 7   
blockad$ at ,mityl5e4 ,b ! citiz5s      
!mselves emb>k$1 & came to ! rescue )   
sixty o!r %ips1 & _! val\r 0 confess$ ( 
all m51 = !y conqu]$ _! enemies &       
deliv]$ _! fri5ds4 ,& yet by "s evil    
=tune !y 7 left to p]i% at sea1 & !re=e 
are n int]r$ "h4 ,ev] to be rememb]$ &  
hon\r$ are !y1 = by _! val\r n only t   
sea-fight 0 won = u1 b ! entire w> 0    
decid$ by !m1 & ?r\gh !m ! city ga9$ !  
reputation ( be+ inv9cible1 ev5 ?\gh    
attack$ by all mank9d4 ,& t reputation 0
 a true "o1 = ! defeat :i* came ^u u 0  
our own do+4 ,we 7 nev] conqu]$ by o!rs1
 & to ?is day we are /ill unconqu]$ by  
!m2 b we 7 our own conqu]ors1 & receiv$ 
defeat at our own h&s4 ,aft]w>ds !re 0  
quiet & peace abroad1 b !re sprang up w>
 at home2 &1 if m5 are de/9$ to h civil 
w>1 no "o c\ld h desir$ t 8 city %\ld   

take ! disord] 9 a mild] =m4 ,h[ joyful 
& natural 0 ! reconciliation ( ^? :o    
came f ! ,piraeus & ^? :o came f ! city2
 ) :at mod]ation did !y ord] ! w> aga9/ 
! tyrants 9 ,eleusis1 & 9 a mann] h[    
unlike :at ! o!r ,hell5es expect$6 ,& ! 
reason ( ?is g5tl5ess 0 ! v]itable tie (
 blood1 :i* creat$ among !m a fri5d%ip z
 ( k9sm51 fai?ful n 9 ^w only1 b 9 de$4 
,& we ought also to rememb] ^? :o !n    
fell by "o ano!r's h&s1 & on su*        
occasions z ^! to reconcile !m )        
sacrifices & pray]s1 pray+ to ^? :o h   
p[] ov] !m1 t !y may be reconcil$ ev5 z 
we are reconcil$4 ,= !y did n attack "o 
ano!r out ( malice or enmity1 b !y 7    
un=tunate4 ,& t su* 0 ! fact we         
ourselves are witnesses1 :o are ( ! same
 race ) !m1 & h mutually receiv$ &      
grant$ =giv5ess ( :at we h done &       
suff]$4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 p]fect peace1 & 
! city _h re/2 & h] feel+ 0 t %e =gave !
 b>b>ians1 :o _h sev]ely suff]$ at h]   
h&s & sev]ely retaliat$1 b t %e 0       
indignant at ! +ratitude ( ! ,hell5es1  

:5 %e rememb]$ h[ !y _h receiv$ good f  
h] & return$ evil1 hav+ made common     
cause ) ! b>b>ians1 depriv+ h] ( ! %ips 
:i* _h once be5 _! salvation1 &         
dismantl+ our walls1 :i* _h pres]v$ _!  
own f fall+4 ,%e ?\ght t %e w\ld no     
long] def5d ! ,hell5es1 :5 enslav$ ei!r 
by "o ano!r or by ! b>b>ians1 & did     
accord+ly4 ,?is 0 our feel+1 :ile !     
,lac$aemonians 7 ?9k+ t we :o 7 !       
*ampions ( lib]ty _h fall51 & t _!      
bus9ess 0 to subject ! rema9+ ,hell5es4 
,& :y %\ld ,i say m8 = ! ev5ts ( :i* ,i 
am speak+ happ5$ n long ago & we c all (
 u rememb] h[ ! *ief peoples ( ,hellas1 
,argives & ,boeotians & ,cor9?ians1 came
 to feel ! ne$ ( u1 &1 :at is ! greate/ 
miracle ( all1 ! ,p]sian k+ himself 0   
driv5 to su* extremity z to come r\nd to
 ! op9ion1 t f ?is city1 ( :i* he 0 !   
de/roy]1 & f no o!r1 8 salvation w\ld   
proce$4  ,& if a p]son desir$ to br+ a  
des]v$ accusation aga9/ our city1 he    
w\ld f9d only "o *>ge :i* he c\ld ju/ly 
urge--t %e 0 too compassionate & too    

fav\rable to ! weak] side4 ,& 9 ?is     
in/ance %e 0 n able to hold out or keep 
h] resolution ( refus+ aid to h] injur]s
 :5 !y 7 be+ enslav$1 b %e 0 s(t5$1 &   
did 9 fact s5d out aid1 & deliv]$ !     
,hell5es f slav]y1 & !y 7 free until !y 
aft]w>ds enslav$ !mselves4 ,:]eas1 to ! 
great k+ %e refus$ to give ! assi/ance (
 ! /ate1 = %e c\ld n =get ! trophies (  
,m>a?on & ,salamis & ,plataea2 b %e     
all[$ exiles & volunte]s to assi/ him1 &
 !y 7 8 salvation4 ,& %e h]self1 :5 %e 0
 compell$1 ent]$ into ! w>1 & built     
walls & %ips1 & f\ght ) ! ,lac$aemonians
 on behalf ( ! ,p>ians4 ,n[ ! k+ fe>+   
?is city & want+ to /& alo(1 :5 he saw !
 ,lac$aemonians gr[+ we>y ( ! w> at sea1
 ask$ ( u1 z ! price ( 8 alliance ) u & 
! o!r allies1 to give up ! ,hell5es 9   
,asia1 :om ! ,lac$aemonians _h previ\sly
 h&$ ov] to him1 he ?9k+ t we %\ld      
refuse1 & t !n he might h a pret5ce =   
)draw+ f u4 ,ab\t ! o!r allies he 0     
mi/ak51 = ! ,cor9?ians & ,argives &     
,boeotians1 & ! o!r /ates1 7 q will+ to 

let !m g1 & swore & cov5ant$1 t1 if he  
w\ld pay !m money1 !y w\ld make ov] to  
him ! ,hell5es ( ! cont95t1 & we alone  
refus$ to give !m up & swe>4 ,su* 0 !   
natural nobility ( ?is city1 s s\nd &   
heal?y 0 ! _s ( fre$om among u1 & !     
in/9ctive dislike ( ! b>b>ian1 because  
we are pure ,hell5es1 hav+ no admixture 
( b>b>ism 9 u4 ,= we are n l _m o!rs1   
desc5dants ( ,pelops or ,cadmus or      
,egyptus or ,danaus1 :o are by nature   
b>b>ians1 & yet pass = ,hell5es1 & dwell
 9 ! mid/ ( u2 b we are pure ,hell5es1  
uncontam9at$ by any =eign elem5t1 &     
!re=e ! hatr$ ( ! =eign] has pass$      
unadult]at$ into ! life-blood ( ! city4 
,& s1 not)/&+ our noble s5tim5ts1 we 7  
aga9 isolat$1 because we 7 unwill+ to be
 guilty ( ! base & unholy act ( giv+ up 
,hell5es to b>b>ians4 ,& we 7 9 ! same  
case z :5 we 7 subdu$ be=e2 b1 by !     
fav\r ( ,heav51 we manag$ bett]1 = we   
end$ ! w> )\t ! loss ( our %ips or walls
 or colonies2 ! enemy 0 only too glad to
 be quit ( u4 ,yet 9 ?is w> we lo/ _m   

brave m51 su* z 7 ^? :o fell ow+ to !   
rugg$ness ( ! gr\nd at ! battle (       
,cor9?1 or by treason at ,le*aeum4      
,brave m51 too1 7 ^? :o deliv]$ !       
,p]sian k+1 & drove ! ,lac$aemonians f !
 sea4 ,i rem9d y ( !m1 & y mu/ celebrate
 !m toge!r ) me1 & d hon\r to _!        
memories4  ,su* 7 ! actions ( ! m5 :o   
are "h int]r$1 & ( o!rs :o h di$ on     
behalf ( _! c\ntry2 _m & glori\s ?+s ,i 
h spok5 ( !m1 & !re are yet _m m & m    
glori\s ?+s rema9+ to be told--_m days &
 nights w\ld n suffice to tell ( !m4    
,let !m n be =gott51 & let e man rem9d  
_! desc5dants t !y also are soldi]s :o  
mu/ n des]t ! ranks ( _! ance/ors1 or f 
c[>dice fall beh9d4 ,ev5 z ,i exhort y  
?is day1 & 9 all future "t1 :5ev] ,i    
meet ) any ( y1 %all cont9ue to rem9d & 
exhort y1 ,o ye sons ( h]oes1 t y /rive 
to be ! brave/ ( m54 ,& ,i ?9k t ,i     
ought n[ to repeat :at y\r fa!rs desir$ 
to h said to y :o are _! survivors1 :5  
!y w5t out to battle1 9 case any?+      
happ5$ to !m4 ,i w tell y :at ,i he>d !m

 say1 & :at1 if !y _h only spee*1 !y    
w\ld fa9 be say+1 judg+ f :at !y !n     
said4 ,& y mu/ imag9e t y he> !m say+   
:at ,i n[ repeat to y3--  ',sons1 ! ev5t
 proves t y\r fa!rs 7 brave m52 = we    
might h liv$ di%on\rably1 b h pref]r$ to
 die hon\rably r ?an br+ y & y\r *ildr5 
into disgrace1 & r ?an di%on\r our own  
fa!rs & =efa!rs2 consid]+ t life is n   
life to "o :o is a di%on\r to 8 race1 & 
t to su* a "o nei!r m5 nor ,gods are    
fri5dly1 ei!r :ile he is on ! e>? or    
aft] dea? 9 ! _w bel[4 ,rememb] our     
words1 !n1 & :atev] is y\r aim let      
virtue be ! condition ( ! atta9m5t ( y\r
 aim1 & "k t )\t ?is all possessions &  
pursuits are di%on\rable & evil4 ,=     
nei!r does weal? br+ hon\r to ! own]1 if
 he be a c[>d2 ( su* a "o ! weal?       
belongs to ano!r1 & n to himself4 ,nor  
does beauty & /r5g? ( body1 :5 dwell+ 9 
a base & c[>dly man1 appe> comely1 b !  
rev]se ( comely1 mak+ ! possessor m     
conspicu\s1 & manife/+ =? 8 c[>dice4 ,& 
all k1 :5 sep>at$ f ju/ice & virtue1 is 

se5 to be cunn+ & n wisdom2 :]e=e make  
?is y\r fir/ & la/ & con/ant &          
all-absorb+ aim1 to exce$1 if possible1 
n only u b all y\r ance/ors 9 virtue2 & 
"k t to excel y 9 virtue only br+s u    
%ame1 b t to be excell$ by y is a s\rce 
( happ9ess to u4 ,& we %all mo/ likely  
be defeat$1 & y w mo/ likely be victors 
9 ! conte/1 if y le>n s to ord] y\r     
lives z n to abuse or wa/e ! reputation 
( y\r ance/ors1 kn[+ t to a man :o has  
any self-respect1 no?+ is m di%on\rable 
?an to be hon\r$1 n = 8 own sake1 b on  
acc\nt ( ! reputation ( 8 ance/ors4 ,!  
hon\r ( p>5ts is a fair & noble treasure
 to _! po/]ity1 b to h ! use ( a        
treasure ( weal? & hon\r1 & to leave    
none to y\r successors1 because y h     
nei!r money nor reputation ( y\r own1 is
 alike base & di%on\rable4 ,& if y foll[
 our precepts y w be receiv$ by u z     
fri5ds1 :5 ! h\r ( de/9y br+s y hi!r2 b 
if y neglect our words & are disgrac$ 9 
y\r lives1 no "o w welcome or receive y4
 ,?is is ! message :i* is to be deliv]$ 

to our *ildr54  ',"s ( u h fa!rs & mo!rs
 /ill liv+1 & we w\ld urge !m1 if1 z is 
likely1 we %all die1 to be> ! calamity z
 lightly z possible1 & n to condole ) "o
 ano!r2 = !y h sorr[s en\gh1 & w n ne$  
any "o to /ir !m up4 ,:ile we g5tly heal
 _! w\nds1 let u rem9d !m t ! ,gods h   
he>d ! *ief "p ( _! pray]s2 = !y pray$1 
n t _! *ildr5 might live = ev]1 b t !y  
might be brave & r5[n$4 ,& ?is1 :i* is !
 greate/ good1 !y h atta9$4 ,a mortal   
man _c expect to h ev]y?+ 9 8 own life  
turn+ out accord+ to 8 w2 & !y1 if !y   
be> _! mis=tunes bravely1 w be truly    
deem$ brave fa!rs ( ! brave4 ,b if !y   
give way to _! sorr[s1 ei!r !y w be     
suspect$ ( n be+ our p>5ts1 or we ( n   
be+ su* z our panegyri/s decl>e4 ,let n 
ei!r ( ! two alt]natives happ51 b r let 
!m be our *ief & true panegyri/s1 :o %[ 
9 _! lives t !y are true m51 & _h m5 =  
_! sons4 ,( old ! say+1 ,no?+ too mu*1  
appe>$ to be1 & really 01 well said4 ,= 
he ^: happ9ess re/s ) himself1 if       
possible1 :olly1 & if n1 z f> z is      

possible1--:o is n hang+ 9 susp5se on   
o!r m51 or *ang+ ) ! vicissitude ( _!   
=tune1--has 8 life ord]$ = ! be/4 ,he is
 ! temp]ate & valiant & wise2 & :5 8    
ri*es come & g1 :5 8 *ildr5 are giv5 &  
tak5 away1 he w rememb] ! prov]b--,nei!r
 rejoic+ ov]mu* nor griev+ ov]mu*1 = he 
relies ^u himself4 ,& su* we w\ld h our 
p>5ts to be--t is our ^w & wi%1 & z su* 
we n[ (f] ourselves1 nei!r lam5t+       
ov]mu*1 nor fe>+ ov]mu*1 if we are to   
die at ?is "t4 ,& we entreat our fa!rs &
 mo!rs to reta9 ^! feel+s ?r\gh\t _!    
future life1 & to be assur$ t !y w n    
please u by sorr[+ & lam5t+ ov] u4 ,b1  
if ! dead h any k ( ! liv+1 !y w        
displease u mo/ by mak+ !mselves        
mis]able & by tak+ _! mis=tunes too mu* 
to he>t1 & !y w please u be/ if !y be>  
_! loss lightly & temp]ately4 ,= our    
life w h ! noble/ end :i* is v\*saf$ to 
man1 & %\ld be glorifi$ r ?an lam5t$4 ,&
 if !y w direct _! m9ds to ! c>e &      
nurture ( our wives & *ildr51 !y w      
soone/ =get _! mis=tunes1 & live 9 a    

bett] & nobl] way1 & be de>] to u4      
',?is is all t we h to say to our       
families3 & to ! /ate we w\ld say--,take
 c>e ( our p>5ts & ( our sons3 let h]   
wor?ily *]i% ! old age ( our p>5ts1 &   
br+ up our sons 9 ! "r way4 ,b we "k t  
%e w ( h] own accord take c>e ( !m1 &   
does n ne$ any exhortation ( ours4'     
,?is1 ,o ye *ildr5 & p>5ts ( ! dead1 is 
! message :i* !y bid u deliv] to y1 &   
:i* ,i d deliv] ) ! utmo/ s]i\sness4 ,& 
9 _! "n ,i besee* y1 ! *ildr51 to       
imitate y\r fa!rs1 & y1 p>5ts1 to be (  
good *e] ab\t y\rselves2 = we w n\ri%   
y\r age1 & take c>e ( y bo? publicly &  
privately 9 any place 9 :i* "o ( u may  
meet "o ( y :o are ! p>5ts ( ! dead4 ,& 
! c>e ( y :i* ! city %[s1 y "k          
y\rselves2 = %e has made provision by   
law conc]n+ ! p>5ts & *ildr5 ( ^? :o die
 9 w>2 ! highe/ au?ority is specially   
entru/$ ) ! duty ( wat*+ ov] !m above   
all o!r citiz5s1 & !y w see t y\r fa!rs 
& mo!rs h no wrong done to !m4 ,! city  
h]self %>es 9 ! education ( ! *ildr51   

desir+ z f> z x is possible t _!        
orphanhood may n be felt by !m2 :ile !y 
are *ildr5 %e is a p>5t to !m1 & :5 !y h
 arriv$ at man's e/ate %e s5ds !m to _! 
sev]al duties1 9 full arm\r clad2 & br++
 fre%ly to _! m9ds ! ways ( _! fa!rs1 %e
 places 9 _! h&s ! in/rum5ts ( _! fa!rs'
 virtues2 = ! sake ( ! om51 %e w\ld h !m
 f ! fir/ beg9 to rule ov] _! own h\ses 
array$ 9 ! /r5g? & arms ( _! fa!rs4 ,& z
 = ! dead1 %e nev] ceases hon\r+ !m1    
celebrat+ 9 common = all rites :i*      
become ! prop]ty ( ea*2 & 9 addition to 
?is1 hold+ gymna/ic & eque/rian conte/s1
 & musical fe/ivals ( e sort4 ,%e is to 
! dead 9 ! place ( a son & heir1 & to _!
 sons 9 ! place ( a fa!r1 & to _! p>5ts 
& eld] k9dr$ 9 ! place ( a gu>dian--ev] 
& always c>+ = !m4 ,consid]+ ?is1 y     
ought to be> y\r calamity ! m g5tly2 =  
?us y w be mo/ ende>$ to ! dead & to !  
liv+1 & y\r sorr[s w heal & be heal$4 ,&
 n[ d y & all1 hav+ lam5t$ ! dead 9     
common accord+ to ! law1 g y\r ways4  ,y
 h he>d1 ,m5ex5us1 ! oration ( ,aspasia 

! ,milesian4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,truly1        
,socrates1 ,i m>vel t ,aspasia1 :o is   
only a woman1 %\ld be able to compose   
su* a spee*2 %e mu/ be a r>e "o4        
,,socrates3 ,well1 if y are incr$ul\s1 y
 may come ) me & he> h]4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,i 
h (t5 met ,aspasia1 ,socrates1 & "k :at 
%e is l4  ,,socrates3 ,well1 & d y n    
admire h]1 & are y n grateful = h]      
spee*8  ,,m5ex5us3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i  
am v grateful to h] or to him :o told y1
 & /ill m to y :o h told me4            
,,socrates3 ,v good4 ,b y mu/ take c>e n
 to tell ( me1 & !n at "s future "t ,i w
 repeat to y _m o!r excell5t political  
spee*es ( h]s4  ,,m5ex5us3 ,fe> n1 only 
let me he> !m1 & ,i w keep ! secret4    
,,socrates3 ,!n ,i w keep my promise4