,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ddc4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,june #bh1 #ahhd4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 ,no4 #ddc4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,metallurgy4--,beeswax & its ,adult]ations4 --,*emical +r$i5ts4--,detection ( adult]ations4 #gjfd ,ph5ol 9 ! ,/em1 ,leaves1 & ,cones ( ,p9us ,sylve/ris4 --,a discov]y be>+ on ! flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo* & ! =mation ( petroleum4 #gjfe ,! ,s*ool ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry ( ,p>is4--,) engrav+ ( laboratory4 #gjfe ,"s ,relations ( ,heat to ,voltaic & ,!rmo ,electric ,action ( ,metals 9 ,electrolysis4--,by ,g4 ,,gore4 #gjgj ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+1 ,,me*anics1 ,,etc4--,air ,refrig]at+ ,ma*9e4--#e figures4 #gjga ,a ,gas ,radiator & ,heat]4 #gjga ,concrete ,wat] ,pipes4 #gjga ,! ,sell]s ,/&>d ,sy/em ( ,screw ,?reads4 ,nuts1 & ,bolt ,heads4--,a table4 #gjgb ,an ,engli% ,railway ,f]ry ,boat4--#c figures4 #gjgb ,! ,problem ( ,flight & ! ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 #gjgb ,,iii4 ,,te*nical4--,concrete ,build+s = ,f>ms4--,h[ to con/ruct !m4 #gjfc ,:at ,causes ,pa9t to ,bli/] & ,peel8--,h[ to prev5t x4 #gjfc ,olive ,oil4--,difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 rais+ an olive crop4--,process ( mak+ ,oil4 #gjfd ,,iv4 ,,electricity4 ,,etc4--,telephony & ,telegraphy on ! ,same ,wires ,simultane\sly4--#d figures4 #gjfg ,! ,electric ,m>igraph4--,an app>atus = measur+ ! height ( ! tide4--,) engrav+s & diagrams %[+ ! ,siem5s & ,halske m>igraph & ! op]ation ( ! same4 #gjfh ,delune ,co4's ,sy/em ( ,lay+ ,und]gr\nd ,cables4--#b figures4 #gjfi ,electricity ,appli$ to ,horse%oe+4--,quiet+ an unruly animal4--#c engrav+s4 #gjfi ,e/eve's ,automatic ,pile4--#a figure4 #gjgj ,woodw>d's ,diffusion ,motor4 #gjgj ,v4 ,,a/ronomy4--,lun> ,heat4--,its reflect$ & obscure heat4--,trifl+ influ5ce ( ! moon ^u w9d & wea!r4--,by ,pr(4 ,c4,a4 ,,"y4 #gjgc ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,! ,long-hair$ ,po9t] ,mylord4 --,) engrav+4 #gjgc ,,vii4 ,,horticulture1 ,,etc4--,apple ,tree ,bor]s4--,protection aga9/ ! same4 #gjgd ,keffel's ,g]m9at+ ,app>atus4--,) engrav+4 #gjgd ,millet4--,its ,cultivation4 #gjgd ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,pu]ta del ,sol1 ,madrid1 ,spa94--,) engrav+4 #gjfc ,du/-free ,spaces4--,a lecture deliv]$ by ,dr4 ,,oliv] ,j4 ,,lodge be=e ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society4 #gjfg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pu]ta ,,del ,,sol1 ,,madrid4 ,pu]ta del ,sol1 or ,gate ( ! ,sun1 ,madrid1 is ! mo/ fam\s & favorite public squ>e 9 ! ,spani% city ( ,madrid4 ,x 0 ! ea/]n portal ( ! old city4 ,f ?is squ>e radiate sev]al ( ! f9e/ /reets1 su* z ,alcala1 "o ( ! h&some/ ?or\ghf>es 9 ! _w1 ,mayor1 ,m>t]a1 ,c>retas1 ,g]onimo4 ,9 our engrav+ ! po/ (fice is se5 on ! "r4 ,l>ge & spl5did build+s adorn ! o!r sides1 :i* embrace hotels1 cafes1 read+ rooms1 elegant /ores1 etc4 ,f ?is squ>e ! /reet railway l9es trav]se ! city 9 all directions4 ,! population ( ! city is ab\t #djj1jjj4 ,x conta9s _m magnific5t build+s4 ,our engrav+ is f ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pu]ta ,,del ,,sol1 ,,madrid1 ,,spa9 7,f a ,photograph47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,concrete ,,build+s ,,= ,,f>ms4 ,build+s made ( concrete h nev] receiv$ ! att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry t !y des]ve4 ,!y h ! m]it ( be+ durable & fire-pro(1 & ( n be+ liable to be bl[n d[n by viol5t w9ds4 ,x is v easy to erect !m 9 places :]e s& & gravel are ne> at h& & lime is comp>atively *eap4 ,exp]im5ts made 9 ,engl& %[ t coal scre5+s may be employ$ to good advantage 9 ! place ( s& & gravel4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,pre/on1 ( ,m\nt ,c>roll1 ,ill41 has a dwell+ & sev]al o!r build+s made ( concrete & erect$ by himself4 ,!y 7 put up 9 #ahea1 & are 9 excell5t condition4 ,9 ,! ,f>m]s' ,review he gives ! foll[+ directions = build+ concrete walls3 ,fir/1 secure a good /one f\ndation1 ! bottom bel[ fro/1 ! top ab\t "o foot above gr\nd4 ,ne> ! top ( ! f\ndation b$ 9 #bd scantl+ edgewise transv]sely ) ! walls1 at su* di/ances ap>t z ! l5g? ( ! planks t =m ! boxes to hold ! concrete may require1 ! ends ( ! scantl+ to run six in*es beyond ! outside & inside ( ! wall4 ,n[ take #bf /udd+1 "o foot long] ?an ! height ( ! concrete walls are to be1 bolt 9 an upright position 9 pairs to ea* end ( ! #bd scantl+1 &1 if a foot wall is to be built1 sixte5 in*es ap>t1 z ! box plank w take up f\r in*es4 ,to hold ! /udd+ toge!r at ! top1 take pieces ( #bf lumb]1 make two mortises 9 ea* piece l>ge en\gh to slip easily up & d[n on ! /udd+1 =m+ a tie4 ,make "o mortise long en\gh to ins]t a key1 s t ! /udd+ c be op5$ at ! top :5 ! box plank are to be rais$4 ,:5 ! box plank are 9 position1 nail cleats ) a hole 9 ea* ( !m on ea* side ( ! /udd+1 & correspond+ holes 9 ! /udd+1 into :i* ins]t a p9 to hold ! plank to ! /udd+4 ,bore holes along up 9 ! /udd+1 to hold ! boxes :5 rais$4 ,to make ! walls holl[1 & ,i w\ld d x 9 a build+ = any purpose1 use in* bo>ds ! same wid? ( ! box plank1 "o side plan$2 put ! two r\gh sides toge!r ) %+les betwe51 nail+ !m toge!r ) six-p5ny nails2 place !m 9 ! middle ( ! wall1 ! ?9 end ( ! %+le d[n4 ,t gives !m a bevel & c be easily rais$ ) ! boxes4 ,to tie ! wall toge!r1 at e ?ird c\rse place /rips ( bo>ds a little %ort] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! wall2 cut not*es 9 ea* s t ! concrete w fill 91 hold+ all fa/4 ,! side walls be+ up1 place two in* planks on top ( ! wall ^u :i* to re/ ! upp] joi/s1 put on joi/ & raft]s1 remove ! box plank1 take in* bo>ds = boxes1 cut to fit betwe5 joi/s & raft]s1 & fill ) concrete to upp] side ( raft]s1 :i* makes walls t w keep out cold & damp1 all k9ds ( v]m91 & a ro( :i* no?+ b a cyclone c remove4 ,9 mak+ door & w9d[ frames1 make ! jambs two in*es n>r[] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 nail+ on tempor>y two in* /rips4 ,make ! mort> b$ l>ge en\gh to hold ! mat]ial = "o c\rse2 put 9 unslak$ quicklime 9 proportion to #a to #bj or #cj ( o!r mat]ial2 ?r[ into x pl5ty ( wat]1 & don't h t ant$iluvian idea t y c dr[n x2 put 9 clean s& & gravel1 brok5 /one1 mak+ x ?9 en\gh1 s t :5 x is put into boxes ! ?9n] portion w run 91 fill+ all int]/ices1 =m+ a solid mass4 ,a brick tr[el is necess>y to "w x d[n alongside ! box+ plank4 ,"o ( ! be/ & easie/ ?+s to c>ry ! concrete to ! boxes is a railroad :eelb>r[1 scoop+ x 9 ) a scoop %ovel4 ,two c\rses a week is ab\t z fa/ z x w be safe to lay up ! walls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,m$ical ,summ>y recomm5ds ! ext]nal use ( butt]milk to ladies :o are expos$ to tan or freckles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:at ,,causes ,,pa9t ,,to ,,bli/] ,,& ,,peel8 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prev5t ,,x4 ,?is subject has be5 treat$ by _m1 b out ( ! num]\s ideas t h be5 br\ght to be> ^u x1 ! writ]s h fail$ to elucidate ! "q fully1 probably ow+ to ! fact t 9 mo/ p>ts !y 7 !mselves dubi\s z to ! real cause4 ,la/ ye> ,w4,s4 gave a l5g?y description 9 ! ,build+ ,news1 9 :i* he classifi$ bli/]+ & peel+ ( pa9t into "o ( bli/]+ only4 ,he /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 treatise ! foll[+3 ,! subject ( bli/]+ ( pa9t has f "t to "t engross$ ! att5tion ( practical m52 b s f> z we c foll[ x 9 ! lit]ature p]ta9+ to ! build+ trade1 its cause has nev] be5 cle>ly laid d[n1 & h5ce x is a detail en%r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,w4,s4 dwells mo/ly1 9 8 foll[+ explanations on bli/]+ pa9ts1 on /eam rais$ 9 damp wood4 ,also an ,engli% pa9t]1 accord+ to ! ,pa9t]s' ,j\rnal1 lately reit]ates ! same !ory1 & gives sundry reasons h[ wat] w get into wood ?r\gh pa9t1 b is oblivi\s t ! *annels :i* lead wat] into wood are op5 to let x out aga94 ,he lays great /ress on boil$ oil hold+ wat] 9 susp5se to cause bli/]+1 :i* is m]ely a conjecture4 ,wat] boils at #bab ,f4 & l9se$ oil at #fjj ,f41 consequ5tly no wat] c possibly rema9 aft] boil+1 & a drop ( wat] put into boil+ oil w\ld cause an explosion too dang]\s to be enc\nt]$4 ,x w be %[n h]e) t boil$ oil1 ?\gh 9 g5]al use1 is unfit = durable pa9t+1 t x is ! cause ( mo/ ( ! tr\bles pa9t]s h to cont5d )1 & t raw l9se$ oil season$ by age is ! only s\rce to b9d pigm5ts = durable pa9t+2 b h[ to procure x is ano!r tr\ble to ov]come1 z all our ,am]ican raw l9se$ oil has be5 heat$ by ! manufactur]s1 to qualify x = quick dry+ & an e>ly m>ket1 !reby impair+ its quality4 ,aft] l9se$ oil has be5 boil$1 x becomes a poor v>ni%2 x rema9s s(t & pliable :5 us$ 9 pa9t1 giv+ way to air pressure f ! wood 9 hot wea!r1 =m+ bli/]s4 ,turp5t9e causes no bli/]+2 x evaporates ^u be+ expos$1 & leaves ! pa9t 9 a por\s condition = ! gas 9 ! wood to escape2 b all pa9t]s agree t bli/]+ is caus$ by gas1 & on inve/igation we f9d two ma9 s\rces f :i* gas is g5]at$ to bli/] pa9t--"o f ! wood1 ! o!r f ! +r$i5ts ( ! pa9t4 ,! fir/ nam$ s\rce ( gas is />t$ 9 hot wea!r by expansion ( air conf9$ 9 pa9t$ wood1 :i* presses aga9/ ! pa9t & raises bli/]s :5 ! pa9t is too s(t to resi/4 ,t\gh1 well-cem5t$ pa9t resi/s ! pressure & keeps ! air back4 ,^! bli/]s mo/ly subside z soon z ! air cools & returns to ! pores1 b subsequ5tly peel (f4 ,w4,s4 & o!rs ass]t t damp 9 pa9t$ wood turns into /eam :5 expos$ to sun heat1 =m+ bli/]s1 :i* _c be possible :5 we "k t wat] does n take a gase\s =m 7/eam7 at less ?an #bab ,f4 ,!y h v likely be5 delud$ by ! kn[n way ( di/ill+ wat] ) ! aid ( sun%9e )\t conc5trat+ ! rays ( ! sun1 bas$ ^u ! solubility ( wat] 9 air1 viz43 ,air holds m wat] 9 solution 7or susp5sion7 9 a w>m] ?an 9 a cool] degree ( temp]ature2 by means ( a simple app>atus sun-heat$ air is guid$ ov] sun-heat$ wat]1 :5 ! air saturat$ ) wat] is conduct$ into a cool]1 to give up its wat] aga94 ,b wat] has an influ5ce t[>d ha/5+ to bli/] pa9t2 x holds ! unh>d5$ woodsap 9 solution1 =m+ a slight solv5t ( ! oil1 !reby loos5+ ! pa9t f ! wood1 favor+ bli/]+ & peel+4 ,!re is a c]ta9 k9d ( bli/] :i* appe>s 9 c]ta9 spots or places only1 & n[h]e else1 puzzl+ _m pa9t]s4 ,! explanation ( ?is is ! same z be=e--s(t pa9t at ^! spots1 caus$ by accid5t or sluggi% workm5 hav+ saturat$ ! wood ) coal oil1 wax1 t>1 grease1 or any o!r pa9t-s(t5+ mat]ial be=e ! wood 0 pa9t$1 :i* reacts on ! pa9t to give way to air pressure1 =m+ bli/]s4 ,! second cause ( pa9t bli/]+ f ! +r$i5ts ( ! pa9t happ5s betwe5 any lay] ( pa9t or v>ni% on wood1 iron1 /one1 or any o!r sub/ance4 ,its orig9 is ! gase\s =mation ( volatile oils dur+ ! heat$ season1 ( :i* ! light] coal oils play ! mo/ conspicu\s "p2 !y be+ less valuable ?an all o!r volatile oils1 are us$ 9 l[ pric$ japan dri]s & v>ni%es4 ,^! volatile oils take a gase\s =m at diff]5t temp]atures1 lie p>tly dormant until ! !rmomet] hov]s at #ij ,f4 9 ! %ade1 :5 !y develop into gas1 =m+ bli/]s 9 airtight pa9t1 or escape unnotic$ 9 por\s pa9t4 ,?is is ! reason :y coal-t> pa9t is s liable to bli/] 9 hot wea!r2 an ela/ic1 s(t coal-t> cov]+ holds "p ( its volatile oil conf9$ until heat$ to g5]ate into gas2 a few drops only ( su* oil is suffici5t to spoil ! be/ pa9t$ "w1 & worse1 :5 x has be5 appli$ 9 prim+1 x settles into ! pores ( ! wood1 ne$+ (t5 f two to ?ree repetitions ( scrap+ & repa9t+ be=e ! evil is ov]come4 ,n[1 inasmu* z s(t dry+ pa9t is unfit to answ] ! purpose1 x is equally z bad :5 pa9t too h>d or brittle has be5 us$1 t does n exp& & contract 9 h>mony ) ! pa9t$ article1 caus+ ! pa9t to crack & peel (f1 :i* is always ! case :5 ei!r oil or v>ni% has be5 too sp>+ly & turp5t9e too freely us$4 ,int5se cold favors ! action1 :5 all pa9ts become v brittle1 a fact mu* to be se5 on l[-pric$ vehicles 9 w9t] "t4 ,damp 9 wood w also ha/5 x1 z /at$ 9 bli/]+1 ! woodsap und]m9+ ! pa9t4 ,to avoid peel+ & bli/]+1 ! pa9t %\ld be mix$ ) raw l9se$ oil 9 su* proportions t x nei!r becomes too brittle nor too s(t :5 dry4 ,prim+ pa9t ) ne>ly all oil & h>dly any pigm5t is ! f\ndation ( _m evils 9 pa9t+2 x leaves too mu* free oil 9 ! pa9t1 =m+ a s(t und]coat4 ,= durable pa9t+1 pa9t %\ld be mix$ ) z mu* ( a base pigm5t z x c possibly be spread ) a bru%1 giv+ a ?9 coat & =m+ a *emical comb9ation call$ soap4 ,to avoid an excess ( oil1 ! foll[+ coats ne$ turp5t9e to insure ! same proportion ( oil & pigm5t4 ,z pro( ( ?is1 prime a piece ( wood & a piece ( iron ) ! same pa9t2 :5 ! wood takes up "p ( ! oil f ! pa9t & leaves ! re/ 9 proportion to h>d5 well1 :]e at ! same "t ! pa9t on iron rema9s s(t4 ,to be m lucid1 x ne$ be expla9$1 l9se$ oil boil$ has lo/ its oleic acid & glyc]9e e!r1 :i* =m ) ! bases ( pigm5ts ! insoluble soap1 z well z its album51 :i* 9 boil+ is ?r[n out4 ,x coagulates at #afj ,f4 heat2 ea* is ne$$ to bett] )/& ! action ( w9d & wea!r1 prev5t+ ! du/ f atta*+ itself to a pa9t$ surface1 a *annel = ammonia 9 damp wea!r to dissolve & wa% (f ! pa9t4 ,9 lat] ye>s l9se$ oil has be5 extract$ f l9se$ meal by ! aid ( naph?a & p]colation1 ! product ( a v cle>1 quick dry+ oil1 b lack+ 9 its b9d+ quality1 no d\bt caus$ by ! naph?a dissolv+ ! fatty matt] only1 leav+ ! glyc]9e & album5 9 ! meal4 ,all pigm5ts ( pa9t gr\p accord+ to _! aff9ity to raw l9se$ oil into ?ree classes4 ,fir/1 ^? t =m *emical comb9ations1 call$ soap4 ,?is k9d is ! mo/ durable1 is us$ = prim+ purposes1 & consi/s ( lead1 z9c1 & iron bases1 ( :i* r$ lead takes up ! mo/ oil2 next1 :ite lead1 ! pure c>bonate ,dut* process made1 foll[+ ) z9c :ite & iron c>bonates1 z iron ore pa9t1 ,turkey umb]1 yell[ o*]2 also fa9tly ! *romates ( lead--*rome-gre5 & *rome-yell[1 f9i%+ ) ! poore/ ( all1 mod]n :ite lead1 made by ! wet or v9eg> process4 ,! second class be+ neutrals h no *emical aff9ity to l9se$ oil2 !y ne$ a l>ge quantity ( dri] to h>d5 ! pa9t1 & include all blacks1 v]milion1 ,prussian1 ,p>is1 & ,*9ese blue1 also t]ra di ,si5na1 ,v&yke br[n1 ,p>is gre51 v]digris1 ultram>9e1 g5u9e c>m9e1 & madd]lake4 ,! la/ sev5 are1 on acc\nt ( _! transp>5cy1 bett] adapt$ = v>ni% mixtures--glaz+4 ,! ?ird class ( pigm5ts act de/ructively to l9se$ oil2 !y hav+ an acid base 7mo/ly t9 salt1 hydro*loride ( t91 & r$wood dye71 =m ) ! gelat9\s matt] ( ! oil a jelly t w nei!r "w well "u ! bru% nor h>d5 suffici5tly1 & c be us$ 9 v>ni% = glaz+ only2 !y are n p]man5t 9 color1 & among ! mo/ tr\blesome are ! l[] grades ( s-call$ c>m9es1 madd]lakes1 rose p9ks1 etc41 :i* conta9 m or less acid\s dyes1 =m+ a s(t pa9t ) l9se$ oil t once dry on a job c be twi/$ or peel$ (f l ! sk9 ( a ripe pea*4 ,all ^! comb9ations ( pa9t h to be closely obs]v$ by ! pa9t] to insure 8 success4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago a h\se ne$$ to be pa9t$ outside b once 9 f five to sev5 ye>s2 x look$ well all ! "t1 z no du/ settl$ 9 ! pa9t to make x unsightly4 ,pa9t]s !n us$ ! ,dut*-process-made :ite-lead1 a base & raw l9se$ oil1 a fat acid1 :i* =m$ ! insoluble soap4 ,!y also put turp5t9e 9 ! foll[+ coats1 to keep up ! proportions ( oil & pigm5t4 ,all held out well aga9/ w9d & wea!r4 ,n[ !y use ! wet-process-made :ite lead1 neutraliz$ by v9eg>1 ) oil neutraliz$ by boil+1 f ! fir/ to ! la/ coat1 &--fail 9 mak+ _! "w p]man5t4 ,w4,s41 9 ! ,build+ ,news1 relates an unacc\ntable my/]i\s bli/]+ 9 a leaky h\se1 :]e ! ra9wat] came f above on a pa9t$ wood wall1 bli/]+ ! pa9t 9 /reaks & fill$ at ! l[] ends ) wat]1 :i* no d\bt 0 caus$ by ! wat] soak+ ! wood at ! upp] ends :]e !re 0 no pa9t1 & foll[+ x d[n ?r\gh ! fib]s1 pu%$ & peel$ (f ! s(t1 inadhesive pa9t4 ,gre51 sappy1 & res9\s wood is unfit = durable pa9t+1 & to avoid bli/]+ & peel+ wood %\ld be well season$ & prim$ ) all raw l9se$ oil1 "s dri]1 to insure a mod]ately sl[ dry+1 & z mu* ( a base pigm5t z ! pa9t] c possibly spread 7mu* dri] takes up too mu* oil acid1 ne$$ = ! pigm5t base to comb9e )71 :i* insures a t\gh pa9t t nev] fails to /& aga9/ bli/]+ or peel+1 z well z w9d1 wea!r1 & ammonia4 ,! coa*1 c>1 & h\se pa9t] c mat]ially improve 8 pa9t+ :]e 8 ne$s lie by fir/ oil+ ! wood ) raw oil1 !n smoo?+ ! surface d[n ) lump pumice/one1 wa%+ x ) a mixture ( japan dri] or1 bett] yet1 gold siz+ & turp5t9e1 wip+ dry1 & foll[+ x up ) a coat ( :ite lead1 oil1 & turp5t9e4 ,! explanation is3 ! raw oil p5etrates ! wood & raises ! wood fib]s on ! surface to be rubb$ d[n ) pumice/one1 insur+ ! be/ surface = ! foll[+ pa9t+3 to h>d5 ! oil 9 ! wood x receives a coat ( japan dri]1 :i* foll[s into ! pores & !re =ms a t\gh1 res9\s matt]1 resi/+ any air pressure t might arise f )91 & at ! same "t reacts on ! fir/ coat ( lead z a dri]4 ,?is mode insures ! smoo!/ & t\ghe/ f\ndation = ! foll[+ pa9t+1 & may be expos$ to ! hotte/ ,july sun )\t fe> ( ei!r bli/]+ or peel+4 ,,l\is ,,mat]n4 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,olive ,,oil4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s ) reg>d to ! production ( olive oil 9 ,tuscany h be5 furni%$ to ,mr4 ,consul ,+lis by "o ( ! pr9cipal export]s 9 ,leghorn3 ,! olive oil produc$ 9 ,tuscany f ! fir/ press+ ( ! fruit is int5d$ = consumption z an article ( food4 ,h5ce1 great att5tion is paid bo? to ! culture ( ! olive tree & ! process ( mak+ oil4 ,! olive crop is subject to _m vicissitudes1 & is an unc]ta9 "o4 ,x may be tak5 z a rule t a good crop does n occur m frequ5tly ?an once 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,a prolong$ dr\ght 9 summ] may cause ! great] "p ( ! small fruit to fall (f ! trees4 ,a w>m & wet autumn w subject ! fruit to ! ravages ( a maggot or worm1 :i* eats its way into x4 ,fruit ?us injur$ falls to ! gr\nd prematurely1 & ! oil made f x is ( v bad quality1 be+ nause\s 9 ta/e & some:at ?ick & visc\s4 ,fro/ foll[+ imm$iately on a fall ( sn[ or sleet1 :5 ! trees are /ill wet1 w irretrievably damage ! fruit1 caus+ x to %rivel up & greatly dim9i%+ ! yield ( oil1 :ile ! oil itself has a d>k color1 & loses its delicate flavor4 ,! olive tree 9 ,tuscany g5]ally blossoms 9 ,april4 ,by ,novemb] ! fruit has atta9$ its full size1 ?\gh n full maturity1 & ! olive h>ve/ g5]ally comm5ces !n4 ,! fruit1 g5]ally speak+1 is ga!r$ z x falls to ! gr\nd1 ei!r f rip5ess or 9 w9dy wea!r4 ,9 "s di/ricts1 h[ev]1 & :5 ! crop is %ort1 ! practice is to /rip ! fruit f ! trees e>ly 9 ! season4 ,:5 !re is a full crop ! h>ve/ la/s _m mon?s1 & may n be f9i%$ till ! end ( ,may1 z ! fruit does n all rip5 simultane\sly4 ,oil made e>ly 9 ! season has a deep] color1 & is di/+ui%$ by a fruity flavor1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( pung5cy2 :ile z ! season advances x becomes light] 9 color1 ?9n] 9 body1 & mild] & sweet] 9 ta/e4 ,oil made t[>d ! close ( ! h>ve/ 9 ,april or ,may f extremely ripe fruit is ( a v pale /raw color1 mild & sweet to ! ta/e1 ?\gh sometimes1 if ! fruit has rema9$ too long on ! trees1 x may be slightly rancid4 ,oil v light 9 color is mu* priz$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 notably ,france1 & h5ce1 if x also possesses good quality1 comm&s a high] price 9 ! ,tuscan m>kets4 ,! fruit ( ! olive tree v>ies j z mu* 9 quality z does ! grape1 accord+ to ! species ( ! tree itself1 ! nature ( ! soil1 exposure1 & climate ( ! locality :]e x gr[s4 ,"s v>ieties ( ! olive tree l>gely gr[n1 because ?\ght to be bett] suit$ to ! special conditions ( "s di/ricts1 yield a fruit :i* imp>ts a bitt] ta/e to ! oil made f x2 su* oil1 ev5 :5 o!rwise p]fect1 ranks z a second rate quality4 ,! highe/ quality ( oil c only be obta9$ :5 ! fruit is p]fectly & uni=mly s\nd1 well rip5$1 ga!r$ z soon z x has dropp$ f ! trees1 & cru%$ imm$iately ) great att5tion4 ,%\ld ! fruit rema9 any "t on ! gr\nd1 p>ticul>ly dur+ wet wea!r1 x det]iorates fa/ & gets an e>?y ta/e2 :ile if all[$ to rema9 an undue l5g? ( "t 9 ! g>n]s x heats1 beg9s to decompose1 & w yield only bad oil4 ,! process ( mak+ oil is z foll[s3 ,! fruit is cru%$ 9 a /one mill1 g5]ally mov$ by wat] p[]2 ! pulp is !n put into bags made ( fib]1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! bags1 pil$ "o ^u ano!r1 are plac$ 9 a press1 mo/ frequ5tly work$ by h&2 :5 pressure is appli$1 ! oil fl[s d[n into a *annel by :i* x is convey$ to a receptacle or tank4 ,:5 oil ceases to fl[1 tepid wat] is p\r$ ^u ! bags to c>ry (f oil reta9$ by ! bags4 ,! pulp is !n remov$ f ! bags1 gr\nd aga9 9 ! mill1 !n replac$ 9 ! bags1 & press$ a second "t4 ,! wat] us$ 9 ! process ( mak+ oil mu/ be q pure2 ! mill1 press1 bags1 & vessels sweet & clean1 z ! lea/ ta9t w\ld ru9 ! quality ( ! oil produc$4 ,! oil :i* has collect$ 9 ! tank or receptacle j m5tion$ is remov$ day by day1 & ! wat] also dra9$ (f1 z oil w\ld suff] 9 quality if left 9 contact ) wat]2 ! wat] also1 :i* necess>ily conta9s "s oil m+l$ ) x1 is s5t to a deposit outside1 & at "s di/ance f ! cru%+ h\se1 :i* is call$ ! ,inf]no1 :]e x is all[$ to accumulate1 & ! oil :i* comes to ! surface is skimm$ (f f "t to "t4 ,x is fit only = manufactur+ purposes4 ,aft] ! second press+ ! olive-pulp is n yet done )2 x is beat5 up ) wat] by me*anical agitators mov$ by wat]-p[]1 & !n ! :ole dis*>g$ into op5-air tanks adjo9+ ! cru%+ h\se4 ,!re ! cru%$ olive k]nels s9k to ! bottom1 are ga!r$ up & sold = fuel1 fet*+ ab\t #ab francs p] #a1jjj kilos1 :ile ! debris ( ! pulp is skimm$ (f ! surface ( ! tank & aga9 press$ 9 bags1 yield+ a consid]able quantity ( inf]ior oil1 call$ olio lavato1 or wa%$ oil1 :i*1 if fre%ly made1 is ev5 us$ = food by ! poor] classes4 ,! pulp !n rema9+ has /ill fur!r use4 ,x is sold = treatm5t 9 factories by ! sulphide ( c>bon process1 & by ?is me?od yields f sev5 to n9e p] c5t4 ( oil1 ( c\rse suitable only = manufactur+ purposes4 ,only ! fir/ two press+s yield oil :i* ranks z fir/ quality1 subject ( c\rse to ! condition ( ! fruit be+ unexceptionable4 ,new oil is all[$ to re/ a :ile 9 ord] to get rid ( s$im5t2 x is !n cl>ifi$ by pass+ ?r\gh clean cotton wool1 :5 x is fit = use4 ,! highe/ quality ( olive oil = eat+ purposes %\ld n only be free f ! lea/ ta9t 9 ta/e or smell1 b possess$ ( a delicate1 appetiz+ flavor4 ,:5 s _m favorable conditions are ne$$ z to gr[?1 maturity1 & s\ndness ( ! fruit1 c\pl$ ) great att5tion dur+ ! process ( oil-mak+1 x is n to be wond]$ at t by no means all or ev5 ! great] "p ( ! oil produc$ 9 ! mo/ favor$ di/ricts ( ,tuscany is ( ! highe/ quality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! bulk is inf]ior & defective4 ,^! defective oils are l>gely dealt 9 bo? = home consumption & export1 :5 price & n quality is ! object4 ,9 =eign c\ntries !re is always a m>ket = inf]ior1 defective olive oil = cook+ purposes1 etc41 provid$ ! price be l[4 ,price & n quality is ! object1 s mu* s t :5 olive oil is de>1 cotton-se$1 gr\nd-nut1 & o!r oils are sub/itut$1 :i* be> ! same relation to good olive oil t butt]9e & simil> prep>ations d to real butt]4 ,! v *oice/ qualities ( pure olive oil are l>gely %ipp$ f ,leghorn to ,engl&1 along ) ! v l[e/ qualities1 (t5 also adult]at$4 ,! oil put into ,flor5ce flasks is ( ! latt] k9d4 ,_m ye>s back ?is 0 n ! case1 b n[ x is a recogniz$ fact t no?+ b ! l[e/ quality ( oil is put into ^! flasks2 oil utt]ly unfit = food1 & s bad t x is a my/]y to :at use x is appli$ 9 ,engl&4 ,import]s 9 ,engl& ( oil 9 ^! flasks c>e no?+1 h[ev]1 ab\t quality2 *eapness is ! only desid]atum4 ,! be/ quality ( ,tuscan olive oil is import$ 9 ,london 9 casks1 bottl$ !re1 & be>s ! "n ( ! import]s alone on ! label4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 procur+ 9 ,engl& ! be/ ,tuscan oil1 :i* no?+ produc$ else:]e c surpass2 b consum]s :o wi% to get1 & are will+ to pay =1 ! be/ article mu/ look to ! "n & reputation ( ! import]s & ! g5]al excell5ce ( all ! articles !y sell1 :i* is ! be/ gu>antee !y c h ( quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,beeswax ,,& ,,its ,,adult]ations4 ,beeswax is a peculi> waxy sub/ance secret$ only by bees1 & consi/+ ( #hj4b p] c5t4 c>bon1 #ac4d p] c5t4 hydrog51 & #f4d p] c5t4 oxyg54 ,x is a mixture ( myric9e1 c]otic acid1 & c]ole91 ! fir/ ( :i* is insoluble 9 boil+ alcohol1 ! second is soluble 9 hot alcohol & cry/allizes out on cool+1 :ile ! ?ird rema9s dissolv$ 9 cold alcohol4 ,al?\gh we are unable to produce real beeswax artificially1 !re are _m imitations :i* are made use ( to adult]ate ! g5u9e article1 & _! detection is a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,huebl says 7,d+l4 ,j\r41 p4 #cch7 t ! mo/ reliable me?od ( e/imat+ ! adult]ation ( beeswax is t propos$ by ,beck]1 & kn[n z ! saponification me?od4 ,! quantity ( potassic hydrate requir$ to saponify "o gramme or #ae gra9s ( pure beeswax v>ies f #ig to #ajg milligrammes4 ,o!r k9ds ( wax & its sub/itutes require 9 "s cases m & 9 o!rs less ( ! alkali4 ,?is me?od w\ld1 h[ev]1 lead to v errone\s conclusions if appli$ to a mixture ( :i* "s ( ! con/itu5ts h high] saponification numb]s ?an beeswax & o!rs high]1 z "o error w\ld balance ! o!r4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! quantity ( alkali requir$ to saponify ! myric9e is fir/ asc]ta9$1 & !n t requir$ to saturate ! free c]otic acid4 ,9 ?is way two numb]s are obta9$2 & 9 an inve/igation ( tw5ty samples ( ,au/rian yell[ beeswax1 ! au?or f\nd ^! numb]s /ood to ea* o!r almo/ 9 ! con/ant ratio ( #a to #c4gj4 ,al?\gh ?is ratio _c be consid]$ z def9itely e/abli%$ by s few exp]im5ts1 x may s]ve z a guide 9 judg+ ( ! purity ( beeswax4 ,! exp]im5t is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 #c or #d grammes ( ! wax t has be5 melt$ 9 wat] are put 9 #bj c4c4 ( neutral #ie p] c5t1 alcohol1 & w>m$ until ! wax melts1 :5 ph5olph?ale9e is add$1 & en\gh ( an alcoholic solution ( pota% run 9 f a burette until on %ak+ x reta9s a fa9t b p]man5t r$ color4 ,! burette us$ by ! au?or is divid$ 9 #j4je c4c4 ,aft] add+ #bj c4c4 m ( a half normal pota% solution1 x is heat$ on a wat] ba? = h\r4 ,!n ! uncomb9$ excess ( alkali is titrat$ ) half normal hydro*loric acid4 ,! alcohol mu/ be te/$ z to its reaction be=e us+ x1 & c>efully neutraliz$ ) ! acid ( ph5olph?ale94 ,to saturate ! free acid 9 #a gramme ( wax requires #ai to #ba milligrammes ( potassic hydrate1 :ile #gc to #gf milligrammes m are necess>y to saponify ! myric9e e!r4 ,! l[] numb]s 9 ! "o usually occur ) l[ numb]s = ! o!r1 s t ! proportions rema9 #a to #c4f or #a to #c4h4 ,= comp>ison he gives ! foll[+ numb]s obta9$ ) "o gramme ( ! m common adult]ants3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,to ,to ,total neutralize conv]t saponifi- ! acid4! e!r4 cation4 ,ratio4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,japanese wax #bj #bjj #bbj #aj ,c>nauba wax #d #ge #gi #ai ,tall[ #d #agf #ahj #dd ,/e>ic acid #aie #j #aie #j_/aie ,ros9 #aaj #a4f #aab #j4jae ,p>aff9e #j #j #j #j ,c]es9e #j #j #j #j ,yell[ beeswax #bj #ge #ie #c4ge ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! au?or d$uces ! foll[+ conclusions z ! results ( ^! inve/igations3 #a4 ,if ! numb]s obta9$ lie betwe5 ^! limits1 #ai to #ba1 #gc to #gf1 #ib to #ig1 & #c4f to #c4h respectively1 x may be assum$ t ! beeswax is pure1 provid$ x also corresponds to beeswax 9 its physical prop]ties4 #b4 ,if ! saponification figures fall bel[ #ib & yet ! ratio is correct1 x is adult]at$ ) "s neutral sub/ance l p>aff9e4 #c4 ,if ! ratio is above #c4h1 x is v probable t ,japanese or c>nauba wax or grease has be5 add$4 #d4 ,if ! ratio falls bel[ #c4f1 /e>ic acid or res9 has be5 us$ z ! adult]ant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ph5ol ,,9 ,,! ,,/em1 ,,leaves1 ,,& ,,cones ,,( ,,p9us ,,sylve/ris4 ,a ,,discov]y ,,be>+ ,,on ,,! ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,epo* ,,& ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,petroleum4 ,by ,a4,b4 ,,griffi?s1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,membre de la ,societe ,*imique de ,p>is1 ,m$alli/ 9 ,*emi/ry & ,botany1 etc4 ,hav+ f\nd1 9 small quantities1 alcohols ( ! ,cn,h#bn-#g s]ies1 la/ summ]1 9 ! /em1 acicul> leaves1 & cones ( ,p9us sylve/ris1 ,i wi% 9 ?is pap] to say a few words on ! subject4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i took a numb] ( cones1 cut !m up into small pieces1 & plac$ !m 9 a l>ge glass beak]1 !n ne>ly fill$ x ) di/ill$ wat]1 & heat$ to ab\t #hj ,c41 keep+ ! decoction at ?is temp]ature = ab\t half an h\r1 ,i occasionally /irr$ ) a glass rod1 & !n all[$ x to cool1 & filt]$4 ,?is filtrate 0 !n evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness1 :5 a small quantity ( six-sid$ prisms cry/alliz$ out1 :i* subsequ5tly 7 f\nd to be ! hydrate ( ph5ol 7,c#f;,h#e;,,ho7#b;,h#b,o4 ,its melt+ po9t 0 f\nd to be #ag4b ,c4 ,fur!r1 ! cry/als already ref]r$ to 7 dissolv$ 9 e!r1 & !n all[$ to evaporate1 :5 long colorless ne$les 7 obta9$1 :i*1 on be+ plac$ 9 a dry te/ tube & ! tube plac$ 9 a wat] ba? kept at #db ,c41 7 f\nd to melt2 & on mak+ a c>eful combu/ion analysis ( ^! cry/als1 ! foll[+ composition 0 obta9$3 ,c>bon #gf4f ,hydrog5 #f4d ,oxyg5 #ag4j ----- #ajj4j ,?is gives ,c#f;,h#f,o1 :i* is ! =mula = ph5ol4 ,on dissolv+ "s ( ^! cry/als 9 wat] 7excess7 & add+ f]ric *loride1 a beautiful violet color 0 imp>t$ to ! solution4 ,to ano!r aque\s solution ( ! cry/als 0 add$ brom9e wat]1 & a :ite precipitate 0 obta9$1 consi/+ ( tribromoph5ol4 ,an aque\s solution ( ! cry/als imm$iately coagulat$ album54 ,all ^! reactions %[ t ! ph5ol occurs 9 ! free /ate 9 ! cones ( ?is plant4 ,9 ! same mann] ,i treat$ ! acicul> leaves1 & portions ( ! /em sep>ately1 bo? be+ previ\sly cut up into small pieces1 & f bo? ,i obta9$ ph5ol4 ,i h asc]ta9$ ! relative am\nt ( ph5ol 9 ea* "p ( ! plant op]at$ ^u2 by heat+ ! /em ) wat] at #hj ,c41 & filt]+1 & repeat+ ?is op]ation until ! aque\s filtrate gave no violet color ) f]ric *loride & no :ite precipitate ) brom9e wat]4 ,i f\nd v>i\s quantities accord+ to ! age ( ! /em4 ,! old] portions yield+ z mu* z #j4ajba p] c5t1 :ile ! "y portions only gave #j4jfed p] c5t4 ,! leaves yield+ accord+ to _! age1 #j4jicf & #j4jcae p] c5t42 & ! cones also gave v>y+ am\nts1 accord+ to _! maturity1 ! am\nts v>y+ betwe5 #j4jggd & #j4jbic4 ,two me?ods 7 us$ 9 ! quantitative e/imation ( ! am\nt ( ph5ol4 ,! fir/ 0 ! new volumetric me?od ( ,m4 ,*&elon 7,bullet9 de la ,societe ,*emique de ,p>is1 ,july #bj1 #ahhb2 & ,deuts*-,am]icani%e ,apo!k] ,zeitung1 vol4 iii41 ,no4 #ab1 ,septemb] #a1 #ahhb71 :i* ,i h f\nd to be v satisfactory4 ,! process dep5ds on ! precipitation ( ph5ol by a dilute aque\s solution ( brom9e z tribromoph5ol4 ,! second me?od 0 to extract1 z already /al$1 a kn[n weight ( ea* "p ( ! plant ) wat]1 until ! la/ extract gives no violet color ) f]ric *loride1 & no :ite precipitate ) ! brom9e te/ 7:i* is capable ( detect+ 9 a solution ! #a_/fjjjj "p ( ph5ol74 ,! aque\s extract is at ?is po9t evaporat$1 !n e!r is add$1 & f9ally ! e!real solution is all[$ to evaporate4 ,! residue 7ph5ol7 is weigh$ directly1 & f ?is ! p]c5tage c be asc]ta9$4 ,by ?is me?od ( extraction1 ! oil ( turp5t9e1 res9s1 etc41 conta9$ 9 ,p9us sylve/ris d n pass into solution1 because !y are insoluble 9 wat]1 ev5 :5 boil+2 :at passes into solution besides ph5ol is a little tann91 :i* is practically insoluble 9 e!r4 ,f ?is inve/igation x w be se5 t ph5ol exi/s 9 v>i\s proportions 9 ! free /ate 9 ! leaves1 /em1 & cones ( ,p9us sylve/ris1 & z ?is comp\nd is a product 9 ! di/illation ( coal1 & z geologi/s h to a c]ta9 ext5t direct evid5ce t ! flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo* 0 ess5tially crytogam\s1 ! only phnogam\s plants :i* con/itut$ any feature 9 ! coal =e/s be+ ! conif]1 & z coal is ! fossil rema9s ( t gigantic flora :i* conta9$ ph5ol1 ,i ?9k my discov]y ( ph5ol 9 ! conif] ( ! pres5t day fur!r supports1 f a *emical po9t ( view1 ! views ( geologi/s t ! conif] exi/$ s f> back 9 ! _w's hi/ory z ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,i ?9k ?is discov]y also supports ! !ory t ! orig9 ( petroleum 9 nature is produc$ by mod]ate heat on coal or simil> matt] ( a vegetable orig94 ,= we "k f ! rese>*es ( ,freund & ,pebal 7,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 cxv4 #ai71 t petroleum conta9s ph5ol & its homologues1 & z ,i h f\nd ?is organic comp\nd 9 ! conif] ( to-day1 x is probable t petroleum 9 c]ta9 areas has be5 produc$ f ! conif]s & ! flora g5]ally ( "s primval =e/s4 ,x is /at$ by num]\s *emi/s t petroleum almo/ always conta9s solid p>aff9 & simil> hydroc>bons4 ,pr(essors ,s*orlemm] & ,?orpe h f\nd heptane 9 ,p9us1 :i* heptane yield$ prim>y heptyl-alcohol1 & me?yl-p5tyl-c>b9ol1 exactly z ! heptane obta9$ f petroleum does 7,annal5 de ,*emie1 ccxvii41 #aci1 & clxxxviii41 #bdi2 & ,b]i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,*emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 viii41 #afdi72 &1 fur!r1 petroleum conta9s a l>ge numb] ( hydroc>bons :i* are f\nd 9 coal4 ,aga91 ,m5delejeff1 ,beil/e91 & o!rs 7,bullet9 de la ,societe ,*emique de ,p>is1 ,no4 #a1 ,july #e1 #ahhc71 h f\nd hydroc>bons ( !-- ,cn,h#bn#b1 ,cn,h#bn-#f1 also hydroc>bons ( ! ,cn,h#bn s]ies 9 ! petroleum ( ,baku1 ,am]ican petroleum conta9+ simil> hydroc>bons4 ,i ?9k all ^! facts give v great weight to ! !ory t petroleum is ( organic orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,b]!lot1 f 8 syn!tic production ( hydroc>bons1 believes t ! int]ior ( ! globe conta9s alkal9e metals 9 ! free /ate1 :i* yield acetylides 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bonic anhydride1 :i* are decompos$ into acetyl5e by aque\s vapor4 ,b x has be5 already prov$ t acetyl5e may be polym]iz$1 s z to produce aromatic c>bides1 or ! d]ivatives ( m>% gas1 by ! absorption ( hydrog54 ,b]!lot's view1 !re=e1 is too imag9ative2 = ! pres5ce ( free alkal9e metals 9 ! e>?'s int]ior is an unprov$ & v improbable hypo!sis4 ,byasson /ates t petroleum is =m$ by ! action ( wat]1 c>bonic anhydride1 & sulphuret$ hydrog5 ^u inc&esc5t iron4 ,m5delejeff ?9ks x is =m$ by ! action ( aque\s vapor ^u c>bides ( iron2 & 9 8 article1 ,petroleum1 ! ,light ( ! ,poor 79 ?is mon?'s--,febru>y--numb] ( ,good ,words71 ,sir ,lyon ,playfair1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc41 holds op9ions simil> to ^? ( ,m5delejeff4 ,tak+ 9 consid]ation ! facts t solid p>aff9 is f\nd 9 petroleum & is also f\nd 9 coal1 & f my own "w t ph5ol exi/s 9 ,p9us sylve/ris1 & has be5 f\nd by o!rs 9 coal :i* is produc$ f ! decomposition ( a flora conta9+ num]\s gigantic conif] alli$ to ,p9us1 & t petroleum conta9s ph5ol1 & ea* 7i4e41 petroleum & coal7 conta9s a numb] ( hydroc>bons common to bo?1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! balance ( evid5ce is 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis t petroleum has be5 produc$ 9 nature f a vegetable s\rce 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,( c\rse1 !re c be no practical or direct evid5ce z to ! orig9 ( petroleum2 !re=e !ories are ! only lights ) :i* we c p5etrate ! obscurity ( ! unkn[n1 & !y are to be valu$ j z f> z !y illum9ate our pa?4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i ?9k t !re is a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! old p9e & fir =e/ ( bygone ages & ! orig9 ( petroleum 9 nature4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,physics ,,& ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,p>is4 ,rec5tly we paid a visit to ! ,new ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry t ! city ( ,p>is f\nd$ 9 #ahhb1 & t is n[ 9 op]ation 9 ! l>ge build+ ( ! old ,roll9 ,college4 ,?is e/abli%m5t is "o ( ^? t supply a long-felt want ( our "t1 & we are happy to make x kn[n to our read]s4 ,! object = :i* x 0 design$ 01 9 ! int5tion ( its f\nd]s1 to give "y p :o h j graduat$ f ! high] prim>y s*ools special in/ruction :i* %all be at once sci5tific & practical1 & :i* %all fit !m to become eng9e]s or sup]9t5d5ts 9 laboratories connect$ ) *emical & physical indu/ries4 ,to rea* su* a result x has be5 necess>y to give ! tea*+ an ess5tially practical "*1 by p]mitt+ ! pupils to proce$ ( !mselves 9 manipulations 9 well fitt$ laboratories4 ,x is ^u ?is important po9t t we %all n[ m p>ticul>ly dwell2 b1 be=e mak+ kn[n ! g5]al mode ( tea*+1 we wi% to quote a few passages f ! s*ool's (ficial programme3 ,_m que/ions & problems1 9 physics z well z 9 *emi/ry1 f9d _! solution only ) ! aid ( ma!matics & me*anics4 ,x !re=e became necess>y1 ?r\gh lectures be>+ ^u ! useful bran*es ( ma!matics1 to supplem5t ! too limit$ ideas t pupils br\ght ) !m on ent]+ ! s*ool4 ,ma!matics & me*anics are !re=e taught "h at ! same "t ) physics & *emi/ry1 b !y are m]ely reg>d$ 9 ! light ( auxili>ies to ! latt]4 ,! /udies ext5d ov] ?ree ye>s4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree divisions 7#a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d ye>s7 includes ?irty pupils4 ,dur+ ! ?ree fir/ seme/]s1 pupils ( ! same grade att5d lectures & g ?r\gh manipulations 9 *emi/ry1 physics1 ma!matics1 & draught+ 9 common4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird seme/] !y are divid$ into #aj physical & #bj *emical /ud5ts4 ,f ?is mom5t1 al?\gh c]ta9 c\rses /ill rema9 :olly or p>tially common to ! two categories ( pupils 7physical & *emical71 ! same is no long] ! case ) reg>d to ! practical ex]cises1 = ! physical /ud5ts !reaft] manipulate only 9 ! physical laboratories1 & ! *emical only 9 ! *emical laboratories2 moreov]1 ! manipulations acquire a great] importance ?r\gh ! "t t is devot$ to !m4 ,at ea* promotion ! ?ree fir/ seme/]s are tak5 up ) g5]al & sci5tific /udies4 ,te*nical applications are ! subject ( ! lectures & ex]cises ( ! ?ree la/ seme/]s4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird ye> c]tificates are giv5 to ^? pupils :o h und]gone exam9ation 9 a satisfactory mann]1 & diplomas to su* z h p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,:5 pupils h be5 receiv$ at ! s*ool1 aft] pass+ ! necess>y exam9ation1 _! "t ( work+ is divid$ up betwe5 lectures & que/ion+s & diff]5t laboratory manipulations4 ,! c\rse ( lectures on g5]al & appli$ physics comprises hydro/atics & heat 7,pr(4 ,domm]71 electricity & magnetism 7,pr(4 ,hospitali]71 & optics & ac\/ics 7,pr(4 ,baille74 ,lectures on g5]al *emi/ry are deliv]$ by ,pr(s4 ,s*ultz5b]g] & ,h5n+]1 on analytical *emi/ry by ,pr(4 ,silva1 on *emi/ry appli$ to ! indu/ries by ,pr(4 ,h5n+] 7= inorganic7 & ,pr(4 ,s*ultz5b]g] 7= organic74 ,! lectures on pure & appli$ ma!matics & me*anics are deliv]$ by ,pr(s4 ,levy & ,roze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,a ,,laboratory ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,s*ool ,,( ,,physics ,,& ,,*emi/ry4 ,! pupils occupy !mselves regul>ly e day1 dur+ half ! "t sp5t at ! s*ool1 ) practical "w 9 analytical & appli$ *emi/ry & physics & g5]al *emi/ry4 ,?is practical "w is a complem5t to ! v>i\s lectures1 & has ref]5ce to :at has be5 taught !re94 ,once or twice p] week ! pupils sp5d ?ree h\rs 9 a %op devot$ to wood & metal work+1 & le>n h[ to turn1 =ge1 file1 adju/1 etc4 ,! s*ool's cab9ets are n[ provid$ ) ! be/ in/rum5ts = /udy1 & are daily becom+ ri*] !re94 ,! *emical laboratories are none ! less rem>kably organiz$4 ,9 ! accompany+ cut we give a view ( "o ( ^!--! "o t is "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,s*ultz5b]g]1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry & director ( ! new s*ool4 ,ea* pupil has 8 own place 9 front ( a l>ge table provid$ ) a /& :]eon he may arrange all ! products t he has to employ4 ,b5ea? ! "w-table he has at 8 disposal a closet 9 :i* to place 8 app>atus aft] he is ?r\gh us+ !m4 ,ea* pupil has 9 front ( him a wat]-faucet1 :i* is fix$ to a v]tical column & plac$ ov] a s9k4 ,alongside ( ?is faucet !re is a d\ble gas burn]1 :i* may be connect$ ) furnaces & heat+ app>atus by means ( rubb] tub+4 ,a special hall1 ) draught & v5tilation1 is set ap>t = precipitations by sulphuret$ hydrog5 & ! prep>ation ( *lor9e & o!r ill-smell+ & delet]i\s gases4 ,! great am\nt ( light & space provid$ secure ! be/ ( conditions ( hygi5e to ?is f9e & va/ laboratory1 :]e "y p h all ! necess>y requisites = becom+ true *emi/s4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,du/-,,free ,,spaces4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lecture to ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society by ,dr4 ,oliv] ,j4 ,lodge1 ,april #b1 #ahhd4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a s+ul> int]e/ has aris5 9 ! subject ( du/1 smoke1 & fog1 & sev]al sci5tific rese>*es into ! nature & prop]ties ( ^! ph5om5a h be5 rec5tly conduct$4 ,x s happ5$ t at ! "t ,i receiv$ a reque/ f ! secret>y ( ?is society to lecture "h ?is aft]noon ,i 0 9 ! middle ( a rese>* connect$ ) du/1 :i* ,i _h be5 c>ry+ on = "s mon?s 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,cl>k1 ,demon/rator ( ,physics 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,liv]pool1 & :i* _h l$ u to "s int]e/+ results4 ,x /ruck me t possibly "s sort ( acc\nt ( ?is inve/igation might n be unacceptable to a le>n$ body su* z ?is1 & accord+ly ,i telegraph$ (f to ,mr4 ,moss ! title ( ?is aft]noon's lecture4 ,b n[ t ! "t has come = me to approa* ! subject be=e y1 ,i f9d myself consci\s ( "s misgiv+s1 & ! misgiv+s are f\nd$ ^u ?is gr\nd3 t ! subject is n "o t l5ds itself easily to exp]im5tal demon/ration be=e an audi5ce4 ,_m ( ! exp]im5ts c only be made on a small scale1 & require to be wat*$ closely4 ,h[ev]1 by help ( diagrams & by n conf9+ myself too closely to our special inve/igation1 b deal+ some:at ) ! wid] subject ( du/ 9 g5]al1 ,i may hope to r5d] myself & my subject intelligible if n v ent]ta9+4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i draw no di/9ction betwe5 du/ & smoke4 ,x w\ld be possible to draw su* a di/9ction1 b x w\ld h>dly be 9 accordance ) usage4 ,du/ might be def9$ z smoke :i* _h settl$1 & ! t]m smoke appli$ to solid p>ticles /ill susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,b at pres5t ! t]m smoke is appli$ to solid p>ticles produc$ by combu/ion only1 & du/ to p>ticles ow+ _! float+ exi/5ce to "s o!r cause4 ,?is is evid5tly an uness5tial di/9ction1 & = ! pres5t ,i %all use ei!r t]m )\t di/9ction1 mean+ by du/ or smoke1 solid p>ticles float+ 9 ! air4 ,!n fog2 ?is diff]s f smoke only 9 ! fact t ! p>ticles are liquid in/ead ( solid4 ,& ! ?ree t]ms du/1 smoke1 & fog1 come to mu* ! same ?+1 only t ! latt] t]m is appli$ :5 ! susp5d$ p>ticles are liquid4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t we usually apply ! t]m fog :5 ! liquid p>ticles are pure wat]2 we call x !n mo/ly ei!r mi/ or cl\d4 ,! "n fog1 at any rate 9 t[ns1 c>ries ) x ! idea ( a hide\s1 greasy comp\nd1 consi/+ ( smoke & mi/ & sulphur & fil?1 z unlike ! mi/s on a ,highl& m\nta9 z a c\ntry mead[ is unlike a city slum4 ,nev]!less1 ! f9e/ cl\d or mi/ t ev] exi/$ consi/s simply ( little globules ( wat] susp5d$ 9 air1 & ?us = our pres5t purpose diff]s 9 no important respect f fog1 du/1 & smoke4 ,a cl\d or mi/ is1 9 fact1 f9e wat]-du/4 ,ra9 is co>se wat]-du/ =m$ by ! aggregation ( small] globules1 & v>y+ 9 f95ess f ! ,scot* mi/ to ! tropical deluge4 ,x has (t5 be5 ask$ h[ x is t cl\ds & mi/s are able to float ab\t :5 wat] is s mu* heavi] 7#hjj times heavi]7 ?an air4 ,! answ] to ?is is easy4 ,x dep5ds on ! resi/ance or viscosity ( fluids1 & on ! smallness ( ! p>ticles conc]n$4 ,bodies fall+ f> ?r\gh fluids acquire a t]m9al velocity1 at :i* !y are 9 /able equilibrium--_! weight be+ exactly equal to ! resi/ance--& ?is t]m9al velocity is great] = l>ge p>ticles ?an = small2 consequ5tly we h all sorts ( ra9 velocity1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! drops2 & l>ge p>ticles ( du/ settle m quickly ?an small4 ,cl\d-sph]ules are fall+ !re=e1 b fall+ v sl[ly4 ,to recognize ! pres5ce ( du/ 9 air !re are two pr9cipal te/s2 ! fir/ is1 ! obvi\s "o ( look+ at x ) pl5ty ( light1 ! way "o is accu/om$ to look = any?+ else2 ! o!r is a me?od ( ,mr4 ,john ,aitk5's1 viz41 to obs]ve ! cond5sation ( wat] vapor4 ,take ^! 9 ord]4 ,:5 a sunbeam ent]s a d>k5$ room ?r\gh a *9k1 x is commonly said to be r5d]$ visible by ! motes or du/ p>ticles danc+ 9 x2 b ( c\rse really x is n ! motes :i* make ! sunbeam visible1 b ! sunbeam ! motes4 ,a du/ p>ticle is illum9at$ l any o!r solid scre51 & is able to s5d a suffici5t fraction ( light to our eyes to r5d] itself visible4 ,if !re are no su* p>ticles 9 ! beam--no?+ b cle>1 invisible air--!n ( c\rse no?+ is se51 & ! beam plunges on its way q invisible to u unless we place our eyes 9 its c\rse4 ,9 o!r words1 to be visible1 light mu/ ent] ! eye4 7,a conc5trat$ beam 0 pass$ ?r\gh an empty tube1 & !n ord9>y air let 947 ,! o!r te/1 t ( ,mr4 ,aitk51 dep5ds on ! cond5sation ( /eam4 ,:5 a jet ( /eam f9ds itself 9 du/y air1 x cond5ses ar\nd ea* du/ p>ticle z a nucleus1 & =ms ! :ite visible cl\d popul>ly call$ /eam4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( nuclei ,mr4 ,aitk5 has %[n t ! /eam _c cond5se until x is highly sup]saturat$1 & t :5 x does x cond5ses /raight into ra9--t is1 into l>ge drops :i* fall4 ,! cond5sation ( /eam is a m delicate te/ = du/ ?an is a beam ( light4 ,a curi\s illu/ration ( ! action ( nuclei 9 cond5s+ moi/ure has j occurr$ to me1 9 ! exp]im5t--well kn[n to *ildr5--( writ+ on a reasonably clean w9d[-pane )1 say1 a blunt wood5 po9t1 & !n brea?+ on ! glass2 ! cond5sation ( ! brea? r5d]s ! writ+ legible4 ,no d\bt ! nuclei are p>tially wip$ away by ! writ+1 & ! moi/ure w cond5se into l>g] drops ) less light-scatt]+ p[] along ! writt5 l9es ?an ov] ! g5]al surface ( ! pane :]e ! nuclei are pl5tiful1 & ! drops !re=e num]\s & m9ute4 ,mr4 ,aitk5 po9ts out t if ! air 7 ev] q du/less1 vapor c\ld n cond5se1 b ! air w\ld gradually get into a horribly sup]saturat$ condition1 soak+ all our walls & clo!s1 dripp+ f e leaf1 & p5etrat+ ev]y:]e1 in/ead ( fall+ 9 an hone/ %[]1 aga9/ :i* umbrellas & slate ro(s are "s protection4 ,b let u und]/& :at sort ( du/ x is :i* is necess>y = ?is cond5s+ process4 ,x is n ! du/ & smoke ( t[ns1 x is n ! du/ ( a c\ntry road2 all su* p>ticles z ^! are gross & l>ge comp>$ ) ^? :i* are able to act z cond5s]s ( moi/ure4 ,! f9e du/ ( ,mr4 ,aitk5 exi/s ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e2 _m ( its p>ticles are ( ultra-microscopic f95ess1 "o ( !m mu/ exi/ 9 e ra9drop1 nay1 ev5 9 e sph]ule ( a mi/ or cl\d1 b x is only occasionally t "o c f9d !m ) ! microscope4 ,x is to su* p>ticles z ^! t we owe ! blue ( ! sky1 & yet !y are suffici5tly gross & tangible to be capable ( be+ filt]$ out ( ! air by a pack$ mass ( cotton-wool4 ,su* du/ z ?is1 !n1 we ne$ nev] be afraid ( be+ )\t4 ,)\t x !re c\ld be no ra91 & exi/5ce w\ld be insupportable1 p]haps impossible2 b x is n manufactur$ 9 t[ns2 ! sea makes x2 trees & w9d make x2 b ! k9d ( du/ made 9 t[ns rises only a few hundr$ y>ds or s into ! atmosph]e1 float+ z a canopy or pall ov] ^? un=tunate regions1 & s9ks & settles mo/ ( x z soon z ! air is quiet1 b sc>cely any ( x ev] rises into ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e at all4 ,du/1 !n1 be+ s univ]sally preval5t1 :at d ,i mean by du/-free spaces8 ,h[ are su* ?+s possible8 ,& :]e are !y to be f\nd8 ,9 #ahgj ,dr4 ,tyndall 0 exam9+ du/y air by means ( a beam ( light 9 :i* a _s-lamp happ5$ to be burn+1 :5 he notic$ t f ! flame !re p\r$ up torr5ts ( app>5tly ?ick black smoke4 ,he c\ld n ?9k ! flame 0 really smoky1 b to make sure he tri$1 fir/ a ,buns5 gas flame & !n a hydrog5 flame4 ,!y all %[$ ! same effect1 & smoke 0 out ( ! "q4 ,he !n us$ a r$-hot pok]1 a plat9um wire ignit$ by an electric curr5t1 & ultimately a flask ( hot wat]1 & he f\nd t f all w>m bodies exam9$ 9 du/y air by a beam ( light ! up/ream+ convection curr5ts 7 d>k4 ,n[1 ( c\rse smoke w\ld behave v diff]5tly4 ,du/y air itself is only a k9d ( smoke1 & x looks bright1 & ! ?ick] ! smoke ! bright] x looks2 ! blackness is simply ! utt] abs5ce ( smoke2 !re is no?+ at all = ! light to illum9ate1 accord+ly we h ! blankness ( %e] invisibility4 ,"h is a flame burn+ "u ! beam1 &1 to %[ :at real smoke looks l1 ,i w burn also ?is _s lamp fill$ ) turp5t9e in/ead ( alcohol4 ,:y ! conv5tion curr5ts 7 free f du/ 0 unkn[n2 ,tyndall ?\ght ! du/ 0 burnt & consum$2 ,dr4 ,frankl& ?\ght x 0 simply evaporat$4 ,9 #ahha ,"l ,rayleigh took ! matt] up1 n feel+ satisfi$ ) ^! explanations1 & repeat$ ! exp]im5t v c>efully4 ,he not$ sev]al new po9ts1 & hit on ! capital idea ( see+ :at a cold body did4 ,f ! cold body ! desc5d+ curr5t 0 j z d>k & du/-free z f a w>m body4 ,combu/ion & evaporation explanations suff]$ _! dea?-bl[4 ,b he 0 unable to sugge/ any o!r explanation 9 _! room1 & s ! ph5om5on rema9$ curi\s & unexpla9$4 ,9 ?is /ate ,mr4 ,cl>k & ,i took ! matt] up la/ summ]1 & critically exam9$ all sorts ( hypo!ses t sugge/$ !mselves1 ,mr4 ,cl>k foll[+ up ! ph5om5a exp]im5tally ) great +5uity & p]sev]ance4 ,"o hypo!sis aft] ano!r sugge/$ itself1 seem$ hopeful = a "t1 b ultimately _h to be disc>d$4 ,"s di$ quickly1 o!rs l+]$ long4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( "o electrical hypo!sis :i* sugge/$ itself we came across v>i\s curi\s ph5om5a :i* we hope /ill to foll[ up4#b ,x 0 "s mon?s be=e :at we n[ believe to be ! true explanation began to dawn ^u u4 ,mean:ile we _h acquir$ v>i\s new facts1 & fir/ & =emo/ we f\nd t ! d>k plane ris+ f a w>m body 0 only ! up/ream+ portion ( a du/-free coat p]petually be+ r5ew$ on ! surface ( ! body4 ,let me describe ! appe>ance & mode ( see+ x by help ( a diagram4 7,= full description see ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 #ahhd47 ,footnote #b3 ,= in/ance1 ! electric prop]ties ( cry/als c be readily exam9$ 9 illum9at$ du/y air2 ! du/ gr[s on !m 9 little bu%es & m>ks out _! poles & neutral regions1 )\t any ne$ = an electromet]4 ,magnesia smoke answ]s capitally4 ,surr\nd+ all bodies w>m] ?an ! air is a ?9 region free f du/1 :i* %[s itself z a d>k space :5 exam9$ by look+ along a cyl9d] illum9at$ transv]sely1 & ) a d>k backgr\nd4 ,at high temp]atures ! coat is ?ick2 at v l[ temp]atures x is abs5t1 & du/ !n rapidly collects on ! rod4 ,on a w>m surface only ! heavy p>ticles are able to settle--!re is evid5tly "s action t5d+ to drive small bodies away4 ,an excess ( temp]ature ( a degree or two is suffici5t to e/abli% ?is du/-free coat1 & x is easy to see ! du/-free plane ris+ f x4 ,! appe>ances may also be exam9$ by look+ along a cyl9d] t[>d ! s\rce ( light1 :5 ! du/-free spaces w appe> bright] ?an ! re/4 ,a rod ( electric light c>bon w>m$ & fix$ horizontally across a bell-j> full ( d5se smoke is v suitable = ?is exp]im5t1 & by means ( a l5s ! du/-free regions may be ?us project$ on to a scre54 ,dim9i%$ pressure makes ! coat ?ick]4 ,increas$ pressure makes x ?9n]4 ,9 hydrog5 x is ?ick]1 & 9 c>bonic acid ?9n]1 ?an 9 air4 ,we h also succe$$ 9 obs]v+ x 9 liquids--= in/ance1 9 wat] hold+ f9e r\ge 9 susp5sion1 ! solid body be+ a metal /eam tube4 ,quantitative det]m9ations are n[ 9 progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a & ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #a %[s ! appe>ance :5 look+ along a copp] or c>bon rod lat]ally illum9at$2 ! pa?s ( ! du/ p>ticles are r\ghly indicat$4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! coat on a semi-cyl9d] ( %eet copp] ) ! concave side turn$ t[>d ! light4 ,x is difficult to give ! full explanation ( ! du/ free spaces 9 a few words1 b we may say r\ghly t !re is a molecul> bomb>dm5t f all w>m surfaces by means ( :i* small susp5d$ bodies get driv5 outw>d & kept away f ! surface4 ,x is a sort ( diff]5tial bomb>dm5t ( ! gas molecules on ! two faces ( a du/ p>ticle some:at analog\s to ! action on ,mr4 ,crookes' radiomet] vanes4 ,ne> cold surfaces ! bomb>dm5t is v feeble1 & if !y are cold en\gh x appe>s to act t[>d ! body1 driv+ ! du/ inw>d--at any rate1 !re is no outw>d bomb>dm5t suffici5t to keep ! du/ away1 & bodies cold] ?an ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ !m soon get du/y4 ,?us if ,i hold ?is piece ( glass 9 a magnesium flame1 or 9 a turp5t9e or camphor flame1 x quickly gets cov]$ ) smoke--:ite 9 ! "o case1 black 9 ! o!r4 ,i take two conical flasks ) _! surfaces black5$ ) camphor black1 & fill+ "o ) ice1 ! o!r ) boil+ wat]1 ,i cork !m & put a bell j> ov] !m1 "u :i* ,i burn "s magnesium wire2 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r or s we f9d t ! cold "o is :ite & ho>y1 ! hot "o has only a few l>g] specks ( du/ on x1 ^! be+ ( su* size t ! bomb>dm5t 0 unable to su/a9 _! weight1 & !y h settl$ by gravitation4 ,we ?us see t :5 ! air 9 a room is w>m] ?an ! solids 9 x--z w be ! case :5 /oves1 gas-burn]s1 etc41 are us$--?+s w get v du/y2 :]eas :5 walls & objects are w>m] ?an ! air--z w be ! case 9 sun%9e1 or :5 op5 fireplaces are us$1 ?+s w t5d to keep !mselves m free f du/4 ,mr4 ,aitk5 po9ts out t soot 9 a *imney is an illu/ration ( ?is k9d ( deposition ( du/2 & z ano!r illu/ration x /rikes me z j possible t ! dirt9ess ( sn[ dur+ a ?aw may be p>tly due to ! bomb>dm5t on to ! cold surface ( du/ out ( ! w>m] air above4 ,mr4 ,aitk5 has inde$ sugge/$ a sort ( practical du/ or smoke filt] on ?is pr9ciple1 pass+ air betwe5 two surfaces--"o hot & "o cold--s z to vigor\sly bomb>d ! p>ticles on to ! cold surface & leave ! air free4 ,b we h f\nd ano!r & app>5tly mu* m effectual mode ( cle>+ air ?an ?is4 ,we d x by dis*>g+ electricity into x4 ,x is easily possible to electrify air by means ( a po9t or flame1 & an electrifi$ body has ?is curi\s prop]ty1 t ! du/ ne> x at once aggregates toge!r into l>g] p>ticles4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& :y ?is happ5s2 ea* ( ! p>ticles becomes pol>iz$ by induction1 & !y !n cl+ toge!r end to end1 j l iron fil+s ne> a magnet4 ,a feeble *>ge is (t5 suffici5t to />t ?is coagulat+ action4 ,& :5 ! p>ticles h gr[n into big ones1 !y easily & quickly fall4 ,a /rong] *>ge =cibly drives !m on to all electrifi$ surfaces1 :]e !y cl+4 ,a f9e wat] fog 9 a bell j>1 electrifi$1 turns fir/ into a co>se fog or ,scot* mi/1 & !n into ra94 ,smoke also has its p>ticles coagulat$1 & a space c ?us be cle>$ ( x4 ,i w illu/rate ?is action by mak+ "s artificial fogs 9 a bell-j> furni%$ ) a metal po9t4 ,fir/ burn "s magnesium wire1 electrify x by a few turns ( ?is small ,voss ma*9e1 & ! smoke has become sn[2 ! p>ticles are elongat$1 & by po9t+ to ! *>g$ rod indicate ! l9es ( electro/atic =ce v beautifully2 electrify fur!r1 & ! air is p]fectly cle>4 ,next burn turp5t9e1 & electrify g5tly2 ! d5se black smoke coagulates into black masses ov] an in* long2 electrify fur!r1 & ! glass is cov]$ ) soot1 b ! air is cle>4 ,turp5t9e smoke acts v well1 & c be tri$ on a l>g] scale2 a room fill$ ) turp5t9e smoke1 s d5se t a gas-light is invisible inside x1 beg9s to cle> 9 a m9ute or two aft] ! ma*9e beg9s to turn1 & 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r "o c g 9 & f9d ! walls ?ickly cov]$ ) /r+y blacks1 notably on ! gas-pipes & ev]y?+ mo/ easily *>g$ by induction4 ,next fill a bell-j> full ( /eam1 & electrify1 pay+ att5tion to insulation ( ! supply po9t 9 ?is case4 ,9 a few seconds ! air looks cle>1 & turn+ on a beam ( light we see ! globules ( wat] danc+ ab\t1 no long] f9e & impalpable1 b sep>ately visible & rapidly fall+4 ,f9ally1 make a ,london fog by burn+ turp5t9e & sulphur1 add+ a little sulphuric acid1 ei!r directly z vapor or indirectly by a trace ( nitric oxide1 & !n bl[+ 9 /eam4 ,electrify1 & x soon becomes cle>1 al?\gh x lakes a little long] ?an be=e2 & on remov+ ! bell-j> we f9d t ev5 ! smell ( ,,s#b has disappe>$1 & only a little vapor ( turp5t9e rema9s4 ,simil>ly we c make a ,widnes fog by sulphuret$ hydrog51 *lor9e1 sulphuric acid1 & a little /eam4 ,probably ! /eam assi/s ! cle>+ :5 gases h to be dealt )4 ,x may be possible to cle> ! air ( tunnels by simply dis*>g+ electricity into ! air--! electricity be+ suppli$ by ,holtz ma*9es1 driv5 say by small turb9es--a v h&y =m ( p[]1 difficult to get out ( ord]4 ,or possibly "s hydro-electric arrangem5t might be devis$ = ! locomotive /eam to d ! "w4 ,i ev5 hope to make "s impression on a ,london fog1 dis*>g+ f lightn+ conductors or captive balloons c>ry+ flames1 b x is premature to say any?+ ab\t ?is matt] yet4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 cle>$ a room ( smoke v quickly ) a small h& ma*9e4 ,x w naturally /rike y h[ closely alli$ ^! ph5om5a mu/ be to ! fact ( popul> sci5ce t ?und] cle>s ! air4 ,ozone is und\bt$ly g5]at$ by ! fla%es1 & may h a b5eficial effect1 b ! du/-coagulat+ & du/-expell+ p[] ( ! electricity has a mu* m rapid effect1 ?\gh x may n act till ! cl\d is dis*>g$4 ,consid] a cl\d electrifi$ slightly2 ! mi/s & cl\ds 9 its vic9ity beg9 to coagulate1 & g on till l>ge drops are =m$1 :i* may be held up by electrical action1 ! drops danc+ f "o cl\d to ano!r & ?us =m+ ! v d5se ?und] cl\d4 ,! coagulation ( *>g$ drops increases ! pot5tial1 z ,pr(4 ,tait po9ts out1 until at l5g?--fla%--! cl\d is dis*>g$1 & ! l>ge drops fall 9 a viol5t %[]4 ,moreov]1 ! rapid excursion to & fro ( ! drops may easily h caus$ !m to evaporate s fa/ z to freeze1 & h5ce we may get hail4 ,:ile ! cl\d 0 electrifi$1 x act$ inductively on ! e>? und]nea?1 draw+ up an opposite *>ge f all po9ts1 & ?us electrify+ ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge occurs ?is atmosph]ic electrification engages ) ! e>?1 cle>+ ! air betwe51 & driv+ ! du/ & g]ms on to all expos$ surfaces4 ,9 "s su* way also x may be t ?und] turns milk s\r1 & ex]ts o!r putrefactive influ5ces on ! bodies :i* receive ! g]ms & du/ f ! air4 ,b we are n[ no long] on safe & ?or\ghly explor$ t]ritory4 ,i h all[$ myself to f\nd ^u a basis ( exp]im5tal fact1 a sup]/ructure ( practical application to ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( nature & to ! uses ( man4 ,! basis seems to me /rong en\gh to be> mo/ ( ! sup]/ructure1 b be=e be+ sure x w be necess>y actually to put ! me?ods into op]ation & to exp]im5t on a v l>ge scale4 ,i hope to d ?is :5 ,i c get to a suitable place ( op]ation4 ,liv]pool fogs are poor affairs1 & n wor? cle>+ (f4 ,man*e/] fogs are mu* bett] & m frequ5t1 b !re is no?+ to beat ! real article z f\nd 9 ,london1 & 9 ,london if possible ,i int5d to rig up "s l>ge ma*9es & to see :at happ5s4 ,! und]gr\nd railway also (f]s its suffocat+ murk9ess z a mo/ tempt+ field = exp]im5t1 & ,i wi% ,i 7 able already to tell y ! actual result in/ead ( be+ only 9 a position to indicate possibilities4 ,:e!r any?+ comes ( x practically or n1 x is an in/ructive example ( h[ ! smalle/ & mo/ unpromis+ beg9n+s may1 if only foll[$ up long en\gh1 lead to sugge/ions = l>ge practical application4 ,:5 we began ! inve/igation into ! du/-free spaces f\nd above w>m bodies1 we 7 n only )\t expectation1 b )\t hope or idea ( any sort1 t any?+ 0 likely to come ( x2 ! ph5om5on itself possess$ its own int]e/ & *>m4 ,& s x mu/ ev] be4 ,! devotee ( pure sci5ce nev] has practical developm5ts z 8 prim>y aim2 (t5 he n only does n "k1 b does n 9 ! lea/ c>e :e!r 8 rese>*es w ev] lead to any b5eficial result4 ,9 "s m9ds ?is passive ignor+ ( ! practical goes s f> z to become active repulsion2 s t "s s+ul>ly bias$ m9ds w n engage 9 any?+ :i* seems likely to lead to practical use4 ,i reg>d ?is z an error1 & z ! sign ( a w>p$ judgm5t1 = aft] all man is to u ! mo/ important "p ( nature2 b ! sy/em works well nev]!less1 & ! division ( labor accompli%es its object4 ,"o man inve/igates nature impell$ simply by 8 own g5ius1 & because he feels he _c help x2 x nev] occurs to him to give a reason = or to ju/ify 8 pursuits4 ,ano!r subsequ5tly utilizes 8 results1 & applies !m to ! b5efit ( ! race4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 x may happ5 t ! yet unappli$ & unfruitful results evoke a sne]1 & ! "q3 ,cui bono8 ! only answ] to :i* "q seems to be3 ,no "o is wise en\gh to tell be=eh& :at gigantic developm5ts may n spr+ f ! mo/ insignificant fact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,telephony ,,& ,,telegraphy ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,wires ,,simultane\sly4 ,= ! la/ eighte5 mon?s a sy/em has be5 9 active op]ation 9 ,belgium :]eby ! ord9>y telegraph wires are us$ to convey telephonic communications at ! same "t t !y are be+ employ$ 9 _! ord9>y "w ( transmitt+ telegraphic messages4 ,?is sy/em1 ! inv5tion ( ,m4 ,van ,rysselb]ghe1 ^: previ\s devices = dim9i%+ ! evil effects ( induction 9 ! telephone s]vice w be rememb]$1 has lately be5 describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ,telegraphique ( ,b]ne1 by ,m4,j4 ,banneux ( ! ,belgian ,telegraph ,dep>tm5t4 ,our in=mation is d]iv$ f ?is article & f o!rs by ,m4 ,hospitali]4 ,! me?od previ\sly adopt$ by ,van ,rysselb]ghe1 to prev5t induction f tak+ place betwe5 ! telegraph wires & ^? runn+ p>allel to !m us$ = telephone "w1 0 briefly z foll[s3 ,! sy/em ( s5d+ ! dots & da%es ( ! code--usually done by depress+ & rais+ a key :i* sudd5ly turns on ! curr5t & !n sudd5ly turns x (f--0 modifi$ s t ! curr5t %\ld rise gradually & fall gradually 9 its /r5g? by ! introduction ( suitable resi/ances4 ,^! 7 introduc$ into ! circuit at ! mom5t ( clos+ or op5+ by a simple automatic arrangem5t work$ exactly z be=e by a key4 ,! result1 ( ! gradual op5+ & gradual clos+ ( ! circuit 0 t ! curr5t atta9$ its full /r5g? gradually in/ead ( sudd5ly1 & di$ away also gradually4 ,& z induction f "o wire to ano!r dep5ds n on ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 b on ! rate at :i* ! /r5g? *anges1 ?is v simple modification _h ! effect ( suppress+ induction4 ,lat] ,van ,rysselb]ghe *ang$ ^! arrangem5ts = ! /ill simpl] device ( introduc+ p]man5tly into ! circuit ei!r cond5s]s or else electro-magnets hav+ a high coeffici5t ( self-induction4 ,^!1 z is well kn[n to all telegraphic eng9e]s1 ret>d ! rise or fall ( an electric curr5t2 !y fulfill ! conditions requir$ = ! work+ ( ,van ,rysselb]ghe's me?od bett] ?an any o!r device4 ,hav+ got ?us f> 9 8 devices = de/roy+ induction f "o l9e to ano!r1 ,van ,rysselb]ghe saw t1 z an imm$iate consequ5ce1 x might be conclud$ t1 if ! telegraph curr5ts 7 ?us modifi$ & graduat$ s t !y produc$ no induction 9 a neighbor+ telephone l9e1 !y w\ld produce no s\nd 9 ! telephone if t in/rum5t 7 itself jo9$ up 9 ! telegraph l9e4 ,& su* 0 f\nd to be case4 ,:y ?is is s w be m readily compreh5d$ if x be rememb]$ t a telephone is s5sitive to ! *anges 9 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t if ^? *anges occur ) a frequ5cy ( "s hundr$s or 9 "s cases ?\s&s ( times p] second4 ,on ! o!r h&1 curr5ts vibrat+ ) su* rapidity z ?is are utt]ly incompet5t to affect ! mov+ p>ts ( telegraphic in/rum5ts1 :i* _c at ! mo/ be work$ s z to give m ?an #bjj to #hjj sep>ate signals p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,! simple/ arrangem5t = c>ry+ out ?is me?od is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i* illu/rates ! arrangem5ts at "o end ( a l9e4 ,m is ! ,morse key = s5d+ messages1 & is %[n z 9 its position ( re/ = receiv+4 ,! curr5ts arriv+ f ! l9e pass fir/ ?r\gh a graduat+ electromagnet1 ,e#b1 ( ab\t #ejj ohms resi/ance1 !n ?r\gh ! key1 !nce ?r\gh ! electromagnet1 ,r1 ( ! receiv+ ,morse in/rum5t1 & s to ! e>?4 ,a cond5s]1 ,c1 ( #b micr(>ads capacity is also introduc$ betwe5 ! key & e>?4 ,!re is a second graduat+ electromagnet1 ,e#a1 ( #ejj ohms resi/ance introduc$ betwe5 ! s5d+ batt]y1 ,b1 & ! key4 ,:5 ! key1 ,m1 is depress$ 9 ord] to s5d a signal1 ! curr5t f ! batt]y mu/ *>ge ! cond5s]1 ,c1 & mu/ magnetize ! cores ( ! two electromagnets1 ,e#a & ,e#b1 & is !reby ret>d$ 9 ris+ to its full /r5g?4 ,consequ5tly no s\nd is he>d 9 a telephone1 ,t1 ins]t$ 9 ! l9e-circuit4 ,nei!r ! curr5ts :i* />t f "o end nor ^? :i* />t f ! o!r w affect ! telephones ins]t$ 9 ! l9e4 ,&1 if ^! curr5ts d n affect telephones 9 ! actual l9e1 x is cle> t !y w n affect telephones 9 neighbor+ l9es4 ,also ! telephones s ins]t$ 9 ! ma9 l9e might be us$ = speak+ to "o ano!r1 ?\gh ! arrangem5t ( ! telephones 9 ! same actual l9e w\ld be inconv5i5t4 ,accord+ly ,m4 ,van ,rysselb]ghe has devis$ a fur!r modification 9 :i* a sep>ate bran* tak5 f ! telegraph l9e is made available = ! telephone s]vice4 ,to und]/& ?is matt]1 "o o!r fact mu/ be expla9$4 ,telephonic conv]sation c be c>ri$ on1 ev5 ?\gh ! actual metallic communication be sev]$ by ! ins]tion ( a cond5s]4 ,inde$1 9 q ! e>ly days ( ! ,bell telephone1 an op]ator 9 ! ,/ates us$ a cond5s] 9 ! telegraph l9e to enable him to talk ?r\gh ! wire4 ,if a telephonic set at ,t#a 7,fig4 #b7 communicate ?r\gh ! l9e to a di/ant /ation1 ,t#b1 ?r\gh a cond5s]1 ,c1 ( a capacity ( half a micr(>ad1 conv]sation is /ill p]fectly audible1 provid$ ! telephonic sy/em is "o t acts by induction curr5ts4 ,& s9ce 9 ?is case ! int]position ( ! cond5s] prev5ts any cont9u\s fl[ ( curr5t ?r\gh ! l9e1 no p]ceptible weak5+ w be felt if a %unt ,s1 ( z high a resi/ance z #ejj ohms & ( great electromagnetic rigidity1 t is to say1 hav+ a high coeffici5t ( self-induction1 be plac$ across ! circuit f l9e to e>?4 ,9 ?is1 z well z 9 ! o!r figures1 ! telephones indicat$ are ( ! ,bell patt]n1 & if set up z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 )\t any batt]y1 w\ld be us$ bo? z transmitt] & receiv] on ,bell's orig9al plan4 ,b z a matt] ( fact any ord9>y telephone might be us$4 ,9 practice ! ,bell telephone is n advantage\s z a transmitt]1 & has be5 ab&on$ except = receiv+2 ! ,blake1 ,ad]1 or "s o!r modification ( ! microphone be+ us$ 9 conjunction ) a sep>ate batt]y4 ,to avoid complication 9 ! draw+s1 h[ev]1 ! simple/ case is tak54 ,& x mu/ be und]/ood t in/ead ( ! s+le in/rum5t %[n at ,t#a or ,t#b1 a complete set ( telephonic in/rum5ts1 includ+ transmitt]1 batt]y1 induction-coil1 & receiv] or receiv]s1 may be sub/itut$4 ,& if a %unt1 ,s1 ( #ejj ohms plac$ across ! circuit makes no diff]5ce to ! talk+ 9 ! telephones because ( ! int]position ( ! sep>at+ cond5s]1 ,c1 x w readily be und]/ood t a telegraphic sy/em prop]ly graduat$1 & hav+ also a resi/ance ( #ejj ohms1 w n affect ! telephones if int]pos$ 9 ! place ( ,s4 ,?is arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 :]e ! graduat$ telegraph-set f ,fig4 #a is int]calat$ into ! telephonic sy/em ( ,fig4 #b1 s t bo? "w simultane\sly1 b indep5d5tly1 ?r\gh a s+le l9e4 ,! comb9$ sy/em at ea* end ( ! l9e w !n consi/ ( ! telephone-set1 ,t#a1 ! telegraph in/rum5ts 7compris+ batt]y1 ,b#a1 key1 ,m#a & ,morse receiv]1 ,r#a71 ! graduat+ electromagnets1 ,e#a1 & ,e#b1 ! graduat+ cond5s]1 ,c#a1 & ! sep>at+ cond5s]1 ,c#b4 ,x 0 f\nd by actual exp]im5ts t ! same arrangem5t 0 good = l9es v>y+ f #bh to #bjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,a s+le wire betwe5 ,brussels1 ,gh5t1 & ,o/5d is n[ regul>ly employ$ = transmission by telegraph ( ! ord9>y messages & ( ! telemeteorographic signals betwe5 ! two obs]vatories at ^? places1 & by telephone ( v]bal simultane\s correspond5ce1 = "o ( ! ,gh5t newspap]s4 ,a /ill m int]e/+ arrangem5t is possible1 & is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,"h a sep>at+ cond5s] is introduc$ at ! int]m$iate /ation at ,gh5t betwe5 e>? & ! l9e1 :i* is !reby cut into two indep5d5t sections = telephonic purposes1 :ile rema9+ = telegraphic purposes a s+le undivid$ l9e betwe5 ,brussels & ,o/5d4 ,brussels c telegraph to ,o/5d1 or ,o/5d to ,brussels1 & at ! same "t ! wire c be us$ to telephone betwe5 ,gh5t & ,o/5d1 or betwe5 ,gh5t & ,brussels1 or bo? sections may be simultane\sly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ,m4 ,van ,rysselb]ghe has made an advance ( v extraord9>y m]it 9 devis+ ^! comb9ations4 ,we h se5 9 rec5t ye>s h[ duplex telegraphy sup]s$$ s+le work+1 only to be 9 turn sup]s$$ by ! quadruplex sy/em4 ,multiplex telegraphy ( v>i\s k9ds has be5 actively pursu$1 b *iefly on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic r ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e our fa/-spe$ automatic sy/em has prov$ q adequate hi!rto4 ,:e!r we %all see ! adoption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,van ,rysselb]ghe's sy/em is1 h[ev]1 by no means c]ta94 ,! ess5ce ( x consi/s 9 ret>d+ ! telegraphic signals to a degree q incompatible ) ! fa/-spe$ automatic transmission ( telegraphic messages 9 :i* our ,po/ ,(fice sy/em excels4 ,we are n likely to spoil our telegraphic sy/em = ! sake ( simultane\s telephony1 unless !re is some?+ to be ga9$ ( mu* great] advantage ?an z yet appe>s4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electric ,,m>igraph4 ,= regi/]+ ! height ( ! tide at e in/ant1 hydrographic s]vices g5]ally adopt q a simple m>igraph4 ,! app>atus consi/s 9 pr9ciple ( a c\nt]pois$ float ^: ris+ & fall+ motion1 r$uc$ to a t5?1 by means ( a sy/em ( too!d :eels1 is transmitt$ to a p5cil :i* moves 9 front ( a v]tical cyl9d]4 ,?is cyl9d] itself moves ar\nd its axis by means ( a clockwork me*anism1 & accompli%es "o entire revolution e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,by ?is means is obta9$ a curve ( ! tide 9 :i* ! times are tak5 = abscisses & ! heights ( ! sea = ord9ates4 ,h[ev] little su* m>igraphs h _h to be us$1 great defects h be5 recogniz$ 9 !m4 ,:5 we come to *ange ! %eet on ! cyl9d] 7& su* *ange %\ld be made at lea/ once e fifte5 days71 !re is an int]ruption 9 ! curve4 ,x is necess>y1 besides1 to p]=m (fice "w ( ! mo/ detail$ k9d 9 ord] to ref] to ! same orig9 all ^! curves1 :i* are int]cross$ & (t5 sup]pos$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ^u ! orig9al %eet4 ,9 ord] to r5d] su* a dis5tanglem5t possible1 x is indisp5sable to m>k by h&1 at lea/ once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ^u ea* curve1 ! date ( ! day correspond+ to x4 ,x is equally useful to v]ify ! exactness ( ! indications giv5 by ! app>atus by mak+ read+s sev]al times a day on a scale ( tides plac$ alongside ( ! float4 ,n9e times out ( t5 ! rise ( ! waves r5d]s su* read+s v difficult & ! control absolutely illusory4 ,all ^! conditions unit$1 z well z o!rs t we neglect 9 ?is brief discussion1 necessitate a surveillance at e in/ant4 ,! result is t ^! m>igraphs mu/ be in/all$ 9 a special /ructure1 v ne> ! bank1 s z to be rea*able at all times1 & t ! indications t !y give are always vitiat$ by error1 s9ce ! op]ation is p]=m$ ^u a level at :i* are ex]t$ di/urb+ influ5ces t are n f\nd at a kilomet] at sea4 ,x 7 to be desir$ t ! float c\ld be isolat$ by plac+ x a c]ta9 di/ance f ! %ore1 & transmit its indications1 by meant ( a play ( curr5ts1 to a regi/]+ app>atus situat$ ^u t]ra firma4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "o ( 8 lectures publi%$ 9 ! ,decemb] numb] 7#ahhc7 ( ! ,elektrote*nis*e ,zeits*rift1 ,mr4 ,von ,hefn]-,alt5eck tells u t su* a desid]atum has be5 suppli$ by ! firm ( ,siem5s ,halske4 ,?is m>igraph1 con/ruct$ on an ord] ( ! ,g]man ,admiralty1 gives ! level ( ! sea e t5 m9utes ) an approximation ( #j4ab p] c5t41 & t too = a diff]5ce ( #h met]s betwe5 ! highe/ & l[e/ sea4 ,! app>atus consi/s1 z we said above1 ( a float & regi/]+ device1 connect$ ) ea* o!r by means ( a cable4 ,?is latt] is =m$ ( ?ree ord9>y conductors cov]$ ) gutta p]*a & surr\nd$ ) a lead5 %ea?1 :i* latt] is itself protect$ aga9/ accid5t by means ( a /rong cov]+ ( iron wire & hemp4 ,! return is effect$ ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,we %all ent] into details conc]n+ ea* ( ^! two app>atus 9-succession1 by beg9n+ ) ! float1 ( :i* ,fig4 #a gives a g5]al view1 & ,fig4 #b a diagrammatic sket*4 ,! float moves 9 a ca/ iron cyl9d]1 hav+ at its l[] "p a l>ge numb] ( ap]tures ( small diamet]1 s t ! motion ( ! waves does n p]ceptibly influ5ce ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x is atta*$ to a copp] ribbon1 ,b1 ^: o!r extremity is fix$ to ! drum1 ,t4 ,! ribbon w9ds ar\nd ! latt] 9 ! ris+ motion ( ! float1 ow+ to a spiral spr+ arrang$ s z to act ^u ! drum4 ,! t5sion ( ?is spr+ goes on increas+ 9 measure z ! float desc5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,float ,,( ,,siem5s ,,& ,,halske',s ,,m>igraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 t5sion is utiliz$ = balanc+ at e in/ant ! weight ( ! ribbon unw\nd1 & ?us caus+ ! float to imm]se itself 9 ! wat] to a con/ant degree4 ,! ribbon1 ,b1 is provid$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? ) equidi/ant ap]tures t exactly correspond to tappets t project f ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 ,r4 ,:5 ! float moves its position1 ! :eel1 ,r1 beg9s to turn & c>ries along 9 do+ s ! p9ion1 w1 :i* revolves ov] ! too!d :eels1 s#a1 s#b1 & s#c4 ,! ?ickness ( w is equal to t ( ! ?ree :eels1 s#a1 s#b1 & s#c1 & a special spr+ secures at e in/ant an intimate contact betwe5 ! p9ion & ! said :eels4 ,^! latt] are insulat$ f ea* o!r & f ! axle ^u :i* !y are key$1 & communicate1 ea* ( !m1 ) conductors1 ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii4 ,!y are s =m$ & m\nt$ t1 9 ea* ( !m1 ! too? 9 "o corresponds to ! int]space 9 ! two o!rs4 ,z a result ( ?is1 9 ! motion ( ! p9ion1 w1 ! latt] is nev] 9 contact ) b "o ( ! ?ree :eels1 s#a1 s#b1 & s#c4 ,if we add t ! l9es1 ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii4 are unit$ at ! %ore /ation ) "o ( ! poles ( a pile ^: o!r pole is connect$ ) ! e>?1 & t w communicates ) ! e>? ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( ,r1 & ! body ( ! app>atus1 x is easy to see t 9 a v]tical motion ( ! float 9 "o direction we %all h curr5ts succe$+ ea* o!r 9 ! ord] ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,i41 ,,ii41 etc41 :ile ! ord] w become ,,iii41 ,,ii41 ,i41 ,,iii41 ,,ii41 etc41 if ! direction ( ! float's motion happ5 to *ange4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ a v>iation 9 curr5ts ( ?is k9d c be appli$ 9 g5]al = produc+ a rot>y motion 9 ! two directions1 x w only be necess>y to ref] to ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,! conductors1 ,l#a1 ,l#b1 & ,l#c communicate ) ! bobb9s ( ?ree electromagnets1 ,e#a1 ,e#b1 & ,e#c1 ^: poles are b5t at "r angles to ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 ,r4 ,!re is nev] b "o pole opposite a too?4 ,! di/ance betwe5 two consecutive poles mu/ be equal to a multiple ( ! pit* increas$ 7,fig4 #c7 or dim9i%$ 7,fig4 #d7 by "o-?ird !re(4 ,x w be se5 ^u a simple inspection ( ! figures t ,r w revolve 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a wat* :5 ! curr5ts foll[ ! ord] ,l#a1 ,l#b1 ,l#c1 etc41 9 ! case %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 :ile 9 ! case %[n 9 ,fig4 #d ! rot>y motion w be 9 ! contr>y direction = ?is same ord] ( curr5ts4 ,b1 9 bo? cases1 & ?is is ! important po9t1 ! direction ( rotation *anges :5 ! ord] 9 ! succession ( curr5ts2 is inv]t$4 ,fig4 #f gives a p]spective view ( ! regi/]+ app>atus1 & ,fig4 #e repres5ts x 9 diagram4 ,x w be at once se5 t1 ! too!d :eel1 r1 is r$uc$ to its simple/ expression1 s9ce x consi/s ( two tee? only4 ,! electro-magnets are arrang$ at an angle ( #abj1 & = a *ange ( curr5t ! :eel1 r1 describes an angle ( #fj1 t is to say1 a six? ( a circumf]5ce4 ,! motion ( r is transmitt$1 by means ( ! p9ion1 d1 & ! :eel1 e1 to ! :eel1 ,t4 ,= a "o-met] v>iation 9 level ! :eel1 ,t1 makes "o complete revolution4 ,x is divid$ into #ajj equal p>ts1 & ea* arc !re=e corresponds to a diff]5ce ( "o c5timet] 9 ! level1 & c>ries1 engrav$ 9 projection1 ! correspond+ numb]4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re is ^u ! entire circumf]5ce a s]ies ( numb]s f to #ii4 ,! axle ^u :i* ! :eel1 ,t1 is key$ is prolong$1 on ! side opposite e1 by a ?read$ "p1 a1 :i* actuates a /ylet1 g4 ,?is latt] is held above by a rod1 ,i1 :i* is connect$ ) a =k movable ar\nd a v]tical axis1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! rectil9e> motion ( g is #e mm4 = a v>iation ( "o met] 9 level4 ,its total travel is consequ5tly #dj mm4 ,! %eet ( pap] ^u :i* ! indications are tak51 & :i* is %[n ( actual size 9 ,fig4 #g1 w9ds ar\nd ! drum1 ,p1 & receives its motion f ! cyl9d]1 ,w4 ,?is %eet is cov]$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? ) f9e prep>$ pap] t p]mits ( tak+ ! impr9ts by impression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f--,,receiv] ,,( ,,siem5s ,,& ,,halske',s ,,m>igraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,?is /at$1 ! play ( ! app>atus may be easily und]/ood4 ,e t5 m9utes a regulat+ clock closes ! circuit ( ! local pile1 ,b#b1 & e/abli%es a contact at ,c4 ,! electro-magnet1 ,e#d1 attracts its armature1 & ?us acts ^u ! lev]1 h1 :i* presses ! %eet ( pap] aga9/ ! /ylet 9 front t s]ves to m>k ! level ( ! l[e/ wat]s1 & aga9/ ! /ylet1 g1 & ! :eels1 ,t & ,z4 ,9 fall+ back1 ! lev]1 h1 causes ! advance1 by "o not*1 ( ! rat*et :eel t is m\nt$ at ! extremity ( ! cyl9d] ,w1 & ?us displaces ! %eet ( pap] a di/ance ( #e mm4 ,! :eel1 ,z1 c>ries engrav$ 9 projection ^u its circumf]5ce ! h\rs 9 ,roman figures1 & moves =w>d "o division e #fj m9utes4 ,! motion ( ?is :eel is likewise controll$ by ! cyl9d]1 ,w4 ,x w be se5 ^u ref]r+ to ,fig4 #g1 t !re is obta9$ a v %>p curve m>k$ by po9ts4 ,we h a g5]al view on consid]+ ! curve itself1 & ! height 9 met]s is read directly4 ,! fractions ( a met]1 z well z ! times1 are 9 ! m>g94 ,?us1 at ! po9t1 a1 ! app>atus gives at #c o'clock & #bj m9utes a height ( tide ( #d4bh m4 above ! level ( ! l[e/ wat]4 ,?is app>atus might possibly op]ate well1 & yet n be 9 accord ) ! real indications ( ! float1 s x has be5 judg$ necess>y to add to x ! foll[+ control4 ,e "t ! float rea*es #c met]s above ! level ( ! l[e/ tide1 ! circuit ( "o ( ! l9es t is op5 at ?is mom5t 7t ( l9e ,i1 = example7 closes at ,c 7,fig4 #b71 into ?is new circuit !re is int]pos$ a consid]able resi/ance1 ,w1 s t ! en]gy ( ! curr5t is weak5$ to su* a po9t t x 9 n[ise influ5ces ! normal travel ( ! :eel1 r4 ,at ! %ore /ation1 !re is plac$ 9 deviation a galvanoscope1 ,k1 ^: ne$le is deflect$4 ,x suffices1 !n1 to take datum po9ts ^u ! regi/]+ app>atus1 ^u ! :eel1 ,t1 & ! screw1 a1 9 su* a way z to asc]ta9 ! mom5t at :i* ! /ylet1 g1 is go+ to m>k #c met]s4 ,at ?is mom5t ! circuit ( ! galvanoscope1 ,k1 is clos$1 & we asc]ta9 :e!r !re is a deviation ( ! ne$le4 ,z ! sea g5]ally rises to ! height ( #c met]s twice a day1 x is possible to control ! app>atus twice a day1 & ?is is fully suffici5t4 ,x always belongs to practice to judge ( an inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,von ,hefn]-,alt5eck tells u t two ( ^! app>atus h be5 set up--"o ( !m a ye> ago 9 ! port ( ,kiel1 & ! o!r m rec5tly at ! ,isle ( ,wang]oog 9 ! ,nor? ,sea--& t bo? h behav$ excell5tly s9ce ! v fir/ day ( _! in/allation4 ,we %all add no?+ to ?is1 s9ce x is evid5tly ! be/ eulogium t c be accord$ !m4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,delune ,,co4',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lay+ ,,und]gr\nd ,,cables4 ,9 rec5t times consid]able att5tion has be5 paid to ! subject ( lay+ telegraph cables und]gr\nd1 & v>i\s me?ods h be5 devis$4 ,9 "s cases ! cables h be5 cov]$ ) an armor ( iron1 & 9 o!rs !y h be5 inclos$ 9 ca/-iron pipes4 ,= telephonic s]vice !y are g5]ally inclos$ 9 lead5 tubes4 ,:at ?is ext]nal envelope %all be t is to protect ! wires f injury is a "q ( ! highe/ importance1 s9ce n only ! subject ( protection is conc]n$1 b also t ( co/4 ,x is !re=e int]e/+ to note ! ef=ts t are be+ made 9 ?is l9e ( electric indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,section ( ! ,pipe ,op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,section ( ! ,pipe ,clos$4 ,messrs4 ,delune ,co4 h rec5tly tak5 out a pat5t = an arrangem5t consi/+ ( pipes made ( beton4 ,! annex$ cuts1 borr[$ f ,l',electricite1 repres5t ?is new sy/em4 ,! pipes1 :i* are provid$ ) a longitud9al op5+1 are plac$ end to end & c\pl$ ) a cem5t sleeve4 ,! cables are put 9 place by simply unw9d+ !m z ! "w proce$s1 & ?us all t traction is done away ) t !y are submitt$ to :5 ca/ iron pipes are us$4 ,:5 once ! cables are 9 place ! longitud9al op5+ is /opp$ up ) cem5t mort>1 & 9 ?is way a v tight conduit is obta9$ ^: h>dness increases ) "t4 ,! value ( ! sy/em !re=e dep5ds1 z 9 all cem5t "w1 on ! c>e ) :i* ! manufactur+ is done4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made ) ! sy/em at ,t\l\se1 by ! ,m9i/] ( ,po/ ,(fices & ,telegraphs1 & at ,lyons1 by ! ,g5]al ,society ( ,telephones4 ,"h1 z ) all simil> que/ions1 no op9ion c be pron\nc$ until aft] a prolong$ exp]i5ce4 ,b we _c help sett+ =? ! advantages t ! sy/em (f]s4 ,^! are1 9 ! fir/ place1 a sav+ ( ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ov] iron pipe1 & 9 ! second1 a bett] insulation1 & consequ5tly a bett] protection ( ! curr5ts aga9/ all k9ds ( di/urbance1 s9ce a non-conduct+ mass ( cem5t is "h sub/itut$ = metal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,appli$ ,,to ,,horse-,,%oe+4 ,!re is no?+ new b :at has be5 =gott51 said ,m>ie ,anto9ette to h] mill9]1 ,mdlle4 ,b]t91 & :at is true ( fa%ion is also some:at s ( sci5ce4 ,%oe+ re/ive horses by ! aid ( electricity is n new1 exp]im5ts !reon hav+ be5 p]=m$ z long ago z #ahgi by ,mr4 ,defoy1 :o op]at$ ) a small magneto ma*9e4 ,b ! two photographs reproduc$ 9 ,figs4 #a & #b h appe>$ to u curi\s en\gh to be submitt$ to our read]s1 z illu/rat+ ,mr4 ,defoy's me?od ( op]at+ ) an unruly animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,horse ,,receiv+ ,,! ,,curr5t4 ,! batt]y us$ 0 a small ,gr5et bi*romate ( pota% pile1 :i* 0 easy to graduate on acc\nt ( ! dep? to :i* ! z9c c\ld be imm]s$4 ,?is pile 0 connect$ ) ! inductor ( a small ,ruhmkorff coil1 ^: armature 0 connect$ ) a snaffle-bit plac$ 9 ! horse's m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,horse ,,conqu]$4 ,?is bit 0 arrang$ z foll[s 7,fig4 #c73 ,! two conductors1 :i* 7 uncov]$ = a l5g? ( ab\t ?ree c5timet]s at _! extremity1 7 plac$ opposite ea* o!r on ! two jo9ts ( ! snaffle1 & ab\t five or six c5timet]s ap>t4 ,! m\?-pieces ( ! bit _h previ\sly be5 inclos$ 9 a piece ( rubb] tub+1 9 ord] to insulate ! extremities ( ! conductors & p]mit ! recomposition ( ! curr5t to take place ?r\gh ! animal's tongue or palate4 ,ea* ( ! b>e ends ( ! conductors 0 provid$1 "u a circul> brass ligature1 ) a small damp sponge1 :i*1 surr\nd+ ! m\?-piece1 secur$ a p]fect contact ( ea* end ( ! circuit ) ! horse's m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,bit ,! horse hav+ be5 l$ 91 def5d$ himself vigor\sly z long z an endeavor 0 made to remove 8 %oes by ! ord9>y me?od1 b ! curr5t _h act$ sc>cely fifte5 seconds :5 x became possible to lift 8 feet & /rike 8 %oes ) ! hamm]4 ,! exp]im5t] hav+ tak5 c>e dur+ ?is exp]im5t to place ! bobb9 q ne> ! horse's e>1 s t he c\ld he> ! humm+ ( ! int]rupt]1 und]took a second exp]im5t 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,hav+ deta*$ ! conductors f ! armature1 he plac$ himself 9 front ( ! horse 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b71 & began to imitate ! humm+ s\nd ( ! int]rupt] ) 8 m\?4 ,! animal at once assum$ ! /upefi$ position t ! action ( ! curr5t gave him 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 & all[$ 8 feet to be lift$ & %od )\t 8 ev5 be+ held by ! snaffle4 ,! horse 0 = ev] aft] subdu$1 & yet 8 vici\sness & 8 repugnance to %oe+ 7 su* t he c\ld only be %od previ\sly by conf9+ 8 legs ) a kick+-/rap4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! action ( ! induction coil1 m\nt$ z ?is 01 0 v feeble & n v pa9ful2 & yet x 0 v disagreeable 9 ! m\?1 & gave 9 ?is case a %ock ) a s5sation ( light be=e ! eyes1 z we h f\nd by exp]im5t+ ^u ourselves4 ,f our own mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts1 we h asc]ta9$ ! foll[+ facts1 :i* may guide e horse-own] 9 ! application ( electricity to an animal t is oppos$ to be+ %od3 7#a7 ,to a horse t def5ds himself because he is irritable by temp]am5t1 & n]v\s & impressionable 7z happ5s ) animals ( pure or ne>ly pure blood71 ! %ock mu/ be adm9i/]$ feebly & gradually be=e an endeavor is made to take hold ( 8 leg4 ,! horse w !n make a jump1 & try to roll ov]4 ,! jump mu/ be foll[$1 :ile an assi/ant holds ! bridle1 & ! action ( ! curr5t mu/ be at once arre/$4 ,aft] ?is ! horse w n endeavor to def5d himself1 & 8 leg may be easily h&l$4 7#b7 ,c]ta9 l>ge1 heavy1 naturally ugly horses kick ?r\gh %e] vici\sness4 ,9 ?is case1 :ile ! curr5t is be+ giv5 x %\ld be gradually increas$ 9 int5sity1 & ! horse's foot mu/ be seiz$ dur+ its action4 ,9 mo/ cases ! passage ( a curr5t ?r\gh su* horses 7^: muc\s membrane is less s5sitive7 produces only a slightly /upefi$ & contract$ position ( ! head1 accompani$ ) a slight tremor4 ,! curr5t mu/ be %ut (f z soon z ! horse's foot is well 9 "o's h&1 & be at once r5ew$ if he endeavors to def5d himself aga91 z is r>ely ! case4 ,x is a m>e ( ?is nature t is repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ figures4 ,we "k t ?is same sy/em has be5 appli$ = br++ to an abrupt /&/ill runaway horses1 h>ness$ to vehicles2 b kn[+ ! effect ( a sudd5 /oppage "u su* circum/ances1 we believe t ! rem$y w\ld prove worse ?an ! disease1 s9ce ! coa*man & vehicle1 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( in]tia1 w\ld cont9ue _! motion & pass ov] ! animals1 mu* to _! detrim5t4--,sci5ce et ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e/eve',s ,,automatic ,,pile4 ,mr4 ,e/eve has rec5tly devis$ a g5]ator ( electricity :i* he claims to be en]getic1 con/ant1 & always ready to op]ate4 ,! app>atus is design$ = ! production ( light & = actuat+ electric motors1 l>ge induction bobb9s1 etc4 ,we give a description ( x h]e) f data communicat$ by its inv5tor4 ,! accompany+ cut repres5ts a batt]y ( #f elem5ts1 ) a res]voir1 ,r1 = ! liquid1 provid$ at its l[] "p ) a cock = all[+ ! liquid to ent] ! pile4 ,! vessels ( ! diff]5t elem5ts are ( rectangul> =m4 ,at ! upp] "p1 & 9 ! wid] surfaces ( ea*1 !re are two tubes4 ,! fir/ tube ( ! fir/ vessel receives ! extremity ( a safety-tube1 ,a1 ^: o!r extremity ent]s ! upp] "p ( ! res]voir1 ,r4 ,?is tube is design$ = regulat+ ! fl[ ( ! liquid into ! pile4 ,:5 ! cock1 r1 is too widely op51 ! liquid might h a t5d5cy to fl[ ov] ! edges ( ! vessel2 b ?is w\ld close ! orifice ( ! tube1 ,a1 &1 z ! air w\ld !n no long] ent] ! res]voir1 ,r1 ! fl[ w\ld be /opp$ automatically4 ,! second tube ( ! fir/ vessel is connect$ ) a lead tube1 #a1 "o ( ! extremities ( :i* ent]s ! second vessel4 ,! o!r tubes are arrang$ 9 ! same way 9 ! o!r vessels4 ,! r5ewal ( ! liquids is effect$ by displacem5t1 9 fl[+ upw>d f "o elem5t ov] into ano!r2 & ! liquids make _! exit f ! pile at ,d1 aft] hav+ s]v$ six times4 ,! electrodes ( ! two fir/ elem5ts are repres5t$ z r5ew$ 9 ! cut1 9 ord] to %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e/eve',s ,,automatic ,,pile4 ,dim5sions4--,! z9c1 #b1 has a sup]ficies ( #aebj c5timet]s1 & is cut out ( ! ord9>y comm]cial %eet metal4 ,x may be turn$ upside d[n :5 "o end has become worn away1 ?us p]mitt+ ( its be+ entirely utiliz$4 ,! negative electrode is =m$ ( f\r c>bons1 :i* h1 ea* ( !m1 a sup]ficies ( #hba c5timet]s4 ,^! f\r c>bons are less fragile & are m easily h&l$ ?an two hav+ ! same surface4 ,_! arrangem5t is %[n at ! left ( ! figure4 ,!y are fix$ to a /rip ( copp]1 a1 to :i* is sold]$ ano!r /rip1 ,l1 b5t at "r angles4 ,!re are ?us two pairs ( c>bon p] elem5t1 & ^! are simply susp5d$ f a piece ( wood1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,^u ?is wood5 hold] w be se5 ! two /rips1 ,,ll1 t are design$ to be put 9 contact ) ! z9c ( ! succe$+ elem5t by means ( p9*]s t connect ! electrodes ) "o ano!r4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mits ! pile to be tak5 ap>t v quickly4 ,*>g+1 ,"w1 & ,duration ( ! ,pile4--,! inv5tor has made a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts ) solutions ( bi*romate ( pota% ( v>i\s degrees ( saturation1 & has f\nd ! foll[+ to give ! be/ results3 ,bi*romate ( pota%4 #a kilogramme4 ,sulphuric acid #b lit]s4 ,wat] #h ,:5 a l>g] quantity ( ! salt is us$1 cry/allization occurs 9 ! pile4 ,con/ants & "w ,con/ants & "w ( an elem5t ( a r\nd ,buns5 hav+ a z9c ( elem5t1 #bjcj cm4 #afbj cm4 ,volts4 #a4i #a4h ,resi/ance4 #j4je #j4bd ,"w disposable 9 ! ext]nal circuit4 #a4hci k4 #j4cdd k4 ,! "w disposable 9 ! ext]nal circuit is d$uc$ f ! =mula3 ,t ,e_/7#d,r #i4ha7 ,x w be se5 t an elem5t ?us *>g$ gives z mu* en]gy z #e4c l>ge ,buns5 elem5ts4 ,! batt]y is *>g$ ) #aj lit]s ( solution1 & is capable ( furni%+ = #e h\rs a curr5t ( #g amp]es ) a diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( #i volts at ! pile t]m9als4 ,! "w1 accord+ to ! =mula 7,,ei7_/g1 equals #f4dbb kilogram-met]s2 ) a feebl] resi/ance 9 ! ext]nal circuit x is capable ( produc+ a curr5t ( #ai amp]es = an h\r & an half4 ,9 ?is case ! resi/ance ( ! ext]nal circuit equals ! int]ior resi/ance ( ! pile4 ,^u imm]s+ ! electrodes 9 new liquid1 & ) no resi/ance 9 ! ext]nal circuit1 ! curr5t may rea* #ajj amp]es4 ,on r5ew+ ! liquids dur+ ! op]ation ( ! pile1 a curr5t ( #g amp]es is kept up if ab\t a lit] ( saturation p] h\r be all[$ to pass into ! batt]y4 ,= five h\rs1 !n1 only #e lit]s are us$ in/ead ( ! #aj t are necess>y :5 ! liquid is n r5ew$ :ile ! pile is 9 action4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,woodw>d',s ,,diffusion ,,motor4 ,! en]gy produc$ by ! ph5om5a ( diffusion is exhibit$ 9 lecture c\rses by plac+ a bell glass fill$ ) hydrog5 ov] a por\s vessel at ^: base is fix$ a glass tube t dips into wat]4 ,! hydrog51 9 diffus+1 ent]s ! por\s vessel1 increases ! int]nal pressure1 & a numb] ( bubbles escapes f ! tube4 ,on )draw+ ! bell glass ( hydrog51 ! latt] becomes diffus$ ext]nally1 a l[] pressure occurs 9 ! por\s vessel1 & ! level ( ! wat] rises4 ,! arrangem5t devis$ by ,mr4 ,c4,j4 ,woodw>d1 & rec5tly pres5t$ to ! ,physical ,society ( ,london1 is an adaptation ( ?is exp]im5t to ! production ( an oscillat+ motion by alt]nations 9 ! int]nal & ext]nal diffusion ( ! hydrog54 ,! app>atus1 repres5t$ h]e)1 consi/s ( a scale beam ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g? t supports at "o end a scale pan & weights1 &1 at ! o!r1 a cork$ por\s vessel t c>ries a glass tube1 c1 :i* dips into a vessel conta9+ ei!r wat] or me?ylic alcohol4 ,?ree or f\r gas jets1 "o ( :i* is %[n at ,e1 are arrang$ ar\nd ! por\s vessel1 z close z possible1 b 9 su* a way z n to t\* x dur+ ! oscillation ( ! beam4 ,^! gas jets communicate ) a gasomet] till$ ) hydrog51 ! bell ( :i* is s *>g$ z to furni% a jet ( suffici5t /r5g?4 ,exp]i5ce w indicate ! be/ place to give ! gas jets1 b1 9 g5]al1 x is well to locate !m at ne> ! c5t] ( ! por\s vessel :5 ! beam is horizontal4 ,illu/ration ,x is n[ easy to see h[ ! device op]ates4 ,:5 ! hydrog5 comes 9 pres5ce ( ! por\s vessel x becomes diffus$ !re91 & ! pressure ex]t$ 9 ! int]ior !n produces an asc5t4 ,:5 ! bottom ( ! por\s vessel gets above ! jets1 ! int]nal diffusion ceases & ! hydrog5 becomes diffus$ ext]nally1 ! int]nal pressure dim9i%es1 & ! vessel desc5ds4 ,! vessel !n comes opposite ! jets ( hydrog5 & ! same motion occurs aga91 & soon indef9itely4 ,! "w produc$ by ?is motor1 :i* has purely a sci5tific int]e/1 is v feeble1 & mu* bel[ t assign$ to x by !ory4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a maximum1 x w\ld be necess>y to completely surr\nd ! por\s vessel ea* "t ) hydrog51 & aft]w>d remove ! jets to facilitate ! access ( air4 ,all ! me*anical arrangem5ts employ$ = obta9+ su* a result h fail$1 because ! friction introduc$ by ! maneuv]+ p>ts also introduces a resi/ance great] ?an ! motor c ov]come4 ,!re is !re=e a wa/e ( en]gy due to ! cont9u\s fl[ ( hydrog52 b ! app>atus1 = all t1 con/itutes none ! less an orig9al & int]e/+ device4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,relations ,,( ,,heat ,,to ,,voltaic ,,& ,,!rmo-,,electric ,,action ,,( ,,metals ,,9 ,,electrolytes4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,nov41 #ahhc4 ,by ,g4 ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,ll4,d4 ,! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ?is pap] ?r[ consid]able light ^u ! real cause ( ! voltaic curr5t4 ,! results ( !m are conta9$ 9 tw5ty tables2 & by comp>+ !m ) ea* o!r1 & also by means ( additional exp]im5ts1 ! foll[+ g5]al conclusions & *ief facts 7 obta9$4 ,:5 metals 9 liquids are heat$1 !y are m frequ5tly r5d]$ positive ?an negative 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #b4h to #a4j2 & :ile ! proportion 9 weak solutions 0 ab\t #b4bi to #a4j1 9 /rong ones x 0 ab\t #c4bg to #a4j1 & ?is accords ) _! !rmo-electric behavior z metals alone4 ,! !rmo-electric ord] ( metals 9 liquids 01 ) ne>ly e solution1 :e!r /rong or weak1 widely diff]5t f ! !rmo-electric ord] ( ! same metals alone4 ,a conclusion previ\sly arriv$ at 0 also confirm$1 viz41 t ! liquids 9 :i* ! hot metal 0 !rmo-electro-positive 9 ! l>ge/ proportion ( cases 7 ^? conta9+ highly electro-positive bases1 su* z ! alkali metals4 ,! !rmo-electric effect ( gradually heat+ a metal 9 a liquid 0 sometimes diff]5t f t ( sudd5ly heat+ x1 & 0 occasionally att5d$ by a rev]sal ( ! curr5t4 ,degree ( /r5g? ( liquid greatly affect$ ! !rmo-electric ord] ( metals4 ,increase ( /r5g? usually & consid]ably increas$ ! pot5tial ( metals !rmo-electro-negative 9 liquids1 & some:at increas$ t ( ^? positive 9 liquids4 ,! electric pot5tial ( metals1 !rmo-electro-positive 9 weak liquids1 0 usually ab\t #c4hg times1 & 9 /rong ones #a4hg times1 z great z ( ^? :i* 7 negative4 ,! pot5tial ( ! /ronge/ !rmo-electric c\ple1 viz41 t ( alum9um 9 weak solution ( sodic phosphate1 0 #j4ff volt = #ajj ,f4 diff]5ce ( temp]ature1 or ab\t #ajj times t ( a bismu? & antimony c\ple4 ,heat+ "o ( ! metals1 ei!r ! positive or negative1 ( a voltaic c\ple1 usually increas$ _! electric diff]5ce1 mak+ mo/ metals m positive1 & "s m negative2 :ile heat+ ! second "o also usually neutraliz$ to a l>ge ext5t ! effect ( heat+ ! fir/ "o4 ,! electrical effect ( heat+ a voltaic c\ple is ne>ly :olly compos$ ( ! unit$ effects ( heat+ ea* ( ! two metals sep>ately1 b is n h[ev] exactly ! same1 because :ile 9 ! =m] case ! metals are dissimil>1 & are heat$ to ! same temp]ature1 9 ! latt] !y are simil>1 b heat$ to diff]5t temp]atures4 ,also1 :5 heat+ a voltaic pair1 ! heat is appli$ to two metals1 bo? ( :i* are previ\sly electro-pol> by contact ) ea* o!r z well z by contact ) ! liquid2 b :5 heat+ "o junction ( a metal & liquid c\ple1 ! metal has n be5 previ\sly r5d]$ electro-pol> by contact ) a diff]5t "o1 & is !re=e 9 a some:at diff]5t /ate4 ,:5 a voltaic comb9ation1 9 :i* ! positive metal is !rmo-negative1 & ! negative "o is !rmo-positive1 is heat$1 ! electric pot5tial ( ! c\ple dim9i%es1 not)/&+ t ! int]nal resi/ance is decreas$4 ,magnesium 9 p>ticul>1 also z9c & cadmium1 7 greatly depress$ 9 electromotive =ce 9 electrolytes by elevation ( temp]ature4 ,rev]sals ( position ( two metals ( a voltaic c\ple 9 ! t5sion s]ies by rise ( temp]ature 7 *iefly due to "o ( ! two metals increas+ 9 electromotive =ce fa/] ?an ! o!r1 & 9 _m cases to "o metal increas+ & ! o!r decreas+ 9 electromotive =ce1 b only 9 a few cases 0 x a result ( simultane\s b unequal dim9ution ( pot5tial ( ! two metals4 ,) eighte5 diff]5t voltaic c\ples1 by rise ( temp]ature f #fj to #afj ,f41 ! electromotive =ce 9 twelve cases 0 increas$1 & 9 six decreas$1 & ! av]age proportions ( increase = ! eighte5 in/ances 0 #j4aj volt = ! #ajj ,f4 ( elevation4 ,a great diff]5ce 9 *emical composition ( ! liquid 0 att5d$ by a consid]able *ange 9 ! ord] ( ! volta-t5sion s]ies1 & ! diff]5ces ( su* ord] 9 two simil> liquids1 su* z solutions ( hydric *loride & potassic *loride1 7 mu* great] ?an ^? produc$ 9 ei!r ( ^? liquids by a diff]5ce ( #ajj ,f4 ( temp]ature4 ,diff]5ce ( /r5g? ( solution1 l diff]5ce ( composition or ( temp]ature1 alt]$ ! ord] ( su* s]ies ) ne>ly e liquid2 & ! am\nt ( su* alt]ation by an increase ( f\r or five times 9 ! /r5g? ( ! liquid 0 r less ?an t caus$ by a diff]5ce ( #ajj ,f4 ( temp]ature4 ,:ile also a v>iation ( /r5g? ( liquid caus$ only a mod]ate am\nt ( *ange ( ord] 9 ! volta-t5sion s]ies1 x produc$ m ?an ?ree times t am\nt ( *ange 9 ! !rmo-electric t5sion s]ies4 ,! usual effect ( increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! liquid ^u ! volta-electromotive =ce 0 to consid]ably increase x1 b its effect ^u ! !rmo-electro-motive =ce 0 to l>gely decrease x4 ,! degree ( pot5tial ( a metal & liquid !rmo-c\ple 0 n always exactly ! same at ! same temp]ature dur+ a rise z dur+ a fall ( temp]ature2 ?is is analog\s to ! v>iations ( melt+ & solidify+ po9ts ( bodies "u su* conditions1 & also to t ( sup]saturation ( a liquid by a salt1 & is probably due to "s h9d]ance to *ange ( molecul> movem5t4 ,! rate ( ord9>y *emical corrosion ( ea* metal v>i$ 9 e diff]5t liquid2 9 ea* solution also x diff]$ ) e diff]5t metal4 ,! mo/ *emically positive metals 7 usually ! mo/ quickly corrod$1 & ! corrosion ( ea* metal 0 usually ! fa/e/ ) ! mo/ acid solutions4 ,! rate ( corrosion at any giv5 temp]ature 0 dep5d5t bo? ^u ! nature ( ! metal & ^u t ( ! liquid1 & 0 limit$ by ! mo/ feebly active ( ! two1 usually ! electrolyte4 ,! ord] ( rate ( corrosion ( metals also diff]$ 9 e diff]5t liquid4 ,! m dissimil> ! *emical *>act]s ( two liquids1 ! m div]se usually 0 ! ord] ( rapidity ( corrosion ( a s]ies ( metals 9 !m4 ,! ord] ( rate ( simple corrosion 9 any ( ! liquids exam9$ diff]$ f t ( *emico-electric & /ill m f t ( !rmo-electric t5sion4 ,corrosion is n ! cause ( !rmo-electric action ( metals 9 liquids4 ,out ( fifty-eight cases ( rise ( temp]ature ! rate ( ord9>y corrosion 0 increas$ 9 e in/ance except "o1 & t 0 only a feeble exception--! increase ( corrosion f #fj to #afj ,f4 ) diff]5t metals 0 extremely v>iable1 & 0 f #a4e to #cba4f times4 ,:e!r a metal increas$ or decreas$ 9 !rmo-electromotive =ce by be+ heat$1 x increas$ 9 rapidity ( corrosion4 ,! proportions 9 :i* ! mo/ corrod$ metal 0 also ! mo/ !rmo-electro-positive "o 0 #fe4eg p] c5t4 9 liquids at #fj ,f41 & #fi4ab 9 ! same liquids at #afj ,f42 & ! proportion 9 :i* x 0 ! mo/ *emico-electro-positive at #fj ,f4 0 #hd4dd p] c5t1 & at #afj ,f4 #hj4gg p] c5t4 ,! proportion ( cases !re=e 9 :i* ! mo/ *emico-electro-negative metal 0 ! mo/ corrod$ "o increas$ f #ae4ef to #ai4bc p] c5t1 by a rise ( temp]ature ( #ajj ,f4 ,comp>ison ( ^! proportions %[s t corrosion usually influ5c$ 9 a great] degree *emico-electric r ?an !rmo-electric actions ( metals 9 liquids4 ,n only 0 ! relative numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! volta-negative metal 0 ! mo/ corrod$ increas$ by rise ( temp]ature1 b also ! av]age relative loss by corrosion ( ! negative to t ( ! positive "o 0 increas$ f #c4aa to #f4cb4 ,! explanation mo/ consi/5t ) all ! v>i\s results & conclusions is a k9etic "o3 ,t metals & electrolytes are ?r\gh\t _! masses 9 a /ate ( molecul> vibration4 ,t ! molecules ( ^? sub/ances1 be+ frictionless bodies 9 a frictionless m$ium1 & _! motion n be+ dissipat$ by conduction or radiation1 cont9ue incessantly 9 motion until "s cause arises to prev5t !m4 ,t ea* metal 7or electrolyte71 :5 unequally heat$1 has to a c]ta9 ext5t an unlike class ( motions 9 its diff]5tly heat$ p>ts1 & behaves 9 ^? p>ts some:at l two metals 7or electrolytes71 & ^? unlike motions are enabl$1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate conduct+ portion ( ! sub/ance1 to r5d] ^? p>ts electro-pol>4 ,t e diff]5t metal & electrolyte has a diff]5t class ( motions1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 !y also1 by contact alone ) ea* o!r at ! same temp]ature1 become electro-pol>4 ,! molecul> motion ( ea* diff]5t sub/ance also increases at a diff]5t rate by rise ( temp]ature4 ,?is !ory is equally 9 agreem5t ) ! *emico-electric results4 ,9 accordance ) x1 :5 9 ! case ( a metal & an electrolyte1 ! two classes ( motions are suffici5tly unlike1 *emical corrosion ( ! metal by ! liquid takes place1 & ! voltaic curr5t orig9at$ by inh]5t molecul> motion1 "u ! condition ( contact1 is ma9ta9$ by ! portions ( motion lo/ by ! metal & liquid dur+ ! act ( unit+ toge!r4 ,corrosion !re=e is an effect ( molecul> motion1 & is "o ( ! modes by :i* t motion is conv]t$ into & produces electric curr5t4 ,9 accordance ) ?is !ory1 if we take a !rmo-electric pair consi/+ ( a non-corrodible metal & an electrolyte 7! two be+ already electro-pol> by mutual contact71 & heat "o ( _! po9ts ( contact1 ! molecul> motions ( ! heat$ end ( ea* sub/ance at ! junction are alt]$2 & z !rmo-electric en]gy 9 su* comb9ations usually increases by rise ( temp]ature1 ! metal & liquid1 ea* s+ly1 usually becomes m electro pol>4 ,9 su* a case ! unequally heat$ metal behaves to "s ext5t l two metals1 & ! unequally heat$ liquid l two liquids1 & s ! !rmo-electric pair is l a feeble *emico-electric "o ( two metals 9 two liquids1 b )\t corrosion ( ei!r metal4 ,if ! metal & liquid are ea*1 :5 alone1 !rmo-electro-positive1 & if1 :5 9 contact1 ! metal increases 9 positive condition fa/] ?an ! liquid by be+ heat$1 ! latt] appe>s !rmo-electro-negative1 b if less rapidly ?an ! liquid1 ! metal appe>s !rmo-electro-negative4 ,z also ! proportion ( cases is small 9 :i* metals t are positive 9 ! ord9>y !rmo-electric s]ies ( metals only become negative 9 ! metal & liquid ones 7viz41 only #gc out ( #bhf 9 weak solutions1 & #dh out ( ! same numb] 9 /rong ones71 we may conclude t ! metals1 m frequ5tly ?an ! liquids1 h ! greate/ !rmo-electric influ5ce1 & also t ! relative l>g5ess ( ! numb] ( in/ances ( !rmo-electro-positive metals 9 ! s]ies ( metals & liquids1 z 9 ! s]ies ( metals only1 is p>tly a consequ5ce ( ! circum/ance t rise ( temp]ature usually makes sub/ances--metals 9 p>ticul>--electro-positive4 ,^! /atem5ts are also consi/5t ) ! view t ! elem5t>y sub/ances lose a portion ( _! molecul> activity :5 !y unite to =m acids or salts1 & t electrolytes !re=e h usually a less degree ( molecul> motion ?an ! metals ( :i* !y are p>tly compos$4 ,! curr5t f a !rmo-c\ple ( metal & liquid1 !re=e1 may be view$ z ! unit$ result ( diff]5ce ( molecul> motion1 fir/1 ( ! two junctions1 & second1 ( ! two heat$ 7or cool$7 sub/ances2 & 9 all cases1 bo? ( !rmo- & *emico-electric action1 ! imm$iate true cause ( ! curr5t is ! orig9al molecul> vibrations ( ! sub/ances1 :ile contact is only a /atic p]mitt+ condition4 ,also t :ile 9 ! case ( !rmo-electric action ! su/a9+ cause is molecul> motion1 suppli$ by an ext]nal s\rce ( heat1 9 ! case ( *emico-electric action x is ! motion lo/ by ! metal & liquid :5 *emically unit+ toge!r4 ,! direction ( ! curr5t 9 !rmo-electric cases appe>s to dep5d ^u :i* ( ! two sub/ances compos+ a junction increases 9 molecul> activity ! fa/e/ by rise ( temp]ature1 or decreases ! mo/ rapidly by cool+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,air ,,refrig]at+ ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,air ,,refrig]at+ ,,ma*9e4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,e4 ,hall1 ,d>t=d1 exhibit at ! ,int]national ,heal? ,exhibition1 ,london1 9 connection ) a cold /orage room1 two sizes ( ,ellis' pat5t air refrig]ator1 ! l>g] "o capable ( deliv]+ #e1jjj cubic feet ( cold air p] h\r1 :5 runn+ at a spe$ ( #aej revolutions p] m9ute2 & ! small] "o #b1jjj cubic feet ( cold air p] h\r1 at #bbe revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! special features 9 ^! ma*9es are ! arrangem5t ( p>ts1 by :i* great compactness is secur$1 & ! adoption ( flat slides = ! compressor1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y beat valves1 :i* p]mits ( a high rate ( revolution )\t ! objectionable noise :i* is caus$ by clacks beat+ on _! seats4 ,! engrav+ %[s ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! app>atus4 ,figs4 #a to #d %[ details ( ! compression & expansion valves1 :i* are ord9>y flat slides1 p>tly balanc$1 & held up to _! faces by /rong spr+s f beh9d4 ,! /eam1 compression1 & expansion cyl9d]s are sev]ally bolt$ to ! end ( a /rong frame1 :i* ?\gh atta*$ to ! cool] box does n =m "p ( x1 ! object be+ to meet ! /ra9s betwe5 ! cyl9d]s & %aft 9 z direct a mann] z possible )\t all[+ !m to act on ! cool] ca/+4 ,ea* cyl9d] is d\ble act+1 ! pi/ons be+ c\pl$ to ! %aft by ?ree connect+ rods1 ! two out] ones work+ ^u crank p9s fix$ to ov]hung disks1 & ! c5t] "o on a crank =m$ 9 ! %aft4 ,! slide valves = all ! cyl9d]s are driv5 f two weigh %afts1 ! ma9 valve %aft be+ actuat$ by a foll[ crank1 & ! expansion & cut (f valves f ! cros%ead p9 ( ! compressor4 ,! ma*9es may be us$ ei!r 9 ! v]tical position z exhibit$1 or may be fix$ horizontally2 & x is /at$ t ! con/ruction is su* z to admit ( spe$s ( #bjj & #cjj revolutions p] m9ute respectively = ! l>g] & small] ma*9es1 "u :i* conditions ! deliv]y ( cold air may be tak5 at ab\t #g1jjj & #b1fjj cubic feet p] h\r4 ,messrs4 ,hall also make ?is class ( refrig]ator )\t ! /eam cyl9d]1 & arrang$ to be driv5 by a belt f a gas eng9e or any exi/+ motive p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,gas ,,radiator ,,& ,,heat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,a ,,gas ,,radiator ,,& ,,heat]4 ,!re is n[ be+ introduc$ into ,g]many a gas radiator & heat]1 ! inv5tion ( ,h]r ,wobbe4 ,x consi/s1 z w be se5 9 engrav+ above1 ( a s]ies ( v]tical ,u-%ap$ pipes1 ( wr\ght iron1 #ej millimet]s 7#b in*es7 9 diamet]4 ,! two legs ( ! ,u are ( unequal l5g?2 ! long] be+ ab\t #e feet1 & ! %ort] #c feet 7exclusive ( ! b5d at ! top74 ,b5ea? ! op5 end ( ! %ort] leg ( ea* pipe is plac$ a burn]1 atta*$ to a horizontal gas-pipe1 :i* turns ^u an axis4 ,! object ( hav+ ?is pipe rotate is to br+ ! burn]s into an incl9$ position--%[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #b--;= light+ !m4 ,on turn+ !m back to ! v]tical position1 ! heat$ products ( combu/ion pass up ! %ort] tube & d[n ! long]1 :]e !y ent] a common receptacle1 f :i* !y pass into ! *imney or out ( doors4 ,surr\nd+ ! pipes are plates ( %eet iron1 incl9$ at ! angle %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! object ( ! plates is to prev5t ! heat$ air ( ! room f pass+ up to ! ceil+1 & s5d x out into ! room4 ,to prev5t any ( ! pipes act+ z *imneys1 & br++ ! products ( combu/ion back into ! room1 z well z to avoid any back-pressure1 a damp] is atta*$ to ! outlet receptacle4 ,! heat$ gas becomes cool$ s mu* 7to ab\t #ajj ,fahr47 t wat] is cond5s$ & precipitat$1 & collects 9 ! vessel bel[ ! outlet4 ,ea* burn] has a sep>ate cock1 by :i* x may be kept clos$1 half-op51 or op54 ,to obviate dang] ( explosion1 !re is a /rip ( %eet iron 9 front ( ! burn]s1 :i* prev5ts _! be+ light$ :5 9 a v]tical position2 s t1 9 case any unburn$ gas gets into ! pipes1 x _c be ignit$1 = ! burn]s c only be light$ :5 incl9$ to ! front4 ,9 />t+ ! /ove ! burn]s are light$1 9 ! incl9$ position2 ! *a9 f ! damp] pull$ up2 ! burn]s set v]tical2 &1 z soon z !y are all draw+ well into ! tubes1 ! damp] is clos$4 ,if less heat is desir$1 ! cocks are turn$ half (f4 ,x is n p]missible to entirely ext+ui% "s ( ! burn]s1 unless ! unus$ pipes are clos$ to prev5t ! products ( combu/ion com+ back into ! room4 ,! consumption ( gas p] burn]1 full op51 ) a pressure ( #h_/aj1 is said to be only #d-c_/h cubic feet p] h\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,concrete ,,wat] ,,pipes4 ,concrete wat] pipes ( small diamet]1 accord+ to a =eign contempor>y1 are us$ 9 p>ts ( ,france1 notably = wat] ma9s = ! t[ns ( ,c\lommi]s & ,aix-en-,prov5ce4 ,! pipes 7 =m$ ( concrete 9 ! tr5* itself4 ,! m\ld into :i* ! concrete 0 /amp$ 0 %eet iron ab\t two y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,! sev]al pipes 7 n specially jo9$ to ea* o!r1 ! jo9ts be+ set ) mort>4 ,! concrete consi/$ ( ?ree p>ts ( sl[ sett+ cem5t & ?ree p>ts ( riv] s&1 mix$ ) five p>ts ( lime/one debris4 ,! inn] diamet] ( ! pipes 0 n9e in*es2 _! ?ickness1 ?ree in*es4 ,! av]age fall is giv5 at "o 9 five hundr$2 ! l[e/ spe$ ( ! curr5t at "o foot n9e in*es p] second4 ,to facilitate ! clean+ ( ! pipes1 man-holes are con/ruct$ e "o hundr$ y>ds or s1 ! sides ( :i* are also made ( concrete4 ,! tr5*es are ab\t five feet deep4 ,! "w 0 done by f\r m51 :o laid d[n ne>ly two hundr$ feet ( pipe 9 a work+ day2 ! co/ 0 ab\t n9ety-?ree c5ts p] runn+ y>d4 ,x is claim$ z an advantage = ! new me?od t ! pipes adh]e closely to ! inequalities ( ! tr5*1 & ?us lie firmly on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 submitt$ to great pressure1 h[ev]1 !y h n prov$ effective1 & ! me?od1 consequ5tly1 is only suitable = pipes 9 :i* !re is no pressure1 or only a v trifl+ "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sell]s ,,/&>d ,,sy/em ,,( ,,screw ,,?reads1 ,,nuts1 ,,& ,,bolt ,,heads4 ,,screw ,,?reads4 ,diam4 ,?reads ,diamet] ,area ( ,wid? ( p] at root ( ,bolt at ( ,screw4 in*4 ,?read4 root ( ,flat4 ,?read4 #a_/d #bj 4#ahe #ac_/fd 4#jbf 4#jjfb #e_/af #ah 4#bdj #ae_/fd 4#jde 4#jjgd #c_/h #af 4#bid #ai_/fd 4#jfg 4#jjgh #g_/af #ad 4#cdd #aa_/cb 4#jib 4#jjhi #a_/b #ac 4#djj #ac_/cb 4#abe 4#jjif #i_/af #ab 4#ded #bi_/fd 4#afa 4#jajd #e_/h #aa 4#ejg #cc_/fd 4#bja 4#jaac #c_/d #aj 4#fbj #e_/h 4#cja 4#jabe #g_/h #i 4#gca #dg_/fd 4#dai 4#jach #a #h 4#hcg #bg_/cb 4#eej 4#jaef #a-a_/h #g 4#idj #ae_/af 4#fic 4#jagh #a-a_/d #g #a4jfe #a- #a_/af 4#hij 4#jagh #a-c_/h #f #a4afj #a- #e_/cb #a4jef 4#jbjh #a-a_/b #f #a4bhd #a- #i_/cb #a4bid 4#jbjh #a-e_/h #e-a_/b #a4chi #a-be_/fd #a4eae 4#jbbg #a-c_/d #e #a4dia #a-ca_/fd #a4gdf 4#jbej #a-g_/h #e #a4faf #a-ci_/fd #b4jea 4#jbej #b #d-a_/b #a4gdb #a-bc_/cb #b4cja 4#jbgg #b-a_/d #d-a_/b #a4ifb #a-ca_/cb #c4jbc 4#jbgg #b-a_/b #d #b4agf #b-aa_/fd #c4gah 4#jcab #b-c_/d #d #b4dbf #b-bg_/fd #d4fbb 4#jcab #c #c-a_/b #b4fbi #b- #e_/h #e4dbh 4#jceg #c-a_/d #c-a_/b #b4hgi #b- #g_/h #f4eji 4#jceg #c-a_/b #c-a_/d #c4ajj #c- #c_/cb #g4edg 4#jchd #c-c_/d #c #c4cag #c- #e_/af #h4fad 4#jdac #d #c #c4efg #c- #i_/af #i4iic 4#jdac #d-a_/d #b-g_/h #c4gih #c-ea_/fd #aa4cbi 4#jdce #d-a_/b #b-c_/d #d4jbh #d- #a_/cb #ab4gdb 4#jded #d-c_/d #b-e_/h #d4bef #d- #a_/d #ad4bbf 4#jdgf #e #b-a_/b #d4dhj #d-ca_/fd #ae4gfc 4#jejj #e-a_/d #b-a_/b #d4gcj #d-dg_/fd #ag4egj 4#jejj #e-a_/b #b-c_/h #d4iec #d-fa_/fd #ai4bfg 4#jebf #e-c_/d #b-c_/h #e4bjc #e-ac_/fd #ba4bfa 4#jebf #f #b-a_/d #e4dbc #e-bg_/fd #bc4jig 4#jeee ,,nuts4 ,%ort ,%ort ,long ,long ,?ick- ,?ick- ,diam4 ,diam4 ,diam4 ,diam4 ness ness ,r\gh4 ,f9i%4 ,r\gh4 ,r\gh4 ,r\gh4 ,f9i%4 7,hex47 7,hex47 7,hex47 7,squ>e7 #a_/b #g_/af #cg_/fd #g_/aj #a_/d #c_/af #ai_/cb #ag_/cb #aa_/af #aj_/ab #e_/af #a_/d #aa_/af #e_/h #ea_/fd #fc_/fd #c_/h #e_/af #be_/cb #bc_/cc #i_/aj #a- #g_/fd #g_/af #c_/h #g_/h #ac_/af #a #a-ae_/fd #a_/b #g_/af #ca_/cb #bi_/cb #a- #a_/h #a-bc_/fd #i_/af #a_/b #a-a_/af #a #a- #g_/cb #a- #a_/b #e_/h #i_/af #a-a_/d #a-c_/af #a- #g_/af #a-di_/fd #c_/d #aa_/af #a-g_/af #a-c_/h #a-ba_/cb #b- #a_/cb #g_/h #ac_/af #a- #e_/h #a-i_/af #a- #g_/h #b-ai_/fd #a #ae_/af #a-ac_/af #a- #c_/d #b- #e_/cb #b- #i_/af #a-a_/h #a- #a_/af #b #a-ae_/af #b- #e_/af #b-ec_/fd #a-a_/d #a- #c_/af #b- #c_/af #b- #a_/h #b-ag_/cb #c- #c_/cb #a-c_/h #a- #e_/af #b- #c_/h #b- #e_/af #b- #c_/d #c-bc_/fd #a-a_/b #a- #g_/af #b- #i_/af #b- #a_/b #b-ca_/cb #c- #e_/h #a-e_/h #a- #i_/af #b- #c_/d #b-aa_/af #c- #c_/af #c-eg_/fd #a-c_/d #a-aa_/af #b-ae_/af #b- #g_/h #c-ac_/cb #d- #e_/cb #a-g_/h #a-ac_/af #c-a_/h #c- #a_/af #c- #e_/h #d-bg_/fd #b #a-ae_/af #c-a_/b #c- #g_/af #d- #a_/af #d-fa_/fd #b-a_/d #b- #c_/af #c-g_/h #c-ac_/af #d- #a_/b #e-ca_/fd #b-a_/b #b- #g_/af #d-a_/d #d- #c_/af #d-bi_/cb #f #b-c_/d #b-aa_/af #d-e_/h #d- #i_/af #e- #c_/h #f-ag_/cb #c #b-ae_/af #e #d-ae_/af #e-ac_/af #g- #a_/af #c-a_/d #c- #c_/af #e-c_/h #e- #e_/af #f- #g_/cb #g-ci_/fd #c-a_/b #c- #g_/af #e-c_/d #e-aa_/af #f-ba_/cb #h- #a_/h #c-c_/d #c-aa_/af #f-a_/h #f- #a_/af #g- #c_/cb #h-da_/fd #d #c-ae_/af #f-a_/b #f- #g_/af #g- #i_/af #i- #c_/af #d-a_/d #d- #c_/af #f-g_/h #f-ac_/af #g-ca_/cb #i- #c_/d #d-a_/b #d- #g_/af #g-a_/d #g- #c_/af #h-ac_/cb #aj- #a_/d #d-c_/d #d-aa_/af #g-e_/h #g- #i_/af #h-bg_/cb #aj-di_/fd #e #d-ae_/af #h #g-ae_/af #i- #i_/cb #aa-bc_/fd #e-a_/d #e- #c_/af #h-c_/h #h- #e_/af #i-bc_/cb #aa- #g_/h #e-a_/b #e- #g_/af #h-c_/d #h-aa_/af #aj- #e_/cb #ab- #c_/h #e-c_/d #e-aa_/af #i-a_/h #i- #a_/af #aj-ai_/cb #ab-ae_/af #f #e-ae_/af ,,bolt ,,heads4 ,%ort ,%ort ,long ,long ,?ick- ,?ick- ,diam4 ,diam4 ,diam4 ,diam4 ness ness ,r\gh4 ,f9i%4 ,r\gh4 ,r\gh4 ,r\gh4 ,f9i%4 7,hex47 7,hex47 7,hex47 7,squ>e7 #a_/b #g_/af #cg_/fd #g_/aj #a_/d #c_/af #ai_/cb #ag_/cb #aa_/af #aj_/ab #ai_/fd #a_/d #aa_/af #e_/h #ea_/fd #fc_/fd #aa_/cb #e_/af #be_/cb #bc_/cb #i_/af #a-g_/fd #be_/fd #c_/h #g_/h #ac_/af #a #a-ae_/fd #g_/af #g_/af #ca_/cb #bi_/cb #a- #a_/h #a-bc_/fd #ca_/fd #a_/b #a- #a_/af #a #a- #g_/cb #a- #a_/b #ag_/cb #i_/af #a- #a_/d #a- #c_/af #a- #g_/af #a-di_/fd #e_/h #aa_/af #a- #g_/af #a- #c_/h #a-ba_/cb #b- #a_/cb #bc_/cb #ac_/af #a- #e_/h #a- #i_/af #a- #g_/h #b-ai_/fd #ac_/af #ae_/af #a-ac_/af #a- #c_/d #b- #e_/cb #b- #g_/af #bi_/cb #a- #a_/af #b #a-ae_/af #b- #e_/af #b-ec_/fd #a #a- #c_/af #b- #c_/af #b- #a_/h #b-ag_/cb #c- #c_/cb #a- #c_/cb #a- #e_/af #b- #c_/h #b- #e_/af #b- #c_/d #c-bc_/fd #a- #c_/af #a- #g_/af #b- #i_/af #b- #a_/b #b-ca_/cb #c- #e_/h #a- #i_/cb #a- #i_/af #b- #c_/d #b-aa_/af #c- #c_/af #c-eg_/fd #a- #c_/h #a-aa_/af #b-ae_/af #b- #g_/h #c-ac_/cb #d- #e_/cb #a-ae_/cb #a-ac_/af #c- #a_/h #c- #a_/af #c- #e_/h #d-bg_/fd #a- #i_/af #a-ae_/af #c- #a_/b #c- #g_/af #d- #a_/af #d-fa_/fd #a- #c_/d #b- #c_/af #c- #g_/h #c-ac_/af #d- #a_/b #e-ca_/fd #a-ae_/af #b- #g_/af #d- #a_/d #d- #c_/af #d-bi_/cb #f #b- #a_/h #b-aa_/af #d- #e_/h #d- #i_/af #e- #c_/h #f-ag_/cb #b- #e_/af #b-ae_/af #e #d-ae_/af #e-ac_/af #g- #a_/af #b- #a_/b #c- #c_/af #e- #c_/h #e- #e_/af #f- #g_/cb #g-ci_/fd #b-aa_/af #c- #g_/af #e- #c_/d #e-aa_/af #f-ba_/cb #h- #a_/h #b- #g_/h #c-aa_/af #f- #a_/h #f- #a_/af #g- #c_/cb #h-da_/fd #c- #a_/af #c-ae_/af #f- #a_/b #f- #g_/af #g- #i_/af #i- #c_/af #c- #a_/d #d- #c_/af #f- #g_/h #f-ac_/af #g-ca_/cb #i- #c_/d #c- #g_/af #d- #g_/af #g- #a_/d #g- #c_/af #h-ac_/cb #aj- #a_/d #c- #e_/h #d-aa_/af #g- #e_/h #g- #i_/af #h-bg_/cb #aj-di_/fd #c-ac_/af #d-ae_/af #h #g-ae_/af #i- #i_/cb #aa-bc_/fd #d #e- #c_/af #h- #c_/h #h- #e_/af #i-bc_/cb #aa- #g_/h #d- #c_/af #e- #g_/af #h- #c_/d #h-aa_/af #aj- #e_/cb #ab- #c_/h #d- #c_/h #e-aa_/af #i- #a_/h #i- #a_/af #aj-ai_/cb #ab-ae_/af #d- #i_/af #e-ae_/af ,! dim5sions giv5 = diamet] at root ( ?reads are also ^? = diamet] ( hole 9 nuts & diamet] ( lap drills4 ,all bolts & /uds #c_/d 94 diamet] & above1 screw$ into boil]s1 h #ab ?reads p] in*1 %>p ?read1 a tap] ( #a_/af 94 p] #a in*2 tap drill %\ld be #i_/fd 94 less ?an normal diamet] ( bolts4 ,! table is bas$ ^u ! foll[+ g5]al =mul = c]ta9 dim5sions3 ,%ort diam4 r\gh nut or head #aa_/b diam4 ( bolt #a_/h4 f9i%$ nut or head #aa_/b diam4 ( bolt #a_/af4 ,?ickness r\gh nut diamet] ( bolt4 ,?ickness f9i%$ nut diamet] ( bolt - #a_/af4 ,?ickness r\gh head #a_/b %ort diamet]4 ,?ickness f9i%$ head diamet] ( bolt - #a_/af4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,engli% ,,railway ,,f]ry ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,engli% ,,railway ,,f]ry ,,boat4 ,! illu/rations above repres5t a d\ble screw /eam f]ry boat = transport+ railway c>riages1 vehicles1 & pass5g]s1 etc41 design$ & con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,edw>ds & ,symes1 ( ,cubitt ,t[n1 ,london4 ,! hull is con/ruct$ ( iron1 & is ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 ,l5g? #fj ft42 beam #af ft42 ov] sponsons #be ft4 ,! vessel 0 fitt$ ) a propell]1 rudd]1 & /e]+ ge> at ea* end1 to enable x to run 9 ei!r direction )\t hav+ to turn ar\nd4 ,! boat 0 design$ = ! purpose ( work+ ! tra9 s]vice across ! bay ( ,san ,juan1 9 ! isl& ( ,pu]to ,rico1 & = ?is purpose a s+le l9e ( /eel rails1 ( met] gauge1 is laid along ! c5t] ( ! deck1 & also along ! h+$ plat=ms at ea* end4 ,9 ! engrav+ ^! plat=ms are %[n1 "o hoi/$ up1 & ! o!r l[]$ to ! level ( ! deck4 ,:5 ! boat is at "o ( ! l&+ /ages1 ! plat=m is l[]$ to ! level ( ! rails on ! pi]1 & ! c>riages & trucks are run on to ! deck by means ( ! small haul+ eng9e1 :i* works an endless *a9 runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! deck4 ,! trucks1 etc41 be+ on bo>d1 ! plat=m is rais$ by means ( two compact h& w9*es work$ by worm & worm-:eels 9 ! positions %[n2 ?us ^! two plat=ms =m ! end bulw>ks to ! boat :5 cross+ ! bay4 ,on arriv+ at ! opposite %ore ! op]ation is repeat$1 ! o!r plat=m is l[]$1 & ! haul+ eng9e runs ! trucks1 etc41 on to ! %ore4 ,) a load ( #be tons ! draught is #d ft4 ,! seats %[n on ! deck are = ! conv5i5ce ( foot pass5g]s1 & ! :ole ( ! deck is protect$ f ! sun ( t tropical climate by a canvas awn+4 ,! /e]+ ( ! vessel is effect$ f ! bridge at ! c5t]1 :i* ext5ds f side to side ( ! vessel1 & !re are two /e]+ :eels ) indep5d5t /e]+ ge> = ea* end1 ) lock+ ge> = ! =w>d rudd] :5 9 motion4 ,! man at ! :eel communicates ) ! eng9e] by means ( a speak+ tube at ! :eel4 ,!re is a small deck h\se = ! use ( deck /ores1 on "o side ( :i* is ! entrance to ! eng9e room4 ,! cross batt5s1 %[n betwe5 ! rails1 are = ! purpose ( horse traffic1 :5 horses are us$ = haul+ ! trucks1 or = ord9>y c>ts or wagons4 ,! plan bel[ deck %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! bulkheads1 ) a small w9dlass at ea* end = lift+ ! an*ors1 & a small hat* at ea* side = entrance to ^! comp>tm5ts4 ,! c5tral comp>tm5t conta9s ! ma*9]y1 :i* consi/s ( a pair ( comp\nd surface cond5s+ eng9es1 ) cyl9d]s #aa 94 & #bj 94 9 diamet]2 ! %aft+ runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! vessel1 ) a propell] at ea* end4 ,/eam is g5]at$ 9 a /eel boil] ( locomotive =m1 s arrang$ t ! funnel passes ?r\gh ! deck at ! side ( ! vessel2 & x is design$ = a work+ pressure ( #ajj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,?is boil] also supplies /eam = ! small haul+ eng9e fix$ on ! bulkhead4 ,light to ?is comp>tm5t is obta9$ by means ( l>ge side scuttles along ea* side ( ! boat & glass deck lights1 & ! iron grat+ at ! entrance ne> ! deck h\se4 ,?is boat 0 con/ruct$ 9 six pieces = %ipm5t1 & ! :ole put toge!r 9 ! build]s' y>d4 ,! ma*9]y 0 fix$1 & ! eng9e driv5 by /eam f its own boil]1 !n ! :ole 0 m>k$ & tak5 asund]1 & %ipp$ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e x 0 put toge!r & f\nd to answ] ! purpose int5d$4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,flight1 ,,& ,,! ,,fly+ ,,ma*9e4 ,z a result ( read+ ! v>i\s communications to ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & ,,supplem5t1 & ,van ,no/r&'s ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e1 includ+ descriptions ( propos$ & te/$ ma*9es1 & ! reports ( ! ,briti% ,a]onautical ,society1 ! writ] ( ! foll[+ concludes3 ,t1 z prec$5ts = ! con/ruction ( a successful fly+ ma*9e1 ! inve/igation ( "s species ( birds z a base ( ! pr9ciples ( all is correct only 9 connection ) ! species & habits ( ! bird2 t ! g5]al me*anical pr9ciples ( flight applicable to ! op]ation ( ! same unit ( w+ 9 all species are alone applicable to ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,t ^! pr9ciples ( op]ation d n dem& ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction ( ! bird4 ,t z ! w+ is 9 its /roke an arc ( a screw propell]'s op]ation1 & 9 its angle a screw propell] blade1 its animal op]ation compels its reciprocation in/ead ( rotation4 ,t ! swift] ! w+ beat1 ! m effici5t its effect p] unit ( surface1 ! great] ! load c>ri$1 & ! swift] ! flight4 ,t ! screw action be+1 9 full flight1 t ( a screw propell] ^: axis ( rotation =ms a slight angle ) ! v]tical1 ! di/ance ( flight p] virtual revolution ( screw w+ f> exce$s ! pit* di/ance ( said screw4 ,t consequ5tly a bird's flight answ]s to an iceboat close haul$2 ! w+ =ce answ]+ to ! w9d1 ! w+ angle to ! sail1 ! bird's weight to ! leeway fulcrum ( ! ice1 & ! passage across direction ( ! w+ flop to ! fre% mov+ in]tia ( ! w9d1 bo? yield+ a maximum ( =ce to bird or iceboat4 ,t ! spe$ ( reciprocation ( a fly's w+ be+ equival5t to a screw rotation ( #i1jjj p] m9ute1 proves t a screw may be run at ?is spe$ )\t los+ effici5cy by c5trifugal vacuum4 ,t z ! object ( w+ or screw is to m\nt ^u ! in]tia ( ! p>ticles ( a mobile fluid1 & z ! rotation ( /eam%ip propell]s 9 wat]--a fluid ( _m times ! in]tia ( air--is already 9 excess ( ! highe/ spe$ h]et(ore tri$ 9 ! propell]s ( mod]ately successful fly+ ma*9es1 x is pla9 t ! spe$ employ$ 9 wat] mu/ be _m times exce$$ 9 air4 ,t ) a suffici5t spe$ ( rotation1 ! support+ p[] ( ! in]tia ( air mu/ equal t ( wat]4 ,t z m]e spe$ ( rotation ( propell] %aft1 m9us blades1 mu/ absorb b a small proportion ( p[] ( eng9e1 ! addition ( blades w n cause m resi/ance ?an t actually enc\nt]$ f in]tia ( air4 ,t ?is mu/ be ! measure ( load lift$4 ,t )\t slip ( screw1 ! actual p[] exp5d$1 w be little 9 excess ( t requir$ to support ! ma*9e 9 wat]1 ) a sl[] rotation ( screw4 ,t 9 case ! same p[] is exp5d$ 9 wat] or air1 ! only diff]5ce w lie 9 ! sizes & spe$ ( eng9es or screws4 ,t ! great] ! spe$1 ! less weight ( eng9e1 boil]1 & screw mu/ be1 & ! /rong] _! con/ruction4 ,t1 9 consequ5ce1 solid metal work$ d[n1 in/ead ( bolts & truss "w1 mu/ be us$4 ,t z ! bird w+ is a screw 9 action1 & acts directly betwe5 ! in]tias ( ! load & ! air1 ! position & op]ation ( ! screw1 to ! load1 mu/ imitate x4 ,t1 9 consequ5ce1 ma*9es hav+ w+ planes1 driv5 aga9/ "o in]tia ( air by screws act+ 9 ! l9e1 ( flight aga9/ ano!r in]tia ( air1 lose fifty p] c5t4 ( useful effect1 besides expos+ to a head w9d ! cross section ( ! /ation>y screw w+ planes & ! rotat+ screw discs2 & support+ ! dead weight ( ! w+ planes1 & hav+ all ! screw slip 9 ! l9e ( flight1 & c>ry+ sl[ & heavy eng9es4 ,t z a result ( ^! conclusions1 ! support+ & propell+ p[] %\ld be express$ 9 ! rotation ( screws comb9+ bo? functions1 ! position ( ^: planes ( rotation to a fix$ horizontal l9e ( direction det]m9es ! progress & spe$ ( ma*9e ^u o!r l9es4 ,t ! :ole weight c>ri$ by ! screws %\ld be at all times exactly bel[ ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! plane ( support1 :e!r x be horizontal or incl9$4 ,t :ile ! p]man5tly position$ weight1 su* z ! eng9es1 frame1 hold+ screws1 etc41 may be rigidly connect$ to or ar\nd ! screw plane ( support1 ! v>iable position$ weight1 su* z ! pass5g] & ! c>1 %\ld be connect$ by a flexible jo9t to ! said plane ( support4 ,consequ5tly1 ! c> may oscillate )\t alt]+ its weight position "u c5t] ( support+ plane1 ?us avoid+ an involunt>y alt]ation ( spe$ or direction ( flight4 ,t to /e] a ma*9e s con/ruct$1 x is m]ely necess>y to move ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( c> to ma*9e prop]1 out ( ! c5t] ( plane ( support 9 ! desir$ direction1 & ?us cause ! plane ( support or rotation ( propell]s to incl9e 9 t direction4 ,t ! res]voir ( p[]1 ! boil]1 etc41 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c>1 & /eam c>ri$ to eng9es ?r\gh jo9t connect+ c> ) ma*9e4 ,t at pres5t mat]ial exi/s1 & p[] also1 ( suffici5t lightness & /r5g? to admit ( a ma*9e con/ruction capable ( a limit$ successful flight 9 any fair w9d & direction4 ,t su* ma*9e once built1 ! f9d+ ( a p[] = long flights w be easy1 if n already close at h& 9 electricity4 ,t ! easie/ design = su* actual ma*9e %\ld be adopt$1 leav+ ! adaptation ( ! pr9ciples involv$ to ! mak+ ( m p]fect ma*9es1 to a "t aft] ! success ( ! fir/4 ,t su* design may be a propell]1 & its eng9e at ea* end ( a /eel frame tube1 support+ tube horizontally1 a c> to be support$ by a univ]sal jo9t f c5t] ( said tube1 & ! jo9t app>atus movable along ! tube or a %ort di/ance transv]se to x1 to alt] position ( c5t] ( gravity4 ,t ! ma*9e s built might trav]se ! wat] z well z air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,longhair$ ,,po9t] ,,mylord4 ,po9t]s are tra9$ to se>* = game1 & to indicate t !y h f\nd ! same by /&+ motionless 9 front ( x1 &1 :5 x has be5 %ot1 to c>ry ! game to ! huntsman4 ,sev]al k9ds ( po9t]s are kn[n1 su* z smoo?1 longhair$1 & bu%yhair$ po9t]s4 ,! smoo?hair$ po9t]s are bett] = hunt+ on high l&1 :]eas ! longhair$ or bu%yhair$ dogs are bett] = l[1 m>%y c\ntries1 cross$ by num]\s /reams1 etc4 ,mylord1 ! dog repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ cut tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung1 is an excell5t specim5 ( ! longhair$ po9t]1 & is own$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,bor*]1 ( ,brauns*weig1 ,g]many4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,longhair$ ,,po9t]1 ,,mylord4 ,! longhair$ po9t] is g5]ally above ! m$ium size1 p[]ful1 some:at long] ?an ! normal dog1 ! body is n>r[] & n q z r\nd z t ( ! smoo?hair$ dog1 & ! muscles ( ! %\ld]s & h9d legs are n z well develop$ & n z prom95t4 ,! head & neck are erect1 ! head be+ specially long1 & ! tail is almo/ horizontal to ! middle1 & !n curves upw>d slightly4 ,! long hair hangs 9 wavy l9es on bo? sides ( 8 body4 ,! expression ( 8 face is intellig5t1 bright1 & good-natur$1 & 8 /ep is light & almo/ noiseless4 ,! po9t] is specially valuable1 z x c be employ$ = _m diff]5t purposes2 he is an excell5t dog = ! woods1 = ! woodsman & hunt] :o uses only "o dog = diff]5t k9ds ( game4 ,! intellig5ce ( ! ,g]man po9t] is v great1 b he does n develop z rapidly z ! ,engli% dog1 :i* has be5 rais$ = g5]ations = "o purpose only4 ,! ,g]man po9t] hunts v sl[ly1 b surely4 ,x is n difficult to tra9 ?is dog1 b he _c be tra9$ until he has rea*$ a c]ta9 age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lun> ,,heat4 ,by ,pr(essor ,c4,a4 ,,"y4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ inquiries relat+ to ! moon is t :i* deals ) ! heat %e s5ds u1 & ! probable temp]ature ( h] surface4 ,! problem seems to h be5 fir/ attack$ by ,ts*irnhaus5 & ,la ,hire1 ab\t #agjj2 & !y bo? f\nd1 t ev5 :5 ! moon's rays 7 conc5trat$ by ! mo/ p[]ful burn+-l5ses & mirrors !y c\ld obta91 its heat 0 too small to produce ! slighte/ p]ceptible effect on ! mo/ delicate !rmomet]s !n kn[n4 ,= m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 ?is 0 all t c\ld be made out1 ?\gh ! exp]im5t 0 (t5 repeat$4 ,x 0 n until #ahca t ,melloni1 ) 8 newly-inv5t$ !rmopile1 #a succe$$ 9 mak+ ! lun> heat s5sible2 & 9 #ahce1 tak+ 8 app>atus to ! top ( ,vesuvius1 he obta9$ n only p]ceptible1 b measurable1 results1 gett+ a deviation ( f\r or five divisions ( 8 galvanomet]4 ,footnote #a3 ,probably mo/ ( our read]s "k t ! !rmopile consi/s ( a numb] ( little b>s ( two diff]5t metals1 connect$ 9 pairs1 & hav+ ! ends jo9$ 9 a conduct+ circuit ) a galvanomet]4 ,if1 n[1 "o set ( ! junctures is heat$ m ?an ! o!r set1 a curr5t ( electricity w be g5]at$1 :i* w affect ! galvanomet]4 ,! b>s are usually made ( bismu? & antimony ?\gh iron & ,g]man silv] answ] pretty well4 ,!y are commonly ab\t half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 & ab\t half z l>ge z an ord9>y mat*4 ,! pile is made ( f fifty to a hundr$ su* b>s pack$ closely1 b insulat$ by ?9 /rips ( mica1 except j at ! sold]$ junctions4 ,) an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d & a v delicate galvanomet]1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry f\nd t ! heat f a p]son's face c\ld be p]ceiv$ at a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,!re is h[ev]1 "s d\bt :e!r he 0 n mi/ak5 9 respect to ?is extreme s5sitiv5ess4 ,o!rs repeat$ ! exp]im5t sev]al times betwe5 ?is "t & #ahef1 ) m or less success2 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! fir/ quantitative result 0 t obta9$ 9 #ahef by ,piazzi ,smy? dur+ 8 ,t5]iffe exp$ition4 ,on ! top ( ! m\nta91 at an elevation ( t5 ?\s& feet1 he f\nd t ! moon's rays affect$ 8 !rmopile to ! same ext5t z a /&>d c&le t5 feet away4 ,m>ie ,davy has s9ce %[n t ?is corresponds to a heat+ effect ( ab\t #a_/acjj ( a ,c5tigrade degree4 ,! subject 0 resum$ 9 #ahfh by ,"l ,rosse 9 ,irel&2 & a long s]ies ( obs]vations1 runn+ ?r\gh sev]al ye>s1 0 made by ! aid ( 8 ?ree-foot reflector 7n ! great six-foot in/rum5t1 :i* is too unwieldy = su* "w74 ,! results ( 8 "w h1 until v rec5tly1 be5 accept$ z au?oritative4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t1 at ab\t ! same "t1 obs]vations 7 also made at ,p>is by ,m>ie ,davy & ,m>t92 b !y are g5]ally look$ ^u m]ely z corroborative ( ,rosse's "w1 :i* 0 m elaborate & ext5sive4 ,rosse consid]$ t 8 results %[ t ! heat f ! moon is ma9ly obscure1 radiat$ heat2 ! reflect$ heat1 accord+ to him1 be+ mu* less 9 am\nt4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght w %[ t ! moon's heat mu/ consi/ ( two portions4 ,fir/1 !re w be reflect$ sol> heat4 ,! am\nt & "* ( ?is w dep5d 9 no way ^u ! temp]ature ( ! moon's surface1 b solely ^u its reflect+ p[]4 ,& x is to be not$ t moon-light is only a "p ( ?is reflect$ radiant en]gy1 diff]+ f ! invisible portion ( ! same m]ely 9 hav+ su* a wave-l5g? & vibration p]iod z to br+ x )9 ! range ( p]ception ( ! human eye4 ,! second portion ( ! heat s5t u by ! moon is t :i* %e emits on h] own acc\nt z a w>m body--w>m$1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly1 if n entirely1 by ! action ( ! sun4 ,! am\nt ( ?is heat w dep5d ^u ! temp]ature ( ! moon's surface & its radiat+ p[]2 & ! temp]ature w dep5d ^u a numb] ( ?+s 7*iefly heat-absorb+ p[] ( ! surface1 & ! nature & d5sity ( ! lun> atmosph]e1 z well z ! supply ( heat receiv$ f ! sun71 be+ det]m9$ by a balance betwe5 give & take4 ,s long z m heat is receiv$ 9 a second ?an is ?r[n (f 9 ! same "t1 ! temp]ature w rise1 & vice v]sa4 ,x is to be not$1 fur!r1 t ?is second compon5t ( ! moon's !rmal radiance mu/ be ma9ly :at is call$ obscure or d>k heat1 l t f a /ove or teakettle1 & *>act]iz$ by ! same want ( p5etrative p[]4 ,no "o kn[s :y at pres5t2 b x is a fact t ! heat-radiations f bodies at a l[ temp]ature--radiations ( :i* ! vibrations are relatively sl[1 & ! wave-l5g? great--h no su* p[] ( p5etrat+ transp>5t m$ia z ! high]-pit*$ vibrations :i* come f inc&esc5t bodies4 ,a great "p1 !re=e1 ( ?is cont+5t ( ! lun> heat is probably /opp$ 9 ! upp] air1 & nev] rea*es ! surface ( ! e>? at all4 ,n[1 ! !rmopile _c1 ( c\rse1 discrim9ate directly betwe5 ! two portions ( ! lun> heat2 b to "s ext5t x does enable u to d s indirectly1 s9ce !y v>y 9 q a diff]5t way ) ! moon's age4 ,! simple reflect$ heat mu/ foll[ ! same law z moonlight1 & come to its maximum at full moon4 ,! radiat$ heat1 on ! o!r h&1 w rea* its maximum :5 ! av]age temp]ature ( t "p ( ! moon's surface turn$ t[>d ! e>? is highe/2 & ?is mu/ be "s "t aft] full moon1 = ! same sort ( reasons t make ! hotte/ "p ( a summ]'s day come two or ?ree h\rs aft] noon4 ,! conclusion e>ly rea*$ by ,"l ,rosse 0 t ne>ly all ! lun> heat belong$ to ! second category--d>k heat radiat$ f ! moon's w>m$ surface1 ! reflect$ portion be+ comp>atively small--& he e/imat$ t ! temp]ature ( ! hotte/ p>ts ( ! moon's surface mu/ run z high z #ejj ,f42 well up t[>d ! boil+-po9t ( m]cury4 ,s9ce ! lun> day is a :ole mon? long1 & !re are nev] any cl\ds 9 ! lun> sky1 x is easy to imag9e t along t[>d two or ?ree o'clock 9 ! lun> aft]noon 7if ,i may use ! expression71 ! wea!r gets pretty hot2 = :5 ! sun /&s 9 ! lun> sky z x does at ,bo/on at two ,p4,m41 x has be5 %9+ cont9u\sly = m ?an two hundr$ h\rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! colde/ p>ts ( ! moon's surface1 :5 ! sun has only j ris5 aft] a night ( ?ree hundr$ & =ty h\rs1 mu/ h a temp]ature m ?an a hundr$ degrees bel[ z]o4 ,"l ,rosse's lat] obs]vations modifi$ 8 conclusions1 to "s ext5t1 %[+ t he _h at fir/ und]e/imat$ ! p]c5tage ( simple reflect$ heat1 b )\t caus+ him to make any radical *ange 9 8 ideas z to ! maximum heat ( ! moon's surface4 ,= "s "t1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 a gr[+ skepticism among a/ronom]s1 relat+ n s mu* to ! correctness ( 8 measures z to ! computations by :i* he inf]r$ ! high p]c5tage ( obscure radiat$ beat comp>$ ) ! reflect$ heat1 & s d$uc$ ! high temp]ature ( lun> noon4 ,pr(essor ,langley1 :o is n[ engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ! subject1 f9ds himself compell$ to believe t ! lun> surface nev] gets ev5 com=tably w>m--because x has no blanket4 ,x receives heat1 x is true1 f ! sun1 & probably "s tw5ty-five or ?irty p] c5t4 m ?an ! e>?1 s9ce !re are no cl\ds & no air to absorb a l>ge proportion ( ! incid5t rays2 b1 at ! same "t1 !re is no?+ to reta9 ! heat1 & prev5t ! radiation into space z soon z ! surface beg9s to w>m4 ,we h n yet ! data to det]m9e exactly h[ mu* ! temp]ature ( ! lun> rocks w\ld h to be rais$ above ! absolute z]o 7-#bgc ,c4 or -#dei ,f47 9 ord] t !y might ?r[ (f into space z mu* heat 9 a second z !y w\ld get f ! sun 9 a second4 ,b ,pr(essor ,langley's obs]vations1 made on ,m\nt ,:itney at an elevation ( fifte5 ?\s& feet1 :5 ! b>omet] /ood at sev5te5 in*es 7indicat+ t ab\t fifty-sev5 p] c5t4 ( ! air 0 /ill above him71 %[$ t rocks expos$ to ! p]p5dicul> rays ( ! sun 7 n heat$ to any su* ext5t z ^? at ! base ( ! m\nta9 simil>ly expos$2 & ! diff]5ce 0 s great z to make x almo/ c]ta9 t a mass ( rock n cov]$ by a reasonably d5se atmosph]e c\ld nev] atta9 a temp]ature ( ev5 #bjj or #cjj ,f4 "u sol> radiation1 h[ev] long cont9u$4 ,x mu/1 9 fact1 be consid]$ at pres5t extremely d\btful :e!r any portion ( ! moon's surface ev] rea*es a temp]ature z high z -#ajj4 ,! subject1 und\bt$ly1 ne$s fur!r inve/igation1 & x is n[ receiv+ x4 ,pr(essor ,langley is at "w ^u x ) new & specially con/ruct$ app>atus1 includ+ a bolomet] s s5sitive t1 :]eas previ\s exp]im5t]s h ?\ght !mselves =tunate if !y c\ld get deflections ( t5 or twelve galvanometric divisions to "w )1 he easily obta9s ?ree or f\r hundr$4 ,we h no "t or space "h to describe ,pr(essor ,langley's bolomet]2 x mu/ suffice to say t x seems to /& to ! !rmopile mu* z t does to ! !rmomet]4 ,!re is good reason to believe t its inv5tor w be able to advance our k ( ! subject by a long & important /ep2 & x is no brea* ( confid5ce to add t s f>1 al?\gh ! rese>* is n ne> completion yet1 ev]y?+ seems to confirm ! belief t ! radiat$ heat ( ! moon1 in/ead ( =m+ ! pr9cipal "p ( ! heat we get f h]1 is relatively almo/ insignificant1 & t ! lun> surface n[ nev] exp]i5ces a ?aw "u any circum/ances4 ,s9ce ! sup]/ition z to ! moon's influ5ce ^u ! w9d & wea!r is s widespread & deep seat$1 a ^w on t subject may be 9 ord]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce ! total heat receiv$ f ! moon1 ev5 accord+ to ! highe/ det]m9ation 7t ( ,smy?71 is n s mu* z #j4jjjja ( t receiv$ f ! sun1 & s9ce ! only hold ! moon has on ! e>?'s wea!r is ?r\gh ! heat %e s5ds u 7,i ignore "h ! utt]ly insignificant atmosph]ic tide71 x foll[s necess>ily t h] influ5ce mu/ be v trifl+4 ,9 ! next place1 all c>efully collat$ obs]vations %[ t x is s1 & n only trifl+1 b g5]ally absolutely ins5sible4 ,= example1 diff]5t inve/igators h exam9$ ! "q ( nocturnal cl\d9ess at ! "t ( full moon1 !re be+ a preval5t belief t ! full moon eats up light cl\ds4 ,on comp>+ ?irty or =ty ye>s' obs]vations at ea* ( sev]al /ations 7,gre5wi*4 ,p>is1 etc471 x is f\nd t !re is no gr\nd = ! belief4 ,& s 9 almo/ e case ( imag9$ lun> meteorological influ5ce4 ,z to ! co9cid5ce ( wea!r *anges ) *anges ( ! moon1 x is en\gh to say t ! idea is absolutely inconsi/5t ) t progressive movem5t ( ! wea!r across ! c\ntry f we/ to ea/1 ) :i* ! ,signal ,s]vice has n[ made u all s famili>4 ,pr9ceton1 ,april #ab1 #ahhd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,apple ,,tree ,,bor]s4 ,! apple tree bor]s h de/roy$ ?\s&s ( trees 9 ,new ,engl&1 & are likely to de/roy ?\s&s m4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( bor]s :i* assail ! apple tree4 ,! r\nd head$ or two /rip$ apple tree bor]1 ,sap]da c&ida1 is a native ( ?is c\ntry1 infe/+ ! native crabs1 ?orn bu%es1 & ,june b]ry4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ by ,?omas ,say1 9 #ahbd1 b 0 probably widely di/ribut$ be=e t4 ,9 8 ,insects ,injuri\s to ,fruit1 ,pr(4 ,saund]s ?us describes ! bor]3 ,9 its p]fect /ate x is a v h&some beetle1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 ( a pale br[n color1 ) two broad1 creamy :ite /ripes runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( its body2 ! face & "u surface are ho>y :ite1 ! ant5n & legs gray4 ,! females are l>g] ?an ! males1 & h %ort] ant5n4 ,! beetle makes its appe>ance dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 usually rema9+ 9 concealm5t dur+ ! day1 & becom+ active at dusk4 ,! eggs are deposit$ late 9 ,june & dur+ ,july1 "o 9 a place1 on ! b>k ( ! tree1 ne> its base4 ,)9 two weeks ! "y worms are hat*$1 & at once comm5ce ) _! %>p m&ibles to gnaw _! way ?r\gh ! out] b>k to ! int]ior4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! l>v are ?ree ye>s 9 rea*+ maturity4 ,! "y ones lie = ! fir/ ye> 9 ! sapwood & ! inn] b>k1 excavat+ flat1 %all[ cavities1 ab\t ! size ( a silv] doll>1 :i* are fill$ ) _! sawdu/-l ca/+s4 ,! holes by :i* !y ent] be+ small are soon fill$ up1 ?\gh n until a few gra9s ( ca/+s h fall5 f !m4 ,_! pres5ce may1 h[ev]1 (t5 be detect$ 9 "y trees f ! b>k becom+ d>k color$1 & sometimes dry & dead en\gh to crack4 ,on ! approa* ( w9t]1 x desc5ds to ! l[] "p ( its burr[1 :]e x rema9s inactive until spr+4 ,! second season x cont9ues its "w 9 ! sapwood1 & 9 case two or ?ree are at "w 9 ! same tree may completely girdle x1 ?us de/roy+ x4 ,! ?ird ye> x p5etrates to ! he>t ( ! tree1 makes an excavation1 & awaits its trans=mation4 ,! f\r? spr+ x comes =? a p]fect beetle1 & lays its eggs = ano!r g5]ation4 ,,! ,,flat-,,head$ ,,bor]4 ,! flat-head$ apple tree bor]1 ,*rysobo?ris femorata1 is also a native ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is a v active insect1 delights to bask 9 ! hot sun%9e2 runs up & d[n ! tree ) great rapidity1 b flies away :5 mole/$4 ,x is ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is ( a flatti%1 oblong =m1 & ( a %9+1 gre5i% black color1 ea* ( its w+ cases hav+ ?ree rais$ l9es1 ! out] two int]rupt$ by two impress$ transv]se spots ( brassy color divid+ ea* w+ cov] into ?ree ne>ly equal portions4 ,! "u side ( ! body & legs %9e l burni%$ copp]2 ! feet are %9+ gre54 ,?is beetle appe>s 9 ,june & ,july1 & does n conf9e its "w to ! base ( ! tree1 b attacks ! trunk 9 any "p1 & sometimes ! l>g] bran*es4 ,! eggs are deposit$ 9 cracks or crevices ( ! b>k1 & soon hat*4 ,! "y l>va eats its way ?r\gh ! b>k & sapwood1 :]e x bores broad & flat *annels1 sometimes girdl+ & kill+ ! tree4 ,z x approa*es maturity1 x bores deep] into ! tree1 work+ upw>d1 !n eats out to ! b>k1 b n q ?r\gh ! b>k1 :]e x *anges into a beetle1 & !n cuts ?r\gh ! b>k & em]ges to propagate its k9d4 ,?is insect is s\ght out :5 j b5ea? ! b>k1 & dev\r$ by woodpeck]s & insect enemies4 ,ano!r bor]1 ! long-horn$ bor]1 ,lepto/ylus aculif]1 is widely di/ribut$1 b is n a common insect1 & does n cause mu* annoyance to ! fruit gr[]4 ,x appe>s 9 ,augu/1 & deposits its eggs ^u ! trunks ( apple trees4 ,! l>v soon hat*1 eat ?r\gh ! b>k1 & burr[ 9 ! out] surface ( ! wood j "u ! b>k4 ,,protection ,,aga9/ ,,bor]s4 ,! practical po9t is1 ,:at rem$ies c be us$ to prev5t ! ravages ( ! bor]s8 ,! usual means ( fight+ ! bor]s is1 to seek aft] !m 9 ! burr[s1 & try to kill !m by digg+ !m out1 or by rea*+ !m ) a wire4 ,?is seems to be ! mo/ effectual me?od ( deal+ ) !m aft] !y h once ent]$ ! tree1 b ! or*>di/ %\ld endeavor to prev5t ! insects f ent]+ ! tree4 ,= ?is purpose1 v>i\s wa%es h be5 recomm5d$ = apply+ to ! tree1 ei!r = de/roy+ ! "y l>v be=e !y ent] ! b>k1 or = prev5t+ ! beetles deposit+ _! eggs4 ,x has be5 f\nd t trees :i* h be5 coat$ ) alkal9e wa%es are avoid$ by beetles :5 lay+ _! eggs4 ,pr(4 ,saund]s recomm5ds t s(t soap be r$uc$ to ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick pa9t1 by ! addition ( a /rong solution ( wa%+ soda 9 wat]1 & be appli$ to ! b>k ( ! tree1 especially ab\t ! base or coll>1 & also ext5d$ upw>d to ! crot*es :]e ! ma9 bran*es h _! orig94 ,x %\ld be appli$ 9 ! ev5+ ( a w>m day1 s t x may dry & =m a coat+ n easily dissolv$ by ! ra94 ,?is af=ds a protection aga9/ all ?ree k9ds ( bor]s4 ,x %\ld be appli$ e>ly 9 ,june1 be=e ! beetles beg9 to lay _! eggs1 & aga9 9 ,july1 s z to keep ! tree well protect$4 ,hon4 ,t4,s4 ,gold1 ( ,connecticut1 at a meet+ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 9 reg>d to prev5t+ ! ravages ( ! bor]1 said3 ,a wa% made ( soap1 tobacco wat]1 & fre% c[ manure m+l$ to ! consi/5cy ( cream1 & put on e>ly ) an old broom1 & all[$ to trickle d[n ab\t ! roots ( ! tree1 has prov$ ) me a v excell5t prev5tive ( ! ravages ( ! bor]1 & a heal?ful wa% = ! trunk ( ! tree1 mu* to be pref]r$ to ! application ( lime or :itewa%1 :i* ,i h (t5 se5 appli$1 b :i* ,i am incl9$ to ?9k is n z desirable an application z ! pota%1 or ! soda1 z ?is mixture ( s(t soap & manure4 ,j4,b4 ,moore1 ( ,concord1 ,mass41 at ! same meet+ said1 9 reg>d to ! de/ruction ( ! bor]3 ,i h f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t :ale oil soap c be us$ successfully = ! de/ruction ( t insect4 ,x is a v simple ?+2 x w n hurt ! tree if y put x on its full /r5g?4 ,y c take :ale oil soap & dilute until x is ab\t z ?ick z pa9t1 & put a coat+ ( x on ! tree :]e ! holes are1 & ,i w bet y w nev] see a bor] on t tree until ! new crop comes4 ,i feel c]ta9 ( x1 because ,i h done x4 ,= bor]s1 t>r$ pap] #a or #b feet wide has be5 recomm5d$ to be wrapp$ ab\t ! base ( ! trunk ( ! tree1 ! l[] edge be+ #a or #b in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,?is prev5ts ! two-/rip$ bor] f lay+ its eggs 9 ! tree1 b w\ld n be entirely effectual aga9/ ! flat-head$ bor]1 :i* attacks any "p ( ! trunk & ! bran*es4 ,by ! g5]al use ( ^! means = ! prev5tion ( ! ravages ( ! bor]s1 ! damages done by ^! insects c\ld be br\ght )9 v n>r[ limits1 & hundr$s ( valuable apple trees sav$4 ,h4 ,,reynolds1 ,m4,d4 ,liv]more ,falls1 ,me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,keffel',s ,,g]m9at+ ,,app>atus4 ,! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ cut is design$ to %[ ! quality ( v>i\s comm]cial se$s1 & make kn[n any fraudul5t adult]ations t !y may h und]gone4 ,x is bas$ ^u a direct obs]vation1 ( ! g]m9ation ( ! se$s to be /udi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,keffel',s ,,g]m9at+ ,,app>atus4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a cyl9drical vessel conta9+ wat] to ! height ( #j4jg m4 ,above ! wat] is a g]m9at+ disk conta9+ #ajj ap]tures = ! ins]tion ( ! se$s to be /udi$1 ! g]m9at+ end ( ! latt] be+ direct$ t[>d ! wat]4 ,aft] ! se$s are 9 place ! disk is fill$ ) damp s& up to ! top ( its rim1 & ! app>atus is clos$ ) a cov] :i* c>ries 9 its c5t] a !rmomet] ^: bulb ne>ly rea*es ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! app>atus is !n set 9 a place :]e ! temp]ature is ab\t #ah1 & :]e !re are no curr5ts ( air4 ,an accurate result is rea*$ at ! end ( ab\t tw5ty or tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z ! g]m9at+ disk conta9s #ajj ap]tures = z _m se$s1 x is only necess>y to c\nt ! numb] ( se$s t h g]m9at$ 9 ord] to get ! p]c5tage ( fre% & /ale ones4 ,! aque\s vapor t cont9u\sly moi/5s all ! se$s1 "u absolutely id5tical conditions = ea*1 br+s ab\t _! g]m9ation "u good conditions = accuracy & comp>ison4 ,if x be desir$ to obs]ve ! />t+ ( ! leaves1 x is only necess>y to remove ! cov] aft] ! se$s h g]m9at$4 ,?is +5i\s device is c]ta9ly capable ( r5d]+ s]vices to brew]s1 di/ill]s1 se$sm51 mill]s1 f>m]s1 & g>d5]s1 & x may prove useful to ^? :o h horses to fe$1 & to amateur g>d5]s1 s9ce x p]mits ( asc]ta9+ ! value & quality ( se$s ( e nature4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,millet4 ,! season is n[ at h& :5 f>m]s :o h light l&s1 & :o may possibly f9d !mselves %ort ( fodd] = next w9t] fe$+1 %\ld prep>e = a crop ( millet4 ,?is is a plant t rivals corn = endur+ a dr\ght1 & = rapid gr[?4 ,!re are ?ree popul> v>ieties n[ be=e ! public1 besides o!rs n yet suffici5tly te/$ = full indorsem5t--! co>se1 light color$ millet1 ) a r\gh head1 ,hung>ian millet1 ) a smoo?1 d>k br[n head1 yield+ se$s ne>ly black1 & a new]1 light color$1 r\nd se$$1 & lat] v>iety1 kn[n z ! gold5 millet4 ,hung>ian millet has be5 ! popul> v>iety ) u = _m ye>s1 al?\gh ! light se$$1 common millet is b slightly diff]5t 9 appe>ance or value = cultivation4 ,!y gr[ 9 a %ort "t1 eight weeks be+ amply suffici5t = produc+ a =age crop1 ?\gh a c\ple ( weeks m w\ld be requir$ = matur+ ! se$4 ,millet %\ld n be s[n 9 e>ly spr+1 :5 ! wea!r & gr\nd are bo? cold4 ,x requires ! hot wea!r ( ,june & ,july to d well2 !n x w keep ahead ( mo/ we$s1 :ile if s[n 9 ,april ! we$s on f\l l& w\ld smo!r x4 ,millet ne$s ab\t two mon?s to gr[ 91 b if s[$ late 9 ,july x w seem to hurry up1 & make a v respectable %[+ 9 less "t4 ,we h s[n x 9 ,augu/1 & obta9$ a pay+ crop1 b d n recomm5d x = su* late se$+1 z !re are o!r plants t w give bett] satisfaction4 ,gold5 millet has be5 cultivat$ b a few ye>s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & z yet is b little kn[n1 b f a few trials we h be5 q favorably impress$ ) x4 ,x is co>s] ?an ! o!r v>ieties1 b cattle appe> to be v fond ( x nev]!less4 ,x resembles corn 9 its gr[? ne>ly z mu* z grass1 &1 comp>$ ) ! =m]1 x is f9e & s(t1 & x cures readily1 l grass1 & may be pack$ away 9 hay m[s ) p]fect safety4 ,x is ab\t two weeks lat] ?an ! o!r millets1 & consequ5tly _c be gr[n 9 q s %ort a "t1 al?\gh x may produce z mu* weight to ! acre1 9 a giv5 p]iod1 z ei!r ( ! o!r m common v>ieties4 ,a bu%el ( se$ p] acre is n too mu* = ei!r v>iety ( millet4--,n4,e4 ,f>m]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,catalogue conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ci ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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