,transcriber's ,notes3 ,welcome to the schoolroom of #aijj4 ,the moral tone is plain4 ,she is kind to the old blind man4 ,the exercises are still suitable1 and perhaps more helpful than some contemporary alternatives4 ,much is left to the teacher4 ,explanations given in the text are enough to get started teaching a child to read and write4 ,counting in ,roman numerals is included as a bonus in the form of lesson numbers4 ,the form of contractions includes a space4 ,the contemporary word don't was rendered as do n't4 ,the author1 not listed in the text1 is ,william ,holmes ,mc,guffey4 ,passages using non-,,asci characters are approximately rendered in this text version4 ,see the ,,pdf or ,,doc versions for the original images4 ,the section numbers are decimal in the ,table of ,contents but are in ,roman ,numerals in the body4 ,page headings are removed1 but section titles are followed by the page on which they appear4 ,many items include a preceding biography of the author4 ,this is ended with three pound symbols4 ,don ,kostuch end transcriber's notes ,illustration3 ,picture of a young woman and a trunk4 ,she sits1 inclining forward as to speak1 ,her lips half-open1 and her finger up1 ,as though she said1 ,beware6 7,item ,,xcv4 ,ginevra7 ,,eclectic ,,educational ,,series4 ,mc,g,u,f,f,e,y',s ,,sixth ,,eclectic ,,reader4 ,,revised ,,edition4 ,mc,guffey ,editions and ,colophon are ,trademarks of ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons4 ,,inc4 ,,new ,,york-,,chichester-,,brisbane-,,singapo re-,,toronto ,,supplementary ,,reading ,,for ,,grammar ,,and ,,high ,,school ,,grades ,,eclectic ,,english ,,classics4 ,arnold's 7,matthew7 ,sohrab and ,rustum ,burke's ,conciliation with the ,american ,colonies ,carlyle's ,essay on ,burns ,coleridge's ,rime of the ,ancient ,mariner ,defoe's ,history of the ,plague in ,london ,de ,quincey's ,revolt of the ,tartars ,emerson's ,the ,american ,scholar1 ,self-,reliance and ,compensation ,franklin's ,autobiography ,george ,eliot's ,silas ,marner ,goldsmith's ,vicar of ,wakefield ,irving's ,sketch ,book 7,ten ,selections7 ,irving's ,tales of a ,traveler ,macaulay's ,second ,essay on ,chatham ,macaulay's ,essay on ,milton ,macaulay's ,essay on ,addison ,macaulay's ,life of ,johnson ,milton's ,l',allegro1 ,il ,penseroso1 ,comus ,lycidas1 ,milton's ,paradise ,lost1 ,books ,i and4 ,,ii ,pope's ,homer's ,iliad1 ,books ,i1 ,,vi1 ,,xxii1 ,,xxiv1 ,scott's ,ivanhoe ,scott's ,marmion ,scott's ,lady of the ,lake ,scott's ,the ,abbot ,scott's ,woodstock4 ,shakespeare's ,julius ,caesar ,shakespeare's ,twelfth ,night ,shakespeare's ,merchant of ,venice ,shakespeare's ,midsummer-,night's ,dream ,shakespeare's ,as ,you ,like ,it ,shakespeare's ,macbeth ,shakespeare's ,hamlet1 ,sir ,roger de ,coverley ,papers 7,the ,spectator71 ,southey's ,life of ,nelson ,tennyson's ,the ,princess1 ,webster's 7,daniel7 ,bunker ,hill ,orations1 ----- ,sent1 postpaid on receipt of price4 ,,copyright1 #ahgi1 ,,by ,,van ,,antwerp1 ,,bragg ,,company ,,copyright1 #ahif1 ,,by ,,american ,,book ,,company4 ,,copyright1 #aijg ,,and #aiba1 ,,by ,,henry ,h4 ,,vail4 ,m',g ,,rev4 #f,,th ,,ec4 ,,ep #aah ,preface 7#c7 ,in the ,,sixth ,,reader1 the general plan of the revision of ,mc,g,u,f,f,e,y',s ,,series has been carefully carried out to completion4 ,that plan has been to retain1 throughout1 those characteristic features of ,mc,g,u,f,f,e,y',s ,,readers1 which have made the series so popular1 and caused their widespread use throughout the schools of the country4 ,at the same time1 the books have been enlarged2 old pieces have been exchanged for new wherever the advantage was manifest2 and several new features have been incorporated1 which it is thought will add largely to the value of the series4 ,in the revision of the ,,sixth ,,reader1 the introductory matter has been retained with but little change1 and it will he found very valuable for elocutionary drill4 ,in the preparation of this portion of the work1 free use was made of the writings of standard authors upon ,elocution1 such as ,walker1 ,mc,culloch1 ,sheridan ,knowles1 ,ewing1 ,pinnock1 ,scott1 ,bell1 ,graham1 ,mylins1 ,wood1 ,rush1 and many others4 ,in making up the ,selections for ,reading1 great care and deliberation have been exercised4 ,the best pieces of the old book are retained in the ,,revised ,,sixth1 and to the these been added a long list of selections from the best ,english and ,american literature4 ,upwards of one hundred leading authors are represented 7see ,alphabetical ,list4 of ,authors1 page ix71 and thus a wide range of specimens of the best style has been secured4 ,close scrutiny revealed the fact that many popular selections common to several series of ,readers1 had been largely adapted1 but in ,mc,g,u,f,f,e,y',s ,,revised ,,readers1 wherever it was possible to do so1 the selections have been compared1 and made to conform strictly with the originals as they appear in the latest editions authorized by the several writers4 ,the character of the selections1 aside from their elocutionary value1 has also been duly considered4 ,it will be found1 upon examination1 that they present the same instructive merit and healthful moral tone which gave the preceding edition its high reputation4 ,two new features of the ,,revised ,,sixth deserve especial attention--the explanatory notes1 and the biographical notices of authors4 ,the first1 in the absence of a large number of books of reference1 are absolutely necessary1 in some cases1 for the intelligent reading of the piece2 and it is believed that in all cases they will add largely to the interest and usefulness of the lessons4 ,the biographical notices1 if properly used1 are hardly of less value than the lessons themselves4 ,they have been carefully prepared1 and are intended not only to add to the interest of the pieces1 but to supply information usually obtained only by the separate study of ,english and ,american literature4 ,the illustrations of the ,,revised ,,sixth ,,reader are presented as specimens of fine art4 ,they are the work of the best artists and engravers that could be secured for the purpose in this country4 ,the names of these gentlemen may be found on page ten4 ,the publishers would here repeat their acknowledgments to the numerous friends and critics who have kindly assisted in the work of revision1 and would mention particularly ,president ,,edwin ,c4 ,,hewett1 of the ,state ,normal ,university1 ,normal1 ,illinois1 and the ,,hon4 ,,thomas ,w4 ,,harvey1 of ,painesville1 ,ohio1 who have had the revision of the ,,sixth ,,reader under their direct advice4 ,especial acknowledgment is due to ,messrs4 ,houghton1 ,osgood ,co41 for their permission to make liberal selections from their copyright editions of many of the foremost ,american authors whose works they publish4 ,january1 #ahhj4 ,,contents 7#e7 ,,introduction4 ,,subject4 ,,page ,i4 ,,articulation #aa ,,ii4 ,,inflection #ah ,,iii4 ,,accent ,,and ,,emphasis #cc ,,iv4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,reading ,,verse #ci ,v4 ,,the ,,voice #dj ,,vi4 ,,gesture #ee ,,selections ,,for ,,reading4 7#e7 ,,title4 ,,author4 ,,page4 #a4 ,anecdote of the ,duke of ,newcastle ,blackwood's ,magazine4 #fc #b4 ,the ,needle ,samuel ,woodworth4 #fg #c4 ,dawn ,edward ,everett4 #fh #d4 ,description of a ,storm ,benjamin ,disraeli4 #gj #e4 ,after the ,thunderstorm ,james ,thomson4 #gb #f4 ,house ,cleaning ,francis ,hopkinson4 #gc #g4 ,schemes of ,life often ,illusory ,samuel ,johnson4 #gh #h4 ,the ,brave ,old ,oak ,henry ,fothergill ,chorley4 #ha #i4 ,the ,artist ,surprised #hb #aj4 ,pictures of ,memory ,alice ,cary4 #hh #aa4 ,the ,morning ,oratorio ,wilson ,flagg4 #ij #ab4 ,short ,selections in ,poetry3 ,i4 ,the ,cloud ,john ,wilson4 #id ,,ii4 ,my ,mind ,william ,byrd4 #id ,,iii4 ,a ,good ,name ,william ,shakespeare4 #ie ,v4 ,sunrise ,james ,thomson4 #ie ,v4 ,old ,age and ,death ,edmund ,waller4 #ie ,,vi4 ,milton ,john ,dryden4 #if #ac4 ,death of ,little ,nell ,charles ,dickens4 #if #ad4 ,vanity of ,life ,johann ,gottfried von ,herder4 #ajj #ae4 ,a ,political ,pause ,charles ,james ,fox #ajb #af4 ,my ,experience in ,elocution ,john ,neal4 #ajd #ag4 ,elegy in a ,country ,churchyard ,thomas ,gray4 #ajh #ah4 ,tact and ,talent #aac #ai4 ,speech before the ,virginia ,convention ,patrick ,henry4 #aae #bj4 ,the ,american ,flag ,joseph ,rodman ,drake4 #aai #ba4 ,ironical ,eulogy on ,debt #aba #bb4 ,the ,three ,warnings ,hester ,lynch ,thrale4 #abd #bc4 ,the ,memory of ,our ,fathers ,lyman ,beecher4 #abh #bd4 ,short ,selections in ,prose3 ,i4 ,dryden and ,pope ,samuel ,johnson4 #acj ,,ii4 ,las ,casas ,dissuading from ,battle ,r4,b4 ,sheridan4 #acj ,,iii4 ,action and ,repose ,john ,ruskin4 #aca ,,iv4 ,time and ,change ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 #aca ,v4 ,the ,poet ,william ,ellery ,channing4 #acb ,,vi4 ,mountains ,william ,howitt4 #acb #be4 ,the ,jolly ,old ,pedagogue ,george ,arnold4 #acc #bf4 ,the ,teacher and ,sick ,scholar4 ,charles ,dickens4 #ace #bg4 ,the ,snow ,shower ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 #ada #bh4 ,character of ,napoleon ,bonaparte ,charles ,phillips4 #adc #bi4 ,napoleon at ,rest ,john ,pierpont4 #adf #cj4 ,war ,charles ,sumner4 #adh #ca4 ,speech of ,walpole in ,reproof of ,mr4 ,pitt ,sir ,r4 ,walpole4 #aea #cb4 ,pitt's ,reply to ,sir ,robert ,walpole ,william ,pitt4 #aeb #cc4 ,character of ,mr4 ,pitt ,henry ,grattan4 #aed #cd4 ,the ,soldier's ,rest ,sir ,walter ,scott4 #aef #ce4 ,henry ,v4 to his ,troops ,william ,shakespeare4 #aeh #cf4 ,speech of ,paul on ,mars' ,hill ,bible4 #afj #cg4 ,god is ,everywhere ,joseph ,hutton4 #afa #ch4 ,lafayette and ,robert ,raikes ,thomas ,s4 ,grimke'4 #afc #ci4 ,fall of ,cardinal ,wolsey ,william ,shakespeare4 #afg #dj4 ,the ,philosopher ,john ,p4 ,kennedy4 #aga #da4 ,marmion and ,douglas ,sir ,walter ,scott4 #agf #db4 ,the ,present ,adelaide ,anne ,procter4 #agh #dc4 ,the ,baptism ,john ,wilson4 #ahj #dd4 ,sparrows ,adeline ,d4 ,train ,whitney4 #ahe #de4 ,observance of the ,sabbath ,gardiner ,spring4 #ahf #df4 ,god's ,goodness to ,such as ,fear ,him ,bible4 #ahi #dg4 ,character of ,columbus ,washington ,irving4 #aib #dh4 ,he ,giveth ,his ,beloved ,sleep4 ,elizabeth ,b4 ,browning4 #aie #di4 ,description of a ,siege ,sir ,walter ,scott #aig #ej4 ,marco ,bozzaris ,fitz-,greene ,halleck4 #bjb #ea4 ,song of the ,greek ,bard ,lord ,george ,gordon ,byron4 #bje #eb4 ,north ,american ,indians ,charles ,sprague4 #bji #ec4 ,lochiel's ,warning ,thomas ,campbell4 #baa #ed4 ,on ,happiness of ,temper ,oliver ,goldsmith4 #bae #ee4 ,the ,fortune ,teller ,henry ,mackenzie4 #bah #ef4 ,renzi's ,address to the ,romans ,mary ,russell ,mitford4 #bba #eg4 ,the ,puritan ,fathers of ,new ,england ,f4 ,w4 ,p4 ,greenwood4 #bbc #eh4 ,landing of the ,pilgrim ,fathers ,felicia ,dorothea ,hemans4 #bbf #ei4 ,necessity of ,education ,lyman ,beecher4 #bbh #fj4 ,riding on a ,snowplow ,benjamin ,franklin ,taylor4 #bca #fa4 ,the ,quarrel of ,brutus and ,cassius ,william ,shakespeare4 #bhd #fb4 ,the ,quack ,john ,tobin4 #bch #fc4 ,rip ,van ,winkle ,washington ,irving4 #bdb #fd4 ,bill and ,joe ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 #bdj #fe4 ,sorrow for the ,dead ,washington ,irving4 #bdi #ff4 ,the ,eagle ,james ,gates ,percival4 #bea #fg4 ,political ,toleration ,thomas ,jefferson4 #bec #fh4 ,what ,constitutes a ,state8 ,sir ,william ,jones4 #bee #fi4 ,the ,brave at ,home ,thomas ,buchanan ,read4 #bef #gj4 ,south ,carolina ,robert ,young ,hayne4 #beg #ga4 ,massachusetts and ,south ,carolina ,daniel ,webster4 #bei #gb4 ,the ,church ,scene from ,evangeline ,h4 ,w4 ,longfellow4 #bfb #gc4 ,song of the ,shirt ,thomas ,hood4 #bff #gd4 ,diamond cut ,diamond4 ,e'douard ,rene' ,lefebvre-,laboulaye4 #bfi #ge4 ,thanatopsis ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 #bge #gf4 ,indian ,jugglers ,william ,hazlitt4 #bgh #gg4 ,antony over ,caesar's ,dead ,body ,william ,shakespeare4 #bha #gh4 ,the ,english ,character ,william ,hickling ,prescott4 #bhf #gi4 ,the ,song of the ,potter4 ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow4#bij #hj4 ,a ,hot ,day in ,new ,york ,william ,dean ,howells4 #bib #ha4 ,discontent4--,an ,allegory ,joseph ,addison4 #bie #hb4 ,jupiter and ,ten4 ,james ,t4 ,fields4 #cja #hc4 ,scene from ,the ,poor ,gentleman ,george ,colman4 #cjc #hd4 ,my ,mother's ,picture ,william ,cowper4 #caj #he4 ,death of ,samson ,john ,milton4 #cab #hf4 ,an ,evening ,adventure #cae #hg4 ,the ,barefoot ,boy ,john ,greenleaf ,wittier4 #cag #hh4 ,the ,glove and the ,lions ,james ,henry ,leigh ,hunt4 #cba #hi4 ,the ,folly of ,intoxication ,william ,shakespeare4 #cbb #ij4 ,starved ,rock ,francis ,parkman4 #cbe #ia4 ,prince ,henry and ,falstaff4 ,william ,shakespeare4 #cbg #ib4 ,studies4 ,sir ,francis ,bacon4 #ccb #ic4 ,surrender of ,granada4 ,sir ,edward ,george ,bulwer-,lytton4 #ccd #id4 ,hamlet's ,soliloquy4 ,william ,shakespeare4 #cci #ie4 ,ginevra ,samuel ,rogers4 #cdj #if4 ,inventions and ,discoveries ,john ,caldwell ,calhoun4 #cdd #ig4 ,enoch ,arden at the ,window ,alfred ,tennyson4 #cdg #ih4 ,lochinvar ,sir ,walter ,scott4 #cej #ii4 ,speech on the ,trial of a ,murderer ,daniel ,webster4 #ceb #ajj4 ,the ,closing ,year ,george ,denison ,prentice4 #cee #aja4 ,a ,new ,city in ,colorado ,helen ,hunt ,jackson4 #ceh #ajb4 ,importance of the ,union ,daniel ,webster4 #cfb #ajc4 ,the ,influences of the ,sun ,john ,tyndall4 #cfd #ajd4 ,colloquial ,powers of ,franklin ,william ,wirt4 #cff #aje4 ,the ,dream of ,clarence ,william ,shakespeare4 #cfh #ajf4 ,homeward ,bound ,richard ,h4 ,dana1 ,jr4 #cga #ajg4 ,impeachment of ,warren ,hastings ,t4 ,b4 ,macaulay4 #cge #ajh4 ,destruction of the ,carnatic ,edmund ,burke4 #cgi #aji4 ,the ,raven ,edgar ,allan ,poe4 #chb #aaj4 ,a ,view of the ,colosseum ,orville ,dewey4 #chi #aaa4 ,the ,bridge ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow4#cib #aab4 ,objects and ,limits of ,science ,robert ,charles ,winthrop4 #cid #aac4 ,the ,downfall of ,poland4 ,thomas ,campbell4 #cif #aad4 ,labor ,horace ,greeley4 #cih #aae4 ,the ,last ,days of ,herculaneum ,edwin ,atherstone4 #dja #aaf4 ,how ,men ,reason ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 #dje #aag4 ,thunderstorm on the ,alps ,lord ,byron4 #djh #aah4 ,origin of ,property ,sir ,william ,blackstone4 #daj #aai4 ,battle of ,waterloo ,lord ,byron4 #dae #abj4 ,with ,brains1 ,sir ,john ,brown4 #dag #aba4 ,the ,new ,england ,pastor ,timothy ,dwight4 #daj #abb4 ,death of ,absalom ,bible4 #dbj #abc4 ,abraham ,davenport ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier4 #dbd #abd4 ,the ,falls of the ,yosemite ,thomas ,starr ,king4 #dbf #abe4 ,a ,psalm of ,life ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow4#dbi #abf4 ,franklin's ,entry into ,philadelphia4 ,benjamin ,franklin4 #dca #abg4 ,lines to a ,waterfowl ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 #dcd #abh4 ,goldsmith and ,addison ,william ,makepeace ,thackeray4 #dce #abi4 ,immortality of the ,soul ,joseph ,addison4 #dch #acj4 ,character of ,washington ,jared ,sparks4 #ddj #aca4 ,eulogy on ,washington ,henry ,lee4 #ddd #acb4 ,the ,solitary ,reaper ,william ,wordsworth4 #ddf #acc4 ,value of the ,present ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4 #ddg #acd4 ,happiness ,alexander ,pope4 #dea #ace4 ,marion ,william ,gilmore ,simms4 #dec #acf4 ,a ,common ,thought ,henry ,timrod4 #def #acg4 ,a ,definite ,aim in ,reading ,noah ,porter4 #deg #ach4 ,ode to ,mt4 ,blanc ,samuel ,taylor ,coleridge4 #dfb ,,alphabetical ,,list ,,of ,,authors4 7#i7 ,,name ,,page ,,name ,,page #a4 ,,addison1 ,,joseph #bie1 #dch #ch4 ,,goldsmith #bae #b4 ,,arnold4 ,,george #acc #ci4 ,,grattan4 ,,henry #aed #c4 ,,atherstone4 ,,edwin #dja #dj4 ,,gray1 ,,thomas #ajh #d4 ,,bacon1 ,,sir ,,francis #ccb #da4 ,,greeley1 ,,horace #cih #e4 ,,beecher1 ,,lyman #abh1 #bbh #db4 ,,greenwood1 ,f4 ,w4 ,p4 #bbc #f4 ,,bible1 ,,the #afj1 #ahi1 #dbj #dc4 ,,grimke4 ,,thomas ,s4 #afc #g4 ,,blackstone1 ,,sir ,,william #daj #dd4 ,,halleck4 ,,fitz-,,green #bjb #h4 ,,blackwood',s ,,magazine #fc #de4 ,,hayne1 ,,robert ,,young #beg #i4 ,,brown1 ,,john #dag #df4 ,,hazlitt1 ,,william #bgh #aj4 ,,browning1 ,,elizabeth ,b4 #aie #dg4 ,,hemans1 ,,falicia ,d4 #bbf #aa4 ,,bryant #ada1 #bge1 #dcd #dh4 ,,henry1 ,,patrick #aae #ab4 ,,bulwer-,,lytton #ccd #ai4 ,,holmes #bdf1 #dje #ac4 ,,burke1 ,,edmund #cgi #ej4 ,,hood1 ,,thomas #bff #ad4 ,,byrd1 ,,william #id #ea4 ,,hopkinson1 ,,francis #gc #ae4 ,,byron #bje1 #djh1 #dae #eb4 ,,howells4 ,w4 ,d4 #bib #af4 ,,calhoun1 ,,john ,c4 #cdd #ec4 ,,howitt1 ,,william #acb #ag4 ,,campbell1 ,,thomas #baa1 #cif #ed4 ,,hunt1 ,,leigh #cba #ah4 ,,cary1 ,,alice #hh #ee4 ,,hutton1 ,,joseph #afa #ai4 ,,channing1 ,,willliam ,,ellery #acb #ef4 ,,irving #aib1 #bab1 #bdi #bj4 ,,chorley1 ,h4 ,f4 #ha #eg4 ,,jackson1 ,,helen ,,hunt #ceh #ba4 ,,colridge4 #dfb #eh4 ,,jefferson1 ,,thomas #bec #bb4 ,,colman1 ,,george #cjc #ei4 ,,johnson1 ,,samuel #gh1 #acj #bc4 ,,cowper #caj #fj4 ,,jones1 ,,sir ,,william #bee #bd4 ,,dana1 ,,richard ,h4 ,,jr4 #cga #fa4 ,,kennedy1 ,,john ,p4 #aga #be4 ,,davy1 ,,sir ,,humphry #aca #fb4 ,,king1 ,,thomas ,,starr #dbf #bf4 ,,dewey1 ,,orville #chi #fc4 ,,lee1 ,,henry #ddd #bg4 ,,dickens #if1 #ace #fd4 ,,lefebvre-,,laboulaye #bfi #bh4 ,,disraeli1 ,,benjamin #gj #fe4 ,,longfellow #bfb1bij1cib1dbi #bi4 ,,drake1 ,,joseph ,,rodman #aai #ff4 ,,macaulay #cge #cj4 ,,dryden #if #fg4 ,,mackenzie4 ,,henry #bah #ca4 ,,dwight1 ,,timothy #dai #fh4 ,,milton #cab #cb4 ,,emerson #ddg #fi4 ,,mitford1 ,,mary ,,russell #bba #cc4 ,,everett #fh #gj4 ,,neal1 ,,john #ajd #cd4 ,,fields4 ,,james ,t4 #cja #ga4 ,,parkman4 ,,francis #cbe #ce4 ,,flagg1 ,,wilson #ij #gb4 ,,percival1 ,j4 ,g #bea #cf4 ,,fox1 ,,charles ,,james #ajb #gc4 ,,phillips4 ,,charles #adc #cg4 ,,franklin1 ,,benjamin #dca #gd4 ,,pierpont1 ,,john #adf ,,name ,,page ,,name ,,page #ge4 ,,pitt #aeb #ic4 ,,taylor1 ,b4 ,f1 #bca #gf4 ,,poe1 ,,edgar ,,allan #chb #id4 ,,tennyson #cdg #gg4 ,,pope #dea #ie4 ,,thackeray #dce #gh1 ,,porter1 ,,noah #deg #if4 ,,thomson1 ,,james #gb1 #ie #gi4 ,,prentice1 ,,geo4 ,d4 #cee #ig4 ,,thrale4 ,,hester ,,lynch #abd #hj4 ,,prescott #bhf #ih4 ,,timrod1 ,,henry #def #ha4 ,,procter1 ,,adelaide ,,anne l#gh #ii4 ,,tobin1 ,,john #bch #hb4 ,,read1 ,t4 ,b4 #bef #ajj4 ,,tyndall #cfd #hc4 ,,rogers1 ,,samuel #cdj #aja4 ,,von ,,herder4 ,j4 ,g4 #ajj #hd4 ,,ruskin1 ,,john #aca #ajb4 ,,waller1 ,,edmund #ie #he4 ,,scott #aef1agf1aig1cej #ajc4 ,,walpole #aea #hf4 ,,shakespeare4 #ie1 #aeh1 #afg #ajd4 ,,webster #bei1 #ceb1 #cfb #bcd1 #bha1 #cbb1 #cbg1 #cci1 #cfh #aje4 ,,whitney1 ,,adeline ,d4 ,t4 #ahe #hg4 ,,sherman1 ,r4 ,b4 #acj #ajf4 ,,whittier #cag1 #dbd #hh4 ,,simms1 ,,william ,,gilmore #dec #ajg4 ,,wilson1 ,,john #id1 #ahj #hi4 ,,sparks1 ,,jared #ddj #ajh4 ,,winthrop1 ,r4,c4 #cid #ij4 ,,sprague1 ,,charles #bji #aji4 ,,wirt1 ,,william #cff #ia4 ,,spring1 ,,gardiner #ahf #aaj4 ,,woodworth1 ,,samuel #fg #ib4 ,,sumner #adh #aaa4 ,,wordsworth #ddj ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 7#aj7 ,page ,drawn by ,engraved by ,,ginevra ,frontspiece ,h4 ,f4 ,farney4 ,timothy ,cole4 ,,duke ,,of ,,newcastle #fe ,h4 ,f4 ,farney4 ,f4,juengling ,,gray',s ,,elegy #aab ,thomas ,moran4 ,henry ,bogert4 ,,marmion #agg ,c4 ,s4 ,reinhart4 ,j4 ,g4 ,smithwick4 ,,the ,,quack #bdj ,howard ,pyle4 ,j4 ,p4 ,davis4 ,,diamond ,,cut ,,diamond #bgb ,alfred ,kappes4 ,timothy ,cole4 ,,the ,,glove ,,and ,,the ,,lions #cba ,h4 ,f4 ,farney4 ,smithwick and ,french4 ,,herculaneum #dja ,charles ,d4 ,sauerwein4 ,francis ,s4 ,king4 ,,introduction4 7#aa7 ,the subject of ,elocution1 so far as it is deemed applicable to a work of this kind1 will be considered under the following heads1 viz3 #a4 ,,articulation4 #d4 ,,reading ,,verse4 #b4 ,,inflection4 #e4 ,,the ,,voice4 #c4 ,,accent ,,and ,,emphasis4 #f4 ,,gesture4 ,i4 ,,articulation4 7#aa7 ,articulation is the utterance of the elementary sounds of a language1 and of their combinations4 ,as words consist of one or more elementary sounds1 the first object of the student should he to acquire the power of uttering those sounds with distinctness1 smoothness1 and force4 ,this result can be secured only by careful practice1 which must be persevered in until the learner has acquired a perfect control of his organs of speech4 ,,elementary ,,sounds4 7#ab7 ,an ,elementary ,sound is a simple1 distinct sound made by the organs of speech4 ,the ,elementary ,sounds of the ,english language are divided into ,vocals1 ,subvocals1 and ,aspirates4 ,,vocals4 7#ab7 ,vocals are sounds which consist of pure tone only4 ,they are the most prominent elements of all words1 and it is proper that they should first receive attention4 ,a vocal may be represented by one letter1 as in the word hat1 or by two or more letters1 as in heat1 beauty4 ,a diphthong is a union of two vocals1 commencing with one and ending with the other4 ,it is usually represented by two letters1 as in the words oil1 boy1 out1 now4 ,each of these can he uttered with great force1 so as to give a distinct expression of its sound1 although the voice be suddenly suspended1 the moment the sound is produced4 ,this is done by putting the lips1 teeth1 tongue1 and palate in their proper position1 and then expelling each sound from the throat in the same manner that the syllable ah6 is uttered in endeavoring to deter a child from something it is about to do2 thus1 a'--a'--a'--4 ,let the pupil he required to utter every one of the elements in the ,table with all possible suddenness and percussive force1 until he is able to do it with ease and accuracy4 ,this must not he considered as accomplished until he can give each sound with entire clearness1 and with all the suddenness of the crack of a rifle4 ,care must be taken that the vocal alone be heard2 there must be no consonantal sound1 and no vocal sound other than the one intended4 ,at first1 the elementary sounds may be repeated by the class in concert2 then separately4 ,,table ,,of ,,vocals4 7#ac7 ,long ,sounds4 ,sound as in a hate e err a hare i pine a pass o no a far oo cool a fall u tube e eve u burn ,short ,sounds4 ,sound as in a mat o hot e met oo book i it u us ,diphthongs4 oi1 oy1 as in oil1 boy4 ou1 ow1 as in out1 now4 ,,remark ,i4--,in this table1 the short sounds are nearly or quite the same1 in quantity1 as the long sounds4 ,the difference consists chiefly in quality4 ,let the pupil determine this fact by experiment4 ,,remark ,,ii4--,the vocals are often represented by other letters or combinations of letters than those used in the table3 for instance1 a is represented by ai as in hail1 by ea as in steak1 etc4 ,,remark ,,iii4--,as a general rule1 the long vocals and the diphthongs should be articulated with full1 clear utterance2 but the short vocals have a sharp1 distinct1 and almost explosive utterance4 ,weakness of speech follows a failure to observe the first point1 while drawling results from carelessness with respect to the second4 ,,subvocals ,,and ,,aspirates 7#ac7 ,subvocals are those sounds in which the vocalized breath is more or less obstructed4 ,aspirates consist of breath only1 modified by the vocal organs4 ,words ending with subvocal sounds may be selected for practice on the subvocals2 words beginning or ending with aspirate sounds may be used for practice on aspirates4 ,pronounce these words forcibly and distinctly1 several times in succession2 then drop the other sounds1 and repeat the subvocals and aspirates alone4 ,let the class repeat the words and elements1 at first1 in concert2 then separately4 ,,table ,,of ,,subvocals ,,and ,,aspirates4 7#ad7 ,subvocals4 as in b babe d bad g nag j judge v move th with z buzz z azure 7azh-7 w wine ,aspirates4 as in p rap t at k book ch rich f life th smith s hiss sh rush wh what ,,remark4--,these eighteen sounds make nine pairs of cognates4 ,in articulating the aspirates1 the vocal organs are put in the position required in the articulation of the corresponding subvocals2 but the breath is expelled with some force1 without the utterance of any vocal sound4 ,the pupil should first verify this by experiment1 and then practice on these cognates4 ,the following subvocals and aspirate have no cognates3 ,,subvocal as in l mill ng sing m rim r rule n run y yet ,,aspirate4 h1 as in hat4 ,,substitutes4 7#ad7 ,substitutes are characters used to represent sounds ordinarily represented by other characters4 ,,table ,,of ,,substitutes4 ,sub for as in a o what y i hymn e a there c s cite e a freight c k cap i e police ch sh machine i e sir ch k chord o u son g j cage o oo to n ng rink o oo would s z rose o a corn s sh sugar o u worm x gz examine u oo pull gh f laugh u oo rude ph f sylph y i my qu k pique qu kw quick ,,faults ,,to ,,be ,,remedied4 7#ae7 ,the most common faults of articulation are dropping an unaccented vowel1 sounding incorrectly an unaccented vowel1 suppressing final consonants1 omitting or mispronouncing syllables1 and blending words4 #a4 ,dropping an unaccented vocal4 ,,examples4 ,,correct ,,incorrect gran'a-ry gran'ry a-ban'don a-ban-d'n im-mor'tal im-mor-t'l reg'u-lar reg'lar in-clem'ent in-clem'nt par-tic'u-lar par-tic'lar des'ti-ny des-t'ny cal-cu-la'tian cal-cl'a-sh'n un-cer'tain un-cer-t'n oc-ca'sion oc-ca-sh'n em'i-nent em'nent ef'i-gy ef'gy ag'o-ny ag'ny man'i-fold man'fold rev'er-ent rev'rent cul'ti-vate cult'vate #b4 ,sounding incorrectly an unaccented vowel4 ,,examples4 ,,correct ,,incorrect lam-en-ta'-tion lam-un-ta-tion ter'ri-ble ter-rub-ble e-ter'nal e-ter-nul fel'on-y fel-er-ny ob'sti-nate ob-stun-it fel'low-ship fel-ler-ship e-vent' uv-ent cal'cu-late cal-ker-late ef'fort uf-fort reg'u-lar reg-gy-lur ,,exercises4 7#af7 ,the vocals most likely to be dropped or incorrectly sounded are italicized4 ,he attended divine service regularly4 ,this is my particular request4 ,she is universally esteemed4 ,george is sensible of his fault4 ,this calculation is incorrect4 ,what a terrible calamity4 ,his eye through vast immensity can pierce4 ,observe these nice dependencies4 ,he is a formidable adversary4 ,he is generous to his friends4 ,a tempest desolated the land4 ,he preferred death to servitude4 ,god is the author of all things visible and invisible4 #c4 ,suppressing the final subvocals or aspirates4 ,,example 7#af7 ,john an' ,james are frien's o' my father4 ,gi' me some bread4 ,the want o' men is occasioned by the want o' money4 ,we seldom fine' men o' principle to ac' thus4 ,beas' an' creepin' things were foun' there4 ,,exercises4 7#ag7 ,he learned to write4 ,the masts of the ship were cast down4 ,he entered the lists at the head of his troops4 ,he is the merriest fellow in existence4 ,i regard not the world's opinion4 ,he has three assistants4 ,the depths of the sea4 ,she trusts too much to servants4 ,his attempts were fruitless4 ,he chanced to see a bee hovering over a flower4 #d4 ,omitting or mispronouncing whole syllables4 ,,examples4 ,correct is improperly pronounced ,lit'er-ar-ry lit-rer-ry co-tem'po-ra-ry co-tem-po-ry het-er-o-ge'ne-ous het-ro-ge-nous in-quis-i-to'ri-al in-quis-i-to-ral mis'er-a-ble mis-rer-ble ac-com'pa-ni-ment ac-comp-ner-ment ,,exercise ,he devoted his attention chiefly to literary pursuits4 ,he is a miserable creature4 ,his faults were owing to the degeneracy of the times4 ,the manuscript was undecipherable4 ,his spirit was unconquerable4 ,great industry was necessary for the performance of the task4 #e4 ,blending the end of one word with the beginning of the next4 ,,examples ,i court thy gif sno more4 ,the grove swere ,god sfir stemples4 ,my hear twas a mirror1 that show' devery treasure4 ,it reflecte deach beautiful blosso mof pleasure4 ,han d'me the slate4 ,this worl dis all a fleeting show1 ,for man' sillusion given4 ,,exercises4 7#ah7 ,the magistrates ought to arrest the rogues speedily4 ,the whirlwinds sweep the plain4 ,linked to thy side1 through every chance ,i go4 ,but had he seen an actor in our days enacting ,shakespeare4 ,what awful sounds assail my ears8 ,we caught a glimpse of her4 ,old age has on their temples shed her silver frost4 ,our eagle shall rise mid the whirlwinds of war1 ,and dart through the dun cloud of battle his eye4 ,then honor shall weave of the laurel a crown1 ,that beauty shall bind on the brow of the brave4 ,,ii4 ,,inflection4 7#ah7 ,inflection is a bending or sliding of the voice either upward or downward4 ,the upward or rising inflection is an upward slide of the voice1 and is marked by the acute accent1 thus1 7'72 as1 ,did you call'8 ,is he sick'8 ,the downward or falling inflection is a downward slide of the voice1 and is marked by the grave accent1 thus1 7'72 as1 ,where is ,london'8 ,where have you been'8 ,sometimes both the rising and falling inflections are given to the same sound4 ,such sounds are designated by the circumflex1 thus1 7v7 or thus1 774 ,the former is called the rising circumflex2 the latter1 the falling circumflex2 as1 ,but nobody can bear the death of ,clodius4 ,when several successive syllables are uttered without either the upward or downward slide1 they are said to be uttered in a monotone1 which is marked thus1 7--72 as1 ,roll on1 thou deep and dark blue ,ocean--roll ,,examples4 7#ai7 ,does he read correctly' or incorrectly'8 ,in reading this sentence1 the voice should slide somewhat as represented in the following diagram3 ,does he read cor-rectly or incorrect-ly8 ,if you said vinegar1 ,i said sugar1 ,to be read thus3 ,if you said vinegar1 ,i said sugar1 ,if you said yes1 ,i said no4 ,to be read thus3 ,if you said yes1 ,i said no4 ,what6 did he say no8 ,to be read thus3 ,what6 did he say no8 ,he did'2 he said no'1 ,to be read thus2 ,he did2 he said no4 ,did he do it voluntarily'1 or involuntarily'8 ,to be read thus3 ,did he do it voluntarily1 or involuntarily8 ,he did it voluntarily'1 not involuntarily'1 ,to be read thus3 ,he did it voluntarily1 not involuntarily4 ,,exercises4 7#bj7 ,do they act prudently'1 or imprudently'8 ,are they at home'1 or abroad'8 ,did you say ,europe'1 or ,asia'8 ,is he rich'1 or poor'8 ,he said pain'1 not pain'4 ,are you engaged'1 or at leisure'8 ,shall ,i say plain'1 or pain'8 ,he went home' not abroad'4 ,does he say able'1 or table'8 ,he said hazy' not lazy'8 ,must ,i say flat'1 or flat'8 ,you should say flat' not flat'4 ,my father'1 must ,i stay'8 ,oh6 but he paused upon the brink4 ,it shall go hard with me1 but ,i shall use the weapon4 ,heard ye those loud contending waves1 ,that shook ,cecropia's pillar'd state'8 ,saw ye the mighty from their graves ,look up'1 and tremble at your fate'8 ,first' ,fear'1 his hand1 its skill to try'1 ,amid the chords bewildered laid'2 ,and back recoiled'1 he knew not why' ,e'en at the sound himself had made'4 ,where be your gibes' now8 your gambols'8 your songs'8 your flashes of merriment1 that were wont to set the table on a roar'8 ,thus saith the high and lofty ,one that inhabiteth eternity1 whose name is ,holy2 ,i dwell in the high and holy place4 ,,falling ,,inflection4 7#ba7 ,,rule ,i4--,sentences1 and parts of sentences which make complete sense in themselves1 require the falling inflection4 ,,examples4 7#ba7 #a4 ,by virtue we secure happiness'4 #b4 ,for thou hast said in thine heart1 ,i will ascend into heaven'3 ,i will exalt my throne above the stars of ,god'3 ,i will sit1 also1 upon the mount of the congregation1 in the sides of the north'4 #c4 ,the wind and the rain are over'2 calm is the noon of the day3 the clouds are divided in heaven'2 over the green hills flies the inconstant sun'2 red through the stormy vale comes down the stream'4 #d4 ,this proposition was1 however1 rejected1' and not merely rejected1 but rejected with insult'4 ,exception4--,emphasis sometimes reverses this rule1 and requires the rising inflection1 apparently for the purpose of calling attention to the idea of an unusual manner of expressing it4 ,,examples4 7#ba7 #a4 ,i should not like to ride in that car'4 #b4 ,look out6 ,a man was drowned there yesterday'4 #c4 ,presumptuous man6 the gods' take care of ,cato'1 ,,rule ,,ii4--,the language of emphasis generally requires the falling inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bb7 #a4 ,charge'1 ,chester1 charge'2 on'1 ,stanley1 on'4 #b4 ,were ,i an ,american1 as ,i am an ,englishman1 while a single' foreign troop' remained' in my country1 ,i would never' lay down my arms'--never'1 never'1 never4' #c4 ,does anyone suppose that the payment of twenty shillings1 would have ruined ,mr4 ,hampden's fortune8 ,no'4 ,but the payment of half twenty shillings1 on the principle' it was demanded1 would have made him a slave'4 #d4 ,i insist' upon this point'3 ,i urge' you to it2 ,i press' it1 demand' it4 #e4 ,all that ,i have'1 all that ,i am'1 and all that ,i hope' in this life1 ,i am now ready'1 here1 to stake' upon it4 ,,rule ,,iii4--,interrogative sentences and members of sentences1 which can not be answered by yes or no1 generally require the falling inflection4 ,,example4 7#bb7 #a4 ,how many books did he purchase'8 #b4 ,why reason ye these things in your hearts'8 #c4 ,what see' you1 that you frown so heavily to-day'8 #d4 ,ah6 what is that flame which now bursts on his eye'8 #e4 ,whence this pleasing hope'1 this fond desire'1 ,this longing after immortality'8 ,exception4--,when questions usually requiring the falling inflection are emphatic or repeated1 they take the rising inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bb7 #a4 ,where did you say he had gone'8 #b4 ,to whom did you say the blame was to be imputed'8 #c4 ,what is' he8 ,a knave4 ,what' is he8 ,a knave1 ,i say4 ,,rising ,,inflection4 7#bc7 ,,rule ,,iv4--,the rising inflection is generally used where the sense is dependent or incomplete4 ,,remark4--,this inflection is generally very slight1 requiring an acute and educated ear to discern it1 and it is difficult to teach pupils to distinguish it1 though they constantly use it4 ,care should be taken not to exaggerate it4 ,,examples4 7#bc7 #a4 ,nature being exhausted'1 he quietly resigned himself to his fate4 #b4 ,a chieftain to the ,highlands bound'1 ,cries'1 ,boatman1 do not tarry6 #c4 ,as he spoke without fear of consequences'1 so his actions were marked with the most unbending resolution1 #d4 ,speaking in the open air'1 at the top of the voice'1 is an admirable exercise4 #e4 ,if then1 his ,providence' out of our evil1 seek to bring forth good'1 our labor must be to prevent that end4 #f4 ,he'1 born for the universe'1 narrowed his mind1 ,and to party gave up what was meant for mankind4 ,,remark4--,the names of persons or things addressed1 when not used emphatically1 are included in this rule4 #g4 ,brother'1 give me thy hand2 and1 gentle ,warwick61 ,let me embrace thee in my weary arms4 #h4 ,o ,lancaster'1 ,i fear thy overthrow4 #i4 ,ye crags' and peaks'1 ,i'm with you once again4 ,exception #a4--,relative emphasis often reverses this and the first rule1 because emphasis is here expressed in part by changing the usual inflections4 ,,examples4 7#bc7 #a4 ,if you care not for your property'1 you surely value your life'4 #b4 ,if you will not labor for your own' advancement1 you should regard that of your children'4 #c4 ,it is your place to obey'1 not to command'4 #d4 ,though by that course he should not destroy his reputation'1 he will lose all self-respect'4 ,exception #b4--,the names of persons addressed in a formal speech1 or when used emphatically1 have the falling inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bd7 #a4 ,romans1 countrymen1 and lovers'1 hear me for my cause1 etc4 #b4 ,gentlemen of the jury'1 ,i solicit your attention1 etc4 #c4 ,o ,hubert'1 ,hubert'1 save me from these men4 ,,rule ,v4--,negative sentences and parts of sentences1 usually require the rising inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bd7 #a4 ,it is not by starts of application that eminence can be attained'4 #b4 ,it was not an eclipse that caused the darkness at the crucifixion of our ,lord'2 for the sun and moon were not relatively in a position' to produce an eclipse'4 #c4 ,they are not fighting'3 do not disturb' them3 this man is not expiring with agony'3 that man is not dead'3 they are only pausing'4 #d4 ,my ,lord1 we could not have had such designs'4 #e4 ,you are not left alone to climb the steep ascent'3 ,god is with you1 who never suffers the spirit that rests on him to fail4 ,exception #a4--;,emphasis may reverse this rule4 ,,example4 7#bd7 ,we repeat it1 we do not' desire to produce discord2 we do not' wish to kindle the flames of a civil war4 ,exception #b4--;,general propositions and commands usually have the falling inflection4 ,,examples4 7#be7 ,god is not the author of sin'4 ,thou shalt not kill4 ,,rule ,,vi4--,interrogative sentences1 and members of sentences which can be answered by yes or no generally require the rising inflection4 ,,examples4 7#be7 #a4 ,are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation'8 #b4 ,does the gentleman suppose it is in his power'1 to exhibit in ,carolina a name so bright' as to produce envy' in my bosom8 #c4 ,if it be admitted1 that strict integrity is not the shortest way to success1 is it not the surest'1 the happiest'1 the best'8 #d4 ,is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens1 ,to wash this crimson hand as white as snow'8 ,exception4--,emphasis may reverse this rule4 ,,examples4 7#be7 #a1 ,can' you be so blind to your interest8 ,will' you rush headlong to destruction8 #b4 ,i ask again1 is' there no hope of reconciliation8 ,must' we abandon all our fond anticipations8 #c4 ,will you deny' it8 ,will you deny' it8 #d4 ,am ,i ,dromio'8 ,am ,i your man'8 ,am ,i myself'8 ,,rule ,,vii4--,interrogative exclamations1 and words repeated as a kind of echo to the thought1 require the rising inflection4 ,,examples4 7#be7 #a4 ,where grows'1 where grows it not'8 #b4 ,what'6 ,might ,rome have been taken'8 ,rome taken when ,i was consul'8 #c4 ,banished from ,rome'6 ,tried and convicted traitor'6 #d4 ,prince ,henry4 ,what's the matter'8 ,falstaff4 ,what's the matter'8 ,here be four of us have taken a thousand pounds this morning4 ,prince ,h4 ,where is' it1 ,jack1 where is' it8 ,fal4 ,where is' it8 ,taken from us1 it is4 #e4 ,ha'6 laughest thou1 ,lochiel1 my vision to scorn8 #f4 ,and this man is called a statesman4 ,a statesman'8 ,why1 he never invented a decent humbug4 #g4 ,i can not say1 sir1 which of these motives influence the advocates of the bill before us2 a bill'1 in which such cruelties are proposed as are yet unknown among the most savage nations4 ,,rising ,,and ,,falling ,,inflections4 7#bf7 ,,rule ,,viii4--,words and members of a sentence expressing antithesis or contrast1 require opposite inflections4 ,,examples4 7#bf7 #a4 ,by honor' and dishonor'2 by evil' report and good' report2 as deceivers' and yet true'4 #b4 ,what they know by reading'1 ,i know by experience'4 #c4 ,i could honor thy courage'1 but ,i detest thy crimes'4 #d4 ,it is easier to forgive the weak'1 who have injured us'1 than the powerful' whom we' have injured4 #e4 ,homer was the greater genius'1 ,virgil the better artist'4 #f4 ,the style of ,dryden is capricious and varied'2 that of ,pope is cautious and uniform'4 ,dryden obeys the emotions of his own mind'2 ,pope constrains his mind to his own rules of composition4' ,dryden is sometimes vehement and rapid'2 ,pope is always smooth1 uniform1 and gentle'4 ,dryden's page is a natural field1 rising into inequalities1 varied by exuberant vegetation'2 ,pope's is a velvet lawn1 shaven by the scythe and leveled by the roller'4 #g4 ,if the flights of ,dryden are higher'1 ,pope continues longer on the wing'4 ,if the blaze of ,dryden's fire is brighter'1 the heat of ,pope's is more regular and constant'4 ,dryden often surpasses' expectation1 and ,pope never falls below' it4 ,,remark l4--,words and members connected by or used disjunctively1 generally express contrast or antithesis1 and always receive opposite inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bg7 #a4 ,shall we advance'1 or retreat'8 #b4 ,do you seek wealth'1 or power'8 #c4 ,is the great chain upheld by ,god'1 or thee'8 #d4 ,shall we return to our allegiance while we may do so with safety and honor'1 or shall we wait until the ax of the executioner is at our throats'8 #e4 ,shall we crown' the author of these public calamities with garlands'1 or shall we wrest' from him his ill-deserved authority' 8 ,,remark #b4--,when the antithesis is between affirmation and negation1 the latter usually has the rising inflection1 according to ,rule ,v4 ,,examples4 7#bg7 #a4 ,you were paid to fight' against ,philip1 not to rail' at him4 #b4 ,i said rationally'1 not irrationally'4 #c4 ,i did not say rationally'1 but irrationally'4 #d4 ,i said an elder' soldier1 not a better'4 #e4 ,let us retract while we can'1 not when we must'4 ,,remark #c4--,the more emphatic member generally receives the falling inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bg7 #a4 ,a countenance more in sorrow'1 than anger'4 #b4 ,a countenance less in anger'1 than sorrow'4 #c4 ,you should show your courage by deeds'1 rather than by words4 #d4 ,if we can not remove' pain1 we may alleviate' it4 ,,of ,,series4 7#bh7 ,a series is a number of particulars immediately following one another in the same grammatical construction4 ,a commencing series is one which commences a sentence or clause4 ,,example4 7#bh7 ,faith1 hope1 love1 joy1 are the fruits of the spirit4 ,a concluding series is one which concludes a sentence or a clause4 ,,example4 7#bh7 ,the fruits of the spirit are faith1 hope1 love1 and joy4 ,,rule ,,ix4--,all the members of a commencing series1 when not emphatic1 usually require the rising inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bh7 #a4 ,war'1 famine'1 pestilence'1 storm'1 and fire' besiege mankind4 #b4 ,the knowledge'1 the power'1 the wisdom'1 the goodness' of ,god1 must all be unbounded4 #c4 ,to advise the ignorant'1 to relieve the needy'1 and to comfort the afflicted' are the duties that fall in our way almost every day of our lives4 #d4 ,no state chicanery'1 no narrow system of vicious politics'1 no idle contest for ministerial victories'1 sank him to the vulgar level of the great4 #e4 ,for solidity of reasoning'1 force of sagacity'1 and wisdom of conclusion'1 no nation or body of men can compare with the ,congress at ,philadelphia4 #f4 ,the wise and the foolish'1 the virtuous and the evil'1 the learned and the ignorant'1 the temperate and the profligate'1 must often be blended together4 #g4 ,absalom's beauty'1 ,jonathan's love'1 ,david's valor'1 ,solomon's wisdom'1 the patience of ,job1 the prudence of ,augustus'1 and the eloquence of ,cicero' are found in perfection in the ,creator4 ,,remark4--,some elocutionists prefer to give the falling inflection to the last member of a commencing series4 ,exception4--,in a commencing series1 forming a climax1 the last term usually requires the falling inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bi7 #a4 ,days'1 months'1 years'1 and ages'1 shall circle away1 ,and still the vast waters above thee shall roll4 #b4 ,property'1 character'1 reputation'1 everything'1 was sacrificed4 #c4 ,toils'1 sufferings'1 wounds'1 and death' was the price of our liberty4 ,,rule ,x4--,all the members of a concluding series1 when not at all emphatic1 usually require the falling inflection4 ,,examples4 7#bi7 #a4 ,it is our duty to pity'1 to support'1 to defend'1 and to relieve' the oppressed4 #b4 ,at the sacred call of country1 they sacrifice property'1 ease'1 health'1 applause' and even life'4 #c4 ,i protest against this measure as cruel'1 oppressive'1 tyrannous'1 and vindictive'4 #d4 ,god was manifest in the flesh'1 justified in the ,spirit'1 seen of angels'1 preached unto the ,gentiles'1 believed on in the world'1 received up into glory'4 #e4 ,charity vaunteth not itself'1 is not puffed up'1 doth not behave itself unseemly'1 seeketh not her own'1 is not easily provoked'1 thinketh no evil'2 beareth' all things1 believeth' all things1 hopeth' all things1 endureth' all things4 ,,remark4--,some authors give the following rule for the reading of a concluding series3 ,all the particulars of a concluding series1 except the last but one1 require the falling inflection4 ,exception l4--,when the particulars enumerated in a concluding series are not at all emphatic1 all except the last require the rising inflection4 ,,examples 7#cj7 ,he was esteemed for his kindness'1 his intelligence'1 his self-denial'1 and his active benevolence'4 ,exception #b4--,when all the terms of a concluding series are strongly emphatic1 they all receive the falling inflection4 ,,examples4 7#cj7 #a4 ,they saw not one man'1 not one woman'1 not one child'1 not one four-footed beast'4 #b4 ,his hopes'1 his happiness'1 his life'1 hung upon the words that fell from those lips1 #c4 ,they fought'1 they bled'1 they died'1 for freedom4 ,,parenthesis4 7#cj7 ,,rule ,,xi4--,a parenthesis should be read more rapidly and in a lower key than the rest of the sentence1 and should terminate with the same inflection that next precedes it4 ,if1 however1 it is complicated1 or emphatic1 or disconnected from the main subject1 the inflections must be governed by the same rules as in the other cases4 ,,remark4--,a smooth and expressive reading of a parenthesis is difficult of acquisition1 and can be secured only by careful and persistent training4 ,,examples4 7#cj7 #a4 ,god is my witness' 7whom ,i serve with my spirit1 in the gospel of his ,son'71 that1 without ceasing1 ,i make mention of you always in my prayers2 making request' 7if1 by any means1 now at length1 ,i might have a prosperous journey by the will of ,god'71 to come unto you4 #b4 ,when he had entered the room three paces1 he stood still2 and laying his left hand upon his breast' 7a slender1 white staff with which he journeyed being in his right'71 he introduced himself with a little story of his convent4 #c4 ,if you1 ,a,eschines1 in particular1 were persuaded' 7and it was no particular affection for me1 that prompted you to give up the hopes1 the appliances1 the honors1 which attended the course ,i then advised2 but the superior force of truth1 and your utter inability to point any course more eligible'7 if this was the case1 ,i say1 is it not highly cruel and unjust to arraign these measures now1 when you could not then propose a better8 #d4 ,as the hour of conflict drew near' 7and this was a conflict to be dreaded even by him'71 he began to waver1 and to abate much of his boasting4 ,,circumflex4 7#ca7 ,,rule ,,xii4--,the circumflex is used to express irony1 sarcasm1 hypothesis1 or contrast4 ,,note4--,for the reason that the circumflex always suggests a double or doubtful meaning1 it is appropriate for the purposes expressed in the rule4 ,it is1 also1 frequently used in sportive language2 jokes and puns are commonly given with this inflection4 ,,examples4 7#ca7 #a4 ,man never is1 but always to be1 blest4 #b4 ,they follow an adventurer whom they fear2 we serve a monarch whom we love4 ,they boast1 they come but to improve our state1 enlarge our thoughts1 and free us from the yoke of error4 ,yes1 they will give enlightened freedom to our minds1 who are themselves the slaves of passion1 avarice1 and pride4 ,they offer us their protection3 yes1 such protection as vultures give to lambs1 covering and devouring them4 ,,monotone4 7#cb7 ,,rule ,,xiii4--,the use of the monotone is confined chiefly to grave and solemn subjects4 ,when carefully and properly employed1 it gives great dignity to delivery4 ,,examples4 7#cb7 #a4 ,the unbeliever6 one who can gaze upon the sun1 and moon1 and stars1 and upon the unfading and imperishable sky1 spread out so magnificently above him1 and say1 ,all this is the work of chance6 #b4 ,god walketh upon the ocean4 ,brilliantly ,the glassy waters mirror back his smiles2 ,the surging billows1 and the gamboling storms ,come crouching to his feet4 #c4 ,i hail thee1 as in gorgeous robes1 ,blooming thou leav'st the chambers of the east1 ,crowned with a gemmed tiara thick embossed ,with studs of living light4 #d4 ,high on a throne of royal state1 which far ,outshone the wealth of ,ormus and of ,ind1 ,or where the gorgeous east1 with richest hand ,showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold1 ,satan exalted sat4 #e4 ,his broad expanded wings ,lay calm and motionless upon the air1 ,as if he floated there without their aid1 ,by the sole act of his unlorded will4 #f4 ,in dim eclipse1 disastrous twilight sheds ,on half the nations1 and with fear of change ,perplexes monarchs4 ,,iii4 ,,accent ,,and ,,emphasis4 7#cc7 ,,accent4 ,that syllable in a word which is uttered more forcibly than the others1 is said to be accented1 and is marked thus1 7'72 as the italicized syllables in the following words3 morn'ing4 pos'si-ble4 ty'rant4 re-cum'bent4 pro-cure'4 ex-or'bi-tant1 de-bate'4 com-pre-hen'sive4 ,common usage alone determines upon what syllable the accent should be placed1 and to the lexicographer it belongs1 to ascertain and record its decision on this point4 ,in some few cases1 we can trace the reasons for common usage in this respect4 ,in words which are used as different parts of speech1 or which have different meanings1 the distinction is sometimes denoted by changing the accent4 ,,examples4 7#cc7 sub'ject sub-ject' pres'ent pre-sent' ab'sent ab-sent' cem'ent ce-ment' con'jure con-jure' ,there is another case1 in which we discover the reason for changing the accent1 and that is1 when it is required by emphasis1 as in the following3 ,,examples4 7#cc7 #a4 ,his abil'ity or in'ability to perform the act materially varies the case4 #b4 ,this corrup'tion must put on in'corruption4 ,,secondary ,,accent4 7#cd7 ,in words of more than two syllables1 there is often a second accent given1 but more slight than the principal one1 and this is called the secondary accent2 as1 emigra'tion1 repartee'1 where the principal accent is marked 7'71 and the secondary1 772 so1 also1 this accent is obvious1 in naviga'tion1 comprehen'sion1 plausibil'ity1 etc4 ,the whole subject1 however1 properly belongs to dictionaries and spelling books4 ,,emphasis4 7#cd7 ,emphasis consists in uttering a word or phrase in such a manner as to give it force and energy1 and to draw the attention of the hearer particularly to the idea expressed4 ,this is most frequently accomplished by an increased stress of voice laid upon the word or phrase4 ,sometimes1 though more rarely1 the same object is effected by an unusual lowering of the voice1 even to a whisper1 and not unfrequently by a pause before the emphatic word4 ,the inflections are often made subsidiary to this object4 ,to give emphasis to a word1 the inflection is changed or increased in force or extent4 ,when the rising inflection is ordinarily used1 the word1 when emphatic1 frequently takes the falling inflection2 and sometimes1 also1 the falling inflection is changed into the rising inflection1 for the same purpose4 ,emphatic words are often denoted by being written in italics1 in ,,small ,,capitals1 or in ,,capitals4 ,much care is necessary to train the pupil to give clear and expressive emphasis1 and at the same time to avoid an unpleasant jerky movement of the voice4 ,,absolute ,,emphasis4 7#ce7 ,where the emphasis is independent of any contrast or comparison with other words or ideas1 it is called absolute emphasis4 ,,examples4 7#ce7 #a4 ,we praise thee1 ,o ,god2 we acknowledge thee to be the ,lord4 #b4 ,roll on1 thou deep and dark blue ,ocean--roll6 #c4 ,arm1 warriors1 arm6 #d4 ,you know that you are ,brutus1 that speak this1 ,or1 by the gods1 this speech were else your last4 #e4 ,hamlet4 ,saw1 who8 ,horatio4 ,the king1 your father4 ,hamlet4 ,the king1 my father8 #f4 ,strike--till the last armed foe expires2 ,strike--for your altars and your fires2 ,strike--for the green graves of your sites2 ,god1 and your native land6 ,,relative ,,emphasis4 7#ce7 ,where there is antithesis1 either expressed or implied1 the emphasis is called relative4 ,,examples4 7#ce7 #a4 ,we can do nothing against the truth1 but for the truth4 #b4 ,but ,i am describing your condition1 rather than my own4 #c4 ,i fear not death1 and shall ,i then fear thee8 #d4 ,hunting men1 and not beasts1 shall be his game4 #e4 ,he is the propitiation for our sins2 and not for ours only1 but for the sins of the whole world4 #f4 ,it may moderate and restrain1 but it was not designed to banish gladness from the heart of man4 ,in the following examples1 there are two sets of antitheses in the same sentence4 #g4 ,to err is human1 to forgive1 divine4 #h4 ,john was punished2 ,william1 rewarded4 #i4 ,without were fightings1 within were fears4 #aj4 ,business sweetens pleasure1 as labor sweetens rest4 #aa4 ,justice appropriates rewards to merit1 and punishments to crime4 #ab4 ,on the one side1 all was alacrity and courage2 on the other1 all was timidity and indecision4 #ac4 ,the wise man is happy when he gains his own approbation2 the fool1 when he gains the applause of others4 #ad4 ,his care was to polish the country by art1 as he had protected it by arms4 ,in the following examples1 the relative emphasis is applied to three sets of antithetic words4 #ae4 ,the difference between a madman and a fool is1 that the former reasons justly from false data2 and the latter1 erroneously from just data4 #af4 ,he raised a mortal to the skies1 ,she drew an angel down4 ,sometimes the antithesis is implied1 as in the following instances4 #ag4 ,the spirit of the white man's heaven1 ,forbids not thee to weep4 #ah4 ,i shall enter on no encomiums upon ,massachusetts4 ,,emphasis ,,and ,,accent4 7#cg7 ,when words1 which are the same in part of their formation1 are contrasted1 the emphasis is expressed by accenting the syllables in which they differ4 ,see ,accent1 page #cc4 ,,examples4 7#cg7 #a4 ,what is the difference between probability and possibility8 #b4 ,learn to unlearn what you have learned amiss4 #c4 ,john attends regularly4 ,william1 irregularly4 #d4 ,there is a great difference between giving and forgiving4 #e4 ,the conduct of ,antoninus was characterized by justice and humanity2 that of ,nero1 by injustice and inhumanity4 #f4 ,the conduct of the former is deserving of approbation1 while that of the latter merits the severest reprobation4 ,,emphasis ,,and ,,inflection4 7#cg7 ,emphasis sometimes changes the inflection from the rising to the falling1 or from the falling to the rising4 ,for instances of the former change1 see ,rule ,,ii1 and ,exception #a to ,rule ,,iv4 ,in the first three following examples1 the inflection is changed from the rising to the falling inflection2 in the last three1 it is changed from the falling to the rising1 by the influence of emphasis4 ,,examples4 7#cg7 #a4 ,if we have no regard for religion in youth'1 we ought to have respect for it in age4 #b4 ,if we have no regard for our own' character1 we ought to regard the character of others4 #c4 ,if content can not remove' the disquietudes of life1 it will1 at least1 alleviate them4 #d4 ,the sweetest melody and the most perfect harmony fall powerless upon the ear of one who is deaf'1 #e4 ,it is useless to expatiate upon the beauties of nature to one who is blind'1 #f4 ,and they that have believing masters1 let them not despise them1 because they are brethren'2 but rather let them do them service4 ,,emphatic ,,phrase4 7#ch7 ,when it is desired to give to a phrase great force of expression1 each word1 and even the parts of a compound word1 are independently emphasized4 ,,examples4 7#ch7 #a4 ,cassius4 ,must ,i endure all this8 ,brutus4 ,all this6--,ay1--more4 ,fret1 till your proud--heart--break4 #b4 ,what6 weep you when you but behold ,our ,caesar's vesture wounded8 ,look ye here1 ,here is himself1 marred1 as you see1 by traitors4 #c4 ,there was a time1 my fellow-citizens1 when the ,lacedaemonians were sovereign masters1 both by sea and by land2 while this state had not one ship--no1 ,,not--,,one--,,wall4 #d4 ,shall ,i1 the conqueror of ,spain and ,gaul2 and not only of the ,alpine nations1 but of the ,alps themselves2 shall ,i compare myself with this ,,half--,,year--,,captain8 #e4 ,you call me misbeliever--cutthroat--dog4 ,hath a dog--money8 ,is it possible-- ,a cur can lend three--thousand--ducats8 ,,emphatic ,,pause4 7#ci7 ,a short pause is often made before or after1 and sometimes both before and after1 an emphatic word or phrase1--thus very much increasing the emphatic expression of the thought4 ,,examples4 7#ci7 #a4 ,may one be pardoned1 and retain--the offense8 ,in the corrupted currents of this world1 ,offense's gilded hand may shove by--justice2 ,and oft 'tis seen1 the wicked prize itself ,buys out the law3 but 't is not so--above3 ,there--is no shuffling3 there--the action lies ,in its true nature4 #b4 ,he woke to hear his sentries shriek1 ,to arms6 they come6 the ,greek6 the ,greek6 ,he woke--to die--midst flame and smoke4 #c4 ,this--is no flattery3 ,these--are counselors ,that feelingly persuade me what ,i am4 #d4 ,and this--our life1 exempt from public haunt1 ,finds tongues--in tree1 books--in the running brooks1 ,sermons--in stones1 and--good in everything4 #e4 ,heaven gave this ,lyre1 and thus decreed1 ,be thou a bruised--but not a broken--reed4 ,,iv4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,reading ,,verse4 7#ci7 ,,inflections4 ,in reading verse1 the inflections should be nearly the same as in reading prose2 the chief difference is1 that in poetry1 the monotone and rising inflection are more frequently used than in prose4 ,the greatest difficulty in reading this species of composition1 consists in giving it that measured flow which distinguishes it from prose1 without falling into a chanting pronunciation4 ,if1 at any time1 the reader is in doubt as to the proper inflection1 let him reduce the passage to earnest conversation1 and pronounce it in the most familiar and prosaic manner1 and thus he will generally use the proper inflection4 ,,exercises ,,in ,,inflection4 7#dj7 #a4 ,meanwhile the south wind rose1 and with black wings ,wide hovering'1 all the clouds together drove ,from under heaven'3 the hills to their supply'1 ,vapor and exhalation dusk and moist ,sent up amain'3 and now1 the thickened sky ,like a dark ceiling stood'3 down rushed the rain ,impetuous'1 and continued till the earth ,no more was seen'3 the floating vessel swam ,uplifted'1 and1 secure with beake'd prow'1 ,rode tilting o'er the waves'4 #b4 ,my friend'1 adown life's valley'1 hand in hand'1 ,with grateful change of grave and merry speech ,or song'1 our hearts unlocking each to each'1 ,we'll journey onward to the silent land'2 ,and when stern death shall loose that loving band1 ,taking in his cold hand1 a hand of ours'1 ,the one shall strew the other's grave with flowers'1 ,nor shall his heart a moment be unmanned'4 ,my friend and brother'6 if thou goest first'1 ,wilt thou no more revisit me below'8 ,yea1 when my heart seems happy causelessly'1 ,and swells'1 not dreaming why'1 my soul shall know ,that thou'1 unseen'1 art bending over me'4 #c4 ,here rests his head upon the lap of earth'1 ,a youth1 to fortune and to fame unknown'2 ,fair ,science frowned not on his humble birth'1 ,and ,melancholy marked him for her own'4 #d4 ,large was his bounty'1 and his soul sincere'1 ,heaven did a recompense as largely send'2 ,he gave to misery 7all he had7 a tear'1 ,he gained from heaven' 7't was all he wished'7 a friend'4 #e4 ,no further seek his merits to disclose'1 ,or draw his frailties from their dread abode'2 7,there they alike' in trembling hope repose'17 ,the bosom of his ,father1 and his ,god'4 ,,accent ,,and ,,emphasis4 7#da7 ,in reading verse1 every syllable must have the same accent1 and every word the same emphasis as in prose2 and whenever the melody or music of the verse would lead to an incorrect accent or emphasis1 this must be disregarded4 ,if a poet has made his verse deficient in melody1 this must not be remedied by the reader1 at the expense of sense or the established rules of accent and quantity4 ,take the following3 ,,example4 7#da7 ,o'er shields1 and helms1 and helme'd heads he rode1 ,of thrones1 and mighty ,seraphim prostrate ,according to the metrical accent1 the last word must be pronounced pros-trate'4 ,but according to the authorized pronunciation it is pros'trate4 ,which shall yield1 the poet or established usage8 ,certainly not the latter4 ,some writers advise a compromise of the matter1 and that the word should he pronounced without accenting either syllable4 ,sometimes this may be done1 but where it is not practiced1 the prosaic reading should be preserved4 ,in the following examples1 the words and syllables which are improperly accented or emphasized in the poetry1 are marked in italics4 ,according to the principle stated above1 the reader should avoid giving them that pronunciation which the correct rending of the poetry would require1 but should read them as prose1 except where he can throw off all accent and thus compromise the conflict between the poetic reading and the correct reading4 ,that is1 he must read the poetry wrong1 in order to read the language right4 ,,examples4 7#db7 #a4 ,ask of thy mother earth why oaks are made ,taller and stronger than the weeds they shade4 #b4 ,their praise is still1 the style is excellent1 ,the sense they humbly take upon content4 #c4 ,false eloquence1 like the prismatic glass1 ,its fairy colors spreads on every place4 #d4 ,to do aught good1 never will be our task1 ,but ever to do ill is our sole delight4 #e4 ,of all the causes which combine to blind ,man's erring judgment1 and mislead the mind1 ,what the weak head with strongest bias rules ,is pride1 the never-failing vice of fools4 #f4 ,eye ,nature's walks1 shoot folly as it flies1 ,and catch the manners living as they rise4 #g4 ,to whom then1 first incensed1 ,adam replied1 ,is this thy love1 is this the recompense ,of mine to thee1 ungrateful ,eve8 #h4 ,we may1 with more successful hope1 resolve ,to wage1 by force or guile1 successful war1 ,irreconcilable to our grand foe1 ,who now triumphs1 and in excess of joy ,sole reigning holds the tyranny of ,heaven4 #i4 ,which1 when ,beelzebub perceived 7than whom1 ,satan except1 none higher sat71 with grave ,aspect1 he rose1 and in his rising seemed ,a pillar of state4 #aj4 ,thee1 ,sion1 and the flowery brooks beneath1 ,that wash thy hallowed feet1 and warbling flow1 ,nightly ,i visit3 nor sometimes forget1 ,those other two equaled with me in fate4 ,,note4--,although it would be necessary1 in these examples1 to violate the laws of accent or emphasis1 to give perfect rhythm1 yet a careful and well-trained reader will be able to observe these laws and still give the rhythm in such a manner that the defect will scarcely be noticed4 ,,poetic ,,pauses4 7#dc7 ,in order to make the measure of poetry perceptible to the ear1 there should generally be a slight pause at the end of each line1 even where the sense does not require it4 ,there is1 also1 in almost every line of poetry1 a pause at or near its middle1 which is called the caesura4 ,this should1 however1 never be so placed as to injure the sense of the passage4 ,it is indeed reckoned a great beauty1 where it naturally coincides with the pause required by the sense4 ,the caesura1 though generally placed near the middle1 may be placed at other intervals4 ,there are sometimes1 also1 two additional pauses in each line1 called demi-caesuras4 ,the caesura is marked 771 and the demi-caesura thus1 771 in the examples given4 ,there should be a marked accent upon the long syllable next preceding the caesura1 and a slighter one upon that next before each of the demi-caesuras4 ,when made too prominent1 these pauses lead to a singsong style1 which should be carefully avoided4 ,in the following examples1 the caesura is marked in each line2 the demi-caesura is not marked in every case4 ,,examples4 7#dd7 #a4 ,nature to all things fixed the limits fit1 ,and wisely curbed proud man's pretending wit4 #b4 ,then from his closing eyes thy form shall part1 ,and the last pang shall tear thee from his heart4 #c4 ,warms in the sun1 refreshes in the breeze1 ,glows in the stars1 and blossoms in the trees4 #d4 ,there is a land of every land the pride1 ,beloved by ,heaven o'er all the world beside1 ,where brighter suns dispense serener light1 ,and milder moons imparadise the night2 ,oh1 thou shalt find1 howe'er thy footsteps roam1 ,that land--thy country1 and that spot--thy home4 #e4 ,in slumbers of midnight the sailor boy lay2 ,his hammock swung loose at the sport of the wind2 ,but1 watch-worn and weary1 his cares flew away1 ,and visions of happiness danced o'er his mind4 #f4 ,she said1 and struck2 deep entered in her side ,the piercing steel1 with reeking purple dyed3 ,clogged in the wound the cruel weapon stands1 ,the spouting blood came streaming o'er her hands4 ,her sad attendants saw the deadly stroke1 ,and with loud cries the sounding palace shook4 ,,simile4 7#dd7 ,simile is the likening of anything to another object of a different class2 it is a poetical or imaginative comparison4 ,a simile1 in poetry1 should usually he read in a lower key and more rapidly than other parts of the passage--somewhat as a parenthesis is read4 ,,examples4 7#de7 #a4 ,part curb their fiery steeds1 or shun the goal ,with rapid wheels1 or fronted brigades form4 ,as when1 to warn proud cities1 war appears1 ,waged in the troubled sky1 and armies rush ,to battle in the clouds4 ,others with vast ,typhoean rage more fell1 ,rend up both rocks and hills1 and ride the air ,in whirlwind4 ,hell scarce holds the wild uproar4 ,as when ,alcides felt the envenomed robe1 and tore1 ,through pain1 up by the roots1 ,thessialian pines1 ,and ,lichas from the top of ,oeta threw ,into the ,euboic sea4 #b4 ,each at the head1 ,leveled his deadly aim2 their fatal hands ,no second stroke intend2 and such a frown ,each cast at th' other1 as when two black clouds1 ,with heaven's artillery fraught1 came rolling on ,over the ,caspian1 there stand front to front1 ,hovering a space1 till winds the signal blow ,to join the dark encounter1 in mid-air3 ,so frowned the mighty combatants4 #c4 ,then pleased and thankful from the porch they go ,and1 but the landlord1 none had cause of woe3 ,his cup was vanished2 for1 in secret guise1 ,the younger guest purloined the glittering prize4 ,as one who spies a serpent in his way1 ,glistening and basking in the summer ray1 ,disordered1 stops to shun the danger near1 ,then walks with faintness on1 and looks with fear1-- ,so seemed the sire1 when1 far upon the road1 ,the shining spoil his wily partner showed4 ,v4 ,,the ,,voice4 7#df7 ,,pitch ,,and ,,compass4 ,the natural pitch of the voice is its keynote1 or governing note4 ,it is that on which the voice usually dwells1 and to which it most frequently returns when wearied4 ,it is also the pitch used in conversation1 and the one which a reader or speaker naturally adopts--when he reads or speaks-- most easily and agreeably4 ,the compass of the voice is its range above and below this pitch4 ,to avoid monotony in reading or speaking1 the voice should rise above or fall below this keynote1 but always with reference to the sense or character of that which is read or spoken4 ,the proper natural pitch is that above and below which there is most room for variation4 ,to strengthen the voice and increase its compass1 select a short sentence1 repeat it several times in succession in as low a key as the voice can sound naturally2 then rise one note higher1 and practice on that key1 then another1 and so on1 until the highest pitch of the voice has been reached4 ,next1 reverse the process1 until the lowest pitch has been reached4 ,,examples ,,in ,,pitch 7#df7 ,high ,pitch4 ,,note4--,be careful to distinguish pitch from power in the following exercise4 ,speaking in the open air1 at the very top of the voice1 is an exercise admirably adapted to strengthen the voice and give it compass1 and should be frequently practiced4 #a4 ,charge'6 ,chester charge'6 ,on'6 ,stanley1 on'6 #b4 ,a horse'6 a horse'6 my kingdom' for a horse'6 #c4 ,jump far out'1 boy' into the wave'6 ,jump'1 or ,i fire'6 #d4 ,run'6 run'6 run for your lives6 #e4 ,fire'6 fire'6 fire'6 ,ring the bell'6 #f4 ,gentlemen may cry peace'6 peace'6 but there is no peace6 #g4 ,rouse' ye ,romans6 rouse' ye slaves'6 ,have ye brave sons'8 ,look in the next fierce brawl ,to see them die'4 ,have ye fair daughters'8 ,look ,to see them live1 torn from your arms'1 distained'1 ,dishonored'1 and if ye dare call for justice'1 ,be answered by the lash'6 ,medium ,pitch4 7#dg7 ,,note4--,this is the pitch in which we converse4 ,to strengthen it1 we should read or speak in it as loud as possible1 without rising to a higher key4 ,to do this requires long-continued practice4 #a4 ,under a spreading chestnut tree1 ,the village smithy stands'2 ,the smith1 a mighty man is he1 ,with large and sinewy hands'2 ,and the muscles of his brawny arms ,are strong as iron bands4 #b4 ,there is something in the thunder's voice that makes me tremble like a child4 ,i have tried to conquer' this unmanly weakness'4 ,i have called pride' to my aid'2 ,i have sought for moral courage in the lessons of philosophy'1 but it avails me nothing'4 ,at the first moaning of the distant cloud1 my heart shrinks and dies within me4 #c4 ,he taught the scholars the ,rule of ,three'1 ,reading1 and writing1 and history'1 too'2 ,he took the little ones on his knee'1 ,for a kind old heart in his breast had he'1 ,and the wants of the littlest child he knew'4 ,learn while you're young'1 he often said'1 ,there is much to enjoy down here below'2 ,life for the living'1 and rest for the dead'1 ,said the jolly old pedagogue' long ago'4 ,low ,pitch4 7#dh7 #a4 ,o1 proper stuff6 ,this is the very painting of your fear3 ,this is the air-drawn dagger which1 you said1 ,led you to ,duncan4 ,o1 these flaws and starts1 ,impostors to true fear1 would well become ,a woman's story at a winter's fire4 ,authorized by her grandam4 #b4 ,thou slave6 thou wretch6 thou coward6 ,thou little valiant1 great in villainy6 ,thou ever strong upon the stronger side6 ,thou fortune's champion1 thou dost never fight ,but when her humorous ladyship is by ,to teach thee safety6 ,thou art perjured too1 ,and sooth'st up greatness4 ,what a fool art thou1 ,a ramping fool2 to brag1 and stamp1 and sweat1 ,upon my party6 thou cold-blooded slave6 #c4 ,god6 thou art mighty6 ,at thy footstool bound1 ,lie1 gazing to thee1 ,chance1 and ,life1 and ,death2 ,nor in the angel circle flaming round1 ,nor in the million worlds that blaze beneath1 ,is one that can withstand thy wrath's hot breath4 ,woe1 in thy frown3 in thy smile1 victory3 ,hear my last prayer6 ,i ask no mortal wreath2 ,let but these eyes my rescued country see1 ,then take my spirit1 all ,omnipotent1 to thee4 #d4 ,o ,thou eternal ,one6 whose presence bright ,all space doth occupy1 all motion guide1 ,unchanged through time's all-devastating blight6 ,thou only ,god1 there is no god beside6 ,being above all things1 mighty ,one1 ,whom none can comprehend and none explore2 ,who fill'st existence with thyself alone1-- ,embracing all1 supporting1 ruling o'er1-- ,being whom we call ,god1 and know no more6 ,,quantity ,,and ,,quality4 7#di7 ,quantity1 in reading and speaking1 means the length of time occupied in uttering a syllable or a word4 ,sounds and syllables vary greatly in quantity4 ,some are long1 some short1 and others intermediate between those which are long or short4 ,some sounds1 also1 may be prolonged or shortened in utterance to any desired extent4 ,quantity may be classified as ,long1 ,medium1 or ,short4 ,,directions ,,for ,,practice ,,on ,,long ,,quantity4--,select some word of one syllable ending with a long vocal or a subvocal sound2 pronounce it many times in succession1 increasing the quantity at each repetition1 until you can dwell upon it any desired length of time1 without drawling1 and in a natural tone4 ,,remark4--,practice in accordance with this direction will enable the pupil to secure that fullness and roundness of voice which is exemplified in the hailing of a ship1 ship aho--y2 in the reply of the sailor1 when1 in the roar of the storm1 he answers his captain1 ay--e4 ay--e2 and in the command of the officer to his troops1 when1 amid the thunder of artillery1 he gives the order1 ma--rch1 or ha--lt4 ,this fullness or roundness of tone is secured1 by dwelling on the vocal sound1 and indefinitely protracting it1 ,the mouth should be opened wide1 the tongue kept down1 and the aperture left as round and as free for the voice as possible4 ,it is this artificial rotundity which1 in connection with a distinct articulation1 enables one who speaks in the open air1 or in a very large apartment1 to send his voice to the most distant point4 ,it is a certain degree of this quality1 which distinguishes declamatory or public speaking or reading from private conversation1 and no one can accomplish much1 as a public speaker1 without cultivating it4 ,it must be carefully distinguished from the high tone1 which is an elevation of pitch1 and from loudness4 or strength of voice4 ,it will be observed that clearness and distinctness of utterance are secured by a proper use of the subvocals and aspirates--these sounds giving to words their shape1 as it were2 but a clear1 full1 and well-modulated utterance of the vocals gives to words their fullness4 ,,long ,,quantity4 7#di7 #a4 ,liberty6 ,freedom6 ,tyranny is dead6 #b4 ,woe1 woe1 to the inhabitants of ,jerusalem6 #c4 ,o righteous ,heaven6 ere ,freedom found a grave1 ,why slept the sword1 omnipotent to save8 ,where was thine arm1 ,o ,vengeance6 where thy rod1 ,that smote the foes of ,zion and of ,god8 #d4 ,o sailor boy6 sailor boy6 never again ,shall home1 love1 or kindred thy wishes repay2 ,unblessed and unhonored1 down deep in the main1 ,full many a fathom1 thy frame shall decay4 #e4 ,o ,lord1 our ,lord1 how excellent is thy name in all the earth6 who hast set thy glory above the heavens6 ,when ,i consider thy heavens1 the work of thy fingers2 the moon and the stars1 which thou hast ordained2 what is man1 that thou art mindful of him8 and the son of man1 that thou visitest him8 ,for thou hast made him a little lower than the angels1 and hast crowned him with glory and honor4 ,thou madest him to have dominion over the work of thy hands2 thou hast put all things under his feet4 ,o ,lord1 our ,lord1 how excellent is thy name in all the earth6 ,,medium ,,quantity4 7#ej7 #a4 ,between ,nose and ,eyes a strange contest arose2 ,the spectacles set them1 unhappily1 wrong2 ,the point in dispute was1 as all the world knows1 ,to which the said spectacles ought to belong4 #b4 ,bird of the broad and sweeping wing6 ,thy home is high in heaven1 ,where the wide storms their banners fling1 ,and the tempest clouds are driven4 #c4 ,at midnight1 in his guarded tent1 ,the ,turk lay dreaming of the hour ,when ,greece1 her knee in suppliance bent1 ,should tremble at his power4 #d4 ,on ,new ,year's night1 an old man stood at his window1 and looked1 with a glance of fearful despair1 up the immovable1 unfading heaven1 and down upon the still1 pure1 white earth1 on which no one was now so joyless and sleepless as he4 ,,short ,,quantity4 7#ea7 #a4 ,quick6 or he faints6 stand with the cordial near6 #b4 ,back to thy punishment1 false fugitive6 #c4 ,fret till your proud heart breaks6 ,must ,i observe you8 ,must ,i crouch beneath your testy humor8 #d4 ,up drawbridge1 grooms6 what1 warder1 ho6 ,let the portcullis fall6 #e4 ,quick1 man the lifeboat6 see yon bark1 ,that drives before the blast6 ,there's a rock ahead1 the fog is dark1 ,and the storm comes thick and fast4 #f4 ,i am at liberty1 like every other man1 to use my own language2 and though1 perhaps1 ,i may have some ambition to please this gentleman1 ,i shall not by myself under any restraint1 nor very solicitously copy his diction1 or his mien1 however matured by age or modeled by experience4 ,,movement4 7#ea7 ,movement is the rapidity with which the voice moves in reading and speaking4 ,it varies with the nature of the thought or sentiment to be expressed1 and should be increased or diminished as good taste may determine4 ,with pupils generally1 the tendency is to read too fast4 ,the result is1 reading or speaking in too high a key and an unnatural style of delivery--both of which faults are difficult to be corrected when once formed4 ,the kinds of movement are ,slow1 ,moderate1 and ,quick4 ,,directions4--,read a selection as slowly us possible1 without drawling4 ,read it again and again1 increasing the rate of movement at each reading1 until it can be read no faster without the utterance becoming indistinct4 ,reverse this process1 reading more and more slowly at each repetition1 until the slowest movement is obtained4 ,,slow ,,movement4 7#eb7 #a4 ,oh that those lips had language6 ,life has passed ,with me but roughly1 since ,i heard them last4 #b4 ,a tremulous sigh from the gentle night wind ,through the forest leaves slowly is creeping1 ,while stars up above1 with their glittering eyes1 ,keep guard2 for the army is sleeping4 #c4 ,o ,lord'6 have mercy upon us1 miserable offenders'6 #d4 ,so live1 that when thy summons comes to join ,the innumerable caravan that moves ,to the pale realms of shade1 where each shall take ,his chamber in the silent halls of death1 ,thou go not1 like the quarry slave at night1 ,scourged to his dungeon1 but1 sustained and soothed ,by an unfaltering trust1 approach thy grave ,like one who wraps the drapery of his couch ,about him1 and lies down to pleasant dreams4 ,,moderate ,,movement4 7#eb7 #a4 ,the good'1 the brave'1 the beautiful'1 ,how dreamless' is their sleep1 ,where rolls the dirge-like music' ,of the over-tossing deep'6 ,or where the surging night winds ,pale ,winter's robes have spread ,above the narrow palaces1 ,in the cities of the dead'6 #b4 ,lives of great men all remind us ,we can make our lives sublime1 ,and1 departing1 leave behind us ,footprints on the sands of time4 #c4 ,cast your eyes over this extensive country4 ,observe the salubrity of your climate1 the variety and fertility of your soil2 and see that soil intersected in every quarter by bold1 navigable streams1 flowing to the east and to the west1 as if the finger of heaven were marking out the course of your settlements1 inviting you to enterprise1 and pointing the way to wealth4 ,,quick ,,movement4 7#ec7 #a4 ,awake'6 arise'6 or be forever fallen4 #b4 ,merrily swinging on brier and weed1 ,near to the nest of his little dame1 ,over the mountain side or mead1 ,robert of ,lincoln is telling his name4 #c4 ,not a word to each other2 we kept the great pace-- ,neck by neck1 stride by stride1 never changing our place2 ,i turned in my saddle and made its girths tight1 ,then shortened each stirrup and set the pique right1 ,rebuckled the check strap1 chained slacker the bit1 ,nor galloped less steadily ,roland a whit4 #d4 ,oh my dear uncle1 you don't know the effect of a fine spring morning upon a fellow just arrived from ,russia4 ,the day looked bright1 trees budding1 birds singing1 the park so gay1 that ,i took a leap out of your balcony1 made your deer fly before me like the wind1 and chased them all around the park to get an appetite for breakfast1 while you were snoring in bed1 uncle4 ,quality4--,we notice a difference between the soft1 insinuating tones of persuasion2 the full1 strong voice of command and decision2 the harsh1 irregular1 and sometimes grating explosion of the sounds of passion2 the plaintive notes of sorrow and pity2 and the equable and unimpassioned flow of words in argumentative style4 ,this difference consists in a variation in the quality of the voice by which it is adapted to the character of the thought or sentiment read or spoken4 ,in our attempts to imitate nature1 however1 it is important that all affectation be avoided1 for perfect monotony is preferable to this fault4 ,the tones of the voice should be made to correspond with the nature of the subject1 without apparent effort4 ,,examples4 7#ed7 ,passion and ,grief ,come back6 come back6 he cried1 in grief1 ,across this stormy water2 ,and ,i'll forgive your ,highland chief1 ,my daughter6 ,o1 my daughter6 ,plaintive ,i have lived long enough3 my way of life ,is fallen into the sear1 the yellow leaf3 ,and that which should accompany old age1 ,as honor1 love1 obedience1 troops of friends1 ,i must not look to have4 ,calm ,a very great portion of this globe is covered with water1 which is called sea1 and is very distinct from rivers and lakes4 ,fierce ,anger ,burned ,marmion's swarthy cheek like fire1 ,and shook his very frame for ire2 ,and--,this to me6 he said1-- ,an 't were not for thy hoary beard1 ,such hand as ,marmion's had not spared ,to cleave the ,douglas' head6 ,loud and ,explosive ,even in thy pitch of pride1 ,here1 in thy hold1 thy vassals near1 ,i tell thee1 thou 'rt defied6 ,and if thou said'st ,i am not peer ,to any lord in ,scotland here1 ,lowland or ,highland1 far or near1 ,lord ,angus1 thou hast lied6 ,,vi4 ,,gesture4 7#ee7 ,gesture is that part of the speaker's manner which pertains to his attitude1 to the use and carriage of his person1 and the movement of his limbs in delivery4 ,every person1 in beginning to speak1 feels the natural embarrassment resulting from his new position4 ,the novelty of the situation destroys his self-possession1 and1 with the loss of that1 he becomes awkward1 his arms and hands hang clumsily1 and now1 for the first time1 seem to him worse than superfluous members4 ,this embarrassment will be overcome gradually1 as the speaker becomes familiar with his position2 and it is sometimes overcome at once1 by a powerful exercise of the attention upon the matter of the speech4 ,when that fills and possesses the mind1 the orator is likely to take the attitude which is becoming1 and1 at least1 easy and natural1 if not graceful4 #ast4 ,the first general direction that should be given to the speaker is1 that he should stand erect and firm1 and in that posture which gives an expanded chest and full play to the organs of respiration and utterance4 #b;d4 ,let the attitude be such that it can be shifted easily and gracefully4 ,the student will find1 by trial1 that no attitude is so favorable to this end as that in which the weight of the body is thrown upon one leg1 leaving the other free to be advanced or thrown back1 as fatigue or the proper action of delivery may require4 ,the student who has any regard to grace or elegance1 will of course avoid all the gross faults which are so common among public speakers1 such as resting one foot upon a stool or bench1 or throwing the body forward upon the support of the rostrum4 #c;d4 ,next to attitude1 come the movements of the person and limbs4 ,in these1 two objects are to be observed1 and1 if possible1 combined1 viz41 propriety and grace4 ,there is expression in the extended arm1 the clinched hand1 the open palm1 and the smiting of the breast4 ,but let no gesture be made that is not in harmony with the thought or sentiment uttered2 for it is this harmony which constitutes propriety4 ,as far as possible1 let there be a correspondence between the style of action and the train of thought4 ,where the thought flows on calmly1 let there be grace and ease in gesture and action4 ,where the style is sharp and abrupt1 there is propriety in quick1 short1 and abrupt gesticulation4 ,especially avoid that ungraceful sawing of the air with the arms1 into which all ill-regulated fervor betrays many young speakers4 ,what is called graceful manner1 can only be attained by those who have some natural advantages of person4 ,so far as it is in the reach of study or practice1 it seems to depend chiefly upon the general cultivation of manners1 implying freedom from all embarrassments1 and entire self-possession4 ,the secret of acquiring a graceful style of gesture1 we apprehend1 lies in the habitual practice1 not only when speaking but at all times1 of free and graceful movements of the limbs4 ,there is no limb nor feature which the accomplished speaker will not employ with effect1 in the course of a various and animated delivery4 ,the arms1 however1 are the chief reliance of the orator in gesture2 and it will not be amiss to give a hint or two in reference to their proper use4 ,first--,it is not an uncommon fault to use one arm exclusively1 and to give that a uniform movement4 ,such movement may1 sometimes1 have become habitual from one's profession or employment2 but in learners1 also1 there is often a predisposition to this fault4 ,second--,it is not unusual to see a speaker use only the lower half of his arm4 ,this always gives a stiff and constrained manner to delivery4 ,let the whole arm move1 and let the movement be free and flowing4 ,third--,as a general rule1 let the hand be open1 with the fingers slightly curved4 ,it then seems liberal1 communicative1 and candid2 and1 in some degree1 gives that expression to the style of delivery4 ,of course there are passages which require the clinched hand1 the pointed finger1 etc41 etc42 but these are used to give a particular expression4 ,fourth--,in the movements of the arm1 study variety and the grace of curved lines4 ,when a gesture is made with one arm only1 the eye should be cast in the direction of that arm2 not at it1 but over it4 ,all speakers employ1 more or less1 the motions of the head4 ,in reference to that member1 we make but one observation4 ,avoid the continuous shaking and bobbing of the head1 which is so conspicuous in the action of many ambitious public speakers4 ,the beauty and force of all gesture consist in its timely1 judicious1 and natural employment1 when it can serve to illustrate the meaning or give emphasis to the force of an important passage4 ,the usual fault of young speakers is too much action4 ,to emphasize all parts alike1 is equivalent to no emphasis2 and by employing forcible gestures on unimportant passages1 we diminish our power to render other parts impressive4 ,,elocution ,,and ,,reading4 7#eg7 ,the business of training youth in elocution1 must be commenced in childhood4 ,the first school is the nursery4 ,there1 at least1 may be formed a distinct articulation1 which is the first requisite for good speaking4 ,how rarely is it found in perfection among our orators4 ,words1 says one1 referring to articulation1 should be delivered out from the lips1 as beautiful coins1 newly issued from the mint2 deeply and accurately impressed1 perfectly finished2 neatly struck by the proper organs1 distinct1 in due succession1 and of due weight4 ,how rarely do we hear a speaker whose tongue1 teeth1 and lips1 do their office so perfectly as to answer to this beautiful description6 ,and the common faults in articulation1 it should be remembered1 take their rise from the very nursery4 ,grace in eloquence1 in the pulpit1 at the bar1 can not be separated from grace in the ordinary manners1 in private life1 in the social circle1 in the family4 ,it can not well be superinduced upon all the other acquisitions of youth1 any more than that nameless1 but invaluable1 quality called good breeding4 ,begin1 therefore1 the work of forming the orator with the child2 not merely by teaching him to declaim1 but what is of more consequence1 by observing and correcting his daily manners1 motions1 and attitudes4 ,you can say1 when he comes into your apartment1 or presents you with something1 a book or letter1 in an awkward and blundering manner1 ,return1 and enter this room again1 or1 ,present me that book in a different manner1 or1 ,put yourself in a different attitude4 ,you can explain to him the difference between thrusting or pushing out his hand and arm1 in straight lines and at acute angles1 and moving them in flowing circular lines1 and easy graceful action4 ,he will readily understand you4 ,nothing is more true than that the motions of children are originally graceful2 it is by suffering them to be perverted1 that we lay the foundation of invincible awkwardness in later life4 ,in schools for children1 it ought to be a leading object to teach the art of reading4 ,it ought to occupy threefold more time than it does4 ,the teachers of these schools should labor to improve themselves4 ,they should feel that to them1 for a time1 are committed the future orators of the land4 ,it is better that a girl should return from school a first-rate reader1 than a first-rate performer on the pianoforte4 ,the accomplishment1 in its perfection1 would give more pleasure4 ,the voice of song is not sweeter than the voice of eloquence2 and there may be eloquent readers1 as well as eloquent speakers4 ,we speak of perfection in this art3 and it is something1 we must say in defense of our preference1 which we have never yet seen4 ,let the same pains be devoted to reading1 as are required to form an accomplished performer on an instrument2 let us have1 as the ancients had1 the formers of the voice1 the music masters of the reading voice2 let us see years devoted to this accomplishment1 and then we should be prepared to stand the comparison4 ,reading is indeed1 a most intellectual accomplishment4 ,so is music1 too1 in its perfection4 ,we do by no means undervalue this noble and most delightful art1 to which ,socrates applied himself even in his old age4 ,but one recommendation of the art of reading is1 that it requires a constant exercise of mind4 ,it involves1 in its perfection1 the whole art of criticism on language4 ,a man may possess a fine genius without being a perfect reader2 but he can not be a perfect reader without genius4 ,,on ,,modulation4 7#ei7 ,,from ,,lloyd4 ',t is not enough the voice' be sound and clear'1 ',t is modulation' that must charm the ear4 ,when desperate heroes grieve with tedious moan1 ,and whine their sorrows in a seesaw tone1 ,the same soft sounds of unimpassioned woes1 ,can only make the yawning hearers doze4 ,the voice all modes of passion can express ,that marks the proper word with proper stress3 ,but none emphatic can that speaker call1 ,who lays an equal emphasis on all4 ,some o'er the tongue the labored measure roll1 ,slow and deliberate as the parting toll2 ,point every stop1 mark every pause so strong1 ,their words like stage processions stalk along4 ,all affectation but creates disgust2 ,and e'en in speaking1 we may seem too just4 ,in vain for them' the pleasing measure flows1 ,whose recitation runs it all to prose3 ,repeating what the poet sets not down1 ,the verb disjointing from its favorite noun1 ,while pause1 and break1 and repetition join ,to make it discord in each tuneful line'4 ,some' placid natures fill the allotted scene ,with lifeless drawls1 insipid and serene2 ,while others' thunder every couplet o'er1 ,and almost crack your ears with rant and roar2 ,more nature oft1 and finer strokes are shown ,in the low whisper than tempestuous tone2 ,and ,hamlet's hollow voice and fixed amaze1 ,more powerful terror to the mind conveys ,than he1 who1 swollen with impetuous rage1 ,bullies the bulky phantom of the stage4 ,he who1 in earnest studies o'er his part1 ,will find true nature cling about his heart4 ,the modes of grief are not included all ,in the white handkerchief and mournful drawl3 ,a single look' more marks the internal woe1 ,than all the windings of the lengthened ,oh'6 ,,mcguffey',s ,,sixth ,,reader4 7#fa7 ,,mcguffey',s ,,sixth ,,reader4 7#fc7 ,,selections ,,for ,,reading4 ,i4 ,,anecdote ,,of ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,newcastle4 ,a laughable story was circulated during the administration of the old ,duke of ,newcastle1 and retailed to the public in various forms4 ,this nobleman1 with many good points1 was remarkable for being profuse of his promises on all occasions1 and valued himself particularly on being able to anticipate the words or the wants of the various persons who attended his levees1 before they uttered a word4 ,this sometimes led him into ridiculous embarrassment2 and it was this proneness to lavish promises1 which gave occasion for the following anecdote3 ,at the election of a certain borough in ,cornwall1 where the opposite interests were almost equally poised1 a single vote was of the highest importance4 ,this object the ,duke1 by well applied argument and personal application1 at length attained2 and the gentleman he recommended1 gained the election4 ,in the warmth of gratitude1 his grace poured forth acknowledgments and promises without ceasing1 on the fortunate possessor of the casting vote2 called him his best and dearest friend2 protested1 that he should consider himself as forever indebted to him2 and that he would serve him by night or by day4 ,the ,cornish voter1 who was an honest fellow1 and would not have thought himself entitled to any reward1 but for such a torrent of acknowledgments1 thanked the ,duke for his kindness1 and told him the supervisor of excise was old and infirm1 and1 if he would have the goodness to recommend his son-in-law to the commissioners1 in case of the old man's death1 he should think himself and his family bound to render his grace every assistance in their power1 on any future occasion4 ,my dear friend1 why do you ask for such a trifling employment8 exclaimed his grace2 your relative shall have it the moment the place is vacant1 if you will but call my attention to it4 ,but how shall ,i get admitted to you1 my lord8 ,for in ,london1 ,i understand1 it is a very difficult business to get a sight of you great folks1 though you are so kind and complaisant to us in the country4 ,the instant the man dies1 replied the ,duke1 set out posthaste for ,london2 drive directly to my house1 and1 be it by night or by day1 thunder at the door2 ,i will leave word with my porter to show you upstairs directly2 and the employment shall be disposed of according to your wishes4 ,the parties separated2 the ,duke drove to a friend's house in the neighborhood1 without a wish or desire to see his new acquaintance till that day seven years2 but the memory of the ,cornish elector1 not being burdened with such a variety of objects1 was more retentive4 ,the supervisor died a few months after1 and the ,duke's humble friend1 relying on the word of a peer1 was conveyed to ,london posthaste1 and ascended with alacrity the steps of that nobleman's palace4 ,the reader should be informed1 that just at this time1 no less a person than the ,king of ,spain was expected hourly to depart this life1 an event in which the minister of ,great ,britain was particularly concerned2 and the ,duke of ,newcastle1 on the very night that the proprietor of the decisive vote arrived at his door1 had sat up anxiously expecting dispatches from ,madrid4 ,wearied by official business and agitated spirits1 he retired to rest1 having previously given particular instructions to his porter not to go to bed1 as he expected every minute a messenger with advices of the greatest importance1 and desired that he might be shown upstairs1 the moment of his arrival4 ,his grace was sound asleep2 and the porter1 settled for the night in his armchair1 had already commenced a sonorous nap1 when the vigorous arm of the ,cornish voter roused him from his slumbers4 ,to his first question1 ,is the ,duke at home8 the porter replied1 ,yes1 and in bed2 but has left particular orders that1 come when you will1 you are to go up to him directly4 ,bless him1 for a worthy and honest gentleman1 cried our applicant for the vacant post1 smiling and nodding with approbation at the prime minister's kindness1 how punctual his grace is2 ,i knew he would not deceive me2 let me hear no more of lords and dukes not keeping their words2 ,i verily believe they are as honest1 and mean as well as any other folks4 ,having ascended the stairs as he was speaking1 he was ushered into the ,duke's bedchamber4 ,is he dead8 exclaimed his grace1 rubbing his eyes1 and scarcely awakened from dreaming of the ,king of ,spain1 ,is he dead8 ,yes1 my lord1 replied the eager expectant1 delighted to find the election promise1 with all its circumstances1 so fresh in the nobleman's memory4 ,when did he die8 ,the day before yesterday1 exactly at half past one o'clock1 after being confined three weeks to his bed1 and taking a power of doctor's stuff2 and ,i hope your grace will be as good as your word1 and let my son-in-law succeed him4 ,the ,duke1 by this time perfectly awake1 was staggered at the impossibility of receiving intelligence from ,madrid in so short a space of time2 and perplexed at the absurdity of a king's messenger applying for his son-in-law to succeed the ,king of ,spain3 ,is the man drunk1 or mad8 ,where are your dispatches8 exclaimed his grace1 hastily drawing back his curtain2 where1 instead of a royal courier1 he recognized at the bedside1 the fat1 good-humored countenance of his friend from ,cornwall1 making low bows1 with hat in hand1 and hoping my lord would not forget the gracious promise he was so good as to make1 in favor of his son-in-law1 at the last election4 ,vexed at so untimely a disturbance1 and disappointed of news from ,spain1 the ,duke frowned for a moment2 but chagrin soon gave way to mirth1 at so singular and ridiculous a combination of circumstances1 and1 yielding to the impulse1 he sunk upon the bed in a violent fit of laughter1 which was communicated in a moment to the attendants4 ,the relater of this little narrative1 concludes1 with observing1 ,although the ,duke of ,newcastle could not place the relative of his old acquaintance on the throne of ,his ,catholic ,majesty1 he advanced him to a post not less honorable--he made him an exciseman4 --,blackwood's ,magazine4 ,illustration3 ,bedroom3 ,the ,duke is startled awake1 sitting up in bed with distressed look on his face4 ,a servant is holding a candlestick4 ,a third man is slightly bowed and holding his hat in his hands4 ,the duke's sword rests against a chair at the foot of the bed4 ,notes4--,duke of ,newcastle4--,thomas ,holles ,pelham 7b4 #afic1 d4 #agfh71 one of the chief ministers of state in the reign of ,george ,,ii4 of ,england4 ,cornwall4--,a county forming the extreme southwestern part of ,england4 ,king of ,spain4--,ferdinand ,,vi4 was then the king of ,spain4 ,he died in #agei4 ,his ,catholic ,majesty1 a title applied to the kings of ,spain2 first given to ,alfonso ,i4 by ,pope ,gregory ,,iii4 in #gci4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,needle4 7#fg7 ,the gay belles of fashion may boast of excelling ,in waltz or cotillon1 at whist or quadrille2 ,and seek admiration by vauntingly telling ,of drawing1 and painting1 and musical skill3 ,but give me the fair one1 in country or city1 ,whose home and its duties are dear to her heart1 ,who cheerfully warbles some rustical ditty1 ,while plying the needle with exquisite art3 ,the bright little needle1 the swift-flying needle1 ,the needle directed by beauty and art4 ,if ,love have a potent1 a magical token1 ,a talisman1 ever resistless and true1 ,a charm that is never evaded or broken1 ,a witchery certain the heart to subdue1 ',t is this2 and his armory never has furnished ,so keen and unerring1 or polished a dart2 ,let beauty direct it1 so polished and burnished1 ,and oh6 it is certain of touching the heart3 ,the bright little needle1 the swift-flying needle1 ,the needle directed by beauty and art4 ,be wise1 then1 ye maidens1 nor seek admiration1 ,by dressing for conquest1 and flirting with all2 ,you never1 whate'er be your fortune or station1 ,appear half so lovely at rout or at ball1 ,as gayly convened at the work-covered table1 ,each cheerfully active1 playing her part1 ,beguiling the task with a song or a fable1 ,and plying the needle with exquisite art3 ,the bright little needle1 the swift-flying needle1 ,the needle directed by beauty and art4 --,samuel ,woodworth4 ,,iii4 ,,dawn4 7#fh7 ,edward ,everett1 #agid-ahfe4 ,he was born at ,dorchester1 ,mass41 now a part of ,boston1 and graduated from ,harvard ,college with the highest honors of his class1 at the age of seventeen4 ,while yet in college1 he had quite a reputation as a brilliant writer4 ,before he was twenty years of age1 he was settled as pastor over the ,brattle ,street ,church1 in ,boston1 and at once became famous as an eloquent preacher4 ,in #ahad1 he was elected ,professor of ,greek ,literature in his ,alma ,mater2 and1 in order to prepare himself for the duties of his office1 he entered on an extended course of travel in ,europe4 ,he edited the ,north ,american ,review1 in addition to the labors of his professorship1 after he returned to ,america4 ,in #ahbe1 ,mr4 ,everett was elected to ,congress1 and held his seat in the ,house for ten years4 ,he was ,governor of his native state from #ahce to #ahci4 ,in #ahda1 he was appointed ,minister to ,england4 ,on his return1 in #ahdf1 he was chosen ,president of ,harvard ,university1 and held the office for three years4 ,in #aheb1 he was appointed ,secretary of ,state4 ,february #bb1 #ahef1 he delivered1 in ,boston1 his celebrated lecture on ,washington4 ,this lecture was afterwards delivered in most of the principal cities and towns in the ,united ,states4 ,the proceeds were devoted to the purchase of ,mt4 ,vernon4 ,in #ahfj1 he was a candidate for the ,vice ,presidency of the ,united ,states1 ,he is celebrated as an elegant and forcible writer1 and a chaste orator4 ,this extract1 a wonderful piece of word painting1 is a portion of an address on the ,uses of ,astronomy1 delivered at the inauguration of the ,dudley ,observatory1 at ,albany1 ,n1 ,y1 ,note the careful use of words1 and the strong figures in the third and fourth paragraphs4 ,i had occasion1 a few weeks since1 to take the early train from ,providence to ,boston2 and for this purpose rose at two o'clock in the morning4 ,everything around was wrapped in darkness and hushed in silence1 broken only by what seemed at that hour the unearthly clank and rush of the train4 ,it was a mild1 serene1 midsummer's night1--the sky was without a cloud1 the winds were whist4 ,the moon1 then in the last quarter1 had just risen1 and the stars shone with a spectral luster but little affected by her presence4 ,jupiter1 two hours high1 was the herald of the day2 the ,pleiades1 just above the horizon1 shed their sweet influence in the east2 ,lyra sparkled near the zenith2 ,andromeda veiled her newly-discovered glories from the naked eye in the south2 the steady ,pointers1 far beneath the pole1 looked meekly up from the depths of the north to their sovereign4 ,such was the glorious spectacle as ,i entered the train4 ,as we proceeded1 the timid approach of twilight became more perceptible2 the intense blue of the sky began to soften2 the smaller stars1 like little children1 went first to rest2 the sister beams of the ,pleiades soon melted together2 but the bright constellations of the west and north remained unchanged4 ,steadily the wondrous transfiguration went on4 ,hands of angels1 hidden from mortal eyes1 shifted the scenery of the heavens2 the glories of night dissolved into the glories of the dawn4 ,the blue sky now turned more softly gray2 the great watch stars shut up their holy eyes2 the east began to kindle4 ,faint streaks of purple soon blushed along the sky2 the whole celestial concave was filled with the inflowing tides of the morning light1 which came pouring down from above in one great ocean of radiance2 till at length1 as we reached the ,blue ,hills1 a flash of purple fire blazed out from above the horizon1 and turned the dewy teardrops of flower and leaf into rubies and diamonds4 ,in a few seconds1 the everlasting gates of the morning were thrown wide open1 and the lord of day1 arrayed in glories too severe for the gaze of man1 began his state4 ,i do not wonder at the superstition of the ancient ,magians1 who1 in the morning of the world1 went up to the hilltops of ,central ,asia1 and1 ignorant of the true ,god1 adored the most glorious work of his hand4 ,but ,i am filled with amazement1 when ,i am told1 that1 in this enlightened age and in the heart of the ,christian world1 there are persons who can witness this daily manifestation of the power and wisdom of the ,creator1 and yet say in their hearts1 ,there is no ,god4 ,notes4--,jupiter1 the largest planet of the solar system1 and1 next to ,venus1 the brightest4 ,pleiades 7pro4 ple'ya-dez71 a group of seven small stars in the constellation of ,taurus4 ,lyra1 ,androm'eda1 two brilliant constellations in the northern part of the heavens4 ,pointers1 two stars of the group called the ,dipper1 in the ,great ,bear4 ,these stars and the ,polar ,star are nearly in the same straight line4 ,blue ,hills1 hills about seven hundred feet high1 southwest of ,boston1 ,massachusetts4 ,magians1 ,persian worshipers of fire and the sun1 as representatives of the ,supreme ,being4 ,,iv4 ,,description ,,of ,a ,,storm4 7#gj7 ,benjamin ,disraeli4 #ahje-ahha1 was of ,jewish descent4 ,his ancestors were driven out of ,spain by the ,inquisition1 and went to ,venice4 ,in #agdh1 his grandfather came to ,england4 ,his father was ,isaac ,disraeli1 well known as a literary man4 ,benjamin was born in ,london1 and received his early education under his father4 ,he afterwards studied for a lawyer1 but soon gave up his profession for literature4 ,his first novel1 ,vivian ,grey1 appeared when the author was twenty-one years of age2 it received much attention4 ,after several defeats he succeeded in an election to ,parliament1 and took his seat in that body1 in the first year of ,victoria's reign4 ,on his first attempt to speak in ,parliament1 the ,house refused to hear him4 ,it is said that1 as he sat down1 he remarked that the time would come when they would hear him4 ,in #ahdi1 he became the leader of the ,conservative party in the ,house4 ,during the administration of ,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone1 ,mr4 ,disraeli was leader of the opposition4 ,in #ahfh1 he became prime minister1 holding the office for a short time4 ,in #ahgd1 he was again appointed to the same office1 where he remained until #ahhj4 ,his wife was made ,viscountess of ,beaconsfield in #ahfh4 ,after her death1 the title of ,earl of ,beaconsfield was conferred on ,disraeli4 ,he ranked among the most eminent1 statesmen of the age1 but always devoted a portion of his time to literature4 ,lothair1 a novel1 was published in #ahgj4 99 99 99 ,they looked round on every side1 and hope gave way before the scene of desolation4 ,immense branches were shivered from the largest trees2 small ones were entirely stripped of their leaves2 the long grass was bowed to the earth2 the waters were whirled in eddies out of the little rivulets2 birds1 leaving their nests to seek shelter in the crevices of the rocks1 unable to stem the driving air1 flapped their wings and fell upon the earth2 the frightened animals of the plain1 almost suffocated by the impetuosity of the wind1 sought safety and found destruction2 some of the largest trees were torn up by the roots2 the sluices of the mountains were filled1 and innumerable torrents rushed down the before empty gullies4 ,the heavens now open1 and the lightning and thunder contend with the horrors of the wind4 ,in a moment1 all was again hushed4 ,dead silence succeeded the bellow of the thunder1 the roar of the wind1 the rush of the waters1 the moaning of the beasts1 the screaming of the birds4 ,nothing was heard save the plash of the agitated lake1 as it beat up against the black rocks which girt it in4 ,again1 greater darkness enveloped the trembling earth4 ,anon1 the heavens were rent with lightning1 which nothing could have quenched but the descending deluge4 ,cataracts poured down from the lowering firmament4 ,for an instant1 the horses dashed madly forward2 beast and rider blinded and stifled by the gushing rain1 and gasping for breath4 ,shelter was nowhere4 ,the quivering beasts reared1 and snorted1 and sank upon their knees1 dismounting their riders4 ,he had scarcely spoken1 when there burst forth a terrific noise1 they knew not what2 a rush1 they could not understand2 a vibration which shook them on their horses4 ,every terror sank before the roar of the cataract4 ,it seemed that the mighty mountain1 unable to support its weight of waters1 shook to the foundation4 ,a lake had burst upon its summit1 and the cataract became a falling ocean4 ,the source of the great deep appeared to be discharging itself over the range of mountains2 the great gray peak tottered on its foundation6--,it shook6--it fell6 and buried in its ruins the castle1 the village1 and the bridge6 ,v4 ,,after ,,the ,,thunderstorm4 7#gb7 ,james ,thomson1 #agjj-agdh1 the son of a clergyman1 was born in ,scotland4 ,he studied at the ,university of ,edinburgh1 and intended to follow the profession of his father1 but never entered upon the duties of the sacred office4 ,in #agbd he went to ,london1 where he spent most of his subsequent life4 ,he had shown some poetical talent when it boy2 and1 in #ahbf1 he published ,winter1 a part of a longer poem1 entitled ,the ,seasons1 the best known of all his works4 ,he also wrote several plays for the stage2 none of them1 however1 achieved any great success4 ,in the last year of his life1 he published his ,castle of ,indolence1 the most famous of his works excepting ,the ,seasons4 ,thomson was heavy and dull in his personal appearance1 and was indolent in his habits4 ,the moral tone of his writings is always good4 ,this extract is from ,the ,seasons4 ,as from the face of heaven the shattered clouds ,tumultuous rove1 the interminable sky ,sublimer swells1 and o'er the world expands ,a purer azure4 ,through the lightened air ,a higher luster and a clearer calm1 ,diffusive1 tremble2 while1 as if in sign ,of danger past1 a glittering robe of joy1 ,set off abundant by the yellow ray1 ,invests the fields2 and nature smiles revived4 ',t is beauty all1 and grateful song around1 ,joined to the low of kine1 and numerous bleat ,of flocks thick-nibbling through the clovered vale3 ,and shall the hymn be marred by thankless man1 ,most favored2 who1 with voice articulate1 ,should lead the chorus of this lower world8 ,shall man1 so soon forgetful of the ,hand ,that hushed the thunder1 and serenes the sky1 ,extinguished fed that spark the tempest waked1 ,that sense of powers exceeding far his own1 ,ere yet his feeble heart has lost its fears8 ,,vi4 ,,house ,,cleaning4 7#gc7 ,francis ,hopkinson1 #agcg-agia4 ,he was the son of an ,englishman2 born in ,philadelphia1 and was educated at the college of that city1 now the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,he represented ,new ,jersey in the ,congress of #aggf1 and was one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,he was one of the most sensible and elegant writers of his time1 and distinguished himself both in prose and verse4 ,his lighter writings abound in humor and keen satire2 his more solid writings are marked by clearness and good sense4 ,his pen did much to forward the cause of ,american independence4 ,his ,essay on ,whitewashing1 from which the following extract is taken1 was mistaken for the composition of ,dr4 ,franklin1 and published among his writings1 ,it was originally in the form of ,a ,letter from a ,gentleman in ,america to his ,friend in ,europe1 on ,whitewashing4 ,there is no season of the year in which the lady may not1 if she pleases1 claim her privilege2 but the latter end of ,may is generally fixed upon for the purpose4 ,the attentive husband may judge1 by certain prognostics1 when the storm is at hand4 ,if the lady grows uncommonly fretful1 finds fault with the servants1 is discontented with the children1 and complains much of the nastiness of everything about her1 these are symptoms which ought not to be neglected1 yet they sometimes go off without any further effect4 ,but if1 when the husband rises in the morning1 he should observe in the yard a wheelbarrow with a quantity of lime in it1 or should see certain buckets filled with a solution of lime in water1 there is no time for hesitation4 ,he immediately locks up the apartment or closet where his papers and private property are kept1 and1 putting the key into his pocket1 betakes himself to flight4 ,a husband1 however beloved1 becomes a perfect nuisance during this season of female rage4 ,his authority is superseded1 his commission suspended1 and the very scullion who cleans the brasses in the kitchen becomes of more importance than he4 ,he has nothing for it but to abdicate for a time1 and run from an evil which he can neither prevent nor mollify4 ,the husband gone1 the ceremony begins4 ,the walls are stripped of their furniture--paintings1 prints1 and looking-glasses lie huddled in heaps about the floors2 the curtains are torn from their testers1 the beds crammed into windows1 chairs and tables1 bedsteads and cradles1 crowd the yard1 and the garden fence bends beneath the weight of carpets1 blankets1 cloth cloaks1 old coats1 under petticoats1 and ragged breeches4 ,here may be seen the lumber of the kitchen1 forming a dark and confused mass for the foreground of the picture2 gridirons and frying pans1 rusty shovels and broken tongs1 joint stools1 and the fractured remains of rush-bottomed chairs4 ,there a closet has disgorged its bowels--riveted plates and dishes1 halves of china bowls1 cracked tumblers1 broken wineglasses1 phials of forgotten physic1 papers of unknown powders1 seeds and dried herbs1 tops of teapots1 and stoppers of departed decanters--from the rag hole in the garret1 to the rat hole in the cellar1 no place escapes unrummaged4 ,it would seem as if the day of general doom had come1 and the utensils of the house were dragged forth to judgment4 ,in this tempest1 the words of ,king ,lear unavoidably present themselves1 and might1 with little alteration1 be made strictly applicable4 ,let the great gods1 ,that keep this dreadful pother o'er our heads1 ,find out their enemies now4 ,tremble1 thou wretch1 ,that hast within thee undivulged crimes ,unwhipp'd of justice4 ,close pent-up guilts1 ,rive your concealing continents1 and cry ,these dreadful summoners grace4 ,this ceremony completed1 and the house thoroughly evacuated1 the next operation is to smear the walls and ceilings with brushes dipped into a solution of lime1 called whitewash2 to pour buckets of water over every floor2 and scratch all the partitions and wainscots with hard brushes1 charged with soft soap and stonecutters' sand4 ,the windows by no means escape the general deluge4 ,a servant scrambles out upon the penthouse1 at the risk of her neck1 and1 with a mug in her hand and a bucket within reach1 dashes innumerable gallons of water against the glass panes1 to the great annoyance of passengers in the street4 ,i have been told that an action at law was once brought against one of these water nymphs1 by a person who had a new suit of clothes spoiled by this operation3 but after long argument1 it was determined that no damages could be awarded2 inasmuch as the defendant was in the exercise of a legal right1 and not answerable for the consequences4 ,and so the poor gentleman was doubly non-suited2 for he lost both his suit of clothes and his suit at law4 ,these smearings and scratchings1 these washings and dashings1 being duly performed1 the next ceremonial is to cleanse and replace the distracted furniture4 ,you may have seen a house raising1 or a ship launch-- recollect1 if you can1 the hurry1 bustle1 confusion1 and noise of such a scene1 and you will have some idea of this cleansing match4 ,the misfortune is1 that the sole object is to make things clean4 ,it matters not how many useful1 ornamental1 or valuable articles suffer mutilation or death under the operation4 ,a mahogany chair and a carved frame undergo the same discipline2 they are to be made clean at all events2 but their preservation is not worthy of attention4 ,for instance3 a fine large engraving is laid flat upon the floor2 a number of smaller prints are piled upon it1 until the superincumbent weight cracks the lower glass--but this is of no importance4 ,a valuable picture is placed leaning against the sharp corner of a table2 others are made to lean against that1 till the pressure of the whole forces the corner of the table through the canvas of the first4 ,the frame and glass of a fine print are to be cleaned2 the spirit and oil used on this occasion are suffered to leak through and deface the engraving--no matter4 ,if the glass is clean and the frame shines1 it is sufficient--the rest is not worthy of consideration4 ,an able arithmetician hath made a calculation1 founded on long experience1 and proved that the losses and destruction incident to two white washings are equal to one removal1 and three removals equal to one fire4 ,this cleansing frolic over1 matters begin to resume their pristine appearance3 the storm abates1 and all would be well again2 but it is impossible that so great a convulsion in so small a community should pass over without producing some consequences4 ,for two or three weeks after the operation1 the family are usually afflicted with sore eyes1 sore throats1 or severe colds1 occasioned by exhalations from wet floors and damp walls4 ,i know a gentleman here who is fond of accounting for everything in a philosophical way4 ,he considers this1 what ,i call a custom1 as a real periodical disease peculiar to the climate4 ,his train of reasoning is whimsical and ingenious1 but ,i am not at leisure to give you the detail4 ,the result was1 that he found the distemper to be incurable2 but after much study1 he thought he had discovered a method to divert the evil he could not subdue4 ,for this purpose1 he caused a small building1 about twelve feet square1 to be erected in his garden1 and furnished with some ordinary chairs and tables1 and a few prints of the cheapest sort4 ,his hope was1 that when the whitewashing frenzy seized the females of his family1 they might repair to this apartment1 and scrub1 and scour1 and smear to their hearts' content2 and so spend the violence of the disease in this outpost1 whilst he enjoyed himself in quiet at headquarters4 ,but the experiment did not answer his expectation4 ,it was impossible it should1 since a principal part of the gratification consists in the lady's having an uncontrolled right to torment her husband at least once in every year2 to turn him out of doors1 and take the reins of government into her own hands4 ,there is a much better contrivance than this of the philosopher's2 which is1 to cover the walls of the house with paper4 ,this is generally done4 ,and though it does not abolish1 it at least shortens the period of female dominion4 ,this paper is decorated with various fancies2 and made so ornamental that the women have admitted the fashion without perceiving the design4 ,there is also another alleviation to the husband's distress4 ,he generally has the sole use of a small room or closet for his books and papers1 the key of which he is allowed to keep4 ,this is considered as a privileged place1 even in the whitewashing season1 and stands like the land of ,goshen amidst the plagues of ,egypt4 ,but then he must be extremely cautious1 and ever upon his guard2 for1 should he inadvertently go abroad and leave the key in his door1 the housemaid1 who is always on the watch for such an opportunity1 immediately enters in triumph with buckets1 brooms1 and brushes--takes possession of the premises1 and forthwith puts an his books and papers to rights1 to his utter confusion1 and sometimes serious detriment4 ,notes4--,lear4--,the reference is to ,shakespeare's tragedy1 ,act ,,iii1 ,scene #b4 ,goshen4--,the portion of ,egypt settled by ,jacob and his family4 ,in the ,bible1 ,exodus viii1 #bb1 ,goshen was exempted from the plague of the flies4 ,the teacher should ascertain that the pupils note the satire and humor of this selection4 ,this letter was written about a hundred years ago4 ,what word in the first paragraph that would probably not be used by an elegant writer of the present day8 ,note the words that indicate changes in domestic customs2 such as testers1 joint stools1 wainscots1 house raising4 ,,vii4 ,,schemes ,,of ,,life ,,often ,,illusory4 7#gh7 ,samuel ,johnson1 #agjj-aghd4 ,this truly remarkable man was the son of a bookseller and stationer2 he was born in ,lichfield1 ,staffordshire1 ,england4 ,he entered ,pembroke ,college1 ,oxford1 in #agbh2 but1 at the end of three years1 his poverty compelled him to leave without taking his degree4 ,in #agcf1 he married ,mrs4 ,porter1 a widow of little culture1 much older than himself1 but possessed of some property4 ,the marriage seems to have been a happy one1 nevertheless2 and1 on the death of his wife1 in #ageb1 ,johnson mourned for her1 most sincerely4 ,soon after his marriage1 he opened a private school1 but1 obtained only three pupils1 one of whom was ,david ,garrick1 afterward the celebrated actor4 ,in #agcg1 he removed to ,london1 where he lived for most of the remainder of his life4 ,here he entered upon literary work1 in which he continued1 and from which he derived his chief support1 although at times it was but a meager one1 ,his ,vanity of ,human ,wishes was sold for ten guineas4 ,his great ,dictionary1 the first one of the ,english language worthy of mention1 brought him #aege ,pounds1 and occupied his time for seven years4 ,most of the money he received for the work went to pay his six amanuenses4 ,the other most famous of his numerous literary works are ,the ,rambler1 ,rasselas1 ,the ,lives of the ,english ,poets1 and his edition of ,shakespeare4 ,in person1 ,johnson was heavy and awkward2 he was the victim of scrofula in his youth1 and of dropsy in his old age4 ,in manner1 he was boorish and overbearing2 but his great powers and his wisdom caused his company to be sought by many eminent men of his time4 ,omar1 the son of ,hassan1 had passed seventy-five years in honor and prosperity4 ,the favor of three successive caliphs had filled his house with gold and silver2 and whenever he appeared1 the benedictions of the people proclaimed his passage4 ,terrestrial happiness is of short continuance1 ,the brightness of the flame is wasting its fuel2 the fragrant flower is passing away in its own odors4 ,the vigor of ,omar began to fail2 the curls of beauty fell from his head2 strength departed from his hands1 and agility from his feet4 ,he gave back to the caliph the keys of trust1 and the seals of secrecy2 and sought no other pleasure for the remainder of life than the converse of the wise and the gratitude of the good4 ,the powers of his mind were yet unimpaired4 ,his chamber was filled by visitants1 eager to catch the dictates of experience1 and officious to pay the tribute of admiration4 ,caleb1 the son of the viceroy of ,egypt1 entered every day early1 and retired late4 ,he was beautiful and eloquent2 ,omar admired his wit1 and loved his docility4 ,tell me1 said ,caleb1 thou to whose voice nations have listened1 and whose wisdom is known to the extremities of ,asia1 tell me1 how ,i may resemble ,omar the prudent8 ,the arts by which thou hast gained power and preserved it1 are to thee no longer necessary or useful2 impart to me the secret of thy conduct1 and teach me the plan upon which thy wisdom has built thy fortune4 ,young man1 said ,omar1 it is of little use to form plans of life4 ,when ,i took my first survey of the world1 in my twentieth year1 having considered the various conditions of mankind1 in the hour of solitude ,i said thus to myself1 leaning against a cedar which spread its branches over my head3 ',seventy years are allowed to man2 ,i have yet fifty remaining4 ',ten years ,i will allot to the attainment of knowledge1 and ten ,i will pass in foreign countries2 ,i shall be learned1 and therefore ,i shall be honored2 every city will shout at my arrival1 and every student will solicit my friendship4 ,twenty years thus passed will store my mind with images which ,i shall be busy through the rest of my life in combining and comparing4 ,i shall revel in inexhaustible accumulations of intellectual riches2 ,i shall find new pleasures for every moment1 and shall never more be weary of myself4 ',i will not1 however1 deviate too far from the beaten track of life2 but will try what can be found in female delicacy4 ,i will marry a wife as beautiful as the houries1 and wise as ,zobeide2 and with her ,i will live twenty years within the suburbs of ,bagdad1 in every pleasure that wealth can purchase1 and fancy can invent4 ',i will then retire to a rural dwelling1 pass my days in obscurity and contemplation2 and lie silently down on the bed of death4 ,through my life it shall be my settled resolution1 that ,i will never depend on the smile of princes2 that ,i will never stand exposed to the artifices of courts2 ,i will never pant for public honors1 nor disturb my quiet with the affairs of state4' ,such was my scheme of life1 which ,i impressed indelibly upon my memory4 ,the first part of my ensuing time was to be spent in search of knowledge1 and ,i know not how ,i was diverted from my design4 ,i had no visible impediments without1 nor any ungovernable passion within4 ,i regarded knowledge as the highest honor1 and the most engaging pleasure2 yet day stole upon day1 and month glided after month1 till ,i found that seven years of the first ten had vanished1 and left nothing behind them4 ,i now postponed my purpose of traveling2 for why should ,i go abroad1 while so much remained to be learned at home8 ,i immured myself for four years1 and studied the laws of the empire4 ,the fame of my skill reached the judges3 ,i was found able to speak upon doubtful questions1 and ,i was commanded to stand at the footstool of the caliph4 ,i was heard with attention2 ,i was consulted with confidence1 and the love of praise fastened on my heart4 ,i still wished to see distant countries2 listened with rapture to the relations of travelers1 and resolved some time to ask my dismission1 that ,i might feast my soul with novelty2 but my presence was always necessary1 and the stream of business hurried me along4 ,sometimes1 ,i was afraid lest ,i should be charged with ingratitude2 but ,i still proposed to travel1 and therefore would not confine myself by marriage4 ,in my fiftieth year1 ,i began to suspect that the time of my traveling was past2 and thought it best to lay hold on the felicity yet in my power1 and indulge myself in domestic pleasures4 ,but1 at fifty1 no man easily finds a woman beautiful as the houries1 and wise as ,zobeide4 ,i inquired and rejected1 consulted and deliberated1 till the sixty-second year made me ashamed of wishing to marry4 ,i had now nothing left but retirement2 and for retirement ,i never found a time1 till disease forced me from public employment4 ,such was my scheme1 and such has been its consequence4 ,with an insatiable thirst for knowledge1 ,i trifled away the years of improvement2 with a restless desire of seeing different countries1 ,i have always resided in the same city2 with the highest expectation of connubial felicity1 ,i have lived unmarried2 and with an unalterable resolution of contemplative retirement1 ,i am going to die within the walls of ,bagdad4 ,notes4--,bag dad'--,a large city of ,asiatic ,turkey1 on the river ,tigris4 ,in the ninth century1 it was the greatest center of ,moslem power and learning4 ,zobeide 7,zo-bad'74--,a lady of ,bagdad1 whose story is given in the ,three ,calendars of the ,arabian ,nights4 ,in this selection the form of an allegory is used to express a general truth4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,brave ,,old ,,oak4 7#ha7 ,henry ,fothergill ,chorley1 #ahjh-ahgb4 ,he is known chiefly as a musical critic and author2 for thirty-eight years he was connected with the ,london ,athenaeum4 ,his books are mostly novels4 ,a song to the oak1 the brave old oak1 ,who hath ruled in the greenwood long2 ,here's health and renown to his broad green crown1 ,and his fifty arms so strong4 ,there's fear in his frown1 when the sun goes down1 ,and the fire in the west fades out2 ,and he showeth his might on a wild midnight1 ,when the storms through his branches shout4 ,in the days of old1 when the spring with cold ,had brightened his branches gray1 ,through the grass at his feet1 crept maidens sweet1 ,to gather the dews of ,may4 ,and on that day1 to the rebec gay ,they frolicked with lovesome swains2 ,they are gone1 they are dead1 in the churchyard laid1 ,but the tree--it still remains4 ,he saw rare times when the ,christmas chimes ,were a merry sound to hear1 ,when the ,squire's wide hall and the cottage small ,were filled with good ,english cheer4 ,now gold hath the sway we all obey1 ,and a ruthless king is he2 ,but he never shall send our ancient friend ,to be tossed on the stormy sea4 ,then here's to the oak1 the brave old oak1 ,who stands in his pride alone2 ,and still flourish he1 a hale green tree1 ,when a hundred years are gone4 ,,ix4 ,,the ,,artist ,,surprised4 7#hb7 ,it may not be known to all the admirers of the genius of ,albert ,durer1 that that famous engraver was endowed with a better half1 so peevish in temper1 that she was the torment not only of his own life1 but also of his pupils and domestics4 ,some of the former were cunning enough to purchase peace for themselves by conciliating the common tyrant1 but woe to those unwilling or unable to offer aught in propitiation4 ,even the wiser ones were spared only by having their offenses visited upon a scapegoat4 ,this unfortunate individual was ,samuel ,duhobret1 a disciple whom ,durer had admitted into his school out of charity4 ,he was employed in painting signs and the coarser tapestry then used in ,germany4 ,he was about forty years of age1 little1 ugly1 and humpbacked2 he was the butt of every ill joke among his fellow disciples1 and was picked out as an object of especial dislike by ,madame ,durer4 ,but he bore all with patience1 and ate1 without complaint1 the scanty crusts given him every day for dinner1 while his companions often fared sumptuously4 ,poor ,samuel had not a spice of envy or malice in his heart4 ,he would1 at any time1 have toiled half the night to assist or serve those who were wont oftenest to laugh at him1 or abuse him loudest for his stupidity4 ,true1 he had not the qualities of social humor or wit1 but he was an example of indefatigable industry4 ,he came to his studies every morning at daybreak1 and remained at work until sunset4 ,then he retired into his lonely chamber1 and wrought for his own amusement4 ,duhobret labored three years in this way1 giving himself no time for exercise or recreation4 ,he said nothing to a single human being of the paintings he had produced in the solitude of his cell1 by the light of his lamp4 ,but his bodily energies wasted and declined under incessant toil4 ,there was none sufficiently interested in the poor artist1 to mark the feverish hue of his wrinkled cheek1 or the increasing attenuation of his misshapen frame4 ,none observed that the uninviting pittance set aside for his midday repast1 remained for several days untouched4 ,samuel made his appearance regularly as ever1 and bore with the same meekness the gibes of his fellow-pupils1 or the taunts of ,madame ,durer1 and worked with the same untiring assiduity1 though his hands would sometimes tremble1 and his eyes become suffused1 a weakness probably owing to the excessive use he had made of them4 ,one morning ,duhobret was missing at the scene of his daily labors4 ,his absence created much remark1 and many were the jokes passed upon the occasion4 ,one surmised this1 and another that1 as the cause of the phenomenon2 and it was finally agreed that the poor fellow must have worked himself into an absolute skeleton1 and taken his final stand in the glass frame of some apothecary1 or been blown away by a puff of wind1 while his door happened to stand open4 ,no on thought of going to his lodgings to look after him or his remains4 ,meanwhile1 the object of their mirth was tossing on a bed of sickness4 ,disease1 which had been slowly sapping the foundations of his strength1 burned in every vein2 his eyes rolled and flashed in delirium2 his lips1 usually so silent1 muttered wild and incoherent words4 ,in his days of health1 poor ,duhobret had his dreams1 as all artists1 rich or poor1 will sometimes have4 ,he had thought that the fruit of many years' labor1 disposed of to advantage1 might procure him enough to live1 in an economical way1 for the rest of his life4 ,he never anticipated fame or fortune2 the height of his ambition or hope was1 to possess a tenement large enough to shelter him from the inclemencies of the weather1 with means enough to purchase one comfortable meal per day4 ,now1 alas6 however1 even that one hope had deserted him4 ,he thought himself dying1 and thought it hard to die without one to look kindly upon him1 without the words of comfort that might soothe his passage to another world4 ,he fancied his bed surrounded by fiendish faces1 grinning at his sufferings1 and taunting his inability to summon power to disperse them4 ,at length the apparition faded away1 and the patient sunk into an exhausted slumber4 ,he awoke unrefreshed2 it was the fifth day he had lain there neglected4 ,his mouth was parched2 he turned over1 and feebly stretched out his hand toward the earthen pitcher1 from which1 since the first day of his illness he had quenched his thirst4 ,alas6 it was empty6 ,samuel lay for a few moments thinking what he should do4 ,he knew he must die of want if he remained there alone2 but to whom could he apply for aid8 ,an idea seemed1 at last1 to strike him4 ,he arose slowly1 and with difficulty1 from the bed1 went to the other side of the room1 and took up the picture he had painted last4 ,he resolved to carry it to the shop of a salesman1 and hoped to obtain for it sufficient to furnish him with the necessaries of life for a week longer4 ,despair lent him strength to walk1 and to carry his burden4 ,on his way1 he passed a house1 about which there was a crowd4 ,he drew nigh1 asked what was going on1 and received for an answer1 that there was to be a sale of many specimens of art1 collected by an amateur in the course of thirty years4 ,it has often happened that collections made with infinite pains by the proprietor1 have been sold without mercy or discrimination after his death4 ,something whispered to the weary ,duhobret1 that here would be the market for his picture4 ,it was a long way yet to the house of the picture dealer1 and he made up his mind at once4 ,he worked his way through the crowd1 dragged himself up the steps1 and1 after many inquiries1 found the auctioneer4 ,that personage was a busy man1 with a handful of papers2 he was inclined to notice somewhat roughly the interruption of the lean1 sallow hunchback1 imploring as were his gesture and language4 ,what do you call your picture8 at length1 said he1 carefully looking at it4 ,it is a view of the ,abbey of ,newburg1 with its village and the surrounding landscape1 replied the eager and trembling artist4 ,the auctioneer again scanned it contemptuously1 and asked what it was worth4 ,oh1 that is what you please2 whatever it will bring1 answered ,duhobret4 ,hem6 it is too odd to please1 ,i should think2 ,i can promise you no more than three thalers4 ,poor ,samuel sighed deeply4 ,he had spent on that piece the nights of many months4 ,but he was starving now2 and the pitiful sum offered would give bread for a few days4 ,he nodded his head to the auctioneer1 and retiring took his seat in a corner4 ,the sale began4 ,after some paintings and engravings had been disposed of1 ,samuel's was exhibited4 ,who bids at three thalers8 ,who bids8 was the cry4 ,duhobret listened eagerly1 but none answered4 ,will it find a purchaser8 said he despondingly1 to himself4 ,still there was a dead silence4 ,he dared not look up2 for it seemed to him that all the people were laughing at the folly of the artist1 who could be insane enough to offer so worthless a piece at a public sale4 ,what will become of me8 was his mental inquiry4 ,that work is certainly my best2 and he ventured to steal another glance4 ,does it not seem that the wind actually stirs those boughs and moves those leaves6 ,how transparent is the water6 ,what life breathes in the animals that quench their thirst at that spring6 ,how that steeple shines6 ,how beautiful are those clustering trees6 ,this was the last expiring throb of an artist's vanity4 ,the ominous silence continued1 and ,samuel1 sick at heart1 buried his face in his hands4 ,twenty-one thalers6 murmured a faint voice1 just as the auctioneer was about to knock down the picture4 ,the stupefied painter gave a start of joy4 ,he raised his head and looked to see from whose lips those blessed words had come4 ,it was the picture dealer1 to whom he had first thought of applying4 ,fifty thalers1 cried a sonorous voice4 ,this time a tall man in black was the speaker4 ,there was a silence of hushed expectation4 ,one hundred thalers1 at length thundered the picture dealer4 ,three hundred6 ,five hundred6 ,one thousand6 ,another profound silence1 and the crowd pressed around the two opponents1 who stood opposite each other with eager and angry looks4 ,two thousand thalers6 cried the picture dealer1 and glanced around him triumphantly1 when he saw his adversary hesitate4 ,ten thousand6 vociferated the tall man1 his face crimson with rage1 and his hands clinched convulsively4 ,the dealer grew paler2 his frame shook with agitation2 he made two or three efforts1 and at last cried out ,twenty thousand6 ,his tall opponent was not to be vanquished4 ,he bid forty thousand4 ,the dealer stopped2 the other laughed a low laugh of insolent triumph1 and a murmur of admiration was heard in the crowd4 ,it was too much for the dealer2 he felt his peace was at stake4 ,fifty thousand6 exclaimed he in desperation4 ,it was the tall man's turn to hesitate4 ,again the whole crowd were breathless4 ,at length1 tossing his arms in defiance1 he shouted ,one hundred thousand6 ,the crestfallen picture dealer withdrew2 the tall man victoriously bore away the prize4 ,how was it1 meanwhile1 with ,duhobret1 while this exciting scene was going on8 ,he was hardly master of his senses4 ,he rubbed his eyes repeatedly1 and murmured to himself1 ,after such a dream1 my misery will seem more cruel6 ,when the contest ceased1 he rose up bewildered1 and went about asking first one1 then another1 the price of the picture just sold4 ,it seemed that his apprehension could not at once be enlarged to so vast a conception4 ,the possessor was proceeding homeward1 when a decrepit1 lame1 and humpbacked invalid1 tottering along by the aid of a stick1 presented himself before him4 ,he threw him a piece of money1 and waved his hand as dispensing with his thanks4 ,may it please your honor1 said the supposed beggar1 ,i am the painter of that picture6 and again he rubbed his eyes4 ,the tall mall was ,count ,dunkelsback1 one of the richest noblemen in ,germany4 ,he stopped1 took out his pocketbook1 took out a leaf1 and wrote on it a few lines4 ,take it1 friend1 said he2 it is a check for your money4 ,adieu4 ,duhobret finally persuaded himself that it was not a dream4 ,he became the master of a castle1 sold it1 and resolved to live luxuriously for the rest of his life1 and to cultivate painting as a pastime4 ,but1 alas1 for the vanity of human expectation6 ,he had borne privation and toil2 prosperity was too much for him1 as was proved soon after1 when an indigestion carried him off4 ,his picture remained long in the cabinet of ,count ,dunkelsback1 and afterward passed into the possession of the ,king of ,bavaria4 ,notes4--,albert ,durer 7b4 #adga1 d4 #aebh7 lived at ,nuremburg1 ,germany4 ,he was eminent as a painter1 and as an engraver on copper and wood4 ,he was one of the first artists who studied anatomy and perspective4 ,his influence on art is clearly felt even at the present day4 ,newburg1 or ,neuburg1 is on the ,danube1 fifty miles south of ,nuremburg4 ,bergen ,abbey was north of the village4 ,x4 ,,pictures ,,of ,,memory4 7#hh7 ,alice ,cary1 #ahbj-ahga1 was born near ,cincinnati4 ,one of her ancestors was among the ,pilgrim ,fathers1 and the first instructor of ,latin at ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,miss ,cary commenced her literary career at her western home1 and1 in #ahdi1 published a volume of poems1 the joint work of her younger sister1 ,phoebe1 and herself4 ,in #ahej1 she moved to ,new ,york4 ,two of her sisters joined her there1 and they supported themselves by their literary labor4 ,their home became a noted resort for their literary and artistic friends4 ,miss ,cary was the author of eleven volumes1 besides many articles contributed to periodicals4 ,her poetry is marked with great sweetness and pathos4 ,some of her prose works are much admired1 especially her ,clovernook ,children4 ,among the beautiful pictures ,that hang on ,memory's wall1 ,is one of a dim old forest1 ,that seemeth best of all2 ,not for its gnarled oaks olden1 ,dark with the mistletoe2 ,not for the violets golden1 ,that sprinkle the vale below2 ,not for the milk-white lilies1 ,that lean from the fragrant hedge1 ,coquetting all day with the sunbeams1 ,and stealing their golden edge2 ,not for the vines on the upland1 ,where the bright red berries rest1 ,nor the pinks1 nor the pale1 sweet cowslip1 ,it seemeth to me the best4 ,i once had a little brother1 ,with eyes that were dark and deep2 ,in the lap of that dim old forest1 ,he lieth in peace asleep3 ,light as the down of the thistle1 ,free as the winds that blow1 ,we roved there the beautiful summers1 ,the summers of long ago2 ,but his feet on the hills grew weary1 ,and1 one of the autumn eves1 ,i made for my little brother1 ,a bed of the yellow leaves4 ,sweetly his pale arms folded ,my neck in a meek embrace1 ,as the light of immortal beauty ,silently covered his face2 ,and when the arrows of sunset ,lodged in the tree tops bright1 ,he fell1 in his saintlike beauty1 ,asleep by the gates of light4 ,therefore1 of all the pictures ,that hang on ,memory's wall1 ,the one of the dim old forest ,seemeth the best of all4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,morning ,,oratorio4 7#ij7 ,wilson ,flagg1 #ahjf-ahhd1 was born in ,beverly1 ,mass4 ,he pursued his academical course in ,andover1 at ,phillips ,academy1 and entered ,harvard ,college1 but did not graduate4 ,his chief ,works are3 ,studies in the ,field and ,forest1 ,the ,woods and ,byways of ,new ,england1 and ,the ,birds and ,seasons of ,new ,england4 ,nature1 for the delight of waking eyes1 has arrayed the morning heavens in the loveliest hues of beauty4 ,fearing to dazzle by an excess of delight1 she first announces day by a faint and glimmering twilight1 then sheds a purple tint over the brows of the rising morn1 and infuses a transparent ruddiness throughout the atmosphere4 ,as daylight widens1 successive groups of mottled and rosy-bosomed clouds assemble on the gilded sphere1 and1 crowned with wreaths of fickle rainbows1 spread a mirrored flush over hill1 grove1 and lake1 and every village spire is burnished with their splendor4 ,at length1 through crimsoned vapors1 we behold the sun's broad disk1 rising with a countenance so serene that every eye may view him ere he arrays himself in his meridian brightness4 ,not many people who live in towns are aware of the pleasure attending a ramble near the woods and orchards at daybreak in the early part of summer4 ,the drowsiness we feel on rising from our beds is gradually dispelled by the clear and healthful breezes of early day1 and we soon experience an unusual amount of vigor and elasticity4 ,during the night1 the stillness of all things is the circumstance that most powerfully attracts our notice1 rendering us peculiarly sensitive to every accidental sound that meets the ear4 ,in the morning1 at this time of year1 on the contrary1 we are overpowered by the vocal and multitudinous chorus of the feathered tribe4 ,if you would hear the commencement of this grand anthem of nature1 you must rise at the very first appearance of dawn1 before the twilight has formed a complete semicircle above the eastern porch of heaven4 ,the first note that proceeds from the little warbling host1 is the shrill chirp of the hairbird1--occasionally vocal at an hours on a warm summer night4 ,this strain1 which is a continued trilling sound1 is repeated with diminishing intervals1 until it becomes almost incessant4 ,but ere the hairbird has uttered many notes1 a single robin begins to warble from a neighboring orchard1 soon followed by others1 increasing in numbers until1 by the time the eastern sky is flushed with crimson1 every male1 robin in the country round is singing with fervor4 ,it would be difficult to note the exact order in which the different birds successively begin their parts in this performance2 but the bluebird1 whose song is only a short1 mellow warble1 is heard nearly at the same time with the robin1 and the song sparrow joins them soon after with his brief but finely modulated strain4 ,the different species follow rapidly1 one after another1 in the chorus1 until the whole welkin rings with their matin hymn of gladness4 ,i have often wondered that the almost simultaneous utterance of so many different notes should produce no discords1 and that they should result in such complete harmony4 ,in this multitudinous confusion of voices1 no two notes are confounded1 and none has sufficient duration to grate harshly with a dissimilar sound4 ,though each performer sings only a few strains and then makes a pause1 the whole multitude succeed one another with such rapidity that we hear an uninterrupted flow of music until the broad light of day invites them to other employments4 ,when there is just light enough to distinguish the birds1 we may observe1 here and there1 a single swallow perched on the roof of a barn or shed1 repeating two twittering notes incessantly1 with a quick turn and a hop at every note he utters4 ,it would seem to be the design of the bird to attract the attention of his mate1 and this motion seems to be made to assist her in discovering his position4 ,as soon as the light has tempted him to fly abroad1 this twittering strain is uttered more like a continued song1 as he flits rapidly through the air4 ,but at this later moment the purple martins have commenced their more melodious chattering1 so loud as to attract for a while the most of our attention4 ,there is not a sound in nature so cheering and animating as the song of the purple martin1 and none so well calculated to drive away melancholy4 ,though not one of the earliest voices to be heard1 the chorus is perceptibly more loud and effective when this bird has united with the choir4 ,when the flush of the morning has brightened into vermilion1 and the place from which the sun is soon to emerge has attained a dazzling brilliancy1 the robins are already less tuneful4 ,they are now becoming busy in collecting food for their morning repast1 and one by one they leave the trees1 and may be seen hopping upon the tilled ground1 in quest of the worms and insects that1 have crept out during the night from their subterranean retreats4 ,but as the robins grow silent1 the bobolinks begin their vocal revelries2 and to a fanciful mind it might seem that the robins had gradually resigned their part in the performance to the bobolinks1 not one of which is heard until some of the former have concluded their songs4 ,the little hairbird still continues his almost incessant chirping1 the first to begin and the last to quit the performance4 ,though the voice of this bird is not very sweetly modulated1 it blends harmoniously with the notes of other birds1 and greatly increases the charming effect of the combination4 ,it would be tedious to name all the birds that take part in this chorus2 but we must not omit the pewee1 with his melancholy ditty1 occasionally heard like a short minor strain in an oratorio2 nor the oriole1 who is really one of the chief performers1 and who1 as his bright plumage flashes upon the sight1 warbles forth a few notes so clear and mellow as to be beard above every other sound4 ,adding a pleasing variety to all this harmony1 the lisping notes of the meadowlark1 uttered in a shrill tone1 and with a peculiar pensive modulation1 are plainly audible1 with short rests between each repetition4 ,there is a little brown sparrow1 resembling the hairbird1 save a general tint of russet in his plumage1 that may be heard distinctly among the warbling host4 ,he is rarely seen in cultivated grounds1 but frequents the wild pastures1 and is the bird that warbles so sweetly at midsummer1 when the whortleberries are ripe1 and the fields are beautifully spangled with red lilies4 ,there is no confusion in the notes of his song1 which consists of one syllable rapidly repeated1 but increasing in rapidity and rising to a higher key towards the conclusion4 ,he sometimes prolongs his strain1 when his notes are observed to rise and fall in succession4 ,these plaintive and expressive notes are very loud and constantly uttered1 during the hour that precedes the rising of the sun4 ,a dozen warblers of this species1 singing in concert1 and distributed in different parts of the field1 form1 perhaps1 the most delightful part of the woodland oratorio to which we have listened4 ,at sunrise hardly a robin can be beard in the whole neighborhood1 and the character of the performance has completely changed during the last half hour4 ,the first part was more melodious and tranquilizing1 the last is more brilliant and animating4 ,the grass finches1 the vireos1 the wrens1 and the linnets have joined their voices to the chorus1 and the bobolinks are loudest in their song4 ,but the notes of the birds in general are not so incessant as before sunrise4 ,one by one they discontinue their lays1 until at high noon the bobolink and the warbling flycatcher are almost the only vocalists to be heard in the fields4 ,,xii4 ,,short ,,selections ,,in ,,poetry4 7#id7 #a4 ,,the ,,cloud4 ,a cloud lay cradled near the setting sun1 ,a gleam of crimson tinged its braided snow2 ,long had ,i watched the glory moving on1 ,o'er the still radiance of the lake below3 ,tranquil its spirit seemed1 and floated slow1 ,e'en in its very motion there was rest1 ,while every breath of eve that chanced to blow1 ,wafted the traveler to the beauteous west4 ,emblem1 methought1 of the departed soul1 ,to whose white robe the gleam of bliss is given1 ,and by the breath of mercy made to roll ,right onward to the golden gate of heaven1 ,while to the eye of faith it peaceful lies1 ,and tells to man his glorious destinies4 --,john ,wilson ,,ii4 ,,my ,,mind4 ,my mind to me a kingdom is2 ,such perfect joy therein ,i find1 ,as far exceeds all earthly bliss ,that ,god or nature hath assigned2 ,though much ,i want that most would have1 ,yet still my mind forbids to crave4 ,,note4--,this is the first stanza of a poem by ,william ,byrd 7b1 #aedc1 d4 #afbc71 an ,english composer of music4 ,,iii4 ,a ,,good ,,name4 7#ie7 ,good name1 in man or woman1 dear my lord1 ,is the immediate jewel of their souls4 ,who steals my purse1 steals trash2 'tis something1 nothing2 ',twas mine1 'tis his1 and has been slave to thousands2 ,but he that filches from me my good name1 ,robs me of that which not enriches him1 ,and makes me poor indeed4 ,shakespeare4--,othello1 ,act ,,iii1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,,sunrise4 ,but yonder comes the powerful king of day1 ,rejoicing in the east4 ,the lessening cloud1 ,the kindling azure1 and the mountain's brow ,illumed with liquid gold1 his near approach ,betoken glad4 ,lo6 now apparent all1 ,aslant the dew-bright earth and colored air ,he looks in boundless majesty abroad1 ,and sheds the shining day that1 burnished1 plays ,on rocks1 and hills1 and towers1 and wandering streams1 ,high gleaming from afar4 ,thomson4 ,v4 ,,old ,,age ,,and ,,death4 7#ie7 ,edmund ,waller1 #afje-afhg1 an ,english poet1 was a cousin of ,john ,hampden1 and related to ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,he was educated at ,eton and ,cambridge4 ,waller was for many years a member of ,parliament4 ,he took part in the civil war1 and was detected in a treasonable plot4 ,several years of his life were spent in exile in ,france4 ,after the ,restoration he came into favor at court4 ,his poetry is celebrated for smoothness and sweetness1 but is disfigured by affected conceits4 ,the seas are quiet when the winds give o'er2 ,so calm are we when passions are no more4 ,for then we know how vain it was to boast ,of fleeting things1 too certain to be lost4 ,clouds of affection from our younger eyes ,conceal that emptiness which age descries4 ,the soul's dark cottage1 battered and decayed1 ,lets in new light through chinks that time has made3 ,stronger by weakness1 wiser men become1 ,as they draw near to their eternal home4 ,leaving the old1 both worlds at once they view1 ,that stand upon the threshold of the new4 ,,vi4 ,,milton4 7#if7 ,john ,dryden1 #afca-agjc1 was a noted ,english writer1 who was made poet laureate by ,james ,,ii4 ,on the expulsion of ,james1 and the accession of ,william and ,mary1 ,dryden lost his offices and pension1 and was compelled to earn his bread by literary work4 ,it was during these last years of his life that his best work was done4 ,his ,ode for ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day is one of his most1 celebrated poems4 ,his prose writings are specimens of good1 strong ,english4 ,three poets1 in three distant ages born1 ,greece1 ,italy1 and ,england did adorn2 ,the first in loftiness of thought surpassed1 ,the next in majesty1 in both the last4 ,the force of nature could no further go2 ,to make a third she joined the other two4 ,note4--,the two poets referred to1 other than ,milton1 are ,homer and ,dante4 ,,xiii4 ,,death ,,of ,,little ,,nell4 7#if7 ,charles ,dickens4 #ahab-ahgj1 one of the greatest novelists of modern1 times1 was born in ,portsmouth1 but spent nearly all his life in ,london4 ,his father was a conscientious man1 but lacked capacity for getting a livelihood4 ,in consequence1 the boy's youth was much darkened by poverty4 ,it has been supposed that he pictured his father in the character of ,micawber4 ,he began his active life as a lawyer's apprentice2 but soon left this employment to become a reporter4 ,this occupation he followed from #ahca to #ahcf4 ,his first book was entitled ,sketches of ,london ,society1 by ,boz4 ,this was followed1 in #ahcg1 by the ,pickwick ,papers1 a work which suddenly brought much fame to the author4 ,his other works followed with great rapidity1 and his last was unfinished at the time of his death4 ,he was buried in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,mr4 ,dickens visited ,america in #ahdb1 and again in #ahfg4 ,during his last visit1 he read his works in public1 in the principal cities of the ,united ,states4 ,the resources of ,dickens's genius seemed exhaustless4 ,he copied no author1 imitated none1 but relied entirely on his own powers4 ,he excelled especially in humor and pathos4 ,he gathered materials for his works by the most careful and faithful observation4 ,and he painted his characters with a fidelity so true to their different individualities that1 although they sometimes have a quaint grotesqueness bordering on caricature1 they stand before the memory as living realities4 ,he was particularly successful in the delineation of the joys and griefs of childhood4 ,little ,nell and little ,paul ,dombey are known1 and have been loved and wept over1 in almost every household where the ,english language is read4 ,his writings present very vividly the wants and sufferings of the poor1 and have a tendency to prompt to kindness and benevolence4 ,his works have not escaped criticism4 ,it has been said that his good characters act from impulse1 not from principle1 and that he shows a tricksy spirit of fantastic exaggeration4 ,it has also been said that his novels sometimes lack skillful plot1 and that he seems to speak approvingly of conviviality and dissipation4 ,the ,old ,curiosity ,shop1 from which the following extract is taken1 was published in #ahdj4 ,she was dead4 ,no sleep so beautiful and calm1 so free from trace of pain1 so fair to look upon4 ,she seemed a creature fresh from the hand of ,god1 and waiting for the breath of life2 not one who had lived1 and suffered death4 ,her couch was dressed with here and there some winter berries and green leaves1 gathered in a spot she had been used to favor4 ,when ,i die1 put near me something that has loved the light1 and had the sky above it always4 ,these were her words4 ,she was dead4 ,dear1 gentle1 patient1 noble ,nell was dead4 ,her little bird1 a poor1 slight thing the pressure of a finger would have crushed1 was stirring nimbly in its cage1 and the strong heart of its child mistress was mute and motionless forever6 ,where were the traces of her early cares1 her sufferings1 and fatigues8 ,all gone4 ,sorrow was dead1 indeed1 in her2 but peace and perfect happiness were born1 imaged in her tranquil beauty and profound repose4 ,and still her former self lay there1 unaltered in this change4 ,yes6 the old fireside had smiled upon that same sweet face2 it had passed1 like a dream1 through haunts of misery and care2 at the door of the poor schoolmaster on the summer evening1 before the furnace fire upon the cold wet night1 at the still bedside of the dying boy1 there had been the same mild and lovely look4 ,so shall we know the angels1 in their majesty1 after death4 ,the old man held one languid arm in his1 and had the small hand tight folded to his breast for warmth4 ,it was the hand she had stretched out to him with her last smile2 the hand that had led him on through all their wanderings4 ,ever and anon he pressed it to his lips2 then hugged it to his breast again1 murmuring that it was warmer now1 and1 as he said it1 he looked in agony to those who stood around1 as if imploring them to help her4 ,she was dead1 and past all help1 or need of help4 ,the ancient rooms she had seemed to fill with life1 even while her own was waning fast1 the garden she had tended1 the eyes she had gladdened1 the noiseless haunts of many a thoughtful hour1 the paths she had trodden1 as it were1 but yesterday1 could know her no more4 ,it is not1 said the schoolmaster1 as he bent down to kiss her on the cheek1 and gave his tears free vent1 it is not in this world that heaven's justice ends4 ,think what earth is1 compared with the world to which her young spirit has winged its early flight1 and say1 if one deliberate wish1 expressed in solemn tones above this bed1 could call her back to life1 which of us would utter it8 ,she had been dead two days4 ,they were all about her at the time1 knowing that the end was drawing on4 ,she died soon after daybreak4 ,they had read and talked to her in the earlier portion of the night2 but1 as the hours crept on1 she sank to sleep4 ,they could tell by what she faintly uttered in her dreams1 that they were of her journeyings with the old man2 they were of no painful scenes1 but of people who had helped them1 and used them kindly2 for she often said ,god bless you6 with great fervor4 ,waking1 she never wandered in her mind but once1 and that was at beautiful music1 which1 she said1 was in the air4 ,god knows4 ,it may have been4 ,opening her eyes1 at last1 from a very quiet sleep1 she begged that they would kiss her once again4 ,that done1 she turned to the old man1 with a lovely smile upon her face1 such1 they said1 as they had never seen1 and could never forget1 and clung1 with both her arms1 about his neck4 ,she had never murmured or complained2 but1 with a quiet mind1 and manner quite unaltered1 save that she every day became more earnest and more grateful to them1 faded like the light upon the summer's evening4 ,the child who had been her little friend1 came there1 almost as soon as it was day1 with an offering of dried flowers1 which he begged them to lay upon her breast4 ,he told them of his dream again1 and that it was of her being restored to them1 just as she used to be4 ,he begged hard to see her3 saying1 that he would be very quiet1 and that they need not fear his being alarmed1 for he had sat alone by his young brother all day long1 when he was dead1 and had felt glad to be so near him4 ,they let him have his wish2 and1 indeed1 he kept his word1 and was1 in his childish way1 a lesson to them all4 ,up to that time1 the old man had not spoken once1 except to her1 or stirred from the bedside4 ,but1 when he saw her little favorite1 he was moved as they had not seen him yet1 and made as though he would have him come nearer4 ,then1 pointing to the bed1 he burst into tears for the first time1 and they who stood by1 knowing that the sight of this child had done him good1 left them alone together4 ,soothing him with his artless talk of her1 the child persuaded him to take some rest1 to walk abroad1 to do almost as he desired him4 ,and1 when the day came1 on which they must remove her1 in her earthly shape1 from earthly eyes forever1 he led him away1 that he might not know when she was taken from him4 ,they were to gather fresh leaves and berries for her bed4 ,and now the bell1 the bell she had so often heard by night and day1 and listened to with solemn pleasure1 almost as a living voice1 rung its remorseless toll for her1 so young1 so beautiful1 so good4 ,decrepit age1 and vigorous life1 and blooming youth1 and helpless infancy1--on crutches1 in the pride of health and strength1 in the full blush of promise1 in the mere dawn of life1 gathered round her4 ,old men were there1 whose eyes were dim and senses failing1 grandmothers1 who might have died ten years ago1 and still been old1 the deaf1 the blind1 the lame1 the palsied1 the living dead1 in many shapes and forms1 to see the closing of that early grave4 ,along the crowded path they bore her now1 pure as the newly fallen snow that covered it1 whose day on earth had been as fleeting4 ,under that porch1 where she had sat when heaven1 in its mercy1 brought her to that peaceful spot1 she passed again1 and the old church received her in its quiet shade4 ,,xiv4 ,,vanity ,,of ,,life4 7#ajj7 ,johann ,gottfried von ,herder1 #agdd-ahjc1 an eminent ,german poet1 preacher1 and philosopher1 was born in ,mohrungen1 and died in ,weimar4 ,his published works comprise sixty volumes4 ,this selection is from his ,hebrew ,poetry4 ,man1 born of woman1 ,is of a few days1 ,and full of trouble2 ,he cometh forth as a flower1 and is cut down2 ,he fleeth also as a shadow1 ,and continueth not4 ,upon such dost thou open thine eye1 ,and bring me unto judgment with thee8 ,among the impure is there none pure8 ,not one4 ,are his days so determined8 ,hast thou numbered his months1 ,and set fast his bounds for him ,which he can never pass8 ,turn then from him that he may rest1 ,and enjoy1 as an hireling1 his day4 ,the tree hath hope1 if it be cut down1 ,it becometh green again1 ,and new shoots are put forth4 ,if even the root is old in the earth1 ,and its stock die in the ground1 ,from vapor of water it will bud1 ,and bring forth boughs as a young plant4 ,but man dieth1 and his power is gone2 ,he is taken away1 and where is he8 ,till the waters waste from the sea1 ,till the river faileth and is dry land1 ,man lieth low1 and riseth not again4 ,till the heavens are old1 he shall not awake1 ,nor be aroused from his sleep4 ,oh1 that thou wouldest conceal me ,in the realm of departed souls6 ,hide me in secret1 till thy wrath be past2 ,appoint me then a new term1 ,and remember me again4 ,but alas6 if a man die ,shall he live again8 ,so long1 then1 as my toil endureth1 ,will ,i wait till a change come to me4 ,thou wilt call me1 and ,i shall answer2 ,thou wilt pity the work of thy hands4 ,though now thou numberest my steps1 ,thou shalt then not watch for my sin4 ,my transgression will be sealed in a bag1 ,thou wilt bind up and remove my iniquity4 ,yet alas6 the mountain falleth and is swallowed up1 ,the rock is removed out of its place1 ,the waters hollow out the stones1 ,the floods overflow the dust of the earth1 ,and thus1 thou destroyest the hope of man4 ,thou contendest with him1 till he faileth1 ,thou changest his countenance1 and sendeth him away4 ,though his sons become great and happy1 ,yet he knoweth it not2 ,if they come to shame and dishonor1 ,he perceiveth it not4 ,note4--,compare with the translation of the same as given in the ordinary version of the ,bible4 ,job xiv4 ,,xv4 ,a ,,political ,,pause4 7#ajb7 ,charles ,james ,fox1 #agdi-ahjf1 a famous ,english orator and statesman1 was the son of ,hon4 ,henry ,fox1 afterward ,lord ,holland2 he was also a lineal descendant of ,charles ,,ii4 of ,england and of ,henry ,,iv1 of ,france4 ,he received his education at ,westminster1 ,eton1 and ,oxford1 but left the ,university without graduating4 ,he was first elected to ,parliament before he was twenty years old4 ,during the ,american ,revolution1 he favored the colonies2 later1 he was a friend and fellow-partisan both with ,burke and ,wilberforce4 ,burke said of him1 ,he is the most brilliant and successful debater the world ever saw4 ,in his later years1 ,mr4 ,fox was as remarkable for carelessness in dress and personal appearance1 as he had been for the opposite in his youth4 ,he possessed many pleasing traits of character1 but his morals were not commendable2 he was a gambler and a spendthrift4 ,yet he exercised a powerful influence on the politics of his times4 ,this extract is from a speech delivered during a truce in the long war between ,england and ,france4 ,but we must pause1 says the honorable gentleman4 ,what6 must the bowels of ,great ,britain be torn out1 her best blood spilt1 her treasures wasted1 that you may make an experiment8 ,put yourselves--,oh6 that you would put yourselves on the field of battle1 and learn to judge of the sort of horrors you excite4 ,in former wars1 a man might at least have some feeling1 some interest1 that served to balance in his mind the impressions which a scene of carnage and death must inflict4 ,but if a man were present now at the field of slaughter1 and were to inquire for what they were fighting--,fighting61 would be the answer2 they are not fighting2 they are pausing4 ,why is that man expiring8 ,why is that other writhing with agony8 ,what means this implacable fury8 ,the answer must be1 ,you are quite wrong1 sir1 you deceive yourself1--they are not fighting1--do not disturb them1--they are merely pausing6 ,this man is not expiring with agony1--that man is not dead1--he is only pausing6 ,bless you1 sir1 they are not angry with one another2 they have now no cause of quarrel2 but their country thinks that there should be a pause4 ,all that you see is nothing like fighting1--there is no harm1 nor cruelty1 nor bloodshed in it2 it is nothing more than a political pause4 ,it is merely to try an experiment--to see whether ,bonaparte will not behave himself better than heretofore2 and1 in the meantime1 we have agreed to a pause1 in pure friendship6 ,and is this the way that you are to show yourselves the advocates of order8 ,you take up a system calculated to uncivilize the world1 to destroy order1 to trample on religion1 to stifle in the heart not merely the generosity of noble sentiment1 but the affections of social nature2 and in the prosecution of this system1 you spread terror and devastation all around you4 ,note4--,in this lesson1 the influence of a negative in determining the rising inflection1 is noticeable4 ,see ,rule ,v1 p4 #bd4 ,,xvi4 ,,my ,,experience ,,in ,,elocution4 7#ajd7 ,john ,neal4 #agic-ahgf1 a brilliant but eccentric ,american writer1 was born in ,portland1 ,maine4 ,he went into business1 when quite young1 in company with ,john ,pierpont1 the well-known poet4 ,they soon failed1 and ,mr4 ,neal then turned his attention to the study of law4 ,he practiced his profession somewhat1 but devoted most of his time to literature4 ,for a time he resided in ,england1 where he wrote for ,blackwood's ,magazine and other periodicals4 ,his writings were produced with great rapidity1 and with a purposed disregard of what is known as classical ,english4 ,in the academy ,i attended1 elocution was taught in a way ,i shall never forget--never6 ,we had a yearly exhibition1 and the favorites of the preceptor were allowed to speak a piece2 and a pretty time they had of it4 ,somehow ,i was never a favorite with any of my teachers after the first two or three days2 and1 as ,i went barefooted1 ,i dare say it was thought unseemly1 or perhaps cruel1 to expose me upon the platform4 ,and then1 as ,i had no particular aptitude for public speaking1 and no relish for what was called oratory1 it was never my luck to be called up4 ,among my schoolmates1 however1 was one--a very amiable1 shy boy--to whom was assigned1 at the first exhibition ,i attended1 that passage in ,pope's ,homer beginning with1 ,aurora1 now1 fair daughter of the dawn6 ,this the poor boy gave with so much emphasis and discretion1 that1 to me1 it sounded like ,o roarer6 and ,i was wicked enough1 out of sheer envy1 ,i dare say1 to call him ,o roarer6--a nickname which clung to him for a long while1 though no human being ever deserved it less2 for in speech and action both1 he was quiet1 reserved1 and sensitive4 ,my next experience in elocution was still more disheartening1 so that ,i never had a chance of showing what ,i was capable of in that way till ,i set up for myself4 ,master ,moody1 my next instructor1 was thought to have uncommon qualifications for teaching oratory4 ,he was a large1 handsome1 heavy man1 over six feet high2 and having understood that the first1 second1 and third prerequisite in oratory was action1 the boys he put in training were encouraged to most vehement and obstreperous manifestations4 ,let me give an example1 and one that weighed heavily on my conscience for many years after the poor man passed away4 ,among his pupils were two boys1 brothers1 who were thought highly gifted in elocution4 ,the master1 who was evidently of that opinion1 had a habit of parading them on all occasions before visitors and strangers2 though one bad lost his upper front teeth and lisped badly1 and the other had the voice of a penny trumpet4 ,week after week these boys went through the quarrel of ,brutus and ,cassius1 for the benefit of myself and others1 to see if their example would not provoke us to a generous competition for all the honors4 ,how it operated on the other boys in after life ,i can not say2 but the effect on me was decidedly unwholesome--discouraging1 indeed1--until ,i was old enough to judge for myself1 and to carry into operation a system of my own4 ,on coming to the passage1-- ,be ready1 gods1 with all your thunderbolts2 ,dash him to pieces6-- the elder of the boys gave it after the following fashion3 ,be ready1 godths1 with all your thunderbolths1--dath him in pietheth6--bringing his right fist down into his left palm with all his strength1 and his lifted foot upon the platform1 which was built like a sounding-board1 so that the master himself1 who had suggested the action and obliged the poor boy to rehearse it over and over again1 appeared to be utterly carried away by the magnificent demonstration2 while to me--so deficient was ,i in rhetorical taste--it sounded like a crash of broken crockery1 intermingled with chicken peeps4 ,i never got over it2 and to this day can not endure stamping1 nor even tapping of the foot1 nor clapping the hands together1 nor thumping the table for illustration2 having an idea that such noises are not oratory1 and that untranslatable sounds are not language4 ,my next essay was of a somewhat different kind4 ,i took the field in person1 being in my nineteenth year1 well proportioned1 and already beginning to have a sincere relish for poetry1 if not for declamation4 ,i had always been a great reader2 and in the course of my foraging depredations ,i had met with ,the ,mariner's ,dream and ,the ,lake of the ,dismal ,swamp1 both of which ,i had committed to memory before ,i knew it4 ,and one day1 happening to be alone with my sister1 and newly rigged out in a student's gown1 such as the lads at ,brunswick sported when they came to show off among their old companions1 ,i proposed to astonish her by rehearsing these two poems in appropriate costume4 ,being very proud of her brother1 and very obliging1 she consented at once1--upon condition that our dear mother1 who had never seen anything of the sort1 should be invited to make one of the audience4 ,on the whole1 ,i rather think that ,i succeeded in astonishing both4 ,i well remember their looks of amazement--for they had never seen anything better or worse in all their lives1 and were no judges of acting--as ,i swept to and fro in that magnificent robe1 with outstretched arms and uplifted eyes1 when ,i came to passages like the following1 where an apostrophe was called for3 ,and near him the she wolf stirred the brake1 ,and the copper snake breathed in his ear1 ,till he1 starting1 cried1 from his dream awake1 ',oh1 when shall ,i see the dusky lake1 ,and the white canoe of my dear'6' ,or like this3 ,on beds of green sea flowers thy limbs shall be laid2 ,around thy white bones the red coral shall grow1 ,of thy fair yellow locks1 threads of amber be made1 ,and every part suit to thy mansion below2-- throwing up my arms1 and throwing them out in every possible direction as the spirit moved me1 or the sentiment prompted2 for ,i always encouraged my limbs and features to think for themselves1 and to act for themselves1 and never predetermined1 never forethought1 a gesture nor an intonation in my life2 and should as soon think of counterfeiting another's look or step or voice1 or of modulating my own by a pitch pipe 7as the ancient orators did1 with whom oratory was acting elocution1 a branch of the dramatic art71 as of adopting or imitating the gestures and tones of the most celebrated rhetorician ,i ever saw4 ,the result was rather encouraging4 ,my mother and sister were both satisfied4 ,at any rate1 they said nothing to the contrary4 ,being only in my nineteenth year1 what might ,i not be able to accomplish after a little more experience6 ,how little did ,i think1 while rehearsing before my mother and sister1 that anything serious would ever come of it1 or that ,i was laying the foundations of character for life1 or that ,i was beginning what ,i should not be able to finish within the next forty or fifty years following4 ,yet so it was4 ,i had broken the ice without knowing it4 ,these things were but the foreshadowing of what happened long afterward4 ,notes4--,brunswick1 ,maine1 is the seat of ,bowdoin ,college4 ,the ,mariner's ,dream is a poem by ',william ,dimond4 ,the ,lake of the ,dismal ,swamp is by ,thomas ,moore4 ,,xvii4 ,,elegy ,,in ,a ,,country ,,churchyard4 7#ajh7 ,thomas ,gray1 #agaf-agga1 is often spoken of as the author of the ,elegy1--this simple yet highly finished and beautiful poem being by far the best known of an his writings4 ,it was finished in #agdi1--seven years from the time it was commenced4 ,probably no short poem in the language ever deserved or received more praise4 ,gray was born in ,london2 his father possessed property1 but was indolent and selfish2 his mother was a successful woman of business1 and supported her son in college from her own earnings4 ,the poet was educated at ,eton and ,cambridge2 at the latter place1 he resided for several years after his return from a continental tour1 begun in #agci4 ,he was small and delicate in person1 refined and precise in dress and manners1 and shy and retiring in disposition4 ,he was an accomplished scholar in many fields of learning1 but left comparatively little finished work in any department4 ,he declined the honor of poet laureate2 but1 in #agfi1 was appointed ,professor of ,history at ,cambridge4 ,the curfew tolls the knell of parting day1 ,the lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea1 ,the plowman homeward plods his weary way1 ,and leaves the world to darkness and to me4 ,now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight1 ,and all the air a solemn stillness holds1 ,save where the beetle wheels his droning flight1 ,and drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds3 ,save that from yonder ivy-mantled tower1 ,the moping owl does to the moon complain ,of such as1 wandering near her secret bower1 ,molest her ancient solitary reign4 ,beneath those rugged elms1 that yew tree's shade1 ,where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap1 ,each in his narrow cell forever laid1 ,the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep4 ,the breezy call of incense-breathing morn1 ,the swallow twittering from the straw-built shed1 ,the cock's shrill clarion1 or the echoing horn1 ,no more shall rouse them from their lowly bed4 ,for them no more the blazing hearth shall burn1 ,or busy housewife ply her evening care2 ,no children run to lisp their sire's return1 ,or climb his knees the envied kiss to share4 ,oft did the harvest to their sickle yield1 ,their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke3 ,how jocund did they drive their team afield6 ,how bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke6 ,let not ,ambition mock their useful toil1 ,their homely joys1 and destiny obscure2 ,nor ,grandeur hear with a disdainful smile ,the short and simple annals of the poor4 ,the boast of heraldry1 the pomp of power1 ,and all that beauty1 all that wealth e'er gave1 ,await alike1 the inevitable hour3 ,the paths of glory lead but to the grave4 ,nor you1 ye proud1 impute to these the fault1 ,if ,memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise2 ,where1 through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault1 ,the pealing anthem swells the note of praise4 ,can storied urn1 or animated bust1 ,back to its mansion call the fleeting breath8 ,can ,honor's voice provoke the silent dust1 ,or ,flattery soothe the dull1 cold ear of ,death8 ,perhaps1 in this neglected spot is laid ,some heart once pregnant with celestial fire2 ,hands1 that the rod of empire might have swayed1 ,or waked to ecstasy the living lyre3 ,but ,knowledge to their eyes her ample page1 ,rich with the spoils of time1 did ne'er unroll2 ,chill ,penury repressed their noble rage1 ,and froze the genial current of the soul4 ,full many a gem of purest ray serene1 ,the dark1 unfathomed caves of ocean bear3 ,full many a flower is born to blush unseen1 ,and waste its sweetness on the desert air4 ,some village ,hampden1 that1 with dauntless breast1 ,the little tyrant of his fields withstood1 ,some mute1 inglorious ,milton here may rest1 ,some ,cromwell1 guiltless of his country's blood4 ,the applause of listening senates to command1 ,the threats of pain and ruin to despise1 ,to scatter plenty o'er a smiling land1 ,and read their history in a nation's eyes1 ,their lot forbade3 nor1 circumscribed alone ,their growing virtues1 but their crimes confined2 ,forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne4 ,and shut the gates of mercy on mankind1 ,the struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide1 ,to quench the blushes of ingenuous shame1 ,or heap the shrine of luxury and pride1 ,with incense kindled at the ,muse's flame4 ,far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife1 ,their sober wishes never learned to stray2 ,along the cool1 sequestered vale of life1 ,they kept the noiseless tenor of their way4 ,yet even these bones1 from insult to protect1 ,some frail memorial still1 erected nigh1 ,with uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked1 ,implores the passing tribute of a sigh4 ,their name1 their years1 spelt by the unlettered ,muse1 ,the place of fame and elegy supply2 ,and many a holy text around she strews1 ,that teach the rustic moralist to die4 ,for who1 to dumb forgetfulness a prey1 ,this pleasing1 anxious being e'er resigned1 ,left the warm precincts of the cheerful day1 ,nor cast one longing1 lingering look behind8 ,on some fond breast the parting soul relies1 ,some pious drops the closing eye requires2 ,e'en from the tomb the voice of ,nature cries1 ,e'en in our ashes live their wonted fires4 ,for thee1 who1 mindful of the unhonored dead1 ,dost in these lines their artless tale relate1 ,if chance1 by lonely contemplation led1 ,some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate1-- ,haply some hoary-headed swain may say1 ,oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn ,brushing1 with hasty step1 the dews away1 ,to meet the sun upon the upland lawn3 ,there1 at the foot of yonder nodding beech1 ,that wreathes its old1 fantastic roots so high1 ,his listless length at noontide would he stretch1 ,and pore upon the brook that babbles by4 ,hard by yon wood1 now smiling as in scorn1 ,muttering his wayward fancies1 he would rove2 ,now1 drooping1 woeful-wan1 like one forlorn1 ,or crazed with care1 or crossed in hopeless love4 ,one morn1 ,i missed him on the customed hill1 ,along the heath1 and near his favorite tree3 ,another came2 nor yet beside the rill1 ,nor up the lawn1 nor at the wood was he3 ,the next1 with dirges due1 in sad array ,slow through the church-way path we saw him borne3-- ,approach and read 7for thou canst read7 the lay ',graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn4 ,,the ,,epitaph4 ,here rests his head upon the lap of ,earth1 ,a youth1 to ,fortune and to ,fame unknown3 ,fair ,science frowned not on his humble birth1 ,and ,melancholy marked him for her own4 ,large was his bounty and his soul sincere1 ,heaven did a recompense as largely send3 ,he gave to ,misery 7all he had7 a tear2 ,he gained from ,heaven 7't was all he wished7 a friend4 ,no farther seek his merits to disclose1 ,or draw his frailties from their dread abode 7,there they alike in trembling hope repose71 ,the bosom of his ,father1 and his ,god4 ,illustration3 ,man on horseback riding past a church-yard 7graveyard74 ,the sky is cloudy2 the church steeple stands in the background4 ,notes4--,john ,hampden 7b4 #aeid1 d4 #afdc7 was noted for his resolute resistance to the forced loans and unjust taxes imposed by ,charles ,i4 on ,england4 ,he took part in the contest between ,king and ,parliament1 and was killed in a skirmish4 ,john ,milton4 ,see biographical notice1 page #cab4 ,oliver ,cromwell 7b4 #aeii1 d4 #afeh7 was the leading character in the ,great ,rebellion in ,england4 ,he was ,lord ,protector the last five years of his life1 and in many respects the ablest ruler that ,england ever had4 ,,xviii4 ,,tact ,,and ,,talent4 7#aac7 ,talent is something1 but tact is everything4 ,talent is serious1 sober1 grave1 and respectable3 tact is all that1 and more too4 ,it is not a sixth sense1 but it is the life of all the five4 ,it is the open eye1 the quick ear1 the judging taste1 the keen smell1 and the lively touch2 it is the interpreter of all riddles1 the surmounter of all difficulties1 the remover of all obstacles4 ,it is useful in all places1 and at all times2 it is useful in solitude1 for it shows a man into the world2 it is useful in society1 for it shows him his way through the world4 ,talent is power1 tact is skill2 talent is weight1 tact is momentum2 talent knows what to do1 tact knows how to do it2 talent makes a man respectable1 tact will make him respected2 talent is wealth1 tact is ready money4 ,for all the practical purposes1 tact carries it against talent ten to one4 ,take them to the theater1 and put them against each other on the stage1 and talent shall produce you a tragedy that shall scarcely live long enough to be condemned1 while tact keeps the house in a roar1 night after night1 with its successful farces4 ,there is no want of dramatic talent1 there is no want of dramatic tact2 but they are seldom together3 so we have successful pieces which are not respectable1 and respectable pieces which are not successful4 ,take them to the bar1 and let them shake their learned curls at each other in legal rivalry2 talent sees its way clearly1 but tact is first at its journey's end4 ,talent has many a compliment from the bench1 but tact touches fees4 ,talent makes the world wonder that it gets on no faster1 tact arouses astonishment that it gets on so fast4 ,and the secret is1 that it has no weight to carry2 it makes no false steps2 it hits the right nail on the head2 it loses no time2 it takes all hints2 and1 by keeping its eye on the weathercock1 is ready to take advantage of every wind that blows4 ,take them into the church3 talent has always something worth hearing1 tact is sure of abundance of hearers2 talent may obtain a living1 tact will make one2 talent gets a good name1 tact a great one2 talent convinces1 tact converts2 talent is an honor to the profession1 tact gains honor from the profession4 ,take them to court3 talent feels its weight1 tact finds its way2 talent commands1 tact is obeyed2 talent is honored with approbation1 and tact is blessed by preferment4 ,place them in the senate3 talent has the ear of the house1 but tact wins its heart1 and has its votes2 talent is fit for employment1 but tact is fitted for it4 ,it has a knack of slipping into place with a sweet silence and glibness of movement1 as a billiard ball insinuates itself into the pocket4 ,it seems to know everything1 without learning anything4 ,it has served an extemporary apprenticeship2 it wants no drilling2 it never ranks in the awkward squad2 it has no left hand1 no deaf ear1 no blind side4 ,it puts on no look of wondrous wisdom1 it has no air of profundity1 but plays with the details of place as dexterously as a well-taught hand flourishes over the keys of the pianoforte4 ,it has all the air of commonplace1 and all the force and power of genius4 ,,xix4 ,,speech ,,before ,,the ,,virginia ,,convention4 7#aae7 ,patrick ,henry1 #agcj-agii1 was born in ,hanover ,county1 ,virginia1 ,he received instruction in ,latin and mathematics from his father1 but seemed to develop a greater fondness for hunting1 fishing1 and playing the fiddle than for study4 ,twice he was set up in business1 and twice failed before he was twenty-four4 ,he was then admitted to the bar after six weeks' study of the law4 ,he got no business at first in his profession1 but lived with his father-in-law4 ,his wonderful powers of oratory first showed themselves in a celebrated case which he argued in ,hanover ,courthouse1 his own father being the presiding magistrate4 ,he began very awkwardly1 but soon rose to a surprising height of eloquence1 won his case against great odds1 and was carried off in triumph by the delighted spectators4 ,his fame was now established2 business flowed in1 and he was soon elected to the ,virginia ,legislature4 ,he was a delegate to the ,congress of #aggd1 and in #agge made the prophetic speech of which the following selection is a portion4 ,it was his own motion that the colony be immediately put in a state of defense4 ,during the ,revolution he was1 for several years1 ,governor of ,virginia4 ,in #aghh he earnestly opposed the adoption of the ,federal ,constitution4 ,when he died1 he left a large family and an ample fortune4 ,in person1 ,mr4 ,henry was tall and rather awkward1 with a face stern and grave4 ,when he spoke on great occasions1 his awkwardness forsook him1 his face lighted up1 and his eyes flashed with a wonderful fire4 ,in his life1 he was good-humored1 honest1 and temperate4 ,his patriotism was of the noblest type2 and few men in those stormy times did better service for their country than he4 ,it is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope4 ,we are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth1 and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts4 ,is this the part of wise men1 engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty8 ,are we disposed to be of the number of those1 who1 having eyes1 see not1 and having ears1 hear not the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation8 ,for my part1 whatever anguish of spirit it may cost1 ,i am willing to know the whole truth2 to know the worst1 and to provide for it4 ,i have but one lamp by which my feet are guided2 and that is the lamp of experience4 ,i know of no way of judging of the future but by the past2 and1 judging by the past1 ,i wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the ,british ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the house8 ,is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received8 ,trust it not3 it will prove a snare to your feet4 ,suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss4 ,ask yourselves1 how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land4 ,are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation8 ,have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love8 ,let us not deceive ourselves4 ,these are the implements of war and subjugation1-- the last arguments to which kings resort4 ,i ask1 gentlemen1 what means this martial array1 if its purpose be not to force us into submission8 ,can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it8 ,has ,great ,britain any enemy in this quarter of the world1 to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies8 ,no1 she has none4 ,they are meant for us3 they can be meant for no other4 ,they are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the ,british ministry have been so long forging4 ,and what have we to oppose to them8 ,shall we try argument8 ,we have been trying that for the last ten years4 ,have we anything new to offer upon the subject8 ,nothing4 ,we have held the subject up in every light in which it was capable2 but it has been all in vain4 ,shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication8 ,what terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted8 ,let us not1 ,i beseech you1 deceive ourselves longer4 ,we have done everything that could be done1 to avert the storm which is now coming on4 ,we have petitioned2 we have remonstrated2 we have supplicated2 we have prostrated ourselves at the foot of the throne1 and implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical bands of the ministry and parliament4 ,our petitions have been slighted2 our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult2 our supplications disregarded2 and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne4 ,in vain1 after these things1 may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation4 ,there is no longer any room for hope4 ,if we wish to be free2 if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending2 if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged1 and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained--we must fight6 ,i repeat it1 we must fight6 ,an appeal to arms and the ,god of ,hosts1 is all that is left us4 ,they tell us that we are weak2 unable to cope with so formidable an adversary4 ,but when shall we be stronger8 ,will it be the next week1 or the next year8 ,will it be when we are totally disarmed1 and when a ,british guard shall be stationed in every house8 ,shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction8 ,shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs1 and hugging the delusive phantom of hope1 until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot8 ,we are not weak1 if we make a proper use of those means which the ,god of nature hath placed in our power4 ,three millions of people1 armed in the holy cause of liberty1 and in such a country as that which we possess1 are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us4 ,besides1 we shall not fight our battles alone4 ,there is a just ,god who presides over the destinies of nations2 and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us4 ,the battle is not to the strong alone2 it is to the vigilant1 the active1 the brave4 ,besides1 we have no election4 ,if we were base enough to desire it1 it is now too late to retire from the contest4 ,there is no retreat but in submission and slavery6 ,our chains are forged4 ,their clanking may be heard on the plains of ,boston6 ,the war is inevitable2 and2 let it come6 ,i repeat it1 let it come6 ,it is in vain to extenuate the matter4 ,gentlemen may cry peace1 peace2 but there is no peace4 ,the war is actually begun4 ,the next gale that sweeps from the north1 will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms6 ,our brethren are already in the field6 ,why stand we here idle8 ,what is it that gentlemen wish8 ,what would they have8 ,is life so dear1 or peace so sweet1 as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery8 ,forbid it1 ,almighty ,god6 ,i know not what course others may take2 but as for me1 give me liberty1 or give me death4 ,notes4--,observe1 in this lesson1 the all-controlling power of emphasis in determining the falling inflection4 ,the words see1 hear1 and my1 in the first paragraph1 the word that in the second1 and spurned and contempt in the fourth paragraph1 are examples of this4 ,let the reader remember that a high degree of emphasis is sometimes expressed by a whisper2 also1 that emphasis is often expressed by a pause4 ,it will be well to read in this connection some good history of the opening scenes of the ,revolution4 ,,xx3 ,,the ,,american ,,flag4 7#aai7 ,joseph ,rodman ,drake4 #agie-ahbj1 was born in ,new ,york ,city4 ,his father died when he was very young1 and his early life was a struggle with poverty4 ,he studied medicine1 and took his degree when he was about twenty years old4 ,from a child1 he showed remarkable poetical powers1 having made rhymes at the early age of five4 ,most of his published writings were produced during a period of less than two years4 ,the ,culprit ,fay and the ,american ,flag are best known4 ,in disposition1 ,mr4 ,drake was gentle and kindly2 and1 on the occasion of his death1 his intimate friend1 ,fitz-,greene ,halleck1 expressed his character in the well-known couplet3 ,none knew thee but to love thee1 ,nor named thee but to praise4 ,when ,freedom1 from her mountain height1 ,unfurled her standard to the air1 ,she tore the azure robe of night1 ,and set the stars of glory there3 ,she mingled with its gorgeous dyes ,the milky baldric of the skies1 ,and striped its pure1 celestial white ,with streakings of the morning light2 ,then1 from his mansion in the sun1 ,she called her eagle bearer down1 ,and gave into his mighty hand ,the symbol of her chosen land4 ,majestic monarch of the cloud6 ,who rear'st aloft thy regal form1 ,to hear the tempest trumpings loud1 ,and see the lightning lances driven1 ,when strive the warriors of the storm1 ,and rolls the thunder drum of heaven2-- ,child of the sun6 to thee 't is given ,to guard the banner of the free1 ,to hover in the sulphur smoke1 ,to ward away the battle stroke1 ,and bid its blendings shine afar1 ,like rainbows on the cloud of war1 ,the harbingers of victory6 ,flag of the brave6 thy folds shall fly1 ,the sign of hope and triumph high6 ,when speaks the signal trumpet tone1 ,and the long line comes gleaming on1 ,ere yet the lifeblood1 warm and wet1 ,has dimmed the glistening bayonet1 ,each soldier's eye shall brightly turn ,to where thy sky-born glories burn1 ,and1 as his springing steps advance1 ,catch war and vengeance from the glance4 ,and when the cannon mouthings loud ,heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud1 ,and gory sabers rise and fall1 ,like shoots of flame on midnight's pall1 ,then shall thy meteor glances glow1 ,and cowering foes shall sink beneath ,each gallant arm1 that strikes below ,that lovely messenger of death4 ,flag of the seas6 on ocean's wave ,thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave2 ,when death careering on the gale1 ,sweeps darkly round the bellied sail1 ,and frighted waves rush wildly back1 ,before the broadside's reeling rack1 ,each dying wanderer of the sea ,shall look at once to heaven and thee1 ,and smile to see thy splendors fly ,in triumph o'er his closing eye4 ,flag of the free heart's hope and home1 ,by angel hands to valor given1 ,thy stars have lit the welkin dome1 ,and all thy hues were born in heaven4 ,forever float that standard sheet6 ,where breathes the foe but falls before us1 ,with ,freedom's soil beneath our feet1 ,and ,freedom's banner streaming o'er us8 ,,xxi4 ,,ironical ,,eulogy ,,on ,,debt4 7#aba7 ,debt is of the very highest antiquity4 ,the first debt in the history of man is the debt of nature1 and the first instinct is to put off the payment of it to the last moment4 ,many persons1 it will be observed1 following the natural procedure1 would die before they would pay their debts4 ,society is composed of two classes1 debtors and creditors4 ,the creditor class has been erroneously supposed the more enviable4 ,never was there a greater misconception2 and the hold it yet maintains upon opinion is a remarkable example of the obstinacy of error1 notwithstanding the plainest lessons of experience4 ,the debtor has the sympathies of mankind4 ,he is seldom spoken of but with expressions of tenderness and compassion--the poor debtor6--and the unfortunate debtor6 ,on the other hand1 harsh and hard-hearted are the epithets allotted to the creditor4 ,who ever heard the poor creditor1 the unfortunate creditor spoken of8 ,no1 the creditor never becomes the object of pity1 unless he passes into the debtor class4 ,a creditor may be ruined by the poor debtor1 but it is not until he becomes unable to pay his own debts1 that he begins to be compassionated4 ,a debtor is a man of mark4 ,many eyes are fixed upon him2 many have interest in his well-being2 his movements are of concern2 he can not disappear unheeded2 his name is in many mouths2 his name is upon many books2 he is a man of note--of promissory note2 he fills the speculation of many minds2 men conjecture about him1 wonder about him1--wonder and conjecture whether he will pay4 ,he is a man of consequence1 for many are running after him4 ,his door is thronged with duns4 ,he is inquired after every hour of the day4 ,judges hear of him and know him4 ,every meal he swallows1 every coat he puts upon his back1 every dollar he borrows1 appears before the country in some formal document4 ,compare his notoriety with the obscure lot of the creditor1--of the man who has nothing but claims on the world2 a landlord1 or fundholder1 or some such disagreeable1 hard character4 ,the man who pays his way is unknown in his neighborhood4 ,you ask the milkman at his door1 and he can not tell his name4 ,you ask the butcher where ,mr4 ,payall lives1 and he tells you he knows no such name1 for it is not in his books4 ,you shall ask the baker1 and he will tell you there is no such person in the neighborhood4 ,people that have his money fast in their pockets1 have no thought of his person or appellation4 ,his house only is known4 ,no4 #ca is good pay4 ,no4 #ca is ready money4 ,not a scrap of paper is ever made out for ,no4 #ca4 ,it is an anonymous house2 its owner pays his way to obscurity4 ,no one knows anything about him1 or heeds his movements4 ,if a carriage be seen at his door1 the neighborhood is not full of concern lest he be going to run away4 ,if a package be removed from his house1 a score of boys are not employed to watch whether it be carried to the pawnbroker4 ,mr4 ,payall fills no place in the public mind2 no one has any hopes or fears about him4 ,the creditor always figures in the fancy as a sour1 single man1 with grizzled hair1 a scowling countenance1 and a peremptory air1 who lives in a dark apartment1 with musty deeds about him1 and an iron safe1 as impenetrable as his heart1 grabbing together what he does not enjoy1 and what there is no one about him to enjoy4 ,the debtor1 on the other hand1 is always pictured with a wife and six fair-haired daughters1 bound together in affection and misery1 full of sensibility1 and suffering without a fault4 ,the creditor1 it is never doubted1 thrives without a merit4 ,he has no wife and children to pity4 ,no one ever thinks it desirable that he should have the means of living4 ,he is a brute for insisting that he must receive1 in order to pay4 ,it is not in the imagination of man to conceive that his creditor has demands upon him which must be satisfied1 and that he must do to others as others must do to him4 ,a creditor is a personification of exaction4 ,he is supposed to be always taking in1 and never giving out4 ,people idly fancy that the possession of riches is desirable4 ,what blindness6 ,spend and regale4 ,save a shilling and you lay it by for a thief4 ,the prudent men are the men that live beyond their means4 ,happen what may1 they are safe4 ,they have taken time by the forelock4 ,they have anticipated fortune4 ,the wealthy fool1 with gold in store1 has only denied himself so much enjoyment1 which another will seize at his expense4 ,look at these people in a panic4 ,see who are the fools then4 ,you know them by their long faces4 ,you may say1 as one of them goes by in an agony of apprehension1 ,there is a stupid fellow who fancied himself rich1 because he had fifty thousand dollars in bank4 ,the history of the last ten years has taught the moral1 spend and regale4 ,whatever is laid up beyond the present hour1 is put in jeopardy4 ,there is no certainty but in instant enjoyment4 ,look at schoolboys sharing a plum cake4 ,the knowing ones eat1 as for a race2 but a stupid fellow saves his portion2 just nibbles a bit1 and keeps the rest for another time4 ,most provident blockhead6 ,the others1 when they have gobbled up their shares1 set upon him1 plunder him1 and thrash him for crying out4 ,before the terms depreciation1 suspension1 and going into liquidation1 were heard1 there might have been some reason in the practice of laying up2 but now it denotes the darkest blindness4 ,the prudent men of the present time1 are the men in debt4 ,the tendency being to sacrifice creditors to debtors1 and the debtor party acquiring daily new strength1 everyone is in haste to get into the favored class4 ,in any case1 the debtor is safe4 ,he has put his enjoyments behind him2 they are safe2 no turns of fortune can disturb them4 ,the substance he has eaten up1 is irrecoverable4 ,the future can not trouble his past4 ,he has nothing to apprehend4 ,he has anticipated more than fortune would ever have granted him4 ,he has tricked fortune2 and his creditors--bah6 who feels for creditors8 ,what are creditors8 ,landlords2 a pitiless and unpitiable tribe2 all griping extortioners6 ,what would become of the world of debtors1 if it did not steal a march upon this rapacious class8 ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,three ,,warnings4 7#abd7 ,hester ,lynch ,thrale4 #agci--ahba1 owes her celebrity almost wholly to her long intimacy with ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson4 ,this continued for twenty years1 during which ,johnson spent much time in her family4 ,she was born in ,caernarvonshire1 ,wales2 her first husband was a wealthy brewer1 by whom she had several children4 ,in #aghd1 she married an ,italian teacher of music named ,piozzi4 ,her writings are quite numerous2 the best known of her books is the ,anecdotes of ,dr4 ,johnson2 but nothing she ever wrote is so well known as the ,three ,warnings4 ,the tree of deepest root is found ,least willing still to quit the ground2 ',t was therefore said by ancient sages1 ,that love of life increased with years ,so much1 that in our latter stages1 ,when pains grow sharp1 and sickness rages1 ,the greatest love of life appears4 ,this great affection to believe1 ,which all confess1 but few perceive1 ,if old assertions can't prevail1 ,be pleased to hear a modern tale4 ,when sports went round1 and all were gay1 ,on neighbor ,dodson's wedding day1 ,death called aside the jocund groom ,with him into another room2 ,and looking grave1 ,you must1 says he1 ,quit your sweet bride1 and come with me4 ,with you6 and quit my ,susan's side8 ,with you6 the hapless bridegroom cried3 ,young as ,i am1 't is monstrous hard6 ,besides1 in truth1 ,i'm not prepared4 ,what more he urged1 ,i have not heard2 ,his reasons could not well be stronger3 ,so ,death the poor delinquent spared1 ,and left to live a little longer4 ,yet1 calling up a serious look1 ,his hourglass trembled while he spoke3 ,neighbor1 he said1 farewell6 no more ,shall ,death disturb your mirthful hour2 ,and further1 to avoid all blame ,of cruelty upon my name1 ,to give you time for preparation1 ,and fit you for your future station1 ,three several warnings you shall have ,before you're summoned to the grave2 ,willing for once ,i'll quit my prey1 ,and grant a kind reprieve2 ,in hopes you'll have no more to say1 ,but1 when ,i call again this way1 ,well pleased the world will leave4 ,to these conditions both consented1 ,and parted perfectly contented4 ,what next the hero of our tale befell1 ,how long he lived1 how wisely1 and how well1 ,it boots not that the ,muse should tell2 ,he plowed1 he sowed1 he bought1 he sold1 ,nor once perceived his growing old1 ,nor thought of ,death as near2 ,his friends not false1 his wife no shrew1 ,many his gains1 his children few1 ,he passed his hours in peace4 ,but1 while he viewed his wealth increase1 ,while thus along life's dusty road1 ,the beaten track1 content he trod1 ,old ,time1 whose haste no mortal spares1 ,uncalled1 unheeded1 unawares1 ,brought on his eightieth year4 ,and now1 one night1 in musing mood1 ,as all alone he sate1 ,the unwelcome messenger of ,fate ,once more before him stood4 ,half-killed with wonder and surprise1 ,so soon returned6 old ,dodson cries4 ,so soon d' ye call it8 ,death replies3 ,surely6 my friend1 you're but in jest2 ,since ,i was here before1 ',t is six and thirty years at least1 ,and you are now fourscore4 ,so much the worse6 the clown rejoined2 ,to spare the aged would be kind3 ,besides1 you promised me three warnings1 ,which ,i have looked for nights and mornings6 ,i know1 cries ,death1 that at the best1 ,i seldom am a welcome guest2 ,but do n't be captious1 friend2 at least1 ,i little thought that you'd be able ,to stump about your farm and stable2 ,your years have run to a great length1 ,yet still you seem to have your strength4 ,hold6 says the farmer1 not so fast6 ,i have been lame1 these four years past4 ,and no great wonder1 ,death replies1 ,however1 you still keep your eyes2 ,and surely1 sir1 to see one's friends1 ,for legs and arms would make amends4 ,perhaps1 says ,dodson1 so it might1 ,but latterly ,i've lost my sight4 ,this is a shocking story1 faith2 ,but there's some comfort still1 says ,death2 ,each strives your sadness to amuse2 ,i warrant you hear all the news4 ,there's none1 cries he1 and if there were1 ,i've grown so deaf1 ,i could not hear4 ,nay1 then1 the specter stern rejoined1 ,these are unpardonable yearnings2 ,if you are lame1 and deaf1 and blind1 ,you've had your three sufficient warnings1 ,so1 come along2 no more we'll part4 ,he said1 and touched him with his dart3 ,and now old ,dodson1 turning pale1 ,yields to his fate--so ends my tale4 ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,our ,,fathers4 7#abh7 ,lyman ,beecher1 #agge-ahfc1 a famous congregational minister of ,new ,england1 was born in ,new ,haven1 graduated from ,yale ,college in #agig1 and studied theology with ,dr4 ,timothy ,dwight4 ,his first settlement was at ,east ,hampton1 ,l4 ,i41 at a salary of three hundred dollars per year4 ,he was pastor of the church in ,litchfield1 ,ct41 from #ahaj till #ahbf1 when he removed to ,boston1 and took charge of the ,hanover ,street ,church4 ,in the religious controversies of the time1 ,dr4 ,beecher was one of the most prominent characters4 ,from #ahcb to #ahdb1 he was ,president of ,lane ,theological ,seminary1 in the suburbs of ,cincinnati4 ,he then returned to ,boston1 where he spent most of the closing years of his long and active life4 ,his death occurred in ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,as a theologian1 preacher1 and advocate of education1 temperance1 and missions1 ,dr4 ,beecher occupied a very prominent place for nearly half a century4 ,he left a large family of sons and two daughters1 who are well known as among the most eminent preachers and authors in ,america4 ,we are called upon to cherish with high veneration and grateful recollections1 the memory of our fathers4 ,both the ties of nature and the dictates of policy demand this4 ,and surely no nation had ever less occasion to be ashamed of its ancestry1 or more occasion for gratulation in that respect2 for while most nations trace their origin to barbarians1 the foundations of our nation were laid by civilized men1 by ,christians4 ,many of them were men of distinguished families1 of powerful talents1 of great learning and of preeminent wisdom1 of decision of character1 and of most inflexible integrity4 ,and yet not unfrequently they have been treated as if they had no virtues2 while their sins and follies have been sedulously immortalized in satirical anecdote4 ,the influence of such treatment of our fathers is too manifest4 ,it creates and lets loose upon their institutions1 the vandal spirit of innovation and overthrow2 for after the memory of our father shall have been rendered contemptible1 who will appreciate and sustain their institutions8 ,the memory of our fathers should be the watchword of liberty throughout the land2 for1 imperfect as they were1 the world before had not seen their like1 nor will it soon1 we fear1 behold their like again4 ,such models of moral excellence1 such apostles of civil and religious liberty1 such shades of the illustrious dead looking down upon their descendants with approbation or reproof1 according as they follow or depart from the good way1 constitute a censorship inferior only to the eye of ,god2 and to ridicule them is national suicide4 ,the doctrines of our fathers have been represented as gloomy1 superstitious1 severe1 irrational1 and of a licentious tendency4 ,but when other systems shall have produced a piety as devoted1 a morality as pure1 a patriotism as disinterested1 and a state of society as happy1 as have prevailed where their doctrines have been most prevalent1 it may be in season to seek an answer to this objection4 ,the persecutions instituted by our fathers have been the occasion of ceaseless obloquy upon their fair fame4 ,and truly1 it was a fault of no ordinary magnitude1 that sometimes they did persecute4 ,but let him whose ancestors were not ten times more guilty1 cast the first stone1 and the ashes of our fathers will no more be disturbed4 ,theirs was the fault of the age1 and it will be easy to show that no class of men had1 at that time1 approximated so nearly to just apprehensions of religious liberty2 and that it is to them that the world is now indebted for the more just and definite views which now prevail4 ,the superstition and bigotry of our fathers are themes on which some of their descendants1 themselves far enough from superstition1 if not from bigotry1 have delighted to dwell4 ,but when we look abroad1 and behold the condition of the world1 compared with the condition of ,new ,england1 we may justly exclaim1 ,would to ,god that the ancestors of all the nations had been not only almost1 but altogether such bigots as our fathers were4 ,,xxiv4 ,,short ,,selections ,,in ,,prose4 7#acj7 ,i4 ,,dryden ,,and ,,pope4 ,dryden knew more of man in his general nature1 and ,pope in his local manners4 ,the notions of ,dryden were formed by comprehensive speculation1 those of ,pope by minute attention4 ,there is more dignity in the knowledge of ,dryden1 more certainty in that of ,pope4 ,the style of ,dryden is capricious and varied1 that of ,pope cautious and uniform4 ,dryden obeys the motions of his own mind2 ,pope constrains his mind to his own rules of composition4 ,dryden's page is a natural field1 rising into inequalities1 and diversified by the varied exuberance of abundant vegetation2 ,pope's is the velvet lawn1 shaven by the scythe1 and leveled by the roller4 ,if the flights of ,dryden are higher1 ,pope continues longer on the wing4 ,if1 of ,dryden's fire1 the blaze is brighter1 of ,pope's the heat is more regular and constant4 ,dryden often surpasses expectation1 and ,pope never falls below it4 ,dryden is read with frequent astonishment1 and ,pope with perpetual delight4 --,samuel ,johnson4 ,note4--,a fine example of antithesis4 ,see p4 #bf4 ,,ii4 ,,las ,,casas ,,dissuading ,,from ,,battle4 7#acj7 ,is then the dreadful measure of your cruelty not yet complete8 ,battle6 against whom8 ,against a king1 in whose mild bosom your atrocious injuries1 even yet1 have not excited hate2 but who1 insulted or victorious1 still sues for peace4 ,against a people1 who never wronged the living being their ,creator formed2 a people1 who received you as cherished guests1 with eager hospitality and confiding kindness4 ,generously and freely did they share with you their comforts1 their treasures1 and their homes2 you repaid them by fraud1 oppression1 and dishonor4 ,pizarro1 hear me6 ,hear me1 chieftains6 ,and thou1 ,all-powerful6 whose thunder can shiver into sand the adamantine rock1 whose lightnings can pierce the core of the riven and quaking earth1 oh let thy power give effect to thy servant's words1 as thy ,spirit gives courage to his will6 ,do not1 ,i implore you1 chieftains1--do not1 ,i implore1 you1 renew the foul barbarities your insatiate avarice has inflicted on this wretched1 unoffending race4 ,but hush1 my sighs6 fall not1 ye drops of useless sorrow6 heart-breaking anguish1 choke not my utterance4 --,e4 ,b4 ,sheridan4 ,note4--,examples of series4 ,see p4 #bh4 ,,iii4 ,,action ,,and ,,repose4 7#aca7 ,john ,ruskin1 #ahai ---1 is a distinguished ,english art critic and author4 ,from #ahfi to #ahhd1 he was ,professor of the ,fine ,arts at ,oxford ,university4 ,his writings are very numerous1 and are noted for their eloquent and brilliant style4 ,about the river of human life there is a wintry wind1 though a heavenly sunshine2 the iris colors its agitation1 the frost fixes upon its repose4 ,let us beware that our rest become not the rest of stones1 which1 so long as they are tempest-tossed and thunderstricken1 maintain their majesty2 but when the stream is silent and the storm passed1 suffer the grass to cover them1 and are plowed into the dust4 ,,iv4 ,,time ,,and ,,change4 7#aca7 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 #aggh-ahbi1 was an eminent chemist of ,england4 ,he made many important chemical discoveries1 and was the inventor of the miner's safety lamp4 ,time is almost a human word1 and ,change entirely a human idea2 in the system of nature1 we should rather say progress than change4 ,the sun appears to sink in the ocean in darkness1 but it rises in another hemisphere2 the ruins of a city fall1 but they are often used to form more magnificent structures3 even when they are destroyed so as to produce only dust1 ,nature asserts her empire over them2 and the vegetable world rises in constant youth1 in a period of annual successions1 by the labors of man--providing food1 vitality1 and beauty--upon the wrecks of monuments which were raised for the purposes of glory1 but which are now applied to objects of utility4 ,v4 ,,the ,,poet4 7#acb7 ,william ,ellery ,channing1 #aghj-ahdb1 was a distinguished clergyman and orator4 ,he took a leading part in the public affairs of his day1 and wrote and lectured eloquently on several topics4 ,it is not true that the poet paints a life which does not exist4 ,he only extracts and concentrates1 as it were1 life's ethereal essence1 arrests and condenses its volatile fragrance1 brings together its scattered beauties1 and prolongs its more refined but evanescent joys2 and in this he does well1 for it is good to feel that life is not wholly usurped by cares for subsistence and physical gratifications1 but admits1 in measures which may be indefinitely enlarged1 sentiments and delights worthy of a higher being4 ,,vi4 ,,mountains4 7#acb7 ,william ,howitt1 #agie-ahgi1 was an ,english author4 ,he published many books1 and was associated with his wife1 ,mary ,howitt1 in the publication of many others4 ,there is a charm connected with mountains1 so powerful that the merest mention of them1 the merest sketch of their magnificent features1 kindles the imagination1 and carries the spirit at once into the bosom of their enchanted regions4 ,how the mind is filled with their vast solitude6 ,how the inward eye is fixed on their silent1 their sublime1 their everlasting peaks6 ,how our hearts bound to the music of their solitary cries1 to the tinkle of their gushing rills1 to the sound of their cataracts6 ,how inspiriting are the odors that breathe from the upland turf1 from the rock-hung flower1 from the hoary and solemn pine6 ,how beautiful are those lights and shadows thrown abroad1 and that fine1 transparent haze which is diffused over the valleys and lower slopes1 as over a vast1 inimitable picture6 ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,jolly ,,old ,,pedagogue4 7#acc7 ,george ,arnold1 #ahcd--ahfe1 was born in ,new ,york ,city4 ,he never attended school1 but was educated at home1 by his parents4 ,his literary career occupied a period of about twelve years4 ,in this time he wrote stories1 essays1 criticisms in art and literature1 poems1 sketches1 etc41 for several periodicals4 ,two volumes of his poems have been published since his death4 ',t was a jolly old pedagogue1 long ago1 ,tall1 and slender1 and sallow1 and dry2 ,his form was bent1 and his gait was slow1 ,and his long1 thin hair was white as snow1 ,but a wonderful twinkle shone in his eye3 ,and he sang every night as he went to bed1 ,let us be happy down here below2 ,the living should live1 though the dead be dead1 ,said the jolly old pedagogue1 long ago4 ,he taught the scholars the ,rule of ,three1 ,reading1 and writing1 and history too2 ,he took the little ones on his knee1 ,for a kind old heart in his breast had he1 ,and the wants of the littlest child he knew4 ,learn while you're young1 he often said1 ,there is much to enjoy down here below2 ,life for the living1 and rest for the dead6 ,said the jolly old pedagogue1 long ago4 ,with the stupidest boys1 he was kind and cool1 ,speaking only in gentlest tones2 ,the rod was scarcely known in his school-- ,whipping to him was a barbarous rule1 ,and too hard work for his poor old bones2 ,besides it was painful1 he sometimes said3 ,we should make life pleasant down here below-- ,the living need charity more than the dead1 ,said the jolly old pedagogue1 long ago4 ,he lived in the house by the hawthorn lane1 ,with roses and woodbine over the door2 ,his rooms were quiet1 and neat1 and plain1 ,but a spirit of comfort there held reign1 ,and made him forget he was old and poor4 ,i need so little1 he often said2 ,and my friends and relatives here below ,won't litigate over me when ,i am dead1 ,said the jolly old pedagogue1 long ago4 ,but the pleasantest times he had of all1 ,were the sociable hours he used to pass1 ,with his chair tipped back to a neighbor's wall1 ,making an unceremonious call1 ,over a pipe and a friendly glass3 ,this was the finest pleasure1 he said1 ,of the many he tasted here below3 ,who has no cronies had better be dead1 ,said the jolly old pedagogue1 long ago4 ,the jolly old pedagogue's wrinkled face ,melted all over in sunshiny smiles2 ,he stirred his glass with an old-school grace1 ,chuckled1 and sipped1 and prattled apace1 ,till the house grew merry from cellar to tiles4 ,i'm a pretty old man1 he gently said1 ,i've lingered a long time here below2 ,but my heart is fresh1 if my youth is fled6 ,said the jolly old pedagogue1 long ago4 ,he smoked his pipe in the balmy air ,every night1 when the sun went down2 ,and the soft wind played in his silvery hair1 ,leaving its tenderest kisses there1 ,on the jolly old pedagogue's jolly old crown2 ,and feeling the kisses1 he smiled1 and said3 ',t is it glorious world down here below2 ,why wait for happiness till we are dead8 ,said this jolly old pedagogue1 long ago4 ,he sat at his door one midsummer night1 ,after the sun had sunk in the west1 ,and the lingering beams of golden light ,made his kindly old face look warm and bright1 ,while the odorous night winds whispered1 ,rest6 ,gently1 gently1 he bowed his head2 ,there were angels waiting for him1 ,i know2 ,he was sure of his happiness1 living or dead1 ,this jolly old pedagogue1 long ago6 ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,teacher ,,and ,,sick ,,scholar4 7#ace7 ,shortly after the schoolmaster had arranged the forms and taken his seat behind his desk1 a small white-headed boy with a sunburnt face appeared at the door1 and1 stopping there to make a rustic bow1 came in and took his seat upon one of the forms4 ,he then put an open book1 astonishingly dog's-eared1 upon his knees1 and1 thrusting his hands into his pockets1 began counting the marbles with which they were filled2 displaying1 in the expression of his face1 a remarkable capacity of totally abstracting his mind from the spelling on which his eyes were fixed4 ,soon afterward1 another white-headed little boy came straggling in1 and after him1 a red-headed lad1 and then one with a flaxen poll1 until the forms were occupied by a dozen boys1 or thereabouts1 with heads of every color but gray1 and ranging in their ages from four years old to fourteen years or more2 for the legs of the youngest were a long way from the floor1 when he sat upon the form2 and the eldest was a heavy1 good-tempered fellow1 about half a head taller than the schoolmaster4 ,at the top of the first form--the post of honor in the school--was the vacant place of the little sick scholar2 and1 at the head of the row of pegs1 on which those who wore hats or caps were wont to hang them1 one was empty4 ,no boy attempted to violate the sanctity of seat or peg1 but many a one looked from the empty spaces to the schoolmaster1 and whispered to his idle neighbor1 behind his hand4 ,then began the hum of conning over lessons and getting them by heart1 the whispered jest and stealthy game1 and all the noise and drawl of school2 and in the midst of the din1 sat the poor schoolmaster1 vainly attempting to fix his mind upon the duties of the day1 and to forget his little sick friend4 ,but the tedium of his office reminded him more strongly of the willing scholar1 and his thoughts were rambling from his pupils--it was plain4 ,none knew this better than the idlest boys1 who1 growing bolder with impunity1 waxed louder and more daring2 playing odd or even under the master's eye2 eating apples openly and without rebuke2 pinching each other in sport or malice1 without the least reserve2 and cutting their initials in the very legs of his desk4 ,the puzzled dunce1 who stood beside it to say his lesson off the book1 looked no longer at the ceiling for forgotten words1 but drew closer to the master's elbow1 and boldly cast his eye upon the page2 the wag of the little troop squinted and made grimaces 7at the smallest boy1 of course71 holding no book before his face1 and his approving companions knew no constraint in their delight4 ,if the master did chance to rouse himself1 and seem alive to what was going on1 the noise subsided for a moment1 and no eye met his but wore a studious and deeply humble look2 but the instant he relapsed again1 it broke out afresh1 and ten times louder than before4 ,oh6 how some of those idle fellows longed to be outside1 and how they looked at the open door and window1 as if they half meditated rushing violently out1 plunging into the woods1 and being wild boys and savages from that time forth4 ,what rebellious thoughts of the cool river1 and some shady bathing place1 beneath willow trees with branches dipping in the water1 kept tempting and urging that sturdy boy1 who1 with his shirt collar unbuttoned1 and flung back as far as it could go1 sat fanning his flushed face with a spelling book1 wishing himself a whale1 or a minnow1 or a fly1 or anything but a boy at school1 on that hot1 broiling day4 ,heat6 ask that other boy1 whose seat being nearest to the door1 gave him opportunities of gliding out into the garden1 and driving his companions to madness1 by dipping his face into the bucket of the well1 and then rolling on the grass1--ask him if there was ever such a day as that1 when even the bees were diving deep down into the cups of the flowers1 and stopping there1 as if they had made up their minds to retire from business1 and be manufacturers of honey no more4 ,the day was made for laziness1 and lying on one's back in green places1 and staring at the sky1 till its brightness forced the gazer to shut his eyes and go to sleep4 ,and was this a time to be poring over musty books in a dark room1 slighted by the very sun itself8 ,monstrous6 ,the lessons over1 writing time began4 ,this was a more quiet time2 for the master would come and look over the writer's shoulder1 and mildly tell him to observe how such a letter was turned up1 in such a copy on the wall1 which had been written by their sick companion1 and bid him take it as a model4 ,then he would stop and tell them what the sick child had said last night1 and how he had longed to be among them once again2 and such was the poor schoolmaster's gentle and affectionate manner1 that the boys seemed quite remorseful that they had worried him so much1 and were absolutely quiet2 eating no apples1 cutting no names1 and making no grimaces for full two minutes afterward4 ,i think1 boys1 said the schoolmaster1 when the clock struck twelve1 that ,i shall give you an extra half holiday this afternoon4 ,at this intelligence1 the boys1 led on and headed by the tall boy1 raised a great shout1 in the midst of which the master was seen to speak1 but could not be heard4 ,as he held up his hand1 however1 in token of his wish that they should be silent1 they were considerate enough to leave off1 as soon as the longest-winded among them were quite out of breath4 ,you must promise me1 first1 said the schoolmaster1 that you'll not be noisy1 or at least1 if you are1 that you'll go away first1 out of the village1 ,i mean4 ,i'm sure you would n't disturb your old playmate and companion4 ,there was a general murmur 7and perhaps a very sincere one1 for they were but boys7 in the negative2 and the tall boy1 perhaps as sincerely as any of them1 called those about him to witness1 that he had only shouted in a whisper4 ,then pray do n't forget1 there's my dear scholars1 said the schoolmaster1 what ,i have asked you1 and do it as a favor to me4 ,be as happy as you can1 and do n't be unmindful that you are blessed with health4 ,good-by1 all4 ,thank 'ee1 sir1 and ,good-by1 sir1 were said a great many times in a great variety of voices1 and the boys went out very slowly and softly4 ,but there was the sun shining and there were birds singing1 as the sun only shines and the birds only sing on holidays and half holidays2 there were the trees waving to all free boys to climb1 and nestle among their leafy branches2 the hay1 entreating them to come and scatter it to the pure air2 the green corn1 gently beckoning toward wood and stream2 the smooth ground1 rendered smoother still by blending lights and shadows1 inviting to runs and leaps1 and long walks1 nobody knows whither4 ,it was more than boy could bear1 and with a joyous whoop1 the whole cluster took to their heels1 and spread themselves about1 shouting and laughing as they went4 ',t is natural1 thank ,heaven6 said the poor schoolmaster1 looking after them1 ,i am very glad they did n't mind me4 ,toward night1 the schoolmaster walked over to the cottage where his little friend lay sick4 ,knocking gently at the cottage door1 it was opened without loss of time4 ,he entered a room where a group of women were gathered about one who was wringing her hands and crying bitterly4 ,o dame6 said the schoolmaster1 drawing near her chair1 is it so bad as this8 ,without replying1 she pointed to another room1 which the schoolmaster immediately entered2 and there lay his little friend1 half-dressed1 stretched upon a bed4 ,he was a very young boy2 quite a little child4 ,his hair still hung in curls about his face1 and his eyes were very bright2 but their light was of heaven1 not of earth4 ,the schoolmaster took a seat beside him1 and1 stooping over the pillow whispered his name4 ,the boy sprung up1 stroked his face with his hand1 and threw his wasted arms around his neck1 crying1 that he was his dear1 kind friend4 ,i hope ,i always was4 ,i meant to be1 ,god knows1 said the poor schoolmaster4 ,you remember my garden1 ,henry8 whispered the old man1 anxious to rouse him1 for dullness seemed gathering upon the child1 and how pleasant it used to be in the evening time8 ,you must make haste to visit it again1 for ,i think the very flowers have missed you1 and are less gay than they used to be4 ,you will come soon1 very soon now1 won't you8 ,the boy smiled faintly--so very1 very faintly--and put his hand upon his friend's gray head4 ,he moved his lips too1 but no voice came from them1-- no1 not a sound4 ,in the silence that ensued1 the hum of distant voices1 borne upon the evening air1 came floating through the open window4 ,what's that8 said the sick child1 opening his eyes4 ,the boys at play1 upon the green4 ,he took a handkerchief from his pillow1 and tried to wave it above his head4 ,but the feeble arm dropped powerless down4 ,shall ,i do it8 said the schoolmaster4 ,please wave it at the window1 was the faint reply4 ,tie it to the lattice4 ,some of them may see it there4 ,perhaps they'll think of me1 and look this way4 ,he raised his head and glanced from the fluttering signal to his idle bat1 that lay1 with slate1 and book1 and other boyish property1 upon the table in the room4 ,and then he laid him softly down once more1 and again clasped his little arms around the old man's neck4 ,the two old friends and companions--for such they were1 though they were man and child--held each other in a long embrace1 and then the little scholar turned his face to the wall and fell asleep4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the poor schoolmaster sat in the same place1 holding the small1 cold hand in his1 and chafing it4 ,it was but the hand of a dead child4 ,he felt that2 and yet he chafed it still1 and could not lay it down4 ,from ,the ,old ,curiosity ,shop1 by ,dickens4 ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,snow ,,shower4 7#ada7 ,william ,cullen ,bryant1 #agid-ahgh1 was the son of ,peter ,bryant1 a physician of ,cummington1 ,massachusetts4 ,amid the beautiful scenery of this remote country town1 the poet was born2 and here he passed his early youth4 ,at the age of sixteen1 ,bryant entered ,williams ,college1 but was honorably dismissed at the end of two years4 ,he then entered on the study of law1 and was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one4 ,he practiced his profession1 with much success1 for about nine years4 ,in #ahbf1 he removed to ,new ,york1 and became connected with the ,evening ,post1 a connection which continued to the time of his death4 ,for more than thirty of the last years of his life1 ,mr4 ,bryant made his home near ,roslyn1 ,long ,island1 where he occupied an old-time mansion1 which he bought1 fitted up1 and surrounded in accordance with his excellent rural taste4 ,a poem of his1 written at the age of ten years1 was published in the ,county ,gazette1 and two poems of considerable length were published in book form1 when the author was only fourteen4 ,thanatopsis1 perhaps the best known of all his poems1 was written when he was but nineteen4 ,but1 notwithstanding his precocity1 his powers continued to a remarkable age4 ,his1 excellent translations of the ,iliad and the ,odyssey1 together with some of his best poems1 were accomplished after the poet1 had passed the age of seventy4 ,mr4 ,bryant visited ,europe several times2 and1 in #ahdi1 he continued his travels into ,egypt and ,syria4 ,abroad1 he was received with many marks of distinction2 and he added much to his extensive knowledge by studying the literature of the countries he visited4 ,all his poems exhibit a peculiar love1 and a careful study1 of nature2 and his language1 both in prose and poetry1 is always chaste1 elegant1 and correct4 ,his mind was well-balanced2 and his personal character was one to be admired1 loved1 and imitated4 ,stand here by my side and turn1 ,i pray1 ,on the lake below thy gentle eyes2 ,the clouds hang over it1 heavy and gray1 ,and dark and silent the water lies2 ,and out of that frozen mist the snow ,in wavering flakes begins to flow2 ,flake after flake ,they sink in the dark and silent lake4 ,see how in a living swarm they come ,from the chambers beyond that misty veil2 ,some hover in air awhile1 and some ,rush prone from the sky like summer hail4 ,all1 dropping swiftly1 or settling slow1 ,meet1 and are still in the depths below2 ,flake after flake ,dissolved in the dark and silent lake4 ,here delicate snow stars1 out of the cloud1 ,come floating downward in airy play1 ,like spangles dropped from the glistening crowd ,that whiten by night the ,milky ,way2 ,there broader and burlier masses fall2 ,the sullen water buries them all1-- ,flake after flake1-- ,all drowned in the dark and silent lake4 ,and some1 as on tender wings they glide ,from their chilly birth cloud1 dim and gray4 ,are joined in their fall1 and1 side by side1 ,come clinging along their unsteady way2 ,as friend with friend1 or husband with wife1 ,makes hand in hand the passage of life2 ,each mated flake ,soon sinks in the dark and silent lake4 ,lo6 while we are gazing1 in swifter haste ,stream down the snows1 till the air is white1 ,as1 myriads by myriads madly chased1 ,they fling themselves from their shadowy height4 ,the fair1 frail creatures of middle sky1 ,what speed they make1 with their grave so nigh2 ,flake after flake ,to lie in the dark and silent lake4 ,i see in thy gentle eyes a tear2 ,they turn to me in sorrowful thought2 ,thou thinkest of friends1 the good and dear1 ,who were for a time1 and now are not2 ,like these fair children of cloud and frost1 ,that glisten a moment an then are lost1 ,flake after flake1-- ,all lost in the dark and silent lake4 ,yet look again1 for the clouds divide2 ,a gleam of blue on the water lies2 ,and far away1 on the mountain side1 ,a sunbeam falls from the opening skies4 ,but the hurrying host that flew between ,the cloud and the water no more is seen2 ,flake after flake ,at rest in the dark and silent lake4 ,,xxviii4 ,,character ,,of ,,napoleon ,,bonaparte4 7#adc7 ,charles ,phillips1 #aghg-ahei1 an eminent barrister and orator1 was born in ,sligo1 ,ireland1 and died in ,london4 ,he gained much of his reputation as an advocate in criminal cases4 ,in his youth he published some verses2 later in life he became the author of several works1 chiefly of biography4 ,he is fallen6 ,we may now pause before that splendid prodigy1 which towered among us like some ancient ruin1 whose power terrified the glance its magnificence attracted4 ,grand1 gloomy1 and peculiar1 he sat upon the throne a sceptered hermit1 wrapt in the solitude of his own originality4 ,a mind1 bold1 independent1 and decisive2 a will1 despotic in its dictates2 an energy that distanced expedition2 and a conscience1 pliable to every touch of interest1 marked the outlines of this extraordinary character--the most extraordinary1 perhaps1 that in the annals of this world ever rose1 or reigned1 or fell4 ,flung into life in the midst of a revolution that quickened every energy of a people who acknowledged no superior1 he commenced his course1 a stranger by birth1 and a scholar by charity4 ,with no friend but his sword1 and no fortune but his talents1 he rushed into the lists where rank1 and wealth1 and genius had arrayed themselves1 and competition fled from him1 as from the glance of destiny4 ,he knew no motive but interest2 acknowledged no criterion but success2 he worshiped no ,god but ambition2 and1 with an eastern devotion1 he knelt at the shrine of his idolatry4 ,subsidiary to this1 there was no creed that he did not profess1 there was no opinion that he did not promulgate3 in the hope of a dynasty1 he upheld the crescent2 for the sake of a divorce1 he bowed before the cross2 the orphan of ,st4 ,louis1 he became the adopted child of the ,republic2 and1 with a parricidal ingratitude1 on the ruins both of the throne and the tribune1 he reared the throne of his despotism4 ,a professed ,catholic1 he imprisoned the ,pope2 a pretended patriot1 he impoverished the country2 and in the name of ,brutus1 he grasped without remorse1 and wore without shame1 the diadem of the ,caesars4 ,the whole continent trembled at beholding the audacity of his designs1 and the miracle of their execution4 ,skepticism bowed to the prodigies of his performance2 romance assumed the air of history2 nor was there aught too incredible for belief1 or too fanciful for expectation1 when the world saw a subaltern of ,corsica waving his imperial flag over her most ancient capitals4 ,all the visions of antiquity became commonplace in his contemplation3 kings were his people2 nations were his outposts2 and he disposed of courts1 and crowns1 and camps1 and churches1 and cabinets1 as if they were the titular dignitaries of the chessboard6 ,amid all these changes1 he stood immutable as adamant4 ,it mattered little whether in the field1 or in the drawing-room2 with the mob1 or the levee2 wearing the ,jacobin bonnet1 or the iron crown2 banishing a ,braganza1 or espousing a ,hapsburg2 dictating peace on a raft to the ,czar of ,russia1 or contemplating defeat at the gallows of ,leipsic he was still the same military despot4 ,in this wonderful combination1 his affectations of literature must not be omitted4 ,the jailer of the press1 he affected the patronage of letters2 the proscriber of books1 he encouraged philosophy2 the persecutor of authors1 and the murderer of printers1 he yet pretended to the protection of learning2 the assassin of ,palm1 the silencer of ,de ,stael1 and the denouncer of ,kotzebue1 he was the friend of ,david1 the benefactor of ,de ,lille1 and sent his academic prize to the philosopher of ,england4 ,such a medley of contradictions1 and1 at the same time1 such an individual consistency1 were never united in the same character4 ,a royalist1 a republican1 and an emperor2 a ,mohammedan1 a ,catholic1 and a patron of the synagogue2 a subaltern and a sovereign2 a traitor and a tyrant2 a ,christian and an infidel2 he was1 through all his vicissitudes1 the same stern1 impatient1 inflexible original2 the same mysterious1 incomprehensible self2 the man without a model1 and without a shadow4 ,,notes4--,st4 ,louis 7b4 #abae1 d4 #abgj71 a wise and pious king of ,france1 known as ,louis ,,ix4 ,napoleon was appointed to the ,military ,school at ,brienne1 by ,louis ,,xvi4 ,brutus1 ,lucius ,junius1 abolished the royal office at ,rome 7#eji ,b4 ,c471 and ruled as consul for two years4 ,jacobin ,bonnet4--,the ,jacobins were a powerful political club during the first ,french ,revolution4 ,a peculiar bonnet or hat was their badge4 ,braganza1 the name of the royal family of ,portugal4 ,maria of ,portugal1 and her father1 ,charles ,,iv4 of ,spain1 were both expelled by ,napoleon4 ,hapsburg1 the name of the royal family of ,austria4 ,napoleon's second wife was ,maria ,louisa1 the daughter of the ,emperor4 ,czar4--,the treaty of ,tilsit was agreed to between ,bonaparte and the ,czar ,alexander on the river ,memel4 ,leipsic4--,napoleon was defeated by the allied forces1 in ,october1 #ahac1 at this city4 ,palm1 a ,german publisher1 shot1 in #ahjf1 by order of ,napoleon1 for publishing a pamphlet against him4 ,de ,stael 7pro4 ,de ,stal71 a celebrated ,french authoress1 banished from ,paris1 in #ahjb1 by ,napoleon4 ,kotzebue1 an eminent ,german dramatist4 ,david1 the leading historical painter of his times in ,france4 ,de ,lille1 an eminent ,french poet and professor4 ,,xxix4 ,,napoleon ,,at ,,rest4 7#adf7 ,john ,pierpont1 #aghe-ahff1 was born in ,litchfield1 ,connecticut1 and graduated from ,yale ,college in #ahjd4 ,the next four years he spent as a private tutor in the family of ,col4 ,william ,allston1 of ,south ,carolina4 ,on his return1 he studied law in the law school of his native town4 ,he entered upon practice1 but soon left the law for mercantile pursuits1 in which he was unsuccessful4 ,having studied theology at ,cambridge1 in #ahai he was ordained pastor of the ,hollis ,street ,unitarian ,church1 in ,boston1 where he continued nearly twenty years4 ,he afterwards preached four years for a church in ,troy1 ,new ,york1 and then removed to ,medford1 ,massachusetts4 ,at the age of seventy-six1 he became chaplain of a ,massachusetts regiment2 but1 on account of infirmity1 war soon obliged to give up the position4 ,mr4 ,pierpont published a series of school readers1 which enjoyed a well-deserved popularity for many years4 ,his poetry is smooth1 musical1 and vigorous4 ,most of his pieces were written for special occasions4 ,his falchion flashed along the ,nile2 ,his hosts he led through ,alpine snows2 ,o'er ,moscow's towers1 that blazed the while1 ,his eagle flag unrolled1--and froze4 ,here sleeps he now1 alone6 ,not one ,of all the kings1 whose crowns he gave1 ,bends o'er his dust2--nor wife nor son ,has ever seen or sought his grave4 ,behind this seagirt rock6 the star1 ,that led him on from crown to crown1 ,has sunk2 and nations from afar ,gazed as it faded and went down4 ,high is his couch2--the ocean flood1 ,far1 far below1 by storms is curled2 ,as round him heaved1 while high he stood1 ,a stormy and unstable world4 ,alone he sleeps6 ,the mountain cloud1 ,that night hangs round him1 and the breath ,of morning scatters1 is the shroud ,that wraps the conqueror's clay in death4 ,pause here6 ,the far-off world1 at last1 ,breathes free2 the hand that shook its thrones1 ,and to the earth its miters cast1 ,lies powerless now beneath these stones4 ,hark6 comes there from the pyramids1 ,and from ,siberian wastes of snow1 ,and ,europe's hills1 a voice that bids ,the world he awed to mourn him8 ,no3 ,the only1 the perpetual dirge ,that's heard there is the sea bird's cry1-- ,the mournful murmur of the surge1-- ,the cloud's deep voice1 the wind's low sigh4 ,,note4--,seagirt rock1 the island of ,st4 ,helena1 is in the ,atlantic ,ocean1 nearly midway between ,africa and ,south ,america4 ,napoleon was confined on this island six years2 until #ahba1 when he died and was buried there4 ,in #ahda1 his remains were removed to ,paris4 ,,xxx4 ,,war4 7#adh7 ,charles ,sumner4 #ahaa-ahgd1 was born in ,boston4 ,he studied at the ,latin school in his native city1 graduated from ,harvard ,university at the age of nineteen1 studied law at the same institution1 and was admitted to practice in #ahcd4 ,he at once took a prominent position in his profession1 lectured to the law classes at ,cambridge for several successive years1 wrote and edited several standard law books1 and might have had a professorship in the law school1 had he desired it4 ,in his famous address on ,the ,true ,grandeur of ,nations1 delivered ,july #d1 #ahae1 before the municipal authorities of ,boston1 he took strong grounds against war among nations4 ,in #ahea he was elected to the ,united ,states ,senate and continued in that position till his death4 ,as a jurist1 as a statesman1 as an orator1 and as a profound and scholarly writer1 ,mr4 ,sumner stands high in the estimation of his countrymen4 ,in physical appearance1 ,mr4 ,sumner was grand and imposing2 men often turned to gaze after him1 as he passed along the streets of his native city4 ,i need not dwell now on the waste and cruelty of war4 ,these stare us wildly in the face1 like lurid meteor lights1 as we travel the page of history4 ,we see the desolation and death that pursue its demoniac footsteps4 ,we look upon sacked towns1 upon ravaged territories1 upon violated homes2 we behold all the sweet charities of life changed to wormwood and gall4 ,our soul is penetrated by the sharp moan of mothers1 sisters1 and daughters--of fathers1 brothers1 and sons1 who1 in the bitterness of their bereavement1 refuse to be comforted4 ,our eyes rest at last upon one of these fair fields1 where ,nature1 in her abundance1 spreads her cloth of gold1 spacious and apt for the entertainment of mighty multitudes--or perhaps1 from the curious subtlety of its position1 like the carpet in the ,arabian tale1 seeming to contract so as to be covered by a few only1 or to dilate so as to receive an innumerable host4 ,here1 under a bright sun1 such as shone at ,austerlitz or ,buena ,vista--amidst the peaceful harmonies of nature--on the ,sabbath of peace--we behold bands of brothers1 children of a common ,father1 heirs to a common happiness1 struggling together in the deadly fight1 with the madness of fallen spirits1 seeking with murderous weapons the lives of brothers who have never injured them or their kindred4 ,the havoc rages4 ,the ground is soaked with their commingling blood4 ,the air is rent by their commingling cries4 ,horse and rider are stretched together on the earth4 ,more revolting than the mangled victims1 than the gashed limbs1 than the lifeless trunks1 than the spattering brains1 are the lawless passions which sweep1 tempest-like1 through the fiendish tumult4 ,horror-struck1 we ask1 wherefore this hateful contest8 ,the melancholy1 but truthful answer comes1 that this is the established method of determining justice between nations6 ,the scene changes4 ,far away on the distant pathway of the ocean two ships approach each other1 with white canvas broadly spread to receive the flying gales4 ,they are proudly built4 ,all of human art has been lavished in their graceful proportions1 and in their well compacted sides1 while they look in their dimensions like floating happy islands on the sea4 ,a numerous crew1 with costly appliances of comfort1 hives in their secure shelter4 ,surely these two travelers shall meet in joy and friendship2 the flag at the masthead shall give the signal of friendship2 the happy sailors shall cluster in the rigging1 and even on the yardarms1 to look each other in the face1 while the exhilarating voices of both crews shall mingle in accents of gladness uncontrollable4 ,it is not so4 ,not as brothers1 not as friends1 not as wayfarers of the common ocean1 do they come together2 but as enemies4 ,the gentle vessels now bristle fiercely with death-dealing instruments4 ,on their spacious decks1 aloft on all their masts1 flashes the deadly musketry4 ,from their sides spout cataracts of flame1 amidst the pealing thunders of a fatal artillery4 ,they1 who had escaped the dreadful touch of merchant-marring rocks--who had sped on their long and solitary way unharmed by wind or wave--whom the hurricane had spared--in whose favor storms and seas had intermitted their immitigable war--now at last fall by the hand of each other4 ,the same spectacle of horror greets us from both ships4 ,on their decks1 reddened with blood1 the murderers of ,st4 ,bartholomew and of the ,sicilian ,vespers1 with the fires of ,smithfield1 seem to break forth anew1 and to concentrate their rage4 ,each has now become a swimming ,golgotha4 ,at length1 these vessels--such pageants of the sea--once so stately--so proudly built--but now rudely shattered by cannon balls--with shivered mast's and ragged sails--exist only as unmanageable wrecks1 weltering on the uncertain waves1 whose temporary lull of peace is now their only safety4 ,in amazement at this strange1 unnatural contest--away from country and home--where there is no country or home to defend--we ask again1 wherefore this dismal duel8 ,again the melancholy but truthful answer promptly comes1 that this is the established method of determining justice between nations4 ,,notes4--,austerlitz1 a small town in ,austria1 seventy miles north from ,vienna4 ,it is noted as the site of a battle1 in ,december1 #ahje1 between the allied ,austrian and ,russian armies1 and the ,french under ,napoleon4 ,the latter were victorious4 ,buena ,vista1 a small hamlet in eastern ,mexico1 where1 in #ahdg1 five thousand ,americans1 under ,gen4 ,taylor1 defeated twenty thousand ,mexicans1 under ,gen4 ,santa ,anna4 ,dreadful touch4--,quoted from ,merchant of ,venice1 ,act ,,iii1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,st4 ,bartholomew4--,a terrible massacre took place in ,france1 on ,st4 ,bartholomew's day1 ,august #bd1 #aegb4 ,it has been estimated that twenty thousand persons perished4 ,sicilian ,vespers1 a revolt and uprising against the ,french in ,sicily1 ,march #cj1 #abhb1 at the hour of vespers4 ,smithfield1 a portion of ,london noted as a place for execution during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries4 ,,xxxi4 ,,speech ,,of ,,walpole ,,in ,,reproof ,,of ,,mr4 ,,pitt4 7#aea7 ,sir ,robert ,walpole1 #afgf-agde1 was educated at ,eton and ,cambridge4 ,he entered ,parliament in #agjj1 and soon became a good debater and skillful tactician4 ,he was prime minister of ,great ,britain from #agba to #agdb1 in the reigns of ,george ,i4 and ,george ,,ii4 ,he was an able statesman2 but has been accused of employing corruption or bribery on a large scale1 to control ,parliament and accomplish his purposes4 ,i was unwilling to interrupt the course of this debate1 while it was carried on with calmness and decency1 by men who do not suffer the ardor of opposition to cloud their reason1 or transport them to such expressions as the dignity of this assembly does not admit4 ,i have hitherto deferred answering the gentleman1 who declaimed against the bill with such fluency and rhetoric1 and such vehemence of gesture2 who charged the advocates for the expedients now proposed1 with having no regard to any interests but their own1 and with making laws only to consume paper1 and threatened them with the defection of their adherents1 and the loss of their influence1 upon this new discovery of their folly and ignorance4 ,nor1 do ,i now answer him for any other purpose than to remind him how little the clamor of rage and petulancy of invective contribute to the end for which this assembly is called together2 how little the discovery of truth is promoted1 and the security of the nation established1 by pompous diction and theatrical emotion4 ,formidable sounds and furious declamation1 confident assertions and lofty periods1 may affect the young and inexperienced2 and perhaps the gentleman may have contracted his habits of oratory by conversing more with those of his own age than with such as have more opportunities of acquiring knowledge1 and more successful methods of communicating their sentiments4 ,if the heat of temper would permit him to attend to those whose age and long acquaintance with business give them an indisputable right to deference and superiority1 he would learn in time to reason1 rather than declaim2 and to prefer justness of argument and an accurate knowledge of facts1 to sounding epithets and splendid superlatives1 which may disturb the imagination for a moment1 but leave no lasting impression upon the mind4 ,he would learn1 that to accuse and prove are very different2 and that reproaches1 unsupported by evidence1 affect only the character of him that utters them4 ,excursions of fancy and flights of oratory are indeed pardonable in young men1 but in no other2 and it would surely contribute more1 even to the purpose for which some gentlemen appear to speak 7that of depreciating the conduct of the administration71 to prove the inconveniences and injustice of this bill1 than barely to assert them1 with whatever magnificence of language1 or appearance of zeal1 honesty1 or compassion4 ,,xxxii4 ,,pitt',s ,,reply ,,to ,,sir ,,robert ,,walpole4 7#aeb7 ,william ,pitt1 #agjh--aggh1 one of the ablest statesmen and orators of his time1 was born in ,cornwall1 and educated at ,eton and ,oxford4 ,he entered ,parliament in #agce1 and became a formidable opponent of the ministry of ,sir ,robert ,walpole4 ,he gained great reputation by his wise and vigorous management of military affairs in the last years of the reign of ,george ,,ii4 ,he opposed the ,stamp ,act with great earnestness1 as well as the course of the ministry in the early years of the ,american ,revolution4 ,in #aggh1 he rose from a sick bed to make his celebrated speech1 in the ,house of ,lords1 in opposition to a motion to acknowledge the independence of ,america4 ,at its close1 he fell in an apoplectic fit1 and was borne home to die in a few weeks afterward4 ,he was buried in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,mr4 ,pitt possessed a fine personal presence and a powerful voice2 he was very popular with the people1 and is often called the ,great ,commoner4 ,he was created ,earl of ,chatham in #agff4 ,the atrocious crime of being a young man1 which the honorable gentleman has1 with such spirit and decency1 charged upon me1 ,i shall neither attempt to palliate nor deny2 but content myself with hoping that ,i may be one of those whose follies cease with their youth1 and not of that number who are ignorant in spite of experience4 ,whether youth can be imputed to a man as a reproach1 ,i will not assume the province of determining2 but surely age may become justly contemptible1 if the opportunities which it brings have passed away without improvement1 and vice appears to prevail when the passions have subsided4 ,the wretch1 who1 after having seen the consequences of a thousand errors1 continues still to blunder1 and whose age has only added obstinacy to stupidity1 is surely the object either of abhorrence or contempt1 and deserves not that his gray hairs should secure him from insult4 ,much more is he to be abhorred1 who1 as he has advanced in age1 has receded from virtue1 and become more wicked--with less temptation2 who prostitutes himself for money which he can not enjoy1 and spends the remains of his life in the ruin of his country4 ,but youth is not my only crime2 ,i am accused of acting a theatrical part4 ,a theatrical part may either imply some peculiarity of gesture1 or a dissimulation of my real sentiments1 and an adoption of the opinions and language of another man4 ,in the first sense1 the charge is too trifling to be confuted1 and deserves only to be mentioned that it may be despised4 ,i am at liberty1 like every other man1 to use my own language2 and though1 perhaps1 ,i may have some ambition to please this gentleman1 ,i shall not lay myself under any restraint1 nor very solicitously copy his diction or his mien1 however matured by age1 or modeled by experience4 ,but1 if any man shall1 by charging me with theatrical behavior1 imply that ,i utter any sentiments but my own1 ,i shall treat him as a calumniator and a villain2 nor shall any protection shelter him from the treatment he deserves4 ,i shall1 on such an occasion1 without scruple1 trample upon all those forms with which wealth and dignity intrench themselves1 nor shall anything but age restrain my resentment2 age1--which always brings one privilege1 that of being insolent and supercilious1 without punishment6 ,but1 with regard to those whom ,i have offended1 ,i am of opinion that1 if ,i had acted a borrowed part1 ,i should have avoided their censure3 the heat that offended them was the ardor of conviction1 and that zeal for the service of my country which neither hope nor fear shall influence me to suppress4 ,i will not sit unconcerned while my liberty is invaded1 nor look in silence upon public robbery4 ,i will exert my endeavors1 at whatever hazard1 to repel the aggressor1 and drag the thief to justice1 whoever may protect him in his villainies1 and whoever may partake of his plunder4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,character ,,of ,,mr4 ,,pitt4 7#aed7 ,henry ,grattan1 #agej-ahbj1 an ,irish orator and statesman1 was born at ,dublin1 and graduated from ,trinity ,college1 in his native city4 ,by his admiration of ,mr4 ,pitt1 the first ,earl of ,chatham1 he was led to turn his attention to oratory4 ,in personal appearance1 he was unprepossessing2 but his private character was without a blemish4 ,the secretary stood alone4 ,modern degeneracy had not reached him4 ,original and unaccommodating1 the features of his character had the hardihood of antiquity4 ,his august mind overawed majesty itself4 ,no state chicanery1 no narrow system of vicious politics1 no idle contest for ministerial victories1 sank him to the vulgar level of the great2 but overbearing1 persuasive1 and impracticable1 his object was ,england1 his ambition was fame4 ,without dividing1 he destroyed party2 without corrupting1 he made a venal age unanimous4 ,france sunk beneath him4 ,with one hand he smote the house of ,bourbon1 and wielded in the other the democracy of ,england4 ,the sight of his mind was infinite2 and his schemes were to effect1 not ,england1 not the present age only1 but ,europe and posterity4 ,wonderful were the means by which those schemes were accomplished2 always seasonable1 always adequate1 the suggestion of an understanding animated by ardor and enlightened by prophecy4 ,the ordinary feelings which make life amiable and indolent1 were unknown to him4 ,no domestic difficulties1 no domestic weakness1 reached him2 but1 aloof from the sordid occurrences of life1 and unsullied by its intercourse1 he came occasionally into our system1 to counsel and decide4 ,a character so exalted1 so strenuous1 so various1 so authoritative1 astonished a corrupt age1 and the treasury trembled at the name of ,pitt1 through all classes of venality4 ,corruption imagined1 indeed1 that she had found defects in this statesman1 and talked much of the inconsistency of his glory1 and much of the ruin of his victories2 but the history of his country1 and the calamities of the enemy1 answered and refuted her4 ,nor were his political his only talents4 ,his eloquence was an era in the senate2 peculiar and spontaneous2 familiarly expressing gigantic sentiments and instructive wisdom2 not like the torrent of ,demosthenes1 or the splendid conflagration of ,tully2 it resembled sometimes the thunder1 and sometimes the music of the spheres4 ,he did not conduct the understanding through the painful subtilty of argumentation1 nor was he ever on the rack of exertion2 but rather lightened upon the subject1 and reached the point by the flashings of the mind1 which1 like those of the eye1 were felt1 but could not be followed4 ,upon the whole1 there was in this man something that could create1 subvert1 or reform2 an understanding1 a spirit1 and an eloquence1 to summon mankind to society1 or to break the bonds of slavery asunder1 and to rule the wildness of free minds with unbounded authority2 something that could establish or overwhelm empires1 and strike a blow in the world that should resound through the universe4 ,,notes4--,demosthenes 7b4 #che1 d4 #cbb1 ,b4 ,c47 was the son of a cutler at ,athens1 ,greece4 ,by diligent study and unremitting toil1 he became the greatest orator that ever lived4 ,tully1 ,marcus ,tullius ,cicero 7b4 #ajf1 d4 #dc1 ,b4 ,c471 was the most remarkable of ,roman orators4 ,he held the highest office of the ,republic4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,the ,,soldier',s ,,rest4 7#aef7 ,sir ,walter ,scott1 #agga-ahcb1 the great ,scotch poet and novelist1 was born in ,edinburgh4 ,being a feeble child1 he was sent to reside on his grandfather's estate in the south of ,scotland4 ,here he spent several years1 and gained much knowledge of the traditions of border warfare1 as well as of the tales and ballads pertaining to it4 ,he was also a great reader of romances in his youth4 ,in #aggi be returned to ,edinburgh1 and became a pupil in the high school4 ,four years later1 he entered the university2 but in neither school nor college1 was he distinguished for scholarship4 ,in #agig he was admitted to the practice of law1--a profession which he soon forsook for literature4 ,his first poems appeared in #ahjb4 ,the ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel was published in #ahje1 ,marmion in #ahjh1 and ,the ,lady of the ,lake in #ahaj4 ,several poems of less power followed4 ,in #ahad ,waverley1 his first novel1 made its appearance1 but the author was unknown for some time4 ,numerous other novels followed with great rapidity1 the author reaping a rich harvest both in fame and money4 ,in #ahaa he purchased an estate near the ,tweed1 to which he gave the name of ,abbotsford4 ,in enlarging his estate and building a costly house1 he spent vast sums of money4 ,this1 together with the failure of his publishers in #ahbf1 involved him very heavily in debt4 ,but he set to work with almost superhuman effort to pay his debts by the labors of his pen4 ,in about four years1 he had paid more than #cjj1jjj2 but the effort was too much for his strength1 and hastened his death4 ,in person1 ,scott was tall1 and apparently robust1 except a slight lameness with which he was affected from childhood4 ,he was kindly in disposition1 hospitable in manner1 fond of outdoor pursuits and of animals1 especially dogs4 ,he wrote with astonishing rapidity1 and always in the early morning4 ,at his death1 he left two sons and two daughters4 ,a magnificent monument to his memory has been erected in the city of his birth4 ,the following selection is from ,the ,lady of the ,lake4 ,soldier1 rest6 thy warfare o'er1 ,sleep the sleep that knows not breaking2 ,dream of battlefields no more1 ,days of danger1 nights of waking4 ,in our isle's enchanted hall1 ,hands unseen thy couch are strewing1 ,fairy strains of music fall1 ,every sense in slumber dewing4 ,soldier1 rest6 thy warfare o'er1 ,dream of battlefields no more2 ,sleep the sleep that knows not breaking1 ,morn of toil1 nor night of waking4 ,no rude sound shall reach thine ear1 ,armor's clang1 or war steed champing1 ,trump nor pibroch summon here ,mustering clan1 or squadron tramping4 ,yet the lark's shrill fife may come1 ,at the daybreak from the fallow1 ,and the bittern sound his drum1 ,booming from the sedgy shallow4 ,ruder sounds shall none be near1 ,guards nor warders challenge here1 ,here's no war steed's neigh and champing1 ,shouting clans or squadrons stamping4 ,huntsman1 rest6 thy chase is done2 ,while our slumb'rous spells assail ye1 ,dream not1 with the rising sun1 ,bugles here shall sound reveille4 ,sleep6 the deer is in his den2 ,sleep6 thy hounds are by thee lying2 ,sleep6 nor dream in yonder glen1 ,how thy gallant steed lay dying4 ,huntsman1 rest2 thy chase is done1 ,think not of the rising sun1 ,for at dawning to assail ye1 ,here no bugle sounds reveille4 ,,notes4--,pibroch 7pro4 pe'brok74 ,this is a wild1 irregular species of music1 peculiar to the ,highlands of ,scotland4 ,it is performed on a bagpipe1 and adapted to excite or assuage passion1 and particularly to rouse a martial spirit among troops going to battle4 ,reveille 7pro4 re-val'ya7 is an awakening call at daybreak4 ,in the army it is usually sounded on the drum4 ,,xxxv4 ,,henry ,v4 ,,to ,,his ,,troops4 7#aeh7 ,william ,shakespeare4 #aefd-afaf1 was born at ,stratford-upon-,avon4 ,by many 7perhaps most7 critics1 ,shakespeare is regarded as the greatest poet the world has ever produced2 one calls him1 ,the most illustrious of the sons of men4 ,and yet it is a curious fact that less is really known of his life and personal characteristics than is known of almost any other famous name in history4 ,over one hundred years ago1 a writer said1 ,all that is known with any degree of certainty concerning ,shakespeare is--that he was born at ,stratford-upon-,avon--married and had children there--went to ,london1 where he commenced acting1 and wrote poems and plays--returned to ,stratford1 made his will1 died1 and was buried4 ,all the research of the last one hundred years has added but very little to this meager record4 ,he was married1 very young1 to ,anne ,hathaway1 a woman eight years his senior2 was joint proprietor of ,blackfriar's ,theater in #aehi1 and seems to have accumulated property1 and retired three or four years before his death4 ,he was buried in ,stratford ,church1 where a monument has been erected to his memory2 he also has a monument1 in ,poet's ,corner of ,westminster ,abbey4 ,his family soon became extinct4 ,from all we can learn1 he seems to have been highly respected and esteemed by his cotemporaries4 ,his works consist chiefly of plays and sonnets4 ,his writings show an astonishing knowledge of human nature1 expressed in language wonderful for its point and beauty4 ,his style is chaste and pure1 judged by the standard of his times1 although expressions may sometimes be found that would not be considered proper in a modern writer4 ,it has been argued by some that ,shakespeare did not write the works imputed to him2 but this theory seems to have little to support it4 ,this extract is from ,king ,henry ,v41 ,act ,,iii1 ,scene ,i4 ,once more unto the breach1 dear friends1 once more2 ,or close the wall up with our ,english dead4 ,in peace there 's nothing so becomes a man ,as modest stillness and humility3 ,but when the blast of war blows in our ears1 ,then imitate the action of the tiger2 ,stiffen the sinews1 summon up the blood1 ,disguise fair nature with hard-favored rage2 ,then lend the eye a terrible aspect2 ,let it pry through the portage of the head ,like the brass cannon2 let the brow o'erwhelm it ,as fearfully as doth a galled rock ,o'er hang and jutty his confounded base1 ,swilled with the wild and wasteful ocean4 ,now set the teeth1 and stretch the nostril wide1 ,hold hard the breath1 and bend up every spirit ,to its full height6 ,on1 on1 you noblest ,english1 ,whose blood is fet from fathers of war proof6 ,fathers1 that1 like so many ,alexanders1 ,have1 in these parts1 from morn till even1 fought1 ,and sheathed their swords for lack of argument2 ,be copy now to men of grosser blood1 ,and teach them how to war4 ,and you1 good yeomen1 ,whose limbs were made in ,england1 show us here ,the mettle of your pasture2 let us swear ,that you are worth your breeding1 which ,i doubt not2 ,for there is none of you so mean and base1 ,that hath not noble luster in your eyes4 ,i see you stand like greyhounds in the slips1 ,straining upon the start4 ,the game's afoot2 ,follow your spirit3 and1 upon this charge1 ,cry--,god for ,harry1 ,england1 and ,st4 ,george6 ,,notes4--,henry ,v4 7#achh-adbb7 was king of ,england for nine years4 ,during this reign almost continuous war raged in ,france1 to the throne of which ,henry laid claim4 ,the battle of ,agincourt took place in his reign4 ,fet is the old form of fetched4 ,alexanders4--,alexander the ,great 7#cef-cbc ,b4 ,g7 was king of ,macedonia1 and the celebrated conqueror of ,persia1 ,india1 and the greater part of the world as then known4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,speech ,,of ,,paul ,,on ,,mars ,,hill4 7#afj7 ,then ,paul stood in the midst of ,mars ,hill1 and said1 ,ye men of ,athens6 ,i perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious4 ,for as ,i passed by1 and beheld your devotions1 ,i found an altar with this inscription1 ,to ,,the ,,unknown ,,god4 ,whom therefore ye ignorantly worship1 him declare ,i unto you4 ,god that made the world and all things therein 7seeing that he is ,lord of heaven and earth7 dwelleth not in temples made with hands2 neither is worshiped with men's hands1 as though he needed anything1 seeing he giveth to all life1 and breath1 and all things2 and hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth1 and hath determined the times before appointed1 and the bounds of their habitation2 that they should seek the ,lord1 if haply they might feel after him1 and find him1 though he be not far from everyone of us3 for in him we live1 and move1 and have our being2 as certain also of your own poets have said1 ,for we are also his offspring4 ,forasmuch then as we are the offspring of ,god1 we ought not to think that the ,godhead is like unto gold1 or silver1 or stone1 graven by art and man's device4 ,and the times of this ignorance ,god winked at2 but now commandeth all men everywhere to repent3 because he hath appointed a day1 in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that ,man whom he hath ordained2 whereof he hath given assurance unto all men1 in that he hath raised him from the dead4 ,and when they heard of the resurrection of the dead1 some mocked3 and others said1 ,we will hear thee again of this matter4 ,so ,paul departed from among them4 ,howbeit certain men clave unto him1 and believed2 among the which was ,dionysius the ,areopagite1 and a woman named ,damaris1 and others with them4 --,bible4 ,,notes4--,at the time this oration was delivered 7#ej ,a4 ,d471 ,athens still held the place she had occupied for centuries1 as the center of the enlightened and refined world4 ,mars ,hill1 or the ,areopagus1 was an eminence in the city made famous as the place where the court1 also called ,areopagus1 held its sittings1 ,dionysius1 surnamed ,areopageita1 from being a member of this court1 was an eminent ,greek scholar1 who1 after his conversion to ,christianity by ,st4 ,paul1 was installed1 by the latter1 as the first bishop of ,athens1 ,he afterwards suffered martyrdom4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,god ,,is ,,everywhere4 7#afa7 ,oh6 show me where is ,he1 ,the high and holy ,one1 ,to whom thou bend'st the knee1 ,and prayest1 ,thy will be done6 ,i hear thy song of praise1 ,and lo6 no form is near3 ,thine eyes ,i see thee raise1 ,but where doth ,god appear8 ,oh6 teach me who is ,god1 and where his glories shine1 ,that ,i may kneel and pray1 and call thy ,father mine4 ,gaze on that arch above3 ,the glittering vault admire4 ,who taught those orbs to move8 ,who lit their ceaseless fire8 ,who guides the moon to run ,in silence through the skies8 ,who bids that dawning sun ,in strength and beauty rise8 ,there view immensity6 behold6 my ,god is there3 ,the sun1 the moon1 the stars1 his majesty declare4 ,see where the mountains rise3 ,where thundering torrents foam2 ,where1 veiled in towering skies1 ,the eagle makes his home3 ,where savage nature dwells1 ,my ,god is present1 too3 ,through all her wildest dells ,his footsteps ,i pursue3 ,he reared those giant cliffs1 supplies that dashing stream1 ,provides the daily food which stills the wild bird's scream4 ,look on that world of waves1 ,where finny nations glide2 ,within whose deep1 dark caves ,the ocean monsters hide3 ,his power is sovereign there1 ,to raise1 to quell the storm2 ,the depths his bounty share1 ,where sport the scaly swarm3 ,tempests and calms obey the same almighty voice1 ,which rules the earth and skies1 and bids far worlds rejoice4 --,joseph ,hutton4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,lafayette ,,and ,,robert ,,raikes4 7#afc7 ,thomas ,s4 ,grimke'1 #aghf-ahcd1 an eminent lawyer and scholar1 was born in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 graduated at ,yale in #ahjg1 and died of cholera near ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,he descended from a ,huguenot family that was exiled from ,france by the revocation of the edict of ,nantes4 ,he gained considerable reputation as a politician1 but is best known as an advocate of peace1 ,sunday ,schools1 and the ,bible4 ,he was a man of deep feeling1 earnest purpose1 and pure life4 ,some of his views were very radical and very peculiar4 ,he proposed sweeping reforms in ,english orthography#a1 and disapproved of the classics and of pure mathematics in any scheme of general education4 ,the following is an extract from an address delivered at a ,sunday-school celebration4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,orthography3 ,spelling using established usage4 ,it is but a few years since we beheld the most singular and memorable pageant in the annals of time4 ,it was a pageant more sublime and affecting than the progress of ,elizabeth through ,england after the defeat of the ,armada2 than the return of ,francis ,i4 from a ,spanish prison to his own beautiful ,france2 than the daring and rapid march of the conqueror at ,austerlitz from ,frejus to ,paris4 ,it was a pageant1 indeed1 rivaled only in the elements of the grand and the pathetic1 by the journey of our own ,washington through the different states4 ,need ,i say that ,i allude to the visit of ,lafayette to ,america8 ,but ,lafayette returned to the land of the dead1 rather than of the living4 ,how many who had fought with him in the war of '#gf1 had died in arms1 and lay buried in the grave of the soldier or the sailor6 ,how many who had survived the perils of battle1 on the land and the ocean1 had expired on the deathbed of peace1 in the arms of mother1 sister1 daughter1 wife6 ,those4 who survived to celebrate with him the jubilee of #ahbe1 were stricken in years1 and hoary-headed2 many of them infirm in health2 many the victims of poverty1 or misfortune1 or affliction4 ,and1 how venerable that patriotic company2 how sublime their gathering through all the land2 how joyful their welcome1 how affecting their farewell to that beloved stranger6 ,but the pageant has fled1 and the very materials that gave it such depths of interest are rapidly perishing3 and a humble1 perhaps a nameless grave1 shall hold the last soldier of the ,revolution4 ,and shall they ever meet again8 ,shall the patriots and soldiers of '#gf1 the ,immortal ,band1 as history styles them1 meet again in the amaranthine bowers of spotless purity1 of perfect bliss1 of eternal glory8 ,shall theirs be the ,christian's heaven1 the kingdom of the ,redeemer8 ,the heathen points to his fabulous ,elysium as the paradise of the soldier and the sage4 ,but the ,christian bows down with tears and sighs1 for he knows that not many of the patriots1 and statesmen1 and warriors of ,christian lands are the disciples of ,jesus4 ,but we turn from ,lafayette1 the favorite of the old and the new world1 to the peaceful benevolence1 the unambitious achievements of ,robert ,raikes4 ,let us imagine him to have been still alive1 and to have visited our land1 to celebrate this day with us4 ,no national ships would have been offered to bear him1 a nation's guest1 in the pride of the star-spangled banner1 from the bright shores of the rising1 to the brighter shores of the setting sun4 ,no cannon would have hailed him in the stern language of the battlefield1 the fortunate champion of ,freedom1 in ,europe and ,america4 ,no martial music would have welcomed him in notes of rapture1 as they rolled along the ,atlantic1 and echoed through the valley of the ,mississippi4 ,no military procession would have heralded his way through crowded streets1 thickset with the banner and the plume1 the glittering saber and the polished bayonet4 ,no cities would have called forth beauty and fashion1 wealth and rank1 to honor him in the ballroom and theater4 ,no states would have escorted him from boundary to boundary1 nor have sent their chief magistrate to do him homage4 ,no national liberality would have allotted to him a nobleman's domain and princely treasure4 ,no national gratitude would have hailed him in the capitol itself1 the nation's guest1 because the nation's benefactor2 and have consecrated a battle ship1 in memory of his wounds and his gallantry4 ,not such would have been the reception of ,robert ,raikes1 in the land of the ,pilgrims and of ,penn1 of the ,catholic1 the ,cavalier1 and the ,huguenot4 ,and who does not rejoice that it would be impossible thus to welcome this primitive ,christian1 the founder of ,sunday schools8 ,his heralds would be the preachers of the ,gospel1 and the eminent in piety1 benevolence1 and zeal4 ,his procession would number in its ranks the messengers of the ,cross and the disciples of the ,savior1 ,sunday-school teachers and white-robed scholars4 ,the temples of the ,most ,high would be the scenes of his triumph4 ,homage and gratitude to him1 would be anthems of praise and thanksgiving to ,god4 ,parents would honor him as more than a brother2 children would reverence him as more than a father4 ,the faltering words of age1 the firm and sober voice of manhood1 the silvery notes of youth1 would bless him as a ,christian patron4 ,the wise and the good would acknowledge him everywhere as a national benefactor1 as a patriot even to a land of strangers4 ,he would have come a messenger of peace to a land of peace4 ,no images of camps1 and sieges1 and battles2 no agonies of the dying and the wounded2 no shouts of victory1 or processions of triumph1 would mingle with the recollections of the multitude who welcomed him4 ,they would mourn over no common dangers1 trials1 and calamities2 for the road of duty has been to them the path of pleasantness1 the way of peace4 ,their memory of the past would be rich in gratitude to ,god1 and love to man2 their enjoyment of the present would be a prelude to heavenly bliss2 their prospects of the future1 bright and glorious as faith and hope4 99 99 99 ,such was the reception of ,lafayette1 the warrior2 such would be that of ,robert ,raikes1 the ,howard of the ,christian church4 ,and which is the nobler benefactor1 patriot1 and philanthropist8 ,mankind may admire and extol ,lafayette more than the founder of the ,sunday schools2 but religion1 philanthropy1 and enlightened common sense must ever esteem ,robert ,raikes the superior of ,lafayette4 ,his are the virtues1 the services1 the sacrifices of a more enduring and exalted order of being4 ,his counsels and triumphs belong less to time than to eternity4 ,the fame of ,lafayette is of this world2 the glory of ,robert ,raikes is of the ,redeemer's everlasting kingdom4 ,lafayette lived chiefly for his own age1 and chiefly for his and our country2 but ,robert ,raikes has lived for all ages and all countries4 ,perhaps the historian and biographer may never interweave his name in the tapestry of national or individual renown4 ,but the records of every single church honor him as a patron2 the records of the universal ,church1 on earth as in heaven1 bless him as a benefactor4 ,the time may come when the name of ,lafayette will be forgotten2 or when the star of his fame1 no longer glittering in the zenith1 shall be seen1 pale and glimmering1 on the verge of the horizon4 ,but the name of ,robert ,raikes shall never be forgotten2 and the lambent flame of his glory is that eternal fire which rushed down from heaven to devour the sacrifice of ,elijah4 ,let mortals then admire and imitate ,lafayette more than ,robert ,raikes4 ,but the just made perfect1 and the ministering spirits around the throne of ,god1 have welcomed him as a fellow-servant of the same ,lord2 as a fellow-laborer in the same glorious cause of man's redemption2 as a coheir of the same precious promises and eternal rewards4 ,,notes4--,armada1 the great fleet sent out in #aehh1 by ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 for the conquest of ,england1 was defeated in the ,channel by the ,english and ,dutch fleets4 ,after the victory1 ,queen ,elizabeth made a triumphal journey through the kingdom4 ,francis ,i4 7b4 #adid1 d4 #aedg71 ,king of ,france1 was taken prisoner at the battle of ,pavia1 and confined at ,madrid1 ,spain1 nearly a year4 ,austerlitz4--,see ,note on p4 #aej4 ,lafayette 7b4 #ageg1 d4 #ahcd71 a ,french marquis1 who served as major general in the ,revolutionary ,war in ,america1 which terminated in #aghc4 ,lafayette revisited this country in #ahbd1 and was received throughout the land with the greatest enthusiasm4 ,robert ,raikes 7b4 #agce1 d4 #ahaa71 an ,english printer and philanthropist1 noted as the founder of ,sunday schools4 ,howard1 ,john 7b4 #agbf1 d4 #agij71 a celebrated ,english philanthropist1 who spent much of his life in the endeavor to reform the condition of prisons in ,europe4 ,,xxxix4 ,,fall ,,of ,,cardinal ,,wolsey4 7#afg7 ,wolsey4 ,farewell6 a long farewell1 to all my greatness6 ,this is the state of man3 to-day he puts forth ,the tender leaves of hopes2 to-morrow blossoms1 ,and bears his blushing honors thick upon him2 ,the third day comes a frost1 a killing frost1 ,and1 when he thinks1 good1 easy man1 full surely ,his greatness is a-ripening1 nips his root1 ,and then he falls1 as ,i do4 ,i have ventured1 ,like little1 wanton boys that swim on bladders1 ,this many summers in a sea of glory1 ,but far beyond my depth3 my high-blown pride ,at length broke under me1 and now has left me1 ,weary and old with service1 to the mercy ,of a rude stream1 that must forever hide me4 ,vain pomp and glory of this world1 ,i hate ye3 ,i feel my heart new open'd4 ,oh1 how wretched ,is that poor man that hangs on princes' favors6 ,there is1 betwixt that smile we would aspire to1 ,that sweet aspect of princes1 and their ruin1 ,more pangs and fears than wars or women have3 ,and when he falls1 he falls like ,lucifer1 ,never to hope again4 ,enter ,,cromwell1 and stands amazed4 ,why1 how now1 ,cromwell6 ,crom4 ,i have no power to speak1 sir4 ,wol4 ,what1 amazed ,at my misfortunes8 ,can thy spirit wonder1 ,a great man should decline8 ,nay1 an you weep1 ,i am fall'n indeed4 ,crom4 ,how does your grace8 ,wol4 ,why1 well2 ,never so truly happy1 my good ,cromwell4 ,i know myself now2 and ,i fed within me ,a peace above all earthly dignities1 ,a still and quiet conscience4 ,the king has cured me1 ,i humbly thank his grace2 and from these shoulders1 ,these ruin'd pillars1 out of pity1 taken ,a load would sink a navy6--too much honor3 ,oh1 't is a burthen1 ,cromwell1 'tis a burthen1 ,too heavy for a man that hopes for heaven6 ,crom4 ,i am glad your grace has made that right use of it4 ,wol4 ,i hope ,i have3 ,i am able now1 methinks1 ,out of a fortitude of soul ,i feel1 ,to endure more miseries1 and greater far1 ,than my weak-hearted enemies dare offer4 ,what news abroad8 ,crom4 ,the heaviest1 and the worst1 ,is your displeasure with the king4 ,wol4 ,god bless him6 ,crom4 ,the next is1 that ,sir ,thomas ,more is chosen ,lord chancellor in your place4 ,wol4 ,that's somewhat sudden3 ,but he's a learned man4 ,may he continue ,long in his highness' favor1 and do justice ,for truth's sake and his conscience2 that his bones1 ,when he has run his course1 and sleeps in blessings1 ,may have a tomb of orphans' tears wept on 'em6 ,what more8 ,crom4 ,that ,cranmer is return'd with welcome1 ,install'd lord archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,wol4 ,that's news indeed6 ,crom4 ,last1 that the ,lady ,anne1 ,whom the king hath in secrecy long married1 ,this day was viewed in open as his queen1 ,going to chapel2 and the voice is now ,only about her coronation4 ,wol4 ,there was the weight that pull'd me down4 ,o ,cromwell1 ,the king has gone beyond me3 all my glories ,in that one woman ,i have lost forever3 ,no sun shall ever usher forth mine honors1 ,or gild again the noble troops that waited ,upon my smiles4 ,go6 get thee from me6 ,cromwell2 ,i am a poor1 fall'n man1 unworthy now ,to be thy lord and master3 seek the king2 ,that sun1 ,i pray1 may never set6 ,i have told him ,what and how true thou art3 he will advance thee2 ,some little memory of me will stir him-- ,i know his noble nature--not to let ,thy hopeful service perish1 too3 good ,cromwell1 ,neglect him not2 make use now1 and provide ,for thine own future safety4 ,crom4 ,o my lord1 ,must ,i1 then1 leave you8 ,must ,i needs forego ,so good1 so noble1 and so true a master8 ,bear witness1 all that have not hearts of iron1 ,with what a sorrow ,cromwell leaves his lord4 ,the king shall have my service2 but my prayers ,forever and forever shall be yours4 ,wol4 ,cromwell1 ,i did not think to shed a tear ,in all my miseries2 but thou hast forced me1 ,out of thy honest truth1 to play the woman4 ,let's dry our eyes3 and thus far hear me1 ,cromwell2 ,and1 when ,i am forgotten1 as ,i shall be1 ,and sleep in dull1 cold marble1 where no mention ,of me more must be heard of1 say1 ,i taught thee2 ,say1 ,wolsey1 that once trod the ways of glory1 ,and sounded all the depths and shoals of honor1 ,found thee a way1 out of his wreck1 to rise in2 ,a sure and safe one1 though thy master missed it4 ,mark but my fall1 and that that ruin'd me4 ,cromwell1 ,i charge thee1 fling away ambition3 ,by that sin fell the angels2 how can man1 then1 ,the image of his ,maker1 hope to win by it8 ,love thyself last3 cherish those hearts that hate thee2 ,corruption wins not more than honesty4 ,still in thy right hand carry gentle peace1 ,to silence envious tongues4 ,be just1 and fear not3 ,let all the ends thou aim'st at be thy country's1 ,thy ,god's1 and truth's2 then1 if thou fall'st1 ,o ,cromwell1 ,thou fall'st1 a blessed martyr6 ,serve the king2 ,and1--prithee1 lead me in3 ,there1 take an inventory of all ,i have1 ,to the last penny2 't is the king's3 my robe1 ,and my integrity to ,heaven1 is all ,i dare now call mine own4 ,o ,cromwell1 ,cromwell6 ,had ,i but served my ,god with half the zeal ,i served my king1 ,he would not in mine age ,have left me naked to mine enemies4 ,crom4 ,good sir1 have patience4 ,wol4 ,so ,i have4 ,farewell ,the hopes of court6 my hopes in ,heaven do dwell4 ,shakespeare4--,henry ,,viii1 ,act iii1 ,scene ii4 ,,notes4--,wolsey1 ,cardinal ,thomas 7b4 #adga1 d4 #aecj71 was for several years the favored minister or ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england4 ,he acquired great wealth and power4 ,in #aebb1 he was one of the candidates for the ,papal ,throne4 ,in #aebi1 he was disgraced at the ,english court and arrested4 ,cromwell1 ,thomas 7b4 #adij1 d4 #aedj71 was ,wolsey's servant1 ,after ,wolsey's death1 he became secretary to ,henry ,,viii41 and towards the close of his life was made ,earl of ,essex4 ,,xl4 ,,the ,,philosopher4 7#aga7 ,john ,p4 ,kennedy1 #agif-ahgj4 ,this gentleman1 eminent in ,american politics and literature1 was born in ,baltimore1 graduated at the ,college of ,baltimore1 and died in the same city4 ,he served several years in the ,legislature of his native state1 and three terms in the ,united ,states ,house of ,representatives4 ,he was ,secretary of the ,navy during a part of ,president ,fillmore's administration1 and was active in sending out the famous ,japan expedition1 and ,dr4 ,kane's expedition in search of ,sir ,john ,franklin4 ,mr4 ,kennedy wrote several novels1 as well as political and other papers4 ,his writings are marked by ease and freshness1 ,the following extract is from ,swallow ,barn1 a series of sketches of early ,virginia4 ,from the house at ,swallow ,barn there is to be seen1 at no great distance1 a clump of trees1 and in the midst of these a humble building is discernible1 that seems to court the shade in which it is modestly embowered4 ,it is an old structure built of logs4 ,its figure is a cube1 with a roof rising from all sides to a point1 and surmounted by a wooden weathercock1 which somewhat resembles a fish and somewhat a fowl4 ,this little edifice is a rustic shrine devoted to ,cadmus1 and is under the dominion of parson ,chub4 ,he is a plump1 rosy old gentleman1 rather short and thickset1 with the blood vessels meandering over his face like rivulets1--a pair of prominent blue eyes1 and a head of silky hair not unlike the covering of a white spaniel4 ,he may be said to be a man of jolly dimensions1 with an evident taste for good living1 sometimes sloven in his attire1 for his coat--which is not of the newest--is decorated with sundry spots that are scattered over it in constellations4 ,besides this1 he wears an immense cravat1 which1 as it is wreathed around his short neck1 forms a bowl beneath his chin1 and--as ,ned says--gives the parson's head the appearance of that of ,john the ,baptist upon a charger1 as it is sometimes represented in the children's picture books4 ,his beard is grizzled with silver stubble1 which the parson reaps about twice a week--if the weather be fair4 ,mr4 ,chub is a philosopher after the order of ,socrates4 ,he was an emigrant from the ,emerald ,isle1 where he suffered much tribulation in the disturbances1 as they are mildly called1 of his much-enduring country4 ,but the old gentleman has weathered the storm without losing a jot of that broad1 healthy benevolence with which ,nature has enveloped his heart1 and whose ensign she has hoisted in his face4 ,the early part of his life had been easy and prosperous1 until the rebellion of #agih stimulated his republicanism into a fever1 and drove the full-blooded hero headlong into a quarrel1 and put him1 in spite of his peaceful profession1 to standing by his pike in behalf of his principles4 ,by this unhappy boiling over of the caldron of his valor1 he fell under the ban of the ministers1 and tested his share of government mercy4 ,his house was burnt over his head1 his horses and hounds 7for1 by all accounts1 he was a perfect ,actaeon7 were confiscate to the state1 and he was forced to fly4 ,this brought him to ,america in no very compromising mood with royalty4 ,here his fortunes appear to have been various1 and he was tossed to and fro by the battledoor of fate1 until he found a snug harbor at ,swallow ,barn2 where1 some years ago1 he sat down in that quiet repose which a worried and badgered patriot is best fitted to enjoy4 ,he is a good scholar1 and1 having confined his readings entirely to the learning of the ancients1 his republicanism is somewhat after the ,grecian mold4 ,he has never read any politics of later date than the time of the ,emperor ,constantine1 not even a newspaper1--so that he may be said to have been contemporary with ,a,eschines rather than ,lord ,castlereagh--until that eventful epoch of his life when his blazing rooftree awakened him from his anachronistical dream4 ,this notable interruption1 however1 gave him but a feeble insight into the moderns1 and he soon relapsed to ,thucydides and ,livy1 with some such glimmerings of the ,american ,revolution upon his remembrance as most readers have of the exploits of the first ,brutus4 ,the old gentleman had a learned passion for folios4 ,he had been a long time urging ,meriwether to make some additions to his collections of literature1 and descanted upon the value of some of the ancient authors as foundations1 both moral and physical1 to the library4 ,frank gave way to the argument1 partly to gratify the parson1 and partly from the proposition itself having a smack that touched his fancy4 ,the matter was therefore committed entirely to ,mr4 ,chub1 who forthwith set out on a voyage of exploration to the north4 ,i believe he got as far as ,boston4 ,he certainly contrived to execute his commission with a curious felicity4 ,some famous ,elzevirs were picked up1 and many other antiques that nobody but ,mr4 ,chub would ever think of opening4 ,the cargo arrived at ,swallow ,burn in the dead of winter4 ,during the interval between the parson's return from his expedition and the coming of the books1 the reverend little schoolmaster was in a remarkably unquiet state of body1 which almost prevented him from sleeping3 and it is said that the sight of the long-expected treasures had the happiest effect upon him4 ,there was ample accommodation for this new acquisition of ancient wisdom provided before its arrival1 and ,mr4 ,chub now spent a whole week in arranging the volumes on their proper shelves1 having1 as report affirms1 altered the arrangement at least seven times during that period4 ,everybody wondered what the old gentleman was at1 all this time2 but it was discovered afterwards1 that he was endeavoring to effect a distribution of the works according to a minute division of human science1 which entirely failed1 owing to the unlucky accident of several of his departments being without any volumes4 ,after this matter was settled1 he regularly spent his evenings in the library4 ,frank ,meriwether was hardly behind the parson in this fancy1 and took1 for a short time1 to abstruse reading4 ,they both consequently deserted the little family circle every evening after tea1 and might have continued to do so all the winter but for a discovery made by ,hazard4 ,ned had seldom joined the two votaries of science in their philosophical retirement1 and it was whispered in the family that the parson was giving ,frank a quiet course of lectures in the ancient philosophy1 for ,meriwether was known to talk a great deal1 about that time1 of the old and new ,academicians4 ,but it happened upon one dreary winter night1 during a tremendous snowstorm1 which was banging the shutters and doors of the house so as to keep up a continual uproar1 that ,ned1 having waited in the parlor for the philosophers until midnight1 set out to invade their retreat--not doubting that he should find them deep in study4 ,when he entered the library1 both candles were burning in their sockets1 with long1 untrimmed wicks2 the fire was reduced to its last embers1 and1 in an armchair on one side of the table1 the parson was discovered in a sound sleep over ,jeremy ,taylor's ,ductor ,dubitantium1 whilst ,frank1 in another chair on the opposite side1 was snoring over a folio edition of ,montaigne4 ,and upon the table stood a small stone pitcher1 containing a residuum of whisky punch1 now grown cold4 ,frank started up in great consternation upon hearing ,ned's footstep beside him1 and1 from that time1 almost entirely deserted the library4 ,mr4 ,chub1 however1 was not so easily drawn away from the career of his humor1 and still shows his hankering after his leather-coated friends4 ,,notes4--,cadmus is said to have taught the ,greeks the use of the alphabet4 ,socrates 7b4 #dfi1 d4 #cii ,b4 ,c471 a noted ,athenian philosopher4 ,rebellion4--,in #agih1 the ,irish organized and rose against the ,english rule4 ,the rebellion was suppressed4 ,actaeon ,ak-te'on1 a fabled ,greek hunter1 who was changed into a stag4 ,constantine1 the ,great 7b4 #bgb1 d1 #ccg71 the first ,christian emperor of ,rome4 ,he was an able general and wise legislator1 ,in #cbh1 he removed his capital to ,byzantium1 which he named ,constantinople4 ,a,eschines es'ke-nez 7b4 #chi1 d4 #cad ,b4 ,c471 an ,athenian orator1 the rival of ,demosthenes4 ,castlereagh1 ,lord 7b4 #agfi1 d4 #ahbb71 a ,british statesman4 ,he was in power1 and prominent in the suppression of the ,rebellion4 ,brutus1 see p4 #ade4 ,elzevirs el'ze-virs1 the name of a family of ,dutch printers noted for the beauty of their workmanship4 ,they lived from #aedj to #afhj4 ,academicians4-,the ,old ,academy was founded by ,plato1 at ,athens1 about #chj ,b4 ,c4 ,the ,new1 by ,carneades1 about two hundred years later4 ,jeremy ,taylor 7b4 #afac1 d4 #affg71 an ,english bishop and writer4 ,his ,ductor ,dubitantium1 or ,rule of ,conscience1 was one of his chief works4 ,montaigne1 ,michel 7b4 #aecc1 d4 #aeib71 was a celebrated ,french writer of peculiar characteristics4 ,he owes his reputation entirely to his ,essais4 ,,xli4 ,,marmion ,,and ,,douglas4 7#agf7 ,not far advanced was morning day1 ,when ,marmion did his troop array ,to ,surrey's camp to ride2 ,he had safe conduct for his band1 ,beneath the royal seal and hand1 ,and ,douglas gave a guide4 ,the train from out the castle drew1 ,but ,marmion stopped to bid adieu3 ,though something ,i might plain1 he said1 ,of cold respect to stranger guest1 ,sent hither by your king's behest1 ,while in ,tantallon's towers ,i staid1 ,part we in friendship from your land1 ,and1 noble ,earl1 receive my hand4 ,but ,douglas round him drew his cloak1 ,folded his arms1 and thus he spoke3 ,my manors1 halls1 and bowers shall still ,be open1 at my sovereign's will1 ,to each one whom he lists1 howe'er ,unmeet to be the owner's peer4 ,my castles are my king's alone1 ,from turret to foundation stone2 ,the hand of ,douglas is his own2 ,and never shall1 in friendly grasp1 ,the hand of such as ,marmion clasp4 ,burned ,marmion's swarthy cheek like fire1 ,and shook his very frame for ire2 ,and--,this to me6 he said1-- ,an 't were not for thy hoary beard1 ,such hand as ,marmion's had not spared ,to cleave the ,douglas' head6 ,and1 first1 ,i tell thee1 haughty peer1 ,he who does ,england's message here1 ,although the meanest in her state1 ,may well1 proud ,angus1 be thy mate3 ,and1 ,douglas1 more1 ,i tell thee here1 ,even in thy pitch of pride1 ,here1 in thy hold1 thy vassals near1 ,i tell thee1 thou'rt defied6 ,and if thou said'st ,i am not peer ,to any lord in ,scotland here1 ,lowland or ,highland1 far or near1 ,lord ,angus1 thou hast lied6 ,on the ,earl's cheek the flush of rage ,o'ercame the ashen hue of age4 ,fierce he broke forth1--,and dar'st thou then ,to beard the lion in his den1 ,the ,douglas in his hall8 ,and hop'st thou hence unscathed to go8 ,no1 by ,saint ,bride of ,bothwell1 no6 ,up drawbridge1 grooms1--what1 warder1 ho6 ,let the portcullis fall4 ,lord ,marmion turned1--well was his need1-- ,and dashed the rowels in his steed1 ,like arrow through the archway sprung2 ,the ponderous gate behind him rung3 ,to pass there was such scanty room1 ,the bars1 descending1 razed his plume4 ,the steed along the drawbridge flies1 ,just as it trembled on the rise2 ,nor lighter does the swallow skim ,along the smooth lake's level brim3 ,and when ,lord ,marmion reached his band ,he halts1 and turns with clenched hand1 #a ,and shout of loud defiance pours1 ,and shook his gauntlet at the towers4 ,transcriber's ,note #a3 clenched1 pronounced clench-ed4 ,horse6 horse6 the ,douglas cried1 and chase6 ,but soon he reined his fury's pace3 ,a royal messenger he came1 ,though most unworthy of the name4 ,saint ,mary mend my fiery mood6 ,old age ne'er cools the ,douglas' blood2 ,i thought to slay him where he stood4 ',tis pity of him1 too1 he cried2 ,bold he can speak1 and fairly ride2 ,i warrant him a warrior tried4 ,with this his mandate he recalls1 ,and slowly seeks his castle halls4 --,walter ,scott4 ,illustration3 ,a man in armor on a galloping horse2 he is waving a clenched fist at a group behind a closed iron gate to a castle4 ,,notes3--,in the poem from which this extract is taken1 ,marmion is represented as an embassador sent by ,henry ,,viii41 king of ,england1 to ,james ,,iv41 king of ,scotland1 with whom he was at war4 ,having finished his mission to ,james1 ,marmion was intrusted to the protection and hospitality of ,douglas1 one of the ,scottish nobles4 ,douglas entertained him1 treated him with the respect due to his office and to the honor of his sovereign1 yet he despised his private character4 ,marmion perceived this1 and took umbrage at it1 though he attempted to repress his resentment1 and desired to part in peace4 ,under these circumstances the scene1 as described in this sketch1 takes place4 ,tantallon is the name of the ,douglas castle at ,bothwell1 ,scotland4 ,,xlii4 ,,the ,,present4 7#agh7 ,adelaide ,anne ,procter1 #ahbe-ahfd1 was the daughter of ,bryan ,waller ,procter1 known in literature as ,barry ,cornwall4 ,she is the author of several volumes of poetry1 and was a contributor to ,good ,words1 ,all the ,year ,round1 and other ,london periodicals4 ,her works have been republished in ,america4 ,do not crouch to-day1 and worship ,the dead ,past1 whose life is fled ,hush your voice in tender reverence2 ,crowned he lies1 but cold and dead3 ,for the ,present reigns1 our monarch1 ,with an added weight of hours2 ,honor her1 for she is mighty6 ,honor her1 for she is ours6 ,see the shadows of his heroes ,girt around her cloudy throne2 ,every day the ranks are strengthened ,by great hearts to him unknown2 ,noble things the great ,past promised1 ,holy dreams1 both strange and new2 ,but the ,present shall fulfill them2 ,what he promised1 she shall do4 ,she inherits all his treasures1 ,she is heir to all his fame1 ,and the light that lightens round her ,is the luster of his name2 ,she is wise with all his wisdom1 ,living on his grave she stands1 ,on her brow she bears his laurels1 ,and his harvest in her hands4 ,coward1 can she reign and conquer ,if we thus her glory dim8 ,let us fight for her as nobly ,as our fathers fought for him4 ,god1 who crowns the dying ages1 ,bids her rule1 and us obey1 ,bids us cast our lives before her1 ,bids us serve the great ,to-day4 ,,xliii4 ,,the ,,baptism4 7#ahj7 ,john ,wilson1 #aghe-ahed1 a distinguished ,scottish author1 was born at ,paisley4 ,when fifteen years of age1 he entered the ,university of ,glasgow2 but1 three years later1 he became a member of ,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford4 ,here he attained eminence both as a student1 and as a proficient in gymnastic games and exercises4 ,soon after graduating1 he purchased an estate near ,lake ,windermere1 and became a companion of ,wordsworth and ,southey2 but he soon left his estate to reside in ,edinburgh4 ,in #ahag1 when ,blackwood's ,magazine was established in opposition to the ,edinburgh ,review1 he became chief contributor to that famous periodical4 ,in its pages1 he won his chief fame as a writer4 ,in #ahbj1 he succeeded ,dr4 ,thomas ,brown as ,professor of ,moral ,philosophy in the ,university of ,edinburgh2 this position he held for thirty years4 ,his ,lights and ,shadows of ,scottish ,life was published in #ahbb4 ,this is a collection of pathetic and beautiful tales of domestic life in ,scotland4 ,his contributions to ,blackwood appeared over the pseudonym of ,christopher ,north1 or more familiarly1 ,kit ,north4 ,professor ,wilson was a man of great physical power and of striking appearance4 ,in character1 he was vehement and impulsive2 but his writings show that he possessed feelings of deep tenderness4 ,the rite of baptism had not been performed for several months in the kirk of ,lanark4 ,it was now the hottest time of persecution2 and the inhabitants of that parish found other places in which to worship ,god1 and celebrate the ordinances of religion4 ,it was now the ,sabbath day1 and a small congregation of about a hundred souls had met for divine service1 in a place more magnificent than any temple that human hands had ever built to ,deity4 ,the congregation had not assembled to the toll of the bell1 but each heart knew the hour and observed it2 for there are a hundred sundials among the hills1 woods1 moors1 and fields2 and the shepherd and the peasant see the hours passing by them in sunshine and shadow4 ,the church in which they were assembled1 was hewn by ,god's hand out of the eternal rock4 ,a river rolled its way through a mighty chasm of cliffs1 several hundred feet high1 of which the one side presented enormous masses1 and the other corresponding recesses1 as if the great stone girdle had been rent by a convulsion4 ,the channel was overspread with prodigious fragments of rocks or large loose stones1 some of them smooth and bare1 others containing soil and verdure in their rents and fissures1 and here and there crowned with shrubs and trees4 ,the eye could at once command a long-stretching vista1 seemingly closed and shut up at both extremities by the coalescing cliffs4 ,this majestic reach of river contained pools1 streams1 and waterfalls innumerable2 and when the water was low--which was now the case1 in the common drought--it was easy to walk up this scene with the calm1 blue sky overhead1 an utter and sublime solitude4 ,on looking up1 the soul was bowed down by the feeling of that prodigious height of unscalable1 and often overhanging1 cliff4 ,between the channel and the summit of the far extended precipices1 were perpetually flying rooks and wood pigeons1 and now and then a hawk1 filling the profound abyss with their wild cawing1 deep murmur1 or shrilly shriek4 ,sometimes a heron would stand erect and still1 on some little stone island1 or rise up like a white cloud along the black walls of the chasm1 and disappear4 ,winged creatures alone could inhabit this region4 ,the fox and wild cat chose more accessible haunts4 ,yet1 here came the persecuted ,christians and worshiped ,god1 whose hand hung over their head those magnificent pillars and arches1 scooped out those galleries from the solid rock1 and laid at their feet the calm water1 in its transparent beauty1 in which they could see themselves sitting1 in reflected groups1 with their ,bibles in their hands4 ,here1 upon a semicircular ledge of rocks1 over a narrow chasm1 of which the tiny stream played in a murmuring waterfall1 and divided the congregation into two equal parts1 sat about a hundred persons1 all devoutly listening to their minister1 who stood before them on what might he called a small1 natural pulpit of living stone4 ,up to it there led a short flight of steps1 and over it waved the canopy of a tall1 graceful birch tree4 ,the pulpit stood in the middle of the channel1 directly facing the congregation1 and separated from them by the clear1 deep1 sparkling pool1 into which the scarce-heard water poured over the blackened rock4 ,the water1 as it left the pool1 separated into two streams1 and flowed on each side of that altar1 thus placing it in an island1 whose large1 mossy stones were richly embowered under the golden blossoms and green tresses of the broom4 ,at the close of divine service1 a row of maidens1 all clothed in purest white1 came gliding off from the congregation1 and1 crossing the murmuring stream on stepping stones1 arranged themselves at the foot of the pulpit with those who were about to be baptized4 ,their devout fathers1 just as though they had been in their own kirk1 had been sitting there during worship1 and now stood up before the minister4 ,the baptismal water1 taken from that pellucid pool1 was lying1 consecrated1 in an appropriate receptacle1 formed by the upright stones that composed one side of the pulpit1 and the holy rite proceeded4 ,some of the younger ones in that semicircle kept gazing down into the pool1 in which the whole scene was reflected2 and now and then1 in spite of the grave looks and admonishing whispers of their elders1 letting fall a pebble into the water1 that they might judge of its depth1 from the length of time that elapsed before the clear air bells lay sparkling on the agitated surface4 ,the rite was over1 and the religious service of the day closed by a psalm4 ,the mighty rocks hemmed in the holy sound1 and sent it in a more compact volume1 clear1 sweet1 and strong1 up to heaven4 ,when the psalm ceased1 an echo1 like a spirit's voice1 was heard dying away1 high up among the magnificent architecture of the cliffs2 and once more might be noticed in the silence1 the reviving voice of the waterfall4 ,just then1 a large stone fell from the top of the cliff into the pool1 a loud voice was heard1 and a plaid was hung over on the point of a shepherd's staff4 ,their wakeful sentinel had descried danger1 and this was his warning4 ,forthwith1 the congregation rose4 ,there were paths1 dangerous to unpracticed feet1 along the ledges of the rocks1 leading up to several caves and places of concealment4 ,the more active and young assisted the elder1 more especially the old pastor1 and the women with the infants2 and many minutes had not elapsed1 till not a living creature was visible in the channel of the stream1 but all of them were hidden1 or nearly so1 in the clefts and caverns4 ,the shepherd who had given the alarm1 had lain down again instantly in his plaid on the greensward1 upon the summit of these precipices4 ,a party of soldiers was immediately upon him1 and demanded what signals he had been making1 and to whom2 when one of them1 looking over the edge of the cliff1 exclaimed1 ,see1 see6 ,humphrey1 ,we have caught the whole tabernacle of the ,lord in a net at last4 ,there they are1 praising ,god among the stones of the river ,mouse4 ,these are the ,cartland ,craigs4 ,a noble cathedral6 ,fling the lying sentinel over the cliffs4 ,here is a canting ,covenanter for you1 deceiving honest soldiers on the very ,sabbath day4 ,over with him1 over with him2 out of the gallery into the pit4 ,but the shepherd had vanished like a shadow1 and1 mixing with the tall1 green broom and bushes1 was making his unseen way toward a wood4 ,satan has saved his servant2 but come1 my lads1 follow me4 ,i know the way down into the bed of the stream1 and the steps up to ,wallace's ,cave4 ,they are called1 'kittle nine stanes2' ,the hunt's up4 ,we'll all be in at the death4 ,halloo6 my boys1 halloo6 ,the soldiers dashed down a less precipitous part of the wooded banks1 a little below the craigs1 and hurried up the channel4 ,but when they reached the altar where the old1 gray-haired minister had been seen standing1 and the rocks that had been covered with people1 all was silent and solitary2 not a creature to be seen4 ,here is a ,bible1 dropped by some of them1 cried a soldier1 and1 with his foot1 he spun it away into the pool4 ,a bonnet1 a bonnet1 cried another2 now for the pretty1 sanctified face1 that rolled its demure eyes below it4 ,but after a few jests and oaths1 the soldiers stood still1 eying with a kind of mysterious dread the black and silent walls of the rocks that hemmed them in1 and hearing only the small voice of the stream that sent a profounder stillness through the heart of that majestic solitude4 ,what if these cowardly ,covenanters should tumble down upon our heads pieces of rock1 from their hiding places6 ,advance1 or retreat8 ,there was no reply2 for a slight fear was upon every man4 ,musket or bayonet could be of little use to men obliged to clamber up rocks1 along slender paths1 leading they know not where4 ,and they were aware that armed men nowadays worshiped ,god2 men of iron hearts1 who feared not the glitter of the soldier's arms1 neither barrel nor bayonet2 men of long stride1 firm step1 and broad breast1 who1 on the open field1 would have overthrown the marshaled line1 and gone first and foremost1 if a city had to be taken by storm4 ,as the soldiers were standing together irresolute1 a noise came upon their ears like distant thunder1 but even more appalling2 and a slight current of air1 as if propelled by it1 passed whispering along the sweetbriers1 and the broom1 and the tresses of the birch trees4 ,it came deepening1 and rolling1 and roaring on2 and the very ,cartland ,craigs shook to their foundation1 as if in an earthquake4 ,the ,lord have mercy upon us6 ,what is this8 ,and down fell many of the miserable wretches on their knees1 and some on their faces1 upon the sharp-pointed rocks4 ,now1 it was like the sound of many myriads of chariots rolling on their iron axles down the strong channel of the torrent4 ,the old1 gray-haired minister issued from the mouth of ,wallace's ,cave1 and said1 in a loud voice1 ,the ,lord ,god terrible reigneth6 ,a waterspout had burst up among the moorlands1 and the river1 in its power1 was at hand4 ,there it came1 tumbling along into that long reach of cliffs1 and1 in a moment1 filled it with one mass of waves4 ,huge1 agitated clouds of foam rode on the surface of a blood-red torrent4 ,an army must have been swept off by that flood4 ,the soldiers perished in a moment2 but high up in the cliffs1 above the sweep of destruction1 were the ,covenanters1 men1 women1 and children1 uttering prayers to ,god1 unheard by themselves1 in the raging thunder4 ,,notes4--,lanark is a small town in the valley of the ,clyde1 in ,scotland4 ,it is thirty miles southwest from ,edinburgh4 ,mouse ,river flows to the ,clyde from the hills north of ,larmrk4 ,covenanter4--,under ,charles ,i41 the ,scotch were so oppressed that they organized in resistance4 ,the covenant was a famous paper1 largely signed1 in which they agreed to continue in the profession of their faith1 and resist all errors4 ,wallace's ,cave4--,william ,wallace 7b4 #abgj1 d4 #acje7 was the foremost ,scot of his times4 ,he was declared1 in the absence of the king1 guardian of the kingdom4 ,more than once was he outlawed and obliged to seek safety by concealment in the woods and caves4 ,,xliv4 ,,sparrows4 7#ahe7 ,adeline ,d4 ,train ,whitney1 #ahbd--1 was born in ,boston1 and was educated in the school of ,dr4 ,george ,b4 ,emerson4 ,her father was ,enoch ,train1 a well-known merchant of that city4 ,at the age of nineteen1 she became the wife of ,mr4 ,seth ,d4 ,whitney4 ,her literary career began about #ahef1 since which time she has written several novels and poems2 a number of them first appeared in the ,atlantic ,monthly4 ,her writings are marked by grace and sprightliness4 ,little birds sit on the telegraph wires1 ,and chitter1 and flitter1 and fold their wings2 ,maybe they think that1 for them and their sires1 ,stretched always1 on purpose1 those wonderful strings3 ,and1 perhaps1 the ,thought that the world inspires1 ,did plan for the birds1 among other things4 ,little birds sit on the slender lines1 ,and the news of the world runs under their feet1-- ,how value rises1 and how declines1 ,how kings with their armies in battle meet1-- ,and1 all the while1 'mid the soundless signs1 ,they chirp their small gossipings1 foolish sweet4 ,little things light on the lines of our lives1-- ,hopes1 and joys1 and acts of to-day1-- ,and we think that for these the ,lord contrives1 ,nor catch what the hidden lightnings say4 ,yet1 from end to end1 ,his meaning arrives1 ,and ,his word runs underneath1 all the way4 ,is life only wires and lightning1 then1 ,apart from that which about it clings8 ,are the thoughts1 and the works1 and the prayers of men ,only sparrows that light on ,god's telegraph strings1 ,holding a moment1 and gone again8 ,nay2 ,he planned for the birds1 with the larger things4 ,,xlv4 ,,observance ,,of ,,the ,,sabbath4 7#ahf7 ,gardiner ,spring1 #aghe-ahgc1 was the son of ,samuel ,spring1 ,d4,d41 who was pastor of a ,congregational church in ,newburyport1 ,massachusetts1 for more than forty years4 ,the son entered ,yale ,college1 and was valedictorian of his class in #ahje4 ,he studied law for a time2 then went to ,bermuda1 where he taught nearly two years4 ,on his return he completed his law studies1 and practiced his profession for more than a year4 ,in #ahaj1 having studied theology at ,andover1 he was ordained as pastor of the ,brick ,church in ,new ,york ,city4 ,here he remained till his death4 ,he was elected president of ,dartmouth ,college1 and also of ,hamilton1 but declined both positions4 ,his works1 embracing about twenty octavo volumes1 have passed through several editions2 some have been translated into foreign languages1 and reprinted in ,europe4 ,as a preacher1 ,dr4 ,spring was eloquent and energetic4 ,the ,sabbath lies at the foundation of all true morality4 ,morality flows from principle4 ,let the principles of moral obligation become relaxed1 and the practice of morality will not long survive the overthrow4 ,no man can preserve his own morals1 no parent can preserve the morals of his children1 without the impressions of religious obligation4 ,if you can induce a community to doubt the genuineness and authenticity of the ,scriptures2 to question the reality and obligations of religion2 to hesitate1 undeciding1 whether there be any such thing as virtue or vice2 whether there be an eternal state of retribution beyond the grave2 or whether there exists any such being as ,god1 you have broken down the barriers of moral virtue1 and hoisted the flood gates of immorality and crime4 ,i need not say that when a people have once done this1 they can no longer exist as a tranquil and happy people4 ,every bond that holds society together would be ruptured2 fraud and treachery would take the place of confidence between man and man2 the tribunals of justice would be scenes of bribery and injustice2 avarice1 perjury1 ambition1 and revenge would walk through the land1 and render it more like the dwelling of savage beasts than the tranquil abode of civilized and ,christianized men4 ,if there is an institution which opposes itself to this progress of human degeneracy1 and throws a shield before the interests of moral virtue in our thoughtless and wayward world1 it is the ,sabbath4 ,in the fearful struggle between virtue and vice1 notwithstanding the powerful auxiliaries which wickedness finds in the bosoms of men1 and in the seductions and influence of popular example1 wherever the ,sabbath has been suffered to live1 the trembling interests of moral virtue have always been revered and sustained4 ,one of the principal occupations of this day is to illustrate and enforce the great principles of sound morality4 ,where this sacred trust is preserved inviolate1 you behold a nation convened one day in seven for the purpose of acquainting themselves with the best moral principles and precepts2 and it can not be otherwise than that the authority of moral virtue1 under such auspices1 should be acknowledged and felt4 ,we may not1 at once1 perceive the effects which this weekly observance produces4 ,like most moral causes1 it operates slowly2 but it operates surely1 and gradually weakens the power and breaks the yoke of profligacy and sin4 ,no villain regards the ,sabbath4 ,no vicious family regards the ,sabbath4 ,no immoral community regards the ,sabbath4 ,the holy rest of this ever-memorable day is a barrier which is always broken down before men become giants in sin4 ,blackstone1 in his ,commentaries on the ,laws of ,england1 remarks that a corruption of morals usually follows a profanation of the ,sabbath4 ,it is an observation of ,lord ,chief ,justice ,hale1 that of all the persons who were convicted of capital crimes1 while he was on the bench1 he found a few only who would not confess that they began their career of wickedness by a neglect of the duties of the ,sabbath and vicious conduct on that day4 ,the prisons in our own land could probably tell us that they have scarcely a solitary tenant who had not broken over the restraints of the ,sabbath before he was abandoned to crime4 ,you may enact laws for the suppression of immorality1 but the secret and silent power of the ,sabbath constitutes a stronger shield to the vital interest of the community than any code of penal statutes that ever was enacted4 ,the ,sabbath is the keystone of the arch which sustains the temple of virtue1 which1 however defaced1 will survive many a rude shock so long as the foundation remains firm4 ,the observance of the ,sabbath is also most influential in securing national prosperity4 ,the ,god of ,heaven has said1 ,them that honor me ,i will honor1 ,you will not often find a notorious ,sabbath breaker a permanently prosperous man2 and a ,sabbath-breaking community is never a happy or prosperous community4 ,there is a multitude of unobserved influences which the ,sabbath exerts upon the temporal welfare of men4 ,it promotes the spirit of good order and harmony2 it elevates the poor from want2 it transforms squalid wretchedness2 it imparts self-respect and elevation of character2 it promotes softness and civility of manners2 it brings together the rich and the poor upon one common level in the house of prayer2 it purifies and strengthens the social affections1 and makes the family circle the center of allurement and the source of instruction1 comfort1 and happiness4 ,like its own divine religion1 it has the promise of the life that now is and that which is to come1 for men can not put themselves beyond the reach of hope and heaven so long as they treasure up this one command1 ,remember the ,sabbath day1 to keep it holy4 ,,notes4--,sir ,william ,blackstone 7b4 #agbc1 d4 #aghj7 was the son of a ,london silk mercer4 ,he is celebrated as the author of the ,commentaries on the ,laws of ,england1 now universally used by law students both in ,england and ,america4 ,he once retired from the law through failure to secure a practice1 but afterwards attained the highest honors in his profession4 ,see biographical notice on page #daj4 ,sir ,matthew ,hale 7b4 #afji1 d4 #afgf71 was ,lord ,chief ,justice of ,england from #afga to #afgf4 ,,xlvi4 ,,god',s ,,goodness ,,to ,,such ,,as ,,fear ,,him4 7#ahi7 ,fret not thyself because of evil doers1 ,neither be thou envious against the workers of iniquity2 ,for they shall soon be cut down like the grass1 ,and wither as the green herb4 ,trust in the ,lord1 and do good2 ,so shalt thou dwell in the land1 and verily thou shalt be fed4 ,delight thyself also in the ,lord1 ,and he shall give thee the desires of thine heart4 ,commit thy way unto the ,lord2 ,trust also in him1 and he shall bring it to pass4 ,and he shall bring forth thy righteousness as the light1 ,and thy judgment as the noonday4 ,rest in the ,lord1 and wait patiently for him4 ,fret not thyself because of him who prospereth in his way1 ,because of the man who bringeth wicked devices to pass4 ,cease from anger1 and forsake wrath3 ,fret not thyself in any wise to do evil1 ,for evil doers shall be cut off3 ,but those that wait upon the ,lord1 they shall inherit the earth4 ,for yet a little while1 and the wicked shall not be2 ,yea1 thou shalt diligently consider his place1 and it shall not be4 ,but the meek shall inherit the earth1 ,and shall delight themselves in the abundance of peace4 ,a little that a righteous man hath ,is better than the riches of many wicked2 ,for the arms of the wicked shall be broken1 ,but the ,lord upholdeth the righteous4 ,the ,lord knoweth the days of the upright1 ,and their inheritance shall be forever2 ,they shall not be ashamed in the evil time1 ,and in the days of famine they shall be satisfied4 ,but the wicked shall perish1 ,and the enemies of the ,lord shall be as the fat of lambs2 ,they shall consume2 into smoke shall they consume away4 ,the wicked borroweth1 and payeth not again2 ,but the righteous sheweth mercy and giveth4 ,for such as be blessed of him shall inherit the earth4 ,the steps of a good man are ordered by the ,lord1 ,and he delighteth in his way2 ,though he fall1 he shall not be utterly cast down2 ,for the ,lord upholdeth him with his hand4 ,i have been young1 and now am old1 ,yet have ,i not seen the righteous forsaken1 ,nor his seed begging bread4 ,he is ever merciful1 and lendeth1 ,and his seed is blessed4 ,depart from evil1 and do good1 ,and dwell for evermore2 ,for the ,lord loveth judgment1 ,and forsaketh not his saints2 ,they are preserved forever3 ,but the seed of the wicked shall be cut off4 ,the righteous shall inherit the land1 ,and dwell therein forever4 ,the mouth of the righteous speaketh wisdom1 ,and his tongue talketh of judgment2 ,the law of his ,god is in his heart2 ,none of his steps shall slide4 ,the wicked watcheth the righteous1 ,and seeketh to slay him4 ,the ,lord will not leave him in his hand1 ,nor condemn him when he is judged4 ,wait on the ,lord1 and keep his way1 ,and he shall exalt thee to inherit the land2 ,when the wicked are cut off1 thou shalt see it4 ,i have seen the wicked in great power1 ,and spreading himself like a green bay tree2 ,yet he passed away1 and1 lo1 he was not2 ,yea1 ,i sought him1 but he could not be found4 --,from the ,thirty-seventh ,psalm4 ,,xlvii4 ,,character ,,of ,,columbus4 7#aib7 ,washington ,irving1 #aghc-ahei4 ,among those whose works have enriched ,american literature1 and have given it a place in the estimation of foreigners1 no name stands higher than that of ,washington ,irving4 ,he was born in the city of ,new ,york2 his father was a native of ,scotland1 and his mother was ,english4 ,he had an ordinary school education1 and at the age of sixteen began the study of law4 ,two of his older brothers were interested in literary pursuits2 and in his youth he studied the old ,english authors4 ,he was also passionately fond of books of travel4 ,at the age of nineteen1 he began his literary career by writing for a paper published by his brother4 ,in #ahjd be made a voyage to the south of ,europe4 ,on his return he completed his studies in law1 but never practiced his profession4 ,salmagundi1 his first book 7partly written by others71 was published in #ahjg4 ,this was followed1 two years later1 by ,knickerbocker's ,history of ,new ,york4 ,soon after1 he entered into mercantile pursuits in company with two brothers4 ,at the close at the war with ,england he sailed again for ,europe1 and remained abroad seventeen years4 ,during his absence he formed the acquaintance of the most eminent literary men of his time1 and wrote several of his works2 among them were3 ,the ,sketch ,book1 ,bracebridge ,hall1 ,tales of a ,traveler1 ,life and ,voyages of ,columbus1 and the ,conquest of ,granada4 ,on his return he made a journey west of the ,mississippi1 and gathered materials for several other books4 ,from #ahdb to #ahdf he was ,minister to ,spain4 ,on his return to ,america he established his residence at ,sunnyside1 near ,tarrytown1 on the ,hudson1 where he passed the last years of his life4 ,a young lady to whom he was attached having died in early life1 ,mr4 ,irving never married4 ,his works are marked by humor1 just sentiment1 and elegance and correctness of expression4 ,they were popular both at home and abroad from the first1 and their sale brought him a handsome fortune4 ,the ,life of ,washington1 his last work1 was completed in the same year in which he died4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,see ,the ,life of ,columbus by ,sir ,arthur ,helps1 ,columbus was a man of great and inventive genius4 ,the operations of his mind were energetic1 but irregular2 bursting forth1 at times1 with that irresistible force which characterizes intellect of such an order4 ,his ambition was lofty and noble1 inspiring him with high thoughts and an anxiety to distinguish himself by great achievements4 ,he aimed at dignity and wealth in the same elevated spirit with which he sought renown2 they were to rise from the territories he should discover1 and be commensurate in importance4 ,his conduct was characterized by the grandeur of his views and the magnanimity of his spirit4 ,instead of ravaging the newly-found countries1 like many of his cotemporary discoverers1 who were intent only on immediate gain1 he regarded them with the eyes of a legislator2 he sought to colonize and cultivate them1 to civilize the natives1 to build cities1 introduce the useful arts1 subject everything to the control of law1 order1 and religion1 and thus to found regular and prosperous empires4 ,that he failed in this was the fault of the dissolute rabble which it was his misfortune to command1 with whom all law was tyranny and all order oppression4 ,he was naturally irascible and impetuous1 and keenly sensible to injury and injustice2 yet the quickness of his temper was counteracted by the generosity and benevolence of his heart4 ,the magnanimity of his nature shone forth through all the troubles of his stormy career4 ,though continually outraged in his dignity1 braved in his authority1 foiled in his plans1 and endangered in his person by the seditions of turbulent and worthless men1 and that1 too1 at times when suffering under anguish of body and anxiety of mind enough to exasperate the most patient1 yet he restrained his valiant and indignant spirit1 and brought himself to forbear1 and reason1 and even to supplicate4 ,nor can the reader of the story of his eventful life fail to notice how free he was from all feeling of revenge1 how ready to forgive and forget on the least sign of repentance and atonement4 ,he has been exalted for his skill in controlling others1 but far greater praise is due to him for the firmness he displayed in governing himself4 ,his piety was genuine and fervent4 ,religion mingled with the whole course of his thoughts and actions1 and shone forth in his most private and unstudied writings4 ,whenever he made any great discovery he devoutly returned thanks to ,god4 ,the voice of prayer and the melody of praise rose from his ships on discovering the new world1 and his first action on landing was to prostrate himself upon the earth and offer up thanksgiving4 ,all his great enterprises were undertaken in the name of the ,holy ,trinity1 and he partook of the holy sacrament previous to embarkation4 ,he observed the festivals of the church in the wildest situations4 ,the ,sabbath was to him a day of sacred rest1 on which he would never sail from a port unless in case of extreme necessity4 ,the religion thus deeply seated in his soul diffused a sober dignity and a benign composure over his whole deportment2 his very language was pure and guarded1 and free from all gross or irreverent expressions4 ,a peculiar trait in his rich and varied character remains to be noticed2 namely1 that ardent and enthusiastic imagination which threw a magnificence over his whole course of thought4 ,a poetical temperament is discernible throughout all his writings and in all his actions4 ,we see it in all his descriptions of the beauties of the wild land he was discovering1 in the enthusiasm with which he extolled the blandness of the temperature1 the purity of the atmosphere1 the fragrance of the air1 full of dew and sweetness1 the verdure of the forests1 the grandeur of the mountains1 and the crystal purity of the running streams4 ,it spread a glorious and golden world around him1 and tinged everything with its own gorgeous colors4 ,with all the visionary fervor of his imagination1 its fondest dreams fell short of the reality4 ,he died in ignorance of the real grandeur of his discovery4 ,until his last breath1 he entertained the idea that he had merely opened a new way to the old resorts of opulent commerce1 and had discovered some of the wild regions of the ,east4 ,what visions of glory would have broken upon his mind could he have known that he had indeed discovered a new continent equal to the old world in magnitude1 and separated by two vast oceans from all the earth hitherto known by civilized man6 ,how would his magnanimous spirit have been consoled amid the afflictions of age and the cares of penury1 the neglect of a fickle public and the injustice of an ungrateful king1 could he have anticipated the splendid empires which would arise in the beautiful world he had discovered1 and the nations1 and tongues1 and languages which were to fill its land with his renown1 and to revere and bless his name to the latest posterity6 ,,note4--,christopher ,columbus 7b4 #adcf1 d4 #aejf7 was the son of a wool comber of ,genoa4 ,at the age of fifteen he became a sailor1 and in his voyages visited ,england1 ,iceland1 the ,guinea coast1 and the ,greek ,isles4 ,he was an earnest student of navigation1 of cosmography1 and of books of travel2 thus he thoroughly prepared himself for the great undertaking which led to the discovery of ,america4 ,he struggled against every discouragement for almost ten years before he could persuade a sovereign to authorize and equip his expedition4 ,,xlviii4 ,,he ,,giveth ,,his ,,beloved ,,sleep4 7#aie7 ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning1 #ahji-ahfa1 was born in ,london1 married the poet ,robert ,browning in #ahdf1 and afterwards resided in ,italy most of the time till her death1 which occurred at ,florence4 ,she was thoroughly educated in severe and masculine studies1 and began to write at a very early age4 ,her ,essay on ,mind1 a metaphysical and reflective poem1 was written at the age of sixteen4 ,she wrote very rapidly1 and her friend1 ,miss ,mitford1 tells us that ,lady ,geraldine's ,courtship1 containing ninety- three stanzas1 was composed in twelve hours6 ,she published several other long poems1 ,aurora ,leigh being one of the most highly finished4 ,mrs4 ,browning is regarded as one of the most able female poets of modern times2 but her writings are often obscure1 and some have doubted whether she always clearly conceived what she meant to express4 ,she had a warm sympathy with all forms of suffering and distress4 ,he ,giveth his ,beloved ,sleep is one of the most beautiful of her minor poems4 ,the thought is an amplification of verse #b;d of ,psalm cxxvii4 ,of all the thoughts of ,god that are ,borne inward unto souls afar1 ,along the ,psalmist's music deep1 ,now tell me if that any is1 ,for gift or grace1 surpassing this1-- ,he giveth his beloved1 sleep6 ,what would we give to our beloved8 ,the hero's heart to be unmoved1 ,the poet's star-tuned harp1 to sweep1 ,the patriot's voice1 to teach and rouse1 ,the monarch's crown1 to light the brows8-- ,he giveth his beloved1 sleep4 ,what do we give to our beloved8 ,a little faith all undisproved1 ,a little dust to overweep1 ,and bitter memories to make ,the whole earth blasted for our sake1-- ,he giveth his beloved1 sleep4 ,sleep soft1 beloved6 we sometimes say1 ,but have no tune to charm away ,sad dreams that through the eyelids creep4 ,but never doleful dream again ,shall break his happy slumber when ,he giveth his beloved1 sleep4 ,o earth1 so full of dreary noises6 ,o men1 with wailing in your voices6 ,o delve'd gold1 the wailers heap6 ,o strife1 ,o curse1 that o'er it fall6 ,god strikes a silence through you all1 ,and giveth his beloved1 sleep4 ,his dews drop mutely on the hill2 ,his cloud above it saileth still1 ,though on its slope men sow and reap4 ,more softly than the dew is shed1 ,or cloud is floated overhead1 ,he giveth his beloved1 sleep4 ,ay1 men may wonder while they scan ,a living1 thinking1 feeing man1 ,confirmed in such a rest to keep2 ,but angels say--and through the word ,i think their happy smile is heard-- ,he giveth his beloved1 sleep4 ,for me my heart1 that erst did go ,most like a tired child at a show1 ,that sees through tears the mummers leap1 ,would now its wearied vision close1 ,would childlike on his love repose ,who giveth his beloved1 sleep4 ,and friends1 dear friends1--when it shall be ,that this low breath is gone from me1 ,and round my bier ye come to weep1 ,let one most loving of you all ,say1 ,not a tear must o'er her fall2 ',he giveth his beloved1 sleep4' ,,xlix4 ,,description ,,of ,a ,,siege4 7#aig7 ,the skirts of the wood seem lined with archers1 although only a few are advanced from its dark shadow4 ,under what banner8 asked ,ivanhoe4 ,under no ensign which ,i can observe1 answered ,rebecca4 ,a singular novelty1 muttered the knight1 to advance to storm such a castle without pennon or banner displayed4 ,seest thou who they be that act as leaders8 ,a knight clad in sable armor is the most conspicuous1 said the ,jewess3 he alone is armed from head to heel1 and seems to assume the direction of all around him4 ,seem there no other leaders8 exclaimed the anxious inquirer4 ,none of mark and distinction that ,i can behold from this station1 said ,rebecca1 but doubtless the other side of the castle is also assailed4 ,they seem1 even now1 preparing to advance4 ,god of ,zion protect us6 ,what a dreadful sight6 ,those who advance first bear huge shields and defenses made of plank3 the others follow1 bending their bows as they come on4 ,they raise their bows6 ,god of ,moses1 forgive the creatures thou hast made6 ,her description was here suddenly interrupted by the signal for assault1 which was given by the blast of a shrill bugle1 and at once answered by a flourish of the ,norman trumpets from the battlements1 which1 mingled with the deep and hollow clang of the kettledrums1 retorted in notes of defiance the challenge of the enemy4 ,the shouts of both parties augmented the fearful din1 the assailants crying1 ,saint ,george1 for merry ,england6 and the ,normans answering them with loud cries of ,onward1 ,de ,bracy6 ,front de ,boeuf1 to the rescue6 ,and ,i must lie here like a bedridden monk1 exclaimed ,ivanhoe1 while the game that gives me freedom or death is played out by the hand of others6 ,look from the window once again1 kind maiden1 and tell me if they yet advance to the storm4 ,with patient courage1 strengthened by the interval which she had employed in mental devotion1 ,rebecca again took post at the lattice1 sheltering herself1 however1 so as not to be exposed to the arrows of the archers4 ,what dost thou see1 ,rebecca8 again demanded the wounded knight4 ,nothing but the cloud of arrows flying so thick as to dazzle mine eyes1 and to hide the bowmen who shoot them4 ,that can not endure1 said ,ivanhoe4 ,if they press not right on1 to carry the castle by force of arms1 the archery may avail but little against stone walls and bulwarks4 ,look for the knight in dark armor1 fair ,rebecca1 and see how he bears himself2 for as the leader is1 so will his followers be4 ,i see him not1 said ,rebecca4 ,foul craven6 exclaimed ,ivanhoe2 does he blench from the helm when the wind blows highest8 ,he blenches not6 he blenches not6 said ,rebecca2 ,i see him now3 he leads a body of men close under the outer barrier of the barbacan4 ,they pull down the piles and palisades2 they hew down the barriers with axes4 ,his high black plume floats abroad over the throng like a raven over the field of the slain4 ,they have made a breach in the barriers1 they rush in1 they are thrust back6 ,front de ,boeuf heads the defenders4 ,i see his gigantic form above the press4 ,they throng again to the breach1 and the pass is disputed1 hand to hand1 and man to man4 ,god of ,jacob6 it is the meeting of two fierce tides1 the conflict of two oceans moved by adverse winds2 and she turned her head from the window as if unable longer to endure a sight so terrible4 ,speedily recovering her self-control1 ,rebecca again looked forth1 and almost immediately exclaimed1 ,holy prophets of the law6 ,front de ,boeuf and the ,black ,knight fight hand to hand on the breach1 amid the roar of their followers1 who watch the progress of the strife4 ,heaven strike with the cause of the oppressed and of the captive6 ,she then uttered a loud shriek1 and exclaimed1 ,he is down6 he is down6 ,who is down6 cried ,ivanhoe2 for our dear ,lady's sake1 tell me which has fallen6 ,the ,black ,knight1 answered ,rebecca1 faintly2 then instantly again shouted with joyful eagerness--,but no6 but no6 the name of the ,lord of ,hosts be blessed6 he is on foot again1 and fights as if there were twenty men's strength in his single arm--his sword is broken--he snatches an ax from a yeoman--he presses ,front de ,boeuf1 blow on blow--the giant stoops and totters like an oak under the steel of the woodman--he falls-he falls6 ,front de ,boeuf8 exclaimed ,ivanhoe4 ,front de ,boeuf1 answered the ,jewess2 his men rush to the rescue1 headed by the haughty ,templar1 --their united force compels the champion to pause--they drag ,front de ,boeuf within the walls4 ,the assailants have won the barriers1 have they not8 said ,ivanhoe4 ,they have--they have--and they press the besieged hard upon the outer wall2 some plant ladders1 some swarm like bees1 and endeavor to ascend upon the shoulders of each other2 down go stones1 beams1 and trunks of trees upon their heads1 and as fast as they bear the wounded to the rear1 fresh men supply their places in the assault4 ,great ,god6 hast thou given men thine own image that it should be thus cruelly defaced by the hands of their brethren6 ,think not of that1 replied ,ivanhoe2 this is no time for such thoughts4 ,who yield8 ,who push their way8 ,the ladders are thrown down1 replied ,rebecca1 shuddering2 the soldiers lie groveling under them like crushed reptiles2 the besieged have the better4 ,saint ,george strike for us6 said the knight2 do the false yeomen give way8 ,no1 exclaimed ,rebecca1 they bear themselves right yeomanly2 the ,black ,knight approaches the postern with his huge ax2 the thundering blows which he deals1 you may hear them above all the din and shouts of the battle2 stones and beams are hailed down on the brave champion2 he regards them no more than if they were thistle down and feathers4 ,saint ,john of ,acre6 said ,ivanhoe1 raising himself joyfully on his couch1 methought there was but one man in ,england that might do such a deed4 ,the postern gate shakes1 continued ,rebecca2 it crashes--it is splintered by his powerful blows--they rush in--the outwork is won6 ,o ,god6 they hurry the defenders from the battlements--they throw them into the moat6 ,o men1 if ye be indeed men1 spare them that can resist no longer6 ,the bridge--the bridge which communicates with the castle--have they won that pass8 exclaimed ,ivanhoe4 ,no1 replied ,rebecca2 the ,templar has destroyed the plank on which they crossed--few of the defenders escaped with him into the castle--the shrieks and cries which you hear1 tell the fate of the others4 ,alas6 ,i see that it is still more difficult to look upon victory than upon battle4 ,what do they now1 maiden8 said ,ivanhoe2 look forth yet again--this is no time to faint at bloodshed4 ,it is over1 for a time1 said ,rebecca2 our friends strengthen themselves within the outwork which they have mastered4 ,our friends1 said ,ivanhoe1 will surely not abandon an enterprise so gloriously begun1 and so happily attained2 ,oh no6 ,i will put my faith in the good knight whose ax has rent heart of oak and bars of iron4 ,singular1 he again muttered to himself1 if there can be two who are capable of such achievements4 ,it is1--it must be ,richard ,coeur de ,lion4 ,seest thou nothing else4 ,rebecca1 by which the ,black ,knight may be distinguished8 ,nothing1 said the ,jewess1 all about him is as black as the wing of the night raven4 ,nothing can ,i spy that can mark him further2 but having once seen him put forth his strength in battle1 methinks ,i could know him again among a thousand warriors4 ,he rushes to the fray as if he were summoned to a banquet4 ,there is more than mere strength2 it seems as if the whole soul and spirit of the champion were given to every blow which he deals upon his enemies4 ,god forgive him the sin of bloodshed6 it is fearful1 yet magnificent1 to behold how the arm and heart of one man can triumph over hundreds4 -- ,walter ,scott4 ,,notes4--,ivanhoe1 a wounded knight1 and ,rebecca1 a ,jewess1 had been imprisoned in the castle of ,reginald ,front de ,boeuf4 ,the friends of the prisoners undertake their rescue4 ,at the request of ,ivanhoe1 who is unable to leave his couch1 ,rebecca takes her stand near a window overlooking the approach to the castle1 and details to the knight the incidents of the contest as they take place4 ,front de ,boeuf and his garrison were ,normans2 the besiegers1 ,saxons4 ,the castles of this time 7twelfth century7 usually consisted of a keep1 or castle proper1 surrounded at some distance by two walls1 one within the other4 ,each wall was encircled on its outer side by a moat1 or ditch1 which was filled with water1 and was crossed by means of a drawbridge4 ,before the main entrance of the outer wall was an outwork called the barbacan1 which was a high wall surmounted by battlements and turrets1 built to defend the gate and drawbridge4 ,here1 also1 were placed barriers of palisades1 etc41 to impede the advance of an attacking force4 ,the postern gate was small1 and was usually some distance from the ground2 it was used for the egress of messengers during a siege2 ,l4 ,,marco ,,bozzaris4 7#bjb7 ,fitz-,greene ,halleck1 #agij--ahfg1 was born in ,guilford1 ,connecticut4 ,at the age of eighteen he entered a banking house in ,new ,york1 where he remained a long time4 ,for many years he was bookkeeper and assistant in business for ,john ,jacob ,astor4 ,nearly all his poems were written before he was forty years old1 several of them in connection with his friend ,joseph ,rodman ,drake4 ,his ,young ,america1 however1 was written but a few years before his death4 ,mr4 ,halleck's poetry is carefully finished and musical2 much of it is sportive1 and some satirical4 ,no one of his poems is better known than ,marco ,bozzaris4 ,at midnight1 in his guarded tent1 ,the ,turk was dreaming of the hour ,when ,greece1 her knee in suppliance bent1 ,should tremble at his power4 ,in dreams1 through camp and court he bore ,the trophies of a conqueror2 ,in dreams1 his song of triumph heard2 ,then wore his monarch's signet ring2 ,then pressed that monarch's throne--a king3 ,as wild his thoughts1 and gay of wing1 ,as ,eden's garden bird4 ,at midnight1 in the forest shades1 ,bozzaris ranged his ,suliote band1 ,true as the steel of their tried blades1 ,heroes in heart and hand4 ,there had the ,persian's thousands stood1 ,there had the glad earth drunk their blood1 ,on old ,plataea's day3 ,and now there breathed that haunted air1 ,the sons of sires who conquered there1 ,with arms to strike1 and soul to dare1 ,as quick1 as far as they4 ,an hour passed on--the ,turk awoke2 ,that bright dream was his last3 ,he woke--to hear his sentries shriek1 ,to arms6 they come6 the ,greek6 the ,greek6 ,he woke--to die mid flame and smoke1 ,and shout1 and groan1 and saber stroke1 ,and death shots falling thick and fast ,as lightnings from the mountain cloud2 ,and heard1 with voice as trumpet loud1 ,bozzaris cheer his band3 ,strike--till the last armed foe expires2 ,strike--for your altars and your fires2 ,strike--for the green graves of your sires2 ,god--and your native land6 ,they fought--like brave men1 long and well2 ,they piled that ground with ,moslem slain2 ,they conquered--but ,bozzaris fell1 ,bleeding at every vein4 ,his few surviving comrades saw ,his smile1 when rang their proud hurrah1 ,and the red field was won3 ,then saw in death his eyelids close ,calmly1 as to a night's repose1 ,like flowers at set of sun4 ,come to the bridal chamber1 ,death6 ,come to the mother1 when she feels ,for the first time her firstborn's breath2 ,come when the blessed seals ,that close the pestilence are broke1 ,and crowded cities wail its stroke2 ,come in consumption's ghastly form1 ,the earthquake's shock1 the ocean storm2 ,come when the heart beats high and warm ,with banquet song1 and dance1 and wine3 ,and thou art terrible--the tear1 ,the groan1 the knell1 the pall1 the bier1 ,and all we know1 or dream1 or fear ,of agony1 are thine4 ,but to the hero1 when his sword ,has won the battle for the free1 ,thy voice sounds like a prophet's word2 ,and in its hollow tones are heard ,the thanks of millions yet to be4 ,bozzaris6 with the storied brave ,greece nurtured in her glory's time1 ,rest thee--there is no prouder grave ,even in her own proud clime4 ,we tell thy doom without a sigh1 ,for thou art ,freedom's1 now1 and ,fame's4 ,one of the few1 the immortal names1 ,that were not born to die4 ,,notes4--,marco ,bozzaris 7b4 about #agij1 d4 #ahbc7 was a famous ,greek patriot4 ,his family were ,suliotes1 a people inhabiting the ,suli ,mountains1 and bitter enemies of the ,turks4 ,bozzaris was engaged in war against the latter nearly all his life1 and finally fell in a night attack upon their camp near ,carpenisi4 ,this poem1 a fitting tribute to his memory1 has been translated into modern ,greek4 ,plataea was the scene of a great victory of the ,greeks over the ,persians in the year #dgi ,b4 ,c4 ,moslem--,the followers of ,mohammed are called ,moslems4 ,,li4 ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,greek ,,bard4 7#bje7 ,george ,gordon ,byron1 ,lord ,byron1 #aghh-ahbd4 ,this gifted poet was the son of a profligate father and of a fickle and passionate mother4 ,he was afflicted with lameness from his birth2 and1 although he succeeded to his great-uncle's title at ten years of age1 he inherited financial embarrassment with it4 ,these may be some of the reasons for the morbid and wayward character of the youthful genius4 ,it is certain that he was not lacking in affection1 nor in generosity4 ,in his college days1 at ,cambridge1 he was willful and careless of his studies4 ,hours of ,idleness1 his first book1 appeared in #ahjg4 ,it was severely treated by the ,edinburgh ,review1 which called forth his ,english ,bards and ,scotch ,reviewers1 in #ahji4 ,soon after1 he went abroad for two years2 and1 on his return1 published the first two cantos of ,childe ,harold's ,pligrimage1 a work that made him suddenly famous4 ,he married in #ahae1 but separated from his wife after one year4 ,soured and bitter1 he now left ,england1 purposing never to return4 ,he spent most of the next seven years in ,italy1 where most of his poems were written4 ,the last year of his life was spent in ,greece1 aiding in her struggle for liberty against the ,turks4 ,he died at ,missolonghi4 ,as a man1 ,byron was impetuous1 morbid and passionate4 ,he was undoubtedly dissipated and immoral1 but perhaps to a less degree than has sometimes been asserted4 ,as a poet1 he possessed noble powers1 and he has written much that will last2 in general1 however1 his poetry is not wholesome1 and his fame is less than it once was4 ,the isles of ,greece6 the isles of ,greece6 ,where burning ,sappho loved and sung1 ,where grew the arts of war and peace1-- ,where ,delos rose1 and ,phoebus sprung6 ,eternal summer gilds them yet1 ,but all1 except their sun1 is set4 ,the ,scian and the ,teian muse1 ,the hero's harp1 the lover's lute1 ,have found the fame your shores refuse2 ,their place of birth alone is mute ,to sounds which echo further west ,than your sires' ,islands of the ,blest4 ,the mountains look on ,marathon1 ,and ,marathon looks on the sea2 ,and musing there an hour alone1 ,i dreamed that ,greece might still be free2 ,for1 standing on the ,persian's grave1 ,i could not deem myself a slave4 ,a king sat on the rocky brow ,which looks o'er sea-born ,salamis2 ,and ships1 by thousands1 lay below1 ,and men in nations1--all were his6 ,he counted them at break of day1-- ,and when the sun set1 where were they8 ,and where are they8 ,and where art thou1 ,my country8 ,on thy voiceless shore ,the heroic lay is tuneless now1-- ,the heroic bosom beats no more6 ,and must thy lyre1 so long divine1 ,degenerate into hands like mine8 ,must we but weep o'er days more blest8 ,must we but blush8 ,our fathers bled4 ,earth6 render back from out thy breast ,a remnant of our ,spartan dead6 ,of the three hundred1 grant but three1 ,to make a new ,thermopylae6 ,what6 silent still and silent all8 ,ah6 no2--the voices of the dead ,sound like a distant torrent's fall1 ,and answer1 ,let one living head1 ,but one1 arise1--we come1 we come6 ',tis but the living who are dumb6 ,in vain--in vain6--strike other chords2 ,fill high the cup with ,samian wine6 ,leave battles to the ,turkish hordes1 ,and shed the blood of ,scio's vine6 ,hark6 rising to the ignoble call1 ,how answers each bold ,bacchanal6 ,you have the ,pyrrhic dance as yet2 ,where is the ,pyrrhic phalanx gone8 ,of two such lessons1 why forget ,the nobler and the manlier one8 ,you have the letters ,cadmus gave2 ,think ye he meant them for a slave8 ,fill high the howl with ,samian wine6 ,we will not think of themes like these6 ,it made ,anacreon's song divine3 ,he served1 but served ,polycrates1 ,a tyrant2 but our masters then ,were still1 at least1 ,our countrymen4 ,the tyrant of the ,chersonese ,was freedom's best and bravest friend2 ,that tyrant was ,miltiades6 ,oh that the present hour would lend ,another despot of the kind6 ,such chains as his were sure to bind4 ,fill high the bowl with ,samian wine6 ,our virgins dance beneath the shade2 ,i see their glorious1 black eyes shine2 ,but gazing on each glowing maid1 ,my own the burning tear-drop laves1 ,to think such breasts must suckle slaves4 ,place me on ,sunium's marbled steep1 ,where nothing save the waves and ,i ,may hear our mutual murmurs sweep2 ,there1 swanlike1 let me sing and die3 ,a land of slaves shall ne'er be mine1-- ,dash down yon cup of ,samian wine6 ,,notes4--,sappho was a ,greek poetess living on the island of ,lesbos1 about #fjj ,b4 ,c4 ,delos is one of the ,grecian ,archipelago1 and is of volcanic origin4 ,the ancient ,greeks believed that it rose from the sea at a stroke from ,neptune's trident1 and was moored fast to the bottom by ,jupiter4 ,it was the supposed birthplace of ,phoebus1 or ,apollo4 ,the island of ,chios1 or ,scios1 is one of the places which claim to be the birthplace of ,homer4 ,teios1 or ,teos1 a city in ,ionia1 is the birthplace of the ,greek poet ,anacreon4 ,the ,islands of the ,blest1 mentioned in ancient poetry1 were imaginary islands in the west1 where1 it was believed1 the favorites of the gods were conveyed without dying4 ,at ,marathon4 7#dij ,b4 ,c471 on the east coast1 of ,greece1 #aa1jjj ,greeks1 under the generalship of ,miltiades1 routed #aaj1jjj ,persians4 ,the island of ,salamis lies very near the ,greek coast3 in the narrow channel between1 the ,greek fleet almost destroyed 7#dhj ,b4,c47 that of ,xerxes1 the ,persian king1 who witnessed the contest from a throne on the mountain side4 ,thermopylae is a narrow mountain pass in ,greece1 where ,leonidas1 with #cjj ,spartans and about #a1ajj other ,greeks1 held the entire ,persian army in check until every ,spartan1 except one1 was slain4 ,samos is one of the ,grecian ,archipelago1 noted for its cultivation of the vine and olive4 ,a ,bacchanal was a disciple of ,bacchus1 the god of wine4 ,pyrrhus was a ,greek1 and one of the greatest generals of the world4 ,the phalanx was an almost invincible arrangement of troops1 massed in close array1 with their shields overlapping one another1 and their spears projecting2 this form of military tactics was peculiar to the ,greeks4 ,polycrates seized the island of ,samos1 and made himself tyrant3 he was entrapped and crucified in #ebb ,b4 ,c4 ,chersonese is the ancient name for a peninsula4 ,sunium is the name of a promontory southeast of ,athens4 ,,lii4 ,,north ,,american ,,indians4 7#bji7 ,charles ,sprague1 #agia-ahge1 was born in ,boston1 and received his education in the public schools of that city4 ,for sixteen years he was engaged in mercantile pursuits1 as clerk and partner4 ,in #ahbj he became teller in a bank2 and1 from #ahbe1 he filled the office of cashier of the ,globe ,bank for about forty years4 ,in #ahbi be gave his most famous poem1 ,curiosity1 before the ,phi ,beta ,kappa society1 in ,cambridge4 ,an active man of business all his days1 he has written but little either in prose or poetry1 but that little is excellent in quality1 graceful1 and pleasing4 ,the address from which this extract is taken1 was delivered before the citizens of ,boston1 ,july #dth1 #ahbe4 ,not many generations ago1 where you now sit1 encircled with all that exalts and embellishes civilized life1 the rank thistle nodded in the wind and the wild fox dug his hole unscared4 ,here lived and loved another race of beings4 ,beneath the same sun that rolls over your head1 the ,indian hunter pursued the panting deer2 gazing on the same moon that smiles for you1 the ,indian lover wooed his dusky mate4 ,here the wigwam blaze beamed on the tender and helpless1 and the council fire glared on the wise and daring4 ,now they dipped their noble limbs in your sedgy lakes1 and now they paddled the light canoe along your rocky shores4 ,here they warred2 the echoing whoop1 the bloody grapple1 the defying death song1 all were here2 and when the tiger strife was over1 here curled the smoke of peace4 ,here1 too1 they worshiped2 and from many a dark bosom went up a fervent prayer to the ,great ,spirit4 ,he had not written his laws for them on tables of stone1 but he had traced them on the tables of their hearts4 ,the poor child of nature knew not the ,god of ,revelation1 but the ,god of the universe he acknowledged in everything around4 ,he beheld him in the star that sank in beauty behind his lonely dwelling2 in the sacred orb that flamed on him from his midday throne2 in the flower that snapped in the morning breeze2 in the lofty pine that defied a thousand whirlwinds2 in the timid warbler that never left its native grove2 in the fearless eagle1 whose untired pinion was wet in clouds2 in the worm that crawled at his feet2 and in his own matchless form1 glowing with a spark of that light1 to whose mysterious source he bent in humble though blind adoration4 ,and all this has passed away4 ,across the ocean came a pilgrim bark1 bearing the seeds of life and death4 ,the former were sown for you2 the latter sprang up in the path of the simple native4 ,two hundred years have changed the character of a great continent1 and blotted forever from its face a whole1 peculiar people4 ,art has usurped the bowers of nature1 and the anointed children of education have been too powerful for the tribes of the ignorant4 ,here and there a stricken few remain2 but how unlike their bold1 untamable progenitors4 ,the ,indian of falcon glance and lion bearing1 the theme of the touching ballad1 the hero of the pathetic tale is gone1 and his degraded offspring crawls upon the soil where he walked in majesty1 to remind us how miserable is man when the foot of the conqueror is on his neck4 ,as a race they have withered from the land4 ,their arrows are broken1 their springs are dried up1 their cabins are in the dust4 ,their council fire has long since gone out on the shore1 and their war cry is fast fading to the untrodden west4 ,slowly and sadly they climb the distant mountains1 and read their doom in the setting sun4 ,they are shrinking before the mighty tide which is pressing them away2 they must soon hear the roar of the last wave which will settle over them forever4 ,ages hence1 the inquisitive white man1 as he stands by some growing city1 will ponder on the structure of their disturbed remains1 and wonder to what manner of persons they belonged4 ,they will live only in the songs and chronicles of their exterminators4 ,let these be faithful to their rude virtues as men1 and pay due tribute to their unhappy fate as a people4 ,,liii4 ,,lochiel',s ,,warning4 7#baa7 ,thomas ,campbell1 #aggg-ahdd1 was a descendant of the famous clan of ,campbells1 in ,kirnan1 ,scotland1 and was born at ,glasgow4 ,at the age of thirteen he entered the university in that city1 from which he graduated with distinction1 especially as a ,greek scholar2 his translations of ,greek tragedy were considered without parallel in the history of the university4 ,during the first year after graduation1 he wrote several poems of minor importance4 ,he then removed to ,edinburgh and adopted literature as his profession2 here his ,pleasures of ,hope was published in #agii1 and achieved immediate success4 ,he traveled extensively on the continent1 and during his absence wrote ,lochiel's ,warning1 ,hohenlinden1 and other minor poems4 ,in #ahji he published ,gertrude of ,wyoming2 from #ahbj to #ahcj he edited the ,new ,monthly ,magazine4 ,in #ahbf he was chosen lord rector of the ,university of ,glasgow1 to which office he was twice reelected4 ,he was active in founding the ,university of ,london4 ,during the last years of his life he produced but little of note4 ,he died at ,boulogne1 in ,france4 ,during most of his life he was in straitened pecuniary circumstances1 and ill-health and family afflictions cast a melancholy over his later years4 ,his poems were written with much care1 and are uniformly smooth and musical4 ,seer4 ,lochiel6 ,lochiel6 beware of the day ,when the ,lowlands shall meet thee in battle array6 ,for a field of the dead rushes red on my sight1 ,and the clans of ,culloden are scattered in fight4 ,they rally1 they bleed1 for their kingdom and crown2 ,woe1 woe to the riders that trample them down6 ,proud ,cumberland prances1 insulting the slain1 ,and their hoof-beaten bosoms are trod to the plain4 ,but hark6 through the fast-flashing lightning of war1 ,what steed to the desert flies frantic and far8 ',t is thine1 ,o ,glenullin6 whose bride shall await ,like a love-lighted watch fire all night at the gate4 ,a steed comes at morning1--no rider is there1 ,but its bridle is red with the sign of despair4 ,weep1 ,albin6 to death and captivity led6 ,oh1 weep6 but thy tears can not number the dead3 ,for a merciless sword on ,culloden shall wave1-- ,culloden6 that reeks with the blood of the brave4 ,loch4 ,go preach to the coward1 thou death-telling seer6 ,or1 if gory ,culloden so dreadful appear1 ,draw1 dotard1 around thy old wavering sight1 ,this mantle1 to cover the phantoms of fright4 ,seer4 ,ha6 laugh'st thou1 ,lochiel1 my vision to scorn8 ,proud bird of the mountain thy plume shall be torn6 ,say1 rushed the bold eagle exultingly forth ,from his home in the dark-rolling clouds of the north8 ,lo6 the death shot of foemen outspeeding1 he rode ,companionless1 bearing destruction abroad2 ,but down let him stoop from his havoc on high6 ,ah6 home let him speed1 for the spoiler is nigh4 ,why flames the far summit8 ,why shoot to the blast ,those embers1 like stars from the firmament cast8 ',t is the fire shower of ruin1 all dreadfully driven ,from his eyrie that beacons the darkness of heaven1 ,o crested ,lochiel6 the peerless in might1 ,whose banners arise on the battlements' height1 ,heaven's fire is around thee1 to blast and to burn2 ,return to thy dwelling6 all lonely return6 ,for the blackness of ashes shall mark where it stood1 ,and a wild mother scream o'er her famishing brood4 ,loch4 ,false wizard1 avaunt6 ,i have marshaled my clan1 ,their swords are a thousand1 their bosoms are one6 ,they are true to the last of their blood and their breath1 ,and like reapers descend to the harvest of death4 ,then welcome be ,cumberland's steed to the shock6 ,let him dash his proud foam like a wave on the rock6 ,but woe to his kindred1 and woe to his cause1 ,when ,albin her claymore indignantly draws2 ,when her bonneted chieftains to victory crowd1 ,clanronald the dauntless1 and ,moray the proud1 ,all plaided and plumed in their tartan array-- ,seer4 --,lochiel1 ,lochiel1 beware of the day6 ,for1 dark and despairing1 my sight ,i may seal1 ,but man can not cover what ,god would reveal3 ',t is the sunset of life gives me mystical lore1 ,and coming events cast their shadows before4 ,i tell thee1 ,culloden's dread echoes shall ring ,with the bloodhounds that bark for thy fugitive king4 ,lo6 anointed by heaven with the vials of wrath1 ,behold where he flies on his desolate path6 ,now1 in darkness and billows1 he sweeps from my sight3 ,rise1 rise6 ye wild tempests1 and cover his flight6 ',tis finished4 ,their thunders are hushed on the moors2 ,culloden is lost1 and my country deplores4 ,but where is the ironbound prisoner8 ,where8 ,for the red eye of battle is shut in despair4 ,say1 mounts he the ocean wave1 banished1 forlorn1 ,like a limb from his country1 cast bleeding and torn8 ,ah no6 for a darker departure is near2 ,the war drum is muffled1 and black is the bier2 ,his death bell is tolling2 ,o mercy1 dispel ,yon sight that it freezes my spirit to tell6 ,life flutters convulsed in his quivering limbs1 ,and his blood-streaming nostril in agony swims4 ,accursed be the fagots that blaze at his feet1 ,where his heart shall be thrown ere it ceases to beat1 ,with the smoke of its ashes to poison the gale-- ,loch4 ,down1 soothless insulter6 ,i trust not the tale3 ,for never shall ,albin a destiny meet ,so black with dishonor1 so foul with retreat4 ,though my perishing ranks should be strewed in their gore1 ,like ocean weeds heaped on the surf-beaten shore1 ,lochiel1 untainted by flight or by chains1 ,while the kindling of life in his bosom remains1 ,shall victor exult1 or in death be laid low1 ,with his back to the field and his feet to the foe6 ,and leaving in battle no blot on his name1 ,look proudly to heaven from the deathbed of fame4 ,,notes4--,lochiel was a brave and influential ,highland chieftain4 ,he espoused the cause of ,charles ,stuart1 called the ,pretender1 who claimed the ,british throne4 ,in the preceding piece1 he is supposed to be marching with the warriors of his clan to join ,charles's army4 ,on his way he is met by a ,seer1 who having1 according to the popular superstition1 the gift of second-sight1 or prophecy1 forewarns him of the disastrous event of the enterprise1 and exhorts him to return home and avoid the destruction which certainly awaits him1 and which afterward fell upon him at the battle of ,culloden1 in #agdf4 ,in this battle the ,highlanders were commanded by ,charles in person1 and the ,english by the ,duke of ,cumberland4 ,the ,highlanders wore completely routed1 and the ,pretender's rebellion brought to a close4 ,he himself shortly afterward made a narrow escape by water from the west of ,scotland2 hence the reference to the fugitive king4 ,albin is the poetic name of ,scotland1 more particularly the ,highlands4 ,the ironbound prisoner refers to ,lochiel4 ,,liv4 ,,on ,,happiness ,,of ,,temper4 7#bae7 ,oliver ,goldsmith1 #agbh-aggd4 ,this eccentric son of genius was an ,irishman2 his father was a poor curate4 ,goldsmith received his education at several preparatory schools1 at ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 at ,edinburgh1 and at ,leyden4 ,he was indolent and unruly as a student1 often in disgrace with his teachers2 but his generosity1 recklessness1 and love of athletic sports made him a favorite with his fellow-students4 ,he spent some time in wandering over the continent1 often in poverty and want4 ,in #agef he returned to ,england1 and soon took up his abode in ,london4 ,here he made the acquaintance and friendship of several notable men1 among whom were ,johnson and ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds4 ,the ,traveler was published in #agfd1 and was soon followed by the ,vicar of ,wakefield4 ,he wrote in nearly all departments of literature1 and always with purity1 grace1 and fluency4 ,his fame as a poet is secured by the ,traveler and the ,deserted ,village2 as a dramatist1 by ,she ,stoops to ,conquer2 as a satirist1 by the ,citizen of the ,world2 and as a novelist by the ,vicar of ,wakefield4 ,in his later years his writings were the source of a large income1 but his gambling1 careless generosity1 and reckless extravagance always kept him in financial difficulty1 and he died heavily in debt4 ,his monument is in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,writers of every age have endeavored to show that pleasure is in us1 and not in the objects offered for our amusement4 ,if the soul be happily disposed1 everything becomes capable of affording entertainment1 and distress will almost want a name4 ,every occurrence passes in review1 like the figures of a procession2 some may be awkward1 others ill-dressed1 but none but a fool is on that account enraged with the master of ceremonies4 ,i remember to have once seen a slave1 in a fortification in ,flanders1 who appeared no way touched with his situation4 ,he was maimed1 deformed1 and chained2 obliged to toil from the appearance of day till nightfall1 and condemned to this for life2 yet1 with all these circumstances of apparent wretchedness1 he sang1 would have danced1 but that he wanted a leg1 and appeared the merriest1 happiest man of all the garrison4 ,what a practical philosopher was here6 ,a happy constitution supplied philosophy1 and though seemingly destitute of wisdom he was really wise4 ,no reading or study had contributed to disenchant the fairyland around him4 ,everything furnished him with an opportunity of mirth2 and though some thought him1 from his insensibility1 a fool1 he was such an idiot as philosophers should wish to imitate4 ,they who1 like that slave1 can place themselves all that side of the world in which everything appears in a pleasant light1 will find something in every occurrence to excite their good humor4 ,the most calamitous events1 either to themselves or others1 can bring no new affliction2 the world is to them a theater1 in which only comedies are acted4 ,all the bustle of heroism1 or the aspirations of ambition1 seem only to heighten the absurdity of the scene1 and make the humor more poignant4 ,they feel1 in short1 as little anguish at their own distress1 or the complaints of others1 as the undertaker1 though dressed in black1 feels sorrow at a funeral4 ,of all the men ,i ever read of1 the famous ,cardinal de ,retz possessed this happiness in the highest degree4 ,when fortune wore her angriest look1 and he fell into the power of ,cardinal ,mazarin1 his most deadly enemy1 7being confined a close prisoner in the castle of ,valenciennes17 he never attempted to support his distress by wisdom or philosophy1 for he pretended to neither4 ,he only laughed at himself' and his persecutor1 and seemed infinitely pleased at his new situation4 ,in this mansion of distress1 though denied all amusements1 and even the conveniences of life1 and entirely cut off from all intercourse with his friends1 he still retained his good humor1 laughed at the little spite of his enemies1 and carried the jest so far as to write the life of his jailer4 ,all that the wisdom of the proud can teach1 is to be stubborn or sullen under misfortunes4 ,the ,cardinal's example will teach us to be good- humored in circumstances of the highest affliction4 ,it matters not whether our good humor be construed by others into insensibility or idiotism1--it is happiness to ourselves2 and none but a fool could measure his satisfaction by what the world thinks of it4 ,the happiest fellow ,i ever knew1 was of the number of those good-natured creatures that are said to do no harm to anybody but themselves4 ,whenever he fell into any misery1 he called it seeing life1 ,if his head was broken by a chairman1 or his pocket picked by a sharper1 he comforted himself by imitating the ,hibernian dialect of the one1 or the more fashionable cant of the other4 ,nothing came amiss to him4 ,his inattention to money matters had concerned his father to such a degree that all intercession of friends was fruitless4 ,the old gentleman was on his deathbed4 ,the whole family 7and ,dick among the number7 gathered around him4 ,i leave my second son1 ,andrew1 said the expiring miser1 my whole estate1 and desire him to be frugal4 ,andrew1 in a sorrowful tone 7as is usual on such occasions71 prayed heaven to prolong his life and health to enjoy it himself4 ,i recommend ,simon1 my third son1 to the care of his elder brother1 and leave him1 besides1 four thousand pounds4 ,ah1 father6 cried ,simon 7in great affliction1 to be sure71 may heaven give you life and health to enjoy it yourself6 ,at last1 turning to poor ,dick3 ,as for you1 you have always been a sad dog2 you'll never come to good2 you'll never be rich2 ,i leave you a shilling to buy a halter4 ,ah1 father6 cries ,dick1 without any emotion1 may heaven give you life and health to enjoy it yourself6 ,,notes4--,cardinal de ,retz1 ,jean ,francois ,paul de ,gondi 7b4 #afad1 d4 #afgi71 was leader of the revolt against ,jules ,mazarin 7b4 #afjb1 d4 #affa71 the prime minister of ,france during the minority of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,this led to a war which lasted four or five years4 ,after peace had been concluded1 and ,louis ,,xiv4 established on the throne1 ,mazarin was reinstated in power1 and ,cardinal de ,retz was imprisoned4 ,flanders1 formerly part of the ,netherlands1 is now included in ,belgium1 ,holland and ,france4 ,,lv4 ,,the ,,fortune ,,teller4 7#bah7 ,henry ,mackenzie1 #agde-ahca1 was born in ,edinburgh1 educated at the university there1 and died in the same city4 ,he was an attorney by profession1 and was the associate of many famous literary men residing at that time in ,edinburgh4 ,his fame as a writer rests chiefly on two novels1 ,the ,man of ,feeling and ,the ,man of the ,world2 both were published before the author was forty years old4 ,harley sat down on a large stone by the wayside1 to take a pebble from his shoe1 when he saw1 at some distance1 a beggar approaching him4 ,he had on a loose sort of coat1 mended with different-colored rags1 among which the blue and russet were predominant4 ,he had a short1 knotty stick in his hand1 and on the top of it was stuck a ram's horn2 he wore no shoes1 and his stockings had entirely lost that part of them which would have covered his feet and ankles2 in his face1 however1 was the plump appearance of good humor2 he walked a good1 round pace1 and a crook-legged dog trotted at his heels4 ,our delicacies1 said ,harley to himself1 are fantastic2 they are not in nature6 ,that beggar walks over the sharpest of these stones barefooted1 whilst ,i have lost the most delightful dream in the world from the smallest of them happening to get into my shoe4 ,the beggar had by this time come up1 and1 pulling off a piece of a hat1 asked charity of ,harley4 ,the dog began to beg1 too4 ,it was impossible to resist both2 and1 in truth1 the want of shoes and stockings had made both unnecessary1 for ,harley had destined sixpence for him before4 ,the beggar1 on receiving it1 poured forth blessings without number2 and1 with a sort of smile on his countenance1 said to ,harley that if he wanted to have his fortune told--,harley turned his eye briskly upon the beggar2 it was an unpromising look for the subject of a prediction1 and silenced the prophet immediately4 ,i would much rather learn said ,harley1 what it is in your power to tell me4 ,your trade must be an entertaining one2 sit down on this stone1 and let me know something of your profession2 ,i have often thought of turning fortune teller for a week or two1 myself4 ,master1 replied the beggar1 ,i like your frankness much1 for ,i had the humor of plain dealing in me from a child2 but there is no doing with it in this world1--we must do as we can2 and lying is1 as you call it1 my profession4 ,but ,i was in some sort forced to the trade1 for ,i once dealt in telling the truth4 ,i was a laborer1 sir1 and gained as much as to make me live4 ,i never laid by1 indeed1 for ,i was reckoned a piece of a wag1 and your wags1 ,i take it1 are seldom rich1 ,mr4 ,harley4 ,so1 said ,harley1 you seem to know me4 ,ay1 there are few folks in the country that ,i do n't know something of4 ,how should ,i tell fortunes else8 ,true1--but go on with your story2 you were a laborer1 you say1 and a wag2 your industry1 ,i suppose1 you left with your old trade2 but your humor you preserved to be of use to you in your new4 ,what signifies sadness1 sir8 ,a man grows lean on 't4 ,but ,i was brought to my idleness by degrees2 sickness first disabled me1 and it went against my stomach to work1 ever after4 ,but1 in truth1 ,i was for a long time so weak that ,i spit blood whenever ,i attempted to work4 ,i had no relation living1 and ,i never kept a friend above a week when ,i was able to joke4 ,thus ,i was forced to beg my bread1 and a sorry trade ,i have found it1 ,mr4 ,harley4 ,i told all my misfortunes truly1 but they were seldom believed2 and the few who gave me a half-penny as they passed1 did it with a shake of the head1 and an injunction not to trouble them with a long story4 ,in short1 ,i found that people do n't care to give alms without some security for their money1--such as a wooden leg1 or a withered arm1 for example4 ,so ,i changed my plan1 and instead of telling my own misfortunes1 began to prophesy happiness to others4 ,this ,i found by much the better way4 ,folks will always listen when the tale is their own1 and of many who say they do not believe in fortune telling1 ,i have known few on whom it had not a very sensible effect4 ,i pick up the names of their acquaintance2 amours and little squabbles are easily gleaned from among servants and neighbors2 and1 indeed1 people themselves are the best intelligencers in the world for our purpose4 ,they dare not puzzle us for their own sakes1 for everyone is anxious to hear what he wishes to believe2 and they who repeat it1 to laugh at it when they have done1 are generally more serious than their hearers are apt to imagine4 ,with a tolerably good memory1 and some share of cunning1 ,i succeed reasonably well as a fortune teller4 ,with this1 and showing the tricks of that dog1 ,i make shift to pick up a livelihood4 ,my trade is none of the most honest1 yet people are not much cheated after all1 who give a few half-pence for a prospect of happiness1 which ,i have heard some persons say1 is all a man can arrive at in this world4 ,but ,i must bid you good day1 sir2 for ,i have three miles to walk before noon1 to inform some boarding-school young ladies whether their husbands are to be peers of the realm or captains in the army2 a question which ,i promised to answer them by that time4 ,harley had drawn a shilling from his pocket2 but ,virtue bade him to consider on whom he was going to bestow it4 ,virtue held back his arm2 but a milder form1 a younger sister of ,virtue's1 not so severe as ,virtue1 nor so serious as ,pity1 smiled upon him2 his fingers lost their compression2 nor did ,virtue appear to catch the money as it fell4 ,it had no sooner reached the ground than the watchful cur 7a trick he had been taught7 snapped it up2 and1 contrary to the most approved method of stewardship1 delivered it immediately into the hands of his master4 ,,lvi4 ,,rienzi',s ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,romans4 7#bba7 ,mary ,russell ,mitford1 #aghf-ahee4 ,she was the daughter of a physician1 and was born in ,hampshire1 ,england4 ,at twenty years of age1 she published three volumes of poems2 and soon after entered upon literature as a lifelong occupation4 ,she wrote tales1 sketches1 poems1 and dramas4 ,our ,village is the best known of her prose works2 the book describes the daily life of a rural people1 is simple but finished in style1 and is marked by mingled humor and pathos4 ,her most noted drama is ,rienzi4 ,miss ,mitford passed the last forty years of her life in a little cottage in ,berkshire1 among a simple1 country people1 to whom she was greatly endeared by her kindness and social virtues4 ,i come not here to talk4 ,you know too well ,the story of our thraldom4 ,we are slaves6 ,the bright sun rises to his course1 and lights ,a race of slaves6 ,he sets1 and his last beams ,fall on a slave2 not such as1 swept along ,by the full tide of power1 the conqueror led ,to crimson glory and undying fame2 ,but base1 ignoble slaves2 slaves to a horde ,of petty tyrants1 feudal despots1 lords1 ,rich in some dozen paltry villages2 ,strong in some hundred spearmen2 only great ,in that strange spell1--a name4 ,each hour1 dark fraud1 ,or open rapine1 or protected murder1 ,cries out against them4 ,but this very day1 ,an honest man1 my neighbor1--there he stands1-- ,was struck--struck like a dog1 by one who wore ,the badge of ,ursini2 because1 forsooth1 ,he tossed not high his ready cap in air1 ,nor lifted up his voice in servile shouts1 ,at sight of that great ruffian6 ,be we men1 ,and suffer such dishonor8 men1 and wash not ,the stain away in blood8 ,such shames are common4 ,i have known deeper wrongs2 ,i that speak to ye1 ,i had a brother once--a gracious boy1 ,full of all gentleness1 of calmest hope1 ,of sweet and quiet joy1--there was the look ,of heaven upon his face1 which limners give ,to the beloved disciple4 ,how ,i loved ,that gracious boy6 ,younger by fifteen years1 ,brother at once1 and son6 ,he left my side1 ,a summer bloom on his fair cheek2 a smile ,parting his innocent lips4 ,in one short hour1 ,that pretty1 harmless boy was slain6 ,i saw ,the corse1 the mangled corse1 and then ,i cried ,for vengeance6 ,rouse1 ye ,romans6 rouse1 ye slaves6 ,have ye brave sons8 ,look in the next fierce brawl ,to see them die4 ,have ye fair daughters8 ,look ,to see them live1 torn from your arms1 distained1 ,dishonored2 and if ye dare call for justice1 ,be answered by the lash4 ,yet this is ,rome1 ,that sat on her seven hills1 and from her throne ,of beauty ruled the world6 and we are ,romans4 ,why1 in that elder day1 to be a ,roman ,was greater than a king6 ,and once again1-- ,hear me1 ye walls that echoed to the tread ,of either ,brutus6 ,once again1 ,i swear1 ,the eternal city shall be free4 ,,notes4--,rienzi 7b4 about #acab1 d4 #aced7 was the last of the ,roman tribunes4 ,in #acdg he led a successful revolt against the nobles1 who by their contentions kept ,rome in constant turmoil4 ,he then assumed the title of tribune1 but1 after indulging in a life of reckless extravagance and pomp for a few months1 he was compelled to abdicate1 and fly for his life4 ,in #aced he was reinstated in power1 but his tyranny caused his assassination the same year4 ,the ,ursini wore one of the noble families of ,rome4 ,this lesson is especially adapted for drill on inflection1 emphasis1 and modulation4 ,l,vll4 ,,character ,,of ,,the ,,puritan ,,fathers ,,of ,,new ,,england4 7#bbc7 ,one of the most prominent features which distinguished our forefathers1 was their determined resistance to oppression4 ,they seemed born and brought up for the high and special purpose of showing to the world that the civil and religious rights of man--the rights of self-government1 of conscience1 and independent thought--are not merely things to be talked of and woven into theories1 but to be adopted with the whole strength and ardor of the mind1 and felt in the profoundest recesses of the heart1 and carried out into the general life1 and made the foundation of practical usefulness1 and visible beauty1 and true nobility4 ,liberty1 with them1 was an object of too serious desire and stern resolve to be personified1 allegorized1 and enshrined4 ,they made no goddess of it1 as the ancients did2 they had no time nor inclination for such trifling2 they felt that liberty was the simple birthright of every human creature2 they called it so2 they claimed it as such2 they reverenced and held it fast as the unalienable gift of the ,creator1 which was not to be surrendered to power1 nor sold for wages4 ,it was theirs1 as men2 without it1 they did not esteem themselves men2 more than any other privilege or possession1 it was essential to their happiness1 for it was essential to their original nature2 and therefore they preferred it above wealth1 and ease1 and country2 and1 that they might enjoy and exercise it fully1 they forsook houses1 and lands1 and kindred1 their homes1 their native soil1 and their fathers' graves4 ,they left all these2 they left ,england1 which1 whatever it might have been called1 was not to them a land of freedom2 they launched forth on the pathless ocean1 the wide1 fathomless ocean1 soiled not by the earth beneath1 and bounded1 all round and above1 only by heaven2 and it seemed to them like that better and sublimer freedom1 which their country knew not1 but of which they had the conception and image in their hearts2 and1 after a toilsome and painful voyage1 they came to a hard and wintry coast1 unfruitful and desolate1 but unguarded and boundless2 its calm silence interrupted not the ascent of their prayers2 it had no eyes to watch1 no ears to hearken1 no tongues to report of them2 here1 again1 there was an answer to their soul's desire1 and they were satisfied1 and gave thanks2 they saw that they were free1 and the desert smiled4 ,i am telling an old tale2 but it is one which must be told when we speak of those men4 ,it is to be added1 that they transmitted their principles to their children1 and that1 peopled by such a race1 our country was always free4 ,so long as its inhabitants were unmolested by the mother country in the exercise of their important rights1 they submitted to the form of ,english government2 but when those rights were invaded1 they spurned even the form away4 ,this act was the ,revolution1 which came of course and spontaneously1 and had nothing in it of the wonderful or unforeseen4 ,the wonder would have been if it had not occurred4 ,it was1 indeed1 a happy and glorious event1 but by no means unnatural2 and ,i intend no slight to the revered actors in the ,revolution when ,i assert that their fathers before them were as free as they--every whit as free4 ,the principles of the ,revolution were not the suddenly acquired property of a few bosoms3 they were abroad in the land in the ages before2 they had always been taught1 like the truths of the ,bible2 they had descended from father to son1 down from those primitive days1 when the ,pilgrim1 established in his simple dwelling1 and seated at his blazing fire1 piled high from the forest which shaded his door1 repeated to his listening children the story of his wrongs and his resistance1 and bade them rejoice1 though the wild winds and the wild beasts were howling without1 that they had nothing to fear from great men's oppression4 ,here are the beginnings of the ,revolution4 ,every settler's hearth was a school of independence2 the scholars were apt1 and the lessons sunk deeply2 and thus it came that our country was always free2 it could not be other than free4 ,as deeply seated as was the principle of liberty and resistance to arbitrary power in the breasts of the ,puritans1 it was not more so than their piety and sense of religious obligation4 ,they were emphatically a people whose ,god was the ,lord4 ,their form of government was as strictly theocratical1 if direct communication be excepted1 as was that of the ,jews2 insomuch that it would be difficult to say where there was any civil authority among them entirely distinct from ecclesiastical jurisdiction4 ,whenever a few of them settled a town1 they immediately gathered themselves into a church2 and their elders were magistrates1 and their code of laws was the ,pentateuch4 ,these were forms1 it is true1 but forms which faithfully indicated principles and feelings2 for no people could have adopted such forms1 who were not thoroughly imbued with the spirit1 and bent on the practice1 of religion4 ,god was their ,king2 and they regarded him as truly and literally so1 as if he had dwelt in a visible palace in the midst of their state4 ,they were his devoted1 resolute1 humble subjects2 they undertook nothing which they did not beg of him to prosper2 they accomplished nothing without rendering to him the praise2 they suffered nothing without carrying their sorrows to his throne2 they ate nothing which they did not implore him to bless4 ,their piety was not merely external2 it was sincere2 it had the proof of a good tree in bearing good fruit2 it produced and sustained a strict morality4 ,their tenacious purity of manners and speech obtained for them1 in the mother country1 their name of ,puritans1 which1 though given in derision1 was as honorable an appellation as was ever bestowed by man on man4 ,that there were hypocrites among them1 is not to be doubted2 but they were rare4 ,the men who voluntarily exiled themselves to an unknown coast1 and endured there every toil and hardship for conscience' sake1 and that they might serve ,god in their own manner1 were not likely to set conscience at defiance1 and make the service of ,god a mockery2 they were not likely to be1 neither were they1 hypocrites4 ,i do not know that it would be arrogating too much for them to say1 that1 on the extended surface of the globe1 there was not a single community of men to be compared with them1 in the respects of deep religious impressions and an exact performance of moral duty4 ,f4 ,w4 ,p4 ,greenwood4 ,,note4--,the ,pentateuch is the first five books of the ,old ,testament4 ,the word is derived from two ,greek words1 7pente71 five1 and 7tenchos71 book4 ,,lviii4 ,,landing ,,of ,,the ,,pilgrim ,,fathers4 7#bbf7 ,felicia ,dorothea ,hemans1 #agid-ahce1 was born in ,liverpool4 ,her father1 whose name was ,browne1 was an ,irish merchant4 ,she spent her childhood in ,wales1 began to write poetry at a very early age1 and was married when about eighteen to ,captain ,hemans4 ,by this marriage1 she became the mother of five sons2 but1 owing to differences of taste and disposition1 her husband left her at the end of six years2 and by mutual agreement they never again lived together4 ,mrs4 ,hemans now made literature a profession1 and wrote much and well4 ,in #ahbf ,prof4 ,andrews ,norton brought out an edition of her poems in ,america1 where they became popular1 and have remained so4 ,mrs4 ,hemans's poetry is smooth and graceful1 frequently tinged with a shade of melancholy1 but never despairing1 cynical1 or misanthropic4 ,it never deals with the highest themes1 nor rises to sublimity1 but its influence is calculated to make the reader truer1 nobler1 and purer4 ,the breaking waves dashed high ,on a stern and rock-bound coast1 ,and the woods against a stormy sky ,their giant branches tossed2 ,and the heavy night hung dark1 ,the hills and waters o'er1 ,when a band of exiles moored their bark ,on the wild ,new ,england shore4 ,not as the conqueror comes1 ,they1 the true-hearted1 came2 ,not with the roll of the stirring drums4 ,and the trumpet that sings of fame4 ,not as the flying come1 ,in silence1 and in fear2-- ,they shook the depths of the desert gloom ,with their hymns of lofty cheer4 ,amidst the storm they sang1 ,and the stars heard1 and the sea2 ,and the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang ,to the anthem of the free6 ,the ocean eagle soared ,from his nest by the white wave's foam2 ,and the rocking pines of the forest roared1-- ,this was their welcome home4 ,there were men with hoary hair ,amidst that pilgrim band3 ,why had they come to wither there1 ,away from their childhood's land8 ,there was woman's fearless eye1 ,lit by her deep love's truth2 ,there was manhood's brow1 serenely high1 ,and the fiery heart of youth4 ,what sought they thus afar8 ,bright jewels of the mine8 ,the wealth of seas1 the spoils of war8 ,they sought a faith's pure shrine6 ,ay1 call it holy ground1 ,the soil where first they trod3 ,they have left unstained what there they found1-- ,freedom to worship ,god4 ,,note4--,the ,pilgrim ,fathers landed at ,plymouth1 ,mass1 ,dec4 #aath 7,old ,style71 #afbj4 ,the rock on which they first stepped1 is in ,water ,street of the village1 and is covered by a handsome granite canopy1 surmounted by a colossal statue of ,faith4 ,,lix4 ,,necessity ,,of ,,education4 7#bbh7 ,we must educate6 ,we must educate6 or we must perish by our own prosperity4 ,if we do not1 short will be our race from the cradle to the grave4 ,if1 in our haste to be rich and mighty1 we outrun our literary and religious institutions1 they will never overtake us2 or only come up after the battle of liberty is fought and lost1 as spoils to grace the victory1 and as resources of inexorable despotism for the perpetuity of our bondage4 ,but what will become of the ,west if her prosperity rushes up to such a majesty of power1 while those great institutions linger which are necessary to form the mind1 and the conscience1 and the heart of the vast world8 ,it must not be permitted4 ,and yet what is done must be done quickly2 for population will not wait1 and commerce will not cast anchor1 and manufactures will not shut off the steam1 nor shut down the gate1 and agriculture1 pushed by millions of freemen on their fertile soil1 will not withhold her corrupting abundance4 ,and let no man at the ,east quiet himself1 and dream of liberty1 whatever may become of the ,west4 ,our alliance of blood1 and political institutions1 and common interests1 is such1 that we can not stand aloof in the hour of her calamity1 should it ever come4 ,her destiny is our destiny2 and the day that her gallant ship goes down1 our little boat sinks in the vortex6 ,the great experiment is now making1 and from its extent and rapid filling up1 is making in the ,west1 whether the perpetuity of our republican institutions can be reconciled with universal suffrage4 ,without the education of the head and heart of the nation1 they can not be2 and the question to be decided is1 can the nation1 or the vast balance power of it1 be so imbued with intelligence and virtue as to bring out1 in laws and their administration1 a perpetual self-preserving energy4 ,we know that the work is a vast one1 and of great difficulty2 and yet we believe it can be done4 ,i am aware that our ablest patriots are looking out on the deep1 vexed with storms1 with great forebodings and failings of heart1 for fear of the things that are coming upon us2 and ,i perceive a spirit of impatience rising1 and distrust in respect to the perpetuity of our republic2 and ,i am sure that these fears are well founded1 and am glad that they exist4 ,it is the star of hope in our dark horizon4 ,fear is what we need1 as the ship needs wind on a rocking sea1 after a storm1 to prevent foundering4 ,but when our fear and our efforts shall correspond with our danger1 the danger is past4 ,for it is not the impossibility of self-preservation which threatens us2 nor is it the unwillingness of the nation to pay the price of the preservation1 as she has paid the price of the purchase of our liberties4 ,it is inattention and inconsideration1 protracted till the crisis is past1 and the things which belong to our peace are hid from our eyes4 ,and blessed be ,god1 that the tokens of a national waking up1 the harbinger of ,god's mercy1 are multiplying upon us6 ,we did not1 in the darkest hour1 believe that ,god had brought our fathers to this goodly land to lay the foundation of religious liberty1 and wrought such wonders in their preservation1 and raised their descendants to such heights of civil and religious liberty1 only to reverse the analogy of his providence1 and abandon his work4 ,and though there now be clouds1 and the sea roaring1 and men's hearts failing1 we believe there is light behind the cloud1 and that the imminence of our danger is intended1 under the guidance of ,heaven1 to call forth and apply a holy1 fraternal fellowship between the ,east and the ,west1 which shall secure our preservation1 and make the prosperity of our nation durable as time1 and as abundant as the waves of the sea4 ,i would add1 as a motive to immediate action1 that if we do fail in our great experiment of self-government1 our destruction will be as signal as the birthright abandoned1 the mercies abused1 and the provocation offered to beneficent ,heaven4 ,the descent of desolation will correspond with the past elevation4 ,no punishments of ,heaven are so severe as those for mercies abused2 and no instrumentality employed in their infliction is so dreadful as the wrath of man4 ,no spasms are like the spasms of expiring liberty1 and no wailing such as her convulsions extort4 ,it took ,rome three hundred years to die2 and our death1 if we perish1 will be as much more terrific as our intelligence and free institutions have given us more bone1 sinew1 and vitality4 ,may ,god hide from me the day when the dying agonies of my country shall begin6 ,o thou beloved land1 bound together by the ties of brotherhood1 and common interest1 and perils6 live forever--one and undivided6 --,lyman ,beecher4 ,,lx4 ,,riding ,,on ,a ,,snowplow4 7#bca7 ,benjamin ,franklin ,taylor1 #ahbb-ahhg1 was born at ,lowville1 ,new ,york1 and graduated at ,madison ,university1 of which his father was president4 ,here he remained as resident graduate for about five years4 ,his ,attractions of ,language was published in #ahde4 ,for many years ,mr4 ,taylor was literary editor of the ,chicago ,journal4 ,he wrote considerably for the magazines1 and was the author of many well-known fugitive pieces1 both in prose and verse4 ,he also published several books1 of which ,january and ,june1 ,pictures in ,camp and ,field1 ,the ,world on ,wheels1 ,old-time ,pictures and ,sheaves of ,rhyme1 ,between the ,gates1 and ,songs of ,yesterday1 are the best known4 ,in his later years1 ,mr4 ,taylor achieved some reputation as a lecturer4 ,his writings are marked by an exuberant fancy4 ,did you ever ride on a snowplow8 ,not the pet and pony of a thing that is attached to the front of an engine1 sometimes1 like a pilot2 but a great two-storied monster of strong timbers1 that runs upon wheels of its own1 and that boys run after and stare at as they would after and at an elephant4 ,you are snow-bound at ,buffalo4 ,the ,lake ,shore ,line is piled with drifts like a surf4 ,two passenger trains have been half-buried for twelve hours somewhere in snowy ,chautauqua4 ,the storm howls like a congregation of ,arctic bears4 ,but the superintendent at ,buffalo is determined to release his castaways1 and clear the road to ,erie4 ,he permits you to be a passenger on the great snowplow2 and there it is1 all ready to drive4 ,harnessed behind it1 is a tandem team of three engines4 ,it does not occur to you that you are going to ride on a steam drill1 and so you get aboard4 ,it is a spacious and timbered room1 with one large bull's eye window1--an overgrown lens4 ,the thing is a sort of ,cyclops4 ,there are ropes1 and chains1 and a windlass4 ,there is a bell by which the engineer of the first engine can signal the plowman1 and a cord whereby the plowman can talk back4 ,there are two sweeps1 or arms1 worked by machinery1 on the sides4 ,you ask their use1 and the superintendent replies1 ,when1 in a violent shock1 there is danger of the monster's upsetting1 an arm is put out1 on one side or the other1 to keep the thing from turning a complete somersault4 ,you get one idea1 and an inkling of another4 ,so you take out your ,accident ,policy for three thousand dollars1 and examine it4 ,it never mentions battles1 nor duels1 nor snowplows4 ,it names public conveyances4 ,is a snowplow a public conveyance8 ,you are inclined to think it is neither that nor any other kind that you should trust yourself to1 but it is too late for consideration4 ,you roll out of ,buffalo in the teeth of the wind1 and the world is turned to snow4 ,all goes merrily4 ,the machine strikes little drifts1 and they scurry away in a cloud4 ,the three engines breathe easily2 but by and by the earth seems broken into great billows of dazzling white4 ,the sun comes out of a cloud1 and touches it up till it out-silvers ,potosi4 ,houses lie in the trough of the sea everywhere1 and it requires little imagination to think they are pitching and tossing before your eyes4 ,a great breaker rises right in the way4 ,the monster1 with you in it1 works its way up and feels of it4 ,it is packed like a ledge of marble4 ,three whistles6 ,the machine backs away and keeps backing1 as a gymnast runs astern to get sea room and momentum for a big jump2 as a giant swings aloft a heavy sledge1 that it may come down with a heavy blow4 ,one whistle6 ,you have come to a halt4 ,three pairs of whistles one after the other6 and then1 putting on all steam1 you make for the drift4 ,the superintendent locks the door1 you do not quite understand why1 and in a second the battle begins4 ,the machine rocks and creaks in all its joints4 ,there comes a tremendous shock4 ,the cabin is as dark as midnight4 ,the clouds of flying snow put out the day4 ,the labored breathing of the locomotives behind you1 the clouds of smoke and steam that wrap you up as in a mantle1 the noonday eclipse of the sun1 the surging of the ship1 the rattling of chains1 the creak of timbers as if the craft were aground and the sea getting out of its bed to whelm you altogether1 the doubt as to what will come1--all combine to make a scene of strange excitement for a landlubber4 ,you have made some impression on the breaker1 and again the machine backs for a fair start1 and then another plunge1 and shock1 and twilight4 ,and so1 from deep cut to deep cut1 as if the season had packed all his winter clothes upon the track1 until the stalled trains are reached and passed2 and then1 with alternate storm and calm1 and halt and shock1 till the way is cleared to ,erie4 ,it is ,sunday afternoon1 and ,erie--,mad ,anthony ,wayne's old headquarters--has donned its ,sunday clothes1 and turned out by hundreds to see the great plow come in1--its first voyage over the line4 ,the locomotives set up a crazy scream1 and you draw slowly into the depot4 ,the door opened at last1 you clamber down1 and gaze up at the uneasy house in which you have been living4 ,it looks as if an avalanche had tumbled down upon it1--white as an ,alpine shoulder4 ,your first thought is gratitude that you have made a landing alive4 ,your second1 a resolution that1 if again you ride a hammer1 it will not be when three engines have hold of the handle6 ,,notes4--,chautauqua is the most western county in the state of ,new ,york2 it borders on ,lake ,erie4 ,the ,cyclops are described in ,grecian mythology as giants having only one eye1 which was circular1 and placed in the middle of the forehead4 ,cerro de ,potosi is a mountain in ,bolivia1 ,south ,america1 celebrated for its mineral wealth4 ,more than five thousand mines have been opened in it2 the product is chiefly silver4 ,mad ,anthony ,wayne 7b4 #agde1 d4 #agif71 so called from his bravery and apparent recklessness1 was a famous ,american officer during the ,revolution4 ,in #agid be conducted a successful campaign against the ,indians of the ,northwest1 making his headquarters at ,erie1 ,pa4 ,,lxi4 ,,the ,,quarrel ,,of ,,brutus ,,and ,,cassius4 7#bcd7 ,cas4 ,that you have wronged me doth appear in this3 ,you have condemned and noted ,lucius ,pella ,for taking bribes here of the ,sardians2 ,wherein my letters1 praying on his side1 ,because ,i knew the man1 were slighted off4 ,bru4 ,you wronged yourself to write in such a case4 ,cas4 ,in such a time as this1 it is not meet ,that every nice offense should bear his comment4 ,bru4 ,yet let me tell you1 ,cassius1 you yourself ,are much condemned to have an itching palm1 ,to sell and mart your offices for gold ,to undeservers4 ,cas4 ,i an itching palm6 ,you know that you are ,brutus that speak this1 ,or1 by the gods1 this speech were else your last4 ,bru4 ,the name of ,cassius honors this corruption1 ,and chastisement doth therefore hide his head4 ,cas4 ,chastisement6 ,bru4 ,remember ,march1 the ides of ,march remember6 ,did not great ,julius bleed for justice' sake8 ,what villain touched his body1 that did stab1 ,and not for justice8 ,what6 shall one of us1 ,that struck the foremost man of all this world ,but for supporting robbers2 shall we now ,contaminate our fingers with base bribes1 ,and sell the mighty space of our large honors ,for so much trash as may be graspe'd thus8 ,i had rather be a dog1 and bay the moon1 ,than such a ,roman4 ,cas4 ,brutus1 bay not me2 ,i'll not endure it3 you forget yourself1 ,to hedge me in2 ,i am a soldier1 ,i1 ,older in practice1 abler than yourself ,to make conditions4 ,bru4 ,go to2 you are not1 ,cassius4 ,cas4 ,i am4 ,bru4 ,i say you are not4 ,cas4 ,urge me no more1 ,i shall forget myself3 ,have mind upon your health2 tempt me no further4 ,bru4 ,away1 slight man6 ,cas4 ,is't possible8 ,bru4 ,hear me1 for ,i will speak4 ,must ,i give way and room to your rash choler8 ,shall ,i be frighted when a madman stares8 ,cas4 ,o ye gods6 ye gods6 must ,i endure all this8 ,bru4 ,all this6 ,ay1 more3 fret till your proud heart break2 ,go1 show your slaves how choleric you are1 ,and make your bondmen tremble4 ,must ,i budge8 ,must ,i observe you8 ,must ,i stand and crouch ,under your testy humor8 ,by the gods1 ,you shall digest the venom of your spleen1 ,though it do split you2 for1 from this day forth1 ,i'll use you for my mirth1 yea for my laughter1 ,when you are waspish4 ,cas4 ,is it come to this8 ,bru4 ,you say you are a better soldier2 ,let it appear so2 make your vaunting true1 ,and it shall please me well3 for mine own part1 ,i shall be glad to learn of noble men4 ,cas4 ,you wrong me every way2 you wrong me1 ,brutus2 ,i said1 an elder soldier1 not a better3 ,did ,i say better8 ,bru4 ,if you did1 ,i care not4 ,cas4 ,when ,caesar lived1 he durst not thus have moved me4 ,bru4 ,peace1 peace6 you durst not so have tempted him4 ,cas4 ,i durst not8 ,bru4 ,no4 ,cas4 ,what6 durst not tempt him8 ,bru4 ,for your life1 you durst not4 ,cas4 ,do not presume too much upon my love2 ,i may do that ,i shall be sorry for4 ,bru4 ,you have done that you should be sorry for4 ,there is no terror1 ,cassius1 in your threats2 ,for ,i am armed so strong in honesty ,that they pass by me as the idle wind1 ,which ,i respect not4 ,i did send to you ,for certain sums of gold1 which you denied me2-- ,for ,i can raise no money by vile means3 ,by heaven6 ,i had rather coin my heart1 ,and drop my blood for drachmas1 than to wring ,from the hard hands of peasants their vile trash ,by any indirection4--,i did send ,to you for gold to pay my legions1 ,which you denied me3 was that done like ,cassius8 ,should ,i have answered ,caius ,cassius so8 ,when ,marcus ,brutus grows so covetous1 ,to lock such rascal counters from his friends1 ,be ready1 gods1 with an your thunderbolts2 ,dash him to pieces6 ,cas4 ,i denied you not4 ,bru4 ,you did4 ,cas4 ,i did not3 he was but a fool that brought ,my answer back4 ,brutus hath rived my heart3 ,a friend should bear his friend's infirmities1 ,but ,brutus makes mine greater than they are4 ,bru4 ,i do not1 till you practice them on me4 ,cas4 ,you love me not4 ,bru4 ,i do not like your faults4 ,cas4 ,a friendly eye could never see such faults4 ,bru4 ,a flatterer's would not1 though they do appear ,as huge as high ,olympus4 ,cas4 ,come1 ,antony1 and young ,octavius1 come1 ,revenge yourselves alone on ,cassius1 ,for ,cassius is aweary of the world2 ,hated by one he loves2 braved by his brother2 ,checked like a bondman2 all his faults observed1 ,set in a notebook1 learned1 and conned by rate1 ,to cast into my teeth4 ,oh1 ,i could weep ,my spirit from mine eyes6 ,there is my dagger1 ,and here my naked breast2 within1 a heart ,dearer than ,plutus' mine1 richer than gold3 ,if that thou be'st a ,roman1 take it forth3 ,i1 that denied thee gold1 will give my heart3 ,strike1 as thou didst at ,caesar2 for1 ,i know1 ,when thou didst hate him worst1 thou lovedst him better ,than ever thou lovedst ,cassius4 ,bru4 ,sheathe your dagger3 ,be angry when you will1 it shall have scope2 ,do what you will1 dishonor shall be humor4 ,o ,cassius1 you are yoked with a lamb ,that carries anger as the flint bears fire2 ,who1 much enforced1 shows a hasty spark1 ,and straight is cold again4 ,cas4 ,hath ,cassius lived ,to be but mirth and laughter to his ,brutus1 ,when grief1 and blood ill-tempered1 vexeth him8 ,bru4 ,when ,i spoke that1 ,i was ill-tempered1 too4 ,cas4 ,do you confess so much8 ,give me your hand4 #bch ,,eclectic ,,series4 ,bru4 ,and my heart1 too4 ,cas4 ,o ,brutus6 ,bru4 ,what's the matter8 ,cas4 ,have you not love enough to bear with me1 ,when that rash humor which my mother gave me ,makes me forgetful8 ,bru4 ,yes1 ,cassius2 and1 from henceforth1 ,when you are over earnest with your ,brutus1 ,he'll think your mother chides1 and leave you so4 ,shakespeare4--,julius ,caesar1 ,act iv1 ,scene iii4 ,,notes4--,ides 7pro4 idz7 was a term used in the ,roman calendar4 ,it fell on the fifteenth day of ,march1 ,may1 ,july1 and ,october1 and on the thirteenth of other months4 ,on the ides of ,march1 #dd ,b4 ,c41 ,julius ,caesar was murdered by ,brutus1 ,cassius1 and other conspirators4 ,the populace were aroused to indignation1 and the conspirators were compelled to fly4 ,indirection2 i4 e41 dishonest means4 ,antony and ,octavius1 who1 with ,lepidus1 formed the triumvirate now governing ,rome1 were at this time marching against the forces of ,brutus and ,cassius4 ,plutus1 in ancient mythology1 the god of wealth4 ,,lxii4 ,,the ,,quack4 7#bch7 ,john ,tobin1 #aggj-ahjd1 a solicitor1 was born at ,salisbury1 ,england1 and died on shipboard near ,cork4 ,he wrote several comedies1 the most popular being ,the ,honeymoon1 from which this extract is taken2 it was published in #ahje4 ,,scene--,the ,inn4 ,enter ,,hostess followed by ,,lampedo1 a ,quack ,doctor4 ,host4 ,nay1 nay2 another fortnight4 ,lamp4 ,it can't be4 ,the man's as well as ,i am3 have some mercy6 ,he hath been here almost three weeks already4 ,host4 ,well1 then1 a week4 ,lamp4 ,we may detain him a week4 7,enter ,,balthazar1 the patient1 from behind1 in his nightgown1 with a drawn sword47 ,you talk now like a reasonable hostess1 ,that sometimes has a reckoning with her conscience4 ,host4 ,he still believes he has an inward bruise4 ,lamp4 ,i would to heaven he had6 or that he'd slipped ,his shoulder blade1 or broke a leg or two1 7,not that ,i bear his person any malice17 ,or luxed an arm1 or even sprained his ankle6 ,host4 ,ay1 broken anything except his neck4 ,lamp4 ,however1 for a week ,i'll manage him1 ,though he had the constitution of a horse-- ,a farrier should prescribe for him4 ,balth4 ,a farrier6 7,aside4 7 ,lamp4 ,to-morrow1 we phlebotomize again2 ,next day1 my new-invented patent draught2 ,then1 ,i have some pills prepared2 ,on ,thursday1 we throw in the bark2 on ,friday-- ,balth4 7,coming forward47 ,well1 sir1 on ,friday--what1 on ,friday8 ,come1 ,proceed4 ,lamp4 ,discovered6 ,they 7,host41,lamp47 fall on their knees4 ,host4 ,mercy1 noble sir6 ,lamp4 ,we crave your mercy6 ,balth4 ,on your knees8 'tis well6 ,pray6 for your time is short4 ,host4 ,nay1 do not kill us4 ,balth4 ,you have been tried1 condemned1 and only wait ,for execution4 ,which shall ,i begin with8 ,lamp4 ,the lady1 by all means1 sir4 ,balth4 ,come1 prepare4 7,to the hostess47 ,host4 ,have pity by the weakness of my sex6 ,balth4 ,tell me1 thou quaking mountain of gross flesh1 ,tell me1 and in a breath1 how many poisons-- ,if you attempt it--7,to ,,lampedo1 who is making off7 you have cooked up for me8 ,host4 ,none1 as ,i hope for mercy6 ,balth4 ,is not thy wine a poison8 ,host4 ,no indeed1 sir2 ',t is not1 ,i own1 of the first quality2 ,but-- ,balth4 ,what8 ,host4 ,i always give short measure1 sir1 ,and ease my conscience that way4 ,balth4 ,ease your conscience6 ,i'll ease your conscience for you4 ,host4 ,mercy1 sir6 ,balth4 ,rise1 if thou canst1 and hear me4 ,host4 ,your commands1 sir8 ,balth4 ,if1 in five minutes1 all things are prepared ,for my departure1 you may yet survive4 ,host4 ,it shall be done in less4 ,balth4 ,away1 thou lumpfish4 7,exit hostess47 ,lamp4 ,so6 now comes my turn6 't is all over with me6 ,there's dagger1 rope1 and ratsbane in his looks6 ,baith4 ,and now1 thou sketch and outline of a man6 ,thou thing that hast no shadow in the sun6 ,thou eel in a consumption1 eldest born ,of ,death and ,famine6 thou anatomy ,of a starved pilchard6 ,lamp4 ,i do confess my leanness4 ,i am spare1 ,and1 therefore1 spare me4 ,balth4 ,why wouldst thou have made me ,a thoroughfare1 for thy whole shop to pass through8 ,lamp4 ,man1 you know1 must live4 ,balth4 ,yes3 he must die1 too4 ,lamp4 ,for my patients' sake6 ,balth4 ,i'll send you to the major part of them-- ,the window1 sir1 is open2-come1 prepare4 ,lamp4 ,pray consider6 ,i may hurt some one in the street4 ,illustration3 ,lampedo and ,hostess kneeling1 with hands folded1 pleading with ,balthazar1 who is standing over them1 holding a sword4 ,several small glass bottles are on the table by the wall and scattered on the floor4 ,balth4 ,why1 then1 ,i'll rattle thee to pieces in a dicebox1 ,or grind thee in a coffee mill to powder1 ,for thou must sup with ,pluto3--so1 make ready6 ,whilst ,i1 with this good smallsword for a lancet1 ,let thy starved spirit out 7for blood thou hast none71 ,and nail thee to the wall1 where thou shalt look ,like a dried beetle with a pin stuck through him4 ,lamp4 ,consider my poor wife4 ,balth4 ,thy wife6 ,lamp4 ,my wife1 sir4 ,balth4 ,hast thou dared think of matrimony1 too8 ,thou shadow of a man1 and base as lean6 ,lamp4 ,o spare me for her sake6 ,i have a wife1 and three angelic babes1 ,who1 by those looks1 are well nigh fatherless4 ,balth4 ,well1 well6 your wife and children shall plead for you4 ,come1 come2 the pills6 where are the pills8 ,produce them4 ,lamp4 ,here is the box4 ,balth4 ,were it ,pandora's1 and each single pill ,had ten diseases in it1 you should take them4 ,lamp4 ,what1 all8 ,balth4 ,ay1 all2 and quickly1 too4 ,come1 sir1 begin-- 7,,lampedo takes one47 ,that's well6--,another4 ,lamp4 ,one's a dose4 ,balth4 ,proceed1 sir4 ,lamp4 ,what will become of me8 ,let me go home1 and set my shop to rights1 ,and1 like immortal ,caesar1 die with decency4 ,balth4 ,away6 and thank thy lucky star ,i have not ,brayed thee in thine own mortar1 or exposed thee ,for a large specimen of the lizard genus4 ,lamp4 ,would ,i were one6--for they can feed on air4 ,balth4 ,home1 sir6 and be more honest4 ,lump4 ,if ,i am not1 ,i'll be more wise1 at least4 ,n,o,t,es4--,pluto1 in ancient mythology1 the god of the lower world4 ,pandora is described in the ,greek legends as the first created woman4 ,she was sent by ,jupiter to ,epimetheus as a punishment1 because the latter's brother1 ,prometheus1 had stolen fire from heaven4 ,when she arrived among men1 she opened a box in which were all the evils of mankind1 and everything escaped except ,hope4 ,,lxiii4 ,,rip ,,van ,,winkle4 7#bdb7 ,the appearance of ,rip1 with his long1 grizzled beard1 his rusty fowling piece1 his uncouth dress1 and an army of women and children at his heels1 soon attracted the attention of the tavern politicians4 ,they crowded around him1 eying him from head to foot with great curiosity4 ,the orator bustled up to him1 and1 drawing him partly aside1 inquired on which side he voted4 ,rip stared in vacant stupidity4 ,another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm1 and1 rising on tiptoe1 inquired in his ear whether he was ,federal or ,democrat4 ,rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question2 when a knowing1 self-important old gentleman1 in a sharp cocked hat1 made his way through the crowd1 putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed1 and planting himself before ,van ,winkle1 with one arm akimbo1 the other resting on his cane1 his keen eyes and sharp hat1 penetrating1 as it were1 into his very soul1 demanded1 in an austere tone1 what brought him to the election with a gun on his shoulder1 and a mob at his heels1 and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village4 ,alas6 gentlemen1 cried ,rip1 somewhat dismayed1 ,i am a poor1 quiet man1 a native of the place1 and a loyal subject of the king1 ,god bless him6 ,here a general shout burst from the bystanders4--,a tory6 a tory6 a spy6 a refugee6 hustle him6 away with him6 ,it was with great difficulty that the self-important man in the cocked hat restored order2 and1 having a tenfold austerity of brow1 demanded again of the unknown culprit1 what he came there for1 and whom he was seeking4 ,the poor man humbly assured him that he meant no harm1 but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors1 who used to keep about the tavern4 ,well1 who are they8 name them4 ,rip bethought himself a moment1 and inquired1 ,where's ,nicholas ,vedder8 ,there was a silence for a little while1 when an old man replied1 in a thin1 piping voice1 ,nicholas ,vedder6 why he is dead and gone these eighteen years6 ,there was a wooden tombstone in the churchyard that used to tell all about him1 but that's rotten and gone too4 ,where's ,brom ,dutcher8 ,oh1 he went off to the army in the beginning of the war4 ,some say he was killed at the storming of ,stony ,point2 others say he was drowned in a squall at the foot of ,anthony's ,nose4 ,i don't know2 he never came back again4 ,where's ,van ,bummel1 the schoolmaster8 ,he went off to the wars1 too2 was a great militia general1 and is now in ,congress4 ,rip's heart died away at hearing of these sad changes in his home and friends1 and finding himself thus alone in the world4 ,every answer puzzled him1 too1 by treating of such enormous lapses of time1 and of matters which he could not understand--war1 ,congress1 ,stony ,point4 ,he had no courage to ask after any more friends1 but cried out in despair1 ,does nobody here know ,rip ,van ,winkle8 ,oh1 ,rip ,van ,winkle6 exclaimed two or three4 ,oh1 to be sure6 ,that's ,rip ,van ,winkle yonder1 leaning against the tree4 ,rip looked1 and beheld a precise counterpart of himself as he went up the mountain2 apparently as lazy1 and certainly as ragged4 ,the poor fellow was now completely confounded2 he doubted his own identity1 and whether he was himself or another man4 ,in the midst of his bewilderment1 the man in the cocked hat demanded who he was1 and what was his name4 ,god knows6 exclaimed he1 at his wit's end4 ,i'm not myself2 ,i'm somebody else2 that's me yonder2 no1 that's somebody else got into my shoes4 ,i was myself last night2 but ,i fell asleep on the mountain1 and they've changed my gun1 and everything's changed1 and ,i'm changed1 and ,i can't tell what's my name or who ,i am6 ,the bystanders began now to look at each other1 nod1 wink significantly1 and tap their fingers against their foreheads4 ,there was a whisper1 also1 about securing the gun1 and keeping the old fellow from doing mischief1 at the very suggestion of which the self-important man in the cocked hat retired with some precipitation4 ,at this critical moment1 a fresh1 comely woman pressed through the throng to get a peep at the gray-bearded man4 ,she had a chubby child in her arms1 which1 frightened at his looks1 began to cry4 ,hush1 ,rip6 cried she1 hush1 you little fool6 the old man won't hurt you4 ,the name of the child1 the air of the mother1 the tone of her voice1 all awakened a train of recollections in his mind4 ,what is your name1 my good woman8 asked he4 ,judith ,gardenier4 ,and your father's name8 ,ah1 poor man6 ,rip ,van ,winkle was his name2 but it's twenty years since he went away from home with his gun1 and never has been heard of since2 his dog came home without him2 but whether he shot himself1 or was carried away by the ,indians1 nobody can tell4 ,i was then but a little girl4 ,rip had but one question more to ask2 but he put it with a faltering voice3 ,where's your mother8 ,oh1 she1 too1 died but a short time since2 she broke a blood vessel in a fit of passion at a ,new ,england peddler4 ,there was a drop of comfort1 at least1 in this intelligence4 ,the honest man could contain himself no longer4 ,he caught his daughter and her child in his arms4 ,i am your father6 cried he4 ,young ,rip ,van ,winkle once1 old ,rip ,van ,winkle now6 ,does nobody know poor ,rip ,van ,winkle8 ,all stood amazed1 until an old woman1 tottering out from among the crowd1 put her hand to her brow1 and1 peering under it in his face for a moment1 exclaimed1 ,sure enough6 it is ,rip ,van ,winkle6 it is himself6 ,welcome home again1 old neighbor6 ,why1 where have you been these twenty long years8 ,rip's story was soon told1 for the whole twenty years had been to him but as one night4 ,to make a long story short1 the company broke up and returned to the more important concerns of the election4 ,rip's daughter took him home to live with her4 ,she had a snug1 well-furnished house1 and a stout1 cheery farmer for a husband1 whom ,rip recollected for one of the urchins that used to climb upon his back4 ,rip now resumed his old walks and habits4 ,he soon found many of his former cronies1 though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time1 and preferred making friends among the rising generation1 with whom he soon grew into great favor4 --,irving4 ,,notes4--,rip ,van ,winkle1 according to ,irving's story in ,the ,sketch ,book1 was a great drunkard1 and was driven from his home in the ,catskill ,mountains1 one night1 by his wife4 ,wandering among the mountains1 he fell in with the ghosts of ,hendrick ,hudson and his crew1 with whom he played a game of ninepins4 ,upon drinking the liquor which they offered him1 however1 he immediately fell into a deep sleep which lasted for twenty years4 ,the above lesson recounts the events that befell him when he returned to his native village4 ,in the meantime the ,revolution of #aggf had taken place4 ,the ,federals and the ,democrats formed the two leading political parties of that time4 ,stony ,point is a promontory on the ,hudson1 at the entrance of the ,highlands1 forty-two miles from ,new ,york4 ,it was a fortified post during the ,revolution1 captured by the ,british1 and again retaken by the ,americans under ,wayne4 ,anthony's ,nose is also a promontory on the ,hudson1 about fifteen miles above ,stony ,point4 ,,lxiv4 ,,bill ,,and ,,joe4 7#bdf7 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1 #ahji-ahid1 was the son of ,abiel ,holmes1 ,d4,d4 ,he was born in ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 and graduated at ,harvard in #ahbi1 having for classmates several men who have since become distinguished4 ,after graduating1 he studied law for about one year1 and then turned his attention to medicine4 ,he studied his profession in ,paris1 and elsewhere in ,europe1 and took his degree at ,cambridge in #ahcf4 ,in #ahch he was appointed ,professor of ,anatomy and ,physiology in ,dartmouth ,college4 ,he remained here but a short time1 and then returned to ,boston and entered on the practice of medicine4 ,in #ahdg he was appointed professor at ,harvard1 filling a similar position to the one held at ,dartmouth4 ,he discharged the duties of his professorship for more than thirty years1 with great success4 ,literature was never his profession2 yet few ,american authors attained higher success1 both as a poet and as a prose writer4 ,his poems are lively and sparkling1 abound in wit and humor1 but are not wanting in genuine pathos4 ,many of them were composed for special occasions4 ,his prose writings include works on medicine1 essays1 and novels2 several appeared first as contributions to the ,atlantic ,monthly4 ,he gained reputation1 also1 as it popular lecturer4 ,in person1 ,dr4 ,holmes was small and active1 with a face expressive of thought and vivacity4 ,come1 dear old comrade1 you and ,i ,will steal an hour from days gone by-- ,the shining days when life was new1 ,and all was bright as morning dew1 ,the lusty days of long ago1 ,when you were ,bill and ,i was ,joe4 ,your name may flaunt a titled trail ,proud as a cockerel's rainbow tail1 ,and mine as brief appendix wear ,as ,tam ,o',shanter's luckless mare2 ,to-day1 old friend1 remember still ,that ,i am ,joe and you are ,bill4 ,you've won the great world's envied prize1 ,and grand you look in people's eyes1 ,with ,,hon4 and ,,ll4 ,d41 ,in big1 brave letters fair to see1-- ,your fist1 old fellow6 ,off they go6-- ,how are you1 ,bill8 ,how are you1 ,joe8 ,you've worn the judge's ermined robe2 ,you've taught your name to half the globe2 ,you've sung mankind a deathless strain2 ,you've made the dead past live again3 ,the world may call you what it will1 ,but you and ,i are ,joe and ,bill4 ,the chaffing young folks stare and say1 ,see those old buffers1 bent and gray2 ,they talk like fellows in their teens2 ,mad1 poor old boys6 ,that's what it means ,and shake their heads2 they little know ,the throbbing hearts of ,bill and ,joe-- ,how ,bill forgets his hour of pride1 ,while ,joe sits smiling at his side2 ,how ,joe1 in spite of time's disguise1 ,finds the old schoolmate in his eyes1-- ,those calm1 stern eyes1 that melt and fill1 ,as ,joe looks fondly up to ,bill4 ,ah6 pensive scholar1 what is fame8 ,a fitful tongue of leaping flame2 ,a giddy whirlwind's fickle gust1 ,that lifts a pinch of mortal dust2 ,a few swift years1 and who can show ,which dust was ,bill1 and which was ,joe4 ,the weary idol takes his stand1 ,holds out his bruised and aching hand1 ,while gaping thousands come and go-- ,how vain it seems1 this empty show6-- ,till all at once his pulses thrill3 ',t is poor old ,joe's1 ,god bless you1 ,bill6 ,and shall we breathe in happier spheres ,the names that pleased our mortal ears2 ,in some sweet lull of heart and song ,for earth born spirits none too long1 ,just whispering of the world below ,when this was ,bill1 and that was ,joe8 ,no matter2 while our home is here1 ,no sounding name is half so dear2 ,when fades at length our lingering day1 ,who cares what pompous tombstones say8 ,read on the hearts that love us still1 ,hic jacet ,joe4 ,hic jacet ,bill4 ,,note4--,hic jacet 7pro4 hic ja'cet7 is a ,latin phrase1 meaning here lies4 ,it is frequently used in epitaphs4 ,,lxv4 ,,sorrow ,,for ,,the ,,dead4 7#bdi7 ,the sorrow for the dead is the only sorrow from which we refuse to be divorced4 ,every other wound we seek to heal2 every other affliction1 to forget2 but this wound we consider it a duty to keep open4 ,this affliction we cherish1 and brood over in solitude4 ,where is the mother who would willingly forget the infant that has perished like a blossom from her arms1 though every recollection is a pang8 ,where is the child that would willingly forget a tender parent1 though to remember be but to lament8 ,who1 even in the hour of agony1 would forget the friend over whom he mourns8 ,no1 the love which survives the tomb is one of the noblest attributes of the soul4 ,if it has its woes1 it has likewise its delights3 and when the overwhelming burst of grief is calmed into the gentle tear of recollection2 when the sudden anguish and the convulsive agony over the present ruins of all that we most loved1 is softened away into pensive meditation on all that it was in the days of its loveliness1 who would root out such a sorrow from the heart8 ,though it may1 sometimes1 throw a passing cloud over the bright hour of gayety1 or spread a deeper sadness over the hour of gloom2 yet1 who would exchange it even for the song of pleasure1 or the burst of revelry8 ,no1 there is a voice from the tomb sweeter than song4 ,there is a remembrance of the dead1 to which we turn even from the charms of the living4 ,oh1 the grave6 the grave6 ,it buries every error1 covers every defect1 extinguishes every resentment6 ,from its peaceful bosom spring none but fond regrets and tender recollections4 ,who can look down upon the grave even of an enemy1 and not feel a compunctious throb1 that he should have warred with the poor handful of earth that lies moldering before him8 ,but the grave of those we loved--what a place for meditation6 ,there it is that we call up1 in long review1 the whole history of virtue and gentleness1 and the thousand endearments lavished upon us1 almost unheeded in the daily intercourse of intimacy2 there it is that we dwell upon the tenderness1 the solemn1 awful tenderness of the parting scene2 the bed of death1 with all its stifled griefs1 its noiseless attendance1 its mute1 watchful assiduities6 the last testimonies of expiring love6 the feeble1 fluttering1 thrilling1--oh6 how thrilling6--pressure of the hand6 the last fond look of the glazing eye turning upon us1 even from the threshold of existence6 the faint1 faltering accents1 struggling in death to give one more assurance of affection6 ,ay1 go to the grave of buried love1 and meditate6 ,there settle the account with thy conscience for every past benefit unrequited2 every past endearment unregarded1 of that departed being1 who can never--never-- never return to be soothed by thy contrition6 ,if thou art a child1 and hast ever added a sorrow to the soul1 or a furrow to the silvered brow of an affectionate parent2 if thou art a husband1 and hast ever caused the fond bosom that ventured its whole happiness in thy arms to doubt one moment of thy kindness or thy truth2 if thou art a friend1 and hast ever wronged1 in thought1 or word1 or deed1 the spirit that generously confided in thee2 if thou hast given one unmerited pang to that true heart1 which now lies cold and still beneath thy feet2 then be sure that every unkind look1 every ungracious word1 every ungentle action1 will come thronging back upon thy memory1 and knocking dolefully at thy soul2 then be sure that thou wilt lie down sorrowing and repentant on the grave1 and utter the unheard groan1 and pour the unavailing tear2 more deep1 more bitter1 because unheard and unavailing4 ,then weave thy chaplet of flowers1 and strew the beauties of nature about the grave2 console thy broken spirit1 if thou canst1 with these tender1 yet futile1 tributes of regret3 but take warning by the bitterness of this1 thy contrite affliction over the dead1 and henceforth be more faithful and affectionate in the discharge of thy duties to the living4 --,irving4 ,,lxvi4 ,,the ,,eagle4 7#bea7 ,james ,gates ,percival1 #agie-ahef1 was born at ,berlin1 ,connecticut1 and graduated at ,yale ,college in #ahae1 at the head of his class4 ,he was admitted to the practice of medicine in #ahbj1 and went to ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,in #ahbd he was appointed ,professor of ,chemistry at ,west ,point1 a position which he held but a few months4 ,in #ahed he was appointed ,state ,geologist of ,wisconsin1 and died at ,hazel ,green1 in that state4 ,dr4 ,percival was eminent as a geographer1 geologist1 and linguist4 ,he began to write poetry at an early age1 and his fame rests chiefly upon his writings in this department4 ,in his private life1 ,percival was always shy1 modest1 and somewhat given to melancholy4 ,financially1 his life was one of struggle1 and he was often greatly straitened for money4 ,bird of the broad and sweeping wing6 ,thy home is high in heaven1 ,where the wide storms their banners fling1 ,and the tempest clouds are driven4 ,thy throne is on the mountain top2 ,thy fields1 the boundless air2 ,and hoary peaks1 that proudly prop ,the skies1 thy dwellings are4 ,thou art perched aloft on the beetling crag1 ,and the waves are white below1 ,and on1 with a haste that can not lag1 ,they rush in an endless flow4 ,again thou hast plumed thy wing for flight ,to lands beyond the sea1 ,and away1 like a spirit wreathed in light1 ,thou hurriest1 wild and free4 ,lord of the boundless realm of air6 ,in thy imperial name1 ,the hearts of the bold and ardent dare ,the dangerous path of fame1 ,beneath the shade of thy golden wings1 ,the ,roman legions bore1 ,from the river of ,egypt's cloudy springs1 ,their pride1 to the polar shore4 ,for thee they fought1 for thee they fell1 ,and their oath on thee was laid2 ,to thee the clarions raised their swell1 ,and the dying warrior prayed4 ,thou wert1 through an age of death and fears1 ,the image of pride and power1 ,till the gathered rage of a thousand years1 ,burst forth in one awful hour4 ,and then1 a deluge of wrath1 it came1 ,and the nations shook with dread2 ,and it swept the earth1 till its fields were flame1 ,and piled with the mingled dead4 ,kings were rolled in the wasteful flood1 ,with the low and crouching slave2 ,and together lay1 in a shroud of blood1 ,the coward and the brave4 ,,notes4--,roman legions4 ,the ,roman standard was the image of an eagle4 ,the soldiers swore by it1 and the loss of it was considered a disgrace4 ,one awful hour4 ,alluding to the destruction of ,rome by the northern barbarians4 ,,lxvii4 ,,political ,,toleration4 7#bec7 ,thomas ,jefferson1 #agdc-ahbf1 the third ,president of the ,united ,states1 and the author of the ,declaration of ,independence1 was born in ,albemarle ,county1 ,virginia4 ,he received most of his early education under private tutors1 and at the age of seventeen entered ,william and ,mary ,college1 where he remained two years4 ,at college1 where he studied industriously1 he formed the acquaintance of several distinguished men1 among them was ,george ,wythe1 with whom he entered on the study of law4 ,at the age of twenty-four he was admitted to the bar1 and soon rose to high standing in his profession4 ,in #agge he entered the ,colonial ,congress1 having previously served ably in the legislature of his native state4 ,although one of the youngest men in ,congress1 he soon took a foremost place in that body4 ,he left ,congress in the fall of #aggf1 and1 as a member of the legislature1 and later as ,governor of ,virginia1 he was chiefly instrumental in effecting several important reforms in the laws of that state1--the most notable were the abolition of the law of primogeniture1 and the passage of a law making all religious denominations equal4 ,from #aghe to #aghi he was ,minister to ,france4 ,on his return to ,america he was made ,secretary of ,state1 in the first ,cabinet4 ,while in this office1 he became the leader of the ,republican or ,anti-,federalist party1 in opposition to the ,federalist party led by ,alexander ,hamilton4 ,from #ahja to #ahji he was ,president4 ,on leaving his high office1 he retired to his estate at ,monticello1 where he passed the closing years of his life1 and died on the #dth of ,july1 just fifty years after the passage of his famous ,declaration4 ,his compatriot1 and sometimes bitter political opponent1 ,john ,adams1 died on the same day4 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 who was never a ready public speaker1 was a remarkably clear and forcible writer2 his works fill several large volumes4 ,in personal character1 he was pure and simple1 cheerful1 and disposed to look on the bright side4 ,his knowledge of life rendered his conversation highly attractive4 ,the chief enterprise of his later years was the founding of the ,university of ,virginia1 at ,charlottesville4 ,during the contest of opinion through which we have passed1 the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers1 unused to think freely and to speak and to write what they think2 but this being now decided by the voice of the nation1 announced according to the rules of the constitution1 all will1 of course1 arrange themselves under the will of the law1 and unite in common efforts for the common good4 ,all1 too1 will bear in mind this sacred principle1 that1 though the will of the majority is1 in all cases1 to prevail1 that will1 to be rightful1 must be reasonable2 that the minority possess their equal rights1 which equal laws must protect1 and to violate which would be oppression4 ,let us then1 fellow-citizens1 unite with one heart and one mind4 ,let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection1 without which liberty1 and even life itself1 are but dreary things2 and let us reflect1 that1 having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered1 we have gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic1 as wicked1 and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions4 ,during the throes and convulsions of the ancient world2 during the agonizing spasms of infuriated man1 seeking1 through blood and slaughter1 his long-lost liberty2 it was not wonderful that the agitation of the billows should reach even this distant and peaceful shore2 that this should be more felt and feared by some1 and less by others1 and should divide opinions as to measures of safety4 ,but every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle4 ,we have called by different names brethren of the same principle4 ,we are all ,republicans2 we are all ,federalists4 ,if there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this ,union1 or to change its republican form1 let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated when reason is left free to combat it4 ,i know1 indeed1 that some honest men fear that a republican government can not be strong2 that this government is not strong enough4 ,but would the honest patriot1 in the full tide of successful experiment1 abandon a government which has so far kept us free and firm1 on the theoretic and visionary fear that this government1 the world's best hope1 may1 by possibility1 want energy to preserve itself8 ,i trust not2 ,i believe this1 on the contrary1 the strongest government on earth4 ,i believe it to be the only one where every man1 at the call of the law1 would fly to the standard of the law1 and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern4 ,sometimes it is said that man can not be trusted with the government of himself4 ,can he1 then1 be trusted with the government of others1 or have we found angels1 in the form of kings1 to govern him8 ,let history answer this question4 ,let us1 then1 with courage and confidence1 pursue our own federal and republican principles2 our attachment to union and representative government4 ,,note4--,at the time of ,jefferson's election1 party spirit ran very high4 ,he had been defeated by ,john ,adams at the previous presidential election1 but the ,federal party1 to which ,adams belonged1 became weakened by their management during difficulties with ,france2 and now ,jefferson had been elected president over his formerly successful rival4 ,the above selection is from his inaugural address4 ,,lxviii4 ,,what ,,constitutes ,a ,,state8 7#bee7 ,sir ,william ,jones1 #agdf-agid1 was the son of an eminent mathematician2 he early distinguished himself by his ability as a student4 ,he graduated at ,oxford1 became well versed in ,oriental literature1 studied law1 and wrote many able books4 ,in #aghc he was appointed ,judge of the ,supreme ,court of ,judicature in ,bengal4 ,he was a man of astonishing learning1 upright life1 and ,christian principles4 ,what constitutes a state8 ,not high-raised battlement or labored mound1 ,thick wall or moated gate2 ,not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned2 ,not bays and broad-armed ports1 ,where1 laughing at the storm1 rich navies ride2 ,not starred and spangled courts1 ,where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride4 ,no3--men1 high-minded men1 ,with powers as far above dull brutes endued ,in forest1 brake1 or den1 ,as beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude1-- ,men who their duties know1 ,but know their rights1 and1 knowing1 dare maintain1 ,prevent the long-aimed blow1 ,and crush the tyrant while they rend the chain3 ,these constitute a state2 ,and sovereign ,law1 that state's collected will1 ,o'er thrones and globes elate1 ,sits empress1 crowning good1 repressing ill4 ,,lxix4 ,,the ,,brave ,,at ,,home4 7#bef7 ,thomas ,buchanan ,read1 #ahbb-ahgb1 an ,american poet and painter1 was born in ,chester ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,at the age of seventeen he entered a sculptor's studio in ,cincinnati4 ,here he gained reputation as a painter of portraits4 ,from this city he went to ,new ,york1 ,boston1 and ,philadelphia1 and soon after to ,florence1 ,italy4 ,in the later years of his life1 he divided his time between ,cincinnati1 ,philadelphia1 and ,rome4 ,his complete poetical works fill three volumes4 ,several of his most stirring poems relate to the ,revolutionary ,war1 and to the late ,civil ,war in ,america4 ,many of his poems are marked by vigor and a ringing power1 while smoothness and delicacy distinguish others1 no less4 ,the maid who binds her warrior's sash1 ,and1 smiling1 all her pain dissembles1 ,the while beneath the drooping lash1 ,one starry tear-drop hangs and trembles2 ,though ,heaven alone records the tear1 ,and fame shall never know her story1 ,her heart has shed a drop as dear ,as ever dewed the field of glory6 ,the wife who girds her husband's sword1 ',mid little ones who weep and wonder1 ,and bravely speaks the cheering word1 ,what though her heart be rent asunder2-- ,doomed nightly in her dreams to hear ,the bolts of war around him rattle1-- ,has shed as sacred blood as e'er ,was poured upon the field of battle6 ,the mother who conceals her grief1 ,while to her breast her son she presses1 ,then breathes a few brave words and brief1 ,kissing the patriot brow she blesses2 ,with no one but her loving ,god1 ,to know the pain that weighs upon her1 ,sheds holy blood as e'er the sod ,received on ,freedom's field of honor6 ,,note4--,the above selection is from the poem entitled ,the ,wagoner of the ,alleghanies4 ,,lxx4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7#beg7 ,robert ,young ,hayne1 #agia-ahdj1 was born in ,colleton ,district1 ,south ,carolina1 and studied and practiced law at ,charleston4 ,he was early elected to the ,state ,legislature1 and became ,speaker of the ,house and ,attorney-general of the state4 ,he entered the ,senate of the ,united ,states at the age of thirty-one4 ,he was ,governor of ,south ,carolina during the ,nullification troubles in #ahcb and #ahcc4 ,mr4 ,hayne was a clear and able debater1 and a stanch advocate of the extreme doctrine of ,state ,rights4 ,in the ,senate he opposed the ,tariff ,bill of #ahbh2 and1 out of this struggle1 grew his famous debate with ,daniel ,webster in #ahcj4 ,the following selection is an extract from ,mr4 ,hayne's speech on that memorable occasion4 ,if there be one state in the ,union1 ,mr4 ,president1 that may challenge comparison with any other1 for a uniform1 zealous1 ardent1 and uncalculating devotion to the ,union1 that state is ,south ,carolina4 ,sir1 from the very commencement of the ,revolution1 up to this hour1 there is no sacrifice1 however great1 she has not cheerfully made2 no service she has ever hesitated to perform4 ,she has adhered to you in your prosperity2 but in your adversity she has clung to you with more than filial affection4 ,no matter what was the condition of her domestic affairs2 though deprived of her resources1 divided by parties1 or surrounded by difficulties1 the call of the country has been to her as the voice of ,god4 ,domestic discord ceased at the sound2 every man became at once reconciled to his brethren1 and the sons of ,carolina were all seen1 crowding to the temple1 bringing their gifts to the altar of their common country4 ,what1 sir1 was the conduct of the ,south1 during the ,revolution8 ,sir1 ,i honor ,new ,england for her conduct in that glorious struggle4 ,but great as is the praise which belongs to her1 ,i think at least equal honor is due to the ,south4 ,never were there exhibited1 in the history of the world1 higher examples of noble daring1 dreadful suffering1 and heroic endurance1 than by the whigs of ,carolina1 during the ,revolution4 ,the whole state1 from the mountains to the sea1 was overrun by an overwhelming force of the enemy4 ,the fruits of industry perished on the spot where they were produced1 or were consumed by the foe4 ,the plains of ,carolina drank up the most precious blood of her citizens4 ,black1 smoking ruins marked the places which had been the habitation of her children4 ,driven from their homes into the gloomy and almost impenetrable swamps1 even there the spirit of liberty survived1 and ,south ,carolina1 sustained by the example of her ,sumters and her ,marions1 proved1 by her conduct1 that though her soil might be overrun1 the spirit of her people was invincible4 ,,notes4--,thomas ,sumter 7b4 #agcd1 d4 #ahcb7 was by birth a ,virginian1 but during the ,revolution commanded ,south ,carolina troops4 ,he was one of the most active and able of the ,southern generals1 and1 after the war1 was prominent in politics4 ,he was the last surviving general of the ,revolution4 ,francis ,marion 7b4 #agcb1 d4 #agie71 known as the ,swamp ,fox1 was a native ,south ,carolinian1 of ,french descent4 ,marion's brigade became noted during the ,revolution for its daring and surprising attacks4 ,see ,lesson ,,cxxxv4 ,,lxxi4 ,,massachusetts ,,and ,,south ,,carolina4 7#bei7 ,daniel ,webster1 #aghb-aheb4 ,this celebrated ,american statesman and orator was born in ,salisbury1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,his father1 ,ebenezer ,webster1 was a pioneer settler1 a soldier in the ,old ,french ,war and the ,revolution1 and a man of ability and strict integrity1 ,daniel attended the common school in his youth1 and fitted for college under ,rev4 ,samuel ,wood1 of ,boseawen1 graduating at ,dartmouth in #ahja4 ,he spent a few months of his boyhood at ,phillips ,academy1 ,exeter1 where he attained distinction as a student1 but was so diffident that he could never give a declamation before his class4 ,during his college course1 and later1 he taught school several terms in order to increase his slender finances4 ,he was admitted to the bar in ,boston in #ahje4 ,for the next eleven years1 he practiced his profession in his native state4 ,in #ahab he was elected to the ,united ,states ,house of ,representatives1 and at once took his place as one of the most prominent men of that body4 ,in #ahaf he removed to ,boston2 and in #ahbg he was elected to the ,united ,states ,senate1 where he continued for twelve years4 ,in #ahda he was made ,secretary of ,state1 and soon after negotiated the famous ,ashburton ,treaty with ,england1 settling the northern boundary of the ,united ,states4 ,in #ahde he returned to the ,senate2 and in #ahej he was re-appointed ,secretary of ,state1 and continued in office till his death4 ,he died at his country residence in ,marshfield1 ,massachusetts4 ,mr4 ,webster's fame rests chiefly on his state papers and his speeches in ,congress2 but he took a prominent part in some of the most famous law cases of the present century4 ,several of his public addresses on occasional themes are well known1 also4 ,as a speaker1 he was dignified and stately1 using clear1 straightforward1 pure ,english4 ,he had none of the tricks of oratory4 ,he was large of person1 with a massive head1 a swarthy complexion1 and deep-set1 keen1 and lustrous eyes4 ,his grand presence added much to his power as a speaker4 ,the eulogium pronounced on the character of the ,state of ,south ,carolina by the honorable gentleman1 for her ,revolutionary and other merits1 meets my hearty concurrence4 ,i shall not acknowledge that the honorable member goes before me1 in regard for whatever of distinguished talent or distinguished character ,south ,carolina has produced4 ,i claim part of the honor2 ,i partake in the pride of her great names4 ,i claim them for countrymen1 one and all--the ,laurenses1 the ,rutledges1 the ,pinckneys1 the ,sumters1 the ,marions--,americans all--whose fame is no more to be hemmed in by state lines than their talents and patriotism were capable of being circumscribed within the same narrow limits4 ,in their day and generation1 they served and honored the country1 and the whole country1 and their renown is of the treasures of the whole country4 ,him whose honored name the gentleman himself bears1--does he suppose me less capable of gratitude for his patriotism1 or sympathy for his suffering1 than if his eyes had first opened upon the light in ,massachusetts1 instead of ,south ,carolina8 ,sir1 does he suppose it in his power to exhibit in ,carolina a name so bright as to produce envy in my bosom8 ,no1 sir1--increased gratification and delight rather4 ,sir1 ,i thank ,god that1 if ,i am gifted with little of the spirit which is said to be able to raise mortals to the skies1 ,i have yet none1 as ,i trust1 of that other spirit which would drag angels down4 ,when ,i shall be found1 sir1 in my place here in the ,senate1 or elsewhere1 to sneer at public merit because it happened to spring up beyond the little limits of my own state or neighborhood2 when ,i refuse for any such cause1 or for any cause1 the homage due to ,american talent1 to elevated patriotism1 to sincere devotion to liberty and the country2 or if ,i see an uncommon endowment of ,heaven2 if ,i see extraordinary capacity or virtue in any son of the ,south2 and if1 moved by local prejudice1 or gangrened by state jealousy1 ,i get up here to abate a tithe of a hair from his just character and just fame1 may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth6 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i shall enter on no encomium upon ,massachusetts4 ,she needs none4 ,there she is2 behold her1 and judge for yourselves4 ,there is her history2 the world knows it by heart4 ,the past1 at least1 is secure4 ,there is ,boston1 and ,concord1 and ,lexington1 and ,bunker ,hill2 and there they will remain forever4 ,and1 sir1 where ,american ,liberty raised its first voice1 and where its youth was nurtured and sustained1 there it still lives1 in the strength of its manhood1 and full of its original spirit4 ,if discord and disunion shall wound it2 if party strife and blind ambition shall hawk at and tear it2 if folly and madness1 if uneasiness under salutary restraint1 shall succeed to separate it from that ,union1 by which alone its existence is made sure1 it will stand1 in the end1 by the side of that cradle in which its infancy was rocked2 it will stretch forth its arm1 with whatever of vigor it may still retain1 over the friends who gathered around it2 and it will fall at last1 if fall it must1 amid the proudest monuments of its glory and on the very spot of its origin4 ,,notes4--,the ,laurenses were of ,french descent4 ,henry ,laurens was appointed on the commission with ,franklin and ,jay to negotiate the treaty of peace at ,paris at the close of the ,revolution4 ,his son1 ,john ,laurens1 was an aid and secretary of ,washington1 who was greatly attached to him4 ,the ,rutledges were of ,irish descent4 ,john ,rutledge was a celebrated statesman and lawyer4 ,he was appointed ,chief ,justice of the ,united ,states1 but the ,senate1 for political reasons1 refused to confirm his appointment4 ,edward ,rutledge1 brother of the preceding1 was ,governor of ,south ,carolina during the last two years of his life4 ,the ,pinckneys were an old ,english family who emigrated to ,charleston in #afhg4 ,charles ,cotesworth ,pinckney and his brother ,thomas were both active participants in the ,revolution4 ,the former was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency of the ,united ,states1 in #ahjj4 ,thomas was elected governor of ,south ,carolina in #aghi4 ,in the war of #ahab he served as major-general4 ,charles ,pinckney1 a second cousin of the two already mentioned1 was four times elected governor of his state4 ,,lxxii4 ,,the ,,church ,,scene ,,from ,,evangeline4 7#bfb7 ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow1 #ahjg-ahhb1 the son of ,hon4 ,stephen ,longfellow1 an eminent lawyer of ,portland1 ,maine1 was born in that city4 ,he graduated1 at the age of eighteen1 at ,bowdoin ,college4 ,he was soon appointed to the chair of ,modern ,languages and ,literature in that institution1 and1 to fit himself further for his work1 he went abroad and spent four years in ,europe4 ,he remained at ,bowdoin till #ahce1 when he was appointed to the chair of ,modern ,languages and ,belles-lettres in ,harvard ,university4 ,on receiving this appointment1 he again went to ,europe and remained two years4 ,he resigned his professorship in #ahed1 and after that time resided in ,cambridge1 pursuing his literary labors and giving to the public1 from time to time1 the fruits of his pen4 ,in #ahfh he made a voyage to ,england1 where he was received with extraordinary marks of honor and esteem4 ,in addition to ,mr4 ,longfellow's original works1 both in poetry and in prose1 he distinguished himself by several translations2 the most famous is that of the works of ,dante4 ,mr4 ,longfellow's poetry is always elegant and chaste1 showing in every line traces of his careful scholarship4 ,yet it is not above the popular taste or comprehension1 as is shown by the numerous and varied editions of his poems4 ,many of his poems treat of historical themes2 ,evangeline1 from which the following selection is taken1 is esteemed by many as the most beautiful of all his longer poems2 it was first published in #ahdg4 ,so passed the morning away4 ,and lo6 with a summons sonorous ,sounded the bell from its tower1 and over the meadows a drumbeat4 ,thronged erelong was the church with men4 ,without1 in the churchyard1 ,awaited the women4 ,they stood by the graves1 and hung on the headstones ,garlands of autumn leaves and evergreens fresh from the forest4 ,then came the guard from the ships1 and marching proudly among them ,entered the sacred portal4 ,with loud and dissonant clangor ,echoed the sound of their brazen drums from ceiling and casement1-- ,echoed a moment only1 and slowly the ponderous portal ,closed1 and in silence the crowd awaited the will of the soldiers4 ,then uprose their commander1 and spake from the steps of the altar1 ,holding aloft in his hands1 with its seals1 the royal commission4 ,you have convened this day1 he said1 by his ,majesty's orders4 ,clement and kind has he been2 but how you have answered his kindness1 ,let your own hearts reply6 ,to my natural make and my temper ,painful the task is ,i do1 which to you ,i know must be grievous4 ,yet must ,i bow and obey1 and deliver the will of our monarch2 ,namely1 that all your lands1 and dwellings1 and cattle of all kinds ,forfeited be to the crown2 and that you yourselves from this province ,be transported to other lands4 ,god grant you may dwell there ,ever as faithful subjects1 a happy and peaceable people6 ,prisoners now ,i declare you2 for such is his ,majesty's pleasure6 ,as1 when the air is serene in the sultry solstice of summer1 ,suddenly gathers a storm1 and the deadly sling of the hailstones ,beats down the farmer's corn in the field and shatters his windows1 ,hiding the sun1 and strewing the ground with thatch from the house roofs1 ,bellowing fly the herds1 and seek to break their inclosure2 ,so on the hearts of the people descended the words of the speaker4 ,silent a moment they stood in speechless wonder1 and then rose ,louder and ever louder a wail of sorrow and anger1 ,and1 by one impulse moved1 they madly rushed to the doorway4 ,vain was the hope of escape2 and cries and fierce imprecations ,rang through the house of prayer2 and high o'er the heads of the others ,rose1 with his arms uplifted1 the figure of ,basil the blacksmith1 ,as1 on a stormy sea1 a spar is tossed by the billows4 ,flushed was his face and distorted with passion2 and wildly he shouted1-- ,down with the tyrants of ,england6 we never have sworn them allegiance6 ,death to these foreign soldiers1 who seize on our homes and our harvests6 ,more he fain would have said1 but the merciless hand of a soldier ,smote him upon the mouth1 and dragged him down to the pavement4 ,in the midst of the strife and tumult of angry contention1 ,lo6 the door of the chancel opened1 and ,father ,felician ,entered1 with serious mien1 and ascended the steps of the alter4 ,raising his reverend hand1 with a gesture he awed into silence ,all that clamorous throng2 and thus he spake to his people2 ,deep were his tones and solemn2 in accents measured and mournful ,spake he1 as1 after the tocsin's alarum1 distinctly the clock strikes4 ,what is this that ye do1 my children8 what madness has seized you8 ,forty years of my life have ,i labored among you1 and taught you1 ,not in word alone1 but in deed1 to love one another6 ,is this the fruit of my toils1 of my vigils and prayers and privations8 ,have you so soon forgotten all the lessons of love and forgiveness8 ,this is the house of the ,prince of ,peace1 and would you profane it ,thus with violent deeds and hearts overflowing with hatred8 ,lo6 where the crucified ,christ from his cross is gazing upon you6 ,see6 in those sorrowful eyes what meekness and holy compassion6 ,hark6 how those lips still repeat the prayer1 ',o ,father1 forgive them6' ,let us repeat that prayer in the hour when the wicked assail us1 ,let us repeat it now1 and say1 ',o ,father1 forgive them4' ,few were his words of rebuke1 but deep in the hearts of his people ,sank they1 and sobs of contrition succeeded the passionate outbreak1 ,while they repeated his prayer1 and said1 ,o ,father1 forgive them6 ,,note4--,nova ,scotia was first settled by the ,french1 but1 in #agac1 was ceded to the ,english4 ,the inhabitants refusing either to take the oath of allegiance or to bear arms against their fellow-countrymen in the ,french and ,indian ,war1 it was decided to remove the whole people1 and distribute them among the other ,british provinces4 ,this was accordingly done in #agee4 ,the villages were burned to the ground1 and the people hurried on board the ships in such a way that but a few families remained undivided4 ,longfellow's poem of ,evangeline is founded on this incident1 and the above selection describes the scene where the male inhabitants of ,grand-,pre' are assembled in the church1 and the order for their banishment is first made known to them4 ,,lxxiii4 ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,shirt4 7#bff7 ,thomas ,hood1 #agih-ahde1 the son of a ,london bookseller1 was born in that city4 ,he undertook1 after leaving school1 to learn the art of an engraver1 but soon gave up the business1 and turned his attention to literature4 ,his lighter pieces1 exhibiting his skill as a wit and punster1 soon became well known and popular4 ,in #ahba he became subeditor of the ,london ,magazine1 and formed the acquaintance of the literary men of the metropolis4 ,the last years of his life were clouded by poverty and ill health4 ,some of his most humorous pieces were written on a sick bed4 ,hood is best known as a joker--a writer of whims and oddities--but he was no mere joker4 ,some of his pieces are filled with the tenderest pathos2 and a gentle spirit1 in love with justice and humanity1 pervades even his lighter compositions4 ,his ,song of the ,shirt first appeared in the ,london ,punch4 ,with fingers weary and worn1 ,with eyelids heavy and red1 ,a woman sat1 in unwomanly rags1 ,plying her needle and thread3 ,stitch6 stitch6 stitch6 ,in poverty1 hunger1 and dirt1 ,and still with a voice of dolorous pitch1 ,she sang the ,song of the ,shirt6 ,work6 work6 work6 ,while the cock is crowing aloof6 ,and work6 work6 work6 ,till the stars shine through the roof6 ,it is oh to be a slave ,along with the barbarous ,turk1 ,where woman has never a soul to save1 ,if this is ,christian work6 ,work6 work6 work6 ,till the brain begins to swim2 ,work6 work6 work6 ,till the eyes are heavy and dim6 ,seam1 and gusset1 and band1 ,band1 and gusset1 and seam1 ,till over the buttons ,i fall asleep1 ,and sew them on in a dream6 ,o men1 with sisters dear6 ,o men1 with mothers and wives6 ,it is not linen you're wearing out1 ,but human creatures' lives6 ,stitch6 stitch6 stitch6 ,in poverty1 hunger1 and dirt1-- ,sewing at once1 with a double thread1 ,a shroud as well as a shirt4 ,but why do ,i talk of ,death8 ,that ,phantom of grisly bone1 ,i hardly fear his terrible shape1 ,it seems so like my own2 ,it seems so like my own1 ,because of the fasts ,i keep2 ,o ,god6 that bread should be so dear1 ,and flesh and blood so cheap6 ,work6 work6 work6 ,my labor never flags2 ,and what are its wages8 ,a bed of straw1 ,a crust of bread--and rags1 ,that shattered roof--and this naked floor-- ,a table--a broken chair-- ,and a wall so blank1 my shadow ,i thank ,for sometimes falling there4 ,work6 work6 work6 ,from weary chime to chime6 ,work6 work6 work6 ,as prisoners work for crime6 ,band1 and gusset1 and seam1 ,seam1 and gusset1 and band1 ,till the heart is sick1 and the brain benumbed1 ,as well as the weary hand4 ,work6 work6 work6 ,in the dull ,december light1 ,and work6 work6 work6 ,when the weather is warm and bright2 ,while underneath the eaves ,the brooding swallows cling1 ,as if to show me their sunny backs1 ,and twit me with the spring4 ,oh but to breathe the breath ,of the cowslip and primrose sweet6 ,with the sky above my head1 ,and the grass beneath my feet6 ,for only one short hour ,to feel as ,i used to feel1 ,before ,i knew the woes of want1 ,and the walk that costs a meal6 ,oh but for one short hour1-- ,a respite1 however brief6 ,no blessed leisure for love or hope1 ,but only time for grief6 ,a little weeping would ease my heart1 ,but in their briny bed ,my tears must stop1 for every drop ,hinders needle and thread4 ,with fingers weary and worn1 ,with eyelids heavy and red1 ,a woman sat1 in unwomanly rags1 ,plying her needle and thread3 ,stitch6 stitch6 stitch6 ,in poverty1 hunger1 and dirt1 ,and still with a voice of dolorous pitch-- ,would that its tone could reach the rich6 ,she sang this ,song of the ,shirt4 ,,lxxiv4 ,,diamond ,,cut ,,diamond4 7#bfi7 ,edouard ,rene ,lefebvre-,laboulaye1 #ahaa-ahhc1 was a ,french writer of note4 ,most of his works involve questions of law and politics1 and are considered high authority on the questions discussed4 ,a few works1 such as ,abdallah1 from which the following extract is adapted1 were written as a mere recreation in the midst of law studies2 they show great imaginative power4 ,laboulaye took great interest in the ,united ,states1 her people1 and her literature2 and many of his works are devoted to ,american questions4 ,he translated the works of ,dr4 ,william ,e4 ,channing into ,french4 ,mansour1 the ,egyptian merchant1 one day repaired to the cadi on account of a suit1 the issue of which troubled him but little4 ,a private conversation with the judge had given him hopes of the justice of his cause4 ,the old man asked his son ,omar to accompany him in order to accustom him early to deal with the law4 ,the cadi was seated in the courtyard of the mosque4 ,he was a fat1 good-looking man1 who never thought1 and talked little1 which1 added to his large turban and his air of perpetual astonishment1 gave him a great reputation for justice and gravity4 ,the spectators were numerous2 the principal merchants were seated on the ground on carpets1 forming a semicircle around the magistrate4 ,mansour took his seat a little way from the sheik1 and ,omar placed himself between the two1 his curiosity strongly excited to see how the law was obeyed1 and how it was trifled with in case of need4 ,the first case called was that of a young ,banian1 as yellow as an orange1 with loose flowing robes and an effeminate air1 who had lately landed from ,india1 and who complained of having been cheated by one of ,mansour's rivals4 ,having found a casket of diamonds among the effects left by my father1 said he1 ,i set out for ,egypt1 to live there on the proceeds of their sale4 ,i was obliged by bad weather to put into ,jidda1 where ,i soon found myself in want of money4 ,i went to the bazaar1 and inquired for a dealer in precious stones4 ,the richest1 ,i was told1 was ,mansour2 the most honest1 ,ali1 the jeweler4 ,i applied to ,ali4 ,he welcomed me as a son1 as soon as he learned that ,i had diamonds to sell1 and carried me home with him4 ,he gained my confidence by every kind of attention1 and advanced me all the money ,i needed4 ,one day1 after dinner1 at which wine was not wanting1 he examined the diamonds1 one by one1 and said1 ',my child1 these diamonds are of little value2 my coffers are full of such stones4 ,the rocks of the desert furnish them by thousands4' ,to prove the truth of what he said1 he opened a box1 and1 taking therefrom a diamond thrice as large as any of mine1 gave it to the slave that was with me4 ',what will become of me8' ,i cried2 ',i thought myself rich1 and here ,i am1 poor1 and a stranger4' ',my child1' replied ,ali1 ',leave this casket with me1 and ,i will give you a price for it such as no one else would offer4 ,choose whatever you wish in ,jidda1 and in two hours ,i will give you an equal weight of what you have chosen in exchange for your ,indian stones4' ,on returning home1 night brought reflection4 ,i learned that ,ali had been deceiving me4 ,what he had given to the slave was nothing but a bit of crystal4 ,i demanded my casket4 ,ali refused to restore it4 ,venerable magistrate1 my sole hope is in your justice4 ,it was now ,ali's turn to speak4 ,illustrious cadi1 said he1 ,it is true that we made a bargain1 which ,i am ready to keep1 ,the rest of the young man's story is false4 ,what matters it what ,i gave the slave8 ,did ,i force the stranger to leave the casket in my hands8 ,why does he accuse me of treachery8 ,have ,i broken my word1 and has he kept his8 ,young man1 said the cadi to the ,banian1 have you witnesses to prove that ,ali deceived you8 ,if not1 ,i shall put the accused on his oath1 as the law decrees4 ,a ,koran was brought4 ,ali placed his hand on it1 and swore three times that he had not deceived the stranger4 ,wretch1 said the ,banian1 thou art among those whose feet go down to destruction4 ,thou hast thrown away thy soul4 ,omar smiled1 and while ,ali was enjoying the success of his ruse1 he approached the stranger1 and asked1 ,do you wish me to help you gain the suit8 ,yes1 was the reply2 but you are only a child--you can do nothing4 ,have confidence in me a few moments1 said ,omar2 accept ,ali's bargain2 let me choose in your stead1 and fear nothing4 ,the stranger bowed his head1 and murmured1 ,what can ,i fear after having lost all8 ,then1 turning to the cadi1 and bowing respectfully1 ,let the bargain be consummated1 said he1 since the law decrees it1 and let this young man choose in my stead what ,i shall receive in payment4 ,a profound silence ensued4 ,omar rose1 and1 bowing to the cadi1 ,ali1 said he to the jeweler1 you have doubtless brought the casket1 and can tell us the weight thereof4 ,here it is1 said ,ali2 it weighs twenty pounds4 ,choose what you will2 if the thing asked for is in ,jidda1 you shall have it within two hours1 otherwise the bargain is null and void4 ,what we desire1 said ,omar1 raising his voice1 is ants' wings1 half male and half female4 ,you have two hours in which to furnish the twenty pounds you have promised us4 ,this is absurd1 cried the jeweler2 it is impossible4 ,i should need half a score of persons and six months labor to satisfy so foolish a demand4 ,are there any winged ants in ,jidda8 asked the cadi4 ,of course1 answered the merchants1 laughing2 they are one of the plagues of ,egypt4 ,our houses are full of them1 and it would be doing us a great service to rid us of them4 ,then ,ali must keep his promise or give back the casket1 said the cadi4 ,this young man was mad to sell his diamonds weight for weight2 he is mad to exact such payment4 ,so much the better for ,ali the first time3 so much the worse for him the second4 ,justice has not two weights and measures4 ,every bargain holds good before the law4 ,either furnish twenty pounds of ants' wings1 or restore the casket to the ,banian4 ,a righteous judgment1 shouted the spectators1 wonder-struck at such equity4 ,illustration3 ,in front of a middle-eastern building2 a man seated with a sword and water-pipe1 facing a crowd4 ,a small boy with his left arm outstreached1 is speaking to the man4 ,a taller young man stands to the right of the small boy2 an older man stands further to the right4 ,the stranger1 beside himself with joy1 took from the casket three diamonds of the finest water2 he forced them on ,omar1 who put them in his girdle1 and seated himself by his father1 his gravity unmoved by the gaze of the assembly4 ,well done1 said ,mansour2 but it is my turn now2 mark me well1 and profit by the lesson ,i shall give you4 ,stop1 young man6 he cried to the ,banian1 we have an account to settle4 ,the day before yesterday1 continued he1 this young man entered my shop1 and1 bursting into tears1 kissed my hand and entreated me to sell him a necklace which ,i had already sold to the ,pasha of ,egypt1 saying that his life and that of a lady depended upon it4 ',ask of me what you will1 my father1' said he1 'but ,i must have these gems or die4' ,i have a weakness for young men1 and1 though ,i knew the danger of disappointing my master the pasha1 ,i was unable to resist his supplications4 ',take the necklace1' said ,i to him1 'but promise to give whatever ,i may ask in exchange4' ',my head itself1 if you will1' he replied1 'for you have saved my life1' ,we were without witnesses1 but1 added ,mansour1 turning to the ,banian1 is not my story true8 ,yes1 said the young man1 and ,i beg your pardon for not having satisfied you sooner3 you know the cause4 ,ask of me what you desire4 ,what ,i desire1 said ,mansour1 is the casket with all its contents4 ,illustrious magistrate1 you have declared that all bargains hold good before the law2 this young man has promised to give me what ,i please2 now ,i declare that nothing pleases me but these diamonds4 ,the cadi raised his head and looked about the assembly1 as if to interrogate the faces1 then stroked his beard1 and relapsed into his meditations4 ,ali is defeated1 said the sheik to ,omar1 with a smile1 ,the fox is not yet born more cunning than the worthy ,mansour4 ,i am lost6 cried the ,banian4 ,o ,omar1 have you saved me only to cast me down from the highest pinnacle of joy to the depths of despair8 ,persuade your father to spare me1 that ,i may owe my life to you a second time4 ,well1 my son1 said ,mansour1 doubtless you are shrewd1 but this will teach you that your father knows rather more than you do4 ,the cadi is about to decide3 try whether you can dictate his decree4 ,it is mere child's play1 answered ,omar1 shrugging his shoulders2 but since you desire it1 my father1 you shall lose your suit4 ,he rose1 and taking a piaster from his girdle1 put it into the hand of the ,banian1 who laid it before the judge4 ,illustrious cadi1 said ,omar1 this young man is ready to fulfill his engagement4 ,this is what he offers ,mansour--piaster4 ,in itself this coin is of little value2 but examine it closely1 and you will see that it is stamped with the likeness of the sultan1 our glorious master4 ,may ,god destroy and confound all who disobey his highness6 ,it is this precious likeness that we offer you1 added he1 turning to ,mansour2 if it pleases you1 you are paid2 to say that it displeases you is an insult to the pasha1 a crime punishable by death2 and ,i am sure that our worthy cadi will not become your accomplice--he who has always been and always will be the faithful servant of an the sultans4 ,when ,omar had finished speaking1 all eyes turned toward the cadi1 who1 more impenetrable than ever1 stroked his face and waited for the old man to come to his aid4 ,mansour was agitated and embarrassed4 ,the silence of the cadi and the assembly terrified him1 and he cast a supplicating glance toward his son4 ,my father1 said ,omar1 permit this young man to thank you for the lesson of prudence which you have given him by frightening him a little4 ,he knows well that it was you who sent me to his aid1 and that all this is a farce4 ,no one is deceived by hearing the son oppose the ,father1 and who has ever doubted ,mansour's experience and generosity8 ,no one1 interrupted the cadi1 starting up like a man suddenly awakened from a dream1 and ,i least of all2 and this is why ,i have permitted you to speak1 my young ,solomon4 ,i wished to honor in you the wisdom of your father2 but another time avoid meddling with his highness's name2 it is not safe to sport with the lion's paws4 ,the matter is settled4 ,the necklace is worth a hundred thousand piasters1 is it not1 ,mansour8 ,this madcap1 shall give you1 therefore1 a hundred thousand piasters1 and all parties will be satisfied4 ,,notes--,a cadi in the ,mohammedan countries corresponds to our magistrate4 ,a sheik among the ,arabs and ,moors1 may mean simply an old man1 or1 as in this case1 a man of eminence4 ,a ,banian is a ,hindoo merchant1 particularly one who visits foreign countries on business4 ,jidda is a city in ,arabia1 on the ,red ,sea ,a pasha is the governor of a ,turkish province4 ,the ,turkish piaster was formerly worth twenty-five cents3 it is now worth only about eight cents4 ,,lxxv4 ,,thanatopsis4 7#bge7 ,to him who in the love of ,nature holds ,communion with her visible forms1 she speaks ,a various language3 for his gayer hours ,she has a voice of gladness1 and a smile ,and eloquence of beauty2 and she glides ,into his darker musings1 with a mild ,and healing sympathy1 that steals away ,their sharpness1 ere he is aware4 ,when thoughts ,of the last hitter hour come like a blight ,over thy spirit1 and sad images ,of the stern agony1 and shroud1 and pall1 ,and breathless darkness1 and the narrow house1 ,make thee to shudder1 and grow sick at heart2-- ,go forth1 under the open sky1 and list ,to ,nature's teachings1 while from all around-- ,earth and her waters1 and the depths of air-- ,comes a still voice1-- ,yet a few days1 and thee ,the all-beholding sun shall see no more ,in all his course2 nor yet in the cold ground1 ,where thy pale form was laid1 with many tears1 ,nor in the embrace of ocean1 shall exist ,thy image4 ,earth1 that nourished thee1 shall claim ,thy growth1 to be resolved to earth again2 ,and1 lost each human trace1 surrendering up ,thine individual being1 shalt thou go ,to mix forever with the elements2 ,to be a brother to the insensible rock ,and to the sluggish clod1 which the rude swain ,turns with his share1 and treads upon4 ,the oak ,shall send his roots abroad1 and pierce thy mold4 ,yet not to thine eternal resting place ,shalt thou retire alone1 nor couldst thou wish ,couch more magnificent4 ,thou shalt lie down ,with patriarchs of the infant world1--with kings1 ,the powerful of the earth1--the wise1 the good1 ,fair forms1 and hoary seers of ages past1-- ,all in one mighty sepulcher4 ,the hills1 ,rock-ribbed1 and ancient as the sun2 the vales ,stretching in pensive quietness between2 ,the venerable woods2 rivers that move ,in majesty1 and the complaining brooks1 ,that make the meadows green2 and1 poured round all1 ,old ,ocean's gray and melancholy waste1-- ,are but the solemn decorations all ,of the great tomb of man4 ,the golden sun1 ,the planets1 all the infinite host of heaven1 ,are shining on the sad abodes of death1 ,through the still lapse of ages4 ,all that tread ,the globe are but a handful to the tribes ,that slumber in its bosom4 ,take the wings ,of morning1 pierce the ,barcan wilderness1 ,or lose thyself in the continuous woods ,where rolls the ,oregon1 and hears no sound ,save his own dashings1--yet the dead are there3 ,and millions in those solitudes1 since first ,the flight of years began1 have laid them down ,in their last sleep1--the dead reign there alone4 ,so shalt thou rest2 and what if thou withdraw ,in silence from the living1 and no friend ,take note of thy departure8 ,all that breathe ,will share thy destiny4 ,the gay will laugh ,when thou art gone1 the solemn brood of care ,plod on1 and each one as before will chase ,his favorite phantom2 yet all these shall leave ,their mirth and their employments1 and shall come ,and make their bed with thee4 ,as the long train ,of ages glide away1 the sons of men-- ,the youth in life's green spring1 and he who goes ,in the full strength of years1 matron and maid1 ,the speechless babe1 and the gray-headed man ,shall one by one be gathered to thy side ,by those who in their turn shall follow them4 ,so live1 that when thy summons comes to join ,the innumerable caravan1 which moves ,to that mysterious realm1 where each shall take ,his chamber in the silent halls of death1 ,thou go not1 like the quarry slave at night1 ,scourged to his dungeon1 but1 sustained and soothed ,by an unfaltering trust1 approach thy grave1 ,like one who wraps the drapery of his couch ,about him1 and lies down to pleasant dreams4 --,bryant4 ,,notes4--,thanatopsis is composed of two ,greek words1 thanatos1 meaning death1 and opsis1 a view4 ,the word1 therefore1 signifies a view of death1 or reflections on death4 ,barca is in the northeastern part of ,africa3 the southern and eastern portions of the country are a barren desert4 ,the ,oregon 7or ,columbia7 ,river is the most important river of the ,united ,states emptying into the ,pacific4 ,the ,lewis and ,clark ,expedition 7#ahjc-ahjf7 had first explored the country through which it flows only five years before the poem was written4 ,,lxxvi4 ,,indian ,,jugglers4 7#bgh7 ,william ,hazlitt1 #aggh-ahcj1 was born in ,maidstone1 ,england4 ,his father was a ,unitarian clergyman1 and he was sent to a college of that denomination to be educated for the ministry2 but having a greater taste for art than theology1 he resolved1 on leaving school1 to devote himself to painting4 ,he succeeded so well in his efforts as to meet the warmest commendation of his friends1 but did not succeed in satisfying his own fastidious taste4 ,on this account he threw away his pencil and took up his pen4 ,his works1 though numerous1 are1 with the exception of a life of ,napoleon1 chiefly criticisms on literature and art4 ,hazlitt is thought to have treated his contemporaries with an unjust severity2 but his genial appreciation of the ,english classics1 and the thorough and loving manner in which he discusses their merits1 make his essays the delight of every lover of those perpetual wellsprings of intellectual pleasure4 ,his ,table ,talk1 ,characters of ,shakespeare's ,plays1 ,lectures on the ,english ,poets1 and ,lectures on the ,literature of the ,elizabethan ,age1 are the works that exhibit his style and general merits in their most favorable light4 ,coming forward and seating himself on the ground1 in his white dress and tightened turban1 the chief of the ,indian jugglers begins with tossing up two brass balls1 which is what any of us could do1 and concludes by keeping up four at the same time1 which is what none of us could do to save our lives1 not if we were to take our whole lives to do it in4 ,is it then a trifling power we see at work1 or is it not something next to miraculous8 ,it is the utmost stretch of human ingenuity1 which nothing but the bending the faculties of body and mind to it from the tenderest infancy with incessant1 ever-anxious application up to manhood1 can accomplish or make even a slight approach to4 ,man1 thou art a wonderful animal1 and thy ways past finding out6 ,thou canst do strange things1 but thou turnest them to small account6 ,to conceive of this extraordinary dexterity1 distracts the imagination and makes admiration breathless4 ,yet it costs nothing to the performer1 any more than if it were a mere mechanical deception with which he had nothing to do1 but to watch and laugh at the astonishment of the spectators4 ,a single error of a hair's breadth1 of the smallest conceivable portion of time1 would be fatal2 the precision of the movements must be like a mathematical truth2 their rapidity is like lightning4 ,to catch four balls in succession1 in less than a second of time1 and deliver them back so as to return with seeming consciousness to the hand again2 to make them revolve around him at certain intervals1 like the planets in their spheres2 to make them chase each other like sparkles of fire1 or shoot up like flowers or meteors2 to throw them behind his back1 and twine them round his neck like ribbons1 or like serpents2 to do what appears an impossibility1 and to do it with all the ease1 the grace1 the carelessness imaginable2 to laugh at1 to play with the glittering mockeries1 to follow them with his eye as if he could fascinate them with its lambent fire1 or as if he had only to see that they kept time with the music on the stage--there is something in all this which he who does not admire may be quite sure he never really admired anything in the whole course of his life4 ,it is skill surmounting difficulty1 and beauty triumphing over skill4 ,it seems as if the difficulty1 once mastered1 naturally resolved itself into ease and grace1 and as if1 to be overcome at all1 it must be overcome without an effort4 ,the smallest awkwardness or want of pliancy or self-possession would stop the whole process4 ,it is the work of witchcraft1 and yet sport for children4 ,some of the other feats are quite as curious and wonderful--such as the balancing the artificial tree1 and shooting a bird from each branch through a quill--though none of them have the elegance or facility of the keeping up of the brass balls4 ,you are in pain for the result1 and glad when the experiment is over2 they are not accompanied with the same unmixed1 unchecked delight as the former2 and ,i would not give much to be merely astonished without being pleased at the same time4 ,as to the swallowing of the sword1 the police ought to interfere to prevent it4 ,when ,i saw the ,indian juggler do the same things before1 his feet were bare1 and he had large rings on his toes1 which he kept turning round all the time of the performance1 as if they moved of themselves4 ,the hearing a speech in ,parliament drawled or stammered out by the honorable member or the noble lord1 the ringing the changes on their commonplaces1 which anyone could repeat after them as well as they1 stirs me not a jot1--shakes not my good opinion of myself4 ,i ask what there is that ,i can do as well as this4 ,nothing4 ,what have ,i been doing all my life8 ,have ,i been idle1 or have ,i nothing to show for all my labor and pains8 ,or have ,i passed my time in pouring words like water into empty sieves1 rolling a stone up a hill and then down again1 trying to prove an argument in the teeth of facts1 and looking for causes in the dark1 and not finding them8 ,is there no one thing in which ,i can challenge competition1 that ,i can bring as an instance of exact perfection1 in which others can not find a flaw8 ,the utmost ,i can pretend to is to write a description of what this fellow can do4 ,i can write a book3 so can many others who have not even learned to spell4 ,what abortions are these essays6 ,what errors1 what ill-pieced transitions1 what crooked reasons1 what lame conclusions6 ,how little is made out1 and that little how ill6 ,yet they are the best ,i can do4 ,i endeavor to recollect all ,i have ever heard or thought upon a subject1 and to express it as neatly as ,i can4 ,instead of writing on four subjects at a time1 it is as much as ,i can manage1 to keep the thread of one discourse clear and unentangled4 ,i have also time on my hands to correct my opinions and polish my periods2 but the one ,i can not1 and the other ,i will not1 do4 ,i am fond of arguing2 yet1 with a good deal of pains and practice1 it is often much as ,i can do to beat my man1 though he may be a very indifferent hand4 ,a common fencer would disarm his adversary in the twinkling of an eye1 unless he were a professor like himself4 ,a stroke of wit will sometimes produce this effect1 but there is no such power or superiority in sense or reasoning4 ,there is no complete mastery of execution to be shown there2 and you hardly know the professor from the impudent pretender or the mere clown4 ,,lxxvii4 ,,antony ,,over ,,caesar',s ,,dead ,,body4 7#bha7 ,friends1 ,romans1 countrymen1 lend me your ears3 ,i come to bury ,caesar1 not to praise him4 ,the evil that men do lives after them2 ,the good is oft interred with their bones2 ,so let it be with ,caesar4 ,the noble ,brutus ,hath told you ,caesar was ambitious3 ,if it were so1 it was a grievous fault1 ,and grievously hath ,caesar answered it4 ,here1 under leave of ,brutus and the rest-- ,for ,brutus is an honorable man2 ,so are they all1 all honorable men-- ,come ,i to speak in ,caesar's funeral4 ,he was my1 friend1 faithful and just to me3 ,but ,brutus says he was ambitious2 ,and ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,he hath brought many captives home to ,rome1 ,whose ransoms did the general coffers fill3 ,did this in ,caesar seem ambitious8 ,when that the poor have cried1 ,caesar hath wept3 ,ambition should be made of sterner stuff3 ,yet ,brutus says he was ambitious2 ,and ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,you all did see1 that on the ,lupercal1 ,i thrice presented him a kingly crown1 ,which he did thrice refuse4 ,was this ambition8 ,yet ,brutus says he was ambitious2 ,and1 sure1 he is an honorable man4 ,i speak not to disprove what ,brutus spoke1 ,but here ,i am to speak what ,i do know4 ,you all did love him once1 not without cause2 ,what cause withholds you1 then1 to mourn for him8 ,o judgment6 thou art fled to brutish beasts1 ,and men have lost their reason4 ,bear with me2 ,my heart is in the coffin there with ,caesar1 ,and ,i must pause till it come back to me4 ,but yesterday the word of ,caesar might ,have stood against the world2 now lies he there1 ,and none so poor to do him reverence4 ,o masters6 if ,i were disposed to stir ,your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage1 ,i should do ,brutus wrong1 and ,cassius wrong1 ,who1 you all know1 are honorable men4 ,i will not do them wrong2 ,i rather choose ,to wrong the dead1 to wrong myself and you1 ,than ,i will wrong such honorable men4 ,but here's a parchment with the seal of ,caesar2 ,i found it in his closet2 't is his will3 ,let but the commons hear this testament-- ,which1 pardon me1 ,i do not mean to read-- ,and they would go and kiss dead ,caesar's wounds1 ,and dip their napkins in his sacred blood2 ,yea1 beg a hair of him for memory1 ,and1 dying1 mention it within their wills1 ,bequeathing it as a rich legacy ,unto their issue4 ,citizen4 ,we'll hear the will3 read it1 ,mark ,antony4 ,all4 ,the will1 the will2 we will hear ,caesar's will4 ,ant4 ,have patience1 gentle friends1 ,i must not read it2 ,it is not meet you know how ,caesar loved you4 ,you are not wood1 you are not stones1 but men2 ,and1 being men1 hearing the will of ,caesar1 ,it will inflame you1 it will make you mad2 ',t is good you know not that you are his heirs2 ,for1 if you should1 ,oh what would come of it6 ,cit4 ,read the will2 we'll hear it1 ,antony2 ,you shall read the will1 ,caesar's will4 ,ant4 ,will you be patient8 ,will you stay awhile8 ,i have o'ershot myself to tell you of it3 ,i fear ,i wrong the honorable men ,whose daggers have stabbed ,caesar4 ,i do fear it4 ,cit4 ,they were traitors3 honorable men6 ,all4 ,the will6 the testament6 ,ant4 ,you will compel me1 then1 to read the will8 ,then make a ring about the corpse of ,caesar1 ,and let me show you him that made the will4 7,he comes down from the pulpit47 ,if you have tears1 prepare to shed them now4 ,you all do know this mantle3 ,i remember ,the first time ever ,caesar put it on2 ',t was on a summer's evening1 in his tent1 ,that day he overcame the ,nervii2 ,look6 in this place1 ran ,cassius' dagger through3 ,see what a rent the envious ,casca made3 ,through this1 the well belove'd ,brutus stabbed2 ,and1 as he plucked his cursed steel away1 ,mark how the blood of ,caesar followed it1 ,as rushing out of doors1 to be resolved ,if ,brutus so unkindly knocked1 or no2 ,for ,brutus1 as you know1 was ,caesar's angel3 ,judge1 ,o you gods1 how dearly ,caesar loved him6 ,this was the most unkindest cut of all2 ,for1 when the noble ,caesar saw him stab1 ,ingratitude1 more strong than traitors' arms1 ,quite vanquished him3 then burst his mighty heart2 ,and1 in his mantle muffling up his face1 ,even at the base of ,pompey's statua1 ,which all the while ran blood1 great ,caesar fell4 ,oh1 what a fall was there1 my countrymen6 ,then ,i1 and you1 and all of us fell down1 ,whilst bloody treason flourished over us4 ,oh1 now you weep2 and1 ,i perceive1 you feel ,the dint of pity3 these are gracious drops4 ,kind souls1 what1 weep you when you but behold ,our ,caesar's vesture wounded8 ,look you here1 ,here is himself1 marred1 as you see1 with traitors4 #ast ,cit4 ,o piteous spectacle6 #b;d ,cit4 ,o noble ,caesar6 #c;d ,cit4 ,we will be revenged6 ,all4 ,revenge6 ,about6 ,seek6 ,burn6 ,fire6 ,kill6 ,slay6 ,let not a traitor live4 ,ant4 ,stay1 countrymen4 #ast ,cit4 ,peace there6 hear the noble ,antony4 #b;d ,cit4 ,we'll hear him1 we'll follow him1 we'll die with him4 ,ant4 ,good friends1 sweet friends1 let me not stir you up ,to such a sudden flood of mutiny4 ,they that have done this deed are honorable3 ,what private griefs they have1 alas1 ,i know not1 ,that made them do it2 they are wise and honorable1 ,and will1 no doubt1 with reasons answer you4 ,i come not1 friends1 to steal away your hearts3 ,i am no orator1 as ,brutus is2 ,but1 as you know me all1 a plain1 blunt man1 ,that love my friend2 and that they know full well ,that gave me public leave to speak of him3 ,for ,i have neither wit1 nor words1 nor worth1 ,action1 nor utterance1 nor the power of speech1 ,to stir men's blood3 ,i only speak right on3 ,i tell you that which you yourselves do know2 ,show you sweet ,caesar's wounds1 poor1 poor1 dumb mouths1 ,and bid them speak for me3 but were ,i ,brutus1 ,and ,brutus ,antony1 there were an ,antony ,would ruffle up your spirits1 and put a tongue ,in every wound of ,caesar1 that should move ,the stones of ,rome to rise and mutiny4 ,shakespeare4--,julius ,caesar1 ,act iii1 ,scene ii4 ,,notes4--,gaius ,julius ,caesar 7b4 #ajb1 d4 #dd ,b4 ,c47 was the most remarkable genius of the ancient world1 ,caesar ruled ,rome as imperator five years and a half1 and1 in the intervals of seven campaigns during that time1 spent only fifteen months in ,rome4 ,under his rule ,rome was probably at her best1 and his murder at once produced a state of anarchy4 ,the conspirators against ,caesar--among whom were ,brutus1 ,cassius and ,casca--professed to be moved by honest zeal for the good of ,rome2 but their own ambition was no doubt the true motive1 except with ,brutus4 ,mark ,antony was a strong friend of ,julius ,caesar4 ,upon the latter's death1 ,antony1 by his funeral oration1 incited the people and drove the conspirators from ,rome4 ,the ,lupercal was a festival of purification and expiation held in ,rome on the #aeth of ,february4 ,antony was officiating as priest at this festival when he offered the crown to ,caesar4 ,in his will ,caesar left to every citizen of ,rome a sum of money1 and bequeathed his private gardens to the public4 ,the ,nervii were one of the most warlike tribes of ,celtic ,gaul4 ,caesar almost annihilated them in #eg ,b4 ,c4 ,pompey1 once associated with ,caesar in the government of ,rome1 was afterwards at war with him4 ,he was murdered by those who thought to propitiate ,caesar1 but the latter wept when ,pompey's head was sent to him1 and had the murderers put to death4 ,statua is the ,latin form of statue1 in common use in ,shakespeare's time2 this form is required here by the meter4 ,,lxxviii4 ,,the ,,english ,,character4 7#bhf7 ,william ,hickling ,prescott1 #agif-ahei1 the historian1 was the son of ,william ,prescott1 an eminent jurist1 and the grandson of ,col4 ,william ,prescott1 who commanded the ,americans at the battle of ,bunker ,hill4 ,he was born in ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 graduated at ,harvard ,university in #ahad1 and died in ,boston4 ,just as he was completing his college course1 the careless sport of a fellow-student injured one of his eyes so seriously that he never recovered from it4 ,he had intended to adopt law as his profession2 but1 from his detective eyesight1 he was obliged to choose work in which he could regulate his hours of labor1 and could employ the aid of a secretary4 ,he chose to be a historian2 and followed his choice with wonderful system1 perseverance1 and success till the close of his life4 ,his works are3 ,the ,reign of ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 ,the ,conquest of ,mexico1 ,the ,conquest of ,peru1 ,the ,reign of ,philip ,,ii1 and a volume of ,miscellanies4 ,he had not completed the history of ,philip at the time of his death4 ,as a writer of history1 ,mr4 ,prescott ranks with the first for accuracy1 precision1 clearness1 and beauty of style4 ,as a man1 he was genial1 kind-hearted and even-tempered4 ,on the whole1 what ,i have seen raises my preconceived estimate of the ,english character4 ,it is full of generous1 true1 and manly qualities2 and ,i doubt if there ever was so high a standard of morality in an aristocracy which has such means for self-indulgence at its command1 and which occupies a position that secures it so much deference4 ,in general1 they do not seem to abuse their great advantages4 ,the respect for religion--at least for the forms of it--is universal1 and there are few1 ,i imagine1 of the great proprietors who are not more or less occupied with improving their estates1 and with providing for the comfort of their tenantry1 while many take a leading part in the great political movements of the time4 ,there never was an aristocracy which combined so much practical knowledge and industry with the advantages of exalted rank4 ,the ,englishman is seen to most advantage in his country home4 ,for he is constitutionally both domestic and rural in his habits4 ,his fireside and his farm--these are the places in which one sees his simple and warm- hearted nature more freely unfolded4 ,there is a shyness in an ,englishman1 --a natural reserve1 which makes him cold to strangers1 and difficult to approach4 ,but once corner him in his own house1 a frank and full expansion will be given to his feelings that we should look for in vain in the colder ,yankee1 and a depth not to be found in the light and superficial ,frenchman1--speaking of nationalities1 not of individualities4 ,the ,englishman is the most truly rural in his tastes and habits of any people in the world4 ,i am speaking of the higher classes4 ,the aristocracy of other countries affect the camp and the city4 ,but the ,english love their old castles and country seats with a patriotic love4 ,they are fond of country sports4 ,every man shoots or hunts4 ,no man is too old to be in the saddle some part of the day1 and men of seventy years and more follow the hounds1 and1 take a five-barred gate at a leap4 ,the women are good whips1 are fond of horses and dogs1 and other animals4 ,duchesses have their cows1 their poultry1 their pigs1--all watched over and provided with accommodations of ,dutch-like neatness4 ,all this is characteristic of the people4 ,it may be thought to detract something from the feminine graces which in other lands make a woman so amiably dependent as to be nearly imbecile4 ,but it produces a healthy and blooming race of women to match the hardy ,englishman1--the finest development of the physical and moral nature which the world has witnessed4 ,for we are not to look on the ,english gentleman as a mere ,nimrod4 ,with all his relish for field sports and country usages1 he has his house filled with collections of art and with extensive libraries4 ,the tables of the drawing-rooms are covered with the latest works1 sent down by the ,london publisher4 ,every guest is provided with an apparatus for writing1 and often a little library of books for his own amusement4 ,the ,english country gentleman of the present day is anything but a ,squire ,western1 though he does retain all his relish for field sports4 ,the character of an ,englishman1 under its most refined aspect1 has some disagreeable points which jar unpleasantly on the foreigner not accustomed to them4 ,the consciousness of national superiority1 combined with natural feelings of independence1 gives him an air of arrogance1 though it must be owned that this is never betrayed in his own house1--,i may almost say in his own country4 ,but abroad1 when he seems to institute a comparison between himself and the people he is thrown with1 it becomes so obvious that he is the most unpopular1 not to say odious1 person in the world4 ,even the open hand with which he dispenses his bounty will not atone for the violence he offers to national vanity4 ,there are other defects1 which are visible even in his most favored circumstances4 ,such is his bigotry1 surpassing everything in a quiet passive form1 that has been witnessed since the more active bigotry of the times of the ,spanish ,philips4 ,such1 too1 is the exclusive1 limited range of his knowledge and conceptions of all political and social topics and relations4 ,the ,englishman1 the cultivated ,englishman1 has no standard of excellence borrowed from mankind4 ,his speculation never travels beyond his own little--great little--island4 ,that is the world to him4 ,true1 he travels1 shoots lions among the ,hottentots1 chases the grizzly bear over the ,rocky ,mountains1 kills elephants in ,india and salmon on the coast of ,labrador1 comes home1 and very likely makes a book4 ,but the scope of his ideas does not seem to be enlarged by all this4 ,the body travels1 not the mind4 ,and1 however he may abuse his own land1 he returns home as hearty a ,john ,bull1 with all his prejudices and national tastes as rooted1 as before4 ,the ,english--the men of fortune--all travel4 ,yet how little sympathy they show for other people or institutions1 and how slight is the interest they take in them6 ,they are islanders1 cut off from the great world4 ,but their island is1 indeed1 a world of its own4 ,with all their faults1 never has the sun shone--if one may use the expression in reference to ,england--all a more noble race1 or one that has done more for the great interests of humanity4 ,,notes4--,nimrod is spoken of in ,genesis 7x4 #i7 as a mighty hunter4 ,thus the name came to be applied to any one devoted to hunting4 ,squire ,western is a character in ,fielding's ,tom ,jones4 ,he is represented as an ignorant1 prejudiced1 irascible1 but1 withal1 a jolly1 good-humored ,english country gentleman4 ,,lxxix4 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,potter4 7#bij7 ,turn1 turn1 my wheel6 ,turn round and round1 ,without a pause1 without a sound3 ,so spins the flying world away6 ,this clay1 well mixed with marl and sand1 ,follows the motion of my hand2 ,for some must follow1 and some command1 ,though all are made of clay6 ,turn1 turn1 my wheel6 ,all things must change ,to something new1 to something strange2 ,nothing that is can pause or stay2 ,the moon will wax1 the moon will wane1 ,the mist and cloud will turn to rain1 ,the rain to mist and cloud again1 ,to-morrow be to-day4 ,turn1 turn1 my wheel6 ,all life is brief2 ,what now is bud will soon be leaf1 ,what now is leaf will soon decay2 ,the wind blows east1 the wind blows west2 ,the blue eggs in the robin's nest ,will soon have wings and beak and breast1 ,and flutter and fly away4 ,turn1 turn1 my wheel6 ,this earthen jar ,a touch can make1 a touch can mar2 ,and shall it to the ,potter say1 ,what makest thou8 ,thou hast no hand8 ,as men who think to understand ,a world by their ,creator planned1 ,who wiser is than they4 ,turn1 turn1 my wheel6 ',tis nature's plan ,the child should grow into the man1 ,the man grow wrinkled1 old1 and gray2 ,in youth the heart exults and sings1 ,the pulses leap1 the feet have wings2 ,in age the cricket chirps1 and brings ,the harvest home of day4 ,turn1 turn1 my wheel6 ,the human race1 ,of every tongue1 of every place1 ,caucasian1 ,coptic1 or ,malay1 ,all that inhabit this great earth1 ,whatever be their rank or worth1 ,are kindred and allied by birth1 ,and made of the same clay4 ,turn1 turn1 my wheel6 ,what is begun ,at daybreak must at dark be done1 ,to-morrow will be another day2 ,to-morrow the hot furnace flame ,will search the heart and try the frame1 ,and stamp with honor or with shame ,these vessels made of clay4 ,stop1 stop1 my wheel6 ,too soon1 too soon ,the noon will be the afternoon1 ,too soon to-day be yesterday2 ,behind us in our path we cast ,the broken potsherds of the past1 ,and all are ground to dust at last1 ,and trodden into clay4 --,longfellow4 ,,note4--,coptic was formerly the language of ,egypt4 and is preserved in the inscriptions of the ancient monuments found there2 it has now given place entirely to ,arabic4 ,,lxxx4 ,a ,,hot ,,day ,,in ,,new ,,york4 7#bib7 ,william ,dean ,howells1 #ahcg--1 was born in ,belmont ,county4 ,ohio4 ,in boyhood he learned the printer's trade1 at which he worked for several years4 ,he published a volume of poems in #ahfj1 in connection with ,john ,j4 ,piatt4 ,from #ahfa to #ahfe he was ,united ,states ,consul at ,venice4 ,on his return he resided for a time in ,new ,york ,city1 and was one of the editors of the ,nation4 ,in #ahga he was appointed editor in chief of the ,atlantic ,monthly4 ,he held the position ten years1 and then retired in order to devote himself to his own writings4 ,since then1 he has been connected with other literary magazines4 ,mr4 ,howells has written several books3 novels and sketches3 his writings are marked by an artistic finish1 and a keen but subtile humor4 ,the following selection is an extract from ,their ,wedding ,journey4 ,when they alighted1 they took their way up through one of the streets of the great wholesale businesses1 to ,broadway4 ,on this street was a throng of trucks and wagons1 lading and unlading2 bales and boxes rose and sank by pulleys overhead2 the footway was a labyrinth of packages of every shape and size2 there was no flagging of the pitiless energy that moved all forward1 no sign of how heavy a weight lay on it1 save in the reeking faces of its helpless instruments4 ,it was four o'clock1 the deadliest hour of the deadly summer day4 ,the spiritless air seemed to have a quality of blackness in it1 as if filled with the gloom of low-hovering wings4 ,one half the street lay in shadow1 and one half in sun2 but the sunshine itself was dim1 as if a heat greater than its own had smitten it with languor4 ,little gusts of sick1 warm wind blew across the great avenue at the corners of the intersecting streets4 ,in the upward distance1 at which the journeyers looked1 the loftier roofs and steeples lifted themselves dim out of the livid atmosphere1 and far up and down the length of the street swept a stream of tormented life4 ,all sorts of wheeled things thronged it1 conspicuous among which rolled and jarred the gaudily painted stages1 with quivering horses driven each by a man who sat in the shade of a branching1 white umbrella1 and suffered with a moody truculence of aspect1 and as if he harbored the bitterness of death in his heart for the crowding passengers within1 when one of them pulled the strap about his legs1 and summoned him to halt4 ,most of the foot passengers kept to the shady side1 and to the unaccustomed eyes of the strangers they were not less in number than at any other time1 though there were fewer women among them4 ,indomitably resolute of soul1 they held their course with the swift pace of custom1 and only here and there they showed the effect of the heat4 ,one man1 collarless1 with waistcoat unbuttoned1 and hat set far back from his forehead1 waved a fan before his death-white1 flabby face1 and set down one foot after the other with the heaviness of a somnambulist4 ,another1 as they passed him1 was saying huskily to the friend at his side1 ,i can't stand this much longer4 ,my hands tingle as if they had gone to sleep2 my heart-- ,but still the multitude hurried on1 passing1 repassing1 encountering1 evading1 vanishing into shop doors1 and emerging from them1 dispersing down the side streets1 and swarming out of them4 ,it was a scene that possessed the beholder with singular fascination1 and in its effect of universal lunacy1 it might well have seemed the last phase of a world presently to be destroyed4 ,they who were in it1 but not of it1 as they fancied--though there was no reason for this--looked on it amazed1 and at last their own errands being accomplished1 and themselves so far cured of the madness of purpose1 they cried with one voice that it was a hideous sight1 and strove to take refuge from it in the nearest place where the soda fountain sparkled4 ,it was a vain desire4 ,at the front door of the apothecary's hung a thermometer1 and as they entered they heard the next comer cry out with a maniacal pride in the affliction laid upon mankind1 ,ninety-seven degrees6 ,behind them1 at the door1 there poured in a ceaseless stream of people1 each pausing at the shrine of heat1 before he tossed off the hissing draught that two pale1 close-clipped boys served them from either side of the fountain4 ,then1 in the order of their coming1 they issued through another door upon the side street1 each1 as he disappeared1 turning his face half round1 and casting a casual glance upon a little group near another counter4 ,the group was of a very patient1 half-frightened1 half-puzzled looking gentleman who sat perfectly still on a stool1 and of a lady who stood beside him1 rubbing all over his head a handkerchief full of pounded ice1 and easing one hand with the other when the first became tired4 ,basil drank his soda1 and paused to look upon this group1 which he felt would commend itself to realistic sculpture as eminently characteristic of the local life1 and1 as ,the ,sunstroke1 would sell enormously in the hot season4 ,better take a little more of that1 the apothecary said1 looking up from his prescription1 and1 as the organized sympathy of the seemingly indifferent crowd1 smiling very kindly at his patient1 who thereupon tasted something in the glass he held4 ,do you still feel like fainting8 asked the humane authority4 ,slightly1 now and then1 answered the other1 but ,i'm hanging on hard to the bottom curve of that icicled ,s on your soda fountain1 and ,i feel that ,i'm all right as long as ,i can see that4 ,the people get rather hazy occasionally1 and have no features to speak of4 ,but ,i do n't know that ,i look very impressive myself1 he added in the jesting mood which seems the natural condition of ,americans in the face of an embarrassments4 ,oh1 you'll do6 the apothecary answered1 with a laugh2 but he said1 in an answer to an anxious question from the lady1 ,he mustn't be moved for an hour yet1 and gayly pestled away at a prescription1 while she resumed her office of grinding the pounded ice round and round upon her husband's skull4 ,isabel offered her the commiseration of friendly words1 and of looks kinder yet1 and then1 seeing that they could do nothing1 she and ,basil fell into the endless procession1 and passed out of the side door4 ,what a shocking thing1 she whispered4 ,did you see how all the people looked1 one after another1 so indifferently at that couple1 and evidently forgot them the next instant8 ,it was dreadful4 ,i should n't like to have you sun-struck in ,new ,york4 ,that's very considerate of you2 but place for place1 if any accident must happen to me among strangers1 ,i think ,i should prefer to have it in ,new ,york4 ,the biggest place is always the kindest as well as the cruelest place4 ,amongst the thousands of spectators the good ,samaritan as well as the ,levite would be sure to be4 ,as for a sunstroke1 it requires peculiar gifts4 ,but if you compel me to a choice in the matter1 then ,i say give me the busiest part of ,broadway for a sunstroke4 ,there is such experience of calamity there that you could hardly fall the first victim to any misfortune4 ,,lxxxi4 ,,discontent4--,,an ,,allegory4 7#bie7 ,joseph ,addison1 #afgb-agai1 the brilliant essayist and poet1 has long occupied an exalted place in ,english literature4 ,he was the son of an ,english clergyman1 was born in ,wiltshire1 and educated at ,oxford2 he died at ,holland ,house 7the property of his wile1 to whom he had been married but about two years71 and was buried in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,several years of his life were spent in the political affairs of his time1 he held several public offices1 and was1 for ten years1 a member of ,parliament4 ,his fame as an author rests chiefly upon his ,hymns1 his tragedy of ,cato1 and his ,essays contributed principally to the ,tatler and the ,spectator4 ,the excellent style of his essays1 their genial wit and sprightly humor1 made them conspicuous in an age when coarseness1 bitterness1 and exaggeration deformed the writings of the most eminent3 and these characteristics have given them an unquestioned place among the classics of our language4 ,mr4 ,addison was shy and diffident1 but genial and lovable2 his moral character was above reproach1 excepting that he is said to have been too fond of wine4 ,it is a celebrated thought of ,socrates1 that if all the misfortunes of mankind were cast into a public stock1 in order to be equally distributed among the whole species1 those who now think themselves the most unhappy1 would prefer the share they are already possessed of before that which would fall to them by such a division4 ,horace has carried this thought a great deal farther1 and supposes that the hardships or misfortunes we lie under1 are more easy to us than those of any other person would be1 in case we could change conditions with him4 ,as ,i was ruminating on these two remarks1 and seated in my elbowchair1 ,i insensibly fell asleep2 when1 on a sudden1 methought there was a proclamation made by ,jupiter1 that every mortal should bring in his griefs and calamities1 and throw them together in a heap4 ,there was a large plain appointed for this purpose4 ,i took my stand in the center of it1 and saw1 with a great deal of pleasure1 the whole human species marching one after another1 and throwing down their several loads1 which immediately grew up into a prodigious mountain1 that seemed to rise above the clouds4 ,there was a certain lady of a thin1 airy shape1 who was very active in this solemnity4 ,she carried a magnifying glass in one of her hands1 and was clothed in a loose1 flowing robe1 embroidered with several figures of fiends and specters1 that discovered themselves in a thousand chimerical shapes as her garment hovered in the wind4 ,there was something wild and distracted in her looks4 ,her name was ,fancy4 ,she led up every mortal to the appointed place1 after having officiously assisted him in making up his pack1 and laying it upon his shoulders4 ,my heart melted within me to see my fellow-creatures groaning under their respective burdens1 and to consider that prodigious bulk of human calamities which lay before me4 ,there were1 however1 several persons who gave me great diversion upon this occasion4 ,i observed one bringing in a fardel1 very carefully concealed under an old embroidered cloak1 which1 upon his throwing it into the heap1 ,i discovered to be poverty4 ,another1 after a great deal of puffing1 threw down his luggage1 which1 upon examining1 ,i found to be his wife4 ,there were multitudes of lovers saddled with very whimsical burdens1 composed of darts and flames2 but1 what was very odd1 though they sighed as if their hearts would break under these bundles of calamities1 they could not persuade themselves to cast them into the heap1 when they came up to it2 but1 after a few faint efforts1 shook their heads1 and marched away as heavy loaden as they came4 ,i saw multitudes of old women throw down their wrinkles1 and several young ones who stripped themselves of a tawny skin4 ,there were very great heaps of red noses1 large lips1 and rusty teeth4 ,the truth of it is1 ,i was surprised to see the greatest part of the mountain made up of bodily deformities4 ,observing one advancing toward the heap with a larger cargo than ordinary upon his back1 ,i found1 upon his near approach1 that it was only a natural hump1 which he disposed of with great joy of heart among this collection of human miseries4 ,there were1 likewise1 distempers of all sorts1 though ,i could not but observe that there were many more imaginary than real4 ,one little packet ,i could not but take notice of1 which was a complication of all the diseases incident to human nature1 and was in the hand of a great many fine people4 ,this was called the spleen4 ,but what most of all surprised me was1 that there was not a single vice or folly thrown into the whole heap3 at which ,i was very much astonished1 having concluded within myself that everyone would take this opportunity of getting rid of his passions1 prejudices1 and frailties4 ,i took notice in particular of a very profligate fellow1 who1 ,i did not question1 came loaden with his crimes1 but upon searching into his bundle1 ,i found that instead of throwing his guilt from him1 he had only laid down his memory4 ,he was followed by another worthless rogue1 who flung away his modesty instead of his ignorance4 ,when the whole race of mankind had thus cast their burdens1 the phantom which had been so busy on this occasion1 seeing me an idle spectator of what passed1 approached toward me4 ,i grew uneasy at her presence1 when1 of a sudden1 she held her magnifying glass full before my eyes4 ,i no sooner saw my face in it1 but was startled at the shortness of it1 which now appeared to me in its utmost aggravation4 ,the immoderate breadth of the features made me very much out of humor with my own countenance1 upon which ,i threw it from me like a mask4 ,it happened very luckily that one who stood by me had just before thrown down his visage1 which1 it seems1 was too long for him4 ,it was1 indeed1 extended to a most shameful length2 ,i believe the very chin was1 modestly speaking1 as long as my whole face4 ,we had both of us an opportunity of mending ourselves2 and all the contributions being now brought in1 every man was at liberty to exchange his misfortunes for those of another person4 ,as we stood round the heap1 and surveyed the several materials of which it was composed1 there was scarcely a mortal in this vast multitude who did not discover what he thought pleasures and blessings of life1 and wondered how the owners of them ever came to look upon them as burthens and grievances4 ,as we were regarding very attentively this confusion of miseries1 this chaos of calamity1 ,jupiter issued out a second proclamation1 that everyone was now at liberty to exchange his affliction1 and to return to his habitation with any such other bundle as should be delivered to him4 ,upon this1 ,fancy began again to bestir herself1 and1 parceling out the whole heap with incredible activity1 recommended to everyone his particular packet4 ,the hurry and confusion at this time was not to be expressed4 ,some observations1 which ,i made upon the occasion1 ,i shall communicate to the public4 ,a venerable1 gray-headed man1 who had laid down the colic1 and who1 ,i found1 wanted an heir to his estate1 snatched up an undutiful son that had been thrown into the heap by an angry father4 ,the graceless youth1 in less than a quarter of an hour1 pulled the old gentleman by the beard1 and had liked to have knocked his brains out2 so that meeting the true father1 who came toward him with a fit of the gripes1 he begged him to take his son again1 and give him back his colic2 but they were incapable1 either of them1 to recede from the choice they had made4 ,a poor galley slave1 who had thrown down his chains1 took up the gout in their stead1 but made such wry faces that one might easily perceive he was no great gainer by the bargain4 ,the female world were very busy among themselves in bartering for features2 one was trucking a lock of gray hairs for a carbuncle2 and another was making over a short waist for a pair of round shoulders2 but on all these occasions there was not one of them who did not think the new blemish1 as soon as she had got it into her possession1 much more disagreeable than the old one4 ,i must not omit my own particular adventure4 ,my friend with the long visage had no sooner taken upon him my short face1 but he made such a grotesque figure in it1 that as ,i looked upon him1 ,i could not forbear laughing at myself1 insomuch that ,i put my own face out of countenance4 ,the poor gentleman was so sensible of the ridicule1 that ,i found he was ashamed of what he had done4 ,on the other side1 ,i found that ,i myself had no great reason to triumph1 for as ,i went to touch my forehead1 ,i missed the place1 and clapped my finger upon my upper lip4 ,besides1 as my nose was exceedingly prominent1 ,i gave it two or three unlucky knocks as ,i was playing my hand about my face1 and aiming at some other part of it4 ,i saw two other gentlemen by me who were in the same ridiculous circumstances4 ,these had made a foolish swap between a couple of thick bandy legs and two long trapsticks that had no calves to them4 ,one of these looked like a man walking upon stilts1 and was so lifted up into the air1 above his ordinary height1 that his head turned round with it1 while the other made such awkward circles1 as he attempted to walk1 that he scarcely knew how to move forward upon his new supporters4 ,observing him to be a pleasant kind of a fellow1 ,i stuck my cane in the ground1 and told him ,i would lay him a bottle of wine that he did not march up to it on a line that ,i drew for him1 in a quarter of an hour4 ,the heap was at last distributed among the two sexes1 who made a most piteous sight1 as they wandered up and down under the pressure of their several burthens4 ,the whole plain was filled with murmurs and complaints1 groans and lamentations4 ,jupiter1 at length taking compassion on the poor mortals1 ordered them a second time to lay down their loads1 with a design to give everyone his own again4 ,they discharged themselves with a great deal of pleasure2 after which1 the phantom who had led them into such gross delusions1 was commanded to disappear4 ,there was sent in her stead a goddess of a quite different figure3 her motions were steady and composed1 and her aspect serious but cheerful4 ,she every now and then cast her eyes toward heaven1 and fixed them upon ,jupiter4 ,her name was ,patience4 ,she had no sooner placed herself by the ,mount of ,sorrows1 but1 what ,i thought very remarkable1 the whole heap sunk to such a degree that it did not appear a third part so big as it was before4 ,she afterward returned every man his own proper calamity1 and1 teaching him how to bear it in the most commodious manner1 he marched off with it contentedly1 being very well pleased that he had not been left to his own choice as to the kind of evil which fell to his lot4 ,beside the several pieces of morality to be drawn out of this vision1 ,i learnt from it never to repine at my own misfortunes1 or to envy the happiness of another1 since it is impossible for any man to form a right judgment of his neighbor's sufferings2 for which reason1 also1 ,i have determined never to think too lightly of another's complaints1 but to regard the sorrows of my fellow-creatures with sentiments of humanity and compassion4 ,,notes4--,horace 7b4 #fe1 d4 #h ,b4 ,c47 was a celebrated ,roman poet4 ,jupiter1 according to mythology1 was the greatest of the ,greek and ,roman gods2 he was thought to be the supreme ruler of both mortals and immortals4 ,,lxxxii4 ,,jupiter ,,and ,,ten4 7#cja7 ,james ,t4 ,fields1 #ahag-ahha1 was born at ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,for many years he was partner in the well-known firm of ,ticknor ,fields 7,later ,fields1 ,osgood ,co471 the leading publishers of standard ,american literature4 ,for eight years1 he was chief editor of the ,atlantic ,monthly2 and1 after he left that position1 he often enriched its pages by the productions of his pen4 ,during his latter years ,mr4 ,fields gained some reputation as a lecturer4 ,his literary abilities were of no mean order3 but he did not do so much in producing literature himself1 as in aiding others in its production4 ,mrs4 ,chub was rich and portly1 ,mrs4 ,chub was very grand1 ,mrs4 ,chub was always reckoned ,a lady in the land4 ,you shall see her marble mansion ,in a very stately square1-- ,mr4 ,c4 knows what it cost him1 ,but that's neither here nor there4 ,mrs4 ,chub was so sagacious1 ,such a patron of the arts1 ,and she gave such foreign orders ,that she won all foreign hearts4 ,mrs4 ,chub was always talking1 ,when she went away from home1 ,of a most prodigious painting ,which had just arrived from ,rome4 ,such a treasure1 she insisted1 ,one might never see again6 ,what's the subject8 we inquired4 ,it is ,jupiter and ,ten6 ,ten what8 we blandly asked her ,for the knowledge we did lack1 ,ah6 that ,i can not tell you1 ,but the name is on the back4 ,there it stands in printed letters1-- ,come to-morrow1 gentlemen1-- ,come and see our splendid painting1 ,our fine ,jupiter and ,ten6 ,when ,mrs4 ,chub departed1 ,our brains began to rack1-- ,she could not be mistaken ,for the name was on the back4 ,so we begged a great ,professor ,to lay aside his pen1 ,and give some information ,touching ,jupiter and ,ten4 ,and we pondered well the subject1 ,and our ,lempriere we turned1 ,to find out who the ,ten were2 ,but we could not1 though we burned4 ,but when we saw the picture1-- ,o ,mrs4 ,chub6 ,oh1 fie6 ,o6 ,we perused the printed label1 ,and 't was ,,jupiter ,,and ,,io6 ,,notes4--,john ,lempriere1 an ,englishman1 was the author of a ,classical ,dictionary which until the middle of the present century was the chief book of reference on ancient mythology4 ,io is a mythical heroine of ,greece1 with whom ,jupiter was enamored4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,,scene ,,from ,,the ,,poor ,,gentleman4 ,george ,colman1 #agfb-ahcf1 was the son of ,george ,colman1 a writer of dramas1 who in #aggg purchased the ,haymarket ,theater1 in ,london4 ,owing to the illness of the father1 ,colman the younger assumed the management of the theater in #aghe1 which post he held for a long time4 ,he was highly distinguished as a dramatic author and wit4 ,the ,poor ,gentleman1 from which the following selection is adapted1 is perhaps the best known of his works4 ,,sir ,,robert ,,bramble and ,,humphrey ,,dobbins4 ,sir ,r4 ,i'll tell you what1 ,humphrey ,dobbins1 there is not a syllable of sense in all you have been saying4 ,but ,i suppose you will maintain there is4 ,hum4 ,yes4 ,sir ,r4 ,yes6 ,is that the way you talk to me1 you old boor8 ,what's my name8 ,hum4 ,robert ,bramble4 ,sir ,r4 ,an't ,i a baronet8 ,sir ,robert ,bramble1 of ,blackberry ,hall1 in the county of ,kent8 ',t is time you should know it1 for you have been my clumsy1 two-fisted valet these thirty years3 can you deny that8 ,hum4 ,hem6 ,sir ,r4 ,hem8 ,what do you mean by hem8 ,open that rusty door of your mouth1 and make your ugly voice walk out of it4 ,why don't you answer my question8 ,hum4 ,because1 if ,i contradict you1 ,i shall tell you a lie1 and whenever ,i agree with you1 you are sure to fall out4 ,sir ,r4 ,humphrey ,dobbins4 ,i have been so long endeavoring to beat a few brains into your pate that all your hair has tumbled off before my point is carried4 ,hum4 ,what then8 ,our parson says my head is an emblem of both our honors4 ,sir ,r4 ,ay2 because honors1 like your head1 are apt to be empty4 ,hum4 ,no2 but if a servant has grown bald under his master's nose1 it looks as if there was honesty on one side1 and regard for it on the other4 ,sir ,r4 ,why1 to be sure1 old ,humphrey1 you are as honest as a--pshaw6 the parson means to palaver us2 but1 to return to my position1 ,i tell you ,i do n't like your flat contradiction4 ,hum4 ,yes1 you do4 ,sir ,r4 ,i tell you ,i don't4 ,i only love to hear men's arguments4 ,i hate their flummery4 ,hum4 ,what do you call flummery8 ,sir ,r4 ,flattery1 blockhead6 a dish too often served up by paltry poor men to paltry rich ones4 ,hum4 ,i never serve it up to you4 ,sir ,r4 ,no1 you give me a dish of a different description4 ,hum4 ,hem6 what is it8 ,sir ,r4 ,sauerkraut1 you old crab ,hum4 ,i have held you a stout tug at argument this many a year4 ,sir ,r4 ,and yet ,i could never teach you a syllogism4 ,now mind1 when a poor man assents to what a rich man says1 ,i suspect he means to flatter him3 now ,i am rich1 and hate flattery4 ,ergo--when a poor man subscribes to my opinion1 ,i hate him4 ,hum4 ,that's wrong4 ,sir ,r4 ,very well2 negatur2 now prove it4 ,hum4 ,put the case then1 ,i am a poor man4 ,sir ,r4 ,you an't1 you scoundrel4 ,you know you shall never want while ,i have a shilling4 ,hum4 ,bless you6 ,sir ,r4 ,pshaw6 ,proceed4 ,hum4 ,well1 then1 ,i am a poor--,i must be a poor man now1 or ,i never shall get on4 ,sir ,r4 ,well1 get on1 be a poor man4 ,hum4 ,i am a poor man1 and ,i argue with you1 and convince you1 you are wrong2 then you call yourself a blockhead1 and ,i am of your opinion3 now1 that's no flattery4 ,sir ,r4 ,why1 no2 but when a man's of the same opinion with me1 he puts an end to the argument1 and that puts an end to the conversation1 and so ,i hate him for that4 ,but where's my nephew ,frederic8 ,hum4 ,been out these two hours4 ,sir ,r4 ,an undutiful cub6 ,only arrived from ,russia last night1 and though ,i told him to stay at home till ,i rose1 he's scampering over the fields like a ,calmuck ,tartar4 ,hum4 ,he's a fine fellow4 ,sir ,r4 ,he has a touch of our family4 ,don't you think he is a little like me1 ,humphrey8 ,hum4 ,no1 not a bit2 you are as ugly an old man as ever ,i clapped my eyes on4 ,sir ,r4 ,now that's plaguy impudent1 but there's no flattery in it1 and it keeps up the independence of argument4 ,his father1 my brother ,job1 is of as tame a spirit--,humphrey1 you remember my brother ,job8 ,hum4 ,yes1 you drove him to ,russia five and twenty years ago4 ,sir ,r4 ,i did not drive him4 ,hum4 ,yes1 you did4 ,you would never let him be at peace in the way of argument4 ,sir ,r4 ,at peace6 ,zounds1 he would never go to war4 ,hum4 ,he had the merit to be calm4 ,sir ,r4 ,so has a duck pond4 ,he was a bit of still life2 a chip2 weak water gruel2 a tame rabbit1 boiled to rags1 without sauce or salt4 ,he received my arguments with his mouth open1 like a poorbox gaping for half-pence1 and1 good or bad1 he swallowed them all without any resistance4 ,we could n't disagree1 and so we parted4 ,hum4 ,and the poor1 meek gentleman went to ,russia for a quiet life4 ,sir ,r4 ,a quiet life6 ,why1 he married the moment he got there1 tacked himself to the shrew relict of a ,russian merchant1 and continued a speculation with her in furs1 flax1 potashes1 tallow1 linen1 and leather2 what's the consequence8 ,thirteen months ago he broke4 ,hum4 ,poor soul1 his wife should have followed the business for him4 ,sir ,r4 ,i fancy she did follow it1 for she died just as he broke1 and now this madcap1 ,frederic1 is sent over to me for protection4 ,poor ,job1 now he is in distress1 ,i must not neglect his son4 ,hum4 ,here comes his son2 that's ,mr4 ,frederic4 ,enter ,,frederic4 ,fred4 ,oh1 my dear uncle1 good morning6 ,your park is nothing but beauty4 ,sir ,r4 ,who bid you caper over my beauty8 ,i told you to stay in doors till ,i got up4 ,fred4 ,so you did1 but ,i entirely forgot it4 ,sir ,r4 ,and pray1 what made you forget it8 ,fred4 ,the sun4 ,sir ,r4 ,the sun6 he's mad2 you mean the moon1 #a believe4 ,fred4 ,oh1 my dear uncle1 you don't know the effect of a fine spring morning upon a fellow just arrived from ,russia4 ,the day looked bright1 trees budding1 birds singing1 the park was so gay that ,i took a leap out of your old balcony1 made your deer fly before me like the wind1 and chased them all around the park to get an appetite for breakfast1 while you were snoring in bed1 uncle4 ,sir ,r4 ,oh1 oh6 ,so the effect of ,english sunshine upon a ,russian1 is to make him jump out of a balcony1 and worry my deer4 ,fred4 ,i confess it had that influence upon me4 ,sir ,r4 ,you had better be influenced by a rich old uncle1 unless you think the sun likely to leave you a fat legacy4 ,fred4 ,i hate legacies4 ,sir ,r4 ,sir1 that's mighty singular4 ,they are pretty solid tokens1 at least4 ,fred4 ,very melancholy tokens1 uncle2 they are the posthumous dispatches ,affection sends to ,gratitude1 to inform us we have lost a gracious friend4 ,sir ,r4 ,how charmingly the dog argues6 ,fred4 ,but ,i own my spirits ran away with me this morning4 ,i will obey you better in future2 for they tell me you are a very worthy1 good sort of old gentleman4 ,sir ,r4 ,now who had the familiar impudence to tell you that8 ,fred4 ,old rusty1 there4 ,sir ,r4 ,why ,humphrey1 you didn't8 ,hum4 ,yes1 but ,i did though4 ,fred1 ,yes1 he did1 and on that score ,i shall be anxious to show you obedience1 for 't is as meritorious to attempt sharing a good man's heart1 as it is paltry to have designs upon a rich man's money4 ,a noble nature aims its attentions full breast high1 uncle2 a mean mind levels its dirty assiduities at the pocket4 ,sir ,r4 7,shaking him by the hand47 ,jump out of every window ,i have in my house2 hunt my deer into high fevers1 my fine fellow6 ,ay1 that's right4 ,this is spunk1 and plain speaking4 ,give me a man who is always flinging his dissent to my doctrines smack in my teeth4 ,fred4 ,i disagree with you there1 uncle4 ,hum4 ,and so do ,i4 ,fred4 ,you6 you forward puppy6 ,if you were not so old1 ,i'd knock you down4 ,sir ,r4 ,i'll knock you down1 if you do4 ,i won't have my servants thumped into dumb flattery4 ,hum4 ,come1 you are ruffled4 ,let us go to the business of the morning4 ,sir ,r4 ,i hate the business of the morning4 ,don't you see we are engaged in discussion4 ,i tell you1 ,i hate the business of the morning4 ,hum4 ,no you don't4 ,sir ,r4 ,don't ,i8 ,why not8 ,hum4 ,because 't is charity4 ,sir ,r4 ,pshaw6 ,well1 we must not neglect the business1 if there be any distress in the parish4 ,read the list1 ,humphrey4 ,hum4 7,taking out a paper and reading47 ,jonathan ,huggins1 of ,muck ,mead1 is put in prison for debt4 ,sir ,r4 ,why1 it was only last week that ,gripe1 the attorney1 recovered two cottages for him by law1 worth sixty pounds4 ,hum4 ,yes1 and charged a hundred for his trouble2 so seized the cottages for part of his bill1 and threw ,jonathan into jail for the remainder4 ,sir ,r4 ,a harpy6 ,i must relieve the poor fellow's distress4 ,fred4 ,and ,i must kick his attorney4 ,hum4 7,reading47 ,the curate's horse is dead4 ,sir ,r4 ,pshaw6 ,there's no distress in that4 ,hum4 ,yes1 there is1 to a man that must go twenty miles every ,sunday to preach three sermons1 for thirty pounds a year4 ,sir ,r4 ,why won't the vicar give him another nag8 ,hum4 ,because 't is cheaper to get another curate ready mounted4 ,sir ,r4 ,well1 send him the black pad which ,i purchased last ,tuesday1 and tell him to work him as long as he lives4 ,what else have we upon the list8 ,hum4 ,something out of the common2 there's one ,lieutenant ,worthington1 a disabled officer and a widower1 come to lodge at ,farmer ,harrowby's1 in the village2 he is1 it seems1 very poor1 and more proud than poor1 and more honest than proud4 ,sir ,r4 ,and so he sends to me for assistance8 ,hum4 ,he'd see you hanged first6 ,no1 he'd sooner die than ask you or any man for a shilling6 ,there's his daughter1 and his wife's aunt1 and an old corporal that served in the wars with him1 he keeps them all upon his half pay4 ,sir ,r4 ,starves them all1 ,i'm afraid1 ,humphrey4 ,fred4 7,going47 ,good morning1 uncle4 ,sir ,r4 ,you rogue1 where are you running now8 ,fred4 ,to talk with ,lieutenant ,worthington4 ,sir ,r4 ,and what may you be going to say to him8 ,fred4 ,i can't tell till ,i encounter him2 and then1 uncle1 when ,i have an old gentleman by the hand1 who has been disabled in his country's service1 and is struggling to support his motherless child1 a poor relation1 and a faithful servant1 in honorable indigence1 impulse will supply me with words to express my sentiments4 ,sir ,r4 ,stop1 you rogue2 ,i must be before you in this business4 ,fred4 ,that depends on who can run the fastest2 so1 start fair1 uncle1 and here goes4--7,runs out47 ,sir ,r4 ,stop1 stop2 why1 ,frederic--a jackanapes--to take my department out of my hands6 ,i'll disinherit the dog for his assurance4 ,hum4 ,no1 you won't4 ,sir ,r4 ,won't ,i8 ,hang me if ,i--but we'll argue that point as we go4 ,so1 come along ,humphrey4 ,,notes4-,ergo 7pro4 er'go7 is a ,latin word meaning therefore4 ,negatur 7pro4 ne-ga'tur7 is a ,latin verb1 and means it is denied4 ,the ,tartars are a branch of the ,mongolian race1 embracing among other tribes the ,calmucks4 ,the latter are a fierce1 nomadic people inhabiting parts of the ,russian and ,chinese empires4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,,my ,,mother',s ,,picture4 7#caj7 ,william ,cowper1 #agca-ahjj1 was the son of an ,english clergyman2 both his parents were descended from noble families4 ,he was always of a gentle1 timid disposition2 and the roughness of his schoolfellows increased his weakness in this respect4 ,he studied law1 and was admitted to the bar1 but never practiced his profession4 ,when he was about thirty years of age1 he was appointed to a clerkship in the ,house of ,lords1 but could not summon courage to enter upon the discharge of its duties4 ,he was so disturbed by this affair that he became insane1 sought to destroy himself1 and had to be consigned to a private asylum4 ,soon after his recovery1 he found a congenial home in the family of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,unwin4 ,on the death of this gentleman1 a few years later1 he continued to reside with his widow till her death1 a short time before that of ,cowper4 ,most of this time their home was at ,olney4 ,his first writings were published in #aghb4 ,he wrote several beautiful hymns1 ,the ,task1 and some minor poems4 ,these1 with his translations of ,homer and his correspondence1 make up his published works4 ,his life was always pure and gentle2 he took great pleasure in simple1 natural objects1 and in playing with animals4 ,his insanity returned from time to time1 and darkened his life at its close4 ,when six years of age1 he lost his mother2 and the following selection is part of a touching tribute to her memory1 written many years later4 ,oh that those lips had language6 ,life has passed ,with me but roughly since ,i heard them last4 ,my mother1 when ,i learned that thou wast dead1 ,say1 wast thou conscious of the tears ,i shed8 ,hovered thy spirit o'er thy sorrowing son1 ,wretch even then1 life's journey just begun8 ,perhaps thou gavest me1 though unfelt1 a kiss1 ,perhaps a tear1 if souls can weep in bliss4 ,ah1 that maternal smile6 it answers--,yes6 ,i heard the bell tolled on thy burial day2 ,i saw the hearse that bore thee slow away2 ,and1 turning from my nursery window1 drew ,a long1 long sigh1 and wept a last adieu6 ,but was it such8 ,it was4 ,where thou art gone1 ,adieus and farewells are a sound unknown4 ,may ,i but meet thee on that peaceful shore1 ,the parting word shall pass my lips no more4 ,thy maidens1 grieved themselves at my concern1 ,oft gave me promise of thy quick return2 ,what ardently ,i wished1 ,i long believed2 ,and1 disappointed still1 was still deceived2 ,by expectation1 every day beguiled1 ,dupe of to-morrow1 even when a child4 ,thus many a sad to-morrow came and went1 ,till1 all my stock of infant sorrows spent1 ,i learned at last submission to my lot2 ,but1 though ,i less deplored thee1 ne'er forgot4 ,my boast is not that ,i deduce my birth ,from loins enthroned1 and rulers of the earth2 ,but higher far my proud pretensions rise1-- ,the son of parents passed into the skies4 ,and now1 farewell6 ,time1 unrevoked1 has run ,his wonted course1 yet what ,i wished is done4 ,by ,contemplation's help1 not sought in vain1 ,i seem to have lived my childhood o'er again2 ,to have renewed the joys that once were mine1 ,without the sin of violating thine2 ,and1 while the wings of ,fancy still are free1 ,and ,i can view this mimic show of thee1 ,time has but half succeeded in his theft1-- ,thyself removed1 thy power to soothe me left4 ,,lxxxv4 ,,death ,,of ,,samson4 7#cab7 ,john ,milton1 #afjh-afgd1 was born in ,london--eight years before the greatest ,english poet1 ,shakespeare1 died4 ,his father followed the profession of a scrivener1 in which he acquired a competence4 ,as a boy1 ,milton was exceedingly studious1 continuing his studies till midnight4 ,he graduated at ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge1 where his singular beauty1 his slight figure1 and his fastidious morality caused his companions to nickname him the lady of ,christ's4 ,on leaving college he spent five years more in study1 and produced his lighter poems4 ,he then traveled on the continent1 returning about the time the civil war broke out4 ,for a time he taught a private school1 but soon threw himself with all the power of his able and tried pen into the political struggle4 ,he was the champion of ,parliament and of ,cromwell for about twenty years4 ,on the accession of ,charles ,,ii41 he concealed himself for a time1 but was soon allowed to live quietly in ,london4 ,his eyesight had totally failed in #afed2 but now1 in blindness1 age1 family affliction1 and comparative poverty1 he produced his great work ,paradise ,lost4 ,in #affg he sold the poem for #e ,pounds in cash1 with a promise of #aj ,pounds more on certain contingencies2 the sum total received by himself and family for the immortal poem1 was #bc ,pounds4 ,later1 he produced ,paradise ,regained and ,samson ,agonistes1 from the latter of which the following extract is taken4 ,milton is a wonderful example of a man1 who1 by the greatness of his own mind1 triumphed over trials1 afflictions1 hardships1 and the evil influence of bitter political controversy4 ,occasions drew me early to this city2 ,and1 as the gates ,i entered with sunrise1 ,the morning trumpets festival proclaimed ,through each high street3 little ,i had dispatched1 ,when all abroad was rumored that this day ,samson should be brought forth1 to show the people ,proof of his mighty strength in feats and games4 ,i sorrowed at his captive state1 ,but minded not to be absent at that spectacle4 ,the building was a spacious theater ,half-round1 on two main pillars vaulted high1 ,with seats where all the lords1 and each degree ,of sort1 might sit in order to behold2 ,the other side was open1 where the throng ,on banks and scaffolds under sky might stand3 ,i among these aloof obscurely stood4 ,the feast and noon grew high1 and sacrifice ,had filled their hearts with mirth1 high cheer1 and wine1 ,when to their sports they turned4 ,immediately ,was ,samson as a public servant brought1 ,in their state livery clad3 before him pipes ,and timbrels2 on each side went arme'd guards2 ,both horse and foot before him and behind1 ,archers and slingers1 cataphracts1 and spears4 ,at sight of him the people with a shout ,rifted the air1 clamoring their god with praise1 ,who had made their dreadful enemy their thrall4 ,he1 patient1 but undaunted1 where they led him1 ,came to the place2 and what was set before him1 ,which without help of eye might be essayed1 ,to heave1 pull1 draw1 or break1 he still performed ,all with incredible1 stupendous force1 ,none daring to appear antagonist4 ,at length for intermission sake1 they led him ,between the pillars2 he his guide requested1 ,as overtired1 to let him lean awhile ,with both his arms on those two massy pillars1 ,that to the arche'd roof gave main support4 ,he unsuspicious led him2 which when ,samson ,felt in his arms1 with head awhile inclined1 ,and eyes fast fixed1 he stood1 as one who prayed1 ,or some great matter in his mind revolved3 ,at last1 with head erect1 thus cried aloud3-- ,hitherto1 lords1 what your commands imposed ,i have performed1 as reason was1 obeying1 ,not without wonder or delight beheld2 ,now1 of my own accord1 such other trial ,i mean to show you of my strength yet greater1 ,as with amaze shall strike all who behold4 ,this uttered1 straining all his nerves1 he bowed2 ,as with the force of winds and waters pent ,when mountains tremble1 those two massy pillars ,with horrible convulsion to and fro ,he tugged1 he shook1 till down they came1 and drew ,the whole roof after them with burst of thunder ,upon the heads of all who sat beneath1-- ,lords1 ladies1 captains1 counselors1 or priests1 ,their choice nobility and flower1 not only ,of this1 but each ,philistian city round1 ,met from all parts to solemnize this feast4 ,samson1 with these immixed1 inevitably ,pulled down the same destruction on himself2 ,the vulgar only 'scaped who stood without4 ,,note4--,the person supposed to be speaking is a ,hebrew who chanced to be present at ,gaza when the1 incidents related took place4 ,after the catastrophe he rushes to ,manoah1 the father of ,samson1 to whom and his assembled friends he relates what he saw4 7,cf4 ,bible1 ,judges xvi1 #bc47 ,,lxxxvi4 ,,an ,,evening ,,adventure4 7#cae7 ,not long since1 a gentleman was traveling in one of the counties of ,virginia1 and about the close of the day stopped at a public house to obtain refreshment and spend the night4 ,he had been there but a short time1 before an old man alighted from his gig1 with the apparent intention of becoming his fellow guest at the same house4 ,as the old man drove up1 he observed that both the shafts of his gig were broken1 and that they were held together by withes1 formed from the bark of a hickory sapling4 ,our traveler observed further that he was plainly clad1 that his knee buckles were loosened1 and that something like negligence pervaded his dress4 ,conceiving him to be one of the honest yeomanry of our land1 the courtesies of strangers passed between them1 and they entered the tavern4 ,it was about the same time1 that an addition of three or four young gentlemen was made to their number2 most1 if not all of them1 of the legal profession4 ,as soon as they became conveniently accommodated1 the conversation was turned1 by one of the latter1 upon the eloquent harangue which had that day been displayed at the bar4 ,it was replied by the other that he had witnessed1 the same day1 a degree of eloquence no doubt equal1 but it was from the pulpit4 ,something like a sarcastic rejoinder was made as to the eloquence of the pulpit1 and a warm and able altercation ensued1 in which the merits of the ,christian religion became the subject of discussion4 ,from six o'clock until eleven1 the young champions wielded the sword of argument1 adducing with ingenuity and ability everything that could be said pro and con4 ,during this protracted period1 the old gentleman listened with the meekness and modesty of a child1 as if he were adding new information to the stores of his own mind2 or perhaps he was observing1 with a philosophic eye1 the faculties of the youthful mind1 and how new energies are evolved by repeated action2 or perhaps1 with patriotic emotion1 he was reflecting upon the future destinies of his country1 and on the rising generation1 upon whom those future destinies must devolve2 or1 most probably1 with a sentiment of moral and religious feeling1 he was collecting an argument which no art would be able to elude1 and no force to resist4 ,our traveler remained a spectator1 and took no part in what was said4 ,at last one of the young men1 remarking that it was impossible to combat with long and established prejudices1 wheeled around1 and with some familiarity exclaimed1 ,well1 my old gentleman1 what think you of these things8 ,if1 said the traveler1 a streak of vivid lightning had at that moment crossed the room1 their amazement could not have been greater than it was from what followed4 ,the most eloquent and unanswerable appeal that he had ever heard or read1 was made for nearly an hour by the old gentleman4 ,so perfect was his recollection1 that every argument urged against the ,christian religion was met in the order in which it was advanced4 ,hume's sophistry on the subject of miracles1 was1 if possible1 more perfectly answered than it had already been done by ,campbell4 ,and in the whole lecture there was so much simplicity and energy1 pathos and sublimity1 that not another word was uttered4 ,an attempt to describe it1 said the traveler1 would be an attempt to paint the sunbeams4 ,it was now a matter of curiosity and inquiry who the old gentleman was4 ,the traveler concluded that it was the preacher from whom the pulpit eloquence was heard2 but no1 it was ,john ,marshall1 the ,chief ,justice of the ,united ,states4 ,,notes4--,david ,hume 7b4 #agaa1 d4 #aggf7 was a celebrated ,scotch historian and essayist4 ,his most important work is ,the ,history of ,england4 ,he was a skeptic in matters of religion1 and was a peculiarly subtle writer4 ,george ,campbell 7b4 #agai1 d4 #agif7 was a distinguished ,scotch minister4 ,he wrote ,a ,dissertation on ,miracles1 ably answering ,hume's ,essay on ,miracles4 ,john ,marshall 7b4 #agee1 d4 #ahce7 was ,chief ,justice of the ,united ,states from #ahja until his death4 ,he was an eminent jurist1 and wrote a ,life of ,washington1 which made him famous as an author4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,,the ,,barefoot ,,boy4 7#cag7 ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier1 #ahjg-ahib1 was born in ,haverhill1 ,mass41 and1 with short intervals of absence1 he always resided in that vicinity4 ,his parents were ,friends or ,quakers1 and he always held to the same faith4 ,he spent his boyhood on a farm1 occasionally writing verses for the papers even then4 ,two years of study in the academy seem to have given him all the special opportunity for education that he ever enjoyed4 ,in #ahbi he edited a newspaper in ,boston1 and the next year assumed a similar position in ,hartford4 ,for two years he was a member of the ,massachusetts legislature4 ,in #ahcf he edited an anti-slavery paper in ,philadelphia1 and was secretary of the ,american ,anti-,slavery ,society4 ,mr4 ,whittier wrote extensively both in prose and verse4 ,during the later years of his life he published several volumes of poems1 and contributed frequently to the pages of the ,atlantic ,monthly4 ,an earnest opponent of slavery1 some of his poems bearing on that subject are fiery and even bitter2 but1 in general1 their sentiment is gentle1 and often pathetic4 ,as a poet1 he took rank among those most highly esteemed by his countrymen4 ,snow-,bound1 published in #ahje1 is one of the longest and best of his poems4 ,several of his shorter pieces are marked by much smoothness and sweetness4 ,blessings on thee1 little man1 ,barefoot boy1 with cheek of tan6 ,with thy turned-up pantaloons1 ,and thy merry whistled tunes2 ,with thy red lip1 redder still ,kissed by strawberries on the hill2 ,with the sunshine on thy face1 ,through thy torn brim's jaunty grace2 ,from my heart ,i give thee joy1-- ,i was once a barefoot boy6 ,prince thou art1--the grown-up man ,only is republican4 ,let the million-dollared ride6 ,barefoot1 trudging1 at his side1 ,thou hast more than he can buy ,in the reach of ear and eye1-- ,outward sunshine1 inward joy3 ,blessings on thee1 barefoot boy6 ,oh for boyhood's painless play1 ,sleep that wakes in laughing day1 ,health that mocks the doctor's rules1 ,knowledge never learned of schools1 ,of the wild bee's morning chase1 ,of the wild flower's time and place1 ,flight of fowl and habitude ,of the tenants of the wood2 ,how the tortoise bears his shell1 ,how the woodchuck digs his cell1 ,and the ground mole sinks his well ,how the robin feeds her young1 ,how the oriole's nest is hung2 ,where the whitest lilies blow1 ,where the freshest berries grow1 ,where the groundnut trails its vine1 ,where the wood grape's clusters shine2 ,of the black wasp's cunning way1 ,mason of his walls of clay1 ,and the architectural plans ,of gray hornet artisans6-- ,for1 eschewing books and tasks1 ,nature answers all he asks2 ,hand in hand with her he walks1 ,face to face with her he talks1 ,part and parcel of her joy1-- ,blessings on thee1 barefoot boy6 ,oh for boyhood's time of ,june1 ,crowding years in one brief moon1 ,when all things ,i heard or saw ,me1 their master1 waited for4 ,i was rich in flowers and trees1 ,humming birds and honeybees2 ,for my sport the squirrel played1 ,plied the snouted mole his spade2 ,for my taste the blackberry cone ,purpled over hedge and stone2 ,laughed the brook for my delight ,through the day and through the night1 ,whispering at the garden wall1 ,talked with me from fall to fall2 ,mine the sand-rimmed pickerel pond1 ,mine the walnut slopes beyond1 ,mine1 on bending orchard trees1 ,apples of ,hesperides6 ,still1 as my horizon grew1 ,larger grew my riches too2 ,all the world ,i saw or knew ,seemed a complex ,chinese toy1 ,fashioned for a barefoot boy6 ,oh for festal dainties spread1 ,like my bowl of milk and bread1-- ,pewter spoon and bowl of wood1 ,on the doorstone1 gray and rude6 ,o'er me1 like a regal tent1 ,cloudy-ribbed1 the sunset bent1 ,purple-curtained1 fringed with gold1 ,looped in many a wind-swung fold2 ,while for music came the play ,of the pied frog's orchestra2 ,and to light the noisy choir1 ,lit the fly his lamp of fire4 ,i was monarch3 pomp and joy ,waited on the barefoot boy6 ,cheerily1 then1 my little man1 ,live and laugh1 as boyhood can6 ,though the flinty slopes be hard1 ,stubble-speared the new-mown sward1 ,every morn shall lead thee through ,fresh baptisms of the dew2 ,every evening from thy feet ,shall the cool wind kiss the heat3 ,all too soon these feet must hide ,in the prison cells of pride1 ,lose the freedom of the sod1 ,like a colt's for work be shod1 ,made to tread the mills of toil1 ,up and down in ceaseless moil3 ,happy if their track be found ,never on forbidden ground2 ,happy if they sink not in ,quick and treacherous sands of sin4 ,ah6 that thou shouldst know thy joy ,ere it passes1 barefoot boy6 ,,note4--,the ,hesperides1 in ,grecian mythology1 were four sisters 7some traditions say three1 and others1 seven7 who guarded the golden apples given to ,juno as a wedding present4 ,the locality of the garden of the ,hesperides is a disputed point with mythologists4 ,illustration3 ,a well-dressed man is reaching for a glove while facing three ferocious lions4 ,several people are observing him from the safety of a raised platform4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,,the ,,glove ,,and ,,the ,,lions4 7#cba7 ,james ,henry ,leigh ,hunt1 #aghd-ahei4 ,leigh ,hunt1 as he is commonly called1 was prominent before the public for fifty years as a writer of essays1 poems1 plays1 novels1 and criticisms4 ,he was born at ,southgate1 ,middlesex1 ,england4 ,his mother was an ,american lady4 ,he began to write for the public at a very early age4 ,in #ahjh1 ,in connection with his brother1 he established ,the ,examiner1 a newspaper advocating liberal opinions in politics4 ,for certain articles offensive to the government1 the brothers were fined #ejj ,pounds each and condemned to two years' imprisonment4 ,leigh fitted up his prison like a boudoir1 received his friends here1 and wrote several works during his confinement4 ,mr4 ,hunt was intimate with ,byron1 ,shelley1 ,moore1 and ,keats1 and was associated with ,byron and ,shelley in the publication of a political and literary journal4 ,his last years were peacefully devoted to literature1 and in #ahdg he received a pension from the government4 ,king ,francis was a hearty king1 and loved a royal sport1 ,and one day1 as his lions fought1 sat looking on the court2 ,the nobles filled the benches round1 the ladies by their side1 ,and 'mongst them sat the ,count de ,lorge1 with one for whom he sighed3 ,and truly 't was a gallant thing to see that crowning show1 ,valor and love1 and a king above1 and the royal beasts below4 ,ramped and roared the lions1 with horrid laughing jaws2 ,they bit1 they glared1 gave blows like beams1 a wind went with their paws2 ,with wallowing might and stifled roar1 they rolled on one another3 ,till all the pit1 with sand and mane1 was in a thunderous smother2 ,the bloody foam above the bars came whizzing through the air3 ,said ,francis1 then1 ,faith1 gentlemen1 we're better here than there4 ,de ,lorge's love o'erheard the king1--a beauteous1 lively dame1 ,with smiling lips1 and sharp1 bright eyes1 which always seemed the same2 ,she thought1 ,the ,count1 my lover1 is brave as brave call be1 ,he surely would do wondrous things to show his love for me2 ,king1 ladies1 lovers1 all look on2 the occasion is divine2 ,i'll drop my glove to prove his love2 great glory will be mine4 ,she dropped her glove to prove his love1 then looked at him and smiled2 ,he bowed1 and in a moment leaped among the lions wild2 ,the leap was quick1 return was quick1 he soon regained his place1 ,then threw the glove1 but not with love1 right in the lady's face4 ,in faith1 cried ,francis1 rightly done6 and he rose from where he sat2 ,no love1 quoth he1 but vanity1 sets love a task like that4 ,,note4--,king ,francis4 ,this is supposed to have been ,francis ,i4 of ,france 7b4 #adid1 d4 #aedg74 ,he was devoted to sports of this nature4 ,,lxxxix4 ,,the ,,folly ,,of ,,intoxication4 7#cbb7 ,iago4 ,what1 are you hurt1 lieutenant8 ,cassio4 ,ay1 past all surgery4 ,iago4 ,marry1 heaven forbid6 ,cas4 ,reputation1 reputation1 reputation6 ,oh1 ,i have lost my reputation6 ,i have lost the immortal part of myself1 and what remains is bestial4 ,my reputation6 ,iago1 my reputation6 ,iago4 ,as ,i am an honest man1 ,i thought you had received some bodily wound2 there is more sense in that than in reputation4 ,reputation is an idle and most false imposition3 oft got without merit1 and lost without deserving3 you have lost no reputation at all1 unless you repute yourself such a loser4 ,what1 man6 there are ways to recover the general again4 ,sue to him again1 and he's yours4 ,cas4 ,i will rather sue to be despised than to deceive so good a commander with so slight1 so drunken1 and so indiscreet an officer4 ,drunk8 and speak parrot8 and squabble8 swagger8 swear8 and discourse fustian with one's own shadow8 ,o thou invisible spirit of wine1 if thou hast no name to be known by1 let us call thee devil6 ,iago4 ,what was he that you followed with your sword8 ,what had he done to you8 ,cas4 ,i know not4 ,iago4 ,is't possible8 ,cas4 ,i remember a mass of things1 but nothing distinctly2 a quarrel1 but nothing wherefore4 ,oh that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains6 that we should1 with joy1 revel1 pleasure1 and applause1 transform ourselves into beasts6 ,iago4 ,why1 but you are now well enough3 how came you thus recovered8 ,cas4 ,it hath pleased the devil1 ,drunkenness1 to give place to the devil1 ,wrath2 one unperfectness shows me another1 to make me frankly despise myself4 ,iago4 ,come1 you are too severe a moraler4 ,as the time1 the place1 and the condition of this country stands1 ,i could heartily wish this had not befallen2 but since it is as it is1 mend it for your own good4 ,cas4 ,i will ask him for my place again3 he shall tell me ,i am a drunkard6 ,had ,i as many mouths as ,hydra1 such an answer would stop them all4 ,to be now a sensible man1 by and by a fool1 and presently a beast6 ,oh strange6--,every inordinate cup is unblessed1 and the ingredient is a devil6 ,iago4 ,come1 come2 good wine is a good familiar creature1 if it be well used2 exclaim no more against it4 ,and1 good lieutenant1 ,i think you think ,i love you4 ,cas4 ,i have well approved it1 sir1--,i1 drunk6 ,iago4 ,you or any man living may be drunk at a time1 man4 ,i'll tell you what you shall do4 ,our general's wife is now the general4 ,confess yourself freely to her2 importune her help to put you in your place again4 ,she is of so free1 so kind1 so apt1 so blessed a disposition1 she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is requested4 ,this broken joint between you and her husband1 entreat her to splinter2 and1 my fortunes against any lay worth naming1 this crack of your love shall grow stronger than it was before4 ,cas4 ,you advise me well4 ,iago4 ,i protest in the sincerity of love and honest kindness4 ,cas4 ,i think it freely1 and betimes in the morning1 ,i will beseech the virtuous ,desdemona to undertake for me2 ,i am desperate of my fortunes if they check me here4 ,iago4 ,you are in the right4 ,good night1 lieutenant1 ,i must to the watch4 ,cas4 ,good night1 honest ,iago4 ,shakespeare4--,othello1 ,act ii1 ,scene iii4 ,,notes4--,iago is represented as a crafty1 unscrupulous villain4 ,he applies for the position of lieutenant under ,othello1 but the latter has already appointed ,cassio--who is honest1 but of a weak character--to that position2 he1 however1 makes ,iago his ensign4 ,then ,iago1 to revenge himself for this and other fancied wrongs1 enters upon a systematic course of villainy1 part of which is to bring about the intoxication of ,cassio1 and his consequent discharge from the lieutenancy4 ,the ,hydra was a fabled monster of ,grecian mythology1 having nine heads1 one of which was immortal4 ,desdemona was the wife of ,othello4 ,,xc4 ,,starved ,,rock4 7#cbe7 ,francis ,parkman1 #ahbc-ahic1 the son of a clergyman of the same name1 was born in ,boston1 and graduated at ,harvard ,university in #ahdd4 ,he spent more than twenty years in a careful study of the early ,french explorations and settlements in ,america2 and he published the fruits of his labor in twelve large volumes4 ,although troubled with an affection of the eyes1 which sometimes wholly prevented reading or writing1 his work was most carefully and successfully done4 ,his narratives are written in a clear and animated style1 and his volumes are a rich contribution to ,american history4 ,the cliff called ,starved ,rock1 now pointed out to travelers as the chief natural curiosity of the region1 rises1 steep on three sides as a castle wall1 to the height of a hundred and twenty-five feet above the river4 ,in front1 it overhangs the water that washes its base2 its western brow looks down on the tops of the forest trees below2 and on the east lies a wide gorge1 or ravine1 choked with the mingled foliage of oaks1 walnuts1 and elms2 while in its rocky depths a little brook creeps down to mingle with the river4 ,from the rugged trunk of the stunted cedar that leans forward from the brink1 you may drop a plummet into the river below1 where the catfish and the turtles may plainly be seen gliding over the wrinkled sands of the clear and shallow current4 ,the cliff is accessible only from the south1 where a man may climb up1 not without difficulty1 by a steep and narrow passage4 ,the top is about an acre in extent4 ,here1 in the month of ,december1 #afhb1 ,la ,salle and ,tonty began to entrench themselves4 ,they cut away the forest that crowned the rock1 built storehouses and dwellings of its remains1 dragged timber up the rugged pathway1 and encircled the summit with a palisade4 ,thus the winter was passed1 and meanwhile the work of negotiation went prosperously on4 ,the minds of the ,indians had been already prepared4 ,in ,la ,salle they saw their champion against the ,iroquois1 the standing terror of all this region4 ,they gathered around his stronghold like the timorous peasantry of the ,middle ,ages around the rock-built castle of their feudal lord4 ,from the wooden ramparts of ,st4 ,louis1--for so he named his fort1--high and inaccessible as an eagle's nest1 a strange scene lay before his eye4 ,the broad1 flat valley of the ,illinois was spread beneath him like a map1 bounded in the distance by its low wall of wooded hills4 ,the river wound at his feet in devious channels among islands bordered with lofty trees2 then1 far on the left1 flowed calmly westward through the vast meadows1 till its glimmering blue ribbon was lost in hazy distance4 ,there had been a time1 and that not remote1 when these fair meadows were a waste of death and desolation1 scathed with fire1 and strewn with the ghastly relics of an ,iroquois victory4 ,now1 all was changed4 ,la ,salle looked down from his rock on a concourse of wild human life4 ,lodges of bark and rushes1 or cabins of logs1 were clustered on the open plain1 or along the edges of the bordering forests4 ,squaws labored1 warriors lounged in the sun1 naked children whooped and gamboled on the grass4 ,beyond the river1 a mile and a half on the left1 the banks were studded once more with the lodges of the ,illinois1 who1 to the number of six thousand1 had returned1 since their defeat1 to this their favorite dwelling place4 ,scattered along the valley1 among the adjacent hills1 or over the neighboring prairie1 were the cantonments of a half score of other tribes1 and fragments of tribes1 gathered under the protecting aegis of the ,french4 ,,notes4--,the curious elevation called ,starved ,rock is on the south side of ,illinois ,river1 between ,la ,salle and ,ottawa4 ,there is a legend according to which it is said that over one hundred years ago1 a party of ,illinois ,indians took refuge here from the ,pottawatomies2 their besiegers1 however1 confined them so closely that the whole party perished of starvation1 or1 as some say1 of thirst4 ,from this circumstance the rock takes its name4 ,la ,salle 7b4 #afdc1 d4 #afhg7 was a celebrated ,french explorer and fur trader4 ,he established many forts throughout the ,mississippi ,valley1-- among them1 ,fort ,st4 ,louis1 in #afhc4 ,tonty was an ,italian1 who formerly served in both the ,french army and navy1 and afterwards joined ,la ,salle in his explorations4 ,,xci4 ,,prince ,,henry ,,and ,,falstaff4 7#cbg7 ,,prince ,,henry and ,,poins1 in a back room1 in a tavern4 ,enter ,,falstaff1 ,,gadshill1 ,,bardolph1 and ,,peto4 ,poins4 ,welcome1 ,jack4 ,where hast thou been8 ,falstaff4 ,a plague of all cowards1 ,i say1 and a vengeance too6 marry1 and amen6 ,give me a cup of sack1 boy4 ,ere ,i lead this life long1 ,i'll sew nether stocks1 and mend them1 and foot them1 too4 ,a plague of all cowards6 ,give me a cup of sack1 rogue4 ,is there no virtue extant8 7,he drinks1 and then continues47 ,you rogue1 here's lime in this sack1 too2 there is nothing but roguery to be found in villainous man3 yet a coward is worse than a cup of sack with lime in it4 ,a villainous coward6 ,go thy ways1 old ,jack2 die when thou wilt3 if manhood1 good manhood1 be not forgot upon the face of the earth1 then am ,i a shotten herring4 ,there live not three good men unhanged1 in ,england2 and one of them is fat and grows old2 a bad world1 ,i say6 ,i would ,i were a weaver2 ,i could sing psalms1 or anything4 ,a plague of all cowards1 ,i say still4 ,prince ,henry4 ,how now1 woolsack8 ,what mutter you8 ,fal4 ,a king's son6 ,if ,i do not beat thee out of thy kingdom with a dagger of lath1 and drive all thy subjects afore thee like a flock of wild geese1 ,i'll never wear hair on my face more4 ,you1 ,prince of ,wales6 ,p4 ,henry4 ,why1 you baseborn dog6 ,what's the matter8 ,fal4 ,are you not a coward8 ,answer me to that2 and ,poins there8 ,poins4 ,ye fat braggart1 an ye call me coward1 ,i'll stab thee4 ,fal4 ,i call thee coward8 ,i'll see thee gibbeted ere ,i call thee coward3 but ,i would give a thousand pounds ,i could run as fast as thou canst4 ,you are straight enough in the shoulders1 you care not who sees your back3 call you that backing of your friends8 ,a plague upon such backing6 ,give me them that will face me4 ,give me a cup of sack4 ,i am a rogue1 if ,i have drunk to-day4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,o villain6 thy lips ate scarce wiped since thou drunkest last4 ,fal4 ,all's one for that4 ,a plague of all cowards1 still say #a4 7,he drinks47 ,p4 ,henry4 ,what's the matter8 ,fal4 ,what's the matter6 ,there be four of us here have ta'en a thousand pounds this morning4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,where is it1 ,jack8 where is it8 ,fal4 ,where is it8 ,taken from us it is2 a hundred upon poor four of us4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,what6 a hundred1 man8 ,fal4 ,i am a rogue1 if ,i were not at half-sword with a dozen of them two hours together4 ,i have 'scaped by miracle4 ,i am eight times thrust through the doublet2 four1 through the hose2 my buckler cut through and through2 my sword hacked like a handsaw2 look here6 7shows his sword47 ,i never dealt better since ,i was a man2 all would not do4 ,a plague of all cowards6 ,let them speak 7pointing to ,,gadshill1 ,,bardolph1 and ,,peto72 if they speak more or less than truth1 they are villains and the sons of darkness4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,speak1 sirs2 how was it8 ,gadshill4 ,we four set upon some dozen-- ,fal4 ,sixteen1 at least1 my lord4 ,gad4 ,and bound them4 ,peta4 ,no1 no1 they were not bound4 ,fal4 ,you rogue1 they were bound1 every man of them2 or ,i am a ,jew1 else--an ,ebrew ,jew4 ,gad4 ,as we were sharing1 some six or seven fresh men set upon us-- ,fal4 ,and unbound the rest2 and then come in the other4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,what6 fought ye with them all8 ,fal4 ,all8 ,i know not what ye call all2 but if ,i fought not with fifty of them1 ,i am a bunch of radish3 if there were not two or three and fifty upon poor old ,jack1 then ,i am no two-legged creature4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,pray heaven1 you have not murdered some of them4 ,fal4 ,nay1 that's past praying for2 for ,i have peppered two of them2 two ,i am sure ,i have paid2 two rogues in buckram suits4 ,i tell thee what1 ,hal1 if ,i tell thee a lie1 spit in my face1 and call me a horse4 ,thou knowest my old ward2 7he draws his sword and stands if about to fight7 here ,i lay1 and thus ,i bore my point4 ,four rogues in buckram let drive at me-- ,p4 ,henry4 ,what6 four8 ,thou saidst but two even now4 ,fal4 ,four1 ,hal2 ,i told thee four4 ,poins4 ,ay1 ay1 he said four4 ,fal4 ,these four came all afront1 and mainly thrust at me4 ,i made no more ado1 but took all their seven points in my target1 thus4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,seven8 ,why1 there were but four1 even now4 ,fal4 ,in buckram8 ,poins4 ,ay1 four1 in buckram suits4 ,fal4 ,seven1 by these hilts1 or ,i am a villain else4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,prithee1 let him alone2 we shall have more anon4 ,fal4 ,dost thou hear me1 ,hal8 ,p4 ,henry4 ,ay1 and mark thee1 too1 ,jack4 ,fal4 ,do so1 for it is worth the listening to4 ,these nine in buckram1 that ,i told thee of-- ,p4 ,henry4 ,so1 two more already4 ,fal4 ,their points being broken1 began to give me ground2 but ,i followed me close1 came in foot and hand2 and1 with a thought1 seven of the eleven ,i paid4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,o1 monstrous6 eleven buckram men grown out of two6 ,fal4 ,but three knaves1 in ,kendal green1 came at my back1 and let drive at me2 for it was so dark1 ,hal1 that thou couldst not see thy hand4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,these lies are like the father of them2 gross as a mountain1 open1 palpable4 ,why1 thou clay-brained1 nott-pated fool2 thou greasy tallow keech-- ,fal4 ,what6 ,art thou mad6 ,art thou mad8 ,is not the truth the truth8 ,p4 ,henry4 ,why1 how couldst thou know these men in ,kendal green1 when it was so dark thou couldst not see thy hand8 ,come1 tell us your reason2 what sayest thou to this8 ,poins4 ,come1 your reason1 ,jack1 your reason4 ,fal4 ,what1 upon compulsion8 ,no1 were ,i at the strappado1 or all the racks in the world1 ,i would not tell you on compulsion4 ,give you a reason on compulsion6 ,if reasons were as plentiful as blackberries1 ,i would give no man a reason on compulsion1 ,i4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,i'll be no longer guilty of this sin3 this sanguine coward1 this horseback breaker1 this huge hill of flesh-- ,fal4 ,away6 you starveling1 you eel skin1 you dried neat's tongue1 you stockfish6 ,oh for breath to utter what is like thee6--you tailor's yard1 you sheath1 you bow case1 you-- ,p4 ,henry4 ,well1 breathe awhile1 and then to it again2 and when thou hast tired thyself in base comparisons1 hear me speak but this4 ,poins4 ,mark1 ,jack4 ,p4 ,henry4 ,we two saw you four set on four2 you bound them1 and were masters of their wealth4 ,mark now1 how a plain tale shall put you down4 ,then did we two set on you four1 and with a word outfaced you from your prize1 and have it2 yea1 and can show it you here in the house4--,and1 ,falstaff1 you carried yourself away as nimbly1 with as quick dexterity1 and roared for mercy1 and still ran and roared1 as ever ,i heard a calf4 ,what a slave art thou1 to hack thy sword as thou hast done1 and then say it was in fight6 ,what trick1 what device1 what starting hole1 canst thou now find out to hide thee from this open and apparent shame8 ,poins4 ,come1 let's hear1 ,jack4 ,what trick hast thou now8 ,fal4 ,why1 ,i knew ye as well as he that made ye4 ,why1 bear ye1 my masters3 was it for me to kill the heir apparent8 ,should ,i turn upon the true prince8 ,why1 thou knowest ,i am as valiant as ,hercules2 but beware instinct2 the lion will not touch the true prince2 instinct is a great matter2 ,i was a coward on instinct4 ,i shall think the better of myself and thee during my life2 ,i for a valiant lion1 and thou for a true prince4 ,but1 lads1 ,i am glad you have the money4 ,hostess1 clap to the doors4 ,watch to-night1 pray to-morrow4 ,gallants1 lads1 boys1 hearts of gold2 all the titles of good-fellowship come to you6 ,what6 shall we be merry8 ,shall we have a play extempore8 ,p4 ,henry4 ,content2 and the argument shall be thy running away4 ,fal4 ,ah1 no more of that1 ,hal1 an thou lovest me6 ,shakespeare4-,henry ,,iv1 ,part ,i1 ,act ii1 ,scene iv4 ,,notes4--,the lime is a fruit allied to the lemon1 but smaller1 and more intensely sour4 ,the strappado was an instrument of torture by which the victim's limbs were wrenched out of joint and broken4 ,hercules is a hero of fabulous history1 remarkable for his great strength and wonderful achievements4 ,,xcii4 ,,studies4 7#ccb7 ,sir ,francis ,bacon1 #aefa-afbf4 ,this eminent man was the youngest son of ,sir ,nicholas ,bacon1 lord keeper of the seal in the early part of ,elizabeth's reign1 and ,anne ,bacon1 one of the most learned women of the time1 daughter of ,sir ,anthony ,cooke4 ,he was born in ,london1 and educated at ,cambridge4 ,he was a laborious and successful student1 but even in his boyhood conceived a great distrust of the methods of study pursued at the seats of learning1--methods which he exerted his great powers to correct in his maturer years4 ,much of his life was spent in the practice of law1 in the discharge of the duties of high office1 and as a member of ,parliament2 but1 to the end of life1 he busied himself with philosophical pursuits1 and he will be known to posterity chiefly for his deep and clear writings on these subjects4 ,his constant direction in philosophy is to break away from assumption and tradition1 and to be led only by sound induction based on a knowledge of observed phenomena4 ,his ,novum ,organum and ,advancement of ,learning embody his ideas on philosophy and the true methods of seeking knowledge4 ,bacon rose to no very great distinction during the reign of ,elizabeth2 but1 under ,james ,i1 he was promoted to positions of great honor and influence4 ,in #afah he was made ,baron of ,verulam2 and1 three years later1 he was made ,viscount of ,st4 ,albans4 ,during much of his life1 ,bacon was in pecuniary straits1 which was doubtless one reason of his downfall2 for1 in #afba1 he was accused of taking bribes1 a charge to which he pleaded guilty4 ,his disgrace followed1 and he passed the last years of his life in retirement4 ,among the distinguished names in ,english literature1 none stands higher in his department than that of ,francis ,bacon4 ,studies serve for delight1 for ornament1 and for ability4 ,their chief use for delight is in privateness1 and retiring2 for ornament1 is in discourse2 and for ability1 is in the judgment and disposition of business2 for expert men can execute1 and perhaps judge of the particulars1 one by one2 but the general counsels1 and the plots and marshaling of affairs1 come best from those that are learned4 ,to spend too much time in studies1 is sloth2 to use them too much for ornament1 is affectation2 to make judgment wholly by their rules1 is the humor of a scholar2 they perfect nature and are perfected by experience-- for natural abilities are like natural plants1 that need pruning by study2 and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large1 except they be bounded in by experience4 ,crafty men contemn studies1 simple men admire them1 and wise men use them1 for they teach not their own use2 but that is a wisdom without them1 and above them1 won by observation4 ,read not to contradict and confute1 nor to believe and take for granted1 nor to find talk and discourse1 but to weigh and consider4 ,some books are to be tasted1 others to be swallowed1 and some few to be chewed and digested2 that is1 some books are to be read only in parts2 others to be read1 but not curiously2 and some few to be read wholly1 and with diligence and attention4 ,some books also may he read by deputy1 and extracts made of them by others2 but that would be only in the less important arguments1 and the meaner sort of books2 else distilled books are like common distilled waters1 flashy things4 ,reading maketh a full man1 conference a ready man1 and writing an exact man2 and1 therefore1 if a man write little1 he had need have a great memory2 if he confer little1 he had need have a present wit2 and if he read little1 he had need have much cunning1 to seem to know that he doth not4 ,histories make men wise2 poets1 witty2 the mathematics1 subtle2 natural philosophy1 deep2 moral philosophy1 grave2 logic and rhetoric1 able to contend4 ,,xciii4 ,,surrender ,,of ,,granada4 7#ccd7 ,sir ,edward ,george ,bulwer-,lytton1 #ahjf-ahgc1 was born in ,norfolk ,county1 ,england4 ,his father died when he was young2 his mother was a woman of strong literary tastes1 and did much to form her son's mind4 ,in #ahdd1 by royal license1 he took the surname of ,lytton from his mother's family4 ,bulwer graduated at ,cambridge4 ,he began to publish in #ahbf1 and his novels and plays followed rapidly4 ,pelham1 ,the ,caxtons1 ,my ,novel1 ,what will he do with it8 and ,kenelm ,chillingly are among the best known of his numerous novels2 and ,the ,lady of ,lyons and ,richelieu are his most successful plays4 ,his novels are extensively read on the continent1 and have been translated into most of the languages spoken there4 ,leila1 or the ,siege of ,granada1 from which this selection is adapted1 was published in #ahdj4 ,day dawned upon ,granada1 and the beams of the winter sun1 smiling away the clouds of the past night1 played cheerily on the murmuring waves of the ,xenil and the ,darro4 ,alone1 upon a balcony commanding a view of the beautiful landscape1 stood ,boabdil1 the last of the ,moorish kings4 ,he had sought to bring to his aid all the lessons of the philosophy he had cultivated4 ,what are we1 thought the musing prince1 that we should fill the world with ourselves--we kings8 ,earth resounds with the crash of my falling throne2 on the ear of races unborn the echo will live prolonged4 ,but what have ,i lost8 ,nothing that was necessary to my happiness1 my repose3 nothing save the source of all my wretchedness1 the ,marah of my life6 ,shall ,i less enjoy heaven and earth1 or thought or action1 or man's more material luxuries of food or sleep--the common and the cheap desires of all8 ,arouse thee1 then1 ,o heart within me6 ,many and deep emotions of sorrow or of joy are yet left to break the monotony of existence4 4 4 4 ,but it is time to depart4 ,so saying1 he descended to the court1 flung himself on his barb1 and1 with a small and saddened train1 passed through the gate which we yet survey1 by a blackened and crumbling tower1 overgrown with vines and ivy2 thence1 amidst gardens now appertaining to the convent of the victor faith1 he took his mournful and unwitnessed way4 ,when he came to the middle of the hill that rises above those gardens1 the steel of the ,spanish armor gleamed upon him1 as the detachment sent to occupy the palace marched over the summit in steady order and profound silence4 ,at the head of this vanguard1 rode1 upon a snow-white palfrey1 the ,bishop of ,avila1 followed by a long train of barefooted monks4 ,they halted as ,boabdil approached1 and the grave bishop saluted him with the air of one who addresses an infidel and inferior4 ,with the quick sense of dignity common to the great1 and yet more to the fallen1 ,boabdil felt1 but resented not1 the pride of the ecclesiastic4 ,go1 ,christian1 said he1 mildly1 the gates of the ,alhambra are open1 and ,allah has bestowed the palace and the city upon your king2 may his virtues atone the faults of ,boabdil6 ,so saying1 and waiting no answer1 he rode on without looking to the right or the left4 ,the ,spaniards also pursued their way4 ,the sun had fairly risen above the mountains1 when ,boabdil and his train beheld1 from the eminence on which they were1 the whole armament of ,spain2 and at the same moment1 louder than the tramp of horse or the clash of arms1 was heard distinctly the solemn chant of ,te ,deum1 which preceded the blaze of the unfurled and lofty standards4 ,boabdil1 himself still silent1 heard the groans and exclamations of his train2 he turned to cheer or chide them1 and then saw1 from his own watchtower1 with the sun shining full upon its pure and dazzling surface1 the silver cross of ,spain4 ,his ,alhambra was already in the hands of the foe2 while beside that badge of the holy war waved the gay and flaunting flag of ,st4 ,iago1 the canonized ,mars of the chivalry of ,spain4 ,at that sight the ,king's voice died within him2 he gave the rein to his barb1 impatient to close the fatal ceremonial1 and did not slacken his speed till almost within bowshot of the first ranks of the army4 ,never had ,christian war assumed a more splendid and imposing aspect4 ,far as the eye could reach1 extended the glittering and gorgeous lines of that goodly power1 bristling with sunlit spears and blazoned banners2 while beside1 murmured1 and glowed1 and danced1 the silver and laughing ,xenil1 careless what lord should possess1 for his little day1 the banks that bloomed by its everlasting course4 ,by a small mosque halted the flower of the army4 ,surrounded by the archpriests of that mighty hierarchy1 the peers and princes of a court that rivaled the ,rolands of ,charlemagne1 was seen the kingly form of ,ferdinand himself1 with ,isabel at his right hand1 and the highborn dames of ,spain1 relieving1 with their gay colors and sparkling gems1 the sterner splendor of the crested helmet and polished mail4 ,within sight of the royal group1 ,boabdil halted1 composed his aspect so as best to conceal his soul1 and1 a little in advance of his scanty train1 but never in mien and majesty more a king1 the son of ,abdallah met his haughty conqueror4 ,at the sight of his princely countenance and golden hair1 his comely and commanding beauty1 made more touching by youth1 a thrill of compassionate admiration ran through that assembly of the brave and fair4 ,ferdinand and ,isabel slowly advanced to meet their late rival1--their new subject2 and1 as ,boabdil would have dismounted1 the ,spanish king placed his hand upon his shoulder4 ,brother and prince1 said he1 forget thy sorrows2 and may our friendship hereafter console thee for reverses1 against which thou hast contended as a hero and a king--resisting man1 but resigned at length to ,god4 ,boabdil did not affect to return this bitter but unintentional mockery of compliment1 ,he bowed his head1 and remained a moment silent2 then motioning to his train1 four of his officers approached1 and1 kneeling beside ,ferdinand1 proffered to him1 upon a silver buckler1 the keys of the city4 ,o king6 then said ,boabdil1 accept the keys of the last hold which has resisted the arms of ,spain6 ,the empire of the ,moslem is no more4 ,thine are the city and the people of ,granada2 yielding to thy prowess1 they yet confide in thy mercy4 ,they do well1 said the king2 our promises shall not be broken4 ,but since we know the gallantry of ,moorish cavaliers1 not to us1 but to gentler hands1 shall the keys of ,granada be surrendered4 ,thus saying1 ,ferdinand gave the keys to ,isabel1 who would have addressed some soothing flatteries to ,boabdil1 but the emotion and excitement were too much for her compassionate heart1 heroine and queen though she was2 and when she lifted her eyes upon the calm and pale features of the fallen monarch1 the tears gushed from them irresistibly1 and her voice died in murmurs4 ,a faint flush overspread the features of ,boabdil1 and there was a momentary pause of embarrassment1 which the ,moor was the first to break4 ,fair queen1 said he1 with mournful and pathetic dignity1 thou canst read the heart that thy generous sympathy touches and subdues2 this is thy last1 nor least glorious conquest4 ,but ,i detain ye2 let not my aspect cloud your triumph4 ,suffer me to say farewell4 ,farewell1 my brother1 replied ,ferdinand1 and may fair fortune go with you6 ,forget the past6 ,boabdil smiled bitterly1 saluted the royal pair with profound and silent reverence1 and rode slowly on1 leaving the army below as he ascended the path that led to his new principality beyond the ,alpuxarras4 ,as the trees snatched the ,moorish cavalcade from the view of the king1 ,ferdinand ordered the army to recommence its march2 and trumpet and cymbal presently sent their music to the ear of the ,moslems4 ,boabdil spurred on at full speed1 till his panting charger halted at the little village where his mother1 his slaves1 and his faithful wife1 ,amine--sent on before--awaited him4 ,joining these1 he proceeded without delay upon his melancholy path4 ,they ascended that eminence which is the pass into the ,alpuxarras4 ,from its height1 the vale1 the rivers1 the spires1 and the towers of ,granada broke gloriously upon the view of the little band4 ,they halted mechanically and abruptly2 every eye was turned to the beloved scene4 ,the proud shame of baffled warriors1 the tender memories of home1 of childhood1 of fatherland1 swelled every heart1 and gushed from every eye4 ,suddenly the distant boom of artillery broke from the citadel1 and rolled along the sunlit valley and crystal river4 ,a universal wail burst from the exiles2 it smote1--it overpowered the heart of the ill-starred king1 in vain seeking to wrap himself in ,eastern pride or stoical philosophy4 ,the tears gushed from his eyes1 and he covered his face with his hands4 ,the band wound slowly on through the solitary defiles2 and that place where the king wept is still called ,the ,last ,sigh of the ,moor4 ,,notes4--,granada was the capital of an ancient ,moorish kingdom of the same name1 in the southeastern part of ,spain4 ,the ,darro ,river flows through it1 emptying into the ,xenil 7or ,jenil7 just outside the city walls4 ,king ,ferdinand of ,spain drove out the ,moors1 and captured the city in #adib4 ,marah4 ,see ,exodus xv4 #bc4 ,avila is an episcopal city in ,spain1 capital of a province of the same name4 ,the ,te ,deum is an ancient ,christian hymn1 composed by ,st4 ,ambrose2 it is so called from the first ,latin words1 ,te ,deum laudamus1 ,we praise thee1 ,o ,god4 ,mars1 in mythology1 the god of war4 ,the ,alhambra is the ancient palace of the ,moorish kings1 at ,granada4 ,allah is the ,mohammedan name for the ,supreme ,being4 ,roland was a nephew of ,charlemagne1 or ,charles the ,great1 emperor of the ,west and king of ,france4 ,he was one of the most famous knights of the chivalric romances4 ,the ,alpuxarras is a mountainous region in the old province of ,granada1 where the ,moors were allowed to remain some time after their subjugation by ,ferdinand4 ,,xciv4 ,,hamlet',s ,,soliloquy4 7#cci7 ,to be1 or not to be2 that is the question3-- ,whether 't is nobler in the mind to suffer ,the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune1 ,or to take arms against a sea of troubles1 ,and by opposing end them8 ,to die1--to sleep1-- ,no more3 and by a sleep to say we end ,the heartache and the thousand natural shocks ,that flesh is heir to1--'t is a consummation ,devoutly to be wished4 ,to die1--to sleep3-- ,to sleep6 perchance to dream3--ay1 there's the rub2 ,for in that sleep of death what dreams may come ,when we have shuffled off this mortal coil1 ,must give us pause4 ,there's the respect ,that makes calamity of so long life2 ,for who would bear the whips and scorns of time1 ,the oppressor's wrong1 the proud man's contumely1 ,the pangs of despised love1 the law's delay1 ,the insolence of office1 and the spurns ,that patient merit of the unworthy takes1 ,when he himself might his quietus make ,with a bare bodkin8 ,who would fardels bear1 ,to grunt and sweat under a weary life1 ,but that the dread of something after death1-- ,the undiscovered country from whose bourn ,no traveler returns1--puzzles the will ,and makes us rather bear those ills we have ,than fly to others that we know not of8 ,thus conscience doth make cowards of us all2 ,and thus the native hue of resolution ,is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought1 ,and enterprises of great pith and moment ,with this regard their currents turn awry1 ,and lose the name of action4 ,shakespeare4--,hamlet1 ,act iii1 ,scene i4 ,,xcv4 ,,ginevra4 7#cdj7 ,samuel ,rogers1 #agfc-ahee1 was the son of a ,london banker1 and1 in company with his father1 followed the banking business for some years4 ,he began to write at an early age1 and published his ,pleasures of ,memory1 perhaps his most famous work1 in #agib4 ,the next year his father died1 leaving him an ample fortune4 ,he now retired from business and established himself in an elegant house in ,st4 ,james's ,place4 ,this house was a place of resort for literary men during fifty years4 ,in #ahbb he published his longest poem1 ,italy1 after which he wrote but little4 ,he wrote with care1 spending1 as he said1 nine years on the ,pleasures of ,memory1 and sixteen on ,italy4 ,his writings are remarkable for elegance of diction1 purity of taste1 and beauty of sentiment4 ,it is said that he was very agreeable in conversation and manners1 and benevolent in his disposition2 but he was addicted to ill-nature and satire in some of his criticisms4 ,if thou shouldst ever come by choice or chance ,to ,modena1--where still religiously ,among her ancient trophies1 is preserved ,bologna's bucket 7in its chain it hangs ,within that reverend tower1 the ,guirlandine71-- ,stop at a palace near the ,reggio gate1 ,dwelt in of old by one of the ,orsini4 ,its noble gardens1 terrace above terrace1 ,and rich in fountains1 statues1 cypresses1 ,will long detain thee2 through their arche'd walks1 ,dim at noonday1 discovering many a glimpse ,of knights and dames such as in old romance1 ,and lovers such as in heroic song1-- ,perhaps the two1 for groves were their delight1 ,that in the springtime1 as alone they sate1 ,venturing together on a tale of love4 ,read only part that day4--,a summer sun ,sets ere one half is seen2 but1 ere thou go1 ,enter the house--prithee1 forget it not-- ,and look awhile upon a picture there4 ',t is of a lady in her earliest youth1 ,the very last of that illustrious race1 ,done by ,zampieri--but by whom ,i care not4 ,he who observes it1 ere he passes on1 ,gazes his fill1 and comes and comes again1 ,that he may call it up when far away4 ,she sits1 inclining forward as to speak1 ,her lips half-open1 and her finger up1 ,as though she said1 ,beware6 her vest of gold1 ,broidered with flowers1 and clasped from head to foot1 ,an emerald stone in every golden clasp2 ,and on her brow1 fairer than alabaster1 ,a coronet of pearls4 ,but then her face1 ,so lovely1 yet so arch1 so full of mirth1 ,the overflowings of an innocent heart1-- ,it haunts me still1 though many a year has fled1 ,like some wild melody6 ,alone it hangs ,over a moldering heirloom1 its companion1 ,an oaken chest1 half-eaten by the worm1 ,but richly carved by ,antony of ,trent ,with scripture stories from the life of ,christ2 ,a chest that came from ,venice1 and had held ,the ducal robes of some old ancestors-- ,that1 by the way1 it may be true or false-- ,but don't forget the picture2 and thou wilt not1 ,when thou hast heard the tale they told me there4 ,she was an only child2 from infancy ,the joy1 the pride1 of an indulgent sire2 ,the young ,ginevra was his all in life1 ,still as she grew1 forever in his sight2 ,and in her fifteenth year became a bride1 ,marrying an only son1 ,francesco ,doria1 ,her playmate from her birth1 and her first love4 ,just as she looks there in her bridal dress1 ,she was all gentleness1 all gayety1 ,her pranks the favorite theme of every tongue4 ,but now the day was come1 the day1 the hour2 ,now1 frowning1 smiling1 for the hundredth time1 ,the nurse1 that ancient lady1 preached decorum3 ,and1 in the luster of her youth1 she gave ,her hand1 with her heart in it1 to ,francesco4 ,great was the joy2 but at the bridal feast1 ,when all sate down1 the bride was wanting there4 ,nor was she to be found6 ,her father cried1 ',tis but to make a trial of our love6 ,and filled his glass to all2 but his hand shook1 ,and soon from guest to guest the panic spread4 ',t was but that instant she had left ,francesco1 ,laughing and looking back and flying still1 ,her ivory tooth imprinted on his finger4 ,but now1 alas6 she was not to be found2 ,nor from that hour could anything be guessed1 ,but that she was not6--,weary of his life1 ,francesco flew to ,venice1 and forthwith ,flung it away in battle with the ,turk4 ,orsini lived2 and long was to be seen ,an old man wandering as in quest of something1 ,something he could not find--he knew not what4 ,when he was gone1 the house remained a while ,silent and tenantless--then went to strangers4 ,full fifty years were past1 and all forgot1 ,when on an idle day1 a day of search ',mid the old lumber in the gallery1 ,that moldering chest was noticed2 and 't was said ,by one as young1 as thoughtless as ,ginevra1 ,why not remove it from its lurking place8 ',t was done as soon as said2 but on the way ,it burst1 it fell2 and lo6 a skeleton1 ,with here and there a pearl1 an emerald stone1 ,a golden clasp1 clasping a shred of gold4 ,all else had perished1 save a nuptial ring1 ,and a small seal1 her mother's legacy1 ,engraven with a name1 the name of both1 ,ginevra4---,there then had she found a grave6 ,within that chest had she concealed herself1 ,fluttering with joy1 the happiest of the happy2 ,when a spring lock1 that lay in ambush there1 ,fastened her down forever6 ,,notes4--,the above selection is part of the poem1 ,italy4 ,of the story ,rogers says1 ,this story is1 ,i believe1 founded on fact2 though the time and place are uncertain4 ,many old houses in ,england lay claim to it4 ,modena is the capital of a province of the same name in northern ,italy4 ,bologna's bucket4 ,this is affirmed to be the very bucket which ,tassoni1 an ,italian poet1 has celebrated in his mock heroics as the cause of a war between ,bologna and ,modena4 ,reggio is a city about sixteen miles northwest of ,modena4 ,the ,orsini4 ,a famous ,italian family in the ,middle ,ages4 ,zampieri1 ,domenichino 7b4 #aeha1 d4 #afda71 was one of the most celebrated of the ,italian painters4 ,,xcvi4 ,,inventions ,,and ,,discoveries4 7#cdd7 ,john ,caldwell ,calhoun1 #aghb-ahej4 ,this great statesman1 and champion of southern rights and opinions1 was born in ,abbeville ,district1 ,south ,carolina4 ,in the line of both parents1 he was of ,irish ,presbyterian descent4 ,in youth he was very studious1 and made the best use of such opportunities for education as the frontier settlement afforded4 ,he graduated at ,yale ,college in #ahjd1 and studied law at ,litchfield1 ,connecticut4 ,in #ahjh he was elected to the ,legislature of ,south ,carolina2 and1 three years later1 he was chosen to the ,national ,house of ,representatives4 ,during the six years that he remained in the ,house1 he took an active and prominent part in the stirring events of the time4 ,in #ahag he was appointed ,secretary of ,war1 and held the office seven years4 ,from #ahbe to #ahcb he was ,vice ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,he then resigned this office1 and took his seat as senator from ,south ,carolina4 ,in #ahdd ,president ,tyler called him to his ,cabinet as ,secretary of ,state2 and1 in #ahde1 he returned to the ,senate1 where he remained till his death4 ,during all his public life ,mr4 ,calhoun was active and outspoken4 ,his earnestness and logical force commanded the respect of those who differed most widely from him in opinion4 ,he took the most advanced ground in favor of ,state ,rights1 and defended slavery as neither morally nor politically wrong4 ,his foes generally conceded his honesty1 and respected his ability2 while his friends regarded him as little less than an oracle4 ,in private life ,mr4 ,calhoun was highly esteemed and respected4 ,his home was at ,fort ,hill1 in the northwestern district of ,south ,carolina2 and here he spent all the time he could spare from his public duties1 in the enjoyments of domestic life and in cultivating his plantation4 ,in his home he was remarkable for kindness1 cheerfulness1 and sociability4 ,to comprehend more fully the force and bearing of public opinion1 and to form a just estimate of the changes to which1 aided by the press1 it will probably lead1 politically and socially1 it will be necessary to consider it in connection with the causes that have given it an influence so great as to entitle it to be regarded as a new political element4 ,they will1 upon investigation1 be found in the many discoveries and inventions made in the last few centuries4 ,all these have led to important results4 ,through the invention of the mariner's compass1 the globe has been circumnavigated and explored2 and all who inhabit it1 with but few exceptions1 are brought within the sphere of an all-pervading commerce1 which is daily diffusing over its surface the light and blessings of civilization4 ,through that of the art of printing1 the fruits of observation and reflection1 of discoveries and inventions1 with all the accumulated stores of previously acquired knowledge1 are preserved and widely diffused4 ,the application of gunpowder to the art of war has forever settled the long conflict for ascendency between civilization and barbarism1 in favor of the former1 and thereby guaranteed that1 whatever knowledge is now accumulated1 or may hereafter be added1 shall never again be lost4 ,the numerous discoveries and inventions1 chemical and mechanical1 and the application of steam to machinery1 have increased many fold the productive powers of labor and capital1 and have thereby greatly increased the number who may devote themselves to study and improvement1 and the amount of means necessary for commercial exchanges1 especially between the more and the less advanced and civilized portions of the globe1 to the great advantage of both1 but particularly of the latter4 ,the application of steam to the purposes of travel and transportation1 by land and water1 has vastly increased the facility1 cheapness1 and rapidity of both3 diffusing1 with them1 information and intelligence almost as quickly and as freely as if borne by the winds2 while the electrical wires outstrip them in velocity1 rivaling in rapidity even thought itself4 ,the joint effect of all this has been a great increase and diffusion of knowledge2 and1 with this1 an impulse to progress and civilization heretofore unexampled in the history of the world1 accompanied by a mental energy and activity unprecedented4 ,to all these causes1 public opinion1 and its organ1 the press1 owe their origin and great influence4 ,already they have attained a force in the more civilized portions of the globe sufficient to be felt by all governments1 even the most absolute and despotic4 ,but1 as great as they now are1 they have1 as yet1 attained nothing like their maximum force4 ,it is probable that not one of the causes which have contributed to their formation and influence1 has yet produced its full effect2 while several of the most powerful have just begun to operate2 and many others1 probably of equal or even greater force1 yet remain to be brought to light4 ,when the causes now in operation have produced their full effect1 and inventions and discoveries shall have been exhausted--if that may ever be--they will give a force to public opinion1 and cause changes1 political and social1 difficult to be anticipated4 ,what will be their final bearing1 time only can decide with any certainty4 ,that they will1 however1 greatly improve the condition of man ultimately1 it would be impious to doubt2 it would be to suppose that the all-wise and beneficent ,being1 the ,creator of all1 had so constituted man as that the employment of the high intellectual faculties with which ,he has been pleased to endow him1 in order that he might develop the laws that control the great agents of the material world1 and make them subservient to his use1 would prove to him the cause of permanent evil1 and not of permanent good4 ,,note4--,this selection is an extract from ,a ,disquisition on ,government4 ,mr4 ,calhoun expected to revise his manuscript before it was printed1 but death interrupted his plans4 ,,xcvii4 ,,enoch ,,arden ,,at ,,the ,,window4 7#cdg7 ,alfred ,tennyson1 #ahji-ahib1 was born in ,somerby1 ,lincolnshire1 ,england2 his father was a clergyman noted for his energy and physical stature4 ,alfred1 with his two older brothers1 graduated at ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,his first volume of poems appeared in #ahcj2 it made little impression1 and was severely treated by the critics4 ,on the publication of his third series1 in #ahdb1 his poetic genius began to receive general recognition4 ,on the death of ,wordsworth he was made poet laureate1 and he was then regarded as the foremost living poet of ,england4 ,in ,memoriam1 written in memory of his friend ,arthur ,hallam1 appeared in #ahej2 the ,idyls of the ,king1 in #aheh2 and ,enoch ,arden1 a touching story in verse1 from which the following selection is taken1 was published in #ahfd4 ,in #ahhc he accepted a peerage as ,baron ,tennyson of ,aldworth1 ,sussex1 and of ,freshwater1 ,isle of ,wight4 ,but ,enoch yearned to see her face again2 ,if ,i might look on her sweet face again ,and know that she is happy4 ,so the thought ,haunted and harassed him1 and drove him forth1 ,at evening when the dull ,november day ,was growing duller twilight1 to the hill4 ,there he sat down gazing on all below2 ,there did a thousand memories roll upon him1 ,unspeakable for sadness4 ,by and by ,the ruddy square of comfortable light1 ,far-blazing from the rear of ,philip's house1 ,allured him1 as the beacon blaze allures ,the bird of passage1 till he mildly strikes ,against it1 and beats out his weary life4 ,for ,philip's dwelling fronted on the street1 ,the latest house to landward2 but behind1 ,with one small gate that opened on the waste1 ,flourished a little garden1 square and walled3 ,and in it throve an ancient evergreen1 ,a yew tree1 and all round it ran a walk ,of shingle1 and a walk divided it3 ,but ,enoch shunned the middle walk1 and stole ,up by the wall1 behind the yew2 and thence ,that which he better might have shunned1 if griefs ,like his have worse or better1 ,enoch saw4 ,for cups and silver on the burnished board ,sparkled and shone2 so genial was the hearth3 ,and on the right hand of the hearth he saw ,philip1 the slighted suitor of old times1 ,stout1 rosy1 with his babe across his knees2 ,and o'er her second father stooped a girl1 ,a later but a loftier ,annie ,lee1 ,fair-haired and tall1 and from her lifted hand ,dangled a length of ribbon and a ring ,to tempt the babe1 who reared his creasy arms1 ,caught at and ever missed it1 and they laughed3 ,and on the left hand of the hearth he saw ,the mother glancing often toward her babe1 ,but turning now and then to speak with him1 ,her son1 who stood beside her tall and strong1 ,and saying that which pleased him1 for he smiled4 ,now when the dead man come to life beheld ,his wife1 his wife no more1 and saw the babe1 ,hers1 yet not his1 upon the father's knee1 ,and all the warmth1 the peace1 the happiness4 ,and his own children tall and beautiful1 ,and him1 that other1 reigning in his place1 ,lord of his rights and of his children's love1 ,then he1 tho' ,miriam ,lane had told him all1 ,because things seen are mightier than things heard1 ,staggered and shook1 holding the branch1 and feared ,to send abroad a shrill and terrible cry1 ,which in one moment1 like the blast of doom1 ,would shatter all the happiness of the hearth4 ,he1 therefore1 turning softly like a thief1 ,lest the harsh shingle should grate underfoot1 ,and feeling all along the garden wall1 ,lest he should swoon and tumble and be found1 ,crept to the gate1 and opened it1 and closed1 ,as lightly as a sick man's chamber door1 ,behind him1 and came out upon the waste4 ,and there he would have knelt but that his knees ,were feeble1 so that falling prone he dug ,his fingers into the wet earth1 and prayed4 ,too hard to bear6 why did they take me thence8 ,o ,god ,almighty1 blessed ,savior1 ,thou ,that did'st uphold me on my lonely isle1 ,uphold me1 ,father1 in my loneliness ,a little longer6 aid me1 give me strength ,not to tell her1 never to let her know4 ,help me not to break in upon her peace4 ,my children too6 must ,i not speak to these8 ,they know me not4 ,i should betray myself4 ,never6--no father's kiss for me6--the girl ,so like her mother1 and the boy1 my son6 ,there speech and thought and nature failed a little1 ,and he lay tranced2 but when he rose and paced ,back toward his solitary home again1 ,all down the long and narrow street he went ,beating it in upon his weary brain1 ,as tho' it were the burden of a song1 ,not to tell her1 never to let her know4 ,,note4--,enoch ,arden had been wrecked on an uninhabited island1 and was supposed to be dead4 ,after many years he was rescued1 and returned home1 where he found his wife happily married a second time4 ,for her happiness1 he kept his existence a secret1 but soon died of a broken heart4 ,,xcviii4 ,,lochinvar4 7#cej7 ,oh1 young ,lochinvar is come out of the west1 ,through all the wide ,border his steed was the best2 ,and save his good broadsword1 he weapon had none1 ,he rode all unarmed1 and he rode all alone6 ,so faithful in love1 and so dauntless in war1 ,there never was knight like the young ,lochinvar6 ,he stayed not for brake1 and he stopped not for stone1 ,he swam the ,eske ,river where ford there was none2 ,but ere he alighted at ,netherby gate1 ,the bride had consented1 the gallant came late3 ,for a laggard in love1 and a dastard in war1 ,was to wed the fair ,ellen of brave ,lochinvar6 ,so boldly he entered the ,netherby hall1 ,among bridesmen1 and kinsmen1 and brothers1 and all3 ,then spoke the bride's father1 his hand on his sword-- ,for the poor craven bridegroom said never a word-- ,oh1 come ye in peace here1 or come ye in war1 ,or to dance at our bridal1 young ,lord ,lochinvar8 ,i long wooed your daughter1 my suit you denied2-- ,love swells like the ,solway1 but ebbs like its tide-- ,and now am ,i come1 with this lost love of mine1 ,to lead but one measure1 drink one cup of wine4 ,there are maidens in ,scotland more lovely by far1 ,that would gladly be bride to the young ,lochinvar4 ,the bride kissed the goblet2 the knight took it up1 ,he quaffed off the wine1 and he threw down the cup4 ,she looked down to blush1 and she looked up to sigh1 ,with a smile on her lips1 and a tear in her eye4 ,he took her soft hand1 ere her mother could bar1 ,now tread we a measure6 said young ,lochinvar4 ,so stately his form1 and so lovely her face1 ,that never a hall such a galliard did grace2 ,while her mother did fret1 and her father did fume1 ,and the bridegroom stood dangling his bonnet and plume2 ,and the bridemaidens whispered1 ',twere better by far ,to have matched our fair cousin with young ,lochinvar4 ,one touch to her hand1 and one word in her ear1 ,when they reached the hall door1 and the charger stood near1 ,so light to the croup the fair lady he swung1 ,so light to the saddle before her he sprung6 ,she is won6 we are gone1 over bank1 bush1 and scaur3 ,they'll have fleet steeds that follow1 quoth young ,lochinvar4 ,there was mounting 'mong ,graemes of the ,netherby clan2 ,forsters1 ,fenwicks1 and ,musgraves1 they rode and they ran2 ,there was racing and chasing on ,cannobie ,lee1 ,but the lost bride of ,netherby ne'er did they see4 ,so daring in love1 and so dauntless in war1 ,have ye e'er heard of gallant like young ,lochinvar8 -- ,walter ,scott4 ,,notes4--,the above selection is a song taken from ,scott's poem of ,marmion4 ,it is in a slight degree founded on a ballad called ,katharine ,janfarie1 to be found in the ,minstrelsy of the ,scottish ,border4 ,the ,solway ,frith1 on the southwest coast of ,scotland1 is remarkable for its high spring tides4 ,bonnet is the ordinary name in ,scotland for a man's cap4 ,,xcix4 ,,speech ,,on ,,the ,,trial ,,of ,a ,,murderer4 7#ceb7 ,against the prisoner at the bar1 as an individual1 ,i can not have the slightest prejudice4 ,i would not do him the smallest injury or injustice4 ,but ,i do not affect to be indifferent to the discovery and the punishment of this deep guilt4 ,i cheerfully share in the opprobrium1 how much soever it may be1 which is cast on those who feel and manifest an anxious concern that all who had a part in planning1 or a hand in executing this deed of midnight assassination1 may be brought to answer for their enormous crime at the bar of public justice4 ,this is a most extraordinary case4 ,in some respects it has hardly a precedent anywhere2 certainly none in our ,new ,england history4 ,this bloody drama exhibited no suddenly excited1 ungovernable rage4 ,the actors in it were not surprised by any lionlike temptation springing upon their virtue1 and overcoming it before resistance could begin4 ,nor did they do the deed to glut savage vengeance1 or satiate long-settled and deadly hate4 ,it was a cool1 calculating1 money-making murder4 ,it was all hire and salary1 not revenge4 ,it was the weighing of money against life2 the counting out of so many pieces of silver against so many ounces of blood4 ,an aged man1 without an enemy in the world1 in his own house1 and in his own bed1 is made the victim of a butcherly murder for mere pay4 ,truly1 here is a new lesson for painters and poets4 ,whoever shall hereafter draw the portrait of murder1 if he will show it as it has been exhibited in an example1 where such example was last to have been looked for1 in the very bosom of our ,new ,england society1 let him not give it the grim visage of ,moloch1 the brow knitted by revenge1 the face black with settled hate1 and the bloodshot eye emitting livid fires of malice4 ,let him draw1 rather1 a decorous1 smooth-faced1 bloodless demon2 a picture in repose1 rather than in action2 not so much an example of human nature in its depravity1 and in its paroxysms of crime1 as an infernal nature1 a fiend in the ordinary display and development of his character4 ,the deed was executed with a degree of self-possession and steadiness equal to the wickedness with which it was planned4 ,the circumstances1 now clearly in evidence1 spread out the whole scene before us4 ,deep sleep had fallen on the destined victim1 and on all beneath his roof4 ,a healthful old man1 to whom sleep was sweet1--the first sound slumbers of the night held him in their soft but strong embrace4 ,the assassin enters through the window1 already prepared1 into an unoccupied apartment4 ,with noiseless foot he paces the lonely hall1 half-lighted by the moon2 he winds up the ascent of the stairs1 and reaches the door of the chamber4 ,of this1 he moves the lock by soft and continued pressure till it turns on its hinges without noise2 and he enters1 and beholds his victim before him4 ,the room was uncommonly open to the admission of light4 ,the face of the innocent sleeper was turned from the murderer1 and the beams of the moon1 resting on the gray locks of his aged temple1 showed him where to strike4 ,the fatal blow is given6 and the victim passes1 without a struggle or a motion1 from the repose of sleep to the repose of death6 ,it is the assassin's purpose to make sure work2 and he yet plies the dagger1 though it was obvious that life had been destroyed by the blow of the bludgeon4 ,he even raises the aged arm1 that he may not fail in his aim at the heart2 and replaces it again over the wounds of the poniard6 ,to finish the picture1 he explores the wrist for the pulse6 ,he feels for it1 and ascertains that it beats no longer6 ,it is accomplished4 ,the deed is done4 ,he retreats1 retraces his steps to the window1 passes out through it as he came in1 and escapes4 ,he has done the murder2 no eye has seen him1 no ear has heard him4 ,the secret is his own1 and it is safe6 ,ah6 gentlemen1 that was a dreadful mistake4 ,such a secret can be safe nowhere4 ,the whole creation of ,god has neither nook nor corner where the guilty can bestow it1 and say it is safe4 ,not to speak of that eye which glances through all disguises1 and beholds everything as in the splendor of noon2 such secrets of guilt are never safe from detection1 even by men4 ,true it is1 generally speaking1 that murder will out4 ,true it is that ,providence hath so ordained1 and doth so govern things1 that those who break the great law of ,heaven by shedding man's blood1 seldom succeed in avoiding discovery4 ,especially1 in a case exciting so much attention as this1 discovery must come1 and wilt come1 sooner or later4 ,a thousand eyes turn at once to explore every man1 everything1 every circumstance connected with the time and place2 a thousand ears catch every whisper2 a thousand excited minds intensely dwell on the scene1 shedding all their light1 and ready to kindle the slightest circumstance into a blaze of discovery4 ,meantime1 the guilty soul can not keep its own secret4 ,it is false to itself1 or rather it feels an irresistible impulse of conscience to be true to itself4 ,it labors under its guilty possession1 and knows not what to do with it4 ,the human heart was not made for the residence of such an inhabitant4 ,it finds itself preyed on by a torment1 which it dares not acknowledge to ,god nor man4 ,a vulture is devouring it1 and it can ask no sympathy or assistance either from heaven or earth4 ,the secret which the murderer possesses soon comes to possess him2 and1 like the evil spirits of which we read1 it overcomes him1 and leads him whithersoever it will4 ,he feels it beating at his heart1 rising to his throat1 and demanding disclosure4 ,he thinks the whole world sees it in his face1 reads it in his eyes1 and almost hears its workings in the very silence of his thoughts4 ,it has become his master4 ,it betrays his discretion1 it breaks down his courage1 it conquers his prudence4 ,when suspicions from without begin to embarrass him1 and the net of circumstance to entangle him1 the fatal secret struggles with still greater violence to burst forth4 ,it must be confessed1 it will be confessed2 there is no refuge from confession but suicide1 and suicide is confession4 --,daniel ,webster4 ,,note4--,the above extract is from ,daniel ,webster's argument in the trial of ,john ,f4 ,knapp for the murder of ,mr4 ,white1 a very wealthy and respectable citizen of ,salem1 ,mass1 ,four persons were arrested as being concerned in the conspiracy2 one confessed the plot and all the details of the crime1 implicating the others1 but he afterwards refused to testify in court4 ,the man who1 by this confession1 was the actual murderer1 committed suicide1 and ,mr4 ,webster's assistance was obtained in prosecuting the others4 ,john ,f4 ,knapp was convicted as principal1 and the other two as accessaries in the murder4 ,c4 ,,the ,,closing ,,year4 7#cee7 ,george ,denison ,prentice1 #ahjb-ahgj1 widely known as a political writer1 a poet1 and a wit1 was born in ,preston1 ,connecticut1 and graduated at ,brown ,university in #ahbc4 ,he studied law1 but never practiced his profession4 ,he edited a paper in ,hartford for two years2 and1 in #ahca1 he became editor of the ,louisville ,journal1 which position he held for nearly forty years4 ,as an editor1 ,mr4 ,prentice was an able1 and sometimes bitter1 political partisan1 abounding in wit and satire2 as a poet1 he not only wrote gracefully himself1 but he did much by his kindness and sympathy to develop the poetical talents of others4 ,some who have since taken high rank1 first became known to the world through the columns of the ,louisville ,journal4 ',t is midnight's holy hour1 and silence now ,is brooding like a gentle spirit o'er ,the still and pulseless world4 ,hark6 on the winds1 ,the bell's deep notes are swelling2 't is the knell ,of the departed year4 ,no funeral train ,is sweeping past2 yet1 on the stream and wood1 ,with melancholy light1 the moonbeams rest ,like a pale1 spotless shroud2 the air is stirred ,as by a mourner's sigh2 and1 on yon cloud1 ,that floats so still and placidly through heaven1 ,the spirits of the ,seasons seem to stand-- ,young ,spring1 bright ,summer1 ,autumn's solemn form1 ,and ,winter1 with his aged locks--and breathe ,in mournful cadences1 that come abroad ,like the far wind harp's wild and touching wail1 ,a melancholy dirge o'er the dead year1 ,gone from the earth forever4 ',tis a time ,for memory and for tears4 ,within the deep1 ,still chambers of the heart1 a specter dim1 ,whose tones are like the wizard voice of ,time1 ,heard from the tomb of ages1 points its cold ,and solemn finger to the beautiful ,and holy visions1 that have passed away1 ,and left no shadow of their loveliness ,on the dead waste of life4 ,that specter lifts ,the coffin lid of ,hope1 and ,joy1 and ,love1 ,and1 bending mournfully above the pale1 ,sweet forms that slumber there1 scatters dead flowers ,o'er what has passed to nothingness4 ,the year ,has gone1 and1 with it1 many a glorious throng ,of happy dreams4 ,its mark is on each brow1 ,its shadow in each heart4 ,in its swift course ,it waved its scepter o'er the beautiful1 ,and they are not4 ,it laid its pallid hand ,upon the strong man2 and the haughty form ,is fallen1 and the flashing eye is dim4 ,it trod the hall of revelry1 where thronged ,the bright and joyous2 and the tearful wail ,of stricken ones is heard1 where erst the song ,and reckless shout resounded4 ,it passed o'er ,the battle plain1 where sword1 and spear1 and shield ,flashed in the light of midday2 and the strength ,of serried hosts is shivered1 and the grass1 ,green from the soil of carnage1 waves above ,the crushed and moldering skeleton4 ,it came1 ,and faded like a wreath of mist at eve2 ,yet1 ere it melted in the viewless air1 ,it heralded its millions to their home ,in the dim land of dreams4 ,remorseless ,time6-- ,fierce spirit of the glass and scythe6--what power ,can stay him in his silent course1 or melt ,his iron heart to pity6 ,on1 still on ,he presses1 and forever4 ,the proud bird1 ,the condor of the ,andes1 that can soar ,through heaven's unfathomable depths1 or brave ,the fury of the northern hurricane1 ,and bathe his plumage in the thunder's home1 ,furls his broad wings at nightfall1 and sinks down ,to rest upon his mountain crag2 but ,time ,knows not the weight of sleep or weariness2 ,and ,night's deep darkness has no chain to bind ,his rushing pinion4 ,revolutions sweep ,o'er earth1 like troubled visions o'er the breast ,of dreaming sorrow2 cities rise and sink ,like bubbles on the water2 fiery isles ,spring blazing from the ocean1 and go back ,to their mysterious caverns2 mountains rear ,to heaven their bald and blackened cliffs1 and bow ,their tall heads to the plain2 new empires rise1 ,gathering the strength of hoary centuries1 ,and rush down1 like the ,alpine avalanche1 ,startling the nations2 and the very stars1 ,yon bright and burning blazonry of ,god1 ,glitter awhile in their eternal depths1 ,and1 like the ,pleiad1 loveliest of their train1 ,shoot from their glorious spheres1 and pass away1 ,to darkle in the trackless void2 yet ,time1 ,time the tomb builder1 holds his fierce career1 ,dark1 stern1 all pitiless1 and pauses not ,amid the mighty wrecks that strew his path1 ,to sit and muse1 like other conquerors1 ,upon the fearful ruin he has wrought4 ,,ci4 ,a ,,new ,,city ,,in ,,colorado4 7#ceh7 ,helen ,hunt ,jackson1 #ahcj-ahhe1 was the daughter of the late ,professor ,nathan ,w4 ,fiske1 of ,amherst ,college4 ,she was born in ,amherst1 and educated at ,ipswich1 ,massachusetts1 and at ,new ,york4 ,mrs4 ,jackson was twice married4 ,in the latter years of her life1 she became deeply interested in the ,indians1 and wrote two books1 ,ramona1 a novel1 and ,a ,century of ,dishonor1 setting forth vividly the wrongs to which the red race has been subjected4 ,she had previously published several books of prose and poetry1 less important but charming in their way4 ,the following selection is adapted from ,bits of ,travel at ,home4 ,garland ,city is six miles from ,fort ,garland4 ,the road to it from the fort lies for the last three miles on the top of a sage-grown plateau4 ,it is straight as an arrow1 looks in the distance like a brown furrow on the pale gray plain1 and seems to pierce the mountains beyond4 ,up to within an eighth of a mile of ,garland ,city1 there is no trace of human habitation4 ,knowing that the city must be near1 you look in all directions for a glimpse of it2 the hills ahead of you rise sharply across your way4 ,where is the city8 ,at your very feet1 but you do not suspect it4 ,the sunset light was fading when we reached the edge of the ravine in which the city lies4 ,it was like looking unawares over the edge of a precipice2 the gulch opened beneath us as suddenly as if the earth had that moment parted and made it4 ,with brakes set firm1 we drove cautiously down the steep road2 the ravine twinkled with lights1 and almost seemed to flutter with white tents and wagon tops4 ,at the farther end it widened1 opening out on an inlet of the ,san ,luis ,park2 and1 in its center1 near this widening mouth1 lay the twelve-days-old city4 ,a strange din arose from it4 ,what is going on8 we exclaimed4 ,the building of the city1 was the reply4 ,twelve days ago there was not a house here4 ,to-day there are one hundred and five1 and in a week more there will be two hundred2 each man is building his own home1 and working day and night to get it done ahead of his neighbor4 ,there are four sawmills going constantly1 but they can't turn out lumber half fast enough4 ,everybody has to be content with a board at a time4 ,if it were not for that1 there would have been twice as many houses done as there are4 ,we drove on down the ravine4 ,a little creek on our right was half hid in willow thickets4 ,hundreds of white tents gleamed among them3 tents with poles2 tents made by spreading sailcloth over the tops of bushes2 round tents2 square tents2 big tents2 little tents2 and for every tent a camp fire2 hundreds of white-topped wagons1 also1 at rest for the night1 their great poles propped up by sticks1 and their mules and drivers lying and standing in picturesque groups around them4 ,it was a scene not to be forgotten4 ,louder and louder sounded the chorus of the hammers as we drew near the center of the city2 more and more the bustle thickened2 great ox teams swaying unwieldily about1 drawing logs and planks1 backing up steep places2 all sorts of vehicles driving at reckless speed up and down2 men carrying doors2 men walking along inside of window sashes1--the easiest way to carry them2 men shoveling2 men wheeling wheelbarrows2 not a man standing still2 not a man with empty hands2 every man picking up something1 and running to put it down somewhere else1 as in a play2 and1 all the while1 ,clink6 clink6 clink6 ringing above the other sounds1--the strokes of hundreds of hammers1 like the ,anvil ,chorus4 ,where is ,perry's ,hotel8 we asked4 ,one of the least busy of the throng spared time to point to it with his thumb1 as he passed us4 ,in some bewilderment we drew up in front of a large unfinished house1 through the many uncased apertures of which we could see only scaffoldings1 rough boards1 carpenters' benches1 and heaps of shavings4 ,streams of men were passing in and out through these openings1 which might be either doors or windows2 no steps led to any of them4 ,oh1 yes6 oh1 yes6 can accommodate you all6 was the landlord's reply to our hesitating inquiries4 ,he stood in the doorway of his dining-room2 the streams of men we had seen going in and out were the fed and the unfed guests of the house4 ,it was supper time2 we also were hungry4 ,we peered into the dining room3 three tables full of men2 a huge pile of beds on the floor1 covered with hats and coats2 a singular wall1 made entirely of doors propped upright2 a triangular space walled off by sailcloth1--this is what we saw4 ,we stood outside1 waiting among the scaffolding and benches4 ,a black man was lighting the candles in a candelabrum made of two narrow bars of wood nailed across each other at right angles1 and perforated with holes4 ,the candles sputtered1 and the hot fat fell on the shavings below4 ,dangerous way of lighting a room full of shavings1 some one said4 ,the landlord looked up at the swinging candelabra and laughed4 ,tried it pretty often1 he said4 ,never burned a house down yet4 ,i observed one peculiarity in the speech at ,garland ,city4 ,personal pronouns1 as a rule1 were omitted2 there was no time for a superfluous word4 ,took down this house at ,wagon ,creek1 he continued1 just one week ago2 took it down one morning while the people were eating breakfast2 took it down over their heads2 putting it up again over their heads now4 ,this was literally true4 ,the last part of it we ourselves were seeing while he spoke1 and a friend at our elbow had seen the ,wagon ,creek crisis4 ,waiting for that round table for you1 said the landlord2 'll bring the chairs out here's fast's they quit 'em4 ,that's the only way to get the table4 ,so1 watching his chances1 as fast as a seat was vacated1 he sprang into the room1 seized the chair and brought it out to us2 and we sat there in our reserved seats1 biding the time when there should be room enough vacant at the table for us to take our places4 ,what an indescribable scene it was6 ,the strange-looking wall of propped doors which we had seen1 was the impromptu1 wall separating the bedrooms from the dining-room4 ,bedrooms8 ,yes1 five of them2 that is1 five bedsteads in a row1 with just space enough between them to hang up a sheet1 and with just room enough between them and the propped doors for a moderate-sized person to stand upright if he faced either the doors or the bed4 ,chairs8 ,oh1 no6 ,what do you want of a chair in a bedroom which has a bed in it8 ,washstands8 ,one tin basin out in the unfinished room4 ,towels8 ,uncertain4 ,the little triangular space walled off by the sailcloth was a sixth bedroom1 quite private and exclusive2 and the big pile of beds on the dining-room floor was to be made up into seven bedrooms more between the tables1 after everybody had finished supper4 ,luckily for us we found a friend here1--a man who has been from the beginning one of ,colorado's chief pioneers2 and who is never1 even in the wildest wilderness1 without resources of comfort4 ,you can't sleep here1 he said4 ,i can do better for you than this4 ,better6 ,he offered us luxury4 ,how movable a thing is one's standard of comfort6 ,a two-roomed pine shanty1 board walls1 board floors1 board ceilings1 board partitions not reaching to the roof1 looked to us that night like a palace4 ,to have been entertained at ,windsor ,castle would not have made us half so grateful4 ,it was late before the city grew quiet2 and1 long after most of the lights were out1 and most of the sounds had ceased1 ,i heard one solitary hammer in the distance1 clink1 clink1 clink4 ,i fell asleep listening to it4 ,,cii4 ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,union4 7#cfb7 ,mr4 ,president3 ,i am conscious of having detained you and the ,senate much too long4 ,i was drawn into the debate with no previous deliberation1 such as is suited to the discussion of so grave and important a subject4 ,but it is a subject of which my heart is full1 and ,i have not been willing to suppress the utterance of its spontaneous sentiments4 ,i can not1 even now1 persuade myself to relinquish it1 without expressing once more my deep conviction1 that1 since it respects nothing less than the union of the states1 it is of most vital and essential importance to the public happiness4 ,i profess1 sir1 in my career hitherto1 to have kept steadily in view the prosperity and honor of the whole country1 and the preservation of our federal ,union4 ,it is to that ,union we owe our safety at home1 and our consideration and dignity abroad4 ,it is to that ,union that we are chiefly indebted for whatever makes us most proud of our country4 ,that ,union we reached only by the discipline of our virtues1 in the severe school of adversity4 ,it had its origin in the necessities of disordered finance1 prostrate commerce1 and ruined credit4 ,under its benign influences1 these great interests immediately awoke1 as from the dead1 and sprang forth with newness of life4 ,every year of its duration has teemed with fresh proofs of its utility and its blessings2 and1 although our territory has stretched out wider and wider1 and our population spread farther and farther1 they have not outrun its protection or its benefits4 ,it has been to us all a copious fountain of national1 social1 and personal happiness4 ,i have not allowed myself1 sir1 to look beyond the ,union1 to see what might lie hidden in the dark recess behind4 ,i have not coolly weighed the chances of preserving liberty1 when the bonds that unite us together shall be broken asunder4 ,i have not accustomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion1 to see whether1 with my short sight1 ,i can fathom the depth of the abyss below2 nor could ,i regard him as a safe counselor in the affairs of this government1 whose thoughts should be mainly bent on considering1 not how the ,union should be best preserved1 but how tolerable might be the condition of the people when it shall be broken up and destroyed4 ,while the ,union lasts1 we have high1 exciting1 gratifying prospects spread out before us1 for us and our children4 ,beyond that1 ,i seek not to penetrate the veil4 ,god grant that in my day1 at least1 that curtain may not rise4 ,god grant that on my vision never may be opened what lies behind4 ,when my eyes shall be turned to behold1 for the last time1 the sun in heaven1 may ,i not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious ,union2 on ,states dissevered1 discordant1 belligerent2 on a land rent with civil feuds1 or drenched1 it may be1 in fraternal blood4 ,let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the ,republic1 now known and honored throughout the earth1 still full high advanced1 its arms and trophies streaming in their original luster1 not a stripe erased or polluted1 not a single star obscured--bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as1 ,what is all this worth8 nor those other words of delusion and folly1 ,liberty first1 and ,union afterwards--but everywhere1 spread all over in characters of living light1 blazing on all its ample folds1 as they float over the sea and over the land1 and in every wind under the whole heavens1 that other sentiment1 dear to every true ,american heart--,liberty and ,union1 now and forever1 one and inseparable6 --,daniel ,webster4 ,,note4--,this selection is the peroration of ,mr4 ,webster's speech in reply to ,mr4 ,hayne during the debate in the ,senate on ,mr4 ,foot's ,resolution in regard to the ,public ,lands4 ,,ciii4 ,,the ,,influences ,,of ,,the ,,sun4 7#cfd7 ,john ,tyndall1 #ahbj-ahic1 one of the most celebrated modern scientists1 was an ,irishman by birth4 ,he was a pupil of the distinguished ,faraday4 ,in #ahec he was appointed ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy in the ,royal ,institution of ,london4 ,he is known chiefly for his brilliant experiments and clear writing respecting heat1 light1 and sound4 ,he also wrote one or two interesting books concerning the ,alps and their glaciers4 ,he visited ,america1 and delighted the most intelligent audiences by his scientific lectures and his brilliant experiments4 ,the scientific world is indebted to him for several remarkable discoveries4 ,as surely as the force which moves a clock's hands is derived from the arm which winds up the clock1 so surely is all terrestrial power drawn from the sun4 ,leaving out of account the eruptions of volcanoes1 and the ebb and flow of the tides1 every mechanical action on the earth's surface1 every manifestation of power1 organic and inorganic1 vital and physical1 is produced by the sun4 ,his warmth keeps the sea liquid1 and the atmosphere a gas1 and all the storms which agitate both are blown by the mechanical force of the sun4 ,he lifts the rivers and the glaciers up to the mountains2 and thus the cataract and the avalanche shoot with an energy derived immediately from him4 ,thunder and lightning are also his transmitted strength4 ,every fire that burns and every flame that glows1 dispenses light and heat which originally belonged to the sun4 ,in these days1 unhappily1 the news of battle is familiar to us1 but every shock and every charge is an application or misapplication of the mechanical force of the sun4 ,he blows the trumpet1 he urges the projectile1 he bursts the bomb4 ,and1 remember1 this is not poetry1 but rigid mechanical truth4 ,he rears1 as ,i have said1 the whole vegetable world1 and through it the animal2 the lilies of the field are his workmanship1 the verdure of the meadows1 and the cattle upon a thousand hills4 ,he forms the muscles1 he urges the blood1 he builds the brain4 ,his fleetness is in the lion's foot2 he springs in the panther1 he soars in the eagle1 he slides in the snake4 ,he builds the forest and hews it down1 the power which raised the tree1 and which wields the ax1 being one and the same4 ,the clover sprouts and blossoms1 and the scythe of the mower swings1 by the operation of the same force4 ,the sun digs the ore from our mines1 he rolls the iron2 he rivets the plates1 he boils the water2 he draws the train4 ,he not only grows the cotton1 but he spins the fiber and weaves the web4 ,there is not a hammer raised1 a wheel turned1 or a shuttle thrown1 that is not raised1 and turned1 and thrown by the sun4 ,his energy is poured freely into space1 but our world is a halting place where this energy is conditioned4 ,here the ,proteus works his spells2 the selfsame essence takes a million shapes and hues1 and finally dissolves into its primitive and almost formless form4 ,the sun comes to us as heat2 he quits us as heat2 and between his entrance and departure the multiform powers of our globe appear4 ,they are all special forms of solar power--the molds into which his strength is temporarily poured in passing from its source through infinitude4 ,,note4--,proteus 7pro4 ,pro'te-us7 was a mythological divinity4 ,his distinguishing characteristic was the power of assuming different shapes4 ,,civ4 ,,colloquial ,,powers ,,of ,,franklin4 7#cff7 ,william ,wirt1 #aggb-ahcd1 an ,american lawyer and author1 was born at ,bladensburg1 ,maryland4 ,left an orphan at an early age1 he was placed in care of his uncle4 ,he improved his opportunities for education so well that he became a private tutor at fifteen4 ,in #agib he was admitted to the bar1 and began the practice of law in ,virginia2 he removed to ,richmond in #agii4 ,from #ahag to #ahbi he was ,attorney-general of the ,united ,states4 ,his last years were spent in ,baltimore4 ,mr4 ,wirt was the author of several books2 his ,letters of a ,british ,spy1 published in #ahjc1 and ,life of ,patrick ,henry1 published in #ahag1 are the best known of his writings4 ,never have ,i known such a fireside companion4 ,great as he was both as a statesman and philosopher1 he never shone in a light more winning than when he was seen in a domestic circle4 ,it was once my good fortune to pass two or three weeks with him1 at the house of a private gentleman1 in the back part of ,pennsylvania1 and we were confined to the house during the whole of that time by the unintermitting constancy and depth of the snows4 ,but confinement never could be felt where ,franklin was an inmate2 ,his cheerfulness and his colloquial powers spread around him a perpetual spring4 ,when ,i speak1 however1 of his colloquial powers1 ,i do not mean to awaken any notion analogous to that which ,boswell has given us of ,johnson4 ,the conversation of the latter continually reminds one of the pomp and circumstance of glorious war4 ,it was1 indeed1 a perpetual contest for victory1 or an arbitrary or despotic exaction of homage to his superior talents4 ,it was strong1 acute1 prompt1 splendid1 and vociferous2 as loud1 stormy1 and sublime as those winds which he represents as shaking the ,hebrides1 and rocking the old castle which frowned on the dark-rolling sea beneath4 ,but one gets tired of storms1 however sublime they may be1 and longs for the more orderly current of nature4 ,of ,franklin1 no one ever became tired4 ,there was no ambition of eloquence1 no effort to shine in anything which came from him4 ,there was nothing which made any demand upon either your allegiance or your admiration4 ,his manner was as unaffected as infancy4 ,it was nature's self4 ,he talked like an old patriarch2 and his plainness and simplicity put you at once at your ease1 and gave you the full and free possession and use of your faculties4 ,his thoughts were of a character to shine by their own light1 without any adventitious aid4 ,they only required a medium of vision like his pure and simple style1 to exhibit to the highest advantage their native radiance and beauty4 ,his cheerfulness was unremitting4 ,it seemed to be as much the effect of a systematic and salutary exercise of the mind1 as of its superior organization4 ,his wit was of the first order4 ,it did not show itself merely in occasional coruscations#a2 but1 without any effort or force on his part1 it shed a constant stream of the purest light over the whole of his discourse4 ,whether in the company of commons or nobles1 he was always the same plain man2 always most perfectly at his ease1 with his faculties in full play1 and the full orbit of his genius forever clear and unclouded4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 coruscations3 flashes of light4 ,and then1 the stores of his mind were inexhaustible4 ,he had commenced life with an attention so vigilant that nothing had escaped his observation2 and a judgment so solid that every incident was turned to advantage4 ,his youth had not been wasted in idleness1 nor overcast by intemperance4 ,he had been1 all his life1 a close and deep reader1 as well as thinker2 and by the force of his own powers1 had wrought up the raw materials which he had gathered from books1 with such exquisite skill and felicity1 that he has added a hundred fold to their original value1 and justly made them his own4 ,,notes4--,benjamin ,franklin 7b4 #agjf1 d4 #agij7 was one of the most prominent men in the struggle of the ,american colonies for liberty4 ,he was renowned as a statesman1 and1 although not an author by profession1 was a very prolific writer4 ,his ,autobiography1 which was first printed in ,france1 is now a household volume in ,america4 ,see page #dca4 ,boswell1 ,james1 7b4 #agdj1 d4 #agie17 was a ,scotch lawyer1 and is chiefly known as the biographer of ,dr4 ,johnson1 of whom he was the intimate friend and companion4 ,johnson1 ,samuel4 ,see biographical notice1 page #gh4 ,,cv4 ,,the ,,dream ,,of ,,clarence4 7#cfh7 ,,scene--,room in the ,tower of ,london4 ,enter ,,clarence and ,,brakenbury4 ,brak4 ,why looks your grace so heavily to-day8 ,clar4 ,o1 ,i have passed a miserable night1 ,so full of ugly sights1 of ghastly dreams1 ,that1 as ,i am a ,christian1 faithful man1 ,i would not spend another such a night1 ,though 't were to buy a world of happy days1 ,so full of dismal terror was the time6 ,brak4 ,what was your dream8 ,i long to hear you tell it4 ,clar4 ,methoughts1 that ,i had broken from the ,tower1 ,and was embarked to cross to ,burgundy2 ,and1 in my company1 my brother ,gloster2 ,who1 from my cabin1 tempted me to walk ,upon the hatches2 thence we looked toward ,england1 ,and cited up a thousand fearful times1 ,during the wars of ,york and ,lancaster1 ,that had befallen us4 ,as we paced along ,upon the giddy footing of the hatches1 ,methought that ,gloster stumbled2 and1 in falling1 ,struck me1 that thought to stay him1 overboard1 ,into the tumbling billows of the main4 ,oh1 then1 methought1 what pain it was to drown6 ,what dreadful noise of waters in mine ears6 ,what ugly sights of death within mine eyes6 ,methought ,i saw a thousand fearful wrecks2 ,ten thousand men that fishes gnawed upon2 ,wedges of gold1 great anchors1 heaps of pearl1 ,inestimable stones1 unvalued jewels1 ,all scattered in the bottom of the sea4 ,some lay in dead men's skulls2 and1 in those holes ,where eyes did once inhabit1 there were crept1 ,as 't were in scorn of eyes1 reflecting gems1 ,which wooed the slimy bottom of the deep1 ,and mocked the dead bones that lay scattered by4 ,brak4 ,had you such leisure in the time of death1 ,to gaze upon the secrets of the deep8 ,clar4 ,methought ,i had2 and often did ,i strive ,to yield the ghost3 but still the envious flood ,kept in my soul1 and would not let it forth ,to seek the empty1 vast1 and wandering air2 ,but smothered it within my panting bulk1 ,which almost burst to belch it in the sea4 ,brak4 ,awaked you not with this sore agony8 ,clar4 ,oh1 no2 my dream was lengthened after life2 ,oh1 then began the tempest to my soul1 ,who passed1 methought1 the melancholy flood1 ,with that grim ferryman which poets write of1 ,unto the kingdom of perpetual night4 ,the first that there did greet my stranger soul1 ,was my great father-in-law1 renowne'd ,warwick2 ,who cried aloud1 ,what scourge for perjury ,can this dark monarchy afford false ,clarence8 ,and so he vanished4 ,then came wandering by ,a shadow like an angel1 with bright hair ,dabbled in blood2 and he shrieked out aloud3 ,clarence is come6 false1 fleeting1 perjured ,clarence6 ,that stabbed me in the field by ,tewksbury3 ,seize on him1 ,furies1 take him to your torments6 ,with that1 methoughts1 a legion of foul fiends ,environed me1 and howled in mine ears ,such hideous cries1 that1 with the very noise1 ,i1 trembling1 waked1 and1 for a season after1 ,could not believe but that ,i was in hell2 ,such terrible impression made the dream4 ,brak4 ,no marvel1 lord1 though it affrighted you2 ,i am afraid1 methinks1 to hear you tell it4 ,clar4 ,o ,brakenbury1 ,i have done those things1 ,which now bear evidence against my soul1 ,for ,edward's sake2 and see how he requites me6 ,o ,god6 if my deep prayers can not appease thee1 ,but thou wilt be avenged on my misdeeds1 ,yet execute thy wrath in me alone3 ,oh1 spare my guiltless wife and my poor children6 --,i pray thee1 gentle keeper1 stay by me2 ,my soul is heavy1 and ,i fain would sleep4 ,brak4 ,i will1 my lord3 ,god give your grace good rest6 ,,clarence reposes himself on a chair4 ,sorrow breaks seasons and reposing hours1 ,makes the night morning1 and the noontide night4 ,shakespeare4--,richard ,,iii1 ,act i1 ,scene iv4 ,,notes4--,the houses of ,york and ,lancaster were at war for the possession of the ,english throne4 ,the ,duke of ,clarence and the ,duke of ,gloster were brothers of ,king ,edward ,,iv41 who was head of the house of ,york4 ,clarence married the daughter of the ,earl of ,warwick1 and joined the latter in several insurrections against the king4 ,they finally plotted with ,queen ,margaret of the ,lancaster party for the restoration of the latter house to the ,english throne1 but ,clarence betrayed ,warwick and the ,queen1 and killed the latter's son at the battle of ,tewksbury4 ,through the plots of ,gloster1 ,clarence was imprisoned in the ,tower of ,london1 and there murdered4 ,brakenbury was lieutenant of the ,tower4 ,the ferryman referred to is ,charon1 of ,greek mythology1 who was supposed to ferry the souls of the dead over the river ,acheron to the infernal regions4 ,,cvi4 ,,homeward ,,bound4 7#cga7 ,richard ,h4 ,dana1 ,jr41 #ahae-ahhb1 was the son of ,richard ,h4 ,dana1 the poet4 ,he was born in ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,in his boyhood be had a strong desire to be a sailor1 but by his father's advice chose a student's life1 and entered ,harvard ,university4 ,at the age of nineteen an affection of the eyes compelled him to suspend his studies4 ,he now made a voyage to ,california as a common sailor1 and was gone two years4 ,on his return1 he resumed his studies and graduated in #ahcg4 ,he afterwards studied law1 and entered upon an active and successful practice4 ,most of his life was spent in law and politics1 although he won distinction in literature4 ,the following extract is from his ,two ,years before the ,mast1 a book published in #ahdj1 giving an account of his voyage to ,california4 ,this book details1 in a most clear and entertaining manner1 the everyday life of a common sailor on shipboard1 and is the best known of all ,mr4 ,dana's works4 ,it is usual1 in voyages round the ,cape from the ,pacific1 to keep to the eastward of the ,falkland ,islands2 but1 as there had now set in a strong1 steady1 and clear southwester1 with every prospect of its lasting1 and we had had enough of high latitudes1 the captain determined to stand immediately to the northward1 running inside the ,falkland ,islands4 ,accordingly1 when the wheel was relieved at eight o'clock1 the order was given to keep her due north1 and all hands were turned up to square away the yards and make sail4 ,in a moment the news ran through the ship that the captain was keeping her off1 with her nose straight for ,boston1 and ,cape ,horn over her taffrail4 ,it was a moment of enthusiasm4 ,everyone was on the alert1 and even the two sick men turned out to lend a hand at the halyards4 ,the wind was now due southwest1 and blowing a gale to which a vessel close-hauled could have shown no more than a single close-reefed sail2 but as we were going before it1 we could carry on4 ,accordingly1 hands were sent aloft and a reef shaken out of the topsails1 and the reefed foresail set4 ,when we came to masthead the topsail yards1 with all hands at the halyards1 we struck up1 ,cheerly1 men1 with a chorus which might have been heard halfway to ,staten ,island4 ,under her increased sail1 the ship drove on through the water4 ,yet she could bear it well2 and the captain sang out from the quarter-deck-- ,another reef out of that fore topsail1 and give it to her4 ,two hands sprang aloft2 the frozen reef points and earings were cast adrift1 the halyards manned1 and the sail gave out her increased canvas to the gale4 ,all hands were kept on deck to watch the effect of the change4 ,it was as much as she could well carry1 and with a heavy sea astern1 it took two men at the wheel to steer her4 ,she flung the foam from her bows2 the spray breaking aft as far as the gangway4 ,she was going at a prodigious rate4 ,still1 everything held4 ,preventer braces were reeved and hauled taut2 tackles got upon the backstays2 and everything done to keep all snug and strong4 ,the captain walked the deck at a rapid stride1 looked aloft at the sails1 and then to windward2 the mate stood in the gangway1 rubbing his hands1 and talking aloud to the ship--,hurrah1 old bucket6 the ,boston girls have got hold of the towrope6 and the like2 and we were on the forecastle looking to see how the spars stood it1 and guessing the rate at which she was going1--when the captain called out--,mr4 ,brown1 get up the topmast studding sail6 ,what she can't carry she may drag6 ,the mate looked a moment2 but he would let no one be before him in daring4 ,he sprang forward1--,hurrah1 men6 rig out the topmast studding sail boom6 ,lay aloft1 and ,i'll send the rigging up to you6 ,we sprang aloft into the top2 lowered a girtline down1 by which we hauled up the rigging2 rove the tacks and halyards2 ran out the boom and lashed it fast1 and sent down the lower halyards as a preventer4 ,it was a clear starlight night1 cold and blowing2 but everybody worked with a will4 ,some1 indeed1 looked as though they thought the old man was mad1 but no one said a word4 ,we had had a new topmast studding sail made with a reef in it1--a thing hardly ever heard of1 and which the sailors had ridiculed a good deal1 saying that when it was time to reef a studding sail it was time to take it in4 ,but we found a use for it now2 for1 there being a reef in the topsail1 the studding sail could not be set without one in it also4 ,to be sure1 a studding sail with reefed topsails was rather a novelty2 yet there was some reason in it1 for if we carried that away1 we should lose only a sail and a boom2 but a whole topsail might have carried away the mast and all4 ,while we were aloft1 the sail had been got out1 bent to the yard1 reefed1 and ready for hoisting4 ,waiting for a good opportunity1 the halyards were manned and the yard hoisted fairly up to the block2 but when the mate came to shake the cat's-paw out of the downhaul1 and we began to boom end the sail1 it shook the ship to her center4 ,the boom buckled up and bent like a whipstick1 and we looked every moment to see something go2 but1 being of the short1 tough upland spruce1 it bent like whalebone1 and nothing could break it4 ,the carpenter said it was the best stick he had ever seen4 ,the strength of all hands soon brought the tack to the boom end1 and the sheet was trimmed down1 and the preventer and the weather brace hauled taut to take off the strain4 ,every rope-yarn seemed stretched to the utmost1 and every thread of canvas2 and with this sail added to her1 the ship sprang through the water like a thing possessed4 ,the sail being nearly all forward1 it lifted her out of the water1 and she seemed actually to jump from sea to sea4 ,from the time her keel was laid1 she had never been so driven2 and had it been life or death with everyone of us1 she could not have borne another stitch of canvas4 ,finding that she would bear the sail1 the hands we're sent below1 and our watch remained on deck4 ,two men at the wheel had as much as they could do to keep her within three points of her course1 for she steered as wild as a young colt4 ,the mate walked the deck1 looking at the sails1 and then over the side to see the foam fly by her1--slapping his hands upon his thighs and talking to the ship--,hurrah1 you jade1 you've got the scent6 you know where you're going6 ,and when she leaped over the seas1 and almost out of the water1 and trembled to her very keel1 the spars and masts snapping and creaking1 ,there she goes6--,there she goes--handsomely6--,as long as she cracks1 she holds6--while we stood with the rigging laid down fair for letting go1 and ready to take in sail and clear away if anything went4 ,at four bells we have the log1 and she was going eleven knots fairly2 and had it not been for the sea from aft which sent the chip home1 and threw her continually off her course1 the log would have shown her to have been going somewhat faster4 ,i went to the wheel with a young fellow from the ,kennebec1 who was a good helmsman2 and for two hours we had our hands full4 ,a few minutes showed us that our monkey jackets must come off2 and1 cold as it was1 we stood in our shirt sleeves in a perspiration1 and were glad enough to have it eight bells and the wheels relieved4 ,we turned in and slept as well as we could1 though the sea made a constant roar under her bows1 and washed over the forecastle like a small cataract4 ,,notes4--,the ,falkland ,islands are a group in the ,atlantic just east of ,cape ,horn4 ,bells4 ,on shipboard time is counted in bells1 the bell being struck every half hour4 ,,cvii4 ,,impeachment ,,of ,,warren ,,hastings4 7#cge7 ,thomas ,babington ,macaulay1 #ahjj-ahei1 was born in the village of ,rothley1 ,leicestershire4 ,on his father's side1 he descended from ,scotch ,highlanders and ministers of the kirk4 ,his education began at home1 and was completed at ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,while a student1 he gained much reputation as a writer and a debater4 ,in #ahbf he was admitted to the bar4 ,in #ahbe began his connection with the ,edinburgh ,review1 which continued twenty years4 ,some of his most brilliant essays appeared first in its pages4 ,he was first chosen to ,parliament in #ahcj1 and was reelected several times4 ,in #ahdj his essays and some other writings were collected and published with the title of ,miscellanies4 ,his ,lays of ,ancient ,rome was published in #ahdb4 ,his ,history of ,england was published near the close of his life4 ,in #aheg he was given the title of ,baron ,macaulay4 ,his style is vigorous1 rapid in its movement1 and brilliant2 and yet1 with all its splendor1 has a crystalline clearness4 ,indeed1 the fault generally found with his style is1 that it is so constantly brilliant that the vision is dazzled and wearied with its excessive brightness4 ,he has sometimes been charged with sacrificing facts to fine sentences4 ,in his statesmanship1 ,macaulay was always an earnest defender of liberty4 ,his first speech in ,parliament was in support of a bill to remove the civil disabilities of the ,jews1 and his whole parliamentary career was consistent with this wise and liberal beginning4 ,the place in which the impeachment of ,warren ,hastings was conducted1 was worthy of such a trial4 ,it was the great hall of ,william ,rufus2 the hall which had resounded with acclamations at the inauguration of thirty kings2 the hall which had witnessed the just sentence of ,bacon1 and the just absolution of ,somers2 the hall where the eloquence of ,strafford had for a moment awed and melted a victorious party inflamed with just resentment2 the hall where ,charles had confronted the ,high ,court of ,justice with the placid courage which half redeemed his fame4 ,neither military nor civil pomp was wanting4 ,the avenues were lined with grenadiers4 ,the streets were kept clear by cavalry4 ,the peers1 robed in gold and ermine1 were marshaled by heralds4 ,the judges1 in their vestments of state1 attended to give advice on points of law4 ,the long galleries were crowded by such an audience as has rarely excited the fears or the emulation of an orator4 ,there were gathered together1 from all parts of a great1 free1 enlightened1 and prosperous realm1 grace and female loveliness1 wit and learning1 the representatives of every science and of every art4 ,there were seated around the queen1 the fair-haired1 young daughters of the house of ,brunswick4 ,there the embassadors of great kings and commonwealths gazed with admiration on a spectacle which no other country in the world could present4 ,there ,siddons1 in the prime of her majestic beauty1 looked with emotion on a scene surpassing all the imitations of the stage4 ,there ,gibbon1 the historian of the ,roman ,empire1 thought of the days when ,cicero pleaded the cause of ,sicily against ,verres2 and when1 before a senate which had still some show of freedom1 ,tacitus thundered against the oppressor of ,africa4 ,there1 too1 were seen1 side by side1 the greatest painter and the greatest scholar of the age2 for the spectacle had allured ,reynolds from his easel and ,parr from his study4 ,the sergeants made proclamation4 ,hastings advanced to the bar1 and bent his knee4 ,the culprit was indeed not unworthy of that great presence4 ,he had ruled an extensive and populous country2 had made laws and treaties2 had sent forth armies2 had set up and pulled down princes2 and in his high place he had so borne himself1 that all had feared him1 that most had loved him1 and that hatred itself could deny him no title to glory1 except virtue4 ,a person1 small and emaciated1 yet deriving dignity from a carriage which1 while it indicated deference to the court1 indicated1 also1 habitual self-possession and self-respect2 a high and intellectual forehead2 a brow1 pensive1 but not gloomy2 a mouth of inflexible decision2 a face1 pale and worn1 but serene1 on which a great and well-balanced mind was legibly written3 such was the aspect with which the great proconsul presented himself to his judges4 ,the charges1 and the answers of ,hastings1 were first read4 ,this ceremony occupied two whole days4 ,on the third1 ,burke rose4 ,four sittings of the court were occupied by his opening speech1 which was intended to be a general introduction to all the charges4 ,with an exuberance of thought and a splendor of diction1 which more than satisfied the highly raised expectations of the audience1 he described the character and institutions of the natives of ,india2 recounted the circumstances in which the ,asiatic ,empire of ,britain had originated2 and set forth the constitution of the ,company and of the ,english ,presidencies4 ,having thus attempted to communicate to his hearers an idea of eastern society1 as vivid as that which existed in his own mind1 he proceeded to arraign the administration of ,hastings1 as systematically conducted in defiance of morality and public law4 ,the energy and pathos of the great orator extorted expressions of unwonted admiration from all2 and1 for a moment1 seemed to pierce even the resolute heart of the defendant4 ,the ladies in the galleries1 unaccustomed to such displays of eloquence1 excited by the solemnity of the occasion1 and perhaps not unwilling to display their taste and sensibility1 were in a state of uncontrollable emotion4 ,handkerchiefs were pulled out2 smelling bottles were handed round2 hysterical sobs and screams were heard1 and some were even carried out in fits4 ,at length the orator concluded4 ,raising his voice1 till the old arches of ,irish oak resounded--,therefore1 said he1 hath it with all confidence been ordered by the ,commons of ,great ,britain1 that ,i impeach ,warren ,hastings of high crimes and misdemeanors4 ,i impeach him in the name of the ,commons ,house of ,parliament1 whose trust he has betrayed4 ,i impeach him in the name of the ,english nation1 whose ancient honor he has sullied4 ,i impeach him in the name of the people of ,india1 whose rights he has trodden under foot1 and whose country he has turned into a desert4 ,lastly1 in the name of human nature itself1 in the name of both sexes1 in the name of every age1 in the name of every rank1 ,i impeach the common enemy and oppressor of all4 ,,notes4--,warren ,hastings 7b4 #agcb1 d4 #ahah7 was ,governor-general of ,british ,india4 ,he was impeached for maladministration1 but1 after a trial which extended from ,feb4 #acth1 #aghh1 to ,april #bc;d1 #agie1 and occupied one hundred and forty-eight days1 he was acquitted by a large majority on each separate count of the impeachment4 ,william ,rufus1 or ,william ,,ii4 7b4 #ajef1 d4 #aajj71 built ,westminster ,hall in which the trial was held4 ,bacon2 see biographical notice1 pages #ccb and #ccc4 ,somers1 ,john 7b4 #afea4 d4 #agaf7 was impeached for maladministration while holding the office of lord chamberlain4 ,strafford1 ,thomas ,wentworth1 earl of1 7b4 #aeic1 d4 #afda17 was impeached for his mismanagement while governor of ,ireland4 ,he conducted his own defense with such eloquence that the original impeachment was abandoned1 although he was immediately condemned for high treason and executed4 ,charles ,i4 7b4 #afjj1 d4 #afdi71 after a war with ,parliament1 in which the rights of the people were at issue1 was captured1 tried1 and condemned to death4 ,the ,house of ,brunswick is one of the oldest families of ,germany4 ,a branch of this family occupies the ,british throne4 ,siddons1 ,sarah 7b4 #agee1 d4 #ahca71 was a famous ,english actress4 ,gibbon1 ,edward 7b4 #agcg1 d4 #agid71 was a celebrated ,english historian4 ,cicero2 see note on page #aef4 ,tacitus 7b4 about #ee1 d4 after #aag ,a4 ,d47 was a ,roman orator and historian1 who conducted the prosecution of ,marius1 proconsul of ,africa4 ,reynolds1 ,sir ,joshua 7b4 #agbc1 d4 #agib71 an ,english portrait painter of note4 ,parr1 ,samuel 7b4 #agdg1 d4 #ahbe71 was an ,english author4 ,burke1 ,edmund2 see biographical sketch accompanying the following lesson4 ,,cviii4 ,,destruction ,,of ,,the ,,carnatic4 ,edmund ,burke1 #agcj-agig1 one of the most able and brilliant of ,england's essayists1 orators1 and statesmen1 was born in ,dublin1 and was the son of an able lawyer4 ,he graduated at ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 in #agdh4 ,as a student1 he was distinguished for ability and industry4 ,from #agej to #agff he was in ,london writing for periodicals1 publishing books1 or serving as private secretary4 ,his work on ,the ,sublime and ,beautiful appeared in #agef4 ,from #agff to #agid he was a member of ,parliament1 representing at different times different constituencies4 ,on the first day of his appearance in the ,house of ,commons he made a successful speech4 ,in the three principal questions which excited his interest1 and called forth the most splendid displays of his eloquence--the contest with the ,american ,colonies1 the impeachment of ,warren ,hastings1 and the ,french ,revolution--we see displayed a philanthropy the most pure1 illustrated by a genius the most resplendent4 ,mr4 ,burke's foresight1 uprightness1 integrity1 learning1 magnanimity1 and eloquence made him one of the most conspicuous men of his time2 and his writings stand among the noblest contributions to ,english literature4 ,when at length ,hyder ,ali found that he had to do with men who either would sign no convention1 or whom no treaty and no signature could bind1 and who were the determined enemies of human intercourse itself1 he decreed to make the country possessed by these incorrigible and predestinated criminals a memorable example to mankind4 ,he resolved1 in the gloomy recesses of a mind capacious of such things1 to leave the whole ,carnatic an everlasting monument of vengeance1 and to put perpetual desolation as a barrier between him and those against whom the faith which holds the moral elements of the world together was no protection4 ,he became at length so confident of his force1 so collected in his might1 that he made no secret whatsoever of his dreadful resolution4 ,having terminated his disputes with every enemy and every rival1 who buried their mutual animosities in their common detestation against the creditors of the ,nabob of ,arcot1 he drew from every quarter whatever a savage ferocity could add to his new rudiments in the arts of destruction2 and compounding all the materials of fury1 havoc1 and desolation into one black cloud1 he hung for a while on the declivities of the mountains4 ,whilst the authors of all these evils were idly and stupidly gazing on this menacing meteor which blackened all their horizon1 it suddenly burst1 and poured down the whole of its contents upon the plains of the ,carnatic4 ,then ensued a scene of woe1 the like of which no eye had seen1 no heart conceived1 and which no tongue can adequately tell4 ,all the horrors of war before known or heard of1 were mercy to that new havoc4 ,a storm of universal fire blasted every field1 consumed every house1 destroyed every temple4 ,the miserable inhabitants1 flying from their flaming villages1 in part were slaughtered2 others1 without regard to sex1 to age1 to the respect of rank1 or sacredness of function1--fathers torn from children1 husbands from wives1 enveloped in a whirlwind of cavalry1 and1 amidst the goading spears of drivers1 and the trampling of pursuing horses1--were swept into captivity1 in an unknown and hostile land4 ,those who were able to evade this tempest1 fled to the walled cities2 but escaping from fire1 sword1 and exile1 they fell into the jaws of famine4 ,the alms of the settlement of ,madras1 in this dreadful exigency1 were certainly liberal1 and all was done by charity that private charity could do2 but it was a people in beggary2 it was a nation which stretched out its hands for food4 ,for months together these creatures of sufferance1 whose very excess and luxury in their most plenteous days had fallen short of the allowance of our austerest fasts1 silent1 patient1 resigned1 without sedition or disturbance1 almost without complaint1 perished by a hundred a day in the streets of ,madras2 every day seventy at least laid their bodies in the streets1 or on the glacis of ,tanjore1 and expired of famine in the granary of ,india4 ,i was going to wake your justice toward this unhappy part of our fellow-citizens1 by bringing before you some of the circumstances of this plague of hunger4 ,of all the calamities which beset and waylay the life of man1 this comes the nearest to our heart1 and is that wherein the proudest of us all feels himself to be nothing more than he is4 ,but ,i find myself unable to manage it with decorum4 ,these details are of a species of horror so nauseous and disgusting2 they are so degrading to the sufferers and to the hearers2 they are so humiliating to human nature itself1 that1 on better thoughts1 ,i find it more advisable to throw a pall over this hideous object1 and to leave it to your general conceptions4 ,for eighteen months1 without intermission1 this destruction raged from the gates of ,madras to the gates of ,tanjore2 and so completely did these masters in their art1 ,hyder ,ali1 and his more ferocious son1 absolve themselves of their impious vow1 that when the ,british armies traversed1 as they did1 the ,carnatic1 for hundreds of miles in all directions1 through the whole line of their march they did not see one man--not one woman--not one child--not one four-footed beast of any description whatever6 ,one dead1 uniform silence reigned over the whole region4 ,with the inconsiderable exceptions of the narrow vicinage of some few forts1 ,i wish to be understood as speaking literally2--,i mean to produce to you more than three witnesses1 who will support this assertion in its full extent4 ,that hurricane of war passed through every part of the central provinces of the ,carnatic4 ,six or seven districts to the north and to the south 7and these not wholly untouched7 escaped the general ravage4 ,,notes4--,this selection is an extract from ,burke's celebrated speech in ,parliament1 in #aghe1 on the ,nabob of ,arcot's debts2 it bore upon the maladministration of ,hastings4 ,arcot1 a district in ,india1 had been ceded to the ,british on condition that they should pay the former ruler's debts4 ,these were found to be enormous1 and the creditors proved to be individuals in the ,east ,india ,company's employ4 ,the creditors1 for their private gain1 induced the ,nabob to attempt the subjugation of other native princes1 among whom was ,hyder ,ali4 ,the latter at first made successful resistance1 and compelled the ,nabob and his allies to sign a treaty4 ,the treaty was not kept1 and the destruction above recounted took place4 ,the ,carnatic is a province in ,british ,india1 on the eastern side of the peninsula2 it contains about #ej1jjj square miles4 ,madras is a city1 and ,tanjore a town1 in this province4 ,,cix4 ,,the ,,raven4 ,edgar ,allan ,poe1 #ahji-ahdi1 was born in ,boston1 and died in ,baltimore4 ,he was left a destitute orphan at an early age1 and was adopted by ,mr4 ,john ,allan1 a wealthy citizen of ,richmond4 ,he entered the ,university of ,virginia1 at ,charlottesville1 where he excelled in his studies1 and was always at the head of his class2 but he was compelled to leave on account of irregularities4 ,he was afterwards appointed a cadet at ,west ,point1 but failed to graduate there for the same reason4 ,poe now quarreled with his benefactor and left his house never to return4 ,during the rest of his melancholy career1 he obtained a precarious livelihood by different literary enterprises4 ,his ability as a writer gained him positions with various periodicals in ,richmond1 ,new ,york1 and ,philadelphia1 and during this time he wrote some of his finest prose4 ,the appearance of ,the ,raven in #ahde1 however1 at once made ,poe a literary lion4 ,he was quite successful for a time1 but then fell back into his dissipated habits which finally caused his death4 ,in his personal appearance1 ,poe was neat and gentlemanly2 his face was expressive of intellect and sensibility2 and his mental powers in some directions were of a high order4 ,his writings show care1 and a great degree of skill in their construction2 but their effect is generally morbid4 ,once upon a midnight dreary1 ,while ,i pondered1 weak and weary1 ,over many a quaint and curious ,volume of forgotten lore-- ,while ,i nodded1 nearly napping1 ,suddenly there came a tapping1 ,as of some one gently rapping1 ,rapping at my chamber door4 ',tis some visitor1 ,i muttered1 ,tapping at my chamber door ,only this1 and nothing more4 ,ah1 distinctly ,i remember1 ,it was in the bleak ,december1 ,and each separate dying ember ,wrought its ghost upon the floor4 ,eagerly ,i wished the morrow2 ,vainly ,i had sought to borrow ,from my books surcease of sorrow ,sorrow for the lost ,lenore-- ,for the rare and radiant maiden ,whom the angels name ,lenore-- ,nameless here for evermore4 ,and the silken1 sad1 uncertain ,rustling of each purple curtain ,thrilled me1--filled me with fantastic ,terrors1 never felt before2 ,so that now1 to still the beating ,of my heart1 ,i stood repeating1 ',tis some visitor entreating ,entrance at my chamber door ,some late visitor entreating ,entrance at my chamber door2 ,this it is1 and nothing more4 ,presently my soul grew stronger2 ,hesitating then no longer1 ,sir1 said ,i1 or ,madam1 truly ,your forgiveness ,i implore2 ,but the fact is ,i was napping1 ,and so gently you came rapping1 ,and so faintly you came tapping1 ,tapping at my chamber door1 ,that ,i scarce was sure ,i heard you4-- ,here ,i opened wide the door2 ,darkness there1 and nothing more4 ,deep into that darkness peering1 ,long ,i stood there1 wondering1 fearing1 ,doubting1 dreaming dreams no mortals ,ever dared to dream before2 ,but the silence was unbroken1 ,and the stillness gave no token1 ,and the only word there spoken ,was the whispered word1 ,lenore6 ,this ,i whispered1 and an echo ,murmured back the word1 ,lenore6 ,merely this1 and nothing more4 ,back into the chamber turning1 ,all my soul within me burning1 ,soon again ,i heard a tapping1 ,something louder than before4 ,surely1 said ,i1 surely1 that is ,something at my window lattice2 ,let me see then1 what thereat is1 ,and this mystery explore-- ,let my heart be still a moment1 ,and this mystery explore2-- ',tis the wind1 and nothing more4 ,open here ,i flung the shutter4 ,when1 with many a flirt and flutter1 ,in there stepped a stately ,raven ,of the saintly days of yore2 ,not the least obeisance made he2 ,not a minute stopped or stayed he1 ,but1 with mien of lord or lady1 ,perched above my chamber door-- ,perched upon a bust of ,pallas ,just above my chamber door-- ,perched1 and sat1 and nothing more4 ,then this ebony bird beguiling ,my sad fancy into smiling1 ,by the grave and stern decorum ,of the countenance it wore1 ,though thy crest be shorn and shaven1 ,thou1 ,i said1 art sure no craven1 ,ghastly1 grim1 and ancient ,raven1 ,wandering from the nightly shore1 ,tell me what thy lordly name is ,on the night's ,plutonian shore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,much ,i marveled this ungainly ,fowl to hear discourse so plainly1 ,though its answer little meaning-- ,little relevancy bore2 ,for we can not help agreeing ,that no living human being ,ever yet was blest with seeing ,bird above his chamber door-- ,bird or beast upon the sculptured ,bust above his chamber door1 ,with such name as ,nevermore4 ,but the ,raven1 sitting lonely ,on that placid bust1 spoke only ,that one word1 as if his soul in ,that one word he did outpour4 ,nothing farther then he uttered1 ,not a feather then he fluttered1 ,till ,i scarcely more than muttered1 ,other friends have flown before-- ,on the morrow he will leave me1 ,as my ,hopes have flown before4 ,then the bird said1 ,nevermore4 ,startled at the stillness broken ,by reply so aptly spoken1 ,doubtless1 said ,i1 what it utters ,is its only stock and store1 ,caught from some unhappy master ,whom unmerciful ,disaster ,followed fast and followed faster ,till his songs one burden bore-- ,till the dirges of his ,hope that ,melancholy burden bore ,of ',never--nevermore4' ,but the ,raven still beguiling ,all my sad soul into smiling1 ,straight ,i wheeled a cushioned seat in ,front of bird1 and bust1 and door2 ,then1 upon the velvet sinking1 ,i betook myself to linking ,fancy unto fancy1 thinking ,what this ominous bird of yore-- ,what this grim1 ungainly1 ghastly1 ,gaunt1 and ominous bird of yore ,meant in croaking ,nevermore4 ,this ,i sat engaged in guessing1 ,but no syllable expressing ,to the fowl whose fiery eyes now ,burned into my bosom's core2 ,this and more ,i sat divining1 ,with my head at ease reclining ,on the cushion's velvet lining ,that the lamplight gloated o'er1 ,but whose velvet violet lining1 ,with the lamplight gloating o'er ,she shall press1 ah1 nevermore6 ,then1 methought1 the air grew denser1 ,perfumed from an unseen censer ,swung by ,seraphim1 whose footfalls ,tinkled on the tufted floor4 ,wretch1 ,i cried1 thy ,god hath lent thee-- ,by these angels he hath sent thee ,respite--respite and nepenthe #a ,from thy memories of ,lenore6 ,quaff1 oh quaff this kind nepenthe1 ,and forget this lost ,lenore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,transcriber's ,note #a3 nepenthe--,a drug to relieve grief1 by blocking memory of sorrow or pain4 ,prophet6 said ,i1 thing of evil6-- ,prophet still1 if bird or devil6-- ,whether ,tempter sent1 or whether ,tempest tossed thee here ashore1 ,desolate1 yet all undaunted1 ,on this desert land enchanted-- ,on this home by ,horror haunted-- ,tell me truly1 ,i implore-- ,is there--is there balm in ,gilead8 ,tell me--tell me1 ,i implore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,prophet6 said ,i1 thing of evil1-- ,prophet still1 if bird or devil6-- ,by that heaven that bends above us1 ,by that ,god we both adore1 ,tell this soul with sorrow laden1 ,if1 within the distant ,aidenn1 ,it shall clasp a sainted maiden ,whom the angels name ,lenore-- ,clasp a rare and radiant maiden1 ,whom the angels name ,lenore4 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,be that word our sign of parting1 ,bird or fiend1 ,i shrieked1 upstarting2 ,get thee back into the tempest ,and the night's ,plutonian shore6 ,leave no black plume as a token ,of that lie thy soul hath spoken6 ,leave my loneliness unbroken6-- ,quit the bust above my door6 ,take thy beak from out my heart1 and ,take thy form from off my door6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,and the ,raven1 never flitting1 ,still is sitting1 still is sitting ,on the pallid bust of ,pallas ,just above my chamber door2 ,and his eyes have all the seeming ,of a demon's that is dreaming1 ,and the lamplight o'er him streaming ,throws his shadow on the floor2 ,and my soul from out that shadow1 ,that lies floating on the floor1 ,shall be lifted--nevermore6 ,,notes4--,pallas1 or ,minerva1 in ancient mythology1 was the goddess of wisdom4 ,plutonian1 see note on ,pluto1 page #bdb4 ,gilead is the name of a mountain group of ,palestine1 celebrated for its balsam or balm made from herbs4 ,it is here used figuratively4 ,aidenn is an ,anglicized and disguised spelling of the ,arabic form of the word ,eden3 it is here used as a synonym for heaven4 ,,cx4 ,a ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,colosseum4 7#chi7 ,orville ,dewey1 #agid-ahhb1 a well known ,unitarian clergyman and author1 was born in ,sheffield1 ,massachusetts1 graduated with distinction at ,williams ,college in #ahad1 and afterward studied theology at ,andover4 ,for a while he was assistant to ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,channing in ,boston1 and later1 was a pastor in ,new ,bedford1 ,new ,york ,city1 and ,boston4 ,he made two or three voyages to ,europe1 and published accounts of his travels4 ,discourses on ,human ,life1 ,discourses on the ,nature of ,religion1 ,discourses on ,commerce and ,business1 are among his published works4 ,his writings are both philosophical and practical2 and1 as a preacher1 he was esteemed original1 earnest1 and impressive4 ,on the eighth of ,november1 from the high land1 about fourteen miles distant1 ,i first saw ,rome2 and although there is something very unfavorable to impression in the expectation that you are to be greatly impressed1 or that you ought to be1 or that such is the fashion2 yet ,rome is too mighty a name to be withstood by such or any other influences4 ,let you come upon that hill in what mood you may1 the scene will lay hold upon you as with the hand of a giant4 ,i scarcely know how to describe the impression1 but it seemed to me as if something strong and stately1 like the slow and majestic march of a mighty whirlwind1 swept around those eternal towers2 the storms of time1 that had prostrated the proudest monuments of the world1 seemed to have left their vibrations in the still and solemn air2 ages of history passed before me2 the mighty procession of nations1 kings1 consuls1 emperors1 empires1 and generations had passed over that sublime theater4 ,the fire1 the storm1 the earthquake1 had gone by2 but there was yet left the still1 small voice like that at which the prophet wrapped his face in his mantle4 ,i went to see the ,colosseum by moonlight4 ,it is the monarch1 the majesty of all ruins2 there is nothing like it4 ,all the associations of the place1 too1 give it the most impressive character4 ,when you enter within this stupendous circle of ruinous walls and arches1 and grand terraces of masonry1 rising one above another1 you stand upon the arena of the old gladiatorial combats and ,christian martyrdom2 and as you lift your eyes to the vast amphitheater1 you meet1 in imagination1 the eyes of a hundred thousand ,romans1 assembled to witness these bloody spectacles4 ,what a multitude and mighty array of human beings2 and how little do we know in modern times of great assemblies6 ,one1 two1 and three1 and1 at its last enlargement by ,constantine1 more than three hundred thousand persons could be seated in the ,circus ,maximus6 ,but to return to the ,colosseum2 we went up under the conduct of a guide upon the walls and terraces1 or embankments1 which supported the ranges of seats4 ,the seats have long since disappeared2 and grass overgrows the spots where the pride1 and power1 and wealth1 and beauty of ,rome sat down to its barbarous entertainments4 ,what thronging life was here then6 ,what voices1 what greetings1 what hurrying footsteps upon the staircases of the eighty arches of entrance6 ,and now1 as we picked our way carefully through the decayed passages1 or cautiously ascended some moldering flight of steps1 or stood by the lonely walls--ourselves silent1 and1 for a wonder1 the guide silent1 too--there was no sound here but of the bat1 and none came from without but the roll of a distant carriage1 or the convent bell from the summit of the neighboring ,esquiline4 ,it is scarcely possible to describe the effect of moonlight upon this ruin4 ,through a hundred lonely arches and blackened passageways it streamed in1 pure1 bright1 soft1 lambent1 and yet distinct and clear1 as if it came there at once to reveal1 and cheer1 and pity the mighty desolation4 ,but if the ,colosseum is a mournful and desolate spectacle as seen from within--without1 and especially on the side which is in best preservation1 it is glorious4 ,we passed around it2 and1 as we looked upward1 the moon shining through its arches1 from the opposite side1 it appeared as if it were the coronet of the heavens1 so vast was it--or like a glorious crown upon the brow of night4 ,i feel that ,i do not and can not describe this mighty ruin4 ,i can only say that ,i came away paralyzed1 and as passive as a child4 ,a soldier stretched out his hand for un dona1 as we passed the guard2 and when my companion said ,i did wrong to give1 ,i told him that ,i should have given my cloak1 if the man had asked it4 ,would you break any spell that worldly feeling or selfish sorrow may have spread over your mind1 go and see the ,colosseum by moonlight4 ,,notes4--,the ,colosseum 7pro4 ,col-os-se'um7 was commenced by the ,roman emperor ,vespasian1 and was completed by ,titus1 his son1 #gi ,a4,d4 ,its construction occupied but three years1 notwithstanding its size2 a great part of its walls are standing today4 ,the ,circus ,maximus was an amphitheater built by ,tarquin the ,elder about #fjj ,b4 ,c4 ,constantine4 ,see note on page #age4 ,the ,esquiline is one of the seven hills upon which ,rome is built4 ,un dona1 an ,italian phrase meaning a gift or alms4 ,,cxi4 ,,the ,,bridge4 7#cib7 ,i stood on the bridge at midnight1 ,as the clocks were striking the hour1 ,and the moon rose o'er the city1 ,behind the dark church tower4 ,i saw her bright reflection ,in the waters under me1 ,like a golden goblet falling ,and sinking into the sea4 ,and far in the hazy distance ,of that lovely night in ,june1 ,the blaze of the flaming furnace ,gleamed redder than the moon4 ,among the long1 black rafters ,the wavering shadows lay1 ,and the current that came from the ocean ,seemed to lift and bear them away2 ,as1 sweeping and eddying through them1 ,rose the belated tide1 ,and1 streaming into the moonlight1 ,the seaweed floated wide4 ,and like those waters rushing ,among the wooden piers1 ,a flood of thoughts came o'er me ,that filled my eyes with tears ,how often1 oh1 how often1 ,in the days that had gone by1 ,i had stood on that bridge at midnight ,and gazed on that wave and sky6 ,how often1 oh1 how often1 ,i had wished that the ebbing tide ,would bear me away on its bosom ,o'er the ocean wild and wide4 ,for my heart was hot and restless1 ,and my life was full of care1 ,and the burden laid upon me ,seemed greater than ,i could bear4 ,but now it has fallen from me1 ,it is buried in the sea2 ,and only the sorrow of others ,throws its shadow over me4 ,yet1 whenever ,i cross the river ,on its bridge with wooden piers1 ,like the odor of brine from the ocean ,comes the thought of other years4 ,and ,i think how many thousands ,of care-encumbered men1 ,each bearing his burden of sorrow1 ,have crossed the bridge since then4 ,i see the long procession ,still passing to and fro1 ,the young heart hot and restless1 ,and the old1 subdued and slow6 ,and forever and forever1 ,as long as the river flows1 ,as long as the heart has passions1 ,as long as life has woes2 ,the moon and its broken reflection ,and its shadows shall appear ,as the symbol of love in heaven1 ,and its wavering image here4 --,longfellow4 ,,cxii4 ,,objects ,,and ,,limits ,,of ,,science4 7#cid7 ,robert ,charles ,winthrop1 #ahji-ahid1 was a descendant of ,john ,winthrop1 the first ,governor of the ,colony of ,massachusetts ,bay4 ,he was born in ,boston1 studied at the public ,latin ,school1 graduated at ,harvard in #ahbh1 and studied law with ,daniel ,webster4 ,possessing an ample fortune1 he made little effort to practice his profession4 ,in #ahcd he was elected to the ,legislature of his native state1 and was reelected five times2 three years he was ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives4 ,in #ahdj he was chosen to ,congress1 and sat as ,representative for ten years4 ,in #ahdg he was chosen ,speaker of the ,house4 ,he also served a short time in the ,senate4 ,his published writings are chiefly in the form of addresses and speeches2 they are easy1 finished1 and scholarly4 ,as a speaker1 ,mr4 ,winthrop was ready1 full-voiced1 and self-possessed4 ,there are fields enough for the wildest and most extravagant theorizings1 within man's own appropriate domain1 without overleaping the barriers which separate things human and divine4 ,indeed1 ,i have often thought that modern science had afforded a most opportune and providential safety valve for the intellectual curiosity and ambition of man1 at a moment when the progress of education1 invention1 and liberty had roused and stimulated him to a pitch of such unprecedented eagerness and ardor4 ,astronomy1 ,chemistry1 and1 more than all1 ,geology1 with their incidental branches of study1 have opened an inexhaustible field for investigation and speculation4 ,here1 by the aid of modern instruments and modern modes of analysis1 the most ardent and earnest spirits may find ample room and verge enough for their insatiate activity and audacious enterprise1 and may pursue their course not only without the slightest danger of doing mischief to others1 but with the certainty of promoting the great end of scientific truth4 ,let them lift their vast reflectors or refractors to the skies1 and detect new planets in their hiding places4 ,let them waylay the fugitive comets in their flight1 and compel them to disclose the precise period of their orbits1 and to give bonds for their punctual return4 ,let them drag out reluctant satellites from their habitual concealments4 ,let them resolve the unresolvable nebulae of ,orion or ,andromeda4 ,they need not fear4 ,the sky will not fall1 nor a single star be shaken from its sphere4 ,let them perfect and elaborate their marvelous processes of making the light and the lightning their ministers1 for putting a pencil of rays into the hand of art1 and providing tongues of fire for the communication of intelligence4 ,let them foretell the path of the whirlwind1 and calculate the orbit of the storm4 ,let them hang out their gigantic pendulums1 and make the earth do the work of describing and measuring her own motions4 ,let them annihilate human pain1 and literally charm ache with air1 and agony with ether4 ,the blessing of ,god will attend all their toils1 and the gratitude of man will await all their triumphs4 ,let them dig down into the bowels of the earth4 ,let them rive asunder the massive rocks1 and unfold the history of creation as it lies written on the pages of their piled up strata4 ,let them gather up the fossil fragments of a lost ,fauna1 reproducing the ancient forms which inhabited the land or the seas1 bringing them together1 bone to his bone1 till ,leviathan and ,behemoth stand before us in bodily presence and in their full proportions1 and we almost tremble lest these dry bones should live again6 ,let them put nature to the rack1 and torture her1 in all her forms1 to the betrayal of her inmost secrets and confidences4 ,they need not forbear4 ,the foundations of the round world have been laid so strong that they can not be moved4 ,but let them not think by searching to find out ,god4 ,let them not dream of understanding the ,almighty to perfection4 ,let them not dare to apply their tests and solvents1 their modes of analysis or their terms of definition1 to the secrets of the spiritual kingdom4 ,let them spare the foundations of faith4 ,let them be satisfied with what is revealed of the mysteries of the ,divine ,nature4 ,let them not break through the bounds to gaze after the ,invisible4 ,,notes4--,orion and ,andromeda are the names of two constellations4 ,the ,leviathan is described in ,job1 chap4 xli1 and the ,behemoth in ,job1 chap4 xl4 ,it is not known exactly what beasts are meant by these descriptions4 ,,cxiii4 ,,the ,,downfall ,,of ,,poland4 7#cif7 ,o ,sacred ,truth6 thy triumph ceased a while1 ,and ,hope1 thy sister1 ceased with thee to smile1 ,when leagued ,oppression poured to northern wars ,her whiskered pandours and her fierce hussars1 ,waved her dread standard to the breeze of morn1 ,pealed her loud drum1 and twanged her trumpet horn2 ,tumultuous horror brooded o'er her van1 ,presaging wrath to ,poland--and to man6 ,warsaw's last champion1 from her height surveyed1 ,wide o'er the fields a waste of ruin laid2 ,o ,heaven6 he cried1 my bleeding country save6 ,is there no hand on high to shield the brave8 ,yet1 though destruction sweep those lovely plains1 ,rise1 fellow-men6 our country yet remains6 ,by that dread name1 we wave the sword on high1 ,and swear for her to live--with her to die6 ,he said1 and on the rampart heights arrayed ,his trusty warriors1 few1 but undismayed2 ,firm-paced and slow1 a horrid front they form1 ,still as the breeze1 but dreadful as the storm2 ,low murmuring sounds along their banners fly1 ,revenge or death--the watchword and reply2 ,then pealed the notes1 omnipotent to charm1 ,and the loud tocsin tolled their last alarm4 ,in vain1 alas6 in vain1 ye gallant few6 ,from rank to rank1 your volleyed thunder flew6 ,oh1 bloodiest picture in the book of time1 ,sarmatia fell1 unwept1 without a crime2 ,found not a generous friend1 a pitying foe1 ,strength in her arms1 nor mercy in her woe6 ,dropped from her nerveless grasp the shattered spear1 ,closed her bright eye1 and curbed her high career2 ,hope1 for a season1 bade the world farewell1 ,and ,freedom shrieked as ,kosciusko fell6 --,thomas ,campbell4 ,,notes4--,kosciusko 7b4 #agdf1 d4 #ahag71 a celebrated ,polish patriot1 who had served in the ,american ,revolution1 was besieged at ,warsaw1 in #agid1 by a large force of ,russians1 ,prussians1 and ,austrians4 ,after the siege was raised1 he marched against a force of ,russians much larger than his own1 and was defeated4 ,he was himself severely wounded and captured4 ,sarmatia is the ancient name for a region of ,europe which embraced ,poland1 but was of greater extent4 ,,cxiv4 ,,labor4 7#cih7 ,horace ,greeley1#ahaa-ahgb1 perhaps the most famous editor of ,america1 was born in ,amherst1 ,new ,hampshire1 of poor parents4 ,his boyhood was passed in farm labor1 in attending the common school1 and in reading every book on which he could lay his hands4 ,his reading was mostly done by the light of pine knots4 ,at fifteen he entered a printing office in ,vermont1 became the best workman in the office1 and continued to improve every opportunity for study4 ,at the age of twenty he appeared in ,new ,york ,city1 poorly clothed1 and almost destitute of money4 ,he worked at his trade for a year or two1 and then set up printing for himself4 ,for several years he was not successful1 but struggled on1 performing an immense amount of work as an editor4 ,in #ahda he established the ,new ,york ,tribune1 which soon became one of the most successful and influential papers in the country4 ,in #ahdh he was elected to ,congress1 but remained but a short time4 ,in #ahgb he was a candidate for the ,presidency1 was defeated1 and died a few days afterward4 ,mr4 ,greeley is a rare example of what may be accomplished by honesty and unflinching industry4 ,besides the vast amount which he wrote for the newspapers1 he published several books2 the best known of which is ,the ,american ,conflict4 ,every child should be trained to dexterity in some useful branch of productive industry1 not in order that he shall certainly follow that pursuit1 but that he may at all events be able to do so in case he shall fail in the more intellectual or artificial calling which he may prefer to it4 ,let him seek to be a doctor1 lawyer1 preacher1 poet1 if he will2 but let him not stake his all on success in that pursuit1 but have a second line to fall back upon if driven from his first4 ,let him be so reared and trained that he may enter1 if he will1 upon some intellectual calling in the sustaining consciousness that he need not debase himself1 nor do violence to his convictions1 in order to achieve success therein1 since he can live and thrive in another 7if you choose1 humbler7 vocation1 if driven from that of his choice4 ,this buttress to integrity1 this assurance of self-respect1 is to be found in a universal training to efficiency in ,productive ,labor4 ,the world is full of misdirection and waste2 but all the calamities and losses endured by mankind through frost1 drought1 blight1 hail1 fires1 earthquakes1 inundations1 are as nothing to those habitually suffered by them through human idleness and inefficiency1 mainly caused 7or excused7 by lack of industrial training4 ,it is quite within the truth to estimate that one tenth of our people1 in the average1 are habitually idle because 7as they say7 they can find no employment4 ,they look for work where it can not be had4 ,they seem to be1 or they are1 unable to do such as abundantly confronts and solicits them4 ,suppose these to average but one million able-bodied persons1 and that their work is worth but one dollar each per day2 our loss by involuntary idleness can not be less than #cjj1jjj1jjj per annum4 ,i judge that it is actually #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,many who stand waiting to be hired could earn from two to five dollars per day had they been properly trained to work4 ,there is plenty of room higher up1 said ,daniel ,webster1 in response to an inquiry as to the prospects of a young man just entering upon the practice of law2 and there is never a dearth of employment for men or women of signal capacity or skill4 ,in this city1 ten thousand women are always doing needlework for less than fifty cents per day1 finding themselves2 yet twice their number of capable1 skillful seamstresses could find steady employment and good living in wealthy families at not less than one dollar per day over and above board and lodging4 ,he who is a good blacksmith1 a fair millwright1 a tolerable wagon maker1 and can chop timber1 make fence1 and manage a small farm if required1 is always sure of work and fair recompense2 while he or she who can keep books or teach music fairly1 but knows how to do nothing else1 is in constant danger of falling into involuntary idleness and consequent beggary4 ,it is a broad1 general truth1 that no boy was ever yet inured to daily1 systematic1 productive labor in field or shop throughout the latter half of his minority1 who did not prove a useful man1 and was notable to find work whenever he wished it4 ,yet to the ample and constant employment of a whole community one prerequisite is indispensable1--that a variety of pursuits shall have been created or naturalized therein4 ,a people who have but a single source of profit are uniformly poor1 not because that vocation is necessarily ill-chosen1 but because no single calling can employ and reward the varied capacities of male and female1 old and young1 robust and feeble4 ,thus a lumbering or fishing region with us is apt to have a large proportion of needy inhabitants2 and the same is true of a region exclusively devoted to cotton growing or gold mining4 ,a diversity of pursuits is indispensable to general activity and enduring prosperity4 ,sixty or seventy years ago1 what was then the ,district1 and is now the ,state1 of ,maine1 was a proverb in ,new ,england for the poverty of its people1 mainly because they were so largely engaged in timber cutting4 ,the great grain-growing1 wheat-exporting districts of the ,russian empire have a poor and rude people for a like reason4 ,thus the industry of ,massachusetts is immensely more productive per head than that of ,north ,carolina1 or even that of ,indiana1 as it will cease to be whenever manufactures shall have been diffused over our whole country1 as they must and will be4 ,in ,massachusetts half the women and nearly half the children add by their daily labor to the aggregate of realized wealth2 in ,north ,carolina and in ,indiana little wealth is produced save by the labor of men1 including boys of fifteen or upward4 ,when this disparity shall have ceased1 its consequence will also disappear4 ,illustration3 ,a chained man in prison reclining against the wall4 ,he is gazing down at a sleeping young boy4 ,,cxv4 ,,the ,,last ,,days ,,of ,,herculaneum4 7#dja7 ,edwin ,atherstone1 #aghh-ahgb1 was born at ,nottingham1 ,england1 and became known to the literary world chiefly through two poems1 ,the ,last ,days of ,herculaneum and ,the ,fall of ,nineveh4 ,both poems are written in blank verse1 and are remarkable for their splendor of diction and their great descriptive power4 ,atherstone is compared to ,thomson1 whom he resembles somewhat in style4 ,there was a man1 ,a ,roman soldier1 for some daring deed ,that trespassed on the laws1 in dungeon low ,chained down4 ,his was a noble spirit1 rough1 ,but generous1 and brave1 and kind4 ,he had a son2 it was a rosy boy1 ,a little faithful copy of his sire1 ,in face and gesture4 ,from infancy1 the child ,had been his father's solace and his care4 ,every sport ,the father shared and heightened4 ,but at length1 ,the rigorous law had grasped him1 and condemned ,to fetters and to darkness4 ,the captive's lot1 ,he felt in all its bitterness3 the walls ,of his deep dungeon answered many a sigh ,and heart-heaved groan4 ,his tale was known1 and touched ,his jailer with compassion2 and the boy1 ,thenceforth a frequent visitor1 beguiled ,his father's lingering hours1 and brought a balm ,with his loved presence1 that in every wound ,dropped healing4 ,but1 in this terrific hour1 ,he was a poisoned arrow in the breast ,where he had been a cure4 ,with earliest morn ,of that first day of darkness and amaze1 ,he came4 ,the iron door was closed--for them ,never to open more6 ,the day1 the night ,dragged slowly by2 nor did they know the fate ,impending o'er the city4 ,well they heard ,the pent-up thunders in the earth beneath1 ,and felt its giddy rocking2 and the air ,grew hot at length1 and thick2 but in his straw ,the boy was sleeping3 and the father hoped ,the earthquake might pass by3 nor would he wake ,from his sound rest the unfearing child1 nor tell ,the dangers of their state4 ,on his low couch ,the fettered soldier sank1 and1 with deep awe1 ,listened the fearful sounds3 with upturned eye1 ,to the great gods he breathed a prayer2 then1 strove ,to calm himself1 and lose in sleep awhile ,his useless terrors4 ,but he could not sleep3 ,his body burned with feverish heat2 his chains ,clanked loud1 although he moved not2 deep in earth ,groaned unimaginable thunders2 sounds1 ,fearful and ominous1 arose and died1 ,like the sad mornings of ,november's wind1 ,in the blank midnight4 ,deepest horror chilled ,his blood that burned before2 cold1 clammy sweats ,came o'er him2 then anon1 a fiery thrill ,shot through his veins4 ,now1 on his couch he shrunk ,and shivered as in fear2 now1 upright leaped1 ,as though he heard the battle trumpet sound1 ,and longed to cope with death4 ,he slept1 at last1 ,a troubled1 dreamy sleep4 ,well had he slept ,never to waken more6 ,his hours are few1 ,but terrible his agony4 ,soon the storm ,burst forth2 the lightnings glanced2 the air ,shook with the thunders4 ,they awoke2 they sprung ,amazed upon their feet4 ,the dungeon glowed ,a moment as in sunshine--and was dark3 ,again1 a flood of white flame fills the cell1 ,dying away upon the dazzled eye ,in darkening1 quivering tints1 as stunning sound ,dies throbbing1 ringing in the ear4 ,with intensest awe1 ,the soldier's frame was filled2 and many a thought ,of strange foreboding hurried through his mind1 ,as underneath he felt the fevered earth ,jarring and lifting2 and the massive walls1 ,heard harshly grate and strain3 yet knew he not1 ,while evils undefined and yet to come ,glanced through his thoughts1 what deep and cureless wound ,fate had already given4--,where1 man of woe6 ,where1 wretched father6 is thy boy8 ,thou call'st ,his name in vain3--he can not answer thee4 ,loudly the father called upon his child3 ,no voice replied4 ,trembling and anxiously ,he searched their couch of straw2 with headlong haste ,trod round his stinted limits1 and1 low bent1 ,groped darkling on the earth3--no child was there4 ,again he called3 again1 at farthest stretch ,of his accursed fetters1 till the blood ,seemed bursting from his ears1 and from his eyes ,fire flashed1 he strained with arm extended far1 ,and fingers widely spread1 greedy to touch ,though but his idol's garment4 ,useless toil6 ,yet still renewed3 still round and round he goes1 ,and strains1 and snatches1 and with dreadful cries ,calls on his boy4 ,mad frenzy fires him now4 ,he plants against the wall his feet2 his chain ,grasps2 tugs with giant strength to force away ,the deep-driven staple2 yells and shrieks with rage3 ,and1 like a desert lion in the snare1 ,raging to break his toils1--to and fro bounds4 ,but see6 the ground is opening2--a blue light ,mounts1 gently waving1--noiseless2--thin and cold ,it seems1 and like a rainbow tint1 not flame2 ,but by its luster1 on the earth outstretched1 ,behold the lifeless child6 his dress is singed1 ,and1 o'er his face serene1 a darkened line ,points out the lightning's track4 ,the father saw1 ,and all his fury fled3--a dead calm fell ,that instant on him3--speechless--fixed--he stood1 ,and with a look that never wandered1 gazed ,intensely on the corse4 ,those laughing eyes ,were not yet closed1--and round those ruby lips ,the wonted smile returned4 ,silent and pale ,the father stands3--no tear is in his eye3-- ,the thunders bellow2--but he hears them not3-- ,the ground lifts like a sea2--he knows it not3-- ,the strong walls grind and gape3--the vaulted roof ,takes shape like bubble tossing in the wind2 ,see6 he looks up and smiles2 for death to him ,is happiness4 ,yet could one last embrace ,be given1 't were still a sweeter thing to die4 ,it will be given4 ,look6 how the rolling ground1 ,at every swell1 nearer and still more near ,moves toward the father's outstretched arm his boy4 ,once he has touched his garment3--how his eye ,lightens with love1 and hope1 and anxious fears6 ,ha1 see6 he has him now6--he clasps him round2 ,kisses his face2 puts back the curling locks1 ,that shaded his fine brow2 looks in his eyes2 ,grasps in his own those little dimpled hands2 ,then folds him to his breast1 as he was wont ,to lie when sleeping2 and resigned1 awaits ,undreaded death4 ,and death came soon and swift ,and pangless4 ,the huge pile sank down at once ,into the opening earth4 ,walls--arches--roof-- ,and deep foundation stones--all--mingling--fell6 ,,notes4--,herculaneum and ,pompeii were cities of ,italy1 which were destroyed by an eruption of ,vesuvius in the year #gi ,a4 ,d41 being entirely buried under ashes and lava4 ,during the last century they have been dug out to a considerable extent1 and many of the streets1 buildings1 and utensils have been found in a state of perfect preservation4 ,,cxvi4 ,,how ,,men ,,reason4 7#dje7 ,my friend1 the ,professor1 whom ,i have mentioned to you once or twice1 told me yesterday that somebody had been abusing him in some of the journals of his calling4 ,i told him that ,i did n't doubt he deserved it2 that ,i hoped he did deserve a little abuse occasionally1 and would for a number of years to come2 that nobody could do anything to make his neighbors wiser or better without being liable to abuse for it2 especially that people hated to have their little mistakes made fun of1 and perhaps he had been doing something of the kind4 ,the ,professor smiled4 ,now1 said ,i1 hear what ,i am going to say4 ,it will not take many years to bring you to the period of life when men1 at least the majority of writing and talking men1 do nothing but praise4 ,men1 like peaches and pears1 grow sweet a little while before they begin to decay4 ,i don't know what it is1--whether a spontaneous change1 mental or bodily1 or whether it is through experience of the thanklessness of critical honesty1--but it is a fact1 that most writers1 except sour and unsuccessful ones1 get tired of finding fault at about the time when they are beginning to grow old4 ,as a general thing1 ,i would not give a great deal for the fair words of a critic1 if he is himself an author1 over fifty years of age4 ,at thirty1 we are all trying to cut our names in big letters upon the walls of this tenement of life2 twenty years later1 we have carved it1 or shut up our jackknives4 ,then we are ready to help others1 and care less to hinder any1 because nobody's elbows are in our way4 ,so ,i am glad you have a little life left2 you will be saccharine enough in a few years4 ,some of the softening effects of advancing age have struck me very much in what ,i have heard or seen here and elsewhere4 ,i just now spoke of the sweetening process that authors undergo4 ,do you know that in the gradual passage from maturity to helplessness the harshest characters sometimes have a period in which they are gentle and placid as young children8 ,i have heard it said1 but ,i can not be sponsor for its truth1 that the famous chieftain1 ,lochiel1 was rocked in a cradle like a baby1 in his old age4 ,an old man1 whose studies had been of the severest scholastic kind1 used to love to hear little nursery stories read over and over to him4 ,one who saw the ,duke of ,wellington in his last years describes him as very gentle in his aspect and demeanor4 ,i remember a person of singularly stern and lofty bearing who became remarkably gracious and easy in all his ways in the later period of his life4 ,and that leads me to say that men often remind me of pears in their way of coming to maturity4 ,some are ripe at twenty1 like human ,jargonelles1 and must be made the most of1 for their day is soon over4 ,some come into their perfect condition late1 like the autumn kinds1 and they last better than the summer fruit4 ,and some1 that1 like the ,winter ,nelis1 have been hard and uninviting until all the rest have had their season1 get their glow and perfume long after the frost and snow have done their worst with the orchards4 ,beware of rash criticisms2 the rough and stringent fruit you condemn may be an autumn or a winter pear1 and that which you picked up beneath the same bough in ,august may have been only its worm--eaten windfalls4 ,milton was a ,saint ,germain with a graft of the roseate ,early ,catherine4 ,rich1 juicy1 lively1 fragrant1 russet-skinned old ,chaucer was an ,easter ,beurre'2 the buds of a new summer were swelling when he ripened4 --,holmes4 ,,notes4--,the above selection is from the ,autocrat of the ,breakfast ,table4 ,lochiel4 ,see note on page #bad4 ,the ,duke of ,wellington 7b4 #agfi1 d4 #aheb7 was the most celebrated of ,english generals4 ,he won great renown in ,india and in the ,peninsular ,war1 and commanded the allied forces when ,napoleon was defeated at ,waterloo4 ,easter ,beurre'1 ,saint ,germain1 ,winter ,nelis1 ,early ,catherine and ,jargonelles are the names of certain varieties of pears4 ,milton4 ,see biographical notice on page #cab4 ,chaucer1 ,geoffrey 7b4 #acbh1 d4 #adjj74 is often called ,the ,father of ,english ,poetry4 ,he was the first poet buried in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,he was a prolific writer1 but his ,canterbury ,tales is by far the best known of his works4 ,,cxvii4 ,,thunderstorm ,,on ,,the ,,alps4 7#djh7 ,clear1 placid ,leman6 thy contrasted lake1 ,with the wild world ,i dwell in1 is a thing ,which warns me1 with its stillness1 to forsake ,earth's troubled waters for a purer spring4 ,this quiet sail is as a noiseless wing ,to waft me from distraction2 once ,i loved ,torn ocean's roar1 but thy soft murmuring ,sounds sweet1 as if a sister's voice reproved1 ,that ,i with stern delights should e'er have been so moved4 ,all heaven and earth are still--though not in sleep1 ,but breathless1 as we grow when feeling most2 ,and silent1 as we stand in thoughts too deep-- ,all heaven and earth are still3 from the high host ,of stars1 to the lulled lake and mountain coast1 ,all is concentered in a life intense1 ,where not a beam1 nor air1 nor leaf is lost1 ,but hath a part of being1 and a sense ,of that which is of all ,creator and defense4 ,the sky is changed6 and such a change6 ,o night1 ,and storm1 and darkness1 ye are wondrous strong1 ,yet lovely in your strength1 as is the light ,of a dark eye in woman6 ,far along1 ,from peak to peak1 the rattling crags among1 ,leaps the live thunder6 ,not from one lone cloud1 ,but every mountain now hath found a tongue1 ,and ,jura answers1 through her misty shroud1 ,back to the joyous ,alps1 who call to her aloud6 ,and this is in the night4--,most glorious night6 ,thou wert not sent for slumber6 let me be ,a sharer in thy fierce and far delight1-- ,a portion of the tempest and of thee6 ,how the lit lake shines1--a phosphoric sea6 ,and the big rain comes dancing to the earth6 ,and now again1 'tis black1--and now1 the glee ,of the loud hills shakes with its mountain mirth1 ,as if they did rejoice o'er a young earthquake's birth4 ,now1 where the swift ,rhone cleaves his way between ,heights which appear as lovers who have parted ,in hate1 whose mining depths so intervene1 ,that they can meet no more1 though broken-hearted2 ,though in their souls1 which thus each other thwarted1 ,love was the very root of the fond rage1 ,which blighted their life's bloom1 and then--departed4 ,itself expired1 but leaving them an age ,of years1 all winters1--war within themselves to wage4 ,now1 where the quick ,rhone thus hath cleft his way1 ,the mightiest of the storms hath ta'en his stand6 ,for here1 not one1 but many make their play1 ,and fling their thunderbolts from hand to hand1 ,flashing and cast around6 ,of all the band1 ,the brightest through these parted hills hath forked ,his lightnings1--as if he did understand1 ,that in such gaps as desolation worked1 ,there1 the hot shaft should blast whatever therein lurked4 --,byron4 ,,note4--,lake ,leman 7or ,lake of ,geneva7 is in the south-western part of ,switzerland1 separating it in part from ,savoy4 ,the ,rhone flows through it1 entering by a deep narrow gap1 with mountain groups on either hand1 eight or nine thousand feet above the water4 ,the scenery about the lake is magnificent1 the ,jura mountains bordering it on the northwest1 and the ,alps lying on the south and east4 ,,cxviii4 ,,origin ,,of ,,property4 7#daj7 ,sir ,william ,blackstone1 #agbc-aghj1 was the son of a silk merchant1 and was born in ,london4 ,he studied with great success at ,oxford1 and was admitted to the bar in #agde4 ,at first he could not obtain business enough in his profession to support himself1 and for a time relinquished practice1 and lectured at ,oxford4 ,he afterwards returned to ,london1 and resumed his practice with great success1 still continuing to lecture at ,oxford4 ,he was elected to ,parliament in #agfa2 and in #aggj was made a justice of the ,court of ,common ,pleas1 which office he held till his death4 ,blackstone's fame rests upon his ,commentaries on the ,laws of ,england1 published about #agfi4 ,he was a man of great ability1 sound learning1 unflagging industry1 and moral integrity4 ,his great work is still a common text-book in the study of law4 ,in the beginning of the world1 we are informed by ,holy ,writ1 the all- bountiful ,creator gave to man dominion over all the earth1 and over the fish of the sea1 and over the fowl of the air1 and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth4 ,this is the only true and solid foundation of man's dominion over external things1 whatever airy1 metaphysical notions may have been started by fanciful writers upon this subject4 ,the earth1 therefore1 and all things therein1 are the general property of all mankind1 exclusive of other beings1 from the immediate gift of the ,creator4 ,and while the earth continued bare of inhabitants1 it is reasonable to suppose that all was in common among them1 and that everyone took from the public stock1 to his own use1 such things as his immediate necessities required4 ,these general notions of property were then sufficient to answer all the purposes of human life2 and might1 perhaps1 still have answered them1 had it been possible for mankind to have remained in a state of primeval simplicity1 in which all things were common to him4 ,not that this communion of goods seems ever to have been applicable1 even in the earliest ages1 to aught but the substance of the thing2 nor could it be extended to the use of it4 ,for1 by the law of nature and reason1 he who first began to use it1 acquired therein a kind of transient property1 that lasted so long as he was using it1 and no longer4 ,or1 to speak with greater precision1 the right of possession continued for the same time1 only1 that the act of possession lasted4 ,thus1 the ground was in common1 and no part of it was the permanent property of any man in particular2 yet1 whoever was in the occupation of any determined spot of it1 for rest1 for shade1 or the like1 acquired for the time a sort of ownership1 from which it would have been unjust and contrary to the law of nature to have driven him by force2 but1 the instant that he quitted the use or occupation of it1 another might seize it without injustice4 ,thus1 also1 a vine or other tree might be said to be in common1 as all men were equally entitled to its produce2 and yet1 any private individual might gain the sole property of the fruit which he had gathered for his own repast3 a doctrine well illustrated by ,cicero1 who compares the world to a great theater1 which is common to the public1 and yet the place which any man has taken is1 for the time1 his own4 ,but when mankind increased in number1 craft1 and ambition1 it became necessary to entertain conceptions of a more permanent dominion2 and to appropriate to individuals not the immediate use only1 but the very substance of the thing to be used4 ,otherwise1 innumerable tumults must have arisen1 and the good order of the world been continually broken and disturbed1 while a variety of persons were striving who should get the first occupation of the same thing1 or disputing which of them had actually gained it4 ,as human life also grew more and more refined1 abundance of conveniences were devised to render it more easy1 commodious1 and agreeable2 as habitations for shelter and safety1 and raiment for warmth and decency4 ,but no man would be at the trouble to provide either1 so long as he had only a usufructuary property in them1 which was to cease the instant that he quitted possession2 if1 as soon as he walked out of his tent or pulled off his garment1 the next stranger who came by would have a right to inhabit the one and to wear the other4 ,in the case of habitations1 in particular1 it was natural to observe that even the brute creation1 to whom everything else was in common1 maintained a kind of permanent property in their dwellings1 especially for the protection of their young2 that the birds of the air had nests1 and the beasts of the fields had caverns1 the invasion of which they esteemed a very flagrant injustice1 and would sacrifice their lives to preserve them4 ,hence a property was soon established in every man's house and homestead2 which seem to have been originally mere temporary huts or movable cabins1 suited to the design of ,providence for more speedily peopling the earth1 and suited to the wandering life of their owners1 before any extensive property in the soil or ground was established4 ,there can be no doubt but that movables of every kind became sooner appropriated than the permanent1 substantial soil2 partly because they were more susceptible of a long occupancy1 which might be continue for months together without any sensible interruption1 and at length1 by usage1 ripen into an established right2 but1 principally1 because few of them could be fit for use till improved and meliorated by the bodily labor of the occupant2 which bodily labor1 bestowed upon any subject which before lay in common to all men1 is universally allowed to give the fairest and most reasonable title to an exclusive property therein4 ,the article of food was a more immediate call1 and therefore a more early consideration4 ,such as were not contented with the spontaneous product of the earth1 sought for a more solid refreshment in the flesh of beasts1 which they obtained by hunting4 ,but the frequent disappointments incident to that method of provision1 induced them to gather together such animals as were of a more tame and sequacious nature and to establish themselves in a less precarious manner1 partly by the milk of the dams1 and partly by the flesh of the young4 ,the support of these their cattle made the article of water also a very important point4 ,and1 therefore1 the book of ,genesis1 7the most venerable monument of antiquity1 considered merely with a view to history17 will furnish us with frequent instances of violent contentions concerning wells2 the exclusive property of which appears to have been established in the first digger or occupant1 even in places where the ground and herbage remained yet in common4 ,thus1 we find ,abraham1 who was but a sojourner1 asserting his right to a well in the country of ,abimelech1 and exacting an oath for his security because he had digged that well4 ,and ,isaac1 about ninety years afterwards1 reclaimed this his father's property2 and1 after much contention with the ,philistines1 was suffered to enjoy it in peace4 ,all this while1 the soil and pasture of the earth remained still in common as before1 and open to every occupant2 except1 perhaps1 in the neighborhood of towns1 where the necessity of a sale and exclusive property in lands1 7for the sake of agriculture17 was earlier felt1 and therefore more readily complied with4 ,otherwise1 when the multitude of men and cattle had consumed every convenience on one spot of ground1 it was deemed a natural right to seize upon and occupy such other lands as would more easily supply their necessities4 ,we have a striking example of this in the history of ,abraham and his nephew ,lot4 ,when their joint substance became so great that pasture and other conveniences grew scarce1 the natural consequence was that a strife arose between their servants2 so that it was no longer practicable to dwell together4 ,this contention1 ,abraham thus endeavored to compose3 ,let there be no strife1 ,i pray thee1 between me and thee4 ,is not the whole land before thee8 ,separate thyself1 ,i pray thee1 from me4 ,if thou wilt take the left hand1 then ,i will go to the right2 or if thou depart to the right hand1 then ,i will go to the left4 ,this plainly implies an acknowledged right in either to occupy whatever ground he pleased that was not preoccupied by other tribes4 ,and ,lot lifted up his eyes1 and beheld all the plain of ,jordan1 that it was well watered everywhere1 even as the garden of the ,lord4 ,then ,lot chose him all the plain of ,jordan1 and journeyed east2 and ,abraham dwelt in the land of ,canaan4 ,as the world by degrees grew more populous1 it daily became more difficult to find out new spots to inhabit1 without encroaching upon former occupants2 and1 by constantly occupying the same individual spot1 the fruits of the earth were consumed1 and its spontaneous products destroyed without any provision for future supply or succession4 ,it1 therefore1 became necessary to pursue some regular method of providing a constant subsistence2 and this necessity produced1 or at least promoted and encouraged the art of agriculture4 ,and the art of agriculture1 by a regular connection and consequence1 introduced and established the idea of a more permanent property in the soil than had hitherto been received and adopted4 ,it was clear that the earth would not produce her fruits in sufficient quantities without the assistance of tillage2 but who would be at the pains of tilling it1 if another might watch an opportunity to seize upon and enjoy the product of his industry1 art and labor8 ,had not1 therefore1 a separate property in lands1 as well as movables1 been vested in some individuals1 the world must have continued a forest1 and men have been mere animals of prey4 ,whereas1 now1 7so graciously has ,providence interwoven our duty and our happiness together17 the result of this very necessity has been the ennobling of the human species1 by giving it opportunities of improving its rational1 as well as of exerting its natural faculties4 ,necessity begat property2 and1 in order to insure that property1 recourse was had to civil society1 which brought along with it a long train of inseparable concomitants3 states1 government1 laws1 punishments1 and the public exercise of religious duties4 ,thus connected together1 it was found that a part only of society was sufficient to provide1 by their manual labor1 for the necessary subsistence of all2 and leisure was given to others to cultivate the human mind1 to invent useful arts1 and to lay the foundations of science4 ,,note4--,cicero4 ,see note on page #aef4 ,,cxix4 ,,battle ,,of ,,waterloo4 7#dae7 ,there was a sound of revelry by night1 ,and ,belgium's capital had gathered then ,her ,beauty and her ,chivalry1 and bright ,the lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men4 ,a thousand hearts beat happily2 and when ,music arose with its voluptuous swell1 ,soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake again1 ,and all went merry as a marriage bell2 ,but hush6 hark6--a deep sound strikes like a rising knell6 ,did ye not hear it8--,no2 't was but the wind1 ,or the car rattling o'er the stony street2 ,on with the dance6 let joy be unconfined2 ,no sleep till morn1 when ,youth and ,pleasure meet ,to chase the glowing ,hours with flying feet-- ,but1 hark6--that heavy sound breaks in once mere1 ,as if the clouds its echo would repeat1 ,and nearer1 clearer1 deadlier than before6 ,arm6 arm6 it is--it is the cannon's opening roar6 ,ah6 then and there was hurrying to and fro1 ,and gathering tears1 and tremblings of distress1 ,and cheeks all pale1 which1 but an hour ago ,blushed at the praise of their own loveliness2 ,and there were sudden partings1 such as press ,the life from out young hearts1 and choking sighs ,which ne'er might be repeated3 who could guess ,if ever more should meet those mutual eyes1 ,since upon night so sweet such awful morn could rise4 ,and there was mounting in hot haste3 the steed1 ,the mustering squadron1 and the clattering car ,went pouring forward with impetuous speed1 ,and swiftly forming in the ranks of war2 ,and the deep thunder1 peal on peal afar2 ,and near1 the beat of the alarming drum ,roused up the soldier ere the morning star2 ,while thronged the citizens with terror dumb1 ,or whispering with white lips--,the foe6 ,they come6 ,they come6 ,and ,ardennes waves above them her green leaves1 ,dewy with nature's tear-drops1 as they pass1 ,grieving1 if aught inanimate e'er grieves1 ,over the unreturning brave6--alas6 ,ere evening to be trodden like the grass1 ,which1 now1 beneath them1 but above1 shall grow1 ,in its next verdure1 when this fiery mass ,of living valor1 rolling on the foe1 ,and burning with high hope1 shall molder1 cold and low ,last noon beheld them full of lusty life1 ,last eve in beauty's circle proudly gay1 ,the midnight brought the signal sound of strife1 ,the morn1 the marshaling in arms1--the day1 ,battle's magnificently stern array6 ,the thunderclouds close o'er it1 which when rent1 ,the earth is covered thick with other clay1 ,which her own clay shall cover1 heaped and pent1 ,rider and horse1--friend1 foe1--in one red burial blent4 --,byron4 ,,notes4--,the ,battle of ,waterloo was fought on ,june #ahth1 #ahae1 between the ,french army on one side1 commanded by ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 and the ,english army and allies on the other side1 commanded by the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,at the commencement of the battle1 some of the officers were at a ball at ,brussels1 a short distance from ,waterloo1 and being notified of the approaching contest by the cannonade1 left the ballroom for the field of battle4 ,the wood of ,soignies lay between the field of ,waterloo and ,brussels4 ,it is supposed to be a remnant of the forest of ,ardennes4 ,,cxx4 ,,with ,,brains1 ,,sir4 7#dag7 ,john ,brown1 #ahaj-ahhb1 was born in ,lanarkshire1 ,scotland1 and graduated at the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,his father was ,john ,brown1 an eminent clergyman and the author of several books4 ,dr4 ,brown's literary reputation rests largely upon a series of papers contributed to the ,north ,british ,review4 ,rab and his ,friends1 a collection of papers published in book form1 is the most widely known of all his writings4 ,pray1 ,mr4 ,opie1 may ,i ask you what you mix your colors with8 said a brisk dilettante student to the great painter4 ,with brains1 sir1 was the gruff reply--and the right one4 ,it did not give much of information2 it did not expound the principles and rules of the art2 but1 if the inquirer had the commodity referred to1 it would awaken him2 it would set him agoing1 athinking1 and a-painting to good purpose4 ,if he had not the wherewithal1 as was likely enough1 the less he had to do with colors and their mixture the better4 ,many other artists1 when asked such a question1 would have either set about detailing the mechanical composition of such and such colors1 in such and such proportions1 rubbed up so and so2 or perhaps they would 7and so much the better1 but not the best7 have shown him how they laid them on2 but even this would leave him at the critical point4 ,opie preferred going to the quick and the heart of the matter3 ,with brains1 sir4 ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds was taken by a friend to see a picture4 ,he was anxious to admire it1 and he looked it over with a keen and careful but favorable eye4 ,capital composition2 correct drawing2 the color1 tone1 chiaroscuro excellent2 but--but--it wants--hang it1 it wants--that6 snapping his fingers2 and1 wanting that1 though it had everything else1 it was worth nothing4 ,again1 ,etty was appointed teacher of the students of the ,royal ,academy1 having been preceded by a clever1 talkative1 scientific expounder of aesthetics1 who delighted to tell the young men how everything was done1 how to copy this1 and how to express that4 ,a student came up to the new master1 ,how should ,i do this1 sir8 ,suppose you try4 ,another1 ,what does this mean1 ,mr4 ,etty8 ,suppose you look4 ,but ,i have looked4 ,suppose you look again4 ,and they did try1 and they did look1 and looked again2 and they saw and achieved what they never could have done had the how or the what 7supposing this possible1 which it is not1 in full and highest meaning7 been told them1 or done for them2 in the one case1 sight and action were immediate1 exact1 intense1 and secure2 in the other1 mediate1 feeble1 and lost as soon as gained4 ,,notes4--,opie1 ,john 7b4 #agfa1 d4 #ahjg71 was born in ,wales1 and was known as the ,cornish wonder4 ,he became celebrated as a portrait painter1 but afterwards devoted himself to historical subjects4 ,he was professor of painting at the ,royal ,academy4 ,reynolds4 ,see note on page #cgi4 ,etty1 ,william 7b4 #aghg1 d4 #ahdi71 is considered one of the principal artists of the modern ,english school4 ,his pictures are mainly historical4 ,the ,royal ,academy of ,arts1 in ,london1 was founded in #agfh4 ,it is under the direction of forty artists of the first rank in their several professions1 who have the title of ,royal ,academicians4 ,the admission to the ,academy is free to all properly qualified students4 ,,cxxi4 ,,the ,,new ,,england ,,pastor4 7#dai7 ,timothy ,dwight1 #ageb-ahag1 was born at ,northampton1 ,massachusetts4 ,his mother was a daughter of the celebrated ,jonathan ,edwards4 ,it is said that she taught her son the alphabet in one lesson1 that he could read the ,bible at four years of age1 and that he studied ,latin by himself at six4 ,he graduated at ,yale in #agfi1 returned as tutor in #agga1 and continued six years4 ,he was chaplain in a brigade under ,general ,putnam for a time4 ,in #aggh his father died1 and for five years he supported his mother and a family of twelve children by farming1 teaching and preaching4 ,from #aghc to #agie he was pastor at ,greenfield1 ,connecticut4 ,he was then chosen ,president of ,yale ,college1 and remained in office till he died4 ,dr4 ,dwight was a man of fine bodily presence1 of extended learning1 and untiring industry4 ,his presidency of the college was highly successful4 ,his patriotism was no less ardent and true than his piety4 ,in his younger days he wrote considerably in verse4 ,his poetry is not all of a very high order1 but some pieces possess merit4 ,the place1 with east and western sides1 ,a wide and verdant street divides3 ,and here the houses faced the day1 ,and there the lawns in beauty lay4 ,there1 turret-crowned1 and central1 stood ,a neat and solemn house of ,god4 ,across the way1 beneath the shade ,two elms with sober silence spread1 ,the preacher lived4 ,o'er all the place ,his mansion cast a ,sunday grace2 ,dumb stillness sate the fields around2 ,his garden seemed a hallowed ground2 ,swains ceased to laugh aloud1 when near1 ,and schoolboys never sported there4 ,in the same mild and temperate zone1 ,twice twenty years1 his course had run1 ,his locks of flowing silver spread ,a crown of glory o'er his head2 ,his face1 the image of his mind1 ,with grave and furrowed wisdom shined2 ,not cold2 but glowing still1 and bright2 ,yet glowing with ,october light3 ,as evening blends1 with beauteous ray1 ,approaching night with shining day4 ,his ,cure his thoughts engrossed alone3 ,for them his painful course was run3 ,to bless1 to save1 his only care2 ,to chill the guilty soul with fear2 ,to point the pathway to the skies1 ,and teach1 and urge1 and aid1 to rise2 ,where strait1 and difficult to keep1 ,it climbs1 and climbs1 o'er ,virtue's steep4 ,,cxxii4 ,,death ,,of ,,absalom4 7#dbj7 ,david numbered the people that were with him1 and set captains of thousands and captains of hundreds over them4 ,and ,david sent forth a third part of the people under the hand of ,joab1 and a third part under the hand of ,abishai1 the son of ,zeruiah1 ,joab's brother1 and a third part under the hand of ,ittai1 the ,gittite4 ,and the king said unto the people1 ,i will surely go forth with you myself also4 ,but the people answered1 thou shalt not go forth2 for if we flee away1 they will not care for us2 neither if half of us die1 will they care for us2 but now thou art worth ten thousand of us2 therefore now it is better that thou succor us out of the city4 ,and the king said unto them1 ,what seemeth you best1 ,i will do4 ,and the king stood by the gate side1 and all the people came out by hundreds and by thousands4 ,and the king commanded ,joab1 and ,abishai1 and ,ittai1 saying1 ,deal gently for my sake with the young man1 even with ,absalom4 ,and all the people heard when the king gave all the captains charge concerning ,absalom4 ,so the people went out into the field against ,israel2 and the battle was in the wood of ,ephraim2 where the people of ,israel were slain before the servants of ,david1 and there was there a great slaughter that day of twenty thousand men4 ,for the battle was there scattered over the face of all the country3 and the wood devoured more people that day than the sword devoured4 ,and ,absalom met the servants of ,david4 ,and ,absalom rode upon a mule1 and the mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak1 and his head caught hold of the oak1 and he was taken up between the heaven and the earth2 and the mule that was under him went away4 ,and a certain man saw it1 and told ,joab1 and said1 ,behold1 ,i saw ,absalom hanged in an oak4 ,and ,joab said unto the man that told him1 ,and1 behold1 thou sawest him1 and why didst thou not smite him there to the ground8 and ,i would have given thee ten shekels of silver and a girdle4 ,and the man said unto ,joab1 ,though ,i should receive a thousand shekels of silver in my hand1 yet would ,i not put forth my hand against the king's son2 for1 in our hearing1 the king charged thee1 and ,abishai1 and ,ittai1 saying1 ,beware that none touch the young man ,absalom4 ,otherwise1 ,i should have wrought falsehood against mine own life2 for there is no matter hid from the king1 and thou thyself wouldst have set thyself against me4 ,then said ,joab1 ,i may not tarry thus with thee4 ,and he took three darts in his hand1 and thrust them through the heart of ,absalom1 while he was yet alive in the midst of the oak4 ,and ten young men that bare ,joab's armor1 compassed about and smote ,absalom1 and slew him4 ,and ,joab blew the trumpet1 and the people returned from pursuing after ,israel2 for ,joab held back the people4 ,and they took ,absalom1 and cast him into a great pit in the wood1 and laid a very great heap of stones upon him2 and all ,israel fled1 everyone to his tent4 ,now ,absalom1 in his lifetime1 had taken and reared up for himself a pillar1 which is in the king's dale2 for he said1 ,i have no son to keep my name in remembrance2 and he called the pillar after his own name2 and it is called unto this day1 ,absalom's ,place4 ,then said ,ahimaaz1 the son of ,zadok1 ,let me now run1 and bear the king tidings1 how that the ,lord hath avenged him of his enemies4 ,and ,joab said unto him1 ,thou shalt not bear tidings this day1 but thou shalt bear tidings another day3 but this day thou shalt bear no tidings1 because the king's son is dead4 ,then said ,joab to ,cushi1 ,go1 tell the king what thou hast seen4 ,and ,cushi bowed himself unto ,joab1 and ran4 ,then said ,ahimaaz the son of ,zadok yet again to ,joab1 ,but howsoever1 let me1 ,i pray thee1 also run after ,cushi4 ,and ,joab said1 ,wherefore wilt thou run1 my son1 seeing that thou hast no tidings ready8 ,but howsoever1 said he1 let me run4 ,and he said unto him1 run4 ,then ,ahimaaz ran by the way of the plain1 and overran ,cushi4 ,and ,david sat between the two gates2 and the watchman went up to the roof over the gate unto the wall1 and lifted up his eyes1 and looked1 and behold1 a man running alone4 ,and the watchman cried1 and told the king4 ,and the king said1 ,if he be alone1 there is tidings in his mouth4 ,and he came apace1 and drew near4 ,and the watchman saw another man running1 and the watchman called unto the porter1 and said1 ,behold1 another man running alone4 ,and the king said1 ,he also bringeth tidings4 ,and the watchman said1 ,methinketh the running of the foremost is like the running of ,ahimaaz the son of ,zadok4 ,and the king said1 ,he is a good man1 and cometh with good tidings4 ,and ,ahimaaz called1 and said unto the king1 ,all is well4 ,and he fell down to the earth upon his face before the king1 and said1 ,blessed be the ,lord thy ,god1 which hath delivered up the men that lifted up their hand against my lord the king4 ,and the king said1 ,is the young man ,absalom safe8 ,and ,ahimaaz answered1 ,when ,joab sent the king's servant1 and me thy servant1 ,i saw a great tumult1 but ,i knew not what it was4 ,and the king said unto him1 ,turn aside and stand here4 ,and he turned aside1 and stood still4 ,and behold1 ,cushi came2 and ,cushi said1 ,tidings my lord the king2 for the ,lord hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee4 ,and the king said unto ,cushi1 ,is the young man ,absalom safe8 ,and ,cushi answered1 ,the enemies of my lord the king1 and all that rise against thee to do thee hurt1 be as that young man is4 ,and the king was much moved1 and went up to the chamber over the gate1 and wept2 and as he went1 thus he said1 ,o my son ,absalom6 my son1 my son ,absalom6 would ,god ,i had died for thee1 ,o ,absalom1 my son1 my son6 --,,ii ,samuel1 ,chap4 xviii4 ,,cxxiii4 ,,abraham ,,davenport4 7#dbd7 ',t was on a ,may day of the far old year ,seventeen hundred eighty1 that there fell ,over the bloom and sweet life of the ,spring1 ,over the fresh earth and the heaven of noon1 ,a horror of great darkness1 like the night ,in day of which the ,norland sagas tell1 ,the ,twilight of the ,gods4 ,the low-hung sky ,was black with ominous clouds1 save where its rim ,was fringed with a dull glow1 like that which climbs ,the crater's sides from the red hell below4 ,birds ceased to sing1 and all the barnyard fowls ,roosted2 the cattle at the pasture bars ,lowed1 and looked homeward2 bats on leathern wings ,flitted abroad2 the sounds of labor died2 ,men prayed1 and women wept2 all ears grew sharp ,to hear the doom blast of the trumpet shatter ,the black sky1 that the dreadful face of ,christ ,might look from the rent clouds1 not as he looked ,a loving guest at ,bethany1 but stern ,as ,justice and inexorable ,law4 ,meanwhile in the old ,statehouse1 dim as ghosts1 ,sat the lawgivers of ,connecticut1 ,trembling beneath their legislative robes4 ,it is the ,lord's ,great ,day6 ,let us adjourn1 ,some said2 and then1 as if with one accord1 ,all eyes were turned to ,abraham ,davenport4 ,he rose1 slow-cleaving with his steady voice ,the intolerable hush4 ,this well may be ,the ,day of ,judgment which the world awaits2 ,but be it so or not1 ,i only know ,my present duty1 and my ,lord's command ,to occupy till he come4 ,so at the post ,where he hath set me in his providence1 ,i choose1 for one1 to meet him face to face1 ,no faithless servant frightened from my task1 ,but ready when the ,lord of the harvest calls2 ,and therefore1 with all reverence1 ,i would say1 ,let ,god do his work1 we will see to ours4 ,bring in the candles4 ,and they brought them in4 ,then by the flaring lights the ,speaker read1 ,albeit with husky voice and shaking hands1 ,an act to amend an act to regulate ,the shad and alewive fisheries4 ,whereupon1 ,wisely and well spake ,abraham ,davenport1 ,straight to the question1 with no figures of speech ,save the ten ,arab signs1 yet not without ,the shrewd1 dry humor natural to the man3 ,his awe-struck colleagues listening all the while1 ,between the pauses of his argument1 ,to hear the thunder of the wrath of ,god ,break from the hollow trumpet of the cloud4 ,and there he stands in memory to this day1 ,erect1 self-poised1 a rugged face1 half seen ,against the background of unnatural dark1 ,a witness to the ages as they pass1 ,that simple duty hath no place for fear4 --,whittier4 ,,note4--,the ,dark ,day1 as it is known1 occurred ,may #aith1 #aghj1 and extended over all ,new ,england4 ,the darkness came on about ten o'clock in the morning1 and lasted with varying degrees of intensity until midnight of the next day4 ,the cause of the phenomenon is unknown4 ,,cxxiv4 ,,the ,,falls ,,of ,,the ,,yosemite4 7#dbf7 ,thomas ,starr ,king1 #ahbd-ahfc1 was born in ,new ,york ,city4 ,his father was a ,universalist minister2 and1 in #ahcd1 he settled in ,charlestown1 ,massachusetts4 ,the son was preparing to enter ,harvard ,university1 when the death of his father devolved upon him the support of his mother1 and his collegiate course had to be given up4 ,he spent several years as clerk and teacher1 improving meanwhile all possible opportunities for study4 ,in #ahdf he was settled over the church to which his father had preached in ,charlestown4 ,two years later1 he was called to the ,hollis ,street ,unitarian ,church in ,boston4 ,here his eloquence and active public spirit soon made him well known4 ,he also gained much reputation as a public lecturer4 ,in #ahfj he left the ,east to take charge of the ,unitarian church in ,san ,francisco4 ,during the remaining years of his life1 he exercised much influence in the public affairs of ,california4 ,he died suddenly1 of diphtheria1 in the midst of his brilliant career4 ,mr4 ,king was a great lover of nature4 ,his ,white ,hills1 describing the mountain scenery of ,new ,hampshire1 is the most complete book ever written concerning that interesting region4 ,the ,yosemite valley1 in ,california1 is a pass about ten miles long4 ,at its eastern extremity it leads into three narrower passes1 each of which extends several miles1 winding by the wildest paths into the heart of the ,sierra ,nevada chain of mountains4 ,for seven miles of the main valley1 which varies in width from three quarters of a mile to a mile and a half1 the walls on either side are from two thousand to nearly five thousand feet above the road1 and are nearly perpendicular4 ,from these walls1 rocky splinters a thousand feet in height start up1 and every winter drop a few hundred tons of granite1 to adorn the base of the rampart with picturesque ruin4 ,the valley is of such irregular width1 and bends so much and often so abruptly1 that there is a great variety and frequent surprise in the forms and combinations of the overhanging rocks as one rides along the bank of the stream4 ,the patches of luxuriant meadow1 with their dazzling green1 and the grouping of the superb firs1 two hundred feet high1 that skirt them1 and that shoot above the stout and graceful oaks and sycamores through which the horse path winds1 are delightful rests of sweetness and beauty amid the threatening awfulness4 ,the ,merced1 which flows through the same pass1 is a noble stream1 a hundred feet wide and ten feet deep4 ,it is formed chiefly of the streams that leap and rush through the narrower passes1 and it is swollen1 also1 by the bounty of the marvelous waterfalls that pour down from the ramparts of the wider valley4 ,the sublime poetry of ,habakkuk is needed to describe the impression1 and1 perhaps1 the geology1 of these mighty fissures3 ,thou didst cleave the earth with rivers4 ,at the foot of the breakneck declivity of nearly three thousand feet by which we reach the banks of the ,merced1 we are six miles from the hotel1 and every rod of the ride awakens wonder1 awe1 and a solemn joy4 ,as we approach the hotel1 and turn toward the opposite bank of the river1 what is that ,which ever sounds and shines1 ,a pillar of white light upon the wall ,of purple cliffs aloof descried8 ,that1 reader1 is the highest waterfall in the world--the ,yosemite cataract1 nearly twenty-five hundred feet in its plunge1 dashing from a break or depression in a cliff thirty-two hundred feet sheer4 ,a writer who visited this valley in ,september1 calls the cataract a mere tape line of water dropped from the sky4 ,perhaps it is so1 toward the close of the dry season2 but as we saw it1 the blended majesty and beauty of it1 apart from the general sublimities of ,yosemite gorge1 would repay a journey of a thousand miles4 ,there was no deficiency of water4 ,it was a powerful stream1 thirty-five feet broad1 fresh from the ,nevada1 that made the plunge from the brow of the awful precipice4 ,at the first leap it clears fourteen hundred and ninety-seven feet2 then it tumbles down a series of steep stairways four hundred and two feet1 and then makes a jump to the meadows five hundred and eighteen feet more4 ,but it is the upper and highest cataract that is most wonderful to the eye1 as well as most musical4 ,the cliff is so sheer that there is no break in the body of the water during the whole of its descent of more than a quarter of a mile4 ,it pours in a curve from the summit1 fifteen hundred feet1 to the basin that hoards it but a moment for the cascades that follow4 ,and what endless complexities and opulence of beauty in the forms and motions of the cataract6 ,it is comparatively narrow at the top of the precipice1 although1 as we said1 the tide that pours over is thirty-five feet broad4 ,but it widens as it descends1 and curves a little on one side as it widens1 so that it shapes itself1 before it reaches its first bowl of granite1 into the figure of a comet4 ,more beautiful than the comet1 however1 we can see the substance of this watery loveliness ever renew itself and ever pour itself away4 ,it mounts in spray the skies1 and thence again ,returns in an unceasing shower1 which round ,with its unemptied cloud of gentle rain1 ,is an eternal ,april to the ground1 ,making it all one emerald2--how profound ,the gulf6 and how the giant element ,from rock to rock leaps with delirious bound1 ,crushing the cliffs4 ,the cataract seems to shoot out a thousand serpentine heads or knots of water1 which wriggle down deliberately through the air and expend themselves in mist before half the descent is over4 ,then a new set burst from the body and sides of the fall1 with the same fortune on the remaining distance2 and thus the most charming fretwork of watery nodules1 each trailing its vapory train for a hundred feet or more1 is woven all over the cascade1 which swings1 now and then1 thirty feet each way1 on the mountain side1 as if it were a pendulum of watery lace4 ,once in a while1 too1 the wind manages to get back of the fall1 between it and the cliff1 and then it will whirl it round and round for two or three hundred feet1 as if to try the experiment of twisting it to wring it dry4 ,of course ,i visited the foot of the lowest fall of the ,yosemite1 and looked up through the spray1 five hundred feet1 to its crown4 ,and ,i tried to climb to the base of the first or highest cataract1 but lost my way among the steep1 sharp rocks1 for there is only one line by which the cliff can be scaled4 ,but no nearer view that ,i found or heard described1 is comparable with the picture1 from the hotel1 of the comet curve of the upper cataract1 fifteen hundred feet high1 and the two falls immediately beneath it1 in which the same water leaps to the level of the quiet ,merced4 ,,cxxv4 ,a ,,psalm ,,of ,,life4 7#dbi7 ,tell me not1 in mournful numbers1 ,life is but an empty dream6 ,for the soul is dead that slumbers1 ,and things are not what they seem4 ,life is real6 ,life is earnest6 ,and the grave is not its goal2 ,dust thou art1 to dust returnest1 ,was not spoken of the soul4 ,not enjoyment1 and not sorrow1 ,is our destined end or way2 ,but to act1 that each to-morrow ,find us farther than to-day4 ,art is long1 and ,time is fleeting1 ,and our hearts1 though stout and brave1 ,still1 like muffled drums1 are beating ,funeral marches to the grave4 ,in the world's broad field of battle1 ,in the bivouac of ,life1 ,be not like dumb1 driven cattle6 ,be a hero in the strife6 ,trust no ,future1 howe'er pleasant6 ,let the dead ,past bury its dead6 ,act--act in the living ,present6 ,heart within1 and ,god o'erhead4 ,lives of great men all remind us ,we can make our lives sublime1 ,and1 departing1 leave behind us ,footprints on the sands of time2-- ,footprints1 that perhaps another1 ,sailing o'er life's solemn main1 ,a forlorn and shipwrecked brother1 ,seeing1 shall take heart again4 ,let us1 then1 be up and doing1 ,with a heart for any fate2 ,still achieving1 still pursuing1 ,learn to labor and to wait4 --,longfellow4 ,,cxxvi4 ,,franklin',s ,,entry ,,into ,,philadelphia4 7#dca7 ,benjamin ,franklin1 #agjf-agij1 was born in ,boston4 ,he received little schooling1 but being apprenticed to his brother1 a printer1 he acquired a taste for reading and study4 ,in #agbc1 he went to ,philadelphia1 where he followed his chosen calling1 and in time became the publisher of the ,pennsylvania ,gazette and the celebrated ,poor ,richard's ,almanac4 ,as a philosopher ,franklin was rendered famous by his discovery of the identity of lightning with electricity4 ,his career in public affairs may be briefly summarized as follows3 ,in #agcf he was made ,clerk of the ,provincial ,assembly2 in #agcg1 deputy postmaster at ,philadelphia2 and in #agec1 ,postmaster general for ,british ,america4 ,he was twice in ,england as the agent of certain colonies4 ,after signing the ,declaration of ,independence1 he was sent as ,minister ,plenipotentiary to ,france in #aggf4 ,on his return1 in #aghe1 he was made ,president of the ,commonwealth of ,pennsylvania1 holding the office three years4 ,he was also one of the framers of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,as a writer ,franklin commenced his career when only twelve years old by composing two ballads1 which1 however1 he condemned as wretched stuff4 ,franklin's letters and papers on electricity1 afterwards enlarged by essays on various philosophical subjects1 have been translated into ,latin1 ,french1 ,italian1 and ,german4 ,the most noted of his works1 and the one from which the following extract is taken1 is his ,autobiography4 ,this book is one of the half dozen most widely popular books ever printed1 and has been published in nearly every written language4 ,franklin founded the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 and established an institution which has since grown into the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,his life is a noble example of the results of industry and perseverance1 and his death was the occasion of public mourning4 ,walking in the evening by the side of the river1 a boat came by1 which ,i found was going towards ,philadelphia1 with several people in her4 ,they took me in1 and1 as there was no wind1 we rowed all the way2 and about midnight1 not having yet seen the city1 some of the company were confident we must have passed it1 and would row no farther2 the others knew not where we were2 so we put toward the shore1 got into a creek1 landed near an old fence1 with the rails of which we made a fire1 the night being cold1 in ,october1 and there we remained till daylight4 ,then one of the company knew the place to be ,cooper's ,creek1 a little above ,philadelphia1 which we saw as soon as we got out of the creek1 and arrived there about eight or nine o'clock on the ,sunday morning1 and landed at the ,market ,street wharf4 ,i have been the more particular in this description of my journey1 and shall be so of my first entry into that city1 that you may in your mind compare such unlikely beginnings with the figure ,i have since made there4 ,i was in my working dress1 my best clothes being to come round by sea4 ,i was dirty from my journey2 my pockets were stuffed out with shirts and stockings1 and ,i knew no soul nor where to look for lodging4 ,i was fatigued with traveling1 rowing1 and want of rest2 ,i was very hungry2 and my whole stock of cash consisted of a ,dutch dollar1 and about a shilling in copper4 ,the latter ,i gave the people of the boat for my passage1 who at first refused it on account of my rowing2 but ,i insisted on their taking it1--a man being sometimes more generous when he has but a little money than when he has plenty1 perhaps through fear of being thought to have but little4 ,then ,i walked up the street gazing about1 till1 near the market house1 ,i met a boy with bread4 ,i had made many a meal on bread1 and1 inquiring where he got it1 ,i went immediately to the baker's he directed me to1 in ,second ,street1 and asked for biscuit1 intending such as we had in ,boston3 but they1 it seems1 were not made in ,philadelphia4 ,then ,i asked for a threepenny loaf1 and was told they had none such4 ,so not considering or knowing the difference of money1 and the greater cheapness nor the names of his bread1 ,i bade him give threepenny worth of any sort4 ,he gave me1 accordingly1 three great puffy rolls4 ,i was surprised at the quantity1 but took it1 and1 having no room in my pockets1 walked off with a roll under each arm1 and eating the other4 ,thus ,i went up ,market ,street as far as ,fourth ,street1 passing by the door of ,mr4 ,read1 my future wife's father3 when she1 standing at the door1 saw me1 and thought ,i made1 as ,i certainly did1 a most awkward1 ridiculous appearance4 ,then ,i turned and went down ,chestnut ,street and part of ,walnut ,street1 eating my roll all the way1 and1 coming round1 found myself again at ,market ,street wharf1 near the boat ,i came in1 to which ,i went for a draught of the river water2 and1 being filled with one of my rolls1 gave the other two to a woman and her child that came down the river in the boat with us1 and were waiting to go farther4 ,thus refreshed1 ,i walked again up the street1 which by this time had many clean-dressed people in it1 who were all walking the same way4 ,i joined them1 and thereby was led into the great meetinghouse of the ,quakers1 near the market4 ,i sat down among them1 and1 after looking round awhile and hearing nothing said1 being very drowsy through labor and want of rest the preceding night1 ,i fell fast asleep1 and continued so till the meeting broke up1 when one was kind enough to rouse me4 ,this was1 therefore1 the first house ,i was in1 or slept in1 in ,philadelphia4 ,walking down again toward the river1 and looking in the faces of people1 ,i met a young ,quaker man1 whose countenance ,i liked1 and1 accosting him1 requested he would tell me where a stranger could get lodging4 ,we were then near the sign of the ,three ,mariners4 ,here1 says he1 is one place that entertains strangers1 but it is not a reputable house2 if thee wilt walk with me1 ,i'll show thee a better4 ,he brought me to the ,crooked ,billet1 in ,water ,street4 ,here ,i got a dinner2 and1 while ,i was eating it1 several sly questions were asked me1 as it seemed to be suspected from my youth and appearance that ,i might be some runaway4 ,after dinner my sleepiness returned1 and1 being shown to a bed1 ,i lay down without undressing1 and slept till six in the evening2 was called to supper1 went to bed again very early1 and slept soundly till next morning4 ,,note4--,the river referred to is the ,delaware4 ,franklin was on his way from ,boston to ,philadelphia1 and had just walked from ,amboy to ,burlington1 ,new ,jersey1 a distance of fifty miles4 ,,cxxvii4 ,,lines ,,to ,a ,,waterfowl4 7#dcd7 ,whither 'midst falling dew1 ,while glow the heavens with the last steps of day1 ,far1 through their rosy depths1 dost thou pursue ,thy solitary way8 ,vainly the fowler's eye ,might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong1 ,as1 darkly painted on the crimson sky1 ,thy figure floats along4 ,seek'st thou the plashy brink ,of weedy lake1 or marge of river wide1 ,or where the rocky billows rise and sink ,on the chafed ocean side8 ,there is a ,power whose care ,teaches thy way along that pathless coast4 ,the desert and illimitable air1 ,lone wandering1 but not lost4 ,all day1 thy wings have fanned1 ,at that far height1 the cold1 thin atmosphere1 ,yet stoop not1 weary1 to the welcome land ,though the dark night is near4 ,and soon that toil shall end1 ,soon shalt thou find a summer home1 and rest1 ,and scream among thy fellows2 reeds shall bend1 ,soon1 o'er thy sheltered nest4 ,thou'rt gone2 the abyss of heaven ,hath swallowed up thy form2 yet1 on my heart1 ,deeply has sunk the lesson thou hast given1 ,and shall not soon depart4 ,he1 who1 from zone to zone1 ,guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight1 ,in the long way that ,i must tread alone1 ,will lead my steps aright4 --,bryant4 ,,cxxviii4 ,,goldsmith ,,and ,,addison4 7#dce7 ,william ,makepeace ,thackeray1 #ahaa-ahfc1 was born in ,calcutta1 and is one of the most popular of ,english novelists1 essayists1 and humorists4 ,while a boy1 he removed from ,india to ,england1 where he was educated at the ,charterhouse in ,london1 and at ,cambridge4 ,when twenty-one years of age1 he came into possession of about #bj1jjj pounds4 ,he rapidly dissipated his fortune1 however1 and was compelled to work for his living1 first turning his attention to law and then to art1 but finally choosing literature as his profession4 ,he was for many years correspondent1 under assumed names1 at the ,london ,times1 ,the ,new ,monthly ,magazine1 ,punch1 and ,fraser's ,magazine4 ,his first novel under his own name1 ,vanity ,fair1 appeared in monthly numbers during #ahdf-h1 and is generally considered his finest production3 although ,pendennis1 ,henry ,esmond1 and ,the ,newcomes are also much admired4 ,his lectures on ,english ,humorists of the ,eighteenth ,century1 from which the following selections are taken1 were delivered in ,england first in #ahea1 and afterwards in ,america1 which he visited in #aheb and again in #ahee-f4 ,during the latter visit1 he first delivered his course of lectures on ,the ,four ,georges1 which were later repeated in ,england4 ,at the close of #ahei1 ,thackeray became editor of the ,cornhill ,magazine1 and made it one of the most successful serials ever published4 ,thackeray has been charged with cynicism in his writings1 but he was noted for his happy temper and genial disposition towards all who came in contact with him4 #a4 ,,goldsmith4 ,to be the most beloved of ,english writers1 what a title that is for a man6 ,a wild youth1 wayward1 but full of tenderness and affection1 quits the country village where his boyhood has been passed in happy musing1 in idle shelter1 in fond longing to see the great world out of doors1 and achieve name and fortune--and after years of dire struggle1 and neglect1 and poverty1 his heart turning back as fondly to his native place as it had longed eagerly for change when sheltered there1 he writes a book and a poem1 full of the recollections and feelings of home2 he paints the friends and scenes of his youth1 and peoples ,auburn and ,wakefield with the remembrances of ,lissoy4 ,wander he must1 but he carries away a home relic with him1 and dies with it on his breast4 ,his nature is truant2 in repose it longs for change3 as on the journey it looks back for friends and quiet4 ,he passes to-day in building an air castle for to-morrow1 or in writing yesterday's elegy2 and he would flyaway this hour1 but that a cage1 necessity1 keeps him4 ,what is the charm of his verse1 of his style1 and humor8 ,his sweet regrets1 his delicate compassion1 his soft smile1 his tremulous sympathy1 the weakness which he owns8 ,your love for him is half pity4 ,you come hot and tired from the day's battle1 and this sweet minstrel sings to you4 ,who could harm the kind vagrant harper8 ,whom did he ever hurt8 ,he carries no weapon1 save the harp on which he plays to you1 and with which he delights great and humble1 young and old1 the captains in the tents1 or the soldiers round the fire1 or the women and children in the villages1 at whose porches he stops and sings his simple songs of love and beauty4 ,with that sweet story of ,the ,vicar of ,wakefield he has found entry into every castle and every hamlet in ,europe4 ,not one of us1 however busy or hard1 but once or twice in our lives has passed an evening with him1 and undergone the charm of his delightful music4 ,,ii4 ,,addison4 7#dcf7 ,we love him for his vanities as much as his virtues4 ,what is ridiculous is delightful in him2 we are so fond of him because we laugh at him so4 ,and out of that laughter1 and out of that sweet weakness1 and out of those harmless eccentricities and follies1 and out of that touched brain1 and out of that honest manhood and simplicity--we get a result of happiness1 goodness1 tenderness1 pity1 piety2 such as doctors and divines but seldom have the fortune to inspire4 ,and why not8 ,is the glory of ,heaven to be sung only by gentlemen in black coats8 ,when this man looks from the world1 whose weaknesses he describes so benevolently1 up to the ,heaven which shines over us all1 ,i can hardly fancy a human face lighted up with a more serene rapture2 a human intellect thrilling with a purer love and adoration than ,joseph ,addison's4 ,listen to him3 from your childhood you have known the verses2 but who can hear their sacred music without love and awe8 ,soon as the evening shades prevail1 ,the moon takes up the wondrous tale1 ,and nightly to the listening earth ,repeats the story of her birth2 ,and all the stars that round her burn1 ,and all the planets in their turn1 ,confirm the tidings as they roll1 ,and spread the truth from pole to pole4 ,what though1 in solemn silence1 all ,move round this dark terrestrial ball2 ,what though no real voice nor sound ,among their radiant orbs be found2 ,in reason's ear they all rejoice1 ,and utter forth a glorious voice1 ,forever singing1 as they shine1 ,the ,hand that made us is divine4 ,it seems to me those verses shine like the stars4 ,they shine out of a great1 deep calm4 ,when he turns to ,heaven1 a ,sabbath comes over that man's mind2 and his face lights up from it with a glory of thanks and prayers4 ,his sense of religion stirs through his whole being4 ,in the fields1 in the town2 looking at the birds in the trees2 at the children in the streets2 in the morning or in the moonlight2 over his books in his own room2 in a happy party at a country merrymaking or a town assembly1 good will and peace to ,god's creatures1 and love and awe of ,him who made them1 fill his pure heart and shine from his kind face4 ,if ,swift's life was the most wretched1 ,i think ,addison's was one of the most enviable4 ,a life prosperous and beautiful--a calm death--an immense fame and affection afterwards for his happy and spotless name4 ,,notes4--,goldsmith 7see biographical notice1 page #bae7 founded his descriptions of ,auburn in the poem of ,the ,deserted ,village1 and of ,wakefield1 in ,the ,vicar of ,wakefield1 on recollections of his early home at ,lissoy4 ,ireland4 ,addison4 ,see biographical notice1 page #bie4 ,the quotation is from a ,letter from ,italy to ,charles ,lord ,halifax4 ,swift1 ,jonathan 7b4 #affg1 d4 #agde71 the celebrated ,irish satirist and poet1 was a misanthrope4 ,his disposition made his life miserable in the extreme1 and he finally became insane4 ,,cxxix4 ,,immortality ,,of ,,the ,,soul4 7#dch7 ,,scene--,,cato1 alone1 sitting in a thoughtful posture2--in his hand1 ,plato's book on the immortality of the soul2 a drawn sword on the table by him4 ,cato4 ,it must be so4 ,plato1 thou reasonest well6 ,else whence this pleasing hope1 this fond desire1 ,this longing after immortality8 ,or whence this secret dread1 and inward horror1 ,of falling into naught8 ,why shrinks the soul ,back on herself1 and startles at destruction8 ',t is the divinity that stirs within us2 ',t is heaven itself that points out an hereafter1 ,and intimates eternity to man4 ,eternity6 thou pleasing1 dreadful thought6 ,through what variety of untried being1 ,through what new scenes and changes must we pass8 ,the wide1 unbounded prospect lies before me3 ,but shadows1 clouds1 and darkness rest upon it4 ,here will ,i hold4 ,if there's a ,power above us1 7,and that there is1 all ,nature cries aloud ,through all her works7 he must delight in virtue2 ,and that which he delights in must be happy4 ,but when8--or where8--,this world was made for ,caesar4 ,i'm weary of conjectures--this must end them4 7,seizes the sword47 ,thus am ,i doubly armed3 my death and life1 ,my bane and antidote are both before me4 ,this in a moment brings me to an end2 ,but this informs me ,i shall never die4 ,the soul1 secured in her existence1 smiles ,at the drawn dagger and defies its point4 ,the stars shall fade away1 the sun himself ,grow dim with age1 and ,nature sink in years2 ,but thou shalt flourish in immortal youth1 ,unhurt amidst the war of elements1 ,the wrecks of matter1 and the crush of worlds4 --,addison4 ,,notes4--,the above selection is ,cato's soliloquy just before committing suicide4 ,it is from the tragedy of ,cato4 ,cato1 ,marcus ,porcius1 7b4 #ie1 d4 #df ,b4 ,c47 was a ,roman general1 statesman1 and philosopher4 ,he was exceptionally honest and conscientious1 and strongly opposed ,caesar and ,pompey in their attempts to seize the state4 ,when ,utica1 the last ,african city to resist ,caesar1 finally yielded1 ,cato committed suicide4 ,plato 7b4 #dbi1 d4 about #cdh ,b4 ,c47 was a celebrated ,greek philosopher4 ,his writings are all in the form of dialogues1 and have been preserved in a wonderfully perfect state4 ,,cxxx4 ,,character ,,of ,,washington4 7#ddj7 ,jared ,sparks1 #aghi-ahff1 was born at ,willington1 ,connecticut1 and graduated at ,harvard in #ahae4 ,he was tutor in the ,university for two years1 and in #ahai was ordained pastor of the ,unitarian ,church in ,baltimore4 ,in #ahbc he returned to ,boston1 purchased the ,north ,american ,review1 and was its sole editor for seven years4 ,from #ahci to #ahdi he was ,professor in ,harvard1 and for the next three years was ,president of the ,university4 ,mr4 ,sparks has written extensively on ,american history and biography1 including the lives of ,washington and ,franklin4 ,he collected the materials for his biographies with great care1 and wrought them up with much skill4 ,the person of ,washington was commanding1 graceful1 and fitly proportioned2 his stature six feet1 his chest broad and full1 his limbs long and somewhat slender1 but well-shaped and muscular4 ,his features were regular and symmetrical1 his eyes of a light blue color1 and his whole countenance1 in its quiet state1 was grave1 placid1 and benignant4 ,when alone1 or not engaged in conversation1 he appeared sedate and thoughtful2 but when his attention was excited1 his eye kindled quickly1 and his face beamed with animation and intelligence4 ,he was not fluent in speech1 but what he said was apposite1 and listened to with the more interest as being known to come from the heart4 ,he seldom attempted sallies of wit or humor1 but no man received more pleasure from an exhibition of them by others2 and1 although contented in seclusion1 he sought his chief happiness in society1 and participated with delight in all its rational and innocent amusements4 ,without austerity on the one hand1 or an appearance of condescending familiarity on the other1 he was affable1 courteous1 and cheerful2 but it has often been remarked that there was a dignity in his person and manner not easy to be defined1 which impressed everyone that saw him for the first time with an instinctive deference and awe4 ,this may have arisen1 in part1 from a conviction of his superiority1 as well as from the effect produced by his external form and deportment4 ,the character of his mind was unfolded in the public and private acts of his life2 and the proofs of his greatness are seen almost as much in the one as the other4 ,the same qualities which raised him to the ascendency he possessed over the will of a nation1 as the commander of armies and chief magistrate1 caused him to be loved and respected as an individual4 ,wisdom1 judgment1 prudence1 and firmness were his predominant traits4 ,no man ever saw more clearly the relative importance of things and actions1 or divested himself more entirely of the bias of personal interest1 partiality1 and prejudice1 in discriminating between the true and the false1 the right and the wrong1 in all questions and subjects that were presented to him4 ,he deliberated slowly1 but decided surely2 and when his decision was once formed he seldom reversed it1 and never relaxed from the execution of a measure till it was completed4 ,courage1 physical and moral1 was a part of his nature2 and1 whether in battle1 or in the midst of popular excitement1 he was fearless of danger1 and regardless of consequences to himself4 ,his ambition was of that noble kind which aims to excel in whatever it undertakes1 and to acquire a power over the hearts of men by promoting their happiness and winning their affections4 ,sensitive to the approbation of others1 and solicitous to deserve it1 he made no concessions to gain their applause1 either by flattering their vanity or yielding to their caprices4 ,cautious without timidity1 bold without rashness1 cool in counsel1 deliberate but firm in action1 clear in foresight1 patient under reverses1 steady1 persevering1 and self-possessed1 he met and conquered every obstacle that obstructed his path to honor1 renown and success4 ,more confident in the uprightness of his intention than in his resources1 he sought knowledge and advice from other men4 ,he chose his counselors with unerring sagacity2 and his quick perception of the soundness of an opinion1 and of the strong points in an argument1 enabled him to draw to his aid the best fruits of their talents1 and the light of their collected wisdom4 ,his moral qualities were in perfect harmony with those of his intellect4 ,duty was the ruling principle of his conduct2 and the rare endowments of his understanding were not more constantly tasked to devise the best methods of effecting an object1 than they were to guard the sanctity of conscience4 ,no instance can be adduced in which he was actuated by a sinister motive or endeavored to attain an end by unworthy means4 ,truth1 integrity1 and justice were deeply rooted in his mind2 and nothing could rouse his indignation so soon1 or so utterly destroy his confidence1 as the discovery of the want of these virtues in anyone whom he had trusted4 ,weaknesses1 follies1 indiscretions be could forgive2 but subterfuge and dishonesty he never forgot1 rarely pardoned4 ,he was candid and sincere1 true to his friends1 and faithful to all2 neither practicing dissimulation1 descending to artifice1 nor holding out expectations which he did not intend should be realized4 ,his passions were strong1 and sometimes they broke out with vehemence3 but he had the power of checking them in an instant4 ,perhaps self-control was the most remarkable trait of his character4 ,it was1 in part1 the effect of discipline2 yet he seems by nature to have possessed this power in a degree which has been denied to other men4 ,a ,christian in faith and practice1 he was habitually devout4 ,his reverence for religion is seen in his example1 his public communications1 and his private writings4 ,he uniformly ascribed his successes to the beneficent agency of the ,supreme ,being4 ,charitable and humane1 he was liberal to the poor1 and kind to those in distress4 ,as a husband1 son1 and brother1 he was tender and affectionate4 ,without vanity1 ostentation1 or pride1 he never spoke of himself or his actions unless required by circumstances which concerned the public interests4 ,as he was free from envy1 so he had the good fortune to escape the envy of others by standing on an elevation which none could hope to attain4 ,if he had one passion more strong than another it was love of his country4 ,the purity and ardor of his patriotism were commensurate with the greatness of its object4 ,love of country in him was invested with the sacred obligation of a duty2 and from the faithful discharge of this duty he never swerved for a moment1 either in thought or deed1 through the whole period of his eventful career4 ,such are some of the traits in the character of ,washington1 which have acquired for him the love and veneration of mankind4 ,if they are not marked with the brilliancy1 extravagance1 and eccentricity1 which1 in other men1 have excited the astonishment of the world1 so neither are they tarnished by the follies1 nor disgraced by the crimes of those men4 ,it is the happy combination of rare talents and qualities1 the harmonious union of the intellectual and moral powers1 rather than the dazzling splendor of any one trait1 which constitute the grandeur of his character4 ,if the title of great man ought to be reserved for him who can not be charged with an indiscretion or a vice2 who spent his life in establishing the independence1 the glory1 and durable prosperity of his country2 who succeeded in all that he undertook2 and whose successes were never won at the expense of honor1 justice1 integrity1 or by the sacrifice of a single principle1--this title will not be denied to ,washington4 ,how sweetly on the ear such echoes sound6 ,while the mere victors may appall or stun ,the servile and the vain1 such names will be ,a watchword till the future shall be free4 --,byron4 ,,cxxxi4 ,,eulogy ,,on ,,washington4 7#ddd7 ,general ,henry ,lee1 #agef-ahah1 a member of the celebrated ,lee family of ,virginia1 was born in ,westmoreland ,county in that state1 and died on ,cumberland ,island1 ,georgia4 ,he graduated at ,princeton in his eighteenth year4 ,in #aggg he marched with a regiment of cavalry to join the patriot army1 and served with fidelity and success till the close of the war4 ,he was noted for his bravery1 skill1 and celerity1 and received the nickname of ,light-horse ,harry4 ,he was a great favorite with both ,general ,greene and ,general ,washington4 ,in #aghf ,virginia appointed him one of her delegates to ,congress2 he also took an active part in favor of the adoption of the constitution in the ,virginia ,convention of #aghh4 ,on the breaking out of the ,whisky ,rebellion in ,pennsylvania1 in #agid1 the ,president sent ,general ,lee with an army to suppress the disturbance4 ,the insurgents submitted without resistance4 ,in #agii he was again a member of ,congress2 and1 on the death of ,washington1 that body appointed him to pronounce a eulogy upon the life and character of the great and good man4 ,the following extract contains the closing part of the oration4 ,who is there that has forgotten the vales of ,brandywine1 the fields of ,germantown1 or the plains of ,monmouth8 ,everywhere present1 wants of every kind obstructing1 numerous and valiant armies encountering1 himself a host1 he assuaged our sufferings1 limited our privations1 and upheld our tottering ,republic4 ,shall ,i display to you the spread of the fire of his soul by rehearsing the praises of the hero of ,saratoga1 and his much-loved compeer of the ,carolinas8 ,no2 our ,washington wears not borrowed glory4 ,to ,gates--to ,greene1 he gave without reserve the applause due to their eminent merit2 and long may the chiefs of ,saratoga and of ,eutaw receive the grateful respect of a grateful people4 ,moving in his own orbit1 he imparted heat and light to his most distant satellites2 and1 combining the physical and moral force of all within his sphere1 with irresistible weight he took his course1 commiserating folly1 disdaining vice1 dismaying treason1 and invigorating despondency2 until the auspicious hour arrived1 when1 united with the intrepid forces of a potent and magnanimous ally1 he brought to submission ,cornwallis1 since the conqueror of ,india2 thus finishing his long career of military glory with a luster corresponding to his great name1 and in this his last act of war1 affixing the seal of fate to our nation's birth4 ,first in war1 first in peace1 and first in the hearts of his countrymen1 he was second to none in humble and endearing scenes of private life4 ,pious1 just1 humane1 temperate1 sincere1 uniform1 dignified1 and commanding1 his example was edifying to all around him1 as were the effects of that example lasting4 ,to his equals1 he was condescending2 to his inferiors1 kind2 and to the dear object of his affections1 exemplarily tender4 ,correct throughout1 vice shuddered in his presence1 and virtue always felt his fostering hand2 the purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public virtues4 ,his last scene comported with the whole tenor of his life4 ,although in extreme pain1 not a sigh1 not a groan1 escaped him2 and with undisturbed serenity he closed his well-spent life4 ,such was the man ,america has lost6 ,such was the man for whom our nation mourns6 ,,notes4--,at ,brandywine ,creek1 in ,pennsylvania1 #ah1jjj ,british1 under ,howe1 defeated #ac1jjj ,americans under ,washington4 ,germantown1 near ,philadelphia1 was the scene of an ,american defeat by the ,british1 the same generals commanding as at ,brandywine4 ,the battle of ,monmouth1 in ,new ,jersey1 resulted in victory for the ,americans4 ,the hero of ,saratoga was ,general ,gates1 who there compelled the surrender of ,general ,burgoyne4 ,at ,eutaw ,springs1 ,general ,greene defeated a superior force of ,british4 ,cornwallis1 ,charles1 second earl and first marquis 7b4 #agch1 d4 #ahje71 surrendered his forces to a combined ,american and ,french army and ,french fleet at ,yorktown1 in #agha1 virtually ending the war4 ,,cxxxii4 ,,the ,,solitary ,,reaper4 7#ddf7 ,william ,wordsworth1 #aggj-ahej1 the founder of the ,lake ,school of poets1 was born at ,cockermouth1 ,cumberland1 ,england4 ,from his boyhood he was a great lover and student of nature1 and it is to his beautiful descriptions of landscape1 largely1 that he owes his fame4 ,he was a graduate of ,cambridge ,university1 and while there commenced the study of ,chaucer1 ,spenser1 ,milton1 and ,shakespeare1 as models for his own writings4 ,two legacies having been bequeathed him1 ,wordsworth determined to make poetry the aim of his life1 and in #agie located at ,racedown with his sister ,dorothy1 where he commenced the tragedy of ,the ,borderers4 ,a visit from ,coleridge at this period made the two poets friends for life4 ,in #ahjb ,wordsworth married ,miss ,mary ,hutchinson1 and in #ahac he settled at ,rydal ,mount1 on ,lake ,windermere1 where he passed the remainder of his life4 ,wordsworth's poetry is remarkable for its extreme simplicity of language4 ,at first his efforts were almost universally ridiculed1 and in #ahai his entire income from literary work had not amounted to #adj ,pounds4 ,in #ahcj his merit began to be recognized2 in #ahci ,oxford ,university conferred upon him the degree of ,d4 ,c4 ,l42 and in #ahdc he was made poet laureate4 ,the ,excursion is by far the most beautiful and the most important of ,wordsworth's productions4 ,salisbury ,plain1 ,the ,white ,doe of ,rylstone1 ,yarrow ,revisited1 and many of his sonnets and minor poems are also much admired4 ,behold her1 single in the field1 ,yon solitary ,highland lass6 ,reaping and singing by herself2 ,stop here1 or gently pass6 ,alone she cuts and binds the grain1 ,and sings a melancholy strain2 ,oh listen6 for the vale profound ,is overflowing with the sound4 ,no nightingale did ever chant ,more welcome notes to weary bands ,of travelers in some shady haunt1 ,among ,arabian sands3 ,a voice so thrilling ne'er was heard ,in springtime from the cuckoo bird1 ,breaking the silence of the seas ,among the farthest ,hebrides4 ,will no one tell me what she sings8 ,perhaps the plaintive numbers flow ,for old1 unhappy1 far-off things1 ,and battles long ago3 ,or is it some more humble lay1 ,familiar matter of to-day8 ,some natural sorrow1 loss1 or pain1 ,that has been1 and may be again8 ,whate'er the theme1 the maiden sang ,as if her song could have no ending2 ,i saw her singing at her work1 ,and o'er the sickle bending2-- ,i listened motionless and still2 ,and1 as ,i mounted up the hill1 ,the music in my heart ,i bore1 ,long after it was heard no more4 ,,cxxxiii4 ,,value ,,of ,,the ,,present4 7#ddg7 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 #ahjc-ahhb1 the celebrated essayist and philosopher1 was born in ,boston4 ,his father was a ,unitarian minister1 and the son1 after graduating at ,harvard ,university1 entered the ministry also1 and took charge of a ,unitarian congregation in ,boston4 ,his peculiar ideas on religious topics soon caused him to retire from the ministry1 and he then devoted himself to literature4 ,as a lecturer1 ,emerson attained a wide reputation1 both in this country and in ,england1 and he is considered as one of the most independent and original thinkers of the age4 ,his style is brief and pithy1 dazzling by its wit1 but sometimes paradoxical4 ,he wrote a few poems1 but they are not generally admired1 being didactic in style1 bare1 and obscure4 ,among his best known publications are his volume ,nature1 and his lectures1 ,the ,mind and ,manners of the ,nineteenth ,century1 ,the ,superlative in ,manners and ,literature1 ,english ,character and ,manners1 and ,the ,conduct of ,life4 ,in #ahej appeared ,representative ,men1 embracing sketches of ,plato1 ,swedenborg1 ,montaigne1 ,shakespeare1 ,napoleon1 and ,goethe4 ,such are the days1--the earth is the cup1 the sky is the cover1 of the immense bounty of nature which is offered us for our daily aliment2 but what a force of illusion begins life with us1 and attends us to the end6 ,we are coaxed1 flattered1 and duped1 from morn to eve1 from birth to death2 and where is the old eye that ever saw through the deception8 ,the ,hindoos represent ,maia1 the illusory energy of ,vishnu1 as one of his principal attributes4 ,as if1 in this gale of warring elements1 which life is1 it was necessary to bind souls to human life as mariners in a tempest lash themselves to the mast and bulwarks of a ship1 and ,nature employed certain illusions as her ties and straps1--a rattle1 a doll1 an apple1 for a child2 skates1 a river1 a boat1 a horse1 a gun1 for the growing boy2--and ,i will not begin to name those of the youth and adult1 for they are numberless4 ,seldom and slowly the mask falls1 and the pupil is permitted to see that all is one stuff1 cooked and painted under many counterfeit appearances4 ,hume's doctrine was that the circumstances vary1 the amount of happiness does not2 that the beggar cracking fleas in the sunshine under a hedge1 and the duke rolling by in his chariot1 the girl equipped for her first ball1 and the orator returning triumphant from the debate1 had different means1 but the same quantity of pleasant excitement4 ,this element of illusion lends all its force to hide the values of present time4 ,who is he that does not always find himself doing something less than his best task8 ,what are you doing8 ,oh1 nothing2 ,i have been doing thus1 or ,i shall do so or so1 but now ,i am only-- ,ah6 poor dupe1 will you never slip out of the web of the master juggler8--never learn that1 as soon as the irrecoverable years have woven their blue glory between to-day and us1 these passing hours shall glitter and draw us1 as the wildest romance and the homes of beauty and poetry8 ,how difficult to deal erect with them6 ,the events they bring1 their trade1 entertainments1 and gossip1 their urgent work1 all throw dust in the eyes and distract attention4 ,he is a strong man who can look them in the eye1 see through this juggle1 feel their identity1 and keep his own2 who can know surely that one will be like another to the end of the world1 nor permit love1 or death1 or politics1 or money1 war1 or pleasure1 to draw him from his task4 ,the world is always equal to itself1 and every man in moments of deeper thought is apprised that he is repeating the experiences of the people in the streets of ,thebes or ,byzantium4 ,an everlasting ,now reigns in nature1 which hangs the same roses on our bushes which charmed the ,roman and the ,chaldean in their hanging gardens4 ,to what end1 then1 he asks1 should ,i study languages1 and traverse countries1 to learn so simple truths8 ,history of ancient art1 excavated cities1 recovery of books and inscriptions1--yes1 the works were beautiful1 and the history worth knowing2 and academies convene to settle the claims of the old schools4 ,what journeys and measurements1--,niebuhr and ,muller and ,layard1--to identify the plain of ,troy and ,nimroud town6 ,and your homage to ,dante costs you so much sailing2 and to ascertain the discoverers of ,america needs as much voyaging as the discovery cost4 ,poor child6 that flexible clay of which these old brothers molded their admirable symbols was not ,persian1 nor ,memphian1 nor ,teutonic1 nor local at all1 but was common lime and silex and water1 and sunlight1 the heat of the blood1 and the heaving of the lungs2 it was that clay which thou heldest but now in thy foolish hands1 and threwest away to go and seek in vain in sepulchers1 mummy pits1 and old bookshops of ,asia ,minor1 ,egypt1 and ,england4 ,it was the deep to-day which all men scorn2 the rich poverty1 which men hate2 the populous1 all-loving solitude1 which men quit for the tattle of towns4 ,he lurks1 he hides1--he who is success1 reality1 joy1 and power4 ,one of the illusions is that the present hour is not the critical1 decisive hour4 ,write it on your heart that every day is the best day in the year4 ,no man has learned anything rightly1 until he knows that every day is ,doomsday4 ',t is the old secret of the gods that they come in low disguises4 ',t is the vulgar great who come dizened with gold and jewels4 ,real kings hide away their crowns in their wardrobes1 and affect a plain and poor exterior4 ,in the ,norse legend of our ancestors1 ,odin dwells in a fisher's hut1 and patches a boat4 ,in the ,hindoo legends1 ,hari dwells a peasant among peasants4 ,in the ,greek legend1 ,apollo lodges with the shepherds of ,admetus2 and ,jove liked to rusticate among the poor ,ethiopians4 ,so1 in our history1 ,jesus is born in a barn1 and his twelve peers are fishermen4 ',t is the very principle of science that ,nature shows herself best in leasts2 't was the maxim of ,aristotle and ,lucretius2 and1 in modern times1 of ,swedenborg and of ,hahnemann4 ,the order of changes in the egg determines the age of fossil strata4 ,so it was the rule of our poets1 in the legends of fairy lore1 that the fairies largest in power were the least in size4 ,in the ,christian graces1 humility stands highest of all1 in the form of the ,madonna2 and in life1 this is the secret of the wise4 ,we owe to genius always the same debt1 of lifting the curtain from the common1 and showing us that divinities are sitting disguised in the seeming gang of gypsies and peddlers4 ,in daily life1 what distinguishes the master is the using those materials he has1 instead of looking about for what are more renowned1 or what others have used well4 ,a general1 said ,bonaparte1 always has troops enough1 if he only knows how to employ those he has1 and bivouacs with them4 ,do not refuse the employment which the hour brings you1 for one more ambitious4 ,the highest heaven of wisdom is alike near from every point1 and thou must find it1 if at all1 by methods native to thyself alone4 ,,notes4--,the ,brahmanic religion teaches a ,trinity1 of which ,vishnu is the savior of mankind4 ,thebes1 the ancient capital of ,upper ,egypt1 was at its most flourishing period about #aejj ,b4 ,c4 ,byzantium was an important ,greek city during the second and third centuries ,b4 ,c4 ,niebuhr 7b4 #aggf1 d4 #ahca71 ,muller 7b4 #agig1 d4 #ahdj71 and ,layard 7b4 #ahag1 d4 #ahid71 are celebrated archaeologists4 ,the first two were ,germans1 and the last an ,englishman4 ,,cxxxiv4 ,,happiness4 7#dea7 ,alexander ,pope1 #afhh-agdd1 was the shining literary light of the so-called ,augustan reign of ,queen ,anne1 the poetry of which was distinguished by the highest degree of polish and elegance4 ,pope was the son of a retired linen draper1 who lived in a pleasant country house near the ,windsor ,forest4 ,he was so badly deformed that his life was one long disease2 he was remarkably precocious1 and had a most intelligent face1 with great1 flaming1 tender eyes4 ,in disposition ,pope was the reverse of admirable4 ,he was extremely sensitive1 petulant1 and supercilious2 fierce and even coarse in his attacks on opponents2 boastful of his self-acquired wealth and of his intimacy with the nobility4 ,the great redeeming feature of his character was his tender devotion to his aged parents4 ,as a poet1 however1 ,pope challenges the highest admiration4 ,at the age of sixteen he commenced his ,pastorals1 and when only twenty-one published his ,essay on ,criticism1 pronounced the finest piece of argumentative and reasoning poetry in the ,english language4 ,his reputation was now firmly established1 and his literary activity ceased only at his death2 although1 during the latter portion of his life1 he was so weak physically that he was unable to dress himself or even to rise from bed without assistance4 ,pope's great admiration was ,dryden1 whose style he studied and copied4 ,he lacks the latter's strength1 but in elegance and polish he remains unequaled4 ,pope's most remarkable work is ,the ,rape of the ,lock2 his greatest1 the translation into ,english verse of ,homer's ,iliad and ,odyssey4 ,his ,epistle of ,eloisa to ,abelard1 ,the ,dunciad1 and the ,essay ,on ,man are also famous productions4 ,he published an edition of ,shakespeare1 which was awaited with great curiosity1 and received with equal disappointment4 ,during the three years following its appearance1 he united with ,swift and ,arbuthnot in writing the ,miscellanies1 an extensive satire on the abuses of learning and the extravagances of philosophy4 ,his ,epistles1 addressed to various distinguished men1 and covering a period of four years1 were copied after those of ,horace2 they were marked by great clearness1 neatness of diction1 and good sense1 and by ,pope's usual elegance and grace4 ,his ,imitations of ,horace was left unfinished at his death4 ,the following selection is an extract from the ,essay on ,man2 ,oh1 sons of earth6 attempt ye still to rise1 ,by mountains piled on mountains1 to the skies8 ,heaven still with laughter the vain toil surveys1 ,and buries madmen in the heaps they raise4 ,know all the good that individuals find1 ,or ,god and nature meant to mere mankind4 ,reason's whole pleasure1 all the joys of sense1 ,lie in three words1--health1 peace1 and competence4 ,but health consists with temperance alone2 ,and peace1 ,o virtue6 peace is all thy own4 ,the good or bad the gifts of fortune gain2 ,but these less taste them as they worse obtain4 ,say1 in pursuit of profit or delight1 ,who risk the most1 that take wrong means or right8 ,of vice or virtue1 whether blest or curst1 ,which meets contempt1 or which compassion first8 ,count all th' advantage prosperous vice attains1 ',t is but what virtue flies from and disdains3 ,and grant the bad what happiness they would1 ,one they must want1 which is1 to pass for good4 ,oh1 blind to truth1 and ,god's whole scheme below1 ,who fancy bliss to vice1 to virtue woe6 ,who sees and follows that great scheme the best1 ,best knows the blessing1 and will most be blest4 ,but fools the good alone unhappy call1 ,for ills or accidents that chance to all4 ,think we1 like some weak prince1 the ,eternal ,cause1 ,prone for his favorites to reverse his laws8 ,shall burning ,a,etna1 if a sage requires1 ,forget to thunder1 and recall her fires8 ,when the loose mountain trembles from on high1 ,shall gravitation cease1 if you go by8 ,but sometimes virtue starves while vice is fed4 ,what1 then8 ,is the reward of virtue bread8 ,that1 vice may merit1 't is the price of toil2 ,the knave deserves it when he tills the soil1 ,the knave deserves it when he tempts the main1 ,where folly fights for kings or dives for gain4 ,honor and shame from no condition rise2 ,act well your part1 there all the honor lies4 ,worth makes the man1 and want of it the fellow2 ,the rest is all but leather or prunella4 ,a wit's a feather1 and a chief a rod1 ,an honest man's the noblest work of ,god4 ,one self-approving hour whole years outweighs ,of stupid starers1 and of loud huzzas4 ,know then this truth 7enough for man to know71 ,virtue alone is happiness below4 ,the only point where human bliss stands still1 ,and tastes the good without the fall to ill2 ,where only merit constant pay receives1 ,is blest in what it takes and what it gives4 ,,cxxxv4 ,,marion4 7#dec7 ,william ,gilmore ,simms1 #ahjf-ahgj1 one of the most versatile1 prolific1 and popular of ,american authors1 was born at ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,his family was poor1 and his means of education were limited1 yet he managed to prepare himself for the bar1 to which he was admitted when twenty-one years of age4 ,the law proving uncongenial1 he abandoned it1 and in #ahbh became editor of the ,charleston ,city ,gazette4 ,from this time till his death his literary activity was unceasing1 and his writings were so numerous that it is possible only to group them under their various heads4 ,they comprise ,biography2 ,history2 ,historical ,romance1 both ,foreign and ,domestic1 the latter being further divided into ,colonial1 ,revolutionary1 and ,border ,romances2 ,pure ,romance2 ,the ,drama2 ,poetry2 and ,criticism2 besides miscellaneous books and pamphlets4 ,in the midst of this remarkable literary activity1 ,mr4 ,simms still found time to devote to the affairs of state1 being for several years a member of the ,south ,carolina ,legislature4 ,he was also a lecturer1 and was connected editorially with several magazines4 ,most of his time was spent at his summer house in ,charleston1 and at his winter residence1 ,woodlands1 on a plantation at ,midway1 ,s4 ,c4 ,the following selection is from ,the ,life and ,times of ,francis ,marion4 ,art had done little to increase the comforts or the securities of his fortress4 ,it was one1 complete to his hands1 from those of nature--such an one as must have delighted the generous ,english outlaw of ,sherwood ,forest2 insulated by deep ravines and rivers1 a dense forest of mighty trees1 and interminable undergrowth4 ,the vine and brier guarded his passes4 ,the laurel and the shrub1 the vine and sweet-scented jessamine roofed his dwelling1 and clambered up between his closed eyelids and the stars4 ,obstructions scarcely penetrable by any foe1 crowded the pathways to his tent2 and no footstep not practiced in the secret1 and to the manner born1 might pass unchallenged to his midnight rest4 ,the swamp was his moat2 his bulwarks were the deep ravines1 which1 watched by sleepless rifles1 were quite as impregnable as the castles on the ,rhine4 ,here1 in the possession of his fortress1 the partisan slept secure4 ,his movements were marked by equal promptitude and wariness4 ,he suffered no risks from a neglect of proper precaution4 ,his habits of circumspection and resolve ran together in happy unison4 ,his plans1 carefully considered beforehand1 were always timed with the happiest reference to the condition and feelings of his men4 ,to prepare that condition1 and to train those feelings1 were the chief employment of his repose4 ,he knew his game1 and how it should be played1 before a step was taken or a weapon drawn4 ,when he himself or any of his parties left the island upon an expedition1 they advanced along no beaten paths4 ,they made them as they went4 ,he had the ,indian faculty in perfection1 of gathering his course from the sun1 from the stars1 from the bark and the tops of trees1 and such other natural guides as the woodman acquires only through long and watchful experience4 ,many of the trails thus opened by him1 upon these expeditions1 are now the ordinary avenues of the country4 ,on starting1 he almost invariably struck into the woods1 and seeking the heads of the larger water courses1 crossed them at their first and small beginnings4 ,he destroyed the bridges where he could4 ,he preferred fords4 ,the former not only facilitated the progress of less fearless enemies1 but apprised them of his own approach4 ,if speed was essential1 a more direct but not less cautious route was pursued4 ,he intrusted his schemes to nobody1 not even his most confidential officers4 ,he consulted with them respectfully1 heard them patiently1 weighed their suggestions1 and silently approached his conclusions4 ,they knew his determinations only from his actions4 ,he left no track behind him1 if it were possible to avoid it4 ,he was often vainly hunted after by his own detachments4 ,he was more apt at finding them than they him4 ,his scouts were taught a peculiar and shrill whistle1 which1 at night1 could be heard at a most astonishing distance4 ,we are reminded of a signal of ,roderick ,dhu3-- ,he whistled shrill1 ,and he was answered from the hill2 ,wild as the scream of the curlew1 ,from crag to crag the signal flew4 ,his expeditions were frequently long1 and his men1 hurrying forth without due preparation1 not unfrequently suffered much privation from want of food4 ,to guard against this danger1 it was their habit to watch his cook4 ,if they saw him unusually busied in preparing supplies of the rude1 portable food which it was ,marion's custom to carry on such occasions1 they knew what was before them1 and provided themselves accordingly4 ,in no other way could they arrive at their general's intentions4 ,his favorite time for moving was with the setting sun1 and then it was known that the march would continue all night4 ,his men were badly clothed in homespun1--a light wear which afforded little warmth4 ,they slept in the open air1 and frequently without a blanket4 ,their ordinary food consisted of sweet potatoes1 garnished1 on fortunate occasions1 with lean beef4 ,their swords1 unless taken from the enemy1 were made out of mill saws1 roughly manufactured by a forest blacksmith4 ,his scouts were out in all directions1 and at all hours4 ,they did the double duty of patrol and spies4 ,they hovered about the posts of the enemy1 crouching in the thicket1 or darting along the plain1 picking up prisoners1 and information1 and spoils together4 ,they cut off stragglers1 encountered patrols of the foe1 and arrested his supplies on the way to the garrison4 ,sometimes the single scout1 buried in the thick tops of the tree1 looked down upon the march of his legions1 or hung1 perched over the hostile encampment1 till it slept2 then slipping down1 stole through the silent host1 carrying off a drowsy sentinel1 or a favorite charger1 upon which the daring spy flourished conspicuous among his less fortunate companions4 ,,notes4--,the outlaw of ,sherwood ,forest was ,robin ,hood4 ,roderick ,dhu is a character in ,sir ,walter ,scott's poem1 ,the ,lady of the ,lake1 from which the quotation is taken4 ,,cxxxvi4 ,a ,,common ,,thought4 7#def7 ,henry ,timrod1 #ahbi-ahfg1 was born at ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,he inherited his father's literary taste and ability1 and had the advantages of a liberal education4 ,he entered the ,university of ,georgia before he was seventeen years of age1 and while there commenced his career as a poet4 ,poverty and ill health compelled him to leave the university without taking a degree2 he then commenced the study of law1 and for ten years taught in various private families4 ,at the outbreak of the war1 in #ahfj1 he warmly espoused the ,southern cause1 and wrote many stirring war lyrics4 ,in #ahfc he joined the ,army of the ,west1 as correspondent of the ,charleston ,mercury1 and in #ahfd he became editor of the ,south ,carolinian1 published first at ,columbia and later at ,charleston4 ,he also served for a time as assistant secretary to ,governor ,orr4 ,the advance of ,sherman's army reduced him to poverty1 and he was compelled to the greatest drudgery in order to earn a bare living4 ,his health soon broke down1 and he died of hemorrhage of the lungs4 ,the following little poem seems1 almost1 to have been written under a presentiment1 so accurately does it describe the closing incidents of the poet's life4 ,the first volume of ,timrod's poems appeared in #ahfj4 ,a later edition1 with a memoir of the author1 was published in ,new ,york in #ahgc4 ,somewhere on this earthly planet ,in the dust of flowers that be1 ,in the dewdrop1 in the sunshine1 ,sleeps a solemn day for me4 ,at this wakeful hour of midnight ,i behold it dawn in mist1 ,and ,i hear a sound of sobbing ,through the darkness1--,hist6 oh1 hist6 ,in a dim and musky chamber1 ,i am breathing life away2 ,some one draws a curtain softly1 ,and ,i watch the broadening day4 ,as it purples in the zenith1 ,as it brightens on the lawn1 ,there's a hush of death about me1 ,and a whisper1 ,he is gone6 ,,cxxxvii4 ,a ,,definite ,,aim ,,in ,,reading4 7#deg7 ,noah ,porter1 #ahaa-ahib1 was born at ,farmington1 ,conn41 and graduated at ,yale in #ahca4 ,he remained in ,new ,haven as a school-teacher1 a tutor in college1 and a student in the theological department until #ahcf1 when he entered the ministry4 ,in #ahdf he was recalled to the college as ,clark ,professor of ,moral ,philosophy and ,metaphysics2 and in #aheh he also assumed the duties of the professorship of ,systematic ,theology1 for a period of seven years4 ,upon the retirement of ,president ,woolsey in #ahga1 he was elected to fill the office1 which he held until #ahhf1 being the eleventh president of the college4 ,president ,porter's greatest literary work is entitled1 ,the ,human ,intellect3 ,with an ,introduction upon ,psychology and the ,human ,soul4 ,it is remarkable for the clear thought and sound judgment it displays1 as well as for its broad scholarship2 and it has been pronounced the most complete and exhaustive exhibition of the cognitive faculties of the human soul to be found in our language4 ,his other important works are3 ,the ,sciences of ,nature versus the ,science of ,man1 which is a review of the doctrines of ,herbert ,spencer2 ,american ,colleges and the ,american ,public2 and the book from which the following selection is taken1 namely1 ,books and ,reading4 ,besides these he wrote numerous essays1 contributions to periodicals1 etc4 ,during his professorship he was called upon to act as chief editor in the important work of revising ,webster's ,dictionary4 ,the edition of #ahfd was the result of his careful oversight1 and the subsequent revisions were also under his superintendence4 ,in reading1 we do well to propose to ourselves definite ends and purposes4 ,the more distinctly we are aware of our own wants and desires in reading1 the more definite and permanent will be our acquisitions4 ,hence it is a good rule to ask ourselves frequently1 ,why am ,i reading this book1 essay1 or poem8 or why am ,i reading it at the present time rather than any other8 ,it may often be a satisfying answer1 that it is convenient2 that the book happens to be at hand3 or that we read to pass away the time4 ,such reasons are often very good1 but they ought not always to satisfy us4 ,yet the very habit of proposing these questions1 however they may be answered1 will involve the calling of ourselves to account for our reading1 and the consideration of it in the light of wisdom and duty4 ,the distinct consciousness of some object at present before us1 imparts a manifoldly greater interest to the contents of any volume4 ,it imparts to the reader an appropriate power1 a force of affinity1 by which he insensibly and unconsciously attracts to himself all that has a near or even a remote relation to the end for which he reads4 ,anyone is conscious of this who reads a story with the purpose of repeating it to an absent friend2 or an essay or a report with the design of using its facts or arguments in a debate2 or a poem with the design of reviving its imagery1 and reciting its finest passages4 ,indeed1 one never learns to read effectively until he learns to read in such a spirit--not always1 indeed1 for a definite end1 yet always with a mind attent to appropriate and retain and turn to the uses of culture1 if not to a more direct application4 ,the private history of every self-educated man1 from ,franklin onwards1 attests that they all were uniformly not only earnest but select in their reading1 and that they selected their books with distinct reference to the purposes for which they used them4 ,indeed1 the reason why self-trained men so often surpass men who are trained by others in the effectiveness and success of their reading1 is that they know for what they read and study1 and have definite aims and wishes in all their dealings with books4 ,the omnivorous and indiscriminate reader1 who is at the same time a listless and passive reader1 however ardent is his curiosity1 can never be a reader of the most effective sort4 ,another good rule is suggested by the foregoing4 ,always have some solid reading in hand2 i4 e41 some work or author which we carry forward from one day to another1 or one hour of leisure to the next1 with persistence1 till we have finished whatever we have undertaken4 ,there are many great and successful readers who do not observe this rule1 but it is a good rule notwithstanding4 ,the writer once called upon one of the most extensive and persevering of modern travelers1 at an early hour of the day1 to attend him upon a walk to a distant village4 ,it was after breakfast1 and though he had but few minutes at command1 he was sitting with book in hand--a book of solid history he was perusing day after day4 ,he remarked3 ,this has been my habit for years in all my wanderings4 ,it is the one habit which gives solidity to my intellectual activities and imparts tone to my life4 ,it is only in this way that ,i can overcome and counteract the tendency to the dissipation of my powers and the distraction of my attention1 as strange persons and strange scenes present themselves from day to day4 ,to the rule already given--read with a definite aim--we could add the rule--make your aims to be definite by continuously holding them rigidly to a single book at all times1 except when relaxation requires you to cease to work1 and to live for amusement and play4 ,always have at least one iron in the fire1 and kindle the fire at least once every day4 ,it is implied in the preceding that we should read upon definite subjects1 and with a certain method and proportion in the choice of our books4 ,if we have a single object to accomplish in our reading for the present1 that object will of necessity direct the choice of what we read1 and we shall arrange our reading with reference to this single end4 ,this will be a nucleus around which our reading will for the moment naturally gather and arrange itself4 ,if several subjects seem to us equally important and interesting1 we should dispose of them in order1 and give to each for the time our chief and perhaps our exclusive attention4 ,that this is wise is so obvious as not to require illustration4 ,one thing at a time1 is an accepted condition for all efficient activity1 whether it is employed upon things or thoughts1 upon men or books4 ,if five or ten separate topics have equal claim upon our interest and attention1 we shall do to each the amplest justice1 if we make each in its turn the central subject of our reading4 ,there is little danger of weariness or monotony from the workings of such a rule4 ,most single topics admit or require a considerable variety of books1 each different from the other1 and each supplementing the other4 ,hence it is one of the best of practices in prosecuting a course of reading1 to read every author who can cast any light upon the subject which we have in hand4 ,for example1 if we are reading the history of the ,great ,rebellion in ,england1 we should read1 if we can1 not a single author only1 as ,clarendon1 but a half dozen or a half score1 each of whom writes from his own point of view1 supplies what another omits1 or corrects what he under- or overstates4 ,but1 besides the formal histories of the period1 there are the various novels1 the scenes and characters of which are placed in those times1 such as ,scott's ,woodstock2 there are also diaries1 such as those by ,evelyn1 ,pepys1 and ,burton2 and there are memoirs1 such as those of ,col4 ,hutchinson2 while the last two have been imitated in scores of fictions4 ,there are poems1 such as those of ,andrew ,marvell1 ,milton1 and ,dryden4 ,there are also shoals of political tracts and pamphlets1 of handbills and caricatures4 ,we name these various descriptions of works and classes of reading1 not because we suppose all of them are accessible to those readers who live at a distance from large public libraries1 or because we would advise everyone who may have access to such libraries1 to read all these books and classes of books as a matter of course1 but because we would illustrate how great is the variety of books and reading matter that are grouped around a single topic1 and are embraced within a single period4 ,every person must judge for himself how long a time he can bestow upon any single subject1 or how many and various are the books in respect to it which it is wise to read2 but of this everyone may be assured1 that it is far easier1 far more agreeable1 and far more economical of time and energy1 to concentrate the attention upon a single subject at a time than to extend it to half a score1 and that six books read in succession or together upon a single topic1 are far more interesting and profitable than twice as many which treat of topics remotely related4 ,a lady well known to the writer1 of the least possible scholarly pretensions or literary notoriety1 spent fifteen months of leisure1 snatched by fragments from onerous family cares and brilliant social engagements1 in reading the history of ,greece as written by a great variety of authors and as illustrated by many accessories of literature and art4 ,nor should it be argued that such rules as these1 or the habits which they enjoin1 are suitable for scholars only1 or for people who have much leisure for reading4 ,it should rather be urged that those who can read the fewest books and who have at command the scantiest time1 should aim to read with the greatest concentration and method2 should occupy all of their divided energy with single centers of interest1 and husband the few hours which they can command1 in reading whatever converges to a definite1 because to a single1 impression4 ,,cxxxviii4 ,,ode ,,to ,,mt4 ,,blanc4 7#dfb7 ,samuel ,taylor ,coleridge1 #aggb-ahcd1 was born in ,devonshire1 ,england1 and was educated at ,christ's ,hospital and ,cambridge ,university4 ,through poverty he was compelled to enlist in the army1 but his literary attainments soon brought him into notice1 and he was enabled to withdraw from the distasteful life4 ,coleridge's fame arises chiefly from his poems1 of which the ,rime of the ,ancient ,mariner1 ,genevieve1 and ,christabel may be classed among the best of ,english poetry4 ,he also wrote a number of dramas1 besides numerous essays on religious and political topics4 ,as a conversationalist ,coleridge had a remarkable reputation1 and among his ardent admirers and friends may be ranked ,southey1 ,wordsworth1 ,lovell1 ,lamb1 and ,de ,quincey4 ,he and his friends ,southey and ,lovell married sisters1 and talked at one time of founding a community on the banks of the ,susquehanna4 ,although possessing such brilliant natural gifts1 ,coleridge fell far short of what he might have attained1 through a great lack of energy and application1 increased by an excessive use of opium4 ,hast thou a charm to stay the morning star ,in his steep course8 ,so long he seems to pause ,on thy bald1 awful head1 ,o sovran ,blanc6 ,the ,arve and ,arveiron at thy base ,rave ceaselessly2 but thou1 most awful ,form1 ,risest from forth thy silent sea of pines1 ,how silently6 ,around thee and above1 ,deep is the air and dark1 substantial1 black-- ,an ebon mass3 methinks thou piercest it1 ,as with a wedge6 ,but when ,i look again1 ,it is thine own calm home1 thy crystal shrine1 ,thy habitation from eternity6 ,o dread and silent ,mount6 ,i gazed upon thee ,till thou1 still present to the bodily sense1 ,didst vanish from my thoughts3 entranced in prayer1 ,i worshiped the ,invisible alone4 ,yet1 like some sweet1 beguiling melody1 ,so sweet we know not we are listening to it1 ,thou1 the meanwhile1 wast blending with my thought-- ,yea1 with my life and life's own secret joy ,till the dilating soul1 enrapt1 transfused1 ,into the mighty vision passing--there1 ,as in her natural form1 swelled vast to ,heaven6 ,awake1 my soul6 not only passive praise ,thou owest6 not alone these swelling tears1 ,mute thanks and secret ecstasy6 ,awake1 ,voice of sweet song6 ,awake1 my heart1 awake6 ,green vales and icy cliffs1 all join my hymn4 ,thou first and chief1 sole sovran of the vale6 ,oh1 struggling with the darkness all the night1 ,and visited all night by troops of stars1 ,or when they climb the sky1 or when they sink-- ,companion of the morning star at dawn1 ,thyself ,earth's rosy star1 and of the dawn ,coherald--wake1 oh wake1 and utter praise6 ,who sank thy sunless pillars deep in earth8 ,who filled thy countenance with rosy light8 ,who made thee parent of perpetual streams8 ,and you1 ye five wild torrents fiercely glad6 ,who called you forth from night and utter death1 ,from dark and icy caverns called you forth1 ,down those precipitous1 black1 jagged rocks1 ,forever shattered1 and the same forever8 ,who gave you your invulnerable life1 ,your strength1 your speed1 your fury1 and your joy1 ,unceasing thunder1 and eternal foam8 ,and who commanded 7and the silence came71 ,here let the billows stiffen1 and have rest8 ,ye icefalls6 ye that from the mountain's brow ,adown enormous ravines slope amain-- ,torrents1 methinks1 that heard a mighty voice1 ,and stopped at once amid their maddest plunge6 ,motionless torrents6 silent cataracts6 ,who made you glorious as the gates of ,heaven ,beneath the keen full moon8 ,who bade the sun ,clothe you with rainbows8 ,who1 with living flowers ,of loveliest blue1 spread garlands at your feet8 ,god6--let the torrents1 like a shout of nations1 ,answer6 and let the ice plains echo1 ,god6 ,god6 sing ye meadow streams with gladsome voice6 ,ye pine groves1 with your soft and soul-like sounds6 ,and they1 too1 have a voice1 yon piles of snow1 ,and in their perilous fall shall thunder1 ,god6 ,ye living flowers that skirt the eternal frost6 ,ye wild goats sporting round the eagle's nest6 ,ye eagles1 playmates of the mountain storm6 ,ye lightnings1 the dread arrows of the clouds6 ,ye signs and wonders of the elements6 ,utter forth1 ,god1 and fill the hills with praise6 ,thou1 too1 hoar ,mount6 with thy sky-pointing peaks1 ,oft from whose feet the avalanche1 unheard1 ,shoots downward1 glittering through the pure serene1 ,into the depth of clouds that veil thy breast-- ,thou too again1 stupendous ,mountain6 thou ,that as ,i raise my head1 awhile bowed low ,in adoration1 upward from thy base1 ,slow traveling1 with dim eyes suffused with tears1 ,solemnly seemest1 like a vapory cloud1 ,to rise before me4--,rise1 oh ever rise6 ,rise like a cloud of incense from the ,earth6 ,thou kingly spirit throned among the hills1 ,thou dread embassador from ,earth to ,heaven1 ,great ,hierarch6 tell thou the silent sky1 ,and tell the stars1 and tell yon rising sun1 ,earth1 with her thousand voices1 praises ,god4