,,less] ,,hippias  by ,plato  7see      
,app5dix ,i7   ,translat$ by ,b5jam9    
,j[ett     ,,app5dix ,i4  ,x seems      
impossible to sep>ate by any exact l9e !
 g5u9e writ+s ( ,plato f ! spuri\s4 ,!  
only ext]nal evid5ce to !m :i* is ( mu* 
value is t ( ,ari/otle2 = ! ,alex&rian  
catalogues ( a c5tury lat] include      
manife/ =g]ies4 ,ev5 ! value ( !        
,ari/otelian au?ority is a good deal    
impair$ by ! unc]ta9ty conc]n+ ! date & 
au?or%ip ( ! writ+s :i* are ascrib$ to  
him4 ,& sev]al ( ! citations ( ,ari/otle
 omit ! "n ( ,plato1 & "s ( !m omit ! "n
 ( ! dialogue f :i* !y are tak54 ,prior1
 h[ev]1 to ! enquiry ab\t ! writ+s ( a  
p>ticul> au?or1 g5]al consid]ations :i* 
equally affect all evid5ce to ! g5u95ess
 ( anci5t writ+s are ! foll[+3 ,%ort]   
works are m likely to h be5 =g$1 or to h
 receiv$ an errone\s designation1 ?an   
long] ones2 & "s k9ds ( composition1 su*
 z epi/les or panegyrical orations1 are 
m liable to suspicion ?an o!rs2 ^?1     
aga91 :i* h a ta/e ( sophi/ry 9 !m1 or !

 r+ ( a lat] age1 or ! slight] "* ( a   
rhetorical ex]cise1 or 9 :i* a motive or
 "s aff9ity to spuri\s writ+s c be      
detect$1 or :i* seem to h orig9at$ 9 a  
"n or /atem5t really occurr+ 9 "s       
classical au?or1 are also ( d\btful     
cr$it2 :ile !re is no in/ance ( any     
anci5t writ+ prov$ to be a =g]y1 :i*    
comb9es excell5ce ) l5g?4 ,a really     
great & orig9al writ] w\ld h no object 9
 fa!r+ 8 works on ,plato2 & to ! =g] or 
imitator1 ! 'lit]>y hack' ( ,alex&ria & 
,a!ns1 ! ,gods did n grant orig9ality or
 g5ius4 ,fur!r1 9 attempt+ to balance ! 
evid5ce = & aga9/ a ,platonic dialogue1 
we mu/ n =get t ! =m ( ! ,platonic writ+
 0 common to sev]al ( 8 contempor>ies4  
,aes*9es1 ,euclid1 ,pha$o1 ,anti/h5es1 &
 9 ! next g5]ation ,ari/otle1 are all   
said to h compos$ dialogues2 & mi/akes (
 names are v likely to h occurr$4 ,greek
 lit]ature 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 0 
almo/ z volum9\s z our own1 & )\t !     
safegu>ds ( regul> publication1 or      
pr9t+1 or b9d+1 or ev5 ( di/9ct titles4 

,an unkn[n writ+ 0 naturally attribut$  
to a kn[n writ] ^: works bore ! same "*2
 & ! "n once app5d$ easily obta9$       
au?ority4 ,a t5d5cy may also be obs]v$  
to bl5d ! works & op9ions ( ! ma/] ) ^? 
( 8 s*ol>s4 ,to a lat] ,platoni/1 !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato & 8 imitators 0 n
 s p]ceptible z to ourselves4 ,!        
,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon & ! ,dialogues (
 ,plato are b a "p ( a consid]able      
,socratic lit]ature :i* has pass$ away4 
,& we mu/ consid] h[ we %\ld reg>d ! "q 
( ! g5u95ess ( a p>ticul> writ+1 if ?is 
lo/ lit]ature _h be5 pres]v$ to u4  ,^! 
consid]ations lead u to adopt ! foll[+  
crit]ia ( g5u95ess3 7#a7 ,t is mo/      
c]ta9ly ,plato's :i* ,ari/otle          
attributes to him by "n1 :i* 7#b7 is (  
consid]able l5g?1 ( 7#c7 great          
excell5ce1 & also 7#d7 9 h>mony ) !     
g5]al _s ( ! ,platonic writ+s4 ,b !     
te/imony ( ,ari/otle _c always be       
di/+ui%$ f t ( a lat] age 7see above72 &
 has v>i\s degrees ( importance4 ,^?    
writ+s :i* he cites )\t m5tion+ ,plato1 

"u _! own names1 e4g4 ! ,hippias1 !     
,fun]al ,oration1 ! ,pha$o1 etc41 h an  
inf]ior degree ( evid5ce 9 _! fav\r4 ,!y
 may h be5 suppos$ by him to be ! writ+s
 ( ano!r1 al?\gh 9 ! case ( really great
 works1 e4g4 ! ,pha$o1 ?is is n cr$ible2
 ^? aga9 :i* are quot$ b n nam$1 are    
/ill m defective 9 _! ext]nal cr$5tials4
 ,!re may be also a possibility t       
,ari/otle 0 mi/ak51 or may h confus$ !  
ma/] & 8 s*ol>s 9 ! case ( a %ort writ+2
 b ?is is inconceivable ab\t a m        
important "w1 e4g4 ! ,laws1 especially  
:5 we rememb] t he 0 liv+ at ,a!ns1 & a 
frequ5t] ( ! groves ( ! ,academy1 dur+ !
 la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ,plato's life4 ,nor   
mu/ we =get t 9 all 8 num]\s citations f
 ! ,platonic writ+s he nev] attributes  
any passage f\nd 9 ! extant dialogues to
 any "o b ,plato4 ,& la/ly1 we may rem>k
 t "o or two great writ+s1 su* z !      
,p>m5ides & ! ,politicus1 :i* are :olly 
devoid ( ,ari/otelian 7#a7 cr$5tials may
 be fairly attribut$ to ,plato1 on !    
gr\nd ( 7#b7 l5g?1 7#c7 excell5ce1 &    

7#d7 accordance ) ! g5]al _s ( 8 writ+s4
 ,inde$ ! great] "p ( ! evid5ce = !     
g5u95ess ( anci5t ,greek au?ors may be  
summ$ up "u two heads only3 7#a7        
excell5ce2 & 7#b7 uni=mity (            
tradition--a k9d ( evid5ce1 :i* ?\gh 9  
_m cases suffici5t1 is ( inf]ior value4 
,proce$+ ^u ^! pr9ciples we appe> to    
arrive at ! conclusion t n9ete5-tw5tie?s
 ( all ! writ+s :i* h ev] be5 ascrib$ to
 ,plato1 are und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,!re is   
ano!r portion ( !m1 includ+ ! ,epi/les1 
! ,ep9omis1 ! dialogues reject$ by !    
anci5ts !mselves1 namely1 ! ,axio*us1   
,de ju/o1 ,de virtute1 ,demodocus1      
,sisyphus1 ,eryxias1 :i* on gr\nds1 bo? 
( int]nal & ext]nal evid5ce1 we are able
 ) equal c]ta9ty to reject4 ,b !re /ill 
rema9s a small portion ( :i* we are     
unable to affirm ei!r t !y are g5u9e or 
spuri\s4 ,!y may h be5 writt5 9 y\?1 or 
possibly l ! works ( "s pa9t]s1 may be  
p>tly or :olly ! compositions ( pupils2 
or !y may h be5 ! writ+s ( "s           
contempor>y transf]r$ by accid5t to ! m 

celebrat$ "n ( ,plato1 or ( "s ,platoni/
 9 ! next g5]ation :o aspir$ to imitate 
8 ma/]4 ,n t on gr\nds ei!r ( language  
or philosophy we %\ld lightly reject !m4
 ,"s diff]5ce ( /yle1 or inf]iority (   
execution1 or inconsi/5cy ( ?\ght1 c    
h>dly be consid]$ decisive ( _! spuri\s 
"*4 ,= :o always does ju/ice to himself1
 or :o writes ) equal c>e at all times8 
,c]ta9ly n ,plato1 :o exhibits ! greate/
 diff]5ces 9 dramatic p[]1 9 ! =mation (
 s5t5ces1 & 9 ! use ( words1 if 8 e>li] 
writ+s are comp>$ ) 8 lat] ones1 say !  
,protagoras or ,pha$rus ) ! ,laws4 ,or  
:o c be expect$ to ?9k 9 ! same mann]   
dur+ a p]iod ( au?or%ip ext5d+ ov] above
 fifty ye>s1 9 an age ( great           
intellectual activity1 z well z (       
political & lit]>y transition8 ,c]ta9ly 
n ,plato1 ^: e>li] writ+s are sep>at$ f 
8 lat] ones by z wide an int]val (      
philosophical speculation z t :i*       
sep>ates 8 lat] writ+s f ,ari/otle4  ,! 
dialogues :i* h be5 translat$ 9 ! fir/  
,app5dix1 & :i* appe> to h ! next claim 

to g5u95ess among ! ,platonic writ+s1   
are ! ,less] ,hippias1 ! ,m5ex5us or    
,fun]al ,oration1 ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades4  
,( ^!1 ! ,less] ,hippias & ! ,fun]al    
,oration are cit$ by ,ari/otle2 ! fir/ 9
 ! ,metaphysics1 ! latt] 9 ! ,rhetoric4 
,nei!r ( !m are expressly attribut$ to  
,plato1 b 9 8 citation ( bo? ( !m he    
seems to be ref]r+ to passages 9 !      
extant dialogues4 ,f ! m5tion (         
',hippias' 9 ! s+ul> by ,ari/otle1 we   
may p]haps inf] t he 0 unacqua9t$ ) a   
second dialogue be>+ ! same "n4         
,moreov]1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( a ,great] &   
,less] ,hippias1 & ( a ,fir/ & ,second  
,alcibiades1 does to a c]ta9 ext5t ?r[ a
 d\bt ^u bo? ( !m4 ,?\gh a v clev] &    
+5i\s "w1 ! ,less] ,hippias does n appe>
 to conta9 any?+ beyond ! p[] ( an      
imitator1 :o 0 also a c>eful /ud5t ( !  
e>li] ,platonic writ+s1 to inv5t4 ,!    
motive or lead+ ?\ght ( ! dialogue may  
be detect$ 9 ,x54 ,mem41 & !re is no    
simil> in/ance ( a 'motive' :i* is tak5 
f ,x5ophon 9 an und\bt$ dialogue (      

,plato4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! uphold]s ( !    
g5u95ess ( ! dialogue w f9d 9 ! ,hippias
 a true ,socratic _s2 !y w comp>e ! ,ion
 z be+ ak9 bo? 9 subject & treatm5t2 !y 
w urge ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle2 & !y w   
detect 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,sophi/1 9 !    
satirical reason+ ^u ,hom]1 9 ! r$uctio 
ad absurdum ( ! doctr9e t vice is       
ignorance1 traces ( a ,platonic         
au?or%ip4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! la/ po9t we   
are d\btful1 z 9 "s ( ! o!r dialogues1  
:e!r ! au?or is ass]t+ or ov]?r[+ !     
p>adox ( ,socrates1 or m]ely foll[+ !   
argum5t ':i!r ! w9d bl[s4' ,t no        
conclusion is arriv$ at is also 9       
accordance ) ! "* ( ! e>li] dialogues4  
,! resemblances or imitations ( !       
,gorgias1 ,protagoras1 & ,eu?ydemus1 :i*
 h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,hippias1 _c ) c]ta9ty
 be adduc$ on ei!r side ( ! argum5t4 ,on
 ! :ole1 m may be said 9 fav\r ( !      
g5u95ess ( ! ,hippias ?an aga9/ x4  ,!  
,m5ex5us or ,fun]al ,oration is cit$ by 
,ari/otle1 & is int]e/+ z supply+ an    
example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! orators prais$

 '! ,a!nians among ! ,a!nians1' falsify+
 p]sons & dates1 & ca/+ a veil ov] !    
gloomi] ev5ts ( ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,x      
exhibits an acqua9tance ) ! fun]al      
oration ( ,?ucydides1 & 01 p]haps1      
int5d$ to rival t great "w4 ,if g5u9e1 !
 prop] place ( ! ,m5ex5us w\ld be at !  
end ( ! ,pha$rus4 ,! satirical op5+ & ! 
conclud+ words be> a great resemblance  
to ! e>li] dialogues2 ! oration itself  
is pr(ess$ly a mimetic "w1 l ! spee*es 9
 ! ,pha$rus1 & _c !re=e be te/$ by a    
comp>ison ( ! o!r writ+s ( ,plato4 ,!   
fun]al oration ( ,p]icles is expressly  
m5tion$ 9 ! ,pha$rus1 & ?is may h       
sugge/$ ! subject1 9 ! same mann] t !   
,cleitophon appe>s to be sugge/$ by !   
slight m5tion ( ,cleitophon & 8 atta*m5t
 to ,?rasyma*us 9 ! ,republic2 & !      
,!ages by ! m5tion ( ,!ages 9 ! ,apology
 & ,republic2 or z ! ,second ,alcibiades
 seems to be f\nd$ ^u ! text ( ,x5ophon1
 ,mem4 ,a simil> ta/e = p>ody appe>s n  
only 9 ! ,pha$rus1 b 9 ! ,protagoras1 9 
! ,symposium1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 !    

,p>m5ides4  ,to ^! two d\btful writ+s ( 
,plato ,i h add$ ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades1   
:i*1 ( all ! disput$ dialogues ( ,plato1
 has ! greate/ m]it1 & is some:at long] 
?an any ( !m1 ?\gh n v]ifi$ by !        
te/imony ( ,ari/otle1 & 9 _m respects at
 v>iance ) ! ,symposium 9 ! description 
( ! relations ( ,socrates & ,alcibiades4
 ,l ! ,less] ,hippias & ! ,m5ex5us1 x is
 to be comp>$ to ! e>li] writ+s (       
,plato4 ,! motive ( ! piece may1 p]haps1
 be f\nd 9 t passage ( ! ,symposium 9   
:i* ,alcibiades describes himself z     
self-convict$ by ! words ( ,socrates4 ,=
 ! disp>ag+ mann] 9 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] has 
spok5 ( ?is dialogue !re seems to be no 
suffici5t f\ndation4 ,at ! same "t1 !   
lesson imp>t$ is simple1 & ! irony m    
transp>5t ?an 9 ! und\bt$ dialogues (   
,plato4 ,we "k1 too1 t ,alcibiades 0 a  
fav\rite !sis1 & t at lea/ five or six  
dialogues be>+ ?is "n pass$ curr5t 9    
antiquity1 & are attribut$ to           
contempor>ies ( ,socrates & ,plato4 7#a7
 ,9 ! entire abs5ce ( real ext]nal      

evid5ce 7= ! catalogues ( ! ,alex&rian  
libr>ians _c be reg>d$ z tru/wor?y72 &  
7#b7 9 ! abs5ce ( ! highe/ m>ks ei!r (  
poetical or philosophical excell5ce2 &  
7#c7 consid]+ t we h express te/imony to
 ! exi/5ce ( contempor>y writ+s be>+ !  
"n ( ,alcibiades1 we are compell$ to    
susp5d our judgm5t on ! g5u95ess ( !    
extant dialogue4  ,nei!r at ?is po9t1   
nor at any o!r1 d we propose to draw an 
absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 g5u9e &
 spuri\s writ+s ( ,plato4 ,!y fade (f   
imp]ceptibly f "o class to ano!r4 ,!re  
may h be5 degrees ( g5u95ess 9 !        
dialogues !mselves1 z !re are c]ta9ly   
degrees ( evid5ce by :i* !y are         
support$4 ,! traditions ( ! oral        
disc\rses bo? ( ,socrates & ,plato may h
 =m$ ! basis ( semi-,platonic writ+s2 "s
 ( !m may be ( ! same mix$ "* :i* is    
app>5t 9 ,ari/otle & ,hippocrates1      
al?\gh ! =m ( !m is diff]5t4 ,b ! writ+s
 ( ,plato1 unlike ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 
seem nev] to h be5 confus$ ) ! writ+s ( 
8 disciples3 ?is 0 probably due to _!   

def9ite =m1 & to _! inimitable          
excell5ce4 ,! ?ree dialogues :i* we h   
(f]$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ! criticism ( !    
read] may be p>tly spuri\s & p>tly      
g5u9e2 !y may be altoge!r spuri\s2--t is
 an alt]native :i* mu/ be frankly       
admitt$4 ,nor c we ma9ta9 ( "s o!r      
dialogues1 su* z ! ,p>m5ides1 & !       
,sophi/1 & ,politicus1 t no consid]able 
objection c be urg$ aga9/ !m1 ?\gh      
greatly ov]balanc$ by ! weight 7*iefly7 
( int]nal evid5ce 9 _! fav\r4 ,nor1 on !
 o!r h&1 c we exclude a b>e possibility 
t "s dialogues :i* are usually reject$1 
su* z ! ,great] ,hippias & !            
,cleitophon1 may be g5u9e4 ,! nature &  
object ( ^! semi-,platonic writ+s       
require m c>eful /udy & m comp>ison ( !m
 ) "o ano!r1 & ) =g$ writ+s 9 g5]al1 ?an
 !y h yet receiv$1 be=e we c f9ally     
decide on _! "*4 ,we d n consid] !m all 
z g5u9e until !y c be prov$ to be       
spuri\s1 z is (t5 ma9ta9$ & /ill m (t5  
impli$ 9 ?is & simil> discussions2 b    
%\ld say ( "s ( !m1 t _! g5u95ess is    

nei!r prov5 nor disprov5 until fur!r    
evid5ce ab\t !m c be adduc$4 ,& we are z
 confid5t t ! ,epi/les are spuri\s1 z t 
! ,republic1 ! ,timaeus1 & ! ,laws are  
g5u9e4  ,on ! :ole1 n a tw5tie? "p ( !  
writ+s :i* pass "u ! "n ( ,plato1 if we 
exclude ! works reject$ by ! anci5ts    
!mselves & two or ?ree o!r plausible    
inv5tions1 c be fairly d\bt$ by ^? :o   
are will+ to all[ t a consid]able *ange 
& gr[? may h tak5 place 9 8 philosophy  
7see above74 ,t tw5tie? debatable       
portion sc>cely 9 any degree affects our
 judgm5t ( ,plato1 ei!r z a ?9k] or a   
writ]1 & ?\gh sugge/+ "s int]e/+        
que/ions to ! s*ol> & critic1 is (      
little importance to ! g5]al read]4     
,,less] ,,hippias     ,,introduction4   
,! ,less] ,hippias may be comp>$ ) !    
e>li] dialogues ( ,plato1 9 :i* !       
contra/ ( ,socrates & ! ,sophi/s is mo/ 
/rongly exhibit$4 ,hippias1 l           
,protagoras & ,gorgias1 ?\gh civil1 is  
va9 & boa/ful3 he kn[s all ?+s2 he c    
make any?+1 includ+ 8 own clo!s2 he is a

 manufactur] ( poems & declamations1 &  
also ( seal-r+s1 %oes1 /rigils2 8       
girdle1 :i* he has wov5 himself1 is ( a 
f9] ?an ,p]sian quality4 ,he is a va9]1 
light] nature ?an ! two great ,sophi/s  
7comp>e ,protag471 b ( ! same "* ) !m1 &
 equally impati5t ( ! %ort cut-&-?ru/   
me?od ( ,socrates1 :om he endeav\rs to  
draw into a long oration4 ,at la/1 he   
gets tir$ ( be+ defeat$ at e po9t by    
,socrates1 & is ) difficulty induc$ to  
proce$ 7comp>e ,?rasyma*us1 ,protagoras1
 ,callicles1 & o!rs1 to :om ! same      
reluctance is ascrib$74  ,hippias l     
,protagoras has common s5se on 8 side1  
:5 he argues1 cit+ passages ( ! ,iliad 9
 support ( 8 view1 t ,hom] int5d$       
,a*illes to be ! brave/1 ,odysseus !    
wise/ ( ! ,greeks4 ,b he is easily      
ov]?r[n by ! sup]ior dialectics (       
,socrates1 :o pret5ds to %[ t ,a*illes  
is n true to 8 ^w1 & t no simil>        
inconsi/5cy is to be f\nd 9 ,odysseus4  
,hippias replies t ,a*illes             
un9t5tionally1 b ,odysseus int5tionally1

 speaks falsehood4 ,b is x bett] to d   
wrong int5tionally or un9t5tionally8    
,socrates1 rely+ on ! analogy ( ! arts1 
ma9ta9s ! =m]1 ,hippias ! latt] ( ! two 
alt]natives444,all ?is is q conceiv$ 9 !
 _s ( ,plato1 :o is v f> f mak+         
,socrates always argue on ! side ( tru?4
 ,! ov]-reason+ on ,hom]1 :i* is ( c\rse
 satirical1 is also 9 ! _s ( ,plato4    
,poetry turn$ logic is ev5 m ridicul\s  
?an 'rhetoric turn$ logic1' & equally   
fallaci\s4 ,!re 7 reason]s 9 anci5t z   
well z 9 mod]n times1 :o c\ld nev]      
receive ! natural impression ( ,hom]1 or
 ( any o!r book :i* !y read4 ,! argum5t 
( ,socrates1 9 :i* he picks out ! app>5t
 inconsi/5cies & discrepancies 9 ! spee*
 & actions ( ,a*illes1 & ! f9al p>adox1 
't he :o is true is also false1' rem9d u
 ( ! int]pretation by ,socrates (       
,simonides 9 ! ,protagoras1 & ( simil>  
reason+s 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,republic4 ,!
 discrepancies :i* ,socrates discov]s 9 
! words ( ,a*illes are p]haps z great z 
^? discov]$ by "s ( ! mod]n sep>ati/s ( 

! ,hom]ic poems444  ,at la/1 ,socrates  
hav+ caught ,hippias 9 ! toils ( !      
volunt>y & involunt>y1 is oblig$ to     
confess t he is w&]+ ab\t 9 ! same      
labyr9?2 he makes ! reflection on       
himself :i* o!rs w\ld make ^u him       
7comp>e ,protagoras74 ,he does n wond] t
 he %\ld be 9 a difficulty1 b he wond]s 
at ,hippias1 & he becomes s5sible ( !   
gravity ( ! situation1 :5 ord9>y m5 l   
himself c no long] g to ! wise & be     
taught by !m4  ,x may be rem>k$ z be>+  
on ! g5u95ess ( ?is dialogue3 7#a7 t !  
mann]s ( ! speak]s are less subtle &    
ref9$ ?an 9 ! o!r dialogues ( ,plato2   
7#b7 t ! sophi/ry ( ,socrates is m      
palpable & unblu%+1 & also m unmean+2   
7#c7 t _m turns ( ?\ght & /yle are f\nd 
9 x :i* appe> also 9 ! o!r              
dialogues3--:e!r resemblances ( ?is k9d 
tell 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( an 
anci5t writ+1 is an important "q :i* w h
 to be answ]$ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t cases4
 ,= t a writ] may repeat himself is z   
true z t a =g] may imitate2 & ,plato    

else:]e1 ei!r ( set purpose or f        
=getfulness1 is full ( repetitions4 ,!  
p>allelisms ( ! ,less] ,hippias1 z      
already rem>k$1 are n ( ! k9d :i*       
necess>ily imply t ! dialogue is ! "w ( 
a =g]4 ,! p>allelisms ( ! ,great]       
,hippias ) ! o!r dialogues1 & ! allusion
 to ! ,less] 7:]e ,hippias sket*es !    
programme ( 8 next lecture1 & invites   
,socrates to att5d & br+ any fri5ds )   
him :o may be compet5t judges71 are m   
?an suspici\s3--!y are ( a v poor sort1 
su* z we _c suppose to h be5 due to     
,plato himself4 ,! ,great] ,hippias m   
resembles ! ,eu?ydemus ?an any o!r      
dialogue2 b is immeasurably inf]ior to  
x4 ,! ,less] ,hippias seems to h m m]it 
?an ! ,great]1 & to be m ,platonic 9 _s4
 ,! "* ( ,hippias is ! same 9 bo?       
dialogues1 b 8 vanity & boa/+ are ev5 m 
exagg]at$ 9 ! ,great] ,hippias4 ,8 art (
 memory is specially m5tion$ 9 bo?4 ,he 
is an inf]ior type ( ! same species z   
,hippodamus ( ,miletus 7,ari/4 ,pol474  
,"s passages 9 :i* ! ,less] ,hippias may

 be advantage\sly comp>$ ) ! und\bt$ly  
g5u9e dialogues ( ,plato are !          
foll[+3--,less4 ,hipp43 comp>e ,republic
 7,socrates' cunn+ 9 argum5t73 comp>e   
,la*es 7,socrates' feel+ ab\t argum5ts73
 comp>e ,republic 7,socrates n          
un?ankful73 comp>e ,republic 7,socrates 
di%one/ 9 argum5t74  ,! ,less] ,hippias1
 ?\gh inf]ior to ! o!r dialogues1 may be
 reasonably believ$ to h be5 writt5 by  
,plato1 on ! gr\nd 7#a7 ( consid]able   
excell5ce2 7#b7 ( uni=m tradition beg9n+
 ) ,ari/otle & 8 s*ool4 ,t ! dialogue   
falls bel[ ! /&>d ( ,plato's o!r works1 
or t he has attribut$ to ,socrates an   
unmean+ p>adox 7p]haps ) ! view ( %[+ t 
he c\ld beat ! ,sophi/s at _! own       
weapons2 or t he c\ld 'make ! worse     
appe> ! bett] cause'2 or m]ely z a      
dialectical exp]im5t7--are n suffici5t  
reasons = d\bt+ ! g5u95ess ( ! "w4      
,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,eudicus1  
,socrates1 ,hippias4   ,,eudicus3 ,:y   
are y sil5t1 ,socrates1 aft] !          
magnific5t display :i* ,hippias has be5 

mak+8 ,:y d y n ei!r refute 8 words1 if 
he seems to y to h be5 wrong 9 any po9t1
 or jo9 ) u 9 comm5d+ him8 ,!re is ! m  
reason :y y %\ld speak1 because we are  
n[ alone1 & ! audi5ce is conf9$ to ^? :o
 may fairly claim to take "p 9 a        
philosophical discussion4  ,,socrates3  
,i %\ld greatly l1 ,eudicus1 to ask     
,hippias ! mean+ ( :at he 0 say+ j n[   
ab\t ,hom]4 ,i h he>d y\r fa!r1         
,apemantus1 decl>e t ! ,iliad ( ,hom] is
 a f9] poem ?an ! ,odyssey 9 ! same     
degree t ,a*illes 0 a bett] man ?an     
,odysseus2 ,odysseus1 he w\ld say1 is ! 
c5tral figure ( ! "o poem & ,a*illes ( !
 o!r4 ,n[1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 if ,hippias 
has no objection to tell me1 :at he ?9ks
 ab\t ^! two h]oes1 & :i* ( !m he       
ma9ta9s to be ! bett]2 he has already   
told u 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exhibition _m ?+s (
 v>i\s k9ds ab\t ,hom] & div]s o!r      
poets4  ,,eudicus3 ,i am sure t ,hippias
 w be delight$ to answ] any?+ :i* y w\ld
 l to ask2 tell me1 ,hippias1 if        
,socrates asks y a "q1 w y answ] him8   

,,hippias3 ,inde$1 ,eudicus1 ,i %\ld be 
/rangely inconsi/5t if ,i refus$ to     
answ] ,socrates1 :5 at ea* ,olympic     
fe/ival1 z ,i w5t up f my h\se at ,elis 
to ! temple ( ,olympia1 :]e all !       
,hell5es 7 assembl$1 ,i cont9ually      
pr(ess$ my will+ness to p]=m any ( !    
exhibitions :i* ,i _h prep>$1 & to answ]
 any que/ions :i* any "o _h to ask4     
,,socrates3 ,truly1 ,hippias1 y are to  
be congratulat$1 if at e ,olympic       
fe/ival y h su* an enc\rag+ op9ion ( y\r
 own wisdom :5 y g up to ! temple4 ,i   
d\bt :e!r any muscul> h]o w\ld be s     
fe>less & confid5t 9 (f]+ 8 body to !   
combat at ,olympia1 z y are 9 (f]+ y\r  
m9d4  ,,hippias3 ,& ) good reason1      
,socrates2 = s9ce ! day :5 ,i fir/ ent]$
 ! li/s at ,olympia ,i h nev] f\nd any  
man :o 0 my sup]ior 9 any?+4 7,comp>e   
,gorgias47  ,,socrates3 ,:at an ornam5t1
 ,hippias1 w ! reputation ( y\r wisdom  
be to ! city ( ,elis & to y\r p>5ts6 ,b 
to return3 :at say y ( ,odysseus &      
,a*illes8 ,:i* is ! bett] ( ! two8 & 9  

:at p>ticul> does ei!r surpass ! o!r8 ,=
 :5 y 7 exhibit+ & !re 0 company 9 !    
room1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n foll[ y1 ,i did n l
 to ask :at y meant1 because a cr[d ( p 
7 pres5t1 & ,i 0 afraid t ! "q might    
int]rupt y\r exhibition4 ,b n[ t !re are
 n s _m ( u1 & my fri5d ,eudicus bids me
 ask1 ,i wi% y w\ld tell me :at y 7 say+
 ab\t ^! two h]oes1 s t ,i may cle>ly   
und]/&2 h[ did y di/+ui% !m8  ,,hippias3
 ,i %all h mu* pleasure1 ,socrates1 9   
expla9+ to y m cle>ly ?an ,i c\ld 9     
public my views ab\t ^! & also ab\t o!r 
h]oes4 ,i say t ,hom] int5d$ ,a*illes to
 be ! brave/ ( ! m5 :o w5t to ,troy1    
,ne/or ! wise/1 & ,odysseus ! wilie/4   
,,socrates3 ,o r>e ,hippias1 w y be s   
good z n to laugh1 if ,i f9d a          
difficulty 9 foll[+ y1 & repeat my      
que/ions sev]al times ov]8 ,please to   
answ] me k9dly & g5tly4  ,,hippias3 ,i  
%\ld be greatly a%am$ ( myself1         
,socrates1 if ,i1 :o tea* o!rs & take   
money ( !m1 c\ld n1 :5 ,i 0 ask$ by y1  
answ] 9 a civil & agreeable mann]4      

,,socrates3 ,?ank y3 ! fact is1 t ,i    
seem$ to und]/& :at y meant :5 y said t 
! poet int5d$ ,a*illes to be ! brave/ ( 
m51 & also t he int5d$ ,ne/or to be !   
wise/2 b :5 y said t he meant ,odysseus 
to be ! wilie/1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i c\ld
 n und]/& :at y 7 say+4 ,w y tell me1 & 
!n ,i %all p]haps und]/& y bett]2 has n 
,hom] made ,a*illes wily8  ,,hippias3   
,c]ta9ly n1 ,socrates2 he is ! mo/      
/raight-=w>d ( mank9d1 & :5 ,hom]       
introduces !m talk+ ) "o ano!r 9 !      
passage call$ ! ,pray]s1 ,a*illes is    
suppos$ by ! poet to say to ,odysseus3--
  ',son ( ,la]tes1 sprung f heav51      
crafty ,odysseus1 ,i w speak out pla9ly 
! ^w :i* ,i int5d to c>ry out 9 act1 &  
:i* w1 ,i believe1 be accompli%$4 ,= ,i 
hate him l ! gates ( dea? :o ?9ks "o ?+ 
& says ano!r4 ,b ,i w speak t :i* %all  
be accompli%$4'  ,n[1 9 ^! v]ses he     
cle>ly indicates ! "* ( ! two m52 he %[s
 ,a*illes to be true & simple1 &        
,odysseus to be wily & false2 = he      
supposes ,a*illes to be address+        

,odysseus 9 ^! l9es4  ,,socrates3 ,n[1  
,hippias1 ,i ?9k t ,i und]/& y\r mean+2 
:5 y say t ,odysseus is wily1 y cle>ly  
mean t he is false8  ,,hippias3 ,exactly
 s1 ,socrates2 x is ! "* ( ,odysseus1 z 
he is repres5t$ by ,hom] 9 _m passages  
bo? ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4  ,,socrates3 
,& ,hom] mu/ be presum$ to h meant t !  
true man is n ! same z ! false8         
,,hippias3 ,( c\rse1 ,socrates4         
,,socrates3 ,& is t y\r own op9ion1     
,hippias8  ,,hippias3 ,c]ta9ly2 h[ c ,i 
h any o!r8  ,,socrates3 ,well1 !n1 z !re
 is no possibility ( ask+ ,hom] :at he  
meant 9 ^! v]ses ( 81 let u leave him2 b
 z y %[ a will+ness to take up 8 cause1 
& y\r op9ion agrees ) :at y decl>e to be
 81 w y answ] on behalf ( y\rself & him8
  ,,hippias3 ,i w2 ask %ortly any?+ :i* 
y l4  ,,socrates3 ,d y say t ! false1 l 
! sick1 h no p[] to d ?+s1 or t !y h !  
p[] to d ?+s8  ,,hippias3 ,i %\ld say t 
!y h p[] to d _m ?+s1 & 9 p>ticul> to   
deceive mank9d4  ,,socrates3 ,!n1       
accord+ to y1 !y are bo? p[]ful & wily1 

are !y n8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3
 ,& are !y wily1 & d !y deceive by      
reason ( _! simplicity & folly1 or by   
reason ( _! cunn+ & a c]ta9 sort (      
prud5ce8  ,,hippias3 ,by reason ( _!    
cunn+ & prud5ce1 mo/ c]ta9ly4           
,,socrates3 ,!n !y are prud5t1 ,i       
suppose8  ,,hippias3 ,s !y are--v4      
,,socrates3 ,& if !y are prud5t1 d !y "k
 or d !y n "k :at !y d8  ,,hippias3 ,(  
c\rse1 !y "k v well2 & t is :y !y d     
mis*ief to o!rs4  ,,socrates3 ,& hav+   
?is k1 are !y ignorant1 or are !y wise8 
,,hippias3 ,wise1 c]ta9ly2 at lea/1 9 s 
f> z !y c deceive4  ,,socrates3 ,/op1 & 
let u recall to m9d :at y are say+2 are 
y n say+ t ! false are p[]ful & prud5t &
 kn[+ & wise 9 ^? ?+s ab\t :i* !y are   
false8  ,,hippias3 ,to be sure4         
,,socrates3 ,& ! true diff] f ! false--!
 true & ! false are ! v opposite ( ea*  
o!r8  ,,hippias3 ,t is my view4         
,,socrates3 ,!n1 accord+ to y\r view1 x 
w\ld seem t ! false are to be rank$ 9 ! 
class ( ! p[]ful & wise8  ,,hippias3    

,assur$ly4  ,,socrates3 ,& :5 y say t ! 
false are p[]ful & wise 9 s f> z !y are 
false1 d y mean t !y h or h n ! p[] (   
utt]+ _! falsehoods if !y l8  ,,hippias3
 ,i mean to say t !y h ! p[]4           
,,socrates3 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 ! false are !y 
:o are wise & h ! p[] to speak falsely8 
,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,!n a man 
:o has n ! p[] ( speak+ falsely & is    
ignorant _c be false8  ,,hippias3 ,y are
 "r4  ,,socrates3 ,& e man has p[] :o   
does t :i* he wi%es at ! "t :5 he wi%es4
 ,i am n speak+ ( any special case 9 :i*
 he is prev5t$ by disease or some?+ ( t 
sort1 b ,i am speak+ g5]ally1 z ,i might
 say ( y1 t y are able to write my "n :5
 y l4 ,w\ld y n call a man able :o c\ld 
d t8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,&  
tell me1 ,hippias1 are y n a skilful    
calculator & ari?metician8  ,,hippias3  
,yes1 ,socrates1 assur$ly ,i am4        
,,socrates3 ,& if "s "o 7 to ask y :at  
is ! sum ( #c multipli$ by #gjj1 y w\ld 
tell him ! true answ] 9 a mom5t1 if y   
pleas$8  ,,hippias3 c]ta9ly ,i %\ld4    

,,socrates3 ,is n t because y are !     
wise/ & able/ ( m5 9 ^! matt]s8         
,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,& be+ z y
 are ! wise/ & able/ ( m5 9 ^! matt]s ( 
calculation1 are y n also ! be/8        
,,hippias3 ,to be sure1 ,socrates1 ,i am
 ! be/4  ,,socrates3 ,& !re=e y w\ld be 
! mo/ able to tell ! tru? ab\t ^!       
matt]s1 w\ld y n8  ,,hippias3 ,yes1 ,i  
%\ld4  ,,socrates3 ,& c\ld y speak      
falsehoods ab\t !m equally well8 ,i mu/ 
beg1 ,hippias1 t y w answ] me ) ! same  
frankness & magnanimity :i* has hi!rto  
*>act]iz$ y4 ,if a p]son 7 to ask y :at 
is ! sum ( #c multipli$ by #gjj1 w\ld n 
y be ! be/ & mo/ consi/5t tell] ( a     
falsehood1 hav+ always ! p[] ( speak+   
falsely z y h ( speak+ truly1 ab\t ^!   
same matt]s1 if y want$ to tell a       
falsehood1 & n to answ] truly8 ,w\ld !  
ignorant man be bett] able to tell a    
falsehood 9 matt]s ( calculation ?an y  
w\ld be1 if y *ose8 ,might he n         
sometimes /umble ^u ! tru?1 :5 he want$ 
to tell a lie1 because he did n "k1     

:]eas y :o are ! wise man1 if y want$ to
 tell a lie w\ld always & consi/5tly    
lie8  ,,hippias3 ,yes1 !re y are q "r4  
,,socrates3 ,does ! false man tell lies 
ab\t o!r ?+s1 b n ab\t numb]1 or :5 he  
is mak+ a calculation8  ,,hippias3 ,to  
be sure2 he w\ld tell z _m lies ab\t    
numb] z ab\t o!r ?+s4  ,,socrates3 ,!n  
may we fur!r assume1 ,hippias1 t !re are
 m5 :o are false ab\t calculation &     
numb]8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3   
,:o c !y be8 ,= y h already admitt$ t he
 :o is false mu/ h ! ability to be      
false3 y said1 z y w rememb]1 t he :o is
 unable to be false w n be false8       
,,hippias3 ,yes1 ,i rememb]2 x 0 s said4
  ,,socrates3 ,& 7 y n y\rself j n[ %[n 
to be be/ able to speak falsely ab\t    
calculation8  ,,hippias3 ,yes2 t 0 ano!r
 ?+ :i* 0 said4  ,,socrates3 ,& are y n 
likewise said to speak truly ab\t       
calculation8  ,,hippias3 ,c]ta9ly4      
,,socrates3 ,!n ! same p]son is able to 
speak bo? falsely & truly ab\t          
calculation8 ,& t p]son is he :o is good

 at calculation--! ari?metician8        
,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,:o1 !n1  
,hippias1 is discov]$ to be false at    
calculation8 ,is he n ! good man8 ,= !  
good man is ! able man1 & he is ! true  
man4  ,,hippias3 ,t is evid5t4          
,,socrates3 ,d y n see1 !n1 t ! same man
 is false & also true ab\t ! same       
matt]s8 ,& ! true man is n a :it bett]  
?an ! false2 = inde$ he is ! same ) him 
& n ! v opposite1 z y 7 j n[ imag9+4    
,,hippias3 ,n 9 t in/ance1 cle>ly4      
,,socrates3 ,%all we exam9e o!r         
in/ances8  ,,hippias3 ,c]ta9ly1 if y are
 dispos$4  ,,socrates3 ,are y n also    
skill$ 9 geometry8  ,,hippias3 ,i am4   
,,socrates3 ,well1 & does n ! same hold 
9 t sci5ce also8 ,is n ! same p]son be/ 
able to speak falsely or to speak truly 
ab\t diagrams2 & he is--! geometrician8 
,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,he & no  
"o else is good at x8  ,,hippias3 ,yes1 
he & no "o else4  ,,socrates3 ,!n ! good
 & wise geomet] has ?is d\ble p[] 9 !   
highe/ degree2 & if !re be a man :o is  

false ab\t diagrams ! good man w be he1 
= he is able to be false2 :]eas ! bad is
 unable1 & = ?is reason is n false1 z   
has be5 admitt$4  ,,hippias3 ,true4     
,,socrates3 ,once m--let u exam9e a ?ird
 case2 t ( ! a/ronom]1 9 ^: art1 aga91  
y1 ,hippias1 pr(ess to be a /ill great] 
pr(ici5t ?an 9 ! prec$+--d y n8         
,,hippias3 ,yes1 ,i am4  ,,socrates3 ,& 
does n ! same hold ( a/ronomy8          
,,hippias3 ,true1 ,socrates4            
,,socrates3 ,& 9 a/ronomy1 too1 if any  
man be able to speak falsely he w be !  
good a/ronom]1 b he :o is n able w n    
speak falsely1 = he has no k4           
,,hippias3 ,cle>ly n4  ,,socrates3 ,!n 9
 a/ronomy also1 ! same man w be true &  
false8  ,,hippias3 ,x w\ld seem s4      
,,socrates3 ,& n[1 ,hippias1 consid] !  
"q at l>ge ab\t all ! sci5ces1 & see    
:e!r ! same pr9ciple does n always hold4
 ,i "k t 9 mo/ arts y are ! wise/ ( m51 
z ,i h he>d y boa/+ 9 ! agora at !      
tables ( ! money-*ang]s1 :5 y 7 sett+ =?
 ! great & enviable /ores ( y\r wisdom2 

& y said t ^u "o occasion1 :5 y w5t to !
 ,olympic games1 all t y _h on y\r p]son
 0 made by y\rself4 ,y began ) y\r r+1  
:i* 0 ( y\r own workman%ip1 & y said t y
 c\ld engrave r+s2 & y _h ano!r seal :i*
 0 also ( y\r own workman%ip1 & a /rigil
 & an oil flask1 :i* y _h made y\rself2 
y said also t y _h made ! %oes :i* y _h 
on y\r feet1 & ! cloak & ! %ort tunic2 b
 :at appe>$ to u all mo/ extraord9>y & a
 pro( ( s+ul> art1 0 ! girdle ( y\r     
tunic1 :i*1 y said1 0 z f9e z ! mo/     
co/ly ,p]sian fabric1 & ( y\r own weav+2
 moreov]1 y told u t y _h br\ght ) y    
poems1 epic1 tragic1 & di?yrambic1 z    
well z prose writ+s ( ! mo/ v>i\s k9ds2 
& y said t y\r skill 0 also pre-em95t 9 
! arts :i* ,i 0 j n[ m5tion+1 & 9 ! true
 pr9ciples ( rhy?m & h>mony & (         
or?ography2 & if ,i rememb] rightly1 !re
 7 a great _m o!r accompli%m5ts 9 :i* y 
excell$4 ,i h =gott5 to m5tion y\r art (
 memory1 :i* y reg>d z y\r special      
glory1 & ,i d>e say t ,i h =gott5 _m o!r
 ?+s2 b1 z ,i 0 say+1 only look to y\r  

own arts--& !re are pl5ty ( !m--& to ^? 
( o!rs2 & tell me1 hav+ reg>d to !      
admissions :i* y & ,i h made1 :e!r y    
discov] any dep>tm5t ( art or any       
description ( wisdom or cunn+1 :i*ev] "n
 y use1 9 :i* ! true & false are diff]5t
 & n ! same3 tell me1 if y c1 ( any4 ,b 
y _c4  ,,hippias3 ,n )\t consid]ation1  
,socrates4  ,,socrates3 ,nor w          
consid]ation help y1 ,hippias1 z ,i     
believe2 b !n if ,i am "r1 rememb] :at !
 consequ5ce w be4  ,,hippias3 ,i d n "k 
:at y mean1 ,socrates4  ,,socrates3 ,i  
suppose t y are n us+ y\r art ( memory1 
d\btless because y ?9k t su* an         
accompli%m5t is n ne$$ on ! pres5t      
occasion4 ,i w !re=e rem9d y ( :at y 7  
say+3 7 y n say+ t ,a*illes 0 a true    
man1 & ,odysseus false & wily8          
,,hippias3 ,i 04  ,,socrates3 ,& n[ d y 
p]ceive t ! same p]son has turn$ out to 
be false z well z true8 ,if ,odysseus is
 false he is also true1 & if ,a*illes is
 true he is also false1 & s ! two m5 are
 n oppos$ to "o ano!r1 b !y are alike4  

,,hippias3 ,o ,socrates1 y are always   
weav+ ! me%es ( an argum5t1 select+ !   
mo/ difficult po9t1 & fa/5+ ^u details  
in/ead ( grappl+ ) ! matt] 9 h& z a     
:ole4 ,come n[1 & ,i w demon/rate to y1 
if y w all[ me1 by _m satisfactory      
pro(s1 t ,hom] has made ,a*illes a bett]
 man ?an ,odysseus1 & a tru?ful man too2
 & t he has made ! o!r crafty1 & a tell]
 ( _m untru?s1 & inf]ior to ,a*illes4 ,&
 !n1 if y please1 y %all make a spee* on
 ! o!r side1 9 ord] to prove t ,odysseus
 is ! bett] man2 & ?is may be comp>$ to 
m9e1 & !n ! company w "k :i* ( u is !   
bett] speak]4  ,,socrates3 ,o ,hippias1 
,i d n d\bt t y are wis] ?an ,i am4 ,b  
,i h a way1 :5 anybody else says any?+1 
( giv+ close att5tion to him1 especially
 if ! speak] appe>s to me to be a wise  
man4 ,hav+ a desire to und]/&1 ,i "q    
him1 & ,i exam9e & analyse & put toge!r 
:at he says1 9 ord] t ,i may und]/&2 b  
if ! speak] appe>s to me to be a poor   
h&1 ,i d n int]rogate him1 or tr\ble    
myself ab\t him1 & y may "k by ?is :o !y

 are :om ,i deem to be wise m51 = y w   
see t :5 ,i am talk+ ) a wise man1 ,i am
 v att5tive to :at he says2 & ,i ask    
que/ions ( him1 9 ord] t ,i may le>n1 & 
be improv$ by him4 ,& ,i c\ld n help    
rem>k+ :ile y 7 speak+1 t :5 y recit$ ! 
v]ses 9 :i* ,a*illes1 z y argu$1 attacks
 ,odysseus z a deceiv]1 t y mu/ be      
/rangely mi/ak51 because ,odysseus1 !   
man ( wiles1 is nev] f\nd to tell a lie2
 b ,a*illes is f\nd to be wily on y\r   
own %[+4 ,at any rate he speaks falsely2
 = fir/ he utt]s ^! words1 :i* y j n[   
repeat$1--  ',he is hateful to me ev5 z 
! gates ( dea? :o ?9ks "o ?+ & says     
ano!r3'--  ,& !n he says1 a little :ile 
aft]w>ds1 he w n be p]suad$ by ,odysseus
 & ,agamemnon1 nei!r w he rema9 at      
,troy2 b1 says he1--  ',to-morr[1 :5 ,i 
h (f]$ sacrifices to ,zeus & all !      
,gods1 hav+ load$ my %ips well1 ,i w    
drag !m d[n into ! deep2 & !n y %all    
see1 if y h a m9d1 & if su* ?+s are a   
c>e to y1 e>ly 9 ! morn+ my %ips sail+  
ov] ! fi%y ,hellespont1 & my m5 eag]ly  

ply+ ! o>2 &1 if ! illu/ri\s %ak] ( !   
e>? gives me a good voyage1 on ! ?ird   
day ,i %all rea* ! f]tile ,ph?ia4'  ,&  
be=e t1 :5 he 0 revil+ ,agamemnon1 he   
said1--  ',& n[ to ,ph?ia ,i w g1 s9ce  
to return home 9 ! beak$ %ips is f>     
bett]1 nor am ,i incl9$ to /ay "h 9     
di%on\r & amass weal? & ri*es = y4'  ,b 
al?\gh on t occasion1 9 ! pres5ce ( !   
:ole army1 he spoke aft] ?is fa%ion1 &  
on ! o!r occasion to 8 companions1 he   
appe>s nev] to h made any prep>ation or 
attempt to draw d[n ! %ips1 z if he _h !
 lea/ int5tion ( sail+ home2 s nobly    
reg>dless 0 he ( ! tru?4 ,n[ ,i1        
,hippias1 orig9ally ask$ y ! "q1 because
 ,i 0 9 d\bt z to :i* ( ! two h]oes 0   
int5d$ by ! poet to be ! be/1 & because 
,i ?\ght t bo? ( !m 7 ! be/1 & t x w\ld 
be difficult to decide :i* 0 ! bett] (  
!m1 n only 9 respect ( tru? & falsehood1
 b ( virtue g5]ally1 = ev5 9 ?is matt] (
 speak+ ! tru? !y are mu* ^u a p>4      
,,hippias3 ,!re y are wrong1 ,socrates2 
= 9 s f> z ,a*illes speaks falsely1 !   

falsehood is obvi\sly un9t5tional4 ,he  
is compell$ aga9/ 8 w to rema9 & rescue 
! army 9 _! mis=tune4 ,b :5 ,odysseus   
speaks falsely he is volunt>ily &       
int5tionally false4  ,,socrates3 ,y1    
sweet ,hippias1 l ,odysseus1 are a      
deceiv] y\rself4  ,,hippias3 ,c]ta9ly n1
 ,socrates2 :at makes y say s8          
,,socrates3 ,because y say t ,a*illes   
does n speak falsely f design1 :5 he is 
n only a deceiv]1 b besides be+ a       
bragg>t1 9 ,hom]'s description ( him is 
s cunn+1 & s f> sup]ior to ,odysseus 9  
ly+ & pret5d+1 t he d>es to contradict  
himself1 & ,odysseus does n f9d him out2
 at any rate he does n appe> to say     
any?+ to him :i* w\ld imply t he p]ceiv$
 8 falsehood4  ,,hippias3 ,:at d y mean1
 ,socrates8  ,,socrates3 ,did y n obs]ve
 t aft]w>ds1 :5 he is speak+ to         
,odysseus1 he says t he w sail away ) ! 
e>ly dawn2 b to ,ajax he tells q a      
diff]5t /ory8  ,,hippias3 ,:]e is t8    
,,socrates3 ,:]e he says1--  ',i w n ?9k
 ab\t bloody w> until ! son ( w>like    

,priam1 illu/ri\s ,hector1 comes to !   
t5ts & %ips ( ! ,myrmidons1 slaught]+ ! 
,argives1 & burn+ ! %ips ) fire2 & ab\t 
my t5t & d>k %ip1 ,i suspect t ,hector1 
al?\gh eag] = ! battle1 w nev]!less /ay 
8 h&4'  ,n[1 d y really ?9k1 ,hippias1 t
 ! son ( ,!tis1 :o _h be5 ! pupil ( !   
sage ,*eiron1 _h su* a bad memory1 or   
w\ld h c>ri$ ! art ( ly+ to su* an ext5t
 7:5 he _h be5 assail+ li>s 9 ! mo/     
viol5t t]ms only ! in/ant be=e7 z to say
 to ,odysseus t he w\ld sail away1 & to 
,ajax t he w\ld rema91 & t he 0 n r     
practis+ ^u ! simplicity ( ,odysseus1   
:om he reg>d$ z an anci5t1 & ?9k+ t he  
w\ld get ! bett] ( him by 8 own cunn+ & 
falsehood8  ,,hippias3 ,no1 ,i d n agree
 ) y1 ,socrates2 b ,i believe t ,a*illes
 is induc$ to say "o ?+ to ,ajax1 &     
ano!r to ,odysseus 9 ! innoc5ce ( 8     
he>t1 :]eas ,odysseus1 :e!r he speaks   
falsely or truly1 speaks always ) a     
purpose4  ,,socrates3 ,!n ,odysseus w\ld
 appe> aft] all to be bett] ?an         
,a*illes8  ,,hippias3 ,c]ta9ly n1       

,socrates4  ,,socrates3 ,:y1 7 n !      
volunt>y li>s only j n[ %[n to be bett] 
?an ! involunt>y8  ,,hippias3 ,& h[1    
,socrates1 c ^? :o int5tionally err1 &  
volunt>ily & design$ly commit           
iniquities1 be bett] ?an ^? :o err & d  
wrong involunt>ily8 ,surely !re is a    
great excuse to be made = a man tell+ a 
falsehood1 or do+ an injury or any sort 
( h>m to ano!r 9 ignorance4 ,& ! laws   
are obvi\sly f> m sev]e on ^? :o lie or 
d evil1 volunt>ily1 ?an on ^? :o d evil 
involunt>ily4  ,,socrates3 ,y see1      
,hippias1 z ,i h already told y1 h[     
p]t9aci\s ,i am 9 ask+ que/ions ( wise  
m54 ,& ,i ?9k t ?is is ! only good po9t 
ab\t me1 = ,i am full ( defects1 &      
always gett+ wrong 9 "s way or o!r4 ,my 
defici5cy is prov$ to me by ! fact t :5 
,i meet "o ( y :o are fam\s = wisdom1 & 
to ^: wisdom all ! ,hell5es are         
witnesses1 ,i am f\nd out to "k no?+4 ,=
 speak+ g5]ally1 ,i h>dly ev] h ! same  
op9ion ab\t any?+ :i* y h1 & :at pro( ( 
ignorance c be great] ?an to diff] f    

wise m58 ,b ,i h "o s+ul> good quality1 
:i* is my salvation2 ,i am n a%am$ to   
le>n1 & ,i ask & enquire1 & am v        
grateful to ^? :o answ] me1 & nev] fail 
to give !m my grateful ?anks2 & :5 ,i   
le>n a ?+ ,i nev] d5y my tea*]1 or      
pret5d t ! lesson is a discov]y ( my    
own2 b ,i praise 8 wisdom1 & proclaim   
:at ,i h le>n$ f him4 ,& n[ ,i _c agree 
9 :at y are say+1 b ,i /rongly disagree4
 ,well1 ,i "k t ?is is my own fault1 &  
is a defect 9 my "*1 b ,i w n pret5d to 
be m ?an ,i am2 & my op9ion1 ,hippias1  
is ! v contr>y ( :at y are say+4 ,= ,i  
ma9ta9 t ^? :o hurt or injure mank9d1 & 
speak falsely & deceive1 & err          
volunt>ily1 are bett] f> ?an ^? :o d    
wrong involunt>ily4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1  
,i am ( ! opposite op9ion2 = ,i am all  
abroad 9 my ideas ab\t ?is matt]1 a     
condition obvi\sly occasion$ by         
ignorance4 ,& j n[ ,i happ5 to be 9 a   
crisis ( my disord] at :i* ^? :o err    
volunt>ily appe> to me bett] ?an ^? :o  
err involunt>ily4 ,my pres5t /ate ( m9d 

is due to our previ\s argum5t1 :i*      
incl9es me to believe t 9 g5]al ^? :o d 
wrong involunt>ily are worse ?an ^? :o d
 wrong volunt>ily1 & !re=e ,i hope t y w
 be good to me1 & n refuse to heal me2 =
 y w d me a mu* great] b5efit if y cure 
my s\l ( ignorance1 ?an y w\ld if y 7 to
 cure my body ( disease4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 
tell y be=eh&1 t if y make a long       
oration to me y w n cure me1 = ,i %all n
 be able to foll[ y2 b if y w answ] me1 
z y did j n[1 y w d me a great deal (   
good1 & ,i d n ?9k t y w be any ! worse 
y\rself4 ,& ,i h "s claim ^u y also1 ,o 
son ( ,apemantus1 = y incit$ me to      
conv]se ) ,hippias2 & n[1 if ,hippias w 
n answ] me1 y mu/ entreat him on my     
behalf4  ,,eudicus3 ,b ,i d n ?9k1      
,socrates1 t ,hippias w require any     
entreaty ( m9e2 = he has already said t 
he w refuse to answ] no man4--,did y n  
say s1 ,hippias8  ,,hippias3 ,yes1 ,i   
did2 b !n1 ,eudicus1 ,socrates is always
 tr\blesome 9 an argum5t1 & appe>s to be
 di%one/4 7,comp>e ,gorgias2 ,republic47

  ,,socrates3 ,excell5t ,hippias1 ,i d n
 d s int5tionally 7if ,i did1 x w\ld %[ 
me to be a wise man & a ma/] ( wiles1 z 
y w\ld argue71 b un9t5tionally1 & !re=e 
y mu/ p>don me2 =1 z y say1 he :o is    
un9t5tionally di%one/ %\ld be p>don$4   
,,eudicus3 ,yes1 ,hippias1 d z he says2 
& = our sake1 & also t y may n belie y\r
 pr(ession1 answ] :atev] ,socrates asks 
y4  ,,hippias3 ,i w answ]1 z y reque/   
me2 & d y ask :atev] y l4  ,,socrates3  
,i am v desir\s1 ,hippias1 ( exam9+ ?is 
"q1 z to :i* are ! bett]--^? :o err     
volunt>ily or involunt>ily8 ,& if y w   
answ] me1 ,i ?9k t ,i c put y 9 ! way ( 
approa*+ ! subject3 ,y w\ld admit1 w\ld 
y n1 t !re are good runn]s8  ,,hippias3 
,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,& !re are bad       
runn]s8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3  
,& he :o runs well is a good runn]1 & he
 :o runs ill is a bad runn]8  ,,hippias3
 ,v true4  ,,socrates3 ,& he :o runs    
sl[ly runs ill1 & he :o runs quickly    
runs well8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4            
,,socrates3 ,!n 9 a race1 & 9 runn+1    

swiftness is a good1 & sl[ness is an    
evil quality8  ,,hippias3 ,to be sure4  
,,socrates3 ,:i* ( ! two !n is a bett]  
runn]8 ,he :o runs sl[ly volunt>ily1 or 
he :o runs sl[ly involunt>ily8          
,,hippias3 ,he :o runs sl[ly volunt>ily4
  ,,socrates3 ,& is n runn+ a species ( 
do+8  ,,hippias3 ,c]ta9ly4  ,,socrates3 
,& if a species ( do+1 a species (      
action8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3  
,!n he :o runs badly does a bad &       
di%on\rable action 9 a race8  ,,hippias3
 ,yes2 a bad action1 c]ta9ly4           
,,socrates3 ,& he :o runs sl[ly runs    
badly8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3   
,!n ! good runn] does ?is bad &         
disgraceful action volunt>ily1 & ! bad  
involunt>ily8  ,,hippias3 ,t is to be   
inf]r$4  ,,socrates3 ,!n he :o          
involunt>ily does evil actions1 is worse
 9 a race ?an he :o does !m volunt>ily8 
,,hippias3 ,yes1 9 a race4  ,,socrates3 
,well1 b at a wre/l+ mat*--:i* is !     
bett] wre/l]1 he :o falls volunt>ily or 
involunt>ily8  ,,hippias3 ,he :o falls  

volunt>ily1 d\btless4  ,,socrates3 ,& is
 x worse or m di%on\rable at a wre/l+   
mat*1 to fall1 or to ?r[ ano!r8         
,,hippias3 ,to fall4  ,,socrates3 ,!n1  
at a wre/l+ mat*1 he :o volunt>ily does 
base & di%on\rable actions is a bett]   
wre/l] ?an he :o does !m involunt>ily8  
,,hippias3 ,t appe>s to be ! tru?4      
,,socrates3 ,& :at w\ld y say ( any o!r 
bodily ex]cise--is n he :o is bett] made
 able to d bo? t :i* is /rong & t :i* is
 weak--t :i* is fair & t :i* is f\l8--s 
t :5 he does bad actions ) ! body1 he :o
 is bett] made does !m volunt>ily1 & he 
:o is worse made does !m involunt>ily4  
,,hippias3 ,yes1 t appe>s to be true    
ab\t /r5g?4  ,,socrates3 ,& :at d y say 
ab\t grace1 ,hippias8 ,is n he :o is    
bett] made able to assume evil &        
disgraceful figures & po/ures           
volunt>ily1 z he :o is worse made       
assumes !m involunt>ily8  ,,hippias3    
,true4  ,,socrates3 ,!n volunt>y        
ungracefulness comes f excell5ce ( !    
bodily frame1 & involunt>y f ! defect ( 

! bodily frame8  ,,hippias3 ,true4      
,,socrates3 ,& :at w\ld y say ( an      
unmusical voice2 w\ld y pref] ! voice   
:i* is volunt>ily or involunt>ily out ( 
tune8  ,,hippias3 ,t :i* is volunt>ily  
out ( tune4  ,,socrates3 ,! involunt>y  
is ! worse ( ! two8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4   
,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y *oose to possess  
goods or evils8  ,,hippias3 ,goods4     
,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y r h feet :i* are  
volunt>ily or involunt>ily lame8        
,,hippias3 ,feet :i* are volunt>ily     
lame4  ,,socrates3 ,b is n lam5ess a    
defect or de=mity8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4    
,,socrates3 ,& is n bl9k+ a defect 9 !  
eyes8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,& 
w\ld y r always h eyes ) :i* y might    
volunt>ily bl9k & n see1 or ) :i* y     
might involunt>ily bl9k8  ,,hippias3 ,i 
w\ld r h eyes :i* volunt>ily bl9k4      
,,socrates3 ,!n 9 y\r own case y deem t 
:i* volunt>ily acts ill1 bett] ?an t :i*
 involunt>ily acts ill8  ,,hippias3     
,yes1 c]ta9ly1 9 cases su* z y m5tion4  
,,socrates3 ,& does n ! same hold ( e>s1

 no/rils1 m\?1 & ( all ! s5ses--^? :i*  
involunt>ily act ill are n to be desir$1
 z be+ defective2 & ^? :i* volunt>ily   
act ill are to be desir$ z be+ good8    
,,hippias3 ,i agree4  ,,socrates3 ,& :at
 w\ld y say ( in/rum5ts2--:i* are !     
bett] sort ( in/rum5ts to h to d )8--^? 
) :i* a man acts ill volunt>ily or      
involunt>ily8 ,= example1 _h a man bett]
 h a rudd] ) :i* he w /e] ill1          
volunt>ily or involunt>ily8  ,,hippias3 
,he _h bett] h a rudd] ) :i* he w /e]   
ill volunt>ily4  ,,socrates3 ,& does n !
 same hold ( ! b[ & ! lyre1 ! flute &   
all o!r ?+s8  ,,hippias3 ,v true4       
,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y r h a horse ( su* 
a temp] t y may ride him ill volunt>ily 
or involunt>ily8  ,,hippias3 ,i w\ld r h
 a horse :i* ,i c\ld ride ill           
volunt>ily4  ,,socrates3 ,t w\ld be !   
bett] horse8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4          
,,socrates3 ,!n ) a horse ( bett] temp]1
 vici\s actions w\ld be produc$         
volunt>ily2 & ) a horse ( bad temp]     
involunt>ily8  ,,hippias3 ,c]ta9ly4     

,,socrates3 ,& t w\ld be true ( a dog1  
or ( any o!r animal8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  
,,socrates3 ,& is x bett] to possess !  
m9d ( an ar*] :o volunt>ily or          
involunt>ily misses ! m>k8  ,,hippias3  
,( him :o volunt>ily misses4            
,,socrates3 ,?is w\ld be ! bett] m9d = !
 purposes ( ar*]y8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4    
,,socrates3 ,!n ! m9d :i* involunt>ily  
errs is worse ?an ! m9d :i* errs        
volunt>ily8  ,,hippias3 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 9
 ! use ( ! b[4  ,,socrates3 ,& :at w\ld 
y say ( ! art ( m$ic9e2--has n ! m9d :i*
 volunt>ily works h>m to ! body1 m ( !  
heal+ art8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4            
,,socrates3 ,!n 9 ! art ( m$ic9e !      
volunt>y is bett] ?an ! involunt>y8     
,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,well1 & 9
 lute-play+ & 9 flute-play+1 & 9 all    
arts & sci5ces1 is n t m9d ! bett] :i*  
volunt>ily does :at is evil &           
di%on\rable1 & goes wrong1 & is n !     
worse t :i* does s involunt>ily8        
,,hippias3 ,t is evid5t4  ,,socrates3 ,&
 :at w\ld y say ( ! *>act]s ( slaves8   

,%\ld we n pref] to h ^? :o volunt>ily d
 wrong & make mi/akes1 & are !y n bett] 
9 _! mi/akes ?an ^? :o commit !m        
involunt>ily8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4         
,,socrates3 ,& %\ld we n desire to h our
 own m9ds 9 ! be/ /ate possible8        
,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,& w our  
m9ds be bett] if !y d wrong & make      
mi/akes volunt>ily or involunt>ily8     
,,hippias3 ,o1 ,socrates1 x w\ld be a   
mon/r\s ?+ to say t ^? :o d wrong       
volunt>ily are bett] ?an ^? :o d wrong  
involunt>ily6  ,,socrates3 ,& yet t     
appe>s to be ! only inf]5ce4  ,,hippias3
 ,i d n ?9k s4  ,,socrates3 ,b ,i       
imag9$1 ,hippias1 t y did4 ,please to   
answ] once m3 ,is n ju/ice a p[]1 or k1 
or bo?8 ,mu/ n ju/ice1 at all ev5ts1 be 
"o ( ^!8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 
,b if ju/ice is a p[] ( ! s\l1 !n ! s\l 
:i* has ! great] p[] is also ! m j2 = t 
:i* has ! great] p[]1 my good fri5d1 has
 be5 prov$ by u to be ! bett]4          
,,hippias3 ,yes1 t has be5 prov$4       
,,socrates3 ,& if ju/ice is k1 !n ! wis]

 w be ! ju/] s\l1 & ! m ignorant ! m    
unju/8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,b
 if ju/ice be p[] z well z k--!n w n !  
s\l :i* has bo? k & p[] be ! m j1 & t   
:i* is ! m ignorant be ! m unju/8 ,mu/ x
 n be s8  ,,hippias3 ,cle>ly4           
,,socrates3 ,& is n ! s\l :i* has !     
great] p[] & wisdom also bett]1 & bett] 
able to d bo? good & evil 9 e action8   
,,hippias3 ,c]ta9ly4  ,,socrates3 ,!    
s\l1 !n1 :i* acts ill1 acts volunt>ily  
by p[] & art--& ^! ei!r "o or bo? ( !m  
are elem5ts ( ju/ice8  ,,hippias3 ,t    
seems to be true4  ,,socrates3 ,& to d  
inju/ice is to d ill1 & n to d inju/ice 
is to d well8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4         
,,socrates3 ,& w n ! bett] & abl] s\l :5
 x does wrong1 d wrong volunt>ily1 & !  
bad s\l involunt>ily8  ,,hippias3       
,cle>ly4  ,,socrates3 ,& ! good man is  
he :o has ! good s\l1 & ! bad man is he 
:o has ! bad8  ,,hippias3 ,yes4         
,,socrates3 ,!n ! good man w volunt>ily 
d wrong1 & ! bad man involunt>ily1 if ! 
good man is he :o has ! good s\l8       

,,hippias3 ,:i* he c]ta9ly has4         
,,socrates3 ,!n1 ,hippias1 he :o        
volunt>ily does wrong & disgraceful ?+s1
 if !re be su* a man1 w be ! good man8  
,,hippias3 ,!re ,i _c agree ) y4        
,,socrates3 ,nor c ,i agree ) myself1   
,hippias2 & yet t seems to be !         
conclusion :i*1 z f> z we c see at      
pres5t1 mu/ foll[ f our argum5t4 ,z ,i 0
 say+ be=e1 ,i am all abroad1 & be+ 9   
p]plexity am always *ang+ my op9ion4    
,n[1 t ,i or any ord9>y man %\ld w&] 9  
p]plexity is n surpris+2 b if y wise m5 
also w&]1 & we _c come to y & re/ f our 
w&]+1 ! matt] beg9s to be s]i\s bo? to u
 & to y4