,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis ,,9 ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,a ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,famili> ,,?+s2 ,,_! ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,! ,,ev5ts ,,:i* ,,l$ ,,to ,,_! ,,discov]y4 ,,) ,a ,,%ort ,,explanation ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,natural ,,ph5om5a4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,s*ools ,,& ,,families4 ,enl>g$ & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,c9c9nati1 ,,& ,,/4 ,,l\is3 ,,b5zig] ,,bro!rs ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,! ,,holy ,,apo/olic ,,see4 ,,copyright1 #ahha1 ,,by ,,b5zig] ,,bro!rs4 ,,preface4 ,?is book1 a repr9t ( a successful ,engli% publication1 has be5 s enl>g$ z to be to all int5ts & purposes new4 ,x has be5 c>efully revis$ by a ,rev]5d g5tleman1 :o = "s "t fill$ ! *air ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry 9 "o ( our colleges4 ,rec5t inv5tions & improvem5ts are describ$ 9 a simple1 popul> /yle1 s z to be easily und]/ood by all1 & %ort notices are giv5 ( prom95t inv5tors & sci5ti/s4 ,! p>agraphs relat+ to doctr9al matt]s con=m 9 e respect to ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a feature :i* w comm5d ! book to e tea*] is ! def9itions ( difficult words & t]ms1 foll[+ ! p>agraphs 9 :i* su* words occur4 ,te*nical language is avoid$ z mu* z possible1 s z to enable "y pupils to become famili>ly acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( nature1 ! lead+ *>act]i/ics & g5]al hi/ory ( ! objects ( ! animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms1 & ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ! arts & sci5ces4 ,! illu/rations are ( a sup]ior ord]1 & a v complete ,index1 :i* w be appreciat$ by e tea*]1 supplem5ts ! book4 ,9 a ^w1 no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to enhance ! value ( ! "w1 & r5d] x an important auxili>y 9 ! dissem9ation ( useful & ent]ta9+ k4 ,! publi%]s beg to ackn[l$ge _! obligations to ! ,si/]s ( ,m]cy1 ,loretto1 ,pa41 to ^: k9dness !y are indebt$ = _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,9 ! hope t ! book may be f\nd suit$ to ! accompli%m5t ( its aim1 x is respectfully submitt$ to s*ools & in/ructors ( y\?1 :o are ! be/ judges ( its m]its4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,dew1 ,wat]1 ,ra91 ,sn[1 ,hail1 ,atmosph]e1 ,w9d1 ,lightn+1 ,?und]1 ,electricity1 ,twilight1 & ! ,aurora ,borealis ,,ii4 ,corn1 ,b>ley1 ,pe>l ,b>ley1 ,oats1 ,rye1 ,potatoes1 ,tea1 ,c(fee1 & ,*ocolate ,,iii4 ,calico1 ,cotton1 ,clo?1 ,wool1 ,baize1 ,l951 ,flax1 ,hemp1 ,diap]1 ,holl&1 ,canvas1 & ,flannel ,,iv4 ,cocoa1 ,toddy1 ,*]ries1 ,b>k1 ,cork1 ,co*9eal1 ,cloves1 ,c9namon1 & ,cassia ,v4 ,bombaz9e1 ,crape1 ,camlet1 ,cambric1 ,lace1 ,silk1 ,velvet1 & ,mohair ,,vi4 ,currants1 ,rais9s1 ,figs1 ,rice1 ,sug>1 ,sug> ,c&y1 c41 ,sago1 ,millet1 ,g+]1 ,nutmeg1 ,mace1 ,pim5to or ,allspice1 ,pepp]1 & ,cay5ne ,pepp] ,,vii4 ,glass1 ,mirrors1 ,e>!nw>e1 ,porcela91 ,ne$les1 ,p9s1 ,pap]1 ,pr9t+1 ,p>*m5t1 & ,vellum ,,viii4 ,cap]s1 ,almonds1 ,oranges1 ,lemons1 ,citrons1 ,limes1 ,olives1 ,oils1 ,melons1 ,tam>9ds1 & ,dates ,,ix4 ,hats1 ,/ock+s1 ,%oes1 ,gloves1 ,lea!r1 ,furs1 & ,ink ,x4 ,asbe/us1 ,salt1 ,coal1 ,iron1 ,copp]1 ,brass1 ,z9c1 & ,lapis ,calam9>is ,,xi4 ,yams1 ,mangoes1 ,bread-,fruit1 ,%ea or ,butt] ,tree1 ,c[ ,tree1 ,wat] ,tree1 ,licorice1 ,manna1 ,opium1 ,tobacco1 & ,gum ,,xii4 ,spectacles1 ,m>9]'s ,compass1 ,b>omet]1 ,!rmomet]1 ,wat*es1 ,clocks1 ,telescope1 ,microscope1 ,gunp[d]1 ,/eam ,eng9e1 & ,electro-,magnetic ,telegraph ,,xiii4 ,soap1 ,c&les1 ,tall[ ,tree1 ,sp]maceti1 ,wax1 ,mahogany1 ,india ,rubb] or ,ca\t*\c1 ,sponge1 ,coral1 ,lime1 ,c>bon1 ,oxyg51 ,nitrog51 ,gas1 ,hydrog51 ,*alk1 & ,m>ble ,,xiv4 ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,lead1 ,t91 ,plat9a1 ,sulphur1 ,gems or ,preci\s ,/ones--z ,diamonds1 ,rubies1 ,em]alds1 ,turquois1 ,pe>ls1 ,"m-(-,pe>l1 & ,ivory ,,xv4 ,/>*1 ,arr[-root1 ,tapioca1 ,is+lass1 ,cavi>e1 ! ,v9e1 ,w9e1 ,g91 ,rum1 ,br&y1 ,v9eg>1 ,indigo1 ,gamboge1 ,logwood1 ,t>1 ,pit*1 ,camphor1 ,musk1 ,myrrh1 ,frank9c5se1 & ,turp5t9e ,,xvi4 ,bricks1 ,mort>1 ,granite1 ,slate1 ,lime/one1 or ,calc>e\s ,rocks1 ,/eel1 ,e>?s1 ,volcanoes1 & ,e>?quakes ,,xvii4 ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 ,use ( ,money1 & ,navigation ,,xviii4 ,music1 ,pa9t+1 ,poetry1 ,a/ronomy1 ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,art ( ,writ+1 & ,*emi/ry ,,xix4 ,attraction1 ,tides1 ,gravity1 ,artesian ,wells1 ,air1 ,an]oid ,b>omet]1 ,e>-,trumpet1 ,/e?oscope1 ,audiphone1 ,telephone1 ,phonograph1 ,microphone1 ,megaphone1 ,tasimet]1 ,ba?omet]1 ,anemomet]1 ,*ronomet] ,,xx4 ,light1 ,lime ,light1 ,magnesium ,light1 ,electric ,light1 ,ra9b[1 ,prism1 ,spectrum1 ,colors1 ,photography1 ,cam]a ,obscura1 ,/]eoscope1 ,kaleidoscope ,,xxi4 ,electricity1 ,electric ,curr5ts1 ,electric ,batt]y1 ,electrotyp+1 ,/]eotyp+1 ,telegraph1 ,ocean ,cable1 ,lightn+ ,rod1 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 ,! ,mt4 ,c5is ,tunnel1 ,! ,suez ,canal1 ,susp5sion ,bridges1 ,em95t ,am]icans ,a ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,famili> ,,?+s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,dew1 ,,wat]1 ,,ra91 ,,sn[1 ,,hail1 ,,atmosph]e1 ,,w9d1 ,,lightn+1 ,,?und]1 ,,electricity1 ,,twilight1 ,,& ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis4 ,:at is ,dew8 ,moi/ure collect$ f ! atmosph]e by ! action ( cold4 ,dur+ ! day1 ! p[]ful heat ( ! sun causes to arise f ! e>? & wat] a moi/ vapor1 :i*1 aft] ! sun s9ks bel[ ! horizon1 is cond5s$ by ! cold1 & falls 9 ! =m ( dew4 ,dews are m copi\s 9 ! ,spr+ & ,autumn ?an at any o!r season2 9 w>m c\ntries ?an 9 cold ones3 because ( ! sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,egypt ab\nds 9 dews all ! summ]2 = ! air be+ too hot to cond5se ! vapors 9 ! day-"t1 !y nev] ga!r into cl\ds & =m ra94 ,horizon1 ! l9e :i* b\nds ! view on all sides1 s t ! e>? & sky appe> to meet4 ,a ,greek ^w1 f ! v]b signify+ to m>k b\nd>ies4 ,temp]ature1 degree ( heat or cold4 ,cond5se1 to cause ! p>ticles ( a body to approa* or unite m closely4 ,:at are its uses8 ,x cools & refre%es ! vegetable creation1 & prev5ts x f be+ de/roy$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,all hot c\ntries :]e !re is little or no ra9 are !re=e bless$ ) ?is provision by ! all-b\ntiful ,creator1 to r5d] !m luxuriant & inhabitable2 & ! dews :i* fall are s copi\s1 t ! e>? is z deeply soak$ ) !m dur+ ! night z if a heavy ra9 _h fall54 ,= ?is reason also x is1 t we s (t5 read 9 ! ,bible ( ! dew ( ,heav5 be+ promis$ to ! ,israelites z a signal favor4 ,luxuriant1 f]tile1 fl\ri%+4 ,signal1 rem>kable1 em95t4 ,f :at does ! vapor orig9ate8 ,vapor is wat]1 comb9$ ) a /ill great] quantity ( caloric1--t is1 an impond]able & subtile =m ( matt]1 :i* causes ! s5sation ( heat2 & :i*1 driv+ asund] ! p>ticles ( ! wat]1 r5d]s x ari=m4 ,impond]able1 )\t s5sible weight4 ,subtile1 ?91 n d5se1 or compact4 ,p>ticle1 a small portion ( matt]4 ,ari=m1 hav+ ! =m ( air4 ,:at is ,wat]8 ,! fluid :i* cov]s m ?an ?ree-fif?s ( ! surface ( our globe1 & :i* is necess>y = ! life & heal? ( ! animal & vegetable creation2 = )\t wat] !re w\ld be nei!r ra9 nor dew1 & ev]y?+ w\ld p]i%4 ,x is likewise a necess>y bev]age = man & ! inf]ior animals4 ,bev]age1 dr9k1 liquor = dr9k+4 ,9 h[ _m /ates d we f9d ,wat]8 ,9 f\r3 #a/1 solid1 z 9 ice1 sn[1 hail1 c42 #b;d1 fluid1 z 9 its common =m2 #c;d1 ari=m1 z 9 /eam2 & #d?1 9 a /ate ( union ) o!r matt]4 ,its mo/ simple /ate is t ( ice1 :i* is wat] depriv$ ( a c]ta9 portion ( its caloric3 cry/allization !n takes place1 & ! wat] becomes solid & is call$ ice4 ,cry/allization1 ! process by :i* ! p>ts ( a solid body1 sep>at$ by solution or fusion1 are aga9 br\ght into ! solid =m4 ,if ! process is sl[1 ! figure assum$ is regul> & b\nd$ by plane & smoo? surfaces4 ,solution1 ! diffusion ( a solid ?r\gh "s liquid4 ,fusion1 melt+1 or r5d]+ fluid by heat4 ,f :at cause is ! ,wat] depriv$ ( its caloric8 ,f ! coldness ( ! atmosph]e3 und]nea? ! poles ( our globe x is mo/ly solid2 !re x is simil> to ! h>de/ rocks1 & may be cut ) a *isel1 l /one or m>ble4 ,?is great solidity is occasion$ by ! l[ temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air2 & 9 v cold c\ntries ice may be gr\nd s f9e z to be bl[n away by ! w9d1 & w /ill be ice4 ,poles1 ! extremities or ends ( ! axis1 an imag9>y l9e1 suppos$ to be drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 or :5 appli$ to ! heav5s1 ! two po9ts directly ov] !m4 ,is ice ! only in/ance ( ,wat] exi/+ 9 a /ate ( solidity8 ,no2 x is f\nd 9 a solid /ate 9 _m m9]als1 z 9 m>ble1 c41 & is !n call$ wat] ( ,cry/allization4 ,x is ess5tial1 9 _m cases1 to _! solidity & transp>5cy4 ,ess5tial1 necess>y4 ,transp>5cy1 cle>ness1 ! p[] ( transmitt+ light4 ,does ,nature decompose ,wat] 9 any ( h] op]ations8 ,yes3 e liv+ vegetable has ! p[] ( decompos+ wat]1 by a secret process peculi> to itself4 ,fi%1 too1 & all cold-blood$ amphibi\s animals are gift$ ) ! same p[]4 ,decompos+1 sep>at+ a mix$ body into its sev]al p>ts4 ,amphibi\s1 able to live bo? 9 wat] & out ( x4 ,( :at use is ?is p[] to vegetables8 ,! wat] :i* !y decompose af=ds !m n\ri%m5t = ! support ( _! vital juices1 & enables !m1 by comb9+ ! fluid gases :i* compose x ) ^? ( ! air & ! soil1 to =m _! diff]5t products2 :ile ! sup]flu\s gas is abundantly giv5 out by _! leaves1 to refre% ! sp5t air1 & r5d] x :olesome = ! animals t brea! x4 ,vital1 belong+ to life1 necess>y to exi/5ce4 ,sup]flu\s1 unnecess>y1 n want$4 ,:at is ,ra98 ,! cond5s$ aque\s vapors rais$ 9 ! atmosph]e by ! sun & w9d1 conv]t$ into cl\ds1 :i* fall 9 ra91 sn[1 hail1 or mi/3 _! fall+ is occasion$ by _! own weight 9 a collision produc$ by contr>y curr5ts ( w9d1 f ! cl\ds pass+ into a cold] "p ( ! air1 or by electricity4 ,if ! vapors are m copi\s1 & rise a little high]1 !y =m a mi/ or fog1 :i* is visible to ! eye2 high] /ill !y produce ra94 ,h5ce we may acc\nt = ! *anges ( ! wea!r3 :y a cold summ] is always a wet "o--a w>m1 a dry "o4 ,aque\s1 wat]y2 consi/+ ( wat]4 ,collision1 a /rik+ toge!r1 a cla%1 a meet+4 ,electricity1 a natural ag5t exi/+ 9 all bodies 7see page #ah74 ,:at seasons are m liable to ra9 ?an o!rs8 ,! ,spr+ & ,autumn are g5]ally ! mo/ ra9y seasons1 ! vapors rise m pl5tifully 9 ,spr+2 & 9 ! ,autumn1 z ! sun rec$es f u & ! cold increases1 ! vapors1 :i* l+]$ above u dur+ ! summ] heats1 fall m easily4 ,rec$e1 to fall back1 to retreat4 ,:at is ,sn[8 ,ra9 congeal$ by cold 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* causes x to fall to ! e>? 9 :ite flakes4 ,sn[ f]tilizes ! gr\nd by def5d+ ! roots ( plants f ! int5s] cold ( ! air & ! pi]c+ w9ds4 ,congeal$1 turn$ by ! =ce ( cold f a fluid to a solid /ate2 h>d5$4 ,f]tilize1 to r5d] fruitful4 ,int5s]1 rais$ to a high] degree1 m p[]ful4 ,:at is ,hail8 ,drops ( ra9 froz5 9 _! passage ?r\gh cold air4 ,hail assumes v>i\s figures accord+ to ! degrees ( heat or cold ?r\gh :i* x passes1 be+ sometimes r\nd1 flat1 c4 ,:at is ! ,atmosph]e8 ,! mass ( ari=m fluid :i* encompasses ! e>? on all sides3 x ext5ds ab\t fifty miles above its surface4 ,air is ! ela/ic fluid ( :i* x is compos$4 ,ela/ic1 hav+ ! p[] ( spr++ back1 or recov]+ its =m] figure aft] ! removal ( any ext]nal pressure :i* has alt]$ t figure4 ,:5 ! =ce :i* compresses ! air is remov$1 x exp&s & resumes its =m] /ate4 ,:at are ! uses ( air8 ,x is necess>y to ! well-be+ ( man1 s9ce )\t x nei!r he nor any animal or vegetable c\ld exi/4 ,if x 7 n = atmosph]ic air1 we %\ld be unable to conv]se ) ea* o!r2 we %\ld "k no?+ ( s\nd or smell2 or ( ! pleasures :i* arise f ! v>iegat$ prospects :i* surr\nd u3 x is to ! pres5ce ( air & c>bonic acid t wat] owes its agreeable ta/e4 ,boil+ deprives x ( ! great] "p ( ^!1 & r5d]s x insipid4 ,v>iegat$1 div]sifi$1 *ang$2 adorn$ ) diff]5t colors4 ,insipid1 ta/eless4 ,:at is ,w9d8 ,air 9 motion ) any degree ( velocity4 ,:at is ,lightn+8 ,! effect ( electricity 9 ! cl\ds4 ,a fla% ( lightn+ is simply a /ream ( ! electric fluid pass+ f ! cl\ds to ! e>?1 f ! e>? to ! cl\ds1 or f "o cl\d to ano!r4 ,lightn+ usually /rikes ! highe/ & mo/ po9t$ objects1 z high hills1 trees1 spires1 ma/s ( %ips1 c4 ,:at is ,?und]8 ,! report :i* accompanies ! electrical union ( ! cl\ds3 or ! e*oes ( ! report betwe5 !m & ! e>?4 ,?und] is caus$ by a sudd5 dis*>ge ( electrical matt] collect$ 9 ! air1 by :i* vibrations are produc$1 :i* give rise to ! s\nd4 ,:at is ,electricity8 ,"o ( ^? ag5ts pass+ ?r\gh ! e>? & all sub/ances1 )\t giv+ any outw>d signs ( its pres5ce1 :5 at re/2 yet :5 active1 (t5 produc+ viol5t & de/ructive effects4 ,x is suppos$ to be a highly ela/ic fluid1 capable ( mov+ ?r\gh matt]4 ,cl\ds owe _! =m & exi/5ce1 probably1 to x2 & x passes ?r\gh all sub/ances1 b m easily ?r\gh metals1 wat]1 ! human body1 c41 :i* are call$ conductors1 ?an ?r\gh air1 glass1 & silk1 :i* are call$ non-conductors4 ,:5 bodies are n surr\nd$ ) non-conductors1 ! electricity escapes quickly into ! e>?4 ,to :at "p ( bodies is ,electricity conf9$8 ,to _! surfaces1 z ! outside may be electric1 & ! inside 9 a /ate ( neutrality4 ,! heat produc$ by an electric %ock is v p[]ful1 b is only accompani$ by light :5 ! fluid is ob/ruct$ 9 its passage4 ,! production & cond5sation ( vapor is a great s\rce ( ! atmosph]ic electricity4 ,cond5sation1 ! act ( mak+ any body d5se or compact2 t is1 ( br++ its p>ts into clos] union4 ,9 :at o!r s5se is ! t]m ,electricity employ$8 ,?is t]m is also employ$ to designate t important bran* ( k :i* relates to ! prop]ties %[n by c]ta9 bodies :5 rubb$ aga9/1 or o!rwise br\ght 9 contact )1 ea* o!r1 to attract sub/ances1 & emit sp>ks ( fire4 ,designate1 to po9t out by "s p>ticul> tok54 ,emit1 to s5d =?1 to ?r[ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,ga!r+ ,,ice1 ,,on ,,! ,,hudson ,,riv]1 ,,new ,,york4 ,:5ce is ! ^w d]iv$8 ,f electron1 ! ,greek ^w = amb]1 a yell[ transp>5t sub/ance1 rem>kable = its electrical p[] :5 rubb$3 amb] is ( a res9\s nature1 & is collect$ f ! sea-%ore1 or dug f ! e>?1 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( beads & o!r toys1 on acc\nt ( its transp>5cy2 is ( "s use 9 m$ic9e1 & 9 ! mak+ ( v>ni%es4 ,transp>5t1 cle>1 capable ( be+ se5 ?r\gh4 ,res9\s1 conta9+ res91 a gummy vegetable juice4 ,"n a few sub/ances possess+ ?is rem>kable prop]ty4 ,silks ( all k9ds2 ! hair & fur ( animals1 pap]1 sulphur1 & "s o!r m9]als2 mo/ ( ! preci\s /ones2 ! pa/e ( :i* false gems are made2 & _m o!r sub/ances us$ by u 9 ! common affairs ( life1 are susceptible ( electrical excitem5t2 among dome/ic animals ! cat furni%es a rem>kable in/ance4 ,:5 dry & w>m1 ! back ( almo/ any full-gr[n cat 7! d>k] its color ! bett]7 c be excit$ by rubb+ x ) ! h& 9 ! direction ( ! hair1 a process :i* is accompani$ ) a slight snapp+ noise1 & 9 ! d>k by fla%es ( pale blue light4 ,:5 a piece ( glass is rubb$ ) silk1 or a /ick ( r$ seal+-wax ) wooll5 clo?1 ea* sub/ance acquires ! prop]ty ( attract+ & repell+ fea!rs1 /raws1 ?reads ( cotton1 & o!r light sub/ances2 ! sub/ances j m5tion$ z highly electric are1 h[ev]1 m]ely specim5s4 ,all objects1 )\t exception1 mo/ probably are capable ( be+ electrically excit$2 b "s require m complicat$ contrivances to produce x ?an o!rs4 ,electric1 hav+ ! prop]ties ( electricity4 ,susceptible1 dispos$ to admit easily4 ,repell+1 ! act ( driv+ back4 ,complicat$1 =m$ by ! union ( sev]al p>ts 9 "o4 ,is !re n a ma*9e by :i* we are enabl$ to obta9 l>ge supplies ( electric p[] at pleasure8 ,yes2 ! electrical ma*9e4 ,x is made ( diff]5t =ms & sizes3 = common purposes ^? ( ! simple/ =m are ! be/4 ,a common =m ( ! ma*9e consi/s ( a circul> plate ( glass1 :i* c be turn$ ab\t a horizontal axis by means ( a suitable h&le4 ,?is plate turns betwe5 two supports1 & ne> its upp] & l[] edges are two pairs ( cu%ions1 usually made ( lea!r1 /uff$ ) horse-hair & coat$ ) a mixture ( z9c1 t91 & m]cury1 call$ an amalgam4 ,^! cu%ions are ! rubb]s = produc+ friction1 & are connect$ ) ! e>? by means ( a metal *a9 or rod4 ,two l>ge holl[ cyl9d]s ( brass ) globul> ends1 ea* support$ by two glass pill>s1 con/itute ! res]voir = receiv+ ! electricity4 ,!y are call$ ! prime conductors1 & are suppli$ ) ,u-%ap$ rods ( metal1 furni%$ ) po9ts along _! sides1 call$ combs1 = ! purpose ( receiv+ ! electricity f ! glass plate1 ! arms ( ! ,u be+ held ^u ei!r side4 ,! o!r ends ( ! conductors are connect$ by a rod f ! middle ( :i* projects ano!r rod t]m9at+ 9 a knob1 = deliv]+ ! sp>k4 ,on turn+ ! plate1 a fa9t snapp+ s\nd is he>d1 & :5 ! room is d>k5$1 a sp>k is se5 to be ?r[n out f ! knob project+ f ! prime conductors4 ,_m curi\s & int]e/+ exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ by means ( ! ma*9e1 illu/rat+ ! g5]al prop]ties ( electricity4 ,= in/ance3 a p]son /&+ on an insulat$ b5*1 t is1 a b5* ) glass legs1 or hav+ ! legs re/+ on glass1 & hav+ "o h& on ! conductor1 c s5d sp>ks1 ) ! o!r h&1 to ev]y?+ & ev]ybody ab\t4 ,?is illu/rates communication ( electricity by contact4 ,a wood5 head1 cov]$ ) long hairs1 :5 plac$ on ! conductor1 illu/rates electrical repulsion1 by ! hairs /&+ on end4 ,if ! h& is held to ! knob1 sp>ks w pass f x 9 rapid succession1 caus+ 9 ! h& a s5sation ( pa94 ,?is is call$ an electric %ock1 & is caus$ by ! electric fluid occasion+ a sudd5 motion by ! contraction ( ! muscles ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,! =ce ( ! %ock is 9 proportion to ! p[] ( ! ma*9e4 ,:at are ! ,muscles8 ,bundles ( ?9 fle%y fibres1 or ?reads1 fa/5$ to ! bones ( animals1 ! contraction & expansion ( :i* move ! bones or p]=m ! organic functions ( life4 ,organic1 relat+ to organs or natural in/rum5ts by :i* "s process is c>ri$ on4 ,functions1 employm5ts or (fices ( any "p ( ! body4 ,contraction1 draw+ 9 or %ort5+4 ,expansion1 ext5d+ or spread+ out4 ,:at is ,twilight8 ,! light f ! fir/ dawn+ ( day to ! ris+ ( ! sun2 & aga9 betwe5 its sett+ & ! la/ rema9s ( day4 ,)\t twilight1 ! sun's light w\ld appe> at its ris+1 & disappe> at its sett+1 in/antane\sly2 & we %\ld exp]i5ce a sudd5 transition f ! brighte/ sun%9e to ! pr(\nde/ obscurity4 ,! duration ( twilight is diff]5t 9 diff]5t climates2 & 9 ! same places x v>ies at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,in/antane\sly1 done 9 an in/ant1 9 a mom5t's "t4 ,obscurity1 d>kness1 want ( light4 ,h[ is x produc$8 ,by ! sun's refraction--t is1 ! v>iation ( ! rays ( light f _! direct c\rse1 occasion$ by ! diff]5ce ( d5sity 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,v>iation1 *ange4 ,d5sity1 clos5ess ( p>ts1 compactness4 ,:at is ! poetical "n = ! morn+ ,twilight8 ,aurora1 ! goddess ( ! morn+1 & h>b+] ( ! ris+ sun3 :om poets & arti/s repres5t z drawn by :ite horses 9 a rose-color$ *>iot1 unfold+ ) h] rosy f+]s ! portals ( ! ,ea/1 p\r+ reviv+ dew ^u ! e>?1 & re-animat+ plants & fl[]s4 ,h>b+]1 a =]unn]4 ,portals1 gates1 doors ( entrance4 ,reanimat+1 invigorat+ ) new life4 ,:at rem>kable ph5om5on is af=d$ to ! inhabitants ( ! pol> regions8 ,! ,aurora ,borealis1 or ,nor!rn ,lights1 a lum9\s appe>ance 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! heav5s1 se5 mo/ly dur+ w9t]1 or 9 fro/y wea!r1 & cle> ev5+s2 x assumes a v>iety ( =ms & hues1 especially 9 ! pol> regions1 :]e x appe>s 9 its p]fection1 & proves a great solace to ! inhabitants amid/ ! gloom ( _! long w9t]'s night1 :i* la/s f "o to six mon?s1 :ile ! summ]'s day :i* succe$s x la/s 9 l mann] = ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,( :at nature is ! ,aurora ,borealis8 ,x is decid$ly an electrical ph5om5on :i* takes place 9 ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is someh[ connect$ ) ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?2 & g5]ally appe>s 9 =m ( a lum9\s ar*1 f ea/ to we/1 b nev] f nor? to s\?4 ,ph5om5on1 an extraord9>y appe>ance4 ,! ^w is f a ,greek "o1 signify+1 to %[ or appe>4 ,magnetic1 belong+ to ! magnet1 or load/one4 ,lum9\s1 bright1 %9+4 ,9 :at c\ntry is x se5 con/antly f ,octob] to ,*ri/mas8 ,9 ,sib]ia1 :]e x is rem>kably bright4 ,on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,hudson's ,bay1 ! sun no soon] disappe>s1 ?an ! ,aurora ,borealis diffuses a ?\s& diff]5t lights & colors ) su* dazzl+ beauty1 t ev5 ! full moon _c eclipse x4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,corn1 ,,b>ley1 ,,pe>l ,,b>ley1 ,,oats1 ,,rye1 ,,potatoes1 ,,tea1 ,,c(fee1 ,,& ,,*ocolate4 ,:at is ,corn8 ,corn signifies a race ( plants :i* produce gra9 9 an e> or head1 fit = bread1 ! food ( man2 or ! gra9 or se$ ( ! plant1 sep>at$ f ! e>4 ,:at is g5]ally meant by ,corn8 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 maize1 or ,indian corn1 is g5]ally meant2 b1 9 a m compreh5sive s5se1 ! t]m is appli$ to sev]al o!r k9ds ( gra91 su* z :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 oats1 c4 ,:]e 0 ,corn fir/ us$8 ,x is unc]ta94 ,! ,a!nians pret5d t x 0 among/ !m x 0 fir/ us$2 ! ,cretans1 ,sicilians1 & ,egyptians also lay claim to ! same4 ,f ! acc\nts 9 ! ,bible1 we f9d t its culture engag$ a l>ge %>e ( ! att5tion ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,culture1 gr[?1 cultivation4 ,hebrews1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ! ,jews ,:o 7 ! ,a!nians8 ,inhabitants ( ,a!ns1 ! capital city ( ,greece4 ,:o 7 ! ,cretans8 ,! inhabitants ( ,crete1 an isl& ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,:o 7 ! ,sicilians8 ,inhabitants ( ,sicily1 ! l>ge/ isl& ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 n[ a "p ( ,italy1 & sep>at$ f ! ma9l& by ! ,/rait ( ,mess9a4 ,:]e d ! ,egyptians dwell8 ,9 ,egypt1 a c\ntry ( ,africa4 ,x is extremely f]tile1 produc+ great quantities ( corn4 ,9 anci5t times x 0 call$ ! dry nurse ( ,rome & ,italy1 f its furni%+ ) corn a consid]able "p ( ! ,roman ,empire2 & we are in=m$1 bo? f sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory1 t x 0 anci5tly ! mo/ f]tile 9 corn ( all c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,! corn ( ,syria has always be5 v sup]ior1 & by _m class$ above t ( ,egypt4 ,= :at is ,b>ley g5]ally us$8 ,x is v ext5sively us$ = mak+ malt1 f :i* are prep>$ be]1 ale1 port]1 c42 9 ,scotl& x is a common +r$i5t 9 bro?s1 = :i* reason its consumption is v consid]able1 b>ley bro? be+ a di% v frequ5t !re4 ,+r$i5t1 a sep>ate "p ( a body consi/+ ( diff]5t mat]ials4 ,:at is ,pe>l ,b>ley8 ,b>ley fre$ f ! husk by a mill4 ,:at are ,oats8 ,a valuable gra91 s]v+ z food = horses4 ,oats are also eat5 by ! inhabitants ( _m c\ntries1 aft] be+ gr\nd into meal & made into oat cakes4 ,oatmeal also =ms a :olesome dr9k = invalids1 by /eep+ x 9 boil+ wat]4 ,:at are ! uses ( ,rye8 ,9 ?is & "s o!r c\ntries x is mu* us$ = bread1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) :eat2 9 ,engl& pr9cipally z food = cattle1 especially = %eep & lambs1 :5 o!r food is sc>ce 9 w9t]4 ,rye yields a /rong _s :5 di/ill$4 ,di/ill$1 subject$ to di/illation--! op]ation ( extract+ _s f a sub/ance by evaporation & cond5sation4 ,( :at c\ntry is ! ,potato a native8 ,potatoes grew wild 9 ,p]u1 a c\ntry ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 :5ce !y 7 transplant$ to o!r p>ts ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & aft]w>ds to ,europe4 ,! honor ( introduc+ ?is useful vegetable into ,engl& is divid$ betwe5 ,sir ,francis ,drake1 9 #aehj1 & ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 9 #aehf1 "s ascrib+ x to ! =m]1 & o!rs to ! latt]4 ,x is c]ta9 !y 7 obta9$ f ,virg9ia 9 ! "t ( ,raleigh2 !y 7 cultivat$ only 9 ! g>d5s ( ! nobility1 & 7 reckon$ a great delicacy4 ,!y n[ con/itute a pr9cipal article ( food 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe & ,am]ica2 9 ,irel&1 !y h long furni%$ ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( ! entire food ( ! p4 ,:at "p ( ! plant is eat58 ,! root1 :i*1 :5 roa/$ or boil$1 af=ds a :olesome & agreeable meal4 ,:at is ,tea8 ,! leaves ( an ev]gre5 %rub1 a native ( ,*9a & ,japan1 9 :i* c\ntries alone x is ext5sively cultivat$ = use4 ,! tea-plant 0 at "o "t introduc$ into ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :]e its culture appe>s to h be5 att5d$ ) b little success4 ,x may yet become a /aple production ( "s portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ev]gre51 reta9+ its leaves fre% & gre5 ?r\gh all seasons4 ,h[ is x prep>$ = use8 ,by c>efully ga!r+ ! leaves1 "o by "o1 :ile !y are yet small1 "y1 & juicy4 ,!y are !n spread on l>ge flat iron pans1 & plac$ ov] small furnaces1 :5 !y are con/antly %ift$ by ! h& till !y become too hot to be borne4 ,:at is next done8 ,!y are !n remov$ ) a k9d ( %ovel resembl+ a fan1 & p\r$ on mats1 :5ce !y are tak5 9 small quantities1 & roll$ 9 ! palm ( ! h& always 9 "o direction1 until !y cool & reta9 ! curl4 ,h[ (t5 is ?is op]ation repeat$8 ,two or ?ree times1 ! furnace ea* "t be+ made less hot4 ,! tea is !n plac$ 9 ! /ore-h\ses1 or pack$ 9 *e/s1 & s5t to mo/ ( ! c\ntries 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,describe ! appe>ance ( ! ,tea-tree4 ,! ,tea-tree :5 arriv$ at its full gr[?1 :i* x does 9 ab\t sev5 ye>s1 is ab\t a man's height2 ! gre5 leaves are n>r[1 & jagg$ all r\nd2 ! fl[] resembles t ( ! wild rose1 b is small]4 ,! %rub loves to gr[ 9 valleys1 at ! foot ( m\nta9s1 & on ! banks ( riv]s :]e x enjoys a s\!rn exposure to ! sun2 ?\gh x endures consid]able v>iation ( heat & cold1 z x fl\ri%es 9 ! nor!rn clime ( ,pek91 :]e ! w9t] is (t5 sev]e2 & also ab\t ,canton1 :]e ! heat is sometimes v great4 ,! be/ tea1 h[ev]1 gr[s 9 a temp]ate climate1 ! c\ntry ab\t ,nank9 produc+ bett] tea ?an ei!r ,pek9 or ,canton1 betwe5 :i* two places x is situat$4 ,:at produces ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,gre5 & ,bohea1 or ,black8 ,!re are v>ieties ( ! plant1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! tea arises f ! mode ( prep>ation4 ,:at nation fir/ introduc$ x into ,europe8 ,! ,dut* 9 #afaj2 x 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #afej ,:at is ,c(fee8 ,! b]ry ( ! c(fee-tree1 a native ( ,arabia4 ,! c(fee-tree is an ev]gre51 & makes a beautiful appe>ance at all times ( ! ye>1 b especially :5 9 fl[]1 & :5 ! b]ries are r$1 :i* is usually dur+ ! w9t]4 ,x is also cultivat$ 9 ,p]sia1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,lib]ia on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,brazil & o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z well z 9 mo/ tropical climates4 ,tropical1 be+ )9 ! tropics1 t is1 9 ! ,torrid ,zone4 ,:o 0 ! orig9al discov]] ( ,c(fee1 = ! dr9k ( man8 ,x is n exactly kn[n3 ! e>lie/ writt5 acc\nts ( ! use ( ,c(fee are by ,arabian writ]s 9 ! #ae? c5tury2 x appe>s t 9 ! city ( ,ad5 x became1 9 ! latt] half ( t c5tury1 a v popul> dr9k1 fir/ ) lawy]s1 /udi\s p]sons1 & ^? ^: occupation requir$ wakefulness at night1 & soon aft]1 ) all classes4 ,its use gradually ext5d$ to o!r cities1 & to ^? on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x 0 c>ri$ to ,batavia :]e x 0 soon ext5sively plant$1 & at la/ "y trees 7 s5t to ! botanical g>d5 at ,am/]dam4 ,:o introduc$ x into ,france & ,engl&8 ,!v5ot1 ! travell]1 br\ght x into ,france1 & a ,greek s]vant nam$ ,pasqua 7tak5 to ,engl& by ,mr4 ,daniel ,edw>ds1 a ,turkey m]*ant1 9 #afeb1 to make 8 c(fee17 fir/ set up ! pr(ession ( c(fee-man1 & introduc$ ! dr9k among ! ,engli%4 ,h[ is x prep>$8 ,! b]ries are roa/$ 9 a revolv+ metallic cyl9d]1 till !y are ( a deep br[n color1 & !n gr\nd to p[d]1 & boil$4 ,metallic1 consi/+ ( metal4 ,:at is ,*ocolate8 ,a k9d ( cake or pa/e1 made ( ! k]nel ( ! cacao-nut4 ,describe ! ,cacao-nut ,tree4 ,x resembles ! *]ry tree1 & gr[s to ! height ( fifte5 or sixte5 feet4 ,! cacao-nut tree be>s leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 all ! ye> ?r\gh4 ,:]e does x gr[8 ,9 tropical regions1 :]e x is l>gely cultivat$4 ,( :at =m is ! fruit8 ,x is some:at l a cucumb]1 ab\t ?ree in*es r\nd1 & ( a yell[i% r$ color4 ,x conta9s f t5 to =ty se$s1 ea* cov]$ ) a little r9d1 ( a violet color2 :5 ?is is /ripp$ (f1 ! k]nel1 ( :i* !y make ! *ocolate1 is visible4 ,h[ d !y make x into a dr9k8 ,by boil+ x ) wat] or milk4 ,!re are v>i\s newly-inv5t$ ways ( prep>+ *ocolate1 s t x may be made 9 a few m9utes1 by only p\r+ boil+ wat] ^u x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,calico1 ,,cotton1 ,,clo?1 ,,wool1 ,,baize1 ,,l951 ,,flax1 ,,hemp1 ,,diap]1 ,,holl&1 ,,canvas1 ,,& ,,flannel4 ,:at is ,calico8 ,a k9d ( pr9t$ cotton clo?1 ( diff]5t colors4 ,f :at place did x take its "n8 ,f ,calicut1 a city on ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 :]e x 0 fir/ made2 mu* is n[ manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl&1 & _m o!r c\ntries4 ,:at is ,cotton8 ,a d[ny or woolly sub/ance1 enclos$ 9 ! pod1 or se$-vessel1 ( ! cotton-plant4 ,! comm]cial classification ( cotton is det]m9$--#a1 by cleanl9ess or fre$om f s&1 dry leaf1 & o!r impurities2 #b1 by abs5ce ( color2 bo? subject also to "* ( /aple1 l5g?1 & /r5g? & f95ess ( fibre4 ,^! toge!r det]m9e relative value4 ,!re are two g5]al classifications1 long-/apl$ & %ort-/apl$4 ,( ! =m] ! be/ is ! sea isl& cotton ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! %ort /aple cotton1 gr[s 9 ! middle & upp] c\ntry2 ! long /aple is cultivat$ 9 ! l[] c\ntry ne> ! sea1 & on ! isl&s ne> ! coa/s4 ,h[ is x cultivat$8 ,! se$s are s[n 9 ridges made ) ! pl\gh or hoe2 :5 ! plants are mature1 ! pods op51 & ! cotton is pick$ f !m4 ,:]e did ,cotton anci5tly gr[1 & = :at 0 x us$8 ,9 ,egypt1 :]e x 0 us$ by ! prie/s & sacrific]s1 = a v s+ul> k9d ( g>m5t worn by !m alone4 ,9 :at manufacture is x n[ us$8 ,x is wov5 into musl9s1 dimities1 clo?s1 calicoes1 c42 & is also jo9$ ) silks & flax1 9 ! composition ( o!r /uffs1 & 9 work+ ) ! ne$le4 ,h[ is ! ,cotton sep>at$ f ! se$8 ,by ma*9es call$ cotton g9s1 ( :i* !re are two k9ds2 ! roll]-g91 & ! saw-g94 ,9 ! =m]1 ! cotton1 j z ga!r$ f ! plant1 is drawn betwe5 two roll]s1 plac$ s closely toge!r z to p]mit ! passage ( ! cotton1 b n ( ! se$s1 :i* are consequ5tly left beh9d4 ,9 ! saw-g91 ! cotton is plac$ 9 a receiv]1 "o side ( :i* consi/s ( a grat+ ( p>allel wires1 ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ap>t2 circul> saws1 revolv+ on a common axis betwe5 ^! wires1 entangle 9 _! tee? ! cotton1 & draw x f ! se$s1 :i* are too l>ge to pass betwe5 ! wires4 ,h[ is x made into ,calico1 c48 ,! cotton hav+ be5 sep>at$ f ! se$1 is spun by a ma*9e = ! purpose4 ,x is next wov51 !n dress$1 & pr9t$4 ,:at is ,clo?8 ,! ^w1 9 its g5]al s5se1 includes all k9ds ( /uffs wov5 9 ! loom1 :e!r ! ?reads be ( wool1 cotton1 hemp1 or flax4 ,to :at is x m p>ticul>ly appli$8 ,to a web or tissue ( wooll5 ?reads4 ,web1 any ?+ wov54 ,:at is ,wool8 ,! cov]+ or hair ( %eep4 ,to prep>e x = ! weav]1 x is fir/ %orn1 wa%$1 & dri$1 !n c>d$ or comb$ by ma*9]y into fibres or ?reads3 =m]ly ?is 0 always p]=m$ by ! h&1 by means ( an in/rum5t1 call$ a comb1 ) sev]al r[s ( po9t$ tee?2 ?is1 ?\gh n mu* us$ n[1 is /ill occasionally employ$1 except 9 l>ge factories4 ,?is comb+ is repeat$ two or ?ree times1 till x is suffici5tly smoo? & ev5 = sp9n+4 ,sp9n+ or conv]t+ wool1 or cotton1 silk1 c4 into ?read1 0 anci5tly p]=m$ by ! di/aff & sp9dle3 ^! we f9d m5tion$ 9 sacr$ hi/ory1 & !y h be5 us$ 9 all ages1 & 9 all c\ntries yet discov]$4 ,! natives ( ,india1 & ( "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 /ill employ ?is simple inv5tion4 ,:at 0 ! next improvem5t8 ,! inv5tion ( ! h&-:eel4 ,9 #agfg1 a ma*9e call$ ! sp9n+-j5ny 0 inv5t$ by a weav] nam$ ,h>greaves2 b ! greate/ improvem5t 9 ! art ( sp9n+ 0 effect$ by ,mr4 ,arkwright1 9 #agfh3 ^! two inv5tions 7 comb9$1 & aga9 improv$ ^u 9 #aggf2 s t by ! new plan1 ! mat]ial c be conv]t$ into ?read 9 a consid]ably %ort] space ( "t ?an 9 ! anci5t mode2 leav+ to man m]ely to fe$ ! ma*9e1 & jo9 ! ?reads :5 !y break4 ,! %eep1 ^: wool =ms ! mat]ial = ne>ly all wooll5 clo?+1 came orig9ally f ,africa4 ,does weav+ diff] accord+ to ! mat]ial us$8 ,! pr9ciple ( weav+ is ! same 9 e k9d ( fabric1 & consi/s 9 =m+ any k9d ( ?read into a flat web1 or clo?1 by int]lac+ "o ?read ) ano!r2 ! v>i\s appe>ances ( ! manufacture arise z mu* f ! modes 9 :i* ! ?reads are int]wov51 z f ! diff]5ce ( mat]ial4 ,is n ! employm5t ( ,wool 9 ! manufacture ( ,clo?+ ( great antiquity8 ,9 ! e>lie/ records we possess ( ! arts ( mank9d1 wool is m5tion$ z =m+ a *ief article 9 ! manufacture ( clo?+2 x is spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible1 z a common mat]ial = clo?1 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,moses4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans are well kn[n to h possess$ ?is art4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! manufacture 0 e/abli%$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,spa91 f :i* c\ntry x ext5d$ itself to ,france & ,italy4 ,!re is no d\bt t x 0 introduc$ into ,engl& by its conqu]ors ! ,romans1 a manufactory be+ e/abli%$ at ,w9*e/]1 suffici5tly l>ge to supply ! ,roman army4 ,manufactory1 a place :]e ?+s are made or manufactur$2 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 manus1 a h&1 & ! v]b facio1 to d or make4 ,:at circum/ance contribut$ to ! progress ( ?is manufacture among ! ,engli%8 ,9 #accj1 ! ,engli%1 be+ desir\s ( improv+ _! wooll5 manufacture1 invit$ ov] ! ,flem+s1 by ! (f] ( v>i\s privileges1 to e/abli% manufactories !re4 ,! skill ( ^! p soon effect$ a great improvem5t 9 ! ,engli% fabrics1 s t !re no long] rema9$ any occasion = ! exportation ( ,engli% wool into ,fl&]s1 to be manufactur$ into f9e clo?2 & a law 0 pass$ by ! gov]nm5t to =bid x4 ,bo? ! cotton & wooll5 manufactures h1 ( late ye>s1 aris5 to great importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:at c\ntry af=ds ! be/ ,wool8 ,! wool ( ,g]many is mo/ e/eem$ at ! pres5t day3 t ( ,spa9 0 =m]ly ! mo/ valuable1 b ! ,spani% bre$ ( %eep1 hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,g]many1 succe$$ bett] !re ?an 9 ,spa91 & increas$ s rapidly1 t ! ,spani% wool trade has greatly dim9i%$4 ,au/ralia is "o ( ! pr9cipal wool-gr[+ c\ntries 9 ! _w1 = ! bre$ ( %eep s5t out to t c\ntry & ,tasmania has succe$$ rem>kably well4 ,:at "p ( ! _w is meant by ,au/ralia8 ,a ,briti% ,isl& 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean1 compris+ ! ,colonies ( ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,x is ! pr9cipal ( ! gr\p ( l>ge isl&s1 9 ! ,ori5tal ,ar*ipelago4 ,tasmania is ano!r ( ! same gr\p1 sep>at$ f ,new ,s\? ,wales by a *annel call$ ,bass's ,/rait1 & also belongs to ,great ,brita94 ,:at is meant by an ,ar*ipelago8 ,a "p ( a sea /udd$ ) num]\s isl&s2 b ! t]m is m p>ticul>ly appli$ to t ly+ betwe5 ,europe & ,asia1 :i* conta9s ! ,greek ,isl&s4 ,! ^w is a corruption f ! ,greek1 signify+ ! gean ,sea4 ,is ! ,wool ( ! %eep all ( "o quality8 ,no2 x v>ies accord+ to ! species ( %eep1 ! soil on :i* !y are f$1 & ! "p ( ! animal f :i* x is tak53 ! *ief di/9ction is betwe5 ! long & ! %ort wool2 ! long wool is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( c>pets1 crapes1 blankets1 c42 & ! f9] & %ort] sorts = hosi]y1 broadclo?s c4 ,:]e 7 ,c>pets orig9ally made8 ,c>pets are ( ori5tal orig91 & are made ( diff]5t sorts ( /uffs2 !y are wov5 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,p]sian & ,turkey c>pets are mo/ e/eem$2 !y are wov5 9 a piece1 9 looms ( a v simple con/ruction4 ,=m]ly ! manufacture ( ^! c>pets 0 conf9$ to ,p]sia & ,turkey2 b !y are n[ successfully made1 bo? 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c4 ,great ,brita9 is ! pr9cipal seat ( ! c>pet manufacture ( ! _w4 ,brussels1 ,wilton1 & ,kidd]m9/] c>pets d]ive _! names f ! places :]e !y 7 inv5t$4 ,is n ! art ( weav+ v anci5t8 ,x appe>s to h be5 kn[n f a p]iod z e>ly z ! "t ( ,abraham & ,jacob2 its inv5tor is n kn[n1 b x is possible t m5 took a lesson f ! +5i\s spid]1 :i* weaves its web aft] ! same mann]4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians appe> to h br\ght x to great p]fection1 & 7 ev5 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( int]weav+ colors aft] ! mann] ( ! ,scotti% plaid4 ,:at is ,baize8 ,a co>se1 op51 wooll5 /uff1 ) a long nap4 ,x is *iefly made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl&1 ,france1 c4 ,:at is ,l958 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( l951 made f cotton1 flax1 & hemp2 b ! t]m is *iefly appli$ to t wov5 ) ! two la/ m5tion$4 ,l95 means clo? ( flax2 h5ce its d]ivation f ! ,lat9 ^w l9um1 flax4 ,:at is ,flax8 ,an annual plant1 ! fibres ( :i* are beat5 into ?reads1 spun1 & aft]w>ds wov5 into l952 x is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia1 & "s o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,hemp is a plant ( a simil> nature1 equally us$ ) flax1 9 ! manufacture ( l95s4 ,russian hemp is cultivat$ to a l>g] ext5t ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry1 & is consid]$ ! be/ t is gr[n4 ,h[ long has ! use ( ,hemp & ,flax be5 kn[n8 ,^? plants are said to be natives ( ,p]sia1 & introduc$ f "s p>ts ( ! ,ea/ into ,europe1 ov] :i* x is n[ widely di/ribut$3 x exi/$ bo? 9 a wild & cultivat$ /ate1 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia1 z e>ly z five c5turies be=e ,*ri/ ,^! products =m a consid]able article ( exportation1 besides ! quantity us$ 9 ,russia itself2 a consid]able "p is wr\ght into l95s1 diap]s1 canvas1 & o!r manufactures2 & ev5 ! se$s are export$1 bo? 9 _! natural /ate & z oil4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,russia1 hemp-se$ oil & flax-se$ 7or l9se$7 oil are prep>$ 9 v l>ge quantities4 ,:at is ,diap]8 ,a sort ( l95 clo?1 wov5 9 fl[]s1 & o!r figures2 x is said to h receiv$ its "n f d',ip]1 n[ ,ypres1 a t[n ( ,belgium1 situat$ on a riv] ( ! same "n1 :]e x 0 fir/ made4 ,:at is ,holl&8 ,a f9e1 close1 ev51 l95 clo?1 us$ = %eets1 c4 ,x obta9$ its "n f be+ pr9cipally made 9 ,holl&4 ,:at is ,canvas8 ,a hemp5 clo?1 s loosely wov5 z to leave int]/ices betwe5 ! ?reads1 9 little squ>es4 ,x is us$ = work+ 9 patt]ns ^u x ) wools1 c42 by pa9t]s = a gr\nd "w on :i* !y draw _! pictures2 = t5ts1 sails1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,!re are sev]al sorts1 v>y+ 9 ! f95ess ( _! texture4 ,:at is ,damask8 ,a sort ( silk5 /uff1 hav+ "s p>ts rais$ on its surface to repres5t fl[]s or figures4 ,x took its "n f ,damascus1 9 ,syria1 :5ce x 0 fir/ br\ght4 ,is !re n ano!r sort ( ,damask8 ,yes1 made f l952 & s call$ because its l>ge fl[]s resemble ^? ( damask roses4 ,x 0 fir/ made 9 ,fl&]s1 & is us$ = table l951 c4 ,:at is ,flannel8 ,a slight1 loose1 wooll5 /uff1 us$ = w>m clo?+2 x 0 orig9ally made 9 ,wales1 :]e x /ill cont9ues to be manufactur$ 9 great p]fection4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,cocoa1 ,,toddy1 ,,*]ries1 ,,b>k1 ,,cork1 ,,co*9eal1 ,,cloves1 ,,c9namon1 ,,& ,,cassia4 ,( :at =m is ! tree :i* be>s ^? l>ge nuts1 call$ ,cocoa nuts8 ,x is tall & /raight1 )\t bran*es1 & g5]ally ab\t ?irty or =ty feet high2 at ! top are twelve leaves1 t5 feet long1 & half a foot broad2 above ! leaves1 gr[s a l>ge excresc5ce 9 ! =m ( a cabbage1 excell5t to eat1 b tak+ x (f kills ! tree4 ,! cocoa is a species ( ,palm4 ,is n ! ,indian liquor call$ ,toddy1 produc$ f ! ,cocoa ,tree8 ,yes1 betwe5 ! leaves & ! top arise sev]al %oots ab\t ! ?ickness ( a man's arm1 :i*1 :5 cut1 di/il a :ite1 sweet1 & agreeable liquor2 :ile ?is liquor exudes1 ! tree yields no fruit2 b :5 ! %oots are all[$ to gr[1 x puts out a l>ge clu/] or bran*1 on :i* ! cocoa nuts hang1 to ! numb] ( t5 or twelve4 ,di/il1 to let fall 9 drops4 ,exude1 to =ce or ?r[ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,milan1 ,,italy4 ,h[ (t5 does ?is tree produce nuts8 ,?ree times a ye>1 ! nuts be+ ab\t ! size ( a man's head1 & ( an oval =m4 ,( :at c\ntries is x a native8 ,( ,asia1 ! ,indies1 ,africa1 ,arabia1 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific1 & ! hotte/ p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,:at are ! uses ( ?is ,tree8 ,! leaves ( ! tree are made into baskets2 !y are also us$ = ?at*+ h\ses3 ! fibr\s b>k ( ! nut1 & ! trunk ( ! tree1 are made into cordage1 sails1 & clo?2 ! %ell1 into dr9k+ b[ls & cups2 ! k]nel af=ds a :olesome food1 & ! milk conta9$ 9 ! %ell1 a cool+ liquor4 ,f :at c\ntry 0 ! ,*]ry ,tree fir/ br\ght8 ,f ,c]asus1 a city ( ,pontus1 9 ,asia1 on ! s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,black ,sea2 f :i* place ?is tree 0 br\ght to ,rome1 9 ! ye> ( t city #fhj1 by ,lucullus2 x 0 convey$1 a hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ye>s aft]1 into ,great ,brita91 ,a4,d4 #ee4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ,a4,d48 ,a %ort way ( writ+ ,anno ,dom9i1 ,lat9 words = 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l4 ,:o 0 ,lucullus8 ,a r5[n$ ,roman g5]al4 ,is ! wood ( ! ,*]ry ,tree useful8 ,x is us$ 9 cab9et-mak+1 = boxes1 & o!r articles4 ,:at is ,b>k8 ,! ext]ior "p ( trees1 :i* s]ves !m z a sk9 or cov]+4 ,ext]ior1 ! outside4 ,does x n und]go "s *ange dur+ ! ye>8 ,ea* ye> ! b>k ( a tree divides1 & di/ributes itself two contr>y ways1 ! out] "p gives t[>ds ! sk91 till x becomes sk9 itself1 & at l5g? falls (f2 ! inn] "p is add$ to ! wood4 ,! b>k is to ! body ( a tree1 :at ! sk9 ( our body is to ! fle%4 ,( :at use is ,b>k8 ,b>k is useful = _m ?+s3 ( ! b>k ( will[s & l9d5 trees1 ropes are sometimes made4 ,! ,siamese make _! cordage ( ! cocoa tree b>k1 z d mo/ ( ! ,asiatic & ,african nations2 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 !y make ! b>k ( a c]ta9 tree into a k9d ( clo?2 "s are us$ 9 m$ic9es1 z ! ,p]uvian b>k = ,qu99e2 o!rs 9 dye+1 z t ( ! ald]2 o!rs 9 spic]y1 z c9namon1 c42 ! b>k ( oak1 9 tann+2 t ( a k9d ( bir* is us$ by ! ,indians = mak+ canoes4 ,:at are ,canoes8 ,boats us$ by savages2 !y are made *iefly ( ! trunks ( trees dug holl[2 & sometimes ( pieces ( b>k fa/5$ toge!r4 ,h[ d ! savages guide !m8 ,) paddles1 or o>s2 !y seldom c>ry sails1 & ! load+ is laid 9 ! bottom4 ,are n ! savages v dext]\s 9 ! managem5t ( !m8 ,yes1 extremely s2 !y /rike ! paddles ) su* regul>ity1 t ! canoes seem to fly along ! surface ( ! wat]2 at ! same "t balanc+ ! vessels ) _! bodies1 to prev5t _! ov]turn+4 ,dext]\s1 exp]t1 nimble4 ,d !y leave _! canoes 9 ! wat] on _! return f a voyage8 ,no1 !y draw !m a%ore1 hang !m up by ! two ends1 & leave !m to dry2 !y are g5]ally s light z to be easily c>ri$ f place to place4 ,7 n books once made ( ,b>k8 ,yes1 ! anci5ts wrote _! books on ! b>ks ( _m trees1 z on ^? ( ! a% & ! lime tree1 c4 ,:i* "p did !y use8 ,n ! ext]ior or out] b>k1 b ! inn] & f9]1 :i* is ( s durable a texture1 t !re are manuscripts writt5 on x :i* are /ill extant1 ?\gh m ?an a ?\s& ye>s old4 ,is x n also us$ 9 ,manure8 ,yes1 especially t ( ! oak2 b ! be/ oak b>k is us$ 9 tann+4 ,:at is ,cork8 ,! ?ick1 spongy1 ext]nal b>k ( ! ,cork ,tree1 a species ( oak4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ?is tree1 ! broad-leav$ & ! n>r[3 x is an ev]gre51 & gr[s to ! height ( ?irty feet4 ,! ,cork ,tree atta9s to a v great age4 ,:]e is ! ,tree f\nd8 ,9 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,france1 & _m o!r c\ntries4 ,! true cork is ! produce ( ! broad-leav$ tree4 ,:at are its uses8 ,cork is employ$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b especially = /opp+ vessels conta9+ liquids1 &1 on acc\nt ( its buoyancy 9 wat]1 9 ! con/ruction ( life boats4 ,x is also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( life pres]v]s & cork jackets4 ,! greate/ quantities are br\ght f ,catalonia1 9 ,spa94 ,! uses ( ,cork 7 well kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,to :at p>ticul> use did ! ,egyptians put x8 ,!y made c(f9s ( x1 l9$ ) a res9\s composition1 :i* pres]v$ ! bodies ( ! dead uncorrupt$4 ,:at is ,co*9eal8 ,a drug us$ by ! dy]s1 = dye+ crimsons & sc>lets2 & = mak+ c>m9e1 a brilliant r$ us$ 9 pa9t+1 & sev]al ( ! arts4 ,is x a plant8 ,no1 x is an insect4 ,! =m ( ! ,co*9eal is oval2 x is ab\t ! size ( a small pea1 & has six legs arm$ ) claws1 & a trunk by :i* x sucks its n\ri%m5t4 ,:at is its habitation8 ,x bre$s 9 a fruit resembl+ a pe>2 ! plant :i* be>s x is ab\t five or six feet high2 at ! top ( ! fruit gr[s a r$ fl[]1 :i* :5 full bl[n1 falls ^u x2 ! fruit !n appe>s full ( little r$ insects1 hav+ v small w+s4 ,^! are ! ,co*9eals4 ,h[ are !y caught8 ,by spread+ a clo? "u ! plant1 & %ak+ x ) poles1 till ! insects quit x & fly ab\t1 :i* !y _c d _m m9utes1 b soon tumble d[n dead into ! clo?2 :]e !y are left till q dry4 ,does ! insect *ange its color :5 x is dead8 ,:5 ! insect flies1 x is r$2 :5 x is fall51 black2 & :5 fir/ dri$1 x is greyi%2 x aft]w>ds *anges to a purpli% grey1 p[d]$ ov] ) a k9d ( :ite du/4 ,f :at c\ntries is ! ,co*9eal br\ght8 ,f ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,jamaica1 ,mexico1 & o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,:at are ,cloves8 ,! dri$ fl[]-buds ( ! ,clove ,tree1 anci5tly a native ( ! ,moluccas2 b aft]w>ds transplant$ by ! ,dut* 7:o trad$ 9 !m17 to o!r isl&s1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,t]nate4 ,x is n[ f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,isl&s4 ,describe ! ,clove ,tree4 ,x is a l>ge h&some tree ( ! myrtle k9d2 its leaves resemble ^? ( ! laurel4 ,?\gh ! ,clove ,tree is cultivat$ to a great ext5t1 yet1 s easily does ! fruit on fall+ take root1 t x ?us multiplies itself1 9 _m in/ances1 )\t ! tr\ble ( culture4 ,! clove :5 x fir/ beg9s to appe> is :ite1 !n gre51 & at la/ h>d & r$2 :5 dri$1 x turns yell[1 & !n d>k br[n4 ,:at are its qualities8 ,! ,clove is ! hotte/1 & mo/ acrid ( aromatic sub/ances2 "o ( our mo/ :olesome spices1 & ( great use 9 m$ic9e2 x also yields an abundance ( oil1 :i* is mu* us$ by p]fum]s1 & 9 m$ic9e4 ,acrid1 ( a hot1 bit+ ta/e4 ,aromatic1 fragrant1 hav+ an agreeable odor4 ,:at is ,c9namon8 ,an agreeable1 aromatic spice1 ! b>k ( a tree ( ! laurel k9d2 ! ,c9namon tree gr[s 9 ! ,s\!rn p>ts ( ,india2 b mo/ abundantly 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 :]e x is ext5sively cultivat$2 its fl[]s are :ite1 resembl+ ^? ( ! lilac 9 =m1 & are v fragrant2 !y are borne 9 l>ge clu/]s4 ,! tree s5ds up num]\s %oots ! ?ird or f\r? ye> aft] x has be5 plant$2 ^! %oots are plant$ out1 :5 ne>ly an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,h[ is ! b>k procur$8 ,by /ripp+ x (f f ^! %oots1 aft] !y h be5 cut d[n2 ! trees plant$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ c9namon1 ?r[ out a great numb] ( bran*es1 app>5tly f ! same root1 & are n all[$ to rise high] ?an t5 feet2 b 9 its native uncultivat$ /ate1 ! c9namon tree usually rises to ! height ( tw5ty or ?irty feet4 ,h[ is ! ,c9namon ,tree cultivat$8 ,by se$1 s[n dur+ ! ra9s2 f %oots cut f l>ge trees2 & by transplant+ old /umps4 ,! c9namon tree1 9 its wild /ate1 is said to be propagat$ by means ( a k9d ( pigeons1 t fe$ on its fruit2 9 c>ry+ :i* to _! ne/s1 ! se$s fall out1 &1 dropp+ 9 v>i\s places1 take root1 spr+ up1 & become trees4 ,propagat$1 spread1 ext5d$1 multipli$4 ,:at else is obta9$ f ?is tree8 ,! b>k1 besides be+ us$ z a spice1 yields an oil highly e/eem$1 bo? z a m$ic9e & z a p]fume2 ! fruit by boil+ also produces an oil1 us$ by ! natives = burn+ 9 lamps2 z soon z x h>d5s1 x becomes a solid sub/ance l wax1 & is =m$ into c&les4 ,camphor is extract$ f ! root4 ,cassia is c9namon ( an inf]ior k9d4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,bombaz9e1 ,,crape1 ,,camlet1 ,,cambric1 ,,lace1 ,,silk1 ,,velvet1 ,,& ,,mohair4 ,:at is ,bombaz9e8 ,a /uff compos$ ( silk & wool wov5 toge!r 9 a loom4 ,x 0 fir/ made at ,milan1 & !nce s5t abroad2 great quantities are n[ made 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries4 ,:]e is ,milan situat$8 ,9 ,italy1 & is not$ = its ca!dral4 ,= :at is ,bombaz9e us$8 ,= dresses4 ,black bombaz9e is worn entirely = m\rn+4 ,! orig9al bombaz9e has1 h[ev]1 become mu* less us$ ?an =m]ly1 on acc\nt ( ! num]\s newly-inv5t$ fabrics ( f9] or co>s] qualities1 compos$ ( ! same mat]ials mix$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 z ,m\ssel9es de la9e1 ,*allis1 c4 ,:at is ,crape8 ,a light1 transp>5t /uff1 resembl+ gauze1 made ( raw silk v loosely wov51 or ( wool2 by raw silk is meant1 silk 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is tak5 f ! silk worm4 ,:]e 0 ,crape fir/ made8 ,at ,bologna1 a city ( ,italy4 ,:at city ( ,france 0 long celebrat$ = its manufacture8 ,lyons1 ! second city ( ,france1 :]e !re are l>ge silk manufactories4 ,great quantities are also made 9 ,engl&1 pr9cipally 9 ! city ( ,norwi*1 :i* has long be5 di/+ui%$ = ! beauty ( its crapes4 ,:at is ,camlet8 ,a /uff made sometimes ( wool1 sometimes ( silk & hair1 especially t ( goats4 ,! ori5tal camlet is made ( ! pure hair ( a sort ( goat1 a native ( ,angora1 a city ( ,natolia1 9 ,turkey4 ,! ,european camlets are made ( a mixture ( wooll5 ?read & hair4 ,:at c\ntries are mo/ not$ = !m8 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 & ,fl&]s2 ! city ( ,brussels1 9 ,belgium1 exce$s !m all 9 ! beauty & quality ( its camlets2 ^? ( ,engl& are ! next4 ,:at is ,cambric8 ,a species ( l95 made ( flax2 x is v f9e & :ite4 ,f :5ce did x take its "n8 ,f ,cambray1 a l>ge & celebrat$ city ( ,fr5* ,fl&]s1 :]e x 0 fir/ made2 x is n[ made at o!r places 9 ,france2 & also 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c4 ,:at is ,lace8 ,a "w compos$ ( _m ?reads ( f9e l95 or silk1 int]wov5 "o ) ano!r accord+ to "s p>ticul> patt]n4 ,belgium1 ,france1 & ,engl& are ! pr9cipal c\ntries 9 :i* ?is manufacture is c>ri$ on2 va/ quantities ( ! f9e/ laces 7 =m]ly made 9 ,fl&]s4 ,f :at is ,silk produc$8 ,f ! silk-worm1 an insect n m rem>kable = ! preci\s matt] x furni%es1 ?an = ! _m =ms x assumes be=e & aft] x envelopes itself 9 ! beautiful ball1 ! silk5 ?reads ( :i* =m ! elegant texture :i* is s mu* worn4 ,texture1 a web or sub/ance wov54 ,:at are ! habits ( ?is insect1 & on :at does x fe$8 ,aft] bur/+ f ! egg1 x becomes a l>ge worm or cat]pill> ( a yell[i% :ite color1 7:i* is its fir/ /ate27 ?is cat]pill> fe$s on ! leaves ( ! mulb]ry tree1 till1 arriv+ at maturity1 x w9ds itself up 9 a silk5 bag or case1 call$ a cocoon1 ab\t ! size & %ape ( a pigeon's egg1 & becomes a *rysalis2 9 :i* /ate x lies )\t signs ( life2 9 ab\t t5 days x eats its way out ( its case1 a p]fect butt]fly1 :i* lays a numb] ( eggs & !n dies4 ,9 ! w>m? ( ! summ] wea!r1 ^! eggs are hat*$1 & become worms1 z _! p>5ts did at fir/4 ,maturity1 rip5ess1 p]fection ,h[ mu* silk is ea* ball said to conta98 ,ea* ball consi/s ( a v f9e1 s(t1 bright1 delicate ?read1 :i* be+ w\nd (f1 ext5ds 9 l5g? six miles4 ,:at is meant by ,*rysalis8 ,! second /ate into :i* ! insect passes be=e x comes to be a butt]fly4 ,! maggot or worm hav+ ceas$ to eat1 fixes itself 9 "s place till its sk9 sep>ates1 & discov]s a horny1 oblong body1 :i* is ! *rysalis4 ,:]e 0 ,silk fir/ made8 ,! culture & manufacture ( silk 0 orig9ally conf9$ to ,*9a4 ,! ,greeks1 "u ,alex&] ! ,great1 br\ght home1 among o!r ,ea/]n luxuries1 wr\ght silks f ,p]sia1 ab\t #cbc1 ,b4,c4 ,x 0 n long unkn[n to ! ,romans1 al?\gh x 0 s r>e1 t x 0 ev5 sold weight = weight ) gold4 ,! ,emp]or ,aurelian1 :o di$ 9 #bge1 ,b4,c4 refus$ ! ,empress1 8 wife1 a suit ( silk :i* %e solicit$ ) mu* e>ne/ness1 m]ely on acc\nt ( its de>ness4 ,heliogabalus1 ! ,emp]or1 :o di$ half a c5tury be=e ,aurelian1 0 ! fir/ :o wore a holos]icum or g>m5t all ( silk4 ,:o introduc$ ! ,silk ,worm itself into ,europe8 ,two monks1 engag$ z mission>ies 9 ,*9a1 obta9$ a quantity ( silk worms' eggs1 :i* !y conceal$ 9 a holl[ cane1 & convey$ 9 safety to ,con/ant9ople 9 #eeb2 ! eggs 7 hat*$ 9 ! prop] season by ! w>m? ( manure1 & ! worms f$ ) ! leaves ( ! wild mulb]ry tree4 ,^! worms 9 due "t spun _! silk1 & propagat$ "u ! c>e ( ! monks1 :o also in/ruct$ ! ,romans 9 ! :ole process ( manufactur+ _! production4 ,f ! insects ?us produc$1 proce$$ all ! silk worms :i* h s9ce be5 re>$ 9 ,europe1 & ! we/]n p>ts ( ,asia4 ,! mulb]ry tree 0 !n eag]ly plant$1 & on ?is1 _! natural food1 !y 7 successfully re>$ 9 ,greece2 & ! manufacture 0 e/abli%$ at ,!bes1 ,a!ns1 & ,cor9?1 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ,v5etians1 soon aft] ?is "t comm5c+ a trade ) ! ,greeks1 suppli$ all ! ,we/]n p>ts ( ,europe ) silks = _m c5turies4 ,:]e 7 ! cities ( ,!bes & ,a!ns situat$8 ,!bes 0 an anci5t city ( ,beotia1 9 ,greece1 f\nd$ by ,cadmus1 a ,ph5ician1 ?\gh ( ,egyptian p>5tage4 ,sail+ f ! coa/ ( ,ph5icia1 he arriv$ 9 ,beotia1 & built ! city1 call+ x ,!bes1 f ! city ( t "n 9 ,egypt4 ,to ?is pr9ce is ascrib$ ! inv5tion ( sixte5 lett]s ( ! ,greek ,alphabet4 ,a!ns 0 ! capital ( ,attica1 f\nd$ by ,cecrops1 an ,egyptian4 ,x 0 ! seat ( le>n+ & ! arts1 & has produc$ "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ w>riors1 /atesm51 orators1 poets1 & sculptors 9 ! _w4 ,s9ce ! emancipation ( ,greece f ! cruel bondage ( its conqu]ors ! ,turks1 :o _h oppress$ x = ?ree c5turies1 ,a!ns has be5 *os5 z its capital1 & is /ill a consid]able t[n adorn$ ) spl5did ru9s ( ! beautiful build+s x once possess$4 ,!bes & ,cor9?1 ano!r celebrat$ city1 are n[ only villages4 ,w>rior1 a soldi]4 ,/atesm51 m5 v]s$ 9 ! arts ( gov]nm5t4 ,orator1 a public speak]4 ,poet1 "o :o composes poetry4 ,sculptor1 "o :o cuts figures 9 /one1 m>ble1 or ivory4 ,:o 7 ! ,v5etians8 ,inhabitants ( ,v5ice1 a city ( ,italy4 ,did ?is manufacture cont9ue to be conf9$ to ! ,greeks & ,v5etians8 ,by no means4 ,! re/ ( ,italy1 & ,spa91 by degrees le>nt ! art f "s manufactories 9 ,sicily2 & ab\t ! reign ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 ! ,fr5* became ma/]s ( x4 ,x1 h[ev]1 long rema9$ a r>ity2 _! ,k+1 ,h5ry ! ,second1 is suppos$ to h worn ! fir/ pair ( knit silk /ock+s4 ,! ,f\r? ,h5ry enc\rag$ ! plant+ ( mulb]ry trees2 8 successors also did ! same1 & ! produce ( silk 9 ,france is n[ v consid]able4 ,:5 0 ! manufacture ( silk introduc$ into ,engl&8 ,!re 0 a company ( silk wom5 9 ,engl& z e>ly z ! ye> #adee2 b !y probably 7 m]ely employ$ 9 ne$lework ( silk & ?read1 = ,italy suppli$ ,engl& ) ! broad manufacture dur+ ! *ief "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! great advantage ?is new manufacture af=d$1 made ,k+ ,james ! ,fir/ v desir\s = its introduction into ,engl&1 p>ticul>ly 9 #afjh1 :5 x 0 recomm5d$1 9 v e>ne/ t]ms1 to plant mulb]ry trees = ! re>+ ( silk worms2 b unhappily )\t effect4 ,h[ev]1 t[>ds ! latt] end ( ?is reign1 ! broad silk manufacture 0 introduc$1 & ) great success4 ,! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes contribut$ greatly to its promotion1 by ! numb] ( ,fr5* workm5 :o took refuge 9 ,engl&2 to !m ! ,engli% are indebt$ = ! art ( manufactur+ _m elegant k9ds ( silks1 sat9s1 velvets1 c41 :i* _h =m]ly be5 import$ f abroad up to ! ye> #agah4 ,! silk manufacture has also be5 successfully introduc$ into "s portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,revocation1 act ( recall+1 repeal4 ,import$1 br\ght into4 ,:at 0 ! ,edict ( ,nantes8 ,a law made 9 favor ( ! ,prote/ants1 ! repeal+ ( :i* drove _m ( _! mo/ skilful workm5 to take refuge 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 k9dly receiv$1 & settl$ 9 ,spitalfields1 & _m o!r p>ts ( ,engl& z well z ,irel&1 :]e !y c>ri$ on a fl\ri%+ & +5i\s manufacture4 ,7 ! attempts to re> ,silk ,worms 9 ,engl& successful8 ,no2 aft] _m trials1 all ( :i* fail$1 att5tion 0 direct$ to ! e/abli%m5ts = procur+ bo? raw & wr\ght silks1 9 ! settlem5ts 9 ,india belong+ to ,brita92 ?is 0 att5d$ ) complete success1 ! climate be+ extremely favorable1 & ! price ( labor *eap4 ,raw silk is import$ 9 quantities f ,india1 ,*9a1 ,italy1 c4 ,h[ is ! ,silk tak5 f ! ,worm8 ,! p :o are employ$ 9 ! c>e ( ^! insects collect ! gold5 balls f (f ! mulb]ry trees1 7to ! leaves ( :i* ! insects glue _! silk7 & put !m into w>m wat]1 t ! ?reads may unfa/5 & w9d (f m easily2 hav+ tak5 (f ! co>se woolly "p :i* cov]s ! balls1 !y take twelve or f\rte5 ?reads at a "t1 & w9d !m (f into ske9s4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ?is beautiful mat]ial = ! h& ( ! weav] to be wr\ght into silks1 /uffs1 brocades1 sat9s1 velvets1 ribbons1 c41 x is spun1 reel$1 mill$1 blea*$1 & dy$4 ,mill$1 work$ 9 a k9d ( mill4 ,blea*$1 :it5$4 ,:at is ,velvet8 ,a ri* k9d ( /uff1 all silk1 cov]$ on ! outside ) a close1 %ort1 f9e1 s(t %ag2 ! wrong side be+ v /rong & close4 ,! pr9cipal numb]1 & ! be/ velvets1 7 made 9 ,france & ,italy2 o!rs 9 ,holl&2 !y are n[ br\ght to great p]fection 9 ,engl&4 ,an inf]ior k9d is made by mix+ cotton ) ! silk4 ,velvet has be5 kn[n 9 ,europe = "s c5turies1 b its manufacture 0 long conf9$ to "s ( ! *ief cities ( ,italy4 ,f t c\ntry ! ,fr5* le>n$ ! art1 & greatly improv$ x4 ,:5ce is ! ^w ,velvet d]iv$8 ,f ! ,italian ^w velluto1 signify+ velvet1 :i* comes f vellus1 hair or fleece4 ,:at is ,mohair8 ,! hair ( a k9d ( goat1 common ab\t ,angora1 9 ,turkey4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s k9ds ( /uffs1 %awls1 c4 ,is !re n ano!r animal mu* celebrat$ = ! mat]ial x furni%es 9 ! mak+ ( %awls8 ,yes2 ! ,?ibet goat4 ,! wool is s5t to ,ca%m]e1 :]e x is spun & dy$4 ,ca%m]e is situat$ 9 ! nor?-we/ extremity ( ,india1 & has long be5 celebrat$ = ! beautiful & valuable %awls be>+ its "n :i* are manufactur$ !re4 ,! goats are beautiful creatures1 ) long1 f9e1 wavy hair1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! gr\nd1 s z almo/ to conceal _! legs4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! %awls are made is a f9e silky d[n1 :i* gr[s "u ! long hair1 next to ! sk94 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,currants1 ,,rais9s1 ,,figs1 ,,rice1 ,,sug>1 ,,sug> ,,c&y1 ,c41 ,,sago1 ,,millet1 ,,g+]1 ,,nutmeg1 ,,mace1 ,,pim5to ,,or ,,allspice1 ,,pepp]1 ,,& ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]4 ,:at are ,currants8 ,a k9d ( small rais9s or dri$ grapes4 ,:5ce are !y br\ght8 ,f sev]al isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 p>ticul>ly ,zante & ,cephalonia2 & f ! ,i/hmus ( ,cor9?1 9 ,greece4 ,d !y gr[ on bu%es l our ,currants8 ,no1 on v9es l o!r grapes1 except t ! leaves are some:at ?ick]1 & ! grapes mu* small]3 !y h no pips1 & are ( a deep r$1 or r black color4 ,:5 are !y ga!r$1 & h[ are !y dri$8 ,!y are ga!r$ 9 ,augu/1 & laid on ! gr\nd 9 heaps till dry2 !y are !n clean$1 & put into magaz9es1 f :i* !y are tak5 & pack$ 9 b>rels = exportation4 ,:at d y mean by ,exportation8 ,! act ( convey+ goods = sale f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,:at are ,rais9s8 ,grapes prep>$ by dry+ !m 9 ! sun1 or by ! heat ( an ov54 ,rais9s ( ,damascus1 s call$ f ! capital city ( ,syria1 ne> :i* !y are cultivat$1 are v l>ge1 flat1 & wr9kl$ on ! surface2 s(t & juicy inside1 & ne>ly an in* long4 ,rais9s ( ! sun1 or j> rais9s1 s call$ f be+ import$ 9 j>s1 are all dri$ by ! heat ( ! sun2 !y are ( a r$di% blue color1 & are ! produce ( ,spa91 :5ce ! f9e/ & be/ rais9s are br\ght4 ,!re are sev]al o!r sorts1 nam$ ei!r f ! place 9 :i* !y gr[1 or ! k9d ( grape ( :i* !y are made1 z ^? ( ,malaga1 ,val5cia1 c4 ,9 :at mann] are !y dri$8 ,! common way ( dry+ grapes = rais9s1 is to tie two or ?ree bun*es ( !m toge!r :ile yet on ! v9e1 & dip !m into a lye made ( hot wood-a%es1 mix$ ) a little olive oil4 ,?is makes !m %r9k & wr9kle3 aft] ?is !y are cut f ! bran*es :i* support$ !m1 b left on ! v9e = ?ree or f\r days1 sep>at$ on /icks1 9 an upright position1 to dry at leisure4 ,diff]5t modes1 h[ev]1 are adopt$1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! grape4 ,! commone/ k9ds are dri$ 9 hot ov5s1 b ! be/ way is t 9 :i* ! grapes are cut :5 fully ripe1 & dri$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 on a floor ( h>d e>? or /one4 ,lye1 a liquor made f wood-a%es2 ( great use 9 m$ic9e1 blea*+1 sug> works1 c4 ,:at are ,figs8 ,a s(t1 lusci\s fruit1 ! produce ( ! fig-tree4 ,! be/ figs are br\ght f ,turkey1 b !y are also import$ f ,italy1 ,spa91 & ! s\!rn "p ( ,france4 ,! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago yield an inf]ior sort 9 great abundance4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !y are sometimes plant$ 9 a w>m situation 9 g>d5s1 b1 be+ difficult to rip51 !y d n arrive at p]fection4 ,! figs s5t f abroad are dri$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 or 9 furnaces = ! purpose4 ,lusci\s1 sweet to excess1 cloy+4 ,:at is ,rice8 ,a useful & nutriti\s gra91 cultivat$ 9 imm5se quantities 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 & mo/ ea/]n c\ntries2 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & 9 s\!rn ,europe4 ,x =ms ! pr9cipal food ( ! p ( ea/]n & s\!rn ,asia1 & is m ext5sively consum$ ?an any o!r species ( gra91 n ev5 except+ :eat4 ,nutriti\s1 :olesome1 good = food4 ,does x n require a great deal ( moi/ure8 ,yes1 x is usually plant$ 9 moi/ soils1 & ne> riv]s1 :]e ! gr\nd c be ov]fl[$ aft] x is come up4 ,! ,*9ese wat] _! rice-fields by means ( movable mills1 plac$ z occasion requires1 ^u any "p ( ! banks ( a riv]2 ! wat] is rais$ 9 buckets to a prop] height1 & aft]w>ds convey$ 9 *annels to ! de/9$ places4 ,:at is ,sug>8 ,a sweet1 agreeable sub/ance1 manufactur$ *iefly f ! ,sug> ,cane1#a a native ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s2 x is mu* cultivat$ 9 all tropical c\ntries4 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic acc\nts ( sug>1 are ab\t ! "t ( ! ,crusades1#b :5 x appe>s to h be5 pur*as$ f ! ,s>ac5s1 & import$ into ,europe4 ,footnote #a3 ,mo/ ( ! sug> 9 ,europe is made f beets4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xvii41 article ,navigation4 ,au!ntic1 true1 c]ta94 ,crusades1 holy w>s4 ,s>ac5s1 ,turks or ,arabs4 ,h[ is x prep>$8 ,! canes are cru%$ betwe5 l>ge roll]s 9 a mill1 & ! juice collect$ into a l>ge vessel plac$ to receive x2 x is !n boil$1 & plac$ 9 pans to cool1 :5 x becomes imp]fectly cry/alliz$1 9 :i* /ate we use x4 ,?is is call$ raw or s(t sug>3 loaf sug>1 or ! h>d :ite sug>1 is ! raw br[n sug>1 prep>$ by ref9+ x till all =eign matt] is remov$4 ,is ! ,sug> ,cane ! only vegetable t produces ,sug>8 ,all vegetables conta9 m or less sug>1 b ! plant 9 :i* x mo/ ab\nds is ! sug>-cane4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a l>ge quantity ( sug> is prep>$ f ! sap ( ! ,sug> ,maple ,tree4 ,! trees are tapp$ at ! prop] season by a cut be+ made 9 ! b>k1 & ! juice runs into a vessel plac$ to receive x2 x is !n prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! juice ( ! sug> cane4 ,:at is ,sug> ,c&y8 ,sug> purifi$ & cry/alliz$4 ,:at is ,b>ley ,sug>8 ,sug> boil$ till x is brittle1 & ca/ on a /one ano9t$ ) oil ( sweet almonds1 & !n =m$ into twi/$ /icks4 ,:at is ,sago8 ,a sub/ance prep>$ f ! pi? ( ! ,sago ,palm1 :i* gr[s naturally 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,africa & ! ,indies4 ,! pi?1 :i* is ev5 eatable 9 its natural /ate1 is tak5 f ! trunk ( ! tree1 & ?r[n into a vessel plac$ ov] a horse-hair sieve2 wat] is !n ?r[n ov] ! mass1 & ! f9] p>ts ( ! pi? pass ?r\gh ! sieve2 ! liquor ?us obta9$ is left to settle4 ,! cle> liquor is !n drawn (f1 & :at rema9s is =m$ into gra9s by be+ pass$ ?r\gh metal di%es1 ) num]\s small holes2 x is next dri$ by ! action ( heat1 & 9 ?is /ate x is export$4 ,! ,sago ,palm also produces sug>4 ,:at is ,millet1 & 9 :at c\ntries does x gr[8 ,millet is an escul5t gra91 orig9ally br\ght f ! ,ea/]n c\ntries4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 b mo/ ext5sively 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,*9a1 & ,h9do/an1 :5ce we are furni%$ ) x1 x be+ r>ely cultivat$ among u1 except z a curiosity4 ,escul5t1 good = food4 ,= :at is ,millet us$8 ,x is 9 great reque/ among/ ! ,g]mans = pudd+s2 = :i* x is sometimes us$ among/ u4 ,! ,italians make loaves & cakes ( x4 ,:at is ,g+]8 ,! root ( a plant cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 ,am]ica2 x is a native ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,asia & ! adjo9+ isl&s4 ,describe its nature & use4 ,x is a w>m aromatic1 mu* us$ 9 m$ic9e & cook]y4 ,! ,indians eat ! root :5 gre5 z a salad1 *opp+ x small ) o!r h]bs2 !y also make a c&y ( x ) sug>4 ,! g+] sold 9 ! %ops "h is dri$1 :i* is done by plac+ ! roots 9 ! heat ( ! sun or 9 ov5s1 aft] be+ dug out ( ! gr\nd4 ,quantities n only ( ! dri$ root1 b also ( ! c&i$ sug>1 are import$4 ,:at are ,nutmegs8 ,a delicate aromatic fruit or spice1 br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! nutmeg tree greatly resembles our pe> tree1 & produces a k9d ( nut1 :i* be>s ! same "n z ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glass ,,bl[+ ,,at ,,! ,,glass-,,works1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! ,nutmeg8 ,its =m is r\nd1 & its smell agreeable4 ,! nutmeg is inclos$ 9 f\r diff]5t cov]s2 ! fir/1 a ?ick fle%y coat1 7l our walnut17 :i* op5s ( itself :5 ripe2 "u ?is lies a ?9 r$di% network1 ( an agreeable smell & aromatic ta/e1 call$ mace2 ?is wraps up ! %ell1 :i* op5s z ! fruit gr[s4 ,! %ell is ! ?ird cov]1 :i* is h>d1 ?91 & blacki%2 "u ?is is a gre5i% film ( no use2 & 9 ! la/ y f9d ! nutmeg1 :i* is ! k]nel ( ! fruit4 ,:at are its uses8 ,! nutmeg is mu* us$ 9 our food1 & is ( excell5t virtue z a m$ic9e4 ,x also yields an oil ( great fragrance4 ,is ! ,mace us$ z a spice8 ,yes1 x is sep>at$ f ! %ell ( ! nutmeg1 & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,x is br\ght ov] 9 flakes ( a yell[ color1 smoo? & net-l1 z y see x 9 ! %ops4 ,its ta/e is w>m1 bitt]i%1 & r pung5t2 its smell1 aromatic4 ,x is us$ bo? 9 food & m$ic9e1 z ! nutmeg1 & also yields an oil4 ,pung5t1 ( a hot1 bit+ ta/e4 ,:at is ,pim5to or ,allspice8 ,! dri$ unripe b]ry or fruit ( a tree gr[+ 9 great abundance 9 ,jamaica1 p>ticul>ly on ! nor!rn side ( t isl&1 on hilly spots1 ne> ! coa/2 x is also a native ( bo? ,indies4 ,! ,pim5to ,tree is a ,we/ ,indian species ( ,myrtle2 x gr[s to ! height ( tw5ty or ?irty feet2 ! leaves are all ( a deep1 %9+ gre51 & ! blossom consi/s ( num]\s bran*es ( small1 :ite1 aromatic fl[]s1 :i* r5d] its appe>ance v /rik+2 !re is sc>cely 9 ! vegetable _w any tree m beautiful ?an a "y ,pim5to ab\t ! mon? ( ,july1 :5 x is 9 full bloom4 ,:5 is ! "t to ga!r ! spice8 ,ab\t ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 n long aft] ! blossoms are fall51 ! b]ries are ga!r$ by ! h&2 "o labor] on ! tree1 employ$ 9 ga!r+ ! small bran*es1 w give employm5t to ?ree bel[ 7:o are g5]ally wom5 & *ildr57 9 pick+ ! b]ries4 ,!y are !n spread out ?9ly1 & expos$ to ! sun at its ris+ & sett+ = "s days2 :5 !y beg9 to dry1 !y are frequ5tly w9n[$1 & laid on clo?s to pres]ve !m bett] f ra9 & dew2 by ?is managem5t !y become wr9kl$1 & *ange f gre5 to a deep r$di% br[n color4 ,great quantities are annually import$4 ,:at are its uses8 ,x =ms a pleasant addition to flavor food2 x also yields an agreeable ess5tial oil1 & is acc\nt$ ! be/ & milde/ ( common spices4 ,ess5tial1 pure2 extract$ s z to conta9 all ! virtues ( ! spice 9 a v small compass4 ,:y is x call$ ,allspice8 ,because x has be5 suppos$ to comb9e ! flavor ( cloves1 nutmegs1 & c9namon2 ! ,fr5* call x r\nd clove1 f its r\nd %ape1 & ! ta/e be+ some:at l t spice4 ,:at is ,pepp]8 ,! product ( a creep+ %rub1 gr[+ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4 ,9 :at mann] does ,pepp] gr[1 & :at "p ( ! %rub is us$8 ,pepp] is ! fruit ( ?is %rub1 & gr[s 9 bun*es or clu/]s1 at fir/ gre52 z x rip5s x becomes r$di%1 until hav+ be5 expos$ = "s "t to ! heat ( ! sun1 7or probably ga!r$ be=e p]fectly ripe17 x becomes black1 z 9 ! condition we h x4 ,!re are two sorts1 ! black & ! :ite4 ,:at is ! ,:ite ,pepp]8 ,! :ite pepp] is m]ely ! black depriv$ ( its outside sk94 ,= ?is purpose ! f9e/ r$ b]ries are select$1 & put 9 baskets to /eep1 ei!r 9 runn+ wat]1 or 9 pits dug = ! purpose1 ne> ! banks ( riv]s4 ,sometimes !y are only buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 any ( ^! situations1 !y swell & bur/ _! sk9s1 f :i*1 :5 dry1 !y are c>efully sep>at$ by rubb+ betwe5 ! h&s1 or fann+4 ,:at is ,cay5ne ,pepp]8 ,! dri$ fruit ( a plant call$ bird pepp]1 a native ( bo? ,indies4 ,x is m pung5t ?an ! o!r sorts4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,glass1 ,,mirrors1 ,,e>!nw>e1 ,,porcela91 ,,ne$les1 ,,p9s1 ,,pap]1 ,,pr9t+1 ,,p>*m5t1 ,,& ,,vellum4 ,:at is ,glass8 ,a transp>5t1 solid1 brittle1 factiti\s body1 produc$ by fus+ s& ) an alkali4 ,! ess5tial +r$i5ts ( glass are silex & pota%1 or soda2 a few o!r sub/ances are sometimes add$4 ,silex is f\nd ne>ly pure 9 rock cry/al1 fl9t1 & o!r v>ieties ( qu>tz2 = ! manufacture ( ! bett] k9ds ( glass 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is g5]ally obta9$ f s&1 especially ! :ite s& ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,factiti\s1 made by art1 n f\nd 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,:at is ,pota%8 ,! sal9e matt] obta9$ f ! a%es ( wood1 by caus+ wat] to pass ?r\gh !m2 ! wat] imbibes ! salt1 :i* is !n obta9$ f x by evaporation4 ,:5 purifi$ by calc9ation1 x is t]m$ pe>la%4 ,9 c\ntries :]e !re are va/ =e/s1 z 9 ,am]ica & ,russia1 x is manufactur$ on a v l>ge scale4 ,:at c y say ( ! orig9 ( ,glass8 ,! p]iod ( its inv5tion is q unkn[n4 ,pl9y relates t "s m]*ants1 driv5 by a /orm to ! coa/ ( ,ph5icia1 ne> ! riv] ,belus1 made a l>ge fire on ! s& to dress "s food1 us+ z fuel "s ( ! plant ,kali1 :i* grew !re 9 great abundance2 an imp]fect glass 0 ?us =m$ by ! melt+ ( ! s& & a%es toge!r4 ,?is production 0 pick$ up by a ,syrian m]*ant1 :o1 attract$ by its great beauty1 exam9$ ! cause ( its orig91 &1 aft] _m attempts1 succe$$ 9 its manufacture4 ,:o 0 ,pl9y8 ,a celebrat$ ,roman naturali/ & hi/orian4 ,at :at place 0 ,glass fir/ made8 ,"s au?ors m5tion ,sidon 9 ,syria1 :i* became fam\s = glass & glass-h\ses2 b o!rs ma9ta9 t ! fir/ glass-h\ses notic$ 9 hi/ory 7 built at ,tyre2 :i*1 !y add1 0 ! only place :]e glass 0 made = _m ages4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! art 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians4 ,:at is ,ph5icia8 ,a sub-division ( ,syria 9 ,asia4 ,:at is an au?or8 ,a p]son :o writes a book4 ,:at is signifi$ by a glass-h\se8 ,a build+ erect$ = ! mak+ & work+ ( glass4 ,:at c\ntries _h glass w9d[s fir/8 ,italy1 !n ,france & ,engl&2 !y began to be common ab\t ! ye> #aahj4 ,9 :at ye>1 & :]e1 0 ! mak+ ( glass bottles begun8 ,9 #aeeg1 9 ,london4 ,! fir/ glass plates = mirrors & coa*-w9d[s 7 made at ,lambe?1 9 #afgc4 ,:at is a ,mirror8 ,a body :i* exhibits ! images ( objects pres5t$ to x by reflection4 ,! ^w mirror is m peculi>ly us$ to signify a smoo? surface ( glass1 t9n$ & quicksilv]$ at ! back1#c :i* reflects ! images ( objects plac$ be=e x4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xii41 article ,m]cury4 ,are !y a mod]n inv5tion8 ,! use ( mirrors is v anci5t2 m5tion is made ( braz5 mirrors or look+-glasses 9 ,exodus1 ! #ch? *apt] & #h? v]se4 ,"s mod]n comm5tators w n admit ! mirrors !mselves to h be5 ( brass1 b ( glass set or fram$ 9 brass2 b ! mo/ le>n$ among ! ,jewi% rabb9s say t 9 ^? times ! mirrors made use ( by ! ,hebrew wom5 9 dress+ _! heads 7 ( metal1 & t ! dev\t wom5 m5tion$ 9 ?is passage made pres5ts to ,moses ( all _! mirrors to make ! braz5 lav] = ! ,tab]nacle4 ,x might likewise be prov$ t ! anci5t ,greeks made use ( braz5 mirrors1 f _m passages 9 ! anci5t poets4 ,comm5tators1 expla9]s ( passages 9 ! ,bible1 c4 ,rabb9s1 doctors among ! ,jews1 _! le>n$ m5 or tea*]s4 ,:at nation inv5t$ ! l>ge look+-glass plates n[ 9 use8 ,! ,fr5*4 ,:at city ( ,italy excell$ all ,europe = _m ye>s 9 ! mak+ ( f9e glass8 ,v5ice4 ,! manufacture ( f9e glass 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl& by ,v5etian arti/s 9 #ajgh4 ,( :at is ,e>!nw>e compos$8 ,( clay1 & ^? e>?s :i* are capable ( be+ knead$ into a pa/e easily receiv+ any =m1 & acquir+ solidity by exposure to fire3 s&1 *alk1 & fl9t are likewise mix$ ) clay4 ,9 :at mann] is x =m$ into su* a v>iety ( %apes8 ,! fl9t or s&1 & s(t clay1 are mix$ toge!r 9 v>i\s proportions = ! diff]5t k9ds ( w>e2 ?is pa/e is aft]w>ds beat5 till x becomes fit = be+ =m$ at ! :eel into plates1 di%es1 bas9s1 c4 ,^! are !n put into a furnace & bak$2 aft] :i* !y are glaz$4 ,:at nation s greatly excell$ 9 ! manufacture ( a beautiful species ( ,e>!nw>e8 ,! ,*9ese1--:o1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 7 its inv5tors4 ,porcela9 is a f9e sort ( e>!nw>e1 *iefly made 9 ,*9a1 :5ce x 0 call$ ,*9a or ,*9a-w>e2 x is also br\ght f _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 especially f ,japan1 ,siam1 ,surat1 & ,p]sia4 ,! art ( mak+ porcela9 0 "o ( ^? 9 :i* ,europe _h be5 excell$ by ori5tal nations2 b = _m ye>s pa/ e>!nw>es h be5 made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 s l ! ori5tal1 t !y h acquir$ ! "n ( porcela94 ,! fir/ ,european porcela9s 7 made 9 ,saxony & ,france1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 all ( :i* diff]$ f ^? ( ,japan & ,*9a1 b ea* possess+ its peculi> "*4 ,!y are n[ br\ght to great p]fection 9 ,europe1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&1 ,france & ,prussia4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ,e>!nw>e1 :at suppli$ its place to ! e>ly inhabitants ( ! _w8 ,! m civiliz$ ! inhabitants ( any c\ntry became1 ! m !y w\ld p]ceive ! conv5i5ce ( possess+ vessels ( v>i\s descriptions = hold+ or prep>+ _! food2 "s ( ! objects :i* fir/ pres5t$ !mselves w\ld be ! l>g] k9ds ( %ells2 &1 9 hot climates1 ! h>d cov]+s ( ! cocoa-nut or g\rd4 ,9 "s cases ! sk9s ( bea/s 7 us$1 z !y /ill are 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e !y are sew$ toge!r1 & =m$ into a k9d ( bottle to hold milk1 w9e1 c42 b ! p ( cold] climates w\ld n be able to avail !mselves ( ^! natural productions1 & w\ld be oblig$ to make use ( o!r sub/ances4 ,:at1 !n1 w\ld !y employ8 ,clay1 :i* 9 _m c\ntries is f\nd 9 great abundance1 f its adhesive prop]ty1 & its reta9+ its =m :5 dry1 & becom+ insoluble 9 wat] aft] hav+ be5 bak$ 9 ! fire1 w\ld naturally attract ! att5tion ( an improv+ p3 f ?is x arises t ! e>ly rema9s ( cul9>y & o!r vessels :i* h be5 discov]$ h be5 =m$ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,among ! rema9s ( anci5t ,egypt1 num]\s vessels h be5 f\nd =m$ ( common clay bak$ 9 ! fire2 &1 ?\gh ( rude workman%ip1 extremely elegant 9 =m4 ,adhesive1 /icky2 apt or t5d+ to adh]e4 ,insoluble1 n capable ( be+ dissolv$4 ,cul9>y1 belong+ to cook+ or dome/ic purposes4 ,( :at are ,ne$les made8 ,( /eel2 & ?\gh exce$+ly *eap1 !y g ?r\gh a great numb] ( op]ations be=e !y are br\ght to p]fection4 ,x 0 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? t ! ,engli% le>nt ! art ( mak+ ne$les4 ,( :at are ,p9s made8 ,( brass wire1 blan*$ ) t94 ,!y are manufactur$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,?\gh !re is sc>cely any commodity *eap] ?an p9s1 !re is no o!r :i* passes ?r\gh ! h&s ( a great] numb] ( workm52 m ?an tw5ty p]sons be+ successively employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ea*1 f ! draw+ ( ! brass wire to ! /ick+ ( ! p9 9 ! pap]4 ,p9s are suppos$ to h be5 made 9 ,engl& ab\t #aedc1 or ev5 e>li]4 ,be=e ?is art 0 inv5t$1 ! ladies made use ( wood5 skew]s4 ,blan*$1 :it5$4 ,( :at is ,pap] made8 ,( l95 & cotton rags beat5 to a pulp 9 wat]2 also f /raw1 wood1 & _m plants4 ,:at mat]ials 7 us$ = writ+1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ,pap]8 ,v>i\s 7 ! mat]ials on :i* mank9d 9 diff]5t ages & c\ntries contriv$ to write3 /ones1 bricks1 ! leaves ( h]bs & trees1 & _! r9ds or b>ks2 tablets ( wood1 wax1 & ivory2 plates ( lead1 silk1 l95 rolls1 c4 ,at l5g? ! ,egyptian pap] made ( ! papyrus1 0 inv5t$2 !n p>*m5t2 & la/ly1 pap] manufactur$ ( cotton or l95 rags4 ,!re are few sorts ( plants :i* h n at "s "t be5 us$ = pap] & books4 ,9 ,ceylon1 = in/ance1 ! leaves ( ! talipot2 9 ,india1 ! leaves ( ! palm 7) :i* !y commonly cov]$ _! h\ses17 7 us$ = books4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ! leaves ( ! planta9 tree1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 7 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,9 ,*9a1 pap] is made ( ! inn] b>k ( ! mulb]ry1 ! bamboo1 ! elm1 ! cotton1 & o!r trees4 ,:at is ,papyrus8 ,a l>ge ru%1 *iefly gr[+ 9 ,egypt1 on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians made sails1 ropes1 mats1 blankets1 & canvas1 ( ! /alks & fibres ( ! papyrus4 ,_! prie/s also wore %oes made ( x2 & ev5 sug> 0 extract$ f ?is plant4 ,moses1 ! deliv]] rais$ by ,god to rescue ! ,israelites f ! bondage ( ,egypt1 0 expos$ to ! ,nile 9 a basket ( papyrus4 ,! plant is n[1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly sc>ce4 ,:]e 0 ! fir/ ,pap] ,mill erect$ 9 ,engl&8 ,at ,d>t=d1 by a ,g]man nam$ ,spilman1 9 #aehh4 ,! only sort made1 h[ev]1 0 ! co>se br[n2 & x 0 n till #afij1 :5 ! ,fr5* prote/ant refugees settl$ 9 ,engl&1 t _! own pap]-mak]s began to make :ite writ+ & pr9t+ pap]4 ,! manufacture has be5 br\ght to great p]fection1 bo? = beauty & sub/ance1 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,prote/ant1 a "n giv5 9 ,g]many to ^? :o adh]$ to ! doctr9es ( ! apo/ate monk1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 because !y prote/$ aga9/ a decree ( ,*>les ,v4 & appli$ to a g5]al c\ncil4 ,refugee1 f refuge1 a place ( safety f dang]2 an asylum4 ,"h x m p>ticul>ly means ^? ,fr5* ,prote/ants :o quit _! homes & s\ght o!r c\ntries1 aft] ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 :i* depriv$ !m ( _! religi\s lib]ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dome ,,( ,,pisa1 ,,italy2 ,,) ,,! ,,fam\s ,,lean+ ,,t[]1 ,,9 ,,! ,,di/ance4 ,is x kn[n to :om we are indebt$ = ! inv5tion ( ,l95 ,pap]8 ,n exactly4 ,x has long be5 disput$ among ! le>n$ :51 & by :om1 x 0 inv5t$2 "s au?ors say x 0 discov]$ by ! ,g]mans1 o!rs by ! ,italians2 o!rs ascribe x to "s refugee ,greeks at ,basil1 :o took ! idea f ! mak+ ( cotton pap] 9 _! own c\ntry2 "s1 t ! ,arabs fir/ introduc$ x into ,europe4 ,p]haps ! ,*9ese h ! be/ title to ! inv5tion1 inasmu* z !y h = _m ages made pap]1 & 9 "s prov9ces ( ! same mat]ials z are n[ us$ by u 9 its manufacture4 ,9 :at place 0 ! art ( ,pr9t+ fir/ practis$8 ,:o 7 ! inv5tors ( ,pr9t+1 9 :at city1 & 9 :at ye> x 0 begun1 has long be5 a subject ( great dispute4 ,m5tz1 ,h>lem1 & ,/rasburg1 cities ( ,g]many1 all lay claim to ! inv5tion1 b ,m5tz seems to h ! be/ title to x4 ,:at 0 ! fir/ ,book t 0 pr9t$ f metal types8 ,a copy ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :i* made its appe>ance betwe5 ! ye>s #adej & #adeb4 ,:o introduc$ ,pr9t+ into ,engl&8 ,william ,caxton1 a m]*ant ( ,london1 :o _h acquir$ a k ( x 9 8 travels abroad4 ,( :at does ,pr9t+ consi/8 ,( ! art ( tak+ impressions ) ink1 f movable *>act]s & figures made ( metal1 c41 ^u pap] or p>*m5t4 ,:at is ,p>*m5t8 ,%eep or goat's sk91 prep>$ aft] a peculi> mann]1 :i* r5d]s x prop] = sev]al uses1 especially = writ+ on1 & = ! cov]+ ( books4 ,! anci5ts seem to h us$ ! sk9s ( animals z a writ+ mat]ial1 f a remote p]iod4 ,f :at is ! ^w ,p>*m5t tak58 ,f ,p]gam5a1 ! anci5t "n ( ?is manufacture1 :i* x is said to h tak5 f ! c\ntry ( ,p]gamus2 & to ,eum5es1 k+ ( t c\ntry1 its inv5tion is usually ascrib$1 ?\gh 9 reality1 t pr9ce appe>s to h be5 ! improv]1 r ?an ! inv5tor ( p>*m5t2 s9ce "s acc\nts ref] its inv5tion to a /ill e>li] p]iod ( "t4 ,h]odotus1 an anci5t ,greek hi/orian1 :o liv$ ab\t #dej ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 relates t ! anci5t ,ionians made use ( %eep & goat-sk9s 9 writ+1 _m ages be=e ! "t ( ,eum5es2 ! ,p]sians ( old1 too1 wrote all _! records on sk9s1 & probably su* sk9s 7 prep>$ & dress$ = t purpose1 aft] a mann] n unlike our p>*m5ts1 ?\gh n s artificially4 ,:o 7 ! ,ionians8 ,! inhabitants ( ,ionia1 an anci5t c\ntry 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 :at mann] is ,p>*m5t n[ prep>$8 ,! %eep-sk9s are sme>$ ov] ) lime#d on ! fle%y side1 fold$1 laid 9 heaps1 & ?us left = "s days2 !y are next /ret*$ v tight on wood5 frames1 aft] hav+ be5 wa%$1 dra9$1 & half dri$4 ,! fle% is !n c>efully tak5 (f ) iron in/rum5ts con/ruct$ on purpose1 & ! sk9 cleans$ f ! rema9+ hairs t adh]e to x4 ,aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh sev]al op]ations till x is p]fectly clean & smoo?1 x is fit = writ+ ^u4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xvi41 article ,lime4 ,:at are ! uses ( ,p>*m5t8 ,p>*m5t is ( great use = writ+s :i* are to be pres]v$1 on acc\nt ( its great durability2 ! writ+ on x rema9+ p]fect = a great numb] ( ye>s4 ,x is also us$ = ! b9d+ ( books1 & v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,:at is ,vellum8 ,a f9] sort ( p>*m5t ?an ! =m]1 b prep>$ 9 ! same mann]1 except t x is n pass$ ?r\gh ! lime-pit4 ,x is made ( ! sk9s ( v "y calves3 !re is also a /ill f9] sort made ( ! sk9s ( suck+ lambs1 or kids2 ?is is call$ virg9 p>*m5t1 & is v ?91 f9e1 & :ite1 & is us$ = fancy-"w1 su* z ladies' fans1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,cap]s1 ,,almonds1 ,,oranges1 ,,lemons1 ,,citrons1 ,,limes1 ,,olives1 ,,oils1 ,,melons1 ,,tam>9ds1 ,,& ,,dates4 ,:at are ,cap]s8 ,! full-gr[n fl[]-buds ( ! ,cap] ,tree1 a small %rub1 g5]ally f\nd gr[+ out ( ! fissures ( rocks1 or among rubbi%1 on old walls & ru9s1 giv+ !m a gay appe>ance ) its l>ge :ite fl[]s4 ,x is a native ( ,italy3 x is also common 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 :]e x is mu* cultivat$4 ,h[ are !y prep>$1 & = :at are !y us$8 ,!y are ga!r$1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade2 !n infus$ 9 v9eg>1 to :i* salt is add$2 aft] :i* !y are put 9 b>rels1 to be us$ z a pickle1 *iefly 9 sauces4 ,:at are frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ,cap]s8 ,! buds ( broom pickl$ 9 ! same mann]1 or ! b]ries ( ! na/urtium1 an ,am]ican annual plant1 ) pung5t fruit4 ,:at are ,almonds8 ,! nut ( ! ,almond ,tree1 a species ( ! pea*1 gr[+ 9 mo/ ( ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe2 !re are two k9ds1 ! bitt] & ! sweet4 ,:at are _! qualities & use8 ,! sweet almonds are ( a s(t1 grateful ta/e1 & mu* us$ by ! confection] 9 num]\s prep>ations ( sweet-meats1 cook]y1 c4 ,bo? sorts yield an oil1 & are useful 9 m$ic9e4 ,( :at c\ntry is ! ,orange a native8 ,x is a native ( ,*9a1 ,india1 & mo/ tropical c\ntries2 b has long be5 produc$ 9 great p]fection 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,oranges are import$ 9 imm5se quantities e ye>1 f ! ,azores1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,italy1 c4 ,!y are br\ght ov] 9 *e/s & boxes1 pack$ sep>ately 9 pap] to pres]ve !m4 ,! oranges 9 common use ) u are ! bitt] or ,seville1 ! ,*9a or sweet orange1 & ^? f ,florida4 ,:]e are ! ,azores situat$8 ,9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ab\t #hjj miles we/ ( ,portugal4 ,^! isl&s are v productive 9 w9e & fruits4 ,:]e is ,seville8 ,9 ,spa92 x is an anci5t & consid]able city1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,&alusia4 ,! fl[]s ( ! ,seville orange are highly odorif]\s1 & ju/ly e/eem$ "o ( ! f9e/ p]fumes4 ,its fruit is l>g] ?an ! ,*9a orange1 & r bitt]2 ! yell[ r9d or peel is w>m & aromatic4 ,! juice ( oranges is a grateful & :olesome acid4 ,odorif]\s1 sweet-sc5t$1 fragrant2 hav+ a brisk1 agreeable smell :i* may be p]ceiv$ at a di/ance4 ,:o fir/ introduc$ ! ,*9a ,orange into ,europe8 ,! ,portuguese4 ,x is said t ! v tree f :i* all ! ,european orange trees ( ?is sort 7 produc$1 0 /ill pres]v$ "s ye>s back1 at ! h\se ( ! ,c\nt ,/4 ,laur5t1 9 ,lisbon4 ,9 ,india1 ^? mo/ e/eem$1 & :i* are made pres5ts ( z r>ities1 are no l>g] ?an a billi>d ball4 ,! ,maltese oranges are said by "s to be ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,:o are ! ,maltese8 ,! inhabitants ( ,malta1 an isl& ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 situat$ betwe5 ,africa & ,sicily4 ,:5ce are ,lemons br\ght8 ,! ,lemon is a native ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 :5ce x 0 br\ght to ,greece1 & aft]w>ds to ,italy2 f ,italy x 0 transplant$ to ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! ,s\? ( ,france1 :5ce lemons are import$ 9 great pl5ty4 ,:at is ! ,citron8 ,! fruit ( ! ,citron ,tree1 resembl+ ! lemon1 b some:at l>g]1 & hav+ a f9] pulp4 ,! citron 0 also br\ght orig9ally f ! ,ea/ ( ,asia1 b has s9ce be5 produc$ 9 ! w>m p>ts ( ,europe1 l ! orange & lemon2 ,g5oa especially is ! greate/ nurs]y = !m4 ,its r9d is pr9cipally br\ght to ?is c\ntry 9 a c&i$ /ate1 & is appli$ by confection]s to v>i\s purposes4 ,:]e is ,g5oa8 ,a city ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 on ! ,m$it]ranean1 betwe5 ! riv]s ,bisagno & ,polcev]a4 ,:at is ! ,lime8 ,! ,lime is by "s ?\ght to be a species ( lemon1 by o!rs n2 x is a small] fruit1 & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies is greatly pref]r$ to ! lemon4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! w>m p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,! agreeable sc5t call$ ,b]gamot is prep>$ f ! r9d ( a small species ( lime4 ,:at are ,olives8 ,! fruit ( ! ,olive ,tree1 an ev]gre51 n[ common 9 ! woods ( ,france1 ,spa91 & ,italy2 b 9 ! wild /ate produc+ a small fruit ( no value2 :5 cultivat$1 h[ev]1 7:i* x is ext5sively1 bo? = ! fruit & ! quantity ( oil :i* x yields17 x =ms "o ( ! ri*e/ productions ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! olive came orig9ally f ,asia4 ,its use is v anci5t2 x is frequ5tly spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible1 bo? z 9 a wild & cultivat$ /ate4 ,! promis$ l& ( ! ,israelites 0 a l& ( oil1 olive1 & honey4 ,f ! "t t ! dove return$ to ,noah 9 ! ,ark ) an olive leaf pluck$ (f1 9 all ages & c\ntries1 :]ev] ?is tree is kn[n1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 has an olive-bran* be5 ! favorite emblem ( peace4 ,:at nation holds ! olive 9 great repute8 ,?is tree 0 a great favorite ) ! anci5t ,greeks1 & sc>cely an anci5t cu/om exi/$ 9 :i* ! olive 0 n 9 "s way associat$3 at _! m>riages & fe/ivals1 all p>ts ( _! dwell+s1 especially ! doors1 7 ornam5t$ ) !m1 & ! same cu/om prevails at ! pres5t day1 bo? 9 public & private rejoic+s4 ,x 0 also sc>cely less a favorite ) ! ,romans1 al?\gh x 0 n held 9 ! same sacr$ light z among/ ! ,greeks4 ,! olive-bran* has likewise be5 univ]sally consid]$ ! emblem ( pl5ty1 & z su*1 is f\nd on ! co9s ( ^? c\ntries ( :i* x is n a native4 ,two c5turies aft] ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 bo? ,italy & ,africa 7 /rang]s to ?is useful plant2 x aft]w>ds became naturaliz$ 9 ^? c\ntries1 & at l5g? arriv$ 9 ,spa91 ,france1 c4 ,olive trees sometimes atta9 a great age4 ,h[ are ! ,olives eat58 ,! olives :ile on ! tree are intol]ably bitt]1 )\t any ( t peculi> ta/e :i* ga9s !m admittance at ! ri*e/ tables2 to fit !m = :i* !y are pickl$4 ,ripe olives are eat5 9 ! ,ea/]n c\ntries1 especially among/ ! ,greeks1 z an article ( food1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,l5t4 ,! oil1 :i* !y yield 9 great quantities1 is v highly e/eem$2 be+ t *iefly us$ = salads1 c41 9 m$ic9e1 & 9 v>i\s manufactures4 ,l5t1 a "t ( fa/+2 ! "t f ,a%-,w$nesday to ,ea/]4 ,h[ is ! ,oil drawn f ! ,olive8 ,by presses or mills made = ! purpose4 ,! sweete/ & be/ olive oil comes f ! ,s\? ( ,france1 f ,naples1 ,flor5ce1 & ,lucca2 quantities are also br\ght f ,spa9 & ! ,ionian ,isl&s4 ,:]e is ,naples8 ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,italy4 ,:]e are ,flor5ce & ,lucca situat$8 ,9 ,italy4 ,flor5ce is a v anci5t1 l>ge1 & celebrat$ city1 ! capital ( ,italy2 ,lucca1 =m]ly a republic1 belongs n[ to ! k+dom ( ,italy4 ,republic1 a /ate 9 :i* ! supreme p[] ( gov]nm5t is lodg$ 9 repres5tatives *os5 by ! p1 in/ead ( be+ ve/$ 9 an emp]or or k+4 ,y said t ! olive is an ,ev]gre53 to :at plant or %rub is ! t]m p>ticul>ly appli$8 ,to any %rub or tree ^: leaves cont9ue fre% & gre5 all ! ye> r\nd1 w9t] & summ]1 z ! laurel1 p9e1 c$>1 holly1 c41 :i* d n %$ _! leaves 9 autumn z o!r trees4 ,is oil a production conf9$ to ! ,olive alone8 ,by no means4 ,oil is a fatty1 inflammable matt]1 drawn f _m vegetable & animal bodies4 ,! oils 9 common use are ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds4 ,! fir/ are m]e oily or fatty bodies1 extract$ ei!r by pressure1 or by decoction3 ( ! fir/ k9d are ^? ( almonds1 nuts1 olives1 c42 & ( ! o!r1 ^? ( diff]5t b]ries1 c41 :i* are procur$ by boil+ ! sub/ance 9 wat]1 :i* causes ! oil to collect on ! top4 ,decoction1 act ( boil+--a *emical t]m4 ,:at are ! second & ?ird k9ds ( ,oils8 ,! second are ^? drawn f vegetables by common di/illation 9 ! alembic1 ) ! aid ( wat]2 ^! conta9 ! oily & volatile "p ( ! plant1 & are call$ ess5tial oils4 ,! ?ird sort are ^? produc$ by di/illation1 b ( a diff]5t k9d 9 an op5 vessel1 & )\t ! help ( wat]4 ,!y are likewise divid$ into vegetable oils1 animal oils1 & m9]al oils2 :i* la/ are ^? drawn f amb]1 & a few o!r sub/ances p>tak+ bo? ( ! vegetable & m9]al natures1 z ,petroleum1 commonly kn[n z k]os5e or coal oil4 ,alembic1 a *emical vessel us$ 9 di/ill+4 ,x consi/s ( a vessel plac$ ov] a fire1 conta9+ ! sub/ance to be di/ill$2 ! upp] "p1 :i* receives & cond5ses ! /eam1 is call$ ! head2 ! beak ( ?is is fitt$ to a vessel call$ a receiv]4 ,volatile1 easily escap+1 quickly fly+ (f4 ,:5ce is ! ^w ,oil d]iv$8 ,f ! ,lat9 oleum1 =m$ f olea1 olive-tree1 ! fruit ( :i* ab\nds 9 oil4 ,:at imm5se fi% is x t furni%es u ) a quantity ( animal oil8 ,! ,:ale1 ! l>ge/ & noble/ inhabitant ( ! wat]s4 ,x is protect$ f ! cold by a case or coat+ ( blubb]1 t is1 a ?ick oily fat f :i* ! oil is made2 numb]s ( !m are caught = ! sake ( t4 ,amb]gris1 highly priz$ 9 p]fum]y1 is a product ( ! sp]m :ale4 ,9 :at seas are !y f\nd8 ,*iefly 9 ! ,nor!rn ,seas3 ext5sive :ale fi%]ies are c>ri$ on by ! ,am]icans1 ,engli%1 ,dut*1 c41 & numb]s ( vessels are s5t out = ! purpose ( tak+ ! fi%3 !y usually sail 9 ! latt] end ( ,m>*1 & beg9 fi%+ ab\t ,may4 ,! :ale fi%]y cont9ues g5]ally f t "t till ! latt] end ( ,june or ,july4 ,!re are also o!r fi%es & animals :i* af=d u oils ( diff]5t k9ds1 :i* are us$ = v>i\s purposes 9 m$ic9e & ! arts4 ,is ! oil call$ ca/or1 :i* is s mu* us$ 9 m$ic9e1 ! product ( an animal or a plant8 ,ca/or oil is express$ f a ,we/ ,indian %rub1 call$ ,palma ,*ri/i2 & especially f ! ripe se$s1 :i* are full ( ?is oil4 ,x is prep>$ by collect+ ^! ripe se$s1 & free+ !m f ! husks2 !n bruis+ & beat+ !m into a pa/e2 !y are next boil$ 9 wat]1 :5 ! oil ris+ to ! surface is skimm$ (f z x cont9ues to appe>4 ,! ,ca/or-oil plant is f\nd gr[+ abundantly 9 ,sumatra1 p>ticul>ly ne> ! sea-%ore4 ,:]e is ,sumatra situat$8 ,9 ! ,ori5tal ,ar*ipelago1 (f ! s\? ea/]n "p ( ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,9 :at o!r c\ntries is ?is plant f\nd8 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,africa1 ,syria1 & ,egypt4 ,x 0 anci5tly cultivat$ 9 ! two la/-m5tion$ c\ntries 9 l>ge quantities1 ! se$s be+ us$ = ! oil !y yield$1 :i* 0 burnt 9 lamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,beav]s ,,build+ ,,_! ,,huts4 ,is n ! ,palma ,*ri/i mu* affect$ by soil & situation8 ,greatly s4 ,9 "s places x atta9s ! /ature ( a tree1 & is n a bi5nial plant1 b endures = _m ye>s1 z 9 ! w>m pla9s ( ,irak1 ,arabia1 & "s p>ts ( ,africa4 ,bi5nial1 la/+ = ! space ( two ye>s only4 ,:at are ,melons8 ,a species ( ! ,cucumis1 a g5us ( plants to :i* ! cucumb] belongs4 ,!re are great v>ieties ( ?is fruit cultivat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2 t sort call$ ! ,cantaleup 7s nam$ f be+ cultivat$ at a place ( t "n 9 ! neighborhood ( ,rome1 :i!r x 0 br\ght f ,arm5ia17 is a species ( musk-melon2 ! mature fruit is juicy1 & delicately flavor$4 ,:]e is ,arm5ia situat$8 ,arm5ia is a l>ge c\ntry situat$ 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 to ! we/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,:at species ( ,melon is t :i* almo/ makes up = a sc>city ( good wat] 9 hot c\ntries8 ,! wat]-melon1 :i* af=ds a cool1 refre%+ juice1 & qu5*es ! ?ir/ produc$ by ! excessive heats4 ,x requires a dry1 s&y soil1 & a w>m climate2 ! pulp ( ! fruit is rem>kably ri* & delici\s4 ,:at are ,tam>9ds8 ,! fruit ( ! ,tam>9d ,tree1 a native ( bo? ! ,indies1 ,asia1 ,africa1 c4 ,x is ( a r\ndi% =m1 & compos$ ( two pods inclos$ "o )9 ! o!r1 betwe5 :i* is a s(t pulpy sub/ance1 ( a t>t b agreeable ta/e2 ! inn] pod conta9s ! se$s or /ones4 ,t>t1 %>p1 acid4 ,= :at are !y us$8 ,we use !m only z m$ic9e2 b ! ,africans1 & _m ( ! ,ori5tal nations1 ) :om !y are common1 make !m into a k9d ( pres]ve ) sug>1 :i* !y eat z a delicacy1 & :i* cools !m 9 ! viol5t heats ( _! climate4 ,f :at nation 0 ! k ( _! use 9 m$ic9e obta9$8 ,f ! ,arabians4 ,:at does ! ^w ,ori5tal signify8 ,belong+ to ! ,ea/2 !re=e ^? c\ntries ( ! globe situat$ 9 ! ,ea/ are call$ ,ori5tal1 ^? 9 ! ,we/1 ,occid5tal1 f ,ori5s1 signify+ ,ea/1 & ,occid5s1 ,we/4 ,:at are ,dates8 ,! fruit ( ! ,palm1 a beautiful & graceful tree1 peculi> to ! w>m] regions ( ! globe2 ! gr[? ( ! palm is extremely s+ul>1 = al?\gh "s species atta9 to ! height ( ! l>ge/ =e/ trees1 _! /ructure diff]s mat]ially f t ( a tree1 prop]ly s call$4 ,! leaves ( ! "y plant arise directly f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & !re is no appe>ance ( any /em = sev]al ye>s2 ?is /em once =m$1 nev] increases 9 size1 ! gr[? ( ! plant be+ always upw>d1 s t ! /em itself is =m$ by ! prior gr[? ( ! gre5 portions ( ! palm4 ,/ructure1 ! mann] ( =mation4 ,h[ (t5 does ?is tree ca/ its circle ( leaves8 ,e ye>2 s t ! numb] ( ye>s a palm has exi/$ is kn[n by ! sc>s :i* are left by _! fall+ (f4 ,! palm is an ev]gre54 ,:at are ! uses ( ?is ,tree8 ,! ,palm is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! inhabitants ( ! tropical regions2 ! fruit & sap provid+ !m ) food1 ! fibr\s p>ts ) clo?+1 & ! leaves =m+ ! great] "p ( _! slightly-con/ruct$ huts2 ! leaves ( "s species are =m$ into fans1 hats1 & p>asols2 o!rs are writt5 on1 9 ! same mann] t we write on pap]2 artificial fl[]s are made ( ! pi? ( "s2 ! light & supple rattan walk+-cane is ! sl5d] %oot ( ano!r k9d2 & solid & useful ut5sils are made ( ! %ell ( ! cocoa-nut4 ,! fibres ( ! ,date ,palm are =m$ into ropes & tw9e2 a liquor is drawn f ! trunk1 call$ palm w9e2 ! trunks ( ! old trees furni% a h>d & durable wood2 & ev5 ! nuts or /ones ( ! fruit are useful = fe$+ cattle2 a :olesome fl\r is also made ( ! fruit1 :5 dri$ & r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,con/ruct$1 put toge!r4 ,:5ce is its "n d]iv$8 ,f ! ,lat9 ^w palma1 a h&1 giv5 to ^! productions ( ! vegetable _w1 f ! suppos$ resemblance ( _! broad leaves to ! human h&4 ,! ,date1 ! fruit ( ! ,date ,palm1 d]ives its "n f ! ,greek dactylus1 a f+]1 f its mode ( gr[+ 9 clu/]s spread+ out l ! f+]s ( ! h&4 ,! ,palm sometimes =ms imp5etrable =e/s2 b m frequ5tly is f\nd 9 small gr\ps ( two or ?ree1 or ev5 s+ly1 beside spr+s & f\nta9s ( wat]1 af=d+ a k9dly %ade to ! ?ir/y travell]4 ,imp5etrable1 n easily p5etrat$ or got ?r\gh4 ,f :at c\ntries are ,dates br\ght8 ,f ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,p]sia1 ,africa1 & ! ,indies4 ,among ! ,egyptians & ,africans1 !y make a pr9cipal article ( food4 ,dates1 :5 ripe1 are ( a bright coral r$1 ( an oblong =m1 & possess a %>p bit+ ta/e3 !y are usually ga!r$ 9 autumn1 be=e be+ p]fectly ripe4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,hats1 ,,/ock+s1 ,,%oes1 ,,gloves1 ,,lea!r1 ,,furs1 ,,& ,,ink4 ,( :at are ,hats made8 ,( felt & wool4 ,dress hats = m5's we>1 7 =m]ly made ( beav]-fur1 b ! increas+ sc>city ( ?is article l$ to ! introduction ( silk plu% z a sub/itute1 & ! result is t beav] is entirely sup]s$$1 & plu% is us$ altoge!r4 ,!y possess _m advantages ov] ! beav] hat1 z !y are light1 glossy1 & durable4 ,hats are also made ( /raw1 plait$ & sew$ toge!r4 ,:5 did ,hats come into g5]al use8 ,! fir/ m5tion made ( hats is ab\t ! "t ( ! ,saxons1 b !y 7 n worn except by ! ri*4 ,hats = m5 7 inv5t$ at ,p>is1 by a ,swiss1 9 #adjd4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aeaj1 !y 7 fir/ manufactur$ 9 ,london1 by ,spani>ds4 ,be=e t "t bo? m5 & wom5 9 ,engl& commonly wore close1 knitt$1 wooll5 caps4 ,!y appe> to h become m common 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,x is relat$1 t :5 ,*>les ! ,second made 8 public entry into ,r\51 9 #addi1 he wore a hat l9$ ) r$ velvet1 surm\nt$ ) a plume or tuft ( fea!rs2 f :i* entry1 or at lea/ dur+ 8 reign1 ! use ( hats & caps is to be dat$2 & f t "t !y took ! place ( *ap]ons & hoods1 t _h be5 worn be=e 9 ,france4 ,:]e is ,r\58 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,l[] ,se9e1 9 ,france2 x 0 =m]ly ! capital ( ,norm&y4 ,describe ! ,ca/or1 or ,beav]1 & its habits4 ,! ,beav] has a broad1 flat tail1 cov]$ ) scales1 s]v+ z a rudd] to direct its motion 9 ! wat]2 ! toes ( its h9d feet are furni%$ ) membranes1 aft] ! mann] ( wat]-f[l2 ! =e feet supply ! place ( h&s1 l ^? ( ! squirrel4 ,! ,beav] has two k9ds ( hair1 ( a light br[n color1 "o long & co>se1 ! o!r %ort & silky4 ,! tee? resemble ^? ( a rat or squirrel1 b are long]1 & admirably adapt$ = cutt+ timb] or /ripp+ (f ! b>k f trees4 ,membranes1 ?91 flexible1 exp&$ sk9s1 connect+ ! toes ( wat]-f[l & amphibi\s animals1 & ?us enabl+ !m to swim ) great] ease4 ,:]e d ,beav]s usually fix _! habitations8 ,_! h\ses are always situat$ 9 ! wat]2 !y are compos$ ( clay1 :i* !y make into a k9d ( mort> ) _! paws3 ^! huts are ( an oval figure1 divid$ into ?ree ap>tm5ts rais$ "o above ! o!r1 & erect$ on piles driv5 into ! mud4 ,ea* beav] has 8 peculi> cell assign$ him1 ! floor ( :i* he /rews ) leaves or small bran*es ( ! p9e tree4 ,! :ole build+ is g5]ally capable ( conta9+ eight or t5 inhabitants4 ,on :at does ! ,beav] fe$8 ,its food consi/s ( fruit & plants2 & 9 w9t]1 ( ! wood ( ! a% & o!r trees4 ,! hunt]s & trapp]s 9 ,am]ica =m]ly kill$ va/ numb]s = _! sk9s1 :i* 7 9 great dem&1 z !y 7 us$ 9 mak+ hats1 b z ! only use !y are n[ put to is = trimm+1 & = m5's gloves & coll>s1 ! dem& has fall5 (f4 ,( :at are /ock+s made8 ,( cotton1 silk1 or wool1 wov5 or knitt$4 ,anci5tly1 ! only /ock+s 9 use 7 made ( clo?1 or /uff sew$ toge!r2 b s9ce ! inv5tion ( knitt+ & weav+ /ock+s ( silk1 c41 ! use ( clo? has be5 discont9u$4 ,f :at c\ntry is x suppos$ t ! inv5tion ( silk knitt$ /ock+s orig9ally came8 ,f ,spa91 9 #aehi4 ,! art ( weav+ /ock+s 9 a frame 0 inv5t$ by ,william ,lee1 ,m4,a41 ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,expla9 ! signification ( ,m4,a4 ,ma/] ( ,arts1 a degree ( honor conf]r$ by ! ,univ]sities4 ,:at are ,%oes8 ,a cov]+ = ! foot1 n[ usually made ( lea!r4 ,9 diff]5t ages & c\ntries1 %oes h be5 made ( v>i\s mat]ials1 z raw sk9s1 ru%es1 broom1 pap]1 silk1 wool1 iron1 silv]1 & gold4 ,:at nation wore ,%oes made ( ! b>k ( ! papyrus8 ,! ,egyptians4 ,! ,turks always take (f _! %oes1 & leave !m at ! door1 :5 !y ent] ,mosques or dwell+-h\ses4 ,! same cu/om also prevails 9 o!r ,ea/]n nations4 ,:at is a ,mosque8 ,a ,mahom$an *ur* or temple4 ,:at is meant by ,mahom$an8 ,belong+ to ! religion ( ,mahom$1 ! w>rior & prophet ( ,arabia & ,turkey1 :o 0 its f\nd]4 ,he 0 born at ,mecca1 a city ( ,arabia1 9 #ega2 & di$ 9 #fca1 at ,m$9a1 a city situat$ betwe5 ,arabia ,felix & ,arabia ,des]ta4 ,8 cre$ ma9ta9s t !re is b "o ,god1 & t ,mahom$ is 8 ,prophet2 x enjo9s ! obs]vance ( pray]s1 wa%+s1 almsgiv+1 fa/+1 sobriety1 pilgrimage to ,mecca1 c4 ,:at d ! appellations ( ,felix & ,des]ta signify8 ,arabia1 a c\ntry ( ,asia1 ly+ on ! bord]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 is divid$ into ,petra1 ,des]ta1 & ,felix2 ,petra1 signify+ ! ,/ony2 ,des]ta1 ! ,des]t2 & ,felix1 ! =tunate or fruitful4 ,:at is ,lea!r8 ,! sk9s ( v>i\s animals1 z ox51 c[s1 calves1 c41 dress$ & prep>$ = use4 ,h[ is ! ,lea!r prep>$8 ,by tann+2 t is1 /eep+ ! sk9s 9 an infusion ( tan1 by :i* !y are r5d]$ firm1 durable1 &1 9 a great degree1 imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,infusion1 a liquor made by /eep+ any?+ 9 wat]1 or o!r liquids1 )\t boil+4 ,:at is ,tan8 ,! b>k ( ! oak-tree1 c41 gr\nd by a mill into a co>se p[d]4 ,:at is ,lime8#e ,a :ite1 s(t1 friable1 e>?y sub/ance1 prep>$ f m>ble1 *alk1 & o!r lime-/ones1 or f %ells1 by burn+ 9 a kiln4 ,footnote #e3 ,= a fur!r acc\nt ( x1 see ,*apt]s ,,xiii4 ,,xvi4 ,friable1 easily p[d]$4 ,= :at is x us$8 ,its greate/ use is 9 ! composition ( mort> = build+2 x is also mu* us$ by tann]s1 sk9n]s1 c41 9 ! prep>ation ( lea!r2 by soap-boil]s 9 ! manufacture ( soap2 & by sug>-bak]s = ref9+ sug>4 ,:at is a ,kiln8 ,a fabric ( brick or /one1 =m$ = admitt+ heat 9 ord] to dry or burn mat]ials plac$ 9 x4 ,( :at are ,gloves made8 ,( lea!r1 silk1 ?read1 cotton1 wor/$1 c4 ,:at sk9s are g5]ally us$ = ,gloves8 ,^? ( ! *amois1 kid1 lamb1 dog1 doe1 & _m o!r animals4 ,:at are ,furs1 & h[ are !y prep>$8 ,furs are ! sk9s ( wild animals1 dress$ ) ! hair on1 & us$ z app>el1 ei!r = w>m?1 ornam5t1 or di/9ction ( rank or dignity4 ,"n a few ( ! pr9cipal furs 9 use4 ,! fur ( ! erm9e1 an animal inhabit+ ! cold regions ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 is highly valu$1 & mu* us$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,9 summ]1 ! upp] "p ( ! body is ( a yell[i%-br[n color2 ! "u p>ts :ite1 slightly t+$ ) yell[4 ,x is !n call$ a /oat4 ,9 w9t]1 ! fur is clos] & f9]1 & is ( a sn[y :ite color2 ! tip ( ! tail is black ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 ,europe ! fur is mu* us$ = ornam5t+ ! /ate robes ( sov]eigns & nobles4 ,! sable is ano!r animal mu* priz$ = its ri* fur2 x is a native ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! sk9s ( ! m>t51 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z well z 9 ,nor!rn ,asia & ! m\nta9s ( ,kamts*atka2 & also ( ! be>1 fox1 raccoon1 badg]1 lynx1 musk-rat1 rabbit1 h>e1 & squirrel1 :i* are all procur$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 are valuable4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable descriptions ( fur is t ( ! seal4 ,h[ is x procur$8 ,by hunt+ ! animals1 :i* is ! employm5t bo? ( natives & settl]s f o!r c\ntries2 ! hunt]s sell ! sk9s = money1 to a company e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( trad+ 9 furs1 or m frequ5tly ex*ange !m = clo!s1 arms1 & o!r articles4 ,! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company ( ,san ,francisco is grant$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ! exclusive privilege ( cat*+ ! fur seal4 ,:at is ,alum8 ,a k9d ( m9]al1 ( a /rong1 %>p ta/e4 ,x dissolves bo? 9 cold & boil+ wat]1 b be/ 9 ! latt]4 ,x is ( "s use 9 m$ic9e2 a pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 dye+ & color+1 nei!r ( :i* c be well p]=m$ )\t x1 z x sets & bright5s ! colors1 & prev5ts !m f wa%+ out4 ,x is also extremely useful 9 _m arts & manufactures4 ,are !re n diff]5t sorts ( ?is mat]ial8 ,! pr9cipal k9ds are native alums3 viz4 ^? prep>$ & p]fect$ und]gr\nd by ! spontane\s op]ations ( nature2 z ! ro*1 commonly call$ rock alum1 f ,ro*a1 9 ,syria1 :5ce x is br\ght4 ,spontane\s1 unassi/$ by art4 ,ori5tals1 inhabitants ( ! ,ea/]n p>ts ( ! _w4 ,:at is ,ink8 ,a liquor us$ 9 writ+ on pap] or p>*m5t1 made ( copp]as1 galls2 & gum arabic#f mix$ toge!r4 ,!re are likewise sev]al plants t may s]ve = ! mak+ ( ink1 z oak-b>k1 r$ roses1 log-wood1 c4 ,x is also made f an infusion ( oak galls & iron fil+s3 !re are also _m o!r ways1 z well z mat]ials1 employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( ?is useful article4 ,ink is ! "n appli$ to all liquids us$ 9 writ+1 ( :atev] color !y may be1 z r$1 blue1 c41 ?\gh black is ! mo/ us$ = common purposes4 ,! ink ( ! anci5ts seems to h be5 ( a ?ick1 oily nature1 unlike ! mod]n ink2 x consi/$ ( no?+ m ?an a species ( soot1 or ivory black1 mix$ ) "o f\r? ( gum4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,:at is ,copp]as8 ,a k9d ( vitriol4 ,copp]as is ! "n giv5 to gre5 vitriol1 :i* is a prep>ation f iron4 ,! blue vitriol is a sulphate ( copp]1 & ! :ite vitriol a sulphate ( z9c4 ,= :at is ,vitriol us$8 ,9 ! mak+ ( glass1 to color x2 9 _m arts & manufactures2 & 9 m$ic9e4 ,:at are ,galls8 ,excresc5ces =m$ on a k9d ( oak tree 9 c]ta9 w>m climates2 p]=ations are made by an insect into ! b>k ( ! tree1 :5ce issues a liquid :i* h>d5s by exposure4 ,!y are us$ 9 dye+1 mak+ ink1 & o!r compositions4 ,!re are two sorts ( oak galls 9 our %ops1 br\ght f ! ,levant1 & ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,:at does ! ^w ,levant signify8 ,a c\ntry to ! ea/w>d4 ,x is appli$ to ! c\ntries ( ,turkey1 ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 c41 :i* are wa%$ by ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,is ! ,ink us$ 9 ,pr9t+ ! same z writ+ ,ink8 ,no2 x is m ( ! nature ( pa9t1 be+ ?ick] & m glut9\s3 x *iefly consi/s ( a mixture ( oil & lamp-black1 or "s o!r +r$i5t1 accord+ to ! color requir$2 & is rem>kable = ! ease ) :i* x adh]es to pap] t is moi/5$4 ,glut9\s1 gummy1 resembl+ glue4 ,:at is ,indian1 or ,*9ese ,ink8 ,an admirable composition1 n liquid l our ink1 b solid1 & made into cakes some:at l ! m9]al colors we use 9 pa9t+4 ,x is made into all sorts ( figures1 usually long1 & ab\t an in* ?ick2 sometimes gilt ) ! figures ( birds1 fl[]s1 c4 ,to use ?is ink1 x mu/ be rubb$ ) wat]1 on /one or e>!nw>e1 till x produces a beautiful1 liquid1 %9+ black4 ,x is us$ 9 draw+1 c41 & is br\ght f ,*9a4 ,x is compos$ ( lamp-black & size1 or animal glue1 or gum1 to :i* p]fumes & o!r sub/ances are sometimes add$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,asbe/us1 ,,salt1 ,,coal1 ,,iron1 ,,copp]1 ,,brass1 ,,z9c1 ,,& ,,lapis ,,calam9>is4 ,:at is ! "n ( ! rem>kable /one ( :i* a clo? has be5 made1 t resi/s ! action ( fire8 ,! ,asbe/us1 a m9]al sub/ance ( a :iti% or silv] color4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ?is m9]al1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! appe>ance ( ea*1 z fibr\s asbe/us1 h>d asbe/us1 & woody asbe/us2 x is ! fibr\s sort :i* is mo/ not$ = its uses 9 ! arts4 ,x is usually f\nd inclos$ )9 v h>d /ones2 sometimes gr[+ on _! outside1 & sometimes deta*$ f !m4 ,fibr\s1 full ( fibres or ?reads4 ,:at are its qualities8 ,x is insipid2 w n dissolve 9 wat]2 & expos$ to ! fire1 x nei!r consumes nor calc9es4 ,! indu/ry ( mank9d has f\nd a me?od ( work+ ^u ?is unt[>d m9]al & employ+ x 9 mak+ clo? & pap]2 ! process is1 h[ev]1 difficult4 ,insipid1 )\t ta/e4 ,0 n ?is curi\s m9]al bett] kn[n to ! anci5ts ?an x is at pres5t8 ,! l95 made f x 0 highly e/eem$ by !m2 x 0 n only bett] kn[n1 b m common1 ?an among u1 be+ equally valuable ) ! ri*e/ pe>ls2 b ! sup]iority ( all o!r clo?s to ?is 9 e respect1 except ! resi/ance to fire1 has caus$ incombu/ible clo? to be reg>d$ 9 mod]n times m]ely z a curiosity1 b x is /ill employ$ 9 *emical prep>ations4 ,incombu/ible1 rema9+ unde/roy$ 9 fire4 ,to :at use did !y put x8 ,9 royal fun]als1 x =m$ ! %r\d to wrap ! body 9 t its a%es might be prev5t$ f m+l+ ) ! wood1 c41 t compos$ ! pile4 ,"s ( ! anci5ts made !mselves clo!s ( x1 p>ticul>ly ! ,brahm9s among ! ,h9doos2 x =m$ wicks = _! p]petual lamps2 ?read1 ropes1 nets1 & pap] 7 also made ( x4 ,pl9y1 ! ,roman naturali/1 says he has se5 napk9s ( asbe/us tak5 soil$ f ! table aft] a fea/1 :i* 7 ?r[n into ! fire1 & by t means bett] sc\r$ ?an if !y _h be5 wa%$ ) wat]4 ,naturali/1 a p]son :o /udies nature1 especially 9 :at relates to m9]als1 vegetables1 & animals4 ,brahm9s1 ,h9doo prie/s4 ,:]e is ! ,asbe/us f\nd8 ,?is m9]al is f\nd 9 ! greate/ quantity 9 ! silv] m9es ( ,saxony2 at ,bleyburg1 9 ,c>9?ia2 9 ,sw$51 ,corsica1 & sometimes 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 also 9 ,t>t>y & ,sib]ia4 ,:at me?od is us$ 9 prep>+ ! ,asbe/us8 ,! /one is laid 9 w>m wat] to soak1 !n op5$ & divid$ by ! h&s1 t ! e>?y matt] may be wa%$ out4 ,?is wa%+ is sev]al times repeat$1 & ! flax-l filam5ts collect$ & dri$2 ^! are easily spun ) ! addition ( flax4 ,! clo? :5 wov5 is be/ pres]v$ by oil f break+ or wa/+2 on exposure to ! fire1 ! flax & ! oil burn out1 & ! clo? rema9s ( a pure :ite4 ,! %ort] ?reads1 :i* sep>ate on wa%+ ! /one1 may be made into pap] 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:at is ,salt8 ,a sal9e cry/allization ( a %>p1 pung5t ta/e1 & cleans+ quality1 us$ to season fle%1 fi%1 butt]1 c41 & o!r ?+s t are to be kept4 ,x is di/+ui%$1 ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al s\rces f :i* x is mo/ pl5tifully d]iv$1 into ?ree diff]5t sorts1 namely1 fossil1 or rock salt2 sea1 or m>9e salt2 & spr+ salt1 or t drawn f br9y spr+s & wells4 ,m>9e1 belong+ to ! sea4 ,sal9e1 consi/+ ( salt4 ,br9y1 consi/+ ( br9e2 :i* means wat] ta/+ ( salt2 x is us$ to signify ! wat]s ( ! sea1 or any salt wat]4 ,:at is ,fossil or ,rock ,salt8 ,t :i* is f\nd 9 l>ge b$s 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & :i* has n und]gone any artificial prep>ation2 x is sometimes colorless1 b m frequ5tly r$1 yell[1 or blue1 & mix$ ) e>?y impurities2 ?is salt 0 entirely unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 :o by rock salt meant t :i* adh]es to ! rocks above high-wat] m>k1 be+ lodg$ !re by ! spray ( ! sea1 :i* is evaporat$ by ! heat ( ! sun2 ?is is ! pure/ salt1 & is to be f\nd on ! rocks ( ,sicily1 & sev]al isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,artificial1 produc$ by art1 & ! labor ( man4 ,evaporat$1 conv]t$ into vapor & dissipat$4 ,:at is ,m>9e ,salt8 ,t :i* is made f sea-wat]1 conc5trat$ by repeat$ evaporations1 & at l5g? cry/alliz$4 ,:at is ,spr+ ,salt8 ,t salt :i* is n made f sea-wat]1 b f ! wat] ( salt wells or spr+s2 l>ge quantities ( ?is salt are made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 "s p>ts ( :i* sal9e spr+s are num]\s4 ,9 :at mann] is x obta9$8 ,! means employ$ = extract+ ! salt f ! wat] v>y accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 hot c\ntries1 ! wat] is m]ely expos$ to ! action ( ! sun1 until ! wat] is evaporat$2 ! salt procur$ 9 ?is mann] is consid]$ ! be/4 ,:at me?od is usually employ$ 9 c\ntries :]e ! sun's heat is n suffici5tly p[]ful8 ,9 climates :]e ! rays ( ! sun d n af=d suffici5t heat1 ! wat]1 :i* has be5 p>tly evaporat$ 9 l>ge %all[ res]voirs =m$ 9 ! e>?1 call$ salt-pans1 is p\r$ into enorm\s copp]s & boil$ = f\r or five h\rs3 :5 ! cont5ts ( ! copp] are wa/$ to half ! quantity1 ! liquid beg9s to be cry/alliz$2 ! vessel is aga9 fill$ up1 & ! br9e aga9 boil$ & purifi$3 ?is is repeat$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,aft] ! la/ purify+ ! fire is kept v l[ = twelve or f\rte5 h\rs1 & :5 ! moi/ure is ne>ly evaporat$ ! salt is remov$1 &1 aft] ! rema9+ br9e has dra9$ (f1 is plac$ 9 ! /ore-h\ses4 ,9 :at c\ntries is ,salt g5]ally f\nd8 ,?is sub/ance1 s necess>y to ! com=t ( mank9d1 is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 & no?+1 except1 p]haps1 ! air we brea!1 is m easily plac$ )9 our rea*4 ,! ocean is an exhau/less /ore-h\se ( ?is valuable article4 ,^? nations ( ! e>? :i* are plac$ at a di/ance f ! sea1 f9d !mselves provid$ ) magaz9es ( salt1 ei!r 9 solid masses1 or dissolv$ 9 ! wat]s ( inl& lakes1 or issu+ f ! solid rocks 9 spr+s ( br9e4 ,at ,sal9a1 ,syracuse1 & o!r places 9 ,onondaga ,co41 ,new ,york1 salt spr+s are rem>kably abundant1 & yield annually sev]al millions ( bu%els2 imm5se quantities are also obta9$ f ! salt-wells on ! ,great & ,little ,kana:a1 & o!r places 9 ,we/]n ,virg9ia2 x is also ext5sively manufactur$ 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,"n ! c\ntries mo/ not$ = m9es ( ,salt4 ,pol&1 ,upp] ,hung>y1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,catalonia1 h ext5sive salt m9es2 ^? 9 ! village ( ,wieliczca1 9 ,pol&1 ab\t five leagues f ,crac[1 are ( a surpris+ dep? & size4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,h9do/an1 !re is a rem>kable salt lake2 & 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! globe !re are spots ( gr\nd impregnat$ entirely ) ?is sub/ance3 an isl& ( ! ,ea/ ,indies conta9s a s+ul> k9d ( fossil1 or native dry salt2 ! soil !re is 9 g5]al v fruitful1 b 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! isl&1 !re are spots ( gr\nd entirely b>r51 )\t ! appe>ance ( any?+ vegetable ^u !m2 ^! spots ta/e v mu* ( salt1 & ab\nd ) x 9 su* quantities1 z to supply n only ! :ole isl&1 b ! great] "p ( ! adjac5t cont95t4 ,9 ,utah ,t]ritory1 especially 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,mormon city1 at ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 are f\nd ext5sive pla9s ?us impregnat$ ) salt1 :i* is procur$ 9 great abundance4 ,fossil1 ! rema9s ( m9]als or %ells dug f ! e>?4 ,impregnat$1 fill$1 saturat$4 ,catalonia1 a consid]able prov9ce ( ,spa91 situat$ to ! nor?-ea/4 ,adjac5t1 adjo9+1 ly+ ne>1 or contigu\s4 ,to :at use did ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,africa & ,arabia put ?is sub/ance8 ,! l>ge slabs ( rock salt1 ) :i* _! c\ntry ab\nds1 7 employ$ by !m in/ead ( /ones1 9 build+ _! dwell+s1 ! pieces be+ easily cem5t$ toge!r by spr9kl+ ! jo9ts ) wat]1 :i*1 melt+ ! p>ts ( ! two surfaces t oppos$ ea* o!r1 =m$ ! :ole1 :5 dry1 into "o solid block4 ,does ,rock ,salt und]go any prep>ation be=e x is us$8 ,yes2 :5 tak5 f ! e>? x is dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1 & aft]w>ds drawn (f into salt-pans1 & ref9$ 9 ! same mann] z ! sea salt4 ,:at is ,coal8 ,a h>d1 black1 sulphur\s & inflammable sub/ance1 dug out ( ! e>?1 s]v+ 9 _m c\ntries z fuel4 ,x is common 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is f\nd 9 b$s hav+ an area ( sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,f :at is ,coal suppos$ to h orig9at$8 ,its orig9 is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f gigantic trees :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! swamps & =e/s ( ! primeval e>?4 ,^! hav+ be5 torn away f _! native b$1 by /orms & inundations1 7 transport$ into "s adjac5t lake1 riv]1 or sea4 ,"h !y float$ on ! wat]s until1 saturat$ ) !m1 !y sank to ! bottom1 & be+ buri$ 9 ! l[] soil ( adjac5t l&s1 became trans=m$ into a new /ate among ! memb]s ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,a long int]m5t foll[$1 dur+ :i* a c\rse ( *emical *anges1 & new comb9ations ( _! vegetable elem5ts1 conv]t$ !m to ! m9]al condition ( coal4 ,primeval1 orig9al1 exi/+ be=e ! flood4 ,gigantic1 extremely l>ge1 great] ?an ! usual size4 ,int]m5t1 burial "u ! gr\nd4 ,elem5ts1 ! sev]al p>ts or pr9ciples ( :i* bodies are compos$4 ,:at is a ,coal ,m9e8 ,a subt]rane\s excavation1 f :i* coal is obta9$4 ,d ! t]ms ,coal & ,*>coal signify ! same sub/ance8 ,no2 ,*>coal is an artificial fuel1 made 9 imitation ( coal1 by burn+ wood cov]$ ) e>? s z p>tially to exclude ! air4 ,x is us$ = v>i\s purposes1 z ! mak+ ( gunp[d]1#g poli%+ brass & copp]1 c41 & :5 a cle> & bright fire is requir$1 z x burns ) little or no smoke2 x is dang]\s1 h[ev]1 = "o to rema9 _m h\rs 9 a close room ) a *>coal fire1 z ! fumes x ?r[s out are hurtful1 & w\ld de/roy life4 ,*>coal1 9 fact1 is ! coaly residuum ( any vegetables burnt 9 close vessels2 b ! common *>coal is t prep>$ f wood1 & is g5]ally black1 v brittle1 light1 & de/itute ( ta/e or smell4 ,x is a p[]ful antiseptic1 unalt]able & inde/ructible4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,residuum1 ! rema9+ "p1 t :i* is left4 ,antiseptic1 t :i* prev5ts putrefaction4 ,:at is ,iron8 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful & abundant metals2 be+ f\nd 9 all m9]al e>?s1 & /ones2 9 plants1 & animal fluids2 & is ! *ief cause ( ! v>ieties ( color 9 all4 ,iron is f\nd 9 great masses1 9 v>i\s /ates1 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 x is usually1 h[ev]1 comp\nd$ ) /one1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! action ( fire4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 :ole m\nta9s are =m$ ( iron2 among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ,pilot ,knob & ! ,iron ,m\nta91 9 ,miss\ri1 be+ unsurpass$ by any?+ ( ! k9d f\nd else:]e4 ,:at are its *>act]i/ics8 ,x is h>d1 fusible1 n v malleable1 b extremely ductile1 & v t5aci\s2 x is ( a greyi% color1 & ne>ly eight times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,)\t iron1 society c\ld make no progress 9 ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd1 9 me*anical arts or trades1 9 ar*itecture or navigation2 x is !re=e ( ! greate/ use to man4 ,iron tools h be5 us$ 9 all ,european c\ntries z long z _! hi/ories h exi/$2 ?is metal appe>s likewise to h be5 kn[n & us$ by ! inhabitants ( ! _w 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 be+ frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ,tubalca9 is spok5 ( z a hamm]] & artific] 9 e "w ( brass & iron1 & ?us _! exi/5ce 0 evid5tly kn[n at t e>ly p]iod ( ! _w4 ,artific]1 "o :o works or makes4 ,fusible1 capable ( be+ melt$ by fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,salt ,,m9es ,,( ,,wieliczca4 ,:at d y mean by ,metals8 ,useful sub/ances dug f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 be+ sometimes f\nd pure1 b mo/ly comb9$ ) o!r matt]4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by _! weight1 t5acity1 h>dness1 opacity1 color1 & peculi> lu/re1 kn[n z ! metallic lu/re2 !y are fusible by heat1 & good conductors ( heat & electricity2 _m ( !m are malleable1 & "s extremely ductile4 ,^? :i* 7 fir/ kn[n are gold1 silv]1 iron1 copp]1 m]cury1 lead1 & t94 ,t5acity1 ! firmness ) :i* "o "p adh]es to ano!r4 ,opacity1 want ( transp>5cy or cle>ness4 ,:at are ,metals call$ 9 _! natural /ate8 ,ores2 s nam$ because ! metal conta9$ 9 !m is ei!r mix$ ) o!r metals1 or ) m9]al e>?s1 f :i* !y are sep>at$ & purifi$ by v>i\s means3 su* z wa%+1 roa/+1 c41 b ! me?od is always regulat$ by ! nature ( ! ore4 ,:at is ,copp]8 ,a h>d1 heavy1 ductile metal1 f\nd native1 & 9 _m ores2 ( ^! ! mo/ important is copp] pyrites1 :i* is a sulphuret ( copp]4 ,next to gold1 silv]1 & plat9um1 copp] is ! mo/ malleable & ductile ( metals2 x may be drawn into wires z f9e z hair1 or beat5 into leaves z ?9 z ^? ( silv]4 ,! ru/ ( copp] is v poison\s4 ,copp]1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( t91 =ms bell-metal4 ,) a small] proportion1 x =ms bronze1 a sub/ance us$ 9 sculpture = ca/+ figures & /atues4 ,x is an abundant metal1 & is f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,native oxides ( copp] are f\nd 9 ,cornwall1 ,sib]ia1 & 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,oxide1 a sub/ance comb9$ ) ,oxyg51#h 9 a proportion n suffici5t to produce acidity4 ,sulphuret1 a comb9ation ( sulphur ) a base4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiii41 article ,oxyg54 ,:at are ! uses ( ,copp]8 ,!y are too v>i\s to be enum]at$4 ,9 %eets x is mu* us$ to %ea! ! bottoms ( %ips1 = boil]s1 & o!r ut5sils4 ,copp] co9 0 ! only money us$ by ! ,romans till ! #dhe? ye> ( _! city1 :5 silv] began to be co9$4 ,9 ,sw$51 h\ses are cov]$ ) ?is metal4 ,:at is a ,m9e8 ,a cavity "u gr\nd1 =m$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ metals1 c42 m9es are (t5 v deep & ext5sive4 ,! desc5t into !m is by a pit1 call$ a %aft2 ! clues by :i* m9es are discov]$1 are1 m9]al spr+s1 ! discoloration ( vegetables1 ! appe>ance ( pieces ( ore1 c4 ,clues1 signs or means by :i* ?+s hidd5 are br\ght to light4 ,:at is ,brass8 ,a factiti\s metal1 consi/+ ( copp] & z9c4 ,brass is light] & h>d] ?an pure copp]1 & less subject to ru/2 ow+ to ^! prop]ties1 toge!r ) its beautiful color1 x is extremely useful 9 ! manufacture ( _m ut5sils4 ,factiti\s1 made by art1 n f\nd 9 a natural /ate4 ,:at is ,z9c8 ,a metal ( a brilliant blui% :ite color4 ,its "n 0 unkn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks & ,arabians4 ,x is mix$ ) o!r sub/ances 9 ! ore1 f :i* x is obta9$ by smelt+ 9 ! furnace4 ,x has nev] yet be5 f\nd native or pure4 ,= :at is ,z9c us$8 ,f its read9ess to dissolve 9 all acids1 & unite ) o!r metals1 x is us$ 9 alloy ) !m 9 ! composition ( brass1 c4 ,?9 %eets ( z9c are also us$ to cov] ro(s ( h\ses1 & 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s h\sehold ut5sils4 ,:at is ,lapis ,calam9>is8 ,lapis ,calam9>is1 or calam9e /one1 is a native c>bonate ( z9c1 ( "s use 9 m$ic9e1 b *iefly 9 f\nd+4 ,x is1 sometimes br[ni%1 z t f\nd 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 or r$1 z t ( ,france4 ,x is dug out ( m9es1 usually 9 small pieces2 g5]ally out ( ^? ( lead4 ,calam9e is mo/ly f\nd 9 b>r51 rocky soils4 ,f\nd+1 ! art ( ca/+ metals4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,yams1 ,,mangoes1 ,,bread-,,fruit1 ,,%ea ,,or ,,butt] ,,tree1 ,,c[ ,,tree1 ,,wat] ,,tree1 ,,licorice1 ,,manna1 ,,opium1 ,,tobacco1 ,,& ,,gum4 ,:at are ,yams8 ,! roots ( a climb+ plant gr[+ 9 tropical climates4 ,! root ( ! yam is :olesome & well-flavor$2 ne>ly z l>ge z a man's leg1 & ( an irregul> =m4 ,yams are mu* us$ = food 9 ^? c\ntries :]e !y gr[2 ! natives ei!r roa/ or boil !m1 & ! :ite p gr9d !m into fl\r1 ( :i* !y make bread & pudd+s4 ,! yam is ( a dirty br[n color outside1 b :ite & mealy )94 ,:at are ,mangoes8 ,! fruit ( ! ,mango ,tree1 a native ( ,india & ! s\?-we/]n p>ts ( ,asia2 x also gr[s abundantly 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,brazil4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,jamaica 9 #aghb2 :]e x atta9s ! height ( ?irty or =ty feet1 ) ?ick & wide-ext5d$ bran*es4 ,! v>ieties ( ! mango are v num]\s1--upw>ds ( eighty are cultivat$2 & ! quality ( ^! v>ies accord+ to ! c\ntries & situations 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,! mangoes ( ,asia are said to be mu* bett] ?an ^? ( ,am]ica4 ,describe ! appe>ance ( ! ,mango ,tree4 ,! fl[]s ( ?is tree are small & :iti%1 =m$ 9 pyramidal clu/]s4 ,! fruit has "s resemblance to a %ort ?ick cucumb]1 ab\t ! size ( a goose's egg2 its ta/e is delici\s & cool+2 x has a /one 9 ! c5tre1 l t ( a pea*4 ,at fir/ ?is fruit is ( a f9e gre5 color1 & "s v>ieties cont9ue s1 :ile o!rs *ange to a f9e gold5 or orange color4 ,! mango tree is an ev]gre51 be>+ fruit once or twice a ye>1 f six or sev5 ye>s old to a hundr$4 ,pyramidal1 resembl+ a pyramid4 ,h[ is ?is fruit eat58 ,:5 ripe1 x is eat5 by ! natives ei!r 9 its natural /ate1 or bruis$ 9 w9e4 ,x is br\ght to u ei!r c&i$ or pickl$1 z ! ripe fruit is v p]i%able2 9 ! latt] case1 !y are op5$ ) a knife1 & ! middle fill$ up ) fre% g+]1 g>lic1 mu/>d1 salt1 & oil or v9eg>4 ,! fruit ( ! l>ge/ v>iety weighs two p\nds or upw>ds4 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ?is tree are all appli$ to "s use by ! ,h9doos3 ! wood is consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! dead2 f ! fl\r ( ! dri$ k]nels diff]5t k9ds ( food are prep>$2 ! leaves1 fl[]s1 & b>k1 are m$ic9al4 ,m$ic9al1 fit = m$ic9e1 possess+ m$ical prop]ties4 ,consecrat$1 sep>at$ f a common to a sacr$ use4 ,is !re n a tree :i* be>s a fruit t may be us$ = bread8 ,yes2 ! ,bread-fruit ,tree1 orig9ally f\nd 9 ! s\!a/]n p>ts ( ,asia & ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ?\gh introduc$ into ! tropical p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 z well z s+ul> productions ( ! vegetable k+dom1 be+ no less beautiful ?an x is useful4 ,?is tree is l>ge & %ady2 its leaves are broad & ind5t$1 l ^? ( ! fig tree--f twelve to eighte5 in*es long1 r fle%y1 & ( a d>k gre54 ,! fruit1 :5 full-gr[n1 is f six to n9e in*es r\nd1 & ( an oval =m--:5 ripe1 ( a ri*1 yell[ t+e2 x g5]ally hangs 9 clu/]s ( two or ?ree1 on a small ?ick /alk2 ! pulp is :ite1 p>tly f>9ace\s1 & p>tly fibr\s1 b :5 ripe1 becomes yell[ & juicy4 ,ind5t$1 too!d l ! edge ( a saw4 ,f>9ace\s1 mealy1 consi/+ ( meal or fl\r2 f f>9a1 fl\r4 ,h[ is ! ,bread-,fruit eat58 ,x is roa/$ until ! outside is ( a br[n color & crisp2 ! pulp has !n ! consi/5cy ( bread1 :i* ! ta/e greatly resembles2 & ?us x =ms a n\ri%+ food3 x is also prep>$ 9 _m diff]5t ways1 besides t j m5tion$4 ,! tree produces ?ree1 sometimes f\r crops 9 a ye>1 & cont9ues be>+ = fifty ye>s1 s t two or ?ree trees are en\gh = a man's ye>ly supply4 ,its timb]1 :i* at fir/ is ( a ri* yell[1 b aft]w>ds assumes ! color ( mahogany1 is us$ 9 ! build+ ( h\ses & canoes2 ! fl[]s1 :5 dri$1 s]ve z t9d]2 ! sap or juice s]ves = glue2 ! inn] b>k is made1 by ! natives ( "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 into a k9d ( clo?2 & ! leaves are useful = _m purposes4 ,"o species ( ! bread-fruit1 call$ ! ,jaca tree1 gr[s *iefly on ! ma9l& ( ,asia4 ,ma9l&1 ! cont95t4 ,describe ! ,jaca ,tree4 ,?is k9d gr[s to ! same1 if n a l>g] size ?an ! bread-fruit ( ! isl&s1 b is nei!r s palatable nor s nutriti\s2 ! fruit (t5 weighs ?irty p\nds1 & conta9s two or ?ree hundr$ se$s1 ea* f\r times z l>ge z an almond4 ,decemb] is ! "t :5 ! fruit rip5s2 x is !n eat51 b n mu* reli%$2 ! se$s are also eat5 :5 roa/$4 ,!re are also o!r trees 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 mo/ly ( ! palm species1 :i* yield bread ( a simil> k9d4 ,is !re n a tree :i* produces a sub/ance resembl+ ! ,butt] :i* we make f ! milk ( ! c[8 ,! ,%ea1 or ,butt] ,tree1 a native ( ,africa3 x is simil> 9 appe>ance to ! ,am]ican oak1 & ! fruit1 7f ! k]nel ( :i* ! butt] is prep>$17 is some:at l an olive 9 =m4 ,! k]nel is inclos$ 9 a sweet pulp1 "u a ?91 gre5 r9d4 ,h[ is ! ,butt] extract$8 ,! k]nel1 be+ tak5 out & dri$ 9 ! sun1 is boil$ 9 wat]2 by :i* process a :ite1 firm1 & ri*-flavor$ butt] is produc$1 :i* w keep = a :ole ye> )\t salt4 ,! gr[? & prep>ation ( ?is commodity is "o ( ! fir/ objects ( ,african indu/ry1 & =ms a pr9cipal article ( _! trade ) "o ano!r4 ,y h giv5 me an acc\nt ( a useful ,butt] prep>$ f a plant2 is !re n also a tree :i* c supply ! want ( a c[8 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re is a tree1 ! juice ( :i* is a n\ri%+ milk2 x is call$ ! ,c[ ,tree4 ,?is tree is v f9e2 ! leaves are broad1 & "s ( !m t5 in*es long2 ! fruit is r fle%y1 & conta9s "o or two nuts or k]nels4 ,! milk is v abundant1 & is procur$ by incisions made 9 ! trunk ( ! tree2 x is tol]ably ?ick1 & ( a glut9\s quality1 a pleasant ta/e1 & agreeable smell4 ,! negroes & p at "w on ! f>ms dr9k x1 dipp+ into x _! bread made ( maize4 ,glut9\s1 hav+ ! quality ( glue1--an adhesive1 gummy sub/ance1 prep>$ f ! sk9s ( animals3 x is us$ 9 jo9+ wood1 c41 & = _m o!r purposes4 ,:at "t ( ! day is ! be/ = draw+ ! juice8 ,sunrise2 ! blacks & natives !n ha/5 f all qu>t]s ) l>ge b[ls to receive ! milk2 "s dr9k x on ! spot1 o!rs c>ry x home to _! families4 ,:at isl& possesses a rem>kable sub/itute = ! want ( spr+s ( ,wat]8 ,f]ro1 "o ( ! ,can>y ,isles1 situat$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,9 ?is isl& !re is no wat]1 except on a "p ( ! bea* :i* is ne>ly inaccessible2 to supply ! place ( a f\nta91 ,nature has be/[$ on ! isl& a p>ticul> k9d ( tree1 unkn[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is ( a mod]ate size1 ) /raight1 long1 ev]gre5 leaves2 on its top a small cl\d cont9ually re/s1 :i* s dr5*es ! leaves ) moi/ure1 t x p]petually di/ils ^u ! gr\nd a /ream ( cle> wat]4 ,to ^! trees1 z to p]5nial spr+s1 ! inhabitants ( ,f]ro repair1 & are suppli$ ) abundance ( wat] = !mselves & cattle4 ,p]5nial1 la/+ ?r\gh ! ye>1 p]petual4 ,:at is ,licorice8 ,a plant1 ! juice ( :i* is squeez$ f ! roots1 & !n boil$ ) sug>1 & us$ z a rem$y = c\ghs1 c4 ,great quantities are export$ f ,spa91 ,italy1 c4 ,! dri$ root is ( great use 9 m$ic9e1 & makes an excell5t dr9k = colds & o!r affections ( ! lungs by boil+ x ) l9se$4 ,:at are ! ,lungs8 ,! organs ( respiration 9 man & _m o!r animals4 ,!re are two ( ^! organs1 "o on ea* side ( ! *e/4 ,respiration1 brea?+2 ! act ( inhal+ air into ! lungs1 & aga9 expell+ x1 by :i* animal life is support$4 ,:at is ,manna8 ,a sweet1 :ite juice1 ooz+ f ! bran*es & leaves ( a k9d ( a% tree1 gr[+ *iefly 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,italy1 dur+ ! heats ( summ]4 ,:5 dry1 x is v light1 easily crumbl$1 & ( a :iti%1 or pale yell[ color1 n unlike h>d5$ honey4 ,is ,manna peculi> to ! ,a% ,tree ( ,s\!rn ,italy8 ,no4 ,manna is no?+ m ?an ! nutriti\s juices ( ! tree1 :i* exude dur+ ! summ] heats2 & :at confirms ?is is1 t ! v hot summ]s are always ^? :i* are mo/ productive ( manna4 ,sev]al diff]5t species ( trees produce a k9d ( manna2 ! be/ & mo/ us$ is1 h[ev]1 t ( ,calabria1 9 ,italy4 ,:at are its uses8 ,x 0 mu* e/eem$ =m]ly 9 m$ic9e1 b x has n[ gone ne>ly into disuse4 ,! peasants ( ,m\nt ,libanus eat x z o!rs d honey4 ,! ,b$\9 ,arabs consume great quantities1 consid]+ x ! greate/ da9ty _! c\ntry af=ds4 ,9 ,mexico1 !y are said to h a manna :i* !y eat z we d *eese4 ,at ,brianon1 9 ,france1 !y collect x f all sorts ( trees t gr[ !re1 & ! inhabitants obs]ve1 t su* summ]s z produce ! greate/ quantities ( manna are v fatal to ! trees1 _m ( !m p]i%+ 9 ! w9t]4 ,is !re n ano!r tree :i* produces ,manna8 ,yes3 ! ,tam>isk1 a tree peculi> to ,pale/9e & p>ts ( ,arabia4 ,?is rem>kable sub/ance is produc$ by sev]al trees1 & 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ! ,ea/4 ,on ,m\nt ,s9ai !re is a diff]5t species ( ,tam>isk t yields x4 ,x is f\nd on ! bran*es ( ! tree1 & falls on ! gr\nd dur+ ! heat ( ! day4 ,:]e is ,m\nt ,libanus8 ,m\nt ,libanus1 or ,lebanon1 is situat$ 9 ,asiatic ,turkey2 x 0 anci5tly fam\s = its l>ge & beautiful c$> trees4 ,! ,c$>s ( ,lebanon are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,!re are n[ sc>cely any rema9+ ( sup]ior size & antiquity1 b !y v>y f ! l>ge/ size d[n to m]e sapl+s2 & _! numb]s seem to increase r ?an dim9i%1 !re be+ _m "y trees spr++ up4 ,h[ is ,manna ga!r$8 ,f ,augu/ to ,septemb]1 ! ,italians collect x 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 viz43 by mak+ an incision at ! foot ( ! tree1 ea* day ov] t ( ! prec$+1 ab\t f\r in*es f "o ano!r3 ^! cuts1 or incisions1 are ne>ly two in*es long1 & half an in* deep4 ,:5 ! cut is made1 ! manna directly beg9s to fl[1 at fir/ l cle> wat]1 b congeal+ z x fl[s1 x soon becomes firm3 ?is !y collect 9 baskets4 ,manna has be5 f\nd to consi/ ( two di/9ct sub/ances "o ne>ly resembl+ sug>1 ! o!r simil> to a gum or mucilage4 ,:at nation 0 f$ ) a k9d ( ,manna8 ,! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel1 :5 w&]+ 9 ! des]t wild]ness1 :]e no food 0 to be procur$1 7 f$ by a miracul\s supply ( manna1 %[]$ d[n f ,heav5 e morn+ on ! gr\nd 9 su* quantities z to af=d suffici5t food = ! :ole ho/4 ,:at is ,opium8 ,a n>cotic1 gummy1 res9\s juice1 drawn f ! head ( ! :ite poppy1 & aft]w>ds ?ick5$2 x is br\ght ov] 9 d>k1 r$di% br[n lumps1 :i*1 :5 p[d]$1 become yell[4 ,n>cotic1 produc+ sleep & dr[s9ess4 ,9 :at c\ntries is x cultivat$8 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,asia1 ,india1 & ev5 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 :5ce x is export$ into o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,turks1 & o!r ,ea/]n nations1 *ew x4 ,) u x is *iefly us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! juice is obta9$ f incisions made 9 ! se$-vessels ( ! plant2 x is collect$ 9 e>!n pots1 & all[$ to become suffici5tly h>d to be =m$ into r\ndi% masses ( ab\t f\r p\nds weight4 ,9 ,europe ! poppy is cultivat$ mo/ly = ! se$s4 ,morphia & laudanum are m$ic9al prep>ations ( opium4 ,:at is ,tobacco8 ,an h]bace\s plant :i* fl\ri%es 9 _m temp]ate climates1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 x is suppos$ to h receiv$ its "n f ,tabaco1 a prov9ce ( ,mexico2 x is cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! ,levant1 on ! coa/ ( ,greece1 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 ,malta1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,ceylon1 c4 ,x 0 n kn[n 9 ,europe till ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ! ,spani>ds2 & 0 c>ri$ to ,engl& ab\t ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ei!r by ,sir ,francis ,drake or ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh4 ,tobacco is ei!r tak5 z snuff1 smok$ 9 pipes or 9 ! =m ( cig>s1 or *ew$ 9 ! m\? l opium4 ,!re are _m diff]5t species ( ?is plant1 mo/ ( !m natives ( ,am]ica1 "s ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,*9a4 ,tobacco conta9s a p[]ful poison call$ nicot9e4 ,h]bace\s1 l an h]b or plant1 n a %rub or tree4 ,:at "p ( ! plant is us$8 ,! leaves1 :i* are /ripp$ f ! plant1 & aft] be+ moi/5$ ) wat]1 are twi/$ up into rolls2 ^! are cut up by ! tobacconi/1 & v>i\sly prep>$ = sale1 or r$uc$ into a sc5t$ p[d] call$ snuff4 ,:o 0 ,sir ,francis ,drake8 ,sir ,francis ,drake 0 a di/+ui%$ naval (fic]1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,he made 8 "n immortal by a voyage into ! ,s\? ,seas1 ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,magellan2 :i*1 at t "t1 no ,engli%man _h ev] attempt$4 ,he di$ on bo>d 8 own %ip 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #aeie4 ,:o 0 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh8 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 0 also an illu/ri\s ,engli% navigator & hi/orian1 born 9 #aeeb4 ,he p]=m$ great s]vices = ,que5 ,elizabe?1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! discov]y ( ,virg9ia1 & 9 ! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada2 he liv$ 9 honor & prosp]ity dur+ h] reign1 b on ! accession ( ,james ! ,fir/1 0 /ripp$ ( 8 favor at c\rt1 unacc\ntably accus$ ( high treason1 tri$1 & condemn$ to die2 be+ repriev$1 h[ev]1 he 0 imprison$ 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london _m ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he devot$ himself to writ+ & /udy4 ,receiv+1 at la/1 a commission to g & explore ! gold m9es at ,guiana1 he emb>k$2 b 8 design hav+ be5 betray$ to ! ,spani>ds1 he 0 defeat$3 & on 8 return to ,engl&1 9 ,july1 #afah1 0 arre/$ & behead$1 7by ord] ( ! ,k+1 on 8 =m] atta9d]17 ,octob] #bi2 suff]+ 8 fate ) great magnanimity4 ,high ,treason1 9 ,engl&1 means an (f5ce committ$ aga9/ ! sov]eign4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x consi/s 9 levy+ w> aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 adh]+ to its enemies1 & giv+ !m aid & com=t4 ,repriev$1 respit$ f s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,magnanimity1 greatness ( m9d1 brav]y4 ,:at is ,gum8 ,a mucilag9\s juice1 exud+ f ! b>k ( c]ta9 trees or plants1 drawn !nce by ! w>m? ( ! sun 9 ! =m ( a glut9\s matt]2 & aft]w>ds by ! same cause r5d]$ firm & t5aci\s4 ,!re are _m diff]5t gums1 nam$ aft] ! p>ticul> tree or plant f :i* !y are produc$4 ,mucilag9\s1 consi/+ ( mucilage4 ,t5aci\s1 adh]+ closely4 ,:at is ! "* ( ,gum8 ,gum is capable ( be+ dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & =m+ ) x a viscid transp>5t fluid2 b n 9 v9\s spirits or oil2 x burns 9 ! fire to a black coal1 )\t melt+ or cat*+ fire2 & does n dissolve 9 wat] at boil+ heat4 ,! "n ( gum has be5 inaccurately giv5 to sev]al species ( gum-res9s1 :i* consi/ ( res9 & v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 fl[+ f _m k9ds ( trees1 & becom+ h>d by exposure to ! air4 ,^! are soluble 9 dilute alcohol4 ,gum is orig9ally a milky liquor1 hav+ a great] quantity ( wat] mix$ ) its oily p>ts1 & = t reason x dissolves 9 ei!r wat] or oil4 ,ano!r sort is n oily1 & !re=e dissolves 9 wat] only1 z gum ,arabic1 ! gum ( ! *]ry-tree1 c4 ,viscid1 ?ick1 ropy4 ,v9\s1 hav+ ! qualities ( w9e4 ,are ! la/-m5tion$ sorts prop]ly call$ ,gums8 ,no1 ?\gh commonly call$ gums1 !y are only dri$ mucilages1 :i* 7 no?+ else ?an ! mucilag9\s lymph issu+ f ! vessels ( ! tree1 9 ! same mann] z x does f mall[s1 comfrey1 & ev5 f ! cucumb]2 ! vessels ( :i* be+ cut across1 yield a lymph :i* is pla9ly mucilag9\s1 & if well dri$1 at l5g? becomes a k9d ( gum1 or r1 a h>d5$ mucilage4 ,lymph1 transp>5t fluid4 ,:at is ,gum ,arabic8 ,! juice ( a small tree ( ! ,acacia tribe1 gr[+ 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia ,petra1 ,pale/9e1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,are !re o!r plants or trees :i* produce ,gum1 besides ^? already m5tion$8 ,a great numb]1 ?\gh n all commonly 9 use4 ,! leaves ( rhub>b1 ! common plum1 & ev5 ! sloe & ! laurel1 produce a cle>1 ta/eless gum2 !re are also a numb] ( diff]5t gums1 br\ght f =eign c\ntries1 ( great use 9 m$ic9e & ! arts4 ,mo/ ( ! ,acacias produce gums1 ?\gh ! quality ( all is n equally good4 ,:at is ,rhub>b8 ,a valuable root gr[+ 9 ,*9a1 ,turkey1 & ,russian ,t>t>y4 ,quantities ( x are import$ f o!r p>ts ( ! _w3 t f ,turkey is e/eem$ ! be/4 ,rhub>b is also cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s1 & ! /alks ( ! leaves are (t5 us$ 9 t>ts2 b ! root1 f ! diff]5ce ( climate1 does n possess any m$ic9al virtue4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,spectacles1 ,,m>9]',s ,,compass1 ,,b>omet]1 ,,!rmomet]1 ,,wat*es1 ,,clocks1 ,,telescope1 ,,microscope1 ,,gunp[d]1 ,,/eam ,,eng9e1 ,,& ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,telegraph4 ,:5 7 ,spectacles inv5t$1 & :o 0 _! inv5tor8 ,x is suppos$ t !y 7 fir/ kn[n ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & inv5t$ by a monk ( ,pisa1 9 ,italy1 nam$ ,alex&] de ,sp9a4 ,spectacles are compos$ ( two circul> pieces ( glass set 9 a frame4 ,:at are ^! glasses call$8 ,l5ses4 ,!y are ei!r convex or concave1 accord+ to ! k9d ( sight requir+ !m4 ,old p1 & ^? :o c only see ?+s at a di/ance1 f ! flatness ( ! eye1 :i* prev5ts ! rays ( light conv]g+ s z to meet 9 ! c5tre1 require convex l5ses4 ,p :o c only di/+ui% objects :5 view$ closely1 f ! eye be+ too convex1 require concave l5ses to c\nt]act x by spread+ ! rays1 & ?us r5d]+ vision di/9ct4 ,convex1 ris+ outw>dly 9 a circul> =m2 opposite to concave4 ,concave1 holl[2 r\nd1 b holl[1 z ! inn] curve ( an ar*1 c4 ,conv]g+1 t5d+ to "o po9t f diff]5t p>ts4 ,vision1 ! faculty ( see+4 ,:at is ! ,m>9]'s ,compass8 ,a mo/ useful & important in/rum5t1 by ! aid ( :i* ! navigator guides 8 %ip on ! sea1 & /e]s 8 way to ! place ( 8 de/9ation4 ,! inv5tor ( ! ,m>9]'s ,compass is n kn[n1 nor ! exact "t ( its introduction2 x 0 employ$ 9 ,europe 9 navigation ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & has be5 9 use m ?an five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,*9ese are said to h be5 acqua9t$ ) x mu* e>li]1 b no reliance c be plac$ on _! dates4 ,! p[] ( ! load/one to attract iron 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 b x 0 n appli$ to any practical purpose4 ,navigator1 "o :o guides a %ip4 ,/e]1 to direct or guide a vessel 9 its c\rse4 ,de/9ation1 ! place to :i* a p]son is b\nd4 ,practical1 capable ( practice1 n m]ely speculative4 ,:at is ! ,load/one8 ,an ore ( iron :i* possesses ! peculi> prop]ty ( attract+ iron1 namely1 ( draw+ x 9 contact ) its own mass1 & hold+ x firmly atta*$ by its own p[] ( attraction4 ,a piece ( load/one drawn sev]al times along a ne$le1 or a small piece ( iron1 conv]ts x into an artificial magnet2 if ?is magnetiz$ ne$le is c>efully balanc$1 x w turn r\nd ( itself1 till its end po9ts t[>ds ! ,nor?4 ,! magnetiz$ ne$le also possesses ! p[] ( attract+ iron1 & ( communicat+ ?is p[] to ano!r piece ( iron or /eel1 simil> to t ( ! load/one itself4 ,contact1 t\*4 ,magnetiz$1 r5d]$ magnetic4 ,describe ! ,m>9]'s ,compass4 ,! ,m>9]'s ,compass consi/s ( a circul> box1 enclos+ a magnetiz$ b> ( /eel1 call$ ! ne$le1 c>efully balanc$ on an upright /eel pivot1 & hav+ t end :i* po9ts to ! ,nor? %ap$ l ! head ( an arr[2 atta*$ to ?is ne$le1 & turn+ ) x1 is a c>d on :i* are pr9t$ ! divisions ( ,nor?1 ,s\?4 ,ea/1 & ,we/2 call$ ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,by simply look+ at ! position ( ! ne$le1 ! m>9] c see ! direction 9 :i* 8 vessel is sail+1 & regulate 8 helm accord+ly4 ,helm1 ! in/rum5t by :i* a %ip is /e]$1 consi/+ ( a rudd] & till]4 ,:at is a ,b>omet]8 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* enables u to det]m9e ! *anges ( ! wea!r1 ! height ( m\nta9s1 c4 ,x consi/s ( a glass tube h]metically seal$ at "o end1 fill$ ) m]cury1 & inv]t$ 9 a bas9 ( m]cury2 accord+ to ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 ?is m]cury rises or falls4 ,h[ is ! ,h]metic seal =m$8 ,by heat+ ! edges ( a vessel1 till !y are j ready to melt1 & !n twi/+ !m closely toge!r ) hot p9c]s1 s t ! air may be totally exclud$4 ,! ^w is tak5 f ,h]mes1 ! ,greek "n = ,m]cury1 ! hea!n god ( arts & le>n+1 & ! suppos$ inv5tor ( *emi/ry1#i :i* is sometimes call$ ! h]metical art2 or p]haps f ,h]mes1 an anci5t k+ ( ,egypt1 :o 0 ei!r its inv5tor1 or excell$ 9 x4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xviii41 article ,*emi/ry4 ,:at is ,m]cury8 ,quicksilv]1 or m]cury1 is a :ite fluid metal1 ! heavie/ except plat9a & gold2 x readily comb9es ) ne>ly all o!r metals1 & is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( look+-glasses1 b>omet]s1 !rmomet]s1 c42 9 "s ( ! arts1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( sev]al p[]ful m$ic9es4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia1 ,hung>y1 ,sw$51 ,spa91 ,*9a1 & ,p]u4 ,! quicksilv] m9e ( ,guana ,velica1 9 ,p]u1 is "o hundr$ & sev5ty fa?oms 9 circumf]5ce1 & f\r hundr$ & eighty deep4 ,9 ?is pr(\nd abyss are se5 /reets1 squ>es1 & a *apel1 :]e religi\s wor%ip is p]=m$4 ,! quicksilv] m9es ( ,idria1 a t[n ( ,l[] ,au/ria1 h cont9ually be5 wr\ght = m ?an #cjj ye>s4 ,! vapor :i* is cont9ually aris+ f ! m]cury is v hurtful to ! m9]s1 :o seldom survive _m ye>s4 ,abyss1 a gulf1 a dep? )\t bottom4 ,9 :at /ate is ,m]cury usually f\nd8 ,ei!r native1 or 9 ! =m ( ore2 x is (t5 f\nd mix$ ) silv]1 b m frequ5tly ) sulphur 9 ! =m ( sulphuret1 :i* is decompos$ by di/illation4 ,runn+ m]cury is f\nd 9 globules1 9 ,am]ica1 & is collect$ f ! clefts ( ! rocks4 ,m]cury has ! appe>ance ( melt$ silv]2 x is nei!r ductile nor malleable 9 ?is /ate2 x is a sub/ance s volatile1 :5 heat$1 t x may be evaporat$ l wat]2 x is always se5 9 a fluid /ate1 ev5 9 temp]ate climates1 z a v small portion ( heat is suffici5t to pres]ve its fluidity4 ,x is us$ to sep>ate gold & silv] f ! =eign matt] f\nd ) ^? metals4 ,calomel1 a valuable m$ic9e1 & v]milion1 a color1 are bo? prep>ations ( m]cury4 ,globules1 small p>ticles ( matt] hav+ ! =m ( a ball or sph]e4 ,:at is a ,!rmomet]8 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ temp]ature4 ,x consi/s ( a f9e glass tube1 t]m9at$ at "o end 9 a bulb1 usually fill$ ) m]cury1 :i* exp&s or contracts accord+ to ! degree ( heat or cold4 ,on ! scale ( ! ,fahr5heit !rmomet]1 ! freez+ po9t ( wat] is m>k$ #cb & ! boil+ po9t at #bab4 ,9 bo? ! ,c5tigrade & ! ,reaumur scales ! freez+ po9t is at #j1 & ! boil+ po9t at #ajj 9 ! ,c5tigrade & at #hj 9 ,reaumur's4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is in/rum5t dates f ab\t ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b x is n kn[n by :om x 0 fir/ br\ght into use4 ,t]m9at$1 f9i%$1 end$4 ,:5 & by :om 7 ,wat*es & ,clocks inv5t$8 ,wat*es 7 inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 b :o 0 ! inv5tor is disput$4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ( little value z "t-keep]s1 be=e ! application ( ! spiral spr+ z a regulator to ! balance2 ! glory ( ?is excell5t inv5tion lies betwe5 ,dr4 ,hooke & ,m4 ,huyg5s2 ! ,engli% ascrib+ x to ! =m]1 ! ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 c41 to ! latt]4 ,"s ass]t t pocket-wat*es 7 fir/ made ab\t #adgg1 at ,nuremb]g1 9 ,g]many4 ,! mo/ anci5t clock ( :i* we possess any c]ta9 acc\nt1 0 made 9 #afcd by ,h5ry de ,wycke1 a ,g]man arti/2 x 0 erect$ 9 a t[] ( ! palace ( ,*>les ,v41 k+ ( ,france4 ,! p5dulum 0 appli$ by ,huyg5s1 9 #afef4 ,:at is a ,p5dulum8 ,a weight s susp5d$ f a fix$ po9t t x may easily sw+ backw>d & =w>d2 its oscillations are always p]=m$ 9 equal times1 provid$ ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum & ! gravity rema9 ! same4 ,x is said t ! idea ( employ+ ! p5dulum = ! measurem5t ( "t1 0 fir/ conceiv$ by ,galileo1 :ile a "y man1 ^u 8 obs]v+ att5tively ! regul> oscillations ( a lamp susp5d$ f ! ro( ( a *ur* 9 ,pisa4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! "t ( ,huyg5s t a me?od 0 devis$ ( cont9u+ its motions1 & regi/]+ ! numb] ( its oscillations4 ,oscillation1 a sw++ backw>d & =w>d4 ,gravity1 ! t5d5cy ( a body t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,regi/]+1 record+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>coal ,,burn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold ,,m9]s ,,wa%+ ,,ore4 ,to :om is ! inv5tion ( ,gunp[d] ascrib$8 ,mo/ au?ors suppose x 0 inv5t$ by ,b>?oldus ,s*w>tz1 a monk ( ,gosl>1 a t[n ( ,brunswick1 9 ,g]many1 ab\t ! ye> #acbj2 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t x 0 kn[n mu* e>li] 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & t ! fam\s ,rog] ,bacon1 :o di$ 9 #abib1 knew its prop]ties2 b x is n c]ta9 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) its application to fire-arms4 ,:o 0 ,rog] ,bacon8 ,a le>n$ ,franciscan1 born at ,il*e/]1 ,engl&1 9 #abad4 ,he /udi$ at ,ox=d1 & aft]w>ds became pr(essor at t great ,univ]sity4 ,he 0 famili> ) e bran* ( human k1 b 0 especially di/+ui%$ = 8 extraord9>y pr(ici5cy 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,to him we owe ! inv5tion ( ! telescope2 t ( gunp[d] is ascrib$ to him1 z /at$ above1 al?\gh we h no evid5ce to %[ :e!r he discov]$ its +r$i5ts himself1 or :e!r he d]iv$ ! k f "s anci5t manuscripts4 ,bacon suff]$ "s f ! ignorance ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 _m ( 8 exp]im5ts be+ look$ ^u z magic4 ,he di$ at ,ox=d 9 ! ye> #abid4 ,:at is und]/ood by ,magic8 ,magic is a t]m us$ to signify an unlawful & wick$ k9d ( sci5ce1 dep5d+1 z 0 pret5d$1 on ! assi/ance ( sup]human be+s & ( dep>t$ s\ls4 ,! t]m 0 anci5tly appli$ to all k9ds ( le>n+1 & 9 p>ticul> to ! sci5ce ( ! ,magi or ,wise ,m5 ( ,p]sia1 f :om x 0 call$ magic4 ,natural magic is no m ?an ! application ( natural active causes to passive ?+s or subjects1 to produce effects app>5tly sup]natural4 ,sup]natural1 beyond ! p[]s ( nature2 miracul\s4 ,( :at is ,gunp[d] compos$8 ,( saltpetre1#aj sulphur1 & *>coal1 mix$ toge!r & p[d]$2 its explosive =ce :5 fir$1 is ow+ to ! in/antane\s & abundant lib]ation ( gase\s matt] by ! int5se heat result+ f ! action ( ! combu/ibles ^u ! saltpetre4 ,x is n kn[n by :om x 0 fir/ appli$ to ! purposes ( w>1 b x is c]ta9 t x 0 us$ e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,cannons 7 us$ at ! battle ( ,cressy1 9 #acdf2 small guns1 or muskets1 7 introduc$ into ! ,spani% army 9 #aeba4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,explosive1 bur/+ out ) viol5ce & noise4 ,lib]ation1 a sett+ at lib]ty4 ,is n ,gunp[d] highly combu/ible8 ,s combu/ible is gunp[d]1 t a s+le sp>k ( fire1 light+ ^u any ( x1 w cause x to explode ) imm5se =ce2 & in/ances h occurr$1 :5 any /ore or magaz9e ( x has tak5 fire1 t h be5 att5d$ ) ! mo/ fatal effects4 ,x is useful to ! m9] & eng9e] z a ready means ( ov]com+ ! ob/acles :i* are pres5t$ 9 _! se>* = m9]al treasures1 & 9 procur+ mat]ials = build+4 ,f _m passages 9 ! anci5t au?ors1 !re is reason to suppose t gunp[d]1 or a composition extremely l x1 0 kn[n to !m2 b x does n appe> to h be5 9 g5]al use1 & ! inv5tion ( fire-arms is comp>atively mod]n4 ,dynamite1 a rec5t inv5tion1 has a /ill great] explosive =ce ?an gunp[d]4 ,eng9e]1 "o :o works or directs an eng9e4 ,ob/acles1 h9d]ances1 ob/ructions4 ,:at is ,saltpetre8 ,a bitt] k9d ( salt1 call$ by ! anci5ts nitre1 b m commonly among u saltpetre4 ,x is compos$ ( nitric acid & potassa4#aa ,x is f\nd 9 e>?y sub/ances2 sometimes native or pure1 9 ! =m ( a %apeless salt4 ,va/ quantities are f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! m>ly e>?s ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,*9a1 ,p]sia1 & also 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,india x is f\nd naturally cry/alliz$1 & =m+ ?9 cru/s ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is especially abundant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ f\nd 9 imm5se quantities 9 ! lime/one caves 9 ! s\?-we/]n ,/ates4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,pota%1 ,*apt] ,,vii41 article ,glass4 ,:at d y mean by ,m>ly8 ,consi/+ ( m>l1 a k9d ( e>? compos$ ( diff]5t proportions ( clay & c>bonate ( lime2 x is mu* us$ = manure4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t-color$ m>ls1 ea* possess+ diff]5t qualities4 ,! mo/ common are ! r$ & ! :ite1 ?\gh !re are grey1 br[n1 blue1 & yell[ color$ m>ls4 ,:at is a ,telescope8 ,an optical in/rum5t1 :i* s]ves = discov]+ & view+ di/ant objects1 ei!r directly by glasses1 or by reflection4 ,! inv5tion ( ! telescope is "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ useful ( :i* mod]n ages c boa/1 s9ce by means ( ?is in/rum5t ! wond]ful motions ( ! planets & fix$ />s1 & all ! heav5ly bodies1 are reveal$ to u4 ,! honor ( ! inv5tion is mu* disput$2 x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! celebrat$ ,galileo 0 ! fir/ :o improv$ ! telescope s z to answ] a/ronomical purposes4 ,! "n is =m$ f two ,greek words1 "o signify+ f>1 ! o!r to obs]ve4 ,optical1 relat+ to ,optics1 ! sci5ce ( vision4 ,a/ronomical1 relat+ to ,a/ronomy4 ,:o 0 ,galileo8 ,a mo/ em95t a/ronom] & ma!matician1 born at ,flor5ce1 9 ,italy4 ,8 inv5tions & discov]ies 9 ,a/ronomy1 ,geometry1 & ,me*anics1 contribut$ mu* to ! advancem5t ( ^? sci5ces4 ,he di$ 9 #afdb4 ,a/ronom]1 "o v]s$ 9 ,a/ronomy4 ,ma!matician1 "o v]s$ 9 ,ma!matics2 a sci5ce :i* treats ( magnitude & numb]4 ,:at is ,a/ronomy8#ab ,t sci5ce :i* tea*es ! k ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ) ! nature & causes ( _! v>i\s ph5om5a4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see ,*apt] xviii4 ,:at is ,geometry8 ,an anci5t1 p]fect1 & beautiful sci5ce1 :i* treats ( ! relations & prop]ties ( l9es1 surfaces1 & solids4 ,:at is meant by ,me*anics8 ,! sci5ce :i* inve/igates ! laws ( =ces & p[]s1 & _! action on bodies1 ei!r directly or by ma*9]y4 ,:5 ! t]m me*anic is appli$ to a p]son1 x means "o skill$ 9 me*anics1 accu/om$ to manual labor4 ,inve/igate1 to se>*1 to inquire into4 ,manual1 p]=m$ by ! h&4 ,:at is a ,microscope8 ,an optical in/rum5t1 by means ( :i* v m9ute objects are repres5t$ exce$+ly l>ge1 & view$ v di/9ctly accord+ to ! laws ( refraction or reflection4 ,no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n respect+ ! inv5tor ( microscopes1 or ! exact "t ( _! inv5tion1 b t !y 7 fir/ us$ 9 ,g]many1 ab\t #afba4 ,m9ute1 small1 dim9utive4 ,refraction1 a *ange 9 ! direction ( a ray ( light1 :5 x passes ?r\gh transp>5t sub/ances ( diff]5t d5sities4 ,reflection1 a turn+ back ( a ray ( light aft] /rik+ ^u any surface4 ,:at is ! ,/eam ,eng9e8 ,a ma*9e t d]ives its mov+ p[] f ! =ce ( ! /eam produc$ f boil+ wat]1 :i* is v great1 especially :51 z 9 ! /eam eng9e1 x is conf9$ )9 a limit$ compass3 ?is useful ma*9e is "o ( ! mo/ valuable pres5ts t ! arts ( life h receiv$ f ! philosoph]1 & is ( ! greate/ importance 9 work+ m9es2 supply+ cities ) wat]2 9 work+ metals2 9 _m me*anical arts2 & 9 navigation4 ,by ! aid ( /eam1 vessels are propell$ ) great] swiftness ?an ^? :i* are :olly dep5d5t on ! w9ds & tides2 & ?us trade is facilitat$1 & we are enabl$ to communicate ) di/ant l&s 9 a mu* %ort] space ( "t ?an 0 =m]ly consum$4 ,on l&1 railroads are con/ruct$1 on :i* /eam c>riages run ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 s t a j\rney :i* by coa* & horses =m]ly requir$ two or m days1 may n[ be p]=m$ 9 f\r or five h\rs4 ,me*anical1 belong+ to ,me*anics4 ,to :om are we indebt$ = its inv5tion8 ,its inv5tion is by mo/ writ]s ascrib$ to ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 an ,engli%man1 ab\t #affc2 b x does n appe> t ! inv5tor c\ld ev] int]e/ ! public 9 favor ( ?is1 or 8 o!r discov]ies4 ,! /eam eng9e ( ,capta9 ,sav]y1 also an ,engli%man1 is ! fir/ ( :i* any def9ite description has be5 pres]v$4 ,x 0 inv5t$ 9 #afih4 ,s9ce t p]iod x has be5 successively improv$ by v>i\s p]sons1 b x is to ,mr4 ,watt & ,mr4 ,b\lton1 ( ,engl&1 t x is indebt$ = mu* ( its pres5t /ate ( p]fection4 ,by :om 0 ! ,/eam ,eng9e fir/ appli$ to ! purposes ( ,navigation8 ,by ,john ,fit*1 ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,f pap]s 9 ! hi/orical collections ( ,p5nsylvania1 x appe>s t ! fir/ successful exp]im5ts 7 made at ,philadelphia1 9 #aghe1 ?ree ye>s be=e ! attempts at ,falkirk1 & on ! ,clyde1 9 ,scotl&4 ,! boat made sev]al trips on ! ,delaw>e & ,s*uylkill riv]s1 b ow+ to repeat$ accid5ts to h] ma*9]y1 & ! want ( funds & compet5t me*anics = ! necess>y repairs1 %e 0 ab&on$4 ,9 #ahjg1 ,rob]t ,fulton1 also ( ,p5nsylvania1 made 8 fir/ exp]im5tal trip on ! ,hudson ,riv]1 ) complete success4 ,to ?is di/+ui%$ & +5i\s ,am]ican ju/ly belongs ! honor ( hav+ br\ght navigation by /eam to a /ate ( p]fection4 ,9 #ahai1 ! fir/ /eam%ip cross$ ! ,atlantic f ,savannah to ,liv]pool2 & 9 #ahch1 a regul> communication by /eam%ip 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 ocean navigation by /eam-vessels has made rapid progress1 &1 at ! pres5t "t1 numb]s ( /eam]s connect our v>i\s seaports ) ^? ( o!r nations1 & ) ea* o!r4 ,:at is ! ,electro-,magnetic ,telegraph8 ,an in/rum5t1 or app>atus1 by means ( :i* intellig5ce is convey$ to any di/ance ) ! velocity ( lightn+4 ,! electric fluid1 :5 an excess has accumulat$ 9 "o place1 always seeks to transf] itself to ano!r1 until an equilibrium ( its di/ribution is fully re/or$4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 two places are connect$ by means ( a good conductor ( electricity1 z1 = in/ance1 ! telegraphic wire2 ! fluid g5]at$ by a galvanic batt]y1 if ! communication be r5d]$ complete1 in/antane\sly trav]ses ! :ole ext5t ( ! wire1 & *>ges1 at ! di/ant /ation1 an electro-magnet2 ?is attracts "o end ( a lev]1 & draws x d[nw>d1 :ile ! o!r extremity is ?r[n up1 &1 by means ( a /yle1 m>ks a slip ( pap]1 :i* is /eadily w\nd (f f a roll] by ! aid ( clock-"w4 ,if ! communication is imm$iately brok51 only "o wave ( electricity passes ov]1 & a dot is made ^u ! pap]2 if kept up1 a l9e is m>k$4 ,^! dots & l9es are made to repres5t ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 s t an op]ator employ$ = ! purpose c easily read ! message :i* is transmitt$4--,! ,electro-,magnetic ,telegraph 0 fir/ introduc$ ^u a l9e betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 by ,pr(essor ,morse1 9 #ahdd2 at ! pres5t "t1 x is 9 successful op]ation betwe5 ne>ly all ! important cities & t[ns ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ,europe4 ,an ,electro-,magnet is a piece ( s(t iron1 r5d]$ tempor>ily magnetic by be+ plac$ )9 a coil ( wire ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( electricity is pass+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,soap1 ,,c&les1 ,,tall[ ,,tree1 ,,sp]maceti1 ,,wax1 ,,mahogany1 ,,indian ,,rubb] ,,or ,,ca\t*\c1 ,,sponge1 ,,coral1 ,,lime1 ,,c>bon1 ,,oxyg51 ,,nitrog51 ,,gas1 ,,hydrog51 ,,*alk1 ,,& ,,m>ble4 ,( :at is ,soap compos$8 ,( soda or pota%1 & v>i\s oily sub/ances2 x is s useful = dome/ic & o!r purposes1 t x may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! necess>ies ( life2 imm5se quantities ( x are consum$ 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,s(t soap is g5]ally made ( a lye ( wood-a%es & quicklime1 boil$ up ) tall[ or oil2 common h\sehold soap ( soda & tall[1 or ( pota% & tall[2 :5 pota% is us$1 a l>ge portion ( common salt1 :i* conta9s soda1 is add$ to h>d5 x4 ,! f9e/ :ite soaps are made ( olive oil & a lye consi/+ ( soda & quicklime2 p]fumes are sometimes add$1 or v>i\s color+ matt]s /irr$ 9 to give ! soap a v>iegat$ appe>ance4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,hebrews appe> to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( mak+ soap1 or a composition v simil> to x2 & also ! anci5t ,gauls & ,g]mans4 ,a soap-boil]'s %op1 ) soap 9 x1 0 f\nd 9 ! city ( ,pompeii1 9 ,italy1 :i* 0 ov]:elm$ by an eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,:at is ,soda8 ,soda1 or b>illa1 is obta9$ f ! a%es ( m>9e plants1 & by ! decomposition ( common salt2 its great depository is ! ocean1 soda be+ ! basis ( salt4 ,! m>9e plants f :i* ! soda is obta9$1 are end[$ ) ! prop]ty ( decompos+ ! sea-salt :i* !y imbibe1 & ( absorb+ ! soda :i* x conta9s4 ,x is f\nd native 9 ,egypt1 & is !re call$ natron2 a "n simil> to t :i* x bore among ! ,jews & ,greeks4 ,depository1 /ore-h\se1 place :]e any?+ is lodg$4 ,imbibe1 to dr9k 91 to absorb4 ,( :at are ,c&les made8 ,( ,tall[1 :i* means animal fat melt$ & cl>ifi$1 t is1 cleans$ or purifi$ f fil?4 ,tall[ is procur$ f _m animals1 b ! mo/ e/eem$1 & ! mo/ us$1 is t made f ox51 %eep1 sw9e1 goats1 de]1 be>s1 c42 "s ( :i* tall[s or fats are us$ 9 m$ic9e1 "s 9 mak+ soap1 & dress+ lea!r2 o!rs 9 ! manufacture ( c&les1 c4 ,= ! la/-m5tion$ article1 t ( %eep & ox5 is mo/ us$2 c&les ( a bett] sort are likewise made ( wax & sp]maceti4 ,c&les are kept burn+ by means ( a wick ( cotton or ru%1 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! tall[1 :i* is m\ld$ into a cyl9drical =m4 ,cyl9drical1 hav+ ! =m ( a cyl9d]4 ,is !re n a tree :i* yields a vegetable ,tall[8 ,yes2 ,*9a possesses a tree produc+ a sub/ance l our tall[1 ( :i* ! ,*9ese make _! c&les2 ?is tall[ is extract$ f ! /one ( ! fruit1 ! tall[ be+ a :ite pulp :i* surr\nds x4 ,9 ,am]ica1 likewise1 !re is a %rub1 a native ( ! temp]ate p>ts1 especially t[>ds ! sea-side1 ! se$s ( :i* conta9 a waxy sub/ance us$ = ! same purpose1 & :i* is extract$ by boil+2 ?is %rub is a species ( myrtle1 & does n atta9 to any great size4 ,extract$1 drawn f4 ,:at is ,sp]maceti8 ,a :iti%1 flaky1 unctu\s sub/ance1 prep>$ f an oil ( ! same "n1 drawn f a p>ticul> k9d ( :ale1 di/+ui%$ f ! common :ale by hav+ tee?1 & a hun* on its back4 ,flaky1 hav+ ! nature ( flakes4 ,:at is ,wax8 ,a s(t1 yell[1 concrete matt]1 collect$ f vegetables by ! bee1 ( :i* ?is indu/ri\s & useful insect con/ructs its cell4 ,wax =ms a consid]able article ( trade2 x is ( two k9ds1 ! yell[ & ! :ite2 ! yell[ is ! native wax z x is tak5 f ! hive1 & ! :ite is ! same wa%$1 purifi$1 & expos$ to ! air4 ,concrete1 gr[n toge!r1 solid4 ,:at ,tree produces ! beautiful & well-kn[n wood s mu* us$ 9 mak+ ! v>i\s articles ( h\sehold furniture8 ,! ,mahogany ,tree1 gr[+ 9 ,am]ica1 & ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies2 x frequ5tly gr[s 9 ! crevices ( rocks1 & o!r places ( ! same description4 ,?is wood 0 n us$ = mak+ furniture till ne> ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a ,london physician _h a bro!r1 ! capta9 ( a ,we/ ,india %ip1 :o1 on 8 return to ,engl&1 hav+ on bo>d sev]al logs ( mahogany = ! purpose ( balla/1 made him a pres5t ( ! wood1 he be+ engag$ 9 a build+ project2 8 c>p5t]1 h[ev]1 ?rew x aside1 obs]v+ t x 0 too h>d to be wr\ght4 ,"s "t aft]1 ! lady ( ! physician be+ 9 want ( a box to hold c&les1 ! cab9et-mak] 0 direct$ to make x ( ?is wood2 he also made ! same objection1 & decl>$ t x spoil$ 8 tools4 ,be+ urg$1 h[ev]1 to make ano!r trial1 he at l5g? succe$$2 :5 ! box 0 poli%$1 ! beautiful color ( ! wood 0 s novel1 t x became an object ( great curiosity4 ,be=e ?is "t1 mahogany _h be5 us$ p>tially 9 ! ,we/ ,indies = %ip-build+1 b ?is new discov]y ( its beauty soon br\ght x into g5]al use = mak+ furniture4 ,crevice1 a r5t1 a crack4 ,balla/1 ! heavy matt] plac$ 9 ! hold ( a vessel to keep x /eady4 ,:at is ,india ,rubb] or ,ca\t*\c8 ,an ela/ic1 res9\s sub/ance1 produc$ f a tree1 gr[+ abundantly at ,cay5ne1 ,quito1 & o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 & also 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,indies4 ,! tree :i* produces x is l>ge1 /raight1 & ab\t sixty feet high4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a small species f\nd 9 ,sumatra & ,java1 & "s ( ! neighbor+ isl&s4 ,h[ is ! ,ca\t*\c obta9$ f ! ,tree8 ,by mak+ incisions 9 ! trunk ( ! tree1 f :i* ! fluid res9 issues 9 great abundance1 appe>+ ( a milky :it5ess at fir/1 b gradually becom+ ( a d>k r$di% color1 s(t & ela/ic to ! t\*4 ,to :at use is ?is sub/ance put8 ,! ,indians make ( x boots1 %oes1 bottles1 flambeaux1 & a species ( clo?4 ,among/ u x is comb9$ ) sulphur1 =m+ ! vulcaniz$ rubb] ( comm]ce1 :i* is us$ = _m purposes4 ,a great] proportion ( sulphur1 produces vulcanite1 a h>d black sub/ance1 resembl+ jet4 ,flambeaux1 tor*es burnt to give light4 ,:at is ,sponge8 ,a m>9e sub/ance1 f\nd adh]+ to rocks & %ells "u ! sea-wat]1 or on ! sides ( rocks ne> ! %ore4 ,sponge 0 =m]ly imag9$ by "s naturali/s to be a vegetable production2 by o!rs1 a m9]al1 or a collection ( sea-mud1 b x has s9ce be5 discov]$ to be ! fabric & habitation ( a species ( worm1 or polypus4 ,:at d y mean by ,polypus8 ,a species ( animals call$ ,zoophytes1 by :i* are meant be+s hav+ su* an admixture ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? plants & animals1 z to r5d] x difficult to decide to :i* division !y prop]ly belong4 ,!y are animal 9 sub/ance1 possess$ inde$ ( a /oma*1 b )\t ! o!r animal *>act]i/ics ( blood-vessels1 bones1 or organs ( s5se2 ^! creatures live *iefly 9 wat]1 & are mo/ly incapable ( motion3 !y increase by buds or excresc5ces f ! p>5t zoophyte1 & if cut (f w gr[ aga9 & multiply2 ea* "p becom+ a p]fect animal4 ,myriads ( ! diff]5t species ( zoophytes reside 9 small cells ( coral1 sponge1 c41 or 9 =ms l plants1 & multiply 9 su* numb]s z to create rocks & :ole isl&s 9 _m seas1 by _! untir+ indu/ry4 ,polypus signifies hav+ _m feet1 or roots2 x is d]iv$ f ! ,greek4 ,myriads1 c\ntless numb]s4 ,:5ce are ! be/ & greate/ numb] ( ,sponges br\ght8 ,f ! ,m$it]ranean1 especially f ,nic>ia1 an isl& ne> ! coa/ ( ,asia3 ! collection ( sponges =ms1 9 "s ( ^! isl&s1 ! pr9cipal support ( _! inhabitants4 ,!y are procur$ by div+ "u wat]1 an ex]cise 9 :i* bo? m51 wom51 & *ildr5 are skill$ f _! e>lie/ ye>s4 ,! f9e1 small sponges are e/eem$ ! be/1 & usually come f ,con/ant9ople2 ! l>g] & co>s] sorts are br\ght f ,tunis & ,algi]s1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,sponge is v useful 9 ! arts1 z well z = dome/ic purposes4 ,:at is ,coral8 ,a sub/ance :i*1 l sponge1 0 consid]$ z a vegetable production1 until ab\t ! ye> #agbj1 :5 a ,fr5* g5tleman ( ,m>seilles comm5c$ 7& cont9u$ = ?irty ye>s17 a s]ies ( obs]vations1 & asc]ta9$ t ! coral 0 a liv+ animal ( ! ,polypus tribe4 ,! g5]al "n ( zoophytes1 or plant animals1 has s9ce be5 appli$ to !m4 ,^! animals are furni%$ ) m9ute gl&s1 secret+ a milky juice2 ?is juice1 :5 exud$ f ! animal1 becomes fix$ & h>d4 ,s]ies1 a c\rse or cont9u$ succession4 ,gl&s1 vessels4 ,exud$1 f exude1 to fl[ out4 ,is ?is sub/ance consid]$ by naturali/s z ! habitation ( ! ,insect8 ,n m]ely z ! habitation1 b z a "p ( ! animal itself1 9 ! same mann] t ! %ell ( a snail or an oy/] is ( ^? animals1 & )\t :i* !y _c long exi/4 ,by means ( ?is juice or secretion1 ! coral insects1 at a va/ b unkn[n dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! sea1 atta* !mselves to ! po9ts & ridges ( rocks1 :i* =m ! bottom ( ! ocean2 ^u :i* f\ndation ! little ar*itects labor1 build+ up1 by ! aid ( ! above-m5tion$ secretion1 pile ^u pile ( _! rocky habitations1 until at l5g? ! "w rises above ! sea1 & is cont9u$ to su* a height z to leave x almo/ dry1 :5 ! insects leave build+ on t "p1 & beg9 afre% 9 ano!r direction "u ! wat]4 ,huge masses ( rocky sub/ances are ?us rais$ by ?is wond]ful little insect1 capable ( resi/+ ! trem5d\s p[] ( ! ocean :5 agitat$ to ! highe/ pit* by w9ds or tempe/s4 ,ar*itect1 "o :o builds4 ,h[ d ^! ,coral ,rocks become ,isl&s8 ,aft] ! =mation ( ?is solid1 rocky base1 sea-%ells1 fragm5ts ( coral1 & sea-s&1 ?r[n up by ea* return+ tide1 are brok5 & mix$ toge!r by ! action ( ! waves2 ^!1 9 "t1 become a sort ( /one1 & ?us raise ! surface high] & high]2 mean:ile1 ! ev]-active surf cont9ues to ?r[ up ! %ells ( m>9e animals & o!r sub/ances1 :i* fill up ! crevices betwe5 ! /ones2 ! undi/urb$ s& on its surface (f]s to ! se$s ( trees & plants ca/ ^u x by ! waves1 a soil ^u :i* !y rapidly gr[ & ov]%ad[ ! dazzl+ :it5ess ( ! new-=m$ l&4 ,trunks ( trees1 wa%$ into ! sea by ! riv]s f o!r c\ntries & isl&s1 "h f9d a re/+-place1 & ) ^! come "s small animals1 *iefly ( ! liz>d & insect tribe4 ,ev5 be=e ! trees =m a wood1 ! sea-birds ne/le among _! bran*es1 & ! /ray l&-bird soon takes refuge 9 ! bu%es4 ,at la/1 man arrives & builds 8 hut ^u ! fruitful soil =m$ by ! corruption ( ! vegetation1 & calls himself "l & ma/] ( ?is new creation4 ,surf1 ! :ite spray or fro? ( ! sea waves4 ,:]e is ! ,coral ,insect f\nd8 ,9 ne>ly all great seas2 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e x produces ,corall9es ( ! mo/ beautiful =ms & colors3 x is 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 h[ev]1 :]e ^! t9y workm5 are effect+ ^? mighty *anges1 :i* exce$ ! mo/ wond]ful works ( man4 ,:at is t "p ( ! ,pacific call$1 :]e ! ,coral ,rocks are mo/ abundant8 ,! ,coral ,sea1 f ! numb] ( coral reefs & sunk5 isl&s1 ) :i* x ab\nds2 x includes a region ( _m miles 9 ext5t1 ! :ole ( :i* is /udd$ ) numb]less reefs1 rocks1 isl&s1 & columns ( coral1 cont9ually jo9+ & advanc+ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,all navigators :o h visit$ ^! seas1 /ate t no *>ts or maps are ( any s]vice aft] a few ye>s1 ow+ to ! numb] ( fre% rocks & reefs :i* are cont9ually ris+ to ! surface4 ,! wond]ful in/9ct ( ^! animals leads !m to cont9ue work+ )\t ceas+1 until _! labors are f9i%$1 or _! lives ext9ct4 ,reef1 a *a9 or l9e ( rocks ly+ ne> ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,ext9ct1 at an end1 dead4 ,:at are ! names ( ! pr9cipal isl&s ( ,coral =mation8 ,! ,new ,hebrides1 ! ,fri5dly ,isles1 ! ,navigator's ,isles1 ! ,society ,isl&s1 ! ,m>quesas1 ! ,gambi] gr\p1 & o!rs4 ,^! gr\ps are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by *annels or seas1 wid] ?an ^? :i* divide ! individual isl&s :i* =m ! respective gr\ps2 b all ^! wat]s ab\nd ) %oals & m9or islets1 :i* po9t out ! exi/5ce ( a common base1 & %[ t ! "w by :i* !y w aft]w>ds be unit$ above ! level ( ! sea is cont9ually go+ =w>d4 ,%oals1 %all[s2 places :]e ! wat] is ( little dep?4 ,m9or1 less1 small] ?an o!rs4 ,exi/5ce1 be+4 ,:at is a s+ul> *>act]i/ic ( ! ,coral ,isl&s8 ,on all ( !m a pl5tiful supply ( sweet & fre% wat] may be obta9$ by digg+ ?ree or f\r feet into ! coral2 & ev5 )9 "o y>d ( high-wat] m>k su* a supply is to be f\nd4 ,!y are mo/ly cov]$ ) a deep ri* soil1 & well wood$ ) trees & ev]gre5s ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,^! isl&s v>y 9 ext5t1 z well z 9 ! degree ( f9i% to :i* !y h arriv$2 "s ( ! l>ge/ be+ ab\t #cj miles 9 diamet]1 & ! smalle/ some?+ less ?an a mile2--all ( v>i\s %apes1 & all =m$ ( liv+ coral4 ,diamet]1 a /raight l9e ?r\gh ! middle ( a circle4 ,is ,coral put to any use by man8 ,:ite ,coral1 :i* is n[h]e s abundant z ab\t ! %ores ( ,ceylon1 & o!rs ( ! neighbor+ ,indian coa/s1 is employ$ z lime by ! inhabitants ( t "p ( ! _w1 = build+ h\ses1 c41 by burn+ x aft] ! mann] ( our lime4 ,?is coral lies 9 va/ banks1 :i* are uncov]$ at l[ wat]4 ,coral1 p>ticul>ly ! beautiful r$ sort1 is likewise made into v>i\s ornam5ts1 z necklaces1 c4 ,( :at is our ,lime compos$8 ,( a useful e>?1 :i* absorbs moi/ure & c>bonic acid1 & exi/s z lime/one1 or 9 m>ble & *alk1 :i*1 :5 burnt1 become lime3 9 its native /ate x is call$ c>bonate ( lime1 & is burnt to dis5gage ! c>bonic acid2 :5 made into a pa/e1 ) "o "p wat] & ?ree p>ts lime1#ac & mix$ ) "s o!r m9]al or metallic sub/ances1 x =ms pla/ic cem5ts & mort>s2 & aft]w>ds1 imbib+ c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e1 x becomes aga9 c>bonate ( lime1 z h>d z at fir/2 & h5ce its use 9 build+4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xvi41 article ,lime4 ,pla/ic1 yield+1 capable ( be+ spread out or m\ld$4 ,:at d y mean by ,c>bon8 ,a simple sub/ance1 ^: mo/ common =m is purifi$ *>coal3 x is1 9 fact1 ! base ( *>coal1 dive/$ ( all impurities2 comb9$ ) oxyg51 x =ms c>bonic acid gas1 =m]ly call$ fix$ air4 ,x is diffus$ ?r\gh all animal & vegetable bodies2 & may be obta9$ by expos+ !m to a r$ heat4 ,9 its pure1 cry/alliz$ /ate1 x con/itutes ! diamond1 & z graphite1 is us$ 9 mak+ ! s-call$ lead-p5cils4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv41 article ,diamond4 ,:at is ,oxyg58 ,air1 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "w z ! gase\s sub/ance :i* composes ! atmosph]e1 is =m$ by a mixture ( two di/9ct elem5ts1 "o call$ ,nitrog51 or ,azote1 ! o!r ,oxyg54 ,oxyg5 is1 !re=e1 an elem5t or simple sub/ance diffus$ g5]ally ?r\gh nature1 & its diff]5t comb9ations are ess5tial to animal life & combu/ion4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! mo/ active ag5t 9 nature1 & ! pr9ciple ( acidity & combu/ion4 ,s :olesome & necess>y is oxyg5 to life1 t x is (t5 call$ vital air4 ,ag5t1 an actor2 a p]son or ?+ possess+ ! faculty ( action4 ,ess5tial1 necess>y4 ,:at are ! prop]ties ( ,nitrog5 or ,azote8 ,nitrog5 is a sub/ance also g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh nature1 & p>ticul>ly 9 animal bodies1 & causes great *anges 9 ^? absorb+ or expos$ to x4 ,?is gas1 comb9$ ) oxyg5 & hydrog51 produces nei!r light1 heat1 nor combu/ion1 b s]ves to dilute ! o!rs3 ( itself1 x is hurtful to animal life4 ,nitrog5 makes ! pr9cipal "p ( ! salt we call nitre4 ,:at is meant by ,combu/ion8 ,! decomposition ( bodies by ! action ( fire2 ! union ( combu/ible bodies ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! great] access ! air has to a burn+ body1 ! m rapid & complete is ! process4 ,combu/ible1 capable ( tak+ fire4 ,access1 ! means or lib]ty ( approa* to any?+4 ,are all bodies equally combu/ible8 ,no2 "s are m s ?an o!rs1 & burn ) a bright flame2 z wood1 dry vegetables1 res9s1 oils1 fats1 c42 o!rs ) difficulty1 & )\t any s5sible flame1 z soot1 coal1 ! a%es ( plants1 c4 ,!re are bodies1 also1 :i* are incombu/ible--t is1 incapable ( tak+ fire1 z "s alkalies1 e>?s1 c4 ,:at is ,caloric8 ,caloric is t invisible ag5t :i* produces ! s5sation ( heat4 ,x exi/s 9 all bodies2 x is a =ce we are ev] 9 want (1 & ?us x is hid 9 ev]y?+ ar\nd u1 & p5etrates all matt]1 h[ev] diff]5t may be its nature or prop]ties4 ,:at is meant by ,gas8 ,all highly ela/ic fluids are call$ gases4 ,"s are salut>y1 b _m extremely noxi\s1 especially su* z ^? aris+ f ! putrefaction ( animal bodies2 ! burn+ ( *>coal2 corrupt$ air at ! bottom ( m9es1 cell>s1 c4 ,! inflammable gas1 :i* lights our /reets1 *ur*es1 %ops1 c41 is procur$ *iefly f coal1 burnt 9 furnaces = ! purpose ! gas be+ pass$ ?r\gh metal pipes1 convey$ und]gr\nd to ! places :]e ! light is requir$3 escap+ at ! orifice prep>$ = x1 x is light$ :5 want$1 & burns )1 a brilliant flame4 ,?is gas consi/s ( hydrog5 & c>bon2 & ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 comb9$ ) ! hydrog51 causes light z long z hydrog5 & oxyg5 exi/ & comb9e4 ,salut>y1 :olesome1 heal?ful4 ,noxi\s1 hurtful1 un:olesome4 ,putrefaction1 decay4 ,orifice1 op5+1 hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diamond ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,poli%+4 ,:at is ,hydrog58 ,"o ( ! mo/ abundant pr9ciples 9 nature2 "o "p ( x1 & eight ( oxyg51 =m wat]4 ,x is only met ) 9 a gase\s =m2 x is also v inflammable1 & is ! gas call$ ! fire-damp1 s (t5 fatal to m9]s2 x is ! *ief con/itu5t ( oils1 fats1 spirits1 c42 & is produc$ by ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,con/itu5t1 t :i* =ms an ess5tial "p ( any?+4 ,:at is ,*alk8 ,a :ite fossil sub/ance1 by "s reckon$ a /one1 b ( a friable k9d1 :i* _c1 !re=e1 be poli%$ z m>ble2 by o!rs1 m prop]ly rank$ among ! e>?s4 ,x is ( two sorts1 "o a h>d dry *alk1 us$ = mak+ lime2 ! o!r a s(t1 unctu\s k9d1 us$ 9 manur+ l&1 c4 ,*alk always conta9s quantities ( fl9t-/one1 & ! fossil rema9s ( %ells1 coral1 animal bones1 m>9e plants1 c42 f :i* circum/ance !re c be no d\bt t *alk is ! deposit$ mud ( a =m] ocean4 ,! *emical "n ( *alk is c>bonate ( lime4 ,x eff]vesces /rongly ) an acid4 ,eff]vesce1 to fro? or foam up4 ,deposit$1 plac$ on any?+4 ,:]e is ,*alk f\nd8 ,9 l>ge b$s or /rata 9 ! e>?4 ,*alk1 on acc\nt ( its abundance 9 ,engl&1 =ms an important feature 9 ! sc5]y & geology ( t c\ntry2 x causes ! :it5ess ( its sea-cliffs4 ,scotl& & ,wales are entirely )\t *alk4 ,! :ite *alk is f\nd1 ) int]ruptions1 ov] a space above elev5 hundr$ miles long1 ext5d+ f ! nor? ( ,irel&1 ?r\gh ,engl&1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,pol&1 & ,s\!rn ,russia1 to ! ,crimea1 ) a bread? ( m ?an eight hundr$ miles4 ,! ,isl& ( ,crete1 n[ call$ ,c&ia1 situat$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 0 =m]ly not$ = its *alk4 ,?is sub/ance is v useful 9 _m ( ! arts & manufactures4 ,:]e is ! ,crimea8 ,! p59sula ( ! ,crimea is a "p ( ,russia1 ly+ on ! ,black ,sea1 by :i* x is b\nd$ on ! we/ & s\?4 ,are !re any o!r k9ds ( ?is e>? besides ! common :ite *alk8 ,yes2 !re are v>i\s k9ds ( *alk1 di/+ui%$ by _! diff]5t colors1 z :ite1 black1 r$1 c41 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 ( great use to ! pa9t]1 bo? 9 oil & wat] colors1 & = draw+ on pap]1 c4 ,:at is ,m>ble8 ,a k9d ( /one rem>kable = its h>dness & firm gra91 & = be+ susceptible ( ! f9e/ poli%4 ,x is dug 9 great masses f pits or qu>ries2 & is mu* us$ 9 ornam5tal build+s1 & = /atues1 alt>s1 tombs1 *imney-pieces1 c4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* m>bre1 m>ble4 ,m>ble is suppos$ to be =m$1 deep )9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 f a loose & por\s c>bonate ( lime1 subject$ to enorm\s heat & pressure4 ,susceptible1 easily admitt+ any?+ additional4 ,por\s1 full ( holes1 or int]/ices4 ,are !re diff]5t sorts ( ?is ,/one8 ,m>bles are ( _m diff]5t k9ds1 usually nam$ ei!r f _! color or c\ntry2 "s ( "o simple color1 z :ite1 or black2 o!rs /reak$ or v>iegat$ ) diff]5t colors4 ,!y are classifi$ z anci5t & mod]n3 ! anci5t are ^? f\nd 9 qu>ries n[ lo/ or inaccessible to u1 & ( :i* !re are only "s wr\ght pieces rema9+2--! mod]n1 ^? f qu>ries /ill op51 & out ( :i* blocks ( m>ble cont9ue to be tak54 ,9 :at c\ntries is ,m>ble f\nd8 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,africa1 ,egypt1 & _m o!r c\ntries1 produce m>bles ( diff]5t colors & qualities2 "s m beautiful1 valuable1 & m highly e/eem$ ?an o!rs1 z ^? ( ,egypt1 ,italy1 c4 ,^?1 also1 ( diff]5t places 9 ! same c\ntry frequ5tly diff] f ea* o!r 9 quality & appe>ance ,( ! ,european m>bles1 t ( ,italy is ! mo/ valuable4 ,:at k9d appe>s to h be5 held 9 ! greate/ e/eem by ! anci5ts8 ,a beautiful :ite m>ble1 call$ ! ,p>ian2 ( :i* ! ,grecian /atues 7 mo/ly made4 ,by "s1 x is suppos$ to h tak5 its "n f ! ,isle ( ,p>os1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 b by o!rs f ,p>ius1 a fam\s /atu>y1 :o made x celebrat$ by cutt+ 9 x a /atue ( ,v5us4 ,p>ian m>ble is (t5 m5tion$ by anci5t au?ors4 ,/atues1 figures ( m51 animals1 c41 cut 9 /one or m>ble4 ,/atu>y1 "o :o makes /atues4 ,:o 0 ,v5us8 ,! goddess ( love & beauty1 :o 0 an object ( adoration 9 ! idolatr\s ages1 :5 m5 ignorantly knelt d[n & wor%ipp$ /ocks & /ones1 :i* _! own h&s _h fa%ion$ aft] ! lik5ess ( ?+s on ! e>?1 or imag9>y creations ( _! fancy2--or1 aga91 ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 in/ead ( ! "o & only true ,god4 ,9 ^? times1 e nation _h its peculi> deities1 to :om 7 paid div9e rites & honors1 & to ^: names co/ly temples 7 d$icat$3 ^! deities 7 divid$ into two classes1 sup]ior & inf]ior4 ,v5us 0 "o ( ! ,grecian goddesses1 suppos$ by !m to h sprung f ! fro? ( ! sea4 ,k+s & celebrat$ w>riors1 & sages too1 aft] dea?1 frequ5tly receiv$ div9e honors2 z ,confucius1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,*9ese empire1 :o1 aft] dea?1 0 wor%ipp$ by t p z a god4 ,romulus1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,rome1 likewise1 0 ?us ador$ by ! ,romans2 & _m simil> in/ances ( ! same species ( idolatry among/ o!r nations might be record$4 ,deities1 fabul\s gods or goddesses4 ,idolatr\s1 giv5 to ! wor%ip ( idols4 ,sup]ior1 high] 9 rank4 ,inf]ior1 ( a l[] rank4 ,sage1 a wise man4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,gold1 ,,silv]1 ,,lead1 ,,t91 ,,plat9a1 ,,sulphur1 ,,gems ,,or ,,preci\s ,,/ones1 ,,z ,,diamonds1 ,,rubies1 ,,em]alds1 ,,turquois1 ,,pe>ls1 ,,"m-,,or-,,pe>ls1 ,,& ,,ivory4 ,:at is ,gold8 ,! pure/ & mo/ preci\s ( metals3 x is sometimes f\nd 9 solid masses1 z 9 ,cali=nia1 ,p]u1 ,hung>y1 c42 9 a %ape resembl+ ! bran*es ( plants2 9 ?9 plates cov]+ o!r bodies1 z 9 ,sib]ia2 sometimes 9 a cry/al =m4 ,x1 h[ev]1 g5]ally occurs 9 a metallic /ate1 & mo/ commonly 9 ! =m ( gra9s4 ,:at is x call$ :5 f\nd 9 a p]fect metallic =m8 ,native gold3 x is1 h[ev]1 seldom met ) p]fectly pure1 be+ frequ5tly alloy$ ) silv]1 copp]1 iron1 or plat9a2 sometimes conceal$ 9 o!r m9]als2 f :i*1 if suffici5tly abundant1 x is extract$ by art4 ,:]e & 9 :at mann] is ,gold g5]ally f\nd8 ,all p>ts ( ! e>? af=d gold2 ?\gh ) great diff]5ce 9 po9t ( purity & abundance4 ,x is *iefly obta9$ f m9es4 ,_m riv]s conta9 gold 9 _! s&s1 especially ^? ( ,cali=nia & ,gu9ea4 ,gold m9es are ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ,europe1 b ! metal is f\nd 9 "s ( its riv]s2 among its m9es1 ^? ( ,upp] ,hung>y are ! mo/ consid]able4 ,*9a & ,japan are ri* 9 ?is metal2 _m p>ts ( ,asia also possess x4 ,au/ralia produces quantities ( ! metal4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! ea/]n p>ts & int]ior ( ,africa1 :]e gold du/ is collect$ 9 great quantities f e>? deposit$ by ! riv]s4 ,b x is 9 ,am]ica t gold is f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z ,brazil1 ,p]u1 ,*ili1 c4 ,gu9ea1 a c\ntry ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,:at are ! uses ( ,gold8 ,x is us$ = money1 jewelry1 plate1 c4 ,x is also employ$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! arts4 ,:at is ! "* ( ,gold8 ,gold is s ductile & malleable1 t an ounce ( x may be drawn into a ?read ( #gc leagues 9 l5g?2 or beat5 into #afj leaves ( #i in*es squ>e1 & ?9 en\gh to be c>ri$ away by ! slighte/ w9d4 ,x readily assumes any =m t human art c be/[ ^u x3 its color is unalt]able1 & ! beautiful poli% ( :i* x is susceptible1 r5d]s x ! be/ ( all metals = ornam5tal purposes4 ,x is inde/ructible by air1 wat]1 or fire4 ,gold is ! heavie/ ( all metals1 except plat9a2 x is nei!r v ela/ic1 nor v h>d4 ,league1 a measure ( l5g? conta9+ ?ree miles4 ,inde/ructible1 incapable ( be+ de/roy$4 ,is n ! use ( ,gold q anci5t8 ,yes2 x appe>s to h be5 v e>ly kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ! _w4 ,9 ! #ac? ,*apt] ( ,g5esis1 ,abram is spok5 ( z v ri* 9 silv] & gold2 & 9 ! #b;d ,*apt] ( ! same book1 ! l& ( ,hevila? 7n[ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,arabia ,felix17 is po9t$ out z hav+ gold4 ,arabia 0 fam$ = ! f95ess & quality ( its gold4 ,9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 ! gold ( ,ophir seems to h be5 mu* e/eem$1 z x is record$ t ! gold us$ 9 ! build+ ( ! ,temple 0 br\ght f t place by ! m]*ant-vessels ( ,hiram1 ,k+ ( ,tyre4 ,ophir is suppos$ to h be5 situat$ some:]e 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,:at is ,silv]8 ,a beautiful :ite %9+ metal1 next to gold 9 value1 &1 l t preci\s sub/ance1 ( great antiquity4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ! pol> latitudes3 :5 x occurs 9 hot climates1 x is g5]ally amid/ m\nta9s1 cov]$ ) p]petual sn[4 ,latitude1 bread?1 wid?2 9 ,geography1 ! di/ance ( a place 9 degrees1 nor? or s\?1 f ! ,equator4 ,:]e are ! ri*e/ ,silv] ,m9es f\nd8 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 especially among ! ,&es2 ! m9es ( ,mexico1 & ^? ( ,nevada1 also1 are ri* 9 ?is metal4 ,! ri*e/ & mo/ important silv] m9es 9 ,europe are ^? ( ,knigsb]g1 9 ,norway1 & ( ,&alusia1 9 ,spa94 ,) ! exception ( gold1 silv] is ! mo/ ductile ( all metals3 a s+le gra9 may be ext5d$ into a plate #abf in*es long1 & half an in* broad4 ,x is capable ( /ill fur!r ext5sion1 b its t5acity is inf]ior ev5 to t ( iron or copp]4 ,a silv] wire "o-t5? ( an in* ?ick w sc>cely be> a weight ( #bij p\nds1 :il/ a gold wire ( ! same ?ickness w support ne>ly d\ble t weight4 ,l "s o!r metals1 x is unalt]able by air or moi/ure1 b by an int5se heat may be volatiliz$1 be+ sometimes f\nd 9 ! soot ( *imneys :]e l>ge quantities are melt$4 ,volatiliz$1 made to fly (f by evaporation4 ,9 :at /ate is ,silv] usually f\nd8 ,x is r>ely f\nd 9 a /ate ( purity1 be+ g5]ally mix$ ) o!r metals1 z gold1 lead1 c4 ,masses ( native silv] are ( no det]m9ate =m2 be+ f\nd sometimes 9 small bran*es1 sometimes 9 ?reads1 or v frequ5tly 9 leaves1 z 9 ! ,sib]ian m9es4 ,native1 or pure silv] is *iefly f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,potosi4 ,silv] 0 us$ z money 9 comm]ce #aajj ye>s be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome4 ,comm]ce1 trade ( "o nation ) ano!r1 or diff]5t p]sons1 c4 ) ea* o!r4 ,:at is ,t98 ,a :ite metal1 s(t] ?an any o!r except+ lead1 m ela/ic1 & m sonor\s4 ,?\gh t9 is ! lighte/ ( all metals1 its ore is1 :5 ri*1 ! heavie/ ( all metallic ores4 ,x has bo? smell & ta/e2 is less ductile ?an "s h>d] metals1 ?\gh x may be beat5 into v ?9 leaves2 & x fuses s quickly1 t x requires a heat mu* less ?an is suffici5t to make x r$-hot4 ,0 n ! use ( ,t9 v e>ly kn[n8 ,t9 0 f\nd 9 ,brita9 f ! e>lie/ ages2 ! ,ph5icians trad$ to ,cornwall = ?is metal #fjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,:]e are ! pr9cipal ,t9 ,m9es8 ,9 ,saxony1 ,cornwall1 & ,bohemia4 ,t9 is also f\nd 9 ,spa91 ,sumatra1 ,siam1 ,mexico1 & ,*ili4 ,a few specim5s h be5 f\nd at ,go%51 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,specim5s1 samples4 ,9 :at /ate is ,t9 g5]ally f\nd8 ,t9 is sometimes f\nd native or pure1 b mo/ frequ5tly alloy$ ) o!r metals3 ! work+ ( t9 m9es is att5d$ ) mu* difficulty1 on acc\nt ( _! great dep?1 & ! h>d rocks :i* ob/ruct ! progress ( ! m9]s1 :o are (t5 oblig$ to cut ?r\gh !m4 ,?is metal is v useful 9 ! mak+ ( dome/ic ut5sils1 = coat+ ! inside ( copp] & iron vessels1 & = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,ob/ruct1 to /& 9 ! way4 ,:at is ,lead8 ,a co>se1 heavy metal1 ( a blui% grey color3 x is s s(t & flexible1 t x is easily cut ) a knife1 & roll$ out into %eets1 c42 x is v fusible & inela/ic1 b less ductile & sonor\s1 ?an any o!r metal4 ,next to gold1 plat9a1 & m]cury1 x is ! heavie/ ( ! metals1 be+ elev5 times heavi] ?an an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,?is metal loses its malleability 9 proportion z x is heat$3 z soon z x melts x calc9es1 & greyi%-color$ a%es are =m$ on its surface2 :5 return+ f a fluid to a solid /ate1 x is easily divid$ into small gra9s or p[d]1 or =m$ into %ot1 c4 ,lead 0 9 common use among ! anci5ts4 ,flexible1 yield+1 easily b5t4 ,sonor\s1 giv+ s\nd :5 /ruck4 ,:]e is ,lead f\nd8 ,9 v>i\s c\ntries2 b x ab\nds pr9cipally 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,spa92 ! lead m9es ( ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 & ,i[a1 are among ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w4 ,lead is a metal ( great utility2 x easily melts & mixes ) gold1 silv]1 & copp]2 h5ce x is employ$ 9 ref9+ gold & silv]1 z x sep>ates all ! dirt & impurities f !m2 x is mu* us$ 9 build+1 p>ticul>ly = cov]+ gutt]s1 pipes1 c42 lead is also us$ 9 v>ni%es & oil-pa9t+1 & makes ! basis ( ! glaz+ ( all ! e>!n & pott]y w>es4 ,ref9+1 cleans+1 purify+4 ,v>ni%es1 prep>ations = beautify+ & pres]v+ v>i\s articles4 ,:at is peculi> to ! ore ( ,lead8 ,! ore ( ?is metal is s poison\s1 t ! /eam aris+ f ! furnaces 9 :i* x is smelt$ infects ! grass ( all ! neighbor+ places1 & kills ! animals :i* fe$ on x3 cul9>y vessels l9$ ) a mixture ( t9 & lead1 are apt to convey p]nici\s qualities to ! food prep>$ 9 !m4 ,!re are v>i\s prep>ations ( lead1 s]v+ = diff]5t purposes4 ,infects1 corrupts4 ,cul9>y1 adapt$ to ! purposes ( cook+4 ,p]nici\s1 hurtful1 dang]\s4 ,ore1 ! m9]al soil1 e>?1 or /one dug out ( ! m9es1 :i* conta9s ! metal4 ,:at is ,black ,lead8 ,x is a k9d ( m9]al1 ( a deep %9+ black or blui% color1 s(t & unctu\s to ! t\*2 x is insoluble 9 acids1 & infusible by fire4 ,black lead has be5 f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 9 a /ate ( great] or less purity1 b x is ! ,engli% black lead :i* is ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,insoluble1 incapable ( dissolv+4 ,infusible1 n capable ( be+ melt$4 ,is ,black ,lead a prop] t]m = ?is m9]al8 ,no2 because1 9 reality1 !re is n a p>ticle ( lead 9 x4 ,on ! spot :]e x is procur$1 x is call$ by two or ?ree diff]5t names1 b ! mo/ usual is ,plumbago4 ,:]e is ! be/ ,black ,lead f\nd8 ,! be/ & greate/ quantity is f\nd 9 ,engl&1 9 a m9e ne> ,keswick1 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,x is mu* us$ = p5cils or crayons1 = writ+1 draw+1 c42 = ?is purpose x is sawn into slips1 & fitt$ into a groove 9 a /rip ( s(t wood1 z c$>1 c41 ov] :i* ano!r is plac$ & fa/5$ ) glue4 ,:at is ,plat9a8 ,a metallic sub/ance1 m rec5tly discov]$ ?an ! metals already describ$2 & analog\s to ! p]fect metals1 especially gold1--_m ( ^: prop]ties x possesses4 ,analog\s1 be>+ a resemblance4 ,:5ce is its "n d]iv$8 ,x is ! dim9utive ( plata1 silv]1 to :i* x appe>s v simil>2 plat9a be+ a silv]-color$ metal1 9 small gra9s4 ,dim9utive1 a ^w less5+ ! mean+ ( ! orig9al4 ,:5ce is x obta9$8 ,mo/ly f ,russia1 &1 also f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,its color does n t>ni% by exposure to ! air1 & appe>s to be equally p]man5t ) t ( pure gold2 ! metal is inde/ructible by fire4 ,plat9a is capable ( be+ alloy$ ) all metals2 is fus$ ) difficulty1 b by great labor may be r5d]$ malleable3 x is also ! heavie/ metal1 be+ #ba times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,p]man5t1 la/+4 ,are !re any o!r ,metals besides ^? already m5tion$8 ,9 addition to ! metals kn[n & us$ by ! anci5ts1 ! *emical sci5ce ( lat] ages has1 by decompos+ o!r e>?s1 add$ m ?an ?irty to ! numb] ( metals1 "s ( !m m curi\s ?an useful2 sev]al ( ^! are light] ?an wat]4 ,all ! metals possess diff]5t & di/9ct prop]ties f ea* o!r4 ,!y are divid$ into two classes1 ! malleable & ! brittle metals4 ,^! la/ may be aga9 divid$ into two o!rs1--namely1 ^? :i* are easily1 & ^? :i* are ) difficulty fus$4 ,:at d y mean by ,metallurgy8 ,! art ( obta9+ metals f _! ores1 compris+ ! processes ( assay+1 ref9+1 smelt+1 c4 ,by assay+ is meant1 ! p>ticul> mann] ( exam9+ an ore or mix$ metal1 accord+ to its nature1 s z to discov] n only :at metals & :at proportions ( metal may be obta9$ f x1 b also :at o!r m9]al sub/ances or e>?s may be conta9$ 9 x4 ,:at d ! t]ms ,ref9+ & ,smelt+ signify8 ,ref9+ is ! art ( r5d]+ ! metal free f all impurities4 ,smelt+ means ! melt+ ( a metal f its ore 9 a smelt+ furnace1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! metallic p>ts f ! sulphur1 ars5ic1 & ! e>?y & /ony sub/ances ) :i* !y may be comb9$4 ,:at is ,sulphur8 ,an inflammable1 fossil sub/ance1 ( a dry1 solid1 friable nature1 melt+ ) a small proportion ( heat2--:5 fir$ 9 ! op5 air1 burn+ almo/ entirely away ) a blue flame & noxi\s vapor4 ,x is abundantly diffus$ 9 _m places1 especially :]e metallic m9]als are f\nd2 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ^? di/ricts :]e subt]ranean fires & volcanoes exi/4 ,x is also f\nd comb9$ ) _m diff]5t sub/ances4 ,describe ! nature ( ,sulphur1 & ! places :]e x is mo/ly f\nd4 ,sulphur almo/ pure1 call$ native or virg9 sulphur1 is f\nd 9 volcanoes & grottoes1 9 ! =m ( transp>5t cry/als2 b ! greate/ quantity :i* exi/s naturally is comb9$ ) metals 9 ores4 ,sulphur is bo? fusible & volatile1--:i* qualities enable u to procure x f ^? m9]als by ! process ( sublimation3 x unites easily1 9 diff]5t degrees1 ) all metallic matt]s1 except+ gold1 plat9a1 & z9c4 ,sublimation1 ! act ( br++ a solid sub/ance into ! /ate ( vapor by heat1 & cond5s+ x aga9 by cold4 ,are n its uses v ext5sive8 ,yes1 bo? 9 ! arts & 9 *emi/ry3 x is well kn[n to be a pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! prep>ation ( gunp[d] & fire-works2 x is also us$ = :it5+ wool1 /raw1 silk1 c42 _m o!r matt]s expos$ to ! vapors ( sulphur :5 burn+1 quickly lose _! color1 :i* no o!r sub/ance _h be5 able to de/roy4 ,sulphur is also frequ5tly f\nd 9 m9]al wat]s4 ,:5ce are ! greate/ quantities ( ,sulphur br\ght8 ,! l>ge/ quantities are br\ght f ,saxony1 9 irregul> masses1 :i* are aft]w>ds melt$ & ca/ into small rolls4 ,!re are ab\t f\r species ( sulphur2 namely1 ! yell[ native sulphur1 :i* 9 its pure/ /ate is cle>1 & ( a pale /raw color1 f\nd 9 ! gold m9es ( ,p]u2 9 ,hung>y1 & "s o!r places3 ! gre5 native sulphur1 :i* is h>d] ?an ! o!r1 is f\nd 9 small cru/-l masses2 ?is sort is *iefly conf9$ to ,m\nt ,vesuvius3 & ! grey native sulphur1 common 9 ,icel& & _m o!r places4 ,native sulphur is also f\nd at ! coal m9es1 ne> ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia2 9 ,connecticut1 ,p5nsylvania1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:i* is ! mo/ r>e & beautiful ( all ! k9ds8 ,! r$ native sulphur2 x is mo/ly ( a f9e gl[+ r$1 v bright & transp>5t2 x is f\nd1 l ! fir/-m5tion$ sort1 9 ! gold m9es ( ,p]u4 ,common sulphur1 su* z is us$ 9 trade & ! arts1 is ( a pale yell[ color2 & possesses a peculi> & disagreeable smell1 p>ticul>ly :5 heat$ or rubb$4 ,?is is mo/ly extract$ f ! metallic sulphurets1 & is commonly call$ brim/one4 ,x is ! sort employ$ 9 mak+ mat*es4 ,is !re n ano!r sub/ance also employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es8 ,yes3 ,phosphorus1 a peculi> sub/ance1 *iefly ( animal orig94 ,x is mo/ly procur$ by ! decomposition ( ! phosphoric acid :i* is f\nd 9 bones4 ,x 0 accid5tally discov]$ at ,hamburgh1 9 #affi1 by an al*emi/ nam$ ,br&t4 ,al*emi/1 "o skill$ 9 ,al*emy4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xviii41 article ,*emi/ry4 ,:at is ! nature ( ,phosphorus8 ,x is a solid1 inflammable sub/ance1 :i* burns :5 9 contact ) atmosph]ic air4 ,x is us$ 9 v>i\s *emical exp]im5ts1 & = mak+ mat*es2 = v>i\s k9ds ( fire-works1 c4 ,x w comb9e ) all metals except gold & z9c2 & also ) "s e>?s4 ,"s animals1 z ! gl[-worm1 possess v peculi> phosphoresc5t qualities4 ,phosphoresc5t1 hav+ a phosphoric prop]ty1 emitt+ peculi> light l phosphorus4 ,:at is ,ars5ic8 ,a heavy metallic sub/ance1 v volatile1 & highly inflammable2 s cau/ic or corrosive to animals1 z to become a viol5t poison 9 all its /ates4 ,9 its metallic /ate x is us$ 9 sev]al ( ! arts3 x is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( factiti\s metals3 x is ( use to ! dy] 9 =m+ "s ( 8 colors2 & = t purpose is g5]ally comb9$ ) potassa4 ,x is us$ 9 ! mak+ ( small %ot1 & also 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 to :i* x gives transp>5cy2 9 :it5+ copp]2 9 calico pr9t+2 9 ! prep>ation ( colors = ! pa9t]2 & 9 ! work+ ( plat9a1 & "s o!r metals1 to r5d] !m m easily fusible4 ,cau/ic1 dry1 burn+4 ,corrosive1 apt to corrode1 to eat away1 to p5etrate4 ,h[ is ! :ite p[d]$ ars5ic prep>$8 ,by submitt+ ! ore to a /rong heat 9 a peculi> k9d ( furnace2 ?is produces a d>k grey p[d]1 :i* is aga9 heat$ 9 close iron vessels2 ?is sep>ates x f its impurities1 & ! ars5ic is obta9$ 9 ?ick1 solid masses2 ^!1 by exposure to ! air1 fall into a f9e1 :ite p[d]4 ,f :at is ! ^w ,ars5ic d]iv$8 ,f a ,greek ^w1 signify+ mascul9e--p[]ful 7z a poison74 ,ars5ic is dug out ( m9es 9 ,saxony1 ne> ,gosl>2 9 ,bohemia2 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,m5dip ,hills1 9 great quantities4 ,x has s /rong a corrosive quality z sometimes to burn ! h&s & feet ( ! m9]s2 x is a deadly poison = all kn[n animals4 ,?is poison\s m9]al is n f\nd native 9 its p]fect =m1 be+ g5]ally unit$ ) metallic ores4 ,:at d y mean by ,gems8 ,! ^w gem is us$ z a common "n = all preci\s /ones or jewels2 !y consi/ ( ! silice\s e>?s2 & are mu* valu$ = _! lu/re1 transp>5cy1 color1 h>dness1 & r>ity4 ,!re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( preci\s /ones1 ea* di/+ui%$ by its peculi> "*4 ,h[ are !y divid$8 ,into ! pellucid gems1 :i* are ( great lu/re1 & extremely h>d1 z ! diamond2 ! semi-pellucid1 ^? :i* are n s transp>5t1 b yet ( great beauty2 ^? ( "o color1 z ! em]ald or turquois2 & ^? v>iegat$ or ve9$ ) diff]5t colors4 ,gems are sometimes f\nd ( regul> %apes1 ) a natural poli%1 ne> ! b$s ( riv]s aft] great ra9s2 ^! are ( ! pebble k9d4 ,sometimes !y are f\nd ( irregul> %apes1 ) a r\gh coat1 9 m9es & ! clefts ( rocks4 ,pe>ls1 ?\gh n /ones1 are also rank$ among ! numb] ( gems4 ,pellucid1 cle> z a drop ( wat]4 ,semi-pellucid1 half pellucid4 ,describe ! ,diamond4 ,! diamond is a preci\s /one1 ! fir/ 9 rank ( all ! gems1 & valu$ = its beautiful lu/re2 x is ! h>de/ ( all /ones1 z well z ! mo/ valuable4 ,! mo/ e/eem$ are colorless4 ,a diamond 9 its natural /ate z x comes out ( ! m9e1 & be=e x is cut1 is call$ r\gh1 because x has no brilliancy1 b is cov]$ ) an e>?y cru/4 ,! diamond is ! ,adamant ( ! anci5ts2 h5ce ! expression h>d z adamant1 f its be+ ! h>de/ sub/ance 9 nature4 ,! cutt+ ( diamonds is a "w ( labor1 & requires great skill2 ! poli%+ is p]=m$ by a mill ( simple con/ruction4 ,:]e are !y mo/ly f\nd8 ,9 yell[ o*re\s e>?s2 9 m9es2 & likewise 9 torr5ts1 :i* h torn !m f _! b$s4 ,9 =m] times1 all ! diamonds t 7 kn[n 7 br\ght f ! fam\s m9es ( ,golconda1 9 ,h9do/an2 ! isl&s ( ,molucca & ,borneo h also produc$ _m valuable /ones4 ,! diamond m9es ( ,golconda are n[ s exhau/$1 t !y are n ?\ght wor? ! exp5se ( work+2 ^! gems are n[ br\ght *iefly f ,brazil1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:at is meant by ,o*re\s8 ,consi/+ ( o*re1 a k9d ( e>? ) a r\gh & du/y surface1 compos$ ( f9e1 s(t1 clayey p>ticles1 :i* readily sep>ate 9 wat]4 ,!re are v>i\s color$ o*res1 z r$1 yell[1 blue1 gre51 c42 !y are v useful 9 _m ( ! arts4 ,:at t]m is us$ to d5ote ! quality ( ! ,diamond8 ,9 speak+ ( ! value ( diamonds1 we di/+ui% !m z diamonds ( ! fir/ wat]1 mean+ ^? :i* possess ! greate/ p]fection & purity1 :i* ought to be t ( ! cle>e/ drop ( wat]3 :5 !y fall %ort ( ?is p]fection1 !y are said to be ( ! second or ?ird wat]1 & s on till ! /one may be prop]ly call$ a color$ "o4 ,:at is ! ,ruby8 ,a beautiful gem ( a r$ color2 9 its p]fect /ate x is ( great value4 ,! ruby is (t5 f\nd p]fectly pure & free f all spots or blemi%es2 b its value is mu* m frequ5tly less5$ by !m1 especially 9 ! l>g] /ones4 ,x is v h>d1 be+ second only to ! diamond 9 ?is respect2 & is (t5 naturally s bright & pure on ! surface z to ne$ no poli%+2 x is (t5 worn 9 r+s1 c41 9 its r\gh or native /ate4 ,! color ( rubies v>ies f ! deepe/ to ! pale/ r$1 all hav+ m or less ( a purpli% t+e1 :i* is m pla9ly p]ceiv$ 9 ! deep] color$ specim5s ?an 9 ! pal] ones4 ,:]e are ,rubies f\nd8 ,!y are mo/ly f\nd 9 gold m9es4 ,we h ! true rubies only f ! ,ea/4 ,! ,isle ( ,ceylon has long be5 celebrat$ = ^! gems2 !y are f\nd 9 a riv] :i* desc5ds f ! m\nta9s2 !y are bright] & m beautiful ?an ^? obta9$ 9 o!r p>ts1 b are v r>e4 ,"s cry/als are frequ5tly f\nd t+$ ) ! true color ( ! ruby1 b ^! want its lu/re & h>dness4 ,describe ! ,em]ald4 ,x is a preci\s /one ( a beautiful transp>5t gre5 color1 &1 :5 9 a /ate ( p]fection1 ne>ly equal to ! ruby 9 h>dness4 ,! f9e/ & be/ are f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 especially among ! m\nta9s ( ,p]u2 !y are also obta9$ f a few places 9 ! ,ea/4 ,^! gems are (t5 c\nt]feit$1 z are mo/ ( ! preci\s /ones1 !re be+ ev5 false diamonds2 ! g5u9e may be kn[n by _! extreme h>dness & brilliancy4 ,c\nt]feit$1 imitat$ ) a view to defraud4 ,g5u9e1 true1 real4 ,:at is ! ,turquois8 ,a beautiful blue /one2 x is "o ( ! s(te/ ( ! gems1 & "s v>ieties are (t5 us$ = seals1 z !y admit ( be+ engrav$ ^u4 ,! turquois is easily imitat$1 & t (t5 s p]fectly z to r5d] x v difficult to di/+ui% ! c\nt]feit f ! true gem4 ,9 :at c\ntries are !y f\nd8 ,! ,ori5tal ,turquois comes f ,p]sia1 ! ,indies1 & "s p>ts ( ,turkey2 ! turquois is also f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 z ,g]many1 ,spa91 & ,france4 ,:at is ,engrav+8 ,! art ( cutt+ metals or preci\s /ones1 & repres5t+ !reon figures1 lett]s1 & devices2 ! t]m is1 h[ev]1 m p>ticul>ly appli$ to ! art ( produc+ figures or designs on metal1 c41 = ! purpose ( be+ subsequ5tly pr9t$ on pap]4 ,! anci5ts are well kn[n to h excell$ 9 engrav+ on preci\s /ones2 _m specim5s h be5 pres]v$1 :i* surpass any?+ ( ! k9d produc$ by ! mod]ns4 ,?is art is frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! ,bible4 ,engrav+ on wood1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 0 introduc$ into ,europe f ,*9a by ,v5etian m]*ants2 x is c]ta9 ! art 0 practis$ 9 ea/]n & nor!rn ,italy z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! inv5tion ( copp]-plate engrav+ has be5 ascrib$ to a goldsmi? ( ,flor5ce1 ab\t ! ye> #adfj4 ,device1 t :i* is =m$ by design4 ,design1 a repres5tation ( a ?+ by an outl9e2 a sket*4 ,describe ,wood ,engrav+4 ,! subject is drawn on a block ( box or pe>-tree wood ) a black-lead p5cil1 or ) a p5 & ,indian ink2 ! wood is !n cut away1 s z to leave ! l9es :i* h be5 drawn1 z rais$ p>ts4 ,! ink is next appli$1 & by press+ damp pap] ^u ! block1 ! impressions are obta9$4 ,alb]t ,dur]1 a celebrat$ pa9t] ( ,g]many1 br\ght ! art ( engrav+ on wood & metal1 & tak+ (f impressions on pap]1 c41 to great p]fection4 ,h[ is engrav+ on copp]1 /eel1 c41 p]=m$8 ,?is sort ( engrav+ is p]=m$ ) a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t call$ a grav]1 by means ( :i* figures1 l&scapes1 c41 are trac$ ^u a flat surface ( ! metal3 ! l9es are !n fill$ ) ink or a simil> composition1 & ! pap] press$ on ! plate4 ,:5 tak5 (f1 an exact copy ( ! plate is impress$ ^u its surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,co*9eal ,,insects ,,& ,,plants4 ,:at is ,li?ography8 ,a species ( engrav+ on /one1 f :i* impressions c be tak5 mu* m exp$iti\sly & economically ?an f metal4 ,! process dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ pr9ciples3--,fir/1 ! facility ) :i* calc>e\s /ones imbibe wat]2 second1 ! p[] ( oily sub/ances to repel wat]4 ,:5 draw+s are execut$ ^u ! /one ) crayons compos$ ( oily mat]ials1 & ! surface ( ! /one is wa%$ ov] ) wat]1 ! moi/ure is imbib$ by ! /one1 b repell$ f ! engrav+2 & :5 ! ink1 :i* also conta9s oily sub/ances1 is appli$1 x adh]es only to ! draw+1 & n to ! o!r portions ( ! /one4 ,! block is !n pass$ ?r\gh a press1 & ! impressions are tak5 (f2 z _m z #gj1jjj p]fect copies h be5 obta9$ f a s+le /one4 ,exp$iti\sly1 ) cel]ity or dispat*4 ,economically1 ) economy2 ) frugality4 ,y describe ,pe>ls z be+ rank$ among ! numb] ( ,gems1 al?\gh !y are n ,/ones2 :at k9d ( sub/ance are !y8 ,pe>ls are excresc5ces f\nd 9 ! %ells ( a l>ge species ( oy/]1 :i* are suppos$ to be produc$ by a disease ( ! fi%4 ,! be/ pe>ls are g5]ally tak5 f ! mo/ fle%y "p ( ! oy/]1 ne> ! h+e ( ! %ell1 b inf]ior k9ds are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! fi%1 & adh]+ to ! %ells4 ,pe>ls1 f _m allusions made to !m 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 n only kn[n to ! anci5ts1 b 7 reg>d$ by !m z co/ly & preci\s gems4 ,h[ d !y get ! ,oy/]s :i* conta9 !m8 ,by div+ "u wat] & pick+ ! oy/]s f ! l>ge b$s at ! bottom ( ! sea2 or ! rocks to :i* !y adh]e4 ,! div]s ca/ all ! oy/]s !y take into _! boats1 & c>ry !m a%ore1 :]e !y deposit !m 9 heaps2 !y are !n left till !y become putrid1 ?is be+ necess>y 9 ord] to remove ! pe>ls easily f ! r\gh matt] by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,:at sea produces ! be/ & greate/ numb] ( ,pe>ls8 ,! f9e/ & greate/ quantities are obta9$ (f ! coa/ ( ,ceylon2 ! pe>l oy/] is also f\nd 9 ! seas ( ! ,ea/ ,indies2 9 ^? ( ,am]ica1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,european seas2 b ^! la/ are mu* inf]ior4 ,! ,ori5tal pe>ls are ! f9e/ on acc\nt ( _! size1 color1 & beauty1 be+ ( a silv]y :ite2 :ile ! ,occid5tal pe>ls are small]1 & frequ5tly t+$ ) a yell[ or blacki% hue4 ,t+$1 slightly color$4 ,does n ! ,pe>l ,oy/] produce a sub/ance call$ ,"m-(-,pe>l8 ,no2 ! beautiful sub/ance s mu* us$ = inlay+ boxes1 & = ornam5tal knife-h&les1 c41 is produc$ f ! %ell1 n ( ! pe>l oy/]1 b ( ano!r sea-fi% ( ! oy/] k9d4 ,:at is ,inlay+8 ,! art ( ornam5t+ a pla9 surface ( wood1 or o!r mat]ial1 ) ?9 slices or leaves ( a f9] wood1 ( a diff]5t k9d2 z mahogany inlaid ) ebony1 c41 or ) ivory1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,!re are two k9ds ( inlay+2 "o1 ( ! m ord9>y sort1 :i* consi/s only ( comp>tm5ts ( diff]5t k9ds ( wood1 inlaid ) "o ano!r2 ! o!r1 requir+ great] skill1 repres5ts fl[]s1 birds1 & o!r figures4 ,! ?9 plates ( wood or o!r sub/ance1 be+ saw$ into slips1 & cut into ! requir$ =ms1 are c>efully jo9$1 & aft]w>ds /rongly glu$ d[n on ! block ( wood1 c41 int5d$ to be ?us ornam5t$4 ,comp>tm5t1 a division1 a sep>ate "p4 ,:at is ,ebony8 ,a h>d1 black-color$ wood1 gr[+ 9 ! c\ntries ( ! ,levant1 c42 !re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al black woods ( diff]5t k9ds :i* are also call$ ebony4 ,:at is ,ivory8 ,! too? or tusk ( ! ,elephant1 :i* gr[s on ea* side ( 8 trunk2 x is some:at l a horn 9 %ape4 ,ivory is mu* e/eem$ = its beautiful :ite color1 poli%1 & f9e gra9 :5 wr\ght4 ,x has be5 us$ f ! remote/ ages ( antiquity2 9 ! ,scriptures we read ( ,solomon's ivory ?rone1 & also ( vessels ( ivory1 & b$s ( ivory3 by :i* x appe>s to h be5 a *ief article ( luxury1 z well z ( trade4 ,remote/1 mo/ di/ant4 ,( :at c\ntries is ! ,elephant an inhabitant8 ,( _m p>ts ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,! elephant is ! l>ge/ quadrup$ n[ 9 exi/5ce2 x is extremely sagaci\s1 docile & fri5dly3 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y live !y are tra9$ to useful labor1 & by _! great /r5g? are enabl$ to p]=m tasks :i* a man or horse c\ld n accompli%3 among ! native pr9ces !y 71 & ev5 /ill are1 us$ 9 w>3 ) !m ! inhabitants are able to hunt & de/roy ! lion1 tig]1 & o!r bea/s ( prey4 ,) _! long trunk1 or proboscis1 !y c p]=m almo/ ev]y?+ :i* man c ) 8 h&s4 ,quadrup$1 an animal ) f\r feet4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,/>*1 ,,arr[-,,root1 ,,tapioca1 ,,is+lass1 ,,cavi>e1 ,,! ,,v9e1 ,,w9e1 ,,g91 ,,rum1 ,,br&y1 ,,v9eg>1 ,,indigo1 ,,gamboge1 ,,logwood1 ,,t>1 ,,pit*1 ,,camphor1 ,,musk1 ,,myrrh1 ,,frank9c5se1 ,,& ,,turp5t9e4 ,:at is ,/>*8 ,a :ite1 p[d]y s$im5t procur$ f ! bottom ( vessels 9 :i* fl\r or meal has be5 /eep$ 9 wat]4 ,pure />* is ( a f9e :ite color1 )\t ta/e or smell2 x w n dissolve 9 cold wat]1 b ) w>m =ms a jelly1 9 :i* =m x is g5]ally us$2 x is made by cru%+1 soak+1 & f]m5t+ ! gra9s ( ! c]eals1 & !n wa%+ 9 pure wat]2 ! wat] is !n evaporat$1 leav+ beh9d ! />*4 ,s$im5t1 matt] subsid$ to ! bottom ( liquors4 ,= :at is ,/>* us$8 ,to /iff5 l95 aft] wa%+2 to make hair p[d]2 & = o!r purposes 9 ! arts4 ,f :at vegetables is ,/>* obta9$8 ,all f>9ace\s vegetable sub/ances af=d x1 z ! potato1 horse-*e/nut1 c4 ,/>* be+ ! nutritive "p ( ! vegetable1 =ms an excell5t food = invalids1 & con/itutes ! pr9cipal "p ( arr[-root1 tapioca1 c42 ! diff]5t flavor ( ^! sub/ances be+ d]iv$ f ! mixture ( a small portion ( =eign matt] peculi> to ! plants :i* yield !m4 ,/>* is procur$ f potatoes by cru%+ !m to p[d]1 & !n proce$+ z 9 ! manufacture ( :eat />*4 ,:at is ,arr[-root8 ,! />* obta9$ f ! root ( an ,am]ican plant by pulv]ization4 ,x is (t5 adult]at$ ) potato />*1 & ! latt] is ev5 sold in/ead ( x1 = ! two k9ds resemble ea* o!r s closely t !y c h>dly be di/+ui%$4 ,pulv]ization1 ! act ( r$uc+ to p[d]4 ,adult]at$1 corrupt$ by =eign mixture4 ,:at is ,tapioca8 ,tapioca is ano!r k9d ( />*1 obta9$ f ! root ( ! manioc plant1 :i* is cultivat$ 9 mo/ hot climates1 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,a fl\r is also prep>$ f x1 :i* is us$ = mak+ bread4 ,x is p>ticul>ly cultivat$ 9 ! tropical p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 :]e x =ms a v important article ( food = ! ,negro population4 ,negro1 a "n giv5 to ! black inhabitants ( ,africa & _! desc5dants4 ,population1 inhabitants ( a place or c\ntry4 ,:at is ,is+lass8 ,"o ( ! pure/ & f9e/ ( animal glues4 ,x is ! produce ( sev]al k9ds ( fi%1 b especially ( ! /urgeon1 :i* inhabits ! seas ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,f :at "p ( ! fi% is x prep>$8 ,f ! air-bladd]1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ! entrails2 ^! are tak5 out :ile fre%1 cut op51 wa%$1 & expos$ to ! air a %ort "t to /iff52 ! outside sk9 is !n tak5 (f1 & ! rema9+ "p =m$ into rolls1 fa/5$ toge!r ) pegs1 & hung up to dry4 ,! is+lass is !n sep>at$ into ?reads ( diff]5t sizes1 or =m$ into flakes4 ,imm5se quantities are annually prep>$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ,russia4 ,:at are its uses8 ,dissolv+ readily 9 wat] or milk1 x yields a mild nutrim5t = ! sick1 & ent]s into ! composition ( _m delicacies = ! table1 su* z jellies1 c4 ,x is mix$ ) gum to give lu/re to silk & sat92 x is also us$ 9 mak+ c\rt pla/]1 & = cl>ify+ v>i\s liquors4 ,gelat9e1 n[ mu* us$ on acc\nt ( its be+ less exp5sive1 is a simil> prep>ation1 b ( an inf]ior quality4 ,:at else does ! ,/urgeon supply8 ,its roe furni%es ! delicacy call$ ,cavi>e1 :i* is 9 fact m]ely t "p ( ! fi% sep>at$ f ! membranes & wa%$ 9 v9eg> & :ite w9e1 & dri$ 9 ! air4 ,x is !n well salt$1 & pack$ up 9 b>rels ready = sale4 ,?is is ! me?od ( prep>+ x 9 ,russia1 :]e l>ge quantities ( x are consum$4 ,x is l>gely export$ to ,italy1 :]e x is highly e/eem$4 ,x is un:olesome1 & at pres5t ! dem& = x1 except 9 ,russia & ,italy1 is v limit$4 ,! be/ is dry & ( a br[n color1 & is eat5 ) lemon juice on bread4 ,to :at o!r uses is ! fruit ( ! ,v9e appli$ besides dry+ x = rais9s1 z describ$ 9 ! six? *apt]8 ,! well-kn[n plant1 call$ ! ,v9e1 has be5 an object ( culture f ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w1 = ! sake ( ! f]m5t$ liquor obta9$ f its fruit2 soon aft] ! flood1 ,noe1 :o appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ husb&man1 is m5tion$ z hav+ plant$ a v9ey>d1 & drank ( ! juice ( ! grape2 9 all ^? c\ntries :]e x fl\ri%es1 x is insep>ably connect$ ) _! religi\s rites1 & w9e1 l corn1 =m$ "o ( ! pr9cipal articles :i* !y (f]$ on _! alt>s to ! gods :om !y wor%ipp$4 ,husb&man1 "o :o cultivates ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,alt>1 ! place :]e sacrifices 7 anci5tly (f]$ to "s deity4 ,:at c\ntries produce ! be/ ,w9es8 ,! w9es ( ,france are g5]ally admitt$ to be ! f9e/2 ! pr9cipal ones are ,*ampagne1 ,burgundy1 & ,cl>et4 ,( ea* ( ^!1 !re are sev]al v>ieties1 celebrat$ = _! peculi> flavor2 !y are g5]ally nam$ aft] ! places :]e !y are made4 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,hung>y1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 & ,cali=nia1 also produce _! v>i\s sorts ( w9e1 ea* e/eem$ 9 its k9d4 ,may ,w9e be extract$ f o!r vegetable bodies8 ,! ^w is appropriat$ 9 a m p>ticul> mann] to ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! grape2 b ne>ly all vegetable productions may be made to af=d w9e4 ,t produc$ f ,apples is call$ ,cid]2 t f ,pe>s1 ,p]ry4 ,a k9d ( w9e1 call$ ,mead1 is prep>$ f honey & wat]4 ,appropriat$1 appli$ to4 ,:at is ,honey8 ,a sweet vegetable juice1 collect$ f ! fl[]s ( v>i\s plants by ! bees4 ,:at ,honey 0 reckon$ by ! anci5ts ! be/ 9 ! _w8 ,! honey ( ,hybla1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,sicily1 & ( ,hymettus1 a m\nta9 ( ,greece1 ne> ,a!ns4 ,:at o!r fluid is drawn f ,w9e8 ,spirits2 by ?is t]m is und]/ood1 a volatile fluid call$ spirits ( w9e1 or alcohol1 obta9$ by di/illation f w9e1 be]1 & all f]m5t$ liquors4 ,x is colorless1 & ( a /rong p5etrat+ ta/e & smell4 ,x is ( great use 9 *emi/ry2 9 dye+ to prep>e ! /uff = receiv+ colors2 & 9 _m ( ! arts4 ,:at is ! vessel call$ :i* is us$ 9 ,di/ill+8 ,a ,/ill4 ,x is a vessel s =m$ z to collect ! vapor1 :i* is ! _s1 or alcohol1 sep>at$ f ! liquid f :i* x is drawn4 ,?is liquid product is itself return$ to ! /ill2 & ! same process is sev]al times repeat$1 till ! alcohol or _s is suffici5tly /rong & pure4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal spirits us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z g91 rum1 & br&y4 ,product1 ?+ produc$4 ,:at is ,g98 ,a _s procur$ f raw b>ley1 oats1 & malt1 mix$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 proportions3 !re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is _s1 all obta9$ f gra94 ,! peculi> flavor ( g9 is giv5 by infus+ a few hops & "s ( ! b]ries ( ! junip] fir4 ,:at is ,malt8 ,malt is b>ley prep>$ by be+ /eep$ 9 wat] & f]m5t$1 & !n dri$ 9 a kiln4 ,x is us$ = mak+ be]1 c4 ,( :at are ,hops ! produce8 ,( a graceful climb+ plant1 ! blossoms ( :i* are us$ 9 mak+ be]1 to pres]ve x & improve its flavor4 ,:at is ,rum8 ,a _s obta9$ f molasses1 ! fluid :i* dra9s f sug> :ile x is cry/alliz+4 ,:at is ,br&y8 ,a _s di/ill$ f any w9e2 b ! be/ is procur$ f weak ,fr5* w9es1 :i* are unfit = exportation4 ,br&y1 f :atev] w9e x has be5 obta9$1 is at fir/ colorless2 diff]5t me?ods are employ$ to give x ! color by :i* x is di/+ui%$4 ,exportation1 ! act ( s5d+ articles f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,:at is ,v9eg>8 ,an agreeable1 acid1 p5etrat+ liquor1 prep>$ f w9e1 be]1 c4 ,to make v9eg>1 ! w9e or be] is made to und]go a second f]m5tation1 call$ ! acid or acet\s f]m5tation2 ! fir/ :i* ! vegetable juice _h to und]go1 9 ord] to conv]t x into w9e or be]1 be+ call$ ! v9\s f]m5tation4 ,v9eg> is ( great use 9 cook]y & m$ic9e2 ! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* = w9e1 v91 & aigre1 s\r4 ,! anci5ts _h sev]al k9ds ( v9eg>1 :i* !y us$ z dr9ks2 b x is mo/ likely t ^! v9eg>s 7 diff]5t f t s call$ among u1 & 7 m probably a k9d ( w9e4 ,acet\s1 s\r4 ,v9\s1 w9e-l4 ,:at mat]ials are us$ = ! dye+ & color+ ( our manufactures8 ,!re are _m m9]al & vegetable e>?s :i* furni% mank9d ) diff]5t colors = beautify+ _! v>i\s manufactures1 & assi/+ !m 9 ! arts1 c4 ,"s species ( insects also come to _! aid1 z = in/ance1 ! co*9eals2 ^! insects are kill$ by ! application ( heat1 & ?us =m ! drug us$ = giv+ r$ colors1 especially crimson & sc>let1 & = mak+ c>m9e4 ,! beautiful & p]man5t blue call$ ,indigo1 is ! produce ( a small %rub1 two or ?ree feet 9 height4 ,f :at "p is ! ,dye obta9$8 ,f ! leaves2 ! color is produc$ by soak+ !m "s h\rs 9 wat]1 9 l>ge vessels con/ruct$ = ! purpose2 ! s$im5t ( ! blue liquor drawn f !m is aft]w>ds dri$ & sold 9 ! =m ( small gra9s ,= ! pa9t]1 !y are mix$ ) oil1 or dilut$ & made up into small cakes ) gum wat]4 ,9 :at c\ntries is ,indigo cultivat$8 ,x is native 9 bo? ,indies1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e its cultivation af=ds employm5t to _m ( ! inhabitants4 ,x also gr[s wild 9 p>ts ( ,pale/9e1 & is mu* cultivat$ bo? 9 ,syria & ,egypt4 ,x once =m$ "o ( ! /aples ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b has 9 a great measure giv5 way to ! cultivation ( cotton4 ,has ,indigo be5 long kn[n8 ,! culture & prep>ation ( indigo 7 kn[n to ! ,ori5tal nations long be=e x 0 introduc$ into ,europe4 ,! inhabitants ( anci5t ,brita9 pa9t$ _! bodies ) ! blue dye :i* !y obta9$ f woad1 a plant :i* gr[s wild 9 ,france & along ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 & :i* greatly resembles indigo 9 all its prop]ties1 except its brilliancy ( color4 ,brilliancy1 brightness4 ,:at is ,gamboge8 ,! concrete res9\s juice ( a species ( gum-tree1 gr[+ 9 ,cambodia1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,indies4 ,x is br\ght ov] 9 l>ge cakes or rolls ( a yell[i% br[n color outside1 & inside ( a deep yell[ or orange1 :i* *anges to a pale bright yell[ on be+ moi/5$4 ,:at are ! uses ( ,gamboge8 ,dissolv$ 9 wat]1 x =ms a beautiful & useful color = ! pa9t]4 ,x is also us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,gamboge is soluble 9 ei!r wat] or spirits ( w9e4 ,mix$ ) a blue color1 x =ms gre51 9 v>i\s %ades accord+ to ! diff]5t proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,:at is ,logwood8 ,! wood ( a tree :i* gr[s 9 p>ts ( ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x is import$ 9 great quantities1 & employ$ 9 dye+ purple & ! f9e/ blacks4 ,:at is ,t>8 ,a co>se1 res9\s liquor issu+ f ! wood & b>k ( p9e or fir-trees2 x is 9 fact ! oily juices ( ! sap ?ick5$ & color$ by ! heat ( ! sun or by age2 x is extract$ = use by burn+ ! wood ( ! trees "u a heavy cov]+ ( turf or e>?2 ! t> exudes dur+ ! sl[ combu/ion1 & is collect$ into a cavity dug 9 ! gr\nd = ! purpose4 ,t> is export$ 9 great quantities f ,norway1 ,sw$51 & our ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,:at are its uses8 ,x is appli$ to ! sides ( %ips & boats & _! rigg+1 to pres]ve !m f ! effects ( ! wea!r2 x is us$ in/ead ( pa9t = pal+s1 c42 & sometimes also 9 m$ic9e4 ,a k9d1 call$ m9]al t>1 is also drawn f coal by ! process ( di/illation4 ,m9]al t> is also f\nd native 9 "s p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,:at is ,pit*8 ,a k9d ( juice or gum1 likewise drawn f unctu\s woods1 *iefly ^? ( ! p9e & fir2 x is us$ = ne>ly ! same purposes z t> 9 %ipp+1 m$ic9e1 & v>i\s o!r arts4 ,pit* is prop]ly a juice ( ! wild p9e1 or pit* tree2 x is ( a glossy black color1 dry brittle1 & less bitt] & pung5t ?an ! liquid t>4 ,:at is ,camphor8 ,a vegetable sub/ance1 *iefly procur$ f a k9d ( laurel1 7,laurus ,camphora17 gr[+ 9 ,borneo1 ,japan1 & _m ,ea/ ,indian isl&s2 x is also produc$ f o!r plants & %rubs1 ?\gh 9 v small quantities4 ,h[1 & f :at "p ( ! tree is x tak58 ,all p>ts ( ! tree are impregnat$ ) camphor2 b x is pr9cipally extract$ f ! roots & trunk1 by di/illation2 x is :ite1 & ( a cry/al =m3 its odor is extremely fragrant4 ,9 ?is /ate x is call$ r\gh camphor1 & is ?us export$4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans d n appe> to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ?is valuable drug2 & we are indebt$ to ! ,arabians = a k ( x4 ,:at are ! prop]ties & uses ( ,camphor8 ,x is a firm1 dry1 cry/al matt]1 ) a hot1 %>p1 aromatic ta/e4 ,x is highly odor\s1 & s inflammable z to burn & pres]ve its flame 9 wat]2 x totally vani%es or evaporates 9 ! op5 air1 & 9 ,spirits ( ,w9e x entirely dissolves4 ,camphor has v>i\s uses--z 9 fire-works1 c42 x is an excell5t pres]vative ( animal & vegetable bodies1 z x resi/s worms & o!r insects4 ,9 ! c\rts ( ,ea/]n pr9ces x is burnt at night ) wax4 ,its pr9cipal use ) u is 9 m$ic9e4 ,pres]vative1 a prev5tive ( decay4 ,:at is ,musk8 ,a dry1 friable sub/ance ( a d>k color1 tak5 f a little bag "u ! belly ( a small animal call$ ! ,?ibet ,musk1 :i* is a native ( ! ,indies1 ,tonqu91 & ,*9a4 ,x inhabits ! woods & =e/s1 :]e ! natives hunt x d[n4 ,musk is s /rong a p]fume z to be agreeable only 9 ! smalle/ quantities1 or :5 m+l$ ) "s o!r sc5t2 x is us$ 9 p]fum]y1 c4 ,is !re n ano!r ,animal :i* produces a simil> sc5t8 ,yes2 an animal ( ,arabian orig9 produces an odorif]\s sub/ance call$ ,civet1 f :i* x takes its "n ( ,civet ,cat2 !re are sev]al species ( ?is animal :i* produce x1 b x is f ! ,civet ,cat t x is mo/ commonly tak54 ,civets are f\nd 9 all ! w>m p>ts ( ,asia & ,africa1 9 ,madagasc>1 & ! ,ea/ ,indian ,isl&s4 ,x 0 =m]ly 9 high e/eem1 b is at pres5t v little us$1 except to increase ! p[] ( o!r p]fumes4 ,:at is ,myrrh8 ,a k9d ( gum-res91 issu+ f ! trunk ( a tree gr[+ 9 ,arabia1 ,egypt1 & ,abyss9ia2 x fl[s ei!r naturally1 or by incision2 & is s5t to u 9 small lumps ( a r$di% br[n or yell[ color4 ,its smell is /rong1 b n disagreeable4 ,our myrrh is ! same drug t 0 us$ by ! anci5ts "u ! above "n4 ,its *ief use n[ is 9 m$ic9e4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians employ$ x z an +r$i5t 9 ! embalm+ ( dead bodies4 ,embalm+1 pres]v+ ! bodies ( ! dead f decay+ or putrefy+1 by impregnat+ !m ) aromatics & o!r sub/ances :i* resi/ putrefaction4 ,:]e is ,abyss9ia8 ,abyss9ia is a l>ge k+dom situat$ 9 ,ea/]n ,africa4 ,:at is ,frank9c5se8 ,an odorif]\s1 aromatic gum-res91 :i* di/ils1 9 ! heat ( summ]1 f incisions made 9 ! b>k ( ! tree :i* produces x3 not)/&+ ! great use ( ! gum1 bo? 9 anci5t sy/ems ( religi\s wor%ip & 9 mod]n m$ic9e1 au?ors h be5 mu* divid$ 9 op9ion ) reg>d to ! k9d ( tree f :i* x is obta9$2 x is a species ( turp5t9e tree belong+ to an ord] ( res9\s & fragrant trees & %rubs inhabit+ ! tropical p>ts ( ! _w4 ,= :at 0 x =m]ly us$8 ,! anci5ts burnt x 9 _! temples z a p]fume1 & to d honor to ! div9ities t 7 wor%ipp$ 9 !m3 x appe>s to h be5 appli$ to ! same purposes by p ( all religions4 ,myrrh & ,frank9c5se 7 reckon$ by ! ,ea/]n nations among/ _! mo/ co/ly p]fumes4 ,we are in=m$ by ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t ! wise m5 :o came to ,be?lehem to wor%ip our ,savi\r at 8 bir?1 br\ght gifts ( gold1 frank9c5se1 & myrrh4 ,_m ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians 7 put to dea? because !y w\ld n (f] inc5se to idols4 ,9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* we /ill reta9 its use 9 _m c]emonies4 ,primitive1 e>ly4 ,inc5se1 p]fumes burnt 9 religi\s rites1 or z an (f]+ to "s deity4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ,frank9c5se8 ,x is g5]ally import$ 9 :ite or yell[i% pieces1 or drops1 :i* possess a bitt]1 disagreeable ta/e2 x is v inflammable1 & burns ) a /rong1 & pleasant odor4 ,t br\ght f ! ,indies is inf]ior to t f ,arabia1 & incl9es to a r$di% color4 ,! common frank9c5se is s(t]1 m res9\s1 & possesses less value ?an ! =m]4 ,:at is ,turp5t9e8 ,! res9\s juice ( _m trees1 z ! p9e1 l>*1 fir1 c42 x is1 9 fact1 ! juice t r5d]s !m ev]gre51 & :5 9 an ov]-abundant quantity1 bur/s ?r\gh _! b>k1 & oozes out4 ,common turp5t9e is t procur$ by incisions f ! wild p9e2 !re are sev]al k9ds ( turp5t9e procur$ f v>i\s res9\s trees2 "s are ( use 9 m$ic9e1 & mo/ ( !m 9 mak+ diff]5t k9ds ( v>ni%es1 = pres]v+ & beautify+ boxes1 pa9t+s1 c4 ,ooze1 to fl[ g5tly4 ,is !re n a tree m p>ticul>ly designat$ ! ,turp5t9e ,tree8 ,yes1 ! ,t]eb9? or ,turp5t9e ,tree ( ,pale/9e & ! ,ea/4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ common =e/ trees ( ^? regions1 & is reg>d$ ) respect & di/9ction simil> to t aw>d$ to ! oak 9 ,engl&4 ,:at "p ( x produces ! ,gum8 ,! gum1 or r ! res91 di/ils f ! trunk4 ,x is call$ ,cyprus or ,*ian ,turp5t9e1 mu* ( x be+ br\ght f ! isles ( ,cyprus & ,scio1 or ,*ios1 & is procur$1 by incision1 ab\t ! mon? ( ,july4 ,?is turp5t9e1 ow+ to its sup]ior quality1 z well z its sc>city1 ea* tree seldom yield+ ov] two or ?ree p\nds1 is v co/ly4 ,incision1 a cutt+4 ,co/ly1 exp5sive4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,bricks1 ,,mort>1 ,,granite1 ,,slate1 ,,lime/one1 ,,or ,,calc>e\s ,,rocks1 ,,/eel1 ,,e>?s1 ,,volcanoes1 ,,& ,,e>?quakes4 ,( :at are ,bricks compos$8 ,( clay1 dri$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 or burnt 9 kilns2 _! color v>ies ) ! diff]5t degrees ( heat to :i* !y are subject$ 9 burn+4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 bricks 7 bak$ 9 ! sun2 ! ,romans us$ !m crude1 only lay+ !m to dry 9 ! air = a long space ( "t4 ,crude1 9 ! r\gh1 unbak$ /ate1 j z !y 7 =m$4 ,h[ long h ,bricks be5 9 use = build+8 ,bricks appe> to h be5 9 use at a v remote p]iod ( antiquity1 bo? f ! acc\nt ( !m 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & f ! rema9s ( !m :i* h be5 f\nd2 ! ,t[] ( ,babel & ! walls ( ,babylon 7 built ( !m4 ,!y 7 9 e>ly use among ! ,egyptians1 z appe>s f ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews be=e _! deliv]ance by ,moses4 ,9 ! book ( ,exodus1 we are told t ?is captive p 7 compell$ to make bricks = t nation4 ,! ,romans1 "u _! fir/ k+s1 built ) massive squ>e /ones2 b t[>ds ! end ( ! ,republic !y began to use brick1 borr[+ ! practice f ! ,greeks2 & ! greate/ & mo/ durable build+s ( ! succe$+ ,emp]ors 7 compos$ ( !m1 z ! ,pan!on1 c4 ,massive1 bulky & heavy4 ,by :om 0 ! ,t[] ( ,babel erect$1 & :y8 ,by ! desc5dants ( ,noe's ?ree sons1 ,sem1 ,*am1 & ,japhe?2 !y 7 extremely num]\s1 & dwelt 9 ! l& ( ,s5na>2 becom+ ambiti\s ( di/+ui%+ !mselves1 !y set ab\t build+ a t[] ^: summit might rea* to heav54 ,s5na> 0 ! orig9al "n ( ! c\ntry ab\t ,babylon4 ,desc5dants1 ^? desc5d$ f a p>ticul> p]son or family4 ,:at rem>kable ev5t foll[$ _! fooli% pride8 ,! ,almighty sudd5ly fru/rat$ _! purpose by confus+ _! language & caus+ !m all to express _! words by diff]5t s\nds2 h5ce arose ! numb]s ( diff]5t languages spok5 by ! nations ( ! e>?2 & ?us :at !y imag9$ w\ld be a monum5t ( glory1 0 made an awful mem5to ( _! pride & folly4 ,fru/rat$1 prev5t$4 ,monum5t1 any?+ by :i* ! memory ( p]sons or ?+s is pres]v$4 ,mem5to1 a h9t to awak5 ! memory ( any?+2 t :i* rem9ds4 ,:at good effect did ?is ev5t produce8 ,god1 :o at all times c br+ good out ( evil1 by ?is means caus$ ! o!r p>ts ( ! e>? to be peopl$2 = ?is visitation hav+ effectually brok5 up _! s*eme1 !y emigrat$ 9 p>ties1 & disp]s$ !mselves ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,s*eme1 plan1 int5tion4 ,emigrat$1 remov$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,disp]s$1 sep>at$4 ,:]e 0 ,babylon8 ,?is celebrat$ city1 s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,writ1 7& rem>kable = ! m9ut5ess ) :i* its de/ruction 0 =etold by ! ,prophets17 0 ! capital ( ! ,assyrian ,empire1 & situat$ on ! riv] ,euphrates4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ,n9eve1 ! anci5t capital ( ?is empire1 ,babylon became ! mo/ fam\s city ( ! ,ea/4 ,m9ut5ess1 p>ticul>ity4 ,:at is meant by ! ,assyrian ,empire8 ,! c\ntry ( ,assyria1 9 ,asia4 ,= :at 0 ?is city p>ticul>ly celebrat$8 ,= its hang+ g>d5s1 palaces1 temples1 & walls1 ! latt] ( :i* are said to h be5 ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet high1 & s broad t six *>iots c\ld g abrea/ ^u !m4 ,! city 0 s /rongly =tifi$1 bo? by nature & art1 z to be ?\ght impregnable4 ,=tifi$1 def5d$4 ,impregnable1 incapable ( be+ tak5 or de/roy$ by an enemy4 ,by :om 0 x de/roy$1 & :58 ,by ,cyrus1 #ech ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 j fifty ye>s aft] ,nabu*odonosor _h de/roy$ ! city ( ,j]usalem & its temple4 ,:o 0 ,cyrus8 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian ,empire4 ,:o 0 ,nabu*odonosor8 ,! ,k+ ( ,babylon4 ,:at 0 ! ,pan!on8 ,a temple ( a circul> =m :i* 0 d$icat$ to all ! ,gods1 or all ! ,sa9ts4 ,t ( all o!rs ! mo/ celebrat$1 is ! ,pan!on ( anci5t ,rome1 & its rema9s are ! mo/ p]fect among/ ! wond]s ( t city at ! pres5t day4 ,circul>1 hav+ ! =m ( a circle1 r\nd4 ,by :om 0 x built8 ,by ,agrippa1 ! ,consul ( ,rome1 tw5ty-five ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 x 0 d$icat$ by him to ,jupit]3 ! "n ,pan!on 0 giv5 on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( /atues ( ! ,gods rang$ 9 ni*es all r\nd x2 & because x 0 built 9 a circul> =m to repres5t heav51 ! resid5ce ( ! ,gods4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds conv]t$ into a *ur* by ,pope ,boniface ,,iv1 & d$icat$ to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & all ! ,m>tyrs1 "u ! title ( ,our ,lady ( ! ,rotunda4 ,agrippa likewise built ! ,pan!on at ,a!ns1 :i* 0 b little inf]ior to t ( ,rome4 ,! ,greek ,*ri/ians aft]w>ds conv]t$ x into a *ur*1 d$icat+ x to ! ,bless$ ,virg92 b ! ,turks1 :5 !y subdu$ ,greece1 *ang$ x into a mosque4 ,d$icat$1 appropriat$ to a p>ticul> p]son1 or to a sacr$ use4 ,resid5ce1 dwell+1 habitation4 ,m>tyr1 "o :o is put to dea? = ! cause ( religion4 ,mosque1 a ,mahomm$an temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,slate ,,qu>ry4 ,:at is und]/ood by a ,consul8 ,! *ief magi/rate ( ! ,roman republic or commonweal?4 ,aft] ! ,romans _h expell$ _! k+s1 !y 7 gov]n$ by two ,consuls2 ^! 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> ( ,rome #bde4 ,! ,consuls 7 ! head ( ! s5ate2 !y comm&$ ! armies ( ! republic1 & judg$ all ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! citiz5s3 !y held _! (fice = ! space ( a ye>2 at ! end ( :i* "t1 new ones 7 elect$4 ,consuls 7 ev5 cont9u$ "u ! ,emp]ors aft] ! republic 0 de/roy$2 b x 0 !n little m ?an an honor>y title1 & at la/ 0 totally aboli%$4 ,expell$1 turn$ out4 ,aboli%$1 annull$1 made void4 ,to :at is ! t]m ,consul appli$ at ! pres5t "t8 ,to an (fic] e/abli%$ by a commission f a k+ or /ate1 to reside 9 =eign c\ntries ( any consid]able trade1 to facilitate & despat* bus9ess1 protect ! m]*ants ( ! /ate1 c4 ,commission1 a tru/ impos$1 comm&1 au?ority4 ,facilitate1 to r5d] easy4 ,:at is meant by a ,s5ate8 ,an assembly or c\ncil ( s5ators1 t is1 ( ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( a /ate1 :o h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,:at is ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,x is "o ( limit$ & def9ite p[]s1 def9$ by a writt5 con/itution4 ,h[ are ! legislative p[]s1 grant$ to ! gov]nm5t1 ve/$8 ,9 a ,congress1 consi/+ ( a ,s5ate ( two ,s5ators f ea* /ate1 *os5 by ! legislature !re(2 & a ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 consi/+ ( "o or m memb]s f ea* /ate1 elect$ by ! p 9 equal electoral di/ricts4 ,legislative1 giv+ or enact+ laws ,h[ are our laws made8 ,bills pass$ by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate1 on receiv+ ! sanction ( ! ,presid5t1 become laws2 or1 if veto$ by ! ,presid5t1 may be pass$ by two-?irds ( bo? ,h\ses4 ,veto$1 )held ass5t to4 ,:o 0 ,jupit]8 ,! pr9cipal deity ( ! ,pagan _w4 ,:at is us$ to cem5t bricks firmly toge!r8 ,mort>2 a composition ( lime1 s&1 gravel1 c41 mix$ up ) wat]2 ! anci5ts _h a k9d ( mort> s v h>d & b9d+1 t1 ev5 to ?is day1 x is next to impossible to sep>ate ! p>ts ( "s ( _! build+s4 ,:at is ,granite8 ,a rock :i* has be5 =m$ by ! union ( ?ree diff]5t m9]als 9 a /ate ( fusion2 ^!1 on cool+1 h cry/alliz$ & become di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 ! mass4 ,x is rem>kable = ! beauty ( its colors1 its h>dness & durability4 ,!re are granites ( _m diff]5t colors1 z r$ or rose-color$1 grey1 gre51 v>iegat$1 c4 ,fusion1 a melt$ /ate4 ,mass1 a body1 a lump4 ,:at =m does x be>8 ,granite does n1 g5]ally1 =m "o ext5sive mass1 b rema9s 9 sep>ate & l>ge fragm5ts1 rudely compact$ toge!r2 besides ! ?ree m9]als ( :i* x is compos$1 p>ticles ( o!r /ones1 or metallic e>?s1 are (t5 accid5tally mix$ ) x4 ,x is call$ granite f its granul\s /ructure4 ,compact$1 jo9$ toge!r4 ,granul\s1 consi/+ ( small gra9s4 ,:]e is ,granite f\nd8 ,granite occurs 9 all ! l>g] m\nta9 ranges1 & 9 isolat$ masses 9 e c\ntry2 n be+ a /ratifi$ rock1 & be+ excessively h>d1 x is difficult to get x out 9 manageable masses4 ,9 ,arabia ,petra1 ! :ole c\ntry ab\nds 9 masses ( diff]5t granites4 ,isolat$1 alone1 sep>at$1 deta*$4 ,/ratifi$1 consi/+ ( /rata or b$s4 ,:at mode is usually employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 obta9+ x8 ,bla/+1 or bl[+ up ) gunp[d]2 ! =ce ( :i* deta*es pieces f ! rock1 :i* are hewn r\ghly into =ms on ! spot by a small pickaxe4 ,granite is also qu>ri$ by cutt+ a deep l9e "s y>ds long1 & plac+ /rong iron w$ges at equal di/ances along ?is l9e2 ^! w$ges are /ruck 9 succession ) heavy hamm]s1 till ! mass splits d[n4 ,ano!r me?od ( deta*+ masses ( rock1 is by driv+ wood5 w$ges into a deep artificial or natural crack1 or fissure2 ! w$ges are !n wet1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( swell+1 bur/ ! rock asund]4 ,qu>ri$1 f to qu>ry1 a t]m us$ = ! gett+ ( /one f a qu>ry1 or place :]e /ones are dug f ! e>?1 or deta*$ f a l>ge mass ( rock4 ,deta*1 to sep>ate4 ,= :at is ?is ,rock us$8 ,on acc\nt ( its great h>dness1 x is us$ = l>ge public /ructures1 z bridges1 *ur*es1 c4 ,! anci5t temples & o!r build+s 9 ,egypt1 ,asia1 & ,italy1 7 built ( diff]5t color$ granites1 especially ! beautiful ,ori5tal r$ granite4 ,:at is ,slate8 ,! common "n = a blui% fossil /one1 v s(t :5 dug out ( ! qu>ry1 & easily cut or split into ?9 plates1--a prop]ty :i* r5d]s x invaluable = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,invaluable1 extremely valuable4 ,= :at is x us$8 ,slate has sup]s$$ ! use ( lead = cov]+ ro(s1 ev5 ( ! l>ge/ build+s2 be+ light] & m durable1 x is pref]able to tile3 x is also employ$ = slabs to =m ci/]ns1 %elves = dairies1 & o!r purposes1 on acc\nt ( its /r5g?1 coolness1 & ! ease ) :i* x c be clean$2 ! latt] quality r5d]s x also ( great value 9 ! bus9ess ( education1 z a *eap sub/itute = pap]4 ,! anci5ts 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( slate4 ,:at o!r k9ds ( /one are us$ 9 build+8 ,lime/one1 or ! calc>e\s rocks ( ! geologi/3 ( ^! !re are _m v>ieties4 ,^? :i* are easily cut & poli%$ are t]m$ m>bles1 & are us$ 9 sculpture & 9 ornam5tal ar*itecture4 ,! co>s] m>bles are us$ = ! common purposes ( build+4 ,calc>e\s1 p>tak+ ( ! nature ( calx or lime1--a t]m employ$ to describe *alk1 m>ble1 & all o!r comb9ations ( lime ) c>bonic acid4 ,geologi/1 "o :o /udies ! sci5ce ( ,geology4 ,( :at d ,calc>e\s ,e>?s or ,/ones consi/8 ,calc>e\s e>?s1 /ones1 or rocks consi/ ( lime1 or pure calc>e\s e>?1 c>bonic acid1 & wat]4 ,:at is ,quick-,lime8 ,lime/one depriv$ ( its c>bonic acid & wat] by be+ subject$ to an int5se heat 9 a kiln4 ,h[ are ^! ,/ones wr\ght8 ,to :atev] purpose ! /ones are to be appli$1 ! l>g] blocks obta9$ f ! qu>ry mu/ be cut into small] & m manageable pieces by saw+3 ! saw us$ is a long blade ( /eel1 )\t tee?1 fix$ 9 a heavy wood5 frame4 ,^! huge saws are work$ by "o or two m5 :o sit 9 boxes to %elt] !m f ! wea!r2 wat] is caus$ to drip con/antly into ! cut1 to facilitate ! motion ( ! saw1 & keep x cool1 s z to prev5t x f los+ its temp]4 ,huge1 v l>ge4 ,temp]1 h>dness2 9 speak+ ( metals x signifies ! /ate to :i* !y are r$uc$1 especially ) reg>d to _! h>dness4 ,:at is ,/eel8 ,iron comb9$ ) a small portion ( c>bon2 its *emical "n is ,c>buret ( ,iron4 ,x is n s malleable z iron 9 its ord9>y /ate2 b is mu* h>d]1 m ela/ic1 & susceptible ( a high] poli%4 ,( ?is mat]ial are manufactur$ knives1 swords1 & all k9ds ( cutt+ in/rum5ts & edge tools1 us$ = dome/ic purposes & 9 ! arts1 f ! pond]\s pit-saw to ! f9e/ lancet4 ,good /eel is mu* m ductile ?an iron2 & a f9] wire may be drawn f x ?an f any o!r metal4 ,! excell5ce ( edge-tools dep5ds ^u _! temp]4 ,pond]\s1 heavy4 ,y say t a ,geologi/ is "o :o /udies ,geology3 :at is meant by ?is t]m8 ,a sci5ce :i* enables u to read1 9 ! simple language ( nature1 ! *anges :i* h tak5 place on ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 its /ructure & m9]al con/itution4 ,x describes ! diff]5t mat]ials & ! /rata ( :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? is compos$1 & inve/igates ! causes ( its physical features4 ,simple1 easily read4 ,:at are ,/rata8 ,lay]s ( rocks & o!r sub/ances ( :i* ! :ole e>? seems to be compos$4 ,^! rocks are f\nd ly+ "o above ano!r 9 regul> ord]2 b5ea? !m are ! un/ratifi$ rocks1 :i* seem to =m ! basis or f\ndations ^u :i* ! o!rs h be5 deposit$4 ,! v>i\s lay]s seem to h be5 =m$ dur+ progressive /ages ( vegetable & animal organization4 ,^! rocks & /rata are divid$ into five classes or =mations4 ,progressive1 mov+ =w>ds4 ,organization1 =mation or /ructure ( bodies4 ,"n !m4 ,! ,primitive1 or l[] =mations1 suppos$ to h be5 =m$ 9 ! *aotic /ate ( ! e>?1 because !y h no trace ( organiz$ be+s or petrifactions2 !y are *iefly compos$ ( silici\s & argillace\s e>?s1 z granite1 slate1 c4--,transition rocks1 suppos$ to h be5 =m$ dur+ ! transition ( ! e>? into a habitable /ate2 !y diff] f ! primitive1 9 conta9+ ! rema9s ( m>9e animals3--! ,second>y rocks1 conta9+ ! rema9s ( animals & vegetables1 & consequ5tly =m$ aft] _! creation2--! ,t]ti>y =mation1 compos$ ( lay]s ( clay1 s&1 gravel1 & m>l1 & conta9+ peculi> organic rema9s2--& ! ,alluvial =mation1 con/itut$ ( p>ts ( previ\s rocks sep>at$ by wat]1 c41 & deposit$ 9 b$s4 ,petrifaction1 an animal or vegetable sub/ance turn$ to /one4 ,silici\s1 consi/+ ( fl9t4 ,transition1 *ange f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,argillace\s1 clayey1 consi/+ ( clay4 ,*aotic1 resembl+ *aos1 confus$4 ,*aos1 confusion1 a m+l$ heap2 a t]m us$ 9 speak+ ( ! _w :ile yet )\t =m2 a ,greek ^w1 signify+ a confus$ mass4 ,alluvial1 deposit$ f wat]4 ,( :at is ?is la/ comp\nd$8 ,! ,alluvial =mation is compos$ ( s&1 gravel1 loam1 clay1 turf1 c41 & conta9s plants1 roots1 moss1 bones1 petrifi$ wood1 & skeletons ( animals4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! ,t]ti>y =mation *iefly by its sup]ior position1 & by ext5d+ ov] regions :]e exi/+ /reams or o!r causes n[ 9 action c\ld h produc$ x4 ,"s geologi/s m5tion ano!r =mation call$ ! ,volcanic1 because compos$ ( m9]als ?r[n f ! crat] ( a volcano1 su* z pumice /ones1 lava1 c4 ,crat]1 ! m\? or op5+ ( a volcano4 ,petrifi$1 h>d5$ into /one4 ,y m5tion$ ,silici\s & ,argillace\s ,e>?s3 is n1 !n1 ! e>?y cov]+ ( our globe ( "o common "*8 ,no2 by e>? is und]/ood a comb9ation ( _m di/9ct bodies4 ,*emi/s1 by sep>at+ e>?s f ea* o!r1 & f =eign matt]s connect$ ) !m1 h discov]$ n9e or t5 primitive e>?s2 all ( ^!1 except silex1 are comp\nds ( oxyg5 ) metallic bases4 ,*emi/1 "o :o und]/&s ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,( :i* ( ^! ,simple or ,primitive ,e>?s are ! solid portions ( ! globe pr9cipally compos$8 ,( fl9t or silex1 lime or calc>e\s e>?1 & clay or argil1 9 v>i\s degrees ( comb9ation1 ! greate/ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s & pla9s1 & ! :ole ( :at we commonly und]/& by soil1 m\ld1 e>?1 c4 are compos$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ?\gh =m+ ne>ly all ( ! solid portions ( ! _w1 are con/antly mix$ ) =eign matt]s1 z metals1 7p>ticul>ly iron17 & acids1 7z c>bonic acid47 ,:at are ! prop]ties ( ,silex8 ,silex1 or pure fl9t1 w n dissolve 9 wat]1 nor c x be melt$ by itself 9 any heat2 b comb9$ ) alkalies1 z soda or pota%1 x =ms glass4 ,x is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( mo/ ( ! preci\s /ones4 ,:at are ! *ief uses ( ,silex8 ,x is ! mo/ durable article = ! =mation ( roads2 a necess>y +r$i5t 9 e>!nw>e1 porcela91 & cem5ts2 & ! pr9cipal mat]ial ( glass & vitre\s sub/ances4 ,! mak+ ( pa/es or artificial gems is a bran* ( ! art ( glass-mak+2 ! basis us$ is a v h>d & pure silex4 ,basis1 t "p ( any mixture :i* is ! gr\nd or base2 ! fir/ pr9ciple or elem5t ( a sub/ance4 ,describe ! prop]ties ( ,lime4 ,x is ( a :ite color1 & possesses a hot1 cau/ic ta/e4 ,x =ms peculi> salts ) acids2 *anges vegetable blues to gre52 w n fuse2 gives out a quantity ( caloric :5 unit$ ) wat]2 & absorbs c>bonic acid :5 expos$ to air4 ,lime is v useful 9 ! arts & manufactures1 9 m$ic9e1 c4 ,! f>m]s use x z manure to f]tilize l&4 ,cau/ic1 burn+1 corrod+3 a t]m appli$ to sub/ances :i* eat away & burn any ?+ ) :i* !y are br\ght 9 contact4 ,9 :at /ate is ,lime f\nd 9 nature8 ,nev] native1 b comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances2--g5]ally ) an acid1 & mo/ pl5tifully ) c>bonic acid1 z 9 *alk1 m>ble1 c4 ,x is also f\nd 9 vegetables1 & is ! basis ( animal bones2 x likewise occurs 9 ! wat] ( ! ocean1 & 9 t ( all spr+s & riv]s4 ,! me?od ( procur+ lime1 f *alk1 m>ble1 lime/one1 oy/]-%ells1 c41 has already be5 describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,:at are ! prop]ties ( ,clay8 ,argil1 or pure clay1 also call$ alum9a1 f its be+ ! basis ( alum1 is s(t to ! t\*1 adhesive1 & emits a peculi> odor :5 moi/5$2--=ms a pa/e ) wat]1 & h>d5s 9 ! fire4 ,its uses are s v>i\s & important1 t x w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible = man to h atta9$ 8 pres5t degree ( civilization1 if x _h n be5 giv5 him by nature 9 su* abundance4 ,its uses h already be5 describ$ 9 ! arts ( brick-mak+1 pott]y1 c4 ,besides ^! ?ree pr9cipal primitive e>?s j describ$1 !re are sev5 o!rs1 hav+ sev]al prop]ties 9 common1 yet ea* possess+ its diff]5t & specific prop]ties1 & evid5tly design$ by nature = diff]5t purposes ( utility4 ,specific1 belong+ to its p>ticul> species4 ,utility1 usefulness4 ,:at is a ,volcano8 ,an op5+ 9 ! surface ( ! e>?1 or 9 a m\nta91 f :i* are eject$ smoke1 flames1 /ones1 lava1 c4 ,b5ea? ! out] cru/ ( ! e>? inflammable mat]ials appe> to exi/1 :i* diff]5t causes excite into combu/ion4 ,volcanoes are suppos$ to owe _! orig9 to ! metals & m9]als :i* =m ! basis ( e>?s & alkalies2 & :i*1 :5 ignit$1 exp&1--%ake ! rocky f\ndations1--& sometimes1 bur/+ ?r\gh1 produce all ! de/ructive effects ( e>?quakes4 ,!y break =? "u ! sea1 z well z ! l&1 & ?r[ up m\nta9s :i* rise above ! level ( ! wat]4 ,dur+ an eruption ( ,vesuvius1 ,a4,d4 #gi1 ?ree cities1 ,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1 & ,/abi1 7 ov]:elm$1 & lay buri$ b5ea? ! matt] eject$ f ! volcano until )9 a few ye>s1 :5 excavations 7 made & _m relics discov]$2--/reets1 h\ses1 papyri1 7manuscripts17 gra91 fruit1 bread1 m$ic9es1 c4 c41 all 9 a rem>kable /ate ( pres]vation1 h be5 f\nd j z !y 7 left by ! t]rifi$ inhabitants at ! "t ( ! eruption6 ,eruption1 an issu+ or break+ =? ) viol5ce4 ,eject$1 ?r[n out4 ,are !re _m ,volcanoes8 ,!re are upw>ds ( two hundr$ volcanoes ^u ! globe2 m ?an "o half ( !m are 9 ,am]ica & ,oceanica ,! mo/ not$ volcanoes 9 ,am]ica are ,cotopaxi 7! highe/ 9 ! _w71 ne> ,quito2 ,popocatapetl1 9 ,mexico2 ,cosigu9a1 & ! ,wat] ,volcano1 9 ,guatemala4 ,9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & _m o!r c\ntries1 !re are di/ricts :i* %[ ! =m] exi/5ce ( volcanoes1 :i* h long be5 ext9ct2 ne> ,naples1 9 an area ( two hundr$ squ>e miles1 !re are sixty crat]s1 "s ( !m l>g] ?an ,vesuvius2 9 "o ( ^!1 ! t[n ( ,cumea has /ood = ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,:at c y say ( new isl&s =m$ by ,volcanic ,ag5cy8 ,_m examples ( new isl&s ris+ out ( ! sea by volcanic action are on record4 ,"s ( !m are p]man5t1 b o!rs1 aft] a "t1 disappe>4 ,t5]iffe1 ,icel&1 ,sicily1 ,/4 ,hel5a2 "p ( ,sumatra1 ,java1 ,japan2 & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 seem to h be5 upheav$ by volcanic ag5cy2 ,hawaii1 ! l>ge/ ( ! la/-nam$ gr\p1 conta9s an area ( f\r ?\s& squ>e miles1 & rises eighte5 ?\s& feet above ! ocean4 ,:at are ,e>?quakes8 ,%ak+s or vibrations ( ! gr\nd2 sometimes accompani$ by r5ts1 & rock+s or heav+s ( ! surface1 s z to ov]?r[ build+s1 & swall[ up t[ns & l>ge tracts ( c\ntry4 ,!y are att5d$ ) a t]rible subt]ranean noise1 l ?und]1 & sometimes ) an eruption ( fire or wat]1 or else ( smoke or w9ds4 ,subt]ranean1 und]gr\nd4 ,:at is suppos$ to cause !m8 ,an electrical action betwe5 ! atmosph]e & "s deep sub-/rata2 or ! sudd5 =mation ( gase\s matt] b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>? by int]nal volcanic fires4 ,_m hot c\ntries1 :]e mu* electrical di/urbance takes place1 are v subject to !m3 e>?quakes almo/ always prec$e volcanic eruptions2 an op5 volcano1 also1 probably dim9i%es ! =ce ( e>?quakes1 by ! v5t :i* x af=ds4 ,e>?quakes1 at diff]5t times1 h be5 productive ( ! mo/ t]rific effects3 t[ns & cities h be5 swall[$ up1 & ?\s&s ( p de/roy$ by !m4 ,! isl& ( ,jamaica is rem>kable = ! e>?quakes :i* frequ5tly happ5 !re4 ,prec$e1 to g be=e4 ,v5t1 op5+4 ,t]rific1 full ( t]ror1 dreadful4 ,:]e is ,jamaica situat$8 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1--a l>ge gr\p ( f]tile isl&s :i* lie betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,jamaica is ! pr9cipal "o ( ^? :i* belong to ! ,engli%4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,sculpture1 ,,use ,,( ,,money1 ,,navigation4 ,:at is meant by ,ar*itecture8 ,! art ( build+ or erect+ edifices fit = ! habitation ( man1 to def5d him f ! wea!r1 & = 8 dome/ic com=t & conv5i5ce2 = devotion1 trade1 & o!r purposes1 & = ! use ( civiliz$ life 9 e capacity4 ,capacity1 /ate1 condition4 ,is n ?is an art ( great antiquity8 ,x is almo/ z anci5t z human society2 ! *anges ( ! seasons fir/ l$ m5 to build !mselves huts or cab9s1 into :i* !y might retire = %elt]2 9 process ( "t1 _! mann] ( build+ gradually improv$1 & habitations 7 con/ruct$ ( m /ately =ms & elegant proportions1 & great] skill & v>iety 7 display$ 9 _! ornam5ts ,h5ce arose ! ,five ,ord]s or mann]s ( build+4 ,( :at 7 ! fir/ huts compos$8 ,probably ( ! bran*es ( trees driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & cov]$ ) mud & /ubble2 at l5g?1 z m5 became m exp]t1 !y plac$ trunks ( trees upright1 & laid o!rs across !m to su/a9 ! out] cov]+s2 f ?is !y took ! h9t ( a m regul> ar*itecture1 & built edifices ( brick & /one2 ! trunks ( trees :i* support$ _! dwell+s gave !m a notion ( pill>s or columns1 :i* !y aft]w>ds erect$ ( m durable mat]ials4 ,among unciviliz$ tribes at ?is day1 "s reside und]gr\nd1 hav+ _! dirty dwell+s entirely clos$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s2 9 w>m] regions1 _! habitations are built ( /akes1 leaves1 & turf1 9 ! %ape ( a soldi]'s t5t4 ,9 ,africa1 _! kraals or huts are con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann]1 b ( a circul> =m1 ) a hole at ! top to let out ! smoke4 ,9 _m ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 ! natives1 :5 fir/ discov]$1 _h progress$ /ill fur!r1 hav+ le>nt to elevate ! ro(s on poles1 & to fill 9 ! sides ( _! h\ses ) b\ghs or ru%es1 mud or sods4 ,probably1 mo/ likely4 ,edifice1 a build+4 ,notion1 idea4 ,durable1 la/+4 ,:at p are repres5t$ by ! anci5t writ]s z hav+ br\ght ! art ( ,build+ to a great] /ate ( p]fection8 ,! inhabitants ( ! city ( ,tyre1 to :om ,solomon _h rec\rse = workm5 to build ! ,temple4 ,isaias1 9 8 tw5ty-?ird *apt]1 speaks ( ! ,tyrians & ,egyptians1 z hav+ br\ght x to a great degree ( magnific5ce2 z may be drawn f ! v>i\s acc\nts h&$ d[n to u1 & ! rema9s ( _! obelisks1 pyramids1 c4 ,:at is an ,obelisk8 ,a v high & sl5d] f\r-sid$ pyramid1 rais$ z an ornam5t 9 "s public place2 & frequ5tly cov]$ ) inscriptions & hi]oglyphics4#af ,?is k9d ( monum5t appe>s to be v anci5t2 !y 7 fir/ made use ( to decl>e to po/]ity ! pr9cipal precepts ( philosophy2 to m>k ! h\rs ( ! day by ! %ad[s :i* !y ca/ on ! gr\nd2 &1 9 aft]-times1 to immortalize ! actions ( h]oes1 & p]petuate ! memory ( p]sons belov$4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,inscription1 some?+ writt5 or engrav$4 ,hi]oglyphics1 emblems by :i* words 7 impli$4 ,!y 7 us$ be=e ! inv5tion ( alphabets4 ,impli$1 signifi$1 d5ot$4 ,po/]ity1 succe$+ g5]ations1 desc5dants4 ,immortalize1 to r5d] immortal1--:i* means nev]-dy+2 to p]petuate ! memory ( any?+4 ,:at is a ,pyramid8 ,a solid1 massive edifice1 ris+ f a squ>e1 triangul>1 or o!r base1 gradually dim9i%+ 9 size till x ends 9 a po9t at ! top4 ,l ! obelisk1 pyramids 7 sometimes erect$ to pres]ve ! memory ( s+ul> ev5ts1 or to transmit to future ages ! glory & magnific5ce ( pr9ces2 b (t5] z fun]al monum5ts & receptacles = ! dead1 p>ticul>ly k+s4 ,triangul>1 ?ree-sid$1 hav+ ?ree angles4 ,dim9i%+1 gr[+ small]4 ,receptacle1 ! place 9 :i* a ?+ is deposit$4 ,is x kn[n :o 7 ! erectors ( ^! ,build+s8 ,no2 x is a curi\s fact t ! ,egyptian pyramids1 s celebrat$ = _! size & great antiquity1 %\ld h ! "t ( _! erection & ! names ( _! f\nd]s wrapt 9 su* complete my/]y4 ,all ! diff]5t au?ors :o h writt5 conc]n+ !m1 disagree 9 _! acc\nts ( ^? :o built !m1 & no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n ( _! hi/ory4 ,f\nd]1 "o :o e/abli%es or erects4 ,my/]y1 pr(\nd secresy4 ,:at o!r nations excell$ 9 ! art ( ,build+8 ,! ,greeks & ,romans1 f :om we d]ive x1 also greatly excell$ 9 ?is art4 ,grecian ar*itecture 0 9 its highe/ glory "u ,p]icles4 ,among ! ,romans1 x arriv$ at its greate/ p]fection "u ! ,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,! five ord]s ( ornam5tal ar*itecture inv5t$ by ! anci5ts1 at diff]5t times1 & on diff]5t occasions1 are ( ,grecian & ,italian orig94 ,!y are ! ,tuscan1 ! ,doric1 ! ,ionic1 ! ,cor9?ian1 & ! ,composite2 ea* possess+ its peculi> =m & beauty1 & f\nd 9 all ! pr9cipal build+s ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,*ri/ian1 pr(ess+ ! religion ( ,*ri/2 ! t]m is appli$ to ^? :o believe our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ to be ! only true ,god & ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,:o 0 ,p]icles8 ,a celebrat$ ,a!nian /atesman1 orator1 & g5]al1 :o ga9$ sev]al victories ov] ! ,lac$emonians & o!r enemies ( 8 c\ntry4 ,are all ! species ( ornam5tal build+ conf9$ to ^? nations already m5tion$8 ,by no means2 besides ! ,grecian & ,roman ord]s1 o!r civiliz$ nations possess _! sep>ate /yles2 z ! ,h9doos1 ,*9ese1 ,moors1 c42 & no?+ c be m gr&1 h>moni\s1 & picturesque1 ?an ea* ( ^! 9 ! beautiful specim5s :i* are to be se5 9 _! sev]al c\ntries4 ,! ,saxons1 also1 _h a simple /yle ( ar*itecture1 di/+ui%$ by semi-circul> ar*es1 & massive pla9 columns2 ! ,normans1 too1 inv5t$ a beautiful k9d call$ ! ,go?ic1 di/+ui%$ by its lightness & ! numb] ( its ornam5ts1 & by its po9t$ ar*es & pill>s c>v$ to imitate sev]al comb9$ toge!r2 ! ,go?ic /yle is f\nd 9 _m old ca!drals4 ,h9doos1 inhabitants ( ,h9do/an1 9 ,india4 ,moors1 inhabitants ( ,morocco1 a k+dom ( ,b>b>y1 9 ,africa4 ,h>moni\s1 correspond+ 9 all its p>ts ) equal beauty & elegance4 ,picturesque1 l a picture4 ,saxons1 inhabitants ( ,saxony1 a portion ( ,g]many4 ,semi-circul>1 only half circul>4 ,describe ! ,five ,ord]s ( ,ar*itecture4 ,! ,tuscan 7f ,tuscany17 is ! mo/ simple & devoid ( ornam5t1 & its columns or pill>s are pla9 & massive4 ,! ,doric 7f ! ,dorians1 9 ,greece17 is durable & noble 9 appe>ance1 hav+ its columns pla9 l ! ,tuscan1 b ! upp] p>ts m ornam5tal4 ,! ,ionic1 7f ,iona1 9 ,greece17 is nei!r s pla9 z ! ,doric1 nor s ri*ly elegant z ! ,cor9?ian2 b is di/+ui%$ f ! fir/ two ord]s by hav+ its columns or pill>s flut$ in/ead ( pla91 & ! upp] "p ( !m 7call$ ! capitals17 adorn$ by ! figures ( rams' horns c>v$ on !m4 ,! ,cor9?ian is v ri* & delicate1 ) flut$ pill>s1 & ! tops beautifully ornam5t$ ) leaves1 c4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is ord] is ascrib$ to ,callima*us1 a ,cor9?ian sculptor4 ,! ,composite is comp\nd$ ( ! o!r f\r2 x is v mu* l ! ,cor9?ian1 & is also call$ ! ,roman or ,italian ord]4 ,devoid1 free f1 de/itute4 ,:at is ,sculpture8 ,! art ( cutt+ or c>v+ wood1 /one1 & o!r mat]ials2 & =m+ ( !m v>i\s figures or repres5tations ( m51 bea/s & o!r objects4 ,! t]m is mo/ly limit$ to c>v+ images or /atues 9 /one4 ,?is art is ( great antiquity2 ! sacr$ writ+s in=m u ( x 9 _m passages1 z = in/ance 9 ^? 9 :i* are m5tion$ ,laban's images1 c>ri$ away by ,ra*el2 ! gold5 calf ( ! ,israelites1 c4 ,sculpture z an art is probably m anci5t ?an pa9t+4 ,:at c\ntry 0 ! mo/ highly celebrat$ = its sculpture8 ,greece1 :i* produc$ _m celebrat$ sculptors1 ( :om ! mo/ em95t 7 ,phidias1 an ,a!nian1 ! great ma/] ( ?is art1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles1 #djh ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 ,lysippus1 a native ( ,sicyon1 ne> ,cor9?2 & ,praxiteles1 a native ( ,magna ,grecia4 ,:at ev5t prov$ fatal to ?is art8 ,! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great 0 foll[$ by a visible decl9e 9 all ! f9e arts2 b ! fatal bl[ to _! exi/5ce 0 giv5 by ! success ( ! conqu]+ ,romans1 :o r$uc$ ,greece to a ,roman prov9ce4 ,0 ,sculpture always p]=m$ 9 ,/one8 ,no2 at fir/ /atues & o!r figures 7 =m$ ( wood or bak$ clay1 aft]w>ds ( /one1 m>ble & metals2 ?\gh ^! la/ 7 n br\ght to any degree ( p]fection1 till ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ,greeks 7 fam\s = _! works 9 ivory2 ! great ma/] ( ! art ( c>v+ /atues 9 x 0 ,phidias4 ,:at progress did ! ,romans make 9 ,sculpture8 ,sculpture1 dur+ _! e>ly hi/ory1 exi/$ r z a plant ( =eign gr[?1 p>tially cultivat$ by !m1 ?an z a native production ( _! own l&4 ,!y collect$1 inde$1 "s ( ! mo/ exquisite samples ( ,grecian sculpture1 & invit$ to _! capital ! yet rema9+ sculptors ( ,greece1 by ^: labors n only ,rome itself 0 embelli%$1 b also _m ( ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,spa91 & ,gaul1 !n "u ! ,roman dom9ion2 yet ! ta/e = sculpture does n appe> to h be5 cultivat$ 9 any measure correspond+ ) ! advantages ?us af=d$ !m 9 ! /udy ( ! be/ models ( ! art4 ,! be/ works 7 produc$ by ,greek arti/s1 & *iefly ,a!nian1 :ile ! attempts ( ! ,romans 7 unskilfully execut$4 ,gaul1 ! anci5t "n ( ,france4 ,model1 patt]n4 ,did x always cont9ue ?us8 ,no2 f ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 sculpture1 & ! re/ ( ! f9e arts1 gradually reviv$4 ,:ile inspir$1 p]haps1 ) a ta/e = sculpture by means ( ! scatt]$ rema9s ( ,grecian art1 ! ,roman arti/s drew1 at ! same "t1 f _! own res\rces1 & 7 by no means s]vile copyi/s ( ! sculptors ( a =m] age4 ,! fir/ academy ( ! art 0 f\nd$ at ,flor5ce1 9 #acej1 & at ! close ( ! same c5tury1 sculpture 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,italy1 & it9]ant sculptors1 n unskilful 9 _! art1 w&]$ f !nce to ,g]many1 ,france1 & ev5 to ,engl&4 ,! mo/ em95t ma/] ( ! art 0 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 born 9 #adgd1 :o 0 also a pa9t] & ar*itect2 f 8 "t1 to ! latt] end ( ! la/ c5tury1 sculpture aga9 gradually decl9$1 b "u ,canova1 a native ( ,possagno1 9 ! ,v5etian ,alps1 x reviv$4 ,he 0 born 9 #ageg4 ,besides ! above m5tion$1 7 a numb] ( o!rs ( v>i\s degrees ( tal5t1 z well z "s /ill liv+4 ,s]vile1 slavi%1 mean4 ,it9]ant1 w&]+4 ,:5 0 ! k ( ,sculpture introduc$ into ,engl&8 ,at ! "t ( its conque/ by ! ,romans2 b ! art appe>s to h be5 v rude & imp]fect4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,norman invasion1 & /ill fur!r 9 ! "t ( ! ,crusades1 an improvem5t1 h[ev]1 began to %[ itself 9 ,briti% sculpture4 ,b x is probable t mo/ ( _! be/ ar*itectural & sculptural works 7 execut$ by =eign]s1 memb]s ( ^? societies ( w&]+ sculptors be=e m5tion$4 ,"u ,edw>d ! ,?ird1 ! art appe>s to h be5 mu* cultivat$ by ,engli%m54 ,x is well kn[n t two ,italian sculptors 7 employ$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,john ( ,padua1 a pupil ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 0 ma/] ( works to ,h5ry ! ,eigh?4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,fir/1 ,engli% sculptors fl\ri%$1 al?\gh _! works are ( a v l[ ord]4 ,invasion1 ho/ile entrance ^u ! rights or possessions ( ano!r4 ,ar*itectural1 belong to ,ar*itecture4 ,sculptural1 belong+ to ,sculpture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ga!r+ ,,turp5t9e ,,by ,,scrap+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ill+ ,,turp5t9e4 ,) :om may ! ,s*ool ( ,briti% ,sculptors be consid]$ z comm5c+8 ,) ,banks1 born 9 #agch1 & ,bacon1 born 9 #agdj2 ^! 7 9 e respect ,engli% arti/s4 ,b ! mo/ em95t work] 9 ! art :i* t c\ntry has yet produc$1 0 ,john ,flaxman1 born 9 #agee4 ,our own c\ntry also may boa/ ( sculptors ( sup]ior tal5ts1 & f ! beautiful specim5s ( ! art :i* h appe>$1 ! atta9m5t ( a high degree ( excell5ce 9 x is to be anticipat$4 ,atta9m5t1 ! act ( arriv+ at or rea*+4 ,anticipat$1 expect$1 =ese54 ,give me a %ort acc\nt ( ?is art 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,spa94 ,9 ^! c\ntries1 z 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dur+ _! e>ly hi/ory1 _m ( ! be/ works 7 execut$ by ,italians4 ,g]many appe>s to h made little progress 9 sculpture be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury2 s9ce t p]iod1 x has produc$ sculptors ( "s em95ce1 al?\gh x is m celebrat$ = its writ]s on ! art1 ?an = arti/s ( em95ce 9 its practice4 ,9 ,france1 sculptors ( "s tal5t are m5tion$ z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,gir>don & ,puget 7 ! mo/ celebrat$ arti/s ( ?is p]iod4 ,spani% hi/ory gives a long li/ ( native sculptors1 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! same c5tury1 b _m ( !m are b little kn[n beyond _! own c\ntry4 ,b]ruguete1 a pupil ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 appe>s to h f\nd$ ! fir/ regul> s*ool ( ! art4 ,paul de ,cespides1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,philip de ,ca/ro1 7 ! mo/ em95t among !m4 ,:5 0 ! use ( ,money fir/ introduc$8 ,x is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty3 !re is1 h[ev]1 reason to believe t bo? gold & silv] 7 v e>ly us$ z money 9 ,egypt & ,asia3 x 0 aft]w>ds introduc$ into ,c>?age & ,greece2 :5ce x 0 br\ght to ,rome2 & f t city spread gradually we/w>d1 ?r\gh all ! ,roman dom9ions4 ,be=e ! use ( money 0 introduc$1 ! only means ( trade 0 by b>t]1 or ! ex*ange ( "o commodity = ano!r1 a cu/om long reta9$ by unciviliz$ nations4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 m5 discov]$ ! necessity ( some?+ :i* w\ld enable !m to trade ) great] facility2 ! fir/ m5tion ( money is 9 ! "t ( ,abraham1 :o1 we are told 9 ! ,bible1 paid f\r hundr$ sides ( silv] ( common curr5t money1 = a bury+ place4 ,curr5t1 g5]ally receiv$1 pass+ f h& to h&4 ,:]e 0 ,c>?age8 ,c>?age1 n[ ,tunis1 0 a comm]cial city1 situat$ on ! ,nor!rn ,coa/ ( ,africa1 :i* long cont5d$ = ! dom9ion ( ! ,m$it]ranean ) ! ,romans2 b1 aft] ?ree w>s1 x 0 tak5 & de/roy$ by ! ,roman g5]al1 ,scipio ,africanus1 9 ! ye> #bea be=e ,*ri/4 ,comm]cial1 c>ry+ on comm]ce or trade4 ,( :at sub/ances 0 ,money usually made8 ,( metals1 especially ! preci\s metals1 because !y possess great value 9 small bulk2 may be kept = any l5g? ( "t )\t loss2 & _! value1 al?\gh n altoge!r inv>iable1 yet1 g5]ally speak+1 *anges only by sl[ degrees1 & is less susceptible ( fluctuation ?an t ( mo/ o!r articles4 ,at diff]5t times1 & among/ v>i\s nations1 h[ev]1 o!r ?+s1 9 ! sc>city ( metal1 h be5 sub/itut$ = x1 z %ells1 wood1 lea!r1 pap]1 or ev5 pa/ebo>d on extraord9>y occasions4 ,fluctuation1 un/ead9ess2 a wav]+4 ,( :at =m 0 money g5]ally made8 ,! =m ( money has be5 m v>i\s ?an its mat]ials2 ! anci5t ,britons us$ z money1 r+s or b>s ( iron or t92 ! ,lac$emonians us$ iron b>s qu5*$ ) v9eg>4 ,! money ( mo/ nations usually bore an impression peculi> to !mselves1 z1 = in/ance1 ! sicle ( ! ,jews 0 m>k$ ) ! gold5 pot ( manna on "o side1 & ,a>on's rod on ! o!r2 o!r co9s ) ! figures ( animals1 c42 9 %ape1 co9s 7 ei!r r\nd1 irregul>1 or squ>e4 ,h ! t]ms ,money & ,co9 ! same signification8 ,n exactly2 by money is und]/ood any matt]s1 su* z metal1 wood1 lea!r1 glass1 horn1 pap]1 fruits1 %ells1 c41 :i* h curr5cy z a m$ium 9 comm]ce4 ,co9 is a p>ticul> species always made ( metal1 & /ruck (f accord+ to a c]ta9 process call$ co9+2 x is n ( equal antiquity ) money4 ,9 fact1 ! v commodities !mselves 7 ! fir/ moneys1 t is1 7 curr5t "o = ano!r by way ( ex*ange4 ,co9 is a piece ( metal conv]t$ into money1 by ! impression ( c]ta9 m>ks or figures !reon4 ,! fir/ co9+ ( silv] took place at ,rome1 two hundr$ & sixty-n9e1 & ( gold1 two hundr$ & six ye>s be=e ,*ri/3 ! ,romans1 aft] ! commonweal?1 /amp$ _! co9s ) ! image ( ! reign+ emp]or1 :i* cu/om 0 foll[$ by mo/ civiliz$ nations4 ,co9s 71 & are1 frequ5tly1 /ruck 9 commemoration ( a p>ticul> ev5t or celebrat$ p]son4 ,:5 0 ! use ( /amp$ co9 introduc$ into ,brita98 ,aft] ! arrival ( ! ,romans 9 t isl&1 ! natives imitat$ !m1 co9+ bo? gold & silv] ) ! images ( _! k+s /amp$ ^u !m2 b ! ,romans1 :5 !y subdu$ ! nation1 suppress$ also _! co9s1 & oblig$ !m to use _! own2 h5ce ! numb] ( ,roman co9s f\nd among ! relics ( antiquity 9 t isl&4 ,suppress$1 put aside1 h9d]$ f circulation4 ,relics1 rema9s4 ,:at does ! fir/ co9$ money 9 anci5t ,brita9 appe> to h be58 ,copp] money2 b aft] ! arrival ( ! ,saxons 9 ,engl&1 sc>cely any copp] money 0 us$ = _m c5turies1 nor did x become common till #afgb2 x 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,scotl& & ,irel& 9 #acdj4 ,:at is a ,m9t8 ,a place e/abli%$ by public au?ority = co9+ money4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! fir/ m9t 0 9 ,philadelphia2 bran*es h be5 e/abli%$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,union4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries1 ! privilege ( co9+ money is reg>d$ z a pr]ogative ( ! sov]eign p[]4 ,=m]ly1 9 ,great ,brita91 cities1 t[ns1 & ev5 individuals1 7 all[$ to co9 money = ! conv5i5ce ( trade2 b n[ ?is is =bidd51 except at ! ,m9t 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,:at is meant by ,navigation8 ,! sci5ce or art by :i* ! m>9] is taught to conduct 8 %ip f "o place to ano!r4 ,"s1 p]haps1 w consid] ! =mation & use ( ! ,ark1 z a fir/ /ep t[>ds ! inv5tion ( ?is art2 b x is an errone\s idea1 because ! direction & means = accompli%+ ?is imm5se "w 7 af=d$ by ,god1 = ! pres]vation ( righte\s ,noe & 8 family4 ,besides1 no?+ is record$ ( any means or ( any necessity = its occupants navigat+ x to any p>ticul> place1 or f "o place to ano!r2 no int5tion ( ?is sort is app>5t1 ! ark be+ m]ely a va/ %elt]1 r5d]$ capable ( float+ on ! wat]4 ,errone\s1 wrong1 9 error4 ,app>5t1 manife/1 made to appe>4 ,:at probably gave ! fir/ idea ( ,navigation8 ,accid5t mo/ likely %[$ t wood always floats2 & on ! fall5 trunk ( a tree1 p]haps1 "s "o v5tur$ beyond 8 dep?1 away f ! l&4 ,! trunk ( a tree1 holl[$ out1 = a m conv5i5t position ( ! body1 =m$ ! canoe1 usually f\nd among unciviliz$ nations to ?is day4 ,f ?is rude beg9n+1 at great int]vals ( "t1 & a sl[ pace ( improvem5t1 ! art has at l5g? arriv$ at its pres5t /ate ( advancem5t4 ,:at nation fir/ appli$ ?is art to ! purposes ( ,trade8 ,! ,ph5icians 7especially ^? ( ,tyre1 _! capital city1 & ,sidon17 7 ! fir/ :o adapt$ x to ! purposes ( comm]ce1 & con/ruct$ vessels fit to make voyages to =eign c\ntries2 ! pov]ty & n>r[ness ( _! l&1 z well z _! vic9ity to two or ?ree good ports1 & _! natural g5ius = traffic1 urg+ !m to seek =eign supplies4 ,we he> ( !m trad+ to ,arabia1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 ,africa1 ,spa91 & ev5 z f> z ,brita94 ,vic9ity1 ne>ness1 neighborhood4 ,traffic1 ,trade1 comm]ce4 ,:o 7 ! ,ph5icians8 ,! inhabitants ( ,ph5icia1 a c\ntry ( ,syria1 9 ,asia4 ,:i* 0 ! m anci5t city1 ,tyre or ,sidon8 ,sidon1--hav+ be5 built1 z is suppos$1 soon aft] ! ,flood1 by ,sidon1 ! elde/ son ( ,*anaan4 ,tyre1 ab\t #be miles to ! s\?1 0 built ab\t ! ye> #abeb be=e ,*ri/1 by a colony f ,sidon4 ,! ,ph5icians plant$ num]\s colonies on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,atlantic1 & diffus$1 to a great ext5t1 among _! unciviliz$ neighbors ! arts & improvem5ts ( civiliz$ life4 ,"o ( _! mo/ celebrat$ colonies 0 t f\nd$ by !m on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa2 & x 0 ?is colony t built ! fam\s city ( ,c>?age4 ,diffus$1 spread abroad1 scatt]$4 ,did n ,c>?age aft]w>ds become z fl\ri%+ z ! p>5t city ( ,tyre8 ,9 "t1 ,c>?age n only equall$ ,tyre itself1 b surpass$ x1--pursu+ ! c\rse ! ,ph5icians _h begun1 & s5d+ its m]*ant fleets ?r\gh ,h]cules' ,pill>s1 7n[ ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>17 along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 & nor?w>ds1 along ! coa/ ( ,europe1 visit+ p>ticul>ly ,spa91 ,gaul1 c4 ,!y ev5 und]took voyages1 ! sole object ( :i* 0 to discov] new c\ntries & explore unkn[n seas4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians appe> to h be5 ! fir/ :o und]took voyages solely = ! sake ( discov]ies4 ,7 n bo? ^! celebrat$ cities de/roy$8 ,tyre1 ^: imm5se ri*es & p[] 7 ! subject ( _m anci5t hi/ories1 0 de/roy$ by ! ,grecian ,emp]or ,alex&] ! ,great1 & its navigation & comm]ce transf]r$ by him to ,alex&ria1 a new city :i* he m$itat$ mak+ 8 capital4 ,alex&ria1 9 a %ort "t1 became ! mo/ important comm]cial city 9 ! _w4 ,?us arose navigation among ! ,egyptians2 x 0 aft]w>ds s successfully cultivat$ by !m1 t ,tyre & ,c>?age 7:i* la/1 z be=e m5tion$1 0 subdu$ by ! ,romans17 7 q =gott54 ,transf]r$1 remov$4 ,capital1 *ief city or t[n 9 a /ate or k+dom4 ,:o 0 ,alex&] ! ,great8 ,! son ( ,philip1 ,k+ ( ,mac$onia1 9 ,greece2 he 0 celebrat$ = 8 great ambition1 & ! numb] ( 8 conque/s2 he ov]turn$ ! ,p]sian empire1 & subdu$ _m cities & prov9ces 9 ! ,ea/4 ,did n ,alex&ria und]go ! same fate z ,tyre & ,c>?age8 ,egypt 0 at la/ r$uc$ to a ,roman prov9ce1 aft] ! battle ( ,actium1 & its trade & navigation fell into ! h&s ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 9 ^: "t ,alex&ria 0 little inf]ior to ,rome2 & ! magaz9es ( ! capital ( ! _w 7 suppli$ ) m]*&ise f ! capital ( ,egypt4 ,alex&ria1 h[ev]1 at la/ und]w5t ! fate ( ,tyre & ,c>?age1 be+ surpris$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 :o ov]ran ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,africa2 & ?\gh x cont9u$1 = a :ile1 to enjoy a consid]able portion ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,*ri/ian m]*ants1 x aft]w>ds rema9$ 9 a langui%+ condition3 b /ill1 ev5 at ?is day1 x is a place ( consid]able trade4 ,:o 7 ! ,s>ac5s8 ,a ,mahomm$an nation1 occupy+ a portion ( :at is n[ call$ ,arabia4 ,!y ext5d$ _! conque/s ov] a l>ge portion ( ,asia1 nor!rn ,africa1 & ,spa94 ,_! "n is d]iv$ f ! ^w ,s>a1 a des]t4 ,:at effect _h ! ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire on ,navigation8 ,! fall ( ! ,roman empire n only drew along ) x its le>n+ & ! polite arts1 b also ! art ( navigation2 ! ,b>b>ians1 into ^: h&s ! empire fell1 cont5t+ !mselves ) enjoy+ ! spoils ( ^? :om !y _h conqu]$1 )\t seek+ to foll[ _! example 9 ! cultivation ( ^? arts & t le>n+ :i* _h r5d]$ ,rome & its empire s fam\s4 ,:at o!r p1 ab\t ?is p]iod1 di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! art ( ,navigation8 ,! ,s>ac5s or ,arabians1 ^: fleets n[ rode triumphant 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 !y _h tak5 possession ( ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 & _m ( ! ,grecian isl&s1 & ext5d$ _! comm]ce & _! discov]ies 9 ! ,ea/1 f> beyond ! utmo/ k ( _! ance/ors4 ,:at o!r circum/ance also prev5t$ comm]cial int]c\rse f ceas+ altoge!r8 ,con/ant9ople1 ?\gh (t5 ?reat5$ by ! fi]ce invad]s1 :o spread desolation ov] ,europe1 0 s =tunate z to escape _! de/ructive rage4 ,9 ?is city1 ! k ( anci5t arts & discov]ies 0 pres]v$2 & comm]ce cont9u$ to fl\ri% !re1 :5 x 0 almo/ ext9ct 9 e o!r "p ( ,europe4 ,desolation1 de/ruction1 ru94 ,did ! citiz5s ( ,con/ant9ople conf9e _! trade to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 & ! adjac5t coa/ ( ,asia8 ,no1 !y took a wid] range2 &1 foll[+ ! c\rse :i* ! anci5ts _h m>k$ out1 import$ ! productions ( ! ,ea/ ,indies f ,alex&ria4 ,:5 ,egypt 0 torn f ! ,roman ,empire by ! ,arabians1 ! indu/ry ( ! ,greeks discov]$ a new *annel by :i* ! productions ( ,india might be convey$ to ,con/ant9ople4 ,did n ! ,b>b>ians1 aft] a :ile1 turn _! att5tion to ,navigation & ,comm]ce8 ,no soon] 7 ! brave among ^! nations well settl$ 9 _! new prov9ces--"s 9 ,gaul1 z ! ,franks2 o!rs 9 ,spa91 z ! ,go?s2 & o!rs 9 ,italy1 z ! ,lomb>ds1--?an !y began to le>n ! advantages ( ^! arts1 & ! prop] me?ods ( manag+ !m1 f ! p !y _h subdu$2 & t ) s mu* success1 t !y ev5 improv$ ^u !m1 & set on foot new in/itutions = _! advantage4 ,to ! ,lomb>ds1 9 p>ticul>1 is usually ascrib$ ! inv5tion & use ( banks1 book-keep+1 & ex*anges4 ,?us ! p ( ,italy1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 h ! glory ( re/or+ to ,europe ! advantages t _h be5 de/roy$ by _! own ravages4 ,in/itutions1 laws1 regulations4 ,ex*ange1 a species ( m]cantile transactions by :i* ! debts due to p]sons at a di/ance are paid by ord]1 draft1 or bill ( ex*ange1 )\t ! transmission ei!r ( money or goods4 ,:o 7 ! ,franks8 ,a p :o settl$ 9 ,gaul2 f !m x took ! "n ( ,franconia1 or ,france4 ,:o 7 ! ,go?s8 ,an anci5t p1 :o inhabit$ t "p ( ,sw$5 call$ ,go?l&2 & aft]w>ds spread !mselves ov] great "p ( ,europe4 ,:o 7 ! ,lomb>ds8 ,! ,lomb>ds1 or ,longob>di1 71 l ! ,franks1 a nation ( ,g]many2 :o1 ^u ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire1 invad$ ,italy1 &1 tak+ ! city ( ,rav5na1 erect$ a k+dom4 ,:]e is ,rav5na8 ,9 ,c5tral ,italy4 ,x is ! capital ( a prov9ce ( ! same "n2 x is an anci5t t[n1 & ! see ( an ar*bi%op4 ,see1 ! seat ( episcopal p[]2 ! diocese ( a bi%op4 ,episcopal1 belong+ to a bi%op4 ,ar*bi%op1 ! presid+ bi%op ( a prov9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gr& ,,canal1 ,,v5ice1 ,,italy4 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! city ( ,v5ice8 ,9 ! ,adriatic ,sea 7 a great numb] ( m>%y isl&s1 sep>at$ only by n>r[ *annels1 b well scre5$ & almo/ inaccessible1 inhabit$ by a few fi%]m54 ,to ^! isl&s ! p ( ,v5eti 7a "p ( ,italy1 situat$ along ! coa/s ( ! gulf17 retir$ :5 ,al>ic1 ,k+ ( ! ,go?s1 ravag$ ,italy4 ,^! new ,isl&]s1 little imag9+ t ?is 0 to be _! fix$ resid5ce1 did n1 at fir/1 ?9k ( =m+ !mselves into "o community1 b ea* ( ! #gb isl&s cont9u$ a long :ile "u its respective ma/]s1 & =m$ a di/9ct commonweal?4 ,adriatic ,sea1 a "n giv5 to ! ,gulf ( ,v5ice4 ,commonweal?1 a republic1 a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! supreme p[] is lodg$ 9 ! p4 ,:at circum/ance caus$ !m to unite8 ,_! comm]ce becom+ consid]able en\gh to awak5 ! jeal\sy ( _! neighbors1 !y unit$ 9 a body = _! mutual protection3 ?is union1 fir/ begun 9 ! #f? c5tury & complet$ 9 ! #h?1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! future gr&eur ( ! /ate ( ,v5ice4 ,f ! "t ( ?is union1 fleets ( _! m]*antm5 sail$ to all ! ports ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & aft]w>ds to ^? ( ,egypt1 p>ticul>ly to ,cairo1 a new city1 built by ! ,s>ac5 pr9ces1 on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 :]e !y trad$ = spices1 c4 ,! ,v5etians cont9u$ to increase _! trade by sea & _! conque/s on l& till #aejh1 :5 a numb] ( jeal\s pr9ces conspir$ aga9/ !m to _! ru92 :i* 0 ! m easily effect$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! ,ea/ ,indian comm]ce1 ( :i* ! ,portuguese & ,fr5* _h ea* obta9$ a %>e4 ,conspir$1 unit$ toge!r 9 a plot4 ,:at is ! signification ( ,m$it]ranean8 ,inclos$ )9 l&1 or remote f ! ocean4 ,x is m p>ticul>ly us$ to signify ! sea :i* fl[s betwe5 ,europe & ,africa4 ,_h n ,v5ice a =midable rival 9 a neighbor+ republic8 ,g5oa1 :i* _h appli$ itself to navigation at ! same "t ) ,v5ice1 & ) equal success1 0 long its dang]\s rival1 disput$ ) x ! empire ( ! sea1 & %>$ ) x ! trade ( ,egypt1 & o!r p>ts1 bo? ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,jeal\sy soon broke out2 &1 ! two republics com+ to bl[s1 !re 0 almo/ cont9ual w> betwe5 !m = ?ree c5turies3 at l5g?1 t[>ds ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury1 ! /rife 0 end$ by ! fatal battle ( ,*ioza2 ! ,g5oese1 :o till !n _h usually ! advantage1 lo/ all1 & ! ,v5etians1 almo/ become desp]ate1 at "o decisive bl[1 beyond all expectation1 secur$ ! empire ( ! sea & _! sup]iority 9 comm]ce4 ,decisive1 f9al1 conclusive4 ,:]e is ,g5oa situat$8 ,9 ! nor?-we/]n "p ( ,italy4 ,x 0 =m]ly a fl\ri%+ republic1 b belongs n[ to ,italy4 ,:at ev5t likewise contribut$ to ! m rapid progress & diffusion ( ,navigation & ,comm]ce8 ,! ,crusades3 = ! ,g5oese1 ,pisans1 & ,v5etians1 furni%$ ! fleets :i* c>ri$ ^? va/ armies1 compos$ ( all ! nations ( ,europe1 into ,asia1 ^u ?is wild und]tak+1 & also suppli$ !m ) provisions & milit>y /ores4 ,o!r travell]s1 also1 besides ^? :om religi\s zeal s5t =? to visit ,asia1 v5tur$ into remote c\ntries1 f motives ei!r ( comm]cial advantage1 or ^? ( m]e curiosity4 ,zeal1 devotion1 en?usiasm4 ,:o 7 ! ,pisans8 ,inhabitants ( ,pisa1 an anci5t t[n ( ,tuscany2 x 0 once a great indep5d5t republic1 & is /ill adorn$ ) noble edifices4 ,pisa has long be5 celebrat$ = its rem>kable lean+ t[]4 ,tuscany is a beautiful & fruitful t]ritory ( ,italy2 its capital1 until ! ye> #ahei1 0 ,flor5ce4 ,:at 7 ! ,crusades8 ,holy w>s1 or exp$itions1 und]tak5 by ! ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! ,turks & ,s>ac5s1 to recov] ,pale/9e1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aajj & #adjj4 ,:at causes l$ to ^! w>s8 ,_m circum/ances contribut$ to give rise to !m4 ,!y 7 und]tak51 fir/1 ) a view to protect+ ! dev\t ,*ri/ian pilgrims1 :o 7 9 ! habit ( frequ5t+ ! v5]able places :]e our ,savi\r _h liv$1 taught1 suff]$1 & triumph$1 f ! fury & av>ice ( ! hea!ns2 secondly1 ) a view to gett+ possession ( ! ,holy ,l& itself1 & ( annex+ x to ,*ri/5dom2 & ?irdly1 to break d[n ! p[] ( ,mohamm$anism1 & to elevate ! ,cross 9 triumph & victory ov] ,pale/9e4 ,av>ice1 an excessive desire ( ga94 ,annex+1 add+1 jo9+4 ,:at badge or sign 0 worn by ^? :o engag$ 9 ! ,crusades8 ,!y di/+ui%$ !mselves by crosses ( diff]5t colors1 worn on _! clo!s2 f :i* !y took ! "n ( ,croiss1 or ,cross-be>]s2 ea* nation wore diff]5t colors3 = in/ance1 ! ,engli% _h :ite crosses1 ! ,fr5* r$1 & s on4 ,to :at inv5tion is ! art ( ,navigation mu* indebt$8 ,to t ( ! ,m>9]'s ,compass1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury2 & f ?is p]iod may be dat$ ! pres5t p]fection ( ?is useful art4 ,y h giv5 me an acc\nt ( ! re/oration ( ,navigation 9 ,s\!rn ,europe3 did n ! inhabitants ( ! ,nor? also turn _! att5tion to x8 ,yes3 ab\t ! same "t1 a new society ( m]*ants 0 =m$ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts1 :i* n only c>ri$ comm]ce to ! greate/ p]fection ( :i* x 0 capable1 till ! discov]y ( ! ,indies1 b also =m$ new codes ( useful laws = its regulation4 ,codes1 books or writ+s sett+ =? c]ta9 laws or rules respect+ p>ticul> subjects2 books ( civil laws4 ,are ,navigation & ,comm]ce insep>ably connect$ ) ea* o!r8 ,x may be consid]$ z a g5]al maxim1 t _! union is s intimate1 t ! fall ( "o inevitably draws aft] x t ( ! o!r2 & t !y w always ei!r fl\ri% or decl9e toge!r may be se51 by exam9+ ! reason ( _! pass+ successively f ! ,v5etians1 ,g5oese1 c41 to ! ,portuguese & ,spani>ds1 & f !m to ! ,engli%1 ,dut*1 c4 ,maxim1 rule1 an e/abli%$ pr9ciple4 ,intimate1 close4 ,inevitably1 )\t possibility ( escape1 unavoidably4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,music1 ,,pa9t+1 ,,poetry1 ,,a/ronomy1 ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces1 ,,art ,,( ,,writ+1 ,,& ,,*emi/ry4 ,:at are ! e>lie/ acc\nts ( ,musical ,in/rum5ts on record8 ,! e>lie/ acc\nts ( music :i* we possess are to be f\nd 9 ! ,bible1 9 :i* ! /ate ( ! _w be=e ! flood is notic$4 ,jubal is said to h be5 ! fa!r ( !m t play ^u ! h>p & organ2 b x is n to be suppos$ t ^! in/rum5ts at all resembl$ ! h>p & organ ( mod]n times4 ,musical in/rum5ts1 9 ! times ( ,david & ,solomon1 7 us$ 9 religi\s s]vices2 & music 0 c]ta9ly employ$ by ! ,jews on _m o!r occasions1 z at fun]als & w$d+s1 at h>ve/ home1 & at fe/ivals ( all k9ds4 ,mod]n1 oppos$ to anci5t1 p]ta9+ to ! pres5t "t1 or "t n long pa/4 ,fe/ival1 a rejoic+1 a fea/1 a season d$icat$ to mir?4 ,:at nation 0 p>ticul>ly celebrat$ = musical tal5ts8 ,! anci5t ,egyptians2 :o 7 s celebrat$ = _! tal5ts 9 music1 t ! di/+ui%$ philosoph]s ( ,greece brav$ _m dang]s1 9 ord] to /udy ! sci5ce 9 ,egypt2 & ?is1 at a p]iod :5 ! ,egyptians 7 f> f be+ 9 ! same high /ate ( civilization z _! =efa!rs _h be5 9 e>li] times4 ,! hi/ory & monum5ts ( anci5t ,egypt h _m acc\nts & repres5tations ( musical in/rum5ts1 & rema9s ( ^! h lately be5 discov]$1 s t we h ocul> demon/ration bo? ( _! exi/5ce & =m4 ,civilization1 fre$om f b>b>ity1 poli%1 polit5ess1 possession ( k & ! arts ( life4 ,ocul>1 kn[n or se5 by ! eye4 ,demon/ration1 ! act ( prov+ ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 h[ _m divisions may musical in/rum5ts be arrang$8 ,!re are ?ree k9ds1 namely1 w9d in/rum5ts1 z ! trumpet1 & ! organ2--/r+$ in/rum5ts1 z ! h>p or lyre1 viol91 c42 & in/rum5ts ( concussion1 9 :i* ! s\nd is produc$ by /rik+ a sonor\s body1 z = in/ance ! drum1 bells1 c4 ,:i* ( ^! ?ree k9ds 0 ! fir/ inv5t$8 ,x is impossible1 at ! pres5t day1 to decide :i*2 b x is mo/ probable t in/rum5ts ) /r+s 7 ! la/ inv5t$ ( ! ?ree k9ds2 & x is mo/ likely1 t ( ^? 9 :i* s\nd is produc$ by ! application ( w9d1 ! trumpet or horn 0 fir/ us$4 ,?is in/rum5t1 9 its rude/ =m1 0 ready fa%ion$ to ! h& ( man2 ! horn ( a ram or ( an ox1 or "s ( ! l>g] k9ds ( sea-%ells1 7 soon discov]$ to possess ! p[] ( produc+ s\nd1 by be+ bl[n into ?r\gh a small hole at ! po9t$ end4 ,:at improvem5t 9 ?is in/rum5t w\ld naturally foll[8 ,mank9d hav+ discov]$ ! prop]ty possess$ by a holl[ tube ( produc+ a c]ta9 s\nd1 soon f\nd t ! note v>i$ accord+ to ! l5g? & capacity ( ! tube4 ,a mu* great] improvem5t soon aft] took place2 x 0 discov]$ t "o tube answ]$ ! purpose ( _m by bor+ holes 9 ! c\rse ( its l5g?1 & produc+ v>i\s musical s\nds by /opp+ ) ! f+]s c]ta9 ( ^! holes4 ,mo/ ( our mod]n w9d in/rum5ts are b improvem5ts on ! anci5t inv5tions4 ,tube1 a pipe2 a long holl[ body4 ,0 n ,vocal ,music us$ be=e ! inv5tion ( ,in/rum5tal8 ,vocal music1 namely1 t produc$ by ! human voice1 7s call$ to di/+ui% x f in/rum5tal1 t produc$ by in/rum5ts17 0 und\bt$ly ! fir/3 = man _h n only ! v>i\s tones ( 8 own voice to make 8 obs]vations on1 be=e any art or in/rum5t 0 f\nd out2 b ! v>i\s natural /ra9s ( birds to give him a lesson 9 improv+ x1 & 9 modulat+ ! s\nds ( :i* x is capable4 ,modulat+1 =m+ s\nd to a c]ta9 key4 ,to :at circum/ance did an anci5t poet ascribe ! inv5tion ( /r+$ in/rum5ts8 ,to ! obs]vation ( ! w9ds :i/l+ 9 ! holl[ re$s4 ,z = o!r k9ds ( in/rum5ts1 !re 7 s _m occasions = cords or /r+s1 t m5 7 n long 9 obs]v+ _! v>i\s s\nds1 :i* might give rise to /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,^? ( concussion1 z drums & cymbals1 might result f ! obs]vation ( ! naturally holl[ noise made by concave bodies :5 /ruck4 ,:at are ! mo/ anci5t /r+$ in/rum5ts8 ,! mo/ anci5t in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d1 ^: =m is kn[n1 are ^? ( ! anci5t ,egyptians2 among ^! ! h>p /&s pre-em95t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ repres5tations ( an ,egyptian h>p 0 drawn f a pa9t+ discov]$ 9 "o ( ! cav]ns 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,egyptian ,!bes1 by "s travell]s3 x is call$ ! ,!ban h>p1 & has ?irte5 /r+s2 its =m is extremely elegant4 ,?is h>p is suppos$ to be "o ( ! k9d 9 use be=e & at ! "t ( ,seso/ris4 ,rema9s ( ,egyptian h>ps ( a m simple con/ruction1 ) only f\r /r+s1 h likewise be5 discov]$4 ,among ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,rome1 !re are repres5tations ( /r+$ in/rum5ts resembl+ ! h>p1 b n equal 9 beauty ( =m to ! fam\s ,egyptian h>p already m5tion$4 ,pre-em95t1 surpass+ o!rs4 ,:o 0 ,seso/ris8 ,a ,k+ ( ,egypt1 :o is said to h reign$ "s ages be=e ! siege ( ,troy4 ,he appe>s to h be5 celebrat$ = 8 conque/s1 & = ! numb] ( edifices he erect$ to p]petuate 8 fame4 ,p]petuate1 to pres]ve f ext9ction2 to cont9ue ! memory ( a p]son or ev5t4 ,:]e 0 ,troy8 ,troy1 anci5tly call$ ,ilium1 0 ! capital ( ,troas1 9 ,asia4 ,x became fam\s = ! t5 ye>s' siege x su/a9$ aga9/ ! ,greeks2 ! hi/ory ( ?is ev5t is commemorat$ 9 ! poems ( ,hom] & ,virgil4 ,is n ! h>p an in/rum5t ( high antiquity 9 ,great ,brita98 ,yes3 x 0 a favorite in/rum5t ) ! anci5t ,saxons 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! celebrat$ ,alfr$ ent]$ ! ,dani% camp disguis$ z a h>p]1 because ! h>p]s pass$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! enemy unmole/$ on acc\nt ( _! call+4 ,! same deception 0 likewise practis$ by sev]al ,dani% *iefs1 9 ! camp ( ,a!l/an1 ! ,saxon4 ,! b>ds1 or h>p]s ( old1 7 ! hi/orians ( ! "t2 !y h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation ! hi/ory ( rem>kable ev5ts1 & ( ! de$s & l9eage ( _! celebrat$ *iefs & pr9ces4 ,! h>p]s ( ,brita9 7 =m]ly admitt$ to ! banquets ( k+s & nobles3 _! employm5t 0 to s+ or recite ! a*ievem5ts ( _! patrons1 accompany+ !mselves on ! h>p4 ,no nations h be5 m fam\s = _! h>ps & h>p]s ?an ! ,wel% & ,iri%4 ,recite1 to repeat or *ant 9 a p>ticul> tone or mann]4 ,a*ievem5t1 a great or h]oic de$4 ,patron1 b5efactor1 "o :o be/[s favors4 ,:at in/rum5t 0 fam\s among ! anci5t ,greeks8 ,! ,lyre3 ! inv5tion1 or r discov]y1 ( ?is in/rum5t is ascrib$ by !m to _! mo/ celebrat$ deities4 ,x is suppos$ to h orig9at$ f ! discov]y ( a dead tortoise1 ! fle% ( :i* _h dri$ & wa/$1 s t no?+ 0 left )9 ! %ell b s9ews & c>tilages3 ^!1 tight5$ & contract$1 on acc\nt ( _! dryness1 7 r5d]$ sonor\s4 ,"s "o1 ,m]cury or ,apollo1 !y affirm1 9 walk+ along1 happ5+ to /rike 8 foot aga9/ ! tortoise1 0 greatly pleas$ ) ! s\nd x produc$3 ?us 0 sugge/$ to him ! fir/ idea ( a lyre1 :i* he aft]w>ds con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( a tortoise1 & /rung ) ! dri$ s9ews ( dead animals4 ,! /r+$ in/rum5ts already describ$ 7 made to give out musical s\nds1 by caus+ a vibratory motion 9 _! /r+s by means ( ! f+]s4 ,s9ew1 a t5don2 t :i* unites a muscle to a bone4 ,c>tilage1 a gri/ly1 smoo?1 solid sub/ance1 s(t] ?an bone4 ,vibratory1 %ak+4 ,:o 0 ,m]cury8 ,! hea!n god ( eloqu5ce1 lett]s1 c41 & ! mess5g] ( ! o!r gods4 ,:o 0 ,apollo8 ,! god ( music1 poetry1 m$ic9e1 & ! f9e arts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pick+ ,,cotton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ga!r+ ,,tea4 ,:at is a ,tortoise8 ,a well-kn[n animal1 ) a ?ick %elly cov]+1 belong+ to ! ord] ( reptiles2 !re are two species1 ! sea & ! l& tortoise2 ! fir/ nam$ is call$ a turtle1 & af=ds delici\s food2 l& tortoises live to a v great age4 ,x is only "o sort :i* furni%es ! beautiful %ell s mu* priz$4 ,tortoises are f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! turtles on ! ,brazilian %ore are said to be s l>ge z to be en\gh to d9e f\rscore m53 & 9 ! ,indian sea1 ! %ells s]ve ! natives = boats4 ,( :at are ! /r+s ( ! ,lyre1 c41 compos$8 ,sometimes ( ei!r brass or silv] wire1 c41 b mo/ commonly ( catgut4 ,:at is ,catgut8 ,! inte/9es ( %eep or lambs1 dri$ or twi/$1 ei!r s+ly or sev]al toge!r4 ,catgut is also us$ by wat*-mak]s1 cutl]s1 & o!r artific]s1 9 _! diff]5t trades4 ,great quantities are import$ f ,france & ,italy4 ,are !re no o!r k9d ( ,in/rum5ts besides ^? already describ$8 ,yes1 music & musical in/rum5ts h progressively improv$2 & x w\ld be a ne$less task to enum]ate ! numb]s ( in/rum5ts ( ea* k9d n[ 9 use2 _m1 z = in/ance ! organ1 ! piano1 musical boxes1 c41 are exce$+ly complex & +5i\s 9 _! con/ruction1 z well z rem>kable = ! sweetness ( _! v>i\s s\nds2 "s1 z ! two fir/-nam$1 are play$ ) ! f+]s1 & produce any melody or comb9ation ( s\nd at ! w ( ! p]=m]2 o!rs1 z ! musical-box1 b>rel-organ1 c41 produce a p>ticul> melody1 or a c]ta9 numb] ( melodies1 by means ( ma*9]y4 ,9 ! use ( ! la/-nam$ ! p]=m] is n at all indebt$ to 8 own musical skill1 z he has only to turn ! h&le :i* sets ! ma*9]y 9 motion1 & ! musical box1 or b>rel-organ1 w cont9ue play+ till x has f9i%$ ! tunes to :i* x is set4 ,^u :at pr9ciple d ^! la/-m5tion$ in/rum5ts p]=m8 ,! b>rel-organ & musical box bo? play on ne>ly ! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh ! =m] is turn$ by a h&le1 & ! latt] only requires a c]ta9 spr+ to be t\*$1 9 ord] to set x (f or to /op x4 ,_! ma*9]y consi/s ( a b>rel prick$ ) brass p9s2 :5 ! b>rel revolves1 ^! p+ lift a s]ies ( /eel spr+s ( diff]5t l5g?s & ?icknesses1 & ! vibration ( ^! spr+s :5 releas$1 produces ! diff]5t notes4 ,:at is ,pa9t+8 ,! art ( repres5t+ objects 9 nature1 or sc5es 9 human life1 ) fidelity & expression1 ei!r 9 oil or wat] colors1 c4 ,fidelity1 tru?1 fai?fulness4 ,oil ,colors1 ^? colors :i* are mix$ up ) oil1 z ! o!rs are ) wat]4 ,is n ?is art ( great antiquity8 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt ( x2 b to "n ! c\ntry :]e x 0 fir/ practis$1 or ! circum/ances att5d+ its orig91 is beyond ! p[] ( ! hi/orian4 ,ab\t a c5tury aft] ! call ( ,abraham1 ,greek & ,egyptian tradition tells u ( a colony plant$ at ,sicyon1 by an ,egyptian1 :o br\ght ) him ! k ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 & f\nd$ ! e>lie/ & pure/ s*ool ( ,greek art4 ,! walls ( ,babylon 7 adorn$ ) pa9t+s ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 hunt+ exp$itions1 combats1 c4 ,allusions to ?is cu/om ( ! ,babylonians1 ( decorat+ _! walls ) pa9t+s1 are f\nd 9 ! ,bible4 ,tradition1 a hi/ory or acc\nt deliv]$ f m\? to m\? )\t writt5 memorials2 communication f age to age4 ,allusion1 ref]5ce4 ,decorat+1 ornam5t+4 ,sicyon1 a k+dom ( ,peloponnesus1 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,7 ! ,egyptians acqua9t$ ) ?is art8 ,x is n[ little d\bt$ t1 al?\gh pa9t+ & sculpture exi/$ 9 ,egypt1 & 7 probably at _! highe/ condition1 eighte5 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 yet1 at a /ill e>li] p]iod1 ^! arts 7 kn[n 9 ! k+dom ( ,e?iopia2 & x is consid]$ likely1 t ! c\rse ( civilization desc5d$ f ,e?iopia to ,egypt4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no record ( any ,egyptian pa9t] 9 ! annals ( ! art2 & x does n appe> t x ev] fl\ri%$ 9 t c\ntry1 or t o!r nations 7 mu* indebt$ to ,egypt = _! k ( x4 ,era1 age1 p]iod4 ,e?iopia1 ! anci5t "n ( ! k+doms ( ,nubia & ,abyss9ia1 9 ,africa4 ,annal1 record1 hi/ory4 ,exploit1 action1 a*ievem5t1 de$ ( valor4 ,h we any notice ( ?is art among ! ,hebrews8 ,!re is no allusion made to ! exi/5ce ( pa9t+ among ?is p1 & no pro( t x 0 cultivat$ among !m3 x is suppos$ t ! neglect ( ?is art arose f _! n be+ p]mitt$ to repres5t any object by pa9t+4 ,:at progress did ! g5]ality ( ! ,ea/]n nations make 9 ?is art8 ,! art ( pa9t+ among ! ,ph5icians1 ,p]sians1 & o!r ,ea/]n nations1 advanc$ b sl[ly4 ,! ,*9ese appe>1 until a v rec5t p]iod1 to h cont5t$ !mselves ) only s mu* k ( ! art z might enable !m to decorate _! beautiful porcela9 & o!r w>es2 _! ta/e is v peculi>1 & ?\gh ! p5cill+ ( _! birds & fl[]s is delicate1 yet _! figures ( m5 & animals are di/ort$1 & out ( proportion2 & ( p]spective !y seem to h b little idea4 ,latt]ly1 h[ev]1 a *ange has tak5 place 9 ,*9ese art1 & pro(s h be5 giv5 ( an attempt to imitate ,european skill4 ,! ,japanese figures approa* m ne>ly to beauty ( /yle ?an ,*9ese productions ( a simil> k9d4 ,di/ort$1 hav+ a bad figure4 ,p]spective1 ! sci5ce by :i* ?+s are repres5t$ 9 a picture accord+ to _! appe>ance to ! eye4 ,:o are ! ,japanese8 ,! inhabitants ( ,japan1 an empire ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 compos$ ( sev]al l>ge isl&s4 ,!y are s simil> 9 feature1 & 9 _m ( _! cu/oms & c]emonies1 to ! ,*9ese1 z to be reg>d$ by "s1 z ! same race ( m54 ,! ,japanese language is s v peculi>1 t x is r>ely und]/ood by ! p ( o!r nations4 ,_! religion is idolatr\s2 _! gov]nm5t a mon>*y1 controll$ by ! prie/hood4 ,! p are v +5i\s1 & ! arts & sci5ces are held 9 great e/eem by !m4 ,9 all respects1 ,japan is an important & int]e/+ empire4 ,mon>*y1 a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! p[] is ve/$ 9 a k+ or emp]or4 ,by :at nations 0 ! art ( pa9t+ practis$ ) great success8 ,by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,greece produc$ _m di/+ui%$ pa9t]s1 among :om ,apelles 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$2 he 0 a native ( ,cos1 an isl& 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 r nor? ( ,rhodes2 he fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & witness$ bo? ! glory & ! decay ( anci5t art3 ! lead+ features ( 8 /yle 7 beauty & grace4 ,b pa9t+ 0 n at any p]iod s completely national 9 ,greece1 z sculpture1 its si/] art2 ! names ( "o hundr$ & sixty-n9e em95t sculptors are record$1 :ile only fifte5 pa9t]s are m5tion$4 ,zeuxis1 ( ,h]aclea1 0 ano!r fam\s ,greek pa9t]1 :o fl\ri%$ #djj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ,romans 7 n )\t consid]able ma/]s 9 ?is art1 9 ! latt] times ( ! republic1 & "u ! fir/ emp]ors4 ,:at nation is suppos$ to h kn[n & practis$ ?is art ev5 be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome8 ,! ,etruscans1 inhabitants ( ,etruria1 ^: acqua9tance ) ! arts has excit$ great a/oni%m5t among ^? :o h mo/ deeply se>*$ into _! hi/ory1 & trac$ _! progress by means ( ! beautiful specim5s ( _! works /ill extant4 ,_! e>ly works 7 n sup]ior to ^? ( o!r nations2 b ei!r f _! int]c\rse ) ,greece1 or ! orig9al g5ius ( ! p1 !y _h atta9$ consid]able em95ce 9 ! arts ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 c41 be=e ,rome 0 f\nd$4 ,pl9y speaks ( "s beautiful pictures at ,ardea & ,lanuvium1 :i* 7 old] ?an ,rome3 & ano!r au?or also says t be=e ,rome 0 built1 sculpture & pa9t+ exi/$ among !m4 ,:]e 0 ,etruria situat$8 ,9 ,italy1 on ! we/ ( ! ,tib]1 :i* sep>at$ x f ! t]ritory ( anci5t ,rome1 to :i* x 0 aft]w>ds annex$ by conque/4 ,etruria 0 ! anci5t "n ( ,tuscany4 ,annex$1 unit$4 ,0 n ! art greatly obscur$ = "s c5turies8 ,! irruption ( ,b>b>ians into ,italy & ,s\!rn ,europe1 prov$ fatal to pa9t+1 & almo/ r$uc$ x to its primitive /ate2 x 0 n until aft] a long p]iod t x 0 fully re/or$4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 signs ( its revival took place ab\t ! ye> #ajff1 :5 ,greek arti/s 7 s5t = to adorn sev]al ( ! cities ( ,italy4 ,cimabue1 a native ( ,flor5ce1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 caught ! inspiration ( ! ,greek arti/s1 & soon equall$ _! works4 ,he 0 bo? a pa9t] & an ar*itect4 ,irruption1 inroad1 invasion4 ,to :at did ?is revolution 9 its hi/ory give rise8 ,x caus$ x to be di/+ui%$ into anci5t & mod]n4 ,! anci5t pa9t+ compreh5ds ! ,greek & ,roman3 ! mod]n has =m$ sev]al s*ools1 ea* ( :i* has its peculi> "* & m]it4 ,! fir/ ma/]s :o reviv$ ! art 7 greatly surpass$ by _! s*ol>s1 :o c>ri$ x to ! greate/ /ate ( p]fection1 & advanc$ x n only by _! own noble works1 b also by ^? ( _! pupils4 ,:o 7 ! pr9cipal ma/]s ( ! ,italian s*ool8 ,raphael & ! celebrat$ ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>otti2 ! =m] is reg>d$ z ! pr9ce ( mod]n pa9t]s1 & is (t5 /yl$ ! div9e ,raphael2 he 0 born at ,urb9o1 9 #adhc4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 born at ,flor5ce1 9 #aefd1 & unit$ ! pr(essions ( pa9t]1 sculptor1 ar*itect1 poet1 & musician4 ,besides ^! !re 7 _m o!r illu/ri\s ,italian pa9t]s1 ! pr9cipal ( :om 7 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,titian1 ,correggio1 ! ?ree ,c>acci1 ,guido1 ,p>megiano1 ,salvator ,rosa1 c4 ,0 n ,raphael also reckon$ z excell5t an ar*itect z he 0 a pa9t]8 ,he 0 n only e/eem$ ! be/ pa9t] 9 ! _w1 b also ! be/ ar*itect2 he 0 at lea/ s admir$ = skill & ta/e 9 ar*itecture1 t ,leo ! ,t5? *>g$ him ) ! build+ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur* at ,rome4 ,:o 0 ,leo ! ,t5?8 ,a great ,pope1 :o 0 an ard5t lov] & patron ( le>n+ & ! arts4 ,he 0 born at ,flor5ce1 9 #adge1 & di$ 9 #aeba4 ,give me a li/ ( "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ pa9t]s besides ^? already m5tion$4 ,! great pa9t]s ( ! ,g]man s*ool 7 ,alb]t ,dur]1 ,holbe91 ,knell] & ,m5gs1 ) sev]al o!rs4 ,( ! ,dut* s*ool1 7 ,rembr&t1 ,g]>d ,d[1 ,mi]is1 ,o/ade1 ,polemb]g1 ,b]ghem1 & ,w\v]mans4 ,( ! ,flemi%1 ,rub5s1 ,t5i]s1 ,jorda5s1 & ,v&yck4 ,! admir$ pa9t]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 7 ,claude1 ,p\ss91 ,le ,brun1 & _m o!rs4 ,! ,spani>ds also h _h _! ,murillo1 ,velasquez1 c4 ,! ,engli%1 ,hog>?1 ,wright1 ,reynolds1 ,wilson1 ,nor?cote1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,morl&1 ,b>ry1 & o!rs4 ,! ,am]icans1 ,wa%+ton ,all/on1 ,b5jam9 ,we/1 ,gilb]t ,/u>t1 ,john ,s+leton ,copley1 ,john ,trumbull1 ,g4 ,/u>t ,newton1 ,?omas ,cole1 ,h5ry ,inman1 & a numb] ( o!rs2 besides _m n[ liv+1 or b rec5tly deceas$4 ,^u :at mat]ials did ! anci5ts pa9t _! works8 ,pr9cipally ^u wood2 ! bo>ds or tables 7 prep>$ ) a ?9 gr\nd ( *alk & size ( "s k9d4 ,l95 clo? or canvas 0 also employ$1 b !re is no evid5ce ( its use be=e ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,p>*m5t1 ivory & pla/] 7 ! o!r mat]ials4 ,evid5ce1 te/imony1 record4 ,:o 0 ,n]o8 ,"o ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors1 a mon/] ( cruelty1 extravagance1 & debau*]y2 he rais$ a dreadful p]secution aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul 0 behead$1 & ,/4 ,pet] crucifi$4 ,at la/1 be+ des]t$ by 8 army & ! s5ate1 he de/roy$ himself1 aft] a reign ( f\rte5 ye>s4 ,debau*]y1 wick$ness4 ,:at is ,poetry8 ,! gl[+ language ( impassion$ feel+1 g5]ally f\nd 9 measur$ l9es1 & (t5 9 rhyme4 ,mo/ anci5t p _h _! poets4 ,gl[+1 w>m1 en]getic4 ,impassion$1 full ( passion1 animat$4 ,rhyme1 ! correspond5ce ( ! la/ s\nd ( "o v]se to ! la/ s\nd or syllable ( ano!r4 ,"n a few ( ! anci5t poets4 ,david 0 an inspir$ poet ( ! ,hebrews3 ,hom]1 "o ( ! e>lie/ poets ( ! ,greeks3 ,ossian1 an anci5t poet ( ! ,scots3 ,talies51 an anci5t poet ( ! ,wel%3 & ,od91 an e>ly poet ( ! ,sc&9avians4 ,:o 7 ! ,sc&9avians8 ,! inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia1 ! anci5t "n ( ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,norway4 ,:at p are reg>d$ z ! ,fa!rs ( ,poetry8 ,! ,greeks4 ,hom] 0 ! fir/ & ! pr9ce ( poets2 he celebrat$ ! siege ( ,troy 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 two epic poems :i* h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,9 ! same k9d ( composition he 0 foll[$1 n9e hundr$ ye>s aft]1 by ,virgil1 9 ! ,eneid2 by ,tasso1 aft] ano!r fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 9 ! ',j]usalem ,deliv]$4' ,! ,greeks also boa/$ ( _! ,p9d> & ,anacreon 9 lyric poetry2 & ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,euripides1 ,sophocles1 & ,es*ylus1 9 dramatic poetry4 ,did ! ,romans possess any di/+ui%$ ,poets8 ,yes2 among ! epic poets 7 ,ovid & ,tibullus2 among dramati/s1 ,plautus & ,t]5ce2 ( didactic & philosophic poets1 ,lucretius1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 & ,silius ,italicus4 ,all ^! 7 s _m miracles ( human g5ius2 & _! works af=d ! models ( _! respective species ( composition4 ,mo/ ( ! works ( ! anci5ts h 9 s5tim5t1 if n 9 _s1 be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,miracles1 wond]s4 ,g5ius1 natural tal5t4 ,respective1 p>ticul>4 ,s5tim5t1 ?\ght1 mean+4 ,did n ! same revolution :i* und]m9$ ! ,greek & ,roman empires1 & de/roy$ le>n+1 ! arts & sci5ces1 & ! ta/e = elegance & luxury1 also prove fatal to ,poetry8 ,x did2 ! hordes ( b>b>ians :o ov]ran ,europe wip$ out civilization 9 _! progress1 & lit]ature1 art1 & sci5ce fl$ be=e ! wild conqu]ors to f9d a refuge 9 ! mona/]y & ! conv5t4 ,"h k 0 fo/]$ ) ! love & ardor :i* religion alone c imp>t4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! rude b>b>ians 7 conv]t$1 x 0 to ! religi\s ,ord]s t ! _w turn$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools1 & x is to ! ,*ur* alone1 9 ! p]son ( h] popes1 h] bi%ops1 & h] monks t we are indebt$ = ! pres]vation ( le>n+1 & its revival 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:at celebrat$ ,poets m>k$ ?is revival8 ,9 ,italy1 ,dante1 ,ario/o1 ,petr>* & ,tasso4 ,^! 7 foll[$1 9 ,france1 by ,rac9e1 ,corneille1 ,boileau1 ,voltaire1 ,la ,fonta9e & ,delille2 9 ,engl&1 by ,*auc]1 ,sp5s]1 ,%akspe>e1 ,milton1 ,dryd51 ,pope1 ,?omson1 ,"y1 ,coll9s1 ,gray1 ,byron1 ,col]idge1 c2 9 ,scotl&1 by ,sir ,walt] ,scott2 9 ,irel&1 by ,?omas ,moore2 9 ,g]many1 ,klop/ock1 ,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,"n "s ( ! di/+ui%$ poets ( our own c\ntry4 ,h5ry ,wadswor? ,longfell[1 ,william ,cull5 ,bryant1 ,james ,russell ,l[ell1 ,john ,g4 ,:itti]1 ,fitz-,gre5e ,halleck1 & _m o!rs ^: m]itori\s works w be imp>tially judg$ by a future age4 ,imp>tially1 ju/ly1 )\t prejudice4 ,"n ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,poetry4 ,epic1 or hi/orical2 dramatic1 or repres5tative1--f drama1 ! "n ( all compositions adapt$ to recitation on ! /age--9 :i* are display$1 = in/ruction & amusem5t1 all ! passions1 feel+s1 errors1 & virtues ( ! human race 9 real life2 lyric poetry1 or t suit$ to music1 z songs1 odes1 c2 didactic1 or in/ructive2 elegiac1 or s5tim5tal1 & affect+2 satirical1 or c5sori\s2 epigrammatic1 or witty & ludicr\s2 & pa/oral1 or descriptive ( c\ntry life4 ,hi/orical1 relat+ to hi/ory4 ,lyric1 p]ta9+ to a lyre4 ,didactic1 doctr9al2 relat+ to doctr9es or op9ions4 ,elegiac1 relat+ to elegy2 m\rnful1 sorr[ful4 ,elegy1 a m\rnful song3 a fun]al composition2 a %ort poem )\t po9ts or affect$ elegance4 ,satirical1 sev]e 9 language2 relat+ to satire4 ,satire1 a poem 9 :i* wick$ness or folly is c5sur$4 ,epigrammatic1 relat+ to epigram1--a %ort poem end+ 9 a p>ticul> po9t or mean+1 und]/ood b n express$4 ,pa/oral1 f pa/or1 a %eph]d2 relat+ to rural employm5ts & ^? belong+ to %eph]ds4 ,:at is ,a/ronomy8 ,! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! heav5ly bodies1 _! arrangem5t1 magnitudes1 di/ances & motions4 ,! t]m ,a/ronomy is d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 signify+ ! law ( ! />s2 a/ron be+ ! ,greek = />4 ,:at c y say ( its orig98 ,its orig9 has be5 ascrib$ to sev]al p]sons1 z well z to diff]5t nations & ages4 ,belus1 ,k+ ( ,assyria2 ,atlas1 ,k+ ( ,mauritania2 & ,uranus1 ,k+ ( ! c\ntries situat$ on ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 are all record$ z ! p]sons to :om ! _w is indebt$ = ?is noble sci5ce4 ,its orig9 is g5]ally fix$ 9 ,*aldea4 ,"s *oose1 h[ev]1 to attribute x to ! ,hebrews2 o!rs to ! ,egyptians1--f :om1 !y say1 x pass$ to ! ,greeks4 ,:at c\ntry is meant by ,mauritania8 ,mauritania is ! "n =m]ly giv5 to a c\ntry 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,africa4 ,*aldea is ! anci5t "n = ,babylonia1 n[ call$ ,irak ,arabi1 a di/rict ( ,asiatic ,turkey4 ,by :om 7 ! heav5ly bodies fir/ divid$ into ,con/ellations or gr\ps8 ,by ! anci5ts4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s 7 /udi$ 9 v e>ly ages by sev]al nations ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,*aldeans1 ! ,indians1 ! ,*9ese & ! ,egyptians h all left evid5ce ( ! indu/ry & +5uity ) :i* _! obs]vations 7 conduct$4 ,ph5om5a1 appe>ances4 ,+5uity1 skilfulness4 ,:at progress did !y make 9 ,a/ronomy8 ,!y built obs]vatories1--inv5t$ in/rum5ts = obs]v+ & measur+ ) correctness1--sep>at$ ! />s into diff]5t gr\ps or con/ellations1 = ! m easily f9d+ any p>ticul> />1--gave p>ticul> names to mo/ ( ! mov+ />s or planets1 & not$ ! p]iods :i* ea* took to move ?r\gh its app>5t pa? 9 ! heav5s2 & 9 _m o!r ways ! anci5ts help$ to lay ! f\ndations ( t mass ( a/ronomical k :i* m5 ( lat] ages h br\ght to m maturity4 ,con/ellation1 a clu/] ( fix$ />s2 an assemblage ( />s4 ,obs]vatory1 a place s built z to comm& a view ( ! heav5s4 ,:o fir/ taught ! true sy/em ( ! ,univ]se8 ,py?agoras1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph]s ( antiquity4 ,he is ?\ght to h be5 a native ( ,samos1 an isl& 9 ! ,ar*ipelago2 he fl\ri%$ ab\t #ejj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 9 ! "t ( ,t>qu91 ! la/ ,k+ ( ,rome4 ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/ among ! ,europeans :o taught t ! ,e>? & ,planets turn r\nd ! ,sun1 :i* /&s immovable 9 ! c5tre2--t ! diurnal motion ( ! ,sun & ,fix$ ,/>s is n real1 b app>5t1--aris+ f ! ,e>?'s motion r\nd its own axis1 c4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,py?agoras1 ,a/ronomy sunk into neglect4 ,philosoph]1 "o :o /udies philosophy4 ,philosophy1 all k1 :e!r natural or moral4 ,! t]m is d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 philos1 lov]1 & sophia1 wisdom4 ,by :om 0 x reviv$8 ,by ! family ( ! ,ptolemies1 k+s ( ,egypt1 :o f\nd$ a s*ool ( a/ronomy at ,alex&ria1 :i* produc$ sev]al em95t a/ronom]s1 p>ticul>ly "o nam$ ,hipp>*us4 ,! ,s>ac5s1 on _! conque/ ( ,egypt1 became possess$ ( ! k ( ,a/ronomy1 :i* !y c>ri$ ) !m out ( ,africa into ,spa92 & ?us1 aft] a long exile1 x 0 introduc$ afre% into ,europe4 ,did n ,a/ronomy f ?is "t make great progress8 ,yes2 x made consid]able advances1 be+ cultivat$ by ! greate/ g5iuses1 & patroniz$ by ! greate/ pr9ces4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,ptolemies1 call$ ! ,ptolemaic1 _h hi!rto be5 us$1 ) "s slight alt]ations2 b ,cop]nicus1 an em95t a/ronom]1 born at ,?orn1 9 ,poli% ,prussia1 9 #adgc1 adopt$ ! sy/em :i* _h be5 taught by ,py?agoras 9 ,greece1 five or six hundr$ ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,ptolemy4 ,ab\t ! same "t ) ,cop]nicus fl\ri%$ ,ty*o ,brahe1 born 9 ,d5m>k1 #aedf4 ,g5iuses1 m5 gift$ ) sup]ior m5tal faculties4 ,m5tal1 belong+ to ! m9d4 ,faculties1 p[]s ( do+ any?+1 :e!r m5ial or bodily2 abilities2 p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,:at next greatly =w>d$ ?is int]e/+ sci5ce8 ,! introduction ( telescopes by ,galileo1 :o by _! means discov]$ ! small />s or satellites :i* att5d ! planet ,jupit]2 ! v>i\s appe>ances ( ,saturn2 ! m\nta9s 9 ! ,moon2 ! spots on ! ,sun2 & its revolution on its axis4 ,satellites1 att5dants4 ,:at celebrat$ ,a/ronom] arose 9 ,engl&8 ,! immortal ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 born 9 #afdb1 at ,wool/horpe1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :o has1 p]haps1 contribut$ m to ! advancem5t ( ?is sci5ce ?an any "o :o _h be=e exi/$4 ,dr4 ,william ,h]s*el1 a native ( ,hanov]1 9 ,g]many1 born 9 #agch1 likewise made _m useful discov]ies 9 ,a/ronomy3 x 0 he :o fir/ discov]$ ! sev5? prim>y planet1 :i* he nam$1 9 honor ( ,k+ ,george ! ,?ird1 ! ,georgium ,sidus4 ,george ! ,?ird took him "u 8 especial patronage1 & con/itut$ him 8 a/ronom]1 ) a h&some p5sion4 ,he resid$ at ,sl\gh1 ne> ,w9dsor1 :]e he di$1 9 #ahbb4 ,patronage1 support1 favor4 ,con/itut$1 appo9t$ to any p>ticul> (fice or rank4 ,p5sion1 ye>ly all[ance ( money4 ,:at o!r circum/ance contribut$ to ! advancem5t ( ,a/ronomy8 ,! increas+ p]fection ( our a/ronomical in/rum5ts1--by means ( :i*1 ! mo/ important & int]e/+ discov]ies ) reg>d to ! heav5s h be5 made4 ,x is n[ suppos$ t ! myriads ( ! heav5ly bodies are all di/9ct worlds2 x is c]ta91 f obs]vations made by ! aid ( ! telescope1 t ! moon has its m\nta9s1 valleys1 & cav]ns4 ,"o ( ! greate/ a/ronom]s ( our day 0 ! em95t ,fa!r ,secci4 ,:at are g5]ally meant by ! ,arts8 ,sy/ems ( rules design$ to facilitate ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions2 9 ?is s5se1 x /&s oppos$ to sci5ce4 ,! t]ms art & sci5ce are (t5 incorrectly us$4 ,sci5ce relates to pr9ciples1 & art to practice4 ,! ^w art is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w signify+ utility1 pr(it4 ,arts are divid$ into lib]al & me*anical4 ,:at are ! ,lib]al ,arts8 ,! lib]al arts are ^? t are noble & +5i\s1 or :i* are wor?y ( be+ cultivat$ )\t any imm$iate reg>d to ! pecuni>y pr(it aris+ f !m4 ,!y are ,poetry1 ,music1 ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 ,ar*itecture1 ,gramm>1 ,logic1 ,rhetoric1 ,a/ronomy1 & ,navigation4 ,! arts :i* relate m especially to ! sight & he>+ are also call$ ,f9e ,arts4 ,pecuni>y1 relat+ to money4 ,milit>y1 belong+ to soldi]s1 or to arms4 ,:at d ! ,f9e ,arts usually include8 ,all ^? :i* are m or less address$ to ! s5tim5t ( ta/e1 & ^: object is pleasure2 ^! are m especially ,music1 ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 & ,poetry4 ,:at are ! ,me*anical ,arts8 ,^? 9 :i* ! h& & body are m conc]n$ ?an ! m9d1 & :i* are *iefly cultivat$ = ! sake ( ! pr(it att5d+ !m4 ,to ?is class belong ^? :i* furni% u ) ! necess>ies ( life1 & :i* are commonly call$ trades1 z c>p5try1 weav+1 pr9t+1 c4 ,!re are also _m o!r arts1 z ! art ( writ+1 c4 ,:5 0 ! art ( ,writ+ inv5t$8 ,x is suppos$ t ! art 0 inv5t$ be=e ! ,deluge3 x 0 c]ta9ly practis$ long be=e ! "t ( ,moses4 ,!re 71 d\btless1 _m /eps tak5 9 sl[ succession be=e ! inv5tion ( alphabetic writ+4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ me?od might h be5 t :i* is /ill employ$ among ! untutor$ tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :o record ev5ts by picture-pa9t+ ( ! rude/ description4 ,picture-pa9t+ 0 aft]w>ds gradually conv]t$ into ! hi]oglyphical sy/em1 :i* is /ill ! only k9d ( writ+ among ! ,*9ese4 ,x is n kn[n :o inv5t$ ! alphabetic sy/em ( writ+4 ,deluge1 a flood3 ! t]m us$ 9 p>ticul> to d5ote t mighty flood ( wat] ) :i* ,god swept away ! fir/ nations ( ! e>? = _! wick$ness4 ,alphabetic1 f alphabet1 ! s]ies ( writt5 signs ( language call$ lett]s4 ,! ^w is =m$ f alpha1 beta1 ! names ( ! fir/ two lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet4 ,untutor$1 ignorant1 unle>n$4 ,7 n ! ,egyptians q e>ly acqua9t$ ) ?is art8 ,yes1 !y 7 acqua9t$ ) two or ?ree k9ds ( writ+1 z well z ! "o 9 :i* symbolical *>act]s 7 employ$1 :i* 0 n us$ = common purposes4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* symbols _h some?+ ( a sacr$ "* ab\t !m1 be+ unkn[n to ! common p1 & only to be deciph]$ by ! prie/s4 ,obelisks & pyramids 7 ! great national records2 & on ^! ! hi]oglyphics 7 con/antly us$1 because un9telligible to ! p1 until exp\nd$ by ^? :o _h ! exclusive (fice ( expla9+ !m4 ,symbolical1 hav+ ! nature ( signs or symbols--t is1 repres5tations ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,deciph]$1 read1 und]/ood1 made out4 ,un9telligible1 t _c be und]/ood4 ,exp\nd$1 expla9$1 int]pret$4 ,7 ,hi]oglyphics employ$ be=e or aft] ,alphabetic ,writ+8 ,!y 7 und\bt$ly employ$ at fir/ f necessity1 n f *oice or ref9em5t2 & w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght (1 if alphabetical *>act]s _h be5 kn[n4 ,?is /yle ( writ+ mu/ be reckon$ z a rude improvem5t ^u picture-writ+1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 us$4 ,hi]oglyphics 7 employ$ by ! ,egyptian prie/s 9 aft] times1 z a k9d ( sacr$ writ+1 peculi> to !mselves1 & s]v+ to give an air ( my/]y to _! le>n+ & religion1 ?\gh fall5 into disuse = o!r purposes4 ,:at mat]ials 7 employ$ by anci5t nations 9 ,writ+8 ,! ,ea/]n nations us$ tables ( /one1 brass1 & wood1 s t ! *>act]s 7 engrav$ in/ead ( be+ writt5 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! in/rum5t us$ 9 writ+ on wood1 0 made ( metal1 & call$ a /yle4 ,= /one1 brass1 c41 a *isel 0 employ$4 ,:5 ! b>k & leaves ( trees1 sk9s1 & o!r mat]ials ( a m pliant nature1 sup]s$$ ! above-nam$ tables1 ! *isel & ! /yle1 or /ylus1 gave way to ! re$ & cane1 & aft]w>ds to ! quill1 ! hair p5cil 7z n[ us$ by ! ,*9ese17 & ! conv5i5t lead p5cil4 ,engrav$1 inscrib$ ) ! grav]1 a tool us$ 9 engrav+ on /one1 c4 ,pliant1 yield+1 easily b5t4 ,h n ! v>i\s nations among :om ?is useful art has be5 cultivat$1 adopt$ diff]5t ways ( arrang+ _! writt5 *>act]s8 ,yes4 ,! ,hebrews1 ,*aldeans1 ,syrians1 ,arabians1 & ,egyptians1 beg9 ea* l9e on ! "r side1 & write t[>ds ! left4 ,! ,greeks1 ,lat9s1 & all ,european nations1 write f left to "r4 ,! natives ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,corea1 c41 write f ! top to ! bottom ( ! page4 ,:]e are ,co*9 ,*9a1 & ,corea8 ,co*9 ,*9a is a c\ntry situat$ 9 ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,corea is a p59sula ( ,asia1 subject to ,*9a4 ,:at is meant by ,sci5ce8 ,a cle> & c]ta9 k ( any?+ f\nd$ on self-evid5t pr9ciples1 or demon/ration4 ,! t]m is1 h[ev]1 m p>ticul>ly appli$ to a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! pr9ciples relat+ to any bran* ( k1 & is employ$ 9 ?is s5se 9 opposition to art3 ?us ! !oretical k ( *emi/ry is rank$ z a sci5ce1 b ! practical "p is call$ an art2 ?us x is sometimes spok5 ( z a sci5ce1 sometimes z an art4 ,practical1 relat+ to action1 n m]ely speculative4 ,:at is ,*emi/ry8 ,a sci5ce :i* enables u to discov] ! peculi> prop]ties ( natural bodies1 ei!r 9 _! simple or comp\nd /ate1 & ! elem5t>y or fir/ pr9ciples ( :i* !y are compos$1 by ! processes ( analysis & comb9ation4 ,*emi/ry treats ( ^? *anges 9 natural bodies :i* are n accompani$ by s5sible motions4 ,comp\nd1 mix$4 ,analysis1 a sep>ation ( a comp\nd body into ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* x consi/s4 ,is n ! k ( ,*emi/ry v anci5t8 ,*emi/ry1 z f> z x reg>ds ! sep>at+ ( metals f =eign matt]s 9 ! ore1 smelt+ & ref9+ !m1 is ( ! highe/ antiquity2 x is ev5 suppos$ to h be5 und]/ood & practis$ 9 ! ant$iluvian _w4 ,ant$iluvian1 be=e ! flood4 ,:at nation appe>s to h excell$ 9 ,*emi/ry 9 e>ly times8 ,! ,egyptians 7 no mean pr(ici5ts 9 _m *emical op]ations1 especially 9 ! arts ( work+ metals1 s(t5+ ivory1 vitrify+ fl9ts1 & imitat+ preci\s /ones4 ,*emi/ry1 h[ev]1 exp]i5c$ ! common fate ( all ! arts1 at ! decl9e ( ! ,ea/]n empire4 ,pr(ici5ts1 ^? :o h made great progress 9 any art or sci5ce4 ,by :om 0 x reviv$8 ,aft] hav+ long la9 buri$1 ! fam\s ,rog] ,bacon reviv$ x2 & f 8 "t to ! pres5t day x has gradually progress$ to a /ate ( p]fection4 ,9 =m] times1 ! art ( *emi/ry consi/$ only 9 ! k ( work+ metals1 c42 b 9 latt] ages1 its b\nds h be5 greatly enl>g$4 ,! k ( ,*emi/ry leads to _m int]e/+ & important discov]ies1 & ! arts & manufactures are greatly indebt$ to its aid2 inde$1 x is requisite to be a good *emi/1 9 ord] to atta9 to p]fection 9 _m ( !m4 ,requisite1 necess>y4 ,by :at o!r "n has ,*emi/ry be5 kn[n8 ,x 0 sometimes call$ ,al*emy2 by :i* is prop]ly und]/ood a ref9$ & my/]i\s species ( *emi/ry1 =m]ly mu* practis$4 ,:at 7 its objects8 ,! discov]y ( ! art ( conv]t+ metals into gold1 includ+ ! se>* aft] ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 by :i* ?is *ange 0 to be effect$2 & ! discov]y ( a panacea or m$ic9e = ! cure ( all diseases4 ,:at 0 ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one8 ,a sub/ance1 = numb]s ( ye>s eag]ly s\ght =1 :i* 0 to conv]t metals1 su* z lead1 copp]1 c4 into gold4 ,?is unkn[n sub/ance 0 call$ ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 probably on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( le>n$ m5 :o engag$ 9 ! se>* aft] x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,signal ,,/ation1 ,,pike',s ,,peak1 ,,colorado4 ,0 ?is se>* successful8 ,no2 b ! delusion la/$ sev]al c5turies1 not)/&+ ! failures1 losses1 & disappo9tm5ts ( ^? engag$ 9 x4 ,inde$1 s sev]e & ru9\s 7 ^!1 9 _m in/ances1 t laws 7 pass$ to =bid ! /udy4 ,9 ,g]many1 _m ( ! al*emi/s :o _h ! un=tunate reputation ( possess+ ?is wond]ful /one 7 imprison$ & furni%$ ) app>atus till !y %\ld pur*ase _! lib]ty by mak+ an ounce ( gold4 ,delusion1 an error aris+ f false views4 ,app>atus1 a complete set ( in/rum5ts or tools1 by :i* any?+ is made1 or any op]ation p]=m$4 ,0 any gold ev] produc$ by ?is me?od8 ,n a p>ticle2 ! /ory ( a /one hav+ ! prop]ty ( conv]t+ ! bas] metals into gold be+ m]ely an absurd fable3 yet1 al?\gh ! pursuits ( ,al*emy 7 ! mo/ prepo/]\s t c be conceiv$1 ! ardor ) :i* !y 7 foll[$1 & ! amaz+ numb] ( exp]im5ts made 9 consequ5ce1 l$ to ! discov]y ( _m facts to :i* ,*emi/ry is highly indebt$4 ,prepo/]\s1 absurd1 fooli%2 contr>y to nature or reason4 ,y in=m me t ,*emi/ry enables u to discov] ! prop]ties ( bodies by means ( analysis & comb9ation3 :at d ^! t]ms imply8 ,if a *emi/ wi%es to exam9e ! prop]ties ( a comp\nd body1 he proce$s by analysis--t is1 by a sep>ation ( ! sub/ance to be exam9$ into its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! *emical exam9ation ( bodies is g5]ally effect$ by produc+ a *ange 9 ! nature or /ate ( ! body "u exam9ation4 ,?is *ange is frequ5tly br\ght ab\t by ! addition ( "s o!r sub/ance :i* =ms a comb9ation ) a "p ( ! sub/ance exam9$1 & leaves ! rema9d] 9 a deta*$ /ate4 ,by :at means d ,*emi/s effect a *ange 9 ! qualities or /ates ( natural bodies8 ,x is g5]ally effect$ by means ( heat1 :i* has a t5d5cy to sep>ate ! p>ticles ( bodies f ea* o!r2 or by ! mixture or comb9ation ( "s o!r matt] ) ! matt] int5d$ to be exam9$4 ,! mixture ( two or m comp\nds (t5 produces a decomposition by means ( *emical aff9ity1 a prop]ty :i* diff]5t species ( matt] h to unite ) ea* o!r2 & :i* is sometimes call$ elective aff9ity4 ,?us x may be obs]v$1 *emi/s h n only ! p[] ( decompos+ natural bodies1 b ( produc+ by comb9ation v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 su* z are n f\nd 9 ! k+dom ( nature4 ,:at d y mean by decomposition8 ,9 *emical language1 x means ! sep>ation ( a comp\nd body into its simple elem5ts4 ,give me an example4 ,wat] may be decompos$1 & r$uc$ into oxyg5 & hydrog51--bo? ( !m simple sub/ances incapable ( fur!r decomposition4 ,is n ! "w ( decomposition p]petually go+ =w>d8 ,yes2 & combu/ion is "o ( ! great ag5ts 9 ?is "w4 ,by x animal & vegetable sub/ances are conv]t$ into wat] & c>bonic acid1 by ! union ( _! hydrog5 & c>bon ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,^!1 9 "t1 are aga9 absorb$ by vegetables1 & aga9 decompos$ to set ! oxyg5 at lib]ty to produce fre% combu/ions4 ,( :at use are ! two rema9+ sub/ances1 ,hydrog5 & ,c>bon8 ,^! are appropriat$ by ! vegetative organs to _! gr[? & n\ri%m5t1 :ile ! oxyg5 ) :i* ! c>bon 0 comb9$ is abundantly giv5 (f to purify ! air & r5d] x fit = ! respiration ( animals4 ,give me an idea ( ! mode 9 :i* ,*emi/s asc]ta9 ! aff9ity ( bodies1 by relat+ an exp]im5t4 ,dissolve a tea-spoonful ( sug> ( lead 9 wat]1 & p\r ! cle> solution into a decant] or l>ge glass bottle4 ,!n take a small piece ( z9c1 & twi/ r\nd x "s brass or copp] wire1 s z to let ! ends ( ! wire dep5d f x 9 any agreeable =m4 ,susp5d ! z9c & wire 9 ! solution :i* has be5 prep>$2 9 a %ort "t1 metallic lead w deposit itself on ! z9c & along ! wire4 ,?is is a beautiful illu/ration ( *emical aff9ity2 ! acid1 :i* con/itutes a "p ( ! sug> ( lead1 has a /rong] aff9ity = ! z9c ?an = ! lead1 &1 consequ5tly1 w comb9e ) ! z9c1 & =m a comp\nd :i* rema9s 9 solution1 :ile ! lead is precipitat$ on ! z9c & wire 9 ! =m ( a brilliant tree ( metal4 ,aff9ity1 9 *emi/ry1 t attraction :i* takes place betwe5 ! elem5ts ( bodies1 & =ms comp\nds4 ,:at does ! ^w ,nature signify8 ,9 ! above s5se1 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se2 ! creation1 ! works ( ,god4 ,by ! k+dom ( nature is meant ! _w & all ?+s 9 x3 nature is divid$ into ?ree k+doms1 ! animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al4 ,:at are ! diff]5t /ates ( natural bodies8 ,all bodies are ei!r solid1 liquid1 or a]i=m4 ,by solid bodies are meant ^? ^: p>ts unite s firmly z to resi/ ! impression or p5etration ( o!r bodies2 by liquid1 ^? sub/ances ^: p>ts d n unite firmly1 b h free motion among !mselves2 by a]i=m1 fluid sub/ances1 hav+ ! =m or nature ( air4 ,liquid sub/ances are no?+ m ?an solids conv]t$ into liquids by heat1 a c]ta9 increase ( :i* w\ld conv]t ! liquids into vapor4 ,:at o!r "n is giv5 to ,liquids8 ,!y are likewise call$ fluids3 we call ! air1 also1 a fluid1 because x fl[s l a fluid1 & light sub/ances w float 9 x4 ,:at is ! cause ( bodies float+ on liquids8 ,x is an e/abli%$ law ( nature1 t all sub/ances :i* weigh less ?an an equal bulk ( any liquid1 w float on ! surface ( ?is liquid4 ,?us a cork w float on wat]1 :ile a /one s9ks to ! bottom4 ,! cork w n float 9 ! air1 ?\gh light] ?an wat]2 & ! /one is n heavi] ?an ! :ole ( ! wat]1 b m s ?an a portion ( wat] ( its own bulk1--& ?us x s9ks 9 x4 ,/ones also diff] 9 _! weight or gravity3 = in/ance1 "s ( ! asbe/us k9d are light] ?an wat]4 ,iron1 brass1 inde$1 ne>ly all sub/ances1 except gold & plat9a1 w float ^u m]cury1 because !y are light] ?an ?is liquid4 ,:at is ! cause ( bodies be+ ei!r solid1 liquid1 or a]i=m8 ,:5 ! pr9ciple ( attraction prevails1 x causes !m to become solid2 :5 caloric prevails1 !y become a]i=m4 ,fluidity is1 app>5tly1 a m$ium betwe5 ! two4 ,h[ is ! /ate ( ,solidity 9 bodies acc\nt$ =8 ,! p>ticles ( all bodies are subject to two opposite p[]s1 repulsion & attraction2 betwe5 :i* !y rema9 9 equilibrium4 ,:ile ! attractive =ce rema9s /ronge/1 ! body rema9s 9 a /ate ( solidity2 b if heat de/roys ?is =ce1 ! p>ticles lose _! cohesion1 & ! body ceases to be solid4 ,cohesion1 act ( /ick+ toge!r1 union ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( a body4 ,:i* is suppos$ to be ! mo/ natural /ate ( all bodies8 ,solidity2 = by ! comb9ation ( caloric ) !m we c r$uce mo/ sub/ances to ! fluid /ate2 :ile ! greate/ numb] ( liquid sub/ances take a solid =m by ! loss ( caloric4 ,?us1 wat] congeals & =ms ice2 & ev5 ! gases %[ ?is disposition to become solid1 :5 !y lose _! ela/icity by =m+ "s comb9ation4 ,expla9 ! t]ms ,repulsion & ,attraction4 ,repulsion is a peculi> prop]ty 9 ! p>ticles ( matt]1 :i* gives !m a con/ant t5d5cy to rec$e f ea* o!r4 ,attraction is an unkn[n =ce1 :i* causes bodies or _! p>ticles to approa* ea* o!r4 ,! p>ticles ( all bodies possess ?is prop]ty1 :i* causes !m to adh]e1 & pres]ves ! v>i\s sub/ances ar\nd u f fall+ 9 pieces4 ,:at diff]5t k9ds ( ,attraction c y m5tion8 ,attraction may be di/+ui%$ into t :i* takes place betwe5 bodies at s5sible di/ances1 & t :i* manife/s itself betwe5 ! p>ticles ( matt] at ins5sible di/ances4 ,give an example ( ! fir/ k9d ( attraction4 ,"o ( ! mo/ famili> in/ances ( attraction at s5sible di/ances is se5 9 ! desc5t ( heavy bodies to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a /one is lift$ up 9 ! h&1 ! e>?'s attraction1 :i* previ\sly caus$ x to rema9 at its surface1 is ov]come2 b1 z soon z ! h& is )drawn1 ! /one falls to ! e>?4 ,! =ce :i* causes ?is is call$ ! attraction ( gravitation1 or simply gravitation4 ,h[ is ! second k9d ( attraction1 or t betwe5 ! p>ticles ( bodies1 subdivid$8 ,into ! attraction ( aggregation1 or cohesion2 & *emical attraction1 or aff9ity4 ,! =m] takes place betwe5 p>ticles :i* are simil>1 & ! latt] betwe5 ^? :i* are dissimil>4 ,all ! op]ations ( *emi/ry are f\nd$ ^u ! =ce ( aff9ity :i* ,nature has e/abli%$ betwe5 ! p>ticles ( diff]5t k9ds ( matt]1 & :i* enables ! *emi/ to produce new comp\nds diff]+ m or less f ! sub/ances by ^: union !y 7 =m$4 ,is x1 !n1 necess>y = *emi/s to und]/& ! relative nature ( all sub/ances8 ,yes2 because ! basis ( ?is sci5ce consi/s 9 an analytical exam9ation ( ! works ( ,nature2 an inve/igation ( ! prop]ties & uses ( all sub/ances we are acqua9t$ )2 & ! /udy ( ! effects ( heat & mixture1 9 ord] t we may f9d out _! g5]al & subord9ate laws4 ,analytical1 relat+ to analysis4 ,inve/igation1 act ( se>*+1 or trac+ out4 ,subord9ate1 inf]ior 9 nature1 dignity or p[]4 ,relate a few m ( ! advantages obta9$ by a k ( ,*emi/ry4 ,_m ( ! wond]ful op]ations ( ,nature1 & ! *anges :i* take place 9 sub/ances ar\nd u1 are1 by its means1 reveal$ to u4 ,9 e manufacture1 art1 or walk ( life1 ! *emi/ possesses an advantage ov] 8 unskill$ neighbor4 ,x is necess>y to ! f>m] & g>d5]1 z x expla9s ! gr[? ( plants1 ! use ( manures1 & _! prop] application3 & indisp5sable to ! physician1 t he may und]/& ! animal economy1 & ! effects :i* c]ta9 causes *emically produce2 & ! nature ( animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al poisons4 ,! /udy is1 !re=e1 an invaluable bran* 9 ! education ( y\?3 x is useful1 n only 9 ! active1 b ! moral life1 by lay+ ! f\ndation ( an ard5t & inquir+ m9d4 ,ev5 an ev]yday walk 9 ! fields c be productive ( in/ruction1 by a k ( x2--& let u always rememb]1 t ,k is ,p[]4 ,indisp5sable1 necess>y1 n to be done )\t4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,attraction1 ,,tides1 ,,gravity1 ,,artesian ,,wells1 ,,air1 ,,an]oid ,,b>omet]1 ,,e>-,,trumpet1 ,,/e?oscope1 ,,audiphone1 ,,telephone1 ,,phonograph1 ,,microphone1 ,,megaphone1 ,,tasimet]1 ,,ba?omet]1 ,,anemomet]1 ,,*ronomet]4 ,:at is ,attraction8 ,by attraction is meant t prop]ty or quality 9 ! p>ticles ( bodies :i* makes !m t5d t[>d ea* o!r4 ,are !re sev]al k9ds ( attraction8 ,yes4 ,attraction has receiv$ diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* x acts3 ,! =ce :i* keeps ! p>ticles ( matt] toge!r to =m bodies or masses1 is call$ attraction ( cohesion2 t :i* makes bodies /ick toge!r only on _! surfaces1 is call$ adhesion2 t :i* incl9es diff]5t masses t[>d ea* o!r1 z ! e>? & ! heav5ly bodies1 is call$ gravitation2 t :i* =ces ! p>ticles ( sub/ances ( diff]5t k9ds to unite1 is kn[n "u ! "n ( *emical attraction2 t :i* causes ! ne$le ( ! compass to po9t con/antly t[>d ! poles ( ! e>?1 is magnetic attraction2 t :i* is excit$ by friction 9 c]ta9 sub/ances1 is kn[n z electrical attraction4 ,h[ d y "k t attraction exi/s ?r\gh ! :ole univ]se8 ,?is great univ]sal law 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,! sun & planets & o!r heav5ly bodies are only guid$ 9 _! pa? by gravitation4 ,d we exp]i5ce ?is attraction ^u our e>?8 ,yes2 because our e>? is c>ri$ ar\nd ! sun by x2 &1 fur!r1 ! tides %[ x v cle>ly4 ,:at are ! ,tides8 ,! ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! sea1 :i* regul>ly takes place twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! cause ( ! tides is ! attraction ( ! sun1 b *iefly ( ! moon1 act+ on ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,:at is ,gravity8 ,gravity is ! attraction betwe5 ! e>? & ! bodies on ! e>?1 :i* makes :at we call weight ( bodies4 ,:at d y und]/& by specific weight or gravity8 ,x means ! weight ( a body z comp>$ ) ! weight ( an equal bulk ( "s o!r body tak5 z a /&>d--commonly wat]4 ,:y d we say t c]ta9 metals--z1 = example1 plat9a or gold--are heavi] ?an o!rs1 say1 lead or iron8 ,because ! =m] h a great] specific gravity4 ,b is n a p\nd ( gold z heavy z a p\nd ( lead8 ,yes2 b a lump ( gold w be heavi] ?an a lump ( lead ( equal bulk4 ,c we expla9 by ?is :at we call float+8 ,a body w float 9 wat] if its gravity is less ?an t ( wat]2 = example1 wood floats = ?is reason 9 wat]1 & a balloon 9 ! air4 ,:y does a portion ( ! float+ body s9k bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]8 ,because ! body 9 ord] to float mu/ displace a portion ( wat] equal 9 weight to ! :ole float+ body4 ,b :y d iron /eam]s float--iron be+ heavi] ?an wat]8 ,because ! /eam] is n a solid piece ( iron1 b is holl[1 & s increas$ 9 bulk2 = t reason ! weight ( ! vessel & its cont5ts is less ?an t ( an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,h[ c y asc]ta9 t air has weight8 ,we c d x by ! b>omet] & by v _m exp]i5ces 9 daily life4 ,if "o end ( a /raw be dipp$ into a vessel ( wat] & ! o!r end be suck$1 ! liquid w rise to ! m\?4 ,!re we see ! pressure ( ! outside air =ces ! liquid ?r\gh ! /raw :]e ! air 0 remov$ by suck+4 ,c y %[ ! same by ano!r in/rum5t8 ,yes2 ! common wat] pump demon/rates ! same z ! /raw4 ,a tube is plac$ into ! wat]1 ! air is suck$ out f ! tube by ! movem5t ( ! pump1 & ! outside air presses ! wat] ?r\gh ! tube4 ,:at are ,artesian wells8 ,wells s nam$ because !y 7 made fir/ at ,artois1 9 ,france4 ,!y "w on ! pr9ciple t e liquid seeks its level4 ,( ! ra9 :i* falls1 a "p soaks into ! soil ( m\nta9s1 until1 com+ to a lay] ( rocks or clay ?r\gh :i* x _c pass1 x w collect & be /or$ up4 ,if a hole be bor$ into ?is res]voir ! wat] w rise 9 x4 ,d y "k "s o!r prop]ties ( air8 ,x is ! mo/ necess>y sub/ance = our life2 x is ! vehicle ( all odors & smells2 x is ! m$ium ( all s\nds1 & br+s to our e> & s to our m9d an imm5se k ( ! outside _w2 x is ! cause ( ! beauty ( ! blue firmam5t or sky1 ( ! aurora & twilight2 x is ! great nurse ( ! :ole vegetable k+dom by cl\ds1 ra91 & dew4 ,:at is an ,an]oid ,b>omet]8 ,x is a b>omet] 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* no quicksilv] or o!r liquid is us$4 ,x consi/s ( a metal box1 exhau/$ ( air1 ! top ( :i* is ( ?9 metal1 s ela/ic t x readily yields to alt]ations 9 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! pressure increases1 ! top is press$ inw>ds2 :51 on ! contr>y1 x decreases1 ! ela/icity ( ! lid1 aid$ by a spr+1 t5ds to move x 9 ! opposite direction4 ,^! motions are transmitt$ by delicate lev]s to an index :i* moves on a scale4 ,?is b>omet] has ! advantage ( be+ portable4 ,:at is ! ,e>-trumpet8 ,a trumpet-l in/rum5t us$ to aid deaf p]sons 9 he>+4 ,its =m is conical1 & ! l>g] end is ( a bell %ape2 ! small end is plac$ 9 ! e>1 & ! p]son talks 9 ! l>ge end4 ,x acts by conc5trat+ ! voice on ! li/5]'s e>4 ,:at is a ,/e?oscope8 ,an in/rum5t us$ by physicians = asc]ta9+ ! action ( ! lungs1 judg+ by ! s\nd ( _! motion :e!r !y are heal?y or n4 ,describe ! ,audiphone4 ,x is a fan-%ap$ in/rum5t to help deaf p1 & is made ( flexible c>boniz$ rubb]4 ,f9e silk cords atta*$ to ! upp] edge b5d x ov]1 & are fa/5$ by a w$ge 9 a h&le4 ,! top edge ( ?is fan re/s ^u ! upp] tee?1 & ! s\nd waves /rike its surface2 ! vibrations are ?us convey$ by ! tee? & ! bones ( ! face to ! ac\/ic n]ve 9 ! e>4 ,describe ! ,telephone4 ,x is an in/rum5t by :i* conv]sation may be c>ri$ on at a di/ance1 & is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts--a ?9 disk ( s(t metal1 a small coil or bobb9 ( silk-cov]$ copp] wire1 & a small b> magnet ab\t f\r in*es long4 ,! bobb9 is plac$ on "o pole ( ! magnet1 s t ! wire is z x 7 /eep$ 9 ! magnetic space r\nd ! pole4 ,! metal disk is plac$ face close to ! pole & bobb91 s t :5 x vibrates 9 front ( ! pole a s]ies ( wave curr5ts w be set up 9 ! coil ( wire on ! bobb94 ,! :ole is encas$ 9 wood1 & a m\?-piece is provid$ = speak+ aga9/ ! disk4 ,! coil ( wire on ! bobb9 is ( c\rse connect$ by its two ends into ! circuit ( a telegraph l9e4 ,:o inv5t$ ! ,telephone8 ,x 0 inv5t$1 almo/ simultane\sly1 by ,alex4 ,graham ,bell1 a native ( ,scotl&1 & ,pr(essor ( ,vocal ,physiology 9 ! ,bo/on ,univ]sity1 & ,eli%a ,gray1 ( ,*icago4 ,:at is a ,phonograph8 ,x is an in/rum5t = record+ ! vibrations ( s\nds1 & consi/s ( a revolv+ cyl9d] cov]$ ) t9-foil4 ,to ?is cyl9d] is atta*$ a m\?-piece1 fitt$ ) a ?9 plate or disk1 on ! out] side ( :i*1 next to ! cyl9d]1 is a ne$le or po9t4 ,! cyl9d] runs on a screw1 s t ! :ole l5g? ( x1 f end to end1 may pass "u ! po9t4 ,on speak+ into ! m\?-piece ! voice causes ! disk to vibrate1 & ! po9t to trace m>ks correspond+ to ^! vibrations on ! t9-foil4 ,by turn+ ! cyl9d] s t ! po9t aga9 passes into ! m>ks 9 ! t9-foil1 ! s\nds t ent]$ at ! m\?-piece c be reproduc$ at any "t4 ,by :om 0 ! phonograph inv5t$8 ,by ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 :o 0 born 9 ,ohio 9 #ahdg4 ,mr4 ,edison is ! inv5tor ( _m improvem5ts 9 telegraphy1 :i* h be5 adopt$ into g5]al use1 & are to him ! s\rce ( a l>ge income4 ,to him1 also1 we are indebt$ = ! megaphone1 microphone1 tasimet]1 an improvem5t 9 ! telephone1 a sy/em ( electric light+1 & _m o!r inv5tions4 ,:at is a ,microphone8 ,?is in/rum5t is a v>iety ( telephone by means ( :i* fa9t s\nds c be he>d at a v great di/ance4 ,x consi/s ( a small batt]y = g5]at+ a weak curr5t ( electricity1 a telephone = ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 & a speak+ or transmitt+ in/rum5t4 ,! la/ is a small rod ( gas c>bon ) ! ends set loosely 9 blocks ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! blocks are atta*$ to an upright support1 glu$ into a wood5 base bo>d4 ,?is in/rum5t is connect$ ) ! batt]y & ! telephone4 ,s wond]fully s5sitive is x1 t ! tick+ ( a wat*1 ! walk+ ( a fly across a bo>d1 or ! bru% ( a camel's-hair p5cil c be he>d ev5 ?\gh x be hundr$s ( miles di/ant4 ,w y describe ! ,megaphone8 ,x is a sub/itute = ! e> & speak+ trumpet4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree pap] funnels plac$ side by side4 ,! two l>g] ones are ab\t #f feet #h in*es long & #bg-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 & are ea* provid$ ) a flexible tube1 ! ends ( :i* are held to ! e>4 ,! c5tre funnel1 :i* is us$ z a speak+-trumpet1 does n diff] mat]ially f an ord9>y trumpet1 except t x is l>g] & has a l>g] bell m\?4 ,two p]sons1 ea* provid$ ) a megaphone1 c1 )\t o!r app>atus1 c>ry on a conv]sation at a di/ance ( "o & a half or two miles4 ,:at is ! ,tasimet]8 ,x is an in/rum5t1 s5sitive to ! smalle/ degree ( heat1 & is mo/ly us$ 9 a/ronomy4 ,atta*$ to a telescope x w %[ ! heat com+ f ! />s4 ,:at is a ,ba?omet]8 ,?is +5i\s in/rum5t1 ! inv5tion ( ,pr(4 ,siem5s ( ,london1 enables ^? on bo>d ( %ips to read f an index ! dep?s ( ! ocean b5ea? !m4 ,x consi/s ( a highly s5sitive /eel spr+ to :i* a heavy piece ( metal is atta*$4 ,! *anges 9 weight to :i* ! latt] is subject 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iations ( attractive =ce 7! deep] ! ocean ! small] ! latt]1 & vice v]sa7 are regi/]$ on a scale by ! indicator t is 9 connection ) ! /eel spr+4 ,:at is an ,anemomet]8 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ ! velocity & =ce ( ! w9d1 & by :i* /orms1 at a di/ance1 c be pr$ict$4 ,:at is a ,*ronomet]8 ,a "t-piece ( delicate & exact con/ruction1 *iefly employ$ by a/ronom]s & navigators4 ,x diff]s only f an ord9>y wat* 9 its delicate spr+s1 9 n be+ s mu* influ5c$ by heat & cold1 & consequ5tly 9 its accuracy 9 giv+ ! "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,light1 ,,lime ,,light1 ,,magnesium ,,light1 ,,electric ,,light1 ,,ra9b[1 ,,prism1 ,,spectrum1 ,,colors1 ,,photography1 ,,cam]a ,,obscura1 ,,/]eoscope1 ,,kaleidoscope4 ,d y "k some?+ ab\t ! nature ( ,light8 ,light is a m]e =m ( vibration l s\nd1 & l s\nd x requires "s s\rce to set ?is vibration go+1 & "s m$ium to c>ry ?is vibration z air c>ries s\nd4 ,is n ! air ?is m$ium8 ,no1 x is suppos$ t !re is an ela/ic fluid call$ e!r :i* p]vades all space & matt]1 & if ! molecules ( a body are 9 motion !y h ! p[] ( sett+ ?is e!r 9 motion4 ,! movem5t ?us produc$ w appe> ei!r z heat or light accord+ to its velocity4 ,:at s\rces ( light d y "k8 ,we are told t ! pr9cipal s\rce ( light on e>? is ! sun1 ei!r directly ) its own beams or indirectly by supply+ u ) combu/ibles to produce light2 = oil1 gas1 c&les1 & mo/ ( ! sub/ances us$ = produc+ light & heat :5 burn+ are b s5d+ =? 9 ano!r =m ! rays ( ! sun :i* 7 /or$ up 9 nature's economy4 ,ano!r s\rce ( light is ! result ( *emical action1 su* z ! lime1 magnesium1 & electric light4 ,a ?ird s\rce ( light is phosphoresc5ce1 z we see x 9 ! gl[-worm & fireflies4 ,:at is ! ,drummond or ,lime ,light8 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( artificial lights4 ,:5 a /ream ( oxyg5 & "o ( hydrog5 "u pressure are br\ght toge!r & mix$ )9 a few in*es ( ! end ( a bl[pipe1 ! mixture on light+ burns ) a colorless flame possess+ int5se heat4 ,if ?is flame be made to play ^u a ball ( c>bonate ( lime1 ! lime on becom+ :ite hot gives (f a p[]ful inc&esc5ce4 ,inc&esc5ce1 ! gl[+ :it5ess ( a body caus$ by int5se heat4 ,:at is a ,bl[pipe8 ,a tube1 usually b5t ne> ! end1 t]m9at$ ) a f9ely-po9t$ nozzle1 = bl[+ ?r\gh ! flame ( a lamp or gas-jet1 produc+ !reby a small conical flame possess+ int5se heat4 ,x is us$ 9 sold]+ silv]1 brass1 etc4 ,a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 :5 ignit$ con/itutes ! hydrog5 bl[pipe1 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,h>e ( ,philadelphia4 ,:at is ,magnesium ,light8 ,:5 ! metal magnesium is roll$ out into a f9e ribbon & heat$ to r$ heat x burns ) a dazzl+ light4 ,:i* is ! mo/ p[]ful artificial light8 ,! s-call$ ,electric light4 ,?is light1 :e!r produc$ by a s]ies ( galvanic cells or by dynamic p[]1 is ! mo/ brilliant & useful4 ,:at is a ,ra9b[8 ,! ra9b[ is t beautiful semi-circul> b& or arc ( diff]5t colors 9 ! cl\ds dur+ ! occurr5ce ( ra9 9 sun%9e4 ,:5 ! cl\ds opposite ! sun are v d>k & ra9 is fall+ f !m1 ! rays ( ! sun are divid$ by ! ra9drops z !y w\ld be by a prism4 ,!re are (t5 two ra9b[s at ! same "t1 because ! prim>y b[ is aga9 reflect$ to ano!r lay] ( cl\ds4 ,:at is a ,prism8 ,a triangul> solid piece ( glass1 on :i* if a ray ( light be ca/ x w be di/9ctly divid$ into ! sev5 colors we see 9 a ra9b[4 ,by ?is fact we see t :ite light is compos$ ( diff]5t rays :i* h diff]5t reflective susceptibilities4 ,:at is a ,spectrum8 ,x is ?is beautiful b& ( sev5 colors obta9$ by ! refraction ( a ray ( light ?r\gh ! prism4 ,:5ce come ! colors 9 ! objects we see 9 nature8 ,!y all come f light2 e object has a p[] to absorb c]ta9 rays & to reflect o!rs4 ,a r$ clo?1 = example1 absorbs all ! o!r color$ rays except r$1 & ?is x gives (f1 ?us appe>+ r$4 ,:y are ! leaves ( plants gre58 ,because a peculi> *emical sub/ance call$ *lorophyl1 =m$ )9 _! cells1 absorbs all o!r rays ( light1 reflect+ only blue & yell[--:i* mixture produces ! diff]5t gre5 t9ts4 ,:at is ,photography8 ,! ^w means light draw+4 ,x is a mode ( fix+ on c]ta9 sub/ances ! lights & %ades ( any object by means ( a l5s ins]t$ 9 a cam]a obscura4 ,?is process 0 fir/ call$ ,dagu]reotype f ! "n ( ! inv5tor1 ,dagu]re4 ,a plate ( copp] ?9ly coat$ ) silv] is expos$ to ! vapor ( iod9e1 !n plac$ 9 a cam]a obscura1 :]e an image ( ! object to be pres5t$ ?r\gh a l5s is ca/ ^u x4 ,ambrotype is ! same application to glass4 ,!re are n[ diff]5t v>iations ( me?od 9 ! use ( ! same ag5ts4 ,n[ photography consi/s 9 tak+ ! images on :at is call$ a negative--t is1 a glass coat$ ) a silv]$ collodion 7gun-cotton dissolv$ 9 alcohol & e!r7 film4 ,f ?is plate ano!r image is tak5 on silv]$ pap]1 :i* we call ! positive image4 ,!re are also o!r *emicals us$ in/ead ( silv]4 ,:at is a ,cam]a ,obscura8 ,a small box or d>k room into :i* ! light is admitt$ ?r\gh a l5s4 ,:at is a ,/]eoscope8 ,x is an in/rum5t exhibit+ ! effects & advantages ( see+ ) two eyes4 ,! in/rum5t is s con/ruct$ t f a flat picture we may see ! solid body 9 its reality 9 nature4 ,:at is a ,kaleidoscope8 ,an in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 consi/+ ( a tube ) slips ( reflect+ glass s arrang$ 9 ! int]ior t small beads1 bits ( color$ glass1 & simil> ?+s are1 by revolv+ ! tube1 ?r[n into an endless v>iety ( beautiful %apes4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,electricity1 ,,electric ,,curr5ts1 ,,electric ,,batt]y1 ,,electrotyp+1 ,,/]eotyp+1 ,,telegraph1 ,,ocean ,,cable1 ,,lightn+ ,,rod1 ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ream1 ,,! ,,mt4 ,,c5is ,,tunnel1 ,,! ,,suez ,,canal1 ,,susp5sion ,,bridges1 ,,em95t ,,am]icans4 ,:at is ! nature ( ,electricity8 ,a =m ( en]gy into :i* all o!r =ms c readily be conv]t$4 ,:at is an ,electric curr5t8 ,electricity manife/s itself 9 a v>iety ( ways1 b all may be arrang$ "u two heads1 viz41 #a1 z a *>ge2 #b1 z a curr5t4 ,by means ( friction1 _m bodies become electrifi$--t is1 h acquir$ an electrical *>ge4 ,if ?is *>ge is 9 great quantity we call x high t5sion4 ,:5 a body conta9+ an electrical *>ge is br\ght 9 contact ) o!r bodies ?r\gh :i* electricity is capable ( pass+1 !re ensues a curr5t ( electricity4 ,su* bodies are call$ conductors4 ,:at are ! s\rces ( curr5ts8 ,!re are curr5ts produc$ by *emical action call$ voltaic curr5ts2 by ! action ( heat1 or !rmo-electric curr5ts2 by ! motion ( magnets1 or magneto-electric curr5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,remov+ ,,! ,,e>? ,,f ,,! ,,canal ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,drom$>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op5+ ,,! ,,suez ,,canal--,,procession ,,( ,,%ips4 ,:at is positive & :at negative electricity8 ,no diff]5ce 9 electricity 9 itself4 ,:5 a body has m ?an its natural am\nt ( electricity1 x is said to be *>g$ positively2 :5 x has less ?an its natural am\nt x is negatively *>g$4 ,:at is a ,cell2 :at a ,batt]y8 ,if a piece ( z9c & copp] jo9$ by a wire be dipp$ 9 a liquid--g5]ally weak sulphuric acid--:i* w act *emically on ! metals1 a curr5t is produc$4 ,su* an arrangem5t is call$ a c\ple1 or cell4 ,if _m cells are connect$1 !n x is call$ a batt]y4 ,:at is ,!rmo-electricity8 ,if two b>s ( any unlike metal--= example1 antimony & bismu?--be sold]$ toge!r at "o end1 & ! o!r ends be connect$ by a wire & !n ! sold]$ end heat$1 a curr5t w fl[4 ,:at effects are produc$ by curr5ts8 ,!y produce heat1 light1 decomposition & comb9ation 9 liquid *emical comp\nds2 !y melt all metals1 excite magnetism1 & 9 ! animal body excite movem5ts ( ! muscles4 ,c y specify ^! effects8 ,a /rong batt]y produces heat 9 su* a degree t all metals c be melt$4 ,light is produc$ 9 fla%es1 or if ! end ( ! lead+ wires are connect$ ) two p5cils ( h>d c>bon1 & br\ght v ne> toge!r1 !n a brilliant light1 or arc1 call$ ! voltaic arc1 is produc$4 ,?is is ! dazzl+ bright light :i* we call electric light4 ,! *emical effect ( a curr5t 9 decompos+ comp\nd sub/ances is call$ electrolysis4 ,9 ?is way wat] c be decompos$ into its comp\nds1 hydrog5 & oxyg52 copp] sulphate into sulphur & metallic copp]1 etc4 ,9 ?is way we c deposit /rong adh]5t films ( metal on ! surface ( any conductor2 = if ! article to be coat$ be atta*$ to ! negative electrode ( a batt]y1 & dipp$ into a solution ( ! metal ) :i* we desire to coat ! article1 say copp] or silv]1 & ! positive electrode be atta*$ to a plate ( copp] & also dipp$ into a liquid1 :5 ! curr5t passes1 ! metal w be decompos$ & deposit$ 9 a uni=m lay] ov] ! article at ! negative electrode4 ,?is process is call$ electro-plat+4 ,:at is ,electrotyp+8 ,x is ! process ( copy+ m$als1 type1 wood-cuts1 engrav$ copp] & /eel plates1 etc41 by means ( electrical deposition4 ,x is *iefly us$ = mak+1 f ! ord9>y movable types1 plates ( fix$ metallic types1 = pr9t+ books4 ,describe ! process4 ,! article to be copi$ is fir/ cov]$ ) black-lead1 & !n a m\ld is made ( x 9 wax or gutta-p]*a4 ,?is m\ld is plac$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & atta*$ to ! negative pole ( ! batt]y1 :ile a plate ( copp] is hung f ! positive pole4 ,! electric curr5t decomposes ! copp]1 :i* is deposit$ 9 a ?9 film ^u ! m\ld4 ,?is film is remov$ & /iff5$ by be+ back$ ) metal4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,electrotyp+ & ,/]eotyp+8 ,9 /]eotyp+1 a pla/] ( ,p>is m\ld is tak5 f ! types1 & ^u ?is m\ld melt$ type-metal is p\r$1 :i*1 :5 h>d5$1 makes a solid plate4 ,is !re any o!r me?od ( /]eotyp+8 ,yes2 t kn[n z ! pap] process4 ,a uni=m %eet ( s(t matt] is =m$ by pa/+ toge!r %eets ( ?91 t\gh tissue pap]4 ,! types are oil$1 & ! s(t1 moi/ %eet is plac$ on !m & beat5 d[n ) a /iff bru% until x receives an impression ( ! type-=m4 ,bo? are !n run ?r\gh a press1 & on be+ tak5 out ! pap] is f\nd to =m a p]fect m\ld4 ,into ?is m\ld ! type-metal is p\r$ & ! plate =m$4 ,c y tell me "s magnetic effects ( ! curr5t8 ,all conductors become magnetic dur+ ! passage ( a curr5t ?r\gh !m1 & !reby acquire all ! prop]ties ( a magnet4 ,!re are bodies :i* are natural magnets1 & !y are call$ p]man5t magnets4 ,^? :i* become magnets only dur+ ! passage ( a curr5t are call$ electro-magnets4 ,d y "k any application ( ^? magnets8 ,!y are employ$ 9 a great v>iety ( electrical app>atus1 pr9cipally 9 telegraphy4 ,:5 0 ! fir/ telegraph e/abli%$8 ,x 0 made 9 #ahcf1 be+ inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 & adopt$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,bav>ia4 ,x 0 #ab miles long1 & ! signals 7 made by small bells4 ,:o 0 ! inv5tor ( ! telegraph 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,samuel ,f4,b4 ,morse1 :o 0 born at ,*>le/[n1 ,mass41 ,april #bg1 #agia4 ,he began life z a pa9t]1 b did n give 8 :ole att5tion to art--*emi/ry & exp]im5ts 9 electricity & galvanism claim+ mu* ( 8 "t4 ,he fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! telegraph 9 #ahcb1 & exhibit$ 8 inv5tion to ,congress 9 #ahcg4 ,he /ruggl$ on ) scanty means1 & 0 ab\t to give up 9 despair :5 ,congress appropriat$ #cj1jjj = an exp]im5tal l9e1 :i* 0 op5$ on ,may #ab1 #ahdd1 betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,pr(4 ,morse di$ 9 #ahgb1 b n be=e he _h reap$ honors & =tune f 8 inv5tion4 ,h[ rapidly does ! electric curr5t travel ?r\gh ! wires8 ,f exp]im5ts made x appe>s to be ab\t #ae1djj miles 9 a second4 ,c m ?an "o message be s5t at ! same "t on ! same wire8 ,yes2 x is possible n[ to s5d sev]al messages at ! same "t4 ,:at is a ,cable8 ,x is a telegraph wire "u wat]4 ,pr(4 ,morse1 9 #ahdb1 laid a wire insulat$ by a cov]+ ( hemp coat$ ) pit*-t> & ,india-rubb] betwe5 ,gov]nor's ,isl& & ! ,batt]y1 ,new ,york4 ,sev]al attempts 7 made 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,:at 0 ! greate/ telegraphic und]tak+8 ,t ( connect+ ,europe ) ,am]ica by a subm>9e cable spann+ ! ocean1 :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 #aheg & complet$ ,augu/ #e1 #aheh4 ,to :om d we owe ?is gr& und]tak+8 ,?is honor is entirely due to ,mr4 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field4 ,mr4 ,field 0 born at ,/ockbridge1 ,mass41 on ,novemb] #cj?1 #ahai4 ,9 #ahec he became int]e/$ 9 ocean telegraphy1 & aft] _m rev]ses succe$$ 9 lay+ ! fir/ cable 9 ,augu/1 #aheh4 ,! message s5t by ,que5 ,victoria to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 consi/+ ( #ii words1 occupi$ #fg m9utes 9 transmitt+4 ,9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye> ?is cable ceas$ to "w1 b ! en]gy ( ,field re/or$ confid5ce1 & ano!r cable 0 made & laid d[n 9 ,july1 #ahfe1 b aft] #abjj miles 7 deposit$ x 0 lo/4 ,9 #ahff ano!r 0 made & successfully laid 9 ,july4 ,9 ,augu/ ! lo/ cable 0 f\nd & splic$1 & c>ri$ to ! we/]n %ore4 ,:at is a ,dynamo-electric ma*9e8 ,a ma*9e by :i* v p[]ful curr5ts c be obta9$ directly f me*anical p[]4 ,9 ^!1 by means ( a /eam-eng9e or o!r p[]1 a numb] ( coils ( wire call$ ! armature are set into rapid revolution betwe5 ! poles ( p[]ful electro-magnets4 ,all curr5ts are caus$ to fl[ f ! armature 9 "o direction by means ( a contrivance call$ ! commutator4 ,v successful ma*9es ( ?is sort are ! ,gramme ma*9e1 ! ,siem5s1 &1 pr9cipally1 ! s-call$ ,bru% ma*9e4 ,by ^! ! electric light is n[ g5]ally produc$4 ,:at is a ,lightn+ ,rod8 ,x is a rod ( iron plac$ aga9/ a build+ to protect x f lightn+4 ,?ree or f\r feet ( "o end is 9 ! moi/ gr\nd or 9 wat]1 :ile sev]al feet ( ! o!r end ext5d above ! highe/ "p ( ! build+4 ,! upp] end ( ! rod is po9t$ ) copp] or "s o!r metal :i* w n easily corrode4 ,by :om 0 x inv5t$8 ,by ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 & fir/ ann\nc$ by him 9 8 ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanac = #agec4 ,frankl9 0 born at ,bo/on1 ,mass41 9 #agjf4 ,by 8 tal5ts1 prud5ce1 & hone/y he rose f humble beg9n+s to be "o ( ! =emo/ m5 ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 "o ( ! committee ( five *os5 by ,congress to prep>e ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce :i* he ) o!r patriots aft]w>ds sign$4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> #aggf he 0 s5t z ambassador to ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 & rema9$ 9 ,europe "s "t4 ,he return$ home 9 #aghe1 & di$ at ,philadelphia on ! #ag? ( ,april1 #agij4 ,:at is ! ,gulf ,/ream8 ,x is a w>m curr5t 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,:at is its orig98 ,x may be consid]$ z beg9n+ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 )9 ! region ( ! trade w9ds4 ,^! cause a we/w>d fl[1 kn[n z ! equatorial curr5t4 ,on rea*+ ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 ! great] portion ( ?is curr5t b5ds nor?w>d1 c>ry+ ) x ! wat]s ( ! ,amazon & ,or9oco1 & passes ?r\gh ! ,c>ibbean ,sea into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,"h x is fur!r heat$1 & ru%es out ?r\gh ! only outlet1 ! ,/raits ( ,florida4 ,describe its c\rse4 ,deep & n>r[1 x runs by ,florida ) a velocity v>y+ f two to five miles an h\r1 & press$ by ! cold curr5t betwe5 x & ! %ore1 fl[s p>allel to ! coa/ z f> z ,cape ,hatt]as4 ,meet+ %oals ne> ?is po9t1 ! banks ( s& ext5d+ z f> z ,newf\ndl&1 x !re turns abruptly to ! ea/1 & ) dim9i%$ spe$ & increas$ wid?1 rolls onw>d t[>ds ! coa/ ( ,europe4 ,be=e long x divides into two great bran*es--! nor!rn & s\!rn4 ,! =m] ext5ds z f> z ,spitzb]g52 ! latt]1 sweep+ along by ! ,madeira & ,can>y ,isl&s1 returns to ! equator1 complet+ ! circuit4 ,:at influ5ce has ! ,gulf ,/ream on ! climate ( ,europe8 ,v>i\s op9ions h be5 express$ z to ?is4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! am\nt ( heat aris+ f ! /ream on a w9t]'s day1 is suffici5t to raise ! atmosph]e ov] ! ,briti% ,isles f ! freez+ po9t to a summ] temp]ature4 ,h[ may ! ,gulf ,/ream be di/+ui%$8 ,x c be di/9ctly trac$ 9 ! ocean by its d>k indigo color1 its temp]ature1 & ! swiftness ( its wat]s4 ,:i* is ! l>ge/ tunnel 9 ! _w8 ,! ,mt4 ,c5is ,tunnel1 or ! tunnel ( ,col de ,frejus1 by bo? ( :i* names x is kn[n4 ,x is ! longe/ subt]ranean r\te = comm]ce & travel yet con/ruct$1 be+ #g-a_/d miles 9 l5g?4 ,x is on ! cre/ ( ! ,cottian ,alps1 ab\t #af miles s\?-we/ ( ! summit ( ,mt4 ,c5is ,pass4 ,x 0 begun 9 #aheg1 & f9i%$ 9 #ahga4 ,col1 a defile4 ,:at o!r great eng9e]+ "w c y m5tion8 ,! ,suez ,canal1 a %ip canal runn+ across ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & connect+ ! ,m$it]ranean ) ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! canal is #ajj miles 9 l5g?1 & ?r\gh x an un9t]rupt$ communication is e/abli%$ :]eby l>ge sail+ vessels & /eam]s may pass f sea to sea1 & ?us avoid ! long & dang]\s voyage ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,to :om is ! _w indebt$ = ?is canal8 ,?is great "w owes its inception & completion to ! ent]prise & indomitable en]gy ( ,f]d9& de ,lesseps1 :o 0 born at ,v]sailles1 ,france1 on ! #ai? ,novemb]1 #ahje4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahef1 he obta9$ a *>t] f ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t = a company to con/ruct ! canal1 & began "w 9 #ahei4 ,?\gh beset by _m difficulties1 ! p]si/5t en]gy ( ,de ,lesseps f\ght its way to success1 & 9 #ahfi he _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea m+le 9 ! ,bitt] ,lakes4 ,he has s9ce be5 engag$ 9 _m eng9e]+ projects1 ! late/ be+ a canal across ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama to connect ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans4 ,inception1 beg9n+4 ,indomitable1 n to be subdu$4 ,p]si/5t1 incl9$ to hold firm4 ,:at is a ,susp5sion ,bridge8 ,a bridge support$ by wires1 ropes1 or *a9s1 :i* usually pass ov] high pi]s or columns at ea* end1 & are secur$ 9 ! gr\nd bel[4 ,"n "s ( ! l>ge/ bridges ( ?is k9d4 ,t at ,niag>a1 ^? ov] ! ,allegh5y at ,pittsburg & ! ,ohio at ,c9c9nati1 & ! great ,ea/ ,riv] bridge1 :i* connects ,new ,york & ,brooklyn4 ,:o plann$ ^! bridges8 ,john ,a4 ,roebl+1 :o 0 born at ,mulhaus51 ,prussia1 ,june #ab1 #ahjf4 ,9 #ahca he emigrat$ to ?is c\ntry1 & to 8 g5ius we are indebt$ = ! bridges above nam$4 ,! reports1 plans1 & specifications ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] bridge 7 complet$1 & ! "w begun1 :5 ,roebl+ 0 sev]ely injur$ 9 ! foot :ile direct+ 8 "w4 ,lockjaw succe$+ amputation1 he di$ 9 ,brooklyn1 ,july #bb1 #ahfi4 ,to :at great ,civil ,eng9e] has ! ,we/ giv5 bir?8 ,james ,b4 ,eads4 ,born at ,lawr5ceburg1 ,indiana1 ,may #bh1 #ahbj1 he began life z a cl]k on a ,mississippi riv] /eam-boat4 ,9 #ahdb he ent]$ a firm engag$ 9 recov]+ sunk5 prop]ty1 & ) su* success t he retir$ ) a =tune 9 #aheg4 ,dur+ ! civil w> he devis$ a plan = ! def5ce ( ! ,we/]n wat]s1 & con/ruct$ sev]al iron gun-boats ) _m novel features ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,he has s9ce acquir$ reputation z project+ & con/ruct+ eng9e] ( ! ,ill9ois & ,/4 ,l\is bridge1 & by build+ jetties at ! ,s\? ,pass ( ! ,mississippi1 by :i* ! dep? ( ! riv] is increas$1 & x is made m navigable4 ,^! jetties are project+ dikes ( bru%1 fasc9es1 & /one4 ,fasc9es1 bundles ( rods or ( small /icks ( wood1 b\nd at bo? ends & at int]m$iate po9ts1 us$ 9 fill+ dit*es1 etc4 ,give ! names ( "s di/+ui%$ ,am]ican inv5tors4 ,eli ,:itney1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,cotton ,g91 born 9 ,we/bor\gh1 ,mass41 #agfe2 di$ #ahbe4 ,je?ro ,wood1 ! inv5tor ( ! mod]n ca/-iron pl[1 born at ,:ite ,creek1 ,n4,y41 #aggd2 di$ #ahcd4 ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick1 inv5tor ( ! m[+ ma*9e1 born at ,walnut ,grove1 ,virg9ia1 9 #ahji4 ,:o 0 ! inv5tor ( ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e8 ,elias ,h[e4 ,he 0 born at ,sp5c]1 ,mass41 ,july #i1 #ahai4 ,:5 a boy he work$ 9 a cotton mill at ,l[ell1 b aft]w>ds ent]$ a ma*9e %op 9 ,bo/on4 ,"h he conceiv$ ! idea ( ! sew+ ma*9e1 & aft] long days ( labor1 "p ( :i* "t he & 8 family liv$ on ! k9dness ( a fri5d1 he complet$ 8 inv5tion4 ,aft] _m /ruggles1 8 tal5t1 indu/ry1 & p]sev]ance 7 rew>d$1 & long be=e 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahfg1 he _h acquir$ a l>ge =tune4 ,,index4 ,abyss9ia1 #adb ,adhesion1 #bja ,aff9ity1 ,*emical1 #aig1 #aii ,air1 #ag fix$1 #aab ,alb]t ,dur]1 #acj ,al*emy1 #aid ,alcohol1 #acg ,alex&]1 #afa ,alex&ria1 #afh ,allspice or ,pim5to1 #ea ,alluvial =mations1 #aeb ,almonds1 #fa ,alphabet1 inv5tion (1 #dc ,alum1 #gd ,alum9a1 #aed ,amalgam1 #bj ,amb]1 #ah ,amb]gris1 #ff ,analysis & ,comb9ation1 #aie ,anemomet]1 #bjf ,angelo1 ,mi*ael1 #afb ,anno ,dom9i1 #ce ,apelles1 #ahb ,apollo1 #agh ,arabic1 gum1 #id ,arabia1 ,felix & ,des]ta1 #gb ,ar*ipelago1 #cb ,ar*itecture1 #aef ord]s (1 #aei1 #afj ,argil1 #aed ,arm5ia1 #fg ,arr[-root1 #acd ,ars5ic1 #abf ,artesian ,wells1 #bjc ,arts1 #aij lib]al1 #aij f9e1 #aia me*anical1 #aia ,art ( writ+1 #aia ,asbe/us1 #gf1 #gh ,a/ronomy1 sci5ce (1 #ahg ,a!nians1 #bc ,atmosph]e1 #ag ,attraction1 #bja ,audiphone1 #bjd ,aurora1 !1 #ba ,aurora ,borealis1 #bb ,au/ralia1 #ca ,au?or1 #ed ,azores1 isl&s (1 #fb ,azote gas1 #aac ,babel1 t[] (1 #add ,babylon1 #ade ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #ii ,baize1 #cb ,b>b>ians1 #agj1 #ahc ,b>illa or ,soda1 #aje ,b>k1 #ce ,p]uvian1 #cf ,b>ley1 #bd sug>1 #di ,b>omet]1 #if ,an]oid1 #bjc ,b>rel organ1 #agi ,ba?omet]1 #bjf ,beav]1 #gj1 #ga1 #gd ,bell1 ,a4,g41 #bjd ,black lead1 #abb ,bl[pipe1 #bjh ,bodies1 natural1 #aig ,bombaz9e1 #dj ,books fir/ pr9t$1 #ei ,books1 ( :at made1 #cg1 #eg ,bottles1 #ed ,box1 musical1 #agi ,br&y1 #acg ,brass1 #hd ,bread-fruit1 #hf ,bricks1 #add ,butt]1 vegetable1 #hg tree1 #hg ,cable1 #bad ,cacao-nut tree1 #bg ,cadmus1 #dc ,calam9>is1 ,lapis1 #hd ,calc>e\s rocks1 #aej ,calico1 #bh ,caloric1 #ad1 #aad ,calomel1 #ig ,cambray1 #da ,cambric1 #da ,cam]a ,obscura1 #bji ,camlet1 #da ,camphor1 #adj ,c&les1 #ajf ,c&y1 ,sug>1 #di ,cannon1 #ajj ,canoe1 #cf ,cantaleup1 #fg ,canvas1 #cc ,ca\t*\c1 #ajg ,cap]s1 #fa ,c>bon1 #aab ,c>bonic acid1 #aab ,c>m9e1 #ach ,c>pets1 #cb ,c>?age1 #afd ,ca%m]e %awls1 #df ,cassia1 #dj ,ca/or or beav]1 #gj ,ca/or oil1 #ff ,cat1 civet1 #ada dome/ic1 s+ul> prop]ty ( its fur1 #ai gut1 #agi ,cavi>e1 #ace ,cay5ne pepp]1 #ec ,*aldea1 #ahg ,*alk1 #aae ,*>coal1 #ha ,*emi/ry1 #aic-bjj ,*]ry-tree1 #ce ,*9ese or ,india ink1 #gf ,*9a orange1 #fb ,*ocolate1 #bg ,*ronomet]1 #bjf ,*rysalis1 #db ,cid]1 #acf ,c9namon1 #ci ,citrons1 #fb ,clay or argil1 #aed ,clocks1 #ih ,clo?1 #bi ,cloves1 #ch1 #ci ,coal1 #ha ,co*9eal1 #cg1 #ch1 #ach ,cocoa-nut tree1 #cd ,c(fee1 #bf ,cohesion1 #bja ,co91 #afe ,combu/ion1 #aac ,compass1 ,m>9]s'1 #ie ,comm]ce1 #agj ,con/ellations1 #ahh ,consul1 ,roman1 #adg ,cop]nicus1 #ahi ,copp]1 #hc ,copp]as1 #ge ,coral1 #aji-aab ,cork1 #cg ,corn1 #bc ,cotton1 #bh g9s1 #bi ,c[-tree1 #hh ,crape1 #dj ,cretans1 #bc ,crimson1 #ach ,crusades1 #agb1 #agc ,cry/allization1 #ad ,currants1 #df ,cyrus1 #adf ,damask1 #cd ,dates1 #fh1 #fi ,decomposition1 #aif ,deluge1 #aia ,dew1 #ac1 #ad ,diamond1 #abg ,diap]1 #cc ,di/illation1 process (1 #acg ,drake1 ,sir ,francis1 #ib ,dye+1 ?+s us$ 91 #ach ,dynamite1 #ajj ,dynamo-electric ma*9e1 #bad ,eads1 ,jas4 ,b1 #bah ,e>?s1 #aea argillace\s1 #aeb calc>e\s1 #aej silici\s1 #aeb ,e>!nw>e1 #ee ,e>?quakes1 #aee ,e>-trumpet1 #bjd ,ebony1 #acb ,edison1 ,?os4 ,a41 #bje ,egyptian ,pyramids1 #aeh ,egyptians1 #bc ,electrical ma*9e1 #ai prop]ties 9 bodies1 #ai ,electricity1 #ah1 #baj ,electric ,batt]y1 #baa ,curr5t1 #baj ,electro-,magnet1 #ajd ,magnetic ,teleg'ph41 #ajd1 #bac ,electron1 #ah ,electrotyp+1 #bab ,elephant1 #acc ,em]ald1 #abi ,engrav+1 #acj ,erm9e1 #gc ,etruscans1 #ahb ,ev]gre51 #fe ,f]m5tation1 acet\s1 #ach v9\s1 #ach ,f]ro1 #hh ,field1 ,cyrus ,w41 #bad ,figs1 #dh ,f9e arts1 #aia ,fit*1 ,john1 #ajc ,flannel1 #cd ,flax1 #cc ,fl9t1 #aec ,float+1 #bjb ,flor5ce1 #fd ,fossil or rock salt1 #gh ,franks1 #agj ,frank9c5se1 #adb ,frankl91 ,b5j41 #bae ,fulton1 ,rob]t1 #ajc ,fur1 #gc ,galileo1 #aja1 #ahi ,galls1 #ge ,gamboge1 #aci ,gas1 #aad hydrog51 #aad nitrog5 or azote1 #aac oxyg51 #aac ,gelat9e1 #ace ,gems1 #abg ,g5oa1 #fc1 #agb ,geologi/1 #aea ,geology1 #aea ,geometry1 #ajb ,g91 #acg ,g+]1 #ej ,glass1 #ec h\se1 #ed w9d[s1 #ed look+1 #ee ,gloves1 #gc ,goat1 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,vulcanite1 #ajh ,wat*es1 #ih ,wat]1 #ad melon1 #fg decomposition ( by vegetables1 #ae tree1 #hh ,wax1 #ajf ,weav+1 #cj-cb ,:ale1 #ff ,:itney1 ,eli1 #bah ,wieliczca1 #hj ,w9d1 #ag ,w9d[s1 #ed ,w9e1 #acf ,woad1 #aci ,wood1 ,je?ro1 #bah ,wood engrav+1 #acj ,wool1 #bi-ca ,writ+1 art (1 #aia ,yams1 #he ,z9c1 #hd ,zoophytes1 #ajh ,,! ,,end4