,,gorgias by ,plato ,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,gorgias ,,introduction ,9 sev]al ( ! dialogues ( ,plato1 d\bts h aris5 among 8 int]pret]s z to :i* ( ! v>i\s subjects discuss$ 9 !m is ! ma9 !sis4 ,! speak]s h ! fre$om ( conv]sation2 no sev]e rules ( art re/rict !m1 & sometimes we are incl9$ to ?9k1 ) "o ( ! dramatis p]sonae 9 ! ,!aetetus1 t ! digressions h ! great] int]e/4 ,yet 9 ! mo/ irregul> ( ! dialogues !re is also a c]ta9 natural gr[? or unity2 ! beg9n+ is n =gott5 at ! end1 & num]\s allusions & ref]5ces are int]sp]s$1 :i* =m ! loose connect+ l9ks ( ! :ole4 ,we mu/ n neglect ?is unity1 b nei!r mu/ we attempt to conf9e ! ,platonic dialogue on ! ,procru/ean b$ ( a s+le idea4 7,comp>e ,introduction to ! ,pha$rus47 ,two t5d5cies seem to h beset ! int]pret]s ( ,plato 9 ?is matt]4 ,fir/1 !y h endeav\r$ to hang ! dialogues ^u "o ano!r by ! slighte/ ?reads2 & h ?us be5 l$ to opposite & contradictory ass]tions respect+ _! ord] & sequ5ce4 ,! mantle ( ,s*lei]ma*] has desc5d$ ^u 8 successors1 :o h appli$ 8 me?od ) ! mo/ v>i\s results4 ,! value & use ( ! me?od has be5 h>dly1 if at all1 exam9$ ei!r by him or !m4 ,secondly1 !y h ext5d$ almo/ indef9itely ! scope ( ea* sep>ate dialogue2 9 ?is way !y ?9k t !y h escap$ all difficulties1 n see+ t :at !y h ga9$ 9 g5]ality !y h lo/ 9 tru? & di/9ctness4 ,metaphysical conceptions easily pass into "o ano!r2 & ! simpl] notions ( antiquity1 :i* we c only realize by an ef=t1 imp]ceptibly bl5d ) ! m famili> !ories ( mod]n philosoph]s4 ,an eye = proportion is ne$$ 78 own art ( measur+7 9 ! /udy ( ,plato1 z well z ( o!r great arti/s4 ,we may h>dly admit t ! moral anti!sis ( good & pleasure1 or ! intellectual anti!sis ( k & op9ion1 be+ & appe>ance1 are nev] f> (f 9 a ,platonic discussion4 ,b because !y are 9 ! backgr\nd1 we %\ld n br+ !m into ! =egr\nd1 or expect to disc]n !m equally 9 all ! dialogues4 ,!re may be "s advantage 9 draw+ out a little ! ma9 outl9es ( ! build+2 b ! use ( ?is is limit$1 & may be easily exagg]at$4 ,we may give ,plato too mu* sy/em1 & alt] ! natural =m & connection ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,"u ! idea t 8 dialogues are f9i%$ works ( art1 we may f9d a reason = ev]y?+1 & lose ! highe/ *>act]i/ic ( art1 :i* is simplicity4 ,mo/ great works receive a new light f a new & orig9al m9d4 ,b :e!r ^! new lights are true or only sugge/ive1 w dep5d on _! agreem5t ) ! _s ( ,plato1 & ! am\nt ( direct evid5ce :i* c be urg$ 9 support ( !m4 ,:5 a !ory is runn+ away ) u1 criticism does a fri5dly (fice 9 c\nsell+ mod]ation1 & recall+ u to ! indications ( ! text4 ,l ! ,pha$rus1 ! ,gorgias has puzzl$ /ud5ts ( ,plato by ! appe>ance ( two or m subjects4 ,"u ! cov] ( rhetoric high] !mes are introduc$2 ! argum5t exp&s into a g5]al view ( ! good & evil ( man4 ,aft] mak+ an ineffectual attempt to obta9 a s\nd def9ition ( 8 art f ,gorgias1 ,socrates assumes ! exi/5ce ( a univ]sal art ( flatt]y or simulation hav+ sev]al bran*es3--?is is ! g5us ( :i* rhetoric is only "o1 & n ! highe/ species4 ,to flatt]y is oppos$ ! true & noble art ( life :i* he :o possesses seeks always to imp>t to o!rs1 & :i* at la/ triumphs1 if n "h1 at any rate 9 ano!r _w4 ,^! two aspects ( life & k appe> to be ! two lead+ ideas ( ! dialogue4 ,! true & ! false 9 individuals & /ates1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! s\l z well z ( ! body1 are conceiv$ "u ! =ms ( true & false art4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is opposition !re arise v>i\s o!r que/ions1 su* z ! two fam\s p>adoxes ( ,socrates 7p>adoxes z !y are to ! _w 9 g5]al1 ideals z !y may be m wor?ily call$73 7#a7 t to d is worse ?an to suff] evil2 & 7#b7 t :5 a man has done evil he _h bett] be puni%$ ?an unpuni%$2 to :i* may be add$ 7#c7 a ?ird ,socratic p>adox or ideal1 t bad m5 d :at !y ?9k be/1 b n :at !y desire1 = ! desire ( all is t[>ds ! good4 ,t pleasure is to be di/+ui%$ f good is prov$ by ! simultane\sness ( pleasure & pa91 & by ! possibility ( ! bad hav+ 9 c]ta9 cases pleasures z great z ^? ( ! good1 or ev5 great]4 ,n m]ely rhetoricians1 b poets1 musicians1 & o!r arti/s1 ! :ole tribe ( /atesm51 pa/ z well z pres5t1 are includ$ 9 ! class ( flatt]]s4 ,! true & false f9ally appe> be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ! gods bel[4 ,! dialogue naturally falls into ?ree divisions1 to :i* ! ?ree *>act]s ( ,gorgias1 ,polus1 & ,callicles respectively correspond2 & ! =m & mann] *ange ) ! /ages ( ! argum5t4 ,socrates is def]5tial t[>ds ,gorgias1 playful & yet cutt+ 9 deal+ ) ! y\?ful ,polus1 ironical & s>ca/ic 9 8 enc\nt] ) ,callicles4 ,9 ! fir/ division ! "q is ask$--,:at is rhetoric8 ,to ?is !re is no answ] giv51 = ,gorgias is soon made to contradict himself by ,socrates1 & ! argum5t is transf]r$ to ! h&s ( 8 disciple ,polus1 :o ru%es to ! def5ce ( 8 ma/]4 ,! answ] has at la/ to be giv5 by ,socrates himself1 b be=e he c ev5 expla9 8 mean+ to ,polus1 he mu/ enlight5 him ^u ! great subject ( %ams or flatt]ies4 ,:5 ,polus f9ds 8 fav\rite art r$uc$ to ! level ( cook]y1 he replies t at any rate rhetoricians1 l despots1 h great p[]4 ,socrates d5ies t !y h any real p[]1 & h5ce arise ! ?ree p>adoxes already m5tion$4 ,al?\gh !y are /range to him1 ,polus is at la/ conv9c$ ( _! tru?2 at lea/1 !y seem to him to foll[ legitimately f ! premises4 ,?us ! second act ( ! dialogue closes4 ,!n ,callicles appe>s on ! sc5e1 at fir/ ma9ta9+ t pleasure is good1 & t might is "r1 & t law is no?+ b ! comb9ation ( ! _m weak aga9/ ! few /rong4 ,:5 he is confut$ he )draws f ! argum5t1 & leaves ,socrates to arrive at ! conclusion by himself4 ,! conclusion is t !re are two k9ds ( /atesman%ip1 a high] & a l[]--t :i* makes ! p bett]1 & t :i* only flatt]s !m1 & he exhorts ,callicles to *oose ! high]4 ,! dialogue t]m9ates ) a my?us ( a f9al judgm5t1 9 :i* !re w be no m flatt]y or disguise1 & no fur!r use = ! tea*+ ( rhetoric4 ,! *>act]s ( ! ?ree int]locutors also correspond to ! p>ts :i* are assign$ to !m4 ,gorgias is ! great rhetorician1 n[ advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :o goes f city to city display+ 8 tal5ts1 & is celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,greece4 ,l all ! ,sophi/s 9 ! dialogues ( ,plato1 he is va9 & boa/ful1 yet he has also a c]ta9 dignity1 & is treat$ by ,socrates ) consid]able respect4 ,b he is no mat* = him 9 dialectics4 ,al?\gh he has be5 tea*+ rhetoric all 8 life1 he is /ill incapable ( def9+ 8 own art4 ,:5 8 ideas beg9 to cle> up1 he is unwill+ to admit t rhetoric c be :olly sep>at$ f ju/ice & inju/ice1 & ?is l+]+ s5tim5t ( morality1 or reg>d = public op9ion1 enables ,socrates to detect him 9 a contradiction4 ,l ,protagoras1 he is describ$ z ( a g5]\s nature2 he expresses 8 approbation ( ,socrates' mann] ( approa*+ a "q2 he is q 8"o ( ,socrates' sort1 ready to be refut$ z well z to refute10 & v eag] t ,callicles & ,socrates %\ld h ! game out4 ,he kn[s by exp]i5ce t rhetoric ex]cises great influ5ce ov] o!r m51 b he is unable to expla9 ! puzzle h[ rhetoric c tea* ev]y?+ & "k no?+4 ,polus is an impetu\s y\?1 a runaway 8colt10 z ,socrates describes him1 :o want$ orig9ally to h tak5 ! place ( ,gorgias "u ! pretext t ! old man 0 tir$1 & n[ avails himself ( ! e>lie/ opportunity to ent] ! li/s4 ,he is said to be ! au?or ( a "w on rhetoric1 & is aga9 m5tion$ 9 ! ,pha$rus1 z ! inv5tor ( balanc$ or d\ble =ms ( spee* 7comp>e ,gorg42 ,symp474 ,at fir/ he is viol5t & ill-mann]$1 & is angry at see+ 8 ma/] ov]?r[n4 ,b 9 ! judici\s h&s ( ,socrates he is soon re/or$ to good-hum\r1 & compell$ to ass5t to ! requir$ conclusion4 ,l ,gorgias1 he is ov]?r[n because he compromises2 he is unwill+ to say t to d is fair] or m hon\rable ?an to suff] inju/ice4 ,?\gh he is fasc9at$ by ! p[] ( rhetoric1 & dazzl$ by ! spl5d\r ( success1 he is n ins5sible to high] argum5ts4 ,plato may h felt t !re w\ld be an incongruity 9 a y\? ma9ta9+ ! cause ( inju/ice aga9/ ! _w4 ,he has nev] he>d ! o!r side ( ! "q1 & he li/5s to ! p>adoxes1 z !y appe> to him1 ( ,socrates ) evid5t a/oni%m5t4 ,he c h>dly und]/& ! mean+ ( ,ar*elaus be+ mis]able1 or ( rhetoric be+ only useful 9 self-accusation4 ,:5 ! argum5t ) him has fairly run out4 ,callicles1 9 ^: h\se !y are assembl$1 is introduc$ on ! /age3 he is ) difficulty conv9c$ t ,socrates is 9 e>ne/2 = if ^! ?+s are true1 !n1 z he says ) real emotion1 ! f\ndations ( society are upside d[n4 ,9 him ano!r type ( "* is repres5t$2 he is nei!r sophi/ nor philosoph]1 b man ( ! _w1 & an accompli%$ ,a!nian g5tleman4 ,he might be describ$ 9 mod]n language z a cynic or mat]iali/1 a lov] ( p[] & also ( pleasure1 & unscrupul\s 9 8 means ( atta9+ bo?4 ,!re is no desire on 8 "p to (f] any compromise 9 ! int]e/s ( morality2 nor is any concession made by him4 ,l ,?rasyma*us 9 ! ,republic1 ?\gh he is n ( ! same weak & vulg> class1 he consi/5tly ma9ta9s t might is "r4 ,8 great motive ( action is political ambition2 9 ?is he is *>act]i/ically ,greek4 ,l ,anytus 9 ! ,m5o1 he is ! enemy ( ! ,sophi/s2 b fav\rs ! new art ( rhetoric1 :i* he reg>ds z an excell5t weapon ( attack & def5ce4 ,he is a despis] ( mank9d z he is ( philosophy1 & sees 9 ! laws ( ! /ate only a violation ( ! ord] ( nature1 :i* int5d$ t ! /rong] %\ld gov]n ! weak] 7comp>e ,republic74 ,l o!r m5 ( ! _w :o are ( a speculative turn ( m9d1 he g5]alizes ! bad side ( human nature1 & has easily br\ght d[n 8 pr9ciples to 8 practice4 ,philosophy & poetry alike supply him ) di/9ctions suit$ to 8 view ( human life4 ,he has a good w to ,socrates1 ^: tal5ts he evid5tly admires1 :ile he c5sures ! pu]ile use :i* he makes ( !m4 ,he expresses a ke5 intellectual int]e/ 9 ! argum5t4 ,l ,anytus1 aga91 he has a sympa?y ) o!r m5 ( ! _w2 ! ,a!nian /atesm5 ( a =m] g5]ation1 :o %[$ no weakness & made no mi/akes1 su* z ,miltiades1 ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 are 8 fav\rites4 ,8 ideal ( human "* is a man ( great passions & great p[]s1 :i* he has develop$ to ! utmo/1 & :i* he uses 9 8 own enjoym5t & 9 ! gov]nm5t ( o!rs4 ,_h ,critias be5 ! "n in/ead ( ,callicles1 ab\t :om we "k no?+ f o!r s\rces1 ! op9ions ( ! man w\ld h seem$ to reflect ! hi/ory ( 8 life4 ,& n[ ! combat deep5s4 ,9 ,callicles1 f> m ?an 9 any sophi/ or rhetorician1 is conc5trat$ ! _s ( evil aga9/ :i* ,socrates is cont5d+1 ! _s ( ! _w1 ! _s ( ! _m cont5d+ aga9/ ! "o wise man1 ( :i* ! ,sophi/s1 z he describes !m 9 ! ,republic1 are ! imitators r ?an ! au?ors1 be+ !mselves c>ri$ away by ! great tide ( public op9ion4 ,socrates approa*es 8 antagoni/ w>ily f a di/ance1 ) a sort ( irony :i* t\*es ) a light h& bo? 8 p]sonal vices 7probably 9 allusion to "s sc&al ( ! day7 & 8 s]vility to ! populace4 ,at ! same "t1 he is 9 mo/ pr(\nd e>ne/1 z ,*a]ephon rem>ks4 ,callicles soon loses 8 temp]1 b ! m he is irritat$1 ! m provok+ & matt] ( fact does ,socrates become4 ,a rep>tee ( 8 :i* appe>s to h be5 really made to ! 8omnisci5t0 ,hippias1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,x5ophon 7,mem471 is introduc$4 ,he is call$ by ,callicles a popul> declaim]1 & c]ta9ly %[s t he has ! p[]1 9 ! words ( ,gorgias1 ( be+ 8z long z he pleases10 or 8z %ort z he pleases0 7comp>e ,protag474 ,callicles exhibits great ability 9 def5d+ himself & attack+ ,socrates1 :om he accuses ( trifl+ & ^w-splitt+2 he is sc&aliz$ t ! legitimate consequ5ces ( 8 own argum5t %\ld be /at$ 9 pla9 t]ms2 aft] ! mann] ( m5 ( ! _w1 he wi%es to pres]ve ! dec5cies ( life4 ,b he _c consi/5tly ma9ta9 ! bad s5se ( words2 & gett+ confus$ betwe5 ! ab/ract notions ( bett]1 sup]ior1 /rong]1 he is easily turn$ r\nd by ,socrates1 & only induc$ to cont9ue ! argum5t by ! au?ority ( ,gorgias4 ,once1 :5 ,socrates is describ+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ambiti\s citiz5 has to id5tify himself ) ! p1 he p>tially recognizes ! tru? ( 8 words4 ,! ,socrates ( ! ,gorgias may be comp>$ ) ! ,socrates ( ! ,protagoras & ,m5o4 ,z 9 o!r dialogues1 he is ! enemy ( ! ,sophi/s & rhetoricians2 & also ( ! /atesm51 :om he reg>ds z ano!r v>iety ( ! same species4 ,8 behavi\r is gov]n$ by t ( 8 oppon5ts2 ! lea/ =w>dness or egotism on _! "p is met by a correspond+ irony on ! "p ( ,socrates4 ,he mu/ speak1 = philosophy w n all[ him to be sil5t4 ,he is inde$ m ironical & provok+ ?an 9 any o!r ( ,plato's writ+s3 = he is 8fool$ to ! top ( 8 b5t0 by ! worldl9ess ( ,callicles4 ,b he is also m deeply 9 e>ne/4 ,he rises high] ?an ev5 9 ! ,pha$o & ,crito3 at fir/ envelop+ 8 moral convictions 9 a cl\d ( du/ & dialectics1 he ends by los+ 8 me?od1 8 life1 himself1 9 !m4 ,z 9 ! ,protagoras & ,pha$rus1 ?r[+ aside ! veil ( irony1 he makes a spee*1 b1 true to 8 "*1 n until 8 adv]s>y has refus$ to answ] any m que/ions4 ,! pres5tim5t ( 8 own fate is hang+ ov] him4 ,he is aw>e t ,socrates1 ! s+le real tea*] ( politics1 z he v5tures to call himself1 _c safely g to w> ) ! :ole _w1 & t 9 ! c\rts ( e>? he w be condemn$4 ,b he w be ju/ifi$ 9 ! _w bel[4 ,!n ! position ( ,socrates & ,callicles w be rev]s$2 all ^? ?+s 8unfit = e>s polite0 :i* ,callicles has prophesi$ z likely to happ5 to him 9 ?is life1 ! insult+ language1 ! box on ! e>s1 w recoil ^u 8 assailant4 7,comp>e ,republic1 & ! simil> rev]sal ( ! position ( ! lawy] & ! philosoph] 9 ! ,!aetetus74 ,!re is an int]e/+ allusion to 8 own behavi\r at ! trial ( ! g5]als aft] ! battle ( ,arg9usae1 :i* he ironically attributes to 8 ignorance ( ! mann] 9 :i* a vote ( ! assembly %\ld be tak54 ,?is is said to h happ5$ 8la/ ye>0 7,b4,c4 #djf71 & !re=e ! assum$ date ( ! dialogue has be5 fix$ at #dje ,b4,c41 :5 ,socrates w\ld already h be5 an old man4 ,! date is cle>ly m>k$1 b is sc>cely reconcilable ) ano!r indication ( "t1 viz4 ! 8rec5t0 usurpation ( ,ar*elaus1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! ye> #dac2 & /ill less ) ! 8rec5t0 dea? ( ,p]icles1 :o really di$ tw5ty-f\r ye>s previ\sly 7#dbi ,b4,c47 & is aft]w>ds reckon$ among ! /atesm5 ( a pa/ age2 or ) ! m5tion ( ,nicias1 :o di$ 9 #dac1 & is nev]!less spok5 ( z a liv+ witness4 ,b we %all h]eaft] h reason to obs]ve1 t al?\gh !re is a g5]al consi/5cy ( times & p]sons 9 ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 a precise dramatic date is an inv5tion ( 8 comm5tators 7,preface to ,republic74 ,! conclusion ( ! ,dialogue is rem>kable1 7#a7 = ! truly *>act]i/ic decl>ation ( ,socrates t he is ignorant ( ! true nature & be>+ ( ^! ?+s1 :ile he affirms at ! same "t t no "o c ma9ta9 any o!r view )\t be+ ridicul\s4 ,! pr(ession ( ignorance rem9ds u ( ! e>li] & m exclusively ,socratic ,dialogues4 ,b nei!r 9 !m1 nor 9 ! ,apology1 nor 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 does ,socrates express any d\bt ( ! fundam5tal tru?s ( morality4 ,he evid5tly reg>ds ?is 8among ! multitude ( que/ions0 :i* agitate human life 8z ! pr9ciple :i* alone rema9s un%ak540 ,he does n insi/ "h1 any m ?an 9 ! ,pha$o1 on ! lit]al tru? ( ! my?1 b only on ! s\ndness ( ! doctr9e :i* is conta9$ 9 x1 t do+ wrong is worse ?an suff]+1 & t a man %\ld be r ?an seem2 = ! next be/ ?+ to a man's be+ j is t he %\ld be correct$ & become j2 also t he %\ld avoid all flatt]y1 :e!r ( himself or ( o!rs2 & t rhetoric %\ld be employ$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! "r only4 ,! revelation ( ano!r life is a recapitulation ( ! argum5t 9 a figure4 7#b7 ,socrates makes ! s+ul> rem>k1 t he is himself ! only true politician ( 8 age4 ,9 o!r passages1 especially 9 ! ,apology1 he disclaims be+ a politician at all4 ,!re he is conv9c$ t he or any o!r good man :o attempt$ to resi/ ! popul> w w\ld be put to dea? be=e he _h done any good to himself or o!rs4 ,"h he anticipates su* a fate = himself1 f ! fact t he is 8! only man ( ! pres5t day :o p]=ms 8 public duties at all40 ,! two po9ts ( view are n really inconsi/5t1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is wor? notic+3 ,socrates is & is n a public man4 ,n 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 l ,alcibiades or ,p]icles1 b 9 a high] "o2 & ?is w soon] or lat] entail ! same consequ5ces on him4 ,he _c be a private man if he w\ld2 nei!r c he sep>ate morals f politics4 ,nor is he unwill+ to be a politician1 al?\gh he =esees ! dang]s :i* await him2 b he mu/ fir/ become a bett] & wis] man1 = he z well z ,callicles is 9 a /ate ( p]plexity & unc]ta9ty4 ,& yet !re is an inconsi/5cy3 = %\ld n ,socrates too h taught ! citiz5s bett] ?an to put him to dea?8 ,& n[1 z he himself says1 we w 8resume ! argum5t f ! beg9n+40 ,socrates1 :o is att5d$ by 8 insep>able disciple1 ,*a]ephon1 meets ,callicles 9 ! /reets ( ,a!ns4 ,he is in=m$ t he has j miss$ an exhibition ( ,gorgias1 :i* he regrets1 because he 0 desir\s1 n ( he>+ ,gorgias display 8 rhetoric1 b ( int]rogat+ him conc]n+ ! nature ( 8 art4 ,callicles proposes t !y %all g ) him to 8 own h\se1 :]e ,gorgias is /ay+4 ,!re !y f9d ! great rhetorician & 8 y\ng] fri5d & disciple ,polus4 ,,socrates3 ,put ! "q to him1 ,*a]ephon4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,:at "q8 ,,socrates3 ,:o is he8--su* a "q z w\ld elicit f a man ! answ]1 8,i am a cobbl]40 ,polus sugge/s t ,gorgias may be tir$1 & desires to answ] = him4 8,:o is ,gorgias80 asks ,*a]ephon1 imitat+ ! mann] ( 8 ma/] ,socrates4 8,"o ( ! be/ ( m51 & a pr(ici5t 9 ! be/ & noble/ ( exp]im5tal arts10 etc41 replies ,polus1 9 rhetorical & balanc$ phrases4 ,socrates is dissatisfi$ at ! l5g? & unmean+ness ( ! answ]2 he tells ! disconc]t$ volunte] t he has mi/ak5 ! quality = ! nature ( ! art1 & rem>ks to ,gorgias1 t ,polus has le>nt h[ to make a spee*1 b n h[ to answ] a "q4 ,he wi%es t ,gorgias w\ld answ] him4 ,gorgias is will+ en\gh1 & replies to ! "q ask$ by ,*a]ephon1--t he is a rhetorician1 & 9 ,hom]ic language1 8boa/s himself to be a good "o40 ,at ! reque/ ( ,socrates he promises to be brief2 = 8he c be z long z he pleases1 & z %ort z he pleases40 ,socrates w\ld h him be/[ 8 l5g? on o!rs1 & proce$s to ask him a numb] ( que/ions1 :i* are answ]$ by him to 8 own great satisfaction1 & ) a brevity :i* excites ! admiration ( ,socrates4 ,! result ( ! discussion may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,rhetoric treats ( disc\rse2 b music & m$ic9e1 & o!r p>ticul> arts1 are also conc]n$ ) disc\rse2 9 :at way !n does rhetoric diff] f !m8 ,gorgias draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! arts :i* deal ) words1 & ! arts :i* h to d ) ext]nal actions4 ,socrates ext5ds ?is di/9ction fur!r1 & divides all productive arts into two classes3 7#a7 arts :i* may be c>ri$ on 9 sil5ce2 & 7#b7 arts :i* h to d ) words1 or 9 :i* words are coext5sive ) action1 su* z ari?metic1 geometry1 rhetoric4 ,b /ill ,gorgias c\ld h>dly h meant to say t ari?metic 0 ! same z rhetoric4 ,ev5 9 ! arts :i* are conc]n$ ) words !re are diff]5ces4 ,:at !n di/+ui%es rhetoric f ! o!r arts :i* h to d ) words8 8,! words :i* rhetoric uses relate to ! be/ & greate/ ( human ?+s40 ,b tell me1 ,gorgias1 :at are ! be/8 8,heal? fir/1 beauty next1 weal? ?ird10 9 ! words ( ! old song1 or h[ w\ld y rank !m8 ,! arts w come to y 9 a body1 ea* claim+ prec$5ce & say+ t h] own good is sup]ior to t ( ! re/--,h[ w y *oose betwe5 !m8 8,i %\ld say1 ,socrates1 t ! art ( p]suasion1 :i* gives fre$om to all m51 & to individuals p[] 9 ! /ate1 is ! greate/ good40 ,b :at is ! exact nature ( ?is p]suasion8--is ! p]sev]+ retort3 ,y c\ld n describe ,zeuxis z a pa9t]1 or ev5 z a pa9t] ( figures1 if !re 7 o!r pa9t]s ( figures2 nei!r c y def9e rhetoric simply z an art ( p]suasion1 because !re are o!r arts :i* p]suade1 su* z ari?metic1 :i* is an art ( p]suasion ab\t odd & ev5 numb]s4 ,gorgias is made to see ! necessity ( a fur!r limitation1 & he n[ def9es rhetoric z ! art ( p]suad+ 9 ! law c\rts1 & 9 ! assembly1 ab\t ! j & unju/4 ,b /ill !re are two sorts ( p]suasion3 "o :i* gives k1 & ano!r :i* gives belief )\t k2 & k is always true1 b belief may be ei!r true or false1--!re is !re=e a fur!r "q3 :i* ( ! two sorts ( p]suasion does rhetoric effect 9 c\rts ( law & assemblies8 ,pla9ly t :i* gives belief & n t :i* gives k2 = no "o c imp>t a real k ( su* matt]s to a cr[d ( p]sons 9 a few m9utes4 ,& !re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$3--:5 ! assembly meets to advise ab\t walls or docks or milit>y exp$itions1 ! rhetorician is n tak5 into c\nsel1 b ! ar*itect1 or ! g5]al4 ,h[ w\ld ,gorgias expla9 ?is ph5om5on8 ,all :o int5d to become disciples1 ( :om !re are sev]al 9 ! company1 & n ,socrates only1 are eag]ly ask+3--,ab\t :at !n w rhetoric tea* u to p]suade or advise ! /ate8 ,gorgias illu/rates ! nature ( rhetoric by adduc+ ! example ( ,!mi/ocles1 :o p]suad$ ! ,a!nians to build _! docks & walls1 & ( ,p]icles1 :om ,socrates himself has he>d speak+ ab\t ! middle wall ( ! ,piraeus4 ,he adds t he has ex]cis$ a simil> p[] ov] ! pati5ts ( 8 bro!r ,h]odicus4 ,he c\ld be *os5 a physician by ! assembly if he pleas$1 = no physician c\ld compete ) a rhetorician 9 popul>ity & influ5ce4 ,he c\ld p]suade ! multitude ( any?+ by ! p[] ( 8 rhetoric2 n t ! rhetorician ought to abuse ?is p[] any m ?an a box] %\ld abuse ! art ( self-def5ce4 ,rhetoric is a good ?+1 b1 l all good ?+s1 may be unlawfully us$4 ,nei!r is ! tea*] ( ! art to be deem$ unju/ because 8 pupils are unju/ & make a bad use ( ! lessons :i* !y h le>n$ f him4 ,socrates w\ld l to "k be=e he replies1 :e!r ,gorgias w qu>rel ) him if he po9ts out a slight inconsi/5cy into :i* he has fall51 or :e!r he1 l himself1 is "o :o loves to be refut$4 ,gorgias decl>es t he is q "o ( 8 sort1 b fe>s t ! argum5t may be t$i\s to ! company4 ,! company *e]1 & ,*a]ephon & ,callicles exhort !m to proce$4 ,socrates g5tly po9ts out ! suppos$ inconsi/5cy into :i* ,gorgias appe>s to h fall51 & :i* he is incl9$ to ?9k may arise out ( a misappreh5sion ( 8 own4 ,! rhetorician has be5 decl>$ by ,gorgias to be m p]suasive to ! ignorant ?an ! physician1 or any o!r exp]t4 ,& he is said to be ignorant1 & ?is ignorance ( 8 is reg>d$ by ,gorgias z a happy condition1 = he has escap$ ! tr\ble ( le>n+4 ,b is he z ignorant ( j & unju/ z he is ( m$ic9e or build+8 ,gorgias is compell$ to admit t if he did n "k !m previ\sly he mu/ le>n !m f 8 tea*] z a "p ( ! art ( rhetoric4 ,b he :o has le>n$ c>p5try is a c>p5t]1 & he :o has le>n$ music is a musician1 & he :o has le>n$ ju/ice is j4 ,! rhetorician !n mu/ be a j man1 & rhetoric is a j ?+4 ,b ,gorgias has already admitt$ ! opposite ( ?is1 viz4 t rhetoric may be abus$1 & t ! rhetorician may act unju/ly4 ,h[ is ! inconsi/5cy to be expla9$8 ,! fallacy ( ?is argum5t is tw(old2 = 9 ! fir/ place1 a man may "k ju/ice & n be j--"h is ! old confusion ( ! arts & ! virtues2--nor c any tea*] be expect$ to c\nt]act :olly ! b5t ( natural "*2 & secondly1 a man may h a degree ( ju/ice1 b n suffici5t to prev5t him f ev] do+ wrong4 ,polus is naturally exasp]at$ at ! sophism1 :i* he is unable to detect2 ( c\rse1 he says1 ! rhetorician1 l e "o else1 w admit t he kn[s ju/ice 7h[ c he d o!rwise :5 press$ by ! int]rogations ( ,socrates871 b he ?9ks t great want ( mann]s is %[n 9 br++ ! argum5t to su* a pass4 ,socrates ironically replies1 t :5 old m5 trip1 ! "y set !m on _! legs aga92 & he is q will+ to retract1 if he c be %[n to be 9 error1 b ^u "o condition1 :i* is t ,polus /udies brevity4 ,polus is 9 great indignation at n be+ all[$ to use z _m words z he pleases 9 ! free /ate ( ,a!ns4 ,socrates retorts1 t yet h>d] w be 8 own case1 if he is compell$ to /ay & li/5 to !m4 ,aft] "s alt]cation !y agree 7comp>e ,protag471 t ,polus %all ask & ,socrates answ]4 8,:at is ! art ( ,rhetoric80 says ,polus4 ,n an art at all1 replies ,socrates1 b a ?+ :i* 9 y\r book y affirm to h creat$ art4 ,polus asks1 8,:at ?+80 & ,socrates answ]s1 ,an exp]i5ce or r\t9e ( mak+ a sort ( delight or gratification4 8,b is n rhetoric a f9e ?+80 ,i h n yet told y :at rhetoric is4 ,w y ask me ano!r "q--,:at is cook]y8 8,:at is cook]y80 ,an exp]i5ce or r\t9e ( mak+ a sort ( delight or gratification4 ,!n !y are ! same1 or r fall "u ! same class1 & rhetoric has /ill to be di/+ui%$ f cook]y4 8,:at is rhetoric80 asks ,polus once m4 ,a "p ( a n v cr$itable :ole1 :i* may be t]m$ flatt]y1 is ! reply4 8,b :at "p80 ,a %ad[ ( a "p ( politics4 ,?is1 z might be expect$1 is :olly un9telligible1 bo? to ,gorgias & ,polus2 &1 9 ord] to expla9 8 mean+ to !m1 ,socrates draws a di/9ction betwe5 %ad[s or appe>ances & realities2 e4g4 !re is real heal? ( body or s\l1 & ! appe>ance ( !m2 real arts & sci5ces1 & ! simulations ( !m4 ,n[ ! s\l & body h two arts wait+ ^u !m1 fir/ ! art ( politics1 :i* att5ds on ! s\l1 hav+ a legislative "p & a judicial "p2 & ano!r art att5d+ on ! body1 :i* has no g5]ic "n1 b may also be describ$ z hav+ two divisions1 "o ( :i* is m$ic9e & ! o!r gymna/ic4 ,correspond+ ) ^! f\r arts or sci5ces !re are f\r %ams or simulations ( !m1 m]e exp]i5ces1 z !y may be t]m$1 because !y give no reason ( _! own exi/5ce4 ,! art ( dress+ up is ! %am or simulation ( gymna/ic1 ! art ( cook]y1 ( m$ic9e2 rhetoric is ! simulation ( ju/ice1 & sophi/ic ( legislation4 ,!y may be summ$ up 9 an ari?metical =mula3-- ,tir+3 gymna/ic33 cook]y3 m$ic9e33 sophi/ic3 legislation4 ,&1 ,cook]y3 m$ic9e33 rhetoric3 ! art ( ju/ice4 ,& ?is is ! true s*eme ( !m1 b :5 measur$ only by ! gratification :i* !y procure1 !y become jumbl$ toge!r & return to _! aborig9al *aos4 ,socrates apologizes = ! l5g? ( 8 spee*1 :i* 0 necess>y to ! explanation ( ! subject1 & begs ,polus n unnecess>ily to retaliate on him4 8,d y mean to say t ! rhetoricians are e/eem$ flatt]]s80 ,!y are n e/eem$ at all4 8,:y1 h !y n great p[]1 & c !y n d :atev] !y desire80 ,!y h no p[]1 & !y only d :at !y ?9k be/1 & nev] :at !y desire2 = !y nev] atta9 ! true object ( desire1 :i* is ! good4 8,z if y1 ,socrates1 w\ld n envy ! possessor ( despotic p[]1 :o c imprison1 exile1 kill any "o :om he pleases40 ,b ,socrates replies t he has no wi% to put any "o to dea?2 he :o kills ano!r1 ev5 ju/ly1 is n to be envi$1 & he :o kills him unju/ly is to be piti$2 x is bett] to suff] ?an to d inju/ice4 ,he does n consid] t go+ ab\t ) a dagg] & putt+ m5 out ( ! way1 or sett+ a h\se on fire1 is real p[]4 ,to ?is ,polus ass5ts1 on ! gr\nd t su* acts w\ld be puni%$1 b he is /ill ( op9ion t evil-do]s1 if !y are unpuni%$1 may be happy en\gh4 ,he in/ances ,ar*elaus1 son ( ,p]diccas1 ! usurp] ( ,mac$onia4 ,does n ,socrates ?9k him happy8--,socrates w\ld l to "k m ab\t him2 he _c pron\nce ev5 ! great k+ to be happy1 unless he kn[s 8 m5tal & moral condition4 ,polus expla9s t ,ar*elaus 0 a slave1 be+ ! son ( a woman :o 0 ! slave ( ,alcetas1 bro!r ( ,p]diccas k+ ( ,mac$on--& he1 by e species ( crime1 fir/ murd]+ 8 uncle & !n 8 c\s9 & half-bro!r1 obta9$ ! k+dom4 ,?is 0 v wick$1 & yet all ! _w1 includ+ ,socrates1 w\ld l to h 8 place4 ,socrates dismisses ! appeal to numb]s2 ,polus1 if he w1 may summon all ! ri* m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,nicias & 8 bro!rs1 ,ari/ocrates1 ! h\se ( ,p]icles1 or any o!r great family--?is is ! k9d ( evid5ce :i* is adduc$ 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 :]e tru? dep5ds ^u numb]s4 ,b ,socrates employs pro( ( ano!r sort2 8 appeal is to "o witness only1--t is to say1 ! p]son ) :om he is speak+2 him he w convict out ( 8 own m\?4 ,& he is prep>$ to %[1 aft] 8 mann]1 t ,ar*elaus _c be a wick$ man & yet happy4 ,! evil-do] is deem$ happy if he escapes1 & mis]able if he suff]s puni%m5t2 b ,socrates ?9ks him less mis]able if he suff]s ?an if he escapes4 ,polus is ( op9ion t su* a p>adox z ?is h>dly des]ves refutation1 & is at any rate suffici5tly refut$ by ! fact4 ,socrates has only to comp>e ! lot ( ! successful tyrant :o is ! envy ( ! _w1 & ( ! wret* :o1 hav+ be5 detect$ 9 a crim9al attempt aga9/ ! /ate1 is crucifi$ or burnt to dea?4 ,socrates replies1 t if !y are bo? crim9al !y are bo? mis]able1 b t ! unpuni%$ is ! m mis]able ( ! two4 ,at ?is ,polus laughs outright1 :i* leads ,socrates to rem>k t laught] is a new species ( refutation4 ,polus replies1 t he is already refut$2 = if he w take ! votes ( ! company1 he w f9d t no "o agrees ) him4 ,to ?is ,socrates rejo9s1 t he is n a public man1 & 7ref]r+ to 8 own conduct at ! trial ( ! g5]als aft] ! battle ( ,arg9usae7 is unable to take ! suffrages ( any company1 z he _h %[n on a rec5t occasion2 he c only deal ) "o witness at a "t1 & t is ! p]son ) :om he is argu+4 ,b he is c]ta9 t 9 ! op9ion ( any man to d is worse ?an to suff] evil4 ,polus1 ?\gh he w n admit ?is1 is ready to ackn[l$ge t to d evil is consid]$ ! m f\l or di%on\rable ( ! two4 ,b :at is fair & :at is f\l2 :e!r ! t]ms are appli$ to bodies1 col\rs1 figures1 laws1 habits1 /udies1 mu/ !y n be def9$ ) ref]5ce to pleasure & utility8 ,polus ass5ts to ?is latt] doctr9e1 & is easily p]suad$ t ! f\l] ( two ?+s mu/ exce$ ei!r 9 pa9 or 9 hurt4 ,b ! do+ _c exce$ ! suff]+ ( evil 9 pa91 & !re=e mu/ exce$ 9 hurt4 ,?us do+ is prov$ by ! te/imony ( ,polus himself to be worse or m hurtful ?an suff]+4 ,!re rema9s ! o!r "q3 ,is a guilty man bett] (f :5 he is puni%$ or :5 he is unpuni%$8 ,socrates replies1 t :at is done ju/ly is suff]$ ju/ly3 if ! act is j1 ! effect is j2 if to puni% is j1 to be puni%$ is j1 & !re=e fair1 & !re=e b5efic5t2 & ! b5efit is t ! s\l is improv$4 ,!re are ?ree evils f :i* a man may suff]1 & :i* affect him 9 e/ate1 body1 & s\l2--^! are1 pov]ty1 disease1 inju/ice2 & ! f\le/ ( ^! is inju/ice1 ! evil ( ! s\l1 because t br+s ! greate/ hurt4 ,& !re are ?ree arts :i* heal ^! evils--trad+1 m$ic9e1 ju/ice--& ! faire/ ( ^! is ju/ice4 ,happy is he :o has nev] committ$ inju/ice1 & happy 9 ! second degree he :o has be5 heal$ by puni%m5t4 ,& !re=e ! crim9al %\ld himself g to ! judge z he w\ld to ! physician1 & purge away 8 crime4 ,rhetoric w enable him to display 8 guilt 9 prop] col\rs1 & to su/a9 himself & o!rs 9 endur+ ! necess>y p5alty4 ,& simil>ly if a man has an enemy1 he w desire n to puni% him1 b t he %all g unpuni%$ & become worse & worse1 tak+ c>e only t he does no injury to himself4 ,^! are at lea/ conceivable uses ( ! art1 & no o!rs h be5 discov]$ by u4 ,"h ,callicles1 :o has be5 li/5+ 9 sil5t amazem5t1 asks ,*a]ephon :e!r ,socrates is 9 e>ne/1 & on receiv+ ! assurance t he is1 proce$s to ask ! same "q ( ,socrates himself4 ,= if su* doctr9es are true1 life mu/ h be5 turn$ upside d[n1 & all ( u are do+ ! opposite ( :at we ought to be do+4 ,socrates replies 9 a /yle ( playful irony1 t be=e m5 c und]/& "o ano!r !y mu/ h "s common feel+4 ,& su* a community ( feel+ exi/s betwe5 himself & ,callicles1 = bo? ( !m are lov]s1 & !y h bo? a pair ( loves2 ! belov$ ( ,callicles are ! ,a!nian ,demos & ,demos ! son ( ,pyrilampes2 ! belov$ ( ,socrates are ,alcibiades & philosophy4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,callicles is t he c nev] contradict 8 loves2 he *anges z 8 ,demos *anges 9 all 8 op9ions2 he wat*es ! c\nt5ance ( bo? 8 loves1 & repeats _! s5tim5ts1 & if any "o is surpris$ at 8 say+s & do+s1 ! explanation ( !m is1 t he is n a free ag5t1 b mu/ always be imitat+ 8 two loves4 ,& ?is is ! explanation ( ,socrates' peculi>ities also4 ,he is always repeat+ :at 8 mi/ress1 ,philosophy1 is say+ to him1 :o unlike 8 o!r love1 ,alcibiades1 is ev] ! same1 ev] true4 ,callicles mu/ refute h]1 or he w nev] be at unity ) himself2 & discord 9 life is f> worse ?an ! discord ( musical s\nds4 ,callicles answ]s1 t ,gorgias 0 ov]?r[n because1 z ,polus said1 9 compliance ) popul> prejudice he _h admitt$ t if 8 pupil did n "k ju/ice ! rhetorician mu/ tea* him2 & ,polus has be5 simil>ly entangl$1 because 8 mode/y l$ him to admit t to suff] is m hon\rable ?an to d inju/ice4 ,by cu/om 8yes10 b n by nature1 says ,callicles4 ,& ,socrates is always play+ betwe5 ! two po9ts ( view1 & putt+ "o 9 ! place ( ! o!r4 ,9 ?is v argum5t1 :at ,polus only meant 9 a conv5tional s5se has be5 affirm$ by him to be a law ( nature4 ,= conv5tion says t 8inju/ice is di%on\rable10 b nature says t 8might is "r40 ,& we are always tam+ d[n ! nobl] spirits among u to ! conv5tional level4 ,b sometimes a great man w rise up & reass]t 8 orig9al rights1 trampl+ "u foot all our =mul>ies1 & !n ! light ( natural ju/ice %9es =?4 ,p9d> says1 8,law1 ! k+ ( all1 does viol5ce ) high h&20 z is inde$ prov$ by ! example ( ,h]acles1 :o drove (f ! ox5 ( ,g]yon & nev] paid = !m4 ,?is is ! tru?1 ,socrates1 z y w be conv9c$1 if y leave philosophy & pass on to ! real bus9ess ( life4 ,a little philosophy is an excell5t ?+2 too mu* is ! ru9 ( a man4 ,he :o has n 8pass$ 8 metaphysics0 be=e he has gr[n up to manhood w nev] "k ! _w4 ,philosoph]s are ridicul\s :5 !y take to politics1 & ,i d>e say t politicians are equally ridicul\s :5 !y take to philosophy3 8,e man10 z ,euripides says1 8is fonde/ ( t 9 :i* he is be/40 ,philosophy is graceful 9 y\?1 l ! lisp ( infancy1 & %\ld be cultivat$ z a "p ( education2 b :5 a gr[n-up man lisps or /udies philosophy1 ,i %\ld l to beat him4 ,none ( ^? ov]-ref9$ natures ev] come to any good2 !y avoid ! busy haunts ( m51 & skulk 9 corn]s1 :isp]+ to a few admir+ y\?s1 & nev] giv+ utt]ance to any noble s5tim5ts4 ,= y1 ,socrates1 ,i h a reg>d1 & !re=e ,i say to y1 z ,ze?us says to ,amphion 9 ! play1 t y h 8a noble s\l disguis$ 9 a pu]ile ext]ior40 ,& ,i w\ld h y consid] ! dang] :i* y & o!r philosoph]s incur4 ,= y w\ld n "k h[ to def5d y\rself if any "o accus$ y 9 a law-c\rt1--!re y w\ld /&1 ) gap+ m\? & dizzy bra91 & might be murd]$1 robb$1 box$ on ! e>s ) impunity4 ,take my advice1 !n1 & get a little common s5se2 leave to o!rs ^! frivolities2 walk 9 ! ways ( ! weal?y & be wise4 ,socrates pr(esses to h f\nd 9 ,callicles ! philosoph]'s t\*/one2 & he is c]ta9 t any op9ion 9 :i* !y bo? agree mu/ be ! v tru?4 ,callicles has all ! ?ree qualities :i* are ne$$ 9 a critic--k1 good-w1 frankness2 ,gorgias & ,polus1 al?\gh le>n$ m51 7 too mode/1 & _! mode/y made !m contradict !mselves4 ,b ,callicles is well-educat$2 & he is n too mode/ to speak out 7( ?is he has already giv5 pro(71 & 8 good-w is %[n bo? by 8 own pr(ession & by 8 giv+ ! same caution aga9/ philosophy to ,socrates1 :i* ,socrates rememb]s he>+ him give long ago to 8 own clique ( fri5ds4 ,he w pl$ge himself to retract any error into :i* he may h fall51 & :i* ,callicles may po9t out4 ,b he w\ld l to "k fir/ ( all :at he & ,p9d> mean by natural ju/ice4 ,d !y suppose t ! rule ( ju/ice is ! rule ( ! /rong] or ( ! bett]80 8,!re is no diff]5ce40 ,!n are n ! _m sup]ior to ! "o1 & ! op9ions ( ! _m bett]8 ,& _! op9ion is t ju/ice is equality1 & t to d is m di%on\rable ?an to suff] wrong4 ,& z !y are ! sup]ior or /rong]1 ?is op9ion ( !irs mu/ be 9 accordance ) natural z well z conv5tional ju/ice4 8,:y w y cont9ue splitt+ words8 ,h ,i n told y t ! sup]ior is ! bett]80 ,b :at d y mean by ! bett]8 ,tell me t1 & please to be a little mild] 9 y\r language1 if y d n wi% to drive me away4 8,i mean ! wor?i]1 ! wis]40 ,y mean to say t "o man ( s5se ought to rule ov] t5 ?\s& fools8 8,yes1 t is my mean+40 ,ought ! physician !n to h a l>g] %>e ( meats & dr9ks8 or ! weav] to h m coats1 or ! cobbl] l>g] %oes1 or ! f>m] m se$8 8,y are always say+ ! same ?+s1 ,socrates40 ,yes1 & on ! same subjects too2 b y are nev] say+ ! same ?+s4 ,=1 fir/1 y def9$ ! sup]ior to be ! /rong]1 & !n ! wis]1 & n[ some?+ else2--:at ,,d y mean8 8,i mean m5 ( political ability1 :o ought to gov]n & to h m ?an ! gov]n$40 ,?an !mselves8 8,:at d y mean80 ,i mean to say t e man is 8 own gov]nor4 8,i see t y mean ^? dolts1 ! temp]ate4 ,b my doctr9e is1 t a man %\ld let 8 desires gr[1 & take ! means ( satisfy+ !m4 ,to ! _m ?is is impossible1 & !re=e !y comb9e to prev5t him4 ,b if he is a k+1 & has p[]1 h[ base w\ld he be 9 submitt+ to !m6 ,to invite ! common h]d to be "l ov] him1 :5 he might h ! enjoym5t ( all ?+s6 ,= ! tru? is1 ,socrates1 t luxury & self-indulg5ce are virtue & happ9ess2 all ! re/ is m]e talk40 ,socrates complim5ts ,callicles on 8 frankness 9 say+ :at o!r m5 only ?9k4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 ^? :o want no?+ are n happy4 8,:y10 says ,callicles1 8if !y 71 /ones & ! dead w\ld be happy40 ,socrates 9 reply is l$ into a half-s]i\s1 half-comic ve9 ( reflection4 8,:o kn[s10 z ,euripides says1 8:e!r life may n be dea?1 & dea? life80 ,nay1 !re are philosoph]s :o ma9ta9 t ev5 9 life we are dead1 & t ! body 7soma7 is ! tomb 7sema7 ( ! s\l4 ,& "s +5i\s ,sicilian has made an allegory1 9 :i* he repres5ts fools z ! un9itiat$1 :o are suppos$ to be c>ry+ wat] to a vessel1 :i* is full ( holes1 9 a simil>ly holey sieve1 & ?is sieve is _! own s\l4 ,! idea is fanciful1 b nev]!less is a figure ( a tru? :i* ,i want to make y ackn[l$ge1 viz4 t ! life ( cont5tm5t is bett] ?an ! life ( indulg5ce4 ,are y dispos$ to admit t8 8,f> o!rwise40 ,!n he> ano!r p>able4 ,! life ( self-cont5tm5t & self-indulg5ce may be repres5t$ respectively by two m51 :o are fill+ j>s ) /reams ( w9e1 honey1 milk1--! j>s ( ! "o are s\nd1 & ! j>s ( ! o!r leaky2 ! fir/ fills 8 j>s1 & has no m tr\ble ) !m2 ! second is always fill+ !m1 & w\ld suff] extreme mis]y if he desi/$4 ,are y ( ! same op9ion /ill8 8,yes1 ,socrates1 & ! figure expresses :at ,i mean4 ,= true pleasure is a p]petual /ream1 fl[+ 9 & fl[+ out4 ,to be hungry & always eat+1 to be ?ir/y & always dr9k+1 & to h all ! o!r desires & to satisfy !m1 t1 z ,i admit1 is my idea ( happ9ess40 ,& to be it*+ & always scrat*+8 8,i d n d5y t !re may be happ9ess ev5 9 t40 ,& to indulge unnatural desires1 if !y are abundantly satisfi$8 ,callicles is indignant at ! introduction ( su* topics4 ,b he is rem9d$ by ,socrates t !y are introduc$1 n by him1 b by ! ma9ta9] ( ! id5tity ( pleasure & good4 ,w ,callicles /ill ma9ta9 ?is8 8,yes1 = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 he w40 ,! answ] does n satisfy ,socrates1 :o fe>s t he is los+ 8 t\*/one4 ,a pr(ession ( s]i\sness on ! "p ( ,callicles reassures him1 & !y proce$ ) ! argum5t4 ,pleasure & good are ! same1 b k & c\rage are n ! same ei!r ) pleasure or good1 or ) "o ano!r4 ,socrates disproves ! fir/ ( ^! /atem5ts by %[+ t two opposites _c coexi/1 b mu/ alt]nate ) "o ano!r--to be well & ill toge!r is impossible4 ,b pleasure & pa9 are simultane\s1 & ! cessation ( !m is simultane\s2 e4g4 9 ! case ( dr9k+ & ?ir/+1 :]eas good & evil are n simultane\s1 & d n cease simultane\sly1 & !re=e pleasure _c be ! same z good4 ,callicles has already lo/ 8 temp]1 & c only be p]suad$ to g on by ! int]position ( ,gorgias4 ,socrates1 hav+ already gu>d$ aga9/ objections by di/+ui%+ c\rage & k f pleasure & good1 proce$s3--,! good are good by ! pres5ce ( good1 & ! bad are bad by ! pres5ce ( evil4 ,& ! brave & wise are good1 & ! c[>dly & fooli% are bad4 ,& he :o feels pleasure is good1 & he :o feels pa9 is bad1 & bo? feel pleasure & pa9 9 ne>ly ! same degree1 & sometimes ! bad man or c[>d 9 a great] degree4 ,!re=e ! bad man or c[>d is z good z ! brave or may be ev5 bett]4 ,callicles endeav\rs n[ to av]t ! inevitable absurdity by affirm+ t he & all mank9d admitt$ "s pleasures to be good & o!rs bad4 ,! good are ! b5eficial1 & ! bad are ! hurtful1 & we %\ld *oose ! "o & avoid ! o!r4 ,b ?is1 z ,socrates obs]ves1 is a return to ! old doctr9e ( himself & ,polus1 t all ?+s %\ld be done = ! sake ( ! good4 ,callicles ass5ts to ?is1 & ,socrates1 f9d+ t !y are agre$ 9 di/+ui%+ pleasure f good1 returns to 8 old division ( empirical habits1 or %ams1 or flatt]ies1 :i* /udy pleasure only1 & ! arts :i* are conc]n$ ) ! high] int]e/s ( s\l & body4 ,does ,callicles agree to ?is division8 ,callicles w agree to any?+1 9 ord] t he may get ?r\gh ! argum5t4 ,:i* ( ! arts !n are flatt]ies8 ,flute-play+1 h>p-play+1 *oral exhibitions1 ! di?yrambics ( ,c9esias are all equally condemn$ on ! gr\nd t !y give pleasure only2 & ,meles ! h>p-play]1 :o 0 ! fa!r ( ,c9esias1 fail$ ev5 9 t4 ,! /ately muse ( ,trag$y is b5t ^u pleasure1 & n ^u improvem5t4 ,poetry 9 g5]al is only a rhetorical address to a mix$ audi5ce ( m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,& ! orators are v f> f speak+ ) a view to :at is be/2 _! way is to hum\r ! assembly z if !y 7 *ildr54 ,callicles replies1 t ?is is only true ( "s ( !m2 o!rs h a real reg>d = _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,grant$2 !n !re are two species ( oratory2 ! "o a flatt]y1 ano!r :i* has a real reg>d = ! citiz5s4 ,b :]e are ! orators among :om y f9d ! latt]8 ,callicles admits t !re are none rema9+1 b !re 7 su* 9 ! days :5 ,!mi/ocles1 ,cimon1 ,miltiades1 & ! great ,p]icles 7 /ill alive4 ,socrates replies t none ( ^! 7 true arti/s1 sett+ be=e !mselves ! duty ( br++ ord] out ( disord]4 ,! good man & true orator has a settl$ design1 runn+ ?r\gh 8 life1 to :i* he con=ms all 8 words & actions2 he desires to implant ju/ice & eradicate inju/ice1 to implant all virtue & eradicate all vice 9 ! m9ds ( 8 citiz5s4 ,he is ! physician :o w n all[ ! sick man to indulge 8 appetites ) a v>iety ( meats & dr9ks1 b insi/s on 8 ex]cis+ self-re/ra9t4 ,& ?is is good = ! s\l1 & bett] ?an ! unre/ra9$ indulg5ce :i* ,callicles 0 rec5tly approv+4 ,"h ,callicles1 :o _h be5 ) difficulty br\ght to ?is po9t1 turns re/ive1 & sugge/s t ,socrates %all answ] 8 own que/ions4 8,!n10 says ,socrates1 8"o man mu/ d = two20 & ?\gh he _h hop$ to h giv5 ,callicles an 8,amphion0 9 return = 8 8,ze?us10 he is will+ to proce$2 at ! same "t1 he hopes t ,callicles w correct him1 if he falls into error4 ,he recapitulates ! advantages :i* he has already won3-- ,! pleasant is n ! same z ! good--,callicles & ,i are agre$ ab\t t1--b pleasure is to be pursu$ = ! sake ( ! good1 & ! good is t ( :i* ! pres5ce makes u good2 we & all ?+s good h acquir$ "s virtue or o!r4 ,& virtue1 :e!r ( body or s\l1 ( ?+s or p]sons1 is n atta9$ by accid5t1 b is due to ord] & h>moni\s arrangem5t4 ,& ! s\l :i* has ord] is bett] ?an ! s\l :i* is )\t ord]1 & is !re=e temp]ate & is !re=e good1 & ! intemp]ate is bad4 ,& he :o is temp]ate is also j & brave & pi\s1 & has atta9$ ! p]fection ( goodness & !re=e ( happ9ess1 & ! intemp]ate :om y approve is ! opposite ( all ?is & is wret*$4 ,he !re=e :o w\ld be happy mu/ pursue temp]ance & avoid intemp]ance1 & if possible escape ! necessity ( puni%m5t1 b if he h done wrong he mu/ endure puni%m5t4 ,9 ?is way /ates & individuals %\ld seek to atta9 h>mony1 :i*1 z ! wise tell u1 is ! bond ( heav5 & e>?1 ( gods & m54 ,callicles has nev] discov]$ ! p[] ( geometrical proportion 9 bo? worlds2 he w\ld h m5 aim at disproportion & excess4 ,b if he be wrong 9 ?is1 & if self-control is ! true secret ( happ9ess1 !n ! p>adox is true t ! only use ( rhetoric is 9 self-accusation1 & ,polus 0 "r 9 say+ t to d wrong is worse ?an to suff] wrong1 & ,gorgias 0 "r 9 say+ t ! rhetorician mu/ be a j man4 ,& y 7 wrong 9 taunt+ me ) my def5celess condition1 & 9 say+ t ,i might be accus$ or put to dea? or box$ on ! e>s ) impunity4 ,= ,i may repeat once m1 t to /rike is worse ?an to be /rick5--to d ?an to suff]4 ,:at ,i said !n is n[ made fa/ 9 adamant9e bonds4 ,i myself "k n ! true nature ( ^! ?+s1 b ,i "k t no "o c d5y my words & n be ridicul\s4 ,to d wrong is ! greate/ ( evils1 & to suff] wrong is ! next greate/ evil4 ,he :o w\ld avoid ! la/ mu/ be a rul]1 or ! fri5d ( a rul]2 & to be ! fri5d he mu/ be ! equal ( ! rul]1 & mu/ also resemble him4 ,"u 8 protection he w suff] no evil1 b w he also d no evil8 ,nay1 w he n r d all ! evil :i* he c & escape8 ,& 9 ?is way ! greate/ ( all evils w befall him4 8,b ?is imitator ( ! tyrant10 rejo9s ,callicles1 8w kill any "o :o does n simil>ly imitate him40 ,socrates replies t he is n deaf1 & t he has he>d t repeat$ _m times1 & c only reply1 t a bad man w kill a good "o4 8,yes1 & t is ! provok+ ?+40 ,n provok+ to a man ( s5se :o is n /udy+ ! arts :i* w pres]ve him f dang]2 & ?is1 z y say1 is ! use ( rhetoric 9 c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,b h[ _m o!r arts are !re :i* also save m5 f dea?1 & are yet q humble 9 _! pret5sions--su* z ! art ( swimm+1 or ! art ( ! pilot8 ,does n ! pilot d m5 at lea/ z mu* s]vice z ! rhetorician1 & yet = ! voyage f ,aeg9a to ,a!ns he does n *>ge m ?an two obols1 & :5 he disemb>ks is q unassum+ 9 8 demean\r8 ,! reason is t he is n c]ta9 :e!r he has done 8 pass5g]s any good 9 sav+ !m f dea?1 if "o ( !m is diseas$ 9 body1 & /ill m if he is diseas$ 9 m9d--:o c say8 ,! eng9e] too w (t5 save :ole cities1 & yet y despise him1 & w\ld n all[ y\r son to m>ry 8 daught]1 or 8 son to m>ry y\rs4 ,b :at reason is !re 9 ?is8 ,= if virtue only means ! sav+ ( life1 :e!r y\r own or ano!r's1 y h no "r to despise him or any practis] ( sav+ arts4 ,b is n virtue some?+ diff]5t f sav+ & be+ sav$8 ,i w\ld h y r consid] :e!r y ought n to disreg>d l5g? ( life1 & ?9k only h[ y c live be/1 leav+ all besides to ! w ( ,heav54 ,= y mu/ n expect to h influ5ce ei!r ) ! ,a!nian ,demos or ) ,demos ! son ( ,pyrilampes1 unless y become l !m4 ,:at d y say to ?is8 8,!re is "s tru? 9 :at y are say+1 b ,i d n entirely believe y40 ,t is because y are 9 love ) ,demos4 ,b let u h a little m conv]sation4 ,y rememb] ! two processes--"o :i* 0 direct$ to pleasure1 ! o!r :i* 0 direct$ to mak+ m5 z good z possible4 ,& ^? :o h ! c>e ( ! city %\ld make ! citiz5s z good z possible4 ,b :o w\ld und]take a public build+1 if he _h nev] _h a tea*] ( ! art ( build+1 & _h nev] con/ruct$ a build+ be=e8 or :o w\ld und]take ! duty ( /ate-physician1 if he _h nev] cur$ ei!r himself or any "o else8 ,%\ld we n exam9e him be=e we entru/$ him ) ! (fice8 ,& z ,callicles is ab\t to ent] public life1 %\ld we n exam9e him8 ,:om has he made bett]8 ,= we h already admitt$ t ?is is ! /atesman's prop] bus9ess4 ,& we mu/ ask ! same "q ab\t ,p]icles1 & ,cimon1 & ,miltiades1 & ,!mi/ocles4 ,:om did !y make bett]8 ,nay1 did n ,p]icles make ! citiz5s worse8 ,= he gave !m pay1 & at fir/ he 0 v popul> ) !m1 b at la/ !y condemn$ him to dea?4 ,yet surely he w\ld be a bad tam] ( animals :o1 hav+ receiv$ !m g5tle1 taught !m to kick & butt1 & man is an animal2 & ,p]icles :o _h ! *>ge ( man only made him wild]1 & m savage & unju/1 & !re=e he c\ld n h be5 a good /atesman4 ,! same tale might be repeat$ ab\t ,cimon1 ,!mi/ocles1 ,miltiades4 ,b ! *>iote] :o keeps 8 seat at fir/ is n ?r[n out :5 he ga9s great] exp]i5ce & skill4 ,! inf]5ce is1 t ! /atesman ( a pa/ age 7 no bett] ?an ^? ( our own4 ,!y may h be5 clev]] con/ructors ( docks & h>b\rs1 b !y did n improve ! "* ( ! citiz5s4 ,i h told y aga9 & aga9 7& ,i purposely use ! same images7 t ! s\l1 l ! body1 may be treat$ 9 two ways--!re is ! mean] & ! high] art4 ,y seem$ to und]/& :at ,i said at ! "t1 b :5 ,i ask y :o 7 ! really good /atesm51 y answ]--z if ,i ask$ y :o 7 ! good tra9]s1 & y answ]$1 ,!>ion1 ! bak]1 ,mi?oecus1 ! au?or ( ! ,sicilian cook]y-book1 ,s>ambus1 ! v9tn]4 ,& y w\ld be affront$ if ,i told y t ^! are a p>cel ( cooks :o make m5 fat only to make !m ?94 ,& ^? :om !y h fatt5$ applaud !m1 in/ead ( f9d+ fault ) !m1 & lay ! blame ( _! subsequ5t disord]s on _! physicians4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,callicles1 y are l !m2 y applaud ! /atesm5 ( old1 :o p&]$ to ! vices ( ! citiz5s1 & fill$ ! city ) docks & h>b\rs1 b neglect$ virtue & ju/ice4 ,& :5 ! fit ( illness comes1 ! citiz5s :o 9 l mann] applaud$ ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 & o!rs1 w lay hold ( y & my fri5d ,alcibiades1 & y w suff] = ! misde$s ( y\r pr$ecessors4 ,! old /ory is always be+ repeat$--8aft] all 8 s]vices1 ! ungrateful city bani%$ him1 or condemn$ him to dea?40 ,z if ! /atesman %\ld n h taught ! city bett]6 ,he surely _c blame ! /ate = hav+ unju/ly us$ him1 any m ?an ! sophi/ or tea*] c f9d fault ) 8 pupils if !y *eat him4 ,& ! sophi/ & orator are 9 ! same case2 al?\gh y admire rhetoric & despise sophi/ic1 :]eas sophi/ic is really ! high] ( ! two4 ,! tea*] ( ! arts takes money1 b ! tea*] ( virtue or politics takes no money1 because ?is is ! only k9d ( s]vice :i* makes ! disciple desir\s ( requit+ 8 tea*]4 ,socrates concludes by f9ally ask+1 to :i* ( ! two modes ( s]v+ ! /ate ,callicles invites him3--8to ! inf]ior & m9i/]ial "o10 is ! +5u\s reply4 ,t is ! only way ( avoid+ dea?1 replies ,socrates2 & he has he>d (t5 en\gh1 & w\ld r n he> aga91 t ! bad man w kill ! good4 ,b he ?9ks t su* a fate is v likely res]v$ = him1 because he rem>ks t he is ! only p]son :o tea*es ! true art ( politics4 ,& v probably1 z 9 ! case :i* he describ$ to ,polus1 he may be ! physician :o is tri$ by a jury ( *ildr54 ,he _c say t he has procur$ ! citiz5s any pleasure1 & if any "o *>ges him ) p]plex+ !m1 or ) revil+ _! eld]s1 he w n be able to make !m und]/& t he has only be5 actuat$ by a desire = _! good4 ,& !re=e !re is no say+ :at 8 fate may be4 8,& d y ?9k t a man :o is unable to help himself is 9 a good condition80 ,yes1 ,callicles1 if he h ! true self-help1 :i* is nev] to h said or done any wrong to himself or o!rs4 ,if ,i _h n ?is k9d ( self-help1 ,i %\ld be a%am$2 b if ,i die = want ( y\r flatt]+ rhetoric1 ,i %all die 9 peace4 ,= dea? is no evil1 b to g to ! _w bel[ lad5 ) (f5ces is ! wor/ ( evils4 ,9 pro( ( :i* ,i w tell y a tale3-- ,"u ! rule ( ,cronos1 m5 7 judg$ on ! day ( _! dea?1 & :5 judgm5t _h be5 giv5 ^u !m !y dep>t$--! good to ! isl&s ( ! ble/1 ! bad to ! h\se ( v5geance4 ,b z !y 7 /ill liv+1 & _h _! clo!s on at ! "t :5 !y 7 be+ judg$1 !re 0 fav\ritism1 & ,zeus1 :5 he came to ! ?rone1 0 oblig$ to alt] ! mode ( proc$ure1 & try !m aft] dea?1 hav+ fir/ s5t d[n ,prome!us to take away f !m ! =ekn[l$ge ( dea?4 ,m9os1 ,rhadaman?us1 & ,aeacus 7 appo9t$ to be ! judges2 ,rhadaman?us = ,asia1 ,aeacus = ,europe1 & ,m9os 0 to hold ! c\rt ( appeal4 ,n[ dea? is ! sep>ation ( s\l & body1 b aft] dea? s\l & body alike reta9 _! *>act]i/ics2 ! fat man1 ! d&y1 ! br&$ slave1 are all di/+ui%able4 ,"s pr9ce or pot5tate1 p]haps ev5 ! great k+ himself1 appe>s be=e ,rhadaman?us1 & he in/antly detects him1 ?\gh he kn[s n :o he is2 he sees ! sc>s ( p]jury & iniquity1 & s5ds him away to ! h\se ( torm5t4 ,= !re are two classes ( s\ls :o und]go puni%m5t--! curable & ! incurable4 ,! curable are ^? :o are b5efit$ by _! puni%m5t2 ! incurable are su* z ,ar*elaus1 :o b5efit o!rs by becom+ a w>n+ to !m4 ,! latt] class are g5]ally k+s & pot5tates2 mean] p]sons1 happily = !mselves1 h n ! same p[] ( do+ inju/ice4 ,sisyphus & ,tityus1 n ,!rsites1 are suppos$ by ,hom] to be und]go+ ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,n t !re is any?+ to prev5t a great man f be+ a good "o1 z is %[n by ! fam\s example ( ,ari/eides1 ! son ( ,lysima*us4 ,b to ,rhadaman?us ! s\ls are only kn[n z good or bad2 !y are /ripp$ ( _! dignities & pref]m5ts2 he despat*es ! bad to ,t>t>us1 labell$ ei!r z curable or incurable1 & looks ) love & admiration on ! s\l ( "s j "o1 :om he s5ds to ! isl&s ( ! ble/4 ,simil> is ! practice ( ,aeacus2 & ,m9os ov]looks !m1 hold+ a gold5 sceptre1 z ,odysseus 9 ,hom] saw him 8,wield+ a sceptre ( gold1 & giv+ laws to ! dead40 ,my wi% = myself & my fell[-m5 is1 t we may pres5t our s\ls undefil$ to ! judge 9 t day2 my desire 9 life is to be able to meet dea?4 ,& ,i exhort y1 & retort ^u y ! reproa* :i* y ca/ ^u me1--t y w /& be=e ! judge1 gap+1 & ) dizzy bra91 & any "o may box y on ! e>1 & d y all mann] ( evil4 ,p]haps y ?9k t ?is is an old wives' fable4 ,b y1 :o are ! ?ree wise/ m5 9 ,hellas1 h no?+ bett] to say1 & no "o w ev] %[ t to d is bett] ?an to suff] evil4 ,a man %\ld /udy to be1 & n m]ely to seem4 ,if he is bad1 he %\ld become good1 & avoid all flatt]y1 :e!r ( ! _m or ( ! few4 ,foll[ me1 !n2 & if y are look$ d[n ^u1 t w d y no h>m4 ,& :5 we h practis$ virtue1 we w betake ourselves to politics1 b n until we are deliv]$ f ! %ameful /ate ( ignorance & unc]ta9ty 9 :i* we are at pres5t4 ,let u foll[ 9 ! way ( virtue & ju/ice1 & n 9 ! way to :i* y1 ,callicles1 invite u2 = t way is no?+ wor?4 ,we w n[ consid] 9 ord] "s ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ! dialogue4 ,hav+ reg>d 7#a7 to ! age ( ,plato & ! ironical "* ( 8 writ+s1 we may comp>e him ) himself1 & ) o!r great tea*]s1 & we may note 9 pass+ ! objections ( 8 critics4 ,& !n 7#b7 ca/+ "o eye ^u him1 we may ca/ ano!r ^u ourselves1 & endeav\r to draw out ! great lessons :i* he tea*es = all "t1 /ripp$ ( ! accid5tal =m 9 :i* !y are envelop$4 7#a7 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 z 9 ne>ly all ! o!r dialogues ( ,plato1 we are made aw>e t =mal logic has z yet no exi/5ce4 ,! old difficulty ( fram+ a def9ition recurs4 ,! illusive analogy ( ! arts & ! virtues also cont9ues4 ,! ambiguity ( sev]al words1 su* z nature1 cu/om1 ! hon\rable1 ! good1 is n cle>$ up4 ,! ,sophi/s are /ill fl\nd]+ ab\t ! di/9ction ( ! real & seem+4 ,figures ( spee* are made ! basis ( argum5ts4 ,! possibility ( conceiv+ a univ]sal art or sci5ce1 :i* admits ( application to a p>ticul> subject-matt]1 is a difficulty :i* rema9s unsolv$1 & has n altoge!r ceas$ to haunt ! _w at ! pres5t day 7comp>e ,*>mides74 ,! defect ( cle>ness is also app>5t 9 ,socrates himself1 unless we suppose him to be practis+ on ! simplicity ( 8 oppon5t1 or r p]haps try+ an exp]im5t 9 dialectics4 ,no?+ c be m fallaci\s ?an ! contradiction :i* he pret5ds to h discov]$ 9 ! answ]s ( ,gorgias 7see above74 ,! advantages :i* he ga9s ov] ,polus are also due to a false anti!sis ( pleasure & good1 & to an errone\s ass]tion t an ag5t & a pati5t may be describ$ by simil> pr$icates2--a mi/ake :i* ,ari/otle p>tly %>es & p>tly corrects 9 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,traces ( a 8robu/ sophi/ry0 are likewise disc]nible 9 8 argum5t ) ,callicles4 7#b7 ,al?\gh ,socrates pr(esses to be conv9c$ by reason only1 yet ! argum5t is (t5 a sort ( dialectical fiction1 by :i* he conducts himself & o!rs to 8 own ideal ( life & action4 ,& we may sometimes wi% t we c\ld h sugge/$ answ]s to 8 antagoni/s1 or po9t$ out to !m ! rocks :i* lay conceal$ "u ! ambigu\s t]ms good1 pleasure1 & ! l4 ,b x w\ld be z useless to exam9e 8 argum5ts by ! requirem5ts ( mod]n logic1 z to criticise ?is ideal f a m]ely utilit>ian po9t ( view4 ,if we say t ! ideal is g5]ally reg>d$ z unatta9able1 & t mank9d w by no means agree 9 ?9k+ t ! crim9al is happi] :5 puni%$ ?an :5 unpuni%$1 any m ?an !y w\ld agree to ! /oical p>adox t a man may be happy on ! rack1 ,plato has already admitt$ t ! _w is aga9/ him4 ,nei!r does he mean to say t ,ar*elaus is torm5t$ by ! /+s ( consci5ce2 or t ! s5sations ( ! impal$ crim9al are m agreeable ?an ^? ( ! tyrant dr[n$ 9 luxuri\s enjoym5t4 ,nei!r is he speak+1 z 9 ! ,protagoras1 ( virtue z a calculation ( pleasure1 an op9ion :i* he aft]w>ds repudiates 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,:at !n is 8 mean+8 ,8 mean+ we %all be able to illu/rate be/ by p>allel notions1 :i*1 :e!r ju/ifiable by logic or n1 h always exi/$ among mank9d4 ,we mu/ rem9d ! read] t ,socrates himself implies t he w be und]/ood or appreciat$ by v few4 ,he is speak+ n ( ! consci\sness ( happ9ess1 b ( ! idea ( happ9ess4 ,:5 a m>tyr dies 9 a good cause1 :5 a soldi] falls 9 battle1 we d n suppose t dea? or w\nds are )\t pa91 or t _! physical suff]+ is always comp5sat$ by a m5tal satisfaction4 ,/ill we reg>d !m z happy1 & we w\ld a ?\s& times r h _! dea? ?an a %ameful life4 ,nor is ?is only because we believe t !y w obta9 an immortality ( fame1 or t !y w h cr[ns ( glory 9 ano!r _w1 :5 _! enemies & p]secutors w be proportionably torm5t$4 ,m5 are f\nd 9 a few in/ances to d :at is "r1 )\t ref]5ce to public op9ion or to consequ5ces4 ,& we reg>d !m z happy on ?is gr\nd only1 mu* z ,socrates' fri5ds 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,pha$o are describ$ z reg>d+ him2 or z 0 said ( ano!r1 8!y look$ ^u 8 face z ^u ! face ( an angel40 ,we are n conc]n$ to ju/ify ?is idealism by ! /&>d ( utility or public op9ion1 b m]ely to po9t out ! exi/5ce ( su* a s5tim5t 9 ! bett] "p ( human nature4 ,! idealism ( ,plato is f\nd$ ^u ?is s5tim5t4 ,he w\ld ma9ta9 t 9 "s s5se or o!r tru? & "r are alone to be s\ght1 & t all o!r goods are only desirable z means t[>ds ^!4 ,he is ?\ght to h err$ 9 8consid]+ ! ag5t only1 & mak+ no ref]5ce to ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 z affect$ by him40 ,b ! happ9ess ( o!rs or ( mank9d1 if reg>d$ z an end1 is really q z ideal & almo/ z p>adoxical to ! common und]/&+ z ,plato's conception ( happ9ess4 ,= ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] may mean also ! greate/ pa9 ( ! individual :i* w procure ! greate/ pleasure ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,ideas ( utility1 l ^? ( duty & "r1 may be pu%$ to unpleasant consequ5ces4 ,nor c ,plato 9 ! ,gorgias be deem$ purely self-reg>d+1 consid]+ t ,socrates expressly m5tions ! duty ( imp>t+ ! tru? :5 discov]$ to o!rs4 ,nor mu/ we =get t ! side ( e?ics :i* reg>ds o!rs is by ! anci5ts m]g$ 9 politics4 ,bo? 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 z well z 9 ! ,/oics1 ! social pr9ciple1 ?\gh tak+ ano!r =m1 is really f> m prom95t ?an 9 mo/ mod]n treatises on e?ics4 ,! idealiz+ ( suff]+ is "o ( ! conceptions :i* h ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce on mank9d4 ,into ! !ological import ( ?is1 or into ! consid]ation ( ! errors to :i* ! idea may h giv5 rise1 we ne$ n n[ ent]4 ,all w agree t ! ideal ( ! ,div9e ,suff]]1 ^: words ! _w w\ld n receive1 ! man ( sorr[s ( :om ! ,hebrew prophets spoke1 has sunk deep into ! he>t ( ! human race4 ,x is a simil> picture ( suff]+ goodness :i* ,plato desires to p\rtray1 n )\t an allusion to ! fate ( 8 ma/] ,socrates4 ,he is conv9c$ t1 someh[ or o!r1 su* an "o mu/ be happy 9 life or aft] dea?4 ,9 ! ,republic1 he endeav\rs to %[ t 8 happ9ess w\ld be assur$ "h 9 a well-ord]$ /ate4 ,b 9 ! actual condition ( human ?+s ! wise & good are weak & mis]able2 su* an "o is l a man fall5 among wild bea/s1 expos$ to e sort ( wrong & obloquy4 ,plato1 l o!r philosoph]s1 is ?us l$ on to ! conclusion1 t if 8! ways ( ,god0 to man are to be 8ju/ifi$10 ! hopes ( ano!r life mu/ be includ$4 ,if ! "q c\ld h be5 put to him1 :e!r a man dy+ 9 torm5ts 0 happy /ill1 ev5 if1 z he sugge/s 9 ! ,apology1 8dea? be only a long sleep10 we c h>dly tell :at w\ld h be5 8 answ]4 ,!re h be5 a few1 :o1 q indep5d5tly ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts or ( po/hum\s reputation1 or any o!r influ5ce ( public op9ion1 h be5 will+ to sacrifice _! lives = ! good ( o!rs4 ,x is difficult to say h[ f> 9 su* cases an unconsci\s hope ( a future life1 or a g5]al fai? 9 ! victory ( good 9 ! _w1 may h support$ ! suff]]s4 ,b ?is extreme idealism is n 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ,plato4 ,he supposes a day ( retribution1 9 :i* ! good are to be rew>d$ & ! wick$ puni%$4 ,?\gh1 z he says 9 ! ,pha$o1 no man ( s5se w ma9ta9 t ! details ( ! /ories ab\t ano!r _w are true1 he w insi/ t some?+ ( ! k9d is true1 & w frame 8 life ) a view to ?is unkn[n future4 ,ev5 9 ! ,republic he introduces a future life z an aft]?\ght1 :5 ! sup]ior happ9ess ( ! j has be5 e/abli%$ on :at is ?\ght to be an immutable f\ndation4 ,at ! same "t he makes a po9t ( det]m9+ 8 ma9 !sis indep5d5tly ( remot] consequ5ces4 7#c7 ,plato's !ory ( puni%m5t is p>tly v9dictive1 p>tly corrective4 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 z well z 9 ! ,pha$o & ,republic1 a few great crim9als1 *iefly tyrants1 are res]v$ z examples4 ,b mo/ m5 h nev] _h ! opportunity ( atta9+ ?is pre-em95ce ( evil4 ,!y are n incurable1 & _! puni%m5t is int5d$ = _! improvem5t4 ,!y are to suff] because !y h s9n$2 l sick m51 !y mu/ g to ! physician & be heal$4 ,on ?is repres5tation ( ,plato's ! criticism has be5 made1 t ! analogy ( disease & inju/ice is p>tial only1 & t suff]+1 in/ead ( improv+ m51 may h j ! opposite effect4 ,l ! g5]al analogy ( ! arts & ! virtues1 ! analogy ( disease & inju/ice1 or ( m$ic9e & ju/ice1 is c]ta9ly imp]fect4 ,b ideas mu/ be giv5 ?r\gh some?+2 ! nature ( ! m9d :i* is unse5 c only be repres5t$ "u figures d]iv$ f visible objects4 ,if ^! figures are sugge/ive ( "s new aspect "u :i* ! m9d may be consid]$1 we _c f9d fault ) !m = n exactly co9cid+ ) ! ideas repres5t$4 ,!y p>take ( ! imp]fect nature ( language1 & mu/ n be con/ru$ 9 too /rict a mann]4 ,t ,plato sometimes reasons f !m z if !y 7 n figures b realities1 is due to ! defective logical analysis ( 8 age4 ,nor does he di/+ui% betwe5 ! suff]+ :i* improves & ! suff]+ :i* only puni%es & det]s4 ,he applies to ! sph]e ( e?ics a conception ( puni%m5t :i* is really d]iv$ f crim9al law4 ,he does n see t su* puni%m5t is only negative1 & supplies no pr9ciple ( moral gr[? or developm5t4 ,he is n f> (f ! high] notion ( an education ( man to be begun 9 ?is _w1 & to be cont9u$ 9 o!r /ages ( exi/5ce1 :i* is fur!r develop$ 9 ! ,republic4 ,& ,*ri/ian ?9k]s1 :o h v5tur$ out ( ! beat5 track 9 _! m$itations on ! 8la/ ?+s10 h f\nd a ray ( light 9 8 writ+s4 ,b he has n expla9$ h[ or 9 :at way puni%m5t is to contribute to ! improvem5t ( mank9d4 ,he has n foll[$ out ! pr9ciple :i* he affirms 9 ! ,republic1 t 8,god is ! au?or ( evil only ) a view to good10 & t 8!y 7 ! bett] = be+ puni%$40 ,/ill 8 doctr9e ( a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts may be comp>$ fav\rably ) t p]v]sion ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e :i* makes ! ev]la/+ puni%m5t ( human be+s dep5d on a brief mom5t ( "t1 or ev5 on ! accid5t ( an accid5t4 ,& he has escap$ ! difficulty :i* has (t5 beset div9es1 respect+ ! future de/9y ( ! mean] sort ( m5 7,!rsites & ! l71 :o are nei!r v good nor v bad1 by n c\nt+ !m wor?y ( et]nal damnation4 ,we d ,plato viol5ce 9 press+ 8 figures ( spee* or *a9s ( argum5t2 & n less s 9 ask+ que/ions :i* 7 beyond ! horizon ( 8 vision1 or did n come )9 ! scope ( 8 design4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ! ,gorgias is n to answ] que/ions ab\t a future _w1 b to place 9 antagonism ! true & false life1 & to contra/ ! judgm5ts & op9ions ( m5 ) judgm5t accord+ to ! tru?4 ,plato may be accus$ ( repres5t+ a sup]human or transc5d5tal virtue 9 ! description ( ! j man 9 ! ,gorgias1 or 9 ! companion portrait ( ! philosoph] 9 ! ,!aetetus2 & at ! same "t may be ?\ght to be condemn+ a /ate ( ! _w :i* always has exi/$ & always w exi/ among m54 ,b su* ideals act p[]fully on ! imag9ation ( mank9d4 ,& su* condemnations are n m]e p>adoxes ( philosoph]s1 b ! natural rebellion ( ! high] s5se ( "r 9 man aga9/ ! ord9>y conditions ( human life4 ,! greate/ /atesm5 h fall5 v f> %ort ( ! political ideal1 & are !re=e ju/ly involv$ 9 ! g5]al condemnation4 ,subord9ate to ! ma9 purpose ( ! dialogue are "s o!r que/ions1 :i* may be briefly consid]$3-- a4 ,! anti!sis ( good & pleasure1 :i* z 9 o!r dialogues is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! p]man5t nature ( ! "o comp>$ ) ! transi5t & relative nature ( ! o!r4 ,good & pleasure1 k & s5se1 tru? & op9ion1 ess5ce & g5]ation1 virtue & pleasure1 ! real & ! app>5t1 ! inf9ite & f9ite1 h>mony or beauty & discord1 dialectic & rhetoric or poetry1 are s _m pairs ( opposites1 :i* 9 ,plato easily pass into "o ano!r1 & are seldom kept p]fectly di/9ct4 ,& we mu/ n =get t ,plato's conception ( pleasure is ! ,h]acleitean flux transf]r$ to ! sph]e ( human conduct4 ,!re is "s degree ( unfairness 9 oppos+ ! pr9ciple ( good1 :i* is objective1 to ! pr9ciple ( pleasure1 :i* is subjective4 ,= ! ass]tion ( ! p]man5ce ( good is only bas$ on ! assumption ( its objective "*4 ,_h ,plato fix$ 8 m9d1 n on ! ideal nature ( good1 b on ! subjective consci\sness ( happ9ess1 t w\ld h be5 f\nd to be z transi5t & prec>i\s z pleasure4 b4 ,! arts or sci5ces1 :5 pursu$ )\t any view to tru?1 or ! improvem5t ( human life1 are call$ flatt]ies4 ,!y are all alike dep5d5t ^u ! op9ion ( mank9d1 f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,to ,plato ! :ole _w appe>s to be sunk 9 error1 bas$ on self-int]e/4 ,to ?is is oppos$ ! "o wise man h>dly pr(ess+ to h f\nd tru?1 yet /rong 9 ! conviction t a virtu\s life is ! only good1 :e!r reg>d$ ) ref]5ce to ?is _w or to ano!r4 ,/atesm51 ,sophi/s1 rhetoricians1 poets1 are alike br\ght up = judgm5t4 ,!y are ! p>odies ( wise m51 & _! arts are ! p>odies ( true arts & sci5ces4 ,all t !y call sci5ce is m]ely ! result ( t /udy ( ! temp]s ( ! ,great ,bea/1 :i* he describes 9 ! ,republic4 c4 ,v>i\s o!r po9ts ( contact naturally sugge/ !mselves betwe5 ! ,gorgias & o!r dialogues1 especially ! ,republic1 ! ,philebus1 & ! ,protagoras4 ,!re are clos] resemblances bo? ( _s & language 9 ! ,republic ?an 9 any o!r dialogue1 ! v]bal simil>ity t5d+ to %[ t !y 7 writt5 at ! same p]iod ( ,plato's life4 ,= ! ,republic supplies t education & tra9+ ( :i* ! ,gorgias sugge/s ! necessity4 ,! !ory ( ! _m weak comb9+ aga9/ ! few /rong 9 ! =mation ( society 7:i* is inde$ a p>tial tru?71 is simil> 9 bo? ( !m1 & is express$ 9 ne>ly ! same language4 ,! suff]+s & fate ( ! j man1 ! p[]lessness ( evil1 & ! rev]sal ( ! situation 9 ano!r life1 are also po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,! poets1 l ! rhetoricians1 are condemn$ because !y aim at pleasure only1 z 9 ! ,republic !y are expell$ by ! ,/ate1 because !y are imitators1 & m9i/] to ! weak] side ( human nature4 ,t poetry is ak9 to rhetoric may be comp>$ ) ! analog\s notion1 :i* occurs 9 ! ,protagoras1 t ! anci5t poets 7 ! ,sophi/s ( _! day4 ,9 "s o!r respects ! ,protagoras r (f]s a contra/ ?an a p>allel4 ,! "* ( ,protagoras may be comp>$ ) t ( ,gorgias1 b ! conception ( happ9ess is diff]5t 9 ! two dialogues2 be+ describ$ 9 ! =m]1 accord+ to ! old ,socratic notion1 z def]r$ or accumulat$ pleasure1 :ile 9 ! ,gorgias1 & 9 ! ,pha$o1 pleasure & good are di/9ctly oppos$4 ,?is opposition is c>ri$ out f a speculative po9t ( view 9 ! ,philebus4 ,!re nei!r pleasure nor wisdom are all[$ to be ! *ief good1 b pleasure & good are n s completely oppos$ z 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,= innoc5t pleasures1 & su* z h no antec$5t pa9s1 are all[$ to rank 9 ! class ( goods4 ,! allusion to ,gorgias' def9ition ( rhetoric 7,philebus2 comp>e ,gorg471 z ! art ( p]suasion1 ( all arts ! be/1 = to x all ?+s submit1 n by compulsion1 b ( _! own free w--m>ks a close & p]haps design$ connection betwe5 ! two dialogues4 ,9 bo? ! ideas ( measure1 ord]1 h>mony1 are ! connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! beautiful & ! good4 ,9 g5]al _s & "*1 t is1 9 irony & antagonism to public op9ion1 ! ,gorgias mo/ ne>ly resembles ! ,apology1 ,crito1 & portions ( ! ,republic1 & l ! ,philebus1 ?\gh f ano!r po9t ( view1 may be ?\ght to /& 9 ! same relation to ,plato's !ory ( morals :i* ! ,!aetetus be>s to 8 !ory ( k4 d4 ,a few m9or po9ts /ill rema9 to be summ$ up3 7#a7 ,! extravagant irony 9 ! reason :i* is assign$ = ! pilot's mode/ *>ge2 & 9 ! propos$ use ( rhetoric z an in/rum5t ( self-condemnation2 & 9 ! mighty p[] ( geometrical equality 9 bo? worlds4 7#b7 ,! ref]5ce ( ! my?us to ! previ\s discussion %\ld n be ov]look$3 ! fate res]v$ = incurable crim9als su* z ,ar*elaus2 ! retaliation ( ! box on ! e>s2 ! nak$ness ( ! s\ls & ( ! judges :o are /ript ( ! clo!s or disguises :i* rhetoric & public op9ion h hi!rto provid$ = !m 7comp>e ,swift's notion t ! univ]se is a suit ( clo!s1 ,tale ( a ,tub74 ,! fiction seems to h involv$ ,plato 9 ! necessity ( suppos+ t ! s\l reta9$ a sort ( corporeal lik5ess aft] dea?4 7#c7 ,! appeal ( ! au?ority ( ,hom]1 :o says t ,odysseus saw ,m9os 9 8 c\rt 8hold+ a gold5 sceptre10 :i* gives v]isimilitude to ! tale4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to repeat t ,plato is play+ 8bo? sides ( ! game10 & t 9 criticis+ ! *>act]s ( ,gorgias & ,polus1 we are n pass+ any judgm5t on hi/orical individuals1 b only attempt+ to analyze ! 8dramatis p]sonae' z !y 7 conceiv$ by him4 ,nei!r is x necess>y to enl>ge ^u ! obvi\s fact t ,plato is a dramatic writ]1 ^: real op9ions _c always be assum$ to be ^? :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,socrates1 or any o!r speak] :o appe>s to h ! be/ ( ! argum5t2 or to repeat ! obs]vation t he is a poet z well z a philosoph]2 or to rem>k t he is n to be tri$ by a mod]n /&>d1 b int]pret$ ) ref]5ce to 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght & ! op9ion ( 8 "t4 ,x has be5 said t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,gorgias is ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( diss5t1 or private judgm5t4 ,b ?is mode ( /at+ ! "q is really oppos$ bo? to ! _s ( ,plato & ( anci5t philosophy g5]ally4 ,= ,plato is n ass]t+ any ab/ract "r or duty ( tol]ation1 or advantage to be d]iv$ f fre$om ( ?\ght2 inde$1 9 "s o!r p>ts ( 8 writ+s 7e4g4 ,laws71 he has fairly laid himself op5 to ! *>ge ( intol]ance4 ,no speculations _h z yet aris5 respect+ ! 8lib]ty ( prophesy+2' & ,plato is n affirm+ any ab/ract "r ( ?is nature3 b he is ass]t+ ! duty & "r ( ! "o wise & true man to diss5t f ! folly & falsehood ( ! _m4 ,at ! same "t he ackn[l$ges ! natural result1 :i* he h>dly seeks to av]t1 t he :o speaks ! tru? to a multitude1 reg>dless ( consequ5ces1 w probably %>e ! fate ( ,socrates4 ,! irony ( ,plato sometimes veils f u ! height ( idealism to :i* he so>s4 ,:5 decl>+ tru?s :i* ! _m w n receive1 he puts on an arm\r :i* _c be pi]c$ by !m4 ,! weapons ( ridicule are tak5 out ( _! h&s & ! laugh is turn$ aga9/ !mselves4 ,! disguises :i* ,socrates assumes are l ! p>ables ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ! oracles ( ! ,delphian ,god2 !y half conceal1 half reveal1 8 mean+4 ,! m he is 9 e>ne/1 ! m ironical he becomes2 & he is nev] m 9 e>ne/ or m ironical ?an 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,he h>dly tr\bles himself to answ] s]i\sly ! objections ( ,gorgias & ,polus1 & !re=e he sometimes appe>s to be c>eless ( ! ord9>y requirem5ts ( logic4 ,yet 9 ! highe/ s5se he is always logical & consi/5t ) himself4 ,! =m ( ! argum5t may be p>adoxical2 ! sub/ance is an appeal to ! high] reason4 ,he is utt]+ tru?s be=e !y c be und]/ood1 z 9 all ages ! words ( philosoph]s1 :5 !y are fir/ utt]$1 h f\nd ! _w unprep>$ = !m4 ,a fur!r misund]/&+ arises out ( ! wildness ( 8 hum\r2 he is suppos$ n only by ,callicles1 b by ! re/ ( mank9d1 to be je/+ :5 he is pr(\ndly s]i\s4 ,at l5g? he makes ev5 ,polus 9 e>ne/4 ,f9ally1 he drops ! argum5t1 & he$less any long] ( ! =ms ( dialectic1 he loses himself 9 a sort ( triumph1 :ile at ! same "t he retaliates ^u 8 adv]s>ies4 ,f ?is confusion ( je/ & e>ne/1 we may n[ return to ! ideal tru?1 & draw out 9 a simple =m ! ma9 !ses ( ! dialogue4 ,fir/ ,!sis3-- ,x is a great] evil to d ?an to suff] inju/ice4 ,comp>e ! ,new ,te/am5t-- 8,x is bett] to suff] = well do+ ?an = evil do+40--#a ,pet4 ,& ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt-- 8,bless$ are !y t are p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake40--,matt4 ,! words ( ,socrates are m ab/ract ?an ! words ( ,*ri/1 b !y equally imply t ! only real evil is moral evil4 ,! righte\s may suff] or die1 b !y h _! rew>d2 & ev5 if !y _h no rew>d1 w\ld be happi] ?an ! wick$4 ,! _w1 repres5t$ by ,polus1 is ready1 :5 !y are ask$1 to ackn[l$ge t inju/ice is di%on\rable1 & = _! own sakes m5 are will+ to puni% ! (f5d] 7comp>e ,republic74 ,b !y are n equally will+ to ackn[l$ge t inju/ice1 ev5 if successful1 is ess5tially evil1 & has ! nature ( disease & dea?4 ,especially :5 crimes are committ$ on ! great scale--! crimes ( tyrants1 anci5t or mod]n--aft] a :ile1 see+ t !y _c be undone1 & h become a "p ( hi/ory1 mank9d are dispos$ to =give !m1 n f any magnanimity or *>ity1 b because _! feel+s are blunt$ by "t1 & 8to =give is conv5i5t to !m40 ,! tangle ( good & evil c no long] be unravell$2 & al?\gh !y "k t ! end _c ju/ify ! means1 !y feel also t good has (t5 come out ( evil4 ,b ,socrates w\ld h u pass ! same judgm5t on ! tyrant n[ & always2 ?\gh he is surr\nd$ by 8 satellites1 & has ! applauses ( ,europe & ,asia r++ 9 8 e>s2 ?\gh he is ! civiliz] or lib]ator ( half a cont95t1 he is1 & always w be1 ! mo/ mis]able ( m54 ,! greate/ consequ5ces = good or = evil _c alt] a hair's bread? ! morality ( actions :i* are "r or wrong 9 !mselves4 ,?is is ! /&>d :i* ,socrates holds up to u4 ,because politics1 & p]haps human life g5]ally1 are ( a mix$ nature we mu/ n all[ our pr9ciples to s9k to ! level ( our practice4 ,& s ( private individuals--to !m1 too1 ! _w occasionally speaks ( ! consequ5ces ( _! actions3--if !y are lov]s ( pleasure1 !y w ru9 _! heal?2 if !y are false or di%one/1 !y w lose _! "*4 ,b ,socrates w\ld speak to !m1 n ( :at w be1 b ( :at is--( ! pres5t consequ5ce ( l[]+ & degrad+ ! s\l4 ,& all high] natures1 or p]haps all m5 ev]y:]e1 if !y 7 n tempt$ by int]e/ or passion1 w\ld agree ) him--!y w\ld r be ! victims ?an ! p]petrators ( an act ( trea*]y or ( tyranny4 ,reason tells !m t dea? comes soon] or lat] to all1 & is n s great an evil z an unwor?y life1 or r1 if rightly reg>d$1 n an evil at all1 b to a good man ! greate/ good4 ,= 9 all ( u !re are slumb]+ ideals ( tru? & "r1 :i* may at any "t awak5 & develop a new life 9 u4 ,second ,!sis3-- ,x is bett] to suff] = wrong do+ ?an n to suff]4 ,!re might h be5 a condition ( human life 9 :i* ! p5alty foll[$ at once1 & 0 proportion$ to ! (f5ce4 ,moral evil w\ld !n be sc>cely di/+ui%able f physical2 mank9d w\ld avoid vice z !y avoid pa9 or dea?4 ,b nature1 ) a view ( deep5+ & enl>g+ our *>act]s1 has = ! mo/ "p hidd5 f u ! consequ5ces ( our actions1 & we c only =esee !m by an ef=t ( reflection4 ,to awak5 9 u ?is habit ( reflection is ! bus9ess ( e>ly education1 :i* is cont9u$ 9 matur] ye>s by obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,! spoilt *ild is 9 lat] life said to be un=tunate--he _h bett] h suff]$ :5 he 0 "y1 & be5 sav$ f suff]+ aft]w>ds4 ,b is n ! sov]eign equally un=tunate ^: education & mann] ( life are always conceal+ f him ! consequ5ces ( 8 own actions1 until at l5g? !y are reveal$ to him 9 "s t]rible d[nfall1 :i* may1 p]haps1 h be5 caus$ n by 8 own fault8 ,ano!r illu/ration is af=d$ by ! paup] & crim9al classes1 :o sc>cely reflect at all1 except on ! means by :i* !y c compass _! imm$iate ends4 ,we pity !m1 & make all[ances = !m2 b we d n consid] t ! same pr9ciple applies to human actions g5]ally4 ,n to h be5 f\nd out 9 "s di%one/y or folly1 reg>d$ f a moral or religi\s po9t ( view1 is ! greate/ ( mis=tunes4 ,! success ( our evil do+s is a pro( t ! gods h ceas$ to /rive ) u1 & h giv5 u ov] to ourselves4 ,!re is no?+ to rem9d u ( our s9s1 & !re=e no?+ to correct !m4 ,l our sorr[s1 !y are heal$ by "t2 8,:ile rank corruption1 m9+ all )91 ,infects unse540 ,! 8accu/om$ irony0 ( ,socrates adds a coroll>y to ! argum5t3--8,w\ld y puni% y\r enemy1 y %\ld all[ him to escape unpuni%$0--?is is ! true retaliation4 7,comp>e ! obscure v]se ( ,prov]bs1 8,!re=e if ?9e enemy hung]1 fe$ him10 etc41 quot$ 9 ,romans47 ,m5 are n 9 ! habit ( dwell+ ^u ! d>k side ( _! own lives3 !y d n easily see !mselves z o!rs see !m4 ,!y are v k9d & v bl9d to _! own faults2 ! rhetoric ( self-love is always plead+ ) !m on _! own behalf4 ,adopt+ a simil> figure ( spee*1 ,socrates w\ld h !m use rhetoric1 n 9 def5ce b 9 accusation ( !mselves4 ,z !y are guid$ by feel+ r ?an by reason1 to _! feel+s ! appeal mu/ be made4 ,!y mu/ speak to !mselves2 !y mu/ argue ) !mselves2 !y mu/ pa9t 9 eloqu5t words ! "* ( _! own evil de$s4 ,to any suff]+ :i* !y h des]v$1 !y mu/ p]suade !mselves to submit4 ,"u ! figure !re lurks a real ?\ght1 :i*1 express$ 9 ano!r =m1 admits ( an easy application to ourselves4 ,= d n we too accuse z well z excuse ourselves8 ,& we call to our aid ! rhetoric ( pray] & prea*+1 :i* ! m9d sil5tly employs :ile ! /ruggle betwe5 ! bett] & ! worse is go+ on )9 u4 ,& sometimes we are too h>d ^u ourselves1 because we want to re/ore ! balance :i* self-love has ov]?r[n or di/urb$2 & !n aga9 we may he> a voice z ( a p>5t consol+ u4 ,9 religi\s di>ies a sort ( drama is (t5 enact$ by ! consci5ces ( m5 8accus+ or else excus+ !m40 ,= all our life long we are talk+ ) ourselves3--,:at is ?\ght b spee*8 ,:at is feel+ b rhetoric8 ,& if rhetoric is us$ on "o side only we %all be always 9 dang] ( be+ deceiv$4 ,& s ! words ( ,socrates1 :i* at fir/ s\nd$ p>adoxical1 come home to ! exp]i5ce ( all ( u4 ,?ird ,!sis3-- ,we d n :at we w1 b :at we wi%4 ,socrates w\ld tea* u a lesson :i* we are sl[ to le>n--t good int5tions1 & ev5 b5evol5t actions1 :5 !y are n prompt$ by wisdom1 are ( no value4 ,we believe some?+ to be = our good :i* we aft]w>ds f9d out n to be = our good4 ,! consequ5ces may be inevitable1 = !y may foll[ an inv>iable law1 yet !y may (t5 be ! v opposite ( :at is expect$ by u4 ,:5 we increase paup]ism by almsgiv+2 :5 we tie up prop]ty )\t reg>d to *anges ( circum/ances2 :5 we say ha/ily :at we delib]ately disapprove2 :5 we d 9 a mom5t ( passion :at ^u reflection we regret2 :5 f any want ( self-control we give ano!r an advantage ov] u--we are do+ n :at we w1 b :at we wi%4 ,all actions ( :i* ! consequ5ces are n weigh$ & =ese51 are ( ?is impot5t & p>alytic sort2 & ! au?or ( !m has 8! lea/ possible p[]0 :ile seem+ to h ! greate/4 ,= he is actually br++ ab\t ! rev]se ( :at he int5d$4 ,& yet ! book ( nature is op5 to him1 9 :i* he :o runs may read if he w ex]cise ord9>y att5tion2 e day (f]s him exp]i5ces ( 8 own & ( o!r m5's *>act]s1 & he passes !m unhe$$ by4 ,! contemplation ( ! consequ5ces ( actions1 & ! ignorance ( m5 9 reg>d to !m1 seems to h l$ ,socrates to 8 fam\s !sis3--8,virtue is k20 :i* is n s mu* an error or p>adox z a half tru?1 se5 fir/ 9 ! twilight ( e?ical philosophy1 b also ! half ( ! tru? :i* is especially ne$$ 9 ! pres5t age4 ,= z ! _w has gr[n old] m5 h be5 too apt to imag9e a "r & wrong ap>t f consequ5ces2 :ile a few1 on ! o!r h&1 h s\ght to resolve !m :olly into _! consequ5ces4 ,b ,socrates1 or ,plato = him1 nei!r divides nor id5tifies !m2 ?\gh ! "t has n yet arriv$ ei!r = utilit>ian or transc5d5tal sy/ems ( moral philosophy1 he recognizes ! two elem5ts :i* seem to lie at ! basis ( morality4 7,comp>e ! foll[+3 8,n[1 & = u1 x is a "t to ,hell5ize & to praise kn[+2 = we h ,hebraiz$ too mu* & h ov]valu$ do+4 ,b ! habits & discipl9e receiv$ f ,hebraism rema9 = our race an et]nal possession4 ,& z humanity is con/itut$1 "o mu/ nev] assign ! second rank to-day )\t be+ ready to re/ore !m to ! fir/ to-morr[40 ,sir ,william ,w4 ,hunt]1 ,preface to ,orissa47 ,f\r? ,!sis3-- ,to be & n to seem is ! end ( life4 ,! ,greek 9 ! age ( ,plato admitt$ praise to be "o ( ! *ief inc5tives to moral virtue1 & to mo/ m5 ! op9ion ( _! fell[s is a lead+ pr9ciple ( action4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 elem5t ( seem+ ent]s into all ?+s2 all or almo/ all desire to appe> bett] ?an !y are1 t !y may w9 ! e/eem or admiration ( o!rs4 ,a man ( ability c easily feign ! language ( piety or virtue2 & !re is an unconsci\s z well z a consci\s hypocrisy :i*1 accord+ to ,socrates1 is ! wor/ ( ! two4 ,aga91 !re is ! sophi/ry ( classes & pr(essions4 ,!re are ! diff]5t op9ions ab\t !mselves & "o ano!r :i* prevail 9 diff]5t ranks ( society4 ,!re is ! bias giv5 to ! m9d by ! /udy ( "o dep>tm5t ( human k to ! exclusion ( ! re/2 & /rong] f> ! prejudice eng5d]$ by a pecuni>y or p>ty int]e/ 9 c]ta9 t5ets4 ,!re is ! sophi/ry ( law1 ! sophi/ry ( m$ic9e1 ! sophi/ry ( politics1 ! sophi/ry ( !ology4 ,all ( ^! disguises we> ! appe>ance ( ! tru?2 "s ( !m are v anci5t1 & we d n easily dis5gage ourselves f !m2 = we h inh]it$ !m1 & !y h become a "p ( u4 ,! sophi/ry ( an anci5t ,greek sophi/ is no?+ comp>$ ) ! sophi/ry ( a religi\s ord]1 or ( a *ur* 9 :i* dur+ _m ages falsehood has be5 accumulat+1 & ev]y?+ has be5 said on "o side1 & no?+ on ! o!r4 ,! conv5tions & cu/oms :i* we obs]ve 9 conv]sation1 & ! opposition ( our int]e/s :5 we h deal+s ) "o ano!r 78! buy] sai?1 x is n\ght--x is n\ght10 etc471 are always obscur+ our s5se ( tru? & "r4 ,! sophi/ry ( human nature is f> m subtle ?an ! deceit ( any "o man4 ,few p]sons speak freely f _! own natures1 & sc>cely any "o d>es to ?9k = himself3 mo/ ( u imp]ceptibly fall into ! op9ions ( ^? ar\nd u1 :i* we p>tly help to make4 ,a man :o w\ld %ake himself loose f !m1 requires great =ce ( m9d2 he h>dly kn[s :]e to beg9 9 ! se>* aft] tru?4 ,on e side he is met by ! _w1 :i* is n an ab/raction ( !ologians1 b ! mo/ real ( all ?+s1 be+ ano!r "n = ourselves :5 reg>d$ collectively & subject$ to ! influ5ces ( society4 ,!n comes ,socrates1 impress$ z no o!r man ev] 01 ) ! unreality & untru?fulness ( popul> op9ion1 & tells mank9d t !y mu/ be & n seem4 ,h[ are !y to be8 ,at any rate !y mu/ h ! _s & desire to be4 ,if !y are ignorant1 !y mu/ ackn[l$ge _! ignorance to !mselves2 if !y are consci\s ( do+ evil1 !y mu/ le>n to d well2 if !y are weak1 & h no?+ 9 !m :i* !y c call !mselves1 !y mu/ acquire firmness & consi/5cy2 if !y are indiff]5t1 !y mu/ beg9 to take an int]e/ 9 ! great que/ions :i* surr\nd !m4 ,!y mu/ try to be :at !y w\ld fa9 appe> 9 ! eyes ( _! fell[-m54 ,a s+le individual _c easily *ange public op9ion2 b he c be true & innoc5t1 simple & indep5d5t2 he c "k :at he does1 & :at he does n "k2 & ?\gh n )\t an ef=t1 he c =m a judgm5t ( 8 own1 at lea/ 9 common matt]s4 ,9 8 mo/ secret actions he c %[ ! same high pr9ciple 7comp>e ,republic7 :i* he %[s :5 support$ & wat*$ by public op9ion4 ,& on "s fitt+ occasion1 on "s "q ( humanity or tru? or "r1 ev5 an ord9>y man1 f ! natural rectitude ( 8 disposition1 may be f\nd to take up arms aga9/ a :ole tribe ( politicians & lawy]s1 & be too mu* = !m4 ,:o is ! true & :o ! false /atesman8-- ,! true /atesman is he :o br+s ord] out ( disord]2 :o fir/ organizes & !n adm9i/]s ! gov]nm5t ( 8 own c\ntry2 & hav+ made a nation1 seeks to reconcile ! national int]e/s ) ^? ( ,europe & ( mank9d4 ,he is n a m]e !ori/1 nor yet a deal] 9 exp$i5ts2 ! :ole & ! p>ts gr[ toge!r 9 8 m9d2 :ile ! head is conceiv+1 ! h& is execut+4 ,al?\gh oblig$ to desc5d to ! _w1 he is n ( ! _w4 ,8 ?\ghts are fix$ n on p[] or ri*es or ext5sion ( t]ritory1 b on an ideal /ate1 9 :i* all ! citiz5s h an equal *ance ( heal? & life1 & ! highe/ education is )9 ! rea* ( all1 & ! moral & intellectual qualities ( e individual are freely develop$1 & 8! idea ( good0 is ! animat+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole4 ,n ! atta9m5t ( fre$om alone1 or ( ord] alone1 b h[ to unite fre$om ) ord] is ! problem :i* he has to solve4 ,! /atesman :o places be=e himself ^! l(ty aims has und]tak5 a task :i* w call =? all 8 p[]s4 ,he mu/ control himself be=e he c control o!rs2 he mu/ "k mank9d be=e he c manage !m4 ,he has no private likes or dislikes2 he does n conceal p]sonal enmity "u ! disguise ( moral or political pr9ciple3 su* meannesses1 into :i* m5 too (t5 fall un9t5tionally1 are absorb$ 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 mission1 & 9 8 love = 8 c\ntry & = mank9d4 ,he w sometimes ask himself :at ! next g5]ation w say ( him2 n because he is c>eful ( po/hum\s fame1 b because he kn[s t ! result ( 8 life z a :ole w !n be m fairly judg$4 ,he w take "t = ! execution ( 8 plans2 n hurry+ !m on :5 ! m9d ( a nation is unprep>$ = !m2 b l ! ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se ,himself1 work+ 9 ! appo9t$ "t1 = he kn[s t human life1 8if n long 9 comp>ison ) et]nity0 7,republic71 is suffici5t = ! fulfilm5t ( _m great purposes4 ,he kn[s1 too1 t ! "w w be /ill go+ on :5 he is no long] "h2 & he w sometimes1 especially :5 8 p[]s are fail+1 ?9k ( t o!r 8city ( :i* ! patt]n is 9 heav50 7,republic74 ,! false politician is ! s]v+-man ( ! /ate4 ,9 ord] to gov]n m5 he becomes l !m2 _! 8m9ds are m>ri$ 9 conjunction20 !y 8be> !mselves0 l vulg> & tyrannical ma/]s1 & he is _! ob$i5t s]vant4 ,! true politician1 if he w\ld rule m51 mu/ make !m l himself2 he mu/ 8educate 8 p>ty0 until !y cease to be a p>ty2 he mu/ brea! into !m ! _s :i* w h]eaft] give =m to _! in/itutions4 ,politics ) him are n a me*anism = seem+ :at he is n1 or = c>ry+ out ! w ( ! majority4 ,himself a repres5tative man1 he is ! repres5tative n ( ! l[] b ( ! high] elem5ts ( ! nation4 ,!re is a bett] 7z well z a worse7 public op9ion ( :i* he seeks to lay hold2 z !re is also a deep] curr5t ( human affairs 9 :i* he is borne up :5 ! waves ne>] ! %ore are ?reat5+ him4 ,he ackn[l$ges t he _c take ! _w by =ce--two or ?ree moves on ! political *ess bo>d are all t he c =e see--two or ?ree weeks moves on ! political *essbo>d are all t he c =esee--two or ?ree weeks or mon?s are grant$ to him 9 :i* he c provide aga9/ a com+ /ruggle4 ,b he kn[s also t !re are p]man5t pr9ciples ( politics :i* are always t5d+ to ! well-be+ ( /ates--bett] adm9i/ration1 bett] education1 ! reconciliation ( conflict+ elem5ts1 increas$ security aga9/ ext]nal enemies4 ,^! are n 8( to-day or ye/]day10 b are ! same 9 all times1 & "u all =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,!n :5 ! /orm desc5ds & ! w9ds bl[1 ?\gh he kn[s n be=eh& ! h\r ( dang]1 ! pilot1 n l ,plato's capta9 9 ! ,republic1 half-bl9d & deaf1 b ) p5etrat+ eye & quick e>1 is ready to take comm& ( ! %ip & guide h] into port4 ,! false politician asks n :at is true1 b :at is ! op9ion ( ! _w--n :at is "r1 b :at is exp$i5t4 ,! only measures ( :i* he approves are ! measures :i* w pass4 ,he has no int5tion ( fight+ an uphill battle2 he keeps ! roadway ( politics4 ,he is unwill+ to incur ! p]secution & enmity :i* political convictions w\ld entail ^u him4 ,he beg9s ) popul>ity1 & 9 fair wea!r sails gallantly along4 ,b unpopul>ity soon foll[s him4 ,= m5 expect _! lead]s to be bett] & wis] ?an !mselves3 to be _! guides 9 dang]1 _! savi\rs 9 extremity2 !y d n really desire !m to obey all ! ignorant impulses ( ! popul> m9d2 & if !y fail !m 9 a crisis !y are disappo9t$4 ,!n1 z ,socrates says1 ! cry ( +ratitude is he>d1 :i* is mo/ unreasonable2 = ! p1 :o h be5 taught no bett]1 h done :at might be expect$ ( !m1 & _! /atesm5 h receiv$ ju/ice at _! h&s4 ,! true /atesman is aw>e t he mu/ adapt himself to times & circum/ances4 ,he mu/ h allies if he is to fight aga9/ ! _w2 he mu/ enlight5 public op9ion2 he mu/ accu/om 8 foll[]s to act toge!r4 ,al?\gh he is n ! m]e executor ( ! w ( ! majority1 he mu/ w9 ov] ! majority to himself4 ,he is _! lead] & n _! foll[]1 b 9 ord] to lead he mu/ also foll[4 ,he w nei!r exagg]ate nor und]value ! p[] ( a /atesman1 nei!r adopt+ ! 8laissez faire0 nor ! 8pat]nal gov]nm5t0 pr9ciple2 b he w1 :e!r he is deal+ ) *ildr5 9 politics1 or ) full-gr[n m51 seek to d = ! p :at ! gov]nm5t c d = !m1 & :at1 f imp]fect education or defici5t p[]s ( comb9ation1 !y _c d = !mselves4 ,he kn[s t if he does too mu* = !m !y w d no?+2 & t if he does no?+ = !m !y w 9 "s /ates ( society be utt]ly helpless4 ,= ! _m _c exi/ )\t ! few1 if ! mat]ial =ce ( a c\ntry is f bel[1 wisdom & exp]i5ce are f above4 ,x is n a small "p ( human evils :i* k+s & gov]nm5ts make or cure4 ,! /atesman is well aw>e t a great purpose c>ri$ out consi/5tly dur+ _m ye>s w at la/ be execut$4 ,he is play+ = a /ake :i* may be p>tly det]m9$ by "s accid5t1 & !re=e he w all[ l>gely = ! unkn[n elem5t ( politics4 ,b ! game be+ "o 9 :i* *ance & skill are comb9$1 if he plays long en\gh he is c]ta9 ( victory4 ,he w n be always consi/5t1 = ! _w is *ang+2 & ?\gh he dep5ds ^u ! support ( a p>ty1 he w rememb] t he is ! m9i/] ( ! :ole4 ,he lives n = ! pres5t1 b = ! future1 & he is n at all sure t he w be appreciat$ ei!r n[ or !n4 ,= he may h ! exi/+ ord] ( society aga9/ him1 & may n be rememb]$ by a di/ant po/]ity4 ,!re are always discont5t$ ideali/s 9 politics :o1 l ,socrates 9 ! ,gorgias1 f9d fault ) all /atesm5 pa/ z well z pres5t1 n except+ ! greate/ names ( hi/ory4 ,mank9d h an uneasy feel+ t !y ought to be bett] gov]n$ ?an !y are4 ,j z ! actual philosoph] falls %ort ( ! "o wise man1 s does ! actual /atesman fall %ort ( ! ideal4 ,& s p>tly f vanity & egotism1 b p>tly also f a true s5se ( ! faults ( em95t m51 a temp] ( dissatisfaction & criticism spr+s up among ^? :o are ready en\gh to ackn[l$ge ! inf]iority ( _! own p[]s4 ,no matt] :e!r a /atesman makes high pr(essions or none at all--!y are r$uc$ soon] or lat] to ! same level4 ,& sometimes ! m unscrupul\s man is bett] e/eem$ ?an ! m consci5ti\s1 because he has n equally deceiv$ expectations4 ,su* s5tim5ts may be unju/1 b !y are widely spread2 we con/antly f9d !m recurr+ 9 reviews & newspap]s1 & /ill (t5] 9 private conv]sation4 ,we may fur!r obs]ve t ! art ( gov]nm5t1 :ile 9 "s respects t5d+ to improve1 has 9 o!rs a t5d5cy to deg5]ate1 z in/itutions become m popul>4 ,gov]n+ = ! p _c easily be comb9$ ) gov]n+ by ! p3 ! int]e/s ( classes are too /rong = ! ideas ( ! /atesman :o takes a compreh5sive view ( ! :ole4 ,accord+ to ,socrates ! true gov]nor w f9d ru9 or dea? />+ him 9 ! face1 & w only be induc$ to gov]n f ! fe> ( be+ gov]n$ by a worse man ?an himself 7,republic74 ,& 9 mod]n times1 ?\gh ! _w has gr[n mild]1 & ! t]rible consequ5ces :i* ,plato =etells no long] await an ,engli% /atesman1 any "o :o is n actuat$ by a bl9d ambition w only und]take f a s5se ( duty a "w 9 :i* he is mo/ likely to fail2 & ev5 if he succe$1 w r>ely be rew>d$ by ! gratitude ( 8 own g5]ation4 ,socrates1 :o is n a politician at all1 tells u t he is ! only real politician ( 8 "t4 ,let u illu/rate ! mean+ ( 8 words by apply+ !m to ! hi/ory ( our own c\ntry4 ,he w\ld h said t n ,pitt or ,fox1 or ,cann+ or ,sir ,r4 ,peel1 are ! real politicians ( _! "t1 b ,locke1 ,hume1 ,adam ,smi?1 ,b5?am1 ,ric>do4 ,^! dur+ ! great] "p ( _! lives occupi$ an inconsid]able space 9 ! eyes ( ! public4 ,!y 7 private p]sons2 nev]!less !y s[$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 se$s :i* 9 ! next g5]ation h become an irresi/ible p[]4 8,h]e9 is t say+ true1 ,"o s[e? & ano!r reape?40 ,we may imag9e ) ,plato an ideal /atesman 9 :om practice & speculation are p]fectly h>moniz$2 = !re is no necess>y opposition betwe5 !m4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s t !y are commonly divorc$--! ord9>y politician is ! int]pret] or executor ( ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 & h>dly ev] br+s to ! bir? a new political conception4 ,"o or two only 9 mod]n times1 l ! ,italian /atesman ,cav\r1 h creat$ ! _w 9 :i* !y mov$4 ,! philosoph] is naturally unfitt$ = political life2 8 great ideas are n und]/ood by ! _m2 he is a ?\s& miles away f ! que/ions ( ! day4 ,yet p]haps ! lives ( ?9k]s1 z !y are /ill] & deep]1 are also happi] ?an ! lives ( ^? :o are m 9 ! public eye4 ,!y h ! promise ( ! future1 ?\gh !y are reg>d$ z dream]s & vision>ies by _! own contempor>ies4 ,& :5 !y are no long] "h1 ^? :o w\ld h be5 a%am$ ( !m dur+ _! lives claim k9dr$ ) !m1 & are pr\d to be call$ by _! names4 7,comp>e ,?ucyd47 ,:o is ! true poet8 ,plato expels ! poets f 8 ,republic because !y are alli$ to s5se2 because !y /imulate ! emotions2 because !y are ?rice remov$ f ! ideal tru?4 ,& 9 a simil> _s he decl>es 9 ! ,gorgias t ! /ately muse ( trag$y is a vot>y ( pleasure & n ( tru?4 ,9 mod]n times we almo/ ridicule ! idea ( poetry admitt+ ( a moral4 ,! poet & ! prophet1 or prea*]1 9 primitive antiquity are "o & ! same2 b 9 lat] ages !y seem to fall ap>t4 ,! great art ( novel writ+1 t peculi> creation ( our own & ! la/ c5tury1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! si/] art ( review writ+1 ?reat5s to absorb all lit]ature1 has ev5 less ( s]i\sness 9 h] composition4 ,d we n (t5 he> ! novel writ] c5sur$ = attempt+ to convey a lesson to ! m9ds ( 8 read]s8 ,yet ! true (fice ( a poet or writ] ( fiction is n m]ely to give amusem5t1 or to be ! expression ( ! feel+s ( mank9d1 good or bad1 or ev5 to increase our k ( human nature4 ,!re h be5 poets 9 mod]n times1 su* z ,goe! or ,wordswor?1 :o h n =gott5 _! high vocation ( tea*]s2 & ! two greate/ ( ! ,greek dramati/s owe _! sublimity to _! e?ical "*4 ,! noble/ tru?s1 sung ( 9 ! pure/ & sweete/ language1 are /ill ! prop] mat]ial ( poetry4 ,! poet clo!s !m ) beauty1 & has a p[] ( mak+ !m ent] into ! he>ts & memories ( m54 ,he has n only to speak ( !mes above ! level ( ord9>y life1 b to speak ( !m 9 a deep] & t5d]] way ?an !y are ord9>ily felt1 s z to awak5 ! feel+ ( !m 9 o!rs4 ,! old he makes "y aga92 ! famili> pr9ciple he inve/s ) a new dignity2 he f9ds a noble expression = ! common-places ( morality & politics4 ,he uses ! ?+s ( s5se s z to indicate :at is beyond2 he raises u ?r\gh e>? to heav54 ,he expresses :at ! bett] "p ( u w\ld fa9 say1 & ! half-consci\s feel+ is /r5g!n$ by ! expression4 ,he is 8 own critic1 = ! _s ( poetry & ( criticism are n divid$ 9 him4 ,8 mission is n to disguise m5 f !mselves1 b to reveal to !m _! own nature1 & make !m bett] acqua9t$ ) ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,true poetry is ! remembrance ( y\?1 ( love1 ! embodim5t 9 words ( ! happie/ & holie/ mom5ts ( life1 ( ! noble/ ?\ghts ( man1 ( ! greate/ de$s ( ! pa/4 ,! poet ( ! future may return to 8 great] call+ ( ! prophet or tea*]2 inde$1 we h>dly "k :at may n be effect$ = ! human race by a bett] use ( ! poetical & imag9ative faculty4 ,! reconciliation ( poetry1 z ( religion1 ) tru?1 may /ill be possible4 ,nei!r is ! elem5t ( pleasure to be exclud$4 ,= :5 we sub/itute a high] pleasure = a l[] we raise m5 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce4 ,might n ! noveli/1 too1 make an ideal1 or r _m ideals ( social life1 bett] ?an a ?\s& s]mons8 ,plato1 l ! ,puritans1 is too mu* afraid ( poetic & arti/ic influ5ces4 ,b he is n )\t a true s5se ( ! noble purposes to :i* art may be appli$ 7,republic74 ,mod]n poetry is (t5 a sort ( play?+1 or1 9 ,plato's language1 a flatt]y1 a sophi/ry1 or %am1 9 :i*1 )\t any s]i\s purpose1 ! poet l5ds w+s to 8 fancy & exhibits 8 gifts ( language & metre4 ,su* an "o seeks to gratify ! ta/e ( 8 read]s2 he has ! 8savoir faire10 or trick ( writ+1 b he has n ! high] _s ( poetry4 ,he has no conception t true art %\ld br+ ord] out ( disord]2 t x %\ld make provision = ! s\l's highe/ int]e/2 t x %\ld be pursu$ only ) a view to 8! improvem5t ( ! citiz5s40 ,he m9i/]s to ! weak] side ( human nature 7,republic72 he idealizes ! s5sual2 he s+s ! /ra9 ( love 9 ! late/ fa%ion2 in/ead ( rais+ m5 above !mselves he br+s !m back to ! 8tyranny ( ! _m ma/]s10 f :i* all 8 life long a good man has be5 pray+ to be deliv]$4 ,& (t51 =getful ( measure & ord]1 he w express n t :i* is true/1 b t :i* is /ronge/4 ,in/ead ( a great & nobly-execut$ subject1 p]fect 9 e "p1 "s fancy ( a heat$ bra9 is work$ out ) ! /range/ incongruity4 ,he is n ! ma/] ( 8 words1 b 8 words--p]haps borr[$ f ano!r--! fad$ reflection ( "s ,fr5* or ,g]man or ,italian writ]1 h ! bett] ( him4 ,?\gh we are n go+ to bani% ! poets1 h[ c we suppose t su* utt]ances h any heal+ or life-giv+ influ5ce on ! m9ds ( m58 8,let u he> ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]30 ,art !n mu/ be true1 & politics mu/ be true1 & ! life ( man mu/ be true & n a seem+ or %am4 ,9 all ( !m ord] has to be br\ght out ( disord]1 tru? out ( error & falsehood4 ,?is is :at we mean by ! greate/ improvem5t ( man4 ,& s1 hav+ consid]$ 9 :at way 8we c be/ sp5d ! appo9t$ "t1 we leave ! result ) ,god40 ,plato does n say t ,god w ord] all ?+s = ! be/ 7comp>e ,pha$o71 b he indirectly implies t ! evils ( ?is life w be correct$ 9 ano!r4 ,& z we are v f> f ! be/ imag9able _w at pres5t1 ,plato "h1 z 9 ! ,pha$o & ,republic1 supposes a purgatory or place ( education = mank9d 9 g5]al1 & = a v few a ,t>t>us or hell4 ,! my? :i* t]m9ates ! dialogue is n ! revelation1 b r1 l all simil> descriptions1 :e!r 9 ! ,bible or ,plato1 ! veil ( ano!r life4 ,= no visible ?+ c reveal ! invisible4 ,( ?is ,plato1 unlike "s comm5tators on ,scripture1 is fully aw>e4 ,nei!r w he dogmatize ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* we are 8born aga90 7,republic74 ,only he is prep>$ to ma9ta9 ! ultimate triumph ( tru? & "r1 & decl>es t no "o1 n ev5 ! wise/ ( ! ,greeks1 c affirm any o!r doctr9e )\t be+ ridicul\s4 ,!re is a fur!r p>adox ( e?ics1 9 :i* pleasure & pa9 are held to be indiff]5t1 & virtue at ! "t ( action & )\t reg>d to consequ5ces is happ9ess4 ,f ?is elevation or exagg]ation ( feel+ ,plato seems to %r9k3 he leaves x to ! ,/oics 9 a lat] g5]ation to ma9ta9 t :5 impal$ or on ! rack ! philosoph] may be happy 7comp>e ,republic74 ,x is obs]vable t 9 ! ,republic he raises ?is "q1 b x is n really discuss$2 ! veil ( ! ideal /ate1 ! %ad[ ( ano!r life1 are all[$ to desc5d ^u x & x passes out ( sight4 ,! m>tyr or suff]] 9 ! cause ( "r or tru? is (t5 suppos$ to die 9 raptures1 hav+ 8 eye fix$ on a city :i* is 9 heav54 ,b if !re 7 no future1 might he n /ill be happy 9 ! p]=mance ( an action :i* 0 att5d$ only by a pa9ful dea?8 ,he himself may be ready to ?ank ,god t he 0 ?\ght wor?y to d ,him ! lea/ s]vice1 )\t look+ = a rew>d2 ! joys ( ano!r life may n h be5 pres5t to 8 m9d at all4 ,d we suppose t ! m$iaeval sa9t1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,ca?>9e ( ,si5na1 or ! ,ca?olic prie/ :o lately devot$ himself to dea? by a l+]+ disease t he might solace & help o!rs1 0 ?9k+ ( ! 8sweets0 ( heav58 ,no2 ! "w 0 already heav5 to him & en\gh4 ,mu* less w ! dy+ patriot be dream+ ( ! praises ( man or ( an immortality ( fame3 ! s5se ( duty1 ( "r1 & tru/ 9 ,god w be suffici5t1 & z f> z ! m9d c rea*1 9 t h\r4 ,if he 7 c]ta9 t !re 7 no life to come1 he w\ld n h wi%$ to speak or act o!rwise ?an he did 9 ! cause ( tru? or ( humanity4 ,nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 w he suppose t ,god has =sak5 him or t ! future is to be a m]e blank to him4 ,! greate/ act ( fai?1 ! only fai? :i* _c pass away1 is 8 :o has n kn[n1 b yet has believ$4 ,a v few among ! sons ( m5 h made !mselves indep5d5t ( circum/ances1 pa/1 pres5t1 or to come4 ,he :o has atta9$ to su* a temp] ( m9d has already pres5t ) him et]nal life2 he ne$s no argum5ts to conv9ce him ( immortality2 he has 9 him already a pr9ciple /rong] ?an dea?4 ,he :o s]ves man )\t ! ?\ght ( rew>d is deem$ to be a m fai?ful s]vant ?an he :o works = hire4 ,may n ! s]vice ( ,god1 :i* is ! m dis9t]e/$1 be 9 l mann] ! high]8 ,& al?\gh only a v few 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory--,*ri/ himself be+ "o ( !m--h atta9$ to su* a noble conception ( ,god & ( ! human s\l1 yet ! ideal ( !m may be pres5t to u1 & ! remembrance ( !m be an example to u1 & _! lives may %$ a light on _m d>k places bo? ( philosophy & !ology4 ,,! ,,my?s ,,( ,,plato4 ,! my?s ( ,plato are a ph5om5on unique 9 lit]ature4 ,!re are f\r long] ones3 ^! occur 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ,pha$o1 ,gorgias1 & ,republic4 ,t 9 ! ,republic is ! mo/ elaborate & f9i%$ ( !m4 ,?ree ( ^! great] my?s1 namely ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,pha$o1 ! ,gorgias & ! ,republic1 relate to ! de/9y ( human s\ls 9 a future life4 ,! magnific5t my? 9 ! ,pha$rus treats ( ! immortality1 or r ! et]nity ( ! s\l1 9 :i* is includ$ a =m] z well z a future /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,to ^! may be add$1 7#a7 ! my?1 or r fable1 occurr+ 9 ! ,/atesman1 9 :i* ! life ( innoc5ce is contra/$ ) ! ord9>y life ( man & ! consci\sness ( evil3 7#b7 ! leg5d ( ! ,isl& ( ,atlantis1 an imag9>y hi/ory1 :i* is a fragm5t only1 comm5c$ 9 ! ,timaeus & cont9u$ 9 ! ,critias3 7#c7 ! mu* less arti/ic fiction ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,cretan colony :i* is introduc$ 9 ! preface to ! ,laws1 b soon falls into ! backgr\nd3 7#d7 ! beautiful b r artificial tale ( ,prome!us & ,epime!us n>rat$ 9 8 rhetorical mann] by ,protagoras 9 ! dialogue call$ aft] him3 7#e7 ! spee* at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,pha$rus1 :i* is a p>ody ( ! orator ,lysias2 ! rival spee* ( ,socrates & ! recantation ( x4 ,to ^! may be add$ 7#f7 ! tale ( ! gras%opp]s1 & 7#g7 ! tale ( ,?amus & ( ,!u?1 bo? 9 ! ,pha$rus3 7#h7 ! p>able ( ! ,cave 7,republic71 9 :i* ! previ\s argum5t is recapitulat$1 & ! nature & degrees ( k hav+ be5 previ\sly set =? 9 ! ab/ract are repres5t$ 9 a picture3 7#i7 ! fiction ( ! e>?-born m5 7,republic2 comp>e ,laws71 9 :i* by ! adaptation ( an old tradition ,plato makes a new beg9n+ = 8 society3 7#aj7 ! my? ( ,ari/ophanes respect+ ! division ( ! sexes1 ,sym43 7#aa7 ! p>able ( ! noble capta91 ! pilot1 & ! mut9\s sailors 7,republic71 9 :i* is repres5t$ ! relation ( ! bett] "p ( ! _w1 & ( ! philosoph]1 to ! mob ( politicians3 7#ab7 ! ironical tale ( ! pilot :o plies betwe5 ,a!ns & ,aeg9a *>g+ only a small paym5t = sav+ m5 f dea?1 ! reason be+ t he is unc]ta9 :e!r to live or die is bett] = !m 7,gor473 7#ac7 ! treatm5t ( freem5 & citiz5s by physicians & ( slaves by _! appr5tices1--a some:at lab\r$ figure ( spee* int5d$ to illu/rate ! two diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! laws speak to m5 7,laws74 ,!re also occur 9 ,plato cont9u\s images2 "s ( !m ext5d ov] sev]al pages1 appe>+ & reappe>+ at int]vals3 su* z ! bees /++ & /+less 7paup]s & ?ieves7 9 ! ,eigh? ,book ( ! ,republic1 :o are g5]at$ 9 ! transition f timocracy to olig>*y3 ! sun1 :i* is to ! visible _w :at ! idea ( good is to ! intellectual1 9 ! ,six? ,book ( ! ,republic3 ! composite animal1 hav+ ! =m ( a man1 b conta9+ "u a human sk9 a lion & a _m-head$ mon/] 7,republic73 ! great bea/1 i4e4 ! populace3 & ! wild bea/ )9 u1 mean+ ! passions :i* are always liable to break out3 ! animat$ comp>isons ( ! degradation ( philosophy by ! arts to ! di%on\r$ maid51 & ( ! tyrant to ! p>ricide1 :o 8beats 8 fa!r1 hav+ fir/ tak5 away 8 arms03 ! dog1 :o is y\r only philosoph]3 ! grotesque & r paltry image ( ! argum5t w&]+ ab\t )\t a head 7,laws71 :i* is repeat$1 n improv$1 f ! ,gorgias3 ! argum5t p]sonifi$ z veil+ h] face 7,republic71 z engag$ 9 a *ase1 z break+ ^u u 9 a fir/1 second & ?ird wave3--on ^! figures ( spee* ! *anges are rung _m times ov]4 ,x is obs]vable t ne>ly all ^! p>ables or cont9u\s images are f\nd 9 ! ,republic2 t :i* occurs 9 ! ,!aetetus1 ( ! midwif]y ( ,socrates1 is p]haps ! only exception4 ,to make ! li/ complete1 ! ma!matical figure ( ! numb] ( ! /ate 7,republic71 or ! num]ical int]val :i* sep>ates k+ f tyrant1 %\ld n be =gott54 ,! my? 9 ! ,gorgias is "o ( ^? descriptions ( ano!r life :i*1 l ! ,six? ,a5eid ( ,virgil1 appe> to conta9 rem9isc5ces ( ! my/]ies4 ,x is a vision ( ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts :i* await good & bad m5 aft] dea?4 ,x supposes ! body to cont9ue & to be 9 ano!r _w :at x has become 9 ?is4 ,x includes a ,p>adiso1 ,purgatorio1 & ,inf]no1 l ! si/] my?s ( ! ,pha$o & ! ,republic4 ,! ,inf]no is res]v$ = great crim9als only4 ,! argum5t ( ! dialogue is frequ5tly ref]r$ to1 & ! mean+ breaks ?r\gh s z r to de/roy ! livel9ess & consi/5cy ( ! picture4 ,! /ructure ( ! fiction is v slight1 ! *ief po9t or moral be+ t 9 ! judgm5ts ( ano!r _w !re is no possibility ( concealm5t3 ,zeus has tak5 f m5 ! p[] ( =esee+ dea?1 & br+s toge!r ! s\ls bo? ( !m & _! judges nak$ & undisguis$ at ! judgm5t-seat4 ,bo? are expos$ to view1 /ripp$ ( ! veils & clo!s :i* might prev5t !m f see+ into or be+ se5 by "o ano!r4 ,! my? ( ! ,pha$o is ( ! same type1 b x is m cosmological1 & also m poetical4 ,! beautiful & +5i\s fancy occurs to ,plato t ! upp] atmosph]e is an e>? & heav5 9 "o1 a glorifi$ e>?1 fair] & pur] ?an t 9 :i* we dwell4 ,z ! fi%es live 9 ! ocean1 mank9d are liv+ 9 a l[] sph]e1 out ( :i* !y put _! heads = a mom5t or two & behold a _w beyond4 ,! e>? :i* we inhabit is a s$im5t ( ! co>s] p>ticles :i* drop f ! _w above1 & is to t heav5ly e>? :at ! des]t & ! %ores ( ! ocean are to u4 ,a "p ( ! my? consi/s ( description ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 :i* gives ! opportunity ( introduc+ sev]al my?ological names & ( provid+ places ( torm5t = ! wick$4 ,!re is no cle> di/9ction ( s\l & body2 ! spirits b5ea? ! e>? are spok5 ( z s\ls only1 yet !y reta9 a sort ( %ad[y =m :5 !y cry = m]cy on ! %ores ( ! lake2 & ! philosoph] alone is said to h got rid ( ! body4 ,all ! ?ree my?s 9 ,plato :i* relate to ! _w bel[ h a place = rep5tant s9n]s1 z well z o!r homes or places = ! v good & v bad4 ,x is a natural reflection :i* is made by ,plato else:]e1 t ! two extremes ( human "* are r>ely met )1 & t ! g5]ality ( mank9d are betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce a place mu/ be f\nd = !m4 ,9 ! my? ( ! ,pha$o !y are c>ri$ d[n ! riv] ,a*]on to ! ,a*]usian lake1 :]e !y dwell1 & are purifi$ ( _! evil de$s1 & receive ! rew>ds ( _! good4 ,!re are also incurable s9n]s1 :o are ca/ into ,t>t>us1 !re to rema9 z ! p5alty ( atroci\s crimes2 ^! suff] ev]la/+ly4 ,& !re is ano!r class ( h>dly-curable s9n]s :o are all[$ f "t to "t to approa* ! %ores ( ! ,a*]usian lake1 :]e !y cry to _! victims = m]cy2 :i* if !y obta9 !y come out into ! lake & cease f _! torm5ts4 ,nei!r ?is1 nor any ( ! ?ree great] my?s ( ,plato1 nor p]haps any allegory or p>able relat+ to ! unse5 _w1 is consi/5t ) itself4 ,! language ( philosophy m+les ) t ( my?ology2 ab/ract ideas are trans=m$ into p]sons1 figures ( spee* into realities4 ,^! my?s may be comp>$ ) ! ,pilgrim's ,progress ( ,bunyan1 9 :i* discussions ( !ology are mix$ up ) ! incid5ts ( travel1 & my?ological p]sonages are associat$ ) human be+s3 !y are also g>ni%$ ) names & phrases tak5 out ( ,hom]1 & ) o!r fragm5ts ( ,greek tradition4 ,! my? ( ! ,republic is m subtle & also m consi/5t ?an ei!r ( ! two o!rs4 ,x has a great] v]isimilitude ?an !y h1 & is full ( t\*es :i* recall ! exp]i5ces ( human life4 ,x w be notic$ by an att5tive read] t ! twelve days dur+ :i* ,er lay 9 a trance aft] he 0 sla9 co9cide ) ! "t pass$ by ! spirits 9 _! pilgrimage4 ,x is a curi\s obs]vation1 n (t5 made1 t good m5 :o h liv$ 9 a well-gov]n$ city 7%all we say 9 a religi\s & respectable society87 are m likely to make mi/akes 9 _! *oice ( life ?an ^? :o h _h m exp]i5ce ( ! _w & ( evil4 ,x is a m famili> rem>k t we con/antly blame o!rs :5 we h only ourselves to blame2 & ! philosoph] mu/ ackn[l$ge1 h[ev] reluctantly1 t !re is an elem5t ( *ance 9 human life ) :i* x is sometimes impossible = man to cope4 ,t m5 dr9k m ( ! wat]s ( =getfulness ?an is good = !m is a poetical description ( a famili> tru?4 ,we h _m ( u kn[n m5 :o1 l ,odysseus1 h we>i$ ( ambition & h only desir$ re/4 ,we %\ld l to "k :at became ( ! infants 8dy+ almo/ z soon z !y 7 born10 b ,plato only raises1 )\t satisfy+1 our curiosity4 ,! two companies ( s\ls1 asc5d+ & desc5d+ at ei!r *asm ( heav5 & e>?1 & conv]s+ :5 !y come out into ! mead[1 ! maje/ic figures ( ! judges sitt+ 9 heav51 ! voice he>d by ,ardiaeus1 are features ( ! great allegory :i* h an indescribable gr&eur & p[]4 ,! rem>k already made respect+ ! inconsi/5cy ( ! two o!r my?s mu/ be ext5d$ also to ?is3 x is at once an orr]y1 or model ( ! heav5s1 & a picture ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,! ?ree my?s are unlike any?+ else 9 ,plato4 ,!re is an ,ori5tal1 or r an ,egyptian elem5t 9 !m1 & !y h an aff9ity to ! my/]ies & to ! ,orphic modes ( wor%ip4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t !y are un-,greek2 at any rate !re is h>dly any?+ l !m 9 o!r ,greek writ+s :i* h a s]i\s purpose2 9 _s !y are m$iaeval4 ,!y are ak9 to :at may be t]m$ ! und]gr\nd religion 9 all ages & c\ntries4 ,!y are pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ lively & graphic mann]1 b !y are nev] insi/$ on z true2 x is only affirm$ t no?+ bett] c be said ab\t a future life4 ,plato seems to make use ( !m :5 he has rea*$ ! limits ( human k2 or1 to borr[ an expression ( 8 own1 :5 he is /&+ on ! outside ( ! intellectual _w4 ,!y are v simple 9 /yle2 a few t\*es br+ ! picture home to ! m9d1 & make x pres5t to u4 ,!y h also a k9d ( au?ority ga9$ by ! employm5t ( sacr$ & famili> names1 j z m]e fragm5ts ( ! words ( ,scripture1 put toge!r 9 any =m & appli$ to any subject1 h a p[] ( _! own4 ,!y are a sub/itute = poetry & my?ology2 & !y are also a re=m ( my?ology4 ,! moral ( !m may be summ$ up 9 a ^w or two3 ,aft] dea? ! ,judgm5t2 & 8!re is "s bett] ?+ rema9+ = ! good ?an = ! evil40 ,all lit]ature ga!rs into itself _m elem5ts ( ! pa/3 = example1 ! tale ( ! e>?-born m5 9 ! ,republic appe>s at fir/ sight to be an extravagant fancy1 b x is re/or$ to propriety :5 we rememb] t x is bas$ on a leg5d>y belief4 ,! art ( mak+ /ories ( gho/s & app>itions cr$ible is said to consi/ 9 ! mann] ( tell+ !m4 ,! effect is ga9$ by _m lit]>y & conv]sational devices1 su* z ! previ\s rais+ ( curiosity1 ! m5tion ( little circum/ances1 simplicity1 picturesqu5ess1 ! naturalness ( ! occasion1 & ! l4 ,?is art is possess$ by ,plato 9 a degree :i* has nev] be5 equall$4 ,! my? 9 ! ,pha$rus is ev5 great] ?an ! my?s :i* h be5 already describ$1 b is ( a diff]5t "*4 ,x treats ( a =m] r ?an ( a future life4 ,x repres5ts ! conflict ( reason aid$ by passion or righte\s indignation on ! "o h&1 & ( ! animal lu/s & in/9cts on ! o!r4 ,! s\l ( man has foll[$ ! company ( "s god1 & se5 tru? 9 ! =m ( ! univ]sal be=e x 0 born 9 ?is _w4 ,our pres5t life is ! result ( ! /ruggle :i* 0 !n c>ri$ on4 ,?is _w is relative to a =m] _w1 z x is (t5 project$ into a future4 ,we ask ! "q1 ,:]e 7 m5 be=e bir?8 ,z we likewise enquire1 ,:at w become ( !m aft] dea?8 ,! fir/ "q is unfamili> to u1 & !re=e seems to be unnatural2 b if we survey ! :ole human race1 x has be5 z influ5tial & z widely spread z ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus x is really a figure ( spee* 9 :i* ! 8spiritual combat0 ( ?is life is repres5t$4 ,! maje/y & p[] ( ! :ole passage--especially ( :at may be call$ ! !me or proem 7beg9n+ 8,! m9d ?r\gh all h] be+ is immortal07--c only be r5d]$ v inadequately 9 ano!r language4 ,! my? 9 ! ,/atesman relates to a =m] cycle ( exi/5ce1 9 :i* m5 7 born ( ! e>?1 & by ! rev]sal ( ! e>?'s motion _h _! lives rev]s$ & 7 re/or$ to y\? & beauty3 ! dead came to life1 ! old grew middle-ag$1 & ! middle-ag$ "y2 ! y\? became a *ild1 ! *ild an infant1 ! infant vani%$ into ! e>?4 ,! connection betwe5 ! rev]sal ( ! e>?'s motion & ! rev]sal ( human life is ( c\rse v]bal only1 yet ,plato1 l !ologians 9 o!r ages1 argues f ! consi/5cy ( ! tale to its tru?4 ,! new ord] ( ! _w 0 imm$iately "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,god2 x 0 a /ate ( innoc5ce 9 :i* m5 _h nei!r wants nor c>es1 9 :i* ! e>? br\ght =? all ?+s spontane\sly1 & ,god 0 to man :at man n[ is to ! animals4 ,!re 7 no great e/ates1 or families1 or private possessions1 nor any traditions ( ! pa/1 because m5 7 all born out ( ! e>?4 ,?is is :at ,plato calls ! 8reign ( ,cronos20 & 9 l mann] he connects ! rev]sal ( ! e>?'s motion ) "s leg5d ( :i* he himself 0 probably ! inv5tor4 ,! "q is !n ask$1 "u :i* ( ^! two cycles ( exi/5ce 0 man ! happi]1--"u t ( ,cronos1 :i* 0 a /ate ( innoc5ce1 or t ( ,zeus1 :i* is our ord9>y life8 ,= a :ile ,plato balances ! two sides ( ! s]i\s controv]sy1 :i* he has sugge/$ 9 a figure4 ,! answ] dep5ds on ano!r "q3 ,:at use did ! *ildr5 ( ,cronos make ( _! "t8 ,!y _h b\ndless leisure & ! faculty ( disc\rs+1 n only ) "o ano!r1 b ) ! animals4 ,did !y employ ^! advantages ) a view to philosophy1 ga!r+ f e nature "s addition to _! /ore ( k8 or1 ,did !y pass _! "t 9 eat+ & dr9k+ & tell+ /ories to "o ano!r & to ! bea/s8--9 ei!r case !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 answ]+4 ,b !n1 z ,plato r mis*iev\sly adds1 8,nobody kn[s :at !y did10 & !re=e ! d\bt mu/ rema9 undet]m9$4 ,to ! fir/ !re succe$s a second epo*4 ,aft] ano!r natural convulsion1 9 :i* ! ord] ( ! _w & ( human life is once m rev]s$1 ,god )draws 8 guid+ h&1 & man is left to ! gov]nm5t ( himself4 ,! _w beg9s aga91 & arts & laws are sl[ly & pa9fully inv5t$4 ,a secul> age succe$s to a !ocratical4 ,9 ?is fanciful tale ,plato has dropp$1 or almo/ dropp$1 ! g>b ( my?ology4 ,he sugge/s sev]al curi\s & important ?\ghts1 su* z ! possibility ( a /ate ( innoc5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( a _w )\t traditions1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 human & div9e gov]nm5t4 ,he has also c>ri$ a /ep fur!r 8 speculations conc]n+ ! abolition ( ! family & ( prop]ty1 :i* he supposes to h no place among ! *ildr5 ( ,cronos any m ?an 9 ! ideal /ate4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,plato & ( 8 age to pass f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 f poetry to reality4 ,language is ! expression ( ! se51 & also ( ! unse51 & moves 9 a region betwe5 !m4 ,a great writ] kn[s h[ to /rike bo? ^! *ords1 sometimes rema9+ )9 ! sph]e ( ! visible1 & !n aga9 compreh5d+ a wid] range & so>+ to ! ab/ract & univ]sal4 ,ev5 9 ! same s5t5ce he may employ bo? modes ( spee* n improp]ly or inh>moni\sly4 ,x is useless to criticise ! brok5 metaphors ( ,plato1 if ! effect ( ! :ole is to create a picture n su* z c be pa9t$ on canvas1 b :i* is full ( life & mean+ to ! read]4 ,a poem may be conta9$ 9 a ^w or two1 :i* may call up n "o b _m lat5t images2 or half reveal to u by a sudd5 fla% ! ?\ghts ( _m he>ts4 ,(t5 ! rapid transition f "o image to ano!r is pleas+ to u3 on ! o!r h&1 any s+le figure ( spee* if too (t5 repeat$1 or work$ out too mu* at l5g?1 becomes prosy & monoton\s4 ,9 !ology & philosophy we necess>ily include bo? 8! moral law )9 & ! />ry heav5 above10 & pass f "o to ! o!r 7comp>e = examples ,psalms xviii4 & xix474 ,:e!r su* a use ( language is pu]ile or noble dep5ds ^u ! g5ius ( ! writ] or speak]1 & ! famili>ity ( ! associations employ$4 ,9 ! my?s & p>ables ( ,plato ! ease & grace ( conv]sation is n =gott53 !y are spok51 n writt5 words1 /ories :i* are told to a liv+ audi5ce1 & s well told t we are m ?an half-incl9$ to believe !m 7comp>e ,pha$rus74 ,z 9 conv]sation too1 ! /rik+ image or figure ( spee* is n =gott51 b is quickly caught up1 & allud$ to aga9 & aga92 z x w\ld /ill be 9 our own day 9 a g5ial & sympa!tic society4 ,! descriptions ( ,plato h a great] life & reality ?an is to be f\nd 9 any mod]n writ+4 ,?is is due to _! homel9ess & simplicity4 ,plato c d ) words j z he pleases2 to him !y are inde$ 8m pla/ic ?an wax0 7,republic74 ,we are 9 ! habit ( oppos+ spee* & writ+1 poetry & prose4 ,b he has discov]$ a use ( language 9 :i* !y are unit$2 :i* gives a fitt+ expression to ! highe/ tru?s2 & 9 :i* ! trifles ( c\rtesy & ! famili>ities ( daily life are n ov]look$4 ,,gorgias ,by ,plato ,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,callicles1 ,socrates1 ,*a]ephon1 ,gorgias1 ,polus4 ,,sc5e3 ,! h\se ( ,callicles4 ,,callicles3 ,! wise man1 z ! prov]b says1 is late = a fray1 b n = a fea/4 ,,socrates3 ,& are we late = a fea/8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 & a delightful fea/2 = ,gorgias has j be5 exhibit+ to u _m f9e ?+s4 ,,socrates3 ,x is n my fault1 ,callicles2 our fri5d ,*a]ephon is to blame2 = he w\ld keep u loit]+ 9 ! ,agora4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,nev] m9d1 ,socrates2 ! mis=tune ( :i* ,i h be5 ! cause ,i w also repair2 = ,gorgias is a fri5d ( m9e1 & ,i w make him give ! exhibition aga9 ei!r n[1 or1 if y pref]1 at "s o!r "t4 ,,callicles3 ,:at is ! matt]1 ,*a]ephon--does ,socrates want to he> ,gorgias8 ,,*a]ephon3 ,yes1 t 0 our int5tion 9 com+4 ,,callicles3 ,come into my h\se1 !n2 = ,gorgias is /ay+ ) me1 & he %all exhibit to y4 ,,socrates3 ,v good1 ,callicles2 b w he answ] our que/ions8 = ,i want to he> f him :at is ! nature ( 8 art1 & :at x is :i* he pr(esses & tea*es2 he may1 z y 7,*a]ephon7 sugge/1 def] ! exhibition to "s o!r "t4 ,,callicles3 ,!re is no?+ l ask+ him1 ,socrates2 & inde$ to answ] que/ions is a "p ( 8 exhibition1 = he 0 say+ only j n[1 t any "o 9 my h\se might put any "q to him1 & t he w\ld answ]4 ,,socrates3 ,h[ =tunate6 w y ask him1 ,*a]ephon--8 ,,*a]ephon3 ,:at %all ,i ask him8 ,,socrates3 ,ask him :o he is4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean su* a "q z w\ld elicit f him1 if he _h be5 a mak] ( %oes1 ! answ] t he is a cobbl]4 ,d y und]/&8 ,,*a]ephon3 ,i und]/&1 & w ask him3 ,tell me1 ,gorgias1 is our fri5d ,callicles "r 9 say+ t y und]take to answ] any que/ions :i* y are ask$8 ,,gorgias3 ,q "r1 ,*a]ephon3 ,i 0 say+ z mu* only j n[2 & ,i may add1 t _m ye>s h elaps$ s9ce any "o has ask$ me a new "o4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,!n y mu/ be v ready1 ,gorgias4 ,,gorgias3 ,( t1 ,*a]ephon1 y c make trial4 ,,polus3 ,yes1 inde$1 & if y l1 ,*a]ephon1 y may make trial ( me too1 = ,i ?9k t ,gorgias1 :o has be5 talk+ a long "t1 is tir$4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,& d y1 ,polus1 ?9k t y c answ] bett] ?an ,gorgias8 ,,polus3 ,:at does t matt] if ,i answ] well en\gh = y8 ,,*a]ephon3 ,n at all3--& y %all answ] if y l4 ,,polus3 ,ask3-- ,,*a]ephon3 ,my "q is ?is3 ,if ,gorgias _h ! skill ( 8 bro!r ,h]odicus1 :at ought we to call him8 ,ought he n to h ! "n :i* is giv5 to 8 bro!r8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,!n we %\ld be "r 9 call+ him a physician8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,& if he _h ! skill ( ,ari/ophon ! son ( ,aglaophon1 or ( 8 bro!r ,polygnotus1 :at ought we to call him8 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly1 a pa9t]4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,b n[ :at %all we call him--:at is ! art 9 :i* he is skill$4 ,,polus3 ,o ,*a]ephon1 !re are _m arts among mank9d :i* are exp]im5tal1 & h _! orig9 9 exp]i5ce1 = exp]i5ce makes ! days ( m5 to proce$ accord+ to art1 & inexp]i5ce accord+ to *ance1 & diff]5t p]sons 9 diff]5t ways are pr(ici5t 9 diff]5t arts1 & ! be/ p]sons 9 ! be/ arts4 ,& our fri5d ,gorgias is "o ( ! be/1 & ! art 9 :i* he is a pr(ici5t is ! noble/4 ,,socrates3 ,polus has be5 taught h[ to make a capital spee*1 ,gorgias2 b he is n fulfill+ ! promise :i* he made to ,*a]ephon4 ,,gorgias3 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean t he has n exactly answ]$ ! "q :i* he 0 ask$4 ,,gorgias3 ,!n :y n ask him y\rself8 ,,socrates3 ,b ,i w\ld mu* r ask y1 if y are dispos$ to answ]3 = ,i see1 f ! few words :i* ,polus has utt]$1 t he has att5d$ m to ! art :i* is call$ rhetoric ?an to dialectic4 ,,polus3 ,:at makes y say s1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,because1 ,polus1 :5 ,*a]ephon ask$ y :at 0 ! art :i* ,gorgias kn[s1 y prais$ x z if y 7 answ]+ "s "o :o f\nd fault ) x1 b y nev] said :at ! art 04 ,,polus3 ,:y1 did ,i n say t x 0 ! noble/ ( arts8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 inde$1 b t 0 no answ] to ! "q3 nobody ask$ :at 0 ! quality1 b :at 0 ! nature1 ( ! art1 & by :at "n we 7 to describe ,gorgias4 ,& ,i w\ld /ill beg y briefly & cle>ly1 z y answ]$ ,*a]ephon :5 he ask$ y at fir/1 to say :at ?is art is1 & :at we ought to call ,gorgias3 ,or r1 ,gorgias1 let me turn to y1 & ask ! same "q1--:at are we to call y1 & :at is ! art :i* y pr(ess8 ,,gorgias3 ,rhetoric1 ,socrates1 is my art4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i am to call y a rhetorician8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 & a good "o too1 if y w\ld call me t :i*1 9 ,hom]ic language1 8,i boa/ myself to be40 ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld wi% to d s4 ,,gorgias3 ,!n pray d4 ,,socrates3 ,& are we to say t y are able to make o!r m5 rhetoricians8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes1 t is exactly :at ,i pr(ess to make !m1 n only at ,a!ns1 b 9 all places4 ,,socrates3 ,& w y cont9ue to ask & answ] que/ions1 ,gorgias1 z we are at pres5t do+1 & res]ve = ano!r occasion ! long] mode ( spee* :i* ,polus 0 attempt+8 ,w y keep y\r promise1 & answ] %ortly ! que/ions :i* are ask$ ( y8 ,,gorgias3 ,"s answ]s1 ,socrates1 are ( necessity long]2 b ,i w d my be/ to make !m z %ort z possible2 = a "p ( my pr(ession is t ,i c be z %ort z any "o4 ,,socrates3 ,t is :at is want$1 ,gorgias2 exhibit ! %ort] me?od n[1 & ! long] "o at "s o!r "t4 ,,gorgias3 ,well1 ,i w2 & y w c]ta9ly say1 t y nev] he>d a man use few] words4 ,,socrates3 ,v good !n2 z y pr(ess to be a rhetorician1 & a mak] ( rhetoricians1 let me ask y1 ) :at is rhetoric conc]n$3 ,i might ask ) :at is weav+ conc]n$1 & y w\ld reply 7w\ld y n871 ) ! mak+ ( g>m5ts8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& music is conc]n$ ) ! composition ( melodies8 ,,gorgias3 ,x is4 ,,socrates3 ,by ,"h1 ,gorgias1 ,i admire ! surpass+ brevity ( y\r answ]s4 ,,gorgias3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i d ?9k myself good at t4 ,,socrates3 ,i am glad to he> x2 answ] me 9 l mann] ab\t rhetoric3 ) :at is rhetoric conc]n$8 ,,gorgias3 ,) disc\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,:at sort ( disc\rse1 ,gorgias8--su* disc\rse z w\ld tea* ! sick "u :at treatm5t !y might get well8 ,,gorgias3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,!n rhetoric does n treat ( all k9ds ( disc\rse8 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet rhetoric makes m5 able to speak8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& to und]/& t ab\t :i* !y speak8 ,,gorgias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,b does n ! art ( m$ic9e1 :i* we 7 j n[ m5tion+1 also make m5 able to und]/& & speak ab\t ! sick8 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n m$ic9e also treats ( disc\rse8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,( disc\rse conc]n+ diseases8 ,,gorgias3 ,j s4 ,,socrates3 ,& does n gymna/ic also treat ( disc\rse conc]n+ ! good or evil condition ( ! body8 ,,gorgias3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! same1 ,gorgias1 is true ( ! o!r arts3--all ( !m treat ( disc\rse conc]n+ ! subjects ) :i* !y sev]ally h to d4 ,,gorgias3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n :y1 if y call rhetoric ! art :i* treats ( disc\rse1 & all ! o!r arts treat ( disc\rse1 d y n call !m arts ( rhetoric8 ,,gorgias3 ,because1 ,socrates1 ! k ( ! o!r arts has only to d ) "s sort ( ext]nal action1 z ( ! h&2 b !re is no su* action ( ! h& 9 rhetoric :i* works & takes effect only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( disc\rse4 ,& !re=e ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t rhetoric treats ( disc\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,i am n sure :e!r ,i entirely und]/& y1 b ,i d>e say ,i %all soon "k bett]2 please to answ] me a "q3--y w\ld all[ t !re are arts8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,z to ! arts g5]ally1 !y are = ! mo/ "p conc]n$ ) do+1 & require little or no speak+2 9 pa9t+1 & /atu>y1 & _m o!r arts1 ! "w may proce$ 9 sil5ce2 & ( su* arts ,i suppose y w\ld say t !y d n come )9 ! prov9ce ( rhetoric4 ,,gorgias3 ,y p]fectly conceive my mean+1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,b !re are o!r arts :i* "w :olly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language1 & require ei!r no action or v little1 z1 = example1 ! arts ( ari?metic1 ( calculation1 ( geometry1 & ( play+ draughts2 9 "s ( ^! spee* is pretty ne>ly co-ext5sive ) action1 b 9 mo/ ( !m ! v]bal elem5t is great]--!y dep5d :olly on words = _! efficacy & p[]3 & ,i take y\r mean+ to be t rhetoric is an art ( ?is latt] sort8 ,,gorgias3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet ,i d n believe t y really mean to call any ( ^! arts rhetoric2 al?\gh ! precise expression :i* y us$ 01 t rhetoric is an art :i* works & takes effect only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( disc\rse2 & an adv]s>y :o wi%$ to be capti\s might say1 8,& s1 ,gorgias1 y call ari?metic rhetoric40 ,b ,i d n ?9k t y really call ari?metic rhetoric any m ?an geometry w\ld be s call$ by y4 ,,gorgias3 ,y are q "r1 ,socrates1 9 y\r appreh5sion ( my mean+4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 !n1 let me n[ h ! re/ ( my answ]3--see+ t rhetoric is "o ( ^? arts :i* works ma9ly by ! use ( words1 & !re are o!r arts :i* also use words1 tell me :at is t quality 9 words ) :i* rhetoric is conc]n$3--,suppose t a p]son asks me ab\t "s ( ! arts :i* ,i 0 m5tion+ j n[2 he might say1 8,socrates1 :at is ari?metic80 & ,i %\ld reply to him1 z y repli$ to me1 t ari?metic is "o ( ^? arts :i* take effect ?r\gh words4 ,& !n he w\ld proce$ to ask3 8,words ab\t :at80 & ,i %\ld reply1 ,words ab\t odd & ev5 numb]s1 & h[ _m !re are ( ea*4 ,& if he ask$ aga93 8,:at is ! art ( calculation80 ,i %\ld say1 ,t also is "o ( ! arts :i* is conc]n$ :olly ) words4 ,& if he fur!r said1 8,conc]n$ ) :at80 ,i %\ld say1 l ! cl]ks 9 ! assembly1 8z a=esaid0 ( ari?metic1 b ) a diff]5ce1 ! diff]5ce be+ t ! art ( calculation consid]s n only ! quantities ( odd & ev5 numb]s1 b also _! num]ical relations to !mselves & to "o ano!r4 ,& suppose1 aga91 ,i 7 to say t a/ronomy is only words--he w\ld ask1 8,words ab\t :at1 ,socrates80 & ,i %\ld answ]1 t a/ronomy tells u ab\t ! motions ( ! />s & sun & moon1 & _! relative swiftness4 ,,gorgias3 ,y w\ld be q "r1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[ let u h f y1 ,gorgias1 ! tru? ab\t rhetoric3 :i* y w\ld admit 7w\ld y n87 to be "o ( ^? arts :i* act always & fulfil all _! ends ?r\gh ! m$ium ( words8 ,,gorgias3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,words :i* d :at8 ,i %\ld ask4 ,to :at class ( ?+s d ! words :i* rhetoric uses relate8 ,,gorgias3 ,to ! greate/1 ,socrates1 & ! be/ ( human ?+s4 ,,socrates3 ,t aga91 ,gorgias is ambigu\s2 ,i am /ill 9 ! d>k3 = :i* are ! greate/ & be/ ( human ?+s8 ,i d>e say t y h he>d m5 s++ at fea/s ! old dr9k+ song1 9 :i* ! s+]s enum]ate ! goods ( life1 fir/ heal?1 beauty next1 ?irdly1 z ! writ] ( ! song says1 weal? hone/ly obta9$4 ,,gorgias3 ,yes1 ,i "k ! song2 b :at is y\r drift8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean to say1 t ! produc]s ( ^? ?+s :i* ! au?or ( ! song praises1 t is to say1 ! physician1 ! tra9]1 ! money-mak]1 w at once come to y1 & fir/ ! physician w say3 8,o ,socrates1 ,gorgias is deceiv+ y1 = my art is conc]n$ ) ! greate/ good ( m5 & n 840 ,& :5 ,i ask1 ,:o are y8 he w reply1 8,i am a physician40 ,:at d y mean8 ,i %all say4 ,d y mean t y\r art produces ! greate/ good8 8,c]ta9ly10 he w answ]1 8= is n heal? ! greate/ good8 ,:at great] good c m5 h1 ,socrates80 ,& aft] him ! tra9] w come & say1 8,i too1 ,socrates1 %all be greatly surpris$ if ,gorgias c %[ m good ( 8 art ?an ,i c %[ ( m9e40 ,to him aga9 ,i %all say1 ,:o are y1 hone/ fri5d1 & :at is y\r bus9ess8 8,i am a tra9]10 he w reply1 8& my bus9ess is to make m5 beautiful & /rong 9 body40 ,:5 ,i h done ) ! tra9]1 !re arrives ! money-mak]1 & he1 z ,i expect1 w utt]ly despise !m all4 8,consid] ,socrates10 he w say1 8:e!r ,gorgias or any "o else c produce any great] good ?an weal?40 ,well1 y & ,i say to him1 & are y a creator ( weal?8 8,yes10 he replies4 ,& :o are y8 8,a money-mak]40 ,& d y consid] weal? to be ! greate/ good ( man8 8,( c\rse10 w be 8 reply4 ,& we %all rejo93 ,yes2 b our fri5d ,gorgias cont5ds t 8 art produces a great] good ?an y\rs4 ,& !n he w be sure to g on & ask1 8,:at good8 ,let ,gorgias answ]40 ,n[ ,i want y1 ,gorgias1 to imag9e t ?is "q is ask$ ( y by !m & by me2 ,:at is t :i*1 z y say1 is ! greate/ good ( man1 & ( :i* y are ! creator8 ,answ] u4 ,,gorgias3 ,t good1 ,socrates1 :i* is truly ! greate/1 be+ t :i* gives to m5 fre$om 9 _! own p]sons1 & to individuals ! p[] ( rul+ ov] o!rs 9 _! sev]al /ates4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at w\ld y consid] ?is to be8 ,,gorgias3 ,:at is !re great] ?an ! ^w :i* p]suades ! judges 9 ! c\rts1 or ! s5ators 9 ! c\ncil1 or ! citiz5s 9 ! assembly1 or at any o!r political meet+8--if y h ! p[] ( utt]+ ?is ^w1 y w h ! physician y\r slave1 & ! tra9] y\r slave1 & ! money-mak] ( :om y talk w be f\nd to ga!r treasures1 n = himself1 b = y :o are able to speak & to p]suade ! multitude4 ,,socrates3 ,n[ ,i ?9k1 ,gorgias1 t y h v accurately expla9$ :at y conceive to be ! art ( rhetoric2 & y mean to say1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t rhetoric is ! artific] ( p]suasion1 hav+ ?is & no o!r bus9ess1 & t ?is is h] cr[n & end4 ,d y "k any o!r effect ( rhetoric ov] & above t ( produc+ p]suasion8 ,,gorgias3 ,no3 ! def9ition seems to me v fair1 ,socrates2 = p]suasion is ! *ief end ( rhetoric4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he> me1 ,gorgias1 = ,i am q sure t if !re ev] 0 a man :o ent]$ on ! discussion ( a matt] f a pure love ( kn[+ ! tru?1 ,i am su* a "o1 & ,i %\ld say ! same ( y4 ,,gorgias3 ,:at is com+1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,i w tell y3 ,i am v well aw>e t ,i d n "k :at1 accord+ to y1 is ! exact nature1 or :at are ! topics ( t p]suasion ( :i* y speak1 & :i* is giv5 by rhetoric2 al?\gh ,i h a suspicion ab\t bo? ! "o & ! o!r4 ,& ,i am go+ to ask--:at is ?is p[] ( p]suasion :i* is giv5 by rhetoric1 & ab\t :at8 ,b :y1 if ,i h a suspicion1 d ,i ask in/ead ( tell+ y8 ,n = y\r sake1 b 9 ord] t ! argum5t may proce$ 9 su* a mann] z is mo/ likely to set =? ! tru?4 ,& ,i w\ld h y obs]ve1 t ,i am "r 9 ask+ ?is fur!r "q3 ,if ,i ask$1 8,:at sort ( a pa9t] is ,zeuxis80 & y said1 8,! pa9t] ( figures10 %\ld ,i n be "r 9 ask+1 8,:at k9d ( figures1 & :]e d y f9d !m80 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! reason = ask+ ?is second "q w\ld be1 t !re are o!r pa9t]s besides1 :o pa9t _m o!r figures8 ,,gorgias3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b if !re _h be5 no "o b ,zeuxis :o pa9t$ !m1 !n y w\ld h answ]$ v well8 ,,gorgias3 ,q s4 ,,socrates3 ,n[ ,i want to "k ab\t rhetoric 9 ! same way2--is rhetoric ! only art :i* br+s p]suasion1 or d o!r arts h ! same effect8 ,i mean to say--,does he :o tea*es any?+ p]suade m5 ( t :i* he tea*es or n8 ,,gorgias3 ,he p]suades1 ,socrates1--!re c be no mi/ake ab\t t4 ,,socrates3 ,aga91 if we take ! arts ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+3--d n ari?metic & ! ari?meticians tea* u ! prop]ties ( numb]8 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re=e p]suade u ( !m8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ari?metic z well z rhetoric is an artific] ( p]suasion8 ,,gorgias3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& if any "o asks u :at sort ( p]suasion1 & ab\t :at1--we %all answ]1 p]suasion :i* tea*es ! quantity ( odd & ev52 & we %all be able to %[ t all ! o!r arts ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+ are artific]s ( p]suasion1 & ( :at sort1 & ab\t :at4 ,,gorgias3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n rhetoric is n ! only artific] ( p]suasion8 ,,gorgias3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,see+1 !n1 t n only rhetoric works by p]suasion1 b t o!r arts d ! same1 z 9 ! case ( ! pa9t]1 a "q has aris5 :i* is a v fair "o3 ,( :at p]suasion is rhetoric ! artific]1 & ab\t :at8--is n t a fair way ( putt+ ! "q8 ,,gorgias3 ,i ?9k s4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 if y approve ! "q1 ,gorgias1 :at is ! answ]8 ,,gorgias3 ,i answ]1 ,socrates1 t rhetoric is ! art ( p]suasion 9 c\rts ( law & o!r assemblies1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 & ab\t ! j & unju/4 ,,socrates3 ,& t1 ,gorgias1 0 :at ,i 0 suspect+ to be y\r notion2 yet ,i w\ld n h y wond] if by-&-by ,i am f\nd repeat+ a seem+ly pla9 "q2 = ,i ask n 9 ord] to confute y1 b z ,i 0 say+ t ! argum5t may proce$ consecutively1 & t we may n get ! habit ( anticipat+ & suspect+ ! mean+ ( "o ano!r's words2 ,i w\ld h y develope y\r own views 9 y\r own way1 :atev] may be y\r hypo!sis4 ,,gorgias3 ,i ?9k t y are q "r1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n let me raise ano!r "q2 !re is su* a ?+ z 8hav+ le>n$08 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re is also 8hav+ believ$08 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& is ! 8hav+ le>n$0 ! same z 8hav+ believ$10 & are le>n+ & belief ! same ?+s8 ,,gorgias3 ,9 my judgm5t1 ,socrates1 !y are n ! same4 ,,socrates3 ,& y\r judgm5t is "r1 z y may asc]ta9 9 ?is way3--,if a p]son 7 to say to y1 8,is !re1 ,gorgias1 a false belief z well z a true80--y w\ld reply1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t !re is4 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b is !re a false k z well z a true8 ,,gorgias3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,no1 inde$2 & ?is aga9 proves t k & belief diff]4 ,,gorgias3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet ^? :o h le>n$ z well z ^? :o h believ$ are p]suad$8 ,,gorgias3 ,j s4 ,,socrates3 ,%all we !n assume two sorts ( p]suasion1--"o :i* is ! s\rce ( belief )\t k1 z ! o!r is ( k8 ,,gorgias3 ,by all means4 ,,socrates3 ,& :i* sort ( p]suasion does rhetoric create 9 c\rts ( law & o!r assemblies ab\t ! j & unju/1 ! sort ( p]suasion :i* gives belief )\t k1 or t :i* gives k8 ,,gorgias3 ,cle>ly1 ,socrates1 t :i* only gives belief4 ,,socrates3 ,!n rhetoric1 z w\ld appe>1 is ! artific] ( a p]suasion :i* creates belief ab\t ! j & unju/1 b gives no in/ruction ab\t !m8 ,,gorgias3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! rhetorician does n in/ruct ! c\rts ( law or o!r assemblies ab\t ?+s j & unju/1 b he creates belief ab\t !m2 = no "o c be suppos$ to in/ruct su* a va/ multitude ab\t su* high matt]s 9 a %ort "t8 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,come1 !n1 & let u see :at we really mean ab\t rhetoric2 = ,i d n "k :at my own mean+ is z yet4 ,:5 ! assembly meets to elect a physician or a %ipwright or any o!r craftsman1 w ! rhetorician be tak5 into c\nsel8 ,surely n4 ,= at e election he ought to be *os5 :o is mo/ skill$2 &1 aga91 :5 walls h to be built or h>b\rs or docks to be con/ruct$1 n ! rhetorician b ! ma/] workman w advise2 or :5 g5]als h to be *os5 & an ord] ( battle arrang$1 or a position tak51 !n ! milit>y w advise & n ! rhetoricians3 :at d y say1 ,gorgias8 ,s9ce y pr(ess to be a rhetorician & a mak] ( rhetoricians1 ,i _c d bett] ?an le>n ! nature ( y\r art f y4 ,& "h let me assure y t ,i h y\r int]e/ 9 view z well z my own4 ,= likely en\gh "s "o or o!r ( ! "y m5 pres5t might desire to become y\r pupil1 & 9 fact ,i see "s1 & a good _m too1 :o h ?is wi%1 b !y w\ld be too mode/ to "q y4 ,& !re=e :5 y are int]rogat$ by me1 ,i w\ld h y imag9e t y are int]rogat$ by !m4 8,:at is ! use ( com+ to y1 ,gorgias80 !y w say--8ab\t :at w y tea* u to advise ! /ate8--ab\t ! j & unju/ only1 or ab\t ^? o!r ?+s also :i* ,socrates has j m5tion$80 ,h[ w y answ] !m8 ,,gorgias3 ,i l y\r way ( lead+ u on1 ,socrates1 & ,i w endeav\r to reveal to y ! :ole nature ( rhetoric4 ,y mu/ h he>d1 ,i ?9k1 t ! docks & ! walls ( ! ,a!nians & ! plan ( ! h>b\r 7 devis$ 9 accordance ) ! c\nsels1 p>tly ( ,!mi/ocles1 & p>tly ( ,p]icles1 & n at ! sugge/ion ( ! build]s4 ,,socrates3 ,su* is ! tradition1 ,gorgias1 ab\t ,!mi/ocles2 & ,i myself he>d ! spee* ( ,p]icles :5 he advis$ u ab\t ! middle wall4 ,,gorgias3 ,& y w obs]ve1 ,socrates1 t :5 a decision has to be giv5 9 su* matt]s ! rhetoricians are ! advis]s2 !y are ! m5 :o w9 _! po9t4 ,,socrates3 ,i _h t 9 my admir+ m9d1 ,gorgias1 :5 ,i ask$ :at is ! nature ( rhetoric1 :i* always appe>s to me1 :5 ,i look at ! matt] 9 ?is way1 to be a m>vel ( greatness4 ,,gorgias3 ,a m>vel1 inde$1 ,socrates1 if y only knew h[ rhetoric compreh5ds & holds "u h] sway all ! inf]ior arts4 ,let me (f] y a /rik+ example ( ?is4 ,on sev]al occasions ,i h be5 ) my bro!r ,h]odicus or "s o!r physician to see "o ( 8 pati5ts1 :o w\ld n all[ ! physician to give him m$ic9e1 or apply ! knife or hot iron to him2 & ,i h p]suad$ him to d = me :at he w\ld n d = ! physician j by ! use ( rhetoric4 ,& ,i say t if a rhetorician & a physician 7 to g to any city1 & _h !re to argue 9 ! ,ecclesia or any o!r assembly z to :i* ( !m %\ld be elect$ /ate-physician1 ! physician w\ld h no *ance2 b he :o c\ld speak w\ld be *os5 if he wi%$2 & 9 a conte/ ) a man ( any o!r pr(ession ! rhetorician m ?an any "o w\ld h ! p[] ( gett+ himself *os51 = he c speak m p]suasively to ! multitude ?an any ( !m1 & on any subject4 ,su* is ! nature & p[] ( ! art ( rhetoric6 ,& yet1 ,socrates1 rhetoric %\ld be us$ l any o!r competitive art1 n aga9/ ev]ybody1--! rhetorician ought n to abuse 8 /r5g? any m ?an a pugili/ or pancratia/ or o!r ma/] ( f5ce2--because he has p[]s :i* are m ?an a mat* ei!r = fri5d or enemy1 he ought n !re=e to /rike1 /ab1 or slay 8 fri5ds4 ,suppose a man to h be5 tra9$ 9 ! pale/ra & to be a skilful box]1--he 9 ! fulness ( 8 /r5g? goes & /rikes 8 fa!r or "m or "o ( 8 famili>s or fri5ds2 b t is no reason :y ! tra9]s or f5c+-ma/]s %\ld be held 9 dete/ation or bani%$ f ! city2--surely n4 ,= !y taught _! art = a good purpose1 to be us$ aga9/ enemies & evil-do]s1 9 self-def5ce n 9 aggression1 & o!rs h p]v]t$ _! in/ructions1 & turn$ to a bad use _! own /r5g? & skill4 ,b n on ?is acc\nt are ! tea*]s bad1 nei!r is ! art 9 fault1 or bad 9 itself2 ,i %\ld r say t ^? :o make a bad use ( ! art are to blame4 ,& ! same argum5t holds good ( rhetoric2 = ! rhetorician c speak aga9/ all m5 & ^u any subject1--9 %ort1 he c p]suade ! multitude bett] ?an any o!r man ( any?+ :i* he pleases1 b he %\ld n !re=e seek to defraud ! physician or any o!r arti/ ( 8 reputation m]ely because he has ! p[]2 he ought to use rhetoric fairly1 z he w\ld also use 8 a?letic p[]s4 ,& if aft] hav+ become a rhetorician he makes a bad use ( 8 /r5g? & skill1 8 in/ructor surely ought n on t acc\nt to be held 9 dete/ation or bani%$4 ,= he 0 int5d$ by 8 tea*] to make a good use ( 8 in/ructions1 b he abuses !m4 ,& !re=e he is ! p]son :o ought to be held 9 dete/ation1 bani%$1 & put to dea?1 & n 8 in/ructor4 ,,socrates3 ,y1 ,gorgias1 l myself1 h _h great exp]i5ce ( disputations1 & y mu/ h obs]v$1 ,i ?9k1 t !y d n always t]m9ate 9 mutual edification1 or 9 ! def9ition by ei!r p>ty ( ! subjects :i* !y are discuss+2 b disagreem5ts are apt to arise--somebody says t ano!r has n spok5 truly or cle>ly2 & !n !y get into a passion & beg9 to qu>rel1 bo? p>ties conceiv+ t _! oppon5ts are argu+ f p]sonal feel+ only & jeal\sy ( !mselves1 n f any int]e/ 9 ! "q at issue4 ,& sometimes !y w g on abus+ "o ano!r until ! company at la/ are q vex$ at !mselves = ev] li/5+ to su* fell[s4 ,:y d ,i say ?is8 ,:y1 because ,i _c help feel+ t y are n[ say+ :at is n q consi/5t or accordant ) :at y 7 say+ at fir/ ab\t rhetoric4 ,& ,i am afraid to po9t ?is out to y1 le/ y %\ld ?9k t ,i h "s animosity aga9/ y1 & t ,i speak1 n = ! sake ( discov]+ ! tru?1 b f jeal\sy ( y4 ,n[ if y are "o ( my sort1 ,i %\ld l to cross-exam9e y1 b if n ,i w let y alone4 ,& :at is my sort8 y w ask4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o are v will+ to be refut$ if ,i say any?+ :i* is n true1 & v will+ to refute any "o else :o says :at is n true1 & q z ready to be refut$ z to refute2 = ,i hold t ?is is ! great] ga9 ( ! two1 j z ! ga9 is great] ( be+ cur$ ( a v great evil ?an ( cur+ ano!r4 ,= ,i imag9e t !re is no evil :i* a man c endure s great z an errone\s op9ion ab\t ! matt]s ( :i* we are speak+2 & if y claim to be "o ( my sort1 let u h ! discussion out1 b if y w\ld r h done1 no matt]2--let u make an end ( x4 ,,gorgias3 ,i %\ld say1 ,socrates1 t ,i am q ! man :om y indicate2 b1 p]haps1 we ought to consid] ! audi5ce1 =1 be=e y came1 ,i _h already giv5 a long exhibition1 & if we proce$ ! argum5t may run on to a great l5g?4 ,& !re=e ,i ?9k t we %\ld consid] :e!r we may n be deta9+ "s "p ( ! company :5 !y are want+ to d some?+ else4 ,,*a]ephon3 ,y he> ! audi5ce *e]+1 ,gorgias & ,socrates1 :i* %[s _! desire to li/5 to y2 & = myself1 ,heav5 =bid t ,i %\ld h any bus9ess on h& :i* w\ld take me away f a discussion s int]e/+ & s ably ma9ta9$4 ,,callicles3 ,by ! gods1 ,*a]ephon1 al?\gh ,i h be5 pres5t at _m discussions1 ,i d\bt :e!r ,i 0 ev] s mu* delight$ be=e1 & !re=e if y g on disc\rs+ all day ,i %all be ! bett] pleas$4 ,,socrates3 ,i may truly say1 ,callicles1 t ,i am will+1 if ,gorgias is4 ,,gorgias3 ,aft] all ?is1 ,socrates1 ,i %\ld be disgrac$ if ,i refus$1 especially z ,i h promis$ to answ] all com]s2 9 accordance ) ! wi%es ( ! company1 !n1 d y beg91 & ask ( me any "q :i* y l4 ,,socrates3 ,let me tell y !n1 ,gorgias1 :at surprises me 9 y\r words2 ?\gh ,i d>e say t y may be "r1 & ,i may h misund]/ood y\r mean+4 ,y say t y c make any man1 :o w le>n ( y1 a rhetorician8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,d y mean t y w tea* him to ga9 ! e>s ( ! multitude on any subject1 & ?is n by in/ruction b by p]suasion8 ,,gorgias3 ,q s4 ,,socrates3 ,y 7 say+1 9 fact1 t ! rhetorician w h great] p[]s ( p]suasion ?an ! physician ev5 9 a matt] ( heal?8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes1 ) ! multitude1--t is4 ,,socrates3 ,y mean to say1 ) ! ignorant2 = ) ^? :o "k he _c be suppos$ to h great] p[]s ( p]suasion4 ,,gorgias3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,b if he is to h m p[] ( p]suasion ?an ! physician1 he w h great] p[] ?an he :o kn[s8 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,al?\gh he is n a physician3--is he8 ,,gorgias3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o is n a physician mu/1 obvi\sly1 be ignorant ( :at ! physician kn[s4 ,,gorgias3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 :5 ! rhetorician is m p]suasive ?an ! physician1 ! ignorant is m p]suasive ) ! ignorant ?an he :o has k8--is n t ! inf]5ce8 ,,gorgias3 ,9 ! case suppos$3--yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! same holds ( ! relation ( rhetoric to all ! o!r arts2 ! rhetorician ne$ n "k ! tru? ab\t ?+s2 he has only to discov] "s way ( p]suad+ ! ignorant t he has m k ?an ^? :o "k8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 & is n ?is a great com=t8--n to h le>n$ ! o!r arts1 b ! art ( rhetoric only1 & yet to be 9 no way inf]ior to ! pr(essors ( !m8 ,,socrates3 ,:e!r ! rhetorician is or n inf]ior on ?is acc\nt is a "q :i* we w h]eaft] exam9e if ! enquiry is likely to be ( any s]vice to u2 b ,i w\ld r beg9 by ask+1 :e!r he is or is n z ignorant ( ! j & unju/1 base & hon\rable1 good & evil1 z he is ( m$ic9e & ! o!r arts2 ,i mean to say1 does he really "k any?+ ( :at is good & evil1 base or hon\rable1 j or unju/ 9 !m2 or has he only a way ) ! ignorant ( p]suad+ !m t he n kn[+ is to be e/eem$ to "k m ab\t ^! ?+s ?an "s "o else :o kn[s8 ,or mu/ ! pupil "k ^! ?+s & come to y kn[+ !m be=e he c acquire ! art ( rhetoric8 ,if he is ignorant1 y :o are ! tea*] ( rhetoric w n tea* him--x is n y\r bus9ess2 b y w make him seem to ! multitude to "k !m1 :5 he does n "k !m2 & seem to be a good man1 :5 he is n4 ,or w y be unable to tea* him rhetoric at all1 unless he kn[s ! tru? ( ^! ?+s fir/8 ,:at is to be said ab\t all ?is8 ,by heav5s1 ,gorgias1 ,i wi% t y w\ld reveal to me ! p[] ( rhetoric1 z y 7 say+ t y w\ld4 ,,gorgias3 ,well1 ,socrates1 ,i suppose t if ! pupil does *ance n to "k !m1 he w h to le>n ( me ^! ?+s z well4 ,,socrates3 ,say no m1 = !re y are "r2 & s he :om y make a rhetorician mu/ ei!r "k ! nature ( ! j & unju/ already1 or he mu/ be taught by y4 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 & is n he :o has le>n$ c>p5t]+ a c>p5t]8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o has le>n$ music a musician8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o has le>n$ m$ic9e is a physician1 9 l mann]8 ,he :o has le>n$ any?+ :atev] is t :i* 8 k makes him4 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 ! same way1 he :o has le>n$ :at is j is j8 ,,gorgias3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o is j may be suppos$ to d :at is j8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& mu/ n ! j man always desire to d :at is j8 ,,gorgias3 ,t is cle>ly ! inf]5ce4 ,,socrates3 ,surely1 !n1 ! j man w nev] cons5t to d inju/ice8 ,,gorgias3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,& accord+ to ! argum5t ! rhetorician mu/ be a j man8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& w !re=e nev] be will+ to d inju/ice8 ,,gorgias3 ,cle>ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,b d y rememb] say+ j n[ t ! tra9] is n to be accus$ or bani%$ if ! pugili/ makes a wrong use ( 8 pugili/ic art2 & 9 l mann]1 if ! rhetorician makes a bad & unju/ use ( 8 rhetoric1 t is n to be laid to ! *>ge ( 8 tea*]1 :o is n to be bani%$1 b ! wrong-do] himself :o made a bad use ( 8 rhetoric--he is to be bani%$--0 n t said8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes1 x 04 ,,socrates3 ,b n[ we are affirm+ t ! a=esaid rhetorician w nev] h done inju/ice at all8 ,,gorgias3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& at ! v outset1 ,gorgias1 x 0 said t rhetoric treat$ ( disc\rse1 n 7l ari?metic7 ab\t odd & ev51 b ab\t j & unju/8 ,0 n ?is said8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,i 0 ?9k+ at ! "t1 :5 ,i he>d y say+ s1 t rhetoric1 :i* is always disc\rs+ ab\t ju/ice1 c\ld n possibly be an unju/ ?+4 ,b :5 y add$1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 t ! rhetorician might make a bad use ( rhetoric ,i not$ ) surprise ! inconsi/5cy into :i* y _h fall52 & ,i said1 t if y ?\ght1 z ,i did1 t !re 0 a ga9 9 be+ refut$1 !re w\ld be an advantage 9 go+ on ) ! "q1 b if n1 ,i w\ld leave (f4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igations1 z y w see y\rself1 ! rhetorician has be5 ackn[l$g$ to be incapable ( mak+ an unju/ use ( rhetoric1 or ( will+ness to d inju/ice4 ,by ! dog1 ,gorgias1 !re w be a great deal ( discussion1 be=e we get at ! tru? ( all ?is4 ,,polus3 ,& d ev5 y1 ,socrates1 s]i\sly believe :at y are n[ say+ ab\t rhetoric8 ,:at6 because ,gorgias 0 a%am$ to d5y t ! rhetorician knew ! j & ! hon\rable & ! good1 & admitt$ t to any "o :o came to him ignorant ( !m he c\ld tea* !m1 & !n out ( ?is admission !re arose a contradiction--! ?+ :i* y de>ly love1 & to :i* n he1 b y1 br\ght ! argum5t by y\r capti\s que/ions--7d y s]i\sly believe t !re is any tru? 9 all ?is87 ,= w any "o ev] ackn[l$ge t he does n "k1 or _c tea*1 ! nature ( ju/ice8 ,! tru? is1 t !re is great want ( mann]s 9 br++ ! argum5t to su* a pass4 ,,socrates3 ,illu/ri\s ,polus1 ! reason :y we provide ourselves ) fri5ds & *ildr5 is1 t :5 we get old & /umble1 a y\ng] g5]ation may be at h& to set u on our legs aga9 9 our words & 9 our actions3 & n[1 if ,i & ,gorgias are /umbl+1 "h are y :o %\ld raise u up2 & ,i = my "p engage to retract any error into :i* y may ?9k t ,i h fall5-^u "o condition3 ,,polus3 ,:at condition8 ,,socrates3 ,t y contract1 ,polus1 ! prolixity ( spee* 9 :i* y indulg$ at fir/4 ,,polus3 ,:at6 d y mean t ,i may n use z _m words z ,i please8 ,,socrates3 ,only to ?9k1 my fri5d1 t hav+ come on a visit to ,a!ns1 :i* is ! mo/ free-spok5 /ate 9 ,hellas1 y :5 y got !re1 & y alone1 %\ld be depriv$ ( ! p[] ( spee*--t w\ld be h>d inde$4 ,b !n consid] my case3--%all n ,i be v h>dly us$1 if1 :5 y are mak+ a long oration1 & refus+ to answ] :at y are ask$1 ,i am compell$ to /ay & li/5 to y1 & may n g away8 ,i say r1 if y h a real int]e/ 9 ! argum5t1 or1 to repeat my =m] expression1 h any desire to set x on its legs1 take back any /atem5t :i* y please2 & 9 y\r turn ask & answ]1 l myself & ,gorgias--refute & be refut$3 = ,i suppose t y w\ld claim to "k :at ,gorgias kn[s--w\ld y n8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& y1 l him1 invite any "o to ask y ab\t any?+ :i* he pleases1 & y w "k h[ to answ] him8 ,,polus3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[1 :i* w y d1 ask or answ]8 ,,polus3 ,i w ask2 & d y answ] me1 ,socrates1 ! same "q :i* ,gorgias1 z y suppose1 is unable to answ]3 ,:at is rhetoric8 ,,socrates3 ,d y mean :at sort ( an art8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,to say ! tru?1 ,polus1 x is n an art at all1 9 my op9ion4 ,,polus3 ,!n :at1 9 y\r op9ion1 is rhetoric8 ,,socrates3 ,a ?+ :i*1 z ,i 0 lately read+ 9 a book ( y\rs1 y say t y h made an art4 ,,polus3 ,:at ?+8 ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld say a sort ( exp]i5ce4 ,,polus3 ,does rhetoric seem to y to be an exp]i5ce8 ,,socrates3 ,t is my view1 b y may be ( ano!r m9d4 ,,polus3 ,an exp]i5ce 9 :at8 ,,socrates3 ,an exp]i5ce 9 produc+ a sort ( delight & gratification4 ,,polus3 ,& if able to gratify o!rs1 mu/ n rhetoric be a f9e ?+8 ,,socrates3 ,:at are y say+1 ,polus8 ,:y d y ask me :e!r rhetoric is a f9e ?+ or n1 :5 ,i h n z yet told y :at rhetoric is8 ,,polus3 ,did ,i n he> y say t rhetoric 0 a sort ( exp]i5ce8 ,,socrates3 ,w y1 :o are s desir\s to gratify o!rs1 af=d a slight gratification to me8 ,,polus3 ,i w4 ,,socrates3 ,w y ask me1 :at sort ( an art is cook]y8 ,,polus3 ,:at sort ( an art is cook]y8 ,,socrates3 ,n an art at all1 ,polus4 ,,polus3 ,:at !n8 ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld say an exp]i5ce4 ,,polus3 ,9 :at8 ,i wi% t y w\ld expla9 to me4 ,,socrates3 ,an exp]i5ce 9 produc+ a sort ( delight & gratification1 ,polus4 ,,polus3 ,!n are cook]y & rhetoric ! same8 ,,socrates3 ,no1 !y are only diff]5t p>ts ( ! same pr(ession4 ,,polus3 ,( :at pr(ession8 ,,socrates3 ,i am afraid t ! tru? may seem disc\rte\s2 & ,i hesitate to answ]1 le/ ,gorgias %\ld imag9e t ,i am mak+ fun ( 8 own pr(ession4 ,= :e!r or n ?is is t art ( rhetoric :i* ,gorgias practises ,i really _c tell3--f :at he 0 j n[ say+1 no?+ appe>$ ( :at he ?\ght ( 8 art1 b ! rhetoric :i* ,i mean is a "p ( a n v cr$itable :ole4 ,,gorgias3 ,a "p ( :at1 ,socrates8 ,say :at y mean1 & nev] m9d me4 ,,socrates3 ,9 my op9ion !n1 ,gorgias1 ! :ole ( :i* rhetoric is a "p is n an art at all1 b ! habit ( a bold & ready wit1 :i* kn[s h[ to manage mank9d3 ?is habit ,i sum up "u ! ^w 8flatt]y02 & x appe>s to me to h _m o!r p>ts1 "o ( :i* is cook]y1 :i* may seem to be an art1 b1 z ,i ma9ta91 is only an exp]i5ce or r\t9e & n an art3--ano!r "p is rhetoric1 & ! art ( attir+ & sophi/ry are two o!rs3 ?us !re are f\r bran*es1 & f\r diff]5t ?+s answ]+ to !m4 ,& ,polus may ask1 if he likes1 = he has n z yet be5 in=m$1 :at "p ( flatt]y is rhetoric3 he did n see t ,i _h n yet answ]$ him :5 he proce$$ to ask a fur!r "q3 ,:e!r ,i d n ?9k rhetoric a f9e ?+8 ,b ,i %all n tell him :e!r rhetoric is a f9e ?+ or n1 until ,i h fir/ answ]$1 8,:at is rhetoric80 ,= t w\ld n be "r1 ,polus2 b ,i %all be happy to answ]1 if y w ask me1 ,:at "p ( flatt]y is rhetoric8 ,,polus3 ,i w ask & d y answ]8 ,:at "p ( flatt]y is rhetoric8 ,,socrates3 ,w y und]/& my answ]8 ,rhetoric1 accord+ to my view1 is ! gho/ or c\nt]feit ( a "p ( politics4 ,,polus3 ,& noble or ignoble8 ,,socrates3 ,ignoble1 ,i %\ld say1 if ,i am compell$ to answ]1 = ,i call :at is bad ignoble3 ?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r y und]/& :at ,i 0 say+ be=e4 ,,gorgias3 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i _c say t ,i und]/& myself4 ,,socrates3 ,i d n wond]1 ,gorgias2 = ,i h n z yet expla9$ myself1 & our fri5d ,polus1 colt by "n & colt by nature1 is apt to run away4 7,?is is an untranslatable play on ! "n 8,polus10 :i* means 8a colt407 ,,gorgias3 ,nev] m9d him1 b expla9 to me :at y mean by say+ t rhetoric is ! c\nt]feit ( a "p ( politics4 ,,socrates3 ,i w try1 !n1 to expla9 my notion ( rhetoric1 & if ,i am mi/ak51 my fri5d ,polus %all refute me4 ,we may assume ! exi/5ce ( bodies & ( s\ls8 ,,gorgias3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,y w\ld fur!r admit t !re is a good condition ( ei!r ( !m8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,:i* condition may n be really good1 b good only 9 appe>ance8 ,i mean to say1 t !re are _m p]sons :o appe> to be 9 good heal?1 & :om only a physician or tra9] w disc]n at fir/ sight n to be 9 good heal?4 ,,gorgias3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?is applies n only to ! body1 b also to ! s\l3 9 ei!r !re may be t :i* gives ! appe>ance ( heal? & n ! reality8 ,,gorgias3 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[ ,i w endeav\r to expla9 to y m cle>ly :at ,i mean3 ,! s\l & body be+ two1 h two arts correspond+ to !m3 !re is ! art ( politics att5d+ on ! s\l2 & ano!r art att5d+ on ! body1 ( :i* ,i "k no s+le "n1 b :i* may be describ$ z hav+ two divisions1 "o ( !m gymna/ic1 & ! o!r m$ic9e4 ,& 9 politics !re is a legislative "p1 :i* answ]s to gymna/ic1 z ju/ice does to m$ic9e2 & ! two p>ts run into "o ano!r1 ju/ice hav+ to d ) ! same subject z legislation1 & m$ic9e ) ! same subject z gymna/ic1 b ) a diff]5ce4 ,n[1 see+ t !re are ^! f\r arts1 two att5d+ on ! body & two on ! s\l = _! highe/ good2 flatt]y kn[+1 or r guess+ _! natures1 has di/ribut$ h]self into f\r %ams or simulations ( !m2 %e puts on ! lik5ess ( "s "o or o!r ( !m1 & pret5ds to be t :i* %e simulates1 & hav+ no reg>d = m5's highe/ int]e/s1 is ev] mak+ pleasure ! bait ( ! unw>y1 & deceiv+ !m into ! belief t %e is ( ! highe/ value to !m4 ,cook]y simulates ! disguise ( m$ic9e1 & pret5ds to "k :at food is ! be/ = ! body2 & if ! physician & ! cook _h to ent] into a competition 9 :i* *ildr5 7 ! judges1 or m5 :o _h no m s5se ?an *ildr51 z to :i* ( !m be/ und]/&s ! goodness or badness ( food1 ! physician w\ld be />v$ to dea?4 ,a flatt]y ,i deem ?is to be & ( an ignoble sort1 ,polus1 = to y ,i am n[ address+ myself1 because x aims at pleasure )\t any ?\ght ( ! be/4 ,an art ,i d n call x1 b only an exp]i5ce1 because x is unable to expla9 or to give a reason ( ! nature ( its own applications4 ,& ,i d n call any irrational ?+ an art2 b if y dispute my words1 ,i am prep>$ to argue 9 def5ce ( !m4 ,cook]y1 !n1 ,i ma9ta9 to be a flatt]y :i* takes ! =m ( m$ic9e2 & tir+1 9 l mann]1 is a flatt]y :i* takes ! =m ( gymna/ic1 & is knavi%1 false1 ignoble1 illib]al1 work+ deceitfully by ! help ( l9es1 & col\rs1 & enamels1 & g>m5ts1 & mak+ m5 affect a spuri\s beauty to ! neglect ( ! true beauty :i* is giv5 by gymna/ic4 ,i w\ld r n be t$i\s1 & !re=e ,i w only say1 aft] ! mann] ( ! geometricians 7= ,i ?9k t by ?is "t y w be able to foll[7 z tir+3 gymna/ic33 cook]y3 m$ic9e2 or r1 z tir+3 gymna/ic33 sophi/ry3 legislation2 & z cook]y3 m$ic9e33 rhetoric3 ju/ice4 ,& ?is1 ,i say1 is ! natural diff]5ce betwe5 ! rhetorician & ! sophi/1 b by reason ( _! ne> connection1 !y are apt to be jumbl$ up toge!r2 nei!r d !y "k :at to make ( !mselves1 nor d o!r m5 "k :at to make ( !m4 ,= if ! body presid$ ov] itself1 & 7 n "u ! guidance ( ! s\l1 & ! s\l did n disc]n & discrim9ate betwe5 cook]y & m$ic9e1 b ! body 0 made ! judge ( !m1 & ! rule ( judgm5t 0 ! bodily delight :i* 0 giv5 by !m1 !n ! ^w ( ,anaxagoras1 t ^w ) :i* y1 fri5d ,polus1 are s well acqua9t$1 w\ld prevail f> & wide3 8,*aos0 w\ld come aga91 & cook]y1 heal?1 & m$ic9e w\ld m+le 9 an indiscrim9ate mass4 ,& n[ ,i h told y my notion ( rhetoric1 :i* is1 9 relation to ! s\l1 :at cook]y is to ! body4 ,i may h be5 inconsi/5t 9 mak+ a long spee*1 :5 ,i w\ld n all[ y to disc\rse at l5g?4 ,b ,i ?9k t ,i may be excus$1 because y did n und]/& me1 & c\ld make no use ( my answ] :5 ,i spoke %ortly1 & !re=e ,i _h to ent] into an explanation4 ,& if ,i %[ an equal inability to make use ( y\rs1 ,i hope t y w speak at equal l5g?2 b if ,i am able to und]/& y1 let me h ! b5efit ( y\r brevity1 z is only fair3 ,& n[ y may d :at y please ) my answ]4 ,,polus3 ,:at d y mean8 d y ?9k t rhetoric is flatt]y8 ,,socrates3 ,nay1 ,i said a "p ( flatt]y2 if at y\r age1 ,polus1 y _c rememb]1 :at w y d by-&-by1 :5 y get old]8 ,,polus3 ,& are ! good rhetoricians meanly reg>d$ 9 /ates1 "u ! idea t !y are flatt]]s8 ,,socrates3 ,is t a "q or ! beg9n+ ( a spee*8 ,,polus3 ,i am ask+ a "q4 ,,socrates3 ,!n my answ] is1 t !y are n reg>d$ at all4 ,,polus3 ,h[ n reg>d$8 ,h !y n v great p[] 9 /ates8 ,,socrates3 ,n if y mean to say t p[] is a good to ! possessor4 ,,polus3 ,& t is :at ,i d mean to say4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 if s1 ,i ?9k t !y h ! lea/ p[] ( all ! citiz5s4 ,,polus3 ,:at6 are !y n l tyrants8 ,!y kill & despoil & exile any "o :om !y please4 ,,socrates3 ,by ! dog1 ,polus1 ,i _c make out at ea* deliv]ance ( y\rs1 :e!r y are giv+ an op9ion ( y\r own1 or ask+ a "q ( me4 ,,polus3 ,i am ask+ a "q ( y4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 my fri5d1 b y ask two que/ions at once4 ,,polus3 ,h[ two que/ions8 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 did y n say j n[ t ! rhetoricians are l tyrants1 & t !y kill & despoil or exile any "o :om !y please8 ,,polus3 ,i did4 ,,socrates3 ,well !n1 ,i say to y t "h are two que/ions 9 "o1 & ,i w answ] bo? ( !m4 ,& ,i tell y1 ,polus1 t rhetoricians & tyrants h ! lea/ possible p[] 9 /ates1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+2 = !y d lit]ally no?+ :i* !y w1 b only :at !y ?9k be/4 ,,polus3 ,& is n t a great p[]8 ,,socrates3 ,polus has already said ! rev]se4 ,,polus3 ,said ! rev]se6 nay1 t is :at ,i ass]t4 ,,socrates3 ,no1 by ! great--:at d y call him8--n y1 = y say t p[] is a good to him :o has ! p[]4 ,,polus3 ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y ma9ta9 t if a fool does :at he ?9ks be/1 ?is is a good1 & w\ld y call ?is great p[]8 ,,polus3 ,i %\ld n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n y mu/ prove t ! rhetorician is n a fool1 & t rhetoric is an art & n a flatt]y--& s y w h refut$ me2 b if y leave me unrefut$1 :y1 ! rhetoricians :o d :at !y ?9k be/ 9 /ates1 & ! tyrants1 w h no?+ ^u :i* to congratulate !mselves1 if z y say1 p[] be inde$ a good1 admitt+ at ! same "t t :at is done )\t s5se is an evil4 ,,polus3 ,yes2 ,i admit t4 ,,socrates3 ,h[ !n c ! rhetoricians or ! tyrants h great p[] 9 /ates1 unless ,polus c refute ,socrates1 & prove to him t !y d z !y w8 ,,polus3 ,?is fell[-- ,,socrates3 ,i say t !y d n d z !y w2--n[ refute me4 ,,polus3 ,:y1 h y n already said t !y d z !y ?9k be/8 ,,socrates3 ,& ,i say s /ill4 ,,polus3 ,!n surely !y d z !y w8 ,,socrates3 ,i d5y x4 ,,polus3 ,b !y d :at !y ?9k be/8 ,,socrates3 ,aye4 ,,polus3 ,t1 ,socrates1 is mon/r\s & absurd4 ,,socrates3 ,good words1 good ,polus1 z ,i may say 9 y\r own peculi> /yle2 b if y h any que/ions to ask ( me1 ei!r prove t ,i am 9 error or give ! answ] y\rself4 ,,polus3 ,v well1 ,i am will+ to answ] t ,i may "k :at y mean4 ,,socrates3 ,d m5 appe> to y to w t :i* !y d1 or to w t fur!r end = ! sake ( :i* !y d a ?+8 :5 !y take m$ic9e1 = example1 at ! bidd+ ( a physician1 d !y w ! dr9k+ ( ! m$ic9e :i* is pa9ful1 or ! heal? = ! sake ( :i* !y dr9k8 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly1 ! heal?4 ,,socrates3 ,& :5 m5 g on a voyage or engage 9 bus9ess1 !y d n w t :i* !y are do+ at ! "t2 = :o w\ld desire to take ! risk ( a voyage or ! tr\ble ( bus9ess8--,b !y w1 to h ! weal? = ! sake ( :i* !y g on a voyage4 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n ?is univ]sally true8 ,if a man does some?+ = ! sake ( some?+ else1 he wills n t :i* he does1 b t = ! sake ( :i* he does x4 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& are n all ?+s ei!r good or evil1 or int]m$iate & indiff]5t8 ,,polus3 ,to be sure1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,wisdom & heal? & weal? & ! l y w\ld call goods1 & _! opposites evils8 ,,polus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! ?+s :i* are nei!r good nor evil1 & :i* p>take sometimes ( ! nature ( good & at o!r times ( evil1 or ( nei!r1 are su* z sitt+1 walk+1 runn+1 sail+2 or1 aga91 wood1 /ones1 & ! l3--^! are ! ?+s :i* y call nei!r good nor evil8 ,,polus3 ,exactly s4 ,,socrates3 ,are ^! indiff]5t ?+s done = ! sake ( ! good1 or ! good = ! sake ( ! indiff]5t8 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly1 ! indiff]5t = ! sake ( ! good4 ,,socrates3 ,:5 we walk we walk = ! sake ( ! good1 & "u ! idea t x is bett] to walk1 & :5 we /& we /& equally = ! sake ( ! good8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& :5 we kill a man we kill him or exile him or despoil him ( 8 goods1 because1 z we ?9k1 x w conduce to our good8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,m5 :o d any ( ^! ?+s d !m = ! sake ( ! good8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& did we n admit t 9 do+ some?+ = ! sake ( some?+ else1 we d n w ^? ?+s :i* we d1 b t o!r ?+ = ! sake ( :i* we d !m8 ,,polus3 ,mo/ true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n we d n w simply to kill a man or to exile him or to despoil him ( 8 goods1 b we w to d t :i* conduces to our good1 & if ! act is n conducive to our good we d n w x2 = we w1 z y say1 t :i* is our good1 b t :i* is nei!r good nor evil1 or simply evil1 we d n w4 ,:y are y sil5t1 ,polus8 ,am ,i n "r8 ,,polus3 ,y are "r4 ,,socrates3 ,h5ce we may inf]1 t if any "o1 :e!r he be a tyrant or a rhetorician1 kills ano!r or exiles ano!r or deprives him ( 8 prop]ty1 "u ! idea t ! act is = 8 own int]e/s :5 really n = 8 own int]e/s1 he may be said to d :at seems be/ to him8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b does he d :at he wills if he does :at is evil8 ,:y d y n answ]8 ,,polus3 ,well1 ,i suppose n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n if great p[] is a good z y all[1 w su* a "o h great p[] 9 a /ate8 ,,polus3 ,he w n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i 0 "r 9 say+ t a man may d :at seems good to him 9 a /ate1 & n h great p[]1 & n d :at he wills8 ,,polus3 ,z ?\gh y1 ,socrates1 w\ld n l to h ! p[] ( do+ :at seem$ good to y 9 ! /ate1 r ?an n2 y w\ld n be jeal\s :5 y saw any "o kill+ or despoil+ or imprison+ :om he pleas$1 ,oh1 no6 ,,socrates3 ,ju/ly or unju/ly1 d y mean8 ,,polus3 ,9 ei!r case is he n equally to be envi$8 ,,socrates3 ,=be>1 ,polus6 ,,polus3 ,:y 8=be>08 ,,socrates3 ,because y ought n to envy wret*es :o are n to be envi$1 b only to pity !m4 ,,polus3 ,& are ^? ( :om ,i spoke wret*es8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 c]ta9ly !y are4 ,,polus3 ,& s y ?9k t he :o slays any "o :om he pleases1 & ju/ly slays him1 is pitiable & wret*$8 ,,socrates3 ,no1 ,i d n say t ( him3 b nei!r d ,i ?9k t he is to be envi$4 ,,polus3 ,7 y n say+ j n[ t he is wret*$8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 my fri5d1 if he kill$ ano!r unju/ly1 9 :i* case he is also to be piti$2 & he is n to be envi$ if he kill$ him ju/ly4 ,,polus3 ,at any rate y w all[ t he :o is unju/ly put to dea? is wret*$1 & to be piti$8 ,,socrates3 ,n s mu*1 ,polus1 z he :o kills him1 & n s mu* z he :o is ju/ly kill$4 ,,polus3 ,h[ c t be1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,t may v well be1 inasmu* z do+ inju/ice is ! greate/ ( evils4 ,,polus3 ,b is x ! greate/8 ,is n suff]+ inju/ice a great] evil8 ,,socrates3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,polus3 ,!n w\ld y r suff] ?an d inju/ice8 ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld n l ei!r1 b if ,i mu/ *oose betwe5 !m1 ,i w\ld r suff] ?an d4 ,,polus3 ,!n y w\ld n wi% to be a tyrant8 ,,socrates3 ,n if y mean by tyranny :at ,i mean4 ,,polus3 ,i mean1 z ,i said be=e1 ! p[] ( do+ :atev] seems good to y 9 a /ate1 kill+1 bani%+1 do+ 9 all ?+s z y l4 ,,socrates3 ,well !n1 illu/ri\s fri5d1 :5 ,i h said my say1 d y reply to me4 ,suppose t ,i g into a cr[d$ ,agora1 & take a dagg] "u my arm4 ,polus1 ,i say to y1 ,i h j acquir$ r>e p[]1 & become a tyrant2 = if ,i ?9k t any ( ^! m5 :om y see ought to be put to dea?1 ! man :om ,i h a m9d to kill is z good z dead2 & if ,i am dispos$ to break 8 head or te> 8 g>m5t1 he w h 8 head brok5 or 8 g>m5t torn 9 an in/ant4 ,su* is my great p[] 9 ?is city4 ,& if y d n believe me1 & ,i %[ y ! dagg]1 y w\ld probably reply3 ,socrates1 9 t sort ( way any "o may h great p[]--he may burn any h\se :i* he pleases1 & ! docks & triremes ( ! ,a!nians1 & all _! o!r vessels1 :e!r public or private--b c y believe t ?is m]e do+ z y ?9k be/ is great p[]8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly n su* do+ z ?is4 ,,socrates3 ,b c y tell me :y y disapprove ( su* a p[]8 ,,polus3 ,i c4 ,,socrates3 ,:y !n8 ,,polus3 ,:y1 because he :o did z y say w\ld be c]ta9 to be puni%$4 ,,socrates3 ,& puni%m5t is an evil8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& y w\ld admit once m1 my good sir1 t great p[] is a b5efit to a man if 8 actions turn out to 8 advantage1 & t ?is is ! mean+ ( great p[]2 & if n1 !n 8 p[] is an evil & is no p[]4 ,b let u look at ! matt] 9 ano!r way3--d we n ackn[l$ge t ! ?+s ( :i* we 7 speak+1 ! infliction ( dea?1 & exile1 & ! deprivation ( prop]ty are sometimes a good & sometimes n a good8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,ab\t t y & ,i may be suppos$ to agree8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,tell me1 !n1 :5 d y say t !y are good & :5 t !y are evil--:at pr9ciple d y lay d[n8 ,,polus3 ,i w\ld r1 ,socrates1 t y %\ld answ] z well z ask t "q4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 ,polus1 s9ce y w\ld r h ! answ] f me1 ,i say t !y are good :5 !y are j1 & evil :5 !y are unju/4 ,,polus3 ,y are h>d ( refutation1 ,socrates1 b might n a *ild refute t /atem5t8 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i %all be v grateful to ! *ild1 & equally grateful to y if y w refute me & deliv] me f my fooli%ness4 ,& ,i hope t refute me y w1 & n we>y ( do+ good to a fri5d4 ,,polus3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 & ,i ne$ n g f> or appeal to antiquity2 ev5ts :i* happ5$ only a few days ago are en\gh to refute y1 & to prove t _m m5 :o d wrong are happy4 ,,socrates3 ,:at ev5ts8 ,,polus3 ,y see1 ,i presume1 t ,ar*elaus ! son ( ,p]diccas is n[ ! rul] ( ,mac$onia8 ,,socrates3 ,at any rate ,i he> t he is4 ,,polus3 ,& d y ?9k t he is happy or mis]able8 ,,socrates3 ,i _c say1 ,polus1 = ,i h nev] _h any acqua9tance ) him4 ,,polus3 ,& _c y tell at once1 & )\t hav+ an acqua9tance ) him1 :e!r a man is happy8 ,,socrates3 ,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 ,,polus3 ,!n cle>ly1 ,socrates1 y w\ld say t y did n ev5 "k :e!r ! great k+ 0 a happy man8 ,,socrates3 ,& ,i %\ld speak ! tru?2 = ,i d n "k h[ he /&s 9 ! matt] ( education & ju/ice4 ,,polus3 ,:at6 & does all happ9ess consi/ 9 ?is8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 inde$1 ,polus1 t is my doctr9e2 ! m5 & wom5 :o are g5tle & good are also happy1 z ,i ma9ta91 & ! unju/ & evil are mis]able4 ,,polus3 ,!n1 accord+ to y\r doctr9e1 ! said ,ar*elaus is mis]able8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 my fri5d1 if he is wick$4 ,,polus3 ,t he is wick$ ,i _c d5y2 = he _h no title at all to ! ?rone :i* he n[ occupies1 he be+ only ! son ( a woman :o 0 ! slave ( ,alcetas ! bro!r ( ,p]diccas2 he himself !re=e 9 /rict "r 0 ! slave ( ,alcetas2 & if he _h meant to d rightly he w\ld h rema9$ 8 slave1 & !n1 accord+ to y\r doctr9e1 he w\ld h be5 happy4 ,b n[ he is unspeakably mis]able1 = he has be5 guilty ( ! greate/ crimes3 9 ! fir/ place he invit$ 8 uncle & ma/]1 ,alcetas1 to come to him1 "u ! pret5ce t he w\ld re/ore to him ! ?rone :i* ,p]diccas has usurp$1 & aft] ent]ta9+ him & 8 son ,alex&]1 :o 0 8 own c\s91 & ne>ly ( an age ) him1 & mak+ !m drunk1 he ?rew !m into a waggon & c>ri$ !m (f by night1 & slew !m1 & got bo? ( !m out ( ! way2 & :5 he _h done all ?is wick$ness he nev] discov]$ t he 0 ! mo/ mis]able ( all m51 & 0 v f> f rep5t+3 %all ,i tell y h[ he %[$ 8 remorse8 he _h a y\ng] bro!r1 a *ild ( sev5 ye>s old1 :o 0 ! legitimate son ( ,p]diccas1 & to him ( "r ! k+dom belong$2 ,ar*elaus1 h[ev]1 _h no m9d to br+ him up z he ought & re/ore ! k+dom to him2 t 0 n 8 notion ( happ9ess2 b n long aft]w>ds he ?rew him into a well & dr[n$ him1 & decl>$ to 8 "m ,cleopatra t he _h fall5 9 :ile runn+ aft] a goose1 & _h be5 kill$4 ,& n[ z he is ! greate/ crim9al ( all ! ,mac$onians1 he may be suppos$ to be ! mo/ mis]able & n ! happie/ ( !m1 & ,i d>e say t !re are _m ,a!nians1 & y w\ld be at ! head ( !m1 :o w\ld r be any o!r ,mac$onian ?an ,ar*elaus6 ,,socrates3 ,i prais$ y at fir/1 ,polus1 = be+ a rhetorician r ?an a reason]4 ,& ?is1 z ,i suppose1 is ! sort ( argum5t ) :i* y fancy t a *ild might refute me1 & by :i* ,i /& refut$ :5 ,i say t ! unju/ man is n happy4 ,b1 my good fri5d1 :]e is ! refutation8 ,i _c admit a ^w :i* y h be5 say+4 ,,polus3 ,t is because y w n2 = y surely mu/ ?9k z ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,n s1 my simple fri5d1 b because y w refute me aft] ! mann] :i* rhetoricians practise 9 c\rts ( law4 ,= !re ! "o p>ty ?9k t !y refute ! o!r :5 !y br+ =w>d a numb] ( witnesses ( good repute 9 pro( ( _! allegations1 & _! adv]s>y has only a s+le "o or none at all4 ,b ?is k9d ( pro( is ( no value :]e tru? is ! aim2 a man may (t5 be sworn d[n by a multitude ( false witnesses :o h a great air ( respectability4 ,& 9 ?is argum5t ne>ly e "o1 ,a!nian & /rang] alike1 w\ld be on y\r side1 if y %\ld br+ witnesses 9 dispro( ( my /atem5t2--y may1 if y w1 summon ,nicias ! son ( ,nic]atus1 & let 8 bro!rs1 :o gave ! r[ ( tripods :i* /& 9 ! prec9cts ( ,dionysus1 come ) him2 or y may summon ,ari/ocrates1 ! son ( ,scellius1 :o is ! giv] ( t fam\s (f]+ :i* is at ,delphi2 summon1 if y w1 ! :ole h\se ( ,p]icles1 or any o!r great ,a!nian family :om y *oose2--!y w all agree ) y3 ,i only am left alone & _c agree1 = y d n conv9ce me2 al?\gh y produce _m false witnesses aga9/ me1 9 ! hope ( depriv+ me ( my inh]itance1 :i* is ! tru?4 ,b ,i consid] t no?+ wor? speak+ ( w h be5 effect$ by me unless ,i make y ! "o witness ( my words2 nor by y1 unless y make me ! "o witness ( y\rs2 no matt] ab\t ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,= !re are two ways ( refutation1 "o :i* is y\rs & t ( ! _w 9 g5]al2 b m9e is ( ano!r sort--let u comp>e !m1 & see 9 :at !y diff]4 ,=1 inde$1 we are at issue ab\t matt]s :i* to "k is hon\rable & n to "k disgraceful2 to "k or n to "k happ9ess & mis]y--t is ! *ief ( !m4 ,& :at k c be nobl]8 or :at ignorance m disgraceful ?an ?is8 ,& !re=e ,i w beg9 by ask+ y :e!r y d n ?9k t a man :o is unju/ & do+ inju/ice c be happy1 see+ t y ?9k ,ar*elaus unju/1 & yet happy8 ,may ,i assume ?is to be y\r op9ion8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,b ,i say t ?is is an impossibility--"h is "o po9t ab\t :i* we are at issue3--v good4 ,& d y mean to say also t if he meets ) retribution & puni%m5t he w /ill be happy8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly n2 9 t case he w be mo/ mis]able4 ,,socrates3 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! unju/ be n puni%$1 !n1 accord+ to y1 he w be happy8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b 9 my op9ion1 ,polus1 ! unju/ or do] ( unju/ actions is mis]able 9 any case1--m mis]able1 h[ev]1 if he be n puni%$ & does n meet ) retribution1 & less mis]able if he be puni%$ & meets ) retribution at ! h&s ( gods & m54 ,,polus3 ,y are ma9ta9+ a /range doctr9e1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,i %all try to make y agree ) me1 ,o my fri5d1 = z a fri5d ,i reg>d y4 ,!n ^! are ! po9ts at issue betwe5 u--are !y n8 ,i 0 say+ t to d is worse ?an to suff] inju/ice8 ,,polus3 ,exactly s4 ,,socrates3 ,& y said ! opposite8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,i said also t ! wick$ are mis]able1 & y refut$ me8 ,,polus3 ,by ,zeus1 ,i did4 ,,socrates3 ,9 y\r own op9ion1 ,polus4 ,,polus3 ,yes1 & ,i r suspect t ,i 0 9 ! "r4 ,,socrates3 ,y fur!r said t ! wrong-do] is happy if he be unpuni%$8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ,i affirm t he is mo/ mis]able1 & t ^? :o are puni%$ are less mis]able--are y go+ to refute ?is proposition also8 ,,polus3 ,a proposition :i* is h>d] ( refutation ?an ! o!r1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,say r1 ,polus1 impossible2 = :o c refute ! tru?8 ,,polus3 ,:at d y mean8 ,if a man is detect$ 9 an unju/ attempt to make himself a tyrant1 & :5 detect$ is rack$1 mutilat$1 has 8 eyes burn$ out1 & aft] hav+ _h all sorts ( great injuries inflict$ on him1 & hav+ se5 8 wife & *ildr5 suff] ! l1 is at la/ impal$ or t>r$ & burn$ alive1 w he be happi] ?an if he escape & become a tyrant1 & cont9ue all ?r\gh life do+ :at he likes & hold+ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 ! envy & admiration bo? ( citiz5s & /rang]s8 ,is t ! p>adox :i*1 z y say1 _c be refut$8 ,,socrates3 ,!re aga91 noble ,polus1 y are rais+ hobgobl9s in/ead ( refut+ me2 j n[ y 7 call+ witnesses aga9/ me4 ,b please to refre% my memory a little2 did y say--89 an unju/ attempt to make himself a tyrant08 ,,polus3 ,yes1 ,i did4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i say t nei!r ( !m w be happi] ?an ! o!r1--nei!r he :o unju/ly acquires a tyranny1 nor he :o suff]s 9 ! attempt1 = ( two mis]ables "o _c be ! happi]1 b t he :o escapes & becomes a tyrant is ! m mis]able ( ! two4 ,d y laugh1 ,polus8 ,well1 ?is is a new k9d ( refutation1--:5 any "o says any?+1 in/ead ( refut+ him to laugh at him4 ,,polus3 ,b d y n ?9k1 ,socrates1 t y h be5 suffici5tly refut$1 :5 y say t :i* no human be+ w all[8 ,ask ! company4 ,,socrates3 ,o ,polus1 ,i am n a public man1 & only la/ ye>1 :5 my tribe 7 s]v+ z ,prytanes1 & x became my duty z _! presid5t to take ! votes1 !re 0 a laugh at me1 because ,i 0 unable to take !m4 ,& z ,i fail$ !n1 y mu/ n ask me to c\nt ! suffrages ( ! company n[2 b if1 z ,i 0 say+1 y h no bett] argum5t ?an numb]s1 let me h a turn1 & d y make trial ( ! sort ( pro( :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 is requir$2 = ,i %all produce "o witness only ( ! tru? ( my words1 & he is ! p]son ) :om ,i am argu+2 8 suffrage ,i "k h[ to take2 b ) ! _m ,i h no?+ to d1 & d n ev5 address myself to !m4 ,may ,i ask !n :e!r y w answ] 9 turn & h y\r words put to ! pro(8 ,= ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t ,i & y & e man d really believe1 t to d is a great] evil ?an to suff] inju/ice3 & n to be puni%$ ?an to be puni%$4 ,,polus3 ,& ,i %\ld say nei!r ,i1 nor any man3 w\ld y y\rself1 = example1 suff] r ?an d inju/ice8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 & y1 too2 ,i or any man w\ld4 ,,polus3 ,q ! rev]se2 nei!r y1 nor ,i1 nor any man4 ,,socrates3 ,b w y answ]8 ,,polus3 ,to be sure1 ,i w2 = ,i am curi\s to he> :at y c h to say4 ,,socrates3 ,tell me1 !n1 & y w "k1 & let u suppose t ,i am beg9n+ at ! beg9n+3 :i* ( ! two1 ,polus1 9 y\r op9ion1 is ! wor/8--to d inju/ice or to suff]8 ,,polus3 ,i %\ld say t suff]+ 0 wor/4 ,,socrates3 ,& :i* is ! great] disgrace8--,answ]4 ,,polus3 ,to d4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! great] disgrace is ! great] evil8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,i und]/& y to say1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t ! hon\rable is n ! same z ! good1 or ! disgraceful z ! evil8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,let me ask a "q ( y3 ,:5 y speak ( beautiful ?+s1 su* z bodies1 col\rs1 figures1 s\nds1 in/itutions1 d y n call !m beautiful 9 ref]5ce to "s /&>d3 bodies1 = example1 are beautiful 9 proportion z !y are useful1 or z ! sight ( !m gives pleasure to ! spectators2 c y give any o!r acc\nt ( p]sonal beauty8 ,,polus3 ,i _c4 ,,socrates3 ,& y w\ld say ( figures or col\rs g5]ally t !y 7 beautiful1 ei!r by reason ( ! pleasure :i* !y give1 or ( _! use1 or ( bo?8 ,,polus3 ,yes1 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& y w\ld call s\nds & music beautiful = ! same reason8 ,,polus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,laws & in/itutions also h no beauty 9 !m except 9 s f> z !y are useful or pleasant or bo?8 ,,polus3 ,i ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,& may n ! same be said ( ! beauty ( k8 ,,polus3 ,to be sure1 ,socrates2 & ,i v mu* approve ( y\r measur+ beauty by ! /&>d ( pleasure & utility4 ,,socrates3 ,& de=mity or disgrace may be equally measur$ by ! opposite /&>d ( pa9 & evil8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n :5 ( two beautiful ?+s "o exce$s 9 beauty1 ! measure ( ! excess is to be tak5 9 "o or bo? ( ^!2 t is to say1 9 pleasure or utility or bo?8 ,,polus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ( two de=m$ ?+s1 t :i* exce$s 9 de=mity or disgrace1 exce$s ei!r 9 pa9 or evil--mu/ x n be s8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b !n aga91 :at 0 ! obs]vation :i* y j n[ made1 ab\t do+ & suff]+ wrong8 ,did y n say1 t suff]+ wrong 0 m evil1 & do+ wrong m disgraceful8 ,,polus3 ,i did4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 if do+ wrong is m disgraceful ?an suff]+1 ! m disgraceful mu/ be m pa9ful & mu/ exce$ 9 pa9 or 9 evil or bo?3 does n t also foll[8 ,,polus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,fir/1 !n1 let u consid] :e!r ! do+ ( inju/ice exce$s ! suff]+ 9 ! consequ5t pa93 ,d ! injur]s suff] m ?an ! injur$8 ,,polus3 ,no1 ,socrates2 c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n !y d n exce$ 9 pa98 ,,polus3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,b if n 9 pa91 !n n 9 bo?8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n !y c only exce$ 9 ! o!r8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,t is to say1 9 evil8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n do+ inju/ice w h an excess ( evil1 & w !re=e be a great] evil ?an suff]+ inju/ice8 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,b h n y & ! _w already agre$ t to d inju/ice is m disgraceful ?an to suff]8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& t is n[ discov]$ to be m evil8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y pref] a great] evil or a great] di%on\r to a less "o8 ,answ]1 ,polus1 & fe> n2 = y w come to no h>m if y nobly resign y\rself into ! heal+ h& ( ! argum5t z to a physician )\t %r9k+1 & ei!r say 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to me4 ,,polus3 ,i %\ld say 8,no40 ,,socrates3 ,w\ld any o!r man pref] a great] to a less evil8 ,,polus3 ,no1 n accord+ to ?is way ( putt+ ! case1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i said truly1 ,polus1 t nei!r y1 nor ,i1 nor any man1 w\ld r d ?an suff] inju/ice2 = to d inju/ice is ! great] evil ( ! two4 ,,polus3 ,t is ! conclusion4 ,,socrates3 ,y see1 ,polus1 :5 y comp>e ! two k9ds ( refutations1 h[ unlike !y are4 ,all m51 ) ! exception ( myself1 are ( y\r way ( ?9k+2 b y\r s+le ass5t & witness are en\gh = me1--,i h no ne$ ( any o!r1 ,i take y\r suffrage1 & am reg>dless ( ! re/4 ,en\gh ( ?is1 & n[ let u proce$ to ! next "q2 :i* is1 ,:e!r ! greate/ ( evils to a guilty man is to suff] puni%m5t1 z y suppos$1 or :e!r to escape puni%m5t is n a great] evil1 z ,i suppos$4 ,consid]3--,y w\ld say t to suff] puni%m5t is ano!r "n = be+ ju/ly correct$ :5 y d wrong8 ,,polus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y n all[ t all j ?+s are hon\rable 9 s f> z !y are j8 ,please to reflect1 & tell me y\r op9ion4 ,,polus3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i ?9k t !y are4 ,,socrates3 ,consid] aga93--,:]e !re is an ag5t1 mu/ !re n also be a pati5t8 ,,polus3 ,i %\ld say s4 ,,socrates3 ,& w n ! pati5t suff] t :i* ! ag5t does1 & w n ! suff]+ h ! quality ( ! action8 ,i mean1 = example1 t if a man /rikes1 !re mu/ be some?+ :i* is /rick58 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if ! /rik] /rikes viol5tly or quickly1 t :i* is /ruck w be /ruck viol5tly or quickly8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! suff]+ to him :o is /rick5 is ( ! same nature z ! act ( him :o /rikes8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if a man burns1 !re is some?+ :i* is burn$8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he burns 9 excess or s z to cause pa91 ! ?+ burn$ w be burn$ 9 ! same way8 ,,polus3 ,truly4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he cuts1 ! same argum5t holds--!re w be some?+ cut8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if ! cutt+ be great or deep or su* z w cause pa91 ! cut w be ( ! same nature8 ,,polus3 ,t is evid5t4 ,,socrates3 ,!n y w\ld agree g5]ally to ! univ]sal proposition :i* ,i 0 j n[ ass]t+3 t ! affection ( ! pati5t answ]s to ! affection ( ! ag5t8 ,,polus3 ,i agree4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 z ?is is admitt$1 let me ask :e!r be+ puni%$ is suff]+ or act+8 ,,polus3 ,suff]+1 ,socrates2 !re c be no d\bt ( t4 ,,socrates3 ,& suff]+ implies an ag5t8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,socrates2 & he is ! puni%]4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o puni%es rightly1 puni%es ju/ly8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re=e he acts ju/ly8 ,,polus3 ,ju/ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he :o is puni%$ & suff]s retribution1 suff]s ju/ly8 ,,polus3 ,t is evid5t4 ,,socrates3 ,& t :i* is j has be5 admitt$ to be hon\rable8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! puni%] does :at is hon\rable1 & ! puni%$ suff]s :at is hon\rable8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& if :at is hon\rable1 !n :at is good1 = ! hon\rable is ei!r pleasant or useful8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he :o is puni%$ suff]s :at is good8 ,,polus3 ,t is true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he is b5efit$8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,d ,i und]/& y to mean :at ,i mean by ! t]m 8b5efit$08 ,i mean1 t if he be ju/ly puni%$ 8 s\l is improv$4 ,,polus3 ,surely4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he :o is puni%$ is deliv]$ f ! evil ( 8 s\l8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& is he n !n deliv]$ f ! greate/ evil8 ,look at ! matt] 9 ?is way3--,9 respect ( a man's e/ate1 d y see any great] evil ?an pov]ty8 ,,polus3 ,!re is no great] evil4 ,,socrates3 ,aga91 9 a man's bodily frame1 y w\ld say t ! evil is weakness & disease & de=mity8 ,,polus3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y n imag9e t ! s\l likewise has "s evil ( h] own8 ,,polus3 ,( c\rse4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?is y w\ld call inju/ice & ignorance & c[>dice1 & ! l8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,s !n1 9 m9d1 body1 & e/ate1 :i* are ?ree1 y h po9t$ out ?ree correspond+ evils--inju/ice1 disease1 pov]ty8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& :i* ( ! evils is ! mo/ disgraceful8--,is n ! mo/ disgraceful ( !m inju/ice1 & 9 g5]al ! evil ( ! s\l8 ,,polus3 ,by f> ! mo/4 ,,socrates3 ,& if ! mo/ disgraceful1 !n also ! wor/8 ,,polus3 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean to say1 t is mo/ disgraceful has be5 already admitt$ to be mo/ pa9ful or hurtful1 or bo?4 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[ inju/ice & all evil 9 ! s\l has be5 admitt$ by u to be mo/ disgraceful8 ,,polus3 ,x has be5 admitt$4 ,,socrates3 ,& mo/ disgraceful ei!r because mo/ pa9ful & caus+ excessive pa91 or mo/ hurtful1 or bo?8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re=e to be unju/ & intemp]ate1 & c[>dly & ignorant1 is m pa9ful ?an to be poor & sick8 ,,polus3 ,nay1 ,socrates2 ! pa9fulness does n appe> to me to foll[ f y\r premises4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 if1 z y w\ld argue1 n m pa9ful1 ! evil ( ! s\l is ( all evils ! mo/ disgraceful2 & ! excess ( disgrace mu/ be caus$ by "s pret]natural greatness1 or extraord9>y hurtfulness ( ! evil4 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& t :i* exce$s mo/ 9 hurtfulness w be ! greate/ ( evils8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n inju/ice & intemp]ance1 & 9 g5]al ! depravity ( ! s\l1 are ! greate/ ( evils8 ,,polus3 ,t is evid5t4 ,,socrates3 ,n[1 :at art is !re :i* deliv]s u f pov]ty8 ,does n ! art ( mak+ money8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at art frees u f disease8 ,does n ! art ( m$ic9e8 ,,polus3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at f vice & inju/ice8 ,if y are n able to answ] at once1 ask y\rself :i!r we g ) ! sick1 & to :om we take !m4 ,,polus3 ,to ! physicians1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,& to :om d we g ) ! unju/ & intemp]ate8 ,,polus3 ,to ! judges1 y mean4 ,,socrates3 --,:o are to puni% !m8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& d n ^? :o rightly puni% o!rs1 puni% !m 9 accordance ) a c]ta9 rule ( ju/ice8 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! art ( money-mak+ frees a man f pov]ty2 m$ic9e f disease2 & ju/ice f intemp]ance & inju/ice8 ,,polus3 ,t is evid5t4 ,,socrates3 ,:i*1 !n1 is ! be/ ( ^! ?ree8 ,,polus3 ,w y enum]ate !m8 ,,socrates3 ,money-mak+1 m$ic9e1 & ju/ice4 ,,polus3 ,ju/ice1 ,socrates1 f> excels ! two o!rs4 ,,socrates3 ,& ju/ice1 if ! be/1 gives ! greate/ pleasure or advantage or bo?8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b is ! be+ heal$ a pleasant ?+1 & are ^? :o are be+ heal$ pleas$8 ,,polus3 ,i ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,a useful ?+1 !n8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 because ! pati5t is deliv]$ f a great evil2 & ?is is ! advantage ( endur+ ! pa9--t y get well8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld he be ! happi] man 9 8 bodily condition1 :o is heal$1 or :o nev] 0 out ( heal?8 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly he :o 0 nev] out ( heal?4 ,,socrates3 ,yes2 = happ9ess surely does n consi/ 9 be+ deliv]$ f evils1 b 9 nev] hav+ _h !m4 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& suppose ! case ( two p]sons :o h "s evil 9 _! bodies1 & t "o ( !m is heal$ & deliv]$ f evil1 & ano!r is n heal$1 b reta9s ! evil--:i* ( !m is ! mo/ mis]able8 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly he :o is n heal$4 ,,socrates3 ,& 0 n puni%m5t said by u to be a deliv]ance f ! greate/ ( evils1 :i* is vice8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ju/ice puni%es u1 & makes u m j1 & is ! m$ic9e ( our vice8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,he1 !n1 has ! fir/ place 9 ! scale ( happ9ess :o has nev] _h vice 9 8 s\l2 = ?is has be5 %[n to be ! greate/ ( evils4 ,,polus3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& he has ! second place1 :o is deliv]$ f vice8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,t is to say1 he :o receives admonition & rebuke & puni%m5t8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he lives wor/1 :o1 hav+ be5 unju/1 has no deliv]ance f inju/ice8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,t is1 he lives wor/ :o commits ! greate/ crimes1 & :o1 be+ ! mo/ unju/ ( m51 succe$s 9 escap+ rebuke or correction or puni%m5t2 & ?is1 z y say1 has be5 accompli%$ by ,ar*elaus & o!r tyrants & rhetoricians & pot5tates8 7,comp>e ,republic47 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,may n _! way ( proce$+1 my fri5d1 be comp>$ to ! conduct ( a p]son :o is afflict$ ) ! wor/ ( diseases & yet contrives n to pay ! p5alty to ! physician = 8 s9s aga9/ 8 con/itution1 & w n be cur$1 because1 l a *ild1 he is afraid ( ! pa9 ( be+ burn$ or cut3--,is n t a p>allel case8 ,,polus3 ,yes1 truly4 ,,socrates3 ,he w\ld seem z if he did n "k ! nature ( heal? & bodily vig\r2 & if we are "r1 ,polus1 9 our previ\s conclusions1 !y are 9 a l case :o /rive to evade ju/ice1 :i* !y see to be pa9ful1 b are bl9d to ! advantage :i* ensues f x1 n kn[+ h[ f> m mis]able a companion a diseas$ s\l is ?an a diseas$ body2 a s\l1 ,i say1 :i* is corrupt & unrighte\s & unholy4 ,& h5ce !y d all t !y c to avoid puni%m5t & to avoid be+ releas$ f ! greate/ ( evils2 !y provide !mselves ) money & fri5ds1 & cultivate to ! utmo/ _! p[]s ( p]suasion4 ,b if we1 ,polus1 are "r1 d y see :at foll[s1 or %all we draw out ! consequ5ces 9 =m8 ,,polus3 ,if y please4 ,,socrates3 ,is x n a fact t inju/ice1 & ! do+ ( inju/ice1 is ! greate/ ( evils8 ,,polus3 ,t is q cle>4 ,,socrates3 ,& fur!r1 t to suff] puni%m5t is ! way to be releas$ f ?is evil8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& n to suff]1 is to p]petuate ! evil8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,to d wrong1 !n1 is second only 9 ! scale ( evils2 b to d wrong & n to be puni%$1 is fir/ & greate/ ( all8 ,,polus3 ,t is true4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 & 0 n ?is ! po9t 9 dispute1 my fri5d8 ,y deem$ ,ar*elaus happy1 because he 0 a v great crim9al & unpuni%$3 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9$ t he or any o!r :o l him has done wrong & has n be5 puni%$1 is1 & ought to be1 ! mo/ mis]able ( all m52 & t ! do] ( inju/ice is m mis]able ?an ! suff]]2 & he :o escapes puni%m5t1 m mis]able ?an he :o suff]s4--,0 n t :at ,i said8 ,,polus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& x has be5 prov$ to be true8 ,,polus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 ,polus1 b if ?is is true1 :]e is ! great use ( rhetoric8 ,if we admit :at has be5 j n[ said1 e man ought 9 e way to gu>d himself aga9/ do+ wrong1 = he w !reby suff] great evil8 ,,polus3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he1 or any "o ab\t :om he c>es1 does wrong1 he ought ( 8 own accord to g :]e he w be imm$iately puni%$2 he w run to ! judge1 z he w\ld to ! physician1 9 ord] t ! disease ( inju/ice may n be r5d]$ *ronic & become ! incurable canc] ( ! s\l2 mu/ we n all[ ?is consequ5ce1 ,polus1 if our =m] admissions are to /&3--is any o!r inf]5ce consi/5t ) !m8 ,,polus3 ,to t1 ,socrates1 !re c be b "o answ]4 ,,socrates3 ,!n rhetoric is ( no use to u1 ,polus1 9 help+ a man to excuse 8 own inju/ice1 t ( 8 p>5ts or fri5ds1 or *ildr5 or c\ntry2 b may be ( use to any "o :o holds t in/ead ( excus+ he ought to accuse--himself above all1 & 9 ! next degree 8 family or any ( 8 fri5ds :o may be do+ wrong2 he %\ld br+ to light ! iniquity & n conceal x1 t s ! wrong-do] may suff] & be made :ole2 & he %\ld ev5 =ce himself & o!rs n to %r9k1 b ) clos$ eyes l brave m5 to let ! physician op]ate ) knife or se>+ iron1 n reg>d+ ! pa91 9 ! hope ( atta9+ ! good & ! hon\rable2 let him :o has done ?+s wor?y ( /ripes1 all[ himself to be sc\rg$1 if ( bonds1 to be b\nd1 if ( a f9e1 to be f9$1 if ( exile1 to be exil$1 if ( dea?1 to die1 himself be+ ! fir/ to accuse himself & 8 own relations1 & us+ rhetoric to ?is end1 t 8 & _! unju/ actions may be made manife/1 & t !y !mselves may be deliv]$ f inju/ice1 :i* is ! greate/ evil4 ,!n1 ,polus1 rhetoric w\ld inde$ be useful4 ,d y say 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to t8 ,,polus3 ,to me1 ,socrates1 :at y are say+ appe>s v /range1 ?\gh probably 9 agreem5t ) y\r premises4 ,,socrates3 ,is n ?is ! conclusion1 if ! premises are n disprov58 ,,polus3 ,yes2 x c]ta9ly is4 ,,socrates3 ,& f ! opposite po9t ( view1 if inde$ x be our duty to h>m ano!r1 :e!r an enemy or n--,i except ! case ( self-def5ce--!n ,i h to be ^u my gu>d--b if my enemy injures a ?ird p]son1 !n 9 e sort ( way1 by ^w z well z de$1 ,i %\ld try to prev5t 8 be+ puni%$1 or appe>+ be=e ! judge2 & if he appe>s1 ,i %\ld contrive t he %\ld escape1 & n suff] puni%m5t3 if he has /ol5 a sum ( money1 let him keep :at he has /ol5 & sp5d x on him & 81 reg>dless ( religion & ju/ice2 & if he h done ?+s wor?y ( dea?1 let him n die1 b r be immortal 9 8 wick$ness2 or1 if ?is is n possible1 let him at any rate be all[$ to live z long z he c4 ,= su* purposes1 ,polus1 rhetoric may be useful1 b is ( small if ( any use to him :o is n int5d+ to commit inju/ice2 at lea/1 !re 0 no su* use discov]$ by u 9 ! previ\s discussion4 ,,callicles3 ,tell me1 ,*a]ephon1 is ,socrates 9 e>ne/1 or is he jok+8 ,,*a]ephon3 ,i %\ld say1 ,callicles1 t he is 9 mo/ pr(\nd e>ne/2 b y may well ask him4 ,,callicles3 ,by ! gods1 & ,i w4 ,tell me1 ,socrates1 are y 9 e>ne/1 or only 9 je/8 ,= if y are 9 e>ne/1 & :at y say is true1 is n ! :ole ( human life turn$ upside d[n2 & are we n do+1 z w\ld appe>1 9 ev]y?+ ! opposite ( :at we ought to be do+8 ,,socrates3 ,o ,callicles1 if !re 7 n "s community ( feel+s among mank9d1 h[ev] v>y+ 9 diff]5t p]sons--,i mean to say1 if e man's feel+s 7 peculi> to himself & 7 n %>$ by ! re/ ( 8 species--,i d n see h[ we c\ld ev] communicate our impressions to "o ano!r4 ,i make ?is rem>k because ,i p]ceive t y & ,i h a common feel+4 ,= we are lov]s bo?1 & bo? ( u h two loves apiece3--,i am ! lov] ( ,alcibiades1 ! son ( ,cle9ias1 & ( philosophy2 & y ( ! ,a!nian ,demus1 & ( ,demus ! son ( ,pyrilampes4 ,n[1 ,i obs]ve t y1 ) all y\r clev]ness1 d n v5ture to contradict y\r fav\rite 9 any ^w or op9ion ( 82 b z he *anges y *ange1 backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,:5 ! ,a!nian ,demus d5ies any?+ t y are say+ 9 ! assembly1 y g ov] to 8 op9ion2 & y d ! same ) ,demus1 ! fair "y son ( ,pyrilampes4 ,= y h n ! p[] to resi/ ! words & ideas ( y\r loves2 & if a p]son 7 to express surprise at ! /rang5ess ( :at y say f "t to "t :5 "u _! influ5ce1 y w\ld probably reply to him1 if y 7 hone/1 t y _c help say+ :at y\r loves say unless !y are prev5t$2 & t y c only be sil5t :5 !y are4 ,n[ y mu/ und]/& t my words are an e*o too1 & !re=e y ne$ n wond] at me2 b if y want to sil5ce me1 sil5ce philosophy1 :o is my love1 = %e is always tell+ me :at ,i am n[ tell+ y1 my fri5d2 nei!r is %e caprici\s l my o!r love1 = ! son ( ,cle9ias says "o ?+ to-day & ano!r ?+ to-morr[1 b philosophy is always true4 ,%e is ! tea*] at ^: words y are n[ wond]+1 & y h he>d h] y\rself4 ,h] y mu/ refute1 & ei!r %[1 z ,i 0 say+1 t to d inju/ice & to escape puni%m5t is n ! wor/ ( all evils2 or1 if y leave h] ^w unrefut$1 by ! dog ! god ( ,egypt1 ,i decl>e1 ,o ,callicles1 t ,callicles w nev] be at "o ) himself1 b t 8 :ole life w be a discord4 ,& yet1 my fri5d1 ,i w\ld r t my lyre %\ld be inh>moni\s1 & t !re %\ld be no music 9 ! *orus :i* ,i provid$2 aye1 or t ! :ole _w %\ld be at odds ) me1 & oppose me1 r ?an t ,i myself %\ld be at odds ) myself1 & contradict myself4 ,,callicles3 ,o ,socrates1 y are a regul> declaim]1 & seem to be runn+ riot 9 ! argum5t4 ,& n[ y are declaim+ 9 ?is way because ,polus has fall5 into ! same error himself ( :i* he accus$ ,gorgias3--= he said t :5 ,gorgias 0 ask$ by y1 :e!r1 if "s "o came to him :o want$ to le>n rhetoric1 & did n "k ju/ice1 he w\ld tea* him ju/ice1 ,gorgias 9 8 mode/y repli$ t he w\ld1 because he ?\ght t mank9d 9 g5]al w\ld be displeas$ if he answ]$ 8,no02 & !n 9 consequ5ce ( ?is admission1 ,gorgias 0 compell$ to contradict himself1 t be+ j ! sort ( ?+ 9 :i* y delight4 ,:]eupon ,polus laugh$ at y des]v$ly1 z ,i ?9k2 b n[ he has himself fall5 into ! same trap4 ,i _c say v mu* = 8 wit :5 he conc$$ to y t to d is m di%on\rable ?an to suff] inju/ice1 = ?is 0 ! admission :i* l$ to 8 be+ entangl$ by y2 & because he 0 too mode/ to say :at he ?\ght1 he _h 8 m\? /opp$4 ,= ! tru? is1 ,socrates1 t y1 :o pret5d to be engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 are appeal+ n[ to ! popul> & vulg> notions ( "r1 :i* are n natural1 b only conv5tional4 ,conv5tion & nature are g5]ally at v>iance ) "o ano!r3 & h5ce1 if a p]son is too mode/ to say :at he ?9ks1 he is compell$ to contradict himself2 & y1 9 y\r +5uity p]ceiv+ ! advantage to be !reby ga9$1 slyly ask ( him :o is argu+ conv5tionally a "q :i* is to be det]m9$ by ! rule ( nature2 & if he is talk+ ( ! rule ( nature1 y slip away to cu/om3 z1 = in/ance1 y did 9 ?is v discussion ab\t do+ & suff]+ inju/ice4 ,:5 ,polus 0 speak+ ( ! conv5tionally di%on\rable1 y assail$ him f ! po9t ( view ( nature2 = by ! rule ( nature1 to suff] inju/ice is ! great] disgrace because ! great] evil2 b conv5tionally1 to d evil is ! m disgraceful4 ,= ! suff]+ ( inju/ice is n ! "p ( a man1 b ( a slave1 :o inde$ _h bett] die ?an live2 s9ce :5 he is wrong$ & trampl$ ^u1 he is unable to help himself1 or any o!r ab\t :om he c>es4 ,! reason1 z ,i conceive1 is t ! mak]s ( laws are ! majority :o are weak2 & !y make laws & di/ribute praises & c5sures ) a view to !mselves & to _! own int]e/s2 & !y t]rify ! /rong] sort ( m51 & ^? :o are able to get ! bett] ( !m1 9 ord] t !y may n get ! bett] ( !m2 & !y say1 t di%one/y is %ameful & unju/2 mean+1 by ! ^w inju/ice1 ! desire ( a man to h m ?an 8 neighb\rs2 = kn[+ _! own inf]iority1 ,i suspect t !y are too glad ( equality4 ,& !re=e ! endeav\r to h m ?an ! _m1 is conv5tionally said to be %ameful & unju/1 & is call$ inju/ice 7comp>e ,republic71 :]eas nature h]self intimates t x is j = ! bett] to h m ?an ! worse1 ! m p[]ful ?an ! weak]2 & 9 _m ways %e %[s1 among m5 z well z among animals1 & inde$ among :ole cities & races1 t ju/ice consi/s 9 ! sup]ior rul+ ov] & hav+ m ?an ! inf]ior4 ,= on :at pr9ciple ( ju/ice did ,x]xes invade ,hellas1 or 8 fa!r ! ,scy?ians8 7n to speak ( numb]less o!r examples74 ,nay1 b ^! are ! m5 :o act accord+ to nature2 yes1 by ,heav51 & accord+ to ! law ( nature3 n1 p]haps1 accord+ to t artificial law1 :i* we inv5t & impose ^u our fell[s1 ( :om we take ! be/ & /ronge/ f _! y\? upw>ds1 & tame !m l "y lions1--*>m+ !m ) ! s\nd ( ! voice1 & say+ to !m1 t ) equality !y mu/ be cont5t1 & t ! equal is ! hon\rable & ! j4 ,b if !re 7 a man :o _h suffici5t =ce1 he w\ld %ake (f & break ?r\gh1 & escape f all ?is2 he w\ld trample "u foot all our =mulas & spells & *>ms1 & all our laws :i* are aga9/ nature3 ! slave w\ld rise 9 rebellion & be "l ov] u1 & ! light ( natural ju/ice w\ld %9e =?4 ,& ?is ,i take to be ! s5tim5t ( ,p9d>1 :5 he says 9 8 poem1 t 8,law is ! k+ ( all1 ( mortals z well z ( immortals20 ?is1 z he says1 8,makes might to be "r1 do+ viol5ce ) highe/ h&2 z ,i inf] f ! de$s ( ,h]acles1 = )\t buy+ !m--0 7,fragm4 ,inc]t4 #aea 7,bockh747 --,i d n rememb] ! exact words1 b ! mean+ is1 t )\t buy+ !m1 & )\t _! be+ giv5 to him1 he c>ri$ (f ! ox5 ( ,g]yon1 accord+ to ! law ( natural "r1 & t ! ox5 & o!r possessions ( ! weak] & inf]ior prop]ly belong to ! /rong] & sup]ior4 ,& ?is is true1 z y may asc]ta91 if y w leave philosophy & g on to high] ?+s3 = philosophy1 ,socrates1 if pursu$ 9 mod]ation & at ! prop] age1 is an elegant accompli%m5t1 b too mu* philosophy is ! ru9 ( human life4 ,ev5 if a man has good p>ts1 /ill1 if he c>ries philosophy into lat] life1 he is necess>ily ignorant ( all ^? ?+s :i* a g5tleman & a p]son ( hon\r ought to "k2 he is inexp]i5c$ 9 ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 ! language :i* ought to be us$ 9 ! deal+s ( man ) man1 :e!r private or public1 & utt]ly ignorant ( ! pleasures & desires ( mank9d & ( human "* 9 g5]al4 ,& p ( ?is sort1 :5 !y betake !mselves to politics or bus9ess1 are z ridicul\s z ,i imag9e ! politicians to be1 :5 !y make _! appe>ance 9 ! ar5a ( philosophy4 ,=1 z ,euripides says1 8,e man %9es 9 t & pursues t1 & devotes ! greate/ portion ( ! day to t 9 :i* he mo/ excels10 7,antiope1 fragm4 #bj 7,d9dorf747 b any?+ 9 :i* he is inf]ior1 he avoids & depreciates1 & praises ! opposite f p>tiality to himself1 & because he ?9ks t he w ?us praise himself4 ,! true pr9ciple is to unite !m4 ,philosophy1 z a "p ( education1 is an excell5t ?+1 & !re is no disgrace to a man :ile he is "y 9 pursu+ su* a /udy2 b :5 he is m advanc$ 9 ye>s1 ! ?+ becomes ridicul\s1 & ,i feel t[>ds philosoph]s z ,i d t[>ds ^? :o lisp & imitate *ildr54 ,= ,i love to see a little *ild1 :o is n ( an age to speak pla9ly1 lisp+ at 8 play2 !re is an appe>ance ( grace & fre$om 9 8 utt]ance1 :i* is natural to 8 *ildi% ye>s4 ,b :5 ,i he> "s small creature c>efully articulat+ its words1 ,i am (f5d$2 ! s\nd is disagreeable1 & has to my e>s ! twang ( slav]y4 ,s :5 ,i he> a man lisp+1 or see him play+ l a *ild1 8 behavi\r appe>s to me ridicul\s & unmanly & wor?y ( /ripes4 ,& ,i h ! same feel+ ab\t /ud5ts ( philosophy2 :5 ,i see a y\? ?us engag$1--! /udy appe>s to me to be 9 "*1 & becom+ a man ( lib]al education1 & him :o neglects philosophy ,i reg>d z an inf]ior man1 :o w nev] aspire to any?+ great or noble4 ,b if ,i see him cont9u+ ! /udy 9 lat] life1 & n leav+ (f1 ,i %\ld l to beat him1 ,socrates2 =1 z ,i 0 say+1 su* a "o1 ev5 ?\gh he h good natural p>ts1 becomes effem9ate4 ,he flies f ! busy c5tre & ! m>ket-place1 9 :i*1 z ! poet says1 m5 become di/+ui%$2 he creeps into a corn] = ! re/ ( 8 life1 & talks 9 a :isp] ) ?ree or f\r admir+ y\?s1 b nev] speaks out l a freeman 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,n[ ,i1 ,socrates1 am v well incl9$ t[>ds y1 & my feel+ may be comp>$ ) t ( ,ze?us t[>ds ,amphion1 9 ! play ( ,euripides1 :om ,i 0 m5tion+ j n[3 = ,i am dispos$ to say to y mu* :at ,ze?us said to 8 bro!r1 t y1 ,socrates1 are c>eless ab\t ! ?+s ( :i* y ought to be c>eful2 & t y 8,:o h a s\l s noble1 are rem>kable = a pu]ile ext]ior2 ,nei!r 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice c\ld y /ate a case1 or give any reason or pro(1 ,or (f] valiant c\nsel on ano!r's behalf40 ,& y mu/ n be (f5d$1 my de> ,socrates1 = ,i am speak+ out ( good-w t[>ds y1 if ,i ask :e!r y are n a%am$ ( be+ ?us def5celess2 :i* ,i affirm to be ! condition n ( y only b ( all ^? :o w c>ry ! /udy ( philosophy too f>4 ,= suppose t "s "o 7 to take y1 or any "o ( y\r sort1 (f to prison1 decl>+ t y _h done wrong :5 y _h done no wrong1 y mu/ all[ t y w\ld n "k :at to d3--!re y w\ld /& giddy & gap+1 & n hav+ a ^w to say2 & :5 y w5t up be=e ! ,c\rt1 ev5 if ! accus] 7 a poor creature & n good = mu*1 y w\ld die if he 7 dispos$ to claim ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,& yet1 ,socrates1 :at is ! value ( 8,an art :i* conv]ts a man ( s5se into a fool10 :o is helpless1 & has no p[] to save ei!r himself or o!rs1 :5 he is 9 ! greate/ dang] & is go+ to be despoil$ by 8 enemies ( all 8 goods1 & has to live1 simply depriv$ ( 8 rights ( citiz5%ip8--he be+ a man :o1 if ,i may use ! expression1 may be box$ on ! e>s ) impunity4 ,!n1 my good fri5d1 take my advice1 & refute no m3 8,le>n ! philosophy ( bus9ess1 & acquire ! reputation ( wisdom4 ,b leave to o!rs ^! niceties10 :e!r !y are to be describ$ z follies or absurdities3 8,= !y w only ,give y pov]ty = ! inmate ( y\r dwell+40 ,cease1 !n1 emulat+ ^! paltry splitt]s ( words1 & emulate only ! man ( sub/ance & hon\r1 :o is well to d4 ,,socrates3 ,if my s\l1 ,callicles1 7 made ( gold1 %\ld ,i n rejoice to discov] "o ( ^? /ones ) :i* !y te/ gold1 & ! v be/ possible "o to :i* ,i might br+ my s\l2 & if ! /one & ,i agre$ 9 approv+ ( h] tra9+1 !n ,i %\ld "k t ,i 0 9 a satisfactory /ate1 & t no o!r te/ 0 ne$$ by me4 ,,callicles3 ,:at is y\r mean+1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,i w tell y2 ,i ?9k t ,i h f\nd 9 y ! desir$ t\*/one4 ,,callicles3 ,:y8 ,,socrates3 ,because ,i am sure t if y agree ) me 9 any ( ! op9ions :i* my s\l =ms1 ,i h at la/ f\nd ! tru? inde$4 ,= ,i consid] t if a man is to make a complete trial ( ! good or evil ( ! s\l1 he ought to h ?ree qualities--k1 good-w1 outspok5ness1 :i* are all possess$ by y4 ,_m :om ,i meet are unable to make trial ( me1 because !y are n wise z y are2 o!rs are wise1 b !y w n tell me ! tru?1 because !y h n ! same int]e/ 9 me :i* y h2 & ^! two /rang]s1 ,gorgias & ,polus1 are und\bt$ly wise m5 & my v good fri5ds1 b !y are n outspok5 en\gh1 & !y are too mode/4 ,:y1 _! mode/y is s great t !y are driv5 to contradict !mselves1 fir/ "o & !n ! o!r ( !m1 9 ! face ( a l>ge company1 on matt]s ( ! highe/ mom5t4 ,b y h all ! qualities 9 :i* ^! o!rs are defici5t1 hav+ receiv$ an excell5t education2 to ?is _m ,a!nians c te/ify4 ,& y are my fri5d4 ,%all ,i tell y :y ,i ?9k s8 ,i "k t y1 ,callicles1 & ,tis&] ( ,aphidnae1 & ,&ron ! son ( ,&rotion1 & ,nausicydes ( ! deme ( ,*ol>ges1 /udi$ toge!r3 !re 7 f\r ( y1 & ,i once he>d y advis+ ) "o ano!r z to ! ext5t to :i* ! pursuit ( philosophy %\ld be c>ri$1 &1 z ,i "k1 y came to ! conclusion t ! /udy %\ld n be pu%$ too mu* into detail4 ,y 7 caution+ "o ano!r n to be ov]wise2 y 7 afraid t too mu* wisdom might unconsci\sly to y\rselves be ! ru9 ( y4 ,& n[ :5 ,i he> y giv+ ! same advice to me :i* y !n gave to y\r mo/ intimate fri5ds1 ,i h a suffici5t evid5ce ( y\r real good-w to me4 ,& ( ! frankness ( y\r nature & fre$om f mode/y ,i am assur$ by y\rself1 & ! assurance is confirm$ by y\r la/ spee*4 ,well !n1 ! inf]5ce 9 ! pres5t case cle>ly is1 t if y agree ) me 9 an argum5t ab\t any po9t1 t po9t w h be5 suffici5tly te/$ by u1 & w n require to be submitt$ to any fur!r te/4 ,= y c\ld n h agre$ ) me1 ei!r f lack ( k or f sup]fluity ( mode/y1 nor yet f a desire to deceive me1 = y are my fri5d1 z y tell me y\rself4 ,& !re=e :5 y & ,i are agre$1 ! result w be ! atta9m5t ( p]fect tru?4 ,n[ !re is no nobl] enquiry1 ,callicles1 ?an t :i* y c5sure me = mak+1--,:at ought ! "* ( a man to be1 & :at 8 pursuits1 & h[ f> is he to g1 bo? 9 matur] ye>s & 9 y\?8 ,= be assur$ t if ,i err 9 my own conduct ,i d n err int5tionally1 b f ignorance4 ,d n !n desi/ f advis+ me1 n[ t y h begun1 until ,i h le>n$ cle>ly :at ?is is :i* ,i am to practise1 & h[ ,i may acquire x4 ,& if y f9d me ass5t+ to y\r words1 & h]eaft] n do+ t to :i* ,i ass5t$1 call me 8dolt10 & deem me unwor?y ( receiv+ fur!r in/ruction4 ,once m1 !n1 tell me :at y & ,p9d> mean by natural ju/ice3 ,d y n mean t ! sup]ior %\ld take ! prop]ty ( ! inf]ior by =ce2 t ! bett] %\ld rule ! worse1 ! noble h m ?an ! mean8 ,am ,i n "r 9 my recollection8 ,,callicles3 ,yes2 t is :at ,i 0 say+1 & s ,i /ill av]4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y mean by ! bett] ! same z ! sup]ior8 = ,i c\ld n make out :at y 7 say+ at ! "t--:e!r y meant by ! sup]ior ! /rong]1 & t ! weak] mu/ obey ! /rong]1 z y seem$ to imply :5 y said t great cities attack small ones 9 accordance ) natural "r1 because !y are sup]ior & /rong]1 z ?\gh ! sup]ior & /rong] & bett] 7 ! same2 or :e!r ! bett] may be also ! inf]ior & weak]1 & ! sup]ior ! worse1 or :e!r bett] is to be def9$ 9 ! same way z sup]ior3--?is is ! po9t :i* ,i want to h cle>$ up4 ,are ! sup]ior & bett] & /rong] ! same or diff]5t8 ,,callicles3 ,i say unequivocally t !y are ! same4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! _m are by nature sup]ior to ! "o1 aga9/ :om1 z y 7 say+1 !y make ! laws8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! laws ( ! _m are ! laws ( ! sup]ior8 ,,callicles3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n !y are ! laws ( ! bett]2 = ! sup]ior class are f> bett]1 z y 7 say+8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& s9ce !y are sup]ior1 ! laws :i* are made by !m are by nature good8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& are n ! _m ( op9ion1 z y 7 lately say+1 t ju/ice is equality1 & t to d is m disgraceful ?an to suff] inju/ice8--is t s or n8 ,answ]1 ,callicles1 & let no mode/y be f\nd to come 9 ! way2 d ! _m ?9k1 or d !y n ?9k ?us8--,i mu/ beg ( y to answ]1 9 ord] t if y agree ) me ,i may =tify myself by ! ass5t ( s compet5t an au?ority4 ,,callicles3 ,yes2 ! op9ion ( ! _m is :at y say4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n only cu/om b nature also affirms t to d is m disgraceful ?an to suff] inju/ice1 & t ju/ice is equality2 s t y seem to h be5 wrong 9 y\r =m] ass]tion1 :5 accus+ me y said t nature & cu/om are oppos$1 & t ,i1 kn[+ ?is1 0 di%one/ly play+ betwe5 !m1 appeal+ to cu/om :5 ! argum5t is ab\t nature1 & to nature :5 ! argum5t is ab\t cu/om8 ,,callicles3 ,?is man w nev] cease talk+ nons5se4 ,at y\r age1 ,socrates1 are y n a%am$ to be cat*+ at words & *uckl+ ov] "s v]bal slip8 d y n see--h ,i n told y already1 t by sup]ior ,i mean bett]3 d y imag9e me to say1 t if a rabble ( slaves & nondescripts1 :o are ( no use except p]haps = _! physical /r5g?1 get toge!r1 _! ipsissima v]ba are laws8 ,,socrates3 ,ho6 my philosoph]1 is t y\r l9e8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,i 0 ?9k+1 ,callicles1 t some?+ ( ! k9d mu/ h be5 9 y\r m9d1 & t is :y ,i repeat$ ! "q1--,:at is ! sup]ior8 ,i want$ to "k cle>ly :at y meant2 = y surely d n ?9k t two m5 are bett] ?an "o1 or t y\r slaves are bett] ?an y because !y are /rong]8 ,!n please to beg9 aga91 & tell me :o ! bett] are1 if !y are n ! /rong]2 & ,i w ask y1 great ,sir1 to be a little mild] 9 y\r in/ructions1 or ,i %all h to run away f y4 ,,callicles3 ,y are ironical4 ,,socrates3 ,no1 by ! h]o ,ze?us1 ,callicles1 by ^: aid y 7 j n[ say+ _m ironical ?+s aga9/ me1 ,i am n3--tell me1 !n1 :om y mean1 by ! bett]8 ,,callicles3 ,i mean ! m excell5t4 ,,socrates3 ,d y n see t y are y\rself us+ words :i* h no mean+ & t y are expla9+ no?+8--w y tell me :e!r y mean by ! bett] & sup]ior ! wis]1 or if n1 :om8 ,,callicles3 ,mo/ assur$ly1 ,i d mean ! wis]4 ,,socrates3 ,!n accord+ to y1 "o wise man may (t5 be sup]ior to t5 ?\s& fools1 & he ought to rule !m1 & !y ought to be 8 subjects1 & he ought to h m ?an !y %\ld4 ,?is is :at ,i believe t y mean 7& y mu/ n suppose t ,i am ^w-cat*+71 if y all[ t ! "o is sup]ior to ! t5 ?\s&8 ,,callicles3 ,yes2 t is :at ,i mean1 & t is :at ,i conceive to be natural ju/ice--t ! bett] & wis] %\ld rule & h m ?an ! inf]ior4 ,,socrates3 ,/op !re1 & let me ask y :at y w\ld say 9 ?is case3 ,let u suppose t we are all toge!r z we are n[2 !re are sev]al ( u1 & we h a l>ge common /ore ( meats & dr9ks1 & !re are all sorts ( p]sons 9 our company hav+ v>i\s degrees ( /r5g? & weakness1 & "o ( u1 be+ a physician1 is wis] 9 ! matt] ( food ?an all ! re/1 & he is probably /rong] ?an "s & n s /rong z o!rs ( u--w he n1 be+ wis]1 be also bett] ?an we are1 & our sup]ior 9 ?is matt] ( food8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,ei!r1 !n1 he w h a l>g] %>e ( ! meats & dr9ks1 because he is bett]1 or he w h ! di/ribution ( all ( !m by reason ( 8 au?ority1 b he w n exp5d or make use ( a l>g] %>e ( !m on 8 own p]son1 or if he does1 he w be puni%$2--8 %>e w exce$ t ( "s1 & be less ?an t ( o!rs1 & if he be ! weake/ ( all1 he be+ ! be/ ( all w h ! smalle/ %>e ( all1 ,callicles3--am ,i n "r1 my fri5d8 ,,callicles3 ,y talk ab\t meats & dr9ks & physicians & o!r nons5se2 ,i am n speak+ ( !m4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b d y admit t ! wis] is ! bett]8 ,answ] 8,yes0 or 8,no40 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ought n ! bett] to h a l>g] %>e8 ,,callicles3 ,n ( meats & dr9ks4 ,,socrates3 ,i und]/&3 !n1 p]haps1 ( coats--! skilfulle/ weav] ought to h ! l>ge/ coat1 & ! greate/ numb] ( !m1 & g ab\t clo!d 9 ! be/ & f9e/ ( !m8 ,,callicles3 ,fudge ab\t coats6 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! skilfulle/ & be/ 9 mak+ %oes ought to h ! advantage 9 %oes2 ! %oemak]1 cle>ly1 %\ld walk ab\t 9 ! l>ge/ %oes1 & h ! greate/ numb] ( !m8 ,,callicles3 ,fudge ab\t %oes6 ,:at nons5se are y talk+8 ,,socrates3 ,or1 if ?is is n y\r mean+1 p]haps y w\ld say t ! wise & good & true husb&man %\ld actually h a l>g] %>e ( se$s1 & h z mu* se$ z possible = 8 own l&8 ,,callicles3 ,h[ y g on1 always talk+ 9 ! same way1 ,socrates6 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,callicles1 & also ab\t ! same ?+s4 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 by ! ,gods1 y are lit]ally always talk+ ( cobbl]s & full]s & cooks & doctors1 z if ?is _h to d ) our argum5t4 ,,socrates3 ,b :y w y n tell me 9 :at a man mu/ be sup]ior & wis] 9 ord] to claim a l>g] %>e2 w y nei!r accept a sugge/ion1 nor (f] "o8 ,,callicles3 ,i h already told y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i mean by sup]iors n cobbl]s or cooks1 b wise politicians :o und]/& ! adm9i/ration ( a /ate1 & :o are n only wise1 b also valiant & able to c>ry out _! designs1 & n ! m5 to fa9t f want ( s\l4 ,,socrates3 ,see n[1 mo/ excell5t ,callicles1 h[ diff]5t my *>ge aga9/ y is f t :i* y br+ aga9/ me1 = y reproa* me ) always say+ ! same2 b ,i reproa* y ) nev] say+ ! same ab\t ! same ?+s1 = at "o "t y 7 def9+ ! bett] & ! sup]ior to be ! /rong]1 !n aga9 z ! wis]1 & n[ y br+ =w>d a new notion2 ! sup]ior & ! bett] are n[ decl>$ by y to be ! m c\rage\s3 ,i wi%1 my good fri5d1 t y w\ld tell me1 once = all1 :om y affirm to be ! bett] & sup]ior1 & 9 :at !y are bett]8 ,,callicles3 ,i h already told y t ,i mean ^? :o are wise & c\rage\s 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a /ate--!y ought to be ! rul]s ( _! /ates1 & ju/ice consi/s 9 _! hav+ m ?an _! subjects4 ,,socrates3 ,b :e!r rul]s or subjects w !y or w !y n h m ?an !mselves1 my fri5d8 ,,callicles3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean t e man is 8 own rul]2 b p]haps y ?9k t !re is no necessity = him to rule himself2 he is only requir$ to rule o!rs8 ,,callicles3 ,:at d y mean by 8 8rul+ ov] himself08 ,,socrates3 ,a simple ?+ en\gh2 j :at is commonly said1 t a man %\ld be temp]ate & ma/] ( himself1 & rul] ( 8 own pleasures & passions4 ,,callicles3 ,:at innoc5ce6 y mean ^? fools1--! temp]ate8 ,,socrates3 ,c]ta9ly3--any "o may "k t to be my mean+4 ,,callicles3 ,q s1 ,socrates2 & !y are really fools1 = h[ c a man be happy :o is ! s]vant ( any?+8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i pla9ly ass]t1 t he :o w\ld truly live ought to all[ 8 desires to wax to ! utt]mo/1 & n to *a/ise !m2 b :5 !y h gr[n to _! greate/ he %\ld h c\rage & intellig5ce to m9i/] to !m & to satisfy all 8 long+s4 ,& ?is ,i affirm to be natural ju/ice & nobility4 ,to ?is h[ev] ! _m _c atta92 & !y blame ! /rong man because !y are a%am$ ( _! own weakness1 :i* !y desire to conceal1 & h5ce !y say t intemp]ance is base4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ already1 !y enslave ! nobl] natures1 & be+ unable to satisfy _! pleasures1 !y praise temp]ance & ju/ice out ( _! own c[>dice4 ,= if a man _h be5 orig9ally ! son ( a k+1 or _h a nature capable ( acquir+ an empire or a tyranny or sov]eignty1 :at c\ld be m truly base or evil ?an temp]ance--to a man l him1 ,i say1 :o might freely be enjoy+ e good1 & has no "o to /& 9 8 way1 & yet has admitt$ cu/om & reason & ! op9ion ( o!r m5 to be lords ov] him8--mu/ n he be 9 a mis]able plight :om ! reputation ( ju/ice & temp]ance h9d]s f giv+ m to 8 fri5ds ?an to 8 enemies1 ev5 ?\gh he be a rul] 9 8 city8 ,nay1 ,socrates1 = y pr(ess to be a vot>y ( ! tru?1 & ! tru? is ?is3--t luxury & intemp]ance & lic5ce1 if !y be provid$ ) means1 are virtue & happ9ess--all ! re/ is a m]e bauble1 agreem5ts contr>y to nature1 fooli% talk ( m51 no?+ wor?4 7,comp>e ,republic47 ,,socrates3 ,!re is a noble fre$om1 ,callicles1 9 y\r way ( approa*+ ! argum5t2 = :at y say is :at ! re/ ( ! _w ?9k1 b d n l to say4 ,& ,i mu/ beg ( y to p]sev]e1 t ! true rule ( human life may become manife/4 ,tell me1 !n3--y say1 d y n1 t 9 ! rightly-develop$ man ! passions ought n to be controll$1 b t we %\ld let !m gr[ to ! utmo/ & someh[ or o!r satisfy !m1 & t ?is is virtue8 ,,callicles3 ,yes2 ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ^? :o want no?+ are n truly said to be happy8 ,,callicles3 ,no inde$1 = !n /ones & dead m5 w\ld be ! happie/ ( all4 ,,socrates3 ,b surely life accord+ to y\r view is an awful ?+2 & inde$ ,i ?9k t ,euripides may h be5 "r 9 say+1 8,:o kn[s if life be n dea? & dea? life20 & t we are v likely dead2 ,i h he>d a philosoph] say t at ?is mom5t we are actually dead1 & t ! body 7soma7 is our tomb 7sema 7comp>e ,pha$r4771 & t ! "p ( ! s\l :i* is ! seat ( ! desires is liable to be toss$ ab\t by words & bl[n up & d[n2 & "s +5i\s p]son1 probably a ,sicilian or an ,italian1 play+ ) ! ^w1 inv5t$ a tale 9 :i* he call$ ! s\l--because ( its believ+ & make-believe nature--a vessel 7,an untranslatable pun1--dia to pi?anon te kai pi/ikon onomase pi?on471 & ! ignorant he call$ ! un9itiat$ or leaky1 & ! place 9 ! s\ls ( ! un9itiat$ 9 :i* ! desires are seat$1 be+ ! intemp]ate & incont95t "p1 he comp>$ to a vessel full ( holes1 because x c nev] be satisfi$4 ,he is n ( y\r way ( ?9k+1 ,callicles1 = he decl>es1 t ( all ! s\ls 9 ,hades1 mean+ ! invisible _w 7aeides71 ^! un9itiat$ or leaky p]sons are ! mo/ mis]able1 & t !y p\r wat] into a vessel :i* is full ( holes out ( a col&] :i* is simil>ly p]=at$4 ,! col&]1 z my in=m] assures me1 is ! s\l1 & ! s\l :i* he comp>es to a col&] is ! s\l ( ! ignorant1 :i* is likewise full ( holes1 & !re=e incont95t1 ow+ to a bad memory & want ( fai?4 ,^! notions are /range en\gh1 b !y %[ ! pr9ciple :i*1 if ,i c1 ,i w\ld fa9 prove to y2 t y %\ld *ange y\r m9d1 &1 in/ead ( ! intemp]ate & insatiate life1 *oose t :i* is ord]ly & suffici5t & has a due provision = daily ne$s4 ,d ,i make any impression on y1 & are y com+ ov] to ! op9ion t ! ord]ly are happi] ?an ! intemp]ate8 ,or d ,i fail to p]suade y1 &1 h[ev] _m tales ,i rehe>se to y1 d y cont9ue ( ! same op9ion /ill8 ,,callicles3 ,! latt]1 ,socrates1 is m l ! tru?4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 ,i w tell y ano!r image1 :i* comes out ( ! same s*ool3--,let me reque/ y to consid] h[ f> y w\ld accept ?is z an acc\nt ( ! two lives ( ! temp]ate & intemp]ate 9 a figure3--,!re are two m51 bo? ( :om h a numb] ( casks2 ! "o man has 8 casks s\nd & full1 "o ( w9e1 ano!r ( honey1 & a ?ird ( milk1 besides o!rs fill$ ) o!r liquids1 & ! /reams :i* fill !m are few & scanty1 & he c only obta9 !m ) a great deal ( toil & difficulty2 b :5 8 casks are once fill$ he has no ne$ to fe$ !m any m1 & has no fur!r tr\ble ) !m or c>e ab\t !m4 ,! o!r1 9 l mann]1 c procure /reams1 ?\gh n )\t difficulty2 b 8 vessels are leaky & uns\nd1 & night & day he is compell$ to be fill+ !m1 & if he pauses = a mom5t1 he is 9 an agony ( pa94 ,su* are _! respective lives3--,& n[ w\ld y say t ! life ( ! intemp]ate is happi] ?an t ( ! temp]ate8 ,d ,i n conv9ce y t ! opposite is ! tru?8 ,,callicles3 ,y d n conv9ce me1 ,socrates1 = ! "o :o has fill$ himself has no long] any pleasure left2 & ?is1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 is ! life ( a /one3 he has nei!r joy nor sorr[ aft] he is once fill$2 b ! pleasure dep5ds on ! sup]abundance ( ! influx4 ,,socrates3 ,b ! m y p\r 91 ! great] ! wa/e2 & ! holes mu/ be l>ge = ! liquid to escape4 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,! life :i* y are n[ depict+ is n t ( a dead man1 or ( a /one1 b ( a cormorant2 y mean t he is to be hung]+ & eat+8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& he is to be ?ir/+ & dr9k+8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 t is :at ,i mean2 he is to h all 8 desires ab\t him1 & to be able to live happily 9 ! gratification ( !m4 ,,socrates3 ,capital1 excell5t2 g on z y h begun1 & h no %ame2 ,i1 too1 mu/ dis5cumb] myself ( %ame3 & fir/1 w y tell me :e!r y include it*+ & scrat*+1 provid$ y h en\gh ( !m & pass y\r life 9 scrat*+1 9 y\r notion ( happ9ess8 ,,callicles3 ,:at a /range be+ y are1 ,socrates6 a regul> mob-orator4 ,,socrates3 ,t 0 ! reason1 ,callicles1 :y ,i sc>$ ,polus & ,gorgias1 until !y 7 too mode/ to say :at !y ?\ght2 b y w n be too mode/ & w n be sc>$1 = y are a brave man4 ,& n[1 answ] my "q4 ,,callicles3 ,i answ]1 t ev5 ! scrat*] w\ld live pleasantly4 ,,socrates3 ,& if pleasantly1 !n also happily8 ,,callicles3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,b :at if ! it*+ is n conf9$ to ! head8 ,%all ,i pursue ! "q8 ,& "h1 ,callicles1 ,i w\ld h y consid] h[ y w\ld reply if consequ5ces are press$ ^u y1 especially if 9 ! la/ resort y are ask$1 :e!r ! life ( a catamite is n t]rible1 f\l1 mis]able8 ,or w\ld y v5ture to say1 t !y too are happy1 if !y only get en\gh ( :at !y want8 ,,callicles3 ,are y n a%am$1 ,socrates1 ( introduc+ su* topics into ! argum5t8 ,,socrates3 ,well1 my f9e fri5d1 b am ,i ! introduc] ( ^! topics1 or he :o says )\t any qualification t all :o feel pleasure 9 :atev] mann] are happy1 & :o admits ( no di/9ction betwe5 good & bad pleasures8 ,& ,i w\ld /ill ask1 :e!r y say t pleasure & good are ! same1 or :e!r !re is "s pleasure :i* is n a good8 ,,callicles3 ,well1 !n1 = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 ,i w say t !y are ! same4 ,,socrates3 ,y are break+ ! orig9al agreem5t1 ,callicles1 & w no long] be a satisfactory companion 9 ! se>* aft] tru?1 if y say :at is contr>y to y\r real op9ion4 ,,callicles3 ,:y1 t is :at y are do+ too1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n we are bo? do+ wrong4 ,/ill1 my de> fri5d1 ,i w\ld ask y to consid] :e!r pleasure1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 is ! good2 =1 if ?is be true1 !n ! disagreeable consequ5ces :i* h be5 d>kly intimat$ mu/ foll[1 & _m o!rs4 ,,callicles3 ,t1 ,socrates1 is only y\r op9ion4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y1 ,callicles1 s]i\sly ma9ta9 :at y are say+8 ,,callicles3 ,inde$ ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 z y are 9 e>ne/1 %all we proce$ ) ! argum5t8 ,,callicles3 ,by all means4 7,or1 8,i am 9 pr(\nd e>ne/407 ,,socrates3 ,well1 if y are will+ to proce$1 det]m9e ?is "q = me3--,!re is some?+1 ,i presume1 :i* y w\ld call k8 ,,callicles3 ,!re is4 ,,socrates3 ,& 7 y n say+ j n[1 t "s c\rage impli$ k8 ,,callicles3 ,i 04 ,,socrates3 ,& y 7 speak+ ( c\rage & k z two ?+s diff]5t f "o ano!r8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly ,i 04 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y say t pleasure & k are ! same1 or n ! same8 ,,callicles3 ,n ! same1 ,o man ( wisdom4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y say t c\rage diff]$ f pleasure8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 !n1 let u rememb] t ,callicles1 ! ,a*>nian1 says t pleasure & good are ! same2 b t k & c\rage are n ! same1 ei!r ) "o ano!r1 or ) ! good4 ,,callicles3 ,& :at does our fri5d ,socrates1 ( ,foxton1 say--does he ass5t to ?is1 or n8 ,,socrates3 ,he does n ass5t2 nei!r w ,callicles1 :5 he sees himself truly4 ,y w admit1 ,i suppose1 t good & evil =tune are oppos$ to ea* o!r8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 !n1 l heal? & disease1 !y exclude "o ano!r2 a man _c h !m bo?1 or be )\t !m bo?1 at ! same "t8 ,,callicles3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,take ! case ( any bodily affection3--a man may h ! compla9t 9 8 eyes :i* is call$ oph?almia8 ,,callicles3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,b he surely _c h ! same eyes well & s\nd at ! same "t8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,& :5 he has got rid ( 8 oph?almia1 has he got rid ( ! heal? ( 8 eyes too8 ,is ! f9al result1 t he gets rid ( !m bo? toge!r8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,t w\ld surely be m>vell\s & absurd8 ,,callicles3 ,v4 ,,socrates3 ,i suppose t he is affect$ by !m1 & gets rid ( !m 9 turns8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& he may h /r5g? & weakness 9 ! same way1 by fits8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,or swiftness & sl[ness8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& does he h & n h good & happ9ess1 & _! opposites1 evil & mis]y1 9 a simil> alt]nation8 7,comp>e ,republic47 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly he has4 ,,socrates3 ,if !n !re be any?+ :i* a man has & has n at ! same "t1 cle>ly t _c be good & evil--d we agree8 ,please n to answ] )\t consid]ation4 ,,callicles3 ,i entirely agree4 ,,socrates3 ,g back n[ to our =m] admissions4--,did y say t to hung]1 ,i mean ! m]e /ate ( hung]1 0 pleasant or pa9ful8 ,,callicles3 ,i said pa9ful1 b t to eat :5 y are hungry is pleasant4 ,,socrates3 ,i "k2 b /ill ! actual hung] is pa9ful3 am ,i n "r8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?ir/1 too1 is pa9ful8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 v4 ,,socrates3 ,ne$ ,i adduce any m in/ances1 or w\ld y agree t all wants or desires are pa9ful8 ,,callicles3 ,i agree1 & !re=e y ne$ n adduce any m in/ances4 ,,socrates3 ,v good4 ,& y w\ld admit t to dr9k1 :5 y are ?ir/y1 is pleasant8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 ! s5t5ce :i* y h j utt]$1 ! ^w 8?ir/y0 implies pa98 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! ^w 8dr9k+0 is expressive ( pleasure1 & ( ! satisfaction ( ! want8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!re is pleasure 9 dr9k+8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,:5 y are ?ir/y8 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 pa98 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,d y see ! inf]5ce3--t pleasure & pa9 are simultane\s1 :5 y say t be+ ?ir/y1 y dr9k8 ,= are !y n simultane\s1 & d !y n affect at ! same "t ! same "p1 :e!r ( ! s\l or ! body8--:i* ( !m is affect$ _c be suppos$ to be ( any consequ5ce3 ,is n ?is true8 ,,callicles3 ,x is4 ,,socrates3 ,y said also1 t no man c\ld h good & evil =tune at ! same "t8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 ,i did4 ,,socrates3 ,b y admitt$1 t :5 9 pa9 a man might also h pleasure8 ,,callicles3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n pleasure is n ! same z good =tune1 or pa9 ! same z evil =tune1 & !re=e ! good is n ! same z ! pleasant8 ,,callicles3 ,i wi% ,i knew1 ,socrates1 :at y\r quibbl+ means4 ,,socrates3 ,y "k1 ,callicles1 b y affect n to "k4 ,,callicles3 ,well1 get on1 & don't keep fool+3 !n y w "k :at a wiseacre y are 9 y\r admonition ( me4 ,,socrates3 ,does n a man cease f 8 ?ir/ & f 8 pleasure 9 dr9k+ at ! same "t8 ,,callicles3 ,i d n und]/& :at y are say+4 ,,gorgias3 ,nay1 ,callicles1 answ]1 if only = our sakes2--we %\ld l to he> ! argum5t out4 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 ,gorgias1 b ,i mu/ compla9 ( ! habitual trifl+ ( ,socrates2 he is always argu+ ab\t little & unwor?y que/ions4 ,,gorgias3 ,:at matt]8 ,y\r reputation1 ,callicles1 is n at /ake4 ,let ,socrates argue 9 8 own fa%ion4 ,,callicles3 ,well1 !n1 ,socrates1 y %all ask ^! little p$dl+ que/ions1 s9ce ,gorgias wi%es to h !m4 ,,socrates3 ,i envy y1 ,callicles1 = hav+ be5 initiat$ into ! great my/]ies be=e y 7 initiat$ into ! less]4 ,i ?\ght t ?is 0 n all[able4 ,b to return to our argum5t3--,does n a man cease f ?ir/+ & f ! pleasure ( dr9k+ at ! same mom5t8 ,,callicles3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he is hungry1 or has any o!r desire1 does he n cease f ! desire & ! pleasure at ! same mom5t8 ,,callicles3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he ceases f pa9 & pleasure at ! same mom5t8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b he does n cease f good & evil at ! same mom5t1 z y h admitt$3 d y /ill adh]e to :at y said8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 ,i d2 b :at is ! inf]5ce8 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 my fri5d1 ! inf]5ce is t ! good is n ! same z ! pleasant1 or ! evil ! same z ! pa9ful2 !re is a cessation ( pleasure & pa9 at ! same mom5t2 b n ( good & evil1 = !y are diff]5t4 ,h[ !n c pleasure be ! same z good1 or pa9 z evil8 ,& ,i w\ld h y look at ! matt] 9 ano!r light1 :i* c\ld h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 consid]$ by y :5 y id5tifi$ !m3 ,are n ! good good because !y h good pres5t ) !m1 z ! beautiful are ^? :o h beauty pres5t ) !m8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y call ! fools & c[>ds good m58 ,= y 7 say+ j n[ t ! c\rage\s & ! wise are ! good--w\ld y n say s8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& did y nev] see a fooli% *ild rejoic+8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,,socrates3 ,& a fooli% man too8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 c]ta9ly2 b :at is y\r drift8 ,,socrates3 ,no?+ p>ticul>1 if y w only answ]4 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,,socrates3 ,& did y ev] see a s5sible man rejoic+ or sorr[+8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,:i* rejoice & sorr[ mo/--! wise or ! fooli%8 ,,callicles3 ,!y are mu* ^u a p>1 ,i ?9k1 9 t respect4 ,,socrates3 ,en\gh3 ,& did y ev] see a c[>d 9 battle8 ,,callicles3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,& :i* rejoic$ mo/ at ! dep>ture ( ! enemy1 ! c[>d or ! brave8 ,,callicles3 ,i %\ld say 8mo/0 ( bo?2 or at any rate1 !y rejoic$ ab\t equally4 ,,socrates3 ,no matt]2 !n ! c[>ds1 & n only ! brave1 rejoice8 ,,callicles3 ,greatly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! fooli%2 s x w\ld seem8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& are only ! c[>ds pa9$ at ! approa* ( _! enemies1 or are ! brave also pa9$8 ,,callicles3 ,bo? are pa9$4 ,,socrates3 ,& are !y equally pa9$8 ,,callicles3 ,i %\ld imag9e t ! c[>ds are m pa9$4 ,,socrates3 ,& are !y n bett] pleas$ at ! enemy's dep>ture8 ,,callicles3 ,i d>e say4 ,,socrates3 ,!n are ! fooli% & ! wise & ! c[>ds & ! brave all pleas$ & pa9$1 z y 7 say+1 9 ne>ly equal degree2 b are ! c[>ds m pleas$ & pa9$ ?an ! brave8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b surely ! wise & brave are ! good1 & ! fooli% & ! c[>dly are ! bad8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! good & ! bad are pleas$ & pa9$ 9 a ne>ly equal degree8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n are ! good & bad good & bad 9 a ne>ly equal degree1 or h ! bad ! advantage bo? 9 good & evil8 7i4e4 9 hav+ m pleasure & m pa947 ,,callicles3 ,i really d n "k :at y mean4 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 d y n rememb] say+ t ! good 7 good because good 0 pres5t ) !m1 & ! evil because evil2 & t pleasures 7 goods & pa9s evils8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,,socrates3 ,& are n ^! pleasures or goods pres5t to ^? :o rejoice--if !y d rejoice8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ^? :o rejoice are good :5 goods are pres5t ) !m8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ^? :o are 9 pa9 h evil or sorr[ pres5t ) !m8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y /ill say t ! evil are evil by reason ( ! pres5ce ( evil8 ,,callicles3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ^? :o rejoice are good1 & ^? :o are 9 pa9 evil8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,! degrees ( good & evil v>y ) ! degrees ( pleasure & ( pa98 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,h ! wise man & ! fool1 ! brave & ! c[>d1 joy & pa9 9 ne>ly equal degrees8 or w\ld y say t ! c[>d has m8 ,,callicles3 ,i %\ld say t he has4 ,,socrates3 ,help me !n to draw out ! conclusion :i* foll[s f our admissions2 = x is good to repeat & review :at is good twice & ?rice ov]1 z !y say4 ,bo? ! wise man & ! brave man we all[ to be good8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! fooli% man & ! c[>d to be evil8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o has joy is good8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o is 9 pa9 is evil8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,! good & evil bo? h joy & pa91 b1 p]haps1 ! evil has m ( !m8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n mu/ we n inf]1 t ! bad man is z good & bad z ! good1 or1 p]haps1 ev5 bett]8--is n ?is a fur!r inf]5ce :i* foll[s equally ) ! prec$+ f ! ass]tion t ! good & ! pleasant are ! same3--c ?is be d5i$1 ,callicles8 ,,callicles3 ,i h be5 li/5+ & mak+ admissions to y1 ,socrates2 & ,i rem>k t if a p]son grants y any?+ 9 play1 y1 l a *ild1 want to keep hold & w n give x back4 ,b d y really suppose t ,i or any o!r human be+ d5ies t "s pleasures are good & o!rs bad8 ,,socrates3 ,alas1 ,callicles1 h[ unfair y are6 y c]ta9ly treat me z if ,i 7 a *ild1 sometimes say+ "o ?+1 & !n ano!r1 z if y 7 mean+ to deceive me4 ,& yet ,i ?\ght at fir/ t y 7 my fri5d1 & w\ld n h deceiv$ me if y c\ld h help$4 ,b ,i see t ,i 0 mi/ak52 & n[ ,i suppose t ,i mu/ make ! be/ ( a bad bus9ess1 z !y said ( old1 & take :at ,i c get out ( y4--,well1 !n1 z ,i und]/& y to say1 ,i may assume t "s pleasures are good & o!rs evil8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,! b5eficial are good1 & ! hurtful are evil8 ,,callicles3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! b5eficial are ^? :i* d "s good1 & ! hurtful are ^? :i* d "s evil8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,take1 = example1 ! bodily pleasures ( eat+ & dr9k+1 :i* we 7 j n[ m5tion+--y mean to say t ^? :i* promote heal?1 or any o!r bodily excell5ce1 are good1 & _! opposites evil8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 ! same way !re are good pa9s & !re are evil pa9s8 ,,callicles3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,& ought we n to *oose & use ! good pleasures & pa9s8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,b n ! evil8 ,,callicles3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,because1 if y rememb]1 ,polus & ,i h agre$ t all our actions are to be done = ! sake ( ! good2--& w y agree ) u 9 say+1 t ! good is ! end ( all our actions1 & t all our actions are to be done = ! sake ( ! good1 & n ! good = ! sake ( !m8--w y add a ?ird vote to our two8 ,,callicles3 ,i w4 ,,socrates3 ,!n pleasure1 l ev]y?+ else1 is to be s\ght = ! sake ( t :i* is good1 & n t :i* is good = ! sake ( pleasure8 ,,callicles3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,b c e man *oose :at pleasures are good & :at are evil1 or mu/ he h art or k ( !m 9 detail8 ,,callicles3 ,he mu/ h art4 ,,socrates3 ,let me n[ rem9d y ( :at ,i 0 say+ to ,gorgias & ,polus2 ,i 0 say+1 z y w n h =gott51 t !re 7 "s processes :i* aim only at pleasure1 & "k no?+ ( a bett] & worse1 & !re are o!r processes :i* "k good & evil4 ,& ,i consid]$ t cook]y1 :i* ,i d n call an art1 b only an exp]i5ce1 0 ( ! =m] class1 :i* is conc]n$ ) pleasure1 & t ! art ( m$ic9e 0 ( ! class :i* is conc]n$ ) ! good4 ,& n[1 by ! god ( fri5d%ip1 ,i mu/ beg y1 ,callicles1 n to je/1 or to imag9e t ,i am je/+ ) y2 d n answ] at r&om & contr>y to y\r real op9ion--= y w obs]ve t we are argu+ ab\t ! way ( human life2 & to a man :o has any s5se at all1 :at "q c be m s]i\s ?an ?is8--:e!r he %\ld foll[ aft] t way ( life to :i* y exhort me1 & act :at y call ! manly "p ( speak+ 9 ! assembly1 & cultivat+ rhetoric1 & engag+ 9 public affairs1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples n[ 9 vogue2 or :e!r he %\ld pursue ! life ( philosophy2--& 9 :at ! latt] way diff]s f ! =m]4 ,b p]haps we _h bett] fir/ try to di/+ui% !m1 z ,i did be=e1 & :5 we h come to an agreem5t t !y are di/9ct1 we may proce$ to consid] 9 :at !y diff] f "o ano!r1 & :i* ( !m we %\ld *oose4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 y d n ev5 n[ und]/& :at ,i mean8 ,,callicles3 ,no1 ,i d n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i w expla9 myself m cle>ly3 see+ t y & ,i h agre$ t !re is su* a ?+ z good1 & t !re is su* a ?+ z pleasure1 & t pleasure is n ! same z good1 & t ! pursuit & process ( acquisition ( ! "o1 t is pleasure1 is diff]5t f ! pursuit & process ( acquisition ( ! o!r1 :i* is good--,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :e!r y agree ) me ?us f> or n--d y agree8 ,,callicles3 ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i w proce$1 & ask :e!r y also agree ) me1 & :e!r y ?9k t ,i spoke ! tru? :5 ,i fur!r said to ,gorgias & ,polus t cook]y 9 my op9ion is only an exp]i5ce1 & n an art at all2 & t :]eas m$ic9e is an art1 & att5ds to ! nature & con/itution ( ! pati5t1 & has pr9ciples ( action & reason 9 ea* case1 cook]y 9 att5d+ ^u pleasure nev] reg>ds ei!r ! nature or reason ( t pleasure to :i* %e devotes h]self1 b goes /raight to h] end1 nor ev] consid]s or calculates any?+1 b works by exp]i5ce & r\t9e1 & j pres]ves ! recollection ( :at %e has usually done :5 produc+ pleasure4 ,& fir/1 ,i w\ld h y consid] :e!r ,i h prov$ :at ,i 0 say+1 & !n :e!r !re are n o!r simil> processes :i* h to d ) ! s\l--"s ( !m processes ( art1 mak+ a provision = ! s\l's highe/ int]e/--o!rs despis+ ! int]e/1 &1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 consid]+ only ! pleasure ( ! s\l1 & h[ ?is may be acquir$1 b n consid]+ :at pleasures are good or bad1 & hav+ no o!r aim b to af=d gratification1 :e!r good or bad4 ,9 my op9ion1 ,callicles1 !re are su* processes1 & ?is is ! sort ( ?+ :i* ,i t]m flatt]y1 :e!r conc]n$ ) ! body or ! s\l1 or :5ev] employ$ ) a view to pleasure & )\t any consid]ation ( good & evil4 ,& n[ ,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :e!r y agree ) u 9 ?is notion1 or :e!r y diff]4 ,,callicles3 ,i d n diff]2 on ! contr>y1 ,i agree2 = 9 t way ,i %all soone/ br+ ! argum5t to an end1 & %all oblige my fri5d ,gorgias4 ,,socrates3 ,& is ?is notion true ( "o s\l1 or ( two or m8 ,,callicles3 ,equally true ( two or m4 ,,socrates3 ,!n a man may delight a :ole assembly1 & yet h no reg>d = _! true int]e/s8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,c y tell me ! pursuits :i* delight mank9d--or r1 if y w\ld pref]1 let me ask1 & d y answ]1 :i* ( !m belong to ! pleasurable class1 & :i* ( !m n8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at say y ( flute-play+8 ,does n t appe> to be an art :i* seeks only pleasure1 ,callicles1 & ?9ks ( no?+ else8 ,,callicles3 ,i ass5t4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n ! same true ( all simil> arts1 z1 = example1 ! art ( play+ ! lyre at fe/ivals8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at d y say ( ! *oral art & ( di?yrambic poetry8--are n !y ( ! same nature8 ,d y imag9e t ,c9esias ! son ( ,meles c>es ab\t :at w t5d to ! moral improvem5t ( 8 he>]s1 or ab\t :at w give pleasure to ! multitude8 ,,callicles3 ,!re c be no mi/ake ab\t ,c9esias1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at d y say ( 8 fa!r1 ,meles ! h>p-play]8 ,did he p]=m ) any view to ! good ( 8 he>]s8 ,c\ld he be said to reg>d ev5 _! pleasure8 ,= 8 s++ 0 an infliction to 8 audi5ce4 ,& ( h>p-play+ & di?yrambic poetry 9 g5]al1 :at w\ld y say8 ,h !y n be5 inv5t$ :olly = ! sake ( pleasure8 ,,callicles3 ,t is my notion ( !m4 ,,socrates3 ,& z = ! ,muse ( ,trag$y1 t solemn & augu/ p]sonage--:at are h] aspirations8 ,is all h] aim & desire only to give pleasure to ! spectators1 or does %e fight aga9/ !m & refuse to speak ( _! pleasant vices1 & will+ly proclaim 9 ^w & song tru?s welcome & unwelcome8--:i* 9 y\r judgm5t is h] "*8 ,,callicles3 ,!re c be no d\bt1 ,socrates1 t ,trag$y has h] face turn$ t[>ds pleasure & ! gratification ( ! audi5ce4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n t ! sort ( ?+1 ,callicles1 :i* we 7 j n[ describ+ z flatt]y8 ,,callicles3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,well n[1 suppose t we /rip all poetry ( song & rhy?m & metre1 !re w rema9 spee*8 7,comp>e ,republic47 ,,callicles3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?is spee* is address$ to a cr[d ( p8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n poetry is a sort ( rhetoric8 ,,callicles3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& d n ! poets 9 ! !atres seem to y to be rhetoricians8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[ we h discov]$ a sort ( rhetoric :i* is address$ to a cr[d ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 freem5 & slaves4 ,& ?is is n mu* to our ta/e1 = we h describ$ x z hav+ ! nature ( flatt]y4 ,,callicles3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,v good4 ,& :at d y say ( t o!r rhetoric :i* addresses ! ,a!nian assembly & ! assemblies ( freem5 9 o!r /ates8 ,d ! rhetoricians appe> to y always to aim at :at is be/1 & d !y seek to improve ! citiz5s by _! spee*es1 or are !y too1 l ! re/ ( mank9d1 b5t ^u giv+ !m pleasure1 =gett+ ! public good 9 ! ?\ght ( _! own int]e/1 play+ ) ! p z ) *ildr51 & try+ to amuse !m1 b nev] consid]+ :e!r !y are bett] or worse = ?is8 ,,callicles3 ,i mu/ di/+ui%4 ,!re are "s :o h a real c>e ( ! public 9 :at !y say1 :ile o!rs are su* z y describe4 ,,socrates3 ,i am cont5t$ ) ! admission t rhetoric is ( two sorts2 "o1 :i* is m]e flatt]y & disgraceful declamation2 ! o!r1 :i* is noble & aims at ! tra9+ & improvem5t ( ! s\ls ( ! citiz5s1 & /rives to say :at is be/1 :e!r welcome or unwelcome1 to ! audi5ce2 b h y ev] kn[n su* a rhetoric2 or if y h1 & c po9t out any rhetorician :o is ( ?is /amp1 :o is he8 ,,callicles3 ,b1 inde$1 ,i am afraid t ,i _c tell y ( any su* among ! orators :o are at pres5t liv+4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 !n1 c y m5tion any "o ( a =m] g5]ation1 :o may be said to h improv$ ! ,a!nians1 :o f\nd !m worse & made !m bett]1 f ! day t he began to make spee*es8 =1 inde$1 ,i d n "k ( su* a man4 ,,callicles3 ,:at6 did y nev] he> t ,!mi/ocles 0 a good man1 & ,cimon & ,miltiades & ,p]icles1 :o is j lately dead1 & :om y he>d y\rself8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,callicles1 !y 7 good m51 if1 z y said at fir/1 true virtue consi/s only 9 ! satisfaction ( our own desires & ^? ( o!rs2 b if n1 & if1 z we 7 aft]w>ds compell$ to ackn[l$ge1 ! satisfaction ( "s desires makes u bett]1 & ( o!rs1 worse1 & we ought to gratify ! "o & n ! o!r1 & !re is an art 9 di/+ui%+ !m1--c y tell me ( any ( ^! /atesm5 :o did di/+ui% !m8 ,,callicles3 ,no1 inde$1 ,i _c4 ,,socrates3 ,yet1 surely1 ,callicles1 if y look y w f9d su* a "o4 ,suppose t we j calmly consid] :e!r any ( ^! 0 su* z ,i h describ$4 ,w n ! good man1 :o says :atev] he says ) a view to ! be/1 speak ) a ref]5ce to "s /&>d & n at r&om2 j z all o!r arti/s1 :e!r ! pa9t]1 ! build]1 ! %ipwright1 or any o!r look all ( !m to _! own "w1 & d n select & apply at r&om :at !y apply1 b /rive to give a def9ite =m to x8 ,! arti/ disposes all ?+s 9 ord]1 & compels ! "o "p to h>monize & accord ) ! o!r "p1 until he has con/ruct$ a regul> & sy/ematic :ole2 & ?is is true ( all arti/s1 & 9 ! same way ! tra9]s & physicians1 ( :om we spoke be=e1 give ord] & regul>ity to ! body3 d y d5y ?is8 ,,callicles3 ,no2 ,i am ready to admit x4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! h\se 9 :i* ord] & regul>ity prevail is good2 t 9 :i* !re is disord]1 evil8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! same is true ( a %ip8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! same may be said ( ! human body8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! s\l8 ,w ! good s\l be t 9 :i* disord] is preval5t1 or t 9 :i* !re is h>mony & ord]8 ,,callicles3 ,! latt] foll[s f our previ\s admissions4 ,,socrates3 ,:at is ! "n :i* is giv5 to ! effect ( h>mony & ord] 9 ! body8 ,,callicles3 ,i suppose t y mean heal? & /r5g?8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,i d2 & :at is ! "n :i* y w\ld give to ! effect ( h>mony & ord] 9 ! s\l8 ,try & discov] a "n = ?is z well z = ! o!r4 ,,callicles3 ,:y n give ! "n y\rself1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,well1 if y _h r t ,i %\ld1 ,i w2 & y %all say :e!r y agree ) me1 & if n1 y %all refute & answ] me4 8,heal?y10 z ,i conceive1 is ! "n :i* is giv5 to ! regul> ord] ( ! body1 :5ce comes heal? & e o!r bodily excell5ce3 is t true or n8 ,,callicles3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& 8lawful0 & 8law0 are ! names :i* are giv5 to ! regul> ord] & action ( ! s\l1 & ^! make m5 lawful & ord]ly3--& s we h temp]ance & ju/ice3 h we n8 ,,callicles3 ,grant$4 ,,socrates3 ,& w n ! true rhetorician :o is hone/ & und]/&s 8 art h 8 eye fix$ ^u ^!1 9 all ! words :i* he addresses to ! s\ls ( m51 & 9 all 8 actions1 bo? 9 :at he gives & 9 :at he takes away8 ,w n 8 aim be to implant ju/ice 9 ! s\ls ( 8 citiz5s & take away inju/ice1 to implant temp]ance & take away intemp]ance1 to implant e virtue & take away e vice8 ,d y n agree8 ,,callicles3 ,i agree4 ,,socrates3 ,= :at use is !re1 ,callicles1 9 giv+ to ! body ( a sick man :o is 9 a bad /ate ( heal? a quantity ( ! mo/ delightful food or dr9k or any o!r pleasant ?+1 :i* may be really z bad = him z if y gave him no?+1 or ev5 worse if rightly e/imat$4 ,is n t true8 ,,callicles3 ,i w n say ,no to x4 ,,socrates3 ,= 9 my op9ion !re is no pr(it 9 a man's life if 8 body is 9 an evil plight--9 t case 8 life also is evil3 am ,i n "r8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,:5 a man is 9 heal? ! physicians w g5]ally all[ him to eat :5 he is hungry & dr9k :5 he is ?ir/y1 & to satisfy 8 desires z he likes1 b :5 he is sick !y h>dly suff] him to satisfy 8 desires at all3 ev5 y w admit t8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& does n ! same argum5t hold ( ! s\l1 my good sir8 ,:ile %e is 9 a bad /ate & is s5seless & intemp]ate & unju/ & unholy1 h] desires ought to be controll$1 & %e ought to be prev5t$ f do+ any?+ :i* does n t5d to h] own improvem5t4 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,su* treatm5t w be bett] = ! s\l h]self8 ,,callicles3 ,to be sure4 ,,socrates3 ,& to re/ra9 h] f h] appetites is to *a/ise h]8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n re/ra9t or *a/isem5t is bett] = ! s\l ?an intemp]ance or ! abs5ce ( control1 :i* y 7 j n[ pref]r+8 ,,callicles3 ,i d n und]/& y1 ,socrates1 & ,i wi% t y w\ld ask "s "o :o does4 ,,socrates3 ,"h is a g5tleman :o _c endure to be improv$ or to subject himself to t v *a/isem5t ( :i* ! argum5t speaks6 ,,callicles3 ,i d n he$ a ^w ( :at y are say+1 & h only answ]$ hi!rto out ( civility to ,gorgias4 ,,socrates3 ,:at are we to d1 !n8 ,%all we break (f 9 ! middle8 ,,callicles3 ,y %all judge = y\rself4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b p say t 8a tale %\ld h a head & n break (f 9 ! middle10 & ,i %\ld n l to h ! argum5t go+ ab\t )\t a head 7comp>e ,laws72 please !n to g on a little long]1 & put ! head on4 ,,callicles3 ,h[ tyrannical y are1 ,socrates6 ,i wi% t y & y\r argum5t w\ld re/1 or t y w\ld get "s "o else to argue ) y4 ,,socrates3 ,b :o else is will+8--,i want to f9i% ! argum5t4 ,,callicles3 ,_c y f9i% )\t my help1 ei!r talk+ /raight on1 or que/ion+ & answ]+ y\rself8 ,,socrates3 ,mu/ ,i !n say ) ,epi*>mus1 8,two m5 spoke be=e1 b n[ "o %all be en\gh08 ,i suppose t !re is absolutely no help4 ,& if ,i am to c>ry on ! enquiry by myself1 ,i w fir/ ( all rem>k t n only ,i b all ( u %\ld h an ambition to "k :at is true & :at is false 9 ?is matt]1 = ! discov]y ( ! tru? is a common good4 ,& n[ ,i w proce$ to argue accord+ to my own notion4 ,b if any ( y ?9k t ,i arrive at conclusions :i* are untrue y mu/ int]pose & refute me1 = ,i d n speak f any k ( :at ,i am say+2 ,i am an enquir] l y\rselves1 & !re=e1 if my oppon5t says any?+ :i* is ( =ce1 ,i %all be ! fir/ to agree ) him4 ,i am speak+ on ! supposition t ! argum5t ought to be complet$2 b if y ?9k o!rwise let u leave (f & g our ways4 ,,gorgias3 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t we %\ld n g our ways until y h complet$ ! argum5t2 & ?is appe>s to me to be ! wi% ( ! re/ ( ! company2 ,i myself %\ld v mu* l to he> :at m y h to say4 ,,socrates3 ,i too1 ,gorgias1 %\ld h lik$ to cont9ue ! argum5t ) ,callicles1 & !n ,i might h giv5 him an 8,amphion0 9 return = 8 8,ze?us02 b s9ce y1 ,callicles1 are unwill+ to cont9ue1 ,i hope t y w li/51 & int]rupt me if ,i seem to y to be 9 error4 ,& if y refute me1 ,i %all n be angry ) y z y are ) me1 b ,i %all inscribe y z ! greate/ ( b5efactors on ! tablets ( my s\l4 ,,callicles3 ,my good fell[1 nev] m9d me1 b get on4 ,,socrates3 ,li/5 to me1 !n1 :ile ,i recapitulate ! argum5t3--,is ! pleasant ! same z ! good8 ,n ! same4 ,callicles & ,i are agre$ ab\t t4 ,& is ! pleasant to be pursu$ = ! sake ( ! good8 or ! good = ! sake ( ! pleasant8 ,! pleasant is to be pursu$ = ! sake ( ! good4 ,& t is pleasant at ! pres5ce ( :i* we are pleas$1 & t is good at ! pres5ce ( :i* we are good8 ,to be sure4 ,& we are good1 & all good ?+s :atev] are good :5 "s virtue is pres5t 9 u or !m8 ,t1 ,callicles1 is my conviction4 ,b ! virtue ( ea* ?+1 :e!r body or s\l1 in/rum5t or creature1 :5 giv5 to !m 9 ! be/ way comes to !m n by *ance b z ! result ( ! ord] & tru? & art :i* are imp>t$ to !m3 ,am ,i n "r8 ,i ma9ta9 t ,i am4 ,& is n ! virtue ( ea* ?+ dep5d5t on ord] or arrangem5t8 ,yes1 ,i say4 ,& t :i* makes a ?+ good is ! prop] ord] inh]+ 9 ea* ?+8 ,su* is my view4 ,& is n ! s\l :i* has an ord] ( h] own bett] ?an t :i* has no ord]8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! s\l :i* has ord] is ord]ly8 ,( c\rse4 ,& t :i* is ord]ly is temp]ate8 ,assur$ly4 ,& ! temp]ate s\l is good8 ,no o!r answ] c ,i give1 ,callicles de>2 h y any8 ,,callicles3 ,g on1 my good fell[4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i %all proce$ to add1 t if ! temp]ate s\l is ! good s\l1 ! s\l :i* is 9 ! opposite condition1 t is1 ! fooli% & intemp]ate1 is ! bad s\l4 ,v true4 ,& w n ! temp]ate man d :at is prop]1 bo? 9 relation to ! gods & to m52--= he w\ld n be temp]ate if he did n8 ,c]ta9ly he w d :at is prop]4 ,9 8 relation to o!r m5 he w d :at is j2 & 9 8 relation to ! gods he w d :at is holy2 & he :o does :at is j & holy mu/ be j & holy8 ,v true4 ,& mu/ he n be c\rage\s8 = ! duty ( a temp]ate man is n to foll[ or to avoid :at he ought n1 b :at he ought1 :e!r ?+s or m5 or pleasures or pa9s1 & pati5tly to endure :5 he ought2 & !re=e1 ,callicles1 ! temp]ate man1 be+1 z we h describ$1 also j & c\rage\s & holy1 _c be o!r ?an a p]fectly good man1 nor c ! good man d o!rwise ?an well & p]fectly :atev] he does2 & he :o does well mu/ ( necessity be happy & bless$1 & ! evil man :o does evil1 mis]able3 n[ ?is latt] is he :om y 7 applaud+--! intemp]ate :o is ! opposite ( ! temp]ate4 ,su* is my position1 & ^! ?+s ,i affirm to be true4 ,& if !y are true1 !n ,i fur!r affirm t he :o desires to be happy mu/ pursue & practise temp]ance & run away f intemp]ance z fa/ z 8 legs w c>ry him3 he _h bett] ord] 8 life s z n to ne$ puni%m5t2 b if ei!r he or any ( 8 fri5ds1 :e!r private individual or city1 are 9 ne$ ( puni%m5t1 !n ju/ice mu/ be done & he mu/ suff] puni%m5t1 if he w\ld be happy4 ,?is appe>s to me to be ! aim :i* a man ought to h1 & t[>ds :i* he ought to direct all ! en]gies bo? ( himself & ( ! /ate1 act+ s t he may h temp]ance & ju/ice pres5t ) him & be happy1 n suff]+ 8 lu/s to be unre/ra9$1 & 9 ! nev]-end+ desire satisfy !m lead+ a robb]'s life4 ,su* a "o is ! fri5d nei!r ( ,god nor man1 = he is incapable ( communion1 & he :o is incapable ( communion is also incapable ( fri5d%ip4 ,& philosoph]s tell u1 ,callicles1 t communion & fri5d%ip & ord]l9ess & temp]ance & ju/ice b9d toge!r heav5 & e>? & gods & m51 & t ?is univ]se is !re=e call$ ,cosmos or ord]1 n disord] or misrule1 my fri5d4 ,b al?\gh y are a philosoph] y seem to me nev] to h obs]v$ t geometrical equality is mighty1 bo? among gods & m52 y ?9k t y ought to cultivate inequality or excess1 & d n c>e ab\t geometry4--,well1 !n1 ei!r ! pr9ciple t ! happy are made happy by ! possession ( ju/ice & temp]ance1 & ! mis]able mis]able by ! possession ( vice1 mu/ be refut$1 or1 if x is grant$1 :at w be ! consequ5ces8 ,all ! consequ5ces :i* ,i drew be=e1 ,callicles1 & ab\t :i* y ask$ me :e!r ,i 0 9 e>ne/ :5 ,i said t a man ought to accuse himself & 8 son & 8 fri5d if he did any?+ wrong1 & t to ?is end he %\ld use 8 rhetoric--all ^? consequ5ces are true4 ,& t :i* y ?\ght t ,polus 0 l$ to admit out ( mode/y is true1 viz41 t1 to d inju/ice1 if m disgraceful ?an to suff]1 is 9 t degree worse2 & ! o!r position1 :i*1 accord+ to ,polus1 ,gorgias admitt$ out ( mode/y1 t he :o w\ld truly be a rhetorician ought to be j & h a k ( ju/ice1 has also turn$ out to be true4 ,& n[1 ^! ?+s be+ z we h said1 let u proce$ 9 ! next place to consid] :e!r y are "r 9 ?r[+ 9 my tee? t ,i am unable to help myself or any ( my fri5ds or k9sm51 or to save !m 9 ! extremity ( dang]1 & t ,i am 9 ! p[] ( ano!r l an outlaw to :om any "o may d :at he likes1--he may box my e>s1 :i* 0 a brave say+ ( y\rs2 or take away my goods or bani% me1 or ev5 d 8 wor/ & kill me2 a condition :i*1 z y say1 is ! height ( disgrace4 ,my answ] to y is "o :i* has be5 already (t5 repeat$1 b may z well be repeat$ once m4 ,i tell y1 ,callicles1 t to be box$ on ! e>s wrongfully is n ! wor/ evil :i* c befall a man1 nor to h my purse or my body cut op51 b t to smite & slay me & m9e wrongfully is f> m disgraceful & m evil2 aye1 & to despoil & enslave & pillage1 or 9 any way at all to wrong me & m9e1 is f> m disgraceful & evil to ! do] ( ! wrong ?an to me :o am ! suff]]4 ,^! tru?s1 :i* h be5 already set =? z ,i /ate !m 9 ! previ\s discussion1 w\ld seem n[ to h be5 fix$ & rivet$ by u1 if ,i may use an expression :i* is c]ta9ly bold1 9 words :i* are l bonds ( iron & adamant2 & unless y or "s o!r /ill m ent]pris+ h]o %all break !m1 !re is no possibility ( d5y+ :at ,i say4 ,= my position has always be51 t ,i myself am ignorant h[ ^! ?+s are1 b t ,i h nev] met any "o :o c\ld say o!rwise1 any m ?an y c1 & n appe> ridicul\s4 ,?is is my position /ill1 & if :at ,i am say+ is true1 & inju/ice is ! greate/ ( evils to ! do] ( inju/ice1 & yet !re is if possible a great] ?an ?is greate/ ( evils 7comp>e ,republic71 9 an unju/ man n suff]+ retribution1 :at is t def5ce ( :i* ! want w make a man truly ridicul\s8 ,mu/ n ! def5ce be "o :i* w av]t ! greate/ ( human evils8 ,& w n ! wor/ ( all def5ces be t ) :i* a man is unable to def5d himself or 8 family or 8 fri5ds8--& next w come t :i* is unable to av]t ! next greate/ evil2 ?irdly t :i* is unable to av]t ! ?ird greate/ evil2 & s ( o!r evils4 ,z is ! greatness ( evil s is ! hon\r ( be+ able to av]t !m 9 _! sev]al degrees1 & ! disgrace ( n be+ able to av]t !m4 ,am ,i n "r ,callicles8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 q "r4 ,,socrates3 ,see+ !n t !re are ^! two evils1 ! do+ inju/ice & ! suff]+ inju/ice--& we affirm t to d inju/ice is a great]1 & to suff] inju/ice a less] evil--by :at devices c a man succe$ 9 obta9+ ! two advantages1 ! "o ( n do+ & ! o!r ( n suff]+ inju/ice8 mu/ he h ! p[]1 or only ! w to obta9 !m8 ,i mean to ask :e!r a man w escape inju/ice if he has only ! w to escape1 or mu/ he h provid$ himself ) ! p[]8 ,,callicles3 ,he mu/ h provid$ himself ) ! p[]2 t is cle>4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at d y say ( do+ inju/ice8 ,is ! w only suffici5t1 & w t prev5t him f do+ inju/ice1 or mu/ he h provid$ himself ) p[] & art2 & if he h n /udi$ & practis$1 w he be unju/ /ill8 ,surely y might say1 ,callicles1 :e!r y ?9k t ,polus & ,i 7 "r 9 admitt+ ! conclusion t no "o does wrong volunt>ily1 b t all d wrong aga9/ _! w8 ,,callicles3 ,grant$1 ,socrates1 if y w only h done4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 z w\ld appe>1 p[] & art h to be provid$ 9 ord] t we may d no inju/ice8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at art w protect u f suff]+ inju/ice1 if n :olly1 yet z f> z possible8 ,i want to "k :e!r y agree ) me2 = ,i ?9k t su* an art is ! art ( "o :o is ei!r a rul] or ev5 tyrant himself1 or ! equal & companion ( ! rul+ p[]4 ,,callicles3 ,well said1 ,socrates2 & please to obs]ve h[ ready ,i am to praise y :5 y talk s5se4 ,,socrates3 ,?9k & tell me :e!r y w\ld approve ( ano!r view ( m9e3 ,to me e man appe>s to be mo/ ! fri5d ( him :o is mo/ l to him--l to l1 z anci5t sages say3 ,w\ld y n agree to ?is8 ,,callicles3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,b :5 ! tyrant is rude & un$ucat$1 he may be expect$ to fe> any "o :o is 8 sup]ior 9 virtue1 & w nev] be able to be p]fectly fri5dly ) him4 ,,callicles3 ,t is true4 ,,socrates3 ,nei!r w he be ! fri5d ( any "o :o is greatly 8 inf]ior1 = ! tyrant w despise him1 & w nev] s]i\sly reg>d him z a fri5d4 ,,callicles3 ,t aga9 is true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! only fri5d wor? m5tion+1 :om ! tyrant c h1 w be "o :o is ( ! same "*1 & has ! same likes & dislikes1 & is at ! same "t will+ to be subject & subs]vi5t to him2 he is ! man :o w h p[] 9 ! /ate1 & no "o w injure him ) impunity3--is n t s8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if a "y man beg9s to ask h[ he may become great & =midable1 ?is w\ld seem to be ! way--he w accu/om himself1 f 8 y\? upw>d1 to feel sorr[ & joy on ! same occasions z 8 ma/]1 & w contrive to be z l him z possible8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 ?is way he w h accompli%$1 z y & y\r fri5ds w\ld say1 ! end ( becom+ a great man & n suff]+ injury8 ,,callicles3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,b w he also escape f do+ injury8 ,mu/ n ! v opposite be true1--if he is to be l ! tyrant 9 8 inju/ice1 & to h influ5ce ) him8 ,w he n r contrive to d z mu* wrong z possible1 & n be puni%$8 ,,callicles3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& by ! imitation ( 8 ma/] & by ! p[] :i* he ?us acquires w n 8 s\l become bad & corrupt$1 & w n ?is be ! greate/ evil to him8 ,,callicles3 ,y always contrive someh[ or o!r1 ,socrates1 to inv]t ev]y?+3 d y n "k t he :o imitates ! tyrant w1 if he has a m9d1 kill him :o does n imitate him & take away 8 goods8 ,,socrates3 ,excell5t ,callicles1 ,i am n deaf1 & ,i h he>d t a great _m times f y & f ,polus & f ne>ly e man 9 ! city1 b ,i wi% t y w\ld he> me too4 ,i d>e say t he w kill him if he has a m9d--! bad man w kill ! good & true4 ,,callicles3 ,& is n t j ! provok+ ?+8 ,,socrates3 ,nay1 n to a man ( s5se1 z ! argum5t %[s3 d y ?9k t all our c>es %\ld be direct$ to prolong+ life to ! utt]mo/1 & to ! /udy ( ^? arts :i* secure u f dang] always2 l t art ( rhetoric :i* saves m5 9 c\rts ( law1 & :i* y advise me to cultivate8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 truly1 & v good advice too4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 my fri5d1 b :at d y ?9k ( swimm+2 is t an art ( any great pret5sions8 ,,callicles3 ,no1 inde$4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet surely swimm+ saves a man f dea?1 & !re are occasions on :i* he mu/ "k h[ to swim4 ,& if y despise ! swimm]s1 ,i w tell y ( ano!r & great] art1 ! art ( ! pilot1 :o n only saves ! s\ls ( m51 b also _! bodies & prop]ties f ! extremity ( dang]1 j l rhetoric4 ,yet 8 art is mode/ & unpresum+3 x has no airs or pret5ces ( do+ any?+ extraord9>y1 &1 9 return = ! same salvation :i* is giv5 by ! plead]1 dem&s only two obols1 if he br+s u f ,aeg9a to ,a!ns1 or = ! long] voyage f ,pontus or ,egypt1 at ! utmo/ two dra*mae1 :5 he has sav$1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 ! pass5g] & 8 wife & *ildr5 & goods1 & safely disemb>k$ !m at ! ,piraeus1--?is is ! paym5t :i* he asks 9 return = s great a boon2 & he :o is ! ma/] ( ! art1 & has done all ?is1 gets out & walks ab\t on ! sea-%ore by 8 %ip 9 an unassum+ way4 ,= he is able to reflect & is aw>e t he _c tell :i* ( 8 fell[-pass5g]s he has b5efit$1 & :i* ( !m he has injur$ 9 n all[+ !m to be dr[n$4 ,he kn[s t !y are j ! same :5 he has disemb>k$ !m z :5 !y emb>k$1 & n a :it bett] ei!r 9 _! bodies or 9 _! s\ls2 & he consid]s t if a man :o is afflict$ by great & incurable bodily diseases is only to be piti$ = hav+ escap$1 & is 9 no way b5efit$ by him 9 hav+ be5 sav$ f dr[n+1 mu* less he :o has great & incurable diseases1 n ( ! body1 b ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! m valuable "p ( him2 nei!r is life wor? hav+ nor ( any pr(it to ! bad man1 :e!r he be deliv]$ f ! sea1 or ! law-c\rts1 or any o!r dev\r]2--& s he reflects t su* a "o _h bett] n live1 = he _c live well4 7,comp>e ,republic47 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ! pilot1 al?\gh he is our savi\r1 is n usually conceit$1 any m ?an ! eng9e]1 :o is n at all beh9d ei!r ! g5]al1 or ! pilot1 or any "o else1 9 8 sav+ p[]1 = he sometimes saves :ole cities4 ,is !re any comp>ison betwe5 him & ! plead]8 ,& if he 7 to talk1 ,callicles1 9 y\r gr&iose /yle1 he w\ld bury y "u a m\nta9 ( words1 decl>+ & insi/+ t we ought all ( u to be eng9e-mak]s1 & t no o!r pr(ession is wor? ?9k+ ab\t2 he w\ld h pl5ty to say4 ,nev]!less y despise him & 8 art1 & sne]+ly call him an eng9e-mak]1 & y w n all[ y\r daught]s to m>ry 8 son1 or m>ry y\r son to 8 daught]s4 ,& yet1 on y\r pr9ciple1 :at ju/ice or reason is !re 9 y\r refusal8 ,:at "r h y to despise ! eng9e-mak]1 & ! o!rs :om ,i 0 j n[ m5tion+8 ,i "k t y w say1 8,i am bett]1 & bett] born40 ,b if ! bett] is n :at ,i say1 & virtue consi/s only 9 a man sav+ himself & 81 :atev] may be 8 "*1 !n y\r c5sure ( ! eng9e-mak]1 & ( ! physician1 & ( ! o!r arts ( salvation1 is ridicul\s4 ,o my fri5d6 ,i want y to see t ! noble & ! good may possibly be some?+ diff]5t f sav+ & be+ sav$3--,may n he :o is truly a man cease to c>e ab\t liv+ a c]ta9 "t8--he kn[s1 z wom5 say1 t no man c escape fate1 & !re=e he is n fond ( life2 he leaves all t ) ,god1 & consid]s 9 :at way he c be/ sp5d 8 appo9t$ t]m2--:e!r by assimilat+ himself to ! con/itution "u :i* he lives1 z y at ?is mom5t h to consid] h[ y may become z l z possible to ! ,a!nian p1 if y mean to be 9 _! good graces1 & to h p[] 9 ! /ate2 :]eas ,i want y to ?9k & see :e!r ?is is = ! int]e/ ( ei!r ( u2--,i w\ld n h u risk t :i* is de>e/ on ! acquisition ( ?is p[]1 l ! ,!ssalian en*antresses1 :o1 z !y say1 br+ d[n ! moon f heav5 at ! risk ( _! own p]dition4 ,b if y suppose t any man w %[ y ! art ( becom+ great 9 ! city1 & yet n con=m+ y\rself to ! ways ( ! city1 :e!r = bett] or worse1 !n ,i c only say t y are mi/ak51 ,callides2 = he :o w\ld des]ve to be ! true natural fri5d ( ! ,a!nian ,demus1 aye1 or ( ,pyrilampes' d>l+ :o is call$ aft] !m1 mu/ be by nature l !m1 & n an imitator only4 ,he1 !n1 :o w make y mo/ l !m1 w make y z y desire1 a /atesman & orator3 = e man is pleas$ :5 he is spok5 to 9 8 own language & _s1 & dislikes any o!r4 ,b p]haps y1 sweet ,callicles1 may be ( ano!r m9d4 ,:at d y say8 ,,callicles3 ,someh[ or o!r y\r words1 ,socrates1 always appe> to me to be good words2 & yet1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 ,i am n q conv9c$ by !m4 7,comp>e ,symp43 #a ,alcib47 ,,socrates3 ,! reason is1 ,callicles1 t ! love ( ,demus :i* abides 9 y\r s\l is an adv]s>y to me2 b ,i d>e say t if we recur to ^! same matt]s1 & consid] !m m ?or\ghly1 y may be conv9c$ = all t4 ,please1 !n1 to rememb] t !re are two processes ( tra9+ all ?+s1 includ+ body & s\l2 9 ! "o1 z we said1 we treat !m ) a view to pleasure1 & 9 ! o!r ) a view to ! highe/ good1 & !n we d n indulge b resi/ !m3 0 n t ! di/9ction :i* we drew8 ,,callicles3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! "o :i* _h pleasure 9 view 0 j a vulg> flatt]y3--0 n t ano!r ( our conclusions8 ,,callicles3 ,be x s1 if y w h x4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! o!r _h 9 view ! greate/ improvem5t ( t :i* 0 m9i/]$ to1 :e!r body or s\l8 ,,callicles3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,& mu/ we n h ! same end 9 view 9 ! treatm5t ( our city & citiz5s8 ,mu/ we n try & make !m z good z possible8 ,= we h already discov]$ t !re is no use 9 imp>t+ to !m any o!r good1 unless ! m9d ( ^? :o are to h ! good1 :e!r money1 or (fice1 or any o!r sort ( p[]1 be g5tle & good4 ,%all we say t8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 if y l4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 !n1 if y & ,i1 ,callicles1 7 int5d+ to set ab\t "s public bus9ess1 & 7 advis+ "o ano!r to und]take build+s1 su* z walls1 docks or temples ( ! l>ge/ size1 ought we n to exam9e ourselves1 fir/1 z to :e!r we "k or d n "k ! art ( build+1 & :o taught u8--w\ld n t be necess>y1 ,callicles8 ,,callicles3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,9 ! second place1 we %\ld h to consid] :e!r we _h ev] con/ruct$ any private h\se1 ei!r ( our own or = our fri5ds1 & :e!r ?is build+ ( ours 0 a success or n2 & if ^u consid]ation we f\nd t we _h _h good & em95t ma/]s1 & _h be5 successful 9 con/ruct+ _m f9e build+s1 n only ) _! assi/ance1 b )\t !m1 by our own unaid$ skill--9 t case prud5ce w\ld n dissuade u f proce$+ to ! con/ruction ( public works4 ,b if we _h no ma/] to %[1 & only a numb] ( wor?less build+s or none at all1 !n1 surely1 x w\ld be ridicul\s 9 u to attempt public works1 or to advise "o ano!r to und]take !m4 ,is n ?is true8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& does n ! same hold 9 all o!r cases8 ,if y & ,i 7 physicians1 & 7 advis+ "o ano!r t we 7 compet5t to practise z /ate-physicians1 %\ld ,i n ask ab\t y1 & w\ld y n ask ab\t me1 ,well1 b h[ ab\t ,socrates himself1 has he good heal?8 & 0 any "o else ev] kn[n to be cur$ by him1 :e!r slave or freeman8 ,& ,i %\ld make ! same enquiries ab\t y4 ,& if we arriv$ at ! conclusion t no "o1 :e!r citiz5 or /rang]1 man or woman1 _h ev] be5 any ! bett] = ! m$ical skill ( ei!r ( u1 !n1 by ,heav51 ,callicles1 :at an absurdity to ?9k t we or any human be+ %\ld be s silly z to set up z /ate-physicians & advise o!rs l ourselves to d ! same1 )\t hav+ fir/ practis$ 9 private1 :e!r successfully or n1 & acquir$ exp]i5ce ( ! art6 ,is n ?is1 z !y say1 to beg9 ) ! big j> :5 y are le>n+ ! pott]'s art2 :i* is a fooli% ?+8 ,,callicles3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[1 my fri5d1 z y are already beg9n+ to be a public "*1 & are admoni%+ & reproa*+ me = n be+ "o1 suppose t we ask a few que/ions ( "o ano!r4 ,tell me1 !n1 ,callicles1 h[ ab\t mak+ any ( ! citiz5s bett]8 ,0 !re ev] a man :o 0 once vici\s1 or unju/1 or intemp]ate1 or fooli%1 & became by ! help ( ,callicles good & noble8 ,0 !re ev] su* a man1 :e!r citiz5 or /rang]1 slave or freeman8 ,tell me1 ,callicles1 if a p]son 7 to ask ^! que/ions ( y1 :at w\ld y answ]8 ,:om w\ld y say t y _h improv$ by y\r conv]sation8 ,!re may h be5 good de$s ( ?is sort :i* 7 done by y z a private p]son1 be=e y came =w>d 9 public4 ,:y w y n answ]8 ,,callicles3 ,y are cont5ti\s1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,nay1 ,i ask y1 n f a love ( cont5tion1 b because ,i really want to "k 9 :at way y ?9k t affairs %\ld be adm9i/]$ among u--:e!r1 :5 y come to ! adm9i/ration ( !m1 y h any o!r aim b ! improvem5t ( ! citiz5s8 ,h we n already admitt$ _m times ov] t su* is ! duty ( a public man8 ,nay1 we h surely said s2 = if y w n answ] = y\rself ,i mu/ answ] = y4 ,b if ?is is :at ! good man ought to effect = ! b5efit ( 8 own /ate1 all[ me to recall to y ! names ( ^? :om y 7 j n[ m5tion+1 ,p]icles1 & ,cimon1 & ,miltiades1 & ,!mi/ocles1 & ask :e!r y /ill ?9k t !y 7 good citiz5s4 ,,callicles3 ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,b if !y 7 good1 !n cle>ly ea* ( !m mu/ h made ! citiz5s bett] in/ead ( worse8 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 ,p]icles fir/ began to speak 9 ! assembly1 ! ,a!nians 7 n s good z :5 he spoke la/8 ,,callicles3 ,v likely4 ,,socrates3 ,nay1 my fri5d1 8likely0 is n ! ^w2 = if he 0 a good citiz51 ! inf]5ce is c]ta94 ,,callicles3 ,& :at diff]5ce does t make8 ,,socrates3 ,none2 only ,i %\ld l fur!r to "k :e!r ! ,a!nians are suppos$ to h be5 made bett] by ,p]icles1 or1 on ! contr>y1 to h be5 corrupt$ by him2 = ,i he> t he 0 ! fir/ :o gave ! p pay1 & made !m idle & c[>dly1 & enc\rag$ !m 9 ! love ( talk & money4 ,,callicles3 ,y he>d t1 ,socrates1 f ! laconis+ set :o bruise _! e>s4 ,,socrates3 ,b :at ,i am go+ to tell y n[ is n m]e he>say1 b well kn[n bo? to y & me3 t at fir/1 ,p]icles 0 glori\s & 8 "* unimpea*$ by any v]dict ( ! ,a!nians--?is 0 dur+ ! "t :5 !y 7 n s good--yet aft]w>ds1 :5 !y _h be5 made good & g5tle by him1 at ! v end ( 8 life !y convict$ him ( !ft1 & almo/ put him to dea?1 cle>ly "u ! notion t he 0 a malefactor4 ,,callicles3 ,well1 b h[ does t prove ,p]icles' badness8 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 surely y w\ld say t he 0 a bad manag] ( asses or horses or ox51 :o _h receiv$ !m orig9ally nei!r kick+ nor butt+ nor bit+ him1 & implant$ 9 !m all ^! savage tricks8 ,w\ld he n be a bad manag] ( any animals :o receiv$ !m g5tle1 & made !m fi]c] ?an !y 7 :5 he receiv$ !m8 ,:at d y say8 ,,callicles3 ,i w d y ! fav\r ( say+ 8yes40 ,,socrates3 ,& w y also d me ! fav\r ( say+ :e!r man is an animal8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly he is4 ,,socrates3 ,& 0 n ,p]icles a %eph]d ( m58 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he 0 a good political %eph]d1 ought n ! animals :o 7 8 subjects1 z we 7 j n[ ackn[l$g+1 to h become m j1 & n m unju/8 ,,callicles3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,& are n j m5 g5tle1 z ,hom] says8--or are y ( ano!r m9d8 ,,callicles3 ,i agree4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet he really did make !m m savage ?an he receiv$ !m1 & _! savag5ess 0 %[n t[>ds himself2 :i* he mu/ h be5 v f> f desir+4 ,,callicles3 ,d y want me to agree ) y8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 if ,i seem to y to speak ! tru?4 ,,callicles3 ,grant$ !n4 ,,socrates3 ,& if !y 7 m savage1 mu/ !y n h be5 m unju/ & inf]ior8 ,,callicles3 ,grant$ aga94 ,,socrates3 ,!n ^u ?is view1 ,p]icles 0 n a good /atesman8 ,,callicles3 ,t is1 ^u y\r view4 ,,socrates3 ,nay1 ! view is y\rs1 aft] :at y h admitt$4 ,take ! case ( ,cimon aga94 ,did n ! v p]sons :om he 0 s]v+ o/racize him1 9 ord] t !y might n he> 8 voice = t5 ye>s8 & !y did j ! same to ,!mi/ocles1 add+ ! p5alty ( exile2 & !y vot$ t ,miltiades1 ! h]o ( ,m>a?on1 %\ld be ?r[n into ! pit ( dea?1 & he 0 only sav$ by ! ,prytanis4 ,& yet1 if !y _h be5 really good m51 z y say1 ^! ?+s w\ld nev] h happ5$ to !m4 ,= ! good *>iote]s are n ^? :o at fir/ keep _! place1 & !n1 :5 !y h brok5-9 _! horses1 & !mselves become bett] *>iote]s1 are ?r[n out--t is n ! way ei!r 9 *>iote]+ or 9 any pr(ession4--,:at d y ?9k8 ,,callicles3 ,i %\ld ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 b if s1 ! tru? is z ,i h said already1 t 9 ! ,a!nian ,/ate no "o has ev] %[n himself to be a good /atesman--y admitt$ t ?is 0 true ( our pres5t /atesm51 b n true ( =m] ones1 & y pref]r$ !m to ! o!rs2 yet !y h turn$ out to be no bett] ?an our pres5t ones2 & !re=e1 if !y 7 rhetoricians1 !y did n use ! true art ( rhetoric or ( flatt]y1 or !y w\ld n h fall5 out ( fav\r4 ,,callicles3 ,b surely1 ,socrates1 no liv+ man ev] came ne> any "o ( !m 9 8 p]=mances4 ,,socrates3 ,o1 my de> fri5d1 ,i say no?+ aga9/ !m reg>d$ z ! s]v+-m5 ( ! ,/ate2 & ,i d ?9k t !y 7 c]ta9ly m s]viceable ?an ^? :o are liv+ n[1 & bett] able to gratify ! wi%es ( ! ,/ate2 b z to trans=m+ ^? desires & n all[+ !m to h _! way1 & us+ ! p[]s :i* !y _h1 :e!r ( p]suasion or ( =ce1 9 ! improvem5t ( _! fell[ citiz5s1 :i* is ! prime object ( ! truly good citiz51 ,i d n see t 9 ^! respects !y 7 a :it sup]ior to our pres5t /atesm51 al?\gh ,i d admit t !y 7 m clev] at provid+ %ips & walls & docks1 & all t4 ,y & ,i h a ridicul\s way1 = dur+ ! :ole "t t we are argu+1 we are always go+ r\nd & r\nd to ! same po9t1 & con/antly misund]/&+ "o ano!r4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 y h admitt$ & ackn[l$g$ m ?an once1 t !re are two k9ds ( op]ations :i* h to d ) ! body1 & two :i* h to d ) ! s\l3 "o ( ! two is m9i/]ial1 & if our bodies are hungry provides food = !m1 & if !y are ?ir/y gives !m dr9k1 or if !y are cold supplies !m ) g>m5ts1 blankets1 %oes1 & all t !y crave4 ,i use ! same images z be=e int5tionally1 9 ord] t y may und]/& me ! bett]4 ,! purveyor ( ! articles may provide !m ei!r :olesale or retail1 or he may be ! mak] ( any ( !m1--! bak]1 or ! cook1 or ! weav]1 or ! %oemak]1 or ! curri]2 & 9 s do+1 be+ su* z he is1 he is naturally suppos$ by himself & e "o to m9i/] to ! body4 ,= none ( !m "k t !re is ano!r art--an art ( gymna/ic & m$ic9e :i* is ! true m9i/] ( ! body1 & ought to be ! mi/ress ( all ! re/1 & to use _! results accord+ to ! k :i* %e has & !y h n1 ( ! real good or bad effects ( meats & dr9ks on ! body4 ,all o!r arts :i* h to d ) ! body are s]vile & m5ial & illib]al2 & gymna/ic & m$ic9e are1 z !y ought to be1 _! mi/resses4 ,n[1 :5 ,i say t all ?is is equally true ( ! s\l1 y seem at fir/ to "k & und]/& & ass5t to my words1 & !n a little :ile aft]w>ds y come repeat+1 ,has n ! ,/ate _h good & noble citiz5s8 & :5 ,i ask y :o !y are1 y reply1 seem+ly q 9 e>ne/1 z if ,i _h ask$1 ,:o are or h be5 good tra9]s8--& y _h repli$1 ,!>ion1 ! bak]1 ,mi?oecus1 :o wrote ! ,sicilian cook]y-book1 ,s>ambus1 ! v9tn]3 ^! are m9i/]s ( ! body1 fir/-rate 9 _! art2 = ! fir/ makes admirable loaves1 ! second excell5t di%es1 & ! ?ird capital w9e2--to me ^! appe> to be ! exact p>allel ( ! /atesm5 :om y m5tion4 ,n[ y w\ld n be altoge!r pleas$ if ,i said to y1 ,my fri5d1 y "k no?+ ( gymna/ics2 ^? ( :om y are speak+ to me are only ! m9i/]s & purveyors ( luxury1 :o h no good or noble notions ( _! art1 & may v likely be fill+ & fatt5+ m5's bodies & ga9+ _! approval1 al?\gh ! result is t !y lose _! orig9al fle% 9 ! long run1 & become ?9n] ?an !y 7 be=e2 & yet !y1 9 _! simplicity1 w n attribute _! diseases & loss ( fle% to _! ent]ta9]s2 b :5 9 aft] ye>s ! unheal?y surfeit br+s ! att5dant p5alty ( disease1 he :o happ5s to be ne> !m at ! "t1 & (f]s !m advice1 is accus$ & blam$ by !m1 & if !y c\ld !y w\ld d him "s h>m2 :ile !y proce$ to eulogize ! m5 :o h be5 ! real au?ors ( ! mis*ief4 ,& t1 ,callicles1 is j :at y are n[ do+4 ,y praise ! m5 :o fea/$ ! citiz5s & satisfi$ _! desires1 & p say t !y h made ! city great1 n see+ t ! swoll5 & ulc]at$ condition ( ! ,/ate is to be attribut$ to ^! eld] /atesm52 = !y h fill$ ! city full ( h>b\rs & docks & walls & rev5ues & all t1 & h left no room = ju/ice & temp]ance4 ,& :5 ! crisis ( ! disord] comes1 ! p w blame ! advis]s ( ! h\r1 & applaud ,!mi/ocles & ,cimon & ,p]icles1 :o are ! real au?ors ( _! calamities2 & if y are n c>eful !y may assail y & my fri5d ,alcibiades1 :5 !y are los+ n only _! new acquisitions1 b also _! orig9al possessions2 n t y are ! au?ors ( ^! mis=tunes ( !irs1 al?\gh y may p]haps be accessories to !m4 ,a great piece ( "w is always be+ made1 z ,i see & am told1 n[ z ( old2 ab\t our /atesm54 ,:5 ! ,/ate treats any ( !m z malefactors1 ,i obs]ve t !re is a great upro> & indignation at ! suppos$ wrong :i* is done to !m2 8aft] all _! _m s]vices to ! ,/ate1 t !y %\ld unju/ly p]i%10--s ! tale runs4 ,b ! cry is all a lie2 = no /atesman ev] c\ld be unju/ly put to dea? by ! city ( :i* he is ! head4 ,! case ( ! pr(ess$ /atesman is1 ,i believe1 v mu* l t ( ! pr(ess$ sophi/2 = ! sophi/s1 al?\gh !y are wise m51 are nev]!less guilty ( a /range piece ( folly2 pr(ess+ to be tea*]s ( virtue1 !y w (t5 accuse _! disciples ( wrong+ !m1 & defraud+ !m ( _! pay1 & %[+ no gratitude = _! s]vices4 ,yet :at c be m absurd ?an t m5 :o h become j & good1 & ^: inju/ice has be5 tak5 away f !m1 & :o h _h ju/ice implant$ 9 !m by _! tea*]s1 %\ld act unju/ly by reason ( ! inju/ice :i* is n 9 !m8 ,c any?+ be m irrational1 my fri5ds1 ?an ?is8 ,y1 ,callicles1 compel me to be a mob-orator1 because y w n answ]4 ,,callicles3 ,& y are ! man :o _c speak unless !re is "s "o to answ]8 ,,socrates3 ,i suppose t ,i c2 j n[1 at any rate1 ! spee*es :i* ,i am mak+ are long en\gh because y refuse to answ] me4 ,b ,i adjure y by ! god ( fri5d%ip1 my good sir1 d tell me :e!r !re does n appe> to y to be a great inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t y h made a man good1 & !n blam+ him = be+ bad8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 x appe>s s to me4 ,,socrates3 ,d y nev] he> our pr(essors ( education speak+ 9 ?is inconsi/5t mann]8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 b :y talk ( m5 :o are good = no?+8 ,,socrates3 ,i w\ld r say1 :y talk ( m5 :o pr(ess to be rul]s1 & decl>e t !y are devot$ to ! improvem5t ( ! city1 & nev]!less ^u occasion declaim aga9/ ! utt] vil5ess ( ! city3--d y ?9k t !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ! o!r8 ,my good fri5d1 ! sophi/ & ! rhetorician1 z ,i 0 say+ to ,polus1 are ! same1 or ne>ly ! same2 b y ignorantly fancy t rhetoric is a p]fect ?+1 & sophi/ry a ?+ to be despis$2 :]eas ! tru? is1 t sophi/ry is z mu* sup]ior to rhetoric z legislation is to ! practice ( law1 or gymna/ic to m$ic9e4 ,! orators & sophi/s1 z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 are ! only class :o _c compla9 ( ! mis*ief ensu+ to !mselves f t :i* !y tea* o!rs1 )\t 9 ! same brea? accus+ !mselves ( hav+ done no good to ^? :om !y pr(ess to b5efit4 ,is n ?is a fact8 ,,callicles3 ,c]ta9ly x is4 ,,socrates3 ,if !y 7 "r 9 say+ t !y make m5 bett]1 !n !y are ! only class :o c af=d to leave _! remun]ation to ^? :o h be5 b5efit$ by !m4 ,:]eas if a man has be5 b5efit$ 9 any o!r way1 if1 = example1 he has be5 taught to run by a tra9]1 he might possibly defraud him ( 8 pay1 if ! tra9] left ! matt] to him1 & made no agreem5t ) him t he %\ld receive money z soon z he _h giv5 him ! utmo/ spe$2 = n because ( any defici5cy ( spe$ d m5 act unju/ly1 b by reason ( inju/ice4 ,,callicles3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& he :o removes inju/ice c be 9 no dang] ( be+ treat$ unju/ly3 he alone c safely leave ! honor>ium to 8 pupils1 if he be really able to make !m good--am ,i n "r8 7,comp>e ,protag47 ,,callicles3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n we h f\nd ! reason :y !re is no di%on\r 9 a man receiv+ pay :o is call$ 9 to advise ab\t build+ or any o!r art8 ,,callicles3 ,yes1 we h f\nd ! reason4 ,,socrates3 ,b :5 ! po9t is1 h[ a man may become be/ himself1 & be/ gov]n 8 family & /ate1 !n to say t y w give no advice gratis is held to be di%on\rable8 ,,callicles3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& :y8 ,because only su* b5efits call =? a desire to requite !m1 & !re is evid5ce t a b5efit has be5 conf]r$ :5 ! b5efactor receives a return2 o!rwise n4 ,is ?is true8 ,,callicles3 ,x is4 ,,socrates3 ,!n to :i* s]vice ( ! ,/ate d y invite me8 det]m9e = me4 ,am ,i to be ! physician ( ! ,/ate :o w /rive & /ruggle to make ! ,a!nians z good z possible2 or am ,i to be ! s]vant & flatt]] ( ! ,/ate8 ,speak out1 my good fri5d1 freely & fairly z y did at fir/ & ought to d aga91 & tell me y\r entire m9d4 ,,callicles3 ,i say !n t y %\ld be ! s]vant ( ! ,/ate4 ,,socrates3 ,! flatt]]8 well1 sir1 t is a noble invitation4 ,,callicles3 ,! ,mysian1 ,socrates1 or :at y please4 ,= if y refuse1 ! consequ5ces w be-- ,,socrates3 ,d n repeat ! old /ory--t he :o likes w kill me & get my money2 = !n ,i %all h to repeat ! old answ]1 t he w be a bad man & w kill ! good1 & t ! money w be ( no use to him1 b t he w wrongly use t :i* he wrongly took1 & if wrongly1 basely1 & if basely1 hurtfully4 ,,callicles3 ,h[ confid5t y are1 ,socrates1 t y w nev] come to h>m6 y seem to ?9k t y are liv+ 9 ano!r c\ntry1 & c nev] be br\ght into a c\rt ( ju/ice1 z y v likely may be br\ght by "s mis]able & mean p]son4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i mu/ inde$ be a fool1 ,callicles1 if ,i d n "k t 9 ! ,a!nian ,/ate any man may suff] any?+4 ,& if ,i am br\ght to trial & incur ! dang]s ( :i* y speak1 he w be a villa9 :o br+s me to trial--( t ,i am v sure1 = no good man w\ld accuse ! innoc5t4 ,nor %all ,i be surpris$ if ,i am put to dea?4 ,%all ,i tell y :y ,i anticipate ?is8 ,,callicles3 ,by all means4 ,,socrates3 ,i ?9k t ,i am ! only or almo/ ! only ,a!nian liv+ :o practises ! true art ( politics2 ,i am ! only politician ( my "t4 ,n[1 see+ t :5 ,i speak my words are n utt]$ ) any view ( ga9+ fav\r1 & t ,i look to :at is be/ & n to :at is mo/ pleasant1 hav+ no m9d to use ^? arts & graces :i* y recomm5d1 ,i %all h no?+ to say 9 ! ju/ice c\rt4 ,& y might argue ) me1 z ,i 0 argu+ ) ,polus3--,i %all be tri$ j z a physician w\ld be tri$ 9 a c\rt ( little boys at ! indictm5t ( ! cook4 ,:at w\ld he reply "u su* circum/ances1 if "s "o 7 to accuse him1 say+1 8,o my boys1 _m evil ?+s has ?is man done to y3 he is ! dea? ( y1 especially ( ! y\ng] ones among y1 cutt+ & burn+ & />v+ & suffocat+ y1 until y "k n :at to d2 he gives y ! bitt]e/ potions1 & compels y to hung] & ?ir/4 ,h[ unlike ! v>iety ( meats & sweets on :i* ,i fea/$ y60 ,:at d y suppose t ! physician w\ld be able to reply :5 he f\nd himself 9 su* a pr$icam5t8 ,if he told ! tru? he c\ld only say1 8,all ^! evil ?+s1 my boys1 ,i did = y\r heal?10 & !n w\ld !re n j be a clam\r among a jury l t8 ,h[ !y w\ld cry out6 ,,callicles3 ,i d>e say4 ,,socrates3 ,w\ld he n be utt]ly at a loss = a reply8 ,,callicles3 ,he c]ta9ly w\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& ,i too %all be treat$ 9 ! same way1 z ,i well "k1 if ,i am br\ght be=e ! c\rt4 ,= ,i %all n be able to rehe>se to ! p ! pleasures :i* ,i h procur$ = !m1 & :i*1 al?\gh ,i am n dispos$ to envy ei!r ! procur]s or enjoy]s ( !m1 are deem$ by !m to be b5efits & advantages4 ,& if any "o says t ,i corrupt "y m51 & p]plex _! m9ds1 or t ,i speak evil ( old m51 & use bitt] words t[>ds !m1 :e!r 9 private or public1 x is useless = me to reply1 z ,i truly might3--8,all ?is ,i d = ! sake ( ju/ice1 & ) a view to y\r int]e/1 my judges1 & to no?+ else40 ,& !re=e !re is no say+ :at may happ5 to me4 ,,callicles3 ,& d y ?9k1 ,socrates1 t a man :o is ?us def5celess is 9 a good position8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,callicles1 if he h t def5ce1 :i* z y h (t5 ackn[l$g$ he %\ld h--if he be 8 own def5ce1 & h nev] said or done any?+ wrong1 ei!r 9 respect ( gods or m52 & ?is has be5 repeat$ly ackn[l$g$ by u to be ! be/ sort ( def5ce4 ,& if any "o c\ld convict me ( inability to def5d myself or o!rs aft] ?is sort1 ,i %\ld blu% = %ame1 :e!r ,i 0 convict$ be=e _m1 or be=e a few1 or by myself alone2 & if ,i di$ f want ( ability to d s1 t w\ld inde$ grieve me4 ,b if ,i di$ because ,i h no p[]s ( flatt]y or rhetoric1 ,i am v sure t y w\ld n f9d me rep9+ at dea?4 ,= no man :o is n an utt] fool & c[>d is afraid ( dea? itself1 b he is afraid ( do+ wrong4 ,= to g to ! _w bel[ hav+ "o's s\l full ( inju/ice is ! la/ & wor/ ( all evils4 ,& 9 pro( ( :at ,i say1 if y h no objection1 ,i %\ld l to tell y a /ory4 ,,callicles3 ,v well1 proce$2 & !n we %all h done4 ,,socrates3 ,li/51 !n1 z /ory-tell]s say1 to a v pretty tale1 :i* ,i d>e say t y may be dispos$ to reg>d z a fable only1 b :i*1 z ,i believe1 is a true tale1 = ,i mean to speak ! tru?4 ,hom] tells u 7,il471 h[ ,zeus & ,poseidon & ,pluto divid$ ! empire :i* !y inh]it$ f _! fa!r4 ,n[ 9 ! days ( ,cronos !re exi/$ a law respect+ ! de/9y ( man1 :i* has always be51 & /ill cont9ues to be 9 ,heav51--t he :o has liv$ all 8 life 9 ju/ice & hol9ess %all g1 :5 he is dead1 to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 & dwell !re 9 p]fect happ9ess out ( ! rea* ( evil2 b t he :o has liv$ unju/ly & impi\sly %all g to ! h\se ( v5geance & puni%m5t1 :i* is call$ ,t>t>us4 ,& 9 ! "t ( ,cronos1 & ev5 q lately 9 ! reign ( ,zeus1 ! judgm5t 0 giv5 on ! v day on :i* ! m5 7 to die2 ! judges 7 alive1 & ! m5 7 alive2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t ! judgm5ts 7 n well giv54 ,!n ,pluto & ! au?orities f ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$ came to ,zeus1 & said t ! s\ls f\nd _! way to ! wrong places4 ,zeus said3 8,i %all put a /op to ?is2 ! judgm5ts are n well giv51 because ! p]sons :o are judg$ h _! clo!s on1 = !y are alive2 & !re are _m :o1 hav+ evil s\ls1 are app>ell$ 9 fair bodies1 or encas$ 9 weal? or rank1 &1 :5 ! day ( judgm5t arrives1 num]\s witnesses come =w>d & te/ify on _! behalf t !y h liv$ righte\sly4 ,! judges are aw$ by !m1 & !y !mselves too h _! clo!s on :5 judg+2 _! eyes & e>s & _! :ole bodies are int]pos$ z a veil be=e _! own s\ls4 ,all ?is is a h9drance to !m2 !re are ! clo!s ( ! judges & ! clo!s ( ! judg$4--,:at is to be done8 ,i w tell y3--,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w deprive m5 ( ! =ekn[l$ge ( dea?1 :i* !y possess at pres5t3 ?is p[] :i* !y h ,prome!us has already receiv$ my ord]s to take f !m3 9 ! second place1 !y %all be entirely /ripp$ be=e !y are judg$1 = !y %all be judg$ :5 !y are dead2 & ! judge too %all be nak$1 t is to say1 dead--he ) 8 nak$ s\l %all pi]ce into ! o!r nak$ s\ls2 & !y %all die sudd5ly & be depriv$ ( all _! k9dr$1 & leave _! brave attire /rewn ^u ! e>?--conduct$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! judgm5t w be j4 ,i knew all ab\t ! matt] be=e any ( y1 & !re=e ,i h made my sons judges2 two f ,asia1 ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us1 & "o f ,europe1 ,aeacus4 ,& ^!1 :5 !y are dead1 %all give judgm5t 9 ! mead[ at ! p>t+ ( ! ways1 :5ce ! two roads lead1 "o to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 & ! o!r to ,t>t>us4 ,rhadaman?us %all judge ^? :o come f ,asia1 & ,aeacus ^? :o come f ,europe4 ,& to ,m9os ,i %all give ! primacy1 & he %all hold a c\rt ( appeal1 9 case ei!r ( ! two o!rs are 9 any d\bt3--!n ! judgm5t respect+ ! la/ j\rney ( m5 w be z j z possible40 ,f ?is tale1 ,callicles1 :i* ,i h he>d & believe1 ,i draw ! foll[+ inf]5ces3--,dea?1 if ,i am "r1 is 9 ! fir/ place ! sep>ation f "o ano!r ( two ?+s1 s\l & body2 no?+ else4 ,& aft] !y are sep>at$ !y reta9 _! sev]al natures1 z 9 life2 ! body keeps ! same habit1 & ! results ( treatm5t or accid5t are di/9ctly visible 9 x3 = example1 he :o by nature or tra9+ or bo?1 0 a tall man :ile he 0 alive1 w rema9 z he 01 aft] he is dead2 & ! fat man w rema9 fat2 & s on2 & ! dead man1 :o 9 life _h a fancy to h fl[+ hair1 w h fl[+ hair4 ,& if he 0 m>k$ ) ! :ip & _h ! pr9ts ( ! sc\rge1 or ( w\nds 9 him :5 he 0 alive1 y might see ! same 9 ! dead body2 & if 8 limbs 7 brok5 or mis%ap5 :5 he 0 alive1 ! same appe>ance w\ld be visible 9 ! dead4 ,& 9 a ^w1 :atev] 0 ! habit ( ! body dur+ life w\ld be di/+ui%able aft] dea?1 ei!r p]fectly1 or 9 a great measure & = a c]ta9 "t4 ,& ,i %\ld imag9e t ?is is equally true ( ! s\l1 ,callicles2 :5 a man is /ripp$ ( ! body1 all ! natural or acquir$ affections ( ! s\l are laid op5 to view4--,& :5 !y come to ! judge1 z ^? f ,asia come to ,rhadaman?us1 he places !m ne> him & inspects !m q imp>tially1 n kn[+ ^: ! s\l is3 p]haps he may lay h&s on ! s\l ( ! great k+1 or ( "s o!r k+ or pot5tate1 :o has no s\ndness 9 him1 b 8 s\l is m>k$ ) ! :ip1 & is full ( ! pr9ts & sc>s ( p]juries & crimes ) :i* ea* action has /a9$ him1 & he is all crook$ ) falsehood & impo/ure1 & has no /raightness1 because he has liv$ )\t tru?4 ,him ,rhadaman?us beholds1 full ( all de=mity & disproportion1 :i* is caus$ by lic5ce & luxury & insol5ce & incont95ce1 & despat*es him ignom9i\sly to 8 prison1 & !re he und]goes ! puni%m5t :i* he des]ves4 ,n[ ! prop] (fice ( puni%m5t is tw(old3 he :o is rightly puni%$ ought ei!r to become bett] & pr(it by x1 or he ought to be made an example to 8 fell[s1 t !y may see :at he suff]s1 & fe> & become bett]4 ,^? :o are improv$ :5 !y are puni%$ by gods & m51 are ^? ^: s9s are curable2 & !y are improv$1 z 9 ?is _w s also 9 ano!r1 by pa9 & suff]+2 = !re is no o!r way 9 :i* !y c be deliv]$ f _! evil4 ,b !y :o h be5 guilty ( ! wor/ crimes1 & are incurable by reason ( _! crimes1 are made examples2 =1 z !y are incurable1 ! "t has pass$ at :i* !y c receive any b5efit4 ,!y get no good !mselves1 b o!rs get good :5 !y behold !m endur+ = ev] ! mo/ t]rible & pa9ful & fe>ful suff]+s z ! p5alty ( _! s9s--!re !y are1 hang+ up z examples1 9 ! prison-h\se ( ! _w bel[1 a spectacle & a w>n+ to all unrighte\s m5 :o come ?i!r4 ,& among !m1 z ,i confid5tly affirm1 w be f\nd ,ar*elaus1 if ,polus truly reports ( him1 & any o!r tyrant :o is l him4 ,( ^! fe>ful examples1 mo/1 z ,i believe1 are tak5 f ! class ( tyrants & k+s & pot5tates & public m51 = !y are ! au?ors ( ! greate/ & mo/ impi\s crimes1 because !y h ! p[]4 ,& ,hom] witnesses to ! tru? ( ?is2 = !y are always k+s & pot5tates :om he has describ$ z suff]+ ev]la/+ puni%m5t 9 ! _w bel[3 su* 7 ,tantalus & ,sisyphus & ,tityus4 ,b no "o ev] describ$ ,!rsites1 or any private p]son :o 0 a villa91 z suff]+ ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 or z incurable4 ,= to commit ! wor/ crimes1 z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 0 n 9 8 p[]1 & he 0 happi] ?an ^? :o _h ! p[]4 ,no1 ,callicles1 ! v bad m5 come f ! class ( ^? :o h p[] 7comp>e ,republic74 ,& yet 9 t v class !re may arise good m51 & wor?y ( all admiration !y are1 = :]e !re is great p[] to d wrong1 to live & to die ju/ly is a h>d ?+1 & greatly to be prais$1 & few !re are :o atta9 to ?is4 ,su* good & true m51 h[ev]1 !re h be51 & w be aga91 at ,a!ns & 9 o!r /ates1 :o h fulfill$ _! tru/ righte\sly2 & !re is "o :o is q fam\s all ov] ,hellas1 ,ari/eides1 ! son ( ,lysima*us4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 great m5 are also bad1 my fri5d4 ,z ,i 0 say+1 ,rhadaman?us1 :5 he gets a s\l ( ! bad k9d1 kn[s no?+ ab\t him1 nei!r :o he is1 nor :o 8 p>5ts are2 he kn[s only t he has got hold ( a villa92 & see+ ?is1 he /amps him z curable or incurable1 & s5ds him away to ,t>t>us1 :i!r he goes & receives 8 prop] recomp5se4 ,or1 aga91 he looks ) admiration on ! s\l ( "s j "o :o has liv$ 9 hol9ess & tru?2 he may h be5 a private man or n2 & ,i %\ld say1 ,callicles1 t he is mo/ likely to h be5 a philosoph] :o has done 8 own "w1 & n tr\bl$ himself ) ! do+s ( o!r m5 9 8 lifetime2 him ,rhadaman?us s5ds to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$4 ,aeacus does ! same2 & !y bo? h sceptres1 & judge2 b ,m9os alone has a gold5 sceptre & is seat$ look+ on1 z ,odysseus 9 ,hom] decl>es t he saw him3 8,hold+ a sceptre ( gold1 & giv+ laws to ! dead40 ,n[ ,i1 ,callicles1 am p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ^! ?+s1 & ,i consid] h[ ,i %all pres5t my s\l :ole & undefil$ be=e ! judge 9 t day4 ,r5\nc+ ! hon\rs at :i* ! _w aims1 ,i desire only to "k ! tru?1 & to live z well z ,i c1 &1 :5 ,i die1 to die z well z ,i c4 ,&1 to ! utmo/ ( my p[]1 ,i exhort all o!r m5 to d ! same4 ,&1 9 return = y\r exhortation ( me1 ,i exhort y also to take "p 9 ! great combat1 :i* is ! combat ( life1 & great] ?an e o!r e>?ly conflict4 ,& ,i retort y\r reproa* ( me1 & say1 t y w n be able to help y\rself :5 ! day ( trial & judgm5t1 ( :i* ,i 0 speak+1 comes ^u y2 y w g be=e ! judge1 ! son ( ,aeg9a1 &1 :5 he has got y 9 8 grip & is c>ry+ y (f1 y w gape & y\r head w swim r\nd1 j z m9e w\ld 9 ! c\rts ( ?is _w1 & v likely "s "o w %amefully box y on ! e>s1 & put ^u y any sort ( insult4 ,p]haps ?is may appe> to y to be only an old wife's tale1 :i* y w contemn4 ,& !re might be reason 9 y\r contemn+ su* tales1 if by se>*+ we c\ld f9d out any?+ bett] or tru]3 b n[ y see t y & ,polus & ,gorgias1 :o are ! ?ree wise/ ( ! ,greeks ( our day1 are n able to %[ t we ought to live any life :i* does n pr(it 9 ano!r _w z well z 9 ?is4 ,& ( all t has be5 said1 no?+ rema9s un%ak5 b ! say+1 t to d inju/ice is m to be avoid$ ?an to suff] inju/ice1 & t ! reality & n ! appe>ance ( virtue is to be foll[$ above all ?+s1 z well 9 public z 9 private life2 & t :5 any "o has be5 wrong 9 any?+1 he is to be *a/is$1 & t ! next be/ ?+ to a man be+ j is t he %\ld become j1 & be *a/is$ & puni%$2 also t he %\ld avoid all flatt]y ( himself z well z ( o!rs1 ( ! few or ( ! _m3 & rhetoric & any o!r art %\ld be us$ by him1 & all 8 actions %\ld be done always1 ) a view to ju/ice4 ,foll[ me !n1 & ,i w lead y :]e y w be happy 9 life & aft] dea?1 z ! argum5t %[s4 ,& nev] m9d if "s "o despises y z a fool1 & insults y1 if he has a m9d2 let him /rike y1 by ,zeus1 & d y be ( good *e]1 & d n m9d ! insult+ bl[1 = y w nev] come to any h>m 9 ! practice ( virtue1 if y are a really good & true man4 ,:5 we h practis$ virtue toge!r1 we w apply ourselves to politics1 if t seems desirable1 or we w advise ab\t :atev] else may seem good to u1 = we %all be bett] able to judge !n4 ,9 our pres5t condition we ought n to give ourselves airs1 = ev5 on ! mo/ important subjects we are always *ang+ our m9ds2 s utt]ly /upid are we6 ,let u1 !n1 take ! argum5t z our guide1 :i* has reveal$ to u t ! be/ way ( life is to practise ju/ice & e virtue 9 life & dea?4 ,?is way let u g2 & 9 ?is exhort all m5 to foll[1 n 9 ! way to :i* y tru/ & 9 :i* y exhort me to foll[ y2 = t way1 ,callicles1 is no?+ wor?4