,,"s ,,turns ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,mod]n    
,,philosophy  ,five ,essays   ,,by      
,,george ,,santayana   ,,new ,,york     
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aicc       
,publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ,,! ,,royal    
,,society ,,( ,,lit]ature  ,,pr9t$ ,,9  
,,great ,,brita9     ,,cont5ts  ,i4     
,locke & ! ,fronti]s ( ,common ,s5se    
page #a  ,pap] read be=e ! ,royal       
,society ( ,lit]ature on ! occasion ( ! 
,t]c5t5>y ( ! bir? ( ,john ,locke4 ,) "s
 ,supplem5t>y ,notes   ,,ii4 ,fifty     
,ye>s ( ,briti% ,idealism               
#dh  ,reflections on ! republication (  
,bradley's ,e?ical ,/udies   ,,iii4     
,revolutions 9 ,sci5ce                  
#ga  ,"s ,comm5ts on ! ,!ory (          
,relativity & ! new ,physics   ,,iv4 ,a 
,long ,way ,r\nd to ,nirvana            
#hg  ,developm5t ( a sugge/ion f\nd 9   
,freud's ,beyond ! ,pleasure ,pr9ciple  
,v4 ,! ,pre/ige ( ! ,inf9ite            
#ajb  ,a review ( ,juli5 ,b5da's ,sket* 
( a consi/5t !ory ( ! relations betwe5  
,god & ! ,_w   ,! ,au?or's ackn[l$gm5ts 

are due to ! ,editors ( ,! ,new         
,adelphi1 ,! ,dial1 & ! ,j\rnal (       
,philosophy1 9 :i* "o or m ( ^! ,essays 
orig9ally appe>$4     ,i  ,,locke ,,&   
,,! ,,fronti]s ,,( ,,common ,,s5se#a    
,a good portrait ( ,locke w\ld require  
an elaborate backgr\nd4 ,8 is n a figure
 to /& /atuesquely 9 a void3 ! pose     
might n seem gr& en\gh = bronze or      
m>ble4 ,r he %\ld be pa9t$ 9 ! mann] ( !
 ,dut* ma/]s1 9 a sunny int]ior1        
scrupul\sly furni%$ ) all ! implem5ts ( 
dome/ic com=t & philosophic enquiry3 !  
,holy ,bible op5 maje/ically be=e him1 &
 beside x t o!r revelation--! t]re/rial 
globe4 ,8 h& might be po9t+ to a        
microscope set = exam9+ ! int]nal       
con/itution ( a beetle3 b = ! mom5t 8   
eye %\ld be se5 w&]+ ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[1  
to admire ! bless+s ( ?rift & lib]ty    
manife/ 9 ! p s wor?ily busy 9 !        
m>ket-place1 wrong z _m a monki% notion 
might be t /ill tr\bl$ _! poor heads4 ,f
 !m 8 enl>g$ ?\ghts w\ld easily pass to 
! /\t c>v$ %ips 9 ! riv] beyond1        

intrepidly sett+ sail = ! ,indies1 or = 
savage ,am]ica4 ,yes1 he too _h         
travell$1 & n only 9 ?\ght4 ,he knew h[ 
_m /range nations & false religions     
lodg$ 9 ?is r\nd e>?1 itself b a speck 9
 ! univ]se4 ,!re 7 few +5i\s au?ors t he
 _h n p]us$1 or philosophical in/rum5ts 
t he _h n1 z f> z possible1 exam9$ &    
te/$2 & no man bett] ?an he c\ld und]/& 
& prize ! rec5t discov]ies ( !          
incomp>able ,mr ,newton4 ,nev]!less1 a  
c]ta9 uneas9ess 9 t sp>e frame1 a c]ta9 
knitt+ ( ! br[s 9 t aquil9e c\nt5ance1  
w\ld sugge/ t 9 ! mid/ ( _! e>ne/       
eloqu5ce ! philosoph]'s ?\ghts might    
sometimes come to a /&4 ,inde$1 !       
visible sc5e did n exhau/ ! complexity (
 8 problem2 = !re 0 also :at he call$ ! 
sc5e ( ideas1 immat]ial & private1 b (t5
 m cr[d$ & press+ ?an ! public sc5e4    
,locke 0 ! fa!r ( mod]n psy*ology1 & !  
bir? ( ?is airy mon/]1 ?is half-natural 
*angel+1 0 n altoge!r easy or =tunate4#b
  ,i wi% my erudition all[$ me to fill 9
 ?is picture z ! subject des]ves1 & to  

trace home ! s\rces ( ,locke's op9ions1 
& _! imm5se influ5ce4 ,un=tunately1 ,i c
 consid] him--:at is h>dly fair--only z 
a pure philosoph]3 = _h ,locke's m9d be5
 m pr(\nd1 x might h be5 less           
influ5tial4 ,he 0 9 sympa?y ) ! com+    
age1 & 0 able to guide x3 an age t      
confid$ 9 easy1 eloqu5t reason+1 &      
propos$ to be sav$1 9 ?is _w & ! next1 )
 z little philosophy & z little religion
 z possible4 ,locke play$ 9 ! eighte5?  
c5tury v mu* ! "p t fell to ,kant 9 !   
n9ete5?4 ,:5 qu>rell$ )1 no less ?an :5 
embrac$1 8 op9ions became a po9t (      
dep>ture = univ]sal developm5ts4 ,! m we
 look into ! matt]1 ! m we are impress$ 
by ! patri>*al dignity ( ,locke's m9d4  
,fa!r ( psy*ology1 fa!r ( ! criticism ( 
k1 fa!r ( !oretical lib]alism1 god-fa!r 
at lea/ ( ! ,am]ican political sy/em1 ( 
,voltaire & ! ,encyclopa$ia1 at home he 
0 ! ance/or ( t :ole s*ool ( polite     
mod]ate op9ion :i* c unite lib]al       
,*ri/ianity ) me*anical sci5ce & )      
psy*ological idealism4 ,he 0 inv9cibly  

root$ 9 a prud5tial morality1 9 a       
rationalis$ ,prote/antism1 9 respect =  
lib]ty & law3 above all he 0 deeply     
conv9c$1 z he puts x1 t ! h&some        
conv5i5ces ( life are bett] ?an na/y    
p5ury4 ,locke /ill speaks1 or spoke     
until lately1 ?r\gh _m a mod]n m9d1 :5  
?is m9d 0 mo/ s9c]e2 & two hundr$ ye>s  
be=e ,que5 ,victoria he 0 a ,victorian 9
 ess5ce4  ,a *ief elem5t 9 ?is mod]nness
 ( ,locke 0 some?+ t _h h>dly appe>$    
be=e 9 pure philosophy1 al?\gh common 9 
religion3 ,i mean1 ! t5d5cy to d5y "o's 
own presuppositions--n by accid5t or    
inadv]t5tly1 b pr\dly & ) an air (      
triumph4 ,presuppositions are impos$ on 
all ( u by life itself3 = in/ance !     
presupposition t life is to cont9ue1 & t
 x is wor? liv+4 ,belief is born on ! w+
 & awakes to _m tacit commitm5ts4       
,aft]w>ds1 9 reflection1 we may wond] at
 f9d+ ^! presuppositions on our h&s &1  
be+ ignorant ( ! natural causes :i* h   
impos$ !m on ! animal m9d1 we may be    
(f5d$ at !m4 ,_! arbitr>y & dogmatic "* 

w tempt u to condemn !m1 & to take =    
grant$ t ! analysis :i* und]m9es !m is  
ju/ifi$1 & w prove fruitful4 ,b ?is     
critical assurance 9 its turn seems to  
rely on a dubi\s presupposition1 namely1
 t human op9ion mu/ always evolve 9 a   
s+le l9e1 dialectically1 provid5tially1 
& irresi/ibly4 ,x is at lea/ conceivable
 t ! opposite %\ld sometimes be ! case4 
,"s ( ! primitive presuppositions (     
human reason might h be5 correct &      
inevitable1 :il/ ! t5d5cy to d5y !m     
might h sprung f a plausible misund]/&+1
 or ! exagg]ation ( a half-tru?3 s t !  
critical op9ion itself1 aft] de/roy+ !  
spontane\s assumptions on :i* x re/$1   
might be incapable ( subsi/+4  ,9 ,locke
 ! c5tral presuppositions1 :i* he       
embrac$ he>tily & )\t "q1 7 ^? ( common 
s5se4 ,he adopt$ :at he calls a pla91   
hi/orical me?od1 fit1 9 8 own words1 to 
be br\ght into well-br$ company & polite
 conv]sation4 ,m51 b>ely by ! use ( _!  
natural faculties1 might atta9 to all ! 
k possible or wor? hav+4 ,all *ildr51 he

 writes1 t are born into ?is _w1 be+    
surr\nd$ ) bodies t p]petually &        
div]sely affect !m h a v>iety ( ideas   
impr9t$ on _! m9ds4 ,ext]nal mat]ial ?+s
 z objects ( ,s5sation1 & ! op]ations ( 
our own m9ds z objects ( ,reflection1   
are to me1 he cont9ues1 ! only orig9als 
f :i* all our ideas take _! beg9n+s4 ,e 
act ( s5sation1 he writes else:]e1 :5   
duly consid]$1 gives u an equal view (  
bo? p>ts ( nature1 ! corporeal & !      
spiritual4 ,= :il/ ,i "k1 by see+ or    
he>+1444 t !re is "s corporeal be+ )\t  
me1 ! object ( t s5sation1 ,i d m       
c]ta9ly "k t !re is "s spiritual be+ )9 
me t sees & he>s4  ,re/+ on ^! cle>     
p]ceptions1 ! natural philosophy (      
,locke falls into two p>ts1 "o /rictly  
physical & sci5tific1 ! o!r critical &  
psy*ological4 ,9 respect to !           
composition ( matt]1 ,locke accept$ !   
mo/ advanc$ !ory ( 8 day1 :i* happ5$ to 
be a v old "o3 ! !ory ( ,democritus t ! 
mat]ial univ]se conta9s no?+ b a        
multitude ( solid atoms c\rs+ ?r\gh     

inf9ite space3 b ,locke add$ a religi\s 
note to ?is mat]ialism by sugge/+ t     
inf9ite space1 9 its sublimity1 mu/ be  
an attribute ( ,god4 ,he also believ$   
:at few mat]iali/s w\ld v5ture to ass]t1
 t if we c\ld ?or\ghly exam9e ! cosmic  
me*anism we %\ld see ! demon/rable      
necessity ( e complication t ensues1 ev5
 ( ! exi/5ce & "* ( m9d3 = x 0 no h>d] =
 ,god to end[ matt] ) ! p[] ( ?9k+ ?an  
to end[ x ) ! p[] ( mov+4  ,9 ! atomic  
!ory we h a graphic image ass]t$ to     
describe accurately1 or ev5 exhau/ively1
 ! intr9sic con/itution ( ?+s1 or _!    
prim>y qualities4 ,p]haps1 9 s f> z     
physical hypo!ses mu/ rema9 graphic at  
all1 x is an inevitable !ory4 ,x 0 fir/ 
sugge/$ by ! we>+ out & dissolution (   
all mat]ial objects1 & by ! specks ( du/
 float+ 9 a sunbeam2 & x is confirm$1 on
 an enl>g$ scale1 by ! /ell> univ]se z  
conceiv$ by mod]n a/ronomy4 ,:5 today we
 talk ( nuclei & electrons1 if we imag9e
 !m at all1 we imag9e !m z atoms4 ,b x  
is all a picture1 prophesy+ :at we might

 see ?r\gh a suffici5tly p[]ful         
microscope2 ! important philosophical "q
 is ! "o rais$ by ! o!r half ( ,locke's 
natural philosophy1 by optics & ! g5]al 
criticism ( p]ception4 ,h[ f>1 if at    
all1 may we tru/ ! images 9 our m9ds to 
reveal ! nature ( ext]nal ?+s8  ,on ?is 
po9t ! doctr9e ( ,locke1 ?r\gh          
,desc>tes1#c 0 also d]iv$ f ,democritus4
 ,x 0 t all ! s5sible qualities ( ?+s1  
except position1 %ape1 solidity1 numb] &
 motion1 7 only ideas 9 u1 project$ &   
falsely reg>d$ z lodg$ 9 ?+s4 ,9 ! ?+s1 
^! imput$ or second>y qualities 7 simply
 p[]s1 inh]5t 9 _! atomic con/itution1 &
 calculat$ to excite s5sations ( t "* 9 
our bodies4 ,?is doctr9e is readily     
e/abli%$ by ,locke's pla9 hi/orical     
me?od1 :5 appli$ to ! /udy ( ra9b[s1    
mirrors1 effects ( p]spective1 dreams1  
jaundice1 madness1 & ! w to believe3 all
 ( :i* g to conv9ce u t ! ideas :i* we  
impulsively assume to be qualities (    
objects are always1 9 _! seat & orig91  
evolv$ 9 our own heads4  ,^! two p>ts ( 

,locke's natural philosophy1 h[ev]1 are 
n 9 p]fect equilibrium4 ,all ! feel+s & 
ideas ( an animal mu/ be equally        
condition$ by 8 organs & passions1#d &  
he _c be aw>e ( :at goes on beyond him1 
except z x affects 8 own life4#e ,h[ !n 
c\ld ,locke1 or c\ld ,democritus1       
suppose t 8 ideas ( space & atoms 7 less
 human1 less graphic1 summ>y1 &         
symbolic1 ?an 8 s5sations ( s\nd or     
col\r8 ,! language ( sci5ce1 no less ?an
 t ( s5se1 %\ld h be5 recognis$ to be a 
human language2 & ! nature ( any?+      
exi/5t collat]al ) ourselves1 be t      
collat]al exi/5ce mat]ial or m5tal1 %\ld
 h be5 confess$ to be a subject = fai? &
 = hypo!sis1 nev]1 by any possibility1 =
 absolute or direct intuition4  ,!re is 
no occasion to take al>m at ?is doctr9e 
z if x condemn$ u to solit>y conf9em5t1 
& to ignorance ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,we
 see & "k ! _w ?r\gh our eyes & our     
intellig5ce1 9 visual & 9 intellectual  
t]ms3 h[ else %\ld a _w be se5 or kn[n  
:i* is n ! figm5t ( a dream1 b a        

collat]al p[]1 press+ & ali58 ,9 !      
cognisance :i* an animal may take ( 8   
surr\nd+s--& surely all animals take su*
 cognisance--! subjective & moral "* ( 8
 feel+s1 on f9d+ himself s surr\nd$1    
does n de/roy _! cognitive value4 ,^!   
feel+s1 z ,locke says1 are signs3 to    
take !m = signs is ! ess5ce (           
intellig5ce4 ,animals t are s5sitive    
physically are also s5sitive morally1 & 
feel ! fri5dl9ess or ho/ility :i*       
surr\nds !m4 ,ev5 pa9 & pleasure are no 
idle s5sations1 satisfi$ ) _! own       
pres5ce3 !y viol5tly summon att5tion to 
! objects t are _! s\rce4 ,c love or    
hate be felt )\t be+ felt t[>ds         
some?+--some?+ ne> & pot5t1 yet ext]nal1
 uncontroll$1 & my/]i\s8 ,:5 ,i dodge a 
missile or pick a b]ry1 is x likely t my
 m9d %\ld /op to dwell on its pure      
s5sations or ideas )\t recognis+ or     
pursu+ some?+ mat]ial8 ,analytic        
reflection (t5 ignores ! ess5tial en]gy 
( m9d1 :i* is orig9ally m intellig5t ?an
 s5su\s1 m appetitive & dogmatic ?an    

ae/hetic4 ,b ! feel+s & ideas ( an      
active animal _c help unit+ int]nal     
moral int5sity ) ext]nal physical       
ref]5ce2 & ! natural conditions (       
s5sibility require t p]ceptions %\ld owe
 _! exi/5ce & quality to ! liv+ organism
 ) its moral bias1 & t at ! same "t !y  
%\ld be address$ to ! ext]nal objects   
:i* entice t organism or ?reat5 x4  ,all
 ambitions mu/ be defeat$ :5 !y ask = ! 
impossible4 ,! ambition to "k is n an   
exception2 & c]ta9ly our p]ceptions _c  
tell u h[ ! _w w\ld look if nobody saw  
x1 or h[ valuable x w\ld be if nobody   
c>$ = x4 ,b our p]ceptions1 z ,locke    
aga9 said1 are suffici5t = our welf>e & 
appropriate to our condition4 ,!y are n 
only a wond]ful ent]ta9m5t 9 !mselves1 b
 ap>t f _! s5su\s & grammatical quality1
 by _! di/ribution & me?od ( v>iation1  
!y may in=m u mo/ exactly ab\t ! ord] & 
me*anism ( nature4 ,we see 9 ! sci5ce ( 
today h[ completely ! mo/ accurate      
k--prov$ to be accurate by its          
application 9 ! arts--may %$ e pictorial

 elem5t1 & ! :ole language ( exp]i5ce1  
to become a pure me?od ( calculation &  
control4 ,& by a pleasant comp5sation1  
our ae/hetic life may become fre]1 m    
self-suffic+1 m humbly happy 9 itself3 &
 )\t trespass+ 9 any way beyond ! mode/y
 ( nature1 we may cons5t to be l little 
*ildr51 *irp+ our human note2 s9ce !    
life ( reason 9 u may well become sci5ce
 9 its validity1 :il/ rema9+ poetry 9   
its texture4  ,i ?9k1 !n1 t by a slight 
re-arrangem5t ( ,locke's pron\ncem5ts 9 
natural philosophy1 !y c\ld be made     
inw>dly consi/5t1 & /ill fai?ful to !   
fir/ presuppositions ( common s5se1     
al?\gh c]ta9ly f> m *a/5$ & sceptical   
?an impulsive op9ion is likely to be 9 !
 fir/ in/ance4  ,!re 7 o!r              
presuppositions 9 ! philosophy ( ,locke 
besides 8 fundam5tal naturalism2 & 9 8  
private m9d probably ! mo/ important 0 8
 ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* 0 n only confid5t & 
s9c]e1 b prompt$ him at times to high   
speculation4 ,he _h fri5ds among !      
,cambridge ,platoni/s1 & he f\nd 9      

,newton a brilliant example ( sci5tific 
rig\r capp$ ) my/ical insights4 ,yet if 
we consid] ,locke's philosophical       
position 9 ! ab/ract1 8 ,*ri/ianity     
almo/ disappe>s4 ,9 =m 8 !ology & e?ics 
7 /rictly rationali/ic2 yet "o :o 0 a   
,dei/ 9 philosophy might rema9 a        
,*ri/ian 9 religion4 ,!re 0 no great h>m
 9 a special revelation1 provid$ x 7    
simple & %ort1 & left ! broad field (   
tru? op5 9 almo/ e direction to free &  
p]sonal inve/igation4 ,a free man & a   
good man w\ld c]ta9ly nev] admit1 z com+
 f ,god1 any doctr9e contr>y to 8       
private reason or political int]e/2 & ! 
moral precepts actually v\*saf$ to u 9 !
 ,gospels 7 mo/ acceptable1 see+ t !y   
add$ a sublime eloqu5ce to maxims :i*   
s\nd reason w\ld h arriv$ at 9 any case4
  ,evid5tly common s5se _h no?+ to fe> f
 religi\s fai? ( ?is "*2 b ! matt] c\ld 
n end !re4 ,common s5se is n m conv9c$ (
 any?+ ?an ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 good &   
evil1 advantage & disa/]2 & x _c disp5se
 ) a moral int]pretation ( ! univ]se4   

,socrates1 :o spoke initially = common  
s5se1 ev5 ?\ght ! moral int]pretation ( 
exi/5ce ! :ole ( philosophy4 ,he w\ld n 
h se5 any?+ comic 9 ! satire ( ,molire  
mak+ 8 *orus ( "y doctors *ant 9 unison 
t opium causes sleep because x has a    
dormitive virtue4 ,! virtues or moral   
uses ( ?+s1 accord+ to ,socrates1 7 !   
reason :y ! ?+s _h be5 creat$ & 7 :at !y
 72 ! admirable virtues ( opium def9$   
its p]fection1 & ! p]fection ( a ?+ 0 ! 
full manife/ation ( its deepe/ nature4  
,d\btless ?is moral int]pretation ( !   
univ]se _h be5 ov]done1 & x _h be5 a    
capital error 9 ,socrates to make t     
int]pretation exclusive & to sub/itute x
 = natural philosophy4 ,locke1 :o 0     
himself a m$ical man1 knew :at a black  
cloak = ignorance & villa9y ,s*ola/ic   
v]biage might be 9 t pr(ession4 ,he also
 knew1 be+ an en?usia/ = exp]im5tal     
sci5ce1 t 9 ord] to control ! movem5t ( 
matt]--:i* is to realise ^? virtues &   
p]fections--x is bett] to trace !       
movem5t ( matt] mat]iali/ically2 = x is 

9 ! act ( manife/+ its own p[]s1 & n1 z 
,socrates & ! ,s*ola/ics fanci$1 by     
obey+ a =eign magic1 t matt] sometimes  
assumes or re/ores ! =ms s preci\s 9 !  
heal]'s or ! morali/'s eyes4 ,at ! same 
"t1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! moral _w re/s ^u !  
natural1 ?\gh div9$1 p]haps1 by a few   
philosoph]s1 has n be5 g5]ally und]/ood2
 & ,locke1 ^: broad humanity c\ld n     
exclude ! moral int]pretation ( nature1 
0 driv5 9 ! end to ! view ( ,socrates4  
,he s]i\sly invok$ ! ,s*ola/ic maxim t  
no?+ c produce t :i* x does n conta94 ,=
 ?is reason ! unconsci\s1 aft] all1 c\ld
 nev] h giv5 rise to consci\sness4      
,obs]vation & exp]im5t c\ld n be all[$  
to decide ?is po9t3 ! moral             
int]pretation ( ?+s1 because m deeply   
root$ 9 human exp]i5ce1 mu/ envelop !   
physical int]pretation1 & mu/ h ! la/   
^w4  ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,locke's         
simplicity & int5sity t he reta9$ ^!    
insulat$ sympa?ies 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,a   
fur!r in/ance ( 8 _m-sid$ness 0 8       
fidelity to pure intuition1 8 respect = 

! infallible revelation ( ideal be+1 su*
 z we h ( s5sible qualities or (        
ma!matical relations4 ,9 dreams & 9     
halluc9ations appe>ances may deceive u1 
& ! objects we ?9k we see may n exi/ at 
all4 ,yet 9 suff]+ an illusion we mu/   
ent]ta9 an idea2 & ! manife/ "* ( ^!    
ideas is t ( :i* alone1 ,locke ?9ks1 we 
c h c]ta9 k4       ,^!1 he writes1 are  
two v diff]5t ?+s & c>efully to      be 
di/+ui%$3 x be+ "o ?+ to p]ceive & "k ! 
idea      ( :ite or black1 & q ano!r to 
exam9e :at k9d (      p>ticles !y mu/   
be1 & h[ arrang$ 444 to make any object 
appe> :ite or black4 ,a man infallibly  
kn[s1 z soon z ev] he      has !m 9 8   
m9d1 t ! ideas he calls :ite & r\nd are 
! v ideas !y are1 & t !y are n o!r ideas
 :i* he      calls r$ or squ>e4444 ,?is 
444 ! m9d 444 always p]ceives at        
fir/ sight2 & if ev] !re happ5 any d\bt 
ab\t x1 x w      always be f\nd to be   
ab\t ! names & n ! ideas      !mselves4 
,?is s\nds l high ,platonic doctr9e = a 
philosoph] ( ! ,left2 b ,locke's        

utilit>ian temp] v soon reass]t$ itself 
9 ?is subject4 ,ma!matical ideas 7 n    
only lucid b true3 & he dem&$ ?is tru?1 
:i* he call$ reality1 ( all ideas wor?y 
( consid]ation3 m]e ideas w\ld be       
wor?less4 ,v likely he =got1 9 8        
philosophic puritanism1 t fiction &     
music might h an intr9sic *>m4 ,:]e !   
fronti] ( human wisdom %\ld be drawn 9  
?is direction 0 cle>ly indicat$1 9      
,locke's day1 by ,sp9oza1 :o says3      
,if1 9 keep+ non-exi/5t ?+s pres5t to ! 
imag9ation1 !      m9d 7 at ! same "t   
aw>e t ^? ?+s did n exi/1      surely x 
w\ld reg>d ?is gift ( imag9ation z a    
virtue 9 its      own con/itution1 n z a
 vice3 especially if su* an imag9ative  
faculty dep5d$ on no?+ except ! m9d's   
own nature3 t is      to say1 if ?is    
m5tal faculty ( imag9ation 7 free4  ,b  
,locke _h n s firm a hold on tru? t he  
c\ld af=d to play ) fancy2 & z he pu%$  
=w>d ! claims ( human jurisdiction r too
 f> 9 physics1 by assum+ ! curr5t sci5ce
 to be lit]ally true1 s1 9 ! realm (    

imag9ation1 he retr5*$ some:at          
illib]ally our legitimate possessions4  
,/range t z mod]n philosophy transf]s ! 
visible weal? ( nature m & m to ! m9d1 !
 m9d %\ld seem to lose c\rage & to      
become a%am$ ( its own f]tility4 ,!     
h>d-press$ natural man w n indulge 8    
imag9ation unless x poses = tru?2 & be+ 
half aw>e ( ?is imposition1 he is m     
tr\bl$ at ! ?\ght ( be+ deceiv$ ?an at !
 fact ( be+ me*anis$ or be+ bor$3 & he  
w\ld wi% to escape imag9ation altoge!r4 
,a good ,god1 he murmurs1 c\ld n h made 
u poets aga9/ our w4  ,aga9/ 8 w1 h[ev]1
 ,locke 0 drawn to enl>ge ! subjective  
sph]e4 ,! actual exi/5ce ( m9d 0 evid5t3
 y _h only to notice ! fact t y 7 ?9k+4 
,consci\s m9d1 be+ ?us kn[n to exi/     
directly & indep5d5tly ( ! body1 0 a    
prim>y con/itu5t ( reality3 x 0 a fact  
on its own acc\nt4#f ,common s5se seem$ 
to te/ify to ?is1 n only :5 confront$ ) 
! ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am ( ,desc>tes1 b    
:5ev] a ?\ght produc$ an action4 ,s9ce  
m9d & body int]act$1#g ea* mu/ be z real

 z ! o!r &1 z x 71 on ! same plane (    
be+4 ,locke1 l a good ,prote/ant1 felt !
 "r ( ! consci\s inn] man to ass]t      
himself3 & :5 he look$ into 8 own m9d1  
he f\nd no?+ to def9e ?is m9d except !  
ideas :i* occupi$ x4 ,! exi/5ce :i* he 0
 s sure ( 9 himself 0 !re=e ! exi/5ce ( 
8 ideas4  ,"h1 by an ins5sible %ift 9 ! 
mean+ ( ! ^w idea1 a mom5t\s revolution 
_h tak5 place 9 psy*ology4 ,ideas _h    
orig9ally meant objective t]ms di/+ui%$ 
9 ?\ght-images1 qualities1 concepts1    
propositions4 ,b n[ ideas began to mean 
liv+ ?\ghts1 mom5ts or /ates (          
consci\sness4 ,!y became atoms ( m9d1   
con/itu5ts ( exp]i5ce1 v mu* z mat]ial  
atoms 7 conceiv$ to be con/itu5ts (     
natural objects4 ,s5sations became !    
only objects ( s5sation1 & ideas ! only 
objects ( ideas2 s t ! mat]ial _w 0     
r5d]$ sup]flu\s1 & ! only sci5tific     
problem 0 n[ to con/ruct a univ]se 9    
t]ms ( analytic psy*ology4 ,locke       
himself did n g s f>1 & cont9u$ to      
assign physical causes & physical       

objects to "s1 at lea/1 ( 8 m5tal units2
 & inde$ s5sations & ideas c\ld n v well
 h o!r ?an physical causes1 ! exi/5ce ( 
:i* ?is new psy*ology 0 soon to d5y3 s t
 ab\t ! orig9 ( its data x 0 aft]w>ds   
compell$ to pres]ve a discreet sil5ce4  
,b z to _! comb9ations & reappe>ances1 x
 0 able to invoke ! pr9ciple (          
association3 a ?read on :i* _m %rewd    
obs]vations may be /rung1 b :i* also1 :5
 press$1 appe>s to be no?+ b a v]bal    
mask = organic habits 9 matt]4  ,! fact 
is t !re are two sorts ( unobjectionable
 psy*ology1 nei!r ( :i* describes a     
me*anism ( disembodi$ m5tal /ates1 su* z
 ! foll[]s ( ,locke develop$ into mod]n 
idealism1 to ! confusion ( common       
s5se4#h ,"o unobjectionable sort (      
psy*ology is biological1 & /udies life f
 ! outside4 ,! o!r sort1 rely+ on memory
 & dramatic imag9ation1 reproduces life 
f ! inside1 & is lit]>y4 ,if ! lit]>y   
psy*ologi/ is a man ( g5ius1 by !       
cle>ness & range ( 8 memory1 by         
quickness ( sympa?y & p[] ( sugge/ion1  

he may come v ne> to ! tru? ( exp]i5ce1 
z x has be5 or might be unroll$ 9 a     
human be+4#i ,! ideas ) :i* ,locke      
op]ates are simply high lights pick$ out
 by att5tion 9 ?is nebul\s cont9uum1 &  
id5tifi$ by names4 ,ideas1 9 ! orig9al  
ideal s5se ( ! ^w1 are inde$ ! only     
def9ite t]ms :i* att5tion c discrim9ate 
& re/ ^u2 b ! unity ( ^! units is       
speci\s1 n exi/5tial4 ,if ideas 7 n     
logical or ae/hetic ess5ces b           
self-subsi/+ feel+s1 ea* kn[+ itself1 !y
 w\ld be insulat$ = ev]2 no _s c\ld ev] 
survey1 recognise1 or comp>e !m2 & m9d  
w\ld h disappe>$ 9 ! analysis ( m9d4    
,^! consid]ations might enable u1 ,i    
?9k1 to m>k ! j fronti] ( common s5se   
ev5 9 ?is debatable l& ( psy*ology4 ,all
 t is biological1 obs]vable1 & docum5t>y
 9 psy*ology falls )9 ! l9es ( physical 
sci5ce & (f]s no difficulty 9 pr9ciple4 
,nor ne$ lit]>y psy*ology =m a dang]\s  
sali5t 9 ! circuit ( nature4 ,! dramatic
 poet or dramatic hi/orian necess>ily   
reta9s ! presupposition ( a mat]ial _w1 

s9ce beyond 8 p]sonal memory 7& ev5 )9  
x7 he has no?+ to /imulate & control 8  
dramatic imag9ation save k ( ! mat]ial  
circum/ances 9 :i* p live1 & ( ! mat]ial
 expression 9 action or words :i* !y    
give to _! feel+s4 ,8 moral insight     
simply vivifies ! sc5e t nature & !     
sci5ces ( nature spread out be=e him3 !y
 tell him :at has happ5$1 & 8 he>t tells
 him :at has be5 felt4 ,only lit]ature c
 describe exp]i5ce = ! excell5t reason t
 ! t]ms ( exp]i5ce are moral & lit]>y f 
! beg9n+4 ,m9d is incorrigibly poetical3
 n because x is n att5tive to mat]ial   
facts & practical exig5cies1 b because1 
be+ int5sely att5tive to !m1 x turns !m 
into pleasures & pa9s1 & into _m-col\r$ 
ideas4 ,yet at e turn !re is a          
possibility & an occasion = transmut+   
?is poetry into sci5ce1 because ideas & 
emotions1 be+ caus$ by mat]ial ev5ts1   
ref] to ^! ev5ts1 & record _! ord]4     
,all philosophies are frail1 9 t !y are 
products ( ! human m9d1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is 
ess5tially reactive1 spontane\s1 &      

volatile3 b z 9 passion & 9 language1 s 
9 philosophy1 !re are c]ta9 comp>atively
 /eady & h]$it>y pr9ciples1 =m+ a sort (
 or?odox reason1 :i* is or :i* may      
become ! curr5t gramm> ( mank9d4 ,(     
philosoph]s :o are or?odox 9 ?is s5se1  
only ! e>lie/ or ! mo/ p[]ful1 an       
,ari/otle or a ,sp9oza1 ne$ to be       
rememb]$1 9 t !y /amp _! language &     
temp] ^u human reason itself4 ,! re/ ( !
 or?odox are ju/ly lo/ 9 ! cr[d &       
relegat$ to ! *orus4 ,! frailty (       
h]etical philosoph]s is m conspicu\s &  
int]e/+3 x makes up ! *ronique sc&aleuse
 ( ! m9d1 or ! hi/ory ( philosophy4     
,locke belongs to bo? camps3 he 0 re/ive
 9 8 or?odoxy & timid 9 8 h]esies2 & l s
 _m o!r initiators ( revolutions1 he    
w\ld be dismay$ at ! result ( 8 "w4 ,9  
int5tion ,locke occupi$ an almo/ normal 
philosophic position1 r5d]$ prec>i\s n  
by :at 0 traditional 9 x1 l ! categories
 ( sub/ance & p[]1 b r by c]ta9         
incid5tal errors--notably by admitt+ an 
exp]i5ce indep5d5t ( bodily life1 yet   

comp\nd$ & evolv+ 9 a me*anical fa%ion4 
,b ,i d n f9d 9 him a prickly ne/ (     
obsolete notions & contradictions f :i*1
 fl$g$ at la/1 we h fl[n to our pres5t  
enlight5m5t4 ,9 8 p]son1 9 8 temp]1 9 8 
allegiances & hopes1 he 0 ! prototype ( 
a race ( philosoph]s native & dom9ant   
among p ( ,engli% spee*1 if n 9 academic
 circles1 at lea/ 9 ! national m9d4 ,if 
we make all[ance = a great] p]sonal     
subtlety1 & = ! diffid5ce & p]plexity   
inevitable 9 ! pres5t moral an>*y ( !   
_w1 we may f9d ?is same ,lockian        
eclecticism & prud5ce 9 ! late ,"l      
,balf\r3 & ,i h myself _h ! advantage ( 
be+ ! pupil ( a gift$ successor &1 9 _m 
ways1 emulator1 ( ,locke1 ,i mean       
,william ,james4 ,s great1 at bottom1   
does _! spiritual k9%ip seem to me to   
be1 t ,i c h>dly conceive ,locke vividly
 )\t see+ him z a sort ( ,william ,james
 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,& :o ( y has n   
kn[n "s o!r spontane\s1 inquisitive1    
unsettl$ g5ius1 no less preoccupi$ ) !  
m>vell\s intellig5ce ( "s ,brazilian    

p>rot1 ?an ) ! sad ob/9acy ( "s ,bi%op (
 ,worce/]8 ,"h is et]nal fre%ness (     
conviction & ard\r = re=m2 great ke5ness
 ( p]ception 9 spots1 & 9 o!r spots     
lacunae & impulsive judgm5ts2 di/ru/ (  
tradition1 ( words1 ( con/ructive       
argum5t2 horror ( ve/$ int]e/s & ( _!   
smoo? def5d]s2 a love ( navigat+ alone &
 explor+ = oneself ev5 ! coa/s already  
well *>t$ by o!rs4 ,"h is romanticism   
unit$ ) a sci5tific consci5ce & p[] (   
de/ructive analysis balanc$ by moral    
en?usiasm4 ,d\btless ,locke might h dug 
8 f\ndations deep] & integrat$ 8 fai?   
bett]4 ,8 sy/em 0 no metaphysical ca/le1
 no !ological acropolis3 r a homely     
ance/ral manor h\se built 9 sev]al /yles
 ( ar*itecture3 a ,tudor *apel1 a       
,palladian front t[>d ! new geometrical 
g>d51 a ,jacobean p>l\r = political     
consultation & le>n$ disputes1 &        
ev5--s9ce we are almo/ 9 ! eighte5?     
c5tury--a ,*9ese cab9et full ( curios4  
,x 0 a habitable philosophy1 & n too    
inh>moni\s4 ,!re 0 no great] incongruity

 9 its p>ts ?an 9 ! g5tle v>iations (   
,engli% wea!r or 9 ! qualifi$ moods &   
insights ( a civilis$ m9d4 ,impov]i%$ z 
we are1 morally & humanly1 we c no long]
 live 9 su* a rambl+ mansion4 ,x has    
become a national monum5t4 ,on ! days :5
 x is op5 we revisit x ) admiration2 &  
^? *amb]s & g>d5 walks re-e*o to u !    
cle> dogmas & sav\ry diction ( !        
sage--omnivor\s1 artless1 loquaci\s--^: 
dwell+ x 04   #a ,pap] read be=e !      
,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature on !       
occasion ( ! ,t]c5t5>y ( ! bir? ( ,john 
,locke4  #b ,see note ,i1 p4 #bf4  #c   
,see note ,,ii1 p4 #bi4  #d ,see note   
,,iii1 p4 #ce4  #e ,see note ,,iv1 p4   
#cf4  #f ,see note ,v1 p4 #cg4  #g ,see 
note ,,vi1 p4 #ci4  #h ,see note ,,vii1 
p4 #dc4  #i ,see note ,,viii1 p4 #df4   
,,supplem5t>y ,,notes   ,i  ,page #c4   
,?is airy mon/]1 ?is half-natural       
*angel+4  ,mon/]s & *angel+s 7 po9t$ to 
by ,locke ) a c]ta9 controv]sial reli%3 
!y prov$ t nature 0 n compress$ or      
compressible )9 ,ari/otelian g5]a &     

species1 b 0 a free me*anism subject to 
indef9ite *ange4 ,me*anism 9 physics is 
fav\rable to lib]ty 9 politics & morals3
 ea* creature has a "r to be :at x      
spontane\sly is1 & n :at "s previ\s     
classification alleges t x ought to h   
be54 ,! ,prote/ant & revolution>y       
indep5d5ce ( ,locke's m9d "h gives u a  
=eta/e ( ,d>w9 & ev5 ( ,nietzs*e4 ,b    
,locke 0 mod]ate ev5 9 8 radicalisms4 ,a
 human nature totally fluid w\ld (      
itself h prov$ an>*ical2 b 9 ord] to /em
 t natural an>*y x 0 =tunately possible 
to invoke ! conditions ( prosp]ity &    
happ9ess /rictly laid d[n by ! ,creator4
 ,! improvid5ce & naught9ess ( nature 0 
call$ to book at e turn by ! pleasures &
 pa9s div9ely app5d$ to ?+s enjo9$ & to 
?+s =bidd51 & ultimately by hell & by   
heav54 ,yet if rew>ds & puni%m5ts 7     
atta*$ to human action & feel+ 9 ?is    
p]fectly ext]nal & arbitr>y fa%ion1 :il/
 ! feel+s & actions spontane\s 9 mank9d 
c\nt$ = no?+ 9 ! rule ( morals & (      
wisdom1 we %\ld be liv+ "u ! mo/ cruel &

 artificial ( tyrannies2 & x w\ld n be  
long be=e ! au?ority ( su* a code w\ld  
be call$ 9 "q & ! reality ( ^? arbitr>y 
rew>ds & puni%m5ts w\ld be d5i$1 bo? =  
?is _w & = any o!r4 ,9 a truly rational 
morality moral sanctions w\ld h to v>y )
 ! v>iation ( species1 ea* new race or  
individual or mode ( feel+ f9d+ its     
natural joy 9 a new way ( life4 ,!      
mon/]s w\ld n be mon/]s except to ru/ic 
prejudice1 & ! *angel+s w\ld be simply  
exp]im5ts 9 creation4 ,! glee ( ,locke 9
 see+ nature elude s*ola/ic conv5tions  
w\ld !n lose its sav\r1 s9ce ^? /aid    
conv5tions !mselves w\ld h become       
obsolete4 ,nature w\ld h5ce=? pres5t    
no?+ b p]vasive metamorphosis1          
irresponsible & endless4 ,to correct !  
we>9ess ( su* pure flux we might inde$  
invoke ! idea ( a progress or evolution 
t[>ds some?+ always high] & bett]2 b ?is
 idea simply re9/ates1 "u a temporal =m1
 ! dom9ance ( a specific /&>d1 to :i*   
nature is ask$ to con=m4 ,g5]a & species
 might %ift & glide into "o ano!r at w1 

b always 9 ! au?oris$ direction4 ,if1 on
 ! contr>y1 trans=mation _h no pr$et]m9$
 direction1 we %\ld be driv5 back1 = a  
moral pr9ciple1 to ea* ( ! p>ticul>     
types ( life g5]at$ on ! way3 z 9       
e/imat+ ! correctness or beauty (       
language we appeal to ! spee* & g5ius ( 
ea* nation at ea* epo*1 )\t impos+ !    
gramm> ( "o language or age ^u ano!r4 ,x
 is only 9 s f> z1 9 ! mid/ ( ! flux1   
c]ta9 tropes become organis$ & recurr5t1
 t any int]e/s or beauties c be         
transmitt$ f mom5t to mom5t or f        
g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,physical         
integration is a pr]equisite to moral   
integrity2 & unless an individual or a  
species is suffici5tly organis$ &       
det]m9ate to aspire to a di/+ui%able =m 
( life1 es*ew+ all o!rs1 t individual or
 species c be> no significant "n1 c     
a*ieve no progress1 & c approa* no      
beauty or p]fection4  ,?us1 s long z 9 a
 fluid _w !re is "s measure ( life &    
organisation1 mon/]s & *angel+s w always
 rema9 possible physically & regrettable

 morally4 ,small deviations f ! *os5    
type or ! *os5 direction ( progress w   
cont9ue to be call$ morbid & ugly1 &    
great deviations or rev]sals w cont9ue  
to be call$ mon/r\s4 ,?is is b ! seamy  
side ( t spontane\s pr$ilection1 gr\nd$ 
9 our deepe/ nature1 by :i* we recognise
 beauty & nobl5ess at fir/ sight1 )     
imm5se refre%m5t & p]fect c]titude4     
,,ii  ,page #h4 ,?r\gh ,desc>tes4  ,v   
*>act]i/ic 0 ! tireless polemic :i*     
,locke c>ri$ on aga9/ ,desc>tes4 ,!     
outrag$ pla9 facts _h to be def5d$ aga9/
 sweep+ & arbitr>y !ories4 ,!re 7 no    
innate ideas or maxims3 *ildr5 7 n born 
murmur+ t ?+s equal to ! same ?+ 7 equal
 to "o ano!r3 & an ur*9 knew t pa9 0    
caus$ by ! pat]nal slipp] be=e he       
reflect$ philosophically t ev]y?+ mu/ h 
a cause4 ,aga91 ext5sion 0 n ! ess5ce ( 
matt]1 :i* mu/ be solid z well1 to be   
di/+ui%able f empty space4 ,f9ally1 ?9k+
 0 n ! ess5ce ( ! s\l3 a man1 )\t dy+1  
might lose consci\sness3 ?is (t5 happ5$1
 or at lea/ c\ld n be prev5t$ f happ5+  

by a def9ition fram$ by a ,fr5*         
philosoph]4 ,^! prote/s 7 evid5tly      
ju/ifi$ by common s5se3 yet !y miss$ !  
speculative radicalism & dep? ( !       
,c>tesian doctr9es1 :i* _h /ruck !      
keynotes ( all mod]n philosophy &       
sci5ce3 = !y assum$1 = ! fir/ "t 9      
hi/ory1 ! transc5d5tal po9t ( view4 ,no 
wond] t ,locke c\ld n d ju/ice to ?is   
great novelty3 ,desc>tes himself did n d
 s1 b ignor$ 8 subjective fir/ pr9ciples
 9 ! developm5t ( 8 sy/em2 & x 0 n until
 adopt$ by ,kant1 or r by ,fi*te1 t !   
transc5d5tal me?od %[$ its true col\rs4 
,ev5 today philosoph]s fumble ) x1 pat*+
 soliloquy ) physics & physics )        
soliloquy4 ,moreov]1 ,locke's           
misund]/&+s ( ,desc>tes 7 p>tly ju/ifi$ 
by ! latt]'s v]bal concessions to       
tradition & au?ority4 ,a man :o has a   
cle> head1 & l ,desc>tes is r5d]$ by 8  
ari/ocratic pride bo? c\rte\s &         
disda9ful1 may readily con=m to usage 9 
8 language1 & ev5 9 8 p]sonal s5tim5ts1 
)\t tak+ ei!r too s]i\sly3 he is n      

/ruggl+ to free 8 own m9d1 :i* is free  
already1 nor v hopeful ( free+ t ( mo/  
p4 ,! innate ideas 7 n explicit ?\ghts b
 categories employ$ unwitt+ly1 z p 9    
speak+ con=m to ! gramm> ( ! v]nacul>   
)\t be+ aw>e t !y d s4 ,z = ext5sion be+
 ! ess5ce ( matt]1 s9ce matt] exi/$ & 0 
a sub/ance1 x w\ld always h be5 m ?an   
its ess5ce3 a sort ( e!r ! p>ts ( :i*   
might move & might h diff]5t &          
calculable dynamic values4 ,! gi/ ( ?is 
def9ition ( matt] 0 to cle> ! decks =   
sci5tific calculation1 by remov+ f      
nature ! moral d5sity & moral magic )   
:i* ! ,socratic philosophy _h encumb]$  
x4 ,sci5ce w\ld be employ$ 9 describ+ ! 
movem5ts ( bodies1 leav+ x = ! s5ses &  
feel+s to appreciate ! cross-lights t   
might be g5]at$ 9 ! process4 ,?\gh n    
foll[+ ! te*nique ( ,desc>tes1 ! physics
 ( our own day realises 8 ideal1 &      
traces 9 nature a ma!matical dynamism1  
p]fectly suffici5t = exact prevision &  
me*anical art4  ,simil>ly1 9 say+ t !   
ess5ce ( ! s\l 0 to ?9k1 ,desc>tes      

deta*$ consci\sness1 or actual _s1 f !  
me%es ( all unkn[n organic or inv5t$    
m5tal me*anisms4 ,x 0 an imm5se         
cl>ification & lib]ation 9 its prop]    
dim5sion3 b ?is pure consci\sness 0 n a 
s\l2 x 0 n ! animal psy*e1 or pr9ciple (
 organisation1 life1 & passion--a       
pr9ciple :i*1 accord+ to ,desc>tes1 0   
mat]ial4 ,to h call$ su* a mat]ial      
pr9ciple ! s\l w\ld h %ock$ all ,*ri/ian
 conceptions2 b if ,desc>tes _h ab/a9$ f
 giv+ t consecrat$ "n to m]e            
consci\sness1 he ne$ n h be5 w>y ( mak+ 
! latt] int]mitt5t & evanesc5t1 z x     
naturally is4 ,he 0 driv5 to !          
conclusion t ! s\l c nev] /op ?9k+1 by !
 desire to placate or?odox op9ion1 & 8  
own ,*ri/ian s5tim5ts1 at ! exp5se (    
attribut+ to actual consci\sness a      
sub/antial indep5d5ce & a directive     
physical =ce :i* 7 incongru\s ) x3 a =ce
 & indep5d5ce p]fectly congru\s ) !     
,platonic s\l1 :i* _h be5 a my?ological 
be+1 a sup]natural _s or daemon or      
incubus1 inc>nate 9 ! natural _w1 &     

p>tly dom9at+ x4 ,! relations ( su* a   
s\l to ! p>ticul> body or bodies :i* x  
might weave = itself on e>?1 to !       
actions :i* x p]=m$ ?r\gh su* bodies1 & 
to ! curr5t ( its own ?\ghts1 !n became 
que/ions = !ology1 or = a morali/ic !ory
 ( ! univ]se4 ,!y 7 que/ions remote f ! 
preoccupations ( ! mod]n m9d2 yet x 0 n 
possible ei!r = ,locke or = ,desc>tes to
 cle> _! fre% conceptions altoge!r f ^? 
anci5t dreams4  ,:at views precisely did
 ,locke oppose to ^! radical t5d5cies ( 
,desc>tes8  ,9 respect to ! nature (    
matt]1 ,i h indicat$ above ! position ( 
,locke3 pictorially he accept$ an ord9>y
 atomism2 sci5tifically1 ! physics (    
,newton4  ,on ! o!r two po9ts ,locke's  
convictions 7 implicit r ?an            
speculative3 he resi/$ ! ,c>tesian      
!ories )\t mu* develop+ 8 own1 z aft]   
all 0 natural 9 a critic engag$ 9 prov+ 
t our natural faculties 7 n int5d$ =    
speculation4 ,all k came f exp]i5ce1 &  
no man c\ld "k ! sav\r ( a p9eapple )\t 
hav+ ta/$ x4 ,yet ?is sav\r1 accord+ to 

,locke1 did n reside at fir/ 9 !        
p9eapple1 to be convey$ on contact to ! 
palate & to ! m9d2 b x 0 g5]at$ 9 !     
process ( gu/ation2 or p]haps we %\ld r 
say t x 0 g5]at$ 9 ! m9d on occasion ( t
 process4 ,at lea/1 !n1 9 respect to    
second>y qualities1 & to all moral      
values1 ! t]ms ( human k 7 n drawn f !  
objects enc\nt]$ 9 ! _w1 b f an innate  
s5sibility prop] to ! human body or m9d4
 ,exp]i5ce--if ?is ^w meant ! lifelong  
tra9 ( ideas :i* made a man's moral     
be+--0 n a s\rce ( k b 0 k 7or illusion7
 itself1 produc$ by organs end[$ ) a    
special native s5sibility 9 contact )   
v>y+ ext]nal /imuli4 ,?is conclusion    
w\ld !n n h contradict$1 b exactly      
express$1 ! doctr9e ( innate categories4
  ,z to ! s\l1 :i* might exi/ )\t ?9k+1 
,locke /ill call$ x an immat]ial        
sub/ance3 n s immat]ial1 h[ev]1 z n to  
be convey$ bodily ) him 9 8 coa* f      
,london to ,ox=d4 ,al?\gh1 l ,hobbes1   
,locke believ$ 9 ! p[] ( ! ,engli%      
language to cl>ify ! human intellect1 he

 "h ignor$ ! advice ( ,hobbes to turn t 
befuddl+ ,lat9 phrase into pla9 ,engli%4
 ,sub/ance meant body3 immat]ial meant  
bodiless3 !re=e immat]ial sub/ance meant
 bodiless body4 ,true1 sub/ance _h n    
really meant body = ,ari/otle or !      
,s*oolm52 b :o n[ knew or c>$ :at any?+ 
_h meant = !m8 ,locke scornfully refus$ 
to consid] :at a sub/antial =m may h    
signifi$2 & 9 /ill ma9ta9+ t he _h a    
s\l1 & call+ x a spiritual sub/ance1 he 
0 probably simply prote/+ t !re 0 some?+
 liv+ & wat*ful )9 8 brea/1 ! invisible 
moral ag5t 9 all 8 ?\ghts & actions4 ,x 
0 he t _h !m & did !m2 & ?is self ( 8 0 
f> f be+ r$ucible to a m]ely logical    
imp]sonal subject1 an ,i ?9k presuppos$ 
9 all ?\ght3 = :at w\ld ?is ,i ?9k h    
become :5 x 0 n ?9k+8 ,on ! o!r h& x    
matt]$ v little :at ! sub/ance ( a ?9k+ 
be+ might be3 ,god might ev5 h end[$ !  
body ) ! faculty ( ?9k+1 & ( g5]at+     
ideas on occasion ( c]ta9 impacts4 ,yet 
a man 0 a man = all t3 & ,locke 0       
satisfi$ t he knew1 at lea/ well en\gh =

 an hone/ ,engli%man1 :at he 04 ,he 0   
:at he felt himself to be3 & ?is inn]   
man ( 8 0 n m]ely ! liv+ self1 ?robb+ n[
 9 8 he>t2 x 0 all 8 moral pa/1 all t he
 rememb]$ to h be54 ,if1 f mom5t to     
mom5t1 ! self 0 a spiritual en]gy a/ir  
)91 9 retrospect ! liv+ pres5t seem$1 z 
x 71 to ext5d its t5tacles & to         
communicate its subjectivity to 8 :ole  
p]sonal pa/4 ,! limits ( 8 p]sonality 7 
^? ( 8 memory1 & 8 exp]i5ce includ$     
ev]y?+ t 8 liv+ m9d c\ld appropriate &  
re-live4 ,9 a ^w1 he 0 8 idea ( himself3
 & ?is insight op5s a new *apt] n only 9
 8 philosophy b 9 ! hi/ory ( human      
self-e/imation4 ,mank9d 0 h5ce=? invit$ 
n to ?9k ( itself z a tribe ( natural   
be+s1 nor ( s\ls1 ) a specific nature & 
fix$ possibilities4 ,ea* man 0 a        
romantic p]sonage or lit]>y "*3 he 0    
simply :at he 0 ?\ght to be1 & might    
become any?+ t he c\ld w to become4 ,!  
way 0 op5$ = ,napoleon on ! "o h& & =   
,fi*te on ! o!r4   ,,iii  ,page #i4 ,all
 ideas mu/ be equally condition$4  ,ev5 

! ma!matical ideas :i* seem s exactly to
 describe ! dynamic ord] ( nature are n 
repetitions ( _! natural c\nt]p>t3 =    
ma!matical =m 9 nature is a web (       
diffuse relations enact$2 9 ! m9d x is a
 ?\ght possess$1 ! logical syn!sis ( ^? 
deploy$ relations4 ,to run 9 a circle is
 "o ?+2 to conceive a circle is ano!r4  
,our m9d by its animal roots 7:i* r5d] x
 relevant to ! realm ( matt] &          
cognitive7 & by its spiritual actuality 
7:i* r5d]s x orig9al1 syn!tic1 &        
emotional7 is a language1 f its beg9n+s2
 almo/1 we might say1 a biological      
poetry2 & ! great] ! intellectuality &  
poetic ab/raction ! great] ! possible   
range4 ,yet we mu/ n expect ?is scope ( 
speculation 9 u to g ) adequacy or      
exhau/iv5ess3 on ! contr>y1 ma!matics & 
religion1 ea* 9 its way s sure1 leave   
mo/ ( ! tru? out4   ,,iv  ,page #i4 ,he 
_c be aw>e ( :at goes on beyond him1    
except z x affects 8 own life4  ,ev5 t  
sp>k ( div9e intellig5ce :i* comes into 
! animal s\l1 z ,ari/otle says1 f beyond

 ! gates1 comes & is call$ d[n by !     
exig5cies ( physical life4 ,an animal   
end[$ ) locomotion _c m]ely fea/        
s5su\sly on ?+s z !y appe>1 b mu/ react 
^u !m at ! fir/ signal1 & 9 s do+ mu/   
virtually & 9 int5t envisage !m z !y are
 9 !mselves4 ,= x is by virtue ( _! real
 con/itution & intr9sic en]gy t !y act  
^u u & suff] *ange 9 turn at our h&s2 s 
t :atsoev] =m ?+s may take to our s5ses 
& intellect1 !y take t =m by ex]t+ _!   
mat]ial p[]s ^u u1 & int]tw9+ !m 9      
action ) our own organisms4  ,?us !     
appe>ance ( ?+s is always1 9 "s measure1
 a true index to _! reality4 ,animals   
are inevitably engag$ 9 self-transc5d+  
action1 & ! consci\sness (              
self-transc5d+ action is self-transc5d5t
 k4 ,! v nature ( animal life makes x   
possible1 )9 animal consci\sness1 to    
disc\nt appe>ance & to correct          
illusion--?+s :i* 9 a vegetative or     
ae/hetic s5sibility w\ld n be           
di/+ui%able f pure exp]i5ce itself4 ,b  
:5 ar\s$ to self-transc5d5t att5tion1   

feel+ mu/ ne$s rise to intellig5ce1 s t 
ext]nal fact & imp>tial tru? come )9 !  
range ( consci\sness1 n inde$ by be+    
conta9$ !re1 b by be+ aim$ at4   ,v     
,page #ai4 ,consci\s m9d 0 a fact on its
 own acc\nt4  ,?is consci\s m9d 0 a     
man's moral be+1 & p]sonal id5tity c\ld 
n ext5d fur!r ?an possible memory4 ,?is 
doctr9e ( ,locke's _h "s comic          
applications4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,worce/] 0    
al>m$4 ,if actions :i* a h>d5$ s9n] _h  
=gott5 7 no long] 81 a %ort memory w\ld 
be a great bless+ 9 ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4  
,on ! o!r h&1 a !ology m pla/ic ?an     
,/ill+fleet's w\ld "o day f9d 9 ?is same
 doctr9e a new means ( edification4 ,=  
if ,i may dis[n all actions ,i h =gott51
 may n ?+s n done or witness$ by me 9 ! 
body be n[ appropriat$ & incorporat$ 9  
my consci\sness1 if only ,i conceive !m 
vividly8 ,! door is !n op5 to all !     
noble ambiguities ( idealism4 ,z my     
consci\sness exp&s1 or ?9ks x exp&s1    
into dramatic sympa?y ) univ]sal        
exp]i5ce1 t exp]i5ce becomes my own4 ,i 

may say ,i h be5 ! ag5t 9 all pa/       
a*ievem5ts4 ,em]son c\ld "k t he 0      
,%akespe>e & ,caes> & ,*ri/4 ,futurity  
is m9e also1 9 e possible direction at  
once2 & ,i am "o ) ! _s ( ! univ]se & ) 
,god4  ,locke reassur$ ! ,bi%op (       
,worce/]1 & 0 humbly confid5t t ,div9e  
,ju/ice w\ld f9d a way ( v9dicat+       
,itself 9 spite ( human wit4 ,he might h
 add$ t if ! s9 ( ,adam c\ld n only be  
imput$ to u juridically b c\ld actually 
ta9t our consci\sness--z x c]ta9ly does 
if by ,adam we und]/& our :ole mat]ial  
h]itage--s surely ! s9s done or ! habits
 acquir$ by ! body beyond ! scope (     
consci\sness may ta9t or cl>ify ?is     
consci\sness n[4 ,inde$1 ! idea we =m ( 
ourselves & ( our respective exp]i5ces  
is a figm5t ( vanity1 a product (       
dramatic imag9ation1 )\t cognitive      
import save z a read+ ( ! hidd5 =ces1   
physical or div9e1 :i* h =m$ u &        
actually gov]n u4   ,,vi  ,page #ai4    
,m9d & body int]act$4  ,! self :i* acts 
9 a man is itself mov$ by =ces :i* h    

long be5 famili> to common s5se1 )\t be+
 und]/ood except dramatically4 ,^! =ces 
are call$ ! passions2 or :5 ! dramatic  
units di/+ui%$ are longi% /r&s r ?an    
/rik+ episodes1 !y are call$ temp]am5t1 
"*1 or w2 or p]haps1 weav+ all ^! /r&s &
 episodes toge!r aga9 into "o moral     
fabric1 we call !m simply human nature4 
,b 9 :at does ?is vague human nature    
reside1 & h[ does x op]ate on !         
non-human _w8 ,c]ta9ly n )9 ! consci\s  
sph]e1 or 9 ! sup]ficial miscellany (   
exp]i5ce4 ,imm$iate exp]i5ce is !       
int]mitt5t *aos :i* human nature1 9     
comb9ation ) ext]nal circum/ances1 is   
invok$ to support & to rationalise4 ,is 
human nature1 !n1 resid5t 9 ea*         
individual s\l8 ,c]ta9ly3 b ! s\l is    
m]ely ano!r "n = t active pr9ciple :i*  
we are look+ =1 to be ! seat ( our      
s5sibility & ! s\rce ( our actions4 ,is 
?is psy*ic p[]1 !n1 resid5t 9 ! body8   
,und\bt$ly2 s9ce x is h]$it>y &         
transmitt$ by a se$1 & cont9ually ar\s$ 
& modifi$ by mat]ial ag5cies4  ,s9ce ?is

 s\l or self 9 ! body is s obscure1 !   
temptation is great to dramatise its    
en]gies & to describe !m 9 my?s4 ,my? is
 ! normal means ( describ+ ^? =ces (    
nature :i* we _c measure or und]/&2 if  
we c\ld und]/& or measure !m we %\ld    
describe !m prosaically & analytically1 
9 :at is call$ sci5ce4 ,b no?+ is less  
measurable1 or less intelligible to u1 9
 spite ( be+ s ne> u & famili>1 z ! life
 ( ?is c>nal in/rum5t1 s s(t & s viol5t1
 :i* bre$s our s5sations & precipitates 
our actions4 ,we see today h[ !         
,freudian psy*ology1 j because x is n   
satisfi$ ) regi/]+ ! r\t9e (            
consci\sness b endeav\rs to trace its   
hidd5 me*anism & to unravel its physical
 causes1 is driv5 to use ! mo/ frankly  
my?ological language4 ,! physiological  
processes conc]n$1 ?\gh presuppos$1 are 
n on ! scale ( human p]ception & n      
traceable 9 detail2 & ! moral action1   
?\gh famili> 9 snat*es1 has to be pat*$ 
by inv5t$ episodes1 & l>gely attribut$  
to daemonic p]sonages t nev] come on !  

/age4  ,locke1 9 8 psy*ology ( morals1  
_h at fir/ foll[$ ! v]bal rationalism by
 :i* p attribute motives to !mselves &  
to "o ano!r4 ,human actions 7 expla9$ by
 ! alleg$ pursuit ( ! great] prospective
 pleasure1 & avoidance ( ! great]       
prospective pa94 ,b ?is way ( talk+1    
?\gh n s poetical z ,freud's1 is no less
 my?ical4 ,ev5tual goods & evils h no   
pres5t exi/5ce & no p[]3 !y _c ev5 be   
disc]n$ prophetically1 save by ! vague/ 
fancy1 entirely bas$ on ! pres5t        
impulses & obsessions ( ! s\l4 ,no      
future good1 no future evil avails to   
move u1 except--z ,locke said aft]      
exam9+ ! facts m closely--:5 a c]ta9    
uneas9ess 9 ! s\l 7or 9 ! body7 causes u
 to turn to ^? untri$ goods & evils ) a 
pres5t & liv+ int]e/4 ,?is actual       
uneas9ess1 ) ! dream pictures :i* x     
evokes1 is a m]e symptom ( ! direction 9
 :i* human nature 9 u is already mov+1  
or already dispos$ to move4 ,)\t ?is    
prior physical impulse1 heav5 may beckon
 & hell may yawn )\t caus+ ! lea/       

v>iation 9 conduct4 ,z 9 religi\s       
conv]sion all is due to ! call ( grace1 
s 9 ord9>y action all is due to ! rip5+ 
( natural impulses & p[]s )9 ! psy*e4 ,!
 uneas9ess obs]v$ by ,locke is m]ely !  
consci\sness ( ?is rip5+1 be=e ! field (
 relevant action has be5 cle>ly disc]n$4
  ,:5 all ?is is consid]$1 ! o/5sible   
int]action betwe5 m9d & body puts on a  
new aspect4 ,!re are no purely m5tal    
ideas or int5tions foll[$ by mat]ial    
effects3 !re are no mat]ial ev5ts foll[$
 by a purely m5tal s5sation or idea4    
,m5tal ev5ts are always elem5ts 9 total 
natural ev5ts conta9+ mat]ial elem5ts   
also3 mat]ial elem5ts =m ! organ1 !     
/imulus1 & probably also ! object = ^?  
m5tal s5sations or ideas4 ,moreov]1 !   
physical /r& alone is f\nd to be        
cont9u\s & traceable2 ! consci\s /r&1 ! 
sequ5ce ( m5tal ev5ts1 fl>es up & dies  
d[n daily1 if n h\rly2 & ! m$ley ( its  
imm$iate features--images1 words1       
moods--juxtaposes ,*9a & ,p]u1 pa/ &    
future1 9 ! mo/ irresponsible confusion4

 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 human life x is a "p ( 
! consci\s elem5t--int5tions1           
affections1 plans1 & reason+s--t expla9s
 ! c\rse ( action3 disp]s$ temporally1  
our dom9ant ?\ghts conta9 ! reason = our
 cont9u\s behavi\r1 & seem to guide x4  
,!y are n s mu* l9ks 9 a *a9 ( m9ute    
consecutive causes--an idea or an act ( 
w (t5 takes "t to "w & works1 z x 71    
only po/hum\sly--z !y are g5]al ov]>*+  
moral inspirations & resolves1 :i* !    
ma*9]y ( our bodies executes 9 its own  
way1 (t5 r5d]+ our ?\ghts m precise 9 ! 
process1 or totally trans=m+ !m4 ,we d  
r\ghly :at we meant to d1 b>r+ accid5ts4
 ,! reasons lie deep 9 our comp\nd      
nature1 be+ probably in>ticulate2 & our 
action 9 a fragm5t>y way betrays our    
moral disposition3 betrays x 9 bo? s5ses
 ( ! ^w betray1 n[ reveal+ x unaw>es1 & 
n[ sadly disappo9t+ x4  ,i leave x = !  
read]'s reflection to decide :e!r we    
%\ld call su* cohabitation ( m9d ) body 
int]action1 or n r sympa!tic            
concomitance1 self-annotation1 & a      

p>tial prophetic awak5+ to a life :i* we
 are lead+ automatically4   ,,vii  ,page
 #ba4 ,to ! confusion ( common s5se4    
,b]keley & 8 foll[]s sometimes ma9ta9 t 
common s5se is on _! side1 t !y h simply
 analys$ ! fact ( our exp]i5ce ( !      
mat]ial _w1 & if !re is any p>adox 9 _! 
idealism1 x is m]ely v]bal & disappe>s )
 famili>ity4 ,all ! reality1 !y say1 all
 ! =ce1 obduracy1 & f]tility ( nature   
subsi/ undim9i%$ aft] we discov] t ?is  
reality resides1 & c only reside1 9 !   
fix$ ord] ( our exp]i5ce4  ,b no3       
analysis ( imm$iate exp]i5ce w nev]     
disclose any fix$ ord] 9 x2 ! surface ( 
exp]i5ce1 :5 n int]pret$                
mat]iali/ically1 is an inextricable     
dream4 ,b]keley & 8 foll[]s1 :5 !y look 
9 ?is direction1 t[>ds nature & !       
rationale ( exp]i5ce & sci5ce1 are look+
 away f _! own sy/em1 & rely+ in/ead on 
! automatic prop5sity ( human nature to 
r\t9e1 s t we spontane\sly prep>e =     
repeat+ our actions 7n our exp]i5ce7 &  
ev5 anticipate _! occasions2 a prop5sity

 fur!r bias$ by ! dom9ant rhy?ms ( !    
psy*e1 s t we assume a future n s mu*   
simil> to ! pa/1 z bett]4 ,:5 develop$1 
?is prop5sity turns into tru/ 9 natural 
or div9e laws2 b x is contr>y to common 
s5se to expect su* laws to op]ate ap>t f
 matt] & f ! mat]ial cont9uity ( ext]nal
 occasions4 ,?is appe>s cle>ly 9 our    
tru/ 9 p]sons--a radical animal         
prop5sity--:i* is consonant ) common    
s5se :5 ^! p]sons are liv+ bodies1 b    
becomes sup]/iti\s1 or at lea/ highly   
speculative1 :5 ^! p]sons are disembodi$
 spirits4  ,x is a pity t ! beautiful   
sy/em ( ,b]keley %\ld h appe>$ 9 an     
unspiritual age1 :5 religion 0 mundane &
 p]functory1 & ! free _s1 :]e x /irr$1 0
 romantic & wilful4 ,= t sy/em 0        
ess5tially religi\s3 x put ! _s face to 
face ) ,god1 ev]y:]e1 always1 & 9 ev]y?+
 x turn$ exp]i5ce into a div9e language 
= ! monition & expression ( ! inn] man4 
,su* an in/rum5t1 9 spiritual h&s1 might
 h s]v$ to dispel all natural illusions 
& affections1 & to dis9fect ! _s (      

worldl9ess & egotism4 ,b ,b]keley & 8   
foll[]s _h no su* ?\ght4 ,all !y wi%$ 0 
to sub/itute a social = a mat]ial _w1   
precisely because a m]ely social _w     
might make worldly int]e/s loom l>g] &  
might induce mank9d1 aga9/ ! evid5ce (  
_! s5ses & ! /ill small voice 9 _!      
he>ts1 to live z if _! worldly int]e/s 7
 absolute & mu/ ne$s dom9ate ! _s4      
,morally ?is sy/em ?us came to sanction 
a human s]vitude to mat]ial ?+s su* z   
anci5t mat]iali/s w\ld h scorn$2 &      
!oretically ! sy/em did n escape !      
dogmatic commitm5ts ( common s5se aga9/ 
:i* x prote/$4 ,= f> f )draw+ into !    
dep?s ( ! private _s1 x pr(ess$ to      
describe univ]sal exp]i5ce & ! evolution
 ( all human ideas4 ,?is notion (       
exp]i5ce orig9ally presuppos$ a natural 
ag5t or subject to endure t exp]i5ce1 & 
to pr(it by x1 by le>n+ to live 9 bett] 
h>mony ) ext]nal circum/ances4 ,ea* ag5t
 or subject ( exp]i5ce might1 at o!r    
times1 become an object ( exp]i5ce also3
 = !y all =m$ "p ( a mat]ial _w1 :i* !y 

might envisage 9 common 9 _! p]ceptions4
 ,n[ ! criticism :i* repudiates ?is     
common mat]ial m$ium1 l all criticism or
 d\bt1 is second>y & p>tial3 x cont9ues 
to op]ate ) all ! assumptions ( common  
s5se1 save ! "o :i* x is expressly      
criticis+4 ,s1 9 repudiat+ ! mat]ial _w1
 ?is philosophy reta9s ! notion ( v>i\s 
ag5ts or subjects ga!r+ exp]i5ce2 & we  
are n expect$ to d\bt t !re are j z _m  
/reams ( exp]i5ce )\t a _w1 z !re 7 p 9 
! _w :5 ! _w exi/$4 ,b ! numb] & nature 
( ^! exp]i5ces h n[ become              
undiscov]able1 ! mat]ial p]sons hav+ be5
 remov$ :o =m]ly 7 s plac$ z to ga!r    
easily imag9$ exp]i5ces1 & to be able to
 communicate !m2 & ! v notion ( exp]i5ce
 has be5 empti$ ( its mean+1 :5 no      
ext]nal common _w subsi/s to impose t   
same exp]i5ce on ev]ybody4 ,x 0 n k (   
exi/+ exp]i5ces 9 vacuo t l$ common s5se
 to assume a mat]ial _w1 b k ( an exi/+ 
mat]ial _w l$ x to assume exi/+1 &      
regul>ly reproducible1 exp]i5ces4  ,?us 
! :ole social conv5tion posit$ by       

empirical idealism is borr[$ )\t leave1 
& re/s on ! belief 9 nature = :i* x is  
sub/itut$4   ,,viii  ,page #ba4 ,!      
lit]>y psy*ologi/ may come v ne> to !   
tru? ( exp]i5ce4  ,exp]i5ce _c be 9     
itself an object ( sci5ce1 because x is 
ess5tially invisible1 immeasurable1     
fugitive1 & private2 & al?\gh x may be  
%>$ or repeat$1 ! evid5ce = t repetition
 or t unanimity _c be f\nd by comp>+ a  
pres5t exp]i5ce ) ano!r exp]i5ce by     
hypo!sis abs5t4 ,bo? ! abs5t exp]i5ce & 
its agreem5t ) ! pres5t exp]i5ce mu/ be 
imag9$ freely & cr$it$ in/9ctively1 9   
view ( ! kn[n circum/ances 9 :i* ! abs5t
 exp]i5ce is conceiv$ to h occurr$4 ,!  
only in/rum5t = conceiv+ exp]i5ce at    
l>ge is accord+ly private imag9ation2 & 
su* imag9ation _c be te/$1 al?\gh x may 
be guid$ & p]haps reca/ by fre%         
obs]vations or reports conc]n+ ! action 
& language ( o!r p4 ,= action &         
language1 be+ contagi\s1 & be+ ! mat]ial
 c\nt]p>t ( exp]i5ce 9 ea* ( u1 may     
volunt>ily or involunt>ily sugge/ our   

respective exp]i5ce to "o ano!r1 by     
caus+ ea* to re-enact m or less         
accurately )9 himself ! exp]i5ce ( !    
re/4 ,?us ali5 ?\ghts & feel+s are      
reveal$ or sugge/$ to u 9 common life1 n
 )\t a subjective trans=mation increas+1
 s to speak1 z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance3 &   
ev5 ! record ( exp]i5ce 9 p's own words1
 :5 ^! are n names = recognisable       
ext]nal ?+s1 awak5s 9 ! read]1 9 ano!r  
age or c\ntry1 q incomm5surable ideas4  
,yet1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 su*    
sugge/ion or revelation ( exp]i5ce1 )\t 
ev] becom+ sci5ce1 may become public    
unanimity 9 s5tim5t1 & may produce a    
tru?ful & lively dramatic lit]ature4    
,all mod]n philosophy1 9 s f> z x is a  
description ( exp]i5ce & n ( nature1    
!re=e seems to belong to ! sph]e (      
lit]ature1 & to be )\t sci5tific value4 
,,ii  ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,,( ,,briti%       
,,idealism#aj   ,aft] fifty ye>s1 an old
 mile/one 9 ! pa? ( philosophy1         
,bradley's ,e?ical ,/udies1 has be5 set 
up aga91 z if to m>k ! di/ance :i*      

,engli% op9ion has trav]s$ 9 ! int]val4 
,x has pass$ f insul> dogmatism to      
univ]sal bewild]m5t2 & a *ief ag5t 9 !  
*ange has be5 ,bradley himself1 ) 8     
scornful & delicate intellect1 8 wit1 8 
c&\r1 8 p]si/5ce1 & ! baffl+ futility ( 
8 conclusions4 ,9 ?is e>ly book we see  
him com+ =? l a "y ,david aga9/ e clumsy
 *ampion ( utilit>ianism1 h$onism1      
positivism1 or empiricism4 ,& h[ smoo? &
 poli%$ 7 ! little /ones 9 8 sl+6 ,h[   
fatally !y w\ld h lodg$ 9 ! =ehead ( t  
composite mon/]1 if only x _h _h a      
=ehead6 ,"s ( !m might ev5 h done       
murd]\s execution 9 ,bradley's own camp3
 = in/ance1 ?is pebble ca/ playfully at 
! metaphysical idol call$ ,law3 ,x is   
always wet on half-holidays because ( ! 
,law ( ,ra99ess1 b sometimes x is n wet1
 because ( ! ,supplem5t>y ,law (        
,sun%9e4  ,bradley & 8 fri5ds a*iev$ a  
notable victory 9 ! academic field3     
philosophic au?ority & influ5ce pass$   
l>gely into _! h&s 9 all ,engli%-speak+ 
univ]sities4 ,b x 0 n exactly f ^! seats

 ( le>n+ t naturalism & utilit>ianism   
ne$$ to be dislodg$2 l ! correspond+    
radicalisms ( our day1 ^! doctr9es      
prevail$ r 9 c]ta9 political &          
intellectual circles outside1 consci\sly
 revolution>y & (t5 half-educat$2 & ,i  
am afraid t ! bragg>t ,golia?s ( today  
ne$ *a/5+ at lea/ z mu* z ^? ( fifty    
ye>s ago4 ,9 a c\ntry (ficially         
,*ri/ian1 & especially 9 ,ox=d1 x is    
natural & fitt+ t academic au?ority %\ld
 belong to or?odox tradition--!ological1
 ,platonic1 & ,ari/otelian4 ,bradley1   
save = a few le>n$ quotations1 /rangely 
ignor$ ?is or?odoxy entr5*$ beh9d 8     
back4 ,9 contra/ ) x he 0 himself a     
h]etic1 ) fir/ pr9ciples deva/at+ e     
settl$ belief3 & x 0 really ?is v5]able 
sil5t p>tn] at home t 8 victory sup]s$$1
 at lea/ 9 appe>ance & = a season4      
,david did n slay ,golia?1 b he de?ron$ 
,saul4 ,saul 0 inde$ already "u a cl\d1 
& all 9 ,david's he>t 0 n unk9dness 9 t 
direction4 ,bradley might almo/ be call$
 an unbeliev+ ,newman2 "t1 especially1  

seems to h br\ght 8 suff]+ & ref9$ _s   
into great] sympa?y ) anci5t sanctities4
 ,orig9ally1 = in/ance1 v5t+ ! he>ty    
,prote/ant s5tim5t t only ! ,*ri/ianity 
( laym5 is s\nd1 he _h writt53 ,i am    
happy to say t 'religieux' has no       
,engli% equival5t4 ,b a lat] note says3 
,?is is n true except ( ,mod]n ,engli%  
only4 ,&1 9 any case1 x won't d1 & 0    
wrong & due to ignorance4 ,h[ev] seclud$
 ! religi\s life1 x may be practical    
indirectly if ?r\gh ! unity ( !         
spiritual body x c be tak5 z vic>i\s4 ,!
 if "h saves ! pr9ciple t all values mu/
 be social1 & t ! social organism is !  
sole moral reality3 yet h[ ne> ?is      
bubble comes to be+ prick$6 ,we seem    
cle>ly to feel t ! "q is n :e!r         
spiritual life subs]ves animal society1 
b :e!r animal society ev] is /irr$ &    
hall[$ into spiritual life4  ,all ?is1  
h[ev]1 9 t age ( progress1 0 reg>d$ z   
obsolete3 !re 0 no long] to be any _s   
except ! _s ( ! times4 ,true1 !         
rituali/s might be /riv+ to revive !    

lat5t en]gies ( religi\s devotion1 ) "s 
dubi\s help f ae/heticism3 b aga9/ !    
ris+ tide ( me*anical progress &        
romantic an>*y1 & aga9/ ! mania =       
rewrit+ hi/ory1 traditional philosophy  
!n seem$ helpless & afraid to def5d     
itself3 x is only n[ beg9n+ to recov]   
its intellectual c\rage4 ,= ! mom5t1    
speculative radicals saw light 9 a      
diff]5t qu>t]4 ,g]man idealism 0 no?+ if
 n self-confid5t2 x 0 relatively new2 x 
0 encyclopa$ic 9 its display ( k1 :i* x 
c\ld manipulate dialectically ) dazzl+1 
if n /able1 results2 x 0 ,prote/ant 9   
temp] & autonom\s 9 pr9ciple2 & altoge!r
 x seem$ a sov]eign & provid5tial means 
( sudd5ly turn+ ! tables on ! ?reat5$   
naturalism4 ,by develop+ romantic       
intuition f )9 & pack+ all k into "o    
picture1 ! univ]se might be %[n to be1 l
 intuition itself1 ?or\ghly spiritual1  
p]sonal1 & subjective4  ,! fundam5tal   
axiom ( ! new logic 0 t ! only possible 
reality 0 consci\sness4       ,p f9d1   
writes ,bradley1 a subject & an object  

correlat$      9 consci\sness4444 ,to g 
out ( t unity is = u lit]ally to      g 
out ( our m9ds4444 ,:5 m9d is made only 
a "p ( ! :ole1      !re is a "q :i* mu/ 
be answ]$4444 ,if ab\t any      matt] we
 "k no?+ :atsoev]1 c we say any?+ ab\t  
x8      ,c we ev5 say t x is8 ,& if x is
 n 9 consci\sness1 h[      c we "k x8444
 ,& conv]sely1 if we "k x1 x _c be n    
m9d4  ,bradley *all5g$ 8 contempor>ies  
to refute ?is argum5t2 & n be+ able to d
 s1 _m ( !m felt con/ra9$ to accept x1  
p]haps n )\t grave misgiv+s4 ,= 0 x n   
always a root$ conviction ( ! ,briti%   
m9d t k br+s mat]ial p[]1 & t any       
figm5ts ( consci\sness 79 religion1 =   
in/ance7 n br++ mat]ial p[] are dang]\s 
bewit*m5ts1 & n prop]ly k8 ,yet x is no 
less *>act]i/ic ( ! ,briti% m9d to yield
 occasionally1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 to "s
 su* en?usia/ic fancy1 provid$ t its    
incompatibility ) hone/ action may be   
d5i$ or ignor$4 ,s 9 ?is case ,briti%   
ideali/s1 9 ! act ( def9+ k             
ideali/ically1 z ! pres5ce to           

consci\sness ( its own ph5om5a1 nev]    
really ceas$ to assume transc5d5t k ( a 
self-exi/+ _w1 social & psy*ological1 if
 n mat]ial3 & !y cont9u$ scrupul\sly to 
readju/ _! ideas to ^? d>k facts1 (t5 m 
fai?fully ?an ! av[$ positivi/s or      
sci5tific psy*ologi/s4  ,:at c\ld e?ics 
prop]ly be to a philosoph] :o on        
pr9ciple might n trespass beyond !      
limits ( consci\sness8 ,only e?ical     
s5tim5t4 ,bradley 0 satisfi$ to appeal  
to ! moral consci\sness ( 8 day1 )\t    
seek+ to trans=m x4 ,! mo/ int5tionally 
eloqu5t passage 9 8 book describes      
w>-fev] unify+ & c>ry+ away a :ole p3 t 
0 ! summit ( moral consci\sness & (     
my/ic virtue4 ,8 aim1 ev5 9 e?ics1 0    
av[$ly to describe t :i* exi/s1 to      
describe moral exp]i5ce1 )\t propos+ a  
diff]5t =m = x4 ,a man mu/ be a man ( 8 
own "t1 or no?+2 to set up to be bett]  
?an ! _w 0 ! beg9n+ ( immorality2 &     
virtue lay 9 accept+ "o's /ation & its  
duties4 ,! morali/ %\ld fill 8 m9d ) a  
concrete picture ( ! task & /&>ds ( 8   

age & nation1 & %\ld graft 8 own ideals 
^u t tree2 ?is ne$ n prev5t moral       
consci\sness f includ+ a decid$ e/eem = 
non-political excell5ces l heal?1       
beauty1 or intellig5ce1 :i* are n       
ord9>ily call$ virtues by mod]n         
morali/s4 ,yet !y 7 und5iably good2     
bett]1 p]haps1 ?an any pa9ful & labori\s
 dutifulness2 s t ! /rictly moral       
consci\sness might run ov]1 & pres5tly  
lose itself 9 some?+ high]4 ,inde$1 ev5 
heal?1 beauty1 & intellig5ce1 :i* seem$ 
at fir/ s cle>ly good1 might lose _!    
%>pness on a wid] view4 ,9 ! panorama t 
w\ld ultimately fill ! m9d ^! s-call$   
goods & virtues c\ld n be conceiv$ )\t  
_! complem5t>y vices & evils4 ,?us all  
moral consci\sness1 & ev5 all vital     
pref]5ce might ultimately be sup]s$$3 !y
 might appe> to h belong$ to a p>tial & 
r l[ /age 9 ! self-developm5t (         
consci\sness4  ,) ?is dissolution ( 8   
moral judgm5ts always 9 prospect1 :y    
%\ld ,bradley1 or any ideali/1 h pursu$ 
e?ical /udies at all8 ,s9ce all phases (

 life 7 equally necess>y to enri* an    
inf9ite consci\sness1 :i* mu/ "k bo?    
good & evil 9 ord] to m]ge & to transc5d
 !m1 he c\ld h>dly nurse any int5se     
en?usiasm = a diff]5t complexion to be  
giv5 to ! lives ( m54 ,8 moral          
passion--= he _h x1 cau/ic & burn+      
cle>--0 purely intellectual3 x 0 %ame t 
9 ,engl& ! moral consci\sness %\ld h be5
 express$ 9 sy/ems dialectically s      
primitive z ^? ( ! positivi/s &         
utilit>ians4 ,he ackn[l$g$1 some:at     
sup]cili\sly1 t _! he>ts 7 9 ! "r place2
 yet1 if we are to h e?ics at all1 7 n  
_! ?\ghts 9 ! "r place also8 ,!y 7      
conc]n$ n ) analysis ( ! moral          
consci\sness b ) ! conduct ( affairs & !
 re=m ( in/itutions4 ,! spectacle (     
human wret*$ness pr(\ndly mov$ !m2 _!   
m9ds 7 b5t on trans=m+ society1 s t a   
man's /ation & its duties might cease to
 be :at a decay$ feudal organisation &  
an inhuman indu/rialism _h made ( !m4   
,!y revolt$ aga9/ ! mis]able condition (
 ! masses ( mank9d1 & aga9/ ! mis]able  

consolations :i* (ficial religion1 or a 
philosophy l ,bradley's1 (f]$ !m 9 _!   
mis]y4 ,! utilit>ians 7 at lea/ int5t on
 exi/5ce & on ! c\rse ( ev5ts2 !y wi%$  
to trans=m in/itutions to fit human     
nature bett]1 & to educate human nature 
by ^? new in/itutions s t x might bett] 
realise its lat5t capacities4 ,^! are   
matt]s :i* a man may modify by 8 acts & 
!y are !re=e ! prop] conc]n ( ! morali/4
 ,7 !y mu* to blame if !y neglect$ to   
def9e pleasure or happ9ess & us$        
cat*-words1 dialectically vague1 to     
indicate a direction ( ef=t politically 
q unmi/akable8 ,d\btless _! political   
action1 l _! philosophical nom5clature1 
0 revolution>y & reli$ too mu* on wayw>d
 feel+s ignorant ( _! own causes4       
,revolution1 no less ?an tradition1 is b
 a casual & clumsy expression ( human   
nature 9 contact ) circum/ances2 yet pa9
 & pleasure & spontane\s hopes1 h[ev]   
fooli%1 are direct expressions ( t      
contact1 & speak = ! s\l2 :]eas a man's 
/ation & its duties are purely          

conv5tional1 & may altoge!r misrepres5t 
8 native capacities4 ,! prote/ ( human  
nature aga9/ ! _w & its oppressions is !
 /rong side ( e rebellion2 x 0 ! moral  
side ( utilit>ianism1 ( ! rebellion     
aga9/ irrational morality4  ,un=tunately
 ! ,engli% re=m]s 7 !mselves ideali/s ( 
a sort1 entangl$ 9 ! vehicles (         
p]ception1 & talk+ ab\t s5sations &     
ideas1 pleasures & pa9s1 z if ^! _h be5 
! elem5ts ( human nature1 or ev5 (      
nature at l>ge3 & only ! mo/ meagre (   
v]bal sy/ems1 & ! mo/ artificial1 c be  
con/ruct$ out ( su* mat]ials4 ,moreov]1 
!y spoke mu* ( pleasure & happ9ess1 &   
h>dly at all ( mis]y & pa93 :]eas x w\ld
 h be5 wis]1 & tru] to _! real          
inspiration1 to h laid all ! emphasis on
 evils to be abat$1 leav+ ! good to %ape
 itself 9 fre$om4 ,suff]+ is ! in/ant & 
obvi\s sign ( "s outrage done to human  
nature2 )\t ?is natural recoil1 actual  
or imm95t1 no morality w\ld h any       
sanction1 & no precept c\ld be          
imp]ative4 ,:at sill9ess to comm& me to 

pursue pleasure or to avoid x1 if 9 any 
case ev]y?+ w\ld be well6 ,save = "s    
%ad[ ( dire rep5tance loom+ 9 ! di/ance1
 ,i am deeply free to walk z ,i w4 ,!   
*oice ( pleasure = a pr9ciple ( morals 0
 p>ticul>ly un=tunate 9 ! ,briti%       
utilit>ians2 x l5t !m an air ( frivolity
 absurdly contr>y to _! true "*4        
,pleasure might h be5 a fit en\gh ^w 9 !
 m\? ( ,ari/ippus1 a semi-ori5tal unt\*$
 by ! lea/ s5se ( responsibility1 or ev5
 on ! lips ( humani/s 9 ! eighte5?      
c5tury1 :o1 h[ev] sordid _! lives may   
sometimes h be51 c\ld /ill move 9       
imag9ation to ! music ( ,moz>t1 9 !     
l&scape ( ,watteau or ( ,fragon>d4 ,b 9 
! l& & age ( ,dick5s ! moral ideal 0 n s
 mu* pleasure z k9dness3 ?is t5d]] ^w n 
only expresses bett] ! motive at "w1 b x
 po9ts to ! di/ress+ pres5ce ( mis]y 9 !
 _w1 to make natural k9dness labori\s & 
e>ne/1 & turn x into a legislative      
sy/em4  ,bradley's ho/ility to pleasure 
0 n fanatical3 "o's /ation & its duties 
might h _! agreeable side4 ,x is        

probably good = y1 he tells u1 to h1    
say1 n less ?an two glasses ( w9e aft]  
d9n]4 ,six on ord9>y occasions is p]haps
 too _m2 b z to ?ree or f\r1 !y are     
nei!r "o way nor ! o!r4 ,if ! voluptu>y 
0 condemn$1 x 0 = ! commonplace reason  
:i* a h$oni/1 too1 might invoke1 t a    
life ( pleasure soon palls & becomes    
unpleasant4 ,bradley's objection to     
pleasure 0 m]ely speculative3 he f\nd x 
too ab/ract4 ,to call a pleasure :5     
actually felt an ab/raction is an       
exquisite absurdity3 b pleasure1 9 its  
absolute ess5ce1 is c]ta9ly simple &    
indef9able4 ,if in/ead ( enjoy+ x on !  
w+1 & z an e>ne/ ( ! s\l's mom5t>y      
h>mony1 we attempt to arre/ & obs]ve x1 
we f9d x /rangely dumb2 we are n in=m$  
by x conc]n+ its occasion1 nor c>ri$ f x
 by any logical implication to ! natural
 object 9 :i* x might be f\nd4 ,a pure  
h$oni/ ought !re=e to be r reliev$ if   
all images laps$ f 8 consci\sness & he  
c\ld luxuriate 9 %e] pleasure1 d>k &    
ov]:elm+4 ,true1 su* bliss w\ld be r    

inhuman1 & ( ! sort :i* we ra%ly assign 
to ! oy/]3 b :y %\ld a radical &        
intrepid philosoph] be a%am$ ( t8 ,!    
condition ( ,bradley's ,absolute--feel+ 
9 :i* all di/9ctions are transc5d$ &    
m]g$--seems to be some?+ ( t k9d2 b !re 
w\ld be a /range irony 9 attribut+ ?is  
my/ical & raptur\s ideal to su* pond]\s 
wor?ies z ,mill & ,sp5c]1 ^: m9ds 7 no?+
 if n anxi\s1 p]turb$1 in/rum5tal1 &    
full ( respect = v>iegat$ facts1 & :o 7 
probably incapable ( ta/+ pure pleasure 
at all4  ,b if pleasure1 9 its pure     
ess5ce1 might really be ! highe/ good = 
a my/ic :o %\ld be lo/ 9 x1 x w\ld be no
 guide to a morali/ wi%+ to control     
ev5ts1 & to di/ribute p>ticul> pleasures
 or s]ies ( pleasures z ri*ly z possible
 9 ! _w4 ,= ?is purpose he w\ld ne$ to  
und]/& human nature & its v>iable       
functions1 9 :i* diff]5t p]sons &       
peoples may f9d _! s9c]e pleasures2 &   
?is k w\ld fir/ l5d to 8 g5]al love (   
pleasure any po9t ( application 9 !     
gov]nance ( life or 9 b5evol5t          

legislation4 ,"s concrete image ( a     
happy human _w w\ld take ! place ( !    
futile truism t pleasure is good & pa9  
evil4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 :at utilit>ian  
morali/s meant to d1 & actually did1 9 s
 f> z _! human sympa?ies ext5d$1 :i* 0 n
 to ! highe/ ?+s2 b x 0 n :at !y said1 &
 ,bradley _h a cle> advantage ov] !m 9 !
 w> ( words4 ,a pleasure is n a         
programme3 x exi/s "h & n !re1 = me & = 
no "o else1 once & nev] aga94 ,:5 pa/1 x
 leaves ! w z empty & z devoid (        
allegiance z if x _h nev] exi/$2        
pleasure is s&1 ?\gh x h ! col\r ( gold4
 ,b ?is is evid5tly true ( all exi/5ce4 
,ea* liv+ mom5t1 ea* dead man1 ea* cycle
 ( ! univ]se leaves no?+ beh9d x b a    
void :i* p]haps some?+ k9dr$ may refill4
 ,a ,hegel1 aft] id5tify+ himself = a   
mom5t ) ! ,absolute ,idea1 is 9 8       
exi/5ce no less subject to sleep9ess1   
irritation1 & dea? ?an if he _h be5     
mode/ly satisfi$ ) ! joys ( an oy/]4 ,x 
is only _! common =m1 or _! common      
wor%ip1 t c give to ! quick mom5ts (    

life any mutual relevance or sympa?y2 & 
exi/5ce w\ld n come at all )9 sight ( a 
good1 ei!r mom5t>y or f9al1 if x 7 n    
inw>dly direct$ ^u realis+ "s def9ite   
ess5ce4 ,= ! re/ ?is ess5ce may be z    
simple z y w1 if ! nature direct$ ^u x  
is unifi$ & simple2 & x w\ld be m]e     
intellectual snobb]y to condemn pleasure
 because x has n s _m subdivisions 9 x z
 an encyclopa$ia ( ! sci5ces4 ,= !      
morali/ pleasure & pa9 may ev5 be !     
bett] guides1 because !y express m      
directly & boldly ! in/9ctive direction 
( animal life1 & !reby m>k m cle>ly !   
g5u9e diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil4  ,we 
may well say ) ,bradley t ! good is     
self-realisation2 b :at is ! self8      
,c]ta9ly n ! feel+ or consci\sness ( !  
mom5t1 nor ! life ( ! _w1 nor pure _s4  
,! self t c sy/ematically di/+ui% good f
 evil is an animal s\l4 ,x gr[s f a se$2
 its pot5tiality is def9ite & its fate  
prec>i\s2 & 9 man x requires society to 
re> x & tradition to educate x4 ,! good 
is accord+ly social1 9 s f> z ! s\l     

dem&s society2 b x is ! nature ( !      
individual t det]m9es ! k9d & degree (  
sociability t is good = him1 & draws !  
l9e betwe5 society t is a b5efit &      
society t is a nuisance4 ,to subord9ate 
! s\l fundam5tally to society or !      
individual to ! /ate is %e] b>b>ism3 !  
,greeks1 sometimes invok$ to support ?is
 =m ( idolatry1 7 nev] guilty ( x2 on ! 
contr>y1 _! lawgiv]s 7 always re=m+ &   
plann+ ! /ate s t ! s\l might be p]fect 
9 x4 ,discipl9e is a help to ! _s3 b ev5
 social relations1 :5 l love1 fri5d%ip1 
or sport !y are spontane\s & good 9     
!mselves1 retire z f> z possible f !    
pressure ( ! _w1 & build _! p>adise     
ap>t1 simple1 & hidd5 9 ! wild]ness2    
:ile all ! ultimate hopes & assurances (
 ! _s escape altoge!r into ! sil5t      
society ( nature1 ( tru?1 ( ess5ce1 f> f
 ^? fatu\s worldly conv5tions :i* h>dly 
make up = _! tyranny by _! in/ability3 =
 ! preval5t moral fa%ion is always gr[+ 
old1 & human nature is always becom+ "y 
aga94 ,_w-wor%ip is ! exp$i5t ( ^? :o1  

hav+ lo/ ! s\l t is 9 !m1 look = x 9 ?+s
 ext]nal1 :]e !re is no s\l3 & by a     
curi\s recoil1 x is also ! exp$i5t ( ^? 
:o seek _! lo/ s\l 9 actual             
consci\sness1 :]e x also is n3 =        
s5sations & ideas are n ! s\l b only    
pass+ & p>tial products ( its pr(\nd    
animal life4 ,moral consci\sness 9      
p>ticul> w\ld nev] h aris5 & w\ld be    
gratuit\s1 save = ! f]oci\s bias ( a    
natural liv+ creature1 def5d+ itself    
aga9/ its ?\s& enemies4  ,nor w\ld k 9  
its turn be k if x 7 m]ely intuition (  
ess5ce1 su* z ! s5suali/1 ! poet1 or !  
dialectician may re/ 94 ,if ! imag]y (  
logic or passion ev] comes to convey k1 
x does s by virtue ( a concomitant      
physical adju/m5t to ext]nal ?+s2 = !   
n]ve ( real or transc5d5t k is ! notice 
:i* "o "p ( ! _w may take ( ano!r "p2 & 
x is ?is mom5t\s cognisance1 no matt]   
:at intangible feel+s may supply t]ms = 
its prosody1 t enl>ges ! m9d to "s      
practical purpose & in=ms x ab\t ! _w4  
,consci\sness !n ceases to be passive   

s5se or idle ideation & becomes belief &
 intellig5ce4 ,!n ! ess5ces :i* =m !    
cont5t ( consci\sness may be vivifi$ &  
tripp+ly run ov]1 l ! syllables ( a     
famili> ^w1 9 ! active recognition ( ?+s
 & p & ( all ! om9\s or pliable =ces (  
nature4 ,= ess5ces1 be+ et]nal &        
non-exi/5t 9 !mselves1 _c come to       
consci\sness by _! own initiative1 b    
only z occasion & ! subtle movem5ts ( ! 
s\l may evoke _! =ms2 s t ! fact t !y   
are giv5 to consci\sness has a natural  
/atus & sett+ 9 ! mat]ial _w1 & is "p ( 
! same natural ev5t z ! movem5t ( ! s\l 
& body :i* supports t consci\sness4     
,!re is !re=e no ne$ ( refut+ idealism1 
:i* is an hone/ exam9ation ( consci5ce 9
 a reflective m9d4 ,refutations & pro(s 
dep5d on pregnant mean+s assign$ to     
t]ms1 mean+s fir/ r5d]$ explicit &      
unambigu\s by ^? v pro(s or refutations4
 ,on any diff]5t acceptation ( ^? t]ms1 
^! pro(s & refutations fall to ! gr\nd2 
& x rema9s a "q = good s5se1 n = logic  
at all1 h[ f> ! t]ms 9 ei!r case        

describe any?+ exi/5t4 ,if by k we      
und]/& intuition ( ess5ces1 idealism    
foll[s2 b x foll[s only 9 respect to    
ess5ces giv5 9 intuition3 no?+ foll[s   
conc]n+ ! seat1 orig91 conditions1 or   
symptomatic value ( su* intuition1 nor  
ev5 t su* intuition ev] actually occurs4
 ,idealism1 !re=e1 )\t be+ refut$1 may  
be hemm$ 9 & humanis$ by natural k ab\t 
x & ab\t its place 9 human speculation2 
! mo/ recalcitrant mat]iali/ 7l myself7 
might see its plausibility dur+ a       
some:at adolesc5t phase (               
self-consci\sness4 ,consci\sness itself 
he might accept & reli% z ! natural     
spiritual resonance ( action & passion1 
recognis+ x 9 its pr\d isolation &      
speci\s autonomy1 l ! m\nta9 republics (
 ,&orra & ,san ,m>9o4  ,g]man idealism  
is a mighty pose1 an attitude always    
possible to a self-consci\s & reflective
 be+3 b x is h>dly a sy/em1 s9ce x      
contradicts beliefs :i* 9 action are    
inevitable2 x may !re=e be readily      
swall[$1 b x c nev] be dige/$4 ,nei!r ( 

its two +r$i5ts--romantic scepticism &  
romantic sup]/ition--agrees p>ticul>ly )
 ! ,briti% /oma*4 ,n romantic           
scepticism3 = 9 ,engl& an in/9ctive     
di/ru/ ( too mu* cle>ness & logic1 a    
difficulty 9 draw+ all ! consequ5ces (  
any pr9ciple1 soon gave to ?is mo/      
radical ( philosophies a prim & religi\s
 air3 its purity 0 alloy$ ) all sorts ( 
conv5tions3 s mu* s t we f9d ,briti%    
,hegelians (t5 deeply engag$ 9          
psy*ology1 cosmology1 or religion1 z if 
!y took _! idealism = a k9d ( physics1 &
 wi%$ m]ely to re9t]pret ! facts (      
nature 9 an edify+ way1 )\t uproot+ !m f
 _! natural places4 ,?is has be5 made   
easi] by giv+ idealism an objective1    
non-psy*ological turn3 ev5ts1 &         
especially feel+s & ideas1 w !n be      
swall[$ up 9 ! ess5ces :i* !y display4  
,?us ,bradley ma9ta9$ t two ?\ghts1 no  
matt] h[ remote f ea* o!r 9 "t or space1
 7 id5tically ! same1 & n m]ely simil>1 
if only !y contemplat$ ! same idea4 ,m9d
 itself ceas$ 9 ?is way to mean a s]ies 

( exi/+ feel+s & 0 id5tifi$ )           
intellig5ce2 & intellig5ce 9 its turn 0 
id5tifi$ ) ! ,idea or ,logos :i* might  
be ! ultimate !me ( intellig5ce4 ,!re   
c\ld be only "o m9d1 s conceiv$1 s9ce   
!re c\ld be only "o total sy/em 9 !     
univ]se visible to omnisci5ce4  ,z to   
romantic scepticism1 we may see by      
contra/ :at x w\ld be1 :5 left to       
itself1 if we consid] ^? lucid ,italians
 :o h tak5 up _! idealism late & ) op5  
eyes4 ,9 ,croce & ,g5tile ! transc5d5tal
 attitude is kept pure3 = !m !re is     
really no univ]se save _s creat+ its    
exp]i5ce2 & if we ask :5ce or on :at    
pr9ciple occasions arise = all ?is      
compulsory fiction1 we are rem9d$ t ?is 
"q1 ) any answ] :i* _s might inv5t = x1 
belongs n to philosophy b to "s special 
sci5ce l physiology1 itself1 ( c\rse1   
only a p>ticul> product ( creative      
?\ght4 ,?us ! m impetu\sly ! inquisitive
 squirrel w\ld ru% f 8 cage1 ! fa/] &   
fa/] he causes ! cage to :irl ab\t 8    
e>s4 ,he has n ! remote/ *ance ( rea*+ 8

 imag9>y bait--,god1 nature1 or tru?2 = 
to seek su* ?+s is to presuppose !m1 &  
to presuppose any?+1 if _s be absolute1 
is to inv5t x4 ,ev5 ^? philosophies (   
hi/ory :i* ! ideali/ may = "s secret    
reason be impell$ to con/ruct w\ld be   
sup]/iti\s1 accord+ to 8 own pr9ciples1 
if he took !m = m ?an poetic fictions ( 
! hi/orian2 s t 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory1 z 9 e
 o!r /udy1 all ! dilig5ce & sob] le>n+  
:i* ! philosoph] may possess are        
non-philosophical1 s9ce !y presuppose   
indep5d5t ev5ts & mat]ial docum5ts4 ,?us
 p]fect idealism turns out to be pure   
lit]>y sport1 l lyric poetry1 9 :i* no  
tru? is convey$ save ! miscellane\s     
tru?s tak5 ov] f common s5se or !       
special sci5ces2 & ! gay _s1 suppos$ to 
be liv+ & %9+ ( its own sweet w1 c f9d  
no?+ to live or %9e ^u save ! common    
natural _w4  ,su* at lea/ w\ld be ! case
 if romantic sup]/ition did n sup]v5e1  
dem&+ t ! _s %\ld impose "s arbitr>y    
rhy?m or de/9y on ! _w :i* x creates3 b 
?is side ( idealism has be5 cultivat$   

*iefly by ! intrepid ,g]mans3 "s ( !m1 l
 ,sp5gl] & ,keys]l+1 /ill ?rive & gr[   
fam\s on x )\t a blu%4 ,! mode/ ,engli% 
9 ^! matt]s take %elt] "u ! w+ ( sci5ce 
speculatively ext5d$1 or traditional    
religion prud5tly rationalis$3 ! scope (
 ! _s1 l its psy*ological di/ribution1  
is conceiv$ reali/ically4 ,x might almo/
 prove an eu?anasia = ,briti% idealism  
to lose itself 9 ! new metaphysics (    
nature :i* ! ma!maticians are evolv+2 & 
s9ce ?is metaphysics1 ?\gh mat]iali/ic 9
 effect1 is m subtle & ab/ruse ?an      
popul> mat]ialism1 ,briti% idealism     
might p]haps be said to survive 9 x1    
hav+ n[ pass$ victori\sly into its      
opposite1 & be+ m]g$ 9 some?+ high]4    
#aj ,e?ical ,/udies1 by ,f4,h4 ,bradley1
 ,o4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 7,glasg[71 late ,fell[
 ( ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d2 second       
edition revis$1 ) additional notes by ! 
,au?or4 ,ox=d1 ,! ,cl>5don ,press1      
#aibg4     ,,iii  ,,revolutions ,,9     
,,sci5ce   ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie?   
c5tury1 sci5ce has ga9$ notably 9       

exp]tness1 & lo/ notably 9 au?ority4 ,we
 are bomb>d$ ) inv5tions2 b if we ask ! 
inv5tors :at !y h le>n$ ( ! dep?s (     
nature1 :i* someh[ !y h prob$ ) su*     
a/oni%+ success1 _! faces rema9 blank4  
,!y may be *ew+ gum2 or !y may tell u t 
if an a]oplane c\ld only fly fa/ en\gh1 
x w\ld get home be=e x />ts2 or !y may  
urge u to come ) !m into a d>k room1 to 
hold h&s1 & to commune ) ! de> dep>t$4  
,practically !re may be no h>m 9 su* a  
division ( lab\r1 ! inv5tors do+ ! "w & 
! pr(essors ! talk+4 ,! exp]ts may      
!mselves be inexp]t 9 v]bal expression1 
or cont5t ) /ock phrases1 or pr(\ndly   
sceptical1 or too busy to ?9k4          
,nev]!less1 skill & und]/&+ are at _!   
be/ :5 !y g toge!r & adorn ! same m9d4  
,mod]n sci5ce until lately _h realis$   
?is ideal3 x 0 an ext5sion ( common     
p]ception & common s5se4 ,we c\ld tru/ x
 implicitly1 z we d a map or a cal5d>2 x
 0 n true = u m]ely 9 an argum5tative or
 vision>y s5se1 z are religion &        
philosophy4 ,geography w5t h& 9 h& )    

travel1 ,cop]nican a/ronomy )           
circumnavigation ( ! globe3 & ev5 ! !ory
 ( evolution & ! hi/orical sci5ces 9 !  
n9ete5? c5tury 7 cont9u\s ) lib]al re=m3
 p saw 9 ! pa/1 z !y !n le>n$ to        
conceive x1 simply an ext5sion ( ^?     
trans=mations :i* !y 7 witness+ 9 !     
pres5t4 ,!y c\ld ?9k !y knew ! _w z a   
man kn[s 8 native t[n1 or ! cont5ts ( 8 
*e/ ( draw]s3 nature 0 our home1 &      
sci5ce 0 our home k4 ,= x is n intr9sic 
cle>ness or coh]5ce t make ideas        
p]suasive1 b connection ) action1 or )  
"s volum9\s inn] response1 :i* is       
read9ess to act4 ,x is a s5se ( on-com+ 
fate1 a compulsion to d or to suff]1 t  
produces ! illusion ( p]fect k4  ,i call
 x illusion1 al?\gh our contact ) ?+s   
may be real1 & our s5sations & ?\ghts   
may be inevitable & hone/2 because      
nev]!less x is always an illusion to    
suppose t our images are ! intr9sic     
qualities ( ?+s1 or reproduce !m        
exactly4 ,! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 = in/ance1
 0 p]fectly sci5tific2 x 0 bas$ on      

c>eful & prolong$ obs]vation & on j     
reason+2 b x 0 modell$ on an image--!   
sph]ical blue dome ( ! heav5s--prop]    
only to an obs]v] on ! e>?1 & n         
transf]able to a univ]se :i* is diffuse1
 c5treless1 fluid1 & p]haps inf9ite4 ,:5
 ! imag9ation1 = any reason1 comes to be
 peopl$ ) images ( ! latt] sort1 !      
mod]n1 & especially ! late/1 a/ronomy   
becomes m p]suasive4 ,= al?\gh ,i       
suspect t ev5 ,e9/e9 is an imp]fect     
relativi/1 & reta9s ,euclidean space &  
absolute "t at ! bottom ( 8 calculation1
 & recov]s !m at ! end1 yet ! ef=t to   
express ! sy/em ( nature z x w\ld appe> 
f any /ation & to any s5sorium seems to 
be em95tly enlight5+4  ,!ory & practice 
9 ! late/ sci5ce are /ill alli$1 o!rwise
 nei!r ( !m w\ld prosp] z x does2 b ea* 
has tak5 a leap 9 its own direction4 ,! 
di/ance betwe5 !m has become great] ?an 
! nak$ eye c measure1 & ea* ( !m 9      
itself has become un9telligible4 ,we    
roll & fly at dizzy spe$s1 & he> at     
incr$ible di/ances2 at ! same "t we     

imag9e & calculate to incr$ible dep?s4  
,! te*nique ( sci5ce1 l t ( indu/ry1 has
 become a ?+ 9 itself2 ! "o veils its   
object1 :i* is nature1 z ! o!r defeats  
its purpose1 :i* is happ9ess4 ,sci5ce   
(t5 seems to be less ! /udy ( ?+s ?an ! 
/udy ( sci5ce4 ,x is n[ m s*ola/ic ?an  
philosophy ev] 04 ,we are invit$ to     
conceive organisms )9 organisms1 s      
m9ute1 s free1 & s dynamic1 t ! he>t (  
matt] seems to explode into an endless  
dis*>ge ( fireworks1 or a ma!matical    
nightm>e realis$ 9 a ?\s& places at     
once1 & become ! sub/ance ( ! _w4 ,:at  
is ev5 m rem>kable--= ! notion ( inf9ite
 organisation has be5 famili> to ! le>n$
 at lea/ s9ce ! "t ( ,leibniz--! !atre (
 sci5ce is trans=m$ no less ?an ! actors
 & ! play4 ,! upright walls ( space1 !  
/eady tread ( "t1 beg9 to fail u2 !y b5d
 n[ s oblig+ly to our p]spectives t we  
no long] seem to travel ?r\gh !m1 b to  
c>ry !m ) u1 %oot+ !m out or weav+ !m   
ab\t u accord+ to "s native fatality1   
:i* is left unexpla9$4 ,we seem to h    

rev]t$ 9 "s s5se f ,cop]nicus to        
,ptolemy3 except t ! c5tre is n[        
occupi$1 n by ! solid e>?1 b by any     
geometrical po9t *os5 = ! orig9 (       
calculation4 ,"t1 too1 is n measur$ by !
 sun or />s1 b by any clock--t is1 by   
any recurr5t rhy?m tak5 z a /&>d (      
comp>ison4 ,x w\ld seem t ! exi/5ce &   
en]gy ( ea* *os5 c5tre1 z well z its    
c>e] & enc\nt]s1 hang on ! collat]al    
exi/5ce ( o!r c5tres ( =ce1 among :i* x 
mu/ w5d its way3 yet ! only witness to  
_! pres5ce1 & ! only kn[n prop]ty ( _!  
sub/ance1 is _! radio-activity1 or !    
physical light :i* !y %$4 ,light1 9 its 
physical be+1 is accord+ly ! measure (  
all ?+s 9 ?is new philosophy3 & if we   
ask ourselves :y ?is elem5t %\ld h be5  
pref]r$1 ! answ] is n f> to seek4 ,light
 is ! only m$ium ?r\gh :i* v remote or v
 m9ute p>ticles ( matt] c be reveal$ to 
sci5ce4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ?+s may be   
intr9sically1 sci5ce mu/ accord+ly      
express ! univ]se 9 t]ms ( light4  ,^!  
re=ms h come f )93 !y are triumphs (    

me?od4 ,we make an evid5t advance 9     
logic1 & 9 t p>simony :i* is de> to     
philosoph]s 7?\gh n to nature71 if we   
refuse to assign giv5 t]ms & relations  
to any prior m$ium1 su* z absolute "t or
 space1 :i* _c be giv5 ) !m4 ,obs]vable 
spaces & times1 l ! facts obs]v$ 9 !m1  
are giv5 sep>ately & 9 a desultory      
fa%ion4 ,initially1 !n1 !re are z _m    
spaces & times z !re are obs]v]s1 or r  
obs]vations2 ^! are ! speci\s times &   
spaces ( dreams1 ( s5su\s life1 & (     
romantic biography4 ,ea* is c5tr$ "h &  
n[1 & /ret*$ outw>ds1 =w>d1 & back1 z f>
 z imag9ation has ! /r5g? to project x4 
,!n1 :5 objects & ev5ts h be5 posit$ z  
self-exi/5t1 & :5 a clock & a sy/em (   
co-ord9ates h be5 e/abli%$ = measur+ !m1
 a s+le ma!matical space & "t may be    
deploy$ ab\t !m1 conceiv$ to conta9 all 
?+s1 & to supply !m ) _! respective     
places & dates4 ,?is gives u ! cosmos ( 
classical physics4 ,b ?is sy/em involves
 ! uncritical notion ( light & matt]    
travell+ ?r\gh m$ia previ\sly exi/+1 &  

be+ c>ri$ d[n1 l a boat drift+ d[n      
/ream1 by a fl[+ "t :i* has a pace ( its
 own1 & imposes x on all exi/5ce4 ,9    
reality1 ea* clock & ea* l&scape is     
self-c5tr$ & initially absolute3 its "t 
& space are irrelevant to ^? ( any o!r  
l&scape or clock1 unless ! objects or   
ev5ts reveal$ !re1 be+ posit$ z         
self-exi/5t1 actually co9cide ) ^?      
reveal$ also 9 ano!r l&scape1 or dat$ by
 ano!r clock4 ,x is only by travell+    
along its own pa? at its own rate t     
exp]i5ce or light c ev] rea* a po9t ly+ 
on ano!r pa? also1 s t two obs]vations1 
& two measures1 may co9cide at _!       
ultimate t]ms1 _! />t+-po9ts or _! ends4
 ,positions are !re=e n indep5d5t ( !   
j\rney :i* t]m9ates 9 !m1 & !reby       
individuates !m2 & dates are n indep5d5t
 ( ! ev5ts :i* di/+ui% !m4 ,! flux (    
exi/5ce comes fir/3 matt] & light di/5d 
"t by _! pulses1 !y di/5d space by _!   
deploym5ts4  ,?is1 if ,i und]/& x1 is "o
 half ! new !ory2 ! o!r half is n less  
acceptable4 ,newton _h describ$ motion z

 a result ( two pr9ciples3 ! fir/1      
in]tia1 0 suppos$ to be inh]5t 9 bodies2
 ! second1 gravity1 0 incid5tal to _!   
co-exi/5ce4 ,yet inh]5t in]tia c only be
 obs]v$ relatively3 x makes no diff]5ce 
to me :e!r ,i am said to be mov+ at a   
great spe$ or absolutely at re/1 if ,i  
am n jolt$ or brea?less1 & if my felt   
environm5t does n *ange4 ,in]tia1 or    
weight1 9 s f> z x d5otes some?+        
intr9sic1 seems to be b ano!r "n =      
sub/ance or ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce3 9 s f>
 z x d5otes ! fir/ law ( motion1 x seems
 to be relative to an environm5t4 ,x    
w\ld !re=e be pref]able to comb9e in]tia
 & attraction 9 a s+le =mula1 express+ !
 behavi\r ( bodies t[>ds "o ano!r 9 all 
_! conjunctions1 )\t introduc+ any      
inh]5t =ces or absolute measures4 ,?is  
seems to h be5 done by ,e9/e91 or at    
lea/ impressively sugge/$3 & x has be5  
f\nd t ! new calculations correspond to 
c]ta9 delicate obs]vations m accurately 
?an ! old4  ,?is revolution 9 sci5ce    
seems1 !n1 to be p]fectly legal1 & ought

 to be welcom$2 yet only "u "o important
 moral condition1 & ) a p>adoxical      
result4 ,! moral condition is t ! pride 
( sci5ce %\ld turn into humility1 t x   
%\ld no long] imag9e t x is lay+ b>e !  
intr9sic nature ( ?+s4 ,& ! p>adoxical  
result is ?is3 t ! =ms ( sci5ce are     
optional1 l v>i\s languages or me?ods ( 
notation4 ,"o may be m conv5i5t or      
subtle ?an ano!r1 accord+ to ! place1   
s5ses1 int]e/s1 & scope ( ! explor]2 a  
re=m 9 sci5ce may r5d] ! old !ories     
antiquat$1 l ! habit ( we>+ togas1 or ( 
go+ nak$2 b x _c r5d] !m false1 or      
itself true4 ,sci5ce1 :5 x is m ?an !   
gossip ( adv5ture or ( exp]im5t1 yields 
practical assurances c\*$ 9 symbolic    
t]ms1 b no ultimate insight3 s t !      
intellectual vacancy ( ! exp]t1 :i* ,i 0
 d]id+1 is a sort ( w>rant ( 8 solidity4
 ,x is r :5 ! exp]t prophesies1 :5 he   
prop\nds a new philosophy f\nd$ on 8    
late/ exp]im5ts1 t we may ju/ly smile at
 8 sy/em1 & wait = ! next4  ,self-k--& !
 new sci5ce is full ( self-k--is a great

 lib]ator3 if p]haps x imposes "s       
retr5*m5t1 ess5tially x revives c\rage4 
,!n at la/ we see :at we are & :at we c 
d4 ,! _s c ab&on its va9 commitm5ts &   
false pret5sions1 l a "y man free at la/
 to ?r[ (f 8 clo!s & run nak$ along !   
s&s4 ,intellig5ce is nev] gay]1 nev]    
sur]1 ?an :5 x is /rictly =mal1 satisfi$
 ) ! evid5ce ( its mat]ials1 z ) !      
lights ( jewels1 & fill$ ) m\nt+        
speculations1 z ) a sort ( laught]4 ,if 
all ! arts aspire to ! condition (      
music1 all ! sci5ces aspire to !        
condition ( ma!matics4 ,_! logic is _!  
spontane\s & intelligible side3 & :ile  
!y diff] f ma!matics & f "o ano!r 9 be+ 
direct$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^u v>i\s       
un9telligible exi/+ objects1 yet z !y   
advance1 !y unite3 because !y are       
ev]y:]e /riv+ to discov] 9 ^?           
miscellane\s objects "s intelligible    
ord] & me?od4 ,& z ! emotion ( ! pure   
arti/1 :atev] may be 8 mat]ials1 lies 9 
f9d+ 9 !m "s =mal h>mony or impos+ x ^u 
!m1 s ! int]e/ ( ! sci5tific m9d1 9 s f>

 z x is free & purely intellectual1 lies
 9 trac+ _! =mal patt]n4 ,! ma!matician 
c af=d to leave to 8 cli5ts1 ! eng9e]s1 
or p]haps ! popul> philosoph]s1 !       
emotion ( belief3 = himself he keeps !  
lyrical pleasure ( metre & ( evolv+     
equations3 & x is a pleasant surprise to
 him1 & an add$ problem1 if he f9ds t ! 
arts c use 8 calculations1 or t ! s5ses 
c v]ify !m2 mu* z if a compos] f\nd t ! 
sailors c\ld heave bett] :5 s++ 8 songs4
  ,yet su* indep5d5ce1 h[ev] glori\s    
inw>dly1 _c help dim9i%+ ! pre/ige ( !  
arts 9 ! _w4 ,if sci5ce misl$ u be=e1 :5
 x 0 full ( cle>ness & confid5ce1 h[    
%all we tru/ x n[ t x is all my/]y &    
p>adox8 ,if classical physics ne$$ ?is  
fundam5tal revision1 ne> to exp]i5ce &  
fruitful z x 01 :at revision w n        
romantic physics require8 ,nor is !     
future alone insecure3 ev5 n[ ! prophets
 h>dly und]/& "o ano!r1 or p]haps       
!mselves2 & "s ( !m int]l>d _! sci5ce ) 
! mo/ dubi\s metaphysics4 ,naturally !  
enemies ( sci5ce h n be5 sl[ to seize   

?is opportunity3 ! s(t-he>t$1 !         
muddle-head$1 ! sup]/iti\s are all rais+
 _! voices1 no long] 9 desp]ate         
resi/ance to sci5ce1 b hopefully1 & 9   
its "n4 ,sci5ce1 !y tell u1 is no long] 
ho/ile to religion1 or to div9ation (   
any sort4 ,inde$1 div9ation is a sci5ce 
too4 ,physics is no long] mat]iali/ic   
s9ce space is n[ curv$1 & fill$ ) an e!r
 ?r\gh :i* light travels at #cjj1jjj    
kilometres p] second--an immat]ial rate3
 because if any?+ mat]ial v5tur$ to move
 at t =bidd5 spe$1 x w\ld be s flatt5$ t
 x w\ld cease to exi/4 ,inde$1 matt] is 
n[ h>dly ne$$ at all2 its place has be5 
tak5 by radio-activity1 & by electrons  
:i* d>t & :irl ) su* miracul\s          
swiftness1 t occasionally1 = no kn[n    
reason1 !y c skip f orbit to orbit )\t  
trav]s+ ! int]v5+ positions--an evid5t  
pro( ( free-w 9 !m4 ,or if solids %\ld  
/ill seem to be mat]ial1 !re are a/ral  
bodies z well :i* are immat]ial al?\gh  
physical2 & z to e!r & electricity1 !y  
are ! v sub/ance ( _s4 ,all ?is ,i f9d  

ann\nc$ 9 newspap]s & ev5 9 books z !   
breakd[n ( sci5tific mat]ialism3 & yet1 
:5 0 mat]ialism m arrant & b>b>\s ?an 9 
^! ann\ncem5ts8 ,some?+ no d\bt has     
brok5 d[n3 b ,i am afraid x is r ! habit
 ( ?9k+ cle>ly & ! p[] to disc]n !      
diff]5ce betwe5 mat]ial & spiritual ?+s4
  ,! late/ revolution 9 sci5ce w        
probably n be ! la/4 ,i d n "k :at      
int]nal difficulties1 contradictions1 or
 om9\s obscurities may exi/ 9 ! new     
!ories1 or :at logical se$s ( *ange1    
p]haps ( radical *ange1 might be        
discov]$ !re by a compet5t critic4 ,i   
base my expectation on two circum/ances 
some:at m ext]nal & visible to ! lay    
m9d4 ,"o circum/ance is t ! new !ories  
seem to be affect$1 & p>tly inspir$1 by 
a p>ticul> philosophy1 itself utt]ly    
insecure4 ,?is philosophy reg>ds ! po9t 
( view z controll+ or ev5 creat+ !      
object se52 9 o!r words1 x id5tifies !  
object ) ! exp]i5ce or ! k ( x3 x is    
ess5tially a subjective1 psy*ological1  
,prote/ant philosophy4 ,! /udy (        

p]spectives1 :i* a sev]] critic might   
call illusions1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & 
enlight5+ ( /udies1 & = my own "p ,i    
%\ld be cont5t to dwell almo/           
exclusively 9 t poetic & moral          
atmosph]e1 9 ! realm ( lit]ature & (    
humanism4 ,yet ,i _c help see+ t nei!r 9
 logic nor 9 natural g5esis c           
p]spectives be ! ultimate object (      
sci5ce1 s9ce a plurality ( po9ts ( view1
 someh[ comp>able1 mu/ be assum$ 9 !    
beg9n+1 z well z common pr9ciples (     
projection1 & ult]ior po9ts ( contact or
 co9cid5ce4 ,su* assumptions1 :i* mu/   
p]si/ ?r\gh\t1 seem to presuppose an    
absolute sy/em ( nature beh9d all !     
relative sy/ems ( sci5ce4  ,! o!r       
circum/ance :i* po9ts to fur!r          
revolutions is social4 ,! new sci5ce is 
un9telligible to almo/ all ( u2 x c be  
te/$ only by v delicate obs]vations & v 
difficult reason+4 ,we accept x on !    
au?ority ( a few pr(essors :o !mselves h
 accept$ x ) a contagi\s alacrity1 z if 
caught 9 a :irlw9d4 ,x has sprung up    

my/]i\sly & mightily1 l my/icism 9 a    
cloi/] or !ology 9 a c\ncil3 a ,soviet (
 le>n$ m5 has proclaim$ x4 ,moreov]1 x  
is n m]ely a sy/em among sy/ems1 b a    
movem5t among movem5ts4 ,a sy/em1 ev5 :5
 x has s]i\s rivals1 may be ma9ta9$ =   
c5turies z religions are ma9ta9$1       
in/itutionally2 b a movem5t comes to an 
end2 x is foll[$ pres5tly by a p]iod (  
assimilation :i* trans=ms x1 or by a    
movem5t 9 "s o!r direction4 ,i ask      
myself accord+ly :e!r ! condition ( ! _w
 9 ! com+ ye>s w be fav\rable to ref9$ &
 p>adoxical sci5ce4 ,! ext5sion (       
education w h enabl$ ! un$ucat$ to      
pron\nce ^u ev]y?+4 ,w ! patronage (    
capital & ent]prise subsi/1 to enc\rage 
discov]y & rew>d inv5tion8 ,w a jeal\s &
 dogmatic democracy respect !           
un9telligible insight ( ! few8 ,w a     
p]haps />v+ democracy support mat]ially 
its ,soviet ( se]s8 ,b let u suppose t  
no utilit>ian fanaticism sup]v5es1 & no 
intellectual surfeit or disc\ragem5t4   
,may n ! v pr(undity ( ! new sci5ce &   

its metaphysical aff9ities lead x to    
bold] developm5ts1 inscrutable to !     
public & incompatible ) "o ano!r1 l !   
gno/ic sects ( decl9+ antiquity8 ,!n    
p]haps t lum9\s mod]n ?+ :i* until      
rec5tly 0 call$ sci5ce1 9 contra/ to all
 p]sonal philosophies1 may cease to exi/
 altoge!r1 be+ petrifi$ into r\t9e 9 !  
practition]s1 & fad+ 9 ! pr(essors into 
ab/ruse speculations4     ,,iv  ,a      
,,long ,,way ,,r\nd ,,to ,,nirvana   ,t 
! end ( life is dea? may be call$ a     
truism1 s9ce ! v>i\s k9ds ( immortality 
t might p]haps sup]v5e w\ld none ( !m   
aboli% dea?1 b at be/ w\ld weave life & 
dea? toge!r into ! texture ( a m        
compreh5sive de/9y4 ,! end ( "o life    
might be ! beg9n+ ( ano!r1 if ! ,creator
 _h compos$ 8 great "w l a dramatic     
poet1 assign+ successive l9es to diff]5t
 *>act]s4 ,dea? w\ld !n be m]ely ! cue  
at ! end ( ea* spee*1 summon+ ! next    
p]sonage to break 9 & keep ! ball roll+4
 ,or p]haps1 z "s suppose1 all ! *>act]s
 are assum$ 9 turn by a s+le sup]natural

 ,_s1 :o amid 8 endless improvisations  
is imag9+ himself liv+ = ! mom5t 9 ?is  
p>ticul> sol> & social sy/em4 ,dea? 9   
su* a univ]sal monologue w\ld be b a    
*ange ( sc5e or ( metre1 :ile 9 !       
scramble ( a real com$y x w\ld be a     
*ange ( actors4 ,9 ei!r case e voice    
w\ld be sil5c$ soon] or lat]1 & dea?    
w\ld end ea* p>ticul> life1 9 spite (   
all possible sequels4  ,! relapse (     
creat$ ?+s into no?+ is no viol5t       
fatality1 b some?+ naturally q smoo? &  
prop]4 ,?is has be5 set =? rec5tly1 9 a 
novel way1 by a philosoph] f :om we     
h>dly expect$ su* a lesson1 namely      
,pr(essor ,sigmund ,freud4 ,he has n[   
broad5$ 8 conception ( sexual crav+ or  
libido into a g5]al pr9ciple (          
attraction or concretion 9 matt]1 l !   
,eros ( ! anci5t poets ,hesiod &        
,emp$ocles4 ,! w9d[s ( t /uffy cl9ic h  
be5 ?r[n op52 t smell ( acrid           
dis9fectants1 ^? hy/]ical %rieks1 h     
escap$ into ! cold night4 ,! tr\bles ( !
 sick s\l1 we are giv5 to und]/&1 z well

 z _! cure1 aft] all fl[ f ! />s4  ,i am
 glad t ,freud has resi/$ ! t5d5cy to   
repres5t ?is pr9ciple ( ,love z ! only  
pr9ciple 9 nature4 ,unity someh[        
ex]cises an evil spell ov]              
metaphysicians4 ,x is admitt$ t 9 real  
life x is n well = ,"o to be alone1 & ,i
 ?9k pure unity is no less b>r5 &       
graceless 9 metaphysics4 ,y mu/ h       
plurality to />t )1 or tr9ity1 or at    
lea/ duality1 if y wi% to get any:]e1   
ev5 if y wi% to get effectively into !  
bosom ( ! ,"o1 ab&on+ y\r sep>ate       
exi/5ce4 ,freud1 l ,emp$ocles1 has      
prud5tly introduc$ a prior pr9ciple =   
,love to play )2 n ,/rife1 h[ev] 7:i* is
 only an incid5t 9 ,love71 b ,in]tia1 or
 ! t5d5cy t[>ds peace & dea?4 ,let u    
suppose t matt] 0 orig9ally dead1 &     
p]fectly cont5t to be s1 & t x /ill     
relapses1 :5 x c1 into its old          
equilibrium4 ,b ! homog5e\s 7z ,sp5c]   
w\ld say7 :5 x is f9ite is un/able3 &   
matt]1 presumably n be+ co-ext5sive )   
space1 necess>ily =ms aggregates :i* h  

an inside & an outside4 ,! p>ts ( su*   
bodies are accord+ly diff]5tly expos$ to
 ext]nal influ5ces & diff]5tly relat$ to
 "o ano!r4 ,?is inequality1 ev5 9 :at   
seems mo/ quiesc5t1 is big ) *anges1    
de/9$ to produce 9 "t a wond]ful        
complexity4 ,x is ! s\rce ( all         
uneas9ess1 ( life1 & ( love4       ,let 
u imag9e writes ,freud#aa an            
undiff]5tiat$ vesicle (      s5sitive   
sub/ance3 !n its surface1 expos$ z x is 
to !      out] _w1 is by its v position 
diff]5tiat$1 & s]ves z      an organ =  
receiv+ /imuli4444 ,?is morsel ( liv+   
sub/ance      floats ab\t 9 an out] _w  
:i* is *>g$ ) ! mo/      pot5t en]gies1 
& x w\ld be de/roy$ 444 if x 7 n        
furni%$ ) protection aga9/ /imulation4  
,on ! o!r h&      ! s5sitive cortical   
lay] has no protective b>ri] aga9/      
excitations emanat+ f )94444 ,! mo/     
prolific s\rces (      su* excitations  
are ! s-call$ in/9cts ( ! organism4444  
,! *ild nev] gets tir$ ( dem&+ !        
repetition ( a game      444 he wants   

always to he> ! same /ory in/ead ( a new
 "o1      insi/s inexorably on exact    
repetition1 & corrects ea* deviation    
:i* ! n>rator lets slip by mi/ake4444   
,accord+ to ?is1 an      in/9ct w\ld be 
a t5d5cy 9 liv+ organic matt] impell+ x 
t[>ds re9/atem5t ( an e>li] condition1  
"o :i* x _h      ab&on$ "u ! influ5ce ( 
ext]nal di/urb+ =ces--a k9d      (      
organic ela/icity1 or1 to put x ano!r   
way1 ! manife/ation      ( in]tia 9     
organic life4       ,if1 !n1 all organic
 in/9cts are cons]vative1 hi/orically   
acquir$1 & direct$ t[>ds regression1    
t[>ds re9/atem5t (      some?+ e>li]1 we
 are oblig$ to place all ! results (    
organic developm5t to ! cr$it ( ext]nal1
 di/urb+1 &      di/ract+ influ5ces4 ,! 
rudim5t>y creature w\ld f its      v    
beg9n+ n h want$ to *ange1 w\ld1 if     
circum/ances      _h rema9$ ! same1 h   
always m]ely repeat$ ! same c\rse      (
 exi/5ce4444 ,x w\ld be c\nt] to !      
cons]vative nature (      in/9ct if !   
goal ( life 7 a /ate nev] hi!rto rea*$4 

,x mu/ be r an anci5t />t+ po9t1 :i* !  
liv+ be+      left long ago1 & to :i* x 
h>ks back aga9 by all !      circuit\s  
pa?s ( developm5t4444 ,! goal ( all life
 is      dea?4444       ,?r\gh a long   
p]iod ( "t ! liv+ sub/ance may h 444    
_h dea? )9 easy rea* 444 until decisive 
ext]nal influ5ces      alt]$ 9 su* a way
 z to compel x to ev] great] deviations 
f ! orig9al pa? ( life1 & to ev] m      
complicat$ &      circuit\s r\tes to !  
atta9m5t ( ! goal ( dea?4 ,^!           
circuit\s ways to dea?1 fai?fully reta9$
 by ! cons]vative      in/9cts1 w\ld be 
nei!r m nor less ?an ! ph5om5a (        
life z we "k x4  ,freud puts =? ^!      
int]e/+ sugge/ions ) mu* mode/y1 admitt+
 t !y are vague & unc]ta9 & 7:at x is   
ev5 m important to notice7 my?ical 9 _! 
t]ms2 b x seems to me t1 = all t1 !y are
 an admirable c\nt]bla/ to preval5t     
follies4 ,:5 we he> t !re is1 animat+ ! 
:ole univ]se1 an lan vital1 or g5]al    
impulse t[>d "s unkn[n b s+le ideal1 !  
t]ms us$ are no less unc]ta91 my?ical1 &

 vague1 b ! sugge/ion convey$ is        
false--false1 ,i mean1 to ! organic     
s\rce ( life & aspiration1 to ! simple  
naturalness ( nature3 :]eas ! sugge/ion 
convey$ by ,freud's speculations is     
true4 ,9 :at s5se c my?s & metaphors be 
true or false8 ,9 ! s5se t1 9 t]ms drawn
 f moral pr$icam5ts or f lit]>y         
psy*ology1 !y may report ! g5]al movem5t
 & ! p]t95t issue ( mat]ial facts1 & may
 inspire u ) a wise s5tim5t 9 _!        
pres5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i %\ld say t      
,greek my?ology 0 true & ,calv9i/ !ology
 0 false4 ,! *ief t]ms employ$ 9        
psy*o-analysis h always be5             
metaphorical3 unconsci\s wi%es1 !       
pleasure-pr9ciple1 ! ,o$ipus complex1   
,n>cissism1 ! c5sor2 nev]!less1 int]e/+ 
& pr(\nd vi/as may be op5$ up1 9 su*    
t]ms1 into ! tangle ( ev5ts 9 a man's   
life1 & a fre% />t may be made ) few]   
encumbrances & less morbid inhibition4  
,! %ortcom+s ( our description1 ,freud  
says1 w\ld probably disappe> if =       
psy*ological t]ms we c\ld sub/itute     

physiological or *emical ones4 ,^! too  
only con/itute a metaphorical language1 
b "o famili> to u = a mu* long] "t1 &   
p]haps also simpl]4 ,all human disc\rse 
is metaphorical1 9 t our p]ceptions &   
?\ghts are adv5titi\s signs = _!        
objects1 z names are1 & by no means     
copies ( :at is go+ on mat]ially 9 !    
dep?s ( nature2 b j z ! sportsman's eye1
 :i* yields b a summ>y graphic image1 c 
trace ! flight ( a bird ?r\gh ! air q   
well en\gh to %oot x & br+ x d[n1 s !   
my?s ( a wise philosoph] ab\t ! orig9 ( 
life or ( dreams1 ?\gh express$         
symbolically1 may reveal ! p]t95t       
movem5t ( nature to u1 & may k9dle 9 u j
 s5tim5ts & true expectations 9 respect 
to our fate--= 8 own s\l is ! bird ?is  
sportsman is %oot+4  ,n[ ,i ?9k ^! new  
my?s ( ,freud's ab\t life1 l 8 old ones 
ab\t dreams1 are calculat$ to enlight5 &
 to *a/5 u enorm\sly ab\t ourselves4 ,! 
human _s1 :5 x awakes1 f9ds itself 9    
tr\ble2 x is burd5$1 = no reason x c    
assign1 ) all sorts ( anxieties ab\t    

food1 pressures1 pricks1 noises1 & pa9s4
 ,x is born1 z ano!r wise my? has x1 9  
orig9al s94 ,& ! passions & ambitions ( 
life1 z !y come on1 only complicate ?is 
burd5 & make x heavi]1 )\t r5d]+ x less 
incessant or gratuit\s4 ,:5ce ?is       
fatality1 & :i!r does x lead8 ,x comes f
 h]$ity1 & x leads to propagation4 ,:5  
we ask h[ h]$ity c\ld be />t$ or        
transmitt$1 our ignorance ( nature & (  
pa/ "t r$uces u to sil5ce or to wild    
conjectures4 ,some?+--let u call x      
matt]--mu/ always h exi/$1 & "s ( its   
p>ts1 "u pressure ( ! o!rs1 mu/ h got   
ti$ up into knots1 l ! ma9spr+ ( a wat*1
 9 su* a viol5t & unhappy mann] t :5 !  
pressure is relax$ !y fly op5 z fa/ z !y
 c1 & unravel !mselves ) a va/ s5se (   
relief4 ,h5ce ! long+ to satisfy lat5t  
passions1 ) ! fugitive pleasure 9 do+ s4
 ,b ! ext]nal ag5cies t orig9ally w\nd  
up t ma9spr+ nev] cease to op]ate2 e    
fre% /imulus gives x ano!r turn1 until x
 snaps1 or gr[s flaccid1 or is unh+$4   
,moreov]1 f "t to "t1 :5 circum/ances   

*ange1 ^! ext]nal ag5cies may encru/ t  
prim>y organ ) m9or organs atta*$ to x4 
,e impression1 e adv5ture1 leaves a     
trace or r a se$ beh9d x4 ,x produces a 
fur!r complication 9 ! /ructure ( !     
body1 a fre% *>ge1 :i* t5ds to repeat ! 
impress$ motion 9 season & out ( season4
 ,h5ce t p]petual docility or ductility 
9 liv+ sub/ance :i* enables x to le>n   
tricks1 to rememb] facts1 & 7:5 ! se$s (
 pa/ exp]i5ces m>ry & cross 9 ! bra97 to
 imag9e new exp]i5ces1 pleas+ or        
horrible4 ,e act initiates a new habit &
 may implant a new in/9ct4 ,we see p ev5
 late 9 life c>ri$ away by political or 
religi\s contagions or develop+ /range  
vices2 !re w\ld be no peace 9 old age1 b
 r a great] & great] obsession by all   
sorts ( c>es1 7 x n t "t1 9 expos+ u to 
_m adv5titi\s influ5ces1 weak5s or      
dis*>ges our primitive passions2 we are 
less gre$y1 less lu/y1 less hopeful1    
less g5]\s4 ,b ^! weak5$ primitive      
impulses are naturally by f> ! /ronge/ &
 mo/ deeply root$ 9 ! organism3 s t     

al?\gh an old man may be conv]t$ or may 
take up "s hobby1 !re is usually some?+ 
?9 9 8 eld]ly zeal1 comp>$ ) ! he>t9ess 
( y\?2 nor is x edify+ to see a s\l 9   
:i* ! pla9] human passions are ext9ct   
becom+ a hotb$ ( *ance delusions4  ,9   
any case ea* fre% habit tak+ root 9 !   
organism =ms a little ma9spr+ or in/9ct 
( its own1 l a p>asite2 s t an elaborate
 me*anism is gradually develop$1 :]e ea*
 lev] & spr+ holds ! o!r d[n1 & all hold
 ! ma9spr+ d[n toge!r1 all[+ x to unw9d 
itself only v gradually1 & meantime     
keep+ ! :ole clock tick+ & revolv+1 &   
caus+ ! smoo? out] face :i* x turns to !
 _w1 s clean & innoc5t1 to m>k ! "t (   
day amiably = ! pass]-by4 ,b !re is a   
t]ribly complicat$ lab\r go+ on b5ea?1  
propell$ ) difficulty1 & balanc$        
prec>i\sly1 ) mu* secret friction &     
failure4 ,no wond] t ! eng9e (t5 gets   
visibly out ( ord]1 or /ops %ort3 !     
m>vel is t x ev] manages to g at all4   
,nor is x satisfi$ ) simply revolv+ &1  
:5 at la/ dism\nt$1 />t+ afre% 9 ! p]son

 ( "s se$ x has dropp$1 a portion ( its 
sub/ance ) all its conc5trat$ in/9cts   
w\nd up tightly )9 x1 & eag] to repeat !
 ance/ral exp]im5t2 all ?is gr[? is n   
m]ely mat]ial & va94 ,ea* clock 9       
revolv+ /rikes ! h\r1 ev5 ! qu>t]s1 &   
(t5 ) lovely *imes4 ,^! *imes we call   
p]ceptions1 feel+s1 purposes1 & dreams2 
& x is because we are tak5 up entirely )
 ?is m5tal music1 & p]haps ?9k t x s\nds
 ( itself & ne$s no music-box to make x1
 t we f9d su* difficulty 9 conceiv+ !   
nature ( our own clocks & are compell$  
to describe !m only musically1 t is1 9  
my?s4 ,b ! ineptitude ( our ae/hetic    
m9ds to unravel ! nature ( me*anism does
 n deprive ^! m9ds ( _! own cle>ness &  
euphony4 ,besides s\nd+ _! v>i\s musical
 notes1 !y h ! cognitive function (     
indicat+ ! h\r & cat*+ ! e*oes ( di/ant 
ev5ts or ( matur+ inw>d dispositions4   
,?is in=mation & emotion1 add$ to       
incid5tal pleasures 9 satisfy+ our v>i\s
 passions1 make up ! life ( an inc>nate 
_s4 ,!y reconcile x to ! ext]nal        

fatality t has w\nd up ! organism1 & is 
break+ x d[n2 & !y rescue ?is organism &
 all its works f ! indignity ( be+ a va9
 complication & a wa/e ( motion4  ,t !  
end ( life %\ld be dea? may s\nd sad3   
yet :at o!r end c any?+ h8 ,! end ( an  
ev5+ p>ty is to g to b$2 b its use is to
 ga!r cong5ial p toge!r1 t !y may pass !
 "t pleasantly4 ,an invitation to !     
dance is n r5d]$ ironical because !     
dance _c la/ = ev]2 ! y\nge/ ( u & ! mo/
 vigor\sly w\nd up1 aft] a few h\rs1 has
 _h en\gh ( s9u\s /epp+ & pranc+4 ,!    
transitor9ess ( ?+s is ess5tial to _!   
physical be+1 & n at all sad 9 itself2 x
 becomes sad by virtue ( a s5tim5tal    
illusion1 :i* makes u imag9e t !y wi% to
 endure1 & t _! end is always untimely2 
b 9 a heal?y nature x is n s4 ,:at is   
truly sad is to h "s impulse fru/rat$ 9 
! mid/ ( its c>e]1 & robb$ ( its *os5   
object2 & :at is pa9ful is to h an organ
 lac]at$ or de/roy$ :5 x is /ill        
vigor\s1 & n ready = its natural sleep &
 dissolution4 ,we mu/ n confuse ! it*   

:i* our unsatisfi$ in/9cts cont9ue to   
cause ) ! pleasure ( satisfy+ & dismiss+
 ea* ( !m 9 turn4 ,c\ld !y all be       
satisfi$ h>moni\sly we %\ld be satisfi$ 
once = all & completely4 ,!n do+ & dy+  
w\ld co9cide ?r\gh\t & be a p]fect      
pleasure4  ,?is same insight is conta9$ 
9 ano!r wise my? :i* has inspir$        
morality & religion 9 ,india f "t       
immemorial3 ,i mean ! doctr9e ( ,k>ma4  
,we are born1 x says1 ) a h]itage1 a "* 
impos$1 & a long task assign$1 all due  
to ! ignorance :i* 9 our pa/ lives has  
l$ u into all sorts ( commitm5ts4 ,^!   
obligations we mu/ pay (f1 reliev+ !    
pure _s )9 u f its accumulat$ burd5s1 f 
debts & assets bo? equally oppressive4  
,we _c dis5tangle ourselves by m]e      
frivolity1 nor by suicide3 frivolity    
w\ld only involve u m deeply 9 ! toils (
 fate1 & suicide w\ld b truncate our    
mis]y & leave u = ev] a confess$        
failure4 ,:5 life is und]/ood to be a   
process ( r$emption1 its v>i\s phases   
are tak5 up 9 turn )\t ha/e & )\t undue 

atta*m5t2 _! com+ & go+ h all ! ke5ness 
( pleasure1 ! hol9ess ( sacrifice1 & !  
beauty ( art4 ,! po9t is to h express$ &
 dis*>g$ all t 0 lat5t 9 u2 & to ?is    
p]fect relief v>i\s temp]am5ts & v>i\s  
traditions assign diff]5t names1 call+ x
 hav+ "o's day1 or do+ "o's duty1 or    
realis+ "o's ideal1 or sav+ "o's s\l4 ,!
 task 9 any case is def9ite & impos$ on 
u by nature1 :e!r we recognise x or n2  
!re=e we c make true moral progress or  
fall into real errors4 ,wisdom & g5ius  
lie 9 disc]n+ ?is prescrib$ task & 9 do+
 x readily1 cleanly1 & )\t di/raction4  
,folly on ! contr>y imag9es t any sc5t  
is wor? foll[+1 t we h an inf9ite       
nature1 or no nature 9 p>ticul>1 t life 
beg9s )\t obligations & c d bus9ess )\t 
capital1 & t ! w is vacu\sly free1      
in/ead ( be+ a specific burd5 & a tight 
h]$it>y knot to be unravell$4 ,"s       
philosoph]s )\t self-k ?9k t ! v>iations
 & fur!r entanglem5ts :i* ! future may  
br+ are ! manife/ation ( _s2 b !y are1 z
 ,freud has indicat$1 impos$ on liv+    

be+s by ext]nal pressure1 & take %ape 9 
! realm ( matt]4 ,x is only aft] !      
organs ( _s are =m$ me*anically t _s c  
exi/1 & c di/+ui% ! bett] f ! worse 9 ! 
fate ( ^? organs1 & !re=e 9 its own     
fate4 ,_s has no?+ to d ) inf9ite       
exi/5ce4 ,inf9ite exi/5ce is some?+     
physical & ambigu\s2 !re is no scale 9 x
 & no c5tre4 ,! dep?s ( ! human he>t are
 f9ite1 & !y are d>k only to ignorance4 
,deep & d>k z a s\l may be :5 y look d[n
 into x f outside1 x is some?+ p]fectly 
natural2 & ! same und]/&+ t c une>? our 
suppress$ "y passions1 & dispel our     
/ubborn bad habits1 c %[ u :]e our true 
good lies4 ,nature has m>k$ out ! pa? = 
u be=eh&2 !re are sn>es 9 x1 b also     
primroses1 & x leads to peace4     ,v   
,,! ,,pre/ige ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite   ,! m  
complex ! _w becomes & ! m x rises above
 ! indet]m9ate1 s mu* ! f>!r remov$ x is
 f ,god2 t is to say1 s mu* ! m impi\s x
 is4 ,m4 ,juli5 ,b5da#ab is n l$ to ?is 
/>tl+ utt]ance by any political or      
s5tim5tal grudge4 ,x is n ! late w>1 nor

 ! peace ( ,v]sailles1 nor ! p>l\s /ate 
( ! arts1 nor ! decay ( morality &      
prosp]ity t disgu/s him ) our confus$   
_w4 ,x is simply ov]ma/]+ respect = !   
inf9ite4 ,la ,trahison des ,cl]cs1 or   
,treason ( ! ,levites1 ) :i* he _h      
previ\sly upbraid$ ! intellectuals ( 8  
"t1 n[ appe>s to consi/ precisely 9     
covet+ a "p 9 ?is _w's inh]itance1 &    
=gett+ t ! inh]itance ( ! ,levites is ! 
,"l3 :i*1 be+ int]pret$ philosophically1
 means t a philosoph] is b\nd to measure
 all ?+s by ! inf9ite4  ,?is inf9ite is 
n rhetorical1 z if we spoke ( inf9ite   
?\ght or inf9ite love3 x is             
physico-ma!matical4 ,no?+ b numb]1 ,m4  
,b5da tells u1 seems to him             
intelligible4 ,"t1 space1 volume1 &     
complexity 7:i* appe>s to ! s5ses z     
quality7 /ret* 9 a s]ies ( units1       
positions1 or degrees1 to inf9ity1 z    
numb] does3 & 9 su* homog5e\s s]ies1    
inf9ite 9 bo? directions1 !re w be no   
fix$ po9t ( orig9 = c\nt+ or survey+ !  
:ole & no p>ticul> pr$om9ant scale4 ,e  

position w be ess5tially id5tical ) e   
o!r2 e sugge/$ /ructure w be collapsible
 & rev]sible2 & ! position & relations (
 e unit w be indi/+ui%able f ^? ( e o!r4
 ,9 ! inf9ite1 ,m4 ,b5da says1 ! p>ts h 
no id5tity3 ea* numb] 9 ! scale1 z we   
beg9 c\nt+ f diff]5t po9ts ( orig91 be>s
 also e o!r numb]4  ,?is is no m]e      
ma!matical puzzle2 ! ?\ght has a /range 
moral eloqu5ce4 ,se5 9 _! inf9ite sett+1
 :i* we may presume to be _! ultimate   
environm5t1 all ?+s lose _! c5tral      
position & _! dom9ant emphasis4 ,!      
contr>y ( :at we fir/ ?9k ( !m or (     
ourselves--= in/ance t we are alive1    
:ile !y are dead or unborn--is also     
true4 ,egotism becomes absurd2 pride &  
%ame become ! va9e/ ( illusions4 ,if !n 
x be repugnant to reason t ! s]ies (    
numb]s1 mom5ts1 positions1 & volumes    
%\ld be limit$--& ! human _s has a great
 aff9ity to ! inf9ite--all specific     
quality & v>iety 9 ?+s mu/ be sup]ficial
 & deeply unreal4 ,!y are masks 9 !     
c>nival ( ph5om5a1 to be obs]v$ )\t     

conviction1 & secretly dismiss$ z       
ironical by ^? :o h laid up _! treasure 
9 ! inf9ite4  ,?is ma!matical           
dissolution ( p>ticul>s is re9=c$ by    
moral consid]ations :i* are m famili>4  
,exi/5ce--any specific fact ass]t+      
itself 9 any p>ticul> place or mom5t--is
 inevitably cont+5t1 arbitr>y1          
gratuit\s1 & insecure4 ,a s5se (        
insecurity is likely to be ! fir/ w$ge  
by :i* rep5tance p5etrates into ! animal
 he>t4 ,if a man did n =esee dea? & fe> 
x1 he might nev] come at all to !       
unnatural ?\ght ( r5\nc+ life4 ,9 fact1 
he does n (t5 rememb] dea?3 yet 8 :ole  
gay _w is secretly afraid ( be+ f\nd    
out1 ( be+ foil$ 9 ! sy/ematic bluff by 
:i* x lives z if its life 7 immortal2 & 
f> m ?an ! brave "y man fe>s dea? 9 8   
own p]son1 ! :ole life ( ! _w fe>s to be
 exorcis$ by self-k1 & lo/ 9 air4 ,& )  
good reason3 because1 :e!r we /op to    
notice ?is circum/ance or n1 e fact1 e  
labori\s belov$ a*ievem5t ( man or (    
nature1 has come to exi/ aga9/ inf9ite  

odds4 ,9 ! d>k grab-bag ( ,be+1 ?is *os5
 fact 0 surr\nd$ by innum]able possible 
v>iations or contradictions ( x2 & ea* (
 ^? possibilities1 happ5+ n to be       
realis$ "h & n[1 yet possesses          
intr9sically exactly ! same aptitude or 
claim to exi/5ce4 ,nor are ^! claims &  
aptitudes m]ely imag9>y & practically   
contemptible4 ,! flux ( exi/5ce is      
cont9ually rep5t+ ( its *oices1 & giv+  
ev]y?+ actual ! lie1 by cont9ually      
sub/itut+ some?+ else1 no less specific 
& no less nugatory4 ,?is _w1 any _w1    
exi/s only by an unm]it$ privilege4 ,its
 glory is (f5sive to ! _s1 l !          
self-suffici5cy ( "s ob/rep]\s nobody1  
:o happ5s to h drawn ! big prize 9 a    
lott]y4 ,! _w1 ,m4 ,b5da writes1        
inspires me ) a d\ble s5tim5t4 ,i feel x
 to be full ( gr&eur1 because x has     
succe$$ 9 ass]t+ itself & com+ to exi/2 
& ,i feel x to be pitiful1 :5 ,i consid]
 h[ x hung on a m]e no?+ t ?is p>ticul> 
_w %\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,& ?\gh ?is s     
accid5tal _w1 by its manifold beauties &

 excitem5ts1 may ar\se our romantic     
en?usiasm1 x is fundam5tally an unholy  
_w4 ,its creation1 he adds 9 italics1 is
 some?+ :i* reason w\ld wi% _h nev] tak5
 place4  ,= we mu/ n suppose t ,god1 :5 
,god is def9$ z inf9ite ,be+1 c be !    
creator ( ! _w4 ,su* a notion w\ld      
hopelessly de/roy t coh]5ce 9 ?\ght to  
:i* ,m4 ,b5da aspires4 ,! inf9ite _c be 
selective2 x _c possess a p>ticul>      
/ructure 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,tr9ity7  
nor a p>ticul> quality 7su* z goodness74
 ,x _c ex]t p[] or give direction4 ,no?+
 c be responsible = ! _w except ! _w    
itself4 ,x has creat$1 or is creat+1    
itself p]petually by its own arbitr>y   
act1 by a gr\ndless self-ass]tion :i*   
may be call$ 7some:at metaphorically7 w1
 or ev5 orig9al s93 ! orig9al s9 (      
exi/5ce1 p>ticul>ity1 selfi%ness1 or    
sep>ation f ,god4 ,exi/5ce1 be+         
absolutely cont+5t & ungr\nd$1 is       
p]fectly free3 & if x ties itself up 9  
its own habits or laws1 & becomes a     
t]rible nightm>e to itself by its       

automatic monotony1 t /ill is only its  
own "w &1 figuratively speak+1 its own  
fault4 ,no?+ save its own arbitr>y &    
ne$less pressure keeps x go+ 9 t r\nd4  
,?is fatality is impressive1 & popul>   
religion has symbolis$ x 9 ! p]son ( a  
deity f> m (t5 recognis$ & wor%ipp$ ?an 
inf9ite ,be+4 ,?is popul> deity1 a      
symbol = ! =ces ( nature & hi/ory1 !    
patron ( human welf>e & morality1 ,m4   
,b5da calls ! imp]ial ,god4       ,x is 
cle> t ^! two ,gods 444 h no?+ to d ) "o
      ano!r4 ,! ,god :om ,m>%al de      
,vill>s1 ris+ 9 8 /irrups      & po9t+ 8
 drawn sword heav5w>ds1 ?anks on ! ev5+ 
(      ,d5a91 is "o ,god3 q ano!r is !  
,god )9 ^: bosom !      au?or ( !       
,imitation1 9 a corn] ( 8 cell1 feels ! 
no?+ness ( all human victories4  ,x     
foll[s f ?is1 if we are coh]5t1 t any   
return to ,god :i* ascetic philosophy   
may br+ ab\t _c be a social re=m1 a     
transition to "s bett] =m ( natural     
exi/5ce 9 a promis$ l&1 a r5ovat$ e>?1  
or a mat]ial or temporal heav54 ,nor c !

 error ( creation be correct$ viol5tly  
by a second arbitr>y act1 su* z suicide1
 or ! annihilation ( ! univ]se by "s    
ultimate g5]al collapse4 ,if su* ev5ts  
happ51 !y /ill leave ! door op5 to new  
creations & fre% errors4 ,b ! m>vel is  
7,i w return to ?is po9t pres5tly7 t !  
_w1 9 ! p]son ( a human individual end[$
 ) reason1 may p]ceive ! error ( its    
ways & correct x ideally1 9 ! sph]e (   
e/imation & wor%ip4 ,su* is ! only      
possible salvation4 ,reason1 9 ord] to  
save u1 & we1 9 ord] to be sav$1 mu/ bo?
 subsi/3 we mu/ bo? be incid5ts 9 !     
exi/+ _w4 ,we may !n1 by ! op]ation (   
reason 9 u1 recov] our allegiance to !  
inf9ite1 = we are bone ( its bone & fle%
 ( its fle%3 & by our secret sympa?y ) x
 we may resc9d e p>ticul> claim &       
dismiss sil5tly e p>ticul> =m ( be+1 z  
some?+ unreal & unholy4  ,an ev5 m cog5t
 reason :y ,m4 ,b5da's ,god _c h be5 !  
creator ( ! _w is t av[$ly ?is ,god has 
nev] exi/$4 ,we are expressly w>n$ t if 
,god is inf9ite ,be+ he excludes        

exi/5ce1 9 s f> z to exi/ means to be   
di/9ct4 ,9 ! s5se :i* ev]ybody atta*es  
to ! ^w exi/5ce1 ,god1 z ,i conceive    
him1 does n exi/4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! m9d ( a 
lov] ( ! inf9ite1 ?is fact is n         
d]ogatory to ,god1 b d]ogatory to       
exi/5ce4 ,! inf9ite rema9s ! fir/ & !   
ultimate t]m 9 ?\ght1 ! fundam5tal      
dim5sion common to all ?+s1 h[ev]       
o!rwise !y may be qualifi$2 x rema9s !  
et]nal backgr\nd aga9/ :i* !y all are   
def9$ & into :i* !y soon disappe>4      
,evid5tly1 9 ?is div9e--because         
inde/ructible & necess>y--dim5sion1 ,be+
 is incapable ( mak+ *oices1 adopt+ pa?s
 ( evolution1 or ex]cis+ p[]2 x kn[s    
no?+ ( ph5om5a2 x is n _! cause nor _!  
sanction4 ,x is incapable ( love1 wra?1 
or any o!r passion4 ,i w add1 writes ,m4
 ,b5da1 some?+ else :i* !ories ( an     
imp]sonal deity h less (t5 po9t$ out4   
,s9ce inf9ity is incompatible ) p]sonal 
be+1 ,god is incapable ( morality4 ,?us 
m]e intuition & analysis ( ! inf9ite1   
s9ce ?is inf9ite is itself passive &    

indiff]5t1 may prove a subtle antidote  
to passion1 to folly1 & ev5 to life4  ,i
 ?9k ,m4 ,b5da succe$s admirably 9 !    
purpose ann\nc$ 9 8 title ( r5d]+ 8     
disc\rse coh]5t4 ,if once we accept 8   
def9itions1 8 coroll>ies foll[4 ,cle>ly 
& bravely he dis5gages 8 idea ( inf9ity 
f o!r prop]ties usually assign$ to !    
deity1 su* z p[]1 omnisci5ce1 goodness1 
& tutel>y functions 9 respect to life1  
or to "s special human society4 ,b      
coh]5ce is n complet5ess1 nor ev5 a     
reasonable measure ( descriptive tru?2 &
 c]ta9 consid]ations are omitt$ f ,m4   
,b5da's view :i* are ( su* mom5t t1 if  
!y 7 includ$1 !y might trans=m ! :ole   
issue4 ,p]haps ! *ief ( ^! omissions is 
t ( an organ = ?\ght4 ,m4 ,b5da ?r\gh\t 
is engag$ simply 9 cl>ify+ 8 own ideas1 
& repeat$ly disclaims any ult]ior       
pret5sions4 ,he f9ds 9 ! panorama ( 8   
?\ghts an idea ( inf9ite ,be+1 or ,god1 
& proce$s to /udy ! relation ( t        
conception to all o!rs4 ,x is a task (  
critical analysis & religi\s confession3

 & no?+ c\ld be m legitimate &1 to "s ( 
u1 m int]e/+4 ,b :5ce ^! v>i\s ideas1 & 
:5ce ! spell :i* ! idea ( inf9ite ,be+ 9
 p>ticul> ca/s ov] ! m$itative m9d8     
,unless we c view ^! movem5ts ( ?\ght 9 
_! natural sett+ & ord] ( g5esis1 we    
%all be 9 dang] ( turn+ autobiography   
into cosmology & inw>dness into folly4  
,"o ( ! mo/ notable po9ts 9 ,m4 ,b5da's 
analysis is 8 insi/5ce on ! leap involv$
 9 pass+ f inf9ite ,be+ to any p>ticul> 
fact or sy/em ( facts2 & aga9 ! leap    
involv$ 9 pass+1 :5 ! conv]t$ _s returns
 to ,god1 f specific animal int]e/s--no 
matt] h[ g5]\s1 social1 or altrui/ic ^! 
int]e/s may be--to absolute r5unciation 
& sympa?y ) ! absolute4 ,t a w to return
 to ,god %\ld arise 9 ! ph5om5al _w     
seems to be a miracle no less wond]ful  
7?\gh x be less wond]$ at7 ?an t ! _w   
%\ld arise 9 ! bosom ( ,god4 ,love (    
man1 *>ity1 humanit>ianism are no?+ b ! 
selfi%ness ( ! race1 by :i* ea* animal  
species assures its specific exi/5ce4   
,to surr5d] "o's individuality = !      

b5efit ( a l>g] self is some?+ q diff]5t
 f dis9t]e/$ness2 x is ! exact opposite4
 ,& c]ta9ly1 if we reg>d$ inf9ite ,be+ z
 a cosmological m$ium--say1 empty space 
& "t--!re w\ld be a miracul\s break1 an 
unacc\ntable new beg9n+1 if t glassy    
expanse 0 sudd5ly wr9kl$ by some?+ call$
 en]gy4 ,b 9 fact !re ne$ nev] h be5 su*
 a leap1 or su* a miracle1 because !re  
c\ld nev] h be5 su* a transition4       
,inf9ite ,be+ is n a mat]ial vacuum 9 ! 
bosom ( :i* a _w might arise4 ,x is a   
,platonic idea--?\gh ,plato nev]        
ent]ta9$ x--an ess5ce1 non-exi/5t &     
immutable1 n 9 ! same field ( reality at
 all z a _w ( mov+ & collid+ ?+s4 ,su*  
an ess5ce is n conceivably ! seat ( !   
v>iations t enliv5 ! _w4 ,x is only 9   
?\ght t we may pass f inf9ite ,be+ to an
 exi/+ univ]se2 & :5 we turn f "o to !  
o!r1 & say t n[ en]gy has em]g$ f !     
bosom ( ,god1 we are turn+ ov] a new    
leaf1 or r pick+ up an entirely diff]5t 
volume4 ,! natural _w is compos$ (      
objects & ev5ts :i* !ory may reg>d z    

trans=mations ( a hypo!tical en]gy2 an  
en]gy :i* ,m4 ,b5da--:o :5 he comes d[n 
to ! physical _w is a good              
mat]iali/--conceives to h cond5s$ &     
di/ribut$ itself into matt]1 :i* 9 turn 
compos$ organisms & ultimately g5]at$   
consci\sness & reason4 ,b 9 :atev] mann]
 ! natural _w may h evolv$1 x is f\nd & 
posit$ by u 9 p]ception & action1 n1 l  
inf9ite ,be+1 def9$ 9 ?\ght4 ,?is       
contra/ is ontological1 & excludes any  
d]ivation ( ! "o object f ! o!r4 ,m4    
,b5da himself tells u s2 & we may wond] 
:y he introduc$ inf9ite ,be+ at all into
 8 description ( ! _w4 ,! reason        
d\btless is t he 0 n engag$ 9 describ+ !
 _w1 except by ! way1 b r 9 classify+ & 
cl>ify+ 8 ideas 9 view ( det]m9+ 8 moral
 allegiance4 ,& he arrang$ 8 t]ms1 :e!r 
ideal or mat]ials1 9 a s+le s]ies1      
because !y 7 alike pres5t to 8          
intuition1 & he 0 conc]n$ to arrange !m 
9 a hi]>*y1 accord+ to _! moral dignity4
  ,n only is inf9ite ,be+ an incongru\s 
& ob/ructive t]m to describe ! sub/ance 

( ! _w 7:i*1 if x subt5ds ! *anges 9 !  
_w & causes !m1 mu/ evid5tly *ange )    
!m71 b ev5 ma!matical space & "t1 9 _!  
ideal inf9ity1 may be v f> f describ+   
truly ! m$ium & gr\ndwork ( ! univ]se4  
,t is a "q = inve/igation & hypo!sis1 n 
= intuition4 ,b 9 ! life ( intuition1 :5
 t life takes a ma!matical turn1 empty  
space & "t & _! def9able /ructure may be
 important !mes2 :ile1 :5 ! same life   
becomes a discipl9e ( ! affections1 we  
see by ?is late/ example1 z well z by _m
 a r5[n$ pr$ecessor ( ,m4 ,b5da1 t      
inf9ite ,be+ may dom9ate ! sc5e4  ,nor  
is ?is ev5tual dom9ance s =eign to !    
natural m9d1 or su* a miracul\s         
conv]sion1 z x might seem4 ,"h1 too1 !re
 is no d]ivation ( object f object1 b an
 alt]native = ! m9d4 ,z ,m4 ,b5da po9ts 
out1 natural int]e/s & sympa?ies may    
exp& indef9itely1 s z to embrace a      
family1 a nation1 or ! :ole animate     
univ]se2 we might ev5 be *iefly occupi$ 
) lib]al pursuits1 su* z sci5ce or      
music2 ! m we lab\r$ at ^! ?+s &        

delight$ 9 !m1 ! less ready %\ld we be =
 r5unciation & deta*m5t4 ,mu/ conv]sion 
!n desc5d ^u u f heav5 l a ?und]bolt8   
,f> f x4 ,we ne$ n look = ! pr9ciple (  
spiritual life 9 ! di/ance3 we h x at   
home f ! beg9n+4 ,ev5 ! idea ( inf9ite  
,be+1 ?\gh unnam$1 is probably famili>4 
,p]haps 9 ! biography ( ! human race1 or
 ( ea* budd+ m9d1 ! inf9ite or          
indet]m9ate may h be5 ! prim>y datum4   
,on t homog5e\s s5su\s backgr\nd1 blank 
at fir/ b secretly pla/ic1 a spot "h & a
 movem5t !re may gradually h become     
disc]nible1 until ! :ole picture (      
nature & hi/ory _h %ap$ itself z we see 
x4 ,a c]ta9 s5se ( t primitive datum1 ! 
inf9ite or indet]m9ate1 may always rema9
 z x 7 ! out/ret*$ canvas on :i* e      
picture is pa9t$4 ,& :5 ! pictures      
vani%1 z 9 deep sleep1 ! anci5t         
simplicity & quietness may be actually  
recov]$1 9 a consci\s union ) ,brahma4  
,s s5su\s1 s intimate1 s unsophi/icat$ !
 return to ,god may be = ! _s1 )\t      
exclud+ ! o!r av5ues1 intellectual &    

ascetic1 by :i* ?is return may be       
effect$ 9 wak+ life1 ?\gh !n n s mu* 9  
act z 9 int5t only & allegiance4  ,i    
confess t =m]ly ,i _h "s difficulty 9   
%>+ ! supreme respect = inf9ite ,be+ :i*
 animates s _m sa9ts3 x seem$ to me !   
daz$1 ! empty1 ! delud$ side (          
spirituality4 ,:y re/ 9 an object :i* c 
be r$eem$ f blank negation only by a    
blank int5sity8 ,b "t has taught me n to
 despise any =m ( vital imag9ation1 any 
discipl9e :i* may a*ieve p]fection aft] 
any k9d4 ,intuition is a broadly bas$   
activity2 x engages elaborate organs &  
sums up & syn!sises accumulat$          
impressions4 ,x may !re=e easily p\r !  
ri*es ( its ance/ry into ! image or !   
s5tim5t :i* x evokes1 poor z ?is s5tim5t
 or image might seem if express$ 9      
words4 ,9 rapt or ec/atic mom5ts1 !     
vital mom5tum1 (t5 ! moral escape1 is   
ev]y?+1 & ! a*ievem5t1 ap>t f t bless$  
relief1 little or no?+4 ,inf9ite ,be+   
may pr(it 9 ?is way by (f]+ a contra/ to
 inf9ite annoyance4 ,moreov]1 9 my own  

way1 ,i h disc]n$ 9 pure ,be+ !         
involution ( all =ms4 ,z felt1 pure ,be+
 may be indet]m9ate1 b z conceiv$       
reflectively x includes all             
det]m9ations3 s t :5 deploy$ into !     
realm ( ess5ce1 inf9ite or indet]m9ate  
,be+ truly conta9s ent]ta9m5t = all     
et]nity4  ,m4 ,b5da feels ?is pregnancy 
( ! inf9ite on ! ma!matical side2 b he  
h>dly notices ! fact1 proclaim$ s       
glori\sly by ,sp9oza1 t ! inf9ity (     
ext5sion is only "o ( an inf9ity (      
inf9ites4 ,!re is an ae/hetic inf9ite1  
or _m ae/hetic inf9ites1 compos$ ( all !
 =ms :i* nature or imag9ation might     
exhibit2 & :]e imag9ation fails1 !re are
 inf9ite rema9d]s ( ! unimag9$4 ,!      
v]sion :i* ,m4 ,b5da gives u ( inf9ite  
,be+1 limit$ to ! ma!matical dim5sion1  
is !re=e unnecess>ily cold & />k4 ,8 "o 
inf9ity is mono*rome1 :]eas ! total     
inf9ity ( ess5ce1 9 :i* an inf9ity (    
outl9es is only "o item1 is inf9itely   
_m-col\r$4 ,ph5om5a !re=e fall1 9 _!    
ess5tial v>iety1 )9 & n )\t inf9ite     

,be+3 s t 9 return+ to ,god we might    
take ! :ole _w ) u1 n inde$ 9 its bl9d  
movem5t & piecemeal illum9ation1 z ev5ts
 occur1 b 9 an aft]-image & panoramic   
portrait1 z ev5ts are ga!r$ toge!r 9 !  
realm ( tru?4  ,on ! :ole ,i ?9k ,m4    
,b5da's two ,gods are less unfri5dly to 
"o ano!r ?an 8 aggriev$ tone might      
sugge/4 ,?is pregnant little book ends  
on a tragic note4       ,hi!rto human   
self-ass]tion 9 ! /ate or ! family1 :ile
      s]v+ ! imp]ial ,god1 has paid "s  
grudg+ hon\rs1 at lea/      v]bally1 to 
! inf9ite ,god z well1 "u ! guise (     
lib]alism1 love ( mank9d1 or ! negation 
( classes4 ,b today      ?is imp]fect   
homage is retract$1 & no?+ is rev]5c$   
except t :i* gives /r5g?4 ,if anyone    
prea*es human      k9dness1 x is 9 ord] 
to e/abli% a /rong community            
m>tially tra9$1 l a sup]-/ate1 to oppose
 ev]y?+ n      includ$ )9 x1 & to become
 omnipot5t 9 ! art (      utilis+ !     
non-human =ces ( nature4444 ,! w to     
return to      ,god may prove to h be51 

9 ! hi/ory ( ! ph5om5al _w1      a      
sublime accid5t4  ,c]ta9ly ! w to return
 to ,god1 if n an accid5t1 is an incid5t
 9 ! life ( ! _w2 & ! :ole _w itself is 
a sublime accid5t1 9 ! s5se t its       
exi/5ce is cont+5t1 gr\ndless1 &        
prec>i\s4 ,yet s long z ! imp]ial ,god  
cont9ues successfully to keep our _w    
go+1 x w be no accid5t1 b a natural     
necessity1 t _m a m9d %\ld turn to !    
?\ght ( ! inf9ite ) awe1 ) a s5se (     
lib]ation1 & ev5 ) joy4 ,! inf9ite ,god 
owes all 8 wor%ipp]s1 little z he may   
c>e = !m1 to ! success ( ! imp]ial ,god 
9 creat+ reflective & speculative m9ds4 
,or 7to drop ^! my?ological expressions 
:i* may become tiresome7 philosoph]s owe
 to nature & to ! discipl9e ( moral life
 _! capacity to look beyond nature &    
beyond morality4 ,& :ile !y may look    
beyond1 & take com=t 9 ! vision1 !y _c  
pass beyond4 ,z ,m4 ,b5da says1 ! mo/   
fai?ful ,levite c return to ! inf9ite   
only 9 8 ?\ght2 9 8 life he mu/ rema9 a 
lay creature4 ,yet nature1 9 =m+ ! human

 s\l1 un9t5tionally unlock$ = ! m9d !   
doors to tru? & to ess5ce1 p>tly by     
oblig+ ! s\l to att5d to ?+s :i* are    
outside1 & p>tly by end[+ ! s\l ) f>    
great] pot5tialities ( s5sation &       
inv5tion ?an daily life is likely to    
call =?4 ,our m9ds are !re=e naturally  
dissatisfi$ ) _! lot & speculatively    
direct$ ^u an outspread univ]se 9 :i*   
our p]sons c\nt = almo/ no?+4 ,^!       
insights are calculat$ to give our      
brutal wills "s pause4 ,intuition ( !   
inf9ite & rec\rse to ! inf9ite =        
religi\s inspiration foll[ ( !mselves1 &
 c nev] be suppress$ altoge!r1 s long z 
life is consci\s & exp]i5ce provokes    
reflection4  ,_s is c]ta9ly n "o ( !    
=ces produc+ _s1 b nei!r is x a contr>y 
=ce4 ,x is ! actuality ( feel+1 (       
obs]vation1 ( mean+4 ,_s has no         
unmann]ly qu>rel ) its p>5ts1 its ho/s1 
or ev5 its gaol]s3 !y "k n :at !y d4    
,yet _s belongs intr9sically to ano!r   
sph]e1 & _c help wond]+ at ! _w1 &      
suff]+ 9 x4 ,! man 9 :om _s is awake w  

cont9ue to live & act1 b ) a diff]5ce4  
,9 s f> z he has become pure _s he w h  
transc5d$ ! fe> ( dea? or defeat2 = n[ 8
 in/9ctive fe>1 :i* w subsi/1 w be      
neutralis$ by an equally s9c]e cons5t to
 die & to fail4 ,he w live h5ce=? 9 a   
tru] & m s]5e sympa?y ) nature ?an is   
possible to rival natural be+s4 ,natural
 be+s are p]petually /ruggl+ to live    
only1 & n to die2 s t _! w is 9 hopeless
 rebellion aga9/ ! div9e decrees :i* !y 
mu/ obey not)/&+4 ,! spiritual man1 on !
 contr>y1 9 s f> z he has already pass$ 
intellectually into ! et]nal _w1 no     
long] endures unwill+ly ! cont9ual dea? 
involv$ 9 liv+1 or ! f9al dea? involv$ 9
 hav+ be5 born4 ,he r5\nces ev]y?+      
religi\sly 9 ! v act ( atta9+ x1 resign+
 exi/5ce itself z gladly z he accepts x1
 or ev5 m gladly2 because ! emphasis :i*
 action & passion l5d to ! pass+ mom5t  
seems to him arbitr>y & viol5t2 & z ea* 
task or exp]i5ce is dismiss$ 9 turn1 he 
acc\nts ! end ( x m bless$ ?an ! beg9n+4
   #aa ,! foll[+ quotations are drawn f 

,beyond ! ,pleasure ,pr9ciple1 by       
,sigmund ,freud2 au?oris$ translation by
 ,c4,j4,m4 ,hubback4 ,! ,int]national   
,psy*o-,analytic ,press1 #aibb1 pp4     
#bi-dh4 ,! italics are 9 ! orig9al4  #ab
 ,essai d'un ,disc\rs cohr5t sur les    
,rapports de ,dieu et du ,monde4 ,p>    
,juli5 ,b5da4 ,librairie ,gallim>d1     
,p>is1 #aica4