,,arti/ ,,& ,,public ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,on ,,art ,,subjects ,,by ,,k5yon ,,cox ,illu/ration3 ,f a photograph by ,braun1 ,clem5t ,co4 ,plate #a4--,millet4 ,! ,goose ,girl4 ,9 ! collection ( ,mme4 ,saulni]1 ,bordeaux4 ,,arti/ ,,& ,,public ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,on ,,art ,,subjects ,,by ,,k5yon ,,cox ,,) ,,?irty-,,two ,,illu/rations ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,mcmxiv ,copyright1 #aiad1 by ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons ,publi%$ ,septemb]1 #aiad ,,to ,j4,d4,c4 ,,9 ,,grateful ,,recognition ,,( ,,unfail+ ,,k9dness ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,inscrib$ ,,preface ,9 ,! ,classic ,po9t ( ,view1 publi%$ ?ree ye>s ago1 ,i endeavor$ to give a cle> & def9itive /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples on :i* all my criticism ( art is bas$4 ,! pap]s "h ga!r$ toge!r1 :e!r e>li] or lat] ?an t volume1 may be consid]$ z ! m detail$ application ( ^? pr9ciples to p>ticul> arti/s1 to :ole s*ools & epo*s1 ev51 9 "o case1 to ! entire hi/ory ( ! arts4 ,! essay on ,raphael1 = in/ance1 is little else ?an an illu/ration ( ! *apt] on ,design2 t on ,millet illu/rates ! ?ree *apt]s on ,! ,subject 9 ,art1 on ,design1 & on ,draw+2 :ile ,two ,ways ( ,pa9t+ contra/s1 9 specific in/ances1 ! classic ) ! mod]n po9t ( view4 ,b !re is ano!r ?read connect+ ^! essays1 = all ( !m w be f\nd to h "s be>+1 m or less direct1 ^u ! subject ( ! title essay4 ,! ,illusion ( ,progress elaborates a po9t m slightly t\*$ ^u 9 ,arti/ & ,public2 ! c>e]s ( ,raphael & ,millet are capital in/ances ( ! happy productiv5ess ( an arti/ 9 sympa?y ) 8 public or ( ! difficulties1 nobly conqu]$ 9 ?is case1 ( an arti/ )\t public appreciation2 ! greate/ m]it attribut$ to ,! ,am]ican ,s*ool is an ab/5tion f ! extravagances ( ^? :o w\ld make incompreh5sibility a te/ ( greatness4 ,f9ally1 ! "w ( ,sa9t-,gaud5s is a noble example ( art fulfill+ its social function 9 express+ & 9 elevat+ ! ideals ( its "t & c\ntry4 ,?is la/ essay /&s1 9 "s respects1 ^u a diff]5t foot+ f ! o!rs4 ,x deals ) ! "w & ! "* ( a man ,i knew & lov$1 x 0 orig9ally writt5 almo/ imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 & x is !re=e color$1 to "s ext5t1 by p]sonal emotion4 ,i h revis$ x1 re>rang$ x1 & add$ to x1 & ,i tru/ t ?is color+ may be f\nd to w>m1 )\t falsify+1 ! picture4 ,! essay on ,! ,illusion ( ,progress 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,! ,c5tury1 t on ,sa9t-,gaud5s 9 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly4 ,! o!rs orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e4 ,,k5yon ,,cox4 ,cald] ,h\se1 ,croton-on-,hudson1 ,june #f1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,essay ,,page ,i4 ,,arti/ ,,& ,,public #a ,,ii4 ,,jean ,,francois ,,millet #dd ,,iii4 ,,! ,,illusion ,,( ,,progress #gg ,,iv4 ,,raphael #ii ,v4 ,,two ,,ways ,,( ,,pa9t+ #acd ,,vi4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,s*ool #adi ,,vii4 ,,augu/us ,,sa9t-,,gaud5s #afi ,,illu/rations ,,millet3 #a4 ,! ,goose ,girl1 ,saulni] ,collection1 ,bordeaux ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page #b4 ,! ,s[]1 ,v&]bilt ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york #df #c4 ,! ,glean]s1 ,! ,l\vre #ej #d4 ,! ,spad]s #ed #e4 ,! ,potato ,plant]1 ,%aw ,collection #eh #f4 ,! ,graft]1 ,william ,rockefell] ,collection #fb #g4 ,! ,new-,born ,calf1 ,art ,in/itute1 ,*icago #ff #h4 ,! ,fir/ ,/eps1 #gj #i4 ,! ,%eph]dess1 ,*au*>d ,collection1 ,l\vre #gb #aj4 ,spr+1 ,! ,l\vre #gd ,,raphael3 #aa4 ,poetry1 ,! ,vatican #aab #ab4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 ,! ,vatican #aad #ac4 ,! ,disputa1 ,! ,vatican #aaf #ad4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 ,! ,vatican #aah #ae4 ,p>nassus1 ,! ,vatican #abj #af4 ,jurisprud5ce1 ,! ,vatican #abb #ag4 ,! ,mass ( ,bols5a1 ,! ,vatican #abd #ah4 ,! ,deliv]ance ( ,pet]1 ,! ,vatican #abf #ai4 ,! ,sibyls1 ,santa ,m>ia della ,pace1 ,rome #abh #bj4 ,portrait ( ,tommaso ,+hirami1 ,g>dn] ,collection #acj ,,john ,s4 ,,s>g5t3 #ba4 ,! ,h]mit1 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york #acf ,,titian3 #bb4 ,sa9t ,j]ome 9 ! ,des]t1 ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan #adb ,,sa9t-,,gaud5s3 #bc4 ,plaquette ,commemorat+ ,corni% ,masque #ahb #bd4 ,amor ,c>itas #aif #be4 ,! ,butl] ,*ildr5 #bjf #bf4 ,s>ah ,r$wood ,lee #bjh #bg4 ,f>ragut1 ,madison ,squ>e1 ,new ,york #bab #bh4 ,l9coln1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #bad #bi4 ,deacon ,*ap91 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 #baf #cj4 ,adams ,memorial1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bah #ca4 ,%aw ,memorial1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #bbj #cb4 ,%]man1 ,! ,plaza1 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york #bbd ,,arti/ ,,& ,,public ,i ,,arti/ ,,& ,,public ,9 ! hi/ory ( art1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( politics & 9 ! hi/ory ( economics1 our mod]n epo* is m>k$ (f f all prec$+ epo*s by "o great ev5t1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,fragon>d1 :o surviv$ t ,revolution to lose himself 9 a new & /range _w1 is ! la/ at ! old ma/]s2 ,david1 "s sixte5 ye>s 8 junior1 is ! fir/ ( ! mod]ns4 ,n[ if we look = ! mo/ fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 our mod]n art & ! art ( pa/ times1 ,i believe we %all f9d x to be ?is3 ! art ( ! pa/ 0 produc$ = a public t want$ x & und]/ood x1 by arti/s :o und]/ood & sympa?iz$ ) _! public2 ! art ( our "t has be51 = ! mo/ "p1 produc$ = a public t did n want x & misund]/ood x1 by arti/s :o dislik$ & despis$ ! public = :i* !y work$4 ,:5 arti/ & public 7 unit$1 art 0 homog5e\s & cont9u\s4 ,s9ce ! divorce ( arti/ & public art has be5 *aotic & convulsive4 ,t ?is divorce betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 public--?is dislocation ( ! "r & natural relations betwe5 !m--has tak5 place is c]ta94 ,! causes ( x are _m & deep-ly+ 9 our mod]n civilization1 & ,i c po9t out only a few ( ! m obvi\s ones4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! em]g5ce ( a new public4 ,! art ( pa/ ages _h be5 di/9ctively an ari/ocratic art1 creat$ = k+s & pr9ces1 = ! free citiz5s ( slave-hold+ republics1 = ! spiritual & intellectual ari/ocracy ( ! *ur*1 or = a luxuri\s & frivol\s nobility4 ,z ! aim ( ! ,revolution 0 ! de/ruction ( ari/ocratic privilege1 x is n surpris+ t a revolution>y l ,david %\ld h felt x necess>y to de/roy ! traditions ( an art creat$ = ! ari/ocracy4 ,9 8 own art ( pa9t+ he succe$$ s ?or\ghly t ! pa9t]s ( ! next g5]ation f\nd !mselves ) no traditions at all4 ,!y _h n only to "w = a public ( enri*$ b\rgeois or prolet>ians :o _h nev] c>$ = art1 b !y _h to create ov] aga9 ! art ) :i* !y endeavor$ to int]e/ ?is public4 ,h[ c\ld !y succe$8 ,! rift betwe5 arti/ & public _h begun1 & x has be5 wid5+ ev] s9ce4 ,if ! p _h _h little to d ) ! major arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 !re _h yet be51 all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance1 a truly popul> art--an art ( furniture mak+1 ( wood-c>v+1 ( =g+1 ( pott]y4 ,e craftsman 0 an arti/ 9 8 degree1 & e arti/ 0 b a craftsman ( a sup]ior sort4 ,our ma*9e-mak+1 indu/rial civilization1 int5t ^u mat]ial progress & ! satisfaction ( mat]ial wants1 has de/roy$ ?is popul> art2 & at ! same "t t ! arti/ lo/ 8 patronage f above he lo/ 8 support f bel[4 ,he has become a sup]ior p]son1 a sort ( demi-g5tleman1 b he has no long] a spl5did nobility to employ him or a _w ( arti/ artisans to surr\nd him & und]/& him4 ,& to ! mod]n arti/1 s isolat$1 ) no tradition beh9d him1 no direction f above & no support f bel[1 ! art ( all times & all c\ntries has become famili> ?r\gh mod]n means ( communication & mod]n processes ( reproduction4 ,hav+ no compell+ reason = do+ "o ?+ r ?an ano!r1 or = *oos+ "o or ano!r way ( do+ ?+s1 he is %[n a ?\s& ?+s t he may d & a ?\s& ways ( do+ !m4 ,n cle>ly kn[+ 8 own m9d he he>s ! cla% & rev]b]ation ( a ?\s& o!r m9ds1 & hav+ no c]ta9ties he mu/ li/5 to c\ntless !ories4 ,mr4 ,v$d] has spok5 ( a c]ta9 home-made "* :i* he consid]s ! greate/ defect ( 8 art1 ! "* ( an art belong+ to no di/9ctive s*ool & hav+ no def9ite relation to ! "t & c\ntry 9 :i* x is produc$4 ,b x is n ,mr4 ,v$d]'s art alone t is home-made4 ,x is precisely ! *>act]i/ic note ( our mod]n art t all ( x t is good = any?+ is home-made or self-made4 ,ea* arti/ has _h to create 8 art z be/ he c\ld out ( 8 own temp]am5t & 8 own exp]i5ce--has sat 9 8 corn] l a spid]1 sp9n+ 8 web f 8 own b[els4 ,if ! art s creat$ 0 ess5tially f9e & noble ! public has at la/ f\nd x out1 b only aft] ye>s ( neglect h embitt]$ ! exi/5ce & p>tially crippl$ ! p[]s ( its creator4 ,& s1 to our mod]n imag9ation1 ! neglect$ & misund]/ood g5ius has become ! v type ( ! great arti/1 & we h all[$ our belief 9 him to color & di/ort our vision ( ! hi/ory ( art4 ,we h come to look ^u ! great arti/s ( all times z an unhappy race /ruggl+ aga9/ ! inappreciation ( a /upid public1 />v+ 9 g>rets & wait+ long = t>dy recognition4 ,! v rev]se ( ?is is true4 ,) ! exception ( ,rembr&t1 :o himself liv$ 9 a "t ( political revolution & ( ! em]g5ce to p[] ( a burgh] class1 y w sc>ce f9d an unappreciat$ g5ius 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( art until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! great ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 f ,giotto to ,v]onese1 7 m5 ( _! "t1 %>+ & int]pret+ ! ideals ( ^? ar\nd !m1 & 7 recogniz$ & patroniz$ z su*4 ,rembr&t's greate/ contempor>y1 ,rub5s1 0 pa9t] 9 ord9>y to half ! c\rts ( ,europe1 & ,velazquez 0 ! fri5d & companion ( 8 k+4 ,watteau & ,b\*] & ,fragon>d pa9t$ = ! frivol\s nobility ( ! eighte5? c5tury j :at t nobility want$1 & ev5 ! precursors ( ! ,revolution1 sob] & hone/ ,*>d91 ,greuze ! s5tim5tal1 _h no difficulty 9 mak+ !mselves und]/ood1 until ! revolutioni/ ,david became dictator to ! art ( ,europe & swept !m into ! rubbi% heap ) ! re/4 ,x is n until ! beg9n+ ( :at is kn[n z ! ,romantic movem5t1 "u ! ,re/oration1 t ! misund]/ood pa9t] ( g5ius def9itely appe>s4 ,millet1 ,corot1 ,r\sseau 7 try+1 ) magnific5t p[]s & p]fect s+le-m9d$ness1 to re/ore ! art ( pa9t+ :i* ! ,revolution _h de/roy$4 ,!y 7 m5 ( ! utmo/ nobility & simplicity ( "*1 z f> z possible f ! gloomy1 fanta/ic1 va91 & egoti/ical p]son t we h come to accept z ! type ( unappreciat$ g5ius2 !y 7 classically m9d$ & cons]vative1 wor%ipp]s ( ! great art ( ! pa/2 b !y 7 )\t a public & !y suff]$ bitt] disc\ragem5t & long neglect4 ,^u _! exp]i5ce is f\nd$ t leg5d ( ! unpopul>ity ( all great arti/s :i* has gr[n to a/oni%+ proportions4 ,accept+ ?is leg5d1 & believ+ t all great arti/s are misund]/ood1 ! arti/ has come to *]i% a scorn ( ! public = :i* he works & to pret5d a great] scorn ?an he feels4 ,he _c believe himself great unless he is misund]/ood1 & he hugs 8 unpopul>ity to himself z a sign ( g5ius & arrives at t sublime affectation :i* answ]s praise ( 8 "w ) an exclamation ( dismay3 ,is x z bad z t8 ,he inv5ts new excesses & ecc5tricities to insure misund]/&+1 & proclaims ! doctr9e t1 z any?+ great mu/ be incompreh5sible1 s any?+ incompreh5sible mu/ be great4 ,& ! public has tak5 him1 at lea/ p>tly1 at 8 ^w4 ,he may or may n be great1 b he is c]ta9ly incompreh5sible & probably a little mad4 ,until he succe$s ! public looks ^u ! arti/ z a m or less h>mless lunatic4 ,:5 he succe$s x is will+ to exalt him into a k9d ( god & to wor%ip 8 ecc5tricities z a "p ( 8 div9ity4 ,s we arrive at a belief 9 ! insanity ( g5ius4 ,:at w\ld ,raphael h ?\ght ( su* a notion1 or t consummate man ( ! _w1 ,titian8 ,:at w\ld ! s]5e & mighty ,v]onese h ?\ght ( x1 or ! cool1 cle>-see+ ,velazquez8 ,h[ 8 ,excell5cy ! ,ambassador ( 8 ,mo/ ,ca?olic ,maje/y1 glori\s ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1 w\ld h laugh$6 ,x is ?is lack ( sympa?y & und]/&+ betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 public--?is fatal isolation ( ! arti/--t is ! cause ( ne>ly all ! %ortcom+s ( mod]n art2 ( ! weakness ( :at is kn[n z (ficial or academic art no less ?an ( ! extravagance ( ! art ( opposition4 ,! arti/1 be+ no long] a craftsman1 work+ to ord]1 b a k9d ( poet1 express+ 9 lonel9ess 8 p]sonal emotions1 has lo/ 8 natural means ( support4 ,gov]nm5ts1 feel+ a responsibility = ! cultivation ( art :i* 0 q unnecess>y 9 ! days :5 art 0 spontane\sly produc$ 9 answ] to a natural dem&1 h tri$ to put an artificial support 9 its place4 ,t ! arti/ may %[ 8 w>es & make himself kn[n1 !y h creat$ exhibitions2 t he may be enc\rag$ !y h in/itut$ m$als & prizes2 t he may n />ve !y h made gov]nm5t pur*ases4 ,& ^! well-meant ef=ts h result$ 9 ! creation ( pictures :i* h no o!r purpose ?an to hang 9 exhibitions1 to w9 m$als1 & to be pur*as$ by ! gov]nm5t & hung 9 ^? m p]man5t exhibitions :i* we call museums4 ,= ?is purpose x is n necess>y t a picture %\ld h great beauty or great s9c]ity4 ,x is necess>y t x %\ld be l>ge 9 ord] to attract att5tion & suffici5tly well drawn & execut$ to seem to des]ve recognition4 ,& s 0 evolv$ ! salon picture1 a ?+ creat$ = no man's pleasure1 n ev5 ! arti/'s2 a ?+ :i* is nei!r ! decoration ( a public build+ nor ! possible ornam5t ( a private h\se2 a ?+ :i*1 aft] x has s]v$ its tempor>y purpose1 is roll$ up & /or$ 9 a l(t or plac$ 9 a gall]y :]e its ess5tial empt9ess becomes m & m evid5t z "t goes on4 ,su* gov]nm5t-enc\rag$ art _h at lea/ ! m]it ( a well-su/a9$ & fairly high level ( accompli%m5t 9 ! m obvi\s elem5ts ( pa9t+4 ,b z exhibitions became l>g] & l>g] & ! competition eng5d]$ by !m grew fi]c]1 x became increas+ly difficult to attract att5tion by m]e academic m]it4 ,s ! pa9t]s began to se>* = s5sationalism ( subject1 & ! typical salon picture1 no long] decor\sly pomp\s1 began to deal 9 blood & horror & s5suality4 ,x 0 ,regnault :o began ?is s5sation hunt1 b x has be5 c>ri$ mu* fur!r s9ce 8 day ?an he c h dream$ (1 & ! mod]n salon picture is n only tiresome b dete/able4 ,! salon picture1 9 its m]its & its faults1 is peculi>ly ,fr5*1 b ! mod]n exhibition has s9s to answ] = 9 o!r c\ntries ?an ,france4 ,9 ,engl& x has be5 responsible = a great deal ( s5tim5tality & anecdotage :i* has s]v$ to attract ! att5tion ( a public t c\ld n be r\s$ to int]e/ 9 m]e pa9t+4 ,ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e exhibitions are relatively small & ill-att5d$1 x has caus$ a c]ta9 /rid5cy & blatancy1 a key+ up to exhibition pit*1 a neglect ( f9] qualities = ! sake ( imm$iate effectiv5ess4 ,"u our mod]n conditions ! exhibition has become a necessity1 & x w\ld be impossible = our arti/s to live or to atta9 a reputation )\t x4 ,! giv+ ( m$als & prizes & ! pur*ase ( works ( art by ! /ate may be ( m d\btful utility1 ?\gh su* ef=ts at ! enc\ragem5t ( art probably d m good ?an h>m4 ,b !re is "o =m ( gov]nm5t patronage t is almo/ :olly b5eficial1 & t ! only =m ( x :i* we h 9 ?is c\ntry--! aw>d+ ( commissions = ! decoration ( public build+s4 ,! pa9t] ( mural decorations is 9 ! old hi/orical position1 9 s\nd & natural relations to ! public4 ,he is do+ some?+ :i* is want$ &1 if he cont9ues to receive commissions1 he may fairly assume t he is do+ x 9 a way t is satisfactory4 ,) ! decorative or monum5tal sculptor he is almo/ alone among mod]n arti/s 9 be+ reliev$ ( ! necessity ( produc+ some?+ 9 ! isolation ( 8 /udio & wait+ to see if any "o w c>e = x2 ( try+1 aga9/ ! gra91 to produce some?+ t he ?9ks may appeal to ! public because x does n appeal to himself2 or ( attempt+ to bamboozle ! public into buy+ :at nei!r he nor ! public really c>es =4 ,if he does 8 be/ he may feel t he is z fairly e>n+ 8 livelihood z 8 fell[ workm51 ! blacksmi? & ! /onecutt]1 & is z little dep5d5t z !y ^u ei!r *>ity or humbug4 ,! be/ t gov]nm5t has done = art 9 ,france is ! commission+ ( ! great decorative pa9t+s ( ,baudry & ,puvis4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 also1 gov]nm5ts1 national1 ,/ate1 or municipal1 are patroniz+ art 9 ! be/ possible way1 & 9 mak+ build+s spl5did = ! p are af=d+ opportunity = ! creation ( a truly popul> art4 ,)\t any artificial aid f ! gov]nm5t ! illu/rator has a wide popul> support & works = ! public 9 a normal way2 &1 !re=e1 illu/ration has be5 "o ( ! heal?ie/ & mo/ vigor\s =ms ( mod]n art4 ,! portrait-pa9t]1 too1 is produc+ some?+ he kn[s to be want$1 &1 ?\gh 8 art has _h to fight aga9/ ! competition ( ! photograph & has be5 p>tially vulg>iz$ by ! /ruggle ( ! exhibitions1 x has yet rema9$1 ^u ! :ole1 compreh5sible & human2 s t mu* ( ! s\nde/ art ( ! pa/ c5tury has gone into portraiture4 ,x is ! pa9t]s ( pictures1 l&scape or g5re1 :o h mo/ suff]$ f ! misund]/&+ betwe5 arti/ & public4 ,)\t guidance "s ( !m h hew$ a pa? to des]v$ success4 ,o!rs h w&]$ into /range byways & no-?or\ghf>es4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury is /rewn ) ! wrecks ( su* misund]/ood & misund]/&+ arti/s1 b x 0 ab\t ! sixties :5 _! se>*+ = a way began to lead !m 9 c]ta9 cle>ly m>k$ directions4 ,!re are ?ree pa?s1 9 especial1 :i* h be5 foll[$ s9ce !n by adv5tur\s spirits3 ! pa?s ( ae/heticism1 ( sci5tific naturalism1 & ( pure self-expression2 ! pa?s ( ,:i/l]1 ( ,monet1 & ( ,cezanne4 ,:i/l] 0 an arti/ ( ref9$ & delicate tal5t ) great weaknesses bo? 9 temp]am5t & tra9+2 be+ also a v clev] man & a brilliant controv]siali/1 he proce$$ to erect a !ory :i* %\ld prove 8 weaknesses to be s _m virtues1 & he ne>ly succe$$ 9 conv9c+ ! _w ( its validity4 ,f9d+ ! repres5tation ( nature v difficult1 he decid$ t art %\ld n conc]n itself ) repres5tation b only ) ! creation ( arrangem5ts & symphonies4 ,hav+ no int]e/ 9 ! subject ( pictures1 he proclaim$ t pictures %\ld h no subjects & t any int]e/ 9 ! subject is vulg>4 ,z he 0 a cosmopolitan ) no local ties1 he ma9ta9$ t art _h nev] be5 national2 & z he 0 out ( sympa?y ) 8 "t1 he taught t art happ5s & t !re nev] 0 an arti/ic p]iod4 ,accord+ to ! ,:i/l]ian gospel1 ! arti/ n only has n[ no po9t ( contact ) ! public1 b he %\ld n h & nev] has _h any4 ,he has nev] be5 a man among o!r m51 b has be5 a dream] :o sat at home ) ! wom5 & made pretty patt]ns ( l9e & color because !y pleas$ him4 ,& ! only bus9ess ( ! public is to accept 9 sil5ce :at he *ooses to give !m4 ,?is k9d ( rootless art he practis$4 ,"s ( ! patt]ns he produc$ are delightful1 b !y are )\t imag9ation1 )\t passion1 )\t joy 9 ! mat]ial & visible _w--! da9ty div]sions ( a dilettante4 ,"o is glad t s gracefully sl5d] an art %\ld exi/1 b if x has seem$ great art to u x is because our age is s poor 9 any?+ bett]4 ,to rank its creator ) ! ab\nd+ ma/]s ( ! pa/ is an absurdity4 ,9 _! ef=ts to escape f ! dead-alive art ( ! salon picture1 ,monet & ! ,impressioni/s took an entirely diff]5t c\rse4 ,! gall]y pa9t]'s p]functory treatm5t ( subject bor$ !m1 & !y ab&on$ subject almo/ z entirely z ,:i/l] _h done4 ,! s\nd if tame draw+ & ! m$iocre pa9t+ ( :at !y call$ (ficial art revolt$ !m z x revolt$ ,:i/l]2 b :ile he ne>ly suppress$ repres5tation !y c\ld see 9 art no?+ b repres5tation4 ,!y want$ to make t repres5tation tru]1 & !y tri$ to "w a revolution 9 art by ! sci5tific analysis ( light & ! inv5tion ( a new me?od ( lay+ on pa9t4 ,in/ead ( jo9+ 9 ,:i/l]'s se>* = pure patt]n !y fix$ _! att5tion on facts alone1 or r on "o aspect ( ! facts1 & 9 _! occupation ) light & ! mann] ( repres5t+ x !y ab&on$ =m almo/ z completely z !y _h ab&on$ significance & beauty4 ,s x happ5$ t ,monet c\ld devote "s tw5ty canvases to ! /udy ( ! effects ( light1 at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day1 ^u two /raw /acks 9 8 f>my>d4 ,x 0 admirable practice1 no d\bt1 & nei!r sci5tific analysis nor ! /udy ( te*nical me?ods is to be despis$2 b ! int]e/ ( ! public1 aft] all1 is 9 :at an arti/ does1 n 9 h[ he le>ns to d x4 ,! tw5ty canvases toge!r =m$ a sort ( demon/ration ( ! possibilities ( diff]5t k9ds ( light+4 ,any "o ( !m1 tak5 s+ly1 is b a portrait ( two /raw /acks1 & ! _w w n p]man5tly or deeply c>e ab\t ^? /raw /acks4 ,! /udy ( light is1 9 itself1 no m an ex]cise ( ! arti/ic faculties ?an ! /udy ( anatomy or ! /udy ( p]spective2 & :ile ,impressionism has put a ke5] edge ^u "s ( ! tools ( ! arti/1 x has inevitably fail$ to produce a s*ool ( art4 ,aft] ,impressionism1 :at8 ,we h no "n = x b ,po/-,impressionism4 ,su* m5 z ,cezanne1 ,gaugu91 ,van ,gogh recogniz$ ! /]ility ( ,impressionism & ( a n>r[ ae/heticism1 :ile !y %>$ ! hatr$ ( ! ae/hetes & ! ,impressioni/s = ! curr5t art ( ! salons4 ,no m ?an ! ae/hetes or ! ,impressioni/s 7 !y consci\s ( any social or univ]sal ideals t dem&$ expression4 ,! ae/hetes _h a doctr9e2 ! ,impressioni/s _h a me?od & a te*nic4 ,! ,po/-,impressioni/s _h no?+1 & 7 driv5 to ! attempt at pure self-expression--to ! exaltation ( ! great god ,:im4 ,!y _h no tra9+1 !y recogniz$ no traditions1 !y spoke to no public4 ,ea* 0 to express1 z he ?\ght be/1 :atev] he happ5$ to feel or to ?9k1 & to inv5t1 z he w5t along1 ! language 9 :i* he %\ld express x4 ,i ?9k "s ( ^! m5 _h ! elem5ts ( g5ius 9 !m & might h done good "w2 b _! task 0 a he>t-break+ & a hopeless "o4 ,an art _c be improvis$1 & an arti/ mu/ h "s o!r guide ?an unregulat$ emotion4 ,! pa? !y ent]$ ^u _h be5 immemorially m>k$ no pass+2 = _m ( !m ! end ( x 0 suicide or ! madh\se4 ,b :atev] ! ab]rations ( ^!1 ! true ,po/-,impressioni/s--:atev] ! ugl9ess1 ! ecc5tricity1 or ! moral d+9ess into :i* !y 7 betray$--,i believe !m to h be51 9 ! ma91 hone/ if unbalanc$ & ill-regulat$ m9ds4 ,:atev] _! errors1 !y paid ! price ( !m 9 pov]ty1 9 neglect1 9 dea?4 ,) ^? :o pret5d to be _! desc5dants to-day ! case is diff]5t2 !y are n pay+ = _! ecc5tricity or _! madness1 !y are mak+ x pay4 ,! enorm\s eng9e ( mod]n publicity has be5 discov]$ by ^! m54 ,!y h le>n$ to adv]tise1 & !y h f\nd t morbidity1 ecc5tricity1 indec5cy1 extremes ( e k9d & ( any degree are capital adv]tisem5t4 ,if "o _c create a s\nd & liv+ art1 "o c at lea/ make some?+ odd en\gh to be talk$ ab\t2 if "o _c a*ieve endur+ fame1 "o may make sure ( a flam+ notoriety4 ,&1 z a money-mak]1 pres5t notoriety is wor? m ?an future fame1 = ! speculative deal] is at h&4 ,8 int]e/ is 9 quick returns & he has no wi% to wait until y are fam\s--or dead--be=e he c sell any?+ y d4 ,8 process is to buy any?+ he ?9ks he c boom1 to boom x z furi\sly z possible1 & to sell x be=e ! boom collapses4 ,!n he w exploit some?+ else1 & !re's ! rub4 ,once y h ent]$ ?is mad race = notoriety1 !re is no draw+ out ( x4 ,! same s5sation w n attract att5tion a second "t2 y mu/ be novel at any co/4 ,y mu/ exagg]ate y\r exagg]ations & out-,h]od ,h]od1 = o!rs h le>n$ h[ easy ! game is to play1 & are at y\r heels4 ,x is no long] a matt] ( misund]/&+ & be+ misund]/ood by ! public2 x is a matt] ( delib]ately fl\t+ & outrag+ ! public--( assum+ incompreh5sibility & antagonism to popul> feel+ z signs ( greatness4 ,& s is f\nd$ :at ,fr$]ic ,h>rison has call$ ! %ock-y\r-gr&mo!r s*ool4 ,x is ) pr(\nd regret t "o mu/ "n z "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ?is s*ool an arti/ ( real p[]1 :o has produc$ mu* admirable "w--,augu/e ,rod94 ,at ! age ( ?irty-sev5 he atta9$ a sudd5 & res\nd+ notoriety1 & f t "t he has be5 ! mo/ talk$-( arti/ 9 ,europe4 ,he 0 a consummate modell]1 a magnific5t workman1 b he _h always grave faults & /rik+ mann]isms4 ,^! faults & mann]isms he has latt]ly pu%$ to great] & great] extremes :ile neglect+ 8 great gift1 ea* "w be+ m *aotic & fragm5t>y 9 composition1 m hide\s 9 type1 m affect$ & empti] 9 execution1 until he has produc$ m>vels ( mu%9ess & incoh]5ce hi!rto undream$ ( & has set up z public monum5ts fanta/ically mutilat$ figures ) brok5 legs or heads knock$ (f4 ,n[1 9 8 old age1 he is produc+ %oals ( draw+s ! mo/ extraord9>y ( :i* few are p]mitt$ to see4 ,"s select$ specim5s ( !m hang 9 a long r[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 & ,i assure y1 ^u my ^w z a lifelong /ud5t ( draw+1 !y are q z ugly & z silly z !y look4 ,!re is n a t\* 9 !m t has any tru? to nature1 n a l9e t has real beauty or expressiv5ess4 ,!y repres5t ! human figure ) ! /ructure ( a jellyfi% & ! movem5t ( a ,dut* doll2 ! human face ) an expression ,i pref] n to *>act]ize4 ,if !y be n ! symptoms ( m5tal decay1 !y c be no?+ b ! means ( a gigantic my/ification4 ,) ,h5ri ,matisse we h n to deplore ! deliquesc5ce ( a great tal5t1 = we h no reason to suppose he ev] _h any4 ,x is true t 8 admir]s w assure y he c\ld once draw & pa9t z ev]ybody does2 :at he c\ld n d 0 to pa9t en\gh bett] ?an ev]ybody does to make 8 m>k 9 ! _w2 & he 0 a q undi/+ui%$ p]son until he f\nd a way to produce "s effect ^u 8 gr&mo!r ! public by %ock+ h] into att5tion4 ,8 me?od is to *oose ! uglie/ models to be f\nd2 to put !m into ! mo/ grotesque & indec5t po/ures imag9able2 to draw !m 9 ! mann] ( a savage1 or a deprav$ *ild1 or a worse mann] if t be possible2 to surr\nd 8 figures ) blue outl9es half an in* wide2 & to pa9t !m 9 crude & />+ colors1 brutally laid on 9 flat masses4 ,!n1 :5 8 gr&mo!r beg9s to sit up1 %e is told ) a grave face t ?is is a reaction f naturalism1 a revival ( ab/ract l9e & color1 a subjective art :i* is n ! repres5tation ( nature b ! expression ( ! arti/'s s\l4 ,no wond] %e gasps & />es6 ,x seem$1 two or ?ree ye>s ago1 t ! limit ( my/ification _h be5 rea*$--t ?is com$y ( errors c\ld n be c>ri$ fur!r2 b human +5uity is inexhau/ible1 & we n[ h :ole s*ools1 ,cubi/s1 ,futuri/s1 & ! l1 :o joy\sly vie ) ea* o!r 9 ! creation ( incr$ible pictures & ( irreconcilable & incompreh5sible !ories4 ,! public is incl9$ to lump !m all toge!r &1 s f> z _! "w is conc]n$1 ! public is n f> wrong2 yet 9 !ory ,cubism & ,futurism are diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,x is n easy to get any cle> conception ( ! doctr9es ( ^! s*ools1 b1 s f> z ,i am able to und]/& !m--& ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to d s--!y are some?+ l ?is3 ,cubism is /atic2 ,futurism is k9etic4 ,cubism deals ) bulk2 ,futurism deals ) motion4 ,! ,cubi/1 by a k9d ( ext5sion ( ,mr4 ,b]5son's doctr9e ( tactile values1 assumes t ! only "* ( objects :i* is ( importance to ! arti/ is _! bulk & solidity--:at he calls _! volumes4 ,n[ ! =m 9 :i* volume is mo/ easily appreh5d$ is ! cube2 d we n measure by x & speak ( ! cubic cont5ts ( any?+8 ,! inf]5ce is easy3 r$uce all objects to =ms :i* c be b\nd$ by planes & def9$ by /raight l9es & angles2 make _! cubic cont5ts measurable to ! eye2 trans=m draw+ into a burlesque ( solid geometry2 & y h1 at once1 atta9$ to ! highe/ art4 ,! ,futuri/1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9s t we "k no?+ b t ?+s are 9 flux4 ,=m1 solidity1 weight are illusions4 ,no?+ exi/s b motion4 ,ev]y?+ is *ang+ e mom5t1 & if any?+ 7 /ill we ourselves are *ang+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 absurd to give fix$ b\nd>ies to any?+ or to admit ( any fix$ relations 9 space4 ,if y are try+ to record y\r impression ( a face x is c]ta9 t by ! "t y h done "o eye ! o!r eye w no long] be :]e x 0--x may be at ! o!r side ( ! room4 ,y mu/ cut nature into small bits & %uffle !m ab\t wildly if y are to reproduce :at we really see4 ,:atev] its extravagance1 ,cubism rema9s a =m ( graphic art4 ,h[ev] p$antic & ridicul\s its trans=mation ( draw+1 x yet recognizes ! exi/5ce ( draw+4 ,!re=e1 to ! ,futuri/1 ,cubism is reaction>y4 ,:at diff]5ce does x make1 he asks1 :e!r y draw a head r\nd or squ>e8 ,:y draw a head at all8 ,! ,futuri/ d5ies ! fundam5tal po/ulates ( ! art ( pa9t+4 ,pa9t+ has always1 & by def9ition1 repres5t$ ^u a surface objects suppos$ to lie beyond x & to be se5 ?r\gh x4 ,futurism pret5ds to place ! spectator inside ! picture & to repres5t ?+s ar\nd him or beh9d him z well z ^? 9 front ( him4 ,pa9t+ has always assum$ ! s+le mom5t ( vision1 &1 ?\gh x has sometimes plac$ m ?an "o picture on ! same canvas1 x has treat$ ea* picture z se5 at a specific in/ant ( "t4 ,futurism attempts sy/ematically to comb9e ! pa/ & ! future ) ! pres5t1 z if all ! pictures 9 a c9ematograph film 7 to be pr9t$ "o ov] ! o!r2 to pa9t no in/ant b to repres5t ! movem5t ( "t4 ,x aims at no?+ less ?an ! abrogation ( all recogniz$ laws1 ! total de/ruction ( all t has hi!rto pass$ = art4 ,d y recall ! /ory ( ! man :o tri$ to c\nt a litt] ( pigs1 b gave x up because "o little pig ran ab\t s fa/ t he c\ld n be c\nt$8 ,"o f9ds oneself 9 some:at ! same pr$icam5t :5 "o tries to describe ^! new movem5ts 9 art4 ,! movem5t is s rapid & ! m5 %ift _! gr\nd s quickly t !re is no tell+ :]e to f9d !m4 ,y h no soon] arriv$ at "s notion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,cubism & ,futurism ?an y f9d y\r ,cubi/ do+ ?+s t are bo? ,cubi/ & ,futuri/1 or nei!r ,cubi/ nor ,futuri/1 accord+ z y look at !m4 ,y f9d ?+s made up ( geometrical figures to give volume1 yet ) all ! p>ts _m times repeat$ to give motion4 ,y f9d ?+s t h nei!r bulk nor motion b look l no?+ s mu* z a box ( ,*9ese tangrams scatt]$ on a table4 ,f9ally1 y h assemblages ( l9es t d n draw any?+1 ev5 cubes or triangles2 & we are assur$ t !re is n[ a newe/ s*ool ( all1 call$ ,orphism1 :i*1 f9d+ /ill "s ve/iges ( intelligibility 9 any assemblage ( l9es1 r$uces ev]y?+ to %apeless blot*es4 ,probably ! fir/ ( ,orphic pictures 0 t produc$ by ! q au!ntic donkey :o 0 induc$ to sme> a canvas by la%+ a tail duly dipp$ 9 pa9t4 ,x 0 giv5 a title z ,orphic z ! pa9t+1 0 accept$ by a jury anxi\s to f9d new =ms ( tal5t1 & 0 hung 9 ! ,salon d',automne4 ,9 all ?is welt] ( prepo/]\s !ories !re is b "o ?+ con/ant--"o ?+ on :i* all ^! !ori/s are agre$4 ,x is t all ?is /range /uff is symbolic & %ad[s =? ! impressions & emotions ( ! arti/3 repres5ts n nature b 8 feel+ ab\t nature2 is ! expression ( 8 m9d or1 z !y pref] to call x1 8 s\l4 ,x may be s4 ,all art is symbolic2 images are symbols2 words are symbols2 all communication is by symbols4 ,b if a symbol is to s]ve any purpose ( communication betwe5 "o m9d & ano!r x mu/ be a symbol accept$ & und]/ood by bo? m9ds4 ,if an arti/ is to *oose 8 symbols to suit himself1 & to make !m mean any?+ he *ooses1 :o is to say :at he means or :e!r he means any?+8 ,if a man 7 to rise & recite1 ) a solemn voice1 words l ,ajakan m>adak tecor so/h5di1 w\ld y "k :at he meant8 ,if he wi%$ y to believe t ^! symbols express ! feel+ ( awe caus$ by ! contemplation ( ! />ry heav5s1 he w\ld h to tell y s 9 y\r own language2 & ev5 !n y w\ld h only 8 ^w = x4 ,he may h meant !m to express t1 b d !y8 ,! apologi/s ( ! new s*ools are cont9ually tell+ u t we mu/ give ! necess>y "t & ?\ght to le>n ! language ( ^! m5 be=e we condemn !m4 ,:y %\ld we8 ,:y %\ld n !y le>n ! univ]sal language ( art8 ,x is !y :o are try+ to say some?+4 ,:5 !y h le>n$ to speak t language & h conv9c$ u t !y h some?+ to say 9 x :i* is wor? li/5+ to1 !n1 & n till !n1 we may cons5t to su* slight modification ( x z may fit x m closely to _! ?\ght4 ,if ^! g5tlem5 really believe t _! caprici\sly *os5 symbols are fit vehicles = communication ) o!rs1 :y d !y fall back on t old1 old symbol1 ! writt5 ^w8 ,:y d !y introduce1 9 ! v mid/ ( a design 9 :i* ev]y?+ else is dislocat$1 a "n or a ^w 9 cle> ,roman lett]s8 ,or :y d !y give _! pictures titles &1 le/ y %\ld neglect to look 9 ! catalogue1 pr9t ! title q c>efully & legibly 9 ! corn] ( ! picture itself8 ,!y "k t !y mu/ set y to hunt+ = _! ann\nc$ subject or y w\ld n look twice at _! puzzles4 ,n[1 !re is only "o ^w = ?is d5ial ( all law1 ?is insurrection aga9/ all cu/om & tradition1 ?is ass]tion ( individual lic5se )\t discipl9e & )\t re/ra9t2 & t ^w is an>*y4 ,&1 z we "k1 !oretic an>*y1 ?\gh x may n always lead to actual viol5ce1 is a doctr9e ( de/ruction4 ,x is s 9 art1 & ^! arti/ic an>*i/s are f\nd proclaim+ t ! public w nev] und]/& or accept _! art :ile any?+ rema9s ( ! art ( ! pa/1 & dem&+ t !re=e ! art ( ! pa/ %all be de/roy$4 ,x is actual1 physical de/ruction ( pictures & /atues t !y call =1 & 9 ,italy1 t great treasury ( ! _w's art1 has be5 rais$ ! s9i/] cry3 ,burn ! museums6 ,!y h n yet tak5 to ! tor*1 b if !y 7 s9c]e !y w\ld d x2 = _! doctr9e calls = no?+ less ?an ! r$uction ( mank9d to a /ate ( primitive savag]y t x may beg9 aga9 at ! beg9n+4 ,=tunately1 !y are n s9c]e4 ,!re may be among !m ^? :o hone/ly believe 9 t exaltation ( ! individual & t revolt aga9/ all law :i* is ! dang] ( our age4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 if !y h brok5 f ! fold & l %eep h gone a/ray1 !y h %[n a v %eep-l disposition to foll[ ! bell-we!r4 ,!y are fond ( quot+ a say+ ( ,gaugu9's t "o mu/ be ei!r a revolutioni/ or a plagi>y2 b c any "o tell ^! revolutioni/s ap>t8 ,c any "o di/+ui% among !m su* def9ite & logically develop$ p]sonalities z m>k ev5 s*oolm5 & plagi>i/s l ,meissoni] & ,g]ome8 ,if any "o ( ^! m5 /ood alone1 "o might believe 8 ecc5tricities to be ! m>k ( an extreme individuality2 "o _c believe x :5 "o f9ds ! same ecc5tricities 9 tw5ty ( !m4 ,no1 x is n = ! sake ( unhamp]$ p]sonal developm5t t "y arti/s are jo9+ ^! new s*ools2 x is because !y are (f]$ a %ort cut to a k9d ( success4 ,z !re are no m laws & no m /&>ds1 !re is no?+ to le>n4 ,! m]e/ /ud5t is at once set ^u a level ) ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ( 8 in/ructors1 & boys & girls 9 _! te5s are hail$ z ma/]s4 ,art is at la/ made easy1 & !re are no long] any pupils1 = all h become tea*]s4 ,to borr[ ,doctor ,johnson's phrase1 _m m51 _m wom51 & _m *ildr5 c\ld produce art aft] ?is fa%ion2 & !y d4 ,s "r are ! practition]s ( ?is pu]ile art 9 _! proclaim$ belief t ! public w nev] accept x :ile any?+ else exi/s1 t "o might be will+ to treat x ) ! sil5t contempt x des]ves 7 x n = ! ef=ts ( c]ta9 critics & writ]s = ! press to conv9ce u t x ought to be accept$4 ,"s ( ^! m5 seem to be intimidat$ by ! blund]s ( ! pa/4 ,kn[+ t contempor>y criticism has damn$ almo/ e true arti/ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !y are det]m9$ n to be caught napp+2 & !y jo9 9 %\ts ( applause z ea* new h>lequ9 /eps ^u ! /age4 ,!y =get t x is z dang]\s to praise ignorantly z to blame unju/ly1 & t ! rail] at g5ius1 ?\gh he may seem m malevol5t1 w sc>ce appe> s ridicul\s to po/]ity z ! dupe ( ! m\ntebank4 ,o!rs ( !m are1 no d\bt1 hone/ victims ( t illusion ( progress to :i* we are all m or less subject--to t +ra9$ belief t all evolution is upw>d & t ! late/ ?+ mu/ necess>ily be ! be/4 ,!y =get t ! same process :i* has reliev$ man ( 8 tail has depriv$ ! snake ( 8 legs & ! kiwi ( 8 w+s4 ,!y =get t art has nev] be5 & _c be cont9u\sly progressive2 t x is only ! sci5ces connect$ ) art t are capable ( progress2 & t ! ,h5riade is n a great] poem ?an ! ,div9e ,com$y because ,voltaire has le>n$ ! falsity ( ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy4 ,f9ally1 ^! writ]s1 l o!r p1 desire to seem kn[+ & clev]2 & if y appe> to admire va/ly :at no "o else und]/&s y pass = a clev] man4 ,i h look$ ?r\gh a good deal ( ! writ+s ( ^! up-to-date critics 9 ! ef=t to f9d some?+ l an intelligible argum5t or a def9ite /atem5t ( belief4 ,i h f\nd no?+ b ! cont9ually repeat$ assumption t ^! new movem5ts1 9 all _! v>ieties1 are liv+ & vital4 ,i c f9d no gr\nds /at$ = ?is assumption & c suppose only t :at is *ang+ ) great rapidity is conceiv$ to be alive2 yet ,i "k no?+ m productive ( rapid *anges ?an putrefaction4 ,d n be deceiv$4 ,?is is n vital art1 x is decad5t & corrupt4 ,true art has always be5 ! expression by ! arti/ ( ! ideals ( 8 "t & ( ! _w 9 :i* he liv$--ideals :i* 7 8 own because he 0 a "p ( t _w4 ,a liv+ & heal?y art nev] has exi/$ & nev] c exi/ except ?r\gh ! mutual und]/&+ & co-op]ation ( ! arti/ & 8 public4 ,art is made = man & has a social function to p]=m4 ,we h a "r to dem& t x %all be bo? human & humane2 t x %all %[ "s sympa?y 9 ! arti/ ) our ?\ghts & our feel+s2 t x %all int]pret our ideals to u 9 t univ]sal language :i* has gr[n up 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,we h a "r to reject ) pity or ) scorn ! /amm]+s ( incompet5ce1 ! babble ( lunacy1 or ! vapor+ ( impo/ure4 ,b mutual und]/&+ implies a duty on ! "p ( ! public z well z on ! "p ( ! arti/1 & we mu/ give z well z take4 ,we mu/ be at ! pa9s to le>n some?+ ( ! language ( art 9 :i* we bid ! arti/ speak4 ,if we w\ld h beauty f him we mu/ sympa?ize ) 8 aspiration = beauty4 ,above all1 if we w\ld h him int]pret = u our ideals we mu/ h ideals wor?y ( su* int]pretation4 ,)\t ?is co-op]ation on our "p we may h a bett] art ?an we des]ve1 = noble arti/s w be born1 & !y w give u an art noble 9 its ess5ce h[ev] mutilat$ & %orn ( its effectiv5ess by our neglect4 ,x is only by be+ wor?y ( x t we c hope to h an art we may be pr\d (--an art l(ty 9 its inspiration1 consummate 9 its a*ievem5t1 discipl9$ 9 its /r5g?4 ,,ii ,,jean ,,francois ,,millet ,jean ,francois ,millet1 :o liv$ h>d & di$ poor1 is n[ p]haps ! mo/ fam\s arti/ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 slighte/ "w is f\ght = by deal]s & collectors1 & 8 m important pictures1 if !y *ance to *ange h&s1 br+ colossal & almo/ incr$ible prices4 ,& ( all mod]n reputations 81 s f> z we c see1 seems mo/ likely to be endur+4 ,if any pa9t] ( ! imm$iate pa/ is def9itively numb]$ ) ! great ma/]s1 x is he4 ,yet ! popul> admiration = 8 art is bas$ on a ,i misappreh5sion almo/ z pr(\nd z t ( ^? contempor>ies :o decri$ & oppos$ him4 ,!y ?\ght him viol5t1 rude1 ill-educat$1 a man ( ! woods1 a revolutioni/1 almo/ a communi/4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( him z a g5tle s5tim5tali/1 a s\l full ( compassion = ! h>d lot ( ! poor1 a man ^: art a*ieves greatness by %e] feel+ r ?an by k & intellect4 ,9 spite ( 8 own lett]s1 9 spite ( ! te/imony ( _m :o knew him well1 9 spite ( m ?an "o piece ( illum9at+ criticism1 ^! two misconceptions endure2 &1 = ! _m1 ,millet is /ill ei!r ! pa9t] ( ,! ,man ) ! ,hoe1 a p[]ful b some:at exceptional "w1 or ! pa9t] ( ,l',angelus1 precisely ! lea/ *>act]i/ic picture he ev] produc$4 ,!re is a leg5d>y ,millet1 9 _m ways a v diff]5t man f ! real "o1 &1 :ile ! facts ( 8 life are well kn[n & undisput$1 ! int]pretation ( !m is color$ by preconceptions & /ra9$ to make !m fit ! leg5d4 ,altoge!r too mu*1 = in/ance1 has be5 made ( ! fact t ,millet 0 born a peasant4 ,he 0 s1 b s 7 half ! arti/s & poets :o come up to ,p>is & fill ! s*ools & ! cafes ( ! /ud5t qu>t]s4 ,to any "o :o has kn[n ^! "y rap9s1 & wond]$ at ! grave & di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! ,in/itute into :i* _m ( !m h aft]w>d develop$1 x is evid5t t ?is /udi\s y\?--:o read ,virgil 9 ! orig9al & ,hom] & ,%akespe>e & ,goe! 9 translations--probably _h a mu* m cultivat$ m9d & a mu* s\nd] education ?an mo/ ( 8 fell[ /ud5ts "u ,del>o*e4 ,sev5 ye>s aft] ?is ,norman f>m]'s son came to ,p>is1 ) a p5sion ( #fjj francs vot$ by ! t[n c\ncil ( ,*]b\rg1 ! son ( a ,breton sabot-mak] foll[$ him !re ) a precisely simil> p5sion vot$ by ! t[n c\ncil ( ,ro*e-sur-,yon2 & ! pupil ( ,langlois _h _h at lea/ equal opportunities ) ! pupil ( ,s>toris4 ,bo? cases 7 entirely typical ( ,fr5* me?ods ( enc\rag+ ! f9e arts1 & ! peasant orig9 ( ,millet is precisely z significant z ! peasant orig9 ( ,baudry4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #b4--,millet4 ,! ,s[]4 ,9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,v&]bilt collection4 ,baudry p]sev]$ 9 ! c\rse m>k$ out = him &1 aft] fail+ ?ree times1 receiv$ ! ,prix de ,rome & became ! p5sion] ( ! /ate4 ,millet took umbrage at ,del>o*e's explanation t 8 support 0 already pl$g$ to ano!r c&idate = ! prize1 & left ! ateli] ( t ma/] aft] little m ?an a ye>'s "w4 ,b t he _h already acquir$ mo/ ( :at 0 to be le>n$ !re is %[n1 if by no?+ else1 by ! ma/]'s promise to pu% him = ! prize ! ye> foll[+4 ,?is 0 9 #ahch1 & = a ye> or two long] ,millet work$ 9 ! life classes ( ,suisse & ,b\d9 )\t a ma/]4 ,8 p5sion 0 fir/ cut d[n & !n )drawn altoge!r1 & he 0 ?r[n ^u 8 own res\rces4 ,8 /ruggles & 8 pov]ty dur+ ! next few ye>s 7 ^? ( _m a "y arti/1 aggravat$1 9 8 case1 by two imprud5t m>riages4 ,b dur+ all ! "t t he 0 pa9t+ portraits 9 ,*]b\rg or little nudes 9 ,p>is he 0 /eadily ga9+ reputation & mak+ fri5ds4 ,if we _h n ! pictures !mselves to %[ u h[ able & h[ well-tra9$ a workman he 01 ! /ory told u by ,wyatt ,eaton1 9 ,mod]n ,fr5* ,ma/]s1 w\ld conv9ce u4 ,x 0 9 ! la/ ye> ( ,millet's life t he told ! "y ,am]ican h[1 9 8 e>ly days1 a deal] w\ld come to him = a picture &1 hav+ no?+ pa9t$1 he w\ld (f] ! deal] a book & ask him to wait = a little :ile t he might add a few t\*es to ! picture4 ,he w\ld !n g into 8 /udio & take a fre% canvas1 or a panel1 & 9 two h\rs br+ out a little nude figure1 :i* he _h pa9t$ dur+ t "t1 & = :i* he w\ld receive tw5ty or tw5ty-five francs4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ?is "t t ,diaz admir$ = its color & its immortal fle% pa9t+2 t caus$ ,gui*>d1 a pupil ( ,+res1 to tell 8 ma/] t ,millet 0 ! f9e/ draughtsman ( ! new s*ool2 t e>n$ = its au?or ! title ( ma/] ( ! nude4 ,he did all k9ds ( "w 9 ^! days1 ev5 pa9t+ signs & illu/rat+ %eet music1 & x 0 all capital practice = a "y man1 b x 0 n :at he want$ to d4 ,a great deal has be5 made ( ! /ory ( 8 ov]he>+ "s "o speak ( him z a fell[ :o nev] pa9ts any?+ b nak$ wom51 & he is repres5t$ z und]go+ some?+ l a sudd5 conv]sion & z resolv+ to d no m ( ! devil's "w4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he _h1 f ! fir/1 want$ to pa9t m5 at "w 9 ! fields1 ) _! f9e attitudes1 & he only tri$ 8 h& at o!r ?+s because he _h 8 liv+ to e>n4 ,s5si] saw :at seems to h be5 ! fir/ sket* = ,! ,s[] z e>ly z #ahdg1 & x exi/$ long be=e t1 :ile ,! ,w9n[] 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahdh2 & ! ov]he>d conv]sation is said to h tak5 place 9 #ahdi4 ,!re 0 no?+ indec5t or immoral 9 ,millet's e>ly "w1 & ! be/ pro( t he felt no moral reprobation = ! pa9t+ ( ! nude--z :at true pa9t]1 especially 9 ,france1 ev] did8--is t he return$ to x 9 ! height ( 8 p[] &1 9 ! picture ( ! little ,goose ,girl 7,pl4 #a7 by ! brook side1 h] slim1 "y body b>$ = ! ba?1 produc$ ! lovelie/ ( 8 works4 ,no1 :at happ5$ to ,millet 9 #ahdi 0 simply t he resolv$ to d no m pot-boil+1 to consult no "o's ta/e b 8 own1 to pa9t :at he pleas$ & z he pleas$1 if he />v$ = x4 ,he w5t to ,b>bizon = a summ]'s holiday & to escape ! *ol]a4 ,he /ay$ !re because liv+ 0 *eap & ! place 0 heal?ful1 & because he c\ld f9d !re ! models & ! subjects on :i* he built 8 highly ab/ract & ideal art4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #c4--,millet4 ,! ,glean]s4 ,9 ! ,l\vre4 ,at ,b>bizon he nei!r resum$ ! co/ume nor l$ ! life ( a peasant4 ,he wore sabots1 z hundr$s ( o!r arti/s h done1 be=e & s9ce1 :5 liv+ 9 ! c\ntry 9 ,france4 ,sabots are v *eap & v dry & n uncom=table :5 y h acquir$ ! knack ( we>+ !m4 ,9 o!r respects he dress$ & liv$ l a small b\rgeois1 & 0 monsieur to ! p ab\t him4 ,b>bizon 0 already a summ] resort = arti/s be=e he came !re1 & ! inn 0 full ( pa9t]s2 :ile o!rs1 ( :om ,r\sseau 0 "o1 7 settl$ !re m or less p]man5tly4 ,x is b a %ort di/ance f ,p>is1 & ! exhibitions & museums 7 readily accessible4 ,! life t ,millet liv$ !re 0 t ( _m poor1 self-respect+1 h>d-work+ arti/s1 & if he _h be5 a l&scape pa9t] t life w\ld nev] h seem$ 9 any way exceptional4 ,x is only because he 0 a pa9t] ( ! figure t x seems odd he %\ld h liv$ 9 ! c\ntry2 only because he pa9t$ peasants t he has be5 ?\ght ( z a peasant himself4 ,if he accept$ ! "n1 ) a k9d ( pride1 x 0 9 prote/ aga9/ ! frivolity & artificiality ( ! fa%ionable art ( ! day4 ,b if too mu* has be5 made ( ,millet's peasant orig91 p]haps h>dly en\gh has be5 made ( 8 race4 ,x is at lea/ int]e/+ t ! two ,fr5*m5 ^: art has mo/ 9 common ) 81 ,nicolas ,p\ss9 & ,pi]re ,corneille1 %\ld h be5 ,normans l himself4 ,9 ! sev]ely re/ra9$1 gr&ly simple1 pr(\ndly classical "w ( ^! ?ree m51 t h>d-head$1 /rong-h&$1 au/]e1 & manly race has f\nd its arti/ic expression4 ,= ,millet is nei!r a revolution>y nor a s5tim5tali/1 nor ev5 a romantici/2 he is ess5tially a classici/ ( ! classici/s1 a cons]vative ( ! cons]vatives1 ! "o mod]n exempl> ( ! gr& /yle4 ,x is because 8 art is s old t x 0 too new = ev5 ,corot to und]/& x2 because he h>k$ back beyond ! pseudoclassicism ( 8 "t to ! great art ( ! pa/1 & 0 classic z ,phidias & ,giotto & ,mi*elangelo 7 classic1 t he seem$ /range to 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 ev]y?+ he 0 cons]vative4 ,he hat$ *ange2 he want$ ?+s to rema9 z !y _h always be54 ,he did n especially pity ! h>d lot ( ! peasant2 he consid]$ x ! natural & inevitable lot ( man :o eats bread 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[4 ,he want$ ! p he pa9t$ to look z if !y belong$ to _! place--z if x w\ld be impossible = !m ev] to ?9k ( be+ any?+ else b :at !y are4 ,9 ! h]dsman & ! %eph]d1 ! s[] & ! reap]1 he saw ! immemorial types ( humanity ^: labors h endur$ s9ce ! _w began & 7 ess5tially :at !y n[ are :5 ,virgil wrote 8 ,georgics & :5 ,jacob kept ! flocks ( ,laban4 ,?is is ! note ( all 8 "w4 ,x is ! p]man5t1 ! ess5tial1 ! et]nally significant t he pa9ts4 ,! app>5t localization ( 8 subjects 9 "t & place is an illusion4 ,he is n conc]n$ ) ! n9ete5? c5tury or ) ,b>bizon b ) mank9d4 ,at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,engli% ,pre-raphaelites 7 try+ to f\nd a great art on ! exhau/ive imitation ( natural detail1 he elim9at$ detail z mu* z possible4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( our mod]n preoccupation ) ! direct repres5tation ( facts1 he ab&on$ /udy f ! model almo/ entirely & c\ld say t he _h nev] pa9t$ f nature4 ,8 subjects w\ld h /ruck ! amiable ,sir ,jo%ua z trivial1 yet no "o has ev] m completely foll[$ t writ]'s precepts4 ,8 confession ( fai? is 9 ! words1 ,"o mu/ be able to make use ( ! trivial = ! expression ( ! sublime2 & ?is pa9t] ( ru/ic g5re is ! _w's greate/ ma/] ( ! sublime aft] ,mi*elangelo4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #d4--,millet4 ,! ,spad]s4 ,! comp>ison ) ,mi*elangelo is inevitable & has be5 made aga9 & aga9 by ^? :o h felt ! elem5tal gr&eur ( ,millet's "w4 ,z a rec5t writ] has rem>k$3 ,an art highly intellectualiz$1 s z to convey a great idea ) ! lucidity ( language1 mu/ ne$s be controll$ by g5ius ak9 to t :i* inspir$ ! ceil+ pa9t+s ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4,a ,?is 0 writt5 ( ! ,trajanic sculptors1 ^: works bo? ,mi*elangelo & ,millet /udi$ & admir$1 & inde$ x is to ?is old ,roman art1 or to ! /ill old] art ( ,greece1 t "o mu/ g = ! true/ p>allel ( ,millet's temp] & 8 mann] ( work+4 ,he 0 less impati5t1 less romantic & emotional ?an ,mi*elangelo2 he 0 grav]1 quiet]1 m s]5e2 & if he _h little ( ! ,greek s5su\sness & ! ,greek love ( physical beauty1 he _h mu* ( ! antique cl>ity & simplicity4 ,to express 8 idea cle>ly1 logically1 & =cibly2 to make a "w ( art t %\ld be all ( a piece & 9 :i* ?+s %\ld be :]e !y are = a purpose2 to admit no?+ = display1 = ornam5t1 ev5 = beauty1 t did n necess>ily & inevitably gr[ out ( 8 c5tral !me1 & to suppress ) an iron rigidity ev]y?+ useless or sup]flu\s--?is 0 8 con/ant & consci\s ef=t4 ,x is an ideal em95tly au/]e & intellectual--an ideal1 above all1 especially & et]nally classic4 ,a ,eug5ie ,/rong1 ,roman ,sculpture1 p4 #bbd4 ,take1 = an in/ance1 ! e>lie/ ( 8 ma/]pieces1 ! fir/ great picture by :i* he m>k$ 8 emancipation & 8 det]m9ation h5ce=? to produce art z he und]/ood x )\t reg>d to ! pref]5ces ( o!rs4 ,_m ( 8 prelim9>y draw+s & /udies exi/ & we c trace1 m or less cle>ly1 ! process by :i* ! f9al result 0 arriv$ at4 ,at fir/ we h m]ely a peasant s[+ gra92 an ev]yday incid5t1 truly en\gh obs]v$ b no?+ m4 ,gradually ! backgr\nd is cut d[n1 ! space re/rict$1 ! figure enl>g$ until x fills its frame z a metope ( ! ,p>!non is fill$4 ,! ge/ure is ev] enl>g$ & giv5 m sweep & maje/y1 ! silh\ette is simplifi$ & dive/$ ( all accid5tal or insignificant detail4 ,a ?\s& previ\s obs]vations are comp>$ & resum$ 9 "o g5]al & compreh5sive =mula1 & ! typical has be5 evolv$ f ! actual4 ,:at g5]ations ( ,greek sculptors did 9 _! sl[ p]fection+ ( c]ta9 fix$ types he has done almo/ at once4 ,we h no long] a man s[+1 b ,! ,s[] 7,pl4 #b71 ju/ify+ ! title he in/9ctively gave x by its air ( p]man5ce1 ( inevitability1 ( univ]sality4 ,all ! significance :i* !re is or ev] has be5 = mank9d 9 t primaeval action ( s[+ ! se$ is cry/alliz$ into its necess>y expression4 ,! ?+ is done once = all1 & ne$ nev]--c nev] be done aga94 ,has any "o else _h ?is p[] s9ce ,mi*elangelo creat$ 8 ,adam8 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #e4--,millet4 ,! ,potato ,plant]s4 ,9 ! ,qu9cy ,a4 ,%aw ,collection4 ,if ev5 ,millet nev] aga9 atta9$ q ! augu/ impressiv5ess ( ?is picture x is because no o!r action ( ru/ic man has s wide or s deep a mean+ = u z ?is ( s[+4 ,all ! mean+ !re is 9 an action he c\ld make u feel ) entire c]ta9ty1 & always he proce$s by ?is me?od ( elim9ation1 conc5tration1 simplification1 insi/5ce on ! ess5tial & ! ess5tial only4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( all 8 pictures--m p]fect ?an ,! ,s[] on acc\nt ( qualities ( m]e pa9t+1 ( color1 & ( ! r5d]+ ( l&scape1 ( :i* ,i %all speak lat]--is ,! ,glean]s 7,pl4 #c74 ,"h "o figure is n en\gh to express ! cont9u\sness ( ! movem5t2 ! utmo/ simplification w n make y feel1 z p[]fully z he wi%es y to feel x1 ! crawl+ progress1 ! b5d+ toge!r ( back & ?ighs1 ! grop+ ( worn f+]s 9 ! /ubble4 ,! l9e mu/ be re9=c$ & r$uplicat$1 & a second figure1 almo/ a facsimile ( ! fir/1 is add$4 ,ev5 ?is is n en\gh4 ,he adds a ?ird figure1 n ga!r+ ! e>1 b ab\t to d s1 /&+1 b /oop$ =w>d & b\nd$ by "o great1 almo/ un9t]rupt$ curve f ! peak ( ! cap ov] h] eyes to ! heel :i* half slips out ( ! sabot1 & ! ?+ is done4 ,! :ole day's "w is resum$ 9 t "o mom5t4 ,! task has endur$ = h\rs & w endure till sunset1 ) only an occasional break :ile ! back is half-/raight5$--!re is n "t to /raight5 x :olly4 ,x is ! triumph ( significant composition1 z ,! ,s[] is ! triumph ( significant draughtsman%ip4 ,or1 :5 an action is m complicat$ & difficult ( sugge/ion1 z is t1 = in/ance1 ( digg+1 he takes x at ! beg9n+ & at ! end1 z 9 ,! ,spad]s 7,pl4 #d71 & makes y und]/& ev]y?+ betwe54 ,"o man is d\bl$ ov] 8 spade1 8 :ole weight br\ght to be> on ! press+ foot :i* drives ! blade into ! gr\nd4 ,! o!r1 ) arms out/ret*$1 gives ! twi/+ motion :i* lets ! loos5$ e>? fall :]e x is to lie4 ,ea* ( ^! positions is s ?or\ghly und]/ood & s def9itely express$ t all ! o!r positions ( ! action are impli$ 9 !m4 ,y feel ! recurr5t rhy?m ( ! movem5t & c\ld almo/ c\nt ! fall+ ( ! clods4 ,s f> did ,millet pu% ! elim9ation ( non-ess5tials t 8 heads h (t5 sc>cely any features1 8 h&s1 "o might say1 are )\t f+]s1 & 8 drap]ies are s simplifi$ z to sugge/ ! witty rem>k t 8 peasants are too poor to af=d any folds 9 _! g>m5ts4 ,! sett+ ( ! great1 bony planes ( jaw & *eek & temple1 ! bulk & solidity ( ! skull1 & ! direction ( ! face--^! 71 (t5 en\gh1 all he want$ ( a head4 ,look at ! h& ( ! woman 9 ,! ,potato ,plant]s 7,pl4 #e71 or at ^? ( ! man 9 ! same picture1 & see h[ little detail !re is 9 !m1 yet h[ surely ! ma/]'s sov]eign draughtsman%ip has made y feel _! actual /ructure & function6 ,& h[ inevitably ! g>m5ts1 ) _! few & simple folds1 m\ld & acc5t ! figures b5ea? !m1 becom+1 z x 71 a "p ( ! body & express+1 ev5 m ?an ! nude1 ! l>g] & simpl] =ms ( nature6 ,h[ explicitly ! action ( ! bodies is regi/]$1 h[ p]fectly ! am\nt ( ef=t app>5t is proportion$ to ! end to be atta9$6 ,"o c feel1 to an ounce1 x seems1 ! /ra9 ^u ! muscles impli$ by t hoe-full ( e>?4 ,or look at ! easi] attitude ( ,! ,graft] 7,pl4 #f71 engag$ ^u 8 g5tl] task1 & at ! monum5tal silh\ette ( ! wife1 /&+ !re1 babe 9 arms1 a type ( et]nal mo!rhood & ( ! fruitfulness to come4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #f4--,millet4 ,! ,graft]4 ,9 ! collection ( ,william ,rockefell]4 ,(t5] ?an any?+1 p]haps1 x 0 ! s5se ( weight t int]e/$ ,millet4 ,x is ! adju/m5t ( h] body to ! weight ( ! *ild %e c>ries t gives h] /atuesque pose to ! wife ( ! graft]4 ,x is ! drag ( ! buckets ^u ! arms t gives h] :ole "* to ! magnific5t ,woman ,c>ry+ ,wat]1 9 ! ,v&]bilt collection4 ,x is ! erect c>riage1 ! cauti\s1 rhy?mic walk1 keep+ /ep toge!r1 =c$ ^u !m by ! s5se ( weight1 :i* gives t gravity & solemnity to ! be>]s ( ,! ,new-,born ,calf 7,pl4 #g71 :i* 0 ridicul$ by ,millet's critics z m befitt+ ! be>]s ( ! bull ,apis or ! ,holy ,sacram5t4 ,! arti/ himself 0 explicit 9 ?is in/ance z 9 t ( ! ,woman ,c>ry+ ,wat]4 ,! expression ( two m5 c>ry+ a load on a litt]1 he says1 naturally dep5ds on ! weight :i* re/s ^u _! arms4 ,?us1 if ! weight is equal1 _! expression w be ! same1 :e!r !y be> ! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant or a calf1 an +ot ( gold or a /one4 ,f9d t expression1 :e!r 9 face or figure1 r5d] x cle>ly1 ) l>g5ess & simplicity1 & y h a great1 a grave1 a classic "w ( art4 ,we are nev] s truly ,greek1 he said1 z :5 we are simply pa9t+ our own impressions4 ,c]ta9ly 8 own way ( pa9t+ 8 impressions 0 m ,greek ?an any?+ else 9 ! :ole range ( mod]n art4 ,9 ! epic gr&eur ( su* pictures z ^! !re is some?+ ak9 to sadness1 ?\gh assur$ly ,millet did n mean !m to be sad4 ,did he n say ( ! ,woman ,c>ry+ ,wat]3 ,i h avoid$1 z ,i always d1 ) a sort ( horror1 ev]y?+ t might v]ge on ! s5tim5tal8 ,he wi%$ h] to seem to d h] "w simply & *e]fully 444 z a "p ( h] daily task & ! habit ( h] life4 ,& he 0 n always 9 ! au/]e & epical mood4 ,he c\ld be idyllic z well1 & if he c\ld n see ! joy\s side ( life or nature he c\ld feel & make u feel ! *>m ( tranquillity4 ,inde$1 ?is rem>k ( 8 ab\t ! joy\s side ( ?+s 0 made 9 ! d>k1 e>ly days :5 life 0 h>de/ = him4 ,he broad5$ 9 8 view z he grew old] & conditions became m tol]able1 & he has pa9t$ a :ole s]ies ( little pictures ( family life & ( *ildhood t1 9 _! smil+ s]i\sness1 are endlessly delightful4 ,! same sci5ce1 ! same ?\ghtfulness1 ! same conc5tration & intellectual grasp t def9$ = u ! sup]b ge/ure ( ,! ,s[] h gone to ! depiction ( ! adorable unc]ta9ty1 betwe5 walk+ & fall+1 ( ^? ,fir/ ,/eps 7,pl4 #h7 f ! "m's lap to ! out/ret*$ arms ( ! fa!r2 & ! result1 9 ?is case z 9 ! o!r1 is a ?+ p]fectly & p]man5tly express$4 ,:atev] ,millet has done is done4 ,he has *>act]iz$ ! type1 z x 0 8 dream to d1 & writt5 h&s (f across 8 subject = all future adv5tur]s4 ,f9ally1 he rises to an almo/ lyric f]vor 9 t picture ( ! little ,goose ,girl ba?+1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ purely & exquisitely beautiful ?+s 9 art4 ,9 ?is smoo?1 "y body quiv]+ ) anticipation ( ! coolness ( ! wat]2 9 ^! r\nd$1 sl5d] limbs ) _! long1 firm1 supple l9es2 9 ! unconsci\s1 half-awkw>d grace ( attitude & 9 ! glory ( sunlight spla%+ ?r\gh ! %ad[ ( ! will[s1 !re is a :ole song ( joy & y\? & ! goodness ( ! _w4 ,! picture exi/s 9 a draw+ or pa/el1 :i* has be5 photograph$ by ,braun1 z well z 9 ! oil-pa9t+1 & ,millet's habit ( return+ aga9 & aga9 to a favorite subject r5d]s x difficult to be c]ta9 :i* is ! e>li] ( ! two2 b ,i imag9e ?is draw+ to be a /udy = ! picture4 ,at fir/ sight ! figure 9 x is m obvi\sly beautiful ?an 9 ! o!r v]sion1 & x is only aft] a "t t "o beg9s to und]/& ! *anges t ! arti/ 0 impell$ to make4 ,x is almo/ too graceful1 too mu* l an antique nymph4 ,no "o c\ld f9d any fault ) x1 b by an almo/ imp]ceptible /iff5+ ( ! l9e "h & !re1 a little great] turn ( ! foot ^u ! ankle & ( ! h& ^u ! wri/1 ! figure 9 ! pa9t+ has be5 giv5 an acc5t ( ru/icity t makes x m human1 m natural1 & m appeal+4 ,%e is no long] a possible ,galatea or ,are?usa1 %e is only a goose girl1 & we feel b ! m /rongly on t acc\nt ! et]nal poem ( ! heal?y human =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #g4--,millet4 ,! ,new-,born ,calf4 ,9 ! ,art ,in/itute1 ,*icago4 ,! especial /udy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 l&scape1 & ,millet 0 s f> a man ( 8 "t t he 0 a great l&scape pa9t]2 b 8 treatm5t ( l&scape 0 unlike any o!r1 &1 l 8 own treatm5t ( ! figure1 9 its insi/5ce on ess5tials1 its elim9ation ( ! accid5tal1 its au/]e & gr& simplicity4 ,i h he>d1 some:]e1 a /ory ( 8 say+1 9 answ] to praise ( 8 "w or inquiry z to 8 mean+3 ,i 0 try+ to express ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?+s t lie flat & ! ?+s t /& upright4 ,t is ! real motive ( "o ( 8 ma/]pieces--"o t 9 "s moods seems ! greate/ ( !m all--,! ,%eph]dess 7,pl4 #i71 t is1 or us$ to be1 9 ! ,*au*>d collection4 ,9 ?is nobly tranquil "w1 9 :i* !re is no h9t ( sadness or revolt1 are to be f\nd all 8 usual inevitabl5ess ( composition & p]fection ( draughtsman%ip--note ! effect ( repetition 9 ! %eep1 =ty fe$+ l "o--b ! glory ( ! picture is 9 ! inf9ite recession ( ! pla9 t lies flat1 ! exact notation ( ! successive positions ^u x ( ! ?+s t /& upright1 f ! trees & ! hay wa9 9 ! extreme di/ance1 almo/ lo/ 9 sky1 ?r\gh ! %eep & ! %eep-dog & ! %eph]dess h]self1 knitt+ s quietly1 to ! d&elions 9 ! =egr\nd1 ea* ) its aureole ( light4 ,( ^! simple1 geometrical relations1 & ( ! envelop+ light & air by :i* !y are express$1 he has made a hymn ( praise4 ,! backgr\nd ( ,! ,glean]s1 ) its bak+ /ubble-field "u ! midday sun1 its gra9 /acks & labor]s & di/ant f>m/ead1 all tremul\s 9 ! reflect$ waves ( heat1 indi/9ct & almo/ indeciph]able yet unmi/akable1 is ne>ly z wond]ful2 & no "o has ev] s r5d]$ ! solemnity & ! my/]y ( night z has he 9 ! m>vell\s ,%eepfold ( ! ,walt]s collection4 ,b ! greate/ ( all 8 l&scapes--"o ( ! greate/ l&scapes ev] pa9t$--is 8 ,spr+ 7,pl4 #aj71 ( ! ,l\vre1 a pure l&scape ?is "t1 conta9+ no figure4 ,9 ! int5se gre5 ( ! sunlit woods aga9/ ! black ra9-cl\ds t are pass+ away1 9 ! jewel-l brilliancy ( ! blossom+ apple-trees1 & ! wet grass 9 t cle> air aft] ! %[]2 9 ! glori\s ra9b[ drawn 9 danc+ light across ! sky1 we may see1 if any:]e 9 art1 "s reflection ( ! inf9ite spl5dors :i* ,millet tells u he saw 9 nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #h4--,millet4 ,! ,fir/ ,/eps4 ,9 ! face ( su* results z ^! x seems absurd to discuss ! "q :e!r or n ,millet 0 te*nically a ma/] ( 8 trade1 z if ! me?ods t produc$ !m c\ld possibly be any?+ b good me?ods = ! purpose2 b x is /ill too mu* ! fa%ion to say & ?9k t ! great arti/ 0 a poor pa9t]--to speak slight+ly ( 8 accompli%m5t 9 oil-pa9t+ & to seem to pref] 8 draw+s & pa/els to 8 pictures4 ,we h se5 t he 0 a supremely able te*nician 9 8 pot-boil+ days & t ! color & h&l+ ( 8 e>ly pictures 7 greatly admir$ by s brilliant a virtuoso z ,diaz4 ,b ?is fl[]y mann] w\ld n l5d itself to ! expression ( 8 new aims & he _h to inv5t ano!r4 ,he did s /umbl+ly at fir/1 & ! e>lie/ pictures ( 8 gr& /yle h a c]ta9 h>%ness & rugg$ness ( surface & heav9ess ( color :i* 8 critics c\ld n =give any m ?an ! ,impressioni/s1 :o h outdone t rugg$ness1 c =give him 8 frequ5t use ( a w>m g5]al tone incl9+ to br[nness4 ,8 ideal ( =m & ( composition he possess$ complete f ! beg9n+2 8 ma/]y ( light & color & ! h&l+ ( mat]ials 0 sl[] ( acquirem5t2 b he did acquire x1 & 9 ! end he is z absolute a ma/] ( pa9t+ z ( draw+4 ,he did n see nature 9 blue & violet1 z ,monet has taught u to see x1 & little felicities & facilities ( r5d]+1 & any?+ approa*+ clev]ness or ! p>ade ( virtuosity he hat$2 b he knew j :at c\ld be done ) ?ick or ?9 pa9t+1 ) opaque or transp>5t pigm5t1 & he c\ld make 8 few & simple colors say any?+ he *ose4 ,9 8 mature "w !re is a pr(\nd k ( ! means to be employ$ & a great economy 9 _! use1 & !re is no approa* to indiscrim9ate or mean+less load+4 ,?+s are :]e !y are = a purpose1 & if ! surface ( a picture is r\gh 9 any place x is because j t degree ( r\ghness 0 necess>y to atta9 ! desir$ effect4 ,he c\ld make m]e pa9t express light z few arti/s h be5 able to d--,! ,%eph]dess is flood$ ) x--& he c\ld d ?is )\t any sacrifice ( ! s5se ( sub/ance 9 ! ?+s on :i* ! light falls4 ,if "s ( 8 canvases are br[n x is because br[n seem$ to him ! appropriate note to express :at he _h to say2 ,! ,glean]s gl[s ) almo/ ! ri*ness ( a ,giorgione1 & o!r pictures are honey-ton$ or cool & silv]y or spl5didly brilliant4 ,& 9 :atev] key he pa9t$1 ! h>mony ( 8 tones & colors is z l>ge1 z simple1 & z p]fect z ! h>mony ( 8 l9es & masses4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #i4--,millet4 ,! ,%eph]dess4 ,9 ! ,*au*>d collection1 ,l\vre4 ,b if we _c admit t ,millet's draw+s are bett] ?an 8 pa9t+s1 we may be v glad he did !m4 ,8 great epic ( ! soil mu/ h lack$ _m episodes1 p]haps :ole books & cantos1 if x _h be5 writt5 only 9 ! sl[] & m elaborate me?od4 ,! comp>ative slightness & rapidity ( execution ( 8 draw+s & pa/els enabl$ him to regi/] _m inv5tions & obs]vations t we mu/ o!rwise h miss$1 & _m ( ^! are ( ! highe/ value4 ,8 long tra9+ 9 seiz+ ! ess5tial 9 any?+ he saw enabl$ him1 (t51 to put m mean+ into a s+le rapid l9e ?an ano!r c\ld put into a day's pa9ful labor1 & "s ( 8 slighte/ sket*es are a/oni%+ly & comm&+ly expressive4 ,o!r ( 8 draw+s 7 work$ out & pond]$ ov] almo/ z lov+ly z 8 complete/ pictures4 ,b s in/9ctively & inevitably 0 he a compos] t ev]y?+ he t\*$ is a complete :ole--8 m]e/ sket* or 8 mo/ elaborat$ design is a unit4 ,he has left no fragm5ts4 ,8 pa9t+s1 8 c\ntless draw+s1 8 few et*+s & woodcuts are all ( a piece4 ,ab\t ev]y?+ !re is t air ( f9ality :i* m>ks ! "w de/9$ to become p]man5tly a classic4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aj4--,millet4 ,spr+4 ,9 ! ,l\vre4 ,"h & !re1 by "o or ano!r writ]1 mo/ or all ( :at ,i h be5 try+ to say has be5 said already4 ,x is ! m likely to be true4 ,& if ^! true ?+s h be5 said1 _m o!r ?+s h be5 said also :i* seem to me n s true1 or little to ! purpose1 s t ! image ,i h be5 try+ to create mu/ diff]1 = bett] or = worse1 f t :i* ano!r might h made4 ,at lea/ ,i may h look$ at ! tru? f a slightly diff]5t angle & s h %[n x 9 a new p]spective4 ,&1 at any rate1 x is well t true ?+s %\ld be said aga9 f "t to "t4 ,x c d no h>m t "o m p]son %\ld endeavor to give a reason = 8 admiration ( a great & true arti/ & %\ld express 8 conviction t among ! _w's great ma/]s ! f9al place ( ,jean ,francois ,millet is n de/9$ to be ! l[e/4 ,,iii ,,! ,,illusion ,,( ,,progress,b ,b ,read be=e ! jo9t meet+ ( ,! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,lett]s & ,! ,national ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,lett]s1 ,decemb] #ac1 #aiab4 ,9 ^! days all ( u1 ev5 ,academicians1 are to "s ext5t believ]s 9 progress4 ,our gold5 age is no long] 9 ! pa/1 b 9 ! future4 ,we "k t our e>ly ance/ors 7 a race ( wret*$ cave-dwell]s1 & we believe t our /ill e>li] ance/ors 7 possess$ ( tails & po9t$ e>s4 ,hav+ come s f>1 we are sometimes incl9$ to =get t n e /ep has be5 an advance & to ent]ta9 an illogical confid5ce t ea* future /ep mu/ c>ry u /ill fur!r =w>d2 hav+ indubitably progress$ 9 _m ?+s1 we ?9k ( ourselves z progress+ 9 all4 ,& z ! pace ( progress 9 sci5ce & 9 mat]ial ?+s has become m & m rapid1 we h come to expect a simil> pace 9 art & lett]s1 to imag9e t ! art ( ! future mu/ be f> f9] ?an ! art ( ! pres5t or ?an t ( ! pa/1 & t ! art ( "o decade1 or ev5 ( "o ye>1 mu/ sup]s$e t ( ! prec$+ decade or ! prec$+ ye>1 z ! #aiac model 9 automobiles sup]s$es ! model ( #aiab4 ,m ?an ev] be=e ,to h done is to hang q out ( fa%ion1 & ! only title to consid]ation is to d some?+ q obvi\sly new or to proclaim "o's int5tion ( do+ some?+ new]4 ,! race gr[s madd] & madd]4 ,x 0 sc>ce two ye>s s9ce we fir/ he>d ( ,cubism :5 ! ,futuri/s 7 call+ ! ,cubi/s reaction>y4 ,ev5 ! gasp+ critics1 p\nd+ manfully 9 ! re>1 h ?r[n away all imp$im5ta ( traditional /&>ds 9 ! desp]ate ef=t to keep up ) :at seems less a m>* ?an a /amp$e4 ,b :ile we talk s l\dly ( progress 9 ! arts we h an uneasy feel+ t we are n really progress+4 ,if our belief 9 our own art 7 z full-blood$ z 0 t ( ! great creative epo*s1 we %\ld sc>ce be s rev]5t ( ! art ( ! pa/4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a sign ( anaemia t we h become f\nd]s ( museums & cons]v]s ( old build+s4 ,if we are s c>eful ( our h]itage1 x is surely f "s d\bt ( our ability to replace x4 ,:5 art has be5 vigor\sly alive x has be5 ru?less 9 its treatm5t ( :at has gone be=e4 ,no ca!dral build] ?\ght ( reconcil+ 8 own "w to t ( ! build] :o prec$$ him2 he built 9 8 own way1 confid5t ( its sup]iority4 ,& :5 ! ,r5aissance build] came1 9 8 turn1 he contemptu\sly dismiss$ all m$iaeval art z ,go?ic & b>b>\s1 & 0 z ready to te> d[n an old facade z to build a new "o4 ,ev5 ! mo/ cock-sure ( our mod]ns might hesitate to emulate ,mi*elangelo 9 8 calm de/ruction ( ?ree frescoes by ,p]ug9o to make room = 8 own ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,he1 at lea/1 _h ! full c\rage ( 8 convictions1 & 8 op9ion ( ,p]ug9o is ( record4 ,n all ( u w\ld consid] ev5 ,mi*elangelo's arrogance entirely ju/ifi$1 b x is n only ! ,mi*elangelos :o h _h ?is belief 9 !mselves4 ,app>5tly ! confid5ce ( progress has be5 z great 9 times t n[ seem to u decad5t z 9 times t we ?9k ( z truly progressive4 ,! pa/1 or at lea/ ! imm$iate pa/1 has always seem$ out ( date1 & ea* g5]ation1 z x made its entrance on ! /age1 has plum$ itself ^u its sup]iority to t :i* 0 leav+ x4 ,! ar*itect ( ! mo/ debas$ b>oque graft$ 8 improvem5ts ^u ! build+s ( ! high ,r5aissance ) an assurance n less ?an t ) :i* ,david & 8 contempor>ies bani%$ ! :ole *>m+ art ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,van ,orley & ,frans ,floris 7 z sure ( _! advance ^u ! anci5t ,flemi% pa9t+ ( ! ,van ,eycks & ( ,meml+ z ,rub5s himself mu/ h be5 ( 8 advance ^u !m4 ,we c see pla9ly en\gh t 9 at lea/ "s ( ^! cases ! s5se ( progress 0 an illusion4 ,!re 0 movem5t1 b x 0 n always =w>d movem5t4 ,& if progress 0 illusory 9 "s in/ances1 may x n1 possibly1 h be5 s 9 all8 ,x is at lea/ wor? inquiry h[ f> ! f9e arts h ev] be5 9 a /ate ( true progress1 go+ =w>d regul>ly f good to bett]1 ea* g5]ation build+ on ! "w ( its pr$ecessors & surpass+ t "w1 9 ! way 9 :i* sci5ce has normally progress$ :5 mat]ial conditions 7 favorable4 ,if1 ) a view to answ]+ ?is "q1 we exam9e1 h[ev] cursorily1 ! hi/ory ( ! five great arts1 we %all f9d a some:at diff]5t /ate ( affairs 9 ! case ( ea*4 ,9 ! end x may be possible to =mulate some?+ l a g5]al rule t %all accord ) all ! facts4 ,let u beg9 ) ! greate/ & simple/ ( ! arts1 ! art ( poetry4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( poetry we %all f9d less evid5ce ( progress ?an any:]e else1 = x w be se5 t its ackn[l$g$ ma/]pieces are almo/ inv>iably ne> ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies r ?an ne> ! end4 ,almo/ z soon z a cle> & flexible language has be5 =m$ by any p1 a great poem has be5 compos$ 9 t language1 :i* has rema9$ n only unsurpass$1 b unequall$1 by any subsequ5t "w4 ,hom] is = u1 z he 0 = ! ,greeks1 ! greate/ ( _! poets2 & if ! op9ion c\ld be tak5 ( all cultivat$ read]s 9 ^? nations t h inh]it$ ! ,greek tradition1 x is d\btful :e!r he w\ld n be acclaim$ ! greate/ poet ( ! ages4 ,dante has rema9$ ! fir/ ( ,italian poets1 z he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/4 ,*auc]1 :o wrote :5 our language 0 trans=m+ itself f ,anglo-,saxon into ,engli%1 has /ill lov]s :o are will+ = 8 sake to ma/] :at is to !m almo/ a =eign tongue1 & yet o!r lov]s :o ask = new translations ( 8 works into our mod]n idiom2 :ile ,%akespe>e1 :o wrote almo/ z soon z t trans=mation _h be5 accompli%$1 is univ]sally reckon$ "o ( ! greate/ ( _w poets4 ,!re h1 inde$1 be5 true poets at almo/ all /ages ( ! _w's hi/ory1 b ! pre-em95ce ( su* ma/]s z ^! c h>dly be que/ion$1 & if we look$ to poetry alone = a type ( ! arts1 we %\ld almo/ be =c$ to conclude t art is ! rev]se ( progressive4 ,we %\ld ?9k ( x z gu%+ =? 9 full spl5dor :5 ! _w is ready = x1 & z unable ev] aga9 to rise to ! level ( its f\nt4 ,! art ( ar*itecture is lat] 9 its beg9n+ ?an t ( poetry1 = x c exi/ only :5 m5 h le>n$ to build solidly & p]man5tly4 ,a nomad may be a poet1 b he _c be an ar*itect2 a h]dsman might h writt5 ! ,book ( ,job1 b ! great build]s are dwell]s 9 cities4 ,b s9ce m5 fir/ le>n$ to build !y h nev] q =gott5 h[ to d s4 ,at all times !re h be5 some:]e peoples :o knew en\gh ( build+ to m\ld its utility into =ms ( beauty1 & ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture may be read m cont9u\sly ?an t ( any o!r art4 ,x is a hi/ory ( con/ant *ange & ( cont9u\s developm5t1 ea* p & ea* age =m+ out ( ! old elem5ts a new /yle :i* %\ld express its m9d1 & ea* /yle rea*+ its po9t ( greate/ di/9ctiv5ess only to beg9 a fur!r trans=mation into some?+ else2 b is x a hi/ory ( progress8 ,build+1 inde$1 has progress$ at "o "t or ano!r4 ,! ,romans1 ) _! domes & ar*es1 7 m sci5tific build]s ?an ! ,greeks1 ) _! simple po/ & l9tel1 b 7 !y bett] ar*itects8 ,we ( to-day1 ) our /eel con/ruction1 c scrape ! sky ) erections t w\ld h amaz$ ! bolde/ ( m$iaeval craftsm52 c we equal 8 art8 ,if we ask :]e 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture d its ma/]pieces appe>1 ! answ] mu/ be3 ,almo/ any:]e4 ,:]ev] m5 h _h ! weal? & ! en]gy to build greatly1 !y h build$ beautifully1 & ! di/9ctions are less betwe5 /yle & /yle or epo* & epo* ?an betwe5 build+ & build+3 ,! ma/]pieces ( "o "t are z ! ma/]pieces ( ano!r1 & no man may say t ! nave ( ,ami5s is f9] ?an ! ,p>!non or t ! ,p>!non is nobl] ?an ! nave ( ,ami5s4 ,"o may say only t ea* is p]fect 9 its k9d1 a supreme expression ( ! human _s4 ,( ! art ( music ,i mu/ speak ) ! diffid5ce becom+ to ! ignorant2 b x seems to me to consi/ ( two elem5ts & to conta9 an inspirational art z direct & z simple z t ( poetry1 & a sci5ce s difficult t its fulle/ ma/]y is ( v rec5t a*ievem5t4 ,9 melodic inv5tion x is s f> f progressive t its mo/ brilliant ma/]s are (t5 cont5t to elaborate & to decorate a !me old en\gh to h no hi/ory--a !me ! inv5tor ( :i* has be5 s entirely =gott5 t we ?9k ( x z sprung n f ! m9d ( "o man1 b f t ( a :ole p1 & call x a folk-song4 ,! song is almo/ z old z ! race1 b ! symphony has _h to wait = ! inv5tion ( _m in/rum5ts & = a ma/]y ( ! laws ( h>mony1 & s symphonic music is a mod]n art4 ,we are /ill add+ new in/rum5ts to ! or*e/ra & admitt+ to our compositions new comb9ations ( s\nds1 b h we 9 a hundr$ ye>s made any ess5tial progress ev5 9 ?is "p ( ! art8 ,h we produc$ any?+1 ,i w n say great]1 b any?+ z great z ! noble/ works ( ,ba* & ,bee?ov58 ,already1 & be=e consid]+ ! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 we are com+ )9 sight ( our g5]al law4 ,?is law seems to be t1 s f> z an art is dep5d5t ^u any =m ( exact k1 s f> x p>takes ( ! nature ( sci5ce & is capable ( progress4 ,s f> z x is expressive ( a m9d & s\l1 its greatness is dep5d5t ^u ! greatness ( t m9d & s\l1 & x is incapable ( progress4 ,x may ev5 be ! rev]se ( progressive1 because z an art becomes m complicat$ & makes ev] great] dem&s ^u te*nical ma/]y1 x becomes m difficult z a m$ium ( expression1 :ile ! m9d to be express$ becomes m sophi/icat$ & less easy ( expression 9 any m$ium4 ,x w\ld take a great] m9d ?an ,hom]'s to express mod]n ideas 9 mod]n v]se ) ,hom]'s s]5e p]fection2 x w\ld take1 p]haps1 a great] m9d ?an ,ba*'s to employ all ! res\rces ( mod]n music ) 8 glori\s ease & directness4 ,& great] m9ds ?an ^? ( ,ba* & ,hom] ! _w has n (t5 ! felicity to possess4 ,! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture are imitative arts above all o!rs1 & !re=e m dep5d5t ?an any o!rs ^u exact k1 m t+$ ) ! quality ( sci5ce4 ,let u see h[ !y illu/rate our suppos$ law4 ,sculpture dep5ds1 z does ar*itecture1 ^u c]ta9 laws ( proportion 9 space :i* are analog\s to ! laws ( proportion 9 "t & 9 pit* ^u :i* music is f\nd$4 ,b z sculpture repres5ts ! human figure1 :]eas ar*itecture & music repres5t no?+1 sculpture requires = its p]fection ! ma/]y ( an additional sci5ce1 :i* is ! k ( ! /ructure & movem5t ( ! human body4 ,?is k may be acquir$ ) "s rapidity1 especially 9 times & c\ntries :]e man is (t5 se5 unclo!d4 ,s1 9 ! hi/ory ( civilizations1 sculpture develop$ e>ly1 aft] poetry1 b ) ar*itecture1 & be=e pa9t+ & polyphonic music4 ,x rea*$ ! greate/ p]fection ( :i* x is capable 9 ! age ( ,p]icles1 & f t "t progress 0 impossible to x1 & = a ?\s& ye>s its movem5t 0 "o ( decl9e4 ,aft] ! d>k ages sculpture 0 "o ( ! fir/ arts to revive2 & aga9 x develops rapidly--?\gh n s rapidly z be=e1 conditions ( cu/om & climate be+ less favorable to x--until x rea*es1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 some?+ ne> its =m] p]fection4 ,aga9 x c g no fur!r2 & s9ce !n x has *ang$ b has n progress$4 ,9 ,phidias1 by :i* "n ,i w\ld signify ! sculptor ( ! p$im5ts ( ! ,p>!non1 we h ! co9cid5ce ( a sup]latively great arti/ ) ! mom5t ( te*nical & sci5tific p]fection 9 ! art1 & a simil> co9cid5ce cr[ns ! "w ( ,mi*elangelo ) a peculi> glory4 ,b1 ap>t f ! "w ( ^! two m51 a ! ess5tial value ( a "w ( sculpture is by no means always equal to its te*nical & sci5tific complet5ess4 ,!re are ar*aic /atues t are almo/ z nobly beautiful z any "w by ,phidias & m beautiful ?an almo/ any "w t has be5 done s9ce 8 "t4 ,!re are bits ( ,go?ic sculpture t are m valuable expressions ( human feel+ ?an any?+ produc$ by ! contempor>ies ( ,buon>roti4 ,ev5 9 times ( decad5ce a great arti/ has creat$ f9] ?+s ?an c\ld be accompli%$ by a m$iocre tal5t ( ! great epo*s1 & ! _w c\ld ill sp>e ! ,victory ( ,samo?race or ! portrait bu/s ( ,h\don4 ,z sculpture is "o ( ! simple/ ( ! arts1 pa9t+ is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$4 ,! h>monies x con/ructs are compos$ ( almo/ innum]able elem5ts ( l9es & =ms & colors & degrees ( light & d>k1 & ! sci5ce x pr(esses is no less ?an t ( ! visible aspect ( ! :ole ( nature--a sci5ce s va/ t x nev] has be5 & p]haps nev] c be ma/]$ 9 its totality4 ,any?+ approa*+ a complete art ( pa9t+ c exi/ only 9 an advanc$ /age ( civilization4 ,an entirely complete art ( pa9t+ nev] has exi/$ & probably nev] w exi/4 ,! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 aft] its e>ly /ages1 is a hi/ory ( loss "h balanc+ ga9 !re1 ( a new means ( expression acquir$ at ! co/ ( an old "o4 ,we "k comp>atively little ( ! pa9t+ ( antiquity1 b we h no reason to suppose t t art1 h[ev] admirable1 ev] atta9$ to rip5ess1 & we "k t ! pa9t+ ( ! ,ori5t has /opp$ %ort at a comp>atively e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,= our purpose ! art to be /udi$ is ! pa9t+ ( mod]n times 9 ,europe f its orig9 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ev5 9 ! beg9n+1 or be=e ! beg9n+1 :ile pa9t+ is a decad5t rem9isc5ce ( ! pa/ r ?an a prophecy ( ! new bir?1 !re are decorative spl5dors 9 ! ,byzant9e mosaics h>dly to be recaptur$4 ,!n comes primitive pa9t+1 an art ( ! l9e & ( pure color ) little modulation & no attempt at ! r5d]+ ( solid =m4 ,x gradually atta9s to "s s5se ( relief by ! use ( degrees ( light & less light2 b ! in/ant x admits ! true %ad[ ! old brightness & purity ( color h become impossible4 ,! l9e rema9s dom9ant = a "t & is c>ri$ to ! pit* ( ref9em5t & beauty1 b ! love = solid =m gradually ov]comes x1 & 9 ! art ( ! high ,r5aissance x takes a second place4 ,!n light-&-%ade beg9s to be /udi$ = its own sake2 color1 no long] pure & bright1 b deep & resonant1 comes 9 aga92 ! l9e vani%es altoge!r1 & ev5 =m becomes second>y4 ,! la/ /ep is tak5 by ,rembr&t1 & ev5 color is subord9at$ to light-&-%ade1 :i* exi/s alone 9 a _w ( br[nness4 ,at e /ep !re has be5 progress1 b !re has also be5 regress4 ,p]haps ! greate/ balance ( ga9 aga9/ loss & ! ne>e/ approa* to a complete art ( pa9t+ 7 ) ! great ,v5etians4 ,! trans=mation is /ill go+ on1 & 9 our own day we h conqu]$ "s corn]s ( ! sci5ce ( visible aspects :i* 7 unexplor$ by our ance/ors4 ,b ! balance has turn$ aga9/ u2 our loss has be5 great] ?an our ga92 & our art1 ev5 9 its sci5tific aspect1 is inf]ior to t ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,& j because !re nev] has be5 a complete art ( pa9t+1 entirely r\nd$ & p]fect$1 x is ! cle>] to u t ! f9al value ( a "w 9 t art nev] has dep5d$ on its approa* to su* completion4 ,!re is no "o supreme ma/] ( pa9t+ b a long succession ( ma/]s ( diff]5t yet equal glory4 ,if ! ma/]pieces ( ar*itecture are ev]y:]e because !re has (t5 be5 a complete art ( ar*itecture1 ! ma/]pieces ( pa9t+ are ev]y:]e = ! opposite reason4 ,& if we d n always value a ma/] ! m z 8 art is m ne>ly complete1 nei!r d we always value him especially :o has plac$ new sci5tific conque/s at ! disposal ( art4 ,palma ,vec*io pa9t$ by ! side ( ,titian1 b he is only a m9or ma/]2 ,botticelli rema9$ ( ! g5]ation be=e ,leon>do1 b he is "o ( ! immortal great4 ,paolo ,ucello1 by 8 /udy ( p]spective1 made a di/9ct advance 9 pictorial sci5ce1 b 8 int]e/ = u is purely hi/oric2 ,fra ,angelico made no advance :atev]1 b he practis$ consummately ! curr5t art z he f\nd x1 & 8 "w is et]nally delightful4 ,at e /age ( its developm5t ! art ( pa9t+ has be5 a suffici5t m$ium = ! expression ( a great man's m9d2 & :]ev] & :5ev] a great man has practis$ x1 ! result has be5 a great & p]man5tly valuable "w ( art4 ,= ?is seems1 f9ally1 to be ! law ( all ! arts--! "o ess5tial pr]equisite to ! production ( a great "w ( art is a great man4 ,y _c h ! art )\t ! man1 & :5 y h ! man y h ! art4 ,8 "t & 8 surr\nd+s w color him2 8 art w n be at "o "t or place precisely :at x might be at ano!r2 b at bottom ! art is ! man & at all times & 9 all c\ntries is j z great z ! man4 ,let u cle> our m9ds1 !n1 ( ! illusion t !re is 9 any important s5se su* a ?+ z progress 9 ! f9e arts4 ,we may ) a cle> consci5ce judge e new "w = :at x appe>s 9 itself to be1 ask+ ( x t x be noble & beautiful & reasonable1 n t x be novel or progressive4 ,if x be great art x w always be novel en\gh1 = !re w be a great m9d beh9d x1 & no two great m9ds are alike4 ,& if x be novel )\t be+ great1 h[ %all we be ! bett] (f8 ,!re are en\gh =ms ( m$iocre or evil art 9 ! _w already4 ,be+ no long] intimidat$ by ! feti* ( progress1 :5 a ?+ call+ itself a "w ( art seems to u hide\s & degrad$1 indec5t & insane1 we %all h ! c\rage to say s & %all n c>e to inve/igate x fur!r4 ,dete/able ?+s h be5 produc$ 9 ! pa/1 & !y are none ! less dete/able because we are able to see h[ !y came to be produc$4 ,dete/able ?+s are produc$ n[1 & !y w be no m admirable if we le>n to und]/& ! m9ds t create !m4 ,ev5 %\ld su* ?+s prove to be n ! m]e freaks ( a diseas$ intellect t !y seem b a necess>y outgr[? ( ! conditions ( ! age & a true prophecy ( ! art ( ! future1 !y are n necess>ily ! bett] = t4 ,x is only t ! future w be v unlucky 9 its art4 ,,iv ,,raphael ,!re us$ to be on ! cov] ( ! ,portfolio ,monographs little m$allions ( ,raphael & ,rembr&t1 plac$ !re1 z ! editor1 ,mr4 ,ham]ton1 has some:]e expla9$1 z portraits ( ! two mo/ widely influ5tial arti/s t ev] liv$4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 "o imag9es1 ,rembr&t's pres5ce by ! side ( ,raphael w\ld h be5 ?\ght little less ?an a sc&al4 ,to-day x is ,raphael's place t w\ld be conte/$1 & he w\ld be sup]s$$1 likely en\gh1 by ,velazquez4 ,!re is no m /rik+ in/ance ( ! vicissitudes ( critical op9ion ?an ! sudd5 fall ( ,raphael f 8 conc$$ rank z ! pr9ce ( pa9t]s4 ,up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 8 "r to t title 0 s unconte/$ t x alone 0 a suffici5t id5tification ( him--only "o man c\ld possibly be meant4 ,t he %\ld ev] ne$ def5d+ or re-expla9+ to a g5]ation gr[n cold to him w\ld h seem$ incr$ible4 ,!n came ! r$iscov]y ( an e>li] art t seem$ m frank & simple ?an 82 /ill lat] ! discov]y ( ,rembr&t & ,velazquez--! romantici/ & ! naturali/--& ,raphael1 z a liv+ influ5ce1 almo/ ceas$ to exi/4 ,x 0 b a few ye>s ago t ! au?or ( a volume ( essays on art 0 gravely prais$ by a review] = ! purely accid5tal circum/ance t t volume conta9$ no essay on ,raphael2 & a little lat] ! writ] ( a book on ! pictures 9 ,rome _h to confess unutt]able bor$om 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican4 ,x is n probable t any critic :o greatly valu$ 8 reputation1 or :o _h any s]i\s reputation to value1 w\ld take q ?is tone2 b1 leav+ out ( consid]ation ! impressioni/ic & ultra-mod]n criticism :i* ignores ,raphael altoge!r1 x is in/ructive to note ! way 9 :i* a critic s /eep$ 9 ,italian art z ,mr4 ,b]5son approa*es ! fall5 pr9ce4 ,! arti/ :o us$ to be consid]$ ! greate/ ( draughtsm5 he w h>dly admit to be a draughtsman at all1 rank+ him f> bel[ ,pollaiuolo & positively speak+ ( him z a poor creature1 mo/ docile & pati5t4 ,z a colori/ & a manipulator ( pa9t1 he places him ) ,seba/iano del ,piombo--t is1 among ! m$iocrities4 ,almo/ ! only s]i\s m]it1 f 8 po9t ( view1 :i* he w all[ him is a ma/]y 9 ! r5d]+ ( space1 %>$ 9 ne>ly equal measure by ,p]ug9o1 z1 to "s ext5t1 by ne>ly all ! pa9t]s ( ! ,umbrian s*ool4 ,=1 :ile he admits t ,raphael 0 ! greate/ ma/] ( composition t ,europe has produc$1 he evid5tly ?9ks ( composition1 z d s _m o!r mod]ns1 z a matt] ( relatively little importance4 ,x is n ,raphael's popul>ity t is 9 "q2 t is1 p]haps1 z great z ev] x 04 ,8 works1 9 "o =m or ano!r ( reproduction1 f ! f9e/ c>bon pr9t to ! *eape/ li?ograph1 are /ill to be f\nd1 9 ! humble/ homes z 9 ! mo/ spl5did1 9 ne>ly e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,t popul>ity 0 always bas$ on :at ,b]5son calls ! illu/rative qualities ( ,raphael's "w1 on ! beauty ( 8 wom51 ! maje/y ( 8 m52 on 8 ability to tell a /ory z we l x told & to picture a _w t we wi% might be real4 ,"o may n be prep>$ to consid] ^! illu/rative qualities s negligible z d _m mod]n critics1 or to e*o ,mr4 ,b]5son's phrase ab\t t :i* 9 art 444 is s unimportant z :at 444 we call beauty4 ,"o might po9t out t ! greate/ arti/s1 f ,phidias to ,rembr&t1 h occupi$ !mselves ) illu/ration1 & t to =mulate ! ideals ( a race & an epo* is no mean task4 ,b1 = ! mom5t1 we may neglect all t1 our pres5t inquiry be+ :y an arti/1 once c\nt$ ! greate/ ( all1 is no long] consid]$ v significant by ^? :o measure by purely arti/ic /&>ds r ?an by t ( illu/rative success & consequ5t popul>ity4 ,we may also leave out ( our pres5t consid]ation ,raphael's a*ievem5t 9 ! sugge/ion ( space4 ,x is a v real quality & a high "o4 ,x has d\btless always be5 an important elem5t 9 ! enjoyability ( ,raphael's art1 z x is almo/ ! only enjoyable elem5t1 = _m ( u1 9 ! art ( ,p]ug9o4 ,b x is an elem5t t has only v rec5tly be5 cle>ly p]ceiv$ to exi/4 ,if x 0 enjoy$ by ! arti/s & critics1 f ,raphael's day almo/ to our own1 !y 7 unconsci\s ( ! fact1 & ! probability is t we enjoy x m ?an !y did4 ,x w n acc\nt = ! e/imation 9 :i* !y held ,raphael1 & /ill less w x acc\nt = ! relative lack ( int]e/ 9 him to-day4 ,9 tru? ! reason :y _m mod]n critics & pa9t]s almo/ dislike ,raphael is ! v reason = :i* he 0 s greatly rev]$4 ,com+ 9 ! nick ( "t1 at ! close ( an epo* ( inve/igation1 himself a man ( wide culture & quick intellect b ( no special orig9ality or emotional p[]1 he le>n$ f all 8 pr$ecessors :at !y _h to tea* &1 *oos+ f ! elem5ts ( _! art ^? :i* 7 suit$ to 8 purpose1 =m$ a p]fectly balanc$ & noble /yle :i* 0 imm$iately accept$ z ! only /yle suitable to ! expression ( l(ty ideas 9 monum5tal =m4 ,he became ! lawgiv]1 ! f\nd] ( classicism1 ! =mulator ( ! academic ideal4 ,n to admire him 0 to confess oneself a b>b>ian1 & ev5 ^? :o did n really c>e = 8 art h>dly d>$ to say s4 ,z long z ! academic ideal reta9$ any validity 8 supremacy endur$1 & x 0 only ) ! def9itive turn+ ( mod]n art into ! pa?s ( romanticism & naturalism t revolt became possible4 ,b :5 ! _w became tir$ ( ,raphaelism x inevitably became unju/ to ,raphael4 ,x =got t x 0 n he :o _h made 8 art ! te/ ( t ( o!rs--:o _h erect$ :at1 ) him1 0 a spontane\s & orig9al creation into a rigid sy/em ( laws4 ,x conf\nd$ him ) 8 foll[]s & imitators1 &1 be+ bor$ by !m1 began to f9d ! ma/] himself a bore4 ,=1 eclectic z he 0 by nature1 & f\nd] z he 0 ( ! academic regime1 ! gr& /yle ( ,raphael 0 yet a new & p]sonal contribution to art4 ,he drew f _m s\rces1 b ! pr9ciple ( comb9ation 0 8 own4 ,8 orig9ality 0 9 t ma/]y ( composition :i* no "o has ev] d5i$ him1 b :i* is v diff]5tly rat$ z a quality ( art by diff]5t temp]am5ts4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ specifically ,raphaelesque 9 8 "w is ! (fspr+ ( t p[] ( design 9 :i* he is /ill ! unapproa*$ ma/]4 ,mod]n criticism is "r 9 d5y+ t he 0 a draughtsman1 if by draughtsman is meant "o deeply preoccupi$ ) =m & /ructure = its own sake4 ,8 di/9ction 0 to inve/ ! human figure ) su* =ms z %\ld be/ fit x to play its "p 9 a s*eme ( monum5tal composition4 ,! /yle ( 8 drap]ies1 s mu* & s ju/ly admir$1 is composition ( drap]ies4 ,he 0 n a colori/ z ,titian 0 a colori/1 or a pa9t] z ,velazquez 0 a pa9t]--he 0 j s mu* ( a colori/ & a pa9t] z is compatible ) be+ ! greate/ ( decorative design]s4 ,ev]y?+ 9 8 f9e/ works is entirely subord9at$ to ! beauty & expressiv5ess ( composition1 & no?+ is all[$ to h too great an individual int]e/ = its pr$e/9$ "p 9 ! f9al result4 ,probably he c\ld n h drawn l ,mi*elangelo or pa9t$ l ,hals--c]ta9ly1 :5 he once und]/ood himself1 he w\ld n h desir$ to d s4 ,ev5 9 8 e>ly "w he %[$ 8 gifts z a compos]1 & "s ( ! small pictures ( 8 ,flor5t9e p]iod are q p]fect 9 design4 ,no?+ c\ld be bett] compos$ )9 _! re/rict$ field ?an ! ,madonna del ,c>dell9o or ! ,belle ,j>d9i]e4 ,ne>ly at ! end ( ! p]iod he made 8 greate/ failure1 ! ,entombm5t ( ! ,borghese ,gall]y4 ,x 0 8 mo/ ambiti\s ef=t up to ?is "t & he want$ to put ev]y?+ t he _h le>n$ into x1 to draw l ,mi*elangelo & to express emotion l ,mantegna4 ,he made a ho/ ( /udies = x1 tri$ x ?is way & t1 lo/ all spontaneity & all grasp ( ! ensemble4 ,:at he f9ally produc$ is a ?+ ( fragm5ts1 fall+ f> bel[ 8 models 9 ! qualities he 0 attempt+ to rival & r$eem$ by little or no?+ ( ! quality prop] to himself4 ,b1 app>5tly1 x answ]$ its purpose4 ,x fre$ him f preoccupation ) ! "w ( o!rs4 ,:5 8 great opportunity came to him1 9 ! commission to decorate ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura1 8 pa9fully acquir$ k 0 suffici5tly at 8 comm& to give him no fur!r tr\ble4 ,he c\ld conc5trate himself on ! ess5tial "p ( 8 problem1 ! creation ( an entirely appropriate1 dignifi$1 & beautiful decorative design4 ,x 0 ! "w = :i* he 0 born1 & he succe$$ s imm$iately & s admirably 9 x t nei!r he nor any "o else has ev] be5 able to fill su* spaces s p]fectly aga94 ,!re are f\rte5 important compositions 9 ! room4 ,! decoration ( ! ceil+ _h already be5 begun by ,sodoma1 & ,sodoma's decorative framework ,raphael all[$ to rema92 p>tly1 p]haps1 f c\rtesy1 m probably because its g5]al disposition 0 admirable & n to be improv$ on4 ,if ,sodoma _h begun any ( ! l>g] pa9t+s :i* 7 to fill 8 frames !y 7 remov$ to make way = ! new "w4 ,!re has always be5 a great deal ( discussion z to :e!r ,raphael himself inv5t$ ! admirable s*eme ( subjects by :i* ! room 0 made to illu/rate ! ,r5aissance ideal ( culture ) its division into ! f\r great fields ( le>n+3 div9ity1 philosophy 7includ+ sci5ce71 poetry1 & law4 ,9 reality1 ! "q is ( little importance4 ,!re seems to be at lea/ "o bit ( int]nal evid5ce1 to be m5tion$ pres5tly1 t ev5 "h ! arti/ did n h a p]fectly free h&1 z we "k he did n lat]4 ,:oev] ?\ght ( ! subjects1 x 0 ,raphael :o discov]$ h[ to treat !m 9 su* a way z to make ( ?is room ! mo/ p]fectly plann$ piece ( decoration 9 ! _w4 ,sodoma _h left1 on ! vault+1 f\r circul> m$allions & f\r rectangul> spaces :i* 7 to be fill$ ) figure compositions4 ,9 ! circles1 ea* directly above "o ( ! great wall spaces1 ,raphael plac$ figures p]sonify+ ,!ology1 ,philosophy1 ,poetry & ,ju/ice2 9 ! rectangles he illu/rat$ ^! subjects ) ! /ories ( ,! ,fall ( ,man1 ,apollo & ,m>syas1 & ,! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 & ) t figure1 lean+ ov] a cele/ial globe1 :i* mu/ be meant = ,sci5ce4 ,all ( ^! panels are on curv$ surfaces1 & ,raphael's decorative in/9ct l$ him1 on ?is acc\nt & to pres]ve ! supremacy ( ! great wall spaces bel[1 to suppress all di/ance1 plac+ 8 figures aga9/ a backgr\nd ( simulat$ gold mosaic & arrang+ !m1 virtually1 ^u "o plane4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no possible "q ( space composition "h4 ,^! panels dep5d = _! effect entirely ^u composition 9 two dim5sions--^u ! p]fect balanc+ ( fill$ & empty spaces1 ! inv5tion ( int]e/+ %apes1 & ! arrangem5t ( beautiful l9es4 ,x is ! patt]n t c\nts1 & ! patt]n is p]fect4 ,! ,poetry 7,pl4 #aa7 is ! mo/ beautiful ( ! m$allions1 b !y are all mu* alike3 a drap$ female figure 9 ! middle1 seat$ to give x scale1 l>ge en\gh to fill ! height ( ! circle amply b )\t cr[d+1 & w+$ putti1 be>+ inscrib$ tablets1 on ei!r side4 ,!re are o!r ways ( fill+ a circle acceptably1 z ,botticelli _h %[n & z ,raphael 0 to %[ aga9 9 m ?an "o tondo1 b = _! situation1 m>k+ ! pr9cipal axes ( ! room1 !re is no way s adequate z ?is4 ,z ,mr4 ,bla%field has said1 speak+ f exp]i5ce3 ,:5 a mod]n pa9t] has a m$allion to fill & has tri$ "o arrangem5t aft] ano!r1 he inevitably realizes t x is ,raphael :o has f\nd ! be/ ord]+ t c\ld be f\nd2 & ! mod]n pa9t] builds ^u 8 l9es1 laid d[n s di/9ctly t ! great] ! practice ( ! arti/ ! m complete becomes 8 realization ( ,raphael's compreh5sion ( ess5tials 9 composition4 ,n only s1 b ! mod]n pa9t] f9ds z inevitably t1 accept+ ?is ord]+ z ! be/1 ev5 !n he _c add ano!r figure to ^! f\r4 ,he may1 p]haps1 draw x bett] 9 detail or give m "* to ! head1 b he _c capture t felicity ( spac+1 t absolut5ess ( balance1 t v>iety & vivacity comb9$ ) monum5tal repose4 ,! m 8 nature & tra9+ h made him a design] ! m c]ta9ly he feels1 be=e t s+le m$allion ( ,poetry1 t he is 9 ! pres5ce ( ! inimitable ma/] ( design4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aa4--,raphael4 ,poetry4 ,9 ! ,vatican4 ,if ! composition ( ! rectangles is less inevitable x is only because ! v>iety ( ways 9 :i* su* simple rectangles may be fill$ is almo/ inf9ite4 ,composition m ma/]ly ?an t ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon 7,pl4 #ab71 = in/ance1 y w f9d n[h]e2 s mu* is told 9 a re/rict$ space1 yet ) no confusion1 ! space is s admirably fill$ & its %ape s m>k$ by ! v l9es t enri* & relieve x4 ,x is z if ! design _h det]m9$ ! space r ?an ! space ! design4 ,if y _h a trac+ ( ! figures 9 ! mid/ ( an imm5sity ( :ite pap] y c\ld n b\nd !m by any o!r l9e ?an t ( ! actual frame4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s ab\t x is ! way 9 :i* ! angles1 :i* arti/s usually avoid & disguise1 are "h %>ply acc5t$4 ,a great "p ( ! dignity & importance giv5 to ! k+ is due to ! fact t 8 head fills "o ( ^! angles1 & ! opposite "o conta9s ! h& ( ! execution] & ! foot by :i* ! liv+ *ild is held al(t1 & to ?is po9t ! longe/ l9es ( ! picture lead4 ,! dead *ild & ! indiff]5t "m fill ! l[] corn]s4 ,9 ! middle1 h]self only half se5 & occupy+ little space1 is ! true "m1 & x seems t h] explosive en]gy1 z %e ru%es to ! rescue ( h] *ild1 has =c$ all ^! o!r figures back to ! conf9es ( ! picture4 ,comp>e ?is re/less yet subtly balanc$ composition1 full ( oblique l9es & viol5t movem5t1 ) ! graci\s1 placid =mality ( ! ,adam & ,eve1 & y w h "s notion ( ! mean+ ( ?is gift ( design4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ab4--,raphael4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon4 ,9 ! ,vatican4 ,b x is ! frescoes on ! f\r walls ( ?is room :i* are ,raphael's greate/ triumphs--! mo/ p]fect pieces ( monum5tal decoration 9 ! _w4 ,on ! two long] walls1 ne>ly unbrok5 lunettes ( some?+ ov] a semicircle1 he pa9t$ ! two great compositions ( ,!ology & ,philosophy kn[n z ! ,disputa & ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,! ,disputa 7,pl4 #ac71 ! e>li] ( ! two1 has ! m connection ) ! art ( ! pa/4 ,! use ( gild$ relief 9 ! upp] "p recalls ! me?ods ( ,p9toric*io1 & ! h9t ( ! :ole arrangem5t 0 d\btless tak5 f ^? semidomes :i* exi/$ 9 _m *ur*es4 ,b :at an orig9al idea x 0 to trans=m ! flat wall ( a room into ! apse ( a ca!dral1 & :at a solemnity x imp>ts to ! discussion t is go+ on6 ,! upp] "p is =mal 9 ! extreme1 z x ne$ be = ! treatm5t ( su* a !me1 b ev5 "h !re is v>iety z well z /atel9ess 9 ! attitudes & ! spac+4 ,9 ! l[] "p ! v>iety becomes almo/ inf9ite1 yet !re is nev] a j>--n a l9e or a fold ( drap]y t m>s ! supreme ord] ( ! :ole4 ,besides ! unc\nt$ *]ubs :i* float among ! rays ( glory or support ! cl\dy ?rones ( ! sa9ts & prophets1 !re are betwe5 sev5ty & eighty figures 9 ! picture2 yet ! ho/s ( heav5 & ! *ur* on e>? seem ga!r$ ab\t ! alt> ) its sacr$ waf]--! t9y circle :i* is ! focus ( ! great composition & ! inevitable goal ( all reg>ds1 z x is ! c5tral my/]y ( ,ca?olic dogma4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ac4--,raphael4 ,! ,disputa4 ,9 ! ,vatican4 ,opposite1 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns 7,pl4 #ad71 ! treatm5t is diff]5t b equally successful4 ,! hi]atic maje/y ( ! ,disputa 0 "h unnecess>y1 b a tranquil & spaci\s dignity 0 to be atta9$1 & x is atta9$ ?r\gh ! use ( v]tical & horizontal l9es--! l9es ( /ability & repose1 :ile ! b\nd+ curve is e*o$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! dim9i%+ ar*es ( ! imag9$ vault+4 ,! figures1 few] 9 numb] ?an 9 ! ,disputa & conf9$ to ! l[] half ( ! composition1 are rang$ 9 two long l9es across ! picture2 b ! ne>] l9e is brok5 9 ! c5tre & ! two figures on ! /eps1 s]v+ z connect+-l9ks betwe5 ! two ranks1 give to ! :ole some?+ ( t semicircul> gr\p+ s noticeable 9 ! companion picture4 ,! bas-reliefs ^u ! ar*itecture & ! great /atues ( ,apollo & ,m9]va above !m draw ! eye upw>d at ! sides1 & ?is movem5t is int5sifi$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! lat]al gr\ps ( figures4 ,by ^! means ! c\nt] curve to ! ar* above1 ! "o fix$ necessity1 app>5tly1 ( ! lunette1 is e/abli%$4 ,x is m evid5t 9 ! p]spective curve ( ! pa9t$ dome4 ,cov] ?is l9e ) a bit ( pap]1 or sub/itute = x a /raight l9tel l t se5 beyond1 & y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ mu* ( ! beauty ( ! picture has disappe>$4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! figures !mselves1 ! way !y are play$ ab\t into clumps or sep>at$ to give great] importance1 by isolation1 to a p>ticul> head1 is ev5 m beyond praise ?an 9 ! ,disputa4 ,! :ole design has b "o fault1 & t is an aft]?\ght4 ,9 ! c>toon ! disproportion$ bulk ( ,h]aclitus1 ?ru/ into ! =egr\nd & writ+ 9 an impossible attitude on a desk 9 impossible p]spective1 is n to be f\nd4 ,x is su* a blot ^u ! picture t "o _c believe t ,raphael add$ x ( 8 own motion2 r x mu/ h be5 plac$ !re at ! dictation ( "s m$dl+ c>d9al or le>n$ humani/ :o1 kn[+ no?+ ( art1 c\ld n see :y any vacant space %\ld n be fill$ ) any figure ^: pres5ce seem$ to him hi/orically desirable4 ,"o is tempt$ to suspect ev51 s clumsy is ! figure & s out ( scale ) its neighbors1 t ! ma/] refus$ to disfigure 8 "w himself & left ! task to "o ( 8 appr5tices4 ,if x _h be5 done by "o ( !m1 say ,giulio ,romano1 aft] ! picture 0 entirely complet$ & at ! "t ( ! ,inc5dio del' ,borgo1 x c\ld n be m out ( keep+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ad4--,raphael4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,9 ! ,vatican4 ,ea* ( ^! walls has a doorway at "o end1 & ! way 9 :i* ^! op5+s are dissimulat$ & utiliz$ is mo/ +5i\s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,disputa1 :]e ! bits ( p>apet :i* play an important "p at ei!r side ( ! composition1 "o pi]c$1 ! o!r solid1 7 sugge/$ solely by ! pres5ce ( ?is door4 ,9 ! end walls ! op5+s1 l>ge w9d[s mu* high] ?an ! doors1 become ( su* importance t ! :ole nature ( ! problem is *ang$4 ,x is ! pi]c$ lunette t is to be dealt )1 & ,raphael has dealt ) x 9 two entirely diff]5t ways4 ,"o wall is symmetrical1 ! w9d[ 9 ! middle1 & on t wall he pa9t$ ! ,p>nassus 7,pl4 #ae71 ,apollo & ! ,muses 9 ! c5tre ) gr\ps ( poets a little l[] on ei!r side & o!r gr\ps fill+ ! spaces to "r & left ( ! w9d[ head4 ,at fir/ sight ! design seems less symmetrical & =mal ?an ! o!rs1 ) a lyrical fre$om befitt+ ! subject1 b 9 reality x is no less p]fect 9 its pond]ation4 ,! gr\p ( trees above ,apollo & ! recl9+ figures ei!r side ( him acc5t ! c5trality ( 8 position4 ,f ?is po9t ! l9e ( heads rises 9 ei!r direction to ! figures ( ,hom] & ( ! ,muse ^: back is turn$ to ! spectator1 & ! p]p5dicul>ity ( ^! two figures c>ries upw>d into ! ar* ! v]tical l9es ( ! w9d[4 ,f ?is po9t ! lat]al masses ( foliage take up ! droop+ curve & unite x to ! ar*1 & ?is curve is /rongly re9=c$ by ! build+ up t[>d ei!r side ( ! =egr\nd gr\ps & by ! disposition ( ! arms ( ,sappho & ( ! poets imm$iately beh9d h]1 :ile1 to disguise its =mality1 x is contradict$ by ! long l9e ( ,sappho's body1 :i* e*oes t ( ! be>d$ poet imm$iately to ! "r ( ! w9d[ & gives a sweep to ! left to ! :ole l[] "p ( ! composition4 ,x is ! imm$iate & absolute solution ( ! problem1 & s small a ?+ z ! sc>f ( ! back-turn$ ,muse plays its necess>y "p 9 x1 balanc+1 z x does1 ! arm ( ! ,muse :o /&s highe/ on ! left & e/abli%+ "o ( a numb] ( subsidi>y g>l&s t play ?r\gh & b9d toge!r ! wond]ful design4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ae4--,raphael4 ,p>nassus4 ,9 ! ,vatican4 ,! w9d[ 9 ! opposite wall is to "o side ( ! middle1 & "h ,raphael meets ! new problem ) a new solution4 ,he places a sep>ate picture 9 ea* ( ! unequal rectangles1 c>ries a simulat$ cornice across at ! level ( ! w9d[ head1 & pa9ts1 9 ! segm5tal lunette ?us left1 ! s-call$ ,jurisprud5ce 7,pl4 #af71 :i* seems to _m decorators ! mo/ p]fect piece ( decorative design t ev5 ,raphael ev] creat$--! mo/ p]fect piece ( design1 !re=e1 9 ! _w4 ,its subtlety ( spac+1 its exquisit5ess ( l9e1 its monum5tal simplicity1 rippl$ ?r\gh ) a melody ( fall+ curves f end to end1 are beyond description--! read] mu/ /udy !m = himself 9 ! illu/ration4 ,"o ?+ he might miss 7 n 8 att5tion call$ to x--! +5i\s way 9 :i* ! :ole composition is adju/$ to a diagonal axis t ! asymmetry ( ! wall may be m9imiz$4 ,draw an imag9>y /raight l9e f ! boss 9 ! s(fit ( ! ar* ?r\gh ! middle ( ! ,janus-head ( ,prud5ce4 ,x w accurately bisect ! c5tral gr\p1 compos$ ( ?is figure & h] two att5dant g5ii1 w pass ?r\gh h] elevat$ left knee1 ! c5tre ( a sy/em ( curves1 & ! o!r end ( x w /rike ! top ( ! po/ or mullion t divides ! w9d[ op5+ into two p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #af4--,raphael4 ,jurisprud5ce4 ,9 ! ,vatican4 ,?is s+le room1 ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura1 m>ks ! brief blossom+ "t ( ,raphael's art1 an art consummate 9 sci5ce yet full ( a fre%ness & spontaneity--! dew /ill ^u x--z wond]ful z its le>n+4 ,! ma/] himself c\ld n duplicate x4 ,he tri$ = ,v5etian w>m? ( color 9 ! ,mass ( ,bols5a 7,pl4 #ag7 & exp]im5t$ ) tricks ( illum9ation 9 ! ,deliv]ance ( ,pet] 7,pl4 #ah71 & 9 ^! two compositions1 /ruck out new & admirable ways ( fill+ pi]c$ lunettes4 ,! balanc+1 9 ! "o1 ( ! solit>y figure ( ! pope aga9/ ! compact gr\p ( sev5 figures--a gr\p t has to be c>ri$ up above ! curv$ scre5 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! importance giv5 to ,julius by 8 isolation & by ! great] mass ( 8 support+ gr\p bel[--is a triumph ( arrangem5t2 & "h1 aga91 x is notable t ! ble$+ waf]1 ! necess>y c5tre ( int]e/1 is situat$ on a /raight l9e drawn diagonally f ! key/one ( ! ar* to ! c5tre ( ! w9d[ head1 & almo/ exactly half-way betwe5 ^! two po9ts1 :ile ! great curve ( ! scre5 leads to x f ei!r side4 ,9 ! symmetrically pi]c$ lunette opposite1 ! di/ribution ( ! space into ?ree di/9ct b unit$ pictures1 ! c5tral "o se5 ?r\gh ! grat+ ( ! prison1 is a highly +5i\s &1 on ! :ole1 an acceptable v>iant on previ\s inv5tions4 ,b ^! two are ! la/ ( ! ,vatican frescoes t %[ ,raphael's infallible in/9ct z a compos]4 ,he gr[s tir$1 exagg]ates 8 mann]isms1 gives a great] & great] %>e ( ! "w to 8 pupils4 ,! lat] ,/anze are ei!r pomp\s or confus$1 or bo?1 until we rea* ! higgl$y-piggl$y ( ! ,burn+ ( ! ,borgo or t inextricable tangle1 sugge/ive ( no?+ s mu* z ( a di% ( mac>oni1 ! ,battle ( ,con/ant9e1 a picture pa9t$ aft] ! ma/]'s dea?1 b = :i* he probably left some?+ 9 ! way ( sket*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ag4--,raphael4 ,! ,mass ( ,bols5a4 ,9 ! ,vatican4 ,yet ev5 9 :at seems ?is decad5ce ( 8 tal5t ,raphael only ne$$ a new problem to revive 8 admirable p[]s 9 _! full spl5dor4 ,9 #aead he pa9t$ ! ,sibyls 7,pl4 #ai7 ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,pace1 9 a frieze-%ap$ panel cut by a semicircul> ar*1 & ! new %ape giv5 him to fill inspir$ a composition z p]fect 9 itself & z indisputably ! only "r "o = ! place z any?+ he ev] did4 ,among 8 late/ works 7 ! p5d5tives ( ! ,f>nes9a1 ) ! /ory ( ,cupid & ,psy*e--works pa9t$ & ev5 drawn by 8 pupils1 co>se 9 types & heavy 9 color b altoge!r a/oni%+ 9 fre$om & v>iety ( design4 ,! e>li] pa9t]s cov]$ _! vault+ ) ornam5tal patt]ns 9 :i* spaces 7 res]v$ = indep5d5t pictures1 l ! rectangles ( ! ,/anza della ,segnatura4 ,x 0 a bold innovation :5 ,mi*elangelo disc>d$ ?is sy/em & plac$ 9 ! p5d5tives ( ! ,si/9e 8 colossal figures ( ! ,prophets & ! ,sibyls1 ea* on its ar*itectural ?rone4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,raphael to take a /ep t no e>li] pa9t] c\ld h dream$ ( & to fill ^! triangul> spaces ) free gr\ps reliev$ aga9/ a cle> sky :i* is ! cont9u\s backgr\nd ( ! :ole s]ies4 ,"o may easily ?9k ! e>li] sy/em m ar*itecturally fitt+1 b ! skill ) :i* ^! gr\ps are compos$1 _! p]fect naturalness1 _! exhau/less v>iety1 ! p]fection ) :i* !y fill ^! awkw>d %apes1 z x 7 inevitably & )\t ef=t1 is no?+ %ort ( amaz+4 ,x is decoration ( a fe/al & in=mal ord]--! decoration ( a k9d ( summ] h\se1 fitt$ = pleasure1 r ?an ( a /ately *amb]--b x is decoration ! mo/ consummate1 ! fitt+ la/ ^w ( ! greate/ ma/] ( decorative design t ! _w has se54 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ah4--,raphael4 ,! ,deliv]ance ( ,pet]4 ,9 ! ,vatican4 ,x is ?is ma/] design] t is ! real ,raphael1 &1 b = ! elem5t ( design always pres5t 9 ! lea/ ( 8 works1 ! *>m+ illu/rator1 ! m]e pa9t] ( ,madonnas1 might be all[$ to s9k com=tably into arti/ic oblivion )\t cause = prote/4 ,b !re is ano!r ,raphael we c\ld sp>e less easily1 ,raphael ! portrait-pa9t]4 ,! great decorators h ne>ly always be5 great portrait-pa9t]s z well1 al?\gh--p]haps because--!re is little resemblance betwe5 ! mann] ( feel+ & work+ necess>y = success 9 ! two arts4 ,! decorator1 con/antly occupi$ ) relations ( l9e & space :i* h little to d ) imitation1 f9ds 9 ! submissive att5tion to ext]nal fact necess>y to success 9 portraiture a s\rce ( refre%m5t & ( t r5ew$ contact ) nature :i* is con/antly necess>y to art if x is n to become too arid an ab/raction4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 s ) ,raphael1 & ! ma/] ( design has left u a s]ies ( portraits comp>able only to ^? ( t o!r great design] ^: fate 0 to leave little b portraits beh9d him1 ,hans ,holbe94 ,all[+ = ! necess>y v>iation ( type & co/ume 9 _! models & = ! diff]5ce betwe5 an ,italian & a nor!rn education1 _! me?ods are s+ul>ly alike4 ,raphael has great] elegance & feel+ = /yle1 ,holbe9 a ri*] color s5se &1 above all1 a f9] craftsman%ip1 an unapproa*able mat]ial p]fection4 ,!y h ! same quiet1 int5se obs]vation1 ! same impeccable accuracy1 ! same preoccupation ) ! p]son be=e !m & ) no?+ else--an individuality to be pres5t$ ) all x conta9s1 nei!r m nor less--to be r5d]$ entirely1 & )\t flatt]y z )\t c>icature4 ,!re h be5 portrait-pa9t]s :o 7 great] pa9t]s1 9 ! m limit$ s5se ( ! ^w1 ?an ^! two1 & !re has be5 at lea/ "o pa9t] ^: imag9ative sympa?y gave an inn] life to 8 portraits abs5t f !irs1 b 9 ! ess5tial qualities ( portraiture1 z di/+ui%$ f all o!r =ms ( art1 p]haps no "o else has q equall$ !m4 ,"o c give no great] praise to ! ,ca/iglione or ! ,donna ,velata ?an to say t !y are fit to hang beside ! ,georg ,gyze or ! ,*ri/9a ( ,milan2 & at lea/ "o portrait by ,raphael1 ! ,tommaso ,+hirami1 9 ! collection ( ,mrs4 ,g>dn] 7,pl4 #bj7--! orig9al ( :i* ! picture 9 ! ,pitti ,palace is a replica--has a beauty ( surface & ( workman%ip almo/ wor?y ( ,holbe9 himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ai4--,raphael4 ,! ,sibyls4 ,santa ,m>ia della ,pace1 ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bj4--,raphael4 ,portrait ( ,tommaso ,+hirami4 ,9 ! collection ( ,mrs4 ,g>dn]4 ,raphael's portraits alone1 _h he done no?+ else1 w\ld ju/ify a great reputation1 b !y =m s relatively small a "p ( 8 "w t !y may almo/ be neglect$ 9 exam9+ 8 claims to ! rank t us$ to be assign$ him among ! _w's greate/ arti/s4 ,x is1 aft] all1 8 unique ma/]y ( composition t is 8 *ief title to fame1 & 8 glory mu/ always be 9 proportion to ! e/imation 9 :i* t quality is held4 ,x 0 because composition 0 to him a comp>atively unimportant "p ( pa9t+ t ,velazquez ?\ght little ( ,raphael4 ,x is because1 = !m1 composition1 z a di/9ct elem5t ( art1 has almo/ ceas$ to exi/ t s _m mod]n pa9t]s & critics decry ,raphael altoge!r4 ,! decorators h always kn[n t design is ! ess5ce ( _! art1 & !re=e !y h always appreciat$ ! greate/ ( design]s4 ,t is :y ,paul ,baudry1 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 idoliz$ ,raphael & bas$ 8 own art ^u t ( ! great ,umbrian4 ,to-day1 9 our own c\ntry1 mural decoration is aga9 becom+ a liv+ art1 & ! desire = ! appropriate decoration ( important build+s ) monum5tal works ( pa9t+ is m wide-spread1 p]haps1 ?an x has be5 any:]e at any "t s9ce ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,s surely z ! int]e/ 9 decorative pa9t+ & ! k ( its true pr9ciples become m widely spread1 s surely w ! "n ( ,raphael beg9 to %9e aga9 ) some?+ ( its anci5t spl5dor4 ,b design is some?+ m ?an ! ess5tial quality ( mural decoration--x is ! common basis ( all ! arts1 ! ess5tial ?+ 9 art itself4 ,ea* ( ! arts has its qualities prop] to x alone1 & x may be "r to e/imate ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 ! ar*itect1 or ! musician accord+ to 8 em95ce 9 ^? qualities :i* are di/9ctive ( 8 p>ticul> art & :i* sep>ate x mo/ %>ply f ! o!r arts4 ,9 t s5se we are "r to call ,frans ,hals a great] pa9t] ?an ,raphael4 ,b if we e/imate a man's arti/ry by ! same /&>d1 :atev] ! =m ( art 9 :i* x expresses itself1 rat+ him by 8 p[] ( co-ord9at+ & compos+ notes or =ms or colors into a h>moni\s & beautiful unity1 !n mu/ we place ,raphael pretty ne> :]e he us$ to be plac$1 admitt+ b a *oice few ( ! v greate/ to any equality ) him4 ,if we no long] call him ! pr9ce ( pa9t]s we mu/ call him "o ( ! greate/ arti/s among ^? :o h practis$ ! art ( pa9t+4 ,v ,,two ,,ways ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,among ! mod]n pa9t+s 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum is a brilliant & altoge!r rem>kable little picture by ,john ,s>g5t1 entitl$ ,! ,h]mit 7,pl4 #ba74 ,mr4 ,s>g5t is a portrait-pa9t] by vocation1 & ! public kn[s him be/ z a p5etrat+ & sometimes cruel read] ( human "*4 ,he is a mural pa9t] by avocation & capable1 on occasion1 ( a monum5tal =mality4 ,9 ?is picture1 z 9 ! wond]ful collection ( wat]colors 9 ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 "o fancies "o sees ! ess5tial ,john ,s>g5t1 work+ = himself alone )\t reg>d to ext]nal dem&s1 & do+ :at he really c>es mo/ to d4 ,9 su* "w he is a mod]n ( ! mod]ns &1 9 ! broade/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a ?or\gh ,impressioni/4 ,n t he %[s himself a disciple ( ,monet or occupies himself ) ! brok5 t\* or ! division ( tones--8 me?od is z direct z t ( ,sorolla & 8 impressionism is ( ! same k9d--a b5d+ ( all 8 en]gies to ! vivid realization ( ! effect ( ! sc5e r5d]$ z "o might p]ceive x 9 ! fir/ fla% ( vision if "o came ^u x unexpect$ly4 ,?is picture is bett] ?an ,sorolla--x is bett] ?an almo/ any "o4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ a/oni%+ realization ( ! mod]n ideal1 ! mo/ accompli%$ transcript ( ! actual appe>ance ( nature1 t has yet be5 produc$4 ,x is because ( its great m]it1 because ( its extraord9>y success 9 :at x attempts1 t x leads "o to ! s]i\s consid]ation ( ! nature ( ! attempt & ( ! ga9 & loss involv$ 9 ! *oice t mod]n art has made4 ,! picture is exactly squ>e--! *oice ( ?is =m is1 ( itself1 typically mod]n 9 its unexpect$ness--& repres5ts a bit ( r\gh wood int]ior "u int5se sunlight4 ,! light is /udi$ = its brilliancy r ?an = its w>m?1 & if ! picture has a fault1 grant$ ! po9t ( view ( ! pa9t]1 x is 9 a c]ta9 coldness ( color2 b su* conditions ( gl>+ & almo/ colorless light d exi/ 9 nature4 ,"o sees a few /raight trunks ( "s k9d ( p9e or l>*1 a network ( bran*es & ne$les1 a tumble ( moss-spott$ & li*5$ rocks1 a confusion ( float+ lights & %ad[s1 & t is all4 ,! conviction ( tru? is in/antane\s--x is an actual bit ( nature1 j z ! pa9t] f\nd x4 ,"o is !re on t ragg$ hillside1 half dazzl$ by ! mov+ spots ( light1 z if set d[n !re sudd5ly1 ) no "t to adju/ "o's vision4 ,gradually "o's eyes cle> & "o is aw>e1 fir/ ( a hagg>d human head ) tangl$ be>d & unkempt hair1 !n ( an emaciat$ body4 ,!re is a man 9 ! wood6 ,& !n--did !y betray !mselves by "s slight movem5t8--!re are a c\ple ( sl5d] antelopes :o 7 b n[ invisible & :o melt into _! surr\nd+s aga9 at ! slighte/ inatt5tion4 ,x is l a pictorial demon/ration ( protective color+ 9 m5 & animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ba4--,s>g5t4 ,! ,h]mit4 ,9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,n[1 almo/ any "o c see h[ sup]bly all ?is is r5d]$4 ,any "o c m>vel at & admire ! free & in/antane\s h&l+1 ! web ( sla%+ & app>5tly mean+less bru% /rokes :i*1 at a giv5 di/ance1 take _! places by a k9d ( magic & are ! ?+s !y repres5t4 ,b x takes a pa9t] to "k h[ ju/ly x is obs]v$4 ,9 ^! days no pa9t]1 :atev] may be 8 deepe/ convictions1 c escape ! occasional desire to be mod]n2 & mo/ ( u h attempt$1 at "o "t or ano!r1 ! actual /udy ( ! human figure 9 ! op5 air4 ,we h tak5 our model into a wall$ g>d5 or a deep wood or ! rocky rav9e ( a brook & h set ourselves s]i\sly to f9d out :at a nak$ man or woman really looks l 9 ! sett+ ( outdoor nature4 ,& we h f\nd j :at ,s>g5t has pa9t$4 ,! human figure1 z a figure1 has ceas$ to exi/4 ,l9e & /ructure & all t we h mo/ c>$ = h disappe>$4 ,ev5 ! color ( fle% has ceas$ to c\nt1 & ! mo/ radiant blond sk9 ( ! faire/ woman has become an insignificant p9ki% spot no m important ?an a /one & n half s important z a fl[]4 ,humanity is absorb$ into ! l&scape4 ,obvi\sly1 !re are two c\rses op5 to ! pa9t]4 ,if he is a mod]n by feel+ & by tra9+1 full ( curiosity & ( ! sci5tific temp]1 c>+ m = ! inve/igation ( ! aspects ( nature & ! r5d]+ ( natural light & atmosph]e ?an = ! tell+ ( a /ory or ! con/ruction ( a decoration1 he w1 if he is able en\gh1 treat 8 matt] mu* z ,s>g5t has treat$ x4 ,! figure w become1 = him1 only an incid5t 9 ! l&scape4 ,x w be important only z a ?+ ( ano!r texture & ano!r color1 valuable = ! diff]5t way 9 :i* x receives ! light & reflects ! sky1 j z rocks & foliage & wat] & b>e e>? are valuable4 ,= to ! true ,impressioni/ light & atmosph]e are ! only realities1 & objects exi/ only to provide surfaces = ! play ( light & atmosph]e4 ,he w ab&on all attempt at r5d]+ ! mat]ial & physical significance ( ! human =m & w /ill less conc]n himself ) its spiritual significance4 ,he w ga9 a great vividness ( illusion1 & he may console himself = :at he loses ) ! reflection t he has express$ ! true relation ( man to ! univ]se--t he has express$ ei!r man's insignificance or man's on5ess ) nature1 accord+ z 8 temp] is pessimi/ic or optimi/ic4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pa9t] is "o to :om ! figure z a figure means mu*2 "o to :om l9e & bulk & modell+ are ! pr9cipal means ( expression1 & :o c>es = ! /ructure & /ress ( bone & muscle2 if ! gl[ & s(tness ( fle% appeal /rongly to him2 above all1 if he has ! human po9t ( view & ?9ks ( 8 figures z p engag$ 9 c]ta9 actions1 hav+ c]ta9 *>act]s1 exp]i5c+ c]ta9 /ates ( m9d & body2 !n he w give up ! /ruggle ) ! tru?s ( aspect t seem s vital to ! pa9t] ( ! o!r type &1 by a frank use ( conv5tions1 w seek to increase ! importance ( 8 figure at ! exp5se ( its surr\nd+s4 ,he w give x firm] l9es & cle>] edges1 w /r5g!n its light & %ade1 w dwell ^u its /ructure or its movem5t & expression4 ,he w s compose 8 l&scape z to subord9ate x to 8 figure & w make its l9es e*o & acc5tuate t figure's action or repose4 ,:5 he has accompli%$ 8 task he w h pa9t$ n man insignificant be=e nature b man dom9at+ nature4 ,= an example ( ?is way ( repres5t+ man's relation to ! _w ab\t him1 let u take ,titian's ,sa9t ,j]ome 7,pl4 #bb7--;a picture some:at simil> to ,s>g5t's 9 subject & 9 ! relative size ( ! figure & its surr\nd+s4 ,titian has "h giv5 m importance to ! l&scape ?an 0 common 9 8 day4 ,he also has meant1 z ,s>g5t has1 to make a great deal ( ! wild]ness to :i* 8 sa9t has retir$1 & to make 8 sa9t a lonely human be+ 9 a savage place4 ,b ! sa9t & 8 emotion is1 aft] all1 :at int]e/s ,titian mo/1 & ! wildness ( nature is valuable to him ma9ly = its sympa?y ) ?is emotion4 ,he wants to give a s+le p[]ful feel+ & to give x ) ! utmo/ dramatic =ce--to give x !atrically ev51 "o might admit ( ?is p>ticul> picture2 = x is by no means s favorable an example ( ,titian's me?od1 or ( ! old] me?ods ( art 9 g5]al1 z is ,s>g5t's ,h]mit ( ! mod]n way ( see+ & pa9t+4 ,to atta9 ?is end he simplifies & arranges ev]y?+4 ,he l[]s ! pit* ( 8 color+ to a sombre gl[ & conc5trates ! little light ^u 8 kneel+ figure4 ,he sp5ds all 8 k on s draw+ & modell+ t figure z to make y feel to ! utmo/ its bulk & reality & ! /ra9 ^u its muscles & t5dons1 & he s places ev]y?+ else on 8 canvas z to int5sify its action & expression4 ,! gaze ( ! sa9t is fix$ ^u a crucifix high on ! "r ( ! picture1 & ! book beh9d him1 ! l9es ( ! rocks1 ! masses ( ! foliage1 ev5 ! g5]al =mation ( ! gr\nd1 are s dispos$ z to e*o & re9=ce ! great diagonal4 ,!re is a spl5did en]gy ( inv5tion 9 ! draw+ ( ! tree /ems1 b ! effect is cle> & simple ) no?+ ( ,s>g5t's dazzle & confusion4 ,z = ! lion1 he is a m]e necess>y m>k ( id5tification1 & ,titian has tak5 no int]e/ 9 him4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bb4--,titian4 ,/4 ,j]ome 9 ! ,des]t4 ,9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t !re is n ne>ly s mu* lit]al tru? to ! appe>ance ( nature 9 ?is picture z 9 ,s>g5t's4 ,x is n only t x w\ld nev] h occurr$ to ,titian to try to pa9t ! glitt]+ spott9ess ( sunlight spla%+ ?r\gh leafage1 or to attempt to raise 8 key ( light to some?+ l t ( nature1 at ! co/ ( fulness ( color4 ,x is n m]ely t he translates & simplifies & neglects c]ta9 tru?s t ! _w _h n yet le>n$ to see4 ,he delib]ately & int5tionally falsifies4 ,he knew z well z we d t a natural l&scape w\ld n arrange itself 9 su* l9es & masses = ! purpose ( ?r[+ out ! figure & ( enhanc+ its emotion4 ,b to him natural facts 7 b s mu* mat]ial1 to be treat$ z he pleas$ = ! c>ry+ out ( 8 purpose4 ,he 0 a colori/ & a *i>oscuri/2 & he _h a great deal m int]e/ 9 light & 9 l&scape ?an mo/ ( ! pa9t]s ( 8 "t4 ,if he _h be5 pre-em95tly a draughtsman1 l ,mi*elangelo1 he w\ld h r$uc$ 8 light & %ade to ! am\nt /rictly necess>y to give t p[]ful modell+ ( ! figure :i* is ! draughtsman's means ( expression1 w\ld h greatly increas$ ! relative size & importance ( ! figure1 & w\ld h r$uc$ ! l&scape to a b>ely intelligible symbol4 ,_h he be5 a l9eali/1 l ,botticelli1 he w\ld h elim9at$ modell+ almo/ altoge!r1 w\ld h conc5trat$ 8 att5tion ^u ! edges ( ?+s1 & w\ld h r$uc$ 8 picture to a flat patt]n 9 :i* ! beauty & expressiv5ess ( ! l9es %\ld be almo/ ! only attraction4 ,= all art is an ex*ange ( ga9 aga9/ loss--y _c h ,s>g5t's tru? ( impression & ,titian's tru? ( emotion 9 ! same picture1 nor ,mi*elangelo's beauty ( /ructure ) ,botticelli's beauty ( l9e4 ,to be a successful arti/ is to "k :at y want & to get x at any necess>y sacrifice1 ?\gh ! greate/ arti/s ma9ta9 a noble balance & sacrifice no m ?an is necess>y4 ,& if a pa9t] ( to-day is l-m9d$ ) ^! old] ma/]s he w h to express himself mu* 9 _! mann]4 ,he w h to make1 ) 8 eyes op51 ! sacrifices :i* !y made1 m or less unconsci\sly1 & to d5y a :ole range ( tru?s ) :i* 8 fell[s are occupi$ t he may express cle>ly & =cibly ! few tru?s :i* he has *os54 ,all tru?s are good1 & all ways ( pa9t+ are legitimate t are necess>y to ! expression ( any tru?4 ,i am n "h conc]n$ to %[ t "o way is bett] ?an ano!r or "o set ( tru?s m important ?an ano!r set ( tru?s4 ,= ! pres5t ,i am desir\s only ( %[+ :y !re is m ?an "o way--( expla9+ ! necessity ( diff]5t me?ods = ! expression ( diff]5t individualities & diff]5t ways ( envisag+ nature & art4 ,b a little :ile ago x 0 ! mod]n or impressioni/ic mann] t ne$$ explanation4 ,x 0 new1 x 0 revolution>y1 & x 0 misund]/ood & dislik$4 ,a g5]ation ( critics has be5 busy 9 expla9+ x1 a g5]ation ( arti/s has be5 busy 9 practis+ x1 & n[ ! balance has turn$ ! o!r way4 ,! pressure ( con=mity is ^u ! o!r side1 & x is ! old] me?ods t ne$ ju/ification & explanation4 ,! prejudices ( ! work]s & ! writ]s h gradually & naturally become ! prejudices ( at lea/ a "p ( ! public1 & x has become necess>y to %[ t ! small m9ority ( arti/s :o /ill foll[ ! old roads d s n f ignorance or /upidity or a /olid cons]vatism1 /ill less f m]e wilful caprice1 b f necessity1 because ^? roads are ! only ones t c lead !m :]e !y wi% to g4 ,no m magnific5t demon/ration ( ! qualities possible to ! purely mod]n me?ods ( pa9t+ has be5 made ?an ?is brilliant little picture ( ,s>g5t's4 ,all ! m is x a demon/ration ( ! qualities impossible to ^! me?ods4 ,if su* qualities h any p]man5t value & int]e/ = ! mod]n _w x is a ga9 = art t "s pa9t]s %\ld try to keep alive ! me?ods t r5d] possible _! atta9m5t4 ,,vi ,,! ,,am]ican ,,s*ool ,9 ! catalogues ( our museums y may f9d entries l ?is3 ,john ,smi?1 ,am]ican s*ool2 ,! ,empty ,jug or :at-n4 ,9 su* entries little m ?an a b>e /atem5t ( nationality is int5d$4 ,john ,smi? is an ,am]ican1 by bir? or adoption2 t is all t ! /atem5t is meant to convey4 ,b ! "q occurs3 ,h we an ,am]ican s*ool 9 a m specific s5se ?an ?is8 ,h we a body ( pa9t]s ) c]ta9 traits 9 common & c]ta9 diff]5ces f ! pa9t]s ( o!r c\ntries8 ,has our production 9 pa9t+ suffici5t homog5eity & suffici5t national & local acc5t to entitle x to ! "n ( ,am]ican s*ool 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !re is1 und\bt$ly1 a ,fr5* s*ool & an ,engli% s*ool8 ,"u ! conditions ( to-day !re are no long] any:]e su* di/9ctive local s*ools z exi/$ 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,italy1 9 ^? days1 !re 7 n only su* great s*ools z ! ,v5etian1 ! ,flor5t9e1 & ! ,umbrian1 diff]+ widely 9 _! po9t ( view1 _! mann] ( see+1 & _! te*nical traditions--ea* little t[n _h a s*ool ) some?+ *>act]i/ic t sep>at$ its pa9t]s f ^? ( o!r s*ools 9 ! surr\nd+ t[ns4 ,to-day e "o kn[s & is influ5c$ by ! "w ( e "o else1 & x is only broad national *>act]i/ics t /ill subsi/4 ,mod]n pictures are s+ul>ly alike1 b1 on ! :ole1 x is /ill possible to tell an ,engli% picture f a ,fr5* "o1 & a ,g]man or ,italian picture f ei!r4 ,we may /ill speak ( a ,dut* s*ool or a ,spani% s*ool ) "s reasonabl5ess4 ,is x simil>ly & equally reasonable to speak ( an ,am]ican s*ool8 ,does a room full ( ,am]ican pictures h a diff]5t look f a room full ( pictures by arti/s ( any o!r nationality8 ,does "o feel t ! pictures 9 su* a room h a some?+ 9 common t makes !m k9 & a some?+ diff]5t t di/+ui%es !m f ! pictures ( all o!r c\ntries8 ,i ?9k ! answ] mu/ be 9 ! affirmative4 ,we h already pass$ ! /age ( m]e appr5tice%ip1 & x c no long] be said t our ,am]ican pa9t]s are m]e reflections ( _! ,european ma/]s4 ,tw5ty or ev5 t5 ye>s ago !re may h be5 "s tru? 9 ! accusation4 ,to-day _m ( our y\ng] pa9t]s h _h no =eign tra9+ at all1 or h _h su* z has left no specific m>k ( a p>ticul> ma/]2 & f ! "w ( mo/ ( our old] pa9t]s x w\ld be difficult to guess :o _! ma/]s 7 )\t ref]5ce to a catalogue4 ,!y h1 ?r\gh long "w 9 ,am]ica & "u ,am]ican conditions1 develop$ /yles ( _! own be>+ no discov]able resemblance to ! /yles ( _! fir/ in/ructors4 ,to take specific examples1 :o w\ld imag9e f ! mural pa9t+s ( ,bla%field or ! decorations by ,m[bray 9 ! ,univ]sity ,club ( ,new ,york t ei!r _h be5 a pupil ( ,bonnat8 ,or :o1 look+ at ! exquisite l&scapes or delicate figure pieces ( ,weir1 w\ld f9d any?+ to recall ! "n ( ,g]ome8 ,"s ( ! pupils ( ,c>olus ,duran are almo/ ! only pa9t]s we h :o acquir$ 9 _! s*ool-days a di/9ctive me?od ( "w :i* /ill m>ks _! production1 & ev5 !y are h>dly di/+ui%able to-day f o!rs2 = ! me?od ( ,duran1 z modifi$ & exemplifi$ by ,john ,s>g5t1 has become ! me?od ( all ! _w1 & a pupil ( ,c>olus simply pa9ts 9 ! mod]n mann]1 l ! re/4 ,^? ,am]ican pa9t]s :o h adopt$ ! impressioni/ po9t ( view1 aga91 h modifi$ its te*nic to suit _! own purposes & are at lea/ z diff]5t f ! ,impressioni/s ( ,france z are ! ,impressioni/s ( ,sc&9avia4 ,we h pa9t]s :o are und5iably influ5c$ by ,:i/l]1 b s h o!r c\ntries--! s*ool ( ,:i/l] is int]national--&1 aft] all1 ,:i/l] 0 an ,am]ican4 ,9 %ort1 ! resemblances betwe5 ,am]ican pa9t+ & ! pa9t+ ( o!r c\ntries are to-day no great] ?an ! resemblances betwe5 ! pa9t+ ( any two ( ^? c\ntries4 ,& ,i ?9k ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,am]ican pa9t+ & t ( o!r c\ntries are q z great z1 if n great] ?an1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! pa9t+s ( any two ( ^? c\ntries4 ,ano!r accusation t us$ to be he>d aga9/ our pa9t]s has be5 out-liv$4 ,we us$ to be told1 ) "s tru?1 t we _h le>n$ to pa9t b _h no?+ to say ) our pa9t+1 t we produc$ admirable /udies b no pictures4 ,! accusation nev] 0 true ( our l&scape-pa9t+4 ,:atev] may be ! f9al e/imation ( ! works ( ,inness & ,wyant1 !re c be no d\bt t !y produc$ pictures--?+s conceiv$ & work$ out to give "o def9ite & complete impression2 ?+s 9 :i* :at 0 pres5t$ & :at 0 elim9at$ 7 equally det]m9$ by a def9ite purpose2 ?+s 9 :i* accid5t & ! imm$iate dom9ance ( nature _h little or no "p4 ,z = ,w9sl[ ,hom]1 :e!r 9 l&scape or figure pa9t+1 8 "w 0 unfail+ly pictorial1 :atev] else x might be4 ,he 0 a great & orig9al design]1 & e canvas ( 8 0 completely & def9itely compos$--a quality :i* at once removes f ! category ( m]e sket*es & /udies ev5 8 slight] & m rapid productions4 ,& our l&scape-pa9t]s ( to-day are equally pa9t]s ( pictures4 ,"s ( !m might be ?\ght1 by a mod]n ta/e1 too conv5tionally pa9t]s ( pictures--too mu* occupi$ ) composition & tone & o!r pictorial qualities at ! exp5se ( fre%ness ( obs]vation--:ile our briske/ & mo/ orig9al obs]v]s h1 _m ( !m1 a p[] ( design & a mann] ( ca/+ ev5 _! fre%e/ obs]vations into pictorial =m t is z admirable z x is rem>kable4 ,no "o c\ld ent] "o ( our exhibitions )\t feel+ ! def9itely pictorial quality ( ,am]ican l&scape-pa9t+1 b ^! exhibitions d less ju/ice to ! a*ievem5t ( our figure-pa9t]s4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is is t _m ( our mo/ s]i\s figure-pa9t]s h be5 s mu* occupi$ ) mural decoration t _! "w seldom appe>s 9 ! exhibitions at all1 :ile ! "w t !y h done is s scatt]$ ov] our va/ c\ntry t we r =get its exi/5ce &1 assur$ly1 h little realization ( its am\nt4 ,x is "o ( ! defects ( our exhibition sy/em t "w ( ?is k9d1 :ile x is1 ( c\rse1 on p]man5t exhibition 9 ! place = :i* x is pa9t$1 is h>dly ev] exhibit$1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 9 ! c5tres :]e x is produc$4 ,! regul> visitor to ! ,p>is salons might "k almo/ all t has be5 done 9 ,france 9 ! way ( mural pa9t+4 ,! public ( our ,am]ican exhibitions kn[s only vaguely & by he>say :at our mural pa9t]s h done & are do+4 ,x is true t su* "w is inf9itely bett] se5 9 place1 b x is a pity x _c be se51 ev5 imp]fectly1 by ! p :o att5d our exhibitions--p :o c r>ely h ! necess>y k to read su* collections ( sket*es1 /udies1 & photographs z are %[n at ! exhibitions ( ! ,ar*itectural ,league1 :]e1 alone1 our mural pa9t]s c %[ any?+4 ,if x 7 se5 x w\ld surely alt] ! e/imation 9 :i* ,am]ican figure-pa9t+ is held4 ,su* "w z 0 done by ! late ,john ,la ,f>ge1 su* "w z is be+ done by ,bla%field & ,m[bray & ,simmons & a doz5 o!rs1 if n1 9 ! mo/ limit$ s5se ( ! ^w1 pictorial1 is ev5 fur!r remov$ f ! m]e sket* or /udy--! m]e bit ( good pa9t+--?an is ! f9e/ easel picture4 ,b x is n only 9 mural decoration t s]i\s figure-pa9t+ is be+ done 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i d n see h[ any "o c d5y ! "n ( pictures to ! g5re pa9t+s ( ,mr4 ,t>bell & ,mr4 ,paxton unless he is prep>$ to d5y pictorial quality to ! :ole ,dut* s*ool ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & ! example ( ^! m5 is influ5c+ a numb] ( o!rs t[>d ! production ( ?or\ghly ?\ght-out & execut$ g5re pictures4 ,we h long _h su* s]i\s figure-pa9t]s z ,?ay] & ,bru%1 ,dew+ & ,weir4 ,! late ,l\is ,loeb 0 attempt+ figure subjects ( a v elaborate sort4 ,to-day e exhibition %[s an increas+ numb] ( wor?y ef=ts at figure-pa9t+ 9 ei!r ! naturali/ic or ! ideal ve94 ,we h pictures ) subjects intellig5tly *os5 & intelligibly treat$1 pictures ) a patt]n & a cle> arrangem5t ( l9e & mass1 pictures s\ndly drawn & h>moni\sly color$ z well z admirably pa9t$4 ,! pa9t]s ( ,am]ica are no long] foll[]s ( =eign ma/]s or /ud5ts le>n+ te*nic & indiff]5t to any?+ else4 ,!y are a s*ool produc+ "w diff]+ 9 "* f t ( o!r s*ools & at lea/ equal 9 quality to t ( any s*ool exi/+ to-day4 ,if s mu* may be tak5 z prov$1 ! "q rema9s = consid]ation3 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,am]ican s*ool ( pa9t+8 ,its mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic is "o t may be consid]$ a fault or a virtue accord+ to ! po9t ( view & ! prepossessions ( ! obs]v]4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic t has c]ta9ly be5 a cause ( ! relatively small success ( ,am]ican "w at rec5t int]national exhibitions4 ,! ,am]ican s*ool is1 among ! s*ools ( to-day1 s+ul>ly old-fa%ion$4 ,?is *>act]i/ic has1 und\bt$ly1 puzzl$ & repell$ ! =eign]4 ,x is a "t :5 ! madness = novelty seems to be c>ry+ ev]y?+ be=e x1 :5 any?+ may be accept$ s long z x is or seems new1 :5 ! ef=t ( all arti/s is to get rid ( conv5tions & to %ake (f ! %ackles ( tradition4 ,"h is a new p 9 ! bless$ /ate ( hav+ no traditions to %ake (f & f :om1 !re=e1 "s pepp]y wildness might be expect$ = ! tickl+ ( jad$ palates4 ,behold1 !y are /urdily sett+ !mselves to recov] = art ! ?+s ! o!rs h ?r[n away6 ,!y are try+ to revive ! old fa%ion ( ?\ghtful composition1 ! old fa%ion ( good draw+1 ! old fa%ion ( lovely color1 & ! old fa%ion ( s\nd & beautiful workman%ip4 ,?is cons]vatism ( ,am]ican pa9t+1 h[ev]1 is n ( ! k9d t /ill m>ks s mu* ( ! pa9t+ ( ,engl&4 ,except+ exceptions1 ,engli% pa9t+ is some:at /olidly /ay+ :]e x 04 ,am]ica's cons]vatism is ard5t1 det]m9$1 liv+4 ,x is n /&+ /ill2 x is go+ some:]e z rapidly z possible--x might1 p]haps1 be m truly call$ n cons]vatism b reaction4 ,we h1 ( c\rse1 our ultramod]ni/s1 b _! audacities are mild comp>$ to ^? ( ! ,fr5* or ,g]man models !y imitate4 ,we h1 ev5 m ( c\rse1 ! foll[]s ( ! easie/ way--! practition]s ( curr5t & accept$ me?ods :o are alike ev]y:]e4 ,b our mo/ orig9al & mo/ di/+ui%$ pa9t]s1 ^? :o give ! tone to our exhibitions & ! national acc5t to our s*ool1 are almo/ all engag$ 9 try+ to get back "o or ano!r ( ! qualities t m>k$ ! great art ( ! pa/4 ,!y h gone back ( ! art ( ! day & are rety+ ! knots t %\ld b9d toge!r ! art ( all ages4 ,?is t5d5cy %[s itself /rongly ev5 9 ^? ^: "w seems1 at fir/ sight1 mo/ purely naturali/ic or impressioni/ic4 ,among ^? ( our pa9t]s :o h adopt$ & reta9$ ! impressioni/ te*nic1 ) its hat*+ ( brok5 colors1 ! two mo/ notable are ,mr4 ,hassam & ,mr4 ,weir4 ,b ,mr4 ,hassam1 at 8 be/1 is a design] ) a s5se ( balance & ( classic grace almo/ equal to t ( ,corot1 & he (t5 uses ! impressioni/ me?od to express o!rwise ! delicate %imm] ( ?9 foliage t ,corot lov$4 ,nay1 s little is he a pure naturali/1 he _c resi/ lett+ ! :ite sides ( nak$ nymphs gleam among 8 tree trunks--he _c refra9 f ! arti/'s immemorial dream ( ,arcady4 ,z = ,mr4 ,weir1 surely no?+ c\ld be m unlike ! in/antane\sness ( true impressionism ?an 8 long-brood$-ov]1 subtle-ton$1 inf9itely s5sitive art4 ,!re is little dream9ess 9 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,t>bell & ! gr[+ numb] ( 8 foll[]s4 ,!irs is almo/ a pure naturalism1 a mak+ x l4 ,yet1 notably 9 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,t>bell himself1 & to "s ext5t 9 t ( ! o!rs1 !re is an elegance ( arrangem5t1 a ?or\ghness 9 ! notation ( gradations ( light1 a beauty & a *>m t 7 le>n$ ( no mod]n4 ,_! art is an ef=t to br+ back ! arti/ic quality ( ! mo/ arti/ic naturalism ev] practis$1 t ( ,v]me] ( ,delft4 ,o!rs ( our arti/s are go+ /ill fur!r back 9 ! hi/ory ( art = a "p ( _! inspiration4 ,mr4 ,bru% has always be5 a l9eali/ & a /ud5t ( =m1 b 8 e>li] canvases1 admirable z !y 71 7 ^? ( a docile pupil ( ,g]ome apply+ ! ?or\ghness ( ,g]ome's me?od to a new range ( subjects & pa9t+ ! ,am]ican ,indian z ,g]ome _h pa9t$ ! mod]n ,egyptian4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ea* new picture ( 8 has %[n m cle>ly ! influ5ce ( ! e>ly ,italians--ea* has be5 m ne>ly a symphony ( pure l9e4 ,ev5 9 purely te*nical matt]s our pa9t]s h be5 exp]im5t+ backw>d1 try+ to recov] lo/ te*nical beauties4 ,! la/ pictures ( ,l\is ,loeb 7 und]pa9t$ ?r\gh\t 9 mono*rome1 ! f9al colors be+ appli$ 9 glazes & rubb+s1 & to-day a numb] ( o!rs1 l&scape & figure pa9t]s1 are attempt+ to re/ore & ma/] ?is1 ! pure ,v5etian me?od1 :ile /ill o!rs1 among !m ,emil ,c>ls51 are reviv+ ! use ( temp]a4 ,b x is 9 our mural pa9t+ ev5 m ?an else:]e t ! cons]vative or reaction>y t5d5cy ( ,am]ican pa9t+ is mo/ cle>ly m>k$4 ,john ,la ,f>ge 0 always himself1 b :5 ! g5]al movem5t 9 mural pa9t+ began 9 ?is c\ntry ) ! ,*icago ,_w's ,fair & ! subsequ5t decoration ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 ! re/ ( u 7 mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ,puvis de ,*avannes4 ,ev5 !n ! design 0 n 81 b 0 f\nd$ on e>li] examples ( decorative composition1 b 8 pale tones 7 ev]y:]e4 ,little by little ! /udy ( ! pa/ has taught u bett]4 ,am]ican mural pa9t+ has gr[n /eadily m monum5tal 9 design1 & at ! same "t x has gr[n ri*] & full] 9 color4 ,to-day1 :ile x is n less b m p]sonal & orig9al ?an x 01 x has m k9%ip ) ! noble a*ievem5ts ( ,raphael & ,v]onese ?an has any o!r mod]n "w extant4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! second *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican s*ool ( pa9t+3 x is rapidly becom+ a s*ool ( color4 ,we h /ill pl5ty ( pa9t]s :o "w 9 ! blacki% or *alky or muddy & opaque tones ( mod]n art1 b ,i ?9k we h m m5 :o produce ri* & p[]ful color & m m5 :o produce subtle & delicate color ?an any o!r mod]n s*ool4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 reviv+ old te*nical me?ods h be5 und]tak5 = ! sake ( purity & lum9osity ( color & h l>gely succe$$4 ,! pictures ( ,mr4 ,t>bell are f> m color$ ?an ^? ( ! ,european pa9t] ^: "w is1 9 "s ways1 mo/ analog\s to 81 ,m4 ,joseph ,bail4 ,mr4 ,hassam's color is always sp>kl+ & brilliant1 ,mr4 ,dew+'s delicate & *>m+1 ,mr4 ,weir's subtle & h>moni\s & sometimes v full4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,bru%'s l9e> arrangem5ts are clo!d 9 sombre b (t5 ri*ly h>moni\s tones1 & ! decorative use ( p[]ful color is ! ma9 reliance ( su* pa9t]s z ,hugo ,ball94 ,b ! note ( color runs ?r\gh ! s*ool & "o h>dly ne$s to "n individual m54 ,:e!r our l&scapi/s glaze & scumble ) ! tonali/s1 or use "s modification ( ! impressioni/ hat*+1 x is = ! sake ( color2 & ev5 our mo/ =?right & da%+ wield]s ( ! big bru% (t5 a*ieve a surpris+ p[] ( resonant color+4 ,p[]1 fulness1 & beauty ( color+ are h>dly mod]n qualities4 ,mu* z impressionism has be5 prais$ = re/or+ color to a colorless art1 its result has be51 too (t51 to sub/itute :iti%ness = blacki%ness4 ,color has *>act]iz$ no mod]n pa9t+ s9ce t ( ,delacroix & ,millet z x *>act]izes mu* ( ! be/ ,am]ican pa9t+4 ,! love = & ! success 9 color ( our s*ool is1 aft] all1 a "p ( its cons]vatism4 ,x may seem an odd way ( prais+ a mod]n s*ool to call x ! lea/ mod]n ( any4 ,x w\ld be an odd way ( prais+ t s*ool if its lack ( mod]nness 7 a m]e matt] ( lagg+ beh9d or ( /&+ /ill & m>k+ "t4 ,b if ! m>* ( progress has be5 d[n-hill--if ! pa? t is trod leads into a swamp or ov] a precipice--!n !re may be mo/ hopefulness = ^? :o c 'b\t face & m>* ! o!r way4 ,i h1 else:]e 9 ?is volume1 giv5 at "s l5g? "s ( my reasons = ?9k+ t mod]n art has be5 foll[+ a false r\te & is 9 dang] ( p]i%+ 9 ! bog or fall+ ov] ! cliff4 ,if x is s we may congratulate ourselves t ^? ( our pa9t]s :o are /ill foll[+ ! re/ ( ! _w h n s ne>ly rea*$ ! end ( ! road1 & t ^? :o are m indep5d5t h discov]$ 9 "t :at t end is & h turn$ back4 ,x is because x is lea/ t ( to-day t ,i believe our art may be t ( to-morr[--x is because x is1 ( all art n[ go+1 t :i* has mo/ connection ) ! pa/ t ,i hope ! art ( ,am]ica may prove to be ! art ( ! future4 ,,vii ,,augu/us ,,sa9t-,,gaud5s,c ,c ,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,sci5ces on ,febru>y #bb1 #aijh4 ,n[ revis$ & enl>g$4 ,augu/us ,sa9t-,gaud5s 0 born 9 ,dubl91 ,irel&1 on ! fir/ day ( ,m>*1 #ahdh1 b 0 br\ght to ,am]ica at ! age ( six mon?s4 ,8 *ildhood & y\? 7 pass$ 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 z 0 a great "p ( 8 work+ life2 & ?\gh 8 orig9 0 =eign1 lifelong associations _h /amp$ him indelibly an ,am]ican4 ,! great] "p ( 8 "w 0 done 9 ,am]ica2 almo/ all ( x 0 done = ,am]ica2 & ,i d n ?9k x is fancy t sees 9 8 art ! expression ( a di/9ctively ,am]ican _s4 ,yet f 8 mix$ ,fr5* & ,iri% blood he may well h d]iv$ t m+l+ ( ! ,lat9 s5se ( =m ) a ,celtic dep? ( s5tim5t :i* 0 s m>k$ly *>act]i/ic ( 8 g5ius4 ,8 fa!r1 ,b]n>d ,paul ,erne/ ,sa9t-,gaud5s1 0 a %oemak] f ! little t[n ( ,aspet 9 ,haute-,g>onne1 only a few miles f ! t[n ( ,sa9t-,gaud5s1 f :i* ! family mu/ h drawn its orig9 & its "n4 ,8 "m 0 ,m>y ,mc,guinness1 a native ( ,dubl94 ,augu/us ,sa9t-,gaud5s 0 "o ( sev]al *ildr5 born to ?is c\ple & n ! only arti/ among !m1 = 8 y\ng] bro!r ,l\is also atta9$ "s reputation z a sculptor1 ?\gh 8 entire lack ( ambition prev5t$ 8 a*iev+ all t 0 expect$ ( him by ^? :o knew 8 delicate tal5t4 ,! boy ,augu/us att5d$ ! public s*ools ( ,new ,york & receiv$ !re all ! =mal education he ev] _h2 b at ?irte5 x 0 necess>y = him to face ! problem ( e>n+ 8 liv+4 ,8 arti/ic proclivities 7 probably already well m>k$1 & to give !m "s scope1 :ile assur+ him a regul> trade at :i* money c\ld be e>n$1 he 0 appr5tic$ 9 ! good old way to a cameo cutt] nam$ ,l\is ,avet1 said to be ! fir/ man to cut /one cameos 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! greate/ ( ,am]ican sculptors _h mu* su* a practical appr5tice%ip z a ,flor5t9e ( ! fifte5? c5tury might h _h4 ,he himself always spoke ( x z "o ( ! mo/ =tunate ?+s t ev] happ5$ to him & attribut$ mu* ( 8 success to ! habit ( fai?ful labor acquir$ at ?is "t4 ,probably1 also1 ! habit ( ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( relief1 fo/]$ by ye>s ( "w at ?is anci5t art1 0 n )\t influ5ce 9 ! m\ld+ ( 8 tal5t4 ,8 relations ) ,avet la/$ f #ahfa to #ahfd1 :5 8 ma/] qu>rell$ ) him & abruptly dismiss$ him f 8 %op4 ,! boy 0 already a det]m9$ p]son2 he believ$ t he _h suff]$ an inju/ice1 &1 ?\gh ,avet w5t to 8 p>5ts & tri$ to induce !m to s5d him back1 he refus$ to return4 ,a new ma/] 0 f\nd = him 9 ! p]son ( a %ell-cameo cutt] nam$ ,jules ,le,brethon1 & ) him ,sa9t-,gaud5s rema9$ ?ree ye>s4 ,dur+ 8 six ye>s' appr5tice%ip "u 8 two ma/]s ! y\? %[$ already t en]gy & p[] ( w t made him :at he 04 ,he meant to be some?+ m ?an an artisan1 & he sp5t 8 ev5+s 9 ! classes1 fir/ ( ! ,coop] ,union1 aft]w>d ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design1 9 ! h>d /udy ( draw+1 ! true f\ndation ( all ! f9e arts4 ,x 0 "o ( ! elem5ts ( 8 sup]iority 9 8 pr(ession t he c\ld draw z few sculptors c1 & he always felt t he ow$ an especial debt to ! ,coop] ,union1 :i* he 0 glad to repay :5 he modell$ ! /atue ( its v5]able f\nd]4 ,( ! o!r in/itution by ^: freely giv5 in/ruction he _h pr(it$1 ! ,national ,academy ( ,design1 he became "o ( ! mo/ honor$ memb]s4 ,by #ahfg1 :5 he 0 n9ete5 ye>s old1 he _h sav$ a little money & 0 ma/] ( a trade t c\ld be reli$ on to br+ 9 m1 & he det]m9$ to g to ,p>is & beg9 ! s]i\s /udy ( sculpture4 ,he work$1 = a "t1 at ! ,petite ,ecole1 & ent]$ ! /udio ( ,j\ffroy 9 ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts 9 #ahfh1 rema9+ until #ahgj4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 & aft]w>d1 he 0 self-support+1 work+ half 8 "t at cameo cutt+ until 8 ef=ts at sculpture on a l>g] scale began to br+ 9 an income4 ,:5 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> broke out ,p>is ceas$ to be a place = ! c>ry+ on ( ! s]i\s /udy ( art1 & ,sa9t-,gaud5s w5t to ,rome1 :]e 8 associates 7 ! ,fr5* prizem5 ( ! day1 ( :om ,m]cie 0 "o4 ,he rema9$ !re until #ahgd1 except = a visit to ,new ,york 9 ! w9t] ( #ahgb-c = ! purpose ( modell+ a bu/ ( ,s5ator ,ev>ts1 & "o or two o!r bu/s1 :i* 7 put into m>ble ^u 8 return to ,rome4 ,9 ^? ,roman days he execut$ 8 fir/ /atue1 a ,hiawa?a1 "o ( 8 few /udies ( ! nude1 & a ,sil5ce1 a n v *>act]i/ic drap$ figure :i* yet fills ) "s impressiv5ess h] ni*e at ! head ( ! gr& /airway ( ! ,masonic ,temple on ,tw5ty-f\r? ,/reet4 ,f #ahge to #ahgg he _h a /udio 9 ,new ,york1 :]e he seems to h execut$ "s ( 8 e>lie/ portrait reliefs4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he came into contact ) ,la ,f>ge1 = :om he turn$ pa9t] & aid$ 9 ! execution ( ! decorations ( ,tr9ity ,*ur* 9 ,bo/on4 ,x 0 at ?is "t1 also1 t he receiv$ 8 fir/ commissions = important public "w1 ^? = ! ,f>ragut /atue 9 ,madison ,squ>e1 ! ,r&all at ,sailors' ,snug ,h>bor1 & ! angels = ,sa9t ,?omas's ,*ur*4 ,he _h m>ri$ ,augu/a ,f4 ,hom] 9 #ahgg1 & 9 t ye>1 tak+ 8 bride & 8 commissions ) him1 he return$ to ,p>is1 feel+1 z _m ano!r "y ,p>is-br$ arti/ has felt1 t !re only c\ld su* important works be prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,! ,f>ragut 0 complet$ & exhibit$ 9 ! pla/] at ! ,salon ( #ahhj1 & f t "t 8 success 0 assur$4 ,= ! re/ ( 8 life he 0 con/antly busy1 receiv+ almo/ m commissions = "w ( importance ?an x 0 possible = him to c>ry out4 ,he return$ to ,new ,york 9 #ahhj1 & 9 #ahha he op5$ ! /udio 9 ,?irty-six? ,/reet1 :]e he rema9$ = sixte5 ye>s & :]e s _m ( 8 greate/ works 7 execut$4 ,f t /udio came _m ( 8 exquisite portraits 9 relief1 8 c>yatids & angelic figures1 su* z ^? = ! ,morgan tomb1 s un=tunately de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahhb 7a fate s9ce %>$ by ! e>li] angels ( ,sa9t ,?omas's71 ! great /atues ( ,l9coln & ,*ap91 ! ,%aw ,memorial1 & ! ,adams ,memorial2 & 9 x 0 done all ! prelim9>y "w ( ! great eque/rian monum5t to ,g5]al ,%]man4 ,x is 9 ^! ye>s ( 8 prime t he w ev] be mo/ fondly rememb]$ by ^?--& !y are _m--:o _h ! privilege ( 8 fri5d%ip4 ,admitt$ly our =emo/ sculptor1 & "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,arti/s1 he became at once a p]son ( importance 9 ! _w ( art2 & z 8 brilliant c>e] develop$ he e/abli%$ intimate relation%ips ) an ev]-wid5+ circle ( m5 9 e walk ( life1 :ile no "o :o ev] knew him well c h felt any?+ b an abid+ affection = him4 ,t long1 :ite /udio became a famili> meet+-place = all :o 7 int]e/$ 9 any =m ( art2 & ! ,sunday aft]noon conc]ts t 7 held !re = _m ye>s w be look$ back to ) regret z long z any ( _! auditors rema9 alive4 ,?is /udio 0 giv5 up :5 ,sa9t-,gaud5s w5t abroad = ! ?ird "t1 9 #ahig1 to execute ! ,%]man gr\p1 & he nev] resum$ 8 resid5ce 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 #ahhe he _h pur*as$ a prop]ty at ,corni%1 ,n4,h41 j across ! ,connecticut ,riv] f ,w9dsor1 ,vt41 & :5 he return$ to ?is c\ntry 9 #aijj1 cov]$ ) fre% honors b an ill man1 he made :at _h be5 a summ] home 8 p]man5t abode4 ,he nam$ x ,aspet1 aft] 8 fa!r's bir?place1 & !re he erect$ two /udios & f9i%$ 8 ,%]man /atue4 ,9 ^! /udios 7 execut$ ! second ,l9coln1 ! ,p>nell /atue = ,dubl91 & mu* o!r "w4 ,! l>g] /udio 0 burn$ 9 #aijd1 b 0 rebuilt & ! lo/ "w re-begun & c>ri$ to a conclusion4 ,:at c nev] be q replac$ 7 two portraits ( himself4 ,a /udy1 ( ! head only1 9 ! collection ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design & a sket* by ,w ,h4 ,l[1 pa9t$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahgg1 are n[ ! only exi/+ portraits ( him done f life 9 8 be/ ye>s4 ,! ,metropolitan ,museum possesses a portrait ( him 9 8 la/ ye>s1 by ,miss ,ell5 ,emmet1 & a replica1 pa9t$ s9ce 8 dea?1 ( my own e>li] portrait4 ,f ! illness he br\ght back f ,p>is 9 #aijj ,sa9t-,gaud5s nev] recov]$4 ,at times he %[$ some?+ ( 8 old vigor & 0 able n only to d f9e "w b to indulge m 9 out-(-door sports ?an he _h ev] done 9 8 y\?1 :ile a gr[+ love = nature & = lit]ature made 8 life full]1 9 "s respects1 ?an 9 ! days :5 8 own art m entirely absorb$ him4 ,b ye> by ye> 8 /r5g? grew less & 8 int]vals ( fre$om f pa9 grew %ort]1 & he 0 m & m =c$ to rely ^u ! corps ( able & devot$ assi/ants :i* he ga!r$ ab\t him4 ,he develop$ to an extraord9>y ext5t ! faculty ( communicat+ 8 ideas & desires to o!rs & ( produc+ ?r\gh _! h&s "w ess5tially 8 own & ( a quality entirely beyond _! ability2 b x 0 at ! co/ ( a /ra9 ^u bra9 & n]ve almo/ inf9itely great] ?an w\ld h be5 involv$ 9 "w done ) 8 own h&4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aijf he broke d[n utt]ly1 ! "w ( 8 /udio 0 int]rupt$1 & he ceas$ to see ev5 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds4 ,he ralli$ some:at f ?is attack1 & began aga9 8 h]oic /ruggle aga9/ fate1 direct+ ! "w ( assi/ants :ile himself s weak t he _h to be c>ri$ f ! h\se to ! /udio4 ,! end came on ! ev5+ ( ,augu/ #c1 #aijg4 ,he di$ z he _h liv$1 a memb] ( no *ur*1 b a man ( pure & l(ty "*4 ,z he _h wi%$1 8 body 0 cremat$1 & 8 a%es 7 tempor>ily deposit$ 9 ! cemet]y at ,w9dsor1 ,vt41 across ! riv] f 8 home4 ,an in=mal fun]al s]vice 0 held 9 8 private /udio on ,augu/ #g1 att5d$ by fri5ds & neighbors & by a few old fri5ds f a di/ance2 b ! ga!r+ c\ld include b a few ( ! _m :o felt 8 dea? z a p]sonal loss4 ,! m]its ( ,sa9t-,gaud5s's "w 7 fully recogniz$ 9 8 lifetime4 ,he 0 an (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor1 a ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 a memb] ( half a doz5 academies1 & ! be>] ( honor>y degrees f ! univ]sities ( ,h>v>d1 ,yale1 & ,pr9ceton4 ,b ( all ! honors he receiv$ !re 7 two1 "o ( a public1 ! o!r ( a private nature1 :i* he himself valu$ mo/ highly3 ! "o z %[+ ! e/imation 9 :i* 8 art 0 held by 8 fell[ arti/s1 ! o!r z an evid5ce ( ! p]sonal affection felt = him by 8 fri5ds4 ,at ! ,pan-,am]ican ,exposition 9 #aija1 ^u ! unanim\s recomm5dation ( ! ,jury ( ,f9e ,arts1 compos$ ( pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & ar*itects1 he 0 aw>d$ a special diploma & m$al ( honor1 ap>t f & above all o!r aw>ds1 an entirely exceptional honor1 :i* m>k$ him z ! fir/ ( ,am]ican arti/s1 z previ\sly receiv$ honors _h m>k$ him "o ( ! greate/ sculptors ( 8 "t4 ,on ,june #bc1 #aije1 ! arti/ic & lit]>y colony :i* _h gradually gr[n up ab\t 8 home 9 ,corni% celebrat$ ! tw5tie? anniv]s>y ( 8 com+ !re by a fete & op5-air masque held 9 ! groves ( ,aspet4 ,! beauty ( ?is spectacle has become almo/ leg5d>y4 ,! alt> ) its column$ canopy1 :i* s]v$ = a backgr\nd to ! play1 /ill /&s1 or rec5tly /ood1 ?\gh mu* dilapidat$ by wea!r1 z x 0 immortaliz$ by ! sculptor himself 9 a commemorative plaquette 7,pl4 #bc7 :i* is among ! mo/ *>m+ ( 8 m9or works4 ,he plann$ if he _h liv$ to p]petuate x 9 endur+ m>ble1 & ?is task has n[ be5 tak5 up by 8 wife1 :o means to d$icate ! monum5t z a fitt+ memorial to a great arti/ & a noble man 9 ! place he lov$ z 8 *os5 home4 ,"s "p ( ! vivid & lovable p]sonality ( ,augu/us ,sa9t-,gaud5s mu/ h be5 visible1 almo/ at a glance1 to any "o :o ev] came 9 contact ) him--to any "o1 ev51 :o ev] saw 8 portrait4 ,9 8 sp>e b /rong-knit figure1 8 firm b supple h&s1 8 mann] ( c>ry+ himself1 8 e ge/ure1 "o felt ! ab\nd+ vitality1 ! almo/ furi\s en]gy ( ! man4 ,t extraord9>y head1 ) its heavy br[ beetl+ above ! small b pi]c+ eyes1 its r$ be>d & crisp1 wiry hair1 its project+ jaw & great1 /rongly modell$ nose1 0 alive ) p[]--) p[] ( intellect no less ?an ( w4 ,8 lack ( e>ly education gave him a c]ta9 diffid5ce & a di/ru/ ( 8 own gifts ( expression4 ,he 0 apt to ov]rate ! m]e v]bal facility ( o!rs & to und]e/imate himself 9 ! comp>ison--inde$1 a c]ta9 humility 0 /rongly m>k$ 9 him1 ev5 z reg>ds 8 art1 ?\gh he 0 self-confid5t also4 ,:5 he 0 uncon/ra9$ 8 great p[]s ( obs]vation1 8 %rewdness ( judgm5t1 8 bubbl+ humor1 & a picturesque vivacity ( phrase n uncommon among arti/s made him "o ( ! mo/ entranc+ ( talk]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,de ,w4,c4 ,w>d4 ,plate #bc4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,plaquette ,commemorat+ ,corni% ,masque4 ,und]nea? 8 humor & 8 gayety1 h[ev]1 !re lay a deep-seat$ ,celtic melan*oly1 & beside 8 en]gy 0 an inf9ite pati5ce at ! s]vice ( an exact+ arti/ic consci5ce4 ,! endless pa9/ak+ ( 8 "w & ! "t he took ov] x 7 almo/ prov]bial4 ,he 0 twelve ye>s engag$ ^u ! ,%aw ,memorial & elev5 ^u ! ,%]man1 &1 ?\gh he did mu* o!r "w :ile ^! 7 9 progress1 yet x 0 8 con/ant revision1 8 ev]-r5ew$ /riv+ = p]fection t kept !m s long a*iev+4 ,! ,diana ( ! ,madison ,squ>e ,g>d5 0 tak5 d[n f h] t[] because he & ! ar*itect1 ,/an=d ,:ite1 ?\ght h] too l>ge1 & 0 entirely remodell$ on a small] scale4 ,& ) ?is pati5ce w5t a g5tl5ess1 a sweetness1 a delicate s5sitiv5ess1 & an ab\nd+ humanity & sympa?y4 ,he c\ld be almo/ ru?less 9 ! ass]tion ( 8 w :5 ! int]e/s ( 8 art or ( ju/ice seem$ to dem& x1 yet !re 0 a t5d]-he>t$ness 9 him :i* made x di/ress+ to him to inflict pa9 on any "o4 ,! conflict ( ^! elem5ts 9 8 nature sometimes made 8 actions seem inconsi/5t & indeciph]able ev5 to ^? :o knew him4 ,he w\ld be long-suff]+1 compromis+1 dis9cl9$ to /rike2 b :5 he 0 at la/ r\s$ ! bl[ w\ld be z /agg]+ z x 0 unexpect$4 ,x 0 z if he /ruck ! h>d] to h done ) x & to sp>e himself ! pa9 ( /rik+ aga94 ,x 0 8 :ole-he>t$ devotion to 8 art :i* caus$ 8 r>e acts ( self-ass]tion1 & x 0 ?is same devotion1 no less ?an 8 natural k9dl9ess1 t made him ev] helpful to y\ng] arti/s :o %[$ any promise ( future wor?4 ,ev5 9 8 la/ days ( unspeakable suff]+ he w\ld summon :at 0 left ( 8 old /r5g? to give a ^w ( criticism & advice1 above all1 a ^w ( comm5dation1 to any "o :o ne$$ ! "o or _h e>n$ ! o!r4 ,! ess5tial goodness ( ! man 0 mo/ felt by ^? :o /ood ne>e/ him1 & mo/ ( all1 p]haps1 by 8 actual c[ork]s4 ,he c\ld comm&1 z few h be5 able to d1 ! love & devotion ( 8 assi/ants4 ,to all :o knew him ! man himself seem$ f9]1 r>]1 sweet] ?an 8 "w1 & ! gap he has left 9 _! lives w be ev5 m impossible to fill ?an 8 place 9 ,am]ican art4 ,b ! p]sonality ( an arti/1 ?\gh he be a great "o1 is = ! memory ( 8 private fri5ds4 ,x is only z x colors 8 art t x is ( public int]e/4 ,x is 8 art itself1 8 gift to ! _w1 t ! _w c>es =2 x is ( ! k9d & quality ( t art1 ! nature & ! degree ( its greatness1 t ! _w wi%es to he>4 ,because ! man 0 my fri5d ,i h wi%$ to give "s glimpse ( ! mann] ( man he 02 because ! arti/ 0 ! greate/ our c\ntry has produc$ ,i am to try to give "s idea ( 8 art1 ( ! elem5ts ( its /r5g?1 & ( ! limitations :i* are z necess>y z its qualities4 ,! "t ( ,sa9t-,gaud5s's /udy 9 ,p>is 0 a "t ( great importance 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n sculpture1 &1 al?\gh ,j\ffroy 0 n himself a sculptor ( ! highe/ rank1 8 /udio 0 a c5tre = :at 0 !n ! new movem5t 9 ! sculpture ( ,france4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 9 ?is movem5t 0 ! ab&on+ ( ! =mal imitation ( second-rate antiques & ! sub/itution ( ! sculpture ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance z a s\rce ( inspiration & ( ! direct /udy ( nature z a means ( self-expression4 ,!re _h always be5 individual sculptors ( p[] & orig9ality 9 ,france1 b ! movem5t ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( sculpture1 z a :ole1 away f ! pseudo classicism :i* _h long dom9at$ x 0 really inaugurat$ by ,paul ,dubois only a few ye>s be=e ,sa9t-,gaud5s's arrival 9 ,p>is4 ,_m ( ! m5 de/9$ to a brilliant "p 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n sculpture 7 tra9$ 9 ! ateli] ( ,j\ffroy4 ,falgui]e & ,sa9t-,m>ceau _h b j left t /udio :5 ! "y ,am]ican ent]$ x1 & ,m]cie 0 8 fell[ /ud5t !re4 ,dal\ & ,rod9 h s9ce made ^! m5 seem old-fa%ion$ & academic1 b !y 7 !n1 & = _m ye>s aft]w>d1 ! heads ( ! new s*ool2 & ( ?is new s*ool1 s diff]5t f any?+ he _h kn[n 9 ,am]ica1 ,sa9t-,gaud5s inevitably became a "p4 ,8 own pron\nc$ individuality1 & p]haps 8 comp>ative isolation dur+ ! ye>s ( 8 greate/ productivity1 gave 8 art a "* ( its own1 unlike any o!r1 b to ! ,fr5* s*ool ( sculpture ( ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury he ess5tially belong$4 ,( c\rse1 8 /yle 0 n =m$ 9 a mom5t4 ,8 ,hiawa?a seems1 to-day1 mu* su* a piece ( neo-classicism z 0 be+ produc$ by o!r m5 9 ! ,rome ( t "t1 & ! ,sil5ce1 ?\gh some:at m mod]n 9 acc5t1 is an academic "w su* z might h be5 expect$ f a docile pupil ( 8 ma/]4 ,! relief ( angels = ! r]$os ( ,sa9t ,?omas's ,*ur* is ! e>lie/ important "w :i* %[s 8 p]sonal mann]4 ,x 0 und]tak5 9 collaboration ) ,john ,la ,f>ge1 & p]haps ! influ5ce ( ,la ,f>ge1 & ( t em95tly picturesque g5ius ,/an=d ,:ite1 m+l$ ) t ( ! y\ng] ,fr5* s*ool 9 =m+ its decorative & almo/ pictorial "*4 ,x 0 a k9d ( improvisation1 done at prodigi\s spe$ & )\t /udy f nature--a sket* r ?an a complet$ "w ( art1 b a sket* to be sl[ly develop$ into ! reliefs ( ! ,f>ragut p$e/al1 ! angels ( ! ,morgan tomb1 ! c>yatids ( ! ,v&]bilt mantelpiece1 &1 at l5g?1 into su* a ma/]piece z ! ,amor-,c>itas4 ,9 ea* ( ^! developm5ts ! "w becomes less picturesque & m =mal1 ! ta/e is purifi$1 ! exub]ance ( decorative feel+ is m re/ra9$4 ,! f9al t]m is rea*$ 9 ! c>yatids = ! ,albright ,gall]y at ,buffalo--works ( 8 la/ days1 :5 8 h&s 7 no long] able to %ape ! clay1 yet ess5tially 8 ?\gh he nev] t\*$ !m2 works ( an almo/ au/]e nobility ( /yle1 ! mo/ gr&ly monum5tal figures he ev] produc$4 ,! commone/ criticism on ,sa9t-,gaud5s's art has be5 t x is n1 prim>ily1 sculptural 9 its inspiration2 &1 9 a s5se1 ! criticism is ju/ifi$4 ,"o ne$ n1 p]haps1 greatly c>e :e!r x is true or n4 ,x is1 aft] all1 only a matt] ( def9ition1 & if we 7 =bidd5 to call 8 "w sculpture at all & requir$ to f9d ano!r "n = x1 ! important fact t x is art--art ( ! f9e/1 ! mo/ exquisite1 at times ! mo/ p[]ful--w\ld 9 no wise be alt]$4 ,ghib]ti w5t beyond ! traditions ( sculpture 9 relief1 introduc$ p]spective into 8 compositions1 modell$ trees & rocks & cl\ds & ca/ !m 9 bronze1 made pictures1 if y l1 in/ead ( reliefs4 ,does any "o c>e8 ,is x n en\gh t !y are beautiful pictures8 ,! gates ( ! ,bapti/ry ( ,flor5ce are /ill wor?y1 z ! greate/ sculptor s9ce ! ,greeks ?\ght !m1 to be ! gates ( p>adise4 ,a "w ( art rema9s a "w ( art1 call x :at y please1 & a ?+ ( beauty w be a joy =ev]1 :e!r or n y c pigeonhole x 9 "s ready-made category4 ,aft] all1 ! critical pigeonholes are made = ! ?+s1 n ! ?+s = ! pigeonholes4 ,! "w is !re1 & if x does n fit y\r preconceiv$ def9ition ! fault is z likely to be 9 ! def9ition z 9 ! "w itself4 ,& ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial ?+ to note ab\t ! art ( ,augu/us ,sa9t-,gaud5s is t x is always art ( ! pure/--free 9 an extraord9>y degree f ! besett+ s9s ( naturalism & ! sci5tific temp] on ! "o h& & ( ! display ( clev]ness & te*nical brilliancy on ! o!r4 ,nev] m ?an 9 our own day h ^! be5 ! great temptations ( an able arti/3 t he %\ld 9 ! absorption ( /udy =get ! end 9 ! means & produce demon/rations ( anatomy or ( ! laws ( light r ?an /atues or pictures2 or t he %\ld1 9 ! joy ( ex]cis+ great tal5ts1 seem to say1 ,see h[ well ,i c d x6 & inv5t difficulties = ! sake ( triumphantly resolv+ !m1 becom+ a virtuoso r ?an a creator4 ,( ! mean] temptation ( m]e s5sationalism--! desire to attract att5tion by ugl9ess & ecc5tricity le/ "o %\ld be unable to secure x by tru? & beauty--"o ne$ n speak4 ,x is ! temptation ( vulg> s\ls4 ,b great & true arti/s h yield$1 occasionally or habitually1 to ^! o!r two2 ,sa9t-,gaud5s nev] does4 ,i "k no "w ( 8 to :i* raw nature has be5 admitt$1 9 :i* a piece ( /udy has be5 all[$ to rema9 z su* )\t ! m\ld+ t\* ( art to subdue x to its place2 & ,i "k only "o :i* has any spice ( bravura--! ,logan /atue--& ! bravura is !re because ! subject seem$ to dem& x1 n because ! arti/ wi%$ x4 ,! da% & glitt] are ^? ( ,black ,jack ,logan1 n ( ,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,! sculptor /rove to r5d] !m z he /rove to r5d] high] qualities at o!r times1 b !y rema9 antipa!tic to 8 nature1 & ! /atue is "o ( ! lea/ satisfactory ( 8 works4 ,he is ess5tially ! arti/--! artific] ( beauty--ev] b5t on ! mak+ ( a lovely & significant ?+2 & ! /udy ( nature & ! res\rces ( 8 craft are b tools & are nev] all[$ to become any?+ m4 ,if1 !n1 ! accusation t ,sa9t-,gaud5s's art is n sculptural means t he 0 a design] r ?an a modell]1 t he c>$ = composition m ?an = repres5tation1 t ! ensemble int]e/$ him m ?an ! details1 ,i w\ld *e]fully admit t ! accusation is well f\nd$4 ,su* m>vels ( r5d]+ z ,rod9 c\ld give u1 be=e he lo/ himself 9 ! ef=t to des]ve t reputation z a pr(\nd ?9k] :i* has be5 ?ru/ ^u him1 7 n = ,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,! modell+ ( ! morceau 0 n p>ticul>ly 8 affair4 ,! discrim9ation ( h>d & s(t1 ( bone & muscle & integum5t1 ! expression ( t5sion :]e a fle%y tissue is tightly drawn ov] ! framework b5ea?1 or ( weight :]e x falls away f x--^! 7 n ! ?+s t mo/ compell$ 8 int]e/ or 9 :i* he 0 mo/ successful4 ,= ! human figure z a figure1 = ! inh]5t beauty ( its m>vell\s me*anism1 he did n greatly c>e4 ,! problems ( bulk & mass & weight & movem5t :i* h occupi$ sculptors f ! beg9n+ 7 n especially 8 problems4 ,x may h be5 due to ! nature ( ! commissions he receiv$ t1 aft] ! ,hiawa?a ( 8 /ud5t days1 he modell$ no nude except ! ,diana ( ! t[]--a purely decorative figure1 design$ = di/ant effect1 9 :i* /ructural modell+ w\ld h be5 out ( place because invisible4 ,b x 0 n accid5t t 9 su* drap$ figures z ! ,amor-,c>itas 7,pl4 #bd7 or ! c>yatids ( ! ,v&]bilt mantelpiece !re is little ef=t to make ! figure visible b5ea? ! drap]ies4 ,9 ! h&s ( a ma/] ( ! figure--( "o ( ^? arti/s to :om ! expressiv5ess & ! beauty ( ! human /ructure is all 9 all--drap]y is a means ( r5d]+ ! masses & ! movem5t ( ! figure m app>5t ?an !y w\ld be 9 ! nude4 ,9 su* works z ^! x is a ?+ beautiful 9 itself1 = its own ripple & fl[ & ord]$ intricacy4 ,! figure is !re b5ea? ! drap]y1 b ! drap]y is expressive ( ! mood ( ! arti/ & ( ! s5tim5t ( ! "w r ?an especially explanatory ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,de ,w4,c4 ,w>d4 ,plate #bd4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,amor ,c>itas4 ,fir/ ( all1 by nature & by tra9+1 ,sa9t-,gaud5s 0 a design]1 & exquisit5ess ( design 0 ! quality he mo/ consci\sly /rove =--! quality on :i* he exp5d$ 8 unre/+1 un5d+1 p]sev]+ toil4 ,f ! />t "o feels t design is 8 pr9cipal preoccupation1 t he is ?9k+ ma9ly ( ! patt]n ( ! :ole1 its decorative effect & play ( l9e1 its beauty ( masses & spaces1 its fitness = its place & its surr\nd+s2 9 a ^w1 its composition4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 z a workman 9 ! %op ( ! cameo cutt]1 he 0 conc]n$ ) a k9d ( art 9 :i* p]fection ( composition is almo/ ! sole claim to s]i\s consid]ation4 ,!n he produces a multiplicity ( small reliefs1 da9ty1 exquisite1 infallibly *>m+ 9 _! arrangem5t--?+s :i* are s dep5d5t on design = _! v exi/5ce t !y seem sc>cely modell$ at all4 ,he goes on to decorative figures 9 ! r\nd1 to h]oic /atues1 to monum5tal gr\ps1 b always x is design t he ?9ks ( fir/ & la/--design1 n[1 9 ?ree dim5sions r ?an 9 two--design prop]ly sculptural r ?an pictorial1 9 s mu* z x deals ) bosses & concaves1 ) solid matt] 9 space--b /ill design4 ,?is p[] ( design rises to high] uses z "t goes on1 is b5t to ! int]pretation ( l(ty !mes & ! expression ( deep emotions1 b x is 9 its nature ! same p[] t produc$ ! delicate1 e!real beauty ( ! reliefs4 ,! inf9ite fa/idi\sness ( a ma/] design]1 con/antly rework+ & readju/+ 8 design1 t e "p %all be p]fect & t no fold or spray ( leafage %all be out ( its prop] place1 nev] satisfi$ t 8 composition is beyond improvem5t :ile an exp]im5t rema9s untri$--?is is :at co/ him ye>s ( labor4 ,8 fir/ important /atue1 ! ,f>ragut1 is a ma/]piece ( re/ra9$ & elegant yet orig9al & =ceful design--a design1 too1 t includes ! p$e/al & ! b5* bel[1 & ( :i* ! figures 9 bas-relief are almo/ z important a "p z ! /atue itself4 ,9 lat] & matur] "w1 ) a m cl>ifi$ ta/e & a deep] feel+1 he c rea* su* unsurpassable expressiv5ess ( composition z is %[n 9 ! ,%aw ,memorial or ! great eque/rian /atue ( ,%]man4 ,sa9t-,gaud5s's ma/]y ( l[ relief 0 prim>ily a matt] ( ?is p[] ( design1 b x 0 condition$ also ^u two o!r qualities3 k ( draw+ & extreme s5sitiv5ess to delicate modulation ( surface4 ,& by draw+ ,i mean n m]ely k ( =m & proportion & ! exact r5d]+ ( ^!1 9 :i* s5se a /atue may be said to be well drawn if its measurem5ts are correct--,i mean t mu* m subtle & difficult art1 ! r5d]+ 9 two dim5sions only ( ! appe>ance ( objects ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,sculpture 9 ! r\nd is ! simple/ &1 9 a s5se1 ! easie/ ( ! arts4 ,x deals ) actual =m--a piece ( sculpture does n m]ely look l ! =m ( an object1 x is ! =m ( an object4 ,leav+ out ( ! c\nt1 = ! mom5t1 ! ref9em5ts & ! illusions :i* may be add$ to x--:i* mu/ be add$ to x to make x art--x is ! reproduction 9 ano!r mat]ial ( ! actual =ms ( ?+s4 ,some?+ :i* %all answ] = x1 to ! un9itiate1 may be produc$ by m]ely ca/+ natural objects2 & !re is a great deal t is call$ sculpture :i* sc>cely aims at any?+ m ?an ! production1 by a m difficult me?od1 ( some?+ l a pla/] ca/ f nature4 ,x is ! v simplicity ( ! art t makes its difficulty1 = to avoid ! look ( ca/+ & a*ieve ! feel+ ( art requires ! mo/ delicate h&l+ & ! mo/ p[]ful inspiration1 & !re is ne$ 9 ! art ( sculpture = ! r>e/ qualities ( ! greate/ m9ds4 ,! art ( draw+ is entirely diff]5t4 ,x is all illusion1 x deals only 9 appe>ances4 ,its aim is to depict on a flat surface ! aspect ( objects suppos$ to /& beh9d x & to be se5 ?r\gh x1 & its means are two bran*es ( ! sci5ce ( optics4 ,x is bas$ on ! /udy ( p]spective & on ! /udy ( ! way light falls ^u objects & reveals _! %apes & ! direction ( _! surfaces by ! v>y+ degrees ( _! illum9ation4 ,( ?is art a sculptor 9 ! r\nd ne$ n necess>ily "k any?+1 &1 9 fact1 _m ( !m1 un=tunately1 "k altoge!r too little ( x4 ,! mak] ( a /atue ne$ n ?9k ab\t =e%ort5+s3 if he gives ! correct =m ! =e%ort5+ w take c>e ( itself4 ,sometimes x does s 9 a disa/r\s mann]6 ,!oretically he ne$ n worry ov] light & %ade1 al?\gh ( c\rse he does1 9 practice1 ?9k ab\t x & rely ^u x1 m or less4 ,if he gives ! true =ms !y w necess>ily h ! true light & %ade4 ,b l[ relief1 /&+ betwe5 sculpture & draw+1 is really m closely relat$ to draw+ ?an to sculpture--is really a k9d ( draw+--& ?is is :y s few sculptors succe$ 9 x4 ,x is a k9d ( draw+ b an exce$+ly difficult k9d--! mo/ delicate & difficult ( any ( ! arts t deal ) =m alone4 ,z to ! cont\r1 x /&s on ! same gr\nd ) draw+ 9 any o!r mat]ial4 ,! l9e> "p ( x requires exactly ! same degree & ! same k9d ( tal5t z l9e> design ) a p5 or ) a bur94 ,b = all t /&s )9 ! cont\r1 = ! sugge/ion ( int]ior =ms & ! illusion ( solidity1 x dep5ds on means ( ! utmo/ subtlety4 ,x exi/s1 z all draw+ does1 by light & %ade1 b ! %ad[s are n produc$ by ! m]e d>k5+ ( ! surface--!y are produc$ by projections & recessions1 by ! incl9ation ( ! planes away f or t[>d ! light4 ,! l[] ! relief ! m subtle & t5d] mu/ be ! v>iation ( ! surface :i* produces !m1 & !re=e success 9 relief is "o ( ! be/ atta9able measures ( a sculptor's f95ess ( t\* & p]fection ( craftsman%ip4 ,b z ! light & %ade is produc$ by actual =ms :i* are yet q unlike ! true =ms ( nature1 x foll[s t ! arti/ 9 relief c nev] imitate ei!r ! %ape or ! dep? ( ! %ad[ he sees 9 nature4 ,8 art becomes "o ( sugge/ions & equival5ts--an art :i* c give nei!r ! lit]al tru? ( =m nor ! lit]al tru? ( aspect--an art at ! f>!/ remove f direct repres5tation4 ,& success 9 x becomes1 !re=e1 "o ( ! be/ te/s ( a sculptor's arti/ry--( 8 ability to produce ess5tial beauty by ! treatm5t ( 8 mat]ial1 r ?an to imitate successfully ext]nal fact4 ,z ! degree ( relief v>ies1 also1 f ! l[e/ possible to t highe/ relief :i*1 ne>ly approa*es sculpture 9 ! r\nd1 ! problems involv$ con/antly v>y4 ,at ea* /age !re is a new compromise to be made1 a new adju/m5t to f9d1 betwe5 fact & illusion1 betwe5 ! real =m & ! desir$ appe>ance4 ,& !re may be a numb] ( diff]5t degrees ( relief 9 ! same "w1 ev5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same figure1 s t ! art ( relief becomes "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ & difficult ( arts4 ,x has n1 inde$1 ! add$ complication ( color1 b nei!r has x ! res\rces ( color1 success 9 :i* w m or less comp5sate = failure else:]e4 ,!re is no p]missible failure 9 bas-relief1 any m ?an 9 sculpture 9 ! r\nd1 & its difficulties are f> great]4 ,no?+ b true/ feel+1 complete/ k1 consummate skill w s]ve4 ,?is explanation may give "s measure ( :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t ,i believe ,augu/us ,sa9t-,gaud5s ! mo/ complete ma/] ( relief s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he has produc$ a s]ies ( works :i* run ?r\gh ! :ole range ( ! art1 f l[e/ relief to highe/2 f ?+s ( :i* ! relief is s inf9itesimal t !y seem z if dream$ into exi/5ce r ?an wr\ght 9 bronze or m>ble to ?+s :i* are virtually engag$ /atues2 f ?+s :i* y fe> a *ance t\* might bru% away1 l a pa/el ( ,:i/l]'s1 to ?+s z solid & endur+ 9 appe>ance z 9 actual mat]ial4 ,& 9 all ^! ?+s !re is ! same inevitable ma/]y ( design & ( draw+1 ! same inf9ite res\rce & ! same te*nical p]fection4 ,! ,butl] ,*ildr5 7,pl4 #be71 ! ,s*iff ,*ildr51 ! ,s>ah ,r$wood ,lee 7,pl4 #bf71 to "n b a few ( 8 ma/]pieces ( ?is k9d1 are 9 _! p]fection ( spac+1 _! grace ( l9e1 _! exquisite & e!real illusiv5ess ( surface1 comp>able only to ! lovelie/ works ( ! ,flor5t9e ,r5aissance2 :ile ! assur$ ma/]y ( ! mo/ complicat$ problems ( relief ev9c$ 9 ! ,%aw ,memorial--a ma/]y :i* %[s1 9 ! result1 no trace ( ! /r5u\s & long-cont9u$ ef=t t x co/--is unsurpass$--,i _h almo/ said unequall$--9 any "w ( any epo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,de ,w4,c4 ,w>d4 ,plate #be4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,! ,butl] ,*ildr54 ,illu/ration c give b a fa9t idea ( ! special beauties ( ?is or t p>ticul> "w 9 ?is long s]ies4 ,x c %[ no m ?an ! composition & ! draughtsman%ip4 ,! ref9em5t ( workman%ip1 ! s5sitiv5ess & subtlety ( modell+1 c be appreciat$ only be=e ! works !mselves4 ,& ?is s5sitiv5ess & delicacy ( workman%ip1 ?is ma/]y ( ! problems ( relief1 ) its reliance on illusion & its necess>y ab/5tion f realization1 is appli$ to sculpture 9 ! r\nd1 & becomes ) ,sa9t-,gaud5s1 z x did ) ! sculptors ( ! ,flor5t9e ,r5aissance1 ! means ( escape f ! matt] ( fact4 ,! concrete art ( sculpture becomes an art ( my/]y & ( sugge/ion--an art hav+ aff9ities ) t ( pa9t+4 ,holl[s are fill$ up1 %ad[s are oblit]at$1 l9es are s(t5$ or acc5tuat$1 z ! effect may require1 details are elim9at$ or made prom95t z !y are less or m ess5tial & significant1 z !y h9d] or aid ! expressiv5ess ( ! :ole4 ,x is by su* me?ods t beauty is a*iev$1 t ! mo/ unpromis+ mat]ial is subdu$ to ! purposes ( art1 t ev5 our hide\s mod]n co/ume may be made to yield a decorative effect4 ,pure sculpture1 z ! anci5ts und]/ood x1 ! art ( =m p] se1 dem&s ! nude figure1 or a co/ume :i* reveals x r ?an hides x4 ,! co/ume ( to-day reveals z little ( ! figure z possible1 &1 unlike m$iaeval armor1 x has no beauty ( its own4 ,a pa9t] may make x int]e/+ by dwell+ on color or tone or texture1 or may s lose x 9 %ad[ t x ceases to c\nt at all except z a space ( d>kness4 ,a sculptor c d none ( ^! ?+s1 & if he is to make x s]ve ! ends ( beauty he has ne$ ( all ! res\rcefulness & all ! skill ( ! ma/] ( l[ relief4 ,x 0 =tunate t ! arti/ ^: greate/ task 0 to commemorate ! h]oes ( ! ,civil ,w> %\ld h _h ! temp]am5t & ! tra9+ ( su* a ma/]1 & ,i "k ( no o!r sculptor ?an ,sa9t-,gaud5s :o has s magnific5tly succe$$ 9 ! r5d]+ ( mod]n clo?+--no o!r :o c\ld h made ! uni=m ( ,f>ragut or ! frock coat ( ,l9coln z int]e/+ z ! armor ( ,colleone or ! toga ( ,augu/us4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,de ,w4,c4 ,w>d4 ,plate #bf4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,s>ah ,r$wood ,lee4 ,b if ! g5ius ( ,sa9t-,gaud5s 0 prim>ily a decorative g5ius--if x 01 ev51 9 8 e>li] "w1 a trifle picturesque1 s t1 z he said himself1 he _h to fight aga9/ picturesqu5ess1 8 "w 0 nev] pictorial4 ,he nev] indulg$ 9 p]spective or compos$ 8 reliefs on m ?an "o plane2 nev] took su* lib]ties ) ! traditions ( sculpture z did ,ghib]ti1 or pa9t$ pictures 9 bronze or m>ble z m ?an "o mod]n has done4 ,8 v feel+ = decoration kept him f pictorial realism1 & 8 fight aga9/ picturesqu5ess 0 nobly won4 ,8 design becomes ev] clean] & m classic2 by ye>s ( "w & ( exp]i5ce he becomes /rong] & /rong] 9 ! m purely sculptural qualities--atta9s a grasp ( =m & /ructure only second to 8 ma/]y ( composition4 ,he is always a consummate arti/--9 8 f9e/ works he is a great sculptor 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,i h dwelt some:at at l5g? ^u te*nical matt]s because te*nical p[] is ! fir/ necessity = an arti/2 because te*nical ma/]y is t = :i* he consci\sly endeavors2 because ! te*nical language ( 8 art is ! necess>y vehicle ( expression = 8 ?\ghts & emotions1 & det]m9es1 ev51 ! nature ( ! ?\ghts & emotions he %all express4 ,b :ile ! te*nical accompli%m5t ( an arti/ is ! mo/ necess>y "p ( 8 art1 )\t :i* 8 imag9ation w\ld be mute1 x is n ! highe/ or ! mo/ significant "p ( x4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ,sa9t-,gaud5s 0 a highly accompli%$ arti/1 ! equal ( any ( 8 contempor>ies1 ! sup]ior ( mo/4 ,:at made him some?+ mu* m ?an ?is--some?+ inf9itely m important = u--0 ! vigor & l(t9ess ( 8 imag9ation4 ,)\t 8 imag9ative p[] he w\ld h be5 an arti/ ( great di/9ction1 ( :om any c\ntry might be pr\d2 ) x he became a great creator1 able to embody 9 endur+ bronze ! highe/ ideals & ! deepe/ feel+s ( a nation & ( a "t4 ,x is a p5etrat+ & sympa!tic imag9ation t gave him 8 un]r+ grasp ( "*1 t enabl$ him to seize ^u ! significant elem5ts ( a p]sonality1 to div9e ! attitude & ! ge/ure t %\ld reveal x1 to elim9ate ! uness5tial1 to pres5t to u ! man4 ,?is is ! imag9ation ( ! portrait-pa9t]1 & ,sa9t-,gaud5s has %[n x aga9 & aga91 9 _m ( 8 reliefs & memorial tablets1 above all 9 8 portrait /atues4 ,he %[$ x conclusively 9 s e>ly a "w z ! ,f>ragut 7,pl4 #bg71 a "w t rema9s "o ( ! mod]n ma/]pieces ( portrait /atu>y4 ,! man /&s !re =ev]1 feet ap>t1 ^u 8 sway+ deck1 8 glass 9 "o /rong h&1 cool1 c\rage\s1 ready1 full ( det]m9ation b absolutely )\t blu/] or braggadocio1 a sailor1 a g5tleman1 & a h]o4 ,he %[$ x aga91 & ) ampl] maturity1 9 t augu/ figure ( ,l9coln 7,pl4 #bh71 gr&ly dignifi$1 au/]ely simple1 sorr[fully human1 ris5 f ! *air ( /ate t m>ks 8 (fice1 b ab\t to speak z a man to m51 8 b5t head & worn face fill$ ) a s5se ( p[]1 b ev5 m ) ! sadness ( responsibility--fill$1 above all1 ) a ye>n+1 t5d] passion ( sympa?y & love4 ,9 imag9ative pres5tation ( "*1 9 nobility ( feel+ & bread? ( treatm5t1 no less ?an 9 p]fection ( workman%ip1 ^! are among ! _w's few wor?y monum5ts to its great m54 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,de ,w4,c4 ,w>d4 ,plate #bg4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,f>ragut4 ,& !y are monum5ts to ,am]icans by an ,am]ican4 ,sa9t-,gaud5s _h liv$ ?r\gh ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>1 _h felt1 z a boy1 ! /ir ( its great happ5+s 9 8 blood1 & its epic emotions _h become a "p ( 8 consci\sness1 deep-seat$ at ! roots ( 8 nature4 ,! feel+s ( ! ,am]ican p 7 8 feel+s1 & 8 repres5tations ( ^! & ( o!r h]oes ( t great /ruggle are among ! mo/ national z !y are among ! mo/ vital ?+s t our c\ntry has produc$ 9 art4 ,b if ,sa9t-,gaud5s's imag9ation 0 ?us capable ( rais+ ! portrait to ! dignity ( ! type1 x 0 no less capable ( end[+ ! imag9$ type ) all ! individuality ( ! portrait4 ,9 ! ,deacon ,*ap9 7,pl4 #bi71 ( ,spr+field1 we h a purely ideal production1 ! f9e/ embodim5t ( ,new ,engl& ,puritanism 9 our art1 = no portrait ( ! real ,*ap9 exi/$4 ,?is swift-/rid+1 /]n-look+ old man1 :o clasps 8 ,bible z ,moses clasp$ ! tables ( ! law & grips 8 peaceful walk+-/ick z ?\gh x 7 a sword1 is a ,puritan ( ! ,puritans2 b he is an individual also--a r\gh-hewn piece ( humanity ) pl5ty ( ! old ,adam ab\t him--an individual s cle>ly se5 & s vigor\sly *>act]iz$ t "o c h>dly believe ! /atue an inv5tion or realize t no su* old ,puritan deacon ev] exi/$ 9 ! fle%4 ,some?+ ( ?is imag9ative quality !re is 9 almo/ ev]y?+ ,sa9t-,gaud5s t\*$1 ev5 9 8 purely decorative figures4 ,8 angels & c>yatides are n classical goddesses b mod]n wom51 lovely1 b ) a p]sonal & p>ticul> lovel9ess1 n insi/$ ^u b delicately sugge/$4 ,& x is n ! p]sonality ( ! model :o *anc$ to pose = !m b an inv5t$ p]sonality1 ! expression ( ! nobility1 ! sweetness1 & ! pure-m9d$ness ( _! creator4 ,& 9 su* a figure z t ( ! ,adams ,memorial 7,pl4 #cj71 9 ,rock ,creek ,cemet]y 9 ,wa%+ton1 8 imag9ative p[] rea*es to a degree ( impressiv5ess almo/ unequall$ 9 mod]n art4 ,"o kn[s ( no?+ s9ce ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici t fills "o ) ! same hu%$ awe z ?is %r\d$1 hood$1 deeply brood+ figure1 rigid ) contemplation1 /ill ) an et]nal /illness1 h] s\l rapt f h] body on "s di/ant que/4 ,is %e ,nirvana8 ,is %e ,! ,peace ( ,god8 ,%e has be5 giv5 _m names--h] mak] w\ld give h] none4 ,h] mean+ is my/]y2 %e is ! ev]la/+ enigma4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,de ,w4,c4 ,w>d4 ,plate #bh4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,l9coln4 ,n ! greate/ arti/ c\ld twice s\nd s deep a note z ?is4 ,! figure rema9s unique 9 ! "w ( ! sculptor z x is unique 9 ! art ( ! c5tury4 ,yet1 p]haps1 ,sa9t-,gaud5s's greate/ works are two 9 :i* all ! v>i$ elem5ts ( 8 g5ius f9d simultane\s expression2 into :i* 8 ma/]y ( composition1 8 bread? & solidity ( /ructure1 8 te*nical skill1 8 insight into "*1 & 8 p[] ( imag9ation ent] 9 ne>ly equal measure3 ! ,%aw ,memorial & ! great eque/rian gr\p ( ! ,%]man ,monum5t4 ,! ,%aw ,memorial 7,pl4 #ca7 is a relief1 b a relief ( _m planes4 ,! m>*+ troops are 9 ?ree files1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 ! v>y+ di/ances f ! spectator m>k$ by diff]5ces ( ! degree ( projection4 ,ne>] ?an all ( !m is ! eque/rian figure ( ,%aw himself1 ! horse & rid] modell$ ne>ly b n q 9 ! r\nd4 ,! :ole scale ( relief 0 alt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 aft] x _h once be5 ne>ly complet$1 & ! ma/]y ( ! inf9itely complicat$ problem ( relief 9 _m degrees is supreme4 ,b all ! m because ! s*eme 0 s full & s v>i$1 ! arti/ has c>efully avoid$ ! pictorial 9 8 treatm5t4 ,!re is no p]spective1 ! figures be+ all on ! same scale1 & !re is no backgr\nd1 no sett+ ( h\ses or l&scape4 ,ev]y:]e1 betwe5 & above ! figures1 is ! flat surface :i* is ! immemorial tradition ( sculpture 9 relief2 & ! fact t x is a surface1 repres5t+ no?+1 is made m cle> by ! inscription writt5 ^u x--an inscription plac$ !re1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 t x might h t v effect4 ,! composition is magnific5t1 :e!r = its intr9sic beauty ( arrangem5t--its balanc+ ( l9es & spaces--or = its p]fect expressiv5ess4 ,! rhy?mic /ep ( m>*+ m5 is p]fectly r5d]$1 & ! guns fill ! middle ( ! panel 9 an admirable patt]n1 )\t confusion or monotony4 ,! heads are sup]b 9 *>act]ization1 /rik+ly v>i$ & individual1 yet ea* a /rongly m>k$ racial type1 unmi/akably ,african 9 all its =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bi4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,deacon ,*ap94 ,^! are m]its1 & m]its ( a v high ord]1 en\gh ( !mselves to place ! "w 9 ! front rank ( mod]n sculpture1 b !y are1 aft] all1 its m9or m]its4 ,:at makes x ! great ?+ x is is ! imag9ative p[] display$ 9 x--! dep? ( emotion express$1 & express$ ) p]fect simplicity & directness & an entire abs5ce ( p>ade4 ,! negro troops are m>*+ /eadily1 sob]ly1 ) high s]i\sness ( purpose1 & _! :ite lead] rides beside !m1 drawn sword 9 h&1 b ) no milit>y swagg]1 c\rage\s1 yet ) a h9t ( melan*oly1 ready n only to lay d[n 8 life b to face1 if ne$ be1 an ignom9i\s dea? = ! cause he believes to be j4 ,& above !m1 lad5 ) poppy & ) laurels1 floats ! ,dea? ,angel po9t+ out ! way4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,curtis ,cam]on4 ,plate #cj4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,adams ,memorial4 ,x is a "w :i* arti/s may /udy aga9 & aga9 ) gr[+ admiration & increas+ pr(it1 yet x is "o t has f\nd its way /raight to ! popul> he>t4 ,x is n always--x is n (t5--t ! arti/s & ! public are ?us at "o4 ,:5 !y are x is safe to assume t ! "w !y equally admire is truly great--t x belongs to ! highe/ ord] ( noble works ( art4 ,! ,%]man gr\p 7,pl4 #cb71 ?\gh x has be5 m criticis$ ?an ! ,%aw ,memorial1 seems to me1 if possible1 an ev5 f9] "w4 ,! ma9 objection to x has be5 t x is n suffici5tly monum5tal1 &1 inde$1 x has n ! massiv5ess nor ! repose ( su* a "w z ,donatello's ,gattamelata1 ! greate/ ( all eque/rian /atues4 ,x c\ld n well h ^! qualities 9 ! same degree1 its motive be+ :at x is1 b !y are1 p]haps1 n ill ex*ang$ = ! "* & ! nationalism s m>k$ 9 horse & rid] & = ! irresi/ible onw>d ru% ( movem5t nev] m adequately express$4 ,9 all o!r respects ! gr\p seems to me almo/ beyond criticism4 ,! composition--composition1 n[1 9 ! r\nd & to be consid]$ f _m po9ts ( view--builds up sup]bly2 ! fl[ ( l9e 9 w+ & limb & drap]y is p]fect2 ! purely sculptural problems ( anatomical r5d]+1 equ9e & human1 are ?or\ghly resolv$2 ! modell+1 z su*1 is almo/ z f9e z ! design4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,de4 ,w4,c4 ,w>d4 ,plate #ca4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,%aw ,memorial4 ,to ! boyi% ,sa9t-,gaud5s ,%]man _h seem$ ! typical ,am]ican h]o4 ,to ! matur$ arti/ he _h sat = an admirable bu/4 ,! sculptor _h ?us an unusual k ( 8 subject1 a p]fect sympa?y ) 8 !me2 & he has produc$ a "w ( epic sweep & significance4 ,tall & erect1 ! g5]al sits 8 horse1 8 milit>y cloak belly+ out beh9d him1 8 tr\s]s /rapp$ d[n ov] 8 %oes1 8 hat 9 8 "r h&1 dropp+ at arm's l5g? beh9d 8 knee1 8 b>e head l t ( an old eagle1 look+ /raight =w>d4 ,! horse is z long & ?9 z 8 rid]1 ) a trem5d\s /ride2 & 8 big head1 closely re9$ 91 twit*es vici\sly at ! bridle4 ,be=e ! horse & rid]1 ^u ! gr\nd1 yet z if new-light$ !re f an a]ial exi/5ce1 half walks1 half flies1 a spl5did w+$ figure1 "o arm out/ret*$1 ! o!r br&i%+ ! palm--,victory lead+ !m on4 ,%e has a c]ta9 fi]ce wildness ( aspect1 b h] rapt gaze & half-op5 m\? indicate ! se] ( visions--peace is ahead1 & an end ( w>4 ,on ! bosom ( h] g[n is broid]$ ! eagle ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = %e is an ,am]ican ,victory1 z ?is is an ,am]ican man on an ,am]ican horse2 & ! brok5 p9e b\gh b5ea? ! horse's feet localizes ! victori\s m>*--x is ! m>* ?r\gh ,georgia to ! sea4 ,long ago ,i express$ my conviction t ! ,%]man ,monum5t is ?ird 9 rank ( ! great eque/rian /atues ( ! _w4 ,to-day ,i am n sure t t conviction rema9s unalt]$4 ,donatello's ,gattamelata is unapproa*$ & unapproa*able 9 its quiet dignity2 ,v]roc*io's ,colleone is unsurpass$ 9 picturesque attractiv5ess4 ,bo? are consecrat$ by ! admiration ( c5turies4 ,to-day ,i am n sure t ?is "w ( an ,am]ican sculptor is n1 9 its own way1 equal to ei!r ( !m4 ,!re are ^? :o are tr\bl$ by ! introduction ( ! symbolical figures 9 su* works z ! ,%aw ,memorial & ! ,%]man /atue2 &1 inde$1 x 0 a bold ent]prise to place !m :]e !y are1 m+l+ ?us 9 ! same "w ! real & ! ideal1 ! actual & ! allegorical4 ,b ! boldness seems to me abundantly ju/ifi$ by success4 ,9 ei!r case ! entire "w is pit*$ to ! key ( ^! figures2 ! treatm5t ( ! :ole is s elevat$ by /yle & s infus$ ) imag9ation t !re is no %ock ( unlik5ess or difficulty ( transition4 ,& ^! figures are n m]ely necess>y to ! composition1 an ess5tial "p ( its beauty--!y are ev5 m ess5tial to ! expression ( ! arti/'s ?\ght4 ,)\t t hov]+ ,angel ( ,dea?1 ! negro troops ^u ! ,%aw ,memorial might be go+ any:]e1 to battle or to review4 ,we %\ld h a pass+ regim5t1 no?+ m4 ,)\t ! /rid+ ,victory be=e him1 ! impetu\s movem5t ( ,%]man's horse w\ld h no especial significance4 ,& ^! figures are no m]e conv5tional allegories2 !y are true creations4 ,to _! creator ! unse5 0 z real z ! se5--nay1 x 0 m s4 ,t ,%aw 0 rid+ to 8 dea? at ! comm& ( duty 01 ! only ?+ t made ,%aw memorable4 ,t ,%]man 0 m>*+ to a victory ! fruits ( :i* %\ld be peace 0 ! ess5tial ?+ ab\t ,%]man4 ,dea? & ,duty--,victory & ,peace--9 ea* case ! comp\nd ideal f\nd its expression 9 a figure entirely orig9al & a/oni%+ly liv+3 a p]son z truly z ,%aw or ,%]man !mselves4 ,he c\ld n h left !m out4 ,x 7 bett] to give up ! "w entirely ?an to d x o!rwise ?an z he saw x4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 ,de ,w4,c4 ,w>d4 ,plate #cb4--,sa9t-,gaud5s4 ,%]man4 ,i h describ$ & discuss$ b a few ( ! _m works ( ?is great arti/1 *oos+ ^? :i* seem to me ! mo/ significant & ! mo/ important1 & 9 do+ s ,i h ke5ly felt ! inadequacy ( words to express ! qualities ( an art :i* exi/s by =ms4 ,=tunately1 ! works !mselves are1 = ! mo/ "p1 readily accessible4 ,9 ! orig9als1 9 ca/s1 or 9 photographs1 !y may be /udi$ by e "o4 ,no?+ is m difficult ?an to e/imate ju/ly ! greatness ( an object t is too ne> to u--x is only z x rec$es into ! di/ance t ! m\nta9 visibly ov]tops its neighbor+ hills4 ,x is difficult to und]/& t ?is man s lately famili> to u1 mov+ among u z "o ( ourselves1 is ( ! company ( ! immortals4 ,yet ,i believe1 z we make ?is /udy ( 8 works1 z we yield ourselves to ! graci\sness ( 8 *>m or are exalt$ by ! sweep ( 8 imag9ation1 we %all come to feel an assur$ conviction t ,augu/us ,sa9t-,gaud5s 0 n m]ely ! mo/ accompli%$ arti/ ( ,am]ica1 n m]ely "o ( ! =emo/ sculptors ( 8 "t--we %all feel t he is "o ( ^? great1 creative m9ds1 transc5d+ "t & place1 n ( ,am]ica or ( to-day1 b ( ! _w & =ev]4 ,:]e1 among su* m9ds1 he w take 8 rank we ne$ n ask4 ,x is en\gh t he is among !m4 ,su* an arti/ is assur$ly a b5efactor ( 8 c\ntry1 & x is em95tly fitt+ t 8 gift to u %\ld be ackn[l$g$ by su* tribute z we c pay him4 ,by 8 works 9 o!r l&s & by 8 _w-wide fame he %$s a glory ^u ! "n ( ,am]ica1 help+ to conv9ce ! _w t "h also are ^? :o occupy !mselves ) ! ?+s ( ! _s1 t "h also are o!r capabilities ?an ^? ( indu/rial en]gy & mat]ial success4 ,9 8 _m m9or works he has end[$ u ) an inexhau/ible h]itage ( beauty--beauty :i* is ab\t ! be/ ?+ ,god inv5ts4 ,he is ! educator ( our ta/e & ( m ?an our ta/e--( our s5tim5t & our emotions4 ,9 8 great monum5ts he has n only giv5 u fitt+ pres5tm5ts ( our national h]oes2 he has express$1 & 9 express+ elevat$1 our l(tie/ ideals2 he has express$1 & 9 express+ deep5$1 our pr(\nde/ feel+s4 ,he has become ! voice ( all t is be/ 9 ! ,am]ican p1 & 8 works are inc5tives to patriotism & lessons 9 devotion to duty4 ,b ! great & true arti/ is m ?an a b5efactor ( 8 c\ntry1 he is a b5efactor ( ! human race4 ,! body ( ,sa9t-,gaud5s is a%es1 b 8 m9d1 8 _s1 8 "* h tak5 on endur+ =ms & are become a "p ( ! inh]itance ( mank9d4 ,& if1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 8 v "n %\ld be =gott5--z are ! names ( _m great arti/s :o h gone be=e him--yet 8 "w w rema92 & :ile any fragm5t ( x is deciph]able ! _w w be ! ri*] 9 t he liv$4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ! ,table ( ,illu/rations & 9 ! caption = plate #ag1 ,bol5sa 0 correct$ to ,bols5a4